Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teacher Leadership Factors and Teacher Leadership Model Based on the Six Guiding Principles

The purpose of this study is to explore teachers’ leadership factor and to develop a teacher leadership model based on the six guiding principles proposed. To address the objectives, this study employed a quantitative approach using a descriptive design. A total of 196 respondents; whom are comprised of teachers pursuing their post graduate studies at UPSI, using purposive sampling technique. The exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis have been used to obtain construct validity. Data from the survey is used to test and confirm factors expressed in the proposed model. The findings of this study which are tested on future teacher leaders have revealed significant results of the six guiding principles namely; “Leading by facilitating improvements in instructions and students learning’’, “Leading through modelling” ,“Leading through collaborative culture”, “Leading through organisational development” ,“Leading through partnership with the community” and “Leading through exemplary contribution”. The findings of this study provide important information for the undergraduates, lecturers, university administrators, and the community at large regarding to a new teacher leadership model in preparing quality teachers for the future. Besides that, it will broaden the literature on training and development of new teachers. Thus, this study also contribute a new paradigm in the area of teacher leadership.
Association of specific biotypes in patients with Parkinson disease and disease progression

Objective To identify biotypes in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease (PD) and to test whether these biotypes could explain interindividual differences in longitudinal progression. Methods In this longitudinal analysis, we use a data-driven approach clustering PD patients from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (n = 314, age 61.0 ± 9.5, years 34.1% female, 5 years of follow-up). Voxel-level neuroanatomic features were estimated with deformation-based morphometry (DBM) of T1-weighted MRI. Voxels with deformation values that were significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with clinical scores (Movement Disorder Society–sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Parts I–III and total score, tremor score, and postural instability and gait difficulty score) at baseline were selected. Then, these neuroanatomic features were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis. Changes in the longitudinal progression and neuroanatomic pattern were compared between different biotypes. Results Two neuroanatomic biotypes were identified: biotype 1 (n = 114) with subcortical brain volumes smaller than heathy controls and biotype 2 (n = 200) with subcortical brain volumes larger than heathy controls. Biotype 1 had more severe motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and much worse REM sleep behavior disorder than biotype 2 at baseline. Although disease durations at the initial visit and follow-up were similar between biotypes, patients with PD with smaller subcortical brain volume had poorer prognosis, with more rapid decline in several clinical domains and in dopamine functional neuroimaging over an average of 5 years. Conclusion Robust neuroanatomic biotypes exist in PD with distinct clinical and neuroanatomic patterns. These biotypes can be detected at diagnosis and predict the course of longitudinal progression, which should benefit trial design and evaluation.
CONVERGENCE IN THE MONETARY POLICY STANCE DURING THE PRE-EMU PERIOD CASE OF CZECH REPUBLIC AND POLAND

Monetary policy stance assessment is an important s ubject for both economists and policymakers. The literature offers vast variety of methods in this regard. The main weakness of most of them is that they are biased by a countr y-specific factors and are not useful for cross-country studies. The need for comparisons of national monetary policies stance at the regional and global level results from ongoing fina ncial and monetary integration. Author proposes a simple theoretical framework for monetar y policy stance assessment founded on the demand-supply approach. Then it is used to reco gnize increasing monetary policy integration of Czech Republic and Poland. The empir ical study offers a hint about future EMU accession of both countries. High positive corr elation of monetary policy stance between Czech Republic and Poland suggests that the se countries are converging not only in business cycle but also in the way economy reacts t o monetary impulses and external shocks. Similarity in reaction of a national private sector to monetary impulses might be another OCA criterion.
Composition of the Government Spending and Behaviour of the Real Exchange Rate in a Small Open Economy

The effects of government spending on a small open economy (SOE) have attracted little attention in the New-Keynesian SOE literatur e. One exception is Monacelli and Perotti (2007). In this paper we extend their work in sever al dimensions. First, we include both asset holder and non-asset holder households in the model . Second, we assume that the total government spending consists of spending on consump tion goods and transfers to households. Modelling the government spending in th s way enables us to analyse the responses of macroeconomic variables to different t ypes of government spending shocks. Our results show that the effect of different types of government spending on the real exchange rate is different. Although, a rise in the government consumption spending leads to a depreciation, a rise in transfers to households l eads to an appreciation. JEL Classification: E21, E62, E63.
POOL FIRES IN A LOW VENTILATION ENCLOSURE

