Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-potential anomalies associated with an active fault

In order to investigate fault activity, a self-potential survey was made near the surface faults of the 1896 Rikuu earthquake (M=7.2) in the Tohoku district of Japan. These surface faults are reverse and dip east. The following characteristic changes of the self-potential were observed; (1) the self-potentials at the east side of the fault were about 20 to 50mV larger than those at the west side, (2) the positions of the step of the self-potential profiles across the fault deviate more east from the surface fault trace as the survey line goes down to the south. These anomalies are successfully explained by the electrokinetic processes due to the fluid flowing out from the fault using the observed geoelectric structure of the fault. It requires that the fluid pressure (above hydrostatic) at the fault is a few bars higher than that around it. The electrokinetic current, however, produces only 0.2 nT on the surface, whereas the observed geomagnetic anomaly amounts to over 100 nT above the fault. The large magnetic anomaly should have a different origin from that of the self-potential anomaly.
Plasma sheet access to geosynchronous orbit: Generalization to numerical global field models

A previous statistical analysis of the geosynchronous particle environment by Korth et al. [1999] showed that the particle fluxes are well organized by local time and the geomagnetic activity as measured by the Kp index. Regions of high and low fluxes at geosynchronous orbit are separated from each other by distinct boundaries, approximately matching the Alfven boundary crossings of the geosynchronous satellites calculated analytically from a Volland-Stern electric potential and a dipole magnetic field. Expanding the analysis technique from the previous work to arbitrary, numerical electric and magnetic field models, we reevaluate the Alfven boundary crossings using several available global electric potential models and considering external magnetic field contributions. The more sophisticated numerical models do not do a better job of explaining the observed average access of plasma sheet material to the geosynchronous region than does the simple analytical model.
Crustal thickness and Poisson’s ratio variations across the northwest Himalaya and eastern Ladakh

Crustal thickness and Poisson’s ratios are estimated across the northwest (NW) Himalaya and eastern Ladakh applying H-k stacking method on receiver functions of teleseismic earthquakes recorded at 16 broadband seismological stations. The results show significant lateral variation of crustal thickness from the Lesser and Higher Himalaya (∼50 km thick) to Ladakh (∼80 km thick) through the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ). The Indian Moho is continuously traceable across the ITSZ which is consistent with the underthrusting of the Indian plate beyond the surface collision boundary. The estimated Poisson’s ratios in the Lesser and Higher Himalaya are low (0.249–0.253), suggesting felsic composition of the crust. The Poisson’s ratio is intermediate in the Tethyan Himalaya (0.269–0.273) and high beneath Ladakh (0.280–0.303), indicating the effect of aqueous fluid/partial melt present in the crust.
Propagation and nonlinear interaction of low‐frequency electrostatic waves in the polar cap E region

Low-frequency electrostatic fluctuations in the polar cap E region were detected by an instrumented rocket payload. The basic characteristics of the fluctuations, such as speed and direction of propagation, were obtained by a correlation analysis. The bispectrum, in particular, provided indications of nonlinear couplings. Harmonic wave interactions were observed for a wide altitude range. Evidence for cascading of wave energy toward small wavelengths was obtained. The accuracy of the statistical analysis was tested by a Monte Carlo simulation. 20 refs., 11 figs.
Controls on the chemistry of runoff from an upland peat catchment

This study uses 2 years of data from a detailed weekly water sampling programme in a 11·4 km2 upland peat catchment in the Northern Pennines, UK. The sampling comprised precipitation, soil‐water samples and a number of streams, including the basin outlet. Samples were analysed for: pH, conductivity, alkalinity, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Total N, SO4, Cl and colour. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify end‐members and compositional trends in order to identify controls on the development of water composition. The study showed that the direct use of PCA had several advantages over the use of end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) as it combines an analysis of mixing and evolving waters without the assumption of having to know the compositional sources of the water. In its application to an upland peat catchment, the study supports the view that shallow throughflow at the catotelm/acrotelm boundary is responsible for storm runoff generation and shows that baseflow is controlled by cation exchange in the catotelm and mixing with a base‐rich groundwater. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burning crop residues under no-till in semi-arid land, Northern Spain—effects on soil organic matter, aggregation, and earthworm populations

