Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Defect Prediction to Improve the Bug Detection Capability of Search-Based Software Testing

Automated test generators, such as search based software testing (SBST) techniques, replace the tedious and expensive task of manually writing test cases. SBST techniques are effective at generating tests with high code coverage. However, is high code coverage sufficient to maximise the number of bugs found? We argue that SBST needs to be focused to search for test cases in defective areas rather in non-defective areas of the code in order to maximise the likelihood of discovering the bugs. Defect prediction algorithms give useful information about the bug-prone areas in software. Therefore, we formulate the objective of this thesis: Improve the bug detection capability of SBST by incorporating defect prediction information. To achieve this, we devise two research objectives, i.e., 1) Develop a novel approach ($(\mathrm{SBST}_{CL})$) that allocates time budget to classes based on the likelihood of classes being defective, and 2) Develop a novel strategy ($(\mathrm{SBST}_{CL})$) to guide the underlying search algorithm (i.e., genetic algorithm) towards the defective areas in a class. Through empirical evaluation on 434 real reported bugs in the Defects4J dataset, we demonstrate that our novel approach, $(\mathrm{SBST}_{CL})$, is significantly more efficient than the state of the art SBST when they are given a tight time budget in a resource constrained environment.
The Antecedents of Trust and Their Influence on M-Health Adoption

The health industry in Indonesia is experiencing growth with more and more start-up companies engaged in the healthcare sector. Various digital services and health applications have also been available on various platforms, including on mobile devices commonly referred to as m-health. However, the level of awareness and adoption of digital health services in Indonesia is still low. This paper analyzes the factors that influence user trust in m-health and analyzes the relationship between trust and adoption of m-health. This research uses quantitative methods by collecting data through questionnaires. Data is processed by Partial Least Square (PLS) using SmartPLS application. The results of data processing show that trust is influenced by system quality, a disposition to trust, and disposition to risk. In addition, trust is proven to influence the adoption of m-health by intermediary factors perceived privacy concern and perceived benefit. This research has theoretical and practical implications for m-health platform providers.
Uncertainty Avoidance and Individualism Collectivism on Acceptance of Smart City Mobile Applications

The issue of e-government development and the concept of the smart city as an answer the government service challenges have emerged before. Cellular communication technology, communication networks, are developing rapidly and provide opportunities to play a role in the development of government areas. The emergence of smart city mobile applications can play a role in solving the challenges of shortening time, cutting distances, and disclosure of information. A technology acceptance survey has been carried out combined with cultural moderators. The survey data in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, is processed using Smart PLS 3.2 with Sequential Equation Modeling. It is unique to be discussed because the p-values of Uncertainty Avoidance (UC) 0,013 which means this is most significant, but Individual/Collectivism (IC) is more than 0.05, which means IC is not significant, it does not moderate the behavior of users of this technology. In this paper, we describe the findings of IC research that do not moderate behavioral intentions. One of our findings is that users use this application due to government service needs, so aspects of individualism and collectivism have no significant effect. We review other findings in the IC moderator in-depth about why they do not affect.
A Collision Avoiding Packet Scheduling and Energy-Efficient Routing Technique for Video Wireless Sensor Networks

Being more economical in comparison to a wired network, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) could be a good candidate for multimedia applications. Transmission is the most energy-consuming process and decisive factor for determining the lifetime of a WSN. Having an attribute of scarce energy resources and inclusion of multimedia traffic in WSN, render the development of an energy-efficient and collision avoiding routing scheme for WSN. MAC protocols based on CSMA/CA are also prone to collisions that result in a repetitive call to a back-off algorithm. In CSMA, the inclusion of a collision avoidance scheme increases the overhead and results in an underutilization of the channel and large delay incurred by the data packets. In this paper, a novel packet scheduling strategy (PSSN) is presented to diminish the chances of collisions along a single path in a shared wireless medium. The PSSN is a query-driven approach and works without RTS and CTS control signals. Each packet is scheduled after a fixed interval that is decided by the PSSN keeping in view the objective of collision reduction along a single path. To validate the proposed scheme, we simulated it in Network-Simulator-2 and compared it with well known built-in AODV and AOMDV protocols. The proposed protocol outperforms the above two with respect to energy efficiency and delays while maintaining a better throughput level.
Nondeterministic Secure LSB Steganography for Digital Images

