Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Influences of Water Quality on Zooplankton in Lake Texoma

Seventy-one aquatic species including the copepodids and nauplii were identified from Lake Texoma from August 1996 to September 1997. Zooplankton community structure, abundance and spatial and temporal distributions were compared among five lake zones delineated a priori based on chloride concentration. The zones, in order of decreasing chloride concentration, are the Red River zone (RRZ), Red river Transition zone (RRTZ), Main Lake zone (MLZ), Washita River Transition zone (WRTZ) and Washita River zone (WRZ). Bray Curtis Similarity Index showed community structure was most similar in the two Red River arm zones, the two Washita River arm zones and the MLZ. Zooplankton abundance was greatest in the Red River arm (312 org/L), intermediate in the Washita River arm (217 org/L) and least in the Main Lake body (103 org/L). A significant increase in the abundance of a deformed rotifer, Keratella cochlearis, was observed mainly in the Red River arm during a second study from March 1999 to June 1999. Seasonal dynamics, rather than spatial dynamics, were more important in structuring the zooplankton community, especially in the two river arms. Spatial variance was solely attributed to station and zone effects independent of time for a few crustacean species and many of the water quality parameters supporting the presence of longitudinal gradients of differing water quality. Three independent models (Red River arm, Washita River arm, Main Lake body) rather than a single model for the entire reservoir, best describe patterns in the zooplankton community and its relationship to seasonal, physical and chemical factors. Statistical power, sample size and taxonomic resolution were examined. When monitoring seasonal and annuals trends in abundance, the greatest statistical power was achieved by analyzing count data at taxonomic levels above genus. Taxonomic sufficiency was assessed to determine if costs could be reduced for zooplankton identifications. For water quality monitoring purposes only, it is recommended that genus identifications are sufficient if supplemented with quarterly species identifications.
Comparative study on menstrual disorders in post-tubal ligated and non-ligated women

Background: The term post-tubal sterilization syndrome has been used variously to include abnormal menstrual bleeding, pre-menstrual dysmenorrhea distress, hysterectomy, and miscellaneous other conditions like the need for recanalization, the feeling of regret, and menopausal syndrome. Objectives: To compare the menstrual disorders in post-tubal ligated and non-ligated women and also to compare the histopathology of endometrium in both post-tubal ligated and non-ligated groups in order to compare the menstrual disorders. Materials and Methods: It is a comparative cross-sectional study on 200 women between 30 and 50 years, divided into two groups and further into two sub-groups in each group. Group 1 includes cases (post-tubal ligated), and group 2 includes controls (non-tubal ligated); sub-group I includes patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), and sub-group II includes patients without AUB. Data were recorded using standard performa along with investigations and detailed examination. Results: In the case group (post-tubal ligated), maximum patients of 39.22% were having polymenorrhea and 29.41% patients had menorrhagia, whereas in the control group (non-tubal ligated), maximum patients of 38.78% had polymenorrhea and 30.61% had menorrhagia, respectively. However, the difference is statistically non-significant (P value = 1.00). Conclusion: Our study suggests that the incidence of menstrual disorders did not differ significantly with tubal ligation. The patients worried about the effects of tubal ligation on their future life that must be counseled and that tubal ligation has no adverse effect on their life including their menstrual pattern. The findings of the study help family physicians in educating the clientele. We also recommend large studies with multiple centers so as to give statistically significant findings of associations.
The surface of Mars : morphology and process

The goal of this work is a quantitative description of the morphology of the surface of Mars, in order to constrain the nature of processes acting during the ancient past through today. Emphasis is placed on linking geometric properties to physical mechanisms. Surface smoothness on Mars is distinctive in the vast northern hemisphere plains. Amazonis Planitia is remarkable in its smoothness, exhibiting an rms variation in topography of < 2 m over a 100-km baseline, that is most comparable to planetary surfaces that are depositional in origin. The region of concentrated hematite mineralization in Sinus Meridiani is also relatively smooth, but neither region forms a closed basin. Mars' slope distribution is longer tailed than those of Earth and Venus, indicating a lower efficiency of planation processes relative to relief-building tectonics and volcanics. The shallower long-wavelength portion of the lowlands' topographic power spectrum relative to the highlands' can be accounted for by a simple model of sedimentation such as might be expected at an ocean's floor, but the addition of another process such as cratering is necessary to explain the spectral slope in short wavelengths. Large drainage systems on Mars have geomorphic characteristics that are inconsistent with prolonged erosion by surface runoff. We find the topography has not evolved to an expected equilibrium terrain form, even in areas where runoff incision has been previously interpreted. We demonstrate that features known as slope streaks form exclusively in regions of low thermal inertia, steep slopes, and incredibly, only where daily peak temperatures exceed 275 K during the martian year. The results suggest that at least small amounts of water may be currently present and undergo phase transitions. We detect subtle changes of the polar surface height during the course of seasonal cycles. Using altimetric crossover residuals, we show that while zonally averaged data captures the global behavior of CO 2 exchange, there is a strong dependence of the pattern on longitude. Decomposition of the signal into harmonics in time shows the amplitudes are correlated with the polar cap deposits. Thesis Supervisor: Maria T. Zuber Title: Professor
Pattern of congenital heart defects among children in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia: A five-year hospital-based study

