Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of models in detection and attribution of climate change

Most detection and attribution studies use climate models to determine both the expected ‘fingerprint’ of climate change and the uncertainty in the estimated magnitude of this fingerprint in observations, given the climate variability. This review discusses the role of models in detection and attribution, the associated uncertainties, and the robustness of results. Studies that use observations only make substantial assumptions to separate the components of observed changes due to radiative forcing from those due to internal climate variability. Results from observation‐only studies are broadly consistent with those from fingerprint studies. Fingerprint studies evaluate the extent to which patterns of response to external forcing (fingerprints) from climate model simulations explain observed climate change in observations. Fingerprints are based on climate models of various complexities, from energy balance models to full earth system models. Statistical approaches range from simple comparisons of observations with model simulations to multi‐regression methods that estimate the contribution of several forcings to observed change using a noise‐reducing metric. Multi‐model methods can address model uncertainties to some extent and we discuss how remaining uncertainties can be overcome. The increasing focus on detecting and attributing regional climate change and impacts presents both opportunities and challenges. Challenges arise because internal variability is larger on smaller scales, and regionally important forcings, such as from aerosols or land‐use change, are often uncertain. Nevertheless, if regional climate change can be linked to external forcing, the results can be used to provide constraints on regional climate projections. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 570–591 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.121
Soil moisture retrieval from multi‐instrument observations: Information content analysis and retrieval methodology

An algorithm has been developed that employs neural network technology to retrieve soil moisture from multi‐wavelength satellite observations (active/passive microwave, infrared, and visible). This represents the first step in the development of a methodology aiming to combine beneficial aspects of existing retrieval schemes. Several quality metrics have been developed to assess the performance of a retrieval product on different spatial and temporal scales. Additionally, an innovative approach to estimate the retrieval uncertainty has been proposed. An information content analysis of different satellite observations showed that active microwave observations are best suited to capture the soil moisture temporal variability, while the amplitude of the surface temperature diurnal cycle is best suited to capture the spatial variability. In a synergy analysis, it has been found that through the combination of all observations the retrieval uncertainty could be reduced by 13%. Furthermore, it was found that synergy benefits are significantly larger using a data fusion approach compared to an a posteriori combination of retrieval products, supporting the combination of different retrieval methodology aspects in a single algorithm. In a comparison with model data, it was found that the proposed methodology also shows potential to be used for the evaluation of modeled soil moisture. A comparison with in situ observations showed that the algorithm is well able to capture soil moisture spatial variabilities. It was concluded that the temporal performance can be improved through incorporation of other existing retrieval approaches.
Vibrotactile Feedback for a Person with Transradial Amputation and Visual Loss: A Case Report

Background and Objectives: After major upper-limb amputation, people face challenges due to losing tactile information and gripping function in their hands. While vision can confirm the success of an action, relying on it diverts attention from other sensations and tasks. This case report presents a 30-year-old man with traumatic, complete vision loss and transradial left forearm amputation. It emphasizes the importance of restoring tactile abilities when visual compensation is impossible. Materials and Methods: A prototype tactile feedback add-on system was developed, consisting of a sensor glove and upper arm cuff with related vibration actuators. Results: We found a 66% improvement in the Box and Blocks test and an overall functional score increase from 30% to 43% in the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure with feedback. Qualitative improvements in bimanual activities, ergonomics, and reduced reliance on the unaffected hand were observed. Incorporating the tactile feedback system improved the precision of grasping and the utility of the myoelectric hand prosthesis, freeing the unaffected hand for other tasks. Conclusions: This case demonstrated improvements in prosthetic hand utility achieved by restoring peripheral sensitivity while excluding the possibility of visual compensation. Restoring tactile information from the hand and fingers could benefit individuals with impaired vision and somatosensation, improving acceptance, embodiment, social integration, and pain management.
Spatial distribution of melt conduits in the mantle beneath oceanic spreading ridges: Observations from the Ingalls and Oman ophiolites

