Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen induced positive charge generation in gate oxides

This article investigates the H2-anneal induced positive charge generation in the gate oxide of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors fabricated by a submicron complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. A significant number (∼1012 cm−2) of fixed and mobile positive charges are generated at 450 °C. Properties (reactivity, electrical and thermal stability) of these positive charges are compared with the positive charges observed in the buried oxide of silicon-on-insulator devices. The differences in these two are investigated, in terms of their transportation time across the oxide, uniformity and sources of hydrogen. Attention is paid to the role played by boron in the generation and the possible connection between the positive species observed here and the defects responsible for the positive bias temperature instability. Efforts are made to explain the difference in reactivity between the H2-anneal induced positive species and the hydrogenous species released by irradiation or electrica.
The links of 3‐dimensional singularities defined by Brieskorn polynomials

In this paper, we completely determine the diffeomorphism types of the 5‐dimensional links of 3‐dimensional log‐canonical singularities defined by Brieskorn polynomials. Moreover, we show that if k is an integer with 1 ≤ k < 611, then there is no link K defined by a Brieskorn polynomial in ℂ4 such that the order of H2(K) is 6k. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Drag reduction and the dynamics of turbulence in simple and complex fluidsa)

Addition of a small amount of very large polymer molecules or micelle-forming surfactants to a liquid can dramatically reduce the energy dissipation it exhibits in the turbulent flow regime. This rheological drag reduction phenomenon is widely used, for example, in the Alaska pipeline, but it is not well-understood, and no comparable technology exists to reduce turbulent energy consumption in flows of gases, in which polymers or surfactants cannot be dissolved. The most striking feature of this phenomenon is the existence of a so-called maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote: for a given geometry and driving force, there is a maximum level of drag reduction that can be achieved through addition of polymers. Changing the concentration, molecular weight or even the chemical structure of the additives has little to no effect on this asymptotic value. This universality is the major puzzle of drag reduction. We describe direct numerical simulations of turbulent minimal channel flow of Newtonian fluids and visc.
The Levy Area Process for the Free Brownian Motion

Abstract In this paper, we construct a Levy area process for the free Brownian motion and in this way, a typical geometric rough path (in the sense of T. Lyons (1998, Rev. Mat. Iberoamer. 14 , 215–310)), lying above the free Brownian path. Thus, the general results of Lyons on differential equations driven by rough paths may be applied to the free Brownian motion case.
Eye Excess Energy and the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Lili (2002)

Abstract Over 4.5 days, NOAA and U.S. Air Force personnel in reconnaissance aircraft deployed 44 global positioning system dropwindsondes (GPS sondes) in the eye of Hurricane Lili (2002). The vertical profiles derived from these GPS sondes were used to determine the evolution of the height of the inversion, presence, and height of the hub cloud, the height of the lifted condensation layer, and the depth of the mixed layer. As Lili deepened, underwent rapid intensification (RI), and eventually rapid decay, the lower portion of the eye moistened and the lapse rate became moist adiabatic. The inversion layer rose as Lili intensified and then quickly fell over 1500 m at the beginning of RI. Comparison of the equivalent potential temperature θe of the eye with that in the eyewall revealed that like many other hurricanes, the eye was a reservoir for the warmest θe. The authors define a variable called eye excess energy that is a function of the difference in θe between the eye and the eyewall and the depth over.
Ray tracing with reduced-precision bounding volume hierarchies

