Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Obesity among Students in Private and Public high Schools in Sulaimani City

Background: There is an increasing concern about obesity among children and adolescents worldwide as they constitute 20% of the world population. Several predisposing factors are contributing to the obesity that can be monitored, particularly healthy diet and physical activities. Addressing those factors among children and adolescents lead to decreasing health related conditions. Objective: To investigate the prevalence rate of obesity, sociodemographic, dietary habits, lifestyle and knowledge factors among adolescents attending private and public schools in Sulaimani city, Iraq. Patients and Methods: Through a school-based cross-sectional study from October 2021 to April 2022, a total of 576 students in high schools located in Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq were studied. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on students’ sociodemographic characteristics, physical activities, dietary habits and knowledge. Body mass index was measured based on WHO Growth Reference for 5 to 19 years of age. Results: The obesity prevalence rate in private schools (36.11%) was higher than public schools (31.6%) (P=0.5890) however, the difference was not statistically significant. The majority of students in private schools exercised more frequently and for a longer duration; however, they ate more red meat, less dairy produce and had a higher fast food intake. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity is slightly higher among students in private schools than the students in public schools.
Global patterns of internal wave variability from observations of full-depth rotary shear spectra

Global patterns of internal wave variability from observations of full-depth rotary shear spectra Amy F Waterhouse 1 , Eric Kunze 2 , Jennifer A Mackinnon 1 , Harper Simmons 3 , Rob Pinkel 1 , and Maxim Nikurashin 4 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD San Diego, CA awaterhouse@ucsd.edu Northwest Research Associates, Redmond, WA University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK IMAS, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Abstract Internal waves are ubiquitous throughout the world ocean and are generated by a combina- tion of processes including the tides and winds. The vertical directionality of low-frequency internal waves can be diagnosed by separating shear components into their rotary-with- depth components. Partitioning of energy in upward and downward propagation is helpful for understanding how energy is distributed and potentially lost in the global ocean en- ergy budget. Using observations of horizontal velocity from the GO-SHIP surveys and in- terpreting North Hemisphere clockwise-with-depth (South Hemisphere counterclockwise- with-depth) signals as downward propagating, there is approximately 10% more downward than upward propagating shear variance at 120–320 m vertical wavelengths in the upper 2000 m. There is more upward and downward shear variance in the bottom 2000 m associated with rough topography. 1 Introduction Internal waves in the ocean are generated by a variety of physical processes, including tidal flow over topography (Garrett and Kunze, 2007), winds generating near-inertial waves below the mixed layer (D’Asaro, 1985; Alford, 2001) and geostrophic flow over rough topography (Nikurashin and Ferrari, 2011; Melet et al., 2014). One of the largest outstanding questions remaining is where this energy goes after the internal waves prop- agate away from generation sites. The distance this energy travels directly determines the associated vertical structure of dissipation that ocean climate numerical models are sensitive (Melet et al., 2013, 2014, 2016). Through a limited number of observational studies, we have been able to make estimates on how far this energy propagation. How- ever, there are relatively few of these process studies to make adequate global estimates. This work provides an opportunity to provide a larger constraint on how distribution of internal wave shear variance varies with depth and geographic location in the ocean. Internal tides are generated by tidal flow over rough topography and can propagate in beams at knife-edge ridges (Althaus et al., 2003; St Laurent et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2006), which are directed upwards or downwards in the water column at angles defined by their characteristic slope (Munk, 1966; Baines, 1982; Egbert and Ray, 2000; Nycander, VIII th Int. Symp. on Stratified Flows, San Diego, USA, Aug. 29 - Sept. 1, 2016
Recognition of Nonneoplastic Hypercortisolism in the Evaluation of Patients With Cushing Syndrome

Abstract The evaluation of suspected hypercortisolism is one of the most challenging problems in medicine. The signs and symptoms described by Dr Harvey Cushing are common and often create diagnostic confusion to even experienced endocrinologists. Cushing syndrome is classically defined as neoplastic hypercortisolism resulting from an ACTH-secreting tumor or from autonomous secretion of excess cortisol associated with benign or malignant adrenal neoplasia. The increasing recognition of the negative cardiometabolic effects of mild cortisol excess without overt physical signs of Cushing syndrome has led to more screening for endogenous hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal nodular disease, osteoporosis, and the metabolic syndrome. However, sustained or intermittent activation of the dynamic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis caused by chemical (alcohol), inflammatory (chronic kidney disease), psychologic (major depression), and physical (starvation/chronic intense exercise) stimuli can result in clinical and/or biochemical features indistinguishable from neoplastic hypercortisolism. Nonneoplastic hypercortisolism (formerly known as pseudo-Cushing syndrome) has been recognized for more than 50 years and often causes diagnostic uncertainty. This expert consultation describes two patients with features of Cushing syndrome who were referred for inferior petrosal sinus sampling for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism. Both patients were discovered to have nonneoplastic hypercortisolism: one from a covert alcohol use disorder and the other to chronic kidney disease. This consultation emphasizes the value of a good history and physical examination, appropriate laboratory testing, and the desmopressin acetate stimulation test to aid in distinguishing neoplastic from nonneoplastic hypercortisolism.
Prospective collection of blood plasma samples to identify potential biomarkers for the prehospital stroke diagnosis (ProGrEss-Bio): study protocol for a multicenter prospective observational study

