Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Cause and Impact of Land Degradation on Livelihood of the Farmers in Awaro Kebele, Ambo District

In Ethiopia, land degradation is common environmental problem. It is one of the major causes of low and declining agricultural productivity and continuing food insecurity and rural poverty in the country as well as particularly in Oromia region. There is limited information about cause and effect of land degradation in Oromia region in general and, Awaro Kebele in particular. In case to fill this gap, the major objective of the study was to assess the cause of land degradation and its impacts on livelihoods of the farmers in Awaro Kebele, Ambo District, Oromia region, Ethiopia. It was more specifically designed to identify the major causes of land degradation in the study area and to assess the impact of land degradation on crop production and livestock production of rural households. To conduct this study primary data was collected by using household survey. Secondary data was collected from material like published books and unpublished books. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics such as means, frequency and percentage and narration and explanation of facts were used to analyze qualitative data. The survey data was collected from 99 sample respondent with interview. From the study results the finding identified that the main cause of land degradation are: deforestation, population growth, overgrazing and lack of awareness. As a result indicated the consequences of land degradation in the study area is loss of productive fertile soil, loss of crop productivity, loss of animal productivity, loss of forest and vegetation coverage and poverty. Generally, finding from the study recommended that the government should have to introduce effective forest conservation mechanism through public participation to inform each and every one about the effectiveness of conserving the forest and to design appropriate land use policy and strategy to protect the land from degradation.
DMSO_A_193693 433..438

Richard A Chudleigh Julia Platts Stephen C Bain 1,3 1Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK; 2Diabetes Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK; 3Diabetes Research Unit Cymru, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK Abstract: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been available as glucose-lowering therapies for people with type 2 diabetes since 2006, when twice-daily exenatide was licenced. Since then, advances in peptide chemistry and delivery have allowed for once-daily and more recently once-weekly (QW) delivery of peptides in this class and there are currently three QW “long-acting” GLP-1 receptor agonists available in clinical practice. This short review describes the therapeutic landscape that is occupied by the modern type 2 diabetes glucose-lowering therapies with a particular focus on long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. The efficacy and side-effect profiles of the available QW GLP-1 receptor agonists are discussed, focusing on head-to-head clinical trial comparisons. There is also an appraisal of the cardiovascular outcome trials, for which there has been an assessment of each of the QW GLP-1 receptor agonists, leading to clinical conclusions regarding their comparative effectiveness.
Operator Exposure during Pesticide Application in Greenhouse

The aim of this study was to determine of dermal deposition on operator by patch method in fungicide application for tomatoes grown in greenhouse. The size of patches was 10x10 cm 2 and attached on operator’s shoulder, chest, back, arm, forearm, thigh, leg, foot, ankle, hands and mask. Standard spray gun was used in trials. The operator sprayed distances of 200 m in greenhouse. Each trial was replicated three times. All patches on the operator were collected after trials and analyzed in the laboratory. Gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector (GCECD) was used in laboratory analysis. The operator was right-handed. In the conclusions of this study, the highest pesticide depositions were obtained on the left hand, foot and ankle. In addition, pesticide depositions on lower parts of the operator's body were 9.205% higher than upper parts of the operator's body. The total recovery was determined 52.2% for lower and 47.8% for upper body of operator. In the result of this study, it was concluded that for minimizing dermal deposition on operators, it should be worn gloves and footwear in pesticide applications with standard spray gun.
Evaluation of rice hybrids in saline soils of Pokkali

Field evaluation of rice hybrids in Pokkali tract was carried out during Kharif season of 2016-17, adopting a randomised block design. Days to fifty per cent flowering and maturity showed that all hybrids came to flowering early under saline conditions. Tall plants were observed in saline tolerant varieties Vyttila-6 and Ezhome-2 and short plants in IR-29. A high number of productive tillers was observed in CORH-3, while it was low in Sahyadri-2. Ezhome-2, IR-29 and Vyttila-6 had high number of spikelets per panicle. High seed setting percentage and long panicles were observed in Ezhome-2. Spikelet sterility was high in Sahyadri- 2 and low in Ezhome-2. High 1000 grain weight was observed in Ezhome-2, but it was low in IR-29. Based on visual scoring, Vyttila-6 was classified as highly tolerant and IR-29 as highly susceptible. Correlation studies indicated that grain yield per plant was positively correlated with productive tillers per plant and seed setting per cent, while it was found to be negatively correlated with sterility per cent. The hybrid CORH-3 was found to be moderately tolerant to salinity based on visual scoring and it produced the highest yield per plant indicating that this hybrid had high yield potential under saline condition and produced higher yield than saline tolerant traditional varieties.
Paraquat-induced systemic inflammation and increased oxidative markers in rats improved by Zataria multiflora extract and carvacrol

