Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Restauración ecológica de bosques tropicales. veinte años de investigación académica

os bosques tropicales son los mas antiguos, diversos y ecologicamente complejos (Whitmore, 1997). Sostienen probablemente mas de la mitad de todas las formas de vida del planeta (Myers, 1984) y brindan servicios ambientales como la captacion de agua, el mantenimiento del suelo, la fijacion de CO 2 ; ademas de contener innumerables especies con valor real o potencial. El aumento en la atencion que han recibido se ha debido principalmente a las implicaciones de la deforestacion (Brown y Lugo, 1994). Esta genera a nivel regional la perdida del uso forestal, deterioro fisico y quimico del suelo, alteracion del balance hidrico y desestabilizacion de cuencas; a nivel global altera el albedo y el balance de agua atmosferica, pudiendo afectar los patrones climaticos y contribuir al calentamiento global (Houghton, 1991; Lugo, 1992; Whitmore y Sayer, 1992; Whitmore, 1993, 1997). Otra de sus importantes consecuencias es la reduccion del habitat y su fragmentacion (Meffe y Carroll, 1994; Murcia, 1995) con la consecuente perdida de la biodiversidad, y la eliminacion de variabilidad genetica, de poblaciones y hasta especies (Saunders et al., 1991; Whitmore y Sayer, 1992; Brooks et al., 2002). La degradacion suele comenzar con la sobrexplotacion, y se origina a partir de una compleja interaccion de factores ecologicos y socioculturales (Bainbridge, 1990) como el crecimiento poblacional, las necesidades alimentarias, los patrones de uso de los recursos, y los conflictos politicoeconomicos relacionados con el manejo de estos ultimos. Frente a esta situacion ha surgido la idea de la restauracion ecologica, como intencion de la reversion de los efectos degradativos de las actividades humanas (p.e. contaminacion, erosion, sobrexplotacion y agotamiento de recursos). La practica de la restauracion ecologica en bosques tropicales se inicio hace varios anos. Fundamentalmente se ha centrado en el analisis de la problematica de la regeneracion secundaria y la reversion del proceso de degradacion. Pero, ? cuales son los factores que limitan la regeneracion y, que resultados se han obtenido hasta ahora? En el presente trabajo se describen los factores que limitan la restauracion de bosques tropicales y se analiza el enfoque actual de la investigacion academica en restauracion ecologica en estos ecosistemas. Para ello se revisaron revistas cientificas que incluyeran en su enfoque la investigacion en restauracion, ecologia basica, biologia de la conservacion, botanica, sistemas forestales, e ingenieria ambiental (Tabla I). Los periodos de revision fueron variables, principalmente dependiendo del acceso a las fuentes. El criterio de seleccion de los estudios fue su orientacion a la recuperacion de ecosistemas, comunidades o paisajes degradados, e incluye actividades como restauracion de suelos y/o cobertura vegetal, aumento de la diversidad especifica y el enriquecimiento ambiental. Finalmente, y en funcion de la revision realizada, se describen algunos lineamientos generales para lograr la recuperacion de los bosques tropicales.
Evolution of the Scarabaeini (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Abstract. A phylogenetic analysis of the Scarabaeini, based on 244 morphological characters, including 154 multistate and three biological characters, is presented. Tree topologies generated from unweighted data and some weighted algorithms are similar and support only two clades in the tribe representing the genera Scarabaeus L. and Pachylomerus Bertoloni. The only supported subordinate groups treated in this paper as subgenera are Kheper Kirby stat. nov., Pachysoma MacLeay, Scarabaeolus Balthasar and Sceliages Westwood stat. nov.Drepanopodus Janssens syn. nov. is synonymised with Scarabaeus and six additional names, Madateuchus Paulian, Mnematidium Ritsema, Mnematium MacLeay, Neateuchus Gillet, Neomnematium Janssens and Neopachysoma Ferreira, remain synonyms. A single origin of flightlessness is supported with the subgenus Pachysoma, the most derived lineage in this clade. Rolling dung balls backwards is the ancestral behaviour and predominant mode of food relocation in Scarabaeini, although tunnelling, forward pushing, and carrying also are utilized by some lineages. Pushing food has evolved independently in Sceliages species and S. galenus (Westwood) and a novel mode of forward food relocation by dragging evolved in the subgenus Pachysoma. Feeding on wet dung is the plesiomorphic condition and maintained by the majority of species in the tribe. The most unusual feeding behaviours in the tribe are represented by the obligate millipede‐feeding species of Sceliages and the dry dung pellet and/or detritus feeders of Pachysoma.
MONTHLY REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES IN THREE SYMPATRIC HOOD BUILDING TROPICAL FIDDLER CRABS (GENUS UCA)

