Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Redescription of Dolichotetranychus australianus (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae), a pest of bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae)

ABSTRACT The flat mite Dolichotetranychus australianus (Womersley, 1943) – a significant pest of Cynodon turfgrasses in Australia and Africa – is redescribed on the basis of new Australian material collected from C. dactylon (bermudagrass, green couchgrass) and its hybrid C. dactylon × transvaalensis. All active life stages are described, leg chaetotaxy is provided, anomalous features are noted and the specimens compared with type material. The species is widespread in Queensland and is probably present anywhere that C. dactylon is grown in Australia, as indicated from its presence in other states. Photographs of its colonies and damage to turfgrass are presented, and damage symptoms are compared with similar damage caused by Aceria cynodoniensis (Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae). Dolichotetranychus summers Pritchard and Baker, 1952 known from C. dactylon in California, is redescribed from type material and confirmed as a species distinct from D. australianus, with both sexes of D. summersi lacking genital setae g2, coxal seta 2b and the subcapitular seta m. Male D. summersi also have two solenidia on tarsi I–II and have an aedeagus approximately one-third the length (65 μm) that of D. australianus (ca. 200 μm). The species Dolichotetranychus riyadhensis Alatawi and Kamran, 2015 is considered a junior synonym of D. australianus, and ontogenetic leg chaetotaxy of Dolichotetranychus zoysiae Ehara, 2004 is provided and corrected.
Floral Biology and Pollination of the Dioecious Palm Phytelephas seemannii in Colombia: An Adaptation to Staphylinid Beetles1

We studied the inflorescence phenology, floral biology, insect visitation, and pollen transport of the vegetable ivory palm Phytelephas seemannii in tropical rain forest at the Pacific coast of Colombia. Inflorescences warm up before and during anthesis. Male inflorescences open mostly by day and females at night. Visitors include Coleoptera (Staphylinidae, Nitidulidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae), Diptera (Drosophilidae, Sphaeroceridae), Hymenoptera (Apidae, Vespidae), and Acarina, which are attracted to the male inflorescences by pollen and breeding opportunities. Female inflorescences apparently offer no reward, and they attract visitors by odor mimicry. Pollination takes place from dawn and throughout the daytime, and is mostly carried out by three species of pollen-eating Amazoncharis (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) and by their predators, Xanthopygus (Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Amazoncharis reproduces in the male inflorescences by constructing egg chambers in the fleshy receptacle of the flowers. This reproductive behavior resembles that of beetles in the closely related subtribe Gyrophaenina that reproduce in fleshy mushrooms, whose spores they eat. We suggest that the fleshy structure of the male flowers' receptacle in this species is an adaptation to the pollination by egg chamber constructing Alaeocharinae.
DYNAMICS ON CELL DENSITIES OF DIATOM, DINOFLAGELLATE AND RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN AOTOU AREA, DAYA BAY, SOUTH CHINA SEA

Daya Bay of the South China Sea, where a major nuclear power plant resides, is a large local inlet and an important aquaculture area in Guangdong Province. This area has been seriously affected by human activities in the last decade. In order understand better the phytoplankton structure and their relationship to environmental factors in aquaculture areas, a study was carried out on phytoplankton structure and bloom dynamics from July 1997 to June 1998 in Aotou area of Daya Bay. Water samples, ambient chemical, physical and meteorological data were examined. 198 species of phytoplankton were identified during one-year study period. Diatom was the most diversified group of which 98 species in 39 genera were observed, while dinoflagellate ranked second with 83 species in 14 genera. More than 50 species of harmful algal bloom (HAB) causative phytoplankton were recognized in this survey, such as genus Alexandrium, Dinophysis acuminate, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Karenia, Akashiwo, Scrippsiella, Chattonella, Heterosigma and Phaeocystis. Nutrient contents were not very high, but when supplemented by mariculture and domestic discharge, they increased quickly, resulting in high primary production. The maximum and annual average phytoplankton cell densities were 6689.8 and 424.7 cells/ml, respectively. Blooms occurred frequently in the year, four occurred in spring and one in each of the other three seasons. Most blooms occurred in offshore areas first, before spreading and assembling two or three days later, by way of currents and winds, in inshore areas. Diatoms were donminant in all seasons making up an average of 94.9% of total phytoplankton. Dinoflagellates, however, were prevalent only in spring. Dominant diatoms included Asterionella japonica, Chaetoceros affinis, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. , Skeletonama costatum and Thalassiosira subtilis, which predominated alternately or co-dominated together. Nutrient concentrations were high prior to spring blooms of diatom, and large amounts of nutrients were assimilated as cell densities increased. Nutrient content especially that of DIN reached to the minimum points at the maximum scale of diatom blooms. Growth of dinoflagellates then accelerated as nutrient content rose and diatom blooms declined. High DIP promoted the blooms of dinoflagellate. The DIP was almost fully used during bloom period. Furthermore, DIP exhaustion dissipated dinoglagellate blooms. Nutrient elements needed by diatoms and dinoflagellates are different. This was probably the reason for frequent occurrence of spring blooms caused alternately by these two different phytoplankton groups. Results suggest that favourable water temperature, salinity, meteorological conditions and sufficient DSi, rapid influx of nutrients are major causes of high cell concentrations of phytoplankton and frequent outbreaks of bloom in Aotou area of Daya Bay. Moreover, accumulation of algal cells from the outer areas to the inner bay by physical factors as wind and current, play an important role in the occurrence of blooms.
Factors Influencing Stream Fish Species Composition and Functional Properties at Multiple Spatial Scales in the Sand Hills of the Southeastern United States

