Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of the season on the relationships between NMR transverse relaxation data and water-holding capacity of turkey breast meat

In the last few years the poultry industry has seen a significant deterioration in meat quality properties during the summer season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal effect (summer and winter) on turkey meat quality assessed by both conventional and low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (LR-NMR) analysis. Eighty-eight breast muscle samples (35 winter and 53 summer) from BUT-Big 6 turkeys belonging to 16 different flocks, were randomly collected from a commercial processing plant. The samples were analysed for transverse relaxation times (T2) by LR-NMR and for initial pH (15 min post mortem), ultimate pH (24 h post mortem) and pH after cooking, temperature at 15 min post mortem, water-holding capacity (WHC, drip loss, filter paper press wetness and cooking loss) at 24 h post mortem, colour of raw and cooked meat and chemical composition (moisture, lipids and proteins). The results indicate that, during the summer season, turkey breast meat undergoes a relevant WHC decrease. Cluster analysis of the raw LR-NMR data evidenced the presence of two groups corresponding to samples harvested in each different season. Correlations between the LR-NMR signal and the conventional parameters measuring WHC were obtained by a recently proposed type of principal component regression (PCR) termed relative standard deviation PCR. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Toxicological chemistry : a guide to toxic substances in chemistry

Toxicology and toxicological chemistry fundamentals of chemistry exposure and effects of toxic substances biochemical action and transformation of toxicants toxic elements organometallics and organometalloids toxic inorganic compounds toxic inorganic compounds and hydrocarbons oxygen-containing organic compounds nitrogen-containing organic compounds phosphorous-containing organic compounds toxic natural products.
Chitosan Biopolymer Schiff Base: Preparation, Characterization, Optical, and Antibacterial Activity

Natural biopolymer used for hydrogels has attracted increasing attention in the multifaceted areas of biomedical science and engineering. The authors prepared chitosan biopolymer Schiff base by solvent exchange method using a simple aliphatic crosslinker, crotanaldehyde. The identity of Schiff base was confirmed by UV-vis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The chitosan Schiff base was evaluated by XRD, TGA, DSC, and SEM. The microbiological screening results demonstrated the antibacterial activity of Schiff base against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. These results suggest that the newly prepared Schiff base may open a new perspective in biomedical applications.
Impacts of Aerosol Aging on Laser Desorption/Ionization in Single-Particle Mass Spectrometers

Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) has been widely used for characterizing the chemical mixing state of ambient aerosol particles. However, processes occurring during particle ablation and ionization can influence the mass spectra produced by these instruments. These effects remain poorly characterized for complex atmospheric particles. During the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR), a thermodenuder was used to evaporate the more volatile aerosol species in sequential temperature steps up to 230°C; the residual aerosol particles were sampled by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a single-particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS). Removal of the secondary species (e.g., ammonium nitrate/sulfate) through heating permitted assessment of the change in ionization patterns as the composition changed for a given particle type. It was observed that a coating of secondary species can reduce the ionization efficiency by changing the degree of laser absorption or particle ablation, which significantly impacted the measured ion peak areas. Nonvolatile aerosol components were used as pseudo-internal standards (or “reference components”) to correct for this LDI effect. Such corrected ATOFMS ion peak areas correlated well with the AMS measurements of the same species up to 142°C. This work demonstrates the potential to accurately relate SPMS peak areas to the mass of specific aerosol components. Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research
Effects of the Addition of Phosphorus on the Redistribution of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc Among Soil Fractions in Contaminated Calcareous Soil

