Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Sensory Texture of Cooked Potatoes using Uniaxial Compression, Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Low Field1H NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract The present work evaluated the ability of uniaxial compression, near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and low field pulsed 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) in predicting the sensory texture quality of 24 samples of cooked potato by partial least squares regression (PLSR). The best predictions of the sensory texture profile were found for (1) LF-NMR measures (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill relaxation) on raw potatoes and (2) uniaxial compression on cooked potatoes combined with the chemical measure dry matter and pectin methylesterase activity. Among the sensory variables, the root mean square error of prediction indicated springiness, firmness, moistness and chewiness to be better predicted than the geometrical variables reflection from surface, mealiness and graininess. Transverse relaxation times, determined according to bi-exponential fitting, resulted in a fast relaxing (T 21 of 100 ms) common water component for raw and cooked potatoes and a slower relaxing component with T 22 of 250 ms for cooked and 500 ms for raw potatoes. The only covariant NMR parameter was the amount of the slow relaxing component (T 22 ) which correlates negatively to dry matter ( r =−0.85) and to mealiness ( r =−0.77), and positively to moistness ( r =0.75). This study clearly demonstrates that LF-NMR (CPMG) relaxation on raw potato samples can be applied as an alternative rapid method for detecting sensory texture of cooked potatoes.
Selected Properties of Parallel Strand Lumber Made from Southern Pine and Yellow-Poplar

Summary This study was conducted to explore basic physical and mechanical properties of parallel strand lumber (PSL) made exclusively from southern pine and yellow-poplar, respectively, and to examine their relationships using statistical analysis. Small specimens were prepared from commercial southern pine PSL and yellow-poplar PSL billets and tested for specific gravity, moisture content, dimensional stability, bending properties, shear strength and compressive strength. Results indicate average specific gravity of southern pine PSL is higher than that of yellow-poplar PSL, while their average moisture content and dimensional stability are very similar. Southern pine PSL has higher average modulus of elasticity but lower average modulus of rupture than yellow-poplar PSL. While average longitudinal shear strength does not exhibit differences between southern pine PSL and yellow-poplar PSL, average compressive strength of southern pine PSL is higher than that of yellow-poplar PSL. There are positive correlations among modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and specific gravity. PSL improves some properties of solid wood from which PSL is made.
Soil test calibration studies for formulation of phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for maize in Morogoro district, Tanzania. II. estimation of optimum fertilizer rates

Abstract Studies were conducted on some soils of Morogoro District to estimate economically optimum phosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations for maize from soil tests. The studies involved the estimation of maize yield response to added P in pot and field experiments. Maize responded to added P at three sites. At all three sites, the residual effects of added P lasted up to three years suggesting that added P was not strongly fixed in these soils. Yield responses were related to extractable P contents by the Olsen and AB‐DTPA methods through a modification of the Mitscherlich‐Bray equation. Estimated model parameters were incorporated in equations for estimating optimum P fertilizer rates for different cost‐price ratios (p) and marginal rates of return (R). At the p and R values that prevailed in the study area during 1997, recommended P fertilizer rates (PR) could be determined by the equation: PR=68.497–1.191T (Olsen P). Calculated P fertilizer rates for P deficient sites in the district ranged from 15.
The Ethereal Aether: A History of the Michelson-Morley-Miller Aether-Drift Experiments, 1880–1930 by Loyd S. Swenson, Jr (review)

This list (only avalailable in english language) includes scientists involved in scientific fields. The 2021 issue of this directory includes the scientists found in the Internet. The scientists of the directory are only those involved in physics (natural philosophy). The list includes about 10 000 names of scientists (doctors or diplome engineers for more than 70%). Their position is shortly presented together with their proposed alternative theory when applicable. There are more than 2500 authors of such theories, all amazingly very different from one another. Ce répertoire, exclusivement disponible en langue anglaise, inclut les scientifiques, exclusivement dans le domaine de la physique. L'édition 2021 de cette liste comporte près de 10 000 noms de scientifiques, (docteurs ou ingénieurs à plus de 70%). Elle précise leur position de manière succincte et expose, le cas échéant, les lignes directrices de la solution alternative qu'ils proposent. Il y a ainsi plus de 2500 auteurs de telles théories, toutes remarquablement différentes.
Element enrichment and migration within some soils on Fildes Peninsula (King George Island), the maritime Antarctic

