Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS ( L . E . ) PHENOMENON

Since the original demonstration by Hargraves of the Feulgen positive nature of the lupus erythematosus (L.E.) cell (1), it has become increasingly evident that the specific nature of the L.E. phenomenon resides in the reaction of the cell nucleus with a gammaglobulin-like protein from the L.E. patient's serum (2-8). Friou, Finch and Detre in particular (3, 4), and others (5, 6) have shown by means of the fluorescent antibody technique of Coons and Kaplan (9) that there is nuclear localization of serum gammaglobulin of patients with L.E. The present communication on the L.E. phenomenon is divided into two parts. The first part, utilizing L. E. tests done with isolated cell nuclei and purified L.E. gamma globulin, presents evidence for the participation of an accessory serum factor necessary for phagocytosis in the L.E. phenomenon. The second part contains quantitative studies with fluorescent-labeled L.E. gamma globulin which suggest that the L.E. factor is not identical in all patients, and that the L.E. factor may react with a protein of the cell nucleus.
Preference and performance of generalist and specialist herbivores on chemically defended host plants

1. Both the physiological efficiency (PE) hypothesis and the preference–performance (PP) hypothesis address the complex interactions between herbivores and host plants, albeit from different perspectives. The PE hypothesis contends that specialists are better physiologically adapted to their host plants than generalists. The PP hypothesis predicts that larvae perform best on the host plant preferred by ovipositing females.
USE OF BASE ISOLATION AND SUPPLEMENTAL DAMPERS FOR SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BUILDINGS

In this paper, the effectiveness of seismic control devices in reducing initial embodied emissions from RC buildings is investigated within the context of sustainable structural design. The study is divided in four sections. In the first, the sustainability indicators for assessment, namely embodied energy and embodied carbon are introduced, and a definition of sustainable structural design is proposed. In the second, the seismic performance-based design of the following three buildings is presented: conventional baseline bare building, building with nonlinear viscous dampers, and base-isolated building. The buildings were subjected to a suite of 10 pairs of ground motions, and analyzed by time-history analysis. In the third section, the embodied energy and embodied carbon emitted for each individual building are calculated by using coefficients taken from an existing inventory. Then, the sustainable performance of the buildings with seismic devices is calculated by direct normalization with the baseline building. Finally, in the last section, the results and conclusions are discussed. The most significant findings suggest the use of two ways of seismic energy dissipation is the most efficient approach to achieve sustainable structural design. Although the embodied emissions from seismic devices were not included in the analysis, the results suggest there is a wide interval to allocate them without affectation in the sustainability improvements achieved. The study was conducted with the current knowledge and tools available. Therefore, it may be implemented in practicing engineering; for instance, in LEED® simulations that require sustainable structural information as input in complex integrative models.
Pollen Analysis of two Wisconsin Bogs of Different Age

In the summer and winter of 1934 the writer obtained peat samples from two peat bogs in the south central part of Wisconsin near the Wisconsin River (fig. 1). The first bog, which is hereafter referred to as the Dells bog, is located in the southeastern part of Juneau County, about two and one-half miles northwest of the city of Wisconsin Dells. The specific location is Section 14, T. 13 N. , R. 5 E. This bog has been developed on the stream bed in an abandoned gorge of the Wisconsin River which occupied
The Relation of Foliar Phenology to Xylem Embolism in Trees

The relationship between the foliar phenology of 43 north temperate tree species and the winter impairment of hydraulic conductivity was investigated. Eight were non-porous conifers' of which all but one were evergreen. Thirty-five were broad-leaf, deciduous hardwoods: 21 with diffuse-porous wood anatomy, 11 ring-porous and three semi-ring-porous. The hydraulic conductivity expressed per total mm 2 of the sampled stem or branch cross-section (area specific conductivity) was significantly lower for conifers compared to hardwoods. The conifers had virtually no embolisms in late winter (average of 1% conductivity loss, range 0-8%); in diffuse-porous hardwoods, specific conductivity losses by late winter averaged 17% (range 0-47%) compared to 26% (range 0-60%) for semi-ring-porous hardwoods and 55% (range 0-86%) for ring-porous (.)
Reporting quality evaluation of propensity score method of the published articles in the gastric cancer filed: a systematic review

