Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional displacement field of the 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel earthquake (Chile) from across‐ and along‐track Sentinel‐1 TOPS interferometry

Wide‐swath imaging has become a standard acquisition mode for radar missions aiming at applying synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) at global scale with enhanced revisit frequency. Increased swath width, compared to classical Stripmap imaging mode, is achieved at the expense of azimuthal resolution. This makes along‐track displacements, and subsequently north‐south displacements, difficult to measure using conventional split‐beam (multiple‐aperture) InSAR or cross‐correlation techniques. Alternatively, we show here that the along‐track component of ground motion can be deduced from the double difference between backward and forward looking interferograms within regions of burst overlap. “Burst overlap interferometry” takes advantage of the large squint angle diversity of Sentinel‐1 (∼1°) to achieve subdecimetric accuracy on the along‐track component of ground motion. We demonstrate the efficiency of this method using Sentinel‐1 data covering the 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel earthquake (Chile) for which we retrieve the full 3‐D displacement field and validate it against observations from a dense network of GPS sensors.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA

One of the first skills that a trainee in anaesthesia is expected to acquire is the ability to maintain the anaesthetized patient's airway patent. The current concept of the mechanism of airway obstruction in patients who are comatose, anaesthetized or have received neuromuscular blocking agents, is that the tongue "falls back" and occludes the lower pharynx. Several well known textbooks contain diagrams that are artist's impressions illustrating this belief. Although this concept is supported commonly by reference to the classic radiological studies of paralysed patients carried out by Morikawa, Safar and DeCarlo [1], careful study of their report suggests otherwise. These authors showed that head tilt, with stretch of the structures between larynx and chin, was the most effective means of increasing hypopharyngeal patency. It is difficult to understand how this manoeuvre can "pull the tongue forward" to clear the airway. Everyday clinical experience emphasizes the relative unimportance of the action of gravity on the tongue in the development of airway obstruction, by the frequent need to maintain head extension, for example in patients lying on their side while recovering from anaesthesia, or in supine anaesthetized patients in whom an oral airway has been placed, which one might expect should overcome the problem of the tongue position. Using ultrasound to visualize the tongue, there seems to be little change in tongue position immediately after induction of anaesthesia with i.v. agents, although airway obstruction may supervene [2].
BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA

An editorial written 10 years ago (Jones, 1977) postulated that the abnormality of gas exchange associated with anaesthesia was the result of decreases in the tone and movement of the chest wall which, together with an increase in thoracoabdominal blood volume (VTAB), contributed to the decrease in functional residual capacity (FRC). The waning of support for the hypothesis of closing volume—as a cause of the gas exchange abnormality during anaesthesia—left considerable uncertainty about the causal relationship between a decrease in FRC and the increased abnormality of gas exchange (Rehder et al., 1977). Despite the fact that a reduction in lung volume during anaesthesia is associated with an increased abnormality of gas exchange, increasing lung volume does not reverse this abnormality (Heneghan, Bergman and Jones, 1984). On this basis, is a reduction in lung volume relevant to impaired gas exchange during anaesthesia, or is it a coincidental finding?
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Glimpse into The Future

Background: A class of uncommon IgG4-related systemic diseases known as vasculitis caused by antineutrophil cytosolic antibodies (ANCA) is distinguished by the enlargement of small to large blood vessels. Objective: This review article offers an in-depth analysis of the most recent developments in ANCA-associated vasculitis, covering a range of topics from pathophysiology and diagnostics to treatment and long-term results. Methods: In this review we investigated the existing work on ANCA associated vasculitis by different sources such as Science Direct, Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, Google scholar and SciHub. Results: A number of diseases, including eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), can have significant morbidity and mortality if they are not appropriately diagnosed and treated. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and curative options for ANCA-associated vasculitis have advanced significantly during the past ten years. The development of specific immunosuppressive medications has been largely responsible for the remarkable evolution in recent years in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Conclusion: This review article has provided a detailed examination of the therapy for AAV, alternatives available, including induction and maintenance regimens, as well as the accompanying advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the growing importance of biologic drugs like rituximab was examined, emphasizing its potential as supplements or replacements for traditional medical treatments.
The Analytic Element Method and supporting GIS geodatabase model

This manuscript presents an overview of the Analytic Element Method, and illustrates how this mathematical technique is ideally suited to utilization within a GIS geodatabase model. The Analytic Element Method contains a set of analytic elements that exactly satisfy the governing partial differential equation and represent flow associated with a point, line or polygon. Elements are superimposed to simulate local and regional flow within an infinite domain. A GIS geodatabase model is presented here, which organizes spatial data in a vector format that relates directly to analytic elements. Scripts have been developed to automate the creation of groundwater models from the GIS geodatabase using the computer model MLAEM (Multi-Layer Analytic Element Model). An example is presented to illustrate the efficacy of this approach.
A New Late Triassic Vertebrate Assemblage from Northwestern Argentina

Abstract. The Quebrada del Barro Formation (QBF) is part of the continental Marayes-El Carrizal Basin, in NW Argentina. Here we report a diverse faunal assemblage recently discovered in the Quebrada del Barro Formation, along with a preliminary discussion of the taxonomic status and affinities of numerous vertebrate specimens found at two localities where this unit is exposed. The new vertebrate association includes remains of at least 12 different new species related to six major vertebrate groups: Cynodontia, Testudinata, Sphenodontia, Pseudosuchia, Pterosauria, and Dinosauromorpha. The most abundant specimens in this faunal assemblage are opisthodontian sphenodonts, tritheledontid cynodonts and basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs, but the assemblage also includes diagnostic remains of lagerpetid dinosauromorphs, theropods, pterosaurs, basal crocodylomorphs, and stem testudinatans. Several of these groups have also been reported for the Los Colorados Formation (LCF), although the two units differ in their taxonomic content at the species level and in the relative abundance of different taxonomic groups. A comparison of these two faunal assemblage suggest the fauna of QBF is younger than that of LCF and we tentatively assess a late Norian-Rhaetian age for the QBF. Some of the specimens reported here are known from well-preserved specimens and yield important new information for understanding the evolution of these groups, which underscores the relevance of the QBF fauna for assessing the dynamics of the major groups of vertebrates that dominated the terrestrial ecosystems during the early Mesozoic in Pangea.
Isolation and identification of Bacillus species from soil and assessment of antimicrobial properties

The emergence of multi drug resistant pathogens such as Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a threat to public health. Thus, the development of new antibiotics has become a global concern. Many scientists are attracted towards discovery of new antimicrobial agents from microbial sources. The aim of this study is to isolate potential Bacillus species from soil for the production of antimicrobial substance. During the study, 20 soil samples were collected from various areas of Kathmandu valley. A total of 70 Bacillus isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical characteristics. Altogether 39 isolates were able to produce antibacterial extract when it was grown in Trypticase soya broth (TSB) at 37°C for 48 h. The antimicrobial activity was tested against test organisms like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida by Agar well diffusion method. All of the extracts showed zone of inhibition against E. coli except 6 extracts (E39, E43, E36, E25, E45 and E46). The highest zone of inhibition was shown by extract B68 with 11 mm. Only one extract (E62) was able to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas. The extract from Bacillus isolate (E35) showed highest zone of inhibition against S. aureus (6mm). The protein nature of the extracts was determined by Biuret and Ninhydrin tests. The extracts were relatively stable to heat treatment and unstable to surfactants like 70% methanol, 2-propanol and ethylacetate. The study revealed that soil is a good source for the potential antimicrobial producer bacteria.
DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA , CALIFORNIA 91125 DIFFUSION OF BEHAVIOR AND EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES IN NETWORK GAMES

We analyze games on social networks where agents select one of two actions (whether or not to adopt a new technology, withdraw money from the bank, become politically active, etc.). Agents' payo s from each of the two actions depend on how many neighbors she has, the distribution of actions among her neighbors, and a possibly idiosyncratic cost for each of the actions. We analyze the di usion of behavior when in each period agents choose a best response to last period's behavior. We characterize how the equilibrium points of such a process and their stability depend on the network architecture, the distribution of costs, and the payo structure. We also illustrate how the dynamics of behavior depends on the number of neighbors that agents have. Our results have implications and applications to marketing, epidemiology, nancial contagions, and technology adoption. JEL classi cation: C45, C70, C73, D85, L15.
DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91125 THE EFFECT OF CANDIDATE QUALITY ON ELECTORAL EQUILIBRIUM: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

When two candidates of di erent quality compete in a one dimensional policy space, the equilibrium outcomes are asymmetric and do not correspond to the median. There are three main e ects. First, the better candidate adopts more centrist policies than the worse candidate. Second, the equilibrium is statistical, in the sense that it predicts a probability distribution of outcomes rather than a single degenerate outcome. Third, the equilibrium varies systematically with the level of uncertainty about the location of the median voter. We test these three predictions using laboratory experiments, and nd strong support for all three. We also observe some biases and show that they can be explained by quantal response equilibrium. JEL classi cation numbers: C72, C92, D72
Journal of Solid Mechanics Vol

The effect of cyclic loading on fatigue crack growth in plastically compressible solids is investigated at negative stress ratio under plane strain and small scale yielding conditions. The material is characterized by a finite strain elastic viscoplastic constitutive model with hardening and hardening-softening-hardening hardness functions. Displacements corresponding to the isotropic linear elastic mode I crack field are prescribed on a remote boundary. The plastic crack growth, crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and near crack tip stress fields are presented using finite element method. Material hardening/ softening has a major relevance on crack growth, CTOD and the evolution of stress distribution. It is revealed here that the negative stress ratio can significantly influence the loading conditions at the crack tip and thereby increase the crack growth for tension–compression loading for hardening material whereas the fatigue crack growth of plastically compressible hardening-softening-hardening material is only slightly affected by the negative stress ratio albeit it is accepted in literature that compressive loads contribute to fatigue crack growth significantly. In the present studies, the CTOD variation with applied load and the near stress distribution are also very unusual in nature. © 2020 IAU, Arak Branch. All rights reserved.
Palaeoclimate signals as inferred from stable‐isotope composition of ground ice in the Verkhoyansk foreland, Central Yakutia

Ice‐rich permafrost deposits and their isotopic composition were studied at four sites in the western foreland of the Verkhoyansk Mountains, Central Yakutia. The isotopic composition of ice wedges formed in alluvial and loess‐like sediments generally reflects the palaeoclimate of winter conditions. The middle Weichselian Ice Complex developed around 41 ka 14C BP during a period with colder winters than today. Similarly severe conditions are reflected in the late Weichselian Ice Complex from around 20 ka to 13 ka 14C BP. The transition to the Holocene is characterised by increases of 5‰ and 35‰ in δ18O and δD, respectively. This warming is documented in wedge ice, which grew between 8.5 and 4.5 ka BP. Towards the late Holocene and sub‐recent times, a climatic deterioration is recorded, reflected by lighter isotopic composition of ice wedges, which developed between 1.2 ka and 0.7 ka 14C BP. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of hysteretic groundwater inrush from coal seam floor with karstic collapse columns

Numerical simulation with FEM method was conducted to investigate the activation of karstic collapse columns.The initiation of fractures,propagation of fractures and formation of groundwater inrush pathway in coal seam floor were numerically obtained.With the understanding of damage,deformation,stress and seepage flow evolution in rock mass,the groundwater inrush pathways were calibrated.Furthermore the influence of the height of karstic collapse columns and the magnitude of water pressure on the delayed time of groundwater inrush was studied.With the point of view of damage evolution and associated mechanical properties degradation of rockmass subjected to long-term environmental effect and loading,the transformation of floor rock mass from water-resisting strata to inrush pathway was clearly illuminated.
New Product Development: Impact of Project Characteristics and Development Practices on Performance

Concurrent product development process and integrated product development teams have emerged as the two dominant new product development (NPD) “best practices” in the literature. Yet empirical evidence of their impact on product development success remains inconclusive. This paper draws upon organizational information processing theory (OIPT) to explore how these two dominant NPD best practices and two key aspects of NPD project characteristics (i.e., project uncertainty and project complexity) directly and jointly affect the NPD performance. Contrary to the “best practice” literature, the analysis, based on 266 NPD projects from three industries (i.e., automotive, electronics, and machinery) across nine countries (i.e., Austria, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the United States), found no evidence of any direct impact of process concurrency or team integration on overall NPD performance. Instead, there is evidence of negative impact of the interaction between project uncertainty and concurrent NPD process and positive impact of the interaction between project complexity and team integration on overall NPD performance. Moreover, the study found no evidence of any direct negative impact of project uncertainty or complexity on overall NPD performance as suggested in the literature, but found evidence of a direct positive relationship between project complexity and overall NPD performance. The practical implications of these results are significant. First, neither process concurrency nor team integration should be embraced universally as best practice. Second, process concurrency should be avoided in projects with high uncertainty (i.e., when working with unfamiliar product, market, or technology). Finally, team integration should be encouraged for complex product development projects. For a simple product a loosely integrated team or a more centralized decision process may work well. However, as project complexity increases, team integration becomes essential for improved product development. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for managing NPD projects. The choice of a product development practice should be determined by the project characteristics.
Aproveitamento de Água da Chuva: um Dimensionamento para o Caso de Aviários Rainwater Use: A Sizing for the Case of Poultry Houses

The study aim sizing a rainwater cistern, in climatic conditions of Medianeira - PR, which has monthly rains values between 90 and 275 mm. Equations used in the accounts experiment were provided by EMBRAPA, this study was focused on a 1000 m 2 poultry house, which present average capturing potential to this region of 146 m 3 water per month. It was observed that the water amount that would be collected was sufficient to maintain the 12.000 birds housed in the poultry demand in its greater demand period for water being sufficient to generate excess amounts by installing a 60 m 3 cistern.
Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibits neuropilin-1 upregulation on IL-2 responding CD4+ T cells

Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a transmembrane protein expressed on CD4+ T cells, is mostly studied in the context of regulatory T cell (Treg) function. More recently, there is increasing evidence that Nrp1 is also highly expressed on activated effector T cells and that increases in these Nrp1-expressing CD4+ T cells correspond with immunopathology across several T cell-dependent disease models. Thus, Nrp1 may be implicated in the identification and function of immunopathologic T cells. Nrp1 downregulation in CD4+ T cells is one of the strongest transcriptional changes in response to immunoregulatory compounds that act though the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. To better understand the link between AhR and Nrp1 expression on CD4+ T cells, Nrp1 expression was assessed in vivo and in vitro following AhR ligand treatment. In the current study, we identified that the percentage of Nrp1 expressing CD4+ T cells increases over the course of activation and proliferation in vivo. The actively dividing Nrp1+Foxp3- cells express the classic effector phenotype of CD44hiCD45RBlo, and the increase in Nrp1+Foxp3- cells is prevented by AhR activation. In contrast, Nrp1 expression is not modulated by AhR activation in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells. The downregulation of Nrp1 on CD4+ T cells was recapitulated in vitro in cells isolated from C57BL/6 and NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice. CD4+Foxp3- cells expressing CD25, stimulated with IL-2, or differentiated into Th1 cells, were particularly sensitive to AhR-mediated inhibition of Nrp1 upregulation. IL-2 was necessary for AhR-dependent downregulation of Nrp1 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, the data demonstrate that Nrp1 is a CD4+ T cell activation marker and that regulation of Nrp1 could be a previously undescribed mechanism by which AhR ligands modulate effector CD4+ T cell responses.
Effect of airfoil ice shape smoothing on the aerodynamic performance

Complicated and irregular ice shapes accreted on an airfoil of turbo-prop aircraft were modelled with various levels of smoothness to study its effect on aerodynamic properties Curves with three different smoothing levels were constructed by assigning three different percentages of control points(CPs) for selected four representative ice shapes obtained by experiment in Icing Research Tunnel at NASA Lewis. Numerical result showed that as the modelled surface gets smoother by the use of smaller number of CPs, all the ice shapes indicated a trend which can be characterized as increase in lift and decrease in drag. The level of smoothing obtained by using 50 % of CPs was found to be acceptable in most cases, returning very close results compared to that of 100 % CP level. Among the ice shapes examined, a prominent redged-ice formation was found to cause the largest aerodynamic penalty.
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: epidemiology and management

The advent of antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) represented a major breakthrough in the fight against the disease. However, since its first use, antibiotic therapy has been associated with the emergence of resistance to drugs. The incorrect use of anti-TB drugs, either due to prescription errors, low patient compliance, or poor quality of drugs, led to the widespread emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with an expanding spectrum of resistance. The spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains (ie, strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin) has represented a major threat to TB control since the 1990s. In 2006, the first cases of MDR strains with further resistance to fluoroquinolone and injectable drugs were described and named extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). The emergence of XDR-TB strains is a result of mismanagement of MDR cases, and treatment relies on drugs that are less potent and more toxic than those used to treat drug-susceptible or MDR strains. Furthermore, treatment success is lower and mortality higher than achieved in MDR-TB cases, and the number of drugs necessary in the intensive phase of treatment may be higher than the four drugs recommended for MDR-TB. Linezolid may represent a valuable drug to treat cases of XDR-TB. Delamanid, bedaquiline, and PA-824 are new anti-TB agents in the development pipeline that have the potential to enhance the cure rate of XDR-TB. The best measures to prevent new cases of XDR-TB are the correct management of MDR-TB patients, early detection, and proper treatment of existing patients with XDR-TB.
Homogenization of Radiosonde Temperature Time Series Using Innovation Statistics

Abstract Radiosonde temperature records contain valuable information for climate change research from the 1940s onward. Since they are affected by numerous artificial shifts, time series homogenization efforts are required. This paper introduces a new technique that uses time series of temperature differences between the original radiosonde observations (obs) and background forecasts (bg) of an atmospheric climate data assimilation system for homogenization. These obs − bg differences, the “innovations,” are a by-product of the data assimilation process. They have been saved during the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and are now available for each assimilated radiosonde record back to 1958. It is demonstrated that inhomogeneities in the obs time series due to changes in instrumentation can be automatically detected and adjusted using daily time series of innovations at 0000 and 1200 UTC. The innovations not only reveal problems of the radiosonde records but also of the data assimilation system. Although .