Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A gravel outwash/deformation till continuum, skalafellsjokull, iceland

A stratigraphic sequence exposed by river erosion in the foreland of Skalafellsjokull, southern Iceland, displays five lithofacies documenting glaciofluvial deposition followed by glaciotectonic disturbance and subglacial deformation. Lithofacies 1a and 1b are glaciotectonically thrust glaciofluvial outwash and subglacial deformation till respectively from an early advance of Skalafellsjokull. Lithofacies 2, massive gravels and clast–supported diamictons, documents the deposition of glaciofluvial outwash in the proto–River Skala prior to overriding by Skalafellsjokull during the Little Ice Age. During overriding, lithofacies 2 was glaciotectonically disturbed and now possesses the clast fabric and structural characteristics of G B (non–penetratively deformed) and G A (penetratively deformed) type glaciotectonites. A shear zone separates lithofacies 2 from overlying lithofacies 3, the latter possessing the clast fabric signature of a D A (dilatant) type deformation till although it was originally deposited as a discontinuous diamicton within a glaciofluvial sequence, probably as a hyperconcentrated flow, and appears to have been at least partially derived from underlying materials by glaciotectonic cannibalization. Lithofacies 4 is a glaciofluvial deposit comprising two coarseningupward sequences of gravel and diamicton. These facies have been overprinted with G B glaciotectonite and D A−B (dilatant to non–dilatant) deformation till structures and clast fabrics recording a vertical progression towards more pervasively deformed material. The sequence is capped by lithofacies 5, a two–tiered deformation till possessing the characteristics of D A and D B horizon subglacial tills previously reported from Icelandic glacier snouts. The whole sequence comprising lithofacies 2–5 represents a gravel outwash/deformation till continuum displaying variable strain signaturesproduced in response to stress induced by the overriding of Skalafellsjokull during the Little Ice Age. These signatures are dictated by the sediment rheology and a vertical strain profile for the sediment pile during glacier overriding is reconstructed.
Stochastic Simulation of Intermittent DSD Fields in Time

A method for the stochastic simulation of (rain)drop size distributions (DSDs) in space and time using geostatistics is presented. At each pixel, the raindrop size distribution is described by a Gamma distribution with two or three stochastic parameters. The presence or absence of rainfall is modeled using an indicator field. Separable space-time variograms are used to estimate and reproduce the spatial and temporal structures of all these parameters. A simple and user-oriented procedure for the parameterization of the simulator is proposed. The only data required are DSD time series and radar rain-rate (or reflectivity) measurements. The proposed simulation method is illustrated for both frontal and convective precipitation using real data collected in the vicinity of Lausanne, Switzerland. The spatial and temporal structures of the simulated fields are evaluated and validated using DSD measurements from eight independent disdrometers.
Growing up with Down syndrome The developing child and its parents

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The geology of the Váddás area, Troms: a key to our understanding of the Upper Allochthon in the Caledonides of northern Norway

southwest in Sweden.Several workers have challenged the interpretation of the relatively undisturbed, right-way up stratigraphic succession of the Váddás Nappe. They see it as a tectonostratigraphic succession with thrusts and regional nappe-folds introducing elements of the underlying ¢ orrovárri Nappe.This controversy in the tectonostratigraphic history of both nappes is discussed in the light of the recently proposed palaeogeographical rotation history of Baltica.
Paleomagnetism of the Middle Proterozoic Laramie anorthosite complex and Sherman Granite, southern Laramie Range, Wyoming and Colorado

