Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Jarlskog Invariant and Applications

The different size scales in Nature and CP violation lead to very simple our pre-Cosmos with left-handed polarization which has transformed into the left-handed internal helicity of the baryons - it solves the matter-antimatter asymmetry. The simplest grainy surface that can have internal helicity is the torus/charge/spin (or loop) with toroidal and poloidal speeds. Here we showed that the ratio of such speeds leads to both the Jarlskog invariant and a spilled half-jet in grainy spacetime (i.e. to an additional arrow of time) which is responsible for CP violation. The Jarlskog invariant allows you to calculate the lifetimes of the neutron and weakly decaying hyperons.
When Post-Incarcerated Individuals Return to High-Risk Neighborhoods: Staying Out of Trouble, Social Withdrawal, and Mental Health

Studies show that residents from urban, high-risk neighborhoods fair worse on multiple behavioral and health outcomes than their counterparts from more socially and economically advantaged neighborhoods. However, few research efforts have been devoted to examining how formerly incarcerated individuals’ concerns over neighborhood environment are associated with reentry outcomes. Using longitudinal data that captured the reentry experiences of individuals released from prison, the present study quantifies how returning citizens’ concerns over neighborhood environment predict their social withdrawal and mental health deterioration. Findings suggest that when respondents’ post-release family bonds, financial difficulty, drug use, and past mental health histories are all taken into account, their concerns over neighborhood environment exert a significant and positive effect on social withdrawal, depression, and hostility. Returning citizens who believe it is hard to stay out of trouble and prison in their neighborhoods tend to avoid social interactions with others and experience depression and increased hostility and vigilance. Implications for reentry programing and interventions are discussed.
On the Nordtvedt effect in Minkowski spacetime with nonlinear connection

The Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) experiment provided precise data which brought the possibility to make more stringent conclusions for the foundations of gravitational theories, i.e. the Equivalence Principles. Beside some effects of non - gravitational origin, the LLR data was fitted with the well-known gravitational effects such as the apsidal and geodetic precessions, the time delay, etc. The Nordtvedt effect in General Relativity (GR) vanishes, while the LLR experiment data of the Earth-Moon distance and the laboratory experiments with experimental bodies made of different chemical compositions measured a variation of distance in millimeters. According to the mathematical model of gravitation in Minkowski space endowed with a nonlinear connection we obtained a result closer to the experimental measurements. More precisely, we obtained a difference of 0.17 mm (or 0.28 mm, depending on the value of the scaling factor) from the LLR measurements of the variation of the Earth-Moon distance, while the corresponding result in GR makes a difference from the LLR measurements of 5.7 mm. The gravitational theory with nonlinear connection in Minkowski space gives the same results for the confirmed GR effects, nevertheless it yields some additional variations of the distance concerning the Nordtvedt effect.
Implementation of ZVS Concept in Four Wire Inverter for UPS Fed (Unbalanced) Star Connected Load

Summary A novel method of output voltage control of a 3 phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) System with four leg inverter is proposed. This paper presents the feedback loop control scheme for a soft switched four wire voltage source inverter with filter for UPS system. The use of a four wire inverter increases the quality of the output whereas the implementation of soft switching technique increases the overall efficiency of the inverter by reducing switching losses. Further, in order to respond to the load variations a feedback loop is constructed with a PI controller to realize closed loop control. The four leg inverters effectively provide the neutral connection in three phase four wire system. They are used in many applications to handle the neutral current caused by the unbalanced and non-linear load. The four leg inverter produces the three output voltages independently. The ability to deal with voltage imbalance in a 3 phase system is the main feature of three phase four wire inverter. The goal of the three phase four leg inverter is to maintain the desired sinusoidal output voltage waveform for all loading conditions and transients. The neutral connection is present to handle the ground current due to unbalanced loads. The feasibility of the proposed modulation technique is verified by computer simulation. The experimental analysis of the four wire inverter is also discussed in this paper.
Evidence that the Attention Blink Reflects Categorical Perceptual Dynamics

Among the numerous formal and informal theories of the attentional blink, the common theoretical thread is that the deficit stems from selective attention and working memory processes being tied up in processing the first target (T1) when the second target (T2) appears. Rusconi & Huber (2017) challenged this view by proposing the ’perceptual wink’ model of the AB, which posits that for categorical AB tasks (e.g., number/letter) the deficit reflects a failure to perceive that T2 belonged to the target category. The model makes the assumption that perception is ’multi-faceted’; that is, there are separate, independent perceptual representations for an item’s identity and its category, and that either representation can be used to drive performance (e.g., trigger attentional encoding) depending on the task demands. To differentiate between attention versus perceptual accounts of the AB, we used a stripped down RSVP task where participants were asked to either report the identity or category of the third item in a sequence of characters. In support of the perceptual account, we found priming for identity or category depending on the task. Furthermore, we found that the category results were analogous to the AB and the spread of sparing even though the first character was not a target and there was no need to selectively filter items into working memory.
Screening and evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in inundated soil

