Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
USING A COMPREHENSIVE LASER-DOPPLER VELOCIMETER IN TWO-AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS

The advanced ‘comprehensive’ laser Doppler velocimeter is used to acquire spatially and temporally resolved turbulence structural measurements in high Reynolds number twoand three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers. The new instrument directly measures three-dimensional particle trajectories at high repetitions. These trajectories are analyzed in post-processing to obtain fluctuating velocity gradient tensor fields, which lead to direct measurements of turbulent viscous dissipation rates. Such data acquired in twoand three-dimensional boundary layers with approach flow momentum thickness Reynolds number, are presented. Results indicate that anisotropy of the dissipation rate of Reynolds stresses persists to similar heights in viscous wall units as obtained with direct numerical simulations at lower Reynolds numbers. Measurements in a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in the vicinity of a wing/body junction also indicate that a reduction in the value of the velocity/pressure-gradient correlations for the Reynolds normal stresses reduces the turbulent energy redistribution and contributes to reduced shear stress magnitudes, as observed previously through DNS (Moin et al. 1990). 7500 Re = θ INTRODUCTION Understanding the turbulence transport in shear flows is a key topic in fundamental research due to the immediate implications that the Reynolds stress transport equations have on modeling for the Reynolds stresses. Although the most-obvious uses for the models of the turbulence structural (transport) terms is in Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes (RANS) solutions, other solution techniques benefit from the information obtained by studying Reynoldsaveraged turbulence structure. For instance, hybrid LES/RANS approaches have been developed and shown to be much more computationally efficient than LES and produce promising results (Labourasse and Sagaut 2002). The Reynolds stress transport equations are given as
A test of the cosmogenic 10Be(meteoric)/9Be proxy for simultaneously determining basin‐wide erosion rates, denudation rates, and the degree of weathering in the Amazon basin

We present an extensive investigation of a new erosion and weathering proxy derived from the 10Be(meteoric)/9Be(stable) ratio in the Amazon River basin. This new proxy combines a radioactive atmospheric flux tracer, meteoric cosmogenic 10Be, with 9Be, a trace metal released by weathering. Results show that meteoric 10Be concentrations ([10Be]) and 10Be/9Be ratios increase by >30% from the Andes to the lowlands. We can calculate floodplain transfer times of 2–30 kyr from this increase. Intriguingly however, the riverine exported flux of meteoric 10Be shows a deficit with respect to the atmospheric depositional 10Be flux. Most likely, the actual area from which the 10Be flux is being delivered into the mainstream is smaller than the basin‐wide one. Despite this imbalance, denudation rates calculated from 10Be/9Be ratios from bed load, suspended sediment, and water samples from Amazon Rivers agree within a factor of 2 with published in situ 10Be denudation rates. Erosion rates calculated from meteoric [10Be], measured from depth‐integrated suspended sediment samples, agree with denudation rates, suggesting that grain size‐induced variations in [10Be] are minimized when using such sampling material instead of bed load. In addition, the agreement between erosion and denudation rates implies minor chemical weathering intensity in most Amazon tributaries. Indeed, the Be‐specific weathering intensity, calculated from mobilized 9Be comprising reactive and dissolved fractions that are released during weathering, is constant at approximately 40% of the total denudation from the Andes across the lowlands to the Amazon mouth. Therefore, weathering in the Amazon floodplain is not detected.
COMPARATIVE TACTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DEFENSIVE PHASE OF THE REAL MADRID AND FCSB FOOTBALL TEAMS

The study aimed to identify essential aspects of the technical-tactical organization in the defensive phase between the Spanish football team Real Madrid and the Romanian football team FCSB, as well as to interpret and compare the noticeable differences between them in order to establish a model for the optimisation of training sessions for the Romanian football teams. The research methods used are: bibliographic study method, observation method, comparative analysis method, case study method, statistical and mathematical method, video recording method. In order to check the hypotheses, we used the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test, setting a significance threshold (p) of 0.05. The values obtained by adding the ranks were introduced in the calculation formulas to determine the values of U1 and U2, and subsequently they were compared with the values in the Mann-Whitney table. The obtained results emphasised a significant difference regarding the behavioural organization in the defensive phase, aspects revealed in both a descriptive and quantitative form. The interpretation of the results in terms of scores received by the two teams for all components of the defensive organization phase was rendered by graphs, which highlighted a clear superiority of the Spanish football team Real Madrid over the Romanian FCSB team.
The chlorine isotopic composition of Martian meteorites 1: Chlorine isotope composition of Martian mantle and crustal reservoirs and their interactions

