Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High CO2 evasion during floods in an Australian subtropical estuary downstream from a modified acidic floodplain wetland

Dissolved CO2 dynamics associated with flooding and postflood recovery were investigated in the lower estuary of the Richmond River and a tributary draining an acidic wetland. Heavy rains (up to 133 mm d−1) resulted in large discharge volumes (up to 250 × 106 m3 d−1) flushing the estuary in less than a day. Maximum values of the partial pressure of CO2 ( PCO2 , 2006 Pa or 19,801 μatm) occurred during the postflood recovery period. High PCO2 values were related to the transport of floodplain metabolic products via surface runoff and groundwater as well as the low pH (4.22) of waters draining a modified wetland with coastal acid sulphate soils. Aerobic respiration alone could not explain the high concentrations of CO2 in the estuary and an area of low buffering developed in the 0–20 salinity range. PCO2 was correlated with freshwater discharge in the Richmond River main channel (R2 = 0.82; p < 0.05; n = 9) but not in the acidified tributary (R2 = 0.17; p > 0.05; n = 7). Air‐water fluxes of CO2 were at the high end of the range for aquatic systems (maximum 1413 mmol C m−2 d−1, mean 252 mmol C m−2 d−1). This study highlights the large spatiotemporal variability of PCO2 , the importance of episodic flooding events, the role of adjacent modified acidic wetlands, and the role of groundwater discharge as a source of CO2 to estuaries. Global estimates of CO2 air‐water fluxes in estuaries may be under estimated due to the lack of high‐resolution data to capture short‐term episodic events (e.g., flooding), in tropical and subtropical areas.
The male reproductive strategy of a deep-sea squid: sperm allocation, continuous production, and long-term storage of spermatophores in Histioteuthis miranda

Squid are semelparous organisms. Much of what we know about squid reproduction relates to females, because few studies have addressed males and, although males are similarly challenged by semelparity, it remains virtually unknown what tactics squid have evolved to allocate sperm to spermatophores. The male reproductive strategy of the deep-sea squid Histioteuthis miranda was examined by describing the male reproductive anatomy, which appears unique among cephalopods, and by quantifying spermatophore production and sperm allocation. The species produces and stores spermatophores over a considerable period of continuous somatic growth. Body size and spermatophore length (SpL) are positively correlated, and the size difference between spermatophores stored by a single individual was up to 270%. Individuals had between 136 and 2276 spermatophores inside their reproductive system, and spermatophores may be stored for as long as 4.5 months. The relationship between SpL and the mass of sperm per spermatophore was polynomial, demonstrating that larger spermatophores did not necessarily contain more sperm. The unique male morphology and the continuous production and long-term storage of spermatophores in H. miranda seem to allow the species to increase the window in which reproduction can take place, a strategy that may be valuable in the deep-sea environment.
Weed Response to Foliar Coapplications of Glyphosate and Zinc Sulfate

Abstract Field trials were conducted during 2006 and 2007 and a container study was performed twice in 2007 at the Dean Lee Research and Extension Center in Alexandria, LA to evaluate the interaction of glyphosate and zinc coapplied to selected weeds. Across all experiments, no differences in either visible weed control or weed fresh weight were detected among glyphosate formulations. In the field studies, weed control was greatest when glyphosate was applied alone, in which case control of barnyardgrass, browntop millet, and Palmer amaranth ranged between 93 and 95%. When glyphosate was coapplied with formulations of zinc, control of the aforementioned weed species was reduced to 39, 39, and 45%, respectively. Visual estimates of weed control in the container studies showed glyphosate performance to be the highest (82 to 98%) in the absence of zinc for control of barnyardgrass, browntop millet, johnsongrass, ivyleaf morningglory, and redroot pigweed. Across all weed species, control was reduced 43 to 59% when zinc was coapplied with glyphosate. Similar results were noted in reduction of weed fresh weights. Results indicate that glyphosate-based weed control is reduced when coapplied with the zinc products at their current use rates. Producers should be aware of this antagonism and these coapplications should not be recommended. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG; browntop millet, Urochloa ramosa (L.) Nguyen PANRA; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. SORHA; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. IPOHE; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE
Effect of supplementation of copper in copper sulphate and Cu-glycine on fatty acid profile in meat of broiler chickens, cholesterol content and oxidation stability of fat

