Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Summer Use of Side‐Channel Thermal Refugia by Salmonids in the North Fork Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho

Abstract We observed aggregations of westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi, mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni, and to a lesser extent, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss moving into cold side channels in the North Fork Coeur d’Alene River in northern Idaho during the summer of 2007. The use of cold side channels varied throughout the season, as well as by size-class. Such use was much greater for salmonids 300 mm or more in length, and the movement of salmonids into side channel habitats appeared to be triggered by rising water temperatures in the main river and temperature divergences between the main river and the side channels. Larger salmonids were not evenly distributed among the side channels, and channel physical features varied widely. The probability that a side channel would be used as a thermal refugium by salmonids 300 mm or more appeared to be influenced by channel depth, and salmonids of that size used side channels that were both deep (≥2 m) and cold (≤20°C). Protectio.
Immunity to Inftuenza in Ferrets. III. Proteins in Nasal Secretions

Nasal washings from ferrets previously infected with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68 contain increased concentrations of total protein. The level of protein rose to a maximum, which was three- to fivefold greater than the normal concentration, at seven to nine days after infection, and subsequently fell to levels seen before infection by days 11-13 after infection. Nasal washings from ferrets that were immune to infection with influenza A2/Hong Kong/3/68 did not contain significantly increased levels of protein after challenge. Since an increase in protein in nasal washings was observed only in ferrets susceptible to infection with influenza virus, the measurement of nasal-wash protein was a good parameter for assessment of immunity to infection. A nasal-wash pool from normal ferrets contained only albumin and a trace amount of y-globulin. However, immunoelectrophoresis of a nasal-wash pool from infected animals showed five distinct proteins and trace amounts of two further proteins. Albumin was identified, together with an IgG, which was shown to be identical to serum IgG. However, no protein analogous to human secretory IgA or IgM was detected in the infected nasalwash pool.
The Great Bustard Otis tarda population in Morocco 1998–2001

The Moroccan population of Great Bustard Otis tarda was surveyed in the four years 1998–2001. Highest numbers were counted in December 1998 (21 males, 62–65 females, four first-year males: total c. 90) and March 2001 (15 males, 60–66 females, four first-year males: total 75–81). Combining enquiry results from local people with these data, the population size for spring is estimated at 92–111 individuals, and 117–133 for winter. Reproduction is confirmed. Threats to the population include illegal hunting, habitat loss through agricultural intensification (irrigation, use of pesticides) and infrastructural changes (construction of a motorway and a powerplant), disturbance, and accidents at powerlines and antennas. Several conservation measures are suggested: cease hunting; maximize the attention given to display sites; encourage villagers to carry out “Great Bustard-friendly” land use and adapt animal stocks to the carrying capacity of their regions; clarify the situation of genetic exchange between Spanish and Moroccan populations; study movements between the Moroccan sites; monitor the size and trends of the most important subpopulations; and conduct education campaigns in schools and increase public awareness among adults.
Molecular data show that Bryoria fremontii and B. tortuosa (Parmeliaceae) are conspecific

Abstract Bryoria fremontii and B. tortuosa are the only species in the lichenized ascomycete genus Bryoria known to contain the pulvinic acid derivative vulpinic acid. In B. fremontii this yellow pigment is restricted to the soralia and apothecia, while in B. tortuosa it can occur throughout the thallus. The actual amount of vulpinic acid produced by B. tortuosa is rather variable, however, with intermediate specimens bearing both white and yellow pseudocyphellae. We studied the relationship between the two species with parsimony analysis using four DNA regions: 1) the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear rDNA including the 5.8S region (ITS), 2) partial sequences from the intergenic spacer of the nuclear rDNA (IGS), 3) partial sequences from the small subunit of the mitochondrial rDNA (mtSSU), and 4) partial sequences from the protein-coding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH). Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. fremontii and B. tortuosa must be regarded as conspecific, but allowing for some genetic differentiation between European and North American populations. Bryoria tortuosa is therefore synonymized with B. fremontii.
A comprehensive survey on the occurrence of mycotoxins in maize dried distillers' grain and solubles sourced worldwide

