Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiocarbon Dating of Organic Matter Fractions of a Chinese Mollisol

Humic acids, humins, and the total organic matter of a Mollisol from Inner Mongolia in China were investigated regarding 14C age and δ13C. The 14C age of the total organic matter increases with 69.3 years per cm depth which corresponds to an extremely slow soil development. The humic acids are generally older than the humins. Humins and humic acids are older than the total organic matter, except in the deepest horizon. δ13C does not deviate from that of fresh plant material throughout the profile indicating early protection against further degradation. Radiokohlenstoffdatierung von Fraktionen der organischen Substanz eines chinesischen Mollisols Radiokohlenstoffalter und δ13C von Huminsauren und Huminen sowie der gesamten organischen Substanz eines Mollisols aus der Inneren Mongolei in China wurden untersucht. Das 14C-Alter der gesamten organischen Substanz nimmt mit der Tiefe um 69,3 Jahre pro cm zu, was einer extremen langsamen Bodenentwicklung entspricht. Die Huminsauren sind generell alter als die Humine. Humine und Huminsauren sind, auser im untersten Horizont, alter als die gesamte organische Substanz. Die δ13C-Werte unterscheiden sich im ganzen Profil nicht von denen frischen Pflanzenmaterials, was auf einen fruhzeitig erfolgenden Schutz der organischen Substanz vor Abbau schliesen last.
Nitrogen-rich porous carbon derived from biomass as a high performance anode material for lithium ion batteries

Nitrogen-rich porous carbon derived from ox horns has been successfully synthesized through an economically viable and an environmentally benign approach. Such an ox horn derived carbon (OHC) possesses a large surface area (BET surface area is 1300 m2 g−1), a unique 3D porous nanostructure and a high inherent nitrogen content (5.5%). The OHC, as an anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), exhibits superior electrochemical performances, such as a high reversible capacity (1181 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1) and a superior rate capability (304 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1). Furthermore, this study demonstrates the exploitation of a universal material in nature, viz., ox horn, as a potential anode for the most sought after energy storage application.
LARGE DISK-SHAPED STRUCTURES (DISCOMES) IN NONIONIC SURFACTANT VESICLE TO MICELLE TRANSITIONS

Addition of surfactants to vesicular dispersions can lead to solubulization of the vesicles and their subsequent translation into mixed micellar systems (Kim and Kim, 1991). We have found that large discoid structures exist under certain conditions of the phase diagram of nonionic surfactant vesicles prepared from a hexadecyl diglycerol ether (C 16 G 2 ), cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate (DCP) in the molar ratio 69:29:2 by mechanical shaking and sonication followed by incubation with a soluble polyoxethylene cholesteryl ether, Solulan C24, at 74 o C
Survival of indicator organisms in Sonoran Desert soil amended with sewage sludge

Abstract Anaerobically digested sewage sludge is currently applied to farmland surrounding Tucson, Arizona to supply nutrients for the growth of cotton. Bacterial pathogens introduced into the environment by this practice may survive or move through the soil profile thus posing health risks to animals and humans. We have conducted both laboratory and field studies to monitor the survival and transport of bacterial pathogens added to soil via sludge. In laboratory studies, sewage sludge was added to soil and incubated at constant moisture and temperature conditions. Populations of fecal streptococci, fecal coliforms and total coliforms were monitored at weekly intervals using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Two soils and 3 temperatures were evaluated. Field studies determined the survival of indicator organisms in the surface horizon, and survival and transport of fecal coliforms up to a depth of 300 cm. We found that soil moisture, texture and temperature all affected the persistence of bacterial p.
9‐(2,6‐Difluoro­phenoxy­carbonyl)‐10‐methyl­acridinium trifluoro­methane­sulfonate and its precursor 2,6‐difluoro­phenyl acridine‐9‐carboxyl­ate: C—H⋯O, C—F⋯π, S—O⋯π and π–π stacking inter­actions

