Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas

The Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas, founded in 2004, brings together researchers from several countries in the Americas who have carried out empirical studies of the social and environmental impacts of economic liberalization. The goal of the Working Group Project is to contribute empirical research and policy analysis to the ongoing policy debates on national economic development strategies and international trade. The project also brings more prominently into U.S. policy debates the rich body of research carried out by Latin American experts, as well as their informed perspectives on trade and development policies. She has written widely on global trade and investment, corporate accountability, and sustainable development, including the recent books, Human Rights and the Environment: Conflicts and Norms in a Globalizing World, and Beyond Good Deeds: Case Studies and A New Policy Agenda for Corporate Accountability. In addition, she has consulted with a number of international organizations, including the OECD Environment Directorate, the World Wide Fund for Nature, and the Asian Development Bank.
Effects of sub-pixel heterogeneity on the retrieval of soil moisture from passive microwave radiometry

A simple formulation relating the L-band microwave brightness temperature detected by a passive microwave radiometer to the near surface soil moisture was developed using MICRO-SWEAT, a coupled microwave emission model and soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer (SVAT) scheme. This simple model provides an ideal tool with which to explore the impact of sub-pixel heterogeneity on the retrieval of soil moisture from microwave brightness temperatures. In the case of a bare soil pixel, the relationship between apparent emissivity and surface soil moisture is approximately linear, with the clay content of the soil influencing just the intercept of this relationship. It is shown that there are no errors in the retrieved soil moisture from a bare soil pixel that is heterogeneous in soil moisture and texture. However, in the case of a vegetated pixel, the slope of the relationship between apparent emissivity and surface soil moisture decreases with increasing vegetation. Therefore for a pixel that is heterogeneous in vegetation and soil moisture, errors can be introduced into the retrieved soil moisture. Generally, under moderate conditions, the retrieved soil moisture is within 3% of the actual soil moisture. Examples illustrating this discussion use data collected during the Southern Great Plains '97 Experiment (SGP97).
LITOSPHAERIDIUM TOO: TWO NEW DINOFLAGELLATE CYST SPECIES FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF CALIFORNIA

Abstract The ‘Middle’ Cretaceous of the Northern California Coast Ranges has yielded unusually well-preserved specimens of Litosphaeridium, some of which (Litosphaeridium arundum, Litosphaeridium bacar, Litosphaeridium conispinum, and Litosphaeridium siphoniphorum subsp. glabrum) have been analyzed in detail previously. Two other species, which were discovered later, are Litosphaeridium adnatum sp. nov. and Litosphaeridium gaponoffiae sp. nov. Litospheridium adnatum sp. nov. is most similar to Litosphaeridium siphoniphorum, but has an adnate operculum, sulcal processes, a more elongate central body, and less of the central body is covered by processes. The other, Litosphaeridium gaponoffiae sp. nov., is most similar to Litosphaeridium arundum and Litospheridium fucosum, but has goblet-shaped processes, a free operculum, a more spherical central body, and its cingular processes are not reduced as they are in Litospheridium arundum. The two species are from the late Albian based on the associated dinoflagellate cysts.
‘Pseudo-Ancient Woodland’ and the Ancient Woodland Inventory

Abstract The concept of a distinct class of ‘ancient woodland’ is often accepted in an unproblematic manner by landscape historians. Woods so defined have been managed in traditional ways, have supposedly been in existence since before c. 1600, and today feature a distinctive range of ‘indicator’ species. This article argues that a significant number of the woods officially defined as ‘ancient’ are in reality of comparatively recent origin despite displaying most, if not all, of the features usually considered to be indicative of ancient woodland. The defining aspects of ‘ancient’ woods may result as much from their landscape context as from their antiquity per se.
Australian languages : A singular vision 1

The right to post the definitive version of the contribution as published at Cambridge Journals Online (in PDF or HTML form) in the Institutional Repository of the institution in which they worked at the time the paper was first submitted, or (for appropriate journals) in PubMed Central or UK PubMed Central, no sooner than one year after first publication of the paper in the journal, subject to file availability and provided the posting includes a prominent statement of the full bibliographical details, a copyright notice in the name of the copyright holder (Cambridge University Press or the sponsoring Society, as appropriate), and a link to the online edition of the journal at Cambridge Journals Online. Inclusion of this definitive version after one year in Institutional Repositories outside of the institution in which the contributor worked at the time the paper was first submitted will be subject to the additional permission of Cambridge University Press (not to be unreasonably withheld).
Sequence analysis Application of compression-based distance measures to protein sequence classification : a methodological study

Motivation: Distance measures built on the notion of text compression have been used for the comparison and classification of entire genomes andmitochondrial genomes.Thepresentstudywasundertaken inorder to explore their utility in the classification of protein sequences. Results: We constructed compression-based distance measures (CBMs) using the Lempel-Zlv and the PPMZ compression algorithms and compared their performance with that of the Smith–Waterman algorithm and BLAST, using nearest neighbour or support vector machine classification schemes. The datasets included a subset of the SCOP protein structure database to test distant protein similarities, a 3-phosphoglycerate-kinase sequences selected from archaean, bacterial and eukaryotic species as well as low and high-complexity sequence segments of the human proteome, CBMs values show a dependence on the length and the complexity of the sequences compared. In classification tasks CBMs performed especially well on distantly related proteins where the performance of a combined measure, constructed from a CBM and a BLAST score, approached or even slightlyexceeded that of theSmith–Watermanalgorithmand two hidden Markov model-based algorithms. Availability: http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/~kocsor/CBMO5 Contact: kocsor@inf.u-szeged.hu Supplementary information: http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/~kocsor/
Simple Versus Complex Climate Modeling

This Forum is based on my own personal experience with the climate and paleoclimate community during the past several years. This experience includes having read numerous articles and having witnessed numerous interdisciplinary discussions at various conferences. A theme I have frequently encountered is the sense that the resolution of modern state-of-the-art global climate models is so high that—when compared with simple models—their results represent the “absolute truth. ” It seems that through genuine efforts to improve aspects of numerical modeling, the point that they are still models and not observational data is occasionally forgotten.
Active normal faulting and crustal extension

Summary A world-wide review of fault-plane solutions and focal depths for large normal-faulting earthquakes on the continents shows that the overwhelming majority of such earthquakes nucleate in the depth range 6–15 km on faults dipping between 30 and 60°. In the few cases where levelling or seismic data are good enough, these normal faults are shown to be approximately planar from the surface to their nucleation depth at the base of the brittle crust. There is evidence that, in some cases, as a result of the enormous transitory increase in strain rate during large earthquakes, rupture continues into the normally ‘ductile’ lower crust on surfaces with substantially gentler dips. These low-angle surfaces may be analogous to some of the ‘detachments’ seen in metamorphic core complexes of the western USA, but the nature of the motion on them depends on strain rate as well as on rheological contrasts between the ‘detachments’ and the blocks on either side. Such contrasts, however, are unlikely to introduce substantial curvature to an originally planar shear zone. If the observed spread in active normal-fault dips is caused by rotation of the faults and the blocks they bound during extension, then a maximum β value of 1.7 can be accommodated by seismic activity on a single generation of normal faults. With continued extension, either a new generation of steeper faults, cutting the rotated first faults, is likely to form, or the deformation will continue aseismically on faults dipping at less than 30°. Large earthquakes have not been observed to nucleate on very low-angle (<20°) normal faults within the continental crust anywhere in the world. Such faults can of course move aseismically, but are unlikely to do so on a large scale within the upper crust in areas where steep normal faults are seismically active. Thus extensional models that require concentrated simple shear on large sub-horizontal faults within the brittle upper crust will also require a spatial separation between aseismic, very low-angle faulting and seismic high-angle faulting. Since seismogenic high-angle faults dominate the topography of extending regions, upper-crustal very-low-angle faulting, if it occurs on a large scale, presumably does so in areas that are relatively flat.
Oxidation of volcanic SO2: A sink for stratospheric OH and H2O

The oxidation of volcanic SO2 to sulphate in the stratosphere is investigated for an anomalously large volcanic sulphur loading (∼200 Mt) similar to that generated by the Tambora eruption in 1815. Model calculations suggest that stratospheric OH levels can be severely reduced by the gas-phase oxidation of SO2. One implication of this is that dense volcanic SO2 clouds may last substantially longer than previously thought. SO2 oxidation is also found to lead to significant stratospheric dehydration because approximatively three molecules of H2O are consumed for each molecule of SO2 converted to sulphate. Therefore it is possible to view major volcanic eruptions as a potential sink for stratospheric H2O.
Linking spatial patterns of perched groundwater storage and stormflow generation processes in a headwater forested catchment

This study examined hydropedological patterns and storage–discharge relationships towards catchment process understanding at a small forested site, the Hermine (Laurentians, Quebec, Canada). The catchment is characterized by a steep surface topography and a shallow, irregular, low‐permeability soil layer (LPSL), thus offering two possible main hydrologic drivers for runoff generation and routing. Using spatially detailed topographic data of the soil surface and the LPSL, water table levels measured at 94 locations on 50 occasions were expressed as 5 perched groundwater (PGW) storage variables: (i) a binary index illustrating the presence/absence of surface water, (ii) a soil saturation deficit, (iii) a water table elevation above the LPSL, (iv) a classification of sites as being in a dry, filling or spilling subsurface depression, and (v) a water table elevation above an underlying filled subsurface depression. The most common proxies for PGW storage, namely the saturation deficit and the location of surface saturated areas, were least appropriate to portray the Hermine catchment dynamics. Patterns of PGW storage were initially important during a rainstorm to trigger a response at the outlet but then remained unchanged even though streamflows continued to increase up to a higher order of magnitude. Hydraulically limited water tables were shown to exist in some areas, thus hinting towards the coexistence of rapid lateral preferential flow and slower subsurface flow. Most importantly, discontinuous storage–discharge relationships at the point‐scale combined into continuous relationships at the catchment‐scale, a result which can be seen as an emergent property of the Hermine catchment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principles Underlying the Determination of Population Affinity with Craniometric Data

This paper investigates the value for forensic anthropology of craniometric data in assessing population affinity. It finds that generally speaking cranial measurements do not contain the information to directly make a positive match for a skull’s population affinity. Rather, cranial measurements should be thought of as containing information that allows for the elimination of any population affinity for the skull which would be a mismatch. A minimum of 13 measurements is required to capture enough information to be confident that the eliminated population affinities are indeed the mismatches. In addition, if a reasonably sized sample of crania from the same population is available for analysis, the affinities of the sampled population can be reliably assessed using the methodology outlined in this paper.
Vegetation dynamics on eroding to accreting beach‐foredune systems, Florida panhandle

Vegetation surveys were conducted on a variety of coastal foredunes in a largely natural region along the Gulf County region of the Florida panhandle. Species presence, absence and percentage cover were surveyed on 12 foredune profiles during different seasons. The vegetation data were analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index and Sørensen Index. Uniola sp. and Andropgon sp. were the dominant species on foredunes. Uniola sp. was found predominantly on the gulfward facing or stoss slopes, and Andropgon sp. was found to be dominant on the inland or lee slopes of foredunes. While they are present on all foredunes, their presence and percentage cover are dominant on rapidly prograding coasts. Prograding/accretional beaches had higher Sørensen Index values (i.e. higher similarities) than did the foredune‐vegetation profiles on eroding beaches. Diversity as indicated by the Shannon–Wiener analysis (H’) is greatest on the highest, and generally eroding dunes. Foredune diversity increased with foredune height, and the tallest foredunes were found on shorelines with relatively low erosion rates, where dunes were slowly translating landwards, cannibalizing older dunes, and moving into areas colonized by late successional species, such as Quercus sp. These observations of foredune species richness, diversity, profile similarities, and the use of ecological indices can provide excellent proxy evidence of shoreline dynamics, and in particular the degree of beach erosion and accretion, in the absence of historical erosion/accretion data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Currents Through the Korea/Tsushima Strait: A Review of LINKS Observations

Abstract : The Korea/Tsushima, Tsugaru, Soya, and Tatar Straits connect the Japan/East Sea (JES) with adjacent seas. Of the four straits, the Korea/Tsushima Strait (KTS) provides the vast majority of inflow into the JES and plays a major role in determining its dynamics. The heat and salt balances within the JES are in large part determined by the inflow through the KTS. Understanding of the relationships and forcing mechanisms of the inflow from the Yellow and East China Seas through the KTS is important for understanding the circulation of the JES. Ultimately, flow through these Asian seas plays an important role in determining the temperature and salinity characteristics of North Pacific circulation.
The importance of interception and why we should delete the term evapotranspiration from our vocabulary

Although many hydrological models disregard or underestimate interception, it is one of the most important processes in hydrological modelling. Evaporation from interception is a considerable proportion of total evaporation, particularly in warm climates. Moreover, it is the first process in the chain of interlinked rainfall-runoff processes. An error introduced in modelling interception (particularly by disregarding it) automatically introduces errors in the calibration of subsequent processes. The term evapotranspiration (ET), so widely used in (agro-) hydrology, is (in this author’s view) an outdated terminology for a combination of different evaporative processes that previously were difficult to separate: evaporation from interception, transpiration, soil evaporation and sometimes (in the case of rice or swamp vegetation) open-water evaporation. These processes are very different in terms of time scale, time of occurrence, physical characteristics, climatic feedback and isotope composition. Lumping them into one term is an expression of our inability to conceptualize these processes separately. ET is, therefore, an awkward and wholly superfluous term, the use of which should be avoided. In the following sections these arguments are elaborated further.
How to quantify aquatic connectivity?: verifiying the effectiveness of the dendritic connectivity index as a tool for assessing stream fragmentation

In recent decades the study of landscape ecology has moved beyond its terrestrial roots to explore the impacts of habitat fragmentation in aquatic systems, where populations of freshwater fish are declining at an alarming rate worldwide. Quantifying fragmentation within these habitats has been a challenge for ecologists, as the spatial arrangement of stream networks influences the distribution of both organisms and habitat features. I used the dendritic Connectivity Index (DCI) to evaluate aquatic connectivity in Terra Nova National Park, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island National Park, testing the impacts of barrier assessment methods and inclusion of biological data in the index to evaluate functional connectivity. I found that while the passability values of individual barriers (road culverts) can vary widely with assessment methods, connectivity estimates provided by the DCI for entire catchments did not show the same degree of variability and overall assessment results did not change when using different methods. When a Functional parameter (biomass) was substituted for structural one in the DCI, connectivity values for catchments changed, but not significantly. These simulations demonstrated that the DCI is a robust tool for evaluating stream connectivity which can provide meaningful results to managers, even when resources and data are limited.
Direct plasma measurements in the Io torus and inner magnetosphere of Jupiter

A model of the Io plasma torus has been constructed using the in situ plasma measurement of Voyager 1. A sharp gradient in plasma temperature of approx.7 x 10/sup 5/ K R/sub J//sup -1/ at 5.7 R/sub J/ divides the torus into two parts, a cold inner region, where the ions are closely confined to the centrifugal equator, and a warm outer region, which includes the orbit of Io and has a thickness scale height of 1 R/sub J/. The outer edge of the warm torus is defined by a drop in plasma density near 7.5 R/sub J/. The bulk motion of the plasma, i.e., the average velocity vector, is within 1% of the value expected on the basis of strict corotation in the inner part of the torus but probably deviates by 5 to 10% from corotation outside the torus. This breakdown from corotation may occur at the outer boundary of the warm torus. The energy per charge spectra show well-resolved peaks in the inner part of the torus but strongly overlapping peaks;in the outer part. In the inner torus there is a significant variation in the abundances of different ionic species over spatial scales <10/sup 4/ km. However,more » in the plasma sheet of the middle magnetosphere the ionic composition appears to be uniform from 12 to 42 R/sub J/ and is strongly dominated by ions with a ratio of atomic mass to charge of 16. Theses ions are most probably some combination of O/sup +/ and S/sup 2 +/ ions. One consequence of the observation is that the Alfven speed is uniformly low in the outer part of the torus, with values less than 250 km s/sup -1/. « less
The Effect of Target Position and Tactual Recognition Field Size on Touch Bias

Past studies have shown that touchscreen display angles other than those that perpendicularly bisect the operator's line of sight cause the operator to touch slightly below the target. The amount of bias created from this misjudgment fluctuates according to the target's position on the screen. Additionally, the percentage of touches that activate a specific target varies according to the size of the tactual recognition field. This study sought to match three square tactual recognition field sizes with the amount of touch bias occurring in each location. The results showed that although bias differed according to location, the tactual recognition fields did not vary enough in size, nor were they large enough to find a significant difference between them in the number of touches captured according to the location of the target. The tactual recognition field that optimally captures responses varies in size over display position and is non-square in shape.
ANALISIS DAERAH PENANGKAPAN RAJUNGAN DENGAN JARING INSANG DASAR (BOTTOM GILLNET) DI PERAIRAN BETAHWALANG, DEMAK

Rajungan ditemukan hampir di seluruh perairan Indonesia dengan kondisi perairan substrat pasir berlumpur. Informasi tentang distribusi rajungan sangat penting bagi nelayan untuk mengoptimalkan hasil tangkapan, sehingga diperlukan adanya penelitian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) menganalisis hasil tangkapan rajungan dengan bottom gillnet; (2) menganalisis daerah penangkapan rajungan di Perairan Betahwalang; (3) menganalisis hubungan antara kedalaman, salinitas, dan substrat terhadap hasil tangkapan rajungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif dengan fakta yang diteliti jumlah hasil tangkapan rajungan dengan parameter oseanografi (kedalaman, salinitas, substrat dasar perairan). Analisis data metode regresi berganda yaitu Uji F dengan SPSS. Pengolahan data menggunakan pemetaan sebaran dari hasil tangkapan rajungan dan parameter oseanografi, didukung dengan citra satelit Landsat ETM 7 serta program aplikasi ER Mapper 7.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 22 stasiun daerah penangkapan diperoleh sebagai berikut; kedalaman perairan 4–7 meter, salinitas 29‰–29,5‰, kandungan bahan organik 10% - 14%, dan sebagian besar substrat berlumpur. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap hasil tangkapan rajungan adalah kedalaman (P < 0,05). Blue Swimming crabs was found across the Indonesian waters, particulary in muddy sand substrate. Information of blue swimming crabs distribution was important for fisherman to optimize the catches, so that the study needed. The purpose of the research were: (1) to analyze the blue swimming crabs catched by gillnet; (2) to analyze the blue swimming crab’s fishing ground in Betahwalang; (3) to analyze the influences between depth, salinity, sediment to blue swimming crab catch. R esearch carried out by descriptive methods with the fact who analyze such as catch of swimming crabs with oceanography parameters (depth, salinity, sediment). The data are analysis by using multiple regression are F test with SPSS program. The blue swimming crabs distribution data and oceanography parameters were analyzed, supported by Landsat ETM 7 satellite imagery and ER Mapper 7.0 application program. The results showed that from 22 fishing ground stasion, the data could be obtained as follows; depth 4 - 7 meters, salinity 29 - 29.5‰, organic material content 10 – 14%, and mostly muddy substrate. The results showed that influences variable to blue swimming crabs cathced is depth (P < 0,05).