Background: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the leading cause of death and morbidity in children under one year around the world. This study explores the prevalence, patterns, and interventions of congenital heart defects in children in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. We looked back at all of the CHD patients who went to the two tertiary hospitals in the Jazan region between January 2017 and December 2021 and collected and analyzed their background information and diagnosis. Results: During the study period, 1,275 CHD patients aged under 15 years old were identified. A total of 717 (56.24%) were males, while 558 (43.76%) were females. Acyanotic CHDs were the most common, accounting for 79.21% of all cases, while cyanotic CHDs accounted for only 20.79%. Ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were the most common acyanotic CHDs, accounting for 35.69%, 24.31%, and 8% of total cases, respectively. The most common cyanotic CHDs were Tetralogy of Fallot (7.14%) and Total Anomalies of Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) (1.57%). The most common Cath intervention was patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Conclusions: This study's results are similar to those described in previous studies from around the world, except for the unreported Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) cases. This kind of information is very important for setting priorities in the Saudi Arabian health sector in light of the National Transformation Program.
Summer moisture variability in east central sweden since the mid‐eighteenth century recorded in tree rings

Abstract To make predictions of future climate it is necessary to understand the past climate—temperature as well as precipitation. While a wealth of temperature proxies exist from northern latitudes, there is still a lack of information about past precipitation variability. Here we present a 300‐year‐long tree‐ring width chronology from xeric‐site Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Tyresta National Park, east central Sweden. Tree‐ring widths were compared to the long observed temperature and precipitation records from Stockholm during 1786–2000. Analyses of the climate/growth relationship showed that, in general, May–June precipitation had a dominating influence on pine growth. However, during dry periods, negative responses to June–July temperature were stronger, especially evident in the late nineteenth century. Periods of below‐average growth were associated with dry conditions in May–June, but occasionally periods of wet and cool summers also produced narrow rings. Periods of above‐average growth were linked to wet, but sporadically also cool and dry, early summers. The years between 1815 and 1833 appear to be particularly dry in the 300‐year context. Since growth anomalies are found in other Swedish drought‐sensitive tree‐ring chronologies during this period, it is likely that this dry period had a regional extent. This is the first tree‐ring chronology from southern Sweden that provides multi‐century information of past summer drought and moisture variability with high resolution and the study will add important information regarding past climate variability in southern Sweden.
Heavy metals and nitrogen in mosses: spatial patterns in 2010/2011 and long-term temporal trends in Europe

Naturally-occurring mosses have been sampled across Europe to monitor the deposition of heavy metals and nitrogen from the air. This survey has been repeated at five-yearly intervals since 1990 for heavy metals and since 2005 for nitrogen. In 2010/2011, mosses were collected at ca. 4, 500 sites in 25 countries for heavy metals and ca. 2, 400 sites in 15 countries for nitrogen. In general, the lowest concentrations in mosses were found in northern Europe for both heavy metals and nitrogen. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were often observed in south-eastern Europe, whereas the highest concentrations of nitrogen were found in parts of western and central Europe. Europe-wide the concentration of lead (77% decline), vanadium (57%), iron (52%) and cadmium (51%) has declined the most since 1990, whereas the concentration of copper has declined the least (11% decline). Since 1995, the concentration of arsenic and mercury has declined by 26% and 23% respectively. The nitrogen concentration in mosses has hardly changed since 2005. This report is for scientists, policy makers and others with an interest in air pollution.
Observations of an atmospheric chemical equator and its implications for the tropical warm pool region

