Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physiological changes against Meloidogyne incognita in rhizobacterial treated eggplant under organic conditions.

Field trials and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of rhizobacterial treatments for controlling Meloidogyne incognita (Root Knot Nematodes, RKN) on brinjal crop. Biochemical and histological analyses of treated plants were performed to check the extent and mechanism of activity of bacterial treatments. Disease percentage, Shoot length, Shoot weight, Root length and Root weight were deliberated and significant differences were recorded in these aspects. Findings also illustrated significant difference in the quantity of total phenolic contents of control (0.3g/kg) and RB5 (3.4g/kg) plants. Quantification of peroxidase (PO) revealed the significant distinction in control (0.6g/kg) and treated plants (2.54g/kg), whereas peroxidase contents were also variable among different rhizobacterial treatments. In case of terpenoids control (0.29g/kg) and RB1 (0.54g/kg) were notably varied from RB2 (0.83g/kg), RB3 (1g/kg) and RB4 (1.02g/kg). Here, RB5 again showed maximum amount of terpenoids (1.23g/kg). Findings declared all the treatments significantly effective than the control treatment with reference to Ascorbic acid and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) contents. Collectively, analyses determined the ability of brinjal plant to activate its defenses more rapidly against M. incognita under the influence of rhizobacterial treatment RB5.
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content of seston and zooplankton in tropical Lake Malawi: Implications for zooplankton nutrient cycling

Differences in chemical composition among zooplankton and their food sources can have important consequences for nutrient cycling in lakes. To date, studies of the interaction between plankton stoichiometry and nutrient cycling have focused primarily on temperate lakes. Here we explore the implications of plankton stoichiometry for nutrient cycling in tropical Lake Malawi. Three seston size fractions (picoplankton, nanoplankton and net plankton) displayed seasonal variations in C:P, C:N and N:P ratios. On average, picoplankton displayed lower C:P, C:N, and N:P ratios than nanoplankton and net plankton. Average C:N and C:P ratios for all seston size classes were much higher than Redfield ratios (C:N:P = 106:16:1). The elemental composition of individual species of crustacean zooplankton showed little temporal variation. However, there were large inter-species differences in P and N content, which can be expected to result in differences in N:P recycling ratios. The zooplankton community of Lake Malawi is dominated by copepods (>80% of total zooplankton biomass), which have a relatively low P content and high N:P ratio, resulting in a relatively low N:P recycling ratio. This might be expected to promote N limitation of phytoplankton and dominance of N-fixing cyanobacteria, but in some seasons the effects of zooplankton nutrient cycling appears to be masked by nutrient inputs from rivers, the atmosphere and vertical mixing.
Root traits are related to plant water-use among rangeland Mediterranean species

1. Understanding the water-use of plants is timely under increasing drought stress due to climate change. Despite the crucial role of roots in water uptake, relationships between water-use and root traits are seldom considered. 2. Combining a functional trait-based approach with a water balance model, we tested whether root functional traits are related to spatial and temporal water-use among 12 Mediterranean rangeland species grown in common garden monocultures. Soil water content was monitored for 10 months, and the dynamics of water uptake of each species was modelled at a daily time step. Root functional traits were measured at two soil depths (shallow and deep soil). 3. Species with fast resource acquisition strategies in shallow soil, i.e. thin roots, maximised water uptake in a short period and consumed large amounts of water during periods of low water availability. Conversely, species with a more conservative root strategy, i.e. coarse roots, took up less water during the peak-growing season, maintained water uptake over a longer period of time and consumed less water during periods of low water availability. Deep root traits are strongly related to species' ability to take up water from deep soil. Deep roots with large diameters and low specific root length improve species' ability to reach water from deep soil. Biomass investment in the deep soil layer was positively related to the amount of water consumed during periods of low water availability. 4. Our results highlight that root functional traits influence a range of spatial and temporal water-use among Mediterranean rangeland species. They account for the amount of water taken up during dry periods but not during the entire growing season.
Effect of ammonium sulfate and water hardness on glyphosate and glufosinate activity in corn

