Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of substituting of cocoa powder for carob flour in cakes made with soy and banana flours.

This study evaluated the effect of replacing cocoa powder by carob flour in gluten-free cakes. Five cake formulations were prepared: standard (100% cocoa powder); T1 (25% carob flour), T2 (50% carob flour), T3 (75% carob flour) and T4 (100% carob flour). The following were analyzed: moisture, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, dietary fiber, ash and energy. The physical analysis of height and weight, pre-and post-cooking, and the heat factor were performed. The sensory analysis of color, odor, taste and texture was performed by affective test, and color was assessed using a Minolta colorimeter. The replacement of cocoa powder by carob flour gave the cakes a higher level of dietary fiber (16.42 the 2.89 g%), a lower lipid (6.89 the 5.27 g%) and carbohydrate content (20.65 the 8.42 g%), and lower calorie content (208.89 the 148.07 kcal%). The cake made with 100% carob flour was darker in color than the others. The increasing substitution of cocoa powder by carob flour resulted in decreased cohesiveness (0.51 the 0.46), elasticity (0.95 the 0.79) and resilience in the cakes (0.26 the 0.24). The cakes with greater substitution of cocoa powder were heavier in weight. With respect to sensory attributes, the cakes with replacement of up to 75% of cocoa powder by carob flour showed no significant difference. The results indicate that it is possible to prepare gluten-free cakes from soy and banana flours, using carob flour to replace cocoa powder, which are rich in protein, fiber, low in calories and with pleasant sensory characteristics for people with celiac disease.
Analysis of exceedances in the daily PM 10 mass concentration (50 μg m −3 ) at a roadside station in Leipzig, Germany

Abstract. Five years of PM 10 and PM 2.5 ambient air measurements at a roadside, an urban, and a regional background site in Leipzig (Germany) were analyzed for violations of the legal PM 10 limit value (EC, 1999). The annual mean PM 10 concentrations at the three sites were well below the legal threshold of 40 μg m −3 (32.6, 22.0 and 21.7 μg m −3 , respectively). At roadside, the daily maximum value of 50 μg m −3 was exceeded on 232 days (13% of all days) in 2005–2009, which led to a violation of the EC directive in three out of five years. We analysed the meteorological factors and local source contributions that eventually led to the exceedances of the daily limit value. As noted in other urban environments before, most exceedance days were observed in the cold season. Exceedance days were most probable under synoptic situations characterised by stagnant winds, low temperatures and strong temperature inversions in winter time. However, these extreme situations accounted for only less than half of the exeedance days. We also noticed a significant number of exceedance days that occurred in the cold season under south-westerly winds, and in the warm season in the presence of easterly winds. Our analysis suggests that local as well as regional sources of PM are equally responsible for exceedances days at the roadside site. The conclusion is that a combined effort of local, national and international reduction measures appears most likely to avoid systematic exceedances of the daily limit value in the future.
Precipitation of oxygen in dislocation‐free silicon

The precipitation of oxygen in bulk dislocation-free Czochralski silicon subjected to isothermal annealing at temperatures between 400 and 1100 °C is studied by means of infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. From the changes in the infrared spectra observed after heat treatment it is concluded that (i) for low annealing temperatures (400 to 750°C) the precipitates consist of amorphous SiOx (x < 2) which with rising temperature is transformed into amorphous SiO2, (ii) at medium annealing temperatures (750 to 950 °C) α-cristobalite precipitates are formed, which (iii) at high annealing temperatures (950 to 1100 °C) are converted in amorphous SiO2. In transmission electron microscopy the temperature range (i) is characterized by the appearance of “rod-like” defects and its transformation into dislocation loops, and the ranges (ii) and (iii) by the observation of platelet-shaped precipitates generating dislocation loops and stacking faults, leading to the conversion of the platelet-shaped precipitates into microprecipitates. Es wird die Prazipitation von Sauerstoff in versetzungsfreiem Czochralski-Silizium nach isothermaler Warmebehandlung bei Temperaturen zwischen 400 und 1100 °C mit Hilfe der Infrarotspektroskopie und der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Aus den Anderungen im Infrarotspektrum, die nach der Warmebehandlung beobachtet werden, wird geschlossen, das fur niedrige Temperungstemperaturen (400 bis 750 °C) die Prazipitate aus amorphem SiOx (x < 2) bestehen, welches sich mit wachsender Temperatur in amorphes SiO2 umwandelt, das bei mittleren Temperungstemperaturen (750 bis 950 °C) α-Cristobalit-Prazipitate gebildet werden, die sich bei hohen Temperungstemperaturen (950 bis 1100 °C) in amorphes SiO2 umwandeln. In der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie wird der erste Temperaturbereich durch das Auftreten von „stabchenformigen” Defekten und deren Umwandlung in Versetzungsschleifen charakterisiert und die beiden anderen Temperaturbereiche durch die Beobachtung von plattchenformigen Prazipitaten, die Versetzungsschleifen und Stapelfehler erzeugen, was schlieslich zu einer Umwandlung der plattchenformigen Prazipitate in Mikroprazipitate fuhrt.
Sanitary and Ecological Characteristics of Water in the Municipal Lake of Rusałka in Szczecin

