Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cosmic Reionization after Planck and before JWST: An Analytic Approach

The reionization of cosmic hydrogen marks a critical juncture in the history of structure formation. Here we present a new formulation of the standard reionization equation for the evolution of the volume-averaged H ii fraction that is more consistent with the accepted conceptual model of inhomogeneous intergalactic absorption. The revised equation explicitly accounts for the presence of the optically thick “Lyman-limit systems” that are known to determine the mean-free path of ionizing radiation after overlap. Integration of this equation provides a better characterization of the timing of reionization by smoothly linking the pre-overlap with the post-overlap phases of such a process. We confirm the validity of the quasi-instantaneous approximation as a predictor of reionization completion/maintenance and discuss new insights on the sources of cosmic reionization using the improved formalism. A constant emission rate into the intergalactic medium (IGM) of three Lyman continuum (LyC) photons per atom per gigayear leads to a reionization history that is consistent with a number of observational constraints on the ionization state of the z = 5–9 universe. While star-forming galaxies can dominate the reionization process if the luminosity-weighted fraction of LyC photons that escape into the IGM, , exceeds 15% (for a faint magnitude cut-off of the galaxy UV luminosity function of and a LyC photon yield per unit 1500 Å luminosity of ), simple models where the product of the two unknowns is not evolving with redshift fail to reproduce the changing neutrality of the IGM observed at these epochs.
Stratified precessional flow in spherical geometry

Abstract We investigate numerically, in spherical geometry, the interaction of stratification with precession. Both stable stratification and unstable stratification are studied. In the parameter regime we are concerned with, stable stratification suppresses the precessional instability, whereas unstable stratification and precession can either stabilize or destabilize each other at different precession rates.
Fermentation Conditions Affect the Synthesis of Volatile Compounds, Dextran, and Organic Acids by Weissella confusa A16 in Faba Bean Protein Concentrate

Fermentation with Weissella confusa A16 could improve the flavor of various plant-based sources. However, less is known about the influence of fermentation conditions on the profile of volatile compounds, dextran synthesis and acidity. The present work investigates the synthesis of potential flavor-active volatile compounds, dextran, acetic acid, and lactic acid, as well as the changes in viscosity, pH, and total titratable acidity, during fermentation of faba bean protein concentrate with W. confusa A16. A Response Surface Methodology was applied to study the effect of time, temperature, dough yield, and inoculum ratio on the aforementioned responses. Twenty-nine fermentations were carried out using a Central Composite Face design. A total of 39 volatile organic compounds were identified: 2 organic acids, 7 alcohols, 8 aldehydes, 2 alkanes, 12 esters, 3 ketones, 2 aromatic compounds, and 3 terpenes. Long fermentation time and high temperature caused the formation of ethanol and ethyl acetate and the reduction of hexanal, among other compounds linked to the beany flavor. Levels of dextran, acetic acid, and lactic acid increased with increasing temperature, time, and dough yield. Optimal points set for increased dextran and reduced acidity were found at low temperatures and high dough yield. Such conditions would result in hexanal, ethyl acetate and ethanol having a relative peak area of 35.9%, 7.4%, and 4.9%, respectively.
Shadow of five-dimensional rotating Myers-Perry black hole

A black hole casts a shadow as an optical appearance because of its strong gravitational field. We study the shadow cast by the five-dimensional Myers-Perry black hole with equal rotation parameters. We demonstrate that the null geodesic equations can be integrated that allows us to investigate the shadow cast by a black hole. The shadow of a black hole is found to be a dark zone covered by deformed circle. Interestingly, the shapes of the black hole shadow are more distorted and size decreases for larger black hole spins. Interestingly, it turns out that, for fixed values of rotation parameter, the shadow is slightly smaller and less deformed than for its four-dimensional Kerr black counterpart. Further, the shadow of the five-dimensional Kerr black hole is concentric deformed circles. The effect of rotation parameter on the shape and size of a naked singularity shadow is also analyzed.
Quasistationarity in a model of classical spins with long-range interactions

Systems with long-range interactions, while relaxing towards equilibrium, sometimes get trapped in long-lived non-Boltzmann quasistationary states (QSS) which have lifetimes that grow algebraically with the system size. Such states have been observed in models of globally coupled particles that move under Hamiltonian dynamics either on a unit circle or on a unit spherical surface. Here, we address the ubiquity of QSS in long-range systems by considering a different dynamical setting. Thus, we consider an anisotropic Heisenberg model consisting of classical Heisenberg spins with mean-field interactions and evolving under classical spin dynamics. Our analysis of the corresponding Vlasov equation for time evolution of the phase space distribution shows that in a certain energy interval, relaxation of a class of initial states occurs over a timescale which grows algebraically with the system size. We support these findings by extensive numerical simulations. This work further supports the generality of occurrence of QSS in long-range systems evolving under Hamiltonian dynamics.
General Slit Stochastic Löwner Evolution and Conformal Field Theory

This monograph is dedicated to a generalization of the L\"owner equation in its stochastic form known as SLE and to its coupling with the Gaussian free field, ultimately aiming at the construction of a boundary conformal field theory with one free scalar bosonic field. This study is presented in line with a systematic, and hopefully concise, presentation and generalization of known elements of the theory of L\"owner evolution. We also study the relation to singular representations of the Virasoro algebra and methods of numerical simulation. The main results are in the proof of the basic properties of the generalized SLE and general necessary and sufficient conditions for the coupling. We also introduce a machinery that possesses to consider all L\"owner equations and known types of the coupling as different manifestations of the same thing.
KEPLER PLANETS: A TALE OF EVAPORATION

Inspired by the Kepler mission's planet discoveries, we consider the thermal contraction of planets close to their parent star, under the influence of evaporation. The mass-loss rates are based on hydrodynamic models of evaporation that include both X-ray and EUV irradiation. We find that only low mass planets with hydrogen envelopes are significantly affected by evaporation, with evaporation being able to remove massive hydrogen envelopes inward of ∼0.1 AU for Neptune-mass objects, while evaporation is negligible for Jupiter-mass objects. Moreover, most of the evaporation occurs in the first 100 Myr of stars' lives when they are more chromospherically active. We construct a theoretical population of planets with varying core masses, envelope masses, orbital separations, and stellar spectral types, and compare this population with the sizes and densities measured for low-mass planets, both in the Kepler mission and from radial velocity surveys. This exercise leads us to conclude that evaporation is the driving force of evolution for close-in Kepler planets. In fact, some 50% of the Kepler planet candidates may have been significantly eroded. Evaporation explains two striking correlations observed in these objects: a lack of large radius/low density planets close to the stars and a possible bimodal distribution in planet sizes with a deficit of planets around 2 R⊕. Planets that have experienced high X-ray exposures are generally smaller than this size, and those with lower X-ray exposures are typically larger. A bimodal planet size distribution is naturally predicted by the evaporation model, where, depending on their X-ray exposure, close-in planets can either hold on to hydrogen envelopes ∼0.5%–1% in mass or be stripped entirely. To quantitatively reproduce the observed features, we argue that not only do low-mass Kepler planets need to be made of rocky cores surrounded with hydrogen envelopes, but few of them should have initial masses above 20 M⊕ and the majority of them should have core masses of a few Earth masses.
Starspots on the fastest rotators in the β Pictoris moving group

