Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occipital condyle fractures: clinical decision rule and surgical management.

OBJECT Occipital condyle fractures (OCFs) are rare injuries and their treatment remains controversial. Several classification systems have been proposed, first by Anderson and Montesano and more recently by Tuli and colleagues and Hanson and associates, who sought to stratify these fractures in a manner that would guide treatment that has typically ranged from semirigid collar immobilization to halo fixation or occipitocervical fusion. It has been the authors' impression, based on experience with OCFs at their institution, that classification is cumbersome and contributes little to the clinical decision-making process, while the identification of craniocervical misalignment and neural element compromise is paramount, and sufficient, for the planning of treatment. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of 24,745 consecutive trauma presentations to a single Level I trauma center (UPMC Presbyterian Hospital) over a 6-year period, identifying 100 patients with 106 OCFs. All patients were evaluated by the spine trauma service and underwent imaging of the craniocervical junction using reconstructed CT scans. Patient characteristics, fracture characteristics (including fracture classification according to the 2 major classification systems), initial management, and status at follow-up were recorded. RESULTS The incidence of OCF in this trauma population was 0.4%. Two patients had evidence of craniocervical misalignment on reconstructed CT imaging at the time of admission; both patients underwent occipitocervical fusion. One patient underwent occipitocervical fusion for unrelated C1-2 fractures. The remainder of those surviving to discharge, whose fractures represented all fracture subtypes, received treatment with a rigid cervical collar or counseling alone. No patients, including 4 patients with bilateral OCFs, were found to have developed delayed craniocervical instability or misalignment on follow-up, or to require further neurosurgical intervention for an OCF. Neural element compression was not identified in any of the patients, and there were no cases of delayed cranial neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS Beyond the identification of craniocervical misalignment on reconstructed CT scans at admission, further classification of OCFs is unnecessary. Management should consist of up-front occipitocervical fusion or halo fixation in cases demonstrating occipitocervical misalignment, or of immobilization in a rigid cervical collar followed by delayed clinical and radiographic evaluation in a spine trauma clinic if misalignment is not present.
Effects of Specimen Size and Some Other Factors on the Strength and Deformation of Granular Soil in Direct Shear Tests

Four direct shear (DS) apparatuses having different sizes with the specimen lengths ranging from 40 to 800 mm were constructed in the study. The vertical and shear stresses acting on the shear zone were measured as accurately as possible confirming its importance. Noticeable effects of specimen shape were observed. The effects of specimen size were evaluated by performing constant pressure DS tests on a fine poorly graded sand (Toyoura sand) in the small, semimedium, medium and large DS apparatuses and a well-graded sandy gravel in the medium DS apparatus. The residual shear strength of Toyoura sand was independent of the specimen size and initial density. Due likely to specimen size effects on both progressive failure and boundary mechanical restraint, the peak strength decreased with an increase in the specimen size. As the specimen size increased with dense Toyoura sand and as the particle size increased in the medium DS tests, the shear displacement at the peak stress and the ultimate volume increase at the residual state consistently increased while the postpeak strain softening became slower. These specimen size effects can be attributed to the thickness of shear zone and the number of shear bands included in the shear zone.
OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT FOR DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF COLLAPSIBLE SOILS

The influence of moisture content on dynamic compaction efficiency was evaluated at six field test cells, each with a progressively higher average moisture content. The soil profile consisted of collapsible sandy silt, and average test cell moisture contents ranged from 6% to 20%. At each cell, compaction was performed with a 4.54 t weight dropped from a height of 24.3 m. Compaction efficiency was evaluated using (1) crater depth measurements, (2) cone penetration tests before and after compaction, and (3) undisturbed samples before and after compaction. Crater depth increased by a factor of 4 as moisture content increased. The degree of improvement increased up to a moisture content of about 17% and then decreased. The optimum moisture content and the maximum dry unit weight are similar to those predicted by laboratory Proctor testing using energy levels comparable to those employed in the field. Maximum dry unit weight decreased with depth, while optimum moisture content increased before the compactive .
Wildlife Accident Reduction Study and Monitoring: Arizona State Route 64

