Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Image Warp Forecast Verification Method on Precipitation Fields from the ICP

Image warping for spatial forecast verification is applied to the test cases employed by the Spatial Forecast Verification Intercomparison Project (ICP), which includes both real and contrived cases. A larger set of cases is also used to investigate aggregating results for summarizing forecast performance over a long record of forecasts. The technique handles the geometric and perturbed cases with nearly exact precision, as would be expected. A statistic, dubbed here the IWS for image warp statistic, is proposed for ranking multiple forecasts and tested on the perturbed cases. IWS rankings for perturbed and real test cases are found to be sensible and physically interpretable. A powerful result of this study is that the image warp can be employed using a relatively sparse, preset regular grid without having to first identify features.
Topical Intervention of Natural Products Applied in Patients with Pressure Injuries: A Scoping Review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Pressure injuries (PIs) represent a major medical and nursing problem in individuals with decreased or limited mobility. This scoping review aimed to map the controlled clinical trials with topical interventions of natural products applied to patients with PIs and to verify the existence of phytochemical similarities among these products. DATA SOURCES This scoping review was developed according to the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Controlled trials were searched in the following electronic databases from their inceptions until February 1, 2022: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. STUDY SELECTION Studies involving individuals with PIs, individuals treated with topical natural products compared to a control treatment, and outcomes with wound healing or wound reduction were included in this review. DATA EXTRACTION The search identified 1,268 records. Only six studies were included in this scoping review. Data were independently extracted using a template instrument from the JBI. DATA SYNTHESIS The authors summarized the characteristics of the six included articles, synthesized outcomes, and compared similar articles. Honey and Plantago major dressings were the topical interventions that significantly reduced wound size. The literature suggests that the effect on wound healing of these natural products may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS The studies included in this review show that natural products can positively impact the healing of PIs. However, there are limited controlled clinical trials addressing natural products and PIs in the literature.
The boundary layer instability of a gliding fish helps rather than prevents object identification

Abstract Inspired by the function of the lateral line in aquatic animals, we study the shape identification of a stationary cylinder through pressure measurements made by sensors located on the surface of a steadily moving foil, modelling a fish gliding in close proximity to an object. Comparing experimental results, potential flow predictions and viscous simulations, we first show that the pressure in the boundary layer of the foil is significantly affected by unsteady viscous effects, especially in the posterior half of the foil. Therefore, even after the effects of the boundary layer thickness are accounted for, potential flow predictions are inaccurate. Subsequently, we show that the spatial features of the unsteady patterns developing when the foil is moving near a cylinder can be predicted accurately through linear stability analysis of the average boundary layer velocity profile under open water conditions. Because these unsteady patterns result from amplification of the potential flow-like disturbance caused in the front part of the foil, they are specific to the cylinder that generated them and could be used to identify its shape. We develop and demonstrate a methodology to calculate the unsteady pressure based on combining potential flow predictions with results from linear stability analysis of the boundary layer. The findings can be useful for object identification in underwater vehicles, and support the intriguing possibility that the significant viscous effects caused by nearby bodies on the fish boundary layer, far from preventing detection, could actually be used by animals to identify objects.
Teacher’s Corner: Negative Information and The Three-Parameter Logistic Model

The 3-parameter logistic model is commonly used to describe the relationship among an unobserved latent trait (ability), unobserved item properties, and an observed binary outcome. We show that for certain values of the item properties and latent ability, the observed information about ability contained in the binary response is negative. This result has implications for maximization procedures, such as Newton-Raphson; approximate sampling methods, such as the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm; and Bayesian adaptive testing. All of these typically utilize the observed information. This result is contrasted with the fact that observed negative information does not occur in the limiting case with no guessing (2-parameter logistic model). The probability of negative information is expressed by a simple formula. This research extends the work of Samejima (1973) and Yen, Burket, and Sykes (1991).
Computational and Theoretical Aspects of N -E.C. Graphs

