Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Activity budgets of Lesser Snow Geese wintering on the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia

In the absence of disturbance the diurnal routine of waterfowl generally consists of a more or less regular pattern of feeding and resting, irregularly interspersed with less frequent flight, preening and alertness behaviour. Deviations from the normal ac­ tivity budget may profoundly affect energy uptake and expenditure, and hence the welfare and productivity of the individual. The balance between the ability to ingest large quantities of food and to select a relatively nutritious diet is very important for birds such as geese which, as a group, possess inefficient digestive systems (Mat­ tocks 1971). Daily procurement of food is most often limited by the amount of light available (Bossenmaier & Marshall 1958). However, other factors such as disturbance and changes in food availability may alter the feeding routine markedly. One critical factor is the efficiency of feeding in relation to the amount of time available, and this, in turn, is directly related to the size, quality, and accessibility of the food resource. Energy output is related to the level of daily activity, as well as the maintenance of homeothermy. Flight is the most energetical­ ly expensive activity, ranging from 5 to 14 times Standard Metabolic Rate (Utter & LeFebvre 1970). In addition those areas most intensively utilized for feeding must be determined. Winter range usually includes a feeding site and a roosting or loafing site, and may also have separate drinking and grit-taking areas (Glazner 1946). The winter range is often disjointed, and different portions of the es­ tuarine resource may be used more intensive­ ly for one activ ity than for o thers. M easurements o f the dom inant activity within each may indicate their relative im­ portance in providing food, shelter, grit and sanctuary at different times of the year.
High‐temperature elasticity of iron‐bearing olivines

The first high-temperature data on the nine adiabatic elastic moduli for iron-bearing olivine are reported. These measurements are on two single-crystal specimens of natural olivine at ambient pressure and from room temperature to a maximum of 1500 K. The two specimens contain 8 and 9 modal percent fayalite, which required the oxygen fugacity be controlled at high temperature to preserve their chemical stability. The rectangular parallelepiped resonance apparatus was adapted to buffer the specimens from the atmosphere with a mixture of CO and CO2 gas. A small increase (∼1–2 GPa) in the adiabatic bulk modulus of each specimen, over that of end-member forsterite, was found. The data are high quality to extreme temperatures, with good agreement found when comparing the temperature derivatives of the elastic moduli of the two specimens. Neither specimen exhibits measurable nonlinear temperature dependence in the computed isotropic bulk and shear moduli, which is in contrast to published forsterite data. The temperature derivatives of the isotropic bulk modulus KS are (−1.69, −1.80) × 10−2 GPa K−1 for the two olivine specimens, and the shear modulus G derivatives are (−1.38, −1.36) × 10−2 GPa K−1. These derivatives are only slightly larger in magnitude than |(∂KS/∂T)P| = 1.56 × 10−2 and |(∂G/∂T)P| = 1.30 × 10−2 GPa K−1 found previously for iron-bearing olivine over a very small temperature range. There are also no significant differences between the temperature derivatives found here and the average derivatives of end-member forsterite from data retrieved over a slightly larger temperature range. Several dimensionless parameters have been calculated from these results and are discussed in view of systematics which bear on high-pressure phases in Earth's transition zone. One result from these systematics related to the seismic velocities in the Earth, and especially the shear wave velocities, is that an olivine content of less than 50% is implied at the 400-km discontinuity if Earth's upper mantle is isochemical. Furthermore, the substitution of almost 10% iron for magnesium at the forsterite end of the olivine solid solution series has little effect on the dimensionless parameters or on the temperature derivatives of the elastic moduli at high temperature.
A storm event watershed model for surface runoff based on 2D fully dynamic wave equations

The main purpose of this work concerns the development and testing of an overland flow model based on the two‐dimensional fully dynamic shallow water equations. Three key aspects, fundamental to get accurate, efficient and robust computation of surface runoff at basin scale, are discussed by transferring the main findings obtained by the recent research on the topic of dam‐break wave and flood propagation in the context of rainfall–runoff modelling. In particular, attention is focused on the numerical flux and bottom slope source terms computation, on a numerical treatment of friction slope terms and on an algorithm for dealing with wetting/drying fronts. The performances of the numerical model have been preliminarily evaluated using experimental or ideal tests characterized by very critical conditions for the stability of a numerical model. Then, attention was focused on a real event occurred in a sub‐basin of Reno river in Italy to analyse the suitability of the model in simulating real flood situations. The numerical results highlight the good performances of the model in all the simulations discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Distribution of Density Irregularities in the Equatorial Ionosphere

