Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near-Global Survey of Effective Droplet Radii in Liquid Water Clouds Using ISCCP Data.

Abstract A global survey of cloud particle size variations can provide crucial constraints on how cloud processes determine cloud liquid water contents and their variation with temperature, and further, may indicate the magnitude of aerosol effects on clouds. A method, based on a complete radiative transfer model for AVHRR-measured radiances, is described for retrieving cloud particle radii in liquid water clouds from satellite data currently available from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. Results of sensitivity tests and validation studies provide error estimates. AVHRR data from NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 have been analyzed for January, April, July, and October in 1987 and 1988. The results of this first survey reveal systematic continental and maritime differences and hemispheric contrasts that are indicative of the effects of associated aerosol concentration differences: cloud droplet radii in continental water clouds are about 2–3 µm smaller than in marine clouds, and droplet radii are .
Extremely high-Na adakite-like magmas derived from alkali-rich basaltic underplate:The Late Cretaceous Zhantang andesites in the Huichang Basin,SE China

The Zhantang andesites, which erupted in the Late Cretaceous Huichang Basin of SE China interior, were associated with the Late Mesozoic lithospheric extension and basaltic underplating. They are high-Na (6.59-8.46 wt% Na2O), high-Al trondhjemitic rocks with high Sr and Ba, low Y and HREE, and high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, similar to modern adakites. However, they are much higher in Na2O but lower in CaO than adakites. Their eNd(T) values of -2.3 to -3.8 and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.707 to 0.708 are also significantly different from those of adakites with MORB-like isotopic compositions. These chemical and isotopic features, along with the tectonic setting, suggest that they were not produced by partial melting of subducting slab. The Zhantang adakite-like magmas may be derived from underplated basaltic lower crust, but require a compositionally peculiar basaltic protolith to account for their extremely high-Na and low-Ca feature. They are compositionally comparable to the experimentally produced partial melts of alkali-rich basalt. We therefore interpret them as the products of melting of an alkali-rich basaltic rock.
Estimates of surface humidity and latent heat fluxes over oceans from SSM/I data

Abstract Monthly averages of daily latent heat fluxes over the oceans for February and August 1988 are estimated using a stability-dependent bulk scheme. Daily fluxes are computed from daily SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) wind speeds and EOF-retrieved SSM/I surface humidity, National Meteorological Center sea surface temperatures, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyzed 2-m temperatures. Daily surface specific humidity (Q) is estimated from SSM/I precipitable water of total (W) and a 500-m bottom layer (WB) using an EOF (empirical orthogonal function) method. This method has six W-based categories of EOFs (independent of geographical locations) and is developed using 23 177 FGGE IIb humidity soundings over the global oceans. For 1200 FGGE IIb humidity soundings, the accuracy of EOF-retrieved Q is 0.75 g kg−1 for the case without errors in W and WB, and increases to 1.16 g kg−1 for the case with errors in W and WB. Compared to 342 collocated radiosonde observations, the.
Barium in equatorial Pacific carbonate sediment: Terrigenous, oxide, and biogenic associations

