Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hettangian and Sinemurian magnetostratigraphy from Paris Basin

A long core (1110 m) drilled at Montcornet (northeastern Paris Basin) provides early Jurassic magnetostratigraphic data coupled with biochronological control. About 600 paleomagnetic samples were obtained from a 148-m-thick series of Hettangian and Sinemurian rocks. A composite demagnetization using thermal (up to 300°C) followed by alternating field technique (up to 100 mT) is used to separate the magnetic components. A low unblocking temperature component (<250°C) with an inclination of about 65° is interpreted as a present-day field overprint. The characteristic remanent component with both normal and reversed antipodal directions is then isolated between 5 and 70 mT. Eighty-one polarity intervals are recognized in this study. The higher reversal frequency of the late Hettangian/early Sinemurian time interval contrasts with a lower reversal rate observed in the rest of the early Liassic. A rough mean estimate of about 5 reversals/m.y. can be proposed for the earliest Jurassic. These results represent a significant contribution to the magnetic polarity reversal timescale for a time interval hitherto poorly known and add to the magnetic reversal frequency curve of the last 350 m.y.
Evaporation, Unsaturated Flow, and Salt Accumulation in Multilayer Deposits of “Paste” Gold Tailings

Both the geotechnical and geoenvironmental performances of surface deposited “paste” mine tailings are strongly influenced by desiccation, rewetting after precipitation, as well as interlayer flow. All these processes strongly depend on unsaturated flow within the tailings. Modeling of small (0.15 m in diameter)- and large ( 1.7 m×1.7 m in plan)-scale tests on two-layer deposits of paste gold tailings showed that desiccation and interlayer flow can be reasonably modeled using one-dimensional unsaturated flow codes, if volume change and its effect on the water-retention curve are considered. Though significant cracking occurred during drying of the paste tailings, its influence on the rate of evaporation was minimal. In some of the tests, the accumulation of salt at the surface substantially suppressed the rate of evaporation. The transport of ions leading to the accumulation of salt is modeled using a one-dimensional contaminant transport code coupled to the unsaturated flow code. The results provide insi.
Re-Examination of Some Large Early Mesozoic Tetrapod Footprints from the African Collection of Paul Ellenberger

The Late Triassic—Early Jurassic ichnofauna described mainly by Paul Ellenberger from southern Africa (Lesotho) is a valuable window on first phases of dinosaur diversification. Unfortunately, the present taxonomic status of several forms from that ichnofauna is unclear. The revision of this material has been frequently invoked and partially done without reaching many definitive results. Due to the enormous amount of data, a global revision seems at present impossible and must be accomplished in smaller steps. A small number of Ellenberger's ichnogenera including Tetrasauropus, Pseudotetrasauropus, Pentasauropus, Paratetrasauropus, Sauropodopus and Deuterosauropodopus, which different authors have ascribed to basal sauropodomorphs, are here revised in a consistent manner and their attribution to osteological clades is considered. Tetrasauropus and Pseudotetrasauropus are here validated as the only ichnotaxa related to sauropodomorphs. Pentasauropus is retained as valid, and a therapsid trackmaker is suggested. Paratetrasauropus and Sauropodopus are also validated and ascribed to non-dinosaurian trackmakers, and Deuterosauropodopus is synonymized with Sauropodopus.
Temporal Variability of Land–Atmosphere Coupling and Its Implications for Drought over the Southeast United States

AbstractDroughts represent a significant source of social and economic damage in the southeast United States. Having sufficient warning of these extreme events enables managers to prepare for and potentially mitigate the severity of their impacts. A seasonal hydrologic forecast system can provide such warning, but current forecast skill is low during the convective season when precipitation is affected by regionally varying land surface heat flux contributions. Previous studies have classified regions into coupling regimes based on the tendency of surface soil moisture anomalies to trigger convective rainfall. Until now, these classifications have been aimed at assessing the long-term dominant feedback signal. Sufficient focus has not been placed on the temporal variability that underlies this signal. To better understand this aspect of coupling, a new classification methodology suitable at daily time scales is developed. The methodology is based on the joint probability space of surface soil moisture, co.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE DISPERSION OF GAS PHASE COMPONENTS IN SOIL