1. The degree of synchrony with which three tropical fiddler crabs, Uca musica terpsichores, U. latimanus and U. beebei, perform courtship, feeding and hood-building activities was studied.2. Courtship activities cycled on a monthly basis. Significantly more males of all three species courted during the week of the full moon when compared to the week of the new moon. Virtually no courtship occurred around the quarter moon periods. During peak courtship periods, 78% or more of the males of each species were displaying at the same time.3. Hood-building also peaked around the full moon and was performed only by courting males. Only a small percentage of courting U. beebei males built hoods, while virtually every courting U. latimanus male possessed one. An intermediate number of U. musica terpsichores built hoods.4. Almost all of the observed females were feeding. Wandering females (presumably sexually receptive) were observed almost exclusively during the same low tide hours in which males were courting.5.
Spatial Distribution Patterns of Weed Communities in Corn Fields of Central Spain

Abstract The overall objective of this study was to identify common patterns in the spatial distribution of the major weed species present in the corn-growing region of central Spain, exploring the scale dependence of these patterns and the possible associations or dissociations between individual species. Weed density was assessed in 16 commercial fields using digital images acquired in a 9-m by 9-m sampling grid. A set of six species was found in all the fields: black nightshade, common cocklebur, fierce thornapple, johnsongrass, purple nutsedge, and velvetleaf. Spatial analysis by distance indices and inverse distance weighting interpolation methods were performed to create weed distribution maps. The results showed aggregated spatial distribution patterns for all individual species regardless their life cycle, annual or perennial. Some associations and dissociations among species were found in the analysis of interactions. Nevertheless, the spatial patterns of co-occurrence of weed species were field-specific and therefore cannot be considered general patterns of weed co-occurrence. In order to explore the scale dependence of these results, an additional study was conducted in an experimental field located in the same area using a 1.0-m by 0.75-m sampling grid. Although this resolution allowed for a better definition of the positions of the weed patches and weed-free gaps, the results obtained revealed similar patterns to those observed with a coarser sampling resolution. Nomenclature: Black nightshade, Solanum nigrum L. SOLNI; common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. XANST; fierce thornapple, Datura ferox L. DATFE; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. SORHA; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. CYPRO; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTH; corn, Zea mays L.
Porous Titanium Granules in Treatment of Intra-bony Defects: A Literature Review

Background: This study aimed to do a review on the applications of porous titanium granules (PTG) in periodontal and non-periodontal treatments. Methods: An electronic search was carried out in Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the key words “guided tissue regeneration”, “intrabony defects”, “porous titanium granules” and “moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis”. English articles published from 2006 to 2014 were searched. Results: Porous titanium granules showed positive results in enhancing the outcome of treatment in medicine. Most of the relevant studies have been conducted using culture media or animal models. Conclusion: It can be stated that PTGs have many applications in periodontal procedures due to their space maintaining capability, long-term substantivity, not requiring a membrane and biocompatibility.
Water relations, gas exchange and amino acid content in Cd-treated lettuce

Water relations, gas exchange and amino acid contents in Lactuca sativa (L.) cv. Reine de Mai were studied at variable cadmium concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 100 μM) using axenic hydroponic culture. Ten-12-day-old seedlings were simultaneously placed in nutrient solution with or without Cd for 9 days and plants were labelled with 14 CO 2 24 h before amino acid quantification. Cadmium uptake by roots and shoots increased with Cd concentration in the medium. At low Cd concentrations (0.01, 0.1 μM) biomass production increased, while 100 μM Cd was toxic to both root and shoot growth. Water status and gas exchange also decreased at 100 μM Cd. These Cd effects seemed to involve stomatal closure, but low Cd concentrations enhanced stomatal conductance without any significant modification in net photosynthesis
TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STOMATOCYSTS OF SPUMELLA‐LIKE FLAGELLATES (CHRYSOPHYCEAE) 1