AbstractAn understanding of how fish communities differ among river basin, watershed, and stream reach spatial scales and the factors that influence these differences can help in the design of effective conservation programs and the development of reference models that appropriately represent biota under relatively undisturbed conditions. We assessed the heterogeneity among fish assemblages in first- to fourth-order stream sites from four river basins (Savannah, Chattahoochee, Cape Fear, and Pee Dee rivers) within the Sand Hills ecoregion of the southeastern USA and compared it with the heterogeneity associated with watershed and stream reach spatial scales. Fifty-five species of fish representing 15 families were collected by electrofishing, with the most speciose families being Cyprinidae, Centrarchidae, Percidae, Ictaluridae, and Catostomidae. Constrained ordination identified clearly demarcated species assemblages among river basins as well as subbasin environmental variables that affected fish specie.
Population and Survival Estimates of Catostomus latipinnis in Northern Grand Canyon, with Distribution and Abundance of Hybrids with Xyrauchen texanus

Population sizes, movements, and potential hybridization were examined for two indigenous Colorado River fishes, Catostomus latipinnis (flannelmouth sucker) and Xyrauchen texanus (razorback sucker) in the Little Colorado River (LCR) of Grand Canyon National Park and the Navajo Nation (Coconino County, AZ). Catostomus latipinnis is a "species of concern," and X. texanus is federally listed as endangered. Within Grand Canyon, both occur in greatest abundance in the LCR and its confluence with the mainstem Colorado River. During a 50-trip period (1 July 1991-27 June 1995), 2619 unique individuals (> 150 mm TL) were evaluated, consisting of 2578 C. latipinnis and 41 putative X. texanus/C. latipinnis hybrids. Cormack-JollySeber estimates (adjusted for effort) were calculated by trip for C. latipinnis and ranged from 1591-5214 (average 2507). Seasonal estimates indicated peak movements in spring and autumn (especially the former). During 1991-1993, survival estimates of C. latipinnis were stable over all adult size classes (defined by overall body size) but decreased within larger size classes during 1994. Population estimates remained stable during the four years of the study. It is unknown whether C. latipinnis is at carrying capacity within Grand Canyon. A population estimate of putative X. texanus/C. latipinnis hybrids ranged from 8-136 (average 30) for 26 (of 48) trips. Xyrauchen texanus is a transitory member of Grand Canyon's indigenous fish community, moving through the canyon to more viable habitat upor downriver. This aspect of its life history is now curtailed by Glen Canyon Dam, at the northern terminus of Grand Canyon.
Life Cycle and Reproduction of Nephelopsis obscura Verrill (Hirudinea:Erpobdellidae) in Permanent Ponds of Northwestern Minnestoa

The bait leech, Nephelopsis obscura, followed a 24-month life cycle in two natural ponds of northwestern Minnesota, Priem's Pond and Early's Pond. Clitellum development required an approximate minimum weight of 1.20 g and mature leeches died shortly after depositing cocoons on aquatic vegetation at midsummer. The onset of maturity was correlated to rising water temperature (r=0.98) and lengthening photoperiod (r=0.93). Seasonal depth movement of leeches was obseved in Priem's Pond and was attributed to oxygen depletion at lower depths during midsummer stagnation.
Adsorption of Carcinogenic and/or Mutagenic Pigments on DNA-binding Sepharose

chromatography, which employs ligands fixed to an insoluble matrix, is nowextensively used for the isolation of various enzymes.1* It has been knownthat carcinogens or mutagens, at the first step, combine them-selves with DNA, and then interact with the DNA. From these mechanisms, it is possible that all carcinogens have an affinity for DNAmolecules. Wesearched for a method to discriminate carcinogens or mutagens from other com- pounds using their affinity for DNA. tested as insoluble matrices fixed to DNA-ligands. Various pigments, some of which are known to be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic, were used as the samples. This paper deals with the affinity of the various pigments for DNA-matrices.
Reply

