Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The ecological significance of the diel periodicity of photosynthetic pigments in marine phytoplankton

approved: e s in Marine P yt plankton Herbert C. CuFl, Jr. The concentrations of the photosynthetic pigments, chlorophylla andc exhibit a diel periodicity in situ off of the Oregon coast. At depths to 15 meters, and occasionally 25 meters, the maximum concentrations of these pigments occur during the early evening to the middle of the night with minimum concentrations usually in the late afternoon. At 50 meters, the maximum concentration usually occurs during the day and the minimum concentration at night. The ubiquitous marine diatom Skeleton-erna costatum was used to study this phenomenon in the laboratory. Cultures of this diatom were grown under three light intensities and spectral qualities simulating surface, 10, and 50 meter light conditions, and three photoperiods of 9, 12, and 16 hours. At the higher light intensities, and photoperiods of 12 and 16 hours, the cellular concentration of chiorophylla andc showed a maximum several hours into the dark period, Redacted for privacy then a decline into the middle of the light period followed by an increase again into the dark period. At lower light intensities, such as at the simulated 50 meter depth, the opposite occurred, i. e. , the maximum concentration of these pigments occurred in the light period and minimum concentration in the dark period. Experiments were performed which showed bleaching to be the cause of the minimum concentration in the light period. Decline of chlorophyll that occurred in the dark period was delayed by the addition of an external carbon source in the form of glucose and pyruvic acid. It appears that chlorophyll synthesis can occur in the dark in Skeletonema, and perhaps other diatoms, and that an energy-yielding substrate is necessary to maintain chlorophyll in the dark. The diel periodicity of photosynthetic pigments in situ at sea is seen to be controlled by light, not grazing, which would cause the chlorophyll minimum to occur at night, not during the day as seen. The chlorophyll concentration of cells in nature appears to be a short-term adjustment rather than a long-term adaptation. The ecological significance of these diel changes in chlorophyll content in response to light is that of keeping a constant photosynthetic rate. At lower light intensities, chlorophyll is synthesized and assimilation increased due to a higher concentration of this catalyst. At higher light intensities, bleaching occurs, decreasing the concentration of chlorophyll. This may prevent the build-up of harmful substances at higher light intensities. The chlorophyll method of estimating primary production at sea requires correction factors for the diel periodicity of chlorophyll. The Ecological Significance of the Diel Periodicity of Photosynthetic Pigments in Marine Phytoplankton
Dietary unsaturated fat improves high density lipoprotein function: opposing roles of apoE and apoCIII

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of cholesterol-rich plaques in the arteries, is the pathophysiological process behind cardiovascular disease mortality. High density lipoproteins (HDL) are the body’s only vehicle for removal and excretion of cholesterol from atherosclerotic plaques, a process called reverse cholesterol transport. Presumably as a result of this important function, plasma concentrations of HDL-cholesterol (-C) are one of the strongest inverse predictors of cardiovascular disease risk. However, therapeutics that increase HDL-C do not protect against cardiovascular disease mortality. This paradox has compelled a shift to improving HDL function rather than necessarily increasing plasma HDL-C. Emerging evidence suggests that the protein content of HDL, which largely has been underutilized in HDL research, could be leveraged to improve HDL function. Apolipoproteins (apo) E and CIII are two HDL proteins that have established roles in lipid metabolism. ApoE is essential for the clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins (TRL) from plasma, and it presumably serves a similar function on HDL. ApoCIII impedes the clearance of TRL and promotes the development of hypertriglyceridemia. HDL containing apoCIII no longer has a protective association with cardiovascular disease risk, suggesting that apoCIII makes HDL dysfunctional. ApoE and apoCIII form subpopulations, or subspecies, on HDL, and have opposing functions in vitro, in vivo,
Molecular bases underlying chromosome fragility at Replication Slow Zones in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chromosome rearrangements such as translocations and deletions are frequently associated with human cancers. Such rearrangement of the chromosome can be initiated by a DNA break (DSB) that, when inappropriately repaired, may alter chromosome structure. Mammalian common fragile sites are the best-characterised, naturally occurring breakage-prone regions and are deleted or rearranged in many tumour cells. Analogous chromosomal regions also exist in the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae. One example of a yeast fragile site is the replication slow zone (RSZ), so called because the rate of replication fork progression through these regions is slow compared to other regions within the same chromosome. Inactivation of the essential checkpoint kinase, Mec1, in mec1-ts mutants results in replication fork stalling followed by chromosome breakage at RSZs. Interestingly, inhibition of ATR, the mammalian homologue of Mec1, also leads to chromosome instability at common fragile sites, suggesting that the mechanism by which endogenous DSBs are generated is conserved between yeast and mammals. This study aims to enhance our current understanding of common fragile sites using yeast RSZs as a model. First, RSZs were characterised in terms of chromosomal features and determinants in order to identify similarities between RSZs and mammalian common fragile sites and to assess whether yeast RSZs as a suitable system for studying common fragile sites in more complex organisms. Next, the mechanism underlying chromosome fragility at RSZs was investigated by examining the contribution of various chromosomal processes to break formation at these sites. These include: (i) replication fork restart processes (ii) spindle force, (iii) chromosome condensation and decatenation, (iv) chromosome segregation, and (v) cytokinesis. The analyses suggest that chromosome breakage within RSZs requires the actions of the evolutionarily conserved type II topoisomerase and condensin complex. Finally, factors involved in maintaining the stability of RSZs were also explored. The Rrm3 helicase and Psy2 phosphatase complex were found to suppress chromosome breakage at RSZs in a manner dependent on Tel1, another checkpoint kinase. These findings suggest that Tel1 is somehow implicated in chromosome stability at RSZs. The findings presented in this study further our understanding of RSZs and the molecular bases governing their fragility, providing some insight into the mechanism of fragile site instability in mammals.
Perspectives of Families and School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists on the Augmentative Alternative Communication (AAC) Experience

