Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adverse drug event presentation and tracking (ADEPT): semiautomated, high throughput pharmacovigilance using real-world data

Abstract Objective To advance use of real-world data (RWD) for pharmacovigilance, we sought to integrate a high-sensitivity natural language processing (NLP) pipeline for detecting potential adverse drug events (ADEs) with easily interpretable output for high-efficiency human review and adjudication of true ADEs. Materials and methods The adverse drug event presentation and tracking (ADEPT) system employs an open source NLP pipeline to identify in clinical notes mentions of medications and signs and symptoms potentially indicative of ADEs. ADEPT presents the output to human reviewers by highlighting these drug-event pairs within the context of the clinical note. To measure incidence of seizures associated with sildenafil, we applied ADEPT to 149 029 notes for 982 patients with pediatric pulmonary hypertension. Results Of 416 patients identified as taking sildenafil, NLP found 72 [17%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 14–21] with seizures as a potential ADE. Upon human review and adjudication, only 4 (0.96%, 95% CI 0.37–2.4) patients with seizures were determined to have true ADEs. Reviewers using ADEPT required a median of 89 s (interquartile range 57–142 s) per patient to review potential ADEs. Discussion ADEPT combines high throughput NLP to increase sensitivity of ADE detection and human review, to increase specificity by differentiating true ADEs from signs and symptoms related to comorbidities, effects of other medications, or other confounders. Conclusion ADEPT is a promising tool for creating gold standard, patient-level labels for advancing NLP-based pharmacovigilance. ADEPT is a potentially time savings platform for computer-assisted pharmacovigilance based on RWD.
Determination of protein degradability of alfalfa hay via buffer or protease

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of different vegetative periods on protein fractions of alfalfa hay and to compare two different methods for estimation of its protein degradability. In this study, 44 alfalfa hay samples cut in late vegetative, late bud, early bloom and late bloom were used. Crude protein decreased with advancing maturity (p < .05), but neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were similar. Protein degradability of the samples was estimated using Streptomyces griseus protease or borate–phosphate buffer, kinetic model, as described in Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System (CNCPS). Alfalfa hay samples were subjected to proteolysis for 30 h with 0.115 U/mL or 0.230 U/mL of the protease at pH 6.8. There was a moderate correlation (0.66, 0.72) between enzymatic and buffer method estimates with protein degradation. As vegetation progresses, rapidly degradable fraction (A) decreased (p < .05) and undegradable fraction (C) increased (p < .05), while potentially degradable fraction (B) was unchanged. Rumen degradable protein content decreased (p < .05) with advancing maturity. The enzyme/duration limits should be standardised and investigated whether the protease enzyme alone is sufficient for all forages.
Named Entity Recognition in Chinese Medical Literature Using Pretraining Models

The medical literature contains valuable knowledge, such as the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments of a particular disease. Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the initial step in extracting this knowledge from unstructured text and presenting it as a Knowledge Graph (KG). However, the previous approaches of NER have often suffered from small-scale human-labelled training data. Furthermore, extracting knowledge from Chinese medical literature is a more complex task because there is no segmentation between Chinese characters. Recently, the pretraining models, which obtain representations with the prior semantic knowledge on large-scale unlabelled corpora, have achieved state-of-the-art results for a wide variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, the capabilities of pretraining models have not been fully exploited, and applications of other pretraining models except BERT in specific domains, such as NER in Chinese medical literature, are also of interest. In this paper, we enhance the performance of NER in Chinese medical literature using pretraining models. First, we propose a method of data augmentation by replacing the words in the training set with synonyms through the Mask Language Model (MLM), which is a pretraining task. Then, we consider NER as the downstream task of the pretraining model and transfer the prior semantic knowledge obtained during pretraining to it. Finally, we conduct experiments to compare the performances of six pretraining models (BERT, BERT-WWM, BERT-WWM-EXT, ERNIE, ERNIE-tiny, and RoBERTa) in recognizing named entities from Chinese medical literature. The effects of feature extraction and fine-tuning, as well as different downstream model structures, are also explored. Experimental results demonstrate that the method of data augmentation we proposed can obtain meaningful improvements in the performance of recognition. Besides, RoBERTa-CRF achieves the highest F1-score compared with the previous methods and other pretraining models.
CpG Motifs Distinct Effects of Oligodeoxynucleotides with Divergent Therapeutic and Immunologic

