Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Characterization of a New Nano-Water-Based CPC 3788 and Performance Comparison to an Ultrafine Butanol-Based CPC 3776

This study provides insights into the performance of a new nano-water-based condensation particle counter (N-WCPC, TSI 3788) and presents a comparison to the well-established butanol-based ultrafine CPC (UCPC, TSI 3776). The suitability of the N-WCPC to measure ambient airborne nanoparticles of various compositions has been assessed with an urban background aerosol in a light industrial area and provided comparable results (within 2%) to the 3776 at various particle number concentrations. The subsequent investigation using laboratory generated nearly monodisperse positively charged sucrose, sodium chloride, proteins, emery oil, and candle-generated particles in the diameter range of 2–53 nm showed material-dependent N-WCPC cut-off sizes between 2.2 and 17.2 nm at standard operating temperatures. Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research
Hydraulic conductivity of compacted lateritic soil treated with bagasse ash

Lateritic soil treated with up to 12% bagasse ash content was compacted using reduced Proctor, standard Proctor, West African Standard and modified Proctor energies at −2, 0, 2 and 4% of optimum moisture content. The effects of moulding water, water content relative to optimum, initial degree of saturation at compaction, void ratio, bagasse ash content and compactive efforts on hydraulic conductivity of specimens were investigated. A compaction plane of acceptable zones for hydraulic conductivity based on regulatory value (≤ 1 × 10–9 m/s) gave 8% bagasse ash content as optimum reatment for use of the material in waste containment application.
Characteristics and emission budget of carbonaceous species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning in source region of the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Characteristics and emission budget of carbonaceous species from two distinct post-harvest agricultural-waste (paddy- and wheat-residue) burning emissions have been studied from a source region (Patiala: 30.2°N, 76.3°E; 250 m amsl) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), Northern India. The PM2.5 mass concentration varies from 60 to 390 µg m−3 during paddy-residue burning (October–November) with dominant contribution from organic carbon (OC≈33%), whereas contribution from elemental carbon (EC) centres at ~4%. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) accounts for about 50% of OC. In contrast, mass concentration of PM2.5 during the period of wheat-residue burning (April–May) is significantly lower, varies from 18 to 123 µg m−3 and mass fractions of EC and OC are 7 and 26%, respectively. The diagnostic ratios of OC/EC (11±2), WSOC/OC (0.52±0.02), nss-K+/OC (0.06±0.00) and ΣPAHs/EC (4.3±0.7 mg/g) from paddy-residue burning emissions are significantly different than those from wheat-residue burning (OC/EC: 3.0±0.4; WSOC/OC: 0.60±0.03; nss-K+/OC: 0.14±0.01 and ΣPAHs/EC: 1.3±0.2 mg/g). The emission budget of OC, EC and ΣPAHs from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning in the IGP are estimated to be 505±68 Gg/y, 59±2 Gg/y and 182±32 Mg/y, respectively. From a global perspective, crop-residue burning in Northern India contributes nearly 20% of both OC and EC to the total emission budget from the agricultural-waste burning.
Autoxidation of Neat and Blended Aviation Fuels

The liquid-phase oxidation of eight fuels and a series of 1:1 blends has been studied at elevated temperature and pressure to simulate some of the chemical-reaction conditions that cause surface fouling in aircraft fuel lines. The time, t, needed to deplete dissolved O2 by 50% was determined for each blend and component fuel. No simple relationship was found, i.e., linking t for blends and component fuels, attesting to the complexity of aviation-fuel autoxidation. About one-half of the blends oxidize with t being intermediate between the two components. However, many blends between fuels of low thermal stability and fuels which have been severely hydrotreated are found to exhibit unusually slow oxidation, with t being greater than that measured for either component. This phenomenon is not well understood; possible explanations focus on synergistic effects among natural antioxidants, dissolved metals, and aromatics in the blends. Measurements of surface fouling in blends selected for their unusually slow o.
Dissolution Kinetics of Phosphate Ore in SO2-Saturated Water