It is shown that this relates to realistic fire scenarios and to investigations by other researchers. A 200mm square 500ml (400g, 18MJ) kerosene pool fire was used as the fire load with three air supply inlet sizes, no air, 0.0017m 2 (Kin = 0.11%) and a 0.016m rectangular hole (K in = 1.0% ). The range of air inlet area coefficient, K in , investigated here is shown to simulate the situation of a closed room with normal door and window air leaks. This is shown to be smaller than investigated in other enclosed fire studies, which normally represented the situation of an open door or window at the start of the fire. The pool fire load rate of mass consumption was determined using a fire load base mounted on three load cells. The rate of fire load mass loss together with the calorific value for kerosene were used to determine the fire heat release rate, which was corrected for combustion efficiency based on the energy content of the CO and UHC in the fire outlet gases. The heat release rate per unit pool surface area was shown to be comparable with other measurements in larger enclosures with bigger pool diameters. The maximum heat release rate was higher than for a free pool fire of the same pool size due to the additional heat transfer to the pool from the enclosure. The mean near ceiling fire temperature was determined using an array of Type K thermocouples 70mm from the ceiling. The heat release rate, CO, UHC and fire enclosure ceiling layer temperature for the same pool fire size was found to be highly dependent on the ventilation rate. A self extinguishing pool fire was demonstrated for the minimum air supply rate.
International Reverse Transfer Students: A Critical Analysis Based on Field, Habitus, and Social and Cultural Capital

Objective: International reverse transfer students are international students who begin their postsecondary journey at a four-year institution but subsequently transfer to a community college. In this qualitative study, we examine the lived experiences of international reverse transfers to understand the reasons for reverse-transfer and to understand the students’ learning experiences. Methods: Using a phenomenological approach, we recruited 10 international reverse transfer students attending one four-year university or one of the two community colleges. We conducted individual interviews with all participants and analyzed transcript data through Bourdieu’s sociological theory of field, habitus, and social and cultural capital. Results: We identified three types of international reverse transfer students: undergraduate reverse transfers, temporary reverse transfers, and postbaccalaureate reverse transfers. Each type reported different reasons for reverse transfer but shared similar influential factors of the reverse transfer process as well as the learning experiences while enrolled at the community colleges. Contributions: This study helps to fill an information and research gap regarding international reverse transfer students. We present the academic, social, and cultural challenges faced by international students and offer practical implications for higher education practitioners for improved understandings and better processes to serve international students from diverse cultural backgrounds.
The Use of the Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) of the Embryonic Chick for the Direct Assessment of Implant Toxicity

The toxicity of implant materials requires investigation prior to clinical use. We have developed a method where materials are directly applied to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 9-day-old chick embryos and toxicity is assessed using histological criteria. We evaluated the method using metal foils. The number and organisation of fibroblasts seemed to be the most useful criteria for assessing metal toxicity. Differences were greatest after 10 days of culture on the CAM. The method is sensitive enough to enable us to discriminate between the less toxic aluminium and titanium and the highly toxic cobalt, nickel and tungsten. The proposed method has advantages over in vitro techniques which provide an abnormal fluid environment and in which the more complex interactions that are possible between implant materials and tissue in vivo cannot be modelled.
Coordination and Party Change in the United States

The ability of American political parties to change issue positions is potentially hindered by problems of coordination. Research on parties since the 1990s has shown what tools party leadership can use to enforce discipline and cohesion among its ranks. We, however, question whether those theories of party control, which explain party stability, can straightforwardly explain party change. Oftentimes we think of parties strategically altering issue positions, but what is “the party? ” Rather than a monolithic group, American parties are relatively decentralized, weak, and individualistic compared with other party systems. We present an evolutionary game theoretic example to illustrate the problem of coordination in party change. This theoretical framework suggests an empirical focus on individual-level behaviors to better understand the dynamics of party change. We analyze roll call voting of members of Congress on the environment and abortion to illustrate micro-level behaviors suggested by our theoretical discussion.
Management Forecast Bias and Corporate Social Responsibility Awareness: Evidence from Japan

This study examines the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) awareness, measured by corporate social performance (CSP), on management earnings forecasts and estimated implied cost of equity (ICE) capital in the context of Japanese listed firms in the period 2007-2015. The empirical results demonstrate that CSP mitigates optimistic forecasts and enhances forecast accuracy after controlling the firm size effect on CSP. Considering the possibility of excess conservatism in management forecasts to avoid negative public reaction to downward forecast revisions, we investigate the effects of CSP on ICE for upward and downward forecast biased firms, respectively, and find that among the downward forecast bias group, some firms implement excess conservatism in their earnings forecasts. Thus, excess conservatism may be a possible bias in management earnings forecasts peculiar to the Japanese disclosure system.
Statistically Efficient Greedy Equivalence Search

