Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transient Photoconductivity in Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)

Transport of holes through thin films of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) was studied using transient photoconductivity techniques. The photogeneration depends on the electric field with quantum efficiency of generation approaching a value of 0.1 at an applied electric field of 108 V/m. The motion of carriers cannot be characterized by a drift mobility but can be fully represented by an “effective transit time” given by (Teff)−1 = (mτ0)−1exp(γE1/2 − e0 / kT), where m = d / d0 (d being the thickness of the film and d0 a characteristic length), τ0 is a characteristic release time from a localized state, E is the applied electric field, e0 is an activation energy, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This relationship suggests a model in which holes jump from one localized state to the next one, the “effective transit time” being the sum of release times from the localized states. Bulk trapping occurs at low fields, and the release from these traps depends on both temperature and electric field.
A Parameter as an Indicator for Water−Water Association in Solutions of Strong Electrolytes†

After a short discussion of the formal significance of the association parameter (A), this quantity is calculated from revised experimental results for proton magnetic relaxation rates, deuteron magnetic relaxation rates, and self-diffusion coefficients of the water in aqueous solutions of a number of 1:1 and 2:1 electrolytes. An increase of the A-parameter with decreasing water concentration, which is an indicator for water proton−proton association, was found in solutions of the structure breakers CsCl and CsBr, probably for RbCl and RbBr as well. Decrease of the A-parameter with decreasing water concentration, i.e., water deassociation, was observed for moderately hydrated cations like Li+ and Na+. In 2:1 electrolytes, partly showing complex formation, the water−water association is a more complicated function of the salt concentration.
Crystallization and morphology of poly(ethylene oxide‐b‐lactide) crystalline–crystalline diblock copolymers

The crystallization behaviors and morphology of asymmetric crystalline-crystalline diblock copolymers poly(ethylene oxide-lactide) (PEO-b-PLLA) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and microscopic techniques (polarized optical microscopy (POM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)). Both blocks of PEO5-b-PLLA(16) can be crystallized, which was confirmed by WAXD, while PEO block in PEO5-b-PLLA(30) is difficult to crystallize because of the confinement induced by the high glass transition temperature and crystallization of PLLA block with the microphase separation of the block copolymer.
The production of aflatoxins in fresh date fruits and under simulated storage conditions

Sixteen varieties of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) at threc stages of maturation (Kimri, Rutab and Tamr) were examined for the presence of fungi and analysed for aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 and sterigmatocystin. Single samples of each variety were used in the study. Samples as received were initially examined for mycoflora and toxin levels and then stored at 98% relative humidity and 30 °C for 14 days to investigate the effects of possible adverse storage conditions on mycoflora and, in particular, aflatoxin formation. All samples showed an absence of aflatoxins and their precusor, sterigmatocystin, after adverse storage for 14 days, although aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus isolates were identified in 10 varieties at the first stage of maturation (Kimri). High fungal counts were associated with the Rutab stage and low counts with the Tamr stage. The counts of A flavus ranged from 5.00 to 8.16 log 10 (cfu g -1 ) under simulated storage conditions, and three varieties contained significant levels of aflatoxin B 1 or B 2 ranging from 35 to 11 610 μg kg -1 . Sterigmatocystin was not detected in any of the samples as received or under simulated storage conditions. Cette etude evalue les changements dans la microflore et la formation d'aflatoxines et de leur precurseur, la sterigmatocystine, dans des tissus de dattes pendant 3 etapes differentes de maturation (stades non comestibles a comestibles). Les dattes sont examinees apres la recolte et dans des conditions d'entreposage a 30°C et 98% d'humidite relative pendant 14 jours pour evaluer les effets d'une conservation dans des conditions critiques sur la microflore et la formation d'aflatoxines.
Studies on Conductivity and Optical Properties of Poly(o-toluidine)-ferrous Sulfate Composites