We consider graphs with the n-existentially closed adjacency property. For a positive integer n, a graph is n-existentially closed (or n-e.c.) if for all disjoint sets of vertices A and B with \A U B\ = n (one of A or B can be empty), there is a vertex 2 not in AUB joined to each vertex of A and no vertex of B. Although the n-e.c. property is straightforward to define, it is not obvious from the definition that graphs with the property exist. In 1963, Erdos and Renyi gave a non-explicit, randomized construction of such graphs. Until recently, only a few explicit families of n-e.c. graphs were known such as Paley graphs. Furthermore, n-e.c. graphs of minimum order have received much attention due to Erdos' conjecture 011 the asymptotic order of these graphs. The exact minimum orders are only known for n = 1 and n = 2. We provide a survey of properties and examples of n-e.c. graphs. Using a computer search, a new example of a 3-e.c. graph of order 30 is presented. Previously, no known 3-e.c. graph was known to exist of that order. We give a new randomized construction of n-e.c. vertex-transitive graphs, exploiting Cayley graphs. The construction uses only elementary probability and group theory.
Flows through plane sudden‐expansions

A calculation method has been developed and used to represent flows downstream of plane symmetric expansions with dimensions and velocities encompassing laminar and turbulent flows. Except for very low Reynolds numbers, the flows are time-dependent and asymmetric and the calculated results are appraised first in relation to published measurements of laminar flows and then to new measurements obtained at a Reynolds number of 26500. The time-dependent laminar simulations indicate that the critical Reynolds numbers are predicted with excellent accuracy for different expansion ratios and the details of the asymmetric velocity profiles are in good agreement with experimental measurements. The laminar flow calculations also show that increasing the thickness of the separating boundary layer leads to longer regions of separation and no dominant frequency for Reynolds numbers up to those at which the third separation region was observed. The turbulent flow simulations made use of the κ-e turbulence model and provided a satisfactory representation of measurements, except in regions close to the wall and within the recirculation regions. Also, the longer reattachment length was underestimated
Morphological classification of nearby galaxies based on asymmetry and luminosity concentration

We investigate the behaviour of the asymmetry parameter A as a morphological parameter using a ‘volume-limited’ sample of 349 galaxies (distance 25 Mpc, MV −18.5 mag) and a larger magnitude-limited sample of 707 nearby galaxies. We confirm the correlation of A with morphological type. The late-type galaxies (Sdm, Sm and Im) have larger A than early-type galaxies, and they tend to have larger A than spiral galaxies. We investigate the usefulness of the A versus concentration index Cin diagram as a tool for the regular‐irregular and early‐ late classification. The diagram is not very useful to the regular versus late-type irregular classification, as inferred previously, but it is found to be useful to the early‐late classification.
Application of the quadrilateral area co‐ordinate method: a new element for Mindlin–Reissner plate

The quadrilateral area co‐ordinate method is used to formulate a new quadrilateral element for Mindlin–Reissner plate bending problem. Firstly, an independent shear field is assumed based on the locking‐free Timoshenko's beam formulae; secondly, a fourth‐order deflection field is assumed by introducing some generalized conforming conditions; thirdly, the rotation field is determined by the strain–displacement relations. Furthermore, a hybrid post‐processing procedure is suggested to improve the stress/internal force solutions. Following this procedure, a new 4‐node, 12‐dof quadrilateral element, named AC‐MQ4, is successfully constructed. Since all formulations are expressed by the area co‐ordinates, element AC‐MQ4 presents some different, but beneficial characters when compared with other usual models. Numerical examples show the new element is free of shear locking, insensitive to mesh distortion, and possesses excellent accuracy in the analysis of both thick and thin plates. It has also been demonstrated that the area co‐ordinate method, the generalized conforming condition method, and the hybrid post‐processing procedure are efficient tools for developing simple, effective and reliable finite element models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The maximum sustainable heat flux in stably stratified channel flows

In analogy to the nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer, a flux‐driven, cooled channel flow is studied using direct numerical simulations. In agreement with earlier studies, turbulence collapses when the surface cooling exceeds a critical value. In that case, laminarization occurs. Here, the so‐called maximum sustainable heat flux (MSHF) hypothesis is tested. It explains why laminarization will occur at strong cooling rates. It states that in stratified flows the downward heat flux is limited to a maximum, which, in turn, is determined by the momentum of the flow. If the heat extraction at the surface exceeds this maximum, near‐surface stability will increase rapidly, which hampers efficient vertical heat transport further. This positive feedback eventually causes turbulence to be suppressed fully by the intensive density stratification. This framework is used to predict the collapse of turbulence and a good agreement between theory and simulations is found. Therefore, it is concluded that the maximum sustainable heat flux mechanism explains the collapse of turbulence in this kind of flow. In future work, there is the need for an extension to more realistic configurations, allowing for Coriolis effects and more realistic surface boundary conditions.
Hydrodynamic propulsion by large amplitude oscillation of an airfoil with chordwise flexibility