This study compared the perspectives of pair-matched school-based speech language pathologists (SLPs) and families of students who use speech-generating devices (SGDs). Data was collected via an online survey that gathered information related to six domains: the assessment process, the support provided by the SLP, the student’s goals, the family and SLP’s knowledge and perceptions of the SGD, the student’s use of the SGD, and family-centered services. Thirteen pairs of SLPs and parents responded to the survey. Their responses were compared to calculate percent agreement within each pair. An additional 31 SLPs and 9 parents, who did not create pairs, also completed the survey. Their responses were analyzed separately. Results revealed that there was an overall high level of agreement within pairs, indicating parents and SLPs had similar views on the AAC experience. However, responses from unpaired SLPs and family members were variable. In particular, parents who responded whose SLP did not, reported having very different views from their child’s SLP and indicated overall dissatisfaction with the services their child received from the SLP. Clinical implications for SLPs include seeking continuing education opportunities to develop their knowledge and skills in the areas of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and family-centered services. There is a need for professionals to provide familycentered services, particularly by understanding family’s preferences for support, as well as the family’s priorities for their child’s communication. Furthermore, the need for SLPs to train other professionals in the school setting to support students who use AAC is also discussed.
Analysis of balsam pear tissue culture system.

Balsam pear is an important vegetable,but the tissue culture research of it keeps slow.This study uses Binjing Ⅱ,Changbai and Biyu,planted widely in Chongqing as materials to do tissue culture.We aim at perfecting the balsam pear tissue culture system.We have found out the substrates,be suit for hypocotyls,are MS+6-BA 3-5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L.The average differentiation rate is 9.37 %. And the differentiation speed is very fast.It can differentiat after 5-6 d.Some faster one can differentiat after 2-3 d.16. 71 % is the highest differentiation rate when hypocotyls of Biyu are putting in the substrate of MS+6-BA 3 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L.Cotyledon differentiation result is bad.
Improving information retrieval bug localisation using contextual heuristics

Software developers working on unfamiliar systems are challenged to identify where and how high-level concepts are implemented in the source code prior to performing maintenance tasks. Bug localisation is a core program comprehension activity in software maintenance: given the observation of a bug, e.g. via a bug report, where is it located in the source code? Information retrieval (IR) approaches see the bug report as the query, and the source files as the documents to be retrieved, ranked by relevance. Current approaches rely on project history, in particular previously fixed bugs and versions of the source code. Existing IR techniques fall short of providing adequate solutions in finding all the source code files relevant for a bug. Without additional help, bug localisation can become a tedious, time- consuming and error-prone task. My research contributes a novel algorithm that, given a bug report and the application’s source files, uses a combination of lexical and structural information to suggest, in a ranked order, files that may have to be changed to resolve the reported bug without requiring past code and similar reports. I study eight applications for which I had access to the user guide, the source code, and some bug reports. I compare the relative importance and the occurrence of the domain concepts in the project artefacts and measure the effectiveness of using only concept key words to locate files relevant for a bug compared to using all the words of a bug report. Measuring my approach against six others, using their five metrics and eight projects, I position an effected file in the top-1, top-5 and top-10 ranks on average for 44%, 69% and 76% of the bug reports respectively. This is an improvement of 23%, 16% and 11% respectively over the best performing current state-of-the-art tool. Finally, I evaluate my algorithm with a range of industrial applications in user studies, and found that it is superior to simple string search, as often performed by developers. These results show the applicability of my approach to software projects without history and offers a simpler light-weight solution.
The multiple faces of indirect defences and their agents of natural selection

