Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of facial fractures: an analysis of 349 patients

Introduction : Facial fractures epidemiology varies with geographic region. Patients and methods : This study reports the frequency, demographic characteristics and aetiologies of facial fractures in a 5-year retrospective survey, in Burkina Faso. Results : In 349 patients, the fracture involved the mandible (44.5%), the zygomatic complex (38.9%), the maxilla (13.8%) or the naso-fronto-orbito-ethmoidal complex (2.8%). The peak of frequency (58.2%) was recorded between 20 and 39 years and the male to female ratio was 7.1:1. The aetiologies of the fractures were road traffic crashes (80.5%), assaults (9.7%), falls (8.3%), and sport accidents (1.5%). In 80% of the road traffic accidents, a two-wheeled vehicle was involved and 75.9% of falls were from a tree height. There was a significant association between multiple facial fractures and road traffic accidents. Discussion : Epidemiology of facial fractures in this study is similar to that generally reported in developing countries. Frequency of falls from trees height constitutes however a particularity. These findings illustrate the necessity of enforcement of road traffic security, as well as a development of program of prevention of falls from trees, in Burkina Faso.
Ozone production in the New York City urban plume

In the summer of 1996 the Department of Energy G-1 aircraft was deployed in the New York City metropolitan area as part of the North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone-Northeast effort to determine the causes of elevated O3 levels in the northeastern United States. Measurements of O3, O3 precursors, and other photochemically active trace gases were made upwind and downwind of New York City with the objective of characterizing the O3 formation process and its dependence on ambient levels of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Four flights are discussed in detail. On two of these flights, winds were from the W-SW, which is the typical direction for an O3 episode. On the other two flights, winds were from the NW, which puts a cleaner area upwind of the city. The data presented include plume and background values of O3, CO, NOx, and NOy concentration and VOC reactivity. On the W-SW flow days O3 reached 110 ppb. According to surface observations the G-1 intercepted the plume close to the region where maximum O3 occurred. At this point the ratio NOx/NOy was 20–30%, indicating an aged plume. Plume values of CO/NOy agree to within 20% with emission estimates from the core of the New York City metropolitan area. Steady state photochemical calculations were performed using observed or estimated trace gas concentrations as constraints. According to these calculations the local rate of O3 production P(O3) in all four plumes is VOC sensitive, sometimes strongly so. The local sensitivity calculations show that a specified fractional decrease in VOC concentration yields a similar magnitude fractional decrease in P(O3). Imposing a decrease in NOx, however, causes P(O3) to increase. The question of primary interest from a regulatory point of view is the sensitivity of O3 concentration to changes in emissions of NOx and VOCs. A qualitative argument is given that suggests that the total O3 formed in the plume, which depends on the entire time evolution of the plume, is also VOC sensitive. Indicator ratios O3/NOz and H2O2/NOz mainly support the conclusion that plume O3 is VOC sensitive.
Energy Loss by Breaking waves

Abstract Observations of the frequency of wind wave breaking in deep water are combined with laboratory estimates of the rate of energy loss a from single breaking wave to infer the net rate of energy transfer to the mixed layer from breaking waves, as a function of wind speed. Breaking waves with wavelengths much shorter than the dominant waves can contribute energy at a rate that is a significant fraction of the total turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the ocean surface mixed layer.
Variation of Cenozoic extension and volcanism across the southern Sierra Madre Occidental volcanic province, Mexico

The middle to late Cenozoic tectonic-magmatic evolution of the Sierra Madre Occidental volcanic province south of the Tropic of Cancer is summarized and analyzed for the first time, based on new geologic and structural work and published information. In the eastern part of the study region (Mesa central physiographic province) silicic volcanism occurred in a short-lived episode culminating at ca. 30 Ma and was followed by crustal-scale extension between 30 and 27 Ma. In the western part of the study area (Sierra Madre Occidental physiographic province) a voluminous episode of ignimbrite volcanism at 24‐21 Ma was succeeded by east-west extension that produced regularly spaced grabens affecting only the upper crust. In the westernmost part of the study region, an andesitic to rhyolitic arc, formed between 17 and 12 Ma, was affected by crustal-scale, north-northwest‐trending, extensional faulting, leading to the formation of the Gulf of California. In the Mesa central the maximum extension was oriented approximately east-west and amounted to ~20%. In the eastern Sierra Madre Occidental physiographic province extension was only 8% and oriented approximately east-west. We observe that trenchward shifting of the climax of subduction volcanism and extension occurred during late Oligocene, early Miocene, and late Miocene time. Comparison with the offshore tectonics indicates that the first two tectonic-magmatic pulses coincide with periods of fast spreading at the Pacific-Farallon boundary, south of the Shirley fracture zone. We propose that increases in the spreading rate are related to periods of high subduction rate, which in turn correspond to episodes of retreating subduction. A retreating slab may have generated a flux of hotter asthenospheric material into the mantle wedge, producing widespread melting at the base of the crust as well as intraarc extension in the overriding plate. Boundary conditions (i.e., plate tectonics) ultimately determined timing, magnitude, and orientation of extension, whereas volcanic and tectonic styles are controlled by the internal structure of crustal blocks and by the gravitational and thermal effects of magmatism.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Soybean Collection Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] is a nutrient-rich crop that offers a sustainable source of dietary protein and edible oil. Determining the level of genetic diversity and relationships between various genetic resources involved in breeding programs is very important in crop improvement strategies. This study evaluated 100 soybean accessions with diverse origins for 10 important agronomic traits, including plant height (PH), an important plant adaptation-related trait impacting yield, in conditions in southeastern Kazakhstan for 2 years. The comparison of different groups of PH (tall, middle, and short) using a t-test suggested that the group of plants with the tallest PH provided a higher yield (p < 0.001) in relatively dry field conditions. The genetic diversity of the accessions was estimated using 25 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers previously known to be associated with plant height. The results showed a significant variation among different groups of origin for all measured agronomic traits, as well as high genetic diversity, with the PIC (polymorphism information content) varying from 0.140 to 0.732, with an average of 0.524. Nei’s diversity index ranged between 0.152 and 0.747, with an average of 0.526. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the studied soybean collection showed that Kazakhstan accessions were genetically distant from European, East Asian, and North American cultivars. Twelve out of twenty-five SSR markers demonstrated significant associations with ten studied agronomic traits, including PH (p < 0.05). Six SSRs with pleiotropic effects for studied traits were selected, and their haplotypes with phenotypic effects were generated for each soybean accession. The obtained results can be used in soybean improvement programs, including molecular-assisted breeding projects.
Organic carbon fluxes to the ocean from high-standing islands

The transfer of terrestrially derived (yet poorly quantified) organic carbon to the oceans is an important yet unagreed upon proportion of the world's carbon budget. The few data that exist suggest that high-standing oceanic islands in the southwest Pacific may make important contributions to the overall terrestrial flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the oceans. We have determined the POC flux from several streams in New Zealand. With those data and previous measurements from Taiwan and Papua New Guinea, we estimate the POC flux from high-standing islands in the southwest Pacific to be 48 × 1012 g C yr−1, a value slightly lower than previous estimates. These islands, which make up only ∼3% of Earth's landmass, contribute 17%– 35% of the estimated POC entering the world's oceans annually and thus may be important sources of terrestrial carbon to the ocean. Anthropogenic activities, especially deforestation and forest harvesting, have probably exacerbated the natural flux. Few to no data exist for many of these islands and thus a more detailed assessment awaits further measurements.
Geomagnetic conjugate observations of equatorial airglow depletions

We report for the first time large‐scale equatorial F‐region airglow depletions extending to low‐midlatitudes in both hemispheres. The observational sites were located at low‐midlatitude geomagnetic conjugate points. Clear depletions of 630.0‐nm airglow intensity due to equatorial plasma bubbles were simultaneously observed with two all‐sky imagers at Sata, Japan (magnetic latitude 24°N), and its geomagnetic conjugate point, Darwin, Australia (magnetic latitude 22°S), on the night of November 12, 2001. Airglow depletion regions with east‐west scale sizes of 40–100 km extend poleward. The maximum apex altitude of the plasma bubbles is about 1,700 km over the geomagnetic equator. The depletions move eastward at about 100 m/s, without changing their structures. The Darwin depletion structures mapped onto the northern hemisphere along the geomagnetic field coincide closely with structures in the Sata images, even for the 40‐km structure. These observations indicate that plasma depletions in the equatorial ionosphere elongate along the geomagnetic field lines.
The regional economic impacts of bypasses: A longitudinal study incorporating spatial econometrics and multilevel modeling

This paper describes an integrated approach to documenting and quantifying the impacts of bypasses on small communities, with a focus on what economic impacts, if any, occur, and how these impacts change over time. Two similarly sized communities in Indiana, a subset of twelve communities analyzed in a previous report (Fricker and Mills 2009), are discussed in this report. One of these communities has had a bypass in place for 40 years, and the other community has been a candidate for a bypass for several years. The socioeconomics impacts on the community with the bypass are documented in terms of (1) the decisions made by public officials as learned through case study interviews, and (2) the changes in employment in various industry sectors, as quantified by the development of random effects statistical models. The long-term impacts and lessons learned concerning the bypassed community are then used to offer suggestions on how communities could benefit from a bypass. The integrated approach of combining case studies with advanced statistical methodologies was found to be helpful in painting a clearer picture of how communities with bypasses were impacted.
Metasomatic thorite and uraninite inclusions in xenotime and monazite from granitic pegmatites, Hidra anorthosite massif, southwestern Norway: Mechanics and fluid chemistry

Abstract Thorite and uraninite inclusions are documented in metasomatized regions in three xenotime crystals and one monazite crystal collected from three granitic pegmatites hosted within an anorthosite intrusion located on the island of Hidra, southwestern Norway. Formation of these inclusions is demonstrated to be the result of dissolution-reprecipitation processes that occurred in an effectively closed chemical system. The reaction was initiated by interaction between the early crystallizing orthophosphate minerals and the evolving pegmatite fluid. This fluid was dominated by H2O, but also contained F and minor amounts of Cl, and significant quantities of dissolved Na+ and K+. This is an example of auto-metasomatism and highlights a natural case where Th-U-Si-enriched orthophosphate minerals have been partially altered such that the Th, U, and Si have been converted to secondary inclusions within the now Th-U-Si-depleted orthophosphate via reaction with fluids rich in alkali elements.
Collaboration and innovation: a review of the effects of mergers, acquisitions and alliances on innovation

Over the past decades, a strong upheaval in the use of alternative forms of organization gave way to increased attention in the academic literature to the performance effects of, in particular, strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Whereas mergers and acquisitions and strategic alliances are primarily known for their ability to facilitate entry into new markets and their effectiveness in achieving scale and scope economies we would like to focus on their effects on the innovative performance of companies involved. In spite of the vast and rapidly growing body of literature on the use and structure of strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions, there are hardly any studies that address the question of whether one mode of partnering is superior to the other in terms of strengthening the innovative capabilities of the partners involved. Moreover, no extensive review of the empirical literature on this specific research topic is available. Given the growing importance of innovation for the competitive position of companies (Porter, 1990) and the fact that innovation is shown to be one of the driving forces of 20th century growth (Franko, 1989) it is of eminent importance that we study the effect of alternative governance mechanisms on the innovative performance of companies (Vanhaverbeke et al., 2002). Since, no general conclusions have been drawn based on the existing literature, knowledge accumulation is inhibited. It is unclear which research questions have already been answered and which are still open for further exploration. The lack of a coherent overview also implies that practitioners have no empirically validated guidelines when preparing for the best mode of organizing for innovation. Should managers opt for M&A or an alliance if they intend to increase innovation? What specific circumstances affect this choice? What type of alliance is best suited to a particular situation? The absence of an exhausting overview of empirical findings so far, makes it impossible to even begin answering these questions. Hence, there is a necessity for a review of empirical studies on the effect of M&A versus alliances on innovation.
Observation of recent surges of Vatnajökull, Iceland, by means of ERS SAR interferometry

Abstract Recent surges of two outlet glaciers of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, were observed using European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tandem interferograms from12 different dates between December 1995 and January 2000. ERS SAR interferometry provided new information on the temporal and spatial variations in surface velocity during surges, after fieldwork became impossible. The area affected by the surge and therefore by increased basal sliding was delineated. Themigration of flow divides on the ice cap during a surge was described. At Sylgjujökull, a western outlet glacier covering an area of 175 km2, the fully developed surge and its abating phase were studied. Over a period of 4 2 years after December 1995, the ice motion decreased steadily, with initially the highest velocities and subsequently the most pronounced decrease in velocity at the glacier terminus. The surge of Dyngjujökull, a northern outlet glacier covering an area of 1040 km2, reached its maximum in 1999/2000. Slow acceleration over an area of about 200 km2 was first observed between March 1996 and January 1997. The interferogram from January 1999 shows a well-developed surge area, covering 210 km2. This area more than doubled by January 2000, with maximum velocities reaching >7 md–1. Between January 1997 and January 2000, the flow divide between Dyngju- and Skeiðararjökull shifted 16 km to the south. The investigations indicate that a surge cycle on these glaciers spans several years, with slowly increasing motion over an extended area in the beginning, and more pronounced velocity changes during the active surge phase lasting 1–2 years.
Human-Like Autonomous Driving on Dense Traffic

This paper proposes a imitation learning model for autonomous driving on highway traffic by mimicking human drivers' driving behaviours. The study utilizes the HighD traffic dataset, which is complex, high-dimensional, and diverse in vehicle variations. Imitation learning is an alternative solution to autonomous highway driving that reduces the sample complexity of learning a challenging task compared to reinforcement learning. However, imitation learning has limitations such as vulnerability to compounding errors in unseen states, poor generalization, and inability to predict outlier driver profiles. To address these issues, the paper proposes mixture density network behaviour cloning model to manage complex and non-linear relationships between inputs and outputs and make more informed decisions about the vehicle's actions. Additional improvement is using collision penalty based on the GAIL model. The paper includes a simulated driving test to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method based on real traffic scenarios and provides conclusions on its potential impact on autonomous driving.
Human Biodata Governance: Addressing the Tension Between Innovation and Protection Through DPIAs

In the area of human biodata governance, one of the most pressing questions is how to address the trade-off between promoting innovation and safeguarding the fundamental rights and freedoms that arise from the development, deployment, and use of AI and data processing. This paper considers that this trade-off poses a dilemma and raises the question of how to achieve governance that promotes biotechnological innovation and research while protecting the fundamental rights and values of individuals and groups. The aim of this paper is to explore regulatory instruments in the EU data protection law that can strike a balance between innovation and protection in the governance of human biodata. To this end, it focuses on meta-regulation as a regulatory technique and examines data protection impact assessment (DPIA) as a method for addressing the tension between innovation and protection. Based on doctrinal legal analysis, it argues that while DPIA is a useful instrument to seek a solution in this dilemma, further reflection and clarification are needed to improve the methods of conducting the impact assessment.
K‐Ar age determination, whole‐rock and oxygen isotope geochemistry of the post‐collisional Bizmişen and Çaltı plutons, SW Erzincan, eastern Central Anatolia, Turkey

Post‐collisional granitoid plutons intrude obducted Neo‐Tethyan ophiolitic rocks in central and eastern Central Anatolia. The Bizmişen and Çaltı plutons and the ophiolitic rocks that they intrude are overlain by fossiliferous and flyschoidal sedimentary rocks of the early Miocene Kemah Formation. These sedimentary rocks were deposited in basins that developed at the same time as tectonic unroofing of the plutons along E–W and NW–SE trending faults in Oligo‐Miocene time. Mineral separates from the Bizmişen and Çaltı plutons yield K‐Ar ages ranging from 42 to 46 Ma, and from 40 to 49 Ma, respectively. Major, trace, and rare‐earth element geochemistry as well as mineralogical and textural evidence reveals that the Bizmişen pluton crystallized first, followed at shallower depth by the Çaltı pluton from a medium‐K calcalkaline, I‐type hybrid magma which was generated by magma mixing of coeval mafic and felsic magmas.
Positivity from Cosmological Correlators

Effective field theories in flat space and in anti-de Sitter space are constrained by causality and unitarity, often in the form of positivity bounds. Similar bounds have been harder to demonstrate in cosmological backgrounds, where the roles of unitarity and causality are more obscure. Fortunately, the expansion of the universe ensures that late-time cosmological correlators are effectively classical and the role of unitarity is played by classical statistical inequalities. For multi-field inflation, the resulting positivity constraints have long been known in terms of the Suyama-Yamaguchi inequality. In this paper, we demonstrate that similar statistical bounds imply nontrivial constraints for massive fields in the early universe. We show that any real anomalous dimensions for principal series fields in de Sitter space must be positive. We also derive a limit on the amplitude of oscillatory signals from inflation, including those arising in cosmological collider physics. Finally, we demonstrate that these constraints manifest themselves directly in the two-point statistics of matter and galaxies that will be measured in upcoming surveys.
Comparative Root Transcriptome Profiling and Gene Regulatory Network Analysis between Eastern and Western Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Cultivars Reveals Candidate Genes for Vascular Tissue Patterning

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a highly consumed vegetable rich in carotenoids, known for their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-protecting properties. While genetic and molecular studies have largely focused on wild and Western carrot cultivars (cvs), little is known about the evolutionary interactions between closely related Eastern and Western cvs. In this study, we conducted comparative transcriptome profiling of root tissues from Eastern (UHSBC-23-1) and Western (UHSBC-100) carrot cv. to better understand differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with storage root development and vascular cambium (VC) tissue patterning. Through reference-guided TopHat mapping, we achieved an average mapping rate of 73.87% and identified a total of 3544 DEGs (p < 0.05). Functional annotation and gene ontology classification revealed 97 functional categories, including 33 biological processes, 19 cellular components, 45 metabolic processes, and 26 KEGG pathways. Notably, Eastern cv. exhibited enrichment in cell wall, plant-pathogen interaction, and signal transduction terms, while Western cv. showed dominance in photosynthesis, metabolic process, and carbon metabolism terms. Moreover, constructed gene regulatory network (GRN) for both cvs. obtained orthologs with 1222 VC-responsive genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. In Western cv, GRN revealed VC-responsive gene clusters primarily associated with photosynthetic processes and carbon metabolism. In contrast, Eastern cv. exhibited a higher number of stress-responsive genes, and transcription factors (e.g., MYB15, WRKY46, AP2/ERF TF connected via signaling pathways with NAC036) were identified as master regulators of xylem vessel differentiation and secondary cell wall thickening. By elucidating the comparative transcriptome profiles of Eastern and Western cvs. for the first time, our study provides valuable insights into the differentially expressed genes involved in root development and VC tissue patterning. The identification of key regulatory genes and their roles in these processes represents a significant advancement in our understanding of the evolutionary relations and molecular mechanisms underlying secondary growth of carrot and regulation by vascular cambium.