Immune stimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with unmethylated CpG motifs are potent inducers of both innate and adaptive immunity. It initially appeared that a single type of optimal CpG motif would work in all applications. We now report that speciﬁc motifs of CpG ODN can vary dramatically in their ability to induce individual immune effects and that these differences impact on their antitumor activity in different tumor models. In particular, a distinct type of CpG motif, which has a chimeric backbone in combination with poly(G) tails, is a potent inducer of NK lytic activity but has little effect on cytokine secretion or B cell proliferation. One such NK-optimized CpG ODN (1585) can induce regression of established melanomas in mice. Surprisingly, no such therapeutic effects were seen with CpG ODN optimized for activation of B cells and Th1-like cytokine expression (ODN 1826). The therapeutic effects of CpG 1585 in melanoma required the presence of NK but not T or B cells and were not associated with the induction of a tumor-speciﬁc memory response. In contrast, CpG 1826, but not CpG 1585, was effective at inducing regression of the EL4 murine lymphoma; this rejection was associated with the induction of a memory response and although NK cells were necessary, they were not sufﬁcient. These results demonstrate that selection of optimal CpG ODN for cancer immunotherapy depends upon a careful analysis of the cellular speciﬁcities of various CpG motifs and an understanding of the cellular mechanisms responsible for the antitumor activity in a particular tumor. The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 167: 4878–4886.
Techniques of Translating Interjection in the Novel “Looking For Alaska” in Terms of Functions, Meanings, and Categories

The objective of this research is to find out the functions, meanings, and categories of interjections, and the translation technique practiced by the Indonesian translator to translate English interjection found in the novel Looking for Alaska or Mencari Alaska in Indonesian . This research is adopting a descriptive qualitative, with the novel of Looking for Alaska and Mencari Alaska as the primary source of the data. Since the data collection of interjections is found in the book, it can be classified as content analysis. The researchers found out that there are six translation techniques used by the translators to translate interjections, six kinds of interjections in terms of functions and meanings, and three kinds of interjections in terms of categories found in the novel. Those six translation techniques are 164 interjections (41,21%) for literal translation technique, 49 interjections (12,31%) for translation by using an interjection with similar meaning and form technique, 61 interjection (15,33%) for translation by using an interjection with different forms, but the same meaning, 11 interjections (2,76%) for partly deleted omission technique, 9 interjections (2,26%) for total deleted omission technique, 8 interjections (2,01%) for addition technique, 58 interjections (10,80%) for pure borrowing technique, and 53 interjections (13,32%) for naturalized borrowing technique. From the research finding of the interjection regarding functions and meanings, there is a total of 419 types of English interjections where the researchers divided into six classes. Those types of function are: 5 (1,19%) data of interjection are used to greet, 35 (8,35%) data of interjection are used to express joy, 57 (13,37%) data of interjection are used to get attention, 169 (40,33) data of interjection are used to express approval, 120 (28,64%) data of interjection are used to express a surprise, and 34 (8,11) data of interjection used to express sorrow. Then from the research finding of interjection regarding category, there is a total of 419 data of English interjections where the researchers divided into three classes, those classes are 72 (17,18%) data of primary interjection, 336 (80,19%) data of secondary, and 11 (2,63%) data of onomatopoeic interjection. The findings of this study show that the translation techniques mostly used by the translators to translate an English interjection is translation by literal translation and translation by borrowing technique. In contrast, the least used translation technique is the addition technique that the translators rarely used it to translate the interjection. Keywords: Interjection , Interjection Translation, Looking for Alaska, Mencari Alaska, Translation Technique.
Mosaic evolution in the middle Miocene planktonic foraminifera Fohsella lineage

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that modes of evolution, namely directional trend, random walk, and stasis, vary across morphologic traits and over the geographic range of a taxon. If so, is it possible that our interpretation of evolutionary modes is actually driven by our selection of traits in a study? In an attempt to answer this question, we have restudied the middle Miocene planktonic foraminifera Fohsella lineage, an iconic example of gradual morphologic evolution. In contrast to previous studies that have focused on the gross morphology as embodied by the edge view of tests, we analyze here multiple phenotypic traits chosen because their biologic and ecologic significance is well understood in living populations. We find that traits in the lineage did not evolve in concert. The timing and geographic pattern of changes in shape, coiling direction, size, and ecology were different. The evolution of this lineage is a mosaic combination of different evolutionary modes for different traits. We suggest that overemphasis on the evolution of some single trait, such as the edge-view outline, from narrow geographic ranges has significantly underestimated the dynamic evolutionary history of this group.
Parenting Styles and Child’s Well-Being: The Mediating Role of the Perceived Parental Stress

