Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic analysis of honey production and marketing in Hai district, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

The objective of the study was to analyze economic factors that affect honey production and marketing in Hai District. Specific objectives were (i) to analyse profitability of honey production (ii) to assess efficiency of honey marketing and role-played by various market participants (iii) to evaluate contribution of beekeeping to household income and (iv) suggest intervention strategies to improve the existing situation. A cross sectional research design was adopted, the sample size of 80 respondents obtained through both simple random and purposive sampling techniques. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods for data analysis in order to address the objectives of the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 11.5 was used to analyze the data. The results of the study show that beekeeping is a household viable enterprise. Beekeepers owned on average 1-30 beehives and earned Tshs 37 850 as gross profit per one beehive. It was also observed that 84% of the sampled beekeepers didn’t process honey into other valuable forms including wax. Processed honey and waxes earn more income compared to raw honey by about 30% higher. Constraints to honey and beeswax production as identified by respondents include: insects, legal access to forest reserve and drought as identified by 24.4%, 22.3% and 16.4% of the sample beekeepers respectively. Marketing constraints identified were low prices of honey (83.4% of the sampled beekeepers) and no strong market for honey products (16.6% of the sampled beekeepers). From this study it is concluded that beekeeping enterprise contributes to household cash income of Tshs 10 000-221 000 per year with a mean of Tshs 215 659 and it was seen that the contribution of beekeeping sector to the household income is significant. Meaningful interventions to enhance the ii
Continuously recording body temperature in terrestrial chelonians

KENNETH E. NUSSEAREcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology &Biological Resources Research Center/MS 314University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USAe-mail: spiney@unr.eduTODD C. ESQUEEcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology& Biological Resources Research Center/MS 314University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USAandU.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center6770 South Paradise Road, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119, USAandC. RICHARD TRACYEcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology& Biological Resources Research Center/MS 314University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
A Contingent Valuation of Tampa’s Urban Forest

Urban forests provide environmental, social, and economic benefits to urban residents. These benefits are often overlooked when making spatial and financial distributive decisions in urban areas. The City of Tampa has demonstrated interest in its urban forest resource and estimated its extent and some of the benefits provided. Estimating economic values for benefits that have not been quantified can help to ensure that resources are distributed more efficiently. Five methods to estimate urban forest benefits in the City of Tampa are reviewed, with contingent valuation being the method chosen out of this review process. A mailed, dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey was executed with two points of contact, yielding 107 responses for a 21.4 percent response rate. Despite positively rating the City’s urban forest, the majority of respondents (62.6 percent) were willing to pay for it to increase. The Turnbull distribution-free estimator was used to estimate a lower bound of $3.23 for willingness to pay to increase Tampa’s urban forest resource by 250,000 trees. Willingness to pay was positively associated with income and education. The survey responses also yielded important attitudinal and behavioral information that can help local decision makers increase the efficiency of urban forest distribution, maintenance, and promotion.
Evaluation of the potential effects of land use on the hydrology and fluvial geomorphology of the North Fork of the Flathead River

Dalby, Charles E. , M.S., Fall, 1986 Geology Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Land Use on the Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology of the North Fork of the Flathead River The North Fork of the Flathead River forms the northwestern boun­ dary of Glacier National Park. Proposed coal mining and existing timber harvest in the North Fork's international watershed are land uses with potential to alter water-sediment yields and ultimately the morphology and bed-sediment characteristics of the main channel. A baseline for evaluating future channel changes was developed using channel geometry surveys and geomorphic mapping (1:24000). Chan­ nel classification and interpretation of historic channel changes show that the North Fork is an alluvial, gravel-bed river with a relatively stable bed and banks. A notable exception is the 16 mile section of channel north of Camas Creek where the channel is un­ stable and at times braided—a condition resulting from natural sed­ iment contributions from bank erosion. The downstream hydraulic geo­ metry of the channel network was estimated from hydraulic data col­ lected for 11 self-formed, stable channel reaches. Hydraulic similar­ ities between the North Fork and other gravel-bed rivers provide a basis for estimating effects of increased sediment loads on channel morphology. Proposed coal mining, just north of the Canadian border, would produce 2.4 million tons of clean coal annually for 21 years and dis­ turb 8 mi^ of land in the Cabin and Howell Creek watersheds # During mining, if the mine drainage-sediment detention network functions pro­ perly, the increase in downstream sediment load and potential for channel changes is small. However, failure of the network could in­ crease sediment supply to the North Fork, ultimately altering down­ stream channel geometry and bed-sediment characteristics. In response to increased bed-material supply, the channel would be come wider, shallower, and steeper—changes which increase the efficiency of bedload sediment transport. Uncertainties regarding the success of rec­ lamation and performance of the mine drainage network demonstrate the importance for careful monitoring of sediment yield from the minesite. Recommendations for a sediment monitoring program are given. (222 pp.) Director: Dr. Arnold J. Silverman
Assessment of Frequency and Areal Extent of Overland Flow Generation in a Forested Mountain Catchment

