Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MERGE AND MOVE AS COSTLY OPERATIONS

This article argues that, contrary to what is claimed by Chomsky (1995), the operation Merge (= external merge) is not inherently more economical than the operation Move (= internal merge), and that the former therefore does not necessarily block the application of the latter. This claim makes it possible to assume that the computational system has free access to the lexicon and thus to eliminate the notion of a numeration. Of course, we need some criterion to decide which derivations are in competition and we will therefore adopt Grimshaw’s (1997) claim that this is simply a matter of meaning. We will show not only that the notion of a numeration is superfluous but also that it actually gives rise to empirically wrong results.
Parsing dimensional versus diagnostic category-related patterns of reward circuitry function in behaviorally and emotionally dysregulated youth in the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) study

Context— Pediatric disorders characterized by behavioral and emotional dysregulation pose diagnostic and treatment challenges because of high comorbidity, suggesting that they may be better conceptualized dimensionally rather than categorically. Identifying neuroimaging measures associated with behavioral and emotional dysregulation in youth may inform understanding of underlying dimensional vs. disorder-specific pathophysiology.
The Effect of Integration Activities for Reduction Repetitive Behaviors in Children with Autism

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of integrated activities to reduction repetitive behavior in children with autism. The participants were students, age ranged from 4 – 10 years old, who were clinically diagnosed as autism and enrolled at Special Education Center, Loei Province. Research was single subject design with AB design. The participants were selected by purposive sampling. Over the course of 13 weeks of the study, integrated activities were designed for individual program for reduction repetitive behaviors that were negative effect to learning. These behaviors include head butting, hand flapping, finger knocking, finger banding, body shaking and hand gesturing. The behaviors in academic class were video recorded for further analysis where the frequency of the behaviors can be recorded at 1st (A), 5th (B5), 9th (B9), and 13rd (B13) Week. Video recordings were individually replayed by 2 evaluators (inter-observer reliability = 98.3%), the main researcher and research assistant who are teaching special educators and counted number of repetitive behaviors. Data were consensused and analyzed by using descriptive analysis for general information and The Wilcoxon Signed- Rank Test for analysis median difference among number of repetitive behaviors at A1, B5, B9, and B13. The result revealed that integration activities significantly decreased repetitive behaviors for children with autism between the 1st (A) and 13rd (B13) week (Median difference = -32.5, 95% confidence interval = 24.09-38.78).
Seagrass biofilm communities at a naturally <fc><fr>CO<sub>2</sub></fr></fc>â•’rich vent

Seagrass meadows are a crucial component of tropical marine reef ecosystems. Seagrass plants are colonized by a multitude of epiphytic organisms that contribute to broadening the ecological role of seagrasses. To better understand how environmental changes like ocean acidification might affect epiphytic assemblages, the microbial community composition of the epiphytic biofilm of Enhalus acroides was investigated at a natural CO2 vent in Papua New Guinea using molecular fingerprinting and nextgeneration sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes. Both bacterial and eukaryotic epiphytes formed distinct communities at the CO2-impacted site compared with the control site. This site-related CO2 effect was also visible in the succession pattern of microbial epiphytes. We further found an increased relative sequence abundance of bacterial types associated with coral diseases at the CO2-impacted site (Fusobacteria, Thalassomonas), whereas eukaryotes such as certain crustose coralline algae commonly related to healthy reefs were less diverse. These trends in the epiphytic community of E. acroides suggest a potential role of seagrasses as vectors of coral pathogens and may support previous predictions of a decrease in reef health and prevalence of diseases under future ocean acidification scenarios.
Study of pollen tube growth, cross-compatibility and fruit set in some almond genotypes

Almond is one of the most important nut crops of Maragheh, Iran. In the present study, six Maragheh indigenous genotypes with favorable traits were selected for the investigations of pollen tube growth, fruit set and their compatibility. Genotypes were pollinated by the pollen of each other. Fruit set was studied in the filed, and pollen tube growth was studied in the laboratory with florescence microscopy. Experimental design was completely randomized with different number of treatments (pollen type) and 4 repeats in all of the crosses. Data were analyzed with SAS software. Results showed that, all of the genotypes were cross compatible, although the pollen tube number in the ovary was affected by the pollen type but fruit set was not affected.
EVALUATION OF HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LEAD-ACETATE-INDUCED ALBINO RATS TREATED WITH AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF HYPOESTES ROSEA LEAF

