Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symmetry operators for neutrino and Dirac fields on curved spacetime

We characterize tensorially all first-order differential operators whose commutator with the massless Dirac operator is proportional to it on a general curved background in terms of skew-symmetric tensors satisfying conformally invariant generalizations of the Killing-Yano equations. The same problem is also solved for the massive charged Dirac equation on a general curved background.
Interplanetary rotational discontinuities: From the solar wind to the magnetosphere through the magnetosheath

For the first time the evolution of interplanetary rotational discontinuities (RDs) are observed in the solar wind, in the magnetosheath and in the dayside magnetosphere by the ISEE 1‐2‐3 spacecraft. Interaction of a RD with the bow shock builds up a transient density event (TDE) in the magnetosheath, displaying two density peaks anticorrelated to the magnetic field modulus. TDEs are convected from the bow shock to the dayside magnetopause without spreading. The duration of a TDE is around 15 s and two close TDEs can merge in a single structure. The density in a TDE exceeds the surrounding level by a factor of about 35%, while the field modulus can decrease by a large amount. The interaction of a TDE with the magnetopause is analyzed in terms of impulsive penetration process. The element of plasma injected in the magnetosphere is filamentary, its signature is different from the signature of a flux transfer event or a surface wave.
Rural-Urban Determinants of Receiving Skilled Birth Attendants among Women in Bangladesh: Evidence from National Survey 2017-18

Background SBAs (skilled birth attendants) play a crucial role in reducing maternal mortality. The proportion of maternal healthcare in Bangladesh that receives quality care at birth has increased; the reasons for this are unknown. The purpose of this study is to see if there has been a change in the use of specific maternal healthcare indicators in urban and rural areas, as well as significant risk factors. Materials and Methods The data set was extracted from a nationally representative survey based on a cross-sectional study, the Bangladesh Health and Demographic Survey (BDHS) 2017-18. The frequency distribution reveals the general state of SBAs. To identify the association, we performed the chi-square test. Finally, multiple logistic regression was used to analyse the factors associated with SBAs and determine the degree of SBAs disparity between urban and rural areas. Results In Bangladesh, 53% of women received SBAs during childbirth, with urban and rural areas receiving 68.1 and 52.2 percent, respectively. Women with secondary (AOR: 1.79, CI: 1.05–3.08) and higher (AOR: 4.18, CI: 2.09–8.50) education were more likely to receive SBAs than women in urban areas who were illiterate. Husband's education, women's working status, wealth index, children's birth order, and number of ANC visit are significant factors in receiving SBSs in both urban and rural areas. Higher educated husbands are 1.83 times (AOR = 1.83, CI: 1.04–3.25, p = 0.037) and 1.82 times (AOR = 1.82, CI: 1.29–2.59, p = 0.001) more likely to attend skilled births than uneducated husbands in both urban and rural areas. Respondents from the richest families are more likely to attend skilled births than those from the poorest families in both urban and rural areas. Conclusion During delivery, significant risk factors are substantially related to SBAs. More attention must be given to rural and illiterate populations, who are less likely to obtain these services, to minimize maternal and neonatal mortality. Special programs could be developed to raise awareness and facilitate the poor in receiving the basic necessities of maternal care.
Phenomenology Is Too Abstract for Psychopathology

The phenomenological approach is a science that has its roots in the tradition of psychiatric science (Binswanger et al., 1896). Phenomenology intuits the content of consciousness precisely and distinguishes between concepts so that it can provide knowledge about the nature of consciousness. As the basis for scientific psychology and psychiatry, the phenomenological approach allows for a clearer understanding of the nature of mental disorders. This essay argues that phenomenology is not abstract to psychiatry is the foundation of psychiatry and has a distinguished role in psychiatry. The essay begins with an introduction to the origins and history of phenomenology and describes the psychiatric relevance of phenomenology. It then presents several arguments against Karl Jaspers’ phenomenology. It concludes by suggesting the role of phenomenology in understanding the lifeworld of people with schizophrenia.
Optimal stochastic estimation with exponential cost criteria

The expected value of the exponential of a weighted quadratic sum of the squares of the estimation error is minimized with respect to the state estimate subject to a Gauss-Markov system. The state estimates are assumed to be a function of the measurement history up to the stage time of the state vector. The estimator which optimizes this exponential cost criterion is linear but is not a conditional mean estimator such as the Kalman filter. This shows that the implications of Sherman's theorem are restricted to functions of the estimates which have access to the same measurement history such as in smoothing problems. In the solution process the expectation operation is replaced by an extremization operation allowing the formulation of a deterministic discrete time game. The saddle point estimator resulting from this game is the same as that obtained from the solution of an associated disturbance attenuation problem. This optimal stochastic estimator which generalizes the Kalman filter can feature the estimation error of certain states over others by the choice of the quadratic weighting matrices in the cost criterion. Correlation between the measurement and process noises is included. <<ETX>>
Comparison between Dual-Doppler and EnKF Storm-Scale Wind Analyses: Observing System Simulation Experiments with a Supercell Thunderstorm