Bounding volume hierarchies (BVHs) are an effective method for improving the performance of ray tracing algorithms. A BVH consists of a tree of bounding volumes enclosing the objects within the scene. Bounding volumes are typically axis-aligned bounding boxes, or AABBs. This research first presents up-to-date surveys of literature relevant to BVHs and ray tracing hardware. A new method is derived for determining if a ray and an AABB overlap using Plucker coordinates. When used in a BVH, this method improves ray tracing performance by up to 27%. A reduced-precision, hierarchical, integer representation for the BVH's AABB coordinates is investigated that reduces BVH memory requirements by 63% to 75%. Unfortunately, significant computational overhead is incurred because the integer representation must be converted back to floating point during ray tracing. Coherent ray tracing is employed to amortize the conversion cost over many rays, reducing the overhead to a negligible level. Lastly, reduced-precision, integer ray-AABB overlap tests are derived and hardware designs are compared to the equivalent floating-point tests. These integer tests are guaranteed to produce identical images to the higher-precision floating-point tests because they correctly handle uncertainty clue to numerical imprecision. The integer tests are shown to reduce the circuit size and complexity of a hardware ray-AABB test by roughly half.
Growing Length Scales and Their Relation to Timescales in Glass-Forming Liquids

The question of whether the dramatic slowing down of the dynamics of glass-forming liquids near the structural glass transition is caused by the growth of one or more correlation lengths has received much attention in recent years. Several proposals have been made for both static and dynamic length scales that may be responsible for the growth of timescales as the glass transition is approached. These proposals are critically examined with emphasis on the dynamic length scale associated with spatial heterogeneity of local dynamics and the static point-to-set or mosaic length scale of the random first order transition theory of equilibrium glass transition. Available results for these length scales, obtained mostly from simulations, are summarized, and the relation of the growth of timescales near the glass transition with the growth of these length scales is examined. Some of the outstanding questions about length scales in glass-forming liquids are discussed, and studies in which these questions may be addressed are suggested.
Factors affecting air distribution in air conditioning air supply room based on SUPG finite element and zero equation

ABSTRACT To simulate the indoor air distribution accurately and quickly, this paper proposed a turbulence calculation model based on the zero-equation model and the SUPG finite element method. The optimal calculation parameters were investigated. The effects of air outlet positions, Reynolds numbers, and obstacle positions on indoor air distribution were studied. The results show that the ranges of Reynolds numbers which satisfy the summer and winter demands of indoor air velocity as the outlet at the right down position are larger than those when the outlet locates left down. When the air outlet locates at the left down position, the velocity non-uniformity coefficients are less than those under the other two conditions. Regardless of whether the air outlet is at the left or right position, the obstacle in the middle of a room can lead to worse velocity uniformity when air velocities in the working zone can meet the velocity demand.
Search for diffuse gamma rays from the Galactic anticentre region above 100 GeV with CELESTE

Context. Located in the French Pyrenees, CELESTE was the first ground-based γ-ray telescope with an energy threshold below 100 GeV. It acquired data from 1999 to 2004, and allowed flux measurements of the Crab nebula and the blazars Mrk 421 and Mrk 501. Aims. We search for Galactic diffuse γ-ray emission, which is most significant around the Galactic plane, for b = [−5 ◦ , +5 ◦ ]. Methods. By using the significant data set available for the Crab nebula, we selected Crab OFF-source data at various Galactic latitudes, in order to analyse the diffuse emission. Selection criteria were applied to the sky position, atmospheric conditions, and detector stability. Results. We obtained 108 mn of data in the Galactic anticentre region, providing the first upper limits of around 100 GeV to the diffuse γ-ray emission with atmospheric Cherenkov detectors. These limits are φ UL (E > 140 GeV) = 9.4 × 10 −3 m −2 s −1 sr −1 and φ UL (E > 120 GeV) = 1.2 × 10 −2 m −2 s −1 sr −1 .
Effect analysis of magnet on Ld and Lq inductance of permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor using finite element method

This study investigates the characteristics of permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMASynRM) using coupled FEM and Preisach modelling. The focus of this paper is the characteristics analysis of d, q axis inductance according to magnetizing direction and quantity of interior permanent magnet for PMASynRM. Investigation on nonlinear characteristic of the machine is performed by Preisach's theory application. Comparisons are given with characteristics of normal synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) and those according to the quantity of residual flux density (0.3 T and 0.4 T) in PMASynRM, respectively.
A curtailed task for quantitative evaluation of visuomotor adaptation in the head-mounted display virtual reality environment