Aims. We carried out high-resolution spectroscopy and BV(I)C photometric monitoring of the two fastest late-type rotators in the nearbyPictoris moving group, HD 199143 (F7V) and CD 64 ◦ 1208 (K7V). The motivation for this work is to investigate the rotation periods and photospheric spot patterns of these very young stars, with a longer term view to probing the evolution of rotation and magnetic activity during the early phases of main-sequence evolution. We also aim to derive information on key physical parameters, such as rotational velocity and rotation period. Methods. We applied maximum entropy (ME) and Tikhonov regularizing (TR) criteria to derive the surface spot map distributions of the optical modulation observed in HD 199143 (F7 V) and CD 64 ◦ 1208 (K7 V). We also used cross- correlation techniques to determine stellar parameters such as radial velocities and rotational velocities. Lomb-Scargle periodograms were used to obtain the rotational periods from differential magnitude time series. Results. We find periods and inclinations of 0.356 days and 21.5 deg for HD 199143, and 0.355 days and 50.1 deg for CD 64 ◦ 1208. The spot maps of HD 199143 obtained from the ME and TR methods are very similar, although the latter gives a smoother distribution of the filling factor. Maps obtained at two different epochs three weeks apart show a remarkable increase in spot coverage amounting to � 7% of the surface of the photosphere over a time period of only � 20 days. The spot maps of CD 64 ◦ 1208 from the two methods show good longitudinal agreement, whereas the latitude range of the spots is extended to cover the whole visible hemisphere in the TR map. The distributions obtained from the first light curve of HD 199143 show the presence of an extended and asymmetric active longitude with the maximum filling factor at longitude � 325 ◦ . A secondary active longitude is present at � 100 ◦ . The spotted area distributions on CD 64 ◦ 1208 show two active longitudes separated by about 180 ◦ , which is not unusual on such
Geometrically Enhanced Quantum Oscillatory Signal and Nonzero Berry's Phase in Indium Arsenide Surface

In a system accommodating both surface and bulk conduction channels, a long-standing challenge is to extract weak Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation signal in the surface from a large background stemming from the bulk. Conventional methods to suppress the bulk conduction often involve doping, an intrusive approach, to reduce the bulk carrier density. Here we propose a geometric method, i.e. attaching a metal shunt to the indium arsenide epilayer, to redistribute current and thus enhance the oscillation-to-background ratio. This allows us, for the first time, to observe clear quantum oscillations and nonzero Berry's phase at the surface of indium arsenide. We also identify the existence of a Rashba type spin-orbit interaction, on the InAs surface, with a large coupling constant ~ 1 eVA. We anticipate wide applicability of this non-intrusive architecture in similar systems such as topological insulators.
Radio-loud Active Galactic Nucleus Variability from Three-dimensional Propagating Relativistic Jets

The enormous sizes and variability of emission of radio-loud active galactic nuclei arise from the relativistic flows of plasma along two oppositely directed jets. We use the Athena hydrodynamics code to simulate an extensive suite of 54 propagating three-dimensional relativistic jets with wide ranges of input jet velocities and jet-to-ambient matter density ratios. We determine which parameter sets yield unstable jets that produce jet-dominated Fanaroff–Riley I (FR I) radio galaxy morphologies and which tend to produce stable jets with hot spots and FR II morphologies. Nearly all our simulations involve jets with internal pressures matched to those of the ambient medium but we also consider over-pressured jets and discuss differences from the standard ones. We also show that the results are not strongly dependent on the adiabatic index of the fluid. We focus on simulations that remain stable for extended distances (60–240 times the initial jet radius). Scaled to the much smaller sizes probed by very long baseline interferometry observations, the fluctuations in such simulated flows yield variability in the observed emissivity on timescales from months. Adopting results for the densities, pressures, and velocities from these simulations, we estimate normalized rest frame synchrotron emissivities from individual cells in the jets. The observed emission from each cell is strongly dependent upon its variable Doppler boosting factor. We sum the fluxes from thousands of zones around the primary reconfinement shock. The light curves and power spectra, with red-noise slopes between −2.1 and −2.5, so produced are similar to those observed from blazars.
The Most Ancient Spiral Galaxy: A 2.6-Gyr-old Disk with a Tranquil Velocity Field

We report an integral-field spectroscopic (IFS) observation of a gravitationally lensed spiral galaxy A1689B11 at redshift z = 2.54. It is the most ancient spiral galaxy discovered to date and the second kinematically confirmed spiral at . Thanks to gravitational lensing, this is also by far the deepest IFS observation with the highest spatial resolution (∼400 pc) on a spiral galaxy at a cosmic time when the Hubble sequence is about to emerge. After correcting for a lensing magnification of 7.2 ± 0.8, this primitive spiral disk has an intrinsic star formation rate of 22 ± 2 M⊙ yr−1, a stellar mass of M⊙, and a half-light radius of , typical of a main-sequence star-forming galaxy at . However, the Hα kinematics show a surprisingly tranquil velocity field with an ordered rotation ( km s−1) and uniformly small velocity dispersions ( km s−1 and km s−1). The low gas velocity dispersion is similar to local spiral galaxies and is consistent with the classic density wave theory where spiral arms form in dynamically cold and thin disks. We speculate that A1689B11 belongs to a population of rare spiral galaxies at that mark the formation epoch of thin disks. Future observations with the James Webb Space Telescope will greatly increase the sample of these rare galaxies and unveil the earliest onset of spiral arms.
Symmetry constraints on generalizations of Bjorken flow

I explain a generalization of Bjorken flow where the medium has finite transverse size and expands both radially and along the beam axis. If one assumes that the equations of viscous hydrodynamics can be used, with p={epsilon}/3 and zero bulk viscosity, then the flow I describe can be developed into an exact solution of the relativistic Navier-Stokes equations. The local four-velocity in the flow is entirely determined by the assumption of symmetry under a subgroup of the conformal group.
Imaging Spectroscopy of Ionized Gaseous Nebulae around Optically Faint AGNs at Redshift z ∼ 2

We present Keck/OSIRIS laser guide-star assisted adaptive optics (LGSAO) integral-field spectroscopy of [O iii] λ5007 nebular emission from 12 galaxies hosting optically faint ( = 20–25; erg s−1) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at redshift z ∼ 2–3. In combination with deep Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (HST/WFC3) rest-frame optical imaging, Keck/MOSFIRE rest-optical spectroscopy, and Keck/KCWI rest-UV integral-field spectroscopy, we demonstrate that both the continuum and emission-line structures of these sources exhibit a wide range of morphologies, from compact, isolated point sources to double-AGN merging systems with extensive ∼50 kpc tidal tails. One of the 12 galaxies previously known to exhibit a proximate damped Lyα system coincident in redshift with the galaxy shows evidence for both an extended [O iii] narrow-line emission region and spatially offset Lyα emission (with morphologically distinct blueshifted and redshifted components) indicative of large-scale gas flows photoionized by the central AGN. We do not find widespread evidence of star formation in the host galaxies surrounding these AGNs; the [O iii] velocity dispersions tend to be high (σ = 100–500 ), the continuum morphologies are much more compact than a mass-matched star-forming comparison sample, and the diagnostic nebular emission-line ratios are dominated by an AGN-like ionizing spectrum. The sample is most consistent with a population of AGNs that radiate at approximately their Eddington limit and photoionize extended [O iii] nebulae whose characteristic sizes scale approximately as the square root of the AGN luminosity.
Assessment of Clinical Features Responsible for Ectopic Pregnancy

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is a lethal condition and a gynecological emergency. It is associated with maternal morbidity and mortality with pregnancy loss. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increasing worldwide. The diagnosis of the ectopic pregnancy can be difficult without the suspicion of the condition. It is confused with the pelvic inflammatory disease and miscarriage. Objective: This study may help on formulating a guiding principle on the diagnosis and management of Ectopic pregnancies in this area. In this research the frequency of clinical presentations and factors responsible for ectopic pregnancy are determined. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional based study. This study was conducted at the Obstetricians and gynecology department of Murshid Hospital and health care Center Karachi. The 125 women diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy for the duration of six months from July 2021 to December 2021were included. Patients were examined for outcome variables (abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, history of infertility, use of IUCD and previous ectopic pregnancy) noted in predesigned performa. Results: - The women mean age was 9m31 ± 6.6 years. There were 96 (78.4%) women observed with abdominal pain and 72 (57.6%) women with vaginal bleeding in which some of them had both clinical presentations. History of fertility 34 (27.2%), use of intrauterine contraceptive device 58 (46.4%) and previous ectopic pregnancy 33 (26.4%) were responsible for ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: Majority of the patients attended the hospital were in acute condition. They were diagnosed with classical features of ruptured ectopic pregnancy. The most common clinical features were use of IUD, infertility history, and previous ectopic pregnancy. For reducing the morbidity and mortality rates associated with the ectopic pregnancy the early diagnosis of the tubal rupture is an essential factor. Keywords: Ectopic pregnancy, vaginal bleeding, intrauterine contraceptive device
Differential Levels of Tryptophan–Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in the Hippocampus, Anterior Temporal Lobe, and Neocortex in an Animal Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Glutamate-receptor-mediated hyperexcitability contributes to seizure generation in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Tryptophan–kynurenine pathway (TKP) metabolites regulate glutamate receptor activity under physiological conditions. This study was designed to investigate alterations in the levels of TKP metabolites and the differential regulation of glutamatergic activity by TKP metabolites in the hippocampus, anterior temporal lobe (ATL), and neocortex samples of a lithium–pilocarpine rat model of TLE. We observed that levels of tryptophan were reduced in the hippocampus and ATL samples but unaltered in the neocortex samples. The levels of kynurenic acid were reduced in the hippocampus samples and unaltered in the ATL and neocortex samples of the TLE rats. The levels of kynurenine were unaltered in all three regions of the TLE rats. The magnitude of reduction in these metabolites in all regions was unaltered in the TLE rats. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents were enhanced in hippocampus ATL samples but not in the neocortex samples of the TLE rats. The exogenous application of kynurenic acid inhibited glutamatergic activity in the slice preparations of all these regions in both the control and the TLE rats. However, the magnitude of reduction in the frequency of kynurenic acid was higher in the hippocampus (18.44 ± 2.6% in control vs. 30.02 ± 1.5 in TLE rats) and ATL (16.31 ± 0.91% in control vs. 29.82 ± 3.08% in TLE rats) samples of the TLE rats. These findings suggest the differential regulation of glutamatergic activity by TKP metabolites in the hippocampus, ATL, and neocortex of TLE rats.
THE CIRCULAR POLARIZATION OF SAGITTARIUS A* AT SUBMILLIMETER WAVELENGTHS

We report the first detections of circularly polarized emission at submillimeter wavelengths from the compact radio source and supermassive black hole candidate Sgr A* at a level of 1.2% ± 0.3% at 1.3 mm wavelength (230 GHz) and 1.6% ± 0.3% at 860 μm (345 GHz) with the same handedness, left circular polarization (LCP), as observed at all lower frequencies (1.4–15 GHz). The observations, taken with the Submillimeter Array in multiple epochs, also show simultaneous linear polarization (LP) at both wavelengths of about 6%. These properties differ sharply from those at wavelengths longer than 1 cm (frequencies below 30 GHz), where weak circular polarization (CP) (∼0.5%) dominates over LP, which is not detected at similar fractional limits. We describe an extensive set of tests to ensure the accuracy of our measurements. We find no CP in any other source, including the bright quasar 1924-292, which traces the same path on the sky as Sgr A* and therefore should be subject to identical systematic errors originating in the instrument frame. Since a relativistic synchrotron plasma is expected to produce little CP, the observed CP is probably generated close to the event horizon by the Faraday conversion process. We use a simple approximation to show that the phase shift associated with Faraday conversion can be nearly independent of frequency, a sufficient condition to make the handedness of CP independent of frequency. Because the size of the τ = 1 surface changes by more than an order of magnitude between 1.4 and 345 GHz, the magnetic field must be coherent over such scales to consistently produce LCP. To improve our understanding of the environment of SgrA* critical future measurements includes determining whether the Faraday rotation deviates from a λ2 dependence in wavelength and whether the circular and linear components of the flux density are correlated.
Running spectral index and formation of primordial black hole in single field inflation models

A broad range of single field models of inflation are analyzed in light of all relevant recent cosmological data, checking whether they can lead to the formation of long-lived Primordial Black Holes (PBHs). To that end we calculate the spectral index of the power spectrum of primordial perturbations as well as its first and second derivatives. PBH formation is possible only if the spectral index increases significantly at small scales, i.e. large wave number k. Since current data indicate that the first derivative αS of the spectral index nS(k0) is negative at the pivot scale k0, PBH formation is only possible in the presence of a sizable and positive second derivative (``running of the running'') βS. Among the three small-field and five large-field models we analyze, only one small-field model, the ``running mass'' model, allows PBH formation, for a narrow range of parameters. We also note that none of the models we analyze can accord for a large and negative value of αS, which is weakly preferred by current data.