Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do local conditions trump spatial factors within a simulated treehole metacommunity?

Metacommunity ecology is concerned with effects of dispersal and habitat conditions on the structure and dynamics of local communities. We tested the effects of distance between communities and habitat size (a proxy for local conditions) on structure and dynamics of communities in a metacommunity. Mesocosms of two sizes were placed at varying distances from known treehole habitats. We monitored communities for effects on colonization, occupation, abundances, and community similarity. Because treeholes vary in size, we predicted that habitat size would more strongly influence communities than distance. We predicted that species would differ in responses to distance and size because of variation in habitat requirements and dispersal abilities. Previous research suggested that the mosquito Aedes triseriatus would be unaffected by size or distance, whereas the midge Culicoides guttipennis would be affected by habitat size. The predator Toxorhynchites rutilus would be affected by habitat size, and its presence would affect local composition. Similarity would be greater in close communities of similar size. We found strong effects of habitat size on colonization, occupancy, and density of several species, including C. guttipennis, two syrphids and Tx. rutilus. Toxorhynchites rutilus densities were negatively correlated with prey densities. Aedes triseriatus was not affected by distance or habitat size. Densities were asynchronous across communities, regardless of distance or habitat size. Spatial and temporal turnover were high, but same size habitats were more similar than different size habitats. Community similarity increased as distance between habitats decreased. We conclude that local conditions in treeholes more strongly affected community structure than distance between habitats. However, composition is best explained by both the local and the regional.
Potencial agronômico e divergência genética entre genótipos de berinjela nas condições do Caribe Colombiano

Agronomic potential and genetic divergence among eggplant genotypes in the Colombian Caribbean region We evaluated 24 genotypes (hybrids, cultivars and landraces) of eggplant related to yield traits in the Colombian Caribbean region, to quantify the genetic divergence among these genotypes and to indicate possible crosses. With the results of the genetic diversity and agronomic traits we intend to initiate a program of eggplant breeding in that region. A randomized block design with three replications was used. The analyzed variables were fruit length, number of fruits per plant, mean fruit weight, yield, fruit firmness and plant height. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the averages grouped by Scott-Knott test. A multivariate analysis was also performed using different methods of hierarchical clustering and canonical variables. There was high divergence among the studied genotypes even when considered within hybrids, cultivars and landraces, with highest variability among the cultivars and hybrids followed by the landraces. The UPGMA method was more reliable than Ward and Single Linkage methods since UPGMA presented greater value of Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient (CCC). Using pseudo-F and pseudo-t 2 criteria the maximum point was reached when four clusters were formed, being considered the ideal number of groups for the UPGMA. There was agreement among the groups formed for UPGMA analysis and canonic variables. Crosses between CC08 x CC02; CC08 x EU01 and CC08 x C016 may be recommended to start an eggplant breeding program aiming to improve yield and fruit firmness.
Use of soaking to enhance the bioavailability of iron and zinc from rice‐based complementary foods used in the Philippines

Complementary foods used in the Philippines are predominantly rice-based, although enrichment with mung beans and sesame seeds is recommended despite their high content of phytic acid, a potent inhibitor of iron and zinc absorption. We have investigated the effect of soaking on the inositol penta- (IP5) and hexaphosphate (IP6) (analysed by HPLC), zinc, iron and calcium (via AAS) content of rice-based complementary foods with and without the addition of mung beans and sesame seeds. Soaking rice flour for 1, 6 and 12 h at 30 °C reduced the content of IP5 + IP6 by 60, 65 and 98% respectively, with only slight changes in zinc, iron and calcium. Levels of IP5 + IP6 were reduced by 10 and 47% by soaking mung bean flour, but not whole beans, for 1 and 6 h respectively. In conclusion, soaking can be used to reduce the IP5 and IP6 content of complementary foods based on mung bean flour and/or rice flour and thus enhance the bioavailability of iron and zinc. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The oxygen uptake of ovigerous edible crabs (Cancer pagurus)(L.) and their eggs

