Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composição bromatológica das fezes de galinhas poedeiras em diferentes tempos de estocagem

No presente experimento, a composicao quimica das fezes de galinhas poedeiras foi estudada num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repeticoes. Os tratamentos T 1 , T 2 , T 3 e T 4 consistiram de fezes estocadas durante 0, 14, 28 e 42 dias, respectivamente. Os periodos de estocagem nao afetaram (P >0,05) os valores de fibra bruta (FB) e de extrato etereo das fezes. Os valores iniciais de materia seca (MS), fibra bruta (FB), proteina bruta (PB), extrato etereo (EE), extrativos nao nitrogenados (ENN), energia bruta (EP), materia mineral (MM) e materia orgânica (MO) foram: 62,06%, 11,34%, 19,73%, 1,54%, 34,58%, 2.796,36 Kcal/kg de MS, 26,38% e 73,6%, respectivamente. Houve aumento dos teores de MS, FP, MM de 20,93% (P>0,01), 20,02% (P >0,05) e 1,55% (P >0,05) e decrescimo de 1,22% (P >0.05), 9,74% (P >0,05), 2,25% (P >0,05), 7,05% (P 0,05), respectivamente, nos teores de PB, EE, ENN, EB e MO, quando as fezes de galinhas poedeiras foram estocadas durante 14 dias. A estocagem ate 42 dias proporcionou decrescimo nos teores de MS, PB, MM, ENN, EB e MO.
Etude expérimentale des effets des conditions environnementales (température, oxygène, polluants) sur la survie, le développement et le comportement des stades embryo-larvaires d'esturgeon européen, Acipenser sturio

L'esturgeon europeen Acipenser sturio est un poisson migrateur amphihalin qui a connu un fort declin au cours du 20eme siecle. La derniere population vit dans le bassin Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne (GGD) et sa derniere reproduction connue date de 1994. Les individus relaches lors de repeuplements sont supposes venir se reproduire prochainement. Du fait du changement global et de l'evolution des activites humaines, une meilleure connaissance de la vulnerabilite des jeunes stades de A. sturio vis-a-vis de la temperature, de la disponibilite en oxygene et des polluants s'est averee necessaire. La sensibilite aux conditions oxythermiques actuelles et a venir a ete evaluee ainsi que la qualite des sediments des frayeres. Enfin, la sensibilite des jeunes stades de cette espece a des melanges de polluants representatifs du bassin GGD a ete egalement evaluee. Une forte sensibilite des jeunes stades de A. sturio au taux d'oxygene a ete mise en evidence. Les fenetres optimales et critiques de tolerance ont ete estimees. La toxicite des sediments de frayeres de Dordogne est globalement superieur a celle des sediments de frayeres de Garonne. Beauregard et Pessac-sur-Dordogne semblent etre respectivement les sites les plus favorables et defavorables aux jeunes stades. La sensibilite de A. sturio aux polluants rencontres dans le bassin est relativement faible. Les conditions environnementales actuelles du bassin GGD semblent globalement satisfaisantes pour accueillir le developpement de jeunes stades de A. sturio. Les donnees collectees dans cette etude pourront servir pour d'autres programmes de reintroduction de cette espece.
Effects of total fish oil replacement to vegetable oils at two dietary lipid levels on the growth, body composition, haemato‐immunological and serum biochemical parameters in caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877)

This research aimed to evaluate the effects of two dietary fat levels [low fat (LF) (10%), high fat (HF) (20%)] and sources [fish oil (FO), vegetable oil (VO)] on the growth and some physiological parameters of Caspian brown trout fingerlings for 60 days. Tuna oil or blends of canola and soybean oils (85:15) were added to diets to design four feeds namely LFFO, HFFO, LFVO and HFVO according to the fat levels and sources. The fish fed the LFFO diet had lower weight gain than the other fish (P<0.05). The total n-6 fatty acids increased in fish fed diets with the blends of VO, while the total n-3 fatty acids decreased in these fish (P<0.05). Serum lysozyme activity was higher in fish fed the HFVO diet than the other fish (P<0.05). Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein were lower in fish fed LFFO than the other fish (P<0.05). The present study demonstrates that in terms of fish growth, VOs can be used as an alternate source of dietary fat, whereas fish health and nutritional value are improved with the LFFO diet. According to these results, a partial substitution of FO by VO in high-level fat diets is suggested for long-term feeding of Caspian brown trout.
Morphology and taxonomy of leaf papillae and mammillae in Pottiaceae of China

