Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of overlying tissue on NIR light propagation in neonatal brain

The effect of the layered surface tissue of the neonatal head on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement of brain oxygenation has been investigated by Monte Carlo simulation. Four different cylindrical models have been adopted in order to investigate the effect of the clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) layer surrounding the brain on the light propagation. The simplest is a four layered model without a clear CSF layer whilst the most sophisticated model consists of five layers including the clear layer containing slots imitating the sulci in the brain. The fractional optical pathlength in each layer and spatial sensitivity profiles are predicted to examine the contribution of each layer to the NIRS signal. The clear CSF layer was found to affect the light propagation in the neonatal head, causing the light to follow the CSF boundary. This phenomena reduces the contribution of absorption changes in the white matter to the NIRS signal. However the contribution of the brain exceeds 75 % at an optode spacing of 50 mm in the neonatal head, a much greater contribution than observed for the adult brain. The spatial sensitivity around the sulci increases slightly, but the sulcus structure does not significantly affect the optical pathlength and general trend of the spatial sensitivity profile.
Scaling of Local Core Transport with Lundquist Number in the Reversed Field Pinch

We investigate the scaling of the core energy transport with the magnetic Lundquist number S in the reversed field pinch. We analyze for the first time the electron temperature and thermal conductivity profiles and the dynamo magnetic fluctuations in a wide range of stationary plasmas produced in the RFX device at plasma current ranging between 0.2 and 1.1 MA. When S increases we measure an improvement of core confinement associated with the strengthening of the internal electron temperature profiles gradient and with the decrease of magnetic turbulence. This shows that core energy transport is related with magnetic fluctuations and can be ameliorated in high S regimes. The role of self-generated internal electric currents is crucial to control the plasma dynamic evolution in the reversed field pinch (RFP), a magnetic configuration studied for the confinement of thermonuclear plasmas. These currents are driven by the continuous action of a magnetic field regeneration mechanism, often called “dynamo. ” This mechanism can be powered by magnetic fluctuations due to a wide spectrum of m 1 resistive tearing modes [1,2], which are thought to be the cause of anomalous energy and particle transport in the RFP core. This makes a well diagnosed laboratory plasma like the RFP resemble geophysical and astrophysical systems. Moreover, it offers a unique experimental opportunity to study the role of resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) magnetic fluctuations in driving anomalous energy transport in magnetized plasmas [3] and how this mechanism scales to more collisionless, reactor relevant conditions. The role of turbulence in controlling transport is in fact still the subject of active investigation, in particular, in the plasma core where measurements are difficult. According to MHD theory, the relevant dimensionless parameter to scale the amplitude of normalized magnetic fluctuations
Least‐squares fitting when both variables contain errors: Pitfalls and possibilities

Least‐squares fitting is reviewed, in tutorial form, when both variables contain significant errors. Various error models are described; corresponding appropriate weighting is discussed; and the interpretation of weighting is clarified by a physically intuitive description and by graphical results. Resources in the literature on least‐squares fitting that are suitable for physics and astronomy students are reviewed. Algorithms for straight‐line fitting, indicate practical solution methods, are summarized and numerical comparisons are given. Also described are several readily available computer programs that allow fitting for both straight‐line and nonlinear situations and that are appropriate for both research and teaching applications.
On the structure of inertial waves produced by an obstacle in a deep, rotating container

The inviscid flow above an obstacle in slow transverse motion inside a rotating vessel is analysed to study the influence of the container depth on the basic steady flow structure. An asymptotic theory is presented for an arbitrarily small Rossby number Ro = U0/2Ωl under a fixed H = hRo/l (where Ω is the angular velocity of the container, U0 the obstacle velocity relative to the vessel, h the depth of the container, and l a body length measured transversely to the rotation axis). The equations when linearized for a thin obstacle or shallow topography take on the form of the inertial-wave equation; their solutions for non-vanishing H are obtained for obstacles of three-dimensional as well as ridge-like two-dimensional shapes. In all cases analysed, the solution possesses a bimodal structure, of which one part is column-like with a vorticity proportional to the body elevation (or ground topography). The other part is confined mainly to a region enclosing the body, extending a distance O(H½) upstream of the obstacle and behind a wedge-shaped caustic front at large distances; its contribution consists of lee waves similar to that discussed by Cheng (1977) for an infinite depth. The field associated with the lee waves is then biased on the downstream side, but there is little indication of any tendency to tilting in the sense of Hide, Ibbetson & Lighthill (1968).
Remote temperature profiling in the lower troposphere

