Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variation in Walleye Abundance with Lake Size and Recruitment Source

Abstract We quantified the relationship between lake size and abundance of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum at two life stages, age 0 and adult, in 172 northern Wisconsin lakes. We also determined if the relationship varied with recruitment source (stocked or natural) in order to evaluate the current system of management. For adult walleyes, as estimated by mark–recapture in spring, abundance was linearly related to lake surface area. Age-0 walleye abundance estimated by fall electrofishing catch was also linearly related to the miles of shoreline surveyed. Lake surface area explained 59% of the variability in adult walleye abundance across lakes ranging in size from 93 to 15,300 acres. Lake surface area explained 61% of the variation in abundance of self-sustaining walleye populations and 65% of stocked populations. Walleye abundance was higher in lakes sustained by natural reproduction than in lakes sustained by stocking. These patterns in abundance based on recruitment source were also apparent at age 0.
Asymmetric hybridization and introgression between pink salmon and chinook salmon in the Laurentian great lakes.

Abstract Among Pacific salmon collected in the St. Marys River, five natural hybrids of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and one suspected backcross have been detected using morphologic, meristic, and color evidence. One allozyme (LDH, l-lactate dehydrogenase from muscle) and one nuclear DNA locus (growth hormone) for which species-specific fixed differences exist were analyzed to detect additional hybrids and to determine if introgression had occurred. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to identify the maternal parent of each hybrid. Evidence of introgression was found among the five previously identified hybrids. All hybrid specimens had chinook salmon mtDNA, indicating that hybridization between chinook salmon and pink salmon in the St. Marys River is asymmetric and perhaps unidirectional. Ecological, physiological, and sexual selection forces may contribute to this asymmetric hybridization. Introgression between these high.
Rice allelopathy and the possibility for weed management

In attempts to control weeds in rice, much effort has been focused on rice allelopathy research for more than 30 years. Among screening methods that have been developed, some estimate the allelopathic potential of various rice cultivars in a limited time and space, which is less costly and can be conducted year round. Rice allelopathy activity is variety dependent and origin dependent, where Japonica rice shows greater allelopathic activity than Indica and Japonica– Indica hybrids. Allelopathic characteristics in rice are quantitatively inherited and several allelopathy-involved traits have been identified. Numerous phytotoxins such as cytokinins, diterpenoids, fatty acids, flavones, glucopyranosides, indoles, momilactones (A and B), oryzalexins, phenols, phenolic acids, resorcinols and stigmastanols have been identified and determined as growth inhibitors in rice. However, the fate and actual modes of action of these compounds as well as other potent rice phytotoxins in nature are not well understood. The question of which compounds play a major role in rice allelopathy has remained obscure; however, rice allelopathy might be attributable to the interaction of all present allelochemicals. Despite locating genes determining or involving allelopathy in rice having attracted much effort, the introduction of these genes into target rice cultivars has not yet been achieved. Success in breeding new rice cultivars having good weed-suppressing ability would benefit farmers in rice-cultivating countries and play an important role in sustainable agricultural production.
Morphological Characters of Some Important Races and Ecotypes of Turkish Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)-II

This study was conducted to determine the morphological characters of some important honeybee (A. Mellifera L.) races and ecotypes in Turkey. Experimental samples were collected from 6 different regions such as Central Anatolia Region (Beypazari), North Eastern Anatolia Region (Posof), Marmara Region (Gokceada), Thrace Region (Saray), Aegean Region (Fethiye) and Mediterranean Region (Erdemli). Although 41 morphological characters were measured, twenty one morphological characters such as lenght of cover hair on tergite 5, width of tomentum on tergite 4, width of stripe posterior of tomentum, index of tomentum, length of proboscis, length of femur, length of tibia, matatersus width, length of hind leg, width of tergite 3 (longitudinal), width of tergite 4 (longitudinal), body size, width of sternite 3 (longitudinal), length wax plate of sternite 3 (longitudinal), width wax plate of sternite 3 (transversal), distance between wax plate of sternite 3, length of sternite 6 (longitudinal), width of sternite 6 (trasversal) and sternum index were evaluated in this paper. There were not any variation between genotypes regarding lenght of tibia, length of metatarsus, length of 6. sternit, metatarsal and sternum index. On the other hand there were significant variation between genotypes in terms of other 16 characters. It was found that some genotypes have differentiation characters regarding their morphological structure.
Contrasting patterns of photosynthetic acclimation to the light environment are dependent on the differential expression of the responses to altered irradiance and spectral quality.

