Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
White‐tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) at the Smøla wind‐power plant, Central Norway, lack behavioral flight responses to wind turbines

Evidence is increasing of bird mortality due to large-scale wind-energy development. Soaring raptors, such as the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), have proven particularly vulnerable to collisions. In this study, we compared white-tailed eagle flight behavior both inside and outside of the Smola wind-power plant on coastal Central Norway. During the eagle breeding period (mid-Mar–end May 2008), we collected data on flight activity (directional flight, social behavior, and soaring) and flight altitude (below, within, and above the rotor-swept zone [RSZ]) at 12 vantage points; 6 within the wind-power plant and 6 outside (control area). We found that white-tailed eagles did not show any clear avoidance flight responses to the wind turbines. Hence, we found no significant differences in the total amount of flight activity within and outside the power-plant area. However, we found less flight activity among adults than among subadults within the power plant compared with the control area. We also found a slightly increased probability of flight activity in the RSZ within the power plant, which obviously may increase the risk of collision with wind turbines. Our findings may help explain the relatively high mortality rate of white-tailed eagles in the wind-power-plant area and the recorded peak in eagle fatalities during the breeding season. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of fatty acids on inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Fatty acids play important roles in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis in different cells. Currently, the effects of fatty acids on bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC) remain unknown. Our study examined bovine MEC viability and measured unfolded protein response (UPR)-related gene and protein expressions following fatty acid treatments. To evaluate the role of fatty acids, we treated MAC-T cells (a line of MEC) with 100 to 400 μM of saturated (palmitic and stearic acid) and unsaturated (palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid) fatty acids and 1 to 5 mM of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric, and octanoic acid). Thereafter, we determined UPR-related gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR. Palmitic acid stimulated expression of XBP1s, ATF4, ATF6α, and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Stearic acid increased expression of XBP1s and CHOP and decreased expression of ATF4 and ATF6α. Results of Western blot analysis and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed that palmitic and stearic acid reduced MAC-T cell viability and induced extreme ER stress by increasing the protein expression of ER stress markers, such as phospho-PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, phospho-eIF2α, cleaved CASP-3, and CHOP. Among unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, palmitoleic acid increased expression of ATF4 and ATF6α. Oleic acid increased expression of XBP1s, ATF4, and ATF6α. Linoleic and linolenic acids increased expression of XBP1s, ATF4, and ATF6α but decreased expression of XBP1s and ATF6α at the highest dose. Although palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acid decreased CHOP expression, only palmitoleic acid increased MAC-T cell viability. Therefore, unsaturated long-chain fatty acids did not induce severe ER stress. Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids decreased expression of ATF4, ATF6α, and CHOP and increased XBP1s expression. Although only octanoic acid increased ATF4 and ATF6α expressions, it lowered expression of XBP1s and CHOP. Although fatty acid treatment did not increase the levels of ER stress proteins, butyric and octanoic acids reduced cell viability, possibly because of early differentiation. These results suggest that saturated fatty acids play important roles in MEC viability by inducing severe ER stress compared with unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, acetic and propionic acids (short- and medium-chain fatty acids) reduced ER stress. Therefore, the present study reflects the new insight that serum fatty acid concentration plays an important role in maintaining the lactation physiology of dairy cows.
Work-focused therapy for common mental disorders: A naturalistic study comparing an intervention group with a waitlist control group

