Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soliton reflection in magnetized plasma: Effect of ion temperature and nonisothermal electrons

Reflection of solitons in magnetized inhomogeneous plasma is studied theoretically under the effect of ion temperature and low temperature nonisothermal electrons. The effect of ion temperature is to enhance (reduce) the amplitude (width) of the incident and reflected solitons, and this effect is more prominent in the case of a large number of nonisothermal electrons. The solitons are downshifted after the reflection and the stronger reflection is achieved when the ions of lower temperature and nonisothermal electrons with larger concentration are present in the plasma. The solitons shift more after the reflection for higher ion and electron temperatures, large concentration of the electrons, but the shift becomes smaller in the presence of stronger magnetic field. Both the incident and reflected solitons evolve with higher amplitudes if the temperature of nonisothermal electrons is raised, but the solitons are reflected weakly under this situation. The effect of magnetic field is to reduce the amplitudes.
Diffusive particle and heat pinch effects in toroidal plasmas

A fully toroidal fluid description has been derived for electrostatic drift modes in plasmas with electron trapping. The system includes both a modified toroidal ion temperature gradient mode (ηi mode) and a new trapped electron mode. The transport, obtained both by quasi-linear theory and non-linear numerical simulations, shows several features that are in agreement with observations in tokamaks, such as particle or heat pinch effects. A general tendency for equilibration of the inhomogeneity scale lengths for the density and temperature is found.
Cryogenic amplifier for shot noise measurement at 20 mK

We developed a shot noise measurement system for mesoscopic conductors (typical resistance h/2e2 = 12.9 kΩ) at very low temperature (∼20 mK). To realize required high-resolution measurement, we made a high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT)-based cryogenic amplifier working at a target frequency range (∼2.5 MHz), whose gain flatness and input voltage noise were carefully tuned. We can suppress the 1/f noise of the amplifier by using two HEMTs in parallel. The performance of the noise measurement system at 20 mK was demonstrated for a quantum point contact with high experimental accuracy below 10−29 A2/Hz.
Optical nonlinearity of liquid nanosuspensions: Kerr versus exponential model

We report our experimental and theoretical progress towards elucidating the nonlinear optical response of nanosuspensions. To date, we have devised a fiber-optic variant of the Z-scan method to accurately measure the nonlinearity of liquid nanosuspensions. Furthermore, we shall show that the optical nonlinearity may be properly accounted theoretically by including both the virial coefficients for the soft-condensed matter system in addition to the exponential term, which does not account for particleparticle interactions, yielding an effective or renormalized Kerr effect in many cases.
Finding Dead-Point Positions of Planar Pin-Connected Linkages Through Graph Theoretical Duality Principle

The paper brings another view on detecting the dead-point positions of an arbitrary planar pin-connected linkage by employing the duality principle of graph theory. It is first shown how the dead-point positions are derived through the interplay between the linkage and its dual determinate truss-the relation developed in the previous works by means of graph theory. At the next stage, the process is shown to be performed solely upon the linkage by employing a new variable, the dual of potential, termed face force. Since the mathematical foundation of the presented method is discrete mathematics, the paper points to possible computerization of the method.
A Simplified System of Equations for Simulation of Tropical Cyclones

Abstract A simplified system of equations which can simulate the development and mature stages of tropical cyclones is presented. The model is similar to that presented by Ooyama, except that the assumption of incompressible fluid layers is relaxed. Instead, the governing equations for a compressible fluid in isentropic coordinates are discretized vertically by considering three fluid layers with constant potential temperature. This makes the inclusion of thermodynamic processes more straightforward. The governing equations in the adiabatic case are mathematically equivalent to the equations used by Ooyama, except with an extra term in the pressure gradient force. The model equations are solved using a spectral method where the basis functions are the normal modes of the linearized equations. Numerical simulations show that the model sensitivity to vertical stability, sea surface temperature and midlevel moisture are similar to results from more general models. The sensitivity to these factors can be expl.
Study of spin-coated resist coverage on nanoscale topography using spectroscopic ellipsometry

Using spectroscopic ellipsometry and rigorous coupled wave analysis, we studied the spin-coated resist coverage on 72.6 nm pitch line-and-space patterns of various depths (from ∼20 to ∼130 nm). Within the margin of measurement error, we find the tested nano-patterns have no apparent effect on the spin-coated resist thickness. The result suggests that, during the spinning, the resist ceased to flow at a critical thickness much larger than the pattern depth, and the resist thinning afterwards was dominated by solvent evaporation. The methods and results demonstrated in this work can improve the characterization and process control in a number of applications where spin coating on high-density nano-scale topographies is required.
Direct numerical simulations of isotropic compressible turbulence: Influence of compressibility on dynamics and structures

