Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and breast cancer risk: Middle-aged women’s logic and recommendations for reducing consumption in Australia

Background We aimed to understand the factors shaping alcohol consumption patterns in middle-aged women (45–64), and to identify participant-driven population- and policy-level strategies that may be used to addresses alcohol consumption and reduce breast cancer risk. Methods Semi-structured interviews (n = 35) were conducted with ‘middle-aged’ women conversant in English and living in South Australia with no history of breast cancer diagnosis. Data were deductively coded using a co-developed framework including variables relevant to our study objectives. Women were asked about their current level of awareness of the association between alcohol and breast cancer risk, and their personal recommendations for how to decrease consumption in middle-aged Australian women. Results Women discussed their previous efforts to decrease consumption, which we drew on to identify preliminary recommendations for consumption reduction. We identified a low level of awareness of alcohol and breast cancer risk, and confusion related to alcohol as a risk for breast cancer, but not always causing breast cancer. Participants suggested that education and awareness, through various means, may help to reduce consumption. Conclusions Participants’ description of strategies used to reduce their own consumption lead us to suggest that campaigns might focus on the more salient and immediate effects of alcohol (e.g. on physical appearance and mental health) rather than longer-term consequences. Critical considerations for messaging include addressing the personal, physical and social pleasures that alcohol provides, and how these may differ across socio-demographics.
The comparison of height for age index with normal distribution in Eslamabade-Gharb students (2007-8)

Abstract Background: Monitoring height for age is very important indicator in children and teenagers periods. Unfortunately in screening for students’ nutritional problems, only students with height below 3rd percentile of health road (height, weight or BMI charts) are reported and plotted in national growth charts, whereas attention to total normal distribution of student growth and comparison with it is more important. The aim of this study was to compare national students’ height for age distribution charts with normal distribution. Methods: In this cross-sectional study 7940 male and female students of Islam Abad-e-Gharb were studied during nutritional school screening from 2007 to2008. The distribution of this index compared with standard normal distribution using Chi square goodness of fit test. Results: There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between height tow age and standard normal distribution a mong the students. Besides, 61.1 percent of students fall under 50th percentiles. Conclusion: The number of well-nourished students in Eslamabade-Gharb was less than what was expected. Thus, paying attention to the malnourished students for prevention of shortness seems to be necessary.
Recombinant Human FSH Treatment Outcomes in Five Boys With Severe Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

Abstract Context Recombinant human FSH (r-hFSH), given to prepubertal boys with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), may induce Sertoli cell proliferation and thereby increase sperm-producing capacity later in life. Objective To evaluate the effects of r-hFSH, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and testosterone (T) in such patients. Design and Setting Retrospective review in three tertiary centers in Finland between 2006 and 2016. Patients Five boys: ANOS1 mutation in two, homozygous PROKR2 mutation in one, FGFR1 mutation in one, and homozygous GNRHR mutation in one. Prepubertal testicular volume (TV) varied between 0.3 and 2.3 mL; three boys had micropenis, three had undergone orchidopexy. Interventions Two boys received r-hFSH (6 to 7 months) followed by r-hFSH plus hCG (33 to 34 months); one received T (6 months), then r-hFSH plus T (29 months) followed by hCG (25 months); two received T (3 months) followed by r-hFSH (7 months) or r-hFSH plus T (8 months). Main Outcome Measures TV, inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone, T, puberty, sperm count. Results r-hFSH doubled TV (from a mean ± SD of 0.9 ± 0.9 mL to 1.9 ± 1.7 mL; P < 0.05) and increased serum inhibin B (from 15 ± 5 ng/L to 85 ± 40 ng/L; P < 0.05). hCG further increased TV (from 2.1 ± 2.3 mL to 8.6 ± 1.7 mL). Two boys with initially extremely small testis size (0.3 mL) developed sperm (maximal sperm count range, 2.8 to 13.8 million/mL), which was cryopreserved. Conclusions Spermatogenesis can be induced with gonadotropins even in boys with HH who have extremely small testes, and despite low-dose T treatment given in early puberty. Induction of puberty with gonadotropins allows preservation of fertility.
Experiments on Saltation of Sand in Water

A high-speed video system was used to study saltation of sand in an open channel flow. High rates of image acquisition provided the information needed to resolve details of the Lagrangian properties of particle motion. Saltation of sand is described in terms of statistical properties of particle trajectories such as mean values and standard deviations of saltation length, height, and streamwise particle velocity. Results are compared with available empirical data. Saltation height seems to be independent of particle size when made dimensionless with the particle diameter; however, the dimensionless saltation length appears to increase as the particle size decreases. Particle collision with the bed is also analyzed. Observations of this process indicate that most of the interactions between saltating particles and the bed are of the collision-rebound type, which contradicts previous discussions on the subject. The estimated value of the dynamic friction coefficient is about half that proposed by Bagnold, i.
Chlorophyll anomalies along the critical latitude at 30°N in the NE Pacific

The dissipation of surface tidal energy into internal tides plays a critical role in ocean mixing. However, quantifying the spatial distribution of this energy flux, which is required for ocean and climate modeling, has been largely based on modeling efforts and there is a need for validating observations. The summer development of large blooms of chlorophyll along 30°N in the E. Pacific is presented as evidence of enhanced tidal mixing. The region near 30° is a “double” critical latitude, with a transformation of internal waves occurring at both diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies. The breakdown at the critical latitude of internal waves generated at Hawaii could provide the physical mechanism to explain these blooms. The blooms develop in a region characterized by a weak summer surface stratification, which is therefore more susceptible to mixing.
Stable Carbon Isotopes of HCO3 in the Aquia Aquifer, Maryland: Evidence for an Isotopically Heavy Source of CO2

Concentrations of HCO3 and δ13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon change along the hydrologic gradient of the Aquia aquifer. In the outcrop area, meteoric recharge rapidly dissolves carbonate shell material (δ13C ∼ 0.0 per mil) in the presence of soil-gas CO2 (δ13C∼–26 per mil). HCO3 concentrations in this area range from 150-200 mg/1 and δ13C values of dissolved HCO3 are approximately –13.0 per mil. Concentrations of HCO3 decrease gradually (to about 130 mg/1) and δ13C values become slightly heavier (to about –11.4 per mil) as water flows away from the outcrop area. These trends reflect progressive dissolution of metastable carbonate shell material and subsequent precipitation of secondary calcite cement. At about 40 miles downgradient in the flow system, HCO3 concentrations increase sharply (to about 400 mg/1), and δ13C values become significantly heavier (δ13C ∼–6.2 per mil). The observed 1:1 molar ratio of Na+ to HCO-3 in this downgradient water shows that dissolution of isotopically heavy carbonate shell material cannot by itself explain the observed δ13C trend. Rather, the Na:HCO-3 ratio demonstrates that shell material dissolution must take place in the presence of CO2. Because the aquifer in this area is closed to both soil-gas and atmospheric CC>2, an aquifer-generated source of isotopically heavy (δ13C ∼–5.3 per mil) CO2 is implied. Possible sources of aquifer-generated CO2 include bacterially-mediated fermentation of lignitic aquifer materials and bacterially-mediated methanogenesis.
Multicentre validation of a sepsis prediction algorithm using only vital sign data in the emergency department, general ward and ICU

