Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella

Members of the genus Shigella are phenotypically similar to Escherichia coli and, with the exception of Shigella boydii serotype 13, would be considered the same species by DNA-DNA hybridization analysis and whole-genome sequence analysis. The dynamic nature of the Shiga toxin-converting phages has implications for diagnostic testing for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Since STEC strains can lose critical virulence genes, some researchers have proposed that multiple virulence-associated genes, as well as conserved genes, be used to diagnose infections by these bacteria. This concept would also apply to other pathotypes of E. coli, as most of them carry critical virulence genes on mobile genetic elements. A preliminary report can be issued as soon as a presumptive identification of Salmonella is obtained. In most situations, a presumptive identification is based on phenotypic traits determined by either traditional or commercial systems or by reactivity with Salmonella O grouping antisera. A confirmed identification requires both phenotypic identification and O group or serotype determination. As national surveillance systems depend on the receipt of serotype information for Salmonella strains isolated in the United States, laboratories should follow the procedures recommended by their state health departments for submitting Salmonella isolates for further characterization, including complete serotyping. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of typhoidal Salmonella strains and strains from normally sterile sites should be determined, and the strains should be forwarded to a reference or public health laboratory for complete phenotypic identification and serotyping.
Phylogenetic analysis of isolates of the Bursaphelenchus sexdentati group using ribosomal intergenic transcribed spacer DNA sequences

Within the Bursaphelencus sexdentati group, differentiation of species is mainly based on the shape of the female tail and the male spicules. In this study, ITS1/2 sequences of 17 isolates belonging to five species of the ‘sexdentati’ group (B. sexdentati, B. vallesianus, B. pinophilus, B. poligraphi, B. borealis) and of two B. eggersi isolates were obtained. In some isolates of B. sexdentati, sequence heterogeneity at a few sites of ITS2 was detected. Cluster analysis of genetic distances between isolates of the ‘sexdentati’, ‘eggersi’ and ‘xylophilus’ groups confirmed their morphological affiliation to the respective species and species groups. In addition, isolates of B. sexdentati were separated into two sub-clusters suggesting the existence of a Central European and a South European type of this species or even two separate species. This was supported by morphological studies showing the differences in shape of female tail and male spicules between the two types.
Some Studies on the Ecology and Host Range of Eriophyid Mites （Acarina： Eriophyoidea） in Sudan

In this study, some Eriophyid mite species showing different morphological characters and host-plant symptoms were obtained. Five mites species collected from different localities in Khartoum State ( Sudan) during the period (2002-2003) which classified under family Eriophyidae from different hosts were selected and examined carefully. These were recognized as Cisaberoptus kenyae (K.) on Mango Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Acalitus hassani (K.) on Arrak Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae), Aceria balanites (Massee) on Heglig Balanites aegyptiaca (Balanitaceae), Colomerus vitis on Grape Vitis sp. (Vitaceae) (for the first time in the Sudan) and Eriophyes tulipae (K.) on Onion Allium cepa (Liliaceae) and garlic Allium sativum (Allicaceae) respectively. The remaining six eriophyid mites were not completely described but designated as Eriophyes sp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on Sidir Ziziphus spina (Rhamnaceae), Aradeib Tamarindus indica (Caesalpinioideae), Harazz, Acacia albida (Fabaceae), Talha Acacia seyal var. seyal (Leguminosae), Seyal Acacia tortilis var. raddiana (Leguminosae) and Mormeet Pergia capensis (Oleaceae) respectively. The response of 12 different plant species infested artificially with Cisaberoptus kenyae (K.), Acalitus hassani (K.) and Eriophyes tulipae (K.) were studied, after two months of infestation. The results showed that onion and garlic plants were severely infested with Eriophyes tulipae (K.) while tomato was found to be susceptible for Cisaberoptus kenyae (K.) and Acalitus hassani (K.) showing moderate infestations. On the other hand, sorghum and wheat infested with Eriophyes tulipae (K.) showed moderate and light infestations respectively. On the contrary, mite infestations were not detected on the rest of plant species. The degree of infestation of Eriophyid mites species on different test plants, measured by symptoms appeared on plant leaves, was studied.
KEANEKARAGAMAN JAMUR ENDOFIT DAUN KANGKUNG DARAT (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) PADA LAHAN PERTANIAN ORGANIK DAN KONVENSIONAL