Three soil profiles (Dystri-gelic Cambisol, Fibri-gelic Histosol, Relic Ornithosol) sampled from Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, Antarctica, were involved in this study to quantitatively demonstrate the enrichment, migration, loss of the elements Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Na, and P in soil horizons and their behaviors within profiles by introduction and application of the enrichment coefficient (calculated in relation to the abundance of Ti). Additionally, six other soil horizon samples taken randomly from the study area were examined for calculation of the redistributing enrichment coefficient: These coefficients were applied here for a better understanding of the element redistribution between soil and clay fraction along with soil development. The results show that the enrichment, migration and redistribution of the elements vary strongly amongst the investigated soils and horizons, due to the differences of weathering degrees, moisture status, and influences of sea bird activities etc. Elementanreicherung und -verlagerung in Boden der Fildes-Halbinsel (King-George-Insel) der maritimen Antarktis Von drei Boden der King-George-Insel der maritimen Antarktis (635 mm N, - 2,1°C) eines Dystri-gelic Cambisol, eines Fibri-gelic Histosol und eines reliktischen „Ornithosol” (bzw. Gelic Regosol einer fruheren Pinguinkolonie), wurden die Gehalte der Elemente Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Na und P der Feinerde und der Tonfraktion untersucht. Weitere benachbarte Boden wurden zum Vergleich herangezogen. Angenommen wurde eine mineralogische und damit chemische Homogenitat des Ausgangsgesteins (trotz heterogener Kornung infolge Cryoturbation). Unter dieser Voraussetzung liesen sich aus den, als in verwitterungs- und verlagerungsstabilen Mineralen befindlich angenommenen, Ti-Gehalten die ursprunglichen Elementgehalte rekonstruieren und daraus Vorstellungen uber Stoffanreicherungen und Verlagerungen ableiten. Dabei ergaben sich einerseits Verluste infolge losungschemischer Verwitterung und Auswaschung, andererseits aber Gewinne, die auf Stoffeintragen durch Vogel (vor allem Pinguine) beruhen und vor allem Phosphate betreffen.
Short-wave radiative forcing at the surface for cloudy systems at a midlatitude site

Six-year data (2006–2011) of short-wave (SW) radiation, aerosol optical depth and cloud fraction were used in the evaluation of cloud radiative forcing (1-min data) at the surface in the SW spectral range at Granada station (South-Western Europe). Three different systems were analysed in this study: cloud radiative forcing (CRFSW), cloud–aerosol radiative forcing (CARFSW) and aerosol radiative forcing under cloudy conditions (ARFSW). Average values of these variables presented a clear dependence on solar zenith angle (SZA), for example, at SZA=30°, the results were CRFSW=−78 W m−2, CARFSW=−100 W m−2 and ARFSW=−22 W m−2, and the values decreased to CRFSW=−50 W m−2, CARFSW=−69 W m−2 and ARFSW=−19 W m−2 at SZA=60°. These three variables exhibited a similar pattern: they increased in the absolute magnitude up to moderate SZAs and strongly decreased towards zero for high SZAs. The hemispherical fractional sky cover (SCV) and the fractional sky cover inside the octant where the Sun is placed (SCV-Sun) also played a key role in the determination of cloud forcing. As expected, the strongest cloud effect appeared when clouds covered the Sun. However, when SCV-Sun was low or moderate and total SCV was over 0.5, there was a high likelihood of enhancement occurrence (i.e., positive cloud forcing values). Finally, the evolution of CRFSW values during a case study (ranging from −600 to +200 W m−2) with a wide variety of cloud conditions could be explained by the temporal evolution of SCV and SCV-Sun.
A contribution to the UV degradation of polyurethanes

