Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The morphology-density relation - The group connection

The relationship between galaxy morphology and local density is derived from two complete galaxy redshift surveys. This relationship is completely consistent with the one derived by Dressler for a sample of 55 rich clusters. The apparently universal morphology-density relation extends over six orders of magnitude in galaxy space density. There is no dependence of galaxy morphology on density in regions where the dynamical time scale is comparable with or greater than the Hubble time. At densities greater than about 600 galaxies/cu Mpc, S0's dominate the galaxy population. At these densities, stripping mechanisms are likely to affect the galaxy population. At densities greater than about 3000 galaxies/cu Mpc, the fraction of elliptical galaxies rises steeply. In these regions, the collapse time is short compared with typical time scales for the formation of disks.
Froebenius analysis of higher order equations: incipient buoyant thermal convection

The solutions that are studied here arise when limit cycle solutions of van der Pol’s equation with parameter $\epsilon $ are continued analytically into the complex $\epsilon $-plane. These analytic continuations are described, for small $\epsilon $, by the perturbation expansions in powers of $\epsilon $ which were developed at length by Andersen, Dadfar, and Geer [SIAM J. Appl. Math., 42(1982), pp. 678–693 and 44(1984), pp. 881–895]. We show that the moving singularities that they found are caused by a family of singular complex periodic solutions. These occur along two infinitely long branches in the complex $\epsilon $-plane; half of one being plotted in Fig. 2. Numerical integration is needed to obtain these singular solutions. As Fig. 4 for the large value $\epsilon = 10 + 3.042i$ shows, the complex solution is primarily real over most of the cycle. And this primarily real part behaves much like the main part of the real relaxation oscillation, falling from near 2 at its start toward 1. But the rap.
Tunable one-dimensional plasma photonic crystals in dielectric barrier discharge

A tunable one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal is obtained by using a dielectric barrier discharge with two liquid electrodes. It is formed by the self-organization of the filaments, rather than that in an artificial array of electrodes. The dispersion relations of the plasma photonic crystals are calculated by solving the Helmholtz equation using a method analogous to Kronig–Penney’s problem. The photonic band diagrams of the plasma photonic crystals are studied when changing the filling factor, the lattice constant, and the electron density, based on the experimental results. The critical electron density is given, beyond which the plasma photonic crystal will have a remarkable band structure.
A microdosimetric study of the dose enhancement in a fast neutron beam due to boron neutron capture

The dose enhancement due to the 10B thermal neutron capture reaction in a fast neutron therapy beam of mean energy 20.4 MeV has been measured using a microdosimetric technique with paired Rossi tissue-equivalent-plastic proportional counters. The enhancement in a simulated tissue volume of 2 mu m diameter for a concentration of 50 ppm of 10B has been measured in 10 cm*10 cm and 15 cm*15 cm fields at various depths in a water phantom. The physical dose enhancement due to the high LET alpha particles and Li recoil ions ranges from approximately 1% to approximately 2% depending on the depth and field size. Correction factors for the absence of 10B in the counter gas and for the RBE advantage of the enhanced dose have been estimated to be*1.25 and*2, respectively. The total dose enhancement using these factors ranges from approximately 2.5% to approximately 5%.
On the Hyperinvariant Subspace Problem. IV

Abstract This paper is a continuation of three recent articles concerning the structure of hyperinvariant subspace lattices of operators on a (separable, infinite dimensional) Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ . We show herein, in particular, that there exists a “universal” fixed block-diagonal operator $B$ on $\mathcal{H}$ such that if $\varepsilon >0$ is given and $T$ is an arbitrary nonalgebraic operator on $\mathcal{H}$ , then there exists a compact operator $K$ of norm less than $\varepsilon $ such that (i) Hlat $(T)$ is isomorphic as a complete lattice to Hlat $(B+K)$ and (ii) $B+K$ is a quasidiagonal, ${{C}_{00}}$ , $(\text{BCP})$ -operator with spectrum and left essential spectrum the unit disc. In the last four sections of the paper, we investigate the possible structures of the hyperlattice of an arbitrary algebraic operator. Contrary to existing conjectures, Hlat $(T)$ need not be generated by the ranges and kernels of the powers of $T$ in the nilpotent case. In fact, this lattice can be infinite.
Evolution of magnetized protoplanetary disks

We investigate the global evolution of a turbulent protoplanetary disk in its viscous stage, incorporating the effects of Maxwell stress due to a large-scale magnetic field permeating disk. We assume that the viscous stress is given by an alpha model. A magnetic field is produced contemporaneously by an alpha omega dynamo mechanism and the resultant Maxwell stress assists the viscous stress in providing the means for disk evolution. The aim of this work is to compare the evolution of magnetized and nonmagnetized disks driven by turbulent viscosity of the same magnitude and thus assess the effects of a self-generated magnetic field on the structure and dynamical evolution of protoplanetary disks. Two illustrative examples corresponding to two different initial conditions are considered: a high-mass case that starts with a disk of 0.245 solar mass and angular momentum of 5.6 x 10(exp 52)g sq cm/s, and a low-mass that case starts with a disk of 0.11 solar mass and angular momentum of 1.8 x 10(exp 52)g sq cm/s. For each of these two cases the radial development of a disk is calculated numerically assuming a fiducial value of the dimensionless viscosity parameter alpha(sub ss) = 0.01, as well as alpha(sub ss) = 2 x 10(exp -3). In all cases the central star has a mass equal to 1 solar mass. The most striking feature of magnetized disk evolution is the presence of the surface density bulge located in the region of the disk where the dynamo mechanism cannot support a magnetic field. The bulge persists for a time of the order of 10(exp 5)-10(exp 6) yr. The presence and persistence of the surface density bulge may have important implications for the process of planet formation and the overall characteristics of resultant planetary systems.
THE FREQUENCY OF T TAURI COMPANION STARS

We present the results of a magnitude limited (K≤8.5 mag) multiplicity survey of T Tauri stars in two nearby star forming regions, Tauris-Auriga and Ophiuchus-Scorpius. Each of the 69 stars in the sample was observed at K(2.2 microns) with an infrared array camera on the Hale 5-m Telescope at Palomar Observatory and imaged using two-dimensional speckle imaging techniques. Thirty three companion stars were found of which 15 were new detections. One of the main results of this survey indicates that the binary star frequncy in the projected linear separation range 14 to 225 AU for T Tauri stars (59 ± 16%) is a factor of 3.5 greater than that of the solar-type main sequence stars (17 ±3%). Given the limited angular separation range of this survey, i.e., both the spectroscopic and wide binaries are missed, the rate at which binaries are detected suggests that most, if not all, T Tauri stars have companions. We propose that the observed overabundance of companions to the T Tauri stars relative to their older counterparts on the main sequence is an evolutionary effect; in this scheme triple and higher order T Tauri star systems, which are observed at higher frequencies than for the solar-type main sequence stars, are disrupted by close encounters with another star or system of stars.
Prediction of Microwave Attenuation Characteristics of Rocket Exhausts

This paper summarizes an approximate technique for predicting microwave attenuation from propel]ant composition for a given motor configuration and missile trajectory. The solution involves calculations of electron density and collision frequency and knowledge of microwave frequency. The prediction of the electron density requires treatment of the effects of thermal ionization of alkali metals, detachment and recombination processes during nozzle expansion, inviscid plume expansion, plume-air mixing, afterburning, and missile velocity and altitude. The collision frequency is calculated using existing techniques and data. Effects of propellant composition, motor configuration, and missile trajectory are examined. Predicted X and K band attenuation is generally lower than measured values for sea level, static motor firings. This may be caused by other mechanisms not considered, such as chemi-ionizat ion. Predicted effects of mixing and afterburning were not great, but this area needs further study. Although the predictions are only approximate, they are useful for assessing microwave attenuation characteristics of rocket systems during early design and development stages.
Bayesian Cointegrated Vector Autoregression Models Incorporating α-Stable Noise for Inter-Day Price Movements Via Approximate Bayesian Computation

We consider a statistical model for pairs of traded assets, based on a Cointegrated Vector Auto Regression (CVAR) Model. We extend standard CVAR models to incorporate estimation of model parameters in the presence of price series level shifts which are not accurately modeled in the standard Gaussian error correction model (ECM) framework. This involves developing a novel matrix variate Bayesian CVAR mixture model comprised of Gaussian errors intra-day and Alpha-stable errors inter-day in the ECM framework. To achieve this we derive a novel conjugate posterior model for the Scaled Mixtures of Normals (SMiN CVAR) representation of Alpha-stable inter-day innovations. These results are generalized to asymmetric models for the innovation noise at inter-day boundaries allowing for skewed Alpha-stable models. Our proposed model and sampling methodology is general, incorporating the current literature on Gaussian models as a special subclass and also allowing for price series level shifts either at random estimated time points or known a priori time points. We focus analysis on regularly observed non-Gaussian level shifts that can have significant effect on estimation performance in statistical models failing to account for such level shifts, such as at the close and open of markets. We compare the estimation accuracy of our model and estimation approach to standard frequentist and Bayesian procedures for CVAR models when non-Gaussian price series level shifts are present in the individual series, such as inter-day boundaries. We fit a bi-variate Alpha-stable model to the inter-day jumps and model the effect of such jumps on estimation of matrix-variate CVAR model parameters using the likelihood based Johansen procedure and a Bayesian estimation. We illustrate our model and the corresponding estimation procedures we develop on both synthetic and actual data.
Characteristics of Surface Electromyograph Activity of Cervical Extensors and Flexors in Nonspecific Neck Pain Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Objectives: We identified typical surface electromyogram (sEMG) activities of the cervical extensors and flexors during motions in the three anatomical planes in healthy adults. The aim of this study was to explore characteristics of sEMG activities of these cervical muscles in nonspecific neck pain (NSNP) patients based on healthy adults. Materials and Methods: Participants were 24 NSNP patients (NSNP group, mean ± SD of age, 47.5 ± 15.5) and 24 healthy adults (control group, 20.5 ± 1.4). For each participant, sEMG of the cervical extensors and flexors was recorded during neck flexion, extension, bilateral lateral flexion, bilateral rotation, and at the neutral position in Phase I (the neck from the neutral position to the maximum range of motion), Phase II (at the maximum range of motion), and Phase III (from the maximum range of motion to the neutral position), yielding a total of 42 phases. A percentage of maximum voluntary contraction to normalize muscle activity in each phase was calculated to obtain the ratio of muscle activities in the extensors and flexors in each of 36 phases of the motions to the neutral position and ratio of the flexors to extensors in activity for 21 phases. Results: In 28 of 36 phases of the motions, the ratios of muscle activities in the extensors and flexors to the neutral position in the NSNP group were significantly larger than the control group (p < 0.05). In 6 of 21 phases, the ratios of the flexors to extensors in activity in the NSNP group were significantly larger than in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In NSNP patients, the activity of the cervical extensors and flexors associated with neck motion increased with an imbalance in activity between these muscles compared to their activity in healthy adults. The results of this study will be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of NSNP and in constructing an objective evaluation of the treatment efficacy on NSNP patients.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Encapsulated Human Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and a Method to Scale-Up Cell Encapsulation

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) promote recovery in a wide range of animal models of injury and disease. They can act in vivo by differentiating and integrating into tissues, secreting factors that promote cell growth and control inflammation, and interacting directly with host effector cells. We focus here on MSC secreted factors by encapsulating the cells in alginate microspheres, which restrict cells from migrating out while allowing diffusion of factors including cytokines across the capsules. One week after intrathecal lumbar injection of human bone marrow MSC encapsulated in alginate (eMSC), rat IL-10 expression was upregulated in distant rat spinal cord injury sites. Detection of human IL-10 protein in rostrally derived cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated distribution of this human MSC-secreted cytokine throughout rat spinal cord CSF. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of eMSC in a rat model for endotoxemia reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines within 5 h. Detection of human IL-6 in sera after injection of human eMSC indicates rapid systemic distribution of this human MSC-secreted cytokine. Despite proof of concept for eMSC in various disorders using animal models, translation of encapsulation technology has not been feasible primarily because methods for scale-up are not available. To scale-up production of eMSC, we developed a rapid, semi-continuous, capsule collection system coupled to an electrosprayer. This system can produce doses of encapsulated cells sufficient for use in clinical translation.
Near-Infrared Emission of Protostars

Models for the thermal emission from dusty infalling envelopes around protostars indicate that the envelope emission can greatly exceed the stellar plus disk photospheric emission at wavelengths ~2 μm. We argue that this thermal envelope emission accounts for the weakness of 2.3 μm CO first-overtone absorption lines in protostellar sources. Disk emission alone is unlikely to explain the observed effect, either because disks exhibit their own CO absorption, or because inner disk holes eliminate the region of the disk that can emit in the near-infrared. We find that this near-infrared veiling is very dependent on the envelope density, increasing as mass infall rate increases and centrifugal radius decreases. The veiling also depends on the characteristics of the underlying object, and it is largest when most of the luminosity is due to accretion and the disk hole size is several stellar radii. The observed veiling indicates that dust must be falling in to distances of ~0.1 AU of the central star.
Influence of grain boundary scattering on the electrical properties of platinum nanofilms

The electrical conductivity and temperature coefficient of resistance of polycrystalline platinum nanofilms have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The results show that these electrical properties have been greatly reduced mainly by grain boundary scattering. By applying the theory of Mayadas and co-workers [Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 345 (1969); Phys. Rev. B 1, 1382 (1970)] to predict the electrical conductivity and temperature coefficient of resistance with the same reflection coefficient, however, obvious discrepancies have been found. These discrepancies indicate that Drude’s relation for bulk metals cannot be applied directly in the nanosized grain interior of polycrystalline metallic films.
Asymptotic Volume Formulae and Hyperbolic Ball Packing

We prove that the volume of an n -dimensional regular spherical simplex of edge length r < 12π is asymptotically e −xxn/2(n+ 1)/n! , as n → ∞ , where x = sec r − 1 . The same is true for hyperbolic simplices if we set x = 1− sech r and replace e−x by e . We obtain error bounds for this asymptotic, and apply it to find an upper bound for the density of packings of balls of a given radius in hyperbolic n -space, for all sufficiently large n .
Algebraic approach to time-delay data analysis for orbiting LISA

The laser phase noise is one of the dominant noises for the gravitational wave detector LISA. Since it is impossible to maintain equal distances between the spacecraft, the time-delay interferometry (TDI) techniques are used to eliminate the laser phase noise along with the optical bench noise. It has been shown for stationary case that the TDI can be formulated in a systematic manner using algebraic geometrical methods, which generate all the data combinations canceling laser phase noise. These data combinations form a module over the polynomials, formally known as first module of syzygies, in three time-delay operators corresponding to the arms of LISA. The rotation induces a difference in up and down light travel times between the spacecraft, which results in a residual laser noise. Recently, several TDI data combinations have been given to cancel the laser phase noise by taking these differences into account. In this paper, we present a rigorous formalism similar to that of stationary case, by taking different arm lengths for up and down beams, resulting in a module over polynomials in six variables. We compute the transfer functions for the six beams and obtain the response to the gravitational wave signal for the generating setmore » of above module. « less
An analysis of the physiologic parameters of intraoral wear: a review

This paper reviews the conditions of in vivo mastication and describes a novel method of measuring in vitro wear. Methods: parameters of intraoral wear are reviewed in this analysis, including chewing force, tooth sliding distance, food abrasivity, saliva lubrication, and antagonist properties. Results: clinical measurement of mastication forces indicates a range of normal forces between 20 and 140 N for a single molar. During the sliding phase of mastication, horizontal movement has been measured between 0.9 and 2.86 mm. In vivo wear occurs by three-body abrasion when food particles are interposed between teeth and by two-body abrasion after food clearance. Analysis of food particles used in wear testing reveals that food particles are softer than enamel and large enough to separate enamel and restoration surfaces and act as a solid lubricant. In two-body wear, saliva acts as a boundary lubricant with a viscosity of 3 cP. Enamel is the most relevant antagonist material for wear testing. The shape of a palatal cusp has been estimated as a 0.6 mm diameter ball and the hardest region of a tooth is its enamel surface. pH values and temperatures have been shown to range between 2–7 and 5–55 °C in intraoral fluids, respectively. These intraoral parameters have been used to modify the Alabama wear testing method.
Formation of thin current sheets in the magnetotail: Effects of propagating boundary deformations

[1] Observations and simulations have demonstrated the important role of thin current sheet formation in the course of substorms. Previously, using two-dimensional magnetohydrostatic equilibrium theory together with magnetic flux, entropy, and topology conservation, we demonstrated that a finite boundary deformation of magnetotail equilibria can lead to a loss of equilibrium; that is, equilibrium configurations that satisfy the constraints cease to exist when the boundary deformation exceeds a critical value. When the critical threshold is approached, locally the current density becomes infinite; that is, a thin current sheet is formed. Using time-dependent MHD simulations, we confirm the basic theoretical results. We further extend this work to study the effects of tailward propagating boundary perturbations, corresponding to the rise and subsequent reduction of a duskward electric field (rise and subsequent northward turning of southward IMF Bz). We demonstrate that these boundary conditions again can lead to thin current sheet formation and the possible loss of equilibrium (catastrophe) or onset of instability. Finite perturbations of magnitudes consistent with those observed can produce a strong local increase of the current density and a local reduction of the magnetic field component Bz in the center of the plasma sheet, so that kinetic instabilities and a dynamic evolution may be triggered. The current sheet formation is influenced not only by the magnitude and the duration of the applied electric field but also by the temporal profile: A sudden decrease of the driving electric field following a more gradual increase is more effective than a gradual decrease following a sudden increase. This may provide a clue for the apparent substorm triggering by sudden northward turning of the IMF.
Reactively magnetron sputtered Bi2O3 thin films: Analysis of structure, optoelectronic, interface, and photovoltaic properties

Bi2O3 thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering have been studied in situ by using photoelectron spectroscopy. UV/VIS transmission spectroscopy and XRD measurements were carried out to determine the optical and structural properties of the films. Thin film solar cells were built up with ITO|Bi2O3|Au layer structures. These devices were characterized by current–voltage and capacitance–frequency measurements. Open‐circuit voltages up to 680 mV and short‐circuit current densities of about 0.3 mA cm−2 were observed. In addition, relative permittivities of approximately 45 have been measured. In order to determine the energy band alignment of Bi2O3 with different contact materials, interface experiments were carried out. With stepwise depositions of the contact material combined with in situ observation of the Fermi level shift via X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is possible to measure the energy barrier height between a semiconductor and a metallic contact. The work functions of the different materials were determined by UV photoelectron spectroscopy.
Interaction between duration, context, and speaking style in English stressed vowels

Acoustic observations are reported for English front vowels embedded in a /w—l/ frame and carrying constant main stress. The vowels were produced by five speakers in clear and citation‐form styles at varying durations but at a constant speaking rate. The acoustic analyses revealed (i) that formant patterns were systematically displaced in the direction of the frequencies of the consonants of the adjacent pseudosymmetrical context; (ii) that those displacements depended in a lawful manner on vowel duration; (iii) that this context and duration dependence was more limited for clear than for citation‐form speech, and that the smaller formant shifts of clear speech tended to be achieved by increases in the rate of formant frequency change. The findings are compatible with a revised, and biomechanically motivated, version of the vowel undershoot model [Lindblom, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1773–1781 (1963)] that derives formant patterns from numerical information on three variables: The ‘‘locus‐target’’ distance, .