Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Submarine‐spring controlled calcification and growth of large Rivularia bioherms, Late Pleistocene (MIS 5e), Gulf of Corinth, Greece

The cyanobacterium Rivularia haematites has calcified to form unusually large (up to 10 m high) bioherms in the Pleistocene Gulf of Corinth. Today R. haematites calcifies only in freshwater environments but these Gulf of Corinth bioherms have a brackish affinity, limited areal extent, and occur within marine deposits. Field relations and preliminary U‐series dating suggest a marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e age for the bioherms. This age is compatible with published MIS 5e ages for corals in the marine sediments above the bioherms and is consistent with their current elevation based on average uplift rates. Bioherm growth during MIS 5e constrains their formation during a time of near sea‐level highstand when the Gulf of Corinth was marine. Growth cavities in the bioherms are encrusted by brackish tolerant coralline algae. Field mapping of the MIS 5e highstand palaeoshoreline shows the bioherms grew in water <16 m deep. Mg contents of the bioherm calcites, and associated coralline algal skeletons, are both much lower than expected for marine MIS 5e carbonates. They are best explained if the calcites precipitated from brackish fluids with Mg/Ca ratios below 2, implying at least 60% input of freshwater with low Mg/Ca ratio. Sr isotopes confirm a strong input of groundwater that had partially equilibrated with Mesozoic limestones. The limited areal extent of the bioherms and their close association with karstified fault scarps suggest that they formed in shallow sea water where freshwater submarine springs delivered CaCO3 saturated water that promoted rapid calcification of cyanobacteria. Rapid calcification and strong degassing of CO2 from the spring water resulted in disequilibrium stable isotope compositions for the calcites.
Boron isotopic ratios of some hot spring waters in the Kusatsu-Shirane area, Japan.

Boron isotopic ratios 11B/10B of five hot spring waters from the Kusatsu-shirane area, Japan have been measured mass spectrometrically. Their 11B/10B values are the same within experimental errors and the average value is 4.087. This suggests that the Kusatsu-shirane area belongs to the group of regions that show higher 11B/10B ratios. The secular change in the 11B/10B ratio has also been examined for one of the hot springs (Kusatsu-yubatake) and it is found that the ratio has been invariant (average of five measurements = 4.086) for the past twenty years.
Soft Computing

Soft Computing is dedicated to system solutions based on soft computing techniques. It provides rapid dissemination of important results in soft computing technologies, a fusion of research in evolutionary algorithms and genetic programming, neural science and neural net systems, fuzzy set theory and fuzzy systems, and chaos theory and chaotic systems. Soft Computing encourages the integration of soft computing techniques and tools into both everyday and advanced applications. By linking the ideas and techniques of soft computing with other disciplines, the journal serves as a unifying platform that fosters comparisons, extensions, and new applications. As a result, the journal is an international forum for all scientists and engineers engaged in research and development in this fast growing field. Indexed by Science Citation Index, Inspec, Compendex, DBLP, Computer Science Index, Current Abstracts, Current
Estimating the Background Velocity Model with the Normalized Integration Method

Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is a data-fitting method that allows retrieving the Earth properties from the observed pre-stack seismic data. FWI produces nearly perfect results when the input seismic data contains low-frequency components or when the initial model is very close to the actual model. However, as the FWI objective function is highly nonlinear and has many local minima, lack of recorded low frequencies might seriously harm the final FWI inversion result. We propose here to use the Normalized Integration method (NIM) for the determination of the background velocity model, later refined with FWI. Because we only compare functions increasing with time, the NIM objective function has a more convex shape, thus allowing more easily the convergence towards the exact model even when the low-frequency components of the data are missing. Numerical tests with a simple 2D synthetic model verify that this new method is efficient at recovering the long wavelengths of the velocity model.
Methods for quantifying the uncertainty of production forecasts: a comparative study

