Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the nutrient content of different types of lunchtime meal, and their contribution towards the overall daily nutrient intakes of 11 14-year-old schoolchildren from two schools in Scotland

Due to concern regarding the nutritional quality of schoolchildren’s diets, large amounts of funding have been invested into improving school canteen lunches. However, children may also consume packed lunches, or ‘street’ lunches (those purchased outside school). This study was undertaken to ascertain whether canteen lunches are nutritionally superior to packed and street lunches, the contribution of the lunch types towards total nutritional intake, and whether children eating nutritionally poor lunches compensate in terms of nutritional intake and density with food consumed at other times. During 2007 and 2008, dietary intake data were collected from 332 children aged 11–13, from two schools in Fife, Scotland. Using 5-d estimated intake food diaries, data from 1532 d was collected. Energy intake was calculated, as well as intake and density (per 100 kcal = 418.4 kJ) of fat, SFA, non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES), non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), vitamin A, folate, Ca, Fe plus fruit/vegetables. These nutrients/foods were selected due to their inclusion in the Scottish Nutrient Standards for School Meals (SNSSL) (1) . Lunchtime data were compared with the SNSSL, and the total daily intake with the estimated average requirement for energy (2) , dietary reference values (DRV) and reference nutrient intakes (RNI) for nutrients and micronutrients (2) and the government recommendation for fruit and vegetables (3) . Comparisons were undertaken between canteen, packed and street lunches and between days including them. The children’s diet was closest to guidelines when canteen lunches were consumed, having the lowest mean fat, SFA and NMES intakes, and the highest mean folate, Ca and Fe. However, many dietary targets remained unmet. On street lunch days, the diet was furthest from guidelines, with the lowest intake for NSP, micronutrients, and fruit and vegetables. This occurred both at lunchtime and over the whole day. Packed lunches contained the most vitamin A, NSP and fruit/vegetable portions (mean values). They also contained more SFA than canteen or street lunches. There was some compensation for poor lunchtime nutrient intake by foods eaten at other times during the day. However, this was not as great as noted by previous studies (4–6) , and many significant differences between the lunch types existed at the end of the day. Children should therefore be encouraged to have canteen lunches due to their superior nutritional quality, and their contribution towards overall nutrient intake.
Estimation of heavy-metal contamination in soil using reflectance spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression

Lead (Pb) poisoning from anthropogenic sources continues to threaten the health of urban children. Mapping Pb distribution on a large scale is imperative to identify hotspots and reduce Pb poisoning. To assess the feasibility of using reflectance spectroscopy to map soil Pb and other heavy metal abundance, the relationship between surface soil metal concentrations and hyperspectral reflectance measurements was examined via partial least-squares regression (PLSR) modelling. Soil samples were taken from four study sites. Metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic-emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis, and reflectance was measured with an ASD (Analytical Spectral Devices) field spectrometer covering the spectral region of 350–2500 nm. Pb displayed an exponential decrease as a function of distance from the roadway, demonstrating the depositional patterns from leaded gas combustion which remain on the landscape 20 years after the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Calibration samples were used to derive the PLSR algorithm, and validation samples assessed the model's predictive ability. The correlation coefficients between the lab-determined abundance and the abundance predicted from PLSR calibration for all metals except copper were at or above 0.970, with the correlation coefficient for Pb the highest of all metals (0.992). Manganese, zinc and Pb had significant coefficients of determination (0.808, 0.760 and 0.746, respectively) for the validation samples. These results suggest that Pb and other heavy metal concentrations can be retrieved from spectral reflectance at high accuracy. Reflectance spectroscopy thus has potential to map the spatial distribution of Pb abundance with the aim of improving children's health in an urban environment.
Interaction between migrating bars and bifurcations in gravel bed rivers

