Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Petrotectonic Study of Five Eurasian Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Complexes

The Dabie-Sulu belt of east-central China, the Kokchetav Complex of northern Kazakhstan, the Maksyutov Complex of the southern Urals, the Dora Maira Massif of the Western Alps, and the Western Gneiss Region of southwestern Norway all contain mineralogic/textural relics indicating the presence or earlier occurrence of coesite and/or diamond. Other ultrahighpressure phases, including K-rich clinopyroxene, Mgrich garnet, ellenbergerite, lawsonite, zoisite, glaucophane, and associations such as magnesite + diopside, talc + kyanite, diopside, high-silica phengite, and/or jadeite, also attest to metamorphic pressures approaching or even exceeding 25 to 30 kbar. Subduction zones constitute the only known plate-tectonic environment where such P-T conditions exist. Many of these UHP relics occur as tiny inclusions encased in dense, refractory, unreactive mineralogic hosts, and hence were preserved during return transit toward normal P-T conditions characteristic of midcrustal levels. Each of the exhumed ultrahigh-.
Fire frequency analysis in Portugal (1975-2005), using Landsat-based burnt area maps

Fire frequency in 21 forest planning regions of Portugal during the period 1975–2005 was estimated from historical burnt area maps generated with semi-automatic classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery. Fire return interval distributions were modelled with the Weibull function and the estimated parameters were used to calculate regional mean, median and modal fire return intervals, as well as regional hazard functions. Arrangement of the available data into three different time series allowed for assessment of the effects of minimum mapping unit, time series length and use of censored data on the Weibull function parameter estimates. Varying the minimum mapping unit between 5 and 35 ha had a negligible effect on parameter estimates, whereas changing the time series length from 22 to 31 years substantially affected the estimates. However, the strongest effect was caused by censored data. Its exclusion led to substantial overestimation of fire frequency and of burning probability dependence on fuel age. We estimated a country-wide mean fire interval of 36 years and an annual burnt area of 1.2%. Regional variations in fire frequency descriptors were interpreted in terms of land cover and land use practices that affect the contemporary fire regime in Portugal.
Modeling fluvial response to in‐stream woody vegetation: implications for stream corridor restoration

River restoration and bank stabilization programs often use vegetation for improving stream corridor habitat, aesthetic and function. Yet no study has examined the use of managed vegetation plantings to transform a straight, degraded stream corridor into an ecologically functional meandering channel. Experimental data collected using a distorted Froude‐scaled flume analysis show that channel expansion and widening, thalweg meandering and riffle and pool development are possible using discrete plantings of rigid, emergent vegetation, and the magnitudes of these adjustments depend on the shape of the vegetation zone and the density of the vegetation. These experimental results were verified and validated using a recently developed numerical model, and model output was then used to discuss mechanistically how rivers respond to the introduction of in‐stream woody vegetation. Finally, a hybrid method of meander design is proposed herein where managed vegetation plantings are used to trigger or force the desired morphologic response, transforming a straight, degraded reach into a more functional meandering corridor. It is envisioned that such numerical models could become the primary tool for designing future stream restoration programs involving vegetation and assessing the long‐term stability of such activities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kondisi Permukaan Air Tanah dengan dan tanpa peresapan buatan di daerah Bandung: Hasil Simulasi Numerik

