Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Common techniques in teaching of reading

Reading is an activation of the prior knowledge that we already have in our mind. When we read any text, we use our knowledge of the world to understand the text. A typical reading class involves the reading of a passage followed by comprehension questions, vocabulary exercises, and grammatical exercises. In this article, we will discuss common techniques in teaching reading in relation to the reading class activities: pre-reading activities, during/whilst reading activities, and post-reading activities that teachers use in teaching reading comprehension lessons.
Health system delay in the treatment of tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Delay in diagnosis and initiation of effective treatment associated with increase in morbidity, mortality and on-going person-to-person transmission in the community at large. In Ethiopia, several studies have been conducted regarding health system delay among tuberculosis patients. However, studies assessing the health system delay in treatment of tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia had inconsistent and inconclusive findings. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled median time of the health system delay in the treatment of tuberculosis and its determinants in Ethiopia. Methods: We systematically searched from different databases: Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Springer link databases for studies published from June 6, 1997 up to December 20, 2020. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale adapted for observational studies. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I squared statistic. We conducted a meta-analysis for the pooled median time of health system delay and its determinants using random-effects model in R version 4.0. 3 software(for median estimation) and Stata version 14 (for metan). The pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were presented using forest plots. Results: A total of 14 studies which comprising 6161 patients satisfying a priori set criteria were included. Our meta-analysis showed that, the estimated pooled median time of the health system delay was 15.29(95%CI: 9.94–20.64) days. In the subgroup analysis, studies conducted from 1997 to 2015 the pooled median health system delay was 21.63(95% CI: 14.38-28.88) days, whereas studies conducted after 2015 the pooled median time of 9.33(95% CI: 3.95-14.70) days. Living in rural area (pooled OR: 2.42, 95%CI: 1.16-5.02) was significantly associated with health system delay. Conclusions: In Ethiopia, patients are delayed more-than two weeks in the treatment of tuberculosis. Being from rural residence was more likely to lead prolonged health system delay. Implementing efforts by targeting rural residence may help to shorten the health system delay and important implications for the success of tuberculosis control.
Modified seismic analysis of multistory asymmetric elastic buildings and suggestions for minimizing the rotational response

A modified procedure is presented for assessing the seismic response of elastic non-proportionate multistory buildings.This procedure retains the simplicity of the methodology presented by the author in earlier papers, but it presents higher accuracy in buildings composed by very dissimilar types of bents. As a result, not only frequencies and peak values of base resultant forces are determined with higher accuracy, but also the location of the first mode center of rigidity (m1-CR). The closeness of m1-CR with the axis passing through the centers of floor masses (mass axis) implies a reduced rotational response and it is demonstrated that in elastic systemsa practically translational response is obtained when this point lies on the mass axis.Besides, when common types of buildings are detailed as planar structures under a code load, this response is maintained in the inelastic phase of their response as a result of the almost concurrent yielding of all the resisting bents. This property of m1-CR can be used by the practicing engineer as a guideline to form a structural configuration which will sustain minimum rotational response, simply by allocating the resisting elements in such a way that this point lies close to the mass axis. Inelastic multistory building structures, detailed as above, may be regarded as torsionally balanced multistory systems and this is demonstrated in eight story buildings, composed by dissimilar bents, under the ground motions of Kobe 1995 (component KJM000) and Friuli 1976 (component Tolmezzo E-W).
Effectiveness of a musculoskeletal injury preventive program in elite beach volleyball players: a retrospective study

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of a preventive program in athletes of the elite beach volleyball. Method: this is a case series study of seventeen athletes from Brazilian beach volleyball team, between 15 and 20 years. Information about demographic and anthropometric data, and information about hours of practice and number of physiotherapy sessions were obtained in the medical records. The intervention program was performed for 12 weeks, including exercises for the joint complex of the shoulder and lower limbs. The severity of the injury and the functional tests (glenohumeral internal rotation, dynamic valgus, posterior chain flexibility, and vertical jump) was used as outcome measures. The pre and post-intervention outcome were compared. Results: the preventive program showed a low injury rate (1.37/1000 hours). The functional tests showed contradictory results in post-intervention evaluation. The left shoulder internal rotation (before=80o versus after=86o, p=0.024) and posterior chain flexibility (before=30o versus after=33,1o, p=0,090) showed improvement. There was no change in dynamic knee valgus (before p=0.305, after p=0.894) and vertical jump (before=300 cm versus after=296 cm, p=0.12). Conclusion: the preventive program performed showed a low injury rate and the functional tests do not show a significant improvement in post-intervention evaluation.
Cabinet size and governance in
 Sub‐Saharan
 Africa