Introduction Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) are well-established, evidence-based, time-critical therapies that reduce morbidity and mortality in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. The exclusion of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is mandatory and has been performed by cerebral imaging to date. Mobile stroke units (MSUs) have been shown to improve functional outcomes by bringing cerebral imaging and IVT directly to the patient, but they have limited coverage. Blood biomarkers clearly distinguishing between AIS, ICH, and stroke mimics (SM) could provide an alternative to cerebral imaging if concentration changes are detectable in the hyperacute phase after stroke with high diagnostic accuracy. In this study, we will take blood samples in a prehospital setting to evaluate potential biomarkers. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (https://drks.de/search/de) with the identifier DRKS00023063. Methods and analysis We plan a prospective, observational study involving 300 patients with suspected stroke and symptom onset of ≤4.5 h before the collection of biomarkers. Study participants will be recruited from three sites in Berlin, Germany during MSU deployments. The focus of the study is the collection of blood samples from participants at the prehospital scene and from participants with AIS or ICH at a second-time point. All samples will be analyzed using targeted and untargeted analytical approaches. Study-related information about participants, including medical information and discharge diagnoses from the subsequent treating hospital, will be collected and documented in an electronic case report form (eCRF). Discussion This study will evaluate whether a single blood biomarker or a combination of biomarkers can distinguish patients with AIS and ICH from patients with stroke and SM in the early phase after symptom onset in the prehospital setting. In addition, the kinetics of blood biomarkers in AIS and ICH patients will be investigated. Our goal is to evaluate new ways to reliably diagnose stroke in the prehospital setting and thus accelerate the application of evidence-based therapies to stroke patients.
INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS THAT INFLUENCES ON CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL ERA

This study analyzes intelligence influencing conflict management in the digital era. This research is descriptive-explorative. The research location at the PKL Center Jl. Benteng Pancasila City of Mojokerto. The population of 369 MSME actors with the Slovin formula of 0.01 was determined by 79 respondents. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis using SmartPLS version 3.3. 7. Test the hypothesis by comparing the T-Statistics and P-Values. The results of this study are: communication intelligence, creative intelligence, and emotional intelligence have a significant effect on conflict management, social intelligence, and strategic intelligence has no effect on conflict management, communication intelligence, creative intelligence, emotional intelligence, social intelligence, and strategic intelligence simultaneously influence conflict management. Research recommendation: Combining this intelligence can resolve conflicts effectively and efficiently and avoid further damage to relationships.
Age-related effects on the modulation of gut microbiota by pectins and their derivatives: an in vitro study

Introduction The present study investigates whether supplementation with pectin-type polysaccharides has potential to improve aging-associated dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. The influence of different types of pectins on the gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles of elderly was compared to younger adults. Methods Pectins studied included a pectin polysaccharide (PEC), a partially hydrolyzed pectin (PPH), and a pectin oligosaccharide (POS). Additionally, inulin was used as a reference prebiotic substrate. Individual fecal samples were collected from healthy elderly volunteers (70–75 years) and younger adults (30–35 years). In vitro fermentations were performed using the CoMiniGut model with controlled temperature and pH. Samples were withdrawn at baseline and after 24 h fermentation for measurement of SCFAs production and microbiota composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results and Discussion The results showed that fermentations with PEC and PPH resulted in a specific stimulation of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii regardless of the age groups. Collinsella aerofaciens became a dominating species in the young adult group with fermentations of all three pectins, which was not observed in the elderly group. No significant differences in SCFAs production were found among the pectins, indicating a high level of functional redundancy. Pectins boosted various bacterial groups differently from the reference prebiotic substrate (inulin). We also found inulin had reduced butyrogenic and bifidogenic effects in the elderly group compared to the younger adult group. In conclusion, the in vitro modulating effects of pectins on elderly gut microbiota showed potential of using pectins to improve age-related dysbiosis.
Epidermal modifications in a hill stream catfish, Hara hara in relation to its natural habitat: A scanning electron microscope and histochemical investigation