Objectives We validate a machine learning-based sepsis-prediction algorithm (InSight) for the detection and prediction of three sepsis-related gold standards, using only six vital signs. We evaluate robustness to missing data, customisation to site-specific data using transfer learning and generalisability to new settings. Design A machine-learning algorithm with gradient tree boosting. Features for prediction were created from combinations of six vital sign measurements and their changes over time. Setting A mixed-ward retrospective dataset from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center (San Francisco, California, USA) as the primary source, an intensive care unit dataset from the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, Massachusetts, USA) as a transfer-learning source and four additional institutions’ datasets to evaluate generalisability. Participants 684 443 total encounters, with 90 353 encounters from June 2011 to March 2016 at UCSF. Interventions None. Primary and secondary outcome measures Area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for detection and prediction of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Results For detection of sepsis and severe sepsis, InSight achieves an AUROC curve of 0.92 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.93) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.88), respectively. Four hours before onset, InSight predicts septic shock with an AUROC of 0.96 (95% CI 0.94 to 0.98) and severe sepsis with an AUROC of 0.85 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.91). Conclusions InSight outperforms existing sepsis scoring systems in identifying and predicting sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. This is the first sepsis screening system to exceed an AUROC of 0.90 using only vital sign inputs. InSight is robust to missing data, can be customised to novel hospital data using a small fraction of site data and retains strong discrimination across all institutions.
The Effectiveness of an Online Support Group for Members of the Community with Depression: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background Internet support groups (ISGs) are popular, particularly among people with depression, but there is little high quality evidence concerning their effectiveness. Aim The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an ISG for reducing depressive symptoms among community members when used alone and in combination with an automated Internet-based psychotherapy training program. Method Volunteers with elevated psychological distress were identified using a community-based screening postal survey. Participants were randomised to one of four 12-week conditions: depression Internet Support Group (ISG), automated depression Internet Training Program (ITP), combination of the two (ITP+ISG), or a control website with delayed access to e-couch at 6 months. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, 6 and 12 months. Results There was no change in depressive symptoms relative to control after 3 months of exposure to the ISG. However, both the ISG alone and the combined ISG+ITP group showed significantly greater reduction in depressive symptoms at 6 and 12 months follow-up than the control group. The ITP program was effective relative to control at post-intervention but not at 6 months. Conclusions ISGs for depression are promising and warrant further empirical investigation. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN65657330
Geochemical study of groundwater in the Sho river fan, Toyama Prefecture for heat usage by geothermal heat pump

Copyright © 2013 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. 2006), thus most rivers in Toyama Prefecture have the highest hydraulic gradient in Japan. Since the water temperature of shallow groundwater in Toyama is constant at 15°C throughout the year, the groundwater can be used for heat source of air conditioning of houses and industry in winter by using the temperature difference between air and groundwater. The use of the geothermal heat pump (Geo-HP) is now spreading worldwide (e.g., Huttrer, 1997; Diao et al., 2004; Lee and Hahn, 2006; Fujii et al., 2007; Russo et al., 2011). In particular, the open-type Geo-HP using groundwater has been often used because of the low cost (e.g., Wang et al., 2012). In the open-type Geo-HP system, groundwater is pumped to the surface, heatexchanged and returned to the aquifer through a reinjection well. In the closed-type Geo-HP system, antifreezing fluid circulates through the U-tube installed in the underground to pick up the heat. The final goal of our study is to evaluate the applicability of groundwater as a heat source to air conditioning of houses and melting of road snow in this area. In summer, shallow groundwater, which is cooler than the atmospheric temperature, can be Geochemical study of groundwater in the Sho river fan, Toyama Prefecture for heat usage by geothermal heat pump
40Ar/39Ar geochronology of submarine Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii

[1] New geochronologic constraints refine the growth history of Mauna Loa volcano and enhance interpretations of the petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic evolution of Hawaiian magmatism. We report results of 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating experiments on low-K, tholeiitic lavas from the 1.6 km high Kahuku landslide scarp cutting Mauna Loa's submarine southwest rift zone, and from lavas in a deeper section of the rift. Obtaining precise40Ar/39Ar ages from young, tholeiitic lavas containing only 0.2–0.3 wt. % K2O is challenging due to their extremely low radiogenic 40Ar contents. Analyses of groundmass from 45 lavas yield 14 new age determinations (31% success rate) with plateau and isochron ages that agree with stratigraphic constraints. Lavas collected from a 1250 m thick section in the landslide scarp headwall were all erupted around 470 ± 10 ka, implying an extraordinary period of accumulation of ∼25 mm/yr, possibly correlating with the peak of the shield-building stage. This rate is three times higher than the estimated vertical lava accumulation rate for shield-building at Mauna Kea (8.6 ± 3.1 mm/yr) based on results from the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project. Between ∼470 and 273 ka, the lava accumulation rate along the southwest rift zone decreased dramatically to ∼1 mm/yr. We propose that the marked reduction in lava accumulation rate does not mark the onset of post-shield volcanism as previously suggested, but rather indicates the upward migration of the magma system as Mauna Loa evolved from a submarine stage of growth to one that is predominantly subaerial, thereby cutting off supply to the distal rift zone. Prior to ∼250 ka, lavas with Loihi-like isotopic signatures were erupted along with lavas having typical Mauna Loa values, implying greater heterogeneity in the plume source earlier in Mauna Loa's growth. In addition to refining accumulation rates and the isotopic evolution of the lavas erupted along the southwest rift zone, our new40Ar/39Ar results constrain the eruption of the Ninole Basalts from 227 to 108 ka and provide maximum estimates on the timing of the Ka Lae and South Kona landslides.
kinase Cα (PKCα) Regulates Bone Architecture Osteoblast Activity*.

Background: Roles of the multifunctional kinase PKC (cid:2) in bone are unknown. Results: Female Prkca (cid:2) / (cid:2) mice form bone in their medullary cavities associated with higher osteoblastic differentiation. Bone and spleen changes in Prkca (cid:2) / (cid:2) mice resemble features of Gaucher disease. Conclusion: PKC (cid:2) regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone architecture. Significance: PKC (cid:2) -targeting therapies may benefit low bone mass conditions, including Gaucher disease and osteoporosis. Bones’ strength is achieved and maintained through adaptation to load bearing. The role of the protein kinase PKC (cid:2) in this processhasnotbeenpreviouslyreported.However,weobserved a phenotype in the long bones of Prkca (cid:3) / (cid:3) female but not male mice, in which bone tissue progressively invades the medullary cavity in the mid-diaphysis. This bone deposition progresses with age and is prevented by disuse but unaffected by ovariectomy. Castration of male Prkca (cid:3) / (cid:3) but not WT mice results in the formation of small amounts of intramedullary Osteoblast cells Prkca
Rates of chemical denudation and CO2 drawdown in a glacier-covered alpine catchment

Solute fluxes from a glacier-covered alpine catchment are partitioned into components derived from sea-salt, acid aerosol, dissolution of atmospheric CO2, and crustal weathering. The bulk of solute is crustally derived. Coupled sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution (SO-CD) and carbonation of carbonate minerals generate approximately equal amounts of solute. Chemical denudation constitutes <1.5% of solid denudation but is significantly higher than the continental average. CO2 drawdown by weathering reactions varies directly with discharge and suspended-sediment load and inversely with meltwater p(CO2). If it is generally true that flushing rates control CO2 drawdown in glacier-covered catchments, then glacially driven chemical weathering could be a significant factor in carbon cycling and climate change on glacial-interglacial time scales.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Cortical Representations during and after Stimulus Presentation

Visual perception is a spatiotemporally complex process. In this study, we investigated cortical dynamics during and after stimulus presentation. We observed that visual category information related to the difference between faces and objects became apparent in the occipital lobe after 63 ms. Within the next 110 ms, activation spread out to include the temporal lobe before returning to residing mainly in the occipital lobe again. After stimulus offset, a peak in information was observed, comparable to the peak after stimulus onset. Moreover, similar processes, albeit not identical, seemed to underlie both peaks. Information about the categorical identity of the stimulus remained present until 677 ms after stimulus offset, during which period the stimulus had to be retained in working memory. Activation patterns initially resembled those observed during stimulus presentation. After about 200 ms, however, this representation changed and class-specific activity became more equally distributed over the four lobes. These results show that, although there are common processes underlying stimulus representation both during and after stimulus presentation, these representations change depending on the specific stage of perception and maintenance.
Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Outcomes in Patients with Concurrent Brain Metastases

