Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IMAGING OF VAPOR/LIQUID DISTRIBUTIONS OF SPLIT-INJECTED DIESEL SPRAYS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL COMBUSTION CHAMBER

The ultraviolet-visible laser absorption-scattering (LAS) technique was extended to simultaneous imaging of two-dimensional vapor/liquid mass distributions in a nonaxisymmetric evaporating diesel spray such as that injected into a two-dimensional model combustion chamber of direct-injection diesel engines. The main error for vapor measurement is incurred by the temperature dependence of molar absorption coefficients (TDMAC) of the test fuel. Thus, selecting a test fuel of negligible TDMAC can greatly increase the measurement accuracy. By means of this extended LAS technique, the overall mass, as well as the mass distribution of vapor and liquid phase per projection area perpendicular to the laser beam, was obtained, and then the behavior of split-injection diesel spray in a two-dimensional model combustion chamber in a high-temperature high-pressure constant-volume vessel was observed. Finally, the effects of injection mass ratios on the distributions of vapor and droplets and characteristics of fuel/air mixing were examined.
A simplified approach to evaluate sedimentary organic matter fluxes and accumulation on the NW Adriatic Shelf (Italy)

Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations and fluxes were estimated in surface sediments of a shelf area in the NW Adriatic Sea (Italy), together with lithology and 210Pb contents at 18 stations during four cruises (1996–1998) carried out offshore of the Po River delta. Mass accumulation rates (MAR) were ∼0.1–0.8 g cm−2 yr−1 and surface concentrations of TOC and TN were within the range of 0.5–1.4 and 0.08–0.19% of dry weight, respectively. Their spatial variability showed a direct correlation with the inputs of suspended matter from the Po River. A simplified approach to calculate average TOC and TN yearly fluxes to surface sediments over the whole area was adopted by subdividing the study area into three zones, selected on the basis of the grain size distributions and of the influence of the Po River discharge, in order to take into account major differences of sedimentological regimes on the shelf. The values of TOC (×103 tC yr−1) and TN (×103 tN yr−1) fluxes for these areas were, respectively, 17.9 and 2.4 near the delta, 45.2 and 6.5 for the intermediate area, and 9.5 and 1.5 for the offshore area.
Molecular dynamics and rheological properties of concentrated solutions of rodlike polymers in isotropic and liquid crystalline phases

A molecular theory is presented for the dynamics of rodlike polymers in concentrated solutions. The theory describes the rotational motion of rods in both the isotropic phase and the liquid crystalline phase. Combined with the molecular expression of the stress tensor, it also gives a unified rheological constitutive equation which predicts the nonlinear viscoelasticity in both phases. As an illustrative example, the steady-state viscosity η at zero-shear-rate is calculated. The predicted dependence of η on molecular weight and concentration agrees fairly well with experiments.
GGR Biennial Review: Reference Materials in Geoanalytical and Environmental Research – Review for 2008 and 2009

This review gives an overview of the literature on reference materials of geochemical and environmental interest for the two‐year period 2008–2009. Reference materials play an increasingly important role in all fields of geoanalytical research. This is demonstrated by the large number of publications containing data on reference materials. Although many reference materials exist, there is still a great need for certified samples, so‐called delta zero materials for stable isotopic work and homogeneous microanalytical reference materials. This review focuses on six topics: developments of certification processes of reference materials mainly postulated in ISO guidelines and the IAG protocol, new developments of the GeoReM database, investigations of powdered rock reference materials, Chinese reference materials published in Chinese journals, microanalytical reference materials and isotopic reference materials.
Sticking coefficient for dissociative adsorption of N2 on Ru single‐crystal surfaces

The dissociative chemisorption of N2 on Ru(0001), Ru(1010), and Ru(1121) surfaces at 300 K was studied by means of high‐resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy. The initial sticking coefficient was determined to s0=(1±0.8)×10−12, within the limits of error independent of surface orientation. On Ru(1010) and Ru(1121) small amounts of N can be dissolved into the subsurface region.
Ascorbic Acid/H2O2-initiated Graft Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate onto Abelmoschus Esculentus Fiber: A Kinetic Approach