Chl, chlorophyll Chl a/b, ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b Cyt f, cytochrome f FR, far-red light LFR, low irradiance, far-red enriched growth light LHCII, light harvesting complex associated with PSII LW, low irradiance, white growth light MW, moderate irradiance, white growth light PAR, photosynthetically active radiation Pmax, light and CO2 saturated photosynthetic rate PSI, photosystem I PSII, photosystem II Four plant species (Chamerion angustifolium, Digitalis purpurea, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Plantago lanceolata) which have previously been shown to demonstrate contrasting photosynthetic acclimatory responses to the light environment (Murchie & Horton 1997, Plant, Cell and Environment 20, pp. 438–448) were analysed at a biochemical level. Plants were grown under low irradiance with a shade-type spectrum (LFR: 50μmol quanta m–2 s–1), moderately high white light (MW: 300μmol quanta m–2 s–1) and low irradiance white light (LW: 50μmol quanta m–2 s–1). The effects of light quality upon chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity were found to be species-dependent. A far-red dependent reduction in chlorophyll was found in three species, and an irradiance-dependent reduction was found in B. sylvaticum, which showed the greatest alteration in the xanthophyll cycle pool size of all species tested under these conditions. Chlorophyll a/b ratios were sensitive to both light quality and quantity in C. angustifolium and D. purpurea, being highest in MW, lowest in LFR, and intermediate in LW, whilst the other species showed no response. Ratios of photosystem II to photosystem I (PSII and PSI) demonstrated a strong irradiance-associated increase in all species except B. sylvaticum, whereas an increase in PSII/PSI in LFR compared to LW conditions was present in all species. A change in chlorophyll a/b was not always associated with a change in PSII/PSI, suggesting that the level of LHCII associated with each PSII varied in some species. Cytochrome f content showed an irradiance-dependent effect only, indicating a relationship with the capacity of electron transport. It is concluded that differing strategies of acclimation to the light environment demonstrated by these species results from differing strengths of expression of a series of independently regulated changes in the levels of photosynthetic components.
Antifungal activity and biocontrol potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa HT16 against white rot pathogen (Coniella diplodiella Speq.) in table grapes

Paenibacillus polymyxa HT16 was evaluated for its ability to reduce white rot disease caused by Coniella diplodiella. HT16 showed significant inhibitory effects on C. diplodiella in vitro, reducing white rot disease in ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’ table grape varieties by more than 40% after inoculation. Liquid cultures were more effective than washed cell suspensions or cell-free supernatants, and a higher content of, and longer incubation time with, strain HT16 were more effective in reducing disease incidence. The spore germination rate and mycelial morphology of C. diplodiella were adversely affected by HT16. These results suggested that HT16 may be a promising biocontrol agent against pre-harvest and post-harvest decay in table grapes.
Brief report: Infant‐killing and infant disappearance following male takeovers in a group of free‐ranging howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica

Events surrounding an infant‐killing following a male takeover are described for a group of free‐ranging howling monkeys in Costa Rica, and additional evidence is presented for infant disappearances following three previous male takeovers. Infant‐killing is best interpreted in this context as a male reproductive strategy, as infant‐killing did effectively shorten the interbirth interval, and only infants of high‐ranking females died or disappeared following a male takeover. Due to the exclusive access of the dominant male to high‐ranking estrous females, an incoming male who had lived as a peripheral male before taking over the group would run little risk of eliminating his own offspring in the course of killing the offspring of high‐ranking females.
Marine rocky shores and community ecology : an experimentalist's perspective

