Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LONG‐TERM MANURING AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON DEPLETION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCKS UNDER PEARL MILLET‐CLUSTER BEAN‐CASTOR ROTATION IN WESTERN INDIA

Soil organic carbon (SOC) pools are important for maintaining soil productivity and reducing the net CO2 loading of the atmosphere. An 18‐year old long‐term field experiment involving pearl millet‐cluster bean‐castor sequence was conducted on an Entisol in western India to examine the effects of chemical fertilizers and manuring on carbon pools in relation to crop productivity and C sequestration. The data showed that even the addition of 33.5 Mg ha−1 C inputs through crop residues as well as farm yard manure could not compensate the SOC depletion by oxidation and resulted in the net loss of 4.4 Mg C ha−1 in 18 years. The loss of SOC stock in the control was 12 Mg C ha−1. Conjunctive use of chemical fertilizers along with farm yard manure produced higher agronomic yields and reduced the rate of SOC depletion. The higher average seed yields of pearl millet (809 kg ha−1), cluster bean (576), and castor (827) over six cropping seasons were obtained through integrated use of fertilizers and manure. For every Mg increase in profile SOC stock, there was an overall increase of 0.46 Mg of crop yield, comprising increase in individual yield of pearl millet (0.17 Mg ha−1 y−1 Mg−1 SOC), cluster bean (0.14) and castor (0.15). The magnitude of SOC build up was proportional to the C inputs. Carbon pools were significantly correlated with SOC, which increased with application of organic amendments. Threshold C input of 3.3 Mg C ha−1 y−1 was needed to maintain the SOC stock even at the low antecedent level. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in solar radiation and their influence on temperature trend in Estonia (1955–2007)

[1] On the basis of the data from Tartu-Toravere Meteorological Station (58°16'N, 26°28'E), changes in solar radiation and temperature in Estonia have been studied for the past half century. Two different periods have become evident in the analyzed time series of solar radiation: a statistically significant decrease in the annual totals of global and direct solar radiation has been detected for the period from 1955 to the beginning of the 1990s, while opposite trends have become evident during more recent years. These changes are in correlation with the changes in the amount of low clouds and in the transparency of cloudless atmosphere (atmospheric aerosol loading). Unlike solar radiation, annual mean temperature has continuously increased during 1955-2007. No time intervals with different slopes have been found in its time series. Because of the relatively short sunshine duration and low Sun elevations, the impact of solar dimming and brightening on the observed warming has turned out to be negligible in the Baltic Sea region.
Flume investigation of the effects of sub-threshold rising flows on the entrainment of gravel beds

Recent research on sediment transport in gravel bed rivers shows evidence of the influence of sub-threshold flow history on values of entrainment thresholds (Paphitis and Collins, 2005; Monteith and Pender, 2005; Haynes and Pender, 2007; Haynes and Ockelford, 2008). The research presented here analyses the effect of the characteristics of hydrograph rising limbs (flow magnitude and duration) on entrainment thresholds of gravel beds, with discharges ranging from 0.25-1.6 times the estimated bed threshold flow and durations from 0.5h to 6h. This analysis uses results from flume experimentation. Entrainment thresholds were determined by two well documented methods: a) particle movement counts (visual method, Yalin, 1977); and b) the reference transport method (RTM) (Parker et al., 1982a; Shvidchenko et al., 2001). Results obtained with near-uniform and uniform bed material sizes show a clear influence of flow magnitude and duration on entrainment thresholds, with bed resistance increasing up to c. 25% for longer durations of antecedent flows when using the visual method, similarly to Paphitis and Collins (2005). The results from the unimodal gravel bed suggest an intermediate duration of rising limb (c. 2h) producing the strongest bed, with more mobile beds resulting from both shorter and longer rising limbs. Total bedload transport rates reduce with increased bed resistance, this effect is also noted during the stability test phase. These results are used to develop a new simplified method for estimating critical bed shear stress using only total bedload data. The performance of a new formulation for bedload rates derived in this thesis is tested against a number of traditional bedload transport equations and appropriately discussed. In-depth analyses of bed surface and bedload size composition and surface grain structure show that bed surface undergoes little change of size composition, with a slightly proportionally larger reduction of fine content, suggesting penetration of fines below the surface. The analysis of coarse-grain bed surface structures, mobility and clustering, based on the size class containing D90 and using digital images taken under UV light, suggests that the surface distribution of coarse grains has a primary role on bed stability.
The Adoption of Software-as-Service: an Indonesian Case Study