We establish the theoretical foundation for statistically efficient variants of the Greedy Equivalence Search algorithm. If each node in the generative structure has at most k parents, we show that in the limit of large data, we can recover that structure using greedy search with operator scores that condition on at most k variables. We present simple synthetic experiments that compare a backward-only variant of the new algorithm to GES using finite data, showing increasing benefit of the new algorithm as the complexity of the generative model increases.
Reinforcement of Semantic Representations in Pragmatic Agents Leads to the Emergence of a Mutual Exclusivity Bias

We present a novel framework for building pragmatic artiﬁcial agents with explicit and trainable semantic representations, us-ing the Rational Speech Act model. We train our agents on supervised and unsupervised communication games and compare their behavior to literal agents lacking pragmatic abilities. For both types of games pragmatic but not literal agents evolve a mutual exclusivity bias. This provides a computational pragmatic account of mutual exclusivity and points out a possible direction for solving the mutual exclusivity bias challenge posed by Gandhi and Lake (2019). We ﬁnd that pragmatic reasoning can cause the bias either by promoting lexical constraints during learning, or by affecting online inference. In addition we show that pragmatic abilities lead to faster learning and that this advantage is even stronger when meanings to be communicated follow a more natural distribution as described by Zipf’s law.
A PRELIMINARY APPRAISAL OF THE TECTONIC AND SEDIMENTOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE SINCLAIR SEQUENCE IN THE KLEIN AUB AREA

The Klein Aub area in SWA/Namibia exposes Late Proterozoioc metasediments and metavolcanics of the Sinclair Sequence, which rest on a Lower to Middle Proterozoic basement. The basement is block faulted and, in the vicinity of Klein Aub, forms a major basement high which supplied sediment into a fault bounded basin. Major faults tapped felsic and minor mafic magma to produce the volcanics of the Nückopf Formation. Continued block faulting resulted in the development of narrow, deep graben sub-basins in which the sediments and volcanics of the Grauwater Formation were deposited. Major basement uplift accompanied deposition of the Doornpoort Formation, a widespread unit of red-bed alluvial fan conglomerates grading basinwards into sheet flood, braided stream and aeolian sediments. Cessation of faulting was followed by the deposition of the Kagas Member of the Klein Aub Formation in a shallow lacustrine environment.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Tests on Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts to Predict the Irritation Potential of Surfactants

A comparative study of the cytotoxicity of 17 surfactants was performed in vitro on cultured human skin fibroblasts to predict their irritation potential under different experimental conditions: test media, presence of proteins, various times of exposure (2–72 hours), and evaluation methods. For cytotoxicity, the tetrazolium MTT assay after exposure for 2 hours in Hank's medium (HBSS) seemed to be more sensitive than protein and LDH leakage tests. Cytotoxicities in HBSS and in minimum Eagle's medium (MEM) were very similar. Addition of 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) to MEM decreased the cytotoxicity of surfactants; however, their order of cytotoxicity was generally the same in MEM with or without FCS. Cytotoxicity increased with incubation time, but the overall ranking remained identical. Non-ionic polyoxyethylene 20 ethers (Brij 35, 58, 78 and 99) surfactants, although considered to be non-irritant in vivo, revealed a high cytotoxic effect in our cell culture system. A good correlation with the results of in vivo Draize rabbit eye irritancy was found only when they were excluded.
Deciphering Food Hawkerpreneurship: Challenges and success factors in franchising street food businesses in Malaysia

This study investigates the challenges and identifies the critical success factors in transforming traditional hawker food into a franchisable business, principally within the context of Malaysia. This study aims to provide guidelines that could support the process of enterprising traditional street food businesses, especially to assist the mobilization and promotion of hawkerpreneurship for existing traditional food hawkers and future adopters. A total of five hawkerpreneurs and four traditional hawkers were qualitatively assessed through semi-structured interviews. As a result, four critical challenges that both hawkerpreneurs and traditional hawkers encountered were identified, namely: (1) exploring the unknown (2) high capital investment for total ‘make-over’ (3) lack of knowledge in brand repositioning and (4) resistance to automation and standardization, particularly as a way to retain authenticity. By considering these concerns, young entrepreneurs and financial investors can assess the potentiality and feasibility of hawker food, and identify areas to focus on in running a successful traditional street food business. The results of this study could further assist in developing the support mechanisms and start-up strategies that encourage the adoption of hawker food entrepreneurship among Malaysians.
A Comparison of In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays and Their Application to Water Samples

