Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution and abundance of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic, estimated from NASS-87 and NASS-89 data

During the summers of 1987 and 1989, large scale transect surveys were conducted throughout the North Atlantic by several national agencies in Denmark (off Greenland), Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway and Spain (North Atlantic Sightings Surveys, NASS-87 and NASS-89). This paper analyses the pilot whale (Globicephala melas) survey data collected by three Icelandic and one Faroese survey vessel in 1987, and four Icelandic, one Faroese and one Spanish vessel in 1989. Norwegian survey vessels operated north and east of this area in both years, but only five groups (three primary sightings) were observed in 1989 and none in 1987. Furthermore, no sightings were made in the area north and northeast of Iceland, thus indicating that the joint surveys covered the northernmost areas of pilot whale distribution east of 42°W. The area further to the west was not covered in either survey. The coastal European waters between 42-52°N were covered by the Spanish vessel in 1989. Sightings made in 1989 by the Icelandic vessels tended to be at the southernmost boundaries of the survey area. The present data were examined with respect to several potential stratification factors, namely geographic block, Beaufort (i.e. wind speed), vessel and school size, but sample size precluded stratification by all these factors simultaneously. The encounter rate was generally lower in the 1987 survey than in 1989, but the difference was not statistically significant. The total estimate for the 1989 survey, covering a wider area and further to the south than in 1987, was 778,000 (CV=0.295). This is regarded as the best available estimate of the total stock of long-finned pilot whales in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean, although small numbers occur outside the NASS survey areas. The paper discusses potential biases in the abundance estimates, and the problems of estimating pilot whale abundance from sightings data.
Pop-Up Structures and the Fracture Pattern in the Balsam Lake Area, Southern Ontario

An examination of topographic lineaments detectable in Landsat TM images and measurement of joints in outcrop in the Balsam Lake area reveals a systematic bedrock fracture pattern with three principal sets oriented 091°, 027°, and 152°. The 027° trend is parallel to a major aeromagnetic anomaly, the Niagara-Pickering Linear Zone (NPLZ), which underlies the Balsam Lake area and is thought to mark the sub-Paleozoic continuation of the Proterozoic Central Metasedimentary Belt Boundary Zone (CMBBZ). Possible origins of the main joint sets due to Acadian (091° set), Alleghanian (152° set) and St. Lawrence rift system tectonics (091° and 027° sets) are discussed. En-echelon pop-up structures have a mean principal trend of 118°. They displace Lake Algonquin paleobeaches, suggesting formation less than 12,500 years ago. The orientation of the pop-up structures is subnormal to the current in situ maximum horizontal stress direction, SHmax (020°), and is parallel to members of the 091° joint set, indicating possible nuclea-tion on favourably-oriented pre-existing joints. These pop-ups are the only features in the Balsam Lake area with strong evidence for a neotectonic age.
Miocene methane-derived carbonates from southwestern Washington, USA and a model for silicification at seeps