AbstractKinematical analyses of mobile radar observations are critical to advancing the understanding of supercell thunderstorms. Maximizing the accuracy of these and subsequent dynamical analyses, and appropriately characterizing the uncertainty in ensuing conclusions about storm structure and processes, requires thorough knowledge of the typical errors obtained using different retrieval techniques. This study adopts an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) framework to explore the errors obtained from ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) assimilation versus dual-Doppler analysis (DDA) of storm-scale mobile radar data. The radar characteristics and EnKF model errors are varied to explore a range of plausible scenarios.When dual-radar data are assimilated, the EnKF produces substantially better wind retrievals at higher altitudes, where DDAs are more sensitive to unaccounted flow evolution, and in data-sparse regions such as the storm inflow sector. Near the ground, however, the EnKF analyses are compara.
Extending the Pseudo-Phase Model of Detergent–Lipid Dispersions by a Detergent-Binding Protein

Mixed micellar drug delivery systems for poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are easy to produce and long-term stable, because they represent equilibrium structures. However, their fate after intravenous injection is still largely unknown. Once injected into the bloodstream, they can potentially convert to vesicles or disappear altogether, with both API and excipients being picked up by blood components. Our study aimed at reducing the gap between the good, quantitative understanding of aqueous glycocholate (GC)–lecithin dispersions alone and the highly complex situation in the blood. To this end, we extended the pseudophase model previously established for lipid–detergent dispersions to include the detergent-binding protein albumin as another component. The model predicted a quaternary phase diagram with planar phase boundaries defined by key parameters of the ternary subsystems, which were then determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. They include the aqueous GC concentration upon bilayer-micelle coexistence, 5.2 mM, the GC-to-lipid mole ratios in coexisting bilayers (Resat = 0.2) and micelles (Resol = 0.7), as well as the capacity of the albumin to bind 0.1 GC molecules with a dissociation constant of KD = 0.1 mM and 6 GC molecules with KD = 0.7 mM. Subsequent measurements in the quaternary system showed phase boundaries in good agreement with the model predictions. In addition, the critical micelle concentration of GC shows a minimal value (midpoint of transition) of 9.1 mM at the temperature of 24 °C where the demicellization enthalpy is zero. The demicellization process is accompanied by a heat capacity change of 29 cal/mol K. The model improves the understanding of the mixed micellar drug delivery systems. The success of the approach encourages including even more blood components, like lipoproteins, to a quantitative treatment.
Three‐dimensional analysis of membrane structures associated with tomato spotted wilt virus infection

Abstract To study viral infection, the direct structural visualization of the viral life cycle consisting of virus attachment, entry, replication, assembly and transport is essential. Although conventional electron microscopy (EM) has been extremely helpful in the investigation of virus–host cell interactions, three‐dimensional (3D) EM not only provides important information at the nanometer resolution, but can also create 3D maps of large volumes, even entire virus‐infected cells. Here, we determined the ultrastructural details of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)‐infected plant cells using focused ion beam scanning EM (FIB‐SEM). The viral morphogenesis and dynamic transformation of paired parallel membranes (PPMs) were analyzed. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane network consisting of tubules and sheets was related to viral intracellular trafficking and virion storage. Abundant lipid‐like bodies, clustering mitochondria, cell membrane tubules, and myelin‐like bodies were likely associated with viral infection. Additionally, connecting structures between neighboring cells were found only in infected plant tissues and showed the characteristics of tubular structure. These novel connections that formed continuously in the cell wall or were wrapped by the cell membranes of neighboring cells appeared frequently in the large‐scale 3D model, suggesting additional strategies for viral trafficking that were difficult to distinguish using conventional EM.
On Krylov Subspace Approximations to the Matrix Exponential Operator

Krylov subspace methods for approximating the action of matrix exponentials are analyzed in this paper. We derive error bounds via a functional calculus of Arnoldi and Lanczos methods that reduces the study of Krylov subspace approximations of functions of matrices to that of linear systems of equations. As a side result, we obtain error bounds for Galerkin-type Krylov methods for linear equations, namely, the biconjugate gradient method and the full orthogonalization method. For Krylov approximations to matrix exponentials, we show superlinear error decay from relatively small iteration numbers onwards, depending on the geometry of the numerical range, the spectrum, or the pseudospectrum. The convergence to exp$(\tau A)v$ is faster than that of corresponding Krylov methods for the solution of linear equations $(I-\tau A)x=v$, which usually arise in the numerical solution of stiff ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We therefore propose a new class of time integration methods for large systems of nonlinear differential equations which use Krylov approximations to the exponential function of the Jacobian instead of solving linear or nonlinear systems of equations in every time step.
Child Maltreatment Reporting Practices by a Person Most Knowledgeable for Children and Youth: A Rapid Scoping Review