Objective: Paraquat (PQ) is a herbicide which induces oxidative stress and inflammation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects were shown for Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) and carvacrol previously. The effects of Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract and carvacrol on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled PQ were examined in this study. Materials and Methods: Six groups of male rats used in this study were as follows: control group exposed to normal saline aerosol, one group exposed to PQ 54 mg/m3 aerosol, animals exposed to PQ 54 mg/m3 and treated with Z. multiflora (200 and 800 mg/kg/day) or carvacrol (20 and 80 mg/kg/day) for 16 days after the end of exposure to PQ. Exposure to PQ was performed 8 times, every other day, each time for 30 min. After the end of the treatment period, different variables were measured. Results: Significant increases in nitrite (NO2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukin (IL)-6 serum levels but significant reduction of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) serum levels as well as IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio were observed in PQ-exposed compared to control group (p<0.01 for MDA and IL-6, p<0.001 for other cases). Treatment with both doses of the extract and carvacrol specially at high dose, reduced MDA, NO2, and IL-6 but increased IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio compared to un-treated PQ exposed group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Conclusion: Treatment with Z. multiflora and carvacrol improved systemic inflammation oxidative biomarkers induced by inhaled PQ which may indicate therapeutic potential of the plant and its constituent, carvacrol in systemic inflammation and oxidative biomarkers induced by inhaled PQ.
How Do Populist Voters Rate Their Political Leaders? Comparing Citizen Assessments in Three Jurisdictions

Drawing from the field of management studies, we explore how a sample of voters in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom use a leader character framework to judge political leadership. We ask, how do voters actually assess the character of their current leaders? And, in light of the populist zeitgeist, do people who hold a populist attitude differ markedly in how they judge the character of political leaders? Our results show that voters generally consider character important. However, voters who lean toward populism believe character matters less in political leadership than individuals who scored low on the populism indicator. This durable difference merits more exploration in a political context marked by populism. Our findings about the factors that influence vote choice contribute to this conversation and to extant research that reports that some voters pay greater attention to leader characteristics than do others.
DURATION OF VOWELS BEFORE HOMORGANIC NASAL-OBSTRUENT SEQUENCES IN TUMBUKA

The Bantu language Tumbuka, spoken in Malawi and Zambia, has the vowel phonemes /i, e, a, o, u/ but no phonemic contrast in vowel length. In the present study we measured the duration of vowels before homorganic nasal-obstruent sequences (NC) and compared them to the duration of vowels before single obstruents for four speakers of Tumbuka. With this data, we tested whether there is acoustic support for the existence of a phonological process of pre-NC lengthening, as reported for many other Bantu languages. Our results provide no support for such an interpretation in Tumbuka: pre-NC vowels were only 10 ms longer than pre-obstruent vowels, and though this difference was statistically significant, it is below the just noticeable difference for duration of 25 ms and therefore most likely not perceivable. We conclude that the observed pre-NC lengthening in Tumbuka is a purely co-articulatory, phonetic process.
Professional roles and relationships in health models of care: a study of insulin initiation in Australian general practice

Background: The majority of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receive their care in general practice and will eventually require initiation of insulin as part of their management. However, this is often delayed and frequently involves referral to specialists. If insulin initiation is to become more frequent and routine within general practice, coordination of care with specialist services may be required. Relational coordination (RC) provides a framework to explore this. The aim of this study was to explore RC between specialist physicians, specialist diabetes nurses (DNEs), generalist physicians in primary care (GPs) and generalist nurses (practice nurses (PNs)) and to explore the association between RC and the initiation of insulin in general practice, and the belief that it is appropriate for this task to be carried out in general practice. Methods: A survey was distributed to a convenience sample of specialist physicians, DNEs, GPs and practice nurses. We collected data on demographics, models of care and RC in relation to insulin initiation. We expected that RC would be higher between specialists than between specialists and generalists. We expected higher RC between specialists and generalists to be associated with insulin initiation in general practice and with the belief that it is appropriate for insulin initiation to be carried out in general practice. We used descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests to explore these hypotheses. Results: 179 health professionals returned completed surveys. Specialists reported higher RC with each other and lower RC with PNs. All groups except PNs reported their highest RC with DNEs, suggesting the potential for DNEs to serve as boundary spanners. Lower RC with specialists was reported by those working within a general practice model of care. Health professionals who felt that a general practice model was appropriate reported lower communication with specialist physicians and higher shared knowledge with GPs. Conclusion: Given the need for coordination between specialist and generalist care for the task of insulin initiation, this study’s results suggest the need to build relationships and communication between specialist and generalist health professional groups and the potential for DNE’s to play a boundary spanner role in this process.
Prevalence of Bacterial Species Involved in Nosocomial Infections in Pediatrics Unit at Butare University Teaching Hospital (Chub)

