Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prehydrolysis of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. hemicelluloses prior to pulping and fermentation of the hydrolysates with the yeast Pichia stipitis 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of Eucalyptus globulus hemicelluloses, mainly xylan, for bioethanol production. Hemicelluloses have been removed prior to pulping by auto-hydrolysis and an acid-catalysed hydrolysis. As the hydrolysates obtained were rich in xylose, the yeast Pichia stipitis was selected for fermentation. It was confirmed that the yeast performance is strongly dependent on pH and the presence of inhibitors, such as lignin. The addition of Ca(OH)2 was successful for lowering the concentration of inhibitors and adjusting the pH. The strain was grown in culture media with increasing volumetric percentages of treated hydrolysates up to 100% (v/v), supplemented with nutrients other than the carbon and energy source. This methodology shortened the lag phase of fermentation and improved the performance of yeast. Maximum ethanol concentration (12 geth l-1), productivity (0.22 geth l-1 h-1), and yield (0.48 geth gxyl eqs -1) were achieved with treated acid-hydrolysates. These results are similar to those obtained by a synthetic medium with an equivalent xylose concentration.
Confinement of Ionic Liquid by Networked Polymers Based on Multifunctional Epoxy Resins

Networked polymers confining an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (EMImTFSI), were prepared by curing a mixture of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and tetrafunctional epoxy resins with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) in the presence of ionic liquid. It was found that addition of the tetrafunctional epoxy resins was inevitable for better ionic liquid confinement. The ionic liquid confinement, ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, and morphology of the materials strongly depended on the ionic liquid content. At a low ionic liquid content ( 40 wt %), it did not confine the ionic liquid showing higher ionic conductivity with a low Young’s modulus. At a high ionic liquid content (>40 wt %), microphase separation between the ionic liquid and the epoxy networked polymer was observed by scanning electron .
Molecular dynamics simulations of crystallization under confinement at triple point conditions

Molecular dynamics computer simulations of crystallization of a Lennard-Jones system under confinement conditions in the vicinity of the triple point are reported. We calculate the force exerted on a crystal by a melt when it crystallizes. The force due to crystallization is reflected in the disjoining pressure isotherms as a characteristic peak. We find that at conditions of high confinement, i.e., pore thicknesses of ≈1 nm, the disjoining pressure can rise up to ≈108 Pa. We also analyze the dependence of the crystallization under confinement as a function of temperature. Confinement can stabilize the crystal phase at temperatures significantly higher than the melting temperature. For the systems studied in this work, a pore of 1 nm thickness stabilizes the crystal phase at temperatures up to 45% higher than the normal melting temperature. In addition we consider the disjoining pressure profile along confining pore slits of finite lengths. The finite size effects due to the pore length modifies the value.
EXERGETIC ASSESSMENT OF DRYING OF MINT LEAVES IN A HEAT PUMP DRYER

This article deals with the exergy analysis of a single layer drying process of mint leaves in a ground source heat pump tray dryer, which was designed and constructed in the Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. The drying process was realized at three various drying air temperatures of 40, 45 and 50C, and mass flow rate from 0.01 to 0.05 kg/s at a constant relative humidity of 16%. The effects of temperatures and mass flow rates on the exergy losses, exergy efficiencies and improvement potentials of the drying process were investigated. Maximum exergy efficiency of the drying chamber was obtained at a temperature of 50C and a drying air mass flow rate of 0.05 kg/s. The exergy efficiency values were obtained to vary from 76.03 to 97.24% at drying air temperatures of 40–50C with drying air mass flow rates of 0.01–0.05 kg/s. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study is useful for not only producers of dry mints, but also for all dry herbs. It may be successfully used in the design and performance evaluation of heat pump dryers.
高齢者ケア施設における学際的チームアプローチ実践評価尺度の開発 ─信頼性・妥当性の検討─

目的：介護保険施設に勤務する医療・福祉職のチームアプローチ実践の自己評価を行うITA評価尺度を開発し，信頼性と妥当性を検討する．方法：Interdisciplinary teamの概念分析の結果と医療・福祉職から収集した意見を基に尺度原案（40項目）を作成し，24ヵ所の介護老人保健施設のスタッフ904名を対象に自記式質問紙調査を行った．信頼性，妥当性の検討はCronbach α，再テスト法，因子分析等により行った．結果：401票が回収され（有効回答率44. 4%），因子分析から本尺度は〈組織構造の柔軟さ〉〈ケアのプロセスと実践度〉〈メンバーの凝集性と能力〉の3因子構造（全32項目），モデルの適合度はGFI等が0. 9以上を示した．尺度全体のCronbach αは0. 9以上，再テスト法による信頼性係数は全項目で0. 4以上であった．結論：ITA評価尺度は，介護保険施設スタッフのチームアプローチ実践を把握可能な信頼性と妥当性のある尺度であると示唆された．
Ultrafast Stepwise Electron Injection from Photoexcited Ru-Complex into Nanocrystalline ZnO Film via Intermediates at the Surface

Ultrafast electron injection processes from photoexcited Ru-complex, cis-bis-(4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine)dithiocyanato ruthenium(II), [Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2] (N3), into nanocrystalline ZnO film have been investigated by observing the femtosecond transient absorption in the visible and near-IR range (600−2000 nm). After photoexcitation of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer band of the adsorbed N3 dye, a very broad transient absorption band ranging from 600 to 1500 nm having a maximum at around 1200 nm rose in less than 100 fs. Subsequently, the absorption band in the near-IR showed a multiexponential decay with time constants of ∼5 ps, ∼150 ps, and >1 ns, leading to the generation of conductive electrons which absorb at around 2000 nm. Therefore, this initial broad band is considered to be due to the intermediates during the electron transfer from excited N3 to the conduction band of ZnO. The origin of the broad absorption band around 1200 nm is discussed in terms of a charge-transfer complex between the e.
Simultaneous removal of NO/sub x/, SO/sub x/, and CO/sub 2/ at elevated temperature using a plasma-chemical hybrid process

In previous studies, the authors confirmed that the plasma-chemical combined hybrid process for controlling NO flue gas emission was extremely effective and economical in comparison with the conventional selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system and other technologies. In the present study, we carried out experiments on the simultaneous removal of NO/sub x/ and SO/sub x/ at elevated temperature using the plasma-chemical hybrid process. A series of experiments was performed to quantify all the reaction byproducts such as N/sub 2/O, CO, HNO/sub 2/, HNO/sub 3/, NO/sub 3//sup -/, and SO/sub 4//sup -/ to evaluate the simultaneous NO/sub x/ and SO/sub x/ removal efficiency. The oxidation from NO to NO/sub 2/ without decreasing NO/sub x/ concentration (i.e., minimum reaction byproducts) and with least power consumption is the key for the optimum operation of the plasma reactor. The produced NO/sub 2/ was totally converted to N/sub 2/ and Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ with Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/ or Na/sub 2/S with and without NaOH using the barrier-type packed-bed plasma reactor followed by the packed-column chemical reactor. The NO/sub 2/ reduction was more effective for Na/sub 2/S than Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/ but produces H/sub 2/S with Na/sub 2/S. For both cases at least five times the stoichiometric amount of chemicals were required for complete NO/sub 2/ reduction. Nearly 100% of NO/sub x/ and SO /sub 2/ and 40% Of CO/sub 2/ simultaneous removal were achieved with less than 5 ppm of N/sub 2/O and CO. The operating cost was less than 1/4 the SCR process. The additional SO/sub 2/ treatment system can be eliminated.
Superposition of Oscillations on Steady Shear Flow as a Technique for Investigating the Structure of Associative Polymers

The viscoelastic properties over a range of steady shear conditions of an alkali-swellable associative polymer have been determined using the technique of superposition of oscillations upon steady shear flow, thus enabling the structure of the polymer to be investigated. The associative polymer studied consists of a backbone of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate to which is attached macromolecules containing C20 hydrophobes via an ethylene oxide−isocyanate linkage. A 1 wt % solution with its pH adjusted to 9.5 was used. At high pHs, the polymer solubilizes to form a network of both intra- and intermolecular associating hydrophobic junctions. The solution shows a non-power-law shear-thinning behavior: the viscosity flow curve, when plotted against shear stress, shows two distinct regions where network rupture is prominent, at stress of 2 Pa and between 40 and 50 Pa. By superimposing small amplitude oscillations on to shear flow at constant stresses, the network structure of the polymer is unperturbed and.
SULFIDATION OF Al2O3 WITH CS2 GAS FOR COMPACT ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION PROCESS

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate the sulfidation kinetics of Al2O3 with CS2 gas. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor at various temperatures. The objective was to investigate the feasibility of an alternative process for the production of primary aluminum using a sulfide intermediate. The results confirmed that the Al2O3 could be converted into Al2S3 to a limited degree within 4 to 5 hours. An optimum temperature for sulfidation of γ-Al2O3 was found to be about 850 °C. The alumina with a higher specific surface area results in a higher sulfidation ratio. The particle size of γ-Al2O3 has no effect on the reaction ratio under similar experimental conditions. The highest conversion ratio of about 40% was obtained under the present experimental conditions. According to a thermodynamic evaluation, a higher sulfidation ratio could be achieved in the next stage with improved reaction conditions. On a effectué une étude expérimentale pour investiguer la cinétique de sulfuration de l’Al2O3 avec du gaz CS2. On a exécuté les expériences dans un réacteur à lit fluidisé à l’échelle de laboratoire, à des températures variées. L’objectif est d’investiguer la faisabilité d’un procédé de substitution pour la production de l’aluminium primaire par voie d’un intermédiaire de sulfure. Les résultats ont confirmé que l’Al2O3 pouvait être convertie en Al2S3 jusqu’à un certain point en moins de 4 à 5 heures. On a trouvé que la température optimale de sulfuration de γ-Al2O3 était d’environ 850 °C. L’alumine à surface spécifique plus élevée résulte en un rapport plus élevé de sulfuration. La taille de particule de γ-Al2O3 n’a pas d’effet sur le rapport de réaction sous des conditions expérimentales similaires. Le rapport le plus élevé de conversion d’environ 40% a été obtenu sous les présentes conditions expérimentales. D’après une évaluation thermodynamique, on pourrait obtenir un rapport plus élevé de sulfuration à l’étape suivante avec des conditions de réaction améliorées.
Effects of Broiler Litter Management Practices on Phosphorus, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, and Arsenic Concentrations in Maryland Coastal Plain Soils

Abstract The objective of this research was to assess the long‐term effects of broiler litter applications on soil phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and arsenic (As) concentrations in Chesapeake Bay watershed Coastal Plain soils. Litter and soil samples were collected from 10 farms with more than 40 years of broiler production and from wooded sites adjacent to fields and were analyzed for P and metal contents. Averaged over farms, total P and metal concentrations in the litter were 12.8 g kg−1 P and 332, 350, 334, and 2.93 mg kg−1 Cu, Zn, Mn, and As, respectively. Surface (0–15 cm) soil pH values were greater than (5.7–6.4) the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth at wooded sites (3.5–4.3). Surface soil Bray 1 P values (149–796 mg kg−1) in amended fields were greater than wooded sites (4.4–17 mg kg−1). The 1N nitric acid (HNO3)–extractable metal concentrations were higher in amended soils than in wooded areas and were 7.7–32, 5.7–26, 12.3–71, and 0.6–3.0 mg kg−1 for Cu, Zn, Mn, and As, respectively, compared to 0.76–14, 4.6–22, 1.6–70, and 0.14–0.59 mg kg−1 for the same metals, respectively, in wooded areas. Results from this study demonstrated that long‐term broiler litter applications have altered the chemical properties of the Coastal Plain soils of the Maryland Eastern Shore. Metal concentrations were low in the surface layer of amended fields and typically decreased with depth. Phosphorus additions rather than metals are most likely to contribute to the degradation of the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS DE COMPÓSITOS DE POLIESTIRENO REFORÇADO COM CELULOSE DE BAGAÇO DE CANA

O EPS (poliestireno expandido) e um polimero resultante da polimerizacao do estireno em agua e e imensamente utilizado para a confeccao de embalagens. Em vista disso, e produzido em grandes proporcoes. Por outro lado, outro importante residuo produzido e o bagaco de cana-de-acucar, por conta da grande producao de acucar e etanol no Brasil. Deste modo, este trabalho propoe o uso destes dois residuos, combinando as suas propriedades em um unico material, um composito. Para a obtencao das fibras celulosicas, estas foram extraidas do bagaco de cana em meio fortemente alcalino (NaOH), resultando em fibras celulosicas com lignina residual. Os compositos de PS reforcados com 10 e 20% (m/m) de fibras foram preparados em extrusora mono-rosca, seguido por dupla-rosca e moldagem por injecao. Os compositos reforcados com as fibras naturais foram avaliados por propriedades mecânicas de tracao, flexao e dureza. A superficie fraturada dos compositos foi avaliada por microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV). Observou-se que a adicao de 20% (m/ m) de fibra de celulose ao poliestireno possibilitou um melhoramento das propriedades mecânicas de flexao, tracao e dureza em comparacao ao PS reciclado. Este resultado indicou melhor transferencia de esforco da matriz para as fibras devido a melhora na interface do composito devido a presenca de lignina residual que atuou como agente compatibilizante.
Mechanism of Na2 SO 4 Induced Corrosion at 600°–900°C

The kinetics of corrosion were measured by accelerated oxidation tests on Co‐30Cr and Ni‐30Cr as a function of temperature from 600°–900°C, in the environment and deposit composition. The alloys were rapidly attacked at temperatures between 650° and 750°C when a liquid sulfate phase was obtained from an initially pure solid deposit. The rapid rate of attack resulted from sulfation of the transient surface nickel or cobalt oxides and the dissolution of these transition metal sulfates into to yield a liquid phase. This retarded the formation of a protective scale. The exposure conditions under which liquids could form from mixtures were calculated from thermodynamic considerations.
Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel in Acid Solutions Using Red Cabbage Dye

Red cabbage dye (RCD) and its inhibitory effect on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 N HCl and 1 N H3PO4 was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical methods. RCD was a good inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in acid solutions, affecting anodic and cathodic reactions. The inhibition efficiency increased with RCD concentrations, with more pronounced effects observed in HCl. The effect of temperature on corrosion inhibition was studied and kinetic activation parameters were calculated and discussed. The inhibition mechanism of RCD on the mild steel surface was related to the dye make up and behavior in acid solutions.
Factors Affecting the Equivalency of Different Capillary Pressure Measurement Techniques

The results of a laboratory investigation of the effects of some factors that affect the equivalency of different drainage capillary pressure measurement techniques are presented. These factors are Bond number, clay alteration by sample drying, wettability, equilibration, sample orientation, and overburden pressure. The results, among other things, suggest an extension of the range of validity of liquid/liquid centrifuge tests. A method of estimating contact angles of weakly wetting systems with capillary pressure data is presented.
Non-fatal injuries among adults with activity limitations and participation restrictions

Objective: To investigate non-fatal unintentional injuries among adults with activity/participation limitations. Design: Injuries in the previous 12 months were reported by a stratified probability sample of non-institutionalized adults. Based on self reported activity/participation limitations, 2602 respondents were classified into three groups (no limitations, moderate limitations, and severe limitations) and injury characteristics were compared. Results: A total of 19.2% of respondents reported activity/participation limitations. Twenty four percent (95% confidence intervals (CI) 14.5% to 33.6%) with severe and 17.8% (95% CI 13.2% to 22.4%) with moderate limitations were injured, compared with 12.6% (95% CI 10.6% to 14.7%) of respondents without limitations. The odds ratio of injury was 3.72 (95% CI 1.94 to 7.14) for respondents with severe and 1.87 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.77) for respondents with moderate limitations. The leading cause of injuries among respondents with activity/participation limitations was falls. Conclusions: Individuals with activity/participation limitations are at an increased risk for injuries.
EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS ON ADSORPTION OF METALS BY SOILS: II. EFFECT OF pH

The effect of pH on adsorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn by soils under different cropping systems was investigated. Plots of metal adsorption vs. pH (unadjusted) were generated for 24 soils, 12 from each of two long-term cropping systems. Two soils, one from each site, were selected to study the metal adsorption over a range of adjusted pH values. Results showed that differences in metal adsorption were dependent on the initial heavy-metal concentration. At low concentrations, all the added metals were adsorbed regardless of the solution pH. At high concentrations, however, metal adsorption by soils was strongly related to solution pH; metal adsorption increased with increasing solution pH. A decrease in solution pH with increasing initial metal concentration was observed for all soils and metals. In general, a decrease in solution pH for a given amount of metal added followed the sequence: Cu = Pb > Cd = Ni = Zn. Metal solubility diagrams showed that, in general, metal adsorption by soils could not be attributed to precipitation. Although some of the adsorption behavior of these metals was consistent with that based on metal hydrolysis, other results showed that this mechanism could not explain metal adsorption. Metal distribution coefficients, Kd, decreased sharply with increasing initial metal concentration and followed the sequence: Pb ≥ Cu [U00BB] Cd = Ni = Zn. Also, Kd values were related to solution pH. At high solution pH, part of the Pb and Cu adsorption could be explained by adsorption of hydroxocomplexes from hydrolysis reactions of these metals. Plots of Kd vs. initial metal concentration suggested that Cd, Ni, and Zn adsorption could be attributed to ion-exchange reactions.
Diffusion Models for Hot Pressing with Surface Energy and Pressure Effects as Driving Forces

Models for initial‐, intermediate‐, and final‐stage densification under pressure have been developed, which explicitly include both the surface energy and applied pressure as driving forces. For the initial stage, the time dependences and size effects given by the integrated equations are identical to those reported earlier for surface energy (alone) as the driving force. The only modification is that the surface energy (γ) is expanded into (γ+PaR/π), where Pa is the applied pressure and R is the particle radius. For the intermediate stage of the process, the Nabarro‐Herring and Coble creep models may be adapted to give approximate (∼4×) densification rates for lattice and boundary diffusion models, respectively. In these cases the complex driving force is written as: (Pa/D+γk), where D is the relative density, and k is the pore surface curvature. At the final stage of the process those models are invalid; an alternate model is developed based on diffusive transport between concentric spherical shells whi.
Compressibility of FeSi between 0 and 9 GPa, determined by high pressure time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction

The cell parameter of cubic iron monosilicide, epsilon -FeSi, has been determined at 25 pressures between 0 and 9 GPa by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction, using the POLARIS diffractometer at the ISIS spallation neutron source. NaCl was used as an internal pressure standard. Fitting of the data to a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with K'0 fixed at a value of 4.0 gave an isothermal bulk modulus K0, of 160(1) GPa.
The Conversion of (+)-Dehydroabietic Acid into Steroidal Hormones

A resin acid, (+)-dehydroabietic acid, was converted into 3,4,4a,9,10,10a-hexahydro-7-methoxy-10aβ-methyl-4aαH-phenanthren-1(2H)-one (2) by the introduction of oxygen functions at the C-4 and C-13 positions, and a rearrangement of the angular methyl group to the C-5 position. The hydrophenanthrene derivative 2 was further transformed into 2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-7-methoxy-3aβ-methyl-9bαH-1H-benz[e]inden-3β-ol (3). Since the conversion of 3 into steroidal hormones has already been reported, the present synthesis can be regarded as the synthesis of steroidal hormones from (+)-dehydroabietic acid.
Ultrasonically Enhanced Osmotic Pretreatment of Sea Cucumber Prior to Microwave Freeze Drying

A new pretreatment method involving use of ultrasound prior to microwave freeze drying of sea cucumber was examined experimentally. It was observed that ultrasound-assisted osmotic pretreatment can reduce by about 2 h the time needed for microwave freeze drying. An optimization study using response surface analysis was carried out to determine the optimal operating parameters to minimize drying time while maximizing quality.
Synthesis of L-cystine bridged bis(β-cyclodextrin) and its cooperative binding toward guest molecules

A novel β-cyclodextrin derivative, L-cystine bridged bis(β-cyclodextrin) 1 has been synthesized and characterized by1H NMR,13C NMR, IR, Raman and combustion analyses. Spectrofluorometric titrations have been performed in aqueous phosphate buffer solution (pH=7.20) at 25 °C to give the complex stability constants (KS) and Gibbs free energy changes (−ΔG°) for the stoichiometric 1:1 inclusion complexation of 1 with four dyes. The binding abilities and molecular selectivities are discussed from the viewpoint of size/shape-fit and electrostatic interactions between hosts and guests. 2D ROESY investigation for the complexation between host and guest further confirms the cooperative binding of bridged cyclodextrin 1 with guest.
Analytical Method Development and its Validation for Estimation of Selagiline Hydrochloride by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC)

An analytical method has been developed and validated for estimation of selegiline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form (tablet) by RP-HPLC. The chromatography was carried out isocratically by a BDS Hypersil C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mixture of Acetonitrile:buffer (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate salt) in the ratio of 20:80v/v as mobile phase. Detection was carried out using a UV detector at 205 nm wavelength. The drug was well resolved on the stationary phase and the retention time was found to be 6.76 minutes. System suitability parameters like, tailing factor 1.443, theoretical plate 4776.680 and injection precision0.148% for n=6 were calculated. The developed method was found to be accurate, precise and linear. The calibration curve was found to be linear (R 2 =0.999) in the concentration range of 80-130 µg/ml for selegiline hydrochloride.