Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
with Chronic Rejection Allograft Acceptance and Fibrosis Associated Signaling and IL-17 in b Role of T Cell TGF

Chronic allograft rejection (CR) is the main barrier to long-term transplant survival. CR is a progressive disease deﬁned by interstitial ﬁbrosis, vascular neointimal development, and graft dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms responsible for CR remain poorly deﬁned. TGF (cid:1) has been implicated in promoting ﬁbrotic diseases including CR, but is beneﬁcial in the transplant setting due to its immunosuppressive activity. To assess the requirement for T cell TGF (cid:1) signaling in allograft acceptance and the progression of CR, we used mice with abrogated T cell TGF (cid:1) signaling as allograft recipients. We compared responses from recipients that were transiently depleted of CD4 (cid:2) cells (that develop CR and express intragraft TGF (cid:1) ) with responses from mice that received anti-CD40L mAb therapy (that do not develop CR and do not express intragraft TGF (cid:1) ). Allograft acceptance and suppression of graft-reactive T and B cells were independent of T cell TGF (cid:1) signaling in mice treated with anti-CD40L mAb. In recipients transiently depleted of CD4 (cid:2) T cells, T cell TGF (cid:1) signaling was required for the development of ﬁbrosis associated with CR, long-term graft acceptance, and suppression of graft-reactive T and B cell responses. Furthermore, IL-17 was identiﬁed as a critical element in TGF (cid:1) -driven allograft ﬁbrosis. Thus, IL-17 may provide a therapeutic target for preventing graft ﬁbrosis, a measure of CR, while sparing the immunosuppressive activity of TGF (cid:1) . The Journal of Immunology, 2009, the internal control, IL-2 (324 bp). Primers transgene forward and reverse were used to detect the transgenic allele (100 bp). CD4-DNR mice exhibit an autoimmune phenotype and immunopathology with age, result- ing in the development of multifocal inﬂammation best characterized by inﬂammatory bowel disease between 3 and 5 mo of age (10). To avoid potential complications of age-related autoimmunity, mice were transplanted at 6 wk of age and at the termination of each experiment the colons were examined macroscopically and histologically for autoimmune mani-festations. None of the mice used in this study exhibited an autoimmune phenotype. IL-17 (cid:2) / (cid:2) mice (46) were generated by Dr. Y. Iwakura (Uni-versity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan) and provided by Dr. W. Zou (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI) in collaboration. All mice were housed under speciﬁc pathogen-free conditions in the Unit for Laboratory Animal Med- icine at the University of Michigan. These experiments were approved by the University Committee on Use and Care of Animals at the University of Michigan.
Vfr Travel: An Assessment of Vfr Versus Non-Vfr Travellers

This research explores the profiles and characteristics of VFR travellers relative to non- VFR travellers in one tourist destination. It uses a VFR whole tourism system approach to explain more about VFR traveller behaviour. It is the relationship between the traveller (VFR) and the other tourism elements, through the VFR host, that this research considers. VFR travellers are not just visiting friends and/or relations. They may also use services provided by tourism industries, although to what degree has historically attracted little research. This study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods to examine this relationship. The quantitative research was undertaken in Australia’s Sunshine Coast and involved a survey of both visitors and residents in the Sunshine Coast. The qualitative research component was provided at a nationwide level, conducted by indepth interviews with the managers of the Regional Tourism Organisations (RTOs) throughout Australia. This allowed an examination of how VFR travel was regarded by RTO managers and what marketing strategies were in place to reach VFR travellers across the various RTOs in Australia. The results of this study suggest that VFR and non-VFR travellers came from different generating regions and travelled by different transit routes to reach the Sunshine Coast. Therefore, generic marketing campaigns aimed at the leisure market would be unlikely to be effective in capturing VFR travellers. VFR travellers surveyed were active tourists, undertaking a wide range of activities to a similar extent as non-VFR travellers. In fact, when VFR hosts’ expenditures were combined with VFR expenditures and compared against non-VFR travellers, there was no significant difference between the total expenditures. Thus, the importance of VFR travel to the local community of the Sunshine Coast is clear. One significant contribution of this study has been the development of three VFR models (The VFR Trilogy) to provide a foundation to improve understanding of VFR behaviour. VFR travel is a significant although little understood component of tourism. Therefore, this area of travel needs to be elevated to greater prominence in order for it to be understood well enough for it to be given greater attention by academics. Through doing so, it is more likely to be taught to future tourism marketers and tourism managers in order for it to receive the recognition the segment deserves. With VFR travel barely rating more than a cursory mention in core tourism texts and failing to even rate a place in the index of others, it is hardly surprising that VFR is regularly left off the higher education teaching syllabus for tourism units, resulting in the continual neglect of VFR travel as a worthwhile area of focus. The trilogy of VFR models may assist in providing the necessary tools to explain and teach VFR travel to future tourism students, so that VFR travel can be more than well-known but also known well.
Intraplate deformation and basin formation during the Tertiary within the northern Iberian plate: Origin and evolution of the Almazán Basin

