Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study on prescribing patterns of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections by general practitioners in rural areas of Assam.

Aim: To understand the prescribing pattern of antibiotics as well other drugs in the treatment of Upper respira- tory tract infections (URTIs) by the general practitioners. Materials and method: This was an observational study conducted in community level i.e. in the rural areas around Guwahati city of Assam for a period of two months. A total of 50 prescriptions fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. Results: Total number of drugs prescribed was 346; average number of drugs per prescription was 6.92. Total number of antibiotics prescribed was 50(100%). The most common URTI was acute nasopharyngitis (36%) followed by acute sinusitis (20%). The most commonly prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid (36%). All (100%) the drugs were prescribed by brand names. The average cost per prescription was Rs. 150.Conclusion: The present study shows high rate of antibiotic prescription in URTI which can be considered quite inappropriate as well as this signifies overuse of antibiotics.
PREVALENCE OF COMMON HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES IN GUJARAT: AN ANALYSIS OF A LARGE POPULATION SCREENING PROGRAM

Objectives: To determine prevalence and geographical distribution of s-thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait in Gujarat Methods: The present study includes 3, 17,539 persons who were screened for hemoglobinopathies from September 2004 to November 2008. Blood samples were collected into EDTA and run in coulter AC.T diff 2 TM, electronic analyzer and analyzed on Bio-Rad Variant I HPLC System. Results: The prevalence of s-thalassemia trait (BTM) and sickle cell trait (SCT) is 1.95% and 6.54% respectively. In tribal area, 1.74% has BTM and 11.37% has SCT trait while in non-tribal area, BTM is seen in 2.18% and 1.1% has SCT. Rathva (18.65%), Nayka (15.38%), Gamit (17.64%), Tadvi (16.95%), Bariya (16.5%), Adivasi (15.25%) and Chaudhary (15.63%) communities have higher prevalence of SCT. BTM is more prevalent in Bhanusali (8.1%), Bhakta (7.93%) and Luhana (6.5%) community. SCT is very common in schedule castes (8.1-10.52 %) and it is seen in many general castes. Conclusion: The prevalence of BTM is 1.95% while SCT is 6.54% in Gujarat. Sickle cell gene frequency is high in tribals (11.37 %) except in Banaskantha (5.12 %) and Sabarkantha (3.43%). Sickle cell is prevalent in all schedule castes and many general castes. s-thalassemia gene frequency is higher in Sindhi (Bhanusali) and Bhakta communities and in Banaskantha district (4.45%).
The Care Careers of Younger Looked After Children: Findings from the Multiple Placements Project

This publication reports initial findings from a Northern Irish study which examined the extent of stability in the care careers of 388 younger looked after children (under 5 years old) and the factors which may influence this. Chapter one provides an overview of the policy background to this piece of research both in the UK generally and Northern Ireland in particular. Chapter two outlines the theoretical perspectives on which the study draws including primarily the concept of care careers, the life course analysis approach and social ecology theory. This section outlines the literature on these topics before moving on to discuss concepts of attachment, stability and care-planning. Chapter three describes the research methodology and following chapters in the report present findings from data collected from the Social Services administrative system (SOSCARE) and the children’s case files in 2000 and again two years later in 2002. Chapter four presents data on the care careers of the children in the study. This chapter begins by examining key dimensions of the children’s care careers such as the length of time in and the types of placements in which the children are living. It then examines movements out of the care system and finally attempts to operationalise placement instability and placement permanency. In particular, it focuses attention on the children’s placement histories over the two year ‘window’ between the census periods. Chapter five discusses findings on the child and family background. Chapter six discusses the social work processes concerning the children’s care careers.
4,6-Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)dibenzo[b,d]furan

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C36H26OP2, comprises two molecules which have slightly different conformations of the phenyl ring substituents. In both molecules, the dibenzofuran unit is close to being planar, with dihedral angles of 3.20 (3) and 1.86 (2)° for the two molecules. Its planarity affects the intramolecular distances between P atoms, with P⋯P distances of 5.574 (2) and 5.485 (2) Å for the two molecules.
3-{[(Dibenzylcarbamothioyl)amino]carbonyl}benzamide

