Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Formation of Succinic Acid during Alcoholic Fermentation

During alcoholic fermentation by yeast there is an increase in total acidity and a change in the constituent organic acid composition of the fermented medium. The formation of acetic acid, widely referred to as volatile acidity, is generally recognized as a normal by-product of alcoholic fermentation. In bacteria-free fermentations, the amount of acetic acid formed does not exceed 0.03 to 0.04 g per 100 ml. By far the largest increase in acidity during fermentation is brought about by the formation of nonvolatile organic acids, and it generally varies between 0.1 to 0.4 g per 100 ml but averages about 0.2 g per 100 ml. Three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae widely used in California for commercial wine fermentations were studied using dormant yeast, cake or proliferating yeast slurry. The net increase of nonvolatile organic acidity was not influenced by the yeast strain. The highest rate of increase of nonvolatile organic acidity took place during the early stages of fermentation; after the fermenting medium reached 4 to 5% alcohol, the rate of increase leveled off gradually. The net increase in nonvolatile acidity was not significantly influenced by the initial pH of the fermenting medium. However, the percentage increase in nonvolatile acidity was highest with media of low initial total acidity. With most grape juice fermentations, qualitative changes in the nonvolatile acid composition of the resulting wine are obscured by the over-all decrease in total acidity brought about by the precipitation of potassium acid tartrate. Significant amounts of organic acids, not present in the grape, are formed during fermentation and perhaps influence wine quality. At least two new organic acids are formed during fermentation, which constitute the bulk of the nonvolatile organic acidity increase. Of these, about 90% is due to one acid and about 10% to the second. On the basis of paper chromatagraphy, radiochromatagraphy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, melting point, and other traditional methods of organic chemistry, it was determined that the predominant nonvolatile organic acid formed during fermentation is succinic acid (90%). Lactic acid appears to be the other acid formed in significant amounts (10%).
Genetic analysis for anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents in rapeseed

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) with purple-red leaf is a valuable resource for plant breeder. It was utilized in breeding program as a morphological marker, and the source of resistance gene to biotic or abiotic stress due to its anthocyanin content (AC). However, the inheritance of AC and the correlation with chlorophyll content (CC) in rapeseed leaf are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the gene action and heritability of AC and CC in a 10-Zi006 × 10-4438 rapeseed cross using generation mean analysis. The results indicated that AC and CC were controlled by main gene effect and non-allelic interactions. The AC was mainly controlled by genetic effect. However, the genetic effect and non-genetic effect were both important for CC. In addition, the total fixable gene effects was higher than unfixable gene effects for AC, but opposite results was found for CC. Both negative and positive correlations between AC and CC were obtained in different generations.
Predation of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) by the Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Hawaii

Predation by the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), on mature larvae and teneral adult fliesof the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was studied in the laboratory and on the ground beneath fruit trees in Hawaii. In the laboratory, 50% mortality was reached after a 10-min attack by an average of seven ants per larva. Of the 50 teneral adult flies placed in the ant colony, all were killed by ants. In a field test in Kula, Maui, Hawaii, where mature larvae were dropped onto the ground, larval mortality caused by I. humilis was significantly higher on the south side (3.9%) than on the north side (2.3%) of the trees. when C. capitata pupae were buried in the soil beneath fruit trees, the average mortality of 2,300 teneral adult flies was 38.8%. We infer that most of this mortality was caused by foraging ants.
Anthracnose on Japanese pear caused by intermediately benzimidazole-resistant strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Glomerella cingulata)

