Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany *

Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany* How far can the media protect or undermine democratic institutions in unconsolidated democracies, and how persuasive can they be in ensuring public support for dictator’s policies? We study this question in the context of Germany between 1929 and 1939. Using geographical and temporal variation in radio availability, we show that radio had a significant negative effect on the Nazi electoral support between 1929 and 1932, when political news were slanted against Nazi party. This effect was reversed in just 5 weeks following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor and the transfer of control of the radio to the Nazis. Pro-Nazi radio propaganda caused higher vote for the Nazis in March 1933 election. After full consolidation of power, radio propaganda helped the Nazis to enroll new party members and encouraged denunciations of Jews and other open expressions of anti-Semitism. The effect of Nazi propaganda was not uniform. Depending on listeners’ priors about the message, propaganda could be very effective or could backfire. Nazi radio was most effective in places where antiSemitism was historically high and had a negative effect on the support for anti-Semitic policies in places with historically low anti-Semitism. Inwieweit können die Medien zum Schutz oder zur Untergrabung ungefestigter Demokratien beitragen? Und inwieweit können sie Unterstützung für die Politik des Diktators generieren? Wir analysieren diese Fragen im Kontext der Weimarer Republik ab 1929 und des NS-Regimes bis 1939. Die voranschreitende technische Entwicklung dieser Zeit erlaubt uns die geografische und zeitliche Veränderung der Radioempfangsqualität für Identifikationszwecke zu nutzen. In der Zeit zwischen 1929 und 1932, in der das Rundfunkprogramm pro-demokratisch und gegen die NSDAP ausgerichtet war, hatte das Radio einen signifikant negativen Einfluss auf die Wahlergebnisse der NSDAP. Dieser Effekt wurde bereits 5 Wochen nach der Ernennung Hitlers zum Kanzler und der Kontrollübernahme über das Rundfunkprogramm umgekehrt. Die intensive NS-Propaganda im Radio während dieser Zeit bewirkte einen Stimmenzuwachs für die NSDAP bei den Reichstagswahlen in März 1933. Nachdem die Nazis ihre Macht konsolidiert hatten, trug die Rundfunkpropaganda messbar zu vermehrten Parteieintritten und zur Zustimmung der Bevölkerung bei der Denunziation von Juden und zu anderen Formen des offenen Antisemitismus bei. Dennoch war der Einfluss der NS-Propaganda nicht uniform. Je nach Voreingenommenheit der Zuhörer konnte die Propaganda sehr effektiv oder aber kontraproduktiv sein. Das NS-Radio war am effektivsten in Orten mit historisch hohem Antisemitismus und hatte einen negativen Effekt auf die Unterstützung der antisemitischen Politik in Orten mit historisch niedrigem Antisemitismus.
Discontinuous homomorphisms from Banach algebras of operators

The relationship between a Banach space X and its Banach algebra of bounded operators B(X) is rich and complex; this is especially so for non-classical Banach spaces. In this thesis we consider questions of the following form: does there exist a Banach space X such that B(X) has a particular (Banach algebra) property? If not, is there a quotient of B(X) with the property? The first of these is the uniqueness-of-norm problem for Calkin algebras: does there exist a Banach space whose Calkin algebra lacks a unique complete norm? We show that there does indeed exist such a space, answering a classical open question [101]. Secondly, we turn our attention to splittings of extensions of Banach algebras. Work of Bade, Dales and Lykova [12] inspired the problem of whether there exist a Banach space X and an extension of B(X) which splits algebraically but not strongly; this asks for a special type of discontinuous homomorphism from B(X). Using the categorical notion of a pullback we obtain, jointly with N. J. Laustsen [71], new general results about extensions and prove that such a space exists. The same space is used to answer our third question, which goes back to Helemskii, in the positive: is there a Banach space X such that B(X) has homological bidimension at least two? The proof uses techniques developed (with N. J. Laustsen [71]) during the solution to the second question. We use two main Banach spaces to answer our questions. One is due to Read [90], the other to Argyros and Motakis [8]; the former plays a much more prominent role. Together with Laustsen [72], we prove a major original result about Read’s space which allows for the new applications. The conclusion of the thesis examines a class of operators on Banach spaces which have previously received little attention; these are a weak analogue of inessential operators.
PENGARUH KUALITAS SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA, PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI, PEMAHAMAN STANDAR AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAH DAN SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL TERHADAP KUALITAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN KABUPATEN SELUMA

