Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
User-Centered Approach to the Design and Management of Operating Documents

This paper presents the ongoing process and current results of a collaboration between NASA/FAA researchers and commercial aviation operators to restructure and update operating document guidelines and to develop a user interface for managing those documents. The paper first presents the background of this collaborative effort that started with a review of existing flight operating document guidelines. There are many guidelines covering most aspects of document development, but they can be difficult to access because they are distributed across different reports or hard to locate publications. To correct this situation, researchers and US operators have identified the most important document development topics and organized them in operationally meaningful ways. This paper outlines the user-centered approach taken to identify the key flight document issues and presents two applications based on the results: 1) a new structure for an operating document guidelines manual, and 2) a prototype user interface for a tool to manage the development and maintenance of documents.
Human element factors affecting reliability and safety

Many system reliability predictive methods are based solely on equipment failures neglecting the human component of man-machine systems. These methods do not consider the identification of the root causes of human errors. The reliability and safety of industrial and commercial power systems and processes are dependent upon human characteristics and many dependent and dynamic interactive factors. The consequences of human errors are very diverse and can range from damaging equipment, property, causing injury to personnel or be fatal, to disrupting scheduled system operation, a significant cost to society. This paper focuses on accidents-injuries and the disruption of scheduled power system operation caused by human element factors and shows that the human element is a very significant factor affecting the reliability and safety of electrical systems. The paper initially presents several case studies to reveal the frequency of human errors which disrupted scheduled computer and utility system operation. It also presents statistics on the injury accident rate in electric utilities and the number of days lost to injury accidents. It presents some of the factors that direct human behavior and discusses how these factors help identify the possible root causes of electrical accidents using an accident-injury sequence model to determine the cause of human errors. Knowledge of human factors can be used to mitigate their impact on power system interruptions and injury accidents (e.g., increased productivity, increased reliability, decreased errors, increased safety, etc.).
Exploring reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare providers in Ethiopia

Introduction the World Health Organization has identified vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten threats to global health. The purpose of this study was to explore factors contributing to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare providers, their perspectives regarding vaccine uptake by the public and their recommendations to improve vaccine uptake in Ethiopia. Methods a phenomenological qualitative study was conducted among purposively selected healthcare providers working in the Ministry of Health (MoH), regulatory authority, public and private hospitals and health centres who hesitated to take the COVID-19 vaccine in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in June 2021. A total of twenty in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured open-ended interview guide. Participants included nurses, physicians, pharmacists, health officers, Medical Laboratory technologists and midwives. A qualitative content analysis approach was chosen to analyse the data. Results all the participants agreed (n=20) that lack of consistent information and inadequate evidence about COVID-19 vaccine safety, efficacy and quality were the main reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. History of perceived and confirmed COVID-19 infection history, misinformation, religious views, unknown short and long-term effects of the vaccine and undefined length of time of vaccine´s protection were also other reasons mentioned by the participants. Conclusion healthcare providers were hesitant toward COVID-19 vaccine mainly due to lack of clear evidence regarding the vaccine´s short and long-term safety, efficacy and quality profiles. Hence, the long-term safety and efficacy of the vaccine should be extensively studied and evidence dissemination and communication should be clear and transparent.
Effects of Animal Welfare-Certified Rearing Systems on the Blood Parameters and Meat Quality Characteristics of Broilers at the Farm Level in Korea

Abstract Compared to the conventional farms (CF) rearing of broilers, the rearing management of animal welfare-certified farms (AF) must provide low stocking density, perch, air regulation, and feeding plant-based protein. This study aimed to compare the effects of rearing management in CF and AF on blood parameters, meat quality, and bioactive compound content in Ross 308 broiler chickens at the farm level before transportation to slaughterhouses. Blood and meat samples were obtained at 28-35-day-old chickens from three CF and three AF. In blood samples, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.001), glucose (p<0.01), total protein (p<0.001), albumin (p<0.01), and white blood cell (p<0.001) levels as well as the heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio [stress index (SI), p<0.001] were lower in broilers from AF than in CF. In meat samples, shear force (p<0.001, p<0.05), and carnosine contents (p<0.001, p<0.05) in both breast and thigh meat from AF were higher than those in meat from CF. The contents of linoleic acid (p<0.001), α-linolenic acid (p<0.001), and eicosapentaenoic acid (p<0.05) were higher in the samples from AF than those from CF. This study reveals that such differences are influenced by the different rearing factors in nutrition, housing, and management practices between CF and AF. Supplementation of plant-based protein and enough space to move due to lower stocking density accounts for the large differences between them. These results can be used as preliminary data showing that the AF system reduces the SI and enhances carnosine and polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in chicken meat at the farm level before transportation.
New Sequence Types and Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Strains of Streptococcus suis in Diseased Pigs, Italy, 2017–2019

