Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Facts and Fiction about Sulfur Metabolism in Relation to Plant-Pathogen Interactions

: Sulfur deficiency developed into a widespread nutrient disorder in the 1980s because of the drastic decrease of SO 2 emissions in western Europe after Clean Air Acts came into force. It was observed that not only the yield and quality of agricultural crops were negatively affected by sulfur deficiency but also their health status. Since the mid 1990s the physiological background of this latter phenomenon in the sulfur metabolism has been studied by different researchers. From 2001 until 2006, field trials with different varieties of oilseed rape were conducted in Germany, and also from 2001 until 2003 in Scotland, to investigate the underlying mechanisms of sulfur-induced resistance and to develop fertiliser strategies which increase the health status of crops and minimise the requirement for chemical fungicides. A comprehensive disease assessment was conducted and a range of different sulfur-containing metabolites and enzymes were analysed in relation to sulfur nutrition and fungal diseases. H 2 S emissions from field-grown crops under different sulfur nutritional status were studied for the first time and a positive relationship was observed. Besides S fertilisation, fungal infection increased H 2 S emissions, too. The studies deliver new insight into the complex of sulfur-induced resistance but many questions still remain open. This contribution will show different possible strategies to solve some of the open questions.
Investor decision making: an investigation of the modality effect

ABSTRACT Information modality refers to the use of different sensory channels to process information when making decisions: for example audible or visual information. This study examines the impact of information modality on investors making financial decisions. A Repertory Grid analysis is performed to derive features and functionality to create an Amazon Echo Show system for financial decision-making. This system is used to present a mixture of both audio and visual information to facilitate financial decision-making. The system is tested through the lens of the modality effect to determine the best method of presenting financial data to investors to inform their decision-making. Findings show the inferiority of audible information over visual information for retail investors’ decision-making, especially for numerical data. However, with adjustments in information length and by prioritising non-numerical data, audible information could be of significant benefit when designing future systems to aid investor decision-making.
Impacts of Infection by Parasitic Angiosperms on Host Photosynthesis

: Parasitic angiosperms are a taxonomically diverse group of plants that invade host tissues and remove resources via a specialized structure known as the haustorium. Through the haustorium, carbon, water and mineral nutrients are with-drawn, often at the expense of host growth and vigour. In addition to the removal of resources from host plants, many parasitic angiosperms are also able to impact host growth via effects on host photosynthesis. In this paper we review what is known about how parasitic angiosperms affect host photosynthesis and the impact this has on host productivity. Holoparasites, that lack chlorophyll, act as extra sinks for host photosynthates and generally either enhance or have a neutral effect on host photosynthetic productivity. In contrast, hemiparasites, that are capable of some autotrophic carbon fixation, usually have a negative impact on host photosynthesis. Irrespective of the outcome of infection, the mechanisms involved in altering host photosynthesis are diverse and may act at either the leaf or whole-plant level. In some cases, parasites impact directly on host photosynthetic metabolism, while in others the effects are more indirect, for example through changing host architecture.
Technological returns to scale: Identification and visualization

One of the most critical issues for using data envelopment analysis models is the identification of technological returns to scale (TRTS). Recently, the angles method based on data mining is introduced for the identification of TRTS. This objective method uses the angles to measure the gap between the constant and variable TRTS. The gap is calculated in both the increasing and decreasing sections of the frontier. The larger the gap in the increasing and/or decreasing sections of the frontier, the closer TRTS is to the increasing and/or decreasing form of TRTS. In this paper, we propose a heuristic method for visualizing TRTS that would give a better understanding of identification of TRTS in the dataset. To this end, we introduce the maximum angles method for measuring the maximum possible deviation from constant TRTS assumption in the increasing and decreasing sections of the frontier. By the angles and the maximum angles , we can display the dataset’s TRTS in a two-dimensional space. To validate the proposed method, we consider six one input/one output cases. Also, we apply the angles method and the maximum angles method for the Maskan bank of Iran. Using the proposed method, we show that how TRTS of the bank dataset can be displayed in a two-dimensional space.
Clusters, brightest cluster galaxies and galaxy alignments

