Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Properties Among Native Forest, Maintained and Abandoned Almond Orchards in Mountainous Areas of Eastern Spain

In the mountainous areas of Eastern Spain, soils have been cultivated in terraced orchards for centuries, although in the last decades, almond orchards are being abandoned. For this study, we selected four locations in SE Spain, with a similar vegetation mosaic, constituting forest, almond tree orchards, and orchards abandoned between 10 to 15 years previous to sampling. The main objective was to investigate the effects of changes in land use from forest to agricultural and posterior land abandonment on various physical, chemical, and biochemical properties. In all locations, all properties showed the highest values in forest soils, excepting pH and some eco-physiological ratios which were lowest under this land use. Abandoned agricultural soils showed a slight recovery in some properties compared to agricultural soils, the biochemical properties being the most sensitive indicators in reflecting these changes. All these results indicate that after land abandonment, soil microorganisms are more active as a consequence of the increment in the vegetation cover, with higher inputs as litter and root exudates. Moreover, the stopping of tillage may also have favored the increments in microbial biomass and activity. Nonetheless, these values are still low compared to forest soils, reflecting that 10–15 years of abandonment is not long enough to achieve a significant recovery in soil properties under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. The metabolic quotient (qCO2) showed no general pattern in all locations in terms of land use, suggesting that this ratio is not specific enough to be used as an indicator in ecosystem succession.
Tectonic setting and U/Pb zircon dating of the plutonic Socorro Complex in the Transpressive Rio Paraíba do Sul Shear Belt, SE Brazil

The Precambrian Rio Paraiba do Sul Shear Belt comprises a 200-km-wide anastomosing network of NE-SW trending ductile shear zones extending over 1000 km of the southeastern coast of Brazil. Granulitic, gneissic-migmatitic, and granitoid terrains as well as low- to medium-grade metavolcano-sedimentary sequences are included within it. These rocks were affected by strong contractional, tangential tectonics, due to west-northwestward oblique convergence of continental blocks. Subsequent transpressional tectonics accomodated large dextral, orogen-parallel movements and shortening. The plutonic Socorro Complex is one of many deformed granites with a foliation subparallel to that of the shear belt and exposes crosscutting relationships between its tectonic, magmatic, and metamorphic structures. These relationships point to a continuous magmatic evolution related to regional thrusts and strike slip, ductile shear zones. The tectonic and magmatic structural features of the Serra do Lopo Granite provide a model of emplacement by sheeting along shear zones during coeval strike-slip and cross shortening of country rocks. Geochronological data indicate that the main igneous activity of Socorro Complex spanned at least 55 million years, from the late stage of the northwestward ductile thrusting (650 Ma), through right-lateral strike slip (595 Ma) deformation. The country rocks yield discordant age data, which reflect a strong imprint of the Transamazonian tectono-metamorphic event (1.9 to 2.0 Ma). We propose a model for the origin of calc-alkaline granites of the Ribeira Belt by partial melting of the lower crust with small contributions of the lithospheric mantle during transpressional thickening of plate margins, which were bounded by deep shear zones. The transpressional regime also seems to have focused granite migration from deeper into higher crustal levels along these shear zones.
Formation of volcanic rifted margins: Are temperature anomalies required?

A major controversy for understanding volcanic margin formation is whether a thermal anomaly in the mantle is required to generate the characteristic thick igneous crust. We use a fluid‐dynamical model of mantle flow that includes feedback from melting on the physical properties of the mantle to study the temporal evolution of volcanic margins during continental breakup. We test how weak the mantle must be to induce small‐scale convection and thus enhance melt production during breakup. We find that the mantle reference viscosity required to generate a breakup instability is sufficiently low that an unrealistic time dependence develops in the subsequent oceanic spreading system. The viscosity increase associated with dehydration melting can stabilize the system, but only at the expense of eliminating the breakup instability. An exhaustible reservoir of hot mantle resolves this inconsistency. Melt productivity increases through a deepening of the mantle solidus, while a concurrent increase in buoyancy and a decrease in viscosity in the melting region promote an initial transient phase of small‐scale convection.
Future prediction of surface ozone over east Asia using Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System and Regional Emission Inventory in Asia