In the last decades, consensus from laymen, scholars, and policy-makers has emphasized the role of child-parent relationships to promote child’s development and positive well-being. Parenting style was claimed as one of the crucial factors for the child’s positive adjustment. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and child’s difficulties. The mediational role of parent’s perception of a difficult child on the above mentioned relation was taken into account. The study was carried out on a sample of 459 couples including mothers (n = 459) and fathers (n = 459) of children aged 2 to 10 years old who filled in the Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire short version, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Parenting Stress Index-short form. Main findings indicated that authoritative style was associated with less child’s maladjustment, while the authoritarian one showed the opposite association. These relationships were partially mediated by the perception of a difficult child, which partially explained the link between parenting style and child’s problems. Above and beyond the role of parent’s perception as a difficult child, parenting styles had an important effect on child’s difficulties. Future studies should replicate these results with other samples, use the spouse version of the parenting styles, control the effect of socio-economic status and other variables related to family functioning, as well as to consider the child’s perception regarding parents’ parenting style.
Enhanced threat or therapeutic benefit? Risk and benefit perceptions of human gene editing by purpose and heritability of edits

Abstract Public discourse and deliberation are key to developing socially responsible and acceptable human gene editing research and applications. Researchers have raised concerns, however, that discourse about heritable gene edits, especially for non-therapeutic (or enhancement) purposes, might negatively bias public opinion of applications, including non-heritable edits to cure or prevent disease. Yet limited research exists examining how information about different gene editing applications elicits different perceptions of the technology. Using a U.S.-representative sample and survey-embedded experiment, we tested how exposure to information about different types of edits affects support and perceptions of benefits, risks, and moral acceptability of human gene editing. We randomly assigned respondents to a control or to an experimental condition in which they read information about one of four broad types of potential applications: (1) heritable edits for enhancement; (2) heritable edits for therapy; (3) non-heritable edits for enhancement; (4) non-heritable edits for therapy. Respondents then answered questions tapping multiple dimensions of support for and risk/benefit perceptions of human gene editing. Our results indicate partial evidence that exposure to information about heritable and/or enhancement edits colors perceptions of human gene editing more broadly but also that support for therapeutic edits is robust. Participants who read information about therapy edits perceived human gene editing in general more favorably in terms of benefits, risks, and moral acceptability than did participants who read about enhancements. Exposure to information about therapy versus enhancement edits, however, did not significantly influence support for therapy edits in particular. Heritability of edits had significant influence only on perceived risk, with heritable edits triggering higher risk perceptions. Interestingly, heritability seems to primarily affect views of risk of gene editing but not views of benefits, moral acceptability, or levels of support. We did not find differing effects depending on whether heritable edits were for therapy or enhancement.
An Aridity Index‐Based Formulation of Streamflow Components

Direct runoff and baseflow are the two primary components of total streamflow, and their accurate estimation is indispensable for a variety of hydrologic applications. While direct runoff is the quick response stemming from surface and shallow subsurface flow paths and is often associated with floods, baseflow represents the groundwater contribution from stored sources (e.g., groundwater) to streams and is crucial for environmental flow regulations, and water supply, among others. L'vovich (1979) proposed a two‐step water balance partitioning, where precipitation is divided into direct runoff and catchment wetting, followed by the disaggregation of the latter into baseflow and evapotranspiration. Here, we investigate the role of the aridity index (ratio between mean‐annual potential evapotranspiration and precipitation) in controlling the long‐term (mean‐annual) fluxes of direct runoff and baseflow. We present an analytical solution beginning with similar assumptions as proposed by Budyko (1974), leading to two complementary expressions for the two fluxes. The aridity index explained 77% and 89% of variability in direct runoff and baseflow from 378 catchments within the continental United States, while our formulations were able to reproduce the patterns of water balance partitioning proposed by L'vovich (1979) at the mean‐annual timescale. Our approach can be used to further understand how climate and landscape controls the terrestrial water balance at mean‐annual timescales, while also representing a step toward the prediction of baseflow and direct runoff at ungauged basins.
‘It is natural for everyone to speak their language’. Lingua receptiva in the Polish-Czech borderland – a sociolinguistic approach

ABSTRACT The following article attempts to characterise the current changes in the communication of people living in the area of Polish-Czech borderland based on the results of the study conducted in 2018 and 2019. The aim is to determine the dominant mode of supranational communication, as well as the reason behind its prevalence by analysing the language skills of the interviewed Poles and Czechs, along with their language preferences and selected personal experiences. The multilingual modes known as English as a lingua franca and lingua receptiva as well as their combination, constitute a platform of reference. The analysis proves that in more peripheral areas of the globalised world where different languages and cultures cross, postmonolingual practices have been developed. They maintain the leading position of the first language but they also adapt other multilingual modes. It is suggested that these practices should not be treated as a transitional phase on the way to rich multilingualism but rather as a specific glocalisation effect.
In situ nurseries enhance coral transplant growth in sedimented waters

