Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Context-Aware Code Change Embedding for Better Patch Correctness Assessment

Despite the capability in successfully fixing more and more real-world bugs, existing Automated Program Repair (APR) techniques are still challenged by the long-standing overfitting problem (i.e., a generated patch that passes all tests is actually incorrect). Plenty of approaches have been proposed for automated patch correctness assessment (APCA). Nonetheless, dynamic ones (i.e., those that needed to execute tests) are time-consuming while static ones (i.e., those built on top of static code features) are less precise. Therefore, embedding techniques have been proposed recently, which assess patch correctness via embedding token sequences extracted from the changed code of a generated patch. However, existing techniques rarely considered the context information and program structures of a generated patch, which are crucial for patch correctness assessment as revealed by existing studies. In this study, we explore the idea of context-aware code change embedding considering program structures for patch correctness assessment. Specifically, given a patch, we not only focus on the changed code but also take the correlated unchanged part into consideration, through which the context information can be extracted and leveraged. We then utilize the AST path technique for representation where the structure information from AST node can be captured. Finally, based on several pre-defined heuristics, we build a deep learning based classifier to predict the correctness of the patch. We implemented this idea as Cache and performed extensive experiments to assess its effectiveness. Our results demonstrate that Cache can (1) perform better than previous representation learning based techniques (e.g., Cache relatively outperforms existing techniques by \( \approx \) 6%, \( \approx \) 3%, and \( \approx \) 16%, respectively under three diverse experiment settings), and (2) achieve overall higher performance than existing APCA techniques while even being more precise than certain dynamic ones including PATCH-SIM (92.9% vs. 83.0%). Further results reveal that the context information and program structures leveraged by Cache contributed significantly to its outstanding performance.
Credit bureaus and financial constraints do corruption matter?

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess whether or not the presence of credit bureaus is associated with more or fewer financing constraints while considering the interfering effect of corruption in a sample of 18 countries in Eastern Europe and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region during the period 2011–2014. We consider various financial constraint measures and corruption indices, and assess the stability of the relationship for different levels of economic development and corruption. The estimation outcomes suggest that countries with higher levels of corruption might produce less transparent and falsified information that would make access to sources of financing more difficult for firms. Our findings suggest that curbing corruption creates more efficient credit bureaus that, in turn, decrease financial constraints for firms. The subsample estimations confirm these findings and show that the higher and longer-term corruption in MENA countries than in Eastern European countries make credit bureaus’ less effective, imposing more financial constraints. Our findings remain robust with different corruption indices and with the addition of new control variables such as firms’ sales and size, government and exporting firms, and per-capita GDP, inflation, trade, population and human capital.
INFLUENCE OF PLAYING LEVEL ON THE KINEMATICS AND KINETICS OF THE RUGBY SCRUM

The aim of this study was to examine the force production, lower body kinematics and kinetics of front row rugby union forwards during the engagement phase of a simulated rugby union scrum. Twenty-eight male front row players were divided into three groups; professional, senior and junior amateur players. Players performed five trials based on the International Rugby Board scrum engagement sequence. Three dimensional motion analysis and force plate data were used to determine joint angles and reaction forces both on the scrum machine and on the ground. Professional front row forwards generated significantly greater force during the engagement phase compared to both senior and junior amateur players. Professional players had a significantly greater knee abduction angle and generated larger peak hip joint power compared to both junior and senior players.
Do domestic market characteristics influence firms' export intensity?

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the firms' external environment on their export intensity. More specifically, it assesses whether domestic market characteristics such as domestic demand and general export environment related to tradability across borders affect firms' export intensity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a sample of 29,266 firms from nine European countries, for the period of 2010–2016, and test several estimation methods (random effects models, Tobit models, and Heckman's selection models). FindingsResults show that external factors such as domestic demand and ease of trade across borders are important determinants of firms' export intensity. Moreover, results reveal that firm's internal characteristics such as age, size and productivity also play an import role.Originality/valueStudies about the influence of the firms' external environment on firms' export intensity are scarce because most of them are confined to a single country context. In this way, the present study contributes to the body of knowledge on the influence that external factors can have on firms' export performance by analyzing firms from nine European countries, which has important policy implications.
Exploring Nearest Neighbor Interactions and Their Influence on the Gibbs Energy Landscape of Unfolded Proteins and Peptides

