Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Salmonella Prevalence Alone Is Not a Good Indicator of Poultry Food Safety

Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness (i.e., salmonellosis) outbreaks, which on occasion are attributed to ground turkey. The poultry industry uses Salmonella prevalence as an indicator of food safety. However, Salmonella prevalence is only one of several factors that determine risk of salmonellosis. Consequently, a model for predicting risk of salmonellosis from individual lots of ground turkey as a function of Salmonella prevalence and other risk factors was developed. Data for Salmonella contamination (prevalence, number, and serotype) of ground turkey were collected at meal preparation. Scenario analysis was used to evaluate effects of model variables on risk of salmonellosis. Epidemiological data were used to simulate Salmonella serotype virulence in a dose‐response model that was based on human outbreak and feeding trial data. Salmonella prevalence was 26% (n = 100) per 25 g of ground turkey, whereas Salmonella number ranged from 0 to 1.603 with a median of 0.185 log per 25 g. Risk of salmonellosis (total arbitrary units (AU) per lot) was affected (p ≤ 0.05) by Salmonella prevalence, number, and virulence, by incidence and extent of undercooking, and by food consumption behavior and host resistance but was not (p > 0.05) affected by serving size, serving size distribution, or total bacterial load of ground turkey when all other risk factors were held constant. When other risk factors were not held constant, Salmonella prevalence was not correlated (r = −0.39; p = 0.21) with risk of salmonellosis. Thus, Salmonella prevalence alone was not a good indicator of poultry food safety because other factors were found to alter risk of salmonellosis. In conclusion, a more holistic approach to poultry food safety, such as the process risk model developed in the present study, is needed to better protect public health from foodborne pathogens like Salmonella.
Latitudinal variation in axial patterning of the medaka (Actinopterygii: Adrianichthyidae): Jordan's rule is substantiated by genetic variation in abdominal vertebral number

Because the body axes of fish consist of two anatomically distinct vertebrae, abdominal and caudal, one type may be more variable in number than the other and thus contribute more to morphological diversification. Jordan's rule, a geographical tendency for fish from higher latitudes to have more vertebrae, has not been examined in terms of numbers of abdominal and/or caudal vertebrae, despite its prevalence. Vertebral observations of wild populations of the medaka (Oryzias latipes) revealed that the latitudinal increase in vertebral number is caused by an increase in abdominal vertebrae; caudal vertebrae did not vary systematically across latitudes. Laboratory experiments revealed that this latitudinal cline in abdominal vertebral number persists in a range of common environments, demonstrating a genetic basis. Phenotypic plasticity was also evident: lower developmental temperatures resulted in more abdominal vertebrae. This indicates that greater numbers of abdominal vertebrae in higher latitude individuals in the wild may be caused not only by genetic factors but by lower habitat temperatures, although the contribution of the former to Jordan's rule is assessed to be much greater. The genetic basis of the latitudinal variation in abdominal vertebral number suggests that selection on functions associated with abdominal regions is the probable explanation for Jordan's rule in this fish. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 96, 856–866.
Inverted U-shaped relationship between body mass index and multivessel lesions in Chinese patients with myocardial infarction: a cross-sectional study

Objective To investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) with multivessel coronary artery disease in patients with myocardial infarction. Methods This study was performed in 1566 patients with myocardial infarction in the Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, China. Independent and dependent variables were BMI measured at baseline and multivessel coronary artery disease, respectively. The covariates examined in this study were age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, left ventricular ejection fraction, sex, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Results A nonlinear relationship was detected between BMI and multivessel coronary artery disease, and this was an inverted U-shaped curve and the cutoff point was 26.3 kg/m2. The effect sizes and confidence intervals on the left and right sides of the inflection point were 1.10 (1.01–1.20) and 0.85 (0.74–0.97), respectively. Conclusions There is an obesity paradox for BMI > 26.3 kg/m2. Future studies should examine the relationship between BMI and prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction, which may be important for improving the prognosis through control of BMI.
T2 analysis of the entire osteoarthritis initiative dataset

