Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of two-way time transfer via a single coaxial cable

In order to find limits of the accuracy of the two-way time transfer (TWTT) via a single coaxial cable, we have carried out a detailed analysis which is presented in this paper. We applied the TWTT concept when a transmission line is driven by pulse current drivers and the times of arrival of the pulses are measured at the ends of the line. In addition to the estimation of the accuracy, the analysis provides several rules for proper design of a TWTT system with optimal performance. Based on this concept, a TWTT system for highly accurate time distribution or comparison has been designed and realized. For distances up to 1 km the accuracy was better than 100 ps without any additional correction or adjustment. After the influence of the non-symmetry of input–output circuits was corrected, the errors were lower than 20 ps for distances up to 2 km. The TWTT system is designated for keeping unified time in a net of event timers distributed in one building or in a relatively small area. The timing units forming the system guarantee the time transfer parallel to the time tagging of external pulses.
Aberrant expression of SPAG6 may affect the disease phenotype and serve as a tumor biomarker in BCR/ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms

Sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) is a newly identified cancer-testis antigen that has been revealed to contribute to the occurrence and development of various types of human cancer, such as ovarian, bladder, breast and lung cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression levels of SPAG6 in breakpoint cluster region (BCR)/ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have not been investigated previously. Using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and different tissue staining techniques, the present study revealed that SPAG6 was expressed by MPN cells, both at the mRNA and protein levels, and that nucleated erythroid precursors and megakaryocytes expressed the highest levels of SPAG6. In addition, SPAG6, which is known as a microtubule-associated protein, was found to exhibit nucleic, cytoplasmic or both cytoplasmic and nucleic subcellular localization patterns within the same patient or cell type; however, it did not always co-localize with β-tubulin. Furthermore, SPAG6 expression was revealed to be associated with fewer splenomegaly [P=0.015 for polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET); and P=0.012 for primary myelofibrosis (PMF)] and myelofibrosis events (P=0.014 for PV and ET; and P=0.004 for PMF). In patients with PMF, upregulated expression levels of SPAG6 were also found to be associated with lower white blood cell counts (P=0.042) and lactate dehydrogenase levels (P=0.012), and higher hemoglobin levels (P=0.031) and platelet counts (P=0.025). In addition, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that SPAG6 may be a potential biomarker for distinguishing MPN cases from healthy individuals. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report that aberrant SPAG6 expression may affect the disease phenotype and serve as a tumor biomarker in BCR/ABL1-negative MPNs.
Online Cutting Tool Wear Monitoring Using I-Kaz Method and New Regression Model

This study presents a new method for detecting the cutting tool wear based on the measured cutting force signals using the regression model and I-kaz method. The detection of tool wear was done automatically using the in-house developed regression model and 3D graphic presentation of I-kaz 3D coefficient during machining process. The machining tests were carried out on a CNC turning machine Colchester Master Tornado T4 in dry cutting condition, and Kistler 9255B dynamometer was used to measure the cutting force signals, which then stored and displayed in the DasyLab software. The progression of the cutting tool flank wear land (VB) was indicated by the amount of the cutting force generated. Later, the I-kaz was used to analyze all the cutting force signals from beginning of the cut until the rejection stage of the cutting tool. Results of the I-Kaz analysis were represented by various characteristic of I-kaz 3D coefficient and 3D graphic presentation. The I-kaz 3D coefficient number decreases as the tool wear increases. This method can be used for real time tool wear monitoring.
Designing Just Transition Pathways: A Methodological Framework to Estimate the Impact of Future Scenarios on Employment in the French Dairy Sector

This paper proposes an innovative framework to describe sustainable transitions of food systems while considering simultaneously socio-economic and environmental issues, in a just transition perspective. This framework (i) describes the structural changes needed for a sustainable transition in food systems; (ii) assess their effects on employment at the farm and processing industry level; (iii) detect the political levers needed to make this transition a just one—that is, preserving jobs and livelihoods for communities. Using the decarbonation pathway for the agricultural sector issued from the French National Low-Carbon Strategy as reference, we developed two scenarios for the French dairy sector which have the same level of climate ambitious, but a different approach to reach the target. Aiming exclusively to achieve a greenhouse gases reduction, the first scenario relies only on supply side measures. This scenario has a negative impact in terms of employment loss at the farm level and in the agri-food sector. In contrast, a multifunctional scenario considering simultaneously climate, biodiversity, health, and employment issues, and playing with policy measures targeting supply, demand and market organisation can maintain jobs in the farm and agri-food sector, contributes to restore the agro-biodiversity and develops food products compatible with healthy nutritional guidelines.
Comparison of Mixture and Multifluid Models for In-Nozzle Cavitation Prediction