In the present work we investigate the interaction between migrating alternate bars and the dynamics of river bifurcations. Laboratory experiments are carried out to study a Y‐shaped bifurcation with fixed banks and erodible bed composed of well‐sorted sand. The problem is also analyzed by developing a theoretical, one‐dimensional model. Results show the occurrence of regular fluctuations in the discharge distribution at the bifurcation node, which are strictly related to bar migration. The effectiveness of bars in conditioning the bifurcation behavior increases with bar amplitude and decreases with bar migration speed. Four qualitatively different behaviors of the system are observed as the controlling parameters of the flow are varied within a range significant for gravel bed rivers. The theoretical predictions are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.
Isotopic studies of aerosol sulphate and ammonium in the marine atmosphere

Studies carried out in this thesis focus on measuring the isotopic composition and ionic composition of atmospheric aerosol samples. Aerosol filters were obtained for seven cruises travelling down the Atlantic Ocean from the UK to Cape Town, South Africa; across the Atlantic from the U.S. to Europe; and around Montserrat. Aerosol analyses for sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, sulphate, nitrate and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was carried by ion chromatography. Results are used in conjunction with five-day air parcel back trajectories to consider sources of aerosol ions, particularly sulphate and ammonium. Isotopic analysis for aerosol sulphate used using barium sulphate precipitation and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). A new method was developed, based on McIlvin & Altabet (2005) and Zhang et al. (2007) to allow accurate measurements of ammonium isotopes composition on small sample sizes using IRMS with an analytical precision of 0.2‰ for triplicate measurements. Sulphate isotopic composition ranges from +6 to +20‰. Based on isotopic composition of sources the relative importance of anthropogenic (0% to 80%); biogenic (11% to 90%) and seasalt sulphate (0.6% to 60%) were estimated. Maximum anthropogenic contributions were observed near continents in the Northern Hemisphere (60~80%) and maximum biogenic contributions over the remote North and South Atlantic. For the first time the ratio of MSA/biogenic sulphate from DMS oxidation in the atmosphere is directly estimated; the MSA/bio SO4 ratio ranges from 0.1 over the tropical Atlantic to 0.7 in the remote South Atlantic. Aerosol ammonium isotopic composition ranges from -12 to +14 ‰. The data was used to perform segregation into two sources, similar to sulphate. For the majority of sampling locations, anthropogenic ammonium is dominant but, the biogenic source becomes significant in the South Atlantic, and in tropical waters, exceeding 50%.
Predictions of block size distribution for quarrying

Abstract The in situ block size and shape parameters of a rock mass with discontinuities are of signifcance for determining whether an existing or virgin quarry is suitable for armourstone production and for designing an appropriate blast pattern. A method for predicting these parameters is presented in this paper, which includes a detailed discontinuity survey technique and computer determination of the blocks dissected by the discontinuities. The applications of the method to simulated discontinuity data and natural joint data are discussed.
Relict Distribution in Pedicularis spicata Pall. (Orobanchaceae) : a New Locality in Central Honshu, Japan

The flora of the Japanese archipelago has been relatively well investigated with the results summarized in the floristic literature (Ohwi 1965, Iwatsuki et al. 1993, 1995a, 1995b, 1999, 2001, 2006). Many new taxa and geographic occurrence records, however, continue to be reported (Setoguchi & Maeda 2010, Oda & Nagamasu 2011, Kadota 2012, Suetsugu et al. 2012, Sugawara 2012, Fujii et al. 2013). Such findings are important, because they can prompt the reexamination of previous taxonomic assignments and delimitation of taxonomic boundaries. Furthermore, improvements to the quality and accuracy of geographic distributions are important for understanding the biogeographic origins of the Japanese flora (Murata 2000). Pedicularis verticillata L. (Orobanchaceae) is an annual alpine herb that has been classified into ser. Verticillatae Maxim. of sect. Sigmantha H. L. Li (Yamazaki 1993). This species is widely distributed across the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere and thus is a circumpolar arctic–alpine plant. In Japan, it shows a restricted distribution pattern and has been recorded in the Taisetsu Relict Distribution in Pedicularis spicata Pall. (Orobanchaceae): a New Locality in Central Honshu, Japan
CONTRIBUTION EXPERIMENTALE A L'ETUDE DE LA CONVECTION THERMIQUE EN REGIME LAMINAIRE, TRANSITOIRE ET TURBULENT POUR UN FLUIDS A SEUIL EN ECOULEMENT DANS UNE CONDUITE