We analyzed measurements of ion number density made by the retarding potential analyzer aboard the Atmosphere Explorer-E (AE-E) satellite, which was in an approximately circular orbit at an altitude near 300 km in 1977 and later at an altitude near 400 km. Large-scale (>60 km) density measurements in the high-altitude regions show large depletions of bubble-like structures which are confined to narrow local time, longitude, and magnetic latitude ranges, while those in the low-altitude regions show relatively small depletions which are broadly distributed in space. For this reason we considered the altitude regions below 300 km and above 350 km and investigated the global distribution of irregularities using the rms deviation ΔN/N over a path length of 18 km as an indicator of overall irregularity intensity. Seasonal variations of irregularity occurrence probability are significant in the Pacific regions, while the occurrence probability is always high in the Atlantic-African regions and is always low in the Indian regions. We find that the high occurrence probability in the Pacific regions is associated with isolated bubble structures, while that near 0° longitude is produced by large depletions with bubble structures which are superimposed on a large-scale wave-like background. Considerations of longitude variations due to seeding mechanisms and due to F region winds and drifts are necessary to adequately explain the observations at low and high altitudes. Seeding effects are most obvious near 0° longitude, while the most easily observed effect of the F region is the suppression of irregularity growth by interhemispheric neutral winds.
Sensitivity analysis on processes affecting bypass flow.

Bypass flow in structured soils is dominated by soil hydrological processes, such as rain intensity, initial pressure head of the soil, surface storage of rain, horizontal contact area and absorption rate, and hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix. This study was conducted to determine the relative impact of these processes in different soil types. A quasi 3-dimensional simulation model was used to calculate the effects of these soil hydrological input parameters on surface infiltration, macropore flow (with related horizontal absorption) and drainage. For light textured soils, surface infiltration was the most important term in the water balance. Heavy textured soils, in contrast, had drainage as the main term. In the latter soils bypass flow, when occurring, was almost equal to the amount of rain applied, indicating that absorption processes were strongly reduced. Lateral absorption on macropore walls was a minor fraction in the total mass balances, due to limited contact area and relatively weak diffusivity forces. Surface infiltration is a crucial parameter in bypass flow and is mainly dependent on rain intensity, initial pressure head and conductivity of the soil matrix. This requires measurement methods for hydraulic conductivity that specifically consider the effect of macropores.
Upper crust of the Archean Dharwar craton in southern India as revealed by seismic refraction tomography and its geotectonic implications

S U M M A R Y Imaging shallow crustal structure is essential to extend the geological information from surface mapping to a depth and to develop tectonic models. We applied seismic tomography modelling to refraction data acquired along a 200-km-long line in the Dharwar craton of the Indian shield, and we derived a crustal velocity model that was evaluated with checkerboard tests to demonstrate the reliability of the model. We also tested the model for artefacts. Upper-crustal velocities vary between 5.7 and 6.4 km s–1 and are determined to 10 km depth, probably due to very low-velocity gradients in the upper crust. Undulating high and low velocities in the top layers of the crust are terminated at a depth of 7–8 km, consistent with a probable detachment. We interpret the undulating upper-crustal velocity layers to represent a fold-thrust belt structure that developed during a collision in a transpressional tectonic regime, consistent with themodel of Chadwick et al., which suggests oblique convergence and accretion of two crustal blocks in the region. The velocity structure also correlates reasonably well with the distinct geological units. We interpret relatively low velocities between the undulating layers as representative of faults that bound various tectonic domains.
Prescribing pattern of interns in a primary health center in India

Background: Prescription is the written order of the physician which is conveyed to the patient. Rational prescription writing is a skill which should be mastered at the earliest. Internship is the period where undergraduate medical education can be consolidated through continued learning under the direct supervision of teachers. The attitude of interns toward rational drug use is of utmost importance. The present study aimed to explore the prescribing pattern of interns in a primary health center in India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 2 months (June 1 2010-July 30 2010) in a primary health center attached to a medical college in India. The main outcome measure was to assess rationality of prescribing pattern of interns was measured as per World Health Organization enlisted prescribing indicators. Data analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistical methods: Frequencies, percentage, and mean standard deviation. Results: A total of 1968 drugs were prescribed in 760 prescriptions analyzed with an average of 2.58 drugs per prescription. Analgesic was the most commonly prescribed drug (25.78%) followed by antibiotics (22.1%), drugs used for gastrointestinal symptom (15.78%), multivitamins (11.84%), anti-malarials (8.35%), antihistaminics (6.25%), and hematinics (5.36%). Regarding prescribing indicators, in 435 prescriptions (22.4%), antibiotics were advised. A total of 688 (34.97%) drugs were prescribed by generic name, while the percentage of drugs prescribed from essential drug list of India was 58.47%. Injectables were prescribed in 89 prescriptions (4.49%). Conclusion: The present study shows that irrational prescribing practices are common among interns of the institute. The art of rational prescribing should be taught to them by medical teachers who are adequately trained in rational drug use.
Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional, Kepemilikan Manajerial, Ukuran Direksi, Proporsi Dewan Komisaris Independen dan Komite Audit Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis kepemilikan institusional, kepemilikan manajerial, ukuran direksi, proporsi dewan komisaris independen dan komite audit secara simultan dan parsial terhadap penghindaran pajak pada perusahaan pertambangan di BEI periode 2017-2021. Peneltian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan sampel yang dianalisis yaitu 22 perusahaan. Sehingga data yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 110 data laporan keuangan. Adapun teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran direksi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penghindaran pajak, sedangkan kepemilikan institusional, kepemilikan manajerial, proporsi dewan komisaris independen dan komite audit tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penghindaran pajak pada perusahaan pertambangan di BEI periode 2017-2021.
Application of the Re‐Os isotopic system to the study of Precambrian magmatic sulfide deposits of Western Australia

