Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HIV and bone health

A. Revalidation This article has been prepared with continuing professional development (CPD) in mind and can be used to support your revalidation. It is estimated that 4 hours of CPD activity will be required for completion of the reading, ‘time out’ activities, the quiz, and writing a reflective account in relation to your learning and its applicability to your practice. You could test your knowledge by completing the self-assessment quiz before reading the article, returning to it afterwards to see how much you have learned.
Hours and Wages

We develop and estimate a static model of labor supply that can account for two robust features of the cross-sectional distribution of usual weekly hours and hourly wages. First, usual weekly hours are heavily concentrated around 40 hours, while at the same time a substantial share of total hours come from individuals who work more than 50 hours. Second, mean hourly wages are non-monotonic across the usual hours distribution, with a peak for those working 50 hours. The novel feature of the model is that earnings are non-linear in hours and the nature of the nonlinearity varies over the hours distribution. We estimate the model on a sample of older males for whom human capital considerations are plausibly not of first order importance. Our estimates imply that an individual who chooses to work either less than 40 hours or more than 40 hours faces a wage penalty. As a consequence, individuals working typically 40 hours are not very responsive to variation in productivity. This has significant implications for the role of labor supply as a mechanism for self-insurance in a standard heterogeneous agent-incomplete markets model and for strategies designed to estimate the intertemporal elasticity of substitution.
Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for Diagnosing Coeliac Disease 2020

Objectives: The ESPGHAN 2012 coeliac disease (CD) diagnostic guidelines aimed to guide physicians in accurately diagnosing CD and permit omission of duodenal biopsies in selected cases. Here, an updated and expanded evidence-based guideline is presented. Methods: Literature databases and other sources of information were searched for studies that could inform on 10 formulated questions on symptoms, serology, HLA genetics, and histopathology. Eligible articles were assessed using QUADAS2. GRADE provided a basis for statements and recommendations. Results: Various symptoms are suggested for case finding, with limited contribution to diagnostic accuracy. If CD is suspected, measurement of total serum IgA and IgA-antibodies against transglutaminase 2 (TGA-IgA) is superior to other combinations. We recommend against deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies (DGP-IgG/IgA) for initial testing. Only if total IgA is low/ undetectable,anIgG-basedtest is indicated.Patientswithpositiveresultsshould be referred to a paediatric gastroenterologist/specialist. If TGA-IgA is 10 times the upper limit of normal (10 ULN) and the familyagrees, the no-biopsy diagnosismay beapplied,providedendomysial antibodies (EMA-IgA) will test positive in a second blood sample. HLA DQ2-/DQ8 determination and symptoms are not obligatory criteria. In children with positive TGA-IgA <10 ULN at least 4 biopsies from the distal duodenum and at least 1 from the bulb should be taken. Discordant results between TGA-IgA and histopathology may require re-evaluation of biopsies. Patients with no/mild histological changes (Marsh 0/I) but confirmed autoimmunity (TGA-IgA/ EMA-IgAþ) should be followed closely. Conclusions: CD diagnosis can be accurately established with or without duodenal biopsies if given recommendations are followed.
-Boundedness of Bergman Projections in the Tube Domain over Vinberg’s Cone

In this paper, we determine a range of p for which there is L continuity of the Bergman projector in the tube domain over Vinberg’s cone. This is the simplest example of a homogeneous non-symmetric cone. Our main tool is the existence of a suitable isometry between the cone and its dual. Mathematics Subject Classification: 32A20, 32A10, 32A25, 32A36.
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN FINANCIAL MARKETS

There is a minimum number of transactions, N, needed to identify a finite number of shocks via price changes. I refer to this threshold value as the signal recovery bound. When fewer than N transactions have occurred, knowledge about which shocks have taken place is inherently local since traders must use some other information in addition to prices to uncover it—e.g., fundamental analysis or word of mouth. I proceed in 3 steps. First, I show that this signal recovery bound is not only a) readily calculable but also b) independent of the precise details of traders’ cognitive constraints. Second, I embed the signal recovery bound in an information-based asset pricing model à la Kyle (1985) to explore how it constrains would be arbitrageurs who must wait until N transactions have occurred before drawing the correct inferences from prices. When shocks are sufficiently rare or short-lived, no traders choose to become arbitrageurs. Third, I give examples of how the signal recovery bound applies to a wide variety of common financial settings including residential housing markets, public equity markets, and bond markets. JEL Classification. D83, G02, G12, G14
Tax Treaty Networks and Ownership Structures of Multinational Corporations

Multinational corporations can organize indirect ownership chains with intermediate subsidiaries, such as foreign equity holding companies, in countries with low taxes and favorable tax treaties. This paper examines the relationship between multinational ownership chains and tax treaty networks by building data on ownership chains of multinational corporations and by combining the ownership data with two treaty network variables obtained from a network analysis of tax treaties. The first treaty network variable, indicating the existence of a tax-minimizing direct route from one country to another, is negatively related to the use of a foreign intermediate subsidiary and the cross-border length of an ownership chain. The second treaty network variable, assessing the difference between the foreign tax rates of the direct route and a tax-minimizing route, and called the treaty shopping rate, is positively related to the use of a foreign intermediate subsidiary and the cross-border length. JEL classification: F23, H25, H87
Corporate governance of SMBOs: Is it really different?