Our studies were aimed at bacteriological analysis of water in the small municipal lake of Rusalka, in Szczecin. The studies were conducted over four years, in monthly intervals, assuming that the results will enable detailed analysis of bacteriological characteristics of the water in the tested reservoir and will yield sanitary and ecological characteristics of the reservoir. The quantitative estimation included index bacteria for the extent of pollution, index bacteria of sanitary condition, bacteria of selected physiological groups (ammonification bacteria, denitrification bacteria) as well as the presence of thermophile bacteria, sporu lating bacteria, bacteria capable of sulphate reduction ( Desulfotomaculum nigrificans). also, the ratio was calculated for foecal-type coli group bacteria to foecal streptococci, treated as an index of origin of foecal-type pollution. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. In the studied lake high values of all the examined parameters were disclosed. The high numerical force of index bacteria for the extent of pollution (TVC 20°C, TVC 37°C) and of index bacteria for sanitary con dition (coli group bacteria, foecal type coli group bacteria, foecal streptococci) pointed to contamination of the lake by household sewage. The observed high numbers of bacteria participating in turnover of nitrogen compounds (ammonification and denitrification bacteria) indicated a continuous inflow of nitrogen-rich compounds and development of water self-purification. The values of most studied parameters obtained by us were in general higher than the values noted in the same lake in previous years and higher than the values noted in other municipal lakes in Poland.
Phonon Scattering and Thermal Conductivity in p‐Type Nanostructured PbTe‐BaTe Bulk Thermoelectric Materials

Transmission electron microscopy studies show that a PbTe‐BaTe bulk thermoelectric system represents the coexistence of solid solution and nanoscale BaTe precipitates. The observed significant reduction in the thermal conductivity is attributed to the enhanced phonon scattering by the combination of substitutional point defects in the solid solution and the presence of high spatial density of nanoscale precipitates. In order to differentiate the role of nanoscale precipitates and point defects in reducing lattice thermal conductivity, a modified Callaway model is proposed, which highlights the contribution of point defect scattering due to solid solution in addition to that of other relevant microstructural constituents. Calculations indicate that in addition to a 60% reduction in lattice thermal conductivity by nanostructures, point defects are responsible for about 20% more reduction and the remaining reduction is contributed by the collective of dislocation and strain scattering. These results underscore the need for tailoring integrated length‐scales for enhanced heat‐carrying phonon scattering in high performance thermoelectrics.
The influence of lateral substituents on the occurrence of a transition between two polar smectic phases with antiferroelectric properties

The synthesis and mesomorphic properties of two homologous series of bent-core (BC) compounds derived from 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene are reported. The two series differ from one another by an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating lateral substituent on the middle phenyl ring of the arms of the BC. Very interestingly, contrasting results are obtained in which polar phases are observed in compounds containing a chloro substituent and apolar smectic C and nematic phases are obtained when this substituent is replaced by a methyl group. The mesophases have been characterised by using a combination of polarised light optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction measurements, electro-optical and dielectric studies.
Effect of Silicon application on Physiological characteristics and Grain Yield of Wheat under Drought stress condition

