Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Etude numérique de la production et de la propagation d'ondes non linéaires dans les jets supersoniques

Dans ce travail de these, les mecanismes a l'origine de la formation des chocs associes a la perception de crackle proche de jets supersoniques axisymetriques sont etudies a l'aide de simulations numeriques. Dans ces simulations, les equations de Navier-Stokes instationnaires et compressibles sont resolues en coordonnees cylindriques a l'aide de differences finies d'ordre eleve peu dissipatives et peu dispersives. Quatre jets temporels a des nombres de Mach de 2 et~3 et a des nombres de Reynolds compris entre 3125 et 50000 sont simules dans un premier temps. Des ondes acoustiques de forte amplitude presentant d'importants gradients de pression sont mises en evidence a proximite des jets. Elles se forment par un mecanisme de raidissement a la source qui est etudie par le calcul de moyennes conditionnelles synchronisees autour des pics de pression en champ proche. Ces moyennes montrent un lien direct entre ces ondes non lineaires et la convection de structures coherentes a desvitesses supersoniques dans les couches de~melange. L'influence de la temperature sur la formation de ces ondes est examinee dans un second temps par le calcul de cinq jets temporels a des rapports de temperature de 1, 2 et 4, et a des nombres de Mach acoustique compris entre 2 et 4. A vitesse d'ejection constante, les niveaux de bruit produits par les jets chauds sont moins eleves que ceux du jet isotherme, mais les ondes non lineaires qu'ils rayonnent sont peu affectees par une hausse de temperature. A nombre de Mach constant, les niveaux augmentent avec la temperature, de meme que l'asymetrie des fluctuations de pression, traduisant un renforcement du caractere non lineaire des ondes rayonnees. Ces variations pourraient etre dues a celles de la vitesse de convection des structures coherentes, qui augmente de facon significative avec la temperature lorsque le nombre de Mach est constant, mais diminue legerement a vitesse~constante. Finalement, trois simulations de jets spatiaux isothermes et chauds a un nombre de Mach acoustique de 2 et a des nombres de Reynolds de 12500 et 50000 sont mises en \oe uvre. Des ondes de Mach presentant d'importants gradients de pression sont visibles au voisinage direct des jets. La formation de ces ondes est liee, comme dans le cas des jets temporels, a la convection supersonique de structures coherentes dans les couches de melange. Le champ lointain acoustique est enfin determine par des methodes d'extrapolation lineaire et non lineaire. Lorsque la propagation est non lineaire, un raidissement additionnel des fronts d'onde est constate en champ lointain.
The deflection hypothesis: eyespots on the margins of butterfly wings do not influence predation by lizards

Feeding experiments with lizards are used to examine the function of small eyespot markings found along the wing margins of many butterfly species. Such eyespots are frequently suggested to function by deflecting the attacks of vertebrate predators away from the vulnerable body towards the wing margins, which can tear easily; the eyespots are considered to mislead predators and to act as targets for their attacks. Such misdirected attacks give the butterflies a chance to evade capture, albeit sometimes losing pieces of wing tissue. As a model prey species, we used fruit-feeding individuals of the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana that were attacked in a standard way in laboratory cages by the anolis lizard, Anolis carolinensis. We also manipulated the butterflies' wing patterns by pasting eyespots on different parts of the wings to examine the deflection hypothesis in more detail. Our results indicate no influence on the lizard attacks either of the presence of eyespots, or of their position on the wings. The lizards attacked butterflies in a highly stereotyped manner both when the prey were presented on matching or on contrasting backgrounds. We thus found no support for the deflection hypothesis for attacks by insectivorous lizards. Indeed, our only support to date has been obtained for naive flycatcher birds, but even this requires further corroboration. Although effective deflection may occur rather infrequently, except perhaps under certain ecological conditions such as high-density feeding of butterflies on fallen fruit, it may still be sufficiently consistent over time to have contributed to shaping the evolution of marginal eyespot patterns. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 661–667.
The Structure, Function, and Composition of the Microsporidian Polar Tube