Fuel injectors often feature cavitation because of large pressure gradients, which in some regions lead to extremely low pressures. The main objective of this work is to compare the prediction capabilities of two multiphase flow approaches for modeling cavitation in small nozzles, like those used in high-pressure diesel or gasoline fuel injectors. Numerical results are assessed against quantitative high resolution experimental data collected at Argonne National Laboratory using synchrotron X-ray radiography of a model nozzle. One numerical approach uses a homogeneous mixture model with the volume of fluid (VOF) method, in which phase change is modeled via the homogeneous relaxation model (HRM). The second approach is based on the multifluid nonhomogeneous model and uses the Rayleigh bubble-dynamics model to account for cavitation. Both models include three components, i.e., liquid, vapor, and air, and the flow is compressible. Quantitatively, the amount of void predicted by the multifluid model is in good agreement with measurements, while the mixture model overpredicts the values. Qualitatively, void regions look similar and compare well with the experimental measurements. Grid converged results have been achieved for the prediction of mass flow rate while grid-convergence for void fraction is still an open point. Simulation results indicate that most of the vapor is produced at the nozzle entrance. In addition, downstream along the centerline, void due to expansion of noncondensable gases has been identified. The paper also includes a discussion about the effect of turbulent pressure fluctuations on cavitation inception.
Comparison of two LES codes for wind turbine wake studies

For the third time a blind test comparison in Norway 2013, was conducted comparing numerical simulations for the rotor Cp and Ct and wake profiles with the experimental results. As the only large eddy simulation study among participants, results of the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) using their in-house CFD solver, EllipSys3D, proved to be more reliable among the other models for capturing the wake profiles and the turbulence intensities downstream the turbine. It was therefore remarked in the workshop to investigate other LES codes to compare their performance with EllipSys3D. The aim of this paper is to investigate on two CFD solvers, the DTU's in-house code, EllipSys3D and the open-sourse toolbox, OpenFoam, for a set of actuator line based LES computations. Two types of simulations are performed: the wake behind a signle rotor and the wake behind a cluster of three inline rotors. Results are compared in terms of velocity deficit, turbulence kinetic energy and eddy viscosity. It is seen that both codes predict similar near-wake flow structures with the exception of OpenFoam's simulations without the subgrid-scale model. The differences begin to increase with increasing the distance from the upstream rotor. From the single rotor simulations, EllipSys3D is found to predict a slower wake recovery in the case of uniform laminar flow. From the 3-rotor computations, it is seen that the difference between the codes is smaller as the disturbance created by the downstream rotors causes break down of the wake structures and more homogenuous flow structures. It is finally observed that OpenFoam computations are more sensitive to the SGS models.
Biofilm development in water distribution and drainage systems: dynamics and implications for hydraulic efficiency

Pipeline distribution systems account for the vast majority of the physical infrastructure in the water and wastewater industry. Their effective management represents the primary challenge to the industry, from both an operational and public health standpoint. Biofouling is ubiquitous within these systems, and it can significantly impede their efficiency, through increase in boundary shear and associated flow resistance caused by characteristic change in surface dynamics. Nonetheless, conventional pipeline design practices fail to take into account such effects, partly because research findings that could contribute to upgrade and optimize design practices appear scattered in the literature, and are often offering conflicting views as to its causes. This makes it difficult for the adoption of adequate predictive and preventative measures. The aim of this review is to update and contribute to a better understanding of the development and impact of biofilms and biofouling within water management pipelines, particularly within the academia and the general engineering community. The review has confirmed that the potential impact of biofouling on pipeline performance can be significant and that current design approaches are outdated for biofouled surfaces. Further research on this topic is therefore, essential, to ensure that both current and future systems are as effective as possible, both environmentally and financially. In particular, more advanced mathematical modelling frameworks which include the dynamic and case-specific nature of biofouling should be developed. Such a framework could give rise to a real-time monitoring platform to assist the adoption of more cost-effective approaches to maintain and repair the system.
A Random Glance at the Flight Deck: Pilots' Scanning Strategies and the Real-Time Assessment of Mental Workload

Based on previous research showing the usefulness of spatial statistics in detecting randomness in the distribution of eye fixations, this study investigated the ocular behavior of professional pilots engaged in a simulated flight. The distribution of eye fixations was used as an indirect index of mental workload: Eye movements were recorded during the different phases (departure to landing) of a simulated flight and were analyzed using spatial statistics algorithms. Results showed sensitivity of spatial dispersion indices to variations in mental workload: higher during departure and landing, lower during climb and descend, and the lowest during the cruise phase. This finding provides additional evidence of the utility of fixations distribution as a real-time measure of mental workload and, consequently, as a trigger for adaptive automation.
Speed Factors on Two-Lane Rural Highways in Free-Flow Conditions

