Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE COLLOIDAL CLAY FRACTION OF SOIL AS A CULTURAL MEDIUM

A BETTER understanding of the properties and behavior of colloidal clay makes it now possible to use this fraction of the soil in plant nutrition studies as a means of obtaining a closer approach to complete chemical control of the soil factor in plant growth. Though the soil may be more than a mixture of mineral particles of sand, silt, and clay sizes as a consequence of their possible chemical linkage (Sideri, 1937), yet the sand and silt separates are too large to offer much active surface. The surface activity for the adsorption of mineral nutrients and their delivery to the plant by ion exchange (Jenny and Cowan, 1933; McCalla, 1937) must then rest with the colloidal clay fraction. Such activity in the clay fraction of the Putnam silt loam, for example, suggests a supply of nutrients one hundred times as large as that in the leachings from the lysimeters at Cornell (Lyon and Bizzell, 1921). Recent experimental use of colloidal clav as a growth medium for soil microorganisms and for leguminous plants suggests a wide range in its adaptability to well controlled nutritional experiments (Albrecht, 1932, 1933); Albrecht and Jenny, 1931; Albrecht and McCalla, 1937), aiming at a nearer duplication of soil conditions than has previously been possible. The low concentration of soil solutions and irregularities in plant growth in aqueous media have suggested that the soil provides the plant from sources ot,her than simple solution conditions. Hoagland and M\artin (1923) suiggested that the soil imiedlium was more productive than aqueous solutions when they said, "In several experiments we have found the average weight of the kernels produced in solution cultures about 80 per cent of the weight of the kernels produced in a good soil. " Jones and Pember (1925) observed less plump kernels of grain for the solution cultures than for the soil, and also a wider ratio of straw to grain. Some workers (McCall, 1916; Breazeale, 1906) ventured the idea that the addition of solid material to a solution culture may result in the adsorption of toxic substances by the solid and thus increase plant growth. Jennings (1919) found that the total plant growth was increased by the addition of colloidal silica to the cultural solution. The effect was attributed to the silica taken by the plant. ITaley's (1923) data, showing increased plant growth from the addition of 75 grams of finely ground orthoclase to the solution, could not be attributed to this as a supply of potassium since the plants in the aqueous solution alone contained the more potassium. Maclntire, Shaw, and Young (1925) found silica lessening the injurious effects by magnesium on plant growth with increasing benefits as more silica was used. Shive (1919, 1920) using fine sand, concluded that this was without effect on the nutrient solution
Identifying the Implementation Conditions Associated With Positive Outcomes in a Successful Nursing Facility Demonstration Project

Abstract Background and Objectives To identify the implementation barriers, facilitators, and conditions associated with successful outcomes from a clinical demonstration project to reduce potentially avoidable hospitalizations of long-stay nursing facility residents in 19 Indiana nursing homes. Research Design and Methods Optimizing Patient Transfers, Impacting Medical quality, Improving Symptoms—Transforming Institutional Care (OPTIMISTIC) is a multicomponent intervention that includes enhanced geriatric care, transition support, and palliative care. The configurational analysis was used to analyze descriptive and quantitative data collected during the project. The primary outcome was reductions in hospitalizations per 1,000 eligible resident days. Results Analysis of barriers, facilitators, and conditions for success yielded a model with 2 solution pathways associated with a 10% reduction in potentially avoidable hospitalizations per 1,000 resident days: (a) lower baseline hospitalization rates and investment of senior management; or (b) turnover by the director of nursing during the observation period. Conditions for success were similar for a 20% reduction, with the addition of increased resident acuity. Discussion and Implications Key conditions for successful implementation of the OPTIMISTIC intervention include strong investment by senior leadership and an environment in which baseline hospitalization rates leave ample room for improvement. Turnover in the position of director of nursing also linked to successful implementation; this switch in leadership may represent an opportunity for culture change by bringing in new perspectives and viewpoints. These findings help define the conditions for the successful implementation of the OPTIMISTIC model and have implications for the successful implementation of interventions in the nursing facility more generally.
Arachidonic acid metabolism is elevated in Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli co-infection and induces LTC4 in serum as the biomarker for detecting poultry respiratory disease