[1] Present and future tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations over east Asia have been simulated by the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) coupled with the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS) to predict surface O3 variations caused by future anthropogenic emissions changes. For future prediction, REAS provides three emission scenarios for China (the reference (REF), the policy succeed case (PSC), and the policy failure case (PFC) scenarios) and one emission scenario (the REF scenario) for the other countries. Simulated O3 concentration in summer was relatively high (70–80 ppbv in June and 65–75 ppbv in August) over the North China Plain in 2000. The projected REF emissions for 2020 (2020REF) enhance the monthly averaged O3 to 75–90 ppbv in June and 75–85 ppbv in August. The projected PSC emissions for 2020 (2020PFC), including a slight NOx reduction of –0.2 Tg (–2%) and a large NMVOC increase of 14.3 Tg (97%) for total Chinese emissions during 2000–2020, cause the monthly and annually averaged O3 concentrations to decrease by less than 2 ppbv in northeastern and central China. Over the North China Plain, the projected PFC emissions for 2020 (2020PFC) cause significant increases, more than 20 ppbv in the monthly averaged O3, and the O3 will be 85–105 ppbv in June and 80–95 ppbv in August for 2020. The 2020PFC also affect O3 increases in early summer in South Korea (14–18 ppbv increase for monthly average) and Japan (2–14 ppbv increase for monthly average) during 2000–2020 despite the slight NOx increase of 0.4 Tg (25%) in South Korea and the slight NOx reduction of –0.2 Tg (–10%) in Japan during 2000–2020. The pollutant in these regions seems to be transport from upwind source regions. These experiments show that over central eastern China at midday in June, the O3 concentration is largely affected by NOx emission increases but is insensitive to NMVOC emission increases.
The thermal regime of the crystalline continental crust: Implications from the KTB

An extensive geothermal research program within the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) covered an almost complete spectrum of experimental and theoretical aspects. The main results and conclusions are as follows: (1) Equilibrium temperature is 118.6°C at 4000 m in the KTB pilot borehole (KTB-VB) and will be around 260°C at 9100 m in the KTB main borehole (KTB-HB). Time required for thermal equilibration of the KTB-HB to within 1% of the initial perturbation will be about 13–16 years. (2) The failure to predict temperature correctly for the KTB was mainly due to an unaccounted perturbation by a transient ground surface temperature history. (3) Pleistocene surface temperature variations affect the present-day crustal temperature between 1.3 to 2.7 K up to a depth of 4000 m. Accordingly, present-day heat flow density is systematically too low down to approximately 1500 m. Model simulations indicate that groundwater flow does not eliminate paleoclimatic signals, even though it may translate them to a depth incompatible with both their diffusive age and their amplitude. These results emphasize the importance of an adequate consideration of paleoclimatic effects for the interpretation of thermal data. (4) Lateral heat transport is significant when steep inclination and folding of the rock formations coincide with contrasts in thermal conductivity. This is indicated by typical variations in the vertical components of temperature gradient and heat flow density, such as in the KTB-HB. In contrast, thermally relevant advection of heat is confined to the top 500–1000 m. In the vincinity of the KTB, this is about twice the maximum difference in elevation. (5) In the deeper crust, free convection systems require permeabilities greater than 10−17 m2 for large rock volumes, but simple numerical models indicate that the associated temperature regimes are imcompatible with KTB borehole data. (6) Heat production rate shows no systematic variation with depth and is related to lithology at the KTB as in other deep boreholes in crystalline rock. Numerical models, using heat production rate derived from seismic velocities, yield temperatures compatible with KTB borehole data.
Watertable Control for Potatoes in Florida