This study aimed to examine the effect of Human Resource Competence, Utilization of Information Technology, Understanding of Government Accounting Standards and Internal Control Systems on the Quality of Regional Financial Reports. This research is a type of research with a quantitative approach to survey methods. The sample in this study was 29 Regional Apparatus of Seluma Regency. Sampling of respondents in this study is based on the census method. The respondents from each Regional Apparatus are financial administration officials, treasurers, and financial administration staff at agencies, offices, offices, sub-districts, and regional secretaries. The results showed that Human Resource Competence, Utilization of Information Technology, Understanding of Government Accounting Standards and Internal Control Systems on the Quality of Regional Financial Reports. Keyword: Human Resource Competence, Utilization of Information Technology, Understanding of Government Accounting Standards and Internal Control Systems, Quality of Regional Financial Reports.
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Ghana: results from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents.

Responding to adolescents sexual and reproductive health issues requires new information in diverse areas such as their current levels of knowledge; attitudes and behaviors that put them at risk for HIV transmission or unwanted pregnancy; their differential risks of HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancy; barriers to seeking sexual and reproductive health information and services; and how they especially very young adolescents are currently responding to their sexual and reproductive health needs. To obtain new perspectives on the lives of young people that can be used to address their information and service needs a nationally representative household-based survey was conducted in 2004 among adolescents aged 12-19 years in Ghana. Known as the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents (NSA) the survey included very young adolescents--12-14-year-olds--who are rarely taken into account by studies on sexual and reproductive health. (excerpt)
Bayesian hierarchical model for variations in earthquake peak ground acceleration within small‐aperture arrays

Knowledge of the characteristics of earthquake ground motion is fundamental for earthquake hazard assessments. Over small distances, relative to the source–site distance, where uniform site conditions are expected, the ground motion variability is also expected to be insignificant. However, despite being located on what has been characterized as a uniform lava‐rock site condition, considerable peak ground acceleration (PGA) variations were observed on stations of a small‐aperture array (covering approximately 1 km2) of accelerographs in Southwest Iceland during the Ölfus earthquake of magnitude 6.3 on May 29, 2008 and its sequence of aftershocks. We propose a novel Bayesian hierarchical model for the PGA variations accounting separately for earthquake event effects, station effects, and event‐station effects. An efficient posterior inference scheme based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations is proposed for the new model. The variance of the station effect is certainly different from zero according to the posterior density, indicating that individual station effects are different from one another. The Bayesian hierarchical model thus captures the observed PGA variations and quantifies to what extent the source and recording sites contribute to the overall variation in ground motions over relatively small distances on the lava‐rock site condition.
EFEKTIVITAS STRATEGI PENGELOMPOKAN BERPASANGAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA MODEL CORE

