Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transformation of S Fractions under Field Conditions with Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in an Alfisol of Karnataka

A field experiment involving four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha−1) and three sources [elemental S, gypsum, and ammonium sulfate] significantly increased contents of all the S fractions compared to no S application and which decreased with crop growth. Application of ammonium sulfate recorded greater values of S fractions compared to gypsum and elemental S. Lower values of S fractions were recorded in elemental S treatments. Significant decreases in water-soluble and available soil S between flowering and harvest contributed to the pool of plant-available S. Significant increases in residual S fractions were observed due to levels of applied S even after harvest. Correlations between the S fractions indicated significant positive relations. Greatest pod and haulm yields, oil content, and oil yield of the groundnut were recorded in the T10 treatment followed by gypsum and elemental S treatments.
Water Repellent Efficiency of Organic Solvent Extractives from Aleppo Pine Leaves and Bark Applied to Wood

Summary Natural wax-like materials were extracted from leaves and bark of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) by using toluene as organic solvent. Experimental water repellent formulations (WRFs) were prepared using 10% gum rosin as the resin constituent and 0%, 1% and 2% paraffin wax, pine needle/bark extracts or mixtures of paraffin wax and needle/bark extracts in proportion 1 : 1 as hydrophobic substance. All experimental WRFs applied to small, cross-sectional wood specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Wood specimens were impregnated by a simple immersion technique and the water repellent effectiveness (WRE) was assessed by using tangential swelling data. Toluene soluble extracts from needles and bark applied to wood provided hydrophobic properties to pine and beech wood specimens but to a lesser degree when compared to paraffin wax. Bark extracts appeared to be stronger hydrophobic materials than needle extracts. Both needle and bark extracts can be successful substitutes for paraffin wax in WRFs up to 50 %. The degree of protection provided by WRFs and the differences between treatments were smaller in pine heartwood and beech sapwood than in pine sapwood.
Towards the extrapolation of the valence‒valence electron partial structure factor for liquid Mg near freezing from a combination of theory and experiment

Egelstaff, March, and McGill (1973) proposed the extraction of electron correlation functions in liquids from scattering data. Here, we appeal to computer simulation by de Wijs et al. (1995) on the partial structure factor between ions (i) and valence electrons (v) for liquid Mg near freezing, to write the valence‒valence partial structure factor in terms of and the neutron structure factor , to high accuracy.
Adrenergic Tone as an Intermediary in the Temperament Syndrome Associated With Flight Speed in Beef Cattle

The temperament of farm animals can influence their resilience to everyday variations within the managed production environment and has been under strong direct and indirect selection during the course of domestication. A prominent objective measure used for assessing temperament in beef cattle is the behavioral flight response to release from confinement in a crush or chute. This behavioral measure, termed flight speed (also known as escape velocity) is associated with physiological processes including body temperature, feeding behavior, growth rate, carcass composition, immune function, and health outcomes. This review examines the functional links between this suite of traits and adrenergic activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenomedullary hormonal system. It is suggested that flight speed is the behavioral aspect of an underlying “flightiness” temperament syndrome, and that elevated adrenergic tone in animals with a high level of flightiness (i.e., flighty animals) tunes physiological activities toward a sustained “fight or flight” defense profile that reduces productivity and the capacity to flourish within the production environment. Nonetheless, despite a common influence of adrenergic tone on this suite of traits, variation in each trait is also influenced by other regulatory pathways and by the capacity of tissues to respond to a range of modulators in addition to adrenergic stimuli. It is suggested that tuning by adrenergic tone is an example of homeorhetic regulation that can help account for the persistent expression of behavioral and somatic traits associated with the flight speed temperament syndrome across the life of the animal. At a population level, temperament may modulate ecological fit within and across generations in the face of environmental variability and change. Associations of flight speed with the psychological affective state of the animal, and implications for welfare are also considered. The review will help advance understanding of the developmental biology and physiological regulation of temperament syndromes.
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Screening Platform for Drug-Induced Vascular Toxicity

