Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Moisture Characteristics of Hanford Gravels: Bulk, Grain‐Surface, and Intragranular Components

Although gravels comprise large portions of some vadose zones, their unsaturated hydraulic properties have received relatively little attention. This study examines moisture retention relations in the 2‐ and 6‐mm size fractions of gravels from the Hanford formation vadose zone (Washington State). Understanding flow and transport within this formation is important because parts of it have become contaminated by leakage of radioactive wastes at the Hanford Site. Moisture retention relations were obtained for a very wide energy range, with attention to water retained in intragranular pores and along grain surfaces. External surfaces of these gravels have root mean‐squared roughnesses (rmsr) in the micrometer range, with sparsely distributed deep (hundreds of micrometers) pits. Water films on these external surfaces are volumetrically insignificant at matric potentials less than about −2 kPa. Residual water in these gravels occurs in intragranular pores, accounts for about 10% of the total porosity, and is effectively hydraulically immobile. The intragranular domain in Hanford gravels also has a large specific surface area of about 11 m2 g−1 Thus, exchanges of solutes (including contaminants) between the intragranular domain of Hanford gravels and their immediate surrounding are significant and diffusion limited.
Species composition related to spectral classification in an Australian spinifex hummock grassland

Abstract This paper demonstrates a methodology for relating objective vegetation classifications to spectral classifications in order to map variation in species composition within natural vegetation. Landsat MSS data was used to map spinifex-dominated vegetation units for an island conservation reserve and oil production field on the north-western shelf of Western Australia. A significant relationship was established between an agglomerative hierarchical classification of ground samples, characterized by percentage cover of plant species and physical cover components, and a similar classification of spectral means for sample pixels. Assignment of spectral means to mapping classes was guided by both ground and spectral sample clustering. The strong relationship between the spectral classification and vegetation groups meant that cover classes mapped on the basis of spectral properties could be characterized by quantitative ground data meaningful to vegetation ecology. The resultant groups were differentia.
Theoretical studies of atmospheric tides

Advances in the theory of atmospheric tides since the monograph by Chapman and Lindzen (1970) are comprehensively reviewed. Major developments include investigations of the effects of mean zonal winds and meridional temperature gradients, molecular viscosity and thermal conductivity, radiative damping, composition variations, and hydromagnetic coupling, including seasonal and solar cycle effects. Linearized inviscid and viscid equations of general applicability are documented in this review, and a number of quantitative studies of atmospheric tides are considered as simplifications or modifications of these equations. Recent calculations of thermal excitation due to insolation absorption by H2O and O3 below 80 km, UV and EUV absorption in the lower thermosphere, and latent heat release in the tropical troposphere are presented. Although no attempt is made to exhaustively review incoherent scatter, meteor radar, and satellite mass spectrometer contributions to the study of atmospheric tides, representative wind, temperature, and composition data from these sources are interpreted within the framework of the most recent quantitative models, and the current status of our understanding of atmospheric tides is assessed. Some potentially fruitful areas of future research are also presented.
Ode to Field Geology of Williams: Fleur de Lys Nectar Still Fermenting on Belle Isle