Go Paine, R. T. (1994) Marine Rocky Shores and Community Ecology: An Experimentalist’s Perspective (Ecology Institute, OldendorfyLuhe, Germany). Moore, P. G. & Seed, R. , eds. (1986) The Ecology of Rocky Coasts (Columbia Univ. Press, New York). Menge, B. A. & Farrell, T. M. (1989) Adv. Ecol. Res. 19, 189–262. Lewis, J. R. (1964) The Ecology of Rocky Shores (English Universities Press, London). Marine Rocky Shores and Community Ecology: An Experimentalist’s Perspective. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. Pauly, D. , Christensen, V. , Dalsgaard, J., Froese, R. , Torres Jr., F. , 1998. Disturbance and patch dynamics on rocky intertidal shores. In: Pickett, S.T. A. , White, P.S. (Eds.), The Ecology of. Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Sometimes the goal of community studies is to directly measure these two factors, in which case replicates can be contiguous. But if your goal is to avoid collecting samples that are not independently distributed or to avoid sampling within the 'effect zone' of a treatment, your samples should be reasonably isolated from each other. The definition of 'reasonably isolated' depends on your study goals and organisms as others have said here already. 1 Recommendation. Mauro Gobbi. 1 Recommendation. Robert T. Paine, Marine Rocky Shores and Community Ecology: An Experimentalist's Perspective. In: Kinne, O. (ed.) Excellence in Ecology 4. Ecology Institute, D-21385 Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany, 1994 152 S. , 16 Figures, 7 Tables, DM 59,– Article. Jan 1996. Hjalmar Thiel. View. C o n t a c t C o p y r i g h t a n d D i s c l a i m e r S i t e m a p S e a r c h
The tension between dispersal and persistence regulates the current distribution of rare palaeo‐endemic rain forest flora: a case study

1 Eidothea hardeniana (Proteaceae) is a narrow endemic representative of an ancient lineage restricted to a single site in northern New South Wales (Australia). This study aims to identify the life‐history traits most likely to have influenced the current distribution pattern of this rain forest tree. 2 Using ecological and molecular analyses we found that its range is limited by the absence of efficient dispersal mechanisms rather than by habitat availability, or as a result of a recent bottleneck or of reproductive failure. 3 Resprouts can take over the position of senesced plants, even in the absence of disturbance, allowing local persistence and the maintenance of genetic diversity. Long‐term persistence and preferential outcrossing further favour relatively high levels of diversity (HE = 0.542) despite a small effective population size (Ne = 21.6). 4 We used eight life‐history traits to assess if the E. hardeniana findings were valid across 258 local taxa. Current distribution patterns of rain forest species within a species‐rich community were accounted for by linking two important components of community assembly theory: dispersal and niche assembly. 5 The interaction of the seed‐based dispersal dimension and resprouting potential best explains the current distribution of rare local taxa. Major dimensions of life‐history trait variation were identified among local plant species, suggesting that a range of interacting traits contribute to a species’ response to environmental variables and mitigate the influence of potentially adverse circumstances. 6 The benefits of merging ecological and genetic approaches to interpret species distribution and population structure are applicable across a broader range of studies. Our findings highlight how currently constrained palaeo‐endemic species with small populations in refugial habitats may retain the capacity to both persist and expand in response to changing circumstances and opportunities. This has important implications for species conservation, habitat management and reserve design.
Life history of the dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus (Sciaenidae) off the east coast of South Africa

The life history of Argyrosomus japonicus off the east coast of South Africa was studied using biological, size composition and tagging data from fish caught in the estuaries, surf zone and nearshore marine environment of three coastal regions. Capture methods included hook and line (all habitats), seine-netting (estuaries and surf zone), and gill-netting and trawling (estuaries only). Median total length (TL) at maturity was 920 mm (5 years) for males and 1 070 mm (6 years) for females. All males > 1 100 mm TL (7 years) and all females > 1 200 mm TL (8 years) were mature. Adult fish are found predominantly in the nearshore marine environment, but they also frequent estuaries and the surf zone. Spawning takes place in the nearshore environment, from August to November in KwaZulu/Natal, and from October to January in the Southern and South-Eastern Cape regions. A large proportion of the adult population migrates to KwaZulu/Natal to spawn, although spawning may continue on their return to the Cape. Early ju.
Assessment of variability and genetic diversity among different rice varieties for qualitative traits.

The assessment of genetic diversity among the eighteen rice varieties cultivated in Bihar India was done using numerical taxonomic approach based on fourteen qualitative traits. Eighteen varieties were grouped into seven different clusters revealing sufficient amount of variability among the varieties. The clustering pattern revealed non-correspondence of geographic diversity with genetic divergence. Richharia with Rajshree and Gautam with Rajendra Mahsuri was found more suitable parents for quality improvement. The wide genetic variation is present among the rice varieties grown in Bihar and they have potential for future breeding programme.
Characteristics and Regulatory Properties of the H+‐ATPase in a Plasma Membrane Fraction Purified from Arabidopsis thaliana

The aqueous two-phase partitioning technique was utilized to isolate a plasma membrane (PM) fraction from etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. The purification procedure adopted yielded a fraction highly enriched in PM as compared to inner membranes, with a recovery of about 30%, as judged from the activities of PM markers such as vanadate-sensitive ATPase, FC binding and UDP-glucose sterol glucosyltransferase. The purified PM fraction displayed vanadate-sensitive H+ pumping activity. Its purity was confirmed by the biochemical characteristics of its ATPase activity assayed in the absence of Ca2+: sensitivity to vanadate (IC50 ca. 1 μM), Mg2+-dependence, insensitivity to molybdate, oligomycin and nitrate, pH optimum at 6.6. The PM H+-ATPase activity was stimulated by fusicoccin and by a controlled treatment of the PM with trypsin. In both cases stimulation was much stronger on the activity assayed at pH 7.5 than on the activity at pH 6.6. Moreover, neither fusicoccin nor the treatment with trypsin stimulated the portion of activity (30 to 40% at pH 7.5) which decayed upon preincubation of the PM in assay medium without ATP.
Diet of Tonatia bidens (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in an Atlantic Forest area, southeastern Brazil: first evidence for frugivory

Abstract The greater round-eared bat Tonatia bidens has a varied diet, consuming mostly insects, although it also feeds on small terrestrial vertebrates, such as rodents and birds. In 2008–2009, we expanded the knowledge of this species’ feeding ecology by analyzing the diet of a T. bidens population in an Atlantic Forest fragment in southeastern Brazil. Food remains found in day shelters and feeding roosts included insects, birds, mammals and fruits. Insects, Lepidoptera, Blattodea, Coleoptera and Orthoptera, were the main component of the diet. There was a preferential consumption of the soft parts of insects and vertebrates, possibly because these parts are more easily digested and are the most nutritious. This first evidence of fruit consumption is also discussed. This analysis indicates that T. bidens has a more general diet than previously reported.
The diatom flora in Conceição Lagoon, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil DOI:10.5007/2178-4574.2011n40p25

“Lagoa da Conceicao” is a small lagoon located at Santa Catarina Island, Santa Catarina State, Brazil (27o 34`S; 48o 27`W). In recent decades, their characteristics have been changed mainly due to the increase in average salinity caused by permanent opening of the canal, in 1982, that connects the lagoon to the sea and the growing urbanization impact of the surrounding areas. The only study on the lagoon phytoplankton was conducted in 1988, showing that diatoms were the most diverse group and were dominant at some periods. This study aimed to make a floristic survey of the Conceicao Lagoon diatom community, analyzing its variation over a sampled period. The samples were obtained in 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1994 at six stations and in 2002 at ten stations with a phytoplankton net. One hundred and eight specific and infraspecific taxa were identified belonging to Coscinodiscophyceae, (32), Fragilariophyceae (14) and Bacillariophyceae (62). Six taxa were present in all sampling periods and fifteen at 80% sampled years. The Conceicao lagoon diatom flora showed 41% of taxa in common with the Santa Catarina Southern Lagoon Complex. Scanning electron microscopy studies confirmed the presence of the Cyclotella litoralis Lange et Syvertsen and Paralia fenestrata Sawai et Naguno in the lagoon which probably had been misidentified as Cyclotella striata (Kutzing) Grunow and Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve respectively in a former survey. Available data are insufficient to explain the distribution of diatom species related to salinity at the Conceicao lagoon.
No evidence for increased offspring heterozygosity from extrapair mating in the reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus)

It has been hypothesized that females mate multiply to increase the heterozygosity of their progeny because heterozygous individuals are assumed to have a fitness advantage. Females can maximize heterozygosity of their offspring by mating with genetically unrelated and/or heterozygous males. We tested these predictions in a socially monogamous passerine, the reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus), where extrapair paternity occurs frequently. The results based on genotypes at nine microsatellite loci revealed that females were no less genetically related to the extrapair male(s) (EPMs) than to their pair male (i.e., breeding partner) and that EPMs were no more heterozygous than the males they cuckolded. In addition, a direct comparison of maternal half-siblings naturally raised in the same brood showed that extrapair young were no more heterozygous than within-pair young. Thus, female reed buntings do not seem to mate with EPMs to increase offspring heterozygosity. It is not yet known whether extrapair mating involves any benefits at all to females in this species. Copyright 2005.
Delaware Soybean Grower Survey on Glyphosate-resistant Horseweed (Conyza Canadensis)

In November 2004, a 29-question survey was mailed to Delaware soybean growers to determine grower perceptions of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed and if glyphosate applications, GR soybean usage, and management practices had been altered in lieu of the presence of resistance. A total of 213 valid responses were received. Ninety-eight percent of respondents reported planting GR soybean at some point in the last 5 yr, with 90% reporting having planted GR soybean 3 or more years. The presence of GR horseweed on-farm was reported by 38% of the respondents and 95% of those growers with GR horseweed on-farm reported implementing one or more changes in GR soybean management. The most frequent change (66% of growers) due to resistant horseweed was the application of another herbicide with a different mode of action before planting. Forty-eight percent of growers with resistance on-farm reported a $5 to $17/ha increase to manage for GR horseweed, with 28% reporting a greater than $17/ha increase. Regardless of experience with GR horseweed, approximately 80% responded that it was worthwhile to incur additional costs now to preserve glyphosate for future use. Soybean grower reliance on glyphosate has not decreased in light of GR horseweed in Delaware. Misconceptions of timing for the selection of GR horseweed biotypes and the future availability of new herbicides with different modes of action exist within the farming community. Nomenclature: Glyphosate, horseweed, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. ERICA, soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr
How (Much) Do Developers Test?

What do we know about software testing in the real world? It seems we know from Fred Brooks' seminal work "The Mythical Man-Month" that 50% of project effort is spent on testing. However, due to the enormous advances in software engineering in the past 40 years, the question stands: Is this observation still true? In fact, was it ever true? The vision for our research is to settle the discussion about Brooks' estimation once and for all: How much do developers test? Does developers' estimation on how much they test match reality? How frequently do they execute their tests, and is there a relationship between test runtime and execution frequency? What are the typical reactions to failing tests? Do developers solve actual defects in the production code, or do they merely relax their test assertions? Emerging results from 40 software engineering students show that students overestimate their testing time threefold, and 50% of them test as little as 4% of their time, or less. Having proven the scalability of our infrastructure, we are now extending our case study with professional software engineers from open-source and industrial organizations.