ABSTRAK Mikroorganisme endofit merupakan asosiasi antara mikroorganisme dengan jaringan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan keanekaragaman jamur endofit antara daun kangkung darat yang dibudidayakan di lahan pertanian organik dan konvensional. Penelitian dilaksanakan lahan budidaya kangkung di Kecamatan Cemorokandang dan laboratorium penyakit tumbuhan jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, Malang. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari bulan Februari sampai Juli 2013. Eksplorasi jamur endofit dilakukan pada daun kangkung darat yang dibudidayakan dengan sistem pertanian organik dan konvensional. Data identifikasi jamur endofit yang didapatkan dianalisis keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dan dominasi setiap genus yang diperolah, kemudian dibandingkan antara lahan pertanian organik dengan konvensional.Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi pada lahan organik didapatkan 47 spesies jamur endofit dengan total 60 koloni. Genus jamur endofit yang didapatkan, yaitu : Aspergillus sp. , Aueroobasidium sp. , Botritys sp. , Cephalosporium sp. , Cladosporium sp. , Colletotrichum sp. , Fusarium sp. , Gloesporium sp. , Helminthosporium sp. , Monocillium sp. , dan Penicillium sp. Pada lahan konvesional didapatkan 44 spesies jamur endofit dengan total 57 koloni. Genus jamur endofit yang didapatkan, yaitu : Aspergillus sp. , Cephalosporium sp. , Colletotrichum sp. , Fusarium sp. , Gloesporium sp. , Helminthosporium sp. , Martensiomyces sp. , Monocillium sp. , Nigrospora sp. , Nodulsporium sp. , dan Penicillium sp. Nilai indek keanekaragaman jamur endofit daun kangkung di lahan organik lebih tinggi yaitu dengan nilai 3,785 sedangkan di lahan konvensional bernilai 3,664. Proses budidaya tanaman secara organik berpengaruh dalam menjaga keanekaragaman jamur endofit. Nilai indek dominasi jamur endofit daun kangkung di lahan konvensional lebih tinggi yaitu dengan nilai 0,030 sedangkan di lahan organik bernilai 0,024. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kondisi keanekaragaman dalam jaringan daun yang berbeda di lahan organik lebih baik daripada di lahan konvensional karena di lahan organik tidak terdapat dominasi dari satu spesies. Kata kunci : jamur endofit, keanekaragaman, organik, konvensional, kangkung
POULTRY MANURE TO CROPS – A REVIEW

Animal oriented manure has a salutary effect on soil fertility besides improving the soil conditions and plant growth. Poultry manure in this regard occupies the pride of place as it is rich in nutrients than the other manures. But, much of the manure now produced under modern methods of rearing poultry contains no litter and contains 70% moisture making the process of application difficult. At the same time, if stored to reduce the moisture content, nutrient losses occur. Hence, the immediate processing of poultry manure to prevent its nutrient loss is essential. In this context, available literature in respect of nutrient content, effect of composting, effect of application of poultry manure on soil properties, yield and quality of crops and residual effects are reviewed in this paper.
Integrating ecology and evolution in a spatial context : the 14th Special Symposium of the British Ecological Society held at Royal Holloway College, University of London, 29-31 August, 2000

