Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond conventional boundaries: new technologies, methodologies, and procedures for the benefit of aerial archaeological data acquisition and analysis

Archeologische teledetectie zag een goede eeuw geleden het levenslicht. De data waarmee deze tak van de archeologie zich bezighoudt zijn heel divers, maar alle worden ze verworven vanaf een zekere hoogte boven de aarde (bijv. foto’s genomen door spionagesatellieten of vanuit een vliegtuig, RADAR-beelden). Een belangrijk deel van de gegenereerde en geanalyseerde archeologische data vormen de zogeheten ‘schuine’ luchtopnamen. Deze foto’s worden meestal door de archeoloog zelf verzameld vanuit een laagvliegend vliegtuig. Op deze manier is het vrij eenvoudig fenomenen op het aardoppervlak in beeld te brengen die vanuit een archeologisch oogpunt interessant lijken. Ondanks het feit dat actieve archeologische luchtfotografie reeds decennialang zijn waarde heeft bewezen, bleven de gehanteerde technologieen, methodes en procedures tot op de dag van vandaag in grote lijnen dezelfde als diegene die door de pioniers werden ontwikkeld. Weliswaar kwamen er steeds betere filmemulsies op de markt en anno 2009 fotografeert zowat iedereen digitaal, zelden worden beelden gemaakt in andere delen van het spectrum dan het zichtbare licht. Dit doctoraal proefschrift toont aan dat het vrij eenvoudig is om met digitale fotocamera’s opnamen van gereflecteerde onzichtbare stralen te genereren. Meer in het bijzonder focust dit onderzoek op het fotograferen van nabij-infrarode, ‘red edge’ en nabij-ultraviolette straling. Daarnaast voorziet een grondig theoretisch kader in de nodige onderbouwing voor het archeologische gebruik van deze specifieke spectrale banden. Alvorens de waarde van deze nieuwe technieken en bijhorende procedures wordt behandeld, start dit doctoraat met een inleiding op het Potenza Valley Survey (PVS) project dat sinds 2000 plaats vindt in centraal Adriatisch Italie. Via de kartering van enkele Romeinse steden wordt duidelijk het grote belang van conventionele luchtfotografie in dit project gestaafd alsook de omgeving geschetst waarbinnen dit doctoraal onderzoek werd gevoerd. Nadien wordt het gebruik van een specifiek voor dit onderzoek ontwikkeld telegeleid fotografisch platform geduid. Echter, beelden genereren is een zaak; ze analyseren is iets anders. Daarom legt een derde onderzoeksdeel de noodzaak van het RAW fotobestandsformaat uit en wordt duidelijk gemaakt waarom JPEG alsook TIFF bestanden ontoereikend zijn voor wetenschappelijke (lucht)fotografie. Al deze informatie laat uiteindelijk toe de ontwikkelde technologieen en benaderingen volledig te begrijpen en hun belang voor het archeologische luchtfotografische onderzoek beter in te schatten.
Intercepted rainfall in Abies fabri forest with different-aged stands in southwestern China

: Interception is one of the most important hydrological processes. Most investigations merely focus on canopy interception, but forest floor interception should also be considered. The stand age also influences interception. To explore the interception characteristics of Abies fabri with different stand ages, canopy, stem, and forest floor, interceptions were evaluated during the rainy season of 2009 (from May to October 2009). The total interception rates were found to be 28.8%, 25.5%, and 31.3% for young, middle-aged, and mature forest stands, respectively. Forest floor interception accounted for 19.1%, 18.1%, and 10.0% of the total interception, respectively. We concluded that the differences among the interceptions of the forest stands were correlated with the leaf area index. A higher stand height also reduced the rate of forest floor evaporation. The water-storage capacities of the young, middle-aged, and mature forest stands were 8.22, 7.61, and 10.78 mm, respectively. These results implied that the canopy and forest floor interceptions were related to the forest water balance, and that accurate estimates of the interception of different-aged forest stands were crucial in evaluating the role of a forest in the hydrological cycle.
Feedbacks in a coupled ice‐atmosphere‐dust model of the glacial Neoproterozoic “Mudball Earth”