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of a diet consisting of soybean, wheat and maize with 5% of rapeseed oil and different supplements of copper in the form of CuSO 4 . 5H 2 O or bioplex on choles- terol content and fatty acid composition in breast meat of broiler cockerels. e experiment was conducted on 600 straight-run broiler cockerels randomly divided into 4 groups according to the type of diet: group I - control, no Cu supplement; experimental groups II - 35 mg Cu/kg and III - 175 mg Cu/kg in the form of CuSO 4 . 5H 2 O; IV - 175 mg Cu/kg in the form of bioplex. Chickens were sacrificed at 42 days of age. No statistically significant differences were determined in productive parameters except for mortality that was lowest in group IV receiving copper in the Cu-glycine. Cu supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) cholesterol content by 24.9% in group IV (493 mg/kg) compared to the control group (656 mg/kg) and significantly decreased the concentration of polyenic fatty acids (PUFA) in groups III and IV (25.90 and 26.02%) in comparison with control group (27.73%) and group II (27.55%). e content of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased significantly in group II (27.01%) against the control group (25.41%). e contents of total monoenic fatty acids (MUFA) were significantly higher in groups III and IV (44.01% and 43.14%) than in group II (40.66%).
DIICTODON FELICEPS (THERAPSIDA, DICYNODONTIA): BONE HISTOLOGY,GROWTH, AND BIOMECHANICS

Abstract Four distinct stages have been identified in the ontogeny of Diictodon feliceps based on variations in cortical thickness, organization of primary osteons, porosity, incidence of growth marks, and extent of endosteal reconstruction. In general, the cortex comprises fibrolamellar bone tissue suggesting rapid bone deposition and growth. In the initial two stages of growth, when up to 70% of adult size is attained, no growth marks interrupt the fibrolamellar tissue, indicating a sustained, fast growth. Growth marks appear late in ontogeny and indicate periods of slow or complete cessation of growth after which, fast growth resumed. Although growth was interrupted and much slower in the later stages, D. feliceps probably had an indeterminate growth strategy. Variations in cortical thickness, porosity, organization of primary osteons, and incidence of annuli and LAGs are observed between elements of the same individual, suggesting variable inter-elemental growth. The propodials had faster appositional growth than did the epipodials, with the humerus having grown much faster than the femur in the same individual. The high cortical thickness (RBT) and correspondingly low k values suggest that the limbs were selected for impact loading. The relatively high RBT and low k value of the humerus compared to other limb bones indicates that the forelimbs were more modified for postural support and digging.
Interactive effects of understory removal and fertilization on soil respiration in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations

Aims It has been well recognized that understory vegetation plays an important role in driving forest ecosystem processes and functioning. In subtropical plantation forests, understory removal and fertilization have been widely applied; however, our understanding on how understory removal affects soil respiration and how the process is regulated by fertilization is limited. Here, we conducted an under story removal experiment combined with fertilization to evaluate the effects of the two forest management practices and their inter actions on soil respiration in subtropical forest in southern China. Methods The study was conducted in a split-plot design with fertilization as the whole-plot factor, understory removal as the subplot factor and block as the random factor in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations. In total, there were four treatments: control with unfertilized and intact understory (CK), understory removal but without fertilization (UR), with fertilization but without understory removal (FT) and with fertilization + understory removal (FT + UR). Eucalyptus above- and belowground biomass increment, fine root biomass, soil temperature, soil moisture and soil respiration were measured in the present
Evaluating fisheries management advice for some North Sea stocks: is bias inversely related to stock size?

