Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Aves: Passeriformes) and the relative utility of common nuclear marker loci

While the monophyly of the largest avian order Passeriformes as well as its suborders suboscines (Tyranni) and oscines (Passeri) is well established, lower phylogenetic relationships of this fast radiated taxon have been a continuous matter of debate, especially within the suborder oscines. Many studies analyzing phylogenetic relationships of the Passeriformes using molecular markers have been published, which led to a better resolved phylogeny. Conflicting hypotheses and still remaining uncertainties, especially within the Passerida, have repeatedly stimulated further research with additional new markers. In the present study we used a combination of established molecular markers (RAG‐1, RAG‐2, c‐myc) and the recently introduced ZENK. We accomplished phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, both separately for all genes and simultaneously. To assess the phylogenetic utility of the different genes in avian systematics we analyzed the influence of each data partition on the phylogenetic tree yielded by the combined approach using partitioned Bremer support. Compared with the other single gene analyses, the ZENK trees exhibited by far the best resolution and showed the lowest amount of homoplasy. Our data indicate that this gene is—at least in passerines—suitable for inference of even old taxonomic splits.
Motivaciones prosociales, empatía y diferencias de género en adolescentes víctimas del conflicto armado e infractores de la ley

La investigacion sobre las tendencias o motivaciones prosociales, la empatia y las diferencias de genero en adolescentes victimas de conflictos belicos e infractores de la ley aun es muy incipiente. Este trabajo analiza las comparaciones entre las motivaciones prosociales, la empatia y las diferencias de genero en un grupo de 203 adolescentes, hombres y mujeres, infractores de la ley y victimas del conflicto armado, con edades entre 16 y 19 anos. Es un estudio de diseno no experimental, transversal y alcance comparativo. Se utilizaron la medida de tendencias prosociales – Revisado-(PTM-R) y el indice de reactividad interpersonal (IRI). Se encontro que la tendencia prosocial por complacencia presento la puntuacion mas alta y la tendencia prosocial publica la mas baja. En empatia, la toma de perspectiva obtuvo el promedio mas alto. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres, independientemente del tipo de delito cometido.
Morphology of the elongate sensillum placodeum on the antennae of Aphidius smithi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)

Elongate placoid sensilla were present on all 20 flagellar segments in five male Aphidius smithi and all but the basal 1 of 17 segments in five females. They are oriented longitudinally, approximately equidistant around the circumference of a segment. Scanning electron microscopy of the internal cuticular surface disclosed lamellae which divide the sensillum into lateral and median channels. Many transverse ridges are present in the ceiling of the median channel. Unlike other species, there is no cuticular floor of the sensillum. Numerous nerve cell bodies in the subcuticular tissue give rise to dendritic processes, a ciliary region, and a region of dendritic branches which lie parallel to each other within the 1-μm-wide median channel underneath the 0.1- to 0.25-μm-thick dome. Each dendritic branch is composed of a neurotubule surrounded by a plasma membrane. The ascending dendrites are flanked by the microvilli of the trichogen cell. A tormogen cell encloses the trichogen cell and extends into the later.
Evaluation of Wire Nose Tags for Marking Largemouth Bass

Abstract Stainless steel coded wire tags (1.0 x 0.25 mm) were implanted into the snouts of 200 young large-mouth bass (Micropterus salmoides; total length, 92 mm; weight, 10.8 g) to evaluate tag retention. A control group of 280 fish received no tags. Tagged and control fish were mixed and stocked into two 0.04-hectare ponds at equal densities. Fish were sampled periodically for 16 months, after which ponds were harvested and remaining fish were inspected for tag retention, survival, and growth. Based on X-ray analyses, tags were lost during the first 4-6 months. Tag retention was approximately 58% for the remainder of the study. Tags had no effect on growth or survival.
Agonist and Antagonist-Dependent Internalization of the Human Vasopressin V2Receptor☆

Abstract In this report we demonstrate that in HEK293 cells stably expressing the human V2vasopressin receptor, ligand-induced internalization of the hormone receptor occurs via the clathrin-dependent pathway. Studies of receptor trafficking either by direct visualization of the V2receptor by confocal microscopy or binding experiments show a rapid internalization (half-time 6–7 min). Blocking of the clathrin-dependent pathway by hypertonic sucrose increased vasopressin-induced cellular cAMP production and decreased the desensitization of the V2receptor–adenylyl cyclase system. Thus, internalization appears to be a major regulatory mechanism terminating vasopressin action in HEK293 cells. Two antagonists of the vasopressin V2receptor exerted different effects on receptor internalization, as determined by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The nonpeptidic antagonist OPC31260 did not induce any visible receptor internalization, whereas the peptidic antagonist d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Et)2,Val4,Lys8,Tyr-NH29]VP induced a slow but substantial receptor internalization. These results suggest that long-term treatment with peptidic V2receptor antagonists might lead to desensitization.
OSTEOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION AMONG IBERIAN PELODYTES (ANURA, PELODYTIDAE)