The effects of the nature of the polyols used in polyurethane (PUR) synthesis on the structural transformations after ageing by UV irradiation has been studied. The investigations were performed on PUR prepared from polyester and polyether diol oligomers. The characterization of the samples before and after ageing in view of the structural changes, which influence the course of the photooxidative degradation and photocrosslinking as well as in view of changes of mechanical properties has been done. Comparative investigations were performed by spectroscopic and viscometric measurements. The results show pronounced heterogeneity of the degradative reactions, including the existence of crosslinking processes and producing thus very inhomogeneous polymeric material. The course and the intensity of photooxidative degradation of PUR differ together with changes of mechanical properties depending whether polyester or polyether polyol have been used. The processes of photooxidative degradation is less expressed in polyesterurethane then in polyurethane based on polyether, under the same conditions of experiments. Different structures of polyester diols caused the various ageing behaviour of PUR too.
Modeling and Simulation of Four Catalytic Reactors in Series for Naphtha Reforming

In this work the modeling and simulation of catalytic naphtha reforming process is presented. The process model uses an extended version of the kinetic model reported by Krane et al. (Krane, H. G.; Groh, A. B.; Shulman, B. D.; Sinfeit, J. H. Proceedings of the Fifth World Petroleum Congress, 1959; pp 39−51). The new kinetic model utilizes lumped representation of the reactions that take place. These groups range from one to eleven carbon atoms for paraffins (P1−P11), and from six to eleven atoms of carbon for naphthenes (N6−N11) and aromatics (A6−A11). Other reactions that this kinetic model considers are the cyclohexane formation via methylcyclopentane isomerization (MCP ↔ N6) and paraffins isomerization (nPi ↔ iPi). The process model is used to predict temperature and reformate composition profiles in a commercial reforming unit consisting of a series of four catalytic reactors. The agreement between predicted and commercially reported results is very good.
Pedagogic strategies to support practice learning in specialised clinical learning environments : a grounded theory approach

The aims of my study were to explore and identify, from the experiences of mentors and mentees, the ways specialised clinical learning environments are constructed and the potential impact this has on practice learning; learn about the effects that pedagogic strategies have on the mentor/mentee relationship, to engage with clinical practice and the use of learning strategies to maximise practice learning that support and enable students to translate practice and vice versa. The literature review demonstrated that mentoring in nursing is wide ranging and provided a strong rationale for this thesis to explore pedagogy in specialised clinical learning environments. Grounded theory methodology was used for this research study. The ethical considerations associated with this methodology, the participant selection, the sampling process, data collection and analysis and issues of data credibility and the concept of trustworthiness in grounded theory were also explored. Two main codes emerged from the data analysis of 11 in-depth interviews: Transaction’ and ‘Motivation’. There were also three sub codes: ‘Value’, ‘Culture’ and ‘Engaging’. The findings suggest that the relationship between mentors and mentees in the clinical learning environment was a mutual collaboration and exchange, which was developmental on both a personal and professional level. A substantive theory emerged: ‘Transactional Motivation’ which will contribute to the body of existing knowledge and provide an opportunity to generate further research into other relevant areas of clinical practice. The theory will also contribute a significantly innovative dimension to the theories of humanistic learning and introduce a new debate to the construct of mentoring in specialised clinical learning environments.
Mycogenic Silver Nanoparticle Biosynthesis And Its Pesticide Degradation Potentials

