Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lithofacies and origin of late Quaternary mass transport deposits in submarine canyons, central Scotian Slope, Canada

Mass transport deposits, up to 3·9 m thick, have been identified from piston cores collected from canyon floors and inter‐canyon ridges on the central Scotian Slope. These deposits are characterized by four distinct mass‐transport facies – folded mud, dipping stratified mud, various types of mud‐clast conglomerate, and diamicton. Commonly, the folded and stratified mud facies are overlain by mud‐clast conglomerate, followed by diamicton and then by turbidity current deposits of well‐sorted sand. Stratified and folded mud facies were sourced from canyon walls. Overconsolidation in clasts in some mud‐clast conglomerates indicates that the source sediment was buried 12–33 m, much deeper than the present cored depth, implying a source in canyon heads and canyon walls. The known stratigraphic framework for the region and new radiocarbon dating suggests that there were four or five episodes of sediment failure within the past 17 ka, most of which are found in more than one canyon system. The most likely mechanism for triggering occasional, synchronous failures in separate canyons is seismic ground shaking. The facies sequence is interpreted as resulting from local slides being overlain by mud‐clast conglomerate deposits derived from failures farther upslope and finally by coarser‐grained deposits resulting from retrogressive failure re‐mobilizing upper slope sediments to form debrisflows and turbidity currents.
Landscapes Of Health: The Kochi Case Study

The first list containing the Indian spices traded by the Portuguese navigators was written in 1516, in Kochi. However Pires, an herb-pharmacist, had already authored an extensive report about landscapes visited in India and the Extreme Orient in 1515. Several other sixteenth century manuscripts provide us with impressive images of India, where Europeans traded Malabar Coast spices by the sea route Vasco da Gama discovered in 1498. In this research the Portuguese Tropical Research Institute (IICT) explored Kochi, searching for the same herb species mentioned in the manuscripts, as well as other nutritious plants, gardened within city limits or in rural farms elsewhere in Kerala state. This paper uses a comparative method that puts localism at the service of abstraction. The research hypothesis is that gardening contributes to generate more sustainable agglomerations, providing income and health for the poor and spaces that can regulate water cycles and produce oxygen.
High interseismic coupling of the Alaska Subduction Zone SW of Kodiak Island inferred from GPS data

We use Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements to make the first geodetic study of the Semidi segment of the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone. This segment, which sustained an MW 8.2 earthquake in 1938, lies between Kodiak Island where the subduction interface appears to presently be fully locked, and the Shumagin Islands segment where substantial aseismic slip occurs. We invert the GPS station velocity estimates using a nonlinear least squares algorithm to solve for the width of the locked zone, the dip, and the interseismic coupling of a model subduction interface. The data are consistent with a shallow plate interface dipping ∼6°, a locking depth of ∼23 km, and high interseismic coupling of ∼80%.
Seasonal variations of immunochemical and gaiac faecal occult blood tests

In their article recently published in Gut , Grazzini et al observed that accuracy of the OC Sensor immunochemical faecal occult blood test (FOBT) depends on the season.1 They found a decrease in positivity rates in the summer compared with winter (table 1). This decrease, probably related to …
Hebbian attractor to model working memory in complex human behavior

Working memory is a crucial cognitive function that enables temporary storage, retrieval, and manipulation of information in goal-directed behavior. While previous research has predominantly dissected these processes in isolation within controlled settings, this study takes a novel approach by examining and modeling the dynamic neural mechanisms underlying multifaceted working memory during a real-world card-matching game. The participants were presented with covered images arranged in a grid and were instructed to flip two images at that time until all matching pairs were found. During this task the participants needed to keep track of the position and content of the images, allowing the analysis of behavioral data and neural activities. We introduced a Hebbian attractor network to model and characterize the memory dynamics of this complex naturalistic task. We showed that the model was able to accurately predict human behavior, and demonstrated similar patterns of memory decay and reaction times. Moreover, we found qualitative equivalents to patients’ neural signals that encoded novelty and familiarity, as well as signals that predicted correct retrieval from memory of a tile’s pair location. The high temporal resolution, extensive spatial sampling, and computational model provide an opportunity to characterize the dynamics of memory in a complex naturalistic task.
Can Big Push Infrastructure Unlock Development? Evidence from Ethiopia

