Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retreatment with Fall-Applied Herbicides for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control

This field research was designed to compare the long-term effectiveness of late-September applications of several herbicides for reducing Canada thistle shoot density on noncropped, untilled abandoned farmland when reapplied annually for 3 yr. Clopyralid at 560 and 840 g ae ha−1 or picloram at 280 and 560 g ae ha−1 reduced Canada thistle shoot density as well as either glyphosate3 at 0.8 to 2.8 kg ae ha−1 or dicamba at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1. These treatments were much more effective than 2,4-D at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1, chlorsulfuron at 34 and 67 g ai ha−1, and metsulfuron at 34 and 67 g ha−1 for progressively reducing Canada thistle shoot density over three annual fall applications. Picloram and clopyralid greatly reduced and delayed shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring after two fall-applied treatments compared with nontreated checks.
Comparative nutritive evaluation of native Panicum maximum, selected tropical browses and their combinations using in vitro gas production technique.

In vitro gas production technique was used to predict the nutritive values of native Panicum maximum, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oleifera and Flemingia macrophylla, as well as assess and compare the supplementation effects of the selected tropical browses on native Panicum maximum. Evaluation parameters were gas production volumes, gas production constants, methane production, predicted metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acid production. Gas production from Panicum maximum was significantly (P<0.05) lower than from any of the experimental browses, or their combinations with Panicum maximum, at all incubation periods except at 12 hours. Significantly (P<0.05) highest gas volume (37.667 ml/ 200 mgDM) was recorded for Moringa oleifera. All the in vitro gas production characteristics were observed to vary significantly (P<0.05) across all the treatments. Panicum maximum produced the least amount of methane (11.33 ml) while the highest volume of 14.00 ml was recorded for both Gliricidia sepium and Moringa oleifera. Overall, the methane production figures indicate that combining Panicum maximum with any of the browses increased methane production above that of Panicum maximum only, but lowered it with respect to what obtained for the corresponding browse. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in OMD, ME and SCFA across all the treatments. Generally, the browses had significantly (P<0.05) higher values than Panicum maximum. It was concluded that combining Panicum maximum and Moringa oleifera at 60:40 improved nutrient availability, OMD, ME and SCFA, and at the same time ameliorates the twin problems of energy loss to ruminants and global warming associated with methane production in ruminant nutrition.
The hypothalamus of the albino rat

The importance of tlie hypothalamus in the coiitrol of vital phenomena of the organism is iadicated b ? ~ the numerous experimental and pathological observations tliat have been published during the last few years. The few morphological studies of this region in various forms have been cievoled for the most par t to the distribution of its nuclear masses. ilccordingly, it was thought timely to study the hypothalamus with special reference to fiber coiinections of these masses, with a view to the correlation and interpretation of the results of experimental procedure mid of patliological processes. The rat was chosen became of the desirability of a relatively primitive mammal with a small brain, at once easily obtainable, and well adapted to experiment. I n the follo.vcing pages constant reference is made to the excellent xork of Gurdjian on the diencephalon of the albino rat ( '27). The results of this study agree cloyely in the main with those of this investigator, though some additions have been made and there a re some differences of interpretation.
Structural Reduction in Evolution

1. While there is no doubt that currently accepted factors (mutation, selection, genetic drift, and migration) (Neel and Schull, 1954; Dobzhansky, 1955a) play a major role in determining the direction of evolution, it is suggested that a process of considerable importance has been overlooked. The probable effect of mutations will be towards structural reduction. If the structure controlled by the locus in question has no adaptive significance, then it will be reduced in the course of time. 2. It is suggested that some of the major and formerly unexplained changes which have occurred in human evolution are the results of probable mutation effect. Reduction in the size of the teeth and face and of the skeletal and muscular systems may have been brought about by such a mechanism, as a result of changes in the principal human adaptive mechanism, culture. The rise and distribution of depigmentation is treated in like manner. 3. Finally it is urged that changes in all outstanding morphological characteristics be reviewed, and considered in the light of changes in the major selective factors relating to the survival of the organisms under consideration.
DNA identification of gut contents of large pelagic fishes

Partially digested prey items taken from the gut contents of seven species of large pelagic fishes were identified by DNA sequencing of part of the cytochrome b gene. Sequences matched against those of five pelagic prey species held in GenBank® with 99-100% identities. The method is applicable to most gut content identifications, the only limiting factor being the range of control species sequences held in the reference database.
Understanding ‘Empowerment’