The spores of microsporidia possess a unique, highly specialized structure, the polar tube, which is used to inject the parasite from the spore into a new host cell. Several theories have been proposed regarding the method by which the sporoplasm exits the spore and on the function of the polar filament or tube in this process. Electron-dense, particulate material fills the center of the filament. Weidner proposed that this material was unpolymerized polar tube protein (PTP). On the basis of ultrastructural observations, the eversion of the polar tube has been likened to a tube sliding within a tube. This chapter presents details on spore activation and discharge. When sporoblasts form, each one contains five to six coils of the preformed polar filament with the anchoring disk positioned at the anterior end. The major amino acids coded by the Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi PTP genes were proline and glycine. Application of the techniques of modern biology has resulted in the identification of several PTPs although the interactions and functional significance of these proteins remains to be determined.
Some aspects of the biology of cuttlefishes

The biological aspects namely, sexuality, sex composition, size at first maturity, spawning, age and growth, distribution of adults, food and distribution of juveniles of six species of cuttlefishes Sepia pharaonis, S. aculeata, S. elliptica, S. brevimam, S. prashadi and S. inermis are discussed here. Sepia pharaonis showed differential growth and the rate of growth of females was higher than that of males. By contrast growth rate of Sepia aculeata was almost similar in both sexes.
Desempenho agronômico de espécies tradicionais e inovadoras da agricultura em semeadura de sucessão e entressafra no cerrado do planalto central brasileiro = Agronomic performance of traditional and innovative species for double and dry season copping...

Avaliou-se o desempenho agronomico de sorgo, milho, milhetos, aveia preta, trigo, cevada, braquiaria, nabo forrageiro, amaranto, quinoa, kenaf, gergelim, girassol, girassol selvagem, guandu e Crotalaria spectabilis, em semeadura apos o cultivo de primavera-verao e na entressafra, irrigada, em solos anteriormente sob Cerrado, no Planalto Central. O estudo objetivou a producao de biomassa para protecao e manejo do solo, forragem para sistemas integrados de lavoura e pecuaria e de graos e outras materias-primas com valor agregado. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em tres locais, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com genotipos previamente selecionados. As comparacoes se basearam nos seguintes parâmetros: ciclo (numero de dias entre emergencia e maturacao), altura de plantas e producao de graos e de biomassa. Exceto gergelim, os demais tratamentos apresentaram producoes consideraveis de biomassa em sucessao. A diferenca entre os dois locais pode ser atribuida as variacoes na fertilidade do solo. Algumas especies mostraram maior estabilidade, como Brachiaria brizantha, sorgo, milheto e kenaf. A elevada producao de biomassa na entressafra irrigada indicou nao haver efeito de fotoperiodo, exceto gergelim. Os resultados indicam potencial de agregacao de valor a especies pouco exploradas na agricultura brasileira como amaranto, quinoa e kenaf. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: genotipo, graos, biomassa, forragem, materia-prima valor agregado
Knowledge and Practice of Food Handlers on Food Safety and Health: a Cross Sectional Study in One of Tehran's Districts.

Background : The people involved in food preparation play a major role in contaminating it due to improper food handling. According to a report of the World Health Organization, more than one third of the population in developing countries become ill from food-borne diseases also The European Food Safety Authority report, about 48.7% of food-borne diseases are caused by eating food provided in public places. The goal of this study was to examine the knowledge and practice of 390 food handlers in one of Tehran's district using questionnaires. Methods : The reliability of the questionnaires were measured using Cronbach's alpha and Intra-class correlation obtained from test and re-test in an interval of 10 days. The reliability and validity index of the questionnaires were found to be above 70%, which were acceptable. Results : The results showed that there is a lack of knowledge in the field of thorough cooking of food, storing it at the right temperature, proper defrosting of frozen materials, and hygienic practice. Although the practice of the participants were evaluated to be at a good level, in some cases, such as how to find out the optimal temperature for cooking burgers and chicken, the right way to defrost food, the time needed to reheat the food, and the proper floor on which raw meat should be stored in the refrigerator were found lacking. Conclusions : Appropriate training is needed and essential to promote the level of knowledge and ensure that safety is maintained by food-handlers in dealing with food.
Differentiation and development of buffalo uterus