Remote probing of atmospheric phenomena has become an area of intense research during the past decade. One result of this research is a technique for remote measurement of temperature profiles in the lower troposphere, which was developed and is being tested at Stanford University. This technique is based on the concept of Doppler-tracking an acoustic pulse by an electromagnetic radar; hence the name radio-acoustic sounding system (RASS). With this system, real-time temperature profiles from near ground level to 1 to 3 km have been obtained. These data compare in accuracy with those obtained from radiosondes; however, use of the RASS is a much more cost-effective procedure.
Icephobicity of Hierarchically Rough Aluminum Surfaces Sequentially Coated with Fluoroalkyl and PDMS Alkoxysilanes

Superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated by grafting 1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl trimethoxysilane (FD-TMS) and polydimethylsiloxane triethoxysilane (PDMS-TES) onto a nano-micro hierarchical aluminum (Al) surface are considered to possess substantial anti-icing functionality, with delayed freezing and low ice-adhesion strength (IAS). Verifying the impacts of PDMS and the synergism of PDMS and FD on the anti-icing performance is the goal of this study. Roughness, one of the prerequisites for superhydrophobicity, was obtained by etching Al substrates in aqueous HCl, followed by immersion in boiling water. FD-TMS and PDMS-TES were then coated on the rough Al substrates layer by layer; a congener coated with a single layer was also prepared for comparison. The FD-PDMS1.92 (1.92 wt.%) coating, in which FD-TMS and PDMS-TES were used as primary and secondary coating materials, respectively, exhibited superior icephobicity, with the lowest IAS of 28 kPa under extremely condensing weather conditions (−20 °C and 70% relative humidity, RH) and the longest freezing delay time of 230 min (at −18 °C). These features are attributed to the incorporation of a dense coating layer with a low-surface-tension FD and the high mobility of PDMS, which lowered the contact area and interaction between the ice and substrate. The substrate coated with FD-PDMS1.92 exhibited improved durability with an IAS of 63 kPa after 40 icing/melting cycles, which is far less than that achieved with the FD single-layer coating.
Using the Force Concept Inventory to monitor student learning and to plan teaching

This is the second of two papers focusing on the Force Concept Inventory, a multiple-choice test designed to monitor students' understanding of force and related kinematics. In this paper we outline how the FCI was used to evaluate student learning following a newly developed approach to teaching mechanics in a Finnish upper secondary school. We believe that this case offers a compelling example of the benefits (in terms of enhanced student learning) that can follow from research- or evidence-based approaches to teaching.
Fundamental Problems of Internal Gravity Waves Dynamics in Ocean

Abstract: In paper fundamental problems of internal gravity waves dynamics are considered. The solution of this problem is expressed in terms of the Green’s function and the asymptotic representations of the solutions are considered. The uniform asymptotic forms of the internal gravity waves in horizontally inhomogeneous and non-stationary stratified ocean are obtained. A modified spatio-temporal ray method is proposed, which belongs to the class of geometrical optics methods (WKBJ method). A nalytical and numerical algorithms of internal gravity wave calculations for the real ocean parameters are presented.
RB1 alteration and poor prognosis in women with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a NeCTuR study

Objective To describe the gene alteration status in high-grade neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma (NECC) specimens and to explore the potential association of unique gene alterations with survival. Methods Results from tumor-based molecular testing on specimens from women with high-grade NECC in the Neuroendocrine Cervical Tumor Registry were reviewed and analyzed. Tumor specimens could be from primary or metastatic sites and obtained at initial diagnosis, during treatment, or at recurrence. Results Molecular testing results were available for 109 women with high-grade NECC. The genes most frequently mutated were PIK3CA (mutated in 18.5% of patients), TP53 (17.4%), and MYC (14.5%). Other targetable alterations identified were alterations in KIT (7.3%), KRAS (7.3%), and PTEN (7.3%). Women with tumors having an RB1 alteration (6.4%) had a median overall survival (OS) of 13 months, compared to 26 months for women with tumors that did not have an RB1 alteration (p=0.003). None of the other genes evaluated were shown to be associated with OS. Conclusion Although no individual alteration was found in a majority of tumor specimens from patients with high-grade NECC, a large proportion of women with this disease will have at least one targetable alteration. Treatments based on these gene alterations may offer additional targeted therapies for women with recurrent disease, who currently have very limited therapeutic options. Patients with tumors that harbor RB1 alterations have decreased OS.
Implications of land use and land cover changes on hydrological regimes of the Malagarasi river, Tanzania