In order to investigate the effect of Silicon application on some physiological characteristics and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under drought stress condition, an experiment was conducted in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Khuzestan, at 2012. The experiment was arranged in split-plots design in RCBD (Randomized Complete Blocks Design) with three replications. Treatments of experiment were drought stress (irrigation after 25, 50 and 75% depletion of Available Water Content) in main plots and different levels of silicon (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg Si.ha -1 ) arranged in sub-plots. The results showed that drought stress was significant on all traits. The drought stress led to increased electrolyte leakage and silicon concentration in shoot and other parameters were decreased. The intensive drought has most effect on grain yield (down 38%) and electrolyte leakage (up 36%). So that application of 10 kg Si.ha -1 of silicon was no significant effect ,but 30 kg Si.ha -1 of silicon led to decrease electrolyte leakage 16.5% and increased superoxide dismutase activity, grain Potassium and flag leaf and grain silicon concentration respectively, 18 , 14.6 , 28.5, 31.7 and 6% compared to control. In general, the results showed a positive effect of silicon on wheat plant under stress conditions that were higher than when the plant is under no stress condition.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Studies of Binuclear Copper(II) Complexes of (2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-3-Methoxybenzylidene)-4N-Substituted Hydrazinecarbothioamides

Four novel binuclear copper(II) complexes [1–4] of (2E)-2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-4N-substituted hydrazinecarbothioamides, (OH)(OCH3)C6H4CH=NNHC(S)NHR, where R = H (L1), Me (L2), Et (L3), or Ph (L4), have been synthesized and characterized. The FT-IR spectral data suggested the attachment of copper(II) ion to ligand moiety through the azomethine nitrogen, thioketonic sulphur, and phenolic-O. The spectroscopic characterization indicates the dissociation of dimeric complex into mononuclear [Cu(L)Cl] units in polar solvents like DMSO, where L is monoanionic thiosemicarbazone. The DNA binding properties of the complexes with calf thymus (CT) DNA were studied by spectroscopic titration. The complexes show binding affinity to CT DNA with binding constant ( <path id="x1D43E" d="M764 650l-7 -26q-61 -10 -91.5 -22.5t-76.5 -48.5l-235 -184q104 -152 208 -276q31 -37 54.5 -48.5t68.5 -16.5l-7 -28h-156q-138 170 -213 284q-19 29 -33.5 35t-33.5 -7l-29 -173q-15 -75 -5.5 -90.5t74.5 -20.5l-5 -28h-260l7 28q58 5 74 21.5t30 89.5l70 378 q12 68 2 83t-72 22l6 28h257l-7 -28q-62 -7 -76 -21.5t-27 -83.5l-32 -172q29 11 78 46q112 84 217 179q18 16 23.5 25.5t-1 14.5t-26.5 8l-30 4l5 28h249z" /> <path id="x1D44F" d="M452 333q0 -82 -46 -164t-116 -128q-81 -53 -158 -53q-26 0 -51 13t-37 32q-26 41 -6 134l91 431q7 40 2.5 47t-34.5 7h-33l2 25q36 4 72.5 13t58.5 15.5t28 6.5q10 0 4 -29l-91 -391h2q65 77 130 116.5t105 39.5q36 0 56.5 -32t20.5 -83zM365 316q0 76 -35 76 q-31 0 -93.5 -49t-107.5 -110q-12 -37 -17 -70q-9 -65 12 -96.5t59 -31.5q31 0 56 14q53 29 89.5 105t36.5 162z" /> ) values in the order of 106 M−1. The ligands and their metal complexes were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities by agar disc diffusion method. Except for complex 4, all complexes showed considerable activity almost equal to the activity of ciprofloxacin. These complexes did not show any effect on Gram-negative bacteria, whereas they showed moderate activity for Gram-positive strains.
The crystal structure of ganophyllite, a complex manganese aluminosilicate. I. Polytypism and strutural variation

The reciprocal-lattice geometry of ganophyllite has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, two distinct variants being noted. These structures, comprising a monoclinic form and a hitherto unreported triclinic variant, can both be interpreted in terms of structural columns which can be stacked in varying sequences along either of the {011} planes. Diffracted intensities from models of this type for both variants give good agreement with the distinctive pattern of intensities actually observed. With the structural column concept, it is also possible to explain instances of two-dimensionally disordered intergrowths of these structures.
Na+/Mordenite Interaction Energy Determined by Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Current

The evolution of thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) measured on a mordenite Na zeolite is examined as a function of the Na+ exchange degree. According to this investigation, the dipolar reorientation is due to Na+, and the TSDC signal analysis leads to an assessment of the interaction energies between the hopping Na+ ions and the zeolitic lattice. The values of these energies are found to be between 0.7 and 0.9 eV. According to the Na+ exchange degree and the nature of the occupied Na+ sites, a quantitative and qualitative characterization of each site is given.
Mechanistic Aspects of Pyrophosphorylation Reactions from Model Studies

