Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The spread of African cassava mosaic virus into and within cassava fields

Only a small proportion of Bemisia tabaci collected in totally infected cassava fields at a site in Cote d'lvoire transmitted African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) to test plants. Nevertheless, the monthly increase in disease incidence in an experimental planting was directly related to numbers of adult whiteflies counted on plants 6 weeks earlier. In plots at different spacings, the greatest incidence of ACMV expressed as a percentage of the total stand occurred at the lowest plant density. Much speread into the spacing trial and into two other experimental plantings occurred from outside sources and followed downwind gradients. By contrast, spread from ACMV-infected sources within plantings was limited. It occurred in all directions but over distances of only a few metres. These contrasting patterns of spread are attributed to the differentbehavior of B. tabaci above and within the crop canopy. It is concluded that contamination of cassava fields in the coastal forest area of Cote d'Ivoire is due mainly to rapid spread from outside sources which leads to internal foci that contribute to some further, although limited, spread. These findings are discussed in relation to possible control strategies based on the release of healthy cuttings, dense planting and subsequent roguing. Such measures are unlikely to be effectve in the coastal forest region of Cote d'Ivoire and adjacent countriesunless varieties are grown with greater resistance to infection than those currently used.
America’s Democracy Colleges: The Civic Engagement of Community College Students

This study explored the civic engagement of current two- and four-year students to explore whether differences exist between the groups and what may explain the differences. Using binary logistic regression and Ordinary Least Squares regression it was found that community-based engagement was lower for two- than four-year students, though community-based engagement increased as two-year students spent more time on campus, measured by enrolling full-time, living on campus, and working on campus. For political protests, two-year students were similar to four-year students, but when they spent more time on campus they were more likely to participate in political protests. For discussing politics, time spent on campus did not explain the differences between two- and four-year students. These findings indicate that while community college students arrive at college predisposed to lower rates of engagement than four-year students, these differences may be reduced by spending more time in educational settings by enrolling full-time, living on campus, and working on campus. Therefore, attending a community college does help students become productive members of society. Community college administrators and practitioners can use these findings to develop policies and practices that encourage students to develop the skills, abilities, and motivation necessary to be civically engaged.
The threadfin bream Nemipterus randalli (Perciformes: Nemipteridae) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea

A total of 30 specimens (73–95 mm standard length) of Nemipterus randalli were collected along the Lebanon coast. This species, a Lessepsian migrant previously misidentified as Nemipterus japonicus, appears to be well established in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean Sea. The small size and immature status of the specimens of N. randalli collected from the Lebanon coast indicate recent successful recruitment.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR ANALYSIS OF THE BLOOM‐FORMING DINOFLAGELLATES GYRODINIUM CF. AUREOLUM AND GYMNODINIUM NAGASAKIENSE 1

Two red‐tide forming naked dinoflagellates, the Japanese species Gymnodinium nagasakiense Takayama et Adachi and the north European species Gyrodinium cf. aureolum Hulburt, were compared with regard to their external morphology, chromosome number and DNA content. Morphological studies were performed using both light and scanning electron microscopy; analytical flow cytometry was used to compare DNA contents. Our strains of G. cf. aureolum and G. nagasakiense were morphologically indistinguishable, and both closely fit the original description of the latter species. In contrast, several details, including the shape and position of the nucleus, differed between our strains and the original description of Gyrodinium aureolum. However, despite an equal number of chromosomes, the Japanese taxon possessed about 40% more DNA than the European one. Moreover, the latter taxon was able to form two subpopulations of vegetative cells, which we called “small” and “large,” whereas the former one only formed “large” cells. These discrepancies cast doubt upon the conspecificity of G. cf. aureolum and G. nagasakiense. The appellation Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense is therefore proposed for the species encountered in the northern European seas, waiting for a future reconsideration of both the genera and the species.
Bovine trypanosomosis in Gimbi district of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