The goal of this study is to discover the technological, organizational, and environmental determinants for Software as a Service (SaaS) adoption in Indonesian companies. The technologicalorganizational-environmental (TOE) framework was adopted as a primary theoretical lens, combined with five innovation characteristics of Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, which incorporated in technological context of the framework. We used a questionnaire to collect data from 147 of Indonesian companies. A logistic regression was carried out to test our hypotheses. The results confirmed that compatibility, observability, market competition, and government have positive relationship with SaaS adoption in Indonesian, while complexity found to be the negative determinant to its adoption. We also found that the organizational context of TOE framework did not contribute to the prediction of SaaS adoption in Indonesian companies. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers of SaaS and innovation adoption, for Indonesian policy makers that want to encourage SaaS adoption, as well as for SaaS vendors that want to develop strategies to persuade companies in Indonesia to adopt SaaS.
Drawing inferences on the basis of markup

Various authors have sketched out proposals for identifying the meaning, or guiding the automated interpretation, of markup, sometimes with the goal of using the information expressed by markup to guide the extraction of information from documents and using it to populate reasoning engines. We describe one approach to the problems of building a system to perform such a task.
U-Pb zircon and Sm-Nd dating of Moldanubian HP/HT granulites from South ohemia, Czech Republic

Conventional multigrain U-Pb systematics of zircon and single-grain evaporation data of zircons in combination with Nd model ages are presented for pyroxene-free, felsic, garnetiferous granulites and orthopyroxene-bearing granulites of felsic, mafic and intermediate composition from the Blansky Lés mountains granulite complex, S Bohemia. Zircons from mafic and intermediate granulites yield Concordia intercept ages between 346 ± 5 and 351 ± 6 Ma as well as a single-grain evaporation age of 346 ± 12 Ma. These ages define the time of Variscan high-grade metamorphism in S Bohemia and are supported by an internal Sm-Nd garnet-zircon-plagioclase-whole rock isochron age of 343 ± 21 Ma. Euhedral zircons from felsic granulites of probable granitic derivation yield U-Pb ages of 366 ± 5 Ma and 373 ± 12 Ma interpreted as intrusion ages of the granitic precursor. An inherited Proterozoic crustal component is documented by poorly defined Concordia upper intercept ages around 1700 Ma and Nd-model ages between 1.3 and 2.1 Ga.
Making sense of sensemaking

INTRODUCTION Making sense of the world is a common activity. It happens whenever you confront a new, complex problem. At work, your boss says, “Can you give a presentation next week on how wireless will affect our business? ” Or perhaps, you join a new committee, and wonder “Who are these people? Who is in charge? What is our mission? What are we really going to do? ” Maybe you move to a new neighborhood, and you try to make sense of the streets, schools, parks, shopping, and neighbors. Or you say to yourself, “I really need to get an updated cellphone--what has been happening with the current set of features, costs, plans and new gadgets? ”
Eddy/Wind Interactions Stimulate Extraordinary Mid-Ocean Plankton Blooms

Episodic eddy-driven upwelling may supply a significant fraction of the nutrients required to sustain primary productivity of the subtropical ocean. New observations in the northwest Atlantic reveal that, although plankton blooms occur in both cyclones and mode-water eddies, the biological responses differ. Mode-water eddies can generate extraordinary diatom biomass and primary production at depth, relative to the time series near Bermuda. These blooms are sustained by eddy/wind interactions, which amplify the eddy-induced upwelling. In contrast, eddy/wind interactions dampen eddy-induced upwelling in cyclones. Carbon export inferred from oxygen anomalies in eddy cores is one to three times as much as annual new production for the region.
Tracing global biogeochemical cycles and meridional overturning circulation using chromophoric dissolved organic matter

