Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of isolated bacteria from burn patients and its susceptibility against different antibiotics in district Swat

Burn is an injury to the skin or other body tissues caused by various agents like thermal injury, scalds, fire, electrical shock and chemical injury. The aims of current study were isolation, identification and sensitivity of isolated bacteria against antibiotics from burn infected patients of District Swat. A total of 50 swab samples were collected from 50 burn infected patients. On the basis of colony morphology and Biochemical tests, including Oxidase, Catalase, Coagulase, Indole, and Motility eight different bacterial isolates were identified, including Bacillus, Enterobacter, Epidermis, E.Coli, Klebseilla, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus. The frequency range were Bacillus (0.3%), Enterobacter 6.97%), Epidermis (6.97%), Proteus (9.30%), E.coli (11.62%), Klebsiella (13.95%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.93%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30.23%). The maximum infections, i.e. 38% were reported in children’s age group 1-5 years. The infections reported in females were 65% while males 35%. A total of 12 antibiotics were tested in which levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were found more effective. Moderate against Amikacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin. Whereas Imipenem, Amoxicillin, Ceftriaxone were found less effective. Attention and concentration is need to avoid the infection in burn patients at distract swat. A further detail and comprehensive study is needed to avoid or reduce these infections.
The contribution of algae to freshwater dissolved organic matter: implications for UV spectroscopic analysis

Abstract Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important constituent of freshwater that participates in a number of key ecological and biogeochemical processes but can be problematic during water treatment. Thus, the demand for rapid and reliable monitoring is growing, and spectroscopic methods are potentially useful. A model with 3 components—2 that absorb in the ultraviolet (UV) range and are present at variable concentrations and a third that does not absorb light and is present at a low constant concentration—was previously found to yield reliable predictions of dissolved organic carbon concentration [DOC]. The model underestimated [DOC] in shallow eutrophic lakes in the Yangtze Basin, China, however, raising the possibility that DOM derived from algae might be poorly estimated, an idea supported by new data reported here for eutrophic British lakes. We estimated the extinction coefficients in the UV range of algae-derived DOM from published data on algal cultures and from new data from outdoor mesocosm experiments in which high concentrations of DOC were generated under conditions comparable to those in eutrophic freshwaters. The results demonstrate the weak UV absorbance of DOM from algae compared to DOM from terrestrial sources. A modified model, in which the third component represents algae-derived DOM present at variable concentrations, allowed contributions of such DOM to be estimated by combining the spectroscopic data with [DOC] measured by laboratory combustion. Estimated concentrations of algae-derived DOC in 77 surface freshwater samples ranged from 0 to 8.6 mg L−1, and the fraction of algae-derived DOM ranged from 0% to 100%.
Regulation of mammalian cells

The present invention provides a product and method for modulating expression of a target gene in a cell. Such a method, a polynucleotide that forms a duplex region with an mRNA transcribed from the target gene contains the step of introducing into the cell, wherein the double-stranded region of the miRNA target region of a mammalian including. The other such method, the siRNA to form a miRNA or precursor and the double-stranded region that includes the step of introducing into the cell, wherein the transcribed from the target gene mRNA may be translated including miRNA target region. In certain preferred embodiments, the method further includes the step of measuring the expression of a target gene. The method ontogeny of mammalian cells, functions, differentiation, and is particularly useful for modulating / or survival. Therefore, the present invention also provides, miRNA, or siRNA silencing precursor to miRNA is introduced into cells, ontogeny of mammals after transfer, the function of mammalian cells, the survival of mammalian cells in differentiation, or mammalian cells method of controlling the rate is also provided. The present invention further provides polynucleotides comprising a vector useful in the methods of the present invention. The polynucleotides provided include plasmid vector containing a promoter, a polynucleotide sequence that expresses a precursor of miRNA or miRNA. Likewise, the promoter, also includes plasmid vectors comprising a nucleotide sequence that expresses the siRNA silencing precursor to miRNA. In certain preferred embodiments, miRNA is capable of forming a duplex region with an mRNA transcribed from a target gene of the mammal.
Complete mitochondrial genome of the Northern Long-eared Owl (Asio otus Linnaeus, 1758) determined using next-generation sequencing

Abstract In this study, the mitogenome of Asio otus, the Northern Long-eared Owl, was analysed using Illumina next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome was found to be a circular molecule, 17,735 bp long with a slight AT bias (53.0%). The gene arrangement pattern was the same as that of a typical vertebrate, containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a non-coding control region). In the putative control region (1984 bp), there were two types of tandem repeats at the end of the region. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the 13 PCG sequences discovered in this study and those of that have been previously published of other Strigidae species and revealed a close relationship between A. otus and A. flammeus. The newly generated mitogenome from this study enriches the genomic resources available for future evolutionary studies and promotes conservation genetics of this species.
Effects of Incubation Temperature and Transportation Stress on Yolk Utilization, Small Intestine Development, and Post-Hatch Performance of High-Yield Broiler Chicks