http://dx.doi. org/10.17014/ijog.vol4no3. 20093Significant groundwater level drawdown caused by groundwater abstractions has been reported to occur in Bandung and its surrounding area. One potential method to recover the groundwater condi- tion is artifical recharge, considering high quantity of rainfall in this area. In this research, numerical simulation has been performed in order to predict groundwater condition in the next five years, if: 1) no recovery action is taken (do-nothing) (Scenario 1), and 2) artificial recharge is performed (Scenario 2). Hydrogeological condition reconstruction required for physical model development reveals that the main aquifer in the researched area is Cibeureum Formation, which comprises volcanic fans; the main aquitard is Kosambi Formation, crasisting of lake deposit, whilst the hydrogeologic basement in the research area is the Cikapundung Formation, other Quaternary volcanic rocks, except the Cibeureum Formation, and Tertiary rock units. The recharge area is the areas where the Cibeureum Formation crops out. The result of numerical simulation of Scenario 1 shows that if there is no recovery action taken on the groundwater condition, then in year 2013 the Critical Zone will increase about 116 % and the Damage Zone will increase about 570 %. The result of this scenario also shows that there will be groundwater mining in several areas in the Damage Zone with the total area of 244 km2 or 41 % of the total confined aquifer area. Result of the numerical simulation of Scenario 2 shows that the artificial recharge in the above Critical and Damage Zones will effectively recover groundwater condition in year 2013 which means is, the whole area becomes Safe Zone. The amount of the artificial recharge is about 164 million m3/year and it started from year 2009. The artificial recharge means recharge well, surface reservoir, or recharge ditch where the Cibeureum Formation crops out, or injection well where this formation does not crop out.
Lidar observations of gravity wave activity and Arctic stratospheric vortex core warming

Measurements of stratospheric thermal structure and gravity wave activity have been obtained with a Rayleigh lidar in the Canadian High Arctic at Eureka (80°N, 86°W) during five recent winters. The observations reveal that an annual late December warming of the upper stratosphere occurred in the polar vortex core and was sustained through the winter. Increased gravity wave activity was detected in the vortex jet during the warming. That these two phenomena developed in parallel suggests they are related. It is proposed that increased gravity wave momentum deposition above the jet maximum forced flow into the vortex core where it descended and warmed adiabatically.
Satellite estimation of spectral surface UV irradiance in the presence of tropospheric aerosols

The algorithm for determining spectral UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) flux in cloud-free conditions is discussed, including estimates of the various error sources (uncertainties in ground reflectivity, ozone amount, ozone profile shape, surface height, and aerosol attenuation). It is shown that the Brewer-measured spectral dependence of UV flux can be accurately reproduced using just total column ozone amount and the solar flux spectrum. The presence of aerosols tends to reduce the logarithm of the absolute UV flux linearly with aerosol optical depth. Using Brewer measurements of UV flux and aerosol optical depth on clear days at Toronto, the estimated slope falls in the range 0.2 to 0.3 (aerosol single-scattering albedo about 0.95). The Brewer measurements of UV flux can be reproduced using the aerosol model derived within uncertainties of the instrument calibration. We have applied the algorithm to the data collected by the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) instruments that have been flown by NASA since November 1978. It was demonstrated that in the absence of clouds and UV-absorbing aerosols, TOMS measurements of total column ozone and 380 nm (or 360 nm) radiances can be used in conjunction with a radiative transfer model to provide estimates of surface spectral flux to accuracies comparable to that of typical ground-based instruments. A newly developed technique using TOMS aerosol index data also allows estimation of UV flux transmission by strongly absorbing aerosols. The results indicate that over certain parts of the Earth, aerosols can reduce the UV flux at the surface by more than 50%. Therefore the most important need for reducing errors in TOMS-derived surface UVB spectra is to improve the understanding of UV aerosol attenuation.
Bromine, iodine, and chlorine in single aerosol particles at Cape Grim

Using a laser ionization mass spectrometer, the chemical compositions of single particles larger than 0.16 µm diameter were measured in the marine boundary layer (MBL) at Cape Grim, Tasmania during the ACE‐1 experiment. Chlorine was observed in nearly all of the particles. Bromine was internally mixed with amounts near the sea water mole fraction in most particles. The aerosol mole fraction of iodine was similar to bromine, so iodine was highly enriched relative to sea water. Iodine was not uniformly mixed among all particles. Iodine‐rich particles included sea salt and metals. Iodine was also correlated with the presence of organics in the spectra. Chlorine, bromine and iodine were anti‐correlated with sodium sulfate. Since particles accumulate sulfate in the MBL, this anti‐correlation suggests that the aerosols were losing all three halogens as they aged.
Cosmogenic 36Cl accumulation in unstable landforms: 1. Effects of the thermal neutron distribution