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji keefektifan pembelajaran CORE (Connect, Organize, Reflect, Extend) pada pembelajaran geometri transformasi dengan strategi pengelompokan yang berbeda ditinjau dari kemampuan penalaran, prestasi, dan self efficacy. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu dengan populasi siswa kelas XI IPA SMA yang baru pertama kali mempelajari materi geometri transformasi. Sampel penelitian sebanyak dua kelas masing-masing terdiri atas 40 siswa. Siswa belajar dengan dikelompokkan secara berpasangan atau kelompok kecil. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik tes dan nontes serta dianalisis dengan teknik statistik deskriptif dan inferensial (Manova). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran CORE strategi berpasangan maupun kelompok kecil efektif ditinjau dari Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimum kemampuan penalaran, prestasi dan self efficacy yang ditetapkan, tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan di antara kedua strategi pengelompokan tersebut. Repeated measures analysis of variance menunjukkan bahwa kompleksitas materi pembelajaran memengaruhi prestasi belajar secara signifikan. Semakin kompleks materi pembelajaran, penggunaan strategi kelompok kecil lebih baik daripada berpasangan. Kata kunci: CORE, kemampuan penalaran, prestasi belajar, self efficacy THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DYAD STRATEGY DURING MATHEMATICS LEARNING BASED ON CORE MODEL Abstract: The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of an instruction, namely CORE (Connect, Organize, Reflect, Extend) model, for learning geometry transformation in different grouping strategies (by dyads and small-group work), in terms of reasoning ability, achievement, and self-efficacy. This study was a quasi-experimental research with the entire population of science 11th graders who were novices in geometry transformation. The research samples were two classes which respectively consist of 40 students. Students learned all material either in dyads or small groups.The results showed that CORE instruction model with dyads or small-group work strategies was effective in relation to students’reasoning ability, achievement, and self-efficacy. There was no significant difference between the two grouping strategies. The following repeated measured analysis of variance showed that complexity of learning material significantly affected learning achievement. It is concluded that when the learning material is high in complexity, learning it in small group is better than doing it in dyads. Keywords: CORE, reasoning ability, achievement, self-efficacy
Induced hypothermia is protective in a rat model of pneumococcal pneumonia associated with increased adenosine triphosphate availability and turnover*

Objective:To determine the effect of induced hypothermia on bacterial growth, lung injury, and mitochondrial function in a rat model of pneumococcal pneumosepsis. Design:Animal study. Setting:University research laboratory. Subjects:Male Sprague-Dawley rats. Interventions:Subjects were inoculated intratracheally with Streptococcus pneumoniae and controls received saline. After the development of pneumonia, mechanical ventilation was started with or without induced mild hypothermia (32°C). Bacterial growth and inflammatory markers were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood, and organs. Oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphate contents were measured in mitochondria isolated from the liver and soleus muscle. Measurements and Main Results:Inoculation with S. pneumoniae resulted in severe pneumonia with bacterial dissemination, distal organ injury, and blunted peripheral oxygen consumption on mechanical ventilation. Hypothermia did not affect bacterial growth in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in homogenized lungs compared with normothermic controls but was associated with reduced bacterial dissemination to the spleen with a trend toward reduced bacterial load in blood and liver. Hypothermia reduced lung injury, exemplified by reductions in pulmonary cell influx and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein levels compared with controls. Hypothermia reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of interleukin-1&bgr;, tended to reduce bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CINC-3 levels, but no effect was observed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tumor necrosis factor-&agr; and interleukin-6 levels. Induced hypothermia restored the fall in oxygen consumption and adenosine triphosphate levels in the liver, whereas adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate ratios remained low. In muscle, induced hypothermia also reversed low oxygen consumption as a result of pneumonia, but with an increase in adenosine triphosphate levels, whereas adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate ratios were low. Conclusion:Hypothermia did not adversely affect bacterial growth, but rather reduced bacterial dissemination in a rat model of pneumococcal pneumosepsis. Furthermore, hypothermia reduced lung injury associated with restored adenosine triphosphate availability and turnover. These findings suggest that hypothermia may reduce organ injury by preventing sepsis-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
Variance Reduced Three Operator Splitting