A leaching experiment was conducted to examine the effects of phosphorus (monopotassium phosphate (MPP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP)) application on the redistribution of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) among soil fractions in a contaminated calcareous soil. Columns were packed with contaminated soil and then leached using either 0.01 M (NH4)2HPO4, 0.01 M KH2PO4, or 0.01 M CaCl2 solutions until 15 pore volumes were collected. After leaching, the soil samples in the columns were sequentially extracted to obtain the exchangeable (EXCH), carbonate (CARB), organic matter (OM), magnesium oxide (MNO), iron oxide (FEO), and residual (RES) fractions. Application of MPP and DAP were found to alter the distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the soil fractions. DAP significantly increased the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in the EXCH fraction, whereas the Pb concentration decreased in response to the application of DAP and MPP. Moreover, leaching with MPP and DAP significantly increased the Cu and Zn concentrations in the CARB fraction, while the Pb concentrations decreased in these fractions. DAP and MPP effectively immobilized Pb, but the non-residual fraction of Cu and Zn increased in response to treatment with DAP and MPP. Finally, DAP increased the mobility of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in the soil, whereas the mobility index of Pb decreased in response to treatment with DAP and MPP. Taken together, these findings suggest that applying phosphate fertilizers may change over a long time the heavy metal fractions in contaminated calcareous soil, and that DAP may enhance Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn mobility; therefore, the current phosphate fertilization management practices may need modification.
Efficiencies of Electron Injection from Excited N3 Dye into Nanocrystalline Semiconductor (ZrO2, TiO2, ZnO, Nb2O5, SnO2, In2O3) Films

The efficiency of electron injection from excited N3 dye (cis-bis-(4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine) dithiocyanato ruthenium(II), Ru(dcbpy)2 (NCS)2), into various nanocrystalline semiconductor (ZrO2, TiO2, ZnO, Nb2O5, SnO2, In2O3) films was studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. For TiO2, ZnO, Nb2O5, SnO2, or In2O3 films, injection efficiencies were found to be very high; for ZrO2 film, the efficiency was very low. These findings indicate that electron injection occurs efficiently if the LUMO level of N3 dye is located sufficiently far above the bottom of the conduction band of the semiconductor film. On the basis of the results, we discuss the reason TiO2 exhibits higher solar cell performance than other materials.
Nodular growth in thick-sputtered metallic coatings

Thick-sputtered S-Monel, silver, and 304 stainless steel coatings were deposited on mica and metal substrates with various surface finishes to investigate the nodular growth in the coating by scanning electron microscopy. The geometry and the surface structure of the nodules are characterized. Compositional changes within the coating were analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Defects in the surface finish (i.e., scratches, inclusions, etc.), act as preferential nucleation sites and form isolated and complex nodules and various surface overgrowths in the coating. The nodule boundaries are very vulnerable to chemical etching and these nodules do not disappear after full annealing. Further, they have undesirable effects on mechanical properties; cracks are initiated at the nodules when the coating is stressed by mechanical forces. These effects are illustrated by micrographs. Nodular growth within a coating can be minimized or eliminated by increasing the surface smoothness.
Drying Characteristics of Tomato Slices and Mathematical Modeling

In this study, convective drying kinetics of tomato slices was conducted in order to identify the characteristic parameters of such high moisture content product and to establish mathematical models of the drying kinetic for various range of temperatures typically encountered in industrial dryers. The results allow the calculation of the effective diffusivity and the activation energy. Drying experiments were conducted in Thermal Process Laboratory of the Research and Technology Centre of Energy. The drying characteristics of tomato were studied at 38° C, 44° C, 52° C, 57° C and 64° C with three air flow rates of 1ms -1 , 2ms -1 and 3ms -1 . The drying continues until samples' mass reaches a final moisture content of 11%. Some different mathematical models available in the literature (Newton, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Two-term, modified Wang and Singh, Logarithmic .) were used and compared to estimate drying curves of tomatoes. The results indicated that to reach a final moisture content of 11% at 38° C, 44° C, 50° C, 57° C and 64° C, the drying time for 1 m/s, respectively, was 22.4h, 18.5h, 16.7h, 13.5h and 9.9h. For an air flow rate of 1ms -1
STEEPING: A WAY OF IMPROVING THE MALTING OF RICE GRAIN

Water availability significantly affects the mechanism through which grain is converted into malt. High moisture content enhances enzyme production and shoot emergence. To examine this effect on rice malt, rice grains were soaked for different periods with the aim of establishing the optimum that significantly affects the final malt quality. The out-of-steep moisture content (SMC), steeping loss, germination energy, shoot length and the diastatic activity of the malt were evaluated. Statistical Analysis indicated that steeping period correlates positively with rate of water uptake (r = +0.84) and steeping losses (r = +0.97). Germination energy was dependent on steeping period with 48-h (35% SMC) and 72-h treatment (36% SMC) recording the highest energies of 91 and 96%, respectively. 48-h steep grains produced the highest mean shoot length of 4.34 cm and diastatic activity (667.81 U/g). Soaking rice grains for 48 h during malting significantly improves its total hydrolytic power to ensure higher convention of starches into fermentable sugars. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Malting of cereal grains other than barley has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. The reason has been the need to find suitable alternative to imported barley. Improving the malting qualities of rice malt will thus enhance its potential and usage in brewing and sugar syrup industries especially in the tropics. This current finding reveals that soaking rice grains for 48 h facilitate water uptake, which is essential for maximum production of diastase required for higher conversion of starch into simple sugars. Brewing and other related industries can therefore make use of rice malt in many product developments. In this regard, value will be added to local rice and other cereals thereby creating ready market and improving the country's economy at large.
Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Nickel-Coated Carbon Fiber Materials in Various Electrolytic Media

Nickel-coated carbon fiber (NiCCF) material is of interest to a number of important industry sectors. The present paper reports a complex study of the corrosion performance of 12K (12,000 single filaments) NiCCF composite tows. The corrosion behavior of this material was examined in dilute H 2 SO 4 , Cl - -based neutral and NaOH solutions, with respect to its potential application in electrochemical cathodic protection and bipolar plate (fuel cell) technologies. The composites were produced by electro- (or electroless NiP) deposition of an ultrathin (ca. 0.3-0.5 μm) Ni coating onto Hexcel 12K carbon fiber tow. A commercially available, electrodeposited 12K NiCCF product (Toho-Tenax fiber) was used as a reference material.
Sorption of primisulfuron on soil, and inorganic and organic soil colloids

Inorganic and organic soil colloids are responsible for the sorption of many pesticides. We studied the sorption of the herbicide primisulfuron [methyl 2 N‐[[[[[4,6‐bis(difluoromethoxy)‐2‐pyrimidinyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate] on Fe3+‐, Al3+‐, Ca2+‐ and Na+‐exchanged montmorillonite, soil organic matter (H+‐ and Ca2+‐saturated), amorphous iron oxide, and three soils in aqueous media. The sorption on soils was negatively correlated with pH. Ca2+‐ and Na+‐exchanged montmorillonites are ineffective in the sorption of primisulfuron. The sorption on Fe3+‐ and Al3+‐exchanged montmorillonite is rapid and follows the Freundlich equation. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and X‐ray powder diffraction studies of the Fe3+‐ and Al3+‐montmorillonite samples after the interaction with primisulfuron in chloroform solution suggest that primisulfuron is adsorbed and degraded in the interlayer. Humic acid is more effective in the sorption than is Ca humate, suggesting that the pH of the suspension (3.5 for humic acid and 6.0 for Ca humate) has a strong influence on the sorption of primisulfuron. Experiments on amorphous iron oxide indicate similar pH dependence. Infrared spectra indicate that the protonation of the pyrimidine nitrogen moiety of herbicide and subsequent hydrogen bonding with the surface hydroxyls of Fe oxide is the mechanism acting in the primisulfuron sorption.
Molecular ions in astrophysics

The chemical content of the interstellar medium has been drastically revised in the last two years with the discovery of negative ions at a significant level of abundance. We emphasize the chemical processes involved in the formation and depletion of anions and the need for new laboratory work to understand them better. In addition, we comment on the detection of the first fluorine ion, CF+, and on hydrocarbon chemistry, specifically the recent detection of propene and a study of deuterated methylacetylene isotopomers.
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION ANOMALIES

INTRODUCTION: Detailed discussions of the CVJ are conspicuously absent in many standard textbooks and chapters addressing the skull or cervical spine, since it lies in between these regions. CVJ anomalies are common in India subcontinent. OBJECTIVES: To outline the normal anatomy and various abnormalities of craniovertebral junction. To evaluate the most common developmental and acquired craniovertebral junction abnormalities. CRANIOMETRY AND DIAGNOSIS: Radiological evaluation of CVJ requires identification of only a few anatomic structures. Over the years multiple lines, planes and angles have been described for assessment of CVJ relationship, initially with radiography and later with polytomography. Two lines have remained particularly useful for evaluation of CVJ relationship with virtually any imaging modality: the chamberlain`s line and weckenheim’s clivus base line. Two angles also continue to be useful: the welcher basal angle and atlanto occipital joint axis angle. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The prospective study of craniovertebral junction anomalies was carried out at Kurnool medical college, Governament general hospital Kurnool from NOV 2012 to AUG 2014. The patients are subjected to clinical evaluation and radiological evaluation. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: In our study there is male predominance with male to female ratio of 2:1.Majority of patients are in the age group of 11-40 (73.26%). The commonest symptom seen is weakness of extremities (70%) with associated numbness (50%). On clinical examination pyramidal tract involvement noticed in 70% of cases. Basilar invagination is the most common followed by Atlantoocoipital assimilation (40%) and AAD (30%). CONCLUSION: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are invalvable adjuncts to the plain radiographs in the evaluation of the craniovertebral junction anomalies. Chamberlain’s line and McGregor line are the most commonly applied craniometric measurements.
Molecular Theory of Capillarity

J S Rowlinson and B Widom 1982 Oxford: Oxford University Press xi + 327 pp price £30 The scientific community is greatly indebted to the distinguished authors for taking the time to write this authoritative account of a very active field. Beginning with the historical development, they provide a thorough review of the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of liquid surfaces, especially of the liquid–gas interface.
Ab initio simulation of water interaction with the (100) surface of pyrite

Car–Parrinello simulations have been performed to study the interaction of water with pyrite (100) surface. The stability and the structural and electronic properties of both the molecular and dissociative adsorptions have been addressed. We found a very strong preference for molecular adsorption on the surface iron sites, in agreement with experiment. The dissociative chemisorption of water is energetically disfavored and is even locally unstable; the dissociated fragments transform back to the stable molecular form in a short molecular dynamics run. The calculations revealed that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in the stabilization of the adsorbed water for both the molecular and the dissociative states. We have shown that water forms a coordinative covalent bond with the surface iron atoms by donating electron to the empty iron dz2 orbitals which are the lowest empty states on the clean surface. At full coverage, the sulfur 3p states thus become the lowest available empty states and therefore .
Effect of pH and nutrient starvation on biodegradation of azo dyes by Pseudomonas sp

The effect of pH and some nutrients starvation on biodegradation of azo dyes (Orange II and Direct Blue 71) by Pseudomonas sp. was investigated. Highest percentage decolourization values of 56.50% and 45.20% were obtained at pH 7.0 and 6.5 for Orange II and Direct Blue 71 respectively. Rate of decolourization decreased with increasing concentration of nitrate (sodium nitrate) or sulphate (magnesium sulphate heptahydrate). Highest percentage decolourization (79.29% for Orange II and 72.38% for Direct Blue 71) was obtained in positive controls (no nitrate added). Corresponding values for sulphate-limited conditions were 76.50% for Orange II and 78.24% for Direct Blue 71 in positive controls (no sulphate added). The nitrogen of the generated aromatic amines provided the sole source of nitrogen in positive controls. Desulphonation of the aromatic moiety provided the sole source of sulphur in the positive control medium. The study shows that detoxification of ecosystems contaminated with azo dyes are enhanced under nitrate and sulphate-limited conditions. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 9(1) 2005: 39-43
Influence of Cytochrome P450 2C19 on the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole administered by single and successive intravenous infusion in healthy Chinese volunteers

