Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization and microbial screening of some new methyl 4, 6-o-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-α-D-glucopyranoside Derivatives

Regioselective pentanoylation of methyl 4,6-O-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-α-D-glucopyranoside by the direct acylation method provided the methyl 4,6-O-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-O-pentanoyl- α-D-glucopyranoside in good yield. A number of 3-O-acyl derivatives of this 2-O-pentanoylation product were also prepared in order to obtain new compounds and also gather additional information for structure elucidation. The chemical structure of the newly synthesized compounds was characterized by analytical and spectral methods. Synthesized acylated derivatives of Dglucopyranoside were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activities against ten human pathogenic bacteria and four plant pathogenic fungi. The study revealed that the acylated products exhibited moderate to good antimicrobial activities. It was interesting to observe that the selected compounds were more sensitive against fungal phytopathogens than those of the bacterial strains. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jbas.v37i2. 17554 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 2, 145-158, 2013
Effect of polymer adsorption on the properties of the electrical double layer

The adsorption isotherm of a neutral polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol), on the hydrated aluminium oxide gibbsite has been measured. Much higher adsorption densities were obtained than have been observed with other colloidal systems. Surface charge measurements indicate that no change either in the isoelectric point or the capacitance of the electrical double layer occurs as a result of the adsorption of the polymer. A large reduction however is observed in the value of the electrophoretic mobility of the gibbsite in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol). This is attributed to a displacement of the plane of shear by the adsorbed polymer.
Solvent Extraction Separation of Gold with Cyanex 302 as Extractant

A method has been developed for the extraction of gold(III) from hydrochloric solution with Cyanex 302 dissolved in toluene. The extraction was quantitative from 0.005-8.0 M HCl with 7.5 × 10−4 M Cyanex 302 and an equilibrium period of 3.0 min. Gold(III) from the non-aqueous phase was stripped with 0.1 MNa2S2O3 and determined spectrophotometrically at 400 nm using stannous chloride method. The method is useful for separation of Au(III) from Cu(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(IV)and Fe(III) and was extended for the determination of Au(III) in Ayurvedic drug samples. The method is reproducible with a relative standard deviation of ± 1.0%.
Assessment of Fe status of peach rootstocks by techniques used to distinguish chlorotic and non-chlorotic leaves

Abstract Peach rootstocks Lovell, GF677, Siberian‐C and Nemaguard were grown for Fe efficiency evaluation under high nutrient solution pH. Various techniques were employed to assess the Fe status of plants. Total leaf and 2% acetic acid extracted Fe concentration were not able to distinguish between chlorotic and non‐chlorotic leaves. O‐Phenanthroline extraction does not seem to be sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between moderately chlorotic and green leaves. Xylem sap Fe concentration did not correspond with the leaf Fe concentration of the same rootstock which indicates its non‐suitability for the assessment of Fe translocation ability of rootstocks. P/Fe and K/Ca ratios were not found to be good indicators of Fe deficiency. Leaf chlorophyll content increased as the Fe concentration in the nutrient solution increased. Leaf chlorophyll content was a reliable criterion for assesssing the active Fe status of the plants. On the basis of the correlation between leaf chlorophyll content and Fe treatment.
Activating Azides and Alkynes for the Click Reaction with [Cu(aNHC)2I] or [Cu(aNHC)2]+ (aNHC = Triazole‐Derived Abnormal Carbenes): Structural Characterization and Catalytic Properties

Neutral, iodido-containing copper(I) complexes [Cu(aNHC)2I] {aNHC = 1-benzyl-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (for 6) and 3-methyl-1-[2-(methylthio)phenyl]-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (for 7)} and cationic, halide-free copper(I) complexes [Cu(aNHC)2](BF4) {aNHC = 1-benzyl-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (for 8), 3-methyl-1,4-diphenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (for 9), 3-methyl-1-[2-(methylthio)phenyl]-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (for 10), and 1-mesityl-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (for 11)}, both containing two monodentate abnormal-carbene ligands (aNHC), were synthesized from [Cu(CH3CN)4](BF4) and the corresponding triazolium salts. It was possible to selectively synthesize both kinds of complexes by simply variing the counter-anion of the triazolium salts and keeping the metal precursor the same. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods. 6 and 11 were studied with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. In 6, the copper(I) center is tricoordinated, and its geometry is in between trigonal planar and T-shaped. In halide-free 11, the copper(I) center is linearly coordinated by two abnormal-carbene ligands. All complexes were tested as catalysts in the Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between azides and alkynes, and they showed excellent efficiencies under neat conditions. A comparison between the efficiencies of the halide-containing complexes 6 and 7 and the halide-free cases 8–11, shows that the halide-free Cu–aNHC complexes are significantly more efficient than their halide-containing counterparts. The best catalyst was used for a substrate screening by utilizing a variety of azides and a couple of alkynes. The efficiency of the catalyst was maintained with loadings as low as 0.005 mol-%. Mechanistic studies were carried out as well.
Evaluation of Spreadability of Food Products by Penetration Tests and Panel Scores

Instrumental evaluation of spreadability was carried out on different products by measuring the stress and the energy required to penetrate specimens with a plunger, a probe, and a cone. The instrumental findings were correlated with the spreadability scores from a semi-trained panel. The correlations existing among the three methods and, with reference to each method, the correlations existing among the parameters evaluated under various operating conditions were determined. In most cases, objective measurements correlated significantly with the judgement expressed by the panel and, among the three methods, penetration with a cone appeared the most suitable for instrumental testing of spreadability.
SME Globalization-Tanzania Case Study

Globalization is the increasing tendency towards integration of countries into the world economy as well as contacts among enterprises, institutions and peoples across national boundaries. In this paper, I have written about SME Globalization and how SME in Tanzania can effectively use this concept and increase their economic outputs i.e. profit and return on investments. Furthermore, I have given out my recommendations of what to be done so that SMEs in Tanzania can utilize the Globalization benefits. Keywords: Globalization, Tanzania, SME.
Composition of a domestic sewage

An analysis of the organic constituents of whole, domestic sewage was made by analysing four physically separated fractions. Settlement, centrifuging and filtration were used to obtain one liquid and three solid fractions. Concentration of the filtrate was achieved by freeze-drying with only minor changes in composition. The average concentration of organic carbon in fresh, whole domestic sewage was 310 p.p.m. , of which about 70 per cent was in suspension. Eight classes of compounds were found, on analysis, to comprise about 75 per cent of the organic carbon in whole sewage and of the soluble organic carbon 80 per cent was distributed between five groups. Using chromatographic methods the concentrations of four volatile acids were determined and the presence of other acids was detected. Similarly, seven of the soluble sugars and eight present in hydrolysed suspended solids have been identified. The probable nature of some of the compounds unaccounted for is discussed.
Iron deficiency enhances cadmium uptake and translocation mediated by the Fe2+ transporters OsIRT1 and OsIRT2 in rice

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice grains is enhanced if ponded water is released from paddy fields during the reproductive stage (intermittent irrigation). The release of ponded water creates aerobic soil conditions under which Cd becomes soluble and iron (Fe) solubility decreases. We hypothesized that Fe shortage in rice induces Fe uptake and translocation and that Cd is also taken up and translocated throughout this process. Hydroponically cultured Fe-deficient rice absorbed more Cd than did Fe-sufficient rice, and the presence of Fe enhanced the translocation of Cd to the shoots. Yeast mutants expressing OsIRT1 and OsIRT2, which encode the rice Fe2+ transporter, became more sensitive to Cd, suggesting that Cd was absorbed by OsIRT1 and OsIRT2. We discuss the possibility that Cd accumulation in rice grains during the reproductive stage is mediated by the Fe transport system.
Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Kidney, Liver and Muscle of Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Guyuk Metropolis, Adamawa state, Nigeria

A research conducted on domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) was carried out to determine heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni and Cd) levels in the pork meat (kidney liver and muscle) of domestic pig (S. scrofa domesticus) in Guyuk Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Samples of the Sus scrofa domesticus Kidney, Liver, and Muscle (pork meat) were requested and bought from ten (10) different S. scrofa domesticus commercial sellers in Guyuk Metropolis, Adamawa State of Nigeria. The fresh samples were collected and stored in a sample bottle and were transported to Animal Production Laboratory Adamawa State University Mubi for digestion and determination of heavy metals concentration (chemical analysis). Determination of heavy metals was done using Buck Scientific 230 model, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result reveals that, all the heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni and Cd) studied have the highest mean concentration in the Liver, 0.095±0.001mg/g, 0.086±0.001mg/g, 8.165±0.001mg/g, 0.022±0.001mg/g and 0.042±0.001mg/g respectively, followed by muscle 0.085±0.000mg/g, 0.538±0.001mg/g, 3.778±0.001mg/g, 0.011±0.000mg/g and 0.34±0.001mg/g respectively. The least mean concentration of these heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni and Cd) was found in the Kidney with 0.076±0.001mg/g, 0.255±0.001mg/g 0.943±0.001mg/g, 0.010±0.000mg/g and 0.022±0.001mg/g respectively and there was no significant difference of the mean concentrations of Fe, Ni and Cd at (P>0.05) in the organs of the S. scrofa domesticus studied. But there are significant differences of the mean concentration Pb and Cu at (P>0.05) in the organs of the S. scrofa domesticus studied. Female S. scrofa domesticus has higher mean concentration of all the heavy metals than the male S. scrofa domesticus sampled. All the studied heavy metals concentrations were just slightly above the permissible limit set by FAO/WHO. Therefore consumption of pork meat should be minimized to avoid bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these heavy metals. Furthermore, domestic pigs (S. scrofa domesticus) should not be on free range to avoid unnecessary feeding on feeds that contained high amount of heavy metals.
Libya’s Pharmaceutical Situation: A Professional Opinion

: To improve the countries’ pharmaceutical situation and to monitor the progress, the World Health Organization (WHO) and member states developed a system of indicators to measure the respective important aspects as a prerequisite step. Level I indicators to assess the country’s pharmaceutical situation include the national drug policy; legislation and regulations; drug accessibility and affordability; essential drug list; quality control; pharmacovigilance; storage and distribution; information and rational use. This study is aimed to document the professional opinion of 20 pharmacy practice professionals on Libya’s current pharmaceutical situation, utilizing WHO indicator-based approach. The core indicators measure the most important information needed to understand the pharmaceutical situation in a country. A closed-end questionnaire was distributed to ten practicing pharmacists and ten pharmacy teaching staff members who practice pharmacy. The questionnaires were handed over personally and collected on the same day. The responses were analyzed using simple statistics. The results were argued in the light of the first author’s observation and view, being expert in this field, with reference to the other experts’ views, relevant publications’ findings and WHO reports’ conclusions on these indicators. Suggestions and recommendations for a proper situation assessment, planning and action taking are presented. Primarily, government’s commitment towards appropriate restructuring, management and monitoring of the pharmaceutical sector is crucial. That is to enhance the country’s pharmaceutical situation, to provide and sustain efficient pharmaceutical services and to improve the overall health care system’s performance. This study was to obtain a professional opinion on Libya’s current pharmaceutical situation, covering the developed Level I of indicators. It was not intended to give a detailed analysis of the national pharmaceutical situation, but to provide a professional overview, to help in current situation analysis and in the design of appropriate interventions. This study sought to answer the
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Dibenzofuran, Alkyldibenzofurans, and Benzo[b]naphthofurans in Crude Oils and Source Rock Extracts

Dibenzofuran (DBF), its alkylated homologues, and benzo[b]naphthofurans (BNFs) are common oxygen-heterocyclic aromatic compounds in crude oils and source rock extracts. A series of positional isomers of alkyldibenzofuran and benzo[b]naphthofuran were identified in mass chromatograms by comparison with internal standards and standard retention indices. The response factors of dibenzofuran in relation to internal standards were obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of a set of mixed solutions with different concentration ratios. Perdeuterated dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene are optimal internal standards for quantitative analyses of furan compounds in crude oils and source rock extracts. The average concentration of the total DBFs in oils derived from siliciclastic lacustrine rock extracts from the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, was 518 μg/g, which is about 5 times that observed in the oils from carbonate source rocks in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China. The BNFs occur ubiquitously in source rock extracts and related oils of various origins. The results of this work suggest that the relative abundance of benzo[b]naphthofuran isomers, that is, the benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]furan/{benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]furan + benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan} ratio, may be a potential molecular geochemical parameter to indicate oil migration pathways and distances.
Growth of highly (h00) oriented barium strontium titanate films on silicon substrates using conducting LaNiO3 electrode

(Ba,Sr)TiO3 (BST) thin films were deposited on the conducting perovskite LaNiO3 electrode by radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering technique. To investigate the crystalline of BST films, the substrate temperatures (Td) in the range of 100°C-700°C were applied. The transition from amorphous phase to polycrystalline phase for the films occurred at low growth temperature 300°C. When the growth temperature approached 500°C, highly (h00)-oriented films were obtained. The relative dielectric constant (εr) increased rapidly with enhancing growth temperature because of improved crystallinity, and showed slowly increase above 500°C. In addition, the capacitance-voltage characteristics were studied with various growth temperatures. The tunability increased largely with good crystallinity. This can be attributed to increased dielectric constants.
Investigation of the Essential Oil and Headspace of Laggera pterodonta (DC.) Sch. Bip. ex Oliv., a Medicinal Plant from Cameroon

Abstract The essential oils of leaves and flowers of Laggera pterodonta (Asteraceae) from Cameroon were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oils were characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (30–80%) and thymol derivatives (4–50%). The major components in the oils were γ-eudesmol (17–45%), α-eudesmol (4–15%), 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (4–50%) and juniper camphor (4–12%). Monoterpenes are found in a high percentage in the flower headspace, represented mainly by γ-terpinene (32%), terpinen-4-ol (14.1%) and β-phellandrene (6%).
A tetrahedral tip as a probe for tip‐enhanced Raman scattering and as a near‐field Raman probe

We use a tetrahedral glass fragment which is coated with a thin film of gold (T-tip) to form a local tip source by illuminating the tip from within its transparent glass body. We demonstrate the potential of this apertureless tip source for tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) as an alternative to the standard scheme with an external illumination. We found that T-tips with different optical properties result from the process of tip fabrication. For some tips, the Raman signal persists for a small number of molecules picked up by the retraction of the tip from a tunnel contact. In these cases, the tip itself gives rise to the TERS signal without a gold substrate close to the tip. Other tips only exhibit a TERS signal when there is a contact to a gold substrate. Tips covered by Raman active nonresonant molecules serve as a new kind of near-field Raman probe for local properties of a sample. As the Raman spectrum of the coated tip is sensitive to the local light intensity, it may be used to monitor the field-enhancement properties of metal films and metal nanostructures. A near-field Raman probe avoids problems due to bleaching of a fluorescent near-field probe and, furthermore, such a near-field Raman probe may be highly selective for specific surface properties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards Understanding of the Selective Precipitation of Alkali Metal Cations in Presence of Dipicrylamine Anion

Dipicrylamine anion (DPA–) precipitates out [K(DPA)] with high selectivity from salt bitterns containing Na+, K+, and Mg2+, whereas the same ligand shows poor selectivity towards K+ – and much higher selectivity towards Cs+ – in studies conducted with a mixture of K+, Rb+, and Cs+. Their single-crystal structures reveal that the K+ and Rb+ salts have similar layered structures, with 8 oxygen atoms from seven DPA– anions encapsulating the metal cation, whereas the Cs+ salt possesses a channel-like structure with the metal ion encapsulated by ten oxygen atoms from six DPA–. The conformation of DPA– in the [Cs(DPA)] single crystal matches closely that of DPA in crystalline state. M···O and intermolecular C–H···O interactions together stabilize the structures. The 133Cs NMR spectrum of the poorly soluble [Cs(DPA)] shows an upfield shift of the peak with respect to CsCl as a result of the interaction with the oxygen atoms of DPA–, whereas 23Na NMR spectrum of the highly soluble [Na(DPA)] shows no such upfield shift compared to NaCl. Powder XRD patterns of bulk [M(DPA)] (M = K+, Rb+, and Cs+) precipitates show that these are similar to the patterns obtained by simulation of the single-crystal X-ray data. The selectivity of precipitation correlates qualitatively with the size and hydration enthalpies of the ions. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Thin-Layer Drying Kinetics of Strawberry Fruit Leather

The effects of air temperature and sample thickness on drying kinetics of strawberry fruit leather were investigated. The mathematical modeling was performed by using three thin-layer drying models. The independent variables were sample thickness (1.8, 2.7, and 3.6 mm) and air temperature (50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C). Drying took place in the falling rate period. The values of effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) varied from 2.40 × 10-9 to 12.1 × 10-9 m2 s-1 depending on drying conditions. The values of activation energy (Ea) were 35.57, 33.14, and 30.46 kJ mol-1 for 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6 mm sample thickness, respectively. The two-term exponential model was found to satisfactorily describe the thin-layer drying kinetics of strawberry leather.
The Most Frequent Fricative Error In Javanese And Sundanese In Ethnographical Method, Why Not?

-- This study investigates some errors of fricative pronunciation gained by Javanese and Sundanese students. The main purpose is to find out the error frequency and the most error fricative from both tribes. The researchers employed a qualitative ethnography method design. The data were collected by using students‘ recording. Furthermore, the data were transcribed and counted to get the error frequency. For the students, the researchers involved 10 students that have 5 students in each tribe. Some students came from Ahmad Dahlan University and Galuh University. The result of this study showed that Javanese and Sundanese students made some errors in pronouncing English fricative words, whereas the most error sounds appeared in /z/ for Javanese and /ʃ/ for Sundanese. This study concludes that the Sundanese is difficult with pronounce /ʃ/ and Javanese is difficult with pronouncing /z/. This study recommends to the students from both tribes to learn more about the fricatives, and also for the teachers and lecturers to understand the weaknesses of their students‘ fricatives ability and find the best way to solve it.
Monoterpenes in Scots Pine and Norway Spruce and their Emission during Kiln Drying

Summary Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) were dried in a laboratory kiln, using conventional schedules with temperatures up to 60°C as well as schedules reaching 110°C. The losses of terpenes, which completely dominate the fugitive emissions from kiln drying of softwoods, were estimated by extraction of pooled subsamples from each batch, before and after drying. The original contents of terpenes were found to be in the ranges of 0.4–0.5% in pine sapwood, 0.8–1.1% in pine heartwood, and 0.02–0.08% in spruce, all calculated relative to the dry weight of the wood. The emissions from pine corresponded to 25–50% of the original content and those from spruce to 10–50%. High temperature drying in the laboratory was accompanied by larger losses, but this tendency was not found in the full-scale drying of spruce. No consistent difference was found between timber from the north of Sweden and from the south. Sampling of the vent exhaust fumes did not give results of sufficient reliability to confirm the extraction analyses.
Thermal behaviour and dissolution properties of naproxen in combinations with chemically modified ß-Cyclodextrins

AbstractBinary systems of naproxen with statistically-alkylated s-cyclodextrins (methyl, hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl derivatives) were investigated for both solid phase characterization (differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction) and dissolution properties (dispersed amount and rotating disc methods). Kneading, coevaporation and colyophilization of the 1:1 (mol/mol) naproxen/methyl s-cyclodextrin combination, as well as colyophilization of analogous combinations of naproxen with hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl s-cyclodextrin, led to amorphous products with higher dissolution rates than the corresponding physical mixtures. A conversion of crystalline to amorphous naproxen was also observed by heating the physical mixtures at about 393 K. The amorphous statistically-alkylated s-cyclodextrins, in particular methyl s-cyclodextrin, can be employed as amorphizing agents for crystalline naproxen.