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto lignocellulosic Abelmoschus esculentus fibers was successfully carried out in aqueous medium using ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide as redox initiator. Maximum percentage of grafting was achieved when the concentrations of ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and monomer were 3.85 × 10−2, 2.41 × 10−1, and 1.87 × 10−1 mol/L respectively at a temperature of 45°C for a reaction time of 90 min. The kinetics of graft copolymerization was also studied, and it was found that the rate expression for graft copolymerization is (Rg) = K [Asc]0.68[H2O2]0.49[MMA]1.17. The activation energy for graft copolymerization of MMA onto Abelmoschus fiber was found to be 12.48 KJ/mol. The graft copolymers thus formed were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.
Urchin-like Li4Ti5O12–carbon nanofiber composites for high rate performance anodes in Li-ion batteries

A facile strategy is developed based on a sol–gel method to prepare lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO)–carbon nanofiber (CNF) composites as anode in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Depending on the conductive CNF and carbon black (CB) additive contents added in the electrode, the resultant composite particles present either an urchin-like or a corn-dog structure with largely different electronic conductivities and associated electrochemical properties. When small amounts of both one-dimensional CNF and zero-dimensional CB particles, 5.0 wt% each, are present, conductive networks are established within the urchin-like LTO secondary particles by the penetrating multiple CNFs, whereas the CB particles attached onto the surface of the LTO particles connect the gaps between them, being able to form extensive three-dimensional conductive networks across the whole composites. The electrodes made from this composite deliver a remarkable capacity of 123 mA h g−1 when charged/discharged at 15 C, which is much higher than 91 mA h g−1 for those made from the neat LTO powders, a reflection of significant improvements in both the conductivity and Li ion diffusion coefficient in the composite electrode. When the CNF content is increased to 10 wt%, corn-dog shaped composites are formed consisting of individual CNFs penetrating the elongated LTO secondary particles along the axial direction with limited conductive networks. The electrodes made from this composite present much poorer capacities at all current rates than those with an urchin-like structure. These intriguing observations verify that both the structure of the active material and the conductivity of the electrode play important roles in delivering high capacities and rate capabilities.
X-ray Diffraction Line Broadening on Vibrating Dry-Milled Two Crows Sepiolite

A reference sample of sepiolite and products of its comminution by vibrating dry-milling have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) line-broadening analysis, complementary field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images and surface area measurements. The apparent crystallite sizes determined via XRD are in agreement with observations on FESEM images. The sepiolite aggregates consist of lath-shaped agglutinations of prisms and pinacoids elongated along [001], each lath including several crystallites in that direction. The surface area magnitudes are in the range of previous experimental measurements of other sepiolites. The results obtained show the effectiveness of vibro-milling as the procedure to use for the comminution of sepiolite.
Methods for Estimating Soil Iron Availability to Chlorotic Peach Trees

Abstract Available iron (Fe) determination in calcareous soils by using commonly accepted method (DTPA+CaCl2+TEA) is not descriptive in estimating Fe concentration in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to select appropriate methods for the evaluation of available Fe status in peaches grown in alkaline soils. Leaves and soil samples were collected from a peach orchard with trees showing various chlorosis levels. Twelve extraction methods were applied to the soils to determine the available Fe content of the soils. Total and active Fe concentrations in leaves were assayed, and a relationship was investigated among chlorosis levels, total and active Fe in the leaves, and Fe assayed by the various methods to select the most representative method. The methods of 0.05 M EDTA (pH 7.0), 1 M NH4HCO3+0.005 M DTPA (pH 7.6), 0.05 M HCl+0.012 M H2SO4 and active Fe were well correlated to visual chlorosis ratings, total and active Fe in the leaves and factors affecting Fe availability in the soils compared with other methods. Therefore, these four methods should be used for determination of available Fe status in peaches grown in different soils.
Microwave Pyrolysis of Corn Cob and Characteristics of the Pyrolytic Chars

