Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internal-liquid-film-cooling Experiments with Air-stream Temperatures to 2000 Degrees F. in 2- and 4-inch-diameter Horizontal Tubes

Report presents the results of an investigation conducted to determine the effectiveness of liquid-cooling films on the inner surfaces of tubes containing flowing hot air. Experiments were made in 2- and 4-inch-diameter straight metal tubes with air flows at temperatures from 600 degrees to 2000 degrees F. and diameter Reynolds numbers from 2.2 to 14 x 10(5). The film coolant, water, was injected around the circumference at a single axial position on the tubes at flow rates from 0.02 to . 24 pound per second per foot of tube circumference (0.8 to 12 percent of the air flow). Liquid-coolant films were established and maintained around and along the tube wall in concurrent flow with the hot air. The results indicated that, in order to film cool a given surface area with as little coolant flow as possible, it may be necessary to limit the flow of coolant introduced at a single axial position and to introduce it at several axial positions. The flow rate of inert coolant required to maintain liquid-film cooling over a given area of tube surface can be estimated when the gas-flow conditions are known by means of a generalized plot of the film-cooling data.
Self‐assembly of folic acid in aqueous media

The self-assembly of folic acid solutions at low concentrations, which has implications in its possible use as a drug delivery carrier, is presented. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to show that folic acid has ordered structures in solution at concentrations lower than 1 wt %, but only in its ionized state. Various microscopy techniques and rheological studies are used to show existence of different phases of the ordered structures in the solution phase as well as the properties of this complex fluid. In conjunction with semiempirical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, the XRD studies help to understand the mechanisms of formation of the ordered phase as well as the structure in solution. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1360–1368, 2013
Reactive Blending of Polyamide 6 and Styrene−Acrylonitrile Copolymer: Influence of Blend Composition and Compatibilizer Concentration on Morphology and Rheology

In this article, we report on the influence of reactive compatibilization on the morphological and rheological properties of blends of polyamide 6 (PA 6) and a styrene−acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN). PA 6/SAN blends with two different composition ratios (70/30 and 30/70) and varying concentration of a styrene acrylonitrile maleic anhydride terpolymer (SANMA) were prepared. During melt mixing, the amino end groups of PA 6 react with the maleic anhydride groups of SANMA. The objective of this work is to study the elastic and viscous properties of the blends in shear and elongation as a function of compatibilizer concentration. The composition ratio of the blends (PA 6 or SAN matrix) has a strong influence on the morphology and rheology of the blends, in particular for large SANMA concentrations. We explain this phenomenon by the asymmetric properties of the reactively compatibilized interface which originates from the comblike architecture of the in situ generated interfacial agent. In linear viscoelastic sh.
In Vitro Degradation of Anthracene by Mycobacterium Sp. GIPAH-01 Isolated fr om Guimaras Island, Philippines

An isolate, coded as GIPAH-01, was resistant to 5 mg/L Fluorene, Pyrene, Anthracene and Naphthalene. Of the four PAHs, Anthracene degradation by whole bacterial cells was assayed in vitro utilizing three levels of temperature (25, 35 and 45�⁄ C), four levels of pH (5 to 8) and Anthracene concentration (1, 3 and 5 mg/L) for six days. Growth analysis at 620 nm OD following statistical analyses showed pH 7 incubated at 35�⁄ C with 1 mg/L Anthracene was construed as the optimum condition for degradation analysis. Comparative growth (620 nm OD) and degradation (238 nm OD) kinetics, following optimum condition, was plotted and inferred that there was an inversely proportional interaction to which: as growth increased, Anthracene OD decreased after six days. Moreover, TLC of test Anthracene showed small developed spot with low intensity as compared with control at 235 nm OD-UV illuminator. Taxon of Anthracene degrading bacteria was identified as Mycobacterium sp. GIPAH-01 based from its morphology and biochemical properties. Results obtained in the degradation analyses of the isolate affirmed its promising biotechnological application in removing PAH in contaminated environment.
Salt-induced ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and filter separation

In this paper, a novel on-line microextraction method based on new principles to generate and separate a dispersive extraction phase is introduced for sample enrichment from water prior to spectrophotometric determination. The dispersed droplets of N-octylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid in the sample were generated by adding sodium perchlorate and collected using regular syringe filters or in-line column filters. As the method is performed by simply mixing and injecting a solution, it eliminates the need for centrifugation, stirring, shaking, and so on. It is suitable for both a fast manual operation and on-line integration with automatic instruments. The time taken for manual extraction was less than two minutes. Reagent consumption is minimized because the typical organic to aqueous phase ratio is as low as 1 μL mL−1 whereas the extraction ratio for Sunset Yellow dyes is over 48%. Six common dyes were used as model compounds to demonstrate this method. The influences of salt concentration, extraction phase volume, filter capacity and elution volumes were studied. Finally, the on-line microextraction and continuous flow spectrophotometric detection system was built and tested. The sensitivities increased 6 to 13 times for different dyes. Commercial soft drinks were used as real samples. The detection limit reached 0.01 μg mL−1 for Sunset Yellow and recoveries ranged from 96% to 115%.
Annealing of nanostructured silver films produced by supersonic deposition of nanoparticles