77. Introduction.78. Materials and Methods.79. Animal Welfare.79. Incubation Design.80. Broilers and Diets.80. Performance Parameters.80. Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction.80. Primer Design and Validation.81. cDNA Synthesis and Real-Time PCR.81. Small Intestine and Yolk Sac Collection.82. Morphological Measurements.82. Statistical Analysis.83. Results.84. Discussion.85. Acknowledgements.89. References.89.
Cryo-EM structures reveal dynamic interplay of nascent chain-processing factors on the ribosome

During protein biosynthesis in bacteria, one of the earliest phenomena that a nascent polypeptide chain experiences is the co-translational enzymatic processing. The event includes two enzymatic pathways, deformylation of the N-terminal methionine followed by methionine excision catalyzed by peptide deformylase (PDF) and methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP). The ribosome tunnel exit serves as the podium for recruiting proteins involved in maturation processes of the nascent chain. During the process, the emerging nascent protein likely remains shielded by the chaperone trigger factor (TF). Here, we present the first cryo-EM structures of E. coli ribosome in complex with the nascent chain processing proteins. The structures reveal overlapping binding sites for PDF and MetAP when they bind individually at the tunnel exit site, where proteins L22 and L32 are identified as primary anchoring sites for both proteins. Interestingly however, MetAP has a remarkable ability of repositioning itself to adjacent locations in the presence of PDF and TF at the tunnel exit. Thus, our results disclose an unexpected scanning mechanism that MetAP adopts for context-specific ribosome association.
Herbage yield and bioactive principle of senna as influenced by micronutrient application in soil

A pot culture experiment was conducted during rainy season (July to September) to investigate the effects of micronutrient cations such as Zn, Cu, Fe and manganese (Mn) applications on herbage yield and sennoside content in senna ( ). Different doses of micronutrient cations were fixed based on the initial availability of these micronutrients in soil. Different yield attributes like the number of flowers and pods and leaves and pods weight per plant was recorded, while sennoside and micronutrient cations content in leaves and pods samples were analysed.
The skull of Mesenosaurus romeri, a small varanopseid (Synapsida: Eupelycosauria) from the Upper Permian of the Mezen River basin, northern Russia

Restudy of Mesenosaurus romeri, based on new and previously described cranial materials from the Upper Permian of the Mezen River basin of northern Russia, confirms its assignment to the synapsid eupelycosaurian family Varanopseidae. Comparisons with other members of the family support a pattern of relationship that recognizes two clades: one is composed of Mesenosaurus and Mycterosaurus for which the subfamily designation Myctersaurinae is proposed, and the other includes the remaining well­ known varanopseids Elliotsmithia, Varanops, Varanodon, and Aerosaurus for which the subfamily des­ ignation Varanodontinae is proposed. Among the late Paleozoic synapsids, Varanopseidae has the longest fossil record, extending from the end of the Carboniferous to well into the Late Permian, and the widest geographical distribution, including North America, South Africa, and Russia. KEy WORDs: Varanopseidae (Mesenosaurus), Synapsida, Upper Permian, Mezen River Basin, Russia
Influence of Teacher Motivation on Provision of Quality Early Childhood Education in Njoro Divison, Nakuru County, Kenya

The benefits associated with quality education have been acknowledged globally. Quality early childhood education programmes have been found to help to build a strong foundation for the child’s physical, mental, emotional and social development that prepare them for a lifetime. In regard to this early childhood education was believed to prepare children for primary school. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of teacher motivation on the provision of quality early childhood education. Descriptive survey research design was used. The target population for the study was pre-school teachers and head teachers in Njoro Division, Nakuru County. The division has 84 ECE centres. The respondents comprised of 84 Head teachers, 168 ECDE teachers forming a target population of 252 respondents. Stratified sampling method and simple random sampling was used to select the sample size for the study. The sample size was 50% of 168 teachers (84) and 84 pre-school teachers (42) were selected giving a total of 126 respondents. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to obtain data from the field. Questionnaires were piloted at to the ECDE centres in Njoro Division comprising of nine respondents which were not included in the final study to test validity and reliability of the instrument. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics which included mean, frequencies and percentages and presented in terms of tables, graphs and charts. Qualitative data was coded and analysed thematically based on the study objectives. The study established that teacher motivation positively and significantly influenced the provision of quality early childhood education. The study concludes that teacher motivation is critical to the success in enhancing quality ECDE education. This because teachers are the most important implementers, since they interface with the learners who have special education needs. The study recommends that special motivational strategies that target ECDE teachers on ECDE programs education should be implemented. All teachers who work in an inclusive setting should be given a special allowance.
Deregulated gene expression in the brain of Rett syndrome patients and MeCP2-null mice

vi CHAPTER ONE Introduction Rett Syndrome and Epigenetic Gene Regulation Mediated by Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) . 1 Overview ofRett Syndrome . 2 DNA Methylation and MeCP2-mediated Epigenetic Gene Regulation . 6 Toward Understanding the Role ofMeCP2 in the Brain and the Neuropathology ofRTT . 11 FXYD 1 and the FXYD Gene Family . 16 General Hypothesis and Specific Aims . 21 CHAPTER TWO FXYDJ is a MeCP2-target Gene Overexpressed in the Brain ofRett Syndrome Patients and Mecp2-null Mice . 26 Abstract . 27 Introduction . 28 Materials and Methods . 32 Results . 39 Discussion . 49 Figures and Tables . 55 CHAPTER THREE Conclusions and Future Directions . 74 Conclusions . 75 Future Directions . 82 REFERENCES . 88 APPENDICES . 1 06 Appendix Chapter 1: FXYDJ and FXYD7 Gene Expression Are Developmentally and Differentially Regulated in the Cortex and Hypothalamus of Rodents . 1 07 Materials and Methods . 1 08 Results . 110 Result Figures . 112
Antimicrobial resistance in a membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal process

ii ABSTRACT Coupling of membrane bioreactors with enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes increases the potential for low-yield sludge production by operating systems at long solids retention times (SRTs). However, biological foaming of anoxic mixed liquor in membrane EBPR (MEBPR) systems causes operational challenges (e.g. interference with the estimation of total suspended solids in the system). Hence, operating MEBPR systems by regular wastage of foam bacteria as a means to control SRT has gained increasing attention. The present research aims to evaluate the performance of MEBPR processes operating at long SRT (60 days) through estimation of the ARB release rates in foam, waste aerobic mixed liquor and effluent. The results indicated that, while superior antibiotic resistant bacterial (ARB) removal was achieved by membrane filtration in MEBPR systems (SRT= 60 and 25 days (control)), the proportions of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim resistant bacteria among mixed liquor heterotrophs exhibited statistically significant elevations relative to the influent. It was also demonstrated that extended SRT operations could achieve similar total daily release rates of ARB (amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline) compared to those of the 25 day SRT train. In detail, waste aerobic mixed liquor and foam were found to be the major contributors to ARB release in the 25 and 60 day SRT trains, respectively. Data also showed that operating MEBPR systems at 25 and 60 day SRTs could reduce the total ARB release rates relative to the ARB inflow rates. It was also observed that the parallel trains significantly increased the relative abundances of the sul1 gene (normalized to 16S rRNA gene) in mixed liquor compared to those of the influent. Using an Illumina MiSeq platform, the taxonomic compositions of bacterial communities in influent and MEBPR environments were identified. Data analysis exhibited a shift in bacterial composition from influent to mixed liquor and then to treated effluent. A significant similarity was also found between mixed liquor and foam at the 25 day SRT train.
Antimicrobial activity of leaf and root extracts of tough lovegrass

This study aimed to evaluate tough lovegrass leaf and root extracts antimicrobial activity. The extracts (plant material: solvent, 1:10) were prepared by maceration with methanol:water (1:1) during ten days followed by a concentration in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure. The extracts were resuspended in water containing 1% of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain a final concentration of 100 mg/mL and then filtered through a sterilizing membrane with 0. 22μm. The antibacterial activity of the leaf and root extracts were evaluated against pathogenic and phytopathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion and microdilution broth methods for the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determination. The antifungal activity of tough lovegrass leaf and root extracts were evaluated by micelial growth inhibition and conidial germination inhibition. The extracts presented low antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Xanthomonas translucens, but the leaf extracts presented significant antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Drechslera tritici-repentis. The results support the continuity of the study in improving the effectiveness of the active extract for a possible use in pharmacology and agronomy and in attempting to determine the probable active antimicrobial compound.
The Evolution of the Stress Axis in Ground Squirrels

