Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tillage of Compacted Soil in a Thinned Douglas-fir Stand in Western Oregon: Soil density and residual tree growth seven years after treatment

A set of 119 study trees was identified in a 65 year-old Douglas-fir stand after a thinning operation conducted seven years ago using pre-planned skid trails and groundbased machinery. Some of the trails were tilled using a winged subsoiler after this operation in order to alleviate the effect of compaction caused by the heavy machinery used during logging. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether tilling compacted forest soils after a harvesting operation serves to alleviate the compaction over time, and if tillage has any discernable positive or negative effect on the growth of the residual trees adjacent to tilled skid trails. To clarify growth relationships, soil bulk density measurements were taken around study trees adjacent to undisturbed areas, tilled trails, and untilled trails. In addition, different tree growth parameters and competition indexes were evaluated to help distinguish thinning and other effects. The results showed that although mean soil bulk densities were generally higher around trees adjacent to untilled skid trails, there was no statistical difference between the densities in untilled and tilled zones (95% confidence level). This may help explain the observation that seven years after the thinning and tillage, there was no apparent benefit or damage to the growth response of trees adjacent to tilled trails. Regression analysis of several important stand and site variables showed that just two were meaningful in predicting growth, diameter at the time of thinning and Competition Stress Index after thinning (95% confidence level). This suggests that limiting the area of compacted or tilled soil by the use of planned skid trails may have effectively restricted the treatment growth response to the influence of basic tree and stand characteristics after thinning.
2050 - Tomorrow's Tourism

ForewordsDr. Falco de Klerk Wolters, Stenden University of Applied Sciences, NetherlandsProf. Geoffrey Lipman, Green Earth, BelgiumDr. Dirk Glaessar, UN World Tourism Organisation, Spain IntroductionCh 1: An Introduction to the Future Wealth Ch 2: A New World Order: The Tourism Economy in 2050 Ch 3: Where Have all the Tourists Gone? Pensions, Demography and the Germans Ch 4: Tomorrows' Tourist: A Simple or Fluid Identity TechnologyCh 5: Edinburgh 2050: Technological RevolutionCh 6: Singapore 2050: Medicine, Science and the Meetings Industry Ch 7: Amsterdam 2050: Sex, Robots and the End of Human Trafficking Ch 8: New Zealand 2050: The Future of Professional Sport and Sporting EventsResourcesCh 9: 2050 California and Metropolis Los Angeles: Changing Landscapes, Cities and Climate ChangeCh 10: Seoul 2050: The Future of Food Tourism Ch 11: Shanghai 2050: The Future of Hotels Ch 12: 2050: The Future of Transport EndnotesRohit Talwar, Fast Future, UKAlbert Postma, European Tourism Futures Institute, Netherlands
Mellan trivsel och ensamhet

This is a story about farmers in sparsely populated regions of Sweden. For farmers, conditions have changed during the past decades. Swedish agriculture has declined and farms are getting bigger and fewer. This is effecting the social situations at farms. For example farmers' networks of colleagues are getting thinner and the traditional family farm has in many cases been changed to one-man farms. The aim of this thesis is to show how farmers perceive their social situations and. based on their stories about their social situations I will discuss farmers' social life from a perspective of socially sustainable development. My focus is the life worlds of Swedish farmers and their social relations. The thesis is based on 30 interviews conducted in sparsely populated areas of Sweden. Two municipalities in the north of Sweden and one parish in the south of Sweden were chosen, both in boreal areas. The interviewees were chosen with respect to variety in age, sex and agricultural production. During the interviews, which aimed to cover most of the farmers' social contexts, different themes were discussed. These themes were; farmers identity, place, the family farm and other social relations, generation changeover, working environment, financial viability, agricultural policy and the market as well as public service on the countryside. These themes were synthesized with a connotation to both the emic and ethic concept quality of life. The relationship of quality of life and socially sustainable development of Swedish agriculture was also discussed. To synthesize, the themes above can be categorized into two problem areas: 1) Farmers sense that they have too little influence on decisions that affect their farm business e.g. they feel exposed to decisions and policies from the "society" at large and 2) Farmers perceive an impoverished social situation with fewer contacts with other farmers and also with the consumers of their produce e.g. farmers experience loneliness. These problems can result in farmers retiring from farming and sometimes also leaving the countryside, but it is also in one way or another incorporated in their identities as farmers. Therefore, I focus on the experienced loneliness and vulnerability by these farmers and on the possible effect on social conditions in farming. Loneliness and vulnerability can be regarded lying at heart of social sustainability in sparsely populated areas in Sweden.
The economic impact of the new insensitive sorghum cultivars in the dairy market of Nicaragua