Silver nanostructured films were produced by supersonic jet deposition of nanoparticles generated by laser ablation of microparticle aerosols (LAMA). The nano- and microscale morphologies of films were investigated and the electrical conductivities of films were measured in the as-deposited state and after annealing at temperatures from 100 to 400 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the film morphologies and the grain sizes within the films. These analyses showed that the as-deposited grain size was 14–24 nm and the relative film densities ranged from 60% to 80%, depending on processing conditions. As a result of the extremely fine grain size and the lack of organics present on the surface of the grains within the films, the annealing temperatures required to achieve reasonable conductivities (20%−50% of bulk) were reduced dramatically compared to films produced from suspensions. For example, the grain size in the films began to increase at annealing tem.
Anomeric effects on the structure of micelles of alkyl maltosides in water

Structures formed by self-assembly of α- and β-1-n-dodecyl d-maltosides in water depend on the configuration at the anomeric center. The α-anomer forms quasi-spherical aggregates, while the β-maltoside forms larger oblate ellipsoidal micelles. This difference in behavior suggests that the configuration of the head group influences the orientation of the polar residue and hence the packing of monomers during self-assembly.
Ag–Fe3O4 nanocomposites@chitin microspheres constructed by in situ one-pot synthesis for rapid hydrogenation catalysis

The fabrication of reusable and biodegradable materials from renewable resources such as chitin is essential for a sustainable world. In the present work, chitin was dissolved in 11 wt% NaOH–4 wt% urea aqueous solution via freezing–thawing, and then chitin microspheres (RChS) were prepared by a sol–gel transition method. Subsequently, novel magnetic Ag–Fe3O4@chitin microspheres (MRChS) were constructed successfully by an in situ one-pot synthesis of Ag–Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto the RChS surface. The magnetic chitin microspheres displayed a spherical shape with a 3D-mesh structure, and had a narrow size distribution (150–400 μm). There were many micro- and nano-pores existing in MRChS, and the Ag–Fe3O4 nanoparticles were immobilized through anchoring with the acetyl amine groups of chitin in these pores. The MRChS microspheres were used as a chromatography column packing material for a “catalytic reaction column”, and exhibited highly effective catalytic activity in the rapid transformation from 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. Moreover, the microspheres displayed a small hysteresis loop and low coercivity, as well as high turnover frequency (at least 10 times) without any loss of catalytic activity. Thus, MRChS could be quickly removed from the water under a magnetic field, leading to easy recycling and reuse. Therefore, this is an environmentally friendly process, and would be highly beneficial to address industrial requirements.
HCL method for Fe2+ estimation to resolve iron chlorosis in plants

Abstract The equation dictates that acid solutions should not cause reduction of Fe3+ during extraction of Fe2+ from plants and provide the possibility to preferentially extract Fe2+. Both in vitro and in vivo extraction of Fe2+ with 1N HCl did not cause reduction of Fe3+. Two g chopped fresh plant was reacted with 0.5 to 1.5N HCl and 1:5 to 1:10 tissue:extractant ratios for 24 h. The Fe2+ and Fe3+ in buffered filterates (pH 3.0) were determined with 1–10 o‐phenanthroline (o‐Ph). 1N HCl and 1:10 ratio resolved better the Fe2+ differences between green and iron‐chlorotic plants. Fe2+ iron in chlorotic as compared to non‐chlorotic leaves of different crops was 30 to 82%. This method resolved better or equally good, the visible iron chlorosis in plants, compared to o‐Ph method and is much cheaper. The method also eliminates the inherent error arising from extraction of pigments.
Investigations of Kinetics of Removal of Trivalent Chromium Salts from Aqueous Solutions Using lon and Precipitate Flotation Methods

Abstract Trivalent chromium salt solutions were flotated using cationic and anionic surfactants. The results indicate that the course of ion and precipitate flotation in the range of parameters investigated can be described by an equation analogous to a first-order rate equation. In the region of precipitate flotation the flotation rate constant reaches a maximum at a definite pH value. Increases in the surfactant concentration result in decreases in the flotation rate. Flotation of chromium at higher surfactant concentrations results in a delay effect which increases with the concentration of the surface-active agent. Increases in the flotation gas flow rate result in increases in the rates of ion and precipitate flotation.
KINETICS OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF APPLES WITH PECTIN COATINGS