Kuechler, R.R. , Birgel, D, Kiel, S, Freiwald, A, Goedert, J.L. , Thiel, V & Peckmann, J. 2011: Miocene methane-derived carbonates from southwestern Washington, USA and a model for silicification at seeps. Lethaia, Vol. 45, pp. 259–273. Exotic limestone masses with silicified fossils, enclosed within deep-water marine siliciclastic sediments of the Early to Middle Miocene Astoria Formation, are exposed along the north shore of the Columbia River in southwestern Washington, USA. Samples from four localities were studied to clarify the origin and diagenesis of these limestone deposits. The bioturbated and reworked limestones contain a faunal assemblage resembling that of modern and Cenozoic deep-water methane-seeps. Five phases make up the paragenetic sequence: (1) micrite and microspar; (2) fibrous, banded and botryoidal aragonite cement, partially replaced by silica or recrystallized to calcite; (3) yellow calcite; (4) quartz replacing carbonate phases and quartz cement; and (5) equant calcite spar and pseudospar. Layers of pyrite frequently separate different carbonate phases and generations, indicating periods of corrosion. Negative δ13Ccarbonate values as low as −37.6‰ V-PDB reveal an uptake of methane-derived carbon. In other cases, δ13Ccarbonate values as high as 7.1‰ point to a residual, 13C-enriched carbon pool affected by methanogenesis. Lipid biomarkers include 13C-depleted, archaeal 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethylicosane (PMI; δ13C: −128‰), crocetane and phytane, as well as various iso- and anteiso-carbon chains, most likely derived from sulphate-reducing bacteria. The biomarker inventory proves that the majority of the carbonates formed as a consequence of sulphate-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane. Silicification of fossils and early diagenetic carbonate cements as well as the precipitation of quartz cement – also observed in other methane-seep limestones enclosed in sediments with abundant diatoms or radiolarians – is a consequence of a preceding increase of alkalinity due to anaerobic oxidation of methane, inducing the dissolution of silica skeletons. Once anaerobic oxidation of methane has ceased, the pH drops again and silica phases can precipitate. □Biomarkers, carbonates, isotopes, methane, Miocene, silicification, Washington.
Toxic Volatile Organic Compounds in Environmental Tobacco Smoke:Emission Factors for Modeling Exposures of California Populations

e Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT Toxic Volatile Organic Compounds in Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Emission Factors for Modeling Exposures of California Populations J.M. Daisey, K.R. R. Mahanama, and A.T. Hodgson October 1994 E E G & ENVIRONMENT N R Y DIVISION Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-AC03-76SF00098
Implications of vanishing Krein parameters on Delsarte designs, with applications in finite geometry

In this paper we show that if $\theta$ is a $T$-design of an association scheme $(\Omega, \mathcal{R})$, and the Krein parameters $q_{i,j}^h$ vanish for some $h \not \in T$ and all $i, j \not \in T$ ($i, j, h \neq 0$), then $\theta$ consists of precisely half of the vertices of $(\Omega, \mathcal{R})$ or it is a $T'$-design, where $|T'|>|T|$. We then apply this result to various problems in finite geometry. In particular, we show for the first time that nontrivial $m$-ovoids of generalised octagons of order $(s, s^2)$ do not exist. We give short proofs of similar results for (i) partial geometries with certain order conditions; (ii) thick generalised quadrangles of order $(s,s^2)$; (iii) the dual polar spaces $\mathsf{DQ}(2d, q)$, $\mathsf{DW}(2d-1,q)$ and $\mathsf{DH}(2d-1,q^2)$, for $d \ge 3$; (iv) the Penttila-Williford scheme. In the process of (iv), we also consider a natural generalisation of the Penttila-Williford scheme in $\mathsf{Q}^-(2n-1, q)$, $n\geqslant 3$.
Intensity changes in Typhoon Sinlaku and Typhoon Jangmi in response to varying ocean and atmospheric conditions

Abstract : Impacts of ocean heat content (OHC) and vertical wind shear on intensity changes of Typhoon Sinlaku and Typhoon Jangmi during the Tropical Cyclone Structure-2008 and THORPEX Pacific Asian Regional Campaign are investigated. Observations of ocean structure variables were obtained in the environment of each typhoon via aircraft-deployed expendable bathythermographs (AXBTs). Strong correspondence among storm intensity changes, ocean features, and vertical wind shear is identified as each tropical cyclone passed over regions of warm and cold ocean features with varying vertical wind shears. Typhoon Sinlaku passed over a cold ocean and with a consistently low vertical wind shear, the storm did not intensify for 12 hours. Sinlaku then reached maximum intensity as it passed over a warm ocean feature while vertical wind shear remained low. Sinlaku also weakened as it passed over an intense cold eddy at a time when vertical wind shear was increasing. Similar impacts are defined for TY Jangmi. Comparison of the AXBT profiles with the East Asian Sea Nowcast/Forecast System (EASNFS) analyses consistently indicated the EASNFS mixed layer depths (MLD) were too shallow, had steeper slopes in the thermocline, and a warm sea-surface temperature (SST) bias. The MLD and SST biases compensated causing OHC differences to be reduced.
A community based approach to improving resilience of forests and water resources: A local and regional climate adaptation methodology