The morphological differentiation among Pelodytes species is analysed based on a sample of disarticulated bones from the main osteological regions of the male adult skeleton. A set of 35 interspecifically diagnostic characters, analysed under different outgroup hypotheses, clearly shows that P. ibericus and P. punctatus are a sister-group with respect to P. caucasicus. The Caucasian species retains a very primitive morphology, with only 17-23 % derived character-states, while both living Iberian species reach percentages of derivation over 68 %. There is little difference between P. ibericus and P. punctatus in their relative degree of evolutionary transformation, and when using P. caucasicus as the outgroup the percentage of derived character-states is 45 and 60 % respectively. Differentiation rates are calculated in darwin units for several characters, and we show that the skull components have higher rates than the traits directly related with locomotion. Several adult growth trajectories, different between species, are described and identified as diverse allometric heterochronies. Three factors have been detected that might have grouped several characters as coevolutionary units. These factors are: a) an ontogenetic factor, operating through heterochronic processes, expressed as a tendency to reduce ossification; b) a functional morphological integration, detected in the elements involved in skull size and proportions; and c) an ecomorphological factor, presumably an adaptive response, can be assumed for characters related to limb shape.
Multiple Binding Sites in Fibrinogen for Integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1)*

The leukocyte integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1) is a multiligand receptor that mediates a range of adhesive reactions of leukocytes during the inflammatory response. This integrin binds the coagulation protein fibrinogen providing a key link between thrombosis and inflammation. However, the mechanism by which αMβ2 binds fibrinogen remains unknown. Previous studies indicated that a model in which two fibrinogen γC domain sequences, P1 (γ190–202) and P2 (γ377–395), serve as the αMβ2 binding sites cannot fully account for recognition of fibrinogen by integrin. Here, using surface plasmon resonance, we examined the interaction of the ligand binding αMI-domain of αMβ2 with the D fragment of fibrinogen and showed that this ligand is capable of associating with several αMI-domain molecules. To localize the alternative αMI-domain binding sites, we screened peptide libraries covering the complete sequences of the γC and βC domains, comprising the majority of the D fragment structure, for αMI-domain binding. In addition to the P2 and P1 peptides, the αMI-domain bound to many other sequences in the γC and βC scans. Similar to P1 and P2, synthetic peptides derived from γC and βC were efficient inhibitors of αMβ2-mediated cell adhesion and were able to directly support adhesion suggesting that they contain identical recognition information. Analyses of recognition specificity using substitutional peptide libraries demonstrated that the αMI-domain binding depends on basic and hydrophobic residues. These findings establish a new model of αMβ2 binding in which the αMI-domain interacts with multiple sites in fibrinogen and has the potential to recognize numerous sequences. This paradigm may have implications for mechanisms of promiscuity in ligand binding exhibited by integrin αMβ2.
Notes on Australian Typhlodrominae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), with Descriptions of Two New Species of Neoseiulella Muma from Tropical Rainforests in Far Northern Queensland

Neoseiulella is the most diverse of the six genera of the subfamily Typhlodrominae in Australia, but previously only a single species has been reported from the tropics. Herein, two new species, Neoseiulella eiko sp.n. and N. coreen sp.n. , from tropical rainforest in far northern Queensland are described. These mites are the smallest known members of the genus, share a number of unusual character states, and are intermediate in morphology between the two currently recognised species groups. A synopsis of the current placement of Australian Typhlodrominae and a key to the adult females of the Australian genera are provided.
A neural network model for forecasting fish stock recruitment

A neural network model is developed to forecast the recruiting biomass of fish. The west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) stock is selected as an example application based on data compiled from long-term ecosystem research and stock assessment programs. A fuzzy logic decision procedure was used to evaluate all possible neural networks. The output from the two "optimal" networks was compared with the output from a multiple regression analysis and a standard Ricker climate stock-recruitment model. The performance of the neural network models in reproducing a 41-year time series was far superior (R 2 between the fitted and observed recruitment is about 60-70%) to the multiple linear regression model (R 2 = 0.29) and the Ricker climate stock- recruitment model (R 2 = 42%). This pilot study demonstrates how artificial neural networks can be used to improve the accuracy of fishery stock forecasts and hence the management of the fishery resources by making the actual harvest rate (catch/stock biomass) closer to the target harvest rate (desired catch/stock biomass).
Viscous and inviscid strato-rotational instability