SO[sub 2] gas produced with the roasting of sulfur minerals has substantially caused air pollution. SO[sub 2] has been used only for the production of H[sub 2]SO[sub 4] for a long time in the past. However, at present, this side product is being used for the extraction of ores and the production of some chemicals. In this study, the dissolution of phosphate ore from Mazidagi-Mardin, Turkey, the products formed, and the dissolution kinetics were investigated in SO[sub 2]-saturated water. In experiments, particle size, stirring speed, solid/liquid ratio, and temperature were chosen as parameters. It was determined by X-ray diffractometer that the final solid product contains CaHPO[sub 4][center dot]2H[sub 2]O, Ca[sub 3](SO[sub 3])[sub 2][center dot]SO[sub 4][center dot]12H[sub 2]O, and CaSO[sub 4][center dot]2H[sub 2]O. It was observed that the dissolution rate increased with the increase in stirring speed and reaction temperature, and with the decrease in particle size and solid/liquid ratio. A semiempirical mathematical model in the following form, including the effect of the parameters was established to express the dissolution kinetics of phosphate ore: [minus]ln(1 [minus] X) = 35.874D[sup [minus]0.512]w[sup 0.380][center dot](S/L)[sup [minus]0.825]e[sup [minus]2575/Tt0.781], where X is the conversion fraction of the ore, w is stirring speed, D is particle size,more » and S/L is the solid/liquid ratio in weight. The activation energy for the process was found to be 21,408.55 J/mol. « less
Supercritical Fluid Chromatographic Separation of .beta.-Blockers on Chyrosine-A: Investigation of the Chiral Recognition Mechanism Using Molecular Modeling

Using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), the direct separation of a series of β-blockers has been carried out on the commercially available ChyRoSine-A and on its improved version. Surprisingly, these solutes appeared to be poorly resolved using normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC). The chromatographic behaviors (both in SFC and NPLC) of various analogues of propranolol have been stidied, and after spectroscopic investigations have been carried out. Starting from these data, a detailed chiral recognition mechanism has been elaborated based on molecular modeling. It appeared that the solvating effect of carbon dioxide induces a change of the propranolol conformations that is geometrically favorable to the chiral discrimination, this change of conformation occurs in the presence of carbon dioxide of if the solute bears both an vino proton and an ether function separated the one from the other by three carbon atoms
Illustrazione della fauna triasica di Valpedena (Cadore)

Report on the Triassic fauna present in Val de Pena (Lorenzago di Cadore), from a dolomite with diplopora, slightly stratified, in the Anisicus at Colle Audoi. De Toni found similarities between the fauna of Colle Audoi and the fauna of the Formation of Esino (Lombardy), with the fauns of Val Badia and Val Giudicarie, as well as with the fauna of Spiti of the Himalayas. He attributed the fauna to the Wengen (Longobardic) even if there remained Anisical and Carnic forms.
Nitrogen mineralization from mature bio-waste compost in vineyard soils. I. Long-term laboratory incubation experiments

The steadily increasing utilization of bio-waste compost in German viticulture requires a more detailed investigation of nitrogen (N) mineralization parameters for mature bio-waste compost applied to vineyard soils. N mineralization kinetics were described with two superposing exponential equations. Long-term aerobic laboratory incubation experiments of 12 soil-compost substrates revealed that 5±2.8% of its total N content could be released from a rapidly decomposable fraction (half-life period t 50 = 41 d at 15°C) and another 60±2.9% from a slower decomposable fraction (t 50 = 490 d). The remaining proportion (35%) is considered not to be released in the medium term. The obtained potentially mineralizable nitrogen of 65% of total compost N significantly differs from current fertilizer recommendations, which were adopted from calculations for agricultural conditions. For fertilizer recommendations in viticulture, we recommend the consideration of a higher N-mineralization potential for organic fertilizers.
Thermal and Kinetic Impact of CO, CO2, and H2O on the Postoxidation of IC-Engine Exhaust Gases