The title compounds, C21H14F2NO2+·CF3SO3−, (I), and C20H11F2NO2, (II), form monoclinic and triclinic crystals, respectively. Adjacent cations of (I) are oriented in a `head-to-tail' manner and are linked to one another via networks of C—H⋯O, C—F⋯π, S—O⋯π and multidirectional π–π inter­actions. Adjacent mol­ecules of (II) are also arranged in a `head-to-tail' manner and are linked via networks of C—H⋯O and multidirectional π–π inter­actions. The mean planes of the acridine moieties lie parallel in the lattices of both compounds. The benzene rings are also parallel. However, the acridine and difluoro­phenyl rings are mutually oriented at an angle of 17.3 (2)° in (I) and 5.8 (2)° in (II). This mutual orientation in various phenyl acridine-9-carboxyl­ates and related compounds is strongly influenced by the nature of the substituents on the phenyl fragment.
Some engineering and thermal properties of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds

Summary Engineering and thermal properties of black cumin seeds at 5.3% (w.b.) moisture content were obtained. Seed length, width and thickness ranged from 2.85 to 3.27 mm, 1.36 to 1.81 mm and 0.84 to 1.22 mm, respectively. Geometric mean diameter, effective mean diameter, sphericity and roundness ranged from 1.55 to 1.88 mm, 1.63 to 1.77 mm, 51.6 to 60.7% and 66.0 to 71.4%, respectively. One hundred seed mass, true density, bulk density and porosity ranged from 2.35 to 2.85 g, 992 to 1094.1 kg m−3, 538.4 to 568.4 kg m−3 and 46.6 to 48.1%, respectively. Average static friction coefficient on mild steel, stainless steel, galvanised steel, aluminum and plywood were 0.36, 0.22, 0.39, 0.33 and 0.52, respectively. Angle of repose and terminal velocity ranged from 32.2 to 34.7°, and from 5.4 to 5.9 m s−1. Specific heat and thermal conductivity varied from 1672 to 2091 J kg−1 K. , 0.16 to 0.21 W m−1 K. , respectively.
Cation sites in ETS-10: 23Na 3Q MAS NMR and lattice energy minimisation calculations

Second-order quadrupolar broadening has rendered the study of cation sites in microporous materials almost impossible until the recent advent of the 2D multiple-quantum NMR experiment. In conjunction with computer lattice-energy-minimisation calculations we employ this powerful new technique to study the complex microporous titanosilicate ETS-10 and titanium aluminosilicate ETAS-10 systems. Evidence is presented for five unique cation sites differing greatly in their behaviour towards dehydration. Strong evidence is also given for preferential potassium cation siting.
THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOLS WITH DIFFERENT STRUCTURES ON THE FORMATION OF WARM O/W MICROEMULSIONS

Abstract The influence of twenty five different alcohols on the formation of warm oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions was investigated. Selected concentrations of each alcohol were added to fixed amounts of stearic acid, Tween 20 and water at 65 ° C. Fifteen alcohols formed microemulsions, at least at one of the concentrations. A pattern recognition study was performed to elucidate the activities of the alcohols by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was used to classify them. Two classification functions, obtained for alcohols forming / not forming microemulsions, suggest that the formation of warm O/W microemulsion is linked to the nature and the dimension/lipophilicity of the alcohol.
A New Method for Fast Preparation of Highly Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Active Silver Colloids at Room Temperature by Reduction of Silver Nitrate with Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride

A very effective and simple way to produce silver colloids for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is reported. Reduction of silver nitrate with hydroxylamine hydrochloride at alkaline pH and at room temperature yields highly sensitive SERS colloids within a short time. The so-produced colloids can be used for SERS spectroscopy immediately after preparation. The overall procedure is fast, simple, and characterized by a high preparation success rate. Changing the mixing order and rate of the two involved solutions, silver nitrate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride containing sodium hydroxide, one can control the size and dispersion of the produced colloids. The obtained colloids have been characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and SERS using a 1064 nm laser line on a Fourier transform and a 785 nm laser line on a dispersive Raman spectrometer. The SERS enhancement factor of the hydroxylamine-reduced silver colloids was tested using crystal violet, rhodamine 6G, methylene .
Olive Mill and Winery Wastewaters Pre-Treatment by Coagulation with Chitosan