While substantial work has been done to understand the relationships between cartilage T2 relaxation times and osteoarthritis (OA), diagnostic and prognostic abilities of T2 on a large population yet need to be established. Using 3921 manually annotated 2D multi‐slice multi‐echo spin‐echo magnetic resonance imaging volume, a segmentation model for automatic knee cartilage segmentation was built and evaluated. The optimized model was then used to calculate T2 values on the entire osteoarthritis initiative (OAI) dataset composed of longitudinal acquisitions of 4796 unique patients, 25 729 magnetic resonance imaging studies in total. Cross‐sectional relationships between T2 values, OA risk factors, radiographic OA, and pain were analyzed in the entire OAI dataset. The performance of T2 values in predicting the future incidence of radiographic OA as well as total knee replacement (TKR) were also explored. Automatic T2 values were comparable with manual ones. Significant associations between T2 relaxation times and demographic and clinical variables were found. Subjects in the highest 25% quartile of tibio‐femoral T2 values had a five times higher risk of radiographic OA incidence 2 years later. Elevation of medial femur T2 values was significantly associated with TKR after 5 years (coeff = 0.10; P = .036; CI = [0.01,0.20]). Our investigation reinforces the predictive value of T2 for future incidence OA and TKR. The inclusion of T2 averages from the automatic segmentation model improved several evaluation metrics when compared to only using demographic and clinical variables.
Is placental KISS-1 expression associated with first trimester abortion spontaneous?

Objective Several studies have examined biological markers during the first trimester to predict the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. One such marker is kisspeptin, which is encoded by the KISS-1 gene. We aimed to determine whether first-trimester pregnancy losses were associated with levels of placental KISS-1 expression. Methods This prospective case control study was conducted at a tertiary center. The study group included 27 and 24 patients who underwent dilation and curettage at <10 weeks of gestation, due to first trimester spontaneous pregnancy loss and for elective termination (control), respectively. Placental and decidual tissues from all patients were sectioned and immunohistochemically analyzed for kisspeptin. Results Age, gravida status, parity number, gestational week, and number of previous abortions did not significantly differ between the groups. KISS-1 expression levels were significantly lower in the group with spontaneous abortion compared with the group with elective termination. The median staining intensity of KISS-1 expression in the elective and spontaneous termination groups were 3 (strong) and 2 (moderate), respectively (P=0.004). KISS-1 expression levels were significantly lower among patients with previous abortions in the elective termination group (P=0.002). Conclusion KISS-1 expression levels were found to be significantly reduced in patients with spontaneous pregnancy loss; KISS-1 plays an important role in the implantation and continuation of pregnancy.
Follow-Up Intervals for Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Category 3 Lesions on Screening Ultrasound in Screening and Tertiary Referral Centers

Objective To assess the appropriate follow-up interval, and rate and timepoint of cancer detection in women with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 3 lesions on screening ultrasonography (US) according to the type of institution. Materials and Methods A total of 1451 asymptomatic women who had negative or benign findings on screening mammogram, BI-RADS 3 assessment on screening US, and at least 6 months of follow-up were included. The median follow-up interval was 30.8 months (range, 6.8–52.9 months). The cancer detection rate, cancer detection timepoint, risk factors, and clinicopathological characteristics were compared between the screening and tertiary centers. Nominal variables were compared using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test and continuous variables were compared using the independent t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results In 1451 women, 19 cancers (1.3%) were detected; two (0.1%) were diagnosed at 6 months and 17 (1.2%) were diagnosed after 12.3 months. The malignancy rates were both 1.3% in the screening (9 of 699) and tertiary (10 of 752) centers. In the screening center, all nine cancers were invasive cancers and diagnosed after 12.3 months. In the tertiary center, two were ductal carcinomas in situ and eight were invasive cancers. Two of the invasive cancers were diagnosed at 6 months and the remaining eight cancers newly developed after 13.1 months. Conclusion One-year follow-up rather than 6-month follow-up may be suitable for BI-RADS 3 lesions on screening US found in screening centers. However, more caution is needed regarding similar findings in tertiary centers where 6-month follow-up may be more appropriate.
Effects of synchronizing starch and protein degradation in rumen on fermentation, nutrient utilization and total tract digestibility in sheep

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of synchronizing the dietary starch and crude protein (CP) degradation in the rumen on nutrient utilization, fermentation, and total tract digestibility in sheep. The four diets were formulated with different rates of starch and CP release in the rumen but with similar metabolic energy, starch, and CP. The diets were slowly degradable starch, slowly degradable protein; slowly degradable starch, rapidly degradable protein; rapidly degradable starch, rapidly degradable protein; and rapidly degradable starch, slowly degradable protein. The diets were fed to four cannulated sheep ad libitum in two equal portions, using a 4x4 Latin square design. Dry matter intake (DM) was not influenced by either the rate of starch or protein degradation. There was no significant effect of dietary treatment on the digestibility of DM, organic matter, starch, CP, neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent fiber in the rumen and total tract. Ruminal pH was greater for sheep fed slowly degradable starch diets than rapidly degradable starch (P< 0.05). Ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentrations were not affected by treatments but the molar proportions of propionic acid were greater for sheep fed rapidly degradable starch diets than slowly degradable starch diets (P< 0.05). The ratios of acetic acid (A) to propionic acid (P) were higher for sheep fed slowly degradable starch diets than rapidly degradable starch diets (P< 0.05). Ruminal ammonia-N concentrations were not affected from the degradability characteristics of protein. Rumen pH and A:P were higher in diets containing slowly degradable starch than in diets rapidly degradable starch. Propionic acid was higher in diets containing rapidly degradable starch than in diets containing slowly degradable starch. Rumen fermentation and utilization of nutrients in the rumen affected starch degradability more than protein degradability. Synchronizing starch and protein degradation in rumen had no effect on the intake, digestibility of nutrients in sheep.
Cranial Capacity, Neural Reorganization, and Hominid Evolution: A Search for More Suitable Parameters