The thermal and kinetic impact of the residual species CO, CO2, and H2O on hydrocarbon (HC) oxidation chemistry was investigated numerically. The case of pure dilution by N2 was tested against a dilutant composed of CO, CO2, and H2O in proportions corresponding to internal combustion (IC)-engine Postoxidation conditions (at the end of the expansion stroke and throughout exhaust). The impact of each residual species was tested individually, as well as in combination with others. Attention was given to the thermal impact, kinetic impact and third-body effects of each residual. In the cases of CO2 and H2O, a negative thermal Cp -effect in competition with an accelerating kinetic impact due to third-body reactions was observed. The influence of CO on HC-oxidation is restricted to its direct participation in oxidizing reactions, and its thermal impact is negligible compared to N2. CO2 and H2O have a negative thermal impact compared to N2, resulting from their increased heat capacities. Kinetically, they interact as collision partners with HC-oxidation through H2O2-dissociation. Generally, it was shown that the composition of a dilutant strongly impacts HC-oxidation and that the presence of CO2 and mainly H2O may lead to an acceleration of HC-oxidation, in spite of their unfavorable thermal properties compared to N2.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FRACTIONS FROM ACID HYDROLYSATES OF ALMOND SHELLS

ABSTRACT Acid hydrolysis of almond shells was carried out with 2.5 and 5% sulfuric acid, and the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of hydrolysates (EASH) was fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) column. Three fractions were recovered from the crude extract produced by hydrolysis with 2.5% sulfuric acid (EASH-2.5), and five from the one produced with 5% sulfuric acid (EASH-5). The recovered fractions were assayed for phenolic content, radical-scavenging activity (measured by the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [TEAC] methods) and reducing capacity (measured by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] and the reducing power methods). The highest contents of phenolics corresponded to the third fraction (F3) from EASH-2.5 and to the fourth fraction (F′4) from EASH-5, whereas fraction 1 (F1) from EASH-2.5 and fraction 4 from EASH-5 showed the highest TEAC and FRAP values, and reducing power. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis for producing xylose is the most common technology for processing almond shells into chemicals, and allows fractionation of this residue into a solid fraction (cellulose and lignin) and a liquid stream containing monomeric sugars, sugar degradation products, extractives and lignin depolymerization compounds. To destine the monomeric sugars as a carbon source for bioconversion purposes, a detoxification step is required. Solvent extraction with ethyl acetate yields a by-product fraction consisting of compounds with phenolic nature and antioxidant activity, and its utilization would favor the economics of the integral process. The crude ethyl acetate extracts from acid hydrolysates of almond shells showed radical-scavenging capacity and ability for protecting fish oils and fish oil-in-water emulsions from oxidation as efficiently as synthetic antioxidants. Alternatively, the application of the fractions separated in Sephadex gels would be of interest.
Creating large area molecular electronic junctions using atomic layer deposition

We demonstrate a technique for creating large area, electrically stable molecular junctions. We use atomic layer deposition to create nanometer thick passivating layers of aluminum oxide on top of self-assembled organic monolayers with hydrophilic terminal groups. This layer acts as a protective barrier and allows simple vapor deposition of the top electrode without short circuits or molecular damage. This method allows nonshorting molecular junctions of up to 9mm2 to be easily and reliably fabricated. The effect of passivation on molecular monolayers is studied with Auger and x-ray spectroscopy, while electronic transport measurements confirm molecular tunneling as the transport mechanism for these devices.
Prediction of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Polymer Solutions Using an Equation Of State/Excess Gibbs Free Energy Model

A new mixing rule has been developed, which is coupled with a translated and modified version of the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS) and the entropic-FV activity coefficient model. The resulting EoS/GE model is applied to the correlation and prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) in solvent/polymer mixtures, after appropriate modification of the cubic EoS to describe the volumetric behavior of the pure polymer. The model yields very good correlation of experimental equilibrium pressures in concentrated polymer solutions, but more importantly, successful predictions of the same data are obtained. A comparison with other EoS-based models applicable to the prediction of VLE in polymer solutions is also presented.
A Simple Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Phenothiazine Drugs in Pharmaceutical Samples