Two independent molecules with quite similar conformations, A and B, comprise the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C23H21N3O2S. The terminal amide substituent is coplanar with the attached benzene ring [the O—C—C—C torsion angles are 174.0 (2) (A) and 6.3 (3)° (B)]. In the same way, the central amide group [C—C—C—O = 7.8 (3) (A) and 11.5 (3)° (B)] is approximately coplanar with the ring to which it is attached. A major twist is noted between the amide and adjacent thioamide residues [C—N—C—S = −109.29 (19) (A) and −112.29 (19)° (B)]. In the crystal, supramolecular chains along [100] are formed by N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonding. These are connected into a three-dimensional architecture by C—H⋯π and π–π interactions [inter-centroid distance = 3.9157 (12) Å].
Triggering Factors for US Import Refusals

Antifreeze in toothpaste and melamine-tainted infant formula have raised concerns about the quality and safety of imports into the US to unprecedented levels. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cannot inspect all imports, so their inspections are path-dependent (Baylis et al., 2009) and targeted based on risk (Elder, 2013). This research investigates potential factors triggering FDA's import refusals within the three categories of food, drugs, and cosmetics during the period from 2002 to 2014. Triggering factors are differentiated by: 1) FDA's human resource and financial capacity; 2) product-specific characteristics; 3) economic and political pressures in the US and exporting countries; and 4) spillover effects among exporting countries. Number of refusals and ratio of refusals to import value are used as the dependent variable in a dynamic panel data model and in Negative Binominal model, respectively. The dummy variables for 20 countries classified into three regions (Asia, EU, and the Americas) are not statistically significant. Factors related to FDA's human resource and financial capacity, including FDA budget allocation, FDA foreign offices, the Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010 and historical compliance all have a significant influence on refusals. Determination of spillover effects indicates that lagged refusals and food scandal from China caused significant influence on rejections not only from the neighbor countries but also the EU members and American countries.
2,2′-({4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}imino)diethanol

In the title compound, C16H18N4O4, the molecule assumes an E conformation with respect to the N=N double bond. The aromatic rings are not coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 7.51 (8)°. The nitro group is tilted by 4.71 (11)° relative to the attached benzene ring. In the crystal, molecules are connected through O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming a double-stranded chain parallel to the b axis.
Oral Health Related Quality of life among Elderly in North India

The paper aimed to assess the oral health status related quality of life of 95 elderly aged 60 years and above. The mean age of the participants was 67.75 (SD=6.59) years and 70.5 per cent of the participants were male. Oral examination was performed according to WHO criteria (1997) and perceived oral health was assessed using Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). The mean GOHAI score was 30.176±0.88. The GOHAI final score was considered low, indicating a low self-perception by the elderly of Indian sample.
Food Stamp Leavers in Illinois: How Are They Doing Two Years Later?

In light of sharp declines in the Food Stamp Program caseload, examines the well-being of those who have left the program. Notes that about half of those who exited in 1997 were employed two years later, while more than half had incomes below the poverty line. Also notes food insecurity with hunger evident among one-fourth of leavers. Able-bodied adults without dependents were more likely than other leavers to face serious hardships, such as extreme poverty, severe hunger, homelessness, and lack of health insurance. Similarly, those who left the program because of sanctions also experienced severe (and multiple) hardships.
Association between diet quality and metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese postmenopausal women