Basin‐scale distributions of light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are positively correlated (R2 > 0.8) with apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) within the top kilometer of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. However, a much weaker correspondence is found for the Atlantic (R2 < 0.05). Strong correlation between CDOM and AOU indicates that CDOM is created as a byproduct of the oxidation of organic matter from sinking particles. The observed meridional‐depth sections of CDOM result from a balance between biogeochemical processes (autochthonous production and solar bleaching) and the meridional overturning circulation. Rapid mixing in the Atlantic dilutes CDOM in the interior and implies that the time scale for CDOM accumulation is greater than ∼50 years. CDOM emerges as a unique tracer for diagnosing changes in biogeochemistry and the overturning circulation, similar to dissolved oxygen, with the additional feature that it can be quantified from satellite observation.
Identifying Rare and Subtle Behaviors: A Weakly Supervised Joint Topic Model

One of the most interesting and desired capabilities for automated video behavior analysis is the identification of rarely occurring and subtle behaviors. This is of practical value because dangerous or illegal activities often have few or possibly only one prior example to learn from and are often subtle. Rare and subtle behavior learning is challenging for two reasons: (1) Contemporary modeling approaches require more data and supervision than may be available and (2) the most interesting and potentially critical rare behaviors are often visually subtle-occurring among more obvious typical behaviors or being defined by only small spatio-temporal deviations from typical behaviors. In this paper, we introduce a novel weakly supervised joint topic model which addresses these issues. Specifically, we introduce a multiclass topic model with partially shared latent structure and associated learning and inference algorithms. These contributions will permit modeling of behaviors from as few as one example, even without localization by the user and when occurring in clutter, and subsequent classification and localization of such behaviors online and in real time. We extensively validate our approach on two standard public-space data sets, where it clearly outperforms a batch of contemporary alternatives.
Paying Attention to Multiscale Feature Maps in Multimodal Image Matching

We propose an attention-based approach for multimodal image patch matching using a Transformer encoder attending to the feature maps of a multiscale Siamese CNN. Our encoder is shown to efficiently aggregate multiscale image embeddings while emphasizing task-specific appearanceinvariant image cues. We also introduce an attentionresidual architecture, using a residual connection bypassing the encoder. This additional learning signal facilitates end-to-end training from scratch. Our approach is experimentally shown to achieve new state-of-the-art accuracy on both multimodal and single modality benchmarks, illustrating its general applicability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful implementation of the Transformer encoder architecture to the multimodal image patch matching task.
Recycling of Badger/Fox Burrows in Late Pleistocene Loess by Hyenas at the Den Site Bad Wildungen-Biedensteg (NW, Germany): Woolly Rhinoceros Killers and Scavengers in a Mammoth Steppe Environment of Europe

The Late Pleistocene (MIS 5c-d) Ice Age spotted hyena open air den and bone accumulation site Bad Wildungen-Biedensteg (Hesse, NW, Germany) represents the first open air loess fox/badger den site in Europe, which must have been recycled by Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) as a birthing den. Badger and fox remains, plus remains of their prey (mainly hare), have been found within the loess. Hyena remains from that site include parts of cub skeletons which represent 10% of the megafauna bones. Also a commuting den area existed, which was well marked by hyena faecal pellets. Most of the hyena prey bones expose crack, bite, and nibbling marks, especially the most common bones, the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis (NISP = 32%). The large amount of woolly rhinoceros bones indicate hunting/scavenging specializing on this large prey by hyenas. Other important mammoth steppe hyena prey remains are from Mammuthus primigenius, Equus caballus przewalskii, Bison/Bos, Megaloceros giganteus, Cervus elaphus, and Rangifer tarandus. The few damaged bone remains of a scavenged cave bear Ursus spelaeus subsp. are unique for an open air situation. Abundant micromammal, frog, and some fish remains were concentrated in “pellets” that contain mainly mammoth steppe micromammals and also frog and fish remains that seem to originate from the nearby river/lake.
On Thin Air Reads Towards an Event Structures Model of Relaxed Memory