Throughout the 1960s, Hank Williams put Newfoundland on the proverbial global map as one of the most complete cross-sections of the Appalachian Orogen, and he became a champion attractor to this unique geological laboratory. By the end of the 1960s, Williams, together with Bob Stevens, had mapped the rocks of Belle Isle in the treacherous waters north of the Long Range Peninsula, and suggested their siliciclastic rocks were equivalent to those of the Fleur de Lys type sections on the Burlington Peninsula some 200 km away across White Bay, and by implication that the underlying Laurentian basement on Belle Isle should have its counterpart there too. New U–Pb geochronology on zircon from two samples of possible basement to the Fleur de Lys Supergroup is presented here. These data verify unequivocally the wisdom of the original suggestions based on dedicated field work. The new data also provide evidence that by the earliest Ordovician (ca. 483 Ma), high pressure-low temperature metamorphism at depths in excess of 30 km occurred in Fleur de Lys Supergroup domains. The tectonic implications of these findings are explored, and from this it emerges that only new mapping integrated with high-resolution geochronology and thermochronology are required, both on Belle Isle and in the Fleur de Lys Supergroup, to advance beyond the standards set by Hank Williams.SOMMAIRETout au long des annees 1960, Hank Williams aura mis Terre-Neuve sur la carte mondiale comme etant le lieu de l'une des coupes geologiques les plus completes de la chaine de l’orogene des Appalaches, devenant ainsi un attracteur incontournable pour ce laboratoire geologique unique. A la fin des annees 1960, Bob Stevens et lui avaient cartographie les rochers de Belle-Isle, dans les eaux traitresses du nord de la peninsule de Long Range, et propose que leurs roches siliciclastiques etaient l’equivalent de celles des sections des coupes types Fleur de Lys sur le peninsule Burlington, quelques 200 km au dela des eaux de White Bay, et en consequence, que le sous-sol des Laurentides sous-jacent a Belle-Isle devrait avoir sa contrepartie la aussi. Une nouvelle datation geochronologique U–Pb sur zircon sur deux echantillons, potentiels du substratum du supergroupe de Fleur de Lys, est presentee ici. Ces donnees corroborent sans equivoque la sagesse des suggestions originales basees sur un travail de terrain meticuleux. Les nouvelles donnees fournissent aussi la preuve qu’au tout debut de l’Ordovicien (env. 483 Ma), qu’un metamorphisme de haute pression et de basse temperature a sevi a des profondeurs de plus de 30 kilometres dans les domaines du supergroupe de Fleur de Lys. Les implications tectoniques de ces resultats sont considerees, et de cela il se degage que seule une nouvelle cartographie integree a une geochronologie et une thermochronologie de haute resolution, tant sur Belle-Isle et dans le supergroupe de Fleur de Lys, pourront permettre d’ajouter aux resultats obtenus par Hank Williams.
Terrestrial-marine transition in the Cambrian rocks of Kangaroo Island, South Australia

The upper part of the Lower Cambrian succession in northeast Kangaroo Island comprises three interbedded facies associations. The fine-grained association is composed of siltstone, mudstone and minor sandstone. It contains flat lamination and abundant ripple cross-lamination which shows bipolar palaeocurrents, and occurs in combinations of flaser bedding, lenticular bedding and wavy lamination. Although body fossils are relatively rare, trilobite traces and desiccation cracks are common, and the association is interpreted as a predominantly subtidal to intertidal deposit. The conglomerate facies association contains horizontally bedded cobble to boulder conglomerate, with subordinate trough cross-stratified coarse sandstone to granule/pebble conglomerate. Fabrics and structures in the coarse conglomerates are consistent with alluvial transport (stream and debris flow), but not beach deposition. The conglomerate association is attributed to tectonic uplift and erosion of a Precambrian-Lower Cambrian succession developed adjacent to the present north coast of Kangaroo Island. Southward progradation of an alluvial fan complex occurred across east-west oriented tidal flats on which limited wave activity reworked sand and fine gravel, but not coarser material. The sandstone facies association mainly comprises trough cross-stratified and plane-laminated sandstone, the latter with current lineation predominantly sub-parallel to the east-west shoreline. Trough cross-stratification is ascribed to onshore waves and longshore currents, and current lineation to predominantly shore-parallel tidal currents, augmented by longshore drift and storm surge. Tectonic movements gave rise to cycles of transgression and regression as tidal and alluvial processes dominated alternately.
Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismic wave analysis