Despite the rise to fame of incremental variance-reduced methods in recent years, their use in nonsmooth optimization is still limited to few simple cases. This is due to the fact that existing methods require to evaluate the proximity operator for the nonsmooth terms, which can be a costly operation for complex penalties. In this work we introduce two variance-reduced incremental methods based on SAGA and SVRG that can efficiently take into account complex penalties which can be expressed as a sum of proximal terms. This includes penalties such as total variation, group lasso with overlap and trend filtering, to name a few. Furthermore, we also develop sparse variants of the proposed algorithms which can take advantage of sparsity in the input data. Like other incremental methods, it only requires to evaluate the gradient of a single sample per iteration, and so is ideally suited for large scale applications. We provide a convergence rate analysis for the proposed methods and show that they converge with a fixed step-size, achieving in some cases the same asymptotic rate as their full gradient variants. Empirical benchmarks on 3 different datasets illustrate the practical advantages of the proposed methods.
Soil moisture estimation for spring wheat in a semiarid area based on low-altitude remote-sensing data collected by small-sized unmanned aerial vehicles

Abstract. As an important component of the Earth’s ecosystem, soil moisture plays a vital role in the global water cycle and serves as an important parameter in the study of hydrology, meteorology, and agroecology. Based on the energy balance theory of underlying surface, the atmospheric temperature data recorded by an automatic weather station as well as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne thermal infrared and multispectral remote-sensing data were used to establish inversion models of relative soil moisture at different depths based on remote-sensing UAV data and date from near-ground quadrats, respectively. Spatial differences and data accuracy verification were then performed using the 2017 spring wheat moisture data as a control. The results showed that: (1) the relative moisture of farmland soil can be effectively estimated using the proposed soil moisture inversion model. In terrestrial ecosystems, the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration, which is often used to characterize potential drought levels, is linearly correlated to soil moisture at different depths; (2) during the inversion of farmland soil moisture, the UAV-based observation method is superior to the near-ground quadrat observation method in both efficiency and accuracy. In addition, the relative soil moisture estimation model based on UAV data has a high accuracy, with R2 reaching 0.629, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of <0.100; and (3) the number and size of quadrats are important factors affecting the inversion accuracy. The data collected by the UAVs covered a wide range and had high spatial matching degree at the field scale. Especially, during estimation of the relative moisture of surface soil (0 to 10 and 0 to 20 cm), the linear fitting between the inversion model based on UAV data and the measured value was optimal. The error was minimal (RMSE < 0.07) and R2 was >0.714, so this method is more suitable for estimating and dynamically monitoring relative soil moisture of farmland at the field scale.
AD -MINISTER

Women entrepreneurship plays a key role in the economic growth. This study investigates the mediatory role of innovation concerning the effect of social capital on entrepreneurship. The sample population included 130 female entrepreneurs in Ilam province, Iran. Using questionnaire as the main means of data collection, the correlation among variables of entrepreneurship, innovation, social capital and market knowledge was evaluated. Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling in LISREL software. The findings showed that social capital and innovation had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurship. However, the impact of social capital on innovation was not confirmed.
Exact solutions to the time-fractional differential equations via local fractional derivatives

Abstract This article utilizes the local fractional derivative and the exp-function method to construct the exact solutions of nonlinear time-fractional differential equations (FDEs). For illustrating the validity of the method, it is applied to the time-fractional Camassa–Holm equation and the time-fractional-generalized fifth-order KdV equation. Moreover, the exact solutions are obtained for the equations which are formed by different parameter values related to the time-fractional-generalized fifth-order KdV equation. This method is an reliable and efficient mathematical tool for solving FDEs and it can be applied to other non-linear FDEs.
Zofenopril and incidence of cough: a review of published and unpublished data