tion. This parameter, measured in cubic centimeters, has been used as a means of taxonomic identification, behavioral complexity, and intelligence, and for discussing dissimilar rates of somatic evolution. While it is generally appreciated that this parameter is a poor one for explaining behavioral differences, there is almost no discussion in the anthropological literature regarding the reasons behind the unsuitability of this parameter for either taxonomic or behavioral correlations. The range of variation of cranial capacity for modern Homo sapiens is about 1,000 c.c. , with no correlation between capacity and behavior readily demonstrable. Such a figure represents almost the total amount of increase in capacity from the Australopithecine level to that of modern man. This parameter has also been one of the major stumbling blocks for almost 40 years in the acceptance of the Australopithecines as true hominids. It has been mainly the discoveries of stone tools, as well as the postcranial material (the pelves) which have been the most weighty factors in interpreting these early fossils as true hominids. With present-day emphases on behavior and selection in primate populations both past and present, and the increasing focus upon culture as an adaptive process and ecological niche, it seems critical to have a better understanding of both the meaning of this parameter and its unsuitability with respect to behavioral differences. This paper has an exceedingly simple point to make: a comparison of forms based on cranial capacity is not a comparison of equal units. Showing just why this is the case may aid in understanding other aspects of neural organization which are of more importance in relation to behavior, and pave the way for a clearer formulation of hypotheses which can eventually be tested through experimentation. While I have provided a much more thorough presentation of this problem elsewhere (Holloway 1964), and a number of more technical manuscripts are under preparation, it has been suggested that a presentation of the basic problems in a format containing a minimum of neurological technicalities might be of value for those anthropologists interested but without the
Women’s experience of episiotomy: a qualitative study from China

Objective To describe women’s experience of episiotomy in urban China. Design This is a semistructured, indepth interview with women after episiotomy. We analysed transcriptions using thematic analysis in Chinese. Emerging themes were debated in English to finalise interpretation. Setting Two community health centres and four hospitals in Shanghai, China. Participants Purposive sampling of 30 postpartum women who had experienced episiotomy; 25 were primiparous and 4 had deliveries by forceps. We interviewed health providers to complement the data. Results We identified four main themes: (1) women’s views of the procedure vary considerably; (2) pain interferes with daily life for weeks; (3) long-term anxiety is a consequence for some, described as a ‘psychological shadow’; and (4) societal norms assume women will not complain. Conclusion Women receive little information in advance about episiotomy, yet the procedure has a wide range of physical and psychological consequences. This includes long-term anxiety about the damage done to them as women.
16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic tree of lactobacillus species from the vagina of healthy Nigerian women

Lactobacilli are ubiquitous in nature and in humans they play a very significant role in the general health maintenance of the host. Identification of lactobacilli has previously been based on culturedependent methods and recently molecular techniques involving gene sequencing are now the ‘gold standard’. Scarce information exists in Africa on the real identity of Lactobacillus species, albeit phylogenetic distances among the species present in the human vagina. In this study, 185 vaginal swabs were collected from healthy premenopausal women (18 to 48 years). Bacterial DNA was extracted, amplified using PCR, with group specific Lactobacillus primers, and processed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Phylogenetic tree was constructed with the sequences of the V2-V3 region of 16S rRNA gene. Results show two distinct divisions among the Lactobacillus species. The study presents a new understanding of the nature of the Lactobacillus vaginal microbiota of women in Nigeria, which may lead to the design of probiotic-lactobacilli for biotherapy.
Using l‐Carnitine as a Pharmacologic Probe of the Interpatient and Metabolic Variability of Sepsis

The objective of this review is to discuss the therapeutic use and differential treatment response to Levo‐carnitine (l‐carnitine) treatment in septic shock, and to demonstrate common lessons learned that are important to the advancement of precision medicine approaches to sepsis. We propose that significant interpatient variability in the metabolic response to l‐carnitine and clinical outcomes can be used to elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings that contribute to sepsis heterogeneity.
Work-Family Conflict of Collegiate and Secondary School Athletic Trainers Who Are Parents.

