Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Atmospheric Response to ENSO in Coupled and Uncoupled Model Simulations

Abstract In the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are specified and the oceanic evolution consistent with air–sea interaction is not included. This omission could lead to errors in the atmospheric response to SSTs. At the same time, the AMIP experimental setup is well suited for investigating many aspects of climate variability (e.g., the attribution of the interannual atmospheric variability) and continues to be extensively used. As coupled El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) SST variability is a dominant factor in determining the predictable component of the observed interannual atmospheric variability, the difference in the atmospheric response to ENSO SSTs between AMIP and coupled simulations is investigated. The results indicate that the seasonal atmospheric response to ENSO between coupled and uncoupled integrations is similar, and the inclusion of oceanic evolution consistent with air–sea interaction does not play a dominant role. The a.
Mechanisms leading to singular‐vector growth for FASTEX cyclones

Calculations of localized singular vectors (SVs) are performed using the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts prediction model and the dynamical properties responsible for the SVs' growth are investigated. Potential vorticity (PV) diagnostics are used to investigate the dynamical processes responsible for SV growth in terms of total energy and PV. The independent evolution of perturbations initially confined either in the lower or in the upper troposphere is considered in order to identify the more dynamically active regions within an SV. The extent to which balanced‐flow theory, valid in idealized models of non‐normal growth, can be applied during the evolution of SVs is also examined. It is found that the part of the SV located below 500 hPa plays a major role in the interaction processes between the perturbation and the basic‐state fields and is responsible for the SVs' energy growth. SVs are also shown to grow in terms of PV due to SV advection of the basic‐state PV horizontal gradients. Perturbations initially confined at low levels can propagate vertically more efficiently than those localized above 500 hPa and the interaction with the upper‐level basic‐state fields is much more effective, leading to PV growth. If SVs are calculated with the total‐energy norm, their initial state is found to be somewhat out of balance, because of a relative lack of amplitude in the vorticity component. During their evolution, SVs achieve a more balanced configuration. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Experimental Investigation of Air-water Two Phase Upflow across Horizontal Tube Bundles : Part 1, Flow Pattern and Void Fraction

The present paper deals with experiments of air-water mixtures flow pattern and their mean void fraction in horizontal tube bundles. The tube bundles are staggered with equilateral triangular arrangement of three different pitch/tube diameter ratios (1.4, 1.28, 1.08) and they consist of six different tube rows (7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20) for each ratio. Experimental ranges are as follows ; Superficial air velocity (cm/s) 1.5 - 50 Superficial water velocity (cm/s) 0.032 - 0.32 Flow direction upward flow The observed mixture flows can be classified into 1. bubbly flow 2. slug flow 3. froth flow 4. spray flow with liquid forming a film around the tubes and spraying from tube to tube downstream. Besides, a simple empirical equation for void fraction is proposed.
Estimating the direct aerosol radiative perturbation: Impact of ocean surface representation and aerosol non‐sphericity

Atmospheric aerosols are now actively studied, in particular because of their radiative and climate impacts. Estimations of the direct aerosol radiative perturbation, caused by extinction of incident solar radiation, usually rely on radiative transfer codes and involve simplifying hypotheses. This paper addresses two approximations which are widely used for the sake of simplicity and limiting the computational cost of the calculations. Firstly, it is shown that using a Lambertian albedo instead of the more rigorous bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) to model the ocean surface radiative properties leads to large relative errors in the instantaneous aerosol radiative perturbation. When averaging over the day, these errors cancel out to acceptable levels of less than 3% (except in the northern hemisphere winter). The other scope of this study is to address aerosol non‐sphericity effects. Comparing an experimental phase function with an equivalent Mie‐calculated phase function, we found acceptable relative errors if the aerosol radiative perturbation calculated for a given optical thickness is daily averaged. However, retrieval of the optical thickness of non‐spherical aerosols assuming spherical particles can lead to significant errors. This is due to significant differences between the spherical and non‐spherical phase functions. Discrepancies in aerosol radiative perturbation between the spherical and non‐spherical cases are sometimes reduced and sometimes enhanced if the aerosol optical thickness for the spherical case is adjusted to fit the simulated radiance of the non‐spherical case. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The statistical mechanics of vortex—acoustic ion wave turbulence

The equilibrium statistical mechanics of electrostatic ion wave turbulence is studied within the framework of a continuum ion flow with adiabatic electrons. Attention is drawn to the fact that the wave field consists in general of two components, namely ion-acoustic and ion vortex modes. It is shown that the latter can significantly affect the equilibria on accoant of their ability both to emit and to scatter ion sound. Exact equilibria for the vortex—acoustic wave field are given in terms of a canonical distribution and the correlation functions are expressed in terms of a generating functional. A nonlinear transformation of the wave field, which removes the vortex-acoustic interaction energy to lowest order in the strength of the coupling, while preserving the phase space volume element, is then introduced. This enables the Feynman-Hibbs variational principle to be used to obtain an approximate generating functional based on a ‘trial’ energy functional, which is a quadratic in the new variables. Detailed calculations are carried out for the case in which the dominant coupling is an indirect interaction of the vortex modes mediated by the sound field. An equation for the spectrum of the vortex modes is obtained for this case, which is shown to possess a simple exact solution. This solution shows that the spectrum of fluctuations changes considerably as the total energy increases. At low levels of excitation the solution reduces to equipartition of energy. At higher levels the indirect interaction becomes significant and the formation of a condensed vortex state is possible when the mean energy exceeds the electron thermal energy. It is suggested that condensed vortex states could occur in the plasma sheet of the earth's magnetosphere and it is shown that the predicted ratio of the mean ion energy to the mean electron energy is consistent with the trend of observed values.
Comparative Study Between Radiological and Surgical Findings of Chronic Otitis Media

Summary Introduction: The chronic otitis media (COM) is a prevalent disease and the most frequent cause of indication to mastoidectomy. Many studies have evaluated the use of tomography (CT) of temporal bones for preoperative evaluation of COM and its indication in the preoperative approach is still controversial nowadays. Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity of the clinical and radiological findings of COM according to the intraoperative surgical results and histopathological findings. Method: Transversal retrospective study through collection of record data of patients with COM submitted to mastoidectomy in the period from 2007 through 2008 in our service. Results: From a total of 82 ears, 40.24% had cholesteatoma. The CT presented 72.73% of sensitivity in the identification of cholesteatoma, 56.67% in the identification of changes to the ossicular chain and 100% in that of erosion of the lateral semicircular canal. Conclusion: The clinical and radiological findings showed a high level sensitivity with intraoperative findings as regards to the presence of cholesteatoma, large changes of the ossicular chain and erosion of the lateral semicircular canal. For minor changes to the ossicular chain, the facial nerve canal and the tympanic tegmen they described low sensitivity.
Thermal degradation of PTMN pinned top spin valves

The microstructure and magnetic properties of PtMn-pinned top spin valves were studied at various annealing temperatures. Magnetic properties were observed to degrade with increasing temperature, with the exchange coupling H/sub 1/ showing the fastest variation. The degradation did not appear to coincide with structural changes or large-stale diffusion. It will be shown that the results are consistent with the grain boundary diffusion degradation mechanism.
The steady-state 1/α-distribution and the problem of cometary fading

Probleme de la distribution en 1/a (ou a est le demi grand axe de l'orbite d'une comete) incluant les perturbations stellaires et permettant un affaiblissement arbitraire par revolution. L'inclusion de perturbations stellaires signifie que le probleme est strictement a deux dimensions (les cometes peuvent etre diffusees a la fois en energie et en moment angulaire), mais ce probleme general peut etre reduit approximativement a une forme a une dimension
Characteristics of the tinnitus and hyperacusis in normal hearing individuals

Summary Introduction: The tinnitus has become a common otological complaint. Another complaint is found in bearers of the tinnitus is the hyperacusis. Objective: Analyze the characteristics of tinnitus and hyperacusis in normal hearing individuals with associated complaints of tinnitus and hyperacusis. Method: 25 normal hearing individuals who complained of hyperacusis and tinnitus were surveyed in this form of cross-sectional study. They were questioned about the location and type of the tinnitus. The evaluation of the tinnitus was made using the Brazilian Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and acuphenometry. A questionnaire was made about the hyperacusis covering aspects such as: sounds considered uncomfortable, sensations in the presence of such sounds, and difficulty understanding speech in noise. Results: Of the 25 individuals, 64% were women and 36% men. Regarding tinnitus, 84% referred to bilateral location and 80% high pitch. The most common degree found was light (44%). The women presented tinnitus degree statistically superior to those of men. The strong intensity sounds and the reactions of irritation, anxiety and the need to move away from the sound were the most mentioned. From the analyzed individuals, 68% referred to difficulty understanding speech in noise and 12% reported using hearing protection. The most found frequencies at the acuphenometry were 6 and 8 KHz. Conclusion: Normal hearing individuals who complain of tinnitus and hyperacusis present mainly high pitch tinnitus, located bilaterally and light degree. The sounds considered uncomfortable were the high intensity ones and the most cited reaction to sound was irritation. The difficulty to understand speech in noise was reported by most of the individuals.
Markerless motion capture estimates of lower extremity kinematics and kinetics are comparable to marker-based across 8 movements

