Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ALS-resistant Helianthus annuus interference in Glycine max

Abstract Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of early-season and early- plus late-season acetolactate synthase–resistant Helianthus annuus interference on Glycine max and H. annuus growth and yield at two sites in Missouri. Helianthus annuus densities of 3 plants m−2 were established shortly after G. max emergence in all plots except the weed-free check. To study early-season interference, H. annuus were removed with postemergence glyphosate (0.84 kg ae ha−1) 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk after planting (WAP) and kept weed-free for the rest of the growing season. Glycine max yields were not different with 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk of early-season interference at either location. To study early- plus late-season interference, H. annuus densities were established at 3 plants m−2. They were then removed 2, 4, 6, or 8 WAP with glyphosate and subsequently reestablished at the same density within 2 wk after removal by newly emerging and transplanted H. annuus. These H. annuus were allowed to remain in the field for the remainder of the growing season. This provided a weed-free period of approximately 2 wk during the growing season beginning 2, 4, 6, or 8 WAP. Season-long interference and no-interference treatments were also included. Glycine max yields were reduced 47 to 72% with season-long interference. Helianthus annuus vegetative dry matter was approximately 56% lower at Columbia than at Miami. Glycine max yields tended to increase as the weed-free period was delayed into the growing season. Early-season weed-free periods (2 to 4 and 4 to 6 WAP) allowed H. annuus to become re-established before G. max formed a canopy and resulted in larger amounts of H. annuus biomass and seed production as well as G. max yield losses of 15 to 80%. Re-establishment of H. annuus in 6 to 8 WAP and 8 to 10 WAP weed-free treatments generally resulted in the plants surviving for only a few weeks after establishment and not producing seed or reducing G. max yield. Nomenclature:Glyphosate; Helianthus annuus L. HELAN, common sunflower; Glycine max (L.) Merr ‘Asgrow 3601’, soybean.
Clonal Coexistence in Daphnia pulex (Leydig): Another Planktonic Paradox

Allozyme variation is common in populations of Daphnia pulex reproducing by obligate parthenogenesis. The genetic diversity within populations results from the coexistence of genetically different clones. Twenty-two clones were recognized in the eleven populations surveyed, of wi'hich as many as seven werefound in a SCIENCE, VOL. 207, 21 MARCH 1980 0036-8075/80/0321-1363$00.50/0 Copyright . 1980 AAAS 1363 only the LDH homozygote, while others contained only the LDH heterozygote. Where both LDH genotypes were present, their relative frequencies varied among the individual populations. Genotypic frequencies often deviated markedly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Heterozygote excesses were noted at some loci, and deficiencies at others. For instance, all individuals in the Windsor I1 population were heterozygous at the LDH locus, but heterozygotes were lacking at the PGM locus despite the presence of two different homozygotes. When clones were scored for their phenotype at the five polymorphic loci, clear associations of genotypes at different loci were detected (Table 2). In the Windsor I population all clones homozygous at the LDH locus were PGMMM homozygotes, while most of the Table 2. Clonal complements of the eleven populations. These data were obtained by electrophoresis of clones isolated from natural populations. Genotype Pontillation C7lone Freouencv
Eficácia de diferentes fungicidas na cultura do milho / Efficacy of different fungicides on maize crop

Para avaliar a eficacia de diferentes fungicidas na cultura do milho, o experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Mandaguari no municipio de Indianopolis-MG. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, compreendido de um hibrido (2B710) e vinte fungicidas, pertencentes aos seguintes grupos quimicos e em misturas: Benzimidazol, Estrobilurina, Triazol, Triazol + Benzimidazol, Triazol + Estrobilurina, Triazol + Triazol e testemunha, sendo cada tratamento com quatro repeticoes. A parcela foi constituida de 6 linhas de 5 m de comprimento, e a parcela util as duas linhas centrais de 4 m. As aplicacoes de fungicida, para os tratamentos com uma aplicacao ocorreram aos 49 D.A. S. Para o tratamento com duas aplicacoes, a segunda ocorreu aos 79 D.A. S. As avaliacoes foram para Ferrugem comum, Mancha Branca, Mancha de Estenocarpela e os reflexos na area Verde, realizadas aos 79 e 105 D.A. S, atribuindo-se notas com base na escala de severidade da doenca, e Produtividade (Kg.ha-1). As medias foram comparadas pelo teste de F a 5% de probabilidade (Skott-Knott). Com base nos dados, os melhores fungicidas para o controle de Ferrugem comum, Mancha Branca, Mancha de Estenocarpela e Produtividade, prevaleceram na maioria os fungicidas com mistura de Triazois + Estrobilurinas.
Slowly Progressive Amnesia without Dementia

This report concerns longitudin's investigations with comprehensive neuropsychologic's assessments and precise morphologic's, CT and MRI scan‐based, and function's, SPECT scan‐based brain imaging examinations of seven patients who had selective progressive amnesia on their initi's visit. Progressive loss of recent memory remained for sever's years the single most s'sient feature in six of them. The atrophy of the hippocamp's region was observed morphologic'sly, and dysfunction confined to the bilater's medi's tempor's lobe involving the hippocamp's area was demonstrated function'sly. These findings are consistent with recently reported atypic's cases of 'Szheimer's disease with unique neur‐opathologic's changes, namely the presence of numerous neurofibrillary tangles and few plaques in the hippocamp's region only.
Dynamics of fallow secondary succession pathways and prospects of ecosystem recovery in semi-arid agricultural landscapes

ABSTRACT This study investigates the dynamics of secondary succession pathways and analyses the prospects of ecosystem recovery on two soil types in the semi-arid mid-Zambezi valley, northern Zimbabwe. Thirty-five fallow plots of different ages, ranging from one to twelve years since abandonment and twenty 0.09 ha plots of mature woodland were sampled. The results showed observable changes in vegetation features along the chronosequences of recovering fallow plots. There were significant (p<0.05) relationships between fallow age and tree density and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) with an observable decrease in tree diversity with increasing fallow age. The dominant species within the recovering fallow vegetation were different from the defining species within the natural woodlands. Acacia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa exclusively dominated the vegetation in older fallows and it was less clear whether typical woodland species would regain dominance. Therefore, management efforts may have to focus on initiatives aimed at conserving existing woodlands, which will be vital for the maintenance of defining species.
UV‐ACTION SPECTRUM (254‐405 nm) FOR INHIBITION OF A K+ ‐STIMULATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE FROM THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF ROSA DAMASCENA

A K +‐stimulated ATPase from suspension‐cultured rose cells was isolated and subjected to UV radiation. The characteristics of the ATPase resembled those of a plasma‐membrane associated enzyme and not those of the mitochondrial enzyme. The ATPase required Mg2+ and was further stimulated up to 100% by K+. K+ stimulation was specific for ATP. The order of stimulation by monovalent cations was K+ > Na+ > Li+. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 6.5 in the presence of 50 mM K+. It was almost completely inhibited by diethylstilbestrol and partially inhibited by vanadate. but was not affected by azide or oligomycin. The inhibition of ATPase activity by various fluences of UV indicated that one fraction of the K+‐stimulated activity was very sensitive to radiation, while another fraction was relatively insensitive. It is possible that UV distinguished between two enzymes. The action spectra for inhibition of both fractions showed maxima at 290 nm and significant but much lower action throughout the near‐UV region, resembling spectra in the literature for the inhibition of transport processes in bacteria.
Association of a distinct strain of Chilli veinal mottle virus with mottling and distortion disease of Datura inoxia in India

Association of a distinct strain of Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) with severe mottling and distortion disease of Datura inoxia was investigated based on the presence of flexuous filamentous particles of ~800 × 11 nm and sequence analyses of ~1.5 kb amplicons obtained during RT-PCR from two representative samples, designated as GMT (accession JN692501) and JNP (JN624776). Both GMT and JNP isolates contained partial polyprotein gene comprising of partial nuclear inclusion b gene, complete coat protein gene and 3′ un-translated region, a hallmark gene array of genus Potyvirus. The isolates under study shared 99% nucleotide sequence identities with each other and 83–85% identities (marginal value for species demarcation recommended by ICTV) during basic local alignments and distant phylogenetic relationships with strains of ChiVMV, hence identified as isolates of a distinct strain of ChiVMV. Association of ChiVMV strain with mottling and distortion disease of D. inoxia is being reported for the first time from India.
Variability in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense.

A worldwide collection of 96 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (incitant of fusarial wilt of banana or Panama disease) from 12 countries was used to assess population structure in the pathogen; isolates were diverse for vegetative compatibility (11 vegetative compatibility groups) and race-specific virulence (races 1, 2, and 4). Rates of radial growth on potato dextrose agar differed at temperatures ranging from 8–36 °C for isolates in different VCGs and races (P < 0.05). On a KClO3-amended medium used to generate nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants, variability in chlorate (a toxic analog of nitrate) sensitivity and the time required before nit mutants arose on the medium (mutability) was related primarily to vegetative compatibility group. In addition, cultural morphology on modified Komada's medium and potato dextrose agar was related primarily to vegetative compatibility group, whereas race was not as consistently related to these traits. In studies on the population biology and diversity in.
Scope of Indirect Selection for Wool Traits in Bharat Merino Sheep in Semi Arid Region of Rajasthan

Abstract Gowane, G.R. , Chopra, A. , Prince, L.L. L. and Arora, A.L. 2010. Scope of indirect selection for wool traits in Bharat Merino sheep in semi arid region of Rajasthan. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 37: 97–100. Estimates of covariance components along with genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlation were obtained for different wool traits, viz. greasy fleece yield (GFY), staple length at six month (SL), medullation percentage (MED) and, fiber diameter (FD) in Bharat Merino Sheep developed and maintained at the Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, India. Twenty years data were analyzed by restricted maximum likelihood, (REML) fitting univariate and bivariate animal models. Additive genetic variability for all the traits was low except greasy fleece yield (h2 = 0.16). Permanent environmental variance as a proportion of phenotypic variance (c2) for GFY was 0.26. Genetic correlation between GFY and SL was 0.21, between SL and MED 0.19 and SL and FD 0.20. For further genetic improvement in this breed, MED and FD should be kept restricted at present level (MED: 18.08μ and FD: 1.25%) and emphasis should be given on GFY and SL, which are positively (favorably) associated with each other.
Abortive development in the crested newt Triturus cristatus

Crested newts exhibit a balanced lethal system which causes development to abort in 50% of tailbud embryos. The main features of arrested embryos are described, shown to be constant in a range of culture conditions and found to be unchanged by parabiosis or extirpation of the central nervous system or heart. Two categories of abortive embryos can be distinguished in some spawnings. A corresponding segregation of an easily identified marker chromosome confirms previous reports that chromosome 1 carries the recessive lethal factors. The marker chromosome is tentatively associated with the blistered form of abortive embryo. Two possible modes of origin for the balanced lethal system are discussed, either from ancestral autosomes or from sex chromosomes. The latter is favoured because it involves fewer assumptions. The subsequent evolution of the system should inevitably lead to progressively earlier embryonic mortality by an accumulation of multiple recessive lethal factors on each chromosome variant.
Selection of Willows for Floral and Stem Quality and Continuous Production Sequence in Temperate North America

The study addresses the problem of diversifi cation and quality of willow (Salix) cut stems. Very few ornamental willow species are currently in production for the cut-stem trade in temperate North America, and they have a relatively short annual harvest period. This study selected 20 taxa of willow with the potential for cut-stem industry based on observations of more than 150 taxa in central Ohio for 4 years. Growth and ornamental qualities of branches and infl orescences of those species, hybrids, or
Heritability and correlation estimates of Warner-Bratzler shear force and carcass traits from Angus-, Charolais-, Hereford-, and Simmental-sired cattle

Heritabilities and correlations of Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), marbling score (MS), hot carcass weight (HCW),12–13th rib-fat (FAT), and ribeye area (REA) were calculated from 3360 Angus-, Charolais-, Hereford-, and Simmental-sired cattle in the C attleman’s Beef Board Carcass Merit Project. The heritabilities (± SE) for WBSF, MS, HCW, FAT, and REA were 0.34 ± 0.25, 0.43 ± 0.28, 0.73 ± 0.35, 0.16 ± 0.19, and 0.56 ± 0.31 in Angus; 0.43 ± 0.22, 0.30 ± 0.18, 0.21 ± 0.16, 0.35 ± 0.20, and 0.23 ± 0.16 in Charolais; 0.12 ± 0.11, 0.55 ± 0.22, 0.20 ± 0.14, 0.25 ± 0.15 and 0.34 ± 0.17 in Hereford; and 0.16 ± 0.14, 0.44 ± 0.20, 0.45 ± 0.20, 0.23 ± 0.16, and 0.30 ± 0.18 in Simmental. The genetic correlations, averaged across analysis type, for WBSF-MS, WBSF-HCW, WBSF-FAT, WBSF-REA, MS-HCW, MS-FAT, MS-REA, HCW-FAT, HCW-REA, and FAT-REA were -0.17, 0.32, -0.23, 0.30, 0.10, -0.17, 0.39, -0.15, 0.68, and -0.86 in Angus; -0.42, 0.77, 0.52, -0.05, -0.44, -0.22, -0.19, 0.66, -0.05, and -0.24 in Charolais; -0.43, -0.
Electrophoretic Comparison of Blood-serum Proteins of Apathya cappadocica (Sauria, Lacertidae) Subspecies from Anatolia

Blood-serum proteins of the known subspecies of Apathya cappadocica (Werner, 1902) were studied comparatively by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. In order to obtain useful biochemical data for classification, differences between the electrophoreograms of the samples included in the morphologically different subspe - cies were distinguished qualitatively and quantitatively. These comparisons indicated that electrophoretic results supported morphological discrimination of the known subspecies of A. cappadocica.
Horizontal tooth replacement in the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis)

Le lamantin a des molaires surnumeraires en nombre illimite qui se remplacent d'arriere en avant au cours de la vie de l'animal. Le processus de remplacement s'adapte automatiquement a la durete des aliments, la vitesse d'usure des dents etant regulee par l'adaptation de leur morphologie
The Evolution of Extreme Hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) Based on Evidence from Microscopic Denticle Morphology

ABSTRACT Metriorhynchids were a peculiar group of fully marine Mesozoic crocodylomorphs. The derived genera Dakosaurus and Geosaurus exhibit a macroevolutionary trend towards extreme hypercarnivory, underpinned by a diverse array of craniodental adaptations, including denticulate serrated (ziphodont) dentition. A comparative analysis of serrations in Metriorhynchidae shows that known Dakosaurus species had conspicuous denticles, in contrast to the microscopic denticles of Geosaurus. A new tooth from the Nusplingen Plattenkalk of Germany provides evidence for a previously unknown large species of Geosaurus. Metriorhynchid specimens from the upper Kimmeridgian—lower Tithonian of Southern Germany show that ziphodont species of Dakosaurus and Geosaurus co-occurred in the Nusplingen and Solnhofen Seas. Although these genera are similarly denticulate, they diverge in overall crown morphology. Therefore, resource/niche partitioning via craniodental differentiation is posited as maintaining two contemporaneous genera of highly predatory metriorhynchids. Additionally, the new generic name Torvoneustes is proposed for “Geosaurus” carpenteri, the only known metriorhynchid with false-ziphodont dentition. A cladistic analysis shows that ziphodont dentition may have evolved independently in Dakosaurus and Geosaurus, or been acquired earlier by their common ancestor and secondarily lost in Torvoneustes and related taxa.
Great Tit fat reserves: effects of changing and unpredictable feeding day length

In two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that Great Tits (Parus major) adjust their fat reserves in response to feeding conditions. Experiment 1 tested the effect of a change in mean time at which food became available in the morning. Experiment 2 tested the effect of unpredictability in the onset of feeding time. In experiment 1, Great Tits increased their morning mass after the start of feeding was delayed by 3 h and decreased their mass when original conditions were restored. The response to shortened feeding day was more rapid than the response to lengthened day. On shortened feeding days, birds gained mass while eating less, suggesting that they reduced their expenditures. In experiment 2, birds gained more mass per day during the unpredictable than during the constant treatment. The performance of individuals was correlated across the two experiments, suggesting that the birds reacted to the mean and unpredictability in feeding conditions using the same mechanism. This mechanism might involve a more rapid response to worsening than to improving conditions.
The relative merits of open‐ and closed‐path analysers for measurement of eddy fluxes

Theoretical and practical aspects of measuring eddy fluxes of trace gases using open-and closed-path analysers are presented. Trace gas fluxes measured with an open-path analyser require the concurrent measurement of sensible and latent heat fluxes to correct for density fluctuations in trace gas concentration caused by these fluxes. A closed-path analyser eliminates the corrections due to sensible heat flux, but not for water vapour, provided temperature fluctuations are completely removed without significantly reducing fluctuations in the trace gas mixing ratio. Theory for the design of heat exchangers and for the attenuation of concentration fluctuations during air flow through tubes is used to provide design criteria for closed-path systems. Spectral transfer functions are used to estimate flux losses caused by flow through the sampling tube and gas analyser. Other factors considered include cross-sensitivity of infrared CO2 analysers to water vapour, and deterioration of system performance caused by contaminants on the walls of sampling tubes. Of two open-path, infrared CO2 analysers tested, one showed a strong interaction between CO2 and water vapour, while the other showed little sensitivity to the presence of water vapour, other than caused by dilution. A commercial closed-path CO2 analyser also showed little cross-sensitivity to water vapour. Compared to results for a clean sampling tube, the spectral bandwidth for water vapour fluctuations decreased significantly after several weeks of sampling. No such deterioration in bandwidth was observed for CO2. These findings are attributed to differential adsorption/desorption of water vapour by dust or salt on the tubing walls. Rain and dust must be removed from open-path analysers to obtain satisfactory measurements. Careful system design and maintenance is required for both open- and closed-path systems to ensure satisfactory long-term measurement of trace gas fluxes. With these precautions, both approaches will provide satisfactory flux measurements.
Digestibility of Calanus finmarchicus wax esters in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) freshwater presmolts and seawater postsmolts maintained at constant water temperature

Calanoid copepods are a rich source of marine lipid for potential use in aquafeeds. Copepod oil is primarily composed of wax esters (WE) and there are concerns over the efficiency of wax ester, versus triacylglycerol (TAG), digestion and utilization in fish. As smoltification represents a period of major physiological adaptation, the present study examined the digestibility of a high WE diet (Calanus oil; 48% WE, 26% TAG), compared with a TAG diet (fish oil; 58% TAG), in Atlantic salmon freshwater presmolts and seawater postsmolts, of similar age (9 months) and weight (112 g and 141 g initial, respectively), over a 98-day period at constant temperature. Fish grew significantly better, and possessed lower feed conversion ratios (FCR), in seawater than freshwater. However, total lipid apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values were significantly lower in seawater fish, as were total fasted bile volumes. Dietary Calanus oil also had a significant effect, reducing growth and lipid ADC values in both freshwater and seawater groups. Postsmolts fed dietary Calanus oil had the poorest lipid ADC values and analysis of faecal lipid class composition revealed that 33% of the remaining lipid was WE and 32% fatty alcohols. Dietary prevalent 22:1n-11 and 20:1n-9 fatty alcohols were particularly poorly utilized. A decrease in primary bile acid, taurocholate, concentration was observed in the bile of dietary Calanus oil groups which could be related to the lower cholesterol content of the diet. The dietary WE : TAG ratio is discussed in relation to life stage and biliary intestinal adaptation to the seawater environment postsmoltification.
Differences Between Barley, Oats and Wheat in the Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Other Trichothecenes in Norwegian Grain

The amount of the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON). 3-acetyl-DON, nivalenol and fusarenon-X have been determined in about 3000 samples of barley, oats and wheat grown in Norway. The samples were collected in the period 1988-1994, and grouped according to grain species, year of production, district and sample category. The DON content was found to be significantly higher in oats than both barley and wheat in grain produced by ordinary grain producers in Norway. Of samples collected from grain silos. 68.7% of the barleys, 97.1% of the oats and 66.3% of the wheat samples were found to contain 30 μg/kg of DON or more. The proportion containing 1000 μg/kg or more was 2.1, 13.4 and 0.0% in barley, oats and wheat, respectively. However. these variations in contamination level were not reflected in the results from two field trials. where the grain species were grown side-by-side in the same fields. The differences in contamination level between the grain species seem to be due partly to edaphic and agrotechnical factors and partly to variation in the susceptibility to different Fusarium species in interaction with climatic factors. Nivalenol (≥50 μg:kg) was detected in 8.3% of the barley samples. 8.2% of the oats and 0.4% of the wheat samples. Samples collected at the grain silos were then not included.