This paper presents a comparison study in which several partners have applied methods to quantify uncertainty on production forecasts for reservoir models conditioned to both static and dynamic well data. A synthetic case study was set up, based on a real field case. All partners received well porosity/permeability data and ‘historic’ production data. Noise was added to both data types. A geological description was given to guide the parameterization of the reservoir model. Partners were asked to condition their reservoir models to these data and estimate the probability distribution of total field production at the end of the forecast period. The various approaches taken by the partners were categorized. Results showed that for a significant number of approaches the truth case was outside the predicted range. The choice of parameterization and initial reservoir models gave the largest influence on the prediction range, whereas the choice of reservoir simulator introduced a bias in the predicted range.
Evidence of Recent Warming in the Okinawa Region, Subtropical Northwestern Pacific, from an Oxygen Isotope Record of a Cave-Dwelling Marine Micro-Bivalve

Abstract. The aragonitic micro-bivalve Carditella iejimensis, which is less than 3.5 mm in height and length, inhabits the sediment surface in a submarine cave off the Okinawa Islands, Japan. To evaluate the use of this species as a quantitative paleoceanographic proxy, we analyzed the &dgr;18O values of 50 living C. iejimensis specimens collected from the Daidokutsu submarine cave (ca. 30 m water depth). Results show that most individuals (96%) preserve &dgr;18O values corresponding to the mean annual temperature and &dgr;18O of seawater. The mean &dgr;18Oshell of the 50 specimens was -1.10 ± 0.18‰. These results, when applied to fossil shell &dgr;18O records from Daidokutsu cave, indicate that its mean annual surface water temperature is about 1°C higher than temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene Climatic Optimum, and that the recent warming is likely exceptional during the past 7000 years.
Global distribution of atomic oxygen in the mesopause region as derived from SCIAMACHY O(1S) green line measurements

A new data set of atomic oxygen abundance in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere is presented. The data are derived from the nighttime atomic oxygen green line limb emission measurements of the SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) instrument on the European Environmental Satellite. The temporal coverage is October 2002 until April 2012, and the latitudinal extent is 50°S to 80°N at 10 P.M. local time. This data set is compared to other satellite data sets, in particular to recently published data of SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) and the Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter model. SCIAMACHY atomic oxygen peak abundances are typically 3–6×1011 mol/cm3 at the atomic oxygen maximum region, depending on latitude and season. These values are similar to previous values based on chemiluminescence measurements of the atomic oxygen three‐body recombination reaction but at least 30% lower than atomic oxygen abundances obtained from SABER.
Effects of diagenesis (cement precipitation) during fracture opening on fracture aperture-size scaling in carbonate rocks

Abstract A correlation is demonstrated between the presence of crack-seal texture and power-law kinematic aperture-size (width) distributions among opening-mode fractures in rocks of dominantly carbonate mineralogy. Crack-seal opening increments (opening-displacement increment sizes or ‘gaps’) within individual fractures follow narrow normal or log-normal size distributions, suggesting that fracture widening accumulates in characteristic (usually micrometre-scale) size increments. The scale invariance in overall fracture width distributions present in some fracture sets most likely arises from grouping of these increments (localization) to form larger fractures (millimetre- to centimetre-scale widths). Such localization could be a consequence of the tendency for larger, less cemented fractures to break preferentially during subsequent deformation. Cement accumulation patterns thus provide a mechanism for positive feedback whereby large-fracture growth exceeds small-fracture growth. Using characteristically sized growth increments, a fracture growth model accurately simulates fracture arrays having power-law fracture-width distributions. Model parameters can be altered to produce characteristic-width fracture size distributions. The results have implications for how fracture porosity and permeability evolve in carbonate reservoirs.
The enigmatic Yinshan fold-and-thrust belt of northern China: New views on its intraplate contractional styles