CONTEXT The work-life interface has been a much discussed and researched area within athletic training. The National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement on work-life balance highlighted the profession's interest in this topic. However, gaps in the literature remain and include the role of social support and time-based conflict. OBJECTIVE To compare work-family conflict (WFC) and social support among athletic trainers (ATs) employed in the 2 most common practice settings. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational survey. SETTING Collegiate and secondary school settings. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 474 (females = 231, males = 243) ATs who were employed in the collegiate (205, 43.2%) or secondary school (269, 56.8%) setting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Data were collected through a Web-based survey designed to measure conflict and social support. Likert responses were summed. Demographic information was analyzed for frequency and distribution. Independent t tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were calculated to determine group differences. Linear regression was used to determine if social support predicted WFC. RESULTS Social provisions and WFC were negatively correlated, and the social provisions score predicted WFC. No WFC differences (P = .778) were found between collegiate and high school ATs even though collegiate ATs worked more hours (63 ± 0.76) during their busiest seasons compared with those in the high school setting (54 ± 0.81, P < .001). Similarly, no difference (P = .969) was present between men and women, although men worked more hours. Our participants scored highest on time-based WFC items. CONCLUSIONS Work-family conflict was experienced globally in 2 of the most common AT settings and between sexes. This indicates WFC is universally experienced and therefore needs to be addressed, specifically with a focus on time-based conflict. In addition to time-management strategies, ATs need support from coworkers, peers, and family members.
The establishment of a database of Italian feeds for the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System

Abstract A field application of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) in Italy has been limited because the feed bank is based on North American feedstuffs and still few laboratories are able to analyze feeds as requested by the CNCPS. Moreover, the standardization of analytical procedures is still not homogeneous among laboratories. This work was carried out to establish a first database for feeds commonly used in Italy, providing nutritionists and producers an accurate and current feed composition, also indicating methods and apparatus for analytical procedures potentially available for routine analysis. A total of 909 samples of hays, silages and raw materials (protein feeds, cereals and by-products) were analyzed through 1999 and 2002; analysis included protein solubility and degradability, protein fractions, structural carbohydrate fractions and the calculation of neutral detergent structural carbohydrates. When possible, average data were compared with those included in the feed bank of CNCPS ver. 3 and with those obtained by another Italian laboratory. The main differences were observed in chemical composition of forages and silages, whose composition largely depends on environmental conditions and physiological stage; protein feeds, cereals and by-products showed some differences in crude protein, soluble protein and protein fractions even in feeds of national origin. The intent to modify the feed bank values of CNCPS for establishing an Italian data base of feeds will require a collaborative study of many laboratories not only for forages, hays and silages samples - whose composition is greatly dependent on environmental factors and agronomic techniques - but also for protein fractions, whose values are largely influenced by even small changes in analytical techniques.
Performance of inter-cultivar summer turnip rape hybrids in Saskatchewan

The agronomic performance of inter-cultivar hybrids of Brassica rapa L. was studied in crosses between four B. rapa cultivars. Six reciprocal hybrid combinations were produced by hand pollination in the greenhouse. Hybrids and their parents were tested in replicated yield tests for 3 yr. An average, over all hybrid combinations, of 13% heterosis for seed yield was observed. Heterosis for seed yield was greatest in crosses between genetically diverse cultivars, which agrees with classical theories on heterosis. There were also significant differences in yield of reciprocal F1 combinations. Seed oil content was not heterotic. The results of this study indicated that the level of heterosis of seed yield in crosses between B. rapa cultivars adapted for production in western Canada is sufficient to warrant the development of a suitable pollination control system for hybrid B. rapa production. Key words:Brassica rapa, Brassica campestris, inter-cultivar hybrids, seed yield, heterosis
Further extensions of precision medicine to behavior analysis: A demonstration using functional communication training.

To establish a baseThe potential applicability of concepts and methods of the paradigm of precision medicine to the field of applied behavior analysis is only beginning to be explored. Both precision medicine and applied behavior analysis seek to understand and classify clinical problems through identification of their causal pathways. Both aim to develop treatments directly targeting those causal pathways, which also requires an understanding of the mechanisms by which treatments produce change (treatment-action pathways). In the current study, we extend the data-analytic methods and concepts described by Hagopian et al. (2018) toward the identification of variables that predict response to functional communication training (FCT). We discuss emerging conceptual issues, including the importance of distinguishing predictive behavioral markers from predictor variables based on their purported involvement in the causal or treatment-action pathways. Making these discriminations is a complex undertaking that requires knowledge of these mechanisms and how they interact.