Mafic and ultramafic rocks that host magmatic Fe‐Ni‐Cu‐platinum‐group element (PGE) sulfide deposits are an important feature of the Archaean Yilgarn and Pilbara Cratons of Western Australia. We have applied the Re‐Os isotopic geochronometer and tracer to four komatiite‐hosted Ni sulfide deposits, one Merensky Reef‐style Cu‐Ni‐PGE disseminated sulfide accumulation in a mafic layered intrusion, and a Cu‐Ni sulfide‐rich siliceous high‐MgO basalt dyke swarm in order to constrain better the genesis of these magmatic ore systems. Significant post‐crystallisation Re and/or Os mobility is observed in the isotopic data for samples from the 3.3 Ga Ruth Well prospect (Pilbara Craton), for cumulates from the 2.9 Ga Munni Munni Complex (Pilbara Craton), for some massive sulfide ore samples from the 2.7 Ga Kambalda deposit (Yilgarn Craton), and for some disseminated ore samples from the 2.7 Ga Perseverance deposit (Yilgarn Craton). We attribute this open‐system behaviour and disturbance of the Re‐Os system to hydrothe.
Feed composition and strategies to improve poly-unsaturated fatty acid levels in organic cow milk

Like in various other countries, organic milk in the Netherlands has higher levels of poly-unsaturated fatty acids, particularly CLA and omega-3, than conventional milk. Monitoring results from a total of 25 farms between 2004 till 2007 are presented. Regression analysis indicates a negative effect of maize silage and positive effects of feeding fresh grass, grass pellets, red clover and addition of oil on CLA levels in milk fat. Results with omega-3 are similar, but omega-3 levels in milk fat seem less related to feed characteristics: the model with feed composition, seasonal effects and farm effects as major parameters, explains a smaller part of the variation, while farm influence is much larger with omega-3 compared to CLA. Farm influence might be caused by genetic differences and constant factors influencing roughage quality. Genetic influences are likely but could not be investigated as milk samples were not taken from individual cows. The influence of grass quality is suggested by the large effect of sampling date found in this study. Moreover, some high residual values and statistical estimates for individual farms seem often related to silage quality, botanically rich pastures and red clover feeding.
Generic Mapping Tools: Improved Version Released

Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) is an open-source software package for the analysis and display of geoscience data, helping scientists to analyze, interpolate, filter, manipulate, project, and plot time series and gridded data sets. The GMT toolbox includes about 80 core and 40 supplemental program modules sharing a common set of command options, file structures, and documentation. Its power to process data and produce publication-quality graphic presentations has made it vital to a large scientific community that now includes more than 25,000 individual users. GMT's website (http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu/) exceeds 20,000 visits per month, and server logs show roughly 2000 monthly downloads.
The drainage of sloping lands

The problem of the water table in equilibrium with the rainfall on sloping land is analyzed by solving Boussinesq's equation. It is assumed that the hillside is drained by parallel ditches which are founded in the impermeable layer. A nomogram is presented for calculating the ditch spacing as a function of rate of replenishment, soil hydraulic conductivity, and maximum height of the water table above the impermeable layer.
Short-term dynamics of microplankton abundance and diversity in NW Mediterranean Sea during late summer conditions (DYNAPROC 2 cruise; 2004)

Abstract. Changes in marine phytoplankton communities at short-time scales have rarely been examined. As a part of the DYNAPROC 2 cruise (14 September–17 October 2004), conducted in the NW Mediterranean Sea, we daily sampled and determined taxonomic composition and abundance of the microphytoplankton and the dominant microzooplanktonic groups from both net and bottle sampling, during 4 cycles of 5 days. Hydrological conditions were characterised by the dominance of a stratified water column and nutrient-depleted conditions. However the stratification index revealed a destabilization of the water column from the beginning of the second cycle, related to a wind stress event accompanied with coastal water intrusion. This conducted to an increase of taxonomic richness and a general decrease of evenness, depicting the dominance of species with the best fitness. We also emphasised on the great interest of taxonomic studies, as able to provide valuable information on biogeochemical-important groups of species, potential water masses indicators and trophic aspects of the community that are ignored or largely underestimated with other kind of phytoplankton studies, such as pigment analysis.
Land Use Optimization in Asahan Watershed with Linear Programming and SWAT Model

