Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two applications of logic to mathematics

Using set theory in the first part of his book, and proof theory in the second, Gaisi Takeuti gives us two examples of how mathematical logic can be used to obtain results previously derived in less elegant fashion by other mathematical techniques, especially analysis. In Part One, he applies Scott- Solovay's Boolean-valued models of set theory to analysis by means of complete Boolean algebras of projections. In Part Two, he develops classical analysis including complex analysis in Peano's arithmetic, showing that any arithmetical theorem proved in analytic number theory is a theorem in Peano's arithmetic. In doing so, the author applies Gentzen's cut elimination theorem. Although the results of Part One may be regarded as straightforward consequences of the spectral theorem in function analysis, the use of Boolean- valued models makes explicit and precise analogies used by analysts to lift results from ordinary analysis to operators on a Hilbert space. Essentially expository in nature, Part Two yields a general method for showing that analytic proofs of theorems in number theory can be replaced by elementary proofs.Originally published in 1978.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Oil‐based contrast for hysterosalpingography‐regulated Th1/Th2‐type cytokines and alleviated inflammation in rats with LPS‐induced chronic endometritis

The chronic endometritis (CE) prevalence in people experiencing infertility is 2.8–56.8%, pregnancy rates in patients with infertility increase after hysterosalpingography with oil‐based contrast, but the effect and mechanism are not clear. Here, we analyzed the effects of intrauterine ethiodized poppyseed oil (EPO) bathing on a rat model of CE and the possible underlying mechanism.
Cloning and Broadcasting in Generic Probabilistic Theories

We prove generic versions of the no-cloning and no-broadcasting theorems, applicable to essentially {\em any} non-classical finite-dimensional probabilistic model that satisfies a no-signaling criterion. This includes quantum theory as well as models supporting ``super-quantum'' correlations that violate the Bell inequalities to a larger extent than quantum theory. The proof of our no-broadcasting theorem is significantly more natural and more self-contained than others we have seen: we show that a set of states is broadcastable if, and only if, it is contained in a simplex whose vertices are cloneable, and therefore distinguishable by a single measurement. This necessary and sufficient condition generalizes the quantum requirement that a broadcastable set of states commute.
High-resolution tunneling spectroscopy of ABA-stacked trilayer graphene

ABA-stacked trilayer graphene (TLG), the simplest system consisting of both monolayerlike and bilayerlike Dirac fermions, is expected to exhibit many interesting broken-symmetry quantum Hall states and interaction-induced phenomena. However, difficulties in microscopically identifying the stacking order of the TLG and limited spectroscopic resolution have stymied experimental probes of these interesting states and phenomena in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies. Here we studied the detailed features of the electronic structure in the ABA TLG by using high-resolution STM measurements. Landau-level (LL) crossings of the monolayerlike and bilayerlike Dirac fermions and effective-mass renormalization of the bilayerlike Dirac fermions were observed, indicating strong electron-electron interactions in the ABA TLG. Most unexpectedly, we observed unconventional splittings of the lowest LLs for both the monolayerlike and the bilayerlike Dirac fermions in high perpendicular magnetic fields. These splittings of the LLs, which are beyond the description of the tight-binding model, reveal unexplored broken-symmetry quantum Hall states in the ABA TLG induced by many-body effects.
Enhancing long‐term storage and stability of engineered living materials through desiccant storage and trehalose treatment

Engineered living materials (ELMs) have broad applications for enabling on‐demand bioproduction of compounds ranging from small molecules to large proteins. However, most formulations and reports lack the capacity for storage beyond a few months. In this study, we develop an optimized procedure to maximize stress resilience of yeast‐laden ELMs through the use of desiccant storage and 10% trehalose incubation before lyophilization. This approach led to over 1‐year room temperature storage stability across a range of strain genotypes. In particular, we highlight the superiority of exogenously added trehalose over endogenous, engineered production in yielding robust preservation resilience that is independent of cell state. This simple, effective protocol enables sufficient accumulation of intracellular trehalose over a short period of contact time across a range of strain backgrounds without requiring the overexpression of a trehalose importer. A variety of microscopic analysis including µ‐CT and confocal microscopy indicate that cells form spherical colonies within F127‐BUM ELMs that have variable viability upon storage. The robustness of the overall procedure developed here highlights the potential for widespread deployment to enable on‐demand, cold‐chain independent bioproduction.
Misalignment in Semantic User Model Elicitation via Conversational Agents: A Case Study in Navigation Support for Visually Impaired People

Abstract Disabled people can benefit greatly from assistive digital technologies. However, this increased human-machine symbiosis makes it important that systems are personalized and transparent to users. Existing work often uses data-oriented approaches. However, these approaches lack transparency and make it hard to influence the system’s behavior. In this paper, we use knowledge-based techniques for personalization, introducing the concept of Semantic User Models for representing the behavior, values and capabilities of users. To allow the system to construct such a user model, we investigate the use of a conversational agent which can elicit the relevant information from users through dialogue. A conversational interface is essential for our case study of navigation support for visually impaired people, but in general, has the potential to enhance transparency as users know what the system represents about them. For such a dialogue to be effective, it is crucial that the user understands what the conversational agent is asking, i.e., that misalignments that decrease the transparency are avoided or resolved. In this paper, we investigate whether we can use a conversational agent for Semantic User Model elicitation, which types of misalignments can occur in this process and how they are related, and how misalignments can be reduced. We investigate this in two (iterative) qualitative studies (n = 7 & n = 8) with visually impaired people in which a personalized user model for navigation support is elicited via a dialogue with a conversational agent. Our results show four hierarchically structured levels of human-agent misalignment. We identify several design solutions for reducing misalignments, which point to the need for restricting the generic user model to what is needed in the domain under consideration. With this research, we lay a foundation for conversational agents capable of eliciting Semantic User Models.
Fuzzy optimization for identifying anti-cancer targets with few side effects in constraint-based models of head and neck cancer

Computer-aided methods can be used to screen potential candidate targets and to reduce the time and cost of drug development. In most of these methods, synthetic lethality is used as a therapeutic criterion to identify drug targets. However, these methods do not consider the side effects during the identification stage. This study developed a fuzzy multi-objective optimization for identifying anti-cancer targets that not only evaluated cancer cell mortality, but also minimized side effects due to treatment. We identified potential anti-cancer enzymes and antimetabolites for the treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC). The identified one- and two-target enzymes were primarily involved in six major pathways, namely, purine and pyrimidine metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway. Most of the identified targets can be regulated by approved drugs; thus, these drugs are potential candidates for drug repurposing as a treatment for HNC. Furthermore, we identified antimetabolites involved in pathways similar to those identified using a gene-centric approach. Moreover, HMGCR knockdown could not block the growth of HNC cells. However, the two-target combinations of (UMPS, HMGCR) and (CAD, HMGCR) could achieve cell mortality and improve metabolic deviation grades over 22% without reducing the cell viability grade.
Monitoring of Oie-Listed Parasitic Pathogens in the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) on the South Coast of Korea Using Species-Specific PCR

ABSTRACT Outbreaks of oyster diseases caused by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-listed protozoan pathogens have been a global concern for several decades. With the wide application of species-specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, it is now well known that even the Pacific oyster, insusceptible to Perkinsus marinus, Bonamia ostreae, Bonamia exitiosa could act as a carrier host. Furthermore, one of the transmission pathways of oyster pathogens includes anthropogenic activities, such as the discharge of ballast water or hull attachment during international maritime shipping. In this survey, OIE-listed pathogens, including B. ostreae, B. exitiosa, and Marteilia refringens were screened in the Pacific oysters growing in small bays off the south coast of Korea using PCR with OIE-recommended species- or genus-specific (Bonamia) primers. The survey sampled 1980 oysters from 35 sites in small bays in the south, where more than 95% of the national productions are yielded. The PCR screening indicated that none of the oysters screened in this study were positive for B. ostreae, B. exitiosa, P. marinus, and M. refringens. This study first investigated the OIE-listed protozoan pathogens in the Pacific oysters culturing in Korea, and the results indicated that the Pacific oysters raised on the south coast of Korea are free from those OIE-listed pathogens. For secure and sustainable oyster farming on the south coast, however, regular monitoring of such invasive oyster pathogens is recommended, as the international maritime trade activities are increasing in Korea.
Estimating habitat characteristics associated with the abundance of free-roaming domestic cats across the annual cycle

ABSTRACT Context. Domestic cats (Felis catus) hold an important place in human society but can negatively impact ecosystems when roaming freely outdoors. Aims. Specific research goals included identifying factors associated with cat abundance over the year. Methods. We deployed trail cameras in Wellington County, Ontario, Canada to estimate what habitat characteristics were associated with cats in the spring/summer and the fall/winter. Within a subset of our study area, we also compared these findings to a previous study that used walking surveys. Key results. In the spring/summer, cat abundance was positively related to proximity to buildings and negatively related to distance to agriculture. In the fall/winter, cat abundance was negatively related to the presence of coyotes (Canis latrans) and positively related to proximity to major roads. Overall, cat abundance was higher in urban than rural locations, and higher in spring/summer compared to fall/winter. Both our results from trail cameras and walking surveys from a previous study identified that median income, woodlots, and major roads were important habitat characteristics associated with cats during the summer, and we discuss the costs and benefits associated with both approaches. Conclusions. Free-roaming cats are associated with different habitat characteristics in spring/summer versus fall/winter and vary in abundance across landscape type and season. Implications. The development of management strategies aimed at reducing free-roaming cats in temperate areas should incorporate seasonal and landscape patterns.
Galaxies in the Illustris simulation as seen by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey - I: Bulge+disc decompositions, methods, and biases.

We present an image-based method for comparing the structural properties of galaxies produced in hydrodynamical simulations to real galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The key feature of our work is the introduction of extensive observational realism, such as object crowding, noise and viewing angle, to the synthetic images of simulated galaxies, so that they can be fairly compared to real galaxy catalogs. We apply our methodology to the dust-free synthetic image catalog of galaxies from the Illustris simulation at $z=0$, which are then fit with bulge+disc models to obtain morphological parameters. In this first paper in a series, we detail our methods, quantify observational biases, and present publicly available bulge+disc decomposition catalogs. We find that our bulge+disc decompositions are largely robust to the observational biases that affect decompositions of real galaxies. However, we identify a significant population of galaxies (roughly 30\% of the full sample) in Illustris that are prone to internal segmentation, leading to systematically reduced flux estimates by up to a factor of 6, smaller half-light radii by up to a factor of $\sim$ 2, and generally erroneous bulge-to-total fractions of (B/T)=0.
$D$-optimal designs given a bivariate probit response function

We consider the design of an experiment involving two drugs; associated with each drug is an identifiable type of toxicity. For example, in cancer chemotherapy, cyclophosphamide is toxic to the heart and busulfan is toxic to the liver. Therefore, four responses are possible: no toxicity, toxicity to the heart, toxicity to the liver and toxicity to both organs. Consequently, responses are bivariate binary random variables that depend on a bivariate treatment space. Assuming a bivariate probit response function with 0 < p < 1, we find . D-optimal designs when the responses are independent and give preliminary results for when they are dependent.
SN 1993J VLBI. III. The Evolution of the Radio Shell

A sequence of images of supernova 1993J at 31 epochs, from 50 days to ~9 yr after shock breakout, shows the evolution of the expanding radio shell of an exploded star in detail. The images were obtained from 24 observing sessions at 8.4 GHz and 19 at 5.0 GHz and from our last session at 1.7 GHz. The images are all phase-referenced to the stable reference point of the core of the host galaxy M81. This allows us to display them relative to the supernova explosion center. The earliest image shows an almost unresolved source with a radius of 520 AU. The shell structure becomes discernible 175 days after shock breakout. The brightness of the ridge of the projected shell is not uniform, but rather varies by a factor of 2, having a distinct peak or maximum to the southeast and a gap or minimum to the west. Over the next ~350 days, this pattern rotates counterclockwise, with the gap rotating from west to north-northeast. After 2 years, the structure becomes more complex with hot spots developing in the east, south, and west. The pattern of modulation continues to change, and after 5 years the hot spots are located to the north-northwest, south, and south-southeast. After 9 years, the radio shell has expanded to a radius of 19,000 AU. The brightness in the center of the images is lower than expected for an optically thin, spherical shell. Absorption in the center is favored over a thinner shell in the back and/or front. Allowing for absorption, we find that the thickness of the shell is 25% ± 3% of its outer radius. We place a 3 σ upper limit of 4.4% on the mean polarization of the bright part of the shell, consistent with internal Faraday depolarization. We find no compact source in the central region above a brightness limit of 0.05 mJy beam-1 at 8.4 GHz, corresponding to 30% of the current spectral luminosity of the Crab Nebula. We conclude either that any pulsar nebula in the center of SN 1993J is much fainter than the Crab or that there is still significant internal radio absorption.
Recent pulsar results from VERITAS on Geminga and the missing link binary pulsar PSR J1023+0038

In recent years, the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray telescope has detected a population of over 160 gamma-ray pulsars, which has enabled the detailed study of electromagnetic radiation from pulsars at energies above 100 MeV. Further, since the surprising detection of the Crab pulsar in very high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma rays by the MAGIC and VERITAS collaborations, there has been an ongoing effort in the astrophysics community to detect new pulsars in the VHE band. However, the Crab remains the only pulsar so far detected in VHE gamma rays, raising the question of whether or not the Crab is unique and also making it more difficult to constrain model predictions that attempt to explain the emission. Presented here are recent VERITAS results from observational campaigns on the brightest northern-hemisphere high-energy gamma-ray pulsar Geminga and the missing link binary pulsar PSR J1023+0038, which have both resulted in upper limits on a possible VHE flux. These limits are placed into context with the current theoretical framework attempting to explain the origin of the gamma-ray emission from pulsars. Additionally, future plans for pulsar observations with VERITAS are be briefly discussed.
Quantum metric contribution to the pair mass in spin-orbit coupled Fermi superfluids

As a measure of the quantum distance between Bloch states in the Hilbert space, the quantum metric was introduced to solid-state physics through the real part of the so-called geometric Fubini-Study tensor, the imaginary part of which corresponds to the Berry curvature measuring the emergent gauge field in momentum space. Here, we first derive the Ginzburg-Landau theory near the critical superfluid transition temperature, and then identify and analyze the geometric effects on the effective mass tensor of the Cooper pairs. By showing that the quantum metric contribution accounts for a sizeable fraction of the pair mass in a surprisingly large parameter regime throughout the BCS-BEC crossover, we not only reveal the physical origin of its governing role in the superfluid density tensor but also hint at its plausible roles in many other observables as well.
Social media deliberation: civil or uncivil, reasoned or unreasoned?

The high deliberative quality of political conversation among citizens is a valuable component when taking political decisions. However, online discussions often do not correspond to deliberative standards which can be found in the theory of deliberative democracy. In this paper, argumentation (reasoning) and communicative culture (civility and incivility) as the most relevant parameters of deliberation are analyzed in order to assess the quality of Russian and American social networks’ deliberation. The research is based on a methodology of discourse analysis which allows to identify the deliberative quality of political discourse. The article presents the results of online discussions’ analysis on significant issues in the Russian and American socio-political discourses – the court verdict of Alexei Navalny and the second impeachment of Donald Trump. As an empirical basis of study, online discussions on the pages of Vkontakte social network of four Russian media and discussions of four American media on Facebook are used. The authors conclude that social media deliberation as a form of public dialogue in Russia is poorly developed in terms of argumentation and culture of speech while American online deliberation is more developed, reasoned, polite and respectful.
Searching for the 3.5 keV Line in the Deep Fields with Chandra: The 10 Ms Observations

We report a systematic search for an emission line around 3.5 keV in the spectrum of the cosmic X-ray background using a total of ∼10 Ms Chandra observations toward the COSMOS Legacy and Extended Chandra Deep Field South survey fields. We find marginal evidence of a feature at an energy of ∼3.51 keV with a significance of 2.5–3σ, depending on the choice of statistical treatment. The line intensity is best fit at (8.8 ± 2.9) × 10−7 ph cm−2 s−1 when using a simple Δχ2 or ph cm−2 s−1 when Markov chain Monte Carlo is used. Based on our knowledge of Chandra and the reported detection of the line by other instruments, an instrumental origin for the line remains unlikely. We cannot, however, rule out a statistical fluctuation, and in that case our results provide a 3σ upper limit at 1.85 × 10−6 ph cm−2 s−1. We discuss the interpretation of this observed line in terms of the iron line background, S xvi charge exchange, as well as potentially being from sterile neutrino decay. We note that our detection is consistent with previous measurements of this line toward the Galactic center and can be modeled as the result of sterile neutrino decay from the Milky Way for the dark matter distribution modeled as a Navarro–Frenk–White profile. For this case, we estimate a mass mν ∼ 7.01 keV and a mixing angle sin2(2θ) = (0.83–2.75) × 10−10. These derived values are in agreement with independent estimates from galaxy clusters, the Galactic center, and M31.
Model-Free Design of Aseismic Structures

The specifications of earthquake resistance for a structure must inevitably include some assumptions concerning the nature of a typical expected disturbance. Current thinking tends towards specifying a probabilistic model for this disturbance. As an alternative, it is proposed that specification be based on the least favorable excitation, i.e., on one which will induce the most undesirable response characteristics in the structure under study. The execution of this idea is presented, subject to the following assumptions: (1) the response of the structure to any excitation is governed by a linear operator; (2) the energies of all excitations under consideration have a known upper limit; and (3) the magnitude of the response peak is the critical measure of the response of the structure. Several cases are analyzed. The least favorable excitations are determined and the magnitudes of the response peaks are derived. Some of the extensions and limitations of the approach are considered.