Soltani, N. , Nurse, R. E. , Robinson, R. E. and Sikkema, P. H. 2011. Effect of ammonium sulfate and water hardness on glyphosate and glufosinate activity in corn. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1053-1059. Eight field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period (2008 to 2010) near Harrow and Ridgetown, Ontario, to evaluate the effect of water hardness (distilled: 0 ppm; intermediate: 353 ppm; and very hard 1799 ppm) on full label doses of glyphosate (900 g a.e. ha-1) and glufosinate (400 g a.i. ha-1) [with and without ammonium sulfate (AMS) at 2.5 L ha-1] efficacy in corn. There was no effect of water hardness on control of velvetleaf (ABUTH), redroot pigweed (AMARE), common lambsquarters (CHEAL), and annual grasses green foxtail (SETVI) and barnyardgrass (ECHCG) when glyphosate was applied with or without the AMS. There was also no difference in yield of corn with various water sources when glyphosate was applied with or without AMS. Glyphosate applied with various water sources with or without AMS controlled ABUTH, AMARE, CHEAL, and annual grasses better than glufosinate with or without AMS. Glufosinate with AMS, especially at the 1799 ppm water hardness, generally controlled ABUTH, AMARE, and CHEAL better than glufosinate without AMS, but there was no improvement in annual grass control. Contrasts indicated an 11% increase in yield when glufosinate was applied with AMS compared with when applied without AMS. Based on these results water hardness and AMS had little benefit on the efficacy of glyphosate in corn; however, efficacy of glufosinate was improved when applied with AMS at high water hardness.
Survey of Missouri Pesticide Applicator Practices, Knowledge, and Perceptions

The introduction of soybean and cotton traits with resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides has led to an increase in concern over the off-target movement of dicamba and 2,4-D. A direct-mail survey was sent to Missouri pesticide applicators in January of 2016 to understand current herbicide application practices and applicator knowledge and awareness of the new synthetic auxin technologies. Completed surveys were returned by 2,335 applicators, representing approximately 11% of the state's registered pesticide applicators. Survey data reported herein provides information regarding current pesticide applicator knowledge and practices and highlights areas that need more emphasis during applicator training. Overall, survey respondents were familiar with physical drift and methods to minimize that risk. However respondents were less familiar with volatility and temperature inversions, which can each influence off-target herbicide movement. Of the 427 commercial applicators and 1,535 noncommercial applicators who answered questions regarding volatility, 81% and 74% respectively, recognized that high temperatures can contribute to a herbicide's ability to volatilize. However, only 48% and 39% understood that a herbicide's vapor pressure influences volatility. Answers from the survey indicate further education is needed on the synthetic auxin technologies, such as what herbicides can be used with each technology, proper methods for inspecting and cleaning spray equipment, and the importance of reading herbicide labels. When asked whether applicators were aware of the new 2,4-D-resistant and dicamba-resistant traits, 76% of 443 commercial applicators and only 40% of 1,713 noncommercial applicators selected “yes. ” Additionally, survey results suggests that current methods aimed to facilitate communication among producers and applicators, such as FieldWatch and Flag the Technology, may not be successfully adopted, at least in Missouri. Findings from this survey can be utilized to enhance training of pesticide applicators in preparation for the synthetic auxin herbicide technologies. Nomenclature: dicamba; 2,4-D; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Light Intensity and Temperature Effects on Epicuticular Wax Morphology and Internal Cuticle Ultrastructure of Carnation and Brussels Sprouts Leaf Cuticles1

At either 440 or 145 μEm−2s−1, greater amounts of cuticle, cutin matrix, and wax were formed at 15° than 25°C on leaves of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceae. L., Gemmifera group), but the reverse occurred on leaves of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). At either 15 or 25°, greater amounts of cuticle, cutin matrix, and wax were formed at 440 than 145 μEm−2s−1 on both species. For Brussels sprouts, at 25°/440 μEm−2s−1 and 25°/145 μEm−2s−1, large parallel wax dentrites covered the leaf surface. At 15°/440 μEm−2s−1, dentrites were smaller and morphologically less elaborate. At 15°/145 μEm−2s−1, epicuticular wax occurred as scattered rods perpendicular to the leaf surface. Carnation epicuticular waxes consistently occurred as rods, but as temperature and/or light intensity decreased, rod length decreased and density increased. There were no changes in internal cuticle ultrastructure of either species in different environments, but cuticle thickness increased as temperature and light intensity decreased. Epicuticular waxes visualized in surface view by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were extracted by procedures for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation.
Integrative taxonomic revision of Campylocia (mayflies: Ephemeroptera, Euthyplociidae)

