Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An integral model for high‐accuracy and low‐accuracy experiments

A growing trend in engineering and science is to use multiple computer codes with different levels of accuracy to study the same complex system. Strategies are needed to combine the simulation results obtained at different levels of accuracy to produce an efficient surrogate model for prediction. In this paper, we propose an integral model to borrow as much information as possible from the low‐accuracy experiment. We ignore the Markov property assumed before and model the high‐accuracy experiment based on an integral form of the low‐accuracy experiment. The proposed model is more general thus better predictions are expected. Two explicit forms of some matrices and vectors used in our predictions are given. The effectiveness of the proposed model is illustrated with several examples.
Numerical ranges and dilations

Denote by W(A) the numerical range of a bounded linear operator A. For two operators A and B (which may act on different Hilbert spaces), we study the relation between the inclusion relation W(A)⊆W(B) and the condition that A can be dilated to an operator of the form B⊗I. We also investigate the possibilities of dilating an operator A to operators with simple structure under the assumption that W(A) is included in a special region.
Possible Feedback of Winter Sea Ice in the Greenland and Barents Seas on the Local Atmosphere

Abstract Using monthly Arctic sea ice concentration data (1953–95) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis dataset (1958–99), possible feedbacks of sea ice variations in the Greenland and Barents Seas to the atmosphere are investigated. Winter (February–April) sea ice anomalies in the Greenland and Barents Seas display important feedback influences on the atmospheric boundary layer in terms of both thermodynamic and dynamic processes. The vertical gradients of potential pseudo-equivalent temperature (θse) between 850 and 700 hPa are greater over sea ice than over open water, implying that a more stable boundary layer forms below 700 hPa over sea ice. The effects of temperature advection are shown to account for a relatively small percentage of the temperature variance in area of sea ice feedbacks. Horizontal and vertical variations of the effects of sea ice on temperature in the Nordic and Barents Seas create the potential for d.
Generalized polar coordinate transformation for differential systems

To the present author it appears impossible to ascribe the introduction of the transformation (1.1) to any specific person, for the use of polar coordinates in the study of differential systems is of long standing, appearing in particular in the perturbation theory of two-dimensional real autonomous dynamical systems. The first published use of this substitution in the derivation of certain results of the Sturmian theory for a linear homogeneous differential equation (1.2) appears to be that of Prüfer [11], however, and in the literature this substitution is widely known as the Prüfer transformation of (1.2).
Solitary waves on inclined films: Flow structure and binary interactions

The downstream evolution of disturbances, introduced at the inlet of a liquid film flowing along an inclined plane wall, is studied numerically by solving the full, time-dependent Navier–Stokes equation. Computational results are validated against the predictions of spatial linear stability analysis and against detailed data of the entire evolution process. The structure of the flow field below the waves is analyzed, and the results are used to test assumptions frequently invoked in the theoretical study of film flow by long-wave equations. An interesting prediction is that solitary waves exhibit strongly nonparabolic velocity profiles in front of the main hump, including a slim region of backflow. The computational scheme is subsequently used to study solitary wave interactions. It is predicted that coalescence (the inelastic collision of two humps) is not inevitable but occurs only when the waves differ appreciably in height. Waves of similar size repel monotonically, whereas for intermediate difference.
Modernized Planning of Smart Grid Based on Distributed Power Generations and Energy Storage Systems Using Soft Computing Methods

The modest objective is to check the integrated effect of energy storage systems (ESSs) and distributed generations (DGs) and compare the optimization of the size and location of ESS and DG to explore its challenges for smart grids (SGs) modernization. The research enlisted different algorithms for cost-effectiveness, security, voltage control, and less power losses. From this perspective, optimization of the distribution network’s energy storage and capacity are being performed using a variety of methods, including the particle swarm, ant-lion optimization, genetic, and flower pollination algorithms. The experimental outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques in lowering distribution network operating costs and controlling system load fluctuations. The efficiency and dependability of the distribution network (DN) are both maximized by these strategies.
Richardson’s constant in inhomogeneous silicon carbide Schottky contacts

The electrical characterization of nickel silicide Schottky contacts on silicon carbide (4H–SiC) is reported in this article. In spite of the nearly ideal behavior of the contact at room temperature (n=1.05), the electrical behavior monitored in a wide temperature range exhibited a deviation from the ideality at lower temperatures, thus suggesting that an inhomogeneous barrier has actually formed. A description of the experimental results by the Tung’s model, i.e., considering an effective area of the inhomogeneous contact, provided a procedure for a correct determination of the Richardson’s constant A**. An effective area lower than the geometric area of the diode is responsible for the commonly observed discrepancy in the experimental values of A** from its theoretical value in silicon carbide. The same method was applied to Ti/4H–SiC contacts.
The acoustic analysis of reinforced harmonics