The mean free-flow speed and its variability across drivers are considered important safety factors. Despite a large body of research on operating speeds, there is still much to learn about the factors of free-flow speeds, especially on tangent segments of two-lane rural highways. The roadway factors of speed dispersion across drivers are largely unknown. Also, the use of the entire free-flow speed distribution suggested by other authors has not yet been addressed. Consequently, the existing models are not aimed to evaluate the speed variability at a site. This paper presents free-flow speed models that identify factors of mean speed and speed dispersion on tangent segments and horizontal curves of two-lane rural highways. Ten highway variables, six of them functioning as both mean speed and speed dispersion factors, were identified as speed factors on tangent segments. Four highway and curve variables, two of them functioning as both mean speed and speed dispersion factors, were identified as speed factors on horizontal curves. The developed free-flow speed models have the same prediction capabilities as traditional ordinary-least-squares models developed for specific percentile speeds. The advantages of the developed models include predicting any user-specified percentile, involving more highway characteristics as speed factors than traditional regression models, and separating the impacts on mean speed from the impacts on speed dispersion.
Hypersonic Intake Starting Characteristics–A CFD Validation Study

Numerical simulation of hypersonic intake starting characteristics is presented. Three dimensional RANS equations are solved alongwith SST turbulence model using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Wall pressure distribution and intake performance parameters are found to match well with experimental data for different free stream Mach number in the range of 3-8. The unstarting of the intake is traced from the sudden drop of mass capture ratio. Wall condition (adiabatic or isothermal) is seen to have pronounced effect in estimating the performance parameters in the intake. The computed unstarting Mach number is seen to be higher for adiabatic condition compared to isothermal condition. For unstarting case, large separation bubble is seen near the entrance of the intake, which is responsible for expulsion of the shock system out of the intake. Defence Science Journal, 2012, 62(1), pp.147-152 , DOI:http://dx.doi. org/10.14429/dsj.62. 1340
Flexible-CMOS and biocompatible piezoelectric AlN material for MEMS applications

The development of a CMOS compatible flexible piezoelectric material is desired for numerous applications and in particular for biomedical MEMS devices. Aluminum nitride (AlN) is the most commonly used CMOS compatible piezoelectric material, which is typically deposited on Si in order to enhance the c-axis (002) crystal orientation which gives AlN its high piezoelectric properties. This paper reports on the successful deposition of AlN on polyimide (PI-2611) material. The AlN deposited has a FWHM (002) value of 5.1° and a piezoelectric d33 value of 1.12 pm V−1, and SEM images show high quality columnar grains. The highly crystalline AlN material is due to the semi-crystalline properties of the polyimide film used. Cytotoxicity testing showed the AlN/polyimide material to be non-toxic to 3T3 cells and primary neurons. Surface properties of the AlN/polyimide film were evaluated as they have a significant effect on the adhesion of cells to the film. The results show neurons adhering to the AlN surface. The results of this paper show the characterization of a new flexible-CMOS and biocompatible AlN/polyimide material for MEMS devices with improved crystallinity and piezoelectric properties.
Nectar Chemistry or Flower Morphology—What Is More Important for the Reproductive Success of Generalist Orchid Epipactis palustris in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations?

The aim of this study was to determine the level of reproductive success (RS) in natural and anthropogenic populations of generalist orchid Epipactis palustris and its dependence on flower structure and nectar composition, i.e., amino acids and sugars. We found that both pollinaria removal and female reproductive success were high and similar in all populations, despite differences in flower traits and nectar chemistry. Flower structures were weakly correlated with parameters of RS. Nectar traits were more important in shaping RS; although, we noted differentiated selection on nectar components in distinct populations. Individuals in natural populations produced nectar with a larger amount of sugars and amino acids. The sucrose to (fructose and glucose) ratio in natural populations was close to 1, while in anthropogenic ones, a clear domination of fructose and glucose was noted. Our results indicate that the flower traits and nectar composition of E. palustris reflect its generalist character and meet the requirements of a wide range of pollinators, differing according to body sizes, mouth apparatus, and dietary needs. Simultaneously, differentiation of nectar chemistry suggests a variation of pollinator assemblages in particular populations or domination of their some groups. To our knowledge, a comparison of nectar chemistry between natural and anthropogenic populations of orchids is reported for the first time in this paper.
Scattering by a cylindrical dielectric shell with inhomogeneous permittivity profile

