Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oxygen isotope studies of the petrogenesis of Hawaiian lavas and a theoretical study on equilibrium thermodynamics of multiply-substituted isotopologues

Temporal oxygen isotope variations have been discovered in both Mauna Kea and Koolau volcanoes after detailed studies of the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP-phase II) and Koolau Scientific Drilling Project (KSDP). In both volcanoes, oxygen isotope compositions of olivine phenocrysts all converge to 'Mauna Loa-like' values from depleted or enriched composition, respectively and yet, the interpretations are totally different. In the studies of HSDP core, many lines of geochemical evidences strongly indicate that low-[delta18]O values characteristic of Kea trend Hawaiian lavas are the product of contamination by hydrothermally altered rocks in the volcanic edifice. In the studies of KSDP core and submarine Koolau landslides, a full diversity of [delta18]O values correlate with trace element and radiogenic isotope compositions of host lavas. These correlations are interpreted as reflecting mixing between partial melts of high-[delta18]O and normal-[delta18]O components. A magma mixing model has been constructed to simultaneously explain the oxygen isotope, major element, trace element and radiogenic isotope variations defined by these correlations. This model indicates that the Koolau shield-building lavas are mixtures of 75~100% melt of mantle peridotite with 0~25% eclogite melt, the protolith of which is Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) with Depleted Mantle Model (DMM) age of at least 1.8±0.3 billions years. [delta18]O value of this eclogite component is predicted to be 11.3±1.5‰, implying it is an upper crustal (layer 1 or 2) basalt or gabbro with a low-temperature alteration history; contains a small amount of sediment; and has experienced partial melting before forming eclogite. I also derived a method for systematically evaluating clumped-isotope effects in the abundances of all isotopologues in thermodynamically equilibrated populations of O2, CO, N2, NO, CO2 and N2O between 1000 and 193 to 77 K. This method uses Urey-type algorithms to evaluate partition functions and equilibrium constants of isotope exchange reactions, and simultaneously solves for abundance of each isotopologue of a given molecule constrained by all independent equilibria. Calculation results show that, in most cases, multiply-substituted isotopologues of these mono-molecular gases are predicted to be enriched relative to stochastic (random) distributions by ca. 1 to 2 per mil at earth-surface temperatures.
Zubererazko herskarien azterketa akustikoa

This study is an acoustic study of the word initial aspirated and non-aspirated voiceless consonant stops of the Basque dialect of Zuberoa. Using data from four speakers aged 66 to 80, we measured the Voice Onset Time (hence, VOT) of the voiceless stops of such dialect. Those measurements showed that the Zuberoan dialect of Basque has two sets of consonant stops, the VOT being larger in the aspirated stops than in the non-aspirated ones. Moreover, we observed that the accent does not affect the VOT of each set of stops (unlike in English, for example). Finally, VOT is known to vary with place of articulation. Besides, as expected among the aspirated and non-aspirated stops, we find the scale k> t> p with the velar stop triggering the largest VOT measurements.
Incidence of surgical abdominal disorders in calves of Kashmir valley

Five year respective study spanning from January 1st 2013 to 31st December 2017, and one year prospective study of complete calendar year 2018, conducted on surgical abdominal disorders in calves presented to Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex (DVCC), SKUAST-K Shuhama (J&K) revealed its 25% hospital incidence in crossbred calves of Kashmir valley. Male calves (45.45%) were found more affected than female calves, with ruminating calves showing highest incidence
Recent developments in formulating model descriptors for subsurface transformation and sorption of TNT, RDX, and HMX. Final report