The Tertiary Almazán Basin was a topographic high during the Mesozoic rifting at the northern part of the Iberian plate. It was bordered by two Mesozoic basins: (1) the Castilian Basin (with a maximum thickness of more than 2000 m) to the south and (2) the Cameros Basin (with a maximum thickness of 9000 m) to the north. To the east the Almazán Basin is bordered by Paleozoic rocks of the NW‐SE trending Aragonian Range, which underwent little subsidence during the Mesozoic. The two Mesozoic basins show an E‐W direction. During the Tertiary NNE‐SSW compression (mainly late Eocene‐early Miocene), both Mesozoic basins were inverted and uplifted, and the Almazán Basin, with an overall synclinal geometry, was filled with syn‐tectonic terrestrial sediments, reaching a maximum thickness of 3500 m. Deformation during the Tertiary was strongly controlled by preexisting structures, both Mesozoic extensional faults and reactivated Variscan folds. The depocenter of the Tertiary basin migrated southward during the Paleogene. This migration is consistent with a piggyback transport of the whole basin northward, due to the movement on the underlying, crustal‐scale north verging Cameros thrust. The geometry and sedimentary evolution of the Almazán thick‐skinned piggyback basin was controlled by the uplift associated with the main crustal‐scale thrust, which was the main source area, and was separated from the foreland basin since the early stages of filling (late Eocene). This makes the main difference with thin‐skinned piggyback basins, controlled by the foreland thrust belt and separated from the foreland basin only at their late stages.
Intersection of motor volumes predicts the outcome of predator-prey interactions

In predator-prey interactions, the escape maneuvers of prey animals is a key determinant of their likelihood of survival. Therefore, these maneuvers and the neural circuits subserving them are under intense selection pressure. Our current understanding suggests that a number of escape parameters contribute to survival, including response latency, escape speed, and direction. However, existing studies present contradictory evidence about the impact of these parameters on escape success. Specifically, the value of rapid responses and fast speeds in producing successful escapes has been disputed, even while many animals have specialized circuits devoted to producing the shortest latency and fastest escapes. These contradictions obscure an understanding of the selection pressure on escape maneuvers and the functional benefit of specialized escape circuits. To clarify these issues, we have investigated the determinants of successful escape maneuvers by studying the responses of larval zebrafish to the ballistic attacks of a natural predator, the dragonfly nymph. We found that the strongest predictor of the outcome was the time needed for the nymph to reach the fish after the fish had initiated an escape. We show how this result is a consequence of the intersection of the volume containing all possible escape trajectories of the fish and the swept volume of the nymph’s attack. By analyzing the interaction of these volumes, we estimated the survival benefit conferred to larval zebrafish by recruiting the Mauthner cell, the giant neuron in fish devoted to producing escapes. Our approach provides a new perspective on the selection pressure on movements during predation by presenting a general framework that unifies the influence of many escape parameters in shaping the motor volumes of predator and prey.
Simulation for Interactions between Storm Sewer and Overland Flows

Storm sewer systems are commonly applied to drain surface runoff in urban areas, but for the torrential rainfall events, the piping system often fails to deliver the runoff which exceeds the design capacity of the conduit immediately. The present model investigates the interaction between the sewer system and overland flow coupling the Storm Water Management Model with a two-dimensional non-inertia wave model. This model improves the accuracy of the flood depths in local depression area, total inundation volume and flooding duration due to the consideration of the bidirectional water movements between overland and sewer flows. The paper argues that this newly developed model has better performance and its application demonstrates that it is suitable to simulate the complex hydraulic process in an urban area. The present model was applied to review the flooding processes during Typhoon Nari that swept north Taiwan with extreme rainfall and serious flood hazard in September 2001; the results are provided.
The role of fungi and bacteria on the organic matter decomposition process in streams: interaction and relevance in biofilms

