Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) propagation delay times using the minimum variance technique

[1] It has been known that the fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may be oriented in approximately planar structures that are tilted with respect to the solar wind propagation direction along the Sun-Earth line. This tilting causes the IMF propagating from a point of measurement to arrive at other locations with a timing that may be significantly different from what would be expected. The differences between expected and actual arrival times may exceed an hour, and the tilt angles and subsequent delays may have substantial changes in just a few minutes. A consequence of the tilting of phase planes is that predictions of the effects of the IMF at the Earth, on the basis of IMF measurements far upstream in the solar wind, will suffer from reduced accuracy in the timing of events. It has recently been shown how the tilt angles may be determined using multiple satellite measurements. However, since the multiple satellite technique cannot be used with real-time data from a single sentry satellite, then an alternative method is required to derive the phase front angles, which can then be used for more accurate predictions. In this paper we show that the minimum variance analysis (MVA) technique can be used to adequately determine the variable tilt of the plane of propagation. The number of points that is required to compute the variance matrix has been found to be much higher than expected, corresponding to a time period in the range of 7 to 30 min. The optimal parameters for the MVA were determined by a comparison of simultaneous IMF measurements from four satellites. With use of the optimized parameters it is shown that the MVA method performs reasonably well for predicting the actual time lags in the propagation between multiple spacecraft, as well as to the Earth. Application of this technique can correct for errors, on the order of 30 min or more, in the timing of predictions of geomagnetic effects on the ground.
A Nearshore Sediment Transport Model for the Northeast Gulf of Mexico Coast, U.S.A.

The 400 km-long stretch of coast along the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from Dog Island, Florida, to Morgan Point, Alabama, exhibits highly variable coastal deposits ranging from (1) late Holocene beach-ridge plains located along the Apalachicola protuberance and much of the Alabama coast; (2) a number of late Holocene, overwash-dominated barrier islands and baymouth barriers interspersed along the entire stretch of coast; and (3) a late Pleistocene (Sangamon? ) barrier complex located between Saint Andrew and Choctawhatchee Bays. The mere morphological diversity along this coast implies that the previously held monotonic, integrated, longshore transport model deemed representative of this area is overly simplistic. A sediment transport model is presented for the entire stretch of coast based on evidence obtained from (1) numerical modeling of the nearshore wave field and sediment transport flux; and (2) sediment budgets calculated from historic hydrographic sheet and historic map comparisons. Numerical modeling of the fair-weather, wave-energy transformation across the low-gradient inner shelf adjacent to Apalachicola and the Alabama coast indicates that the critical threshold velocity for potential onshore transport is exceeded a significant distance offshore. Although the exact mechanism for sediment dispersal is not yet understood along this area, some or significant onshore transport of sediment apparently must have prevailed during the late Holocene given the occurrence and geographical juxtaposition of well developed beach-ridge plains. The intervening Pleistocene barrier complex has served as an important source of sediment for Santa Rosa Island to the west, and the Shell/Crooked Island complex to the east. There is no significant net communication of sediment with the coast west of Santa Rosa Island or east of the Shell/Crooked Island complex indicating two fixed depositional cell boundaries. Littoral disintegration increases significantly east and west of these cell boundaries because of the refractive effects of the lower gradient inner shelf on shoreward propagating waves. These findings have significant implications for the late Holocene development of this coast and the morphodynamics of other coasts that exhibit similar wave-morphosedimentary characteristics
Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Incentives Jointly Predict Performance: A 40-Year Meta-Analysis

