Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2: Large scale climate features and constraining climate sensitivity

The Pliocene epoch has great potential to improve our understanding of the long-term climatic and environmental 35 consequences of an atmospheric CO2 concentration near ~400 parts per million by volume. Here we present the large-scale features of Pliocene climate as simulated by a new ensemble of climate models of varying complexity and spatial resolution and based on new reconstructions of boundary conditions (the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2; PlioMIP2). As a global annual average, modelled surface air temperatures increase by between 1.7 and 5.2 °C relative to pre-industrial with a multi-model mean value of 3.2°C. Annual mean total precipitation rates increase by 7% (range: 2%-13%). On average, 40 surface air temperature (SAT) increases by 4.3°C over the land and 2.8°C over the oceans. There is a clear pattern of polar amplification with warming polewards of 60°N and 60°S exceeding the global mean warming by a factor of 2.3. In the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, meridional temperature gradients are reduced, while tropical zonal gradients remain largely unchanged. There is a statistically significant relationship between a model’s climate response associated with a doubling in CO2 (Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity; ECS) and its simulated Pliocene surface temperature response. The mean ensemble Earth 45 system response to doubling of CO2 (including ice sheet feedbacks) is 67% greater than ECS, this is larger than the increase of 47% obtained from the PlioMIP1 ensemble. Proxy-derived estimates of Pliocene sea-surface temperatures are used to assess model estimates of ECS and give a range of ECS between 2.6 and 4.8°C. This result is in general accord with the range in ECS presented by previous IPCC Assessment Reports.
Response to Review Comments for A Decade of GOSAT Proxy XCH4 Observations

This work presents the latest release (v9.0) of the University of Leicester GOSAT Proxy XCH4 dataset. Since the launch of the GOSAT satellite in 2009, this data has been produced by the UK National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) as part of the ESA Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI) and Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S) projects. With now over a decade of observations, we outline the many scientific studies achieved using past versions of this data in order to highlight how this latest version may be used in the future. 5 We describe in detail how the data is generated, providing information and statistics for the entire processing chain from the L1B spectral data through to the final quality-filtered column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCH4) data. We show that out of the 19.5 million observations made between April 2009 and December 2019, we determine that 7.3 million of these are sufficiently cloud-free (37.6%) to process further and ultimately obtain 4.6 million (23.5%) high-quality XCH4 observations. We separate these totals by observation mode (land and ocean sun-glint) and by month, to provide data users with the expected 10 data coverage, including highlighting periods with reduced observations due to instrumental issues. We perform extensive validation of the data against the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), comparing to ground-based observations at 22 locations worldwide. We find excellent agreement to TCCON, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.92 for the 88,345 co-located measurements. The single measurement precision is found to be 13.72 ppb and an overall global bias of 9.06 ppb is determined and removed from the Proxy XCH4 data. Additionally, we validate the separate 15 components of the Proxy (namely the modelled XCO2 and the XCH4/XCO2 ratio) and find these to be in excellent agreement with TCCON. In order to show the utility of the data for future studies, we compare against simulated XCH4 from the TM5 model. We find a high degree of consistency between the model and observations throughout both space and time. When focusing on specific regions, we find average differences ranging from just 3.9 ppb to 15.4 ppb. We find the phase and magnitude of the 20 seasonal cycle to be in excellent agreement, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.93 and a mean seasonal cycle amplitude difference across all regions of -0.84 ppb.
Postharvest quality of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) affected by pre-storage application of salicylic acid.

Kiwifruit (Actindia deliciosa cv. Hayward) is commonly cultivated in the north part of Iran. In this research, fruits at commercial maturity stage were immersed in 1mM salicylic acid (SA) solution for 3.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 min, stored at 0.5 o C up to 90 days. Physicochemical properties of fruits including weight losses, skin and flesh color, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH and sensory properties were monitored during storage. The results showed that fruit weight loss significantly decreased in all dipping time in comparison to control. Dipped fruits in SA solution for 5, 7.5 and 10 minutes had higher firmness and lower TSS than 3.5 min dipping time and control. Furthermore, no significant changes were observed in TA and pH during storage in all treatments. A high levels of skin and flesh L* values were observed in fruits which maintained for one month than those stored for two and three months. Besides, a* and b* values of flesh and skin at each sampling date had not significant differences with control. Generally, flesh L* value decreased during storage at 90 days. Flesh a* value was more negative in the first month that referred to enhancement of flesh green color in all treatments. SA application was not influenced on b* value in comparison to control. The content of vitamin C was not changed in response to different dipping time of SA solutions. In the sensory test, fruits which dipped in SA solution for 5 and 7.5 min appeared an Overall Liking appearance as commented by assessors.
Real-Time Hand Detection Based on YOLOv3

