Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of slope and parent material in the formation of landform

In this research, landform classification was performed based on the simple method developed by Weise, who used topographic position index (TPI) to classify the landform. TPI compares the elevation of each cell in a digital elevation model (DEM) to the mean elevation of a specified neighborhood around that cell. It can be calculated by a simple formula in different scales. After preparing landform map of the study area, soil sampling and physicochemical analysis were done in landforms which had the most repeatability in the region (plain and open slope). Results showed that transferring of parent material from the upper geomorphic surfaces and accumulating during the time are the main agents to form the plain and in case of open slope, moderately high slope changes with erodible parent materials that have varied over time, are the main parameters in landform formation. Key words: Digital elevation model, geomorphic surfaces, geomorphology, landscape, topography.
Analysis on the Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Urban Expansion and the Complex Driving Mechanism: Taking the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration as a Case

Rapid urbanization on a global scale leads to a number of issues such as arable land occupation and ecological degradation. In this context, analyzing the driving mechanism of urban land expansion in complex urban systems facilitates sustainable urban development. Most relevant studies focused on the role of each driving factor and less considered the interaction between different factors spatially and temporally. In order to provide a deep insight into the complex driving mechanism of urban expansion, this study began with an analysis of the spatio-temporal characteristics of urban expansion in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban agglomeration in different periods. Then, the driving mechanism of urban expansion intensity (UEI) and urban expansion landscape pattern were analyzed, based on the interaction of different driving factors over space and time. The result showed as follows. (1) During the period of 2000–2008, the overall UEI in the PRD was higher than that of the period of 2008–2015. From 2000 to 2015, the most important source of urban land expansion was farmland, followed by forest land. Meanwhile, the decline in the proportion of outlying expansion type indicated that the urban land has gradually become more compact. (2) From 2000 to 2015, the socio-economic factors had a greater effect on UEI than natural factors. And the interaction between the pairs of factors on UEI during 2000–2008 was significantly stronger than that during 2008–2015. (3) The driving factors of the urban landscape expansion index during the period from 2008 to 2015 were far more powerful than 2000–2008. And the interaction between the pairs of factors on urban landscape expansion index during 2000–2008 was significantly stronger than that during 2008–2015.
Design of a compact orthogonal fed self‐diplexing bowtie‐ring slot antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide

In this article, a novel design of compact cavity‐backed slot antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is presented for dual‐frequency communication services. A single layer printed circuit board is applied to implement the proposed antenna. The bowtie‐ring slot engraved on the SIW square cavity is excited using two orthogonal microstrip feed lines to operate at two distinct frequencies (6.62 GHz and 11.18 GHz). The proposed antenna allows each of these frequencies to be designed independently. A prototype of the proposed cavity‐backed antenna that radiates at both 6.62 GHz and 11.18 GHz is fabricated and measured. The port isolation better than 29.3 dB is achieved by utilizing the transmission zeros (TZs), which are produced due to the orthogonal feed lines, TE110 mode and coupling between the TE120 and TE210 modes. The measured peak gains of the proposed diplexing antenna are 5.77 dBi and 5.81 dBi at lower and upper resonating frequencies, respectively. The proposed dual‐frequency antenna exhibits the front‐to‐back‐ratio (FTBR) and cross‐polarization level greater than 26 dB and 21 dB, respectively, at both resonating frequencies.
Ameliorative effects of Lipitor against hypercholesterolemia-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and their breast-feeding young.