The hydrodynamic forces due to the motion of a flexible foil in a large amplitude curved path in an inviscid incompressible flow are analysed. A parametric study of large amplitude oscillatory propulsion, with special emphasis on the effect of chordwise flexibility of the fin, is presented. This flexibility was found to increase the propulsive efficiency by up to 2% while causing small decreases in the overall thrust, compared with similar motion with rigid foils.
On the vanishing viscosity in the Cauchy problem for the equations of a nonhomogeneous incompressible fluid

Let us consider the Cauchy problem in QT= ℝ3 × [0, T], where f(x, t), ρ0(x) and v0(x) are given, while the density ρ(x, t), the velocity vector v(x, t)= (υ1(x, t), υ2(x, t), υ3(x, t)) and the pressure p(x, t) are unknowns. The viscosity coefficient μ is assumed to be nonnegative. In these equations, the pressure p is automatically determined (up to a function of t) by ρ and v, namely, by solving the equation Thus we mention (ρ, v) when we talk about the solution of (1.1:μ).
Homomorphisms between bubble algebra modules

In this thesis, we study the representation theory of the bubble algebras. We focus on determining the homomorphisms between cell modules for these algebras. We show that the bubble algebras are cellular, and form a tower of recollement. By decomposing Gram matrices we are able to determine homomorphisms in the one arc case. We determine a generating set for the algebra (and its cardinality), and use this with a hypercuboid approach to determine homomorphisms in the general case. We end with a conjectural alternative approach to the general case involving matrix methods.
Numerical Study of Polymers in Turbulent Channel Flow

The phenomenon of drag reduction by polymers in turbulent flow has beenstudied over the last 60 years. New insight have been recently gained by meansof numerical simulation of dilute polymer solution at moderate values of theturbulent Reynolds number and elasticity. In this thesis, we track elastic parti-cles in Lagrangian frame in turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 180, by tracking,where the single particle obeys the FENE (finite extendible nonlinear elastic)formulation for dumbbel model. The feedback from polymers to the flow is notconsidered, while the Lagrangian approach enables us to consider high valuesof polymer elasticity. In addition, the finite time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE)of the flow is computed tracking infinitesimal material elements advected bythe flow. Following the large deviation theory, the Cramer’s function of theprobability density function of the FTLE for large values of time intervals isstudied at different wall-normal positions. The one-way effect of the turbulentflow on polymers is investigated by looking at the elongation and orientation ofthe polymers, with different relaxation times, across the channel. The confor-mation tensor of the polymers deformation which is an important contributionin the momentum balance equation is calculated by averaging in wall-parallelplanes and compared to theories available in the literature.
Threshold analysis for epidemic models with high-risk immunization on networks

In this paper, an SIRS epidemic model with high-risk immunization was investigated, where a susceptible neighbor of an infected node is immunized with rate h. Through analyzing the discrete-time model, we found that the epidemic threshold above which an epidemic can prevail and persist in a population is inversely proportional to 1 - h value. We also studied the continuous-time epidemic model and obtained a different result: the epidemic threshold does not depend on the immunization parameter h. Our results suggest that the difference between the discrete-time epidemic model and the continuous-time epidemic model exists in the high-risk immunization.
Convergence of MPFA on triangulations and for Richards' equation

Spatial discretization of transport and transformation processes in porous media requires techniques that handle general geometry, discontinuous coefficients and are locally mass conservative. Multi‐point flux approximation (MPFA) methods are such techniques, and we will here discuss some formulations on triangular grids with further application to the nonlinear Richards equation. The MPFA methods will be rewritten to mixed form to derive stability conditions and error estimates. Several MPFA versions will be shown, and the versions will be discussed with respect to convergence, symmetry and robustness when the grids are rough. It will be shown that the behavior may be quite different for challenging cases of skewness and roughness of the simulation grids. Further, we apply the MPFA discretization approach for the Richards equation and derive new error estimates without extra regularity requirements. The analysis will be accompanied by numerical results for grids that are relevant for practical simulation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extension of IMC tuning to improve controller performance