Cosmogenic nuclides produced in situ within minerals at the surface of the Earth are proving to be an effective means of assessing geomorphic histories. The use of multiple cosmogenic nuclides permits both exposure times and erosion rates to be determined. However, if two nuclides are produced only by spallation reactions, the systematic differences in their accumulation rates depend only on the differences in their production rates and half-lives. The relatively small differences that result require a high degree of analytical precision to yield useful results. In contrast to other spallogenic nuclides, {sup 36}Cl is also produced by low-energy neutron, absorption, which creates a different pattern of production as a function of depth. We have measured the thermal flux with depth in a concrete block using {sup 3}He-filled neutron detectors. The measured thermal neutron profile agrees well with predictions from a simple diffusion-based thermal neutron distribution model. Calculations of {sup 36}Cl production using the model suggest that the use of {sup 36}Cl along with a purely spallogenic nuclide to determine erosion rates and exposure times should be less sensitive to analytical error than are determinations from two purely spallogenic nuclides. 31 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.
Evaluation of stratospheric NO2 retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument : intercomparison, diurnal cycle and trending

[1] A 5+ year record of satellite measurements of nitrogen dioxide columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is evaluated to establish the quality of the OMI retrievals and to test our understanding of stratospheric NO2. The use of assimilation techniques to retrieve stratospheric vertical columns of NO2 from OMI slant column observations is described in detail. Over remote areas the forecast model state is generally within 0.15 × 1015 molecules/cm2 of the analysis. Dutch OMI NO2 (DOMINO) and Standard Product (SP) stratospheric NO2 columns agree within 0.3 × 1015 molecules/cm2 (13%) with independent, ground-based measurements. This is comparable to the level of consistency (15–20%) among ground-based techniques. On average, DOMINO stratospheric NO2 is higher than SP by 0.2 × 1015 molecules/cm2, but larger differences occur on the synoptic scale. Overlapping OMI orbits poleward of 30° enabled us to extract information on the diurnal variation in stratospheric NO2. We find that in the Arctic, the daytime increase of NO2 has a distinct seasonal dependence that peaks in spring and fall. Daytime increase rates inside the denoxified Arctic polar vortex are low, but we find high rates (>0.4 × 1015 molecules/cm2/h) outside the vortex. A multilinear regression to the DOMINO record shows a distinct quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) signal in stratospheric NO2 columns over the tropics. The QBO's amplitude is comparable to the annual cycle and stronger over the Southern Hemisphere than over the Northern Hemisphere. We infer near-identical trends from DOMINO observations (+0.4%/decade) as from ground-based instrumentation over Lauder (+0.6%/decade) in the 2004–2010 period.
The Properties of Bed Sediments in Pools and Riffles

ABSTRACT The size and shape characteristics of the surface bed sediments in a sequence of four pools and four riffles were investigated in a small cobble-bed stream. The riffle sediments are both coarser and better sorted than the pool sediments. These differences are explained in terms of reversal of the bottom velocity/shear stress hierarchy between pools and riffles at high flow. Riffle sediments are also less spherical than pool sediments, but the differences in shape are entirely size-dependent. Thus it appears that sorting occurs by size, but not by shape, as sediments are deposited in pools and riffles.
Bathymetry Retrieval from Hyperspectral Imagery in the Very Shallow Water Limit: A Case Study from the 2007 Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR'07) Multi-Sensor Campaign