ガソリン，灯油や軽油などの鉱物油の浄化処理工法であるガス吸引工法やバイオレメディエーションの設計や効果の判断に際して，土壌の通気帯中におけるガスの物質移動の原理を把握することが重要となる．しかし，通気帯中のガス成分の分散に関する実験はこれまでに行われていない．そこで，本研究では，体積含水率が0％の豊浦砂を用いたカラム実験を酸素と窒素および窒素と二酸化炭素の組み合わせについて行い，通気帯中の流れ方向に関するガス成分の分散特性を把握した．地下水に溶解した物質移動に適用される分散長の概念を用いて分散長と分子拡散係数を求めることができたことより通気帯中のガス成分の分散の現象にも分散長の概念を適用できることが分かった．
GOES 10 cloud optical property retrievals in the context of vertically varying microphysics

An optimal estimation approach is applied to the physical retrieval of single-layer cloud optical properties (optical depth and effective radius) using multispectral imager channels on the western Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES 10). The retrieval includes diagnostic information pertaining to uncertainty and dependence on a priori assumptions required by the forward model. Satellite retrievals of 0.65-μm cloud optical depth and effective radius (micrometers) for marine stratocumulus (in both drizzle and drizzle-free conditions) during the CloudSat Antecedent Validation Experiment and tropical cirrus during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)-Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle spring flight series are examined together with data from the NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Airborne Cloud Radar (ACR), the ARM Cloud Detection Lidar, and the Colorado State University Scanning Spectral Polarimeter (SSP) instruments. Optical depths are found to be consistent between GOES and SSP after taking into account the degradation of responsivity in GOES channel 1. Colocated ACR/GOES observations support past evidence that passive satellite detection of drizzle size droplets (in terms of a significant positive bias in the retrieved effective radius) may be possible under certain conditions. The ability of a dual lidar/radar active observing system to provide independent information over different cloud particle size regimes is illustrated and speaks to the vertical variability of cloud microphysics. The GOES estimate of effective radius was found to be more representative of the upper 0.5 km of the cirrus clouds examined.
Critical state soil constitutive model for methane hydrate soil

[1] This paper presents a new constitutive model that simulates the mechanical behavior of methane hydrate-bearing soil based on the concept of critical state soil mechanics, referred to as the “Methane Hydrate Critical State (MHCS) model”. Methane hydrate-bearing soil is, under certain geological conditions, known to exhibit greater stiffness, strength and dilatancy, which are often observed in dense soils and also in bonded soils such as cemented soil and unsaturated soil. Those soils tend to show greater resistance to compressive deformation but the tendency disappears when the soil is excessively compressed or the bonds are destroyed due to shearing. The proposed model represents these features by introducing five extra model parameters to the conventional critical state model. It is found that, for an accurate prediction of ground settlement, volumetric yielding plays an important role when hydrate soil undergoes a significant change in effective stresses and hydrate saturation, which are expected during depressurization for methane gas recovery.
Improving Electron Micrograph Signal-to-Noise with an Atrous Convolutional Encoder-Decoder

We present an atrous convolutional encoder-decoder trained to denoise 512$\times$512 crops from electron micrographs. It consists of a modified Xception backbone, atrous convoltional spatial pyramid pooling module and a multi-stage decoder. Our neural network was trained end-to-end to remove Poisson noise applied to low-dose ($\ll$ 300 counts ppx) micrographs created from a new dataset of 17267 2048$\times$2048 high-dose ($>$ 2500 counts ppx) micrographs and then fine-tuned for ordinary doses (200-2500 counts ppx). Its performance is benchmarked against bilateral, non-local means, total variation, wavelet, Wiener and other restoration methods with their default parameters. Our network outperforms their best mean squared error and structural similarity index performances by 24.6% and 9.6% for low doses and by 43.7% and 5.5% for ordinary doses. In both cases, our network's mean squared error has the lowest variance. Source code and links to our new high-quality dataset and trained network have been made publicly available at https://github.com/Jeffrey-Ede/Electron-Micrograph-Denoiser
A recommended Maliuzhinets diffraction coefficient for right angle lossy wedges

