Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The October 9, 1995 Colima‐Jalisco, Mexico Earthquake (Mw 8): An aftershock study and a comparison of this earthquake with those of 1932

Data from portable seismographs and a permanent local network (called RESCO) are used to locate the aftershocks of the October 9, 1995 Colima‐Jalisco earthquake (Mw 8.0). The maximum dimension of the aftershock area, which is rectangular in shape, is 170 km × 70 km. Our study shows that the mainshock nucleated ∼24 km south of Manzanillo, near the foreshock of October 6, 1995 (Mw 5.8), and propagated ∼130 km to the NW and ∼40 km to SE. The aftershock area lies offshore and is oriented parallel to the coast. The observed subsidence of the coast is a consequence of this offshore rupture area. The aftershocks reach unusually close to the trench (within 20 km). This may be due to lack of sediments with high pore pressure at shallow depth. There are some similarities between this earthquake and the two great earthquakes of 1932 (3 June, Ms 8.1; 18 June, Ms 7.8) which occurred in this region. In both cases the aftershocks were located offshore and the coastline subsided. The sum of seismic moments and the rupture lengths of the 1932 events (1.8×1021 N‐m and 280 km, respectively), however, were greater than the 1995 earthquake. Also a comparison of seismograms of 1932 and 1995 earthquakes show great differences. It seems that the 1995 event is not a repeat of either June 3 or June 18, 1932 earthquakes.
Desert dune dynamics and the evaluation of shear velocity: an integrated approach

Abstract Few empirical measurements have been undertaken of shear velocity, sand transport or dune morphology in the upwind basal regions of dunes. This study compares field measurements in this region from a barchan dune in Oman with calculations from a complex flow model using linearised equations (FLOWSTAR) and measurements in a wind tunnel. The calculations of shear velocity from wind velocity observations in the field and those predicted by the FLOWSTAR model reflect the observations of previous studies in exhibiting the widely reported upwind reduction in shear velocity. Despite these observations, measurements of sand transport did not reduce at the base of the dune. The implications of these findings for the predictive power of typical saltation flux equations and the dynamics of the dune itself are discussed. Wind tunnel modelling using a pulse wire probe suggests that the conventional methods of shear velocity derivation are inadequate. The pulse wire measurements exhibited no reduction in shear at the toe. An argument is presented to explain the maintenance of shear velocity in this position. It is suggested that the reduction in shear stress due to the fall in wind velocity is counteracted by an increase in shear stress due to streamline curvature. The adequacy of field methods for determining shear velocity in this respect is considered.
GIS‐Based Stream Classification in a Mountain Watershed for Jurisdictional Evaluation

This study analyzed stream characteristics in a mountain watershed in southwestern Colorado and developed a three‐level hierarchical classification scheme using national datasets to demonstrate jurisdictional evaluation as “waters of the United States (U.S.)” under U.S. Clean Water Act Section 404 at the watershed scale. The National Hydrography Dataset and USGS StreamStats were used with field observations to classify streams in the 53 km2 Cement Creek Watershed based on flow duration (Level 1), stream order (Level 2), and other biophysical metrics (Level 3). Kruskal‐Wallis tests and discriminant analysis showed significant differences among Level 2 classes. Level 3 classification used cluster analysis for stream length, distance to the downstream traditional navigable water (TNW), and the ratio of mean annual flow from the source stream to the TNW. Results showed all perennial and intermittent streams are jurisdictional relatively permanent waters (RPWs), which include over a third of all streams, 64% are intermittent or ephemeral, and almost half are ephemeral first order. All ephemeral reaches are non‐RPWs requiring significant nexus evaluation to determine jurisdiction. These ephemeral first‐order streams can contribute 5% of the annual flow to the TNW at the confluence, while the Cement Creek main stem contributes 21% of the TNW flow. The study demonstrated that the classification provides key biophysical and regulatory information to aid jurisdictional evaluations in mountain watersheds.
Modeling of nutation and precession: Effects of electromagnetic coupling

