Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crop classification in rain-fed and irrigated agricultural areas using Landsat TM and ALOS/PALSAR data

Multispectral optical remote-sensing systems have been the base for crop identification and monitoring for many years. However, cloud cover limits and even prevents the use of optical data for this activity. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors provide an interesting alternative to conventional multispectral classification schemes. Radar sensors can acquire data regardless of cloud cover, and their observations provide complementary information to that captured by optical sensors. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate whether the incorporation of polarimetric SAR observations to a multispectral classification scheme enhances classification results using the proposed method. With this aim, one Landsat thematic mapper scene and two ALOS/PALSAR quadrature polarization scenes acquired in 2007 were processed. The results demonstrated the ability of SAR data to improve the classification based on optical images. However, improvements were slight (an increase of around 2% in the classification's overall accuracy). The results improved significantly when barley, wheat, and oats were considered a single class, called cereals. The best results were achieved using Landsat and the two ALOS/PALSAR scenes together, obtaining an overall Kappa coefficient and accuracy of 0.67 and 90%, respectively. Probably, scenes acquired on other dates (June and July) would have yielded clearer classification enhancements.
2-Amino-3-nitropyridinium hydrogen selenate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C5H6N3O2 +·HSeO4 −, contains two monoprotonated 2-amino-3-nitropyridinium cations and two hydrogen selenate anions which are connected through N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, building chains parallel to the a direction. These chains are further connected to each other by weaker C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network.
A time‐dependent model for turbulent transfer in a stratified oceanic boundary layer

A first-order model for vertical flux of momentum and scalars in a rotational boundary layer is applied to the oceanic boundary layer beneath sea ice. Model eddy viscosity is proportional to the product of the local friction velocity u* and a master length scale for vertical exchange, which is a function of the rotational length scale u*/ƒ and the local Obukhov length L. The ratio of eddy diffusivity to eddy viscosity is 1 when turbulence is energetic but falls to lower values when turbulence levels are low and stratification high, according to an empirical relation. There are three empirical constants in the theory: ξN, the ratio of the master length scale to the rotational length scale; Rc, the critical flux Richardson number; and a shape factor describing the falloff of the eddy diffusivity ratio at high gradient Richardson numbers. For an idealized simulation of melting and freezing conditions representative of the marginal ice zone, the model agrees closely with a similar implementation of the Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 model. The model is demonstrated by performing a simulation of surface drift and mixed-layer properties observed during the 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment field study in the Greenland Sea.
Adverse Drug Reactions of Anti-Epileptic Drugs in Children with Epilepsy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in children contribute to poorer patient outcomes. However, reliable data ragarding such ADRs is not available. Objectives: Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the incidence and patterns of ADRs of antiepileptic drugs in children aged 2-17 years presenting to a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: An observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Kalawati Saran Children’s Hospital for a period of one year. Two hundred consecutive eligible patients (aged 2-17 yrs with epilepsy on AED) with consenting parents were enrolled. ADRs were noted using Paediatric Epilepsy Side Effect Questionnaire (PESQ) at clinic visits and any other ADRs reported by parents were also recorded. Causality, severity and avoidability assessments were done. Results: The mean age was 10.5 ± 3.6 years. A total of 139 ADRs occurred in 97 patients. One hundred and nine ADRs were reported by use of PESQ, in addition, 30 ADRs were reported by parents. Poor school result (33.8%) was the commonest ADR. Valproate (61.9%) was the main drug causing ADRs. Valproate, when used in polytherapy, was associated with more number of children experiencing ADRs (72.2%). The most common add on drug was clobazam (42.3%). Children with poorly controlled epilepsy were associated with more ADRs. Causality assessment revealed that 91.3% of the ADRs were probable. Most (94.9%) ADRs were of ‘mild’ category and 95.7% were probably preventable. Treatment was discontinued only in 6 patients of phenytoin toxicity. Conclusion: Cognitive and neurological problems were the most common ADRs seen in children with epilepsy. Polytherapy significantly increases the likelihood of ADRs in children.
Pharmacotherapy of Persons with Dementia in Long-term Care in  Australia: A Descriptive Audit of Central Nervous System Medications