Stubble burning has traditionally been used in semi-arid land for pest and weed control, and to remove the excess of crop residues before seeding in no-tillage systems. We compared differences in soil properties in a long-term (10 years) tillage trial on a carbonated soil in semi-arid north-east Spain under no-tillage with stubble returned and stubble burnt, with the conventional tillage system (mouldboard plough, stubble returned) as a reference. Differences in total soil organic C and C in particulate organic matter, mineralisation potential, soil physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance, and aggregate size distribution and stability), and earthworm populations were quantified. The effect of stubble burning was absent or insignificant compared with that of tillage in most of the parameters studied. The most significant effect of stubble burning was the change in soil organic matter quality in the topsoil and penetration resistance. No-till plus stubble burning stocked an amount of organic C in the soil similar to no-till without burning, but the particulate organic matter content and mineralisation potential were smaller. Earthworm activity was similar under the 2 no-till systems, although a trend towards bigger earthworms with increasing penetration resistance was observed under the system with burning. Our results indicate that the role of burnt plant residues and earthworms in organic matter accumulation and soil aggregation in Mediterranean carbonated soils under no tillage is of major importance, meriting further attention and research.
The effect of cooling rate on the intensity of weak‐field trm in single‐domain magnetite

The effect os cooling rate on the intensity of low-field thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) in uniaxial, single-domain magnetite is calculated, using both numerical and analytical techniques. These calculations indicate that when a single-domain assemblage is cooled much more slowly than in a typical laboratory experiment, it can remain magnetically unblocked and in thermal equilibrium with an external field at temperatures significantly lower than the 'laboratory' blocking temperature. Owing to the rapid rise of spontaneous magnetization just below the Curie temperature the TRM can consequently be elevated by several tens of percent over that acquired in the laboratory. The paleointensity obtained from rocks that have cooled in nature over geologic time may therefore be erroneously high, if single-domain particles are the primary carriers of NRM. These calculations indicate that when the ratio of 'natural' to laboratory cooling rates approximately equals 10/sup -11/, as in the case of orogenic bodies that have cooled over several million years, the paleointensity obtained by the Thellier method can be more than 50% too igh, unless the role of cooling rate is taken into account.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Aging Neuroscience

1989). The second goal of this study was to examine the role of basic motor control abilities in how cognitively healthy older adults learn to play the SF game. To this end, basic motor ability was assessed prior to SF game training with a short psychomotor task – i. The development of new cognitive interventions that can be effectively applied to compensate for age-related cognitive decline is of key concern to contemporary aging research (see Green and Bavelier, 2008; Hertzog et al., 2008; Papp et al., 2009 for reviews). Early cognitive interventions demonstrated improved performance on the previously trained task but many failed to demonstrate transfer of learning to other laboratory tasks or real-world activities. For example, a meta-analysis of 33 studies of cogni-tively healthy older adults trained in the use of some mnemonic technique (such as the method of loci or imagery) concluded that performance improvements were largely specific to the previously trained mnemonic technique (Verhaeghen et al., 1992). Later cognitive interventions trained cognitive control and more
Distinction between the Storegga tsunami and the holocene marine transgression in coastal basin deposits of western Norway

Many coastal lakes were inundated by both the Storegga tsunami (7000 14 Cy r BP) and the mid-Holocene sea-level rise (the Tapes transgression) in western Norway. The tsunami eroded lake bottoms and deposited graded and/or massive beds of sand, rip-up clasts, and coarse plant material. By contrast, when the rising sea entered the lakes, it deposited only gyttja, silt and fine sand, without causing much erosion of the underlying lake sediments. Storegga tsunami deposits in some coastal lakes were interpreted previously as ordinary marine sediments from the Tapes transgression. Our reinterpretation of these deposits shows that the transgression maximum phase was reached after 6500 yr BP, more than 1000 yr later than previously inferred for the coast of Sunnmore. The new data cannot be combined in a shoreline diagram without showing the 6000 yr BP and 7000 yr BP shorelines as slightly warped. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robustness of the likelihood ratio detector for moderately fluctuating radar targets