In this paper, a rapid detection method of human hand is proposed, which can determine the position of human hand in real time. Since YOLOv3 shows good accuracy in the ﬁeld of object detection, a detection method based on YOLOv3 is proposed. Because of the larger model after training and the high demand for the computing power of the platform, the model is difﬁcult to be applied to embedded devices. In order to solve the problem of large model, a new network slimming method is proposed in this paper. The method combines channel pruning and layer pruning to compress the model, and ﬁnally the precision is picked up by ﬁne-tuning. The sparsity training step for the model is required before the pruning operation and this step can be applied to any typical CNNs or fully connected networks. The experimental results demonstrate that the mAP (Mean Average Precision) reaches 0.76, and the inference speed reaches 9.0 ms. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is capable of real-time detection.
Trade-Offs between Fairness and Interpretability in Machine Learning

In this work, we look at cases where we want a clas-siﬁer to be both fair and interpretable, and ﬁnd that it is necessary to make trade-offs between these two properties. We have theoretical results to demonstrate this tension between the two requirements. More speciﬁcally, we consider a formal framework to build simple classiﬁers as a means to attain interpretability, and show that simple classiﬁers are strictly improvable, in the sense that every simple classiﬁer can be replaced by a more complex clas-siﬁer that strictly improves both fairness and accuracy.
Application of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry to the Analysis of Planar Porphyrins and Highly Substituted Nonplanar Porphyrins

The applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform mass spectrometry to the analysis of porphyrins has been examined. High resolution spectra were readily obtained with good sensitivity and a detection limit as low as 2 fmol. A mixed solvent system of toluene and ethanol (1:1 by volume) proved to be compatible with the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix and solubilized most of the porphyrins examined in this study. Porphyrins which were insoluble in this solvent mixture could be dissolved in an appropriate solvent and deposited on a layer of DHB (layered MALDI). The parent ion was generally the largest peak in the spectrum, although for some metalloporphyrins the peak corresponding to (M – metal + 3H)+ was dominant. The extent of demetallation was found to depend on factors such as sample preparation, the metal ion and the laser intensity. Addition of more than one hydrogen occurred in many cases but was a minor process. Spectra of compounds ionized by different methods showed increasing fragmentation in the order MALDI < layered MALDI < fast-atom bombardment < laser desorption.
Principals’ Quality Control Measures and Secondary School Goal Attainment in Obudu Local Government Area, Cross River State-Nigeria

This study investigated quality control measures adopted by school principals to enhance attainment of secondary education goals in Obudu Local Government Area in Cross River State. Specifically, the study assessed the relationship between quality control measures of effective instructional supervision, teacher performance evaluation and secondary school goal attainment. To achieve the purpose of the study, two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Survey research design was adopted for the study, all the 26 principals of public secondary schools in Obudu LGA were both the population and sample for the study using the census approach. An instrument tittled: Principals’ Quality Control Measures and Secondary School Goal Attainment Questionnaire (PQCMSSGAQ) was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by five experts in Educational Management and Educational Measurement and Evaluation in University of Calabar. The instrument obtained a reliability coefficients ranging from . 75-. 81 using the split half method. Data was collected and analyzed through Pearson product moment correlation analysis, the results of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between effective instructional supervision, teacher performance evaluation and secondary school goal attainment. It was therefore recommended that principals should constantly carry out routine and periodic instructional supervision and teacher performance evaluation to fast track secondary school goal attainment. Keywords— principal, quality, control, secondary school, goal attainment.
Application of two-step composting process to rice straw compost

Abstract A two-step composting process was applied for converting rice straw into compost with a high cation exchange capacity and humic acid content. The 1st step of fermentation (hereafter refered to as istSF) involved lignin degradation using white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor, and the 2nd step of fermentation (2ndSF) involved a general composting process. The amount of lignin decreased by 4.1 and 10.1% during the second and fourth weeks of the IstSF by C. versicolor, respectively. The cation exchange capacity of the compost from fermented rice straw which after 4 weeks was 28 meq/100 g at the initial stage of the 2ndSF increased to 74 meq/100 g after the 2ndSF for a period of 4 weeks using sewage sludge as seed source. On the other hand the cation exchange capacity increased from 25 meq/100 g at the initial stage of the 2ndSF to 60 meq/100 g when only 2ndSF was applied. Humic acid content after the 2ndSF for a period of 4 weeks was 7.3% in the compost from fermented rice straw and 6.0% in the unferm.
Earthquake Rupture on Multiple Splay Faults and Its Effect on Tsunamis