Based on a unique, hand-collected dataset of 262 UK SMBO deals, we analyze the relationships between changes in board composition and SMBO performance. We find that board size and the appointment of PE directors are positively associated with pre SMBO performance, especially growth. However, we find no evidence that the likelihood of top management change increases in buyouts with poor pre-SMBO performance. We also find that the presence of new PE directors can improve profitability in our full sample. Directors’ skills are positively related to improvements in growth, but mainly in the PE-backed sample. Larger board size benefits to profitability in PE backed subsample and employment growth in non PE based subsample. The results are robust to sample selection bias.
What is the Effect of Prohibiting the Target Termination Fees? Evidence from the Reform of the Takeover Code in the UK

The reform on the UK Takeover Code in 2011 prohibits the use of target termination fees in takeover agreements, which provides a natural environment to investigate the protection of target firms. To isolate the effect of inhibiting termination fees from other updated clauses in the reform, we identify takeovers that are highly likely to employ termination fees if no prohibition clause. The prohibition clause significantly reduces the possibility of deal completion, bid premiums, and deal announcement returns of target shareholders for takeovers with predicted target termination fees. These findings reversely support the efficiency hypothesis regarding to the role of termination fees. However, proscribing the use of termination fees does not rebound the deal competition level and being in an auction only moderately influences final bid premiums. Hence, we fail to evidence the managerial discretion hypothesis and doubt the efficiency of the reform regarding to the target firm protection.
Does Islamic Label Indicate Higher use of Trade Credit? Evidence from Sharīʿah Compliant Non-financial Firms in Pakistan

This study attempts to investigate the behavior of non-financial Islamic label firms towards usage of trade credit. In line with the previous literature, it is hypothesized that Islamic label “Sharīʿah Compliant” indicates higher use of trade credit by such firms, both demand and supply of trade credit. It is also hypothesized that trade credit is substitute of bank loan. The results are based on 338 non-financial firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange for 2008 to 2016 observation period. These include non-financial firms from all sectors. The study used random Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimation technique to explore the relationship of Islamic label and usage of trade credit as it is the most powerful method when sample size is large. The study found that Islamic label firms use more trade credit, as compared to conventional firms that have more access to bank loan. This study also found that firms with Islamic label prefer trade credit over the bank credit. The result of this study proves all stated hypotheses.
The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Ratio to Company’s Value (Case Study of Companies Listed in LQ45 of IDX for the period 2011-2015)

This purpose of this research is to verify empirically whether Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Ratio affect company's value. Twenty companies listed in the LQ45 from Indonesia's Stock Exchange were used as sample. The samples data were taken from the year 2011-2015 using secondary data from the company's financial report. The independent variable is Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Ratio: Return On Asset (ROA), Return On Equity (ROE) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and the dependent variable is company's value represented by stock price. The statistical tests conducted is: T-test and F-test. This research's results indicate that when tested simultaneously, CSR provides an effect towards the company's value. When tested partially, ROA and ROE have an effect towards the company's value while DER provides no effect towards the company's value. When all variables are tested simultaneously, results indicate that CSR, ROA, ROE, and DER provides no effect towards company's value. Keywords—Corporate Social Responsibility, Stock Price, ROA, ROE, DER
Random Stock Picking and Portfolio Variance

This paper derives an explicit formula for portfolio variance then stocks are randomly picked. This is done by considering the portfolio weights as random variiables. The main result is that the variance is roughly proportional to the Herfindahl index. In the special case of an evenly weighted portfolio, variance is proportional to the reciprocal value of portfolio size. The simultaneous influence of random stock picking and random stock returns is also analyzed by applying the law of total variance.
Etch‐stop characteristics of Sc2O3 and HfO2 films for multilayer dielectric grating applications

High‐efficiency, high laser‐damage threshold reflection gratings can be made by etching a grating structure into the top layer of a multilayer high‐reflectivity stack. Spatial efficiency and wave‐front uniformity can be maximized by taking advantage of the etch‐stop properties of the layer underneath the top layer to be etched. The etch‐stop layer must have a high optical damage resistance, which places severe restrictions on available materials. The etch characteristics of HfO2 and Sc2O3, two materials commonly used in high laser‐damage optical coatings, have been evaluated. The etch rate selectivities of e‐beam evaporated SiO2/HfO2/Sc2O3 thin films in a reactive ion etching system optimized for SiO2 etching are approximately 100/10/1. Gratings etched to a HfO2 etch‐stop layer suffered from deposition of fluorinated Hf compounds on the SiO2 grating sidewalls, but sidewalls were clean when Sc2O3 was used as the etch‐stop layer.
Clinical features and comorbidities of depression among inpatients in a tertiary care centre

