Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Map of the 2010 Greendale Fault surface rupture, Canterbury, New Zealand: application to land use planning

Abstract Rupture of the Greendale Fault during the 4 September 2010, M W7.1 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake produced a zone of ground-surface rupture that severely damaged several houses, buildings and lifelines. Immediately after the earthquake, surface rupture features were mapped in the field and from digital terrain models developed from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) data. To enable rebuild decisions to be made and for future land use planning, a fault avoidance zone was defined for the Greendale Fault following the Ministry for the Environment guidelines on ‘Planning for the Development of Land on or Close to Active Faults’. We present here the most detailed map to date of the fault trace and describe how this was used to define and characterise the fault avoidance zone for land use planning purposes.
Burial societies and church groups : exploring the relationship between organizations and poverty in KwaZulu-Natal.

In South Africa, as in many other developing nations, scholars seek to explain the persistence of poverty and inequality, and to find out enduring responses to overcoming poverty. The contemporary interest in the idea of social capital has focused on the role that local level organizations and associationallife may play in poverty alleviation. This study examines the extent to which burial societies and church groups in KwaZuluNatal help households move out ofpoverty. In the face of widespread poverty and inequality, are organizations a vehicle which disadvantaged households make use of to help them move out of poverty and prevent them from moving into poverty? This study made use of qualitative data from the Socio Economic Study of the Persistence ofPoverty and Inequality (SEPPI). One component of this study interviewed 50 households in the province ofKwaZulu-Natal (households which had previously been part of the samples of both the SALDRU study and the KIDS study). One of the aims was to investigate the role that noneconomic factors play in household poverty movements. The data was analyzed after being entered by SEPPI researchers into Hyper Research (Copyright © 1999 by Research Ware, Inc.). A literature review of the role of organizations, the relationship between organizations and well-being, the gender dynamics within organizations, the barriers to joining organizations, and the motivations for joining organizations led to the identification of four main research questions for investigation. These related to the impact of organizational membership on ability ofhouseholds to "get ahead", differences between male and female membership in organizations, reasons for joining organizations, and barriers to joining organizations. The findings suggest that burial societies and church groups help households move out of poverty and prevent households from moving into poverty by providing them with skills, resources, and assistance (financial and emotional). Furthermore, these organizations act as a space where women can acquire leadership skills. However, both burial societies and church groups face problems related to poor management, leadership and discrimination, among other matters. These types of problems within organizations can lead to a negative impact on participating households. Moreover, people with few or no financial resources are excluded from joining organizations that can potentially prevent them from moving into
A Retrospective Cohort Study Characteristics of Chest X-Ray Findings in COVID-19 Patients that Presented to a Tertiary Care Facility in Dubai: Can a Severe Radiological Appearance Predict Clinical Outcome?

Aim: We aimed to describe the most prominent features of COVID-19 on the chest X-ray (CXR) and to classify them using the radiographic assessment of lung edema (RALE) score. Furthermore, we aimed to correlate the RALE scores with clinically significant outcomes namely intensive care unit (ICU) admission and intubation from the emergency versus during hospital stay. In-hospital, death was studied as a secondary endpoint for severe RALE score. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital between the periods of March 2020 to August 2020. Included patients were symptomatic, COVID-19 positive by nasopharyngeal real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), who also performed an initial CXR in the ED. Two experienced radiologists interpreted the CXRs and categorized them using RALE score into normal mild, moderate, and severe for further correlation with clinical endpoints. Results: From the 404 CXRs, most were categorized as mild and characteristically CXRs had bilateral lower and mid-zone ground-glass opacities. The frequency of intubation and ICU admission increased as the RALE score worsened with a statistically significant p value of <0.001. Severe CXR required earlier intervention and was found to have the highest proportion of mortality. Discussion: The RALE score has shown to be a highly reliable indicator for worse outcome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. While RT-PCR has variable sensitivities, CXR has demonstrated to have characteristic findings and higher RALE scores having a significant correlation for intubation and ICU admission in this research. Conclusion: The prognostic utility of CXR in COVID-19 has been found to be of statistical significance for intubation and ICU admission. CXR is a simple, portable, and easy-to-disinfect method of evaluation that can be invaluable in determining timely intervention and disposition of patients expecting deterioration.
Red Vetchling (Lathyrus cicera L.), a Promising Crop for the Sustainable Replacement of Soybean Meal and Reducing the Carbon Footprint of European Aquafeeds