The performance of the likelihood ratio detector (LRD) for moderately fluctuating targets (i.e. intermediate between Swerling II and Swerling I models) is evaluated for the case of poor knowledge of the target characteristics. In particular, the influence of incorrect assumptions in the design phase about the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), the target correlation coefficient, the shape of the target autocorrelation function, and the target mean Doppler frequency is analysed by computing the detectability loss due to mismatching between the design hypothesis and the real target characteristics. It is shown that the LRD is extremely robust to an inaccurate choice of the design SIR. The loss due to correlation mismatching depends not only on the absolute value of the difference between the design value of the correlation coefficient and the real value, but also on the sign of this difference, with larger losses occurring when the design value is larger than the real one. A sensible criterion is given for the choice of the target correlation coefficient to be used in the design process. Also, the performance degradation due to Doppler mismatching can be large and calls therefore for the deployment of a bank of LRDs, each designed for a different value of the target Doppler frequency. The minimum number of LRDs needed to maintain acceptable performance under Doppler mismatching is computed.
Observations of depleted stratospheric NO2 following the Pinatubo volcanic eruption

Following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, and the subsequent transport of volcanic aerosol, significant depletions of stratospheric NO2 were observed at Lauder, New Zealand (45°S, 170°E). The effect was more pronounced in NO2 columns measured at sunrise than those measured at sunset, and observed column amounts were reduced by more than 40% in October 1991. Concurrent ozone measurements obtained using the same technique were compared with Dobson measurements which confirmed that in October, apparent reductions of only 10–15% can be explained by geometric changes in scattering caused by the aerosols. We therefore conclude that a real depletion of NO2 has occurred. NO2 levels at twilight are dependent on many factors, but these observations may provide supporting evidence for the hypothesis that heterogeneous processes can convert N2O5 to HNO3 on the sulfate aerosol surfaces [Rodriguez et al, 1991]. If this proves to be the case it could, in the presence of current high chlorine levels and volcanically enhanced aerosol densities, lead to accelerated global ozone depletion.
Aerosol-type-dependent lidar ratios observed with Raman lidar

[1] We summarize our Raman lidar observations which were carried out in Europe, Asia, and Africa during the past 10 years, with focus on particle extinction-to-backscatter ratios (lidar ratios) and Angstrom exponents. For the first time, we present statistics on lidar ratios for almost all climatically relevant aerosol types solely based on Raman lidar measurements. Sources of continental particles were in North America and Europe, the Sahara, and south and Southeast and east Asia. The North Atlantic Ocean, and the tropical and South Indian Ocean were the sources of marine particles. The statistics are complemented with lidar ratios describing aged forest fire smoke and pollution from polar regions (Arctic haze) after long-range transport. In addition, we present particle Angstrom exponents for the wavelength range from 355 to 532 nm and from 532 to 1064 nm. We compare our data set of lidar ratios to the recently published AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) lidar ratio climatology. That climatology is based on aerosol scattering modeling in which AERONET Sun photometer observations serve as input. Raman lidar measurements of extinction-to-backscatter ratios of Saharan dust and urban aerosols differ significantly from the numbers obtained with AERONET Sun photometers. There are also differences for some of the Angstrom exponents. Further comparison studies are needed to reveal the reason for the observed differences.
Local extremes in the lidar‐derived snow cover of alpine glaciers