Abstract Poor germination and subsequent low grain yield of dry seeded upland rice in the existing anaerobic and short niche between lowland rice and dry season crops in the inland valley necessitate the screening of 19 rice varieties. The identification of vigorous growth and short duration upland rice variety in anaerobic condition would optimize this niche. The potted experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole campus in 2015 to screen and evaluate the performance of upland rice varieties in inundated soils with a view to selecting the suitable variety or varieties that will fit into the existing niche in the inland valley. The experiment was laid in a complete randomization design and replicated three times. The number of leaves, biomass and grain weight plant−1 of the varieties were significantly (P ≤ 0.05 %) different. The number of tillers observed in WAB 56-104, NERICA 4, NERICA 6, NERICA 3, NERICA 5, NERICA 10, NERICA 9, ARICA 4 NERICA 1, FARO 63, FARO 65 and NERICA 8 varieties were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of Igbemo varieties. The numbers of days to 50 % flowering of NERICA 1, NERICA 2, NERICA 10, NERICA 5, NERICA 9, NERICA 3, NERICA 7, NERICA 8, ARICA 4 and WAB 56-104 varieties were the lowest. Although Igbemo brown, Igbemo white varieties had the highest grain yields per plant, their maturity period exceeded the short period. Thus, NERICA 2 and NERICA 5 varieties which had lower number of days to flowering could be considered as candidate varieties that can be optimized in the niche in question.
WHICH HABITAT SELECTION METHOD IS MOST APPLICABLE TO SNAKES? CASE STUDIES OF THE EASTERN MASSASAUGA (SISTRURUS CATENATUS) AND EASTERN FOX SNAKE (PANTHEROPHIS GLOYDI)

Successful species conservation is dependent upon understanding that the habitat preferences of species occur on multiple spatial scales; however, effective synthesis of findings between studies can be hindered by the use of different methods. We applied two habitat selection analyses to two sets of snake radiotelemetry data, which led to differences in results. We discuss perceived strengths and weaknesses of each approach and how they can be used in future studies of snakes. Compositional Analysis (CA) is a classification-based approach, while Euclidean Distance Analysis (EDA) is a distance-based approach. Each method detected non-random habitat selection on both the landscape and home range level, indicating that both Eastern Massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus) and Eastern Fox Snakes (Pantherophis gloydi) made habitat selection choices at multiple spatial scales. Eastern Massasaugas used a mosaic of habitat types but were consistently associated with forest edge and scrub-shrub wetland, while Eastern Fox Snakes were most often associated with upland edge and old field habitat types. The two methods drew different conclusions, however, and complete understanding of habitat associations may require the use of both methods, taking into account the limitations of each. Compositional Analysis may be more applicable at the landscape level than EDA because of reliance of EDA upon random points, which leads to the identification of unused habitat types (e.g., open water) as preferred by Eastern Fox Snakes. However, at the home range level, EDA was better able to incorporate edge habitats into analyses, a habitat feature likely important for many snake species. We recommend that investigators adopt a combination of these methods, employing CA at the landscape level and EDA on finer scales.
Limits on Fast Radio Bursts and other transient sources at 182 MHz using the Murchison Widefield Array

We present a survey for transient and variable sources, on time-scales from 28 s to ∼1 yr, using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) at 182 MHz. Down to a detection threshold of 0.285 Jy, no transient candidates were identified, making this the most constraining low-frequency survey to date and placing a limit on the surface density of transients of <4.1 × 10−7 deg−2 for the shortest time-scale considered. At these frequencies, emission from Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) is expected to be detectable in the shortest time-scale images without any corrections for interstellar or intergalactic dispersion. At an FRB limiting flux density of 7980 Jy, we find a rate of <82 FRBs per sky per day for dispersion measures <700 pc cm−3. Assuming a cosmological population of standard candles, our rate limits are consistent with the FRB rates obtained by Thornton et al. if they have a flat spectral slope. Finally, we conduct an initial variability survey of sources in the field with flux densities ≳0.5 Jy and identify no sources with significant variability in their light curves. However, we note that substantial further work is required to fully characterize both the short-term and low-level variability within this field.
Resource Windfalls, Macroeconomic Stability and Growth: The Role of Political Institutions