Lead is a dangerous heavy metal which is widely spread in the environment and haematological parameters may provide an indication of lead intoxication. This study we assessed the effect of aqueous extract of Hypoestes rosea (AEHR) leaf on the haematological parameters of lead acetate induced male and female albino rats at acute and sub chronic stages in pretreatment and post treatment phases. Animals were divided into 17 groups of five each for both sexes in the treatment groups, while the positive control group had 10 animals in each sex. 8 groups were for the acute phase of the study for 21 days in each sex, while 8 were for 35 days for the sub chronic stage of the study. NC group received rat feed only, EC group received 100mg/kg bwt/day for 21 days at acute and 35 days for sub chronic. PC group received 60mg/kg b.wt per day of lead acetate for 7 days. The other 3 groups received 100mgkg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg b.wt respectively for 14 and 28 days either as pre-treatment or post treatment, for both sexes of the albino rats. Samples were taken at the end of the study period through the jugular vein under diethylether anaesthesia, Results showed that the administration of lead acetate on both sexes of the albino rats caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean HB of the albino rats. The administration of the different doses of AEHR on the albino rats showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the mean HB of all the groups as compared to the PC group. The result of our study shows that the administration of lead acetate on both sex of the albino rats caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in the WBC count of all the rats. The result of our study shows the administration of varying doses of AEHR on both sexes of the albino rats in the pretreatment and post treatment phase of the acute and chronic stage of the study showed a dose dependent reduction and reversal of the increased total WBC.
Survey of fast-neutron induced reaction cross-section data. [Fission excluded]

Sources of fast-neutrons and their spectra are discussed briefly. A critical survey of experimental techniques employed in studies of nuclear reactions (excluding fission) at E/sub n/ greater than or equal to 14 MeV is presented. The recent experimental cross section data are described concisely. Special attention is paid to the case of low-yield reactions, such as processes with trinucleon emission. A review of recently discussed cross section systematics together with an outline of some of the theoretical implications is given. 19 figures, 96 references (auth)
EFFECTS OF LOW INTENSITY BIO-RESONANCE FOCUSED ULTRASOUND ON DESTROYING CANCEROUS CELLS: A LITERATURE REVIEW Of Low Intensity Bio-Resonance Focused On Destroying Cells:

: The literature describing low-intensity ultrasound in two significant areas of cancer therapy - sonodynamic therapy and ultrasound-mediated chemotherapy - was reviewed. Each technique consistently killed cancer cells, and the bioeffects of ultrasound were attributed primarily to thermal actions and inertial cavitation. Each therapeutic modality benefited from using theranostic contrast agents composed of microbubbles for both therapy and vascular imaging. The development of these agents is critical because it establishes a therapeutic-diagnostic platform for monitoring anti-cancer therapy success. However, little attention has been paid to either the direct examination of the underlying mechanisms underlying observed bioeffects or the viability of these therapies in naturally occurring cancers in larger mammals; if such investigations yielded encouraging results, a therapy technique could be rapidly applied in treating cancer patients. Ultrasound Cancerous
Statistical properties of a randomly excited granular fluid

In this thesis we describe numerical simulations performed in one- and two-dimensions of a theoretical granular model called the Random Force Model. The properties of non-equilibrium steady state granular media, which this model is a simple example of, are still hotly debated. We begin by observing that the one-dimensional Random Force Model manifest multi-scaling behaviour brought on by the clustering of particles within the system. For high dissipation we find that the distribution of nearest neighbour distances are approximately renormalisable and devise a geometrical method that accounts for some of the structural features seen in these systems. We next study two-dimensional systems. The structure factor, S(k), is known to vary, for small k, as a power-law with an exponent D_f, referred to as the fractal dimension. We show that the value of the D_f is unchanged with respect to both dissipation and particle density and that the power-law is different from that given in any previous study. These structural features influence the long distance behaviour of individual particles by affecting the distances travelled by particles between consecutive collision. The velocity distribution, P(v), is known to strongly deviate away from Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics and we advocate that the velocity distributions have asymptotic shape which is universal over a range of dissipation and particle densities. This invariance in behaviour of the large-scale structure and velocity properties of the two-dimensional Random Force Model leads us to develop a new self-consistent model based around the motion of single high velocity particles. The background mass of low velocity particles are considered to be arrange as a fractal whereby the high velocity particles move independently in ballistic trajectories between collisions. We use this description to construct the high velocity tail of P(v), which we find to be approximately exponential. Finally we propose a method of structure formation for these systems that builds self-similarity into the system by consecutively fracturing the system into smaller parts.
Transcriptional and Metabolic Effects of Glucocorticoid Receptor (cid:2) and (cid:3) Signaling in Zebrafish