The climate state of an ice‐covered Neoproterozoic “Snowball Earth” climate is highly sensitive to the presence of dust on the ice. Other authors have noted that the accumulation of dust can lower the albedo of an ice‐covered world enough to allow deglaciation even with fairly modest amounts of greenhouse gas warming. Here, we model the accumulation, transport, and removal of dust in a coupled ice‐atmosphere‐dust climate model, operating within the simplified framework of a one‐dimensional energy balance climate model. We confirm that the buildup of low‐albedo dust makes our model easier to deglaciate (requiring orders of magnitude less carbon dioxide than a no‐dust model) and discover novel climate feedbacks and chaos in the dusty ice system. As dust accumulates, its low albedo warms the ice and can cause it to melt: in our model, the meltwater carries away dust, leading to both a simple negative feedback (the “dust thermostat”) and chaotic oscillations. The feedback is robust over a broad range of model parameters, but the chaotic oscillations are sensitive to model resolution.
Neural sensory stimulation does not interfere with the H-reflex in individuals with lower limb amputation

Introduction Individuals with lower limb loss experience an increased risk of falls partly due to the lack of sensory feedback from their missing foot. It is possible to restore plantar sensation perceived as originating from the missing foot by directly interfacing with the peripheral nerves remaining in the residual limb, which in turn has shown promise in improving gait and balance. However, it is yet unclear how these electrically elicited plantar sensation are integrated into the body’s natural sensorimotor control reflexes. Historically, the H-reflex has been used as a model for investigating sensorimotor control. Within the spinal cord, an array of inputs, including plantar cutaneous sensation, are integrated to produce inhibitory and excitatory effects on the H-reflex. Methods In this study, we characterized the interplay between electrically elicited plantar sensations and this intrinsic reflex mechanism. Participants adopted postures mimicking specific phases of the gait cycle. During each posture, we electrically elicited plantar sensation, and subsequently the H-reflex was evoked both in the presence and absence of these sensations. Results Our findings indicated that electrically elicited plantar sensations did not significantly alter the H-reflex excitability across any of the adopted postures. Conclusion This suggests that individuals with lower limb loss can directly benefit from electrically elicited plantar sensation during walking without disrupting the existing sensory signaling pathways that modulate reflex responses.
Influence of precipitation events on phytoplankton biomass in coastal waters of the eastern United States

Precipitation over the ocean surface in the vicinity of industrialized and populated coastlines can increase the ocean nitrate concentration and consequently enhance ocean primary productivity. Using satellite data and a meteorological reanalysis product, we evaluated the impact of precipitation events on the chlorophyll a concentration in coastal and offshore waters located downwind of the eastern United States. We found that in low‐nutrient areas (defined as having nitrate concentrations < 1 μM) precipitation events were associated with increased levels of chlorophyll a (up to approximately 15%), but in high‐nutrient areas (nitrate concentrations > 1 μM) they were associated with decreased levels. These contrasting responses of chlorophyll a concentration to precipitation were attributed to the correlation of precipitation with wind speed and to other factors (nutrients and light) limiting phytoplankton growth. Increases in wind speed accompanied by precipitation events typically deepen the mixed layer, which can entrain additional nutrients into the mixed layer but simultaneously reduce light availability. We suggest that in nutrient‐depleted areas (south of 36°N) the added nutrients were a dominant factor increasing the chlorophyll a concentration, whereas in the nutrient‐replete areas (north of 36°N), where phytoplankton growth was light limited, reduced light availability was the dominant factor determining reduced chlorophyll a concentration. Our results indicate that an increase in wind speed accompanied by precipitation events was a major contributor to the observed changes in chlorophyll a concentration during wet days, whereas the wet deposition of pollutant nitrogen slightly increased the chlorophyll a concentration (< 5%) only in nutrient‐depleted areas.
Utility of Ultrasound Elastography to Evaluate Poststroke Spasticity and Therapeutic Efficacy: A Narrative Review