Biological scientific advice is often used as input into fisheries management of commercially exploited fish stocks. The quality of that advice is often debated in public discourses but is much less often formally evaluated. We looked at the scientific advice provided by the International Council on the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) for some North Sea stocks (cod, haddock, plaice and sole) over the period 1980-2002 in order to assess the quality of the scientific advice. We compared the predicted landings from the scientific advice with the realized landings in the fishery and also evaluated the estimates of fishing mortality and spawning stock biomass in predictions and in the most recent stock assessments. We found that for North Sea stocks considered, there have periods of overestimation and periods of underestimation of spawning stock size. As can be expected, bias in fishing mortality is generally opposite to the bias observed for SSB. Bias tends to be larger in the short term forecasts compared to the stock assessment results. For the two flatfish stocks, there appears to have been a negative relationship between the bias in SSB and the size of the stock, indicating that low stocks are overestimated and large stocks are underestimates. This relationship is less clear for the two roundfish stocks.
Histochemical Changes in the Seed Coats Structure of Three Species of Abelmoschus (Medik.) Under Different Moisture Content Levels

The seed coat structures of 3 species of Abelmoschus were investigated through histochemistry and light microscopy to determine the nature and localization of chemical compounds present and explain the role of the different compounds on hardseededness and seed coat impermeability. Results showed the presence of lignins and phenols, both with hydrophobic characters, as proven by earlier work in the mesophyll layer of the hilar region and the palisade layer of the seed coats of A. esculentus, A. moschatus, and A. tetraphyllus var. pungens at 5%, 9% and 13% moisture content. Tannins and lipids were found in the transition part of the palisade layer and in the mesophyll with amount increasing at low seed moisture content in the transition part of A. esculentus. The presence of these compounds may contribute to hardseededness and impermeability of the seed coat.
BIOLOGY, BEHAVIOUR AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF Sphedanolestes variabilis Distant (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), A POTENTIAL PREDATOR OF LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS

th 2009 Sphedanolestes variabilis Distant laid light brown colour eggs singly as well as in small clusters of 5 to 10 eggs. The incubation period was 6.92±0.29 days. The stadial durations of I,II,III,IV and V instar nymphs were 6.83±0.58, 6.83±0.94, 6.58±1.56, 8.42±2.68 and 8.67±2.23 and 19.67±3.44 days respectively. Adult males and females lived for 93.83±13.04 and 102.83±12.69 days and their sex ratio was 1: 1 (male and female). The sequential acts of predation as well as that of mating conform to these of other harpactorine reduviids. S. variabilis exhibited Holling’s type II functional response as indicated by the positive correlation obtained between the prey density and the number of prey killed by the predator. The attack ratio decreased as the prey density was increased. A negative correlation was obtained between the searching time and the prey density.
Does neuro-anatomy award/ prize impact on student performance in the first professional examination in anatomy

Concern has been expressed about the motivational impact of neuro-anatomy award/prize in determining the overall student performance in the final professional anatomy examinations by comparing it with the result outcome of a high stake examination like neuro-anatomy incourse examination using the concept of convergent validity. A total of 57 third year medical students with the records of their grades/scores (Mean ± SD) in the various assessments criteria, were analyzed. In this study, the neuro-incourse examination was consistently a high predictor (r = 0.80; P<0.01) of student performance compared to other incourse examinations (1st incourse, r = 0.60; P<0.01 and 2nd incourse, r = 0.30; P < 0.01 respectively). However, the neuro-incourse examination tests students’ performance in a relatively difficult module and was found to be consistently correlated and highest when compared with the overall professional examination as a result of student motivation. Key words: Motivation, medical students, neuro-anatomy, curriculum, assessment, professional examination, anatomy, performance, Lagos.
Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis of Ethiopian white lupine (Lupinus albus L.)