Ophiolites are on‐land exposures of igneous crust and residual upper mantle formed beneath submarine spreading ridges. Upper mantle outcrops in ophiolites provide insight into focusing of melt transport from a ∼100 km wide region of partial melting into an ∼5 km wide zone of igneous crustal accretion beneath the ridges. Dunite veins, composed of the minerals olivine and spinel, mark conduits for melt transport through at least the uppermost 30 km of the mantle. New data in this paper, on dunite veins in the Ingalls ophiolite, central Washington Cascades, show a power law relationship between frequency and width, in which frequency/m ≈0.02 width−3 over a size interval from ∼0.1 to 2 m. There may be several ways to generate this relationship, but we favor the hypothesis that the dunites represent a coalescing melt transport network. This conclusion is broadly consistent with the related hypothesis that mantle melt extraction occurs in a fractal, branching network, and with recent results on formation of a coalescing network of dissolution channels via flow of a solvent through a partially soluble, compacting porous medium.
Terrane boundaries in Ireland inferred from the Irish Magnetotelluric Profile and other geophysical data

This paper presents explanations for some important geophysical features associated with terrane boundaries in the Iapetus Suture Zone in Ireland. The acquisition of data along the Irish Magnetotelluric Profile (IMP) provided the basis for a re-assessment of magnetic, gravity and seismic refraction results and further resolved sub-surface structures associated with terrane development during the Caledonian orogeny. The magnetotelluric data located two upper crustal conductors associated with the Fair Head-Clew Bay and Virginia magnetic Lineaments. One of the conductors probably extends along strike to Scotland, and its top surface may be associated with the T-reflector seen on the North East Coast (NEC) deep seismic reflection profile. The other conductor has a southeastern edge directly beneath a major throw in seismic basement, and defines the northern boundary of the Midland Valley Terrane in Ireland. The conductors and magnetic lineaments are probably due to black shales in sedimentary basins which have been thrust under the Avalonian and Laurentian continents during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean. The magnetotelluric data also suggest that the Southern Uplands magnetic lineament represents a crustal break but the Navan-Tipperary magnetic lineament is probably the consequence of a shallow, volcanic block-sedimentary trough structure.
Distribution of Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. et. Cham. and Pinus montezumae Lamb. in the face of climate change

Possible changes in the landscape are presented as effect of climate change; for that aptitude levels were determined terrain for religious forest species Abies (fir) and Pinus montezumae (white ocote) through two patterns of variation: 2.0 and GFDL HADGEM with scenarios: A2 and B2, for 2030 and 2050 in the State of Mexico. For most surface fir aptitude was obtained with 2.0 to 2030 GFDL A2 (with upper and middle of 1 220 and 1 687 has more than similar), while for HADGEM was in B2 (789 and 1 395 ha); in the case of white ocote greater extension was generated with GFDL 2.0 for 2030, A2 (HADGEM greater than 740 and 9 689 ha), similar to situation. B2 (upper and middle HADGEM higher than in 8 242 and 454 ha, respectively). The high ability of these species to these scenarios will be reduced to small areas located north of the state, and scarcely in the Sierra Nevada, as a result of the reduced capacity of the ground; in contrast, there will be wide median surface potential but limited rainfall, temperature and soil depth.
Organic pollution in a Niger Delta River receiving petrochemical effluents.

The influence of season on the pollution status of Eleme River by organic effluents was investigated. The results indicated that the highest dissolved oxygen value 6.4 mg/L obtained was in the rainy month of April while the lowest 3.3 mg/L was in the dry month of February. Higher BOD values and oil and grease contents were observed in the rainy than dry months. Also the dry months of October, December and February gave higher river phenol contents than the rainy months of April, June and August. The effluent samples had dissolved oxygen, BOD, oil and grease and phenol contents that ranged from 3.5 - 4.5 mg/L, 2.2 -3.4 mg/L, 2.3 - 8.9 mg/L and 0.23 - 0.42 mg/L, respectively. Anova results indicated significant difference (P0.05) in the dissolved oxygen level of stations 2 and 4 on the river and also effluent and station 4. So also were the BOD of the effluent and that of stations 2,3 and 4 on the river. Significant differences at (P0.05) were also observed in the oil and grease contents of the effluent and that of the stations on the river. Though most of the parameters monitored fell within internationally permissible levels for water intended for domestic and industrial use, some did not. Observation of high concentration of these properties in the petrochemical effluent indicates its high pollution potentials. KEY WORDS: petrochemical effluents, organic pollution, potentials, biodiversity, productivity, aesthetics Tropical Freshwater Biology, 10 (2001) 19 -33
Reconciling Two Approaches to the Detection of Anthropogenic Influence on Climate

Abstract Anthropogenic influences on surface temperature over the second half of the twentieth century are examined using output from two general circulation models (HadCM2 and ECHAM3). Optimal detection techniques involve the comparison of observed temperature changes with those simulated by a climate model, using a control integration to test the null hypothesis that all the observed changes are due to natural variability. Two recent studies have examined the influence of greenhouse gases and the direct effect of sulfate aerosol on surface temperature using output from the same two climate models but with many differences in the methods applied. Both detected overall anthropogenic influence on climate, but results on the separate detection of greenhouse gas and sulfate aerosol influences were different. This paper concludes that the main differences between the results can be explained by the season over which temperatures were averaged, the length of the climatology from which anomalies were taken, and.
Do West African thunderstorms predict the intensity of Atlantic hurricanes?

Since 85% of all major Atlantic hurricanes originate as thunderstorm clusters in equatorial Africa, we have investigated the connection between these African thunderstorms and the consequent development of these disturbances into tropical storms. We have analyzed Meteosat infrared cloud top temperature data to determine the areal coverage of cold cloud tops over a 6 year period from 2005 to 2010. In addition, hurricane statistics from the same period (intensity, date of generation, location, and maximum winds) were obtained from the National Hurricane Center database. We first show that the areal coverage of cold clouds (with brightness temperatures Tb < −50°C) in tropical Africa is a good indicator of the monthly number of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) leaving the west coast of tropical Africa. Furthermore, the AEWs that develop into tropical storms have a significantly larger area covered by cold cloud tops compared with nondeveloping waves. Finally, we show that on a storm‐by‐storm basis, the cold cloud coverage in West Africa is positively correlated (r = 0.57) with the accumulated cyclone energy of the future tropical cyclones that develop out of these waves.
Land–sea climatic variability in the eastern North Atlantic subtropical region over the last 14,200 years: Atmospheric and oceanic processes at different timescales

High-temporal resolution analysis of different climatic tracers (pollen, foraminiferal-based winter sea surface temperature (SST), benthic foraminiferal δ18O) from marine core MD95-2042, retrieved off SW Iberia, allows us to directly compare, without any chronological ambiguity, Mediterranean vegetation and eastern North Atlantic winter SST changes for the last 14.2 kyr. We identify on land and in the ocean several climatic phases such as the end of the warm and humid Bølling–Allerød, the cold and dry Younger Dryas, and the warm and humid Holocene with the Mediterranean forest (MF) optimum between 9.6 and 8.1 kyr. This record shows that, at multi-centennial timescale (~800 years), declines in forest cover generally related to dry and cool periods in southern Iberia are synchronous with cold SST in the eastern part of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. At multi-centennial timescale, changes in thermohaline circulation, via freshwater content fluctuations, appear to be responsible for the coupling between dryness in Iberia and SST cooling in eastern North Atlantic subtropical gyre. In contrast, some Holocene events include centennial-scale oscillations (~100 years) marked by MF declines in southern Iberia concomitant with SST warming in the eastern North Atlantic subtropical gyre. This climatic pattern is similar to that observed at decadal timescale under the influence of the positive mode of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). We suggest, therefore, that synchronous SW Iberian dryness and SST warming at centennial timescale could be explained by atmospheric fluctuations related to NAO changes.
Characteristics of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath Baegryeong Island, Korea: Spinel peridotite xenoliths