To accurately perform a goal-directed movement in continuously changing environments, it is unavoidable for individuals to adapt accordingly. The cerebellum has been known to be responsible for such process, specifically adaptation using sensorimotor information. As shown in previous studies, using HMD-VR technology in an experimental setting has similar advantages as in the real-world environment: researchers can manipulate the experimental environment, precisely control the experiments, and quantitatively analyze errors in real time. Moreover, the HMD-VR environment provides high immersiveness and embodiment which even enhance motor learning and increase engagement and motivation of individuals more than real-world environments do. In our HMD-VR-based task, the subjects were trained to adapt to a condition in which the visual information was artificially 20°clockwise rotated from the actual cursor movement. The subjects used a virtual reality tracker to move the cursor from a starting point to a target that appeared randomly at five locations, 20 cm from the starting point with an interval of 15°. Although no significant side effects were expected from experiencing the HMD-VR environment, we considered the appropriate number of trials for patients with cerebellar disease for future use in clinical settings. To examine the feasibility of our task for analysis of visuomotor adaptation pattern as shown in a real-world-based task, we created and compared two paradigms with a difference in the number of trials. As we expected, the results showed that the heading angle error decreased as the participants of both paradigms continued the task and that there was no significant difference between the two paradigms. Next, we applied our short task paradigm to patients diagnosed with cerebellar ataxia and age-matched controls for further examination of applicability to diagnosis and rehabilitation of the patients. As a result, we observed the distinguishable adaptation pattern of the patient group by using our paradigm. Overall, the results suggest that our paradigm is feasible to analyze the visuomotor adaptation pattern of healthy individuals and patients with cerebellar ataxia so may contribute to the clinical field.
Numerical simulation of substation grounding system in low‐frequency domain based on the boundary element method with linear basis function

In order to improve the precision of electrical grounding system simulations, we have developed a new application based on the 1D Galerkin boundary element method using linear basis functions. The calculations described here can be used to simulate and analyze complex structures located anywhere within a multi‐layer earth model. We introduce a quasi‐static complex image method implemented by the matrix pencil approach, which results in a closed‐form for Green's function. The resulting application is very efficient, requiring only a few minutes on a Pentium 4 computer to simulate realistic systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radial mixing in protoplanetary accretion disks IV. Metamorphosis of the silicate dust complex

The outer regions of protoplanetary accretion discs are formed by material from the parent molecular cloud of the freshly forming stars. The interstellar dust in this material is a mixture of species which does not correspond to any kind of chemical equilibrium state between the solid and gaseous phases. Mass accretion carries this material into the warm inner disc zones where chemical and physical processes are activated which convert the non-equilibrium solid-gas mixture into a chemical equilibrium mixture. Part of the equilibrated material is then mixed outwards by turbulent diffusion and large-scale circulation currents. This work specifically considers the evolution of the main dust components, viz. from the interstellar mixture of amorphous Mg-Fe-silicates, into a chemical equilibrium mixture of crystalline Mg-silicates, and iron. The basic set of equations for calculating the evolution of a mixture of silicates and iron is derived. Model calculations based on stationary, one-zone α-discs are combined with the advection-diffusion-reaction equations for the dust evolution to study the interstellar to equilibrium dust conversion and the radial mixing of equilibrated dust into the outer disc regions. This determines the mixture of the main dust components which form the mineral inventory of planetesimals. It is found that the results of the model calculation for the resulting mineral mixture are in rough agreement with the composition of matrix material of primitive meteorites and dust in cometary nuclei.
Geraniol-a potential alternative to antibiotics for bovine mastitis treatment without disturbing the host microbial community or causing drug residues and resistance

