Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Critical Review of Global Surface Temperature Data Products

There are three main global temperature histories: the combined CRU-Hadley record (HADCRU), the NASA-GISS (GISTEMP) record, and the NOAA record. All three global averages depend on the same underlying land data archive, the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). Because of this reliance on GHCN, its quality deficiencies will constrain the quality of all derived products. The number of weather stations providing data to GHCN plunged in 1990 and again in 2005. The sample size has fallen by over 75% from its peak in the early 1970s, and is now smaller than at any time since 1919. The collapse in sample size has increased the relative fraction of data coming from airports to about 50 percent (up from about 30 percent in the 1970s). It has also reduced the average latitude of source data and removed relatively more high-altitude monitoring sites. Oceanic data are based on sea surface temperature (SST) rather than marine air temperature (MAT). All three global products rely on SST series derived from the ICOADS archive. ICOADS observations were primarily obtained from ships that voluntarily monitored SST. Prior to the post-war era, coverage of the southern oceans and polar regions was very thin. Coverage has improved partly due to deployment of buoys, as well as use of satellites to support extrapolation. Ship-based readings changed over the 20th century from bucket-and-thermometer to engine-intake methods, leading to a warm bias as the new readings displaced the old. Until recently it was assumed that bucket methods disappeared after 1941, but this is now believed not to be the case, which may necessitate a major revision to the 20th century ocean record. There is evidence that SST trends overstate nearby MAT trends. The quality of data over land, namely the raw temperature data in GHCN, depends on the validity of adjustments for known problems due to urbanization and land-use change. The adequacy of these adjustments has been tested in three different ways, with two of the three finding evidence that they do not suffice to remove warming biases. The overall conclusion of this report is that there are serious quality problems in the surface temperature data sets that call into question whether the global temperature history, especially over land, can be considered both continuous and precise. Users should be aware of these limitations, especially in policy-sensitive applications.
Improving Teachers’ Ability in integrating Character education into Mathematics Subject Matter through Lesson Study in Group V Sukasada Sub-District

This research belongs to lesson study which aims at improving elementary schools’ teachers competency in integrating character education in mathematics subject matter started from designing lesson plan to the implementation. Besides, the quality of character values was observed as shown by the students during the instructions as the results of the improvement of teachers’ competency. the study was conducted in group V Sukasada sub-district which consist of 9 units of schools and the subjects were the teachers of the fourth grade students. the data about teachers’ ability in designing the lesson plan and conducting the instructions by inserting characters values was gathered by using instruments as well as collecting the data about students’ characters during the instructions in each cycle by conducting observation sheet which later was analyzed by using descriptive statistic. the results show that there was any significant improvement on the scores of designing lesson plan designed by the teachers of the fourth graders in group V Sukasada sub-district in each cycle. on cycle I, the mean score was 69.76 by achievement level 58.06%. On cycle II the mean score was 96.67 by achievement level 80.56% and on cycle III the mean score was 109.33 by achievement level 91.11%. Teachers’ ability of conducting character education-based math subject matter was also improved significantly. On cycle I the mean score was 107 by achievement level 62.94%. On cycle II the mean score was 138.67 by achievement level 81.57% and on cycle III was 152 by achievement level 89.41%. the results of observation show that from the 7 characters developed, there were 2 character values which did not improve in each cycle. They were logical thinking and responsibility.
Minimally invasive surgery for benign intradural extramedullary spinal meningiomas: experience of a single institution in a cohort of elderly patients and review of the literature