Short time rainfall and throughfall measurements in the period May-October 2009, and the calculated satu - rated hydraulic conductivities of soils and isotopic hydrograph separations in August 2009 were used to estimate the frequency of the infiltration excess overland flow generation and the extent of saturated areas producing the saturation excess overland flow in the forested mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek, Western Tatra Mountains, northern Slovakia. The rainfall intensities exceeding 0.2 mm per 10 min occured only in 2-4% of all data measured. Saturated hydraulic conductivities ( k S ) of soils were calculated by means of four methods based on the relationship between k S and soil texture. The comparison of k S with the measured rainfall intensities indicated that the infiltration excess overland flow could have been generated for 0-10% of the rainfall intensities measured. Isotopic hydrograph separa - tion by means of the deuterium isotope indicated that the areas, where the saturated excess overland flow could have occurred, represented about 2-13% of the catchment during the analysed events. Despite the uncertainties connected with the assessments, the results are consistent with empirical knowledge of the catchment and limited older data.
Eighteen‐year results in the treatment of early breast carcinoma with mastectomy versus breast conservation therapy

Between 1979–1987, the National Cancer Institute conducted a randomized, prospective study of mastectomy (MT) versus breast conservation therapy (BCT) in the treatment of patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma. After a median potential follow‐up of 18.4 years, the authors present the updated results.
The bHLH Repressor Deadpan Regulates the Self-renewal and Specification of Drosophila Larval Neural Stem Cells Independently of Notch

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are able to self-renew while giving rise to neurons and glia that comprise a functional nervous system. However, how NSC self-renewal is maintained is not well understood. Using the Drosophila larval NSCs called neuroblasts (NBs) as a model, we demonstrate that the Hairy and Enhancer-of-Split (Hes) family protein Deadpan (Dpn) plays important roles in NB self-renewal and specification. The loss of Dpn leads to the premature loss of NBs and truncated NB lineages, a process likely mediated by the homeobox protein Prospero (Pros). Conversely, ectopic/over-expression of Dpn promotes ectopic self-renewing divisions and maintains NB self-renewal into adulthood. In type II NBs, which generate transit amplifying intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) like mammalian NSCs, the loss of Dpn results in ectopic expression of type I NB markers Asense (Ase) and Pros before these type II NBs are lost at early larval stages. Our results also show that knockdown of Notch leads to ectopic Ase expression in type II NBs and the premature loss of type II NBs. Significantly, dpn expression is unchanged in these transformed NBs. Furthermore, the loss of Dpn does not inhibit the over-proliferation of type II NBs and immature INPs caused by over-expression of activated Notch. Our data suggest that Dpn plays important roles in maintaining NB self-renewal and specification of type II NBs in larval brains and that Dpn and Notch function independently in regulating type II NB proliferation and specification.
Human vascular endothelial cells produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha in response to proinflammatory cytokine stimulation.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether human vascular endothelial cells produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). DESIGN Prospective, in vitro repeated-measurements analysis of cellular responses. SETTING Research laboratory in an academic medical center. SUBJECTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). INTERVENTIONS HUVECs were incubated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and LPS, or their different combinations for 2 to 48 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS TNF-alpha was measured by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Unstimulated HUVECs did not produce detectable amounts of TNF-alpha, but IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, and LPS when added together induced TNF-alpha production of HUVECs in a time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed that the TNF-alpha was produced by endothelial cells. IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, or LPS alone did not induce TNF-alpha production, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-1beta in combination were able to induce TNF-alpha production to some extent, and the production could be further increased with LPS. TNF-alpha messenger RNA expression was detected with reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction in stimulated, but not in unstimulated, HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS HUVECs are capable of producing TNF-alpha after proinflammatory cytokine stimulation and may therefore contribute to the increased amount of TNF-alpha found in pathologic states such as septic shock.
Viscosity Approximation Methods for a Class of Generalized Split Feasibility Problems with Variational Inequalities in Hilbert Space

