Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulations of atmospheric tides for solstice conditions

Numerical simulations are made to study the behavior of atmospheric tides in an atmosphere with arbitrary distribution of mean temperature and zonal wind. Owing to their importance at meteor heights the parametrization of diffusive processes is discussed, and two kinds of models are used, depending on the particular mode studied. Specific attention is given to the (1, 1) mode of the diurnal tide because we want to take into account the modification of its latitudinal-vertical structure due to the background atmosphere. Simulations of semidiurnal and diurnal tides are presented and compared with previous theoretical results and experimental data. However, our main goal is an improved theoretical description of the diurnal tide. In particular, (1, 1) mode “distortions” due to mean wind are shown to be important in accounting for the seasonal variation of the amplitude of the diurnal tide existing in experimental data. The action of turbulent diffusion on the diurnal tide in our numerical results is also analyzed.
Planar deformation features in quartz grains from the resurge deposit of the Lockne structure, Sweden

— Microscopic planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz grains are diagnostic of shock meta-morphism during hypervelocity impact cratering. Measurements of the poles of sets of PDFs and the optic axis of 25 quartz grains were carried out for a sample of the Loftarsten deposit from the Lockne area, Sweden. The most abundant PDFs observed in the sample from the Lockne area correspond to those found at known impact craters (i.e., ω (1013} and π (1012). This study confirms the previous suggestion that the Lockne structure is an impact crater. The Loftarsten is, therefore, interpreted as the final stage of resurge deposition after a marine impact at Lockne in the Middle Ordovician.
Fluvial--Deltaic Facies of the Castlegate Sandstone (Cretaceous), East-Central Utah

ABSTRACT The Castlegate Sandstone is one of several regressive sandstone tongues of the Late Cretaceous Mesaverde Group of east-central Utah. The Castlegate is the rock record of a fluvial-delta complex. The sedimentary facies change seaward (east) from piedmont red-bed conglomerates in central Utah to fluvial sandstones, then delta-plain sandstones, mudstones, and coals, and farther east to shoreline sandstones and finally delta-front interbedded sandstones and mudstones. The Castlegate wedges out as a rock unit into mudstones of the Mancos Shale near the Utah-Colorado state line. The depositional facies differ significantly in paleocurrent directions, measured on imbricated pebbles in conglomerates and trough cross-beds in sandstones. Paleocurrent directions in piedmont conglomerates are polymodal but with a dominant eastward directions. The average paleocurrent direction for fluvial sandstones is eastward but there is considerable variation among outcrops. Distributary channel sandstone of the delta-plain facies have polymodal paleocurrent directions due to tidal fluctuations. The shoreline sandstones have bimodal cross-bed directions both landward (west) and seaward. Delta-front bottom currents flowed landward. Grain-size decreases eastward from the piedmont through delta-front facies. Most Castlegate sandstones and siltstones from all facies are texturally similar to Holocene fluvial sands. Sedimentary rocks uplifted in western Utah and eastern Nevada during the Laramide orogeny were the source for Castlegate detritus. The grains consist largely of quartz plus fragments of chert, orthoquartzite sandstone, carbonate rock, and mudstone. Clay minerals are kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite. The cements are silica, carbonates, and iron-oxides. Feldspars, micas, and metamorphic fragments constitute only a few percent. Non-opaque heavy minerals are 99% zircon, tourmaline, and rutile, largely reworked from older sandstones.
Viral Hepatitis and Coinfections Burden, Trends, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies; Achievements and Challenges-Stakeholder Meetings, Narrative and Desk Reviews of The Zimbabwean Situation

Background: Despite the availability of effective vaccines and safer antiviral therapies, chronic viral hepatitis remains a major public health problem associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tracking the burden and trends, particularly of hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) that contribute ≥96% of all viral hepatitis mortality and morbidity is essential. Methods: We searched published articles in electronic databases, using
Numerical simulations of frictional melting: Small dependence of shear stress drop on viscosity parameters