Cette these est une contribution experimentale a l'etude de la convection thermique en regime laminaire, transitoire et turbulent pour un fluide a seuil en ecoulement dans une conduite cylindrique ou annulaire. Le fluide utilise est une solution de carbopol neutralisee. En regime laminaire, l'ecoulement unidirectionnel d'un fluide a seuil est caracterise par la presence, dans la partie centrale, d'une zone isovitesse. La fin du regime laminaire, determinee a partir des mesures de pression et de vitesse, est retardee par la presence d'un seuil d'ecoulement. Le debut de la transition se manifeste par des instabilites en presence d'une zone isovitesse stable. Ce regime particulier n'est observe que pour le fluide a seuil. Par la suite, des bouffees turbulentes envahissant toute la section de la conduite, sont obtenues et comparees a celles pour un fluide Newtonien. En regime turbulent, les effets dus aux caracteres rheofluidiants et elastiques des fluides utilises sont mis en evidence. Enfin, l'evolution du coefficient de transfert de chaleur dans les differents regimes est determinee montrant clairement l'effet des proprietes rheologiques.
Iodine, bromine, and chlorine in the Hawaiian marine atmosphere

Approximately 200 samples of rainwater, aerosol, and gas were collected from the atmosphere in the zone of the northeast trade winds on the island of Hawaii west of Hilo and over the ocean east of Hilo during the summer of 1963. Analysis of these samples by neutron activation showed that: (1) The I/Cl and Br/Cl ratios in the rain samples increased with increasing altitude, and the I/Cl ratio was 500 to 1000 times higher than in sea water while the Br/Cl ratio was only slightly higher than the seawater value. (2) The I/Cl ratio in aerosol particles increased with increasing alitude and distance from the sea. On the shore the I/Cl ratio was 10 to 40 times greater than the seawater value, while a half mile inland the I/Cl ratio was over 200 times greater than the seawater ratio. (3) The Br/Cl ratio was greater than the seawater value for aerosol samples collected on land but was less than the seawater ratio for samples collected from an aircraft over the ocean. (4) There was a tendency for the I/Cl ratio to increase with decreasing particle size for the aerosol samples. (5) Approximately half of the Cl and Br present in the Hawaiian atmosphere was in a gaseous form, whereas a larger percentage of the I apparently existed as a gas. Some of the possible mechanisms which might cause the well-known atmospheric I enrichment, such as photochemical oxidation of iodide at the sea surface and the presence of an I-rich organic film on the sea surface, are correlated with the results of this investigation. A tentative explanation involving photochemical oxidation and possible Br contamination from automobile exhausts is offered for the surprising difference in the Br/Cl ratios over sea and land.
In-situ Discovery of a Cluster of Refractory Grains in an Allende Ferromagnesian Chondrule

During our nano-mineralogy investigation of the Allende meteorite, we discovered a unique corundum-rich cluster of irregular micrometer-sized refractory grains in a type IA chondrule. The presence of relatively oxidized (rutile) and highly reduced (a new mineral Ti_2O_3, khamrabaevite) phases in the same cluster reflects distinctly different environments prior to incorporation of the cluster into the chondrule. To our knowledge, this is the first occurrence of such a cluster. Investigation of phases that are clearly exotic to the host chondrule and may predate its formation can provide not only important constraints on the materials present when chondrules formed and the enviroments within or outside the Protoplanetary disk, but also on the chondrule formation event. Herein we report our prelimary results on the mineralogy of these grains and the overall petrology of their host chondrule.
Effects of slope angle and aspect on plant cover and species richness in a humid Mediterranean badland