This paper reports observations of a tropospheric chemical equator in the Western Pacific region during the Austral monsoon season, separating the polluted Northern Hemisphere from the cleaner Southern Hemisphere. Measurements of carbon monoxide, ozone, aerosol size/composition, and non-methane hydrocarbons were made from aircraft, flying north from Darwin, Australia as part of the Aerosol and Chemical Transport In tropical conVEction (ACTIVE) campaign. A chemical equator, defined as a sharp gradient in the chemical background, was found not to be coincident with the Intertropical Convergence Zone during this period. A pronounced interfacial region was identified between 8.5 and 10 degrees S, where tracer mixing ratios increased rapidly within the boundary layer, e.g. CO from 40 ppbv to 160 ppbv within 0.5 degrees latitude (50 km), with inhibited inter-hemispheric mixing. These measurements are discussed in context using a combination of meteorological and Earth-observing satellite imagery, back trajectory analysis and chemical model data with the conclusion that air flowing into and subsequently uplifted by the active convection of the Tropical Warm Pool (TWP) region in the Western Pacific is likely to be highly polluted, and will perturb the composition of the Tropical Tropopause Layer. The main source of CO and other pollutants within the TWP region is expected to be biomass burning, with extensive fires in North Sumatra and Thailand during this period. The sharp gradient in composition at the chemical equator seen here results from extensive burning to the north, contrasting with pristine maritime air advected from the Southern Indian Ocean by a strong land-based cyclone over the Northern Territory of Australia.
Streambed gravel sampling and frequency base conversion: A solution to data set sharing

The analysis of streambed particle size distribution is fundamental to geology, geomorphology, engineering, ecology, and hydrology. There is a continued need for standard analytical methods to accommodate different practices in sample collection, particle size characterization, frequency analysis, and frequency base conversion. We focus upon two related topics: (1) quantitative description of size of irregular particles and (2) frequency base conversion procedures. The first is needed to accurately determine physical particle properties (diameter, surface area, volume, and weight), and the second to determine the statistical influence on one or more of these properties of each particle in a mixture. We collected natural streambed particles, measured various calipered diameters including a nominal diameter using each particle volume, and calculated a shape factor for each diameter that converts it to an equivalent sieved diameter. Next, we extended a model originally derived in 1929 for a lognormal distribution to a streambed particle size distribution that severely deviated from a lognormal distribution. After successfully converting from number to weight frequency (and the reverse) of samples collected by grid, area, and volume, we extended the conversion to apply across these collection methods. These results make streambed frequency analysis independent of the particular diameter used, the observed frequency base, and the sample collection procedure. The immediate utility of our analysis is to facilitate data sharing among disciplines. The ultimate benefit is to free researchers to select the most convenient diameter measurement, size frequency classification, frequency base, and sample collection procedure from the many alternative strategies available.
High-resolution remote sensing image land cover classification based on EAR-HRNetV2

The application of land cover classification is very extensive, it can be used in land resources management, urban planning, agricultural and other fields. The multi-scale variation of targets in high-resolution remote sensing images leads to low accuracy in land cover classification tasks. In response to this problem, an improved semantic segmentation model named EAR-HRNetV2 is proposed based on HRNetV2. Firstly, the attention mechanism is added to the Bottleneck residual and Basic residual modules to obtain more efficient features. Then, the atrous spatial pyramid pooling is added to the model. And it is modified to cope with the gridding issue caused by the dilation convolution. Finally, the refinement module is used to combine features from different stages and further extract semantic features. The experiments show that on the WHDLD public dataset, compared with five semantic segmentation models, the EAR-HRNetV2 model is effective with Kappa coefficient, F1-score, overall accuracy, and mean intersection over union reaching 77.85%, 73.00%, 87.92%, and 60.28%. Compared with HRNetV2, the mean intersection over union of EAR-HRNet increases by 2.93 percentage points, the F1-score increases by 2.67 percentage points, the Kappa coefficient increases by 2.37 percentage points, and the overall accuracy increases by 1.19 percentage points. EAR-HRNetV2 network provides a feasible solution for the land cover classification.
Determination of momentum after reflection in free fall using infrared and vibration sensors

Collision events are often encountered in daily life, such as free-falling balls. The falling ball will cause momentum, which is influenced by the speed and mass of the object. When an object falls, its speed before and after colliding with the reflecting plane will determine the coefficient of restitution (e). In this study, an apparatus for physics experiment was made using a 110 mm diameter by 125 cm height PVC cylinder pipe with two photodiode sensors attached to detect light reflection on the falling object. A vibration sensor was installed on the base to detect the bouncing ball and authenticate the time measurement. Sensor readings and measurements occur once an automated actuator triggers the sensor. The experimental results showed that the ball falling on the aluminum reflecting plane experienced the longest oscillation with a time of 4.19 Seconds, followed by ceramic at 3.59 seconds and wood at 3.29 seconds. The contact time experienced by the ball is 0.8487 seconds on aluminum, 0.8093 seconds on ceramic and 0.7830 on wood. This experimental apparatus can help students understand physics material.
Reconstruction of digital teaching materials with Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI) context on newton’s gravity-tidal flood content