Evaluation of potential vascular injury is an essential part of the safety study during pharmaceutical development. Vascular liability issues are important causes of drug termination during preclinical investigations. Currently, preclinical assessment of vascular toxicity primarily relies on the use of animal models. However, accumulating evidence indicates a significant discrepancy between animal toxicity and human toxicity, casting doubt on the clinical relevance of animal models for such safety studies. While the causes of this discrepancy are expected to be multifactorial, species differences are likely a key factor. Consequently, a human-based model is a desirable solution to this problem, which has been made possible by the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In particular, recent advances in the field now allow the efficient generation of a variety of vascular cells (e.g., endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes) from iPSCs. Using these cells, different vascular models have been established, ranging from simple 2D cultures to highly sophisticated vascular organoids and microfluidic devices. Toxicity testing using these models can recapitulate key aspects of vascular pathology on molecular (e.g., secretion of proinflammatory cytokines), cellular (e.g., cell apoptosis), and in some cases, tissue (e.g., endothelium barrier dysfunction) levels. These encouraging data provide the rationale for continuing efforts in the exploration, optimization, and validation of the iPSC technology in vascular toxicology.
Viral Infections and Cutaneous Drug-Related Eruptions

In the general population, up to 10% of children treated by antibiotics have cutaneous adverse drug reaction, but allergy is confirmed in less than 20% of patients. Most of the non-allergic reactions are probably due to virus, such as enterovirus acute infection or Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV) acute infection or reactivation. Especially in children, viruses have the propensity to induce skin lesions (maculopapular rash, urticaria) due to their skin infiltration or immunologic response. In drug-related skin eruptions, a virus can participate by activating an immune predisposition. The culprit antibiotic is then the trigger for reacting. Even in severe drug-induced reactions, such as Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, viruses take part in immune phenomena, especially herpes viruses. Understanding the mechanisms of both virus- and drug-induced skin reaction is important to develop our clinical reflection and give an adaptive care to the patient. Our aim is to review current knowledge on the different aspects and potential roles of viruses in the different type of drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR). Although major advances have been made those past year, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the link between viruses and DHR, to improve management of those patients.
Effect of NaCl-induced saline sodicity on the interpretation of soil potassium dynamics

Excess of exchangeable sodium (Na) in salt-affected soils causes ion toxicity and decrease in nutrient uptake by plants, particularly potassium (K). A number of studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of K-fertilization on plant growth under sodic and saline-sodic conditions but the results are much diverse to process for concrete recommendations. To explore the possible reasons, it was hypothesized that Na applied as NaCl to produce salinity/sodicity in the soil may release non-exchangeable K, minimizing the effect of K-fertilization. Incubation studies were conducted for 2, 4 and 6 days in the light (sandy loam) and heavy (clay loam) textured soils producing two saline/sodic levels, i.e. 20 and 30 sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) along with control (SAR 3). Potassium fertilizer applied was calculated according to 40 (general recommendations based on soil-nutrient status), 80 and 160 kg K ha−1. Interestingly, it was observed that addition of NaCl possibly released non-exchangeable K from the soil minerals and increased the K concentration in soil solution. Total K release was more in heavy textured soil but initial release was more in light textured soil. This release may eliminate the effect of K-fertilization applied under salt stress induced by NaCl. Therefore, it is suggested that while studying Na–K interaction in salt-affected soils, NaCl should be avoided to produce salinity, and naturally occurring saline-sodic soils may be used. Soil Na–K interaction studies including ameliorating effect of K under sodic or saline-sodic conditions should be conducted carefully considering the above-stated argument.
Enhancing Extracellular Adenosine Levels Restores Barrier Function in Acute Lung Injury Through Expression of Focal Adhesion Proteins