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of different metabolic components including central obesity, insulin resistance, abnormal glucose homeostasis, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure which identify individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events. In the US, the prevalence of MetS has reached epidemic proportion and up to 25% of the population is affected. Traditional nutritional studies have focused on a single nutrient. Recently, measures of overall diet quality have been proposed as an alternative to assess diet-related diseases. However, few studies have addressed the relationship between diet quality and the MetS. Objective: To investigate the association of diet quality with the MetS and its components. Methods: The presence of the MetS was determined in 88 postmenopausal overweight or obese women using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult treatment Panel III definition while diet quality was assessed with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). We also measured insulin sensitivity, body composition and energy metabolism. Results: The HEI correlated negatively with most measures of body fat and body weight but not with insulin sensitivity, blood pressure and most markers of lipid metabolism. However, HEI correlated positively with LDL-C/ApoB and negatively with energy metabolism. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that HEI is associated with fat distribution and LDL size.
1-(3-Benzyl-4,6-dibenzyloxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

The title compound, C29H26O4, is essentially planar in the acetophenone portion that includes both the hydroxy and a benzyloxy O atoms, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0311 Å. The other two substituents intersect the plane at 70.45 (3) and 59.55 (4)°. In the molecule there is an intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, as well as C—H⋯π and π-stacking interactions, with centroid–centroid distances 3.6570 (2) Å.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ZATARIA MULTIFLORA ESSENTIAL OIL MOUTHWASH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the topical use of 0.2% oral mouth wash of essential oil of zataria multiflora in the control of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). In this double-blind, randomized study each of 60 patients with RAS was assigned to one of the 2 management modalities. Those in group Areceived an oral rinse solution of Zataria multiflora essential oil, 3 times a day for 4 weeks and those in group B received placebo 3 times a day for 4 weeks. The patients were monitored two times weekly. A statistical Chi-Square test was performed to analyze the data. Zataria multiflora oral rinses was shown to be more efficacious than placebo in the treatment of patients with RAS.
Plain X-ray findings among chest trauma patients in Lagos

Background: Chest trauma survivors experience a complexity of problems. Plain radiography of the chest has being the standard diagnostic tool in the initial evaluation of chest trauma patients. The aim of this study is to identify plain chest radiograph findings seen in chest trauma patients and investigate the major causes of chest trauma. Methodology: The study is a cross-sectional retrospective study designed to identify plain chest radiograph findings in all patients with chest trauma in two public hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria from June 2012 to September 2012. The data was analyzed using epidemiology information (Epi Info) software. Results: A total of 200 patients that underwent chest X-ray due to chest trauma were reviewed. The majority of the cases were of the age group of 36–45 years, followed by age range 46–55 years. The majority of the cases at the National Orthopedic Hospital Igbobi were males 71 (61.7%) while females accounted for 44 (38.3%). The figures for the cases at The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital were 63 (74.1%) for males and 22 (25.8%) were female. Clinical information revealed that most cases of chest trauma were caused by road traffic accident, followed by gunshot injuries. The most common radiograph finding was rib fracture. Conclusion: Chest injury is more common in males. The majority of the chest trauma cases were related to blunt chest trauma. Rib fracture is the most common finding in chest radiographs of patients with blunt and penetrating trauma.
Quantitative and semiquantitative imaging techniques in detecting joint inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis : phase-shift water-fat MRI method for fat suppression at 0.23 T, contrast-enhanced dynamic and static MRI, and quantitative 99m Tc-nanocolloid scintigraphy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of 0.23T low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nanocolloid (NC) scintigraphy in assessing joint pathology associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fat suppression methods combined with contrast media enhancement aid in distinguishing enhancing inflamed tissue from the surrounding fat, especially in the imaging of arthritic joints. The feasibility and image quality of a phase-shift water-fat MRI method for fat suppression at low-field 0.23T open configuration MR scanner was evaluated. The technique was combined with contrastenhanced imaging to assess the conspicuity of synovial hypertrophy in the joints of 30 RA patients. Improved conspicuity and delineation of synovitis was detected with this method. However, because of a great amount of manual post processing, future development is needed to make this method more feasible. Contrast-enhanced MRI and NC scintigraphy may provide objective and quantitative information about the inflammatory activity in arthritic joints. The value of quantitative and semiquantitative measures of inflammation derived from NC scintigraphy and low-field MRI of the wrist joint of 28 early RA patients was evaluated. Furthermore, it was investigated whether these parameters have predictive value of further erosive development during two years of follow-up. Strong correlations were detected between the NC scintigraphy and MRI measures, and these parameters were associated with laboratory markers of inflammation. During the two-year follow-up, the initial MRI and NC scintigraphy measures were closely related with the progression of wrist joint erosions. Small erosive-like bone defects can occasionally be found in wrist MRI of patients without clinically overt arthritis. The prevalence of these lesions was studied in bilateral wrist MRI examinations of 31 healthy persons. Small lesions resembling erosions were detected in 14 out of 31 subjects. Altogether 24 of the 930 wrist bones evaluated showed such lesions (3%). Thus small changes resembling erosions can be found in the wrist MRI of healthy subjects; the significance of these findings must always be interpreted with reference to the clinical picture. In conclusion, early RA patients with high local inflammatory activity, as detected by NC scintigraphy and MRI are at risk of developing further bone damage. Furthermore, in the follow-up of early RA patients, if clinically sustained response is not achieved, these methods help to identify patients who need more intensive drug treatment.
Quality of care in family planning services at health facilities in Senegal