Constitutive laws define the boundary conditions on fault plane and govern many aspects of earthquake failure. Although several constitutive laws have been formulated based on laboratory rock experiments and applied to theoretical studies in various fields, no actual relation during a natural earthquake has been determined. The 1995 Kobe earthquake is suitable for detailed kinematic analysis, and this enables the first evaluation of constitutive relations for a natural earthquake. In this study, we determine spatiotemporal slip distribution on an assumed fault plane of the 1995 Kobe earthquake by waveform inversion and then solve elastodynamic equations using a finite difference method to determine the stress distribution and constitutive relations on the fault plane. An inversion method based on Bayes theorem is employed to obtain a spatiotemporal slip distribution, and enables us to ensure the objective uniqueness of the solution with numerous parameters and smoothing constraints. This slip distribution is then used as part of the boundary condition in the finite difference calculation. The time histories of slip and shear stress obtained then provide a constitutive relation at each point on the fault plane. They show slip weakening relations almost everywhere on the fault plane, while slip rate dependency is not clear. The slip weakening behavior has a clear depth dependency indicating that the slip weakening rate (dτ/du) is smaller in the shallow crust than that in the deep crust. This may be associated with the paucity of shallow seismicity observed in the source region of this earthquake as reported for many mature fault systems.
Rare-earth-element geochemistry of some Archean iron formations north of Lake Superior, Ontario

Rare-earth-element (REE) compositions of iron formation from two Archean terrains in western Ontario have been determined in order to assess the possible influence of hydrothermal activity on the REE patterns of chemical sediments. One terrain is characterized by sulfide-facies iron formation in association with volcanic flows and volcaniclastic sediments, whereas the other is dominated by oxide-facies iron formation intercalated within submarine-fan clastic sediments. Mineral separates of chert, magnetite, and pyrite from the iron formations have low ΣREE concentrations (< 20–30 ppm) and display moderate to strong positive Eu anomalies (relative to Archean shale). The positive anomalies (and lack of negative Ce anomalies) indicate that Archean sea water from which iron formation locally precipitated was reduced, although to varying degrees.The REE patterns of mineral separates from a given locality are almost identical, but the patterns for various localities differ in detail. A number of iron-formation .
Effects of baroclinicity on the cloud pattern and structure of polar lows: A high‐resolution numerical experiment

High‐resolution numerical experiments using a three‐dimensional non‐hydrostatic model with horizontal grid size of 5 or 2 km are performed to clarify what determines the structure and cloud pattern of polar lows. An axisymmetric initial vortex is imposed in a baroclinic basic state for which thermal wind balance holds. It is found that when the baroclinicity is absent, a hurricane‐like vortex with spiral cloud bands, a cloud‐free eye, and a warm core develops. When the baroclinicity is strong, on the other hand, a vortex with a comma‐shaped cloud and slightly larger horizontal scale develops. The former appears to develop due to CISK/WISHE mechanism, while the latter due to baroclinic instability modified by latent heating.
Equation of state of NaMgF3 postperovskite: Implication for the seismic velocity changes in the D″ region

Recent first‐principles calculations have proposed that bulk sound speed (VΦ) decreases at the perovskite (Pv) → postperovskite (PPv) transition. Yet some measurements suggest an increase in VΦ at the PPv transition in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 and NaMgF3. Our new measurements on NaMgF3 up to 50 GPa under quasi‐hydrostatic stress conditions reveal that the VΦ of PPv remains lower than that of Pv near the PPv transition, consistent with a first‐principles study on NaMgF3. Combined with similar observations in (Mg,Fe)SiO3, MgGeO3, and CaIrO3, our result on NaMgF3 suggests that the VΦ decrease is a robust trend in the PPv transition and is controlled more by crystal structure than by chemical composition. Our finding also strengthens the proposal that the elastic properties of PPv can explain the small P‐wave increase across the D″ discontinuity and the anticorrelation between the VΦ and S‐wave velocity anomalies in the D″ region.
Advanced and Authenticated Marking Schemes for IP Traceback

Defending against distributed denial-of-service attacks is one of the hardest security problems on the Internet today. One difficulty to thwart these attacks is to trace the source of the attacks because they often use incorrect, or spoofed IP source addresses to disguise the true origin. In this paper, we present two new schemes, the Advanced Marking Scheme and the Authenticated Marking Scheme, which allow the victim to traceback the approximate origin of spoofed IP packets. Our techniques feature low network and router overhead, and support incremental deployment. In contrast to previous work, our techniques have significantly higher precision (lower false positive rate) and lower computation overhead for the victim to reconstruct the attack paths under large scale distributed denialof-service attacks. Furthermore the Authenticated Marking Scheme provides efficient authentication of routers’ markings such that even a compromised router cannot forge or tamper markings from other uncompromised routers. Keywords— IP traceback, distributed denial-of-service attacks, DDoS, DoS, packet-marking traceback.
Spatial variations of the [H+]/[O+] ion concentration ratio in the topside F region: Observational evidence for H+ ion flows