ABSTRACT SUBSURFACE drain tubes were installed to re-place conventional water furrows for drainage and irrigation of potatoes. Drain spacings of 18 and 36 m were used in the experiment along with 18-m spacing of conventional water furrows. Drainage was much improved with the subsurface drains. Ir-rigation was inadequate with the 36-m spacing drains. Yield response to subsurface drainage was excellent with 18-m spacing, especially in wetter years. The subsurface drain system also resulted in more effi-cient water use by the plants than the conventional water furrow system.
Isotopic evidence for climatic influence on alluvial-fan development in Death Valley, California

At least three semiarid to arid cycles are recorded by . delta. /sup 13/C values of organic matter in layers of rock varnishes on surfaces of Hanaupah Canyon and Johnson Canyon alluvial fans, Death Valley, California. These isotopic paleoenvironmental signals are interpreted as indicating major periods of fan aggradation during relatively more humid periods and fan entrenchment during subsequent lengthy arid periods.
Seismic response of flexible cantilever retaining walls with dry backfill

Failure of retaining walls during earthquakes has occurred many times in the past. Although significant progress has been made in analysing the seismic response of rigid gravity type retaining walls, considerable difficulties still exist in the seismic-resistant design of the flexible cantilever type of retaining walls because of the complex nature of the dynamic soil–structure interaction. In this paper the seismic response of cantilever retaining walls with dry backfill is simulated using centrifuge modelling and numerical modelling. It is found that bending moments on the wall increased significantly during an earthquake. After the end of base shaking, the residual moment on the wall was significantly higher than the moment under static loading. The numerical simulation is able to model quite accurately the main characteristics of acceleration, bending moment, and displacement recorded in the centrifuge test.
Turbulent upwelling of the mid‐latitude ionosphere: 2. Theoretical framework

In a companion paper, data from the MU radar have been presented which show that during sunspot minimum conditions in Japan the mid-latitude ionosphere is sometimes characterized by regions of rapid and turbulent upwelling. In this paper we explore possible mechanisms for these events. The most likely process seems to be the instability of the equilibrium which occurs when the mid-latitude plasma is supported against gravity either by an eastward electric field component or by a southward neutral wind, as was proposed by Perkins (1973). We show, for example, that the growth rate determined by Perkins is considerably higher in sunspot minimum conditions than at sunspot maximum for comparable altitudes of the ionospheric F layer. The growth rate is not very large, however, and we argue here that the observed structures must evolve from preexisting undulations of the bottomside of the F region which are generated by gravity waves. That is, the gravity waves create finite amplitude structures which are amplified by the plasma instability. An intriguing feature of the gravity wave role in this process is that the echoing patches detected by the MU radar and the height bands detected by the Arecibo radar, which we believe to be related phenomena, all seem to propagate to the west. This is the same direction reported for the angle-of-arrival measurements of classic mid-latitude spread F by a number of researchers using ionosonde techniques. Since the MU radar detects the upwelling regions from nonthermal 3-m irregularities there must be mechanism to create such tracers. We propose that secondary structures are created at intermediate scales via the E×B instability operating on the dome of the upwelling structure and by the neutral wind-driven process on either the west or the east wall of the structure, depending on the direction of the zonal wind. The 3-m waves are then created in a cascade process which brings energy into a range of k space in which the structures are linearly damped. Finally, we discuss the fine structure of the echoing patches and suggest several plausible mechanisms, two of which involve E region coupling and one which deals with the vertical structure of the gravity wave seeding process.
Remote sensing of stratocumulus clouds: Uncertainties and biases due to inhomogeneity