BACKGROUND: Common mental disorders (CMD) are leading causes of sickness absence. Treatments for CMD that both reduce symptoms and support work participation urgently need to be developed. OBJECTIVE: Determine the potential effects of work-focused therapy combining work interventions with either meta cognitive therapy or cognitive behavioural therapy (W-MCT/CBT) for patients with CMD on sick leave. METHODS: Naturalistic study with a quasi-experimental approach. Pre- and post-scores (return to work, symptoms, return-to-work self-efficacy, clinical recovery from depression and anxiety) were compared between the intervention group (n = 87) who received immediate treatment over an average of 10.40 sessions (SD = 3.09) and the non-randomized waitlist control group (n = 95) that had waited an average of 11.18 weeks (SD = 2.29). RESULTS: Significantly more patients returned fully to work in the intervention group (41.4%) than the control group (26.3%). Effect sizes for self-efficacy scores, depression and anxiety were large in the intervention group (d = 1.28, 1.01, 1.58), and significantly lower in the control group (d = 0.60, 0.14, 0.45). Significantly more patients in the treatment group than control group recovered from depression (54.1% vs. 12.8%) and anxiety (50.0% vs.10.6%). CONCLUSIONS: W-MCT/CBT may be an effective intervention for patients on sick leave due to CMD.
Energetics of hummingbird foraging at low ambient temperature

Because of their small size and the high energetic costs of hovering and forward flight, hummingbirds achieve the highest mass-specific metabolic rates known among vertebrates. Rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) stop to refuel on floral nectar in subalpine meadows as they migrate south from British Columbia to Mexico. In such habitats they face the challenge of achieving daily net energy gain despite the high energetic costs of flight and thermoregulation at near-freezing morning temperatures. Hummingbirds provided with 15 or 20% sucrose while subjected to these conditions for 4 h in the laboratory did not remain in energy balance and lost mass. However, they achieved energy balance or net energy gain on 30% sucrose. Because these sucrose concentrations are within the range observed in the nectar of hummingbird-visited flowers, the results suggest that the energetic cost of thermoregulation may influence the coevolution of hummingbirds and flowers. Hummingbirds maintaining energy balance at low ambie.
IMPACTS OF EARLY- AND LATE-SERAL MYCORRHIZAE DURING RESTORATION IN SEASONAL TROPICAL FOREST, MEXICO

Disturbance of vegetation and soil may change the species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which may in turn affect plant species responses to AMF. Seasonal tropical forest in Mexico is undergoing rapid conversion to early-successional forest because of increased wildfire and may require restoration. The responses of six early- and late-successional tree species were tested using early- and late-successional AMF inoculum. The plants were germinated in the shadehouse and received three inoculum treatments: (1) soil from a two-year-old burned site, (2) soil from a mature forest site, or (3) uninoculated controls. They were transplanted as seedlings to a site prepared by burning, and their growth was measured from September 1997 to November 2000. All six species had the greatest growth response to early-seral inoculum, but the response to late-seral inoculum varied. Two tree species, Ceiba pentandra and Guazuma ulmifolia, were smallest with late-seral inoculum, even smaller than the uninocu.
Larval shell development of four species of New Zealand mussels: (Bivalvia, Mytilacea)

Abstract Larvae of Mytilus cdulis aoteanus, Perna canaliculus, Xenosirobus pulex, and Modiolarca impacta were reared to settlement in the hatchery. A detailed comparative study, based on microscopy (optical and SEM) and morphometry, has been carried out on the four species. External features and the internal hinge structure of the larval shells of the four species show typical mytilid characteristics. Externally, umbo stage larvae of Modiolarca impacta are ovoid in the anterio‐posterior direction, shell heights are substantially less than lengths, umbones are low and broadly rounded, and the anterior end is more pointed than the posterior. Mytilus edulis aoteanus and Perna canaliculus umbo stage larvae are similar, initially ovoid in the anterioposterior direction and later more rounded with shell heights approximately equal to lengths, umbones broadly rounded. The shoulders of P. canaliculus larvae are higher and more angular than those of M. edulis aoteanus. Xenostrobus pulex larvae are round to ovoid i.
Kinetic and Dynamic Effects of Intestinal PEPT1 on the Bacterially-Produced Chemotactic Peptide fMet-Leu-Phe and the Anti-Inflammatory Peptide Lys-Pro-Val.