Simple Summary The sustainability of aquaculture’s growth is a worldwide challenge in the coming decades. Among the different approaches considered (e.g., implementation of recirculation systems, zero waste, etc.), reducing the use of raw materials imported from third countries might help to lower the carbon footprint of European aquaculture. Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the most widely used alternative raw materials to replace fishmeal, but is largely imported from Argentina, Brazil, and/or USA. Red vetchling (Lathyrus cicera) is a crop locally produced in Europe that might reduce the European dependency on SBM imports. Here, the replacement of SBM with red vetchling in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles has been evaluated in different percentages (from 0 to 100%). Only fish fed a diet where SBM has been replaced at 100% showed lower growth, an altered amino acid profile in fish fillet, and some histopathological signs in the liver (greater % of pyknotic nuclei). Also, although temporally, glucose and triglycerides blood plasma levels were reduced, normal values were found at 24 h after feeding. Since vetchling meal can partially replace SBM without a negative effect on fish growth or physiology, its use might allow the reduction of SBM imports and the carbon footprint of European aquaculture. Abstract In fish diets, soybean meal (SBM) is still positioned as the most widely used alternative to replace fishmeal. Red vetchling (Lathyrus cicera), a crop locally produced in Europe, is here evaluated as a substitute for SBM. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles (10.34 ± 0.04 g) were fed for 90 days. Six experimental diets replacing the SBM content at 0, 8, 16, 33, 66, and 100% (Named Control, T8, T16, T33, T66, and T100) were tested. Growth performance and fish fillet amino acid composition were only significantly reduced in fish fed the T100 diet. Histopathological analysis showed that no major alterations were observed in the intestine, while T100 fish had a higher density of pyknotic nuclei in the hepatocytes than the Control, but similar hepatocyte surface coverage. Finally, postprandial levels of glucose and triglycerides in blood plasma decreased when red vetchling content was increased, but was only not fully restored after 24 h in the case of glucose in T66 and T100 fish. According to these results, red vetchling meal can replace up to 66% of the SBM without a negative effect on fish growth or physiology, representing a good alternative raw material for reducing European aquaculture’s dependency on SBM imports and the carbon footprint of aquafeeds.
A Linear Equivalent Barotropic Model of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current with Realistic Coastlines and Bottom Topography

Abstract A linear equivalent barotropic (EB) model is applied to study the effects of the bottom topography H and baroclinicity on the total transport and the position of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The model is based on the observation of Killworth that the time mean velocity field of the FRAM Model is self-similar in the vertical. A realistic large-scale topography H is constructed by filtering 5-minute resolution data with an appropriate smoothing kernel. It is shown that the asymptotic behavior of the solution of the barotropic model (a particular case of the EB model) in the limit of very small bottom friction depends on subtle details of topography and basin geometry. Given the uncertainties of the smoothing procedure the authors conclude that the barotropic model is not robust with respect to possible variations of model topography. The authors found that the EB model with a vertical profile function similar to that of Killworth reproduces the major features of the time- and depth-ave.
Sensitivity Analysis of Annual Nitrate Loads and the Corresponding Trends in the Lower Illinois River

AbstractRiverine nutrient concentrations and loads in the Midwestern United States have been identified as a major source of nutrients for the Mississippi River, causing hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. The Illinois River is one of the major contributors of nutrients to the Mississippi River, draining more than 40% of Illinois and parts of Indiana and Wisconsin. The main goals of this study were to calculate annual average nitrate concentration and annual total loads in the Lower Illinois River and its tributaries for 1975–2010, and to determine how the selection of different approaches affects the calculated trends. The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) has been collecting surface water quality data in Illinois since the early 1970s. This study used nitrite-N+nitrate-N (NO2+NO3) samples provided by IEPA and collected from the Illinois River at Havana and Valley City, Sangamon River at Oakford, and La Moine River at Ripley for the period 1975 to 2010. Discharge data concurrent with routine wat.
Properties of the lower crust from modeling refraction and reflection data

Data of a refraction and a reflection seismic survey in the Black Forest of Southwest Germany are used for extensive one- and two-dimensional modeling. The data are available along approximately the same line, and therefore the same piece of crust is probed by two seismic methods. We utilize this favorable circumstance for detailed model calculations concerning both data sets. In this paper we focus on the lower crust. Its properties vary on the scale of a wavelength, and thus full solutions of the elastic equations are required. We use the reflectivity method for the evaluation of refraction seismograms and numerical solutions of the acoustic wave equation for the reflection response. The lamellae of the lower crust appear as reflecting elements of several hundred meters length randomly distributed in space. Rocks with extremely low velocities (5.6 km/s) must be present, indicating that anisotropy and/or fluids play an important role in the lower crust. Ideas concerning lower crustal formation, evolution, and extinction of lamellaetion are developed.
An evaluation of CO2 observations with Solar Occultation FTS for Inclined-Orbit Satellite sensor for surface source inversion

