Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan flour by immersion method using Eucheuma cottonii seaweed from Takalar waters of South Sulawesi

Indonesia consists of seas which have various types of biological resources and their environmental potential. Carrageenan is known to have high potential in the food and non-food fields. In the food division, carrageenan mostly used as a thickener and gelling agent. The most of the problems faced by seaweed farmers are not optimal processing of harvested seaweed, the seaweed tends to leave a lot of salt crystals after drying due to the absence of the immersion process before making carrageenan. The purpose of this research is to increase knowledge of the physicochemical properties of carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii in the non-immersion method and the aquadest immersion method. Before extraction, seaweed was compared without immersion and with distilled water for 36 hours. The extraction process was carried out using 8% potassium hydroxide and then observed the physicochemical properties of carrageenan flour. The results of the study showed that the physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan were shown in the immersion method with a water content of 9.11%, ash content of 21.49%, yield of 41.96%, and viscosity of 157.33cP. The immersion method with a water content of 12.55%, yield of 30.16%, ash content of 30.84%, and viscosity of 101.67cP.
Dolerites of Svalbard, north-west Barents Sea Shelf: age, tectonic setting and significance for geotectonic interpretation of the High-Arctic Large Igneous Province

The dolerites of Svalbard are mineralogically and geochemically homogeneous with geochemical features typical of continental within-plate tholeiites. Their geochemistry is similar to tholeiites belonging to a bimodal suite defined as the High-Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP). K–Ar dating of numerous dolerites sampled from many locations across Svalbard define a narrow time span of this magmatism from 125.5±3.6 to 78.3±2.6 Mya. Discrete peaks of intensive activity occurred at 115.3, 100.8, 91.3 and 78.5 Mya corresponding to (1) breakup of the continental crust and formation of an initial rift as a result of mantle plume activity, located in the southern part of the Alpha Ridge; (2) magmatic activity related to spreading along the Alpha Ridge that led to the development of the initial oceanic crust and (3) continuation of spreading along the Alpha Ridge and termination of magmatic activity related to HALIP (last two peaks at 91.3 and 78.5 Mya).
Drip Irrigation in Heterogeneous Soils: Steady State Field Experiments for Stochastic Model Evaluation

In many drip-irrigated fields, spatial variations in soil properties induce variations in wetting patterns about the drippers, resulting in uncertainty in the interpretation and use of sensor-based soil water information. In previous work, analytical tools to quantify the effects of spatial variation in soil hydraulic properties on wetting patterns were developed. The objective of this study was to validate some of these analytical results. Following the characterization of the soil hydraulic properties in the study site, water was supplied from arrays of surface and subsurface point sources at constant flow rates. About 160 tensiometers and 100 time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes were installed at fixed positions relative to the source (for each flow rate and source location) and were monitored daily. The resulting spatial moments of matric head and water content were compared with analytical model predictions. Results revealed a large discrepancy between measurements and predictions based on the field-estimated variability in α (the exponent of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function). Better agreement was obtained when a reduced variability in α was used. This suggests that soil hydraulic properties measured under ponding may be biased by the presence of large pores. Overall, the analytical model was capable of using information on the (permanent) spatial variability in soil hydraulic properties to predict the variability in flow attributes. However, even with better soil characterization and smaller soil variability, model predictions should be viewed as first approximations of the extent of variability in matric head and water content.
Aquifer heterogeneity: Hydrogeological and hydrochemical properties of the Botany Sands aquifer and their impact on contaminant transport

Detailed studies in the Botany Sands aquifer have shown that minor changes in lithology and mineralogy are responsible for significant changes in the hydraulic properties and chemical composition of groundwaters. The aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic on a macroscopic or regional scale, while on a microscopic or local scale it is heterogeneous and anisotropic. Detailed geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical studies carried out at the Eastlakes Experimental Site, Daceyville, New South Wales, have shown that both hydraulic conductivity and groundwater chemistry vary due to changes in the depositional environment. Distinct hydraulic boundaries between different geological units produce variations in hydraulic conductivities from 2.1 × 10−5 to 5.8 × 10−4 m/s. These geological units appear as layers or lenses in the sandy aquifer. Variations in hydraulic properties are closely related to lithological units including quartz sand, silty/peaty sand and sandy peaty/clay. All these lithological units on a regional scale are described as sand. Chemical reactions resulting from water‐sediment interaction produce significant changes in groundwater chemistry, which is consequently a function of mineralogy, lithology and residence time in the aquifer. The aquifer is Na–Cl dominant in the shallowest part, Ca–HCO3 dominant in the middle and again Na–Cl dominant at the bottom. Groundwater analyses at depth 3.5 m show high concentrations of HCO3 −, Ca2+ and Sr2+ due to dissolution of shell debris. The same zone contains a significant proportion of clay material and both components are considered to be aeolian. Evaporative concentration in the unsaturated zone of the aquifer increases the concentration of Na+ and Cl−. Recharging rainwater mobilises this saline pore water, which acts as a source of Na+ in cation‐exchange reactions with the clay, thus releasing Ca2+. Changes in chemical composition cause large variation in saturation indices with respect to calcite, dolomite and strontianite. Mass‐balance modelling demonstrates that dissolution of CaCO3, ion exchange and reverse ion exchange, the flux of CO2 from the soil zone, and oxidation of pyrite are all important chemical reactions in this 4 m‐thick section of the aquifer. A small‐scale natural gradient tracer experiment was carried out to examine the effect of heterogeneity on solute transport. Variation in hydraulic conductivity resulted in extensive spreading and splitting of the plume along the flow path. As a result, a complex plume shape with several zones of high tracer concentrations was observed.
An overview of seismic azimuth for towed streamers