The practice of obscuring information on a ‘need to know’ basis, but still sharing it with others, is called ‘secrecy. ’ The information that requires fortification is known as the secret. However, the pace at which data gets generated, gathered, disseminated, and analyzed in today's Internet of Things (IoT) has inhibited the individuals from keeping their secrets ‘secret. ’ Cloud computing further hardened the situation by providing a pay-as-you-go method for data processing and information retention (persistent storage). Although the cloud service providers are bound to maintain data integrity, confidentiality, and the privacy of users, yet the gray areas of proxy points still await a resolution. The judicial endorsement on gaining and having access to the encrypted data and the pre-shared keys to the law-enforcing authorities by the Australian parliament - the first amongst the five-eye countries inspecting the global communication has worsened the situation further. Hence, the current state of affairs not just demand for information hiding but the evolution of ‘secure’ information hiding solutions to maintain secrecy both at the personal and national level. Least Significant Bit embedding technique for hiding data has brought a stir in the information security arena, and since its inception has remained a topic of research for the said purpose. This research endeavor proposes an enhancement to the existing LSB embedding mechanism to deceive attackers from detecting hidden information but without compromising image perceptibility. The results confer on the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with regard to Peak Signal to Noise Ratio and known-cover attack scenario.
Development Of An External Hip Protector For Older Adults With Monitoring And Automatic Fall Notification

The development of a medical device of great relevance for the elderly population. An external hip protector (PC) with monitoring and automatic fall notification was carried out. The current hip protectors that integrate the automatic notification function are very high cost, so this function is incorporated into the known hip protectors that may have a high incidence on that 20% of older adults who suffer a fall per year. Therefore, this research project aims to develop an external hip protector for older adults with automatic fall monitoring and notification. Finally, a hip protector is developed that meets the needs such as: prevention of hip fracture during a fall, automatic fall detection for subsequent notification to the caregiver of the user taking into account factors such as comfort, price, functionality and reliability.
Edge4Sys: A Device-Edge Collaborative Framework for MEC based Smart Systems

At present, most of the smart systems are based on cloud computing, and massive data generated at the smart end device will need to be transferred to the cloud where AI models are deployed. Therefore, a big challenge for smart system engineers is that cloud based smart systems often face issues such as network congestion and high latency. In recent years, mobile edge computing (MEC) is becoming a promising solution which supports computation-intensive tasks such as deep learning through computation offloading to the servers located at the local network edge. To take full advantage of MEC, an effective collaboration between the end device and the edge server is essential. In this paper, as an initial investigation, we propose Edge4Sys, a Device-Edge Collaborative Framework for MEC based Smart System. Specifically, we employ the deep learning based user identification process in a MEC-based UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) delivery system as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework which can significantly reduce the network traffic and the response time.
How Driving Experience Affect Trust in Automation from Level 3 Automated Vehicles? An Experimental Analysis

Trust in automation is a critical determinant for the acceptance and use of automated systems. Therefore, it constitutes an essential research area to promote the wide application of automated vehicles. A simulator study was conducted with 34 participants to investigate the influence of driving experience (novice, medium experienced and experienced) on trust in Level 3 automated vehicles in different take-over time budgets (7s and 10s) and traffic density (10vehicles/km and 30vehicles/km). Participants encountered four take-over situations and were allowed to freely decide when and how to engage in their mobile phones during simulated driving, in this way to simulate naturally non-driving-related tasks (NDRT) in daily life. Researchers found that driving experience had a significant impact on trust. With the increase of driving experience, participants reported a higher trust level. But in terms of monitoring strategy, experienced drivers still paid more attention to the road or instrument cluster rather than phone, while novice drivers with lower trust were in the out-of-the-loop state more frequently. In addition, higher traffic density and smaller takeover time budget also led to a certain degree of decline in the trust. Results showed that trust in driving automation cannot be fully inferred from the driver’s monitoring strategy. The habit of highly focusing on vehicle and road conditions developed by experienced drivers during natural driving would not be easily affected by the trust in automated driving. In addition, novice drivers are more often distracted even though their trust in the system is relatively low, causing greater potential safety hazard. Therefore, in the future design of automated driving, manufacturers should pay more attention to the trust and the out-of-the-loop state of novice drivers, and provide different information interaction for users with different driving experience to ensure appropriate monitoring behavior and trust. In addition, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the trust in driving automation from multiple levels, combining subjective and objective methods.
On the Design of Fast and Scalable Network Applications Through Data Stream Processing

The current trend characterizing new generation networks is to accommodate a variety of services on the same shared infrastructure. In this context, two main aspects are vital for network operators. On one hand, there is the need for proper mechanisms to rapidly and easily (re-)configure the network, to adapt to its changing conditions over time. On the other hand, applications for continuous network monitoring become essential to detect security problems or performance degradation. This is fundamental to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for every running service. This paper aims at proposing a new framework for the implementation of fast and scalable applications for real-time continuous network monitoring and data analysis. High-level abstractions will be provided to the network programmer, and the Data Stream Processing computational model will be exploited to improve performance. The framework architecture is described, along with the implementation design for this kind of applications. The main challenges are presented, with proposed solutions to tackle them. Finally, the current status of the work is discussed, along with its future developments.
The effect of partial neutralization of formic acid silages with sodium bicarbonate on their volimtary intake by cattle and sheep

