Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sheaves in geometry and logic: a first introduction to topos theory

This text presents topos theory as it has developed from the study of sheaves. Sheaves arose in geometry as coefficients for cohomology and as descriptions of the functions appropriate to various kinds of manifolds (algebraic, analytic, etc.). Sheaves also appear in logic as carriers for models of set theory as well as for the semantics of other types of logic. Grothendieck introduced a topos as a category of sheaves for algebraic geometry. Subsequently, Lawvere and Tierney obtained elementary axioms for such (more general) categories. This introduction to topos theory begins with a number of illustrative examples that explain the origin of these ideas and then describes the sheafification process and the properties of an elementary topos. The applications to axiomatic set theory and the use in forcing (the Independence of the Continuum Hypothesis and of the Axiom of Choice) are then described. Geometric morphisms- like continuous maps of spaces and the construction of classifying topoi, for example those related to local rings and simplicial sets, next appear, followed by the use of locales (pointless spaces) and the construction of topoi related to geometric languages and logic. This is the first text to address all of these varied aspects of topos theory at the graduate student level.
Banana bunch cover: evaluation of promising bag materials

Now days there has been an increase in the consumers demand for great food, produced in environmentally cost-effective and friendly processes, being increasingly necessary new cultivation techniques able to ensure the required standards for banana growers and consumers. Therefore, the research aimed to evaluate the effects of bunch cover materials on development and quality of ‘BRS Platina’ banana fruits. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with six treatments, four replications and four plants per plot, being the treatments: WB – without bagging; BBTK – black polypropylene bag (TNT) + kraft paper; BBPK - black polyethilene bag + kraft paper; KP – kraft paper; WBT – non-woven polypropylene white bag (TNT) and WBP - white polyethylene plastic bag. The ‘BRS Platina’ banana bunches cover improved fruits quality and the treatment polyethylene white bag (WBP) can be an advantageous option for the banana growers because of its effectiveness on the reduction of damages caused by flowers thrips (Frankliniella spp), providing a good agronomic performance and also does not delay the harvesting.
Simulations and modelling of the ISM in galaxies

The latest observations of molecular gas and the atomic hydrogen content of local and high-redshift galaxies, coupled with how these correlate with star formation activity, have revolutionized our ideas about how to model star formation in a galactic context. A successful theory of galaxy formation has to explain some key facts: (i) high-redshift galaxies have higher molecular gas fractions and star formation rates than local galaxies, (ii) scaling relations show that the atomic-to-stellar mass ratio decreases with stellar mass in the local Universe, and (iii) the global abundance of atomic hydrogen evolves very weakly with time. We review how modern cosmological simulations of galaxy formation attempt to put these pieces together and highlight how approaches simultaneously solving dark matter and gas physics, and approaches first solving the dark matter N-body problem and then dealing with gas physics using semi-analytic models, differ and complement each other. We review the observable predictions, what we think we have learned so far and what still needs to be done in the simulations to allow robust testing by the new observations expected from telescopes such as ALMA, PdBI, LMT, JVLA, ASKAP, MeerKAT, SKA.
Solar Activity Driven 27‐Day Signatures in Ionospheric Electron and Molecular Oxygen Densities

The complex interactions in the upper atmosphere, which control the height‐dependent ionospheric response to the 27‐day solar rotation period, are investigated with the superposed epoch analysis technique. 27‐day signatures describing solar activity are calculated from a solar proxy (F10.7) and wavelength‐dependent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) fluxes (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Solar EUV Experiment), and the corresponding 27‐day signatures describing ionospheric conditions are calculated from electron density profiles (Pruhonice ionosonde station) and O2 density profiles (Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk). The lag analysis of these extracted signatures is applied to characterize the delayed ionospheric response at heights from 100 to 300 km and the impact of major absorption processes in the lower (dominated by O2) and upper ionosphere (dominated by O) is discussed. The observed variations of the delay in these regions are in good agreement with model simulations in preceding studies. Additionally, the estimated significance and the correlation of the delays based on both ionospheric parameters are good. Thus, variations such as the strong shift in 27‐day signatures for the O2 density at low heights are also reliably identified (up to half a cycle). The analysis confirms the importance of ionospheric and thermospheric coupling to understand the variability of the delayed ionospheric response and introduces a method that could be applied to additional ionosonde stations in future studies. This would allow to describe the variability of the delayed ionospheric response spatially, vertically and temporally and therefore may contribute further to the understanding of processes and improve ionospheric modeling.
A Bayesian Approach for Hypothesis Testing in Particle Physics

