Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radon Exhalation from Five Wood Species

1) Radon radiation exposures in home have been posed as a potential cancer hazard. This research aims to present the basic data of the indoor radon concentration level by examining the radon exhalation rates of wood species. Radon exhalation rates from five commonly used wood species in Korean wood building construction were measured with Continuous Radon Monitor (CRM), Model 1028 (Sun Nuclear Co., USA) using the Closed Chamber Method (CCM). The mass exhalation rate was observed to vary from 0.00089 Bq·kg·h to 0.00181 Bq·kg·h, whereas the surface exhalation rate was observed to be 0.00677 0.01517 Bq·m·h. The radon exhalation rate of Quercus accutissima Carruth (white oak) which has the highest density showed the highest figure among the five wood species, on the other hand, the rest of four species showed similar results which were similar to the radon exhalation rates of wood in the U.S.A. and Canada. The average of the concentration measured by the CCM represented well up to the second half-life period (7.7 days). Because result of these small quantities seems to indicate that radon exhalation from the tested wood species has almost negligible impact, the main culprit of the high indoor radon concentration is clearly derived from the background of surrounding wood house. Therefore, as a safety precaution, infrastructures made of wood materials should be designed with the consideration of influx of radon and built accordingly. Furthermore, it is highly desirable that wood will be needed to use for furniture and interior finishing material in indoor environment.
The Vertical Structure of Open-Ocean Submesoscale Variability during a Full Seasonal Cycle

Submesoscale dynamics are typically intensified at boundaries and assumed to weaken below the mixed layer in the open ocean. Here, we assess both the seasonality and the vertical distribution of submesoscale motions in an open-ocean region of the northeast Atlantic. Second-order structure functions, or variance in properties separated by distance, are calculated from submesoscale-resolving ocean glider and mooring observations, as well as a 1/48° numerical ocean model. This dataset combines a temporal coverage that extends through a full seasonal cycle, a horizontal resolution that captures spatial scales as small as 1 km, and vertical sampling that provides near-continuous coverage over the upper 1000 m. While kinetic and potential energies undergo a seasonal cycle, being largest during the winter, structure function slopes, influenced by dynamical characteristics, do not exhibit a strong seasonality. Furthermore, structure function slopes show weak vertical variations; there is not a strong change in properties across the base of the mixed layer. Additionally, we compare the observations to output from a high-resolution numerical model. The model does not represent variability associated with superinertial motions and does not capture an observed reduction in submesoscale kinetic energy that occurs throughout the water column in spring. Overall, these results suggest that the transfer of mixed layer submesoscale variability down to depths below the traditionally defined mixed layer is important throughout the weakly stratified subpolar mode waters.
Palynological Characteristics of Jasione Species Native to Turkey

ABSTRACT Pollen grains of seven Jasione (Campanulaceae) taxa from Turkey were investigated: J. heldreichii Boiss & Orph. , J. idaea Stoj. , J. montana L. , J. supina subsp. supina, J. supina subsp. pontica, J. supina subsp. akmanii, and J. supina subsp. tmolea. Four of the investigated taxa were in the VU (vulnerable) category and one is in the LC (least concern) category (categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature). The basic shape of the pollen grains was prolate-spheroidal and oblate-spheroidal; the apertures vary from triporate- to tetra-porate. The sculpturing pattern of exine was microechinate. Two types were recognised according to the pollen shape. Type I is prolate-spheroidal, whereas Type II is oblate-spheroidal. This research will be helpful to explain the relationships among the genera of Campanulaceae and provides insights for future phylogenetic research.
Statistical Profiling of n-grams for Payload Based Anomaly Detection for HTTP Web Traffic

Anomalous HTTP traffic can be identified by analysing the content of HTTP packet as payload. n-gram analysis is a prominent technique for payload analysis. In this paper, a novel n-gram based anomaly detection method has been proposed for HTTP traffic. During the training phase, statistical profiling (the maximum, the minimum, the median and the average of number of occurrences in a packet) of n-grams for a data set of normal (not malicious) HTTP packets provides the basis for this work. In a test packet, the number of occurrences of an n-gram decides whether the n-gram is anomalous or not. Moreover, the deviation of number of occurrences of such an anomalous n-gram from the median (or the average) of number of occurrences of the n-gram in training packets is considered for estimating an anomaly score of the test packet. Consideration of this magnitude of the deviation from the statistical profile (median or average) of n-gram occurrences for a normal HTTP traffic is the highlight of the proposed method. Finally, an anomaly-to-normal ratio for the test packet determines whether it is malicious or normal. This technique yields better performance as compared to an existing n-gram based method of anomalous HTTP traffic detection.
PROFESSIONALISM IN MEDICAL EDUCATION: A REVIEW ARTICLE

