Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of interior layered deposits on Mars

Abstract Interior layered deposits (ILDs) of the eastern Valles Marineris and adjacent chaos regions were analysed using high-resolution imagery, topography and spectral data in order to detect possible correlations. We find that ILDs are susceptible to erosion and weathering, as proven by their shapes (mesa, buttes), surface structures (pitted, fluted, yardangs), stair-stepped morphologies at different scales, and metre-sized boulders and talus. ILDs bear hydrated sulphates; consequently, we conclude that aqueous conditions dominated during their formation. Subhorizontal layering and parallel bedding of the ILDs could then indicate that deposition took place under low-energy aquatic conditions. Their superposition on chaotic terrain suggests that they are younger than chaotic terrain and, hence, younger than Late Hesperian. For the hydrated ILDs, which show polyhydrated on top of monohydrated sulphates, we think that formation within an evaporative body is not conceivable and we assume instead that a conversion of sulphates by post-formational humidity changes took place. As hydrated ILDs correlate well with rock fragmentation, we suppose that volume changes due to water content are responsible for rock fragmentation. Despite the different ILD settings, the basic conditions during sedimentation and erosion of ILDs could not have varied greatly because comparable mineralogies and morphologies are found among ILDs.
Plasminogen Binding and Activation at the Surface of Helicobacter pylori CCUG 17874

ABSTRACT The binding of iodine-labelled plasminogen to Helicobacter pylori CCUG 17874 was characterized. Inhibition of the binding was observed after preincubation of H. pylori cells with nonradiolabelled plasminogen, lysine, or the lysine analogue ɛ-aminocaproic acid. Fragments of plasminogen, kringles 1 to 3, kringle 4, and mini-plasminogen, were also studied as potential inhibitors. Mini-plasminogen caused total inhibition of the plasminogen binding, while the other fragments caused only partial inhibition. These findings suggest that H. pylori binds specifically the fifth kringle structure of the plasminogen molecule. Plasminogen binding to H. pylori seems to be independent of culture media and independent of the presence of the cytotoxin-associated CagA antigen. Immunoblot analysis identified two plasminogen binding proteins of 57 and 42 kDa. Scatchard plot analysis revealed one binding mechanism with a Kd value of 7 × 10−7 M. Conversion of H. pylori cell-bound plasminogen to plasmin in the presence of a tissue-type plasminogen activator was demonstrated by digestion of the chromogenic substrate S-2251. No activation was noted when plasminogen or tissue-type plasminogen activator was incubated with H. pylori cells alone. Formation of H. pylori cell surface-bound plasmin may be important to provide a powerful proteolytic mechanism for gastric tissue penetration in type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, since plasmin degrades not only fibrin but also extracellular matrix proteins such as various collagens and fibronectin.
Perception about Future Prospects of Dental Stem Cell Therapy among House Surgeons and Postgraduate Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background: Advancements in healthcare demonstrated that stem cells could be used for the management of various ailments. This encouraging data supports the aim of applying stem cell treatment in medicine. Therefore, it is essential that future dentists be updated on stem cell therapy in order to further regenerative medicine. Aim: To find out the perception of house surgeons and postgraduate students regarding the future prospects of stem cell therapy. Methodology: In this survey, 414 dental students were invited to participate, and 375 interns and PG students responded. A 26 items self designed structured, closed-ended questions were used to assess their perceptions regarding the future prospects of stem cell therapy. Results: About 73% of our students had knowledge on dental stem cell therapy, and they primarily cited books, journals, and websites as their sources. Nearly 53% of them stated lack of awareness among patients as the major obstacle to receiving dental stem cell treatment. Conclusion: The study concluded that interns and PGs’ had a favourable perception of dental stem cell therapy. However, the knowledge was insufficient. Hence, they should be educated regarding dental stem cells and their prospective utilization in regenerative oral health care.
Land subsidence in coastal city of Semarang (Indonesia): characteristics, impacts and causes

Semarang is the capital of Central Java province, located in the northern coast of Java island, Indonesia. Land subsidence in Semarang has been widely reported and its impacts can be seen already in daily life. Based on the estimation from Levelling, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Microgravity and Global Positioning System (GPS) survey methods, land subsidence with rates of up to about 19 cm/year were observed during the period of 1999 up to 2011. Results derived from GPS since 2008 up to 2011 show that land subsidence in Semarang has spatial and temporal variations, with spatial average rates of about 6 to 7 cm/year and maximum rates that can go up to 14–19 cm/year at certain locations. The northern region of Semarang along the coast exhibits higher rates of subsidence compared to its southern region, and this subsidence is believed to be caused by the combination of natural consolidation of young alluvium soil, groundwater extraction and load of buildings and constructions. The impact of land subsidence in Semarang can be seen in several forms, mainly the wider expansion of (coastal) flooding areas, cracking and damage of buildings and infrastructure, and increased inland sea water intrusion.
Use of UK-DMC 2 and ALOS PALSAR for studying the age of oil palm trees in southern peninsular Malaysia

This article demonstrates some techniques for studying the age of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using the Disaster Monitoring Constellation 2 from the UK (UK-DMC 2) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite phased array L-band synthetic aperture radar (ALOS PALSAR) remote-sensing data at a private oil palm estate in southern peninsular Malaysia. Several techniques were explored with UK-DMC 2 data, namely (1) radiance, vegetation indices, and fraction of shadow; (2) texture measurement; (3) classifications, namely Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) classification, maximum-likelihood classification (MLC), and random forest (RF) classification; (4) in terms of ALOS PALSAR data, the correlation of polarizations (i.e. horizontal transmitting and horizontal receiving (termed HH polarization) and horizontal transmitting and vertical receiving (termed HV polarization)) and the ratio of these polarizations to the age of oil palm trees. From the results, band 1 (near-infrared) of UK-DMC 2, fraction of shadow, and mean filter from the grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) demonstrated strong correlation of determination (R 2 = 0.76–0.80) with the age of oil palm trees, while the ALOS PALSAR HH polarization could correlate moderately strongly (R 2 = 0.49) with the age of oil palm trees. Adding fraction of shadow and UK-DMC 2 data using the RF method further improved the overall accuracy of age classification from 45.3% (MLC method) to 52.9%. This study concluded that texture measurement (GLCM mean) and fraction of shadow are useful for studying the age of oil palm trees, although discriminating variation in age between mature oil palm trees is difficult because the leaf area index development of mature oil palm trees stabilizes at about 10 years of age. Future studies should involve height information, because this has the potential to be used as one of the most important variables for studying the age of oil palm trees.
Respiration and bacterial carbon dynamics in the Amundsen Gulf, western Canadian Arctic

[1] Respiration rates are fundamental to understanding ecosystem C flux; however, respiration remains poorly characterized in polar oceans. The Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) study provided a unique opportunity to sample the Amundsen Gulf, from November 2007 to July 2008 and follow microbial C dynamics. This study shows that bacterial production (BP) was highly variable, ranging from 0.01 to 2.14 μg C L−1 d−1 (CV = 192%), whereas the range in community respiration (CR) was more conservative from 3.8 to 44.2 μg C L−1 d−1 (CV = 55%), with measurable rates throughout the year. The spring-summer peak in BP preceded the peak in CR suggesting differential predominant control. From May until July, BP was more related to chlorophyll a concentration (r = 0.68) whereas CR was not. Given the observed high variability, BP was the main driver of bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) (r2 = 0.86). The overall average BGE was low at 4.6%, ranging from 0.20 in winter to a peak of 18.6% during the spring bloom. This study confirms that respiration is an important fate for C in the Amundsen Gulf, and our rate-based estimates of ecosystem scale CR suggests that considerably more C is respired than could be accounted for by gross primary production (GPP). One of the most plausible explanations for this observed discrepancy is that regenerated primary production is currently underestimated.
TEM investigations on the monomict ureilites Jalanash and Hammadah al Hamra 064

Abstract— We studied the petrography and mineralogy of two monomict ureilites, Hammadah al Hamra 064 (HH064) and Jalanash, by using reflected light and scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative analyses were performed by electron microprobe and the microstructures were investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HH064 features two different textures, a poikilitic and a typical one, whereas Jalanash shows only the typical ureilite texture. Our synergetic chemical and microstructural investigations reveal a complex cooling history for both ureilites. The temperature for the first equilibrium deduced from the pigeonite‐augite assemblage in HH064 is ∼1200°C. The presence of antiphase domains in low‐Ca pyroxenes proves that they are clearly pigeonite. The occurrences of tweed micro structure and orthopyroxene lamellae, which are incompletely developed, imply a faster cooling rate from the first equilibrium with a sudden end. Although both ureilites contain shock induced diamonds, dislocations in silicates are rare. This observation suggests that the meteorites were hot at the time of strong shock metamorphism or that they were heated after strong shock metamorphism. After this event, new microstructural features were generated by different cooling processes and were frozen by a final rapid decrease in temperature possibly due to excavation from the ureilite parent body, or bodies.
Structural and tectonic setting of the Permo-Triassic basins of northwest Europe

Abstract The Permo-Triassic basins of NW Europe formed by (i) late-orogenic spreading of the Variscan mountain belt, eventually leading to ocean floor formation in the Mid-Atlantic, (ii) continental rifting propagating south from the Arctic and (iii) thermal subsidence following Carboniferous volcanic activity in the North Sea. Spreading values in the northernmost North Sea, west of Shetland and west and southwest of Britain, are relatively high but the sediments are dominantly continental; the Permo-Triassic rifting affected lithosphere thickened during Caledonian and Variscan orogenesis. However, subsidence associated with the Arctic rifting, together with global sea level changes, allowed marine incursions into the North Sea, producing the large Zechstein salt basins. Interference of the different basin formation mechanisms led to a complex three dimensional fault pattern and multidirectional extension across Britain and the North Sea. This fault pattern formed the basic framework for subsequent Jurassic and Cretaceous basin formation.
Wildlife Induced Damage to Crops and Livestock Loss and how they Affect Human Attitudes in the Kwakuchinja Wildlife Corridor in Northern Tanzania

Human-wildlife conflict is a major issue for conservationists due to crop-damage and livestock depredation by wild animals, causing local farmer’s economic loss resulting into deepening of poverty. This study assesses wildlife induced damage. A total of 250 households were randomly interviewed by the use of questionnaires in three villages (Kakoye, Minjingu and Olasiti) in the Kwakuchinja wildlife corridor, northern Tanzania. Annually loss of 383 kg of crops per household was reported in the study area, or US $ 154 per household annually. Most destruction was done by elephants. Depredations of livestock were estimated to on average 2.2 (US $ 106) livestock annually. This loss affects farmers economically as well as that they are spending time in guarding livestock from predators. Cattle were mostly attacked by lions and spotted hyenas while goats and sheep were attacked by spotted hyenas and leopards. These losses lead to retaliatory killing of carnivores. Wildlife induced damage to crops and livestock were worsened by people encroaching into the borders of protected areas and destroying wildlife habitats. Households close to the boundary of the Tarangire and Lake Manyara National Park incurred greater losses from crop and livestock depredation. There should be provision of conservation educations to communities bordering protected areas to practice sustainable agriculture and income generating projects that are conservation friendly.
Desiccation of Unsaturated Porous Media: Intermediate‐Scale Experiments and Numerical Simulation

Soil desiccation (drying), involving water evaporation induced by air injection and extraction, is a potentially robust vadose zone remediation process to limit migration of inorganic or radionuclide contaminants through the vadose zone. Desiccation also has the potential to improve gas‐phase‐based treatments by reducing water saturation and therefore increasing sediment gas‐phase permeability. Before this technology can be deployed in the field, concerns related to energy limitations, osmotic effects, and potential contaminant remobilization after rewetting must be addressed. A series of detailed, intermediate‐scale laboratory experiments, using unsaturated homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, was conducted to improve our understanding of energy balance issues related to soil desiccation. The experiments were subsequently simulated with the multifluid flow simulator STOMP, using independently obtained hydraulic and thermal porous medium properties. In all experiments, the injection of dry air proved to be an effective means for removing essentially all moisture from the test media. Observed evaporative cooling generally decreased with increasing distance from the gas inlet chamber. The fine‐grained sand embedded in the medium‐grained sand of the heterogeneous system showed two local temperature minima associated with the cooling. The first one occurred because of evaporation in the adjacent medium‐grained sand, whereas the second minimum was attributed to evaporative cooling in the fine‐grained sand itself. Results of the laboratory tests were simulated accurately only if the thermal properties of the flow cell walls and insulation material were taken into account, indicating that the appropriate physics were incorporated into the simulator.
Holocene (~4.5–1.7 cal. kyr BP) paleoenvironmental conditions in central Argentina inferred from entire-shell and intra-shell stable isotope composition of terrestrial gastropods

The isotopic fingerprint of terrestrial gastropods has been increasingly used as a credible natural paleoenvironmental archive. Most published work has used this proxy at tropical and temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and focused on entire-shell analysis. The present study provides entire-shell and intra-shell isotopic profiles to infer average and seasonal late Holocene environmental conditions in central Argentina (30°S). Shells of Plagiodontes daedaleus (Gastropoda: Odontostomidae) were retrieved from the Alero Deodoro Roca–Sector B site, one of the few archaeological sites in central Argentina rich in shells collected by pre-Hispanic hunter-gatherer groups. Ancient entire shells exhibited values that were ~2.5‰ higher in δ13C and ~1.8‰ higher in δ18O than modern individuals, pointing to higher abundance of C4 plants and overall drier conditions (lower relative humidity and/or higher rain δ18O) during 4.5–1.7 cal. kyr BP than today, in agreement with published regional proxies. Intra-shell isotopic profiles suggest that modern and fossil specimens deposited their shells throughout two-to-three summer/winter cycles. Intra-shell δ18O values varied ~5‰, matching with the seasonal variation of rain δ18O values. The extent of seasonality was similar during 4.5–1.7 cal. kyr BP and today. Intra-shell δ13C values varied ~2–3‰ and did not portray distinct seasonal cycles, depicting minimal seasonal variations in the snail diet. This work illustrates that South American terrestrial gastropods have great potential for paleoenvironmental studies.
Assessment of the Relationship between ESR Signal Intensity and Grain Size Distribution in Shear Zones within the Atotsugawa Fault System, Central Japan

For the first time, a relationship between ESR signal intensity and grain size distribution (sieve technique) in shear zones within the Atotsugawa fault system have been investigated using fault core rocks. The grain size distributions were estimated using the sieve technique and microscopic observations. Stacks of sieves with openings that decrease consecutively in the order of 4.75 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 μm, 300 μm, 150 μm and 75 μm were chosen for this study. Grain size distributions analysis revealed that samples further from the slip plane have larger d50 (average gain size) (0.45 mm at a distance of 30 - 50 mm from the slip plane) while those close to the slip plane have smaller d50 values (0.19 mm at a distance of 0 - 10 mm from the slip plane). This is due to intensive crushing that is always associated with large displacement during fault activities. However, this pattern was not respected in all shear zones in that, larger d50 values were instead observed in samples close to the slip plane due to admixture of fault rocks from different fault activities. Results from ESR analysis revealed that the relatively finer samples close to the slip plane have low ESR signals intensity while those further away (coarser) have relatively higher signal intensity. This tendency however, is not consistence in some of the shear zones due to a complex network of anatomizing faults. The variation in grain size distribution within some of the shear zones implies that, a series of fault events have taken place in the past thus underscoring the need for further investigation of the possibility of reoccurrence of faults.
Farming and birds in Europe: the common agricultural policy and its implications for bird conservation

Introduction to farming and birds in Europe, D.J. Pain, J. Dixon Europe's changing farmed landscapes, C. Potter the evolution of Common Agricultural Policy and the incorporation of the environmental considerations, N. Robson priorities for bird conservation in Europe - the importance of the farmed landscape, G. Tucker extensive grazing and raptors in Spain, J.A. Donazar, M.A. Nevaso, J.L. Tella, C. Campian cereal farming, pesticides and grey partidges, D. Potts the Spanish Dehesas - a diversity in land-use and wildlife, M. Diaz, P. Campos, F.J. Pulido rice faming and water birds - integrated management in an artificial landscape, M. Fasola, X. Ruiz shrikes and the farmed landscape in France, N. LeFranc birds and wet grasslands, A.J. Beintema, E. Dunn, D.A. Stroud farming in the drylands of Spain - birds of the pseudosteppes, F. Suarez, M.A. Naveso, E. De Juana the importance of mixed farming for seed-eating birds in the UK, A. Evans conclusions - a future for farming and birds? , D.J. Pain, M.W. Pienkowski European agriculture - threats and opportunities, J. Dixon.
Discharge variability for an artesian spring of the Edwards Aquifer: Comal Springs (1933–2007)

Daily discharge volumes of Comal Springs, the largest artesian spring of the Edwards Aquifer (EA) in Central Texas, were utilized to characterize the flow of Comal Springs for the period of record spanning 1933–2007. The influence of water extraction (pumping) on discharge characteristics during the record was examined and found to be statistically significant for both volume and variability of spring discharge (p < 0.01). Pumping explains approximately a quarter of the variation in annual discharge (r2 = 0.25) and nearly a third of the daily variability (r2 = 0.32) within the Comal Springs discharge record.
Perinatal depression--assessment and management.

BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety often begin in pregnancy, particularly third trimester, therefore 'perinatal' rather than postnatal depression might be a better term to describe this disorder. OBJECTIVE This article outlines an approach to assessment and management of perinatal depression. DISCUSSION Psychological difficulties are common after childbirth and have potentially serious consequences. Treatment needs to consider the complex interplay of biology and psychology, and both mother and infant need consideration. Early, assertive identification and sensitive management, mindful of risks and benefits to both mother and infant, is the best current approach to improving outcomes.
Ice discharge uncertainties in Northeast Greenland from boundary conditions and climate forcing of an ice flow model

In order to understand ice sheet response to climate change, it is critical to examine errors associated with ice flow model boundary conditions and forcing. It is also important to understand how these errors propagate through numerical ice sheet models and contribute to uncertainty in model output. Using established uncertainty quantification methods within the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM), we investigate the sensitivity of ice flow within the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) to key fields, including ice viscosity and basal drag, and compare them with model sensitivity to climate forcing. In addition, we examine how errors in model input manifest as mass flux uncertainties during a forward simulation of the NEGIS from 1989 to 2010. Overall, we find that mass flux is most uncertain in the main outlets, Nioghalvfjerdsbræ and Zachariæ Isstrøm, and that mass flux is most sensitive to basal drag, though errors associated with basal drag are poorly constrained and difficult to quantify. Given our knowledge of errors associated with the thermal properties of ice, we estimate that in the ablation area, the effects of cryohydrologic warming contribute over 4 times more mass flux uncertainty that do errors in geothermal heat flux. We find that NEGIS total ice discharge is associated with a 0.7 Gt/yr (2.6%) uncertainty due to errors in geothermal heat flux and a 3.3 Gt/yr (11.6%) uncertainty due to the added effects of cryohydrologic warming. In comparison, errors in surface mass balance contribute 4.5 Gt/yr to NEGIS total discharge uncertainty.
Segmentation and coalescence of Cenozoic carbonate platforms, northwestern Great Bahama Bank.

Seismic profiles over the northwestern Great Bahama Bank reveal that it is formed by the coalescence of three smaller platforms and significant lateral progradation. This conclusion is contrary to previous models which assumed that the bank is the result of continuous accumulation on one huge buildup. In Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary time, a north-south-trending depression, the Straits of Andros, separated an eastern platform, Andros bank, from a western platform, Bimini bank. Initially, the Straits of Andros had dimensions similar to the modem Tongue of the Ocean but was progressively filled from east to west In early(? ) to middle Tertiary time, a second depression, the Bimini embayment, formed within Bimini bank by folding; it had a maximum depth of about 470 m. This depression was also filled from east to west. In addition, prograding systems built the western margin of Bimini bank more than 25 km westward into the Straits of Florida.