We have analyzed carbonate sediment from Ocean Drilling Program Site 850 (equatorial Pacific Ocean) in order to assess the changing effects of sedimentation style on Ba accumulation through time. Formed along the East Pacific Rise ∼12 m.y. ago at 1°–2°S and now located at 1.3°N, Site 850 has experienced many changes through its northwesterly migration, including a crossing of the equator at ∼4 Ma. We divide sedimentation into three stages (phases I, II, and III; with phase III being youngest) according to geographic position, lithostratigraphy, and bulk accumulation rate. Of greatest importance are contrasts between phase II (7.5–4.0 m.y. ago) and phase III (4.0–0 m.y. ago). Phase II includes the previously described “biogenic bloom” as well as the depositional record of elevated productivity near the equator. In phase II the accumulation of Ba shows the strongest correlation with the accumulation of CaCO3 (r² = 0.69), opal (r² = 0.44), and Corg (r² = 0.41) compared with elsewhere through the sequence, although the correlation with terrigenous accumulation is also very strong (r² = 0.63). In phase III, which records deposition in the northern hemisphere and is thus closer to terrigenous input at the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), there are no statistically significant correlations between the accumulations rates of Ba and CaCO3, Ba and opal, and Ba and Corg. Most significantly, through phase III the Ba accumulation rate is extremely strongly tied to terrigenous accumulation (r² = 0.89), which is the strongest correlation of any in our database, and to the accumulation of Feexcess (r² = 0.74), which we use to track the Fe-oxide component. Cross-equator surface sediment transects have previously indicated that beneath the ITCZ there is a pronounced local maximum in Ba accumulation, and the strong tie between Ba and terrigenous accumulation and associated Fe-oxides at Site 850 also corresponds with its tectonic migration toward the ITCZ. We conclude that the putative link between Ba accumulation and export production may be obscured by changes in particle composition even within a dominantly biogenic sedimentary regime, as well as by early diagenetic transfer between phases, and that the non-barite elemental Ba inventory may complicate the use of elemental Ba as a quantitative proxy for barite in the bulk sediment.
Nonstationary Analysis of the Directional Properties of Propagating Waves

Abstract It is proposed that the sea surface be studied in a way that takes into account the observed groupiness of wind-generated waves. A new method of analysis to study the directional properties of the surface is developed. It is demonstrated that this method, based on wavelet transforms, allows the instantaneous wave propagation directions at various frequencies to be estimated. Furthermore, the approach is shown to yield wavenumber spectra directly–-a result of particular importance to such pursuits as remote sensing, gas transfer, and air-sea coupling.
The late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene tectonic evolution of the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben (Belgium)

Abstract The late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene seismostratigraphic record of the Roer Valley Graben provides new data on the timing and dynamics of stress changes related to the intra-plate deformation of northwestern Europe. During the deposition of late Maastrichtian to middle Danian limestones, no severe tectonic movements occurred in the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben. Around the late Danian, a known fundamental change in the European intra-plate stress field initiated an increase in subsidence of the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben. Subsidence along the graben border zone enabled relatively thick accumulations of the latest Danian to mid-Selandian siliciclastics in the intra-graben zone. Subsidence was not bounded by large offsets along faults, but rather by flexuring within and along the borders of the Roer Valley Graben. The intensity of these dynamics diminished after the middle Selandian. Most likely due to inherited intra-basinal structural differences, the northern and southern part of the Roer Valley Graben experienced distinctly different late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene tectonics.
Nitrous Oxide Emission From Long-Term Manured Soils

Land-applied manure is a significant source of N20, but current estimates of emission are based on laboratory studies or field measurements from short-term application studies. Manure is often repeatedly applied to the same field for long periods, however. Our objectives were to determine annual N 2 O emission from a Typic Haploboroll soil that received 21 annual applications of solid feedlot manure at rates of 0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg ha -1 (wet weight), and to relate the emission rates to environmental conditions. Nitrous oxide fluxes from soil were measured weekly from 10 Nov. 1993 until 27 Oct. 1994. Annual N 2 O emission increased with manuring rate and reached 56 kg N ha -1 yr -1 at the highest manuring rate (<1 kg N ha -1 in the control). The N 2 O emission rate was not related to any single environmental factor, apparently because the N 2 O emission rate is not only controlled by rates of N 2 O production, but also by its rate of diffusion. The N 2 O emission rates were highest in early spring, but fluxes of N 2 O were also significant in winter, perhaps associated with freeze-thaw events. The N 2 O emission rates observed in our study are similar to N-fertilizer or combining N-fertilizer and manure application, but they are higher than other short-term studies with similar manure. These results probably reflect the accumulation of NO 3 and organic matter from repeated manuring and suggest that the N 2 O emission from long-term manured soils may be underestimated by quantifying fluxes from short-term manuring studies.
Faulting in vertically inhomogeneous media and its geophysical implications