More than 4 decades of research and 9 meta-analyses have focused on the undermining effect: namely, the debate over whether the provision of extrinsic incentives erodes intrinsic motivation. This review and meta-analysis builds on such previous reviews by focusing on the interrelationship among intrinsic motivation, extrinsic incentives, and performance, with reference to 2 moderators: performance type (quality vs. quantity) and incentive contingency (directly performance-salient vs. indirectly performance-salient), which have not been systematically reviewed to date. Based on random-effects meta-analytic methods, findings from school, work, and physical domains ( k (cid:1) 183, N (cid:1) 212,468) indicate that intrinsic motivation is a medium to strong predictor of performance ( (cid:2) (cid:1) . 21–45). The importance of intrinsic motivation to performance remained in place whether incentives were presented. In addition, incentive salience influenced the predictive validity of intrinsic motivation for performance: In a “crowding out” fashion, intrinsic motivation was less important to performance when incentives were directly tied to performance and was more important when incentives were indirectly tied to performance. Considered simultaneously through meta-analytic regression, intrinsic motivation predicted more unique variance in quality of performance, whereas incentives were a better predictor of quantity of performance. With respect to performance, incentives and intrinsic motivation are not necessarily antagonistic and are best considered simultaneously. Future research should consider using nonperformance criteria (e.g., well-being, job satisfaction) as well as applying the percent-of-maximum-possible (POMP) method in meta-analyses.
The challenge of monitoring impacts of water abstraction on macroinvertebrate assemblages in unregulated streams

Monitoring of the ecological impacts of water abstraction from unregulated streams in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, is challenging because water is abstracted by thousands of geographically dispersed users who pump intermittently according to temporally varying needs and the limitations imposed by licences and access rules. Detailed, quantitative monitoring methods are too costly for widespread routine application because of the size of the state (801 000 km2) and the large number of streams affected by abstraction. We therefore tested the possibility of detecting abstraction impacts on aquatic macroinvertebrates with rapid biological assessment (RBA) methods similar to those that are routinely used for biological monitoring of Australian rivers. We sampled 85 sites on unregulated streams in north‐eastern NSW during a period of prolonged and recurring drought, 54 of which were designated as reference sites with respect to water abstraction because upstream entitlement for abstraction was less than 1% of their mean annual flow (MAF). The remaining, non‐reference sites had an average of 4% of MAF licensed for upstream abstraction (range 1–20%). Sweep and kick samples were collected at each site in two seasons, and invertebrates were picked for 30 min per sample and analysed at genus level. We found a small but statistically significant overall difference in macroinvertebrate assemblages between the reference and non‐reference sites, but the amount of upstream entitlement did not affect the degree to which assemblages at individual sites deviated from site‐specific reference conditions. We attribute the absence of evident impact mainly to the low proportions of streamflow abstracted, but limitations of RBA methods may also be a factor. We recommend a risk‐based approach to future monitoring whereby effort is focussed on those streams where a high proportion of flow is abstracted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil Hydrological Impacts and Climatic Controls of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Upper Blue Nile (Abay) Basin

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) is a locally pervasive and globally significant environmental trend and has become a process of paramount importance to the study of global environmental change. LULCC is a widespread phenomenon and has contributed to the existing high rate of soil erosion and land degradation in the highlands of Ethiopia. Specifically, it has significant eco-hydrological impacts on soil physical and hydrological properties. This thesis analyses LULCC and its links to soil hydrology, soil degradation and climate variables in the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) river basin of Ethiopia. It is neither feasible nor realistic to carry out a detailed long-term LULCC investigation at the basin scale. The approach followed in this thesis was to take a case study site located in one of the watersheds of the source region of UBN river. Therefore, the long-term LULCC was quantified and the spatial determinants of land cover transitions were identified for the period 1957 to 2009 in the Jedeb watershed (296.6 km). Black and white aerial photographs of 1957 and Landsat imageries of 1972 (MSS), 1986 (TM), 1994 (TM) and 2009 (TM) were used to derive ten land use and land cover classes by integrated use of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System techniques. The results showed that 46% of the study area experienced a transition over the past 52 years, out of which 20% was due to a net change while 26% was attributable to swap change (i.e. simultaneous gain and loss of a given category during a certain period). The most systematic transitions are conversion of grassland to cultivated land (14.8%) followed by the degradation of natural woody vegetation and marshland to grassland (3.9%). Spatially explicit logistic regression modelling revealed that the location of these systematic transitions can be explained by a combination of accessibility, biophysical and demographic factors. The modelling approach allowed improved understanding of the processes of LULCC and for identifying explanatory factors for further in-depth analysis as well as for practical interventions for watershed planning and management. Conversion of wetlands for agricultural use is a type of LULCC that is widespread in Ethiopia. However, the effects of this conversion are poorly documented. Thus, wetland loss was quantified using satellite imageries of the period 1986-2005. The results showed that 607 km of seasonal wetland with low moisture and 22.4 km of open water areas are lost in the study area. The current situation in the wetlands of
Cambrian arc evolution along the SE Gondwana active margin: A synthesis from Tasmania‐New Zealand‐Australia‐Antarctica correlations