Diffraction by right angle lossy wedges formed by building surfaces is of great importance for field strength predictions in ray-based and ray-tracing methods in urban and indoor microcellular mobile communications. Some important conclusions related to the efficiency of different diffraction coefficients are derived, by comparing the diffraction fields generated by 90/spl deg/ and 270/spl deg/ lossy wedges illuminated by TM and TE waves. For a right angle wedge, Holm's diffraction coefficient is more accurate than Luebbers' in a deep shadowing region. However, the prediction results are quite poor in some illumination regions for both of the heuristic diffraction coefficients. For a 270/spl deg/ wedge, the heuristic diffraction coefficients are invalid. The simplified Maliuzhinets diffraction coefficient is recommended for field strength prediction in microcellular mobile communications.
Some additional hysteresis parameters for a natural (titano)magnetite with known grain size

The grain-size dependence (250 down to <5 μm) of the hysteresis properties of a natural magnetite and a natural titanomagnetite were determined with an Alternating Gradient Magnetometer. In addition to the classical hysteresis parameters (M/M g H c , H ct , H ct H c ) three additional hysteresis parameters (MDF hyn , MIF hyn and χ hin ) were obtained from the loops (von Dobeneck, 1993). The classical hysteresis parameters agrcc well with data of Hartstra (1982), indicating that the small sample size of the AGM specimens does not hinder acquisition of meaningful data. The additional hysteresis parameters seem to depend on mineralogical composition but show little grain-size dependence. χ hyn /χ ir is ∼1.6 for coarse grain-size fractions and decreases with grain size in fine fractions. The onset of the decrease corresponds to the PSD-MD transition.
Automaticity in the reading circuitry

Skilled reading requires years of practice to learn to associate visual symbols (graphemes) with speech sounds (phonemes). Over the course of the learning process, this association becomes almost effortless and automatic. Here we hypothesize that automatic activation of phonological processing circuits in response to a visually presented word is a hallmark of skilled reading. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure cortical evoked responses to printed words while children engaged in an attention-demanding fixation task in which their attention was directed away from the words. We found strong activation in brain regions involved in speech sound processing, namely the superior temporal gyrus (STG). This automatic response to visually presented words in a canonical language region was indicative of good reading skills: the visual stimulus-driven STG response was only present in skilled readers but not in children with dyslexia. Our results suggest that automatic recruitment of phonological processing circuits is a hallmark of skilled reading; with practice, reading becomes effortless as the brain learns to automatically translate letters into sounds and meaning. Highlights The superior temporal gyrus shows automatic responses to unattended printed words. In the inferior frontal gyrus, the response to printed words depends on the task. Only skilled readers showed cortical activity reflecting visually-driven, automatic responses in classical language regions. The strength of automaticity in the superior temporal gyrus correlated with individual reading skills.
The interplay between sulfur and iron nutrition in tomato 32