The pre-treatment of both winery wastewater (WW) and olive mill wastewater (OMW) by coagulation, using a natural organic coagulant, was investigated as a possible alternative to conventional metal based coagulants, in order to produce a potentially reusable organic sludge. Chitosan was chosen as a model natural organic coagulant and the coagulation process was optimized investigating different coagulant doses and pH values. In spite of the notably lower polluting load for the WW compared to the OMW, the efficiency of the chitosan coagulation was found to be high in terms of total suspended solids (81% and 80% for OMW and WW respectively) and turbidity (94% and 92% for OMW and WW respectively) removal for both wastewaters, but a notable difference was observed in terms of organic matter removal (32% and 73% in terms of COD for OMW and WW respectively). Taking into account that the best performances of the coagulation process by chitosan were achieved at the actual pH for OMW as well as no significant differences were observed for WW as the pH was changed, no chemicals addition is required to adjust pH.
Synthesis and Characterization of 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-Modified Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanoparticles

The aminosilane-modified magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by the coprecipitation and surface modification with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTTS). The superparamagnetic APTTS/Fe 3 O 4 nanospheres with an average diameter of 10 nm were characterized significantly with functional group, well dispersion and stabilization in aqueous fluids, as well as a maximized saturation magnetization of 63.54 emu/g.
Aggregate nitrogen in synthetic diamond

Nitrogen is a commonly observed impurity in natural and synthetic diamond, yet there are still many questions in regard to its incorporation in the material. In all three common forms of diamond: natural, high-pressure high-temperature synthetic, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond; nitrogen has been observed in substitutional lattice sites. This configuration results in an unpaired electron which gives rise to an easily observed paramagnetic resonance. In addition, aggregate forms of nitrogen, such as A-center (paired nitrogen), B-center, and platelet-related nitrogen are the predominant form of nitrogen observed in natural Type Ia diamonds. These aggregate forms have yet to be observed unambiguously in any form of synthetic diamond. Here, we show evidence, based on quantitative secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements, of nonparamagnetic nitrogen in some CVD diamond films. Further examination of the symmetry-disallowed one-phonon absorption in the infrared spectra of these films indicates the presence of aggregate nitrogen in these materials.
Ultra-thin porous anodic alumina films with self-ordered cylindrical vertical pores on a p-type silicon substrate

Ultra-thin alumina films with self-ordered cylindrical vertical pores were fabricated on a p-type silicon substrate by anodization of Al films with thickness in the range of 30–500 nm in sulfuric or oxalic acid aqueous solutions. In both cases the pores were arranged in hexagonal cells in a close-packed structure and their diameter and density depended on the electrochemical solution used. In the case of sulfuric acid both 30 and 500 nm Al films resulted in a similar uniform porous structure using exactly the same anodization conditions for both thicknesses, the pore diameter being in the range of 10–30 nm and their density of the order of 6–8 × 1010 pores cm−2. In the case of oxalic acid the 500 nm thick films resulted in a uniform porous structure with larger pores than in sulfuric acid, of diameter in the range of 20–40 nm and a density of the order of . On the other hand, with oxalic acid it was impossible to form a uniform porous structure from the 30 nm thick Al film at the same conditions as used for the 500 nm thick film. Plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate systematically the structure and morphology of the alumina films. Cross-sectional TEM images showed that the alumina/Si interface was sharp, but a void was observed beneath each pore, separated from the pore by a thin alumina layer. The same structure was obtained with both electrolytes. The effect of pre-annealing of the Al films on the anodic alumina layers was also investigated in detail.
Efficacy of different adsorbents in alleviating zearalenone effects on performance of pigs

The investigation of the influence of zearalenone effects on performance of pigs and the possibility of the application of modified clinoptilolite (MC) and esterified glucomanane (EGM) in alleviating and/or prevention of harmful effects was performed by the experiment of pigs nutrition. The experiment lasted for 31 days, and the group of pigs was fed with uncontaminated feed while experimental groups were fed with feed containing 3.84 ppm of zearalenone. In pig feed of the second and third experimental group MC and EGM in the amount of 0,2 and 0,1% were added. The pigs of the control group accomplished daily growth of 0.569 kg with feed con- version of 1.793 kg. The presence of F-2 toxin in feed affected adversely production results. The addition of MC or EGM to contaminated feed improved production results, but not to the level of the control group. The obtained results point at the fact that adsorbents can only partially prevent harmful effects of F-2 toxin.
Measuring VOC emissions from wood-based building products under real room conditions in idealised model rooms