List of Contributors History of the British Ecological Society PrefacePart I: Populations:1. Plants Stand Still, But Their Genes Don't: Non-Trivial Consequences Of The Obvious: Silvertown2. Causes And Effects Of Small-Scale Spatial Structure In Plant Populations: Law, Purves, Murrell & Dieckmann3. Inferences About Spatial Processes In Plant Populations From The Analysis Of Molecular Markers: Ennos4. Mating Systems And Population Genetic Structure In The Light Of Coalescent Theory: Charlesworth & Pannell5. Spatially Explicit Studies On The Ecology And Genetics Of Population Margins: Antonovics, Newman & Best6. The Scale Of Local Adaptation In Forest Plants: Bell, Lechowicz & WaterwayPart II: Metapopulations:7. Spatially Realistic Models Of Metapopulation Dynamics And Their Implications For Ecological, Genetic And Evolutionary Processes: Hanski8. Landscape Fragmentation And The Viability Of Plant Populations: Eriksson & Ehrlen9. The Interaction Of Genetic And Demographic Processes In Plant Metapopulations: A Case Study Of Silene Alba: Mccauley, Richards, Emery, Smith & Mcglothlin10. The Demography And Genetics Of Host-Pathogen Interactions: Burdon & Thrall11. Spatial Dynamics Of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility: Frank & Barr12. The Evolution Of Seed Heteromorphism In A Metapopulation: Interactions Between Dispersal And Dormancy: OliveriPart III: Geography:13. Inferring Glacial Refugia And Historical Migrations With Molecular Phylogenies: Hewitt & Ibrahim14. From Spatial Patterns Of Genetic Diversity To Postglacial Migration Processes In Forest Trees@ Petit, Bialozyt, Brewer, Cheddadi & Comps15. Comparative Phylogeography Of Northwestern North America: A Synthesis: Brunsfeld, Sullivan, Soltis & Soltis16. A Geographical Context For The Evolution Of Plant Reproductive Systems: Barrett, Dorken & Case17. Adaptation At The Edge Of A Species' Range: Barton18. The Unified Neutral Theory Of Biodiversity And Biogeography: A Synopsis Of The Theory And Some Challenges Ahead: Hubbell Index.
Polarimetric Detection Scheme for Passive Radar based on a 2D Auto-Regressive Disturbance Model

Suitable strategies to exploit polarimetric diversity have been proved to be able to enhance the target detection capability of passive radar (or passive coherent location - PCL) systems. In this work, the authors describe a novel polarimetric adaptive detection scheme, based on a two-dimensional autoregressive model for the disturbance. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is shown against experimental data collected by means of a FM radio based multi-channel PCL prototype. The obtained results are also compared with alternative polarimetric detection schemes in order to provide a first insight into the benefits of the newly proposed solution.
Analysis of sea spikes velocity from the MARLENE campaign data

The work presented in this paper proposes an analysis of sea surface velocities deduced from radar observations measured during the MARLENE campaign [1] (for MediterraneAn RFC and cLutter ENvironmental Experiment). Radar data were acquired in coastal area at different frequencies, sea conditions and illumination angles, leading to a large amount of results at low grazing angles. Doppler spectra with high Doppler velocities revealing the presence of fast scatterers have been recorded, and their link to NRCS (Normalized Radar Cross Section) spikes is investigated through the cross-correlation between NRCS and Doppler velocity. A study of the sea spikes velocity shows a dependence on the radar azimuth angle.
A theoretical approach to using human footprint data to assess landscape level conservation efforts

Conservation organizations are increasingly being held accountable for identifying and documenting measures of conservation success. We propose the use of human land‐use spatial data to aid in the assessment of conservation efforts by monitoring qualitative change in the human footprint (i.e., spatial land‐use measures of negative anthropogenic activity) within a hypothesis‐driven framework to assess the effects of conservation efforts (i.e., positive anthropogenic activity). If human footprint data show that implemented conservation strategies mitigated or reduced negative anthropogenic influences, then a potential conservation approach is working. In contrast, if the implementation of conservation strategies did not mitigate or reduce the human footprint, then new conservation approaches may need to be developed or old ones refined. Human footprint data may offer great potential for assessing conservation efforts when used as part of a larger conservation monitoring strategy.
Genetic Variation in Pearl Millet Germplasm

A study was conducted during 2005, among 105 pearl millet germplasm lines to assess the genetic variability present among the genotypes for different quantitative traits in relation to yield. High phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed high for ear length, ear girth, plant height, grain yield/plant and productive tillers/plant. High estimate of broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was registered for grain yield/plant, plant height, ear length and ear girth. The genetic variances for these traits are probably indicates better scope for improvement of these traits through direct selection.
Parametric modelling of the radar signature of helicopters