The Flory isolated pair hypothesis (IPH) is one of the corner stones of the random coil model, which is generally invoked to describe the conformational dynamics of unfolded and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). It stipulates, that individual residues sample the entire sterically allowed space of the Ramachandran plot without exhibiting any correlations with the conformational dynamics of its neighbors. However, multiple lines of computational, bioinformatic and experimental evidence suggest that nearest neighbors have a significant influence on the conformational sampling of amino acid residues. This implies that the conformational entropy of unfolded polypeptides and proteins is much less than one would expect based on the Ramachandran plots of individual residues. A further implication is that the Gibbs energies of residues in unfolded proteins or polypeptides are not additive. This review provides an overview of what is currently known and what has yet to be explored regarding nearest neighbor interactions in unfolded proteins.
Debunking mainstream anti-racism in the Spanish context: “Anti-rumour” strategies as a case of psychology-based anti-racism

Racism is hardly discussed in Spanish public debates: however, when approached through policy, it is generally understood either as violent acts committed by extremists, or as a matter of stereotypes/prejudices/lack of information about cultural Others. This article focuses on the latter understanding, as performed by Spanish “anti-rumour” strategies, a varied ensemble of initiatives aimed at dismantling stereotypes of migrants and racial minorities, mainly by encouraging better knowledge and empathy. By approaching these initiatives as a representative case of mainstream, psychology-based perspectives on anti-racism and drawing on fieldwork conducted in relevant Spanish locations, I focus on their main assumptions and theoretical/political implications. Despite the heterogeneity of such initiatives, the fieldwork analysis points to common flaws; particularly in the ways their “positive” narratives and allegedly inclusive approaches might foster narrow definitions of racism, silencing its institutional/structural/governmental dimensions and potentially normalizing racist power relations.
Moderation Effects of Language Skills, Residential Tenure, and Education on Immigrants’ Learning From News

Authors of the knowledge gap hypothesis predicted television’s potential to narrow the gaps in some circumstances. This online experiment aimed to bound the conditions that facilitate the leveling role of audiovisual news for a foreign-born audience (N = 137) residing in the United States. Results showed that audiovisual news narrowed the gaps by improving learning for those who scored low on language or U.S. education and by attenuating improvements in learning for those with high language or education scores. Conversely, text news widened the gaps by sizable gains in learning for those with better language or more education.
On the nonlinear viscosity of the orthotropic bulk rheology

Abstract We compare different ways the bulk flow nonlinearity of glacier ice can be captured in an orthotropic rheology. Specifically, we compare the unapproximated orthotropic rheology, derived from plastic potential theory, to existing approximations that assume either the nonlinear viscosity or fluidity is identical to that of Glen's isotropic flow law. We find, overall, a reasonable agreement between the three orthotropic rheologies, and with existing Dye 3 ice-core deformation tests, although assuming Glen's viscosity provides the best approximation to the unapproximated rheology. Our results therefore suggest that previous studies based on either approximation to the orthotropic rheology are on relatively safe ground in the sense that both approximations generally agree with the unapproximated rheology and experimental data. Finally, we provide the forward and inverse analytical forms of all three rheologies for use in future numerical ice-flow modelling.
A Theory-Led Evaluation of a Scalable Intervention to Promote Evidence-Based, Research-Informed Practice in Schools to Address Attainment Gaps

Evidence-based practice is a salient solution that has been presented to address the persistent educational attainment gap linked to economic disadvantage. However, most schools do not engage with research, and we know little about facilitating school-led research use at scale. Linking different approaches to studying educational effectiveness, equity and change, and drawing on cultural-historical activity theory, this study develops intermediate theory about the mechanisms influencing institutions’ success in using research. In the context of the Opportunity Area Programme, supporting place-based interventions in the UK’s most socio-economically disadvantaged regions, we conducted a theory-led evaluation of the Evidence-Based Practice Fund (EBPF), aimed at supporting school-led research engagement to improve learning outcomes. We analysed the documentation of 83 EBPF projects, 8 focus groups, and a school survey. We demonstrate that enabling schools to address locally identified needs motivates research engagement but formulating these as stimulus for change requires scaffolding. Schools were keen but needed re-translation to use research to address those challenges. Low-key school-to-school support was found adequate. Leadership support and collaboration were significant but require relational expertise and professional learning to be effective. This study demonstrates that the use of research by schools at scale is possible and can transform a school’s agency in developing their own practice to improve equity.
Decision-making and treatment results of complex proximal humeral fractures in geriatric patients: retrospective study from a level 1 trauma centre