Cyst formation is a characteristic feature of chrysophytes. Cyst morphology is used for species identification, and the distribution of cysts in sediment cores is used to infer past climate conditions. The affiliation of stomatocyst demes with morphospecies, however, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the taxonomic and ecological value of the occurrence of cyst formation and cyst morphology to differentiate chrysophyte flagellates of the Spumella‐morphodeme, which are among the numerically dominant eukaryotes in many aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In the investigated 90 strains of Spumella‐like flagellates, we observed encystment only in six strains despite the broad range of temperature regimes and chemical factors tested. Spumella‐like flagellates that produce cysts are affiliated with different subclusters within the Chrysophyceae and are closely related to strains for which cyst formation is not known. The occurrence of cyst formation is therefore unsuitable as a taxonomic criterion. Cyst morphology allows for differentiating some strains even though distinctly different strains may have similar or even identical‐looking cyst demes. Despite considerable changes in cell size of the vegetative cells related to the nutritional status, the size of the cysts was always larger than that of a typical vegetative cell. Cysts were colorless and had no chromatophores, and some granula were visible in the light microscope. None of the investigated strains and none of the so far published cyst descriptions of Spumella spp. entirely seem to match the cyst description of the generic type strain. However, taking methodological bias between light and electron microscopical investigations into account, the cysts 199hm (this paper) and N1846 (Yubuki et al. 2008) seem to correspond to the cyst of the generic type strain. We propose the strain 199hm as epitype for Spumella vulgaris Cienkowsky; we further describe Spumella rivalis Boenigk et Findenig sp. nov., Pedospumella encystans Boenigk et Findenig gen. et sp. nov., and Poteriospumella lacustris Boenigk et Findenig gen. et sp. nov.
Damage and Recovery of Cranberry Vines from Exposure to Handheld Flame Cultivators

Damage and recovery responses of four cranberry varieties ('Mullica Queen', 'Crimson Queen', 'Stevens', and 'Howes') to handheld propane flame cultivation (FC) torches were evaluated. All combinations of four levels of exposure duration of three FC torches (open flame 0, 3, 6, and 9 seconds), infrared (IR) and IR with a 4.5-cm metal spike (0, 15, 30, and 45 seconds), were tested on rooted cranberry uprights (vertical stems) planted in clay pots. Pots were subjected to a single treatment from one FC torch at one exposure duration; a glyphosate wipe was also included as a treated control (industry standard). Treatments were replicated five times. All cranberry plants were damaged by all levels of exposure duration as evident by visual damage ratings, reduced net cumulative stem lengths, reduced number of uprights, and reduced proportion of reproductive uprights when compared with untreated plants. All cranberry plants treated with glyphosate had total mortality; all cranberry plants from all varieties treated with FC survived, and all had net positive stem growth in the year after treatment except for 'Stevens' treated with open flame and IR with spike. The non-fatal response of cranberry to FC indicates that FC will cause less damage than glyphosate to cranberry plants that are incidentally exposed during spot treatment of weeds and thus could be integrated into weed control in certain situations, including organic farming.
Detection and seasonal expression pattern of a pathogenesis‐related protein (PR‐10) in Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) tissues

Previously, a PR-10 protein Pin m III was described in western white pine. In this study, primers based on cDNA of Pin m III were utilized to obtain the genomic sequence of a Pin m III homologue - Pse m I - in Douglas-fir. A comparative analysis of a deduced amino acid sequence of Pin m III and Pse m I genes indicated about 80% similarity between the two protein sequences, and a consensus 20 amino acid sequence located around the p-loop sequence was used to synthesize a peptide of 20 amino acids. An antibody to this synthetic peptide was able to detect the Pse m I protein in Douglas-fir. The anti-Pse m I antibody was used in a western immunoblot to monitor seasonal variation of the Pse m I in Douglas-fir needles and its level was shown to increase with overwintering of Douglas-fir seedlings. However, unlike the Pin m III, there is no indication that the Pse m I is associated with frost hardiness. Analysis of infected Douglas-fir roots showed a possible trend to up-regulation of Pse m I by pathogens such as the laminated root rot fungus, Phellinus weirii. The expression of Pse m I protein in Douglas-fir seedlings is very low compared to the expression of Pin m III protein in western white pine seedlings. In addition, a light-harvesting complex I protein, PSI-F, was identified in Douglas-fir by N-terminal amino acid sequencing.
Characteristics of fibre-rich powder and antioxidant activity of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) peels