Benzimidazole-resistant strains isolated from anthracnose-affected leaves of Japanese pear were not negatively correlated with cross-resistance to diethofencarb. Based on this, the strains were thought to perhaps be Colletotrichum acutatum, which is inherently insensitive to both benzimidazoles and diethofencarb. However, morphological studies and polymerase chain reaction using primers that specifically amplified the internal transcribed spacer 1 region of ribosomal DNA of C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum, showed that the strains were intermediately benzimidazole-resistant of C. gloeosporioides. EC50 of benomyl for mycelial growth of the strains was around 15 ppm, an intermediate value between that for sensitive strains and highly resistant strains. The deduced amino acid at codon 200 was altered from phenylalanine (TTC) to tyrosine (TAC), based on sequence analysis for the β-tubulin gene. Control efficacy of benomyl against intermediately benzimidazole-resistant strains was low in inoculation tests.
Evaluation of Survey Trapping Techniques for Potato Tuberworm Moths with Chemical Baited Traps

Two trap designs, 2 bait dispensers, and 8 synthetic tridecen-, and tridecadien-l-ol acetate isomers or mixtures were evaluated for survey trapping of adult moths of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). Of the trapping techniques tested, highest moth catches were obtained with a water pan trap baited with a rubber cap impregnated with 300 μg of t-4, c-7-C13OAc. Similarly baited Pherocon® IC sticky traps caught fewer moths under conditions of high infestation because their sticky surfaces tended to become saturated with moths. The handling characteristics and longevity of the rubber cap made it more suitable than a solution wick for dispensing attractants. None of the δ-7- or δ-7,11-C13OAc isomers rivaled t-4, c-7-C13OAc in attractant potency, though c-7- and c-7, t-11-C13OAc possess some minor attractant activity. Furthermore, δ-7,11-C13-OAc isomers were not found in extracts of female potato tuberworms.
Survival and Movements of Canvasback Ducklings

Because canvasback (Aythya valisineria) breeding areas have been reduced by wetland drainage and because density-dependent factors that limit survival of ducklings are poorly understood, we studied brood and duckling survival during 1983-90 and overland brood movements during 1988-89 on 2 study blocks (15.8 km 2 each) near Minnedosa, Manitoba. One block was designated as the experimental area where canvasback duckling production was experimentally enhanced, whereas the other block was an unmanipulated control. Individually marked female canvasbacks with ducklings were monitored to test the effects of canvasback brood density, presence of parasitic redhead (A. americana) ducklings, hatching date, and pond water levels on canvasback duckling survival. We observed no between-block differences in mean daily survival rates of canvasback ducklings during 1983-86. The experimental high-density area had higher (P < 0.05) duckling survival probabilities during 1987-88. Duckling survival was significantly related (P = 0.033) to duckling density but not (P = 0.56) June wetland water levels. Duckling survival probabilities were highly variable among years (range = 0.027 ± 0.007 [SE] to 0.623 ± 0.004 [SE]); survival rates in 1989-90 during severe drought were much lower than in previous years. We observed no consistent effect of hatching date on duckling survival among years. On the experimental study block in 1988, canvasback ducklings in broods containing parasitic redhead ducklings had lower (P = 0.013) survival during the first 7 days of life. Canvasback broods were observed on an average of 4 different ponds and traveled an average total overland distance of 1.5 km with no between-block differences. Density-dependent mortality of ducklings was not a factor in limiting recruitment of canvasbacks in the Minnedosa area.
Life History and Ecology of the Largescale Sucker (Castostomus macrocheilus) in the Columbia River

All life stages of the largescale sucker (Castostomus macrocheilus) occurred throughout the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Peak population estimates were 14,961 + 9422 and 12,343 + 6721 per km for June and July 1981. Although some individuals showed little movement, tag-return data indicated the majority of the population was mobile. Most upstream movement over Priest Rapids Dam occurred in June. Growth rates, as determined by analysis of scales, were highest during the 1st 4 years and ranged from 37-73 mm per year until maturity. Fish were aged to 15 years, however measurements of tagged fish provided evidence that ages of larger fish were underestimated. Length-weight relationships were logeW = -9.8 + 2.7 logeL and logeW = -5.8 + 2.0 logeL, for females and males, respectively. Both sexes matured near 400 mm FL at 6-9 years of age. Peak spawning occurred in late May and June at water temperatures from 12-15 C. Anal fin length of mature males was significantly larger than mature females throughout the year. Diet of largescale sucker consisted mainly of periphyton and insect larvae. Diet overlap occurs between sympatric bridgelip sucker (C. columbianus) and several members of the cyprinid community at Hanford. Largescale suckers are important prey for a number of vertebrate predators, including fishes and birds.
Change in amino acid composition of different protein sources after rumen incubation