Pyrophosphorylation reactions that mimic pyrophosphorylases have been studied by utilizing nitrophenol as substrate and bistrimethylenediamine cobalt(III) pyrophosphate as the pyrophosphorylating agent. Significant pyrophosphorylation was noted for reactions of 1:1 molar ratio of Co(III)tn2 to PPi (i.e., [Co(III)tn2 PPi] in solution) and nitrophenol. The rate of pyrophosphorylation was significantly reduced for reaction solutions that were 2:1 in molar ratio of Co(III)tn2 to PPi, (i.e., [(Co(III)tn2)2PPi] in solution) and nitrophenol. No appreciable pyrophosphorylation was noted for the pyrophosphate complex, which has a 3:1 molar ratio of Co(III)tn2 to PPi (i.e., [(Co(III)tn2)3PPi] in solution) when reacted with equimolar amounts of nitrophenol. Specific mechanistic features and the possible roles metal ions play in pyrophosphorylase enzymes are highlighted from the results of both ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies.
Product distributions from the OH radical-induced oxidation of but-1-ene, methyl-substituted but-1-enes and isoprene in NOx-free air

Product distributions resulting from the OH-induced oxidation of but-1-ene, 2-methylbut-1-ene, 3-methylbut-1-ene and isoprene in air were measured in the absence of nitrogen oxides and compared with predictions based on currently accepted oxidation mechanisms. In the case of butenes, the observed distributions of carbonyl compounds, hydroxyketones, hydroxyalkanals and diols were evaluated to obtain probabilities for the initial attack of OH radical on the outer position of the double bond (γ = 0.90 ± 0.03 for 2-Me-but-1-ene and γ = 0.76 ± 0.05 for both but-1-ene and 3-Me-but-1-ene), for the probability of formation of stable products in the self-reaction of secondary β-hydroxyperoxyl radicals (kssb/kss = 0.29 ± 0.07 for but-1-ene and kssb/kss = 0.19 ± 0.06 for 3-Me-but-1-ene), and for the ratio of the reaction with oxygen s. decomposition of β-hydroxyalkoxyl radicals, k3[O2]/(k4 + k3[O2]) = 0.25 ± 0.04 for but-1-ene and = 0.38 ± 0.04 for 3-Me-but-1-ene. The last two values disagree with other published data, which suggest a smaller effect of oxygen. The oxidation of isoprene produced methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone with a ratio 0.93 ± 0.10, the ratio of methyl vinyl ketone and 3-methylfuran was 7.3 ± 1.0. Other products were 1-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-en-2-one (identified by mass spectrometry) and 3-methyl-3-oxo-butane (tentatively identified). The overall product distribution was complex and could not be fully elucidated. Computer simulations based on several mechanisms applied the relative probabilities for OH addition found for the but-1-enes. Comparison with the experimental data suggests probabilities for OH addition to the methylated double bond of 0.504 ± 0.027 (outer position) and 0.056 ± 0.003 (inner position), and to the non-methylated double bond of 0.335 ± 0.023 (outer position) and 0.105 ± 0.008 (inner position).
Through Air Drying Characteristics of Machine-Formed Semi-Permeable Paper

ABSTRACT Printing and heavier grades paper are dried over steam heated cylinder dryers, a mature process which is characterized by low drying rates and lack of ability for control of moisture uniformity across the sheet. The present study examines factors relating to the applicability of through air drying for such grades of paper. This drying process yields much higher drying rates but now is restricted to high permeability, light weight products such as tissue and toweling as the cost of providing through flow across the sheet is the key economic factor in this technique. With over 400 through drying experiments the parameters characterizing the drying rate curves were determined for 10 quite different types of uncalendered paper produced on a variety of papermachines. The relation between drying conditions and two characteristics, the moisture content at the end of increasing rate period and the constant drying rate, did not vary significantly between these types of paper. However, the extent of the co.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DRAG COEFFICIENTS AND THE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF SPHEROIDAL DROPS