This study aimed to explore the effect of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole administered by single and successive intravenous (iv) infusions in healthy Chinese volunteers. A total of 30 subjects, including 20 extensive metabolizers (EMs) and 10 poor metabolizers (PMs) were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups receiving doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg. All subjects received a single dose of lansoprazole during a 60-min period, and only the 30 mg dose group continued to receive the same dose iv for the next seven days (twice daily). Plasma concentrations of lansoprazole were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at the following times: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 105, 165, 225, 300, 390, 480, 600 and 720 min after lansoprazole administration. After a single intravenous infusion in the three groups, AUC, Cmax and t½ were significantly higher in PMs than in EMs, while total clearance (Cltotal) in PMs was significantly lower than that in EMs. Mean AUC and Cmax ratios in EMs and PMs were 2.1:1 and 1.4:1, respectively. After repeated doses of 30 mg, the AUC, Cmax, and t½ increased significantly, while the Cltotal decreased significantly in EMs. Mean AUC and Cmax ratios in EMs and PMs amounted to 2.2:1.4 and 1.5:1.2, respectively. Lansoprazole displays a linear increase in AUC and Cmax over a dose range of 15-60 mg, and these were dependent on individual CYP2C19 status.
Effect of Calcium, Boron and Naphthalene Acetamide Sprays on Cork Spot and Mineral Content of York Imperial Apple1

Boron, calcium, and naphthalene acetamide (NAAm) foliar sprays were applied alone or in combination to ‘York Imperial’ apple trees under Eastern Pennsylvania orchard conditions. Mineral content of the leaves and fruit and number of cork spots in the fruits were determined. B applications alone or in combination with Ca and/or NAAm increased leaf and fruit B content. All Ca applications increased the leaf Ca content, the fruit P content, and the leaf and fruit K and Fe content, but had no effect on fruit Ca content. NAAm sprays increased the leaf Mg and Al content. NAAm applied in combination with Ca increased the leaf Ca content. The NAAm effects appear to be associated with the valence of the element, having no effect on monovalent elements, some effect on divalent elements, and the strongest effect on the trivalent element, Al. Th B-Ca and B-Ca-NAAm spray treatments reduced the number of cork spots per fruit. Regression analysis indicated that as the B and Ca content increased in the leaves, and fruit peel and flesh the cork spots decreased. Cork spots increased as the P and K content of the leaves increased. Core data showed that cork spots decreased as the B and Mg content increased and the B × Mg interaction decreased. There was no relation between number of cork spots and the leaf and fruit content of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, or Al, despite significant effects of the treatments on these elements.
Chemistry and Technology of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices

List of Contributors. Preface. 1. Introduction. Philip R. Ashurst, Consulting Chemist to the Food Industry, Hereford, UK. 2. Trends in beverage markets. Gary Roethenbaugh, Zenith International, Bath, UK. 3. Fruit and juice processing. Barry Taylor, Danisco Ingredients, Wellingborough, UK. 4. Carbohydrate and intense sweeteners. Kay O'Donnell, Forum Products, Redhill, Surrey, UK. 5. Other beverage ingredients. R.B. Taylor, Danisco Ingredients, Wellingborough, UK. 6. Non--carbonated beverages. Philip R. Ashurst, Consulting Chemist to the Food Industry, Hereford, UK. 7. Carbonated beverages. David Steen, A.G. Barr Soft Drinks, Manchester, UK. 8. Processing and packaging. Mr Robert A.W. Lea, GlaxoSmithKline, Weybridge, Surrey, UK. 9. Packaging materials. Geoff A. Giles, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, UK. 10. Analysis of soft drinks and fruit juices. D.A. Hammond, Reading Scientific Services, University of Reading, UK. 11. Microbiology of soft drinks and fruit juices. Peter Wareing, Leatherhead Food Research Association, Leatherhead, Surrey, UK. 12. Functional drinks containing herbal extracts. John Whitehead, The Botanical Extract Consultancy, Linslade, Bedfordshire, UK. 13. Special topics. Quentin Palmer, Schweppes Europe, Watford, UK. References. Index