ABSTRACT The scattering by a plane wave incident on an infinitely long cylindrical shell is derived using the boundary-value method. The cylindrical shell is assumed to have an inhomogeneous dielectric profile in both the radial and azimuthal directions or a circular cylindrical coordinate system. The validity of the solution is verified by comparison with the method of moments. Different types of inhomogeneities are investigated and the resulting echo width as well as the scattered field pattern indicate significant variations which could be used to improve the radiation characteristics of antennas and the reradiation behaviour of scattering objects.
Liquidity‐poor Households in the Midst of the COVID‐19 Pandemic

The COVID‐19 pandemic led to a huge surge in deposits, although little is known about how this was distributed. This paper overcomes the lack of timely micro‐data on households’ liquidity by looking at supervisory data, introducing a new method to estimate the trend in liquidity distribution and the percentage of liquidity‐poor households. We find that in 2020 there was a decrease both in the degree of deposit inequality among Italian households and in the share of liquidity‐poor households, alongside government support measures that allowed some households at the bottom of the liquidity ladder to save out of their declining income. The increase in households’ liquidity improved their ability to repay debts, and this could help spending patterns to rebound once confidence about the economic outlook is restored. Despite this, households with insufficient liquidity buffers still constitute a large share of population, making their debt repayment capacity dependent on the strength of the economic recovery.
Survival and predictors of death in tuberculosis/HIV coinfection cases in Porto Alegre, Brazil: A historical cohort from 2009 to 2013

Background Tuberculosis is a curable disease, which remains the leading cause of death among infectious diseases worldwide, and it is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV. The purpose is to examine survival and predictors of death in Tuberculosis/HIV coinfection cases from 2009 to 2013. Methods We estimated the survival of 2,417 TB/HIV coinfection cases in Porto Alegre, from diagnosis up to 85 months of follow-up. We estimated hazard ratios and survival curves. Results The adjusted risk ratio (aRR) for death, by age, hospitalization, and Directly Observed Treatment was 4.58 for new cases (95% CI: 1.14–18.4), 4.51 for recurrence (95% CI: 1.11–18.4) and 4.53 for return after abandonment (95% CI: 1.12–18.4). The average survival time was 72.56 ± 1.57 months for those who underwent Directly Observed Treatment and 62.61 ± 0.77 for those who did not. Conclusions Case classification, age, and hospitalization are predictors of death. The occurrence of Directly Observed Treatment was a protective factor that increased the probability of survival. Policies aimed at reducing the mortality of patients with TB/HIV coinfection are needed.
Full-wave solutions to the propagation characteristics of buried microstrip lines by VFEM and ABCs

The propagation factors of buried microstrip lines are considered. The associated eigenvalue problems are solved by the edge-based vectorial finite element method (VFEM). To improve the higher-order VFEM solutions, the problem infinite domain is truncated by second-order absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs). This reduces the number of unknowns and, consequently, the numerical effort. Owing to the many advantages of both the edge-based VFEM and the second-order ABCs, this full-wave method is implemented by a general computer program for solving unbounded domain problems involving complex geometries and inhomogeneous media. The examples presented show the validity of this technique. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
200 Mbit/s data transmission through 100 m of plastic optical fibre with nitride LEDs

A data transmission rate of 200 Mbit/s through 100 m of plastic optical fibre with an InGaN/GaN LED operating at 509 nm is reported. Nitride LEDs operating at this wavelength showed lower transmission loss than red LEDs (650 nm). These LEDs have low temperature dependence, showing only a 26% drop in coupled power over the temperature range -40 to +70/spl deg/C.
High resolution sea clutter data: statistical analysis of recorded live data

The paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of experimental data, collected at Osborne Head Gunnery Range with McMaster University IPIX radar, to test theoretical models developed in the literature. The validity of the compound model has been proven for VV polarisation both for amplitude and correlation properties. Cross-polarised data also exhibit a compound behaviour but require an additional Gaussian component due to thermal noise. HH data deviate from the K model and seem to better approach a log-normal distribution. Previous results have been obtained by a correlation test that allows separation of the short and long correlation terms, a modified Kolmogoroff Smirnoff test to verify the fitting and a cumulants domain analysis to quantify the Gaussian component. The interest of the work lies in its application for successful radar design.
Unimodal surface‐wave propagation in metamaterial nonradiative dielectric waveguides

Nonradiative dielectric waveguides employing metamaterial media are studied with the aim of obtaining unimodal surface‐wave propagation for the operating low‐loss LSM01 mode. Homogeneous isotropic ε‐negative media are considered, with a plasma‐like frequency‐dependent relative permittivity. The use of such media allows for obtaining the desired unimodal propagation in suitable frequency ranges, provided that the metamaterial slab thickness and the metal‐plate spacing are sufficiently small. Parametric analyses are performed to determine the attainable frequency bandwidths. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2557–2560, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22000