We present the results of a combined paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic investigation of the Middle Proterozoic Laramie anorthosite complex and Sherman Granite in the southern Laramie Range of Wyoming and Colorado. Anorthosites and monzosyenites of the Laramie anorthosite complex yield a well-defined characteristic magnetization of northeast declination (D) and moderate negative inclination (I), although antipodal normal and reverse polarity magnetizations are present at three sites. A grand mean direction from 29 of 35 sites in the complex is D = 44.6°, I = −48.7° (k = 77.4, α95 = 3.1°). Alternating field (AF) and thermal demagnetization behavior and rock magnetic experiments indicate that magnetization is carried by low-Ti titanomagnetite of single or pseudo-single domain character that occurs as elongate to rod-shaped inclusions in plagioclase and potassium feldspar. The Sherman Granite contains a dual polarity magnetization that is less well defined than that of the Laramie anorthosite complex but similar in declination and inclination (D = 53.1°, I= −48.1°, k = 46.5, α95 = 7.6°, n = 8/14 sites); rock magnetic data indicate the primary carrier of remanence in Sherman Granite is magnetite. The 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic data from Sherman Granite hornblende, biotite, and microcline indicate that subsolidus cooling was moderate to relatively rapid through the range of temperatures over which magnetization was blocked and that the age of remanence is about 1415 Ma. Microcline data indicate that the Laramie anorthosite complex and Sherman Granite have probably not been thermally remagnetized. Paleomagnetic poles from the Laramie anorthosite complex and Sherman Granite are indistinguishable at the 95% confidence level, and individual virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) from both units are combined to provide a mean pole at 215.0°E, 6.7°S (K = 46.9, A95 = 3.5°, N = 37 VGPs). The location of this pole is similar to paleomagnetic poles derived from 1480 Ma to 1450 Ma intrusions elsewhere in North America, but it plots significantly north of those from Middle Proterozoic sedimentary strata of the Belt Supergroup and Sibley Group. In addition to the characteristic magnetization, samples from some sites in Sherman Granite contain a remanence of southeast declination and shallow negative inclination (D = 154.9°, I = −16.0°, k = 90.6, α95 = 9.7°, n = 4 sites). This secondary magnetization was probably acquired during late Paleozoic time.
The potential of terrestrial laser scanners for digital ground surveys

Digital ground surveys are typically conducted by total station prior to road (re)construction to obtain a three‐dimensional model of natural and man‐made features within the corridor. A study has been undertaken to ascertain whether two types of terrestrial laser scanner could meet the Main Roads Western Australia accuracy standard for digital ground survey Results indicate that the Standard can be met for surfaces and interpolated points on feature strings, such as lane markings and kerb gullies, but not for other point and linear features such as those located flush to the ground or requiring human interpretation to extract their position.
Variability of temperature and salinity over the last decade in selected regions of the southern Baltic Sea

Abstract Changes in the basic physical properties of selected areas of the Baltic Proper were analysed on the basis of the results of a 12-year series of high-resolution measurements collected during cruises of r/v ‘Oceania’. The high-resolution CTD sections covered three main basins: the Bornholm Basin, Slupsk Furrow and Gdansk Basin. Positive temperature trends of 0.11 and 0.16°C year−1 were observed in the surface and deep layers respectively. The salinity trend was also positive. The rise in the air temperature has probably caused the increase in surface water temperature, while advection has been of greater significance in the deep layer. The increase in salinity coincides with the more frequent occurrence of small and medium-size inflows through the Danish Straits, even though large inflows are evidently less frequent than used to be the case. The seasonal variability of temperature in the water column was analysed. The phase shift in the seasonal evolution with depth is described. The maximum temperature shift in the waters investigated varies from 32 to 38 days.
Spatial epidemiology of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in recently affected areas of central and eastern Uganda