Article history Received: 14 Feb, 2014 Revised: 20 Mar, 2014 Accepted: 24 Mar, 2014 Abstract The aim of this study was to find the ameliorative effect of Lipitor in nephrotoxicity resulting from hypercholesterolemia in mothers and their young. Eighty fertile male and virgin Wistar female rats were used in the present study. After mating and confirmation of pregnancy, the rats were arranged into four groups (10 per group) as follows: control; G1, Lipitor-treated group (2 mg/kg body weight, orally administered every other day from the 6 th day of gestation until 14 and 21 days postnatal); G2, experimental hypercholesterolemic and G3, Hypercholesterolemic and Lipitor-treatment. At the end of treatments, kidney and femoral epiphysis of both control and experimental mother rats and their offspring at 7 and 14 days were processed for histological study. The results revealed that mothers exhibited tubulo-necrosis, glomerulonephritis and periglomerular and tubular leukocytic infiltration. Maternal nephrotoxicity was reflected in the renal picture of breast-feeding young at 2 and 3 weeks. Also, examining femoral epiphysis of breast-feeding rat maternal fed on a hypercholesterolemic diet exhibited a comparative reduction of epiphysis and derangement of cartilage column and widened of cartilage stromata. The increased damage and degeneration of cartilage cells and comparative reduction of epiphyseal cartilage may lead to softening of bone, decreased its growth rate and increased incidence of fractures. Furthermore Lipitor-treatment alone or in combination with hypercholesterolemia improved femoral epiphysis and renal tissue to some extent and not equal to normal ones. In conclusion, hypercholesterolemia altered renal morphology which might have affected synthesis of essential elements of bone formation leading to defective bone growth in their offspring. Lipitor-treatment improved maternal renal structure which also resulted in improved bone growth of their young.
Bulk, shear and scattering attenuation beneath Hawaiian Volcanos and in the oceanic crust extending to the Aloha Cabled Observatory

Seismic attenuation is measured from a swarm of 50 earthquakes in Kīlauea volcano in 2018, associated with caldera collapse. The traverse extends at nearly constant azimuth to the saddle between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, continuing to Maui beneath the distal flanks of three dormant volcanos. From Maui the traverse then extends seaward to the Aloha Cabled Observatory (ACO) on the seafloor north of O‘ahu. The effective attenuation is measured with respect to an ${\omega ^{ - 2}}$ earthquake source model. Frequency dependent ${Q_P}$ and ${Q_S}$ are derived. The initial path is shallow and uphill, the path to Maui propagates at mid-crustal depths, and the path to ACO extends through oceanic crust. The observations of ${Q_P} \le {Q_S}$ over each traverse are modelled as bulk attenuation ${Q_K}$. Several attenuation processes are observed, including ${Q_\mu }$, ${Q_K}$, $Q\sim f$, constant Q and scattering. The observation of bulk attenuation is ascribed to contrasting physical properties between basalt and water saturated vesicles. The ratio of Q values between shallow and mid-crustal propagation is used to derive an activation energy E* for the undetermined shear attenuation mechanism. A Debye relaxation peak is fit to the ${Q_S}( f )$ and ${Q_K}( f )$ observed for the mid-crustal pathway. A prior high-frequency attenuation study near Wake Island compares well with this Hawaiian Q data set, which in general shows lower values of Q than observed for Wake.
Cellular and molecular analysis of regulatory mechanisms of human fibroblast growth factor-1 gene expression /

Three variants of FGF-1 mRNA, FGF-l.A, l.B , and l.C , originate from three discrete promoters of the gene and encode a single growth factor. Each mRNA has a unique 5' untranslated exon. A fourth variant (FGF-1.D) with a unique 5 ' untranslated exon was identified, a partial cDNA was isolated, and the exon was localized on genomic sequence. FGF-1.D also originated from its own independent promoter. Expression of FGF-1.D mRNA was found in cell lines and cultured cells that included fibroblasts (neonatal foreskin and embryonic lung), smooth muscle cells (iliac artery and saphenous vein), a prostate carcinoma-derived cell line (PC-3), two glioblastoma-derived cell lines (U1242MG and D65MG), and bladder carcinomaderived cell lines (EJ and J82). All four variant FGF-1 transcripts were detected in vivo in normal, fetal, and diseased tissues. FG F-l.A was predominantly expressed in kidney and heart tissue, FGF-I.B in brain tissue, FGF-l.C in fetal intestine and adult aorta, and FGF-1 . D in normal aorta and colon, diseased carotid artery and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. To further characterize the molecular mechanism of regulation of these different transcripts, various effectors were used that included TGF-(3, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, serum, okadaic acid, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D. The results indicated a differential regulation of at
Chromosome studies in Thymus L. (Labiatae)

