The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 early science investigations of regional carbon dioxide fluxes

INTRODUCTION Earth’s carbon cycle involves large fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere, land biosphere, and oceans. Over the past several decades, net loss of CO2 from the atmosphere to the land and oceans has varied considerably from year to year, equaling 20 to 80% of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and land use change. On average, the uptake is about 50%. The imbalance between CO2 emissions and removal is seen in increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In recent years, an increase of 2 to 3 parts per million (ppm) per year in the atmospheric mole fraction, which is currently about 400 ppm, has been observed. Almost a quarter of the CO2 emitted by human activities is being absorbed by the ocean, and another quarter is absorbed by processes on land. The identity and location of the terrestrial sinks are poorly understood. This absorption has been attributed by some to tropical or Eurasian temperate forests, whereas others argue that these regions may be net sources of CO2. The efficiency of these land sinks appears to vary dramatically from year to year. Because the identity, location, and processes controlling these natural sinks are not well constrained, substantial additional uncertainty is added to projections of future CO2 levels. RATIONALE The NASA satellite, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), which was launched on 2 July 2014, is designed to collect global measurements with sufficient precision, coverage, and resolution to aid in resolving sources and sinks of CO2 on regional scales. Since 6 September 2014, the OCO-2 mission has been producing about 2 million estimates of the column-averaged CO2 dry-air mole fraction (XCO2) each month after quality screening, with spatial resolution of <3 km2 per sounding. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), a small amount of light emitted during photosynthesis, is detected in remote sensing measurements of radiance within solar Fraunhofer lines and is another data product from OCO-2. RESULTS The measurements from OCO-2 provide a global view of the seasonal cycles and spatial patterns of atmospheric CO2, with the anticipated year-over-year growth rate. The buildup of CO2 in the Northern Hemisphere during winter and its rapid decrease in concentration as spring arrives (and the SIF increases) is seen in unprecedented detail. The enhanced CO2 in urban areas relative to nearby background areas is observed with a single overpass of OCO-2. Increases in CO2 due to the biomass burning in Africa are also clearly observed. The dense, global, XCO2 and SIF data sets from OCO-2 are combined with other remote sensing data sets and used to disentangle the processes driving the carbon cycle on regional scales during the recent 2015–2016 El Niño event. This analysis shows more carbon release in 2015 relative to 2011 over Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. Now, the fundamental driver for the change in carbon release can be assessed continent by continent, rather than treating the tropics as a single, integrated region. Small changes in XCO2 were also observed early in the El Niño over the equatorial eastern Pacific, due to less upwelling of cold, carbon-rich water than is typical. CONCLUSION NASA’s OCO-2 mission is collecting a dense, global set of high-spectral resolution measurements that are used to estimate XCO2 and SIF. The OCO-2 mission data set can now be used to assess regional-scale sources and sinks of CO2 around the globe. The papers in this collection present early scientific findings from this new data set. El Niño impact on carbon flux in 2015 relative to 2011, detected from Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and OCO-2 data. OCO-2 uses reflected sunlight to derive XCO2 and SIF. This shows OCO-2 XCO2 data over North America from 12 August 2015 to 26 August 2015. NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission was motivated by the need to diagnose how the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is altering the productivity of the biosphere and the uptake of CO2 by the oceans. Launched on 2 July 2014, OCO-2 provides retrievals of the column-averaged CO2 dry-air mole fraction (XCO2) as well as the fluorescence from chlorophyll in terrestrial plants. The seasonal pattern of uptake by the terrestrial biosphere is recorded in fluorescence and the drawdown of XCO2 during summer. Launched just before one of the most intense El Niños of the past century, OCO-2 measurements of XCO2 and fluorescence record the impact of the large change in ocean temperature and rainfall on uptake and release of CO2 by the oceans and biosphere.