ABSTRACT Outbreaks of multiple respiratory diseases with high morbidity and mortality have been frequently reported in poultry industry. Metabolic profiling has showed widespread usage in metabolic and infectious disease for identifying biomarkers and understanding of complex mechanisms. In this study, the non-targeted metabolomics were used on Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) co-infection model in serum, which showed that Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Chenodeoxycholate, Linoleate and numerous energy metabolites were varied significantly. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of linoleic acid, taurine and arachidonic acid (AA) were upregulated. To further characterize the consequences of co-infection, we performed an AA metabolic network pathway with metabolic products and enzyme genes. The results showed that the expression of LTC4 increased extremely significant and accompanied with different degree of infection. Meanwhile, the AA network performed the changes and differences of various metabolites in the pathway when multiple respiratory diseases occurred. Taken together, co-infection induces distinct alterations in the serum metabolome owing to the activation of AA metabolism. Furthermore, LTC4 in serum could be used as the biomarker for detecting poultry respiratory disease. Abbreviations MG: Mycoplasma gallisepticum; E.coli: Escherichia coli; AA: Arachidonic acid; LTC4: Leukotriene C4; CRD: chronic respiratory diseases; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; LTs: leukotrienes; PGs: prostaglandins; NO: nitric oxide; HIS: histamine; PCA: Principal Component Analysis; PLS-DA: Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis; CCU: color change unit; UPLC: ultra-performance liquid chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; DEMs: differentially expressed metabolites; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SD: standard deviation; VIP: Variable importance in the projection
A comparison of the swimming of marine and freshwater turtles

The swimming actions and performances of young green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and freshwater chelonians of similar size (Mauremys caspica, Chrysemys scripta elegans and Kinosternon subrubrum) were compared to evaluate the advantages conferred by the hypertrophied flapping forelimbs and streamlined form of the marine species. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that propulsive force is generated both on the upstroke and the downstroke of the green turtle’s foreflippers, and that the force is produced largely by hydrodynamic lift generated as the flippers move through the water at relatively modest angles of attack. The green turtle’s forelimbs therefore act like wings rather than as oars or paddles. Specimens of Chelonia mydas can generate twice the propulsive force, and swam six times as fast as Mauremys caspica. Much of this advantage stems from the efficiency of the swimming action (much less negative thrust is generated by C. mydas than by M. caspica) together with the streamlined shape, which also permits effective gliding. The swimming performance of young green turtles is similar in efficiency to that of streamlined fish such as mackerel.
Detección molecular del virus de la fiebre amarilla en muestras de suero de casos fatales humanos y en cerebros de ratón

A molecular method for the diagnosis of yellow fever virus infection was developed based on reverse transcription (RT) followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Examinations were conducted on lyophilized sera from 3 fatal yellow fever cases and 4 fresh sera from 3 fatal cases and one from a symptomatic patient (positive IgM against yellow fever virus). Sera were extracted with TRIZOL-LS to isolate viral RNA for RT treatment and the PCR reaction included 2 primers sets designed specifically for yellow fever virus: sense, JM2104 (5'-CGTTGGGAGAGGAGATTC-3') y JM2249 (5'-TTCTTCACTTCGGTTGGG-3'), and antisense, JM2673 (5'-TCATCTGCCCTGCTTCTC-3') y JM2751 (5'-CCTCTCTGGTAAACATTCT-3'). The technique for demonstrating the yellow fever virus in tissue samples was used in infected mice brains treated with lysis buffer before RNA extraction. PCR reactions were evaluated in agarose gels where single bands of the expected size for each primers pair (569 bp and 502 bp) were observed for all serum samples. In addition, the results for 2 fresh positive sera were supported by histopathologic finding of yellow fever virus. The RT-PCR method permits a rapid and specific demonstration of the presence of yellow fever virus.
Assessment of the relation between C-reactive protein to albumin ratio and the severity and complexity of peripheral arterial disease

Background Peripheral arterial disease is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. C-reactive protein and albumin are biomarkers of inflammation and malnutrition that play key roles in the pathophysiological pathways involved in the progression of atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between C-reactive protein to albumin ratio and the suprapopliteal peripheral arterial disease severity and complexity as assessed by TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus-II (TASC-II) classification. Method Our study enrolled 224 consecutive patients referred for peripheral angiography with the clinical features of possible peripheral arterial disease at a tertiary care center between January 2016 and September 2019. Level of disease and lesion characteristics were defined with reference to angiographic findings according to the TASC-II classification. Results C-reactive protein/albumin ratio levels were significantly higher in TASC-II class C and D than in TASC-II class B patients with a median level of 1.8 to 2.1 vs 1.4, respectively (p = 0.018). In multivariate regression analysis, C-reactive protein to albumin ratio remained an independent predictor of severe peripheral arterial disease. The predictive performance of C-reactive protein to albumin ratio, C-reactive protein, and albumin were compared by Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis. C-reactive protein to albumin ratio surpassed C-reactive protein and albumin in predicting peripheral arterial disease severity and complexity. A level of C-reactive protein to albumin ratio > 0.14 predicted a higher grade of suprapopliteal TASC-II class with sensitivity and specificity of 68.2% and 56.0%, respectively. Conclusion C-reactive protein to albumin ratio was strongly associated with peripheral arterial disease severity and complexity, as assessed by TASC-II classification. Also, C-reactive protein to albumin ratio was found to be a more accurate marker than C-reactive protein and albumin alone in predicting more severe and complex lesions in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Persistence of Antipsychotic Use After Clozapine Discontinuation: A Real‐World Study Across Antipsychotics