In a recent issue of Annals of Neurology, Sueoka and colleagues reported that antibodies to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein B1 (hnRNP B1) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were a specific marker for multiple sclerosis (MS). The hnRNPs are a group of more than 30 nuclear riboproteins that have similar function, structure, amino acid sequence, and antigenicity. As the authors stated, hnRNP A1, A2, and B1 are particularly closely related. The authors also showed that MS patients made antibodies to hnRNP A1 and A2, but not to the extent as B1. They conclude that antibodies to hnRNP B1 in the CSF are highly specific for MS, which makes them a disease marker. This is an important finding. However, although the authors were meticulous, the specificity of the immune reaction may not be as definitive as it appears. The authors showed that anti–hnRNP B1 antibodies stained neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. They also state that the CSF of MS patients stained these cells, but the data were not shown. The authors should be careful here, because the immunoreactivity of a polyclonal antibody may be different in tissue than shown by Western blot. Specifically, we believe that the polyclonal antibody to hnRNP B1 and the MS CSF may react with other hnRNPs. In the following experiment (Fig), neurons were purified from human cortex, mRNA extracted, and used for reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions using the identical primers for hnRNP A1, A2, and B1 as used by the authors. These data show that only hnRNP A1 was amplified. There was neither hnRNP A2 nor hnRNP B1 expression. Without hnRNP B1 expression, the polyclonal antibodies used in their experiments cannot be reacting with hnRNP B1 in neurons. Thus, the antibody may well be reacting with a different hnRNP than hnRNP B1 and be significantly less specific than they claim. The authors also replicated our data indicating that patients with HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) develop antibodies to hnRNP A1. HAM/TSP is biologically similar to some forms of MS, and we use it as a model to study molecular mimicry in immunemediated diseases of the central nervous system. Taken together, these data are consistent with our prediction that cellular and humoral autoimmunity to hnRNP complexes may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Although hnRNP B1 is an important candidate autoantigen, it is still not clear how specific it is in the pathogenesis of MS as well as whether autoimmunity to hnRNPs in immune-mediated neurological diseases is specific for individual hnRNPs, a group of them, or even those not yet discovered.
Effect of twenty Chinese herbal medicines on killing trophonts,cysts and theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in vitro

The effect of water extracts of twenty Chinese herbal medicines on killling the three-stage parasites(trophonts,cysts,and theronts) of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was studied in vitro.The results of the experiments were concluded as follows:The aquatic extracts of Areca catecthu and Prunus mume at the concentration of 0.1 g/L could kill the three-stage parasites.And the water extracts of Rheum officinale and Scutellaria baicalensi were able to kill theronts within an hour at the concentration of 0.1 g/L,in addition,then could kill trophonts and cysts at the concentration of 1.0 g/L.These indicated that the aquatic extracts of the Chinese herbal medicines,viz.,A.catecthu,P.mume,R.officinale and S.baicalensi were better than the others on killing the parasite.Meanwhile,the experiments also revealed that the extracts of the thirteen Chinese herbal medicines,Dryopteris setosa,Lindera aggregata,Citrut aurantium,and so on,just had insecticidal role to some extent,when their concentrations reached 10 g/L or 50 g/L or 100 g/L.However,the water extracts of Rehmannia glutinosa,Wolfiporia cocos and Astragalus membranaceus could not kill the parasite even at the concentration of 100 g/L.The results demonstrated that some Chinese herbal medicines really had potential power to control ichthyophthiriasis in aquaculture.Therefore,it′s necessary to look for effective drugs from a lot of Chinese herbal medicines by means of killing the parasite trial.
Long-term survival rates in colour-ringed shorebirds – practical considerations in the application of mark–recapture models

Capsule Serious violations of the model assumptions were seen. Aims To illustrate the manner in which violations of the mark–recapture model assumptions may occur. Methods Attempts were made to model annual and seasonal survival of several shorebird species at Teesmouth, northeast England. The database contained 25 years of colour-ring resightings and several suites of models were tested. Results There was significant heterogeneity in survival and recapture probabilities for all five species of shorebird that had been colour-marked. Various attempts and blocking, stratifying and constraining our survival models, while in many cases providing more parsimonious solutions, had no effect on these heterogeneities. Conclusions Our problems stem from both the methodology used and lack of information about the status of individuals (e.g. territoriality and variability in the level of site fidelity). We suggest ways in which data more appropriate to survival analyses might be collected in future.
Flowering in Longan (Dimocarpus longan L.) Induced by Hormonal Changes Following KClO3 Applications