This thesis develops two main topics related to the study of t he large-scale structure of the Universe. The first one is the intrinsic alignment of galaxies. These ar e correlations between the shapes and orientations of galaxies that arise mainly as a consequence of tidal forces across a large range of scales. I use the tidal alignment model to predict how the i ntrinsic alignment of Luminous Red Galaxies could in the future provide constraints on the Bar yon Acoustic Oscillation scale, a standard ruler for measuring the expansion of the Universe. I also show that primordial signatures of inflation can translate into a non-Gaussian bias in the cor relation of the intrinsic shapes of galaxies, which could be observed with future surveys. The second main topic discussed in this thesis is clusters of galaxies. I use data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and a public catalog of galaxy clusters to estimate the alignment of galaxies around groups and clusters of galaxies. The novelty of this w ork is mainly in the method for estimating the alignment signal. In photometric surveys, t he redshift uncertainty is large compared to the size of a cluster, making the distinction between gala xies in the cluster and in the background very challenging. In the method developed here, each galaxy is assigned a posterior probability distribution function of its redshift to separate the align ment component from the gravitational lensing of galaxies in the background. Among the galaxies that make up a cluster, Brightest Cluster Ga laxies stand out by their luminosity. I study the connection between these galaxies and other ellipticals to understand the physics of their formation. Finally, I re-develop the Adapt ive Matched Filter method for finding clusters in spectroscopic and photometric surveys to inclu de a new treatment of the distances to galaxies. Again, I model the distance to each galaxy using a r edshift posterior and propose other modifications to the algorithm that will be of use to upcoming photometric surveys.
Topological dynamics of dianalytic maps on Klein surfaces

We study analytic maps of the sphere, the torus, and the punctured plane with extra symmetries; namely, they project to well-defined maps on corresponding nonorientable Klein surfaces. We define Julia and Fatou sets on Klein surfaces and discuss their topological dynamical properties; in particular, we construct new examples where the Julia set is the entire Klein surface. We characterize examples with Julia set the full surface for Klein bottles and construct the first such examples on the real punctured projective plane, as well as discuss new examples on the real projective plane. The examples show that topologically and measure theoretically complex behavior occurs on these surfaces.
Characterisation of the topography of metal additive surface features with different measurement technologies

The challenges of measuring the surface topography of metallic surfaces produced by additive manufacturing are investigated. The differences between measurements made using various optical and non-optical technologies, including confocal and focus-variation microscopy, coherence scanning interferometry and x-ray computed tomography, are examined. As opposed to concentrating on differences which may arise through computing surface texture parameters from measured topography datasets, a comparative analysis is performed focussing on investigation of the quality of the topographic reconstruction of a series of surface features. The investigation is carried out by considering the typical surface features of a metal powder-bed fusion process: weld tracks, weld ripples, attached particles and surface recesses. Results show that no single measurement technology provides a completely reliable rendition of the topographic features that characterise the metal powder-bed fusion process. However, through analysis of measurement discrepancies, light can be shed on where instruments are more susceptible to error, and why differences between measurements occur. The results presented in this work increase the understanding of the behaviour and performance of areal topography measurement, and thus promote the development of improved surface characterisation pipelines.
Shape-dependent surface magnetism of Co-Pt and Fe-Pt nanoparticles from first principles

: In this study, we have performed the first-principles density functional theory calculations to predict the magnetic properties of the CoPt and FePt nanoparticles in cuboctahedral, decahedral and icosahedral shapes. The modeled alloy nanoparticles have a diameter of 1.1 nm and consist of thirty-one 5 d Pt atoms and twenty-four 3 d Co (or Fe) atoms. For both CoPt and FePt, we found that the decahedral nanoparticles had appreciably lower surface magnetic moment than the cuboctahedral and icosahedral nanoparticles. Our analysis indicated that this reduction in the surface magnetism was related to large contraction of atomic spacing and high local Co (or Fe) concentration in the surface of the decahedral nanoparticles. More interestingly, we predicted that the CoPt and FePt cuboctahedral nanoparticles exhibited dramatically different surface spin structures when non-collinear magnetism was taken into account. Our calculation results revealed that surface anisotropy energy decided the fashion of surface spin canting in the CoPt and FePt nanoparticles, confirming previous predictions from atomistic Monte Carlo simulations.
Non-Structural Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Dynamics in Mediterranean Sub-Shrubs: an Analysis of the Functional Role of Overwintering Leaves

: Previous studies have led to contrasting results about the role of overwintering leaves as storage sites, which is related to leaf longevity and life-form. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional role of the leaves of four species of Mediterranean sub-shrubs, with different leaf phenology, as sources of nitrogen (N) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) for shoot growth. The seasonal dynamics of the concentrations and pools of N and NSC were assessed monthly in the leaves and woody organs of each species. Overwintering and spring leaves served as N and NSC sources for shoot growth in the evergreen species analyzed, providing up to 73% and 324% of the N demand for spring and autumn growth, respectively. Excess autumn N was stored in woody structures which contributed to the N and NSC requirements of spring growth. In the winter deciduous species, woody organs were the main N source for spring growth, while current photosynthesis from immature brachyblasts seemed to be the main carbon (C) source. Due to their short lifespan, over-wintering and spring leaves did not show several translocation processes throughout their life time, their contribution to new growth being made during senescence. The successive exchange of leaf cohorts displayed by Mediterranean sub-shrubs might serve as a mechanism to recycle N and C between consecutive cohorts as plants perform the pheno-morphological changes needed to adapt their morphology to the seasonality of their environment.
Comparison and fitting of analytical expressions to existing data for the critical-band concept.