sentence summary: Combined Fe and S starvation induces a complex regulatory system distinct response coordinate plant Abstract 46 Plant response mechanisms to deficiency of a single nutrient, such as sulfur (S) or iron (Fe), have 47 been described at agronomic, physiological, biochemical, metabolomic and transcriptomic levels. 48 However, agroecosystems are often characterized by different scenarios in which combined nutrient 49 deficiencies are likely to occur. Soils are becoming depleted for S whilst Fe, although being highly 50 abundant in the soil, is poorly available for uptake due to its insolubility in the soil matrix. To this 51 end, earlier reports demonstrated that a limited S availability reduces Fe uptake and that Fe 52 deficiency results in the modulation of sulfate uptake and assimilation. However, the mechanistic 53 basis of this interaction remains largely unknown. Metabolite profiling of tomato ( Solanum 54 lycopersicum L.) shoots and roots from plants exposed to Fe, S and combined Fe and S deficiency, 55 was performed to improve the understanding of the S/Fe interaction via the identification of the 56 main players in the considered pathways. Distinct changes were revealed under the different 57 nutritional conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the development of the Fe deficiency response 58 through the analysis of expression of SlFRO1 , SlIRT1 and SlFER genes, and plant sulfate uptake 59 and mobilization capacity, by analysing the expression of genes encoding sulfate transporters of 60 groups 1, 2 and 4 ( SlST1.1 , SlST1.2 , SlST2.1 , SlST2.2 and SlST4.1 ). We identified a high degree of 61 common and even synergistic response patterns as well as nutrient specific responses. The results 62 are discussed in the context of current models of nutrient deficiency responses in crop plants. control of the basic helixloop-helix protein FER, a regulator of iron uptake in tomato.
Seismic structure changes beneath Redoubt Volcano during the 2009 eruption inferred from local earthquake tomography

We present seismic velocity models of the area beneath Redoubt Volcano (Alaska) corresponding to two time periods, before and after the strong eruption that occurred in March 2009. The calculations were based on tomographic inversion of P and S arrival time data recorded by 19 stations using the local earthquake tomography code LOTOS. We performed thorough analysis of the results based on synthetic tests in each of the time periods that allow real‐time variations in structure to be distinguished from artifacts caused by changes in the observation system configurations. In the resulting images corresponding to the period before the eruption, the summit area is characterized by higher values of both P and S velocities and moderate values of the Vp/Vs ratio. This may correspond to the rigid igneous rocks composing the body of the volcano that lack significant liquid content. In the second episode corresponding to the time of the eruption, the P velocity remained high, whereas the S velocity became very low. The anticorrelation of P and S anomalies in the summit area produced a Vp/Vs ratio as high as 2.2, which is seen down to 2–3 km depth. This indicates presence of mobile phase at shallow depth beneath the volcano, which can be either in the form of partial melt or fluid‐saturated rocks.
Coastal products of marine transgression in cold-temperate and high-latitude coastal-plain settings: Gulf of St Lawrence and Beaufort Sea

Abstract Cold climate exerts a clear influence on the processes of marine transgression in mid- and high-latitude coastal-plain settings, but its signature in the depositional record is much clearer at high latitude. Both cases selected for this study are influenced by the legacy of past glaciation and the pervasive effects of ongoing Holocene marine transgression. Both are affected by sea ice. The high-latitude site lies within the zone of continuous permafrost and the abundance of excess ground ice along the Beaufort coast is the dominant factor distinguishing it from the mid-latitude Gulf of St Lawrence (GSL) setting and standard models of transgressive coasts elsewhere. In the southern GSL, the transgressive unconformity (TU) is at the seabed (or buried by a very thin veneer) across the inner shelf; shoreface sand moves landward, keeping pace with the transgressive front through deposition in barriers, dunes and estuaries. The pace of transgression in the Beaufort Sea is influenced by a number of distinctive periglacial erosion processes, including thermal abrasion and thaw subsidence. Marine transgression across this landscape creates intricate breached-lake estuaries and low sandy barrier beaches with limited dunes, leaving distinctive facies suites and geometry, while seaward sediment transport buries the TU on the inner shelf.
Soil Analyses as Indicators of Phosphorus Response in Young Eucalypt Plantations

The use of P fertilizer in Eucalyptus plantations can result in significant and economically viable increases in timber production. Soil analyses could potentially indicate sites requiring more P fertilizer than is currently applied and prevent excess P fertilizer application on sites where little or no response would be obtained. The ability of several soil P analyses to predict first year growth responses of E. nitens and E. globulus to P fertilizer was assessed in 24 previously established field experiments situated in southeast and southwest Australia on a range of soil types. Soil P analyses that were assessed included an intensity-based analysis (CaCl 2 extracted P), quantity-based analyses (total P, bicarbonate extracted P, and Bray No. 2 P), and quantity-intensity relationships (P adsorption curves). [. ]
The Benefit of Immediate Compared to Deferred ART on CD4+ Cell Count Recovery in Early HIV Infection

Objective: To assess the impact of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy (ART) on CD4+ recovery among individuals early in HIV infection. Design: Using serologic markers of early infection together with self-reported dates of infection and HIV diagnosis, ART-naïve participants who were randomized to immediate versus deferred ART in the Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment (START) trial were classified into subgroups of duration of HIV infection at baseline. CD4+ cell count recovery over follow-up according to duration of HIV infection was investigated. Methods: Three subgroups were defined: 1) infected ≤6 months (n=373); 2) infected 6–24 months (n=2,634); and 3) infected > 24 months (n=1,605). Follow-up CD4+, CD8+, and CD4:CD8 ratio for the immediate and deferred ART groups were compared by subgroup using linear models. For the deferred ART group, decline to CD4+ <350 cells/μL or AIDS according to infection duration was compared using time-to-event methods. Results: Follow-up CD4+ count differences (immediate minus deferred) were greater for those recently infected (+231 cells/μL) compared to the two other subgroups (202 and 171 cells/μL; p<0.001). CD4:CD8 ratio treatment differences varied significantly (p<0.001) according to duration of infection. In the deferred ART group, decline to CD4+ < 350 cells/μL or AIDS was greater among those recently infected (16.1 versus 13.2 and 10.5 per 100 person years for those infected 6–24 and > 24 months; p=0.002). Conclusions: In this randomized comparison of immediate versus deferred ART, the CD4+ cell count difference was greatest for those recently infected with HIV, emphasizing the importance of immediate ART initiation.
Review of low-baseline stereo algorithms and benchmarks

The purpose of this work is to review and evaluate the performance of several algorithms which have been designed for satellite imagery in a geographic context. In particular we are interested in their performance with low-baseline image pairs like those which will be produced by the Pleiades satellite. In this study local and global state of the art algorithms have been considered and compared: CARMEN, MARC, MARC2 and MICMAC. This paper aims also at proposing a new benchmark to compare stereo algorithms. A set of simulated stereo images for which the ground truth is perfectly known will be presented. The obtained accuracy for the ground truth is more than a hundredth of pixel. The existence of an accurate ground truth is a major improvement for the community, allowing to quantify very precisely the disparity error in a realistic setting.
Ice formation in Saharan dust over central Europe observed with temperature/humidity//aerosol Raman lidar

[1] Three gravity-wave-induced clouds and a glaciating altocumulus layer were continuously monitored with lidar at Leipzig, Germany, on 21 November 2003. The midtropospheric clouds formed in Saharan dust at heights from 3.5 km (−9°C) to 6.5 km (−27°C). Distinct ice formation in the altocumulus was triggered by the gravity wave. For the first time, an aerosol/cloud study presents height profiles of temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, relative humidity, dust, and cloud optical properties (volume extinction and backscatter coefficients, lidar ratio, depolarization ratio) within the same air column, solely derived from lidar data. The three gravity-wave-induced clouds did not show any sign of ice formation. The aged dust particles below 4.5-km height were probably partly coated and mixed with hygroscopic material and thus deactivated concerning ice nucleation. Ice crystals were generated in isolated air parcels at the cloud edges of a young, optically thin altocumulus layer between 5- and 6.5-km height. An aged altocumulus deck composed of a geometrically thin liquid water layer at cloud top and an extended ice crystal layer (ice virga) was observed 2 hours later in the same height range. Strong ice formation occurred in the altocumulus during the downdraft induced by the gravity wave. Contact freezing was probably the main reason for the observed ice formation on dust particles. Ice depolarization ratios were relatively low with values from 10 to 15% in the altocumulus and indicate plate-like crystals.