In humans and zebrafish, 2 glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) splice variants exist: the canonical GR (cid:2) -isoform (GR (cid:2) ), and the GR (cid:3) . In the present study, we have used the zebrafish model system in order to reveal genes affected by each of these 2 receptor isoforms. By injecting zebrafish embryos withdifferentsplice-blockingmorpholinos,wecouldknockdownbothGRisoformsorcouldtarget the alternative splicing of the GR pre-mRNA in favor of the GR (cid:3) . In addition, specific GR (cid:3) overexpression was achieved by injecting mRNA. Embryos were treated with the synthetic GC dexa-methasone,andtranscriptomeanalysiswasperformed.Twodistinctgeneclusterswerefoundthat were regulated by GR (cid:2) : one that was regulated by GR (cid:2) under basal conditions (presence of endogenous cortisol only), and one that was regulated upon increased activation of GR (cid:2) (using a pharmacological dose of dexamathasone). GR (cid:3) may act as a dominant-negative inhibitor of GR (cid:2) when GR (cid:3) is overexpressed and the GR (cid:2) expression level is knocked down simultaneously. How-ever, without GR (cid:2) knockdown, no evidence for this activity was found. In addition, the data indicate regulation of gene transcription through other mechanisms of action by GR (cid:3) . We also investigated the concentrations of several metabolites using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We found that dexamethasone treatment and knockdown of GR (cid:2) together with overexpression of GR (cid:3) had opposite effects on glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid levels. Thus, we have shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of GC-induced effects on metabolism, which are known to increase the risk of obesity, hyperglycemia, and diabetes. ( Endocrinology 156: 1757–1769, 2015)
Differences in Replication and HIV Persistence During Suppressive ART.

Background. The association between subclinical cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication and HIV persistence has not been investigated in cis-gender women with HIV. Methods. Fifty virologically suppressed female participants with HIV were prospectively enrolled and provided oral, vaginal, and urine samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells at 1 cross-sectional time point. CMV DNA was quantified in each specimen by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cellular HIV DNA and HIV RNA transcripts (unspliced and multiply spliced [ms] encoding tat-rev) were quantified by droplet digital (dd) PCR in peripheral blood cells. Forty-nine male individuals with HIV and CMV (historical data) were used as controls. Results. Levels of cellular HIV DNA and unspliced HIV RNA were not different between sexes, but female participants had less detectable msHIV RNA and CMV DNA compared with males (both P < .01). Unlike previously described for males, the presence of CMV DNA was not associated with increased HIV DNA in females. Among female participants, premenopausal status was independently associated with lower HIV DNA compared with postmenopause, after adjusting for nadir CD4 count ( P < .01). Conclusions. Female participants with HIV had reduced cellular HIV RNA and less subclinical CMV DNA compared with males but overall similar HIV DNA levels in our study. Postmenopausal status was independently associated with higher HIV DNA levels among female participants.
Numerical Analysis of Flow in the Gap between a Simplified Tractor-Trailer Model and Cross Vortex Trap Device

 Abstract — Heavy trucks are aerodynamically inefficient due to their un-streamlined body shapes, leading to more than of 60% engine power being required to overcome the aerodynamics drag at 60 m/hr. There are many aerodynamics drag reduction devices developed and this paper presents a study on a drag reduction device called Cross Vortex Trap Device (CVTD) deployed in the gap between the tractor and the trailer of a simplified tractor-trailer model. Numerical simulations have been carried out at Reynolds number 0.51×10 6 based on inlet flow velocity and height of the trailer using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. Three different configurations of CVTD have been studied, ranging from single to three slabs, equally spaced on the front face of the trailer. Flow field around three different configurations of trap device have been analysed and presented. The results show that a maximum of 12.25% drag reduction can be achieved when a triple vortex trap device is used. Detailed flow field analysis along with pressure contours are presented to elucidate the drag reduction mechanisms of CVTD and why the triple vortex trap configuration produces the maximum drag reduction among the three configurations tested.
IN SEARCH OF THE EXPRESSIVE CITIZEN CITIZENSHIP NORMS AND YOUTH POLITICAL EXPRESSION ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Scholars have often used generational changes in citizenship norms to theorize new forms of youth political expression on social media. Public opinion data has been employed to demonstrate that young people’s perceptions of what it means to be a “good citizen” (i.e., injunctive citizenship norms) have shifted toward models of citizenship that value self-expression. Yet several fundamental assumptions of this dominant image of the young “expressive citizen” remain untested. Using data from a national survey of young Americans (ages 18–24) collected during the 2018 US midterm election, the present study examines: a) if youth indeed view expression as a relatively important part of being a good citizen; and b) if injunctive norms concerning political expression are positively associated with engagement in political expression on social media. Findings indicate that injunctive expressive norms are distinct, but rated as the least important of all injunctive norms. Further, injunctive expressive norms were only modestly associated with social media political expression and difficult to empirically distinguish from what respondents viewed as personally important (i.e., personal expressive norms). While these findings challenge the way past research has theorized and measured the normative role of political expression among young people,
Extrasynaptic (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors on proprioceptive afferents produce a tonic depolarization that modulates sodium channel function in the rat spinal cord