In two 4 × 4 Latin Square experiments, one with dry cows and one with sheep, animals were given ad libitum early-cut ryegrass silages prepared using formic acid (2.31 t−1) as an additive. The silages were offered either untreated or partially neutralized with either a low (8 g kg−1 fresh weight) or high (16 g kg−1) level of sodium bicarbonate or with sodium bicarbonate solution (50 g kg−1) given as an intraruminal infusion at a rate sufficient to provide bicarbonate at a rate similar to that provided by the high level of dietary addition. In cows the bicarbonate treatments were associated with a depression in the intake of organic matter which at the high level of addition of bicarbonate was statistically significant (P 0.05). In both species water intake increased directly with the quantity of bicarbonate ingested. In both experiments the bicarbonate treatments increased rumen pH but there were no significant treatment effects on the concentration of ammonia or of total or individual short-chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid. In sheep, bicarbonate addition or infusion had no effect on the digestibility of organic matter but at the high levels of bicarbonate supplementation there was a tendency for the digestibility of nitrogen to be depressed. In two further experiments each with two dry cows determinations were made of the effects on food intake of (a) the insertion of water-filled bags into the rumen and (b) the removal of digesta from the rumen. Treatment (a) produced consistent and significant (P < 0.05) depressions in dry matter intake and treatment (b) increased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake in one cow but not in the other. The lack of significant improvement in silage intake through the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the diet indicated that the acidity of the silage was not a major factor limiting appetite. On the other hand, the effects of the insertion of water-filled bags into the rumen and of the removal of digesta from the rumen on feed intake were consistent with appetite being controlled through a rumen-fill mechanism.
Factors Affecting Acceptance of E-marketplace Based On Hybrid Model of Modified TAM-TRI

In challenging COVID-19, the tourism sector must conduct digitization due to fulfill “less contact economy” development program. In this pandemic situation, the government of Nusa Dua Bali develops Business Process Reengineering (BPR) of Tourism Activities E-marketplace that involving local entrepreneurs as the user. This paper objective was to determine the factors that were affecting the acceptance of e-marketplace with case study local tourism entrepreneurs in Nusa Dua Bali. The TARIM model used in this research was a modified model of conventional Technology Acceptance Model - Technology Readiness Index (TAM-TRI) model by inserting the Technology Availability and Computer Self Efficacy into the model. The analysis technique used in this research was the Structural Equation Model Using Partial Least Square method. Results showed that the Readiness factor had a significant direct impact on the Acceptance of e-marketplace. While the significant indirect effects were given by Technology Availability and Perceived Usefulness factors.
Defects and Passivation Mechanism of the Suboxide Layers at SiO₂/4H-SiC (0001) Interface: A First-Principles Calculation

The origination of poor quality remains debating at the as-grown SiO<sub>2</sub>/4H-SiC (0001) interface during the thermal oxidation process. A low electron density layer (SiO<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{x \text {(0.3} \,{< \,x} \, {\,{< \,2}}{)}{}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is observed at the Si-terminated SiO<sub>2</sub>/4H-SiC (0001) interface in experiment, different from the previous reports on carbon-related defects. In this article, the SiO<sub>2</sub>/4H-SiC (0001) interface modeled with an interfacial SiO<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{x {(0.3} \, {< \,\,x} \, {\,{< 2)}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> suboxide layer (~1 nm) is systematically studied by first-principles calculations. According to the calculated electronic structures, the Si–Si antibonding structures in the SiO<sub><italic>x</italic></sub> layer are the dominating defects that cause obvious gap states, while the oxygen and silicon vacancy are not. The energy positions of the defect states are located at ~0.72 eV above the valence band maximum (VBM), which indicates the Si–Si defect is the potential influence factor for the p-channel Silicon carbide (SiC)-MOSFET. We further study several passivation schemes by introducing nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, and aluminum at the interface to analyze the passivation mechanism. According to the calculated results of the passivation models, nitrogen passivation is an effective method, fully removing the gap states from Si–Si defects by forming Si<sub>3</sub>N, while boron passivation works for vacancy defect at the suboxide layers. The theoretical results prove the dominated defect structures at the interfacial SiO<sub><italic>x</italic></sub> layer and suggest that a combination passivation strategy (nitrogen and boron) may be an effective method to further improve the SiO<sub>2</sub>/4H-SiC interface.
Geometry-Aided BLE-Based Smartphone Positioning for Indoor Location-Based Services