We use a new dataset on non-resource GDP to examine the performance of commodity-exporting countries in terms of macroeconomic stability and economic growth in a panel of up to 129 countries during the period 1970-2007. Our main findings are threefold. First, we find that overall government spending in commodity-exporting countries has been procyclical. Second, we find that resource windfalls initially crowd out non-resource GDP which then increases as a result of the fiscal expansion. Third, we find that in the long run resource windfalls have negative effects on non-resource sector GDP growth. Yet, the effects turn out to be statistically insignificant when controlling for government spending. Both the effects of resource windfalls on macroeconomic stability and economic growth are moderated by the quality of political institutions.
The Experiences of People with Diabetes during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown

Little is known about the theoretical foundation underling the response of people with diabetes managing their everyday routines during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Aim: To explore the experience of people with diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in light of the risk perception, response and behavioral change theories. Method: A qualitative descriptive design was employed, and Braun and Clark’s six step analysis were used for thematic analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted online using Zoom Videos Communication. Result: Five themes were defined as follows: (1) perceived the threat and faced their fears, (2) appraised the damage, (3) identified the challenges, (4) modified their routine, and (5) identified the strengths that facilitate the efficacy of their response. There were eight sub-themes within the themes. Conclusion: The results of this study may provide an opportunity for nurses to reflect on issues highlighted by the patients regarding more effective communication, knowledge and skill development for people to support self-care during national emergencies.
Chapter 7. Gaze and face-to-face interaction

This chapter describes experimental and modeling work aiming at describing gaze patterns that are mutually exchanged by interlocutors during situated and task-directed face-to-face two-ways interactions. We will show that these gaze patterns (incl. blinking rate) are significantly influenced by the cognitive states of the interlocutors (speaking, listening, thinking, etc.), their respective roles in the conversation (e.g. instruction giver, respondent) as well as their social relationship (e.g. colleague, supervisor). This chapter provides insights into the (micro-)coordination of gaze with other components of attention management as well as methodologies for capturing and modeling behavioral regularities observed in experimental data. A particular emphasis is put on statistical models, which are able to learn behaviors in a data-driven way. We will introduce several statistical models of multimodal behaviors that can be trained on such multimodal signals and generate behaviors given perceptual cues. We will notably compare performances and properties of models which explicitly model the temporal structure of studied signals, and which relate them to internal cognitive states. In particular we study Semi-Hidden Markov Models and Dynamic Bayesian Networks and compare them to classifiers without sequential models (Support Vector Machines and Decision Trees). We will further show that the gaze of conversational agents (virtual talking heads, speaking robots) may have a strong impact on communication efficiency. One of the conclusions we draw from these experiments is that multimodal behavioral models able to generate co-verbal gaze patterns of interactive avatars should be designed with great care in order not to increase the cognitive load of human partners. Experiments involving an impoverished or irrelevant control of the gaze of artificial agents (virtual talking heads and humanoid robots) have demonstrated its negative impact on communication (Garau, Slater, Bee, & Sasse, 2001).
Public Environmental Amenity Benefits of Private Land: The Case of Prime Agricultural Land

Abstract Failure of land markets to account for environmental amenity benefits may lend support to public policies to protect agricultural land. The contingent valuation method is employed to estimate willingness to pay for such amenities in Greenville County, South Carolina. Marginal household amenity benefits were estimated at $. 06 per thousand acres using a payment card in a mail survey with 53 percent response. Bid payment vehicle was found not to significantly influence bids received. The informational structure of the contingent market was found to influence valuation responses, reinforcing the hypothesis that respondents react to alternative contingent market structures. The relationship between contingent market structure and directional effects upon responses is an important area for future research.
Atomic operators, random dynamical systems and invariant measures

We prove that the existence of invariant measures for families of so-called atomic operators (nonlinear generalized weighted shifts) defined over spaces of measurable functions follows just from the existence of appropriate invariant bounded sets. Typically such operators come from infinite dimensional stochastic differential equations generating not necessarily regular solution flows, for instance, from stochastic differential equations with time delay in the diffusion term (regular solution flows called also Caratheodory flows are those almost surely continuous with respect to the initial datum). Thus it is proven that to ensure the existence of an invariant measure for a stochastic solution flow it suffices to find a bounded invariant subset, and no regularity requirement for the flow is necessary. This result is based on the possibility to extend atomic operators by continuity to a suitable set of Young measures, which is proven in the paper. A motivating example giving a new result on existence of an invariant measure for a possibly non regular solution flow of some model stochastic differential equation is also provided. Dedicated to the memory of Professor M.E. Drakhlin
AI-Powered In-Vehicle Passenger Monitoring Using Low-Cost mm-Wave Radar