We examine the critical viscous mode of the Taylor–Couette strato-rotational instability, concentrating on cases where the buoyancy frequency $N$ and the inner cylinder rotation rate $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{in}$ are comparable, giving a detailed account for $N=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{in}$. The ratio of the outer to the inner cylinder rotation rates $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{out}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{in}$ and the ratio of the inner to the outer cylinder radius $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}=r_{in}/r_{out}$ satisfy $0<\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}<1$ and $0<\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}<1$. We find considerable variation in the structure of the mode, and the critical Reynolds number $Re_{c}$ at which the flow becomes unstable. For $N=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{in}$, we classify different regions of the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$-plane by the critical viscous mode of each region. We find that there is a triple point in the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$-plane where three different viscous modes all onset at the same Reynolds number. We also find a discontinuous change in $Re_{c}$ along a curve in the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$-plane, on one side of which exist closed unstable domains where the flow can restabilise when the Reynolds number is increased. A new form of viscous instability occurring for wide gaps has been detected. We show for the first time that there is a region of the parameter space for which the critical viscous mode at the onset of instability corresponds to the inviscid radiative instability of Le Dizès & Riedinger (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 660, 2010, pp. 147–161). Focusing on small-to-moderate wavenumbers, we demonstrate that the viscous and inviscid systems are not always correlated. We explore which viscous modes relate to inviscid modes and which do not. For asymptotically large vertical wavenumbers, we have extended the inviscid analysis of Park & Billant (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 725, 2013, pp. 262–280) to cover the cases where $N$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{in}$ are comparable.
Effect of Supplementing Inorganic Fertilizer with OrganicFertilizer on Growth and Yield of Rice-Cowpea Mixed Crop

Abstract With the renewed interest in mixed cropping and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation arising from high chemical inputs, this experiment was conducted to assess the effect of supplementing inorganic with an organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice and cowpea under the mixed cropping system. Treatments comprised six sole crops and three mixed crops, each under 100% NPK (C), 50%NPK+ 50% cow dung (CCD) and cow dung alone (CD). The fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect cowpea performance. However, the number of panicles per hill and the number of spikelets per panicle of rice were higher under mixed cropping than under sole cropping. On the average, rice grain yield was significantly lower under the mixed cropping than under the sole cropping. The land equivalent ratios increased under all the fertilizer treatments indicating the efficiency of the mixed-cropping system. The results of the experiment suggest that rice– cowpea mixed cropping under CCD and CD is a viable production option.
Assessing the potential and application of crowdsourced urban wind data

The use of crowdsourcing – obtaining large quantities of data through the Internet – has been of great value in urban meteorology. Crowdsourcing has been used to obtain urban air temperature, air pressure, and precipitation data from sources such as mobile phones or personal weather stations (PWSs), but so far wind data have not been researched. Urban wind behaviour is highly variable and challenging to measure, since observations strongly depend on the location and instrumental set‐up. Crowdsourcing can provide a dense network of wind observations and may give insight into the spatial pattern of urban wind. In this study, we evaluate the skill of the popular “Netatmo” PWS anemometer against a reference for a rural and an urban site. Subsequently, we use crowdsourced wind speed observations from 60 PWSs in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, to analyse wind speed distributions of different Local Climate Zones (LCZs). The Netatmo PWS anemometer appears to systematically underestimate the wind speed, and episodes with rain or high relative humidity degrade the measurement quality. Therefore, we developed a quality assurance (QA) protocol to correct PWS measurements for these errors. The applied QA protocol strongly improves PWS data to a point where they can be used to infer the probability density distribution of wind speed of a city or neighbourhood. This density distribution consists of a combination of two Weibull distributions, rather than the typical single Weibull distribution used for rural wind speed observations. The limited capability of the Netatmo PWS anemometer to measure near‐zero wind speed causes the QA protocol to perform poorly for periods with very low wind speeds. However, results for a year‐long wind speed climatology of the wind speed are satisfactory, as well as for a shorter period with higher wind speeds.
Predation, oviposition and conversion rates of the predacious mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) consuming different densities of Tetranychus urticae Koch, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Thrips tabaci Lind.