Two model rooms were constructed out of OSB and CLT and applied as a large scale test method for emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from wood based building products over a period of 23 weeks. The measured VOC emissions show terpene and aldehyde emissions in both model rooms. Emissions from all identified substances declined over time to a low value. In the CLT model room terpene emissions exceeded aldehyde emissions. Terpenes declined from 65 to 11 μg m−3 (83%), whereas aldehydes declined from 28 to 5 μg m−3 (82%). In the OSB model room aldehyde emissions were higher and declined from 247 to 51 μg m−3 (79%). Terpene emissions decreased from 59 to 23 μg m−3 (61%).
Detecting Sugars in Cotton Lint

The number and extent of the spots and the depth of the color can be used as a measure of the intensity of contamination. Moreover, it is possible to locate the exact place on the lint where the sugars are present. This of course is valid only for cotton lint samples carefully picked from the field. After ginning, the cotton, being mixed, shows spots distributed all over. The same cotton, after further mixing, as is done during the spinning processes, will be more or less evenly colored and the degree of coloration will depend on the average sugar content of the lint. The intensity or (&dquo;chroma,&dquo; after Munsell) of the color could thus be used for a quantitative estimate of the sugar content. In this case it is advisable to carry out the thermal treatment, i.e., caramelanoidation at 150°C for 30 to 60 minutes, since at 170°C and over prolonged time even pure cotton produces some yellowing. The method is very simple. A sample of cotton lint, with or without seeds, is placed in a laboratory
DRYING OF SUGAR BEET PULP USING A LABORATORY AIR DRIER

ABSTRACT Drying curves for sugar beet pulp were obtained in a laboratory-scale air drier. Dehydration conditions were: temperatures in the range of 35 to 90 °C, air flow velocities of 0.5 to 2.0 m/s, and air moisture content of 0.005 to 0.06 kg water/kg air. Using data from thin layer experiments, a mathematical model was derived to describe the dehydration behaviour under the described conditions. The model was able to predict data obtained from deep bed experiments. Results from this work could be used to develop a design methodology for dryers that operate at relatively low temperatures (<90°C).
Distribution of Total and DTPA‐Extractable Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Iron in Vertisols of India

Abstract Vertisols of India are developed over isohyets of 600 to 1500 mm, and their chemical cycles are set by drainage, landforms, and particle size, which results in variable pedogenic development within the otherwise homogeneous soils. The purpose of this study was to identify pedogenic processes in the distribution of total and DTPA‐extractable zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe). The soils are developed over basaltic parent material of Cretaceous age. Soil samples were drawn from genetic horizons of the 13 benchmark profiles and analyzed by using HF–HClO4 acid for total and DTPA extraction. Correlation coefficients were calculated taking all samples together. The total concentration varied from 24 to 102 mg kg−1 for Zn, 21 to 148 mg kg−1 for Cu, 387 to 1396 mg kg−1 for Mn, and 2.36 to 9.50% for Fe. Their variability was proisotropic and haplodized, and their concentrations increased with advancing isohyets. Within the isohyets, hindrance in drainage caused retention of Zn and Cu but loss of Fe. The piedmont soils had more Fe than alluvium soils. The spatial distribution of total contents of Zn, Cu, and Fe was influenced by the pedogenic processes associated with Haplusterts but not with provenance materials. Surface concentrations of the elements by biotic lifting and/or harvest removal were negated by the pedoturbation that further contributed to the irregular distribution of the elements in the profiles. Total Zn and total Cu had positive coefficients of correlations with coarse clay, whereas total Mn and total Fe were positively correlated with fine clay. The DTPA‐extractable forms were functions of isohyets and drainage and showed association with organic carbon content and coarse clay.
Naphthyl and Thionaphthyl End‐Capped Oligothiophenes as Organic Semiconductors: Effect of Chain Length and End‐Capping Groups