Subsurface contamination with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and oxyhydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) is a problem at military installations where these explosives were manufactured or used in loading munitions. Recent laboratory batch and column studies conducted to identify processes affecting subsurface transport of TNT, RDX, and HMX provide new information on the relative significance of transformation and sorption for these explosives and yield estimates of key process descriptors. This report assesses the current state of knowledge regarding subsurface transformation and sorption of TNT, RDX, and HMX, provides estimates for subsurface transport descriptors, and recommends further research. Transformation and sorption are important processes in the subsurface transport of TNT, RDX, and HMX. Measurement of transformation products has provided unequivocal evidence of TNT transformation. Research has also indicated that RDX and HMX are affected by subsurface transformations, but RDX and HMX transformation products have not been measured due to lack of chemical analytical capability. The order to magnitude of transformation is TNT >> RDX approx equal to HMX, and the order of magnitude of sorption in TNT > HMX > RDX.
What led to retraction of the article on room-temperature superconductivity in the journal Nature : a series of oversights or falsification?

In 2020, the journal Nature published an article under the notorious title ‘‘Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride’’ ( Nature 586 373–377 (2020)) that caused, without exaggeration, an effect like an exploding bomb; after all, it was stated that one of the most important problems in modern physics (implementation of superconductivity at room temperature) has already been solved! In two years, the article has been cited over 500 times and read over 100,000 times. However, in the scientific community, the article led to a great deal of questions, skepticism, and severe criticism. Eventually, on September 26, 2022, Nature retracted this publication. We give here the main reasons for the retraction and our commentary on the significance of this act for the physics of high-temperature superconductivity in general and the super-conductivity of hydrides in particular.
Actual and perceived speedy diagnoses are associated with mothers’ unresolved reactions to a diagnosis of ASD for a child

Reaction to a child’s diagnosis can impact strongly on the parent, but little is known about the aspects of the diagnostic-process associated with such reactions. The pre-diagnostic levels of anxiety, depression, and parenting-stress of 67 volunteer mothers of children subsequently diagnosed with ASD were assessed, along with the children’s functioning. The speed and number of professionals involved in the diagnosis were recorded, and mothers completed a post-diagnosis assessment of their perceptions of the process. Longer actual and perceived diagnosis-speeds predicted resolved reactions to diagnosis. Mothers’ psychological states pre-diagnosis did not predict reactions to diagnosis. Providing a measured diagnostic process, and strong relationship with mothers, rather than aiming for speed alone, may well be more productive for the parent and child.
Usability and Credibility of a COVID-19 Vaccine Chatbot for Young Adults and Health Workers in the United States: Formative Mixed Methods Study

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic raised novel challenges in communicating reliable, continually changing health information to a broad and sometimes skeptical public, particularly around COVID-19 vaccines, which, despite being comprehensively studied, were the subject of viral misinformation. Chatbots are a promising technology to reach and engage populations during the pandemic. To inform and communicate effectively with users, chatbots must be highly usable and credible. Objective: We sought to understand how young adults and health workers in the United States assessed the usability and credibility of a web-based chatbot called Vira, created by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and IBM Research using natural language processing technology. Using a mixed method approach, we sought to rapidly improve Vira’s user experience to support vaccine decision-making during the
ERA-40 SST and Sea Ice Concentration Data

The lower boundary condition of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea-ice concentration (sic) is a critical forcing of the lower frequencies in multi-decadal global atmospheric reanalyses such as ERA-40. Partly in response to the ERA-40 project, new SST/sic data sets have been developed that are considerably improved over those available to the first-generation reanalyses. This paper documents the input SST/sic data sets and the processing that created the daily SST/sic specification for the ERA-40 period 1956-2001. The source data are: (1) the monthly mean HadISST data set from the UKMO Hadley Centre for 1956-1981; and (2) the weekly NCEP 2DVAR data for 1982-present. Both data sets are reanalyses of satellite and conventional SST/sic observations. The principal reason for the higher quality of these source data sets is the use of a common consensus sic and a common sic-SST relationship in the sea ice margins. The use of a common sic resulted in a very smooth transition between HadISST and NCEP 2DVAR, despite differences in data assimilation techniques and monthly versus weekly analyses. No special action was required to insure consistency at the transition unlike as was necessary for the AMIP II experiment (Fiorino, 1997). The only special processing was applicationmore » of the AMIP II mid-month calculation (Taylor et al., 2000) for the interpolation of monthly mean data to daily values. This scheme insures that the monthly mean of the daily-interpolated data is nearly identical to the input monthly mean. Detailed comparisons of the SST and sic during the HadISST-NCEP transition, and other long time series, are given. We also compare the NCEP 2DVAR (circa 2000) to a newer version of the OISST (V2, circa 2001) and demonstrate that the small differences should have no impact on the ERA-40 atmosphere reanalyses. « less
Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection

From an evolutionary perspective, social behaviours are those which have fitness consequences for both the individual that performs the behaviour, and another individual. Over the last 43 years, a huge theoretical and empirical literature has developed on this topic. However, progress is often hindered by poor communication between scientists, with different people using the same term to mean different things, or different terms to mean the same thing. This can obscure what is biologically important, and what is not. The potential for such semantic confusion is greatest with interdisciplinary research. Our aim here is to address issues of semantic confusion that have arisen with research on the problem of cooperation. In particular, we: (i) discuss confusion over the terms kin selection, mutualism, mutual benefit, cooperation, altruism, reciprocal altruism, weak altruism, altruistic punishment, strong reciprocity, group selection and direct fitness; (ii) emphasize the need to distinguish between proximate (mechanism) and ultimate (survival value) explanations of behaviours. We draw examples from all areas, but especially recent work on humans and microbes.
Togolese EFL Learners’ Attitudes toward Learning English Language

The current study aims to investigate learners' attitudes regarding studying English. The purpose of this study is to discover the attitudes of Togolese EFL learners about learning English. The current study is being undertaken with students from two public universities in Togo (University of Lomé and University of Kara) as well as some high school pupils. Thus, (50) students were chosen at random from various levels [bachelor's students, master's students, and high school students] to participate in this research. To collect data for this project, questionnaires were distributed to students online. The major findings suggest that students have positive attitudes toward English learning. The findings really show that Togolese students are really motivated to learn the English language, and they give great importance to the English language.
Creating an Inclusive Society… How Close are We in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder? A General Population Survey.

BACKGROUND Children with autism spectrum disorder are increasingly educated in mainstream classrooms in the United Kingdom (Wilkinson & Twist, Autism and Educational Assessment: UK Policy and Practice. NFER, Slough, 2010), and some employers are now specifically seeking out staff on the autism spectrum. Does that mean that we are living in an 'inclusive society' [United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), Creating an Inclusive Society: Practical Strategies to Promote Social Integration 2008], in the sense that inequalities are reduced and full economic, social and cultural participation is advanced for individuals with autism? METHODS A general population survey was conducted to assess how close we, as a society, are to an inclusive society for individuals with autism in Northern Ireland. Public attitudes were examined to (i) visibility and social interaction, (ii) aetiology, needs and interventions, and (iii) rights and resources. RESULTS A stratified, representative sample of 1204 adults took part in the survey; of these, 989 were aware of autism and their attitudes and behavioural projections reflected a mix of acceptance and denunciation. The level of confusion with regard to interventions reflected the general uncertainty within UK policy regarding meeting the needs of individuals on the autism spectrum (International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 61, 134, 2014a). CONCLUSION Therefore, it seems that inclusion is working to an extent, but more clarity is needed with regard to adequate education, intervention and support for individuals with autism.
State-of-the-Art for Assessing Earthquake Hazards in the United States, Report 25: Parameters for Specifying Intensity-Related Earthquake Ground Motions

Abstract: "A set of 12 charts are presented that relate Modified Mercalli intensity units to peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and duration for near field and far field locations, hard and soft sites, and sizes of earthquakes. Also shown is the mean, mean plus one standard deviation, mean plus two standard deviations, and the highest observed values. Ratios are provided of vertical to horizontal motions and predominant periods. These charts are for use with known fault sources and for floating earthquakes in zones where there are no identifiable causative faults. The procedure provides parameters for shaping time histories to be used for dynamic analyses. "
Business Value of Information Technology: Testing the Interaction Effect of IT and R&D on Tobin’s Q