A study was conducted to investigate the impacts of land use and land cover changes on hydrological regimes of the Malagarasi River. Remote sensing techniques were used to inventory land use and land cover changes in the watershed for over 18 years. Hydrological data collected from 1975 to 2002 at Mbelagule, a gauging station far downstream before Lake Tanganyika were analyzed to reveal the alterations and trends in flows for the pre-1980 and post-1980 periods after a large influx of refugees in the catchment. Results revealed that between 1984 and 2002, there was a in settlement and cultivated area steadily increased from 42.91 km 2 to 51.01 km 2 , woodland area declined from 405.48km 2 to 398.91km 2 and wetland area declined from 36.35km 2 to 19.91km 2 . River flows were found to be highly variable within and between the years, and sensitive to land use and land cover changes. There was a shift in the peaking of the river post-1980 period, with high flows attained earlier in April instead of May in the pre-1980 period. The dry season (June to October) flows for the post- 1980 period declined progressively when compared to the pre- 1980. A trend analysis on annual rainfall did not indicate a significant change in amount of rainfall received in the area, likewise for the annual discharges, but a downward trend was detected in dry season flows. The flow duration curve analysis indicated a progressive decline in flows for the post-1980 period unlike the former. The study concludes that the modification of the land use and cover has resulted in changes in temporal distribution of runoff. The study highlights the need to consider the effects of land use and land cover changes on ecosystems and water resources for an informed decision on proper planning and management of the catchment.
Instability and fracture in sheet metal

The regime of sheet metal deformation extends from pure shear, 1= - 2, through plane strain, 2=0, to balanced biaxial tension, under which 1=2. During deformation a material passes into different states, termed (1) uniform straining, (2) diffuse straining, and (3) localized straining, respectively. Depending on the strain ratio, (1) alone, (1) & (2) & (3), (1) & (3) or (1) & (2) can be experienced by a sheet between zero strain and fracture. In this work the deformation behaviour, in tensile and hydraulic bulge testing, of steel, aluminium and 70-30 brass has been studied. The onset of state (3) has been correlated with strain measurements, taken from a cine film of the deformation, indicated by a grid electrochemically marked on the sheet surface. Various theories predict the major and minor strains at the initiation of these states, and the theoretical and experimental results are compared for the various materials; also the implications with respect to forming-limit diagrams are discussed.
Multi-Directional Random Wave Transformation Model Based on Energy Balance Equation

The purpose of this paper is to develop a prediction model for multi-directional random wave transformation. The wave prediction model is based on an energy balance equation with an energy dissipation term and a newly formulated wave diffraction term from a parabolic approximation wave theory; the wave model is stable when solved numerically. The model calculations are carried out for three cases: the first case is the wave transformation through a gap between two breakwaters and the predictions axe compared with the solutions of the Sommerfeld diffraction theory; the second case is the wave deformation due to an elliptic shoal and the predictions are compared with the experimental observations; the third case is the transformation of swells propagating into the Osaka Bay through narrow channels. These model calculations showed that the proposed wave model gives reasonable predictions.
Luxury Zinc Supply Prevents the Depression of Grain Nitrogen Concentrations in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Typically Induced by Elevated CO2

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has inherently low concentrations of nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn), and those concentrations are falling as the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO2]) increases, threatening the quality of human diets. We investigated the effect of two levels of Zn supply (marginal and luxury), on Zn and N concentrations in whole grain of two indica rice cvv. Differing in Zn-efficiency (IR26 (inefficient) and IR36 (efficient)), grown in sand culture at ambient (400 µL CO2 L−1 (a[CO2])) and elevated (700 µL CO2 L−1 (e[CO2])) CO2 concentrations. For both cvv. , luxury Zn-supply increased vegetative growth, and the foliar and grain Zn concentrations; the increases in grain yield were greater at e[CO2]. The e[CO2] decreased grain Zn concentrations ([Zn]), as is consistently observed in other studies. However, unique to our study, luxury Zn-supply maintained grain N concentrations at e[CO2]. Our data also show that enhanced Zn uptake is the basis of the greater Zn-efficiency of IR36. Lastly, luxury Zn-supply and e[CO2] appreciably decreased the time to panicle emergence and, consequently, to maturity in both cvv. Since Zn-supply can be manipulated by both soil and foliar applications, these findings are potentially important for the quality and quantity of the global rice supply. That is, further investigation of our findings is justified. Key message: Luxury zinc supply maintains grain N concentration at 700 µL CO2 L−1.
Bayesian reliability analysis of series systems of binomial subsystems and components

A Bayesian procedure is presented for estimating the reliability of a series system of independent binomial subsystems and components. The method considers either test or prior data (perhaps both or neither) at the system, subsystem, and component level. Beta prior distributions are assumed throughout. Inconsistent prior judgments are averaged within the simple-to-use procedure. The method is motivated by the following practical problem. It is required to estimate the overall reliability of a certain air-to-air heat-seeking missile system containing five major subsystems with up to nine components per subsystem. The posterior distribution of the overall missile-system reliability from which the required estimates are obtained is computed.
Remarks on the Unimodular Fourier Multipliers on α-Modulation Spaces