Analysis of quality of care in family planning services in Senegal was conducted using data from two rounds of the Senegal Service Provision Assessment (SPA) surveys of 2012-2013 and 2014. The measures of quality of care were divided into structure (infrastructure of the facility and availability of commodities) process (provider’s performance) and outcomes (client’s overall satisfaction with services and knowledge of their method’s protection from sexually transmitted infections [STIs]). Findings revealed that most facilities have the basic infrastructure required (adequate sanitation improved water and private examination room). However some facilities lack electricity communication equipment emergency transport and computer and Internet. Some facilities perform better than others in availability of equipment and diagnostic tests and some regions outperform others. The presence of several family planning commodities has improved significantly and the presence of injectables and pills the two most used methods remains high although they are much more likely to be available in public than private facilities. The percentage of providers who offered various forms of counseling was relatively low. New clients were significantly more likely to receive counseling and a high-quality pelvic examination compared with returning clients. Although overall client satisfaction was relatively high (84 percent) only 58 percent of clients had correct knowledge of whether their method protects them from STIs. Counseling had a negative effect on overall client satisfaction and no effect on client’s correct knowledge concerning protection from STIs indicating a lack of effectiveness of counseling methods. Notably clients who saw a provider trained in family planning in the last two years significantly increased their odds of having correct knowledge of their method’s protection from STIs.
3,3′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine)

The title compound, C18H20N2O2, was prepared by Mannich-type reaction of phenol, ethane-1,2-diamine and formaldehyde. The heterocyclic rings adopt half-chair conformations. The acyclic methylene groups attached to the N atoms are in an axial position. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into dimers. These dimers are further connected via C—H⋯π contacts.
Impact of Neurobehavioural Sequelae of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on Rehabilitation

Neurobehavioural symptoms, such as changes in personality, psychiatric symptoms such as depression, and behavioural changes such as increased irritability, are frequent consequences of head injury. Even in the case of mild head injuries, such symptoms may be severe enough to have a negative impact upon rehabilitation. The nature of these symptoms, mitigating factors and possible responses within a rehabilitation context are discussed.
Diiodidobis{4-[2-(2-methylphenyl)ethenyl]pyridine-κN}cadmium

In the title complex, [CdI2(C14H13N)2], the Cd atom lies on a twofold rotation axis that relates the I atom and the 4-(2-methylstyryl)pyridine ligand to their counterparts. Therefore the asymmetric unit contains one crystallographically independent half-molecule. The Cd atom adopts a tetrahedral coordination geometry, coordinated by two I atoms and two N atoms from the symmetry-related 4-(2-methylstyryl)pyridine ligands.
4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethyl)-2H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