Abstract Geochemical data on Baegryeong Island spinel peridotites found in Miocene alkali basalt provide the information for lithosphere composition, chemical processes, equilibrium pressure and temperature conditions. Spinel peridotite xenoliths, showing transitional textures between protogranular and porpyroclastic textures, were accidentally trapped by the ascending alkali basalt magma. The xenoliths originate at depths from 50 to 70 km with a temperature range from 800 to 1100°C. The variations of modal and mineral compositions of the spinel peridotite xenoliths indicate that the xenoliths have undergone 1–10% fractional melting. The spinel peridotites from Baegryeong Island have undergone cryptic mantle metasomatism subsequent to melt extraction. Metasomatic agent of enriched spinel peridotite xenoliths was carbonatite melt.
Traditional Economists or Third Worldists? The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on Economic Growth in Developing Countries

This study investigates the effect of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on economic growth in 76 developing countries using panel data analysis over the period of 2008-2019. IPRs and the economic growth relationship have been discussed in the empirical literature. On the other hand, Third World Approach to International Law (TWAIL) scholars promote the idea that international law is a hegemonic tool of developed countries, and IPRs may be subjected to their arguments due to the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Agreements (TRIPs). Results provide that IPRs positively and significantly affect economic growth in developing countries, whereas there is no U-Shaped relationship between them. The study suggests that IPRs protection should be highlighted in developing countries to achieve greater economic growth, and approves the perspective of traditional economists’ approach over TWAILers.
Spatial distribution of intrinsic and scattering seismic attenuation in active volcanic islands – I: model and the case of Tenerife Island

This work has been partially supported by the Spanish project Ephestos, CGL2011-29499-C02-01, by the EU project EC-FP7 MEDiterranean SUpersite Volcanoes (MED-SUV), by the Basque Government researcher training program BFI09.277 and by the Regional project ‘Grupo de Investigaci´on en Geof´isica y Sismolog´ia de la Junta de Andaluc´ia, RNM104’. EdP has been partly supported by DPC-INGV projects UNREST SPEED and V2 (Precursori).
INVERSE DEMAND RELATIONSHIPS FOR WHEAT FOOD USE BY CLASS

A normalized quadratic input distance system is applied to estimate inverse demand relationships for wheat by class. Semi-nonparametric and Bayesian estimators are used to impose curvature on inputs and outputs. Price flexibilities are estimated for hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red wheat, soft white winter, and durum wheat. Durum wheat is found to be the most price flexible. Economically and statistically important differences in price formation across classes of wheat are found and are supportive of government programs differentiating wheat by class.
Estimations of Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers for Concrete and Asphalt

The purpose of this study was to collect data to estimate curve number (CN) values for concrete and asphalt surfaces and to determine how these values are affected by rainfall intensity and duration, and pavement slope. Two concrete and two asphalt pavements of size 15.24 m×3.05 m at respective slopes of 2.2 and 4.6% and 2.4 and 5% were constructed to conduct field experiments. A water distribution system was specially designed and constructed to simulate rainfall at variable intensities. A total of 64 experiments were conducted. Rainfall intensities ranged from 0.635 to 36.29 cm∕h (0.25 to 14.28 in.∕h) , and rainfall durations ranged from 0.25 to 4 h . The CN for concrete was 100 for all conditions. The CN values for asphalt ranged from 97 to 100 with an average of 99. Statistical tests indicated that the average CN values for concrete and asphalt were not equal. As expected, there was a direct relationship between curve number and rainfall intensity and an inverse relationship between curve number; and .
Sharp‐based marine sandstone bodies in the Mulichinco Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Neuquén Basin, Argentina: remnants of transgressive offshore sand ridges

