Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aerosol dynamics in near‐field aircraft plumes

A numerical model including gas phase HOx, NOx, and SOx chemistry; H2SO4-soot adsorption; binary H2SO4-H2O nucleation; aerosol coagulation; and vapor condensation is used to investigate aerosol formation and growth in near-field aircraft plumes. The plume flow field is treated using the JANNAF standard plume flow field code, SPF-II. Model results are presented for a Mach 2.4 high-speed civil transport at 18 km altitude and 85°N latitude and a subsonic Boeing 707 at 12.2 km, 47°N. The results, based on hydroxyl radical driven oxidation kinetics, indicate that 1–2% of the emitted SO2 is converted to H2SO4 in the near-field exhaust (1–2 s) and that for typical exhaust SO2 emission indices (≈1 g kg-fuel) the plume is supersaturated with respect to both the pure liquid acid and H2SO4/H2O solutions. Classical nucleation theory predicts high levels of small (0.3–0.6 nm radius) H2SO4/H2O embryos. Coagulation and gas-to-particle conversion are followed to provide estimates for the number density of activated soot particles capable of serving as condensation nuclei for contrail formation. Results are presented illustrating the dependence of water condensation on the number density and size distribution of activated exhaust soot nuclei.
Experimental validation of the theory of extending two-phase saturation-pressure relations to three-fluid phase systems for monotonic drainage paths

An experimental apparatus was developed to directly measure functional relationships between fluid saturations S and pressures P of three-phase (air-oil-water) or two-phase fluid systems in unconsolidated porous media. Porous ceramic rings were chemically treated to enable simultaneous measurement or regulation of water and oil fluid pressures. Direct measurements of water and total liquid saturations in three fluid phase systems as functions of oil-water and air-oil capillary heads, respectively, were compared to S-P measurements in two-phase air-oil and oil-water systems for monotonic drainage saturation paths to test commonly employed assumptions of extending these two-phase S-P measurements to air-oil-water fluid systems. Excellent agreement was observed between total liquid saturations in an air-oil-water system and oil saturations in a two-phase air-oil system as functions of air-oil capillary head. Excellent agreement was also found between water saturations in air-oil-water and oil-water fluid systems versus oil-water capillary head. The accordance between two- and three-phase results indicates that two-phase air-oil S-P relations can be used to predict total liquid content in air-oil-water systems and that two-phase oil-water S-P relations can be used to predict water saturation in three-phase systems for rigid water wet porous media subject to monotonic drainage saturation paths. The S-P scaling format proposed by Parker et al. (1987a) to generate a single multiphase retention function capable of describing S-P relations of either two- or three-phase fluid systems was further evaluated using the measured two- and three-phase S-P relations. Comparison of scaled two- and three-phase S-P drainage data indicated that a single scaled multiphase retention function may be employed to describe S-P relations in either two- or three-fluid phase systems.
Treatment of primary Sjögren syndrome with rituximab: extended follow-up, safety and efficacy of retreatment

We previously reported that B cell depletion therapy with rituximab (4 weekly infusions of 375 mg/m2, premedication: 25 mg prednisolone intravenously) in eight patients with early primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) and seven patients with mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)/pSS was effective in reducing subjective and objective symptoms after 12 weeks of follow-up.1 Three patients with early pSS developed serum sickness-like disease, of whom one patient declined to further participate. The MALT component of six of the seven patients with MALT/pSS was initially effectively treated with rituximab, one of these six patients was successfully retreated 9 months after the first treatment and all six patients are …
Monetary Policy and Asset Prices: A Look Back at Past U.S. Stock Market Booms

