Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Handbook of Frozen Food Processing and Packaging

Part I: Fundamentals of Freezing Physical--Chemical Principles in Freezing, Noemi Zaritzky Glass Transitions in Frozen Foods and Biomaterials, Stefan Kasapis An Overview of Refrigeration Cycles, Da-Wen Sun Microbiology of Frozen Foods, C.O. Gill Thermophysical Properties of Frozen Foods, Lijun Wang and Curtis L. Weller Freezing Loads and Freezing Time Calculation, Gauri S. Mittal Mathematical Modeling of Freezing Processes, Q. Tuan Pham Innovations in Freezing Process, Da-Wen Sun and Liyun Zheng Part II: Facilities for the Cold Chain Freezing Methods and Equipment, Mike F. North and Simon J. Lovatt Cold Store Design and Maintenance, Laurence Ketteringham and Stephen James Transportation of Frozen Foods, Silvia Estrada-Flores Retail Display Equipment and Management, Giovanni Cortella and Paola D'Agaro Household Refrigerators and Freezers, Rodolfo H. Mascheroni and Viviana O. Salvadori Monitoring and Control of the Cold Chain, Maria C. Giannakourou, Petros S. Taoukis, and G.J.E. Nychas Part III: Quality and Safety of Frozen Foods Quality and Safety of Frozen Meat and Meat Products, Sandra Moorhead Quality and Safety of Frozen Poultry and Poultry Products, Nahed Kotrola Safety and Quality of Frozen Fish, Shellfish, and Related Products, Jacek Jaczynski, Angela Hunt, and Jae W. Park Quality and Safety of Frozen Vegetables, Wenceslao Canet Parreno and Maria Dolores Alvarez Torres Quality and Safety of Frozen Fruits, Danila Torreggiani and Andrea Maestrelli Quality and Safety of Frozen Dairy Products, H. Douglas Goff Quality and Safety of Frozen Ready Meals, Philip G. Creed Quality and Safety of Frozen Bakery Products, Virginia Giannou, Constantina Tzia, and Alain Le Bail Quality and Safety of Frozen Eggs and Egg Products, Lih-Shiuh Lai Part IV: Monitoring and Measuring Techniques for Quality and Safety Physical Measurements, Parameswarakumar Mallikarjunan Chemical Measurements, Marilyn C. Erickson Sensory Analysis of Frozen Foods, Edgar Chambers IV, Sherry McGraw, and Kathleen Smiley Foodborne Illnesses and Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Amalia Scannell Shelf-Life Prediction of Frozen Foods, Brian McKenna Part V: Packaging of Frozen Foods Introduction to Frozen Food Packaging, John M. Krochta Plastic Packaging of Frozen Foods, Kwang Ho Lee Paper and Card Packaging of Frozen Foods, David Tanner and Nevin Amos Packaging of Frozen Foods with Other Materials, Gerrit Hasselmann and Andre' Wotzel Packaging Machinery, Rajeshwar S Matche Future Developments in Frozen Food Packaging, Martin George
The rise and fall of industrial productivity in Pakistan

This is a pioneering work in the field of Industrial Economics in PAkistan, based on empirial research. The author has traced the cahnging patterns of industrial growth in PAkistan and analyses the causes behind the change. This is a signififcant and original contribution to the study of economics in Pakistan, a country which provides a number of precedents which can be profitably analysed by other developing economies. Its style of writing makes this book accessible to general readers as well.
Psychological Selfishness

Selfishness is central to many theories of human morality, yet its psychological nature remains largely overlooked. Psychologists often draw on classical conceptions of selfishness from evolutionary biology (i.e., selfish gene theory), economics (i.e., rational self-interest), and philosophy (i.e., psychological egoism), but such characterizations offer limited insight into the psychology of selfishness. To address this gap, we propose a novel framework in which selfishness is recast as a psychological construction. From this view, selfishness is perceived in ourselves and others when we detect a situation-specific desire to benefit the self that disregards others’ desires and prevailing social expectations for the situation. We argue that detecting and deterring such psychological selfishness in both oneself and others is crucial in social life—facilitating the maintenance of social cohesion and close relationships. In addition, we show how using this psychological framework offers a richer understanding of the nature of human social behavior. Delineating a psychological construct of selfishness can promote coherence in interdisciplinary research on selfishness and provide insights for interventions to prevent or remediate the negative effects of selfishness.
Silicon nitride/silicon oxide interlayers for solar cell passivating contacts based on PECVD amorphous silicon