The interpretation of sharp‐based shallow‐marine sandstone bodies encased in offshore mudstones, particularly transgressive units, has been a subject of recent debate. This contribution provides a multiple‐dataset approach and new identification criteria which could help in the recognition of transgressive offshore sandstone bodies worldwide. This study integrates sedimentology, ichnology, taphonomy and palaeoecology of Mulichinco Formation strata in the central Neuquén Basin (Argentina) in order to describe and interpret sharp‐based sandstone bodies developed in ramp‐type marine settings. These bodies are sandwiched between finer‐grained siliciclastics beneath and thin carbonates above. The underlying sediments comprise progradational successions from offshore mudstones to offshore transition muddy sandstones, grading occasionally into lower shoreface sandstones. The surfaces capping the regressive siliciclastics are flat and regionally extensive, and are demarcated by skeletal concentrations and a Glossifungites suite; they are also marked by sandstone rip‐up clasts, with encrustations and borings on all sides. These surfaces are interpreted as composite discontinuities, cut during a relative sea‐level fall and remodelled during the initial transgression. The overlying transgressive sandstone bodies are 3 to 7 m thick, >4 km long and about three times longer than wide; they are composed of fine‐grained sandstones with little lateral change in grain size. Cross‐stratification and/or cross‐lamination are common, typically with smaller‐scale structures and finer grain size towards the top. Large‐scale, low‐angle (5° to 8°) inclined stratification is also common, dipping at ca 30° with respect to body elongation and dominant currents. These sandstone bodies are interpreted as offshore sand ridges, probably developed under the influence of tidal currents. Intense burrowing is typical at the top of each unit, suggesting an abandonment stage. Final deactivation favoured colonization by epibenthic‐dominated communities and the formation of skeletal‐rich limestones during the latest transgressive conditions. As partial reworking of pre‐existing ridges occurred during this stage, the Mulichinco sandstone bodies are considered the remnants of transgressive offshore sand units.
A substitute pore fluid for seismic centrifuge modeling

A time-scaling conflict exists between dynamic and dissipative phenomena in seismic centrifuge experiments. Thus, the interpretation of the test results, such as the extrapolation of model performance to prototype scale, is difficult unless the conflicts in the time-scaling relations are first resolved. One way to accomplish this is by slowing the diffusion event by employing a substitute pore fluid, which is more viscous than water (the assumed prototype pore fluid). In this paper, a substitute pore fluid consisting of powdered methylcellulose (known commercially as Metolose) was studied. The suitability of the methylcellulose-water mixtures (metolose) as a substitute pore fluid was examined in an experimental program using water- and metolose-saturated sand specimens. The program included triaxial compression tests, permeability tests, and a seismic centrifuge experiment on level ground models. In addition, modeling of models type experiments were conducted on metolose-saturated embankment and retaining wall models. Results form the triaxial tests indicated that the constitutive behavior of the saturated sand specimens was not significantly altered with metolose as the pore fluid. Results from the permeability tests showed that the scaling requirements of the centrifuge environment were satisfied. The centrifuge experiments demonstrated clearly that the conflict between the dynamic and consolidation time scales exists and reinforced the need for a substitute pore fluid in tests designed to model prototype behavior. Based on this experimental program, metolose was found to be an acceptable substitute pore fluid.
Kuzey K›br›s Türk Cumhuriyeti Mabuya vittata (fieritli Kertenkele) (Sauria : Scincidae) Örnekleri Hakk›nda

In this study, Mabuya vittata specimens from Northern Cyprus was examined in terms of morphological characteristics in detail with abundant amount of material (19 , 9 , 4 juv.). Moreover, the biological and ecological features of the species were described. The results were compared with the results of previous researches (14, 16, 17), working on the Anatolian population of the species. In spite no difference was determined in the specific or subspecific rank, between the Cypriote and Anatolian populations, the dark blackish-gray colouration in palms and the higher presence of vertebral stripe were detected in the Cypriote population. In addition, the morphometric values of head, tail and hind extremities were found higher than that of Anatolian population when above- mentioned characters were calculated to the length of head + body.