This research is motivated by the frequent emergence of news regarding the issue of tidal floods that occur due to a lunar eclipse, which is related to Newton’s law of gravity. On the other hand, it is known from the 2018 PISA results that, in general, students’ scientific literacy in Indonesia is low. One of the efforts to increase students’ scientific literacy is to provide teaching materials in the context of socio-scientific issues (SSI). This study aimed to determine the results of the reconstruction, assessment, and students’ responses to teaching materials with the SSI context on Newton’s Gravity-Tidal Flood content. This research was conducted by Research and Development (R&D) method, by design is ADDIE. This research has succeeded in reconstructing digital teaching materials with the SSI context on Newtonian gravity-tidal floods, which consists of four sub-chapters. Teaching materials are evaluated in 2 ways: validity based on general criteria and validity based on Badan Nasional Standarisasi Pendidikan (BNSP) criteria. The assessment score is 89.50%, showing that the material teaching materials are feasible and meet the requirements for the physics learning process. Student response score of 87.79% indicates that the teaching materials with the SSI context on Newton’s gravity-tidal flood material have been understood and meet student learning expectations. The book “Newton’s Gravity & Tidal Flood Based on Socioscitific Issue” can be accessed at https://online.fliphtml5. com/mcvyo/tvnu/#p=1.
Seasonally dependent changes of precipitation extremes over Germany since 1950 from a very dense observational network

[1] The newly updated collection of daily precipitation measurements over Western Germany (more than 2000 stations in total) is used to analyze linear trends in extreme and heavy precipitation for different seasons over the period 1950–2004. Heavy and extreme precipitation has been quantified using the 95% and 99% percentiles with respect to the Gamma distribution fitted to daily precipitation data. The significance of linear trends was quantified using several statistical tests including estimates of field significance. Positive linear tendencies in heavy precipitation for the winter, spring and autumn seasons were found for the whole domain with the largest increase of 13% per decade in Central and Southern Germany. For the summer season, however, heavy precipitation exhibits mostly negative trends of up to 8% per decade e.g., for the Central and Southwestern parts of Germany. Trends derived from the estimates of heavy precipitation without seasonal breakdown, however, do not show any clear spatial pattern. Estimates of field significance show that the conclusions concerning the seasonal diversity in trend sign hold for most of Western Germany. The results are insensitive to changes of the beginning and the end of the records by several years; thus the seasonal linear trend patterns are not influenced by interdecadal variability. Seasonality is also identified in the linear trends of mean precipitation characteristics. Analysis performed for different classes of precipitation intensity shows that during winter the linear increase of heavy and extreme precipitation is associated with downward linear tendencies for weak precipitation. In summer statistically significant negative linear trends were identified for all classes of precipitation intensities. Our results also imply that the amplitude of the annual cycle of heavy and extreme precipitation underwent a considerable decrease during the last 55 years between 30% to 60% per decade.
Geochemical and morphological characteristics of coarse-grained tabular beryl from the Xuebaoding W–Sn–Be deposit, Sichuan Province, western China

The dominant crystal faces on beryl are usually hexagonal prisms, a direct reflection of the lattice structure. However, coarse-grained beryl from the Xuebaoding W–Sn–Be deposit, China, has a tabular habit. To evaluate the genesis of this well-crystallized tabular beryl, we analysed the crystals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and differential interference contrast microscopy (DICM). The beryl unit cell dimensions are 9.223–9.232 Å for a 0 and 9.183–9.244 Å for c 0. The ratio c 0 /a 0 = 0.995–1.002. The beryl has a high alkali content, including Li2O (2.60–3.10 wt.%), Rb (65–120 ppm), Cs2O (0.70–0.92 wt.%), and Na2O (1.29–1.66 wt.%); other components include TiO2 (0.00–0.01 wt.%), TFe2O3 (1.03–1.29 wt.%), MnO (0.01 wt.%), MgO (0.09–0.12 wt.%), and CaO (0.03–0.04 wt.%). These analyses indicate that the Xuebaoding material is a Na–Li–Cs beryl with a dominance of tetrahedral substitution in the crystal structure. Based on a systematic statistical study of the relationship between chemical composition and habit, a high content of alkalis leads to a lower growth rate of c {0001} compared with m , producing the short prismatic/columnar habit that typifies the Xuebaoding beryl. The difference in the number of pyramidal growth hillocks on s faces that face in opposing directions strongly suggests the influence of unidirectional hydrothermal fluid flow on growth rates. The oriented flow also led to variable growth rates for other crystal faces, including m and c {0001}, and caused the growth of many thick, distorted crystals of scheelite, cassiterite, tabular apatite, etc. Apparently, the m faces were outgrown by other, more rapidly growing faces and consequently tended to disappear. Accordingly, we discuss two mechanisms that underlie the formation of tabular beryl crystals: (1) the geochemical compositions and especially the high amount of alkalis at the Be site and in the channel structures of the crystals; and (2) the directional flow and supply of hydrothermal fluids in narrow fractures during crystal growth.