T he business case for investing in information technology (IT) has received increasing scrutiny in recent years. We propose that IT investments create additional business value through interactions with other business processes. In this paper, we formalize the interaction effect of IT by focusing on one core function, namely, research and development (R&D). We hypothesize that investments in IT can interact with and complement a ﬁrm’s R&D investments, enhancing the ﬁrm’s shareholder value creation potential. We test this by hypothesis by estimating the interaction impact of IT and R&D investments on Tobin’s q, a forward-looking measure of ﬁrm performance using a recent multiyear, ﬁrm-level, archival data set. Our results suggest that the interaction effect of R&D and IT on Tobin’s q is positive and signiﬁcant after controlling for other ﬁrm-and industry-speciﬁc effects. Our ﬁndings provide rigorous empirical support for recent anecdotal evidence in the managerial literature with respect to the manner in which IT is enabling R&D-intensive innovation processes. Our analysis underscores the need for coordinated investments in IT and R&D, and permeating IT capabilities throughout other business processes such as R&D.
Airborne Pollen Grains in Zonguldak，Turkey，2001-2002

The variation in airborne pollen concentration of the Zonguldak region．Turkey was studied for two consecutive years 2001-2002 using a Durham sampler．During this period．a total of 61 304 pollen grains belonging to 43 taxa were recorded．Of these 43 taxa．26 belonged to arboreal and 17 to nonarboreal plants．The main pollen types were Pinaceae，Populus,Carpinus,Betula,Corylus,Fagus orientalis,Castanea sativa,AInus glutinosa,Quercus,Cupressaceae，Chenopodiaceae and Gramineae．representing 96．7％of the pollen spectrum．Pollen concentration reached the highest level in March．
Experimental investigation of effervescent atomization: Part II. Internal flow and spray characterization with novel DARPA SUBOFF afterbody streamline aerator

This experimental work reports, for the first time, observations of internal flow field involving an DARPA SUBOFF afterbody design aerator body in an inside-out type of effervescent atomizer. The effect of operating parameters like air-to-liquid ratio (ALR), operating pressure, aerator orifice diameter, aeration area and mixing chamber diameter on internal flow within the effervescent atomizer is studied. The effect of increasing ALR on the internal flow is quantified by identifying different gas injection mechanisms at the aerator orifice (into the mixing chamber) and two-phase mixing chamber flow regimes using high-speed shadowgraphy. In particular, it is observed that as ALR is systematically increased the gas injection mechanism transits in the following sequence: single bubbling, pulsed bubbling, elongated jetting, atomized jetting and evacuated chamber. The range of ALRs within which these mechanisms are observed are employed to draw up a flow regime map. Similar analysis on two-phase mixing chamber flow regimes yielded corresponding regime map for internal two-phase stabilized flow in the mixing chamber. The flow regime transited from bubbly flow to slug flow to churn flow and finally to annular flow as the ALR was increased. The spray characteristics (size and velocity) at the nozzle exit are reported using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) measurements. It is observed that dense bubbly and bubbly-slug flow regimes produce stable sprays with droplet sizes in the range of 50-80 µm in the range of 0.25%-1.50% ALR.
The effect of demographic features on survival in patients with gastric cancer