[1] An assessment of the utility of CO2 vertical profile measurements by a solar occultation based satellite sensor is made. We have compared the impacts of these possible vertical profile observations and optimal extensions of the present surface measurement network on the estimation of CO2 regional sources by inverse model. Time-independent inverse models at two spatial resolutions (22 and 53 regions) and a global transport model are employed in this study. A realistic satellite measurement frequency distribution, obstruction of observation due to clouds, an observation error model for natural CO2 variability have been used. The satellite measurements are valuable to constrain the source uncertainties for the tropical lands with no existing observations. The optimal extension of the surface network appears to be the more effective way to reduce average inverse model uncertainty under both low and high inverse model resolutions; however, in high-resolution inversion the relative merit of the satellite data is higher than that in the low-resolution case. Our study suggests that the CO2 observation at greater data density can constrain the inverse model fluxes better. We show that the systematic errors in satellite observations can lead to significant shifts in the inverse model-estimated fluxes.
Interactions between subgrid‐scale resolution, feature representation and grid‐scale resolution in flood inundation modelling

Numerical modelling of flood inundation over large and complex floodplains often requires mesh resolutions coarser than the structural features (e.g. buildings) that are known to influence the inundation process. Recent research has shown that this mismatch is not well represented by conventional roughness treatments, but that finer‐scale features can be represented through porosity‐based subgrid‐scale treatments. This paper develops this work by testing the interactions between feature representation, subgrid‐scale resolution and mesh resolution. It uses as the basis for this testing a 2D diffusion‐based flood inundation model which is applied to a 2004 flood event in a topologically complex upland floodplain in northern England. This study formulated simulations with different grid mesh resolution and subgrid mesh ratio. The sensitivity of the model to mesh resolution and roughness specification was investigated. Model validation and verification suggest that the subgrid treatment with higher subgrid mesh ratio can give much improved predictions of flood propagation, in particular, in terms of the predicted water depth. This study also highlighted the limitation of using at‐a‐point in time inundation extent for validation of flood models of this type. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precarious Employment in Canada

Detailed analysis of Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey shows the complex relationship between the different types of non-standard employment, including non-permanent jobs, self-employment, part-time work and low pay. Term and contract work has increased substantially since 1997, but there is no corresponding decrease in permanent jobs or increase in part-time or low wage jobs. The different forms of non-standard employment are concentrated in specific population groups, including women in part-time and low wage jobs, university graduates and younger workers in term and contract jobs, and older workers in self-employment. But precarious employment is much more strongly related to occupation and industry than to workers’ characteristics. There are some provincial differences, while firm and establishment size and unionization have small effects on non-standard employment. These findings cast doubt on the dominant narrative of precarious employment.
Distribution of 127I and 129I in precipitation at high European latitudes

We here present the most extensive data set on the distribution of 127I and 129I in precipitation (rain and snow) covering the period 2000–2006 and European latitudes 55°N–68°N. Our results indicate a wide variation in the concentrations and fluxes of the two isotopes associated with generally higher values at near coastal sites compared to the inland ones. Total wet‐related annual deposition of 127I and 129I on Sweden and Denmark is estimated at about 1.2 × 109 g and 60 g respectively. The average annual 129I wet deposition accounts for <1% and <0.05% of the total annual gaseous and liquid, respectively, discharges from the Sellafiled and La Hague Facilities. The 127I annual wet deposition represents <1% of the estimated global oceanic iodine flux. Air mass trajectories suggest that events of enhanced 129I in precipitation are closely related to southwesterly weather fronts from regions of elevated concentrations.
Resedimented Conglomerates of a Miocene Fan-Delta Complex, Southern Alps, Italy

Abstract An Upper Serravallian - Tortonian regressive sequence, representing the submarine part of a fan-delta complex, developed in the rapidly subsiding Vittorio Veneto area concurrently with uplift of the Southern Alps. It consists of four members, the first three of which include channelized and trough-filling sandstones and conglomerates deposited in a neritic environment, dominantly by highly concentrated turbidity currents. The importance of subaqueous mass-gravity processes suggests that the fan-delta complex prograded directly onto a submarine slope. The first member consists of nested channel-fills enclosed in outer-neritic mudstones. The second member consists of a series of large composite bodies thought to represent the fills of large slide scars and/or fault-controlled troughs trapping gravity-displaced sediments at high levels on the slope. The third member is made up of closely spaced ribbon-like small channel-fills probably representing a system of gullies generated by retrogressive slumping; this system headed in a sub-littoral environment, as judged by abundance of wave ripples and hummocky cross-bedding in the associated sandstones. Finally the fourth member consists of upward-coarsening littoral sequences and is bounded at the base by an angular unconformity. A modification of Lowe’s (1982) model for deposition from highly concentrated turbidity flows is proposed: each sedimentation wave is thought to evolve from an initial inertia-flow carpet, through suspension sedimentation, to a final stage of ‘traction’ sedimentation. Proximal-to-distal changes include increasing sand matrix content and development of inverse and normal grading in pebble-cobble conglomerates from essentially ungraded units, the latter commonly showing steep imbrication. In addition to ungraded beds, proximal resedimented conglomerates show abundance of two characteristic units: 1) stratified layers of small-pebble conglomerate showing repetitive inverse grading and strongly anisotropic fabric thought to be deposited by basal inertia-flow carpets, and 2) antidune-like bedforms.
Seismic monitoring of Séchilienne rockslide (French Alps): Analysis of seismic signals and their correlation with rainfalls