In the present paper the statistical properties of compressible isotropic turbulence are analyzed by means of direct numerical simulations. The scope of the work is to evaluate the influence of compressibility on the time evolution of mean turbulence properties and to quantify the statistical properties of turbulent structures, their dynamics and similarities with the incompressible case. Simulations have been carried out at various turbulent Mach numbers and compressibility ratios by using a conservative hybrid scheme that relies on an optimized weighted essentially nonoscillatory approach for the convective terms and compact differencing for the viscous contributions. In order to identify similarities with incompressible turbulence we have also carried out an analysis in the plane of the second (Q*) and third (R*) invariants of the anisotropic part of the deformation rate tensor. The simulations show that the joint probability density function (Q*,R*) has a universal structure, as found in incompressibl.
Improved reticle requalification accuracy and efficiency via simulation-powered automated defect classification

Advanced IC fabs must inspect critical reticles on a frequent basis to ensure high wafer yields. These necessary requalification inspections have traditionally carried high risk and expense. Manually reviewing sometimes hundreds of potentially yield-limiting detections is a very high-risk activity due to the likelihood of human error; the worst of which is the accidental passing of a real, yield-limiting defect. Painfully high cost is incurred as a result, but high cost is also realized on a daily basis while reticles are being manually classified on inspection tools since these tools often remain in a non-productive state during classification. An automatic defect analysis system (ADAS) has been implemented at a 20nm node wafer fab to automate reticle defect classification by simulating each defect’s printability under the intended illumination conditions. In this paper, we have studied and present results showing the positive impact that an automated reticle defect classification system has on the reticle requalification process; specifically to defect classification speed and accuracy. To verify accuracy, detected defects of interest were analyzed with lithographic simulation software and compared to the results of both AIMS™ optical simulation and to actual wafer prints.
A Stringy Nature Needs Just Two Constants

Dual string theories of everything, being purely geometrical, contain only two fundamental constants: c, for relativistic invariance, and a length λ, for quantization. Planck's and Newton's constants appear only through Planck's length, a "calculable" fraction of λ. Only the existence of a light sector breaks a "reciprocity" principle and unification at λ, which is also the theory's cut-off.
Global regularity of the elastic fields of a power‐law model on Lipschitz domains

In this paper, we study the global regularity of the displacement and stress fields of a nonlinear elastic model of power‐law type. It is assumed that the underlying domains are Lipschitz domains which satisfy an additional geometric condition near those points, where the type of the boundary conditions changes. The proof of the global regularity result relies on a difference quotient technique. Finally, a global regularity result for the stress fields of the elastic, perfect plastic Hencky model is derived. This model appears as a limit model of the power‐law model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of surfactant on biodesulfurization by Corynebacterium sp. ZD-1 in the presence of organic phase

The effects of surfactants on dibenzothiophene (DBT) degradation by Corynebacterium sp. ZD-1 were investigated in hydrocarbon aqueous biphasic (O/W) systems in shake flask. Among Brij-35, Tween-80, Triton-100X and β-cyclodextrin, Tween-80 was a suitable surfactant to improve the desulfurization rate of dibenzothiophene. The amount of 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP) formed with Tween-80 present was about 50% more than that formed without surfactant. The results demonstrated that Tween-80 could improve the mass transfer of DBT between organic and aqueous phases, and could be used in dibenzothiophene biodesulfurization systems.
On the interplay between inertial and viscoelastic effects for the flow in weakly modulated channels

The flow inside a spatially modulated channel is examined for viscoelastic fluids of the Oldroyd‐B type. The lower wall is flat and the upper wall is sinusoidally modulated. The modulation amplitude is assumed to be small. Thus, a regular perturbation expansion of the flow field coupled to a variable‐step finite‐difference scheme is used to solve the problem. Convergence and accuracy assessment against earlier experimental results indicate that there is a significant range of validity of the perturbation approach. The influences of wall geometry, inertia and viscoelasticity on the flow kinematics and stresses are investigated systematically. In particular, the interplay between the flow and fluid parameters effects on the conditions for the onset of backflow, number of vortices, their size and location is revealed. The distance between the flow separation and reattachment locations identifies the vortex size. Non‐monotonic dependence of the vortex size on elasticity is reported. The critical conditions for the onset of negative elasticity effects on vortex size are identified. The critical Reynolds number for the onset of backflow initially decreases then levels off or even increases as elasticity increases. For highly elastic fluid and large enough Reynolds number, more than one vortex appear near the lower wall. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological evaluation of protein powder derived from Cupriavidus necator

