Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formation and geometry of fractures, and related volcanism, of the Krafla fissure swarm, northeast Iceland

During the past 12 yr, a major volcano-tectonic episode occurred in the Krafla fissure swarm at the divergent plate boundary in north-east Iceland. This swarm is an 80-km-long and as much as 10-km-wide zone of tension fractures, normal faults, and volcanic fissures. The average length of 1,083 measured tectonic fractures is about 350 m, the maximum length being 3.5 km, and the average estimated depth is of the order of 102 m. Most fractures strike north to north-northeast, with widths as much as 40 m and throws of as much as 42 m. Pure tension fractures are most common, but as they grow they commonly change into normal faults. Most fractures gradually thin out at their ends, but several exceptionally wide tension fractures end in tectonic caves, several tens of meters long, only a few meters beneath the surface. The total dilation measured in 5 profiles across the Krafla swarm reaches a maximum of at least 80 m and decreases from south to north along the swarm. Some 20 intrusive events and 9 eruptive events occurred during this volcano-tectonic episode. New lavas covered many old fractures, but several new fractures were also formed and many old ones grew. New lava flowed into some of the major fractures in the area, presumably forming pseudodikes. Locally, magma used a part of a pre-existing fracture as a pathway to the surface. Small width: length ratios of the normal faults, as compared with such ratios of the tension fractures, are attributed to the tendency of tension fractures to close as they develop into normal faults. It is concluded that divergent plate movements with dike intrusions, or pressure changes in a deep-seated changes in a deep-seated magma reservoir, are viable models for formation of the fractures.
Coastal and continental sabkhas of Barr Al Hikman, Sultanate of Oman

The Barr Al Hikman sabkhas, on the east coast of the Sultanate of Oman, cover about 1400km 2 of low-lying topography (the peninsula is about 30km wide). They form within a thin irregular soft-sediment veneer over a complex geological substrate where recentsea-level fall,together with structural movement,hasprovided emergent,marine to lagoonal carbonate host sediments of varying thickness, as well as ponded depressions, suited to the development of evaporite deposits. The sabkhas develop under an extremely arid climate with high evaporation in spite of frequent early-morning high relative humidity. Evaporite and thermalite minerals form either as halite-dominated depositsincoastallow-lyingtopondedenvironments,orasgypsumlayersinsoftgrainy host sediments. Geomorphological analysis has been made on satellite images and has beentestedbygroundtruthing.Sedimentsamplingandsedimentologicalanalyseshave also been carried out. The sabkhas may be grouped into two types: coastal sabkhas and continental sabkhas, based on their geomorphology and likely hydrogeology. Lower lying coastal sabkhas (1–5m altitude) are occasionally flooded, sometimes by runoff after short heavy rainfall and sometimes by unusually high-water marine influx, to feed extensive perennial halite deposits. The slightly higher continental sabkhas (lying between 5 and 15m altitude), may be fed exclusively by continental groundwaters, and are depleted in halite by surface runoff after occasional rains. A dual permeability system is proposed that might govern flow in the continental aquifer (moderate to low permeability in the non-lithified Quaternary toolder lithifieddeposits; conjectural high permeability along fault and fracture conduits). Dolomite is forming in high-salinity coastal lagoons; a microbially mediated origin ispreferred, as opposed to hypersaline or mixing-zone chemical precipitation. An older generation of sabkha deposits, preserved as terraces and patches of exposed evaporite, may possibly be linked to higher sea-level six thousand years ago. A summary comparison with the Abu Dhabi sabkhas reveals some commonalities, but many contrasting features.
Upper Oligocene (Chattian) brachiopod fauna from the Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France and its paleoenvironmental implications

ABSTRACT Brachiopods from the Upper Oligocene (Chattian), Aquitaine Basin, southwestern France comprise nine species in seven genera: Novocrania Lee & Brunton, 2001, Terebratulina d'Orbigny, 1847, Megathiris d'Orbigny, 1847, Argyrotheca Dall, 1900, Joania Álvarez, Brunton & Long, 2008, Megerlia King, 1850, and Lacazella Munier-Chalmas, 1880. One megathyridid is described as a new species, Joania peyrerensis n. sp. , characterized by ornamentation of 6–8 distinct, sharp ribs and by triangular, plate-like teeth. With the exception of Megathiris detruncata (Gmelin, 1791) and Lacazella mediterranea (Risso, 1826), all species are recorded for the first time from the Oligocene of the Aquitaine Basin. In taxonomic composition this brachiopod fauna displays close affinity with the Miocene faunas of the Mediterranean Province and Central Paratethys. The dominance of micromorphic megathyridids and thecideides in the Peyrère assemblage, characteristic of cryptic habitats suggests the presence of submarine caves and/or crevices, thus supporting the previous interpretations of this faunistic assemblage as a cave biocenosis. Frequency of gastropod drillings observed on the investigated brachiopods is low (4%) as is in most Cenozoic brachiopod populations. The paleotemperatures calculated from the &dgr;18O values of brachiopod shells (21 to 24°C) correspond well to a paleoenvironmental interpretation based on paleoecology of other taxonomic groups.
First Results from the International Urban Energy Balance Model Comparison: Model Complexity

A great variety of urban energy balance models has been developed. These vary in complexity from simple schemes that represent the city as a slab, through those which model various facets (i.e. road, walls and roof) to more complex urban forms (including street canyons with intersections) and features (such as vegetation cover and anthropogenic heat fluxes). Some schemes also incorporate detailed representations of momentum and energy fluxes distributed throughout various layers of the urban canopy layer. The models each differ in the parameters they require to describe the site and the in demands they make on computational processing power. Many of these models have been evaluated using observational datasets but to date, no controlled comparisons have been conducted.
Early evolution of Declinognathodus close to the Mid‐Carboniferous Boundary interval in the Barcaliente type section (Spain)

Upper Serpukhovian to lower Bashkirian conodonts studied from the lower and middle part of the Barcaliente Formation type section (NW Spain) are not abundant, but the sedimentary record seems unusually well represented. The first occurrence of Declinognathodus bernesgae occurs more than 140 m below the first occurrence of D. inaequalis, the taxon of the D. noduliferus species group appearing in the bed of the Global Standard Stratotype‐section and Point (GSSP) for the Mid‐Carboniferous Boundary (Arrow Canyon, Nevada). P1 elements transitional between D. bernesgae and D. inaequalis are described and considered relevant to the global correlation of the Mid‐Carboniferous Boundary. In addition, D. praenoduliferus, D. cf. noduliferus, D. lateralis, Idiognathoides asiaticus, I. corrugatus and Neognathodus sp. are described and illustrated from the Barcaliente Formation. A phylogeny is proposed for the early species of these genera on the basis of the morphological changes of the P1 element, where the rostral parapet and area, the surface roughness and the length and depth of the adcarinal troughs are diagnostic characters at the specific level, while caudal ornamentation is a secondary taxonomic character.
Quality control of regional geochemical stream water samples collected in 2005 in Northern Ireland for the Tellus project

Stream water samples were collected at a total of 3069 individual sites in the 2005 sampling campaign in Northern Ireland. These were submitted, with a full complement of control samples, for analysis for a suite of 57 analytes. Analysis was performed under contract by ALcontrol Laboratories NV, of the Netherlands. ALcontrol subcontracted some of the analyses to the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). The data reported for these analytes have been considered by reference to their abundance in relation to the detection limit of the method, and in comparison with various control samples which were ‘blind’ to the analysts, submitted as part of the routine batches. These checks have produced information on the quality of the data, and any causes of increased uncertainty which should be recognised in the presentation and interpretation of results. Levelling was applied to the Ba and Sr data (described in section 7.2). It has been found that, with a few exceptions, the data is fit-for-purpose and checks using provisional geochemical images have confirmed this. A summary of this information, listed by analyte, is provided below: Analytes with no significant limitations identified in this report (n = 47): Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Conductivity, Cr, Cs, Cu, DOC, F, Fe, HCO3, Ho, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, NO2, NO3, P, Pb, pH, Rb, Sb, Si, SO4, Sr, Th, Ti, Tl, Total alkalinity, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr Analytes where most (>99%) sample site data is below the detection limit: Ag, Au, Bi, Pd, Pt, Rh, Se Analyte where blank water concentrations compromise sample site data: Sn Analyte with no measurable data by a semi-quantitative analytical method: Hg
Satellite‐derived interannual ocean bottom pressure variability and its relation to sea level

Knowledge of the relationship between bottom pressure pb and sea level ζ is important for understanding ocean circulation and climate. We use recent Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Release‐05 data along with altimetry to investigate the relationship between ζ and pb over long periods (>1 year) and large scales (>750 km). Elevated pb signals are observed over deep extratropical regions (e.g., Southern Ocean basins) and shallow or semi‐enclosed areas (e.g., Indonesian and Nordic seas). In these places, considerable ζ variance is explained by pb variance. Correlation between ζ and pb is significant in many regions, including instances of significant negative correlation suggestive of active baroclinic processes. Results exemplify the good quality of GRACE Release‐05 data and demonstrate that contemporary regional ζ variability cannot always be interpreted in terms of steric changes alone.
Quantifying transient mantle convective uplift: An example from the Faroe‐Shetland basin

The Icelandic mantle plume generated maximum uplift in early Paleogene times. The Faroe‐Shetland basin, which fringes the North Atlantic margin of Europe, was close to the center of early Paleogene Icelandic plume activity. Three‐dimensional seismic reflection data from the Faroe‐Shetland basin reveal sedimentary geometries that allow a phase of transient uplift to be accurately reconstructed and quantified. Close to the Paleocene/Eocene boundary (circa 56 Ma), rapid uplift resulted in fluvial incision into marine sediments. This unconformity was buried by nonmarine sediments, recording the decay of transient uplift. Relief on the unconformity was ∼550 m, constraining the minimum amount of surface uplift. Some 60 m of this uplift can be attributed to the isostatic response to erosional unloading. Tectonic uplift of over 490 m peaked and decayed within 3 Ma. Rates of water‐loaded tectonic subsidence following peak uplift are several times greater than maximum expected postrift subsidence rates. The amplitude and duration of this transient effect is best explained by a mantle convective phenomenon. We suggest that a region of hot plume material flowed laterally beneath the lithosphere, producing transient uplift which decayed when plume material was advected farther away. Our analysis suggests that under certain circumstances, stratigraphic records can yield valuable quantitative information about aspects of mantle convective circulation.
Tropical tropopause parameters derived from GPS radio occultation measurements with CHAMP

[1] The temperature structure in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region is discussed based on Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data from the German CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) satellite mission. Several climatologies for tropopause parameters based on radiosonde data and model analyses have been published in recent years. Both data sources suffer either from low global coverage or poor vertical resolution. The GPS RO technique, on the other hand, is characterized by global coverage, high vertical resolution, all-weather viewing, and long-term stability. CHAMP RO data are available since February 2001. Since May 2001, up to 200 high- resolution temperature profiles per day are available. The temperature bias between CHAMP temperature profiles and radiosonde data as well as ECMWF analyses is less than 0.5 K between 300–30 hPa. On the basis of the May 2001 to November 2003 data set of CHAMP RO data the structure and temporal and spatial variability of the tropical tropopause based on several tropopause definitions (thermal and cold-point tropopause) are discussed. This includes an overview of the global tropopause characteristics, the discussion of the annual cycle and the latitudinal-longitudinal structure of the tropical tropopause. In the CHAMP RO temperature data, clear evidence of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) was found. The goal of this study is to show the potential of GPS RO for global monitoring of the temperature demonstrated exemplarily for the tropical UTLS region and based on the first 31 months (as of November 2003) of CHAMP RO data.
Fingerprint Vendor Technology Evaluation 2003: Summary of Results and Analysis Report

The Fingerprint Vendor Technology Evaluation (FpVTE) 2003 was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of fingerprint matching, identification, and verification systems. Eighteen different companies competed, and 34 systems were evaluated. Different subtests measured accuracy for various numbers and types of fingerprints, using operational fingerprint data from a variety of U.S. Government sources. Accuracy varied greatly among the systems tested. The most accurate systems performed consistently well across a variety of tests. Many types and characteristics of fingerprints were analyzed; the variables that had the clearest effect on system accuracy were the number of fingers used and fingerprint quality. An increased number of fingers resulted in higher accuracy: the accuracy of searches using four or more fingers was better than the accuracy of two-finger searches, which was better than the accuracy of single-finger searches. As the fingerprint image quality improved, the systems’ accuracy also improved. The results of FpVTE are based on (1-to-Many) fingerprint matching technologies and capabilities from 2003 so they are very dated and should only be used accordingly. For results on more recent (1-to-1) fingerprint matching technology capabilities, readers should refer to results posted on the Proprietary Fingerprint Template (PFT ) testing website: http://fingerprint.nist. gov/PFT. More recent (1-to-1) fingerprint matching technology capabilities using the exchange of standard minutiae templates are posted on the Ongoing Minutiae Exchange (MINEX) website: http://fingerprint.nist. gov/minex 30 June 2004 Page 2 of 79 FPVTE 2003 ANALYSIS REPORT Table of
Stable isotopic composition of two morphotypes of Globigerinoides ruber (white) in the subtropical gyre in the North Pacific

ABSTRACT Globigerinoides ruber has recently received much attention for paleoceanography in the subtropical and tropical ocean. G. ruber has two morphotypes (G. ruber s.s. and G. ruber s.l.) which dwell at the surface layer and at deeper depth in the surface water, respectively. In order to establish a proxy for the quantitative reconstruction of sea surface temperature, oxygen and carbon isotopes were analyzed in G. ruber collected at 30°N, 175°E in the Pacific. Based upon the fluxes of foraminifers and organic matter (OM), the entire duration of the sediment trap experiment was divided into two periods: Period 6A (May to December) characterized by low fluxes of organic matter and foraminifers under a stratified condition of the surface ocean, and 6B (January to April) characterized by high fluxes of OM and foraminifers under a well developed deep-mixing layer. With respect to seasonal variability, δ18O values of both G. ruber s.s. and G. ruber s.l. decreased in summer with a minimum around September–October and increased in winter and spring, which was also the case with their δ13C values. The mean difference of δ18O values between both morphotypes was 0.25‰ in August–October, corresponding to a 1°C difference in water temperature. Consistency with field observation confirms that G. ruber s.s. and G. ruber s.l. dwell at the surface and at 30–50 m water depth, respectively. In contrast, the difference in δ18O and δ13C values between the two morphotypes was not significant in early April due to deep-mixing. Together with foraminiferal assemblage, δ18O values of the two morphotypes of G. ruber can be a good proxy for quantitative reconstruction of vertical seawater temperature in the surface ocean.
Analysing turbulence characteristics of flow over submerged flexible vegetated channel

Experimental investigation has been done to access turbulence characteristics just above the sparse flexible submerged vegetation zone in open-channel flow. The experimentation has been done in a tilting flume with bed covered by artificial vegetation and arranged in a regular staggered configuration. The applicability of log law is analysed above the vegetated canopy. Turbulent parameters such as velocity profiles, Reynolds stresses, turbulent intensities, quadrant analysis, turbulent production and diffusion, dissipation and stream power have been appraised to understand the hydrodynamics of vegetated channel. Results show that the log law is valid above the canopy of submerged vegetation with decreased Von-Karman constant. Maximum value of turbulent intensities and Reynolds stresses has been found above the canopy. Quadrant analysis shows that sweeps and ejections events are more dominating factors in submerged vegetated channel.
Tectonic processes during oblique collision: Insights from the St. Elias orogen, northern North American Cordillera

Oblique convergence in the St. Elias orogen of southern Alaska and northwestern Canada has constructed the world's highest coastal mountain range and is the principal driver constructing all of the high topography in northern North America. The orogen originated when the Yakutat terrane was excised from the Cordilleran margin and was transported along margin‐parallel strike‐slip faults into the subduction‐transform transition at the eastern end of the Aleutian trench. We examine the last 3 m.y. of this collision through an analysis of Euler poles for motion of the Yakutat microplate with respect to North America and the Pacific. This analysis indicates a Yakutat‐Pacific pole near the present southern triple junction of the microplate and predicts convergence to dextral‐oblique convergence across the offshore Transition fault, onland structures adjacent to the Yakutat foreland, or both, with plate speeds increasing from 10 to 30 mm/yr from southeast to northwest. Reconstructions based on these poles show that NNW transport of the collided block into the NE trending subduction zone forced contraction of EW line elements as the collided block was driven into the subduction‐transform transition. This suggests the collided block was constricted as it was driven into the transition. Constriction provides an explanation for observed vertical axis refolding of both earlier formed fold‐thrust systems and the collisional suture at the top of the fold‐thrust stack. We also suggest that this motion was partially accommodated by lateral extrusion of the western portion of the orogen toward the Aleutian trench. Important questions remain regarding which structures accommodated parts of this motion. The Transition fault may have accommodated much of the Yakutat‐Pacific convergence on the basis of our analysis and previous interpretations of GPS‐based geodetic data. Nonetheless, it is locally overlapped by up to 800 m of undeformed sediment, yet elsewhere shows evidence of young deformation. This contradiction could be produced if the overlapping sediments are too young to have accumulated significant deformation, or GPS motions may be deflected by transient strains or strains from poorly understood fault interactions. In either case, more data are needed to resolve the paradox.
Soil and Forest Variation by Topography and Succession Stages in the Greenbelt Corridor, Floodplain of the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, North Texas.

The Greenbelt Corridor (GBC), located in a floodplain of the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, contains patches of bottomland forest and serves as part of Lake Lewisville’s flood control backwaters. This study examines forest structure and composition in relation to topographic position and forest stage in the GBC. Thirty two plots were surveyed within various stage classes, topographic positions, and USDA soil types. Trees were identified and measured for height and DBH. Density, basal area, and importance value for each of species was calculated. Soil and vegetation were analyzed using ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis, Canonical Correlation, Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis. Tests confirmed that calcium carbonate and pH show significant differences with topographic positions but not with forest stage. Potassium shows no significant difference with soil texture class. Sand shows a strong negative correlation with moisture, organic matter, organic carbon and negative correlation with calcium carbonate and potassium. Silt shows positive correlation with moisture, organic matter, organic carbon, and calcium carbonate. Clay shows strong positive correlation with moisture, organic matter and organic carbon but negative correlations with pH. Swamp privet is dominant tree types in wetland forest. Sugarberry cedar elm, green ash and American elm are widely distributed species in the study area covering low ridges, flats, and slough. In total, density is significantly different in wetland low forest and late successional stage and basal area is significantly different in early successional stage and late successional stage. Other results show that clay is negatively correlated with American elm but positively correlated with cedar elm. Organic matter and moisture shows a strong positive correlation with cedar elm. Calcium carbonate is associated with green ash and swamp privet, sand is associated with sugarberry and red mulberry, silt and pH with cedar elm and bur oak.
Nitrogen budget of the Mobile–Alabama River System watershed

We have determined the nitrogen mass balance for the Mobile–Alabama River System (MARS) for two years of different hydrologic regimes (i.e. low flow vs. high flow). The maximum riverine export of N from the watershed is only 7%, suggesting relatively high retention and/or losses of N by denitrification within the watershed. Previous investigations of other watersheds within the USA demonstrate export percentages of c. 20–25%. Our calculations indicate that during a high flow year such as 1990, c. 13% of the new N introduced to the watershed annually is lost within the riverine system either through diatom uptake or denitrification. Another 4% is lost to the groundwater while 25–38% is sequestered by the terrestrial biomass (i.e. crop production and forest growth). Thus, as much as 51% of the N input to the landscape in the MARS is unaccounted for. We believe the location of this ‘missing’ N is probably within the soil, or the N has been lost through denitrification within the terrestrial ecosystem. The relatively low N yield from the MARS suggests that the watershed is not as saturated with respect to N as are many other U.S. drainages.