Chemical pesticides are resistant to biodegradation beside carcinogenic in nature even at trace levels. Effort to remove pesticide by conventional methods has several inherent disadvantages of longer time or cost and this bottleneck can be avoided by utilizing nanoparticles as it can mineralise at a faster rate. Nanoparticles are syntheised by reduction of metal ions using physical, chemical and biological process either alone or in combination. In the present study biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) using hydrophilic fungal secretes (HFS) of Penicillium pinophilum and degradation of chlorpyrifos pesticides in different pH environment has been reported. The AgNPs formed were characterized by using UV-Visible spectrum, FTIR and XRD. The HFS is the supernant of 72h incubated 10 g of mycelial mat in 100 ml deionized water at 28°C. AgNPs were synthesized by the reaction of HFS with 1 mM silver nitrate solution at 1:5 ratio. The spectrophotometric absorption peak at 420 nm is due to the Surface Plasmon response (SPR) properties of AgNPs. FTIR anlysis of HFS revealed functional groups are 1096 cm -1 (C-O & C-C Stretch), 1664 cm -1 (C=C Stretch), 2907 cm -1 (C-H Stretch), 2931 cm -1 (C-H Stretch), 3475 cm -1 (O-H, N-H Stretch). The outranking of functional groups in Ag + reduction using depletion percent of FTIR bands before and after reaction revealed the O-H (Alcohols, phenols) and C-H (Alkenes) functional groups showed highest (>40%) whereas functional group esters were the lowest (<10%). AgNPs was examined by the XRD pattern of diffraction peaks showed at 2θ values of 32.23°, 46.18°, 64.82° and 77.21° assigned to the planes of (111), (200),(220) and (311) faced centre cubic (fcc) of silver nanoparticles. The chlorpyrifos degradation by AgNPs showed highest in mild acidic (pH-6) followed by alkaline (pH 9) and astrong acidic (pH 0.3) environment.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Iraqi Khestawy Date Palm

This work includes a synthesis of three types of the activated carbon (AC) from three different positions from the same Iraqi Khestawy date palm. These three positions are the palm fronds (AC1), the date palm seeds (AC2), and the palm fiber (AC3). These three types of AC were synthesized by a physiochemical activation method using the same activator which was H3PO4. These materials were investigated using different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption activity of the synthesized AC samples was investigated by following the removal of both Bismarck brown G (BBG) and reactive yellow dye 145 (RY145). Both the kinetics of adsorption and the removal percentage of these dyes were investigated from the batch tests in this study. Different reaction parameters and conditions for adsorption processes were investigated. Also an investigation of both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms was considered. The different physical properties of these materials were undertaken such as the point zero charges of the synthesized samples (PZCs), the percentage of humidity, and the adsorption capacity also being investigated. The activity of these materials in the removal of BBG from the aqueous solution was as follows: .
A Priori Phase Equilibrium Prediction from a Segment Contribution Solvation Model

An activity coefficient model using molecular solvation based on the COSMO-RS method is proposed. In this model, quantum mechanical COSMO calculations are performed to obtain the screening charges for molecules in a perfect conductor. A statistical mechanical model that considers molecules to be a collection of surface segments is developed for the calculation of segment activity coefficients using these screening charges. Activity coefficients for molecules are then obtained by summing the contributions of the segments. This model requires only a single radius for each atom in the COSMO solvation calculations, one universal parameter to discern hydrogen-bond acceptors and donors, and two universal parameters to determine segment interactions. This is a significantly fewer number of parameters for phase equilibrium calculations than group contribution methods such as the UNIFAC (168 parameters) and modified UNIFAC (612 parameters) models. The resulting completely a priori prediction method results in abso.
Numerical Study of Mixing of Two Fluids Under Low Gravity

The mixing characteristics of two fluids inside a cavity due to buoyancy driven flow fields for low gravity conditions is investigated via numerical experiments. The buoyancy driven flow, depending on the parametric region, stretches and deforms the material interface into a wave morphological pattern. The morphological pattern affects the resulting stratification thickness of the mixed region. Three basic mixing regimes occur: convective, diffusive, and chaotic. In the convective regime, an overturning motion occurs which gives rise to a stable wave formation. This wave oscillates and its decay leads to a stable stratification. Whereas, in the diffusive regime, the length of the interface remains constant while mixing occurs. This limiting behavior is very important to materials processing in space, and it admits a closed form solution corresponding to vanishing convective terms which agrees with computational results. Finally, in the chaotic regime, the material interface continuously stretches and folds on itself similar to a horseshoe map. The length of stretch of the interface increases exponentially. Internal wavebreaking occurs for this case. This wavebreaking generates local turbulence, and provides an effective mechanism for mixing.
Kinetics of OH Radical Reactions with Methane in the Temperature Range 295−660 K and with Dimethyl Ether and Methyl-tert-butyl Ether in the Temperature Range 295−618 K