This paper examines the economic environments in which past U.S. stock market booms occurred as a first step toward understanding how asset price booms come about and whether monetary policy should be used to defuse booms. We identify several episodes of sustained rapid rise in equity prices in the 19th and 20th Centuries, and then assess the growth of real output, productivity, the price level, money and credit stocks during each episode. Two booms stand out in terms of their length and rate of increase in market prices -- the booms of 1923-29 and 1994-2000. In general, we find that booms occurred in periods of rapid real growth and productivity advance, suggesting that booms are driven at least partly by fundamentals. We find no consistent relationship between inflation and stock market booms, though booms have typically occurred when money and credit growth were above average.
Arsenic: In Search of an Antidote to a Global Poison

Arsenic. No other element has such a complex and variegated past. As early as 500 B.C. the ancients knew about arsenic, whose name comes from the Greek word for potent. Through the centuries, this “king of poisons” was a common means of homicide. And yet, arsenic’s image has not always been so morbid. People in the Middle Ages wore arsenic amulets around their necks to ward off the bubonic plague, and women in Victorian times applied arsenic compounds to their faces to whiten their complexions. Hippocrates, the father of western medicine, recorded arsenic’s usefulness as a topical remedy for skin ulcers.
A New Concept of Multi-Scenario, Multi-Component Animated Maps for the Visualization of Spatio-Temporal Landscape Evolution

A New Concept of Multi-Scenario, Multi-Component Animated Maps for the Visualization of Spatio-Temporal Landscape Evolution In this paper, we propose a new approach to the presentation of the spatio-temporal evolution of landscape using a multi-component multi-scenario animated map system. The concept of multi-scenario map was introduced with a few conceptual level objectives. Firstly, to facilitate understanding of geographic spatio-temporal changeability (especially landscape changeability) by the use of complex cartographic animations. Secondly, to investigate factors which influence an intuitive and effective use of multi-component cartographic applications. In relation to understanding processes, the overriding purpose was to build up a generic approach that allows users to recognize features of complex geographic phenomena. Finally, since the implementation of the concept was of importance, a prototype has been prepared.
The Near-Surface Circulation of the Eastern North Pacific

Abstract A description of the near-surface circulation of the eastern North Pacific during 1976–77 is given. The data for the study are obtained from 23 satellite (Nimbus 6) tracked drifters. The large-scale description obtained from the drifter trajectories is in good agreement with the mean annual dynamic topography. In the interior there is eastward zonal flow with a pronounced northward meander centered around 140°W. It is speculated that the meander, which is also seen in the mean annual dynamic topography, is an occasional feature closely connected with large-scale fluctuations of the surface wind. The trajectories define the eastern portion of the subarctic and subtropical gyres and the split between these gyres which occurs at about 50°N. In addition to these large-scale features, the trajectories show ubiquitous mesoscale activity. However, the mesoscale velocity field is not as strong as that reported for the western Atlantic or western Pacific. Separation statistics for the drifters indicate th.
Body mass index and incident cardiometabolic conditions in relation to obesity‐related cancer risk: A population‐based cohort study in Catalonia, Spain

We investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and obesity‐related cancer risk among individuals with/without incident hypertension (HTN), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the joint associations of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and each cardiometabolic condition with obesity‐related cancer risk
Oxygen-Isotope Variations in the Malaspina and Saskatchewan Glaciers