The relationship between articulation and harmonic reinforcement among five overtone singers was mapped from analyses of acoustic signals and radiographic data, with much variation found. A dominant feature of reinforced harmonics (R.H.) is the isolation of one harmonic while attenuating its neighboring harmonics. This is achieved by laying regions of high pressure (formants) over the framework of the harmonic series. These formants are manipulated to reduce the bandwidth which boosts the selected harmonic and dampens adjacent harmonics. LPC Fourier analyses contrasting normal speech to R.H. production demonstrated that bandwidth narrowed significantly (at 3 dB down) from 150 to 20 Hz, while center bandwidth (and selected harmonic) during R.H. increased amplitude by 34 dB, and damping of adjacent harmonics decreased amplitude by 30 dB. Next, bandwidth was measured by applying an artificial larynx to two subjects who showed bandwidth narrowing from 258 to 18 Hz; center bandwidth frequency increased by 12 d.
Characterization of the Generalized Pólya Process and its Applications

In this paper some important properties of the generalized Pólya process are derived and their applications are discussed. The generalized Pólya process is defined based on the stochastic intensity. By interpreting the defined stochastic intensity of the generalized Pólya process, the restarting property of the process is discussed. Based on the restarting property of the process, the joint distribution of the number of events is derived and the conditional joint distribution of the arrival times is also obtained. In addition, some properties of the compound process defined for the generalized Pólya process are derived. Furthermore, a new type of repair is defined based on the process and its application to the area of reliability is discussed. Several examples illustrating the applications of the obtained properties to various areas are suggested.
Renormalization group analysis of turbulence. I. Basic theory

AbstractWe develop the dynamic renormalization group (RNG) method for hydrodynamic turbulence. This procedure, which uses dynamic scaling and invariance together with iterated perturbation methods, allows us to evaluate transport coefficients and transport equations for the large-scale (slow) modes. The RNG theory, which does not include any experimentally adjustable parameters, gives the following numerical values for important constants of turbulent flows: Kolmogorov constant for the inertial-range spectrumCK=1.617; turbulent Prandtl number for high-Reynolds-number heat transferPt=0.7179; Batchelor constantBa=1.161; and skewness factor¯S3=0.4878. A differentialK- $$\bar \varepsilon $$ model is derived, which, in the high-Reynolds-number regions of the flow, gives the algebraic relationv=0.0837 K2/ $$\bar \varepsilon $$ , decay of isotropic turbulence asK=O(t−1.3307), and the von Karman constantκ=0.372. A differential transport model, based on differential relations betweenK, $$\bar \varepsilon $$ , andν, is derived that is not divergent whenK→ 0 and $$\bar \varepsilon $$ is finite. This latter model is particularly useful near walls.
The impact of deep convection on the West African summer monsoon climate: a regional climate model sensitivity study

The role of the representation of deep convection on key elements of the West African summer monsoon climate is addressed using the Regional Climate Model RegCM3. Two simulations in which a scheme of deep convection is activated and then turned off are performed and intercompared. Results show that the presence of deep convective heating along the intertropical convergence zone sustains increased lower‐level baroclinicity favoring intensification of the jet core and leading to a more realistic African easterly jet. In addition, although the isentropic potential vorticity (IPV) is lower when the convection scheme is switched off, African easterly waves (AEWs) are still generated and propagate westwards but they dissipate around the west coast. Substantial differences between the two simulations occur mainly at the 6‐ to 9‐day time‐scale over land, when much weaker activity is simulated in the absence of convection. This indicates that orographic friction and low‐level large‐scale moisture convergence, generating high values of latent heat and IPV, may play the dominant role in the genesis and growth of AEWs and that deep convection acts to strengthen the overall wave activity and to favor their west coast development. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Immune Response after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with DMTs

The impact of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) on the immune response to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) needs further elucidation. We investigated BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effects concerning antibody seroconversion, inflammatory mediators’ level and immunophenotype assessment in pwMS treated with cladribine (c-pwMS, n = 29), fingolimod (f-pwMS, n = 15) and ocrelizumab (o-pwMS, n = 54). Anti-spike immunoglobulin (Ig)-G detection was performed by an enzyme immunoassay; molecular mediators (GrB, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were quantified using the ELLA platform, and immunophenotype was assessed by flow cytometry. ANCOVA, Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation analyses were applied. Only one o-pwMS showed a mild COVID-19 infection despite most o-pwMS lacking seroconversion and showing lower anti-spike IgG titers than c-pwMS and f-pwMS. No significant difference in cytokine production and lymphocyte count was observed in c-pwMS and f-pwMS. In contrast, in o-pwMS, a significant increase in GrB levels was detected after vaccination. Considering non-seroconverted o-pwMS, a significant increase in GrB serum levels and CD4+ T lymphocyte count was found after vaccination, and a negative correlation was observed between anti-spike IgG production and CD4+ T cells count. Differences in inflammatory mediators’ production after BNT162b2 vaccination in o-pwMS, specifically in those lacking anti-spike IgG, suggest a protective cellular immune response.
Characteristics of Enterprises More Likely to Face Constraints in the Unorganised Manufacturing Sector in India