Child maltreatment is a global public health and child rights crisis made worse by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. While understanding the breadth of the child maltreatment crisis is foundational to informing prevention and response efforts, determining accurate estimates of child maltreatment remains challenging. Alternative informants (parents, caregivers, a Person Most Knowledgeable—PMK) are often tasked with reporting on children’s maltreatment experiences in surveys to mitigate concerns associated with reporting child maltreatment. The overall purpose of this study was to examine child maltreatment reporting practices in surveys by PMKs for children and youth. The research question is: “What is the nature of the evidence of child maltreatment reporting practices in general population surveys by PMKs for children and youth? ” A rapid scoping review was conducted to achieve the study’s purpose. A search strategy was conducted in nine databases (e.g., MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, Global Health, ProQuest). The findings from this review indicate that most studies involved PMK informants (i.e., maternal caregivers), included representative samples from primarily Western contexts, and utilized validated measures to assess child maltreatment. Half of the studies assessed involved multi-informant reports, including the PMKs and child/youth. Overall, the congruence between PMK-reported and child/youth-reported child maltreatment experiences was low-to-fair/moderate, and children/youth reported more maltreatment than the PMKs.
Coalescence of Magnetic Islands

The process of coalescence of magnetic islands is investigated. For intermediate values of the resistivity eta, the reconnection rate M/sub s/ is independent of eta, although the reconnection process is basically different from a Petschek-type model. For very small values of eta the dynamics of the coalescence process is more complex with reconnection being significantly slower.
Josephson effect and slow-fast systems

In order to model the processes taking place in systems with Josephson contacts, a differential equation on a torus with three parameters is used. One of the parameters of the system can be considered small and the methods of the fast--slow systems theory can be applied. The properties of the phase--lock areas -- the subsets in the parameter space, in which the changing of a current doesn't affect the voltage -- are important in practical applications. The phase-lock areas coincide with the Arnold tongues of a Poincare map along the period. A description of the limit properties of Arnold tongues is given. It is shown that the parameter space is split into certain areas, where the tongues have different geometrical structures due to fast--slow effects. An efficient algorithm for the calculation of tongue borders is elaborated. The statement concerning the asymptotic approximation of borders by Bessel functions is proven.
Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics including Patterns of Antihypertensive Drug Administration of the Different Home Blood Pressure Phenotypes in Treated Hypertensive Patients

Quality and quantity of home blood pressure (BP) control are important for optimizing hypertensive treatment. The prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of the different home blood pressure phenotypes in treated hypertensive patients were not elucidated. This study was conducted in Siriraj Hospital, Thailand from 2019 to 2020. We included treated hypertensive patients with ≥1 antihypertensive drug and had self-home BP measurement data. Both traditional (office BP < 140/90 mmHg and home BP < 130/80 mmHg) and new BP targets (office and home BP < 130/80 mmHg) were used for the classification of BP phenotypes. Home BP phenotypes consisted of controlled hypertension (all home BPs achieved home BP targets), isolated uncontrolled morning hypertension (MoHT) (only morning BP was above home BP targets), isolated uncontrolled evening hypertension (EHT) (only evening BP was above home BP targets), and combined morning-evening uncontrolled hypertension (MoEHT) (all home BPs were above home BP targets). Our study included 1,406 patients. The total mean age was 62.94 ± 13.97 years. There were 39.40% men. The prevalence of each home BP phenotype (by traditional BP target) was 55.76%, 12.66%, 7.40%, and 24.18% in controlled (home) hypertension, MoHT, EHT, and MoEHT, respectively. Classical BP control status was 35.21% well-controlled hypertension, 30.01% white-coat uncontrolled hypertension, 9.74% masked uncontrolled hypertension, and 25.04% sustained uncontrolled hypertension. The multivariable analysis showed the significantly associated factor of MoHT was the presence of previous cardiovascular disease (adjusted OR 5.54, 95% CI (2.02–15.22); p value = 0.001). Taking once-daily long-acting antihypertensive drugs in the morning were significantly associated with both EHT (adjusted OR 0.20, 95% CI (0.05–0.82); p value = 0.025) and MoEHT (adjusted OR 0.20, 95% CI (0.04–1.00); p value = 0.049). These results were consistent in groups classified by new home BP target <130/80 mmHg.
Interpretation of CO emission from the galactic molecular cloud ensemble