The statistical procedure used in a family of problems in particle physics, similar to the search for the Higgs boson, is investigated in this paper. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model to make inference while addressing treatment of nuisance parameters and introduce a Bayesian decision making procedure that combines the two steps of the current method (discovery and exclusion) into one, while enabling us to control global frequency theory error rates and use the information provided by the theory.
FrameASt: A Framework for Second-level Agenda Setting in Parliamentary Debates through the Lense of Comparative Agenda Topics

This paper presents a framework for studying second-level political agenda setting in parliamentary debates, based on the selection of policy topics used by political actors to discuss a specific issue on the parliamentary agenda. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic as an agenda item can be contextualised as a health issue or as a civil rights issue, as a matter of macroeconomics or can be discussed in the context of social welfare. Our framework allows us to observe differences regarding how different parties discuss the same agenda item by emphasizing different topical aspects of the item. We apply and evaluate our framework on data from the German Bundestag and discuss the merits and limitations of our approach. In addition, we present a new annotated data set of parliamentary debates, following the coding schema of policy topics developed in the Comparative Agendas Project (CAP), and release models for topic classification in parliamentary debates.
Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds from Sargassum sp. Using Water and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Method as A Derivation of Green Chemistry Principles

The content of bioactive compounds in Sargassum sp. already used in various fields. The Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method and water solvent has met the principles of green chemistry so that it is used in this study as a method of extracting antioxidant compounds contained in Sargassum sp. The principle of green chemistry has the main goal of reducing or eliminating the impact of environmental damage. This research was conducted with several process variables, including the ratio of the sample mass to the volume of solvent (0.05 – 0.15 g/mL), time (30 – 40 minutes) and power (170 – 180 W) using the UAE method and water solvent (aquadest) on the total phenol value of Sargassum sp. result. Analysis of variance was carried out with the help of Design Expert software, Response Surface Method - Central Composite Design to determine the effect of the process variables carried out in the extraction process on the total phenol yield. The analysis of variance in this study shows the suitability between the research design and the results of the study which is indicated by an R2 value of 0.9785. The highest results were obtained with a variable ratio of sample mass to solvent volume of 0.18 (g/mL), time of 40 minutes and power of 180 W with a total phenol yield of 212.8 mg GAE/g and antioxidant activity of 12.3%.
Scaling Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via State Upsampling.

—We consider the problem of scaling Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms toward larger environments and team sizes. While it is possible to learn a MARL-synthesized policy on these larger problems from scratch, training is difficult as the joint state-action space is much larger. Policy learning will require a large amount of experience (and associated training time) to reach a target performance. In this paper, we propose a transfer learning method that accelerates the training performance in such high-dimensional tasks with increased complexity. Our method upsamples an agent’s state representation in a smaller, less challenging, source task in order to pre-train a target policy for a larger, more challenging, target task . By transferring the policy after pre-training and continuing MARL in the target domain, the information learned within the source task enables higher performance within the target task in significantly less time than training from scratch. As such, our method enables the scalability of coordination problems. Furthermore, as our method only changes the state representation of agents across tasks, it is agnostic to the policy’s architecture and can be deployed across different MARL algorithms. We provide results showing that a policy trained under our method is able to achieve up to a 7.88 × performance improvement under the same amount of training time, compared to a policy trained from scratch. Moreover, our method enables learning in difficult target task settings where training from scratch fails.
Spending quality and development performance: Evidence from less development regions

Indonesia still has less developed districts. In Indonesia, districts are administrative areas after provinces. The number of underdeveloped regencies in Indonesia is 122 or 29% of the total 415 regencies established during 2015-2019 by the central government. Underdeveloped regencies are regencies whose regions and communities are less developed, as seen from five aspects: the community’s economy, human resources, facilities and infrastructure, regional financial capacity, accessibility, and regional characteristics. Lagging districts occur due to spending that has not supported the development, both physical and non-physical development. District spending that does not support development indicates poor quality of spending. This study aims to examine the indicators of the quality of spending in underdeveloped regions and relate them to development performance. Expenditure quality indicators include spending priorities, timeliness, spending allocations, accountability and transparency, and effectiveness. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied to measure the quality of spending and development performance of underdeveloped regions. This study found the quality of district spending not only can reduce poverty levels, but also increase the level of Human Development Index (HDI). This study also found a new model of the quality of regional spending, namely making indicators (poverty and HDI) into variables of development performance.
LF2OH: Learning Program in Enhancing Financial Literacy for Students