Both papillae and mammillae are important structural characteristics for Pottiaceae classification, but these characters are diverse and their nomenclature is confused, hindering the classification of Pottiaceae. So, we selected representative species that cover all types of papillae and mammillae of Chinese Pottiaceae and observed and compared differences between them using light and scanning electronic microscopy. We corrected the chaotic descriptions of papillae of representative species, and have provided a uniform set of terms (“simple”, “forked”, “branched”, and “pedicellate”) to describe the shapes of papillae. In addition, we described how to quickly and accurately use papillae and mammillae to classify representative species in Chinese Pottiaceae.
Optimization of the Tenderization of Duck Breast Meat by Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate (AMP) using Response Surface Methodology

This study aimed to characterize and optimize the tenderization condition of duck breast meat by adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP), with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the optimal conditions for the tenderization of duck breast meat were at the NaCl concentration of 3.99 g/100 g, AMP concentration of 13.83 mmol/L, temperature of 15.32°C, and marinating time of 8 h. Compared with control duck breast meat, AMP combined with NaCl treatment demonstrated significant effects on improvement of meat tenderness and decrease of cooking loss. Such effects might be ascribed to the combination of a series of biochemical reactions, e.g. increase of muscle pH, dissociation of actomyosin and inhibition of meat shrinkage. Therefore, the mixture of AMP and NaCl could be regarded as an effective tenderization agent for duck breast meat.
The effects of different amounts and types of fat on rumen microbial protein synthesis in sheep

The experiments were carried out on 4 rams of 40±5 kg body weight fitted with permanent rumen and duodenal cannulas in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of fat source on rumen microbial biosynthesis. The basic ration for the control group consisted of meadow hay and concentrate (60:40) and for the experimental groups, the ration was supplemented with vegetable fat as rape seed oil, hydrogenated rape seed oil or linseed oil at a level of 0 (control), 4,8 and 10% in dry matter of the diet. The concentration of 2,6-diamonopimelic acid in duodenal digesta was analyzed as a marker of bacterial protein content. There were no statistically significant differences in DAPA and protein concentration, nevertheless the source and level of fat addition.
Glacial Tree Physiology: Using Stable Isotopes to Reconstruct Plant Responses to Environmental Change Since the Last Glacial Period

Increases in atmospheric [CO2] since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution have resulted in a current level that is approaching 400 ppm and represents novel conditions for modern plants relative to their glacial counterparts. Glacial plants experienced [CO2] ranging between 180 and 270 ppm coinciding with glacial-interglacial cycles of the last ~1 million years. Studies of modern plants grown under glacial [CO2] show strong responses of reduced photosynthetic rates and biomass; however, our understanding of the responses of actual glacial plants remains limited. Investigations of long-term plant responses to changes in atmospheric [CO2] provide important information on plant physiological patterns over geologic time scales as well as insight into past ecosystem-level responses such as primary productivity and terrestrial carbon storage. Using stable carbon isotope analysis of tree rings, we measured ci/ca (internal [CO2]/atmospheric [CO2]), ci, and annual tree ring growth patterns of glacial and modern tree species. These include Juniperus sp. preserved within the Rancho La Brea tar pits in southern California and Agathis australis from peat bogs in the North Island, New Zealand. We found that both species exhibited constant ci/ca since the last glacial period, resulting in severely reduced ci levels in glacial trees. Though reduced ci would suggest reduced growth capabilities, glacial Juniperus and Agathis trees showed no significant difference in mean or maximum ring width compared to modern trees. Additionally, growth-ci relationships were non-significant for the majority of trees, indicating that increased ci did not result in increased annual growth, even in glacial conditions of severely reduced [CO2]. We attribute this lack of along-term CO2
Substrato e concentração de nutrientes na solução nutritiva na produção de couve manteiga

