Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fluid flow during slab unbending and dehydration: Implications for intermediate‐depth seismicity, slab weakening and deep water recycling

Subducting oceanic plates carry a considerable amount of water from the surface down to mantle depths and contribute significantly to the global water cycle. A part of these volatiles stored in the slab is expelled at intermediate depths (70–300 km) where dehydration reactions occur. However, despite the fact that water considerably affects many physical properties of rocks, not much is known about the fluid flow path and the interaction with the rocks through which volatiles flow in the slab interior during its dehydration. We performed thermomechanical models (coupled with a petrological database and with incompressible aqueous fluid flow) of a dynamically subducting and dehydrating oceanic plate. Results show that, during slab dehydration, unbending stresses drive part of the released fluids into the cold core of the plate toward a level of strong tectonic under‐pressure and neutral (slab‐normal) pressure gradients. Fluids progressively accumulate and percolate updip along such a layer forming, together with the upper hydrated layer near the top of the slab, a Double Hydrated Zone (DHZ) where intermediate‐depth seismicity could be triggered. The location and predicted mechanics of the DHZ would be consistent with seismological observations regarding Double Seismic Zones (DSZs) found in most subduction zones and suggests that hydrofracturing could be the trigger mechanism for observed intermediate‐depth seismicity. In the light of our results, the lower plane of the DSZ is more likely to reflect a layer of upward percolating fluid than a level of mantle dehydration. In our models, a 20–30 km thick DSZ forms in relatively old oceanic plates without requiring an extremely deep slab hydration prior to subduction. The redistribution of fluids into the slab interior during slab unbending also has important implications for slab weakening and the deep water cycle. We estimate that, over the whole of Earth's history, a volume of water equivalent to around one to two oceans can be stored in nominally anhydrous minerals of the oceanic lithosphere and transported to the transition zone by this mechanism, suggesting that mantle regassing could have been efficient even without invoking the formation of high pressure hydrous minerals.
Solute transport and retention in three‐dimensional fracture networks

Resolving the hydrodynamic control of retention is an important step in predictive modeling of transport of sorbing tracers in fractured rock. The statistics of the transport resistance parameter β [T/L] and the related effective active specific surface area sf [1/L] are studied in a crystalline rock volume on a 100 m scale. Groundwater flow and advective transport are based on generic boundary conditions and realistic discrete fracture networks inferred from the Laxemar site, southeast Sweden. The overall statistics of β are consistent with statistics of the water residence time τ; the moments of β vary linearly with distance, at least up to 100 m. The correlation between log τ and log β is predominantly linear, however, there is significant dispersion; the parameter sf strongly depends on the assumed hydraulic law (theoretical cubic or empirical quadratic). Fast and slow trajectories/segments in the network determine the shape of the β distribution that cannot be reproduced by infinitely divisible model over the entire range; the low value range and median can be reproduced reasonably well with the tempered one‐sided stable density using the exponent in the range 0.35–0.7. The low percentiles of the β distribution seems to converge to a Fickian type of behavior from a 50 to 100 m scale.
Fire detection from hyperspectral data using neural network approach

This study describes an application of artificial neural networks for the recognition of flaming areas using hyper- spectral remote sensed data. Satellite remote sensing is considered an effective and safe way to monitor active fires for environmental and people safeguarding. Neural networks are an effective and consolidated technique for the classification of satellite images. Moreover, once well trained, they prove to be very fast in the application stage for a rapid response. At flaming temperature, thanks to its low excitation energy (about 4.34 eV), potassium (K) ionize with a unique doublet emission features. This emission features can be detected remotely providing a detection map of active fire which allows in principle to separate flaming from smouldering areas of vegetation even in presence of smoke. For this study a normalised Advanced K Band Difference (AKBD) has been applied to airborne hyper spectral sensor covering a range of 400-970 nm with resolution 2.9 nm. A back propagation neural network was used for the recognition of active fires affecting the hyperspectral image. The network was trained using all channels of sensor as inputs, and the corresponding AKBD indexes as target output. In order to evaluate its generalization capabilities, the neural network was validated on two independent data sets of hyperspectral images, not used during neural network training phase. The validation results for the independent data-sets had an overall accuracy round 100% for both image and a few commission errors (0.1%), therefore demonstrating the feasibility of estimating the presence of active fires using a neural network approach. Although the validation of the neural network classifier had a few commission errors, the producer accuracies were lower due to the presence of omission errors. Image analysis revealed that those false negatives lie in "smoky" portion fire fronts, and due to the low intensity of the signal. The proposed method can be considered effective both in terms of classification accuracy and generalization capability. In particular our approach proved to be robust in the rejection of false positives, often corresponding to noisy or smoke pixels, whose presence in hyperspectral images can often undermine the performance of traditional classification algorithms. In order to improve neural network performance, future activities will include also the exploiting of hyperspectral images in the shortwave infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, covering wavelengths from 1400 to 2500 nm, which include significant emitted radiance from fire.
Enhancing Student Motivation and Engagement through a Gamified Learning Environment