[1] Frictional melting during coseismic slipping strongly affects dynamic sliding. An idealized numerical simulation of shear stress drop due to lubrication of fault surfaces by frictional melting is performed to investigate dynamical adjustment of melt thickness and its dependence on material properties. We numerically solved one-dimensional heat conduction equations coupled with hydrodynamic equations of motion of the melt layer. We adopt a simple Arrhenius-type temperature dependence of melt viscosity with a parametric factor η0. After the initial transient stage, the evolution of the melt layer asymptotes to the late stage, where the melt thickness increases as and the generated shear stress drops as 1/. An analytic self-similar solution of the temperature profile for the late stage is obtained. The balance between the viscous heat generation and conductive heat loss characterizes the late stage. For small η0, the melt thickness is proportional to η0, whereas it will saturate for a larger η0. This is because the strong temperature dependence of viscosity enables an automatic adjustment of viscosity, which drops through the temperature increase due to the viscous heating even if a large η0 is chosen. Numerical results and the thickness data of natural pseudotachylyte layers were compared. A maximum ratio X/ (X is thickness, D is sliding distance) exists above which no solution is found. The effective thermal conductivity of the melt layer should be large, probably due to the sliding surface roughness. Comparison with laboratory experimental results showed that the normal stress applied to the sample is an important parameter for stress drop.
Root growth, yield and NPK uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties grown by system of rice intensification with varying planting geometry and weed management practices

Field experiments were conducted for two years in sandy clay loam soil during kharif (rainy season) 2005 and 2006 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the root growth, yield and NPK uptake of aromatic rice varieties under varying weed management options and planting geometry. 'Pusa Sugandh 3' and 'Pusa Sugandh 5' varieties recorded statistically similar root dry weight at 0-15 cm soil depth, but both accumulated higher root dry weight than 'Pusa Basmati 1'. On an average, variety 'Pusa Sugandh 5' produced 18.9% and 22.5% higher grain yield over 'Pusa Basmati 1' and 'Pusa Sugandh 3', respectively. Planting geometry 25 cm x 25 cm resulted in higher yield and NPK uptake than 30 cm x 30 cm. The varied planting geometry did not affect the NPK concentration in rice grain or straw significantly in either year of the study. The highest NPK concentration in rice grains and straw was estimated in weed free treatment, which in general, was significantly higher than both anilophos @ 0.4 kg/ha and weedy check. The highest NPK in grain + straw was removed by rice variety 'Pusa Sugandh 5'.
Caribbean Phosphorus Index Validation and Management Practices Evaluation on Fields under Manure Applications

Phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural soils are a major cause of fresh water quality impairment. The objective of this study was to validate, at field level, the Caribbean Phosphorus Index (CAPI). The CAPI is a tool developed for the identification of agricultural soils with high risk of P losses to surface waters. P runoff concentrations measured under natural rainfall condition on various fields of dairy and poultry farms in Puerto Rico were compared with risk levels determined using CAPI. Average Olsen soil test P (STP) values were 41 mg P kg-1 and 152 mg P kg-1 for the dairy and the poultry farms, respectively. Average total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved P (DP) concentration losses in runoff were 2.29 mg TP L-1, and 1.79 mg DP L-1 for the dairy farm, and 5.87 mg TP L-1 and 4.82 mg DP L-1 for the poultry farm. The CAPI ranked both dairy farm fields as fields having a Medium potential for P movement and poultry farm fields with Medium and High potential. The current CAPI version underestimated the impact of nutrients on the surrounding waters because runoff concentrations greater than 1 mg L-1 from fields less than 30 m from a surface water body should be ranked in the Very High category. A modification of the CAPI excluding the soil erosion factor from the CAPI matrix yielded results that were more attuned to the observed runoff concentration losses. This exclusion is justified from evidence indicating that soil erosion is minimal in fields exhibiting abundant (>80%) grass cover.
Barotropic semidiurnal tidal currents off northern California during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE)

Barotropic semidiurnal tidal currents measured off the coast of northern California during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) are examined. While the pressure field is consistent with the idea that the semidiurnal surface tide is dominated by a Kelvin wave, a high degree of variability over alongshore distances of the order of 25 km is observed in the velocity field. Comparison with existing models used to predict tidal velocities from sea level measurements cannot account for this spatial structure. Perturbation analysis of a Kelvin wave propagating along a coastal boundary with bumps characterized by an alongshore length scale much less than the Rossby radius of deformation shows effects on the velocity and pressure field which decay offshore with the alongshore scale of the bumps. The effect on the velocity field exceeds that on the pressure field by a factor equal to the ratio of the Rossby radius to the alongshore scale of the bumps. We conclude that the alongshore structure observed in the measured barotropic semidiurnal tidal currents may be due in part to the local variations in the coastline geometry in the CODE region.
Estimating the magnetization direction of sources from southeast Bulgaria through correlation between reduced‐to‐the‐pole and total magnitude anomalies

We present a new method to estimate the direction of the magnetization vector of geological bodies based upon the correlation between the reduced‐to‐the‐pole field for tentative values of the magnetization direction and the total magnitude anomaly, obtained by a transform of the measured magnetic field. The reduced‐to‐the‐pole and the total magnitude anomaly are centred over the sources in the case of 2D anomalies or well‐centred in the case of compact 3D sources and have similar patterns for the same source. The method has several important advantages over similar transform‐correlation methods for estimation of the magnetization direction. It calculates only one transform for many tentative values of the magnetization direction. The method does not use derivatives of any order and relies on confident isolation of the target anomalies based on one of the compared transforms, the total magnitude anomaly. We studied the performance of the method on five 2.5D and compact 3D sources. We analysed possible inherent to the method errors, as well as errors due to interference from neighbouring sources. Finally, we estimated the magnetization‐vector direction of the main sources causing the magnetic field in the Burgas region and the adjoining southeast Bulgarian Black Sea shelf. The sources in the Black Sea shelf show prevalently reverse magnetization, while the sources on land have normal or reverse magnetization.
Modeling storms improves estimates of long‐term shoreline change

Large storms make it difficult to extract the long‐term trend of erosion or accretion from shoreline position data. Here we make storms part of the shoreline change model by means of a storm function. The data determine storm amplitudes and the rate at which the shoreline recovers from storms. Historical shoreline data are temporally sparse, and inclusion of all storms in one model over‐fits the data, but a probability‐weighted average model shows effects from all storms, illustrating how model averaging incorporates information from good models that might otherwise have been discarded as un‐parsimonious. Data from Cotton Patch Hill, DE, yield a long‐term shoreline loss rate of 0.49 ± 0.01 m/yr, about 16% less than published estimates. A minimum loss rate of 0.34 ± 0.01 m/yr is given by a model containing the 1929, 1962 and 1992 storms.
Application of multispectral reflectance for early detection of tomato disease

Automatic diagnosis of plant disease is important for plant management and environmental preservation in the future. The objective of this study is to use multispectral reflectance measurements to make an early discrimination between the healthy and infected plants by the strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-U1) infection. There were reflectance changes in the visible (VIS) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) between the healthy and infected plants. Discriminant models were developed using discriminant partial least squares (DPLS) and Mahalanobis distance (MD). The DPLS models had a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.397 and correlation coefficient (r) of 0.59 and the MD model correctly classified 86.7% healthy plants and up to 91.7% infected plants.
Object vs. pixel: a systematic evaluation in urban environments

The objective of this paper is to compare object-based and per-pixel classifiers in a systematic manner using high resolution urban imagery. The prevailing opinion is that object-based methods perform better than single-pixel classifiers, but there has been no formal investigation of this claim using multiple images and identical training samples in a detailed land-cover classification. Furthermore, there has been no standardized study of how different object-based segmentation and scale parameters improve high resolution urban classifications. We used two subsets of QuickBird over Phoenix and Scottsdale, Arizona, to test these issues. Our results show that small-scale segmentation (10) produces higher accuracy. A combination of equally balanced shape and spectral homogeneity (0.5) with compactness parameter of 0.5 is the most effective for image segmentation. The highest overall accuracy was achieved using a per-pixel Minimum distance classifier, but it was only marginally more accurate than the object-based classification.
Settlement analysis of pile groups in layered soils

This paper presents a method to perform a nonlinear analysis of pile groups subject to vertical loading. The method makes use of the dynamic stiffness matrices to simulate the response of layered soils. These matrices are incorporated in a calculation procedure that is computationally very efficient because the response of a pile group can be achieved using essentially the solution for a single pile. The method is first used to perform a linear elastic analysis of pile groups and is then extended to include the nonlinearity effects. In this context, the widely accepted approach is adopted in which nonlinearity is considered to be confined in a narrow zone close to each pile, whereas outside this zone the soil is assumed to behave as a linear elastic medium. Moreover, a global interaction factor is introduced to account for the interaction among the piles in the group. The theoretical predictions from the proposed method are compared with experimental measurements from several published full-scale and mode.
Acoustic Doppler current profiling in the equatorial Pacific in 1984

Hydrographic data and acoustic Doppler current profiles collected from 150°W to 85°W in the equatorial Pacific during 1984 showed significant seasonal changes in the temperature and velocity fields. On the equator, the surface current was eastward in April up to 80 cm s−1, reversing to westward at 100 cm s−1 by November. Over the same period, the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) transport decreased, the equatorial zonal pressure gradient (ZPG) increased, and the depth of the mixed layer and EUC core deepened. Off the equator at 150°W, the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) was absent in April/May but pronounced in October/November. Superimposed on this seasonal variability were smaller-scale (roughly 1000 km wavelength) correlated fluctuations in the upper ocean temperature and velocity fields. We identify these structures with the 20- to 30-day instability waves [Legeckis, 1977]. The coincident high-resolution velocity and temperature data allowed the calculation of Reynolds' stresses due to the waves and resultant heat and momentum flux estimates as well as details of the vertical phase structure. Barotropic instability at the northern edge of the EUC is a likely source of energy for these waves. Estimated EUC transport decreased from 50 in April to 25 × 106 m3 s−1 in November while the westward wind stress doubled and the 0-/400-dbar ZPG quadrupled. The data were used to estimate terms in the momentum balance in the upper 150 m, and it was found that nonlinear terms were often at least as important as the integrated ZPG in balancing the surface wind stress. East of 120°W, the eastward advection of eastward momentum, UUx, was particularly important. These momentum equation terms were used to estimate a profile of the coefficient of vertical eddy viscosity; it was similar to profiles estimated by bulk methods and by parameterization by Richardson number.
Wind Waves and Moveable-Bed Bottom Friction

Abstract Effects of moveable-bed bottom friction for wave observations and wave modeling are investigated using a state-of-the-art bottom friction model. This model combines the hydrodynamic friction model of Madsen et al. with a moveable-bed roughness model based on Grant and Madsen. Analyzing the present model for idealized swell cases, it is shown that swell might result in wave-generated sand ripples. The large change of roughness corresponding to initial ripple formation results in a preferred wave height for swell, related to bathymetric scales as generally occur in shelf seas away from the coast. The corresponding wave-generated bottom roughness is not defined by the local wave conditions, but is related to the overall energy balance of the wave field. Sediment data thus is imperative for the interpretation of observed decay rates and friction factors for swell. For idealized depth-limited wind seas, near-bottom wave motion is expected to generate partially washed-out ripples and moderate sheet-flo.
Estimation of the Nash Model Parameters Based on the Concept of Geomorphologic Dispersion

This study presents a new method to estimate the Nash model parameters on the basis of the concept of geomorphologic dispersion stemming from spatial heterogeneity of flow paths within a catchment. The proposed method is formulated by including physically meaningful characteristic velocities for channel and hillslope and also takes account of the effect of complex interactions between channel and hillslope hydrological behaviors on catchment responses. We applied the proposed formulas to the Bocheong watershed, an experimental area established under the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) in Korea, with several storm events to assess the individual effect of channel and hillslope on hydrological responses in the study site. The characteristic velocities were estimated by topographic data based on a 20×20 m digital elevation model (DEM) from a 1∶25000-scaled topographic map and statistical features of the historical events. We then calculated the Nash model parameters by substituting the estimated .
Photodissociation and UV radiative transfer in a cloudy atmosphere: Modeling and measurements

We present an analysis of UV radiative transfer under cloudy conditions in relation to the photochemistry of the hydroxyl radical (OH) by means of modeling and measurements. The measurements, which are part of the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) campaign, consist of four different ascents/descents selected from research flight (RF) 12 and 28. The ascents/descents give vertical profiles of UV irradiances, microphysical properties, standard meteorological parameters, and OH concentration in the presence of one or more cloud layers. In order to assess the photochemical conditions for these (complex) cloudy cases we first compare the UV irradiance measurements with modeled profiles. We model the UV irradiances using cloud optical properties which we derive from the measured microphysical properties. Second, we use the simultaneously modeled actinic flux to calculate the rate constant of the photodissociation of ozone to the O( 1 D) radical (J O3 ). This reaction initiates the primary OH-production. Finally, we compare the measured OH concentrations with those derived from the radiative transfer calculations. For single-cloud layer cases we successfully simulated UV radiative transfer, J O3 and OH. For more complex multiple-cloud layer cases the UV radiative transfer could only be explained allowing large variations of the cloud optical thickness (from zero to double the measurement derived values). The impact of such variations on the modeled radiation-derived photochemical properties, J O3 and OH, was, with a variation of 25%, found to be relatively small. As a consequence, we were able to simulate the general profile of OH for these complex cloudy conditions.