Abstract Snow deposition and redistribution are major drivers of snow cover dynamics in mountainous terrain and contribute to the mass balance of alpine glaciers. The quantitative understanding of inhomogeneous snow distribution in mountains has recently benefited from advances in measuring technologies, such as airborne laser scanning (ALS). This contribution further advances the quantitative understanding of snow distribution by analysing the areas of maximum surface elevation changes in a mountain catchment with large and small glaciers. Using multi‐annual ALS observations, we found extreme surface elevation changes on rather thin borders along the glacier margins. While snow depth distribution patterns in less extreme terrain have presented high inter‐annual persistence, there is little persistence of those extreme glacier accumulations between winters. We therefore interpret the lack of persistence as the result of a predominance of gravity‐driven redistribution, which has an inherently higher random component because it does not occur with all conditions in all winters. In highly crevassed zones, the lidar‐derived surface elevation changes are caused by a complex interaction of ice flux divergence, the propagation of crevasses and snow accumulation. In general, the relative contribution of gravitational mass transport to glacier snow cover volume was found to decrease for glaciers larger than 5 km2 in the investigated region. We therefore suggest that extreme accumulations caused by gravitational snow transport play a significant role in the glacier mass balance of small to medium‐size glaciers and that they may be successfully parameterized by simple mass redistribution algorithms, which have been presented in the literature.
Land-use and historical management effects on soil organic carbon in grazing systems on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

We examined soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration (mgg -1 ) and total organic carbon (TOC) stock (Mgha -1 to 30cm soil depth) in three pasture systems in northern New South Wales: improved pasture, native pasture, and lightly wooded pasture, at two sampling times (2009 and 2011). No significant difference was found in SOC or TOC between sample times, suggesting that under the conditions we examined, neither 2 years nor an intervening significant rainfall event was sufficient to change the quantity or our capacity to detect SOC, and neither represented a barrier to soil carbon accounting. Low fertility, lightly wooded pastures had a slightly but significantly lower SOC concentration, particularly in the surface soil layers. However, no significant differences in TOC were detected between the three pasture systems studied, and from a carbon estimation perspective, they represent one, single dataset. A wide range in TOC values existed within the dataset that could not be explained by environmental factors. The TOC was weakly but significantly correlated with soil nitrogen and phosphorus, but a more significant pattern seemed to be the association of high TOC with proportionally larger subsoil (0.1-0.3m) organic carbon storage. This we attribute to historical, long-term rather than contemporary management. Of the SOC fractions, particulate organic carbon (POC) dominated in the surface layers but diminished with depth, whereas the proportion of humic carbon (HUM) and resistant organic carbon (ROC) increased with soil depth. The POC did not differ between the pasture systems but native pasture had larger quantities of HUM and ROC, particularly in the surface soil layers, suggesting that this pasture system tends to accumulate organic carbon in more resistant forms, presumably because of litter input quality and historical management.
Geochronology and Stable Isotope Geochemistry of UHP Metamorphic Rocks at Taohang in the Sulu Orogen, East-Central China

