Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resistance of cotton lines containing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) and other insects

Three transgenic lines of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. , carrying a modified insect-control protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Berliner), were evaluated for resistance to severallepidopterous insects. These three lines, along with the explant source cultivar, ‘Coker 312’, and a locally adapted control, ‘MD 51 ne’, were grown in a field experiment at Maricopa, Arizona. Early in the season, before bolls were available for infestation, the number of rosetted blooms caused by pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), was 95% lower in the transgenic lines than in the control cultivars. The pink bollworm larvae penetrated bolls of the transgenic lines readily; however, live larvae recovered from incubated bolls, and percent seed damage were reduced 97-99% in the transgenic lines compared with the control cultivars. No live larvae were recovered from bolls of two transgenic lines, 62 and 65. The transgenic lines were highly resistant to cotton leaf perforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck, as shown by an absence of larval populations and of leaf mining and feeding. The transgenic lines sustained very little leaf damage from saltmarsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea (Drury), and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), whereas the control cultivars were almost defoliated by season’s end. As expected, the transgenic lines were not resistant to several nonlepidopterous insect pests, and they did not affect populations of beneficial insects. Higher populations of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), on the transgenic lines than on the control cultivars may have been a consequence of reduced leaf feeding damage (by lepidopterous insects) rather than increased whitefly susceptibility of the transgenic lines. A breeding strategy to increase the insect resistance of cotton plants would be to combine the bacterial toxin trait with other resistance traits such as nectariless, okra leaf, and early maturity, known to reduce pink bollworm and other pest insects.
Colony Size: A Test for Breeding Synchrony in Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) Colonies

ABSTP, ACT. --The role of social facilitation in breeding synchrony was examined in detail in 8 Herring Gull colonies during one field season in New Jersey and was compared with 4 colonies in the same area during other seasons and 5 colonies from other geographical areas described in the literature. In the eight colonies, mean egg-laying date was inversely related to colony size, the length of the egg-laying period increased with colony size, the variation (standard deviation) in egg-laying date decreased with colony size, and hatching success increased with colony size. As no significant differences occurred in mean egg and clutch size, age variables were eliminated as a cause of the breeding synchrony. Comparing all colonies, the length of the egg-laying period was not correlated with colony size, and the standard deviation of the egg-laying dates decreased as colony size increased up to a size of 200 pairs and increased thereafter. I propose that social facilitation functions to increase synchrony up to a critical number of pairs. Further increases in the number of breeding pairs result in a breakdown of the colony into separate "subcolonies" that function as colonies. Breeding success, as measured by hatching success, increases continuously with colony size. The synchrony, however, increases only up to a critical limit and decreases thereafter, as the synchronies of the subareas occur at different times, making the entire egg-laying period longer. Received 17 April 1978, accepted 21 May 1979.
Significance of satellite males in a population of spring peepers (Hyla crucifer)

correspondence between genetic and morphologic variability patterns in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Heredity 53:687-704. SHAKLEE, J. B. , C. S. TAMARU AND R. S. WAPLES. 1982. Speciation and evolution of marine fishes studied by the electrophoretic analysis of proteins. Pac. Sci. 36:141-157. SKIBINSKI, D. O. F. , AND R. D. WARD. 1982. Correlation between heterozygosity and evolutionary rate of proteins. Nature 298:490-492. SNEATH, P. H. , AND R. R. SOKAL. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, California.
Spatial distribution of Northern ambereye (Hymenodora glacialis) around Iceland

Abstract The distribution of the deep-water shrimp, Northern ambereye Hymenodora glacialis, was studied using observations and stomach content data of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides from three annual surveys in Icelandic waters. These surveys cover the continental shelves and slopes down to 1500 m depth around Iceland. The main distribution of Northern ambereye was in the cold waters north of Iceland, where it was found in greatest abundance between −2 and 0°C at 300–700 m depth. Northern ambereye was a part of the diet of both Atlantic cod and Greenland halibut but was of greater importance during the summer, compared to both spring and autumn.
Photoperiodic Induction of Fattening in Redheaded Bunting : A Phenomenon of External Coincidence System

