Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High‐density remote plasma sputtering of high‐dielectric‐constant amorphous hafnium oxide films

Hafnium oxide (HfOx) is a high dielectric constant (k) oxide which has been identified as being suitable for use as the gate dielectric in thin film transistors (TFTs). Amorphous materials are preferred for a gate dielectric, but it has been an ongoing challenge to produce amorphous HfOx while maintaining a high dielectric constant. A technique called high target utilization sputtering (HiTUS) is demonstrated to be capable of depositing high-k amorphous HfOx thin films at room temperature. The plasma is generated in a remote chamber, allowing higher rate deposition of films with minimal ion damage. Compared to a conventional sputtering system, the HiTUS technique allows finer control of the thin film microstructure. Using a conventional reactive rf magnetron sputtering technique, monoclinic nanocrystalline HfOx thin films have been deposited at a rate of ∼1.6 nm min−1 at room temperature, with a resistivity of 1013 Ω cm, a breakdown strength of 3.5 MV cm−1 and a dielectric constant of ∼18.2. By comparison, using the HiTUS process, amorphous HfOx (x = 2.1) thin films which appear to have a cubic-like short-range order have been deposited at a high deposition rate of ∼25 nm min−1 with a high resistivity of 1014 Ω cm, a breakdown strength of 3 MV cm−1 and a high dielectric constant of ∼30. Two key conditions must be satisfied in the HiTUS system for high-k HfOx to be produced. Firstly, the correct oxygen flow rate is required for a given sputtering rate from the metallic target. Secondly, there must be an absence of energetic oxygen ion bombardment to maintain an amorphous microstructure and a high flux of medium energy species emitted from the metallic sputtering target to induce a cubic-like short range order. This HfOx is very attractive as a dielectric material for large-area electronic applications on flexible substrates.
Finite difference approach to trigonometry

Two interrelated, finite difference and graph theoretic, approaches to trigonometry are developed by combining a generalization of the finite difference method first employed by Viète, with solution techniques, based on signal flow graphs, for finite difference equations with variable coefficients, and a scaling approach to trigonometry, based on the polygonometric identities.
Renegotiation Perfection in Infinite Games

We study the dynamic structure of equilibria in game theory. Allowing players in a game the opportunity to renegotiate, or switch to a feasible and Pareto superior equilibrium, can lead to welfare gains. However, in an extensive-form game this can also make it more difficult to enforce punishment strategies, leading to the question of which equilibria are feasible after all. This paper attempts to resolve that question by presenting the first definition of renegotiation-proofness in general games. This new concept, the renegotiation perfect set, satisfies five axioms. The first three axioms—namely Rationality, Consistency, and Internal Stability—characterize weakly renegotiation-proof sets. There is a natural generalized tournament defined on the class of all WRP sets, and the final two axioms—External Stability and Optimality—pick a unique “winner” from this tournament. The tournament solution concept employed, termed the catalog, is based on Dutta’s minimal covering set and can be applied to many settings other than renegotiation. It is shown that the renegotiation perfection concept is an extension of the standard renegotiation-proof definition for finite games, introduced by (Benoit and Krishna 1993), and that it captures the notion of a strongly renegotiation-proof equilibrium as defined by (Farrell and Maskin 1989).
Evaluation of Operational Model Cyclone Structure Forecasts during Extratropical Transition

Abstract Cyclone structure is known to be directly linked to the sensible weather effects produced by the weather system. The extratropical transition (ET) process leads to immense changes in cyclone structure and therefore to changes in the associated weather experienced. Although structure is clearly an important cyclone characteristic, validation of cyclone structure forecasts in operational numerical models has not been previously performed. In this study, short-term (12–36 h) forecasts of cyclone structure from tropical genesis to the completion of ET are validated using fields from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System and the NCEP Aviation model. The cyclone phase space (CPS) is used to quantify differences between forecast and analyzed storm structure, both on a point-by-point basis and through a cyclone-type-based comparison. This cyclone-type comparison exploits a previously defined breakdown of cyclone structure regimes in the CPS. The impacts of synthetic vortex insertion o.
A Survey of Stellar Families: Multiplicity Among Solar-type Stars

Abstract Stellar multiplicity is a fundamental astrophysical property. In addition to being the only physical basis for accurate mass determination, this parameter is believed to influence important aspects such as planet formation and stability. Contrary to earlier expectations, recent studies have shown that even against selection biases, as many as 23% of the planetary systems reside in multiple star systems (Raghavan et al. 2006)). Leveraging recent efforts in identifying stellar and substellar companions to solar-type stars, and augmenting them with targeted observations, we are conducting a comprehensive survey, aimed at providing a modern update to the seminal work of Duquennoy & Mayor (1991). The details of our sample, survey methods, and some preliminary results are presented here.
Symplectic geometry and the Verlinde Formulas

The purpose of this paper is to give a proof of the Verlinde formulas by applying the Riemann-Roch-Kawasaki theorem to the moduli space of flat G-bundles on a Riemann surface Σ with marked points, when G is a connected simply connected compact Lie group G. Conditions are given for the moduli space to be an orbifold, and the strata are described as moduli spaces for semisimple centralizers in G. The contribution of the strata are evaluated using the formulas of Witten for the symplectic volume, methods of symplectic geometry, including formulas of Witten-Jeffrey-Kirwan, and residue formulas. Our paper extends prior work by Szenes and Jeffrey-Kirwan for SU(n) to general groups G.
Drag reduction in channel flow using nonlinear control

Two nonlinear control schemes have been applied to the problem of drag reduction in channel flow. Both schemes have been tested using numerical simulations at a mass flux Reynolds numbers of 4408, utilizing 2D nonlinear neutral modes for goal dynamics. The OGY-method, which requires feedback, reduces drag to 60-80 percent of the turbulent value at the same Reynolds number, and employs forcing only within a thin region near the wall. The H-method, or model-based control, fails to achieve any drag reduction when starting from a fully turbulent initial condition, but shows potential for suppressing or retarding laminar-to-turbulent transition by imposing instead a transition to a low drag, nonlinear traveling wave solution to the Navier-Stokes equation. The drag in this state corresponds to that achieved by the OGY-method. Model-based control requires no feedback, but in experiments to date has required the forcing be imposed within a thicker layer than the OGY-method. Control energy expenditures in both methods are small, representing less than 0.1 percent of the uncontrolled flow's energy.
Some anomalies in the occurrence of debris discs around main-sequence A and G stars

Debris discs consist of large dust grains that are generated by collisions of comets or asteroids around main-sequence stars, and the quantity and distribution of debris may be used to detect the presence of perturbing planets akin to Neptune. We use stellar and disc surveys to compare the material seen around A- and G-type main-sequence stars. Debris is detected much more commonly towards A stars, even when a comparison is made only with G stars of comparable age. Detection rates are consistent with disc durations of ∼0.5 Gyr, which may occur at any time during the main sequence. The higher detection rate for A stars can result from this duration being a larger fraction of the main-sequence lifetime, possibly boosted by a globally slightly larger disc mass than for the G-type counterparts. The disc mass range at any given age is a factor of at least ∼100 and any systematic decline with time is slow, with a power law estimated to not be steeper than t −1/2 . Comparison with models shows that dust can be expected as late as a few Gyr when perturbing planetesimals form slowly at large orbital radii. Currently, the Solar system has little dust because the radius of the Kuiper Belt is small and hence the time-scale to produce planetesimals was less than 1 Gyr. However, the apparently constant duration of ∼0.5 Gyr when dust is visible is not predicted by the models.
Spatiotemporal analysis of Portevin-Le Châtelier deformation bands: theory, simulation, and experiment

In many solid solutions plastic deformation becomes unstable at sufficiently high temperature due to dynamic strain aging, i.e., repeated breakaway of dislocations from their solute clouds and recapture by mobile solutes, producing stress serrations in constant strain-rate tests or strain bursts in constant stress-rate tests. The instabilities of this well-known Portevin\char21{}Le Ch\^atelier (PLC) effect are closely connected with localization of strain in ``PLC deformation bands'' with a width of the order of the specimen thickness and sometimes propagating like a soliton along the specimen. In the present work, the nucleation and propagation of PLC deformation bands is studied by means of a multizone laser scanning extensometer, providing information on local strain along the main part of the specimen, in addition to the conventional measurement of stress serrations. This enables one to differentiate clearly between the bands of types A, B, and C, and to explore their ranges of existence at various temperatures, stresses and strain rates as well as transitions between them along the stress-strain curve. The laser extensometer provides independent data on propagation rate, concentrated strain and width of the bands. These experimental data are compared with a theoretical space-time analysis of propagating PLC bands, which explicitly combines a physical description of the kinetics of dynamic strain aging and plastic deformation. This model provides not only analytical predictions for the above band parameters and their dependences on deformation rate and specimen thickness for Type-A PLC bands, but\char22{}by considering types B and C as perturbation modes\char22{}is also able to explain the observed transitions between the various types of deformation bands. Moreover, the effect of strain hardening on the appearance of PLC strain localization is elucidated. The analytical predictions are validated by numerical simulations of the model and by comparing them to the experimental findings reported here.
Small Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Red Rectangle

Following our initial discovery of blue luminescence in the spectrum of the Red Rectangle (RR) and its identification as fluorescence by small three- to four-ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules, we report on the spatial correlation between the blue luminescence and the 3.3 μm emission, commonly attributed to small, neutral PAH molecules, and on the newly derived UV/optical attenuation curve for the central source of the RR, HD 44179. Both results provide strong additional evidence for the presence of small PAH molecules with masses of less than 250 amu in the RR, which supports the attribution of the blue luminescence to fluorescence by the same molecules. We contrast the excellent spatial correlation of the two former emissions with the distinctly different spatial distribution of the extended red emission and of the dust-scattered light within the RR. The UV/optical attenuation curve of the central star is unlike any interstellar extinction curve and is interpreted as resulting from circumstellar opacity alone. Major contributions to this opacity are absorptions in broad bands in the mid-UV, contributing to the electronic excitation of the luminescing PAH molecules, and a sharp ionization discontinuity near 7.5 eV in the far-UV, which places a sharp upper limit on the masses of the PAH molecules that are responsible for this absorption. The strength of the far-UV absorption leads to an abundance of PAH molecules of 10-5 relative to hydrogen in the RR. Such small PAHs are perhaps unique to the environment in the RR, where they are shielded from harsh radiation by the dense circumstellar disk.
Finite mixture models with concomitant information: assessing diagnostic criteria for diabetes

The World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus were determined in part by evidence that in some populations the plasma glucose level 2 h after an oral glucose load is a mixture of two distinct distributions. We present a finite mixture model that allows the two component densities to be generalized linear models and the mixture probability to be a logistic regression model. The model allows us to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic criteria as a function of covariates and to estimate them in the absence of an external standard. Sensitivity is the probability that a test indicates disease conditionally on disease being present. Specificity is the probability that a test indicates no disease conditionally on no disease being present. We obtained maximum likelihood estimates via the EM algorithm and derived the standard errors from the information matrix and by the bootstrap. In the application to data from the diabetes in Egypt project a two‐component mixture model fits well and the two components are interpreted as normal and diabetes. The means and variances are similar to results found in other populations. The minimum misclassification cutpoints decrease with age, are lower in urban areas and are higher in rural areas than the 200 mg dl‐1 cutpoint recommended by the WHO. These differences are modest and our results generally support the WHO criterion. Our methods allow the direct inclusion of concomitant data whereas past analyses were based on partitioning the data.
Robust stability analysis of linear continuous/discrete-time systems with output feedback controllers

The robust stability of linear systems with output feedback controllers and time-varying uncertain parameters is considered. The robust stability bounds for time-varying uncertain parameters are given using the Lyapunov method. When there are no uncertain parameters in the input and/or output matrices, it is shown that the result for continuous-time systems is the same as that presented by K.M. Zhou and P.P. Khargonekar (1987), and the result for discrete-time systems is better than that of S.R. Kolla (1989) for the same example. >
Study of Phason Hopping in Perfect Icosahedral AlFeCu Quasi-Crystals by Inelastic Neutron Scattering

We have studied a hopping process in perfect icosahedral Al62Cu25.5Fe12. 5 powder samples by time-of-flight (TOF) quasi-elastic neutron scattering. Within the (ω, Q)-window of the present experiment the signal observed is entirely due to copper motion. Its dependence on the neutron momentum transfer Q suggests that this process remains confined in space and that it has a characteristic length of (3.9 ± 0.25) A. Its dependence on the temperature T is interpreted as giving evidence for a depinning energy of 0.75 eV.
BioFerroelectricity: Diphenylalanine Peptide Nanotubes Computational Modeling and Ferroelectric Properties at the Nanoscale

Ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity are two of the common ferroelectric material properties, which have widespread observations in many biological systems, and these are referred to as biopiezoelectricity and bioferroelectricity. This paper presents a short overview of the main issues of piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity, their manifestation in organic, biological, and molecular systems. As a showcase of novel biopiezomaterials, the investigation of diphenylalanine (FF) peptide nanotubes (PNTs) is described by computational molecular modeling, as well by experimental AFM/PFM measurements. FF PNTs present a unique class of self-assembled functional biomaterials, owing to their wide range of useful properties, including nanostructural piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties.
Sensitivity of the Eisenberg-Noe Clearing Vector to Individual Interbank Liabilities

We quantify the sensitivity of the Eisenberg-Noe clearing vector to estimation errors in the bilateral liabilities of a financial system. The interbank liabilities matrix is a crucial input to the computation of the clearing vector. However, in practice central bankers and regulators must often estimate this matrix because complete information on bilateral liabilities is rarely available. As a result, the clearing vector may suffer from estimation errors in the liabilities matrix. We quantify the clearing vector's sensitivity to such estimation errors and show that its directional derivatives are, like the clearing vector itself, solutions of fixed point equations. We describe estimation errors utilizing a basis for the space of matrices representing permissible perturbations and derive analytical solutions to the maximal deviations of the Eisenberg-Noe clearing vector. This allows us to compute upper bounds for the worst case perturbations of the clearing vector. Moreover, we quantify the probability of observing clearing vector deviations of a certain magnitude, for uniformly or normally distributed errors in the relative liability matrix. Applying our methodology to a dataset of European banks, we find that perturbations to the relative liabilities can result in economically sizeable differences that could lead to an underestimation of the risk of contagion. Importantly, our results allow regulators to bound the error of their simulations.
THE ARCTIC CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

Abstract On the basis of a number of synoptic and synoptical-climatological studies, the following picture of the arctic circulation in summer is presented. A secondary baroclinic zone, distinct from the polar front, develops along the northern shores of Siberia, Alaska and Canada. Cyclones which originate in this zone, and to a lesser extent in the polar frontal zones to the south, frequently invade the central Arctic. The stagnation of these lows near the pole leads to a high frequency of occurrence of low pressure centers and a weak area of low pressure in the mean. There is no evidence for the often assumed semi-permanent anticyclone near the pole. Anticyclones are most frequent in the belt between 70N and 75N, favored locations being central Greenland and the area about the Beaufort Sea. The disturbances of the polar region in summer are shown to be similar to typical middle-latitude storm systems. An example of a typical baroclinic wave development is discussed, a cross section through a high-latitu.
Quasi-particles in heavy fermion systems

Abstract This article attempts to review our present understanding of nearly-independent-particle excitations—quasiparticles—in heavy fermion systems. The emphasis is on a realistic, that is material-specific, description of the highly correlated Fermi liquid state which develops at low temperatures. After an initial discussion of Landau's Fermi liquid theory and its application to metals the concept of renormalized band structure calculation is introduced. The fundamental ideas are considered and explicit prescriptions are derived which allow a phenomenological account to be made of the strong local correlations. A comparison is made between the calculated quasiparticle bands and the detailed information now available from Fermi surface studies. Next, the interaction among the quasiparticles is discussed with particular reference to its influence on the electronic compressibility and the spin susceptibility. The correlation-related contribution to the quasiparticle-phonon coupling is derived. The questio.
A Petrov-Galerkin type method for solving Axk=b, where A is symmetric complex

Discretization of steady-state eddy-current equations may lead to linear system Ax=b in which the complex matrix A is not Hermitian, but may be chosen symmetric. In the positive definite Hermitian case, an iterative algorithm for solving this system can be defined. The residual vectors can be made mutually orthogonal by means of a two-term recursion relation which leads to the well-known conjugate gradient (CG) method. The proposed method is illustrated by comparing it with other methods for some eddy current examples. >
The electron density structure and kinematics of the supernova remnant N 49

Context. Supernova remnants commonly display strong internal inhomogeneities in physical properties; however, most of the observational studies found in the literature are limited to integrated data for extragalactic objects or data from very specific parts of the galactic objects. Thus, important information may be lost. Aims. We studied the spatial variation of the electron density and the kinematics of N 49, the brightest supernova remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud, based on spatial resolve observations sampling the whole object. Methods. We acquired long-slit spectrophotometric data of high signal-to-noise from twelve locations equally spaced in declination. We extracted 1D spectra in the range 5950 to 6750 Å from 312 different regions each 2.3′′ × 2′′ in angular size. The electron density was derived from the line ratio [S ii] λ6717/λ6731. The radial velocity and velocity dispersion were obtained from the Hα profile. Results. The map of the electron density presents a strong gradient with the density increasing from west to east. The densest areas, with Ne ≥ 2000 cm−3, are found on the east border of the nebula, near but not exactly coinciding with the brightest areas in the optical. The dense area at the south-east border is on the edge of the bright ridge of filaments associated with the peak of the emission from the nebula at different frequencies. However, the dense zone at the north-east borders is in an area of low brightness. From the Hα total flux, we estimate a mass of 207±66 M for N 49. The maps of the radial velocities of the blue and red shifted components of Hα and of the velocity dispersion at 3σ showed a rough radial symmetry that can be interpreted as the projection effect of a expanding spherical shell. However, the kinematic centre of symmetry is far from the centre of the X-ray or radio images, although it is near the centre of the optical image of N 49. Conclusions. The detected gradient in density confirmed a previous inference based on the decrease in the brightness ratio between the X-ray and radio emission from east and west and is consistent with the presence of a molecular cloud on the south-east border. We were able to fit the radial profile of the near side velocity using a self-similar solution of a blast wave travelling through a non-homogeneous medium characterized by a power-law density distribution.
Annealing effects on electrical properties of LiInSe2

The electrical properties of LiInSe2 single crystals are presented. As‐grown LiInSe2 crystals have n‐type conductivity and high electrical resistivity (1011 W cm at room temperature). Annealing in selenium atmosphere leads to p‐type crystals having lower resistivity (105 W cm at room temperature). The origin of donors and acceptors in LiInSe2 are discussed through the annealing study. The energy band gap is estimated from the results of electrical resistivity measurements to be 1.91 eV. The value is supported by the optical transmission. A simple band diagram is proposed consequently.