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia are often treated through the prescription of one or more psychotropic medications. However, limited efficacy and potential harmful side-effects has resulted in efforts to reduce the use of psychotropic medication in this population, particularly for those living in long-term care. Objectives: This study sought to describe the pattern of central nervous system medication usage in older adults with dementia living in long-term care; assess the appropriateness of prescribing against Beers criteria; and detect potential drug interactions from co-administered medications. Methods: A retrospective descriptive audit of the medical records of n=415 residents, aged >60 years with a diagnosis of dementia, from 28 long-term care facilities in Queensland, Australia. Information extracted included the types and usage of regular and Pro Re Nata central nervous system medications. Results: Of those taking medication (n=317), 68% were prescribed at least one potentially inappropriate medication, and there was a significant positive correlation between the number of medications prescribed and the number of potentially inappropriate medications. Two-hundred potential interactions with variable severity were identified from 130 residents on ≥1 medication – 38% were potentially severe interactions, 46% were moderate. Conclusion: This medication audit raises concerns that prescription of medications may still be the first resort to treat behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. There is a need for effective and sustainable person-centred interventions that address barriers for appropriate prescribing practice, and involve the collaboration of all healthcare professionals to optimise prescribing and improve the quality of medicines in older people with dementia.
Bread and surpluses: the Anglo-Saxon ‘bread wheat thesis’ reconsidered

This paper presents a fundamental new assessment of crop husbandry in the Mid Saxon period in England (c. AD 650–850), using data from charred plant remains. While recent archaeological studies have begun to emphasise the importance of agricultural development in this period – focusing especially upon field systems and livestock – crops have received comparatively little attention. This study challenges one popular model of Anglo-Saxon arable farming, here dubbed the ‘bread wheat thesis’, which posits a Mid Saxon shift whereby bread wheat supplanted hulled barley as the most important cereal crop in this period. The empirical basis for this model is here re-examined in the light of an updated archaeobotanical dataset from selected regions in southern Britain. No evidence for bread wheat supplanting hulled barley is discovered. It is argued instead that rye and oats became substantially more important in the 7th–9th centuries, regional patterns in cereal cultivation in this period correlate with differences in the natural environment and Anglo-Saxon farmers were able to produce greater arable surpluses from the 7th century onwards.
Multiple linear regression, multi-layer perceptron network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for forecasting precipitation based on large-scale climate signals

ABSTRACT Nowadays, mathematical models are widely used to predict climate processes, but little has been done to compare the models. In this study, multiple linear regression (MLR), multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models were compared for precipitation forecasting. The large-scale climate signals were considered as inputs to the applied models. After selecting the most effective climate indices, the effects of large-scale climate signals on the seasonal standardized precipitation index (SPI) of the Maharlu-Bakhtaran catchment, Iran, simultaneously and with a delay, was analysed using a cross-correlation function. Hence, the SPI time series was forecasted up to four time intervals using MLR, MLP and ANFIS. The results showed that most of the indices were significant with SPI of different lag times. Comparison of the SPI forecast results by MLR, MLP and ANFIS models showed better performance for the MLP network than the other two models (RMSE = 0.86, MAE = 0.74 for the first step ahead of SPI forecasting). Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor F. Pappenberger
The magmatic evolution of the Scourian complex at Gruinard Bay

Summary Scourian (Archaean) gneisses at Gruinard Bay form a bimodal suite of trondhjemites and amphibolites in which the trondhjemites form about 75% of the complex. The gneisses form a large-scale agmatite complex in which amphibolite, ultramafic rocks and tonalitic gneiss are enclosed in trondhjemitic and associated granitic gneiss. All lithologies have been metamorphosed to hornblende-granulite facies and subsequently retrogressed. Amphibolites are the earliest recognizable component of the agmatite complex and have a varied geochemistry, which in part reflects the heterogeneous nature of their source. It is postulated that they are fragments of Archaean ocean floor. As such they are potential source rocks for the quartzofeldspathic gneisses, and calculations show that the tonalite and trondhjemite can be derived by 30% and 20–30% partial melting respectively, of a basaltic source, similar in chemistry to the amphibolites, leaving a residue of clinopyroxene, garnet and hornblende. Granitic gneisses associated with the trondhjemite require a slightly lower degree of partial melting (c. 10%) and an eclogitic residue. Comparisons with experimentally determined phase equilibria indicate that the partial melting took place in the pressure range 10–20 kb, significantly shallower than the depth of partial melting in modern subduction zones.
Crustal shear velocity structure across the Dead Sea Transform from two-dimensional modelling of DESERT project explosion seismic data