White lupine ( Lupinus albus L.) collected from two zones (West Gojjam and Awi) of Amhara region and one zone (Metekel) of Benishangul - Gumuz regional state of Ethiopia were studied using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in an attempt to assess the genetic diversity. Four ISSR primers of which three were dinucleotide repeats and one, a penta nucleotide repeat amplified a total of 39 clear and reproducible bands. Both unweighted pair- group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) phenograms and a neighbor joining (NJ) trees were constructed for the individuals and populations using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. The dendrogram clearly indicated four distinct groups/populations based on the area of origin. The principal coordinates (PCO) analysis also recovered UPGMA and neighbor joining tree groups, although Amhara region white lupine were intermixed with each other. The genetic diversity among white lupine population considered in the present study indicated that Merawi was the highest (0.223) followed by Addis Kidam, Sekela and Wembera with genetic diversity of 0.198, 0.189 and 0.167, respectively. Generally, Amhara region white lupine (0.203) population shows higher genetic diversity than white lupine population of B-Gumuz region (0.167). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) in both grouping and without grouping revealed larger genetic diversity within the populations (74.6%) than among populations (25.4%). Shannon’s diversity index also confirmed the existence of higher genetic diversity in Amhara region lupine populations than in Benishangul-Gumuz. Furthermore AMOVA demonstrated highly significant (P = 0.00) genetic differences among populations within groups, among groups and within populations. Of the total variation, 64.64% was attributable to within populations, 27.23% to among groups and the least, 8.13% to among populations within groups. Generally, on the basis of samples of 39 bands in the four populations, ISSR was able to reveal moderate to high levels of genetic diversity within and among Ethiopian white lupine population. Keywords: Amhara, Benishangul - Gumuz, Ethiopia, genetic diversity, ISSR, white lupine. Abbreviation: ISSR, Inter simple sequence repeats; UPGMA, unweighted pair- group method with arithmetic average; NJ, neighbor joining; PCO, principal coordinates; AMOVA, analysis of molecular variance; RAPD, random amplified polymorphic DNA; AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism.
HAPLOSPORIDIUM NELSONI (MSX) rDNA DETECTED IN OYSTERS FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THE CARIBBEAN SEA

Abstract The known range of the oyster pathogen Haplosporidium nelsoni Haskin, Stauber, and Mackin (MSX) extends along the North American Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to Florida. Our study demonstrates that H. nelsoni is also present throughout the Gulf of Mexico. Thirty of 41 oysters (73%) sampled from sites ranging from Florida to as far south as Venezuela were positive for MSX by PCR amplification of the ribosomal rRNA gene complex. DNA sequences cloned from oysters positive for H. nelsoni were ≥99% identical to H. nelsoni and clearly divergent (<89% identical) from known haplosporidian congeners, including Haplosporidium costalei Wood and Andrews (SSO). The absence of MSX epizootics in the Gulf of Mexico, despite the wide distribution of H. nelsoni infections, raises questions about pathogenicity and the host-parasite relationship in subtropical latitudes.
Violin

Pimprenettc. By Jean-Louis Martin. For Doublebass and Piano. Gerard Billaudot, Editor, 14 rue de I' Echiquier, Paris/Theodore Presser, 1983. $2.75. A preparatory piece written in first position. This composition in the key of D includes legato bowing style, slurs, and some use of eighth notes in scale form. It would be appropriate for a beginning player. This composition is similar to manv of the Carl Fischer and Belwin grade' one solos. IV.E. ]
Morphology and development of additional bony elements in the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae)

We describe the extra bony elements, plates, and osteoderms present in species of the genus Brachycephalus. Samples of eight species of Brachycephalus, including seven populations of Brachycephalus ephippium, were examined. The large additional elements associated with the skull (parotic plate) and vertebrae (vertebral and paravertebral plates) all comprise intramembranous bone, similar to that of the frontoparietal or nasal bones of the skull of most of frogs. Additionally, in the dermis of one unnamed species, we discovered and described true osteoderms. We discuss the morphological nature and diversity of theses elements and their importance as evidence of phylogenetic relationship within Brachycephalus. In summary, three distinct conditions of extra bony elements occur in the genus Brachycephalus: (1) bony plates may be present or absent in species of the genus; (2) a few, small bony plates may be developed and these may be represented by (a) paravertebral plates small and restricted to the distal ends of the transverse processes of the presacral IV, (b) parotic plates small and not covering the tops of the squamosals, and (c) ornamented spinal plates on all vertebrae; and (3) well-developed bony plates may be present as (a) paravertebral plates forming a ‘bone-shield’ on the dorsal surface of the trunk, ornamented, and visible through the integument, (b) parotic plates covering the tops of the squamosals, and (c) spinal plates associated with all vertebrae, and ornamented on vertebrate I–VI. Although the phenomenon of miniaturization may be associated with the appearance of new elements in at least some of the species in the genus, the traditional rule may not be universally applicable. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99, 752–767. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: plates – Brachycephalus ephippium – miniaturization – osteoderm – osteology.
Termite mounds alter the spatial distribution of African savanna tree species