The unorganised manufacturing sector has been facing numerous challenges in spite of its capacity to generate employment. This study analyses the enterprises in the unorganised manufacturing sector in India most likely to face challenges based on different characteristics. The data for the study is extracted from the 73rd Round of National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) for the period 2015–2016. The aim is to identify the characteristics of unorganised manufacturing enterprises more likely to encounter problems. Logistic regression techniques have been employed for this purpose. The results show that the larger enterprises, the establishments, are more likely to face problems than the small own-account units. With odds ratios greater than one, rural sector enterprises, registered enterprises, male-owned enterprises, contracting enterprises, enterprises with accounts maintained and enterprises with government assistance have higher risks of problems. Registration status does not reduce the chances of such enterprises encountering problems. Older enterprises are less likely to face problems. Suitable policy measures designed for enterprises with specific characteristics are needed to address the problems of the unorganised manufacturing sector.
Vertical transports produced by double-diffusive plumes in a confined homogeneous environment

Double-diffusive plumes, injected into surroundings of nearly the same density, are observed to separate near the source and to produce both upward and downward convection, which is enhanced as layers form at the top and bottom of the experimental tank. This process has been quantified in this paper for both sugar plumes in homogeneous salt solution and salt plumes in sugar solution, over a range of small density differences on either side of zero. The tank was fitted with a partition at mid-depth, which could be closed at the end of a known period of input, so that the concentration changes above and below the source could be deduced. The density of the input and tank fluids, and that of the upper and lower layers, was measured in each case, as well as a second property, conductivity for the salt and optical rotation for the sugar inputs. These measurements were motivated by, and shed light on, the experimental results of Turner & Veronis (2000). There are large differences between the upward and downward transports produced by the two types of plume, because of the different rates of diffusion of salt and sugar in and out of the plumes and the subsequent transports through the interfaces that form as the plumes spread out along the top and bottom boundaries. One result is that at a density ratio close to 1 a salt plume produces equal upward and downward transports of salt, whereas at the same density ratio a sugar plume leads to a much larger downward flux of sugar. This is consistent with the ‘diffusive’ final state observed by Turner & Veronis (2000), and this conclusion is supported by a more detailed analysis of the redistribution of the tank fluid.
Generalized Poisson Shock Models.

Abstract : Suppose that shocks hit a device in accordance with a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with intensity function lambda(t). The ith shock causes a damage X sub i. The X sub i are assumed to be independent and identically distributed positive random variables, and are also assumed independent of the counting process of shocks. Let D(x sub 1, ., x sub n) denote the total damage when n shocks having damages x sub 1, . , x sub n have occurred. It has previously been shown that the first time that D(X) exceeds a critical threshold value is an increasing, failure rate average random variable whenever lambda(t) = lambda and D(x) = sum over x sub i. This result is extended to the case where integral from 0 to t of (lambda(s)ds/t) is nondecreasing in t and D(x) is a symmetric, nondecreasing function. The extension is obtained by making use of a recent closure result for increasing failure rate average stochastic processes.
Hydraulic condition for undular-jump formations

This paper presents the upper limit of the inflow Froude number for undular-jump formations in smooth rectangular channels. It has been found that the formation of undular jumps depends not only on the inflow Froude number but on the boundary-layer development at the toe of the jump under conditions in which the effects of the aspect ratio and the Reynolds number on the flow condition are negligible. The velocity of the first wave crest immediately before the breaking is at a maximum near the water surface and becomes a critical velocity. For the undular jumps with the developing inflow, the upper limit of the Froude number F1limit has been shown experimentally as F1limit = 1.3-2.3. For the fully developed inflow, F1limit ≒ 1.7 has also been obtained, and it shows the same value as described in many textbooks. The upper limit of the inflow Froude number for undular-jump formations has been derived by taking account of the boundary-layer development and considering the flow along the water surface immediately before the breaking. The predicted values agree with experimental results.
X-ray induced Sm3+ to Sm2+ conversion in fluorophosphate and fluoroaluminate glasses for the monitoring of high-doses in microbeam radiation therapy

Fluorophosphate and fluoroaluminate glasses doped with trivalent samarium were evaluated as sensors of x-ray radiation for microbeam radiation therapy at the Canadian Light Source using the conversion of trivalent Sm3+ to the divalent form Sm2+. Both types of glasses show similar conversion rates and may be used as a linear sensor up to ∼150 Gy and as a nonlinear sensor up to ∼2400 Gy, where saturation is reached. Experiments with a multi-slit collimator show high spatial resolution of the conversion pattern; the pattern was acquired by a confocal fluorescence microscopy technique. The effects of previous x-ray exposure may be erased by annealing at temperatures exceeding the glass transition temperature Tg while annealing at TA < Tg enhances the Sm conversion. This enhancement is explained by a thermally stimulated relaxation of host glass ionic matrix surrounding x-ray induced Sm2+ ions. In addition, some of the Sm3+-doped glasses were codoped with Eu2+-ions but the results show that there is no marked .
Paclobutrazol induced physio-biochemical manifestations to ameliorate water deficit stress in rice (Oryza sativa)

In this study, the mechanism of paclobutrazol (PBZ) mediated improvement in tolerance to water deficit in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes were thoroughly investigated. Rice genotypes were subjected to different doses (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 ppm) of paclobutrazol. Study revealed that relative water content, membrane stability index, total chlorophyll and abscisic acid content significantly increased by application of PBZ in contrasting rice genotypes, i.e. Nagina-22 (drought-tolerant genotype), IR-64 (drought sensitive) and IR-64 DTY1.1 [drought-tolerant, near isogenic line of IR-64 developed by the introgression of a major QTL (qDTY1.1)] under polyethylene glycol mediated water deficit stress. The increase was found to be of higher magnitude in 90 ppm dose of paclobutrazol compared to other doses. Our results suggest that PBZ application could significantly improve tolerance in rice genotypes particularly susceptible genotype under limited water availability through selective changes in physio-biochemical parameters.
Form-Drag Instability, Multiple Equilibria and Propagating Planetary Waves in Baroclinic, Orographically Forced, Planetary Wave Systems.

Abstract A two-layer baroclinic model is used to study the planetary-scale motions of a thermally driven atmosphere in the presence of topography, and in doing so to extend previous results obtained with a barotropic model. Highly truncated spectral equations are used to obtain multiple wavelike stationary equilibrium states, to examine the instabilities that produce them, and to study the instabilities that feed on them and give rise to traveling planetary waves. Although the equilibria cannot exist without orography, their energy comes from the potential energy of the mean flow, not from kinetic energy transfer via the mountain torque. Low-index (blocking) equilibria as well as high-index equilibria require a large thermal driving and are associated with both orographic and baroclinic instability of the Hadley circulation. The blocking state is stable to the gravest y mode but unstable to the next highest y mode: the high-index states are unstable to both modes. The instabilities of the equilibria lead .
Temperature-Dependent Development Models Describing the Effects of Temperature on the Development of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Simple Summary Spodoptera frugiperda is an important agricultural pest of several plants; therefore, a reliable method is required for predicting its emergence in fields. Temperature-dependent development and thermal bio parameters are among approaches that are commonly used to model insect phenology. However, information regarding S. frugiperda is limited. In this study, we evaluated the fitness of S. frugiperda at various constant temperatures. The results of this study indicated that a temperature range of 28–30 °C was optimal for the fitness of S. frugiperda. Among the seven models evaluated in this study, the Shi model best described the relationship between temperature and the development rate of S. frugiperda. Estimating thermal thresholds and selecting appropriate models are crucial for effective decision-making regarding S. frugiperda control. Abstract The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is an economically important pest that recently invaded Africa and Asia; however, information regarding its biological capacity to establish itself in newly invaded environments is largely unknown. We investigated the effects of temperature on the development and survival of the invaded populations of S. frugiperda and selected mathematical models to evaluate its development in a new environment. S. frugiperda exhibited optimum survival and growth at temperatures between 28 °C and 30 °C. The lower and upper thermal thresholds for the egg-to-adult life cycle were 13.51 °C and 34.13 °C, respectively. We compared seven mathematical models and found that the Shi model was the most suitable for describing the temperature-dependent development rate of S. frugiperda. Therefore, the Shi mathematical model may be used to predict both the occurrence of particular developmental stages and the geographic distribution to implement measures for the management of S. frugiperda in agricultural fields.
A cosmographic calibration of the Ep,i – Eiso (Amati) relation for GRBs

Aims. The relation connecting the emitted isotropic energy and the rest-frame peak energy of theFspectra of Gamma-Ray Bursts (the Amati relation), strictly depends on the cosmological model, so we need a method to obtain an independent calibration of it. Methods. Using the Union Supernovae Ia catalog, we obtain a cosmographic luminosity distance in the y-redshift and demonstrate that this parametrization approximates very well the fiducial st andard comsomlogical modelCDM. Furthermore, by this cosmographic luminosity distance dl, it is possible to achieve the Amati relation independent on the cosmological model Results. The cosmographic Amati relation that we obtain agrees, in the errors, with other cosmological-independent calibrations proposed in the literature. Conclusions. This could be considered a good indication in view to obtain standard candles by Gamma-Ray Bursts