A morphological comparison of type and non-type material of species of Campylocia, including their junior synonyms, was conducted, in addition to neighbour joining based on K2P distances and Bayesian inference analyses of 376 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) of recently collected specimens. Results revealed the lack of distinguishing characters between C. bocainensis and C. dochmia supported by the molecular analysis, where the overlap of intra- and interspecific genetic divergences suggested genetic flow among individuals. Campylocia burmeisteri is revalidated as a senior synonym of Brazilian south-eastern species C. bocainensis and C. dochmia and of E. guntheri, formerly a synonym of C. anceps. Campylocia burmeisteri is redescribed based on material from its type-locality, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro State. Two new species, C. demoulini sp. nov. and C. araca sp. nov., are described from the Amazon rain forest and a third species, C. orosi sp. nov., is described from Costa Rica. Possible cryptic species and the utility of egg morphology in the taxonomy of Campylocia are discussed for the first time for the genus. A key to the identification of adult stages of Campylocia is provided based on male genitalia and egg morphologyhttp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6779DC2C-DB98-41DF-8C52-FF97366AAF7A
Task-specific sensory coding strategies matched to detection and discrimination behaviors in Apteronotus leptorhynchus

All sensory systems must reliably translate information about the environment into a neural code, mediating perception. The most relevant aspects of stimuli may change as behavioral context changes, making efficient encoding of information more challenging. Sensory systems must balance rapid detection of a stimulus with perception of fine details that enable discrimination between similar stimuli. We show that in a species of weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, two coding strategies are employed for these separate behavioral tasks. Using communication signals produced in different contexts, we demonstrate a strong correlation between neural coding strategies and behavioral performance on a discrimination task. Extracellular recordings of pyramidal cells within the electrosensory lateral line lobe of alert fish show two distinct response patterns, either burst discharges with little variation between different signals of the same category, or a graded, heterogeneous response that contains enough information to discriminate between signals with slight variations. When faced with a discrimination-based task, the behavioral performance of the fish closely matches predictions based on coding strategy. Comparisons of these results with neural and behavioral responses observed in other model systems suggest that our study highlights a general principle in the way different neural codes are utilized in the sensory system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Research relating the structure of stimuli to the response of sensory neurons has left us with a detailed understanding of how different neural codes can represent information. Although various aspects of neural responses have been related to perceptual abilities, general principles relating behavioral tasks to sensory coding strategies are lacking. A major distinction can be made between signals that must simply be detected versus stimuli that must also be finely discriminated and evaluated. We show that these two different perceptual tasks are systematically matched by distinct neural coding strategies and we argue that our study identifies a general principle that is observed in various sensory systems. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Who Knew? First Myotis sodalis (Indiana Bat) Maternity Colony in the Coastal Plain of Virginia

Abstract We report the first confirmed Myotis sodalis (Indiana Bat) maternity colony in Virginia, discovered at Fort A.P. Hill Military Reservation in Caroline County along the Piedmont-Coastal Plain Fall Line. Acoustic surveys conducted in 2014 indicated likely presence of Indiana Bats on the installation. Subsequent focal mist-netting during May–June 2015 resulted in capture of 4 lactating females that we subsequently radio tracked to a maternity colony site containing at least 20 individuals. The core roosting-area was comprised of Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) snags with abundant exfoliating bark and high solar exposure. This forest patch was adjacent to a large emergentshrub wetland and within a larger matrix of mature, mid-Atlantic hardwood forests. The site where we found the colony location is 140 km east of the nearest known hibernaculum and is outside of the previously documented extent of this species' occurrence.
DİYARBAKIR’DA TAZE OLARAK TÜKETİLEN ÇÖKELEK PEYNİRLERİNİN MİKROBİYOLOJİK KALİTESİ / MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF ‘’COKELEK’’ CHEESES AS A FRESH CONSUMING IN DİYARBAKIR

