Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tansley review Eco-evolutionary optimality as a means to improve vegetation and land-surface models

Received: 17 January 2021 Accepted: 25 May 2021 Sandy P. Harrison , Wolfgang Cramer , Oskar Franklin , Iain Colin Prentice , Han Wang , Åke Brännström , Hugo de Boer , Ulf Dieckmann , Jaideep Joshi , Trevor F. Keenan , Aliénor Lavergne , Stefano Manzoni , Giulia Mengoli , Catherine Morfopoulos , Josep Peñuelas , Stephan Pietsch , Karin T. Rebel , Youngryel Ryu , Nicholas G. Smith , Benjamin D. Stocker and Ian J. Wright Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth SystemModeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Technopôle Arbois-Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 04, F-13545, France; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1 Laxenburg 2361, Austria; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Vening Meinesz Building, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht 3584 CB, the Netherlands; Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Climate and Ecosystem SciencesDivision, Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory, 1CyclotronRoad, Berkeley, CA94720,USA; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South KensingtonCampus, London, SW7 2AZ,UK; Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; CSIC, Global Ecology, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain; BOKU University of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, GregorMedel-Strasse 33, Vienna 1180, Austria; Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Texas TechUniversity, 2901 Main Street Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Department of Environmental System Science, ETH, Universitätstrasse 2, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zrcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
RISS Discussion Paper Series

This paper investigates whether the stability of sunspot equilibria under learning is affected by the imperfect information sets of exogenous variables held by learning agents. It finds that imperfect information under learning creates expectational frictions that make the adjustment of expectations easy to converge. Then, the existence of imperfect information has a positive effect on the stability of sunspot equilibria. Specifically, the stability conditions are relaxed as the degree of information imperfection (or the magnitude of the expectational frictions) increases. The paper also finds that this effect is significant in calibrated New Keynesian models. Under highly imperfect information, sunspot equilibria are stable if and only if the Taylor principle is violated, while under perfect information, implausible conditions are obtained. Our results suggest that imperfect information under learning increases the possibility of selffulfilling fluctuations. The expectational frictions may help establish the business cycle models that explain the recent global financial fluctuations. JEL classification: C62; D82; D83; E32; E52
CROSS-BORDER E-COMMERCE

Brand trust, risk preference and financing intention are three important influencing factors of the operation of cross-border e-commerce enterprises. To disclose the relationship between these factors, this paper carries out both trust game experiment and financing risk experiment on the neural activities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of the brain, using the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which is the latest technology of brain nerve stimulation in the field of neuroeconomics. The results show that the investment behavior of cross-border e-commerce enterprises is based on the trust in their brand, rather than the rational calculation of financing risk; there is no significant causal relationship between the neuron activities in the DLPFC and trust investment behavior in cross-border e-commerce market. The research provides innovative neuroeconomic results on brand building and risk decision-making for e-commerce managers.
Effect of deficit and optimum irrigation at various growth stages on growth and yield of summer sesame

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College, PJTSAU, Polasa, Jagtial during summer 2021 to study the “Effect of deficit and optimum irrigation at various growth stages on growth, yield, quality and water requirement of summer sesame”. The study was aimed at identifying optimum soil moisture stress for summer sesame and thereby determining appropriate irrigation schedule under both optimum and limited water resources. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments (T1 to T8) and replicated thrice. Treatments comprised of 2 irrigations each at vegetative and flowering stages (T1), 2 irrigations each at vegetative and capsule filling stages (T2), 2 irrigations each at flowering and capsule filling stages (T3), 3 irrigations each at vegetative, flowering and capsule filling stages (T4), 3 irrigations each at vegetative, prebloom and capsule filling stages (T5), 4 irrigations each at vegetative, prebloom, flowering and capsule filling stages (T6), 4 irrigations each at vegetative, flowering, capsule initiation and capsule filling stages (T7) and 5 irrigations each at vegetative, prebloom, flowering, capsule initiation and capsule filling stages (T8). Irrigation scheduled at five stages i.e., vegetative, prebloom, flowering, capsule initiation and capsule filling stages resulted in significantly higher plant height (113.3 cm) and dry matter accumulation (203.9 g m-2). First capsule was formed at a height of 23 cm in T8. Yield attributes like number of capsules plant-1 (45), capsule weight (0.32 g) and number of filled seeds capsule-1 (55) were higher in treatment provided with 5 irrigations each at vegetative, prebloom, flowering, capsule initiation and capsule filling stages (T8). Higher seed yield (1150 kg ha-1) was also recorded in T8.
Permeability of Concrete Subjected to Cyclic Loading

The effect of microcracking development and propagation on the permeability of concrete was investigated in this study. Large numbers of single-edge–notched beams as well as unnotched beams were prepared in the laboratory and in the field from different concrete mixes and subjected to dynamic loading at various stress ratios. During the cyclic loading, stress-strain and air permeability measurements were simultaneously recorded using strain gauges and the poroscope apparatus. Obtained strain and the air permeability measurements were used to evaluate the deterioration of concrete during crack initiation and further propagation. After fatigue testing, other sets of samples were cored from the fractured beams for water permeability testing. Results from these samples were used to correlate with the air permeability as well as with the compressive strength of the beams. Findings indicated that at the first stage of cyclic loading the beam samples exhibited large strains along with a rapid deterioration in the permeability values. Scanning electron microscope images on a specimens obtained from cracked sections in Stages I and II corresponded with the severity of the strain measurements and the air permeability values in these zones. It was also found that compressive strength influenced the transport characteristics of concrete. Another relationship was derived for the air permeability ratio versus the ratio of number of cycles. This relationship can be used as a tool to predict the remaining fatigue life of a structure by measuring its permeability.
Adaptation and Validation of the Diabetes-39 Quality-of-Life Questionnaire for the Moroccan Population

Objective: To translate and adapt to the Moroccan context the diabetes-39 questionnaire, and to assess the psychometric properties of the adapted version among Moroccan patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was translated from English to spoken Arabic, then back translated to English. A consensus meeting discussed discrepancies and major changes. The adapted version was administered to 92 patients with type 2 diabetes to assess its psychometric properties. Inter-item correlation, item-to-dimension correlation, and Cronbach’s alpha were calculated to assess internal consistency. Additionally, construct validity was assessed using means comparison of domains scores according to the general perception of the quality of life and the perception of disease severity. Results: Participants’ mean age was 56.4 ± 10.9. The sample was constituted predominantly by women. Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.65 for “social burden” and 0.93 for “diabetes control”. Items showed a higher correlation with their own domain as compared to other domains. Higher scores of the five domains of the diabetes-39 were associated with the perception of lower quality of life and higher disease severity. Conclusion: The results of this study support the reliability and validity of the Moroccan version of the diabetes-39 questionnaire. They justify its use and further assessment among our patients with diabetes.
Framework for Evaluating Advance-Detection Designs for High-Speed Intersection Approaches

This paper describes a framework for evaluating an advance-detection design. The framework can be used to identify the most effective configurations for a given detection design. It accounts for the detection layout, including number and position of detectors; traffic conditions, including volume and speed; and controller settings, including passage time and operation of the stop line detector after queue clearance. The framework is demonstrated by application to six advance-detection designs used in Texas. The framework is based on measures of control delay, probability of ending the green phase through max-out, and probability of providing indecision-zone protection during green-phase gap-out. The latter measure is defined as “detection coverage. ” These measures are useful for quantifying the operational and safety performance of a detection design. The framework can be used (a) to select an advance-detection design for an intersection approach with a given 85th percentile traffic speed and (b) to determine the range of traffic speeds for which the detection design can provide acceptable indecision-zone coverage. This information is useful for sites where traffic speeds are not known precisely or are expected to vary over the day, week, or month. It can also be used to determine how changes in controller settings will affect the performance of the detection design.
University of Birmingham The politics of what works in service delivery: an evidence-based review

This paper examines the evidence on the forms of politics likely to promote inclusive social provisioning and enable, as opposed to constrain, improvements in service outcomes. It focuses on eight relatively successful cases of delivery in a range of country contexts and sectors (roads, agriculture, health, education) where independent evaluations demonstrate improved outcomes. The paper traces the main characteristics of the political environment for these cases, from the national political context, to the politics of sector policymaking, to the micro politics of implementation. The findings indicate that it is possible to identify connections between good performance and better outcomes at the point of delivery and the main forms of politics operating at local, sector and national levels. A number of common factors underpinning successful delivery emerge strongly but need to be tested through further research. In particular, the paper highlights the relationship between inclusive delivery and: The paper concludes that future research might usefully examine service provision as a two-way process in which services are formed by, and formative of, state-society relations and processes of state building. As such, research should begin with the point of contact with citizens/users, and seek to add meaning to the concept of the social contract. It should adopt a ‘bottom-up’ approach that focuses on the relatively neglected arena of the politics of implementation, where policies are (re-)interpreted and blockages to performance often occur. A broad conceptual framework for researching the politics of service provision is proposed that emphasises the fundamental question of control - that is, how and by whom is control exercised over what services are delivered to whom. Further research into the politics of what works would enhance policymakers’ understanding of the reasons for variation in service outcomes, informing efforts to address widespread under-provision. increased national maize production and productivity, contributing to increased food availability, higher real wages, wider economic growth and poverty reduction’ (Dorward and Chirwa, 2011:232). Similarly, Chibwana, Fisher and Shively (2011) argue that dramatic increases in maize outputs have had wider positive effects on national and household food security.
MHD and Ion Kinetic Waves in Field-aligned Flows Observed by Parker Solar Probe

Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observed predominately Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind near the Sun where the magnetic field tends to be radially aligned. In this paper, two magnetic-field-aligned solar wind flow intervals during PSP’s first two orbits are analyzed. Observations of these intervals indicate strong signatures of parallel/antiparallel-propagating waves. We utilize multiple analysis techniques to extract the properties of the observed waves in both magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and kinetic scales. At the MHD scale, outward-propagating Alfvén waves dominate both intervals, and outward-propagating fast magnetosonic waves present the second-largest contribution in the spectral energy density. At kinetic scales, we identify the circularly polarized plasma waves propagating near the proton gyrofrequency in both intervals. However, the sense of magnetic polarization in the spacecraft frame is observed to be opposite in the two intervals, although they both possess a sunward background magnetic field. The ion-scale plasma wave observed in the first interval can be either an inward-propagating ion cyclotron wave (ICW) or an outward-propagating fast-mode/whistler wave in the plasma frame, while in the second interval it can be explained as an outward ICW or inward fast-mode/whistler wave. The identification of the exact kinetic wave mode is more difficult to confirm owing to the limited plasma data resolution. The presence of ion-scale waves near the Sun suggests that ion cyclotron resonance may be one of the ubiquitous kinetic physical processes associated with small-scale magnetic fluctuations and kinetic instabilities in the inner heliosphere.
STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL WAVE DATA AND THE APPRAISAL FOR LONG-TERM PREDICTIONS OF SHIP RESPONSE

This paper discusses the influence on long-term predictions of ship response by using Global Wave Statistics data (GWS) with special emphasis given to its scatter diagram rounded by one thousandth (1/1000), and it presents a method for correcting round error of GWS. GWS standard scatter diagrams of significant wave height and zero-crossing wave period are corrected to a round number of 0.01/1000 by fitted with a model of the conditional log-normal distribution for zero-crossing wave period in some sea areas. The statistical characteristics of wave data for those sea areas are calculated, and long-term predictions of hydrodynamic pressure, relative bow ship motion and deck wetness are presented. On the basis of those numerical results, further investigation for standardizing the format of wave data are discussed.
The isotropic energy function and formation rate of short gamma-ray bursts

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are brief, intense, gamma-ray flashes in the universe, lasting from a few milliseconds to a few thousand seconds. For short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs) with duration less than 2 seconds, the isotropic energy (E iso) function may be more scientifically meaningful and accurately measured than the luminosity (L p) function. In this work we construct, for the first time, the isotropic energy function of sGRBs and estimate their formation rate. First, we derive the L p – E p correlation using 22 sGRBs with known redshifts and well-measured spectra and estimate the pseduo redshifts of 334 Fermi sGRBs. Then, we adopt the Lynden-Bell c − method to study isotropic energy functions and formation rate of sGRBs without any assumption. A strong evolution of isotropic energy E iso ∝ (1+z)5.79 is found, which is comparable to that between L p and z. After removing effect of the cosmic evolution, the isotropic energy function can be reasonably fitted by a broken power law, which is ϕ(Eiso,0)∝Eiso,0−0.45 for dim sGRBs and ϕ(Eiso,0)∝Eiso,0−1.11 for bright sGRBs, with the break energy 4.92 × 1049 erg. We obtain the local formation rate of sGRBs is about 17.43 events Gpc−3 yr−1. If assuming a beaming angle is 6° to 26°, the local formation rate including off-axis sGRBs is estimated as ρ 0,all = 155.79 – 3202.35 events Gpc−3 yr−1.
Acoustic properties of healthy and reconstructed cleft lip