Roads are instrumental to market access. Electricity is a key technology for modern production. Both have been widely studied in isolation. In reality, infrastructure investments are commonly bundled. How such big push infrastructure investments interact in causing economic development, however, is not well understood. I track the large-scale road and electricity network expansions in Ethiopia over the last two decades. First, causal evidence conﬁrms markedly diﬀerent patterns: all-weather road access alone increases services employment, at the expense of manufacturing. In contrast, additionally electriﬁed locations see large reversals in manufacturing employment. Second, I develop a spatial general equilibrium model with non-homothetic preferences to highlight how bundling infrastructure investments can aﬀect aggregate welfare. Third, I structurally estimate the implied welfare eﬀects of big push infrastructure investments. Compared to no investments, welfare in Ethiopia increased by at least 2.45%, while isolated counterfactual road (electriﬁcation) investments would have increased welfare by only 2.07% (0.34%).
Species discrimination from a hyperspectral perspective

Sustainable management of natural ecosystems requires comprehensive information on species distribution and composition. Remote sensing has the potential to improve the collection of information on species composition. Compared to other vegetation attributes plant species so far remained a difficult attribute to detect with remote sensing. Broad band remote sensing sensors, which have been used extensively for mapping of plant communities, are however not sufficiently sensitive to allow discrimination of individual plant species. The advent of hyperspectral and high spatial resolution sensors offers new opportunities in this respect
Inferring time‐varying recharge from inverse analysis of long‐term water levels

Water levels in aquifers typically vary in response to time‐varying rates of recharge, suggesting the possibility of inferring time‐varying recharge rates on the basis of long‐term water level records. Presumably, in the southwestern United States (Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, southern California, and southern Utah), rates of mountain front recharge to alluvial aquifers depend on variations in precipitation rates due to known climate cycles such as the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation index and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This investigation examined the inverse application of a one‐dimensional analytical model for periodic flow described by Lloyd R. Townley in 1995 to estimate periodic recharge variations on the basis of variations in long‐term water level records using southwest aquifers as the case study. Time‐varying water level records at various locations along the flow line were obtained by simulation of forward models of synthetic basins with applied sinusoidal recharge of either a single period or composite of multiple periods of length similar to known climate cycles. Periodic water level components, reconstructed using singular spectrum analysis (SSA), were used to calibrate the analytical model to estimate each recharge component. The results demonstrated that periodic recharge estimates were most accurate in basins with nearly uniform transmissivity and the accuracy of the recharge estimates depends on monitoring well location. A case study of the San Pedro Basin, Arizona, is presented as an example of calibrating the analytical model to real data.
Structures that accommodated differential vertical axis rotation of the western Transverse Ranges, California

New paleomagnetic and structural data from the northwestern Transverse Ranges of California define the location, geometry, and kinematics of structures that facilitated differential vertical axis rotation. Paleomagnetic declinations in the southern Coast Ranges indicate negligible amounts of vertical axis rotation, which contrasts sharply with data from rocks of the same age in the western Transverse Ranges that record approximately 90° of clockwise rotation since early Miocene time. This change in paleomagnetic declinations occurs across an east‐west trending zone of reverse faults and folds that includes the western Big Pine–Pine Mountain fault, the Santa Ynez fault, and the structures in between. The structures in this zone exhibit increased amounts of shortening to the west such that the zone closed in a fan‐like fashion, resulting in rotation of the southern edge with respect to the northern edge. The new data and interpretations refine previous models of vertical axis rotation in southern California by describing the deformation present at rotation boundaries that allowed distinct areas to rotate relative to the surrounding crust.
European Journal of Educational Research

: Inclusive teaching development has provided opportunities for children to study it with special needs to study in the school. Although some parents prefer to enroll their children in schools specifically designed for those with special needs, inclusive learning allows these individuals to participate in the learning process alongside their peers with disabilities. Through inclusive teaching, teachers aim to help children develop their social skills. This research aimed to analyze the influence of visionary leadership and organizational commitment on teacher performance under the visionary leadership of school principals in the implementation of inclusive schools in Malang City. The utilized research methodology was a mixed sequential exploratory, involving data collection through interviews, observations, documentation, and questionnaires. Qualitative data analysis employed content analysis, while quantitative data underwent multiple linear regression inferential statistical analysis. The findings indicated that visionary leadership and organizational commitment influence the instructional efficacy of teachers when working with children having special educational requirements. Therefore, the recommendation to school principals persistently enhances their leadership competencies and reinforces their dedication to cultivating a vibrant teaching environment that promotes inclusive educational advancements.
The effect of edifice load on magma ascent beneath a volcano