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical presentation of acute lung injury (ALI) with often fatal lung complication. Adenosine, a nucleoside generated following cellular stress provides protective effects in acute injury. The levels of extracellular adenosine can be depleted by equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). ENT inhibition by pharmaceutical agent dipyridamole promotes extracellular adenosine accumulation and is protective in ARDS. However, the therapeutic potential of dipyridamole in acute lung injury has not yet been evaluated. Methods: Adenosine acts on three adenosine receptors, the adenosine A1 (Adora1), A2a (Adora2a), the A2b (Adora2b) or the adenosine A3 (Adora 3) receptor. Accumulation of adenosine is usually required to stimulate the low-affinity Adora2b receptor. In order to investigate the effect of adenosine accumulation and the contribution of epithelial-specific ENT2 or adora2b expression in experimental ALI, dipyridamole, and epithelial specific ENT2 or Adora2b deficient mice were utilized. MLE12 cells were used to probe downstream Adora2b signaling. Adenosine receptors, transporters, and targets were determined in ARDS lungs. Results: ENT2 is mainly expressed in alveolar epithelial cells and is negatively regulated by hypoxia following tissue injury. Enhancing adenosine levels with ENT1/ENT2 inhibitor dipyridamole at a time when bleomycin-induced ALI was present, reduced further injury. Mice pretreated with the ADORA2B agonist BAY 60-6583 were protected from bleomycin-induced ALI by reducing vascular leakage (558.6 ± 50.4 vs. 379.9 ± 70.4, p < 0.05), total bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell numbers (17.9 ± 1.8 to 13.4 ± 1.4 e4, p < 0.05), and neutrophil infiltration (6.42 ± 0.25 vs. 3.94 ± 0.29, p < 0.05). While mice lacking Adora2b in AECs were no longer protected by dipyridamole. We also identified occludin and focal adhesion kinase as downstream targets of ADORA2B, thus providing a novel mechanism for adenosine-mediated barrier protection. Similarly, we also observed similar enhanced ADORA2B (3.33 ± 0.67 to 16.12 ± 5.89, p < 0.05) and decreased occludin (81.2 ± 0.3 to 13.3 ± 0.4, p < 0.05) levels in human Acute respiratory distress syndrome lungs. Conclusion: We have highlighted a role of dipyridamole and adenosine signaling in preventing or treating ALI and identified Ent2 and Adora2b as key mediators in important for the resolution of ALI.
Effects of sunflowers hull incorporation on the distribution of water extractable elements in the soil

When sunflower hulls, a residue of oil industries, are mixed with the upper layer of soil as organic amendment, 93.5 kg of P. 790 kg of K and 2.2 kg of B are added with the introduction of 100 Mg ha -1 of hulls. Soil water analysis after 50 days of the addition of sunflower hulls demonstrate an increased concentration for P and K, and a decrease for B in the surface layer. Ca, Mg, S and Fe concentration increase with depth. After 190 days a redistribution of P, K and B was observed in the profile due to water movement. It is found that the practice of introduction of sunflower hulls into the soil increases soil nutrients with no mineral accumulation.
Permeation of organic contaminants through gasketed pipe joints

Numerous incidents of drinking water contamination resulting from permeation of organic chemicals in soil through water piping components have been reported in the United States and Europe. The authors of this article immersed samples of gasket materials in gasoline and solvents and exposed actual gasketed pipe segments to gasoline and solvents to determine the susceptibility of various gasket types to permeation. Water inside gasketed pipe segments was analyzed at regular time intervals for the presence of gasoline or solvent using gas chromatography
new Arsenic standard Spurs Search for Cost‐Effective Removal Techniques