Belts of Cambrian rocks with arc affinities in eastern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Antarctica are part of a single convergent margin, active over 30–40 Ma from the latest Early Cambrian to the Late Cambrian. Two of the most complete sequences are exposed in western Tasmania and the northern South Island of New Zealand (Takaka Terrane). Throughout the Middle Cambrian, magmatism in these two regions, in the Lachlan Fold Belt (SE Australia) and the Bowers Terrane (Antarctica) is represented by intra‐oceanic arc and back arc sequences. In the mid‐Middle Cambrian, collision of these arc segments with the proto‐Gondwana continent is recorded by obducted boninite‐bearing ophiolites in Tasmania and SE Australia. Postcollisional magmatism of latest Middle to early Late Cambrian age (e.g., Mount Read Volcanics of Tasmania and Stavely Volcanic Complex of Victoria) terminates convergent tectonics in SE Australia and Tasmania. In contrast, no postcollisional volcanism is known from the Bowers Terrane in Antarctica and from New Zealand. In Antarctica, Cambrian igneous activity in the Wilson Terrane and Transantarctic Mountains formed in an active continental margin setting and lasted through the Middle and Late Cambrian. This suggests that the Wilson Terrane is the lateral continuation on continental basement of the Bowers and Takaka Terrane arcs. The differences between the Australian ‐ Tasmanian and New Zealand ‐ Antarctic arc segments may result from a change in subduction polarity along the arc chain, suggested by structural features, sedimentation patterns, and isotope systematics. In the SE Australian and Tasmanian arc segments the proto‐Gondwana plate subducted beneath the Pacific plate whereas subduction in the Antarctic and New Zealand segments was of opposite polarity. Common to most Cambrian fragments in SE proto Gondwana is the tectonic overprint by the Ross‐Delamerian orogeny from the Middle Cambrian to Early Ordovician, thus paleogeographically linking all the fragments by the end of the Cambrian. The presence of Early Cambrian intra‐oceanic rocks at the SE proto‐Gondwana margin suggests separation of Laurentia from Gondwana prior to the Early Cambrian.
39Ar‐40Ar “ages” and origin of excess 40Ar in Martian shergottites

Abstract— We report new 39Ar‐40Ar measurements on 15 plagioclase, pyroxene, and/or whole rock samples of 8 Martian shergottites. All age spectra suggest ages older than the meteorite formation ages, as defined by Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr isochrons. Employing isochron plots, only Los Angeles plagioclase and possibly Northwest Africa (NWA) 3171 plagioclase give ages in agreement with their formation ages. Isochrons for all shergottite samples reveal the presence of trapped Martian 40Ar (40Arxs), which exists in variable amounts in different lattice locations. Some 40Arxs is uniformly distributed throughout the lattice, resulting in a positive isochron intercept, and other 40Arxs occurs in association with K‐bearing minerals and increases the isochron slope. These samples demonstrate situations where linear Ar isochrons give false ages that are too old. After subtracting 40Ar*that would accumulate by 40K decay since meteorite formation and small amounts of terrestrial 40Ar, all young age samples give similar 40Arxs concentrations of ˜1–2 × 10−6cm3/g, but a variation in K content by a factor of ˜80. Previously reported NASA Johnson Space Center data for Zagami, Shergotty, Yamato (Y‐) 000097, Y‐793605, and Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 94201 shergottites show similar concentrations of 40Arxs to the new meteorite data reported here. Similar 40Arxs in different minerals and meteorites cannot be explained as arising from Martian atmosphere carried in strongly shocked phases such as melt veins. We invoke the explanation given by Bogard and Park (2008) for Zagami, that this 40Arxs in shergottites was acquired from the magma. Similarity in 40Arxs among shergottites may reveal common magma sources and/or similar magma generation and emplacement processes.
Zasady postępowania w nadciśnieniu tętniczym — 2015 rok