Summary The contents of total dietary fibre (TDF), soluble dietary fibre (SDF), insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) and functional properties of fibre-rich powders (FRP) from pitaya peels with different particle size (FRP80, FRP140 and FRP250) were determined. Results showed that FRP140 had higher TDF (79.37%) and SDF (33.07%) with a balanced ratio of SDF/IDF (1:1.32) and higher water-holding capacity (54.20 g g−1), swelling capacity (50.63 mL g−1), oil-holding capacity (2.65 g g−1) and glucose dialysis retardation index (62.83% at 60 min), compared with FRP80 and FRP250. Therefore, physiochemical properties of FRP140 were further investigated. SDF of FRP140 mainly contained rhamnose (4.95%) and galactose (1.98%), with 9.45% galacturonic acid, while IDF dominantly contained xylose (4.76%) and galactose (3.42%), with 18.54% klason lignin. Total phenolic content was 7.75 mg g−1 and mainly composed of salicylic acid (0.98 mg g−1) and protocatechuic acid (0.45 mg g−1). Furthermore, FRP140 showed significant reducing power, DPPH-scavenging activity and nitrite-scavenging ability.
Isolation and Identification of Some Enterobacteria from Retailed Convenience Foods

Meat pie and Fish roll samples from five different local government areas (LGAs) microorganisms were identified as Rhodotorulla spp . and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Percentage occurrences of isolates from road side samples were higher than that of Eatery samples in all the LGAs, roadside Fish roll from Oluyole had highest percentage of Salmonea spp (42.2%), while that from Ibadan North-East had highest percentage of Proteus spp. (28.11%). Roadside Meat pies obtained from Lagelu showed highest percentage of Salmonella spp (34.3%) and those from Ibadan South-west showed highest percentage of Proteus spp (31%) . High occurrence of microorganisms in some of the convenience food samples requires urgent attention by health policy makers and all stakeholders.
Using a spiked sediment bioassay to establish a no‐effect concentration for dioxin exposure to the amphipod Ampelisca abdita

A recent study conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported a highly significant correlation between 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (2,3,7,8‐TCDD) concentrations and amphipod (Ampelisca abdita) mortality in sediment samples collected from the lower Passaic River and Newark Bay. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the potential effects of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD on benthic invertebrates under controlled laboratory exposures. In this study, 10‐d whole‐sediment bioassays using the marine amphipod A. abdita were conducted on spiked sediment samples representing a range of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD concentrations (0–25 μg/kg dry weight). No effects on survival or growth relative to controls were observed at any test concentration. The highest 2,3,7,8‐TCDD concentration reported from the NOAA study was 0.62 μg/kg. Therefore, the lack of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD toxicity in this study indicates that the mortality observed in the NOAA study was probably due to factors or chemicals other than 2,3,7,8‐TCDD. This study demonstrates the utility of spiked sediment bioassays in evaluating cause and effect relationships between sediment contamination and benthic invertebrate mortality.
Restricting overhead irrigation to dawn limits growth in container-grown woody ornamentals

Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. , Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. , Photinia ×fraseri 'Red Top', and Rhododendron sp. 'Fashion' (azalea) growing in 10.4-liter containers were irrigated only at dawn with overhead impact sprinklers or pulse-irrigat ed three or four times each day with a drip system. Plant water potential was measured diurnally each week for 24 weeks, and growth was measured at the end of the growing season in December. Overhead irrigation resulted in less growth of all species than plants maintained near 100% container moisture with pulse irrigation. With the exception of photinia, more growth was associated with significantly lower daily accumulated water stress. Water stress of overhead-irri gated plants was generally not severe enough to cause stomata1 closure. Container-grown landscape ornamentals in the United States are commonly irrigated with an overhead system, normally with im-
Quantification of Warm-Season Turfgrass Injury from Triclopyr and Aminocyclopyrachlor