Oxygen uptake rates (MO2) in settled Cancer pagurus ranged from 7.5±1.3 to 13.2+1.4 μmol O2 kg‐1 min‐1 in non‐ovigerous females and from 9.4+1.7 to 18.5±4.6 μmol O2 kg‐1 min‐1 in ovigerous females. The higher rates of uptake in ovigerous females were attributed to MO2 of the egg mass, which contained eggs at stage 3–4 of development and was dependent on degree of agitation, with MO2 for unstirred eggs at 62.9±10.9 μmol O2 kg‐1 min‐1 and stirred eggs at 261.4±72 μmol O2 kg‐1 min‐1. Estimates of the MO2 of ovigerous females minus their eggs indicated a decrease in oxygen uptake of adult crabs during brooding. Ovigerous female crabs show a bimodal, crepuscular rhythm of diurnal variation in MO2 while non‐ovigerous females show a unimodal rhythm. These data support the observation that ovigerous females in the wild are generally less active, may not feed and are not often captured in baited traps.
Entre marchas, plebiscitos e iniciativas de ley: innovación en el repertorio de estrategias del movimiento No Más AFP en Chile (2014-2018)

espanolResumen:Las manifestaciones de No Mas AFP emergieron en 2016, exigiendo el cambio al sistema de pensiones de Chile, utilizando un repertorio de estrategias variado. Este articulo tiene como objetivos describir el conjunto de tacticas usadas por el movimiento, mas alla de la tradicional frontera insiders-outsiders; y explorar cuales son los factores que determinan la innovacion en el repertorio de estrategias del movimiento. Para ello, tomamos la propuesta de Rossi (2015), quien construye el concepto de repertorio de estrategias para superar la distincion entre repertorios convencionales y no convencionales. La innovacion del repertorio de No Mas AFP esta asociada al contexto politico - caso Myriam Olate, beneficios tributarios de las AFP y elecciones nacionales - y a definiciones internas - en particular la preocupacion por la autonomia de los movimientos sociales respecto a los partidos politicos. EnglishAbstract:No Mas AFP demonstrations emerged in 2016, demanding the change of Chilean pension system, using a varied repertoire of strategies. This article aim at describing the set of tactics used by the movement, beyond the traditional distinction between insiders and outsiders; and at exploring the factors of innovation in repertoire of strategies. To do so, we build on Rossi (2015), who constructed the concept of repertoire of strategies to overcome the distinction between conventional and unconventional repertoires. The innovation in No Mas AFP repertoire is the product of the political context - Myriam Olate case, AFP tax benefits and national elections - and internal definitions - especially the autonomy of social movements in relation to political parties.
Phylogenetic analyses and the distribution of nematophagy support a monophyletic Pleurotaceae within the polyphyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi

Abstract Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences from nuclear 25S rDNA indicate a monophyletic Pleurotaceae, consisting of the monophyletic genera Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia, within the polyphyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi. The attack and consumption of nematodes (nematophagy) supports the monophyly of this family. Other pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi that have been studied are not nematophagous and, in phylogenetic analyses, occur within the euagaric, polyporoid and russuloid clades. The pleurotoid agarics Lampteromyces, Lentinula, Nothopanus, and Omphalotus form a clade together with Gymnopus dryophilus. A clade that corresponds to the Tricholomataceae includes the pleurotoid agarics Conchomyces, Hypsizygus, Phyllotopsis, and Resupinatus. Faerberia, Heliocybe, Lentinus, Neolentinus, and Panus are gilled polypores, and all deserve recognition at the generic level. The brown-rotters Heliocybe and Neolentinus form a distinct clade within the polypores together with the brown-rotting polypore, Gloeophyllum. The Pleurotaceae belong in the Agaricales, are not closely related to or synonymous with the Polyporaceae, and should be restricted to the genera Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia. An isolate of Hohenbuehelia from Alberta, Canada produces adhesive knobs typical of Hohenbuehelia and its anamorph Nematoctonus, and also nonadhesive nematotoxic droplets characteristic of Pleurotus. This combination is unique within Hohenbuehelia and Pleurotus. Phylogenetic analyses place this species at the base of the genus Hohenbuehelia, indicating that nematotoxic droplets were probably present in the common ancestor of Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia. In contrast, the gelatinized fruiting bodies of Hohenbuehelia and Resupinatus are independently derived. The tribe Resupinateae (Tricholomataceae) should be restricted to Resupinatus (including Asterotus) and cyphelloid allies such as Stigmatolemma.
Embryological development of the cercarial tegument of Paramphistomum epiclitum in the planorbid snail, Indoplanorbis exustus

