Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study of mass transfer correlations for rotating packed bed

6 The application of rotating packed beds (RPBs) in solvent-based carbon capture processes, will greatly reduce the 7 physical footprint, capital and operating cost of the process. However, in designing RPBs, correlations for 8 predicting mass transfer parameters are generally limited in literature and their prediction accuracies have not 9 been demonstrated independently. In this paper, an RPB absorber model was developed in gPROMS 10 ModelBuilder and used to test and compare different correlations for predicting the effective interfacial area, 11 liquid and gas film mass transfer coefficients. Our results showed that the modified packed column mass transfer 12 correlations where the “g” term (i.e. gravitational acceleration) is replaced with “rw” (i.e. centrifugal 13 acceleration) commonly used in literature for RPBs generally give poor predictions compared to using correlations 14 developed specifically for RPBs. Also, the Tung and Mah correlation has better predictive accuracy for the liquid 15 film mass transfer coefficient in RPBs than more complex correlations. Finally, a set of new data for the gas film 16 mass transfer coefficient for RPBs were also derived from overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KGa) 17 experimental data from literature. This is the first report of gas film mass transfer data for RPBs. The results in 18 this paper will guide researchers in selecting suitable correlations for predicting mass transfer parameters in RPBs. 19
Stature in Transition: A Micro-Level Study from Nineteenth-Century Belgium

Eastern Belgium provides a range of examples of early industrialization. In the nineteenth century, well-established proto-industrial textile and iron production was replaced by mechanization in rapidly growing cities. In this article we examine the consequences of this transition on heights of young men in seven communities with contrasting histories. Men in this area were unusually short in the early nineteenth century, but the trend was strongly upward. There is also some evidence that urban areas experienced setbacks when they were growing most rapidly. Comparison of heights among occupations shows dramatic differences between rich and poor. The gap between the poorest and the wealthiest was at least eight centimeters, and heights seem to reflect even small differences in childhood experience. However, gains in height were larger among the poor, reducing differences within the working class by mid-century.
The Rise of Filtering Down: The American Housing Market Transformed, 1915–1929

Between 1915 and 1929 across North America most commercial builders ceased to erect dwellings for low- and moderate-income households. As a result, these households increasingly relied on housing units that had filtered down. This development had momentous consequences for the housing market and eventually for housing policy as well as for the character of American cities. The reasons for this change were complex. They included a rapid and then permanent increase in building costs coupled with an irregular decline in owner-building, the means by which many families had once housed themselves. Especially after 1918 there was a shift in consumer preferences away from housing and toward other consumer goods, notably automobiles. This was partly counterbalanced by a new appreciation by the middle class of the virtues of home ownership and improvement, but this preference was channeled into the development of large, planned, and well-serviced subdivisions. This type of residential development required larger amounts of capital and fostered the growth of a new financial instrument, the mortgage bond. Bonds redirected the savings of small investors that had previously financed small-scale land speculation, house building, and landlordism. In 15 years the urban housing market had been transformed, with large consequences for the lives of Americans.
Hedging His Bets: Why Nixon Killed HUD's Desegregation Efforts

Drawing on primary sources from the Nixon Presidential Materials and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), this article examines HUD's attempts during the Nixon era to implement "pro-integrative" policies and the White House response to these efforts. Specifically, this article provides an explanation for why President Richard Nixon elected to dismantle residential integration initiatives while allowing similar policies in employment and education to proceed with some force. In contrast to existing work arguing that Nixon's civil rights positions were designed to maximize political payoffs, I contend that Nixon's strategies are more accurately characterized as blame avoidance. Whenever possible, Nixon attempted to shift the onus of political responsibility for controversial civil rights decisions onto other political actors. This argument is clarified by a second primary theoretical point, which argues that institutional vulnerability increases the likelihood of presidential attacks. In the case examined here, HUD's distinctive institutional weakness—shaped by its conflicting missions and unwieldy structure, and laid bare by scandals in the Federal Housing Administration—gave the president a relatively low-risk political opportunity to dismantle civil rights efforts, a chance he did not have in the areas of education and employment.
Did Segregation Increase as the City Expanded?: The Case of Montreal, 1881–1901