A study on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted from September 2006 to April 2007 in six villages of the Gimbi district in west Wollega zone of Ethiopia. The prevalence of the disease, the apparent densities and distribution of tsetse and other biting flies in two seasons, the dry and rainy, were determined. The results of a questionnaire survey from 80 farmers revealed that trypanosomosis was a major health problem affecting animals and impeding agricultural activities.A total of 568 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals (280 animals in rainy and 288 in dry season) and revealed the presence of Trypanosoma congolense Broden, 1904 and T. vivax Zieman, 1905 in the area. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species that accounted for 66.2% of the infections. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) concentrations were 22.77% (95% CI =19.99-21.55) in parasitaemic and 25.25% (95% CI=24.88-25.61) in aparasitaemic animals with a significant difference (P<0.005). There was a significant (P<0.012) difference in trypanosome infection between age groups of cattle, being higher in adults. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 12.5%, while the disease prevalence was higher during the rainy season (15 %) than the dry season (10.1%). In three villages of lowland areas (below 1600 meter above sea level), a higher prevalence was recorded 20.9% and 7.9% as compared to three villages of midland areas (≥ 1600 meter above sea level) 11.8% and 8.3% in late rainy and dry season, respectively.A fly-survey was conducted by using 80 monoconical pyramidal traps and revealed that two tsetse species, namely Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and Glossina tachinoides Westwood were found along with other biting flies (Tabanus, Haematopota and Stomoxys species). Higher numerical catches of Glossina were recorded in late rainy season and the apparent density was positively correlated (r=0.5171) with the prevalence of infection.
IS FARRIS OPTIMIZATION PERFECT?: THREE‐TAXON STATEMENTS AND MULTIPLE BRANCHING

Abstract — The three‐taxon approach to phylogenetic analysis separates the universe of cladograms into a larger number of classes of solutions showing decreasing degrees of fit to data than does conventional Farris optimization. The three‐taxon approach applies to character analysis Nelson and Platnick's interpretation 2 of multiple branching in cladograms.
Unit root test for short panels with serially correlated errors

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a unit root test for short panels with serially correlated errors. The proposed test is based on the instrumental variables (IVs) and the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators. An advantage of the new test over other tests is that it allows for an ARMA-type serial correlation. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that the new test has good finite sample properties. Several methods to estimate the lag orders of the ARMA structure are briefly discussed.
Short-term in situ immobilization of Cd and Ni by beringite and steel shots application to long-term sludged plots

La beringite et la grenaille d'acier ont ete melangees dans les 20 premiers cm d'un sol pollue par des metaux. Un an apres leurs apports, des extractions au nitrate de calcium (0,1 M) et la determination du transfert sol-mais pour le Cd et le Ni ont ete realisees. L'addition de beringite (5% w/w) et de grenaille d'acier (1% w/w) ont diminue l'extractibilite du Cd et du Ni. Dans les parcelles les plus polluees, l'extractibilite de Cd et Ni a ete diminuee respectivement de 54% et 53% pour la beringite et de 41% et 40% pour la grenaille d'acier. Apres une culture, les teneurs en metaux dans la 6eme feuille, la feuille de l'epi et les grains ont ete determinees. Le transfert sol-plante du Cd a diminue apres l'apport de beringite (excepte sur les parcelles les plus polluees), contrairement a un apport de grenaille d'acier. L'addition de beringite et de grenaille d'acier a diminue le transfert du Ni du sol aux parties aeriennes du mais et aux grains. Aucuns symptomes de phytotoxicite ou de carence ont ete observes suite a l'apport de ces amendements. L'utilisation de beringite ou de grenaille d'acier dans les sols pollues semble interessante pour diminuer le transfert sol-mais du Ni. La profondeur d'enfouissement et la methode d'application de ces amendements dans les sols devront etre etudiees.
A Bayesian control chart for a common coefficient of variation

ABSTRACT By using the medical data analyzed by Kang et al. (2007), a Bayesian procedure is applied to obtain control limits for the coefficient of variation. Reference and probability matching priors are derived for a common coefficient of variation across the range of sample values. By simulating the posterior predictive density function of a future coefficient of variation, it is shown that the control limits are effectively identical to those obtained by Kang et al. (2007) for the specific dataset they used. This article illustrates the flexibility and unique features of the Bayesian simulation method for obtaining posterior distributions, predictive intervals, and run-lengths in the case of the coefficient of variation. A simulation study shows that the 95% Bayesian confidence intervals for the coefficient of variation have the correct frequentist coverage.
Genetic Relationships among Herpes-Like Viruses Isolated from Sturgeon

Abstract We report the identification of partial DNA polymerase gene sequences of seven herpes-like viruses found in sturgeon Acipenser spp. from North America and Europe. Phenetic comparisons using nucleic acid and deduced protein alignments divided the sturgeon herpes-like viruses into three genogroups. The first genogroup includes the previously described Acipenserid herpesvirus 1 (AciHV-1) and two new isolates from farmed white sturgeon A. transmontanus from California and wild white sturgeon from Idaho. The second genogroup contains the previously described Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2) and a new isolate from wild white sturgeon found in Oregon. The third genogroup includes two viruses with identical amino acid sequences found in farmed white sturgeon from Italy and Canada. We propose to name the third sturgeon herpes-like genogroup Acipenserid herpesvirus 3 (AciHV-3). The phylogram used for comparing the relationships of these viruses shows strong bootstrap support (82%) for two separate clade.
Annual Growth Rings and Growth Zones in Woody Plants in Southern Australia

Cross sections of 760 trunks of approximately 670 species from 47 families of shrubs, dwarf shrubs, and trees were examined to study the incidence and appearance of different categories of growth zones. In montane/alpine sites with relatively cool winter temperatures all the woody plants form distinct growth rings similar to those seen in boreal and temperate regions throughout the world, and thus these rings are considered to represent annual rings. Most species from this phytogeographical zone are useful for crossdating. In the savannahs, the jarrah and karri woodlands of the southwest and the subtropical rain forests of the southeast identifiable growth zones are formed in most species. The approximate age of the woods can be determined, but crossdating is difficult or impossible. In the desert areas woody plants form irregular growth zones, the number of which may correspond to the incidence of rainfall, and age determination and crossdating is mostly impossible. Members of the well-studied families Cupressaceae, Epacridaceae and Myrtaceae form growth zones that are more distinct than the Mimosaceae and Proteaceae. Included phloem is present in all Chenopodiaceae, one Loranthaceae and two species of Verbenaceae.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF PHYTOSEIID MITES FROM AUSTRALIA, AND THREE SPECIES FROM AMERICA REDESCRIBED (ACAR1: PHYTOSEIIDAE)

Amhlyseius casimiri, A. cabonus, A. sullivani and Typhlodromus armidalensis spp. n. , discovered during investigations on the biological control of phytophagous mites in Australia, are described and figured. Augmented descriptions of A. fallacis (Garman), recently introduced to Australia for the biological control of tetranychid mites. A. spinigerus Chant and Baker, and A. anonymus Chant and Baker are given to facilitate comparison with the closely related A. casimiri.
Growth patterns of Italian ryegrass cultivars established in different seasons

A comparison is made between various Italian ryegrass cultivars established under irrigation on a well-drained upland site during the traditional autumn months, with plantings of the same cultivars at other times of the year. The dates on which pastures could be utilised for the first time, their relative growth pattern as well as weed infestation, flowering behaviour and persistency, were investigated. Some herbage quality determinations were also made. February plantings are considered the most favourable for maximum late autumn, winter and spring production. First utilisation following late autumn/winter plantings is, however, delayed considerably with the onset of cold weather. Late winter/early spring plantings, on the other hand, delay flowering for up to 16 months and the biennial growth pattern indicates vigorous growth immediately after planting, the possibility of variable late summer production followed by extremely poor autumn and winter production. This casts serious doubt on the merit of such a practice at the total exclusion of the traditional autumn plantings. Summer weed infestation from such spring plantings also gave cause for concern. Keywords: cedara; cultivars; flowering; growth patterns; herbage; herbage yield; irrigation; italian ryegrass; lolium multiflorum; natal; pastures; production; relative growth; ryegrass; south africa; weed infestation Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa.
Development of a Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay to Detect Fusarium oxysporum

We report the development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the CYP51C element for visual detection of F. oxysporum which caused Fusarium wilt in soybean. The CYP51C-LAMP assay efficiently amplified the target gene in 60 min at 62°C. And specificity was evaluated against F. oxysporum, Fusarium spp. and other fungal species. The detection limit of the CYP51C-specific LAMP assay for F. oxysporum was four conidia per gram soil. The assay also detected F. oxysporum from inoculated soybean tissues and residues. These results suggest that this CYP51C-LAMP assay can be used to detect residues on plants in the field.
Biological Activity of Azadirachtin, Component of the Neem Tree Inhibiting Molting in the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae)

The possible effects of azadirachtin, a component of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, in inhibiting molting in larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, were studied. Apart from delayed lethal action, effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and size of pupae or adults have been considered. A baseline exposure for 10 or 20min, ranging from 0.00001 to O. 1μg/ml, was used, causing about 20 or 22.5 to 83.5 or 97.6% inhibition (inhibition of adult-concentration-probability lines). Doses required to inhibit the emergence of 50% of the adults (IC50) were found to be very low (0.0024 and 0.000039 μg/ml for the 10- and 20-min exposure times, respectively. The compound is characterized by its inhibition or prevention of formation of adult morphology. The effects on pupae (basedon proportion of undeveloped individuals) and adults (based on incomplete development, attachment to puparia, or inability to fly) were dose-dependent. The development from third larval instar to adult was completely inhibited by exposure to 0.1 μg/ml for 20 min(97.58%). No adults were obtained at doses of 1.10, 10.0, and 100.0 μg/ml. These concentrations caused about 100% mortality of larvae or developed pupae. Results showed a reduction in M. autumnalis size as a function of azadirachtin exposure. There seemed to bea direct relationship between the size of the resulting pupae or adult males and females, since treatment of larvae with 0.00001 to O. 1μg/ml azadirachtin caused significant reductions in the pupal weights and dimensions, adult weights, wing dimensions, or interocular distances. Treatments with 0.00001 and 0.001 μg/ml resulted in an insignificant increase(0.8–1.6%) in female wing length/width. Concentrations 0.001, 0.01, and O. 1μg/ml also did not significantly affect the wing dimensions of females.
A Transforming Growth Factor-β Control Element Required for SM α-Actin Expression in Vivo Also Partially Mediates GKLF-dependent Transcriptional Repression*

We previously demonstrated that a conserved transforming growth factor-β control element (TCE) within the 5′-region of the smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation marker gene SM α-actin could mediate both transcriptional activation and repression in cultured SMCs through interaction with members of the zinc finger Kruppel-like transcription factor (KLF) family. The aims of the present studies were to: 1) determine the role of the SM α-actin TCE in vivo through mutagenesis studies in transgenic mice and 2) further characterize the possible role and mechanisms by which the TCE-binding factor GKLF/KLF4 induces repression of SMC marker genes in various SMC model systems in vitro. Our results showed that the TCE was required for SM α-actin promoter activity in transgenic mice in vivo. Results of transient transfection studies showed that GKLF-induced repression of a SM α-actin promoter/luciferase reporter gene partially depended on the TCE. Furthermore, a GKLF overexpressing adenovirus inhibited whereas GKLF morpholino antisense oligos increased expression of endogenous SMC marker genes. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed GKLF binding to TCE containing regions of various SMC marker gene promoters within intact chromatin. Finally, results of co-transfection studies showed that overexpression of IKLF/KLF5 reversed GKLF-dependent repression thus supporting a model of reciprocal activation-repression of SMC gene expression by different members of the KLF gene family.
The Potential for Vessel Interactions with Adult Atlantic Sturgeon in the James River, Virginia

Abstract In 2012, all populations of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus were listed as either threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. During 2007–2010, researchers documented 31 carcasses of adult Atlantic sturgeon in the tidal freshwater portion of the James River, Virginia. Twenty-six of the carcasses had gashes from vessel propellers, and the remaining five carcasses were too decomposed to allow determination of the cause of death. The types of vessels responsible for these mortalities were not explicitly demonstrated. Most (84%) of the carcasses were found in a relatively narrow reach that was modified to increase shipping efficiency. To explore the number of Atlantic sturgeon being hit and their horizontal and depth distributions in relation to vessel draft, we conducted telemetry experiments on three living fish (all males) and six dead specimens. While staging (holding in an area from hours to days, with minimal upstream or downstream movements), the adult mal.
The Annual Rhythm of Activity of the Lateral Meristems (Cambium and Phellogen) in Pinus Halepensis Mill. and Pinus Pinea L.

The annual rhythms of cambial and phellogen activity in Pinus halepensis and P pinea were investigated. Under natural conditions the cambium of P halepensis begins its activity in autumn, enters a quiescent period during midwinter, resurnes activity towards spring and enters a second rest period in summer. The ring border is formed during summer. Irrigated plants growing outdoors were active almost all the year round.The cambium of P pinea is active between April and November and enters a true winter dormancy.The duration of xylem production exceeded that of the phloem. More xylem than phloem cells were formed. The phellogen was active during a short period only.Pinus halepensis seems to follow the Mediterranean climate patterns whereas P pinea follows the pattern of a colder climate.
Nutritional ecology of sea urchin larvae: influence of endogenous and exogenous nutrition on echinopluteal growth and phenotypic plasticity in Tripneustes gratilla

Summary 1 Marine invertebrates use egg nutrients to develop the functional feeding larva and then enter a facultative feeding period (FFP) when development can proceed without food because larvae are supported by maternal reserves. Facultative feeding reduces starvation risk and so is important for larval success. It may also influence egg size evolution because FFP length correlates with egg size. 2 We quantified energetic lipid (triglyceride, TG) utilisation in unfed and fed larvae as an index of larval nutritive condition in the tropical echinoid Tripneustes gratilla during the FFP to determine if fed larvae would use the buffer provided by endogenous provisions to improve their condition or accelerate development. We predicted that: (i) the condition of unfed and fed larvae should diverge before egg TG is exhausted and/or (ii) that the size of fed larvae should outstrip that of unfed larvae. 3 Temperate echinoplutei exhibit phenotypic plasticity, increasing the length of their food capture apparatus (arms) in nutrient-poor conditions. We examined the generality of this phenomenon in a morphometric analysis of growth in the tropical larva of T. gratilla. We hypothesized that plastic arm growth in starved larvae would occur before the FFP ends as a bet hedging strategy to prepare for hard times ahead when lack of reserves may render this response impossible. 4 We found that fed larvae diverged in condition (higher TG) but not in size compared with starved larvae before egg energetic lipids were exhausted. In addition, unfed larvae showed plastic arm growth before the end of the FFP. 5 Lack of divergence in growth of unfed and fed larvae suggests there may be an imperative to maintain a nutrient storage buffer against starvation due to unpredictable future planktonic food supply. The FFP of T. gratilla exceeds 8 days, considerably longer than that of other echinoids with similarly sized eggs, emphasizing that egg quality may be more important than egg size as a predictor of the FFP in fecundity-time models of egg evolution.
Complex multilocus population dynamics under mixed reproduction systems

Here we analyze the effect of deviation from pure sexual reproduction (panmixia) on complex dynamics of multilocus genetic systems subjected to cyclical selection. A rich spectrum of complex dynamic patterns is displayed by this model. It appears that complex dynamics can be very robust to variation of mating parameters and recombination rate. We demonstrate that sex and recombination do not usually simplify the population dynamics of multilocus genetic systems, despite previous generalizations based on single-locus models with selection caused by antagonistic species interaction.