An analysis of the shear (S) waves recorded during the wide-angle reflection/refraction (WRR) experiment as part of the DESERT project crossing the Dead Sea Transform (DST) reveals average crustal S-wave velocities of 3.3-3.5 km s(-1) beneath the WRR profile. Together with average crustal P-wave velocities of 5.8-6.1 km s(-1) from an already published study this provides average crustal Poisson's ratios of 0.26-0.27 (V-p/V-s = 1.76-1.78) below the profile. The top two layers consisting predominantly of sedimentary rocks have S- wave velocities of 1.8-2.7kms(-1) and Poisson's ratios of 0.25-0.31 (V-p/V-s = 1.73-1.91). Beneath these two layers the seismic basement has average S- wave velocities of around 3.6 km s(-1) east of the DST and about 3.7 km s(-1) west of the DST and Poisson's ratios of 0.24-0.25 (V-p/V-s = 1.71-1.73). The lower crust has an average S-wave velocity of about 3.75 km s(-1) and an average Poisson's ratio of around 0.27 (V-p/V-s = 1.78). No Sn phase refracted through the uppermost mantle was observed. The results provide for the first time information from controlled source data on the crustal S-wave velocity structure for the region west of the DST in Israel and Palestine and agree with earlier results for the region east of the DST in the Jordanian highlands. A shear wave splitting study using SKS waves has found evidence for crustal anisotropy beneath the WRR profile while a receiver function study has found evidence for a lower crustal, high S-wave velocity layer east of the DST below the profile. Although no evidence was found in the S-wave data for either feature, the S-wave data are not incompatible with crustal anisotropy being present as the WRR profile only lies 30 degrees off the proposed symmetry axis of the anisotropy where the difference in the two S-wave velocities is still very small. In the case of the lower crustal, high S-wave velocity layer, if the velocity change at the top of this layer comprises a small first-order discontinuity underlain by a 2 km thick transition zone, instead of just a large first-order discontinuity, then both the receiver function data and the WRR data presented here can be satisfied. Finally, the S-wave velocities and Poisson's ratios which have been derived in this study are typical of continental crust and do not require extensional processes to explain them
Geographic and ecological setting of the Luquillo Mountains

Author(s): McDowell, WH; Scatena, FN; Waide, RB; Brokaw, N; Camilo, GR; Covich, AP; Crowl, TA; Gonzalez, G; Greathouse, EA; Klawinski, P; Jean Lodge, D; Lugo, AE; Pringle, CM; Richardson, BA; Richardson, MJ; Schaefer, DA; Silver, WL; Thompson, J; Vogt, DJ; Vogt, KA; Willig, MR; Woolbright, LL; Zou, X; Zimmerman, JK | Abstract: This chapter describes the geologic, geographic, and ecological context of the location of Luquillo Mountains, particularly the factors affecting the response mechanisms of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to disturbance. It describes the existing conditions of the physical environment, chemical environment, and the biota of the Luquillo Mountains as they respond to disturbances. It then merges the decade-long research about the Mountains with the other tropical ecosystems around the globe.
DivBayes and SubT: exploring species diversification using Bayesian statistics

SUMMARY DivBayes is a program to estimate diversification rates from species richness and ages of a set of clades. SubT estimates diversification rates from node heights within a clade. Both programs implement Bayesian statistics and provide the ability to account for uncertainty in the ages of taxa in the underlying data, an improvement over more commonly used maximum likelihood methods. AVAILABILITY DivBayes and SubT are released as C++ source code under the GNU GPL v. 3 software license in Supplementary information 1 and 2, respectively, and at http://web.utk.edu/~kryberg/. They have been successfully compiled on various Linux, MacOS X and Windows systems. CONTACT kryberg@utk.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Neotectonic characteristics along the eastern flank of the Central Range in the active Taiwan orogen inferred from fluvial channel morphology

The tectonic activity of the Taiwan orogenic belt has been studied by different methods over various timescales. Constraints on tectonic characteristics over timescales of 103–105 years, however, are rather limited. To further understand the tectonic forcing over this timescale, we analyzed 20 major river basins along the eastern flank of the Central Range, the mountainous core of the orogen. The results of river steepness index (ksn) values and the distribution patterns of knickpoints are consistent with the patterns of tectonic evolution in Taiwan. On both ends of the orogen, the rivers have low ksn values that indicate low uplift rates throughout the area. In the central part of the island where the orogen is under rapid collisional processes, the rivers are steeper and are characterized by many tectonic knickpoints. Our results show different patterns from both short‐term and long‐term uplift and denudation rate patterns. This suggests that these rates change temporally and spatially. Moreover, the steepness indexes of rivers in the Taiwan orogen show the same increasing trend with erosion rates as those in other active orogens but correspond to significantly higher erosion rates. This is likely produced by the frequent debris flow and landslide events in Taiwan, a character that makes the island distinctive from other active orogens in the world.
Patterns of molluscan extinction and recovery across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in east Texas; report on new outcrops

Abstract We report the results of a detailed paleontological analysis of molluscs across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in newly discovered outcrops in the Brazos river region of east Texas. We also present iridium curves for these outcrops and a report of a magnetostratigraphic study of a new core in this area. The species diversities of Cretaceous molluscan assemblages appear to have decreased 60 cm below an event bed associated with the K-T boundary. A more abrupt drop in species diversity and a major ecological shift to deposit feeders occurred at the K-T boundary. This dominance of deposit feeders persisted until the Plb planktonic foraminiferal zone.
Simulation of biodegradable organic contaminants in groundwater. 1. Numerical formulation in principal directions.