Ion concentration measurements during the initial elliptical phase of the Atmosphere Explorer C mission reveal an anomalous behavior as reflected in the height and longitudinal distributions of the [H+]/[O+] ion concentration ratio above 400 km. We emphasize a description and properties of this spatial variability with data acquired during August 1974 when the satellite sampled this height region during late afternoon at southern winter and northern summer mid-latitudes. A well-defined relative enhancement in the ion ratio near 500 km occurs in the winter hemisphere over a broad longitude interval about −90°; the general pattern persists throughout the month, but the magnitude of the relative variation decreases as the satellite orbit precessed southward. The observations at northern summer mid-latitudes indicate a smaller relative depression of the ion ratio within the same general longitude sector. Available measurements and theoretical arguments preclude the presence of similar changes of the observed magnitude in the relative abundance of neutral hydrogen and oxygen at these altitudes. We must thus infer significant deviations of the ion ratio and the H+ concentration from charge exchange equilibrium to altitudes as low as 400 km in the longitude region of abnormal behavior. Height distributions of the observed H+ concentration are consistent with flows of this ion downward into the winter and outward from the summer afternoon F regions, but flows that occur preferentially at longitudes in the vicinity of −90° for the geophysical conditions being sampled. The corresponding horizontal patterns of this ion flow are in general accord with those indicated by Explorer 32 ion composition data at higher altitudes, with neutral winds as the probable driving source. Estimates further suggest that the wintertime H+ fluxes might be substantial, with unusually large vertical flow velocities possible within a localized geographic region. While quantitative aspects of this interpretation remain uncertain, the observed behavior in the [H+]/[O+] ratio provides strong evidence as to the presence and effects of ion flow in the topside ionosphere.
Coinfection with hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV positive pregnant women in Enugu south east, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND Hepatitis B and C viruses coinfection in HIV positive pregnant women is a common public health problem and recognized worldwide. The consequences of this problem in our poor resource setting with the risk of mother to child transmission is obvious with increased morbidity and mortality in our environment. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of coinfection patterns of HBV and HCV among HIV positive pregnant women in Enugu Nigeria. METHODS A retrospective survey conducted on 401 Nigeria HIV positive pregnant women seen at Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT) clinic at the UNTH Enugu Nigeria over a 3 year period between 1st January 2007 and 31st December 2009. RESULTS The prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses coinfection among HIV positive pregnant women in Enugu is 6.5%. HIV/HBV coinfection was commoner than HIV/HCV coinfection. There was no significant association between hepatitis B and C viruses coinfection and the age, ethnic group, marital or educational status of the women (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION There is high prevalence of hepatitis B and C coinfection among HIV positive pregnant women in Enugu. This high burden of these hepatotropie virus coinfection calls for continued need to screen for these infections and vaccinate the affected babies for hepatitis B and/or C where appropriate.
Further Studies of the Properties of London Clay