The east- to east-northeast–trending Yinshan belt lies within North China, extending westward at least 1100 km from China's eastern coast to Inner Mongolia. This intraplate Jurassic-Cretaceous belt underwent contractional and normal faulting, folding, and contemporaneous terrestrial sedimentation and magmatism. Current views on its contractional deformational style favor relatively limited “thick-skinned” faulting of Archean basement and cover units. These views are challenged, however, by recent discoveries in the eastern part of the belt of south-directed ductile nappe formation and large-displacement (>40–45 km) “thin-skinned” northward thrust faulting, both involving Archean and younger rock units. Collision of the Siberian and North China plates upon closure of a Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Mongolo-Okhotsk ocean more than 800–1100 km to the north may have been responsible for Yinshan north-south contraction. Some patterns of contraction, e.g., Jurassic-Cretaceous ductile nappe formation, appear to have been influenced by a superposed magmatic regime related to westward subduction of a Pacific basin plate beneath the North China plate.
The origin of thrombi in the deep veins of the lower limb: A venographic study

A series of 952 patients was examined by ascending venography; 812 with clinically diagnosed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (group 1) and 140 with clinical features suggestive of pulmonary embolism (group 2). Thrombus was demonstrated in 401 (49.4 per cent) of group 1 and in 74 (53 per cent) of group 2 patients. A total of 535 limbs contained thrombus. In 493 (92 per cent) thrombus was present in the calf with either no further clot, or clot in continuity with that in more proximal veins. In the remaining 42 legs (8 per cent) thrombus either originated from multiple discontinuous sites in the legs and pelvis, or in proximal major veins without concomitant calf involvement. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Observations and scaling of the upper mixed layer in the North Atlantic

[1] The dependence of the mixed layer depth hD on the sea surface fluxes is analyzed based on measurements taken along a cross-Atlantic section 53°N. A linear function hD ≈ 0.44Lf, where Lf = u*/f is the Ekman scale, well represents the influence of the wind stress u* and rotation f on the mixed-layer deepening, thus indicating that the influence of convective mixing in late spring at this latitude is of a lesser importance. Also, data showed reasonable correlation of hD with the stratified Ekman scale LfN = u*/, where Npc is the buoyancy frequency in the pycnocline, according to hD ≈ 1.9LfN. In both cases the highest correlation between hD and the corresponding lengthscales is achieved when u* values taken 12 hours in advance of the mixed layer measurements were used, which may signify the adjustment time of inertial oscillations to produce critical shear at the base of the mixed layer. The vertical profiles of the dissipation rate ɛ(z) are parameterized by two formulae that are based on the law of the wall scaling ɛs(z) = u*3/0.4z and the buoyancy flux Jb: ɛ1(z) = 2. 6ɛs(z) + 0.6Jb and ɛ2(z) = ɛs(z) + 3.7Jb. The first parameterization is used to calculate the integrated dissipation int over the mixing layer, which was found to be ∼3–7% (5% on the average) of the wind work E10. The positive correlation between hD and int/E10 suggests that in deeper quasi-homogeneous layers a larger portion of the wind work is consumed by viscous dissipation vis-a-vis that is used for entrainment. As such, the mixing efficiency, which is based on integral quantities, is expected to decrease with the growth of the mixed layer.
The temporal and spatial characteristics of TOPEX/POSEIDON radial orbit error