This is the first paper to propose a pure event structures model of relaxed memory. We propose confusion-free event structures over an alphabet with a justification relation as a model. Executions are modeled by justified configurations, where every read event has a justifying write event. Justification alone is too weak a criterion, since it allows cycles of the kind that result in so-called thin-air reads. Acyclic justification forbids such cycles, but also invalidates event reorderings that result from compiler optimizations and dynamic instruction scheduling. We propose a notion well-justification, based on a game-like model, which strikes a middle ground.We show that well-justified configurations satisfy the DRF theorem: in any data-race free program, all well-justified configurations are sequentially consistent. We also show that rely-guarantee reasoning is sound for well-justified configurations, but not for justified configurations. For example, well-justified configurations are type-safe.Well-justification allows many, but not all reorderings performed by relaxed memory. In particular, it fails to validate the commutation of independent reads. We discuss variations that may address these shortcomings.
Projection of glacier runoff in Yarkant River basin and Beida River basin, Western China

Potential changes in glacier area, mass balance and runoff in the Yarkant River Basin (YRB) and Beida River Basin (BRB) are projected for the period from 2011 to 2050 employing the modified monthly degree‐day model forced by climate change projection. Future monthly air temperature and precipitation were derived from the simple average of 17, 16 and 17 General Circulation Model (GCM) projections following the A1B, A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. These data were downscaled to each station employing the Delta method, which computes differences between current and future GCM simulations and adds these changes to observed time series. Model parameters calibrated with observations or results published in the literature between 1961 and 2006 were kept unchanged. Annual glacier runoff in YRB is projected to increase until 2050, and the total runoff over glacier area in 1970 is projected to increase by about 13%–35% during 2011–2050 relative to the average during 1961–2006. Annual glacier runoff and the total runoff over glacier area in 1970 in BRB is projected to increase initially and then to reach a tipping point during 2011–2030. There are prominent increases in summer, but only small increase in May and October of glacier runoff in YRB, and significant increases during late spring and early summer and significant decreases in July and late summer of glacier runoff in BRB. This study highlights the great differences among basins in their response to future climate warming. The specific runoff from areas exposed after glacier retreat relative to 1970 is projected to general increasing, which must be considered when evaluating the potential change of glacier runoff. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pareto neuro-evolution: constructing ensemble of neural networks using multi-objective optimization

In this paper, we present a comparison between two multiobjective formulations to the formation of neuro-ensembles. The first formulation splits the training set into two nonoverlapping stratified subsets and form an objective to minimize the training error on each subset, while the second formulation adds random noise to the training set to form a second objective. A variation of the memetic Pareto artificial neural network (MPANN) algorithm is used. MPANN is based on differential evolution for continuous optimization. The ensemble is formed from all networks on the Pareto frontier. It is found that the first formulation outperformed the second. The first formulation is also found to be competitive to other methods in the literature.
Visual-Linguistic Causal Intervention for Radiology Report Generation