Meningiomas of the spine are the most common benign intradural extramedullary lesions and account for 25%–46% of all spinal cord tumors in adults. The goal of treatment is complete surgical resection while preserving spinal stability. Usually, these lesions occur in the thoracic region and in middle-aged women. Clinical presentation is usually nonspecific and the symptoms could precede the diagnosis by several months to years, especially in older people, in whom associated age-related diseases can mask the tumor for a long time. We report a series of 30 patients, aged 70 years or more, harboring intradural extramedullary spinal meningiomas. No subjects had major contraindications to surgery. A minimally invasive approach ( hemilaminectomy and preservation of the outer dural layer) was used to remove the tumor, while preserving spinal stability and improving the watertight dural closure. We retrospectively compared the outcomes in these patients with those in a control group subjected to laminectomy or laminotomy with different dural management. In our experience, the minimally invasive approach allows the same chances of complete tumor removal, while providing a better postoperative course than in a control group.
Comparative Analyses of Expected Shortfall and Value-at-Risk (3): Their Validity under Market Stress

In this paper, we compare value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall under market stress. Assuming that the multivariate extreme value distribution represents asset returns under market stress, we simulate asset returns with this distribution. With these simulated asset returns, we examine whether market stress affects the properties of VaR and expected shortfall. Our findings are as follows. First, VaR and expected shortfall may underestimate the risk of securities with fat- tailed properties and a high potential for large losses. Second, VaR and expected shortfall may both disregard the tail dependence of asset returns. Third, expected shortfall has less of a problem in disregarding the fat tails and the tail dependence than VaR does.
Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of lettuce in the southwest region of the State of Paraná, Brazil.

The evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) of lettuce were determined in two growing seasons (winter and autumn) using percolation lysimeters. During the winter and autumn growing seasons, total ETc average observed was, respectively, 162 mm and 181 mm. The Kc reached in both growing seasons its maximum in the moment of harvest. In winter and autumn the maximum value of Kc was nearly 1.40. This value is bigger than Kc suggested by FAO (1.00). By linear regression was ascertained what Kc values seemed to be strongly related to plant development. Key-words: irrigation; lysimeter; water consumption; Lactuca sativa.
AKUNTABILITAS DAN TRANSPARANSI PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN PADA PANTI ASUHAN AL MAA’UUN

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses perolehan dana, bagaimana pengelolaan dana, serta bagaimana menjaga akuntabilitas dan transparansi pada Lembaga panti asuhan muhammadiyah Al maa’uun Balong Ponorogo. Dalam hal perolehan dana, pihak panti asuhan memperoleh dana dari pihak pemerintah yang diberikan 2 kali dalam setahun. Selain itu juga berasal dari donatur tetap maupun donatur tidak tetap. Dana yang sudah diterima kemudian dikelola oleh pihak pengurus panti asuhan didasarkan atas kebutuhan anak asuh. Dalam hal pengelolaan keuangan semua diawali dengan perencanaan, penyusunan dan pertanggungjawaban. Akuntabilitas pengelolaan dana, pihak pengelola panti asuhan mewujudkan melalui pembuatan laporan rutin setiap bulan sesuai kondisi riil. Untuk mewujudkan transparansi, selama ini diwujudkan dengan memberikan hasil laporan bulanan kepada donatur tetap dan kepada pemerintah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses perolehan dana, bagaimana pengelolaandana, serta bagaimana menjaga akuntabilitas dan transparansi pada Lembaga panti asuhanmuhammadiyah Al maa’uun Balong Ponorogo. Dalam hal perolehan dana, pihak panti asuhanmemperoleh dana dari pihak pemerintah yang diberikan 2 kali dalam setahun. Selain itu juga berasaldari donatur tetap maupun donatur tidak tetap. Dana yang sudah diterima kemudian dikelola olehpihak pengurus panti asuhan didasarkan atas kebutuhan anak asuh. Dalam hal pengelolaan keuangansemua diawali dengan perencanaan, penyusunan dan pertanggungjawaban. Akuntabilitas pengelolaandana, pihak pengelola panti asuhan mewujudkan melalui pembuatan laporan rutin setiap bulan sesuaikondisi riil. Untuk mewujudkan transparansi, selama ini diwujudkan dengan memberikan hasillaporan bulanan kepada donatur tetap dan kepada pemerintah.
On estimation of the displacement in an earthquake source and of source dimensions