There is frequent public and media concern over the cost of bloated cabinets in many Sub-Saharan African countries. Scholarship on elite clientelism links cabinet positions with corruption and practices that undermine sound policy making. This paper presents new data on the number of ministers in African governments and shows a negative association with several measures of governance. The associations are robust in a regression framework that exploits within-country variation over time and accounts for various potential confounders. These patterns suggest that policy makers, donors, investors, and citizens should pay close attention to the number of ministers appointed to the cabinet. Although the paper cautions against simplistic policy prescriptions, a sizable increase in the number of ministers is likely bad news for governance.
EFFICACY OF PROPHYLACTIC CORTICOSTEROIDS PRIOR TO CESAREAN SECTION TO PREVENT RESPIRATORY COMPLICATION

Background: Cesarean section (CS) is a risk factor for the development of neonatal respiratory complications, mostly respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and transient tachypnea of the new-born, both in term and preterm infants. Infants born at term by elective cesarean delivery are more likely to develop respiratory morbidity than infants born vaginally. Objective: To assess the effect of prophylactic corticosteroid administration before elective cesarean section at term, as compared to usual management without corticosteroids, in reducing neonatal respiratory morbidity and admission to special care with respiratory complications. Patients and methods: This was a prospective study that was conducted on 200 women from the Out-Patient Clinic at Al-Hussein Hospital, Al-Azhar University from September 2018 to November 2019. Randomized controlled trials comparing prophylactic antenatal corticosteroid administration (dexamethasone) with placebo or with no treatment, given before elective cesarean section at term (at or after 37 weeks of gestation). Results: PG represented 60% of 1st group while represented 50% of 2nd group without significant difference between them. There was no significant difference between groups as regard co-morbidity. There was no significant difference between groups regard causes of CS, and the major causes were previous CS and placenta previa. There was no significant difference between groups as regard postpartum hemorrhage or maternal complication in general. APGAR1 was significantly higher among corticosteroid group. Overall respiratory complication was significantly lower among corticosteroid group, respiratory distress (RD), need of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and mechanical ventilation and mortality were lower among the same group than control but not significantly. Conclusion: A single course of corticosteroids (four 6mg doses of dexamethasone administered intramuscular every 12 hours) should be considered for women undergoing planned cesarean at 37 or more weeks’ gestation.
Comparative outcomes of lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 with mild to moderate severity.

Background: Lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine are both being used to treat COVID-19, but their relative effectiveness is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients treated for COVID-19 with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at 2 hospitals in Busan, South Korea, that treated approximately 90% of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Busan during the study period. All patients aged ≥15 years that were hospitalized with mild-or-moderate COVID-19 received LPV/r or HCQ as their initial treatment and were included in the analysis.Results: Among the 72 patients with mild-to-moderate disease severity on admission, 45 received LPV/r and 27 received HCQ as their initial therapy. A higher proportion of the LPV group had pneumonia on admission (LPV 49% vs. HCQ 15%), but there were no other significant differences in the demographic or clinical characteristics between groups.Switching therapy due to clinical failure was significantly more common in the HCQ group than in the LPV/r group (41% [11/27] and 2% [1/45], respectively, P=0.001). Disease progression was also significantly more common in the HCQ group than in the LPV/r group (44% [12/27] and 18% [8/45], respectively, P=0.030). Conclusions: LPV/r appears to be more effective than HCQ at preventing progression to severe disease in patients with COVID-19.
APLIKASI KAHOOT SEBAGAI MEDIA DALAM EVALUASI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA PADA GURU SMA DI SUKABUMI

Di era teknologi moderen saat ini pembelajaran atau proses evaluasi seringkali dianggap tidak efektif dan cenderung subjektif ketika guru memberikan penilaian, dengan keadaan guru yang tidak hanya mendidik peserta didik guru juga diharuskan mengevaluasi peserta didik tersebut kebiasaan yang terjadi dalam proses evaluasi, guru hanya memberikan sebuah kertas lembar jawaban yang harus di isi oleh peserta didik, setelah proses tes selesai dilakukan guru harus menggoreksi kertas lembar jawaban peserta didik tersebut, biasanya menjadi polemik ketika guru harus menggoreksi kertas lembar jawaban tersebut satu persatu dan membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk menggoreksinya, proses inilah yang menjadi menjadi kendala dalam melihat hasil evaluasi peserta didik, dengan menggunakan teknologi sangat memungkinkan untuk membantu perkembangan dan kemajuan hasil belajar peserta didik. Melihat minimnya sarana yang dapat membantu peserta didik untuk mengetahui hasil belajarnya, serta memudahkan guru untuk meningkatkan fungsi kegunaan gawai yang digunakan peserta didik. Guru dapat memberikan fasilitas yang mudah digunakan peserta didik untuk mengukur kemampuan belajar salah satunya dengan menggunakan aplikasi kahoot. Aplikasi kahoot dapat digunakan sebagai media evaluasi pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Guru dapat menggunakan aplikasi kahoot sebagai media sarana untuk mengetahui hasil evaluasi peserta didik, serta dalam melakukan evaluasi media kahoot ini sangat mudah diterapkan kepada setiap guru dan siswa akan lebih tertarik dalam mengerjakan soal-soal. untuk itu membelajaran kreatif dan inovatif harus dilakukan oleh guru supaya peserta didik lebih bersemngat dalam proses pembelajarannya.
Allostasis and metastasis: The yin and yang of childhood self-regulation