O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de diferentes substratos e a concentracao de nutrientes na solucao nutritiva na producao de couve manteiga em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetacao do Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia Agroalimentar, Campus pombal – Pombal/PB, pertencente a Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (CCTA – UFCG), no periodo de 13/03 a 19/04/2010, utilizando a cultivar de couve manteiga da Georgia ( Brassica oleraceae var. acephala ). Os tratamentos foram constituidos por dois tipos de substrato (fibra de coco e esterco bovino) e cinco niveis de concentracao de nutrientes na solucao nutritiva (12,5, 25, 50 75 e 100%), com quatro repeticoes. A solucao nutritiva utilizada como base foi a de Hoagland & Arnon na concentracao de 100%. A partir desta solucao obteve-se por diluicao as demais concentracoes. A unidade experimental foi composta por um vaso contendo duas plantas. Os vasos foram dispostos no espacamento de 1,0 x 0,5 m. A utilizacao do substrato fibra de coco proporcionou maior eficiencia no crescimento e acumulo de massa seca em plantas de couve em relacao ao esterco bovino. A presenca de nutrientes na solucao nutritiva na concentracao de 100% proporciou maior eficiencia no crescimento e acumulo de massa seca em plantas de couve em relacao a 12,5, 25, 50 e 75%. O incremento no crescimento e acumulo de massa seca em couve na concentracao de 100% de nutrientes na solucao nutritiva foi em media de 61% em relacao a concentracao de 12,5% no substrato fibra de coco.O incremento no crescimento e acumulo de massa seca em couve na concentracao de 50% de nutrientes na solucao nutritiva foi em media de 15% em relacao a concentracao de 12,5% no substrato esterco bovino.
Functional Analysis of Regulatory Phosphorylation Events in Cardiac KATP Channel Subunits in Ischaemia

Protein kinase C (PKC)–mediated phosphorylation of ATP sensitive potassium channels (KATP) is believed to be involved in ischaemic preconditioning. Five consensus PKC phosphorylation sites in the Kir6.1 subunit, S354, S379, S385, S391 and S397, have been proposed as possible regulatory sites. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of these residues in regulating the functional properties of Kir6.1-containing KATP channels. HEK cells expressing Kir6.1/SUR2A or Kir6.1/SUR2B channels were used to assess electrical activity of the channels responding to PKC using the whole cell patch clamp technique. It was found that PKC activator, Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA), inhibited pinacidil-activated Kir6.1/SUR2A and Kir6.1/SUR2B currents. Mutation of serine 379 and serine 385 resulted in a significant reduction of the inhibitory effect of PKC in both Kir6.1/SUR2A and kir6.1/SUR2B channels. The inhibitory effect of PKC was also reduced in S397 mutant in Kir6.1/SUR2A channel. An endosome targeting Kir6.1/SUR2A mutant was assessed for its functional response to PKC. The inhibitory effect of PKC was abolished in this mutant. Further investigation by immunofluorescence microscopy showed that incubating HEK cells expressing Kir6.1-HA tag/SUR2A with PMA for 30 minutes resulted in internalization of the Kir6.1 protein, but not in non-treated cells. In the presence of the dynamin GTPase inhibitor, dynasore, PMA-induced internalization was blocked indicating that internalisation was via a dynamin dependent mechanism. To clarify which PKC isoform was responsible for KATP channel phosphorylation, Kir6.1 phosphorylation in rat ventricular myocytes was labelled with 32 P and stimulated with Adenosine A1 receptor agonist, 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyl-adenosine (CCPA). The phosphorylation was investigated in the absence and presence of permeable Tat-linked PKC inhibitor peptides. Kir6.1 phosphorylation was stimulated by CCPA and inhibited in the presence of Tat-coupled PKCε inhibitor peptide but not TatPKCα, β, γ or δ inhibitor peptides.
Principles of Seed Pathology

