Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lightweight intrusion detection: a second line of defense for unguarded wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are formed of stationary nodes with stringent resources (in terms of battery power, processor speed, memory and radio range). They have specific communication and traffic patterns. Making sensor networks secure is especially challenging because of the wireless medium and the fact that WSN is physically unguarded. The compromise of sensor nodes may lead to the loss of secret information and tampering of the software. Hence, intrusion detection techniques must be designed to detect at least some of the most dangerous attacks. Further, these techniques should be lightweight to suit resource constrained nature of WSN. We focus on proposing lightweight detection techniques for most dangerous attacks such as masquerade, Sybil, packet dropping, sinkhole, data-forging by an aggregator, exhaustion, HELLO flood and infusing invalid information. We also propose techniques which add new nodes securely, allow sensor nodes to send anomalies or information about detected attacks/attackers to the base station and isolate detected attackers. MG method for detecting masquerade/Sybil is based on overhearing the communication of the immediate neighbors. SRP method verifies the number of packets sent and received from nodes based on their id. For periodic monitoring type of applications, we propose to detect packet dropping and sinkhole which estimates the number of packets a node should receive/send from/to its neighbors. Estimating the number of packets is possible because sensor nodes send data periodically to the base station using a deterministic traffic pattern. The proposed mechanism also detects exhaustion and HELLO flood attacks. Our technique (DPDSN) detects packet dropping paths and detects packet dropping nodes only if there is a need to do so. We also propose overhearing based technique for detecting data-forging by sensor nodes and aggregator. Our work in detecting invalid source of information (IASN) is based on expecting certain kind of data from a certain neighbor. We analyze the probability of success and overhead of these techniques. These solutions do not substitute cryptography based techniques which generally provide the first line of defense. Instead they complement the first line of defense. These solutions are necessary because physical capture of a sensor node is easily possible.
A comparison of calculated and measured low-stress Hugoniots and release adiabats of dry and water-saturated tuff

Hugoniots of water, four dry tuffs, and two water-saturated tuffs in the low-stress region ( σx>˜25 kb) were determined in gas gun experiments. Also states on the release adiabats of the dry tuff specimens were determined by shock reverberation techniques. The experimental water Hugoniot agreed well with a Hugoniot calculated from thermodynamic data. A comparison was also made between the experimental states in the tuff and states calculated from the assumptions that (1) volume changes due to shock heating are negligible; (2) the rigidity of the solid portion is responsible for the presence of the precursor and determines both its velocity and magnitude; and (3) a hydrodynamic, completely compacted state is achieved immediately and irreversibly once the Hugoniot elastic limit is exceeded. Calculated stress-particle velocity states averaged about 30% in stress below the measured values for the dry specimens. This discrepancy indicates that compaction is not completed in the 1- to 2-μsec duration of the experiments. Measured states were within experimental error of calculated states for the saturated samples.
A New Strategy for Consumption of Functional Lipids from Ericerus pela (Chavannes): Study on Microcapsules and Effervescent Tablets Containing Insect Wax–Derived Policosanol

In this study, we addressed various challenges associated with the consumption of functional lipids from the Ericerus pela (Chavannes), including unfavorable taste, insolubility in water, difficulty in oral intake, low bioavailability, and low psychological acceptance. Our study focused on the microencapsulation of policosanol, the key active component of insect wax, which is a mixture of functional lipids secreted by the Ericerus pela (Chavannes). We developed two innovative policosanol products, microcapsules, and effervescent tablets, and optimized their preparation conditions. We successfully prepared microcapsules containing insect wax–derived policosanol using the spray-drying method. We achieved 92.09% microencapsulation efficiency and 61.67% powder yield under the following conditions: maltodextrin, starch sodium octenyl succinate, and (2-hydroxy)propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) at a ratio of 1:1:1, core-to-wall materials at a ratio of 1:10, 15% solid content, spray dryer feed temperature at 60 °C, inlet air temperature at 140 °C, and hot-air flow rate at 0.5 m3/min. The microcapsules exhibited a regular spherical shape with a minimal water content (1.82%) and rapid dispersion in water (within 143.5 s). These microcapsules released policosanol rapidly in simulated stomach fluid. Moreover, effervescent tablets were prepared using the policosanol-containing microcapsules. The tablets showed low friability (0.32%), quick disintegration in water (within 99.5 s), and high bubble volume. The microcapsules and effervescent tablets developed in this study presented effective solutions to the insolubility of policosanol in water. These products were portable and offered customizable tastes to address the psychological discomfort related to insect-based foods, thus providing a novel strategy for the consumption and secondary processing of insect lipids.
Atmospheric O2, CO2 and δ13C observations from the remote sites Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, and Puy de Dôme, France

