Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Panda Hills phosphate rock compacted with triple superphosphate as source of phosphorus for rape, wheat, maize, and soybean

Abstract Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of Panda Hills phosphate rock (PPR) from southwest Tanzania, its mixture with triple superphosphate (TSP), and a compacted mixture of Panda PR and TSP (PPR+TSP) for wheat, rape, maize, and soybean on two United States soils (Hiwassee and Windthorst). The mixture of Panda PR and TSP was prepared by mixing ground TSP with Panda PR in proportions such that 50% of the total phosphorus (P) in the final mixture was from TSP. The compacted product (PPR+TSP) was prepared by compacting some of the blended mixture of Panda PR and TSP into pellets using a laboratory scale Carver press followed by crushing and screening. The P rates applied to Hiwassee soil were 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg P kg‐1 for each P source and test crop while on Windthorst soil only one rate of application (50 mg P kg‐1) was applied to one test crop (rape). A lime treatment was also included on the Windthorst soil to enable evaluation of rape response to the different P sources under calcareous conditions. Wheat and rape were allowed to grow to maturity while maize and soybean were grown for six weeks only. The performance of the P sources as reflected by yield, P uptake and relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) followed the order TSP>>(PPR+TSP)>(PPR)+(TSP)>>PPR for wheat, rape, maize, and soybean on Hiwassee soil. Panda PR was very ineffective in increasing grain or dry‐matter yields of the test crops on this soil. The mixture of Panda PR and TSP as well as the compacted product increased wheat, maize, and soybean yields and P uptake significantly. The increases in yields were, however, largely attributed to the TSP component of the (PPR)+(TSP) mixture or its compacted product with little or no contribution from PPR. On the alkaline Windthorst soil, the performance of the P sources as reflected by rapeseed yield and RAE followed the order TSP= (PPR+TSP)>(PPR)+(TSP)>PPR. Remarkably compacted PPR and TSP was at par with TSP while PPR alone was 50% as effective as TSP in increasing rapeseed yield. Addition of lime drastically reduced the effective‐ness of Panda PR, but it had little or no effect on the agronomic effectiveness of the (PPR)+(TSP) mixture or its compacted product.
Determination of Clinically Very Basic Compounds by Nanoscale Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract A simple nanoscale liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS‐MS) was developed for the determination of very basic compounds, biguanides, such as metformin and phenformin. Plasma samples were deproteinated and acidified with heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) and the resulting supernatant injected into the nanoscale separation system. Chromatography was carried out using a short reversed‐phase C18 column under isocratic elution with methanol‐40 mM aqueous HFBA (75∶25, v/v) at a flow rate of 800 nL/min. Therapeutic monitoring on metformin and phenformin to minimize adverse side effects is important. The main advantage of the nanoscale method is the lower consumption of organic solvent. This nanoscale method is suitable for the investigation and monitoring of the concentration of oral antihyperglycemic drugs in clinical patients.
Synthesis and microwave-assisted catalytic activity of novel bis-benzimidazole salts bearing furfuryl and thenyl moieties in Heck and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions

A mixture of bis-benzimidazole salts (1–7), Pd(OAc)2 and K2CO3 in DMF H2O catalyzes, in high yield, the Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions assisted by microwave irradiation in a short time. In particular, the yields of the Heck and Suzuki reactions with aryl bromides were found to be nearly quantative. The synthesized bis-benzimidazole salts (1–7) were identified by 1H13C NMR, IR spectroscopic methods and micro analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Germination, Dehulling and Cooking on the Nutritive Value of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Flour

The effects of germination, dehulling and cooking on the nutritive value of cowpea flours supplemented with rice were studied in 20 adult rats. The 70:30 (protein basis) combinations of cowpea flours and rice provided 1.6g N/100g diet for the 12-day balance study. Mixtures of whole, ungerminated, and uncooked beans (WUUB) and rice and whole, germinated and cooked beans (WGGB) and rice increased in seven of the parameters tested more than those of dehulled, ungerminated and uncooked beans and rice or dehulled, germinated, uncooked beans (DGUB) and rice. The DGUB and rice mixture produced higher positive calcium and magnesium balances than the WUUB and rice or the WGGB and rice mixtures. Germination and cooking appeared to be the best processing methods to provide nutritious foods based on cowpea in rats.
Particle-Surface Interactions: Charge Transfer, Energy Loss, Resuspension, and Deagglomeration