Motion analysis is essential for assessing in-vivo human biomechanics. Marker-based motion capture is the standard to analyze human motion, but the inherent inaccuracy and practical challenges limit its utility in large-scale and real-world applications. Markerless motion capture has shown promise to overcome these practical barriers. However, its fidelity in quantifying joint kinematics and kinetics has not been verified across multiple common human movements. In this study, we concurrently captured marker-based and markerless motion data on 10 healthy subjects performing 8 daily living and exercise movements. We calculated the correlation (Rxy) and root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between markerless and marker-based estimates of ankle dorsi-plantarflexion, knee flexion, and three-dimensional hip kinematics (angles) and kinetics (moments) during each movement. Estimates from markerless motion capture matched closely with marker-based in ankle and knee joint angles (Rxy ≥ 0.877, RMSD ≤ 5.9°) and moments (Rxy ≥ 0.934, RMSD ≤ 2.66 % height × weight). High outcome comparability means the practical benefits of markerless motion capture can simplify experiments and facilitate large-scale analyses. Hip angles and moments demonstrated more differences between the two systems (RMSD: 6.7° – 15.9° and up to 7.15 % height × weight), especially during rapid movements such as running. Markerless motion capture appears to improve the accuracy of hip-related measures, yet more research is needed for validation. We encourage the biomechanics community to continue verifying, validating, and establishing best practices for markerless motion capture, which holds exciting potential to advance collaborative biomechanical research and expand real-world assessments needed for clinical translation.
Minimal determinants for lifelong antiviral antibody responses in BALB/c mice from a single exposure to virus-like immunogens at low doses

The durability of an antibody (Ab) response is highly important for antiviral vaccines. However, due to the complex compositions of natural virions, the molecular determinants of Ab durability from viral infection or inactivated viral vaccines have been incompletely understood. Here we used a reductionist system of liposome-based virus-like structures to examine the durability of Abs in primary immune responses in mice. This system allowed us to independently vary fundamental viral attributes and to do so without additional adjuvants to model natural viruses. We show that a single injection of antigens (Ags) orderly displayed on a virion-sized liposome is sufficient to induce a long-lived neutralizing Ab (nAb) response. Introduction of internal nucleic acids dramatically modulates the magnitude of long-term Ab responses without alteration of the long-term kinetic trends. These Abs are characterized by exceptionally slow off-rates of ∼0.0005 s-1, which emerged as early as day 5 after injection and these off-rates are comparable to that of affinity-matured monoclonal Abs. A single injection of these structures at doses as low as 100 ng led to lifelong nAb production in BALB/c mice. Thus, a minimal virus-like immunogen can give rise to potent and long-lasting antiviral Abs in a primary response in mice without live infection. This has important implications for understanding both live viral infection and for optimized vaccine design.
Event-related modulation of alpha rhythm explains the auditory P300-evoked response in EEG

Evoked responses and oscillations represent two major electrophysiological phenomena in the human brain yet the link between them remains rather obscure. Here we show how most frequently studied EEG signals: the P300-evoked response and alpha oscillations (8–12 Hz) can be linked with the baseline-shift mechanism. This mechanism states that oscillations generate evoked responses if oscillations have a non-zero mean and their amplitude is modulated by the stimulus. Therefore, the following predictions should hold: 1) the temporal evolution of P300 and alpha amplitude is similar, 2) spatial localisations of the P300 and alpha amplitude modulation overlap, 3) oscillations are non-zero mean, 4) P300 and alpha amplitude correlate with cognitive scores in a similar fashion. To validate these predictions, we analysed the data set of elderly participants (N=2230, 60–82 years old), using a) resting-state EEG recordings to quantify the mean of oscillations, b) the event-related data, to extract parameters of P300 and alpha rhythm amplitude envelope. We showed that P300 is indeed linked to alpha rhythm, according to all four predictions. Our results provide an unifying view on the interdependency of evoked responses and neuronal oscillations and suggest that P300, at least partly, is generated by the modulation of alpha oscillations.
Non-decision time: the Higg’s boson of decision

Generative models of decision now permeate all subfields of psychology, cognitive and clinical neuroscience. To successfully represent decision mechanisms, it is necessary to also assume the presence of delays for sensory and motor information to travel through the brain; but like the Higg’s boson in particle physics, directly observing this “non-decision time” from behaviour long appeared beyond reach. Here, we describe and apply a set of methods to empirically measure and characterise the properties of non-decision time in fast visually guided decisions (without requiring modelling assumptions). We gather 11 datasets from humans and monkeys from multiple labs and validate the method by showing that visual properties (brightness, colour, size) consistently affect empirically measured non-decision time, as predicted by neurophysiology. We then show that endogenous factors (pro-active slowing, attention) consistently do not affect non-decision time, in contrast to widespread reports based on model fits. Last, contrasting empirically observed non-decision time with estimates from the EZ, DDM and LBA models, we conclude that models cannot be generally trusted to provide valid estimates, either at a group level or for individual differences, and propose a hybrid approach that combines our empirical method with standard modelling.
UNRAVELing the synergistic effects of psilocybin and environment on brain-wide immediate early gene expression in mice