A new, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of some phenothiazine drugs has been developed. The proposed method is based on the reaction of promethazine hydrochloride (PH), chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPH), triflupromazine hydrochloride (TPH), fluphenazine hydrochloride (FPH), trifluoperazine hydrochloride (TFPH), perazine dimaleate (PDM) and prochlorperazine maleate (PCPM) with iron(III) and a subsequent reaction with ferricyanide in an acetic acid medium to yield Prussian blue colored product with a maximum absorption at 700–720 nm. The common excipients used as additives in pharmaceuticals do not interfere with the proposed method. Analytical data for determination of the pure compound are presented together with the applications of the proposed method to the analysis of some pharmaceutical formulations. The results compare favorably with those of the official method.
ANALYSIS BY HPLC-MS/MS OF BIOPHENOLIC COMPONENTS IN OLIVES AND OILS

The aim of this work was to analyze by HPLC-MS-MS natural biophenolic compounds in complex natural samples like olives and olive oils. Eleven benzoic and cinnamic acids, vanillin and other eight biophenolic compounds were studied by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry with a Turbo Ion source in the negative mode. To confirm the specific presence, with great sensitivity, of such compounds in olive samples, in brine samples and in extravirgin olive oil the fragmentation of precursor ions into the product species acquisition was used in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode.
Temperature determination of N2 discharge plasma by computational simulation of its emission spectra

The emission spectra of N2 hollow cathode and pulsed discharges were investigated and computational simulations have been made for the determination of the rotational and vibrational temperatures. A calibration curve was obtained by rotational simulation and was applied to study the space-resolved temperature in the pulsed discharge plasma. The rotational temperature was found to decrease rapidly along the radial axis of the plasma. The vibrational temperature in the pulsed discharge plasma was estimated by spectral simulation and was found to be more than three times higher than the rotational temperature.
Solar photochemistry: optimisation of the photo Friedel–Crafts acylation of naphthoquinones

A practical and robust photo Friedel–Crafts acylation of naphthoquinones is described. Although the reaction proceeds slowly in sunlight, the optimised conditions offer a substantial improvement to those already reported, by the utilisation of a more reliable and practical ‘sun-mimicking’ light source, a less hazardous solvent system (trifluorotoluene) and faster reaction times. Using these conditions, the reaction scope has been expanded to include functionalised aldehyde and naphthoquinone substrates, affording the desired photo-products in acceptable to excellent yields (17–81%). Factors influencing the regiochemistry of the photo Friedel–Crafts reaction on unsymmetrical naphthoquinones have also been investigated.
Potential of a sphere in an ionic solution in thin double layer approximations

The three‐dimensional problem of a charged spherical particle immersed in an ionic solution is solved asymptotically. The small parameter used is δ/a, where δ is the Debye screening distance and a the radius of the particle. The solutions to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation are obtained inside the double layer and outside the double layer. They are matched together asymptotically to obtain a solution whose error is of order δ2/a2 smaller than the expression kept. A uniform solution valid in all the regions is also obtained. Comparison with numerical solution to the problem, which is usually tedious, shows excellent agreement.
FEN VE TEKNOLOJİ DERSİNDE LABORATUVAR KULLANIMINA YÖNELİK ÖĞRETMEN ve ÖĞRENCİ DEĞERLENDİRMELERİ

Bu calismada, fen ve teknoloji derslerinde laboratuvar kullanimina yonelik ogretmenlerin ve ogrencilerin gorusleri alinmistir. Calisma Samsun ili merkez ilkogretim okullarinda gorev yapan 37 fen bilgisi ogretmeni ve bu okullarda ogrenim goren 637 ogrenciyle yapilmistir. Arastirmada 5 li likert tipi anket kullanilmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore okullarin tamaminda laboratuvar bulunmasina ragmen fen ve teknoloji derslerinde laboratuvar etkinliklerine yeterince yer verilmedigi saptanmistir. Ogretmenlerin yaklasik olarak yarisinin, ogrencilerin %60’inin arac gerec eksikliginden dolayi deney yapilamadigini, ogrencilerin %37’si ogretmenlerinin deney yapmak istemedigini belirtmislerdir. Ozellikle 8. sinif ogrencilerinin deney yapmak yerine test cozmeye yonelik olarak hazirlandiklari gozlenmistir. Sonuc olarak ogretmenlerin onemli bir kisminin laboratuvarlardan yararlanmadigi, gunluk yasamda kullanilan malzemelerle yapilabilecek deneylerin bile uygulama yapilmadan gecistirildigi saptanmistir.
Carboxylates versus Fluorines: Boosting the Emission Properties of Commercial BODIPYs in Liquid and Solid Media