Detailed imaging of accretionary wedges reveals splay fault networks that could pose a significant tsunami hazard. However, the dynamics of multiple splay fault activation during megathrust earthquakes and the consequent effects on tsunami generation are not well understood. We use a 2‐D dynamic rupture model with complex topo‐bathymetry and six curved splay fault geometries constrained from realistic tectonic loading modeled by a geodynamic seismic cycle model with consistent initial stress and strength conditions. We find that all splay faults rupture coseismically. While the largest splay fault slips due to a complex rupture branching process from the megathrust, all other splay faults are activated either top down or bottom up by dynamic stress transfer induced by trapped seismic waves. We ascribe these differences to local non‐optimal fault orientations and variable along‐dip strength excess. Generally, rupture on splay faults is facilitated by their favorable stress orientations and low strength excess as a result of high pore‐fluid pressures. The ensuing tsunami modeled with non‐linear 1‐D shallow water equations consists of one high‐amplitude crest related to rupture on the longest splay fault and a second broader wave packet resulting from slip on the other faults. This results in two episodes of flooding and a larger run‐up distance than the single long‐wavelength (300 km) tsunami sourced by the megathrust‐only rupture. Since splay fault activation is determined by both variable stress and strength conditions and dynamic activation, considering both tectonic and earthquake processes is relevant for understanding tsunamigenesis.
Iterated dilated convolutional neural networks for word segmentation

: The latest development of neural word segmentation is governed by bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory Networks (Bi-LSTMs) that utilize Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) as standard sequence tagging models, resulting in expressive and accurate performance on large-scale dataset. However, RNNs are not adapted to fully exploit the parallelism capability of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), limiting their computational eﬃciency in both learning and inferring phases. This paper proposes a novel approach adopting Iterated Dilated Convolu-tional Neural Networks (ID-CNNs) to supersede Bi-LSTMs for faster computation while retaining accuracy. Our implementation has achieved state-of-the-art result on SIGHAN Bakeoﬀ 2005 datasets. Extensive experiments showed that our approach with ID-CNNs enables 3 × training time speedups with no accuracy loss, achieving better accuracy compared to the prevailing Bi-LSTMs. Source code and corpora of this paper have been made publicly available on GitHub 1 .
CORPORATE ACCOUNTING REGIME AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

Following the adoption of new corporate accounting regime which brings Vietnamese accounting standards closer to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Vietnam as of January 1, 2015, this study examines its impact on earnings management of Vietnamese listed firms. The sample comprises of top 100 listed firms in Vietnam. Specifically, financial statement figures of pre-adoption period and post-adoption are utilized. Descriptive statistics and least square regression are conducted to analyse the effect of new corporate accounting regime adoption on earnings management. To examine earnings management from the perspective of managing earnings toward a positive target, this study pools all observations for the pre-adoption and the post-adoption periods to measure the frequency of small positive earnings. The finding suggests that there has been an improvement to accounting quality after Vietnamese listed firms moved to new corporate accounting regime. In particular, the result indicates that the pervasiveness of earnings management by way of smoothing has reduced post-adoption.
IL-18 Gene Polymorphisms Impacts on Its Serum Levels in Prostate Cancer Iraqi Patients

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. A total of 110 Iraqi Arab individuals were included in this study; 60 individuals of them had prostate cancer with increased levels of TPSA (patients group); their age range 52-90 years. They were referred for diagnosis and treatment to the National Al-Amal Hospital for oncology in Baghdad during the period from July 2017 to October 2017. While the other 50 apparently healthy subjects were the control group, their age range similar to patients group. Sera and blood samples were collected from all patients and controls than used to assess for the level of IL-18 and DNA extraction, respectively. The polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-single specific primer (PCR-SSP), at the position -137 G\C (rs187238) in the promoter of IL18 gene. The genetic polymorphism of the IL18 gene promoter -137G/C (rs187238) was determined and presented with three genotypes (GG, GC, and CC) in prostate cancer patients and controls. Testing for Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium revealed that Prostate cancer patients showed insignificant variation in the distribution of IL-18 -137 genotypes (P> 0.05). While the control samples showed significant variation (p â‰¤0.05) between the observed and expected. Comparing patients with controls indicated that IL-18-137 alleles or genotypes showed no association with the risk of prostate cancer development in Iraqi Arab population or protection against them. Serum level of IL-18 was highly significant (P â‰¤ 0.001) increased in patients compared to control. The IL-18 serum levels differences in GG and GC genotypes was significant (p <0.05) between patients and control. While there were no significant differences between the three IL-18 -137 genotypes inpatient or in controls.
Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (Stem cells) therapy for pre-collapse stage of AVN of femoral head: An interventional comparative study