Zircon U-Pb dating, mineral Sm-Nd isochron dating, and O and H isotope analyses were carried out for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogite and granitic gneiss from Taohang in the Sulu orogen. Besides heterogeneous 18O depletion on an outcrop scale, mineral-pair O isotope thermometry indicates that refractory garnet and zircon attained and preserved equilibrium fractionations at about 820 to 560°C under eclogite-facies conditions. Zircons from the UHP metamorphic rocks have low δ18O values of -1.3 to 4.2‰, variably lower than δ18O values of 5.3 ± 0.3‰ for normal mantle zircons. U-Pb discordia dating of 18O-depleted zircons yields a protolith age of 770 ± 23 Ma and a metamorphic age of 214 ± 9 Ma. Therefore, the 18O-depleted zircons crystallized from a mid-Neoproterozoic low-18O magma whose precursor experienced high-T meteoric-hydrothermal alteration prior to melting in an active rifting zone. Both H isotope composition and H2O concentration were measured by the TCEA-MS online technique. The results show δD values of -121 to -58‰ for nominally anhydrous minerals and -101 to -62‰ for hydroxyl-bearing minerals, consistent with incorporation of meteoric water into protoliths of UHP meta-igneous rocks by high-T alteration and remelting. Hundreds to thousands of ppm H2O were detected in the forms of both molecular water and structural hydroxyl to be present in the nominally anhydrous minerals, providing an important budget of water content (besides hydrous minerals) in deeply subducted continental crust. A Gt-Wr-Pl Sm-Nd isochron age of 214 ± 10 Ma was obtained, in agreement with the zircon U-Pb age and corresponding to the state of O isotope equilibrium between the isochron minerals. Thus both ages are interpreted to represent the time of high-pressure eclogite-facies recrystallization during the initial exhumation. A fluid-present process for zircon overgrowth and Nd-O isotopic reequilibration is evident for this episode of retrogression. On the other hand, a Gt-Kfs Sm-Nd isochron age of 164 ± 11 Ma was obtained, corresponding to the state of O isotope disequilibrium between garnet and K-feldspar. This age postdates the Triassic collision orogeny, and thus has no relevance to the processes of both continental subduction and exhumation, suggesting limited fluid activity in the post-collisional stage. Therefore, the state of O isotope equilibrium or disequilibrium between coexisting minerals in high-grade metamorphic rocks provides a direct test for the validity of the mineral Sm-Nd chronometer in either case.
The crustal thickness of Australia

We investigate the crustal structure of the Australian continent using the temporary broadband stations of the Skippy and Kimba projects and permanent broadband stations. We isolate near-receiver information, in the form of crustal P-to-S conversions, using the receiver function technique. Stacked receiver functions are inverted for S velocity structure using a Genetic Algorithm approach to Receiver Function Inversion (GARFI). From the resulting velocity models we are able to determine the Moho depth and to classify the width of the crust-mantle transition for 65 broadband stations. Using these results and 51 independent estimates of crustal thickness from refraction and reflection profiles, we present a new, improved, map of Moho depth for the Australian continent. The thinnest crust (25 km) occurs in the Archean Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia; the thickest crust (61 km) occurs in Proterozoic central Australia. The average crustal thickness is 38.8 km (standard deviation 6.2 km). Interpolation error estimates are made using kriging and fall into the range 2.5–7.0 km. We find generally good agreement between the depth to the seismologically defined Moho and xenolith-derived estimates of crustal thickness beneath northeastern Australia. However, beneath the Lachlan Fold Belt the estimates are not in agreement, and it is possible that the two techniques are mapping differing parts of a broad Moho transition zone. The Archean cratons of Western Australia appear to have remained largely stable since cratonization, reflected in only slight variation of Moho depth. The largely Proterozoic center of Australia shows relatively thicker crust overall as well as major Moho offsets. We see evidence of the margin of the contact between the Precambrian craton and the Tasman Orogen, referred to as the Tasman Line.
Transfer of Cadmium and Mercury to Sheep Tissues

Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury can enter the diet of farm animals by a variety of environmental exposure routes and, hence, contaminate food products derived from those animals. Therefore, there is a need to be able to predict the likely levels of contamination in animal tissues if exposed to a contaminated diet and also to estimate how rapidly an animal will decontaminate once the source of contamination is removed from the diet. Data on the transfer and excretion rates of Cd and Hg from tissues have previously been inadequate to allow the development of dynamic models to predict changes in the degree of contamination of different tissues of ruminants. A study is described during which a group of sheep were given a single oral administration of 109Cd and 203Hg. Measurements of the concentrations of the radioisotopes in tissue samples were subsequently made over a period of 1 year. The resultant data were used to develop compartment models to describe the behavior of the two metals in sheep tissues. To our knowledge the models developed are the first to allow the time-dependent prediction of the potential Cd and Hg contamination of animal-derived food products. Previously only advised transfer coefficients were available; we demonstrate that these are of little value for cadmium and mercury due to their slow rates of accumulation and excretion.