Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AVALIAÇÃO DE ATRATIVOS ALIMENTARES E ARMADILHAS PARA O MONITORAMENTO DE ANASTREPHA FRATERCULUS (WIEDEMANN, 1830) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) NA CULTURA DO PESSEGUEIRO (PRUNUS PERSICA (L.) BATSH)

A mosca-das-frutas Anastrepha fraterculus e uma das principais pragas da cultura do pessegueiro (Prunus persica) no sul do Brasil, podendo ocasionar perdas de ate 100% da producao. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados atrativos alimentares e armadilhas para o monitoramento de A. fraterculus em pomares de pessegueiro na regiao da Serra Gaucha, RS, principal polo produtor da fruta para consumo ? in natura? do Estado. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar a captura de adultos de A. fraterculus com a levedura torula formulada em pastilha (2,5%) e a proteina hidrolisada (Nolure® a 5%) no primeiro experimento e a proteina hidrolisada (Bio Anastrepha® a 5%) e o atrativo Anastrepha Lure® (putrecina associada ao sulfato de amonia, veiculado na forma de sache) no segundo. Nos dois experimentos foi utilizada a armadilha McPhail contendo suco de uva a 25% como atrativo padrao. A eficiencia de armadilhas construidas a partir de garrafas PET (Polietileno Tereftalado) de dois litros, transparente e verde, foi comparado com a armadilha-padrao McPhail, utilizando suco de uva a 25% como atrativo. A levedura torula (2,5%) foi significativamente superior ao suco de uva a 25% e a proteina hidrolisada na captura de adultos de A. fraterculus, os quais equivaleram-se entre si. O Anastrepha lure® nao foi eficaz na captura de adultos da especie. Os modelos alternativos de armadilhas foram equivalentes ao modelo McPhail na captura de adultos de A. fraterculus.
Wildfire provides refuge from local extinction but is an unlikely driver of outbreaks by mountain pine beetle

Bark beetle outbreaks and wildfire are important disturbances in conifer ecosystems, yet their interactions are not well understood. We evaluated whether fire injury increased susceptibility of lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), how it influenced beetle reproductive success, and whether beetle population phase altered this interaction. Eight sites that experienced wildfire and eight unburned sites were examined in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (USA). Half were in areas where D. ponderosae was undergoing outbreaks, and half were in areas with low populations. We examined 2056 trees one year after fire for burn injury and beetle attack. We quantified beetle reproductive success in a random sample of 106 trees, and measured gallery areas of D. ponderosae and competing subcortical herbivores in 79 additional trees. Baited flight traps sampled stand-level populations of subcortical herbivores and predators. Wildfire predisposed trees to D. ponderosae.
Inventory of the taxonomical composition of the plankton ciliates in the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea)

Species composition of plankton ciliates was studied in the Curonian Lagoon in 2007–2008 and compared to long term investigations dating back to the 1980th. In total, 152 taxa were identified at the level of species or genera. More species (76 species/higher taxa) was found in the estuarine part of the Lagoon due to temporally unstable salinity and the presence of both freshwater and brackish/marine species. Some of the brackish/marine species: Tintinnopsis baltica, Tintinnopsis kofoidi, Cothurnia maritima, Lohmaniella oviformis, Lohmaniella spiralis and Helicostomella subulatum were recorded for the first time in the lagoon. The ciliate community at the freshwater sites was less diverse, containing 63 species/higher taxa in the central stagnant part of the Lagoon and 47 — in the Nemunas River avandelta. The comparison of present and past studies revealed that the use of a single live-counting method could lead to underestimation of small nanociliate species, whereas examination of Lugol fixed material provides relatively poor taxonomic information.
Diel foraging cycles and interactions among juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) at a nearshore site in Newfoundland

In coastal Newfoundland, age 0 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) settle in shallow, nearshore regions occupied by older conspecifics. Although intercohort cannibalism is common, little is known of the behavioural responses that limit interactions among juvenile cohorts in the wild. We examined the day-night differences in catch and diet of age 0 and age 1 cod to delineate peak foraging activity and resource use in eelgrass (Zostera marina) habitat. Cod exhibited a size-related shift (age 0 to age 1) from feeding predominantly on zooplankton by day to benthos at night. Intercohort cannibalism occurred when age 1 cod were approximately three times larger than their prey. Concentrations of age 0 cod foraged in the water column during the day, ceased feeding at night, and appeared to disperse to the bottom. Seasonally decreasing daylength and prey size contributed to a decline in daily ration, yet age 0 cod still maintained a strict diurnal foraging cycle. The nocturnal decrease in feeding coincided with an increas.
MANAGEMENT OF MANURE IN FARMING SYSTEMS IN SEMI-ARID WEST AFRICA

The last 50 years have seen a rapid expansion of cultivated area in semi-arid areas of West Africa. This has precipitated a change from traditional fallowing to more pro-active soil fertility management techniques. Smallholder farmers employ a range of technologies to enhance soil fertility and manure is a cornerstone of many of the soil fertility management strategies they use. This paper reviews manure management by smallholder farmers. It considers factors that affect the quality of the manure used, including methods for keeping livestock and storing manure. The paper reviews the strategies, such as night parking and crop-livestock integration, which farmers employ to ensure that manure reaches their fields. The nutrient balances of two farming systems are presented as evidence for the importance of manure as a nutrient source. Rangeland-to-cropland nutrient transfers are contrasted with nutrient recycling through crop-livestock integration. The paper concludes that within the constraints in which smallholder farmers operate in semi-arid West Africa, manure will remain an important component of soil fertility management strategies for the foreseeable future. Integrated nutrient management strategies that take into consideration the circumstances of farmers, and the resources available to them, are the best way forward. Appropriate interventions need to focus on improving manure management to ensure that the material which farmers so laboriously prepare and transport is of the best possible quality.
Regulation of avian eggshell porosity

Pores and mammillae per unit area of the eggshells of 34 avian species were counted. The number of pores/cm2 varied from about 45 for the King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonia) to 306 for the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix). Throughout this range there was a positive linear correlation (r=0.92) between the number of pores and the number of mammillae per unit area of shell. Scanning electron micrographs of the inner surface of eggshells scoured with NaOH suggested that the above relationship may result from the packing of the calcite columns, which is controlled by the density of the mammillary seeding sites laid down upon the outer shell membrane. Thus it is inferred that the distribution in the uterus of the cells which secrete the sites on which calcification is initiated determine ultimately the porosity of the eggshell. Such a concept implies that evolutionary pressures operate primarily upon these cells rather than on crystallisation, a process over which a bird may have no control.
Anti - viral Activity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Plants of Nigeria against Measles Virus

This study was carried out as a preliminary investigation into selected medicinal plants of Nigeria with the aim of discovering and developing a drug with anti - measles virus activity as an alternative measure in disease control. Ten parts of seven plants ( Diospyros barteri leaf, Xylopia aethiopica leaf and stem bark, Picralima nitida stem, Cajanus cajan, Argemone Mexicana, Morinda lucida, Uvaria chamae leaf, stem and root bark) were dried, powdered and extracte d by cold maceration using absolute methanol, and maximum non - toxic dose (MNTD) of each extract to Vero cell was determined. The cytotoxic activity and ability of extracts to inhibit viral - induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in tissue culture were evaluated th ree days post - inoculation and incubation, by 3 - (4,5 Dimethylthiazol - 2 - yl) - 2,5 - diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Cytotoxic concentration at 50% (CC 50 ) and inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC 50 ) were determined using graphpad prism, and s elective index (SI) was calculated as ratio of CC 50 to IC 50 . Out of the ten plant extracts screened, Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract with IC 50 of 1.248 µg/mL, Uvaria chamae root and
Intraspecific variation in sperm competition success in the bulb mite: a role for sperm size