Montreal in 1881 was highly segregated along four distinct social dimensions: language, religion, socioeconomic status, and sector of employment. By 1901 the population had doubled, and we examine changes in residential distributions over the two decades. Despite the increased integration of certain groups, segregation remains high, and multiple dimensions are still discernible. In addition to long-established communities of French Canadians, Irish Catholics, and Anglo-Protestants, we see new streams of immigrants occupying their own patches in the urban fabric. To make meaningful observations of sociospatial changes over two decades, we used a geographic information system (GIS) to situate individual census households with spatial precision on 1 of 12,000 lots in 1881 and 30,000 in 1901, so that we could reaggregate them into meaningful districts of different scales and districts with identical boundaries for both years of observation, thereby overcoming the major methodological problems hindering previous comparative analyses. Coupling well-established statistical indexes of segregation and diversity in a GIS framework lends new analytic power to grasp the scale of phenomena and inquire into behavioral choices of nineteenth-century households. The empirical evidence shows how both concentration and diversity were built into the urban fabric. This study also offers methodological cues for comparative studies in other places and periods.
DNA Repair Pathways and Their Association With Lethal Prostate Cancer in African American and European American Men

Abstract Background Altered DNA damage response (DDR) has emerged as an important mechanism for the development of aggressive prostate cancer among men of European ancestry but not other ancestry groups. Because common mechanisms for aggressive disease are expected, we explored a large panel of DDR genes and pathways to demonstrate that DDR alterations contribute to development of aggressive prostate cancer in both African American and European American men. Methods We performed a case-case study of 764 African American and European American men with lethal or indolent prostate cancer treated at 4 US hospitals. We calculated carrier frequencies of germline pathogenic or likely pathogenic sequence variants within 306 DDR genes, summarized by DDR pathway, and compared lethal cases against indolent cases using 2-sided Fisher’s exact tests. Secondary analysis examined if carrier frequencies differed by ancestry. Results Lethal cases were more likely to carry a pathogenic sequence variant in a DDR gene compared with indolent cases (18.5% vs 9.6%, P = 4.30 × 10−4), even after excluding BRCA2 (14.6% vs 9.6%, P = .04). The carrier frequency was similar among lethal cases of African (16.7% including and 15.8% excluding BRCA2) and lethal cases of European (19.3% including and 14.2% excluding BRCA2) ancestry. Three DDR pathways were statistically significantly associated with lethal disease: homologous recombination (P = .003), Fanconi anemia (P = .002), and checkpoint factor (P = .02). Conclusions Our findings suggest that altered DDR is an important mechanism for aggressive prostate cancer not only in men of European but also of African ancestry. Therefore, interrogation of entire DDR pathways is needed to fully characterize and better define genetic risk of lethal disease.
Isolation, characterization and application of bacteriophage PSDA-2 against Salmonella Typhimurium in chilled mutton

Salmonella is a common foodborne pathogen, especially in meat and meat products. Lytic phages are promising alternatives to conventional methods for Salmonella biocontrol in food and food processing. In this study, a virulent bacteriophage (PSDA-2) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was isolated from the sewage and it was found that PSDA-2 belongs to Cornellvirus genus of Siphoviridae family by morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Based on the one-step growth curve, PSDA-2 has a short latent period (10 min) and a high burst size (120 PFU/cell). The stability test in vitro reveals that PSDA-2 is stable at 30–70°C and pH 3–10. Bioinformatics analysis show that PSDA-2 genome consists of 40,062 bp with a GC content of 50.21% and encodes 63 open reading frames (ORFs); no tRNA genes, lysogenic genes, drug resistance genes and virulence genes were identified in the genome. Moreover, the capacity for PSDA-2 to control Salmonella Typhimurium in chilled mutton was investigated. The results show that incubation of PSDA-2 at 4°C reduced recoverable Salmonella by 1.7 log CFU/mL and 2.1 log CFU/mL at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 and 10,000 respectively, as relative to the phage-excluded control. The features of phage PSDA-2 suggest that it has the potential to be an agent to control Salmonella.
Analysis of Factors That Influence the Prognosis of Swallowing Function Rehabilitation Therapy in Patients with Dysphagia After Medullary Infarction

Purpose This study investigated the factors that influence the prognosis of swallowing function rehabilitation therapy in patients with dysphagia after medullary infarction. Patients and Methods This retrospective study was conducted using the clinical data of 51 patients who were diagnosed with dysphagia after medullary infarction and hospitalized at our institution between January 2019 and January 2021. As per the water swallow test (WST) grade at 1 month after rehabilitation treatment, patients were classified into the good prognosis group and the poor prognosis group. Univariate analysis as well as univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze factors that influence the prognosis of swallowing function rehabilitation therapy in patients with dysphagia after medullary infarction. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were then used to test the predictive ability of the significant parameters to predict the prognosis of the rehabilitation therapy in these patients. Results Univariate analysis and univariate logistic regression analysis showed that previous stroke (odds ratio [OR] = 1.361), dysarthria (OR = 3.771), disease course (OR = 1.112), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission (OR = 2.596), and infarct site (OR = 11.071) were all significantly correlated with the prognosis of swallowing function rehabilitation therapy in patients with dysphagia after medullary infarction (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that dysarthria (OR = 5.519, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.413–21.566), infarct site (OR = 18.634, 95% CI 1.696–204.73), and the NIHSS score (OR = 1.001, 95% CI 1.536–4.820) were independent influencing factors of the prognosis of swallowing function rehabilitation therapy in these patients. The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve for the combined prediction of the three indicators was 0.943. Conclusion The NIHSS score, dysarthria, and infarct site are independent influencing factors for the prognosis of swallowing function rehabilitation therapy in patients with dysphagia after medullary infarction.
Metabolic Signatures of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension in COVID-19 Patients With Different Disease Severity

Introduction: Increased COVID-19 disease severity is higher among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. However, the metabolic pathways underlying this association are not fully characterized. This study aims to identify the metabolic signature associated with increased COVID-19 severity in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Methods: One hundred and fifteen COVID-19 patients were divided based on disease severity, diabetes status, and hypertension status. Targeted metabolomics of serum samples from all patients was performed using tandem mass spectrometry followed by multivariate and univariate models. Results: Reduced levels of various triacylglycerols were observed with increased disease severity in the diabetic patients, including those containing palmitic (C16:0), docosapentaenoic (C22:5, DPA), and docosahexaenoic (C22:6, DHA) acids (FDR < 0.01). Functional enrichment analysis revealed triacylglycerols as the pathway exhibiting the most significant changes in severe COVID-19 in diabetic patients (FDR = 7.1 × 10−27). Similarly, reduced levels of various triacylglycerols were also observed in hypertensive patients corresponding with increased disease severity, including those containing palmitic, oleic (C18:1), and docosahexaenoic acids. Functional enrichment analysis revealed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6) as the pathway exhibiting the most significant changes with increased disease severity in hypertensive patients (FDR = 0.07). Conclusions: Reduced levels of triacylglycerols containing specific long-chain unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with increased COVID-19 severity in diabetic and hypertensive patients, offering potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Interventions to reduce pedestrian road traffic injuries: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized controlled trials, interrupted time-series, and controlled before-after studies

Background Road traffic injuries are among the top ten causes of death globally, with the highest burden in low and middle-income countries, where over a third of deaths occur among pedestrians and cyclists. Several interventions to mitigate the burden among pedestrians have been widely implemented, however, the effectiveness has not been systematically examined. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce road traffic crashes, injuries, hospitalizations and deaths among pedestrians. Methods We considered studies that evaluated interventions to reduce road traffic crashes, injuries, hospitalizations and/or deaths among pedestrians. We considered randomized controlled trials, interrupted time-series studies, and controlled before-after studies. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, WHO Global Health Index, Health Evidence, Transport Research International Documentation and ClinicalTrials.gov through 31 August 2020, and the reference lists of all included studies. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts and full texts, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. We summarized findings narratively with text and tables. Results A total of 69123 unique records were identified through the searches, with 26 of these meeting our eligibility criteria. All except two of these were conducted in high-income countries and most were from urban settings. The majority of studies observed either a clear effect favoring the intervention or an unclear effect potentially favoring the intervention and these included: changes to the road environment (19/27); changes to legislation and enforcement (12/12); and road user behavior/education combined with either changes to the road environment (3/3) or with legislation and enforcement (1/1). A small number of studies observed either a null effect or an effect favoring the control. Conclusions Although the highest burden of road traffic injuries exists in LMICs, very few studies have examined the effectiveness of available interventions in these settings. Studies indicate that road environment, legislation and enforcement interventions alone produce positive effects on pedestrian safety. In combination with or with road user behavior/education interventions they are particularly effective in improving pedestrian safety.
Two-phase learning-based 3D deblurring method for digital breast tomosynthesis images

In digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) systems, projection data are acquired from a limited number of angles. Consequently, the reconstructed images contain severe blurring artifacts that might heavily degrade the DBT image quality and cause difficulties in detecting lesions. In this study, we propose a two-phase learning approach for artifact compensation in a coarse-to-fine manner to mitigate blurring artifacts effectively along all viewing directions of the DBT image volume (i.e., along the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes) to improve the detection performance of lesions. The proposed method employs a convolutional neural network model comprising two submodels/phases, with Phase 1 performing three-dimensional (3D) deblurring and Phase 2 performing additional 2D deblurring. To investigate the effects of loss functions on the proposed model’s deblurring performance, we evaluated several loss functions, such as the pixel-based loss function, adversarial-based loss function, and perception-based loss function. Compared with the DBT image, the mean squared error of the image and the root mean squared errors of the gradient of the image decreased by 82.8% and 44.9%, respectively, and the contrast-to-noise ratio increased by 183.4% in the in-focus plane. We verified that the proposed method sequentially restored the missing frequency components as the DBT images were processed through the Phase 1 and Phase 2 steps. These results indicate that the proposed method performs effective 3D deblurring, significantly reducing the blurring artifacts in the in-focus plane and other planes of the DBT image, thus improving the detection performance of lesions.
Hydrodynamics of a class of $N$-urn linear systems

In this paper we are concerned with hydrodynamics of a class of N urn linear systems, which include voter models, pair-symmetric exclusion processes and binary contact path processes on N urns as special cases. We show that the hydrodynamic limit of our process is driven by a (C[0, 1])′-valued linear ordinary differential equation and the fluctuation of our process, i.e, central limit theorem from the hydrodynamic limit, is driven by a (C[0, 1])′-valued Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. To derive above main results, we need several replacement lemmas. An extension in linear systems of Chapman-Kolmogorov equation plays key role in proofs of these replacement lemmas.
Hodge-Tate prismatic crystals and Sen theory

Let $K$ be a mixed characteristic complete discrete valuation field with perfect residue field, and let $K_\infty/K$ be a Kummer tower extension by adjoining a compatible system of $p$-power roots of a chosen uniformizer. We use this Kummer tower to reconstruct Sen theory which classically is obtained using the cyclotomic tower. Using this Sen theory over the Kummer tower, we prove a conjecture of Min-Wang which predicts that Hodge-Tate prismatic crystals are determined by the Sen operator; this implies that the category of (rational) Hodge-Tate prismatic crystals is equivalent to the category of nearly Hodge-Tate representations.
The Benefits of Coarse Preferences

We study the strategic advantages of coarsening one's utility by clustering nearby payoffs together (i.e., classifying them the same way). Our solution concept, coarse-utility equilibrium (CUE) requires that (1) each player maximizes her coarse utility, given the opponent's strategy, and (2) the classifications form best replies to one another. We characterize CUEs in various games. In particular, we show that there is a qualitative difference between CUEs in which only one of the players clusters payoffs, and those in which all players cluster their payoffs, and that the latter type induce players to treat co-players better than in Nash equilibria in the large class of games with monotone externalities.
AggMatch: Aggregating Pseudo Labels for Semi-Supervised Learning

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has recently proven to be an effective paradigm for leveraging a huge amount of unlabeled data while mitigating the reliance on large labeled data. Conventional methods focused on extracting a pseudo label from individual unlabeled data sample and thus they mostly struggled to handle inaccurate or noisy pseudo labels, which degenerate performance. In this paper, we address this limitation with a novel SSL framework for aggregating pseudo labels, called AggMatch, which refines initial pseudo labels by using different confident instances. Specifically, we introduce an aggregation module for consistency regularization framework that aggregates the initial pseudo labels based on the similarity between the instances. To enlarge the aggregation candidates beyond the mini-batch, we present a class-balanced confidence-aware queue built with the momentum model, encouraging to provide more stable and consistent aggregation. We also propose a novel uncertainty-based confidence measure for the pseudo label by considering the consensus among multiple hypotheses with different subsets of the queue. We conduct experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of AggMatch over the latest methods on standard benchmarks and provide extensive analyses.
Ergodicity of supercritical SDEs driven by $\alpha$-stable processes and heavy-tailed sampling

Let α ∈ (0, 2) and d ∈ N. Consider the following stochastic differential equation (SDE) driven by α-stable process in Rd: dXt = b(Xt)dt+ σ(Xt−)dL α t , X0 = x ∈ R, where b : Rd → Rd and σ : Rd → Rd ⊗ Rd are locally γ-Hölder continuous with γ ∈ (0 ∨ (1 − α)+, 1], Lt is a d-dimensional rotationally invariant α-stable process. Under some dissipative and non-degenerate assumptions on b, σ, we show the V -uniformly exponential ergodicity for the semigroup Pt associated with {Xt(x), t > 0}. Our proofs are mainly based on the heat kernel estimates recently established in [25] through showing the strong Feller property and the irreducibility of Pt. It is interesting that when α goes to zero, the diffusion coefficient σ can grow faster than drift b. As applications, we put forward a new heavy-tailed sampling scheme.
Conditional entropy minimization principle for learning domain invariant representation features

Invariance-principle-based methods such as Invariant Risk Minimization (IRM), have recently emerged as promising approaches for Domain Generalization (DG). Despite promising theory, such approaches fail in common classification tasks due to mixing of true invariant features and spurious invariant features1. To address this, we propose a framework based on the conditional entropy minimization (CEM) principle to filter-out the spurious invariant features leading to a new algorithm with a better generalization capability. We show that our proposed approach is closely related to the well-known Information Bottleneck (IB) framework and prove that under certain assumptions, entropy minimization can exactly recover the true invariant features. Our approach provides competitive classification accuracy compared to recent theoretically-principled state-of-the-art alternatives across several DG datasets.