Nosocomial infection (NI) is an infection acquired in hospital or other healthcare facilities by a patient in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission. Nosocomial infections also called Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are a major public health problem all over the world, but particularly in developing nations. Factors which promote nosocomial infections includes: the increasing variety of medical procedures and invasive techniques creating potential routes of infection; decrease immunity among patient and the transmission of drug-resistant bacteria among crowed hospital populations, where poor infection control practices may facilitate transmission (WHO). A study done in Norway between 2002 and 2003 showed that nosocomial infection varied between 5.1 % and 5.4 % while in another study done in the University medical Center of Rabat in Morocco in 2012 the prevalence was 10.3 % (Eriksen et al., 2005; International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 6 (2017) pp. 3227-3232 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA RUMAH SAKIT SITI KHODIJAH SIDOARJO

The purpose of this research is to find out the influence of the leadership style which are autocratic, democratic, and independent control both simultaneously and partially to the employee performance at Siti Khodijah Hospital Sidoarjo. The Population in this research is the employees of the inpatient department at Siti Khodijah Hospital Sepanjang Sidoarjo with the sample of 63 people. Meanwhile, the analysis technique is using multiple regression analysis. The research result shows that the leadership style which are consist of autocratic, democratic, and independent control have simultaneously significant influence to the employees performance who are serving at the inpatient department of Siti Khodijah Hospital Sepanjang Sidoarjo. This result is supported by the simultaneous corelation coefficient of 75.8 % shows that either correlation or relations between those variables to the employees’ performance have strong relation. The research result shows that the leadership style which are autocratic, democratic, and independent control each variables have partially significant influence to the employees’ performance at inpatient department of Siti Khodijah Hospital Sepanjang Sidoarjo. Keywords: Autocratic, Democratic, Independent Control, Employees Performance.
Marijuana Exposure During Lactation : Is It Safe ?

The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the evidence regarding the safety of cannabis exposure during lactation and recommendations for clinical practice. PubMed and OVID Medline search was performed using pregnancy, breastfeeding, cannabis, and marijuana. Articles were limited to human studies and English language. Animal studies, case reports, reviews and letters were excluded. Four studies were included in this review. Based on current evidence, there is one study reporting a potential effect of marijuana on motor development at one year of age. However, this finding was not repeated in other studies. Most evidence of harm is associated with prenatal exposure. Women need to be advised that the risk of exposure to marijuana during lactation remains uncertain; therefore, risks and benefits of marijuana use need to be considered before deciding to breastfeed.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF TLR-4 AND ITS CORRELATION TO VARIOUS GRADES OF ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

INTRODUCTION: Oral cancer is a major health problem, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90-95% of all oral malignancies. During the last decade, significant evidence has suggested that inflammation plays an important role in tumorigenesis, and microenvironment-derived signals which are important constituents in all tumors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are classical signals that play a key role in the innate immune system. They drive the inflammatory response and control the cellular proliferation and survival by stimulating the immune cells and promoting integrated processes of inflammation and tissue repair. This can predict that TLR4 may be of great significance in tumors. Hence, this study is to evaluate and correlate the expression of TLR-4 in various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and correlate the expression of TLR-4 in different histopathological grades of OSCC MATERIALS AND METHODS: An immunohistochemical (IHC) study using the TLR-4 antibody were done on 50 surgical specimens and 10 normal mucosal tissues taken from OSCC patients and healthy individuals, respectively. The staining were performed using a Labeled Strept-Avidin Biotin complex method (LSAB) RESULTS: TLR-4 was expressed in human OSCC biopsies and the expression level was correlated with the tumor differentiation. Higher expression was detected in the well and the moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas than the poorly differentiated ones. CONCLUSIONS: TLR-4 expression could be a prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma cases as expression was detected in the well and moderately differentiated higher than poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas.
Improvement of ultrasonic testing of dissimilar metal welds

