Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photochemistry of 2,6‐D'ichlorodiphenylamine and 1‐Chlorocarbazole, the Photoactive Chromophores of Diclofenac, Meclofenamic Acid and Their Major Photoproducts

Diclofenac and meclofenamic acid are two structurally related nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs with some photosensitizing potential. Their photochemistry involves cyclization to monohalogenated carbazoles. In principle, photocyclization could occur by photodehalogenation, followed by intramolecular radical addition, or by 6TT electrocyclization and subsequent dehydrohalogenation of the intermediate dihydrocarbazoles. Previously, it has been assumed that the reaction follows the first pathway and that the key species associated with phototoxicity are the resulting aryl radicals. In the present work, we have performed photophysical and photochemical studies on 2,6‐dichlorodiphenylamine (la). This is a suitable model compound because since it contains the active chromo‐phore present in diclofenac and meclofenamic acid, and its photoreactivity should be relevant to the understanding of the photobiological properties of both drugs. Our results clearly show that the first photochemical reaction is a very rapid 6iT‐electrocyclization, and hence no radicals are formed at this stage. Instead, cleavage of the carbon‐halogen bond occurs in the 1‐chlorocarbazole photoproduct 2a. The reduced lifetime of the 2a triplet (as compared with the unsubstituted carbazole) and the observed reaction quenching by oxygen are in agreement with the reaction occurring from the excited triplet state. Overall, the above results suggest that the potential phototoxicity of diclofenac and meclofenamic acid is due to a photobiologically active photoproduct that is able to generate radicals upon photolysis, rather than to the parent drug.
Kinetic theory of bombardment induced interface evolution

An interface evolution equation has been formulated to describe bombardment‐induced etching by an axisymmetric angular distribution of energetic particles where the yield per incident particle is assumed to be a function of its energy and its angle relative to the surface normal. These assumptions result in a nonlinear integro differential equation, but this equation reduces to a partial differential equation in several important special cases. At points that are not shadowed by a remote part of the surface, the interface evolution equation reduces to a nonlinear hyperbolic conservation law. Such equations have been applied to bombardment‐induced etching by a monodirectional beam with angle‐dependent yields; however, this form of equation applies more generally to raised isolated convex regions (e.g., etching masks) regardless of the angular distribution of the incident particles or the angle dependence of the yield. The essential qualitative feature of the solution in these cases is the spontaneous evolution of facet edges (slope discontinuities) from smooth initial conditions. Shadowing by remote parts of the surface may occur in concave regions (e.g., trenches) where it results in proximity effects.
Alternative Invasion Mechanisms and Host Immune Response to Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Trends and Future Directions

Plasmodium vivax malaria is a neglected tropical disease, despite being more geographically widespread than any other form of malaria. The documentation of P. vivax infections in different parts of Africa where Duffy-negative individuals are predominant suggested that there are alternative pathways for P. vivax to invade human erythrocytes. Duffy-negative individuals may be just as fit as Duffy-positive individuals and are no longer resistant to P. vivax malaria. In this review, we describe the complexity of P. vivax malaria, characterize pathogenesis and candidate invasion genes of P. vivax, and host immune responses to P. vivax infections. We provide a comprehensive review on parasite ligands in several Plasmodium species that further justify candidate genes in P. vivax. We also summarize previous genomic and transcriptomic studies related to the identification of ligand and receptor proteins in P. vivax erythrocyte invasion. Finally, we identify topics that remain unclear and propose future studies that will greatly contribute to our knowledge of P. vivax.
A scoping review of 20 years of research on differentiation: investigating conceptualisation, characteristics, and methods used

The use of a pedagogical practice known as ‘differentiation’ has become more common over time as educators have sought to respond to increases in the diversity of students enrolling in their local school. However, there are now so many misperceptions and definitional inconsistencies that it is difficult to know what is being enacted in the name of differentiation or indeed what is being researched internationally. The aim of this scoping review was to identify key characteristics of and conceptualisations within peer-reviewed empirical research on differentiation published between1999 and 2019, as well as to map the ways in which this body of research was produced. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to inform a systematic screening process and resulted in a final sample of 34 articles focusing on differentiation in regular schools. Half were conducted in the United States and most in the elementary school phase. Survey and case study designs were dominant, as was research of and influences on teacher practice. Only a small group of studies focused on differentiation’s impact on student outcomes and these typically only examined specific elements of differentiation or its use in specific academic domains. The diversity of focus and methodological approaches across the 34 studies prevents comparison of findings and weakens the evidential basis to make claims of either differentiation’s effectiveness or indeed its ineffectiveness. The review concludes with recommendations for future research and practice in this important area of practice.
Competition analysis of the UK intercity coach market: a structural econometric model