Background The inability to reproduce principal results of some published studies was often due to the poor reporting quality. Propensity score(PS) method has been increasingly employed to balance confounders in observational researches. A few studies showed poor reporting quality of PS method in some medical fields, this would contribute the misleading interpretation of the results and effect clinicians to determine treatment measures. The study of reporting quality of published articles applied PS method in the gastric cancer field had not been available. The aim of this study was to assess the reporting quality of PS method of the published articles in the gastric cancer filed and provide critical recommendations for the investigators who would like to conduct and report PS method. Methods The published articles applied PS method in gastric cancer field were searched in PubMed from inception to July 2019. Two reviewers independently extracted information and evaluated the reporting quality of PS method of the included articles. Results A total of 143 eligible articles were identified by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These articles were published from 2007 to 2019 and increased over time roughly. 112 articles(78.3%) clearly listed out the variables and 15articles(10.5%) indicate the variables selection justification for PS models. 34 articles(23.8%) reported interaction between variables or subgroup analysis. Propensity score matching(PSM) was the most used method(124 articles, 86.7%), followed by weighting(8 articles, 5.6%), stratification(4 articles, 2.8%) and regression adjustment(3 articles, 2.1%), using more than one methods was 4(2.8%). In PSM, 34 articles (26.6%) had an sufficient description about the matched algorithm and caliper width, 32 articles(25%) used standardized differences to check the balance, the reporting of replacement was poor(30 articles,21%). 10 articles(7.9%) utilized all subjects and 121articles(94.5%) did not discuss the influence of incomplete matching. Conclusions There were methodological deficiencies in the reporting and conducting of PS method of the published articles in the gastric cancer filed. The researchers should report more details for PS method so that the authors, journal editors and peer-reviewers judge reliability and authenticity of the results.
Emendation of Pseudomonas cissicola, the Causal Organism of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagn. and Designation of the Neotype Strain

Five cultures of the causal bacterium isolated from diseased leaves of Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagn. were characterized and compared with the descriptions of Pseudomonas cissicola (Takimoto, 1939) Burkholder, 1948. All isolates were pathogenic on C. japonica causing leaf spot, but not on Vitis vinifera and Parthenocissus tricuspidata. The symptoms on C. japonica were identical with those originally described by Takimoto (1939). However, the present isolates differed from Takimoto's descriptions of P. cissicola in flagellation, gelatin liquefaction, litmus milk reaction, starch hydrolysis, pigment production in Uschinsky's solution, growth at 5C and acid production from glucose, sucrose, lactose, and glycerol. Because of the differences in bacteriological characteristics, an emended description is given of P. cissicola (Takimoto, 1939) Burkholder, 1949. Isolate PC1 was designated as the neotype strain.
Status of a Translocated Cyclura Iguana Colony in the Bahamas

A cross-sectional population biology study was performed on a translocated Allen's Cay iguana (Cyclura cychlura inornata) colony 10 years postintroduction. Between 1988 and 1990, eight iguanas (4d, 4$) were translocated to 1.8-ha Alligator Cay in the Exuma Island chain, Bahamas. Of the original eight translocated iguanas, seven were recaptured. Twenty-eight descendants were captured; 39% male, 57% female, and 4% juveniles. An estimated minimum population size of 62 individuals was calculated using a revised Petersen mark-and-recapture method and flush transect data. Nine descendant age classes were represented in the capture data or via visual observation. Descendant iguanas demonstrated a significantly higher average annual growth rate for both males and females (35.3 and 30.1 mm, respectively) than iguanas from the founder population (17.6 and 11.4 mm, respectively). The two most observed plants (34.8%) in scat samples included the leaves, buds, and stems of Rhachicallis americana and Suriana maritima. Rhachicallis was more prevalent (19.8%) than Suriana (15.0%) in scat samples. However, Rhachicallis was more abundant on the island and the Electivity Index indicates that it was a slightly less preferred food item than Suriana (-0.02 and 0.50, respectively). Alligator Cay possesses numerous vegetative and topographic characteristics, which are ideal for iguana habitation and population growth, and contributed to the successful translocation. Conservation initiatives involving translocation programs should be considered a sagacious method if proper precautions are undertaken prior to iguana release.
Machine Learning Approaches to Identify Patient Comorbidities and Symptoms That Increased Risk of Mortality in COVID-19

Providing appropriate care for people suffering from COVID-19, the disease caused by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a significant global challenge. Many individuals who become infected may have pre-existing conditions that may interact with COVID-19 to increase symptom severity and mortality risk. COVID-19 patient comorbidities are likely to be informative regarding the individual risk of severe illness and mortality. Determining the degree to which comorbidities are associated with severe symptoms and mortality would thus greatly assist in COVID-19 care planning and provision. To assess this we performed a meta-analysis of published global literature, and machine learning predictive analysis using an aggregated COVID-19 global dataset. Our meta-analysis suggested that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cerebrovascular disease (CEVD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, malignancy, and hypertension as most significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in the current published literature. Machine learning classification using novel aggregated cohort data similarly found COPD, CVD, CKD, type 2 diabetes, malignancy, and hypertension, as well as asthma, as the most significant features for classifying those deceased versus those who survived COVID-19. While age and gender were the most significant predictors of mortality, in terms of symptom–comorbidity combinations, it was observed that Pneumonia–Hypertension, Pneumonia–Diabetes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)–Hypertension showed the most significant associations with COVID-19 mortality. These results highlight the patient cohorts most likely to be at risk of COVID-19-related severe morbidity and mortality, which have implications for prioritization of hospital resources.
Neutrino Counterparts of Fast Radio Bursts