A new and facile strategy for the development of photonic materials is presented that fufills the conditions of being efficient, stable, and tunable laser emitters over the visible region of spectrum, with the possibility of being easily processable and cost‐effective. This approach uses poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a host for new dyes with improved efficiency and photostability synthesized. Using a simple protocol, fluorine atoms in the commercial (4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene) (F‐BODIPY) by carboxylate groups. The new O‐BODIPYs exhibit enhanced optical properties and laser behavior both in the liquid and solid phases compared to their commercial analogues. Lasing efficiencies up to 2.6 times higher than those recorded for the commercial dyes are registered with high photostabilities since the laser output remain at 80% of the initial value after 100 000 pump pulses in the same position of the sample at a repetition rate of 30 Hz; the corresponding commercial dye entirely loses its laser action after only 12 000 pump pulses. Distributed feedback laser emission is demonstrated with organic films incorporating new O‐BODIPYs deposited onto quartz substrates engraved with appropriated periodical structures. These dyes exhibit laser thresholds up to two times lower than those of the corresponding parent dyes with lasing intensities up to one order of magnitude higher.
Woody Shrubs as a Potential Source of Domestic Energy in the Eastern Himalayan Region of India

Nine indigenous woody shrub species viz. Cassia occidentails, Cassia tora, Eupatorium odoratum, Prosopis spicigera, Osbeckia nepalensis, Leea sambusina, Cassia alata, Eugenia balsamea, and Tamarix dioica growing in their natural habitat in the northeast region of India were studied for their charcoal production potential by pyrolyzing at terminal temperatures of 300–800°C at a constant heating rate of 3°C/min. The product composition and the quality of charcoals formed in each of the terminal temperatures were analyzed and discussed. Among all of the species, it was found that O. nepalensis, E. balsamea, P. spicigera, C. occidentails, and T. dioica showed higher percentages of charcoal yields and fixed carbon contents than the other four shrub species. From the study results, it can be concluded that various shrub species are no less than tree species as a reliable resource for domestic energy.
Pharmaceutical Analysis for Environmental Samples: Individual and Simultaneous Determination of Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Norfloxacin Using an HPLC with Fluorescence and UV Detection with a Wetland Soil Matrix

Abstract Two HPLC methods were developed for individual and simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin for use in laboratory experiments producing large numbers of samples (100 s to 1000 s). Individual compound detection produced retention times between 1.5 and 2 min and simultaneous detection between 6.5 to 8 min. The methods are compatible with complex geomatrices, e.g. a wetland soil. These methods provide 1) detection limits in the low parts per-billion range; 2) decrease in retention times of 5–10 times for single compounds, and up to 2 times for simultaneous detection over published methods; and 3) require no solid phase extraction.
Quantification of β-Sitosterol in Hairy Root Cultures and Natural Plant Parts of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.)

A simple normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed for the quantification of β-sitosterol in hairy root cultures of Clitoria ternatea vis-à-vis natural plant parts. Chromatographic separation was achieved on normal-phase TLC plates by using optimized mobile phase of n-hexane. acetone (8:2, v/v). Densitometric scanning was performed after postchromatographic derivatization of the plate at 414 nm. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 40 ng and 100 ng spot−1, respectively. A linear response of calibration line was observed over the range of 100 to 500 ng spot−1 with a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.999. Recovery values from 97.22 to 98.51% with small coefficient of variation showed excellent accuracy of the method. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) protocol. The method enables excellent separation and accurate quantification of β-sitosterol in different plant parts of the two floral varieties of C. ternatea along with their cultured roots derived through genetic transformation. β-Sitosterol content was comparable between the blue-flowered and white-flowered plants; roots had a higher content than that in stem and leaf regardless of the two floral varieties. Transformed root cultures had a lower content of β-sitosterol compared to natural roots.