Self-positioning of smartphones in indoor environments offers a wide variety of applications. Anyway, in harsh environments, the achievable accuracies using received signal strength indicator measurement data are comparably low. However, restrictions due to geometry allow more accurate estimates of smartphone positions and trajectories. Based on received signal strength data from Bluetooth low energy beacons and Gaussian assumptions, an application of a discrete-state hidden Markov model – taking the geometry into account – in combination with dynamic model parameter estimation, leads to a significant improvement of error statistics.
A Joint Computation Offloading and Resource Allocation Strategy for LEO Satellite Edge Computing System

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite edge computing system is becoming an emerging topic and technology aiming to meet the ever-increasing computation requirements in extensive coverage. In this paper, a novel cost model of the system is established firstly, which can be formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. And then the problem is decomposed into two sub-problems, i.e. computation offloading problem and resource allocation problem. Furthermore, a joint computation offloading and resource allocation (JCORA) strategy is proposed to tackle the two sub-problems as a whole. Simulation results show that the proposed JCORA strategy can reduce the average cost of system significantly.
Improving the Quality of Learning Management System (LMS) based on Student Perspectives Using UTAUT2 and Trust Model

The use of the internet in education is very plural and varied. The learning process that is carried out using the Internet is called e-learning. E-learning has two types, namely the Learning Management System (LMS) as a front-end application and the Content Management Systems (CMS) as a back-end application. This research aims to evaluate the acceptance and use of LMS from the perspective of the students. The evaluation is carried out using the UTAUT 2 method that is combined with the Trust variable. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire with 697 students as respondents and was then analyzed using SEM-PLS. The results of this research indicate that the Performance Expectancy, Price Value, Effort Expectancy, and Trust variables show no influence on the Behavioral Intention variable. While the Social Influence, Habit, Facilitating Conditions, and Hedonic Motivation variables show a significant influence on the Behavioral Intention variable. Other findings show that the Facilitating Conditions, Habit, and Behavioral Intention variables affect the Use Behavior variable.
Desenvolvimento e caracterização de cereal matinal extrudado de mandioca enriquecido com concentrado proteico de soro de leite Development and characterization of an extruded breakfast cereal from cassava enriched with milk whey protein concentrate

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar um cereal matinal extrudado de mandioca enriquecido com concentrado proteico de soro de leite. O extrudado foi formulado adicionando-se 15% de concentrado proteico de soro de leite a farinha de mandioca. As materias-primas e o cereal matinal obtido foram analisados quanto as caracteristicas fisico-quimicas. Para o cereal matinal desenvolvido, avaliaram-se tambem suas caracteristicas microbiologicas e sensoriais. O extrudado estudado apresentou indice de expansao de 11,49 e densidade aparente de 0,21 g.cm–3. Quanto a analise sensorial, o cereal matinal avaliado obteve notas medias de aceitacao, para todos os atributos avaliados, situadas no intervalo de 7,63 a 8,05, que corresponde as categorias “gostei moderadamente” e “gostei muito”. Para a intencao de compra, 91,70% dos provadores opinaram que certamente ou possivelmente comprariam o produto. O emprego de mandioca e concentrado proteico de soro de leite e uma alternativa para a elaboracao de cereal matinal extrudado, obtendo-se um produto final com boas caracteristicas sensoriais e nutricionais.
Distributed Vehicular Platoon Control Considering Communication Topology Disturbances

Platooning is now a hot research topic due to its advantages in traffic efficiency and fuel economy. This paper investigates the internal stability of vehicular platoons with communication topology disturbances. An inertially delayed linear vehicle model is employed. Communication topologies are modeled by directed graphs. Using a distributed linear feedback controller, we yield a high dimensional linear model for the closed-loop platoon dynamics. Then a Riccati inequality based algorithm is proposed to calculate the stabilizing control gain. It is proven that a lower bound on the dwell time of the topology change should be satisfied, so that asymptotic platoon stability can be achieved. Finally, the proposed theorem is validated through numerical simulations.
FILO: FIx-LOcus Localization for Backward Incompatibilities Caused by Android Framework Upgrades

Mobile operating systems evolve quickly, frequently updating the APIs that app developers use to build their apps. Unfortunately, API updates do not always guarantee backward compatibility, causing apps to not longer work properly or even crash when running with an updated system. This paper presents FILO, a tool that assists Android developers in resolving backward compatibility issues introduced by API upgrades. FILO both suggests the method that needs to be modified in the app in order to adapt the app to an upgraded API, and reports key symptoms observed in the failed execution to facilitate the fixing activity. Results obtained with the analysis of 12 actual upgrade problems and the feedback produced by early tool adopters show that FILO can practically support Android developers. FILO can be downloaded from https://gitlab.com/learnERC/filo, and its video demonstration is available at https://youtu.be/WDvkKj-wnlQ.