Oxygen-isotope analyses of ice and firn from the Saskatchewan Glacier, Canada, and the Malaspina Glacier, Alaska, show that variations in $$O^{18}/O^{16}$$ ratios are likely to be of considerable value in glaciological research. The general trend of $$O^{18}/O^{16}$$ ratios in ice along the center flow line of Saskatchewan Glacier is a decrease from firn limit to terminus. This is interpreted as indicating that ice at successively lower points in the glacier tongue originated at progressively higher positions in the accumulation area, thus confirming Reid's early deductions concerning flow lines in a valley glacier. Ice in the glacier tongue has a higher average $$O^{18}/O^{16}$$ ratio than the 1953-1954 layer of firn in the accumulation area. This may be due to the fact that meltwater relatively rich in $$O^{18}$$ percolating down from the surface has refrozen in the deeper firn, or it may possibly indicate a change to cooler climatic conditions within the last few hundred years. Ice samples from a transverse profile across Saskatchewan Glacier have higher $$O^{18}/O^{16}$$ ratios near the center than near the margins. This occurs because the marginal ice comes from a higher altitude in the accumulation area. Separate strata within Saskatchewan firn display large differences in oxygen-isotope ratios which are preserved to some degree in the ice tongue and may be useful in the identification of vestigial sedimentary layering. However, a high degree of homogenization can occur by the time the ice reaches the lower part of the glacier, as shown by a series of closely spaced samples of well-foliated ice with remarkably consistent oxygen-isotope ratios. In Malaspina Glacier, the oxygen-isotope ratios confirm a deduction made earlier as to the principal units composing this piedmont sheet. Ice that originates in the upper Seward Basin has a higher $$O^{18}/O^{16}$$ ratio than material supplied from higher mountain slopes bounding that basin. Oxygen-isotope data also confirm an earlier interpretation to the effect that the intensely deformed and greatly thinned bands of ice in the outer part of Malaspina Glacier represent individual valley glaciers separated by medial moraines.
Mechanisms of Aging-Induced Modulus Changes in Sand under Isotropic and Anisotropic Loading

AbstractIn this paper, experimental studies were conducted using a true triaxial apparatus with a bender element system to examine the mechanisms of aging-induced, small-strain shear modulus changes in sand samples under isotropic and anisotropic loading. Numerical simulations based on the discrete element method (DEM) were also carried out in parallel. In the isotropic loading cases, the three measured shear moduli, Gxy, Gyz, and Gzx, and associated aging rates, in terms of the modulus changes, are similar in every loading stage. DEM simulations reproduced the experimental findings and suggested a general trend. A sample with a lower shear modulus before aging, because of a greater percentage of weak forces, allows more forces to be redistributed from the strong force network to the weak force network through the process of contact force homogenization during aging and therefore can have a higher aging rate. In the anisotropic loading cases where σz>σx=σy, the measured modulus increase (i.e., the aging r.
Rethinking the prehistory of hunter-gatherers, fire and vegetation change in northern Australia

Different types of evidence - palaeoecological, biogeographic and ethnographic - currently provide different perspectives on the question of hunter-gatherer impacts on fire-sensitive components of northern Australian vegetation. Here I analyze the apparent discrepancies, using evidence primarily from the Holocene. Using this more substantial body of evidence than is available for earlier periods, we can attempt to do justice to both ecological and social complexity. While dry rainforest patches and wet rainforest massifs need to be considered separately, each experienced more human alteration in the late Holocene than the early to mid-Holocene. In the former case, hunter-gatherer burning protected dry rainforest from climatically induced changes in fire regime; in the latter, it contributed to disturbance. Implications for future research into hunter-gatherer relations to land are discussed. This analysis does not preclude the possibility of analogous changes having occurred during the Pleistocene.
Contribution to hydrological modelling of small Amazonian catchments: application of rainfall–runoff models to simulate flow duration curves

Abstract The objective of this study is to analyse three rainfall–runoff hydrological models applied in two small catchments in the Amazon region to simulate flow duration curves (FDCs). The simple linear model (SLM) considers the rainfall–runoff process as an input–output time-invariant system. However, the rainfall–runoff process is nonlinear; thus, a modification is applied to the SLM based on the residual relationship between the simulated and observed discharges, generating the modified linear model (MLM). In the third model (SVM), the nonlinearity due to infiltration and evapotranspiration is incorporated into the system through the sigmoid variable gain factor. The performance criteria adopted were a distance metric (δ) and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (R2) determined between simulated and observed flows. The good results of the models, mainly the MLM and SVM, showed that they could be applied to simulate FDCs in small catchments in the Amazon region. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Montanari Citation Blanco, C.J.C. , Santos, S.S. M. , Quintas, M.C. , Vinagre, M.V. A. , and Mesquita, A.L. A. , 2013. Contribution to hydrological modelling of small Amazonian catchments: application of rainfall–runoff models to simulate flow duration curves. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (7), 1–11.
Influence of anomalous dry conditions on aerosols over India: Transport, distribution and properties

[1] A synergy of satellite and ground-based radiometric observations, along with chemical transport modeling, was used for the assessment of the influence of drought monsoon conditions of 2002 and prolonged dry pre-monsoon period of 2003 on aerosol properties over south Asia, with emphasis over northern India. Reanalysis data are also examined for studying the dry anomalous period from the climatological mean, that show prevalence of westerlies under anticyclonic circulation and subsidence favoring the accumulation of aerosols. TRMM observations over south Asia indicate significant rainfall deficit over northwestern India in July 2002 and May–June 2003. Subsequently, the anomalous and prolonged dry conditions favored heavy aerosol buildup as indicated by strong positive anomalies (20–80%) of MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) as well as significant increase in TOMS aerosol index (AI) during July 2002 and May–June 2003 compared to the long-term monthly means. The largest increase in aerosol loading is observed over northern India, encompassing the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) that is in the downwind region of dust outflow from the Thar Desert and long-range transport from Arabia and Middle East. Ground-based sunphotometer observations at Delhi and Kanpur also show enhanced presence of desert-dust aerosols during July 2002 and May–June 2003, characterized by large AOD and significantly low Angstrom Exponent. In addition, modifications in columnar aerosol size distribution toward larger coarse-mode fraction and higher single scattering albedo at longer wavelengths were observed, thus supporting the observation of enhanced dust influx. SPRINTARS model simulations also show the enhanced dust loading over northern India during the studied months, which is in general agreement with the satellite and ground-based observations.
Three-dimensional equilibria for the extended magnetotail and the generation of field-aligned current sheets

Using the magnetotail equilibrium theory and a solution method outlined by Birn (1987), we have constructed self-consistent three-dimensional models for the quiet average magnetotail beyond about 20 R/sub E/ distance but earthward of a potential distant neutral line, which take into account the decrease of the tail flaring with distance. We find that this effect is coupled with the presence of magnetic shear and thus with field-aligned electric currents. These currents have the signature of region 1 currents, toward the Earth on the dawnside and away on the duskside, and contribute about 5 x 10/sup 5/ A to the total Birkeland current. They are strongly concentrated near the plasma sheet-lobe boundary and increase toward the flanks of the tail. Associated with the field-aligned currents and the corresponding magnetic field shear there is a bulging effect that tends to deform a circular cross section of the tail near the Earth into one that has bulges in the low-latitude boundary region. We argue that this effect may be the cause for increased interaction with the solar wind in these regions, producing interconnected fields and tailward flowing plasma on magnetospheric-like fields in the low-latitude boundary layer, and deforming this boundary region into themore » observed dog bone shape of the plasma sheet cross section. copyright American Geophysical Union 1989« less
Modeling the Response of Canopy Stomatal Conductance to Humidity

Humidity of air is a key environmental variable in controlling the stomatal conductance (g) of plant leaves. The stomatal conductance‐humidity relationships employed in the Ball‐Woodrow‐Berry (BWB) model and the Leuning model have been widely used in the last decade. Results of independent evaluations of the two models vary greatly. In this study, the authors develop a new diagnostic parameter that is based on canopy water vapor and CO2 fluxes to assess the response of canopy g to humidity. Using eddy-covariance flux measurements at three boreal forest sites in Canada, they critically examine the performance of the BWB and the Leuning models. The results show that the BWB model, which employs a linear relationship between g and relative humidity (hs), leads to large underestimates of g when the air is wet. The Leuning model, which employs a nonlinear function of water vapor pressure deficit (Ds), reduced this bias, but it still could not adequately capture the significant increase of g under the wet conditions. New models are proposed to improve the prediction of canopy g to humidity. The best performance was obtained by the model that employs a power function of Ds, followed by the model that employs a power function of relative humidity deficit (1 2 hs). The results also indicate that models based on water vapor pressure deficit generally performed better than those based on relative humidity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the stomatal aperture responds to leaf water loss because water vapor pressure deficit rather than relative humidity directly affects the transpiration rate of canopy leaves.
Evolution of the Lofoten‐Vesterålen margin inferred from gravity and crustal modeling

[1] The Lofoten-Vesteralen continental margin in Norway shows pronounced elongated positive and negative gravity anomalies. The source of these anomalies cannot be explained by the flat bathymetry, but can be explained by the crustal density anomalies that are observed. We propose a boudinage mechanism to explain the generation of these density anomalies and respective crustal layer undulations. Free-air gravity anomalies have been derived using ERS-1 and Geosat altimetry data and have been validated by comparison with shipborne data. Structural models of the margin are available from extensive seismic surveys, which have been used to carry out a gravity inversion to cross-validate the observed gravity anomalies with seismic data. The crustal structure data reveal two wavelengths of crustal undulations. The first is related to crustal blocks separated by listric faults, and the second wavelength is related to an undulated Moho. The undulations were likely generated during the opening of the North Atlantic, 56 Myr ago, and were particularly formed during the transition phase between rifting and spreading. The dominating wavelengths of the undulations are 46 and 109 km, respectively. To explain the evolution of crustal undulations in an extensional stress regime, we use a two-dimensional finite element model. A viscoelastoplastic power law rheology is used to study the growth of instabilities developing in a three-layer lithosphere. Prescribed random vertical undulations show wavelength-dependent growth under extension, and the dominating wavelengths are 18–65 and 129 km, respectively. These results are in good agreement with the gravity observations and provide a strong indication that the proposed boudinage mechanism influences the evolution of the passive margin segment.
Some Aspects of Glacial Erosion and Deposition in North Germany

In the marginal areas of the Pleistocene Scandinavian ice sheet in north Germany there are few signs of direct glacial erosion. Fine gravel analyses show that glacial reworking was not very important. This may be partly due to the fact that at least in the late phases of the glaciation the active parts of the ice sheet moved over dead ice and were not in direct contact with the underlying substratum. Buried tunnel valleys with a depth of more than 400m show that considerable erosion by sub glacial melt-water streams took place, at least during the Elsterian glaciation.
Iron hydride formed by the reaction of iron, silicate, and water: Implications for the light element of the Earth's core

In situ high pressure-temperature X-ray observations were made on the system of iron, silicate mineral, and water up to 4.9 GPa and 1350°C using a cubic-anvil high pressure apparatus and synchrotron radiation. Above a pressure of 2.8 GPa at temperatures above 550°C, iron reacts with water to form iron hydride and iron oxide. The chemical composition of the iron hydride formed is estimated to be FeH0.3-FeH0.4. This result implies that if water was contained together with iron and silicates at sufficient depth within the primordial Earth, iron should have transformed into iron hydride. The density of iron hydride thus formed can explain a large portion of the density deficit of the Earth's core. These results show that hydrogen is likely a component of the Earth's core.
Impact of global dimming and brightening on global warming

Speculations on the impact of variations in surface solar radiation on global warming range from concerns that solar dimming has largely masked the full magnitude of greenhouse warming, to claims that the recent reversal from solar dimming to brightening rather than the greenhouse effect was responsible for the observed warming. To disentangle surface solar and greenhouse influences on global warming, trends in diurnal temperature range are analyzed. They suggest that solar dimming was effective in masking greenhouse warming, but only up to the 1980s, when dimming gradually transformed into brightening. Since then, the uncovered greenhouse effect has revealed its full dimension, as manifested in a rapid temperature rise (+0.38°C/decade over land since mid‐1980s). Recent solar brightening cannot supersede the greenhouse effect as main cause of global warming, since land temperatures increased by 0.8°C from 1960 to 2000, even though solar brightening did not fully outweigh solar dimming within this period.