Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empirical Green's Function Retrieval Using Ambient Noise Source‐Receiver Interferometry

Empirical Green's function (EGF) retrieval commonly relies on cross‐correlating the long‐term ambient seismic wavefield that is simultaneously recorded at multiple stations. Recent studies have demonstrated observationally that cross‐correlating the coda of ambient noise cross‐correlation functions enables reconstruction of the EGFs, regardless of the operating time of the stations. In this study, we examine the feasibility of using the nondiffuse energy (i.e., surface waves) of the ambient noise cross‐correlation functions to retrieve EGFs between asynchronous stations. We show that source‐receiver interferometry (SRI), which is conventionally applied to reconstruct virtual seismograms between earthquake‐station pairs, provides an effective framework to retrieve EGFs between asynchronous stations. Our implementation of SRI exploits the nondiffuse wavefield rather than the scattered coda waves that may be contaminated by incoherent energy under nonideal (e.g., sparse, noisy, and short‐duration) network configurations. We demonstrate the robustness of SRI by retrieving asynchronous EGFs and performing seismic tomography between (1) nearby stations and (2) distant temporary arrays from southern Australia. The additional raypaths from asynchronous EGFs provide better illumination of small‐scale crustal structures beneath the regional network. In the larger‐scale example, involving two asynchronous arrays, SRI offers new constraints to the sparsely sampled region along the continental margin of southern Australia. The resulting velocity model agrees well with the independent structural constraints from each seismic array study and sedimentary thickness measurements. This study demonstrates that SRI is a promising tool for integrating seismic arrays operated at different times and can greatly benefit the efforts of improving data coverage and resolution in seismic imaging.
Youthful Discretion: Police Selection Bias in Access to Pre-Charge Diversion Programs in Canada

The increase use of formal youth diversion programs in Canada coincided with the enactment of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in 2003. Following the tenets of the labeling theory, the statute sought a balance that would help limit formal court intervention to increase fairness and accountability for youth committing minor offenses. Despite the perceived benefits, diversion programs have not escaped criticism. Some researchers contend pre-charge diversion programs that are based on police discretion may suffer from selection bias. Using police data from a local police service (N = 6,479 cases) in Ontario, Canada, this article conducts a bivariate analysis to explore the personal characteristics of first-time offending youth (gender, race, and area of residence) and attempts to determine whether there are any differences in the youth being charged or diverted for minor drug possession and minor thefts. Results demonstrate variances in charging practices based on race. Race has a small but statistically significant impact on arrest decisions. In general, Black youth are more likely to be charged and less likely to be cautioned than White youth and youth from other racial backgrounds. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Structure Conduct and Performance of Poultry Market in Some Selected Area of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

This article investigated the structure conduct and performance of poultry market in some selected area of Addis Ababa, using survey data 2017/18. The study used the structure-conduct-performance model. The data were generated by individual interview using pre-tested semi structured questionnaires and take a total of 100 farmers sample and 75 traders. This was supplemented by secondary data. Concentration ratio and gross margin were used for this analysis. Following the four firms’ criteria of concentration ratio, Addis Ababa poultry market showed tight oligopolistic behavior in bird market and loss oligopoly in egg markets with 64.4 and 24.90 percent concentration ratio respectively. The maximum total gross marketing margin in bird and egg trading channel were about 53 and 41 percent respectively in channel XI and the highest producers share for bird and egg marketing were along producer- consumer. The findings suggests that, effective market information service has to be established in addition, emphasis should be given in reducing the level of oligopolistic nature of bird market and the government set strategies that improve competitiveness and efficiency of poultry market. Keywords: poultry market; Structure conduct performance; Concentration ratio; marketing margin; oligopoly DOI : 10.7176/JMCR/62-02 Publication date: November 30 th 2019
Should unknown primary melanomas be excluded from adjuvant therapy trials? Insights from SWOG S0008.