We study the boundedness properties of the Fourier multiplier operator on -modulation spaces and Besov spaces . We improve the conditions for the boundedness of Fourier multipliers with compact supports and for the boundedness of on . If is a radial function and satisfies some size condition, we obtain the sufficient and necessary conditions for the boundedness of between and .
Spatial distribution and drivers of throughfall beneath shrub canopies in a semi‐arid desert steppe

The spatial distribution of water is mainly controlled by the vegetation canopy, which determines the partitioning of rainfall into interception, throughfall (TF) and stemflow. TF is known to be a critical component of hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. Spatiotemporal patterns of TF have been studied in different ecosystems, although the majority of studies focused on forests. Few reports on small‐scale TF variability and drivers in semi‐arid desert steppes have been published. Herein, we investigated the variability of TF of two morphologically distinct artificial revegetation shrubs (Caragana liouana and Salix psammophila) within a semi‐arid desert steppe, synthesized the data and analysed the characteristics of TF distribution and drivers at the rainfall event scales. We found that (1) morphological differences were sufficient to generate significant (p < 0.05) differences in TF between the two shrub species under the same rainfall and meteorological conditions, with a TF percentage of 70.22% for C. liouana and 79.87% for S. psammophila; (2) a linear outward radical increase in TF was identified with increasing distance from the base of the isolated shrubs. Wind speed had a greater effect on the distribution of TF beneath the shrub structure for C. liouana, whereas the distribution of TF beneath the shrub structure for S. psammophila was more affected by wind direction; and (3) canopy architecture, in particular the stem angle and canopy base area, which affected the openness of the canopy and played an important role in the distribution of TF in the two shrubs. The results reveal the key factors driving water use under rainfall during revegetation and the TF utilization mechanism in semi‐arid areas and highlight the complementary effect of different species on ecosystem hydrological functions.
Prolonged Dystocic Labor in Neuraxial Analgesia and the Role of Enkephalin Neurotransmitters: An Experimental Study

The investigation studied the enkephalinergic neuro fibers (En) contained in the Lower Uterine Segment (LUS) during the prolonged dystocic labor (PDL) with Labor Neuraxial Analgesia (LNA). PDL is generally caused by fetal head malpositions in the Occiput Posterior Position (OPP), Persistent Occiput Posterior Position (POPP), in a transverse position (OTP), and asynclitism (A), and it is detected by Intrapartum Ultrasonography (IU). The En were detected in the LUS samples picked up during cesarean section (CS) of 38 patients undergoing urgent CS in PDL, compared to 37 patients submitted to elective CS. Results were statistically evaluated to understand the differences in En morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by fluorescence microscopy (FM). The LUS samples analysis showed an important reduction in En in LUS of CS for the PDL group, in comparison with the elective CS group. The LUS overdistension, by fetal head malpositions (OPP, OTP, A) and malrotations, lead to dystocia, modification of vascularization, and En reduction. The En reduction in PDL suggests that drugs used during the LNA, usually local anesthetics and opioids, cannot control the “dystocic pain”, that differs from normal labor pain. The IU administration in labor and the consequent diagnosis of dystocia suggest stopping the numerous and ineffective top-up drug administration during LNA, and to shift the labor to operative vaginal delivery or CS.
Parsimonious Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion in a nonlinear geophysical problem

Summary A key element in the solution of a geophysical inverse problem is the quantification of non-uniqueness, that is, how much parameters of an inferred earth model can vary while fitting a set of measurements. A widely used approach is that of Bayesian inference, where Bayes' rule is used to determine the uncertainty of the earth model parameters a posteriori given the data. I describe here, a natural extension of Bayesian parameter estimation that accounts for the posterior probability of how complex an earth model is (specifically, how many layers it contains). This approach has a built-in parsimony criterion: among all earth models that fit the data, those with fewer parameters (fewer layers) have higher posterior probabilities. To implement this approach in practice, I use a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm applied to the nonlinear problem of inverting DC resistivity sounding data to infer characteristics of a 1-D earth model. The earth model is parametrized as a layered medium, where the number of layers and their resistivities and thicknesses are poorly known a priori. The algorithm obtains a sample of layered media from the posterior distribution; this sample measures non-uniqueness in terms of how many layers are effectively resolved by the data and of the range of layer thicknesses and resistivities consistent with the data. Because the complexity of the model is effectively determined by the data, the solution does not need to be regularized. This is a desirable feature, because requiring the solution to be smooth beyond what is implied by prior information can lead to underestimating posterior uncertainty. Letting the number of layers be a free parameter, as done here, broadens the space of earth models possible a priori and makes the determination of posterior uncertainty less dependent on the parametrization.