The present study was conducted on 27 female buffalo foetii of different gestational age ranging from 10.0 to 100.0 cm CVRL. The tissues were collected from both the horns and body of uterus and processed for paraffin block preparation. In the initial stage the uterine mucosa was lined by simple columnar epithelium which later on transformed into stratified columnar. At 25.0 cm CVRL the underneath mesenchymal tissue of the epithelium was organized into 2 layers and at 35.0 cm CVRL the inner mesenchymal cell layer was stratified into 3 layers. Uterine caruncles first made their appearance at 35.0 cm CVRL and were more prominent in the posterior part of the uterine horn. In the present study the uterine glands could not be observed till 100.0 cm CVRL. It was also concluded from the study that the development of uterus proceeds caudocranial i.e. from body of uterus to uterine horns.
Analisis Tarif Pajak Efektif di Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa tren atau pergerakan tarif pajak efektif pada perusahan di Indonesia dari tahun 2000 hingga 2016. Dengan diketahuinya tren tarif pajak efektif, berarti bisa diperkirakan berapa besaran pajak yang dibayar oleh wajib pajak badan. Sehingga pemerintah bisa menjadikan penelitian ini sebagai salah satu rujukan untuk menganalisa tarif pajak penghasilan yang berlaku saat ini. Tarif pajak efektif dalam penelitian ini diukur dengan menggunakan Cash Effective Tax Rate (Cash ETR). Trend Cash ETR yang terjadi dari tahun 2000-2016 mengalami fluktuasi dan nilainya lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan STR yang berlaku sesuai dengan tahun terjadinya. Secara rata-rata, Cash ETR perusahaan di Indonesia dari tahun 2000-2007 berada pada nilai 19,66%, tahun 2008-2009 sebesar 26,09% dan tahun 2010-2016 rata-rata 24,57%. Secara umum, rata-rata Cash ETR perusahaan di Indonesia dari tahun 2000-2016 adalah 22,66%. Jika dibandingkan dengan Tarif yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah dalam undang-undang perpajakan, rata-rata besar tarif pajak yang dibayarkan oleh wajib pajak, masih lebih rendah dari tarif yang berlaku (STR). Kata kunci: effective tax rate, cash effective tax rate, statutory tax rate
Effects of Clarification and Pasteurization on the Phenolics, Antioxidant Capacity, Color Density and Polymeric Color of Black Carrot (Daucus Carota L.) Juice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of clarification and pasteurization on the total phenolic (TP) contents, hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) and antioxidant capacity (AOC) values of black carrot juices (BCJs). The effects of the phenolic compounds on the color density (CD) and polymeric color values were also evaluated. Depectinization (13 and 59%) and pasteurization (1.1- and 2.3-fold) treatments led to increases in the TP and HCA contents in the BCJ, and bentonite (10 and 7%) and gelatin–kieselsol (25 and 29%) treatments led to reductions. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) was identified as the major HCA by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. There were strong correlations between the AOC values with the TP and HCA contents (r = 0.750–0.996). Additionally, there were significant effects from the ratios of anthocyanins (ACN) to HCAs and ACN to CGA on the degree of polymerization. Because of the increased TP and HCA contents with AOC and CD values, depectinization and pasteurization were recommended for BCJ production. Practical Applications There is great interest in black carrot juice (BCJ) because of its high antioxidant capacity and intense color. After pressing, BCJ should be depectinized to produce juice with a high antioxidant capacity. To produce BCJ with an intense color, the depectinized juice should be clarified with bentonite. Gelatin and kieselsol led to a substantial reduction in color. To produce clear BCJ, clarification should include bentonite in addition to gelatin and kieselsol. However, the gelatin and kieselsol dosages should be carefully determined.
Molecular mechanisms of collybistin-dependent gephyrin clustering at inhibitory synapses