Abstract The term ‘empower’ has become ubiquitous within the social development sector. Empowerment has become the answer to most problems, and it is a rare development initiative that does not overtly seek to empower somebody. And yet, the term is used loosely, without regard to the variety of meanings and flavours of power that make it up, rendering it as a standardised and meaningless jargon instead of a subtle and nuanced word with deep implications for development policy and practice. This article looks to understand empowerment in the social development context by exploring its roots in the term ‘power’. It delves into power in its abstract form, in its relationship with structure and agency, in its role in participatory processes and in its function in governance and development. It also goes into the multiple ways by which communities resist power and its imposition upon them. In the process, it explores the thinking of intellectuals such as Riker, Dahl, Lukes, Foucault, Giddens, Olson, de Certeau, Scott and Havel on power and brings these multiple understandings and meanings into a single narrative. It concludes that a single universal definition of power may not be possible given the multiplicity of contexts within which it is used, and that each of these contexts and their underlying assumptions has implications on the usage of the term ‘empower’. It goes on to suggest that those using the term ‘empower’ would be well advised to state their own assumptions on power and the context within which they use it such as, inter alia, is it transferrable via empowerment. Does it exist in an act, or is it universal and always there? Does the empowerment of one necessarily mean the disempowerment of another so that the sum total of power in a community is constant? In the process, the article looks to provide development practitioners with a broad perspective on power so that they use the term ‘empower’ with specificity and precision.
Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases

Aim Stroke is the leading cause of disability and death in China. Ischaemic stroke accounts for about 60%–80% of all strokes. It is of considerable significance to carry out multidimensional management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases. This evidence-based guideline aims to provide the latest detailed and comprehensive recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and secondary prevention of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases. Methods We had performed comprehensive searches of MEDLINE (via PubMed) (before 30 June 2019), and integrated the relevant information into charts and distributed to the writing group. Writing group members discussed and determined the recommendations through teleconference. We used the level of evidence grading algorithm of Chinese Stroke Association to grade each recommendation. The draft was reviewed by the Guideline Writing Committee of Chinese Stroke Association Stroke and finalised. This guideline is fully updated every 3 years. Results This evidence-based guideline is based on the treatment, care and prevention of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases, which emphasises on pathogenesis evaluation, intravenous thrombolysis, endovascular therapy, antiplatelet therapy, prevention and treatment of complications, and risk factor management. Conclusions This updated guideline presents a framework for the management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases. Timely first-aid measures, professional care in the acute stage, and proactive secondary prevention will be helpful to patients.
Phylogeny of scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda): morphological analysis featuring characters from the peristomatic area

Alternative schemes for the higher‐level systematics of the centipede order Scolopendromorpha have been established from characters of trunk segmentation, including the segmental position of spiracles, and the presence or absence of eyes. A comparative survey of the preoral chamber by light and scanning electron microscopy contributes 16 new characters of the epipharynx and hypopharynx, sampled from 26 species that represent 20 genera. These new data together with 49 additional morphological characters permit cladistic analysis of the major scolopendromorph groups. The shortest cladograms resolve blind Scolopendromorpha as a basal grade within which a clade now classified as Plutoniuminae + Scolopocryptopidae (supported by unreversed characters from the preoral chamber) is sister to the remaining scolopendromorphs. A unique row of bullet‐shaped sensilla between the labral and clypeal parts of the epipharynx provides a new autapomorphy of the Scolopendromorpha. Either 21 or 23 trunk segments optimize at the base of the Scolopendromorpha but in either case homoplasy is forced on the cladogram. New characters from the epipharynx give additional support for the monophyly of several traditional groupings, including Cryptopinae, Scolopendridae, Otostigmini, and Scolopendrini, and a basal resolution of Asanadini within Scolopendridae. Of the two competing hypotheses for the position of the enigmatic Mediterranean Plutonium zwierleini—being either sister to the cryptopid Theatops or sister to all other Scolopendromorpha—the former hypothesis is strongly supported; spiracles on all trunk segments in Plutonium are homoplastic with the state in Geophilomorpha. Observations on feeding behaviour are needed to illuminate convergence in characters of the epipharynx and mandible in Edentistoma (Otostigminae) and Campylostigmus (Scolopendrini).
Influence of oregano and salvia extracts on lymphocyte subpopulation and functional activity of blood phagocytes and lymphocytes in chickens

