Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Participatory analysis of the diversity of morphotypes and local knowledge of the culture of Bambara groundnut (Vigna Subterranea L.) at Niger

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea l.), third food legume in Africa, is the largest in terms of production and consumption after the peanut (Arachis hypogeae) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata walp.). The valorisation of this culture is one of the best alternatives to ensure the food security of populations faced with the decline in the production of food crops such as millet, sorghum or wheat. To achieve this goal, a better knowledge of the genetic diversity of this culture is more than necessary. Therefore, followed by exploration of accessions collection was made across the country. All the areas visited were geo referenced and a map has been prepared. In total one hundred and fifteen (115) Bambara groundnut accessions were collected within six (6) regions of Niger with fifty (50) locations visited throughout the different growing areas. Fourteen morphotypes numbered Ne-01 to Ne-14 were identified after the collection. Following carried out discussions, the yellow color Ne-01 morphotype is the most appreciated both by producers and consumers. It is also clear that this culture of Bambara groundnut is practiced on small areas by both women and men. The choice of the seedling period is the same as well among women than among men. The production is destined for self-consumption or for sale depending on the quantity harvested. Chemicals, ash, salt, natron, cans are commonly used for the seeds conservation. Several types of dishes are made based of Bambara groundnut. In addition, Bambara groundnut has therapeutic values in some farmer's areas.
Pathways of growth and decline: connectivity changes in the world city network, 2000-2008

In this paper, the network model devised by the globalization and World Cities (GaWC) research group and network is used to assess the nature of change in inter-city relations from 2000 to 2008. Data are collected for 2008 on the office networks of a similar set of global service firms that were used to describe global connectivities for 315 cities in 2000 (Taylor et al., 2002). This allows a new cross-sectional geography of connectivities to be produced for 2008, and for changes in connectivities between 2000 and 2008 to be computed. A range of simple visualisation and statistical techniques is used to explore the data. The most notable changes are the general loss of global connectivity of U.S. cities with the exception of New York (exemplified by the decline of cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago), and the general gain of global connectivity of Chinese cities (most notably Shanghai and Beijing, but also Taipei, Shenzhen and Guangzhou). The rise of Chinese cities in the world city network is also reflected in the reinforcement of the relational position of cities that were already previously well-connected to Chinese cities (exemplified by the rise of cities such as Sydney and Seoul).
THE GENUS GLOEODONTIA IN NORTH AMERICA

The genus Gloeodontia was erected by Boidin (1966) to accommodate Irpex discolor Berk. & Curt. (=Odontia eriozona Bres.). He placed the genus in the family Auriscalpiaceae because basidiocarps of G. discolor (Berk. & Curt.) Boidin possess a dimitic hyphal system, gloeocystidia that become blue to black in sulfuric benzaldehyde, and amyloid minutely verrucose basidiospores. The family Hericiaceae was indicated to be an inappropriate family for Gloeodontia because the hyphal system in members of the Hericiaceae are monomitic and the gloeocystidia do not become blue or black in sulfuric benzaldehyde. Members of this family do, however, possess amyloid minutely verrucose basidiospores, and the family is considered closely related to the Auriscalpiaceae. Gloeodontia has remained monotypic but Gilbertson (197 1, p. 293) indicated doubt that a similar taxon found in the intermountain region of the western United States was actually conspecific with G. discolor. One of us (HHB) has also collected this taxon in Montana. Our studies of the basidiocarps, cultures, and mat­ ing system indicate that the taxon is an undescribed species in the genus Gloeodontia. In this treatment, both species of the genus will be described and illustrated for basidiocarp, cultural, and genetic characters. Because of a departure from the published generic characters by the new species, the genus Gloeodontia is emended to include the characters of the new species.
Improved leaf area index estimation by considering both temporal and spatial variations

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF ACRONYMS OR ABBREVIATIONS USED ix CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.1.1 LAI Estimation Approaches 2 1.1.2 Feasibility of LAI Estimation at Different Temporal and Spatial Scales 3 1.1.3 Major Factors Affecting the Accuracy of LAI Estimation 5 1.1. 4 Evaluation of Routinely Produced NDVI Products 6 1.1.5 Research Gaps 8 1.2 Research Objectives 9 1.3 Study Site and Field Data 9 1.3. 1 Study Site and Sampling Design 9 1.3. 2 Field Data Sampling and Post-processing 11 1. 4 Thesis Structure 12 1.5 References 13 CHAPTER 2 A SUITABLE VEGETATION INDEX FOR QUANTIFYING TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF LAI IN SEMI-ARID MIXED GRASSLAND 21 2.
Health information exchange among US hospitals.

OBJECTIVES To determine the proportion of US hospitals engaged in health information exchange (HIE) with unaffiliated providers and to identify key hospital-level and market-level factors associated with participating in exchange. STUDY DESIGN Using the 2009 American Hospital Association Information Technology survey, supplemented by Dartmouth Atlas, Area Resource File, and other national data, we examined which hospitals participated in regional efforts to electronically exchange clinical data. METHODS We used logistic regression models to determine hospital-level characteristics and market-level characteristics associated with hospitals' likelihood of participating in HIE. RESULTS We found that 10.7% of US hospitals engaged in HIE with unaffiliated providers. In communities where exchange occurred, for-profit hospitals and those with a small market share were far less likely to engage in HIE than nonprofit hospitals or those with a larger market share. Hospitals in more concentrated markets were more likely to exchange and hospitals in markets with higher Medicare spending were less likely to exchange. CONCLUSIONS At the start of implementation of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, only a small minority of US hospitals electronically exchange clinical data with unaffiliated providers. Health information exchange is a key part of reforming the healthcare system, and factors related to competitiveness may be holding some providers back.
Subcarrier and Power allocation for Sum Rate Maximization in Multicarrier NOMA Systems

This paper investigates the subcarrier and power allocation for the downlink of a multicarrier non-orthogonal multiple access (MC-NOMA) system. A three-step algorithm is proposed to deal with the sum rate maximization problem. First, we assume each user could use all the subcarriers si- multaneously and apply the synchronous iterative waterfilling algorithm (SIWA) to obtain a power vector for each user. Second, subcarriers are assigned to users by a heuristic greedy method based on the achieved power allocation result of Step 1. Third, SIWA is used once again to further improve the system performance with the obtained subcarrier assignment result of Step 2. In Step 3, where the number of multiplexed users is no more than two, the convergence of SIWA is proved analytically. Numerical results show that the proposed resource allocation algorithm achieves comparable performance to an existing near- optimal solution but with much lower time complexity.
Outliers in Semiparametric Estimation of Treatment Effects

Methods for estimating average treatment effects fo r a binary treatment under the unconfoundedness ass umption are a valued tool in econometric empirical program evaluation. In addition, as is well known, in regre ssion analysis, multivariate outliers can distort estimat ors and yield unreliable results. Outliers in a mul tivariate point cloud can be particularly hard to detect. Three typ es of outliers are recognized in the literature: Ba d leverage points, good leverage points and vertical outliers. In this paper, through Monte Carlo simulations, we show that matching estimators are greatly biased in presence of outliers. In detail, bad leverage points bias av er ge treatment effect estimates since they change the di stribution of the metrics used to define counterfac tu ls. Good leverage points in the treated sample slightly bias average treatment effect estimates as they increas e the chance of breaking the overlap condition. Good leverage po ints in the control sample do not affect treatment ffect estimates. Vertical outliers in the outcome largely bias average treatment effect estimates. We provid e some clues to diagnose the presence of outliers, and pro pose a reweighting estimator robust against outlier s based on the Stahel-Donoho multivariate estimator of scale a nd location. An application of this estimator to th e LaLonde (1986)’s data allows to explain the Dehejia-Wahba(2 002) and Smith-Todd(2005) debate about the inabilit y of matching estimators to deal with the evaluation pro blem (selection bias). Moreover, it highlights the effect of outliers on the incapacity to balance the covariate s when specifying the propensity score (outliers ca n push practitioners to unnecessarily misspecify the prope nsity score).
Role of the C language in current computing curricula part 1: survey analysis

In December 2006, an anonymous online survey was publicized on the various ACM mailing lists (SIGCSE, SIGITE). Its purpose was to determine the role of the C language in the various modern computing curricula (CS, IT.). This paper summarizes the results and stresses out the quantitative usage of this language in introductory and intermediate programming courses as well as in upper-level undergraduate courses (e.g. operating systems). We also present the qualitative reasons provided by our respondents for, or against, the adoption of the C language in these various courses. We then discuss these results and propose an analysis of when the C language might be most useful in the curriculum, how it should be introduced and what specific topics should be covered in such a re-designed "intermediate programming in C" course.
An Investigation of the Relationships Between Stream Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Conditions and Their Stressors