Galactic plane survey observations of /sup 12/CO have been simulated by ''observing'' a fully three-dimensional distribution of model molecular clouds with finely sampled representations of several telescope beams. Results in the form of longitude-velocity diagrams are presented as the basis for several related investigations. These include studies of the effects of beam size and sampling interval upon the observations, determination of the intrinsic cloud properties such as size and random velocity dispersion, and consideration of the effects of kinematic perturbations of the sort associated with galactic spiral structure.
Suppression of turbulent transport by a weak magnetic field

Two-dimensional numerical simulations with high spatial resolution are used to study the effects of a large-scale magnetic field on its turbulent transport. It is commonly believed that the nonlinear back-reaction of the magnetic field on the turbulence becomes important when the field strength is close to equipartition. However, turbulent diffusion is effectively reduced even when the large-scale field is much weaker than equipartition. 15 refs.
Imatinib plasma levels in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour under routine clinical practice conditions

Objectives Imatinib is the first therapeutic option for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Previous studies have shown an improvement in patient survival rates following the use of imatinib. Nevertheless, adequate plasma concentrations of imatinib are necessary to achieve such improvement in survival and limit the toxicity of the drug. This study aims to analyse the influence of imatinib plasma concentrations on efficacy and safety in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Materials and methods This descriptive, multicentre study analysed plasma levels of imatinib in patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumour in the period 2019–2020. An optimal therapeutic range of 750–1500 ng/mL was established for the patient stratification based on their minimum plasma concentrations measured at the steady state. Results This study included 11 patients with metastatic disease in total, among whom only 54.5% (n = 6) had a minimum plasma concentrations measured at the steady state value within the therapeutic range. A median progression-free survival of 7.0 months was recorded for those patients with minimum plasma concentrations measured at the steady state < 750 ng/mL, while that median progression-free survival value remained unachieved for the group with minimum plasma concentrations measured at the steady state > 750 ng/mL (p = 0.005). The toxicity rate was 25% and 14.3% for patients with minimum plasma concentrations measured at the steady state > 1500 ng/mL and minimum plasma concentrations measured at the steady state ≤1500 ng/mL, respectively (p = 0.66). Conclusions The present study aims to describe the correlation between the toxicity and effectiveness of imatinib as a function of minimum plasma concentrations measured at the steady state under routine clinical practice conditions. The results described here show the usefulness of imatinib plasma concentrations monitoring as part of the standard daily routine in our hospitals.
Electronic structure of boron-doped carbon nanotubes

We study boron-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes by using first-principles methods based on the density functional theory. The total energy, band structure, and density of states are calculated. From the formation energy of boron-doped nanotubes with different diameters, it is found that a narrower tube needs a smaller energy cost to substitute a carbon atom with a boron atom. By using the result of different doping rates in the (10,0) tube, we extrapolate the result to low boron density limit and find that the ionization energy of the acceptor impurity level should be approximately 0.2 eV. Furthermore, we discuss the doping rate dependence of the density of states at the Fermi level, which is important to realize superconductivity.
Drivers for making in-app purchases in mobile games by users in emerging countries

The mobile games industry has become one of the most popular areas of mobile application development over the past five years. In-app purchases (IAP) are extremely valuable for developers/publishers, and they are interested in promoting them to users. However, previous research revealed differences between drivers of IAP for users from various countries. Authors compare drivers of Russian players and other emerging countries users. The design of the study consists of in-depth interviews with Russian users, followed by a quantitative survey that helps to identify the main drivers of in-app purchases. We found differences in the significance and the list of the drivers for Russian players. Cluster analysis allowed us to identify diverse segments with different priorities, so to be successful, game developers should dive into the peculiarities of the behavior of players in a particular country.
Generation and transfer of internal variability in a regional climate model

There is a strong need for tools allowing the comparison between the performance of a regional climate model (RCM) and the corresponding model providing lateral boundary conditions (LBC) for the RCM, which is a global general circulation model (GCM) in most cases. A method is presented to investigate the temporal scales on which a RCM is able to generate internal variability on its own and on which variability is copied from the driving model. This is implemented by a cross-spectral analysis between the RCM output and a bi-linearly interpolated version of the driving model, leading to an estimate of the coherence spectrum. Applying the aforementioned technique to surface temperature and temperature and specific humidity at 850 hPa from the RCM COSMO-CLM East Asia with a horizontal resolution of 50 km and its driving model ECHAM5, it was found that features in the spatial distribution of coherence are related to atmospheric dynamics in East Asia, e.g. monsoons and inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). A further application to a double-nesting approach, where COSMO-CLM East Asia is the driving model for two domains – namely the Haihe catchment and the Poyang catchment – each with a horizontal resolution of 7 km, shows that the frequencies on which internal variability is generated by the driven model are much higher compared to the first nesting step. Concluding RCMs can produce a considerable variability on the respective temporal scales. This implies that a dynamical downscaling with a re-analysis as LBC is conceptually different to a regional re-analysis, i.e. data assimilation on the regional scale.