Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep-syntax TectoMT for English-Spanish MT

Deep-syntax approaches to machine translation have emerged as an alternative to phrase-based statistical systems, which seem to lack the capacity to address essential linguistic phenomena for translation. As an alternative, TectoMT is an open source framework for transfer-based MT which works at the deep tectogrammatical level and combines linguistic knowledge and statistical techniques. This work describes the development of machine translation systems for English-Spanish in both directions, leveraging on the modules for the English-Czech TectoMT system. We show that it is feasible to develop basic systems with relatively low effort in 9 months. Our evaluation shows that despite not yet being able to beat a phrase-based statistical system, the Tec-toMT architecture offers ﬂexible customization options, which considerably increase the BLEU scores.
TQM implementation issues: review and case study

TQM is a philosophy mainly dominated by large companies. Small businesses are lagging behind larger ones when it comes to introducing and adopting new managerial philosophies and advanced technology. Many small companies have stopped at quality system certification, such as ISO 9000, in their quality journey rather than pursuing further continuous improvement efforts through TQM. Small businesses must understand the need to go beyond the quality system stage and work towards a total approach for quality. Only through this total approach will their quality effort be a success. Discusses the various issues confronting small businesses when embarking on TQM. First, reviews the subject of TQM and the quality initiatives undertaken by small businesses (which are treated as small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs)) such as ISO 9000 and TQM. The small business characteristics are also examined. Second, presents a case study conducted in a small manufacturing company. Culminates with conclusions and discussions drawn from both the review and the case study with suggestions for future research directions.
Widespread Compensatory Evolution Conserves DNA-Encoded Nucleosome Organization in Yeast

Evolution maintains organismal fitness by preserving genomic information. This is widely assumed to involve conservation of specific genomic loci among species. Many genomic encodings are now recognized to integrate small contributions from multiple genomic positions into quantitative dispersed codes, but the evolutionary dynamics of such codes are still poorly understood. Here we show that in yeast, sequences that quantitatively affect nucleosome occupancy evolve under compensatory dynamics that maintain heterogeneous levels of A+T content through spatially coupled A/T-losing and A/T-gaining substitutions. Evolutionary modeling combined with data on yeast polymorphisms supports the idea that these substitution dynamics are a consequence of weak selection. This shows that compensatory evolution, so far believed to affect specific groups of epistatically linked loci like paired RNA bases, is a widespread phenomenon in the yeast genome, affecting the majority of intergenic sequences in it. The model thus derived suggests that compensation is inevitable when evolution conserves quantitative and dispersed genomic functions.
Geomorphic influences on the distribution and accumulation of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) following a low severity wildfire in northern New Mexico

The distribution, transport, and accumulation of wildfire‐generated pyrogenic carbon (PyC) has important consequences for contaminant transport and carbon cycling, but a conceptual model for PyC accumulation and loss that includes geomorphic processes is lacking. In this study we quantified PyC concentration in soil samples collected from the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico before and after the 2013 Thompson Ridge (TR) fire, and developed a conceptual model describing PyC redistribution. Pre‐fire samples were fortuitously collected 4 years before the TR burn and post‐fire samples were collected at the same locations 15 months following the TR fire. Samples were collected from the O and A horizon, with sites representing a range of slope angle, aspect, burn severity, and geomorphic setting. PyC was determined by a modified chemo‐thermal oxidation method to compare PyC to total organic carbon (TOC). The mean PyC/TOC ratio was significantly higher post‐fire than pre‐fire (0.14 vs 0.12), indicating increased PyC sequestration. O horizon PyC concentrations were more variable and more responsive to fire than the A horizon. Soil horizon, watershed, and geomorphic setting proved to be the most influential factors in predicting PyC concentration changes. PyC concentrations increased most on hillslopes and in low‐severity burn areas, suggesting higher rates of PyC production or post‐fire accumulation. Burn patchiness appears to facilitate PyC accumulation, with lower severity patches trapping PyC mobilized from high severity patches. While PyC content had greater point scale variance following the fire, the fire also homogenized pre‐fire PyC differences between soil horizons and among watersheds within the burn perimeter, differences that appear to develop over time between fires. The O horizon is a larger sink for PyC in the short term following fire, but based on pre‐fire concentrations the A horizon appears to be a more stable sink for PyC. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A value-based practice model of rehabilitation: consumers’ recommendations in action