[1] The presence of an internal magnetic field influences of the Earth's nutation through the effects of electromagnetic torques at the boundaries of the fluid core. We calculate the effect of electromagnetic torques on nutation by combining a solution for the full hydromagnetic response of the fluid core with the nutation theory of Mathews et al. [2002]. The coupling of the fluid outer core to the mantle and solid inner core is described by two complex constants, KCMB and KICB, that characterize the electromagnetic torques at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and the inner core boundary (ICB). Predictions for KCMB and KICB are compared with estimates inferred from observations of the Earth's nutation. The estimate of KCMB can be explained by the presence of a thin conducting layer at the base of the mantle with a total conductance of 108 S. The overall root-mean-square (RMS) radial field at the CMB is 0.69 mT, which is partitioned into a dipole component (0.264 mT) and a nondipole component (0.64 mT). (The latter is represented using a uniform radial field.) The estimate of KICB can be explained with a mixture of dipole and nondipole components. The overall RMS field at the ICB is 7.17 mT, though smaller values are inferred when small adjustments are made to the dynamic ellipticity of the inner core and/or the fluid density at the boundary. The minimum RMS radial field required to explain the nutation observations is 4.6 mT.
Severe respiratory illness associated with a novel coronavirus--Saudi Arabia and Qatar, 2012.

CDC is working closely with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners to better understand the public health risk presented by a recently detected, novel coronavirus. This virus has been identified in two patients, both previously healthy adults who suffered severe respiratory illness. The first patient, a man aged 60 years from Saudi Arabia, was hospitalized in June 2012 and died; the second patient, a man aged 49 years from Qatar with onset of symptoms in September 2012 was transported to the United Kingdom for intensive care. He remains hospitalized on life support with both pulmonary and renal failure. Person-to-person or health-care-associated transmission has not been identified to date. Interim case definitions based on acute respiratory illness and travel history were issued by WHO on September 29 and include criteria for "patient under investigation," "probable case," and "confirmed case". This information is current as of October 4. Updates on the investigation and the WHO case definition are available at http://www.who. int/csr/don/en/index.html.
External radial stress changes and axial capacity for suction caissons in soft clay

A series of centrifuge tests was performed on instrumented model caissons in normally consolidated, lightly overconsolidated and sensitive clays, to investigate the external radial stress changes around suction caissons during installation, consolidation and pullout, and axial capacity after consolidation. Total pressure transducers embedded at different elevations of the caisson wall showed external radial total stresses that varied almost linearly with depth during both penetration and extraction of the caisson, with smaller gradients during post-consolidation pullout. Only slight differences were found in the measured external radial total stress when pressure transducers entered the suction-affected zone from the jacking-affected zone. Comparisons are presented between measurements and two theoretical predictions, for both the external radial total stress during caisson installation, and the radial effective stress after consolidation. A simple cavity expansion approach was found to give reasonable pr.
A Paragenetic and Isotopic Study of the Proterozoic Westmoreland Uranium Deposits, Southern McArthur Basin, Northern Territory, Australia

The Proterozoic sandstone-hosted Redtree and Junnagunna uranium deposits in the Westmoreland uranium field occur in the southern McArthur basin, Australia, at the contact between the Westmoreland Conglomerate and the Seigal Volcanics. Uranium mineralization consists of uraninite with hematite and illite and occurs within a zone of chlorite alteration that formed prior to the uraninite during peak diagenesis. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios on synmineralization illite show that uranium was transported to the site of deposition by a basinal brine with δ 18 O fluid and δD fluid values of 4 ± 3 and −33 ± 10 per mil, respectively. These values are consistent with evolved evaporated seawater but not with hot, oxidized fluids derived from underlying uraniferous granites or volcanic rocks as previously suggested. Illite crystallinity indicates that the uraninite-illite-hematite assemblage formed at 200° ± 50°C. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of illite and 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ages of uraninite indicate that mineralization occurred between 1655 ± 83 and 1606 ± 80 Ma, coincident with major tectonic events in northern Australia, and was later remobilized between ca. 1150 and 850 Ma. A U-Pb concordia age of 878 Ma is identical to the 870 Ma age recorded by previous workers on Westmoreland uranium deposits. The mineralogy, paragenesis, and geochemistry of the Redtree and Junnagunna uranium deposits are largely indistinguishable from the basement-hosted Nabarlek and Jabiluka uranium deposits in the northern McArthur basin, suggesting that the Westmoreland uranium field might also be prospective for basement-hosted uranium deposits where suitable structural and chemical traps can be found.
Radiocarbon Dating of Architectural Mortar: A Case Study in the Maya Region, Quintana Roo, Mexico

Abstract The use of radiocarbon dating to analyze mortar and charcoal inclusions within mortar or plaster is a useful way to date the construction of architecture, particularly when options for other chronometric methods are limited. In the Yalahau region of northern Quintana Roo, Mexico, members of the Yalahau Regional Human Ecology Project have faced challenges in dating buildings made of large blocks of stone in the Megalithic architectural style. The Megalithic style poses serious problems for any analysis, as excavating into structures with stones weighing several tons can be dangerous, expensive, and time consuming. Additionally, there are no associated sculptures, texts with dates, or other traditionally accessible chronological markers. These factors have resulted in a reliance on a ceramic chronology despite the uncertainty of the dating of many ceramic types in this region, as well as the questionable contextual associations between recovered ceramics and architectural construction phases. Megalithic-style structures at the ancient Maya site of El Naranjal have residual mortar with charcoal inclusions left behind during the mortar-making processes that can be extracted and dated with AMS 14C methods. Several samples of mortar and charcoal were obtained from structures 1 and 10 from exposed exterior walls and an interior vault. The resulting dates confirm the date for the construction based on ceramics excavated from the same site.
Entrainment results from the Flatland boundary layer experiments

A primary objective of the 1995 and 1996 Flatland boundary layer experiments, known as Flatland95 and Flatland96, was to measure and characterize entrainment at the top of the convective boundary layer. The experiments took place in the area near the Flatland Atmospheric Observatory near Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, in August-September 1995 and June-August 1996. The site is interesting because it is extraordinarily flat, has uniform land use, and is situated in a prime agricultural area. Measurements in the entrainment zone are difficult to make due to the time and space scales involved. We will present entrainment estimates derived from budget calculations with data from UHF wind profiling radars and from radiosondes. The results demonstrate that the remote sensing instruments produce results comparable to radiosondes and have significant advantages for boundary layer studies. Surface flux measurements are also used in the calculations. Direct heating by shortwave radiation absorbed by aerosols in the boundary layer is found to be an important component of the boundary layer heat budgets. The entrainment virtual temperature flux and the ratio of entrainment to surface flux found from the budget calculations are somewhat larger than expected. Advection of warm air, which is not accounted for in the budget calculations, is probably a factor in some periods but may not be significant in the full data set. For the full data set, the mean entrainment velocity found from the heat budget is 0.03± 0.01 m s -1 , slightly less than the mean rate of change of the boundary layer height. The mean entrainment ratio A R is 0.51 ± 0.12 and the median is 0.43, comparable to results from some other studies in comparable conditions.
An experimental and petrographic investigation of Elephant Moraine 79001 lithology A: Implications for its petrogenesis and the partitioning of chromium and vanadium in a martian basalt

Abstract— A composition approximating the lithology A groundmass of the Elephant Moraine (EET) 79001 martian basalt (Eg; McSween and Jarosewich, 1983) has been used to investigate the petrogenesis of the meteorite and the behavior of Cr and V at different oxygen fugacities. Crystallization experiments were carried out over a range of temperatures, and oxygen fugacities of either iron‐wüstite (IW) or IW + 2 (i.e., 1.5 log units below the quartz‐fayalite‐magnetite (QFM) buffer). Comparison of trace element concentrations (obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis) in experimental silicates with those of natural silicates supports the Fe‐Ti oxide‐derived oxygen fugacity of QFM −1.8 ± 0.3 for this basalt (Herd et al., 2001). Experimental distribution coefficients, in conjunction with SIMS analyses of rims from the olivine and pyroxene xenocrysts in lithology A, as well as analyses of lithology A groundmass pigeonite cores, are used to calculate coexisting liquid concentrations of V and Cr. Liquid compositions derived from pigeonite xenocryst rims and groundmass pigeonite cores are similar, suggesting that the rims of orthopyroxene xenocrysts are overgrowths, which have not previously been accounted for when reconstructing the groundmass composition. This implies that the Eg composition requires modification. A similar exercise for the ferroan rims on olivine xenocrysts yields very different liquid compositions, indicating that these rims are not overgrowths but are part of the xenocryst assemblage. These results are shown to be consistent with the petrography of lithology A xenocrysts.
Paleomagnetic Chronology, Fluvial Processes, and Tectonic Implications of the Siwalik Deposits near Chinji Village, Pakistan

A 2800-m section of Siwalik strata containing the stratotypes for both the Chinji and Nagri formations has been dated by magnetic polarity stratigraphy, and the observed polarity zonation has securely been correlated with the Chron 17-7 segment of the time scale. The base of the section is the base of the Kamlial formation, which occurs near the top of Chron 17 (18.3 m.y.). The Kamlial-Chinji formation boundary occurs in the middle of Chron 15 (14.3 m.y.), the Chinji-Nagri boundary near the bottom of Chron 10 (10.8 m.y.), and the Nagri-Dhok Pathan boundary at the Chron 8-9 boundary (8.5 m.y.). The Siwalik deposits near Chinji Village consist of four distinct classes of fluvial cycles, each with a characteristic periodicity: a first order of $$10^{7} years, a second order of 10^{6} years, a third order of 10^{4}-10^{5} years$$, and a fourth order of $$10^{0}-10^{4} years$$. The river system responsible for Siwalik sedimentation flowed from west to east and had properties much like the modern Ganges River system. Sedimentation rates in the Chinji Village area increased gradually through time, going from 0.12 mm/yr in the Lower Siwaliks to 0.30 mm/yr in the Middle Siwaliks. At about 11 m.y. blue-green hornblendes suddenly appear in abundance in channel sands. The appearance of these hornblendes, accompanied with accelerated sedimentation, is the effect of uplift in the source area, specifically the Nanga Parbat region. The modern Chinji Village area is no longer a depositional site, but instead is involved in overthrusting, uplift, and erosion. As the Indian Plate has drifted north during the past 18 m.y. , the Chinji Village area has been gradually transformed from a subdued karst topography into a major depositional center for Himalayan sediments and finally back into a sediment source area to complete a sedimentary cycle that has spanned some 20 m.y.
Post-dispersal seed predation in Pinus halepensis and consequences on seedling establishment after fire

In the present study, we analyse the spatiotemporal patterns of seed predation and the consequences of this predation in the establishment of new Pinus halepensis individuals. Rodents were the main predators of P. halepensis seeds in burned areas, while predation by ants was considerably lower. Concerning spatiotemporal patterns of seed predation, the results obtained indicate that, although there were some small differences among distances or among seasons, removal of P. halepensis seeds was consistently very high in all situations, whether close to or far from the unburned margins, in pine or mixed forests, in different sites and in all sampling periods throughout the year. We analysed the role of seed predation on the modulation of post-fire regeneration of P. halepensis. Just after fire, no differences in seedling density were found between plots with or without rodent exclusion, probably owing to the high density of seeds on the ground and the low density of rodents affected by fire. One year after fire, when rodent populations had recovered in burned areas and seeds were much less abundant, the combination of addition of seeds and rodent exclusion led to an increase in pine seedling establishment.
Adsorption of natural surfactants present in sea waters at surfaces of minerals: contact angle measurements

The wetting properties of solid mineral samples (by contact angles) in original surfactant-containing sea water (Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic) were characterised under laboratory conditions on a large set (31 samples) of well-classified stones of diverse hydrophobicity using the sessile drop (ADSA-P approach), captive bubble and inclined plate methods. An experimental relation between the static contact * The study was supported by grants BW/5200-5-0214-06 and 828/BW/GU/2008 (provided to K.B-Sz.) from the Polish Council for Scientific Research (KBN), and carried out in part within the framework of the scientific activity of the University of Gdansk (supported from DS/5200-4-0024-09). The complete text of the paper is available at http://www.iopan. gda.pl/oceanologia/ 378 A. Mazurek, S. J. Pogorzelski, K. Boniewicz-Szmyt angle θeq and stone density ρ was obtained in the form θeq = Bρ + C, where B = 12.23± 0.92, C = −(19.17± 0.77), and r = 0.92. The histogram of θeq distribution for polished stone plates exhibited a multimodal feature indicating that the most abundant solid materials (hydrophilic in nature) have contact angles θeq = 7.2, 10.7, 15.7 and 19.2◦, which appear to be applicable to unspecified field stones as well. The contact angle, a pH-dependent quantity, appears to be a sensitive measure of stone grain size, e.g. granite. The captive bubble method gives reproducible results in studies of porous and highly hydrophilic surfaces such as stones and wood. The authors consider the adsorption of natural sea water surfactants on stone surfaces to be the process responsible for contact angle hysteresis. In the model, an equation was derived for determining the solid surface free energy from the liquid’s surface tension γLV; it also enabled the advancing θA and receding θR contact angles of this liquid to be calculated. Measurements of contact angle hysteresis ∆θ(= θA − θR) with surfactant-containing sea water and distilled water (reference) on the same stone surfaces allowed the film pressure ∆Π (1.22 to 8.80 mJ m−2), solid surface free energy ∆γS (−17.03 to −23.61 mJ m−2) and work done by spreading ∆WS (−1.23 to −11.52 mJ m−2) to be determined. The variability in these parameters is attributed to autophobing, an effect operative on a solid surface covered with an adsorptive layer of surfactants. The wetting behaviour of solid particles is of great importance in numerous technological processes including froth flotation, demulgation, anti-foaming procedures and the coal industries. It is believed that the approach presented here and the examples of its application to common sea water/solid mineral systems could be successfully adapted to optimise several surfactant-mediated adsorption processes (see below) of practical value in natural water ecology.
Performance Enhancements of C-V2X Mode 4 with Virtual Cell and Resource Usage Bitmap

Successful exchange of cooperative awareness messages(CAMs) among vehicles is essential in improving transportation safety for intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This paper presents performance enhancements of C-V2X CAM delivery with i) overlapped virtual cells with orthogonal sub-channel allocations, ii) extended MIB (master information block) with resource usage bitmap, and iii) smart roaming across overlapped virtual cells. In the proposed scheme, virtual cells are configured with 3 ~ 4 orthogonal sub-channels for up to 400 vehicles. The virtual cell manager (VCM) continuously monitors the usages of resources (sub-channels and sub-frames) for CAM broadcasting by vehicles, configures an extended MIB with resource usage bitmap, and periodically broadcasts the extended MIB with a bitmap. By checking the extended MIB with the resource usage bitmap, each vehicle can easily avoid collisions by selecting unused resource. The smart roaming among overlapped virtual cells guarantees seamless CAM deliveries even in the boundaries of virtual cells. The performance of the proposed scheme has been analyzed with NS-3 simulation, and measured results of CAM delivery rates are more than 99 percent in highly congested metropolitan areas.