Flower induction in longan (Dimocarpus longan L.) following the application of 8 gKClO3 m–2 canopy as soil drench at mature leaf stage was associated with a) increased concentrations of the cytokinins zeatin and zeatinriboside in both the bud meristem and the surrounding leaf primordia around 7 to 10 days before first flowers appeared; b) reduced leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration and net CO2 assimilation; c) a transient increase in leaf ethylene evolution, and d) lower export rates of gibberellins, auxin, abscisic acid, and zeatin and zeatinriboside from leaves. The reduced amount of auxin and gibberellins exported from leaves and typically favouring vegetative growth, in combination with increased levels of cytokinins in buds, known to support floral bud development, might play a key role in flower induction not only in longan, but also for other perennial fruit tree crops.
Detection of the Proteins Encoded by Rice Stripe Virus in Laodelphax striatellus Fallén and Interactions in vitro Between CP and the Four Proteins

【Objective】Detecting the five proteins encoded by RSV(CP,SP,NS2,NS3 and NSvc4) in the small brown plant hopper(Laodelphax striatellus Fallen,SBPH),investigating the interactions between CP and the other four proteins of RSV in vitro,and providing available data for further studying the relationship between RSV and its insect vector. 【Method】The total protein of virus infected SBPH was extracted,and hybridized with specific antibodies of the five RSV proteins.The gel overlay assay was performed. 【Result】All the five proteins encoded by RSV presented in the SBPH.Further more,CP has a higher density among the five proteins.Besides,results indicated that there are interactions with CP and SP or CP and NSvc4 in vitro. 【Conclusion】The study confirmed that RSV replicates in SBHP,and different concentrations of the five proteins presented in SBHP body indicated the different roles in its replication.The interaction in vitro between CP and NSvc4(the potential movement protein) indicates that the cell-to-cell movement of RSV may depend on this relationship between CP and NSvc4.The results also showed the interaction between CP and SP,which has been reported previously on chloroplast of rice and influence on the severity of symptoms.
Seasonal variation of clutch size in the European blackbird Turdus merula: A new ultimate explanation

Seasonal patterns of clutch size, partial hatching, fledging and breeding losses were analysed in an urban blackbird population in Budapest during four successive breeding seasons from 1986 to 1989. Average clutch size was maximal mid-season, but timing of the clutch size peak varied from year to year according to the beginning of the breeding season. Contrary to expectation, partial losses both in egg and nestling stages were greatest mid-season, and seasonal patterns of successes corresponded well with the pattern of precipitation preceding egg laying. The amount of rainfall proved to be a good indicator of earthworm abundance, the main food of urban blackbirds. Seasonal patterns of hatching success proved to be quite different between four-and five-egg clutches, while fledging success did not differ significantly. The pattern of breeding success of females laying five eggs followed precipitation closer and earlier, while females laying only four eggs lost eggs or nestlings only when the amount of precipitation fell below a threshold level. Productivity of clutch size four reached that of clutch size five at the beginning and at the end of the season but not in the middle. Our results suggest a new ultimate explanation for the seasonal clutch size maximum in this species. Although the key factor seems to be changes in food supply during egg formation, it affects clutch size indirectly by changing the trade-off between fertility and hatching success throughout the season.
Observations on stomata

The method described depends on the fact that in adult leaves inspiration is stomatal rather than cuticular, so that, other things eing equal, the yield of watery vapour depends on the degree to Inch the stomata are open, and may be used as an index of their condition. In principle, it is the same as the methods of Merget and tahl. These observers used hygroscopic papers impregnated with eagents which change colour according as they are dry or damp, and tahl, who employed paper soaked in cobalt chloride, has obtained excellent results.
Chapter 2: Defining Susceptibility of Broiler Chicks to Colibacillosis

This study aimed to define the susceptibility of broilers to colibacillosis through quantification of clinical responses and to examine the relationship between susceptibility and growth retardation. A challenge experiment was carried out twice. In each trial, 192 chicks were challenged intratracheally with E. coli at 7 days of age and 160 chicks served as controls. Surviving chicks were euthanized at 14 or 15 days. Parameters measured were: daily mortality, lesion scores, body weight at 1, 4, 7, 10, 12 and 14 or 15 days and feeding behaviour at 6, 11 and 13 days. The results were reproducible, and increasing susceptibility to colibacillosis was defined by four categories: chicks without lesions, chicks with airsacculitis but no systemic lesions, chicks with systemic lesions, and chicks that die. Increasing susceptibility was associated with increasing growth retardation, but growth retardation was not inevitably linked to challenge with E. coli .
Genetic Characteristics

The Lapps differ in race from the rest of the Swedish population. There are even differences between groups within the Lapp population through varying degrees of intermixture with surrounding population groups and probably as the result of genetic drift. The following investigations were carried out to determine the differences between the children in the nomad school series and the “Swedish” population and especially when comparing groups within the Lapp series from different points of view to obtain an idea of whether the differences found are due to race.