First atmospheric O2, CO2 and δ13C flask measurements from the high altitude site Jungfraujoch (JFJ), Switzerland, as well as from the mountain site Puy de Dôme (PUY), France are presented. The four‐year records of JFJ and the three‐year records of PUY show distinct seasonal cycles and superimposed long‐term trends in the measured parameters. The mean peak‐to‐peak amplitudes of the respective seasonal cycles at JFJ are 79 per meg for O2/N2, 11 ppm for CO2, and 0.45 ‰ for δ13C. At PUY the seasonal variations are about two times larger than at JFJ. The spring time CO2 maximum at PUY appears in early march, whereas at JFJ it shows up 1 to 2 months later. The O2:CO2 correlation gives at both sites slopes of about −2 mol O2/mol CO2. Stable carbon isotope ratios of source CO2 show depleted values in wintertime and isotopically enriched values in summer.
Observations on the distribution of paraglacial reworking of glacigenic drift in western Norway

This paper presents new data on the extent of and controls on paraglacial reworking of glacigenic drift by debris flows and snow avalanches at eight localities in western Norway. At sites around Jostedalsbreen, gully density is in the order of c. 10-100 gullies per km. Drift slopes at the sites in the Jotunheim massif are generally much less extensively modified by paraglacial processes (gully density nowhere exceeds 8 km-1 in either site). Factors controlling paraglacial drift modification include gradient, sediment availability and water supply. Gully density generally exceeds 20 gullies per km where drift is steeper than c. 30° and thicker than c. 10 m, and where the void ratio of unreworked sediment exceeds c. 0.35. Widespread gullying is also favoured at sites of high and focused water input, in particular where melting snow and ice are involved. A significant implication of these findings concerns the preservation of glacigenic sediments and landforms in different paraglaciated landscapes. Understanding the detailed constraints on paraglacial processes is essential for realistically assessing the geomorphological significance of paraglaciation in a range of environments.
VARIABILITY OF NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDICES IN SUMATRA AND ITS RELATION TO CLIMATE ANOMALIES (KERAGAMAN INDEKS VEGETASI DI SUMATERA DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN ANOMALI IKLIM)

Indeks vegetasi yang diperoleh dari data NOAA-AVHRR sudah umum digunakan sebagai indikator kehijauan dan kekeringan vegetasi. Kondisi iklim global dan regional diatas Sumatera mempengaruhi indeks vegetasi di Sumatera. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari keragaman indeks vegetasi terutama di Sumatra dan hubungannya dengan El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dan Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Event (DME). LAC NDVI periode 1996-2002 digunakan untuk menganalisa koefisien keragaman dan analisis korelasi kanonik. Keragaman NDVI yang tinggi ditemukan di pantai timur, bagian selatan dan bagian utara Sumatera, sedangkan di bagian barat dan tengah keragamannya rendah. Secara keseluruhan, keragaman NDVI selama monsun barat lebih tinggi daripada periode monsun timur. ENSO dan DME mempangaruhi indeks vegetasi di Sumatera pada lag 0,4,dan 5 bulan (nyata pada taraf 5%). Kontribusi terbesar diberikan oleh variable kanonik lag 1 (R2=70.1%), sisa 29,9 % disebabkan oleh keragaman factor-faktor lainnya. Kerana korelasi dan signifikansi dari parameter iklim secara statistik tinggi, maka dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor NDVI di Sumatera. Diantara 6 time lag , parameter dengan lag 6 bulan mempunyai keragaman yang tertinggi. Namun, uji beda nyata menunjukkan bahwz korelasi kanonik pada lag 0,4,dan 5 yang mempunyai beda nyta tertinggi (pada taraf 95%). Struktur korelasi kanonik untuk parameter iklim pada lag 0 dan 1 didominasi oleh SOI dan anomaly SST. Sedangkan korelasi pada lag 2,5, dan 6 didominasi oleh SOI, anomaly SST, dan DMI. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, kami menyimpulkan bahwa analisis korelasi kanonik merupakan metode yang optimum untuk memprediksi NDVI di Sumatera pada lag 5 bulan menggunakan SOI, SSTA, dan DMI sebagai prediktor. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa parameter iklim dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi NDVI 5 bulan ke depan dengan baik di Sumatera.
A New Hybrid Prediction Method of El Niño/La Niña Events by Combining TimesNet and ARIMA