Aim : This study aimed to investigate the relationship between some demographic and clinical factors and survival in patients with gastric cancer. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively evaluated the records of 252 gastric cancer patients followed up in the medical oncology department between 01.01. 2016 and 10.01. 2020. Gastric lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and neuroendocrine tumor were excluded. Factors evaluated in the study included age, sex, urban/non-urban residence, admitting complaints, smoking history, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, stage at diagnosis, histological subtype, surgical history, tumor location, grade, diameter and macroscopic view of tumor, metastatic lymph node ratio, chemotherapy regimens, febrile neutropenia, post-chemotherapy radiological reports, chemoradiotherapy (CRT) history and survival after diagnosis. Results: Mean overall survival (OS) time was significantly shorter in patients with weight loss (p<0.001), high ECOG score (p<0.001), radiological progression (p<0.001), advanced cancer stage (p<0.001) and tumor grade (p=0.024). Mean OS was longer in patients who received chemotherapy compared to those who did not at stage 4 (p<0.001). Mean OS was significantly longer in patients who underwent gastrectomy and received adjuvant CRT compared to those who did not (p<0.001). Mean OS was shorter in patients with a metastatic lymph node ratio over 30% (p<0.001) and those with tumor diameter larger than 3 cm (p=0.02).
Translation from XPath to SQL in the Presence of Recursive DTDs

We study the problem of evaluating xpath queries over xml data that is stored in an rdbms via schema-based shredding. The interaction between recursion in xpath queries and recursion in dtds makes it challenging to answer xpath queries using rdbms. We present a new approach to translating xpath queries into sql queries based on a notion of regular xpath expressions and a simple least fixpoint (lfp) operator. Regular xpath expressions are a mild extension of xpath, and the lfp operator takes a single input relation and is already supported by most commercial rdbms. We show that regular xpath expressions are capable of capturing both dtd recursion and xpath queries in a uniform framework. Furthermore, they can be translated into an equivalent sequence of sql queries with the lfp operator. We present algorithms for rewriting xpath queries into regular xpath expressions and for translating regular xpath expressions to sql queries. We also provide optimization techniques for minimizing the use of the lfp operator. The novelty of our approach consists in its capability to answer a large class of xpath queries by means of only low-end rdbms features already available in most rdbms, as well as its flexibility to accommodate existing relational query optimization techniques. Our experimental results verify the effectiveness of our techniques.
Ages of Mare Basalts on the Lunar Nearside: A Synthesis

The chronology of lunar volcanism is based on radiometric ages determined from Apollo and Luna landing site samples, regional stratigraphic relationships, and crater degradation and size-frequency distribution data for units largely defined prior to the end of the Apollo program. Here we report on new crater size-frequency distribution data for 139 spectrally and morphologically defined basalt units which are exposed in six nearside impact basins (Australe, Tranquillitatis, Humboldtianum, Humorum, Serenitatis, and Imbrium). Crater size-frequency distribution measurements are a statistically robust and accurate method to derive absolute model ages of unsampled regions of the Moon. Compared to crater degradation ages, crater size-frequency ages, performed on spectrally defined units, offer significant improvements in accuracy. Our investigation showed that (1) in the investigated basins, lunar volcanism was active for at least 1.5–2.0 b.y. , starting at about 3.9–4.0 b.y. and ceasing at ∼2.0 b.y. , (2) most basalts erupted during the late Imbrian Period at about 3.6–3.8 b.y. , (3) significantly fewer basalts were emplaced during the Eratosthenian Period, (4) basalts of Copernican age were not found in any of the investigated basins, (5) lunar basin-filling volcanism probably started within ∼100 m.y. after the formation of the individual basins. We also assessed the relationship between impact basin age and the history of mare basalt emplacement in these basins. We found that (1) in all pre-Nectarian basins (Australe and Tranquillitatis) as well as in the Humboldtianum basin, which is of Nectarian age, the distribution of surface ages is clearly dominated by only a single peak in the number of erupted units at 3.6–3.8 b.y. , (2) in the younger basins (Humorum, Serenitatis, and Imbrium) a second peak at 3.3–3.5 b.y. is observed, (3) basalt eruptions younger than 2.6 b.y. occur only intermittently, and (4) in the youngest basins, Serenitatis and Imbrium, we see an extended period of active basin-filling volcanism (1.5–1.6 b.y.) which is 500 m.y. longer than in the Australe and Humorum and even ∼1.0 b.y. longer than in Tranquillitatis and Humboldtianum.