ABSTRACT The solids gain and water loss during osmotic dehydration of coated apples were found to be dependend on concentration of pectin solution (0.5–4%) and drying time of coated apples (0–40 min). The coated apples were found to have generally a smaller the solids gain and higher or the same water loss than uncoated samples. For analysed low methyled pectin solutions and drying time the best for coating the apples before osmotic dehydration considering the highest water loss and the smallest solids gain was 2% pectin solution and 10 min drying time.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of 1-Alkoxy-3-alkylimidazolium Salts Including Ionic Liquids, 1-Alkylimidazole 3-oxides and 1-Alkylimidazole Perhydrates

Abstract Functionalized quaternary imidazolium salts were prepared with the intention to obtain new ionic liquids (ILs). Thus, more than forty 3-alkoxy-1-alkylimidazolium salts, 3-alkoxy-1-alkyl-2-methylimidazolium salts, 1-methylimidazole 3-oxide and 1,2-dimethylimidazole 3-oxide as well as their salts, 1,3-dihydroxyimidazolium salts and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methylimidazolium salts were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopy and, to a limited extent, by viscosity and conductivity measurements. Results of fourteen single crystal X-ray structure determinations are reported, among them also the parent compounds 1-hydroxyimidazole 3-oxide and 1-hydroxy-2-methylimidazole 3- oxide. Selective debenzylation of 1-benzyloxy-3-methyl imidazolium salts and mono-demethoxylation of 1,3-dimethoxyimidazolium salts were achieved by hydrogenolysis. In addition, a crystalline semiperhydrate of 1,2-dimethylimidazole was characterized. Furthermore, an addition compound of 1-methylimidazole 3-oxide with tris(2-thienyl)borane and a silver carbene complex derived from 1-benzyloxy-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate was crystallized and characterized.
Direct measurement of the liquid 4:1 methanol–ethanol equation of state up to 5 GPa

Despite the widespread use of the 4:1 methanol–ethanol mixture as a hydrostatic medium by the high-pressure community, its equation of state (EOS) is usually substituted by that of pure methanol. Here we report accurate direct volumetric measurements of the room temperature EOS for this mixture up to 5 GPa. A brief description of the optical technique (imaging+interferometric) specifically developed for this purpose is given, as well as the general characteristics of the required miniature diamond anvil cell. Our results are compared with the available data of similar pure fluids’ EOS in the same pressure range. We find that there exist noticeable differences between the EOS of the mixture and that of pure methanol in terms of molar quantities.
Chemical Composition Of The Essential Oil Of Cionura Erecta (Asclepiadaceae) Inforescences

Abstract The essential oil of the inflorescence of Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventy-two components were identified. The major components of the oil were safranal (16.8%), (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate (6.1%), heneicosane (5.7%) linalool (4.8%), linalool (4.8%) and tricosane (4.4%).
DYNAMICS OF GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS. I: TEMPERATURE-DERIVATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIELECTRIC RELAXATION DATA

We have measured the dielectric relaxation times of the α process of phenyl salicylate (salol) covering 11 decades in frequency. Being representative for the class of low molecular weight organic glass forming materials, the highly resolved temperature dependence of the dynamics in salol does not follow a particular function like the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) law over the entire accessible range of temperatures. In order to conduct a detailed and unambiguous analysis of the temperature dependence, we take advantage of the derivatives of the experimental log(fmax) values with respect to temperature, which allow us to either linearize the frequently used temperature laws or to resolve subtle changes in fmax(T) by decreasing the number of free parameters. In this manner we observe that none of the common routes for rationalizing the dynamics like Arrhenius, VFT, Souletie scaling, and idealized mode‐coupling theory account for the experimental findings properly. However, we do observe a VFT behavior within .
Understanding the improved performance of strained channel MOSFETs

We have studied in depth the performance of superficial strained channel MOSFETs. To do so, we developed a two-dimensional drift-diffusion simulator including inversion layer quantization and low-field mobility curves obtained by means of a Monte Carlo simulator. We have reproduced experimental results. The dependences of the performance enhancement obtained in these devices on the germanium mole fraction, the drain - source and gate - source voltages are described in depth. At high-longitudinal electric fields the transconductance improvement is reduced due to the common value of the saturation velocity for all the different germanium mole fractions.
Harnessing the Actuation Potential of Solid‐State Intercalation Compounds