The effective degradability (Dg) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in soya-bean meal (SBM), fish meal (FM), dried brewers' grains (DBG) and ensiled lucerne (EL) was measured using polyester bags suspended in the rumens of six cows given a basal diet of maize silage, hay and concentrate. Rumen outflow rate was measured using chromium-mordanted SBM. AA were grouped into essential (EAA), non-essential (NEAA) or branched chain (BrAA). The AA concentration in DM varied from 88 g/kg DM for EL to 566 g/kg for FM. The proportion of determined AA in crude protein (CP) was similar for SBM, FM and DBG and always higher than 0·85. EL had the lowest A A concentration in CP, partly due to the presence of ammonia N (170 g/kg total N). Methionine always had a higher, and threonine a lower Dg than total AA in all foods. Dg of other AA was generally food dependent. SBM always had the highest EAA, BrAA, NEAA, mean AA and total N degradability, whilst FM always had the lowest Dg for EAA, BrAA, mean AA and total N, and these values were significantly different in comparison with SBM. The effective Dg of BrAA in DBG was significantly lower than in SBM and significantly higher than in FM. In EL, NEAA and mean AA Dg were significantly lower compared with SBM. Effective Dg of total AA in SBM and EL was significantly lower than the CP Dg; this difference was not apparent in DBG or FM. The undegraded fraction of FM and EL had a significantly higher proportion of EAA whilst DBG and EL had a higher proportion of BrAA when compared with the unexposed food. Isoleucine concentration, highest in EL, and lysine and methionine contents, highest in FM, differed significantly between the four protein source residues. The first limiting AA after rumen incubation, in relation to casein and meat, was always methionine. The essential amino acid index of the food residues post incubation, relative to casein and meat, was lower in SBM, DBG and EL but higher in FM.
Synopsis of the Brazilian moss flora: checklist, distribution and conservation

D.P. Costa1*, K.C. Porto2, A.P. Luizi-Ponzo3, A.L. Ilkiu-Borges4, C.J.P. Bastos5, P.E. A.S. Câmara6, D.F. Peralta7, S.B. V. Boas-Bastos5,9, C.A. A. Imbassahy8, D.K. Henriques9, H.C. S. Gomes3, L.M. Rocha3, N.D. Santos10, T.S. Siviero3, T.F. Vaz-Imbassahy8 and S.P. Churchill11 1 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 2 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Botânica, Rua Professor Moraes Rego s.n. , 50670-901, PE 3 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Campus Universitario Martelos, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG 4 Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Coordenacao de Botânica, Avenida Magalhaes Barata 376, Sao Braz, 66040-170, Belem, PA 5 Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-280, Salvador,BA 6 Universidade de Brasilia, Departamento de Botânica, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro: Asa Norte, 70919-970, Brasilia, DF 7 Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Stefano 3687, 04301-902, Sao Paulo, SP 8 Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, Sao Cristovao, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 9 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Botânica, LABIO, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte. 44.036-900, Feira de Santana, BA 1 0 Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, 13083-970, Campinas, SP 1 1 Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St. Louis, USA, 63166-0299
Piscivory by alien redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) begins earlier than anticipated in two contrasting habitats of Lake Alexandrina, South Australia

