Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ Induce Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression in Human Endothelial Cells: Role of NF-κB Activation1

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 has been identified as the primary receptor for enteric LPS, whereas TLR2 has been implicated as the receptor for Gram-positive and fungal cell wall components and for bacterial, mycobacterial, and spirochetal lipoproteins. Vascular endothelial cell (EC) activation or injury by microbial cell wall components such as LPS is of critical importance in the development of sepsis and septic shock. We have previously shown that EC express predominantly TLR4, and have very little TLR2. These cells respond vigorously to LPS via TLR4, but are unresponsive to lipoproteins and other TLR2 ligands. Here we show that LPS, TNF-α, or IFN-γ induce TLR2 expression in both human dermal microvessel EC and HUVEC. Furthermore, LPS and IFN-γ act synergistically to induce TLR2 expression in EC, and LPS-induced TLR2 expression is NF-κB dependent. LPS and IFN-γ also up-regulate TLR4 mRNA expression in EC. These data indicate that TLR2 and TLR4 expression in ECs is regulated by inflammatory molecules such as LPS, TNF-α, or IFN-γ. TLR2 and TLR4 molecules may render EC responsive to TLR2 ligands and may help to explain the synergy between LPS and lipoproteins, and between LPS and IFN-γ, in inducing shock associated with Gram-negative sepsis.
Efficient transformation of lavender (Lavandula latifolia Medicus) mediated by Agrobacterium

Summary A stable transformation system has been established in lavender (Lavandula latifolia Medicus) using Agrobacterium. Friable calli with high regeneration ability induced from leaf explant were infected with three strains of A. tumefaciens, and spread over the filter paper placed on the bacterial elimination medium containing 500 mg l–1 cefotaxime. After 7 d of culture, the filter paper with infected calli was transferred to the selection medium containing 50 mg l–1 hygromycin and 200 mg l–1 cefotaxime. One month after the transfer, many hygromycin-resistant colonies were obtained irrespective of the difference in A. tumefaciens strains used for infection. The most efficient bacterial strain was LBA4404 (pTOK233), and the addition of acetosyringone to the co-cultivation medium increased the transformation efficiency. About 90% of the hygromycin-resistant calli obtained were GUS-positive in X-gluc histochemical analysis. Introduction of foreign genes into the genome of plants regenerated from hygromycin-resistant calli was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. The transformation efficiency using the friable calli was much higher than that using leaf explants.
New distribution data for Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix) with remarks on some other turtle taxa (Reptilia: Chelonia: Pelomedusidae)

During fieldwork in the Lago de Faro, the lower reaches of the Rio Nhamunda, on the border of the Brazilian states of Para and Amazonas, several species of pelomedusid turtles were observed. Podocnemis erythrocephala and P. unifilis occur in the area and breed there; P. expansa seems to be absent or at least very rare, though it does occur nearby in the Rio Trombetas. A single specimen of Peltocephalus dumeriliana was collected opposite the Ilha dos Maicos in a small igarape emptying in the Rio Trombetas. It is concluded that the distribution area of Podocnemis erythrocephala is more extensive than recently thought. Durante trabalho de campo no Lago de Faro, proximo a foz do Rio Nhamunda, no limite dos estados brasileiros do Para e Amazonas, diversas especies de quelonios da Familia Pelomedusidae foram observadas. Podocnemis erythrocephala e P. unifilis ocorrem e reproduzem-se na area; P. expansa parece estar ausente, ou pelo menos ser bastante rara, embora ocorra nao muito longe dai, no Rio Trombetas. Um unico especime de Peltocephalus dumeriliana foi coletado num pequeno igarape que desagua no Rio Trombetas, oposto a Ilha dos Maicos. Conclui-se que a area de distribuicao de Podocnemis erythrocephala e mais extensa do que recentemente suposto.
Studies on variability in physico-chemical characters of different aonla accessions from Jorhat region of Assam

Aonla is found scattered throughout Jorhat district of Assam. A survey was carried out to identify the elite genotypes among its natural population. The ripe fruit of 14 selected types were analyzed for physico-chemical traits like fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight, volume, specific gravity, pulp:seed ratio, width of fruit and seed, TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars and total sugars. The study reveals that there was a wide variation among its accessions. Individual fruit weight ranged from 3.24 to 10.18 g; pulp weight 2.83 to 9.41 g; seed weight 0.37 to 1.66 g; and pulp: seed ratio from 3.21 to 14.00. There was wide variation in chemical characters also. Total soluble solids varied from 12.0 to 19.0%; titrable acidity 2.29 to 4.61%; ascorbic acid 400 to 850 mg/100 g, reducing sugars 3.76 to 10.98%. Wide variation in physico-chemical analysis of genotypes indicated the scope of individual plant selection based on these characters for the genetic improvement of aonla.
Assessment of the Hazardous effects of Cd on physiological and biochemical characteristics of soybean genotypes.

Heavy metal contamination in soil has become a serious problem, and cadmium (Cd) in particular is of increasing global concern due to its readily taken up by plants. The selection of plant genotypes with low Cd uptake in roots and its transport to edible parts is a realistic approach to alleviate adverse effects of Cd contamination. In view of these considerations, series of experiments were performed to identify the genotypic difference in physiological and biochemical characteristics of soybean genotypes by applying different Cd concentrations. Twenty three soybean genotypes were grown at 0 and 2.0 μmol L -1 Cd in nutrient solution to compare the difference in Cd tolerance. Biometric, physiological and biochemical parameters revealed better performance for S951-3 and high sensitivity of Q17-3 to Cd toxicity. S951-3 and Q17-3 were used in the succeeding experiment to investigate the mechanisms of Cd tolerance in soybean. The Cd (5.0 μmol L -1 ) reduced growth, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate in both genotypes, but the extent of reduction was different. Cadmium, MDA contents, and activity of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased with Cd treatment, being higher in Q17-3. These data suggest S951-3 as more resistant genotype than Q17-3 to Cd stress. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers
PRESENCE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS SEQUENCES IN BREAST CANCER TISSUES AND ASSOCIATION WITH HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES

Introduction: Several studies confirmed oncogenic roles of viral agent in Development of breast cancer. Human papilloma viruses especially high risk types (16, 18), are demonstrated in epithelial malignancy of genital and extra genital organs. This study was done to examine the presence of high and Low risk groups of human papiloma virus (HPV) in breast cancer tissues and their correlation with histopathological characteristics. Methods: Fifty specimens of breast cancer tissues and 29 samples of non-malignant breast tissues were studied for the presence of DNA of HPV of the low risk groups(1,6) and high risk groups(16,18) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with HPV consensus primers . Results: Papilloma virus DNA was detected in 24 (48) samples of breast carcinoma that 26 of them harbored high-risk DNA sequences of HPV in their tumors (13 patients) and 8 patients (16) had low risk HPV infection . Three breast cancer tissues were doubly infected by high and low risk HPV (6). All of none malignant mammary tissues were free of HPV infection (high and Low risk). In this study, there was no correlation between the presence of DNA of HPV and prognostic factors of breast cancer such as age (P=0.448), axillary lymphadenopathy (P=0.749), histopathologic grade of tumor (P=0.946), tumor size (P=0.946) and laterality of the tumor. Conclusion: The presence of high and low risk DNA sequences of HPV in the breast cancer tissues was verified in this study and a probability association in the acceleration and development of breast malignancy were confirmed.
Developing propagation techniques for conservation of Heracleum candicans – an endangered medicinal plant of the Himalayan region

Summary Heracleum candicans, an endangered medicinal plant of commercial value, is subject to heavy exploitation in the wild. This paper presents findings on the effect of the growing medium (or substrate) on seedling performance, propagation from rhizome cuttings and in vitro propagation protocols. Seedlings were obtained from 14 d prechilled seeds. Seedling growth was best in a mixture of sand and soil (1:1 by volume). Cuttings taken from the terminal growing part of rhizomes resulted in 67% rooting, following treatment with 100 mg l–1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Cotyledonary leaf explants responded better (29 shoots/explant) than cotyledonary node explants for organogenesis using MS medium supplemented with 10 μM 6-benzyladenine. Of the harvested shoots 74 % rooted in MS medium supplemented with 4 μM IBA. Rooted shoots transferred to 120 g sterile soil, sand and peat mixture (1:1:1 by volume) showed 70% survival ex vitro.
Edge effects and their influence on habitat suitability calculations: a continuous approach applied to birds of the Atlantic forest

Summary 1. The suitability of human-modified habitats for native species and the response of species to habitat edges are two important ecological processes that affect species and communities in fragmented landscapes. However, field studies generally analyse these two processes separately. We extended a recently proposed continuous approach to link these two processes, using empirical data from birds of the Atlantic forest in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. 2. We tested different models for describing the responses of birds (both forest and open-habitat species) to the interior–exterior gradient within different edge types (ecotones). We used two types of data: the first originated from a large data set collected at regional scale using the point-count method and the second originated from a detailed local telemetry study of three bird species. 3. For both data sets, these models successfully described the responses to edges of the majority of species and assemblages and significantly influenced the calculated habitat suitability in both native and anthropogenic habitats. Edge effects were seen in the majority of species; however, the magnitude of these effects was influenced by the ecotone type. At the assemblage level, more species avoided edges in the ecotone with tree plantations compared with open habitats. 4. The effect of edges on the calculated habitat suitability was either positive or negative, depending on the function that best described the response of the species to edges and whether they avoided edges or penetrated into the less-preferred habitat. In general, forest species penetrated deeper into tree plantations but moved only short distances into open habitats. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results demonstrate the impact of edge effects on bird species and communities in fragmented landscapes. Furthermore, the differential penetration capacity of the native forest birds into anthropogenic habitats shows the importance of using a continuous approach to calculate habitat suitability; classic calculation (without considering the distance to the preferred habitat) is likely to bias the calculated suitability and permeability of the hostile matrix and affect our estimations of connectivity.
Global honey bee colony disorders and other threats to insect pollinators

Current evidence demonstrates that a sixth major extinction of biological diversity event is underway.1. The Earth is losing between one and ten percent of biodiversity per decade2, mostly due to habitat loss, pest invasion, pollution, over-harvesting and disease3. Certain natural ecosystem services are vital for human societies. Many fruit, nut, vegetable, legume, and seed crops depend on pollination. Pollination services are provided both by wild, free-living organisms (mainly bees, but also to name a few many butterflies, moths and flies), and by commercially managed bee species. Bees are the predominant and most economically important group of pollinators in most geographical regions. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)4 estimates that out of some 100 crop species which provide 90% of food worldwide, 71 of these are bee-pollinated. In Europe alone, 84% of the 264 crop species are animal- pollinated and 4 000 vegetable varieties exist thanks to pollination by bees5. The production value of one tonne of pollinator-dependent crop is approximately five times higher than one of those crop categories that do not depend on insects6. Has a “pollinator crisis” really been occurring during recent decades, or are these concerns just another sign of global biodiversity decline? Several studies have highlighted different factors leading to the pollinators' decline that have been observed around the world. This bulletin considers the latest scientific findings and analyses possible answers to this question. As the bee group is the most important pollinator worldwide, this bulletin focuses on the instability of wild and managed bee populations, the driving forces, potential mitigating measures and recommendations.
Response of wheat crop to different thermal regimes under the agroclimatic conditions of Jharkhand.

Temperature is an important environmental factor that affects plant development, growth and yield. Changes in seasonal temperature affect the grain yield mainly through bringing changes in phenological development processes. Winter Crops are especially vulnerable to high temperature during reproductive stages and differential response of temperature change (rise) to various crops has been noticed under different production environments (Kalra et al 2008). Hundal (2004) observed that a 2 oC increase in temperature in wheat or rice resulted in 15-17 percent decrease in grain yield of both crops but beyond that the decrease was very high in wheat. Next to paddy and maize, wheat is the most important staple cereal for Jharkhand state which occupies an area of 4% of total cropped area. Jharkhand comes under the agro-climatic region of Eastern plateau and Hills. Since rainfall in this region is relatively high with an average annual rainfall of 1398.8 mm, wheat cultivation in Jharkhand has gained popularity in recent years and area under this crop is gradually expanding with the adoption of rainwater harvesting and re-uses technique for assured irrigation. Cool weather during vegetative period and warm weather during maturity are ideal requirements for wheat (Mavi, 1986).
Monitoring carnivore populations at the landscape scale: occupancy modelling of tigers from sign surveys

Summary 1. Assessing spatial distributions of threatened large carnivores at landscape scales poses formidable challenges because of their rarity and elusiveness. As a consequence of logistical constraints, investigators typically rely on sign surveys. Most survey methods, however, do not explicitly address the central problem of imperfect detections of animal signs in the field, leading to underestimates of true habitat occupancy and distribution. 2. We assessed habitat occupancy for a tiger Panthera tigris metapopulation across a c. 38 000-km2 landscape in India, employing a spatially replicated survey to explicitly address imperfect detections. Ecological predictions about tiger presence were confronted with sign detection data generated from occupancy sampling of 205 sites, each of 188 km2. 3. A recent occupancy model that considers Markovian dependency among sign detections on spatial replicates performed better than the standard occupancy model (ΔAIC = 184·9). A formulation of this model that fitted the data best showed that density of ungulate prey and levels of human disturbance were key determinants of local tiger presence. Model averaging resulted in a replicate-level detection probability = 0·17 (0·17) for signs and a tiger habitat occupancy estimate of = 0·665 (0·0857) or 14 076 (1814) km2 of potential habitat of 21 167 km2. In contrast, a traditional presence-versus-absence approach underestimated occupancy by 47%. Maps of probabilities of local site occupancy clearly identified tiger source populations at higher densities and matched observed tiger density variations, suggesting their potential utility for population assessments at landscape scales. 4. Synthesis and applications. Landscape-scale sign surveys can efficiently assess large carnivore spatial distributions and elucidate the factors governing their local presence, provided ecological and observation processes are both explicitly modelled. Occupancy sampling using spatial replicates can be used to reliably and efficiently identify tiger population sources and help monitor metapopulations. Our results reinforce earlier findings that prey depletion and human disturbance are key drivers of local tiger extinctions and tigers can persist even in human-dominated landscapes through effective protection of source populations. Our approach facilitates efficient targeting of tiger conservation interventions and, more generally, provides a basis for the reliable integration of large carnivore monitoring data between local and landscape scales.
Neutralización de las actividades tóxicas y enzimáticas de cuatro venenos de serpientes de Guatemala y Honduras por el antiveneno polivalente producido en Costa Rica

We studied the ability of the polyvalent antivenom produced in Costa Rica to neutralize lethal, hemorrhagic, edema-forming, proteolytic, hemolytic, hyaluronidase and fibrinolytic activities of the venoms of Bothrops asper and B. nummifer from Honduras, and of Agkistrodon bilineatus and Crotalus durissus durissus from Guatemala. Neutralizing ability of antivenom was expressed as ED50 (effective dose 50%), defined as the antivenom/venom ratio at which the activity of the venom is reduced 50%. Antivenom is highly effective in the neutralization of lethal, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, hyaluronidase, and caseinolytic activities of B. asper, B. nummifer, and C. d. durissus venoms. In the case of B. nummifer venom, neutralization of fibrinolytic effect was only partial, whereas this activity was adequately neutralized when studying the venoms of B. asper and C. d. durissus. The venom of A. bilineatus was adequately neutralized by the antivenom, with the only exception of hemolytic effect that was reduced only partially. However, in quantitative terms, a relatively large volume of antivenom was required to neutralize some effects induced by A. bilineatus venom. Regarding edema-forming activity, antivenom neutralized efficiently the venoms of B. asper and A. bilineatus, whereas that of B. nummifer was neutralized only partially; on the other hand, edema induced by the venom of C. d. durissus was not neutralized at all. Immunochemical results indicate a close immunological relationship between venoms of B. asper, B. nummifer and C. d. durissus collected in Honduras and Guatemala with those of the same species collected in Costa Rica. Interspecies comparison, however, showed variation between venoms obtained from different species. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The physiology and biochemistry of the mouth

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Influence of planting date on common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) interference in early-maturing soybean (Glycine max)

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of common cocklebur interference in early-maturing (maturity group IV) soybean planted in April, May, and July. Common cocklebur density and length of interference did not affect soybean height, canopy width, or node number at any planting date. Removal of common cocklebur 4 weeks after emergence (WAE) prevented reduction of soybean leaf area, stem dry weight, dry leaf weight, dry pod weight, and seed yield. Aboveground biomass for common cocklebur emerging in July was less than biomass of April or May plantings. Common cocklebur planted into soybean 2, 4, or 8 wk after soybean emergence did not reduce soybean yield. Under parameters of this study, planting date was not a significant factor in yield reduction. Interference from one common cocklebur plant per 1.8, 0.9, and 0.3 m of soybean row for 8 wk reduced yields 7, 14, and 30%, and full-season interference reduced yields 16, 33, and 65%, respectively. The Arkansas Weed Management Computer program closely predicted actual yield loss for early-maturing soybean.
Measuring Contextual Determinants of Health: Experiments, Exposures, and Epidemiology of Noise and Air Pollution

The atmosphere is rife with both chemical and physical exposures that may negatively impact the health of those exposed to them. In this dissertation both are explored via the lenses of experiments, exposure assessments, and epidemiology. The first paper is an epidemiological experiment, which examines the impact of both sound intensity levels and frequency composition on biomarkers of stress and cardiovascular activity. The second paper contains a descriptive analysis of the ambient levels of infrasound, low, mid, high, and A-weighted sound levels in a community inundated with major transportation networks. The third paper improves upon the second paper by construction spatial-temporal models of low, mid, high, and A-weighted sound levels in the city of Boston, using an elastic net variable selection approach. Finally, the fourth paper switches gears from physical exposures to chemical exposures. In this paper, models of PAHs—in particular, particle counts and active surface area—in 10 trucking terminals located in the northeast of the United States.
The effect of the broiler parents age and the period of egg storage on incubation indicators.

The basic objective of this study was examination of the effect of age of broiler parents (PA) of Cobb Hybrid 500 and the period of storage of eggs i.e. egg age (EA) on the fertility of eggs and chicken hatching, as well as the embryo mortality of chickens (early, middle and late) during the incubation period. By the method or a random sample, in the three phases of the production cycle, i.e. for different age of broiler parents (PA25weeks, PA41weeks, and PA58weeks) and in the case of eggs stored for up to 7 days, and over 7 days (EA <7 and EA> 7), 1050 eggs per phase (total of 6300 eggs) were selected, in order to determine these reproductive indicators. The age of broiler parents affected the fertility of eggs because there were the most fertile eggs in the middle of the production cycle (PA41 = 97.05%), then at the beginning (PA25 = 96.09%) and the least in the final stage (PA58 = 93.00) of flock breeding. The egg storage period had no effect on the fertility of eggs, while the age of broiler parents and egg storage period significantly affected the percentage of chicken generating, and thus the embryo mortality during incubation. The lowest total embryo mortality (13.05%), regardless of the storage period, was found in eggs originating from PA41, much higher 15.87% in eggs originating from PA58 and the highest 16.93% in eggs originating from PA25. In addition, extending the period of storage of eggs i.e. egg age (EA < 7 and EA > 7) resulted in the increase of the total embryonic mortality in all three phases of the production cycle.