The discovery of a luminous radio burst, FRB 200428, with properties similar to those of fast radio bursts (FRBs), in coincidence with an X-ray flare from the Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154, supports magnetar models for cosmological FRBs. The burst’s X-ray to radio fluence ratio, as well as the X-ray spectral shape and peak energy, are consistent with FRB 200428 being the result of an ultra-relativistic shock (powered, e.g., by an ejected plasmoid) propagating into a magnetized baryon-rich external medium; the shock simultaneously generates X-ray/gamma-rays via thermal synchrotron emission from electrons heated behind the shock, and coherent radio emission via the synchrotron maser mechanism. Here, we point out that a unique consequence of this baryon-loaded shock scenario is the generation of a coincident burst of high-energy neutrinos, generated by photohadronic interaction of relativistic ions—heated or accelerated at the shock—with thermal synchrotron photons. We estimate the properties of these neutrino burst FRB counterparts and find that a fraction ∼10−8–10−5 of the flare energy (or ∼10−4–10−1 of the radio isotropic energy) is channeled into production of neutrinos with typical energies ∼TeV–PeV. We conclude by discussing prospects for detecting this signal with IceCube and future high-energy neutrino detectors.
On the Formation of Lyman β and the O i 1027 and 1028 Å Spectral Lines

We study the potential of Lyman β and the O i 1027 and 1028 Å spectral lines to help in understanding the properties of the chromosphere and transition region (TR). The oxygen transitions are located in the wing of Lyman β, which is a candidate spectral line for the solar missions Solar Orbiter/Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment and Solar-C (EUVST). We examine the general spectroscopic properties of the three transitions in the quiet Sun by synthesizing them assuming nonlocal thermal equilibrium and taking into account partial redistribution effects. We estimate the heights where the spectral lines are sensitive to the physical parameters, computing the response functions to temperature and velocity using a 1D semiempirical atmospheric model. We also synthesize the intensity spectrum using the 3D enhanced network simulation computed with the Bifrost code. The results indicate that Lyman β is sensitive to the temperature from the middle chromosphere to the TR, while it is mainly sensitive to the line-of-sight (LOS) velocity at the lower atmospheric layers, around 2000 km above the optical surface. The O i lines form lower in the middle chromosphere, being sensitive to the LOS velocities at heights lower than those covered by Lyman β. The spatial distribution of the intensity signals computed with the Bifrost atmosphere, as well as the inferred velocities from the line core Doppler shift, confirms the previous results. Therefore, these results indicate that the spectral window at 1025 Å contains several spectral lines that complement each other to seamlessly trace the thermal structure and gas dynamics from the middle chromosphere to the lower TR.
Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antibiofilm Properties of Tunisian Juglans regia Bark Extract

Tunisian Juglans regia bark ethanol extract (JREE) was examined for antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activity. Its anti-proliferative effect was evaluated on normal (MRC-5) and cancer (HT29 and HEp-2) cell lines. The data revealed that JREE inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria (MICs value ranged from 32 to 128 μg.mL-1) and induced a strong antibiofilm effect (BIC50 was 23, 30, and 43 μg.mL-1 for Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively). The JREE showed high scavenging property against 2,2-diphenyl-l-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical (IC50 = 3.5 μg.mL-1) and exhibited anti-proliferative effects with IC50 values ranging from 6.6 to 25.5 μg. mL-1.
A Scene-Agnostic Framework with Adversarial Training for Abnormal Event Detection in Video

Abnormal event detection in video is a complex computer vision problem that has attracted significant attention in recent years. The complexity of the task arises from the commonly-agreed definition of an abnormal event, that is, a rarely occurring event that typically depends on the surrounding context. Following the standard formulation of abnormal event detection as outlier detection, we propose a scene-agnostic framework that learns from training videos containing only normal events. Our framework is composed of an object detector, a set of appearance and motion auto-encoders, and a discriminator. Since our framework only looks at object detections, it can be applied to different scenes, provided that abnormal events are defined identically across scenes. This makes our method scene agnostic, as we rely strictly on objects that can cause anomalies, and not on the background. To overcome the lack of abnormal data during training, we propose an adversarial learning strategy for the auto-encoders. We create a scene-agnostic set of out-of-domain adversarial examples, which are correctly reconstructed by the auto-encoders before applying gradient ascent on the adversarial examples. We further utilize the adversarial examples to serve as abnormal examples when training a binary classifier to discriminate between normal and abnormal latent features and reconstructions. Furthermore, to ensure that the auto-encoders focus only on the main object inside each bounding box image, we introduce a branch that learns to segment the main object. We compare our framework with the state-of-the-art methods on three benchmark data sets, using various evaluation metrics. Compared to existing methods, the empirical results indicate that our approach achieves favorable performance on all data sets.
Systematics of Macrhybopsis tetranema (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