Faulting of strike‐slip type in vertically inhomogeneous media is analyzed using the classical fracture theory. The analysis makes it possible to get a better insight into various aspects of faulting and earthquakes in real media. The major conclusions are that both low rigidity media and those with regions in which a rapid transition from high to low pore pressure occurs may form barriers for a propagating rupture. The permanent deficit of the driving stress (small or negative stress drop) in sediments that represent the most distinguished class of such media may be one of the main reasons of the generally observed lack of seismicity and rupture suppression there.
Sap flow and water use sources of shelter‐belt trees in an arid inland river basin of Northwest China

The knowledge of plant water use characteristics was essential for ecosystem management and water resources distribution in arid inland river basin. This study was conducted to quantify the sap flow variations and water use sources of shelter‐belt trees at the oasis–desert ecotone in the middle of China's Heihe River Basin. Sap flow was measured by the thermal dissipation method on eight Gansu Poplar (Populus gansuensis) trees with different diameter at breast height in 2012 and 2013. The mean sap flow density increased linearly with diameter at breast height. The sap flow density exhibited linear relationship with solar radiation, and it increased logarithmically with vapour pressure deficit and air temperature, whereas the water table had negative impact on sap flow. The relationship between sap flow and soil relative extractable water at 0–220 cm depth was implicit during the whole growing season, whereas the soil water had apparently positive influence on sap flow after the shelter‐belt trees irrigation. The stand transpiration rate represented as a logarithmic function of reference crop evapotranspiration. The total transpiration of Gansu Poplar during growing season was 599.3 mm, whereas only 58.1% of which was provided by the precipitation and irrigation. The groundwater and cropland irrigation were critical water sources of shelter‐belt trees. The contribution of groundwater to tree transpiration was estimated to be 35.1 and 19.0% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The great precipitation in 2013 weakened the dependence of tree transpiration on groundwater. The estimated threshold distance of cropland irrigation influencing the tree transpiration was about 8 m. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Air Masses Origin and Isotopic Tracers: A Study Case of the Oceanic and Mediterranean Rainfall Southwest of France

Aquifers recharge mainly by local rainfall, which depend on the air mass humidity and orographic lifting, causing rain. The stable isotopes of the water molecule, i.e., oxygen-18 and deuterium, are useful tracers to determine the water source origin. Moreover, the calculation of the deuterium excess enables one to differentiate between the air masses from the Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea. A transect from one coast to the other one and going through the city of Toulouse have been made to sample the groundwater and determine their isotopic characteristic. A monthly rainfall sampling has also been done over one year, close to the city Toulouse, to see how the d-excess values range over the season. The discussion replaces these results in available isotopic data.
Annual cycles of nutrients and chlorophyll in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

Nutrient concentrations in Narragansett Bay change in a regular way through the seasons, so that characteristic and well defined cycles are observed, but are different for each nutrient. The cyclic changes are not explainable by processes in the water column alone, nor by advection, even though the replacement time of water in the bay is only 10-40 days. It appears possible to incorporate much of the cycling activity in 13-m 3 microcosms, so these must include the dominating features of the complex biogeochemical processes involved. Observations in the microcosms suggest that the processes maintaining the annual cycles are sufficiently strong that, in the absence of deliberate experimental manipulation, the cycles might continue not significantly altered through at least one year. Therefore, the nutrient cycles in the bay can be driven largely by activities internal to the bay, especially sediment-water exchanges.
Primary aerosol (sea salt and soil dust) deposited in Greenland ice during the last climatic cycle: Comparison with east Antarctic records

