Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Determination of Mineral Elements in Jamun Fruit (Eugenia jambolana) Products

3 Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the mineral contents of jamun fruit (Eugenia jambolana) products namely jam, squash, ready-to-drink juice, pulp powder and seed powder. The products were made and stored for 24 months at various storage conditions in different packaging material since it was an essential part of doctoral study carried out in 2007-2009. About 09 mineral elements such as Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and K in all jamun products were detected through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The minimum and maximum macronutrients of Jamun products were determined as mg/kg. Two varieties of Jamun namely improved-V1 and indigenous-V2 were used. From the results of this study it could be concluded that there is a significant difference between the products as well between the cultivars however, VI is comparatively better than V2 in containing minerals.
Computer simulation of crystallization kinetics with non-Poisson distributed nuclei

The influence of non-uniform distribution of nuclei on the crystallization kinetics of amorphous materials is investigated. This case cannot be described by the well known Johnson - Mehl - Avrami (JMA) equation, which is only valid under the assumption of a spatially homogeneous nucleation probability. The results of computer simulations of crystallization kinetics with nuclei distributed according to a cluster and a hard-core distribution are compared with JMA kinetics. The effects of the different distributions on the so-called Avrami exponent n are shown. Furthermore, we calculate the small-angle scattering curves of the simulated structures which can be used to distinguish experimentally between the three nucleation models under consideration.
Insights into the recognition and association of transmembrane α-helices. The free energy of α-helix dimerization in glycophorin A

The free energy of α-helix dimerization of the transmembrane (TM) region of glycophorin A was estimated from a 125-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in a membrane mimetic. The free energy profile was obtained by allowing the TM helical segments to diffuse reversibly along the reaction pathway. Partition of the potential of mean force into free energy components illuminates the critical steps of α-helix recognition and association. At large separations, the TM segments are pushed together by the solvent, allowing initial, but not necessarily native, interhelical interactions to occur. This early recognition stage precedes the formation of native contacts, which is accompanied by a tilt of the helices, characteristic of the dimeric structure. This step is primarily driven by the van der Waals helix−helix interactions. Free energy perturbation calculations of the L75A and I76A point mutations reveal a disruption in helix−helix association due to a loss of favorable dispersion interactions. Additional MD .
Performance of COSMO-RS with Sigma Profiles from Different Model Chemistries

In this article, a comparison of the performance of COSMO-SAC and COSMO-RS(Ol), using σ profiles generated by different quantum mechanic programs (Gaussian 03, Turbomole and DMol3) and different model chemistries, with respect to activity coefficients at infinite dilution and vapor−liquid equilibrium data of binary systems, is presented. Density functional theory (BP and B3LYP) was used for the COSMO calculations. The basis sets used for the calculation were triple-ζ valence polarization (TZVP) and 6-311G(d,p). DMol3 results were taken from the publicly available VT 2005 databank. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data stored in the Dortmund Data Bank. The results showed that the σ profiles from B3LYP with 6-311G(d,p) basis set generated by Gaussian 03 lead to the best results for most binary systems; COSMO-RS(Ol) is superior to COSMO-SAC for predicting the thermodynamic properties of binary systems in most cases. Calculation results were analyzed, with respect to the types of comp.
Effects of the ethanol extract of the inner bark of Syderoxylum obtusifolium in the cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats

In this study, the ethanol extract of the inner bark of the Syderoxylum obtusifolium (EESob) was tested in the model of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Male Wistar rats were submitted to the injection of cyclophosphamide, 1 h after the treatment with EESob (200 or 400 mg/kg) or vehicle. After 24 h, the urinary bladder was excised and the edema, myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde formation were measured. Also, myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde formation in lung, spleen and liver and leukocyte counts in the peripheral blood were evaluated. Injection of cyclophosphamide increased myeloperoxidase activity and edema. The former was inhibited by the EESob at 400 mg/kg, but the latter was not affected. Although cyclophosphamide did not alter the bladder malondialdehyde formation, pre-treatment with EESob at both doses markedly increased this parameter. Lung and liver parameters or leukocyte counts were not altered by EESob. The spleen myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde formation were not affected by cyclophosphamide, but were increased by the treatment with EESob. These results suggests that EESob administration to rats decrease myeloperoxidase activity in bladder tissue, but is accompanied by lipoperoxidation in this tissue, as well as in spleen, which do not support the use of EESob to treat cystitis.
Hypoglycaemic Effect of Zizyphus jujuba Leaves