Groundwater contamination by organic chemicals is of concern because of the widespread use of these compounds and because even low concentrations may be very harmful. Dissolved organic contaminants are affected by advection, dispersion, sorption, and biological transformations in groundwater systems; however, biological degradation by indigeneous bacterial populations is the only mechanism whereby contaminant mass can be naturally removed from an aquifer. The purpose of this study is to develop a physically and biochemically based numerical solution for the transport of biodegradable organic solutes with emphasis on an efficient numerical approach. A dual-Monod relationship, combined with the advection-dispersion equation, is used to represent the biological and physical processes affecting the organic solute, electron acceptor, and microbial population. The three resulting differential equations are nonlinearly coupled through the Monod decay terms. By employing an iterative principal direction finite-element technique, efficiency is achieved by decoupling each of the two-dimensional transport equations into a series of one-dimensional equations. This decoupling should easily allow for extension of the model to three dimensions. An iterative solution is adopted because a purely sequential technique was observed to greatly underestimate the dissolved mass of an organic plume. Comparison of numerical results with the results of a laboratory column experiment shows that the model equations adequately describe the behavior of toluene, dissolved oxygen, and the bacterial population, without considering solute diffusion through stagnant fluid layers or biofilms. In a two-dimensional shallow aquifer setting an organic plume experiences mass loss, spreading controlled by the availability of dissolved oxygen, and skewing in the direction of groundwater flow. These features would be lost if the interactions between the organic contaminant, electron acceptor, and microbial population were ignored in the mathematical formulation of the problem.
Incidencia de la pesca accidental sobre las tortugas marinas en el Mediterráneo español

espanolEl presente trabajo expone algunos datos biometricos de Caretta caretta Obtenidos sobre ejemplares naturalizados en ocasion de su legalizacion y describe la captura accidental de esta especie por anzuelos de palangres de superficie. Una primera evaluacion de las capturas realizadas por este sistema de pesca en el Mediterraneo espanol es de 17.712 ejemplares anuales. Se exponen asi mismo los datos de 16 ejemplares que han sido marcados con chapas metalicas en una o ambas aletas anteriores; y la posibilidad de una concentracion relacionada con movimientos migratorios al N. de Mallorca en epoca otonal. catalaAquest treball recull algunes dades biometriques de Caretta caretta, obtingudes sobre exemplars deis quals s'ha legalitzat la possessio a les illes Balears, i descriu el nivell de captura accidental d'aquesta especie per ams de palangres de superficie. Una primera evaluacio de les captures atribui'bles a aquest art de pesca a la Mediterrania espanyola es de 17.712 exemplars anuals. Igualment, s'exposen les dad.es de 16 exemplars que han estat marcats amb xapes metal·liques a una o ambdues extremitats anteriors; i es descriu la possibilitat d'una concentracio d'aquest queloni al N. de Mallorca en epoca autumnal, hipoteticament relacionable amb moviments migratoris de l'especie. EnglishThe present study gives sorne measurements of the Sea turtle Caretta caretta obtained on stuffed specimens as a result of the legalization of their status, and describes the accidental capture of this species on hboks put out for swordfish. An initial evaluation of the numbers captured in the Spanish Mediterranean comes to 17.712 specimens a year. We also give data on 16 specimens which have been marked with metal markers on their fins, and we discuss concentrations of turtles to the north of Mallorca, possibly connected with autumnal migrations.
A Volume‐Based Approach to Calculation of Ancient Carbonate Accumulations

Volumes of carbonate rocks are computed for Mesozoic platforms over several orders of length scales (reservoir to basin scale) for millions of years time intervals. The calculation is based on the restoration of depositional geometries by correlating genetic sequences and on the estimation of carbonate concentrations from core and well‐log data. The interpolation yields the total amount of carbonate buried in a closed system and represents the net budget of production/preservation of sedimentary carbonate for a given time interval, over a defined area covering several depositional environments. A three‐dimensional (3‐D) accumulation rate is obtained by dividing the total volume of carbonate rocks by the total surface over a time interval derived from biostratigraphic data. Estimates of such a carbonate accumulation rate for various Jurassic and Cretaceous platforms range from 8 to 67 m/m.yr. Errors in computing carbonate volumes are limited, whereas an uncertainty is associated with the calculation of depositional rates because the duration of stratigraphic intervals is moderately controlled. Application to the Middle Jurassic carbonate platform of the Paris Basin reveals that the accumulation rates match the stratal geometry, i.e., progradation, vertical stacking, and retrogradation. The procedure also makes it possible to map the carbonate accumulation, to describe the volumetric partitioning of carbonate products between different depositional environments, and to calculate the inshore/offshore depositional ratio. The accumulation rates obtained are relevant to problems as diverse as change of depositional profile and numerical modeling of carbonate systems, growth and drowning of carbonate platforms, and surface chemical cycles through the inorganic carbon burial in ancient cratonic domains.