ABSTRACT Cercariae develop from individual germinal cells occurring freely within the posterior body cavity of rediae. Individual germinal cells give rise to a germinal ball which becomes enveloped by increasing numbers of cytoplasmic extensions originating from specialized parenchyma-like cells, termed nursc cells. Up to eight cytoplasmic layers of nurse cells invest larger germinal balls. These layers may provide mechanical support for developing embryos and/or play a role in the provision of nutrients to them. The cercarial tegument develops from superficially located somatic cells in the germinal ball. Cytoplasmic extensions of presumptive tegumental cells fuse laterally to form a syncytial layer beneath the encapsulating nurse cell layers. As the cercarial tegument differentiates further, the cytoplasm of the nurse cell layers becomes vacuolated and ultimately these layers degenerate. The surface tegumental syncytia of intra-redial cercariae and newly released extra-redial cercariae are nucleated. Separate subtegumental perikarya develop with further differentiation of extra-redial cercariae.
Divergent phenotypic selection response in smooth bromegrass for forage yield and nutritive value.

(.) The study evaluated eight potential measures of nutritive value, dry matter yield, and five base selection indices. Divergent phenotypic grid selection was practiced in a population of 625 plants for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), ash (ASH), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM), crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and dry matter yield. (.)
Biology and biocontrol potential of Ampelomyces mycoparasites, natural antagonists of powdery mildew fungi

Historically, pycnidial fungi belonging to the genus Ampelomyces were among the first mycoparasites to be studied in detail and were also the first fungi used as biocontrol agents of plant parasitic fungi. The interactions between host plants, powdery mildew fungi and Ampelomyces mycoparasites are one of the most evident cases of tritrophic relationships in nature although their study has received little attention in fungal and plant ecology so far. Ampelomyces mycoparasites have now become one of the most advanced in terms of commercial development of a fungal biocontrol agent, although there is still a need for more development work to produce a product with reliability approaching that of conventional chemical treatments. This review summarizes the taxonomy, genetic diversity, life cycle, mode of action, natural occurrence, host range, biocontrol potential, mass production and commercialization of these mycoparasites and compares the biocontrol ability of Ampelomyces with that of other fungal antagonists of powdery mildews.
Vitamin E deficiency in last‐laid eggs limits growth of yellow‐legged gull chicks

Summary Parental phenotype and environment have cascading effects on offspring performance. Such ‘maternal’ effects are often mediated by the size and quality of the eggs in terms of maternal endogenous substances or exogenous components. Maternal effects can function to maximize parental fitness via adaptive allocation of components among sibling eggs. In birds, the often documented variation in concentration of egg dietary antioxidants or other egg compounds with laying order may thus reflect adaptive parental favouritism or maternal physiological constraints. Vitamins are found in the yolk at high concentrations and accomplish important physiological functions. Tocopherols (‘vitamin E’) have major roles in antioxidant protection, but the consequence of variation in their concentration for chick phenotype has never been experimentally investigated under a natural selection regime. In the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) free-ranging population we studied, vitamin E concentration and egg size decline from the first to the third (last) egg. Chicks from third eggs are smaller and have lower viability compared to those from sibling eggs. Here, we tested the effect of injecting a physiological dose of vitamin E in the egg yolk on chick body size at hatching by comparison with chicks from sham-injected eggs. As predicted, chicks from vitamin E injected third eggs were larger than chicks from control third eggs, whereas vitamin E had no effect on chicks from the other eggs. Thus, vitamin E injection disrupted the brood size hierarchy according to laying order normally found in this species. In species that adopt a brood reduction strategy, differential allocation of vitamin E to the eggs can contribute to establish a hierarchy of reproductive value among progeny members functioning to maximize parental fitness. The present results therefore have general implications for the study of the evolution of maternal effects mediated by transfer of potentially limiting maternal antioxidants to the eggs.
Hepatotoxic Assessment of Tramadol-Diclofenac Use: A Study in a Rat Model

The concurrent use of tramadol and diclofenac may increase hepatotoxic risk due to their individual hepatotoxic effects. This study assessed the hepatotoxic effect of tramadol-diclofenac administration in albino rats. Twenty-four adult male albino rats (200-220g) randomized into four groups were orally administered with tramadol (12mg/kg/day), diclofenac (6mg/kg/day) and tramadol-diclofenac for 14 days respectively. The rats were anesthetized, blood samples were collected and evaluated for serum liver function and lipid parameters. Liver samples were weighed and evaluated for biochemical parameters and histology. The effects of tramadol-diclofenac on the body and liver weights did not differ significantly (p>0.05) when compared to control. Also, effects were not significant (p>0.05) on blood glucose, and serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when compared to control. Liver and serum levels of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma–glutamyl transferase, conjugated bilirubin and total bilirubin increased significantly in rats treated with tramadol (p<0.05), diclofenac (p<0.01) and tramadol-diclofenac (p<0.001) when compared to control. Furthermore, significant decreases in liver catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase levels with significant increases in malondialdehyde levels occurred in rats treated with tramadol (p<0.05), diclofenac (p<0.01) and tramadol-diclofenac (p<0.001) when compared to control. Hepatocyte necrosis was observed in rats treated with tramadol-diclofenac. Tramadol-diclofenac may increase hepatotoxic risk at doses used for this study.
Psycho-pedagogical aspects of interaction between personality traits and physical qualities of the young gymnasts of the variety and circus studio.

The success in sports activities is determined by taking into account the individual characteristics of young athletes in conjunction with the development of certain physical qualities and with the improvement of technology. Aim: the identification of the relationship between the properties of the person and the physical qualities of young gymnasts. Materials and methods: the investigation continued during the years 2016-2018 and was conducted among young girls gymnasts of the variety and circus studio "Jin Roh" of Kherson between 10 and 12 years old inclusive. The methods of observation and of mathematical statistics were used, the levels of development of physical abilities and moral-volitional qualities of young gymnasts were estimated. Results: according to the results of the study it was found that the concentration of attention, moral and will characteristics are inextricably linked, both with the development of physical qualities, and with the success of sports-competitive activities. By the Pearson correlation coefficient a quite significant association was found between the physical qualities and motivation (r = 0,69). And between physical abilities and the properties of attention and the will of young gymnasts r = 0,55 and 0,53, in accordance. Conclusions: it was found that the girls who were the first on the rating of development of special physical abilities had high indicators of motivational and volitional characteristics, high concentration of attention and did not need a strong need for approval; and vice versa girls with weak indicators of physical fitness had distracted attention and low motivational and volitional individual properties.
Comparative identification of Candida species isolated from animals using phenotypic and PCR-RFLP methods

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify 58 Candida sp. strains isolated from animals using the Chromatic Candida test, the API 20 C AUX system, and polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The Chromatic Candida test was able to identify only C. albicans and C. krusei. The API 20 C AUX system and PCR-RFLP had similar specificity for the identification of Candida strains. In case of both methods, Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species - 22 (37.93%) strains, followed by Candida krusei - 17 (29.31%) strains, Candida famata - 10 (17.24%) strains, Candida parapsilosis - five (8.62%) strains, and Candida kefyr - four (6.89%) strains. PCR-RFLP represents a reliable, quick and relatively inexpensive genotyping method, recommended for rapid identification of Candida spp.
Three new species of Carcinonemertes (Nemertea, Carcinonemertidae) from the southeastern coast of Brazil

Three new species of Carcinonemertes from the southeastern coast of Brazil are described: Carcinonemertes divae new species, Carcinonemertes caissarum new species and Carcinonemertes sebastianensis new species. They were found, respectively, associated with the crabs Libinia spinosa, Hepatus pudibundus and Menippe nodifrons, each a newly recorded host for Carcinonemertes. Characters not previously used to describe members of the family Carcinonemertidae, such as distance from ovaries to tip of head, distance from brain to tip of head and distance from stylet to tip of head are included in the descriptions of the new species and are discussed. The locations of these new carcinonemertid worms in their respective hosts are presented in detail and a novelty regarding the infestation site is registered.
Effect of Osmotic Concentration On Hatching of Some Plant Parasitic Nematodes

Die Beobachtung, dass Larven von Meloidogyne javanica nicht aus Eiern schlupfen, die in verdunnten Handelsdungerlosungen aufgehoben wurden, fuhrte zu einer Reihe von Versuchen uber die Wirkung von Losungen verschiedener osmotischer Drucke. In einleitenden Versuchen wurden Eier von Wurzelgallennematoden durch Behandlung mit Wasserstoffsuperoxyd und Natriumchlorid voneinander getrennt. Diese Behandlung hat keinen Einfluss auf das nachfolgende Verhalten der Larven in den Testlosungen. Das Ausschlupfen wurde durch Losungen von etwa 0,3 mol. Natriumchlorid verhindert. Beim Uberfuhren in Aqua dest. entwickelten sich aus den Eiern Larven, selbst noch nach einem 150 tagigen Aufenthalt in Salzlosung. Ahnliche Ergebnisse wurden in Versuchen mit funf Konzentrationen von Natriumchlorid, Kaliumchlorid, Calciumchlorid und Dextrose auf Eier von M. arenaria und Cysten von Heterodera rostochiensis erhalten. Die Schlupfhemmung konnte selbst nach 1,0 mol. Losungen durch Ubertragen der Eier oder Cysten in Wasser uberwunden werden. Die Entwicklung von M. arenaria schreitet in 0,3 mol. Natriumchlorid normal weiter, ausser wenn Eier bei 25° C in Wasser gehalten worden waren und die Larven sich 93 Stunden nach dem Zweizellenstadium zu bewegen begannen. Larven zeigten niemals Bewegung, wenn die Eier in 0,3 mol. Natriumchlorid gehalten worden waren. Der Schlupfprozess in Wasser wird im einzelnen beschrieben. Eine Reihe von Versuchen mit Eiern von H. rostochiensis in Losungen von Calciumnitrat und Natriumchlorid zeigte, dass die Erholung den osmotischen Konzentrationen der schlupfhemmenden Losung und der Zeitdauer umgekehrt proportional war. Larven von M. arenaria befielen Tomatenpflanzen, nachdem die Eier einer 1,0 mol. Natriumchloridlosung ausgesetzt worden waren. Eier von Ditylenchus dipsaci aus Narzissen zeigten dieselbe Reaktion wie die von Meloidogyne und Heterodera. Zwischen diesen Ergebnissen und den Fallen, in denen die Bodenfeuchtigkeit nicht allein vom osmotischen Druck, sondern auch von dem molekularen Haften des Wassers an der Oberflache der Bodenteilchen abhangt, wird eine Parallele gezogen. Da bei einer Bodenfeuchtigkeit, die einer Saugkraft von 15 Atmospharen entspricht, die Pflanzen allgemein welken, scheint es, dass der in dieser Arbeit aufgezeigte Mechanismus es einigen Nematoden erlaubt, Trockenheitsperioden zu uberleben. Eine weitere Parallele zwischen den Eiern von Meloidogyne, die durch Losungen genugender osmotischer Konzentration in ihrem Schlupfen behindert sind und den Eiern bestimmter Heterodera-Arten vor dem Zusetzen eines Wurzel-diffusats lasst vermuten, dass das Diffusat die Permeabilitat der Eier und Larven verandern kann und dadurch den Eintritt von Wasser und gelosten Substanzen ermoglicht.
The Effect of Chemical Treatments on Red-Rim Melania Melanoides tuberculata, an Exotic Aquatic Snail that Serves as a Vector of Trematodes to Fish and Other Species in the USA

Abstract The red-rim melania Melanoides tuberculata, a subtropical and tropical snail, is a nonindigenous species that has become established and is spreading in the United States. Of concern is the potential of the red-rim melania to displace native snail populations and to transmit trematodes that cause serious problems. One of these, a fish gill trematode, Centrocestus formosanus, has negatively affected U.S. commercial and wild fish stocks, including some endangered species. The snail has an operculum that can protect it from desiccation and can remain viable for days on dry fisheries equipment. Thus, contaminated fisheries equipment is suspected as one of the ways the snail is being moved from place to place. A study was conducted to find chemical treatments that would kill 100% of the red-rim melania. Thirteen different chemicals and chemical combinations were evaluated at different concentrations and for various exposure periods. Roccal-D-Plus, Hydrothol 191, niclosamide, and Virkon showed promise .