Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heavy ion beam probe systems for tight aspect ratio tokamaks

We discuss the specific features of the application of heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) systems to tight aspect ratio tokamaks. We present and compare the HIBP projects for the TUMAN-3, GLOBUS, and COMPASS, where the inner part of the plasma is not available for regular chord diagnostics, so the HIBP becomes very desirable. All existing tight aspect ratio facilities and projects have a low (less than 1.9 T) toroidal field that requires a comparatively low beam energy range. The natural elongation and triangularity in tight aspect ratio tokamaks require an accurate calculation of the three-dimensional magnetic field for probing optimization. In comparison with traditional tokamaks, the detector grids have a wider energy interval. In general, the trajectories and detector grids for tight aspect ratio tokamaks become similar to the stellarator ones. Traditional and new probing schemes are suggested and discussed.
Galactic evolution. II. Disk galaxies with massive halos.

Models of galactic evolution are computed in which matter shed by dying halo stars accumulates in a smaller, more rapidly rotating disk. The models are both simpler and more successful than one-zone (pure-disk) models in that the observed absence of low-metal-abundance, low-mass dwarfs is expected, not anomalous, and the relative birthrate function (or IMF) need not be a strongly variable function of time in agreement with recent interpretations of the observed stellar populations and neutral hydrogen in our own and other galaxies: even a simple ''Salpeter'' IMF for both disk and halo will produce an acceptable model. The model with a halo ''Salpeter'' IMF and with roughly one-quarter of the mass of the disk secondary and with approximately half of the metals made in the halo seems most compatible with observations of metal abundance in low-mass stars, deuterium abundance, halo planetary nebulae, and light from Population II stars, and with arguments on the stability of the disk. Models for the spherical (halo) component of the Galaxy produced as a by-product of this investigation agree fairly well with those of Tinsley for elliptical galaxies but tend to produce somewhat smaller evolutionary corrections to the luminosity of old or cosmologically distant galaxies.more » (AIP)« less
Orographic precipitation and air mass transformation: An Alpine example

A case of orographic precipitation in the Alps on 20 September 1999 was studied using several models, along with rain‐gauge and radar data. The objective of the study is to describe the orographic transformation of an air mass, including multi‐scale aspects. Several new and some conventional diagnostic quantities are estimated, including drying ratio, precipitation efficiency, buoyancy work, condensed‐water residence time, parcel changes in heat, moisture and altitude, and dominant space‐ and time‐scales.
Granularity and Efficiency

Abstract Hammersley (1950) considered, among other matters, the asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) of the rounded sample median M e with respect to the rounded sample mean as estimate of a Normal population mean restricted to a uniform grid of mesh size 2e. This article extends Hammersley's work to a certain class of two-sided extended increasing failure rate (TEIFR) distributions for which the (grid-valued) population mean and median coincide, their common value designated as μ. The ARE of M e with respect to , as estimators of μ, is examined for our class via the theory of large deviations. The role of the TEIFR assumption is simply to ensure that the tails of the distribution of X i − μ fall off quickly enough to make comparison of asymptotic probabilities of large (beyond e) deviations of the location-normalized sample median M − μ and mean relevant to the comparison of their asymptotic variances. Even within our somewhat narrow class, we find the ARE of M e with respect to surprisingly sensitive to.
Punchthrough in Josephson logic devices

We present here an analysis of punchthrough for simple latching circuits containing Josephson junctions and driven by a trapezoidal AC supply current. Until recently it was thought that in such circuits there should exist a critical transition time for polarity reversal of the supply current above which punchthrough would not occur. Recent work, however, has suggested that there is a punchthrough probability tail which extends beyond the supposed critical transition time. We have developed a simple model for punchthrough in the tail region that is in good agreement with numerical simulations. Our analysis also indicates that the addition of a short dwell time at the zero-crossing of the supply current waveform will greatly reduce the punchthrough probability. A first-pass estimate of the implications of our results for punchthrough in large systems suggests that punchthrough may not be a serious limitation.
Extended Optical Line Emitting Gas in Powerful Radio Galaxies: What is the Radio Emission-Line Connection?

The results of the emission-line and radio imaging survey of radio galaxies presented in Baum et al. (1988) and Baum and Heckman (1989) are used here to look for statistical evidence of energetic and spatial relationships between the extended emission-line gas and the radio source in powerful radio galaxies. It is found that radio luminosity correlates with the optical narrow emission-line luminosity over roughly four orders of magnitude in line luminosity and five in radio luminosity. The total emission-line luminosity of the powerful radio galaxies in the sample is roughly half of the luminosity of the associated radio source. There is a better correlation between the radio and narrow-line luminosity than between the radio and the total emission-line luminosities in radio galaxies. Statistical evidence is found for a spatial relationship between the very extended emission-line gas and the radio source. 88 references.
A DUALITY THEOREM FOR REIDEMEISTER TORSION

[a, pf] = [a, f]P, where [a, f ] denotes the value of the function f at a. If A is free and finitely generated, then clearly A* is free and finitely generated, and A* * can be identified with A. Note that any homomorphism h: A, -* A2 gives rise to a dual homomorphism h*: A* -+ A*. As an example consider the following geometrical situation. Let M be a simplical complex whose underlying space is an oriented n-manifold without boundary. Let 11 be a group of fixed point free simplicial automorphisms of M. Then the chain group Cq(M; Z) can be considered as a free left module over the integral group ring Z[LI]. Now suppose that M has a dual cell subdivision M'. Then the chain group Cn-q(M'; Z) is also a free left Z[fl]-module. We will assume that the quotient space MIR is compact, so that these modules are finitely generated. There is a canonical anti-automorphism p p of Z[lI] which takes each group element w into s'l.
Simplices of Maximal Volume or Minimal Total Edge Length in Hyperbolic Space

In this paper, we are mainly concerned with n‐dimensional simplices in hyperbolic space Hn. We will also consider simplices with ideal vertices, and we suggest that the reader keeps the Poincaré unit ball model of hyperbolic space in mind, in which the sphere at infinity Hn(∞) corresponds to the bounding sphere of radius 1. It is known that all hyperbolic simplices (even the ideal ones) have finite volume. However, explicit calculation of their volume is generally a very difficult problem (see, for example, [1] or [16]). Our first theorem states that, amongst all simplices in a closed geodesic ball, the simplex of maximal volume is regular. We call a simplex regular if every permutation of its vertices can be realized by an isometry of Hn. A corresponding result for simplices in the sphere has been proved by Böröczky [4].
Dynamics of high energy runaway electrons in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade

The dynamics of high energy (up to 20 MeV) runaway electrons in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) is investigated using a gamma-ray spectrometer system which detects photons produced when runaway electrons interact with the plasma facing components [B. Esposito et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods 476, 522 (2002)]. Runaway electrons are usually generated during the plasma current ramp-up, accelerated to MeV energies, and contained stably during the whole discharge time, which lasts for more than one second. This time is long enough for them to reach the limiting energy that results from the balance between acceleration in the electric field, collisions with the plasma particles and synchrotron radiation losses. The maximum energy inferred from the gamma spectra is shown to be in agreement with the runaway limiting energy predicted by a test particle description of the runaway dynamics [J. R. Martin-Solis et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 2370 (1998)]. It is found that the runaway energy behavior during the discharge .
THE ZERO-DIVISOR GRAPH OF VON NEUMANN REGULAR RINGS

Let R be a commutative ring, and let ZðRÞ denote its set of zerodivisors. We associate a simple graph GðRÞ to R with vertices ZðRÞ 1⁄4 ZðRÞ f0g, the set of nonzero zero-divisors of R. Two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if xy 1⁄4 0. Thus GðRÞ is the empty graph if and only if R is an integral domain. The notion of a zero-divisor graph was first introduced by I. Beck in [4] and further investigated in [1], where the authors were interested in colorings of GðRÞ, though their vertex set included the zero element. In [2, 3, 5] and [7] the authors, using the same vertex set as here, were interested in examining the interplay between the ring-theoretic properties of R and the graph-theoretic properties of GðRÞ. We examine the zero-divisor graph GðRÞ, of a Von Neumann regular ring R. Recall that a ring R is called Von Neumann regular if for each a 2 R there exists b 2 R such that ab 1⁄4 a, or equivalently if every principal ideal of R is generated by an idempotent. We show that if R and S are two such rings with GðRÞ ffi GðSÞ, then they share certain ring-theoretic properties. If the socle is essential in one, then it is essential in the other (Proposition 2.5). In Theorem 2.3 we show that if the socle of one is the direct sum of finite simple ideals, then so is the other and the socles are isomorphic as rings (without identities). In Corollary 2.4 we show that if two rings are the
Flexible piezoelectric pressure sensors using oriented aluminum nitride thin films prepared on polyethylene terephthalate films

We have investigated the high sensitive piezoelectric response of c-axis oriented aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films prepared on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. The AlN films were deposited using a radio frequency magnetron sputtering method at temperatures close to room temperature. The c axes of the AlN films were perpendicularly oriented to the PET film surfaces. The sensor consisting of the AlN and PET films is flexible like PET films and the electrical charge is linearly proportional to the stress within a wide range from 0to8.5MPa. The sensor can respond to the frequencies from 0.3 to over 100Hz and measures a clear human pulse wave form by holding the sensor between thumb and middle finger. The resolution of the pulse wave form is comparable to a sphygmomanometer at stress levels of 10kPa. We think that the origin of the high performance of the sensor is the deflection effect, the thin thickness and high elastic modulus of the AlN layer, and the thin thickness and low elastic modulus of the .
On the Generation of Mass Loss in Cool Giant Stars Due to Propagating Shock Waves

This paper investigates mass loss in late-type giant stars produced by propagating shock waves, assuming both monochromatic waves and acoustic frequency spectra. In monochromatic wave computations, the wave period is varied by a factor of 50. The wave models show that short-period waves produced in stellar convective zones do not play any direct role in generating the observed mass loss, except for episodic mass-loss events. However, these waves are important for heating stellar chromospheres. Continuous mass-loss solutions are obtained when the wavelengths are comparable to or larger than a stellar radius. In the case of Arcturus, a mass-loss rate between 10 to the -10th and 10 to the -11th solar mass/yr is found, and the final flow speed of the wind is larger than 40 km/s, which are close to the observed values. 54 refs.
Effet tunnel entre puits degeneres

On considere l'operateur de Schrodinger sur L 2 (R n ) en limite semi-classique: P=−h 2 Δ+V(x), h→O avec V∈ζ ∞ (R n ;R) qui verifie lim |x→∞ V(x)>0 inf V=0
Continuous spectrum eigenfunction expansions and the Cauchy problem in L1

We consider the Cauchy problem ∂ψ/∂t = - ⊺ψ, ψ(x, 0) = f(x), where ⊺ is a ordinary differential operator in x (of order at least 2), x belongs to an unbounded interval ∣ ⊂ R, and fϵL1(∣). The fact that f does not belong to L2(∣). together with the general nature of the differential expression ⊺ preclude the application of classical methods in the case where the order of ⊺ is more than 2; instead we use a continuous spectrum eigenfunction expansion, developed in the paper, to obtain a solution ψf of the problem which depends continuously on f in an appropriate sense and also converges to f in a natural topology as t → 0. The solution depends upon a kernel function which may, in particular cases, be calculated explicitly. Questions of approximation of the solution by finite sums are also considered.
A pressure and metallicity dependence for molecular cloud correlations and the calibration of mass

The correlation of molecular cloud mass with the fourth power of the velocity dispersion, the square of the radius, and the inverse of the density squared is addressed using a modified version of the proposal by Maloney (1988) and Fleck (1988) that the correlation is due to virialized internal motions and a uniform external pressure. The average column density of the molecular part of a large cloud is found to depend almost exclusively on the cloud velocity dispersion and very little on the peak temperature. The mass of an unresolved aggregate of clouds in another galaxy is also derived in terms of the integrated CO luminosity in the telescope beam. The influence of metallicity on the calibration of mass is discussed and applied to recent observations of CO in dwarf galaxies, small Virgo galaxies, and the LMC. An expression is given for the fractional mass of a cloud that is in the molecular core. 55 refs.
Weighted norm inequalities for the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function

A characterization is obtained for weight functions V for which the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded from l1I'(R", wdttx) to 1I)(Rfl, vd.'V) for sonme nontrivial wv. In this note we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition on weight functions v > 0 such that the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded from LP(RW, wdx) to LP(R"', vdx) for some w 0 for which there are nontrivial v's was solved independently by J. L. Rubio de Francia [4] and L. Carleson and P. W. Jones [1]. Let M be the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator defined by Mf(x) =sup I If Idy, r>O I B(x, r) B(x, r) where B(x, r) is the ball of radius r centered at x and I B(x, r) I is its Lebesgue measure. Our result is as follows. THEOREM. Given v > 0 and 1 < p < xo, the following conditions are equivalent: (a) There is w < ox a.e. such that J MfIlPvdx , Ci flfPwdx R" R~~~~~~~n for allf E LP(RW, wdx). (b) X (b)~ ~ v(x) pdx<oo RP(1 + I X In) In this paper C denotes a constant depending only on n and p, and may vary from line to line. In [4] Rubio de Francia observed that (a) implies I /P (*) u E Llo<(RL ) and f u = O(Rn) (R-x ), \Ix R Received by the editors September 1, 1981. 1980 Mathemiatics Subject Classification. Primary 42B25. l Research supported in part by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada Grant No. A5165. 1982 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/81/0000-1109/$01.75
On eigenstructure assignment by gain output feedback

In this paper, the eigenstructure assignment of linear multivariable control systems is studied from a geometric point of view. For the class of systems in which the number of outputs plus the number of inputs exceeds the number of states, genericity properties relative to this problem are derived. It is shown, without any assumption on the genericity of the system, that the pole assignment can be carried out by choosing some closed-loop eigenvectors almost freely. The crucial point is that all the expected degrees of freedom in pole assignment are so described without redundancy, which fully justifies the practical interest of such techniques. Despite the technicality required for the derivation of intermediate results, the main result, which is an eigenstructure assignment algorithm, is very easy to implement because it is only based on the computation of certain sums and intersections of characteristic subspaces. Furthermore, it is shown how the basic tools developed here can be used to tackle the prob.
Modified Timoshenko formula for bending of ultrathin strained bilayer films

Mechanical bending of nanoscale thin films can be quite different from that of macroscopic thick films. However, current understanding of mechanical bending of nanoscale thin strained bilayer films is often limited within the Timoshenko model [Timoshenko, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 11, 233 (1925)], which was originally derived for macroscopic thick films. Here, we derive a modified Timoshenko formula by including the prominent effect of surface stress played in the nanofilms, which gives a much better agreement with the experiments than the classical formula.
Observations of Low-Frequency Inertia-Gravity Waves in the Lower Stratosphere over Arecibo

Abstract Observations of the horizontal wind in the subtropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere were made with the 430-MHz radar located at Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18.4°N), in May 1982 and April 1983. Both sets of observations displayed a slowly varying, anticyclonically rotating, persistent structure in the wind field just above the tropopause, similar to what would be expected if the oscillations are associated with quasi-inertia period waves. A spectral analysis of the May 1982 data revealed that a wave with a period in the earth-fixed earth-fixed reference frame close to 26 h was present. Our calculations show that the intrinsic wave periods varied from ∼2.5 times the inertial frequency to zero at a critical level near 18-km altitude. The changes in phase between perturbation velocities perpendicular and parallel to the propagation direction were systematic below the height where the intrinsic frequency was equal to the inertial frequency but showed a complicated behavior between that height an.
The commutation laws of relativistic field theory

A definition of Poisson brackets is given which is related to the action principle, but does not require the introduction of canonical variables. This permits the laws for forming both the commutators of canonical theory and the anticommutators of Fermi-Dirac particles to be stated in a manifestly covariant way. Examples of the use of this method are given. The last section discusses tentatively the extension to the case of equations which cannot be written in canonical form.
Design of low velocity-spread cusp guns for axis encircling beams

The design of a novel electron gun suitable for intense beam cyclotron resonance devices is introduced here. An annular Pierce‐type gun is used in conjunction with an unbalanced nonadiabatic field reversal and an adiabatic compression region to produce an axis‐encircling beam. This beam is ideally suited for interaction with electromagnetic waves that have strong on‐axis electric fields (e.g., the TE011 mode). Low velocity spreads are achieved by utilizing the beam self‐fields in the compression region and by focusing in the Pierce gun.
The Average Properties of the Dense Molecular Gas in Galaxies

We have observed the HCN J = 3 → 2 and J = 1 → 0 emission from several nearby starburst and normal galaxies. These lines have large critical densities (nH2 > 106 cm-3) and excitation energies (Eu > 25 K). Thus, they probe the warm and dense molecular gas where massive stars typically form. The average cloud densities of these galaxies, as estimated from the ratio of the HCN J = 3 → 2 and 1 → 0 integrated intensities, is correlated with their star formation efficiency. Therefore, the average densities of the molecular clouds in starburst nuclei are higher than those of more quiescent galaxies. Further, the starburst galaxies NGC 253 and M82 have a much higher fraction of molecular mass at high density (nH2 > 104 cm-3) than the normal galaxies IC 342 and the Milky Way. These results imply that the clouds in starburst nuclei form stars more efficiently than those in normal galaxies.
Courbes elliptiques semi-stables et corps quadratiques

Resume Soient K un corps quadratique, K une cloture algebrique de K et E une courbe elliptique semi-stable definie sur K . On se propose de demontrer que l'operation du groupe de Galois Gal( K / K ) sur les points de p -torsion de E est irreductible, si p est un nombre premier plus grand qu'une constante qui ne depend que de K .
POSITIVE INCREASING SOLUTIONS ON THE HALF-LINE TO SECOND ORDER NONLINEAR DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Abstract Second order nonlinear delay differential equations with positive delays are considered, and sufficient conditions are given that guarantee the existence of positive increasing solutions on the half-line with first order derivatives tending to zero at infinity. The approach is elementary and is essentially based on an old idea which appeared in the author's paper Arch. Math. (Basel) 36 (1981), 168–178. The application of the result obtained to second order Emden-Fowler type differential equations with constant delays and, especially, to second order linear differential equations with constant delays, is also presented. Moreover, some (general or specific) examples demonstrating the applicability of the main result are given.
Report on the International Conference on stratified fluids

A conference on ‘Stratified Fluids’ was held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, 11–14 April 1967, under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. The meeting was organized by Professor C. -S. Yih (University of Michigan) with the assistance of the other members of the scientific committee: T. B. Benjamin, W. R. Debler, L. N. Howard, R. R. Long, J. W. Miles, W. H. Munk and O. M. Phillips. Thirty papers were delivered on subjects involving the application of stratified fluid problems to geophysical phenomena, waves in stratified fluids, experimental and observational investigations, and stability. We give here a brief account of the proceedings. The papers delivered will not be published in a formal volume; references to where they can be found are given at the end of this article.
Spherical Harmonics with Maximal L p ( 2 < p ≤ 6 ) Norm Growth

In this paper, we show that there exists a positive density subsequence of orthonormal spherical harmonics which achieves the maximal L p norm growth for 2 < p ≤ 6, therefore giving an example of a Riemannian surface supporting such a subsequence of eigenfunctions. This answers the question proposed by Sogge and Zelditch (Concerning the L 4 Norms of Typical Eigenfunctions on Compact Surfaces. Recent Developments in Geometry and Analysis, Int. Press, Somerville, pp. 407–423, 2012). Furthermore, we provide an explicit lower bound on the density in this example.