Medical professionalism encompasses the expected and desired behaviours and attributes towards which physicians aspire while serving their patients and society. Professionalism has been recently acknowledged as a hot topic in medical education literature. This article discusses three issues: 1 why professionalism has recently become a hot issue in the literature? 2 Is there a global model of professionalism that is acknowledged world-wide? 3 How professionalism can be addressed in medical education? Different models of professionalism have been discussed from different cultures along with challenges for addressing professionalism in medical education. The article further discussed the difference between conceptualizing professionalism as a list of attributes or as a belief system and highlight the corner stone of professionalism in a particular society.
THE ECONOMICS OF REPROCESSING vs DIRECT DISPOSAL OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL

This report assesses the economics of reprocessing versus direct disposal of spent nuclear fuel. The breakeven uranium price at which reprocessing spent nuclear fuel from existing light-water reactors (LWRs) and recycling the resulting plutonium and uranium in LWRs would become economic is assessed, using central estimates of the costs of different elements of the nuclear fuel cycle (and other fuel cycle input parameters), for a wide range of range of potential reprocessing prices. Sensitivity analysis is performed, showing that the conclusions reached are robust across a wide range of input parameters. The contribution of direct disposal or reprocessing and recycling to electricity cost is also assessed. The choice of particular central estimates and ranges for the input parameters of the fuel cycle model is justified through a review of the relevant literature. The impact of different fuel cycle approaches on the volume needed for geologic repositories is briefly discussed, as are the issues surrounding the possibility of performing separations and transmutation on spent nuclear fuel to reduce the need for additional repositories. A similar analysis is then performed of the breakeven uranium price at which deploying fast neutron breeder reactors would become competitive compared with a once-through fuel cycle in LWRs, for a range of possible differences in capital cost between LWRs and fast neutron reactors. Sensitivity analysis is again provided, as are an analysis of the contribution to electricity cost, and a justification of the choices of central estimates and ranges for the input parameters. The equations used in the economic model are derived and explained in an appendix. Another appendix assesses the quantities of uranium likely to be recoverable worldwide in the future at a range of different possible future prices.
Regional variation in the pronunciation of /s/ in the Dutch language area

This paper reports on an explorative sociophonetic study of the phoneme /s/ in the Dutch language area. Our aim is to investigate the regional variation in the realisation of this phoneme, and to test experimentally the observation of ) that /s/ is sometimes pronounced more like [ ʃ ], especially in the Randstad area (called s-retraction). One hundred native speakers of Dutch produced nineteen monosyllabic words containing /s/ in different syllabic contexts. The speakers were born and raised in one of five regions of the Dutch language area (West Flanders, Flemish Brabant, Netherlands Limburg, South Holland and Groningen). Spectral centre of gravity (CoG) and duration were used to measure the degree of s-retraction. CoG values turned out to be significantly lower (consistent with more retraction) in the regions in The Netherlands than in the Flemish regions. Speakers from South Holland produced significantly shorter /s/ than the other speakers. In conclusion, /s/ shows patterns of regional variation that are not fully in line with the observation forwarded by ). The difference between the Flemish and Dutch regions shows that s-retraction is found in an area larger than the Randstad, possibly pointing towards a North-South pattern of variation.
Corn cobs Efficiency in Adsorption of Cadmium Ions (Cd+2) from its Aquatic Solutions

Corn cobs efficiency in adsorption of cadmium from its aquatic solutions was studied in the laboratories of Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture and Department of Marine Chemistry, Marine Science Centre during the period from January until June, 2018. Three parameters (time, pH and temperature) were tested for determine the removal ratio of cadmium by corn cobs. Its observed that the maximum removal ratios of cadmium ions 81%, 95.01% and 86.75% were 60 min., pH=6 and 25°C respectively.
The Effect of Prepregnancy Body Mass Index on the Development of Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Increase of blood pressure is from prevalent disorders that can increase maternal and fetal-neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to survey the effect of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) on the development of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. METHODS: This case-control study was performed on 200 pregnant women referred to maternity of Qaem Hospital related to Mashhad University in 2007. According to body mass index, the patients were divided into four groups (50 in each group) including gestational hypertension group, mild preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia and control group. Blood pressure, height and weight of pregnant women were measured carefully and BMI was calculated and then compared with prepregnancy BMI. FINDINGS: In control group mean BMI before pregnancy was 24±3 kg/m
Direct mortality among demersal fish and benthic organisms in the wake of pulse trawling