El Niño/La Niña events significantly impact human society, often resulting in considerable monetary losses. Accurate prediction has become crucial with triple La Niña events in this century. This study applied TimesNet to El Niño/La Niña event prediction for the first time. We proposed a hybrid prediction method based on extracting features from time series data and initially decomposing the time series data (Niño3.4) into several Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) using the Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN). Based on the characteristics of each IMF, we used a hybrid method of TimesNet and ARIMA to make adaptive forecasts for them. We selected monthly data from 1950 to 2022, with the first 63 years used for training and shifted 12 periods (12 months) ahead to forecast the Niño3. 4 index values for the next ten years. The experimental results of this study show that: 1) The pre-processing method using CEEMDAN can effectively extract the original time series data features and significantly improve the prediction performance; 2) proposed approach achieved good performance in predicting El Niño/La Niña events, particularly during the transition from El Niño to La Niña events (e.g., 2016, 2019-2020); 3) evaluation results indicate that the proposed model exhibits better predictive power (stability and accuracy of prediction results) than the current best single-order predictor, the ConvLSTM model, on the validation set of the last ten years.
Food and evolution : toward a theory of human food habits

Introduction Part I: Theoretical Overview 1. An Overview of Trends in Dietary Variation from Hunter-Gatherer to Modern Capitalist Societies - Eric B. Ross 2. Foodways: Historical Overview and Theoretical Prolegomenon - Marvin Harris Part II: Bioevolutionary Antecedents and Constraints 3. Primate Diets and Gut Morphology: Implications for Hominid Evolution - Katharine Milton 4. Omnivorous Primate Diets and Human Overconsumption of Meat - William J. Hamilton III 5. Fava Bean Consumption: A Case for the Co-Evolution of Genes and Culture - Solomon H. Katz Part III: Nutritional and Biopsychological Constraints 6. Problems and Pitfalls in the Assessment of Human Nutritional Status - P.L. Pellett 7. Psychobiological Perspectives on Food Preferences and Avoidances - Paul Rozin 8. The Preference for Animal Protein and Fat: A Cross-Cultural Survey - H. Leon Abrams, Jr. 9. Biocultural Consequences of Animals Versus Plants as Sources of Fats, Proteins, and Other Nutrients - Leslie Sue Lieberman Part IV: Pre-State Foodways: Past and Present 10. The Significance of Long-Term Changes in Human Diet and Food Economy - Mark N. Cohen 11. Life in the "Garden of Eden": Causes and Consequences of the Adoption of Marine Diets by Human Societies - David R. Yesner 12. The Analysis of Hunter-Gatherer Diets: Stalking an Optimal Foraging Model - Bruce Winterhalder 13. How Much Food Do Foragers Need? - Kristen Hawkes 14. Aboriginal Subsistence in a Tropical Rain Forest Environment: Food Procurement, Cannibalism, and Population Regulation in Northeastern Australia - David R. Harris 15. Ecological and Structural Influences on the Proportions of Wild Foods in the Diets of Two Machiguenga Communities - Allen Johnson and Michael Baksh 16. Limiting Factors in Amazonian Ecology - Kenneth R. Good Part V: The Political Economy and the Political Ecology of Contemporary Foodways 17. Loaves and Fishes in Bangladesh - Shirley Lindenbaum 18. Animal Protein Consumption and the Sacred Cow Complex in India - K.N. Nair 19. The Effects of Colonialism and Neocolonialism on the Gastronomic Patterns of the Third World - Richard W. Franke 20. Stability and Change in Highland Andean Dietary Patterns - Benjamin S. Orlove 21. Social Class and Diet in Contemporary Mexico - Gretel H. Pelto 22. From Costa Rican Pasture to North American Hamburger - Marc Edelman Part VI: Discussion and Conclusions 23. The Evolution of Human Subsistence - Anna Roosevelt 24. Biocultural Aspects of Food Choice - George Armelagos Afterword About the Contributors
The Sensitivity of the Radiation Budget in a Climate Simulation to Neglecting the Effect of Small Ice Particles

The sensitivity of the atmospheric radiation budget to ignoring small ice particles (D 100 m) in parameterization of the mean effective size of ice particles was investigated by using the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) third-generation general atmospheric circulation model (AGCM3). The results indicate that small ice particles play two crucial roles in the radiative transfer that influence the simulated climate. First, they inhibit the IR radiation from escaping to space and, second, they enhance the scattering of solar radiation. On average, these two effects tend to partially cancel each other out. However, based on AGCM simulations, the small ice crystals make clouds more opaque to IR radiation. Generally, 5-yr seasonally averaged GCM results suggest that the strongest anomalies in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are found in the Tropics, reaching 15 to 25 W m 2 in areas where cold high cirrus anvil clouds are prevalent. The global average change in net cloud radiative forcing was 2.4 W m 2 in June–August (JJA) and 1.7 W m 2 in December–February (DJF). The change in globally averaged 5-yr mean cloud forcing was close to 1.9 W m 2 . When the small particles were included, the globally averaged 5-yr mean precipitation decreased by about 8%, but cloudiness increased only slightly (by 2%). The 5-yr averaged global mean surface (screen) temperature also increased slightly (about 0.2°C) when the small ice particles were included.
Macrosomía neonatal en el embarazo complicado con diabetes

An observational analytical case-control study was carried out aimed at determining the frequency of neonatal macrosomy and at identifying its connection with the metabolic control degree, gestational age at which diabetes mellitus was diagnosed, the body mass index at the beginning of gestation, as well as its impact on maternal and perinatal morbidity in pregnancy complicated with diabetes. 279 diabetic pregnants (33 pregestational and 256 gestational) were studied. All of them gave birth a live newborn from 2003 to 2006, when they received attention at the Service of Diabetes and Pregnancy of "América Arias" Gynecoobstetric Hospital. The population was divided into 2 big groups: the diabetics that had a macrosomic newborn and those who did not (261 and 28 pregnants, respectively). The following variables were analyzed: gestational age at which diabetes melitus was diagnosed (only among the pregnant diabetics), body mass index at the beginning of pregnancy, metabolic control degree, presence of polyhydramnios, type of delivery and Apgar score of the infant on the first minute and on the fifth minute. The frequency of neonatal macrosomy was 9.6 %. 25 % of the diabetic expectants with macrosomic offspring had a poor metabolic control, 64.2 % were overweight, 10.7 % had polyhidramnios, and 96.4 % underwent cesarean. In the specific case of the gestational diabetics with macrosomic children, 84 % were diagnosed late. No low Apgar score was found in the group of macrosomic neonates.
Etude morpho-stratigraphique des dépôts littoraux du Minho (NW du Portugal)

Les etudes menees sur le littoral du Minho (NO du Portugal) ont mis en evidence dix terrasses marines localisees entre 140 m et 3-5 m d'altitude La terrasse la plus ancienne pourrait dater du Pliocene , les neuf autres representeraient l'enregistrement regional des fluctuations du niveau marin au cours du Quaternaire. Les depots marins associes a ces terrasses traduisent un milieu sedimentaire de type intertidal a supratidal. Une succession d'evenements pedo-sedimentaires contemporains du dernier cycle climatique a egalement ete reconnue. Le dernier interglaciaire se marquerait d'abord par un haut niveau marin et par un sol rouge lessive, puis par des sediments colluviaux et enfin par des depots lagunaires contemporains de la formation d'un ranker sur le continent voisin. Ensuite, au cours d'une periode indeterminee du dernier Glaciaire, se deposent des colluvions qui traduisent un environnement froid et peut-etre aride. L'Holocene se marque regionalement par le developpement de dunes littorales et d'un ranker atlantique qui, localement, a ete destabilise et remanie, probablement a la suite d'activites anthropiques.
First record of the Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene Gray, 1850) in Costa Rican waters