The problem of helicopter detection and classification requires a simple and fast modelling of rotorcraft signature to aid the design of specific waveforms or to feed deep learning algorithms. To this purpose we here present a parametric model for the baseband radar cross section (RCS) of helicopters in the narrowband approximation. Rotor blades are simulated as one-dimensional objects with a constant reflectivity per unit length and an arbitrary shape in the three-dimensional space, enabling one to take basic flight dynamics into account. The main rotor hub is also modelled as a multiple-scatterer object. The full model is then used to simulate the signature of real rotorcraft, which is compared with experimental data. We show that it is able to accurately predict the most important features of the helicopter radar response, such as blade flash shape and duration.
Epoxy resin with montmorillonite nanofillers: Flashover voltages and surface discharges

This paper deals with surface discharges and flashover voltages on epoxy resin nanocomposite surfaces. Factors, such as, water droplet number and volume, droplet conductivity as well as the distance of the droplets from the electrodes affect both surface discharges and flashover voltages. Moreover, the degradation of the insulting material is indicated in this paper.
Reptiles in restored agricultural landscapes: the value of linear strips, patches and habitat condition

Habitat restoration, including revegetation of linear strips and enlargement of remnant patches, may benefit native fauna in highly fragmented landscapes. Such restoration has occurred around the world, even though the relative importance of strips and patches of vegetation remains controversial. Using reptile communities from south‐eastern Australia, we assessed the conservation value of revegetation in strips and alongside remnant patches compared with remnant vegetation and cleared roadsides. We also examined the distance that reptiles occurred from remnant patches into linear vegetation. We found that reptile species richness and counts did not substantially differ between revegetated, remnant and cleared habitats, or between linear strip and patch treatments. This may indicate that species sensitive to land clearing have already been lost from the landscape. These results imply that if specialist species have already been lost, we may be unable to measure the effects of agriculture on biodiversity. Furthermore, revegetation with the expectation that fauna will recolonize may be unrealistic and translocations may be necessary. Unexpectedly, we recorded higher species richness and counts of rare reptile species in remnant linear strips as distance from remnant patches increased. Ground‐layer attributes were important for increasing reptile species richness and counts and in structuring reptile communities, explaining approximately three times as much variation as remnant shape or vegetation type (remnant, revegetated, cleared). Management agencies should protect and effectively manage remnant linear strips if rarer reptiles are to be retained, paying particular attention to ground‐layer attributes. The decision to include ground layers in future revegetation activities will be more important than the shape of restored areas.
Building Cognitive Profiles of Learners Using EEG

Cognitive load refers to the used amount of working memory. It is very hard to be detected, especially in on-line and computer-supported learning. Thus, it is one of the most important challenges for educational technologists and instructional designers to address. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a methodology that monitors the electric activity in the brain. EEG has been effective in detecting subjects’ emotional and cognitive states. In this paper, an approach for detecting the basic cognitive states that affect learning outcomes using EEG signals is proposed. Detected states include engagement, instantaneous attention, focused attention, working memory, planning, shifting and visual perception. The proposed approach consists of the following. First, 127 students in their undergraduate university-level studies undergo scientifically-validated cognitive assessment tests that evoke and measure their full cognitive profiles while putting on a 14-channel wearable EEG headset. Then, the collected data are used to train deep models as well as shallow classifiers to automatically predict the analyzed cognitive states. Although the main advantage of the deep learning models is avoiding the hand-crafted features needed for the shallow classifiers, the shallow classifiers outperformed the deep learning-based ones with a minimum accuracy of 92% as compared to the deep models with a maximum obtained accuracy of 78%.
Ideotype concept in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

