Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Miscellaneous New Species in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae)

Abstract. Forty-one new species and one new forma from regions north and west of Brazil are described and illustrated in miscellaneous genera of the Pleurothallidinae. The genera follow logical taxonomic delimitations. In alphabetical order, the new species and forma proposed herein are: Acianthera biseta, A. bryonii, A.carcinopsis, A. dubbeldamii, A. ericae; Acronia thoerleae; Alaticaulia apoloae, A. jimenezii; Brachionidium demissum; Crocodeilanthe vasquezii; Dracula soennemarkii, D. tobarii, D. vierlingii; Lepanthes biruviensis, L. calocerca, L. cercopetala, L. dactylopetala, L. gonzalezii, L. larsenii, L. nautica, L. nephridia, L. oblivia, L.pachychila, L. scoliosa, L. uncinata, L.yamileana; Lindleyalis saueri; Masdevallia deburghgraevei, M. dickinsoniana, M. ecallosa, M. rosacea, M. wetzelii; Porroglossum zelenkoi; Restrepia aristulifera forma leathersii; Scaphosepalum ximenae; Spilotantha aureoportensis; Stelis aguirreae, S. caesariata, S. ebenea, S. marioi, S. perexigua; and Trichosalpinx carmeniae. New combinations in the genus Acianthera are proposed: A. martinezii, A. quadricristata, A. venulosa, and A. zumbae. A new combination in Crocodeilanthe is proposed, C. erectiflora, as well as a new combination in Elongatia, E.jimii. Three species are proposed as synonyms: Crocodeilanthe franciscensis as a synonym of Pleurothallis divaricans; Dracula gerhardii as a synonym of D. diabola; and Lindleyalis hemirhoda as a synonym of the new combination L. nuda.
Forest harvest impacts on water quality and aquatic biota on the Boreal Plain: introduction to the TROLS lake program

Eleven headwater lakes in Alberta's Boreal Plain were monitored for nutrients and plankton 2 years before and 2 years after variable watershed harvesting (harvesting mean 15%, range 0-35%). After harvesting, variations in annual precipitation resulted in lake water residence times that differed by an order of magnitude from one year to the next. During the first posttreatment year, total phosphorus concentrations increased (overall 40%) in most lakes; how - ever, response was most consistent in lakes that were shallow and the water column mixed or weakly thermally strati- fied. Chlorophyll a, cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon-Anabaena), and cyanotoxins (microcystin-LR) increased after harvesting, primarily in shallow lakes. Zooplankton abundance and biomass decreased after harvesting, particularly in stratified lakes where edible phytoplankton biomass declined. In the weakly or nonstratified lakes, declines in zooplank - ton biomass were associated with higher cyanobacterial biomass and cyanotoxins. Posttreatment change in total phos- phorus concentration was strongly related to weather (greatest response in a wet year) and relative drainage basin size (drainage basin area to lake volume, r 2 = 0.78, P << 0.01). There was no evidence that buffer strip width (20, 100, and 200 m) influenced lake response. These results suggest that activities within the entire watershed should be the fo - cus of catchment-lake interactions.
The Conflict between Wildlife and Local People Living Adjacent to Protected Areas in Tanzania: Human Density as a Predictor

A questionnaire survey was conducted in Tanza- nia of 1396 local people living adjacent to Arusha, Kiliman- jaro, Tarangire, Lake Manyara, and Mikumi National Parks and the Selous Game Reserve. Over 71% of local people sur- veyed reportedproblems with wildlife. The relative frequency of reported conflict with wildlife was significantly and in- versely related to human density on lands adjacent to apro- tected area Of those local people who reported having prob- lems with wildlife, 86% reported crop damage, while 10% reported the killing of livestock and poultry. The problem- atic wildlife species also varied significantly with human density. Large animals were more problematic at low hu- man densities, while small animals were more problematic at high human densities. Local people were generally less effective in controlling small-bodied species than large- bodied species. The relative frequency of reported success in controlling wildlife varied significantly with human density and was bimodal: localpeople were less effective in control- ling wildlife at lower and higher human densities. This bi- modal relationship suggests that, even if all protected areas in Tanzania were abolished, local people would continue to experience problems with wildlife at high human densities. To minimize the conflict between wildlife and local people, land uses associated with low human density that are non- attractive to wildlife should be encouraged on lands adja- cent to protected areas in Tanzania
Spatial and temporal patterns of postdispersal seed predation

We experimentally examined spatial and temporal patterns of postdispersal seed predation of vertebrate-dispersed plant species in temperate woodland and old-field habitats. Rodents were the principal predators. Rates of seed loss varied with microhabitat (near logs, tree trunks, and open forest floor), macrohabitat (old field, forest), plant species, year, and time of dispersal within a year. Levels of final mortality (= mortality at final census) did not vary with microhabitat or time of dispersal but did vary between macrohabitats, plant species, and years. The variability of our results (i) indicates the importance of dispersing many seeds into many different types of micro- and macro-habitats, (ii) supports the view of a diffuse mutualism between plants and their vertebrate dispersers, and (iii) suggests that to detect important trends in patterns of postdispersal seed predation, and ultimately plant recruitment, longer term studies are imperative. Key words: community structure, seed predation, roden.
GENETIC PARAMETERS OF THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MILK OF CANADIAN HOLSTEINS AND GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN FEED INTAKE AND TYPE TRAITS IN CANADIAN HOLSTEINS

II RESUME IV DEDICATION VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE VIII STATEMENT ABOUT THE THESIS FORMAT IX CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTHORS XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XVI LIST OF TABLES XVII LIST OF FIGURES XIX PART 1 1 GENETIC PARAMETERS OF THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MILK OF CANADIAN HOLSTEINS 1 CHAPTER
Effect of Citric Acid and Microbial Phytase on Small Intestinal Morphology in Broiler Chicken

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of citric acid (CA) (0, 3 and 6%) and microbial phytase (MP) (0, 500 and 1000 U/kg) on morphology of different segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) in broiler chickens fed on corn and soybean meal based diets. The effect of 9 experimental treatments (3×3 factorial design) were assessed using 270 7-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks in a randomized complete block design in three replicates of 10 birds each. The mean villi length (VL), crypt depth (CD) and goblet cell number (GCN) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum and villi width (VW) and VL:CD ratio in duodenum was significantly greater for the birds fed on acidified diets compared to the control birds at day 42 of age (P<0.01). Inclusion of 3% CA in diet significantly decreased the epithelial thickness (ET) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P<0.01). The birds received diets with 1000 U/kg of MP showed significant increase in CD (P<0.01) and GCN in jejunum (P<0.05), and significant decrease in VL:CD ratio and ET in the duodenum (P<0.01), jejunum (P<0.05) and ileum (P<0.01) segments. No variable of interest were affected by CA × MP interaction. It was concluded that CA and MP independently exhibit positive impact on morphometery of small intestine, toward facilitating the nutrient absorption and reducing the metabolic demands of the intestinal tract in broiler chickens.
Investigations of different strategies for high frequency regeneration of Dendrobium malones ‘Victory’

Regeneration of orchid, Dendrobium malones “Victory”, has been established by direct differentiation and through callus formation. With direct thin leaf section differentiation method, the number of protocorm like bodies (PLBs) formed from Thin Section (TS) explants obtained from a single leaf was 10 times more than that from a single whole leaf, in a short time period. This therefore suggested that the proliferation potential is distributed all along the seedling leaves and morphogenically competent cells were not limited in the basal ends or the tips of the leaves in TS of orchid leaf cultures. Full MS media supplemented with auxins/cytokinins either in single or in combination along with peptone, yeast extract, casein hydrolysate (each at 100 mg/l), banana powder (40 g/l), 15% coconut water and 2% sucrose have shown excellent results for high frequency regeneration in orchid cultures. In many higher plants, regenerating leaves responded by developing proliferative loci in some “Predetermined Regenerative” cells in the dermal layers by tissue culture methods.
Molecular cloning of porcine T cell receptor α, β, γ and δ chains using polymerase chain reaction fragments of the constant regions

Fragments of the constant regions of porcine α, β, δ and two types of γ T cell receptor (TcR) chains were obtained by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Screening of a porcine peripheral T cell cDN A library with these PCR fragments led to the isolation of porcine TcR α, β, γ and δ chain clones. Sequence analysis of these clones and the respective PCR fragments demonstrated the existence of one α, one β, three γ and one δ chain isotype. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of the constant region with other species revealed a significant homology. For two of the three identified porcine γ chain insertions of 38 and 40 amino acids were found within the hinge region. In addition, our sequence data demonstrate a high variability in the cytoplasmic Cγ domain among the three porcine TcR γ isotypes as well as between species, which might be of structural and/or functional significance. Comparison with biochemical data indicate the existence of four porcine TcR γ isotypes.
Systematics of Grammitid Ferns (Polypodiaceae): Using Morphology and Plastid Sequence Data to Resolve the Circumscriptions of Melpomene and the Polyphyletic Genera Lellingeria and Terpsichore

Abstract Recent phylogenetic analyses of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) have demonstrated that some genera recognized within this clade are not monophyletic. We focus on resolving the circumscriptions of some large Neotropical genera by focusing on a clade, identified in previous analyses, that includes the monophyletic genus Melpomene, plus portions of two polyphyletic genera, Lellingeria and Terpsichore. Phylogenetic analyses using chloroplast markers atpB, rbcL, and trnL-F, along with 109 morphological characters, resolve this ingroup as monophyletic and sister to a clade that includes Ceradenia, Enterosora, and Zygophlebia. We use morphological characters included in the analysis to circumscribe clades. Melpomene is clearly monophyletic, but forms a polytomy with Lellingeria s. l. in a strict consensus of MP trees. Ingroup species of Terpsichore form three well supported monophyletic groups that together are paraphyletic with respect to Melpomene plus Lellingeria. Two clades corresponding to species groups of Terpsichore will be recognized as new genera.
Gambaran Hormon Progesteron Sapi Bali selama Satu Siklus Estrus

Banyaknya masalah yang dilaporkan mengenai kurang optimalnya fungsi reproduksi sapi bali sehingga dipandang perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai status reproduksi dari sapi bali tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran hormon progesteron sapi bali selama satu siklus estrus. Sampel berupa serum darah diambil dari sentra peternakan sapi bali Sobangan dengan menggunakan 5 ekor sapi bali yang telah pernah beranak, menunjukkan siklus estrus secara normal dan secara reproduksi dinyatakan sehat. Sampel darah diambil setiap hari dimulai dari saat munculnya estrus sampai dengan munculnya estrus kembali. Pengukuran kadar progesteron dilakukan dengan metode ELISA dan data yang diperoleh disajikan secara deskriptif dalam bentuk grafik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar progesteron pada sapi bali mulai hari ke- 0 (estrus) : 0,52 ± 0,03, mulai meningkat pada hari ke-4 pada kadar 2.03 ± 0,06, mencapai puncak pada hari ke-14 dengan kadar 9,52 ± 0,06 dan mulai menurun pada hari ke-15 dengan kadar 7,96 ± 0,07.
PREY OF THE HARRIS'S HAWK (PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS) IN A SUBURBAN AREA OF SOUTHERN CHILE

ABSTRACT La dieta de Parabuteo unicinctus fue analizada utilizando 23 egagrópilas y 41 restos de presa recolectados durante la temporada reproductiva 2003–04 en el Aeropuerto Carriel Sur de Concepción, en el sur de Chile. Los mamíferos formaron la mayor parte de la dieta (64.7% por frecuencia, 70.6% por biomasa). Aunque Oligoryzomys longicaudatus fue la presa consumida (36.7%) con mayor frecuencia, los lagomorfos representaron la mayor parte de la biomasa(62.5%). Las aves siguieron a los mamíferos en importancia (26.4% por frecuencia, 29.3% por biomasa). La contribución de los reptiles e insectos fue menor. El peso geométrico promedio de las presas vertebradas (85.4 g) fue marcadamente más bajo en nuestro sitio de estudio que en Chile central (202.4–257.1 g). En general, la composición de la dieta de P. unicinctus en nuestro sitio de estudio fue muy similar a la documentada para otras localidades en Chile y Norte América.
Regulation of copy number and stability of phage λ derived pTCλ1 plasmid in the light of the dimer/multimer catastrophe hypothesis

The dimer catastrophe hypothesis has been proposed previously to explain instability of multicopy plasmids whose partitioning is random, contrary to low copy number plasmids which are stably maintained and actively partitioned. Until now, this hypothesis has been investigated using multicopy ColE1 plasmids. However, for more detailed testing of the dimer/multimer catastrophe hypothesis, one should use a plasmid which can be maintained at either low or high copy number and still possesses the same mechanism of replication regulation. Here we used a modified λ plasmid, pTCλ1. The advantage of this plasmid is that it can be maintained at different copy numbers depending on the concentration of an inducer which stimulates the initiation of plasmid replication. Results obtained with this plasmid in recombination proficient and deficient cells generally support the dimer/multimer catastrophe hypothesis, but also suggest some modification in the model.
Potential of low-protein genotypes for nitrogen management in malting barley production

Nitrogen (N) levels in the soil and N fertilization are among the major factors that affect grain protein concentration (GPC) in malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The use of inherently low protein cultivars might be an advantage in conditions of excessive soil N or in situations where N is applied to maximize yield. In the present study, eight malting barley genotypes were grown under dryland and irrigated conditions to compare their response to four rates of nitrogen (N) application (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg/ha). The trials were carried out in 1998 and 1999 at a site in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia, which has a Mediterranean-type environment. Seasonal differences accounted for a large proportion of the observed variation in GPC, but had little influence on variation in grain yield. Nitrogen application significantly increased grain yield and GPC, and decreased kernel weight and plumpness. The rate of response for grain protein was higher under dryland than irrigated conditions, but the genotype-by-nitrogen interaction was not significant under both conditions. To further characterize genotypic response, the method of pattern analysis was used to identify groups of genotypes showing a similar pattern in their response to N application and to relate the patterns to available knowledge about the inherent GPC of their grains. The eight genotypes were clustered into three entry groups, corresponding to low, moderate and high-protein genotypes. There was little difference among groups in the rate of response to N application. However, the genotype group with inherently low GPC maintained the lower protein over those with higher grain protein at the different rates of N application. Under dryland conditions, the low-protein genotypes tended to have less plump kernels with increasing rates of N application than the respective high-protein group.
Genetic diversity in Brazilian sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Solanales, Convolvulaceae) landraces assessed with microsatellite markers

We used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to investigate the genetic diversity of 78 sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) accessions (58 landraces and 20 putative clones) from traditional agricultural households from 19 local communities in the Vale do Ribeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Eight SSR loci were assessed using 6% (w/v) polyacrylamide gels stained with silver nitrate and the accessions genotyped considering the presence or absence of bands. The results were subjected to analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and cluster and principal coordinate analyses. Spatial structure was assessed using Mantel's test to compare genetic and geographic distances. Each primer pair generated between three and ten clearly scorable polymorphic fragments. Cluster analyses showed a Jaccard's index from 0.3 to 1.0, indicating high genetic and intravarietal diversity. Accessions from all 19 communities were not spatially structured (r = 0.15, p < 0.054), with AMOVA indicating that most of the variability (58.2%) was distributed within households and only 18.1% of the variability was distributed between households within communities. The outcrossing mating system of sweet potato, and anthropic factors such as selection of different varieties and their maintenance within household small plots and home gardens, as well as an extensive exchange system between agriculturists, may all be contributing to these results.
Trophic structure in the pelagial of 25 shallow New Zealand lakes: changes along nutrient and fish gradients

To gain better insight into the importance of predator and resource control in New Zealand lakes we surveyed the late summer trophic structure of 25 shallow South Island lakes with contrast- ing nutrient levels (6-603 µg TP l -1 ) and fish densities. Total catch of fish per net (CPUE) in multi- mesh gillnets placed in the open water and the littoral zones was positively related with the nutrient level. Trout CPUE was negatively correlated with total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). Zooplankton seemed largely influenced by fish, as high fish CPUE coincided with low zooplankton and Daphnia biomass, low average weight of cladocerans, low contribution of Daphnia to total clado- ceran biomass, low ratio of calanoids to total copepod biomass and low ratio of zooplankton biomass to phytoplankton biomass. However, chlorophyll a was only slightly negatively related to Daphnia biomass and not to zooplankton biomass in a multiple regression that included TN and TP. Ciliate abundance was positively related to chlorophyll a and negatively to Daphnia biomass, but not to total zooplankton biomass, while no relationships were found between heterotrophic nanoflagellates and zooplankton. The relationships between fish abundance and nutrients and fish abundance and zooplankton:phytoplankton ratio and between chlorophyll a and TP largely followed the pattern obtained for 42 north temperate Danish lakes. We conclude that fish, including trout, have a major effect on the zooplankton community structure and biomass in the pelagial of the shallow oligotrophic to slightly eutrophic New Zealand lakes, but that the cascading effects on phytoplankton and protist are apparently modest.
Influence of rearing conditions and manure management practices on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from poultry houses

Poultry production has been identified as a major producer of NH3 and, to a lesser extent, of greenhouse gases (GHGs) mainly by national emissions inventories. However, since most national inventories are based on average emission factors for each type of animal ('tier 1′ approach), the factors that influence these emissions (through breeding and manure-management practices) are not taken into account. The first step to improve inventories and propose mitigation options (e.g. best management practices, innovative systems) is a better understanding of the drivers of gaseous emissions and the identification of key factors for the mitigation of NH3 and GHG emissions. This paper presents a literature review of NH3 and GHG emissions from poultry housing, with a focus on the influence of practices and rearing conditions. It appears that flock-management practices (e.g. dietary practices, slaughtering age) and manure management (e.g. manure removal frequency, chemical treatment of litter) are presented as efficient ways to reduce emissions. Environmental conditions (e.g. ventilation rates, temperature) influence emissions; however, it was not possible to assess the effects of different combinations of these factors (compensatory or synergistic). Some factors, such as stocking density, which may play a significant role, were not studied. Modelling approaches that integrate these key factors with climate factors can be used to update emission factors in emissions inventories, consider national variability and uncertainties in mitigation scenarios, test synergistic and compensatory effects and avoid pollution swapping. Further research must be carried out to check the validity of emission factors and modelling parameters at a national scale.
Studies On Mononchida of India Iii. the Genus Mylonchulus (Family Mylonchulidae Jairajpuri, 1969)

Twenty seven populations of Mylonchulus from different parts of India, representing five known and five new species, are described. The known species are: Mylonchulus lacustris, M. minor, M. hawaiiensis, M. brachyuris and M. index. M. mulveyi n. sp. has a mono-prodelphic gonad, a buccal cavity with 4 transverse rows of denticles, lacks submedian teeth, has an elongate-conoid tail 2 anal body-widths long, caudal glands grouped and spinneret terminal. M. dentatus n. sp. resembles M. sigmaturus but differs in the number and distribution of the transverse rows of denticles, and in having very conspicuous submedian teeth and vulval papillae. M. nainitalensis n. sp. is similar to M. brachyuris but has smaller body, tail and spicules and its caudal glands are arranged in tandem. M. muradi n. sp. resembles M. orbitus but differs in having a smaller body, in the absence of a sphincter at the oviduct-uterus junction and the absence of vulval papillae. M. contractus n. sp. , has a very small body (0.55-0.90 mm) and a characteristic contraction of the intestine in the region of the gonads. M. californicus n. sp. , has been proposed for the Californian population of M. index described by Mulvey (1961). A key to the species of Mylonchulus has been provided.