Background: Background: There are few studies of depression in Indian population which have looked at depression comprehensively covering various facets in a sample population. The objective of the current study was to recognize the clinical features and comorbidities of depression among inpatients in a tertiary care centre. Method: This was an observational study in which 50 patients admitted with ICD-10 diagnosis of depression were assessed for clinical symptomatology and comorbidity. Results: The mean number of somatic symptoms was 11.44 (SD 6.66), and the mean number of stressful life events over lifetime and in past 1 year were 8.02 (SD 3.8) and 1.44 (SD 1.18), respectively. One fifth of the sample (20%) had personality disorder; among them, mixed personality disorder (12%) was the most common diagnosis. Most of the patients had suicidal ideation (62%) and 26% had attempted suicide during their lifetime. Majority (60%) had atleast one psychiatric comorbidity; the most common being anxiety disorder (46%). Physical comorbidity was present in 54% of the patients; the common diagnoses were hypertension (18%), diabetes mellitus (14%) and ischaemic heart disease (12%). Conclusion: The current study found somatic symptoms and suicide ideation to be frequent in the sample. Also, comorbid conditions including personality disorders are frequent in patients with depression.
How Does Unemployment Affect the Desirability of the EITC vs. NIT? Theory and Evidence ∗ PRELIMINARY DRAFT-PLEASE DO NOT CITE

Recent decades have witnessed a large shift in the U.S. tax and transfer system away from unconditional transfers to aid the poor towards making transfers and tax credits conditional on working. In particular, for single mothers, incentives to work increased dramatically through the Welfare reform in 1997 and the stepwise expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC). In this research project we investigate whether the shift towards making transfers conditional on working comes with costs during deep recessions, such as the Great Recession, when labor markets are particularly bad. In such an environment, the targeted population may be unable to find jobs at all and thus rather than moving people from nonemployment to employment, making benefits conditional on working only leads to large cuts in transfers to the affected (very poor) population. To analyze this we use data from the CPS and state-year level variation in taxes and transfers to measure how labor supply elasticities vary with the economic environment and show how these estimates can be used to determine how the design of the optimal tax and transfer system depends on labor market conditions. We interpret our findings within a model of optimal taxes and transfers and find potentially large welfare gains from moving to a system where unconditional transfers to the poor and work incentives vary over the business cycle, similar to unemployment insurance extensions in the US. ∗We would like to thank Kevin Lang, Claudia Olivetti, Daniele Paserman, as well as seminar participants at Boston University for many helpful comments on this project. All errors are our own. 1 kory.kroft@utoronto.ca 2 kavan.kucko@gmail.com 3 johannes@bu.edu
WAVE HEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE SURF ZONE: IMPLICATIONS FOR SURF ZONE MODELLING

Wave height distributions in the surf zone on natural beaches have been shown to be significantly different to a Rayleigh distribution with waves more narrowly distributed and better described by a Weibull distribution with an exponent that varies with depth. Modified wave height distributions are incorporated into a standard parametric wave height transformation model with the model outputs showing changes in the location and intensity of wave energy dissipation with wave height distributions narrower than Rayleigh distributions showing later and more condensed energy dissipation and models with wave height distributions wider than Rayleigh distributions showing the reverse. Model outputs are compared to a large field dataset with mixed results with reduced errors for some locations but increased errors for others.
Political Branding: An Exploration of Potential Areas of Research

VUCA – Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity are no longer just the issues faced by the commercial world, but also by the contemporary world of politics. These can be attributed to few of the factors such as: high political convergence; decreasing voter turnout and loyalty; voter cynicism; continuous media attention and scrutiny; need to improve brand image and equity; and cope up with changing macro environmental factors like growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), to name a few. This VUCA has led the need for application of commercial branding principles in politics; to identify and differentiate the parties and political products from the competitors and build long-term voter relationship. Political branding has been relied upon by politicians and parties in many countries few of them include the US, the UK, Canada and Australia. Even the Indian Prime Ministerial Elections 2014 has transformed the facet of Indian politics with catholic capitalization of the concepts of ―marketing and branding‖ in the political arena. Despite branding has permeated into politics in numerous ways, it has derived limited academic attention (Marsh and Fawcett 2011). As the domain of political marketing and branding is proliferating, there is a need to identify various areas that practitioners and researchers can investigate; and work upon to build and manage strong political brands. Hence, the objectives of this study are: to analyze the political branding strategies suggested by researchers as well as those used by political parties and candidates across the world; and propose potential areas of research in political branding. Cooper’s Taxonomy of Literature Reviews has been considered as a guide to perform systematic review of literature. The literatures reviewed were then organized, analyzed, and their implications were drawn in context of three set of brand equity drivers quoted in Kotler et al. 2012; which are: brand elements, marketing program and secondary associations. The analysis section evaluates the arguments of various researchers and strategies used by political practitioners. The discussion and implication section of this study depicts future scope of investigation that can be used as research objectives to base the potential research in the field. This study will be beneficial to the political practitioners for mobilizing their research and branding activities around these areas, and for the academia, researchers and students to conduct detailed research in milieu of their country or region adding to the existing body of knowledge in the field.
EFFECTS OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON THE MATURITY STRUCTURE OF SOVEREIGN DEBT