In the present study, the epidermis of the hill stream fish Hara hara has been investigated employing scanning electron microscope, histology, histochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. The epidermis is characteristically differentiated into plaques separated from each other by deep furrows. In plaques, the epidermis is keratinized. In contrast, in furrows, it is mucogenic. Surface epithelial cells in plaques get modified into characteristic spine‐like unculi. At the distal ends of these unculi, we find tree‐like branched dendritic structures. The keratinized epithelial cells in plaques together with unculi frequently exfoliate at the surface. The epidermis in furrows is equipped with secretory glandular cells, that is, mucous goblet cells, sacciform cells and club cells; and sensory structures, that is, the taste buds. These glandular cells are involved in the elaboration of different types of carbohydrate and protein moieties. Further, in the epidermis of both, plaques and furrows, melanophores are frequently interspersed between the epithelial cells. In the plaque epidermis, in addition to melanophores, melanin granules are observed in epithelial cells undergoing keratinization as well as in those sloughing at the surface. Sloughing of keratinized epithelial cells together with spine‐like unculi at the surface of the plaques; the secretions of the glandular cells, the distribution of melanophore and the taste buds interspersed between the epithelial cells and the presence of melanin granules in the keratinized epithelial cells have been associated with different functional roles. These include hydrodynamic advantage, protection from mechanical stress, pathogens, UV radiation, localization of food accurately and so on in relation to the natural habitat of the fish.
Multipath Signal Mitigation for Indoor Localization Based on MIMO FMCW Radar System

Indoor human localization (IHL) is an important application of the Internet of Things. Multipath effects are the most challenging problem for successful IHL when using radar, and thus, they should be mitigated properly. Therefore, effective solutions for indoor multipath mitigation are devised in this article based on a co-located multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar without a priori information of reflection geometry and training data sets. To this end, a velocity–azimuth domain suitable for false alarm reduction under severe multipath propagations rather than conventional domains is suggested based on an in-depth analysis of radar echoes from the indoor environment. Then, intra- and inter-frame integration are exploited to enhance the human signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, which helps improve the human detection probability. Finally, the detected signal is identified as a multipath based on whether the direction-of-arrival and direction-of-departure are different. The proposed framework is demonstrated through experiments conducted in a seminar room using a commercial MIMO FMCW radar. The results indicate that the multipath components are explicitly discriminated from the backscattering of an individual using the proposed scheme. Ghost targets induced by multipath can be suppresed owing to the proposed framework, and therefore robust IHL can be achieved.
Predicting Structural Susceptibility of Proteins to Proteolytic Processing

The importance of 3D protein structure in proteolytic processing is well known. However, despite the plethora of existing methods for predicting proteolytic sites, only a few of them utilize the structural features of potential substrates as predictors. Moreover, to our knowledge, there is currently no method available for predicting the structural susceptibility of protein regions to proteolysis. We developed such a method using data from CutDB, a database that contains experimentally verified proteolytic events. For prediction, we utilized structural features that have been shown to influence proteolysis in earlier studies, such as solvent accessibility, secondary structure, and temperature factor. Additionally, we introduced new structural features, including length of protruded loops and flexibility of protein termini. To maximize the prediction quality of the method, we carefully curated the training set, selected an appropriate machine learning method, and sampled negative examples to determine the optimal positive-to-negative class size ratio. We demonstrated that combining our method with models of protease primary specificity can outperform existing bioinformatics methods for the prediction of proteolytic sites. We also discussed the possibility of utilizing this method for bioinformatics prediction of other post-translational modifications.
CDOM spectral slope (S275–295) as tracers of water masses, CDOM heterogeneity, and Δ14C‐DOC in an oligotrophic marginal sea

The absorption spectral slope, S275–295, is an optical metric frequently employed for characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). We collected CDOM absorption (aCDOM) and fluorescence spectra from the oligotrophic offshore South China Sea to identify the major determinant of S275–295 and to explore the potential of S275–295 as physical and biogeochemical tracers. S275–295 linearly decreased with increasing humic‐like fluorescent DOM, revealing the latter as the primary control on S275–295. The variability of S275–295 consistently declined from the surface to deep water, making S275–295 a potential indicator of CDOM molecular heterogeneity. The S275–295 vs. aCDOM plot was found to be a useful tool for characterizing water masses. The 14C content of dissolved organic carbon (Δ14C‐DOC) shows a strong correlation to S275–295, demonstrating S275–295 to be a proxy of the 14C‐age of DOM. A provisional equation, ln(−Δ14C‐DOC) = (−0.85 ± 0.06) × ln(S275–295) + (8.78 ± 0.19), was proposed to estimate Δ14C‐DOC from S275–295 for global oligotrophic oceans.
Off-Diagonal Solutions in Modified Einstein and Finsler Theories on Tangent Lorentz Bundles