The feasibility of echographic imaging of the tissues in healthy lip and in reconstructed cleft lip and estimating the dimensions and the normalized echo level of these tissues is investigated. Echographic images of the upper lip were made with commercial medical ultrasound equipment, using a linear array transducer (7-11 MHz bandwidth) and a non-contact gel coupling. Tissue dimensions were measured by means of software calipers. Echo levels were calibrated and corrected for beam characteristics, gel path and tissue attenuation by using a tissue-mimicking phantom. At central position of philtrum, mean thickness (and standard deviation) of lip loose connective tissue layer, orbicularis oris muscle and dense connective layer was 4.0 (sd 0.1) mm, 2.3 (sd 0.7) mm, 2.2 (sd 0.7) mm, respectively, in healthy lip at rest. Mean (sd) echo level of muscle and dense connective tissue layer with respect to echo level of lip loose connective tissue layer was in relaxed condition: - 19.3 (sd 0.6) dB and - 10.7 (sd 4.0) dB, respectively. Echo level of loose connective tissue layer was +25.6 (sd 4.2) dB relative to phantom echo level obtained in the focus of the transducer. Color mode echo images were calculated, after adaptive filtering of the images, which show the tissues in separate colors and highlight the details of healthy lip and reconstructed cleft lip. Quantitative assessment of thickness and echo level of various lip tissues is feasible after proper calibration of the echographic equipment. Diagnostic potentials of the developed quantitative echographic techniques for non-invasive evaluation of the outcome of cleft lip reconstruction are promising.
Deciphering the social costs of Social Networking Sites (SNSs) for university students

This study describes the impact of social networking sites (SNSs) on the studying habits of students; as such, multistage sampling technique was used for data collection. In the first stage, six universities (four public and two private universities) were selected as samples on simple random sampling basis, from which 1000 students were selected as the sample of the study using cluster sampling technique. Four main clusters/faculties, that is, Management Sciences/Business, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Engineering, from each university were selected for data collection. It was decided that the minimum number of faculties present for data collection should be two to make a university eligible for selection as a sample. A questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Out of the samples, 73% responded back. The fact explored is that despite the use of social networking sites, students can balance their time between studies and their usage of these sites, and can sustain good studying habits to maintain their academic performance. Hence, usage of these networking tools does not adversely affect the studying habits of the student users. Key words: Internet, social networking sites (SNSs), students, academic performance, studying habits, Pakistan.
Harmonics study of a CSI-fed subsea cable transmission

To supply adjustable speed drives in subsea stations, a current source inverter (CSI) fed cable transmission system is proposed. The conventional frequency analysis using injected current harmonics yields inadmissible high harmonics due to the expected current resonance phenomena. In contrast to this, detailed simulation studies show a significant reduction of the generated current harmonics close to the resonance frequency. Comparing field test measurements confirms both the validity of theoretical investigations and the practical feasibility of the proposed transmission system.
The characteristics of the equatorial waves caused a record torrential rain event over western Sumatra

This study examined the cause of a record torrential rain event over the western coast of Sumatra Island in March 2016. The influence of atmospheric equatorial waves (EWs) and the characteristics of the EWs were investigated. Analysis of the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis data (JRA-55) and precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite showed that the event was caused by the combined effects of Kelvin waves, equatorial Rossby waves, and westward inertio-gravity (WIG) waves. An examination of the characteristics of the EWs revealed that the Kelvin waves had longitudinal scales of ~6,000 km, with a period of ~6 days and phase speed of ~12 m s-1, which was typical of the convectively coupled Kelvin waves in this region. The WIG waves had a scale of ~2,500 km, with a period of 2.5 days and a relatively fast phase speed of 12~13 m s-1. Heavy precipitation occurred when an eastward Kelvin wave from the Indian Ocean encountered a westward inertio-gravity (WIG) over Sumatra Island. It was concluded that along with the Kelvin and equatorial Rossby waves, the WIG waves might have played a major role in the formation of the extreme precipitation event.
Active control of the blade passage frequency noise level of an axial fan with aeroacoustic sound sources

This paper presents results of a research project on active control of the blade passage frequency tone of an axial fan. The secondary sound field is generated by aeroacoustic sources, which are produced by actively controlling the flow around the impeller blade tips. Both amplitude and phase can be controlled in such a way that a destructive superposition with the primary sound field is possible. The flow distortions can be achieved by using different actuators; results using steady and unsteady jets of compressed air and piezo-electric actuators are presented.