Thymus armeniacus Klok. & Des. -Shost 74 T. kosteleckyanus Opiz 77 T. transcaspicus Klok 74 T. glabrescens Willd 77 T. comosus Heuff. ex Gris 74 T. tiflisiensis Klok. & Des. -Shost 77 T. pulcherrimus Schur 75 Chromosome number relations within the genus Thy T. praecox Opiz 75 mus 77 T. pseudonummularius Klok. & Des. -Shost 76 Summary 79 T. pulegioid.es L 76 Literature cited 79 T. pulegioides L. x serpyllum L. em. Mill 76
Modes of Grouping Students, Segregation and Educational Inequalities. A Longitudinal Analysis of a Cohort of Students in Switzerland

espanolEl sistema educativo en Ginebra, Suiza, ofrece dos modos organizativos para agrupar a los estudiantes de educacion secundaria 1. Los estudiantes pertenecen a escuelas que tienen un sistema segmentado (se agrupan en dos corrientes segun su nivel academico) o un sistema mas integrado, con clases heterogeneas compuestas por grupos de habilidades para algunas materias. Utilizando datos longitudinales, este articulo examina el impacto de estos dos modos de agrupar a los estudiantes en la educacion secundaria 2. Los resultados del analisis de regresion logistica multinivel muestran que los estudiantes que asisten al sistema segmentado tienen menos probabilidades de estar orientados hacia una escuela de bachillerato, el camino mas selectivo de la educacion secundaria 2. Tambien muestran que los efectos de la segregacion dentro de la escuela contribuyen a reforzar las desigualdades entre los estudiantes: la probabilidad de asistir a una escuela de bachillerato es mucho menor en las clases con un alto porcentaje de estudiantes de origen desfavorecido. Finalmente, muestran que los efectos negativos de la segregacion escolar tienden a ser mas fuertes en el sistema segmentado. EnglishThe education system in Geneva, Switzerland, offers two organisationally contrasting modes of grouping students in secondary 1 education. Students either belong to schools which run a segmented system (students are grouped into two streams based on their academic level) or a more integrated system, with heterogeneous classes made up of ability groups for some subjects. Using longitudinal data, this article examines the impact of these two modes of grouping students and of within-school segregation on the way students are oriented in secondary 2 education. The results of a multilevel logistic regression analysis show that students attending the segmented system are less likely to be oriented towards a baccalaureate school, the most selective path of secondary 2 education. They also show that the effects of within-school segregation contribute to reinforcing inequalities between students: the likelihood of attending a baccalaureate school is much lower in classes with a high percentage of students from a disadvantaged background. Finally, they show that the negative effects of school segregation tend to be stronger in the segmented system.
Soil labile organic carbon sequestration is tightly correlated with the abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in semiarid maize fields

Plastic film mulching can affect soil organic carbon (C) lability in semiarid regions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi represent an important route for plant‐derived C into soil and can be influenced by agricultural practices. Whether the changes of AM fungal community affect soil organic C sequestration is a fundamental question in semiarid environments. To this end, we conducted two field experiments investigating the influence of a Funneliformis mosseae inoculation and mycorrhizal‐suppression using benomyl application on maize growth, soil fractions of organic C, AM fungal parameters, including diversity profiling using the Illumina MiSeq. The results showed that AM fungal community composition was significantly altered by plastic film mulching and fungicide applications, soil organic C fractions and nitrogen were most important factors in influencing the AM fungal community. AM fungal inoculation significantly increased particulate organic C and light fraction organic C content, due to enhance dextramatrical hyphal length (EMH), glomalin content, and root biomass. Conversely, fungicide applications reduced labile organic C, possibly through decreasing EMH, glomalin content and soil AM fungal diversity. Increases in relative abundance of F. mosseae in rhizosphere soil, coupled with increases in AM fungal root colonization from F. mosseae inoculation indicates successfully established by outcompeting the existing natural AM fungal community. Plastic film mulching resulted in significant increases in maize yield and water use efficiency, and AM fungal inoculation was found to amplify the effects. Thus, AM fungal inoculation may act as an effective farming practice to improve soil organic C fractions, which can boost maize productivity.
Observations of Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Ovipositing and Feeding on Peanuts

Two major species of phytophagous stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus setvus (Say), occur in peanut fields (Tillman 2008, J. Entomol. Sci. 43: 191-207). All developmental stages of N. viridula and E. servus have been found in peanuts indicating that both species of stink bugs develop on this plant (Tillman 2008). Seasonal abundance of N. viridula and E. servus nymphs and adults in peanuts provided further support that these 2 species of stink bugs develop on this crop (Tillman 2008). Altogether, these observations of stink bug populations in peanuts indicate that these insects feed on this crop, but stink bug feeding on peanuts has never been documented. Consequently, the objective of this study was to determine if and where on the plant N. viridula and E. servus oviposit and feed on peanuts. Nezara viridula and E. servus were collected weekly throughout the peanut growing season in 2 commercial peanut fields in Irwin Co., GA, in 2007. The first peanut field was planted in 'GA Green' peanuts on 22 May 2007, and the second field was planted in the same variety on 29 May 2007. After a sweep sample was collected from 7.31 -m of row, the sample was placed in a 3.79 L ZipIocTM bag which was then placed in a cooler and transported to the laboratory. Insect species, developmental stage, and sex were identified in the laboratory. Obtaining data on seasonal abundance of the 2 stink bug species in peanuts provided information on the occurrence of eggs, nymphs, and a new generation of stink bug adults in this crop. For both stink bug species, adults and nymphs used in laboratory tests were collected from the second peanut field from 15 Sep through 4 Oct. Only young, 1to 7-d-old, stink bug adults were collected because presumably they developed on peanuts. Voucher specimens of all insects are held in the USDA-ARS, Crop Protection & Management Research Laboratory in Tifton, GA. To determine if the new generation of N. viridula and E. servus females in lateseason peanuts would oviposit on peanuts in the laboratory, field-collected females were given the opportunity to oviposit on a "peanut plant" in cylindrical cages. Peanuts
Kin Interactions of Arabidopsis Based on the Integrated Performance of Plants

Abstract: Mechanisms of kin selection have been studied to explain how siblings grow together, but the findings remain controversial. This can be ascribed to the use of single indicators without considering other factors. Three ecotypes of Arabidopsis were used to examine kin responses of siblings growing together. Plant traits of leaves, plant shape, reproductive activity, and roots were investigated. We found that Arabidopsis recognized their kin neighbors, showed selective responses to distinct plant traits among ecotypes, and modes of responses were dependent on neighbor's growing distance. If single traits were used to judge kin response performance, the results were chaotic. However, by developing and studying an integrated performance value based on multiple traits, we determined that Ler showed similar integrated performances at all planting distances, while the integrated performance of Col was ranked mainly as medium distancedistance> small distance> large distance, which suggested kin cooperation. However, in comparison to medium and small distances, at which performance was consistent with kin recognition, we found that at large distance, strangers of Ws performed better than kin plants, which suggested competition. Thus, we conclude that kin recognition could be affected by plant competition conditions that are the result of growing distance, and that the integrated performance of individuals was more suitable to evaluate kin interactions of plant species.
Framing headship: a demand-side analysis of how the headteacher role is articulated in job descriptions