8517 Background: Patients (pts) with unknown primary melanoma in regional nodes are widely considered to have a better prognosis, even adjusting for other factors, so many adjuvant trials exclude these pts. Methods: 432 stage IIIB/C pts with known primary (KP) cutaneous and unknown primary (UNK) melanoma went on S0008, a randomized trial of interferon-α2b vs. biochemotherapy. Pooled data blinded to treatment were analyzed for demographics and prognosis of KPC vs UNK. Pts with KP were divided as clinically evident (macromets) versus diagnosed by sentinel node biopsy, and by time from primary diagnosis (dx) to development of nodal metastases (0-6 mos; 6 mos-5 yrs; > 5 yrs). Since UNK pts by definition had macromets, comparative analyses involved only KPC pts with macromets. Results: Of 432 pts entered onto S0008, 33 (7.6%) were UNK, while 222 had KCP macromets. Thus, 13.1% of pts with macromets were UNK. Median age (48) and number of involved nodes (2) was the same for KCP macromets and UNK pts. Overall sur.
Role of Family Motivation, Workplace Civility and Self-Efficacy in Developing Affective Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

The mechanism connecting the antecedents to positive attitudes like affective commitment (AC) and positive behaviors like organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is an under-researched area in the field of positive organizational scholarship. Drawing on Social Exchange Theory (SET), this study empirically validates family motivation and civility as antecedents of affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior through the mediating mechanism of self-efficacy. The process by Hayes (2013) was used to analyze time-lagged and multi-source data collected from 335 employees of educational and telecom sector. Results indicate that the relationship of affective commitment with family motivation and civility is partially mediated whereas the relationship of organizational citizenship behavior with family motivation and civility is fully mediated by self-efficacy. This study adds to the literature of family-work enrichment accounts by validating family motivation as a novel antecedent for positive behavioral outcomes. The implications of the study are discussed.
Psychological and Biological Sequelae of Exposure to Prenatal Maternal Depression Findings from the 25-Year Prospective South London Child Development Study

3 Table of contents 5 Table of figures 9 Table of tables 10 Acknowledgements 11 Communications related to this PhD thesis 13 List of abbreviations 14 CHAPTER 1: Introduction 17 1.1. Overview 18 1.2. Major depressive disorder 19 1.2. 1. Phenomenology 19 1.2. 2. Aetiology 20 1.2. 3. Depression during pregnancy 20 1.3. Foetal programming 22 1.4. Prenatal maternal stress and offspring psychopathology 25 1.5. Child maltreatment 29 1.6. Child maltreatment and affective disorders 31 1.7. Prenatal maternal stress and offspring child maltreatment 32 1.7. 1. Predictors of child maltreatment 32 1.7. 2. Prenatal maternal stress as a risk factor for offspring child maltreatment 32 1.8. Interim summary 36 1.9. Biological reactivity 37 1.9. 1. HPA axis 37 1.9. 2. HPA axis in depression 39 1.9. 3. HPA axis and early life stress 41
Proximity Between Citizens and Journalists as a Determinant of Trust in the Media. An Application to Italy

ABSTRACT This study presents an analysis of trust in types of media with an application to the Italian context. In particular, we focus on the role played by the ideological proximity between journalists’ and citizens’ political leanings while differentiating between traditional (press and TV) and new (internet and social networks) media. To do so, we assume, within the Hierarchy of Influences Model, that the individual level is increasingly influent in shaping news content. Then, we argue that because of the hybrid media system journalists political leaning are more apparent than ever. In such new environment, citizens have clear(er) knowledge about journalists’ main ideological leanings and that this becomes a crucial issue in affecting their attitude towards media in terms of trust, in particular the perception of citizens with respect to journalists’ honesty and fairness. The spatial theory of voting backs such assumption. To test our hypotheses, we use an original survey on a representative sample of Italian journalists conducted within the Worlds of Journalism Study Network framework to infer journalists’ distribution across a left to right ideological scale. We then contrast such data with data from the Eurobarometer survey to understand citizens’ political leanings and their attitudes toward news media.
Interannual and Interdecadal Variabilities of Spring Rainfall over Northeast China and Their Associated Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Forcings

An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was conducted for spring precipitation gauge data over northeast China (NEC). The first EOF mode is characterized by a homogenous rainfall pattern throughout NEC. The corresponding principal component has both significant interannual and interdecadal variations. This leading mode explains a large portion of the total NEC spring rainfall (NECSR) variances and is statistically independent from other higher modes. The physical processes responsible for the interannual and interdecadal variabilities were investigated via observational diagnoses and numerical experiments. On the interannual time scale, NECSR is mainly affected by the SST anomalies (SSTAs) in the northern tropical Atlantic Ocean. When the SSTAs are positive, the subsequently induced positive precipitation and convection can stimulate two quasi-barotropic Rossby wave trains over the mid- to high latitudes. A cyclonic anomaly center of the Rossby wave train appears over northeastern Asia, leading to a positive rainfall anomaly in the region. On the interdecadal time scale, NECSR is mainly influenced by the SSTAs over the warm-pool region. Positive SSTAs in the warm-pool region result in enhanced convection (ascending motion) around the Maritime Continent and suppressed convection (descending motion) over the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. This zonal dipole convection pattern stimulates a quasi-barotropic circulation pattern with an anticyclonic anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau and a cyclonic anomaly over northeastern Asia. The cyclonic anomaly over northeastern Asia enhances the NECSR. Numerical experiments further suggested that the convective heating anomaly over the Maritime Continent, rather than cooling over the central equatorial Pacific, plays a more essential role in driving the interdecadal rainfall variability of NECSR.
Equality of opportunity: theory, measurement and policy implications