Abstract Microwave pyrolysis is a new process for converting biomass to bio-oil, syngas, and solid char. In this study, pyrolysis of corn cob was performed in an inert environment at atmospheric pressure and temperatures ranging from 300 to 600°C. The aim of this work was to study the effect of pyrolysis conditions on the characteristics of the solid char residue. The char was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyzer, BET surface area analysis, and inductive coupled plasma. The char yield from pyrolysis decreased significantly to 23% with an increase in temperature to 600°C. SEM analysis indicated that pyrolysis of corn cob led to a stepwise accumulation of inorganic matter onto the exposed surface, and some organic matter melted, resulting in the formation of hollow cavities by the evolving volatiles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed a continuous decrease in the intensity of the hydroxyl group stretch with temperature and the aromatic group to be at maximum at 600°C. Elemental analysis indicated both H/C and O/C ratio decreased continuously with increasing temperature to 450°C then became constant at higher temperatures.
The steady state and equilibrium approximations: A geometrical picture

We present a geometrical picture of the steady state (SSA) and equilibrium (EA) approximations for simple chemical reactions. Geometrically, SSA and EA correspond to surfaces in the phase space of species concentrations. In this space, chemical reaction is represented by trajectory motion governed by first order differential equations. Initially, during transient decay, trajectories move quickly into the (narrow) region R between the equilibrium (E) and steady state (S) surfaces, puncturing E or S orthogonal to a variable axis. This is rigorously what the differential equations say. Once in R, trajectories approach another surface, the slow manifold M, sandwiched between E and S. SSA or EA is the restriction of the system motion to S or E as a ‘‘shadow’’ of its true, nearby motion along M. We illustrate these ideas in relation to the Lindemann mechanism, showing how M is related to S and E, and how it may be obtained by iteration, yielding higher order SSA and EA formulas. This procedure is asymptotic wit.
Interfacial charge trapping in extrinsic Y2O3/SiO2 bilayer gate dielectric based MIS devices on Si(100)

Metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures based on an extrinsic Y2O3 dielectric film on Si show high leakage currents due to roughness-related highly localized fields. Oxygen annealing increases the dielectric constant and strength and reduces leakage currents by transforming Y2O3 (film)/Si(100) into a bilayer Y2O3 (film)/SiO2/Si(100) dielectric structure. Evolution of interfacial SiO2 causes generation of mid-gap interface states at Ev + 0.23 eV and Ev + 0.43 eV, which act as electron traps and are responsible for hysteresis effects in capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) behaviour in the accumulation-inversion modes. The electron trapping reduces the cathodic field and causes lowering of the current and the shift in current to higher fields after successive ramps. The charge trapping effects cause varied and unstable C-V and I-V behaviour of MIS structures based on a Y2O3/SiO2 bilayer gate dielectric. Its origin has been attributed to microstructure and defect state modification at the Y2O3 film-Si interface. This limits its application in high-density dynamic random access memory and ultra-large-scale integration devices.
Balloon‐borne in situ measurements of CLO and ozone: Implications for heterogeneous chemistry and mid‐latitude ozone loss

The authors report the use of balloon-borne measurements of ClO densities, obtained above New Mexico on Mar 31, 1991, in conjuction with photochemical models, to study their mid-latitude impact on the atmospheric chemistry of ozone. Observations are indicating that at mid latitude locations there is a trend for total column ozone readings to decrease over time. Little is known about this phenomena in comparison to that observed in the polar regions. It is known that in the regions below 20 km that heterogeneous reactions on sulfate particles can lead to the the reduction of NO[sub x] in favor of reactive NO[sub y]. However few measurements of ClO are available at these heights to be factored into such models. Above 20 km heterogeneous reactions are less important because of the lack of large aerosol particles to provide surface area for the reactions. At these heights gas-phase reactions are more critical. The measurements discussed here are combined with a model incorporating heterogeneous reactions and gas-phase reactions to study their impact on ozone densities.
A FOURIER TRANSFORM APPROACH FOR TWO-CENTER OVERLAP-LIKE QUANTUM SIMILARITY INTEGRALS OVER SLATER TYPE ORBITALS