Soil erosion is one of the most severe land degradation processes in the Mediterranean region. Although badlands occupy a relatively small fraction of the Mediterranean area, their erosion rates are very high. Many studies have investigated to what extent vegetation controls soil erosion rates. This study, however, deals with the impact of erosion on vegetation establishment. In semi‐arid badlands of the Mediterranean, soil water availability constitutes the main limiting factor for vegetation development. As a consequence, south‐facing slopes are typically less vegetated due to a very large water stress. However, these findings do not necessarily apply to humid badlands. The main objective of this paper is to determine the topographic thresholds for plant colonization in relation to slope aspect and to assess the spatial patterns of vegetation cover and species richness. We surveyed 179 plots on highly eroded badland slopes in the Central Pyrenees. We defined four aspect classes subdivided into slope angle classes. Colonization success was expressed in terms of vegetation cover and species richness. Slope angle thresholds for plant colonization were identified for each slope aspect class by means of binary logistic regressions.
Evidence for the variation of stress drop between normal and thrust faulting earthquakes in Italy

The horizontal components of 45 strong motion accelerograms recorded in Friuli, Italy, from May to September 1976, have been analyzed in order to estimate the stress drop of eight thrust faulting earthquakes. Two different stress parameters, the Brune stress drop Δσ and the apparent stress σa, have been considered. The Friuli main shock has a strong stress drop (Δσ ≈ 800 bars), while the aftershocks have stress drops which range from 250 to 400 bars. Five accelerograms written by the Montenegro, Yugoslavia, earthquake of April 1979 have also been analyzed. This thrust faulting earthquake had a stress drop of Δσ ≈ 900 bars. The stress drops of these thrust faulting earthquakes are compared to the stress drops determined by Rovelli et al. (1988a) for nine normal faulting earthquakes which occurred in the Apennines region from 1979 to 1984. The radiated energies and apparent stresses have also been calculated for the set of Apennine earthquakes. The thrust faulting earthquakes in the Alpine-Dynaride region exhibit higher values for both the Brune and the apparent stress than the normal faulting earthquakes in the Apennines region. Excluding the Friuli and Montenegro main shocks, the Brune stress drops of the thrust faults are approximately 3 times those of the normal faults, while the apparent stresses are twice as large. This difference is statistically significant at a confidence level of 95%. The same difference also emerges from the scaling of the peak ground motions recorded in these two regions, suggesting an enhanced severity of the seismic input in the Alpine-Dynaride environment compared with the Apennines.
ICT Investment and Economic Growth in the 1990s

Investment in information technologies has by no means been confined to the United States and yet, average European or Japanese growth experience has been quite different. The paper compares the impact of ICT capital accumulation on output growth in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis uses a newly compiled database of investment in ICT equipment and software based on the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93). Over the past two decades, ICT contributed between 0.2 and 0.5 percentage points per year to economic growth, depending on the country. During the second half of the 1990s, this contribution rose to 0.3 to 0.9 percentage points per year. The paper shows that, despite differences between countries, the United States has not been alone in benefiting from the positive effects of ICT capital investment on economic growth nor was the United States the sole country to experience an acceleration of these .
Distribution and Transport of Chemical Constituents in the Clyde Estuary