Summary 1. Plants commonly attract predatory and parasitoid organisms, and may thereby increase resistance against antagonistic herbivores. Mechanisms for indirect resistance include the provision of resources (e.g. food and shelter) for predators as well as the provision of information (e.g. herbivore-induce volatiles) on the location of hosts and prey that can facilitate the foraging behaviour of natural enemies of herbivores. 2. These ecologically divergent mechanisms for attracting bodyguards should also differ fundamentally in their evolution, particularly in how herbivores and their predators select on plant resistance traits. However, these different strategies are typically lumped together in theoretical discussions of indirect defences. 3. Here we highlight the fundamental differences between resource-mediated and information-mediated indirect resistance and discuss the relative evolutionary impacts of the interacting organisms as agents of natural selection in shaping indirect defence traits of plants. 4. We review clear evidence for a defensive function of resource-mediated indirect resistance, and recognize a significant lack of evidence for an adaptive function of information-mediated traits. A comparison of the underlying factors driving coevolution in each category of indirect defences, suggests that information-mediated indirect resistance is less likely to be subject to coevolution between plants and the third trophic level.
PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF TWO LAYING HYBRIDS REARED WITHIN CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS (CAGE BATTERIES) IN SMALL SIZE FARMS

During 2009, an experiment has been carried on, in order to assess the best productive response between two commercial laying hybrids to the conditions provided by small farms endorsed with pyramidal cage system. There were used 500 Lohmann Brown hens (LB group) and 500 Hisex Brown hens (HB group) during the laying peak period (age 25-28 weeks). Microclimate and feed quality were provided in accordance with the technological guides, while feeding and eggs collection have been run manually. Certain production parameters were investigated: eggs yield, laying intensity, casualties and the ration between normal/abnormal shell eggs. Quantitative traits were analyzed for the entire flocks, while eggs quality was studied on 100 eggs/group, every week. The data achieved till the 28 th week of fowl life suggested better adaptability of the Lohmann hens to the conditions of a small family farm (91.53% peak laying intensity, 0.80% cumulated mortality, 98.33% eggs with intact eggshell). The performances of the other hybrid were slightly lower (91.30% laying, 1.20% casualties and 98.16 % marketable eggs). Therefore, both hybrids could be used in small farm eggs production, as long as the microclimate and feeding environment is provided at the required levels. It would be provoking to assess the response of these hybrids to a free range husbandry system, run in small family farms, under the outdoor climate conditions of Kurdistan area.
Evaluation of Intra and Inter-specific Variability among Species of Curcuma using Microsatellite Markers

Microsatellite markers such as ISSRs and SSRs were used to study the genetic variability among 15 selected accessions in 8 species of Curcuma germplasm comprising of two accessions in each of the seven Curcuma species and one of C. longa. Of the primers tested, 10 (out of 10) ISSR and 7 (out of 10) SSR primers were selected for their reproducibility and high polymorphism. A total of 166 polymorphic ISSR bands were detected out of 176 bands and a total of 123 polymorphic SSR bands were detected out of 135 bands. Results demonstrated an extensive genetic variability within the selected accessions as well as the value of ISSR and SSR markers in characterization of Curcuma species. Marker scoring data was used to construct UPGMA dendrogram and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. For both markers a high similarity in dendrogram clustering was obtained. All dendrograms, including that obtained by the combined use of both the ISSR and SSR marker data, depicted the genetic relationship/variability among the accessions, depending upon their species similarity/dissimilarity.
The Digital Transformation and the Transformation of International Trade

The digital transformation has facilitated old modes of trade and business models and enabled the creation of entirely new ones. Digital disruption is being felt across all modes of trades: digital versions of products or services compete with physically embodied versions; and digital distribution/facilitation business models compete with traditional distribution business models. Net neutrality, digital market access, data localization and freedom of cross-border data flows, privacy, and conditions of competition are just a few of the regulatory issues raised as the digital transformation changes the way international trade is conducted. To facilitate the analysis of the role that trade agreements play or might play, this note suggests a classification of the modes in which trade is conducted as it progressively shifts into the digital or digitally-facilitated realm. We also identify the areas where resistance has been encountered, categorize the nature of the measures that have been introduced, and review the approaches taken by the major digital economy players in framing regulations for digital and digitally-enabled trade in the regional trade agreements in which they are engaged. Against this background, we draw conclusions for the prospects of a multilateral agreement to set out the rules of the road to enable inclusive growth in the knowledge-based and data-driven economy that the digital transformation is bringing into being.
Causes of mortality in captive Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei) at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP) Qatar from 2001-2007.