Poststroke spasticity (PSS) is a common complication that affects function and daily self-care. Conservative PSS treatments include traditional rehabilitation, botulinum toxin injection, and extracorporeal shock wave therapy. Currently, the Modified Ashworth Scale and Modified Tardieu Scale are widely used tools to clinically evaluate spasticity, but the best tool for PSS assessment remained controversial. Ultrasound elastography (UE), including shear wave and strain image as the emerging method to evaluate soft tissue elasticity, became popular in clinical applications. Spastic biceps and gastrocnemius muscles were reported to be significantly stiffer compared to nonparetic muscles or healthy control using shear wave or strain elastography. More studies investigated the utility, reliability, and validity of UE in patients with PSS, but the contemporary consensus for the utility of UE in the measurement and therapeutic follow-up of PSS remained lacking. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to appraise the literature on the shear wave and strain elastography on PSS and summarize the roles of UE in assessing the therapeutic efficacy of different PSS interventions.
Crossbar Block Ramps: Flow Regimes, Energy Dissipation, Friction Factors, and Drag Forces

AbstractCrossbar block ramps are a common solution for a naturelike channel. Current investigations deal with energy dissipation processes on block ramps, where large stones are arranged on the complete slope. Contrary, crossbar block ramps build several basins by arranging stones in a row transversal to the flow direction. Lower stones guarantee a minimum water level in each basin and allow for an overfall for small discharges and fish climb capabilities. With increasing discharges, the water also overflows the large stones and the basin flow regime changes over a waved flow regime into a channel flow regime. This paper deals with physical and numerical crossbar block ramp models. The physical model allows for the variation of discharges from 1 to 50 l/s; numerical simulations are run up to 200 l/s with varying slopes, crossbar heights, and distances. Water levels, velocities, and drag forces on single stones are measured. New approaches to relative energy dissipation and the friction factor to evaluat.
Locoregional Therapy for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: The Role of Intra-Arterial Therapies

Simple Summary The incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma continues to rise, but survival remains dismal. Because malignancy often remains clinically indolent, treatment of the neoplasm becomes challenging. In advanced disease, locoregional therapies may be employed as a means of reducing toxicity and gaining disease control. A thorough understanding of these locoregional therapies will allow for optimal, individualized treatment. The intent of this review is to describethe role of intra-arterial therapies in the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Abstract Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare disease with a rising incidence. While surgical resection is the only curative option, the disease process is often identified in advanced stages, as this malignancy often remains clinically silent in early development. Only one-third of patients are eligible for resection at the time of diagnosis. For patients who cannot undergo resection, intra-arterial therapies are reasonable palliative treatment options; in rare occasions, these may be bridging therapies, as well. The premise of bland embolization and most chemoembolization intra-arterial therapies is that the arterial supply of the tumor is occluded to induce tumor necrosis, while radioembolization utilizes the arterial flow of the tumor to deliver radiation therapy. In this review, we discuss the use of transarterial embolization, transarterial chemoembolization, and selective internal radiation therapy for the treatment of ICC. Phase III randomized controlled clinical trials are difficult to tailor to this extremely rare and aggressive disease, but ultimately, further investigation should be pursued to define the patient population that will derive the greatest benefit from each modality.
Tungiasis: Participation of Cats and Chickens in the Dispersion and Maintenance of the Disease in an Endemic Tourist Area in Brazil

Tunga spp. are fleas commonly found in impoverished tropical regions. In Vila Juerana, a tourist community in Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil, where tungiasis is endemic, dogs are the main host of fleas during their life cycle. However, there is no information about the role of cats and chickens in tungiasis in the village. Of the 272 households investigated, 112 had domestic animals, 48 had only dogs, 28 had only cats, and nine had only chickens. Of the 27 households with cohabitation among species, 16 had cats and dogs, eight had chickens and dogs, and three had dogs, cats, and chickens. The injuries due to tungiasis were ranked according to the Fortaleza classification, considering stages I, II, and III as viable lesions. The paws/feet of 71/111 (63.9%) cats and 173/439 (39.4%) chickens were inspected. Dogs that lived with positive cats and chickens also were inspected. Among the 38% (27/7; 95% IC 26.74–49.32) positive cats, 16 cohabited houses with infected dogs but none lived with positive chickens. Of the chickens, 2.3% (4/173; 95% IC 0.07–4.5) had lesions caused by tungiasis. In each household where a cat was infected, the dog was also positive. Two chickens cohabited with an infected dog and the other two did not coexist with other species. Cohabitation with infected dogs and the absence of house confinement restrictions in Vila Juerana make cats important carriers that spread tungiasis in this community. Chickens had a low frequency of tungiasis lesions despite living in proximity to infected dogs and cats.
El liderazgo empresarial para la innovación tecnológica en las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas

This essay presents an overview about some of the most relevant leadership theories, in order to determinate the basic elements that could facilitate the development of the micro, small and medium enterprises. Different theories were reviewed including some from the psychological perspective, basics for the entrepreneurial leadership. The various conceptions about the effective leadership differ from author to author. The attributes associated to leadership, mentioned with more frequency were: face risk, flexibility, trust in oneself, interpersonal skills, competence to carry a task, intelligence, resolution to take decisions, to understand to his o to her followers, good communication and courage.
Effect of Foliar Application of Potassium and Zinc Elements on Maize Yield and Grain Nutrient Content Under Water-Deficit Conditions

ABSTRACT The valuable corn plant is affected by complications if faced with water deficit conditions, feeding the plant with potassium and zinc elements at the right time can be a useful solution in creating plant resistance. To scrutinize the effect of time of foliar application of potassium and zinc elements on grain yield and concentration of nutrients in maize seed (variety SC 704) under water deficit conditions, a split-split plot experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design with three repetitions during two crop years at Ahvaz Agricultural Research Station. Treatment of water deficit conditions in the form of irrigation cutting off in two stages of 12 leaves and beginning of tassel emergence with the control treatment was considered as the main plot and foliar application of potassium element in the growth stages (8 leaves, 8 + 12 leaves and without foliar application(control)) was considered as the sub-plot. Also, foliar application of zinc element in the growth stages (8 leaves, 8 + 12 leaves and without foliar application (control)) was regarded as the sub-sub plot. The highest values of yield (1073.8 gr.m-2) was obtained in optimal irrigation treatment with two stages of potassium and zinc foliar application. The highest concentrations of potassium (1.37%), zinc (37.59 mg.gr-1) and protein (15.23%) were accumulated in the seeds when the irrigation was cut off at the tassel stage along with two stages of potassium and zinc foliar application. Phosphorus (0.41%) with two stages of zinc foliar application increased significantly.
Multisource Full Waveform Inversion with Topography Using Ghost Extrapolation

Summary Standard finite-difference modeling of the wave equation for models with severe topographic changes in elevation generates artificial diffractions in the synthetic traces. This can lead to unacceptable inaccuracies in the velocity tomogram computed by full waveform inversion (FWI). To alleviate this problem we propose a polynomial interpolation of the field values at and near the irregular free surface. This improved finite-difference procedure is denoted as the ghost extrapolation method. To validate its effectiveness, synthetic data are computed from a Marmousi model with severe topographical variations of the free surface. These data are inverted using both the standard FWI and the phase-encoded multisource FWI methods. Results show the ghost extrapolation method is effective in eliminating noticeable artifacts and producing accurate tomograms.
On the joint inversion of geophysical data for models of the coupled core-mantle system

Joint inversion of magnetic, earth rotation, geoid, and seismic data for a unified model of the coupled core-mantle system is proposed and shown to be possible. A sample objective function is offered and simplified by targeting results from independent inversions and summary travel time residuals instead of original observations. These data are parameterized in terms of a very simple, closed model of the topographically coupled core-mantle system. Minimization of the simplified objective function leads to a nonlinear inverse problem; an iterative method for solution is presented. Parameterization and method are emphasized; numerical results are not presented.
Cooperative Roles of Vertebrate Fbh1 and Blm DNA Helicases in Avoidance of Crossovers during Recombination Initiated by Replication Fork Collapse