IntroductionTerminologyHistorical DevelopmentDevelopment of Seed Health TestingSignificance Reduction in Crop Yields Loss in Germination and Vigor Development of Plant Diseases Discoloration and Shrivelling Biochemical Changes in Seeds Alteration in Physical Properties of SeedsSeedborne PathogensFungiBacteriaMycoplasmalike OrganismsFastidious Vascular BacteriaSpiroplasmasVirusesViroidsNematodesLocation of Seedborne InoculumHistopathology of Some Seedborne PathogensSeed Infection Embryo Endosperm and Perisperm Seed Coat and Pericarp Glume InfectionSeed Infestation or ContaminationMechanism of Seed InfectionSeed Infection Systemic Infection through Flower, Fruit, or Seed Stalk Penetration through the Stigma Penetration through the Ovary Wall and Seed Coat Penetration through the Natural Openings and InjuriesSeed Infestation or Contamination Pathogens Adhering to the Seed Surfaces Concomitant Seed ContaminationFactors Affecting Seed InfectionHost GenotypeEnvironment Moisture Temperature Wind Velocity Rainfall IrrigationCrop Management Seed Production Area Tillage Plant Population Fertilizers Growth Regulators Weeds Irrigation Frost Harvest TimeType of InoculumSeed QualityPlant Growth StageMother Plant InfectionInsect InfestationPathogen InteractionLongevity of Seedborne PathogensLongevityFactors Influencing Longevity Host Genotype Inoculum Seed Storage Containers Storage Environment Storage Period Presence of Antagonistic MicrofloraSeed Transmission and InoculationSeed Transmission Systemic Seed Transmission Nonsystemic Seed TransmissionSeed InoculationFactors Affecting Seed TransmissionCrop SpeciesEnvironment Moisture Temperature Wind-Blown Rain LightInoculum Minimum Effective Level of Inoculum for Seed Transmission and Establishment in Seedlings or Plants Inoculum Location Type of InoculumSurvival of InoculumCultural Practices Soil Type Soil Reaction Seeding Rate Depth of Sowing Sowing Time Fertilizers Planting MethodSeed AbnormalitiesSeed Germination Epigeal HypogealSeed LeachatesPresence of Other MicrofloraEpidemiology and Inoculum Thresholds of Seedborne PathogensEpidemiology Classification of Seedborne Diseases Based on EpidemiologyInoculum Thresholds Fungi Bacteria VirusesDevelopment of Inoculum Thresholds Planting Area Role of Seedborne Inoculum in Disease Development Host Susceptibility Economic Loss Due to Seedborne Pathogens Perpetuation of Inoculum by Other Means Cropping Practices Influence of Seed Treatment on Seedborne Infection Certification Program Seed Proce
Hematological Characteristics of Two Teleost Fish in a Tropical Reservoir

Theblood condition of the fish is crucial in meeting the health, food, economic and post-harvest needs of fish farmers and consumers. In this study, the hematological conditions of live and sacrificed samples of two commercially important teleosts, Clariasgariepinus (African mud catfish) and Channaafricana (Snake head fish), obtained from Egbe dam located in Ekiti State, southwest Nigeria were studied. Blood samples were collected from tranquilized live fish by puncturing the anal fin vein using 23G x 1 1/4 " sized heparinized plastic syringe and later sacrificed by percussive stunning for post-mortem blood sample collections. Standard hematological analytical procedures were used in the assessment of the various blood parameters. The results obtained evoked significant differences (P 0.05) in the blood Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) of the two live fish species. The results of the post-mortem analysis of the blood parameters revealed significant differences (P<0.05) at the different intervals of blood collection with the highest rate of decline in the blood profile within the first 2hours of death. Rigor-mortis had no visible impact on the decreasing status of the blood profiles of the two teleostean fish because the muscle stiffening was delayed for about 6hrs after the initialization of the post-mortem study. The results obtained in this study will serve as baseline hematological parameters for use in monitoring of fish health and preservation.
X.—The Feeding Mechanism of Some Atyid Prawns of the Genus Caridina

Synopsis The mouthparts and associated structures and the feeding mechanism of two small atyid prawns, Caridina africana and C. nilotica, are described in detail. Both species collect fine particles of food with the chelipeds, which for this purpose are armed with greatly modified spines and setæ, and transfer them rapidly to the mouthparts. Here the food is removed from the chelipeds by a grid-like arrangement of setse on the first maxillipeds and combed from these by the highly modified and teasel-like distal portions of the maxillæ which operate in conjunction with the first maxillipeds as a single functional unit. From these it is passed to the maxillules and thence to the mandibles. An attempt is made to reconstruct on a functional basis the route by which primitive malacostracans could reach the condition now found in Caridina, and the evolution of chelipeds is discussed.
Effect of Coco Peat Medium and Electrical Conductivity on Production of Gerbera

The medium containing higher proportion of coco peat had good physico- chemical properties. The pH of the growing media decreased with increase in nutrient EC levels. The medium containing 100% coco peat supplied with nutrient solution having EC of 1.8 ds/m (E2) produced good quality flowers. The build up of EC was high in 100 % coco peat medium and low in normal growing medium. The phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur and micro-nutrients in leaves were determined after four months of transplanting. Phosphorus, manganese, zinc, copper and sodium contents in leaf were high in 100 % coco peat medium while potassium and calcium contents were at optimum level. However, magnesium, sulphur and iron contents were higher in normal growing medium. In general, the nutrient contents increased with increased coco peat proportion.
Taxonomic Characterization of Three Marine Peritrichous Ciliates from China: Zoothamnium alrasheidi spec. nov., Z. marinum Kahl, 1933 and Z. vermicola Precht, 1935 (Ciliophora: Peritrichia)