Abstract Five transects of the Clyde Estuary were carried out between August 1989 and March 1991, always during the last 2 h of the flood tide. The following water-column properties were examined: dissolved, leachable particulate and detrital particulate trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni), pH, alkalinity, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved and particulate organic carbon, suspended particulate matter and dissolved nutrients (PO 4 , NH 3 + NH 4 , NO 3 , NO 2 , Si). The distribution patterns for both dissolved metals and nutrients reflected their quasi-conservative behaviour in the lower estuary, but were more difficult to interpret in the upper estuary due to the multiplicity of inputs. The suspended particulate material (SPM) collected in the lower estuary at 3 m was depleted in leachable Fe, Zn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and enriched in leachable Mn and Pb relative to the upper estuary. For Mn, the degree of enrichment increased towards the mouth of the estuary, and also with decreasing 'effective freshwater input', indicating that the oxidation of Mn(II) proceeds outside the estuary (Firth of Clyde) and to an extent dependent on the residence time of water in that coastal sea area. The quasi-conservative behaviour of most dissolved and particulate constituents within the estuary results from a combination of short residence time (3-7 days) and low SPM (2-10 mg l -1 ). This behaviour makes it possible to estimate their net seaward fluxes before these become modified by the processes of coagulation (Fe), sorption (Zn, Pb, Co) and oxidative precipitation (Mn) operating in the Firth of Clyde. The seaward fluxes of NH 4 + NH 3 , NO 2 , PO 4 , dissolved Mn, particulate Fe, Zn and Cu are approximately constant throughout the year. Other dissolved and particulate metal fluxes are best represented by an increasing function of freshwater discharge, although the large residual variability attests to the greater complexity of input functions for trace metals.
Seismic properties of the Voisey’s Bay massive sulfide deposit: Insights into approaches to seismic imaging

ABSTRACTSeismic methods offer significant potential advantages for minerals exploration over more traditional geophysical techniques because of the comparatively high resolution of seismic imaging. This is particularly true as minerals exploration is required to explore deeper to find resources. However, adaptation of seismic imaging techniques to the complex crystalline targets common in the mining environment requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of the specific combination of ore and host rocks under consideration to choose an appropriate imaging technique. Analysis of the sulfide ores and associated host rocks from the Voisey’s Bay nickel-copper-cobalt deposit indicates that in the pyrrohotite-pentlandite-rich but pyrite-poor assemblage at Voisey’s Bay, seismic velocities are significantly lower (mean∼4500 m/s) than either the felsic or mafic host rocks (mean∼5900 m/s and ∼6400 m/s). This observation is in contrast with pyrite-rich massive sulfide ores that have velocities th.
Typical Triassic Gondwanan floral elements in the Upper Permian of the paleotropics

Permian floras of the Middle East often show a mixture of Euramerican, Cathaysian, and Gondwanan elements. We report several species of Dicroidium , a seed fern typical for the Triassic of Gondwana, from the Upper Permian of the Dead Sea region. This is the earliest unequivocal record and the most northerly occurrence of this genus, suggesting that it may have evolved during the Permian in the paleotropics. With the decline and eventual extinction of the typical Permian Glossopteris flora, Dicroidium may have migrated southward. As the climate ameliorated in the Triassic, Dicroidium could have spread farther, eventually colonizing all of Gondwana, where it became one of the dominant floral elements.
Intramolecular isotope distribution in heavy ozone (16O18O16O and 16O16O18O)

[1] The ratio of asymmetric vs. symmetric molecules of heavy ozone, r50 = [16O16O18O]/[16O18O16O], or similarly r49 for 17O-containing ozone, is an essential feature of the unusual oxygen isotope effect in ozone formation. Whereas information on r49 is sparse and of limited accuracy, precision in laboratory measurements of r50 has recently been improved. The two most recent experiments, however, disagree on whether there is a preference for the formation of asymmetric over symmetric molecules or not (r50 > 2 versus r50 = 2). To throw light on this discrepancy, the temperature dependence of r50 has been derived from a reanalysis of existing measurements: r50 is found to decrease from 2.13 at 360 K to about 2.00 at 170 K. Kinetic model calculations show that the discrepancy between the two measurements disappears when temperature conditions for ozone formation are accounted for. The reanalysis confirms that the isotope enrichment in atmospheric 16O218O predominantly but not exclusively resides in the asymmetric molecule, with the preference for asymmetric molecules becoming smaller at low-temperature conditions. The enrichment of 16O16O18O which likely characterizes the source strength of ozone to transfer heavy oxygen (18O) into other atmospheric molecules is quantified as a function of temperature and in relation to the overall enrichment of heavy ozone. This information can now be used in atmospheric models that simulate isotope transfer effects.