Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Review: history of multiphoton tomography

Two decades ago, the very first prototype of a multiphoton tomograph was built and delivered as a high-resolution skin imaging device to the cosmetic company Beiersdorf AG on November 2, 2001. The tomograph was based on a tunable 80 MHz NIR femtosecond laser system and able to detect two-photon excited autofluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime based on time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) as well as second harmonic generation (SHG) with 300 nm lateral resolution and 250 ps temporal resolution. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) was performed based in a biexponential decay and false-color coding. The first clinical in vivo study on melanocytic lesions with the DermaInspect started at the Department of Dermatology of the University Jena on September 5, 2003. The study was performed on 53 patients and resulted in optical biopsies based on 2108 optical sections. The tomograph worked under clinical conditions without any problem. Finally, the CE0118 certificate for the multiphoton tomograph DermaInspect as medical device was granted by the European Certified Body Thuringian State Authority of Metrology and Verification (LMET) on December 22, 2004. The DermaInspect became the world’s first femtosecond laser medical device for clinical imaging. The CE0118 certificate for the 2nd generation of multiphoton tomographs, the portable medical device with a tunable titanium:sapphire laser, an optical arm and a 360° measurement head mounted on a mechanical arm, the “MPTflex”, was granted on Nov 8, 2010. The third generation, the multimodal multiphoton tomograph MPTcompact, is based on a chiller-free ultracompact femtosecond fiber laser and miniaturized detectors to measure autofluorescence, SHG, FLIM, and confocal reflectance. The first two MPTcompact prototypes were delivered to hospitals in Heidelberg and Gera in 2018 to realize a multicenter clinical study on the detection of malignant melanoma. JenLab’s multiphoton tomographs have been used to realize the word’s first clinical in vivo two-photon imaging of patients, including (i) the first two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging, (ii) the first microendoscopy, the first (iii) diseased skin imaging, (iv) brain imaging, and (v) the first CARS studies.
Online Group Supervision in Graduate Psychology Training During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Group supervision, a common method in graduate psychology training, shifted abruptly to online learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to increase understanding of psychology graduate students’ perception of online group supervision during COVID-19 by focusing on the group process and the students’ professional identity formation. Data were collected through an online survey comparing an online COVID-19 group sample with a pre-COVID-19 in-person sample. Our findings showed no difference between online group supervision during COVID-19 and in-person group supervision prior to COVID-19 in students’ reports of group processes and the prevalence of professional identity statuses. However, group processes differed according to students’ professional identity statuses while accounting for the supervision format. We discuss the results of our study and offer several theoretical and practical implications regarding online supervision.
Precipitation over multiscale terrain

Abstract Stratiform precipitation over multiscale terrain is examined based on two-dimensional simulations of moist airflow past two-ridge terrain with a narrower ridge superposed on the windward slope of a wider ridge. It has been demonstrated that the narrower ridge could significantly modulate the precipitation intensity and distribution by inducing upslope ascent, leeside descent, and gravity waves. Three distinct flow regimes have been identified based on simulations, namely linear, non-linear, and blocking regimes. For low terrain, the wave response is primarily linear, and more precipitation occurs over the narrower ridge. Precipitation over the major ridge is much reduced by precipitation over the narrower ridge, which decreases the moisture flux that reaches the major ridge, and by leeside descent over the narrower ridge, which limits the horizontal dimension of the updraft zone over the major ridge. In the linear regime, the total precipitation produced by the two-ridge terrain and the corresponding wide smooth ridge is comparable. For terrain of moderate heights, the wave response is nonlinear and oscillation occurs with updraft and precipitation maxima alternating between the upwind slopes of the two ridges, likely due to non-linear wave—wave interaction. Strong lee waves are produced in the lee of the first ridge due to non-linear amplification and could significantly enhance precipitation over the major ridge through directly increasing the condensation rate over the upwind slope of the major ridge and through generating snow above the freezing level. Correspondingly, precipitation rates over the two ridges become comparable and the total precipitation over the tworidge terrain is considerably larger than over the corresponding reference ridge. For higher terrain, blocking becomes significant and precipitation over the first ridge tends to detach from the terrain and propagates upstream. Additional simulations indicate that the precipitation intensity and distribution are also sensitive to terrain geometry such as the ratio of the two ridge heights, the depth of the relative valley, and the distance between the two ridges.
Association-Marginal Modeling of Multivariate Categorical Responses: A Maximum Likelihood Approach