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, or stress axis, is a key physiological system that mediates the relationship of the organism with its environment. Because activation of the HPA axis mobilizes energy stores for immediate use, but sustained activation can have deleterious effects on survival, the HPA axis has been implicated in the tradeoff between reproduction and survival. In this thesis, I investigate whether there is an association between one life history trait, reproductive lifespan, and the functioning of the HPA axis as predicted by the “adaptive stress hypothesis”. The adaptive stress hypothesis predicts that species adopting life history strategies characterized by short lifespans and early reproduction should maximize the energy available for reproduction through high levels of circulating glucocorticoids caused by the dysregulation of the HPA axis in the breeding season, whereas those characterized by long lifespans and extended reproduction should maintain a functioning HPA axis with low levels of glucocorticoids throughout life. To test this hypothesis, I studied five species of ground squirrels that vary dramatically in male reproductive lifespan: arctic, Richardson’s, Columbian, thirteen-lined, and Franklin’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii, U. richardsonii, U. columbianus, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, and Poliocitellus franklinii). I used a stress profile to characterize the HPA axis of male ground squirrels immediately before and immediately after the breeding season. The stress profile included measures of plasma glucocorticoid concentrations, determinants of plasma glucocorticoid concentrations (corticosteroid binding globulin levels, adrenal sensitivity/capacity, negative feedback, and intrinsic restraint), and markers of the biological effects of glucocorticoids (energy mobilization, iii health, and immune function). Contrary to the adaptive stress hypothesis, I found no relationship between reproductive lifespan and postbreeding glucocorticoid levels. Species also varied significantly and unexpectedly in how determinants of glucocorticoid levels changed over the breeding season, and in how glucocorticoids levels translated into biological effects. I also observed unexpected patterns of individual variation within species. Thus, life history alone did not predict HPA axis functioning. My results suggest that the HPA axis is so flexible in its functioning, that we will need to adopt a much more detailed model of the HPA axis in order to fully understand the relationship between the HPA axis and life history variation.
How will it look like? Human posterior parietal and dorsal premotor cortex encode the visual properties of an upcoming action

Behavioral studies show that motor actions are planned by adapting motor programs to produce desired visual consequences. Does this mean that the brain plans these visual consequences independent of the motor actions required to obtain them? Here we addressed this question by investigating planning-related fMRI activity in human posterior parietal (PPC) and dorsal premotor (PMd) cortex. By manipulating visual movement of a virtual end-effector controlled via button presses we could dissociate motor actions from their sensory outcome. A clear representation of the visual consequences was visible in both PPC and PMd activity during early planning stages. Our findings suggest that in both PPC and PMd action plans are initially represented on the basis of the desired sensory outcomes while later activity shifts towards representing motor programs.
Significant mortality of eggs and young larvae of two pine processionary moth species due to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum

ABSTRACT Bioassays were conducted to determine the susceptibility of egg masses and young larvae of two pine processionary moth species, Thaumetopoea pityocampa and Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni, to two strains (ARSEF4556, V275) of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum. Mortality of treated eggs by both strains ranged from 96% to 99% but not all of this was caused by M. brunneum since control groups also experienced egg mortality due to saprophytic fungi. Still, larvae hatched in the laboratory from eggs treated with M. brunneum were all killed by this fungus, acquiring M. brunneum conidia, whereas larval mortality was 0% in the control groups. Young larvae of both pine processionary moth species were also highly susceptible to ARSEF4556 and V275 with larval mortality ranging between 94% and 100%, 8 days post-inoculation, with the vast majority of larvae being killed within the first 2–4 days. Larval mortality was dose dependent. Results were consistent across the two pine processionary moth species, showing that the pathogenicity of M. brunneum to both eggs and young larvae might be promising for biological control of these insect pests. The study also showed that non-target parasitoids of pine processionary moth eggs were also susceptible to M. brunneum. Further work is required to understand and reduce the M. brunneum effect on non-target insects.
Nonpolio enteroviruses can also be recovered from non-reproducible cytopathology in L20B cell line

Samples showing cytopathology (CPE) on initial inoculation into L20B cell line but with no observed or reproducible CPE on passage in L20B or RD are considered negative for both poliovirus and nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs). The phenomenon is termed ‘non-reproducible CPE’. Its occurrence is usually ascribed to the likely presence of reoviruses, adenoviruses and other non-enteroviruses. This study aimed to investigate the likelihood that NPEVs are also present in cases with non-reproducible CPE. Twenty-six (26) cell culture suspensions were analyzed in this study. The suspensions were collected from the WHO National Polio Laboratory, Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. The suspensions emanated from 13 L20B cell culture tubes that showed cytopathology within 5 days of inoculation with fecal suspension from AFP cases. However, on passage into one each of RD and L20B cell lines, the CPE was not reproducible. All samples were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, the WHO recommended VP1 RT-seminestedPCR assay, species resolution PCR assay, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Six (6) samples were positive for the VP1 RT-seminested PCR assay. Only four of which were positive by the species resolution PCR assay. The four amplicons were sequenced, however, only three (3) were successfully identified as Coxsackievirus A20 (2 isolates) and Echovirus 29 (1 isolate). The results of this study unambiguously showed the presence of NPEVs (particularly CVA20 and E29) in cell culture supernatants of samples with CPE on initial inoculation into L20B cell line but with no observed or reproducible CPE on passage in RD cell line. Therefore, like reoviruses, adenoviruses and other non-enteroviruses, NPEVs can also be recovered in cases with non-reproducible CPE.