Gamification is a viable strategy used to enhance motivation and engagement in programming classes among students. However, automated evaluation capabilities, which are crucial for giving students fast and correct feedback, are frequently lacking in currently available gamification technologies. This study proposes a novel web-based application that combines automated programming assessment features with gamification concepts; the aim is to provide students taking a programming course with an engaging learning environment. A survey conducted with 215 undergraduate students assessed how the tool affected the motivation and engagement of students. The findings show that the tool had a beneficial impact on students’ willingness to participate in class, study, increase their self-confidence, engage in healthy competition with peers, and learn from their mistakes. The qualitative feedback that students offered regarding the features of the tool that they liked best is also covered in the study. This paper contributes to the field of programming education by presenting a detailed gamified tool, incorporating automated evaluation and gamification in a web-based platform.
Age et origine des premiers reliefs de la chaîne hercynienne : le dévono-carbonifère du bassin d'Ancenis

La chaine hercynienne construite a la fin du Paleozoique resulte de la convergence entre deux plaques majeures Laurussia et Gondwana. L'objectif de ce travail est d'etudier le potentiel des bassins sedimentaires a enregistrer la naissance des reliefs et l'exhumation des roches au cours des stades precoces de cette orogene. Les series sedimentaires etudiees (Ordovicien a Carbonifere de l'Unite des Mauges, Domaine-Sud Armoricain, France), bien que localisees dans les zones internes de la chaine, sont faiblement deformees. Une approche pluridisciplinaire (structurale, sedimentologique, geochronologique) a ete developpee pour contraindre la paleogeographie de la chaine et la nature du materiel en cours d'erosion durant sa construction. Les series sedimentaires ordoviciennes a devoniennes enregistrent un rifting Devonien inferieur marque par une discordance (formation d'epaulements de rift). Cet evenement pourrait etre lie a l'ouverture d'un bassin arriere-arc (St-Georges-sur-Loire). L'existence de l'arc magmatique est enregistree par des zircons detritiques a ca. 400 Ma dans la Fm de Sainte-Anne. La lacune de sedimentation du Devonien moyen pourrait etre liee a une periode d'emersion. Le retour de la mer apres une destruction des premiers reliefs a lieu au Devonien superieur. La collision intervient a la transition Devonien/Carbonifere. Les series carboniferes (Fm d'Ancenis) sont preservees dans un bassin grâce a une reactivation de la zone de suture du bassin arriere-arc. La mega-sequence regressive identifiee enregistre une surrection des reliefs et l'exhumation progressive du materiel hercynien (roches magmatiques et metamorphiques).
Industrial restructuring and changing gender relations : the case of Isithebe in KwaZulu-Natal.

This research, by focusing on the Isithebe industrial estate in KwaZulu Natal, analyses the process of industrial change within one location and the resulting impact on the gender relations within the surrounding communities. Rather than adopting the rather simplistic approach utilised by Women in Development advocates, is suggested that the identification, location and particular experience of power between men and women provides for a more informed position from which gender relations can be understood. Using Social Relations Analysis as a departure point, it is argued that a range of variables and impact on the construction and experience of gender, and thus the relation between men and women. In South Africa, the particular economic and social discourse initiated by apartheid resulted in the formulation of a particular understanding of gender. Various economic and industrial and social shifts over the past decade have served to challenge this conceptualisation and experience, and have resulted in a range of new dynamics between men and women. It is argued that many of the businesses located in Isithebe have been slow to follow the trends and processes of restructuring identified nationally. However, there has been some change in the gendered division of labour on the estate, as men gradually move into sectors previously reliant on female labour. Women are concurrently trapped in low skilled, low paid employment. While the increasing engagement by women in multiple livelihood strategies, within an environment of high male unemployment, is increasing the dependence of households on (he ability of women to earn an income, there is little change in the location of power at a household level. The increased autonomy and decision-making power anticipated by many theorists is not evidenced in the Isithebe community. However, as men seek for alternative sources of security as their traditional role as breadwinner is eroded, women are increasingly aware of the discrepancies and dichotomies within the household, and are beginning to reassess the relations between men and women, and the location of power. Concomitantly both men and women are in a position to reconceptualise the gender component of identity. These processes provide the basis from which unequal relations between men and women can be challenged in the future.
The economics of time delayed salinity impact management in the River Murray

Drainage from irrigation along the River Murray causes rising levels of saline discharge to the river and floodplains with adverse impacts including crop, water infrastructure and floodplain ecological health damage. These salinity impacts of drainage are time delayed by up to several decades. Investment in engineering infrastructure to pump saline water away from the river to evaporation basins has been a significant feature of public policy to address the issue. This article evaluates the costs and benefits of further engineering investments to offset expected future salinity growth. The analysis involves an integer programming optimization model that explicitly accounts for salinity impact time delays in benefit, cost accounting considering a long term, 100 year time horizon. A lower bound salinity growth scenario is evaluated involving increasingly efficient irrigation and further new irrigation development at locations where salinity impacts are comparatively small. This is compared to an upper bound salinity growth scenario with static irrigation efficiency and new irrigation development in high salinity impact areas. It is concluded that if conditions leading to the upper bound salinity growth scenario can not be avoided in the near term, the marginal costs of offsetting future salinity growth with additional engineering investment will exceed the marginal benefits several decades hence.
Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 (BSM1)

The present document presents in details the final state of Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 (BSM1). The model equations to be implemented for the proposed layout, the procedure to test the implementation and the performance criteria to be used are described, as well as the sensors and control handles. Finally open-loop and closed-loop results obtained with a Matlab-Simulink and a FORTRAN implementations are proposed.
Volcanic and hydrothermal reconstruction of the Pilley's Island volcanogenic massive sulfide district, central Newfoundland

Pilley's Island in the Central Mobile Belt, Newfoundland, Canada, is host to a cluster of bimodal felsic Zn-Pb-Cu-Au-Ag volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. In the Pilley's Island terrane, VMS-bearing felsic volcanic rocks are derived from the remelting of a hydrated, arc basalt substrate; these have been juxtaposed by thrust faulting against barren mafic volcanic rocks derived from partial melting of slab metasomatized mantle wedge within an Ordovician peri-Laurentian subduction zone. -- Sulfide formation likely took place within a peri-Laurentian arc rift based on immobile element signatures. The deposits formed via sub-seafloor replacement of volcanic flows or volcaniclastic strata, with evidence including: large, gradational alteration and mineralization haloes surrounding the deposits and relict host rock fragments with in the sulfide. -- Zones proximal to mineralization exhibit muscovite ± illite alteration and elemental vectors to mineralization include loss of SiO₂, CaO, Na₂O and grains of Fe₂O₃, K₂O, base metals, and volatile elements (As, Sb, Tl).
Las fuentes del estilo: distribución regional de canteras y técnicas alfareras en Conchucos (Ancash, Perú)

Para afinar su reconstruccion de las sociedades precoloniales andinas, en las ultimas decadas los arqueologos han incrementado su interes por las relaciones entre canteras de materias primas y productos finales (vasijas). Sin embargo, todavia carecen de modelos sistematicos para explicar tales vinculos. Del mismo modo, el concepto de estilo tecnico esta adquiriendo mayor importancia para aproximarse a las identidades colectivas en el pasado remoto. Enseguida haremos una exploracion coordinada de ambos temas para la region de Conchucos (Ancash) definiendo tres estilos tecnicos, y mostrando sus relaciones con la distribucion geografica de las canteras de materias primas. Finalmente, analizaremos los potenciales corolarios de esta asociacion para la arqueologia precolonial.
UVM ScholarWorks UVM ScholarWorks

We present evidence of increasing persistence in daily precipitation in the northeastern United States that suggests that global circulation changes are affecting regional precipitation patterns. Meteorological data from 222 stations in 10 northeastern states are analyzed using Markov chain parameter estimates to demonstrate that a signi ﬁ cant mode of precipitation variability is the persistence of precipitation events. We ﬁ nd that the largest region-wide trend in wet persistence (i.e., the probability of precipitation in 1day and given precipitation in the preceding day) occurs in June (+0.9% probability per decade over all stations). We also ﬁ nd that the study region is experiencing an increase in the magnitude of high-intensity precipitation events. The largest increases in the 95th percentile of daily precipitation occurred in April with a trend of +0.7mm/d/decade. We discuss the implications of the observed precipitation signals for watershed hydrology and ﬂ ood risk.
The spatio‐temporal characteristics of ULF waves driven by substorm injected particles

A previous case study observed a ULF wave with an eastward and equatorward phase propagation (an azimuthal wave number m, of ∼13) generated during the expansion phase of a substorm. The eastward phase propagation of the wave suggested that eastward drifting energetic electrons injected during the substorm were responsible for driving that particular wave. In this study, a population of 83 similar ULF wave events also associated with substorm‐injected particles have been identified using multiple Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars in Europe and North America between June 2000 and September 2005. The wave events identified in this study exhibit azimuthal wave numbers ranging in magnitude from 2 to 92, where the direction of propagation depends on the relative positions of the substorm onsets and the wave observations. We suggest that azimuthally drifting energetic particles associated with the substorms are responsible for driving the waves. Both westward drifting ions and eastward drifting electrons are implicated with energies ranging from ∼1 to 70 keV. A clear dependence of the particle energy on the azimuthal separation of the wave observations and the substorm onset is seen, with higher energy particles (leading to lower m‐number waves) being involved at smaller azimuthal separations.
Labor Induction With the Prostaglandin E1 Methyl Analogue Misoprostol Versus Oxytocin: A Randomized Trial

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol versus intravenous (IV) oxytocin infusion for labor induction. Methods: One hundred thirty patients were randomly assigned to one of two induction groups: 1) intravaginal misoprostol or 2) IV oxytocin by continuous infusion, with prior cervical ripening using prostaglandin (PG) E2 gel if necessary. Results: Among 129 patients evaluated, 64 were allocated to the misoprostol group and 65 to the oxytocin group. Prostaglandin E2 gel was administered to 29 patients (45%) in the oxytocin group with unripe cervices. Uterine tachysystole occurred more frequently in patients in the misoprostol group (34.4%) than in the oxytocin group (13.8%) (P < .05). Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were noted between the groups in intrapartum complications including uterine hyperstimulation syndrome, mode of delivery, and neonatal or maternal adverse outcomes. The interval from induction to vaginal delivery was significantly shorter in the misoprostol group (11 versus 18 hours; P = .004). In 74% of patients in the misoprostol group, only one intravaginal dose was required for successful labor induction. Conclusions: Intravaginal administration of misoprostol safely and effectively induces labor while minimizing the expense associated with IV oxytocin infusion. The higher frequency of uterine tachysystole associated with the use of misoprostol did not increase the risk of adverse intrapartum or perinatal outcomes. The use of PGE2 gel for cervical ripening contributed to the longer induction‐to‐vaginal delivery interval noted in the oxytocin group. Clinical trials appear warranted to detail misoprostol's optimal route, dose, and schedule for labor induction and its safety.
Analytical solutions for surfactant‐enhanced remediation of nonaqueous phase liquids

Benchmark compositional solutions are presented for the remediation of aquifers contaminated with nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) by injection of surfactant‐water mixtures. The method of characteristics (MOC) is used to find one‐dimensional analytical solutions to the Riemann problem where three partially miscible phases are flowing in a Winsor type III microemulsion. In partially miscible flow, two or three phases form when the components (constituents) are mixed in some but not all proportions. Three relative permeability models are examined, and MOC solutions are found. Fine‐grid numerical simulations match the MOC results. The composition routes and contaminant recoveries can differ significantly depending on the relative permeability model used. The results for each model are optimized to determine the minimum surfactant volume required for complete contaminant recovery. Unlike two‐phase partially miscible flow, the presence of three flowing phases makes it impossible to reach miscibility between the injected and resident fluids, regardless of surfactant concentration.
Spiking modular neural networks: A neural network modeling approach for hydrological processes

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been widely used for modeling hydrological processes that are embedded with high nonlinearity in both spatial and temporal scales. The input‐output functional relationship does not remain the same over the entire modeling domain, varying at different spatial and temporal scales. In this study, a novel neural network model called the spiking modular neural networks (SMNNs) is proposed. An SMNN consists of an input layer, a spiking layer, and an associator neural network layer. The modular nature of the SMNN helps in finding domain‐dependent relationships. The performance of the model is evaluated using two distinct case studies. The first case study is that of streamflow modeling, and the second case study involves modeling of eddy covariance‐measured evapotranspiration. Two variants of SMNNs were analyzed in this study. The first variant employs a competitive layer as the spiking layer, and the second variant employs a self‐organizing map as the spiking layer. The performance of SMNNs is compared to that of a regular feed forward neural network (FFNN) model. Results from the study demonstrate that SMNNs performed better than FFNNs for both the case studies. Results from partitioning analysis reveal that, compared to FFNNs, SMNNs are effective in capturing the dynamics of high flows. In modeling evapotranspiration, it is found that net radiation and ground temperature alone can be used to model the evaporation flux effectively. The SMNNs are shown to be effective in discretizing the complex mapping space into simpler domains that can be learned with relative ease.