As cereal and protein sources suffer a price increase worldwide, the use of alternative ingredients in feeds has become increasingly appealing to the animal industry. Dried distillers' grain and solubles (DDGS) have been one of the ingredients which demand has dramatically increased over the last few years. In fact, the supply of maize DDGS is expected to increase to about 38.6 mmt by 2019-2020. The presence of mycotoxins in these by-products has been a matter of concern raised by their ubiquitous use. A rule of thumb typically used in the field is that the concentration of mycotoxins in the final by-product is about three times higher than that of the original raw material, which may be scientifically backed up by the fact that the remaining portions within the by-product are those which had a higher concentration of mycotoxins (outer portions of the grain). This paper is the outcome of a five-year study during which a total of 409 maize DDGS samples sourced worldwide were analysed for the mycotoxins of .
Involvement of Protein Kinase C and Src Family Tyrosine Kinase in Gαq/11-induced Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase and p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase*

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by various extracellular stimuli. The signaling pathways from G protein-coupled receptors to extracellular signal-regulated kinase have been partially elucidated, whereas the mechanisms by which G protein-coupled receptors stimulate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK activities remain largely unknown. We have recently demonstrated that the signal from Gq/11-coupled m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor to p38 MAPK is mediated by both Gαq/11 and Gβγ in HEK-293 cells (Yamauchi, J., Nagao, M., Kaziro, Y., and Itoh, H. (1997) J. Biol. Chem.272, 27771–27777). In the present study, we report that a constitutively activated mutant of Gα11(Gα11 Q209L) activated not only p38 MAPK, but also JNK, and the activation of JNK and p38 MAPK by Gα11 Q209L was partially inhibited by prolonged treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calphostin C. In addition, the Gα11Q209L-stimulated activation of both kinases was blocked by a specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases (PP2) and Csk (C-terminal Src kinase). Furthermore, we demonstrated that Gα11 Q209L stimulated Src family kinase activity and induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in HEK-293 cells. These results suggest that Gαq/11 stimulates JNK and p38 MAPK activities through protein kinase C- and Src family kinase-dependent signaling pathways.
Human intestinal flukes Haplorchris taichui and Haplorchris pumilio in their intermediate hosts, freshwater snails of the families Thiaridae and Pachychilidae, in southern Thailand

The intestinal flukes Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) and Haplorchis pumilio (Looss, 1899) (family Heterophyidae) are among the most important food-borne parasitic zoonoses found in Southeast Asia. Here, we report on a study of infection rates in freshwater snails of the two Cerithioidean families Thiaridae and Pachychilidae in the south of Thailand. The snails were collected by handpicking and scooping every two months for one year at several locations between January 2008 and September 2009. The snail samples were examined for parasitic infections in the lab by shedding and crushing methods. Parasite infections were found in snails from 13 of 34 sampling sites. Nine species of thiarid snails were collected in this study, viz. Melanoides tuberculatus (Muller, 1774) Melanoides jugicostis (Hanley & Theobald, 1876), Thiara scabra (Muller, 1774), Sermyla riqueti (Grateloup, 1840), Neoradina prasongi (Brandt, 1974) and Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1822) as well as in four species of pachychilids, viz. Brotia sp. 1, Brotia sp. 2, Brotia wykoffi and Adamietta housei (Lea, 1856). Among these only the three thiarid species (M. tuberculatus, M. jugicostis and N. prasongi) were found to be infected with the two parasites, while we found no record in pachychilids. The infection rates of H. taichui and H. pumilio were 0.59% (126/21,501) and 0.12% (25/21,501) respectively, with H. taichui found in the three thiarid species M. tuberculatus, M. jugicostis and N. prasongi. The infection rates were 0.96% (89/9,227), 0.11% (1/920) and 7.74% (36/465), respectively. H. pumilio was found in M. tuberculatus only, with an infection rate of 0.27% (25/9,227). (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sea lion Otaria flavescens as host of the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus

We explored how the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus is able to survive on hyper-arid rocky islands along the Peruvian coast in the absence of plants and terrestrial mammals. We used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses on D. rotundus hairs and feces to assess the pri- mary source of food, and compared our results with field observations near D. rotundus colonies. Data from stable isotope analyses were consistent with field observations, indicating that D. rotundus feeds on the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens, and occupies the third trophic level in a chain linking anchovies Engraulis ringens, O. flavescens, D. rotundus and a hippoboscid fly, Trichobius parasiticus. Our report demonstrates the importance of marine-derived resources for D. rotundus along the Peruvian coast.
Survival and Fecundity of Antilochus coquebertii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) on Different Stages of Dysdercus koenigii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

ABSTRACT: The red cotton bug, Dysdercus koenigii F. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) is a destructive pest of cotton in the cotton belt region of Pakistan. This pest attacks the cotton bolls, mature cotton seeds and causes serious damage to premature bolls. A trial was conducted under laboratory conditions to check the predatory potential of A. coquebertii on different stages of D. koenigii. Four stages of D. koenigii i.e. 3rd, 4th, 5th nymphal instars and adults were provided to A. coquebertii adults to check their survival, fecundity response and feeding potential. Results were statistically significant when comparing feeding preferences of A. coquebertii on different stages of D. koenigii. Adult male and female longevity of A. coquebertii was significantly higher when these insects were fed with 3rd instar nymphs of D. koenigii, which was 115.25 ± 6.91 and 88.75 ± 4.64 days, respectively. Maximum egg laying percentage of 34% was recorded on medium 3 and minimum egg laying percentage of 16% was recorded on medium 2. Based on the results of this study, survival and fecundity rate of A. coquebertii can be highly affected when the suitable stage of D. koenigii is not present.
Physiological activity of ectomycorrhizas in a moderately polluted forest (Ratanica catchment, Southern Poland)

Ectomycorrhizas of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were sampled in a mature forest ecosystem exposed for more than 40 years to moderate levels of gaseous and dust pollutants. Soil of the forest site was characterised by low pH and accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe). Mycorrhizal vitality and enzyme activity of the root-surface and soil acid phosphatase (AcPase) were studied at 17 measurement points (0–5 cm soil depth) in relation to the content of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and aluminium ions (Al3+) in the soil. Anatomy of Scots pine and beech mycorrhizas taken from different measurement points was observed. The concentration of essential nutrients (C, N, P, Ca, Mg) and the ratios Ca/Al, Mg/Al and N/P were analysed in fine roots. High concentrations of Al3+ in the soil (40–118 meq kg-1) and low levels of Pi (12–44 mg P2O5 kg-1) were accompanied by high activity of the root-surface AcPase of pine and beech mycorrhizas (25–67 and 33–86 μmol pNP g-1 fresh weight h-1, respectively) and soil AcPase (6.8–22.4 μmol pNP g-1 dry weight h-1). The results indicate that fine tree roots are undoubtedly under stress as evidenced by a disturbance in P uptake and accumulation. However, the high vitality of mycorrhizas and the high Ca/Al ratio in fine roots suggest that the defence mechanisms of mycorrhizas and the rhizosphere are still able to ameliorate the influence of anthropogenic pollution. Additional key words: acid phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate, soil, Fagus sylvatica, Pinus sylvestris, root anatomy Address: B. Kieliszewska-Rokicka, T. Leski, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland E.U. Kurczyńska, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Silesian University, Jagiellońska 28, 40–032
Avaliação da mistura de cultivares de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) com azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sob pastejo