Termite mounds form small islands of enhanced water and soil nutrient availability on otherwise dry and nutrient‐poor hill crests, which can have important impacts on the plant community. However, the way in which termite mounds alter the spatial distribution of particular tree species across broad savanna landscapes is poorly understood. We aimed to understand the nature and extent of the relationship between termite mounds and key woody savanna species at landscape scales through the use of airborne remote sensing.
Mandible morphology, dental microwear, and diet of the extinct giant rats Canariomys (Rodentia: Murinae) of the Canary Islands (Spain).

An ecomorphological approach of mandible shape through Fourier analyses combined with a paleodietary analysis of dental microwear patterns is used to reconstruct the diet of the extinct endemic Canariomys bravoi Crusafont, Pairo & Petter, 1964 and Canariomys tamarani Lopez-Martinez & Lopez-Jurado, 1987. These two large rodents, respectively, lived on Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the central islands of the Canarian Archipelago. Mandible shape and dental microwear respectively inform us on the volume of vegetal matter and on the presence of grass in the diet. Both Canariomys, which are of similar size, possess relatively similar mandible outlines and microwear patterns. For each species, a diet based on plant materials except grass is the most likely. Such results chime with the similar environments offered by the islands in which the species lived. On the contrary, molar morphology suggests different feeding habits of the two Canariomys. Thus, this suggests a case of mosaic evolution between teeth and mandibles, as well as the likely sensitivity of mandible shape to a combination of ecological and allometric factors. These new data obtained from the fossil record underline the propensity of island endemic mammals to yield surprising examples of phenotypic evolution.
Age‐dependent response of boreal forest to temperature and rainfall variability

We used measurements of CO2 exchange by six Canadian boreal forest stands to determine how sites of contrasting age respond to interannual temperature and precipitation variation. The stands ranged in age (time since last burn) from 4 to 155 years. The study included years that were anomalously cool and moist, warm and dry, cool and dry, and warm and moist. Warmer than average springs accelerated the onset of older stand (> 20 years) photosynthesis by as much as 37 days and younger stand (< 20 years) photosynthesis by as much as 25 days. The warm–dry year resulted in a marked reduction of mid‐summer CO2 uptake by the younger, but not older, stands. The mid‐summer decline in young stand photosynthesis reflected the combination of warmth and drought; similar declines were not observed during the cool–dry or warm–moist years. The annual carbon gain by the oldest stands was greatest during the warm–dry year as a result of the expanded growing season. The annual carbon gain by the youngest stands was consistent from year to year, largely as a result of offsets between increased spring photosynthesis and reduced mid‐summer photosynthesis during the warm–dry year. Night‐time CO2 efflux increased by 2–29% during the warm–moist year relative to the warm–dry year. This increase was not systematically related to age. We conclude that the major source of interannual CO2 exchange variation at the landscape scale is the ability of older, evergreen canopies to respond to warm springs by advancing the onset of photosynthesis. Drought‐related reductions in photosynthesis, moisture‐driven respiratory losses, and the effects of spring warmth on young‐stand photosynthesis are of secondary importance. The advantage conferred on older, evergreen stands during warmer years carries implications for the possible effects of climate change on boreal forest succession. Warmer temperatures may increase the competitive advantage of late successional species relative to early successional species, and also the incidence of fire, thereby accelerating plant succession and shortening the fire‐return interval.