The pulse laser photolysis/laser induced fluorescence (PLP−LIF) technique has been used to measure the rate constants of the reactions of OH radicals with dimethyl ether and methyl-tert-butyl ether. OH radicals were produced by photolysis of H2O2 at λ = 266 nm. The photolysis cell was heated by a small electric furnaces in order to obtain information on the temperature dependency of the rate constants in the domain of 295−660 K. A preliminary study of the reaction of OH with methane was carried out to control the experimental setup. The Arrhenius expression obtained in the temperature range of 295−668 K, kOH+CH4 = (5.65 ± 0.49) × 10-21T 3.01 exp[−(959 ± 36)/T], is in very good agreement with previous determinations (bimolecular rate constant units: cm3 molecule-1 s-1; error limits ± 2σ). For the reactions of OH with ethers, the Arrhenius expressions derived from our own results are kOH+DME(295−618 K) = (3.02 ± 0.10) × 10-20T 2.85 exp[(618 ± 13)/T] and kOH+MTBE(297−616 K) = (6.59 ± 0.43) × 10-19T 2.40 exp.
Effect of oxygen stoichiometry on the ferroelectric property of epitaxial all-oxide La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin-film capacitors

Epitaxial all-oxide ferroelectric thin-film capacitors, La0.7Sr0. 3MnO3/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/La0.7Sr0. 3MnO3 (LSMO/PZT/LSMO), have been grown on LaAlO3(001) substrates by pulsed-laser deposition. By changing the deposition oxygen pressure, we varied the oxygen content in the oxide electrodes and ferroelectric film, respectively, and studied their effect on switching and fatigue behavior of the epitaxial capacitors. The capacitors were also cooled at various oxygen pressures in the range of 5×10−6–10 Torr to examine their tendency to process-induced imprint. It is found that all the capacitors show almost square hysteresis loops with remnant polarization of 35–40 μC/cm2 and a coercive field of 40–50 kV/cm, irrespective of the oxygen concentration in the ferroelectric and electrode films. Contrary to the capacitors using La0.5Sr0. 5CoO3 as electrodes, when cooled at reduced oxygen pressures, the LSMO/PZT/LSMO capacitors show a strong resistance to the process-induced imprint failure, which is ascribed to the hig.
Influence of Microvariability in Sandy Sahelian Soils on Millet Growth

Microvariability is assumed to be a constraint on crop production in the Sahel zone. Causes and development of microvariability were studied for millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.]) on sandy soils. A descriptive model for the development of soil and millet growth microvariability is presented. The investigations (Ct, Nt, Pt, NO3-, PBray 1, soil respiration, crop-growth parameters) on two differently managed fields (fallow/crop rotation, continous cropping) at the ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Sadore, Niger, show that mainly biological factors (pre-clearing vegetation, termites) lead to soil microvariability. The organic matter cycle, especially the mineralized nitrate at the beginning of the rainy season, is decisive for the development of crop microvariability in an early stage. Water balance simulation demonstrates that the grain yield can be influenced later, especially during flowering, by water stress. Der Einflus der Mikrovariabilitat sandiger Boden auf das Hirsewachstum im Sahel Mikrovariabilitat ist ein begrenzender Faktor fur den Pflanzenbau in der Sahelzone. Ursachen und Entwicklung der Mikrovariabilitat wurden fur Perlhirse (Pennisetum glaucum [L.]) auf sandigen Boden untersucht. Ein deskriptives Modell fur die Entwicklung der Mikrovariabilitat der Boden und des Pflanzenwachstums wird vorgestellt. Die Untersuchungen (Ct, Nt, Pt, NO3-, PBray 1, Bodenatmung, Ertragsparameter) auf zwei unterschiedlich bewirtschafteten Feldern des ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Sadore, Niger, ergaben, das hauptsachlich biogene Faktoren (Brachevegetation, Termiten) die Boden-Mikrovariabilitat verursachen. Der Kreislauf der organischen Substanz, speziell der Nitratgehalt am Anfang der Regenzeit, ist entscheidend fur die Entstehung der Mikrovariabilitat des Pflanzenwachstums in der fruhen vegetativen Phase. Wasserhaushaltssimulationen zeigen, das in einem Jahr der Kornertrag starker durch Wassermangel wahrend der Blute beeinflust wurde.