Abstract Supplementation of oregano and sage extracts into the feed of experimental chickens a caused significant increase of mitogen-activated lymphocyte proliferation on the seventh week of feeding. On the other hand, fed diet supplemented with both extracts did not change number of CD3, CD4, CD8, IgM and IgG positive peripheral blood cells examined by flow cytometry. Similarly, no significant changes have been found in values, demonstrating the functional activity of phagocytes like phagocytic activity, the index of phagocytic activity and index of metabolic burst. Level of plasma immunoglobulins was and temporary on Week 4 of feeding, significantly decreased in chickens treated with oregano extract only. Lower levels of plasma immunoglobulin suggest a connection with antibacterial effect of carvacrol. Results showed no pro-inflammatory effects in studied parameters of systemic immune response. On the other hand, lymphocyte stimulation in vitro suggest a higher immune defence ability.
The Ecological Road‐Effect Zone of a Massachusetts (U.S.A.) Suburban Highway

Abstract: Ecological flows and biological diversity trace broad patterns across the landscape, whereas transportation planning for human mobility traditionally focuses on a narrow strip close to a road or highway. To help close this gap we examined the “road‐effect zone” over which significant ecological effects extend outward from a road. Nine ecological factors—involving wetlands, streams, road salt, exotic plants, moose, deer, amphibians, forest birds, and grassland birds—were measured or estimated near 25 km of a busy four‐lane highway west of Boston, Massachusetts. The effects of all factors extended >100 m from the road, and moose corridors, road avoidance by grassland birds, and perhaps road salt in a shallow reservoir extended outwards >1 km. Most factors had effects at 2–5 specific locations, whereas traffic noise apparently exerted effects along most of the road length. Creating a map of these effects indicates that the road‐effect zone averages approximately 600 m in width and is asymmetric, with convoluted boundaries and a few long fingers. We conclude that busy roads and nature reserves should be well separated, and that future transportation systems across landscapes can provide for ecological flows and biological diversity in addition to safe and efficient human mobility.
Use of cryo-techniques with scanning electron microscopy to study infection of mature red raspberry fruits by Botrytis cinerea

SUMMARY Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the infection of the mesocarp cells of ripe drupelets of the compound fruit of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) by Botrytis cinerea Pers. : Fr. 24 h after the fruit had been wounded and inoculated with dry conidia. Frozen fully hydrated specimens showed that conidia had germinated in juice at the point of inoculation and in partially freeze-dried specimens hyphae were visible in some cells. However, structural detail was largely obscured by ice segregation zones in the closely packed large columnar, poyhedral cells of the fruit. These artifacts were removed in specimens which had been cryotrimmed and fully freeze-dried. In such specimens there were four distinct zones around the inoculation wound. Intercellular and intracellular hyphae were visible in the innermost area (zone 1); the walls of some infected cells were swollen, eroded and porous. In zone 2, an area of cells immediately beyond the hyphae, little structure was retained but in zone 3 cell walls were well preserved and showed lamellar or reticulate material in the intercellular spaces. The outer zone (zone 4) consisted of apparently healthy cells.
Initiation of Feeding Motor Output by an Identified Interneurone in the Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis

1. 1. The cerebral ventral 1 (CV1) cells of Lymnaea are located in the cerebral ganglia, and have axonal projections to the buccal ganglia. 2. 2. Maintained depolarization of a CV1 neurone leads to initiation, maintenance and modulation of rhythmic feeding motor output from buccal and cerebral ganglia. 3. 3. The CV1 cells receive rhythmic synaptic inputs, in phase with feeding cycles, which probably originate from buccal rhythm-generating interneurones. 4. 4. CV1 cells initiate feeding cycles independently of the buccal slow oscillator (SO) neurone, previously described. The possible roles of CV1 and SO are discussed.
Influential Cases in Multilevel Modeling: A Methodological Comment

A large number of cross-national survey datasets have become available in recent decades. Consequently, scholars frequently apply multilevel models to test hypotheses on both the individual and the country level. However, no currently available cross-national survey project covers more than 54 countries (GESIS 2009). Multilevel modeling therefore runs the risk that higher-level slope estimates (and the substantial conclusions drawn from these estimates) are unreliable due to one or more influential cases (i.e., countries). This comment emphasizes the problem of influential cases and presents ways to detect and deal with them. To detect influential cases, one may use both graphic tools (e.g., scatter plots at the aggregate level) and numeric tools (e.g., diagnostic tests such as Cook’s D and DFBETAS). To illustrate the usefulness and necessity of these tools, we apply them to a study that was recently published in this journal (Ruiter and De Graaf 2006). Finally, we provide recommendations and tools to detect and handle influential cases, specifically in cross-sectional multilevel analyses.
SNPs provide an Easily-Standardized Baseline for NPAFC Studies of Chum Salmon

Gene Conservation Laboratory, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK, USA 99518 Genetics Section, National Salmon Resources Center, 2-2 Nakanoshima, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-0922, Japan National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK, USA 99801 Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
Does the seed bank contribute to the restoration of species-rich vegetation in wet dune slacks?