Streptococcus suis is a pathogen associated with severe diseases in pigs and humans. Human infections have a zoonotic origin in pigs. To assess circulating strains, we characterized the serotypes, sequence types, and antimicrobial susceptibility of 78 S. suis isolates from diseased farmed pigs in Italy during 2017–2019. Almost 60% of infections were caused by serotypes 1/2 and 9. All but 1 of the serotype 2 and 1/2 isolates were confined to a single cluster, and serotype 9 isolates were distributed along the phylogenetic tree. Besides sequence type (ST) 1, the serotype 2 cluster included ST7, which caused severe human infections in China in 1998 and 2005. A large proportion of serotype 9 isolates, assigned to ST123, were resistant to penicillin. The emergence of this clone threatens the successful treatment of S. suis infection. Characterizing S. suis isolates from pigs will promote earlier detection of emerging clones.
Forecasting Social Unrest: A Machine Learning Approach

We produce a social unrest risk index for 125 countries covering a period of 1996 to 2020. The risk of social unrest is based on the probability of unrest in the following year derived from a machine learning model drawing on over 340 indicators covering a wide range of macro-financial, socioeconomic, development and political variables. The prediction model correctly forecasts unrest in the following year approximately two-thirds of the time. Shapley values indicate that the key drivers of the predictions include high current and prior levels of unrest, food price inflation and mobile phone penetration, which accord with previous findings in the literature. IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management. and violent to be associated with larger negative macroeconomic consequences and, based on our classiﬁcations of unrest types, violent unrest is less prevalent than other forms anti-government and election-related unrest). This work suggests that the larger economic eﬀects from violent forms of unrest may be associated with their rare, unanticipated, and unpredictable nature.
Improved sapphire dielectric resonators for ultrastable oscillators

It is shown that, in 5 cm Crystal Systems "HEMEX" resonators, unloaded Q values, not limited by wall losses, of 5-8 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ at 2 K and 3 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ at 6 K are possible. Frequency-temperature self-compensation, in which the temperature dependence of the real part of the AC susceptibility of paramagnetic impurities balances that due to the dielectric constant of the sapphire, can be achieved in H modes at convenient operating temperatures. Because chromium and iron concentrations are very small, ions with very high frequency ESRs provide essentially frequency-independent self-compensation, allowing freedom of choice of operating frequency. The dominant paramagnetic ion has been identified as Mo/sup 3+/. Since the Mo/sup 3+/ concentration is essentially fixed by the crystal growth process, and one desires the lowest possible frequency-temperature coefficient and dielectric loss, the H/sub m11/ modes are the best candidates for high-stability HEMEX resonators. The observed power dependence of mode frequency, /spl sim/10/sup -8/ W/sup -1/, will require that resonator power fluctuations be maintained at less than 100 nW if a frequency stability of 1 /spl times/ 10/sup -15/ is to be achieved. <<ETX>>
Glyphosate: A “Weed” in Brazilian Health

This review aims to analyze the use of Glyphosate herbicides in Brazilian agricultural production; their impacts on human health, and the juridic discussions about the use of herbicides and genetically modified organisms. It shows health issues, as metabolic and endocrine changes, fetus abnormalities, and others health problems, and how the actual policy is not following the constitution by do not regulate the use of pesticides. Although still controversial, this subject should be discussed and encouraged in all countries, especially in Brazil, which due to great pressure from the government and agribusiness, there is great disincentive to carry out research related to this topic.
Peer-Reviewed Technical Communication Robust MIMO Underwater Acoustic Communications Using Turbo Block Decision-Feedback Equalization

In this paper, a robust detection scheme is proposed for high data rate single-carrier multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) underwater acoustic communications. The new scheme adopts turbo block decision-feedback equalization, where the soft-decision equalizer performs successive soft interference can- cellation of both the intersymbol interference in the time domain, and the multiplexing interference in the space domain. Attributed to the inherent advantage of the block decision-feedback equalizer (BDFE) over other conventional equalizers, the MIMO turbo detection algorithm provides high performance with fast conver- gence speed. With the interblock interference properly removed, the MIMO BDFE is performed with overlapped information blocks without guard intervals, thus a high transmission efficiency is guaranteed and the performance degradation at the tail of each block is prevented. The MIMO channel is treated as time invariant over each small block, and is estimated with either the pilot symbols in the training mode or the previously detected symbols in the decision-directed mode. The proposed detection scheme has been tested by extensive experimental data and proved to be robust to different transmission environments. The experimental results for the undersea 2008 Surface Processes and Acoustic Communications Experiment (SPACE08) and the 2008 Gulf of Mexico Experiment (GOMEX08) are both reported.
Impact of Organization Culture on Employee's Job Satisfaction: A Study of Public and Private Sector

Employee satisfaction plays an important role to boost the morale of the employee. Employee satisfaction has a close relation with organizational culture as it encourages the workforce to give their opinions and share their ideas related to their work. This is an innovative method to know whether the employees are satisfied with their present job and the work culture. The study is beneficial for a business enterprise, as satisfied employees put in more effort, stay loyal towards their company and also work with dedication. The research examines a variety of dimensions of employee performance. The data used in this study came from an employee satisfaction survey conducted. The findings of the survey coupled with existing literature allowed the researcher to make recommendations to increase employee performance and ultimately increase employee productivity. The recommendations are employee participation, personality development, presentation skill building, team building, career training, counseling and coaching, learning technical skills etc. The study investigated the various strategies employee suggestions and its impact on employee satisfaction. Eight (15) organizations were selected by simple random sampling technique. They were stratified into three (8) public sector and five (7) private service organizations. Through proportional allocation method of the stratified sampling technique, a total of 100 respondents were selected. Questionnaires were either self-administered or through the face-to-face interview. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis.
Profiling Biomarkers in HIV Glomerular Disease – Potential for the Non-Invasive Diagnosis of HIVAN?

Background There is a wide spectrum of kidney pathology in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, affecting all structures of the kidney. The histology of HIV chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diverse, ranging from HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) to focal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), HIV-immune complex disease (HIV-ICD), other glomerulopathies and tubulo-interstitial nephritis. Definitive diagnosis is by kidney biopsy, an invasive procedure. However, serum and urinary biomarkers may be useful in predicting the histological diagnosis of HIVAN. Purpose We wished to determine the utility of serum and urinary biomarkers in predicting the histological diagnosis of HIVAN. Patients and Methods We measured neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β isoforms and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 in the serum and urine in patients with different histological forms of HIV glomerular disease. Results In HIVAN, we demonstrated increased levels of serum cystatin C and increased levels of serum and urinary NGAL. Urinary TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels were elevated in HIV-positive patients with CKD but were not significantly different in the different HIV histologies, while urinary BMP-7 levels were elevated in minimal change disease. Conclusion This study confirmed the presence of increased serum and urinary biomarkers of tubular injury in patients with HIVAN, and increased urinary biomarkers of fibrosis in HIV CKD, and may indicate their value as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of HIVAN.
Vitamin D Status in Pediatric and Young Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Are the New Recommendations Effective?

Introduction: In recent years, guidelines for vitamin D supplementation have been updated and prophylactic recommended doses have been increased in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Objective: To evaluate safety and efficacy of these new recommendations. Results: Two cohorts of pancreatic insufficient CF patients were compared before (cohort 1: 179 patients) and after (cohort 2: 71 patients) American CF Foundation and European CF Society recommendations were published. Cohort 2 patients received higher Vitamin D doses: 1509 (1306–1711 95% CI) vs 1084 (983–1184 95% CI) IU/Day (p < 0.001), had higher 25 OH vitamin D levels: 30.6 (27.9–33.26 95% CI) vs. 27.4 (25.9–28.8 95% CI) ng/mL (p = 0.028), and had a lower prevalence of insufficient vitamin D levels (<30 ng/mL): 48% vs 65% (p = 0.011). Adjusted by confounding factors, patients in cohort 1 had a higher risk of vitamin D insufficiency: OR 2.23 (1.09–4.57 95% CI) (p = 0.028). Conclusion: After the implementation of new guidelines, CF patients received higher doses of vitamin D and a risk of vitamin D insufficiency decreased. Despite this, almost a third of CF patients still do not reach sufficient serum calcidiol levels.
The global burden of tuberculous meningitis in adults: A modelling study