The existing analytical expressions describing the frequency dependencies of critical bandwidth and equivalentrectangular bandwidth were derived from the results of different sets of listening experiments. As the corresponding band-rate scales are constructed by integrating the reciprocal bandwidth function over frequency, also the band-rate functions are based on the respectively selected experiments. The critical-bandwidth formula converges to 100Hz at frequencies below about 500Hz and the critical-band-rate function is not invertible in closed form, which complicates the application of the critical-band concept in modeling. In order to overcome these restrictions, the data used earlier to construct and validate the bandwidth functions were re-evaluated separately for the critical-band and the equivalent-rectangular-band concepts, and also combined. It is shown that the shape of a critical-bandwidth-frequency formula derived from a cochlear frequency-position function that results in an invertible critical-band-rate formula can be fitted to both data sets. Depending on frequency, the formulae predict about 1.53 to 1.55 times larger critical than equivalent-rectangular bandwidths. Low-frequency critical bandwidths, which are overestimated compared to the data by the earlier formula, are represented more accurately and at the same time suited better to avoid modeling artifacts. The determined functions are compared against each other and against the previously proposed bandwidth and band-rate formulae. The results indicate that a common function shapewith a simple parameter variation is suited to account for the data used earlier to validate two different sets of formulae.
Expressed Sequence Tags from Poplar Wood Tissues - A Comparative Analysis from Multiple Libraries

: Xylogenesis involves successive developmental processes – cambial division, cell expansion and differentiation, cell death – each occurring along a gradient from the cambium to the pith of the stem. Taking advantage of the high level of organisation of wood tissues, we isolated cambial zone (CZ), differentiating xylem (DX) and mature xylem (MX) from both tension wood (TW) and opposite wood (OW) of bent poplars. Four different cDNA libraries were then constructed and used to generate 10062 EST, reflecting the genes expressed in the different wood tissues. For the most abundant clusters, the EST distributions were compared between libraries in order to identify genes specific or over-represented at some specific developmental stages. They clearly showed a developmental shift be-tween CZ and DX, whereas there is a continuity of development between DX and MX. CZ was mainly characterized by clusters of genes involved in cell cycle, protein synthesis and fate. Interest-ingly, two clusters with no assigned function were found specific to the cambial zone. In DX and MX, clusters were mostly involved in methylation of lignin precursors and microtubule cytoskeleton. In addition, in DX, EST from TW and OW were compared: five clusters of arabinogalactan proteins, one for sucrose synthase and one for fructokinase were specific or over-represented in TW. Moreover, a putative transcription factor and a cluster of unknown function were also identified in DX-TW. The informative comparison of multiple libraries prepared from wood tissues led to the identification of genes – some with still unknown functions – putatively involved in xylogenesis and tension wood formation.
Patching local uniformizations

- In [Vi] we introduced a canonical algorithm for resolution of singularities in characteristic zero (see section 8 of this paper for explicit examples). This proved the construct! veness of the theorem of resolution. The novelty in this paper is a synthetic definition of groves and a notion of funtions on groves. Indeed we are able to give an almost selfcontained account of main aspects of resolution of singularities, a detailed presentation of the results in [Vi] and also to include a proof of the lifting of group actions on a scheme to its constructive resolution. At the same time this paper is strongly focused on the algorithm itself as to motivate explicit computations. An embedded resolution of singularities of a reduced subscheme of a regular scheme consists of a resolution of singularities of the subscheme together with a condition of normal crossings of the final outcome with the exceptional hypersurfaces introduced by this procedure. This process, in terms, can be expressed as a concatenation of intermediate "resolutions" called resolutions of groves. In section 8 we exemplify both, resolutions and lifting of group actions and discuss a natural outcome of our algorithmic (or constructive) resolution of singularities: the patching of local uniformizations.
Distribution of γ-Tubulin in Higher Plant Cells: Cytosolic γ-Tubulin is Part of High Molecular Weight Complexes

: γ -Tubulin is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells, where it plays a key role in the nucleation of microtubules. In higher plant cells, γ -tubulin is localized at the nuclear surface, a known microtubule-organizing centre, and is codistributed with all microtubule arrays. Functions of plant γ -tubulin remain to be determined. This study describes some properties of higher plant γ -tubulin. The overall level of γ -tubulin was constant during the cell cycle in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells. Biochemical analysis of the subcellular distribution of γ -tubulin in maize cells revealed that, in contrast with animal γ -tubulin, plant γ -tubulin is mainly associated with endomembranes. We showed for the first time that the pool of soluble cytosolic γ -tubulin contained two main γ -tubulin complexes. γ -tubulin, Hsp70 and TCP1-related proteins might interact in a small complex of 750 kDa. A second γ -tubulin complex, larger than 1500 kDa was purified. The protein profile of this large complex was very similar to animal γ -tubulin complexes. The putative functions of these two complexes in plant microtubule nucleation are discussed.
Genetic Variation and Differentiation Within a Natural Community of Five Oak Species (Quercus spp.)

