Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Haustorial Structure and Functioning of the Root Hemiparastic Tree Nuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R.Br. and Water Relationships with its Hosts

Observations on the origin and mature structure of the haustorium of the Western Australian Christmas tree (Nuytsia floribunda) corroborate and extend the findings of earlier workers. We show that the previously described sclerenchymatous ‘horn’ or ‘prong’ formed within the haustorium acts as a sickle-like cutting device which transversely severs the host root and then becomes lodged in haustorial collar tissue directly opposite to that where it originated. The cutting process is deduced to be rapid and the gland-like fluid filled structure in the haustorium is suggested to generate a hydrostatic force driving the device through the host root. The haustorial parenchyma cells at the tight junction between the endophytic part of the haustorium and the cut face of the host root develop balloon-like outgrowths which intrude into the lumina of severed xylem vessels of the host. Experiments feeding 0.05% (w/v) basic fuchsin to freshly cut ends of host root segments distal to terminally-attached mature haustoria demonstrate an apoplastic pathway from host xylem elements fractured at the interface into haustorial parenchyma, and thence through vascular tissue to the haustorium into the transpiring plant of Nuytsia. Application of labelled water (D2O) to uncut basal roots of potted plants ofAcacia acuminata parasitized by Nuytsia results in labelling of leafy shoots of parasite and host, indicative of haustorial uptake of water by Nuytsia from host root xylem in the intact association. Measurements of xylem water potentials of pot-cultured seedling Nuytsia associated with a range of hosts, or of mature trees of Nuytsia and partner woody hosts in the native habitat, demonstrate consistently more negative potentials in the parasite than host, suggesting that the parasite may regularly obtain xylem water through its haustorial apparatus.
Galanin receptors as novel drug targets for the treatment of depression and anxiety

The neuropeptide galanin and its three receptors are widely distributed throughout the mammalian brain, with highest levels in limbic brain nuclei. Galanin is co‐localized with classical neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and the monoamines serotonin and noradrenaline. Behaviorally, the galaninergic system regulates numerous cognitive and affective behaviors that are essential for normal homeostasis. Recently, a large body of preclinical evidence suggests that galanin and its receptors represent putative targets for the development of novel anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, which we describe in detail in the current review. Studies of galanin receptor knockout mice indicate a role for both the galanin receptor type 1 (GalR1) and GalR2 in mouse models of anxiety. We have previously demonstrated that levels of galanin mRNA are increased in limbic brain nuclei after different modalities of antidepressant treatment in rats, whereas the behavioral effects of a subchronic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor can be reversed by the galanin receptor antagonist M40. Furthermore, the systemically active GalR1/GalR2 agonists, galnon and galmic, display antidepressant‐like effects in the rat forced swim test. Initial results with a selective GalR3 antagonist indicate similar antidepressant‐like effects in both rat and mouse preclinical screens. These promising results warrant further study of the galaninergic system as a novel substrate for the development of both anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Drug Dev. Res. 65:227–236, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphorus uptake and growth promotion of chickpea by co-inoculation of mineral phosphate solubilising bacteria and a mixed rhizobial culture

Isolation of phosphate solubilising bacterial strains was carried out from rhizosphere, roots and nodules of chickpea, to study the viability for solubilisation of tri-calcium phosphate and the effect on growth of chickpea plants. The potential of isolated bacterial strains to solubilise phosphate was qualitatively evaluated by the measurement of a clear zone around the colonies. The diameter of this zone ranged from 21 to 83 mm. Phosphate solubilisation, by phosphate solubilising bacterial isolates, was quantified by spectrophotometry and was found to range from 65 to 130.5 μg/mL. The drop in pH ranged from 5.6 to 3.6. The plant growth, shoot phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, nodulation efficiency and nitrogenase activity were significantly enhanced, showing the positive effect of phosphate solubilising bacteria inoculation. Phosphate solubilising bacterial strains CPS-2, CPS-3 and Ca-18 had the maximum positive effect on shoot length, shoot dry weight and nodulation of chickpea plants. Treatments inoculated with non-phosphate solubilising bacterial strains IFA1 and IFA2 showed the minimum values in all the parameters.
Iron availability in the presence of β-carotene in different mixtures