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most lethal form of tuberculosis. The incidence and mortality of TBM is unknown due to diagnostic challenges and limited disaggregated reporting of treated TBM by existing surveillance systems. We aimed to estimate the incidence and mortality of TBM in adults (15+ years) globally. Using national surveillance data from Brazil, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Vietnam, we estimated the fraction of reported tuberculosis that is TBM, and the case fatality ratios for treated TBM in each of these countries. We adjusted these estimates according to findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis and applied them to World Health Organization tuberculosis notifications and estimates to model the global TBM incidence and mortality. Assuming the case detection ratio (CDR) for TBM was the same as all TB, we estimated that in 2019, 164,000 (95% UI; 129,000–199,000) adults developed TBM globally; 23% were among people living with HIV. Almost 60% of incident TBM occurred in males and 20% were in adults 25–34 years old. 70% of global TBM incidence occurred in Southeast Asia and Africa. We estimated that 78,200 (95% UI; 52,300–104,000) adults died of TBM in 2019, representing 48% of incident TBM. TBM case fatality in those treated was on average 27%. Sensitivity analysis assuming improved detection of TBM compared to other forms of TB (CDR odds ratio of 2) reduced estimated global mortality to 54,900 (95% UI; 32,200–77,700); assuming instead worse detection for TBM (CDR odds ratio of 0.5) increased estimated mortality to 125,000 (95% UI; 88,800–161,000). Our results highlight the need for improved routine TBM monitoring, especially in high burden countries. Reducing TBM incidence and mortality will be necessary to achieve the End TB Strategy targets.
The Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism During Early Pregnancy in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) during early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage or premature birth. In Pakistan, the prevalence of SCH among pregnant women is not well documented. This multi-center study aims at identifying the prevalence of SCH among Pakistani pregnant women. Methods A cross-sectional multi-center study was conducted over a period of 12 months. Pregnant females in the first trimester of pregnancy were recruited from the antenatal clinics of seven centers from six Pakistani cities. We assessed the frequency of SCH in pregnant females and associated risk factors. Results A total of 500 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Only eight women (1.6%) had a newly-diagnosed SCH. While 1.2% of women had hyperthyroidism, 6% had known hypothyroidism, and 1% had overt hypothyroidism. Ten females (33.3%) with known hypothyroidism were receiving an inadequate dose of thyroid replacement therapy. The association between BMI and SCH was not statistically significant (p = 0.69). Moreover, we could not find any significant difference between patients with or without SCH in terms of age (p > 0.90), dyslipidemia (p = 0.157), history of miscarriage (p > 0.90), the regularity of the cycle (p > 0.90), and history of infertility (p > 0.90). Conclusions The frequency of undiagnosed SCH in pregnant females in the study from Pakistan was 1.6%. The rate of uncontrolled hypothyroidism was high, which raises an alarm of the potential risks of untreated thyroid disorder.
Streamline pattern and salt leaching through progressive flooding between subsurface drains

This paper examines an efficient method of removing salts through progressive flooding of surface strips between subsurface drains. The method has been tested in the laboratory using a sand tank model experiment. The work extends earlier theoretical investigations by Youngs and Leeds‐Harrison ( 2000 ) which suggest that more uniform leaching with less water can be obtained by constraining the infiltrating area with the use of bunds, initially flooding only the region midway between the drains and then progressively increasing the flooded area towards the drains until the whole area between the drains is flooded.
Economic valuation in Web surveys; A review of the state of the art and best practices

Abstract This paper is a review of the currently existent economic valuation surveys (with stated preference methods) developed for and administered through the web. Valuation surveys that employ stated preference techniques are not particularly verbose about the details of their web development or administration. Web surveys for economic valuation are a new, interest raising field, given the worldwide continually increasing computer literacy and internet access. Currently most web valuation studies are concerned with the valuation of a topic of interest (mostly from environmental and energy economics) and hardly few, if any at all, are concerned with the experimentation on the web opportunities themselves and the effect they have on the results of the studies. The paper also presents the advantages of web survey and contributes to consolidating an informed state of the art for field practitioners, developers and reviewers of relevant papers. Keywords
eIF5B and eIF1A remodel human translation initiation complexes to mediate ribosomal subunit joining

Joining of the ribosomal subunits at a translation start site on a messenger RNA during initiation commits the ribosome to synthesize a protein. Here, we combined single-molecule spectroscopy and structural methods using an in vitro reconstituted system to examine how the human ribosomal subunits join. Single-molecule fluorescence revealed when universally-conserved eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) eIF1A and eIF5B associate with and depart from initiation complexes. Guided by single-molecule dynamics, we examined initiation complexes that contained both eIF1A and eIF5B using single-particle electron cryo-microscopy. The resulting structure illuminated how eukaryote-specific contacts between eIF1A and eIF5B remodel the initiation complex to orient initiator tRNA in a conformation compatible with ribosomal subunit joining. Collectively, our findings provide a quantitative and architectural framework for the molecular choreography orchestrated by eIF1A and eIF5B during human translation initiation.