Quercus Q. robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. frainetto Q. cerris Q. cerris Q. robur Q. petraea Q. pubescens Q. petraea Q. frainetto Q. robur, Q. cerris Acp-C ssrQpZAG36 ssrQrZAG96
Plasma centrifuge with axial circulation for calcium isotope separation

A method for calcium isotope separation in a plasma centrifuge, with a hot wall and axial circulation, is examined. The rotation of the weakly ionized calcium plasma is provided by a rotating magnetic field. An increase in the radial separation effect in the axial direction is achieved by the incorporation of axial circulation, which is induced by a traveling magnetic field. The product and waste flows are induced by means of cooled discs at both ends of a column. The operation of the plasma centrifuge with a product flow is considered. The dependence of the separation factor on the product flow rate and an axial flow is calculated.A method for calcium isotope separation in a plasma centrifuge, with a hot wall and axial circulation, is examined. The rotation of the weakly ionized calcium plasma is provided by a rotating magnetic field. An increase in the radial separation effect in the axial direction is achieved by the incorporation of axial circulation, which is induced by a traveling magnetic field. The product and waste flows are induced by means of cooled discs at both ends of a column. The operation of the plasma centrifuge with a product flow is considered. The dependence of the separation factor on the product flow rate and an axial flow is calculated.
Matching mechanism for networked control systems with multirate sampling

This study deals with the observer-based controller design problem for a class of networked control systems with multirate sampling. A matching mechanism is proposed to synchronise the sampled data between the plant and an observer, and computes the corresponding error. Using the error, the multirate observer is developed to estimate the state of the system in real time. A state feedback controller based on the observer is utilised to control the system. Different from discrete-time modelling methods, the resulting closed-loop system is modelled as a continuous-time system with multiple sawtooth input-delays. Inspired by Wirtinger's inequality, a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is constructed to analyse efficiently the closed-loop system in the presence of time-varying network-induced delays. Then sufficient conditions for H ∞ performance analysis and the observer-based controller design are presented. Finally, two illustrative examples show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Shear thinning in non-Brownian suspensions explained by variable friction between particles

We propose to explain shear-thinning behaviour observed in most concentrated non-Brownian suspensions by variable friction between particles. Considering the low magnitude of the forces experienced by the particles of suspensions under shear flow, it is first argued that rough particles come into solid contact through one or a few asperities. In such a few-asperity elastic–plastic contact, the friction coefficient is expected not to be constant but to decrease with increasing normal load. Simulations based on the force coupling method and including such a load-dependent friction coefficient are performed for various particle volume fractions. The results of the numerical simulations are compared to viscosity measurements carried out on suspensions of polystyrene particles ( $40~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ in diameter) dispersed in a Newtonian silicon oil. The agreement is shown to be satisfactory. Furthermore, the comparison between the simulations conducted either with a constant or a load-dependent friction coefficient provides a model for the shear-thinning viscosity. In this model the effective friction coefficient $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}^{eff}$ is specified by the effective normal contact force which is simply proportional to the bulk shear stress. As the shear stress increases, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}^{eff}$ decreases and the jamming volume fraction increases, leading to the reduction of the viscosity. Finally, using this model, we show that it is possible to evaluate the microscopic friction coefficient for each applied shear stress from the rheometric measurements.
Intercept Algorithm for Maneuvering Targets Based on Differential Geometry and Lyapunov Theory

Nowadays, the homing guidance is utilized in the existed and under development air defense systems (ADS) to effectively intercept the targets. The targets became smarter and capable to fly and maneuver professionally and the tendency to design missile with a small warhead became greater, then there is a pressure to produce a more precise and accurate missile guidance system based on intelligent algorithms to ensure effective interception of highly maneuverable targets. The aim of this paper is to present an intelligent guidance algorithm that effectively and precisely intercept the maneuverable and smart targets by virtue of the differential geometry (DG) concepts. The intercept geometry and engagement kinematics, in addition to the direct intercept condition are developed and expressed in DG terms. The guidance algorithm is then developed by virtue of DG and Lyapunov theory. The study terminates with 2D engagement simulation with illustrative examples, to demonstrate that, the derived DG guidance algorithm is a generalized guidance approach and the well-known proportional navigation (PN) guidance law is a subset of this approach.