Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RR: A Fault Model for Efficient TEE Replication

—Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) ensure the conﬁdentiality and integrity of computations in hardware. Subject to the TEE’s threat model, the hardware shields a computation from most externally induced fault behavior except crashes. As a result, a crash-fault tolerant (CFT) replication protocol should be sufﬁcient when replicating trusted code inside TEEs. However, TEEs do not provide efﬁcient and general means of ensuring the freshness of external, persistent state. Therefore, CFT replication is insufﬁcient for TEE computations with external state, as this state could be rolled back to an earlier version when a TEE restarts. Furthermore, using BFT protocols in this setting is too conservative, because these protocols are designed to tolerate arbitrary behavior, not just rollback during a restart. In this paper, we propose the restart-rollback (RR) fault model for replicating TEEs, which precisely captures the possible fault behaviors of TEEs with external state. Then, we show that existing replication protocols can be easily adapted to this fault model with few changes, while retaining their original performance. We adapted two widely used crash fault tolerant protocols — the ABD [6] read/write register protocol and the Paxos [34] consensus protocol — to the RR model. Furthermore, we leverage these protocols to build a replicated metadata service called TEEMS , and then show that it can be used to add TEE-grade conﬁdentiality, integrity, and freshness to untrusted cloud storage services. Our evaluation shows that our protocols perform signiﬁcantly better than their BFT counterparts (between 1 . 25 and 55 × better throughput), while performing identically to the CFT versions, which do not protect against rollback attacks.
Sometimes, You Aren't What You Do: Mimicry Attacks against Provenance Graph Host Intrusion Detection Systems

Reliable methods for host-layer intrusion detection remained an open problem within computer security. Recent research has recast intrusion detection as a provenance graph anomaly detection problem thanks to concurrent advancements in machine learning and causal graph auditing. While these approaches show promise, their robustness against an adaptive adversary has yet to be proven. In particular, it is unclear if mimicry attacks, which plagued past approaches to host intrusion detection, have a similar effect on modern graph-based methods. In this work, we reveal that systematic design choices have allowed mimicry attacks to continue to abound in provenance graph host intrusion detection systems (Prov-HIDS). Against a corpus of exemplar Prov-HIDS, we develop evasion tactics that allow attackers to hide within benign process behaviors. Evaluating against public datasets, we demonstrate that an attacker can consistently evade detection (100% success rate) without modifying the underlying attack behaviors. We go on to show that our approach is feasible in live attack scenarios and outperforms domain-general adversarial sample techniques. Through open sourcing our code and datasets, this work will serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of future Prov-HIDS.
Manufacture and Evaluation of Novel Chocolate for Girls' Dysmenorrhea

This study aimed to produce a novel chocolate supplemented with cinnamon, ginger, and mint powder and their essential oils and assess its effect on dysmenorrhea in a sample of 48 student volunteers from Mansoura University suffering from dysmenorrhea. Girls aged between 18:25 years were divided into eight groups (6 patients in each) as follows: Group 1: Normal group (without chocolate sample). Group 2: Control fed on chocolate without herbs powder and their essential oils Group 3: fed on chocolate with cinnamon powder. Group 4: fed on chocolate with cinnamon oil. Group (5): provided chocolate with ginger powder. Group 6: fed on chocolate with ginger oil. Group 7: provided chocolate with mint powder. Group 8: fed on chocolate with mint oil. Results showed that feeding girls chocolate with cinnamon, ginger, and mint powder and their essential oils increased significantly (p<0.05) hemoglobin scores as compared with control chocolate. At the same time, the consumption of chocolate for three months did not cause an increase in body mass index. So, thus the previous results indicated that consumption of chocolates with cinnamon, ginger, and mint powder and their essential oils decreased significantly (p<0.05) serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein scores as compared with control chocolate. on the other hand, this study showed that eating chocolate containing (ajwa, dried fruits, cinnamon, ginger, and mint) and their essential oils effectively reduce menstrual pain and improve iron levels in the blood, which may be lost during the menstrual cycle.
Thermodynamic excess properties of binary mixtures of methanol + pyridine, methanol + benzene, and pyridine + benzene at several temperatures and atmospheric pressure

ABSTRACT This work reports experimental densities and sound speeds at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K and viscosities at 298.15 K for the binary liquid mixtures methanol + pyridine, methanol + benzene, and pyridine + benzene over the entire range of compositions and atmospheric pressure. The excess properties, namely the excess molar volume , excess isentropic compressibility , and excess Gibbs energy for activation of viscous flow G* E were calculated from experimental data and are fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomials. The results obtained were discussed in terms of molecular interactions between the mixing components and structural effects.
Sensitivity of Bayes Inference with Data-Dependent Stopping Rules