PEPT1 has been suggested recently to transport bacterially-produced small peptides, which raised the possibility that PEPT1 has a pathological role in intestinal inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of PEPT1 on the kinetics and dynamics of a bacterially-produced chemotactic tripeptide N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe). Using an in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion technique in wild-type and Pept1 knockout mice, the intestinal transport of fMet-Leu-Phe was saturable and primarily due to PEPT1 (Km = 1.6 mM. The peptidehistidine transporters, PHT1 and PHT2, were not involved in the intestinal transport of fMet-Leu-Phe due to a lack of inhibition by L-histidine. The permeability of fMet-LeuPhe was substantial and comparable in the duodenum and jejunum of wild-type mice, about one-half that in ileum, and very low in colon. In contrast, the permeability of fMetLeu-Phe was very low in all intestinal segments of Pept1 knockout mice and showed no difference between these segments or that of colon in wild-type mice.
miR-21-5p promotes lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion via targeting WWC2.

OBJECTIVE Studies have suggested that miR-21-5p and WWC2 are key players in most cancer types, yet the underlying mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain elusive. This study made in-depth research on the two factors-dependent mechanisms underlying LUAD occurrence and development. METHODS Bioinformatics methods were employed to identify the miRNA and its target gene of interest. In all, 20 pairs of LUAD tumor tissue samples and matched adjacent normal samples along with 5 LUAD cell lines were collected for evaluating the aberrant expression of miR-21-5p and WWC2. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to validate the targeted relationship between miR-21-5p and WWC2. A series of in vitro experiments including colony formation assay, EdU, wound healing assay and Transwell were conducted for assessment of the LUAD cell biological behaviors. In addition, Western blot was carried out to determine the protein expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins. RESULTS miR-21-5p was found to be considerably increased in LUAD tissue and cells relative to that in the adjacent tissue and the human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas WWC2 was significantly decreased. Dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-21-5p targeted WWC2 and down-regulated its expression. Besides, silencing miR-21-5p or overexpressing WWC2 played an inhibitory role in PC-9 cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but such effect was suppressed when miR-21-5p was overexpressed. Furthermore, Western blot uncovered that WWC2 overexpression impeded the EMT process in LUAD cells. CONCLUSION miR-21-5p facilitates LUAD cell proliferation, migration and invasion through targeting WWC2, which provides a novel therapeutic target for LUAD treatment.
FEMALE ASCIDICOLA ROSEA THORELL (COPEPODA: CYCLOPOIDA) LIVING IN SOLITARY ASCIDIANS

Abstract This paper deals primarily with a full redescription of the mature female of Ascidicola rosea Thorell, 1859, and a young female is described mainly in regard to the urosome. The two species of solitary ascidians containing this copepod, which lacks an eye, were collected at different localities: Microcosmus sabatieri Roule at Banyuls-sur-Mer, and Ascidia mentula Müller at Strangford Lough. Many systematists have studied this long-known, elongated, pinkish copepod (Ascidicolidae: Ascidicolinae). However, the major articulation between the metasome and urosome has been interpreted differently by authors, and morphological details have not always been consistently described. The intent of the present paper is to resolve such problems. It shows that the ventral transverse spinose pad posterior to the penultimate (second abdominal) segment of the urosome of the mature female is homologous to much of the ventral part of the penultimate (third abdominal) segment of the urosome of the young female.
Evaluating the water productivity by Aquacrop model of wheat under irrigation systems and algae