Information processing and transmission in neuronal networks in the mammalian brain occurs through intercellular communication between neurons at synapses. Inhibitory synapses play a key role, for example to maintain network homeostasis, and their malfunction results in various neurodevelopmental diseases. At inhibitory postsynapses, neurotransmitter receptors are anchored in apposition to presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites by the scaffold protein gephyrin, whose recruitment is dependent on the presence of collybistin (Cb) in various brain areas, such as the hippocampus. Most Cb isoforms contain three domains, an autoinhibitory src homology 3 (SH3) domain, a Dbl homology (DH) domain, which catalyzes the nucleotide exchange on the small Rho-like GTPase Cdc42, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, which binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. The notion of an involvement of Rho family GTPases in the regulation of Cb-dependent gephyrin clustering at synaptic sites is controversial. In this study, we have investigated the involvement of Cdc42 and its closest homolog TC10 in inhibitory postsynapse assembly. We show that both GTPases are able to relieve the autoinhibition of Cb and thereby allow Cb to trigger gephyrin microcluster formation at the plasma membrane in non-neuronal cells. This TC10-triggered Cb-dependent gephyrin microcluster formation requires GTP-bound TC10 and the ability of Cb to bind to phosphoinositides. While Cb can activate TC10 in cells, this is not essential for gephyrin microcluster formation. Furthermore, we identify two distinct binding sites for TC10 on Cb - a GDP-specific one in the DH domain, and a GTP-specific one in the PH domain. In neurons, overexpression of TC10 in its GTP-bound state increases gephyrin clustering and inhibitory neurotransmission, whereas GDP-TC10 has opposite effects. TC10 is membrane-anchored through prenylation, basic residues, and palmitoylation in its carboxy terminus and the former two are required for TC10-triggered Cb-dependent gephyrin microcluster formation. In conclusion, we provide evidence for a dual role of small Rho family GTPases in Cb-dependent gephyrin clustering. Binding in the GTP-bound state to the PH domain relieves the autoinhibition exerted by the SH3 domain and provides a second membrane anchor to target Cb to specific subcellular compartments.
Spatial and temporal variability in seed dynamics of machair sand dune plant communities, the Outer Hebrides, Scotland

The subjects of seed banks and seed rain represent comparatively neglected areas of biogeography, yet at the community scale, exhibit interesting patterns in both space and time. This paper describes the seed bank and seed rain characteristics of the machair sand dune communities of the Outer Hebrides. As well as looking at individual species distributions and variability, the seed banks and seed rain are examined in terms of their detailed subcommunity composition and its local spatial and temporal variation. The machair plant (sub)communities show extensive degrees of anthropogenic modification because of past and present agricultural management, including cultivation for cereals over wide areas and for potatoes in large numbers of ‘lazy beds’ or small patches. Thus over the historical period, large areas of machair have undergone regular ploughing and cultivation, which have provided the opportunity for a patchwork of secondary succession to occur. This pattern continues to the present day. Furthermore, most other non‐cultivated plant (sub)communities are intensively grazed, primarily by cattle and also by sheep and rabbits.
The Use of Smartphones and Task-Based Language Teaching to Motivate Female Saudi EFL Learners in Reading Classrooms