Poly(o-toluidine) (POT), a derivative of polyaniline, has been synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization. The synthesized POT is doped with ferrous sulfate. The dc conductivity of POT samples in pellet form is measured in the temperature range of 30°–100°C and is found to increase with temperature, showing the semiconductor nature of the samples. The samples are characterized by UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction pattern. UV-visible studies reveal that direct optical transitions exist in the samples. The X-ray diffraction pattern of powder POT shows semicrystalline nature. FT-IR studies provide information on structural changes in the backbone of POT with chemical doping.
Convective Drying Kinetics of Single Droplets of Aqueous Glucose

The convective drying kinetics of single droplets of aqueous glucose was measured using a single droplet drying rig. The effects of air temperature and velocity were evaluated. It was found that the droplet of aqueous glucose shrank uniformly, retaining a nearly spherical shape during drying. The normalized volume (d/d0)3 of the droplet decreased linearly with its moisture content. A constant-drying-rate-like period occurred when the moisture content of the droplet was higher than an amount of about 1.0 kg kg−1 dry solid. The diameter of the droplet decreased sharply due to the evaporation of water, while its temperature remained at a wet-bulb-like temperature in this period. When the moisture content of the droplet was lower than the above-mentioned value, the drying transferred to a falling-drying-rate-period, during which the temperature of the droplet rose quickly and approached the air temperature as drying continued. The effect of air temperature on the drying of single droplets of aqueous glucose was more pronounced when compared with that of air velocity.
Biointeraction of chelated and inorganic copper with aflatoxin on growth performance of broiler chicken.

Received: Revised: Accepted: March 25, 2013 April 02, 2013 September 05, 2013 A biological experiment was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of organic and inorganic copper (Cu) supplementation with aflatoxin (AF) on growth performance of broilers. Day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into nine treatments of three replicates each containing ten birds per replicate. A 3×3 factorial design involving 9 treatments groups was formulated with 3 levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) i.e. 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm and 3 Cu supplemented group, i.e. 0 ppm, 40 ppm organic Cu (as propionate), 40 ppm inorganic Cu (as sulphate). The study was made for 0-42 days and performance of broiler i.e. body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and livability were analyzed. The result revealed that the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly depressed in a dose dependent fashion due to dietary AF levels. The mean BWG showed a significant difference due to Cu supplementation and were highest in Cu chelate group followed by control and it was lowest in Cu inorganic group. The FI and FCR did not differ significantly due to different Cu supplementations. The interaction effect showed that BWG , FI and FCR were highest in all Cu groups at basal AF level and lowest in Cu inorganic group at 1 ppm AF level, while the mean BWG of other groups were found to be intermediary. The livability was highest in basal level followed by 0.5 ppm AF level and it was lowest in 1 ppm AF level. The livability did not differ significantly due to different Cu supplementation. Similarly, the livability percentage among treatments did not differ significantly due to interaction of Cu supplementation with AF levels. It is concluded that there was a difference between organic and inorganic copper in counteracting the effect of aflatoxicosis in broiler chicken.
EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE OF SELECTED CEREALS

The antioxidant activities, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of seven selected cereals including Wheat (Triticum aestivum var WH-147), Rice (Oryza sativa var Ganga Kaveri), Basmati rice (Oryza sativa var Pusa-1121), Maize (Zea mays var K-65), Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum var Banjara Gold), Barley (Hordeum vulgare var Ratna ) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var MFSH-4 ) were determined. The TPC was determined according to the folin-ciocalteu method and TFC by spectrophotometric method. TPC and TFC varied from 53.5 to 211.2 mg/100g and 0.28 to 0.65 mg QE/g respectively. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of cereals was evaluated according to the DPPH radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant activity, reducing capacity and Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) ranged from 63.9 to 73 %, 18.6 to 62 AAE/g and 1.70 to 3.70 mmoL of Fe equi/g of flour respectively.
Synthesis, Characterisation, and Biological Evaluation of Zn(II) Complex with Tridentate (NNO Donor) Schiff Base Ligand