Forest-based ecosystem services are at risk from human-caused stressors, including climate change. Improving governance and management of forests to reduce impacts and increase community resilience to all stressors is the objective of forest-related climate change adaptation. The Model Forest Policy Program (MFPP) has applied one method designed to meet this objective since 2010. MFPP’s program, “Climate Solutions University: Forest and Water Strategies,” delivers a climate change adaptation process based on the 2007 publication by the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington, “Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State Governments. ” MFPP enrolls up to six communities each year in Climate Solutions University, and guides them through a four step process: engagement of a community based climate planning team; assessment of resource and economic risks and adaptation opportunities; prioritization and development of an adaptation plan; and implementation with a range of governance, education, and land use management tools. This paper discusses some of the findings and lessons learned, that include: (1) People are the single most crucial success factor, both individual leaders with dedication to plan implementation and a supportive network of people in the community representing a range of interests. Outsiders cannot make it happen. (2) Using local values as the framework for communicating and avoiding fear of catastrophic change and scientific jargon is the best way to build public trust. (3) Even a modest adaptation plan can have a positive impact with targeted actions. (4) Plan stewards can be of any type (local government, resource agency, non-governmental organization (NGO)) if diverse and affected stakeholders are engaged, but local governments or agencies are more likely to have sufficient resources and established networks, as well as a background in policy. Ongoing commitment and allocation of positions (FTEs) are the most important “resources” needed for successful adaptation. Increased budget support for personnel dedicated to climate adaptation in local communities by federal and state governments would help.
Zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions of migmatite from the North Dabie terrane in China: constraints on partial melting

Migmatite gneisses are widespread in the Dabie orogen, but their formation ages are poorly constrained. Eight samples of migmatite, including leucosome, melanosome, and banded gneiss, were selected for U–Pb dating and Hf isotope analysis. Most metamorphic zircon occurs as overgrowths around inherited igneous cores or as newly grown grains. Morphological and internal structure features suggest that their growth is associated with partial melting. According to the Hf isotope ratio relationships between metamorphic zircon and inherited cores, three formation mechanisms for metamorphic zircon can be determined, which are dissolution–reprecipitation of pre‐existing zircon, breakdown of Zr‐bearing phase other than zircon in a closed system and crystallization from externally derived Zr‐bearing melt. Four samples contain magmatic zircon cores, yielding upper intercept U–Pb ages of 807 ± 35–768 ± 12 Ma suggesting that the protoliths of the migmatites are Neoproterozoic in age. The migmatite zircon yields weighted mean two‐stage Hf model ages of 2513 ± 97–894 ± 54 Ma, indicating reworking of both juvenile and ancient crustal materials at the time of their protolith formation. The metamorphic zircons give U–Pb ages of 145 ± 2–120 ± 2 Ma. The oldest age indicates that partial melting commenced prior to 145 Ma, which also constrains the onset of extensional tectonism in this region to pre‐145 Ma. The youngest age of 120 Ma was obtained from an undeformed granitic vein, indicating that deformation in this area was complete at this time. Two major episodes of partial melting were dated at 139 ± 1 and 123 ± 1Ma. The first episode of partial melting is obviously older than the timing of post‐collision magmatism, corresponding to regional extension. The second episode of partial melting is coeval with the widespread post‐collision magmatism, indicating the gravitational collapse and delamination of the orogenic lithospheric keel of the Dabie orogen, which were possibly triggered by the uprising of the Cretaceous mid‐Pacific superplume.
Determinants of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions

Despite the fact that one-third of worldwide mergers involve firms from different countries, the vast majority of the academic literature on mergers studies domestic mergers. What little has been written about cross-border mergers has focused on public firms, usually from the United States. Yet, the vast majority of cross-border mergers involve private firms that are not from the United States. We provide an analysis of a sample of 56,978 cross-border mergers occurring between 1990 and 2007. We first characterize the patterns of who buys whom: Geography matters, with firms being much more likely to purchase firms in nearby countries than in countries far away. Purchasers are usually but not always from developed countries and they tend to purchase firms in countries with lower investor protection and accounting standards. A significant factor in determining acquisition patterns is currency movements; firms tend to purchase firms from countries relative to which the acquirer's currency has appreciated. In addition economy-wide factors reflected in the country's stock market returns lead to acquisitions as well. Both the currency and stock market effect could reflect either misvaluation or wealth explanations. Our evidence is more consistent with the wealth explanation than the misvaluation explanation.
International Trade, Environment and Market Imperfection: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis for India

The purpose of this article is to understand general equilibrium impacts of international trade and globalization on social welfare and environmental emission caused on account of energy consumption by industries and households. We applied Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling as the relevant methodology following Shoven and Whalley (1984). By constructing an energy/environmental Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), this article attempts to measure the effects of trade liberalization on different macroeconomic variables, energy consumption and green house gas (GHG) emission. We simulate various trade related policies like import liberalization, foreign capital inflow and use of energy saving technologies under both perfect and monopolistic competition.
Land Use and Land Cover Change After Agricultural Abandonment

Abstract Land cover mapping obtained from photointerpretation of aerial photographs and orthophotographs was used to quantify land cover changes between 1957 and 1996 in a Mediterranean middle mountain area. Expansion of forested area is clearly the main land cover change caused by the abandonment of traditional agricultural activities and by the use of other materials and energy sources instead of forest resources. As a result, about 64% of the area was covered by forest by 1996, whereas in 1957 forests accounted for only 40% of the land cover. Spontaneous afforestation of abandoned fields with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in terraced areas and areas of sparse scrub vegetation, coupled with an increase in the density of forest canopies, has been responsible for this expansion of woodland. The influence of physiographic factors in land cover change processes in the terraced areas of the catchment was also considered. The results demonstrate that within the terraced areas, north-facing and more elevated steeper slopes are more intensely afforested. However, an accurate analysis of the role played by these factors in land cover change cannot be carried out because the pattern of land abandonment is not independent of these physiographic characteristics. Furthermore, field observations at the terrace scale are evidence of the relevant influence of local topography in afforestation dynamics.
Simulating the impact of climate change and adaptation strategies on farm productivity and income: A bioeconomic analysis

This study applied at the farm level in Tunisia aims at understanding the effects of climate change on agricultural productivity and income in Africa. Possible future climates are presented through different climate scenarios. The latter combines three levels of increasing temperature (1°centigrade (C), 2°C, and 3°C) with two levels of decreasing precipitation (10 and 20 percent) and a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere (350 to 700 parts per million). The farming system of production is replicated through a bioeconomic model; that is, one that couples a cropping system model and an economic model run sequentially. The study reveals that land productivity and farm income decline under climate change. Depending on the changes in precipitation, farm productivity falls by 15 to 20 percent and farm income 5 to 20 percent when the temperature increases moderately (1°C). As the climate warms up (2°C and 3°C), farm productivity and income are severely affected, by 35 to 55 percent and 45 to 70 percent, respectively. When simple adaptation strategies based on new management techniques for hard wheat are tested - more irrigation and fertilization - compensations for the negative effects of climate change are found to be worthwhile only for a 1°C increase in temperature. However, the success of adaptation strategies highly depends on the availability of more water and lower additional cost to mobilize them at the farm level.
Bootstrapping autoregressions with conditional heteroskedasticity of unknown form S ' ( lvia Gon * calvesa