Objectives: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an emerging technique for maximizing tumor and pain control in selected patients with spinal metastases. Outcomes for those with concurrent brain metastases (CBM) have not been well-described previously. The goal of this study was to compare outcomes for patients with or without CBM treated with spine SBRT. Methods: Records of all patients treated with SBRT for spine metastases at our institution from January 2008 to January 2014 were reviewed. Chi-square analyses and the Mann-Whitney test were used to assess the association of CBM (defined as brain metastasis present prior to or at the time of spinal SBRT) with potential covariates. The log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to evaluate the impact of CBM on overall survival and local control from the time of the first course of spine SBRT. Results: Seventy-eight patients and a total of 86 SBRT lesions were treated. Median patient age was 60 years (range: 38-84 years); 28.2% had radioresistant histologies. A single fraction was used in 91.0% of treatments. One-year local control was 89.4%, and one-year overall survival was 45.8%. A total of 19 patients (24.4%) had CBM. Among these CBM patients, 18 (94.7%) underwent intracranial radiosurgery and nine (47.4%) were diagnosed synchronously with their spine metastases. Local control was not significantly different between patients with or without CBM on univariable (median: 58 months vs. not reached, p = 0.53) or multivariable analyses (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.06-4.33). Overall survival was also not significantly different between patients with or without CBM on univariable (median: 7 vs. 11 months, log-rank p = 0.12) or multivariable analyses (HR 1.62, 95% CI 0.87-3.03). Conclusions: Patients with CBM do not appear to have a statistically significant detriment in clinical outcomes, suggesting that CBM should not necessarily be considered a contraindication for spine SBRT. Although our study is limited by significant heterogeneity in tumor type within our series, future work should focus on the development of reliable survival prognosticators for patients undergoing spinal radiosurgery. Nearly half of the patients with CBM were diagnosed synchronously with their spine metastases, emphasizing the usefulness of obtaining a brain MRI for complete staging prior to spine SBRT.
Comparison of Multi-Tensor Diffusion Models' Performance for White Matter Integrity Estimation in Chronic Stroke

Better insight into white matter (WM) alterations after stroke onset could help to understand the underlying recovery mechanisms and improve future interventions. MR diffusion imaging enables to assess such changes. Our goal was to investigate the relation of WM diffusion characteristics derived from diffusion models of increasing complexity with the motor function of the upper limb. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the variation of such characteristics across different WM structures of chronic stroke patients in comparison to healthy subjects. Subjects were scanned with a two b-value diffusion-weighted MRI protocol to exploit multiple diffusion models: single tensor, single tensor with isotropic compartment, bi-tensor model, bi-tensor with isotropic compartment. From each model we derived the mean tract fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), radial (RD) and axial (AD) diffusivities outside the lesion site based on a WM tracts atlas. Asymmetry of these measures was correlated with the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity assessment (FMA) score and compared between patient and control groups. Eighteen chronic stroke patients and eight age-matched healthy individuals participated in the study. Significant correlation of the outcome measures with the clinical scores of stroke recovery was found. The lowest correlation of the corticospinal tract FAasymmetry and FMA was with the single tensor model (r = −0.3, p = 0.2) whereas the other models reported results in the range of r = −0.79 ÷ −0.81 and p = 4E-5 ÷ 8E-5. The corticospinal tract and superior longitudinal fasciculus showed most alterations in our patient group relative to controls. Multiple compartment models yielded superior correlation of the diffusion measures and FMA compared to the single tensor model.