In previous work,1 we presented a one center two range expansion method for the evaluation of the two-center overlap-like quantum similarity integrals over Slater type orbitals which are four orbitals overlap integrals. In this work, to improve the accuracy and to reduce the calculation times, the above integrals are developed using the Fourier transform approach and the so-called B functions. With the help of angular momentum selection rules, two-center overlap-like quantum similarity integrals are expressed as combinations of usual overlap integrals (e.g. two-orbitals) which could be evaluated very accurately using the Fourier transform method combinated with B functions.
Suppository Dissolution Testing: Apparatus Design and Release of Aspirin

AbstractPresent methods of in vitro dissolution testing for suppositories were found to be lacking in universal acceptance, reproducibility, and difficult to perform. Initially a USP basket for tablet dissolution with one-hundred milliliters of phosphate buffer of pH 8 to approximate rectal pH was used. A slow constant stirring speed was maintained by means of a Hanson dissolution drive control and hollow spindle-stirrer apparatus as well as a constant temperature of 37.5±0.1° Aspirin in polyethylene glycol bases gave plausible, reproducible results with this apparatus. However, oil bases (i.e. cocoa butter) gave unacceptable, irreproducible results since the base blocked the openings of the basket mesh. This report describes a modified basket method where the basket is polyurethane of the same size and configuration as the USP basket. The basket described has twelve linear vertical slots of 0.25 mm width allowing for a porosity of 52%. Results of aspirin release from four PEG bases prepared in this labor.
Effect of a Gas Pressure on the Growth Rate of AlN Layer

The dependence of the layer growth rate on a gas (argon, nitrogen) pressure inside the reactor has been examined in order to analyze the conditions of growth of AlN thick layers and bulk crystals by the sublimation sandwich-method. It is shown that the layer growth rate steadily increases as the pressure in the reactor decreases in a wide pressure interval 1–0.02 bar. This suggests that a key role in the layer growth kinetics is played by the source-to-substrate transfer of the components (Al, N), rather than the adsorption - desorption processes on the source and substrate surface. In addition the growth rate in argon atmosphere is much higher than in nitrogen one for the high pressures and is practically the same for the lowest (0.05 – 0.02 bar).
Quantum-Mechanical Continuum Solvation Study of the Polarizability of Halides at the Water/Air Interface

In this work, a theoretical study of static polarizabilities of halides (fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide) at the water/air interface is presented. The study has been carried out employing a new development of the polarizable continuum model (PCM) to treat model interfaces between two different media. Within this framework the water/air interface is modeled as a water/vacuum interface having bulk properties (e.g., density or permittivity) varying smoothly from the bulk water to the vacuum in the interfacial region. The model allows the inclusion of electrostatic and repulsion effects arising from this inhomogeneous environment into the quantum chemical calculation for each of the selected ionic species. Static polarizabilities are then calculated as a function of the ion−interface distance. The results on polarizabilities together with those obtained for other properties and with free energy profiles are finally discussed in relation to the recent simulation results showing a preference of heavier h.
An Investigation into Factors Affecting the Iron Plating Reaction for an All-Iron Flow Battery

The all-Iron ﬂow battery utilizes the iron II/III redox couple at the positive electrode and the iron II/0 reaction at the negativeelectrode. Thestandard reduction potential oftheiron II/0 reaction is at −0.44V vs. NHE, suggesting that hydrogenevolution couldbe a signiﬁcant factor in coulombic losses on the negative electrode. Methods of increasing the coulombic efﬁciency of iron platingare considered, such as anion concentration and electrolyte additives. The use of a chloride anion containing electrolyte showed lesshydrogenevolutionratesandfasterplatingkineticsthananelectrolytecontainingthesameconcentrationofsulfateanions.Increasingthe chloride concentration signiﬁcantly reduced the hydrogen evolution observed on an iron electrode, and plating efﬁciencies of97% were demonstrated on a rotating rod electrode. The effect of complexing ligands on plating and hydrogen evolution was alsoinvestigated. © 2014 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0591501jes] All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted July 24, 2014; revised manuscript received October 8, 2014. Published November 18, 2014.
Controlled Liquid Maldistribution Studies on Structured Packing