Erosion occurring within a watershed can threaten land use sustainability through land quality degradation. To minimize erosion in Asahan Watershed, this study employs land use optimization technique through linear program and spatial optimization. Optimization wasapplied to minimize erosion with a number of constraints and taking the land’s economic value into consideration. Spatial optimization uses the query method based on land capability category to obtain a combination of optimal land use area to be simulated using the SWAT model. Results indicate that to minimize erosion, there is a large change in forested land area, increased plantation and rice field areas, reduced dry farm land areas, and barren land soil and shrubs converted into other vegetated areas. These changes can reduce erosion without reducing water yield in the SWAT model simulation.
Geochemical characterization, evolution and source of a Mesozoic accretionary wedge: the Torlesse terrane, New Zealand

Whole-rock major and trace element compositions of quartzofeldspathic Permian–Cretaceous sandstones of the Torlesse terrane, New Zealand, display progressive changes which compare well with published petrographic data. Chemical indices in three Permian–early Late Triassic Rakaia subterrane petrofacies show small contrasts, as do the modes, reflecting original source compositions. A Late Triassic Rakaia petrofacies displays sharp increases in SiO2/Al2O3, K2O/Na2O, Th/Sc, La/Sc, Ce/Sc, LaN/YN and decreases in Ti/Zr and V/La, consistent with partial cannibalistic recycling and a small influx of lithic volcanic detritus. In the post-collisional Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Pahau subterrane, SiO2/Al2O3 remains high, but other indices decrease to levels seen in the Permian, due to recycling of the earlier Rakaia petrofacies and influx of 10–30% mafic-intermediate volcaniclastic detritus derived from inboard volcanogenic terranes. The results are confirmed by additional suites, including mudstones, which cover a larger area, but also show that some spatial variation occurs within the terrane as a whole. Whole-rock data and Chemical Index of Alteration indices indicate that the Torlesse was derived from a relatively unweathered source with granodioritic bulk composition. Comparisons with data from a proposed Rakaia source in the New England and Hodgkinson orogens of eastern Australia suggest that the observed chemical and modal compositions cannot be simply derived from that area as presently exposed.
Flexural Members with Confined Concrete

Existing experimental evidence for the stress-strain curve for concrete confined by transverse steel hoops or spirals is examined and used to determine the moment-curvature characteristics of flexural members with confined concrete. The stress-strain curve for confined concrete is represented by a parabola up to maximum stress, a linear falling branch followed by a straight horizontal portion. The slope of the linear falling branch is found as a function of the volume and spacing of the hoop steel and the strength of the concrete. The compressive stress block parameters for flexural members with different levels of strain at the extreme compression fiber and quantities of confining steel are found from the proposed stress-strain curve. The examination of the moment-curvature characteristics of beams with confined concrete showed that the quantity of confining steel only has a significant effect on the behavior of members with a high tension steel content and a low compression steel content.
Involvement of Crustal Material in Delamination of the Lithosphere after Continent-Continent Collision

Deep submersion of crustal material into the mantle, evidenced for the Variscan orogen at about 340 Ma, is explained by delamination of the continental lithosphere. The cause for such delamination is thickening of the continental crust and the underlying mantle lithosphere due to the collision of Gondwana and Laurussia. Scientific information on this continent-continent collision is scrutinized to test if the evolutionary model for the Variscan orogeny proposed here is compatible with the vast geoscientific data. It is then hypothesized that the evolution of an orogen, resulting from continent-continent collision since the late Neoproterozoic, can, in general, be described by six stages: (1) approach of continental plates; (2) beginning of continent-continent collision; (3) lateral extension of continental crust that was thickened to 60 km or more, for tens of million years; (4) delamination of the continental lithosphere involving material from the continental crust; (5) continuation of continent-continent collision without significant thickening of continental crust lasting again several tens of million years; and (6) cessation of continent-continent collision. These stages are characterized by the formation of different sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rock types. For instance, the origin and the beginning of exhumation of high- and ultrahigh-pressure rocks are related to stages 2 and 4. Thus, the corresponding rocks are good relative time markers. The above model was applied to the Cretaceous to Quaternary evolution of the orogenic chains in the Mediterranean region. It is concluded that this region underwent extended lithospheric delamination (stage 4) in the late Paleogene. Finally, the consequences of lithospheric delamination with continental crust involved are discussed. It is speculated that this process has resulted in an enormous loss of continental crust over the last 600 m.y. This loss could have also significantly influenced the climatic and biologic evolution on Earth.