The effects of context on the subjective experience of serotonergic psychedelics have not been fully examined in human neuroimaging studies, partly due to limitations of the imaging environment. Here, we administered saline or psilocybin to mice in their home cage or an enriched environment, immunofluorescently-labeled brain-wide c-Fos, and imaged cleared tissue with light sheet microscopy to examine the impact of context on psilocybin-elicited neural activity at cellular resolution. Voxel-wise analysis of c-Fos-immunofluorescence revealed differential neural activity, which we validated with c-Fos+ cell density measurements. Psilocybin increased c-Fos expression in the neocortex, caudoputamen, central amygdala, and parasubthalamic nucleus and decreased c-Fos in the hypothalamus, cortical amygdala, striatum, and pallidum. Main effects of context and psilocybin-treatment were robust, widespread, and spatially distinct, whereas interactions were surprisingly sparse.
Androgen Receptor driven gene score identifies tumors with Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition features in triple negative breast cancer

Background Androgen receptor (AR) is considered marker associated with better prognosis within hormone receptor positive tumors. Its role in triple negative tumors however is controversial showing both better and worse prognosis and different methods are used for identification of AR driven tumors. Conflicting results could be due to intrinsic molecular differences or scoring method for AR positivity. We attempted to develop an AR driven gene score and examined its utility in subtypes of breast cancer (BC). Methods A bioinformatic pipeline was constructed and applied on publicly available microarray data sets obtained from AR positive BC cell lines treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Expression levels of genes identified through the pipeline along with set of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, proliferation associated genes and enzymes involved in intracrinal androgen metabolism was evaluated in a cohort of Indian Breast cancer patients. Tumors were divided into AR high and low based on the gene score and association with clinical parameters, circulating androgens, disease free survival, proliferation and EMT markers were examined, all results were further validated in external public datasets. Results AR driven gene score was calculated as average expression of the 6 genes selected through bioinformatic analysis. 53% (133/249) tumors were classified as AR high by the gene score and had significantly better clinical parameters such as higher age, smaller tumor size, lower grade and lower proliferation. Tumors with high AR driven gene score had significantly better disease-free survival (mean survival time of 86.13 vs 72.69 months, log rank p=0.032) when compared to the AR low tumors. A subset analysis within TNBC (N=66) showed 36% (24/66) were AR high and had significantly higher expression of EMT markers (p=0.024). Though circulating levels of total testosterone was not different between the groups, intratumoral levels of 5 alfa reductase (SRD5A1) was significantly high in tumors with high AR driven score. Conclusion Role of AR in breast cancer is debatable and difficult to decipher with protein detection alone. Our results support the context dependent function of AR in driving better prognosis, while identifying its role in driving EMT within TNBC tumors.
Decomposability of von Neumann Algebras and the Mazur Property of Higher Level

Abstract The decomposability number of a von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{M}$ (denoted by $\text{dec}\left( \mathcal{M} \right)$ ) is the greatest cardinality of a family of pairwise orthogonal non-zero projections in $\mathcal{M}$ . In this paper, we explore the close connection between $\text{dec}\left( \mathcal{M} \right)$ and the cardinal level of the Mazur property for the predual ${{\mathcal{M}}_{*}}$ of $\mathcal{M}$ , the study of which was initiated by the second author. Here, our main focus is on those von Neumann algebras whose preduals constitute such important Banach algebras on a locally compact group $G$ as the group algebra ${{L}_{1}}(G)$ , the Fourier algebra $A(G)$ , the measure algebra $M(G)$ , the algebra $LUC{{(G)}^{*}}$ , etc. We show that for any of these von Neumann algebras, say $\mathcal{M}$ , the cardinal number dec $(\mathcal{M})$ and a certain cardinal level of the Mazur property of ${{\mathcal{M}}_{*}}$ are completely encoded in the underlying group structure. In fact, they can be expressed precisely by two dual cardinal invariants of $G$ : the compact covering number $\kappa (G)$ of $G$ and the least cardinality $\mathcal{X}(G)$ of an open basis at the identity of $G$ . We also present an application of the Mazur property of higher level to the topological centre problem for the Banach algebra $A{{(G)}^{**}}$ .