The new maximum contaminant level for arsenic in drinking water will require many water authorities to add unit operations for arsenic removal. A recent study conducted on groundwater from a small rural city in Colorado investigated removing arsenic by modified coagulation/filtration. On the basis of the results of the study, modified coagulation/filtration was proven to be a practical process for removing arsenic from groundwater. Coagulation by ferric chloride and ferric sulfate produced similar residual arsenic concentrations, although ferric sulfate gave a lower residual turbidity. Adjustment of the pH of the groundwater is likely to be necessary. A ferric ion dose of 6 mg/L and an initial pH of 6.8 gave a residual arsenic concentration of 2 μg/L or less, depending on the pore size of the membrane filter disks. These results are in agreement with previous studies conducted using carefully prepared arsenic solutions. However, the level of arsenic removal from groundwater is highly dependent on the water quality.
Physical description of boundary-layer transition: Experimental evidence

The problems of understanding the origins of turbulent flow and transition to turbulent flow are the most important unsolved problems of fluid mechanics and aerodynamics. It is well known that the stability, transition, and turbulent characteristics of bounded shear layers are fundamentally different from those of free shear layers. Likewise, the stability, transition, and turbulent characteristics of open systems are fundamentally different from those of closed systems. Because of the influence of indigenous disturbances, surface geometry and roughness, sound, heat transfer, and ablation, it is not possible to develop general prediction schemes for transition location and the nature of turbulent structures in boundary-layer flows. At the present time no mathematical model exists that can predict the transition Reynolds number on a flat plate. The recent progress in this area is encouraging, in that a number of distinct transition mechanisms have been found experimentally. The theoretical work finds them to be amplitude and Reynolds-number dependent. The theory remains rather incomplete with regard to predicting transition. Amplitude and spectral characteristics of the disturbances inside the laminar viscous layer strongly influence which type of transition occurs. The major need in this area is to understand how freestream disturbances are entrained into the boundary layer, i.e., to answer the question of receptivity. We refer receptivity to the mechanism(s) that cause freestream disturbances to enter the boundary layer and create the initial amplitudes for unstable waves.
Some Excited States of the Hydrogen Molecule. I. 1Πu(1s2pΠ) and 3Πu(1s2pΠ)

Theoretical potential curves, spectroscopic constants, and expectation values for some one‐electron operators are given for the 3Πu(1s2pΠ) (metastable) and 1Πu(1s2pΠ) states of the hydrogen molecule. Total energies of 0.7145 and 0.7334 a.u. are obtained for 1Πu and 3Πu, respectively. The experimental total energies are 0.7186 and 0.7381 a.u. for 1Πu and 3Πu, respectively. The maximum in the potential curve of the 1Πu state is found to be much smaller and to occur at a larger internuclear separation (0.02 eV at R≈8.5 a.u.) than estimated by previous theoretical calculations (0.1 eV at R≈4.5 a.u.). Our 1Πu curve is reasonably consistent with the observed data of Herzberg and Monfils.
Chemical kinetics and transport of tropospheric trace compounds - implications for environment and air quality

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to study the kinetics of gas-phase reactions of three lactones, γ-valerolactone (GVL), 2(5H)-furanone (2(5HF) and 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (3M2(5H)F) with Cl atoms, OH radicals and O3 respectively. The experiments were performed in a photochemical reactor at a total pressure of 700 Torr at room temperature (298±2 K). Both relative rate and absolute rate methods were used to determine the reaction rate constants (unit cm3molecule-1s-1) yielding kGVL+Cl = (4.56 ± 0.51)∙10-11, kGVL+OH = (2.94 ± 0.41)∙10-11, k2(5H)F+Cl = (2.94 ± 0.41)∙10-11, k2(5H)F+OH = (4.06 ± 0.073)∙10-12, k2(5H)F+O3 = (6.73 ± 0.18)∙10-20, k3M2(5H)F+Cl = (16.1 ± 1.8)∙10-11, k3M2(5H)F+OH = (12.6 ± 0.52)∙10-12 and k3M2(5H)F+O3 = (5.42 ± 1.23)∙10-19. Using atmospheric abundances of Cl, OH and O3 the lifetime of each lactone towards each of the reaction sinks was calculated. The largest sink for all three lactones is through the reaction with OH (lifetimes of tens of days). Removal by Cl atoms can become equally significant when abundant in high concentrations which could be locally important. The lifetime against removal by O3 (months-years) is relatively long on a tropospheric scale even at high concentrations. No significant reaction products were identified for experiments performed in N2. For experiments using an N2/O2 mixture the identified products are formic acid (HCOOH), formyl chloride (CHClO), maleic anhydride (C2H2(CO)2O) and phosgene (CCl2O). There are still unidentified reaction products. In addition to the kinetic studies a project was performed where a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) was used to study updated reaction rate constants and photolysis rate constants of bromoform (CHBr3) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2) in the troposphere. The effect on tropospheric inorganic bromine levels, and consequently ozone levels, was insignificant for bromoform and more significant for bromine nitrate.
Study on MHD Boundary Layer Flow of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer Over a Moving Inclined Plate in a Porous Medium With Suction and Viscous Dissipation in Presence of Hall Effect