Mastitis is one of the most prevalent diseases of dairy cows. Currently, mastitis treatment in dairy cows is mainly based on antibiotics. However, the use of antibiotics causes adverse effects, including drug resistance, drug residues, host-microbiome destruction, and environmental pollution. The present study sought to investigate the potentiality of geraniol as an alternative to antibiotics for bovine mastitis treatment in dairy cows. Additionally, the effectiveness of treatment, improvement in inflammatory factors, the influence on microbiome, presence of drug residues, and drug resistance induction were compared and analyzed comprehensively.Geraniol showed an equivalent therapeutic rate as antibiotics in the mouse infection model and cows with mastitis. Moreover, geraniol significantly inhibited the pathogenic bacteria and restored the microbial community while increasing the abundance of probiotics in milk. Notably, geraniol did not destroy the gut microbial communities in cows and mice, whereas antibiotics significantly reduced the diversity and destroyed the gut microbial community structure. Additionally, no geraniol residue was detected in milk four days after treatment discontinuation, but, antibiotic residues were detected in milk at the 7th day after drug withdrawal. In vitro experiments revealed that geraniol did not induce drug resistance in the Escherichia coli strain ATCC25922 and Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC25923 after 150 generations of culturing, while antibiotics induced resistance after 10 generations. These results suggest that geraniol has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects similar to antibiotics without affecting the host-microbial community structure or causing drug residues and resistance. Therefore, geraniol can be a potential substitute for antibiotics to treat mastitis or other infectious diseases and be widely used in the dairy industry.
Controllable regions of LTI discrete-time systems with input saturation

In this paper, we present a formula to compute the vertices of the (null) controllable regions for general LTI discrete-time systems with bounded inputs. For n/sup th/ order systems with only real poles (not necessarily distinct), the formula is simplified to an elementary matrix function, which can be used to show that the set of vertices coincides with a class of time responses of the time-reversed system to bang-bang controls with n-2 or less switches. For second-order systems with a pair of complex conjugate poles, a closed form formula to compute the vertices is provided; the set of vertices can also be obtained from the steady state response of the time-reversed system to a periodic or near periodic bang-bang control. The influence of the sampling period on the controllable regions is clearly demonstrated with some examples. A preliminary investigation is made on the existence of nonlinear controllers and the nonexistence of linear controllers to achieve certain stabilization tasks.
Application of the Stokes Drag on Spheroids to the Drag on Disks and Cylinders

Abstract The measured drag forces on cylinders and disks obtained by Jayaweera and Cottis and by Kajikawa are compared with those computed for Stokes flow around equivalent spheroids. For both the disks and cylinders, comparisons an made both for flow parallel to and perpendicular to the solids' symmetry axes. The ratios of measured to Stokes drag forces range from 0.59 to 1.14 and cover Reynolds numbers ranging from 1.6 × 10−3 to 2.0 × 10−1. Thus these results allow for the convenient calculation, using the Stokes drag expression, of the terminal velocities of ice crystals falling in the atmosphere with major dimensions of up to a few tens of microns.
Initial Point Search on Weighted Trees

An initial point search game on a weighted graph involves a searcher who wants to minimize search and travel costs seeking a hider who wants to maximize these costs. The searcher starts from a specified vertex 0 and searches each vertex in some order. The hider chooses a nonzero vertex and remains there. We solve the game in which the graph is a simple tree, and use this solution to solve a search game on a tree in which each branch is itself a weighted graph with a certain property, and the searcher is obliged to search the entire branch before departing. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On positive convolution operators for Jacobi series