Microorganisms have the potential to produce nutrient‐rich products that can be consumed as food or feed. The protein‐rich powder derived from heat treatment of the whole‐cell biomass of polyhydroxybutyrate‐deficient Cupriavidus necator, a metabolically versatile organism that uses elements found in the air, is an example of such a product. To assess the safety of the protein powder for use as a nutritional ingredient in human food, in accordance with internationally accepted standards, its genotoxic potential and repeated‐dose oral toxicity were investigated. A bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test were performed. No evidence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity was found. Additionally, a 90‐day repeated‐dose oral toxicity study in rats was completed, in which a total of 100 male and female Wistar rats were exposed by gavage to daily doses of 1000, 2000, or 3000 mg/kg bw/day of the test material. Following 90 days of continuous exposure, no mortality or treatment‐related adverse effects were observed and no target organs were identified. Therefore, a no observed adverse effect level was determined at 3000 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested.
Excitation functions for radioactive isotopes produced by proton bombardment of Fe, Co, and W in the energy range from 10 to 60 MeV

Cross sections for the production of long-lived radioactive isotopes by proton induced reactions on iron, cobalt, and tungsten are reported for proton energies less than or equal to 63 MeV. Data are compared with previous experiments and theoretical predictions. Estimates of neutron flux in the region near the end of the proton range are made.
MIXING OF A PASSIVE SCALAR IN MAGNETICALLY FORCED TWO-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE

More than 35 years ago, Batchelor discussed from a theoretical point of view the spatial power spectrum Eθ(k) of a weakly diffusing impurity mixed by a turbulent fluid flow. Under plausible assumptions including the random straining of fluid elements, Eθ(k) is expected to scale as k−1 for a range of wave numbers k beyond the cutoff of the energy spectrum, followed by a diffusive tail at a wave number determined by the rate of strain and the diffusivity. Some experiments over the years appear to support this conclusion, while others do not. We have investigated this issue experimentally in a quasi-two-dimensional turbulent flow, established in a thin buoyant layer that is electromagnetically forced by an array of permanent magnets beneath the cell. The wave number cutoff of the velocity field is established by particle image velocimetry, and the fluctuations are determined to be homogeneous and isotropic. To study mixing, a dye solution is introduced steadily at one side of the buoyant layer, and mixed flu.
Antibiotic release from PMMA spacers and PMMA beads measured with ELISA: Assessment of in vitro samples and drain fluid samples of patients

For prosthetic joint infections, antibiotic loaded poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) spacer or beads can be used to release high concentrations of antibiotics locally at the infection site, while minimizing systemic toxicity. The aim of this study is to determine in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic release profile of antibiotics from PMMA spacers and PMMA beads. For the in vitro experiment, the PMMA spacers or beads were submerged in phosphate‐buffered saline and gentamicin concentrations were determined from collected specimen at several times points, measured with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). To assess the in vivo antibiotic release profile of different spacers, wound drainage fluid samples were collected after implantation of a spacer over a period of maximum 14 days. After 48 h, the burst gentamicin concentration elution was 9862 ± 1782 ng/ml (mean ± SD) from spacers versus 38,394 ± 7071 ng/ml (mean ± SD) for beads. Over 35 days, spacers had eluted a cumulative mean concentration of 13,812 ± 3548 versus 55,048 ± 12,006 ng/ml for beads (p < 0.001). Clinical samples of patients with a Vancogenx® spacer showed higher gentamicin release than Refobacin™ spacers (p < 0.001). This is the first study that measured the release data of local antibiotics with ELISA. Compare to spacers, the exact release values of gentamicin from PMMA beads are more than 10 times higher and reached a maximum much later than spacers. This makes the use of PMMA beads more preferable to use for treatment of the infection itself.
A Novel High-Temperature Pressure Sensor Based on Graphene Coated by Si3N4