L'objectiu d'aquest estudi es el d'investigar sobre l'us de materia organica per part dels fongs i bacteris que colonitzen diferents substrats bentonics en rius Mediterranis i analitzar l'efecte dels factors ambientals i antropics sobre l'estabilitat estructural i funcional de les comunitats del biofilm. La metodologia emprada en aquest estudi consisteix en: i) analisi de la biomassa bacteriana i fungica, ii) analisi de la composicio de les comunitats bentoniques (identificacio d'hifomicets aquatics i analisi del 16S rDNA bacteria), i iii) analisi de l'activitat enzimatica extracel·lular relacionada amb el reciclatge de materia organica en rius.
Alternate Year Beechnut Production and its Influence on Bear and Marten Populations

Wildlife managers in the northeastern USA are interested in determining the amount of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) needed on the landscape to support bear and other wildlife populations. The need to understand the dynamics between beechnut production and wildlife populations is heightened by the impact of beech bark disease and the increased use of intensive forestry practices on commercial forests in the Northeast. Longterm monitoring of Maine’s black bear (Ursus americana) and marten (Martes americana) populations indicate that alternate year patterns in bear reproduction and marten harvest rates may be correlated to beechnut production. In northern Maine, 22% of the female black bears that were reproductively available reproduced following falls when beechnut production was poor. The proportion of reproducing females increased (P < 0.001) to 80% following falls when beechnut production was high. After 21 years of a consistent alternate year pattern in bear reproduction, the pattern changed in 2003. In 2003, the proportion of females producing cubs did not increase as expected but rather increased in 2004, after a poor beechnut crop. For marten, trapping harvests rates exhibited a strong alternate year pattern, where harvest rates during odd-numbered years were double that of even-numbered years. Marten harvest patterns were similar (P < 0.001; r = 0.65) in northern Maine and the Adirondacks of New York, and appeared to be inversely related to beechnut production. Beechnut production in the Adirondacks was cyclical (first order autocorrelation of -0.69) and fluctuated in an alternate year pattern from 1993 to 2003. We propose two hypotheses to explain the variation in marten harvest rates. (1) Marten harvests decrease during years when beechnut production is good because of the decreased vulnerability of marten to baited traps. (2) Increased energy intake during a good beechnut year increases marten kit production or survival. This results in a large number of juveniles that may be trapped the following fall and increases the overall number of marten taken by trappers.
Chapter 6 Proterozoic Vindhyan Basin: configuration and evolution

Abstract This chapter attempts an understanding of the Proterozoic Vindhyan Basin history in the broad framework of central India. Although the entire Vindhyan Supergroup is within the scope of this work, particular attention is paid to the little-known northwestern fringe exposures. Distinctive facies assemblages and diverse palaeocurrents in these exposures of the Lower Vindhyan play a pivotal role in the interpretation. Analysis of outcrop and subsurface data that extend under the Gangetic alluvium to the north of the Vindhyan outcrops further supports the hypothesis that an east–west-elongated basement ridge initially separated the master Vindhyan Basin from smaller contemporary basins to the north. Deposition took place in isolated lacustrine and fluvial basins north of the divide and largely in a marine realm south. Dextral shear accompanying rifting generated ridges that criss-crossed the Lower Vindhyan seafloor to the south. The uniform character of the Upper Vindhyan throughout, nevertheless, testifies to later drowning of the divide and unification of all of the basins as a consequence of regional tilt northward. However, the extended Vindhyan Sea was restricted by a second east–west-elongated ridge from merger with the contemporary Proterozoic sea further north, disparate sediments of which have been encountered in a few drill cores only.
Spatiotemporal variability of drought and the potential climatological driving factors in the Liao River basin

Spatiotemporal characteristics of drought based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in the Liao River basin (LRB) are investigated in this study. High autocorrelation in SPI seems to lend itself to drought prediction. Drought is becoming more frequent, widespread, and severe in the LRB during the past several decades. Major factors affecting drought in this basin are analysed by investigating relationship between SPI and several circulations including western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices. Different correlation patterns between WPSH indices and SPI are obtained. Several significant positive correlations between the area, intensity of WPSH and SPI are observed in the west and the centre of the study area, while negative correlations are observed in the east. Reverse patterns are observed in the correlation between the ridge of westward longitude of WPSH and SPI. Corresponding lag‐correlation is dominated by positive correlations between the area, intensity of WPSH and SPI, and by negative correlation between the ridge of westward longitude of WPSH and SPI. EASM is mainly negative related with drought in the east of the LRB. Significant positive correlation between ENSO and SPI is mainly located in the east while negative correlation is located in west of the basin. Lag‐correlation (with lags of 1 to 12 months) between them is also investigated and results show that significant negative correlation is located in a broad area extending from the west to the centre of the basin, while less positive correlation is observed with the increase of lags. The possibility of employing general circulation models (GCMs) for drought prediction is discussed based on the above analyses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical Activity and Inactivity Treatment with EUK-134 improves sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2 (cid:2) release but not myoﬁbrillar Ca 2 (cid:2) sensitivity after fatiguing contraction of rat fast-twitch muscle with