Synopsis A number of physical and mechanical properties of the London Clay are given based on observations made in several tunnel excavations, and from laboratory tests on specimens. These specimens have been carefully prepared by hand trimming from blocks of clay, which were extracted from tunnels over a large area of the London Basin. Earlier studies of someof these properties (Cooling and Skempton, 1942; Bishop, 1947; Skempton and Henkel, 1957)have been restricted to measurements on samples obtained from boreholes or involving tube-sampling operations. Three important structural features are recognized in the clay, namely, fissures, laminations, and “backs”. The latter two features are rarely considered. The laminations render the clay orthotropic with one axis of symmetry perpendicular to the bedding and specimens have been orientated in mechanical tests so as to demonstrate this feature. The “backs” appear to be associated with minor folding (or faulting) of the stratum, but their extent and importan.
DESTRUCTION OF HEROD THE GREAT'S HARBOR AT CAESAREA MARITIMA, ISRAEL : GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Geoarchaeological analysis of ancient harbor deposits has answered questions regarding the timing and extent of the destruction of the harbor at Caesarea Maritima built by Herod the Great on Israel's Mediterranean coast. By using stratigraphic, micropaleontological (foraminifera), and geochemical (Sr isotopes) analyses of the ancient harbor deposits we can establish a late first to early second century A.D. date for the destruction of the harbor. This destruction occurred earlier, was more rapid and widespread than previously proposed, and was probably caused by seismic activity. The new excavations also indicate that during the fourth to early sixth centuries A.D., geomorphological processes and siltation within the inner harbor allowed this area to be used in a limited capacity as a harbor.
Interdecadal Relationship between the Mean State and El Niño Types

AbstractThe interdecadal change of the mean state and two types of El Nino was investigated based on the analysis of observational data from 1980 to 2010. It was found that easterly trades and sea surface temperature (SST) gradients across the equatorial Pacific undergo a regime change in 1998/99, with enhanced trades and a significant cooling (warming) over tropical eastern (western) Pacific in the later period. Accompanying this mean state change is more frequent occurrence of central Pacific (CP) El Nino during 1999–2010. The diagnosis of air–sea feedback strength showed that atmospheric precipitation and wind responses to CP El Nino are greater than those to the eastern Pacific (EP) El Nino for given a unit SST anomaly (SSTA) forcing. The oceanic response to the same wind forcing, however, is greater in the EP El Nino than in the CP El Nino. A mixed layer heat budget analysis reveals that zonal advection (thermocline change induced vertical advection) primarily contributes to the CP (EP) El Nino growt.
Energy exchange processes in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea, Arctic Ocean, during spring 1999

Abstract We present some new results describing energy exchange processes of drifting sea ice in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the Barents Sea, Arctic Ocean. All measurements and observations of meteorological parameters and ice conditions were taken on board the Norwegian research vessel Lance from 3 to 22 May 1999. Components of surface heat balance were measured and correlated with ice conditions and synoptic observations. These results can be used in atmospheric boundary layer modelling as lower boundary conditions. A relationship was found between modelled turbulent heat fluxes and observed sea-ice concentrations.
Dual effects of IGFBP‐3 on endothelial cell apoptosis and survival: Involvement of the sphingolipid signaling pathways

Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)‐3 has both growth‐inhibiting and growth‐promoting effects at the cellular level. The cytotoxic action of several anticancer drugs is linked to increased ceramide generation through sphingomyelin hydrolysis or de novo biosynthesis. Herein, we investigated the role of IGFBP‐3 on apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and its relationship with ceramide levels. We report that IGFBP‐3 exerts dual effects on HUVEC, potentiating doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis but enhancing survival in serum‐starved conditions. Ceramide was increased by IGFBP‐3 in the presence of doxorubicin and decreased when IGFBP‐3 was added alone to cells cultured in serum‐free medium. The protection exerted by the ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1 over doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis was enhanced by IGFBP‐3 with concomitant reduction of ceramide levels. IGFBP‐3 alone activated sphingosine kinase (SK) and increased SK1 mRNA; the SK inhibitor N,N‐dimethylsphingosine (DMS) blocked IGFBP‐3 antiapoptotic effect. Moreover, IGFBP‐3 increased IGF‐I mRNA and dramatically enhanced IGF‐I release. IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) and its downstream signaling pathways Akt and ERK were phosphorylated by IGFBP‐3, whereas inhibition of IGF‐IR phosphorylation with tyrphostin AG1024 suppressed the antiapopoptic effect of IGFBP‐3. Finally, IGFBP‐3 increased endothelial cell motility in all experimental conditions. These findings provide evidence that IGFBP‐3 differentially regulates endothelial cell apoptosis by involvement of the sphingolipid signaling pathways. Moreover, the survival effect of IGFBP‐3 seems to be mediated by the IGF‐IR.