Abstract. Redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) introduced to the Southern Hemisphere has contributed to the decline or localised extirpations of native fishes, principally due to predation. It has been widely recorded in the Murray–Darling Basin, south-eastern Australia, since the 1920s but the ecological consequences are largely undetermined. The purpose of this study was to examine the diet of juvenile redfin perch in Lake Alexandrina to assess its potential impacts on native biota in two distinct habitats (channel and lake). We proposed that the broad dietary composition of juvenile redfin perch matches that of its natural range (small decapods and insects). Most juvenile redfin perch with prey items in their guts, however, had consumed native fish. There was variability in the diet of redfin perch between the channel and lake where gudgeons and gobies, respectively, were targeted. Unexpectedly, otolith ageing revealed that the redfin perch were larger and shifted to piscivory at a much younger age compared with populations in its native range. Among other ecological issues, the findings are pertinent to threatened small-bodied fish populations in the Murray–Darling Basin. More broadly, they suggest that a generalist feeding behaviour can lead to the early onset of piscivory in alien fish populations.
Caribeopsyllus chawayi, New Genus, New Species (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Thaumatopsyllidae), from a Mexican Reef Area

ABSTRACT A member of the cyclopoid family Thaumatopsyllidae was found in plankton samples collected at night in a reef area of the southern portion of the Mexican Caribbean coast. This copepod shows a combination of characters peculiar enough to designate it as a new genus and species. The new genus Caribeopsyllus can be distinguished mainly by the presence of 4 urosomal somites, a fused first pediger, a 1-segmented fifth leg, 3 terminal furcal setae, and anal somite over 35% of total body length. The new genus differs from the other known genera in the family also in the proportions of the body and some appendages. Only 3 other monotypic genera of this group are known, each from Sweden and Norway, Nicobar Islands, and Australia. This is the first record of a thaumatopsyliid in the Western Hemisphere.
Phytosociological Studies in the Pinelands of Southeastern Louisiana

The Florida Parishes of Southeastern Louisiana include hardwood uplands, mixed shortleaf and hardwood uplands, longleaf pine hills and longelaf pine flats. The longleaf pine flats, which are the subject of this investigation, are at the southwestern edge of the longleaf-slash pine forest which extends along the seaboard as far north as North Carolina. This forest is very important economically since it not only produces the finest southern pine lumber but also most of the naval stores produced in the United States. It is also the most-important of our southern range due to its well-developed herbaceous cover of grasses, legumes and other palatable plants.
CURRENT STATUS OF FALL ARMYWORM HOST STRAINS

Research on two host strains of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda [J. E. Smith], is reviewed. They differ at allozyme loci and mtDNA restriction enzyme profiles, in their development on a variety of plants, and in their resistance to insecticides. Data on interstrain matings indicate unidirectional incompatibilities in the laboratory and strong preferences among males for females of their own strain in nature. Further study is required to clarify precise strain affinities for the long list of FAW host records. Information on phenologies and geographic distributions is presented but clearly in need of in-depth study. Those studying FAW are recommended to collect from a single host, to keep host records with laboratory colonies, to replenish colonies with individuals from the same host, and to establish a set of voucher specimens for each collection or study.
Fox Squirrels in Ohio

A typical habitat consists of a wooded area of five or more acres containing at least twenty trees per acre, mostly oaks. The habitats throughout the state are characterized by endless variety. The more uniform types occur around the prairie openings in west central Ohio and consist of bur oak-hickory with varying amounts of white oak. To be inhabited by fox squirrels, woodlots must constitute a complete habitat providing all necessities for their daily and seasonal activities (P1. 11). In its daily movements a squirrel rarely goes beyond the boundaries of the woodlot save to forage in an adjacent field of corn, wheat, or soybean. In stream habitats, however, a squirrel may travel longer distances along the water course. If a square mile of farm land contains 50 acres of woodland suitable for fox squirrels, only a portion can be considered as fox squirrel habitat, with the exception that if there is a food crop adjacent to the woodlot, the habitat will be enlarged to the extent that the squirrels range into the field. This increase in size is seldom greater than one or two per cent of the original wooded area. In the following discussion it should be remembered that in Ohio the normal habitat is a small isolated entity sufficient to support a population of fox squirrels. In the hill counties these small habitats may be bounded by open fields or by a type of woodland not suitable for fox squirrels. Studies were conducted to determine the optimum size of these woodlots for management. The conclusion drawn was that in units exceeding 10 acres, the size of woodlots is probably not as important as is their distribution. In many western counties the woodlots are so small (5 to 30 acres) and so widely separated (1 or 2 per square mile) that they can support but few squirrels and natural restocking of these areas by dispersal is difficult. The efficiency with which "shot-out" areas can be restocked depends upon how easily squirrels can move from one area to another. The squirrels avoid large open areas and tend to follow brushy or wooded fencerows. A "shot-out" woodlot therefore may be missed by dispersing squirrels if no travel lanes lead to it. Rapid production of woodlots in the western counties is impossible, but pending the conversion of more waste
Biochemical Systematics of Crayfishes of the Genus Procambarus, Subgenus Scapulicambarus (Decapoda:Cambaridae)