As an introduction to the 1993 symposium on particle-surface interactions, the nearly 20 years of research on that topic at Berkeley is reviewed. Four main processes are covered—electrical charge transfer between particles and surfaces during impaction, particle energy loss and adhesion to surfaces in impaction, particle resuspension induced by particle impaction, and deagglomeration of particles by impaction. All of these processes are strongly dependent on the physical and chemical condition of the surfaces. Electrical charge transfer is particularly sensitive to the surface condition and can be used to test methods of surface preparation. Contact charging depends on the contact area and its time dependence and can therefore be used to test dynamic models of impaction. The elastic limit is exceeded in most materials, even near the critical velocity for particle bounce. At high impact velocities, it is necessary to take into account the dependence of the yield velocity on the rate of stress application.
Factors influencing the degradation of dimethoate in soils and solutions

It was found that pH, temperature and the type of medium are important factors affecting the stability of dimethoate in soils and solutions. Evaporation is a minor factor in determining the loss of dimethoate from water. Within the pH range of 7–11, dimethoate degradation depends on the alkalinity of the medium rather than the time of storage. At pH 4.2 degradation is largely dependent on the length of time the dimethoate solution has been stored. Acid or salt concentration has little effect on the degree of degradation when the pH is maintained constant. Liming the soil results in a decrease in leachability and in retention of the pesticide by the soil. Conversely, treatment with urea increases both leachability and retention of the pesticide, but decreases its degradation in the soil.
Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism

Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism provides an accessible, concise and practical guide to planning, conducting and analysing research in tourism and hospitality. The authors skilfully introduce the basic principles and techniques of research in the international hospitality and tourism sectors, and provide detailed guidance on both quantitative and qualitative methods of research. It includes a variety of features throughout to aid students’ understanding and offers practical tips to help students overcome any potential research issues.
Identification of the Fe–O2 and the Fe=O Heme Species for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase during Catalytic Turnover

Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been applied to two distinct temporal species of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase during catalytic turnover. We have identified two oxygen-isotope-sensitive Raman modes at 569 and 798cm -1 for the two respective species. The 16 O 18 O analysis of the 798cm -1 band indicates the existence of a ferryl-oxo heme, which is inconsistent with the previously proposed reaction mechanism. The present study thus provides a physical basis for the structures of the possible reaction intermediates.
Multispecies riparian buffers trap sediment and nutrients during rainfall simulations.

A study was conducted to evaluate the ability of a multispecies riparian buffer (MRB) to remove sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus from cropland runoff. Simulated rainfall was applied to 4.1- by 22.1-m bare cropland source areas paired with either no buffer, a 7.1-m-wide switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. cv. Cave-n-Rock) buffer, or a 16.3-m-wide switchgrass-woody plant buffer. Each treatment plot combination had three replicates. The switchgrass buffer trapped 70% of the incoming sediment, while the switchgrass-woody buffer trapped more than 92%. In general, these buffers retained 93% of sand and silt particles and 52% of clay particles. During a 2-h rainfall simulation at 25 mm h -1 , the switchgrass buffer removed 64, 61, 72, and 44% of the incoming total N, NO 3 -N, total P, and PO 4 -P, respectively. The switchgrass-woody buffer removed 80, 92, 93, and 85% of the incoming total N, NO 3 -N, total P, and PO 4 -P, respectively. During a 1-h rainfall simulation at 69 mm h -1 , the switchgrass buffer removed 50, 41, 46, and 28% of the incoming total N, NO 3 -N, total P, and PO 4 -P, respectively. The switchgrass-woody plant buffer removed 73, 68, 81, and 35% of the incoming total N, NO 3 -N, total P, and PO 4 -P, respectively. The switchgrass buffer was effective in trapping coarse sediment and sediment-bound nutrients. But the additional buffer width with high infiltration capacity provided by the deep-rooted woody plant zone was effective in trapping the clay and soluble nutrients.
Syntheses, Weak Interactions, and Crystal Structures of Two Tetrabromocuprate(II) Complexes Containing Benzyl Substituted Alkyl Pyridinium

Two tetrabromocuprate(II) complexes containing substituted benzyl alkyl pyridinium, [Bz-4-MePy]2[CuBr4] (1) and [Bz-4-EtPy]2[CuBr4] (2) ([Bz-4MePy]+ = (1-benzyl-4′-methylpyridinium) [Bz-4-EtPy]+ = 1-benzyl-4′-ethylpyridinium), were crystallized from methanol and dilute HBr solutions, and were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Two complexes crystallize in the orthorhombic system with space group Pna21, and comprise two tortuous cations and one tetrahedral [CuBr4]2– anion. The [CuBr4]2– anions in two complexes form a linear chain by Br···Br interaction with the distance of 4.001 Å for 1 and 4.062 Å for 2, while the combination of C‒H···Br and C‒H···N weak hydrogen bonds, p···π and π···π, interactions consolidate the crystal packing and results in a 3D network structure.
On the mechanism of hydrodeoxygenation of ortho substituted phenols

Hydrodeoxygenation reactivities of four ortho-substituted phenols and of the unsubstituted phenol were compared at 350°C in the presence of a cobalt molybdate catalyst. The order of reactivities was established as: tert-butyl phenol >phenol >methyl phenol> ethyl phenol >dimethyl phenol.The order of resistance of phenolic rings to hydrogenation was observed as: dimethyl phenol methyl phenol >ethyl phenol >tert butyl phenol >phenol.
Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations favor the .alpha.-helical form for alanine-based peptides in water

Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations of a capped undecaalanine peptide were conducted to determine the preferred helical conformation in water. The results clearly favor the α-helical form over the 3 10 alternative, in contrast to recent ESR findings. A molecular dynamics simulation started at the 3 10 conformation converges rapidly to an α-helix, and the free energy profile calculated via Monte Carlo simulations shows the α-helix to be more stable by ca. 1.0 kcal-mol -1 per residue
Estimation of Diffusion Coefficients from Viscosity Measurements: Polar and Polyatomic Gases

Mutual diffusion coefficients for pairs of gases composed of polar and polyatomic molecules have been estimated from the experimental viscosities of binary mixtures. The derived diffusion coefficients fall within the scatter of the directly measured experimental diffusion coefficients. These results are consistent with the formal kinetic theory of polyatomic gas mixtures developed by Mason and Monchick where they have taken into consideration inelastic molecular collisions.
The Magnitude of the CH/π Interaction between Benzene and Some Model Hydrocarbons

High-level ab initio calculations were carried out to evaluate the interaction between the π face of benzene and hydrocarbon molecules (methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene). Intermolecular interaction energies were calculated from extrapolated MP2 interaction energies at the basis set limit and CCSD(T) correction terms. The calculated benzene−methane interaction energy (−1.45 kcal/mol) is considerably smaller than that of the hydrogen bond between waters. The benzene−methane complex prefers a geometry in which the C−H bond points toward the benzene ring. The potential energy surface is very flat near the minimum, which shows that the major source of the attraction is a long-range interaction. The HF interaction energy of the complex (0.85 kcal/mol) is repulsive. The large gain of the attraction energy (−2.30 kcal/mol) by electron correlation correction indicates that dispersion interaction is the major source of the attraction. Although the electrostatic energy (−0.25 kcal/mol) is small, a highly ori.
The quantitative filter technique for measuring phytoplankton absorption: Interference by MAAs in the UV waveband

The absorption of suspended particulate material is commonly estimated with the filter pad technique, which requires a correction for pathlength amplification. The pathlength amplification factor (β) varies among different studies and phytoplankton species or communities. It remains the largest source of uncertainty in estimated absorption coefficients. Recently, several empirical models estimating this correction were developed but mostly for visible range. In this study, β was calculated empirically from the ratio of filtered to suspension absorption between 280 and 850 nm for cultures of two dinoflagellates and one diatom. Results show that in the visible waveband, β values are relatively constant and fall within the published range (averages between 2.4 and 2.8). These values remain flat over the UV waveband for the diatom tested. However, below 400 nm, the presence of mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) strongly influences the absorbance measurements. For the dinoflagellates studied, the ultraviolet (UV) absorbance measured on frozen filters (stored in liquid nitrogen) reveals a large peak (Sosik 1999) caused by high concentrations of MAAs, which is much smaller on absorbance scans of suspended cells. This amplified UV peak adds to the true amplification effect caused by the extended pathlength of light in filter pads. This artifact, caused by the extracellular release of the water‐soluble MAAs during freezing, also was observed to a lower degree with measurements performed on fresh filters (immediate scanning), precluding the use of this method to estimate UV absorption in the species tested.
Formation of Cellular Solid in Liquid Crystal Colloids

We investigate aggregation properties of a liquid crystalline colloid formed by dispersing small PMMA particles in thermotropic nematic liquid crystal 5CB. Upon cooling a low-concentration homogeneous mixture below the clearing point of the nematic phase, polymeric particles aggregate into cellular structures, causing enormous mechanical strengthening. We focus on the critical behavior of this system near the isotropic−nematic transition of the liquid crystalline matrix. The initial increase of the storage modulus with decrease of the temperature, signifying the onset of the rigid cellular structure formation, is mapped onto the phase behavior of the colloid. We show that, upon decreasing the temperature, the liquid crystal colloid undergoes two sequential first-order phase transformations. The transition kinetics and the effect of particle size on the resulting mechanical properties of the aggregated colloid are reported and discussed as well.
Mexoryr SX Protects Against Solar‐Simulated UVR‐lnduced Photocarcinogenesis in Mice

Abstract— The aim of this study was to determine, for regulatory purposes, the potential of MexoryP SX, a broad UVA absorber that also absorbs to some extent in the UVB, to modify the UV radiation (UVR)‐induced murine skin tumor development and growth. Skh‐hrl mice were exposed to solar‐simulated UVR 5 days per week for 40 weeks. Two control groups were irradiated without topical application, three groups received a sunscreen preparation containing either the UVA absorber, MexoryP SX at 5 or 10% concentration, or a filter that absorbs principally in the UVB, 2‐ethylhexyl‐p‐methoxycinna‐mate (2‐EHMC) at 5% concentration, introduced as a comparator test article. Sunscreen application was performed before UVR exposure 3 days per week and after UVR exposure on the other 2 days (consistent with the design of a standard photocarcinogenesis safety test). Two different weekly UVR doses were administrated: the lower dose was given to one group of unprotected animals, whereas the higher dose was administrated to the other unprotected group and to the three sunscreen‐treated groups. The two UVR control groups demonstrated a UVR‐dependent response for cumulative tumor prevalence, tumor yield and median latent period. Neither concentration of Mexoryl SX increased the probability of tumor development; consistent with the principles for safety testing, this provides evidence in that it is safe for use in sunlight. Although this study was explicitly designed as a safety test, the results also provide some clues about the efficacy of MexoryP SX in decreasing the probability of tumor development. Topical administration of Mexoryl* SX, at both concentrations, resulted in a 6 week delay in the median latent period compared to high UVR controls, whereas 5% 2‐EHMC delayed the median latent periods only by 2 weeks. Tumor prevalence and yield show the same efficacy differences between the two sunscreen ingredients. Tumor protection factors were calculated from these results and found to be equal to 2.4 for the two preparations containing Mexoryl* SX and to 1.3 for the 5% 2‐EHMC preparation.
Assessment of the oxidant-forming potential of light saturated hydrocarbons in the atmosphere

Smog chamber and field data were analyzed to assess the oxidant-forming potential of light saturated hydrocarbons in urban, rural, and suburban atmospheres. These hydrocarbons consist of C1-C6 alkanes. Empirical, mechanistic, and computer simulation techniques were used to estimate that these hydrocarbons could produce 25-125% as much oxidant as alkenes. Their relative ability to produce oxidants is expected to be higher under rural, or transport, conditions than under urban, or no-transport, conditions.
Remediation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) through Landfarming with Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation

Many soils contaminated with high molecular weight hydrocarbons (HMW PAHs) contain PAH-degrading microorganisms. These microbes are often limited in their degradation capability because of some limiting environmental factors (i.e., low aqueous solubility of PAHs, low bioavailability of PAHs, nitrogen or other nutrient limitation, high co-contamination levels such as pentachlorophenol [PCP] that can inhibit PAH biodegradation, etc.). Microcosm studies were done using biostimulation (addition of ground rice hulls as a bulking agent and dried blood as a slow-release nitrogen source) and/or bioaugmentation (addition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 64, a biosurfactant-producer on a vermiculite carrier). Soil from the POPILE, Inc. Superfund site (PAHs at 13,000 mg/kg, average and PCP at 1,500 mg/kg, average) was used. After 11 months, control microcosms (no treatment) showed a 23% decrease in total PAHs and a 48% decrease in total BaP toxic equivalents. The biostimulated microcosms showed a 34% decrease in total PAHs and a 57% decrease in total BaP toxic equivalents, while the biostimulated and bioaugmented microcosms revealed an 87% decrease in total PAHs and a 67% decrease in total BaP toxic equivalents. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 64 is not a PAH-degrader, therefore, this reduction in PAHs was due to stimulated degradation by the autochthonous microbial community. Pan studies were designed to test the improved bioremediation of HMW PAHs using biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation on a larger scale. Drywells were used to monitor soil microbial respiration, soil moisture was maintained at 50-80% of the soil field moisture capacity (FMC), cultivation was carried out weekly with rototillers, and microbial biomass and community composition (indigenous microbiota and augmented soil) were determined by PLFA profiles. An initial rapid decrease in PAH concentration was observed in the pan receiving both bioaugmentation and biostimulation (50% degradation at six months). The pan that was biostimulated only achieved the 50% level at seven months. After 16 months, the control pan showed a 12% decrease in PAHs, while biostimulated only and both biostimulated and bioaugmented pans showed an 86 and 87% removal, respectively. These two pans developed similar microbial communities, and these communities were different from that in the control pan 1. Supplementing autochthonous bacterial communities, using slow-release nitrogen fertiliser and bulking agent has great potential for improving landfarming of PAH-contaminated soils.
Comments on a New Simple Route to N-Substituted 2-Aminoethylphosphonic Acids. A Reinvestigation

Abstract A recent article[1] reported a new route to 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid and its N-alkyl derivatives by ammonolysis and aminolysis of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid. Attempts to reproduce these reactions failed to give aminophosphonic acids and led only to unreacted amine and phosphates with evolution of ethylene.
Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of gallium doped zinc oxide thin films from diethyl zinc, water, and triethyl gallium

Gallium doped zinc oxide films have been deposited in the temperature range 150 to 470 °C from 0.05% diethyl zinc, 0.8% water, and various triethyl gallium concentrations. The films are polycrystalline with crystallite sizes varying between 275 and 500 A for undoped films and between 125 and 400 A for doped films. Only those films deposited above 430 °C are highly oriented and have their c axes perpendicular to the substrate plane. The electron density, conductivity, and mobility always increase with temperature. Thicker films have higher conductivity and mobility than thinner films. The refractive index is reduced from 1.96 to 1.73 when the electron density is increased from zero to 3.7×1020 cm−3. For films deposited at 370 °C with a gallium concentration of about 2.5 at. %, the ratio of conductivity to visible absorption coefficient increases from 0.03 to 1.25 Ω−1 when the film thickness increases from 0.11 to 1.2 μm. A film deposited at 470 °C with a gallium concentration of 2.4 at. % and a thickness o.
Charge transport in lithium phthalocyanine

The ac electrical properties of monoclinic lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) and of the iodinated compound LiPcI have been investigated in the frequency and temperature regimes 20 Hz≤ν≤1 GHz and 1.5 K≤T≤300 K, respectively. Both compounds are semiconductors with dielectric constants e∞≊6 (LiPc) and 20 (LiPcI). Up to room temperature tunneling of charge carriers is the dominant conduction process in both compounds, yielding intrinsic dc conductivities σdc≊5.3×10−4 Ω−1 cm−1 (LiPc) and 0.2 Ω−1 cm−1 (LiPcI). The frequency and temperature dependence of the complex ac conductivity suggests polarons as the dominant species of charge carriers. The higher conductivity of the iodinated compound can be attributed to an enhanced mobility of the polaronic charge carriers which is most probably due to a better overlap of the π orbitals along the stacking direction of the molecules.