The effect of liquid maldistribution on the separation performance of structured packing was studied using an adjustable liquid distributor. The tests were conducted in a 1.2 m diameter column using a 3.78 m bed of Sulzer Mellapak 250.Y with the cyclohexane/n-heptane system at atmospheric pressure. Results indicate that structured packing is less sensitive to under-irrigation of the wall zone than random packing. On the other hand, structured packing appears to be more sensitive to random maldistribution than random packing. There is almost no loss in efficiency when the pour point density is reduced from 103 pp/m2 to 26 pp/m2.
Determination of Crystal Polarity by Electron Diffraction from Thin Crystals

Violation of Friedel's law in the non-systematic many-beam case has been used to determine the absolute orientation of crystals without center of symmetry in the transmission electron microscope. Microdiffraction patterns of thin (thickness < extinction distance) crystals with practically homogeneous thickness have been recorded in zone-axes containing polar lattice planes. Those pairs of reflections, +g and —g, which are not related to a mirror operation (Bijvoet-related reflections) show a difference in the intensities. Crystal polarity is determined simply by qualitative comparison of calculated and experimentally observed diffracted intensities. Since in thin crystals the diffraction discs appear with little details, only the overall intensities of the Bijvoet-related reflections have to be compared, which may be done during the microscope session. Using a two-step kinematic scattering approach the non-symmetry in the intensities can be described analytically yielding the correct tendency. Only interactions within the zero-order Laue zone have to be considered. Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der absoluten Orientierung von Kristallen ohne Symmetriezentrum im Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskop vorgestellt, die auf der Verletzung des Friedelschen Gesetzes im nichtsystematischen Vielstrahlfall beruht. Mikrobeugungsaufnahmen von dunnen (Dicke < Extinktionslange) Kristallbereichen mit nahezu gleichbleibender Dicke weisen in Zonenachsen, die polare Netzebenen enthalten, eine Unsymmetrie in der Intensitat von solchen Reflexpaaren, +g und —g, auf, die nicht durch eine Spiegeloperation verknupft sind (Bijvoet-verknupfte Reflexe). Die Bestimmung der Kristallpolaritat erfolgt durch einfachen qualitativen Vergleich von berechneten und experimentell erhaltenen Beugungsintensitaten. Da die Beugungsscheibchen von Reflexen aus dunnen Kristallbereichen praktisch keine innere Struktur aufweisen, beschrankt sich der Vergleich auf die Intensitaten der Bijvoet-verknupften Reflexpaare, was sogar wahrend der Mikroskopsitzung durchgefuhrt werden kann. Die Unsymmetrie in den Intensitaten kann durch einen zweimaligen Einfachstreuprozes im Kristall qualitativ richtig in geschlossener Form beschrieben werden, wobei lediglich Streuprozesse innerhalb der Lauezone nullter Ordnung beitragen.
From Koto age to modern times: Quantitative characterization of Japanese swords with Time of Flight Neutron Diffraction

Japanese blades have always been considered very interesting objects, both from the stylistic point of view and their peculiar performances. It is amazing how the test and try process with a semi-empirical approach which lead to the optimization of Japanese blades, an almost ideal tool, is yet to be fully understood. In this work, we present results from a new non invasive approach to the study of these peculiar artefacts. Time of Flight Thermal Neutron Diffraction (TOF-ND) measurements were taken on two instrument INES and ENGIN-X, at the ISIS facility, RAL, UK. Two Japanese blades and eight blade fragments have been successfully characterized in terms of composition of the steel, smelting and smithing processes, and forging techniques. The differences among the production periods and forging traditions have been clearly determined. Further work is needed on standards to fully understand the production technique of a sample by comparison of the object under study with objects of known production methods.