We study modifications of general relativity, GR, with nonlinear dispertion relations which can be geometrized on tangent Lorentz bundles. Such modified gravity theories, MGTs, can be modeled by gravitational Lagrange density functionals f(R,T, F ) with generalized/ modified scalar curvature R, trace of matter field tensors T and modified Finsler like generating function F . In particular, there are defined extensions of GR with extra dimensional "velocity/ momentum" coordinates. For four dimensional models, we prove that it is possible to decouple and integrate in very general forms the gravitational fields for f(R,T, F )– modified gravity using nonholonomic 2+2 splitting and nonholonomic Finsler like variables F . We study the modified motion and Newtonian limits of massive test particles on nonlinear geodesics approximated with effective extra forces orthogonal to the four–velocity. We compute the constraints on the magnitude of extra–accelerations and analyze perihelion effects and possible cosmological implications of such theories. We also derive the extended Raychaudhuri equation in the framework of a tangent Lorentz bundle. Finally, we speculate on effective modelling of modified theories by generic off–diagonal configurations in Einstein and/or MGTs and Finsler gravity. We provide some examples for modified stationary (black) ellipsoid configurations and locally anisotropic solitonic backgrounds.
The Qualitative Properties of Symmetric Open‐Loop Nash Equilibria in the State‐Control Dynamic System in Differential Games

The local stability, steady state comparative statics, and local comparative dynamics of symmetric open‐loop Nash equilibria in the state‐control dynamic system for a seemingly ubiquitous class of discounted infinite horizon differential games are investigated. It is shown that most of the useful qualitative results occur because the same small number of assumptions is being made about the mathematical structure of the integrand and/or state equations. Applications of the results to exhaustible resource extraction and capital accumulation differential games are provided.
A Channel Frequency Response-Based Secret Key Generation Scheme in In-Band Full-Duplex MIMO-OFDM Systems

Physical layer-based secret key generation (PHY-SKG) schemes have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their lightweight implementation and ability to achieve information-theoretical security. In this paper, we study a channel frequency response (CFR)-based SKG scheme for in-band full-duplex (IBFD)-multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems. We formulate the intrinsic practical imperfections and derive their effects on the probing errors. Then we derive closed-form expressions for the secret key capacity (SKC) in the presence of a passive eavesdropper accordingly. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the SKC in the high-SNR regime and reveal the fundamental limits for IBFD and HD probing. Based on the asymptotic SKC, we investigate the conditions under which IBFD can outperform HD. Numerical results illustrate that effective analog self-interference cancellation (ASIC) depth is the basis for IBFD probing to gain benefits over HD. Finally, we analyze the properties of the collected samples of the CFR-based SKG scheme and propose an averaging pre-processing and a segmental quantization, which reduce the key disagreement rate and remove the effects of large-scale fading to guarantee randomness. 3GPP specification-based simulations and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suite verify the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed SKG scheme.
A 136-GΩ Input-Impedance Active Electrode for Non-Contact Biopotential Signals Monitoring

This article describes an ultra-high input-impedance active electrode (AE) circuit and the system to sense biopotential signals through a capacitively coupled interface. Various techniques from both circuit and system aspects are used to eliminate the input parasitic capacitance of the AE. On-chip parasitic capacitance is compensated by an auto-calibrated positive feedback loop (PFL) without applying any reference signal. A capacitor down-scaling technique combined with SAR-assisted PFL calibration enables femtofarad-level resolution of the capacitor array, alleviating the practical constraints of the conventional PFL to implement a small capacitor below 10 fF. Besides, a dummy input structure ensures that the pad and electrostatic discharge (ESD) capacitances are also canceled by the PFL, while off-chip parasitic capacitance on the printed circuit board (PCB) is nulled by active shielding. Fabricated in a standard 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> 1P6M CMOS process, the AE achieves an ultra-high input impedance of 136 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{G}\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 60 Hz (average of 10 samples). This is equivalent to an input capacitance of 19.5 fF and corresponds to a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.7\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$68\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> improvement over the state-of-the-art. The AE exhibits an input signal range of 700 mVpp and an input-referred noise of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.72 \mu \text{V}_{\mathrm {rms}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (0.5–100 Hz) while consuming <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10.46 \mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from a 1.2-V supply. Each AE integrates an IC and a 3-cm2 copper electrode on the PCB, and the wearable system prototypes successfully measured high-quality electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from test subjects through capacitively coupled interfaces.