Conventional 3D streamer seismic processing generally ignores any azimuth component in the data. We are used to the convenience of acquiring overlapping shot gathers in straight lines, as we can sort the data into common midpoint gathers, and then exploit the power of stack in processing to attenuate random noise. The higher the fold, the more random noise we attenuate. Conventional 3D surveys are acquired using “swath”or “racetrack” vessel shooting, wherein the survey has a single line orientation (or “survey azimuth”), and a long, narrow spread of streamers are towed by a single vessel. Apart from the front of the streamers (short source-receiver offsets), most source-receiver combinations have a relatively common azimuth (the angle between their particular vector and the survey orientation, Figure 1). Thus, the subsurface geology is illuminated only from one particular shooting direction. We assume that most coherent noise types are well behaved and we can remove them in processing. We assume that the .
Middle Eocene‐Oligocene broken‐foreland evolution in the Andean Calchaqui Valley, NW Argentina: insights from stratigraphic, structural and provenance studies

Two end‐member models have been proposed for the Paleogene Andean foreland: a simple W‐E migrating foreland model and a broken‐foreland model. We present new stratigraphic, sedimentological and structural data from the Paleogene Quebrada de los Colorados (QLC) Formation, in the Eastern Cordillera, with which to test these two different models. Basin‐wide unconformities, growthstrata and changes in provenance indicate deposition of the QLC Formation in a tectonically active basin. Both west‐ and east‐vergent structures, rooted in the basement, controlled the deposition and distribution of the QLC Formation from the Middle Eocene to the Early Miocene. The provenance analysis indicates that the main source areas were basement blocks, like the Paleozoic Oire Eruptive Complex, uplifted during Paleogene shortening, and that delimits the eastern boundary of the present‐day intraorogenic Puna plateau. A comparison of the QLC sedimentary basin‐fill pattern with those of adjacent Paleogene basins in the Puna plateau and in the Santa Bárbara System highlights the presence of discrete depozones. These reflect the early compartmentalization of the foreland, rather than a stepwise advance of the deformation front of a thrust belt. The early Tertiary foreland of the southern central Andes is represented by a ca. 250‐km‐wide area comprising several deformation zones (Arizaro, Macón, Copalayo and Calchaquí) in which doubly vergent or asymmetric structures, rooted in the basement, were generated. Hence, classical foreland model is difficult to apply in this Paleogene basin; and our data and interpretation agree with a broken‐foreland model.
An investigation of the relationship between sub‐Saharan rainfall and global sea surface temperatures

Abstract The relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall index anomalies over sub‐Saharan Africa for the 15‐year period, 1970–84, has been examined. The objectively analysed monthly mean SST data were used for the global oceans between 40°S and 60°N. The rainfall data consist of annual mean rainfall indices for the Sahel and Soudan belts over north Africa. An Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis of the SST data has been carried out for the Atlantic, Indian and global ocean regions. The results show that the most dominant eigenmode, EOF1, is characterized by warming over the central eastern Pacific, cooling over the eastern mid‐latitude Pacific and warming over the entire Atlantic and Indian ocean basins. The second EOF for the Atlantic Ocean SST analysis shows a dipole (north‐south see‐saw) pattern. The third EOF for the Atlantic SST analysis has the same sign over the entire Atlantic basin. Global SST EOF2 and EOF3 correspondio Atlantic SST EOF3 and EOF2, respectively. The correlati.
Unveiling the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by decoding biomarkers through integrated single-cell and single-nucleus profiles

Background and Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a heterogenous liver disease encompassing pathological changes ranging from simple steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis. To further unravel NAFLD pathogenesis, we aimed to decode the candidate NAFLD biomarkers associated with NAFLD severity using publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data. Methods: Seurat v5 and anchor-based reciprocal principal components analysis (RPCA) integration were performed to integrate and analyze the scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq data of 82 liver and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) specimens from NAFLD patients and healthy controls to decode the candidate NAFLD biomarkers generated previously. Using the 'CellChat' R package, we analyzed ligand-receptor interactions of our candidate biomarkers from secreted genes to understand their signaling crosstalk and implications in NAFLD's biological processes. Results: We generated a database (https://dreamapp.biomed.au.dk/NAFLD-scRNA-seq/) to present the NAFLD pathogenesis by analyzing integrated scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq data. Through cell-level decoding, we discovered the expression distribution of the candidate biomarkers associated with NAFLD severity. The analysis of ligand-receptor pairs in NAFLD liver and PBMC data suggests that the IL1B-(IL1R1+IL1RAP) interaction between liver monocytes and hepatocytes/cholangiocytes may explain the correlation between NAFLD severity and IL1RAP down-regulation. Conclusions: We confirmed a strong correlation between liver QSOX1/IL1RAP concentrations and NAFLD severity at the cellular level. Additionally, our analysis of comprehensive data unveiled new aspects of NAFLD pathogenesis and intercellular communication through the use of scRNA and snRNA sequencing data. (ChiCTR2300073940).
EFFECT OF PROPHYLACTICALLY ADMINISTERED KETOROLAC AND DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM ON THE EFFICACY OF INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK IN PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS, DOUBLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL.

Abstract: Background: Inferior alveolar nerve block is the most frequently used local anesthetic agent, administered to achieve regional anesthesia for root canal treatment, however, in cases of irreversible pulpitis, there may be anesthetic resistance. To overcome this issue, many conservative and invasive supplementary procedures are introduced to increase the efficacy of nerve block, including prophylactic use of orally administered NSAIDs. Objective: To compare the effect of prophylactically administered Ketorolac and Diclofenac Potassium on the efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients presenting with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Methodology: This double-blind study included a total number of 130 patients with a diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis which was confirmed with a cold test. Before initiating the treatment, the patients were asked to rate their pain on a VAS with pain divided into four categories, no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, and severe pain. 10 mg Ketorolac and 50 mg Diclofenac potassium were equally divided into two groups and 1 tablet of each was orally administered to patients 1 hour before initiating root canal treatment. IANB was given and a root canal procedure was initiated under full aseptic protocol. The pain score was recorded on VAS during endodontic access preparation and root canal instrumentation. Data was analyzed through cross-tabulation and the Chi-square test was applied. (P value = 0.05) Results: The comparison of prophylactically administered ketorolac and diclofenac potassium on the efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block is depicted the success rate was 64.6% in Ketorolac group as compared to 43.1% in Diclofenac potassium group. Conclusion: Oral premedication with NSAIDs can improve the efficacy of Inferior alveolar nerve block in a non-invasive manner with better results yielded with the use of orally administered Ketorolac as compared to Diclofenac Potassium. Key Words: Pulpitis. Efficacy. Inferior alveolar nerve. Ketorolac. Diclofenac potassium.
Characteristics of Source Spectra of Moderate Earthquakes in a Subduction Zone along the Pacific Coast of the Southern Tohoku District, Japan

Strong motion records for 22 earthquakes from 1982 to 1987 in the subduction zone off Fukushima Prefecture are analyzed. Magnitude M of the earthquakes ranges from 4.0 to 6.7. The source spectrum of each earthquake is obtained from S-waves in horizontal components. Seismic moment Mo of each event is evaluated from spectral amplitudes in a low frequency range. Two corner frequencies are identified on the source spectra for 7 events of M>6, while source spectra of 15 events of M 6 events satisfies a relation of Mo∝fc-3, which is consistent with the data of seismic moment and fault area for the M=7 to 8 class events in the 1938 large earthquake sequence off Fukushima Prefecture. Complicated S-wave forms for M>6 events suggest that the second corner frequency fc* is related to the complex faulting process with small-scale fault heterogeneities. This means that fc* corresponds to the patch corner frequency. It is found that the seismic moment density Mo* at a frequency of fc* is correlative to the excitation of high frequency waves, while the values of fc* are nearly constant, about 1 Hz, for all the M>6 events. We found two types of earthquakes with M>6 off Fukushima Prefecture: high frequency events and low frequency events. High frequency events show larger peak accelerations than a value expected from the attenuation curve, and show larger Mo* values compared with low frequency events with the same seismic moment. High frequency events mostly occurred in the northwestern part, while low frequency events occurred in the southeastern part off Fukushima Prefecture. This indicates that the faulting process is more heterogeneous in the northwestern part than the southeastern part. Concerning the events of M 6. Higher stress drop of these events may be due to fault patches with large intensity.
Formation of mesoscale convective systems over the eastern Tibetan Plateau affected by plateau‐scale heating contrasts

[1] This study revealed the formation processes of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), associated with the establishment of subplateau-scale convergences affected by the longitudinal surface wetness gradient. Composites of reanalysis data and satellite infrared images showed that large MCSs occurred in the afternoon under the condition of the eastward expansion of upper tropospheric anticyclone with the enhancement of near-surface low pressure in the western plateau. The low-level convergence was systematically formed through the eastward propagation of a thermally induced cyclonic circulation formed in the north central plateau before the day of the MCS genesis. A numerical model successively simulated the MCS occurrence processes with the diurnal evolution of convergences, namely, (1) the formation of horizontal wind shear between southwesterlies and northeasterlies over the strong heated land-surface causing a thermal low in the northwest, (2) the eastward propagation of the vorticity due to intensification of upper westerlies in the night, and (3) the MCS genesis by low-level convergences behind the migrated vortex with a convective instability condition over the eastern wet land surface. Numerical sensitivity experiments confirmed that eliminating either the western surface sensible heat flux or the eastern surface latent heat flux prevented the development of MCS. Namely, the enhanced southeast-northwest gradation of the plateau-scale soil moisture distribution could effectively form the MCSs in the eastern plateau during the monsoon season.
Spatial organization of process domains in headwater drainage basins of a glaciated foothills region with complex longitudinal profiles

Lithologic transitions and glaciations create complex longitudinal profiles that control contemporary erosion and deposition processes. In areas with these characteristics, traditional morphometric approaches for predicting process domains, such as area‐slope plots, can be augmented by considering other predictors measured from high resolution lidar‐derived digital elevation models (DEMs). Ordinal logistic regression was used to model the distribution of hillslope, swale, colluvial channel, and fluvial channel domains, as identified during field surveys. The study area was a glaciated region of the Rocky Mountain foothills with a complex lithostructural setting. Relationships between domains and a suite of geographic information system–derived descriptors were explored. Predictors included profile anomalies measured at the reach and basin scale using a normalized stream length–gradient (SL/k) index. Drainage area was the dominant factor controlling domains. A model with area as the only predictor was 82% accurate. Reach slope relations were not consistent. A model that also included lithology and basin‐scale SL/k index variation was 87% accurate. Domain transitions had larger area thresholds in basins with resistant conglomerate versus sandstone or shale formations and where SL/k index was more variable along a profile. In a restricted model of hillslope, swale, and colluvial channel domains, profile curvature measured over 100 m was also related to domain occurrence. A model for regional‐scale mapping applications with six additional predictors was 95% accurate. The results showed that ordinal logistic regression can be used to predict and map process domains in regions with complex physiography using descriptors measured from high ‐resolution DEMs.
A seismic experiment in the Ulleung Basin (Tsushima Basin), southwestern Japan Sea (East Sea of Korea)

Understanding the crustal structure of the Ulleung basin (Tsushima basin) in the southwestern Japan sea (East sea of Korea) is important for reconstructing the opening tectonics of the Japan sea. A Korea and Russia collaborative seismic experiment was carried out in 1991 to investigate the crustal structure of this basin using ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) and large capacity air guns. The results of the experiment reveal that the Ulleung basin is floored by distinctive upper and lower crustal layers with velocities typical of layers 2 and 3. The lower crust, however, is unusually thick (7–8 km) and the Moho lies flat at 15–16 km depths. Though similar to the Yamato basin in crustal thickness, the Ulleung basin has a much thicker sedimentary sequence and a slightly thinner lower crust in the center. Geophysical evidence, thus, shows that the crust under the Ulleung basin has velocity range and crustal layering falling closer to those of normal oceanic crust than the Yamato basin. The formation mechanism of the thicker than normal lower crust should be clarified to better understand the complex opening process in the southern Japan sea.
Model Studies of the Wind-Driven Transient Circulation in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Part 1: Adiabatic Boundary Conditions

Abstract A numerical model of the wind-driven transient ocean circulation in the Middle Atlantic Bight is described. The model incorporates realistic topography and covers the continental shelf between the coast and the 200 m isobath from Cape Hatteras to the southern tip of Nova Scotia. The traditional shallow-water dynamics are used, i.e., the vertically integrated and linearized equations for the flow of a homogeneous fluid driven by atmospheric pressure and wind stress fluctuations and damped by a quadratic bottom stress. The equations are integrated in time using a simple modification of Platzman's (1972) finite-difference scheme, with a 12.7 km grid spacing. At the coast, normal flow is required to vanish; at non-coastal boundaries, the equivalent surface elevation is held fixed. Several classes of initial value experiments are used to study the free and forced modes of this model, and the damped flow driven by a spatially uniform and stationary wind stress and by an idealized travelling synoptic-sc.