The study of an earthquakes mechanism is usually finished bythe determination of a fault piane and the direction of displacementalong it. In many aspects of geodynamics and seismology it wouldbe very important to estimate also the dimensions of a source and cliiefly— the magnitude of the displacement in it.This problem can be reduced to the comparing of fields of sfaticaistress before an earthquake and after it. The difference of energies ofthese two fields depends upon source properties in question; lience it ispossible to determine dimensions of the source and the displacementin it if the forni of the source and the difference of the energies be known.The energy difference can be found from observations on the seismicwaves energy.The idea of such an approach belongs to L. Knopoff. He solved thetwo — dimensionai problem which. deals with the study of very strongearthquakes with long faults. The analogica! three — dimensionaiproblem is considered in this paper; it is necessary for studying of morenumerous weaker earthquakes and investigation of some contiguousproblema.
Functional Properties of Human Auditory Cortical Fields

While auditory cortex in non-human primates has been subdivided into multiple functionally specialized auditory cortical fields (ACFs), the boundaries and functional specialization of human ACFs have not been defined. In the current study, we evaluated whether a widely accepted primate model of auditory cortex could explain regional tuning properties of fMRI activations on the cortical surface to attended and non-attended tones of different frequency, location, and intensity. The limits of auditory cortex were defined by voxels that showed significant activations to non-attended sounds. Three centrally located fields with mirror-symmetric tonotopic organization were identified and assigned to the three core fields of the primate model while surrounding activations were assigned to belt fields following procedures similar to those used in macaque fMRI studies. The functional properties of core, medial belt, and lateral belt field groups were then analyzed. Field groups were distinguished by tonotopic organization, frequency selectivity, intensity sensitivity, contralaterality, binaural enhancement, attentional modulation, and hemispheric asymmetry. In general, core fields showed greater sensitivity to sound properties than did belt fields, while belt fields showed greater attentional modulation than core fields. Significant distinctions in intensity sensitivity and contralaterality were seen between adjacent core fields A1 and R, while multiple differences in tuning properties were evident at boundaries between adjacent core and belt fields. The reliable differences in functional properties between fields and field groups suggest that the basic primate pattern of auditory cortex organization is preserved in humans. A comparison of the sizes of functionally defined ACFs in humans and macaques reveals a significant relative expansion in human lateral belt fields implicated in the processing of speech.
Observational and Numerical Studies of the Boundary Layer, Cloud, and Aerosol Variability in the Southeast Pacific Coastal Marine Stratocumulus

Abstract : This dissertation investigates the impacts of meteorological factors and aerosol indirect effects on the costal marine stratocumulus (Sc) variations in the southeast Pacific, a region that has been largely unexplored and is a major challenge of the modeling community, through both observational and numerical studies. This study provides a unique dataset for documenting the characteristics of the marine Sc-topped BL off the coast of Northern Chile. The observational study shows that the boundary layer (BL) over this region was well mixed and topped by a thin and non-drizzling Sc layer on days synoptically-quiescent with little variability between this region and the coast. The surface wind, the surface fluxes and the BL turbulence appeared to be weaker than those over other ocean regions where stratocumulus clouds exist. The weaker turbulence in the BL may contribute to a relatively low entrainment rate calculated from the near cloud top fluxes. This in-situ data set can help us better understand cloud processes within this coastal regime, and also be valuable for the calibration of the satellite retrievals and the evaluation of numerical models operating at a variety of scales. A strong positive correlation between the liquid water path (LWP) and the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) was observed under similar boundary layer conditions. This correlation cannot be explained by some of the hypotheses based on previous modeling studies. The satellite retrievals obtained upstream one day prior to the flight observations reveal some sign that the clouds under the high CCN concentrations have minimal LWP loss due to precipitation suppression effects.
Vertical structure and aboveground biomass of tropical forests from lidar remote sensing

approved: _____________________________________________________ Beverly E. Law Methods for obtaining accurate, spatially explicit estimates of biomass density in tropical forests are required to reduce uncertainties in the global carbon cycle, and to support international climate agreements and emerging carbon markets. Threedimensional (3-D) remote sensing techniques sensitive to the vertical structure of vegetation provide a unique opportunity for mapping and monitoring forest carbon stocks across large areas in the tropics. However, approaches to forest biomass estimation from remotely sensed structure have yet to be fully developed to deliver the required biomass accuracy. In this research, we use airborne laser scanning (ALS), space-based lidar observations (ICESat/GLAS), and detailed in situ measurements made at the Tapajos National Forest, Brazil, to advance methods of biomass estimation in tropical regions from remotely sensed structure. The overall objectives were to (1) test and refine methods for the extraction of structural information from lidar data; (2) determine the accuracy of lidar estimates of structure in relation to detailed field measurements of vertical structure; and (3) develop and validate structure-based models for optimal prediction of aboveground biomass. Because remote sensing approaches to biomass estimation begin with field estimates of biomass, field plot data collected at Tapajos were also used to gain a better understanding of the uncertainty associated with plot-level biomass estimates obtained specifically for calibration of remote sensing data. This included an evaluation of the error resulting from spatial disagreement between field and remote sensing measurements (i.e., co-location error), and the error introduced when accounting for temporal differences in data acquisition. Results show that a new approach to biomass estimation based on Fourier transforms of lidar profiles significantly improves predictions of aboveground biomass ranging from 2 to 538 Mg ha in primary and secondary forests. Data from two different regions in the Amazon were used to demonstrate and test this method in a range of conditions. The improvement in biomass estimation performance was consistent across sites and the approach was integrated in a multi-stage scaling strategy to biomass estimation to produce a wall-to-wall map of biomass across a large area in the Amazon. ©Copyright by Fabio Guimaraes Goncalves November 21, 2014 All Rights Reserved Vertical Structure and Aboveground Biomass of Tropical Forests from Lidar Remote Sensing by Fabio Guimaraes Goncalves
Bringing life history theory into relationship science

Correspondence Jeffry A. Simpson, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Email: simps108@umn.edu In this article, I review three longitudinal studies that have investigated how exposure to more versus less predictable environments shunt individuals down different developmental pathways. After describing key principles of life history theory and how stress can shape social development over time, I discuss an interrelated set of findings from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation. Collectively, these studies reveal the pathways through which exposure to more unpredictable, chaotic early-life environments prospectively forecast engaging in riskier behaviors and shorter-term, more opportunistic, and less investing orientations to mating and parenting in one or both genders. I conclude by discussing the broader goals underlying this program of research.
Uncertain climate thresholds and economic optimal growth

We explore the combined effects of a climate threshold (a potential ocean thermohaline circulation collapse), parameter uncertainty, and learning in an economic optimal growth model. Our analysis shows that significantly reducing carbon dioxide (CO ) emissions may be profitable to avoid or delay even small (and arguably realistic) damages from an uncertain and irreversible climate change. Future learning does not temper the decision to take precautions against the damages caused by climate thresholds. Parameter uncertainty about the threshold specific damages and the CO level triggering a threshold can act to decrease near-term CO abatements that maximize expected utility.
An aging world: 2008.

One purpose of this report then is to look at past current and projected numbers proportions and growth rates of older populations. Older populations also have increased because of worldwide improvements in health services educational status and economic development. The characteristics of older people are likely to be increasingly heterogeneous within nations. A second purpose of An Aging World: 2008 is to summarize socioeconomic statistics for both developed and developing nations. Comparable data are included for as many as 52 nations when the categories are reasonably consistent. In 2008 these 52 nations (Appendix Table B-1) contained 77 percent of the world’s total population. (Excerpt)
Trajectories of Life Satisfaction: Positive Feedback Loops May Explain Why Life Satisfaction Changes in Multi-Year Waves, Rather than Oscillating Around a Set-Point

Long term panel data enable researchers to construct Life Satisfaction (LS) trajectories for individuals over time. In this paper we analyse the trajectories of respondents in the German Socio-Economic Panel who recorded their LS for 20 consecutive years in 1991-2010. Previous research has shown that at least a quarter of these respondents recorded substantial long term changes in LS (Headey, Muffels and Wagner, 2010, 2012). In this paper, bar charts of LS trajectories, and subsequent statistical analysis, show that respondents tend to spend multiple consecutive years either above and/or below their own 20-year mean level of LS. These results are contrary to set-point theory which views LS as stable, except for short term fluctuations due to major life events. In the later part of the paper we attempt to explain multi-year/medium term changes in LS. We estimate structural equation models with two-way causation between LS and variables usually treated as causes of LS, including health, frequency of physical exercise, frequency of social activities/social participation, and satisfaction with work and leisure. The results are interpreted as showing positive feedback loops between these variables and LS, such that gains and losses of LS tend to be reinforced over time. The models are based on a modified concept of ‘Granger-causation’ (Granger, 1969). The main intuition behind Granger-causation is that if x can be shown to be statistically significantly related to y in a model which includes multiple lags of y, then it can be inferred that x is one cause of y.
Linear Water Waves: A Mathematical Approach

Preface Part I. Time-Harmonic Waves: 1. Green's functions 2. Submerged obstacles 3. Semisubmerged bodies, I 4. Semisubmerged bodies, II 5. Horizontally-periodic trapped waves Part II. Ship Waves on Calm Water: 6. Green's functions 7. The Neumann-Kelvin problem 8. Two-dimensional problem Part III. Unsteady Waves: 9. Submerged obstacles: existence 10. Waves due to rapidly stabilizing and high-frequency disturbances Bibliography Name index Subject index.
Seasonal Movements and Diving of Ringed Seals, Pusa hispida , in the Western Canadian Arctic, 1999–2001 and 2010–11

Satellite-linked time-depth recorders were deployed on 17 ringed seals in early summer in 1999, 2000, and 2010, near the Inuvialuit community of Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada. The main objective was to investigate movements and diving behaviour of ringed seals in the Prince Albert Sound (PAS) and eastern Amundsen Gulf (EAG) regions in relation to season, sex, and age-class. Tags performed well on 16 of 17 tagged seals, with average tracking periods of 256 d (SD 69, range: 134 – 352). Adult and subadult ringed seals traveled considerable distances throughout the open water period (mean = 5844 km, range = 1232 – 9473 km), using vast home ranges during this season, shown with 90 Percent Volume Contours (90 PVC) averaging 122 854 km2 for subadults, 76 658 km2 for adult females, and 21 649 km2 for adult males . Overall, adults spent 69.5% of the observed open water days in foraging/resident mode and 22.8% in traveling mode. The majority (75%) of total observed foraging/resident time was spent in PAS and EAG. Eleven of 12 adults made forays outside EAG and PAS to distant areas, including Prince of Wales Strait (7 seals), Viscount Melville Sound (6), Minto Inlet (4), western Amundsen Gulf (4), and six other zones. During open water season, subadults spent 36.8% traveling and 51.4% foraging/ resident, also mainly in EAG and PAS (61%), but they all traveled to distant zones, eight in total. During winter, all tagged adult females, five of seven adult males, and three of four subadults returned to PAS and EAG to occupy winter home ranges that were on average 15% of the size of the open water home range (mean winter ranges = 1299 km2 for adult males, 3599 km2 for adult females, and 30 499 km2 for subadults). The mean size of the winter home ranges varied by as much as a factor of 10 among the three winters examined. Seal movements were most restricted during the winters with extensive fast ice (1999 – 2000 and 2010 – 11) and least restricted during the winter (2000 – 01) when fast ice did not form in EAG. In winter, adult females made more long, deep dives than either adult males or subadults.