The five southeastern (United States) crayfish species of the Procambarus subgenus Scapulicambarus (P. clarkii, P. howellae, P. paeninsulanus, P. okaloosae, and P. troglodytes) were compared electrophoretically at 21 loci to evaluate their phylogenetic relationship. Cambarus striatus and P. acutus were also included for outgroup comparisons. Results were summarized in a distance Wagner tree. Two clades were found within Scapulicambarus, one containing P. clarkii and P. troglodytes, and the other containing P. howellae, P. paeninsulanus, and P. okaloosae. The placement of P. okaloosae was contrary to expectations based on morphology, but otherwise the Wagner network was in agreement with previously existing notions of the phylogeny of Scapulicambarus. The mean Rogers genetic distance between Scapulicambarus species pairs was 0.097, indicating a relatively recent origin of the subgenus.
Expression et implication dans l'homéostasie des lymphocytes T chez l'homme dans un contexte normal ou pathologique.

Des etudes recentes ont montre une implication de la neuropiline 1 (Nrp1)dans le controle de l’activation des lymphocytes T. Son invalidation s’accompagne d’une aggravation de l’encephalite auto-immune experimentale (EAE). La semaphorine 3A (Sema-3A), ligand principal de la Nrp1, semble participer a une boucle autocrine de retro controle negatif de la proliferation des lymphocytes T.Cependant, peu d’etudes ont ete realisees chez l’homme pour determiner dans quelle(s) situation(s) la Nrp1 est exprimee par les lymphocytes T. Notre travail aconsiste a etudier l’expression de la Nrp1 par les populations lymphocytaires T humaines afin de comprendre a quel niveau peut avoir lieu ce retro controle. Nous montrons que les lymphocytes T regulateurs (Treg) chez l’homme n’expriment pas laNrp1, contrairement aux Treg murins. En revanche, la Nrp1 est exprimee par les lymphocytes T effecteurs apres engagement avec l’antigene, soit au niveau des organes lymphoides secondaires pour les lymphocytes T folliculaires helper (Tfh) en interaction avec les lymphocytes B, soit au niveau des sites d’inflammations peripheriques pour les lymphocytes T effecteurs memoires (TEM). Dans les deux cas, cette expression survient en fin d’activation et pourrait servir de frein a une activation incontrolee des lymphocytes T.D’autre part, nous avons aborde le role du recepteur alpha a l’IL-2 (CD25)dans l’homeostasie des lymphocytes T. L’etude chez la souris il2ra-/- a revele un role important du CD25 pour la survie des Treg in vivo, mais aussi pour l’acquisition de lymphocytes T memoires. Seulement deux cas de deficience en CD25, associes a des maladies auto-immunes, ont ete decrits chez l’homme. Cependant, ces etudes n’ont pas aborde a quel niveau le CD25 intervient sur l’homeostasie des lymphocytes T. Nous completons ces etudes par la presentation de trois nouveaux cas de deficience en CD25 developpant des maladies auto-immunes de type IPEX. Nous montrons que le CD25 intervient activement dans le maintien des populations Treg naives et effectrices, mais aussi dans celui des populations lymphocytaires effectrices memoires.