The research team assessed elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) movements and vehicle collision patterns from 2007 through 2009 along a 57 mi stretch of State Route (SR) 64 to develop strategies to improve highway safety and wildlife permeability. This study followed the SR 64 2006 Final Wildlife Accident Reduction Study that recommended nine wildlife passage structures and further monitoring to determine the best locations for passage structures and fencing. Research objectives were to: assess wildlife movements, highway crossing patterns, and permeability across SR 64; assess relationships of wildlife crossings and distribution to vehicular traffic volume; investigate wildlife-vehicle collision spatial and temporal incidence and patterns; determine use of Cataract Canyon Bridge by wildlife for below-grade passage; develop recommendations to enhance highway safety and wildlife permeability. The team tracked 23 elk, 11 deer, and 15 pronghorn with Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver collars, yielding mean passage rates of 0.44, 0.54, and 0.004 crossings/approach, respectively. In total, 167 wildlife-vehicle collisions were analyzed. Traffic volume influenced permeability and wildlife-vehicle collision patterns. The team recommended 11 passage structures, including Cataract Canyon Bridge, which had modest current wildlife use, along with wildlife fencing to reduce collisions and promote permeability for elk, deer, and pronghorn.
Simple correction of multiple reflection effects in rugged terrain

Operational correction of optical satellite sensor imagery usually models radiation reflected from surrounding terrain with a first‐order reflection function. In rugged areas and snowy environments, the trapping of radiation between adjacent slopes can make such an approximation inadequate, leading to underestimation of the amount of irradiance, and overestimation of the ground reflectance. It is shown that a multiple reflection model, based on mean parameters computed from the terrain neighbourhood, converges to a simple correction factor. Comparison between first‐order and multiple reflection models shows that the reflectance of snow targets, in very rugged terrain, may be overestimated by up to 30% if disregarding multiple reflections. This potentially explains saturated values obtained from topographic correction algorithms which only use a first‐order terrain function, e.g. ATCOR3, and demonstrates that correction for multiple reflections should be implemented in specific environments.
High-resolution Doppler model of the human gait

A high resolution Doppler model of the walking human was developed for analyzing the continuous wave (CW) radar gait signature. Data for twenty subjects were collected simultaneously using an infrared motion capture system along with a two channel 10.525 GHz CW radar. The motion capture system recorded three-dimensional coordinates of infrared markers placed on the body. These body marker coordinates were used as inputs to create the theoretical Doppler output using a model constructed in MATLAB. The outputs of the model are the simulated Doppler signals due to each of the major limbs and the thorax. An estimated radar cross section for each part of the body was assigned using the Lund & Browder chart of estimated body surface area. The resultant Doppler model was then compared with the actual recorded Doppler gait signature in the frequency domain using the spectrogram. Comparison of the two sets of data has revealed several identifiable biomechanical features in the radar gait signature due to leg and body motion. The result of the research shows that a wealth of information can be unlocked from the radar gait signature, which may be useful in security and biometric applications.
On the Tertiary and Older Peridotites of Scotland

Those rocks which contain an excessive proportion of the bases, especially magnesia and ferrous oxide, and are therefore composed largely of unisilicates, may be conveniently classed as ultra-basic rocks. Such rocks constitute a small but highly interesting group, which is characterized as follows:—They have a very low percentage of silica, ranging generally from 35 to 45, with a high specific gravity, varying from 3 to 4; while the ferro-magnesian silicates, olivine and enstatite, enter largely into their constitution. Felspar is often altogether absent from these rocks, and, when present, appears to be always represented by the basic species anorthite, or one approaching in composition to that type. Many of these ultra-basic rocks may be very conveniently grouped, as Professor Rosenbusch proposes, under the name of “peridotites;” rocks, that is, in which the unisilicate, olivine, forms the prevailing constituent. There are other ultra-basic rocks, however, which contain a considerable proportion of the bisilicates, and these form a link between true peridotites and the ordinary basic rocks. Among these may be noticed the picrites, in which olivine is united with a considerable proportion of augite, hornblende, or biotite, anorthite-augite rock (eucrite), anorthite-hornblende rock (corsite), and anorthite-olivine rock (troctolite or forellenstein). The peridotites and their allies are of especial interest to geologists on four different grounds :First, their mode of occurrence has been thought to be suggestive of their having come from deeply seated portions of the earth's crust, and they have therefore been supposed to afford some indications concerning the constitution of
Occurrence of fossil and recent Microceratina Swanson 1980 (Ostracoda, Eucytherurinae) in the Mediterranean

The systematics and distribution of Microceratina Swanson 1980 are studied. Five species have been referred to this genus: Microceratina quadrata Swanson 1980 (type species), Microceratina foveolata (Colalongo and Pasini 1980) nov. comb. , Microceratina poligonia (Colalongo and Pasini 1980), Microceratina pseudoamfibola (Barbeito-Gonzalez 1971) nov. comb. and Microceratina reticulata (Bonaduce, Ciampo and Masoli 1975). With the exceptions of the type species, which have been found in littoral sediments in Southern New Zealand and Southeastern Australia, and of M. poligonia, recovered in two sites of the North Atlantic, the genus Microceratina seems to be mainly distributed in the Mediterranean area, from the Tortonian to Recent.
Spatial and temporal variability of the sea surface temperature in the Ballenas‐Salsipuedes Channel (central Gulf of California)

[1] The Ballenas-Salsipuedes Channel (BSC) is considered an oceanographic province on its own within the Gulf of California. In this region, tidal mixing is modulated by quarterdiurnal, semidiurnal, diurnal, and fortnightly frequencies, producing a strong outcropping of cold and nutrient-rich waters. In this work we analyze the temporal and spatial variability of sea surface temperature (SST) data recorded simultaneously over a period of 1 year in six bays along the BSC. Minimum mean SST differences ( 2.5°C) were recorded in June. The monthly SST anomaly showed that from late October to late January, the channel behaved as a very well mixed region. In contrast, SST anomalies of up to 2.2°C among bays were observed from May to September, indicating intense heat gain in summer and highlighting spatial heterogeneity in the intensity of vertical mixing. Besides the seasonal temperature cycle, influenced by solar irradiation, four main periods (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 15 days) were identified, corresponding to the main timescales of variability induced by the tides. This work demonstrates that the main source of temporal SST variability in BSC is the tide-induced fortnightly modulation, suggesting the possibility of a pulsation mechanism in the outcropping of nutrient-rich waters reaching the surface layer throughout the channel; this could play a crucial role in explaining the exceptionally high biological production of this region.
Long-term follow-up of childhood cancer survivors : clinical decision support and research participation

This review aimed to assess participation rates of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) invited to fill out a health-related questionnaire. Additionally, effects of study and CCS characteristics on participation rates were examined. PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid (EMBASE) and CINAHL databases were searched. Publications included were questionnaire-based studies among CCS diagnosed with cancer before the age of 21, alive at least 5 years past diagnosis and aged 16 years or older at the time of study. Thirty-five studies were included; the median participation rate was 65%. Sixteen studies reported information about CCS actively declining participation (median rate 5%). Five study characteristics seemed to influence participation rates: the use of reminders and incentives, the option to answer a shortened questionnaire, the recruitment of participants through their general practitioner and a prenotification before sending out the questionnaire. Furthermore, CCS characteristics related to improved participation were female gender, Caucasian ethnicity and a higher educational level. The results of this study will help to improve the (methodological) quality of future questionnairebased studies among CCS, thereby increasing our knowledge about late effects among this group of survivors.
Empirical model of 90 - 120 km horizontal winds from wind-imaging interferometer green line

An empirical model of horizontal winds is developed based on wind-imaging interferometer (WINDII) green line observations between 90 and 120 km in 1992–1993. The model includes mean winds, solar diurnal and semidiurnal tides, and some planetary wave components, as well as annual and semiannual variations in these fields. Its formulation is similar to that of HWM-90 and HWM-93 of Hedin et al. [1991, 1996], but greatly modified and extended to use the higher resolution global wind measurements now available from WINDII. While the technique will only reach fruition when results can be combined from the wind measurements of several years by the different instruments on the UARS satellite, this interim, but updated model provides improved representation of the temporal and geographic variations of the wind fields compared to the current reference models. The model generated climatological mean wind, diurnal tides, and some samples of the entire wind motion fields are presented and compared with the WINDII measurements and analysis results obtained from the data sets by different methods to check the consistencies between the model representations and the observations. This study also reveals a dual cell structure in the meridional component of the diurnal tides with two amplitude maxima centered around 95 and 102 km near 20° latitude and strongly symmetric about the equator at equinox. Large interannual variabilities are found to exist in both diurnal wind components with maximum amplitudes of ∼ 40 and 55 m/s for the zonal and meridional, respectively, at the vernal equinox of 1992.
Geochemical characteristics of amphibolites in the Oki metamorphic rocks,Oki-Dogo Island,southwestern Japan--mixed occurrence of amphibolites with different geochemical affinity

Geochemical analyses were performed on amphibolites in the Oki metamorphic rocks in Oki-Dogo Island, southwestern Japan. The amphibolites occur as layers or boulders in the pelitic and psammitic gneisses. Major and trace element characteristics suggest tholeiitic or alkaline chemical affinities and are divided into two groups (Group I and II). Group I amphibolites occurring as layers are characterized by low SiO2 (43.5-46.6%) and high TiO2 (>2.6%) and P2O5 (>0.5%), whereas Group II amphibolites by high SiO2 (46.5-47.6%) and low TiO2 (<1.6%) and P2O5 (<0.2%). Relative enrichment of incompatible elements and their high ratios (such as Zr/Y, Ti/ Y, Ta/Yb), and light rare-earth element (LREE) enriched patterns for Group I samples signify that the protoliths of Group I amphibolites correspond to within-plate basalt. In contrast, Group II amphibolites, marked by low contents of incompatible elements and nearly flat REE patterns, are further classified into three sub-groups (IIa, IIb and IIc). Group IIa and IIb amphibolites occur as boulders and the IIc as a layer in the psammitic gneissses. Group IIa and IIc amphibolites resemble tholeiitic basalt in oceanic island-arc tectonic setting, whilst the IIb amphibolite boulder represents chemical similarity to the E-type MORB. With exception of boulder-like amphibolites, the predominance of the Group I amphibolites suggests that the protolith formation of amphibolites (and clastic sedimentation) occurred in an intracontinental tectonic setting.
Coastal zone color scanner “system calibration”: A retrospective examination

During its lifetime the coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) produced approximately 66,000 images. These have been placed in an archive of “raw” radiance (sensor counts) in a subsampled format that is easily accessible. They have also been processed to form global fields, at reduced resolution, of normalized water-leaving radiance, phytoplankton pigments, and diffuse attenuation coefficient. Using this archive, we have tried to characterize some aspects of the “system calibration” for the 8-year lifetime of CZCS. Specifically, we have assumed that the sensitivity of the red band decayed in a simple manner similar to the well-known long-term degradation of the shorter-wavelength bands, and we examined the sensitivity of the green and yellow bands by computing the globally averaged water-leaving radiance, over 10-day periods, for all of the imagery. The results provide evidence that in addition to the long-term degradation, short-term (2 weeks to 1 month) variations in the radiometric sensitivity of these bands started in early fall 1981 and continued for the rest of the mission. In contrast, the data suggest the absence of such variations prior to August 1981. It is reasonable to believe that the sensitivity of the blue (and probably the red) band underwent such variations as well; however, our methodology cannot be used to study the other bands. Thus after these fluctuations began, the actual values of CZCS-estimated pigment concentrations at a given location should be viewed with skepticism; however, the global patterns of derived pigment concentration should be valid. Had an extensive set of surface measurements of water-leaving radiance, e.g., from moored buoys or drifters, been available during the CZCS mission, these fluctuations could have been removed from the data set, and this would have greatly increased its value. The lessons learned from CZCS, that is, the requirement of good radiometric calibration and stability and the necessity of “sea truth” stations to monitor the performance of the system (sensor plus algorithms), are being applied to the seaviewing wide-field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS) scheduled for launch in August 1993.
Paleointensity variation across the Matuyama-Brunhes polarity transition: Observations from lavas at Punaruu Valley, Tahiti

[1] We have conducted a paleointensity study of the Matuyama-Brunhes (M-B) polarity transition recorded in 34 successive lava flows of Punaruu Valley on Tahiti. A reversed polarity is obtained from the lower part of the record, major directional changes are derived from the middle part of the record, and a normal polarity is recorded in the upper part of the record. These paleomagnetic directions and five 40Ar/39Ar ages yielding a weighted mean of 771 ± 8 (1σ) ka indicate that 30 lava flows recorded the geomagnetic field across the M-B transition. The 215 specimens from 32 flows were subjected to the double-heating technique of the Shaw method combined with low-temperature demagnetization (LTD-DHT Shaw method), yielding 73 successful results from 18 flows. For the reversed polarity period just prior to the major directional changes, paleointensity shows an oscillation-like variation between 3 and 38 μT corresponding to virtual dipole moments (VDMs) between 0.9 × 1022 and 9.6 × 1022 Am2. For the major directional changes, a weak paleointensity of 5 μT is obtained, which gives a VDM of 1.0 × 1022 Am2. For the normal polarity period, paleointensities are 14–21 μT, giving VDMs of 3.5–5.2 × 1022 Am2. For the reversed polarity period just prior to the major directional changes, a linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 is recognized on the diagram of VDM versus virtual geomagnetic pole latitude. This linear relationship may be a precursory feature of the geodynamo at the onset of the M-B transition.
Estimación de heredabilidad de la curva de crecimiento en el borrego de raza Chiapas en México

Summary Genealogical and live body weight monthly records from 790 sheep of the Chiapas breed born between 1991 and 2004 were used to characterize the growth curve and estimate (co)variance components for the parameters (A, k and b) of the Gompertz function. The pedigree structure consisted of 790 sheep, including 45 rams and 379 ewes. Estimation of (co)variance components for each growth parameter was achieved using a univariate animal model with the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. Estimated values of heritability were: A (adult weight) 0.21 ± 0.06; b (integration constant) 0.25 ± 0.07; k (maturity rate) 0.16 ± 0.06; age at the inflexion estimated as (ln(b)/k) 0.24 ± 0.07; and absolute growth rate as [k*(0.368*A)* ln(A/0.368*A)] 0.22 ± 0.07. The growth of males was 24% (P < 0.05) faster than that of females; adult weight was 25 ± 0.7 kg for males and 23 ± 0.7 kg for females; absolute growth was 59 ± 2 g and 44 ± 2 g per day for males and females respectively. The Chiapas breed of sheep is a small animal with a slow growth curve, probably due to its adaptation to the environmental conditions where it lives. Growth curve can be modified through selection.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene in a Sandy Aquifer—Data Analysis and Computer Modeling

Soluble hydrocarbon and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a shallow aquifer beneath a field site were characterized by sampling ground water at 42 monitoring wells. Results from 10 sampling periods over three years showed a significant reduction in total benzene mass with time in ground water. These reduction and leakage rates from sources were determined from material balance and nonlinear least-squares analyses. The natural attenuation rate was calculated to be 0.95%/day. Spatial relationships between DO and total benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) were shown to be strongly correlated by statistical analyses and solute transport modeling. In addition, laboratory microcosm biodegradation experiments were performed to determine possible threshold limits for aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation under varying levels of dissolved oxygen. The results were remarkably consistent with field data on the presence of high or low levels of BTX and DO in several monitoring well-water samples.