III LIST OF FIGURES . V LIST OF TABLES. VIII ABBREVIATIONS . X CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1. Sleeping sickness . 2 1.1.1. Parasite lifecycle and clinical aspects of infection. 3 1.1.2. Sleeping sickness control . 6 1.2. The general spatial distribution of sleeping sickness . 6 1.3. Sleeping sickness in Uganda. 8 1.3. 1. The Busoga focus, south east Uganda . 9 1.3. 2. The West Nile focus, north west Uganda. 10 1.4. Spatial epidemiology . 11 1.4. 1. Descriptive spatial epidemiology. 11 1.4. 2. Geographical correlation studies. 12 1.4. 3. Point or line source exposures . 13 1.4. 4. Cluster detection . 13 1.4. 5. The use of spatial epidemiology in disease control . 13 1.5. The spatial epidemiology of sleeping sickness . 14 1.5. 1. Vector distribution . 14 1.5. 2. Trypanosomiasis distributions . 17 1.5. 3. Spatial risk factors. 17 1.5. 4. The use of spatial epidemiology for the control of sleeping sickness. 19 1.5. 5. Potential uses of spatial epidemiology for sleeping sickness . 20 1.6. Research Objectives . 21 CHAPTER 2. DATA ACQUISITION AND MANAGEMENT: SLEEPING SICKNESS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA. 23 2.
The 40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol Biota from Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China

The bird fossil‐bearing deposits at the Jiecaigou section, correlative to the Dabeigou Formation, in Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China, is well known for yielding a fossil assemblage representing the earliest evolutionary stage of the Jehol Biota. The precise age of the fossil‐bearing deposits, however, is unknown. The 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum obtained on bulk K‐feldspars from the tuff layer about 2 m below the bird fossil‐bearing layer gave a plateau age of 129.0 ± 1.3 Ma (2σ, full external error) and an isochron age of 132.3 ± 4.5 Ma (2σ, full external error). Seventeen total‐fusion 40Ar/39Ar ages on K‐feldspars from the interbedded tuff about 6 m below the fossil‐bearing layer resulted in a weighted mean of 130.7 ± 1.4 Ma (2σ, full external error). These dates suggest an age of ∼131 Ma for the early Jehol Biota and combined with previous dating indicate that this biota lasted at least from 131 Ma to 120 Ma (Late Hauterivian to Aptian). These dates also represent the earliest absolute age for known enantiornithine birds in the world.
Significance and Origin of Big Rivers

Ancient big river systems can be identified by a combination of facies mapping, paleocurrent study, analysis of unconformities, and the careful reconstruction of the tectonic history of a region. Ancient or modern, the location of big river systems on cratons largely follows structural lows such as deep-seated rifts, aulacogens, and geofracture systems; on a continent-wide scale many big rivers debouch on trailing continental margins and into marginal seas, where they tend to be localized by deep geofracture systems intersecting the coastline. Big river systems have their greatest longevity on cratons where some have persisted as long as one sixteenth of earth history. A major factor in any river system is the marine history of its drainage basin, a history that in turn is dependent upon the region's tectonic history.
Canadian Aerosol Module (CAM): A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models 2. Global sea-salt aerosol and its budgets

[1] Size-segregated sea-salt aerosols were included as dynamic constituents in the third generation of the Canadian general circulation model (GCMIII) using the Canadian Aerosol Module (CAM). A 12-bin sectional model was used to simulate wind-dependent sea-salt aerosol generation at the surface, diffusive, and advective transports, as well as wet and dry removals as a function of particle size. The dependence of model-predicted atmospheric sea-salt concentration on wind speed is weaker than the u3.41 dependence of sea-salt emissions but nevertheless still significant. A comparison of GCMIII surface winds with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting reanalyzed winds was used to identify a globally averaged bias of modeled surface marine winds of 18%. After taking this into account, two-year simulations were performed to study the atmospheric sea-salt cycle. Comparisons of seasonal mean model predictions with observed sea-salt mass concentrations at 24 marine observatories were in reasonable agreement (generally better than a factor of 2). The annual global sea-salt flux is estimated to be 1.01 × 1013 kg with ∼32% from the Northern Hemisphere and with 98% in supermicron particles. Although emissions to the atmosphere of submicron sea-salt particles larger than 0.2 μm radius make up only 2% of the total global emissions, they contribute significantly to the background aerosol mass and number concentrations in the marine atmosphere. Submicron sea-salt aerosols contribute substantially to the total optical depth of the atmosphere over the open oceans. They account for 5–15% of total sea-salt mass in air at the surface and 20% at 700 hPa. The global mass mean dry diameter of sea-salt aerosols over oceans is 2.8 μm at the surface and 1.9 μm in the midtroposphere. Concentrations are highest in the roaring forties of the Southern Hemisphere and over the northern oceans from October to March. Residence times of sea-salt aerosols were highly variable depending on size, vertical dispersion, and removal processes. The mean residence time for 7.7 μm and 0.4 μm particles in the marine boundary layer were in the range 0.3–10 hours and 80–360 hours, respectively.
Turbulent Rotating Rayleigh–Bénard Convection