The present paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of metal complex of tridentate Schiff base ligand derived from the inserted condensation of 2-aminobenzimidazole (1H-benzimidazol-2-amine) with salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) in a 1 : 1 molar ratio. Using this tridentate ligand, complex of Zn(II) with general formula ML has been synthesized. The synthesized complex was characterized by several techniques using molar conductance, elemental analysis, FT-IR, and mass and 1HNMR spectroscopy. The elemental analysis data suggest the stoichiometry to be 1 : 1 [M : L]. The complex is nonelectrolytic in nature as suggested by molar conductance measurements. Infrared spectral data indicate the coordination between the ligand and the central metal ion through deprotonated phenolic oxygen, imidazole nitrogen of benzimidazole ring, and azomethine nitrogen atom. Spectral studies suggest tetrahedral geometry for the complex. The pure compound, synthesized ligand, and metal complex were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Epoxy-Phenolic Mixtures

The dynamic-mechanical properties of different mixtures formed by an epoxy resin (DGEBA type) and a phenolic resin (resole type) cured by trietylenetetr- amine and/or p-toluensulphonic acid at different concentrations have been studied by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). All samples were cured by pressing at 90 8C during 6 h. The mechanical studies were performed between � 100 to 300 8C at a heating rate of 2 8C/min. This study was also carried out for the epoxy- TETA and phenolic-p-toluensulphonic acid systems. V C 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1548-1555, 2005
The Significance and Characteristics of the Personal Activity Cloud on Exposure Assessment Measurements for Indoor Contaminants

The influence of personal activity sources on exposure to indoor contaminants is defined and demonstrated using data from occupational and residential studies. The ratios of measurements from personal exposure monitors to those made by microenvironmental exposure monitors are summarized to be typically 3 to 10 for occupational settings and 1.2 to 3.3 for residential settings. The ratios are shown to be lognormally distributed, and dependent primarily on the proximity of the source to the receptors. Current models are reviewed for possible application to the prediction of indoor concentration gradients and future model development and validation studies are suggested. (Copyright (c) 1991 Danish Technical Press, DK-Copenhagen. )
Interpretation of Pressure-Composition Phase Diagrams for CO2/Crude-Oil Systems

Results of single-contact phase behavior studies for CO/sub 2//crude-oil mixtures often are presented as pressure composition (P-X) phase diagrams. In such diagrams, regions of pressure and CO/sub 2/ mole fraction for which more than one phase forms can be identified easily. Phase diagrams for CO/sub 2//crude-oil systems can be quite complex, however, since under some conditions such mixtures can form a liquid and a vapor, two liquid phases, or two liquids and a vapor in equilibrium. This paper examines P-X diagrams for two ternary systems, CO/sub 2//propane/hexadecane and CO/sub 2//methane/hexadecane, and describes transitions from one diagram to another that occur with changes in system temperature or changes in oil composition. Nine experimentally determined P-X diagrams are presented for mixtures of Wasson crude oil with CO/sub 2/. Three different oils, stock-tank oil, stock-tank oil plus 312 scf/bbl (560 std m/sup 3//m/sup 3/) solution gas, and stocktank oil plus 602 scf/bbl (1084 std m/sup 3//m/sup 3/) solution gas, were studied at three temperatures, 90, 105, and 120/sup 0/F (32, 41, and 49/sup 0/C). Comparison of the resulting phase diagrams with those discussed for the simpler ternary systems indicates that the principal features of the crude oil phase diagrams are qualitatively consistent withmore » those of the ternary systems. The results of the CO/sub 2//crude-oil experiments indicate that for low-temperature systems (below about 120/sup 0/F (49/sup 0/C)), the extrapolated vapor pressure (EVP) of CO/sub 2/ is a good estimate of the pressure required to produce a dense, relatively incompressible CO/sub 2/-rich phase that can extract hydrocarbons efficiently from a crude oil. Hence, in the absence of other experimental evidence, the EVP curve can be used as a rough estimate of the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for low-temperature reservoirs. « less
THE USE OF FLORAL ANALYSIS TO DIAGNOSE THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ORANGE TREES

A field experiment was conducted in a commercial orange orchard (Citrus sinensis L. cv. ‘Valencia late’), established on a calcareous soil in the south of Portugal, to investigate if flower analysis could be used to diagnose the nutritional status of the trees and predict fruit quality. In April 1996, during full bloom, flowers and leaves were collected from 20 trees. Leaf samples were again collected in June and August from the same trees. In February 1997 the fruits were harvested and their quality evaluated. The concentrations of phosporous (P) and magnesium (Mg) in flowers were correlated with those in leaves, and were also predictive of the chlorophyll content of leaves 60 days later. However, by 120 days after full bloom these effects were masked, possibly by a fertilizer application carried out by the farmer. The iron (Fe) concentration in flowers was correlated with chlorophyll measured either 60 or 120 days after full bloom. These parameters can therefore be used to predict the appearance of iron chlorosis. Fresh weight and diameter of fruit were related to flower P, Mg, and manganese (Mn) concentrations, while the percentage of citric acid in the fruit juice was inversely correlated with Fe flower concentrations.
Separation of Actinides(III) from Lanthanides(III) in Simulated Nuclear Waste Streams using 6,6′‐Bis‐(5,6‐dipentyl‐[1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)‐[2,2′]bipyridinyl (C5‐BTBP) in Cyclohexanone

Abstract An extraction system comprising 6,6′‐bis‐(5,6‐dipentyl‐[1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)‐[2,2′]bipyridinyl (C5‐BTBP) dissolved in cyclohexanone was investigated. The main purpose of this investigation was to extract and separate actinides(III) from lanthanides(III), both of which are present in the waste from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. The system studied showed high distribution ratios for the actinides(III) and a high separation factor between actinides and lanthanides (SFAm/Eu around 150). The extraction kinetics were fast with equilibrium being reached in 5 minutes. The effects of temperature on the extraction and the stoichiometry of the extracted complex were investigated. The extraction of californium(III) was studied and it was found that the BTBP molecule has a higher affinity for californium than for americium (SFCf/Am around 4). This system could be used to separate actinides(III) from lanthanide fission products with high efficiency, if used in conjunction with a pre‐equilibrium step.
A study on the colour and sensory attributes of high‐hydrostatic‐pressure jams as compared with traditional jams

Four strawberry jams were made by high-hydrostatic-pressure treatment at 200, 400, 600 and 800MPa. A traditional (heat-processed) strawberry jam was manufactured as control. The anthocyanin content in the jams was screened over 15 days of storage at three different temperatures, 4, 20 and 30°C. Pelargonidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside were quantified. The highest stability of the anthocyanins was found when the jams were stored at fridge temperature (4°C). The traditional jam showed higher stability than the pressured jams but also a bigger loss of anthocyanins during the production process. Examination by descriptive sensory analysis showed that the jam samples were different in many respects. 4 confitures de fraises sont fabriquees par pressurisation. Une confiture est fabriquee traditionnellement, par traitement thermique. La teneur en anthocyanine est mesuree au cours du temps et en fonction de la temperature de traitement. La stabilite des anthocyanes est meilleures lors dun stockage au froid, et est superieure pour la confiture traditionnelle. Les analyses sensorielles montrent de nombreuses differences entre les 2 types de confitures.
Preparation and Structure Refinement of Monoclinic Hydroxyapatite

Abstract Monoclinic hydroxyapatite was synthesized by a wet method followed by heating in air at 1473 K for 1 h. The product is carbonate-free and has a Ca/P ratio of 1.65, which is slightly lower than the theoretical value (1.67) of hydroxyapatite. The crystal structure was investigated by Rietveld refinement using X-ray powder diffraction data. The structure has monoclinic symmetry with the space group P 2 1 / b (No. 14), Z =4, Dx =3.14 g cm −3 , and the lattice constants are a =9.426(3) A, b =18.856(5) A, c =6.887(1) A, and γ =119.97(1)°. The hydroxyl ions have an ordered arrangement along the hydroxyl columns. The hydroxyapatite prepared in the present study is 98% monoclinic.
Preparation and characterization of magnetic chitosan nanospheres