A volcanic edifice exerts a large load at Earth's surface and modifies the stress field at depth. We investigate how this affects upward dyke propagation towards the surface. For given edifice dimensions and pressure conditions in the deep magma source, there is a critical density threshold above which magmas cannot reach the surface. This density threshold is a decreasing function of edifice height. For edifice heights in the range 0-3000 m, the density threshold spans the density range of common natural magmas (between 2700 and 2300 kg m−3). With time, differentiation in a magma chamber generates increasingly evolved magmas with decreasing densities, which favours eruption. However, the edifice grows simultaneously at the surface, which counterbalances this effect. The general tendency is to gradually prevent more and more evolved magmas from reaching the surface. A volcanic edifice acts as a magma filter which prevents eruption and affects the chemical evolution of the chamber through its control on magma withdrawal. Thus, one may not consider that eruption products are random samples of an evolving magma reservoir. The partial destruction of an edifice may lead to renewed eruption of primitive and dense magmas.
Evolution of parasite virulence against qualitative or quantitative host resistance

We analysed the effects of two different modes of host resistance on the evolution of parasite virulence. Hosts can either adopt an all–or–nothing qualitative response (i.e. resistant hosts cannot be infected) or a quantitative form of resistance (i.e. which reduces the within–host growth rate of the parasite). We show that the mode of host resistance greatly affects the evolutionary outcome. Specifically, a qualitative form of resistance reduces parasite virulence, while a quantitative form of resistance generally selects for higher virulence.
Novel roles for phospholipase C in plant stress signalling and development

In animal cells, phospholipase C (PLC) is known to hydrolyse phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) to generate the second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which release intracellular Ca 2+ and activate protein kinase C (PKC), respectively, orchestrating a wide range of cellular-and physiological processes. Plants contain PLCs too but lack IP 3 receptors and PKC, and it still remains largely unclear what its physiological role is in plants and what molecular targets it has. The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes 9 PLC genes. Earlier work on PLC2 , PLC3 and PLC9 revealed roles for PLC in gametogenesis, ABA signalling, lateral root formation and heat stress tolerance. Here, we functionally characterised the role of PLC5 . Promoter-GUS analyses revealed that this gene is predominantly expressed in vascular tissue, most likely the phloem, including roots, leaves and flowers, but expression was also detected in the root-apical meristem, in guard cells and in trichomes. We only managed to find one homozygous T-DNA insertion line, plc5-1, which turned-out to be a knock-down mutant, suggesting that a KO mutant is probably lethal. Growth of plc5-1 plants on agar plates consistently exhibited a ~20% reduction in their lateral root formation. The latter was caused by a decrease in initiation rather than emergence of the lateral roots. PLC3 was found to be required for lateral root formation earlier (Chapter 2), but a double plc3plc5 mutant did not intensify the phenotype, indicating the involvement of possible additional redundant PLCs. Complementation of plc5-1 with the PLC5-wt gene, expressed behind its own promoter, restored growth and rescued the lateral root phenotype. UBQ10-Overexpression of PLC5 did not affect lateral root development, but was found to stunt root hair growth, to decrease the stomatal aperture and to increase their tolerance to drought stress. In vivo 32 P i -labeling analyses of PLC's substrate/product lipids revealed
How do young people engage with climate change? The role of knowledge, values, message framing, and trusted communicators

Despite several decades of research on more effectively communicating climate change to the general public, there is only a limited amount of knowledge about how young people engage with an issue that will shape and define their generation. We provide a thorough review of international studies in this area, drawing on survey data and qualitative research. The review is organized into two main sections. The first briefly situates young people's engagement with climate change relative to other concerns and examines levels of awareness, concern and ‘scepticism’ among this age group. The second focuses on four key determinants of effective climate change communication and assess whether young people differ in any appreciable way from research findings relating to the general population. The four factors are the role of values and worldviews in determining climate change views; the efficacy of ‘information‐based’ interventions; the ‘psychological distance’ of climate change and message framing; and the role of trusted messengers. In the concluding section we discuss the implications for engaging young people more effectively and explore possibilities for future research. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:523–534. doi: 10.1002/wcc.353
A structured L-BFGS method and its application to inverse problems

Many inverse problems are phrased as optimization problems in which the objective function is the sum of a data-fidelity term and a regularization. Often, the Hessian of the fidelity term is computationally unavailable while the Hessian of the regularizer allows for cheap matrix-vector products. In this paper, we study an L-BFGS method that takes advantage of this structure. We show that the method converges globally without convexity assumptions and that the convergence is linear under a Kurdyka–Łojasiewicz-type inequality. In addition, we prove linear convergence to cluster points near which the objective function is strongly convex. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that linear convergence of an L-BFGS method is established in a non-convex setting. The convergence analysis is carried out in infinite dimensional Hilbert space, which is appropriate for inverse problems but has not been done before. Numerical results show that the new method outperforms other structured L-BFGS methods and classical L-BFGS on non-convex real-life problems from medical image registration. It also compares favorably with classical L-BFGS on ill-conditioned quadratic model problems. An implementation of the method is freely available.
Barrier States Theory for Safety-Critical Multi-Objective Control