Abstract Strong convergence theorem of viscosity approximation methods for nonexpansive mapping have been studied. We also know that CQ algorithm for solving the split feasibility problem (SFP) has a weak convergence result. In this paper, we use viscosity approximation methods and some related knowledge to solve a class of generalized SFP’s with monotone variational inequalities in Hilbert space. We propose some iterative algorithms based on viscosity approximation methods and get strong convergence theorems. As applications, we can use algorithms we proposed for solving split variational inequality problems (SVIP), split constrained convex minimization problems and some related problems in Hilbert space.
Positive predictive value and impact of misdiagnosis of a heart failure diagnosis in administrative registers among patients admitted to a University Hospital cardiac care unit

Objective To evaluate the positive predictive value (PPV) of a diagnosis of heart failure (HF) in the Danish National Registry of Patients (NRP) among patients admitted to a University Hospital cardiac care unit, and to evaluate the impact of misdiagnosing HF. Design The NRP was used to identify patients with heart failure from July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2007. Heart failure was defined in accordance with European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines. The recorded diagnoses from the NRP were compared with clinical data from the medical records. Results We identified 758 patients with a diagnosis of heart failure in the NRP. The PPV of a heart failure discharge diagnosis was 84.0% (95% confidence interval: 81.2–86.6). Patients with a discharge diagnosis of HF in the NRP without fulfilling the ESC criteria for HF had a better survival rate, a lower rate of rehospitalization, none were followed in the outpatient clinic, and they had a lower consumption of anticongestive medicine after discharge. Conclusion We found a relatively high PPV of the HF diagnosis in the NRP, and the NRP can therefore be a valuable tool for identification of patients with HF. However, using the NRP alone will not give a true picture of the cost and total burden of the disease.
impact of missing data mechanism on the estimate of change : a case study on cognitive function and polypharmacy among older persons

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Clinical Epidemiology 2015:7 169–180 Clinical Epidemiology Dovepress
Multinational Banking and Financial Contagion: Evidence from Foreign Bank Subsidiaries

Using bank-level data on 368 foreign subsidiaries of 68 multinational banks in 47 emerging economies during 1994-2008, we present consistent evidence that internal capital markets in multinational banking contribute to the transmission of financial shocks from parent banks to foreign subsidiaries. We find that internal capital markets transmit favorable and adverse shocks by affecting subsidiariesi¦ reliance on their own internal funds for lending. We also find that the transmission of financial shocks varies across types of shocks; is strongest among subsidiaries in Central and Eastern Europe, followed by Asia and Latin America; is global rather than regional; and became more conspicuous in recent years than before. We also explore various conditions under which the international transmission of financial shocks via internal capital markets in multinational banking is stronger, including the subsidiaries' reliance on funds from their parent bank, the subsidiaries' entry mode, and the capital account openness and banking market structure in host countries.
Hydrological studies and surface currents in the Coastal area of the Bay of Biscay

espanolEn el presente trabajo se exponen los resultados obtenidos sobre las corrientes superficiales en el extremo SE del Golfo de Vizcaya durante 1978. A tal fin se han utilizado 15.000 tarjetas plastificadas en total, que se han lanzado al mar desde diferentes puntos de la costa mensualmente. Se manifiestan durante el ano dos tipos fundamentales de corrientes, el primero caracteristico de los meses de invierno consiste en una circulacion homogenea que discurre paralela a la costa cantabrica espanola en direccion WE para mas tarde ascender SN paralelamente a la costa francesa, estas corrientes presentan su maxima intensidad en los meses de febrero. noviembre y sobre todo en los primeros dias de diciembre. En los meses de verano, desde mediados de julio hasta finales de octubre, las corrientes son de tipo oscilatorio, dependiendo de la direccion de los vientos dominantes en cada momento, alternando corrientes EW con W E. En algunos meses como agosto y octubre predomina la corriente E W. Comparando con los valores medios de las temperaturas superficiales del agua de mar, se observa una relacion entre las corrientes y las temperaturas que contribuye en parte a explicar el fenomeno de calentamiento del agua frente a la costa vasca en los meses de verano, factor muy importante que condiciona el desarrollo de comunidades bentonicas litorales de tipo mediterraneo en esta costa EnglishThe results obtained on the surface currents in the extreme SE of the Bay of Biscay during 1978 are given in the present work. For this end. 15,000 plastic drift cards were thrown into the sea from different coastal points. During the year two fundamental types of currents are manifest. The first characteristic of the winter months consists of a homogeneous circulatjon which circulates parallel to the Spanish Cantabrian coast in the direction W ~ E to ascend later S ~ N parallel with the French coast. These currents show their maximum intensity in the months of February. November and in the first days of December. In the summer months, from the middle of July to the end of October, the currents are oscillatery. Depending all the time on the direction of the prevajling winds, the currents alternate E ~ W with W ~ E. In some months like August and October, the current E ~ W prevails . Comparing the average values of the temperatures of the surface sea water, a relation between the currents and temperatures is observed and which contrjbutes in part to explain the phenomenon of the warming-up of the water in front of the Basque coast in the summer months, a very important factor which conditions the development of the benthic shore communities of a Mediterranean type on this coast. EuskaraLan honetan, Bizkaiko Golkoaren hego sortalde inguruko korrenteei buruz 1978.an lortutako ezaguerak azaltzen dira. 1.500 plastikozko txartel bota dira itsasora, illero eta puntu ezberdinetatik jaurtiaz. Urtean zear bi korronte era nagusi dabiltza; bata, negu garaikoa, W ~ E dator espainiako kantauri itsasertz parean barrena, eta azkenik. frantziaT
Mechanism and regulation of phosphate transport in Streptococcus pyogenes

In contrast to results reported with other bacteria, uptake of 32Pi in Streptococcus pyogenes was found to occur rapidly in starved cultures and to be strongly and immediately inhibited by addition of exogenous glycolytic energy sources (such as glucose) and nonglycolytic sources of ATP (such as arginine). Preincubation of starved cells with NaF, iodoacetate, or arsenate eliminated the inhibiting effect of glucose but not that of arginine. In accordance with the hypothesis that transport was attributable to Pi-Pi exchange, uptake and efflux of 32Pi in the presence of trans unlabeled Pi exhibited similar characteristics and were largely eliminated by reduction of the trans Pi concentration. Neither process was inhibited appreciably by pretreatment of cells with ionophores or metabolic inhibitors, but both processes were abolished by exposure to p-chloromercuribenzoate. Inhibition by both exogenous energy sources resulted in a reduction in the maximal velocity of transport (Vmax). Whereas arginine also caused a shift in the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) to larger values, glucose did not alter the Km. On the basis of the results reported, we propose that the rate of Pi exchange is determined positively by the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Pi and negatively by ATP or metabolites thereof. The mechanism of ATP action is unknown but could involve either covalent or noncovalent modification of the carrier protein.
AGE AT MENARCHE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS

A total of 180 adolescent girls in rural and urban schools were chosen by systematic sampling from the class register to assess the age at menarche and their nutritional status using personal interview and anthropometric measurements. The data collected were analyzed using percentages and chi square test. The urban schools girls start menstruating earlier than the rural counter parts. (13.14 years against 14.94) a difference of 1.80 years was observed. The mean age range for population with chronic but not severe under nutrition was considered to be between the ages of 13.15 years as compared with the mean age which is given as 12.8 years (NCHSIWHO ref. Data 19). The BMI for- age in urban school was found to be between 5th and 50th percentile of the ref. Data, while the BMI for-age in rural school was found to fall below the 5th percentile and the 50th percentile.
How long do people expect to live? Results and implications

We report the results of a survey of over 3500 individuals in Great Britain, questioned on how long they expected to live. On average, they under-estimated by 4.62 years (males), 5.95 years (females) compared with the estimates of the Government Actuary’s Department, although on average they were optimistic in the sense of thinking they would live longer than other people of their age and sex. Relevant risk factors seem to be taken into account in forming expectations, but not always accurately; in particular, smokers appeared to under-state risks significantly. A “reference group effect” was apparent: those in poor health, and smokers, gave relatively low answers for how long they thought people of their age and sex would live. We also find that people who under-estimated how long the population was expected to live were significantly less likely to have bought a pensions policy.
Mechanistic insights in Zr- and Hf-based molecular hybrid EUV photoresists

Abstract. Background:Inorganic resists show promising performances in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Yet, there is a need for understanding the exact chemical mechanisms induced by EUV light on these materials. Aim:To gain knowledge on the EUV chemistry of inorganic resists, we investigate hybrid inorganic–organic molecular compounds, metal oxoclusters (MOCs). Their molecular nature allows for the monitoring of specific structural changes by means of spectroscopy and thus for the elucidation of the mechanisms behind pattern formation. Approach:We compare the sensitivity of MOCs based on Zr and Hf, and methacrylate ligands as EUV resists. The chemical and structural changes causing the solubility switch were investigated by ex situ x-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and grazing incidence x-ray scattering. Results:Higher sensitivity was detected for the Hf-based material, in line with its higher absorptivity. A small fraction of the carboxylate ligands is lost at doses that yield solubility contrast, whereas aggregation of the inorganic clusters was not observed. Conclusions:These results provide evidence that, although the mechanism of solubility switch in these materials starts with decarboxylation reactions, it mainly proceeds through cross linking of the organic shells instead of aggregation of the inorganic clusters.