Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metabolism and Thermoregulation in Hatchling Ring-Billed Gulls

The extensive efforts to analyze the size dependence of various parameters of thermoregulation in birds (King and Farner 1961, Lasiewski and Dawson 1967, Lasiewski et al. 1967, Herreid and Kessel 1967, Crawford and Lasiewski 1968, Aschoff and Pohl 1970) have been useful in defining certain physiological characteristics of these animals. However, the analyses have tended to obscure the fact that variation beyond that associated with general allometric relations can occur in these parameters within particular taxa. For example, House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) show geographic variation in heat resistance, thermal conductance, and metabolic responses to cold (Hudson and Kimzey 1966, Blem 1973, 1974, Kendeigh and Blem 1974). Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) in deserts surpass their counterparts from more mesic situations in thermoregulation in hot environments (Trost 1972). Basal metabolic rate of certain pigeons is inversely correlated with the degree of aridity of their respective environments (Dawson and Bennett 1973). Variation in thermoregulatory parameters is also evident among young of closely related species, judging by the results of Koskimies and Lahti (1964). These authors demonstrated that hatchling ducks of species breeding exclusively at arctic and subarctic latitudes tended to have better control of body temperature at cool ambient temperatures than those of species with wider and more southerly distributions. We feel that variation of this type within taxa may well reflect functionally significant adjustments. To evaluate the physiological role of these adjustments more precisely, we have studied the metabolism and thermoregulatory capacities of hatchling gulls in the genus Larus. This group is a particularly useful one for considerations of physiological variation, for it is represented by more than 30 species over a latitudinal span extending from the arctic to the sub-antarctic. Our initial study in this series (Dawson et al. 1972) concerned the Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla). We now report results obtained on the Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis). This species nests predominantly on lakes at midlatitude in northern United States and southern Canada. It also breeds in maritime situations in Quebec and Newfoundland (A.O.U. Check-list 1957).
Differences on the Egg Composition and Quality Traits of Some Commercial Strains

鶏卵を食品加工原材料あるいは食卵として考える場合,その目的に適した卵を多く生産する鶏種の造成が望まれる。 一方,鶏卵構成に関する統計的推定値は過去,多く報告され,品種間はもとより系統および鶏種間にも差異が認められる。 このことは用途に応じた構成の卵を生産する鶏種を選定することができることを示唆するものである。 本研究では市販鶏種(以下,系種と略す)における卵質および卵構成の差異を検討した。 また,過去の調査結果と比較し,系種としての特徴を推察した。 北海道内で市販されている13系種について,孵化後7ヶ月以上の鶏より,ランダムに約50卵を生産者から直接購入した。 24の卵形質の測定は,産卵後3日以内に行った。 白色卵系種(8系種)と褐色卵系種(5系種)に分類し,平均卵重の大きい順に,WA～WHおよびBI～BM系種とした。 測定および算出した卵形質の平均値間には,いずれも有意差(P<0.05)が認められた。 平均卵重は白色卵系種で59. 8gから65. 6g,褐色卵系種で62. 3gから70. 2gが推定された。 各系種の日齢は異なったが,系種間の卵重の差異に関連するものではなかった。 平均卵白重および平均卵殻重は平均卵重と同様な順位にあったが,平均卵黄重は白色卵系種において,平均卵重の中位の系種が大きい平均値を示した。 卵黄•卵重比は褐色卵系種で平均卵重の小さい系種が大きく,白色卵系種では平均卵重の中位の系種が大きい平均値を示した。 WG系種は卵黄•卵重比が最も低く推定されたが,卵白•卵重比は卵重が小さいにもかかわらず,比較的高い比率を示した。 卵白高およびハウユニットは,相対的に卵白量(卵白•卵重比)の高い系種が大きい平均値を示した。 卵殻厚および卵殻強度には卵殻色のちがいによる明確な差異が認められなかった。 系種内での卵形質間の単純相関係数には系種間による大きな相異が認められなかった。 逐次バリマックス法によって,計算された合成変量に対し,分析に用いた変量が大別して5～6つの小グループに別れる構造を示した。 卵形質間の関連性において,系種によって若干の相違が認められた。 過去の調査結果と比較した場合,全般的に卵重および卵白重の増加が顕著であったが,WE系種では卵黄重が減少し,ハウユニットの著しい増加が認められた。 また,WF系種における卵形係数の増加など,系種によって卵質あるいは卵構成に関する改良の方向が異なることが推察された。
A Review of the Literature

In the study of speech there is a well-known dichotomy between features that are planned by the speaker (i.e., present in the input to speech production) and mechanical features that emerge due to vocal tract constraints. Those aspects of speech which result from elasto-inertial, biomechanical, or aerodynamic constraints are not targeted by the speaker and can be explained by general phonetic principles. Examples include (a) the few milliseconds’ delay in the onset of voicing in vowels and sonorants following unaspirated stops due to the time needed to release the oral pressure-build up for the stop and initiate the transglottal flow needed for voicing ( J. Ohala 1983b) and (b) coarticulation with adjacent sounds which can be described in terms of the production constraints of the sounds involved (e.g. the ‘‘Degree of Articulatory Constraint’’ model of Recasens et al. 1997). The aspects of speech under the control of the speaker minimally include parameters used to signal segmental and prosodic contrasts, to mark linguistic boundaries and constituency, and language-specific coarticulatory and timing features. Planned effects also include language-specific articulatory maneuvers to inhibit (or facilitate) intrinsic influences on articulation (e.g. active expansion of the oropharyngeal cavity to preserve voicing in obstruents; J. Ohala 1997a). In recent years a great deal of evidence has suggested that fine-grained phonetic detail, such as language-specific preferences for certain ranges of voice onset time (VOT) values for prevoiced and
Statistical Distributions of West Indian Land Bird Families

Island distribution patterns of species in thirty-one families of West Indian land birds are analysed. Species-area regressions of individual families are ambiguous because the slopes of these regressions are a function of family size. Rarefaction gives the result of all islands supporting close to the expected number of families based on a random draw, although small islands tend to be family-poor and large islands family-rich. The expected number of species in each family was generated from a hypergeometric model, sampling without replacement from the total list of species. With this model no island has fewer species in any family than expected by chance, although some islands have more species than expected. Confamilial sympatry in the Columbidae and Mimidae is consistently greater than expected with this technique. Some assumptions of a random draw of species from an equivalent species pool for all islands are biologically unrealistic. However, the hypergeometric model avoids many biases inherent in species-area regressions of families and is preferable to regression analysis for preliminary identification of unusual family distributions.
Effects of agricultural activities and hunting on home ranges of female white-tailed deer

Insight into the effects of agricultural activities and hunting on deer could be used to facilitate management. We examined home range characteristics of female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) relative to corn development, corn harvest, and hunting seasons from 1991 to 1993. Among 30 radiomarked does, 53% (n = 16) remained residents of DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR) throughout the study; 47% (n = 14) were transients. Among the transients, 30% (n = 9) permanently emigrated from DNWR and 17% (n = 5) migrated annually. Dispersal occured in April and May. Annual home ranges of resident does averaged 170 ha (CI = 38, n = 14). Home range centers shifted an average of 174 m (CI = 74, n = 14) closer to cornfields when corn was in the tasseling-silking stage of development. After corn harvest, home range centers shifted 157 m (CI = 63, n = 12) away from crop fields and into areas of permanent cover. Home range sizes increased 32% (9-64% CI) after corn harvest because does were forced to find and use other sources of cover and food. Resident does that caused local crop damage during the growing season were available for hunter harvest in the same areas where they caused damage. Migrators appeared especially vulnerable because they were exposed to state firearm and archery seasons and the DNWR 3-day muzzleloader hunt. Of all tagged deer, 20% of transients (3 of 15) were harvested legally, whereas 40% of residents (8 of 20) were harvested. Harvest or removal to reduce crop damage around large areas of permanent cover should be conducted in early to mid-fall, which can reduce deer densities in the immediate area but not impose additional hunting pressure on migratory deer.
Economics, Adult Feeding and Larval Growth of Rana Catesbeiana on a Fish Hatchery

Feeding habits of the hatchery bullfrogs were determined by stomach analysis of frogs shot with a . 22 caliber rifle. We attempted to collect equal weekly samples from the goldfish and the minnow ponds from May 1972 through June 1973. The stomachs of 1,365 adult bullfrogs were examined. Rocks, leaves, etc., were not counted as it was assumed they were taken inadvertently along with food. Digestion rate studies were conducted to aid the calculation of the amount of fish a bullfrog is
Pollination of Viscaria vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae): the contributions of dirunal and nocturnal insects to seed set and seed predation

The contributions of diurnal and nocturnal insects to female reproductive success of the sticky catchfly Viscaria vulgaris Bernh. , Caryophyllaceae, was studied in SW Sweden. Viscaria flowers produced nectar and were visited by insects for 24 hours a day. However, 90.5% of all visitors were diurnal and visitation rate at noon was 2.5 times higher than at night. Inflorescences were experimentally exposed to insects in one of four ways: four hours at noon, four hours at night, 24 hours a day, and entirely excluded from insect visits. Day-exposed flowers produced 1.8 times more seed than did night-exposed flowers. Flowers open to pollination 24 hours a day had a higher seed set than day-exposed flowers only in one of three years, and night-exposed flowers set more seeds than bagged flowers in two of three years. Seed set of all treatments declined throughout the season. Ovipositing insects, whose larvae feed on Viscaria seeds, were active at night, resulting in high predation on seeds from flowers exposed to insects for 24 hours a day and at night.
Rodent Use of Microhabitat Patches in Desert Arroyos

-We studied microhabitat use and movements of rodents in a desert arroyo. In arroyos, habitat patches can be identified in which microhabitat is distributed linearly. We recognized five types of patch: (1) wash zone, (2) N shoulder, (3) S shoulder, (4) N terrace and (5) S terrace. Rodents were rarely captured in wash zones. They were captured on shoulders half as much as terraces. Dipodomys merriami preferentially moved parallel to arroyos. We confirmed past observations that cricetines tend to move farther than heteromyids. Exposed/open patches were avoided by all taxa in this rodent community; this may be a general pattern when patches are distributed continuously and consistently in space.
Spermatogenic Alterations Induced by Organophosporus Compounds Profenofos, Chlorpyrifos and Synthetic Pyrethroid Lambada-cyhalothrin in Mice

Background: Fertility is declining in many countries and there has been substantial interest in the potential adverse effects of exposure to environmental hazardous chemicals, including pesticides on male reproduction, and it was evident that using pesticides play as the major reasons for sperm decline besides tested pesticides are used widely recently, that is why it was very important the investigate their draw back in fertilization. The objective of the present study focuses on the spermiotoxicity of some pesticides such as profenofos, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin on male albino mice. Study Design: To assess the effect of tested pesticides on sperm morphology of male albino mice treated for 30, 60 and 90 consecutive days with different doses of pesticides (1/10, 1/40 and ADI LD50). Place and Duration of Study: Institute of animal health, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, between May 2011 and March 2012. Results: Data suggest a potential association between exposures to tested pesticides and decreased sperm quality and increased teratospermic (abnormal sperm morphology). Original Research Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 856-873, 2014 857 Further support for testicular toxicity comes from studies in laboratory albino mice that showed associations between exposure tested pesticides and sperm shape abnormalities, as well as dose-response relationships between exposure and a decline in epididymal sperm count and motility and increased abnormal sperm. Conclusion: Tested pesticides can cause male reproductive system abnormalities that include reduced sperm production. It is also possible that the genetic information of the sperm may potentially be altered prior to fertilization.
Chrom

Chrom-Präparate Als Nahrungsergänzung werden verschiedene Chromverbindungen eingesetzt. In Nahrungsergänzungen wird gern Chrompicolinat verwendet, das besser aufnehmbar ist als andere Chromverbindungen. Es sind aber Verbindungen, die an sich zu groß sind, um einfach so verwertet zu werden, und die nur mehr oder weniger gut löslich sind. Verbindungen haben generell den Nachteil, dass sie nicht schon in der reinen Form vorliegen, die die Zelle direkt verwerten kann, sondern immer erst unter Energieaufwand im Verdauungsprozess gelöst und damit zellgängig gemacht werden müssen. Da dafür ein Spannungsgefälle über einen Gegenspieler – in dem Fall Magnesium – aufgebaut werden muss, kommt es zu gegenseitigen Beeinflussungen wie Mengenverschiebungen. Der Gegenspieler wird dabei verbraucht und der Körper kann dort in einen Mangel kommen oder überhaupt Schwierigkeiten bei der Aufnahme haben, wenn dort schon ein Mangel vorliegt. Außerdem wird im normalen Verdauungsweg häufig um die Aufnahme konkurriert. Mit einem Wort: Man weiß nie, wie viel wirklich dort ankommt, wo man es haben will, und man weiß nie, ob nicht ein neues Defizit entstanden ist. Das gilt vor allem für Langzeitanwendungen und für Ältere oder Geschwächte, deren Stoffwechselprozesse nicht optimal sind.
Mean Intensity and Prevalence of Cotylaspis insignis (Trematoda: Aspidogastridae) Infections in the Fat Mucket, Lampsilis radiata luteola (Bivalvia: Unionidae), from North Elkhorn Creek, a Tributary of the Kentucky River in Central Kentucky, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT: The objectives of the present study were: (1) to establish the identity of Cotylaspis insignis in fat mucket, Lampsilis radiata luteola, specimens collected during the summer of 2014 from North Elkhorn Creek, Scott County, Kentucky, U.S.A. ; (2) to assess host histopathology; and (3) to determine the prevalence and mean intensity of C. insignis in this mussel based on host sex and size/shell length. Whole mounts and histological sections of this worm revealed 19–20 peripheral alveoli and 9 central alveoli in the ventral sucker, as well as 19 marginal bodies, confirming the identification of this species. Specimens prepared for histological sectioning readily detached from host tissue in fixative, and no host pathology was observed. Eighty-one of 86 L. r. luteola harbored C. insignis infections, resulting in an overall prevalence of 94.2% and a mean intensity of infection of 9.31 ± 6.93. Results of statistical tests showed no significant differences in either the prevalence or mean intensity of infection when compared by host shell length or host sex. These results are compared to prior surveys of this trematode in freshwater mussels within the United States.
İstanbul İlinde ABO ve Rh Kan Grupları Dağılımının Analizi

Amac: Bolgemizdeki kan grubu dagilimini bilmek ve gereksinim halinde bunu pratik ve bilimsel anlamda kullanmayi amacladik. Yontemler: 2012-2018 yillari arasinda Kan merkezine kan bagisi amaci ile basvuran 123,900 saglikli bireyin kan gruplari retrospektif olarak analiz edildi. Kan merkezimize basvuran kisilerin ABO ve Rh kan gruplari mikroplak aglutinasyon veya kolon aglutinasyon yontemleri ile tespit edilmistir. Bulgular: 123.900 bireyin kan grubu analizi sonuclarina gore; 47,496 (%38,3) kisi A Rh (+), 36,427 (%29,4) kisi O Rh (+), 16,294 (%13,2) kisi B Rh (+), 7,971 (%6,4) kisi AB Rh (+), 6,793 (%5,5) kisi A Rh (-), 5451 (%4,4) kisi O Rh (-), 2,560 (%2,1) kisi B Rh (-), 908 (%0,7) kisi AB Rh (-) olarak saptanmistir. Rh kan grubu acisindan bakildiginda 108,188 (%87,31) kisinin Rh (+) oldugu, 15,712 (%12,69) kisinin de Rh (-) oldugu gorulmustur. Sonuc: Istanbul ili demografik olarak Turkiye’nin ozetini yansitmaktadir. Bolgemizdeki kan grubu dagilimi oranlari Turkiye geneli ve Istanbul bolgesi oranlari ile benzerdi. Bununla birlikte diger bazi bolgelerle farkliliklarin da oldugunu gorduk. Elde ettigimiz bulgularin kan gruplari veritabani acisindan pratige ve literature faydali olacagini dusunuyoruz.
The seedling regeneration niche: habitat structure of tree seedlings in an oak-pine forest

The physical environment to which a seedling is subjected affects its probability of survival and recruitment into a population. Aspects of the physical and biotic environment form components of the plant habitat and regeneration niches defined by Grubb. The importance of different variables may change during the life cycle of a long-lived plant. We measured nine variables that characterize the habitat of six species of one year old tree seedlings in an oak-pine forest in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Variables were measured for 25 randomly located individuals of each species as well as at 25 random points in the same stand as the seedlings and in two other stands. Principal components analysis (PCA) of seedling plus random point data produced two habitat gradients: Axis I was a gradient from canopy cover to moss and lichen cover and higher light intensity. Axis II was a gradient from high total cover and shallow litter to habitats with less cover and deeper litter layers. Random points were concentrated in areas with deep litter and low light whereas most seedlings grew in areas with more light and less litter. Discriminant functions analysis indicated that seedling habitat breadth was large but that the habitat of Pinus echinata could be distinguished from that of Quercus coccinea and Sassafras albidum. Seedling density differed among the three stands. Analysis by PCA of the random points from the three stands produced similar habitat gradients as in the PCA derived from tree seedling habitats. In the stand where seedling density was lowest, litter layers were significantly deeper, shrub density was greater and light was lower than in the other stands. These trends were confirmed by discriminant functions analysis. The multivariate analysis of seedling habitat and regeneration niches can be used to explain, in part, seedling density in the ground layer of different forest stands.
Prevalence, consequences, and mitigation of fireworm predation on endangered staghorn coral

ABSTRACT: In the current era of reduced coral populations, the effects of predation are likely tocompromise the growing investment in restocking of imperiled coral populations and may be astrong, chronic deterrent of natural population recovery. A 2 yr surveillance study documentedhighly variable prevalence of predation by the fireworm Hermodice carunculata on both wild (0 to51%) and restocked (0 to 53%) populations of the Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis ,but significantly higher prevalence overall in 2012 than 2011. In addition, individual predationscars (branch tips) were tagged to determine the costs of predation both in terms of healing time(i.e. to recover positive rates of branch growth) and in terms of likelihood of progressive disease-like tissue loss on preyed branch tips. The risk of preyed branches showing progressive tissue lossat the subsequent survey was 10 times higher than for non-preyed branches. A survival analysisindicated an estimated mean time to healing for preyed branch tips of 110 ± 6 d (95% confidence). Finally, an experiment conducted in 2013 tested whether removing the dead skeleton from preyedbranch tips could accelerate recovery. Indeed, this intervention shortened the mean time to forma-tion of a new apical tip to 46 d (range: 22 to 92 d). Thus, fireworm predation imposes significantcosts on both remnant wild and restocked staghorn colonies, but removing dead tips, rather thanleaving them to bioerode, is a useful strategy to accelerate recovery from predation.KEY WORDS:
Uncoupling of Related Structural Changes in Metamorphosing Torrent-dwelling Tadpoles

the gape, and resorption of the tail during metamorphosis. In the torrent-dwelling tadpoles of Ansonia longidigita (Bufonidae) and of species of Amolops (Ranidae), this coupling is significantly modified and larval oral discs, beaks, and denticles are retained much longer into metamorphosis. These specialized tadpoles are thereby able to cling to rocks in the larval environment until the tail is largely resorbed. As a result, compared to generalized tadpoles, these tadpoles probably suffer less risk of predation due to the loss of locomotor efficiency characteristic of the period of metamorphic climax. The lower eyelid appears to develop earlier in the torrent-dwelling tadpoles than in generalized larvae of Bufo and Rana from the same region. This difference may reflect early development of aerial vision in tadpoles living in torrents where frequently their eyes are likely to be momentarily out of water.
An 18,000-year record of vegetation, lake-level and climatic change from Tigalmamine, Middle Atlas, Morocco.

Pollen, stable istotope and sedimentological analyses of a 21 m-long radiocarbon-dated core of calcareous lake sediments from the Middle Atlas moun- tains, Morocco, provide an 18,000-year record of change in lake level and local vegetation attributable to climatic, ecological and anthropogenic causes. Herb-rich grassland persisted for nearly 10,000 years, except for a period between 14,000 and 12,000 BP when scattered oaks were present. Oak forest replaced the grassland 8500 years ago and Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carriere arrived in the area about 4000 years ago. These vegetational changes probably
Sex Ratios and Seasonal Movements of Gray Bats (Myotis grisescens) in Southwestern Missouri and Adjacent States

Banding of 18,768 gray bats (Myotis grisescens) in a hibernaculum in SW Missouri has demonstrated considerable movement to and from this major wintering cave. Bats moved out as far as 640 km, but most were found within a radius of 200 km as shown by 199 recaptures. Of 4700 bats we banded at 11 summer nursery colonies in Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas and Arkansas, 110 bats from only four of the caves were later found at Marvel Cave. We found an additional 201 banded bats at Marvel Cave that had been banded by other investigators in 10 other nursery colonies. Marvel Cave serves as a hibernaculum for bats from an area ca. 126,000 km2. Half of the 25 bats captured two or more summers were faithful to the same summer cave. Some bats wintered in other hibernacula up to 175 km distant from where banded at Marvel Cave. Most summer colonies were predominantly female; by October some colonies were strictly male. Sex ratios at Marvel Cave varied from 23 51% male and seemingly were influenced by month and technique of collecting.
Nest-site selection and offspring sex ratio in painted turtles, Chrysemys picta

We studied the influence of nest-site selection on nest temperature and clutch sex ratio in a northern population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Comparison of characteristics of pairs of nests of individual females, within and between years, provided no evidence that these females followed a simple pattern in choosing nest sites and no indication that they influenced sex ratio by choosing sites with specific characteristics. Microhabitat features of nests were compared to the same characteristics of randomly chosen sites in the nesting area and in contrast to randomly chosen sites, nests were significantly warmer and more likely to occur on slopes. Sex ratios produced in nests were not correlated with any measured nest characteristic except temperature, and nest temperatures were more dependent on yearly variations in climate than on variations in site characteristics. Nest-temperature distributions were unimodal, suggesting that fe- males selected nest sites to maximize the probability that eggs would complete development, rather than to influence offspring sex ratio.