Success in sperm competition is one of the principal determinants of male fitness in species in which females mate promiscuously, but the selective pressures it causes are only partly understood. especially with respect to sperm characteristics favoured under sperm competition. Correlates of male success in sperm competition were examined in the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini). The effects of the characteristics of individual male’s ejaculates (sperm size and number), their body size and copulation duration were examined. Only sperm size was significantly correlated with sperm competition success: males producing larger sperm were more successful. Moreover, ejaculates of males producing larger sperm also had significantly smaller variation in sperm size, which indicates that they were able not only to allocate more resources to sperm but also to maintain more stable allocation per gamete. There was no significant correlation between sperm size and number of sperm per ejaculate.
Effects of shade on growth and nodulation on three native legumes with potential for use in agroforestry

In the Midwest US, native legume species adapted to savanna environments may grow well under varying shade conditions. These species may be ideal for use within tree rows in alley-cropping practices and on tree plantations by providing biologically fixed nitrogen, ground cover, and wildlife food and habitat. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of 3 different light levels (100%, 45%, 20%) on the growth and nodulation of 3 Desmodium (Fabaceae) species: Hoary ticktrefoil (D. canescens (L.) DC. ), Showy ticktrefoil (D. canadense (L.) DC. ), and Illinois ticktrefoil (D. illinoense A. Gray). All species produced equal amounts of dry matter at 45% and 100% light, but significantly less dry matter at 20% light. All species had greater or equal concentrations of nitrogen (N) at 20% light compared with 45% or 100% light. The number of nodules per gram of plant dry weight and nodule dry weight was similar at all light levels within each species. A significant species x light interaction was found for the number of nodules per plant because nodule number decreased in both D. canescens and D. canadense but not in D. illinoense for plants grown at 20% in comparison with 45% light. The number of nodules per plant and the number of nodules per gram of plant dry weight were lower under all light conditions for D. illinoense compared with the other species. Results indicate that these native legumes grow as well at 45% light as they do at 100% light, and shade does not reduce N concentration.Houx JH III, McGraw RL, Fritschi FB, Navarrete-Tindall NE. 2009. Effects of shade on growth and nodulation of three native legumes with potential for use in agroforestry. Native Plants Journal 10(3): 232–238.
Indução e cultivo in vitro de gemas adventícias em segmentos de epicótilo de laranja-azeda

The objective of this work was to evaluate the induction and formation of adventitious buds in sour orange explants through the use of plant regulators. In vitro organogenesis experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of BAP, TDZ, and KIN in different concentrations and under two light conditions; BAP and KIN, combined or not with NAA; BAP and KIN, separately or in combined concentrations. Sour orange epicotyl segments (1 cm length), from in vitro germinated plants, were used as explants. In order to induce bud formation, the explants were cultured in MT medium with or without the addition of plant regulators. The material was cultivated at 27oC in the absence of light for 30 days, followed of culture under a 16-hour photoperiod. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four or five replicates, depending on the experiment; each replicate comprised one Petri dish with 20 explants. After 60 or 70 days of cultivation, the percentage of responsive explants and the number of buds were evaluated. The addition of BAP to the culture medium, combined or not with ANA, and in combinations with CIN, induces better organogenic response.
Partitioning and remobilization of nitrogen during regrowth in nitrogen-deficient ryegrass

Little is known about the relative importance of different sources of N during crop regrowth after defoliation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of N deficiency on N uptake and redistribution throughout plants during a 14-d period of regrowth following cutting in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Eight-week-old plants grown in hydroponic culture, were labeled for 5 d with 15 N prior to cutting treatment. Regrowth occurred during 14 d with a low or high N supply in the growth medium and 15 N amounts recovered in plants were used to estimate both N uptake from the medium and N remobilization from roots and stubble to regrowing leaves. Comparison of clipped plants regrowing under nonlimited and limited N conditions showed that N deficiency reduces the growth of leaves. Nitrogen starvation decreases N uptake from the medium and protein N remobilization of roots, while N remobilization from stubble remains unaffected. After 14 d on N-starved medium, about 69% of N in new regrowing leaves was obtained from endogenous compounds accumulated in roots and stubble, while only 40% was remobilized from these tissues in plants grown on a non-limited N medium. Consequently, there is an important deficit between net N outflow and net N inflow, particularly in stubble of N limited plants. The overall results demonstrated that stubble tissues contribute to remobilization of N compounds during regrowth after defoliation in proportion to the level of N deficiency in the medium, while remobilization of protein N of roots was decreased with a low supply of N in the medium
On the Measurement of Plant Competition Intensity