This Letter demonstrates improved passivating contacts for silicon solar cells consisting of doped silicon films together with tunnelling dielectric layers. An improvement is demonstrated by replacing the commonly used silicon oxide interfacial layer with a silicon nitride/silicon oxide double interfacial layer. The paper describes the optimization of such contacts, including doping of a PECVD intrinsic a‐Si:H film by means of a thermal POCl3 diffusion process and an exploration of the effect of the refractive index of the SiNx. The n+ silicon passivating contact with SiNx /SiOx double layer achieves a better result than a single SiNx or SiOx layer, giving a recombination current parameter of ∼7 fA/cm2 and a contact resistivity of ∼0.005 Ω cm2, respectively. These self‐passivating electron‐selective contacts open the way to high efficiency silicon solar cells. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Eigenschaften alter Eisen und Staehle und ihre adaequate Materialpruefung und Bewertung / Material properties of old iron and steel and related adequate material testing and rating

Bei der Beurteilung alter staehlerner Tragwerke aus der Zeit vor 1840 stellt sich haeufig die Frage nach den Eigenschaften der dabei verwendeten Eisen und Staehle und wie diese materialmaessig ueberprueft und bewertet werden koennen. Der Beitrag stellt den Kenntnisstand zu diesem Themenkreis kritisch dar. Eingegangen wird auf die Eigenschaften der alten Staehle und Eisen wie Schweisseisen, Flusseisen und Siemens-Martin-Stahl sowie auf deren Beurteilung. Die vom Autor gemachten Erfahrungen zeigen, dass Standard-Materialpruefungen des alten Materials nach heute geltenden Normen haeufig zu Fehlinterpretationen fuehren und deshalb die Hinzuziehung von Experten zu empfehlen ist. Die Hauptgrundlage zur Beurteilung des Materials ist auch bei alten Eisen- und Stahlsorten der Zugversuch, waehrend die Kerbschlagbiegearbeit bei diesen verhaeltnismaessig geringfesten Staehlen kaum eine Rolle spielt. Bei den Zugversuchen ist allerdings zu beachten, dass sich Ergebnisse aus heutigen Versuchen nicht direkt auf die Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit Pruefmaschinen aus dem 19. und fruehen 20. Jahrhundert uebertragen lassen, da sich mit den alten Pruefmaschinen nur die obere Streckgrenze zuverlaessig ermitteln liess, nicht aber die untere Streckgrenze. Im Bericht werden auch Aussagen gemacht zur chemischen Zusammensetzung und zum Gefuege alter Eisen und Staehle sowie zur Sproedbruchgefaehrdung und zur Schweisseignung. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Numerous load carrying structures made of iron and steel during the period of time after 1840 are in use up to now in Germany and in other industrialised countries. They are still under traffic after decades or even centuries of service. Mostly, there is no need to replace them now. Only the lack of knowledge of the engineers involved in the investigation and rating of old structures is very often the only reason for their decommissioning. To some extent, the inadequate knowledge about the material properties of the iron and steel of the early times of engineering construction is the real reason of replacing some structures. There is real lack of knowledge on how to perform material testing and to interpret the results. After many years of being concerned with this problem, in close co-operation with colleagues from competent institutes, the author intends to present a state of technology reached in two centuries of intensive research and application in practice. (A)
Understanding creative interaction: a conceptual framework for use in the design of interactive systems for creative activities

This thesis explores the possibility of a theoretical basis for the design of interactive systems that support creative activities, and – through theoretical, empirical and design-based research – develops a conceptual framework for the support of this process. The thesis begins by describing our current understanding of creativity, the notion of supporting creativity, and the relationships between creativity and interactive systems. It argues that an understanding of creative interaction could be of use in the design of systems for the support of creative activities. The method of enquiry employed to develop this understanding is for observations, a questionnaire and participatory task modelling approaches to be analysed, and the findings used to inform three prototype design and evaluation studies. Through this process, a conceptual framework consisting of three perspectives on creative interactions: Productive, Structural and Longitudinal is developed, with an example prototype system developed and evaluated from each perspective. As the conceptual framework generalises from the wide scope of activities that can be considered creative, the effects of some important contextual factors on instances of creativity are also analysed using the model. These comprise the Domain, the Interpersonal context, and the Expertise of those involved. Generic requirements, and questions for eliciting context-specific needs for the design of interactive systems are presented. Conclusions are drawn on both the utility of the conceptual framework to design, and the possibilities for extending this work in the future.
Effect of Acute Dynamic and Static Stretching on Maximal Muscular Power in a Sample of College Age Recreational Athletes

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of dynamic and static stretching on muscular peak power production and hip and knee range of motion in a sample of college age recreational males. Forty-two males (aged 18-24) healthy, physically active volunteers from a University of Pittsburgh physical education class participated as subjects in this investigation. Subjects performed pre and post test measures of sit and reach, hip and knee goniometry measures, and vertical jump test. A one repetition maximum leg press was performed prior to pre-tests to determine group differences in strength. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three stretch groups (dynamic, static, and control). All subjects began with a five minute warm-up on an upright cycle that elevated the heart rate to 110 beats per minute. Following the warm-up period, subjects immediately began their stretching program (dynamic or static), or remained seated for 12 minutes. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to detect group differences in strength levels conducted during pre-tests. A 3x2 factorial ANOVA was conducted to determine between and within group differences in treatment groups. Statistical significance was set at a = 0.05. Results of the investigation showed significant time effects for all dependent measures (p < 0.05). Significant time x treatment interactions were found for maximum jump height, maximum peak power, and sit and reach in the DS and SS + DS groups, respectively (p < 0.05). However, there was no time x treatment interactions for mean jump height, mean peak power, knee range of motion, or hip range of motion. The results of the present study suggest that static and dynamic stretching for 20 seconds prior to a vertical jump can improve mean vertical jump height, mean peak power, and hip and knee range of motion in a sample of male college age recreational athletes. Future research is needed to investigate the effect of intensity of stretch on force production, and the relationship between stretch intensity and duration on force production to establish a dose-response relationship between stretching and its effect on force production.
Faculty Perspectives on the Recruitment, Retention, and Preparation of Special Education Doctoral Students of Color

The field of special education continues to grapple with the presence and implications of disproportional representation related to race and ethnicity. While research focuses mostly on disproportional representation of students, there remains long-standing acknowledgment that too few students of color populate our special education university doctoral programs. The present study, therefore, surveyed current special education faculty members at doctoral degree granting institutions to understand the practices used to recruit and retain doctoral students of color and perspectives on their programs’ climate related to racial and ethnic diversity. In addition, the research team conducted a series of exploratory analyses to examine whether responses depended on respondent race or whether the respondent worked at a minority-serving institution. Results suggest a general commitment to increasing doctoral student diversity; however, there appears a lack of formalized plans and culturally relevant coursework. Findings of the exploratory analyses suggest that programs within minority-serving institutions may provide important leadership in this area. We conclude with limitations and recommendations for doctoral programs.
Test Cases for a Clipped Delta Wing with Pitching and Trailing-Edge Control Surface Oscillations

Steady and unsteady measured pressures for a Clipped Delta Wing (CDW) undergoing pitching oscillations and trailing-edge control surface oscillations have been presented . From the several hundred compiled data points, 22 static cases, 12 pitching-oscillation cases, and 12 control-surface-oscillation cases have been proposed for Computational Test Cases to illustrate the trends with Mach number, reduced frequency, and angle of attack. The planform for this wing was derived by simplifying the planform of a proposed design for a supersonic transport which is described as the Boeing 2707-300. The strake was deleted, the resulting planform was approximated by a trapezoid with an unswept trailing edge, and the twist and camber were removed. In order to facilitate pressure instrumentation, the thickness was increased to 6 percent from the typical 2.5 to 3 percent for the supersonic transport. The airfoil is thus a symmetrical circular arc section with t/c = 0.06. A wing of similar planform but with a thinner airfoil of t/c = 0.03 was used in the flutter investigations, and the buffet and stall flutter investigation . Flutter results are also reported both for the 3 per cent thick simplified wing and for a more complex SST model. One of the consequences of the increased thickness of the clipped delta wing is that transonic effects are enhanced for Mach numbers near one. They are significantly stronger than would be the case for the thinner wing. Also, with the combination of high leading edge sweep of 50.5, and the sharp leading edge, a leading edge vortex forms on the wing at relatively low angles of attack, on the order of three degrees. The Appendix discusses some of the vortex flow effects. In addition, a shock develops over the aft portion of the wing at transonic speeds such that at some angles of attack, there is both a leading edge vortex and a shock wave on the wing. Such cases are a computational challenge. Some previous applications of this data set have been for the evaluation of an aerodynamic panel method and for evaluation of a Navier-Stokes capability. Linear theory and panel method results are also presented, which demonstrated the need for inclusion of transonic effects. Flutter calculations for the related wing with t/c=O.O3 are given. In this report several Test Cases are selected to illustrate trends for a variety of different conditions with emphasis on transonic flow effects. An overview of the model and tests are given, and the standard formulary for these data is listed. For each type of data, a sample table and a sample plot of the measured pressures are presented. A complete tabulation and plotting of the Test Cases is given. Only the static pressures and the 1st harmonic real and imaginary parts of the pressures are available. All of the data for the test are included in a microfiche document in the original report and are available in electronic file form. The Test Cases are also available as separate electronic files.
Design of a Lightweight Heavy Goods Vehicle Trailer

In road haulage the empty weight of a vehicle is a significant contributor to fuel consumption and resulting CO₂ emissions. The application of lightweight materials in design is one avenue that needs to be explored in reducing the carbon footprint of road freight vehicles. There are very few regulations which determine the structural design of typical road freight semi-trailers, providing large scope for innovation in design. Composite trailers can combine aerodynamic and structural functions, leading to significantly reduced weight with improved performance. A review of previous lightweighting work, as well as, emissions modelling, collaboration with industrial partners and an analysis of the United Kingdom (UK) road freight statistics has helped to identify double deck heavy goods vehicle trailers as one trailer type particularly suited to lightweighting from both economic and environmental standpoints. Drive cycle analysis has shown that reducing the empty weight of the double deck type trailer by 30% can reduce mass energy consumption index by 13% and moreover, decrease fuel consumption by approximately 2%. To achieve this targeted 30% weight reduction, structural design tasks have been split in two areas; adopting a 'clean slate' approach in the design of the whole trailer and applying composite solutions for specific components, such as trailer decking and side walls. Conceptual designs are being developed in collaboration with industrial partners with the aim of proving that lightweighting trailers with composites can be economically viable. In particular, a lightweight composite sandwich panel is being designed to replace existing hardwood deck materials currently used in trailers transporting grocery goods.
Relationship between PON-1 enzymatic activity and risk factors for pesticide poisoning in farmers from the Cienega, Jalisco, Mexico

Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes organophosphate pesticides. The presence of polymorphisms in PON-1 (L55M and Q192R) decreases its enzyme activity and increases the risk of central nervous system (CNS) toxicity in occupationally exposed farmers, leading to chronic degenerative diseases and death. We studied 103 farmers in the region of Cienega Jalisco, Mexico, which were exposed mainly to organophosphate pesticides. We used serum and plasma samples to assay PON-1 activity and perform polymorphism analysis (L55M and Q192R) using qPCR and TaqMan probes, respectively. For both polymorphisms, there was high percentage of heterozygosity (55 LL = 0.19, LM = 0.75, MM = 0.06; 192 QQ = 0.12, QR = 0.72, RR = 0.16), while the allelic frequencies were more balanced (L = 0.56, M = 0.44; Q = 0.48, R = 0.52). There were no significant differences in enzyme activity of L55M polymorphism genotypes (LL = 179.27; LM = 192.11; MM = 122.11; QQ = 135.74; QR = 187.90; RR = 209; p > 0.05). But there was a slight decrease in enzyme activity for the Q192R polymorphism genotypes. The genotype and alcohol consumption associated with slight increases in enzyme activity. However, genotype and tobacco consumption did not have a significant effect on PON-1 activity (μU/mL) (p > 0.05). Overall, alcohol and tobacco consumption affected PON-1 enzyme activity (μU/mL) up to 21.1%. The data obtained in this study reveal that PON-1 activity is affected by genetic variants such as Q192R and alcohol consumption. This may influence the susceptibility of populations to organophosphate poisoning.
Stochastic computational modelling of complex drug delivery systems

As modern drug formulations become more advanced, pharmaceutical companies face the need for adequate tools to permit them to model complex requirements and to reduce unnecessary adsorption rates while increasing the dosage administered. The aim of the research presented here is the development and application of a general stochastic framework with agent-based elements for building drug dissolution models, with a particular focus on controlled release systems. The utilisation of three dimensional Cellular Automata and Monte Carlo methods, to describe structural compositions and the main physico-chemical mechanisms, is shown to have several key advantages: (i) the bottom up approach simplifies the definition of complex interactions between underlying phenomena such as diffusion,polymer degradation and hydration, and the dissolution media; (ii) permits straightforward extensibility for drug formulation variations in terms of supporting various geometries and exploring effects of polymer composition and layering; (iii) facilitates visualisation, affording insight on system structural evolution over time by capturing successive stages of dissolution. The framework has been used to build models simulating several distinct release scenarios from coated spheres covering single coated erosion and swelling dominated spheres as well as the influence of multiple heterogeneous coatings. High-performance computational optimisation enables precision simulations of the very thin coatings used and allows fast realisation of model state changes. Furthermore, theoretical analysis of the comparative impact of synchronous and asynchronous Cellular Automata and the suitability of their application to pharmaceutical systems is performed. Likely parameter distributions from noisy in vitro data are reconstructed using Inverse Monte Carlo methods and outcomes are reported.
Decentralized and centralized wastewater management: a challenge for technology developers

The traditional wastewater management concept (urban wastewater collection system plus treatment of the wastewater in a central treatment plant) has been successfully applied over many decades in densely populated areas of industrialized countries. Whether this technology is of ultimate wisdom must be questioned, especially considering the urgent need for improved sanitary infrastructures in developing countries. The problem is that the costs for implementing a centralized system in mega-cities, in particular the investment costs for the sewer system, are exorbitant. Decentralized wastewater management systems, with the wastewater treated close to where it is generated, are being considered by various researchers and institutions including the World Bank as an alternative to the traditional centralized system. The degree of technological sophistication that should be applied is under dispute, however. In this paper, we advocate development and application of high-tech on-site treatment plants, designed and fabricated by modern industrial methods. When mass produced, the costs for manufacturing such package plants can presumably be kept at a relatively low level. The plants should be delivered in a “user ready” state. Local plumbers may connect toilet bowls and sinks and washing machines, but may not be involved in the manufacturing of the treatment system. The plant should produce an effluent which is hygienically safe and can subsequently be utilized for toilet flushing, washing clothes, cleaning floors or watering lawns. In order to keep the plants operating properly, they should controlled by remote sensing, and maintained by specialized service enterprises. The conceptual design of such a compact plant is discussed in the form of a case study.