Abstract It is sometimes argued that Bayesian inference is unaffected by data-dependent stopping rules. Although this can be true in a formal sense, it is likely that there will be heightened sensitivity to prior assumptions when data-dapendent rules are used rather than stopping rules that do not depend on the data. That is, there is an interaction between violations of prior assumptions and data-dependent stopping rules such that the violations have more severe consequences in repeated practice when data-dependent rules are used. We illustrate this fact in a simple example where 95% intervals are created using a flat prior when in fact the correct prior is normal with positive prior precision ρ. The coverage probabilities of the nominal 95% intervals are less tightly concentrated around . 95 when data-dependent stopping rules are used, and the effect becomes stronger as ρ becomes larger.
Clinical, Biochemical, and ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Parameters Associated with Death or Survival in Patients with Severe COVID-19

The wide range of symptoms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) makes it challenging to predict the disease evolution using a single parameter. Therefore, to describe the pathophysiological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, we compared according to survival or death, the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the biochemical and immunological attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra from saliva samples and their correlation with chemometric findings. Herein, we demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy allows the description of the events related to cell damage, such as lipids biogenesis and the secondary structure of proteins associated with lactate dehydrogenase and albumin levels. Moreover, humoral (IgM) and cellular (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6) responses were also increased in patients who died from COVID-19.
Critical behaviour of the discrete spin cubic model

An n-component spin model, with the nearest-neighbour Hamiltonian H=-J Sigma (Si.Sj)-K Sigma (Si.Sj)2, where Si is a discrete unit vector pointing only along one of the 2n cubic axes directions, is studied exactly at dimensions d=1 and d=1+ epsilon and approximately (using dedecoration renormalization group recursion relations) at d=2. The model exhibits four competing possible types of critical behaviour, related to the Ising model, to the n-state and 2n-state Potts models and to a 'new cubic' fixed point. For large n, at d=2, the last three types of behaviour show peculiarities which may be related to the transition becoming a first-order one.
A Dynamical Theory of Diffraction for a Distorted Crystal

A dynamical theory of X-ray and electron diffraction for a distorted crystal which has been briefly explained elsewhere (Acta cryst. 15 (1962) 1311) is presented in more detail. The fundamental equations for both the X-ray and electron cases are deduced from the Maxwell or the Schrodinger equations, respectively, inside crystalline media which may contain distortions. A method of solution of the equations using the Riemann function is given together with the following general results; (1) the intensities and integrated intensities, with respect to the incident angle, of the transmitted and diffracted rays at a point on the exit surface are given by integrals over the entrance surface, (2) a theoretical basis for the column approximation in the electron case is provided, (3) the intensities of the X-ray projection topographs (traverse pattern) is not dependent upon the type of the incident waves but upon the total intensity to which the crystal is exposed. The limit of the applicability of the present theo.
Stereotype threat and gender differences in statistics

Stereotype threat (ST) has been extensively explored as an explanation for gender disparities in achievement and participation in mathematics. However, there is a lack of research evaluating ST in statistics. The present study evaluated the impact of ST on gender differences in student performance, self-efficacy, and anxiety in statistics using a four-group, quasi-experimental design. Specifically, 102 elementary statistics students at a university in the Southeast United States were randomly assigned to one of four ST conditions including an explicit ST condition, an implicit ST condition, a reverse ST condition, and a nullified ST condition. Results indicated that there were no gender differences by ST condition in statistics self-efficacy, test anxiety, and performance. Analyses of student responses to open-ended questions indicated that females were more likely than males to report that they had fewer opportunities to achieve in statistics. Implications of our findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A Comprehensive Overview of In-patients Treated for Hepatocellular Carcinoma at a Tertiary Care Facility in Tanzania

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the commonest causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, only a limited number of studies on HCC have been conducted in Tanzania. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study among in-patients treated for HCC in a tertiary referral hospital located in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in order to provide a concise description of the clinical characteristics and treatment options offered in the study setting. We identified 36 in-patients treated for HCC over a 6-month data collection period. Seventy-seven percent (n = 28) of the participants were males and about two-thirds (61.2%) were aged between 40 and 60 years. Majority (44.4% [n = 16]) of the patients had Child-Pugh class B and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2 (33.3% [n = 12]). Patients with tumors >6.5 cm and multinodular tumors (>3 nodules) accounted for 69.4% (n = 25) and 55.6% (n = 20), respectively. Portal vascular invasion and extrahepatic metastasis were respectively present in 27.8% (n = 10) and 25% (n = 9) of the patients. Of the study participants, only two had early-stage disease as per the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, corresponding to the observed tumor resection rate of 5.6%. The most frequently reported inoperable factor among the study participants was an ECOG performance status > 0 (n = 30 [83.3%]). Findings thus reveal a high proportion of late-stage diseases among participants that could have resulted in the observed low tumor resection rate. Initiatives to facilitate identification of the disease at an early stage are therefore paramount in optimizing care.
Simulation of Waveguide Structures Using the TLM Method in Time Domain

In this article various problems are addressed. First, the simulation of the longitudinally homogeneous structures is discussed. The technique presented is based on the travelling wave principle, which renders possible a drastic reduction of the storage and the computation time demand as well. Thereafter, the longitudinally periodic structures are treated. It will be shown how the originally proposed technique for solving this problem can be modified. The applicability and the efficiency, respectively, of the solutions proposed of the problems mentioned above are finally explained by means of results derived from the analytical parameter estimation and some simulations.
Chemical species generated by high-vacuum ion gauges cause strong doping of graphene

To minimize drifts caused by uncontrolled material absorption, graphene is often investigated under vacuum. Here we report an entirely unexpected phenomenon occurring in vacuum systems, namely strong n-doping of graphene due to chemical species generated by common ion high-vacuum gauges. The effect -- reversible upon exposing graphene to air -- is strong, as doping rates can largely exceed 10^12 cm^(-2)/hour, depending on pressure and relative position of the gauge and graphene. It is important to be aware of the phenomenon, as its basic manifestation can be mistakenly interpreted as due to vacuum-induced desorption of p-dopants.
Daily behavior and interaction of cats (Felis catus) with humans at a canteen in IPB University

Understanding feral cat behavior can be one of the aspects that is necessary for proper management and taking policy action in controlling the cat population. This study aimed to observe the daily activities of feral cats and see the correlation between the number of visitors on cat-to-human interaction at a canteen in IPB University. Observation of cat’s daily behavior was conducted by scan sampling method and cats’ interaction with humans was conducted by ad libitum sampling. Our results showed that self-care (66.27%) dominated the daily behavior of cats followed by negative behavior (20.83%) and affiliative behavior (12.9%). Correlation test showed there was a significant negative correlation between the number of visitors and frequency of affiliative behavior (p = 0.024). The number of visitors also shows a positive correlation to self-care (p = 0.034). No significant correlation between the number of visitors and negative encounters behavior (p = 0.27). The highest frequency value of cat-human interaction was approaching human (A) 28.15%, followed by vocalization (MV) 28.15% and eye contact (KM) 22.71%. Cat-human interaction behavior did not significantly correlate with the number of visitors (p 0.05). Our result implies that the feral cat’s use the canteen as a place to rest, not a place to find food and daily activities and human-cat interactions were specific for each study site. Therefore, in the management of feral cats, it was necessary to pay attention to the conditions of their respective habitats.
Comparison of lesion characteristics using temperature‐flow‐controlled versus conventional power‐controlled ablation with fixed ablation index

The QDOT‐MicroTM catheter is a novel irrigated contact force (CF) sensing catheter which benefits from thermocouples for temperature monitoring, allowing temperature‐flow‐controlled (TFC) ablation. We compared lesion metrics at fixed ablation index (AI) value during TFC‐ablation and conventional power‐controlled (PC)‐ablation.
A contextual analysis of entrepreneurial identity and experience: women entrepreneurs in Turkey

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand the complex mechanisms of entrepreneurship in context and explores the entrepreneurial identities and experiences of women entrepreneurs in relation to opportunity structures in Turkey. Turkey’s position at the boundary of Western and Middle Eastern geographies and cultures presents a compelling context for the study of women’s entrepreneurship. Drawing on life-story interviews with 11 women entrepreneurs, this study analyses social, political, and institutional opportunity structures in Turkey. The findings illustrate that women entrepreneurs engage in exaggerated perfectionism, strategic political distancing, and closed social positioning in relation to the opportunity structures in Turkey. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by providing a more in-depth and nuanced understanding on the relationship between different opportunity structures and women entrepreneurs and herewith responding to the dominance of Western thinking and context on entrepreneurial experiences and identities.
Publishing as prostitution ? – Choosing between one ’ s own ideas and academic success

Survival in academia depends on publications in refereed journals. Authors only get their papers accepted if they intellectually prostitute themselves by slavishly following the demands made by anonymous referees who have no property rights to the journals they advise. Intellectual prostitution is neither beneficial to suppliers nor consumers. But it is avoidable. The editor (with property rights to the journal) should make the basic decision of whether a paper is worth publishing or not. The referees should only offer suggestions for improvement. The author may disregard this advice. This reduces intellectual prostitution and produces more original publications. 1. Prostitution of ideas and academic career When writing this paper, I never expected that it would be published in a (refereed) economics journal because it would not be able to pass the refereeing ∗ I wish to thank Rosemary Brown for helping to formulate the paper in English and I am grateful for helpful comments from William Baumol, Gary Becker, Matthias Benz, Mark Blaug, Brian Coplin, Andreas Diekmann, Egon Franck, Robert Frank, Joshua Gans, Steven Hanke, Gebhard Kirchgässner, Reto Jegen, Axel Lejonhufvud, Alfred Kieser, Rafael Lalive, Simon Luechinger, Casey Mulligan, Margit Osterloh, Stephan Meier, Karl-Dieter Opp, Colin Robinson, Dan Rubinfeld, Bob Tollison, Gordon Tullock, Richard E. Wagner and Hannelore Weck-Hannemann. I sent an earlier version of this paper to a considerable number of editors of professional economics journals, many of whom were kind enough to provide me with useful remarks. They agreed and disagreed with much of what I write, but there is nearly no consensus among them. I plan to publish (some) of the responses in a forthcoming book entitled “Economics of Economics”. I thank the following editors for their responses: Morris Altman (J. Socio-Economics), Iain Begg (J. Common Market Studies), Ben Bernanke (Am. Ec. Rev.), Dominique Demougin (Eur. Ec. Rev.), James Dow (Rev. Ec. Stud.), David de Meza (Ec. J.), Edward Diener (J. Happiness Studies), Peter Earl (J. Ec. Psychology), René L. Frey (Kyklos), Donald George (J. Ec. Surveys), Reiner Eichenberger (Kyklos), Daniel Hamermesh (J. Population Ecs.), Ken Koford (Eastern Ec. J.), Kai A. Konrad (Ecs. Governance), Robert Kunst (Empirical Ec.), Sam Peltzman (J. Law & Ecs.), James Poterba (J. Public Ecs.), Rudolf Richter (J. Inst. & Theor. Ecs.), Barkley Rosser Jr. (J. Ec. Beh. & Organ), Charles K. Rowley (Public Choice), Friedrich Schneider (Public Choice), Günther Schulze (J. Cult. Ecs.), Mark Schuster (J. Cult. Ecs.) and Diana Strassmann (Feminist Ecs.).
The Dimensionality Reduction Principle for Generalized Additive Models

Soit (X, Y) une paire de variables aleatoires telles que X=(X 1 .X j ) s'etende sur C=[0,1] J , la distribution conditionnelle de Y etant donne X=x est supposee appartenir a une famille exponentielle appropriee ayant pour parametre η∈R; η=f(x) denote la dependance de η vis-a-vis de x et f* l'approximation additive de f ayant la log-vraisemblance esperee maximum possible
Gaussian copula distributions for mixed data, with application in discrimination

The construction of a joint model for mixed discrete and continuous random variables that accounts for their associations is an important statistical problem in many practical applications. In this paper, we use copulas to construct a class of joint distributions of mixed discrete and continuous random variables. In particular, we employ the Gaussian copula to generate joint distributions for mixed variables. Examples include the robit-normal and probit-normal-exponential distributions, the first for modelling the distribution of mixed binary-continuous data and the second for a mixture of continuous, binary and trichotomous variables. The new class of joint distributions is general enough to include many mixed-data models currently available. We study properties of the distributions and outline likelihood estimation; a small simulation study is used to investigate the finite-sample properties of estimates obtained by full and pairwise likelihood methods. Finally, we present an application to discriminant analysis of multiple correlated binary and continuous data from a study involving advanced breast cancer patients.
Investors’ Risk Preference Characteristics and Conditional Skewness

Perspective on behavioral finance, we take a new look at the characteristics of investors’ risk preference, building the D-GARCH-M model, DR-GARCH-M model, and GARCHC-M model to investigate their changes with states of gain and loss and values of return together with other time-varying characteristics of investors’ risk preference. Based on a full description of risk preference characteristic, we develop a GARCHCS-M model to study its effect on the return skewness. The top ten market value stock composite indexes from Global Stock Exchange in 2012 are adopted to make the empirical analysis. The results show that investors are risk aversion when they gain and risk seeking when they lose, which effectively explains the inconsistent risk-return relationship. Moreover, the degree of risk aversion rises with the increasing gain and that of risk seeking improves with the increasing losses. Meanwhile, we find that investors’ inherent risk preference in most countries displays risk seeking, and their current risk preference is influenced by last period’s risk preference and disturbances. At last, investors’ risk preferences affect the conditional skewness; specifically, their risk aversion makes return skewness reduce, while risk seeking makes the skewness increase.
Movement of basal plane dislocations in GaN during electron beam irradiation

The movement of basal plane segments of dislocations in low-dislocation-density GaN films grown by epitaxial lateral overgrowth as a result of irradiation with the probing beam of a scanning electron microscope was detected by means of electron beam induced current. Only a small fraction of the basal plane dislocations was susceptible to such changes and the movement was limited to relatively short distances. The effect is explained by the radiation enhanced dislocation glide for dislocations pinned by two different types of pinning sites: a low-activation-energy site and a high-activation-energy site. Only dislocation segments pinned by the former sites can be moved by irradiation and only until they meet the latter pinning sites.