An attempt has been made to describe the crop ideotype characteristics for black pepper(Piper nigrum). It is proposed that the black pepper ideotype should have acute branch angles(450) at the top and more wider branch angles at the bottom (600). The fruiting branchesshould be well spread from top to bottom of the canopy. To harvest maximum light especiallyby the bottom canopy, the leaf angle should be more at the bottom (130-1400) compared tothe top (100-1100). It is desirable that within a branch, the bottom leaves have lengthierpetioles than the top leaves. The vine should have a high photosynthetic rate (minimum of3.0–3.5 μ moles), more than 90% bisexual flowers with >95% self pollination, increased spikelength (≥12 cm) and more number of berries spike-1 (≥70). Fruit set should be ≥80% andshould yield at least 2.5–3.0 kg dry berries vine-1. Among the cultivars/varieties studied,Panniyur 1 was found to possess more number of traits for the proposed ideotype comparedto other cultivars/varieties.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECTS OF KAMDHENU ARK AND VASANT KUSUMAKAR IN MICE

A study was conducted to compare the immunostimulatory effects of Kamdhenu Ark and Vasant Kusumakar in mice. Kamdhenu ark was found to have significantly higher immunostimulatory effect in comparison to Vasant Kusumakar. Increase in humoral immunity in mice was 3 times higher due to Kamdhenu Ark in comparison to Vasant Kusumakar. Similarly cell mediated immunity was increased by both but increase due to Kamdhenu Ark was 4 times more in comparison to Vasant Kusumakar. Vasant Kusumakar was found to have adverse effects on organs like kidney, liver and heart.
The evolution of communication in robot societies

Communication is fundamental to life on earth. All social organisms, from bacteria to humans, use communicative signals to coordinate their behaviors with members of their own and other species. Despite its key role in social organization, many questions regarding the evolution of communication are yet to be answered. This is in part due to the difficulty of conducting experimental evolution on social species, and the challenges in experimentally manipulating and measuring signaling and response strategies in communicating organisms. In this thesis, we circumvent these problems by using a system of experimental evolution with groups of foraging robots that could emit and perceive light to communicate. With this system, we have explored how communication can emerge and how different evolutionary conditions can determine the level of reliability of evolving signals. Our experiments revealed that foraging robots initially produced inadvertent cues providing information to other robots about the location of the food. This resulted in increased foraging efficiency, and consequently, in competition near the food, which drove the co-evolution of signaling and response strategies. The reliability of the resulting communication system was found to depend on the level of relatedness between robots in a group and the level at which they were selected. Robots that were highly related or selected at the group level evolved reliable signals. In contrast, when relatedness between robots in a group was low and selection was acting at the level of the individual, robots were selected to suppress the inadvertent cues produced while foraging. However, because of the effect of mutations, these cues were never completely suppressed and some variability in signaling was maintained. Because similar co-evolutionary processes should be common in natural systems, our findings explain why communicative strategies are so variable in many animal species when interests between them conflict. They also predict that relatedness will play an important role in the evolution of signal reliability in natural systems of communication. Additionally, our analyses have led us to devise a quantitative measure of signal reliability, which may be applied to measure reliability in natural systems of communication. The results of this study, together with an extensive review of the literature, illustrate how evolutionary robotic systems can be used to explore issues that cannot easily be studied experimentally with living organisms, and thus contribute to our understanding of biological systems.
A Comparison of TDD and FDD Massive MIMO Systems Against Smart Jamming

Frequency division duplex (FDD) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems introduce a large overhead in downlink channel estimation in contrast to the time division duplex (TDD) mode. This overhead results in a considerable spectral efficiency (SE) gap between the FDD and TDD modes. In this paper, we consider the performance of the TDD and FDD massive MIMO systems with a spatially correlated channel in the presence of jamming in the network. We show how a smart jammer can effectively design its attack signal to degrade the network performance in terms of the downlink SE. Since the jammer can obtain different information about the channels in the TDD and FDD modes, two distinct jamming strategies are proposed for each mode. In the numerical results, the performance of both the TDD and FDD modes under the optimized jamming designs are evaluated and compared. Our results show that despite more attention to the TDD mode in current massive MIMO systems, it is more vulnerable to smart jamming attacks compared to the FDD mode which results in a smaller SE-gap between the modes. Furthermore, a countermeasure technique is proposed to combat this jamming attack in both the TDD and FDD modes by estimating the jamming power, grouping users, and allocating power among them. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed countermeasure techniques in both the TDD and FDD modes.