In this report we present the Equality of opportunity approach, clarifying its theoretical foundations and empirical implications, and develop policy implications especially in the area of human capital investment. According to the equality of opportunity (EOp) approach, a primary goal of public policies is to insure that individuals develop their lives in a context where the playfield is levelled. The main idea behind EOp is that inequality in outcomes (e.g., income, wealth, human capital/education and health) is acceptable to the extent that it reflects the result of individual choices taken by individuals that share the same opportunities. According to the â€œequality of opportunities principleâ€ , inequalities that are due to variables beyond individualâ€™s control, called circumstances, (e.g. family socioeconomic and cultural background, ethnic origin, gender, age etc.), should be eliminated or compensated for by public intervention. Only those variables within the sphere of individualâ€™s autonomy, called effort, (e.g., number of hours devoted to study or work, quality of the work supplied, occupational choices etc.) can justify a difference in the relevant outcome variable. This implies that the equality of opportunity approach is consistent with the notion of fair inequality, as long as it originates from effort.
Comments on “Wideband Radiation Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna Loaded With Two Inverted U-Slots”

This comment investigates some missing fundamental simulation and measurement results affecting the practical performance of the antenna presented in [1] . In order to properly demonstrate the practical consequences of these omissions, we provide simulation results as well as experimental validation using a prototype with the exact dimensions as in [1] , fed with an ultrawideband coupler [2] , as shown in Fig. 1 . Radavaram and Pour [1] have claimed 68% fractional bandwidth for a multiport antenna based only on a single-port input reflection coefficient ( S 11). Unfortunately, the mutual coupling between the antenna ports ( S 21) is not shown in their article. We have performed corresponding simulations using Ansys HFSS and found that the missing coupling coefficient between the elements within the band of interest has a magnitude close to 0 dB, which is validated by the experimental results, as illustrated in Fig. 2(a) . This suggests that the proposed design is operating as a wideband bandpass filter in lieu of a radiating element. The clear misunderstanding in the scattering performance arises from the fact that for dual-port antennas fed by in-phase and out-of-phase inputs, the active scattering parameters are of fundamental importance. Active scattering parameters for dual-port devices are defined as the combinations of S 11 and S 21 (some references, such as [4] and [5] , use differential and common mode scattering parameters or Sdd and Scc ). They determine the overall scattering performance when a feeding network is connected to a multiport antenna. For instance, [3] (see [1, Ref. 20] ), [4] , and [5] are aimed at reducing S dd 11 to below −10 dB for the differential S-parameter. They use the correct definition of S dd 11, as given in the following [3, eq. (8)] :
Determinants of Nonperforming Loans in Emerging Markets: Evidence from the MENA Region

Credit risk has severe impacts on banks’ performance, leading to financial and economic distress. To highlight this interesting issue, this study explores bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of banks’ credit risk, denoted by the level of nonperforming loans (NPLs). The study includes 98 banks from 10 Middle East and North African (MENA) emerging countries spanning the period between 2003 and 2016. The analysis employs panel data estimation technique. Our results reveal that bank size, capital adequacy ratio, bank operating efficiency, profitability, GDP growth, unemployment, inflation, and public debt represent the main determinants of NPLs in MENA emerging markets. The results of this research have practical implications for bank managers, regulators, investors, and financial analysts. This study provides significant insights on the determinants of NPLs, which will allow bank managers to design credit policies that minimize borrowers’ defaults. The findings of the study are useful to policy makers to establish new and reinforce existing regulations to maintain the steadiness of the banking sector in MENA emerging countries.
Sand-polished Kapton film and aluminum as source of electron transfer triboelectric nanogenerator through vertical contact separation mode

ABSTRACT Contact electrification is a direct triboelectrification method for producing current through charge transfer when two different differentiated materials have brought into contact. For the first time, we developed a simple triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) where the electronic charges were realized through contact separation mode between sand-polished Kapton (SPK) and Al surface. Here, we demonstrated the energetic interfacial contact between these surfaces and observed satisfactory output performance. The novel SPK-TENG produced 40 V and 2.8 µA, of open-circuit voltages (V oc) and short-circuit currents (I sc) at 4 Hz, respectively. Mainly, the SPK-TENG was dramatically increased up the performance of TENG, up to 40% of V oc and 42% of I sc, with respect to the Kapton film because the mobility of electrons is very high on the device surface compared to the other pristine Kapton film. The fabricated SPK-TENGs were good candidates for satisfying the need for alternative contact separation mode TENGs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Supervising the PhD: identifying common mismatches in expectations between candidate and supervisor to improve research training outcomes

The relationship between a PhD candidate and their supervisor is influential in not only successful candidate completion, but maintaining candidate satisfaction and mental health. We quantified potential mismatches between the PhD candidates and supervisors expectations as a potential mechanism that facilitates poor candidate experiences and research training outcomes. 114 PhD candidates and 52 supervisors ranked the importance of student attributes and outcomes at the beginning and end of candidature. In relation to specific attributes, supervisors indicated the level of guidance they expected to give the candidate and candidates indicated the level of guidance they expected to receive. Candidates also report on whether different aspects of candidature influenced their mental well-being. We identified differences between candidates and supervisors perceived supervisor teaching responsibility and influences on mental well-being. Our results indicate that the majority of candidates were satisfied overall with their supervision, and find alignment of many expectations between both parties. Yet, we find that candidates have much higher expectations of achieving quantitative outcomes than supervisors. Supervisors believed they give more guidance to candidates than candidates perceive they received, and supervisors often only provided guidance when the candidate explicitly asked. Personal expectations and research progress significantly and negatively influenced over 50% of candidate’s mental well-being. Our results highlight the importance of candidates and supervisors explicitly communicating the responsibilities and expectations of the roles they play in helping candidates develop research skills. We provide four suggestions to supervisors that may be particularly effective at increasing communication, avoiding potential conflict and promoting candidate success and wellbeing.
ANME-1 archaea drive methane accumulation and removal in estuarine sediments

Uncultured members of the Methanomicrobia called ANME-1 perform the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) through a process that uses much of the methanogenic pathway. It is unknown whether ANME-1 obligately perform AOM, or whether some of them can perform methanogenesis when methanogenesis is exergonic. Most marine sediments lack advective transport of methane, so AOM occurs in the sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ) where sulfate-reducing bacteria consume hydrogen produced by fermenters, making hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis exergonic in the reverse direction. When sulfate is depleted deeper in the sediments, hydrogen accumulates making hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis exergonic, and methane accumulates in the methane zone (MZ). In White Oak River estuarine sediments, we found that ANME-1 comprised 99.5% of 16S rRNA genes from amplicons and 100% of 16S rRNA genes from metagenomes of the Methanomicrobia in the SMTZ and 99.9% and 98.3%, respectively, in the MZ. Each of the 16 ANME-1 OTUs (97% similarity) had peaks in the SMTZ that coincided with peaks of putative sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfatiglans sp. and SEEP-SRB1. In the MZ, ANME-1, but no putative sulfate-reducing bacteria or cultured methanogens, increased with depth. Using publicly available data, we found that ANME-1 was the only group expressing methanogenic genes during both net AOM and net methanogenesis in an enrichment. The commonly-held belief that ANME-1 perform AOM is based on the fact that they dominate natural settings and enrichments where net AOM is measured. We found that ANME-1 also dominate natural settings and enrichment where net methanogenesis is measured, so we conclude that ANME-1 perform methane production. Alternating between AOM and methanogenesis, either in a single ANME-1 cell or between different subclades with similar 16S rRNA sequences of ANME-1, may confer a competitive advantage, explaining the predominance of low-energy adapted ANME-1 in methanogenic sediments worldwide. Abstract Importance Life may operate differently at very low energy levels. Natural populations of microbes that make methane survive on some of the lowest energy yields of all life. From all available data, we infer that these microbes alternate between methane production and oxidation, depending on which process is energy-yielding in the environment. This means that much of the methane produced naturally in marine sediments occurs through an organism that is also capable of destroying it under different circumstances.