Agriculture, urbanization, and human activities, if not managed carefully, can expose a water body to environmental degradation, decreased water quality, and ultimately impaired benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage conditions. In streams where the benthic macroinvertebrates are impaired, the stream itself will not be meeting the water quality standards set forth in the Clean Water Act. As a result, the goal of this study was to establish relationships between benthic macroinvertebrates and their stressors so that stressor levels that would not adversely impact the benthic macroinvertebrates could be determined. Stressors such as sediment, habitat, water quality, landuse, watershed characteristics, and livestock numbers impact the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage conditions. Since sediment is recognized as the Nation’s leading pollutant and since the benthic macroinvertebrates live in the sediment on a stream bottom, this study placed emphasis upon the investigation of sediment as a primary stressor to the benthic macroinvertebrates. The specific objectives of this study were to develop relationships between the benthic macroinvertebrates and sediment and other stressors for Virginia streams, to evaluate the accuracy of the stressor/benthos relationships, and to discuss the implications of the study results for development of benthic TMDLs. A procedure to determine the relationships between stressors and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage conditions was developed. Existing data on sediment, habitat, water quality, landuse, watershed characteristics, livestock numbers, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage conditions were compiled for 34 stations with 105 samples collected from the fall of 1996 to the fall of 1998. The 34 stations were located within 13 counties in Virginia (Rockbridge, Rockingham, Augusta, Frederick, Shenandoah, Page, Loudoun, Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier, Culpeper, Rappahannock, and Madison) and in watersheds dominated by agricultural, urban, and forested landuses. Virginia currently uses the Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP)
Heterogeneous microstructures in oolitic carbonates

Several bioclastic and oolitic carbonates have been studied with the transmission electron microscope. Aragonite has been distinguished from calcite on the basis of the SAD patterns and the morphology. The aragonite occurred either as microscopic crystals varying in length from 0.3 to I mm, or as larger masses twinned on {l l0}. It has been recognized in Pleistocene to Recent samples, but not in any of the Mesozoic or Paleozoic ages. The study of the calcite in the Jurassic Twin Creek Oolite (Wisconsin) and other limestones with the TEM has revealed the presence of a modulated fnicrostructure iir low Mg calcite. The microstructure has two basic morphologies: one is a fiae modulation with a wavelength of around l50A; the other is coarser, with a wavelength of approximately 500A. The modulations are not always distinctly planar, and occasionally they are superimposed upon each other. Both the coarse and fne modulations are found to be parallel to {l0l4i : r. The microstructure is similar in appearance and orientation to a structure found by Reeder (1980) in ancient calcian dolomites. No apparent chemical diflerence was found when comparing calcite crystals that have the microstructure to those that lack it. The modulated microstructure was found to be rotated by e twins formed during deformation and is therefore older. It is suggested that the modulated structure is the result of an ordering phase transformation from a calcium carbonate in which the COi groups are disordered, resulting in the formation of planar faults. Alternatively, defects and partial disorder developed during crystal growth. The substitution of cations such as magnesium, calcium, iron, or manganese would increase the likelihood of the formation of faults. This may explain why a similar microstructure is so pervasive in calcian dolomites. Disorder appears to occur in secondary calcite crystals, i.e., those which formed by dissolution and reprecipitation from another carbonate.
Magma Dynamics with the Enthalpy Method: Benchmark Solutions and Magmatic Focusing at Mid-ocean Ridges

Magma genesis and transport link mantle convection with surface volcanism and hence with the long-term chemical and morphological evolution of the Earth's; crust. Modeling the dynamics of magma-mantle interaction in tectonic settings remains a challenge, however, because of the complexity of multi-component thermodynamics and melt segregation in a permeable, compactible, and actively deforming mantle matrix. Here I describe a flexible approach to formulating the thermochemistry of such models based on the Enthalpy Method, a technique commonly used in simulations of alloy solidification. This approach allows for melting and freezing based on a familiar binary phase diagram, consistent with conservation of energy and two-phase compaction and flow. I present an extension of the Enthalpy Method to more than two thermodynamic components. Simulation of a one-dimensional upwelling and melting column provides a benchmark for the method. Two-dimensional simulations of the melting region that feeds magma to a rapidly spreading mid-ocean ridge demonstrate the utility of the Enthalpy Method. These calculations provide a new estimate of the efficiency of magmatic focusing along the base of the oceanic lithosphere. Modeled focusing efficiency varies with mantle permeability and resistance to compaction. To yield 5-7 km of oceanic crust with ∼20% melting of a homogeneous, sub-ridge mantle, a focusing efficiency of greater than 70% is required. This, in turn, suggests that matrix permeability and bulk viscosity are at the high end of previously estimated values.
Computerized physician order entry and medication errors in a pediatric critical care unit.

OBJECTIVE Medication errors are a major concern of health care professionals and medical institutions, especially errors involving children. Studies in adults have shown that computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems reduce medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs). The effect of CPOE implementation in a pediatric population has not been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of CPOE on the frequency of errors in the medication ordering process in a pediatric critical care unit (PCCU). METHODS A prospective trial was conducted of 514 pediatric patients who were admitted to a 20-bed PCCU in a tertiary-care children's hospital before and after implementation of CPOE. Medication errors were identified after review of all orders during the study period and then further classified as potential ADEs, medication prescribing errors (MPE), and rule violations (RV). RESULTS A total of 13 828 medication orders were reviewed. Before implementation, potential ADEs occurred at a rate of 2.2 per 100 orders, MPEs at a rate of 30.1 per 100 orders, and RVs at a rate of 6.8 per 100 orders. After implementation, the rate of potential ADEs was reduced to 1.3 per 100 orders, MPEs to 0.2 per 100 orders, and RVs to 0.1 per 100 orders. The overall error reduction was 95.9%. Potential ADEs were reduced by 40.9%, and MPEs and RVs were reduced by 99.4% and 97.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of CPOE resulted in almost a complete elimination of MPEs and RVs and a significant but less dramatic effect on potential ADEs.
TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND CATCH CROPS AS FACTORS DETERMINING WEED INFESTATION LEVEL IN A SPRING WHEAT CANOPY (Triticum aestivum L.) SOWN IN MONOCULTURE