Although clozapine treatment is often discontinued due to limited efficacy or low tolerability, there is a lack of guidelines and evidence on treatment options after discontinuation of clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Persistence has proven to be an adequate indicator for treatment effectiveness in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was, therefore, to compare persistence of antipsychotic use between antipsychotic treatment options in patients after stopping clozapine treatment. Registry data from a prescription database representative of the Dutch population (1996–2017) was collected to investigate persistence in patients with schizophrenia who had been using clozapine for ≥ 90 days. Persistence with antipsychotics after clozapine discontinuation was analyzed using Cox‐proportional hazard regression models. Our study population consisted of 321 participants, of whom 138 re‐initiated clozapine and 183 started some other antipsychotic in the year after clozapine discontinuation (N = 518 antipsychotic use periods, N = 9,178 months). Second‐generation antipsychotics (SGAs) as a group were associated with better persistence compared to first‐generation antipsychotics (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57–0.93; P = 0.011). Compared with other antipsychotics, the following oral monotherapy antipsychotics were associated with significantly better persistence: restarting clozapine (aHR 0.48; 95% CI 0.32–0.71; P < 0.001) and switching to risperidone (aHR 0.52; 95% CI 0.32–0.84; P = 0.008) or olanzapine (aHR 0.55; 95% CI 0.35–0.87; P = 0.010). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the results. In conclusion, oral SGAs are associated with better persistence than alternative antipsychotic treatment options in patients discontinuing clozapine for undefined reasons. Especially clozapine (except in those with previous serious adverse reactions to clozapine), olanzapine and risperidone should be considered as oral monotherapy for these patients.
Polyingression, an Important Morphogenetic Movement in Chick Gastrulation

Three lines of evidence are presented to support the concept that polyingression represents a major morphogenetic movement in the genesis of the primary hypoblast, definitive endoderm and the mesoderm layers in chick gastrulation. Colchicine treated embryos produce a primary hypoblast layer thereby indicating that cell proliferation in the posterior marginal zone and elsewhere in the early embryo does not make a necessary contribution to hypoblast formation. Scanning electron microscopy provides morphologic complementary evidence that polyingression from the epiblast is a principal source of cells for the hypoblast. Finally, the morphology of cells with acetylcholinesterase activity suggests that this enzyme is related to release of cells from the epiblast so that ingression can occur.
The relationships between local and regional species richness and spatial turnover

Aim To determine the empirical relationships between species richness and spatial turnover in species composition across spatial scales. These have remained little explored despite the fact that such relationships are fundamental to understanding spatial diversity patterns. Location South-east Scotland. Methods Defining local species richness simply as the total number of species at a finer resolution than regional species richness and spatial turnover as turnover in species identity between any two or more areas, we determined the empirical relationships between all three, and the influence of spatial scale upon them, using data on breeding bird distributions. We estimated spatial turnover using a measure independent of species richness gradients, a fundamental feature which has been neglected in theoretical studies. Results Local species richness and spatial turnover exhibited a negative relationship, which became stronger as larger neighbourhood sizes were considered in estimating the latter. Spatial turnover and regional species richness did not show any significant relationship, suggesting that spatial species replacement occurs independently of the size of the regional species pool. Local and regional species richness only showed the expected positive relationship when the size of the local scale was relatively large in relation to the regional scale. Conclusions Explanations for the relationships between spatial turnover and local and regional species richness can be found in the spatial patterns of species commonality, gain and loss between areas.
Growth responses of four sub-Arctic dwarf shrubs to simulated environmental change