Saudi students usually spend nine years studying English as a foreign language in compulsory school courses, yet they still enter the first year of university with low proficiency levels (A2 CEFR). One major issue is low motivation amongst learners due to the teacher-centred nature of the classroom and the lack of stimulating tasks in the students’ course books. Research has shown that combining the use of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) with Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) could help shift the learning process to be student-centred, and provide students with motivating activities. Although TBLT and MALL have been valued areas of research worldwide, the combination of both fields remains under-researched. Furthermore, a considerable amount of research has examined language learning and technology in Saudi Arabia, based on students’ perceptions, without carrying out actual classroom experiments. This study aimed to investigate the use of smartphone-mediated TBLT to motivate Saudi female learners in reading classrooms. In order to do this, the study used mixed methods and mobile tasks informed by the Self-Determination Theory. The participants were three groups of B1-level (CEFR) EFL students at King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia. One group was taught using the traditional PPP method, the second with a task-based approach, and the third using a set of mobile tasks that were designed for this study. Data were collected using pre-tests and post-tests, observations, questionnaires, and focus groups. The results showed that the experimental group scored significantly higher in terms of achievement, attention, participation, and volunteering. Students in the mobile group also described the aspects of mobile tasks that contributed to their motivation, and revealed positive attitudes towards the reading course. The findings of this study can encourage teachers to design effective mobile tasks to motivate their students in meaningful reading activities. Lastly, this study proposes further research using a longitudinal research design.
The Effect of Work Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance at PT. Karuna Intermedia

Human Resources (HR) is the most vital resource that determines the success of a company. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of discipline and work discipline on employee work performance. The method used is descriptive method with an associative approach. The sampling technique used was proportional random sampling using the method of saturated sampling technique with a sample of 40 respondents. The analysis tool uses validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test, regression test, correlation coefficient test, coefficient of determination test and hypothesis test. The result of this study is that work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance by 49.7%. Hypothesis testing is obtained tcount> ttable or (6.131> 2.024), so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted meaning that there is a positive and significant influence between discipline on employee work performance. discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance by 45.4%. Hypothesis testing is obtained tcount> ttable or (5.625> 2.024) so that H0 is rejected and H2 is accepted, meaning that there is a positive and significant influence between discipline on employee work performance. A simultaneous test of work discipline and discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a contribution of 58.2%, while the remaining 41.8% is influenced by other factors. Hypothesis testing obtained the value of Fcount> Ftable or (25.798> 2.860) g thus Ho is rejected and H3 is accepted. This means that there is a positive and significant effect simultaneously between discipline and work discipline on employee work performance.
Molecular characterisation of neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS of the stargazer mutant mouse.

The mutant mouse stargazer shows both ataxia and absence epilepsy from P14 onwards. A PGR amplification strategy was utilised to identify adult (i.e. > 3 months) +/stg from +/+ mice, which share the same phenotype, for use for breeding purposes. The same technique was employed to identify +/+, +/stg and stg/stg neonates (i.e. < 7 days old) for cell culture purposes, since the stargazer phenotype is not apparent at this age. GABA(_A) receptor α(_6) subunit expression levels were significantly decreased in adult stargazer (stg/stg) cerebella when compared to control (+/+ and +/stg) cerebella. Interestingly, autoradiography using [(^3)H] Ro15-4513 revealed an apparent upregulation in α(_4)γ-containing receptors in the adult stargazer dentate gyrus. No significant differences in the expression of NMDAR subunits were detected between adult control and stargazer brain membranes. A significant decrease was observed in AMPAR subunit expression within the adult stargazer cerebellum, particularly with the GIuR2 subunit, which was reduced by 73 %. This decrease was replicated in cerebellar granule cells cultured from stargazer neonates, which also expressed at the cell surface only 18 % of the total GluR2 found in control granule cells. Inmunohistochemistry analyses using mouse anti-stargazin antibodies revealed stargazin to be found throughout the adult control brain, with highest levels of expression being within the hippocampus and cerebellum. Stargazin protein, however, was not expressed in adult stargazer forebrain nor in adult stargazer cerebellar membranes. Finally, immunoaffinity columns using the anti-stargazin antibodies were prepared and demonstrated that stargazin could be purified from adult control mouse brain extracts. Moreover, AMPAR subunits co-immunoprecipitated, indicating an association in vivo.