Since 1999, a population of Speke’s gazelles (Gazella spekei) has been managed at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP) in Doha, State of Qatar. As the population at AWWP seems to have suffered unprecedented declines, as compared to other gazelles at AWWP, over the last few years, it was decided to retrospectively evaluate all 206 necropsy reports recorded between 2001 and 2007 to investigate the reasons behind the observed mortality. Postmortem findings indicating lung infections accounted for almost 30 % of all deaths, followed by traumatic injuries (17.9 %) and maternal neglect leading to starvation and death in neonatal animals (13.5 %). Animals between 10 days and 1 year of age showed a higher tendency toward problems with lung infections, whereas animals between 2 and 3 years of age died more often because of traumatic injuries. Individuals older than 3 years of age often suffer from lung infection but usually in combination with other illnesses, such as renal and gastrointestinal diseases.
Simple Sequence Repeat Development, Polymorphism and Genetic Mapping in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

SIMPLE SEQUNCE REPEAT DEVELOPMENT, POLYMORPHISM AND GENETIC MAPPING IN QUINOA (CHENOPODIUM QUINOA WILLD.) David E. Jarvis Department of Plant and Animal Sciences Master of Science Quinoa is an important, highly nutritional grain crop in the Andean region of South America. DNA markers and linkage maps are important tools for the improvement of underdeveloped crops such as quinoa. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a new set of SSR markers to augment the number of SSR markers available in quinoa, and (ii) construct a new genetic linkage map of quinoa based on SSRs using multiple recombinant-inbred line (RIL) populations. Here we report the development of 216 new polymorphic SSR markers from libraries enriched for GA, CAA, and AAT repeats, as well as 6 SSR markers developed from BAC-end sequences (BES-SSRs). Heterozygosity (H) values of the SSR markers ranged from 0.12 to 0.90, with an average value of 0.56. These new SSR and BES-SSR markers were analyzed on two RIL mapping populations (designated Population 1 and Population 40), each obtained by crossing Altiplano and coastal ecotypes of quinoa. Additional markers, including AFLPs, two 11S seed storage protein loci, a SNP, and the nucleolar organizing region (NOR), were also analyzed on one or both populations. Linkage maps were constructed for both populations. The Population 1 map contains 275 markers, including 200 SSR and 70 AFLP markers, as well as five additional markers. The map consists of 41 linkage groups (LGs) covering 913 cM. The Population 40 map contains 68 markers, including 62 SSR and six BES-SSR markers, and consists of 20 LGs covering 353 cM. Thirty-nine anchor markers common between both maps were used to combine 15 Population 1 LGs with 13 Population 40 LGs. The resulting integrated map consists of 13 LGs containing 140 SSR, 48 AFLP, four BES-SSR, one SNP, and one NOR marker spanning a total of 606 cM. A high level of segregation distortion was observed in both populations, indicating possible chromosomal regions associated with gametophytic factors or QTLs conferring a selective advantage under the particular growing conditions. As these maps are based primarily on easily-transferable SSR markers, they are particularly suitable for applications in the underdeveloped Andean regions where quinoa is grown.
An examination of the effects of using glycerol and wheat dry distillers grains with soluble in sheep diets

III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VIII LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS X PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS X CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS XI TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII LIST OF TABLES XIX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXII CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 REFERENCES 5 CHAPTER 2. EFFECTS OF USING GLYCEROL AND WHEAT DRY DISTILLERS’ GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES IN BEEF CATTLE AND LAMB DIETS. A REVIEW ON RUMEN METABOLISM, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, AND FATTY ACID PROFILES 8 2.
Red blood cell distribution width to estimate lupus activity

Objective The aim of the study was to study red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients as a lupus activity marker. Background SLE is a multifactorial systemic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs. The general pathogenesis of this disease still needs a better understanding. RDW is a measure of the red blood cell size variation. Patient and methods This prospective study was carried in the Internal Medicine Department, Menoufia University Hospital, from March 2016 to August 2016. Our study included 58 patients with SLE activity, which was measured using the Systemic Lupus Erythematous Disease Activity Index. RDW was measured as one of the parameters of complete blood count. RDW was reported on the Sysmex XT. In this study we excluded any other causes of anemia and other connective tissue diseases. Results The study included 58 SLE patients: 20 systemic lupus patients with high activity and 38 systemic lupus patients with very high activity. RDW was higher in systemic lupus patients with very high activity than in systemic lupus patients with high activity. There was a highly significant correlation between RDW and Systemic Lupus Erythematous Disease Activity Index. There was a highly significant correlation between RDW and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Conclusion There was statistically higher RDW in lupus patients with very high activity than in those with high activity; therefore, RDW can be used as a lupus activity marker. RDW was associated with the inflammatory process of SLE.