Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variations in the Southern Hemisphere Storm Tracks and Jet Streams as Revealed in a Reanalysis Dataset

Abstract Regional characteristics of the climatological seasonal variations in Southern Hemisphere (SH) storm tracks are examined based on a reanalysis dataset. When differences in vertical structure between the subpolar and subtropical jet streams (SPJ and STJ, respectively) are considered, the regional characteristics can be interpreted reasonably well from a potential vorticity perspective of baroclinic eddy growth and downstream development of a baroclinic wave packet. Eddy activity in the upper and lower tropospheres is strongest in the core region of the SPJ over the eastern South Atlantic and Indian Ocean throughout the year, even in austral winter when the intense STJ forms over the Indian Ocean and South Pacific. Showing its eddy-driven nature, the SPJ accompanies the strong surface westerlies along a well-defined baroclinic zone above an intense oceanic frontal zone. In this core region of the storm track, low-level eddy activity is strongly correlated with the local near-surface baroclinicity, .
Influences of two types of ENSO on South American precipitation

Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific Ocean during El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes exhibit different spatial patterns from year to year. In most ENSO studies, SST anomalies have been analysed in the 3.4 or 3.0 El Niño regions. Recent analyses have considered different SST anomalies areas in the Pacific, such as ENSO Modoki, which takes into account anomalies in the central Pacific which are bounded by opposite anomalies in the eastern and western Pacific. In order to analyse the influence of different Pacific spatial patterns on South American precipitation and on the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, composites obtained from Canonical ENSO were compared with those from ENSO Modoki in cases when strong anomalies were present in the Central Pacific. During the Canonical El Niño (La Niña), there tends to be a precipitation increase (decrease) in the La Plata Basin (LPB, 45°W–65°W, 15°S–35°S) and a decrease (increase) over northern South America during all seasons. In ENSO Modoki exhibiting strong anomalies in the Central Pacific, these typical patterns are not observed, and in some regions the anomalies even show opposite signs. Precipitation anomaly differences or similarities over South America between the two cases occur in different areas and different seasons. In both cases, differences in tropical South American precipitation during both ENSO types are related to differences in the Walker circulation. In extra‐tropical South America, the precipitation differences are due to differences in the Pacific wavetrains and differences in moisture flux intensity over the continent. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Constraints on noun phrase discontinuity in an Australian language: The role of prosody and information structure

Abstract Discontinuous noun phrases have posed a long-standing challenge for syntactic analysis. While there exists increasing evidence that discontinuous NPs are associated with specific information structure constellations crosslinguistically, Australian languages continue to be presented in the literature as radically non-configurational, with unlimited freedom of word order. We argue for Jaminjung, an Australian language of the Mirndi family, that once true NP discontinuity is carefully distinguished from other, superficially similar constructions, it is in fact highly constrained and can be described in terms of very specific information structure categories. The first of these, contrastive argument focus on an NP containing a given element, is widely attested crosslinguistically. The second, sentence focus, has only rarely been associated with noun phrase discontinuity in the literature. We show that the two types can be distinguished on prosodic grounds. Our account of both types challenges some previous analyses which rely on different information structure values for the parts of the discontinuous NP. The findings underscore the importance of taking into account prosodic information and discourse context in the syntactic analysis of spoken language.
An experimental study of phase equilibria and Fe oxy-component in kaersutitic amphibole: Implications for the fH₂ and aH₂O in the upper mantle