Morphometry, meristic features, pigmentation, and tuberculation were examined from 632 specimens of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex from the Arkansas River basin. Patterns of morphological variation support the recognition of two species in the basin: M. hyostoma in the middle and lower portions of the basin in Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma; and M. tetranema in the middle and upper portions of the basin in Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Macrhybopsis tetranema is redescribed and compared to M. hyostoma, from which it can be distinguished by longer barbels, smaller eyes, smaller scales, reduced belly squamation, thicker lips, more conical head, and biserial pectoral fin tuberculation. These species are sympatric and maintain their identities in the Cimarron, Salt Fork of Arkansas, and Arkansas Rivers. Morphological intermediacy of M. tetranema in some areas of sympatry may reflect convergent adaptation to local conditions or hybridization with M. hyostoma. THE rivers of the western half of the Arkansas River Basin support cyprinids adapted
The equality case in Cheeger's and Buser's inequalities on $\mathsf{RCD}$ spaces

We prove that the sharp Buser's inequality obtained in the framework of $\mathsf{RCD}(1,\infty)$ spaces by the first two authors is rigid, i.e. equality is obtained if and only if the space splits isomorphically a Gaussian. The result is new even in the smooth setting. We also show that the equality in Cheeger's inequality is never attained in the setting of $\mathsf{RCD}(K,\infty)$ spaces with finite diameter or positive curvature, and we provide several examples of spaces with Ricci curvature bounded below where these assumptions are not satisfied and the equality is attained. As a consequence of the two main results, we obtain improved versions of Buser's and Cheeger's inequalities for $\mathsf{RCD}(K,N)$ spaces which are new even for smooth Riemannian manifolds of dimension $N$ with Ricci curvature bounded below by $K\in \mathbb{R}$.
Zero-point energies prevent a trigonal to simple cubic transition in high-pressure sulfur

Recently published density functional theory results using the PBE functional (Whaley-Baldwin and Needs 2020 New J. Phys. 22 023020) suggest that elemental sulfur does not adopt the simple-cubic (SC) Pm3̄m phase at high pressures, in disagreement with previous works (Rudin and Liu 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 3049--52; Gavryushkin et al 2017 Phys. Status Solidi B 254 1600857). We carry out an extensive set of calculations using a variety of different exchange–correlation functionals (both local and non-local), and show that even though under LDA and PW91 a high-pressure SC phase does indeed become favourable at the static lattice level, when zero-point energies (ZPEs) are included, the transition to the SC phase is suppressed in every case, owing to the larger ZPE of the SC phase; thus confirming the transition sequence as R3̄m→ BCC, with no intervening SC phase. We reproduce these findings with pseudopotentials that explicitly include core electronic states, and show that even at these high pressures, only the n = 3 valence shell contributes to bonding in sulfur. We then compare our findings against the all-electron code ELK, which is in excellent agreement with our pseudopotential results, and examine the roles of the exchange and correlation contributions to the total energy. We further calculate anharmonic vibrational corrections to the ZPEs of the two phases, and find that such corrections are several orders of magnitude smaller than the ZPEs and are thus negligible. The effect of finite temperatures is also considered, and we show that the Pm3̄m phase becomes even more unfavourable with an increase in temperature. Finally, the experimental consequences of our results on the equation of state of sulfur and its superconducting critical temperature are explicitly calculated.
Same Same But DifferNet: Semi-Supervised Defect Detection with Normalizing Flows

The detection of manufacturing errors is crucial in fabrication processes to ensure product quality and safety standards. Since many defects occur very rarely and their characteristics are mostly unknown a priori, their detection is still an open research question. To this end, we propose DifferNet: It leverages the descriptiveness of features extracted by convolutional neural networks to estimate their density using normalizing flows. Normalizing flows are well-suited to deal with low dimensional data distributions. However, they struggle with the high dimensionality of images. Therefore, we employ a multi-scale feature extractor which enables the normalizing flow to assign meaningful likelihoods to the images. Based on these likelihoods we develop a scoring function that indicates defects. Moreover, propagating the score back to the image enables pixel-wise localization. To achieve a high robustness and performance we exploit multiple transformations in training and evaluation. In contrast to most other methods, ours does not require a large number of training samples and performs well with as low as 16 images. We demonstrate the superior performance over existing approaches on the challenging and newly proposed MVTec AD [4] and Magnetic Tile Defects [14] datasets.