We propose a novel algorithm to identify occupied seats in a motor vehicle, i.e., the number of occupants and their positions, using a frequency modulated continuous wave radar. Instead of using a high-resolution radar, which increases the cost and device size, and performing complex signal processing with several variables to be tuned for each scenario, we integrate machine learning algorithms with a low-cost radar system. Based on heat maps obtained from the Capon beamformer, we train a machine classifier to predict the number of occupants and their positions in a vehicle. We follow two different classification methods: multiclass classification and binary classification. We compare three classifiers: support vector machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Random Forest (RF), in terms of accuracy and computational complexity for both testing and training sets. Our proposed system using an SVM classifier achieved an overall accuracy of 97% in classifying the defined scenarios in both multiclass classification and binary classification methods. In addition, to show the effectiveness of our proposed in-vehicle occupancy detection method, we provide the results of a commonly available people counting and tracking method for occupancy detection. Compared to common methods, the effectiveness, robustness, and accuracy of our proposed in-vehicle occupancy detection method are demonstrated.
Relationship between Religiosity and Individual Economic Achievement: Evidence from South Kalimantan, Indonesia

This study investigates the effect of religiosity on economic development or achievement of individuals in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. This province is of interest as its people are viewed as highly religious but lagging in economic development. The study attempts to address the measurement issues found in earlier studies at the micro level of analysis by constructing a multi-dimensional measure of religiosity. This study considers five dimensions of religion, namely: ritualistic, experiential, ideological, consequential and intellectual. Apart from the construction of a multi-dimensional measure of religiosity, an indicator of economic wellbeing is formulated other than income. The results show that Muslims in South Kalimantan have a high level of religiosity and that those with higher level of religiosity are economically better-off. Education was also found to be a significant determinant of individual economic achievement. Hence, religion and education must be emphasized for economic progress especially for South Kalimantan which has a low level of education.
Photocurrent and surface recombination mechanisms in the In_xGa_{1-x}N\slashGaN different-sized quantum dot solar cells

We present a p-i-n structured solar cell with stacked layers of In x Ga 1−x N Quantum Dots (QDs) with different indium composition. The photocurrent and surface recombination processes are investigated in the i-region. We have shown that the QDs in the i-region can play the role of both generation or recombination centers. The photocurrent has been calculated by self-consistent method to solve continuity equation of charge carriers in the layers of the i-region. By changing the Indium composition in In x Ga 1−x NQ Ds, the band gap of QDs varies and therefore provides a considerable overlapping with solar spectrum. Proposed SC with different-sized QDs and different Indium composition leads to absorption of a desirable wavelength range of solar spectrum and therefore a “rainbow” solar cell can be designed.
Accumulation by Decarbonization and the Governance of Carbon Offsets

ing and Owning Carbon For emissions reductions to be claimed through offsets, tonnes of carbon dioxide that are reduced need to be assigned rights of ownership so that they can be traded as a commodity. Ownership can take a variety of different forms: a local community may own and use the wood grown in a forest for carbon sequestration, but a foreign investor or project developer may own the carbon reductions (as credits) created through the forest. Likewise the emissions from a polluting factory may “belong” to the factory owners, but the emissions equivalent values once reduced may then belong to another company that implements the reductions as a carbon offset project. Legal title for carbon reductions is usually provided by an emissions-reduction purchase agreement (ERPA) signed by a buyer and seller of the tonnes of carbon that legally binds the future rights of the carbon commodity, including “any right, interest, credit, entitlement, benefit or allowance to emit (present or future) . |. |. in connection with any GHG [greenhouse gas] Reduction by the [CDM] Project” (IETA 2004, section 3.01). This agreement privatizes and discursively abstracts carbon, so that it can be traded as pieces of information (tCO2e) that are essentially its commodity form. In the VCO market, agreements may be less formal, with project developers simply claiming the rights to the information that is used to generate credits. Through projects, carbon is materially created in sinks or destroyed in reductions, but eventually becomes a virtual commodity that is abstracted and transferred across space as a tonne of reduced carbon to be “consumed” by an organization that wants to compensate for emissions of equal value or to be placed into markets for commensurable trading. Carbon reductions are therefore “created,” given ownership, and abstracted from their physical site of reduction using ERPAs. In this way, carbon is individuated (separated from its supporting context) involving a discursive and practical cut into the world in order to name discrete chunks of reality that are deemed to be socially useful (Castree 2003; D. Harvey 1974). An entity—such as a tonne of carbon—is also functionally and spatially abstracted as an individualized commodity that is assimilated to the qualitative 136 ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY