Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting the Gas Content of Milk

Summary 1.The average gas content of mixed raw milk as received at a commercial milk plant over a period of several months was found to be 0.47 volume per cent oxygen, 1.29 volume per cent nitrogen and 4.45 volume per cent carbon dioxide. 2.The effect of temperature and pressure on the gas content of the milk is shown to follow the well-known physical laws governing the solubility of gases in liquids. 3.The oxygen content of hot milk is reduced about 50 per cent at the high temperatures prevailing in short-time pasteurization methods, however, upon subsequent cooling a substantial amount of oxygen is reabsorbed, the degree of reabsorption depending upon the prevailing conditions during cooling; oxygen may be reabsorbed to a higher level than prevailed in the unpasteurized milk if a large surface per unit volume is exposed to air during cooling. 4.Milk may be deoxygenated by subjecting to an appropriate vacuum treatment, flushing with other gases, or a combination of these principles; efficiency of the particular method employed is increased at elevated temperatures. 5.Ascorbic acid may be considered a reactive substance consuming oxygen dissolved in milk. It may be employed as a means of deoxygenating milk and conversely its stability or preservation in milk is dependent upon the absence of dissolved oxygen. 6.In the absence of dissolved oxygen ascorbic acid in milk is stable to intense light for long periods, to the oxidizing effect of copper salts, and to high temperatures in excess of 212° F. as employed for complete sterilization. Light, heat and metallic contamination are considered as catalytic agents which accelerate the oxidation of ascorbic acid in the presence of dissolved oxygen, but are seemingly ineffective in the absence of oxygen.
The swelling effect of polyphosphates on lean meat

(1) Orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, Calgon and Phosphate Glass all increase the uncooked volume of minced rabbit muscle by 10-20%, when added at an over-all concentration of 0.5% to a mixture of equal parts of meat and water. On cooking, the volume falls to between 65 and 75% of the volume of fresh meat. These effects are about the same as that of sodium chloride at an over-all concentration of 1%. (2) When sodium chloride is added to a final concentration of 1%, the uncooked volume of the mince is increased by about 30% in the presence of 0.5% of orthophosphate, Calgon, Phosphate Glass or metaphosphate, but by at least 55% in the presence of 0.5% of disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate (anhydrous). The’cooked volume‘in 1% sodium chloride solution only is about 75% of the original volume of fresh meat. This is increased to about 80% in the presence of the phosphate compounds, except pyrophosphate, when it is increased to at least 95%. (3) Detailed study of the effect of 0.25% and 0.5% of pyrophosphate in 1% sodium chloride solution (over-all concentrations) gives the following average results for the increase in uncooked volume: 1% sodium chloride solution 20 ± 6.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.25% pyrophosphate, 51 ± 14%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.5% pyrophosphate, 64 ± 14%. The cooked volumes, as a percentage of the volume of fresh meat, were : 1% sodium chloride solution, 71 ± 4.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.25% pyrophosphate, 89 ± 8.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.5% pyrophosphate, 99 ± 6.0%. (4) Pyrophosphate exerts an effect in 1% sodium chloride solution at least twice as great as that of sodium chloride of corresponding ionic strength. The effect is therefore specific, and it is suggested that it consists in the splitting of the contractile protein, actomyosin, into its components and the partial conversion of these from the gel into the sol form. (5) Addition of Ca or Mg ions at the concentrations found in tap-water does not significantly affect the action of pyrophosphate.
Die Hypersensibilität der Europäischen Pflaume (Prunus domestica L.) gegenüber dem Scharkavirus (Plum pox virus)

Der Erreger der Scharkakrankheit, das Plum pox virus (PPV), verursacht bedeutende Schaden im Anbau der Europaischen Plaume (Prunus domestica L.) und anderer Steinobstarten. Einige Genotypen der Europaischen Pflaume reagieren auf Befall mit PPV hypersensibel. Es werden Untersuchungen zur Vererbung der Resistenz durch Hypersensibilitat und zu Auspragungsformen dieser Eigenschaft in Kreuzungsnachkommenschaften von Prunus domestica vorgestellt. Es wird der biochemische Nachweis der hypersensiblen Reaktion im pflanzlichen Gewebe gefuhrt und eine Strategie zur Entwicklung von molekularen Markern fur dieses Merkmal aufgezeigt. Das Potential der Nutzung der Hypersensibilitatsresistenz fur die Bekampfung der Scharkavirose wird diskutiert. In terms of economic damage, Sharka is the most important virus disease in stone fruit crops. The causative agent of this disease is the Plum pox virus (PPV). Some genotypes of European plum (Prunus domstica L.) show a hypersensitive response when infected with PPV. Results about the inheritance of this type of resistance mediated by hypersensitivity and different types of symptoms characteristic for the hypersensitive defence response in the interavtion PPV/Prunus domestica are presented. From the biochemichal point of view, it is shown that the defence response is indeed a hypersensitive response. A strategy for the development of DNA markers for hypersensitivity to PPV in European plum is developed. The potential use of hypersensitivity for solving the Sharka problem is discussed.
How river structure and biological traits influence gene flow: a population genetic study of two stream invertebrates with differing dispersal abilities

Summary 1. Determined by landscape structure as well as dispersal-related traits of species, connectivity influences various key aspects of population biology, ranging from population persistence to genetic structure and diversity. Here, we investigated differences in small-scale connectivity in terms of gene flow between populations of two ecologically important invertebrates with contrasting dispersal-related traits: an amphipod (Gammarus fossarum) with a purely aquatic life cycle and a mayfly (Baetis rhodani) with a terrestrial adult stage. 2. We used highly polymorphic markers to estimate genetic differentiation between populations of both species within a Swiss pre-alpine catchment and compared these results to the broader-scale genetic structure within the Rhine drainage. Landscape genetic approaches were used to test for correlations of genetic and geographical structures and in-stream barrier effects. 3. We found overall very weak genetic structure in populations of B. rhodani. In contrast, G. fossarum showed strong genetic differentiation, even at spatial scales of a few kilometres, and a clear pattern of isolation by distance. Genetic diversity decreased from downstream towards upstream populations of G. fossarum, suggesting asymmetric gene flow. Correlation of genetic structure with landscape topography was more pronounced in the amphipod. Our study also indicates that G. fossarum might be capable of dispersing overland in headwater regions and of crossing small in-stream barriers. 4. We speculate that differences in dispersal capacity but also habitat specialisation and potentially the extent of local adaptation could be responsible for the differences in genetic differentiation found between the two species. These results highlight the importance of taking into account dispersal-related traits when planning management and conservation strategies.
Influência do sombreamento artificial e da adubação química na produção de mudas de Adenanthera pavonina L.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of artificial shading and chemical fertilization on the seedling growth of Adenanthera pavonina L. The growth was analysed in plants growing in a green house under 30 and 60% of artificial shading, in "cerrado" soil with or without addition of NPK (4,14,18). The measurements were made monthly, from 30 until 180 days after emerging (D.A.E.). The analysis of the biometrical and physiological parameters indicated that from 30 until 120 D.A. E. , the edaphic and light conditions did not promote significant differences in plant growth. Therefore, from 150 D.A. E. , the best growing conditions were the use of "cerrado" soil with additions of NPK and under high light intensity.
Changes in the Biochemical Composition of Tetraselmis Suecia and Isochrysis Galbana During Growth and Decay

Abstract The variations of the biochemical composition of Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana during growth and decay were determined. the content of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) of the cultures, as expected, slowly degraded into phaeopigments during decay, confirming that chlorophyll measurements do not always provide an accurate estimate of phytoplanktonic biomass and, consequently, may fail if used to measure the food availability of particulate matter for consumers. Measurements of total amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, related to the nutritional value of particles in terms of caloric content, are shown to provide information on the readily available food for consumers, particularly during the blooms. the protein/carbohydrate, C/N and POC/Chl-a ratios were used to evaluate the differences between these two species during the growth and the decomposition processes. A comparison between experimental and field conditions was undertaken to implement our understanding of the growth and degrad.
Erosão hídrica pós-plantio em florestas de eucalipto na região centro-leste de Minas Gerais

The objective of this work was to evaluate soil and water losses by hydric erosion, in standard plots under natural rainfall, in different management systems of post-planting eucalyptus forests. The experiment was installed in an undulated relief, on a very clayey Typic Haplustox. The data collections were performed from October 2002 to February 2004, in rain events considered erosive. The studied systems were: native forest; planted pasture; cross slope direction eucalyptus; slop direction eucalyptus; slope direction eucalyptus with burning of crop residues, and bare soil. Among the forest systems, the cross slope direction eucalyptus is the one which is closer to the native forest in terms of soil losses, indicating the highest sustainability of the former in the water erosion context. The higher values of water losses, were found in the slope direction eucalyptus system with burning of crop residues, suggesting that the fire both increases repellence to water and diminishes water infiltration rates in soil. All the eucalyptus management systems presented soil losses below tolerance limit.
The Distribution of Small Larvae of Anguilla sp. Related to Hydrographic Conditions 1981 between Bermuda and Puerto Rico

On a section between Bermuda and Puerto Rico, in March/April 1981 Anguilla sp. larvae abundance and hydrographic conditions were studied. The small larvae (<7 mm Tl) occurred south of 30° N at the subtropical thermal front and showed peak abundance at 26° N. At 23° N larvae of all size groups became less abundant. North-south extention of the spawning area was greater than described in the literature. A considerable net avoidance of the larvae during daylight hauls was observed. Lengths of both Anguilla species increased from the north to the peak abundance area in the south and for A. anguilla also from east to west. Patches with about the fifty fold larvae abundance compared with the surrounding area could be identified. Deeper occurrence of the smallest larvae (Tl = 4 and 5 mm) compared with older larvae, found in earlier studies could be stated.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Express Multiple Type I Receptors for TGF-β,Activin, and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ☆

Abstract Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are known to produce activins, bone morphogenetic proteins and transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs). To determine whether these TGF-β superfamily members exert autocrine effects on VSMCs we examined whether specific type I receptors (ALKs) for such peptides were expressed by the cells. RNA from both quiescent or growth-factor-activated VSMCs was reverse transcribed then cDNAs encoding ALK-2, ALK-3, ALK-5, and ALK-6 were amplified and characterised using specific PCR primers. All four ALK mRNAs were abundantly expressed. The ALK-5 fragment harbored a deletion of 12 nucleotides, removing 4 extracellular amino acids (Gly-Pro-Ser-Val) adjacent to its transmembrane domain. This deletion, which may arise from anomalous splicing of heteronuclear RNA, is likely to influence formation of the ALK-5:type II receptor complex through conformational changes associated with removal of a putative hinge region containing proline. Our finding that multiple ALKs are expressed by VSMCs would account for the multiplicity of effects TGF-β peptides exert on these cells.
Apical cells of brown algae with particular reference to Sphacelariales, Dictyotales and Fucales

Brown algae show a significant diversity in thallus forms, giving a great number of model systems for the study of many important morphogenetic mechanisms. Thallus growth in brown algae is diffuse, intercalary or apical. The latter takes place by means of one or more apical cells. Among the brown algal groups, Sphacelariales, Dictyotales and Fucales give the best examples of apical growth, and have been repeatedly used for the study of the morphogenetic role of apical cells.
Theory for growth of plants derived from the nitrogen productivity concept

A theory is developed on the assumption that growth of plants is determined by the current amount of nitrogen in the plants. The nitrogen-growth relation is formalized in the nitrogen productivity concept (amount of biomass produced per amount of nitrogen in the biomass and per unit of time), which is essentially a constant for a given species under fixed environmental conditions. A number of results follow for increases in whole plant biomass: (A) The relative growth rate is a linear function of the internal nitrogen concentration. (B) The maximal relative growth rate uniquely determines the scaling of the time axis. (C) Exponential growth is consistent only with stable internal nitrogen concentration. Dose-response curves expressed in reduced variables (the ratio between a variable and the same variable for a plant growing under optimal conditions) are universal, so that all species and all environmental conditions yield the same curve. This is confirmed by experimental data. The shape (linear, exponential, etc.) of the nitrogen uptake curve is the only parameter differentiating these universal curves. The Mitscherlich curve or variations of it can be fitted very closely to the derived dose-response curves, except under exponential growth. A conclusion drawn from the analysis is that the results of nutrition experiments cannot be properly interpreted unless the variation with time of the amount of nitrogen in the plant is known. The theory can be extended to more complex situations, for example, time-varying environmental conditions.
Influence of Herbicides and Agriculture Density on Weeds Associated with Crop Soybean (Glycine max L)

Two filed experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Farm during two seasons, to study some weed control treatments and plant density (distance between plants) on weeds competition in soybean fields. Each experiment included 16 treatments which were the combination of 8 weed control treatments (6 herbicides beside hoeing and un weeded treatment) and two distances between plants namely, 5 and 10 cm (70000 & 140000 plants/fed.). The obtained results showed that the favorite weed control treatments were hoeing (twice) followed by trifurlin and diphenamid in 1st and 2nd season, hoeing (twice) treatment gave the highest decrease in total fresh weight of weeds, followed by pndimethalin, dinitramine and linuron. The total fresh weight of weeds was significantly decreased at 5cm distance between plants as compared with those at 10cm distance. The effect of the interaction between weed control treatments and distance between plants caused a significant effect on fresh weight of weeds. The effect of hoeing (twice) on fresh weight of weeds at narrow plant distance was greater than that at 10 cm distance. No significant difference in fresh weight of weeds were obtained between dinitramin ,linuron, trifluralin and prometryne treatments at 5 cm distance between plants, but this was not the case at the distance 10 cm between plants.
A new fossil kangaroo from the Oligocene-Miocene Etadunna Formation of Ngama Quarry, Lake Palankarinna, South Australia

Mandibular and postcranial remains attributable to a new fossil kangaroo (Macropodoidea) are described from the Oligocene-Miocene Etadunna Formation deposits of Ngama Quarry at Lake Palankarinna in north-eastern South Australia. The taxon is uniquely differentiated by its straight bunolophodont molar row, elongate P3 with distinct labial/lingual cingulids and 12–13 fine (shallowly incised) cuspids/transcristids, molars with a rectangular (length at least 0.3 > width) occlusal outline, hypolophid formed by a buccally directed crest from the entoconid, absence of a discrete M1 protostylid, transversely broad trigonid basin on the M1, M4 not markedly smaller than the anterior molars, distal end of humerus with sub-equally sized capitellum and trochlea (the latter also closely abutting the entepicondyle), and ulna with distinctly sinuous ventral edge. Relationships of the Ngama Quarry kangaroo are poorly resolved because of missing data; however, inclusion within the most comprehensive published phylogenetic dataset of Macropodoidea suggests close affinity with the currently extant potoroine/macropodid lineage.
Finding and Losing Host Plants by Phyllotreta: Patch Size and Surrounding Habitat

This study examined the effects of size and surrounding habitat of food plant patches on the density, immigration, and emigration of two specialized phytophagous insects. Two flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae and P. striolata, were censused for 3 wk in host plant patches of four sizes, with background vegetation of three types. Densities of both beetle species declined with decreasing patch size. Single isolated host plants (collards) were without flea beetles because of high rates of emigration. By releasing and recapturing marked flea beetles, I found that the emigration rates of both beetle species consistently increased with decreasing patch size. This sensitivity of emigration to host patch size may be common among phytophagous insects because of simple changes in perimeter: area ratios. When this is the case there may be a "critical patch size" below which host islands do not sustain herbivore populations. Immigration rates were also affected by patch size and habitat, but only in P. striolata, not in P. cruciferae. Even in P. striolata, variation in immigration was less consistent and less dramatic than was variation in emigration. Beetles wandering out of patches apparently do not readily return to the host patch. To quantify how far beetles would have to wander before "losing" their host patch, I released marked beetles in two different habitats (a goldenrod field or a cultivated garden) at varying distances (2, 4, 6, or 8 m) from a target patch of collards. For both beetle species, the percentage of individuals discovering the collards after 1 d declined rapidly beyond 2 m and was dramatically reduced by the presence of goldenrod between released beetles and the collard target.
Effects of pyriproxyfen on some physiological aspects of the pistachio fruit hull borer, Arimania comaroffi Ragonot, pupae

The pistachio fruit hull borer, Arimania comaroffi (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the minor pests of pistachio orchards. This pest passes the winter as pupae in silken cocoons in soil beside pistachio trees. In this study, effects of insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were investigated on some physiological aspects of the pest by measuring glycogen, total sugar, lipid, protein, low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (trehalose and glucose) and polyols (sorbitol and myo-inositol) contents of the pupal body. Last larval instar was treated with 1 μl of the pesticide, and the effects on pupae were measured after one week. Glycogen content in treatment with 3.11 mg/g fresh body weight was significantly different from control with 8.51 mg/g fresh body weight, but no significant differences in protein and lipid contents (p > 0.05) were observed. Glucose content in treated pupae with 1.50 mg/g fresh body weight was significantly different from control with 2.99 mg/g fresh body weight. Trehalose and sorbitol contents in treated pupae with 0.52 and 0.04 mg/g fresh body weight, respectively, were significantly lower than control with 2.07 and 1.5 mg/g fresh body weight, while there were no significant differences in glucose and myo-inositol contents between treated and control pupae.
Effect of lactic or acetic acid on degradation of myofibrillar proteins in post-mortem goose (Anser anser) breast muscle

The effects of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA) on changes in myofibrillar proteins of post-mortem goose breast muscle marinated for 24 h at 5 °C were studied. Purified myofibrils were prepared from 0.1 M LA or AA samples and controls (non-marinated samples) after 0, 1, 3, 7 or 14 days of storage at 5 °C. The changes in myofibrillar proteins of goose muscle were examined by SDS-PAGE. Goose breast muscle marinated in LA and AA exhibited degradation of myosin heavy chains. The appearance of ∼95 and ∼27 kDa components and the disappearance of titin and nebulin were also more rapid than for control muscle. These results suggest that acid marination enhanced the post-mortem proteolysis of goose breast muscle. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Technical Note: Thermal Properties of Chickpea Flour, Isolated Chickpea Starch, and Isolated Chickpea Protein

Thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity) of chickpea flour, isolated starch, and isolated protein at different temperatures and bulk densities were studied. Thermal conductivity was measured using the line heat source method and calculated using the maximum slope method. Specific heat was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal diffusivity was calculated using thermal conductivity, specific heat, and bulk density values. Prediction models were obtained to determine the thermal properties of samples as a function of experimental variables. Thermal conductivity of all three samples showed a linear relationship with temperature and bulk density. Specific heat had a linear relationship with the temperature and moisture content of the sample. Thermal diffusivity of samples had a negative linear relationship with bulk density.