Multi-objective safety-critical control entails a diligent design to avoid possibly conflicting scenarios and ensure safety. This paper studies the concept of barrier states (BaS) for safe multi-objective controls in which the safety condition is manifested as a dynamical sub-system to be controlled along other states of the system. This allows us to introduce the idea of safety embedded systems. The proposition is that the control problem is now transformed to designing a control law for the new, unconstrained, system in which the barrier state is driven to stay bounded while achieving other performance objectives. In the stabilization case, for example, we show that designing a stabilizing controller for the safety embedded system implies guaranteed safe stabilization for the original safety-critical system. Consequently, a conflict between performance objectives and safety constraints is substantially avoided. This allows us to embrace various legacy control methods from the literature to acquire safe control laws. Moreover, we discuss how the proposed technique can be espoused for enforcing input constraints. Additionally, dealing with the constraint through a state allows us to extend various existing control approaches to the safety case. We consider the case of bounded input disturbance and adopt the notion of input-to-state stability (ISS) for barrier states to obtain the notion of input-to-state safety (ISSf) to analyze safe robustness of systems. Subsequently, we derive the notion of input-to-state safe stability (IS$^3$) and discuss the synthesis of robust safely stabilizing feedback controls through designing robust stabilizing controllers for the safety embedded systems. The proposed techniques and concepts are used in various examples including the design of proportional-integral-derivative-barrier (PIDB) control for adaptive cruise control.
Generalized Neural Sorting Networks with Error-Free Differentiable Swap Functions

Sorting is a fundamental operation of all computer systems, having been a long-standing significant research topic. Beyond the problem formulation of traditional sorting algorithms, we consider sorting problems for more abstract yet expressive inputs, e.g., multi-digit images and image fragments, through a neural sorting network. To learn a mapping from a high-dimensional input to an ordinal variable, the differentiability of sorting networks needs to be guaranteed. In this paper we define a softening error by a differentiable swap function, and develop an error-free swap function that holds a non-decreasing condition and differentiability. Furthermore, a permutation-equivariant Transformer network with multi-head attention is adopted to capture dependency between given inputs and also leverage its model capacity with self-attention. Experiments on diverse sorting benchmarks show that our methods perform better than or comparable to baseline methods.
Linear Latent World Models in Simple Transformers: A Case Study on Othello-GPT

Foundation models exhibit significant capabilities in decision-making and logical deductions. Nonetheless, a continuing discourse persists regarding their genuine understanding of the world as opposed to mere stochastic mimicry. This paper meticulously examines a simple transformer trained for Othello, extending prior research to enhance comprehension of the emergent world model of Othello-GPT. The investigation reveals that Othello-GPT encapsulates a linear representation of opposing pieces, a factor that causally steers its decision-making process. This paper further elucidates the interplay between the linear world representation and causal decision-making, and their dependence on layer depth and model complexity. We have made the code public.
Planar thermal Hall effect from phonons in cuprates

A surprising"planar"thermal Hall effect, whereby the field is parallel to the current, has recently been observed in a few magnetic insulators, and this has been attributed to exotic excitations such as Majorana fermions or chiral magnons. Here we investigate the possibility of a planar thermal Hall effect in three different cuprate materials, in which the conventional thermal Hall conductivity $\kappa_{\rm {xy}}$ (with an out-of-plane field perpendicular to the current) is dominated by either electrons or phonons. Our measurements show that the planar $\kappa_{\rm {xy}}$ from electrons in cuprates is zero, as expected from the absence of a Lorentz force in the planar configuration. By contrast, we observe a sizable planar $\kappa_{\rm {xy}}$ in those samples where the thermal Hall response is due to phonons, even though it should in principle be forbidden by the high crystal symmetry. Our findings call for a careful re-examination of the mechanisms responsible for the phonon thermal Hall effect in insulators.
Miscanthus : For Energy and Fibre

Preface * Origins and Taxonomy of Miscanthus * Resource Capture by Miscanthus * Agronomy of Miscanthus * Miscanthus Productivity * Miscanthus Breeding and Improvement * Utilisation of Miscanthus * Economics of Miscanthus Production * Environmental Aspects of Miscanthus Production * Bibliography * Index