This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Entitled For the degree of Is approved by the final examining committee: Chair To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Research Integrity and Copyright Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 20), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University's " Policy on Integrity in Research " and the use of copyrighted material. Further, I certify that this work is free of plagiarism and all materials appearing in this thesis/dissertation have been properly quoted and attributed. I certify that all copyrighted material incorporated into this thesis/dissertation is in compliance with the United States' copyright law and that I have received written permission from the copyright owners for my use of their work, which is beyond the scope of the law. I agree to indemnify and save harmless Purdue University from any and all claims that may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright violation. ______________________________________ Printed Name and Signature of Candidate ______________________________________ Date (month/day/year)
Fungal Biofilms

Biofilms are a principal form of microbial growth and are critical to development of clinical infection. They are responsible for a broad spectrum of microbial infections in the human host. Many medically important fungi produce biofilms, including Candida [1], Aspergillus [2], Cryptococcus [3], Trichosporon [4], Coccidioides [5], and Pneumocystis [6]. In this review we emphasize common features among fungal biofilms, and point toward genes and pathways that may have conserved roles. Biofilm cell communities are more resistant to antifungal drugs than planktonic cells. Contributing factors include biofilm structural complexity, presence of extracellular matrix (ECM), metabolic heterogeneity intrinsic to biofilms, and biofilm-associated up-regulation of efflux pump genes. The actual fold increase in resistance varies with both the drug and species. Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis biofilms are relatively resistant to fluconazole, amphotericin B, nystatin, voriconazole, and others. Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms are relatively resistant to itraconazole and, to some extent, to caspofungin. Cryptococcal biofilms are unaffected by fluconazole and voriconazole, and biofilms of Trichosporon asahii display elevated resistance to amphotericin B, caspofungin, voriconazole, and fluconazole. Azole and amphotericin B therapies are ineffective against Pneumocystis carinii biofilms. Biofilm-associated resistance mechanisms have been characterized in C. albicans and A. fumigatus and include drug binding by ECM and production of persister cells [2,7] (see supplementary references for this section in Text S1). Persister cells represent only a fraction of the population, and probably reflect its metabolic heterogeneity. These mechanisms may pertain to other fungi as well.
Connection between the Principles of Thermodynamics and the Conservation Laws: Physical Meaning of the Principles of Thermodynamics

It has been shown that the first principle of thermodynamics follows from the conservation laws for energy and linear momentum. And the second principle of thermodynamics follows from the first principle of thermodynamics under realization of the integrating factor (namely, temperature) and is a conservation law. The significance of the first principle of thermodynamics consists in the fact that it specifies the thermodynamic system state, which depends on interaction between conservation laws and is non-equilibrium due to a non-commutativity of conservation laws. The realization of the second principle of thermodynamics points to a transition of the thermodynamic system state into a locally-equilibrium state. Phase transitions are examples of such transitions.
The 2017 catastrophic subsidence in the Dålk Glacier, East Antarctica: unmanned aerial survey and terrain modelling

ABSTRACT We describe and interpret a catastrophic subsidence in the Dålk Glacier, East Antarctica, occurred in the morning of 30 January 2017. We analysed a dataset of high-resolution aerial photographs and video records captured ten days before, one hour after, and ten days after the event by unmanned aerial systems (UASs) as well as UAS-derived digital elevation models (DEMs). We reconstructed a subsidence mechanism as follows: An englacial cavern measuring about 885,000 m3 with a thin roof existed before the event. There was a channel of the surface and near-subsurface meltwater flow from the Boulder Lake to the Prydz Bay passing nearby the cavern. About a day before the event, an intensive meltwater flow began from the Boulder Lake. The meltwater accumulated on the cavern rooftop leading to its initial collapse. In several days, the meltwater completed the process of subsidence and collapse of the cavern. The event led to the formation of an ice depression about 40,000 m2 in size and up to 43 m deep. Our results demonstrate that ice-surface hydrological processes can cause rapid, deep subsidences of large areas in glaciers, without involving englacial water outbursts from subglacial lakes as well as subglacial geothermal or volcanic activity.
Classroom Observation Of Children With Adhd And Their Peers: A Meta-analytic Review

Meta-analysis of 23 between-group direct observation studies of children with ADHD and typically developing peers indicates significant deficiencies in children with ADHD's ability to pay attention in classroom settings. Comparison with 59 single case design studies of children with ADHD suggests generalizability of between-group comparisons. Weighted regression analysis determined that several methodological differences – sample characteristics, diagnostic procedures, and observational coding schema – have significant effects on observed levels of attentive behavior in the classroom. Best case estimation indicates that after accounting for these factors, children with ADHD are on-task approximately 65% of the time compared to 85% for their classroom peers. Children with ADHD were also more variable in their attentive behavior across studies. Implications for conceptual models of ADHD are discussed.
Nonresuscitation Fluid Accumulation and Outcomes After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES: Postoperative patients after congenital cardiac surgery are at high risk of fluid overload (FO), which is known to be associated with poor outcomes. “Fluid creep,” or nonresuscitation IV fluid in excess of maintenance requirement, is recognized as a modifiable factor associated with FO in the general PICU population, but has not been studied in congenital cardiac surgery patients. Our objective was to characterize fluid administration after congenital cardiac surgery, quantify fluid creep, and the association between fluid creep, FO, and outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational cohort study. SETTING: Single-center urban mixed-medical and cardiac PICU. PATIENTS: Patients admitted to the PICU after cardiac surgery between January 2010 and December 2020. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were 1,459 postoperative encounters with 1,224 unique patients. Total fluid intake was greater than maintenance requirements on 3,103 of 4,661 patient days (67%), with fluid creep present on 2,624 patient days (56%). Total nonresuscitation intake was higher in patients with FO (defined as cumulative fluid balance 10% above body weight) versus those without. Fluid creep was higher among patients with FO than those without for each of the first 5 days postoperatively. Each 10 mL/kg of fluid creep in the first 24 hours postoperatively was associated with 26% greater odds of developing FO (odds ratio [OR] 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17–1.35) and 17% greater odds of mortality (OR 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05–1.30) after adjusting for risk of mortality based on surgical procedure, age, and day 1 resuscitation volume. Increasing fluid creep in the first 24 hours postoperatively was associated with increased postoperative duration of mechanical ventilation and PICU length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Fluid creep is present on most postoperative days for pediatric congenital cardiac surgery patients, and fluid creep is associated with higher-risk procedures. Fluid creep early in the postoperative PICU stay is associated with greater odds of FO, mortality, length of mechanical ventilation, and PICU length of stay. Fluid creep may be under-recognized in this population and thus present a modifiable target for intervention.
On the Potential Predictability of Seasonal Land-Surface Climate

The chaotic behavior of the continental climate of an atmospheric general circulation model is investigated from an ensemble of decadal simulations with common specifications of radiative forcings and monthly ocean boundary conditions, but different initial states of atmosphere and land. The variability structures of key model land-surface processes appear to agree sufficiently with observational estimates to warrant detailed examination of their predictability on seasonal time scales. This predictability is inferred from several novel measures of spatio-temporal reproducibility applied to eleven model variables. The reproducibility statistics are computed for variables in which the seasonal cycle is included or excluded, the former case being most pertinent to climate model simulations, and the latter to predictions of the seasonal anomalies. Because the reproducibility metrics in the latter case are determined in the context of a ''perfectly'' known ocean state, they are properly viewed as estimates of the potential predictability of seasonal climate. Inferences based on these reproducibility metrics are shown to be in general agreement with those derived from more conventional measures of potential predictability. It is found that the land-surface variables which include the seasonal cycle are impacted only marginally by changes in initial conditions; moreover, their seasonal climatologies exhibit high spatialmore » reproducibility. In contrast, the reproducibility of a seasonal land-surface anomaly is generally low, although it is considerably higher in the Tropics; its spatial reproducibility also fluctuates in tandem with warm and cold phases of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. However, the detailed sensitivities to initial conditions depend somewhat on the land-surface process: pressure and temperature anomalies exhibit the highest temporal reproducibilities, while hydrological and turbulent flux anomalies show the highest spatial reproducibilities. Implications of these results for model intercomparisons and seasonal forecasts are elaborated. « less
Models for the sustained ignition and behaviour of low-to-moderately intense fires in maritime pine stands.

In this study we establish quantitative relationships between important fire behaviour descriptors and its environment, that are applicable to low-to-moderately intense fires in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) stands. Sustained fire propagation is presented as a function of fuel moisture content, wind speed, air temperature and fuel type. The thresholds for marginal fire spread depend on fuel moisture, time since rain and propagation mode (backfire or headfire). The available models to predict fire spread rate proved inadequate for operational use in prescribed fire, and an empirical model based on wind speed, dead fuel moisture content, slope, understory height and fuel type is developed, while backing spread rate is satisfactorily predicted by dead fuel moisture content and understory vegetation cover. Flame length is related to Byram's fireline intensity, and, in alternative, to spread rate, fine fuel load and fuel moisture content. Flame tilt angle is described in terms of wind speed and fine fuel load, or as a function of wind speed and flame height.
Evaluation of the carbon content of aerosols from the burning of biomass in the Brazilian Amazon using thermal, optical and thermal-optical analysis methods

Abstract. Aerosol samples were collected at a pasture site in the Amazon Basin as part of the project LBA-SMOCC-2002 (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia – Smoke Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall and Climate: Aerosols from Biomass Burning Perturb Global and Regional Climate). Sampling was conducted during the late dry season, when the aerosol composition was dominated by biomass burning emissions, especially in the submicron fraction. A 13-stage Dekati low-pressure impactor (DLPI) was used to collect particles with nominal aerodynamic diameters ( D p ) ranging from 0.03 to 0.10 μm. Gravimetric analyses of the DLPI substrates and filters were performed to obtain aerosol mass concentrations. The concentrations of total, apparent elemental, and organic carbon (TC, EC a , and OC) were determined using thermal and thermal-optical analysis (TOA) methods. A light transmission method (LTM) was used to determine the concentration of equivalent black carbon (BC e ) or the absorbing fraction at 880 nm for the size-resolved samples. During the dry period, due to the pervasive presence of fires in the region upwind of the sampling site, concentrations of fine aerosols ( D p −3 ) were higher than coarse aerosols ( D p > 2.5 μm: 4.1 μg m −3 ). Carbonaceous matter, estimated as the sum of the particulate organic matter (i.e., OC × 1.8) plus BC e , comprised more than 90% to the total aerosol mass. Concentrations of EC a (estimated by thermal analysis with a correction for charring) and BC e (estimated by LTM) averaged 5.2 ± 1.3 and 3.1 ± 0.8 μg m −3 , respectively. The determination of EC was improved by extracting water-soluble organic material from the samples, which reduced the average light absorption Angstrom exponent of particles in the size range of 0.1 to 1.0 μm from >2.0 to approximately 1.2. The size-resolved BC e measured by the LTM showed a clear maximum between 0.4 and 0.6 μm in diameter. The concentrations of OC and BC e varied diurnally during the dry period, and this variation is related to diurnal changes in boundary layer thickness and in fire frequency.
Discontinuità tra musteriano e protoaurignaziano mediterraneo nella Grotta di Fumane (Monti Lessini, Prealpi Venete)

Apres une description des depots stratigraphiques de la grotte de Fumane (Monti Lessini, Pre-Alpes venetiennes), l'auteur montre a partir de l'etude de l'industrie lithique mousterienne et preaurigncienne, une interruption dans l'occupation anthropique de la grotte, suggerant que la transition entre le Paleolithique moyen et le Paleolithique superieur de cette region s'est faite brusquement, dans un intervalle chronologique relativement bref
The sediment-hosted stratiform copper ore system

Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits comprise disseminated to veinlet Cu and Cu-Fe sulfides in siliciclastic or dolomitic sedimentary rocks. Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits are extremely common though economically significant deposits are rare. They account for approximately 23 percent of the world's Cu production and known reserves in addition to being significant sources of Co and Ag. Three sedimentary basins (the Paleoproterozoic Kodaro-Udokan in Siberia, the Neoproterozoic Katangan in central Africa, and the Permian basin of central Europe) contain supergiant (>24 million metric tons (Mt) contained Cu) deposits. Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits are the products of evolving basin-scale fluid-flow systems that include source(s) of metal and S, source(s) of metal- and S-transporting fluids, the transport paths of these fluids, a thermal and/or hydraulic pump to collect and drive the fluids, and the chemical and physical processes which result in precipitation of the sulfides. Metal sources are undoubtedly red-bed sedimentary rocks containing Fe oxyhydroxides capable of weakly binding metals. Sulfur may be derived from marine or lacustrine evaporites, reduced seawater, or hydrogen sulfide-bearing petroleum. Metals appear to have been transported at low to moderate temperatures in moderately to highly saline aqueous fluids, with the temperature of the fluid largely dependent on the time of fluid migration in the basin's burial history. These basinal fluids were focused to potential metal precipitation sites by thinning of the red-bed sequence at basin margins, by faults, by differentially permeable sedimentary units, by paleotopography within the basin, or along the margins of salt diapirs. Fluid movement produced widespread, basin-scale alteration that has commonly been overlooked but can form an important exploration guide. Sulfide precipitation occurred due to reduction, typically caused by reaction with carbonaceous rocks or petroleum. The amount of sulfides present at any deposit may be either metals or sulfide limited or could have been controlled by the amount of available reductant (e.g., petroleum). While understanding of sediment-hosted stratiform copper ore genesis at the deposit scale is relatively robust, there are still significant questions in regards its position in terms of basin evolution. A wide variety of basin architectures and processes can lead to the formation of sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits. Despite general agreement that sulfides postdate sedimentation, the absolute age of mineralization in many deposits has been difficult to document and the available evidence suggests that deposits can form throughout a basin's evolution from early diagenesis of ore host sediments to basin inversion and metamorphism. Supergiant and giant deposits formed in basins which underwent prolonged periods of fluid flow and in which unique conditions allowed for the accumulation of large amounts of metal-bearing fluid, sufficient reduced S, and large amounts of reductants.