Zizyphus jujuba leaves have been widely used as a hypoglycaemic agent by diabetics in some regions of Turkey. In this study, the effects of Z. jujuba leaves on plasma glucose levels in normo‐ and hyperglycaemic rats were investigated. In addition, the chronic toxicity of Z. jujuba leaves was investigated in normoglycaemic rats.
New stable icosahedral quasicrystalline phase in the Sc–Cu–Zn system

Stable icosahedral quasicrystals have been synthesized in the Sc–Cu–Zn system by quench-and-anneal or in-situ filtration methods. These have a composition near Sc16.2(3)Cu12.3(3)Zn71.5(6) at 480°C with a quasilattice constant of 4.995 6(7) Å determined by the Elser method from a single-phase Guinier pattern. An electron diffraction study confirms that the icosahedral quasicrystals have a primitive lattice. Cuboctahedral single crystals with dimensions up to 100 µm have been grown by melt-spinning techniques. A cubic approximant phase Sc14.2Cu10. 3Zn75.5 (ScCu0.73Zn5.33) with a concordant lattice constant lies nearby.
Kinetic study on the hydrotreating of heavy oil. 1. Effect of catalyst pellet size in relation to pore size

In order to investigate the relation between hydrodemetalation of heavy oil and the catalyst pellet size, reactions were carried out by a batch reactor using four kinds of commercial HDS catalysts with different pore size distributions. In the vicinity of 1-mm catalyst pellet size, demetalation activity was significantly affected by pellet size. However, as the pellet size decreased, the activity reached a constant level. These results were analyzed by a simple equation including the Thiele modulus, and it was revealed that the equation can be applied even to such complicated reactions as residue hydrodemetalation.
Study on the Correlation and Prediction of Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients by Quantum Chemical Calculations

The influence and applicability of several quantum chemically obtained descriptors on the correlation/prediction of octanol/water partition coefficients (log Pow) at 298 K is thoroughly studied. The log Pow values are expressed as a linear equation in terms of several contributions to the chemical potential. The chosen parameters reflect the molecular interactions between the solute and the solvent molecules and account for cavity effects, polarity and polarizability, and the distribution of the electrostatic potential. The description of hydrogen-bonding by the sums of minima and maxima of the electrostatic potential is studied in detail for a wide variety of molecules. All descriptors can be easily computed by standard ab initio methods and result in good correlations with experimental log Pow values. The prediction power of the method is tested for a set of solutes, possessing multiple functional groups, intramolecular hydrogen-bonding, and zwitterionic structures.
Effects of magnetized water on the distribution pattern of soil water with respect to time in trickle irrigation

In arid and semi‐arid regions, farmers use low quality groundwater because of limited availability of high quality irrigation water; instead, magnetized water can be used for irrigation given its better quality. Magnetized water is obtained by passing water through permanent magnets or through electro‐magnets installed in or on a feeding pipeline. This study at the Gorgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Gorgan province, Iran, investigated soil moisture distribution from trickle irrigation. Treatments were magnetic and non‐magnetic water and sub‐treatments involved the addition of 200 mg/L calcium carbonate and 400 mg/L calcium carbonate with well water providing the control. The experiment was laid out with a complete randomized block design with three replications. Soil moisture around the drippers was measured for 1, 2 and 3 days after irrigation during the 3‐month irrigation period. The results show that the differences in soil moisture for days 1, 2 and 3 after irrigation with magnetized irrigation water were lesser than those for the non‐magnetized irrigation water treatments. Irrigation with magnetized irrigation water caused higher soil moisture compared with the non‐magnetized irrigation water for different irrigation water salinities. The use of magnetized water for irrigation is recommended to improve irrigation efficiency.
Main Chain Conformation and Anomalous Elution Behavior of Cylindrical Brushes As Revealed by GPC/MALLS, Light Scattering, and SFM‡