Abstract This paper investigates the effectiveness of liberalization policy on the intercity coach market in England and Wales and evaluates its impact in promoting competition and enhancing welfare. The paper adds to the current literature by assessing this policy focusing on natural monopolies, deriving a structural model of the industry and using web-scraped key market-level data in the study. Regression analysis and descriptive statistics suggest peripheral routes with a small market size are natural monopolies, where passengers pay higher prices. We estimate a structural model, currently absent from the literature, which shows that these routes are characterized by lower welfare levels. The model allows us to simulate a policy promoting competition on such routes showing that a regulator could generate net welfare gains by implementing a more competitive equilibrium on these routes. This paper confirms the dominant conclusion that unregulated coach industries detrimentally consolidate, as demonstrated in other European markets.
Functional Dyeing and Finishing using Catechins Extracted from Green Tea(I) - Extraction Optimization, Stability, and Content Analysis of Catechins -

The optimum extraction conditions of green tea used for a bath were investigated for application to textiles. The stability of the extracts and content of active ingredients were analyzed as well. The extraction was more effective in water and methanol than in ethanol. The optimum extraction temperature was determined as in water and in methanol. The solid extracts were obtained about 7% in water and 9% in methanol on the weight of dry green tea. The extracts were more stable in acid and neutral conditions than in alkaline region. From the analysis of contents of active ingredients, about 20% of effective catechins was appeared to be contained in the extract solid, which was thought to be available for application to textiles.
Preparation of Sustainable Thermal Insulators from Waste Materials

This work aims to produce an experimental and theoretical analysis of thermal insulator specifications for buildings with sustainable requirements. In the experimental work, three categories of thermal insulators were prepared from composite materials, and each category had ten models. These composites included the addition of two types of waste (sawdust and tyre waste) as fillers for two types of matrices (liquid polyurethane and polyurethane foam) to obtain composite materials for thermal insulation samples. The prepared samples were subjected to tests to show their thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity as well as undergoing a hardness test. The theoretical analysis included the discovery of empirical equations for thermal properties as functions of two variables (temperature and mass ratio) and hardness as a function of one variable (mass ratio). A genetic algorithm optimisation technique was used to find the optimum mass ratio of the composite that produced the required insulation specifications. The results showed that thermal conductivity decreased when the sawdust mass ratio and the rubber waste mass ratio increased but remained under the thermal insulation range. Furthermore, the prepared insulator samples showed an improvement in thermal storage and the hardness of tyre waste (liquid polyurethane composites) and sawdust (polyurethane foam composites). Finally, optimum results were obtained using the optimisation technique.
Assessment of Patient Satisfaction With Primary Septorhinoplasty Using the Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation Questionnaire

Objective: To evaluate patient satisfaction according to demographic characteristics using the Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) questionnaire. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, a total of 60 patients that underwent septorhinoplasty were evaluated. The ROE questionnaire was administered to evaluate patient satisfaction after septorhinoplasty. Results: There were 24 (40%) males and 36 (60%) females in the study. The mean age of the patients was 32.5 years. In the whole sample, the mean postoperative ROE score was 87.9. It was observed that the mean postoperative ROE score of the patients aged 30 and below was lower compared to the >30 age group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean postoperative ROE score was significantly higher in male patients than in females (p = 0.019). Conclusion: We conclude that the ROE questionnaire is a simple and useful tool for evaluating septorhinoplasty outcomes. Demographic characteristics such as male gender and age > 30 are factors that positively affect the satisfaction of patients with septorhinoplasty.
Thin films of n-octane confined between parallel solid surfaces: structure and adhesive forces vs film thickness from molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular fluids in confined spaces exhibit behavior that cannot be properly described by continuum theories. We examine the structure of n-octane confined between crystalline surfaces and in equilibrium with the bulk liquid at 1 atm and 297 K using molecular dynamics simulations of a chemically realistic model of the molecules. We also compute the solvation forces acting upon the surfaces as a function of their separation. The films are studied between solid surfaces separated by gaps of 1.0-2.4 nm. At 297 K, all films exhibit liquid-like dynamics and are strongly layered, although the sharpness of the layering oscillates with gap size. In addition, the solvation forces are oscillatory functions of the surface separations
High Temperature Cyclic Oxidation of Ni-based 800H Superalloy at 700°C in Air

The high temperature cyclic oxidation has been investigated on 800H superalloy, composed of Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy at 700? for 150 cycles in laboratory air. Two types of samples has been used, where the Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy has been experienced a different heat treatment temperatures, which are 1000? and 1100? , which has differ grain size. The alloy was subjected to a short oxidation period at 700? for one hours, followed by cooling for 20 minutes for each cycle. The oxide phase analysis has been analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The cross sectional line scan analysis has been examined using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The phase analysis recorded four types of structure has formed on the oxidized sample, composes of austenite phase represent the base metal, corundum oxides, spinel oxides and fluorite oxides structure. The cross sectional analysis indicate that the oxidized samples were formed a several oxide layer, mainly compose of Cr-Mn and Cr-Ti rich oxide with detection of internal oxide precipitates compose of Al-oxide and Si-oxide precipitates.
Wind and Wind Power Ramp Variability over Northern Mexico

The seasonal and diurnal variability of the wind resource in Northern Mexico is examined. Fourteen weather stations were grouped according to the terrain morphology and weather systems that affect the region to evaluate the impact on wind ramps and high wind persistent events. Four areas driven by weather systems seasonality are identified. Wind power ramps and persistent generation events are produced by cold fronts in winter, while mesoscale convective systems and local circulations are dominant in summer. Moreover, the 2013 wind forecast of the Rapid Refresh Model (RAP) and the North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) forecast systems were also assessed. In general, both systems have less ability to predict mesoscale events and local circulations over complex topography, underestimating strong winds and overestimating weak winds. Wind forecast variations in the mesoscale range are smoother than observations due to the effects of spatial and temporal averaging, producing fewer wind power ramps and longer lasting generation events. The study carried out shows the importance of evaluating operational models in terms of wind variability, wind power ramps and persistence events to improve the regional wind forecast. The characteristics of weather systems and topography of Mexico requires model refinements for proper management of the wind resource.
The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intentions

This paper seeks to use motivator-hygiene theory as a lens to investigate how job satisfaction influences turnover intentions of faculty of private university colleges in addition to how organizational commitment mediate the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intentions of faculty of private university colleges. The study argues that job satisfaction has a negative relationship with turnover intentions and a positive relationship with organizational commitment. The model and hypothesized relationships developed in this study were examined using survey data from faculty of private university colleges affiliated to the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Ghana. The exploration of data gathered was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 22. Test conducted include frequency test and regression analysis which was used to examine the developed hypothesis. The findings revealed that job satisfaction has a significant negative effect on organizational commitment.
Catalytic Exchange of Methane and Deuterium on Platinum, Ruthenium, and Platinum-Ruthenium Alloys

The exchange reaction between methane and deuterium was studied in the temperature range 70 to 200 deg C on unsupported platinum, ruthenium, and platinum- ruthenium alloy catalysts. Platinum-rich catalysts were found to be the most active and the order of initial appearance of the deuteriomethanes was CH/sub 3/D > CH/sub 2/D/sub 3/ > CHD/sub 3/ > CD/sub 4/. Ruthenium-rich alloys gave CD/sub 4/ as the most abundant initial product and the rates of formation of the different species were initially CD/sub 4/ > CH/sub 3/D > CHD/sub 3/ > CH/sub 2/D/sub 2/. In all cases, the rates of the exchange reaction were approximately first order in methane pressure and negative order in deuterium pressure. In addition, the concentration of chemisorbed hydrogen on the metal surface during the exchange reaction was followed by simultaneous measurements of the rate of formation of HD. The results indicate that the reaction takes place by different mechanisms with the two metals. With platinum, the dominant mechanism is stepwise exchange, whereas multiple exchange processes are more important in the case of ruthenium. (auth)
Using Cartilage Extracellular Matrix (CECM) Membrane to Enhance the Reparability of the Bone Marrow Stimulation Technique for Articular Cartilage Defect in Canine Model

Bone marrow stimulation techniques (BSTs) are widely used in clinics to treat cartilage defects, but yet have a critical limitation from the loss of blood clots. In this work, a novel cartilage extracellular matrix (CECM) membrane is developed to protect blood clots after BSTs. The CECM membrane was made of ECM fabricated naturally by cultured porcine chondrocytes, and then decellularized and multi‐layered to confer optimal mechanical strength. Highly compatible with cells, the CECM membrane did not show any cytotoxicity or immune responses in vivo. The CECM membrane was very thin (30–60 μm thick) and bendable, but had good tensile strength (85.64 N), suitable for protecting blood clots from leakage in rabbit cartilage defect. Moreover, the CECM membrane showed low but enough diffusion coefficient to allow delivery of small proteins in synovial fluid into the repaired tissue. In a beagle model, covering the cartilage defect with the CECM membrane after BST generated more hyaline cartilage‐like tissues than the BST alone in histology and chemical analyses at 18 weeks. Its ICRS score was approximately 2.5 times higher than that of the BST alone. Therefore, the CECM membrane is proposed as a useful tool that can improve the outcome of BSTs to treat cartilage defects.
Trapping synthetic dye molecules using modified lemon grass adsorbent

Abstract Physicochemical method was used to prepare lemongrass leaf activated carbon (LLAC) for removal of Remazol brilliant violet 5 R (RBV5R) dye from aqueous solutions. The surface area, mesopore surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of the LLAC are 836.04 m2/g, 598.6 04 m2/g, 0.472 04 cm3/g and 3.62 nm, respectively. The surface functional groups of LLAC before adsorption showed the existence of C–H, O–H, C-O, C = O, C = C, CH3, N–O and C–N; they are significantly altered after adsorption. The equilibrium data were fitted into Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin Radushkevich, Temkin, Koble Corrigan, Vieth Sladek, Radke Prausnitz and Brouers Sotolongo isotherm models. The Koble Corrigan and Freundlich models gave the best fit judging from the correlation coefficient (R2). The monolayer adsorption capacities (qm) obtained for Langmuir and Koble Corrigan isotherm models are 125 and 342.9 mg/g respectively. Kinetic data were fitted using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion, Elovich, Boyd and Avrami models respectively. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔS0, ΔH0and ΔG0) were estimated. The mean adsorption energy Ea was 2.811 kJ/mol signifying that the adsorption is physically controlled. This study revealed that lemongrass leaf is effective in removing RBV5R dye from aqueous systems. Graphical Abstract
Sulphur Fractions, Distribution, and Their Relationships with Soil Properties in Different Soil Types of Major Pulse-Growing Regions of India

Abstract Sulphur (S) deficiency is widespread in Indian soils, and it has been emerging as a major limitation increasing pulse (grain legumes) productivity. The present study deals with distribution of S fractions, and their relationships with soil properties were studied in 10 profiles representing different soil types of pulse-growing regions of India. Despite continuous pulse cultivation, all the profiles showed low organic-carbon content. Profile mean values of different fractions of S ranged namely from total S from 241 to 391 mg kg−1, organic S from 191 to 362 mg kg−1, adsorbed S from 12.9 to 59.0 mg kg−1, and available S from 3.5 to 9.2 mg kg−1. Larger organic and total S was observed in Vertisols, followed by Inceptisols and Alfisols, whereas adsorbed S was higher in Alfisols. Organic S constituted 81–95% of total S. Plant available S showed significant positive correlation with organic and total S fractions in the profiles. Among soil properties, pH and EC showed negative correlation with plant available S in surface layer (0–30 cm), whereas there was a positive correlation with organic carbon in the lower layer (30–60 cm) of soil profile.
Making a Microaggression: Using Big Data and Qualitative Analysis to Map the Reproduction and Disruption of Microaggressions through Social Media

Racial microaggressions are defined as subtle racial slights that can be offensive or hurtful. One of the defining characteristics of racial microaggressions is how difficult they can be to respond to, and the literature reports that not responding may be the most common response to microaggressions. This study addresses a vital gap in the existing literature by examining the extent to which the silence that characterizes face-to-face experiences with microaggressions extends into online social media spaces. Drawing on a dataset of 254,964 tweets over an 8-year period, we present and examine trends in the usage of the term “microaggressions” over time. Furthermore, we then generate a purposive sample of 1,038 of the most influential tweets to explore discussions and content themes through an in-depth qualitative analysis of these messages. Here, we find both a drastic increase in the usage of the term microaggression on Twitter over time and an intense contestation over its meaning and repercussions for both individuals and society. Implications of these findings in understanding the role of online social media discourse in challenging or reproducing hegemonic racial structures is discussed.
The Development of Food and Nutrition Security Index at Provincial Level in Indonesia

This study aimed to develop a novel Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) index to be implemented at provincial level in Indonesia. Principal component analysis was used to calculate food and nutrition security index based on 23 indicators, data were obtained from provincial and national public report published in 2010 and 2013. These indicators were further grouped into three different dimension of food availability, food accessibility and food utilization. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was then used to calculate each aspect and the FNS indices. The index was later used to categorize food and nutrition security performance of a region into one of three levels, namely secure, vulnerable or insecure. The application of this new FNS index found that most of Indonesia’s regions (87.5%) were categorized as vulnerable (50.0%) and insecure (37.5%) and only 12.5% had high food and nutrition security performances in 2013. Among all provinces, Bali had the best performance in 2013, while East Nusa Tenggara had the lowest performance in 2010 and 2013. In 2013, the food availability status of all the provinces were categorized as secure. However, their status on food accessibility and food utilization showed many of them fell into vulnerable and insecure categories. Hence, the effort to increase the national food and nutrition security performance should focus on improving food accessibility and food utilization.