Given the scarcity of cetacean records in Central American waters and even more in the Caribbean waters (Bolaños-Jiménez et al., 2014, 2021, 2023; Alvarado-Hofmeister, 2021; Valencia Cubillos, 2022), it is essential to document the presence of particular species in specific areas to refine the regional cetacean inventory. Here, we report on the presence of a dead, young Clymene dolphin in waters off Tortuguero Volcano, Caribbean Sea, the first record of the species for Costa Rica, more than 800 km afar from the nearest available record in the Gulf of Morrosquillo, Colombia (Mignucci et al., 2021). On 02 November 2022, a dead dolphin was found floating in Costa Rican waters approximately 45 km from Tortuguero Hill (approx. 10°48’N, 83°00’W, Fig. 1) by the crew of a sport fishing boat. According to the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans The genus Stenella includes five species, of which the Atlantic spotted (Stenella frontalis) and the Clymene (S. clymene) dolphins are endemic to the Atlantic Ocean (Perrin et al., 1981; Fertl et al., 2003; Moreno et al., 2005, Jefferson et al., 2015). The Clymene dolphin is described as the smallest of the genus Stenella and reaches at least 1.97 m (males) and 1.90 m (females); moreover, the neonatal length is unknown but is thought to be less than 1.2 m (Jefferson et al., 2015). This oceanic species is found only in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean, including the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, and prefers deep waters between 250-5,000 m (Perrin et al., 1981; do Amaral et al., 2015; Jefferson et al., 2015; Barragán-Barrera et al., 2019). Recent reports confirm the species’ presence in the Mexican Caribbean, Belize, Colombia, and Venezuela (Niño Torres et al., 2015; Ramos et al., 2016; Briceño et al., 2020; Mignucci et al., 2021) but records are unknown for other Caribbean Central American waters (i.e., Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama).
Alignment of mountain wave patterns above Wales: A VHF radar study during 1990–1998

Mountain waves must be parameterized in numerical models of the atmosphere, but long-term obervations of their characteristics are sparse. In this study, a large data set from the VHF radar at Aberystwyth (52.42°N, 4.00°W), during the years 1990–1998, is used to investigate the relation between background wind direction, local topography, and the mountain wave alignment. The horizontal wave vector of the mountain waves is, on average, found to be biased 10° anticlockwise from the wind direction in the lower troposphere near 2 km altitude, and biased 20° clockwise from the wind direction near the ground. This can be explained if the “wave-launching height” (where the background wind speed and direction values can be assumed responsible for generating the waves), lies within the boundary layer, where the wind has only partly rotated between its direction near ground level and its direction in the free troposphere above the boundary layer. On average, and for most background wind directions at Aberystwyth, the wind direction within the boundary layer is a more important influence on wave alignment than the orientation of upstream mountain ridges. The relative height of the mountain peaks and the boundary layer may affect the average alignment of mountain waves and therefore the wave stress by as much as 30°.
Green Synthesis of NiFe2O4 Nano-Spinel Oxide-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient Capacitive Performance—Effect of Electrolyte Concentration

Energy storage applications received great attention due to environmental aspects. A green method was used to prepare a composite of nickel–iron-based spinel oxide nanoparticle@CNT. The prepared materials were characterized by different analytical methods like X-ray diffraction, X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmitted electron microscopy (TEM). The synergistic effect between nickel–iron oxide and carbon nanotubes was characterized using different electrochemical methods like cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charging/discharging (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitances of the pristine NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4@CNT were studied in different electrolyte concentrations. The effect of OH− concentrations was studied for modified and non-modified surfaces. Furthermore, the specific capacitance was estimated for pristine and modified NiFe2O4 at a wide current range (5 to 17 A g−1). Thus, the durability of different surfaces after 2000 cycles was studied, and the capacitance retention was estimated as 78.8 and 90.1% for pristine and modified NiFe2O4. On the other hand, the capacitance rate capability was observed as 65.1% (5 to 17 A g−1) and 62.4% (5 to 17 A g−1) for NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4@CNT electrodes.