This work aimed at evaluating the production of beef heifers in two cultivars of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb): 'Comum' and 'IAPAR 61' mixed with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam). The variables evaluated were: forage mass (FM), forage on offer (FO), daily accumulation of dry matter (FAD), stocking rate (SR), average daily gain (ADG), live weight gain (LWG), crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). No effects (P>0.05) were detected on FAD, SR, DAP, LWG and CP for the two cultivars. The IVOMD of 'IAPAR 61' presented highest values during a more extended period in growing season of pasture. The 'IAPAR 61' cultivar can be indicated for use under grazing in Rio Grande do Sul State.
Color development of 4 Apple Cultivars Grown in the Southwest of Japan, with Special Reference to Fruit Bagging

Seasonal changes in anthocyanin and total phenol content and PAL activity in the fruit skin, and in ethylene production by whole fruit, were determined with 4 apple cultivars grown in the southwest of Japan; ‘Fuji’, ‘Jonathan’, ‘Starking Delicious’ (SD), and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD). Also the effect bagging of fruit, a Japanese conventional practice to improve fruit appearance, on these characterisitics was investigated.In all cultivars, higher PAL activity in the skin was observed at earlier stages of fruit development, followed by a rapid decline toward the preclimacteric to a considerably lower level. Then it gradually increased again with the onset of coloration and ethylene production. ‘Jonathan’ and ‘SD’ developed more anthocyanin and higher PAL activity than ‘Fuji’. In spite of no anthocyanin development, ‘GD’ also showed higher PAL activity. Good color development was observed in red cultivars by fruit bagging, followed by removal of the bag. However, anthocyanin content at harvest was almost same in fruits with or without bagging.Shading the fruit by UV cut-off film following removal of paper bags considerably inhibited anthocyanin formation in red cultivars. Bagging did not show any consistent effect on ethylene production.When ‘SD’ fruit was kept bagged with paper bags or shaded by UV cut-off film after removal of paper bags, both anthocyanin accumulation and PAL activity were inhibited or reduced, suggesting their positive relationship in this cultivar. In other cultivars, however, a considerably high level of PAL was found with bagged fruits in spite of coloration.In conclusion, a higher level of PAL activity in apple skin during ripening seems to be essential to the development of anthocyanin, but it does not always result in good color development.
Vitamin C Supplementation to Hens’ Diets in a Hot Climate

Abstract March and Biely (1953) and Baldissera-Nordio (1957), reported beneficial growth response of chicks supplemented with vitamin C. Those comparable diets had already been supplied with aureomycin, a balanced high-energy ration and a commercial mash enforced by vitamins, terramycin and nitrofurazon, respectively. Combs et al. (1958) found it valuable to include, in semi-synthetic broiler diets, a supplement of 1,700–2,000 ppm. of vitamin C. Gogus and Griminger (1959) did not observe any growth promoting effect of vitamin C in groups of birds fed a semi-synthetic diet. Other workers claimed increased resistance of vitamin C-fed chickens against diseases (e.g. Hill et al., 1955). Perek and Eckstein (1959) showed adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in laying hens following ACTH injection, and in hens during molt. Further, Perek and Bedrak (1962) have shown adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in cold-treated chicks, as well as after debeaking. The correlation of vitamin C in feed and the birds’ …
Effect of feeding level, grazing and finishing on growth and carcass quality of young Friesian bulls

Forty‐one autumn‐born Friesian bull calves were allocated to extensive (E) and intensive (I) production systems. The extensive system included 21 loose‐housed animals fed a roughage‐based diet the first winter, allowing a daily gain of 664 g, followed by a 5‐month grazing period. Ten of these animals were slaughtered directly from pasture (live weight ∼360 kg), and the remaining 11 animals after a further 10‐week finishing period with concentrates in tie‐stalls (live weight ∼460 kg). In the intensive system, animals were housed in tie‐stalls, offered concentrates ad libitum and slaughtered at about 360 kg (n = 11) and 460 kg (n = 9) live weight. Overall, daily gain of E‐bulls was 926 g compared with 1478 g for the I‐bulls (p< 0.001). At pasture, E‐bulls gained 1108 g/day. Compared with I‐bulls of similar live weights, the E‐bulls slaughtered directly from pasture had a lower dressing percentage (p < 0.05), a higher lean content (p < 0.05), a much lower fat content (p < 0.05) and darker meat colour (p < 0.
SUGAR‐CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ON THE CELL SURFACES OF MARINE DIATOMS MEASURED USING CONCANAVALIN A AND FLOW CYTOMETRY