Bu calisma, Diyarbakir’da ambalajsiz olarak satisa sunulan cokeleklerin mikrobiyolojik kalitesini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Calismada 30 adet cokelek peynir ornegi kullanilmistir. Koliform ve fekal orjinli Escherichia coli varliginin belirlenmesi En Muhtemel Sayi esasina gore yapilmistir. Mikroorganizma sayimlari Plak Kulturu Metoduna gore yapilarak, sonuclar Koloni Olusturan Birim (kob) olarak degerlendirilmistir. Orneklerde toplam mikroorganizma sayisi 8.49±0.79 log kob/g, heterofermentatif laktik asit bakterileri 8.58±0.98 log kob/g, psikrofilik bakteriler 8.51±0.83 log kob/g, proteolitik bakteriler 8.49±0,83 log kob/g, maya-kuf 6.67±0.86 log kob/g, Staphylococcus aureus 7.53±1.12 log kob/g, Salmonella sp. 7.80±0.64 log kob/g, Bacillus sp. 7.70±1.35 log kob/g, Clostridium sp. 7.81±1.05 log kob/g, Escherichia coli % 23.3, koliform bakteri sayisi % 23.3 olarak tespit edilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda; taze cokelek peynir orneklerinin hijyenik acidan cok dusuk kaliteli olduklari tespit edilmistir This study was carried out to determine the microbioligal quality of “cokelek” cheese, which is sold without packaging in Diyarbakir. In study used total of 30 samples of ‘’cokelek’’ cheeses. Coliform bacteria and the determination of being of faecal E. coli are made by using most probable number (EMS) methods. The microorganism counts by using plate counts techniques, the results have been evaluated as a cob. The In the samples as a average of total microorganism 8.49±0.79 log cfu/g, heterofermentatif lactic acid bacteria 8.58±0.98 log cfu/g, psycofilic bacteria 8.51±0.83 log cfu/g, proteolitic bacteria 8.49±0,83 log cfu/g, mould-yeast 6.67±0.86 log cfu/g, Staphylococcus aureus 7.53±1.12 log cfu/g, Salmonella sp. 7.80±0.64 log cfu/g, Bacillus sp. 7.70±1.35 log cfu/g, Clostridium sp. 7.81±1.05 log cfu/g, Escherichia coli % 23.3, coliforms bacteria % 23.3 were determined respectively. In conclusion, the samples of fresh cokelek cheeses were determine that had very low hygienic quality.
Genotype × environmental interaction and stability for yield and its components in elite maize types under moisture stress conditions.

Department of Millets, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625 104, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625 104, Tamil Nadu, India Corresponding Author’s Email: ulagunbourne@gmail.com Email addresses of co-authors: gomathinayagamprof@gmail.com, guruwms2009@gmail.com
Long‐term potentiation recruits a trisynaptic excitatory associative network within the mouse dentate gyrus

Granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus receive two powerful excitatory inputs: the perforant path, originating from the entorhinal cortex, and the associational pathway, originating from mossy cells, the principal neurons of the dentate gyrus hilus. We examined the electrophysiological properties of the less well‐studied associational pathway and its interaction with the perforant path in the intact mouse hippocampus and then tested homosynaptic, trans‐synaptic and associative long‐term potentiation of these pathways. The associational pathway was either monosynaptically activated by stimulation within the inner molecular layer or trisynaptically activated after stimulation of the perforant path. Laminar profiles of extracellularly recorded associational pathway field potentials demonstrated a bell‐shaped curve with a peak in the inner molecular layer. Tetanization of the perforant path induced not only homosynaptic potentiation of the perforant path (162.4 ± 6.7% at 0.5–1.5 h after tetanus) but also heterosynaptic potentiation of the associational pathway (115.7 ± 4.9%). Direct tetanization of the associational pathway within the inner molecular layer was ineffective in either the septo‐temporal (97.2 ± 4.5%) or temporal‐septal (104.4 ± 4.6%) direction. In contrast, conjoint tetanization of the associational pathway with the perforant path potentiated the associational pathway responses in both the septo‐temporal (123.4 ± 5.8%) and the temporal‐septal (124.8 ± 7.3%) directions. Paired‐pulse facilitation was attenuated by long‐term potentiation in the perforant path and the associational pathway, suggesting pre‐synaptic involvement. These results demonstrate that long‐term potentiation of the associational pathway and the perforant path is a product of the network properties of the dentate gyrus rather than of each monosynaptic input alone. The architecture of this neural network may be designed for flexible dynamic associations of the afferent perforant path inputs to configure encoded information within hippocampal neuronal ensembles.
Life Cycle and Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita on Capsicum frutescens under Poly-House as Compared to Screen-House Conditions