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a model of rehabilitation practice that is based on the recommendations of consumers who used rehabilitation services and have a life-changing physical impairment (spinal cord injury – SCI). This value-based practice model is based on two qualitative studies. The first study developed the framework (social adaptation) for a new practice model based on values. The second study, described in this paper, used the framework to learn about recommendations for change in the rehabilitation process. Participants in the second study were 80 volunteers who live with a SCI in the community, across the province of Ontario, Canada. A snowball strategy was used to recruit interested participants. Participants were involved in face-to-face interviews which included questions on what helped and hindered their initial rehabilitation process, and their recommendations for change. In this paper, we described a model that demonstrates how consumer input is essential in shaping a comprehensive rehabilitation process. The model is based on overarching value statements that express the worthiness of all individuals, the value of the lived experience of disability and the responsibility of the rehabilitation process to enable client autonomy. Four “values in action” are articulated: caring and respect for the individual and his/her personhood; applying the lived experience of disability; fostering autonomy; and promoting hopefulness. These values have been initially described in another paper based on a specific subset of 15 women living with SCI related to body issues during rehabilitation. This paper builds on this value work and we develop key practices for a progressive rehabilitation culture and model, based on the larger study group of 80 participants (men and women with SCI). This value-based model, when integrated with traditional, physical improvement-focused rehabilitation, has the potential to create a more effective process by offering clients better support as they go through the complex process of re-building their lives and making the transition back to the community. Implications for Rehabilitation We suggest that the Values in the Action Rehabilitation Practice Model that emphasized social adaptation be used along side the physical rehabilitation approach to enhance client-based practice. That peers with disabilities work collaboratively with rehabilitation professionals within a culture that acknowledges and reimburses their knowledge and expertise. Rehabilitation professionals learn about the lived experience of disability and systemic issues by being involved in grass-roots community organizations.
Color Constancy by Derivative-based Gamut mapping

Color constancy aims to compute object colors despite differences in the color of the light source. Gamut-based approaches are very promising methods to achieve color constancy. In this paper, the gamut mapping approach is extended to incorporate higher-order statistics (derivatives) to estimate the illuminant. A major problem of gamut mapping is that in case of a failure of the diagonal model no solutions are found, and therefore no illuminant estimation is performed. Image value offsets are often used to model deviations from the diagonal model. Prior work which incorporated robustness to offsets for gamut mapping assumed a constant offset over the whole image. In contrast to previous work, we model these offsets to be position dependent, and show that for this case derivative-based gamut mapping yields a valid solution to the illuminant estimation problem. Experiments on both synthetic data and images taken under controlled laboratory settings reveal that the derivativebased and regular gamut mapping methods provide similar performance. However, the derivative-based method outperforms other methods on the more challenging task of color constancy for real-world images.
Specific nail alterations in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: successful treatment with topical mechlorethamine.

BACKGROUND Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma can be associated with clinically significant nail alterations, the presentation of which can be protean and misleading. To date, only a few reports have demonstrated direct specific tumor infiltration of the nail bed, while little is known about the efficacy of topical treatments. OBSERVATIONS We describe the case of a 93-year-old man presenting with Sézary syndrome who developed clinically significant nail alterations. Light microscopy studies and T-cell receptor rearrangement analysis demonstrated the presence of a specific lymphocytic infiltrate within the nail bed. The patient was given repeated courses of topical mechlorethamine, leading to a sustained complete remission of both skin and nail alterations. CONCLUSIONS Specific nail involvement should be recognized and considered in all patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Topical mechlorethamine remains an attractive therapeutic option in cases of specific nail alterations, especially for situations in which systemic therapies are either not indicated or unlikely to be well tolerated.
Allocating isolation levels to transactions

Serializability is a key property for executions of OLTP systems; without this, integrity constraints on the data can be violated due to concurrent activity. Serializability can be guaranteed regardless of application logic, by using a serializable concurrency control mechanism such as strict two-phase locking (S2PL); however the reduction in concurrency from this is often too great, and so a DBMS offers the DBA the opportunity to use different concurrency control mechanisms for some transactions, if it is safe to do so. However, little theory has existed to decide when it is safe! In this paper, we discuss the problem of taking a collection of transactions, and allocating each to run at an appropriate isolation level (and thus use a particular concurrency control mechanism), while still ensuring that every execution will be conflict serializable. When each transaction can use either S2PL, or snapshot isolation, we characterize exactly the acceptable allocations, and provide a simple graph-based algorithm which determines the weakest acceptable allocation.
Performance analysis of the Neyman-Pearson fusion center for spectrum sensing in a Cognitive Radio network

A key technology in Cognitive Radio (CR) is spectrum sensing that senses the spectrum and reports the available vacant channels. However, due to some effects such as fading or shadowing, an individual sensor may not be able to reliably detect the existence of a Primary User (PU). Cooperative spectrum sensing that is proposed to solve such problem, uses a distributed detection system to overcome the severe decadent of received signal strength at some locations in the network. This paper considers the performance of a distributed Neyman-Pearson (N-P) detection system consisting of N sensors and a fusion center, in which the decision rules of the sensors have been given and the decisions of different sensors are mutually independent conditioned on both hypotheses. Theoretical analysis on the performance of this fusion center is carried out. We obtain the conditions for the fusion center to achieve an overall probability of detection that is greater than the local probability of detection of each sensor. Numerical results show that the AND, OR and Majority decision fusion rules are the special cases of the N-P fusion rule.
Automatic stress detection in emergency (telephone) calls

The abundance of calls to emergency lines during crises is difficult to handle by the limited number of operators. Detecting if the caller is experiencing some extreme emotions can be a solution for distinguishing the more urgent calls. Apart from these, there are several other applications that can benefit from awareness of the emotional state of the speaker. This paper describes the design of a system for selecting the calls that appear to be urgent, based on emotion detection. The system is trained using a database of spontaneous emotional speech from a call-centre. Four machine learning techniques are applied, based on either prosodic or spectral features, resulting in individual detectors. As a last stage, we investigate the effect of fusing these detectors into a single detection system. We observe an improvement in the equal error rate (EER) from 19.0% on average for four individual detectors to 4.2% when fused using linear logistic regression. All experiments are performed in a speaker independent cross-validation framework.
Multivariate statistics as means of tracking atmospheric pollution trends in Western Poland

This study was carried out over a period of 4 years (2002–2005) at 2 sites located in western Poland differing as regards to human impact by analysis of chemical composition of bulk precipitation. The aim of the study was to determine the sources of pollutions and assess their quantitative contribution to the bulk precipitation composition and to analyse long term-changes in the chemical quality of precipitation. Based on this information the possible transboundary impacts of pollution were also determined. The samples were characterized by determining the values of pH, electrolytic conductivity and concentration levels of Cl−, F−, SO4 2−, NO3 −, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and NH4 +. Analytical measurements were connected with application of principal component regression (PCR) and time series analysis (TS). Based on PCR results three major sources of pollutants in central part of Poland have been identified and quantitatively assessed as follows: “combined” (Poznań – 31%, WNP – 32%), “soil-particulates” (Poznań – 2%, WNP – 26%), “anthropogenic-fossil fuels” (Poznań – 43%, WNP – 23%). Time series analysis enabled discovering 12-month time cycle for NO3 −, NH4 +, Cl−, F− and SO4 2− in average monthly concentration values in bulk precipitation collected in Wielkopolski National Park. Seasonal variation in the emission of precursors of NO3 − and NH4 + was caused by changes in intensity of fertilizer application in agriculture and automobile exhaust emissions. Decreasing trend was visible for sulphates, nitrates, chlorides and fluorides which is an important indication of the acid rain reduction in the ecologically protected area and in Poznań.
Dynamics of rough Ge(001) surfaces at low temperatures.

Mass transport by surface diffusion on rough Ge(001) surfaces is characterized using {ital in} {ital situ} scanning tunneling microscopy. Rough starting surfaces with nearly constant step densities are prepared by low-energy ion etching at 270{degree}C; the characteristic in-plane length scale of the roughness is varied from 37 to 118 nm. These surfaces are subsequently annealed at 245{endash}325{degree}C for times between 10 min and 6 h and imaged at room temperature. The activation energy for surface smoothing is 1.9{plus_minus}0.25 eV. The dependence of the relaxation rate on the in-plane length scale is inconsistent with the continuum model of Mullins: the time constant {tau} of the smoothing process increases with increasing lateral length scale {ital L} as {tau}{proportional_to}{ital L}{sup {ital n}}, {ital n}=2.2{plus_minus}0.4. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society. }
Driver Behavior Analysis for Safe Driving: A Survey

Driver drowsiness and distraction are two main reasons for traffic accidents and the related financial losses. Therefore, researchers have been working for more than a decade on designing driver inattention monitoring systems. As a result, several detection techniques for the detection of both drowsiness and distraction have been proposed in the literature. Some of these techniques were successfully adopted and implemented by the leading car companies. This paper discusses and provides a comprehensive insight into the well-established techniques for driver inattention monitoring and introduces the use of most recent and futuristic solutions exploiting mobile technologies such as smartphones and wearable devices. Then, a proposal is made for the active of such systems into car-to-car communication to support vehicular ad hoc network's (VANET's) primary aim of safe driving. We call this approach the dissemination of driver behavior via C2C communication. Throughout this paper, the most remarkable studies of the last five years were examined thoroughly in order to reveal the recent driver monitoring techniques and demonstrate the basic pros and cons. In addition, the studies were categorized into two groups: driver drowsiness and distraction. Then, research on the driver drowsiness was further divided into two main subgroups based on the exploitation of either visual features or nonvisual features. A comprehensive compilation, including used features, classification methods, accuracy rates, system parameters, and environmental details, was represented as tables to highlight the (dis)advantages and/or limitations of the aforementioned categories. A similar approach was also taken for the methods used for the detection of driver distraction.
Markov-based image forensics for photographic copying from printed picture

Nowadays, photographic-copying technique is very popular along with the rapid development of the image-capturing device, especially digital camera. As a result, the recaptured images, i.e., images taken from real-scene images displayed on various medium, e.g., LCD screen, are used in illegal cases now and then. In this paper, by comparing the recaptured images with their corresponding real-scene images, we find the recapturing procedure changes the statistics of the images. Then the Markov process based features extracted from the Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) coefficients array are proposed to characterize this changes. During experimentation, a large and typical image dataset, which consisted of 3994 real-scene images and 3994 recaptured images that are taken from printed pictures with diversified image contents and camera models, is build and used for training and testing the classifier Support Vector Machine(SVM). Experimental results show that the proposed forensics scheme performs very well and outperforms the state-of-art methods.
Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease?

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs a non-toxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (PS), and low intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, combine to produce cytotoxic species. PDT has the advantage of dual selectivity, in that the PS can be targeted to its destination cell or tissue and, in addition, the illumination can be spatially directed to the lesion. PDT has previously been used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in vitro , but its use to treat infections in animal models or patients has not, as yet, been much developed. It is known that Gram-(-) bacteria are resistant to PDT with many commonly used PS that will readily lead to phototoxicity in Gram-(+) species, and that PS bearing a cationic charge or the use of agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane will increase the efficacy of killing Gram-(-) organisms. All the available evidence suggests that multi-antibiotic resistant strains are as easily killed by PDT as naïve strains, and that bacteria will not readily develop resistance to PDT. Treatment of localized infections with PDT requires selectivity of the PS for microbes over host cells, delivery of the PS into the infected area and the ability to effectively illuminate the lesion. Recently, there have been reports of PDT used to treat infections in selected animal models and some clinical trials: mainly for viral lesions, but also for acne, gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori and brain abcesses. Possible future clinical applications include infections in wounds and burns, rapidly spreading and intractable soft-tissue infections and abscesses, infections in body cavities such as the mouth, ear, nasal sinus, bladder and stomach, and surface infections of the cornea and skin.
Electronic Reprint Biological Crystallography Decision-making in Structure Solution Using Bayesian Estimates of Map Quality: the Phenix Autosol Wizard Biological Crystallography Decision-making in Structure Solution Using Bayesian Estimates of Map Quality: the Phenix Autosol Wizard

permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography welcomes the submission of papers covering any aspect of structural biology, with a particular emphasis on the structures of biological macromolecules and the methods used to determine them. Reports on new protein structures are particularly encouraged, as are structure–function papers that could include crystallographic binding studies, or structural analysis of mutants or other modified forms of a known protein structure. The key criterion is that such papers should present new insights into biology, chemistry or structure. Papers on crystallographic methods should be oriented towards biological crystallography, and may include new approaches to any aspect of structure determination or analysis. Estimates of the quality of experimental maps are important in many stages of structure determination of macromolecules. Map quality is defined here as the correlation between a map and the corresponding map obtained using phases from the final refined model. Here, ten different measures of experimental map quality were examined using a set of 1359 maps calculated by re-analysis of 246 solved MAD, SAD and MIR data sets. A simple Bayesian approach to estimation of map quality from one or more measures is presented. It was found that a Bayesian estimator based on the skewness of the density values in an electron-density map is the most accurate of the ten individual Bayesian estimators of map quality examined, with a correlation between estimated and actual map quality of 0.90. A combination of the skewness of electron density with the local correlation of r.m.s. density gives a further improvement in estimating map quality, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.92. The PHENIX AutoSol wizard carries out automated structure solution based on any combination of SAD, MAD, SIR or MIR data sets. The wizard is based on tools from the PHENIX package and uses the Bayesian estimates of map quality described here to choose the highest quality solutions after experimental phasing.