Complex geometries, boundaries, large grain size, and anisotropic weld metal together with tight and branching service-induced cracks make the ultrasonic testing (UT) of dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) challenging. To address this research need, the Program to Assess the Reliability of Emerging Nondestructive Techniques (PARENT) was established by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) as a follow-on to the Program for Inspection of Nickel Alloy Components (PINC). The U.S. NRC executed the in-kind agreements with organisations from Finland, Japan, Korea, Sweden and Switzerland in 2012. A series of blind and open round robin tests (RRT) was conducted and the results were documented in public reports. The objective of blind RRT was to evaluate the effectiveness of the established, qualified nondestructive examination (NDE) procedures for detection and sizing of primary water stress corrosion cracking in DMWs. The objective of open RRT was to evaluate novel and emerging NDE techniques to find the most promising new techniques for the inspection of DMWs. In PARENT blind testing, outer diameter (OD) PAUT procedures showed better performance than OD conventional UT procedures for SBDMWs as measured by POD and depth sizing root mean square error (RMSE). However, PARENT results indicate significant variability in performance both for UT and PAUT procedures employing similar techniques on SBDMWs. Comparison of PINC results to PARENT blind RRT results for SBDMW blocks with UT showed that both PAUT and time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) procedures performed better in PARENT. Overall depth sizing RMSE of SBDMWs was improved for PARENT, although the spread between best and worst sizing results was larger than for PINC. Length sizing also appeared to have improved in PARENT relative to PINC based on RMSE. Several issues related to the non-destructive testing of DMWs still need research, thus a new international agreement by U.S. NRC to establish the Program for Investigation of NDE by International Collaboration (PIONIC) was signed in the beginning of 2019. One goal is to study the application of virtual flaws together with modelling and simulation in inspection development.
EFFICIENCY OF USING PLATELET RICH FIBRIN PLUG FOR CLOSURE OF OROANTRAL FISTULA

Background: Oroantral fistula (OAF) may occur during dental extraction of maxillary teeth, surgical operations in the maxilla or due to massive maxillary tumors or cyst. Many techniques and materials have been suggested in the literature in order to close the OAF.Aim of the study: to evaluate the efficiency of using the Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) as a plug for closure of oroantral fistula.Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on twenty patients. Patients included within this study were of both gender, their age range from 29 to 45 years, suffered from established OAF. After de-coring of the fistula and curettage of the sinus lining, a Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) plug was prepared through collection and centrifuge of a ten ml of whole venous blood. The PRF plug was then secured to cover the OAF and sutured in place. Results: Clinical results showed that the 20 cases had a favorable healing course with no signs of infection, no adverse tissue reaction following the operation with complete closure of the OAF. On CBCT, By measuring the fluid level at the site of oroantral fistula, the mean value of the fluid level preoperatively was 9.397 mm ± 4.06 then it decreased after six months with the mean value 2.48 mm ± 0.96. When comparing both pre and post-operative values of fluid level they were statically significant.Conclusion: The use of PRF membrane biological plug is effective in closure of medium sized oroantral fistulae. This method had proven usefulness, safety, availability in an easy-to-develop manner and finally its low cost.
Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness in Swedish Patients with Mental Illness

Stigma and discrimination because of epilepsy, leprosy and HIV/aids has decreased over the years, but this has not happened as regards mental illness. One aspect of the stigma issue is what has been described as self-stigmatization, the way the mentally ill look at themselves. The aim of this study was to illuminate the self-perception of mentally ill persons in a Swedish setting. An internationally well established questionnaire, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale (ISMI) was used to investigate two samples of out-patients from northern Sweden (N = 260). Fifty two percent reported “minimum stigma”, 35% “mild” and 13% “moderate/severe” stigma. As many as 58% agreed to the statement “I am embarrassed or ashamed that I have a mental illness”. The levels of internalized stigma are rather high, but somewhat lower than reported from some other European and an Iranian study using the same methodology. In spite of several campaigns aimed at reducing the stigma and discrimination because of mental illness in Sweden, still the experience of self stigma is rather high. There is an urgent need to further developed anti-stigma strategies.
EFFECT OF CULTURE MEDIA ON MYCELIAL GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF TWO ISOLATES OF Alternaria solani, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF EARLY BLIGHT DISEASE OF TOMATO

Sporulation of Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Jones and Grout, can be scarce and is often reduced when the fungus is cultivated in-vitro. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of culture media on mycelial growth and sporulation of two isolates of A. solani namely Badr and Al-Tawfiqiyah, in-vitro. Badr isolate gave the highest mycelial linear growth when grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and V-8 media. However, it produced maximum yield of conidia on V-8 medium. Al-Tawfiqiyah isolate was best grown but least sporulated on S-medium and PDA. However, its maximum yield of spores was obtained on V-8 medium. Thus, V-8 medium was the best among all media tested for sporulation of both A. solani isolates.