Proximal humeral fractures are common in elderly, but despite the high incidence, optimal treatment is still discussed and remains a topic of controversy. Nonoperative treatment continuous to be the main modality. However, due to advancements in surgical technology with new techniques and implants, operative treatment could lead to better outcomes and less complications, even in older patients. Decision-making in elderly should incorporate comorbidities, activity level and patient expectations. This study was performed with the intention to find out, if there is a significant difference in treatment strategy and number of operations, in the last five years. Patients older than 65 years with proximal humeral fractures were included. Retrospective analysis of radiographic material and post-injury data was performed, from patients treated in 2015, 2019 and 2020. Last two years were also compared separately to exclude the effect of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Epidemiological data assessment, fracture type and treatment strategy were analysed for corresponding years. Statistical analysis was focused on complex three-and four-part fractures. There were no statistically significant differences regarding incidence between the analysed years. Low energy fall was the mechanism of injury in majority of patients. Patients with tuberosity fractures were in average younger than patients in other groups. Although there were more computed tomography (CT) scans done in younger elderly patients, there was no significant difference in number of CTs compared to older patients (year 2015: p = 0.246; year 2019: p = 0.710, year 2020: p = 0.849). The number of operative interventions was the lowest in 2019 (p = 0.498) and the same was for the osteosynthesis using intramedullary nails (p = 0.014). Frequency of reversed shoulder arthroplasty surgeries is increasing, but the difference is not significant (p = 0.390). Both operative and nonoperative treatment result in similar range of motion (ROM) measurements (p = 0.164 for anteflexion. p = 0.163 for abduction), however the groups were not comparable regarding exact fracture types. In the analysed period of 5 years, epidemiology and treatment strategy of proximal humeral fractures did not change. Nonoperative approach remained the main treatment modality. No significant difference was noted in number of interventions or implants used, although there seemed to be an increased trend towards treatment with reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in complex fractures. A strong correlation was observed between radiographic indications for conservative treatment and actual implementation of it. However, when surgical treatment was indicated using the same radiological criteria, there were more than half of patients, who were not operated on. Radiologic indications are thus not enough for decision-making in treatment of three- and four-part fractures, and patient factors, such as comorbidities and pre-injury activity level, play a major role.
A partnership approach to the design and use of a quantitative measure: Co-producing and piloting the WASH gender equality measure in Cambodia and Nepal

ABSTRACT The connections between WASH and gender equality have been extensively explored and documented using qualitative approaches, but not yet through quantitative means in ways that can strengthen WASH programming. The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Gender Equality Measure (WASH-GEM) is a novel quantitative multidimensional tool co-produced in partnership between researchers and practitioners. This article explores three dimensions of the WASH-GEM co-production and implementation: (i) the role of partnerships in co-production processes for bringing contextual and practitioner knowledge into measure development; (ii) selected results from the validation pilot in Cambodia and Nepal (n = 3,056) that demonstrate ways in which the measure can inform WASH programming through analysis at different levels and with different co-variants; and (iii) the collaborative process of translating research into programming. The study illustrates that strong partnership and co-production processes were foundational for the development of a conceptually rigorous quantitative measure that has practical relevance. The findings presented in this article have implications for future measure development and WASH programming that aims to influence gender equality in rural communities.
Calibration of Few-Shot Classification Tasks: Mitigating Misconfidence from Distribution Mismatch

As many meta-learning algorithms improve performance in solving few-shot classification problems for practical applications, the accurate prediction of uncertainty is considered essential. In meta-training, the algorithm treats all generated tasks equally and updates the model to perform well on training tasks. During the training, some of the tasks may make it difficult for the model to infer the query examples from the support examples, especially when a large mismatch between the support set and the query set exists. The distribution mismatch causes the model to have incorrect confidence, which causes a calibration problem. In this study, we propose a novel meta-training method that measures the distribution mismatch and enables the model to predict with more precise confidence. Moreover, our method is algorithm-agnostic and can be readily expanded to include a range of meta-learning models. Through extensive experimentation, including dataset shift, we show that our training strategy prevents the model from becoming indiscriminately confident, and thereby helps the model to produce calibrated classification results without the loss of accuracy.
Pattern of Blood Specimen Rejection at a Nigerian Public Clinical Laboratory