The life cycle and pathogenicity of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) studied on Capsicum under polyhouse as well as screen house conditions for comparision. Nematode development was observed faster under polyhouse condition (35 days) as compared to screenhouse (40 days). The pathogenicity of root-knot nematode at the different inoculum levels viz., 0, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 J2 of Meloidogyne incognita /pot resulted into significant reduction in plant growth parameters at pathogenic level of nematode at and above 1,000 J2 inoculum level under both the conditions but plant growth parameters like shoot length (37.7 cm), fresh shoot weight (10 g), dry shoot weight(3 g), fresh root weight(9.3 g), dry root weight (2.9 g) and nematode reproduction parameters viz. number of galls per root system, no. of egg masses per root system and final nematodes population was recorded higher under polyhouse conditions due to optimum condition for both, plant and nematode.
Determination of Heat Susceptibility Indices for Some Quantitative Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.)

The present investigation entitled “Determination of Heat Susceptibility Indices for Some Quantitative Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was undertaken to understand the impact of higher temperature on yield attributing characters and to select higher heat stress tolerant parent and cross combinations for future breeding programme. To fulfill the requirement of this objective, the experiment was conducted in two environments i.e. normal (15 th Nov.) and very late sown (15 th Jan.) condition with 10 diverse genotypes, their 45 F1’s and F2’s. In the present study, the HSI value of parents and crosses for different quantitative characters was calculated and genotypes were classified in to four different categories i.e. highly heat tolerant (HSI < 0.50), heat tolerant (HSI: 0.51-0.75), moderately heat tolerant (HSI: 0.76 – 1.00) and heat susceptible (HSI > 1.00). The overall ranking of heat susceptibility index indicated that among the parents Raj 4083, Raj 4037 and Raj 3777 and among the crosses Raj 3765 × Raj 4037 followed by Raj 3777 × Raj 4037 and Raj 4037 × Raj 4083 were found to be desirable for most of the characters as they attained HSI value less than 1.
Evaluation of Different Cowpea Varieties and Genotypes

The present investigation on study of “Evaluation of different cowpea varieties and genotypes” was carried out during summer season in the year 2014-2015 The study was under taken on 30 varieties and genotypes of cowpea using randomized block design with three replication. The variety and genotypes found to be varied growth, yield and quality parameters. Among these 30 types maximum plant height was recorded in variety Akola selection (70.40 cm) were as minimum plant height was recorded in genotype CL-5 (26.33 cm). For days required to first flowers, maximum days taken by genotype CL-23 (71.33 days) were as the minimum days required for variety Vanita (40.80), similarly for days to 50 % flowering, genotype CL-23 recorded (75.40 days) and minimum for variety Vanita taken (45 days ) . For number of green pods per cluster, maximum was recorded in AKCP-20 (3.53) followed by CL-14, were as was minimum was recorded in CL-10 (2.40). Similarly for number of pods per plant, maximum number of pods were recorded in CL-14 (87.80) followed by AKCP-20 (71.73), were as minimum was recorded in AKCP-99 (38.70). In case of Pod length, maximum was recorded in Gadchiroli local-2 (25.60) followed by Akola selection (25 cm) and minimum was recorded selection-5 (11.93). For yield characters average pod weight maximum pod weight for recorded in CL-24 (8.55 gram) were minimum was recorded in Gomati (4.10 gram). For yield per hectare maximum was recorded in CL-14 (157.69 quintal) minimum was recorded in Gomati (71.93 quintal). For protein content maximum protein content was recorded Arka samrudhi (23.80%) was minimum was recorded in Gadchiroli local-2 (15.88 %).