Introduction: Osteonecrosis of the hip is an incapacitating disease where the goal of management is to diagnose and treat it early in the pre-collapse stage. Core decompression (CD) is an established modality to treat the pre- collapse stage. We aimed to evaluate the outcome of CD alone versus CD with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate infiltration. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cum prospective cross sectional randomized study comparing CD and CD + BMAC. Post-operative radiographs were taken and the patient was reviewed every 3 months with radiographs. Harris Hip score (HHS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score were assessed on the follow up. A paired-T test was used for analysis of results. Results: 23 patients (32 hips) were included in which 15 hips were treated in the form of CD+ BMAC and 17 hips treated with CD alone with a mean follow up 14.4 months for the study. There was significantly lowered Harris Hip Score in the Core Decompression group and a significantly lowered VAS score (i.e. reduced pain) in the Core Decompression + BMAC group. As compared to the pre-op Harris hip Score, the follow up HHS increased in 8 of the 15 patients in CD+BMAC group and 2 of the 17 patients in CD group. As compared to the pre-op VAS Score, the follow up VAS reduced in 8 of the 15 patients in CD+BMAC group and 2 of the 17 patients in CD group. Conclusion: Our study concludes that BMAC + CD is a safe, efficient and a less technically demanding modality for the treatment of non-traumatic avascular necrosis of femoral head in pre-collapse stage. BMAC significantly improves the results of Core decompression both functionally and radiologically. Patient satisfaction and pain relief is better than CD alone.
Attributes of Coffee Shop as Antecedent of Customer Satisfaction

This study was conduct to examine the effect of attributes coffee shop to customer satisfaction in Indonesian coffee shop industry. Furthermore, this study is also examined customer loyalty as consequences of customer satisfaction. Five attributes of coffee shop were identified as having potential to be antecedent of customer satisfaction. The five attributes were: store atmosphere, employee attitude, IT service, coffee quality, and price fairness. This study used online questionnaire which is adopted from the previous studies. The online questionnaires were used Google Form and shared through various social media platform. A total 851 respondents from 34 province in Indonesia were involved but only 350 respondents were qualified. KMO Factor analysis and regression analysis were performed to identify the validity of items and examine the relationship among variables. The results revealed that five of six hypothesized were statistically significant. Coffee quality was recognized as attribute of coffee shop which is produce the highest effects to customer satisfaction. Moreover, the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty was found positive. However, We found the IT service variable is not significant.
Production potential and economic feasibility of citronella based intercropping with Kharif maize and Bajra at different doses of fertilizer in central plain Zone of U.P. (India)

It would be justified to accept that inter cropping system will attract increasing attention to overcome ecological constraints. Intercropping is an excellent technique to increase total yield, higher monitory return, greater resource utilization, risk management and to fulfil the diversified need of the farmers. The different farmers thus have more or less land, money and access to information and technologies. In short, it is the money or financial conditions that allow the farmers to take up different farming practices and agricultural technologies. There is a correlation between higher inputs and yield. Thus, the farmer’s purchasing capacity for inputs decides cropping system and production practices. Therefore, production practices can be at different levels. The experiment was laid out in randomize block design with 09 treatment of cropping systems with different combination [sole citronella, sole maize, sole bajra, citronella + Maize (100% RDF), citronella + Maize (75% RDF), citronella + Maize (50% RDF), citronella + bajra (100% RDF), citronella + bajra (75% RDF), citronella + bajra (50% RDF)], were replicated four time. Sole treatments with 100%RDF treated as control. Cultivation of citronella sole crop was superior over sole maize and sole bajra cropping system. In intercropping system the highest citronella equivalent oil yield was found in citronella + maize 100% RDF followed by 75% and 50% RDF system, respectively. The highest net return was found in citronella + maize 100% RDF and B:C ratio highest is sole citronella 3.79 followed by C+M with 50% RDF intercrop system with B:C ratio 3.75.
Procedural Justice and Employee Engagement of Insurance Firms in Port Harcourt , Nigeria

editornirajournals@gmail.com 25 INTRODUCTION Employee engagement is currently drawing a lot of interest among various professionals, practitioners and consultants in the business world (Saks, 2006). It has evolved to become one of the most popular concepts in the field of organizational behaviour and management; forming a fundamental factor and feature of employee survey instruments utilized in the generation of social or management related data (Bailey, Madden, Alfes & Fletcher, 2017). NATIONAL INNOVATION AND RESEARCH ACADEMIA International Journal of Business and Economics ISSN: 2713-4695. Volume 8, Issue 1. Pages 25 39. February, 2020 Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal editornirajournals@gmail.com