Abstract One of the most important simulation models in the field of water produc"tivity (WP) management in the world is the Aquacrop model, which depends on many factors and conditions related to climate, soil, irrigation water, etc. Aquacrop model program simulates vegetative growth and the yield of both grains, biomass and irrigation WP. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Aquacrop model of two Egyptian wheat varieties, Gemeza-9 (G-9) and Misr-1 (M-1), under the two modern irrigation systems, sprinkler and drip, and the application of algae solution. Experiment location of fieldwork for this research was in El-Nubaria area, El-Beheira Governorate, and Aquacrop in Egypt. Results obtained show that under both irrigation systems, the deviation percentages between simulated by Aquacrop and observed WP values were 40.6% and 68.34%, in the case of using untreated algae and treated algae, respectively. From LSD 0.05% values, there are significant differences between all study factors (irrigation system, wheat varieties, and applied algae). Moreover, the interactions between all factors were significant under wheat grain yield of two varieties but no significant differences were found under observed or simulated WP by the Aquacrop model. It can be concluded that it is possible to recommend to use the Aquacrop simulation model for different wheat varieties in the future, to predict the WP in these semi-arid areas, especially under different irrigation systems (Bradford and Hsiao 1982; Entz et al. 1992; Johnston et al. 2002; Heng et al. 2009; Araya et al. 2010; Bennett and Harms 2011).
How to Improve Communication within an Organization? The Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Language Competence

Abstract Objective: This article deals with the effective functioning of an organization in the international context. It focuses on the two key aspects of the communication in this respects: cultural intelligence (CQ), the capacity to operate successfully in the multicultural setting, and the quality of internal communication; it is investigated whether CQ (and its components: metacognitive, cognitive, motivational and behavioural) are rather related to the number of foreign languages or the language proficiency a person (or an employee) knows (has). Methodology: The sample of 132 undergraduate students of the English and Czech study programs at one private business university in the Czech Republic was used. The Spearman correlation coefficient, Chi–Square test for independence and the one–way ANOVA test (all of them conducted in the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics 21) are calculated in the paper. Findings: CQ depends on the quality (the level of proficiency) rather than the quantity (the number) of foreign language skills. This conclusion applies regardless of gender: our data did not confirm that language skills were gender-dependent. Value Added: Recently a very fashionable cultural intelligence (CQ) construct has been explored in relation to a variety of variables and outputs. Nevertheless, insufficient attention has been given to the relationship between cultural intelligence and language competence so far; moreover, the research has brought contradictory results up to now. This study fills the actual knowledge gap. Recommendations: It is shown that in terms of the effective functioning in a culturally unknown environment and with a restricted time to learn foreign languages, it is preferable to develop continuously one´s skills in lingua franca than parallel and more superficial studies of several languages.
Terms of address and fictive kinship politeness in Lori

Abstract This paper attempts to show different terms of address in Lori and how the non-existence of deferential ʃomɑ (V) compared to Persian leads to some misunderstandings. Deferential V substitutes with other terms of address such as fictive kinship terms, formal titles, religious terms, address inversion and indirect address. For this purpose, the data were collected via two methods: (i) interviews (18 informants); (ii) direct observations (27 different contexts). The results obtained from direct observations were collected to check the reliability of interviews. The results demonstrate that politeness is not always a matter of ‘non-solidarity’ and ‘power’, but sometimes solidarity plays an essential role in making terms of address politer. Furthermore, social factors such as gender, age and social roles are crucial in determining appropriate terms of address. Lastly, men and women used fictive kinship terms differently. While women addressed their older cousins and affinal relatives by means of fictive kinship terms, men used them for addressing total strangers. This behaviour means that women tend to make a distance from the addressee whereas men try to create solidarity.
Variation in developmental biology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in British Columbia

Embryos and alevins of coastal-spawning and interior-spawning sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon stocks in British Columbia were incubated under controlled water temperatures of 2, 4, 8, 12, and 15 °C. At low incubation temperatures, interior-spawning stocks of both species had smaller eggs and higher embryo survival rates than did coastal-spawning stocks. Interior-spawning stocks had faster developmental rates to alevin hatching and fry emergence than did coastal-spawning stocks. Interior-spawning stocks had proportionately larger alevins or fry at 2 °C (for sockeye salmon) or 4 °C (for chinook salmon) relative to their performance at 8 °C than did coastal-spawning stocks. Red-fleshed chinook salmon had higher embryo survival rates at 15 °C than did white-fleshed chinook salmon, as well as an indication of proportionately larger alevins or fry relative to the performance at lower incubation temperatures. Differences in developmental biology of interior- and coastal-spawning .
Non-lethal foraging by bell miners on a herbivorous insect: Potential implications for forest health