The high-temperature pressure sensors have wide applications in aerospace, petroleum, geothermal exploration, automotive electronics, and other fields. However, the traditional silicon-based pressure sensors are restricted to pressure measurement under <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$120~^{\circ }\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and cannot be satisfied to measure the pressure of various gases or liquids in high temperature and other harsh environments. This article proposes a novel high-temperature pressure sensor based on graphene, in which a rectangular cavity is applied to improve the piezoresistive characteristics of the sensor. The unique of this sensor is that the graphene is coated by the silicon nitride (Si3N4) membrane, which could avoid the oxidation of graphene in high temperature and increase the temperature tolerance range. The sensor was placed at various temperatures (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~^{\circ }\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$420~^{\circ }\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) to explore the temperature characteristics, achieving a maximal temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 0.322% <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }\text{C}^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Moreover, the sensor with a 64 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times 9\,\,\mu \text{m}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cavity has a high pressure sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5.32\times 10^{-{4}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> kPa<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, enabling a wide range from 100 kPa to 10 Pa. Experimental results indicate that the proposed sensor possesses superior pressure sensitivity, a wide pressure detection range, and a high-temperature tolerance of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$420~^{\circ }\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which provides new insight into fabricating high-temperature pressure sensors based on graphene and creates more applications in different fields.
Combination of the Barthel Index at Discharge with GRACE Leads to Improved One-Year Mortality Prediction in Older Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Purpose Many older patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have impaired ability for activities of daily living (ADL). Impaired ADL leads to poor prognosis in elderly patients. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score is widely used for risk stratification in AMI patients but does not consider physical performance, which is an important prognosis predictor for older adults. This study assessed whether the Barthel Index (BI) score combine the GRACE score would achieve improved one-year mortality prediction in older AMI patients. Patients and Methods This single-center retrospective study included 688 AMI patients aged ≥65 years who were divided into an impaired ADL group (BI ≤60, n = 102) and a normal ADL group (BI >60, n = 586) based on BI scores at discharge. The participants were followed up for one year. Cox survival models were constructed for BI score, GRACE score, and BI score combined GRACE score for one-year mortality prediction. Results Patients had a mean age of 76.29 ± 7.42 years, and 399 were men (58%). A lower BI score was associated with more years of hypertension and diabetes, less revascularization, longer hospital stays, and higher one-year mortality after discharge. Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified BI as a significant risk factor for one-year mortality in older AMI patients (HR 0.977, 95% CI, 0.963–0.992, P = 0.002). BI (0.774, 95% CI: 0.731–0.818) and GRACE (0.758, 95% CI: 0.704–0.812) scores had similar predictive power, but their combination outperformed either score alone (0.810, 95% CI: 0.770–0.851). Conclusion BI at discharge is a significant risk factor for one-year mortality in older AMI patients, which can be better predicted by the combination of BI and GRACE scores.
Near-field investigation of turbulence produced by multi-scale grids

We investigate grid turbulence behind two multi-scale grids and one conventional one, with particular emphasis on the properties of the near-field turbulence. All three grids are designed to produce the same integral scale, l0, at a downstream distance of two meters (x = 2 m). We find that the turbulence is highly inhomogeneous for x 50l0. The structure of the near-field turbulence for the present grids is dependent on the type of grid used, exhibiting a number of curious properties, which is consistent with earlier studies [D. Hurst and J. C. Vassilicos, “Scalings and decay of fractal-generated turbulence,” Phys. Fluids 19, 035103 (2007)]. However, the far-field is remarkably similar for all three grids. For example, the far-field energy decay rate is virtually identical for all three grids, as was shown by Krogstad and Davidson [“Freely-decaying, homogeneous turbulence generated by multiscale grids,” J. Fluid Mech. 680, 417 (2011)]. Thi.
Intergenerational arsenic exposure on the mouse epigenome and metabolic physiology

Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is one of the largest toxic exposures to impact humanity worldwide. Exposure to iAs during pregnancy may disrupt the proper remodeling of the epigenome of F1 developing offspring and potentially their F2 grand‐offspring via disruption of fetal primordial germ cells (PGCs). There is a limited understanding between the correlation of disease phenotype and methylation profile within offspring of both generations and whether it persists to adulthood. Our study aims to understand the intergenerational effects of in utero iAs exposure on the epigenetic profile and onset of disease phenotypes within F1 and F2 adult offspring, despite the lifelong absence of direct arsenic exposure within these generations. We exposed F0 female mice (C57BL6/J) to the following doses of iAs in drinking water 2 weeks before pregnancy until the birth of the F1 offspring: 1, 10, 245, and 2300 ppb. We found sex‐ and dose‐specific changes in weight and body composition that persist from early time to adulthood within both generations. Fasting blood glucose challenge suggests iAs exposure causes dysregulation of glucose metabolism, revealing generational, exposure, and sex‐specific differences. Toward understanding the mechanism, genome‐wide DNA methylation data highlights exposure‐specific patterns in liver, finding dysregulation within genes associated with cancer, T2D, and obesity. We also identified regions containing persistently differentially methylated CpG sites between F1 and F2 generations. Our results indicate the F1 developing embryos and their PGCs, which will result in F2 progeny, retain epigenetic damage established during the prenatal period and are associated with adult metabolic dysfunction.