Abstract Synthetic auxin herbicides are widely used because of their effective control of broadleaf weeds and safety in many turfgrass species. However, two synthetic auxin herbicides, triclopyr and aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP; DPX-KJM44), are known to injure warm-season turfgrasses. Our objective was to quantify this injury through evaluations of turfgrass quality and turfgrass green cover in response to herbicide treatment. The results of this study indicate that relative to the labeled use rates of triclopyr (0.56 to 1.12 kg ae ha−1) and AMCP (0.053 kg ai ha−1), zoysiagrass is the only turfgrass tested with sufficient tolerance to the respective compounds for their use as weed-control agents. Bermudagrass and centipedegrass may be injured by triclopyr and AMCP at labeled rates, characterized by a reduction in turfgrass quality and green cover. St. Augustinegrass is not tolerant of either triclopyr or AMCP at labeled rates. Nomenclature: Aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl, DPX-KJM44; triclopyr; centipedegrass, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack. ; hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy ‘Tifsport’; hybrid zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Steud. ‘Emerald’; St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze ‘Palmetto’; zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Steud. ‘Meyer’ and ‘Zenith’.
Sedimentation pathways in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during a production regime dominated by regeneration

During summer 1994, the production regime at 2 sites located in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, one in the Permanent Open Ocean Zone (POOZ) at 52° S, and a second in the Seasonal Ice Zone (SIZ) at 63° S, was dominated by regeneration (0.3 < f-ratio < 0.4). Two time series, each of about 4 d, were performed over pre-determined time intervals of 4 h using a free-floating sediment trap set at 200 m at the 2 sites. Hourly variations of C, N, chlorophyll a (chl a) and its degradation products, taxon-specific pigments, lipid classes and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were measured simultaneously. Measurements in the water column were done during the sediment trap drifting. Fucoxanthin, a typical diatom pigment, was the major accessory pigment found in the trap material at the 2 stations, whereas, in the water column, the phytoplankton was dominated by flagellates in the POOZ and diatoms in the SIZ. This suggests selective grazing of diatoms by zooplankton and/or mass sinking of diatoms, at least in the POOZ. However, since the set of compounds exhibited strong diel cycles in the POOZ, the export flux appears to mainly result from the zooplankton. The results are ambiguous as to whether the intensified sedimentation at night resulted from vertical migration of euphausiids, since copepods crossing the pycnocline were rare, and/or the nocturnal increase of feeding activity of copepods and microzooplankton. At the SIZ, diatoms dominated in the mixed layer and at the deep phytoplankton maximum (DPM) located at the depth of the temperature minimum (50 to 100 m). However, pigment signature in the trap material suggested the selective sedimentation of nanoflagellates (essentially pelagophytes). Correspondingly, there was high proportions of sterols up to 40 % in the trap material. The diel variations somewhat resembling POOZs, the low chl a-to-phaeopigments ratio and the presence of phaeopigments in their most degraded forms were strong indications of the key role played by zooplankton in the export fluxes in the SIZ. Hence, the selective feeding of phytoplankton by zooplankton strongly influenced the sedimentation pathways in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean. Additionally, DMSP, which is produced by phytoplankton in superficial waters, is shown to be as labile as chl a when processed by grazers.
THE ECOLOGY OF PALAEMON PACIFICUS (STIMPSON) ASSOCIATED WITH ZOSTERA CAPENSIS SETCHELL

SUMMARY The shrimp Palaemon pacificus was sampled in Zostera capensis beds in three eastern Cape estuaries (Sundays, Swartkops and Kromme). In all three estuaries shrimp numbers and biomass in the Zostera generally exhibited seasonal fluctuations, with summer/autumn peaks from November to March (density 200–400 m−2; dry mass 3–6 g m−2) declining to winter/spring minima from June to September (20–100 m−2; 0,3-1,5 g m−2). The Kromme had the highest mean annual shrimp biomass (dry mass 2,86-3,10 g m−2), followed by the Sundays (2,69 g m−2) and the Swartkops (2,11-2,22 g m−2). Shrimp size-frequency distributions displayed a pattern of bimodality in summer/autumn from November to March, becoming polymodal during the year. A temporal variation of sex ratio was evident with overall M:F ratios of 1:2,27 in the Sundays and 1:1,96 and 1:1,82 at two Swartkops stations. A mean of 4 cohorts per annum was resolved for the Sundays and 3,1 for the Swartkops, with mean residence times in the Zostera of 11,9 months and 10 .