The title compound, C20H23N3O4S, is an important biologically active heterocyclic compound. The five-membered ring is oriented with respect to the six-membered rings at dihedral angles of 78.60 (3) (trimethoxyphenyl ring) and 71.57 (3)° (methoxyphenyl ring). In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite chains along the c axis.
The dose-response relation in human volunteers forgastro-intestinal pathogens

Gepubliceerde gegevens omtrent infectie van humane proefpersonen met pathogene micro-organismen die gastro-enteritis veroorzaken (protozoa, bacterien en virussen), worden gebruikt om een kwantitatieve relatie vast te stellen tussen de ingenomen dosis en het risico op infectie. Voor alle bestudeerde datasets wordt deze relatie bepaald door het fitten van een exponentiele curve dan wel een beta-poisson curve. Deze relaties kunnen b.v. worden toegepast bij het vaststellen van het risico op infectie bij inname van drinkwater of voedsel dat is verontreinigd met een kleine hoeveelheid van een infectieus pathogeen.
The ethnic minority populations of Great Britain: estimates by ethnic group and country of birth.

This article presents the latest estimate of the total ethnic minority population (derived from the 1986 1987 and 1988 Labour Force Surveys): 2.58 million or 4.7 per cent of the total population of Great Britain. Just over one half.of the ethnic minority population is of Indian Pakistani or Bangladeshi ethnic origin; about one fifth is of West Indian ethnic group; and one in nine is of mixed ethnic origin. The article also gives information on the age distributions of the different ethnic groups and an analysis of their countries of birth. (EXCERPT)
The Growing Significance of Probiotics on Health

J Prob Health ISSN: JPH, an open access journal The confluence of all food-dependent life sustaining processes is in the gastrointestinal tract where the gut resident and food introduced microbes mix. Healthy living is conditioned on the proper functioning of the digestive ecosystem which is biologically affected by the state of the microbial load of the input, “food”, the interaction of food and the gut microbiota, producing the output—healthy living. Worldwide, overconsumption of high calorie nutrient deficient foods produces obesity, poor weight management, and health problems which changes the human gut ecosystem. These problems can be mitigated by introducing probiotics into the diet [1].
1,1-Dibenzyl-3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)thiourea

In the title compound, C22H19FN2OS, the 2-fluorobenzoyl group adopts a trans conformation with respect to the thiono S atom across the N—C bond. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H⋯S, C—H⋯S and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (101).
DETECTION OF TEM, SHV AND PER TYPE EXTENDED-SPECTRUM 8-LACTAMASE GENES AMONG CLINICAL STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM BURNT PATIENTS AT SBAFA-HOSPITAL, KERMAN, IRAN

Objective(s) This study was carried out to evaluate the existence of the TEM, SHV and PER ESBL genes in ESBL producing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burnt patients at Shafa-hospital, Kerman, Iran. Materials and Methods A total of 120 strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated from 245 patients in burn unit of Shafa-hospital during January 2006 to December 2007. MIC of antibiotics was measured using agar dilution test. ESBL producing strains were detected by double-disc synergy method containing amoxicillin and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid and phenotypic confirmatory test. All the clinical isolates resistant to imipenem (IMP) were screened for the production of MBL by E-test with IMP/IMP+EDTA strips. PCR and multiplex-PCR performed for the detection of different types of ESBL producing genes in ESBL positive isolates. Results Of 120 the isolates, 3-5% showed MIC greater than 16 µg/ml to IMP and meropenem, 66% showed MIC greater than 32 µg/ml to ceftazidime, 42% to azteronam and 60% of the isolates showed MIC greater than 64 µg/ml to cefotaxime, 41 (34%) confirmed as ESBL producers. Not any isolate could produce MBL (P≤0.05). The PCR assay of all ESBL producing isolates revealed that 6.6%, 4.1% and 2.5% of them were positive for SHV, PER and TEM genes, respectively. Conclusion Many ESBL producing strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients in burn unit of Shafa-hospital. However, none could produce MBL enzyme. The genes among ESBL producing strains were SHV, PER as well as TEM type of β-lacatamases.