Polish Society of Hypertension 2015 Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension Recommendations of the Polish Society of Hypertension Guideline editors: Andrzej Tykarski, Krzysztof Narkiewicz, Zbigniew Gaciong, Andrzej Januszewicz, Mieczyslaw Litwin, Katarzyna Kostka-Jeziorny Experts: Marcin Adamczak, Ludwina Szczepaniak-Chichel, Marzena Chrostowska, Danuta Czarnecka, Grzegorz Dzida, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Jerzy Gąsowski, Jerzy Gluszek, Stefan Grajek, Tomasz Grodzicki, Kalina Kawecka-Jaszcz, Beata Wozakowska-Kaplon, Beata Begier-Krasinska, Jacek Manitius, Malgorzata Myśliwiec, Anna Niemirska, Aleksander Prejbisz, Danuta Pupek-Musialik, Grazyna Brzezinska-Rajszys, Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek, Agnieszka Szadkowska, Tomasz Tomasik, Krystyna Widecka, Andrzej Wiecek, Adam Windak, Jacek Wolf, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Aleksandra Żurowska
Processes controlling dripwater hydrochemistry variations in Xueyu Cave, SW China: implications for speleothem palaeoclimate signal interpretations

Cave dripwater hydrochemistry responds to environmental changes, both within and outside of the cave, and thereby conveys this information to any stalagmite fed by the drips. As stalagmites are important archives of climate proxy information, understanding how dripwater hydrochemistry responds to environmental forcing is critical. However, despite the large number of speleothems in SW China, the response of dripwater to regional climate variability is not yet adequately understood. A 3‐year study of three drip sites in Xueyu Cave, Chongqing Municipality, SW China, revealed the most important mechanisms controlling dripwater chemical variability. The principal chemical indices (pH, specific conductivity, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and HCO3− ) in collected dripwaters and the local climate data were analysed in this study. The principal controls on the hydrochemistry were found to be the external climate and its changes, groundwater residence time, cave ventilation and prior calcite precipitation (PCP) processes. Dripwater hydrochemistry showed strongly coherent seasonal patterns despite the fact that all sites are Ca–HCO3 type waters and supersaturated with calcite. Seasonal changes in dripwater hydrochemistry were influenced by the soil and vadose zone CO2 content as well as groundwater residence time in the upper karst zone. Cave‐air CO2 seasonal variations were consistent with changes in dripwater PCO2 and cave ventilation. Trace element ratios (Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca) of dripwater were controlled by PCP processes. Seasonal variations in dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in Xueyu Cave showed inverse changes with the Asia Monsoon Index during the monitoring period, reflecting the seasonal climate changes that may have been recorded in the speleothems. Based on a linear regression of PCO2 and the Ca2+ data in the cold–dry winter season, a 130‐ppm shift in cave‐air PCO2 results in a 1‐ppm shift in dripwater Ca2+ concentration in Xueyu Cave. This study illustrates the importance of understanding factors controlling the changes in the composition of dripwater before it reaches the speleothem.
Long-term effects of tillage and corn stalk return on soil carbon dynamics