Abstract Most research has studied self-regulation by presenting experimenter-controlled test stimuli and measuring change between baseline and stimulus. In the real world, however, stressors do not flash on and off in a predetermined sequence, and there is no experimenter controlling things. Rather, the real world is continuous and stressful events can occur through self-sustaining interactive chain reactions. Self-regulation is an active process through which we adaptively select which aspects of the social environment we attend to from one moment to the next. Here, we describe this dynamic interactive process by contrasting two mechanisms that underpin it: the “yin” and “yang” of self-regulation. The first mechanism is allostasis, the dynamical principle underlying self-regulation, through which we compensate for change to maintain homeostasis. This involves upregulating in some situations and downregulating in others. The second mechanism is metastasis, the dynamical principle underling dysregulation. Through metastasis, small initial perturbations can become progressively amplified over time. We contrast these processes at the individual level (i.e., examining moment-to-moment change in one child, considered independently) and also at the inter-personal level (i.e., examining change across a dyad, such as a parent–child dyad). Finally, we discuss practical implications of this approach in improving the self-regulation of emotion and cognition, in typical development and psychopathology.
Sustainable Corporate Governance: The Role of the Law

The debate on sustainable finance seldom includes the perspective of shareholders. However, shareholders are important for the governance of publicly held corporations today, because their holdings are concentrated in the hands of few institutional investors. Institutional investors can therefore have an impact on the sustainability of the largest companies in the world, as they often claim they do—particularly in communications with their beneficiaries. Whether institutional investors actually have such an impact is an open question. Recent changes in EU financial regulation aim to bring more clarity on this matter. For instance, the revised Shareholder Rights Directive requires companies, on a comply-or-explain basis, to disclose voting policies and behaviours concerning sustainability. More in general, EU law is increasing the supply of standard measures of sustainable investment, to be used in institutional investors’ communications with their beneficiaries. This chapter discusses whether this legislation can align the incentives of institutional investors to pursue sustainable corporate governance with the prosocial preferences of their beneficiaries.
Penetrating Popliteal Vascular Injury: Surgical Management and Early Outcome During Current War in Taiz –Yemen

Background: Popliteal vascular injury remains a challenging entity, and carries the greatest risk of limb loss among lower extremity vascular injuries. We aim to review our experience with complex penetrating popliteal vascular injuries, thereby focusing on therapeutic challenges, and early outcomes.Methods: From September 2015 to December 2019, we managed total of 728 penetrating vascular injuries with 163 popliteal vascular injuries presented to Authority of Althawra hospital in Taiz. Of 125 patients, 103 patients were fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Variables were retrospectively collected included patient demographics, mechanism and type of injuries, limb ischemia time, type of vascular reconstruction, associated complications, limb salvage, and mortality.Results: 157 vascular reconstructions were performed for 103 patients with penetrating popliteal vascular injuries, the majority 94 (91.3%) were male. Mean age was 27.3 ± 12.3 years. Popliteal vascular injuries were the second most common accounting for 35% of lower extremity vascular injuries and 22.4% of the total vascular injuries. Nearly half 54 (52.4%) of patients sustained complex popliteal vascular injuries (arterial and venous injuries), 31 (30.1%) isolated arterial injuries, and 18 (17.5%) isolated venous injuries. Management of vascular injury was repaired by interposition graft in 68 (66%), end-to-end anastomosis in 16 (15.5%), and venous patch in 1(1%). Venous injury was repaired in 53 (51.4%) and ligated in 18 (17.5%). Less than 6 hours from injury to completed revascularization was achieved in 58 (56.3%) patients. The overall fasciotomy was 28 (27.2%) which significantly increased length of hospital stays (17 days vs 7 days, P= 0.0003). The overall limb-salvage rate in our study was 94.2%. During the study period, the most common complication was 14 (13.6%) wound infection, 14 (13.6%) graft thrombosis, 6 (5.8%) bleeding, 4 (3.9%) graft infection. Early limb loss occurred in 6 (5.8%) and the mortality rate was (1.9%). Conclusions: Wartime penetrating popliteal vascular injury is a real challenge. However, team approach and promptly vascular repair found to associate with a remarkable limb salvage rate of 94.2%. We advocate repair of arterial injury with vein graft as the treatment of choice whenever possible.
IMPACT OF FORTIFYING COW'S MILK WITH WHEY PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE ON YOGHURT QUALITY

Quality attributes of yoghurt made from cow's milk fortified with whey protein hydrolysate were studied. Six yoghurt treatments were made, control yoghurt was made by adding 3% non-fat dry milk to cow's milk while the other five treatments were made by fortifying cow's milk by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% whey protein hydrolysate respectively and 3.0% nonfat dry milk to each treatment. All yoghurt treatment was stored in refrigerator for 12 days and was sampled when fresh and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days for chemical, rheological, microbiological analysis and sensory evaluation. The obtained results indicated that adding whey protein hydrolysate to cow's milk caused a significant increase of total solids, total protein and ash contents, titratable acidity, while decreased pH values and whey syneresis of yoghurt treatments and these effects were proportional to the rate of adding whey protein hydrolysate. Also, adding whey protein hydrolysate up to 2.0% increased the scores of organoleptic properties and treatment T4 that made with adding 2.0% whey protein hydrolysate was the most acceptable yoghurt treatments. Total solids, total protein, ash and fat contents of all yoghurt treatments did not change significantly, (P > 0.05) during storage period, while titratable acidity increased. Whey separation decreased during storage period up to the sixth day of storage period then increased up to the end of storage period, while the scores of organoleptic properties were almost stable up to the ninth day of storage period.
Simulation of damage mechanisms in weave reinforced materials based on multiscale modeling

A weave reinforced composite material with a thermoplastic matrix is investigated by using a multiscale chain to predict the macroscopic material behavior. A large-strain framework for constitutive modeling with focus on material non-linearities, i.e. plasticity and damage is defined. The ability of the geometric and constitutive models to predict the deformation and failure behavior is demonstrated by means of selected examples. Umfang: IX, 275 S. Preis: €49.00 | £45.00 | $86.00
FOUR score versus GCS in patients with traumatic brain injury in the prehospital setting

Background: In the last few decades, different coma scoring scales have been proposed. The purpose of this study is to compare two coma scales, the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) and the FOUR score (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score), aiming to examine which scale is better for predicting outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in the prehospital setting.Methods: We evaluated the GCS and FOUR scores in the prehospital setting at three different prehospital timepoints, and we reassessed the scores in surviving patients 24 hours, one month and three months after the injury. Then, we compared the outcomes.We used the χ² method, and based on the analysis with the best cut-off point for each model, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity and correct prediction of outcomes with four severity scores. The Youden index, Z score, McNemar's test and ROC curve were also assessed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Both scales were ranked with gain ratios.Results: We included 200 TBI patients who were treated in a prehospital setting by a prehospital specialized medical unit. In terms of the predictions of positive outcomes, our study showed the following:1. Twenty-four hours after the injury, the best cut-off points obtained were from the FOUR 1 and GCS 1 models.2. One month after the injury, the best cut-off points obtained were from the following models: FOUR 2 and GCS 3 as well as FOUR 3 and GCS 3.3. Three months after the injury, the best cut-off points obtained were from the following models: FOUR 2 and GCS 1, FOUR 3 and GCS 1, and GCS 1 and GCS 2.Conclusions: In our study, the results of our research confirm that there are no practical or clinical differences between the GCS and FOUR scores in terms of predicting morality outcomes 24 hours, one month, and three months after injury. No statistically significant differences were found in the Youden index or the area under the ROC curve 24 hours, one month or three months after the injury.
P.08 Biomechanical Characterization of Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms in Humans: A Continuum Approach to in vivo Deformations

1CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University 4Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre 5Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre 6Department of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht
Strength Tests on Newly Fallen Snow

Abstract Modified versions of in situ strength tests previously applied to metamorphosed snow were developed to measure the mechanical properties of newly fallen snow during storm periods. A large drop-cone penetrometer, protected from the wind by an aluminum shell, was used to determine snow “hardness”. A lightweight model of the Haefeli ram penetrometer measured “ram numbers”. Shear strengths were obtained from large, light-weight frames. Some preliminary tests were made with a shear vane driven by a torque wrench. A new technique was devised for measuring tensile strength whereby a cantilever beam of snow is undercut until it fails under its own weight. Comparisons between the cantilever test and the shear-frame test show high ratios for tensile to shear strength. Cantilever strength plotted against density shows an order of magnitude variation in strength at all densities.