Ion chromatography data of Ca, Mg, Cl and Ca and Coulter® counter particle measurements are used to study the cycle of marine and continental primary aerosol reaching Greenland in relation to climatic changes over the last 150 kyr. A detailed comparison between Greenland (Dome Summit) and Antarctic (Vostok) records provides new insight on a potential link between northern and southern patterns. Ca is a good indicator of continental input and is mainly emitted as CaCO3. An attempt is made to estimate the contribution of aluminosilicates using the concentration of insoluble particles greater than 0.5 μm in diameter. The relative abundance of non-sea-salt Mg and Ca and of aluminosilicate shows that the calcium content of continental background aerosol over Greenland was much higher during the glacial age. The neutralization capacity of carbonaceous aerosol is estimated. The inverse relationship between δ18O and continental input as well as the response of this input to the rapid climatic variations that have occurred during the second part of the glacial age are discussed in terms of source and transport modification in relation to the presence and the extent of the great Laurentide ice cap. The corresponding Vostok profiles strongly suggest that some of the phenomena observed at high northern latitudes are of global concern. The marine component of Na (Nam) is a good tracer of sea-salt aerosol. Similarly to continental input, it shows an inverse but more linear relationship with δ18O. The sensitivity of Greenland and Antarctic marine input to climate variations of small and large amplitude is compared, and a corresponding estimation is made for the aeolian contribution. The respective influence of atmospheric circulation and the water vapor cycle is discussed. The chlorine to marine sodium weight ratio increases with temperature from values very close to the bulk seawater ratio during the last glacial maximum (18–20 kyr B.P.) to values significantly higher during the Holocene and warm Eemian. The corresponding excess of chloride (HCl) is discussed in terms of atmospheric transport, taking into account the role of atmospheric acidity on sea-salt fractionation processes. Owing to postdepositional phenomena, similar Vostok data must be considered cautiously. Nevertheless, aerosol fractionation seems to have been much more important over the Vostok site, except during glacial extrema.
Ranibizumab 0.5 mg treat-and-extend regimen for diabetic macular oedema: the RETAIN study

Aims To demonstrate non-inferiority of ranibizumab treat-and-extend (T&E) with/without laser to ranibizumab pro re nata (PRN) for best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO). Methods A 24-month single-masked study with patients randomised 1:1:1 to T&E+laser (n=121), T&E (n=128) or PRN (control; n=123). All patients received monthly injections until BCVA stabilisation. The investigator decided on re-treatment in the PRN and treatment-interval adaptations in the T&E groups based on loss of BCVA stability due to DMO activity. Likewise, laser treatment was at investigator's discretion. Collectively, these features reflect a real-life scenario. Endpoints included mean average change in BCVA from baseline to months 1–12 (primary), mean BCVA change from baseline to months 12 and 24, treatment exposure and safety profile. Results Both T&E regimens were non-inferior to PRN based on mean average BCVA change from baseline to months 1–12 (T&E+laser: +5.9 and T&E: +6.1 vs PRN: +6.2 letters; both p<0.0001). Mean BCVA change at month 24 was similar across groups (+8.3, +6.5 and +8.1 letters, respectively). The mean number of injections was 12.4 and 12.8 in the T&E+laser and T&E groups and 10.7 in the PRN group. The T&E regimens showed 46% reduction in the number of clinic visits. Over 70% of patients maintained their BCVA, with treatment intervals of ≥2 months over 24 months. Safety profile was consistent with that described in the product information. Conclusions T&E is a feasible treatment option for patients with DMO, with a potential to reduce treatment burden. Slightly more injections were required versus PRN, likely due to the specifics of the T&E regimen applied here. Trial registration number NCT01171976.
Nitric oxide cooling in the terrestrial thermosphere

A simple formulation of the nitric oxide cooling by the emission of the 5.3 µm fundamental band in the terrestrial thermosphere indicates that this process is an important mechanism which has been omitted previously in all thermospheric models. The cooling effect is highly variable as a consequence of its strong temperature dependence and of the observed variability of the nitric oxide concentration. The infrared emission is never in local thermodynamic equilibrium above 120 km altitude and the predominant cooling probably occurs during NO auroral enhancements.
Ground Deformations Resulting from Shield Tunnelling in London Clay

The paper describes the results of a field measurement program aimed at determining the ground movements created by the hand excavation of a 4.146 m diameter shield-driven tunnel at a depth of 29.3 m in stiff, fissured, heavily overconsolidated London clay. Approximately half of the recorded maximum surface settlement of 6.1 mm is both measured and calculated to have taken place during passage of the shield, the remainder being attributed to post-shield deformations. Calculations are based on a field and laboratory-determined average radial yield rate for the clay at the tunnel of 0.0055 mm/min. It is concluded that a normal probability surface settlement profile is developed over the shield and tail.Post-shield inward decompressions (K0 ≈ 1.65) and possible recompression as a clay–grout interaction effect could then be responsible for a slight reconsolidation of the clay at soffit and for distortion of the final settlement profile out of concordance with an error curve.
Hillslope runoff from an ice‐cored peat plateau in a discontinuous permafrost basin, Northwest Territories, Canada

Peat plateaus are important landscape features of many high‐boreal, wetland‐dominated drainage basins. Raised up to 2 m above the surrounding landscape and underlain by permafrost, these forested peatlands provide meltwater drainage to the surrounding wetlands, and to basin runoff. Understanding the factors that control the volume and timing of runoff from peat plateaus is the essential first step towards developing methods of accurately predicting basin runoff from wetland‐dominated basins in the region of discontinuous permafrost, as well as understanding the basin response to hydrological changes brought on by the thermal degradation and thaw of permafrost peatlands. In this study, a water balance approach and the Dupuit–Forchheimer equation were used to quantify sub‐surface runoff from a forested peat plateau at Scotty Creek, a small (152 km2), wetland‐dominated discontinuous permafrost basin in Northwest Territories, Canada. These two computations yielded similar results in both years of study (2004–2005), and showed that runoff accounted for approximately half of the moisture loss from the peat plateau, most of which occurred in response to snowmelt inputs. The melt of ground ice was also a significant source of water during the study periods, which was largely detained in soil storage. Soil moisture conditions prior to soil freezing were a major factor controlling the volume of runoff from the hillslope. Sub‐surface drainage rates declined dramatically after the snowmelt runoff period, when the majority of water inputs went to soil storage and evapotranspiration. The minimal lag between rain events and hydrograph response in both years suggests that much of the runoff produced from rain events is rapidly transported to the adjacent wetlands. These results give insight into how current climate warming predictions for northern latitudes could affect the hydrological response of forested peat plateaus, and the basins which they occupy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying multivariate controls of pan evaporation variations in subregions of Yangtze River Basin using multiple wavelet coherence

In this study, temporal variations of pan evaporation (PE) and its optimal combination of controlling factors are investigated in the subregions of Yangtze River Basin (YRB) by using multiple wavelet coherence (MWC). For this purpose, the YRB is firstly divided into nine relatively homogeneous PE subregions by combining empirical orthogonal functions with fuzzy C‐means clustering. After regionalization, temporal variations of regional PE are analysed in each of subregions. Results reveal that regional annual PE has an upward trend in all subregions, and seasonal PE in almost the subregions for four different seasons. The wavelet transform coherence (WTC) analysis shows that vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is the primary controlling factor of PE variations in all subregions. In single factor analysis, VPD, sunshine duration (SSD) and 0 cm ground temperature (ZGT) have a higher covariance with PE than other influencing factors. For two‐factor analysis, the APS (air pressure)‐VPD combination, and for three‐factor analysis, the AWS (average wind speed)‐ ZGT‐VPD combination are the most common best explanatory variables on PE variations. A comparison of the results from the WTC and MWC indicates that PE variations can be explained more accurately by one, two, or three controlling factors. The combination of factors that optimally explains PE variations largely varies with subregions but with VPD as a dominant factor either alone or in combination for all subregions. Moreover, the optimal factor combination for a subregion is not necessarily combined by the first, second and/or third dominant factors for that subregion. Our results can provide useful insights into how multiple temporal dependency of PE is linked with meteorological factors in subregions of the YRB, particularly for PE modelling under changing climate conditions.