The Hall effects on the steady MHD boundary layer flow of an incompressible fluid of combined heat and mass transfer over a moving inclined plate in a porous media with suction and viscous dissipation has studied. An external magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the surface and the fluid motion is subjected to a uniform suction and injection. A closed form solutions of the equations governing the flow are obtained for the velocity, secondary velocity, and temperature and concentration profiles. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using RK method along with shooting technique. The velocities, temperature and concentration profiles are presented graphically for different values of governing flow parameters. The results presented graphically illustrate that primary velocity field decrease due to increase of magnetic parameter, angle of inclination, permeability parameter and suction parameter while secondary velocity also decrease for magnetic parameter, Hall parameter and permeability parameter . Other parameters increase the velocities of the fluid flow. Temperature field increases in the presence of Magnetic parameter, Grashof number, Modified Grashof number and permeability parameter and decreases for Prandlt number and suction parameter. Also, concentration profiles decreases for increasing the values of magnetic parameter, Hall parameter, Schmid number and suction parameter but there is no effect on concentration of the remaining parameters. Also the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number are presented in Tables 1-3.
New method for determination of â-lactam antibiotics by means of Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy using polyurethane foam as sorbent

The present study was focused to develop an analytical method to analyse â-lactam antibiotics present in aqueous solutions and able to be applied directly in the fields. The method here presented is based on the chemical reaction between â-lactam antibiotics with phosphomolybdic acid, a heteropolyacid able to be reduced by the thiols obtained after the acid hydrolysis of the â-lactam antibiotics. The blue product obtained, which is proportional to the antibiotic amount, is adsorbed on polyurethane foam, and the intensity of color is directly evaluated on the solid material by means of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. For all six evaluated â-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin V, penicillin G, cefotaxime, cefuroxime), the analytical parameters achieved were: LOD = 0.03 µg/ml, LOQ = 0.1 µg/ml, RSD = 4.0 %. The study of possible interferences showed that using solid phase extraction is possible to eliminate even strong interferences as ascorbic acid, cysteine and reducing salts like stannous chloride. The present method has avoided, as much as possible, the use of expensive and contaminating solvents and chemical reagents. The method presents the possibility to be applied using only a desktop scanner and a personal PC for measuring the color of the adsorbed material on the PUF.
Adsorption of rose Bengal dye from aqueous solution by amberlite Ira-938 resin: kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic studies

AbstractIn this study, the effectiveness of amberlite IRA-938 resin for Rose Bengal (RB) dye removal from aqueous phase was evaluated. For the RB dye removal, equilibrium was achieved within 45 min because rate of adsorption was fast. The adsorption equilibrium for RB dye onto amberlite IRA-938 resin was in good agreement with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was observed that amberlite IRA-938 resin had excellent RB dye adsorption capacity (qm = 142.86 mg g−1 at 23°C). The environmental applicability of amberlite IRA-938 resin was performed in the separation of RB dye from the tap water sample spiked with 50 mg L−1 RB dye solution. The breakthrough and exhaustive capacity were 100 and 325 mg g−1, respectively.