Pulse trawl fisheries involve the use of electrical pulses to immobilize (cramp) target species and make them available for capture. A major concern related to pulse trawl fisheries is the passing pulse trawl causing direct, mass mortalities among benthic organisms, resulting in a ‘graveyard’ in the wake of a pulse trawler. This has never been investigated in situ and the current pilot study therefore aimed to develop a method for in situ assessments and to perform a first assessment. A pulse trawler equipped with double rigs made pulse trawl tracks specific for the current experiment. Within 15 to 30 minutes after passage of the pulse trawler, one of its trawl tracks was sampled with a shrimp trawler by a 10 minute tow with a small mesh shrimp beam trawl while the other, similar shrimp trawl was deployed outside the pulse trawl track to obtain control samples. The experiment consisted of two pulse trawl track treatments: a complete pulse trawl and a pulse trawl with its netting and ground rope removed to minimize its mechanical impact. This allowed for isolating electrical from mechanical impacts. In total two paired samples of treatments and controls were obtained per pulse trawl track treatment. The condition of three fish species and three species of invertebrates was assessed. Fish species included plaice (Pleuronectus platessa), dab (Limanda limanda) and solenette (Buglossidium luteum). Invertebrate species included flying crab (Liocarcinus holsatus), hermit crabs (Paguroidea spp.) and brittle stars (Ophiuroidea spp.). Direct survival ranged from 91-100% among treatments for the fish and 88-100% for the invertebrates. No significant differences in direct survival were detected between the two treatments and their respective controls for any of the species. Underwater video observations confirmed deployment of the sampling trawl inside the pulse trawl tracks, although part of swept area was outside the pulse trawl tracks. However, also when correcting the observed direct mortality for this, no differences between treatments and controls were detected. We conclude that with the right equipment, skilled skippers and a calm sea, it is possible to collect biota samples from a track recently trawled by a pulse trawler. However, it is very difficult to sample exclusively from a pulse trawl track; it is inevitable that part of the area swept by a sampling tow lies outside the pulse trawl track aimed for. Despite these limitations, any direct mass mortality caused by a passing pulse trawler would have been recorded in the current study, not only for the systematically observed species but also for other species in the samples. Our study thus did not find any evidence of direct mortality among plaice, dab, solenette, flying crab and brittle stars.
Controls of Variability in Berm and Dune Storm Erosion

The erosion impact of large coastal storm events typically occurs across broad (100s of km) sections of coastline and may include significant variability both alongshore and vertically between the berm and dunes. Identifying controls of variability in storm erosion is critical to understanding the response of coastlines to present and changing storminess. This contribution analyses immediate pre‐ and post‐storm Lidar data of over 1700 cross‐shore profile transects, determined at every 100 m alongshore and spanning 400km of the southeast Australian coastline. This unique dataset allowed for a data‐driven Bayesian network analysis of the key relationships between the measured storm erosion response and a range of variables describing the antecedent morphology and hydrodynamic forcing at the coastline. It was found that while erosion of the dune and berm was observed to increase with increased exposure of the local profile to incident storm waves, additional erosion controls were found to be different for these two different sections of the beach. Erosion of the berm was specifically linked to the pre‐storm berm volume, with more accreted berms experiencing a greater proportion of erosion of the overall berm, regardless of variability in forcing conditions. In contrast, dune erosion was equally controlled by the exceedance of wave runup above the antecedent dune toe elevation and the width of the beach immediately fronting the dune, with wider beaches resulting in reduced dune erosion. The results of this large, data‐driven analysis provide important affirmation and insights into the primary controls of berm and dune storm erosion.
A Novel Approach for Reliability Investigation of LEDs on Molded Interconnect Devices Based on FE-Analysis Coupled to Injection Molding Simulation

Due to many advantages, such as cost-effective production, design freedom, and weight reduction, plastics have replaced metals and ceramics in many fields. However, engineering plastics are good thermal insulators. This characteristic, although beneficial in certain applications, poses many challenges in many heat-generating applications. This can lead to hot spots or even to an increase in the device temperature. Along with the increasing demand for plastics in areas of the lighting technology or in the automotive field due to the free shaping potential, the requirements are becoming more challenging. Driven by the trend of miniaturization, applications with high heat generation often have to operate in the tightest of spaces. Since not always sufficient space for complex cooling systems is given, the housing or the substrate should assume the task of thermal management. In regard to this fact, the use of thermally conductive thermoplastics seems to be very appealing. Quality loss, poorer reliability, loss of performance, and even failure can occur in case of insufficient heat dissipation. In order to improve the properties of these polymers, highly heat-conducting fillers are added in order to improve the thermal conductivity of the compound. Another technology trend that has been prevalent for years is the use of simulations. Due to shorter product life cycles and therefore shorter development times, simulation has become an indispensable part of the chain of product development. Time-consuming and costly test series make the simulation more and more important as a tool for material and product design. In this context, this paper presents a novel approach for reliability investigation and lifetime estimation, based on simulation. Therefore, a simulative method based on coupling the results from the process simulation (injection molding simulation) to finite element analysis was developed and explained. This coupled method makes it possible to take into account the manufacturing process and its engendered filler orientation. The obtained findings are compared to conventional thermal steady-state analysis and used in order to better predict the lifetime of LEDs mounted on thermoplastic substrates, the so-called molded interconnect devices. It is demonstrated that it is necessary to consider the filler orientation, especially in the case of 3D substrates.
Performance Analysis and Design of LT Codes Under the Gaussian Elimination Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

With the growing demand, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an increasingly important role in many fields. The focus has been on deploying Luby transform (LT) codes in WSNs because of their inherent advantages in erasure channels. Since most data transmitted by WSNs are small, the Gaussian elimination (GE) decoding algorithm is highly attractive. In this paper, we investigate the performance analysis and code design methods for LT codes under the GE algorithm. First, the analytical expressions of the data erasure probability are detailed for two simple kinds of LT codes. Then, a characteristic indicator of the data erasure probability is introduced to evaluate the performance of general LT codes. Finally, we propose novel design methods by optimizing degree distributions from three goals based on the characteristic indicator. The numerical results validate the proposed performance analysis and code design methods in comparison with the conventional method.
Demand response potential of district heating and ventilation in an educational office building

This study examines the influence of demand-response control strategies on thermal conditions, indoor air CO2 concentration, and heating energy cost and consumption in an educational office building heated by a district heating system in a cold climate. The real-time pricing-based demand response is applied for space heating, heating of ventilation, and adjustment of airflow rates. The ventilation analysis covers both constant and variable air volumes systems. The applied demand-response algorithms regulate room air temperature set-points for space heating, temperature set-point for supply air, and CO2 set-point adjusted with the variable air volume ventilation system. The accepted room air temperature range was 20–24.5 °C and CO2 concentration within 800–1200 ppm. This study was conducted with the validated dynamic building simulation tool IDA ICE. The results illustrate that the maximum yearly savings by demand response of space heating and ventilation with the constant air volume ventilation system are around 3 and 6% for the heating energy consumption and heating energy cost, respectively. For the variable air volume system, the heating energy consumption, heating energy cost, electricity consumption, and electricity cost saved by demand-response control can be up to 8, 11, 9, and 2%, respectively.
Origin and Transformation of Light Hydrocarbons Ascending at an Active Pockmark on Vestnesa Ridge, Arctic Ocean

We report on the geochemistry of hydrocarbons and pore waters down to 62.5 mbsf, collected by drilling with the MARUM‐MeBo70 and by gravity coring at the Lunde pockmark in the Vestnesa Ridge. Our data document the origin and transformations of volatiles feeding gas emissions previously documented in this region. Gas hydrates are present where a fracture network beneath the pockmark focusses migration of thermogenic hydrocarbons characterized by their C1/C2+ and stable isotopic compositions (δ2H‐CH4, δ13C‐CH4). Measured geothermal gradients (~80 °C/km) and known formation temperatures (>70 °C) suggest that those hydrocarbons are formed at depths >800 mbsf. A combined analytical/modeling approach, including concentration and isotopic mass balances, reveals that pockmark sediments experience diffuse migration of thermogenic hydrocarbons. However, at sites without channeled flow this appears to be limited to depths >~50 mbsf. At all sites we document a contribution of microbial methanogenesis to the overall carbon cycle that includes a component of secondary carbonate reduction—that is, reduction of dissolved inorganic carbon generated by anaerobic oxidation of methane in the uppermost methanogenic zone. Anaerobic oxidation of methane and carbonate reduction rates are spatially variable within the pockmark and are highest at high‐flux sites. These reactions are revealed by 13C depletions of dissolved inorganic carbon at the sulfate‐methane interface at all sites. However, 13C depletions of CH4 are only observed at the low methane flux sites because changes in the isotopic composition of the overall methane pool are masked at high‐flux sites. 13C depletions of total organic carbon suggest that at seeps sites, methane‐derived carbon is incorporated into de novo synthesized biomass.