We focus on the validation of a simplified approach to bathymetry retrieval from hyperspectral imagery (HSI) in the very shallow water limit (less than 1–2 m), where many existing bathymetric LIDAR sensors perform poorly. In this depth regime, near infra-red (NIR) reflectance depends primarily on water depth (water absorption) and bottom type, with suspended constituents playing a secondary role. Our processing framework exploits two optimal regions where a simple model depending on bottom type and water depth can be applied in the very shallow limit. These two optimal spectral regions are at a local maximum in the near infra-red reflectance near 810 nm, corresponding to a local minimum in absorption, and a maximum in the first derivative of the reflectance near 720 nm. These two regions correspond to peaks in spectral correlation with bathymetry at these depths.
Bayesian inference of Earth's radial seismic structure from body-wave traveltimes using neural networks

How do body-wave traveltimes constrain the Earth's radial (1-D) seismic structure? Existing 1-D seismological models underpin 3-D seismic tomography and earthquake location algorithms. It is therefore crucial to assess the quality of such 1-D models, yet quantifying uncertainties in seismological models is challenging and thus often ignored. Ideally, quality assessment should be an integral part of the inverse method. Our aim in this study is twofold: (i) we show how to solve a general Bayesian non-linear inverse problem and quantify model uncertainties, and (ii) we investigate the constraint on spherically symmetric P-wave velocity (VP) structure provided by body-wave traveltimes from the EHB bulletin (phases Pn, P, PP and PKP). Our approach is based on artificial neural networks, which are very common in pattern recognition problems and can be used to approximate an arbitrary function. We use a Mixture Density Network to obtain 1-D marginal posterior probability density functions (pdfs), which provide a quantitative description of our knowledge on the individual Earth parameters. No linearization or model damping is required, which allows us to infer a model which is constrained purely by the data. We present 1-D marginal posterior pdfs for the 22 VP parameters and seven discontinuity depths in our model. P-wave velocities in the inner core, outer core and lower mantle are resolved well, with standard deviations of ∼0.2 to 1 per cent with respect to the mean of the posterior pdfs. The maximum likelihoods of VP are in general similar to the corresponding ak135 values, which lie within one or two standard deviations from the posterior means, thus providing an independent validation of ak135 in this part of the radial model. Conversely, the data contain little or no information on P-wave velocity in the D′′ layer, the upper mantle and the homogeneous crustal layers. Further, the data do not constrain the depth of the discontinuities in our model. Using additional phases available in the ISC bulletin, such as PcP, PKKP and the converted phases SP and ScP, may enhance the resolvability of these parameters. Finally, we show how the method can be extended to obtain a posterior pdf for a multidimensional model space. This enables us to investigate correlations between model parameters.
Limits for the Improvement of Ground-Motion Relations in Europe and the Middle East by Accounting for Site Effects

Abstract The improvement obtained by including site terms in ground-motion predictive relations is often small. Does it mean that local effects play a marginal role in ground shaking? Or could different geophysical site parameters or more complicated functional forms provide better results? These hypotheses are investigated for 399 peak ground accelerations (PGA) observed for strong earthquakes (5≤ M w ≤7.6) in Europe and the Middle East in comparison with the ground-motion relation by Ambraseys et al. (2005). An analysis of the residuals log 10 (observed)-log 10 (predicted) reveals that site effects could contribute up to 33% of the overall standard deviation σ and that a large part of this component is potentially removable by site classification: the theoretical optimal classification (that making the best trade-off between high accuracy and low number of classes) reduces σ by 27% using six classes. Similar reductions have been obtained for response spectral acceleration (SA) at 0.2, 1, and 2 sec. For PGA, using a nonparametric approach, it is found that functions of the shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m ( V S 30) reduce σ less then 6% (less than 1% using the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program [NEHRP] and the Eurocode 8 [EC8] classifications as well as linear regression on V S 30). The reduction could reach 10% if a further dependency on the PGA predicted for rock is introduced. The large difference between the potential improvement by 33% and the practical results using V S 30 evidence the utility and need of considering other parameters as well.
Boundary Layer and Cloud Structure Controls on Tropical Low Cloud Cover Using A-Train Satellite Data and ECMWF Analyses