Three marine peritrichous ciliates, Zoothamnium alrasheidi spec. nov., Z. marinum Kahl, 1933 and Z. vermicola Precht, 1935, were isolated from littoral areas near Qingdao, China. The living morphology, infraciliature and silverline system were studied in living and silver-impregnated specimens. Zoothamnium alrasheidi is distinguished from its congeners by the giant, leaf-shaped colony, the differentiation of zooids, the structure of the infundibular polykineties and in having 57-75 silverlines between the oral area and the trochal band and 24-42 between the trochal band and the scopula. Zoothamnium marinum and Z. vermicola are reported for the first time in over 70 years. Each was identified by its zooid shape and size, colony shape, the branching pattern of its stalk and its marine habitat. As a result of the present study, additional features for characterizing these species now include the structure of infundibular polykinety 3 and the number of silverlines between the aboral trochal band and (a) the scopula, and (b) the peristomial lip. Redescriptions and improved diagnoses of both species are supplied based on the Chinese populations.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of equines in central zone of Kashmir Valley

Faecal samples (550) from equines were examined in central zone of Kashmir valley from September 2009 to July 2010 and 95.09% were found positive for ova of one or other gastrointestinal helminths. Nematodes were most prevalent helminths (95.09%) followed by cestodes (1.45%). Among nematodes Cyathostomes were found to be the most prevalent (94.72%), followed by Strongylus spp. (81.09%), Triodontophorus spp. (60.90%), Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (13.09%), Oxyuris equi (8.18%), Strongyloides westeri (6.90%) and Parascaris equorum (4.36%). The seasonal analysis exhibited highest infection (100%) in spring followed by 99% in summer, 94.66% in autumn and 88% in winter with nonsignificant variation. The overall prevalence of mixed infection was 91.45%. The overall mean intensity of infection was 1546.45±345.47. Highest mean intensity was recorded in spring followed by autumn summer and minimum in winter. There was nonsignificant variation in incidence and intensity of infection among different types of equines. Similarly, incidence and intensity of infection remained marginally higher in young ones and in females. Different genera of strongyle worms identified on coproculture were Cyathostomum spp. (62.00%) followed by Triodontophorus spp. (8.00%), Gyalocephalus spp. (7.33%), Strongylus vulgaris (6.00%), Strongylus edentatus (4.00%), Trichostrongylus axei (4.00%), Poteriostomum spp. (3.00%) and Oesophagodontus spp. (3.00%).
Morphological diversity analysis among watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Mansf.) genotypes.

A study was carried out during summer season of 2009 and 2010 to determine variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation, path analysis and genetic divergence in watermelon for eleven quantitative characters. The TSS (89.5%) had maximum heritability followed by rind thickness (81.7%), days to first fruit harvest (81.2%), number of primary branches per plant (80.7%), fruit yield per plant (79.7%), node at which first female flower appeared (79.3%) and main vine length (79.0%) which provides ample scope for varietal improvement through selection. Significant positive correlation was found between fruit yield per plant and node at which first female flower appeared (0.440), number of primary branches per plant (0.342), fruit weight (0.339) and number of fruits per plant (0.077). The maximum direct effect on fruit yield per plant was exerted by fruit weight had maximum positive direct effect (1.023) at phenotypic level followed by number of fruits per plant (0.862). Therefore, selection should be practices on these characters these characters in breeding programme of watermelon.
The Art of Being a Parasite

Parasites are masterful works of evolutionary art. The tiny mite Hisliostoma laboratorium, a parasite of Drosophila, launches itself, in an incredible display of evolutionary engineering, like a surface-to-air missile at a fruit fly far above its head. Gravid mussels such as Lampsilis ventricosa undulate excitedly as they release their parasitic larval offspring, conning greedy predators in search of a tasty meal into hosting the parasite. The Art of Being a Parasite is an extensive collection of these and other wonderful and weird stories that illuminate the ecology and evolution of interactions between species. Claude Combes illustrates what it means to be a parasite by considering every stage of its interactions, from invading and reproducing to leaving the host. An accessible and engaging follow-up to Combes's Parasitism: The Ecology and Evolution of Intimate Interactions, this book will be of interest to both scholars and nonspecialists in the fields of biodiversity, natural history, ecology, public health, and evolution.