Two series of oligothiophenes (OThs), NaTn and TNTn (n = 2–6 represents the number of thiophene rings), end‐capped with naphthyl and thionaphthyl units have been synthesized by means of Stille coupling. Their thermal properties, optical properties, single crystal structures, and organic field‐effect transistor performance have been characterized. All oligomers display great thermal stability and crystallinity. The crystallographic structures of NaT2, NaT3, TNT2, and TNT3 have been determined. The crystals of NaT2 and NaT3 are monoclinic with space group P21/C, while those of TNT2 and TNT3 are triclinic and orthorhombic with space groups P$_{\bar 1}$ and P212121, respectively. All oligomers adopt the well‐known herringbone packing‐mode in crystals with packing parameters dependent on the structure of the end‐capping units and the number of thiophene rings. The shorter intermolecular distance in NaT3 compared to NaT2 indicates that the intermolecular interaction principally increases with increasing molecular length. X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization indicate that the NaTn oligomers can form films with better morphology and high molecular order than TNTn oligomers with the same number of thiophene rings. The NaTn oligomers exhibit mobilities that are much higher than those for TNTn oligomers (0.028–0.39 cm2 V–1 s–1 versus 0.010–0.055 cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively). In particular, the NaTn oligomers with n = 4–6 all show a mobility higher than 0.1 cm2 V–1 s–1. This device performance is among the best in aryl end‐capped OThs, and indicates that naphthyl is an effectual building block for designing high‐performance organic semiconducting materials.
Conversion and leaching of aldicarb in soil columns

Aldicarb was applied to soil columns in the laboratory which were leached by artificial rainfall. Concentrations of aldicarb, its sulphoxide and its sulphone in the effluent were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The measured results were analysed in some detail using a computation model. Aldicarb and its oxidation products were very mobile in soil, a fact which could be well described after introducing very low sorption coefficients in the computation model. Aldicarb itself was converted at a high rate following first order kinetics (half-life about 2 days). The best approximations obtained for the rate constant of sulphoxide conversion in two soils were about 0.03 and 0.06/day respectively (half-lives 23 and 12 days). Only a rather wide range of possible values could be obtained for the rate at which sulphone was decomposed.
Electrical conductivity of montmorillonite as a function of relative humidity: La-montmorillonite

Abstract The conductivity of La-montmorillonite was measured in the domain of water relative pressures (p/po) of <1, and compared with the conductivites of Li- and Na-montmorillonite. La-montmorillonite shows smaller conductivity over the whole range of p/po studied. To explain this, theoretical considerations of the polarizing power and of the local stacking order induced by the exchangeable cation were addressed.
Thermal Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Graft Copolymers from Polystyrene and Polyvinyl Propionate with Polyaniline

Abstract A synthesized graft copolymer from polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl propionate (PVPr) with polyaniline (PANi) with suitable electrical properties, thermal resistance, solubility and processability was optimized. Samples were prepared in the form of smooth and thin films. Four-point probe method was adapted to examine electrical DC conductivity. It was found that the electrical conductivity and thermal stability of copolymers were increased, but their processability and solubility decreased when PANi increased. Thermal stability of copolymers was investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetrical Analysis (TGA). The prepared copolymers were much more thermally stable, soluble, flexible and ability to form a film than polyaniline, polystyrene and polyvinyl propionate. An irreversible exothermic transition was observed by DSC, which is believed to be an indication of cross-linking. Percentage of grafted PANi electrical conductivities of PS-g-PANi and PVPr-g-PANi have been examined and produced conductivities, 3.3 × 10−2 and 4.6 × 10−2 S/cm respectively.
Phosphorus nutrition of arsenate-tolerant and nontolerant phenotypes of velvetgrass

Velvetgrass (Holcus lanatus L.), also known as Yorkshire fog grass, has evolved tolerance to high levels of arsenate, and this adaptation involves reduced accumulation of arsenate through the suppression of the high affinity phosphate-arsenate uptake system. To determine the role of P nutrition in arsenate tolerance, inhibition kinetics of arsenate influx by phosphate were determined. The concentration of inhibitor required to reduced maximum influx (V max ) by 50%, K 1 , of phosphate inhibition of arsenate influx was 0.02 mol -3 in both tolerant and nontolerant clones (.)