Iron availability in the diet is very important because iron deficiency affects a large population in the world. The matrix where iron is present has an influence in its availability. The presence of β-carotene is a factor that alters the availability of iron. This research aims to estimate the iron availability in the presence of β-carotene in food mixtures: M1 = egg and pumpkin; M2 = spinach and pumpkin; M3 = spinach and cabbage; M4 = egg and cabbage; M5 = spinach and carrot; M6 = egg and carrot; M7 = bean and carrot; M8 = bean and pumpkin and M9 = bean and cabbage. After cooking, the following figures were determined: proximate composition, oxalic acid, phytic acid, tannin, iron, iron availability in vitro and β-carotene. The data were analyzed by Tukey test (5%). There were no significant statistical differences for oxalic acid. Tannin presented greater results in mixtures with spinach (M2 and M5); phytic acid was greater in bean samples (M7, M8 and M9) and with spinach (M2). Mixtures M5 e M7, with carrot, presented more β-carotene than the others. The best result for iron availability appeared in mixture (M6). A positive correlation was verified between protein and iron dialysis, and between lipids and iron dialysis. Dietetic fiber was an inhibitor to iron availability. Mixtures with egg showed greater iron availability
Recruitment, distribution boundary and habitat temperature of an arcto‐boreal gadoid in a climatically changing environment: a case study on Northeast Arctic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)

Climate change is expected to have major effects on the distribution and abundance of fish. In spite of extensive research on the topic in high-latitude marine ecosystems, the mechanistic understanding of how temperature impacts recruitment and distribution of arcto-boreal fish stocks remains elusive. Exemplified by an arcto-boreal gadoid in the Barents Sea, the Northeast Arctic (NEA) haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), we investigate the effect of ecosystem temperature (here temperature from a fixed reference section) on abundance and distribution boundaries between 1981 and 2008. During this time interval there has been a trend of increasing temperature in the ecosystem. We compare the ecosystem temperature with the species habitat temperature of NEA haddock (i.e., ambient temperature of the population) – two temperature approaches representing the indirect and direct environmental impacts on fish, respectively. In addition to the temperature effects, density-dependent effects on distribution boundaries are considered. The study is based on swept area density estimates and spatial temperature data collected annually in winter surveys. We found a positive relationship between ecosystem temperature and abundance, a connection related to both direct and indirect mechanisms with short-term and long-term pathways. Distribution boundaries are, on a year-to-year basis, more related to abundance than ecosystem temperature. The long-term trends, however, indicate a north-eastward shift in distribution boundaries, probably indirectly related to the coinciding ecosystem temperature increase. In spite of the gradual increase in ecosystem temperature, the abundance of 4- to 7- year old NEA haddock expanded into colder waters. Thus, our results show how different the two temperature approaches may be.
Genetic divergence and a hybrid zone between Baltic and North Sea Mytilus populations (Mytilidae: Mollusca)

Populations of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis) from the North Sea area (Skakerrak-Kattegat) and those from the Baltic Sea are almost diagnostically differentiated at five out of 22 studied allozyme loci; at a further seven loci, alleles predominant or common in one area are nearly absent in the other. Genetic distance was estimated at 0.28; this is similar to the distances of these populations to the Mediterranean mussel M. galloprovincialis. The three mussel types obviously represent equal evolutionary divergence from one another, and should also be taxonomically equally separated; a semispecies rank within a more comprehensive M. edulis complex or superspecies is suggested. The age of the Baltic mussel type (‘M. trossulus’), as an independent evolutionary lineage, is probably far greater than that of the post-glacial Baltic Sea. Allele frequencies change gradually and in parallel when entering from the Kattegat through the Sound into the Baltic. Only a slight Wahlund effect at the strongly diverged Gpi and Pgm loci was found in intermediate populations, indicating that extensive hybridization of the two taxa takes place in the area. However, strong interlocus genotypic associations suggest that selection against hybrids is intense in later generations; the c. 100 km wide hybrid zone is narrow relative to the dispersal distance. The genotypic structure of the Lap locus does not conform with those of the other loci studied in the hybrid zone; it cannot be viewed merely as a neutral marker of the process of hybridization.
Diacylglycerol kinase ζ is involved in the process of cerebral infarction

Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) is an enzyme that phosphorylates a second messenger diacylglycerol (DG) and is involved in a variety of pathophysiological cellular responses. We have previously reported that DGKζ may be involved in the selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons in transient forebrain ischemia. In this study we aimed to further elucidate functional implications of DGK isozymes in the cerebral cortex suffering from infarction using a focal ischemic model. In the early phase of 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion, DGKζ‐immunoreactivity is reduced rapidly in the nucleus of cortical neurons in the ischemic core, while DGKι and other neuronal proteins such as MAP‐2 and NeuN remain intact. This suggests that rapid disappearance of DGKζ in ischemic neurons is a quite early event precedent to neuronal degeneration in response to ischemia. Furthermore, in the late inflammatory phase of infarction DGKζ‐immunoreactivity is detected in non‐neuronal cells including factor VIII‐positive endothelial cells and ED‐1‐positive phagocytic cells. The present study suggests that DGKζ may play roles in various processes of ischemic brain damage including neuronal death and non‐neuronal inflammatory response.
Cephalopods as prey. IV. Fishes