Abstract The Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), CloudSat radar, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud data on the A-Train constellation complemented with the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses are used to investigate the cloud and boundary layer structure across a 10° wide cross section starting at 5°S near the international date line and extending to 35°N near the California coast from March 2008 to February 2009. The mean large-scale inversion height and low-level cloud tops, which correspond very closely to each other, are very shallow (∼500 m) over cold SSTs and high static stability near California and deepen southwestward (to a maximum of ∼1.5–2.0 km) along the cross section as SSTs rise. Deep convection near the ITCZ occurs at a surface temperature close to 298 K. While the boundary layer relative humidity (RH) is nearly constant where a boundary layer is well defined, it drops sharply near cloud top i.
A Comparison Study of EOF Techniques: Analysis of Nonstationary Data with Periodic Statistics

Abstract Identification of independent physical/dynamical modes and corresponding principal component time series is an important aspect of climate studies for they serve as a tool for detecting and predicting climate changes. While there are a number of different eigen techniques their performance for identifying independent modes varies. Considered here are comparison tests of eight eigen techniques in identifying independent patterns from a dataset. A particular emphasis is given to cyclostationary processes such as deforming and moving patterns with cyclic statistics. Such processes are fairly common in climatology and geophysics. Two eigen techniques that are based on the cyclostationarity assumption—cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and periodically extended EOFs—perform better in identifying moving and deforming patterns than techniques based on the stationarity assumption. Application to a tropical Pacific surface temperature field indicates that the first dominant pattern and .
Back to Work: The Effects of Goal Conflict on Working Mothers

Why is the rate of depression for women two times that of men? In the “we can do it all” generation, becoming a mother can be one of the most frustrating and rewarding experiences in one’s lifetime. Fulfilling career goals in addition to the demands motherhood can cause psychological distress. In this paper I present literature reviews on mothering, careers, goal conflict and how positive psychology tools can help alleviate depression in women. Based on research, I outlined four topics to build a workshop that will help working mothers bounce back from adversity, develop their signature strengths, avoid negative thinking traps as well as minimize the number of decisions they need to make with a technique called satisficing. This approach will invite organizations to invest in their working mothers, as their well-being is important for both families and the world economy.
Analysis of future precipitation change in Shikoku region using statistical downscaling

This study investigates the applicability of the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) in downscaling precipitation in Shikoku region, Japan, for both historical and future time periods. We calibrated the SDSM model using the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis datasets and daily time series of precipitation in Shikoku acquired from nine surface daily observation points (SDP) and validated the NCEP model and general circulation model (GCM) outputs of HadCM3 under SRES A2 and B2 scenarios (1961-2099). To predict the future mean and extreme precipitation, we investigated the approach of downscaling the outputs of a GCM to a local scale using the SDSM to downscale precipitation in present and future climate scenarios. The results showed that in both climate scenarios: (1) the time series generated by SDSM indicates a clear increasing trend in the mean daily precipitation values in future winters and a decreasing trend in the summer; (2) the annual change in the number of days that exceed the 20 mm/day precipitation (R20) would significantly decrease in northern Shikoku; (3) the changes of R100 in the northern region were much more severe than in the southern region under both scenarios because the changes of R100 decreases in the northern region occurred in spring, summer and autumn; and (4) in the future, the stable reservation of water for agricultural use becomes difficult in the northern Shikoku region. Annual maximum precipitation frequency was analyzed by fitting more than 50 continuous and discrete distributions. Distribution-estimated magnitudes of annual maximum precipitation were compared for studied return periods using H3A2 and H3B2 in the base period (1961-1990), 2020s (2011-2040), 2050s (2041-2070), and 2080s (2071-2099). We are confident about the impact of climate change on precipitation, and in the ability to simulate extreme precipitation events that may affect agriculture.