[1] In the French Alps, Sechilienne rockslide is one of the natural phenomena that presents one of the highest levels of risk in terms of socioeconomical outcomes. This rockslide has been active for a few decades and has been instrumented since 1985. The current very active volume of this rockslide is estimated to be up to 5 million m3, located on the border of a slowly moving mass reaching 50–100 million m3. The velocity of the most active zone reached 1.4 m/yr in 2008, about twice the value of 2000. A seismic network was installed on this rockslide in May 2007 to supplement the monitoring system. It has now recorded several thousand events, mostly rockfalls but also hundreds of local and regional earthquakes, which can be distinguished and classified from their signal characteristics. Rockfalls and microseismicity, which occur in bursts of activity, are found to be weakly, but significantly, correlated with rainfall. Rockfall occurrence increases linearly with precipitation, with however strong fluctuations of the numbers of rockfalls per day for the same rainfall intensity. No threshold was found for rainfall triggering, with even 1 mm of rain being enough to trigger rockfalls. Rockfall activity starts almost immediately during a rainfall episode and lasts for several days after the rainfall. Rain also induces strong accelerations of the rockslide movement, which also start quasi-instantaneously and last for about a month.
Biogenic nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions estimated from tethered balloon observations

A new technique for estimating surface fluxes of trace gases, the mixed-layer gradient technique, is used to calculate isoprene and terpene emissions from forests. The technique is applied to tethered balloon measurements made over the Amazon forest and a pine-oak forest in Alabama at altitudes up to 300 m. The observations were made during the dry season Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2A) and the Rural Oxidants in the Southern Environment 1990 experiment (ROSE I). Results from large eddy simulations of scalar transport in the clear convective boundary layer are used to infer fluxes from the balloon profiles. Profiles from the Amazon give a mean daytime emission of 3630±1400 μg isoprene m−2 h−1, where the uncertainty represents the standard deviation of the mean of eight flux estimates. Twenty profiles from Alabama give emissions of 4470±3300 μg isoprene m−2 h−1, 1740±1060 μg alpha-pinene m−2 h−1, and 790±560 μg beta-pinene m−2 h−1, respectively. These results are in agreement with emissions derived from chemical budgets. The emissions may be overestimated because of uncertainty about how to incorporate the effects of the canopy on the mixed-layer gradients. The large variability in these emission estimates is probably due to the relatively short sampling times of the balloon profiles, though spatially heterogeneous emissions may also play a role. Fluxes derived using this technique are representative of an upwind footprint of several kilometers and are independent of hydrocarbon oxidation rate and mean advection.
Deepwater Sampling at a Synthetic Drilling Mud Discharge Site on the Outer Continental Shelf, Northern Gulf of Mexico

Between 1992 and 1994, BP Exploration drilled ten wells from a single jacket at a depth of 393 meters in MMS Lease Block Viosca Knoll 989 (Pompano Phase I). Production began in October 1994. The second phase, utilizing a subsea template, was drilled between 1995 and 1997 at a depth of 565 meters in Mississippi Canyon Block 28, four miles downslope (Pompano Phase II). Both water based muds and synthetic muds were used. An additional well was drilled at Mississippi Canyon 28 in early 1998. This review describes the procedures used to survey the deepwater seafloor in July 1997 and March 1998 using a remote operated vehicle (ROV). Included are qualitative and quantitative sampling of the bottom sediment for chemical and benthic analyses using core samplers and videotransects for identification and enumeration of fish and large invertebrates. The goals of this project were to document: the size and extent of the cuttings piles following two+ years of a multi-well development drilling program in the deep Gulf; the concentrations of synthetic based drilling fluids (SBFs) in sediments around the drilling template; and the appearance of the bottom sediments with respect to chemical activity and densities of macrofauna and megafauna at the same locations. The main purposes of the follow-up study were to compare findings with those seen earlier and to identify changes in the structure of the local macrofauna and megafauna biological communities since the July 1997 survey. Results of both the 1997 and 1998 studies were compared to data collected at similar depths in the eastern and western Gulf during the MMS baseline studies conducted in the 1980s.