1.1. In a preceding paper [2] the author has started the study of approximation of functions by processes, which are generated by the use of summability methods for the expansion of the functions in terms of Jacobi polynomials. The summability methods can be interpreted as convolution operators, if the convolution structure for Jacobi series, defined by Askey and Wainger [1], is used. By means of some general theorems on approximation processes on Banach spaces, (Berens [3]), it is possible to characterize the saturation class and the classes of non-optimal approximation of a number of classical summability methods for the summation of the Fourier-Jacobi series. This paper deals with saturation of positive convolution operators and the main part is a theorem of the Tureckii [10] —DeVore [4] type, which determines the saturation order and the saturation class of a sequence of positive convolution operators, satisfying a special condition on the Fourier-Jacobi coefficients of the kernel. The proof is a straight-forward generalization of DeVore's proof in the case of Fourier series. As applications, the saturation class of the higher order Jackson kernel and some other positive kernels are characterized.
Evaluating the Impact of the COSMIC RO Bending Angle Data on Predicting the Heavy Precipitation Episode on 16 June 2008 during SoWMEX-IOP8

AbstractGlobal positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data have been broadly used in global and regional numerical weather predictions. Assimilation with the bending angle often performs better than refractivity, which is inverted from the bending angle under spherical assumption and is sometimes associated with negative biases at the lower troposphere; however, the bending angle operator also requires a higher model top as used in global models. This study furnishes the feasibility of bending-angle assimilation in the prediction of heavy precipitation systems with a regional model. The local RO operators for simulating bending angle and refractivity are implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)–local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) framework. The impacts of assimilating RO data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) using both operators are evaluated on the prediction of a heavy precipitation episode during Southwest Monso.
Mid-Term Clinical and Radiological Results at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Türkiye: Is Residual Varus Really Important After Mechanically-Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty?

Introduction: Traditionally, in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), it is aimed to keep the mechanical axis of the lower extremity neutral (mechanical alignment: 3° varus-valgus in the coronal plane) to improve long-term outcomes. This study aimed to assess the mid-term radiological and clinical results of patients with postoperative residual varus (more than 3° of varus) after mechanically-aligned TKA. Methods: A total of 616 individuals who had undergone TKA for primary knee osteoarthritis between 2008 and 2013 in our tertiary care hospital were retrospectively examined. All TKAs were performed with the mechanical alignment strategy. For radiological evaluation, hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, knee alignment angle (KAA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), knee inclination (KI), joint line orientation angle relative to ground (JLOA-G), posterior tibial slope (PS), joint line convergence angle (JLCA) were measured. Besides, patients’ latest radiographs were screened for any clue of aseptic loosening or mechanical failure. Knee Society Score (KSS) (knee and functional subgroups), and Lysholm, Oxford, and Tegner scores were used for clinical evaluation. In addition, knee flexion and extension limitations were assessed. Results: After applying the exclusion criteria, a minimum of five-year follow-up result of 110 patients was demonstrated. There were 101 females (92%) and nine males (8%). The mean follow-up time was 65.8 ± 6.3 months (range: 60.8-75.8 years). The mean age was 65.9 ± 7.7 years (range: 39 to 89 years). The preoperative mean mechanical axis angle of the lower extremity was 17.3° ± 7.8° (range: 13.4-43.9°), whereas it was 8.3° ± 3.6° (range: 3.2-19.8°) postoperatively. The preoperative mean flexion angle was 90.7° ± 23.8° (range: 40-130°), and the extension limitation was -2.5° ± 7.4° (range: -40-0°), whereas, postoperatively, they were 102.8° ± 15.4° (range from 40° to 150°) and -3.7° ± 7.5° (range from -40° to 0°), respectively. The latest follow-up's mean KSS knee subgroup was 67 ± 18.4 (range: 12-93), the mean KSS functional subgroup was 74 ± 23.6 (range: 20-100), the mean Lysholm score was 81.7 ± 15.7 (range:25-100), the mean Tegner score was 3.65 ± 0.99 (range: 1-5), the mean Oxford score was 37.4 ± 6.5 (range: 9-48). There was no patient with aseptic loosening or mechanical failure. Conclusions: In the mid-term follow-up of patients with residual varus after mechanically-aligned TKA, satisfactory clinical and radiological results were obtained without aseptic loosening or implant failure.