The Martian meteorites record a wide diversity of environments, processes, and ages. Much work has been done to decipher potential mantle sources for Martian magmas and their interactions with crustal and surface environments. Chlorine isotopes provide a unique opportunity to assess interactions between Martian mantle‐derived magmas and the crust. We have measured the Cl‐isotopic composition of 17 samples that span the range of known ages, Martian environments, and mantle reservoirs. The 37Cl of the Martian mantle, as represented by the olivine‐phyric shergottites, NWA 2737 (chassignite), and Shergotty (basaltic shergottite), has a low value of approximately −3.8‰. This value is lower than that of all other planetary bodies measured thus far. The Martian crust, as represented by regolith breccia NWA 7034, is variably enriched in the heavy isotope of Cl. This enrichment is reflective of preferential loss of 35Cl to space. Most basaltic shergottites (less Shergotty), nakhlites, Chassigny, and Allan Hills 84001 lie on a continuum between the Martian mantle and crust. This intermediate range is explained by mechanical mixing through impact, fluid interaction, and assimilation‐fractional crystallization.
RISK MANAGEMENT AND BANKING PERFORMANCE WITH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AS MODERATING VARIABLE

This research aims to analyze the effect of risk management on bank financial performance with corporate governance as a moderating variable. The independent variables used in this research are risk management, consist of credit risk (NPL), liquidity risk (LDR), and operating risk (OEIR). The dependent variable used is financial performance (ROA). Meanwhile, corporate governance as a moderating variable and firm size as a control variable. The regression model used are multiple linear regression analysis and moderated regression analysis. The sample was selected through purposive sampling method and 43 banks were selected as research sample. The result of this research showed that NPL and OEIR have a negative and significant impact on financial performance. Meanwhile, LDR has not significant effect on financial performance. Corporate governance was able to moderate the relationship between NPL and OEIR on financial performance, but unable to moderate the relationship between LDR on financial performance.
The Ethical Implications of Using Genetic Information in Personnel Selection

Biology, during the last decade in particular, is making substantial headway into our social theories of business and behavior. While the social sciences rush to keep up with the advancement of knowledge, we highlight the need for an ethics discussion to also keep pace. Although the implications to theory are important, our focus is on how new knowledge has the capacity to alter the formulation and practice of business policy, which we believe is potentially profound. Furthermore, the ethicality of a set of issues can depend heavily on one’s perspective, and differing views may not always be compatible. With this in mind, we discuss the ways in which one area of emerging biological knowledge—behavioral genetics—invites a rethinking of the nuances of four long-standing topic areas of business ethics surrounding personnel selection; and we do so from two perspectives—that of the employer and of the job seeker. The four ethical topics are (a) the static (mostly) nature of genetic information that is out of an individual’s control, (b) faking and lying during selection processes, (c) privacy, and (d) stigmatization of minority groups.
Resonant magnetic response of TiO2 microspheres at terahertz frequencies

Spray-drying technique is used to fabricate spherical microparticles out of dissolved TiO2 nanoparticles. We show both experimentally and through numerical calculations that the microspheres support a Mie resonance, leading to an effective magnetic response. For this purpose, nearly single layers of microspheres were prepared and characterized by time-domain terahertz spectroscopy. We developed an experimental approach allowing simultaneous measurement of complex transmittance and reflectance of a thin layer, which in turn enables evaluation of its effective dielectric permittivity and effective magnetic permeability. Numerical finite-element-method calculations of the electromagnetic response show that the prepared microparticles are suitable for preparing a metamaterial with negative effective magnetic permeability.
SWOT ANALYSIS OFJAMMU AND KASHMIR MILK PRODUCER’S CO-OPERATIVE LIMITED

Dairy cooperatives have proved to be a boon for Indian dairy industry as these have played an important role in providing employment to 14 million dairy farmers in the country. A SWOT analysis of Jammu and Kashmir Milk Producer’s Co-operative Limited (JKMPCL) was planned to check out the weak and strong points leading to its challenges and opportunities. SWOT analysis was done by focused group discussion and interview schedule with the selected participants. The major Strengths of JKMPCL include “the regular and weekly milk payment system (81.95%)”, “dairy as a source of livelihood (80.46%)” and “good commitment from the government for dairy industry (76.76%)”. The top ranked weaknesses were “low productivity of animals and high cost of milk production (83.17%)”, “lack of structured and clear benefit packages (81.68%”) and “low price for milk as compared to other private competitors (80.12%)”. The Opportunities offered to JKMPCL were “more milk producers were willing to join cooperative (82.23%)” which was ranked first, “scope for convergence with allied departments and substantial scope for modernization of the unit (80.15%)”. The Threats faced by the JKMPCL were rated and showed that “losing interest of farmers in dairying (85.70%)”, “heavy competition from private units (82.43%)” and “high cost of credit for dairy farming (81.62%”) were ranked as first, second and third threats; respectively.
SBUV Observations of PMCs Over Two Solar Cycles

Previous satellite measurements have provided nearly complete seasonal and geographic coverage of polar mesospheric clouds (PMC), but previous data sets have not been able to evaluate changes in PMC behavior on decadal time scales. The SBUV series of ozone measuring instruments have been flying continuously since 1978. While the instrument design is not optimized for PMC detection, the radiance data can be analyzed to examine the occurrence frequency and intensity of relatively bright PMCs. In this paper, we present PMC results from five SBUV and SBUV/2 instruments covering 23+ years (1978-2002), starting just before the maximum of solar cycle 21 and extending through the maximum of solar cycle 23. The overlapping data sets from nearly identical instruments give an accurate picture of long-term variations. Multiple linear regression fits are used to examine solar and secular correlations. PMC occurrence frequency is anti-correlated with solar Lyman alpha irradiance, with an approximate 0.5-year phase lag in the Northern Hemisphere (Rsolar = –0.87) and no phase lag in the Southern Hemisphere (Rsolar = –0.65). The distribution of cloud brightness by season appears to be changing over time. When the PMC brightness for each season is characterized using an exponential cumulative distribution function, the exponent decreases in magnitude by a factor of 2 from 1978 to 2002 in the Southern Hemisphere (Rtime = +0.85). This implies an increase in the relative proportion of the brightest PMCs. The secular brightness trend is less significant in the Northern Hemisphere (Rtime = +0.58). We discuss possible origins for these changes.
The local and global stability of confined planar wakes at intermediate Reynolds number

Abstract At high Reynolds numbers, wake flows become more globally unstable when they are confined within a duct or between two flat plates. At Reynolds numbers around 100, however, global analyses suggest that such flows become more stable when confined, while local analyses suggest that they become more unstable. The aim of this paper is to resolve this apparent contradiction by examining a set of obstacle-free wakes. In this theoretical and numerical study, we combine global and local stability analyses of planar wake flows at $\mathit{Re}= 100$ to determine the effect of confinement. We find that confinement acts in three ways: it modifies the length of the recirculation zone if one exists, it brings the boundary layers closer to the shear layers, and it can make the flow more locally absolutely unstable. Depending on the flow parameters, these effects work with or against each other to destabilize or stabilize the flow. In wake flows at $\mathit{Re}= 100$ with free-slip boundaries, flows are most globally unstable when the outer flows are 50 % wider than the half-width of the inner flow because the first and third effects work together. In wake flows at $\mathit{Re}= 100$ with no-slip boundaries, confinement has little overall effect when the flows are weakly confined because the first two effects work against the third. Confinement has a strong stabilizing effect, however, when the flows are strongly confined because all three effects work together. By combining local and global analyses, we have been able to isolate these three effects and resolve the apparent contradictions in previous work.
Service, Quality Evaluation and Management Practices of Guest Houses in Mombasa Island, Kenya