The aim of this paper is to propose a model to analyze the effects of specific sociodemographic factors (age, income per capita by generation, gender and educational level) on the maturity structure of sovereign debt in Europe. Using panel data between 1980 and 2010,we obtain evidence that an increase in the age of the population as well as a higher level of income in the long-lived generation reduces the average maturity of sovereign debt. The number of graduates in the social sciences, business and law, which measures educational levels, shows a direct relationship with the average maturity.
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the context of mobile multimedia service

Mobile multimedia service is relatively new but has quickly dominated people’s lives, especially among young people. To explain this popularity, this study applies and modifies the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to propose a research model and conduct an empirical study. The goal of study is to examine the role of Perceived Enjoyment (PE) and what determinants can contribute to PE in the context of using mobile multimedia service. The result indicates that PE is influencing on Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and directly Behavior Intention (BI). Aesthetics and flow are key determinants to explain Perceived Enjoyment (PE) in mobile multimedia usage.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide With and Without Bioeffluents on humans

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has traditionally been assumed innocuous at the typical levels indoors, and merely an indicator of metabolic emissions from humans (bioeffluents). Recent studies suggest that exposure to pure CO2 at concentrations of 2,500 to 4,000 ppm, the levels that occur periodically indoors, can have negative effects on mental performance in form of reduced ability for making decisions, typing and proofreading. Present study aimed to examine further these effects. Twenty-five human subjects were exposed to elevated CO2 with and without bioeffluents in a chamber. The exposure levels were as follows: background exposure with CO2 at 500 ppm, exposure to pure CO2 (without bioeffluents) at 1,000 and 3,000 ppm, exposure to metabolically generated CO2 (with bioeffluents) at 1,000 and 3,000 ppm. Each exposure lasted 4.25 hours and their order was balanced. Subjects rated perceived air quality and acute health symptoms. They performed several cognitive tasks. Their physiological responses were monitored. No effects were seen during exposures to elevated levels of pure CO2 (without bioeffluents). Exposures to elevated levels of bioeffluents (with CO2) reduced significantly perceived air quality assessed upon entering the chamber, increased significantly intensity of neurobehavioral symptoms, and reduced mental performance of addition in terms of lowering the speed and increasing error rates the latter two effects particularly so when metabolic CO2 was at 3,000 ppm. Physiological measurements and the performance of TsaiPartington test suggested that exposures to bioeffluents increased arousal/stress and this result together with the stronger intensity of neurologic symptoms and complaints could be the underlying mechanisms of reduced performance. Present results confirm the expected negative effects of exposure to elevated levels of bioeffluents thereby providing basis for ventilation requirements. The effects of exposures to pure CO2 up to 3,000 ppm seem to be imperceptible and undetectable by the used cognitive tests, but the role of CO2 in the mixture with bioeffluents shall not be underestimated and further examined.
Impact of Managerial Self-efficacy, Improvement-oriented Employees’ Voice Fearing External Threat on Performance

Managers’ self-efficacy, being an active area of research, is important as it encourages employees’ performance. The feedback of highly self-efficacious managers in making better decisions is important to meet the global challenges that world is facing. This study explores literature on the relationship between managerial self-efficacy and employees’ performance. We further empirically tested the hypothesis in the banking sector in Pakistan and the results supported the theoretical implications. The study can serve as a basis for further studies and is practically useful for managers for improving employee performance.
THIRD-DEGREE PRICE DISCRIMINATION

In this paper a discrete choice model is suggested which generates unambiguously lower prices, if oligopolists discriminate by price. In a setting of two groups of consumers and two firms this is due to a different ranking of the elasticity of demand of the two groups by the two firms. Here, this ranking results from switching costs. It is argued that firms will not choose price discrimination which lowers their profits, if firms are symmetric. However, with asymmetric firms price discrimination cannot always be prevented. In this case there is an incentive to use price discrimination and it enhances welfare.