Abstract Questions: What is the contribution of the seed bank to restoration of species-rich vegetation in oligotrophic wet dune slacks? Does the restoration management affect the seed bank? Location: Calcareous coastal dune slacks at the west coast of The Netherlands. Methods: Species composition of the seed bank and the above-ground vegetation was sampled in dune slacks that had a variable extent of groundwater level rise in combination with either topsoil removal or mowing. Results: The seed bank had a high potential for restoration of species-rich vegetation: 60 species were found in the seed bank of which 14 were characteristic of oligotrophic, wet dune vegetation. While topsoil removal almost completely removed the seed bank, groundwater level rise did not permanently submerge the seed bank of species of oligotrophic, wet conditions. Changes in abundance in the established vegetation were unrelated to species abundance in the seed bank. Of all new species establishments in the vegetation relevés, 76% occurred where the species was not found in the seed bank. The chance that presence of a species in the seed bank led to establishment the following year was only 11%. Conclusion: The seed bank was not the dominant source for newly establishing species following the large disturbance that was induced by restoration management. Changes in species abundance after the restoration impact were not related to species abundance in the seed bank, but to ongoing succession and current year dispersal. To attain a high number of new establishments, restoration projects should preferably be planned in the proximity of refuge populations, rather than relying on the seed bank alone. Nomenclature: van der Meijden (1996).
The potentially toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo in the Paraná and Santa Catarina States, Southern Brazil

Recebido em 8.VI. 2009. Aceito em 25.V. 2010 ABSTRACT - A taxonomic survey of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo was carried out in the Parana and Santa Catarina coasts, Southern Brazil. Samples were taken in various localities along the coastline using vertical hauls from the bottom to the surface. Electron microscopy revealed fi ve species: the potentially toxic P. australis Frenguelli, P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup & Hasle, P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and P. pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle (plus P. pungens var. cingulata Villac), and the non-toxic P. linea Lundholm, Hasle & G. A. Fryxell. Southern Brazilian strains of P. calliantha and P. multiseries have previously been shown to be toxic, raising concerns about a potential contamination of mussels and oysters being commercially grounded in the region. High morphological variability was observed in valve characters of P. calliantha and P. pungens, in some cases confi rmed in the literature. In P. calliantha there was a conspicuous differentiation in two morphotypes separated from each other by the width and the shape of the valve, and the density of the poroids. P. linea has not previously been found in Brazilian waters, and P. pungens var. cingulata is a new record in Western Atlantic waters. Future investigations using molecular techniques will elucidate whether the genetic variability corresponds to the morphological variation and unveil the possible existence of semicryptic species of Pseudo-nitzschia inhabiting the South Brazilian coast.
Tree stocking affects winter bird densities across a gradient of savanna, woodland, and forest in the Missouri Ozarks

Savanna and woodland were historically prevalent in the midwestern United States, and managers throughout the area are currently attempting to restore these communities. Better knowledge of the responses of breeding and non-breeding birds to savanna and woodland restoration is needed to inform management.We surveyed abundance of winter resident birds across a gradient of tree stocking encompassed by savannas, woodlands, and non-managed forests in the Missouri Ozark Highlands, USA, and assessed the effect of stocking on bird densities. We conducted point counts at 560 locations along 42 transects on 10 sites across 2 winters between December and February, 2009-2011. We estimated detection probabilities and densities of birds using hierarchical, distance-based abundance models that incorporate covariates into estimation of both detection probabilities and densities.We fit models for 12 species with >49 detections and met model assumptions. Detection probabilities were affected by observer, temperature, wind speed, and stocking, and there was some level of support of the effects of stocking on the densities of all 12 species. Densities of black-capped plus Carolina chickadees (Poecile atricapillus, P. carolinensis), brown creeper (Certhia americana), golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), and red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) increased with stocking; whereas, densities of eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), and northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) were greatest at intermediate values of stocking. Although densities of 7 of the 12 species varied substantially across the range of stocking, all species used all 3 communities across a wide range of stocking. We provide winter densities of 12 of the most common overwintering bird species in the Missouri Ozarks; the relationships between their densities and stocking can be used to guidemanagement where managers have bird-species-specific objectives.