Vegetative responses of Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. uliginosum and V. myrtillus to environmental change (temperature (T), water (W) and fertilizer (F)) were investigated in a factorial field perturbation study in sub-Arctic Sweden over two growing seasons (1991 and 1992). Total above-ground biomass was largely unresponsive to the perturbations due to dilution of current season's growth by material produced in previous years. The mass of shoot material produced in 1991, increased in response to F within 11 weeks of the start of the experiment in the two evergreen species (V. vitis-idaea and E. hermaphroditum), but not in the only deciduous species (V. uliginosum) measured that year (.)
Mother-Child Programs for Incarcerated Mothers and Children and Associated Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND Increasing incarceration of women disrupts fertility, family formation, parenting and mother-child relationships. It is common in many jurisdictions, including Canada, to mitigate the harm of separation from the primary parent through programs allowing children to co-reside with their mothers in prison. In this scoping review, we asked the following questions: (1) What are the characteristics of residential mother-child programs in carceral facilities? (2) Who is eligible to participate? (3) How do these programs make a difference to maternal and child health outcomes? METHOD We use the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for systematic scoping reviews. This approach includes a three-step search strategy developed with a clinical research librarian. Databases searched include MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Gender Studies Abstracts, Google Scholar and ProQuest Dissertations. The search yielded 1,499 titles and abstracts, of which 27 met the criteria for inclusion. RESULTS Conducted from 1989 to 2019, across 12 countries, the studies included qualitative and quantitative methods. None was based in Canada. The most common outcomes among the studies included attachment, development, infection, neonatal outcomes, mental health, pregnancy and general experiences. DISCUSSION Although supporting attachment, mother-child program participation is complex and challenging. High morbidity in the incarcerated population and lack of data collection before and after program participation prevent conclusions, and wide variations in contexts prevent comparisons. BENEFITS This scoping review illustrates the complexity of maternal and child health outcomes associated with mother-child programs. Initiation or continuation of or changes to such programs must be made with careful consideration.
Study of the Wear Resistance of Conductive Poly Lactic Acid Monofilament 3D Printed onto Polyethylene Terephthalate Woven Materials

Wear resistance of conductive Poly Lactic Acid monofilament 3D printed onto textiles, through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process and their electrical conductivity after abrasion are important to consider in the development of smart textiles with preserved mechanical and electrical properties. The study aims at investigating the weight loss after abrasion and end point of such materials, understanding the influence of the textile properties and 3D printing process parameters and studying the impact of the abrasion process on the electrical conductivity property of the 3D printed conductive polymers onto textiles. The effects of the 3D printing process and the printing parameters on the structural properties of textiles, such as the thickness of the conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) 3D printed onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile and the average pore sizes of its surface are also investigated. Findings demonstrate that the textile properties, such as the pattern and the process settings, for instance, the printing bed temperature, impact significantly the abrasion resistance of 3D printed conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) onto PET woven textiles. Due to the higher capacity of the surface structure and stronger fiber-to-fiber cohesion, the 3D printed conductive polymer deposited onto textiles through Fused Deposition Modeling process have a higher abrasion resistance and lower weight loss after abrasion compared to the original fabrics. After printing the mean pore size, localized at the surface of the 3D-printed PLA onto PET textiles, is five to eight times smaller than the one of the pores localized at the surface of the PET fabrics prior to 3D printing. Finally, the abrasion process did considerably impact the electrical conductivity of 3D printed conductive PLA onto PET fabric.
Barriers to attendance of canine rabies vaccination campaigns in Haiti, 2017

Abstract We conducted a cross‐sectional survey to better understand the barriers to attendance at canine rabies vaccination campaigns in Haiti. A structured community‐based questionnaire was conducted over a 15‐day period during May–June 2017, focused on socio‐economic status correlated with participation at canine rabies vaccination campaigns. Questions phrased as a bidding game were asked to determine individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for dog rabies vaccination and willingness to walk (WTW) to fixed‐point vaccination campaigns. The Kaplan–Meier estimator was applied to determine relationships between survey variables. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with participants’ WTP and WTW. A total of 748 households from eight communities were surveyed. Respondents were predominantly female (54.4%) and had a median age of 45 years. The total number of owned dogs reported from households was 926, yielding a human‐to‐dog ratio in dog‐owning households of 5.2:1. The majority of dogs (87.2%) were acquired for security, and 49% were allowed to roam freely; 42.0% of dog owners reported that they were unable to manage (or restrain) their dogs using a leash. Seventy per cent of dog owners were willing to pay up to 15.9 gourdes (0.25 USD) and/or walk up to 75 m to vaccinate their dogs. Households that owned free‐roaming dogs, owned dogs for the purpose of companionship and owned dogs that they were unable to walk on a leash were associated with a higher WTP for vaccination. Living in Artibonite Department, having a middle or higher household income, and owning a dog for security purpose were associated with a higher WTW for vaccination. Low leash use and propensity for dogs to roam freely are barriers to successful fixed‐point vaccination methods in Haiti, and alternative methods such as door to door (DD), capture–vaccinate–release (CVR) or oral vaccination should be explored. There may be some prospect for fee‐for‐service vaccination in Haiti; however, this programme should be introduced as a supplement, rather than a replacement for free rabies vaccination programmes so that mass dog vaccination is not discouraged.