High‐strain, high‐force mechanical actuation technologies are desirable for numerous applications ranging from microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to large‐scale “smart structures” that are able to change shape to optimize performance. Here we show that electrochemical intercalation of inorganic compounds of high elastic modulus offers a low‐voltage mechanism (less than 5 V) with intrinsic energy density approaching that of hydraulics and more than a hundred times greater than that of existing field‐operated mechanisms, such as piezostriction and magnetostriction. Exploitation of the reversible crystallographic strains (several percent) of intercalation compounds while under high stress is key to realization of the available energy. Using a micromachined actuator design, we test the strain capability of oriented graphite due to electrochemical lithiation under stresses up to 200 MPa. We further demonstrate that simultaneous electrochemical expansion of the LiCoO2/graphite cathode/anode couple can be exploited for actuation under stresses up to ∼ 20 MPa in laminated macroscopic composite actuators of similar design to current lithium‐ion batteries. While the transport‐limited actuation mechanism of these devices results in intrinsically slower actuation compared to most ferroic materials, we demonstrate up to 6.7 mHz (150 s) cyclic actuation in a laminated actuator designed for a high charge/discharge rate. The potential for a new class of high‐strain, high‐force, moderate‐frequency actuators suitable for a broad range of applications is suggested.
Interactions between δ and μ Opioid Agonists in Assays of Schedule-Controlled Responding, Thermal Nociception, Drug Self-Administration, and Drug versus Food Choice in Rhesus Monkeys: Studies with SNC80 [(+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-Allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide

Interactions between δ and μ opioid agonists in rhesus monkeys vary as a function of the behavioral endpoint. The present study compared interactions between the δ agonist SNC80 [(+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide] and the μ agonist heroin in assays of schedule-controlled responding, thermal nociception, and drug self-administration. Both SNC80 (ED50 = 0.43 mg/kg) and heroin (ED50 = 0.088 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent and complete suppression of response rates in the assay of schedule-controlled responding. Heroin also produced thermal antinociception (ED5°C = 0.18 mg/kg) and maintained drug self-administration under both a fixed ratio schedule [dose-effect curve peak at 0.0032 mg/kg/injection (inj)] and under a food versus heroin concurrent-choice schedule (ED50 = 0.013 mg/kg/inj), whereas SNC80 did not produce thermal antinociception or maintain self-administration. Fixed ratio mixtures of SNC80 and heroin (1.6:1, 4.7:1, and 14:1 SNC80/heroin) produced additive effects in the assay of schedule-controlled responding and superadditive effects in the assay of thermal nociception. Also, SNC80 did not enhance the reinforcing effects of heroin, indicating that mixtures of SNC80 and heroin produced additive or infra-additive reinforcing effects. These results provide additional evidence to suggest that δ/μ interactions depend on the experimental endpoint and further suggest that δ agonists may selectively enhance the antinociceptive effects of μ agonists while either not affecting or decreasing the sedative and reinforcing effects of μ agonists.
Catalytic behavior of supported Ru nanoparticles on the (101) and (001) facets of anatase TiO2

Ru/TiO2 heterogeneous catalysts were prepared by immobilizing Ru nanoparticles onto the (101) and (001) facets of anatase TiO2 substrate, and the influence of metal–support interactions on the catalytic behavior of Ru/TiO2 towards CO2 methanation was studied from the viewpoint of electronic structure. Structural investigations based on temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that a stronger metal–support interaction occurs between Ru and (101) facet in contrast to the Ru and (001) one. This gives rise to an enhancement in CO2 adsorption as well as spill-over hydrogen at the interface of Ru/TiO2(101), accounting for its largely enhanced catalytic activity towards CO2 methanation. In addition, a theoretical study based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals that the Ru nanoparticles supported on the (101) plane have a relatively lower activation energy for CO dissociation (the rate-determining step), which results in their high activity toward CO2 methanation reaction.
GVINS: Tightly Coupled GNSS–Visual–Inertial Fusion for Smooth and Consistent State Estimation

Visual–inertial odometry (VIO) is known to suffer from drifting, especially over long-term runs. In this article, we present GVINS, a nonlinear optimization-based system that tightly fuses global navigation satellite system (GNSS) raw measurements with visual and inertial information for real-time and drift-free stateestimation. Our system aims to provide accurate global six-degree-of-freedom estimation under complex indoor–outdoor environments, where GNSS signals may be intermittent or even inaccessible. To establish the connection between global measurements and local states, a coarse-to-fine initialization procedure is proposed to efficiently calibrate the transformation online and initialize GNSS states from only a short window of measurements. The GNSS code pseudorange and Doppler shift measurements, along with visual and inertial information, are then modeled and used to constrain the system states in a factor graph framework. For complex and GNSS-unfriendly areas, the degenerate cases are discussed and carefully handled to ensure robustness. Thanks to the tightly coupled multisensor approach and system design, our system fully exploits the merits of three types of sensors and is able to seamlessly cope with the transition between indoor and outdoor environments, where satellites are lost and reacquired. We extensively evaluate the proposed system by both simulation and real-world experiments, and the results demonstrate that our system substantially suppresses the drift of the VIO and preserves the local accuracy in spite of noisy GNSS measurements. The versatility and robustness of the system are verified on large-scale data collected in challenging environments. In addition, experiments show that our system can still benefit from the presence of only one satellite, whereas at least four satellites are required for its conventional GNSS counterparts.