ABSTRACT In situ nurseries have been a crucial part of coral reef restoration initiatives for the past two decades. However, the advantages over direct transplantation in sedimented waters has yet to be examined. In the present study, we showed that Pachyseris speciosa and Pocillopora damicornis fragments reared in in situ nurseries (NR) in Singapore’s sedimented waters grew significantly faster (by three to five times) than those which were directly transplanted (DT) onto the substrates. The increased growth rate during the nursery phase augmented the size of NR transplants, and had a flow-on effect on their performance during the post-transplantation phase. Overall, the maximum diameter of the NR transplants was 1.8–2.7 times larger than DT transplants after 11 months. The growth enhancement of the nursery-reared transplants improved the cost-effectiveness of our restoration effort: the estimated cost per centimetre growth of NR transplants was one-fifth of the DT corals despite the additional costs incurred to construct the nurseries. These results highlight that coral nurseries are beneficial to reef restoration in chronically sedimented waters.
Variability of benthic methane‐derived carbon along seasonal, biological, and sedimentary gradients in a polymictic lake

The spatial and seasonal variations of methane‐derived carbon contributions to Chironomus plumosus larvae and oligochaetes biomass at four stations in a polymictic, eutrophic lake were examined to determine which factors (CH4 and/or dissolved oxygen) affect the methane‐derived carbon contributions, and quantify impacts of benthic methane‐derived carbon on the lake food web. Methane‐derived carbon contributions were estimated by a two‐source mixing model using δ13C values of monthly particulate organic matter ( −29.5 to −20.8‰) and methane‐oxidizing bacteria (−85.7‰). Large spatial and seasonal variability of methane‐derived carbon contributions to C. plumosus and oligochaetes within the lake (0–38% and 0–32%, respectively) were observed, where contributions varied spatially along a gradient of sediment CH4 concentration, but not dissolved oxygen. The results suggest that for both C. plumosus and oligochaetes, spatial variabilities of the methane‐derived carbon contributions are regulated by CH4. Seasonal variability of methane‐derived carbon contributions to C. plumosus revealed increases in summer and autumn following increases in CH4. Methane‐derived biomass (methane‐derived carbon% × biomass) of C. plumosus were also higher in summer and autumn, suggesting transfer of methane‐derived carbon to higher trophic organisms may be larger during those seasons, and limited in winter and spring. Although oligochaetes did not show seasonal variability of methane‐derived carbon contributions, they provided a consistent source of methane‐derived biomass to higher trophic levels throughout the year. Our study demonstrates that two major macroinvertebrates complementarily contribute to fueling methane‐derived carbon cycling through trophic transfer in a polymictic lake.
Factors Controlling Successful Formation of Mixed-Matrix Gas Separation Materials

Prior work has suggested simple guidelines for matching transport characteristics of materials to form high-performance mixed-matrix materials for gas separation. Such materials comprise a dispersion of molecular sieving particles in a properly selected matrix polymer phase. Recent work has shown that these simple criteria are necessary but not sufficient to achieve the desired properties. The analysis presented here shows the need to optimize the transport properties of the interfacial region, i.e., the region between the bulk polymer and dispersed sieve phases. Guided by the need to optimize both the transport properties of the interfacial region and the matrix material selection criteria noted above, a new paradigm is recommended for matrix phase selection. The practicality of the paradigm is validated by the formation of mixed-matrix membranes with an appropriate polymer and sieve. These materials lead to the attractive predicted performances at low loading. For success at higher loading a zeolite “pr.
Experiences of Cyber Harassment and Social Adjustment in Female University Students: Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy

The present study investigated the moderating role of self-efficacy in relationship between experiences of cyber harassment experiences and social adjustment in female university students. A purposive sample of 365 female students of universities in Lahore with age ranging from 17-30 years (M = 20.93, SD = 2.39) was taken. Urdu versions of Cyber Harassment Experience Scale (Ayub & Malik, 2017), Generalized Self-efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995), Bell? s Social Adjustment Scale (Bell, 1934), and Coping with Cyber Harassment Questionnaire-modified (Ayub & Malik, 2017) were used. The results showed that overall experience of cyber harassment was not related with social adjustment; however, one of its subscales unauthorized use of identity information showed negative relationship with social adjustment. Further, the results showed negative relationship between overall experiences of cyber harassment and self-efficacy, while a positive relationship was found between self-efficacy and social adjustment. The results of moderation through hierarchical regression indicated nonsignificant interaction between self-efficacy and unauthorized use of identity information subscale of experiences of cyber harassment. Further, internal coping and reporting response (external coping) positively and no. of social media friends negatively predicted social adjustment in female university students.