Numerical analyses of the drag coefficients and the heat and mass transfer from a spheroidal liquid drop under low mass flux conditions were made by use of a finite difference method for Rep=1-200, Pr or Sc=0.5-2.0 and aspect ratio=0.3-2.0. The present numerical data were compared with existing experimental and numerical data and showed good agreement. The effect of deformation from spherical to spheroidal shape on drag coefficients and heat and diffusion fluxes of a spheroidal particle or a drop were studied. A new correlation for the effect of the aspect ratio (b/a) on heat and mass transfer of a spheroidal drop was proposed.
Effects of Two Emulsifiers on Yield and Storage of Flaxseed Oil Powder by Response Surface Methodology

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to establish optimum conditions for Flaxseed Oil (FO), soy lecithin and xanthan gum to yield stable Flaxseed Oil Droplet (FOD) and high Microencapsulation Efficiency (M.E.E). Gum arabic and maltodextrin were used at constant ratio of 1:1 . Flaxseed oil loading (20-35%), lecithin (1-2%) and xanthan gum (0.1-0.4%) were studied regarding their effects on emulsion and the spray dried powder. Results indicated response surface models significantly fitted to all response variables studied. Regression models describing variations of responses of FOD and M.E. E showed high coefficient of determination (R ) of 0.9963 and 0.9944 respectively. Overall numerical 2 optimization predicted desirable system attainable by combined 10% (w/w) each arabic gum and maltodextrins, 22.78% (w/w) flaxseed oil loading, 1.14% (w/w) soy lecithin and 0.10% (w/w) xanthan gum, which in turn resulted into FOD of 446.9 nm, M.E. E of 92.3% and strong physical barrier towards oxidation during 10 weeks of storage tests.
Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Merlot and Shiraz Wine

The total polyphenol content, antocyanins, proantoacyanidins, and some phenols were determined in fifteen red wine samples of the same vintage from single-blended Merlot or Shiraz cultivars. The principal goal of this study was to use these compounds for wine identification and to evaluate the correlation with antioxidant activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, trans-resveratrol, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Spectrophotometric methods were employed to determine chromatic profile, total polyphenol content, antocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and antioxidant activity. There were some differences in the concentrations of phenolics for Shiraz and Merlot wines of 2009 vintage, including total polyphenols, antocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins. The analysis revealed a significantly higher antioxidant activity of Merlot than Shiraz and a strong correlation between antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol concentration.
Epoxidized natural rubber–magnetite nanocomposites for oil spill recovery

New, eco-friendly nanocomposite materials have been synthesized from natural rubber (NR) and magnetite nanoparticles for the first time. The poor oil resistance of natural rubber is exploited for the removal of oil spills. Towards this purpose, mildly epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)–magnetite nanoparticle (MN) nanocomposites are prepared and the absorption of petrol (gasoline) is studied. The extent of epoxidation is controlled in such a manner that the NR does not lose its elasticity while retaining to a significant degree its oil absorbing property. Epoxidation also serves as a means for binding sufficient quantity of MNs so that the composite can be recovered using a magnetic field. ENR with 5 mol% of epoxidation served as the best absorbent among all the absorbents studied as it was stable in petrol even after many days of immersion. It is observed that the ENR–MN nanocomposite absorbs 7 g of petrol per gram without any mass loss. The material was reused for several cycles without much loss in the capacity. The petrol uptake of ENR–MN is greater than that of butyl rubber which is the most commercially used rubber for oil spill removal. Porous rubber was also synthesized for the first time as oil uptake is facilitated not only by the hydrophobicity but also by the capillary absorption. Porous ENR absorbed a relatively larger amount of oil and exhibited the highest stability in oil. All the sorbents have quite high absorption capacities to be applied practically with a very low water uptake and a few of the absorbents could be satisfactorily reused. The model studies promise their potential use in the environmental field.
Picogram Mass Sensor Using Piezoresistive Cantilever for Biosensor

A harmonic vibrator using a piezoresistive cantilever has been developed for a picogram mass biosensor. We constructed a prototype vibrator sensor using the cantilever, Wheatstone bridge circuits, positive feedback controller, a piezoactuator and a phase-locked loop (PLL) demodulator. As experimental results, a mass sensitivity of 2.2 pg/Hz was obtained from water molecular adsorption on the cantilever. We confirmed that the mechanism of water molecular growth has 2 modes, island growth and layer growth. The critical point of the mechanism change was a humidity of about 42%. At the critical point, the adsorbed mass corresponds to the water layer of about 13 monolayers.