Rotation with thermally induced buoyancy governs many astrophysical and geophysical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, sun, and Earth's liquid-metal outer core. Rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RRBC) is an experimental system that has features of rotation and buoyancy, where a container of height H and temperature difference Δ between its bottom and top is rotated about its vertical axis with angular velocity Ω. The strength of buoyancy is reflected in the Rayleigh number (∼ H 3Δ) and that of the Coriolis force in the Ekman and Rossby numbers (∼Ω−1). Rotation suppresses the convective onset, introduces instabilities, changes the velocity boundary layers, modifies the shape of thermal structures from plumes to vortical columns, affects the large-scale circulation, and can decrease or enhance global heat transport depending on buoyant and Coriolis forcing. RRBC is an extremely rich system, with features directly comparable to geophysical and astrophysical phenomena. Here we review RRBC studies, suggest a unifying heat transport scaling approach for the transition between rotation-dominated and buoyancy-dominated regimes in RRBC, and discuss non-Oberbeck–Boussinesq and centrifugal effects. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 55 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
The thermal regime of sub-polar glaciers mapped by multi-frequency radio-echo sounding

Abstract Radio-echo soundings provide an effective tool for mapping the thermal regimes of polythermal glaciers on a regional scale. Radar signals of 320–370 MHz penetrate ice at sub-freezing temperatures but are reflected from the top of layers of ice which are at the melting point and contain water. Radar signals of 5–20 MHz, on the other hand, see through both the cold and the temperate ice down to the glacier bed. Radio-echo soundings at these frequencies have been used to investigate the thermal regimes of four polythermal glaciers in Svalbard: Kongsvegen, Uvérsbreen, Midre Lovénbreen and Austre Brøggerbreen. In the ablation area of Kongsvegen, a cold surface layer (50–160 m thick) was underlain by a warm basal layer which is advected from the temperate accumulation area. The surface ablation of this cold layer may be compensated by freezing at its lower cold-temperate interface. This requires that the free water content in the ice at the freezing interface is about 1 % of the volume. The cold surface layer is thicker beneath medial moraines and where cold-based hanging glaciers enter the main ice stream. On Uvérsbreen the thermal regime was similar to that of Kongsvegen. A temperate hole was found in the otherwise cold surface layer of the ablation area in a surface depression between Kongsvegen and Uvérsbreen where meltwater accumulates during the summer (near the subglacial lake Setevatnet, 250 m a.s.l.). Lovénbreen w as frozen to the bed at the snout and along all the mountain slopes but beneath the central part of the glacier a warm basal layer (up to 50 m thick) was fed by temperate ice from two cirques. On Austre Brøggerbreen, a temperate basal layer was not detected by radio-echo soundings but the basal ice was observed to be at the melting point in two boreholes.
14C Dating of Organic Residue and Carbonate from Stromatolites in Etosha Pan, Namibia: 14C Reservoir Effect, Correction of Published Ages, and Evidence of >8-m-Deep Lake During the Late Pleistocene