Objective: Cough is a typical side effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, though its frequency quantitatively varies among the different compounds. Data on the incidence of cough with the lipophilic third-generation ACE inhibitor zofenopril are scanty and never systematically analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of ACE inhibitor-induced cough and to assess the incidence of cough induced by zofenopril treatment. Methods: Published and unpublished data from randomized and postmarketing zofenopril trials were merged together and analyzed. Results: Twenty-three studies including 5794 hypertensive patients and three studies including 1455 postmyocardial infarction patients exposed for a median follow-up time of 3 months to zofenopril at doses of 7.5–60 mg once-daily were analyzed. The incidence of zofenopril-induced cough was 2.6% (range 0%–4.2%): 2.4% in the hypertension trials (2.4% in the double-blind randomized studies and 2.4% in the open-label postmarketing studies) and 3.6% in the double-blind randomized postmyocardial infarction trials. Zofenopril-induced cough was generally of a mild to moderate intensity, occurred significantly ( P , 0.001) more frequently in the first 3–6 months of treatment (3.0% vs 0.2% 9–12 months), and always resolved or improved upon therapy discontinuation. Zofenopril doses of 30 mg and 60 mg resulted in significantly ( P = 0.042) greater rate of cough (2.1% and 2.6%, respectively) than doses of 7.5 mg and 15 mg (0.4% and 0.7%, respectively). In direct comparison trials (enalapril and lisinopril), incidence of cough was not significantly different between zofenopril and other ACE inhibitors (2.4% vs 2.7%). Conclusion: Evidence from a limited number of studies indicates a relatively low incidence of zofenopril-induced cough. Large head-to-head comparison studies versus different ACE inhibitors are needed to highlight possible differences between zofenopril and other ACE inhibitors in the incidence of cough.
We Ran 9 Billion Regressions: Eliminating False Positives through Computational Model Robustness

False positive findings are a growing problem in many research literatures. We argue that excessive false positives often stem from model uncertainty. There are many plausible ways of specifying a regression model, but researchers typically report only a few preferred estimates. This raises the concern that such research reveals only a small fraction of the possible results and may easily lead to nonrobust, false positive conclusions. It is often unclear how much the results are driven by model specification and how much the results would change if a different plausible model were used. Computational model robustness analysis addresses this challenge by estimating all possible models from a theoretically informed model space. We use large-scale random noise simulations to show (1) the problem of excess false positive errors under model uncertainty and (2) that computational robustness analysis can identify and eliminate false positives caused by model uncertainty. We also draw on a series of empirical applications to further illustrate issues of model uncertainty and estimate instability. Computational robustness analysis offers a method for relaxing modeling assumptions and improving the transparency of applied research.
First VLT/X-shooter spectroscopy of early-type stars outside the Local Group ⋆

As part of the VLT/X-shooter science verification, we obtained the first optica l mediumresolution spectrum of a previously identified bright O-typ e object in NGC 55, an LMC-like galaxy at a distance of∼2.0 Mpc. Based on the stellar and nebular spectrum, we investigate the nature and evolutionary status of the central object(s) and its influence on the surrounding interstellar medium. We conclude that the source, NGC 55 C1 31, is a composite object, likely a stellar cluster, which contains one or several hot ( Teff ≃ 50 000 K) WN stars with a high mass-loss rate (∼3× 10 −5 M⊙ yr −1 ) and a helium-rich composition (NHe/NH = 0.8). The visual flux is dominated by OB-type (super)giant stars wi th Teff . 35 000 K, solar helium abundance (NHe/NH = 0.1), and mass-loss rate ∼2× 10 −6 M⊙ yr −1 . The surrounding Hii region has an electron density ne 6 10 2 cm −3 and an electron temperature T (Oiii) ≃ 11 500± 600 K. The oxygen abundance of this region is [O/H] = 8.18± 0.03 which corresponds to Z = 0.31± 0.04 Z⊙. We observed no significant gradients in T (Oiii), ne or [O/H] on a scale of 73 pc extending in four directions from the ionising source. The properties of the Hii region can be reproduced by a CLOUDY model which uses the central cluster as ionising source, thus providing a self-consistent interpreta tion of the data. We also report on the serendipitous discovery of Heii nebular emission associated with the nearby source NGC 55 C2 35, a feature usually associated with strong X-ray sources.