Male Redheaded Buntings were exposed to constant darkness (DD) or short days (8L : 16D) after long-day (15L : 9D) photostimulation for either 15 or 30 days. Eight long-day photostimulated birds in two groups were maintained on the same treatment (15L : 9D) ; also, photosensitive birds in groups of four were exposed to DD and 8L : 16D. The birds continued on 15L : 9D maintained fattening and increased body weight. Fattening was never induced in the photosensitive birds exposed to DD or 8L : 16D; instead, a depletion in fat depots (P<0.05, P<0.02) occurred in those exposed to DD. Further, the long-day photostimulated birds (either for 15 days or 30 days) transferred to DD or 8L : 16D showed similarly reduced body weights, indicating that the effect of DD or 8L: 16D in Redheaded Buntings is not dependent upon the number of days of long-day exposure prior to these schedules. The results appear to be consistent with the Bunning-Pittendrigh avian external coincidence model.
Molecular phylogeny of Acanthophyllum (Caryophyllaceae: Caryophylleae), with emphasis on infrageneric classification

Despite being one of the larger genera of Caryophyllaceae with about 60 cushion-forming subshrubby species, Acanthophyllum is represented poorly in previous molecular phylogenetic studies. The genus is an important component of the subalpine steppe flora in Central to Southwest Asia. Although the placement of Acanthophyllum in the tribe Caryophylleae and a close relationship to Allochrusa has already been suggested, the monophyly of the genus and its subgeneric taxa, as well as its relation to other closely related genera, have not been addressed. We have assembled datasets of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and intron sequences of the chloroplast gene rps16 for 47 Acanthophyllum species and 63 species of 12 additional genera from Caryophylleae. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our analysis suggests that Allochrusa, Diaphanoptera, Ochotonophila and Scleranthopsis are nested within Acanthophyllum but that the traditionally recognized sections of Acanthophyllum are monophyletic after reassignment of a few species. Emarginate petals may be a synapomorphy for one of the two basal clades of Acanthophyllum. Moreover, non-monophyly of the genera Gypsophila and Diaphanoptera is suggested by the present study. The age of the crown clade of Acanthophyllum s.l. is estimated to be 11.1 Ma by *BEAST species tree analysis.
The spring decline in populations of the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, and the role of female density

Etude menee entre nov. et avr. 1980-81 et entre nov. et juin 1981-82 dans le sud de l'Angleterre. Une reduction experimentale de 50% de la densite des femelles au debut de fev. entraine une reduction du declin du nombre de femelles et de mâles par rapport aux zones de controle
Characterization of high yielding dairy cows with regard to stability of metabolism and reproduction

This study aimed at evaluation of metabolic and endocrine adaptations to different energy intake and at assessment of relationships between leptin and metabolic, endocrine and zootechnical traits. Multiparous Holstein cows [n = 90; mean 9'434 kg ECM/305 d] were studiedfrom wk 2 ante partum (a.p.) to wk 20 postpartum (p.p.) on a research farm. Concentrates (8 MJ NEL/kg dry matter (DM)) were fed by automatic feeders for 24 h at 30% (C30) or 50% (C50) of total DM intake (DMI) from wk 1-10 p.p. and were then linearly lowered to 2.4% and 4% until wk 34, respectively. Roughage (6 MJ NEL/kg DM) wasfed ad libitum. DMI was measured over 24 h. Milk yield and body weight (BW) were determined twice/d, milk composition 4 times/wk and milk acetone (AC) weekly. Blood samplesfor the determination of metabolite, hormone and electrolyte concentrations and ofenzyme activities were obtained at wk 2 a.p., and 2 Chapter Metabolic and Endocrine Adaptation 19 at wk 1-16 and 20 p.p. from 0730-0900. Body condition scores (BCS) and ultrasonic measurements of backfat thickness and longissimus dorsi muscle diameter were done a.p. and at wk 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 p.p. Roughage intake was higher, but total DMI was lower in C30 than C50. Peak milkproduction (42.1 and 43.8 kg/din C30 and C50) was reached at wk 4 p.p., but mean yields of C30 were only 1.28 kg/d lower than of C50. Energy balance (EB) was positive a.p., reached a nadir at wk 2 p.p. (-46.0 and -29.6 MJ NEL in C30 and C50, respectively) and then increased up to wk 20 p.p. Metabolic stress was more marked in C30 than C50, expressed by lower concentrations of leptin, glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, triiodothyronine (Ts)t milk protein and lactose, but higher concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, ß-hydroxybutyrate, growth hormone and milk AC, and a faster decrease of BCS and backfat thickness in C30 than C50. Leptin concentrations were positively associated with BCS, EB, BW, cholesterol, albumin, insulin and IGF-1, negatively with total DMI and T3, and were higher in cows calving in spring than in fall, i.e. leptin was positively correlated with photoperiod, mean light intensity and temperature. In conclusion, C30 as well as C50 cows were capable to adapt metabolically and thus to maintain high milk yields despite negative EB. Leptin was one of several traits which were connected with EB, but it was also associated with otherfactors.
Tolerance of identity preserved soybean cultivars to preemergence herbicides

Belfry, K. D. , Soltani, N. , Brown, L. R. and Sikkema, P. H. 2015. Tolerance of identity preserved soybean cultivars to preemergence herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 719-726. Six field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period (2011 to 2013) near Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada, to assess the tolerance of seven identity-preserved (IP) soybean cultivars to preemergence (PRE) herbicides applied at 2×the recommended dose. All cultivars demonstrated excellent tolerance to dimethenamid-P, pyroxasulfone, S-metolachlor, chlorimuron-ethyl, clomazone, cloransulam-methyl, flumetsulam and imazethapyr, showing 5% or less injury. At Exeter, linuron caused as much as 13 and 18% injury at 2 and 4 wk after soybean emergence, while injury due to metribuzin was as high as 22 and 47% for the same dates, respectively. At Exeter, linuron, metribuzin and S-metolachlor plus metribuzin reduced soybean height up to 17, 41 and 24%, respectively; soybean height was generally not affected at the Ridgetown sites. At Exeter, metribuzin reduced soybean yield up to 38% for cultivars S03W4, Madison and OAC Lakeview, while S23T5 was not significantly reduced. On the contrary, metribuzin yield loss at Ridgetown was nonsignificant. Results from this study suggest that PRE application of metribuzin at 2× field dose has potential to cause unacceptable injury and yield reduction in IP soybeans under some soil and climatic conditions and may vary according to cultivar.
Prediction of Translation Initiation Site in Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes

Abstract: Driven by the rapid growth of the complete genome sequences, it is accepted that genome annotation has been resorted mostly to automatic methodology. For computational annotation to bacterial and archaeal genomes, accurate prediction of translation initiation sites (TISs) is essential to locate protein coding regions of genes. Therefore, TIS prediction has been a challenge to a number of gene finders and TIS processors, leading to recent studies of TIS prediction or correction in prokaryotic genome annotation as well as of the mechanism of translation initiation. It is time for the research community to review the available mathematical models of TIS of prokaryotic gene, and the resultant algorithms for a series of current TIS processors and TIS prediction modules in gene finders. In fact, the TIS models have been improved along with the knowledge of the mechanism of translation initiation. Several studies of the mechanism of translation initiation in prokaryotic genomes have been summarized. With a few of published data sets widely-used in evaluation of TIS identification, the performances of the existing methods are assessed and discussed in this article. It is also interesting to discuss the relation between the algorithms and the understanding of prokaryotic translation initiation mechanism, which can enlighten us on the state-of-the-art studies of TIS prediction in bacterial and archaeal genomes.
Response time of an atmospheric general circulation model to changes in ocean surface temperature: Implications for interactive large-scale atmosphere and ocean models

To ensure efficient coupling strategies in asynchronous coupling experiments with atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models (GCMs), knowledge of the atmospheric model's response time to altered ocean surface temperature (OST) forcing is a necessary prerequisite. A general estimate of atmospheric response time of 30 days is obtained by analysis of the time evolution between different quasi-equilibrium states in response to altered OSTs in several atmospheric GCM experiments. It is recognized, however, that this estimate may be too conservative (longer than necessary) for lower atmospheric layers in the tropics. For a completely optimized asynchronous coupling strategy, an estimate of oceanic response time to altered atmospheric forcing is also necessary. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980. tb00939.x
Freezing Tolerance Attributes during Spring Deacclimation for Three Asparagus Cultivars with Varying Adaptation to Southern Ontario

A BSTRACT Winterhardiness in asparagus ( Asparagus ofﬁcinalis ) may be related to proper cold acclimation and induction of freezing tolerance in the fall, levels and maintenance of freezing tolerance in the winter, and the timing of deacclimation in the spring. Premature deacclimation and the inability to reacclimate could result in crown damage from spring freeze-thaw cycles. A ﬁeld experiment was conducted, replicated over 2 years, to determine how three cultivars with varying adaptation to southern Ontario deacclimate in the spring by assessing LT 50 (the temperature at which 50% of plants die) and biochemical and physiological parameters associated with freezing tolerance. ‘UC 157’ (UC), the least-adapted cultivar, deacclimated after soil temperatures rose above freezing; LT 50 values increased linearly over time and were unaffected by ﬂuctuations in soil temperature. ‘Jersey Giant’ (JG), a cultivar with moderate adaptation, rapidly deacclimated with increased soil temperature but appeared to partially reacclimate as temperatures decreased. For ‘Guelph Millennium’ (GM), the most-adapted cultivar, LT 50 values did not change, maintaining the greatest levels of freezing tolerance during the spring sampling period. Although LT 50 values did not differ among cultivars on the ﬁrst spring sampling date, ranking for freezing tolerance at the ﬁnal sampling in each year was GM>JG>UC, which is consistent with adaptation. Rhizome traits were most associated with freezing tolerance and included high concentrations of low-molecular- weight fructans (LFs), glucose, and proline and low percentage water and sucrose concentration. Overall, data suggest that the timing of deacclimation and loss of freezing tolerance in the spring may signiﬁcantly affect winterhardiness; cultivars that lose freezing tolerance early and cannot reacclimate could suffer most from late spring freeze-thaw cycles.
Plankton and Some Environmental Variables as a Water Quality Indicator for Saline Pools at the Western Red Sea (Saudi Arabia)

This study was carried out to determine the water quality of a series of micro-pools water, north Jeddah Corniche, by studying the environmental variables as well as phytoplankton abundance and community structure. Surface water samples were monitored from a series of pools over two seasons; spring (May) and autumn (November), 2013. The pools are shallow; saline to hypersaline showed salinity gradients from 40.0 to 63.0 PSU, pH values from 7.50 to 8.18; temperatures from 21.0 to 43.0°C; dissolved oxygen concentrations from 2.1-6.4 mgl-1. Nutrient concentrations were very high in spring. Nitrate ranged between 0.3 and 6.3 μM, nitrite between 0.1 and 1.2 μM, ammonia upto 16.7 μM, phosphate concentrations from 0.35 to 4.60 μM and silicate reached 20.86 μM. Species diversity (Shannon- Weaver, H) and evenness (J) were high and showed small-scale temporal and spatial variations. A total of 99 species of phytoplankton were recorded, showing a well-diversified taxonomy, belonging to 5 different classes. Cyanophyta dominating during spring while Bacillariophyta during autumn. The most representative class in terms of species richness was Bacillariophyta (46 species) while Cyanophyta and Pyrrophyta had 29 and 22 species, respectively. No significant differences were observed in phytoplankton population among pools. Positive correlation of Cyanophyta with NO2, NO3 and PO4. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index classified the pools water as being clean, whereas the WQI demonstrated that it was between ‘medium’ and ‘good’, which means beginning deterioration of the water quality. It can be concluded that, the index based on WQI is currently more suitable than the phytoplankton species index for assessing the quality of the pools water. We recommended to drilling several culverts for each pool to allow good water masses exchange between pools water and the Red Sea water.
Deep rooted rice varieties detected through the observation of root characteristics using the trench method

Screening through the observation of root character-istics was performed in foreign rice varieties to widen the genetic diversity for drought tolerance of upland rice in Japan. A total of 255 varieties were cultivated in upland fields and their root distribution and characteristics were observed. Trench method was applied for direct observation of roots by digging a ditch at a depth of about 60cm after harvest. The root volume and thickness of each accession were evaluated at a depth of every ten or 15cm from the soil surface. The root volume or thickness at a 40 or 45cm depth showed a significant correlation with the recovery from drought exposure of seedlings. Therefore, deep-rooted varieties were expected to be more tolerant to drought. Some varieties originating from Africa, China, India and IRRI had deeper or thicker roots. IR3646, IRAT1O, IRAT109, IRAT110, JC81, SE319C and Nam Sugai 19 were selected as candidates for cross-parent in breeding for drought tolerance.
Environmental determinants of pelagic seabird distribution in the African sector of the Southern ocean

The distribution of birds at sea in the Southern Ocean south of Africa relates to the environmental parameters at regional scale: barometric pressure, salinity, air temperature,water temperature, wind strength and weather. Multivariate regression statistics are used to assess the usefulness of modelling seabird abundance on weather and sea-surface conditions indicated by these variables. The birds' distribution appears most strongly correlated with sea- surface temperature. A variety of possible combinations of cause-effect interac- tions among the physical parameters (barometric pressure, temperature and wind) revealed low linear correlations between seabird distribution and weather. Linear models explain a consistently small proportion of the spatial variation in seabird distribution and abundance in relation to sea-surface structure. Seabird abundance and sea-surface temperature exhibit strong curvilinear correlations across frontal regions. Thus, the use of abiotic environmental features as predic- tors of seabird distribution requires non-linear analysis, which suggests that: (1) pelagic seabirds are distributed randomly at sea, or (2) their distribution is non- random as a consequence of a combination of biogeographical history, food requirements, breeding period and locale, and physical environmental features. This hypothesis can only be tested with a complex stochastic model, and we lack sufficient data on the distribution of hydrological events which control prey availability to aerial seabirds; this information is necessary for the construction of a model which explains greater than 50% of the variation in the distribution of seabirds. At present, meaningful patterns in the distribution of Southern Ocean seabirds relate to spatio-temporal separation by seabird diet-classes and the distribution of thermal fronts.
Survey of Olive Fungal Disease in North of Iran

New plantations of Olive tree in northern Iran are usually being severely affected by wilt or dieback and death. To determine the etiology of this problem, a study was carried out in samples of affected young trees collected in Golestan, Zanjan, Gilan and Khorasan provinces, the north of Iran during 2004-2009. Fungi that cause olive disease or associated with stem cuttings are listed. From this list Verticillium dahliae and Fusicladium oleagineum were the most common on a wide range area and on all cultivated cultivars. Several fungi were isolated from seedling rotted roots and some recorded associated with stem cuttings. Other fungal species associated with death of young olive trees in the field or in the nurseries, including Botrytis cinerea , Colletotrichum acutatum , Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina , Neoscytalidium dimidiatum , Phytophthora megasperma , Phytophthora nicotiana, Pythium aphanidermatum , Rhizoctonia solani and some stem decay fungi such as species of Ascochyta , Alternaria, Cephalosporium , Chaetomium , Cladosporium , Diplococcium , Diplodia , Nigrospora , Sphaeropsis , Stemphyllium and Ulocladium . As the fungal pathogen can affect olive production, these findings are potentially important to the future olive industry in northern Iran.