Rates of prey consumption, egg production and prey conversion by the predacious mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) were estimated at different densities of Tetranychus urticae Koch, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Thrips tabaci Lind. in the laboratory. N. californicus females functionally and numerically responded to the increasing densities of T. urticae nymphs, B. tabaci nymphs and T. tabaci larvae showing Holling’s type II. The maximum mean predation and oviposition rates by the predator females devouring T. urticae, B. tabaci and T. tabaci occurred at 15, 10 and 10 prey individuals/day, respectively, followed by the plateau levels at higher prey densities. N. californicus females exhibited the highest feeding and oviposition on T. urticae nymphs, followed by T. tabaci larvae and B. tabaci nymphs. The predator females showed the highest efficiency in converting the prey into egg progeny at 5 individuals/day of the previous prey species, respectively. T. urticae was the most favourable for N. californicus females, followed by T. tabaci and B. tabaci.
The skin and hair of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (Linn.) I. The facial vibrissae

The arrangement, number, and anatomy of the facial vibrissa follicles of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (Linn.), are described. There are three groups of vibrissae: mystacial, supraorbital, and rhinal, containing approximately 38, 7, and 1 follicles, respectively. These specialized hairs appear to be retained for at least 2 yr and are not shed with the pelage hairs at each annual moult. The histology of the vibrissa follicles and associated organs is described and discussed in relation to their sensory function. Vibrissa follicles of elephant seals are different in anatomy from those described in the mouse and rat: the ringwulst is relatively smaller and, in addition to the sebaceous glands, there are tubular glands of unidentified function but resembling apocrine sweat glands.
Insect feeding deterrent activity of lignans and related phenylpropanoids with a methylenedioxyphenyl (piperonyl) structure moiety

The antifeedant activity of a series of lignan lactones, hemiacetals, ethers, and alcohols derived from yatein and cubebin, together with structurally related phenylpropanoids and phenolics possessing a methylenedioxyphenyl (piperonyl) moiety, was tested against selected stored products pests: Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium confusum Duv. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionideae), and Trogoderma granarium Ev. (Coleoptera: Dermestridae). The relation between molecular structure and antifeedant activity was examined and implication of the piperonyl moiety is assessed. The compounds represent either natural substances isolated from plants (Libocedrus yateensis Guillaumin and Piper cubeba L.) or their structural analogues prepared by simple chemical transformations as well as compounds selected from commercially available sources. Natural lignan lactones with methoxy and/or methylenedioxy substituents showed significant activity that is strong enough to affect plant ‐ insect interactions. Presence of polar substituents, especially hydroxy or glycosyl groups, often reduce the activity. Non‐polar substituents, such as methoxy or methylenedioxy groups, enhance the activity not only in lignans but also in simple phenylpropanoids. The most active compound was synthetic piperonylbutoxide.
Contour-as-Face Framework: A Method to Preserve Privacy and Perception

Consumers and marketers use facial information to make important inferences about others in many business contexts. However, consumers and firms are increasingly concerned about privacy and discrimination. To address privacy–perception trade-offs, the authors propose a novel contour-as-face (CaF) framework that transforms face images into contour images incorporating both the nonoutline and outline features of facial parts. In three empirical studies, the authors (1) compare human perceptions of face and contour images along 15 dimensions commonly assessed in marketing contexts; (2) investigate the effectiveness of contour images for protecting anonymity related to identity, age, and gender; and (3) implement the CaF framework in a real-life online dating context. Results show that the CaF framework effectively resolves privacy–perception trade-off problems by preserving the information that is useful for humans to make inferences about many relevant perceptual dimensions in marketing while making it virtually impossible for humans to infer identity and very difficult to infer age and gender accurately—two critical discrimination factors. Results from the field implementation demonstrate the feasibility and value of using the CaF framework for real-life decision making.
ALS inhibitor resistance in populations of Powell amaranth and redroot pigweed

Abstract In 1997, farmers in Ontario, Canada, reported failure of some ALS-inhibiting herbicides to provide adequate control of pigweed species. Growth room experiments were conducted to confirm resistance to ALS inhibitors in populations of Powell amaranth and redroot pigweed. Twenty-two out of 35 collected seed samples were able to grow in the presence of soil-applied imazethapyr or flumetsulam. Dose–response curves were generated for 11 and 9 populations of Powell amaranth and redroot pigweed, respectively, using foliar-applied imazethapyr and thifensulfuron. Resistance to ALS inhibitors was confirmed in nine and five populations of Powell amaranth and redroot pigweed, respectively. Within each species, comparison of the herbicide rate required to reduce plant dry weight 50% (GR50) between the resistant populations and a susceptible population was conducted to obtain resistance factors. For imazethapyr, resistance factors ranged from 4.2 to 3,438 and from 33 to 168 for Powell amaranth and redroot pigweed, respectively. High-level cross-resistance to thifensulfuron was found in two populations of each species, with resistance factors ranging from 270 to 2,416. In both species, populations could be grouped according to their cross-resistance patterns: some populations were resistant to imazethapyr only, whereas others expressed resistance to both imazethapyr and thifensulfuron. The observed patterns of cross-resistance were not correlated with known herbicide exposure history of the fields where these populations originated. Nomenclature: Flumetsulam; imazethapyr; thifensulfuron; Powell amaranth = green pigweed, Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. AMAPO; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE.