Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Field Studies of Type I Settling for Particulate Matter Transported by Urban Runoff

Settling velocity is an important constitutive parameter of particulate matter (PM) transported by runoff. Settling velocity is either explicitly or implicitly utilized when designing or modeling unit operations, and in situ or watershed controls for urban rainfall-runoff. Utilizing two common settling devices, a settling column and an Imhoff cone, settling velocities of discrete noncolloidal particles in source area urban rainfall-runoff were measured. A comparison of settling models applicable to discrete (Type I) PM settling was developed. Models were compared to measured results across the noncohesive silt- and sand-size PM gradation from 2 to 2,000 μm , utilizing measured particle-size distributions (PSDs) and specific gravity. Results indicate that Newton’s Law can reproduce measured settling velocity when measured inputs of PM diameter, specific gravity, and temperature are utilized. Alternative models to Newton’s Law (in the Stokesian regime) did not improve agreement with measured settling veloci.
Investigation of different bone matrices by vibrational spectroscopy

To study bones of various origins (human bone and bones from different animal species) the complementary spectral methods, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, were used. The main vibrational bands characteristic to major constituents of bones, that is collagen and calcium phosphate, were identified. Mature deer antler has the same constituents. The relative content of the organics in different bones was evaluated from Raman spectra as an integration ratio between the ν(CH) bands at 2825-3080 cm -1 and the ν1[PO4] 3- band centered at 960 cm -1 . This ratio decreases in the order: mature deer antler > human skull > fish > pig. The thermal behaviour of bones was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Heating of powdered bones produces at 200 o C the diminishing of the organic component, marked by the reduced intensity of the amide III band observed at 1239 cm -1 . The spectra of samples heated at 900 o C put in evidence the removal of organic components and
Aqueous solubility, octanol solubility, and octanol/water partition coefficient of nine hydrophobic dyes

The aqueous solubilities (Sw), the octanol/water partition coefficients (Kow), and the solubilities in octanol (Soct) of a series of nine hydrophobic anthraquinone and azo dyes have been experimentally determined. Some dyes show more than one aqueous solubility, which is probably due to their polymorphic crystalline forms. Sw ranged from 1 μg/L to 1 mg/L, the log Kow ranged from 3.6 to > 5.8, and Soct ranged from 10 to 3,000 mg/L. The dyes are not only hydrophobic but lipophobic as well. The most important finding is that there is a discrepancy between the Kow and the ratio Soct/Sw for the dyes, while there is a relatively good relationship between either Sw or Soct and the ratio Soct/Sw. The discrepancy probably explains why estimated values of Sw and Kow generally underestimated the experimental ones and that none of the calculated molecular properties (molecular weight, surface area, and volume) was highly correlated to either Sw or Kow. The results show that insufficient knowledge is available to understand and predict the magnitude of the physicochemical properties of the dyes. Therefore, these properties should be preferably experimentally determined.
On the Accuracy Of Some Common Molecular Dynamics Algorithms

Abstract Attention is drawn to the fact that some of the algorithms used in the simulation of molecular dynamics are less accurate than is commonly believed. In particular, we show that many of the “Verlet-equivalent” integration schemes are not equivalent to the Verlet algorithm, and consequently are not necessarily third order schemes which exhibit exact time-reversal symmetry. Of this class of algorithms, only Beeman's technique is found to generate the optimal positions and velocities for a third order technique. It is also pointed out that the method of constraints introduces errors of O(τ3) into the calculated position, and hence limits the accuracy of simulations that employ this method to second order.
Single-Layer Group-III Monochalcogenide Photocatalysts for Water Splitting

The recent synthesis of single-layer GaS and GaSe opens the question of stability for other single-layer group-III monochalcogenides (MX, M = Ga and In, X = S, Se, and Te) and how the dimension reduction affects the properties of these materials. Using a first-principles design approach, we determine that the single-layer group-III monochalcogenides exhibit low formation energies and are suitable for photocatalytic water splitting. First, density-functional calculations using a van der Waals functional reveal that the monochalcogenides have formation energies similar to that of single-layer MoS2, implying the ease of mechanically extracting single-layer monochalcogenides from their layered bulk counterparts. Next, calculations using a hybrid density functional and the quasiparticle many-body G0W0 approximation determine the conduction and valence band edge positions. Comparing the band edge positions with the redox potentials of water shows that single-layer monochalcogenides are potential photocatalysts .
Molecular Tweezers: Synthesis and Formation of Host–Guest Complexes

A chiral molecular tweezer obtained from (+)-usnic acid placed in solution in the presence of various aromatic compounds afforded complexes with low association constants. Thus, the X-ray structure of assembly 3i is presented, where the guest is sandwiched between the two pincers of the tweezer. The association constants for various guests were determined through different methods. Finally, other tweezers with electron-rich aromatic aldehydes and ketones were prepared from (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. The most interesting complexes were also confirmed through structural analysis, and the best results were obtained with 10-hydroxyphenanthrene-9-carbaldehyde (5i) as the aromatic moiety.
Effects of application of lime nitrogen and dicyandiamide on nitrous oxide emissions from green tea fields

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the mitigating effects of lime nitrogen (calcium cyanamide) and dicyandiamide (DCD) application on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from fields of green tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze]. The study was conducted in experimental tea fields in which the fertilizer application rate was 544 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1 yr−1 for 2 years. The mean cumulative N2O flux from the soil between the canopies of tea plants for 2 years was 7.1 ± 0.9 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in control plots. The cumulative N2O flux in the plots supplemented with lime nitrogen was 3.5 ± 0.1 kgN ha−1, approximately 51% lower than that in control plots. This reduction was due to the inhibition of nitrification by DCD, which was produced from the lime nitrogen. In addition, the increase in soil pH by lime in the lime nitrogen may also be another reason for the decreased N2O emissions from soil in LN plots. Meanwhile, the cumulative N2O flux in DCD plots was not significantly different from that in control plots. The seasonal variability in N2O emissions in DCD plots differed from that in control plots and application of DCD sometimes increased N2O emissions from tea field soil. The nitrification inhibition effect of lime nitrogen and DCD helped to delay nitrification of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), leading to high NH4+-N concentrations and a high ratio of NH4+-N /nitrate-nitrogen (NO3–-N) in the soil. The inhibitors delayed the formation of NO3–-N in soil. N uptake by tea plants was almost the same among all three treatments.
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics calculation of heat conduction in liquid and through liquid-gas interface

This paper presents a new algorithm for non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, where a temperature gradient is established in a system with periodic boundary conditions. At each time step in the simulation, a fixed amount of energy is supplied to a hot region by scaling the velocity of each particle in it, subject to conservation of total momentum. An equal amount of energy is likewise withdrawn from a cold region at each time step. Between the hot and cold regions is a region through which an energy flux is established. Two configurations of hot and cold regions are proposed. Using a stacked layer structure, the instantaneous local energy flux for a 128-particle Lennard-Jones system in liquid was found to be in good agreement with the macroscopic theory of heat conduction at stationary state, except in and near the hot and cold regions. Thermal conductivity calculated for the 128-particle system was about 10% smaller than the literature value obtained by molecular dynamics calculations. One run with a 1024-.
Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Information Management A compensation-based recurrent fuzzy neural network for dynamic system identification

In this paper, a type of compensation-based recurrent fuzzy neural network (CRFNN) for identifying dynamic systems is proposed. The proposed CRFNN uses a compensation-based fuzzy reasoning method, and has feedback connections added in the rule layer of the CRFNN. The compensation-based fuzzy reasoning method can make the fuzzy logic system more adaptive and effective, and the additional feedback connections can solve temporal problems. The CRFNN model is proven to be a universal approximator in this paper. Moreover, an online learning algorithm is proposed to automatically construct the CRFNN. The results from simulations of identifying dynamic systems have shown that the convergence speed of the proposed method is faster than the convergence speed of conventional methods and that only a small number of tuning parameters are required. � 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Biochemical study on the impact of Nigella sativa and virgin olive oils on cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats -

ABSTRACT Cadmium is an environmental pollutant that ranked as one of the top toxic substances rampant in many industries such as cement plants and smoke, batteries and others. The present investigation aimed to assess the possible protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and Virgin Olive oil (VOO) on rat administrated cadmium chloride (CdCl2). 40 male rats were randomly divided into four groups; 10 rats for each: control group (0.5 ml phosphate-buffered physiological saline orally); Cd-treated group (5mg\kg body weight CdCl2 orally); NSO+Cd-treated group (1 ml\kg body weight of NSO+ 5mg\kg body weight CdCl2 orally); VOO+Cd-treated group (0.5 ml\kg body weight of VOO+ 5mg\kg body weight of CdCl2 orally). All treatments were administered daily for a period of 4 successive weeks, blood and tissue sample were collected at the end of the experimental period. In all groups, potential injuries in brain and kidney were evaluated by using biochemical parameters and histopathological investigations. The current study revealed that the administration of CdCl2 induced significant increase in serum creatinine and urea. It also induced significant increase in CAT, SOD, MDA and DNA fragmentation % in brain and kidneys of rats. In addition serum acetyl cholinesterase activity and tissue GSH content were significantly decreased. The biochemical results were confirmed by histopathological investigations where many lesions were detected in brain and kidneys treated with cadmium. Administration of each of NSO and VOO with CdCl2 showed a significant improvement in the measured biochemical parameters and histopathological pictures. The present study concluded that the VOO and NSO can be used as potentially effective therapeutic agents for workers in factories that their products are contaminated with cadmium particularly cement factories
EFFECT OF AN ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDE (DIMETHOATE) ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE FISH TILAPIA MOSSAMBICA

Impact of sublethal concentrations of pesticide Dimethoate on oxygen consumption of Tilapia mossambica is reported. The rate of oxygen consumption of the fish was studied under the concentrations of 0.15ppm, 0.2ppm,0.3ppm and 0.6ppm under 1/20,1/15,1/10, and 1/5 Â Â of sublethal concentration respectively during the 24,48,72 and 96 hours of exposure.The initial elevation in the oxygen consumption could be explained in terms of acceleration of oxidative metabolism during the initial hours of exposure, as a result of sudden response to the toxic stimulus of pesticide. The present study reveals that the pesticide dimethoate is toxic to the fish, Tilapia mossambica and even low concentration of dimethoate stress create respiratory disturbance which ultimately leads to the deterioration of general health of the fish
Rural Youth Capacity Building Model of the Chili Farming Community in Garut Regency West Java, Indonesia

Indonesia will experience farmer crisis if it is not followed by efforts to encourage youth's interest to become a new generation of farmers. The survey research had been conducted in several districts in Garut Regency. The aims of this study were: (1) describe the level of youth capacity in chili farming, (2) find factors that influence the capacity of chili farming, and (3) find a capacity improvement model. Data were collected through direct observation and interviews with 233 youth from 1,367 people, samples were determined using Slovin formula. The instrument used was a closed-form questionnaire that had been tested for its validity and reliability. Data were analyzed descriptively followed by multiple linear regression. The results showed: (1) the majority of respondents were relatively young (26-30 years), had middle and high school education level (54.93%), had very low organizational experience, had high cosmopolitan level, (2) factors affecting farm capacity is; age, formal education level, and cosmopolitan. (3) Capacity building strategies must begin at an early age, have an adequate level of education, and have adequate insight.
The nitrogen cycle in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment: recovery and losses of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied in spring and inputs of nitrogen from the atmosphere

SUMMARY 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer (containing equal quantities of ammonium-N and nitrate-N) was applied in 4 consecutive years (1980–3) to different microplots located within the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted, an experiment which has carried winter wheat continuously since 1843. Plots receiving 48, 96, 144 and 192 kg N/ha every year were given labelled fertilizer in mid-April at (nominally) these rates. Grain yields ranged from 1–2 t/ha on plots given no N fertilizer since 1843 to a maximum of 7·3 t/ha with 196 kg N/ha. On plots given adequate P and K fertilizer, between 51 and 68% of the labelled N was recovered in the above-ground crop; only about 40% was recovered where P deficiency limited crop growth. In 1981 fertilizerderived N retained in soil (0–70 cm) at harvest increased from 16 kg/ha, where 48 kg/ha was applied, to 38 kg/ha, where 192 kg/ha was applied. More than 80% of this retained N was in the plough layer (0–23 cm). Overall recovery of fertilizer N in crop plus soil ranged from 70 % to more than 90 % over the 4 years of the experiments. Losses of N were larger in years when spring rainfall was above average and when soil moisture deficits shortly after application were small. Crop uptake of unlabelled N derived from soil increased from 28 kg N/ha on the plot given no fertilizer N to 67 kg N/ha on the plot given 144 kg N/ha. The extra uptake of unlabelled N was mainly, if not entirely, due to greater mineralization of soil N in the plots that had been given N fertilizer for many years. Presumably fertilizer N increased the annual return of crop residues, which in turn led to an accumulation of mineralizable organic N, although there was only a small increase in total soil N content. Wheat given NH4-N grew less well and took up less N than wheat given N08-N in the relatively dry spring of 1980; there was little difference between the two forms of N in the wetter spring of 1981. In both years more fertilizer N was retained in the soil at harvest when fertilizer was applied as NH4-N than as N03-N. The N content of the soil in several plots of the experiment has been constant for many years, so that the annual removal of N is balanced by the annual input. A nitrogen balance for the plot given 144 kg fertilizer N/ha showed an average annual input of non-fertilizer N of at least 48 kg/ha, of which N in rain and seed accounts for about 14 kg/ha. The remainder may come from biological fixation of atmospheric N2 by blue-green algae, or from dry deposition of oxides of nitrogen and/or NH3 onto crop and soil. The overall annual loss of N from the crop–soil system on this particular plot was 54 kg N/ha per year, 28% of the total annual input from fertilizer and nonfertilizer N.
Combination of O3/H2O2 and UV for multiple barrier micropollutant treatment and bromate formation control - an economic attractive option

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are known as an effective treatment barrier for micropollutants. Well known AOP combinations are UV/H 2 O 2 and O 3 /H 2 O 2 . This paper will present a more detailed view on how to use the different options combining UV; ozone and H 2 O 2 . The focus of this investigation is on treatment effects (reduction of specific contaminats), water matrix, energy consumption and cost calculation (CAPEX, OPEX). The presented data are extracted from extended pilot trials carried out at DUNEA in 2009 and 2010. Dunea (The Netherlands,The Hague) produces drinking water from the Meuse River, which contains a variety of organic micropollutants as a result from upstream activity. Dunea is performing research to extend the current multiple barrier treatment (e.g. pre-treatment, artificial recharge and recovery (ARR), post-treatment) with an advanced oxidation processes (AOP), situated at the pre-treatment location in Bergambacht, before ARR. The degradation of organic micropollutants as a result of advanced oxidation using different combinations of hydrogen peroxide, ozone, low pressure (LP) UV lamps has been assessed by means of pilot-scale (5 m 3 /h) experiments. The influent was pre-treated river water, with an yearly average UV-transmission of 80% and a DOC concentration of 4 mg/L.The peroxide doses were varied as 0, 5 and 10 ppm, the ozone doses were varied as 1, 2 and 3 g ozone/m 3 . The UV doses were varied between 300 and 650 mJ/cm 2 . The installed power for the LP reactor was 0.26 kWh/m 3 . Atrazine, bromacil, ibuprofen and NDMA were spiked (10-20 µg/L) and used as model compounds. Bromacil was completely (>99%) removed by ozone/peroxide. Atrazine and ibuprofen were good (58% and 85% respectively) removed by O 3 /H 2 O 2 and NDMA was not (9%) removed by this technique, whereas NDMA showed good (82%) removal by UV/H 2 O 2 . Atrazine, bromacil and ibuprofen were degraded by UV/H 2 O 2 at 53, 46 and 59 %, respectively. In addition also combined AOP was tested; spiked water was treated by O 3 /H 2 O 2 first and let over the LP-UV reactor directly afterwards. All four compounds showed highest degradation during combined AOP treatment. With this combined AOP, lower ozone dose and lower UV dose result in comparable degradation compared to single AOP treatment. For all these techniques a detailed capital expenditure operational expenditure (CAPEX / OPEX) evaluation was carried out based on a daily water flow of 240,000 m 3 /d. This evaluation resulted in the finding, that the combined AOP is the most economical solution with the best treatment result. Other advantages of the combined AOP are limited by-product formation, especially bromate, and a future barrier against OMPs encompassing a broad spectrum of properties.
Physiochemical and rheological characterization of sorghum starch

Starch was isolated from the seeds of 3 sorghum cultivars and compared with commercial wheat starch. The amylose content of sorghum starches was in the range of 22.0–27.8%. Sorghum starches had less total lipids than wheat starch (1.66%) but there was no difference between sorghum Milo and Sorghum “100”. The water binding capacity of sorghum Dabar did not differ from that of wheat (100%) whereas differences in swelling power were observed, over a range of temperatures, between wheat and sorghum starches except for Sorghum “100” at 70°C. Sorghum starches showed single-step viscoamylographic curves with pronounced pasting peaks, good pasting stability and good set-back on cooling.
On the existence of submillimeter‐wave negative conductance in n‐gallium arsenide diodes

Earlier analyses which have predicted submillimeter‐wave negative conductance in short GaAs n+nn+ structures are reviewed, and found to be deficient with respect to transport model and boundary conditions employed. The critical sensitivity of the results to boundary conditions is demonstrated analytically. Large‐signal results for a specific GaAs n+nn+ structure are then presented. These results, obtained using a self‐consistent particle‐field Monte Carlo simulation, suggest that the structure may display negative conductance at very low temperatures, but that a room‐temperature lattice condition precludes such negative conductance.
Assessment of Pesticide Residues on Selected Vegetables of Pakistan

Summary: The present study was conducted to determine the pesticide residues on selected summer vegetables. Five vegetables were grown with three replicates in a split plot randomized complete block design. Pesticides were sprayed on vegetables thrice at regular intervals each after 15 days. At maturity the pesticides residues were extracted from edible and leaf portions using anhydrous sodium sulfate and ethyl acetate while adsorption chromatography technique was used for cleanup. The extracts were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for separation and analysis of the compounds. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in the pesticides residues on edible portions whereas highly significant differences (p<0.001) were observed for the leafy portions. The residual level of cypermethrin was highest (16.2 mgkg -1 ) in edible portion of bitter gourd, while Lambdacyhalothrin and Mancozeb residues were detected high (4.50 mgkg -1 , 6.26 mgkg -1 ) in edible portion of bitter gourd and Cucumber respectively. Cypermethrin residues were high (1.86 mgkg -1 ) in Okra leaves. Mancozeb and Lambdacyhalothrin residual level was high (1.23mgkg -1 , and 0.0002 mgkg -1 ) in chili and tomato leaves. Cypermethrin residues were readily detected in edible and leaf portion of the selected vegetables.
Comparative analysis of physico-chemical characteristics of honeys produced in the multi-floral arboretum of the national school of agronomy of Yamoussoukro

*Corresponding Author E mail: wandaneb@yahoo.fr Tel. : +225-06 21 85 70 / 08 48 24 52 The development of beekeeping in recent years has resulted in the production of large quantity of honey which storage can affect its quality. This study aims at assessing the physico-chemical characteristics of fresh honey compared to old honey. The contents of total sugars measured were 0.75 ± 0.8 and 0.8 ± 1.36. 10-16 for 2011 and 2012 respectively. Water content and ash were 17.23 ± 0.24% and 17.12 ± 0.12 % and 0.8 ± 0.06% and 0.74 ± 0.13% for the same periods. Acidity was estimated to be 4.35±0.2 meq/kg and 4.26±0.13 meq/kg and pH was 4.022±4.122 and 0.01±0.01 for 2011 and 2012 respectively. The amount of insoluble material was 58.8. 10-4±5.79. 10-5 and 99.8. 10-4±7.09. 10-6. For the electrical conductivity, the values were 705.71±5.87 and 597.94±11.74 S/cm. Although all the characteristics of honeys are within the range of recommended values, however, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the values of ash content and insoluble between the two years. Ash content was higher in 2011 than in 2012 while insoluble matters were lower in 2011 than in 2012. These results indicated that apart from biotic factors, the one year storage period had no influence on the quality of honey.