High molar mass polymacromonomers based on methacryloyl end-functionalized oligo methacrylates (Mn = 2410 g/mol) adopt the conformation of wormlike cylindrical brushes. Comparison of the absolute molar mass, Mw, determined by static light scattering and the contour length, Lw, of the molecules measured by SFM in the dry state revealed the length per vinylic main chain monomer of the cylindrical structure to be less than 0.1 nm, thus being much shorter than the maximum value of 0.25 nm. In solution this shrinkage could be quantified to 0.071 nm per monomer by Holtzer analysis of the scattering curves which in addition yielded the Kuhn statistical segment length lk = 120 nm. GPC MALLS investigations of such samples showed an anomalous elution effect: After a regular elution at small elution volumes the molar mass of the eluting molecules increased drastically with increasing elution volume. Fractionation by GPC showed that this effect is caused by a fraction of extremely high molar mass molecules which elu.
Sampling Performance of Impactors for Bacterial Bioaerosols

Impactor is more commonly used than impinger and filter for bioaerosol sampling because of direct collection without post-collection sample processing. In this study, sampling bacterial performance of microbial impactors with different sampling velocities and cut-point diameters was assessed. By the evaluated impactors, the recoveries of hardy bacterial spores was observed to be much higher than those of sensitive gram-negative bacteria. In addition, it was demonstrated that sampling biological recoveries of Andersen 1-STG sampler were much higher than those of MAS-100 and Burkard samplers. These might be related to lower cut-point diameter of Andersen 1-STG sampler with higher collection efficiency. Moreover, a sampling time of < 40 min was not indicated to significantly influence bacterial recoveries of the evaluated impactors.
Hydrolysis and Cyclodehydration of Dipeptide under Hydrothermal Conditions

The reaction path and the mechanism of hydrothermal decomposition of glycylglycine (Gly−Gly) and some other dipeptides in the absence of any catalysts were investigated. Experiments were conducted at the temperature range of 240−300 °C and a reaction time up to 200 s. An interesting reaction phenomenon relating to the production of amino acids from hydrolysis of proteins in high-temperature water was observed. Other than hydrolysis of Gly−Gly to produce glycine (Gly), cyclodehydration also took place, producing cyclo(Gly−Gly). The product of Gly from cyclo(Gly−Gly) was also verified. The same reactions were also observed in the case of other dipeptides such as glycylleucine, glycylalanine, and glycylserine. The reaction pathway of the hydrothermal reaction of dipeptides was speculated based on the experimental results to consist of consecutive reversible reactions involving cyclodipeptides, linear dipeptides, and amino acids.
Synthesis and supramolecular assembly of 1,3-bis(1′-uracilyl)-2-propanone

In this research work, we investigated the properties of a novel heterocyclic molecule, named by us U2CO, whose structure consists of two uracil rings connected by a 2-propanone moiety. We studied by UV the spectroscopic characteristics of U2CO as a function of temperature and ionic strength of the solution. Furthermore, dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies conducted on samples containing the uracil-containing derivative indicated the formation of non-covalent supramolecular networks based on multiple U2CO units. These aggregates contained hydrophobic cavities able to encapsulate drugs such as doxorubicin, as evidenced by fluorescence studies. This property, together with the good stability in human serum of U2CO, determined by HPLC analysis, could be an interesting feature in developing new drug delivery systems. Interestingly, UV studies suggested that U2CO is able to form complexes with copper(II) cations, which is a useful characteristic in view of potential anti-oxidant approaches.
Fate of nitrogen and sulphur as affected by the rhizosphere of oilseed rape and barley

Abstract Within plants, sulphur (S), and nitrogen (N) equilibrium is a requisite for their normal development. Pot experiments with oilseed rape and barley fertilized at different N to S ratios were carried out under glasshouse conditions by using the “rhizobag”; technique. The objective was to compare the induced‐influence of rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil on N and S nutrition of the studied plants. Thus, SO4 2‐S, NC3 ‐‐N and NH4 +‐N concentrations, and total N and S taken up by the plants were examined. Barley increased the pH of rhizosphere soil whereas no real change of pH was observed with oilseed rape. Both plants took up all the NO3 ‐ present in the soil solution, but rapeseed took up greater quantities of NH4 +‐N and SO4 2‐ ‐S than barley. Moreover, the ratio values of N to S of the aerial parts of the rapeseed were significantly and positively correlated to those of soil available‐N to ‐S ratios while this correlation was significant but negative with barley. This indicated a clear‐cut different influence between the two rhizospheres which oppositely induce the N and S nutrition of the two plant species.
Structure and superconductivity of the intercalation compounds of TiNCl with pyridine and alkali metals as intercalants

Highly crystalline TiNCl with the FeOCl structure was prepared by chemical vapor transport, and intercalated with pyridine (Py) and alkali metals (A = Li, Na, K, and Rb). The structure of each intercalation compound was determined by the Rietveld refinement. Pyridine molecules were taken up to a composition Py0.25TiNCl, and arranged with the molecular plane perpendicular to the TiNCl layers. The pyridine intercalated compound showed superconductivity at a transition temperature (Tc) of 8.6 K. The alkali metal intercalated compounds AxTiNCl also became superconductors with much higher Tcs of ∼16.3 K. Upon intercalation the TiNCl crystalline layers are mutually shifted in such a way that the primitive cell was changed into different kinds of polytypes with centered cells, depending on the dimensions of the intercalants between the layers. The ab initio electrical band calculation suggested that the pyridine and alkali metal intercalated compounds have different density of states (DOS) profiles, and should have different characters in superconductivity.
Effects of simulated and natural herbivory on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum) leaf trichomes

Abstract. Plants respond to damage by herbivores with a variety of resistance characters including trichome production and the production of secondary compounds. These induced responses play important roles in species interactions, often protecting plants from herbivorous insects or pathogens, and there is growing interest in applying such information to solving pest problems in agriculture with the potential for using endogenous chemical elicitors instead of pesticides promising the development of more environmentally sustainable agricultural practices. The objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which trichomes are induced by the same stimuli shown to induce chemical responses in plants. Using the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum), the number of trichomes produced on leaves was compared after the application of the following treatments: simulated herbivory, natural herbivory, and jasmonic acid (JA) spray. Twenty-five plants were grown, and five randomly assigned to each treatment. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in a randomized block design to control for spatial effects. Treatments were applied after two true leaves had fully developed. Samples were collected from the terminal leaflet of the fifth true leaf, tissue examined using scanning electron microscopy, and the number of different types of trichomes on each sample was quantified. Our results showed significantly higher trichome production on the terminal leaflet of the fifth leaf of plants treated with herbivory and JA compared to control plants and plants treated with mechanical damage. Natural herbivory and JA induced nearly twice as many trichomes as compared to the control plants. There was also a trend showing an increase in glandular trichome Type VI in response to herbivory and JA, although the effect of treatment on trichome type was not statistically significant.
Enhancement of photo‐conversion efficiency in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin‐film solar cells by control of ZnS precursor‐layer thickness

CZTSSe thin‐film absorbers were grown by stacked ZnS/SnS/Cu sputtering with compound targets, and the precursors were annealed in a furnace with a Se atmosphere. We controlled the thickness of the ZnS precursor layer for the CZTSSe thin films in order to reduce the secondary phases and to improve the performance of the devices. The optimal value of the ZnS precursor thickness was determined for the CZTSSe absorbers, and this configuration showed an efficiency of up to 9.1%. In this study, we investigated the depth profiles of the samples in order to determine the presence of secondary phases in the CZTSSe thin films by Raman spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Cu2SnSe3, ZnSe, and MoSe2 secondary phases appeared near the back contact, and the work function distribution of the CZTSSe thin‐film surface and the secondary phase distribution were different depending on the depths of the absorber layer. This phase characterization allows us to describe the effects that changes in the thickness of the ZnS precursor can have on the performance of the CZTSSe thin‐film solar cells. Although it is important to identify the phases, the effects of secondary phases and point defects are not yet fully understood, even in optimal devices. Therefore, phase identification that is based on the work function and the results obtained from the Raman spectra in terms of the depth profile are instrumental to improve the surface and interface of CZTSSe thin‐film solar cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of age and exercise on cerebral blood flow responses to orthostatic stress

IV CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of the Problem 3 Research Hypotheses 3 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity 4 Effects of Age on Cerebral Blood Flow and Orthostatic Tolerance Using Head-Up Tilt 5 Effects of Age on Cerebral Blood Flow and Orthostatic Tolerance Using Lower Body Negative Pressure 8 Effects of Fitness Level on Cerebral Blood Flow and Orthostatic Tolerance 10 Summary 13 CHAPTER 3: METHODS 15 Participants 15 Orientation Session 15 Experimental Protocol 16 Measurements 17 Statistical Analyses 17 CHAPTER4: RESULTS 19 Resting Responses 20 Lower Body Negative Pressure Responses Common To All Groups 20 Presyncope 21 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 28 Limitations 31 Recommendations for Future Research -31 REFERENCES 33
The effects of chickpea on the functional properties of white and whole wheat bread

Summary The effects of the addition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), emulsifier and altered amount of water on the functional properties (bread volume, colour of crust, crumb texture and crumb porosity) of white and whole wheat bread were investigated applying a screening three factorial design. Addition of chickpea increased crumb firmness and slightly decreased bread volume in both bread types. Addition of emulsifier increased bread volume and decreased bread firmness. Altering the amount of water addition had no significant effects on white bread, but decreased crumb firmness and increased bread volume in whole wheat bread. None of the investigated parameter had an effect of whole wheat bread colour, while in white bread chickpea addition increased darkness and yellowness of the bread. Optimum addition for breads of highest quality would be 56.9–58% water, 1.0% emulsifier and 10.0–16.0% chickpea in white bread and 58% water, 1.0% emulsifier and 11.8% chickpea in whole wheat bread.
Substituted p-hydroquinones as a chain-breaking antioxidant during the oxidation of styrene

The technique based on monitoring oxygen consumption was applied to test 13 substituted p-hydroquinones (QH2) as a chain-breaking antioxidant during the oxidation of styrene initiated by 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) at 37°C. The methodology originally developed to test monophenolic antioxidants was modified to fit it to specific features of oxidative transformation of QH2. Chain-breaking capability of QH2 was characterized by two parameters: the rate constant k1 for reaction of QH2 with the peroxy radical LO2·: (1) QH2 + LO2· QH· + LOOH and the stoichiometric factor of inhibition, f, which shows how many kinetic chains may be terminated by one molecule of QH2. Rate constants k1 × 105 (in M−1 s−1) were found to be 5.54 (nonsubstituted QH2); 7.13 (Me-QH2); 13.1 (Et-QH2); 12.0 (t-Bu-QH2); 15.6 (2,6-Me2-QH2); 18.8 (2,3-Me2-QH2); 17.1 (2,5-Me2-QH2); 13.7 (2,6-(MeO)2-QH2); 4.70 (2,6-Ph2-QH2); 0.90 (2,5-Cl2-QH2); 23.2 (Me3-QH2); 4.40 (2,3-(MeO)2-5-Me-QH2). Parameter f never exceeds 2; for the majority of QH2, f was found to be visibly less than 2, decreasing when the rate of initiation decreased. Both experimental data and results of computer kinetic simulations suggest that, contrary to monophenolic antioxidants, the main path of QH· transformation is the self-disproportionation rather than recombination of QH· with LO2·. Most likely, f is commonly lower than 2 because of the reaction of QH· with molecular oxygen. The latter may result in faster depletion of QH2 and the increase in the rate of inhibited oxidation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 162–171, 2002; DOI 10.1002/kin.10041