Assumptions about how competition intensity relates to environmental conditions lie at the heart of several models of plant community organization. According to the R-C-S (Ruderal-Competitor-Stress tolerator) model (Grime 1979), competition intensity is presumed to increase with increasing habitat productivity. In contrast, the Resource Ratio model (Tilman 1982, 1988) assumes that total competition intensity is unaffected by habitat productivity though the ratio of aboveground to belowground competition varies. Finally, the Habitat Templet model of plant communities (Taylor et al. 1990) assumes that competition intensity is unrelated to habitat productivity but, instead, is controlled by the disturbance rate. It has been recently pointed out that the exact method used to quantify competition intensity can fundamentally affect the interpretation (Grace 1993). In this paper I argue that different expressions of competition intensity are not equally meaningful. Specifically, I show that the relativized index of competition intensity accurately reflects mixture dynamics while the absolute index does not. There has been considerable previous discussion about the R-C-S and Resource Ratio models (Thompson 1987, Tilman 1987, Thompson and Grime 1988, Tilman 1989). Several experimental studies have recently been conducted to test between the R-C-S and Resource Ratio models. Campbell and Grime (1992) conducted greenhouse studies subjecting monocultures and mixtures of species to gradients of soil fertility and disturbance. They found that competition intensity did not vary with productivity when expressed as the proportional decrease in growth due to competition ("relative competition intensity" or RCI). However, when the results were expressed as the absolute reduction in growth due to competition ("absolute competition intensity" or ACI), competition intensity was observed to increase with increasing productivity. Campbell and Grime went on to argue that the expression of competition intensity in relative form ". obscures the
A Modified Regeneration Method for Streptomycete Protoplasts

In 1974, we1} reported on the culture media and conditions for preparing stable protoplasts of streptomycetes and the procedures for reverting them at high frequency to a filamentous state by plating the surface of the synthetic agar media (Rl and R2). This method, sometimes with minor modifications, has been employed by many researchers on protoplast fusion2~7) or genetic transformation,8~n) including recombinant DNAexperiments, in streptomycetes. However, it has been found that the regeneration frequency varies according to the species used and that high regeneration frequency is limited to a narrow range of streptomycete species. Therefore, we have worked out a new regeneration method which is applicable to some regeneration-negative species or mutants, and this is the subject of the present communication. R. H. Baltz, independently, has reported on the conditions for effective regeneration of streptomycete protoplasts at the International Fermentation Symposium held in London, Canada, in July 1980. The effective conditions he reported were quite similar to the those we had found at that time, viz., a) to overlay soft agar together with protoplasts over the basal agar layer of medium R2; b) to dry the surface of the underlayer of the agar plates before plating protoplasts; and c) to incubate the protoplasts at a lower temperature for regeneration. The emphasis in the present paper is on a newly established medium and the procedure for, regeneration which differs from that reported by Baltz, as well as on the effect of temperature on the stability of protoplasts. Streptomyces kasugaensis MB 273-18a (Atp~ Amy"
Blastema cell cycle in vitro and attempted restimulation of blastema cell cycling in denervated blastemata of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens

The durations of the adult newt blastema cell-cycle phases were determined in vitro. In both ganglionated (G) and nonganglionated (nG) blastemata the total cell-cycle time was 62 hr; G1 + ½M, S, and G2 + ½M were 18, 37, and 7 hr, respectively. The lack of a significant difference in the durations of cell-cycle phases between G and nG explants suggests that nerve withdrawal does not influence the rate of progression through the cycle. A novel strategy was employed involving cell-cycle suppression (denervation in vivo) and continuous labeling followed by restimulation with nerves in vitro, in anticipation that nerve-dependent restricted cells will resume cycling. The data indicate that following prolonged denervation (48 hr), blastema cells may become refractory to neurotrophic factor.
Testing assumptions of otolith radiometric aging with two long-lived fishes from the northern Gulf of Mexico

In this study, we evaluate the assumptions for estimating ages with radiometric and elemental analyses of otoliths of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) from the northern Gulf of Mexico. In whole otoliths of both red snapper and red drum, 226Ra activity was inversely correlated with the otolith mass increase with age, validating the assumption that 226Ra accumulation in otoliths occurs at a rate proportional to that of Ca. 222Rn emanation from otoliths decreased as otolith mass increased. 222Rn loss occurred in all red snapper otolith samples (4.1%) and, to a lesser extent, in red drum otolith samples (0.6%) and decreased with increasing size (age) of the otolith. For red drum, the assumption that the initial activity ratio of 210Po to 226Ra in otoliths is essentially zero was indirectly validated with elemental analyses of Pb and Ba. Radiometric age estimation of shallow-water fishes from the northern Gulf of Mexico holds great promise, considering that 226Ra activities.
Mating, ovariole number and sperm production of the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) in Australia: broad thermal optima provide the capacity for survival in a changing climate

Little is known about mating, ovariole number and sperm production of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Australia, especially in relation to climate. To determine the extent of interpopulation variation and thermal dependence of reproductive traits in A. aegypti, laboratory studies are conducted using colonies originating from up to four locations in Queensland, Australia. Observations of insemination reveal that these behaviours are temperature‐dependent, although humidity levels appear to have little effect, with only small increases in insemination at higher humidities. No noteworthy variations in thermal optima (temperature ranges within which maximal performance occurs) for such behaviours are observed between colonies, with all showing high levels of insemination between 25 and 35 °C. Both male and female maximum fecundity for A. aegypti are also found to be temperature‐dependent. Sperm counts, not hitherto obtained for Australian A. aegypti, range from approximately 3000–5000 per male, with counts increasing with increased rearing and holding temperature, despite a decreasing body size. Conversely, ovary size decreases with temperature and body size, from approximately 100 ovarioles per female at 17 °C, to 85 at 35 °C. The lack of variation in reproductive capacity between colonies of different geographical origin indicates that any locally‐acting selective pressures are not driving divergence in key reproductive traits such as insemination ability and fecundity. This may be because the source populations used are not from sufficiently diverse climates. Nonetheless, the broad thermal optima for reproductive traits in A. aegypti are suggestive of limitations on these traits not being responsible for limiting distribution and population growth in the event of projected mean temperature rises.
Variability in the carbon isotope signature of Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae, Characiformes) a bottom-feeding fish of the Neotropical region

The spatial and seasonal variability of stable carbon isotopes in detritivorous Prochilodus lineatus, primary producers and particulate organic carbon (POC) were examined to promote a better understanding of the trophic dynamics of food webs in Neotropical ecosystems. Spatial variability in carbon isotope composition in the species showed a decreasing gradient in the Upper Parana River system, from the Parana River and Itaipu Reservoir subsystems to the Baia and Ivinheima subsystems. Fish δ13C followed the isotopic trend of POC along the Parana River and Baia subsystem. Seasonal differences were not observed in fish. The analysis of percentile contribution of C3 and C4 sources in the species diet revealed the predominance of C3 plants (phytoplanktonic and periphytic algae and riparian vegetation) in most of the analysed subsystems and seasons. Nevertheless, the considerable participation of riparian vegetation was verified, especially in the Ivinheima subsystem in the dry season. C4 macrophytes presented a maximum contribution along the Upper Parana River. These results demonstrate the existence of specific variability for the consumer and their food sources in different environments of the same ecosystem.