ABSTRACT Fbh1 (F-box DNA helicase 1) orthologues are conserved from Schizosaccharomyces pombe to chickens and humans. Here, we report the disruption of the FBH1 gene in DT40 cells. Although the yeast fbh1 mutant shows an increase in sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, FBH1−/− DT40 clones show no prominent sensitivity, suggesting that the loss of FBH1 might be compensated by other genes. However, FBH1−/− cells exhibit increases in both sister chromatid exchange and the formation of radial structures between homologous chromosomes without showing a defect in homologous recombination. This phenotype is reminiscent of BLM−/− cells and suggests that Fbh1 may be involved in preventing extensive strand exchange during homologous recombination. In addition, disruption of RAD54, a major homologous recombination factor in FBH1−/− cells, results in a marked increase in chromosome-type breaks (breaks on both sister chromatids at the same place) following replication fork arrest. Further, FBH1BLM cells showed additive increases in both sister chromatid exchange and the formation of radial chromosomes. These data suggest that Fbh1 acts in parallel with Bloom helicase to control recombination-mediated double-strand-break repair at replication blocks and to reduce the frequency of crossover.
Monotonic infrasound and Helmholtz resonance at Volcan Villarrica (Chile)

Monotonic infrasound with stable peaked frequency of 0.77 Hz was recorded at Volcan Villarrica in January 2010. Similar monotonic infrasound had been previously reported at Villarrica (e.g., Ripepe et al. [2010]). Using joint infrasound and visual observations from a suspended camera we demonstrate that the likely source of infrasound is Helmholtz resonance produced from a cavity with volume 105 m3 that separates the active convecting lava lake from an overhanging spatter roof. Spatter roof dimension (65 m diameter) and vent diameter (10 m) in the roof are constrained from video observations. Assuming a cylindrical cavity we infer a cavity height of 31 m that is corroborated by video records of spatter drips. The drips take as long as 2.2 s to fall from the roof into the lake, corresponding to a height of more than 24 m, which is in good agreement with the observed resonance frequency.
Neotectonics and seismicity in southern Patagonia

Research for evaluation of geologic hazards involving earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in southern Argentina seems to have historically received little attention. Nevertheless, the relatively small work done indicates a Neogene tectonic architecture in the area with capability of generating potential hazardous earthquakes in a growing population region. Seismicity and some morphotectonic evidences of Quaternary activity of the Magallanes–Fagnano left‐lateral fault system in the transform boundary between South America and Scotia plates, are analysed in this paper. This fault system is considered to be an important seismogenic source, responsible for large earthquakes that have occurred in southern Argentina. Some examples from the South and Austral Andean Volcanic Zones are also examined in order to show recent volcanic activity which also generated crustal seismicity. Preliminary hazard estimation clearly shows the presence of both potentially active volcanic centres in southern Patagonia that may also trigger seismicity and the high probability for large crustal earthquake generation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chapter 3 The Archaean and Proterozoic history of Peninsular India: tectonic framework for Precambrian sedimentary basins in India

Abstract The Precambrian geological history of Peninsular India covers nearly 3.0 Ga. The Peninsula is an assembly of five different cratonic nuclei known as the Aravalli–Bundelkhand, Eastern Dharwar, Western Dharwar, Bastar and Singhbhum cratons along with the Southern Granulite Province. Final amalgamation of these elements occurred either by the end of the Archaean (2.5 Ga) or by the end of the Palaeoproterozoic (c. 1.6 Ga). Each of these nuclei contains one or more sedimentary basins (or metasedimentary basins) of Proterozoic age. This chapter provides an overview of each of the cratons and a brief description of the Precambrian sedimentary basins in India that form the focus of the remainder of this book. In our view, it appears that basin formation and subsequent closure can be grossly constrained to three separate intervals that also broadly correspond to the assembly and disaggregation of the supercontinents Columbia, Rodinia and Gondwana. The oldest Purana-I basins developed during the 2.5–1.6 Ga interval, Purana-II basins formed during the 1.6–1.0 Ga interval and the Purana-III basins formed during the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian interval.
Review: General Study on Aluminum Corrosion Behavior in Artificial Seawater

Al and its alloys have a low atomic weight and high strength to density ratio. These properties make them very useful for the construction of parts in automotive industry, such as engine blocks or pistons. Al is prone to corrosion, due to its negative standard E of 1.66 V vs. NHE. In addition, Al corrosion resistance strongly depends on pH. Therefore, it is important to undertake a general study of Al corrosion behavior