[1] Standard cloud remote sensing techniques rely on two basic assumptions: First, clouds are assumed to be plane-parallel and homogeneous within each satellite pixel. Second, pixels are assumed independent and the net horizontal radiative transport between pixels is neglected. These assumptions cause considerable uncertainty and bias in the retrieval of cloud properties, which depend on the sensors spatial resolution as well as the illumination and observation geometry. The errors are quantified for several typical sensor settings. The basis of the investigation is a data set of high-resolution three-dimensional cloud property distributions of marine stratocumulus obtained from airborne radiance observations. For this predefined cloud data the sensor signals are simulated using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer model. Cloud properties (optical thickness, effective radius) are retrieved for the simulated observations using a two-channel retrieval, which are then compared to the given cloud data. For the retrieval of the optical thickness the main findings are large uncertainty of individual pixel values occurs for a high spatial resolution (e.g., airborne sensors) due to nonnegligible horizontal photon transport at this pixel size. For the typical polar-orbiting and geostationary sensor settings the neglect of subpixel inhomogeneity takes effect as well. Nonetheless, biases are generally small within ±5%, if pixels are overcast. If this is not guaranteed, the bias grows rapidly, for example, to typical underestimations of 20% and more for a geostationary sensor. For the retrieval of effective radius values are generally found to be about 5% larger than expected for idealized homogeneous plane-parallel cloud conditions.
Parnopes grandior (Pallas, 1771) (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) in Poland and its status in adjacent countries

Parnopes grandior is believed to occur in Poland at northern limits of its range. However, it was not recorded in the country for over 50 years due to unknown reasons. In a number of Central and East European states the species is only recently found in single and isolated sites. Exclusively in Ukraine and Byelorussia it occurs in larger numbers and over bigger territories. In spite of this, it is not subject to legal protection in most of the countries, except in Slovakia and the Russian Federation. Rediscovery of the species in the vicinity of Bialowieza Primeval Forest is the first record of its presence in Poland after 1955. This new situation might be the effect of the species' north-eastern expansion, characteristic of many invertebrates over the last 10-15 years, due to a climate change.
Modeling water mass formation in the Mertz Glacier Polynya and Adélie Depression, East Antarctica

[1] High rates of sea ice growth and brine rejection in the Mertz Glacier Polynya drive the production of dense continental shelf waters in the Adelie Depression. We consider the rate of outflow of waters having sufficient density to sink into the neighboring abyssal ocean and form Adelie Land Bottom Water (ALBW). Along with Weddell and Ross Sea Bottom Waters, the ALBW is an important source of Antarctic Bottom Water. The relevant processes are modeled using a variant of the Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPIOM) under daily NCEP-NCAR reanalysis forcing for the period 1991–2000. The orthogonal curvilinear horizontal grid allows for the construction of a global domain with high resolution in our region of interest. The modeled Mertz Glacier Polynya is realistic in location and extent, exhibiting low ice thickness (<0.4 m) and low ice fraction (<50%). The net surface ocean to atmosphere heat flux exceeds 200 W m2 and is dominated by sensible heat exchange. In wintertime (May through September inclusive), 7.5 m of sea ice forms over the Adelie Depression at a rate of 4.9 cm d−1: this results in annual average volumetric production of 99 km3 of sea ice. The associated brine release drives dense shelf water formation. The off-shelf flow of dense water exhibits strong interannual variability in response to variability in both atmospheric forcing and ocean preconditioning. Averaged over the period 1991–2000 the off shelf flow of dense water is 0.15 Sv: for a period of strong outflow (1993–1997), this increases to 0.24 Sv. Most of the outflow occurs during July through October, at a rate of 0.40 (0.63) Sv over the period 1991–2000 (1993–1997). The peak mean monthly outflow can exceed 1 Sv.
Global Hydroclimatological Teleconnections Resulting from Tropical Deforestation