Abstract Generalized log-linear models can be used to describe the association structure and/or the marginal distributions of multivariate categorical responses. We simultaneously model the association structure and marginal distributions using association-marginal (AM) models, which are specially formulated generalized log-linear models that combine two models: an association (A) model, which describes the association among all the responses; and a marginal (M) model, which describes the marginal distributions of the responses. Because the model's composite link function is not required to be invertible, a large class of models can be entertained and model specification is typically straightforward. We propose a “mixed freedom/constraint” parameterization that exploits the special structure of an AM model. Using this parameterization, maximum likelihood fitting is straightforward and typically feasible for large, sparse tables. When a parsimonious association model is used, the size of the fitting proble.
The timescales of the optical variability of blazars. III - OJ 287 and BL Lacertae

The BL Lacertae objects OJ 287 and BL Lac have been photometrically monitored in an effort to study the nature of optical variations which may occur on timescales ranging from years to less than a day. The results of ten years of photometric monitoring of these two objects show variations which are consistent with those reported by other authors. No strong dependence of color with source brightness was detected, although both sources exhibited a weak tendency to be bluer when brighter. Microvariability was observed for both objects; variations as large as 0.1 mag/hr were observed for BL Lac and changes as large as 0.08 mag/hr were observed for OJ 287. No evidence for a periodicity was found in the observed variations of either object.
Influence of Surface Properties and Characteristics on Fouling in Plate Heat Exchangers

Abstract The scope of the present work was to investigate the influence of surface properties of corrugated heat exchanger plates on calcium sulpate crystallization fouling from aqueous salt solutions. The applied surface treatment technologies for the heat exchanger plates are ion beam implantation, ion sputtering, carbo-nitriding & oxidizing, and Ni-P-PTFE coating. Ten pairs of Alfa Laval M3 heat exchanger plates were treated with these techniques and used for this study. Other process parameters such as temperature, solution composition, flow velocity, and the corrugation inclination angle of the plates were kept constant in order to allow for a comparison between the different surface treatments. To evaluate the influence of surface roughness on CaSO4 crystallization fouling, one pair of plates was electropolished. Surface energy and surface roughness measurements were carried out to characterize the treated surfaces.
Understanding consumer impulse buying in livestreaming commerce: The product involvement perspective

The rapid development of livestreaming commerce has received widespread attention from both theoretical and practical circles. However, relatively few studies have been conducted from a product perspective, and even fewer studies have analyzed product characteristics influencing consumers’ impulse buying based on product-involvement theory. Grounded on product involvement theory, this study proposed a theoretical research model and empirically tested the model using online survey data collected from 504 livestreaming consumers in China. The results showed that functional value for money, perceived product quality, perceived product scarcity, instant feedback on product information, and perceived product knowledge of streamers can drive product cognitive and affective involvement, which, in turn, induce the consumer-felt urge to buy impulsively and engage in impulse buying behavior. However, the functionality of product design can only affect the product cognitive involvement, not the affective involvement. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Local Existence for the Dumbbell Model of Polymeric Fluids

Abstract A local existence and uniqueness theorem is proved for a micro-macro model for polymeric fluid, as well as the property of the solution. The polymer stress tensor is given by an integral which involves the solution of a diffusion equation, the coefficient of this diffusion equation depends on the gradient of the solution of the Navier–Stokes equation.
Modern Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications

Fundamentals of MDS. - The Four Purposes of Multidimensional Scaling. - Constructing MDS Representations. - MDS Models and Measures of Fit. - Three Applications of MDS. - MDS and Facet Theory. - How to Obtain Proximities. - MDS Models and Solving MDS Problems. - Matrix Algebra for MDS. - A Majorization Algorithm for Solving MDS. - Metric and Nonmetric MDS. - Confirmatory MDS. - MDS Fit Measures, Their Relations, and Some Algorithms. - Classical Scaling. - Special Solutions, Degeneracies, and Local Minima. - Unfolding. - Unfolding. - Avoiding Trivial Solutions in Unfolding. - Special Unfolding Models. - MDS Geometry as a Substantive Model. - MDS as a Psychological Model. - Scalar Products and Euclidean Distances. - Euclidean Embeddings. - MDS and Related Methods. - Procrustes Procedures. - Three-Way Procrustean Models. - Three-Way MDS Models. - Modeling Asymmetric Data. - Methods Related to MDS.
Distributed Semi-Global Output Feedback Formation Maneuver Control of High-Order Multiagent Systems

This article addresses the formation maneuver control problem of leader–follower multiagent systems with high-order integrator dynamics. A distributed output feedback formation maneuver controller is proposed to achieve desired maneuvers so that the scale, orientation, translation, and shape of formation can be manipulated continuously, where the followers do not need to know or estimate the time-varying maneuver parameters only known to the leaders. Compared with existing relative-measurement-based formation maneuver control, the advantages of the proposed method are that it is output (relative output) feedback based and shows how to realize different types of formation shape. In addition, it can be applied to nongeneric and nonconvex nominal configurations and the leaders are allowed to be maneuvered. It is worth noting that the proposed method can also be extended to general linear multiagent systems under some additional conditions. The theoretical results are demonstrated by a simulation example.
Hard‐to‐Solve Bimatrix Games

The Lemke-Howson algorithm is the classical method for finding one Nash equilibrium of a bimatrix game. This paper presents a class of square bimatrix games for which this algorithm takes, even in the best case, an exponential number of steps in the dimension d of the game. Using polytope theory, the games are constructed using pairs of dual cyclic polytopes with 2d suitably labeled facets in d-space. The construction is extended to nonsquare games where, in addition to exponentially long Lemke-Howson computations, finding an equilibrium by support enumeration takes on average exponential time. Copyright The Econometric Society 2006.
Lattice Coulomb gas representations of two-dimensional problems

Many of the standard two-dimensional problems of statistical physics can be transformed into 'Coulomb gas' problems in which there are two kinds of 'charges' represented by integers n and m. Such a transformation works for the Ising model, the three- and four-state Potts models, the Ashkin-Teller model, any many others. In general the n-n and m-m interactions have the Coulomb character in which the interaction is, for large separations, proportional to the logarithm of the distance. On the other hand, the n(r)-m(R) interaction is for large distances proportional to i times the angle Phi (r-R) which measures the angular position of R relative to r. This latter interaction is akin to that between a magnetic monopole and an electric charge.
A Minimum Problem for the Epstein Zeta-Function

In some recent work by D. G. Kendall and the author † on the number of points of a lattice which lie in a random circle the mean value of the variance emerged as a constant multiple of the value of the Epstein zeta-function Z(s) associated with the lattice, taken at the point s=. Because of the connexion with the problems of closest packing and covering it seemed likely that the minimum value of Z() would be attained for the hexagonal lattice; it is the purpose of this paper to prove this and to extend the result to other real values of the variable s.
Measuring Total Filtration Efficiency of Surgical and Community Face Masks: Impact of Mask Design Features

Surgical and community face masks are used worldwide to reduce the transmission of respiratory infections in indoor environments. Performance parameters for these loose-fitting devices are mainly focused on material filtering efficiency, while, differently from face respirators, there are no standard methods for measuring the fraction of air leaking at the face seal. This study quantifies the total filtration efficiency (TFE), a parameter based both on filter efficiency and air leakage, of 50 face mask models with the aim of understanding the role of several mask design features on TFE performance. An instrumented head form equipped with sensors for measuring volumetric airflow and differential pressure was used to simulate the air exhalation from the mouth of a person wearing a face mask. A response surface method (RSM) was used to model the TFE experimental data. Results showed that TFE values ranged over a wide interval (from 5% to 73%), with better values at higher flow rates. A significant positive correlation was found between TFE and filter breathability. The presence of a nosepiece (NP) showed to increase the TFE on average from 4% to 6%, according to the flow rate. Significant improvements were associated only to nosepieces incorporating a metallic wire. The RSM model evidenced that the increase in the number of the filter layers and the use of a meltblown layer result in higher TFE only when a nosepiece is in place. Differently, the benefit of the nosepiece is less marked for masks made of highly breathable filters. To improve overall mask performance, the design of loose-fitting face masks should carefully compromise between breathability and filtration efficiency of the filter materials. The addition of a metallic nosepiece helps improving the TFE by limiting the air leaking at the face seal.
Auditory brainstem response in autistic children: implications for sensory processing

Abstract Purpose Autistic individuals frequently experience sensory processing difficulties. Such difficulties can significantly impact important functions and quality of life. We are only beginning to understand the neural mechanisms of atypical sensory processing. However, one established way to measure aspects of auditory function is the auditory brainstem response (ABR). While ABR has been primarily hypothesised thus far as a means of early detection/diagnosis in autism, it has the potential to aid in examining sensory processing in this population. Method Thus, we investigated standard ABR waveform characteristics in age-matched groups of autistic and typically developing children during various stimulus and intensity conditions. We also examined within ear waveform cross-correlations and inter-aural cross-correlations (IACC) to assess replicability and synchrony of participants’ ABRs, which was a novel approach to ABR analysis in this population. Results We observed longer peak latencies (esp. wave III and V) and interpeak latencies in the autism and typically developing groups in different conditions. There were no statistically significant results in cross-correlation or IACC. Conclusions These results suggest that brainstem auditory function may differ slightly, but is mostly similar, between autistic and typically developing children. We discuss these findings in terms of their implications for sensory processing and future utility.
Whistler waves observed upstream from collisionless shocks

Waves in the frequency range 0.5–4. Hz have been studied in the region upstream of the earth's bow shock with data from the flux-gate magnetic field experiment on Imp 6. Such waves are invariably detected adjacent to the shock, persisting upstream for intervals often less than a minute but occasionally of the order of many hours. Analysis of 150 examples of these waves (ΔB/B ≃0.2) during a 3-month interval indicates that propagation directions generally make angles of between 20° and 40° with the field direction. The waves as measured in the spacecraft frame of reference are either left- or right-hand-polarized with respect to the average field direction. The left-handed waves generally have lower frequencies than the right-handed waves, and the left-handed frequencies never exceed 2.5 Hz. The measured sense of polarization is found to depend on the propagation direction (or alternatively, the field direction) relative to the solar wind direction. Propagation-solar wind angles greater than approximately 40° (or field angles greater than 55°) correspond to right-hand polarization, and smaller angles correspond to left-hand polarization. It is concluded that the observed waves are right-handed waves in the plasma frame of reference with wavelengths of approximately 100 km propagating upstream in the whistler mode. Doppler-shifting reduces the observed frequencies in the spacecraft frame and reverses the observed polarization for those waves propagating more directly upstream. Similar waves are seen ahead of some interplanetary shocks.
Young's modulus measurements of human liver and correlation with pathological findings

Viral hepatitis causes fibrosis in liver and may change liver's mechanical properties. To evaluate the impact of fibrosis on elastic properties of human liver and to investigate potential benefits of ultrasonic elasticity imaging, nineteen fresh human liver samples and one hepatic tumor (focal nodular hyperplasia) sample obtained during operations were studied. Simple ID estimates based on the cyclic compression-relaxation method were preformed. Young's modulus values were derived from the pre-determined strain (controlled by a step motor system) and the stress values (measured by an electronic balance). Each specimen subsequently received histological examination and a grade of liver fibrosis was scored from 0 to 5. Results show that the Young's modulus values were at the order of several hundreds to thousands Pascals. The Young's modulus generally increased with the fibrosis grade though some discrepancies existed at the middle grades of fibrosis (score 1-3). The correlation between the fibrosis score and the Young's modulus was significant (P<0.01) based on the statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation method.
Simulating developmental diversity: Impact of neural stochasticity on atypical flexibility and hierarchy

Introduction Investigating the pathological mechanisms of developmental disorders is a challenge because the symptoms are a result of complex and dynamic factors such as neural networks, cognitive behavior, environment, and developmental learning. Recently, computational methods have started to provide a unified framework for understanding developmental disorders, enabling us to describe the interactions among those multiple factors underlying symptoms. However, this approach is still limited because most studies to date have focused on cross-sectional task performance and lacked the perspectives of developmental learning. Here, we proposed a new research method for understanding the mechanisms of the acquisition and its failures in hierarchical Bayesian representations using a state-of-the-art computational model, referred to as in silico neurodevelopment framework for atypical representation learning. Methods Simple simulation experiments were conducted using the proposed framework to examine whether manipulating the neural stochasticity and noise levels in external environments during the learning process can lead to the altered acquisition of hierarchical Bayesian representation and reduced flexibility. Results Networks with normal neural stochasticity acquired hierarchical representations that reflected the underlying probabilistic structures in the environment, including higher-order representation, and exhibited good behavioral and cognitive flexibility. When the neural stochasticity was high during learning, top-down generation using higher-order representation became atypical, although the flexibility did not differ from that of the normal stochasticity settings. However, when the neural stochasticity was low in the learning process, the networks demonstrated reduced flexibility and altered hierarchical representation. Notably, this altered acquisition of higher-order representation and flexibility was ameliorated by increasing the level of noises in external stimuli. Discussion These results demonstrated that the proposed method assists in modeling developmental disorders by bridging between multiple factors, such as the inherent characteristics of neural dynamics, acquisitions of hierarchical representation, flexible behavior, and external environment.
Short stature related to Growth Hormone Insensitivity (GHI) in childhood

Linear growth during childhood is the result of the synergic contribution of different factors. The best growth determinant system during each period of life is represented by the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor axis (GH–IGF), even if several other factors are involved in normal growth. Within the broad spectrum of growth disorders, an increased importance has been placed on growth hormone insensitivity (GHI). GHI was reported for the first time by Laron as a syndrome characterized by short stature due to GH receptor (GHR) mutation. To date, it is recognized that GHI represents a wide diagnostic category, including a broad spectrum of defects. The peculiar characteristic of GHI is the low IGF-1 levels associated with normal or elevated GH levels and the lack of IGF-1 response after GH administration. Recombinant IGF-1 preparations may be used in the treatment of these patients.