Extrasynaptic (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors on proprioceptive afferents produce a tonic depolarization that modulates sodium channel function in the rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 120: 2953–2974, jn.00499. 2018. —Activation of GABA A receptors on sensory axons produces a primary afferent depolarization (PAD) that modulates sensory transmission in the spinal cord. While axoaxonic synaptic contacts of GABAergic interneurons onto afferent terminals have been extensively studied, less is known about the function of extrasynaptic GABA receptors on afferents. Thus, we examined extrasyn- aptic (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors on low-threshold proprioceptive (group Ia) and cutaneous afferents. Afferents were impaled with intracellular electrodes and ﬁlled with neurobiotin in the sacrocaudal spinal cord of rats. Confocal microscopy was used to reconstruct the afferents and locate immunolabelled (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors. In all afferents (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors were found throughout the extensive central axon arbors. They were most densely located at branch points near sodium channel nodes, including in the dorsal horn. Unexpectedly, proprioceptive afferent terminals on motoneurons had a relative lack of (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors. When recording intracellularly from these afferents, blocking (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors (with L655708, gabazine, or bicuculline) hyperpolarized the afferents, as did blocking neuronal activity with tetrodotoxin, indicating a tonic GABA tone and tonic PAD. This tonic PAD was increased by repeatedly stimulating the dorsal root at low rates and remained elevated for many seconds after the stimulation. It is puzzling that tonic PAD arises from (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors located far from the afferent terminal where they can have relatively little effect on terminal presynaptic inhibition. However, consistent with the nodal location of (cid:2) 5 GABA A receptors, we ﬁnd tonic PAD helps produce sodium spikes that propagate antidromically out the dorsal roots, and we suggest that it may well be involved in assisting spike transmission in general. on proprioceptive Ia afferents. found pref- erentially near nodal sodium channels throughout the afferent and were largely absent from afferent terminals. These receptors produced a tonic afferent depolarization that modulated sodium spikes, consis- tent with their location.
Stock market integration between the BRICS countries -Long-term investment opportunities Aktiemarknadsintegration mellan BRICS länderna -Långsiktiga investeringsmöjligheter

This paper investigates the long-term diversification opportunities that exists for global investors among the BRICS nations. It analyzes how risk-averse investors can allocate funds between the countries in order to maximize the expected return in relation to the overall risk. It utilizes an empirical cointegration approach in tandem with modern portfolio theory during the time period 1999-2019. The empirical results of cointegration that is found supports the suggestion that the BRICS markets have a stable risk-premium between each other and that they all share similar systematic risk factors. The results further support the construction of a portfolio solely compromising of stocks from four out of the five BRICS markets, since then they do not share any long-run co-movements with each other. Moreover, the markets of Brazil, India, China and South Africa are strong candidates for reducing portfolio risk without sacrificing the adjusted portfolio return. The results also indicate several causal relationships between the nations, with China as the main driving force. This suggest that shocks in the Chinese market will spread and effect the rest of the BRICS markets, either directly or through one of the other markets. This is important knowledge for global policy-makers since China could be affected by markets outside the co-operation and subsequently transfer it to the rest of the BRICS markets. Since the countries accounts approximately 25 % of the global GDP, policy-makers must act with great care before implementing economic policies against China, since the consequences can have a much larger and wider effect than they anticipate.
Growth hormone acts along the PPAR (cid:2) -FSP27 axis to stimulate lipolysis in human adipocytes

Growth hormone acts along the PPAR (cid:2) -FSP27 axis to stimulate lipolysis in human adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 316: E34–E42, 2019. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00129. 2018. —The lipolytic effects of growth hormone (GH) have been known for half a century and play an important physiological role for substrate metabolism during fasting. In addition, sustained GH-induced lipolysis is causally linked to insulin resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we obtained experimental data in human subjects and used human adipose-derived stromal vascular cells (hADSCs) as a model system to elucidate GH-triggered molecular signaling that stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis and insulin resistance in human adipocytes. We discovered that GH downregulates the expression of fat-speciﬁc protein (FSP27), a negative regulator of lipolysis, by impairing the transcriptional ability of the master transcriptional regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (cid:2) (PPAR (cid:2) ) via MEK/ERK activation. Ul-timately, GH treatment promotes phosphorylation of PPAR (cid:2) at Ser 273 and causes its translocation from nucleus to the cytosol. Surprisingly, FSP27 overexpression inhibited PPAR (cid:2) Ser 273 phosphorylation and promoted its nuclear retention. GH antagonist treatment had similar effects. Our study identiﬁes a novel signaling mechanism by which GH transcriptionally induces lipolysis via the MEK/ERK pathway that acts along PPAR (cid:2) -FSP27 in human adipose tissue.