Some diatom exudates may remain attached to the exterior cell surface, potentially altering cell stickiness and affecting important aspects of the diatom's ecology such as aggregation rates and grazing rates. We measured the accumulation of cell‐surface sugar‐containing compounds by labeling cultured marine diatoms with fluorescent‐tagged sugar‐binding lectins and measuring the fluorescence associated with each cell using flow cytometry. The binding of FITC‐labeled concanavalin A (FITC‐ConA), a lectin that binds to glucose and mannose residues, varied 5‐fold among different diatom species in exponential growth (on a per‐cell basis) and 2–3‐fold within a given species in different physiological states. Although transparent exopolymer particles followed a simple accumulation curve over time in batch culture, FITC‐ConA. cell‐1 did not follow the same pattern, suggesting that surface sugar accumulation is not driven simply by the accumulation of such particles in the medium. For Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle and Heimdal (3H clone), the amount of sugar‐containing compounds on the cell surface increased transiently as growth rate slowed in early stationary phase under both N and Si limitation. For Chaetoceros neogracile (Schuett) van Landingham, FITC‐ConA. cell‐1had a strong inverse relationship with growth rate across several Si‐limited batch culture experiments. Both results suggest some biological mediation of cell‐surface sugar‐containing compounds. Our study reveals the great potential for using lectin binding to investigate cell‐surface sugars on diatoms. Lectins allow us to investigate noninvasively the role of cell‐surface sugar‐containing compounds in modifying cell stickiness and aggregation, as well as the partitioning of exuded phytoplankton carbon. We suggest that cell‐surface sugar accumulation may be related to diatom stickiness, based on a correlation between our FITC‐ConA measurements and stickiness estimates in the literature on several of the species we studied.
A note on the entomofauna of mangrove associates in the Andaman Islands (Indian Ocean: India)

The mangals of South Andaman Island were surveyed for the insect fauna of mangrove associates. The herbivorous insects collected were reared to adulthood on the hosts on which they were collected. The parasitoids that emerged during the rearings were also collected. Ninety‐six species of insect herbivores and nine species of hymenopteran parasitoids were collected during this study. Comparison with insects known to be phytophagous on true mangroves indicated that species overlap between insects on true mangroves and those on mangrove associates was minimal. Each of these plant communities apparently has its own distinct entomofaunal complex.
A Panel of CircRNAs in the Serum Serves as Biomarkers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Tuberculosis (TB), one of the ancient and deadliest diseases, is a chronic immune disorder caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Due to the lack of ideal diagnostic and therapeutic markers, TB is still posing a major health, social, and economic burden worldwide. Circular RNA (circRNA), a newly discovered endogenous RNA, is abundant and stable in the cytoplasm and has tissue specificity. More and more studies suggested circRNA is involved in a variety of human pathological and physiological processes. Recently, several studies have confirmed circRNAs not only existed in the serum but also could serve as ideal biomarkers for detecting diseases since the circRNAs have continuous, stable, and covalently closed circular structures and are not easily degraded by nucleases. In this study, we screened the circRNA expression profiles in active TB serum samples and healthy volunteers serum samples by circRNA microarrays. Then, we performed qRT-PCR to verified the dysregulated circRNAs and ROC curve analysis to evaluate the value of circRNAs for TB diagnosis. The results showed circRNA_051239, circRNA_029965, and circRNA_404022 could serve as biomarkers for TB diagnosis.