Automatic radiology report generation is essential for computer-aided diagnosis and medication guidance. Importantly, automatic radiology report generation (RRG) can relieve the heavy burden of radiologists by generating medical reports automatically from visual-linguistic data relations. However, due to the spurious correlations within image-text data induced by visual and linguistic biases, it is challenging to generate accurate reports that reliably describe abnormalities. Besides, the cross-modal confounder is usually unobservable and difﬁcult to be eliminated explicitly. In this paper, we mitigate the cross-modal data bias for RRG from a new perspective, i.e., visual-linguistic causal intervention, and propose a novel Visual-Linguistic Causal Intervention (VLCI) framework for RRG, which consists of a visual deconfounding module (VDM) and a linguistic deconfounding module (LDM), to implicitly decon-found the visual-linguistic confounder by causal front-door intervention. Speciﬁcally, the VDM explores and disen-tangles the visual confounder from the patch-based local and global features without object detection due to the absence of universal clinic semantic extraction. Simultane-ously, the LDM eliminates the linguistic confounder caused by salient visual features and high-frequency context without constructing speciﬁc dictionaries. Extensive experiments on IU-Xray and MIMIC-CXR datasets show that our VLCI outperforms the state-of-the-art RRG methods significantly. Source code and models are available at https: //github.com/WissingChen/VLCI .
Time-dependency of runoff velocity and erosion the effect of the initial soil moisture profile

The paper reports on experiments carried out to evaluate the effect of the initial soil moisture profile on temporal variations in runoff erosion rate. The moisture profile was varied by applying infrared heating to the soil sample surface over various time periods, while runoff erosivity was varied by varying the slope of the flume. The experiment confirms that dry loamy soils are very erodible: on a slope length of only 4.3 m long sediment concentrations are near transporting capacity in case of a dry soil sample. It appears that temporal variations in sediment concentrations can be well simulated using a simple relationship between runoff erosion resistance and initial soil moisture content, thereby implicitly assuming that the effect of initial moisture content is persistent over the whole duration of the experiment. The implications of these findings with respect to the modelling of sediment output from larger catchments and the design of experiments on rill erodibility are discussed. The experiments also show that, under the present circumstances, mean velocities in the rills appear to be independent of slope. This finding may be of importance with respect to overland flow routing and deterministic erosion modelling.
Gênese e classificação de solos sob vegetação de restinga na Ilha do Cardoso - SP

Genesis and classification of soils under restinga vegetation at Ilha do Cardoso-SP Restinga vegetation is a typical formation that occurs in brazilizan coast, on quartzitic, sandy poor parent material. The main pedogenic process that occurs in soils under this vegetation is the podzolization, being the Spodosols and Quartzipsamments, with incipient podzolization, the most common soils. Podzolization is frequently studied in regions of cold climate, with a lack of studies in tropical climate and quartzitic material. Nine soil profiles under restinga vegetation at Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo State, had been sampled and morphologically described with the objective to proceed chemical, physical, morphological and mineralogical characterization and study Fe and Al dynamics in these soil with the aim of better comprehend its genesis, as well as contribute to an improvement of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS). The results had shown aquic, sandy, very acid soils with variable contents of organic matter and Al and Fe non crystalline phases. Al appears to be the metal that participate more effectively on podzolization process, which is highly dependent on aquic conditions. Being so, microtopography plays an important role in soil distribution. Pyrite and smectite was also identified in clay horizons (2Cgj) related to a distinct parent material. This material also influences spodic horizon chemistry generating low pH values in dried samples due to water table effects. Spodic horizons are mainly constitute by feldspar and quartz, in the silt fraction, and kaolinite and quartz, in the clay fraction, evidencing a poor mineralogical assembly in relation to other Spodosols of cold climate and even to those of Brazilian coast. This mainly occurs due to parent material which presents few weatherable primary minerals. SiBCS showed imperfections in the classification of Spodosols from 2 categorical level (suborder), mainly because the absence of a chemical criteria for Fe accumulation in spodic horizon. We suggest the insertion of "thionic " denomination in the 4 categorical level because of the possible formation of acid sulphate soils in response to drainage, as well as the adoption of a chemical criteria in the distinction of subordens of Spodosols. Carbon/Metal ratios had evidenced low participation of Fe, being Al responsible for chemical precipitation of organo-metallic complex. Our Spodosols are holocenic and podzolization process depends on aquic conditions. Presence of iron sulfides affects some of the studied soils an also coincide with spodic horizons.