Treatment EUK-134 improves sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2 (cid:2) release but not myoﬁbrillar Ca 2 (cid:2) sensitivity after fatiguing contraction of rat fast-twitch muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 316: R543–R551, 2019. 2018. —Skeletal muscles undergoing vigorous activity can enter a state of prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD). This study was conducted to examine whether antioxidant treatment is capable of accelerating the recovery from PLFFD, with a focus on the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and myoﬁbril. One hour before fatiguing stimulation (FS) was administered, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of Eukarion (EUK-134), which mimics the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Intact muscles of the hindlimbs were electrically stimulated via the sciatic nerve until the force was reduced to ~50% of the initial force (FS). Thirty minutes after cessation of FS, the superﬁcial regions of gastrocnemius muscles were dissected and used for biochemical and skinned-ﬁber analyses. Whole muscle analyses revealed that antioxidant alleviated the FS-induced decrease in the reduced glutathione content. Skinned-ﬁber analyses showed that the antioxidant did not affect the FS-induced decrease in the ratio of force at 1 Hz to that at 50 Hz. However, the antioxidant partially inhibited the FS-mediated decrease in the ratio of depolarization-induced force to the maximum Ca 2 (cid:2) -activated force. Furthermore, the antioxidant completely suppressed the FS-induced increase in myoﬁbrillar Ca 2 (cid:2) sensitivity. These results suggest that antioxidant treatment is ineffective in facilitating the restoration of PLFFD, probably due to its negative effect on myoﬁbrillar Ca 2 (cid:2) sensitivity, which supersedes its positive effect on SR Ca 2 (cid:2) release.
Principal Components of Multifrequency Microwave Land Surface Emissivities. Part II: Effects of Previous-Time Precipitation

AbstractThe microwave land surface emissivity (MLSE) over the continental United States was examined during 2011 as a function of prior rainfall conditions using two independent emissivity estimation techniques, one providing instantaneous estimates based on a clear-scene emissivity principal component (PC) analysis and the other based on physical radiative transfer modeling. Results show that over grass, closed shrub, and cropland, prior rainfall can cause the horizontally polarized 10-GHz brightness temperature (TB) to drop by as much as 20 K, with a corresponding emissivity drop of approximately 0.06, whereby prior rain exhibited little influence on the emissivity over forest because of the dense vegetation. The correlation between emissivity and its leading principal components and the prior rainfall over grass, closed shrub, and cropland is −0.6, while it is only −0.1 over forested areas. Forward-simulated TB using the PC-based emissivity derived from instantaneous Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.
Subkilometer Martian volcanoes: Properties and possible terrestrial analogs

Kilometer to subkilometer cones with large central craters are the most numerous volcanic structures in the northern plains of Mars. Based on examination of more than 12,000 high resolution Viking orbiter images, most of these very small cones are located in parts of Eastern Acidalia and Utopia-Isidis-Elysium Planitia. Measurements of base and pit diameter for some 2000 well-resolved features show small variations in the histogram of base diameters between and within regions but remarkable similarity in the distribution of crater/cone diameter ratios. This suggests that the small cones had a similar origin with only minor variations in local conditions. The Acidalia cones are generally larger, more widely distributed, and occur on a greater variety of terrains than those in Utopia-Isidis-Elysium. Based on morphology, distribution, and the crater/cone ratio histograms, the smallest Martian cones may be similar to Icelandic pseudocraters. Somewhat larger, steeper cones with smaller crater/cone ratios which also occur in Eastern Acidalia may be analogs of terrestrial cinder cones.
ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING FROM SPOT IMAGERY

A previous paper (Gugan, 1987) described the geometric model used to find the exterior orientation of dynamic SPOT imagery. The present paper considers the results of measurement and interpretation tests performed on a number of stereomodels. The image quality is assessed in comparison with the original digital data. Level 1A stereomodels with different base height ratios, numbers of control points and with different control point accuracies are compared. Accuracies obtained with level 1P and 1B data are also reported. The information content of the imagery is assessed by feature plotting followed by comparison with the 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 scale maps of the area. The importance of high quality photographic imagery and operator experience are noted.