: Financial technology advancement has both positive and negative impacts on society. For generation Z who have not worked, financial technology's convenience may create financial problems, both for themselves and their families, considering that their financial source comes from their parents. Therefore, there is a need to provide a learning program for financial literacy and concern for the family's financial condition. The learning program is packaged in a Learning Management System (LMS) with the name Learning Financial Literacy from Our Home (LF2OH). This study is aimed at examining the effectiveness of the learning program and testing by using the experimental method of Solomon’s four group model on 281 high school students. The test results indicate that the average gain score and post-test financial literacy of students treated with the LF2OH program are higher and significantly different than students who are taught classically without involving learning in the family environment. This proves that the learning program using LF2OH effectively improves the financial literacy of high school students. case of The results of the to test program’s experiments with a
Statistical estimation : asymptotic theory

when certain parameters in the problem tend to limiting values (for example, when the sample size increases indefinitely, the intensity of the noise ap proaches zero, etc.) To address the problem of asymptotically optimal estimators consider the following important case. Let X 1, X 2, . , X n be independent observations with the joint probability density ! (x, O) (with respect to the Lebesgue measure on the real line) which depends on the unknown patameter o e 9 c R1. It is required to derive the best (asymptotically) estimator 0: ( X b ., X n) of the parameter O. The first question which arises in connection with this problem is how to compare different estimators or, equivalently, how to assess their quality, in terms of the mean square deviation from the parameter or perhaps in some other way. The presently accepted approach to this problem, resulting from A. Wald's contributions, is as follows: introduce a nonnegative function w(0l> ( ), Ob Oe 9 (the loss function) and given two estimators Of and O! n 2 2 the estimator for which the expected loss (risk) Eown(Oj, 0), j = 1 or 2, is smallest is called the better with respect to Wn at point 0 (here EoO is the expectation evaluated under the assumption that the true value of the parameter is 0). Obviously, such a method of comparison is not without its defects. "
Decision Theory and Stochastic Growth

This paper examines connections between stochastic growth and decision problems. We use tools from the theory of large deviations to show that wishful thinking decision problems are equivalent to utility maximization problems, both of which are equivalent to growth maximization under idiosyncratic risk. Rational inattention problems are equivalent to growth-optimal portfolio problems, both of which are equivalent to growth maximization under aggregate risk. Stochastic growth generates extreme inequality, with nearly all wealth eventually held by those who happen to have faced empirical distributions that match the solution to the wishful thinking or rational inattention problem. (JEL D31, D81, D82, D83, G51, O41)
Some Results on Fixed Points in Dislocated and Dislocated Quasi-Metric Spaces

The purpose of this paper is to prove some (cid:12)xed point theorems satisfying rational type of contractive condition due to Jaggi [1] in the setting of dislocated-quasi metric spaces. Also for A -Contraction, a general class of contraction de(cid:12)ned by Akram et al. [2], established a common (cid:12)xed point theorem for a pair of mappings in dislocated metric space.
Splashless Ship Bows with Stagnant Attachment

Flow around a two-dimensional semi-infinite theoretical model of a ship bow is investigated with the aim of deriving a bow shape which possesses the desirable property of "splashlessness. " There is numerical evidence that such flows can exist only for special body geometries. The flows of interest in this study possess a stagnation point at the attachment point and demand underwater bodies of a bulbous type, in order to be splashless. The nature of the solutions is discussed, giving analytical evidence, and a numerical scheme is then presented. The variation in the bulb shape and size with Froude number is discussed in detail.
Characterization of the Fireballs Detected by All-sky Cameras in Romania

Some of the fields of research that have captured the persistent interest of both scientists and the general public are meteor phenomena. The main goal in the study of meteoroid impacts into Earth’s atmosphere is the recovery of the remnant matter after the ablation in the form of meteorites. This is a complementary approach, yet cheap alternative, to a sample return mission. Meteoroids are messengers since the time of the formation of the solar system due to the fact that they have preserved the same composition. The study of meteorites provides information regarding the chemical composition from which the planets formed. The increasing number of all-sky camera networks in recent years has resulted in a large set of events available for study. Thus, it is very important to use a method that determines whether the meteoroid could produce a meteorite or not. In this paper we study the meteors detected by the FRIPON network in Romania with the use of all-sky cameras. We focus on the events with noticeable deceleration (V f /V 0 < 0.8). We determine the ballistic coefficient α and the mass-loss parameter β for the selected sample. Based on this analysis the events are classified in three categories: (1) meteoroids that are likely to produce meteorites; (2) meteoroids that can possibly produce meteorites; (3) meteoroids that are unlikely to produce meteorites. The entry and final mass are determined for each event. From the recorded fireballs, we identified one possible meteorite dropper, and we analyzed its dynamical evolution.
Statistics of plasma fluxes at geosynchronous orbit over more than a full solar cycle

The extensive database of plasma measurements from Los Alamos geosynchronous satellites is used to derive a statistical characterization of the geosynchronous fluxes of ions and electrons between the energies of ∼40 eV and ∼45 keV. The database covers more than an entire solar cycle and all levels of geomagnetic activity. The derived flux averages and various percentile levels thus describe the environment to which geosynchronous satellites are exposed over their lifetimes and should provide a useful tool to guide satellite design and testing. The mission‐averaged fluxes agree very well with other recent analyses in the energy ranges of overlap.
Many-body localization in the presence of long-range interactions and long-range hopping

We study many-body localization (MBL) in a one-dimensional system of spinless fermions with a deterministic aperiodic potential in the presence of long-range interactions or long-range hopping. Based on perturbative arguments there is a common belief that MBL can exist only in systems with short-range interactions and short-range hopping. We analyze effects of power-law interactions and power-law hopping, separately, on a system which has all the single particle states localized in the absence of interactions. Since delocalization is driven by proliferation of resonances in the Fock space, we mapped this model to an effective Anderson model on a complex graph in the Fock space, and calculated the probability distribution of the number of resonances up to third order. Though the most-probable value of the number of resonances diverge for the system with long-range hopping ($t(r) \sim t_0/r^\alpha$ with $\alpha < 2$), there is no enhancement of the number of resonances as the range of power-law interactions increases. This indicates that the long-range hopping delocalizes the many-body localized system but in contrast to this, there is no signature of delocalization in the presence of long-range interactions. We further provide support in favor of this analysis based on dynamics of the system after a quench starting from a charge density wave ordered state, level spacing statistics, return probability, participation ratio and Shannon entropy in the Fock space. We demonstrate that MBL persists in the presence of long-range interactions though long-range hopping with $1<\alpha <2$ delocalizes the system partially, with all the states extended for $\alpha <1$. Even in a system which has single-particle mobility edges in the non-interacting limit, turning on long-range interactions does not cause delocalization.
Introduction to Metric and Topological Spaces

Topological Dynamical SystemsIntroduction to TopologyIntroduction to Topological ManifoldsTopology for AnalysisTopologyConvex and Set-Valued AnalysisSet Theory and Metric SpacesA Primer on Hilbert Space TheoryReal Variables with Basic Metric Space TopologyIntroduction To Topology And Modern AnalysisEntropy in Dynamical SystemsA Course in Metric GeometryA Course in Point Set TopologyAn Introduction to Metric SpacesTopological SpacesUndergraduate TopologyNon-Hausdorff Topology and Domain TheorySchaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of General TopologyIntroduction to Mathematical AnalysisGeneral TopologyTopologyIntroduction to Metric and Topological SpacesTopology of Metric SpacesA First Course in TopologyPrinciples of TopologyGradient FlowsTopological GroupsMetric and Topological SpacesFrom Geometry to TopologyElementary TopologyIntroduction to TopologyMetric SpacesIntroduction to Topological Quantum ComputationIntroduction to TopologyAn Illustrated Introduction to Topology and HomotopyTopology Through InquiryIntroduction to TopologyIntroduction to Metric and Topological SpacesIntroduction to Metric and Topological SpacesIntroduction to metric and topological spaces
Mortality Doubled After Stressful Football Match

Background: Strong emotional stress can lead to death. Even less serious events such as watching stressful football matches are proposed as triggers for mortality. The results are inconclusive, though, probably due to a focus on national teams. Instead, this study analyzes daily mortality after a stressful match of a club team. It also accounts for the role of temperature, a major confounder for daily mortality. Methods: Daily deaths from 01 January 1999 until 10 July 2020 were used to predict mortality separately for women and men on the day of the match (11 July) and the subsequent days. The time series regression model assumed a negative binomial distribution for the death counts, accounted for potential autocorrelation and included temperature as a regressor. 95% prediction intervals were estimated via bootstrapping. Results: Two days after the match, mortality was twice as high as expected for men. In contrast to the analysis for women, temperature can be ruled out as a contributing factor. Conclusion: Watching stressful football matches can be a matter of life and death for susceptible persons. Making people aware of it could be a cost-efficient way to lower the burden of dying from circulatory diseases.