Tree health is often negatively linked with the localized abundance of parasitic invertebrates. One group, the sap-sucking psyllid insects (Homoptera: Psyllidae) are well known for their negative impact upon vegetation, an impact that often culminates in the defoliation and even death of hosts. In Australia, psyllid-infested forest in poor health is also frequently occupied by a native honeyeater, the bell miner (Manorina melanophrys; Meliphagidae), so much so that the phenomenon has been dubbed 'bell miner-associated dieback' (BMAD). Bell miners are thought to be the causative agent behind BMAD, in part because the species may selectively forage only upon the outer covering (lerp) exuded by psyllid nymphs, leaving the insect underneath to continue parasitizing hosts. As bell miners also aggressively exclude all other avian psyllid predators from occupied areas, these behavioural traits may favour increases in psyllid populations. We examined bell miner foraging behaviour to determine if non-lethal foraging upon psyllid nymphs occurred more often than in a congener, the noisy miner (M. melanocephala; Meliphagidae). This was indeed the case, with bell miners significantly more likely to remove only the lerp covering during feeding, leaving the insect intact underneath. This arose from bell miners using their tongue to pry off the lerp cases, whereas noisy miners used their mandibles to snap at both the lerp and insect underneath. Furthermore, psyllids left behind following a bell miner foraging event were significantly more likely to be viable and regrow a lerp covering than those exposed by noisy miners. Together, this behaviour supports the theory that non-lethal foraging behaviour of bell miners may contribute to high psyllid abundance, consistent with the mechanisms by which BMAD is thought to develop.
Validation of the Croatian Version of the Sense of Coherence 29-Item Scale in Croatian Nurses

Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to validate the Croatian version of the Sense of Coherence 29-item instrument (SOC-29) within a nursing population. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2017 and June 2018 at the University Hospital Centre Sisters of Mercy (UHCSM) in Zagreb, Croatia. A total of 711 nurses participated in this study. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α), while the structure of the questionnaire was verified by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (method of extraction: principal component analysis (PCA)) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results The instrument demonstrated high internal consistency (α=0.885). PCA analysis has identified five factors that together account for 48% of the variance. However, the observed factors could not be interpreted. In the CFA, none of the models fitted well, although the fit of the three-factor model (CMIN/DF=4.786, CFI=0.767, RMSEA=0.073) was slightly better in comparison with the one-factor model (CMIN/DF=6.072, CFI=0.685, RMSEA=0.084). As the three-factor model in PCA has been shown to be uninterpretable, and all three factors were mutually positive and significantly correlated (correlation coefficients: 0.365–0.521), this indicated a single factor in the background. All items also showed saturation with the first factor (accounting for 25.7% of the variance). Conclusions The Croatian version of the SOC-29 instrument successfully fulfilled the necessary psychometric criteria for being used on the population of Croatian nurses. The study proposes that potential users use the single-factor structure.
Planck Neutrinos as Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays

Abstract The studied conjecture is that ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are hypothetical Planck neutrinos arising in the decay of the protons falling onto the gravastar. The proton is assumed to decay at the Planck scale into positron and four Planck neutrinos. The supermassive black holes inside active galactic nuclei, while interpreted as gravastars, are considered as UHECR sources. The scattering of the Planck neutrinos by the proton at the Planck scale is considered. The Planck neutrinos contribution to the CR events may explain the CR spectrum from 5 × 1018 eV to 1020 eV. The muon number in the Planck neutrinos-initiated shower is estimated to be larger by a factor of 3/2 in comparison with the standard model that is consistent with the observational data.