A group of 13 compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity in four test systems; MIT-24 test, inhibition of cell growth (protein method), inhibition of cell growth (vital dye method) and cloning efficiency. In general, all four assays tended to rank compounds in a similar order for toxicity. The length of the exposure period appeared to be important for some compounds. The cytotoxicity of a variety of water samples was examined in two tests; inhibition of cell growth (vital dye method) and cloning efficiency. Under the conditions in which the assays were carried out, the latter proved to be the more sensitive test. River water samples gave little or no indication of cytotoxicity, samples of domestic sewage effluent gave some evidence of cytotoxicity, while an industrial effluent was markedly cytotoxic.
Effect of T- 2 toxin on pathological alterations in broiler chicks

The present work was undertaken to study the effects of feeding diets mixed with Fusarium sporotrichioides culture with 4 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet, from 0 to 28 days of age and studied various haemato-biochemical parameters and sequential pathological changes on 14th, 21st and 28th day of experiment. Experimental group birds showed a significant decrease in total erythrocyte count, haematocrit values and leukocyte count at all stages. Significant increase in ALP, AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine and insignificant decrease in the total protein and albumin concentration were observed. Gross pathological changes observed as anemic carcasses, enlarged liver, kidneys and generalized atrophy of lymphoid organs. Histologically, extensive degenerative changes of hepatocytes, bile duct hyperplasia, degenerative changes in kidney sections, depletion of lymphocytes in different lymphoid tissues and glandular necrosis with MNC infiltration of muscles of glandular organ was uniformly observed. These changes are of more or less similar but of increased severity with the duration of experiment.
Growth and flowering response to GA3 and CCC concentration in tuberose cv. ‘Single’

The present investigation was conducted at Regional Horticultural Research Station, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, during the year 2003–2004 to study the influence of GA3 and CCC on growth and flowering of tuberose Cv. ‘Single’. The treatments comprised three different concentration of GA3 (100,200 and 300 mg/l) and CCC (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml/l) with three methods of application (bulbs dipping, spraying and dipping + spraying). Application of GA3 200 mg/l (dipping + spraying) was found to be most effective in improving the growth, flowering, quality and yield characteristics of tuberose.
Is work absence contagious?

A unique randomized controlled experiment is used to study social interactions in the Swedish sickness insurance. The experiment was conducted in the Gothenburg municipality during the second half of 1988. Those born an even day where treated and those born an odd day remained untreated for the same period. The treated where monitored less hard and this treatment increased their sickness absence. Panel data for the 1987-1989 period, including information on every sickness absence spell is used in the estimations. Estimations using difference in difference estimations strategies are performed on the prevalence, incidence and duration of sickness absence. The results shows that the endogenous effects exist in the Swedish sickness insurance, and that a 10 percent increase in the means absence would decrease the hazard from work absence to work by about 1.7 percent because of endogenous interactions.
Continuous Cell Lines Derived from Human Tumours as In Vitro Models for Cancer Chemotherapy: A Review

Growth of cells derived from a biopsy of a human tumour in tissue culture can result in the establishment of a population of neoplastic cells with an indefinite in vitro life-span, defined as a continuous cell line (1). Such lines provide an unlimited supply ofneoplastic cells derived from a single human tumour, and thus are useful in vitro models for human cancer. Since the first line to be derived from a human tumour, Hela, was established in 1952 (2), many hundreds more have been described (see reviews 3-5). Consequently, there are now available panels of cell lines, each derived from human tumours at one site, including, for example, bladder (6), breast (7), colorectal (8), head and neck (9), melanoma (10), neuroblastoma (11), small-cell lung cancer (12,13) and testicular germ cell tumours (14). However, only a small proportion of human tumours can be propagated indefinitely in vitro. Failure to grow indefinitely may reflect the limitations of current methodology or indicate that only a sub-group of tumours possess this property. The cells grow either as monolayers or in suspension in an environment uninfluenced by humoral factors. Their interrelationships with blood supply and normal cells are lost, and the cells propagated probably represent a selected subpopulation from a heterogeneous tumour. Thus, to validate their use as a model system relevant to patient treatment, it is essential to determine the extent to which they retain the biological characteristics of the original tumour and whether these features are stable over many generations in culture. The purpose of this review is to summarise the data relevant to these points.