Satellite orbit error has long been the bane of oceanographers who analyze altimetry data. However, radial orbit error on TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) has been reduced to the 3 to 4-cm root-mean-square (rms) level over a 10-day repeat cycle, which represents an order of magnitude improvement over earlier altimetry missions such as Geosat. Consequently, oceanographers are now able to directly evaluate the absolute ocean topography to unprecedented accuracy levels. While significantly reduced, the T/P orbit error still requires quantification. This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the T/P radial orbit error, as assessed through the analysis of laser tracking residuals and orbit comparisons with independently generated trajectories. Spectral analyses of the orbit differences between the orbits determined from satellite laser ranging and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite data and the independently determined reduced dynamic Global Positioning System (GPS) ephemerides indicate that the predominant power is at the once-per-orbital revolution frequency with 2- to 3-cm peaks. When the orbit differences are colinearly aligned to a fixed geographic grid and spectral analysis is performed at each geographic grid point, a nearly 60-day period is found with maximum amplitudes in the 2- to 4-cm range. The contribution of both conservative and nonconservative force and measurement mismodeling to this error signal are assessed. We demonstrate that the ∼60-day error period seen at fixed geographic locations arises from weaknesses in the dynamic ocean tidal models used in the orbit calculations. New tidal models have been developed which significantly reduce this error. Second-generation orbits incorporating many model improvements have been computed and demonstrate a significant reduction in the radial orbit error signals. Some orbit error still exists, and methods for further model improvements and the possibility of achieving 1-cm radial rms orbit accuracy in T/P are discussed.
Upper Permian–Lower Cretaceous clay mineralogy of East Greenland: provenance, palaeoclimate and volcanicity

Abstract The clay mineralogy of Upper Permian-Lower Cretaceous mudstones from East Greenland has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermal analysis in order to evaluate long-term trends in provenance and palaeoclimate and to detect possible volcanic events. The Upper Permian-Lower Triassic mudstones contain illite, chlorite, vermiculite, kaolinite and illite-smectite (I-S), whereas the Rhaetian-Sinemurian mudstones are dominated by kaolinite. Aalenian-Albian mudstones contain kaolinite and large amounts of I-S with ~80% illite layers. Exceptions are three Kimmeridgian samples, which contain mainly I-S with 30% illite layers, and three Upper Barremian-Lower Aptian samples with large amounts of smectite layers. Discrete clay minerals in the Upper Permian-Jurassic mudstones are largely detrital. The smectite-rich I-S probably reflects episodes of volcanic activity in late Jurassic and late Barremian-early Aptian times. This is the first indication of Mesozoic volcanism from the Mesozoic rift basin of East Greenland. The main sediment source during late Permian-early Cretaceous times was weathered Precambrian and Caledonian crystalline basement. The only possibly climate-induced change is a change from chlorite, illite, vermiculite and kaolinite in Upper Permian-Lower Triassic mudstones to kaolinite and I-S in the Jurassic mudstones and is probably due to an increase in precipitation.
The temporal and spatial structures of recent and future trends in extreme indices over Korea from a regional climate projection

The temporal and spatial characteristics of trends in extreme indices over Korea between 1971 and 2100 are investigated using daily minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperature and precipitation data from a regional climate projection at 20 km grid spacing. Five temperature–based indices and five precipitation–based indices are selected to comprehensively consider the frequency, intensity, and persistence of extreme events. In addition, Mann–Kendall tests are used to detect the statistical significance of trends in these indices. For validation during the reference period (1971–2000), the model reasonably simulates the temporal and spatial pattern of the trend. The model captures observed direction and magnitude well in various types of extremes. Indices based on Tmin show a considerable change towards warmer climate conditions while indices based on Tmax do not reveal any distinct trend, implying an asymmetric response of Tmin and Tmax to global warming. Indices of the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation show a significant increase, whereas the duration of dry and wet consecutive days shows no change. For future projections, the temperature–based indices exhibit a much more significant and consistent trend than the precipitation–based indices, with statistical significance at the 95% confidence level for all indices. The frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation are projected to increase in the 21st century, continuing the trend of the reference climate. Although the future projected changes in the duration of consecutive dry and wet days are not statistically significant, the signal becomes more pronounced with respect to the reference simulation. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of RFID anti-collision algorithms using smart antennas

Recently, the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has gained significant attention. One of the important performance issues in RFID systems is to resolve the collision among responses from RFID tags from the viewpoint of wireless media access control. We consider two kinds of smart antenna systems to enhance the RFID tag reading rate, namely the adaptive array antenna and the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna. We consider passive tags that are operating without battery. We evaluate how much performance can be improved by employing smart antennas in the cases of the binary tree splitting algorithm and the Slotted-Aloha algorithm.
Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites

During the growing season, nighttime ecosystem respiration emits 30–100% of the daytime net photosynthetic uptake of carbon, and therefore measurements of rates and understanding of its control by the environment are important for understanding net ecosystem exchange. Ecosystem respiration can be measured at night by eddy covariance methods, but the data may not be reliable because of low turbulence or other methodological problems. We used relationships between woody tissue, foliage, and soil respiration rates and temperature, with temperature records collected on site to estimate ecosystem respiration rates at six coniferous BOREAS sites at half-hour or 1-hour intervals, and then compared these estimates to nocturnal measurements of CO2 exchange by eddy covariance. Soil surface respiration was the largest source of CO2 at all sites (48–71%), and foliar respiration made a large contribution to ecosystem respiration at all sites (25–43%). Woody tissue respiration contributed only 5–15% to ecosystem respiration. We estimated error for the scaled chamber predictions of ecosystem respiration by using the uncertainty associated with each respiration parameter and respiring biomass value. There was substantial uncertainty in estimates of foliar and soil respiration because of the spatial variability of specific respiration rates. In addition, more attention needs to be paid to estimating foliar respiration during the early part of the growing season, when new foliage is growing, and to determining seasonal trends of soil surface respiration. Nocturnal eddy covariance measurements were poorly correlated to scaled chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration (r2=0.06–0.27) and were consistently lower than scaled chamber predictions (by 27% on average for the six sites). The bias in eddy covariance estimates of ecosystem respiration will alter estimates of gross assimilation in the light and of net ecosystem exchange rates over extended periods.
Sampling strategies and model assimilation of altimetric data for ocean monitoring and prediction

Numerical forecasts using simulated altimeter data are generated in order to examine the assimilation of altimeter-derived sea surface heights into numerical ocean circulation models. A one-layer reduced gravity primitive equation circulation model of the Gulf of Mexico is utilized; the Gulf of Mexico is chosen because of its amenability to modeling and the ability of low vertical mode models to reproduce many of the observed dynamical features of gulf circulation. The simulated data are obtained by flying a hypothetical altimeter over the model ocean and sampling the model sea surface in a manner similar to a real altimeter. The data are used to examine spatial sampling requirements for accurate resolution of oceanic eddies and, in forecast mode, the assimilation of asynoptic altimeter data into numerical models. Results indicate that for a stationary circular eddy, approximately two tracks (either ascending or descending) across the eddy are sufficient to ensure adequate spatial resolution. An irregularly shaped eddy may require three or four tracks. In addition, the study reveals that if the track spacing is sufficient to resolve the height field of an eddy, the along-track geostrophic velocity component is determined with equivalent accuracy to that of the cross track component. Simulated Gulf of Mexico circulation forecasts suggest that the numerical model can effectively assimilate asynoptic altimeter measurements. Optimum sampling strategies for a single beam altimeter and intermittent updating of the nowcast/forecast are examined.
Response of atmospheric CO2 to the abrupt cooling event 8200 years ago

Atmospheric CO2 records for the centennial scale cooling event 8200 years ago (8.2 ka event) may help us understand climate‐carbon cycle feedbacks under interglacial conditions, which are important for understanding future climate, but existing records do not provide enough detail. Here we present a new CO2 record from the Siple Dome ice core, Antarctica, that covers 7.4–9.0 ka with 8 to 16 year resolution. We observe a small, about 1–2 ppm, increase of atmospheric CO2 during the 8.2 ka event. The increase is not significant when compared to other centennial variations in the Holocene that are not linked to large temperature changes. Our results do not agree with leaf stomata records that suggest a CO2 decrease of up to ~25 ppm and imply that the sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 to the primarily Northern Hemisphere cooling of the 8.2 ka event was limited.