Predatory fishes that consume cephalopods have broad spectrum diets that include other groups, such as fishes and crustaceans. Extremely few fish predators feed on cephalopods to the virtual exclusion of other prey, although the tawny nurse shark Nebrius ferrugineus and the sicklefin weasel shark Hemigaleus microstoma may be exceptions, and some deep-living spiny dogfish may feed largely on cephalopods when they are available. Cephalopods are rarely taken in estuaries but they become more important prey on continental shelves and squids may be more dominant prey during their spawning aggregations. Cephalopods generally become more important components of the diets of larger predatory fishes, such as sharks, that inhabit the continental slope and rise. They may be important to pelagic fishes, such as swordfish and tunas in some parts of the oceans. Cephalopods are rarely taken by benthic Antarctic fishes but they are important prey of some pelagic fishes in the Arctic. Abundance and size of potential prey is critical, and the behaviour of both predator and potential prey is decisive, in prey choice. Factors such as prey switching with growth, between areas and at different times, have major influences on the diets of predators. There are extremely few studies that obtain rigorous enough data to allow quantitative analysis of the significance of cephalopods (or other prey) in the diets of predatory fishes and even the most comprehensive studies are not predictive because findings relate only to the time period of each study. Nevertheless, cephalopods are important components of most marine food webs and, furthermore, may play an indirect role in facilitating prey capture to secondary predators, and in providing rejecta to benthic scavengers.
Registration of 'NH03614 CL' Wheat

NH03614 CL' (Reg. No. CV-1051, PI 653833) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed cooperatively by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA-ARS and released in 2008 by the developing institutions and the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. In addition to researchers at the releasing institutions, USDA-ARS researchers at Manhattan, KS and St. Paul, MN participated in the development of NH03614 CL. NH03614 CL was selected from the cross 'Wesley' sib//'Millennium' sib/'Above' sib that was made in the spring of 1997 to develop new herbicide-tolerant cultivars. NH03614 CL was selected using the bulk breeding method as an F 3:4 line (F 3 -derived line in the F 4 generation) in 2001, and in 2003 was assigned experimental line number NH03164. NH03614 CL was released primarily for its herbicide tolerance to imadazolinone compounds which control many previously diffi cult-to-control weeds in wheat production systems, and for its superior adaptation to rainfed wheat production systems in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, and counties in adjacent states.
The biology of Canadian weeds. 117. Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers

Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion, pissenlit officinal) is a perennial weed occurring in parks, gardens, pastures, orchards, roadsides, vegetable gardens, agricultural crops and horticultural crops. A common weed worldwide, it was originally introduced from Eurasia and now occurs in every province of Canada. It is an aesthetic problem during flowering and seed production, interrupting turfgrass uniformity and density; it reduces yields of agricultural crops; it causes slower drying of hay; its pollen is allergenic; and it acts as an alternative host for several pests and diseases. A number of herbicides are available for its control. Mechanical removal of T. officinale plants has limited success, due to the regenerative capacity of the long taproot. Insects, fungi, sheep and geese have been considered as biological control agents for dandelion. Key words: Taraxacum officinale, dandelion, weed biology, Canada.
Quantificação de vitamina C e capacidade antioxidante de variedades cítricas

The objective of this research was to evaluate the variation of vitamin C in different commercial varieties of oranges and tangerines in Brazil and to measure the antioxidant capacity of these citrus. The analyses done for the evaluation of the maturity index of the citrus juices were pH, total soluble solids,and total tritimetric acidity. The antioxidant capacity of vitamin C was also quantified. The data obtained was submitted to statistical analysis using the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The tangerines presented lower levels of vitamin C and lower antioxidant capacity than the oranges. The vitamin C content of the the Murcot tangerine and Natal orange varied between 21.47 and 84.03 mg ascorbic acid . 100 mL-1 juice, respectively. The Murcot tangerine exhibited the smallest antioxidant capacity (12.78%), and the sweet orange exhibited the largest antioxidant capacity (66.24%). The conclusion was that the different varieties of oranges and tangerines had a significant variation in the variables analyzed, and that the oranges presented the largest levels of vitamin C and the largest antioxidant capacity.
Do Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide vestigial mutualistic benefits to ants when living as social parasites inside Myrmica ant nests?

Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmica workers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ±M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica, and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly ‐ but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
Methanohalophilus mahii gen. nov., sp. nov., a Methylotrophic Halophilic Methanogen†

A new genus of methanogenic bacteria (Methanohalophilus) comprising a single species, Methanohalophilus mahii sp. nov., is described. The microorganisms of this genus require sodium chloride concentrations in the moderately halophilic range of 1.0 to 2.5 M for optimal growth and methanogenesis. Methanol and methylamines are the substrates that are utilized for growth. M. mahii is a methanogenic coccoid microorganism isolated from the sediments of the Great Salt Lake. The optimum temperature and salinity for growth and methanogenesis were 37°C and 2.0 M NaCI, respectively. The description is based on a single strain, strain SLP (= ATCC 35705), which is thus the type strain.
Effect of supplementing different levels of chromium yeast to diet on broiler chickens on some physiological traits.

The experiment was conducted at the faculty of agriculture University of Ain Shams-Egypt, from January to March 2008, to study the effect of different levels of chromium yeast (cr-yeast) on broiler chickens on some physiological traits. A total of 450, one-day old unsexed chickens (Cobb) strain were used. The birds were randomly allocated to five treatments with 3 replicates each. The treatments were control (T1), without supplementation, T2, T3, T4 and T5 which were supplemented with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg cr-yeast/kg diet respectively. Chromium yeast supplementation treatments caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma glucose levels, while supplemented Cr-yeast at levels of 1 (T3), 1.5 (T4), 2 (T5) mg/kg diet resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in total protein and globulin as compared to control group. Also supplemented 0.5 (T2) or 2 (T 5) mg Cr-yeast resulted in a significant (p<0.05) reduction in total lipid in plasma, whereas cholesterol levels which were significantly (p<0.05) decreased when Cr-yeast was supplemented at levels of 1 (T3), 1.5 (T4) and 2 (T 5) mg/kg diet. Although LDL was significantly (p<0.05) decreased when 1.5 (T4) or 2 (T5) mg Cr-yeast was supplemented to the diet. Lymphoid organs percentage which was not affected by dietary supplementation of Cr-yeast except spleen percentage that was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the group that was supplemented with Cr yeast . Chromium level increased in liver, muscle and plasma as levels of supplementation was increased. Protein percentage in the breast and thigh increased significantly (p<0.05) in all chromium supplementation groups as compared to th e control group, while fat percentage in the breast and thigh decrease significantly (p<0.05) when chromium level increased from 1-2 mg/kg diet. It can be concluded that Cr-yeast had a beneficial effect on some of the physiological measurements of broilers under such experimental conditions.
Analisis Potensi Kecurangan Dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa (Studi: Desa Kesongo, Kecamatan Tuntang, Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah)

Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) found 154 corruption cases during 2015-2017, most of them were corruption cases involving the village budget. The potential for fraud can be detected by cheating triangle theory, namely pressure, opportunity and rationalization. The purpose of this study is to identify potential fraud in village financial management. This study uses a qualitative approach and the type of data used is primary data obtained directly using interview techniques from the village financial management process conducted by the Village Financial Management Technical Officer (PTPKD) Kesongo Village, Tuntang District, Semarang Regency. The results of the study show that in the village financial management in Kesongo Village there is potential for fraud including: the necessity to do something; disciplinary behavior; feel that they are not detrimental to others and consider mistakes to be natural and often occur. This study concluded that in Kesongo Village there was potential for fraud in the process of village financial management. Keywords: Village Financial Management, Village Apparatus, Potential for Fraud, Control
Field efficacy of Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus in consortium for control of Rhizoctonia solani causing black scurf disease of potato.

Black scurf disease ( Rhizoctonia solani) of potato could significantly be reduced by treating the seed tubers with Trichoderma viride, Bacillus cereus strain B4 and B. subtilis strain B5 alone or in different combinations. Disease incidence was reduced from 72 per cent in untreated control to 42 per cent (i.e. 42 per cent reduction) and severity index from 1.6 units to 0.6 units (i.e. 62.5 per cent reduction) in seed tubers treated combinedly with the above three bio-agents.
Natural Mortality of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Short-Season Cotton

Abstract The population dynamics of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and its associated natural enemies were studied in insecticide-free, commercial, short-season cotton fields from 1991 to 1995 in the southern Blacklands of Texas. Bollworm had one discernable generation per season in cotton. Partial ecological life tables constructed for each annual generation indicated that 71–95% mortality could be consistently expected in the egg and first-instar life stages. Intrageneration mortality ranged from 93 to 99%. Unexplained mortality was the leading cause of mortality in 1991–1993, but not in 1994 and 1995 when predation due to Orius spp. was partitioned. Unexplained mortality included abiotic as well as biotic factors. Parasite activity was consistently low. Egg parasitization by Trichogramma spp. averaged 3.4%. Larval parasitization rarely exceeded 5% and no larval parasitization was found in 1993. Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) was the most common larval parasite collected. Predation of bollworm eggs by Orius insidiosus (Say), the numerically dominant predator in the system, was estimated using ELISA in 1994 and 1995. O. insidiosus was the most important mortality factor when measured consuming 84 and 71% of the eggs in 1994 and 1995, respectively.