The ability to increase pools of soil organic C (SOC) in agricultural ecosystems is of interest both for sequestering atmospheric CO 2 , and for restoring organic matter pools important to soil health. It has been well established that tillage and harvest management regimes can influence SOC in cropland, but long-term, continuous experiments are rare. We investigated the dynamics of relic and new SOC pools using δ 13 C analysis in cornfields (Zea mays L.) established in 1972 at the University of Connecticut Research Farm. The plots have been under no-till (NT) or conventional till (CT) management, with residues returned (+) or residues removed (-) within each tillage treatment. After 28 yr of continuous management, NT increased SOC significantly by 48.3 ± 9.9 g C m -2 yr -1 over CT in treatments with residue returned (i.e., NT+ compared with CT+), and by 60.1 ± 13.8 g C m -2 yr -1 over CT in treatments with residue removed (i.e., NT- compared with CT-). Residue return in NT+ plots did not increase SOC relative to NT- plots (23.0 ± 12.7 g C m -2 yr -1 , N.S.), but residue return to the CT+ plots resulted in a significant increase in SOC of 34.8 ± 11.1 g C m -2 yr -1 over SOC content in CT- plots. The greatest difference in SOC content was found between the CT-and NT+ treatments (83.1 ± 10.7 g C m -2 yr -1 ). Our results indicate that there may be a rapid cycling of the aboveground C4-C back to the atmosphere as CO 2 or lost as dissolved organic C from the soil profile. Such a rapid cycling of returned C4-C suggests that the annual return of aboveground biomass may not increase soil C storage over the long term once soils have reached a steady-state SOC level.
Interseismic deformation of the Shahroud fault system (NE Iran) from space‐borne radar interferometry measurements

The Shahroud fault system is a major active structure in the Alborz range of NE Iran whose slip rate is not well constrained despite its potential high seismic hazard. In order to constrain the slip rate of the eastern Shahroud fault zone, we use space‐borne synthetic aperture radar interferometry with both ascending and descending Envisat data to determine the rate of interseismic strain accumulation across the system. We invert the slip rate from surface velocity measurements using a half‐space elastic dislocation model. The modeling results are consistent with a left‐lateral slip rate of 4.75 ± 0.8 mm/yr on the Abr and Jajarm, strands of the Shahroud fault, with a 10 ± 4 km locking depth. This is in good agreement with the 4–6 mm/yr of left‐lateral displacement rate accumulated across the total Shahroud fault system obtained from GPS measurements.
The First WetNet Precipitation Intercomparison Project (PIP-1)

Abstract Precipitation is an important environmental parameter but also one which is very inadequately measured and monitored across the surface of Earth. In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the use of satellites for improved rainfall measurement and monitoring, and interest has grown in projects aimed at intercomparing and where possible “validating” different satellite rainfall evaluation algorithms. This paper introduces the first Precipitation (algorithm) Intercomparison Project (PIP‐1) organized by and for the Precipitation Working Group of the NASA‐led WetNet activity, through reference to its objectives, Steering Committee, data sets, general and specific requirements for rainfall estimates solicited from participating laboratories based on passive microwave DMSP‐SSM/I data for the months of July through November 1987, and by detailing its agreed schedule.
On Modeling Seasonal and Interannual Fluctuations of Arctic Sea Ice

Abstract Some results from a series of three-year aperiodic simulations of the Northern Hemisphere sea ice cover are reported. The simulations employ the dynamic-thermodynamics sea ice model developed by Hibler (1979) and use a one-day timestep on a 35×31 grid with a resolution of 222 km. Atmospheric data from the years 1973–75 are used to drive the simulations. The simulations yield a seasonal cycle with excessive amounts of ice in the North Atlantic during winter and with somewhat excessive amounts of open water in the central Arctic during summer. Despite the seasonal bias, the simulated and observed interannual fluctuations are similar in magnitude and are positively correlated. The correlations with observed data are noticeably smaller when dynamical processes are omitted from the model. The simulated outflow of ice through the Greenland-Spitsbergen passage undergoes large fluctuations both seasonally and on an interannual basis. The outflow correlates highly with the simulated fluctuations of ice co.