The studies were carried out in the years 2009-2011 on medium heavy mixed rendzina soil. The aim of the study was comparison of the effect of tillage system and different types of catch crops on the weed infestation level in spring wheat canopy sown in monoculture. The experiment included plough tillage and conservation tillage with autumn and spring disking of catch crops. Four methods of plot regeneration were used in a form of various catch crops. With reference to the control without catch crops, effects of undersown red clover and Dutch ryegrass were compared, as well as of stubble crops of lacy phacelia and white mustard on the weed infestation of spring wheat canopy. Based on the conducted research it was indicated that plough tillage compared with conservation tillage decreased a number of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous weeds, the total number of weeds and their air dry mass in the spring wheat canopy. Under conservation tillage, compared with plough tillage, there was a higher occurrence of Avena fatua and Cirsium arvense. Greater species diversity in weeds was observed on plots with conservation tillage. A lower number of monocotyledonous weeds was observed on the plot after stubble crop of white mustard, compared with the control plots where no catch crops were sown. Incorporation of both stubble crops and undersown red clover decreased dry weight of weeds in a spring wheat canopy, both compared with the control and with the plot after undersown grass. On plots after undersown red clover and Dutch ryegrass, a higher number of weed species was observed in the spring wheat canopy, compared with the control without catch crops. Conservation tillage promoted obtaining a higher biomass of catch crops than plough tillage. Undersown red clover produced a significantly lower biomass than stubble crops or undersown Dutch ryegrass.
Chapter 49 The Neoproterozoic Macaúbas Group, Araçuaí orogen, SE Brazil

Abstract The Neoproterozoic Macaúbas Group records accumulation in the precursor basin of the Araçuaí orogen, located on the eastern margin of the São Francisco craton (SE Brazil). The Macaúbas basin evolved from a late Tonian continental rift to a passive margin that lasted at least until c. 660 Ma. It was orogenically inverted during the late Neoproterozoic Brasiliano event. The Macaúbas Group includes the pre-glacial Matão, Duas Barras and Rio Peixe Bravo formations, the glaciogenic Serra do Catuni, Nova Aurora and Lower Chapada Acauã formations, and the post-glacial Upper Chapada Acauã and Ribeirão da Folha formations. In the central sector of the Araçuaí orogen, the oldest glaciogenic unit of the group, the Serra do Catuni Formation, overlies the sandstone-conglomerate package of the Duas Barras Formation. The Serra do Catuni Formation consists of massive diamictite with minor sandstone and rare pelite, deposited mostly in a proximal glaciomarine environment. This unit passes upward and eastward into the Lower Chapada Acauã Formation, a thick succession of stratified diamictite, graded sandstone, pelite, transitional basalt and rare carbonate. This distal glaciomarine unit is covered by the diamictite-free Upper Chapada Acauã Formation, which passes eastward into the Ribeirão da Folha Formation, which includes fine-grained turbidite, pelite and ocean-floor rocks. In the northern sector of the Araçuaí orogen, the sandstone-pelite succession of the pre-glacial Rio Peixe Bravo Formation is covered by the Nova Aurora Formation, the glaciomarine unit rich in diamictite and Fe-rich diamictite, with minor graded sandstone and rare pelite. The Nova Aurora Formation is covered by the sandstone-pelite package of the Upper Chapada Acauã Formation. The pre-glacial and glaciogenic successions record the continental rift to transitional stages of the Macaúbas basin. The post-glacial succession represents proximal and distal passive margin to ocean floor environments. The Serra do Catuni Formation seems to be a proximal glaciomarine equivalent of the Jequitaí glacio-terrestrial deposits located on the São Francisco craton.
Sequence stratigraphy of foreland basin deposits : outcrop and subsurface examples from the Cretaceous of North America

A comprehensive collection of papers presenting the rapidly evolving opinions and viewpoints about sequence stratigraphy concepts and applications. Using the foreland basin setting as the common theme, the ideas presented here carry a much broader significance and can be applied to many other basin types. Also includes a glossary of sequence stratigraphy terms. In summary, this book is an invaluable addition to the sequence stratigrapher or indeed any geologist dealing with siliciclastic successions, it provides a tremendously detailed reference which can be ‘dipped into’ time and time again.