Lacustrine stromatolites are layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by cyanobacteria. They are a precise indicator of high lake limits and their morphology and structure provide an insight into paleoenvironments of the time. Previous research on lacustrine stromatolites from Etosha Pan in Namibia based on radiocarbon ages of carbonates were close to the limit of the method and did not account for any possible 14C reservoir effect. The ages were used to suggest that the basin was not extensively flooded during the last 40,000 yr. To assess the reservoir effect, the age characteristics of a stromatolite from Poacher's Point were investigated by 14C dating both carbonate and organic residue from samples at different depths in the deposit. The ∼15-cm-diameter stromatolite was separated into 12 zones from the center to the edge and block samples were cut from each zone; the carbonate and residual organic residue were dated separately. The carbonate ages ranged from 34,700 to 24,700 14C yr BP and the organic ages from 15,700 to 2500 14C yr BP. Ages generally increased with increasing distance from the surface of the deposit. We believe that the organic ages are an accurate estimate of the stromatolite's age, while the much older carbonate ages reflect incorporation of old carbon from limestone bedrock and ancient calcrete introduced by stream and spring flow. Excluding the 2 oldest organic ages (15,700 and 13,600 14C yr BP), which may reflect contamination by older organic material washed into the lake during flooding, a linear regression relationship between carbonate and organic ages indicates that the reservoir effect on carbonate ranges up to ∼24,000 14C yr BP but decreases slightly as the true age of the deposit increases. This regression relationship was used to correct 2 finite carbonate ages for stromatolites from Pelican Island obtained in the early 1980s, which together with our new organic age for a stromatolite from Andoni Bay, document a >8-m-deep lake in Etosha Pan during the Late Pleistocene, at and prior to ∼34,000–26,000 cal yr BP. The organic carbon ages from the Poacher's Point stromatolite suggest prolonged lacustrine conditions during the early to middle Holocene (8000–6600 cal yr BP) but not to the extent seen during the Late Pleistocene.
Effect of boundary conditions upon centrifuge experiments using ground motion simulation

Two containers were used to hold a simulated stratum of sand during dynamic base shaking experiments aboard a centrifuge: a stack of rings and a box with rigid walls. Criteria for a satisfactory stacked-ring device are discussed, and details are presented for the design adopted. Results from several series of tests using stacked rings with different dimensions and aspect ratios are examined. While the overall performance of the stacked-ring confinement is satisfactory, there is evidence of deviations from the condition of simple shear, and also of arching. Almost certainly the rings did not exactly follow the motions of the soil. A few results are presented from tests using a box as the soil container. There is evidence that even distant walls can influence results when liquefaction phenomena are being observed.
Using Landsat Imagery and Census Data for Urban Population Density Modeling in Port-au-Prince, Haiti

This research uses the most recent (2003) census data and a Landsat ETM+ image to build a population estimation model for Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The purpose of the study is to establish the linkage of population density with remotely sensed surface reflectance signals of an urban area, and use that to estimate population when census data are not available in a timely fashion. The research begins with deriving subpixel vegetation-impervious surface-soil (VIS) fractions derived from the Landsat ETM+ multispectral bands, and then uses the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to examine how the variation of population density can be explained by the VIS variables and their derivatives. With comparison to the ordinary least square (OLS) model, the GWR model accounts for spatial non-stationarity in the relationship between population patterns and land characteristics in the study area. The study reveals that three VIS variables are significant in explaining population density: the mean value of houses fraction image, the mean value of vegetation fraction image, and the standard deviation of vegetation fraction image.
The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling

The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling offers a comprehensive survey of interdisciplinary research related to smuggling, reflecting on key themes, and charting current and future trends. Divided into six parts and spanning over 30 chapters, the volume covers themes such as mobility, borders, violent conflict, and state politics, as well as looks at the smuggling of specific goods – from rice and gasoline to wildlife, weapons, and cocaine. Chapters engage with some of the most contentious academic and policy debates of the twenty-first century, including the historical creation of borders, re-bordering, the criminalisation of migration, and the politics of selective toleration of smuggling. As it maps a field that contains unique methodological, ethical, and risk-related challenges, the book takes stock not only of the state of our shared knowledge, but also reflects on how this has been produced, pointing to blind spots and providing an informed vision of the future of the field. Bringing together established and emerging scholars from around the world, The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling is an indispensable resource for students and researchers of conflict studies, borderland studies, criminology, political science, global development, anthropology, sociology, and geography.