Obtaining appropriate blood specimen is central towards provision of reliable results in a clinical laboratory. To ensure that blood specimen collected for analysis reflect the physiologic or pathologic processes they represent, potential sources of pre-analytic errors should be identified and avoided. Our study aimed at determining the pattern of blood specimen rejection in a public clinical laboratory with a view of identifying inadequacies that should be improved upon. The sample rejection register at the Haematology laboratory of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria was accessed for a two-year period data on number of specimens rejected, reasons for rejection, types of tests for which rejections were made and affected clinical units; and the retrieved data were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Of the 53,955 specimens received during the study period, 122 were rejected giving an overall specimen rejection rate of 0.23%. Incomplete specimen labelling and clotted specimens were the commonest reasons for specimen rejection having accounted for 59.8% (73) and 30.3% (37) of the rejections respectively. Coagulation Screening Tests and Packed Cell Volume had the highest rejection rates of 52.5% (64) and 18.0% (22) respectively. The Accident and Emergency (A&E) and Emergency Paediatric Unit (EPU) recorded the highest rates of sample rejection with 31.1% (37) and 11.8% (14) rejection rates respectively. We concluded that the reasons for blood specimen rejection in our public clinical laboratory could be avoided via the use of appropriate and properly labelled specimen containers and avoidance of faults in specimen collection, storage and transportation to the laboratory.
Developmental changes in best friendship quality during emerging adulthood

The purpose of this study was to examine change in four features of best friendship quality (intimacy, companionship, reliable alliance and conflict) from age 19 to 30 by gender and investment in romantic life. To this end, 363 participants (58% women) were asked about the quality of the relationship with their best friend and their level of investment in romantic life at ages 19, 20, 21, 22, 25 and 30. Latent growth curve analysis revealed a slight increase in reliable alliance and companionship and a slight decrease in intimacy in the early 20s followed by a steeper drop for these three features (quadratic trajectories), while conflict declined linearly. Women reported higher levels of intimacy and companionship and less conflict than men did at 19 years old. Also, their intimacy diminished throughout their 20s, slightly at first but more strongly thereafter. For men, it was lower early on and remained stable afterwards. Finally, investment in romantic life at age 19 was associated with change in intimacy levels shared with their best friend. This study confirms that features of best friendship quality change differently from one another during emerging adulthood and demonstrates the influence of gender and investment in romantic life on these changes.
Dual Drug Loaded Lipid Nanocarrier Formulations for Topical Ocular Applications

Introduction Untreated ocular infections can damage the unique fine structures of the eye with possible visual impairments and blindness. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) ophthalmic solution is prescribed as first-line therapy in ocular bacterial infections. Natamycin (NT) ophthalmic suspension is one of the progenitors in ocular antifungal therapy. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been widely examined for ocular penetration enhancement and distribution to deeper ocular tissues. The objective of the current study was to prepare NLCs loaded with a combination of CIP and NT (CIP-NT-NLCs) and embed them in an in-situ gelling system (CIP-NT-NLCs-IG). This novel formulation will target the co-delivery of CIP and NT for the treatment of mixed ocular infections or as empirical treatment in case of limited access to healthcare diagnostic services. Methods CIP-NT-NLC and CIP-NT-NLC-IG formulations were evaluated based on physicochemical characteristics, in vitro release, and ex vivo transcorneal permeation studies and compared against commercial CIP and NT ophthalmic eye drops. Results and Discussion NLCs formulation (0.1% CIP and 0.3% NT) showed particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of 196.2 ± 1.2 nm, 0.43 ± 0.06, and −28.1 ± 1.4 mV, respectively. Moreover, CIP-NT-NLCs showed entrapment efficiency of 80.9 ± 2.9 and 98.7 ± 1.9% for CIP and NT, respectively. CIP-NT-NLCs-IGformulation with 0.2% w/v gellan gum demonstrated the most favorable viscoelastic characteristics for ocular application. CIP-NT-NLCs and CIP-NT-NLCs-IG formulations exhibited a sustained release pattern for both drugs over 24 h. Moreover, CIP-NT-NLCs and CIP-NT-NLC-IG formulations showed 4.0- and 2.2-folds, and 5.0- and 2.5-folds enhancement in ex vivo transcorneal permeability of CIP and NT, respectively, compared to the control formulations. Conclusion The results suggest that this dual nanoparticulate-based in-situ gelling drug delivery system can serve as a promising topical delivery platform for the treatment of ocular infections.