ABSTRACT The majority of studies into recruitment to the headship role have focused on supply-side dynamics and teachers’ own accounts of the factors that (dis)incentivize them from aspiring or progressing to headship. Significantly less work has been done in analyzing demand-side factors. This paper addresses the gap by presenting findings from a mixed-methods analysis of headteacher job descriptions (n = 67) published in a complete school year within Wales – one of the UK’s devolved education systems. A discourse analysis was conducted, based on organizational and occupational conceptions of professional work, which informed a subsequent content analysis of the job descriptions. Our findings identified a dominance of articulations that privileged organizationally-orientated understandings of headship and evidence of a lack of contextualization and agency by stakeholders responsible for recruitment. Such ‘demand-side’ analysis offers scope for examining and understanding the way in which headship is framed and aligns with policy within a variety of international educational contexts and jurisdictions.
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITE FORMED WITH HIGHER PLASTIC CONTENT

This study investigated the dimensional stability and strength properties of plastic bonded composites produced from wood waste particles and polyethylene using extruder. The composites were produced from wood species such as such as: Triplochiton scleroxylon, Terminalia superba and Gmelina arborea at a mixing proportion of 60:40 (plastic/wood) on a weight by weight basis. Evaluation of properties was carried out in accordance with the American Standard Testing Methods of 570 and 790 to determine the dimensional stability and strength properties of the composites. The results of findings revealed that water absorption and thickness swelling of the wood composites ranged from 10.08% to 15.36% and 4.33% to 5.58% respectively after 24hours and 48hours immersion in water. Tensile strength also ranged between 29.4MPa and 45.6MPa. Composite board made from T. superba wood particles had the lowest significant water absorption (10.08%), thickness swelling (4.33%) and highest significant tensile strength (45.6MPa) compared to composites produced from G. arborea and T. scleroxylon wood particles. It was observed that high density wood species exhibit lower water intake, lower thickness swelling and higher tensile strength, while the contrary is the case for lower density wood species. In conclusion, the three tree species used for the study could be recommended for the production of wood composite like particle board, fibre board, wood cement boards and others.
The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes

ABSTRACT COVID-19 and ensuing changes in mobility have altered employment relations for millions of people across the globe. Emerging evidence shows that women may be more severely affected by this change. The pandemic, however, may have an impact beyond the immediate restructuring of employment and shift gender-role attitudes within households as a result of changes in the division of household labor. We analyze a representative sample of respondents in the U.S., Germany, and Singapore and show that transitions to unemployment, reductions in working hours and transitions to working from home have been more frequent for women than for men – although not to the same extent across the three countries. We also demonstrate that among couples who had been employed at the start of the pandemic, men express more egalitarian gender-role attitudes if they became unemployed but their partners remained employed, while women express more traditional attitudes if they became unemployed and their partners remained employed. These results indicate that gender-role attitudes might adapt to the lived realities. The long-term consequences will depend on how both men and women experience further shifts in their employment relations as economies recover.
Root Exudation Rates Decrease with Increasing Latitude in Some Tree Species

Research Highlights: Understanding of the spatial variation of root exudation on a regional scale can help understand the response of plant physiological activities to environmental changes. Background and Objectives: Although root exudation has become an important topic in belowground ecology, its relationship with root traits and environmental factors is poorly understood. Our objective was to explore how root traits and environmental factors influence root exudation. Materials and Methods: We used a multi-factorial design consisting of three tree species spanning across sites located at three latitudes to assess root exudation dynamics, which was measured using a syringe-basis incubation system. Results: The strongest and clearest effect observed in our study was a decrease in root exudation rates of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) and larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuze. ) at sites located in higher latitudes. Root exudation rates were positively related to mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and negatively related to soil total organic carbon. Conclusions: Root exudation in coniferous species decreased at sites located in higher latitudes. Despite differences in root exudation rate among sites located at different latitudes and species with suitable variation in root morphological traits and environmental factors, we could not identify consistent influencing factors on root exudation rates.