A method for the preparation of magnetite/chitosan composite nanoparticles was developed. Colloidal magnetite particles (Fe3O4 produced by co-precipitation and stabilized in suspension by adding a non-ionic surfactant (Pluronic F127) were subsequently covered with a layer of chitosan (CS) prepared by ionotropic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as a crosslinking agent. The products were characterized in terms of the following parameters: size distribution and z-potential (by laser diffraction analysis), surface morphology (TEM), composition (FTIR, elemental analysis), magnetic properties (magnetic susceptibility analysis), and concentration of surface functional groups (potentiometric titration). The synthesis parameters were optimized for obtaining uniformly distributed colloidally stable, biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles with a high concentration of surface amino groups available for subsequent attachment of biologically active ligands.
Dry-Matter Production and Phosphorus Accumulation by Maize Plants in Response to the Addition of Organic Acids in Oxisols

Abstract Organic acids (OA) play an important role in phosphorus (P) availability in soils. They can be adsorbed with great energy by the soil mineral fraction, reducing P adsorption and increasing P availability to plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources (acetic acid, AA; citric acid, CA; and humic acids, HA) and doses of OA on P uptake and dry‐matter production by corn plants grown in highly weathered soils. Samples (2 dm3) of a clayey Red Latosol, RL (Rhodic Haplustox), and a sandy loam Red Yellow Latosol, RYL (Typic Haplustox), were accommodated in plastic pots located in a greenhouse. Phosphorus (K2HPO4) and/orOA were applied at different timings: organic acid added before (OABP) or simultaneously (OASP) to the phosphate application. The OA doses ranged from 0.0 to 8.0 mmol L−1. The doses of humic acids ranged from 0.0 to 12 g dm−3 and were equivalent to an organic compost addition of 0 to 80 t ha−1. The addition of OA influenced dry‐matter production and P uptake by corn plants in both soils. The effectiveness of OA in increasing P uptake and dry‐matter production of corn plants followed the order humic acids>citric acid>acetic acid. In both soils, the greatest dry‐matter production and P uptake were obtained when OA were applied to the soil before P was added (OABP).
Chain Length Dependence and Sensing Capabilities of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance of Silver Nanoparticles Chemically Modified with Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers

In this paper, we explore the optical properties of Ag nanoparticles chemically modified with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) by measuring the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectrum using UV−vis extinction spectroscopy. For all the experiments presented here, the Ag nanoparticles were fabricated using the technique of nanosphere lithography (NSL) and had in-plane widths of 100 nm and out-of-plane heights of 50 nm. We first demonstrate that unmodified nanoparticles are extremely susceptible to slight changes in 3-dimensional structure when exposed to various solvents. These structural effects can have dramatic effects on the extinction maximum, λmax, of the LSPR shifting it to the blue by over 100 nm. The significant discovery reported here is that λmax for NSL fabricated Ag nanoparticles is extremely sensitive to the SAM properties. We will demonstrate the following new features: (1) λmax of the LSPR linearly shifts to the red 3 nm for every carbon atom in the alkane chain; (2) .
MECHANISMS OF VOLATILE SULFUR COMPOUND AND ODOR PRODUCTION IN DIGESTED BIOSOLIDS

Odors produced from biosolids has become an increasing problem and often cited as a significant concern of many treatment plant operations. Recent research has shown that most odors are associated with volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), e specially methanethiol (MT), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS); however, little research has been performed to understand the mechanisms of VSC production from biosolids. The objectives of this research were to determine the mechanisms and pathways of VSC production from biosolids in order to provide a foundation for the development of odor control mana gement strategies. The research examined the different pathways of VSC production using selectiv e chemical addition and selective microbial inhibition. VSCs were measured in headspace samples of biosolids. The results of this research demonstrated that amino acid degradation, especiall y methionine and to a lesser extent cysteine, are the primary substrate for MT and H 2S production, respectively. Both H 2S and MT can be methylated in sequential steps to form MT and DMS, respectively. The formation of DMDS is through an abiotic reaction in which MT is oxidized to form DMDS and water. In addition, methanogenic bacteria play an important role in the cycling of VSCs in that they can degrade MT, DMS and DMDS. Results showed inhibition of methanogens greatly increased the production of these compounds. These results can be applied to u nderstand the factors that affect VSC production from different processes such as dewatering and con veyance.