Guest houses offer an opportunity for entrepreneurs to offer accommodation services at more affordable rates. They have limited number of rooms and are therefore easier to operate and maintain. Additionally, Guest house operators are well positioned to experience guest complaints regarding the services that they provide. The purpose of this research was to assess the quality of services provided by guest houses in Mombasa Island as rated by guests and the supervisors and their management practices. The study had four objectives namely; To establish the dimensions of customers' satisfaction with services offered in guest houses in Mombasa Island, to determine the extent to which the customers are satisfied with services provided in the guest houses, to investigate room attendants' assessment of management practices in the guest houses and to determine the accommodation supervisors rating of the quality of services provided by the guest houses. A descriptive survey design was adopted. This research focused on the registered and unregistered guest houses in Mombasa Island. Out of the fifteen registered guest houses, three were used for pre-testing, of the remaining twelve, six were examined. The number of unregistered guest houses, was estimated to be thirty three; a third of the numbers were researched on. Simple random sampling was used to select the both registered and unregistered guest houses. Convenient sampling was used for the guests, while stratified method was used for service providers. Primary data were collected through observations, interviews and questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Techniques used included means and factor analysis. The findings show that clean linen, guest supplies, well lit rooms, convenient location of the guest house, comfortable bed, and friendliness and courtesy of staff, convenient location, security and safety of room are the most significant factors for the guests who visit the registered and unregistered guest houses in Mombasa Island. The results of factor analysis showed that there are two main dimensions of service quality:the physical characteristics of the guest houses and the competence and courtesy of the staff. The study further showed that the employees of the registered and unregistered guest houses in Mombasa Island are not satisfied with how the management of the guest houses handles their welfare particularly in relation to their pay, recognition of their contribution to the running of the guest houses and availing enough working materials; but feel that the guest houses are run efficiently and the staff are giving their best. Based on these findings, the study concluded that guests' expectations from the guest houses coincided with those of the guest house providers since the factors emphasized by the guests are the same accommodation supervisors rated as satisfying. However, there is need to expose staff to higher level training to improve on their professionalism and communication skills.
STUDIES OF ATRAZINE EFFECTS ON DNA IN MICE BY CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION TEST AND AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS ASSAY

The herbicide atrazine was tested for its ability to induce chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow. Also, the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis was used to measure DNA strand breaks in both kidney and liver tissues. Mice were given orally a single dose of 28.125, 56.25, 112.5 and 225 mg/kg body weight (1/64, 1/32, 1/16 and 1/8 of LD50) and repeated daily doses of atrazine. Mice were sacrificed 24 hrs after the last dose.A slight increase chromosomal aberration was observed for the vehicle group (corn oil) compared with the negative control (untreated mice). A significant increase in the percentage of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow was observed after oral administration of atrazine at 56.25, 112.5, and 225 mg/kg body weight for 24 hours. The mean of mitotic index induced by this herbicide did not differe significantly from that observed in the negative control. Atrazine – induced numerical chromosomal aberrations in 24h treatment with a dose-response relationship. Moreover, the present data clearly indicate that atrazine possesses the potential, at least to a limited extent to cause alterations in the cellular DNA in both kidney and liver tissues. In conclusion, the induction of chromosome aberrations and DNA damage following exposure to atrazine indicates a potential for clastogenicity.
Hinode SP Vector Magnetogram of AR10930 and Its Cross-Comparison with MDI

We present one Hinode Spectropolarimeter (SP) magnetogram of AR 10930 that produced several major ﬂares. The inversion from Stokes proﬁles to magnetic ﬁeld vectors was made using the standard Milne–Eddington code. We successfully applied the Uniform Shear Method for resolving the 180 ı ambiguity to the magnetogram. The inversion gave very strong magnetic ﬁeld strengths (near 4500 gauss) for a small portion of area in the umbra. Considering that the observed V-proﬁle of 6301.5 ˚A was well-ﬁtted as well as a direct estimation of the Zeeman splitting results in 4300–4600 gauss, we think that the ﬁeld strengths should not be far from the actual value. A cross-comparison of the Hinode SP and SOHO MDI high resolution ﬂux densities shows that the MDI ﬂux density could be signiﬁcantly underestimated by about a factor of two. In addition, it has a serious negative correlation (the so-called Zeeman saturation effect) with the Hinode SP ﬂux density for umbral regions. Finally, we could successfully obtain a recalibrated MDI magnetogram that has been corrected for the Zeeman saturation effect using not only a pair of MDI intensity and magnetogram data simultaneously observed, but also the relationship from the cross-comparison between the Hinode SP and MDI ﬂux densities.
How to be Brief: Children’s and Adults’ Application of Grice’s Brevity Maxim in Production

The brevity maxim of Gricean pragmatics states that unnecessary prolixity should be avoided. We report a case in which 5-year-old children’s performance conforms better to Grice’s maxim than adults’ behavior. Our data come from a semi-spontaneous German relative clause production study that we carried out with 5- and 7-year-old children as well as adults. In particular, we focus on the pragmatics of the passive predicates that were produced. These constituted about a third of both child and adult productions in items that targeted an object relative clause structure. Since the expression of the agent is syntactically optional with passive predicates, the brevity maxim predicts that the agent should only be expressed when it is informative. We compare two conditions to test this prediction: one where the agent is informative and one where it is not. We find that 5-year-old children display significantly greater sensitivity to the brevity maxim than adults do. In two follow-up studies, we show that adults’ violations of brevity cannot be explained by priming of by-phrases expressing the agent and that there is an effect of age within children as well.