Conditional heteroskedasticity is an important feature of many macroeconomic and 1nancial time series. Standard residual-based bootstrap procedures for dynamic regression models treat the regression error as i.i. d. These procedures are invalid in the presence of conditional heteroskedasticity. We establish the asymptotic validity of three easy-to-implement alternative bootstrap proposals for stationary autoregressive processes with martingale di5erence errors subject to possible conditional heteroskedasticity of unknown form. These proposals are the 1xed-design wild bootstrap, the recursive-design wild bootstrap and the pairwise bootstrap. In a simulation study all three procedures tend to be more accurate in small samples than the conventional large-sample approximation based on robust standard errors. In contrast, standard residual-based bootstrap methods for models with i.i. d. errors may be very inaccurate if the i.i. d. assumption is violated. We conclude that in many empirical applications the proposed robust bootstrap procedures should routinely replace conventional bootstrap procedures for autoregressions based on the i.i. d. error assumption. c © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classi9cation: C15; C22
Utrymningsvägars fysiska kapacitet. Sammanställning och utvärdering av kunskapsläget

An investigation has been made with the purpose to obtain information about evacuation capacity of various escape routes. Most of the data is although describing movement of people under normal conditions but some are coming from a test made to simulate fire and emergency situation. As a result of the investigation a number of diagrams are presented showing the walking speed and people flow in stairs, through doorways and on a horizontal surface depending on the density of the people. Recommendations are given for desig purpose of different evacuation routes.
Counter equatorial electrojet and overshielding after substorm onset: Global MHD simulation study

By performing a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, we have demonstrated for the first time that an electrojet at the dayside magnetic equator can be reversed and an overshielding condition can be established in the inner magnetosphere after substorm onset without northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field. Near the substorm onset, the plasma pressure is highly enhanced in the inner magnetosphere on the nightside. The Region 2 field‐aligned current diverges from the diamagnetic current on the surface of the dayside extension of the high‐pressure region, which is connected to the ionosphere in the relatively low‐conductivity region a few degrees equatorward of the main auroral oval that is formed as the projection of the plasma sheet. The separation of the equatorward boundary of the auroral region and the equatorward boundary of the Region 2 current results in dusk‐dawn electric fields that generate a counter electrojet (CEJ) at the dayside magnetic equator. Poleward electric fields in a narrow latitudinal width, which may be regarded as subauroral ion drift and subauroral polarization stream, are simultaneously intensified. The dusk‐dawn electric fields may propagate to the inner magnetosphere along a field line as shear Alfvén waves. Then, the inner magnetosphere is completely constrained by the overshielding condition. The intensity and polarity of the CEJ depend largely on at least the ionospheric conductivity that is related to the plasma pressure (probably associated with diffuse aurora). This may explain the observational fact that overshielding does not always occur after onset.
Silurian Brachiopods from the Historic Woolshed Creek Area, Canberra, Australia

The brachiopod fauna of seven species from the Canberra Formation at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon, Canberra, is revised. Four species were collected by W.B. Clarke in 1844 and represent the first formal recognition of Silurian rocks in Australia. Referred to European species and genera by de Koninck in 1876, these are now recognised as Mesoleptostrophia (Mesoleptostrophia) oepiki, Morinorhynchus oepiki, Apopentamerus clarkei n.sp. and Atrypa (Atrypa) duntroonensis. The last dominates the fauna, and was first described by Mitchell and Dun in 1920; a Canberra atrypid compared by Strusz in 1985 to the Victorian Early Devonian species Spinatrypa perfl abellata is now known to be A. (A.) duntroonensis. Salopina mediocostata, Hedeina oepiki, and Spirinella caecistriata are also present, together with uncommon trilobites (mostly Batocara mitchelli ), corals, gastropods and bryozoans, some of which are illustrated. The fossils occur in repeated crowded layers which probably represent storm deposits. The age is most likely to be Homerian (latest Early Silurian).
The Macroeconomics Effects of Government Spending Under Fiscal Foresight

Consumption and output responses to fiscal shocks are studied in a model with fiscal foresight. Fiscal foresight reduces both output multipliers and consumption. However, key features such as sticky wages, credit constrained households and elastic labour supply, are able to generate both sizeable output multipliers and positive consumption - in effect preserving key Keynesian effects. This model fits a developing economy like South Africa well since it is able to capture transparent communication of government as well as control for credit constrained consumption and sticky wages.