Abstract Experiments have been carried out from 500 to 1200 °C, 1 atm to 10 kbar, and fH₂ from that of the IQF buffer to air, to quantify the variation of Fe oxy-component content in a titanian pargasite megacryst amphibole from Vulcan's Throne, Arizona. The results document the operation of the following substitution mechanism in the amphibole crystal structure: Fe2+ + OH- = Fe3+ + O2- + ½H2 whereby the Fe3+/Fetot of the amphibole is controlled by T, P, and fH₂ For the amphibole composition that was investigated, there is a linear variation of log fH₂ as a function of log (Fe3+/Fe2+) at fixed T and P of the form log fH₂ = a + b log(Fe3+/Fe2+ ). Values of a and bare: Two different expressions were defined for the equilibrium constant for the amphibole Fe end-member reaction Ca2F25+Si8O22(OH)2 = Ca2Fe23+Fe32+Si8O24 + H2. In the random mixing model, in which it is assumed that Fe3+ and Fe2+ mix randomly on the five M1, M2, and M3 crystallographic sites, From the appropriate values of K, fH₂ of the experimentscan be predictedto within ~0.5 log units from knowledge of the absolute amounts of Fe3+, Fe2+, and OH in the amphibole. For the nonrandom mixing model, in which observed Fe3+ and Fe2+ site populations are used to define the mole fraction terms, With this model, fH₂ of the experiments can be predicted to within ~0.3 log units from knowledge ofthe relevant ionic contents. The random mixing model yields slightly poorer estimates of fH₂ but can be used for literature data in applications because Fe3+ and Fe2+ site populations for natural kaersutite are seldom reported. In order to use the K expressions, the OH content of the amphibole must be known. In kaersutite for which H content has not been measured, OH apfu can be estimated as (2.0 - Fe3+ - Ti). Because both the reactant and product amphiboles in the end-member reaction refer to components in a single homogenous amphibole phase, the K expressions should apply to any calcic amphibole in which Fe3+ and Fe2+ mix on the five M1, M2, and M3 crystallographic sites, regardless of the amphibole bulk composition. The study confirms that the relatively high Fe3+/Fetot of most natural kaersutitic amphiboles can result from P-T- fH₂ conditions characteristic of the upper mantle, rather than from oxidation during ascent or eruption. Closed-system cooling favors the reduction, not oxidation, of amphibole. With K values from the equations above, it is possible to predict fH₂ of amphibole crystallization, presumably from a melt, if P and T, as well as the relevant amphibole composition terms, are known. Calculated values of fH₂ for the majority of kaersutitic amphiboles reported in the literature range from approximately 0.01 to 100 bars. Such fH₂ values are generally consistent with estimated redox states and H2O activities of mantle processes. If fH₂ estimates are combined with fO₂ estimates made on the same xenolith assemblages, H2O activity in the environment of formation can be predicted.
Clay mineralogy of sediments of the western Nile Delta

Abstract Investigation of the clay mineralogy of forty-seven samples of sediments from boreholes in the western Nile Delta, an area little studied hitherto, and from surface sites on the mouth of the Nile and adjacent coast shows that the clay fractions consist of dominant iron-rich, dioctahedral, randomly interstratified smectite-illitcs together with kaolinite, illite and chlorite. Amounts of the constituent minerals of the clay fractions are estimated from their X-ray diffraction intensities, supported by selective dissolution chemical data, and a new method is used to estimate the proportion of expanding layers in randomly interstratified smectite-illite. The results, which confirm and extend the work of previous investigators, also show that there is little correlation between the clay mineral composition and texture of the sediments, only kaolinite being weakly linearly correlated with clay content. Transformation of 2:1 layer silicate minerals occurs within the buried sediments ; chlorite is transformed and smectite and illite interlayers redistributed within randomly interstratified smectite-illites.
Using tephrochronology to date temperate ice: correlation between ice tephras on Livingston Island and eruptive units on Deception Island volcano (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)

Tephra layers are interstratified in the ice caps of the South Shetland Islands. Although previously poorly investigated, they are potential targets for the application of tephrochronology and, hence, may provide temporal constraints on glaciological models for the region. Several tephra layers crop out in the coastal ice-cliffs and ablation ramps of Livingston Island. Using stratigraphical position, granulometry and bulk sample geochemistry, the tephra layers can be divided into three groups (TPH1, TPH2 and TPH3, from top to base). The source for all of the tephras is unequivocally identified as Deception Island, a large active volcano in Bransfield Strait, situated about 35 km south of Livingston Island. TPH1 (a single layer) is strongly correlated compositionally with tephra erupted in 1970 from centres close to Telefon Bay. This is the first time it has been possible to correlate a distal tephra with a pyroclastic unit in the source volcano in the Antarctic Peninsula region. TPH2 (usually two layers, sometimes only one) was probably erupted from a tuff cone centre within the Crater Lake cluster of vents. From historical accounts, it is deduced that the numerous co-eruptive Crater Lake vents were active prior to 1829 and, from their relatively fresh appearance, an eighteen-century age for the eruptions is possible. TPH3 comprises at least four discrete tephra layers with a much wider compositional range than either TPH1 or TPH2. It may have been erupted during successive months or years. Compositional comparisons of TPH3 with possible source vents on Deception Island are ambiguous, but there is a reasonably good similarity with tephras erupted at Wensleydale Beacon and/or Vapour Col. However, it is also conceivable that the source(s) for TPH3 are no longer preserved on Deception Island. The age of the TPH3 eruptions is unknown but it must be prior to 1829 and is unlikely to be more than a few centuries.
The surges of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., and their connection to climate and mass balance

One of the questions still unanswered concerning the surge behavior of glaciers concerns their quasi-periodic occurrence. Some results on the phenomenological connection between local cumulative balance and surge initiation of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A. , are discussed here. Based on climate data from neighboring weather stations, an empirical relation between precipitation, temperature and local mass balance is established and used to reconstruct the annual balance at a location in the accumulation area back to 1905. Between the last four surges in 1946/47, 1964/65, 1982/83 and 1994/95, the ice-equivalent cumulative balance was 43.5 m on average, with a 1σ error of 1.2 m. Although the existence of a surge level cannot be directly interpreted in physical terms, it explains the variable length of the quiescent periods of Variegated Glacier by variations in the accumulation rate prior to the surge. We use the surge level to hindcast former unobserved surges, to compare the results with other surge datings obtained from photographs and to establish a complete surge history for Variegated Glacier for the 20th century.
Public Attitudes Towards Chinese Medicine in Melbourne, Australia

Purpose: To investigate the public attitudes towards Chinese medicine and the impact of the introduction of statutory practitioner registration in Melbourne, Australia. Method: A convenience sample of 575 participants (18-45 years of age) from three locations in Melbourne completed a self-administered, 60-question survey in August 2002. Results: In the previous 12 months, Chinese medicine had been used by 30.9% of the respondents and 17.3% had visited a Chinese medicine practitioner. For each of eight common conditions listed in the survey, between 61.2% and 92.7% of participants indicated that western medicine was their preferred therapeutic option, rather than Chinese medicine or combination of Western and Chinese medicine. However, substantial proportions of participants preferred Chinese medicine for stomach or internal problems (28.4%), cold/flu (18.8%) and dizziness (17.6%). Although 78.2% were aware that statutory practitioner registration had recently been introduced in the State, only 29.9% indicated that they would only visit a registered practitioner. Implication: More stringent surveillance of Chinese medicine service providers and a public education campaign may be necessary to protect against unauthorized Chinese medicine practice.
Observations of solar cyclical variations in geocoronal Hα column emission intensities

Observations of thermospheric + exospheric Hα column emissions by the Wisconsin Hα Mapper (WHAM) Fabry‐Perot (Kitt Peak, Arizona) over the 1997–2001 rise in solar cycle 23 show a statistically significant solar cyclical variation. The higher signal‐to‐noise WHAM observations corroborate suggestions of a solar cycle trend in the Hα emissions seen in Wisconsin observations over solar cycle 22. Here we compare WHAM 1997 and 2000–2001 winter solstice geocoronal Hα observations toward regions of the sky with low galactic emission. The observed variation in geocoronal hydrogen column emission intensities over the solar cycle is small compared with variations in hydrogen exobase densities. Higher Hα emissions are seen during solar maximum periods of the solar cycle. At a mid range shadow altitude (3000 km), WHAM geocoronal Hα intensities are about 45% higher during solar maximum than during solar minimum.
Large diurnal variations of geomagnetically trapped and of precipitated electrons observed at low altitudes

The diurnal variation of the intensities of geomagnetically trapped electrons and that of precipitated electrons are observed to be similar in data obtained with low-altitude satellite Injun 3 over the period December 1962 to September 1963. The northern limit of detectable electron (E≥40 kev) intensities was at L≃20 (Λ≃77°) at local noon and at L≃8 (Λ≃69°) at local midnight. Several polar plots of the median intensities of electrons as a function of local time and the shell parameter L (and Λ = arc cos L−½) are displayed. A local acceleration mechanism for electrons (E≥40 kev) on the sunward side of the magnetosphere is suggested in this preliminary study by an apparent maximum of precipitated electron intensities near local noon at L∼8. The diurnal effect (a factor of the order of 100 or greater) begins abruptly at L∼8 and extends to all higher L shells; the local time dependence of the median electron intensities is more or less symmetrical about the noon-midnight meridian, but may be more nearly symmetrical about a meridian of ∼1100 (±2 hours) beyond L∼10.
The Organizational Support Necessary for Integrative Health Care (IHC): A Clinic for Artists in a Hospital Setting

Background: In 1994, a grassroots group of Canadian artists from diverse disciplines met to investigate the possibility of creating a specialized health-care facility for professional creative artists and performers. The project grew into an outpatient clinic serving professional artists, in a large urban teaching hospital in Canada. This article focuses on the financial limitations of creating and sustaining such an integrative health care (IHC) clinic for artists. Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews and focus groups were used to gather information about IHC at the clinic. Results: The findings describe how the expense of implementing IHC directly affected the overall sustainability of the clinic, including such aspects as existing subsidy programs, fundraising, and the integration and scheduling of contract practitioners. Strategies for sustainability included using aspects of business and insurance models to inform the current management of clinic funds. Conclusion: An IHC clinic needs financial resources, and the rationale for its development needs to be made explicit to all stakeholders. Its success will ultimately depend upon the support and commitment of all staff involved.
Control of Relative Sea Level and Climate on Coal Character in the Westphalian C (Atokan) Four Corners Formation, Central Appalachian Basin, U.S.A.

Abstract Peat successions preserved as coal seams preserve high-resolution records of ancient terrestrial water table (base level) fluctuations that are driven by changes in relative sea level and/or paleoclimatic change. The aim of this study is to establish the roles of relative sea level and climate in controlling water table fluctuations within coal seams from the fluviodeltaic Westphalian C (Bolsovian, Atokan) Four Corners Formation of the central Appalachian Basin, USA. Comparison of the characteristics of 10 coals in the Four Corners Formation with accommodation trends identified from analysis of intra-coal clastic strata indicates that their thickness and vitrinite/inertinite ratio correlate readily with the accommodation setting of the depositional sequence in which they occur. Coals that accumulated in relatively high-accommodation fourth-order sequences are high in vitrinite, thin, and overlain by, or intercalated with, marine and lacustrine sediments. The coals have simple internal organization, suggesting that they span (parts of) single high-resolution accommodation cycles. Coals that accumulated in lower-accommodation fourth-order sequences are high in inertinite, thick, and overlain by or intercalated with terrestrial sediments. The coals have composite internal organizations typified by multiple high-resolution accommodation cycles, and characteristic abrupt discontinuities of coal facies, representing periods of depositional hiatus. The correlations between the composition and thickness of the coals and the magnitude of associated marine transgression imply that relative sea level change was the principal control governing bulk accommodation in these mires landward of the paleoshoreline. High-frequency accommodation cycles within the coals reflect water table fluctuations in the original mires and were driven by high-frequency sea level and/or climate change. The results of this study provide considerable insight into the manner in which coal composition and stratigraphy at a single locality vary over time in response to changing accommodation, and provide a means to predict coal-seam quality in an established sequence stratigraphic framework.
Erosion, redeposition, and delivery of sediment to midwestern streams

While sediment in surface waters may be one of our more serious water quality problems, the sources of this sediment are not well defined. Sediment control programs for water quality are presently concentrating on the application of best management practices (BMP's) across the watershed with little regard to location. The authors have studied sediment movement patterns in a midwestern watershed using fallout cesium-137 techniques and have concluded these programs may be largely ineffective. The implications from this work are that cropped floodplains are the most severely eroded lands in the watershed, followed by cropped lands bordering the floodplains. Most of the eroded sediment either originates on or is delivered directly to the active floodplain and hence to the stream. The authors conclude that the majority of cropped uplands may not be nearly as important in determining sediment levels in streams as is generally thought.
Super-resolution in image restoration of wide area images viewed through atmospheric turbulence

We postulate that under anisoplanatic imaging conditions involving imaging through turbulent media over a wide-area there exists the possibility of spatial frequency content that is normally lost outside the aperture of an imaging instrument under unperturbed viewing conditions, being aliased into the aperture. Simulation is presented that reinforces this premise. We apply restoration algorithms that were designed to correct non-uniform distortions, to a real image sequence to the effect of noticing the de-aliased super-frequency content. We claim this to be super-resolution, and that it is only possible under anisoplanatic imaging scenarios, where the point spread function of the image is position dependent as a result of the atmospheric turbulence.
DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF Phomopsis helianthi Munt.-Cvet. et al. AND Phoma macdonaldii Boerema ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS

SUMMARY We investigated possibilities for the formation of reproductive structures of important sunflower pathogens, Phomopsis helianthi and Phoma macdonaldii, on the husk and kernels of naturally infected and inoculated seeds. Pycnidia were typically formed at the wider part of the husk in all sunflower lines and hybrids infected by P.helianthi and/or P.macdonaldii, partly immersed in the epidermis. The pycnidia of P.macdonaldii were larger than the pycnidia of P.helianthi. The kernels infected by P.helianthi showed slight structural changes in comparison with the non-infected achenes. An exception were the seeds of a line which, on infection by P.helianthi, showed a complete disintegration of the central part of the cotyledon while numerous pycnidia formed in the outer layers of the parenchyma. Seeds of lines infected by P.macdonaldii were considerably damaged. The cotyledonary tissue was disintegrated and pycnidia arranged in rows formed in the outer layers of the parenchyma.
A model for retrieving total sea ice concentration from a spaceborne dual-polarized passive microwave instrument operating near 90 GHz

Abstract An algorithm has been developed for estimating total ice concentration from spaceborne high-frequency passive microwave instrumentation. The algorithm is intended for use with the coming Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data giving a spatial resolution of 12 km. It is based on radiation physics and detailed millimetre wave surface signature measurements and can therefore be applied to other similar data. However, due to large effects on the signals caused by time varying atmospheric conditions and radiation properties of the ice, the algorithm is made self-adjusting. The atmospheric effects are implicitly treated as a smooth function of the ice concentration with tie points over open ocean and 100 per cent ice for each orbit. This means that the main errors are due to patches of heavy clouds and ice floes with atypical radiation properties. An error analysis indicates possible errors of the order of 5 percent for concentrations representative for the Arctic Basin, increasing with decreasin.