Rivera et al. (1986) introduced a PID controller design method based on internal model control (IMC) that is attractive to industrial users because it has only one tuning parameter. The parameter relates directly to the closed loop speed of response and the robustness of the control loop. For a system with deadtime, if used as an approximation for the time delay, the IMC controller includes implicitly integral action and has a PID structure in cascade with a filter. In their mathematical development, Morari-Zafiriou (1989) used a first order pade approximation for the time delay in process model, by using a non-symmetric second order approximation instead, one can preserve the simple second order form of the controller for their model and not make the structure of the controller complex. In addition significant improvements in model matching and controller tuning can be obtained. Especially for those processes that have significant deadtime.
Air-to-Air Tracking of a Maneuvering Target with Gimbaled Radar

This paper is concerned with the steering of an antenna beam for an air-to-air tracking system where an airborne radar antenna senses an airborne maneuvering target. A mechanical gimbal-mounted airborne radar is used to steer the antenna beam. The difficulty with a gimbaled radar is that the radar measurement becomes inaccurate if the target is outside the antenna beam width, which is usually less than 2 deg. An extended Kalman filter is developed to estimate the relative position, relative velocity, and absolute acceleration of the target in Cartesian coordinates, which are further used to drive the antenna beam. Realistic noise models of sensors are incorporated in the measurements. A high-fidelity model is developed to accommodate the sensors operating at different frequencies. The mathematical formulation of initializing the state vector and process noise matrix using measurements, the measurement sensitivity matrix, and the process noise covariance matrix are presented. The flight dynamics of two fig.
Galaxy interactions - poor starburst triggers III. A study of a complete sample of interacting galaxies

We report on a study of tidally triggered star formation in galaxies based on spectroscopic/photometric observations in the optical/near-IR of a magnitude limited sample of 59 systems of interacting and merging galaxies and a comparison sample of 38 normal isolated galaxies. From a statistical point of view the sample gives us a unique opportunity to trace the effects of tidally induced star formation. In contrast to results from previous investigations, our global UBV colours do not support a significant enhancement of starforming activity in the interacting/merging galaxies. We also show that, contrary to previous claims, there is no significantly increased scatter in the colours of Arp galaxies as compared to normal galaxies. We do find support for moderate (a factor of ∼2-3) increase in star formation in the very centres of the interacting galaxies of our sample, contributing marginally to the total luminosity. The interacting and in particular the merging galaxies are characterized by increased far infrared (hereafter FIR) luminosities and temperatures that weakly correlate with the central activity. The LFIR/LB ratio however, is remarkably similar in the two samples, indicating that true starbursts normally are not hiding in the central regions of the FIR luminous cases. The gas mass-to-luminosity ratio in optical-IR is practically independent of luminosity, lending further support to the paucity of true massive starburst galaxies triggered by interactions/mergers. We estimate the frequency of such cases to be of the order of ∼0.1% of the galaxies in an apparent magnitude limited sample. Our conclusion is that interacting and merging galaxies, from the global star formation aspect, generally do not differ dramatically from scaled up versions of normal, isolated galaxies. No drastic change with redshift is expected. One consequence is that galaxy formation probably continued over a long period of time and did not peak at a specific redshift. The effects of massive starbursts, like blowouts caused by superwinds and cosmic reionization caused by starburst populations would also be less important than what is normally assumed.
Leader‐Following Output Synchronization for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Multi‐Agent Systems Under Uniformly Connected Network

In this paper we study the cooperative global output regulation problem of a class of uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems under dynamic network topology. Distributed dynamic observers are introduced to estimate the states of the leader system or the called exosystem. Furthermore, we propose a multi‐channel input version of the changing supply rate theorem, through which the changing supply rate technique can be applied to the subsystem with multiple channels of the control inputs, and therefore control laws can be designed in a fully distributed way. As opposed to the existing results, in the current paper we allow the communication network topology to be uniformly connected. Finally, we apply our result to a group of well‐known Lorenz systems.
Turbulent energy dissipation in a wake

The average turbulent energy dissipation is often estimated by assuming isotropy and measuring the temporal derivative of the longitudinal velocity fluctuation. In this paper, the nine major terms that make up the total dissipation have been measured in the self-preserving region of a cylinder wake for a small turbulence Reynolds number. The results indicate that local isotropy is not satisfied; the isotropic dissipation, computed by assuming isotropic relations, being smaller than the total dissipation by about 45% on the wake centreline and by about 80% near the wake edge. Indirect verification of the dissipation measurements is provided by the budget of the turbulent kinetic energy. This budget leads to a plausible distribution for the pressure diffusion term, obtained by difference.