Abstract Past studies have indicated that deforestation of the Amazon basin would result in an important rainfall decrease in that region but that this process had no significant impact on the global temperature or precipitation and had only local implications. Here it is shown that deforestation of tropical regions significantly affects precipitation at mid- and high latitudes through hydrometeorological teleconnections. In particular, it is found that the deforestation of Amazonia and Central Africa severely reduces rainfall in the lower U.S. Midwest during the spring and summer seasons and in the upper U.S. Midwest during the winter and spring, respectively, when water is crucial for agricultural productivity in these regions. Deforestation of Southeast Asia affects China and the Balkan Peninsula most significantly. On the other hand, the elimination of any of these tropical forests considerably enhances summer rainfall in the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. The combined effect of deforestation .
Antiretroviral therapy among people with HIV with comorbidities in the United States: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Objectives To describe patterns of antiretroviral medications among people with HIV (PWH) who also have common comorbid conditions in a United States cohort. Methods This retrospective cohort study used Optum Research Database claims data from 01/01/2017 through 01/31/2019 to identify adult PWH (≥18 years) based on pharmacy claims for ART during 2018. The index date was defined as the first date of an ART claim. Study inclusion required ≥1 HIV/AIDS diagnosis code during the study period, and continuous health plan enrollment 12 months prior to and at least 30 days after the index date. Descriptive statistics were used to report study results. Results The study population consisted of 17,694 PWH; mean (SD) age 52.2 (12.8) years; 62.0% were ≥ 50 years old. About 50.6% of the study sample had ≥2 comorbidities at baseline. The most prevalent comorbid conditions were hypertension (33.2%), hyperlipidemia (29.7%), neuropsychiatric conditions (26.9%), and cardiovascular disease (11.5%). Most (93.5%) of PWH received a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone regimen, including tenofovir alafenamide (41.6%), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (28.1%), and abacavir (22.0%). The most commonly used anchor agents, 62.6%, were integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs): dolutegravir (30.4%), elvitegravir (24.2%), and raltegravir (7.3%). The proportion of PWH using specific ARTs did not vary significantly with the presence and type of comorbidities. Conclusion From our analyses, ART prescribing did not appear to vary with the presence of comorbidities and potential medication contraindications. ART regimens may have comparable efficacy profiles; however, selection should be guided by each patient’s comorbidities to prevent potential comedication drug toxicities.
Land-use/cover classification in a heterogeneous coastal landscape using RapidEye imagery: evaluating the performance of random forest and support vector machines classifiers

Mapping of patterns and spatial distribution of land-use/cover (LULC) has long been based on remotely sensed data. In the recent past, efforts to improve the reliability of LULC maps have seen a proliferation of image classification techniques. Despite these efforts, derived LULC maps are still often judged to be of insufficient quality for operational applications, due to disagreement between generated maps and reference data. In this study we sought to pursue two objectives: first, to test the new-generation multispectral RapidEye imagery classification output using machine-learning random forest (RF) and support vector machines (SVM) classifiers in a heterogeneous coastal landscape; and second, to determine the importance of different RapidEye bands on classification output. Accuracy of the derived thematic maps was assessed by computing confusion matrices of the classifiers’ cover maps with respective independent validation data sets. An overall classification accuracy of 93.07% with a kappa value of 0.92, and 91.80 with a kappa value of 0.92 was achieved using RF and SVM, respectively. In this study, RF and SVM classifiers performed comparatively similarly as demonstrated by the results of McNemer’s test (Z = 1.15). An evaluation of different RapidEye bands using the two classifiers showed that incorporation of the red-edge band has a significant effect on the overall classification accuracy in vegetation cover types. Consequently, pursuit of high classification accuracy using high-spatial resolution imagery on complex landscapes remains paramount.
Quantifying groundwater discharge to Cockburn River, southeastern Australia, using dissolved gas tracers 222Rn and SF6

Groundwater discharge to the Cockburn River, southeast Australia, has been estimated from comparison of natural 222Rn activities in groundwater and river water, interpreted using a numerical flow model that simulates longitudinal radon activities as a function of groundwater inflow, hyporheic exchange, evaporation, gas exchange with the atmosphere, and radioactive decay. An injection of SF6 into the river to estimate the gas transfer velocity assisted in constraining the model. Previous estimates of groundwater inflow using 222Rn activities have not considered possible input of radon due to exchange between river water and water in the hyporheic zone beneath the streambed. In this paper, radon input due to hyporheic exchange is estimated from measurements of radon production by hyporheic zone sediments and rates of water exchange between the river and the hyporheic zone. Total groundwater inflow to the Cockburn River is estimated to be 18500 m3/d, although failure to consider hyporheic exchange would cause overestimation of the volume of groundwater inflow by approximately 70%.