Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Home range, association and related aspects of elephants in the eastern Transvaal Lowveld

Home range and association patterns of elephants Loxodonta africana in private nature reserves adjacent to the Kruger National Park, South Africa, were determined over a period of six years by using radio telemetry. The minimum convex polygon (MCP) and harmonic mean (HM) methods were used for data processing. The minimum and maximum range areas required by females were estimated at 115 and 465 km2, respectively, whilst those of males varied between 157 and 342 km2. Core areas of females comprised on average 10·1% of the range areas as calculated by the MCP method. Range areas between females in the Klaserie and Timbavati Private Nature Reserves differed significantly. A significant difference in range size was also found between the male population (pooled data) and the females of the Klaserie Private Nature Reserve. Range areas increased from the wet to the dry season. Three male elephant categories were established, namely males utilizing the same area during the study period, those who shifted their range areas and individuals with very large range areas which frequented the area on an irregular basis. A loose relationship existed between males. Association between females can be attributed to kinship and not to the overlapping of range areas. Results indicated avoidance behaviour between females in their core areas, which might partially explain the ability of elephants to tolerate high densities. It is concluded that male elephant hunting should be approached with caution.
Antioxidant properties of methanolic extract from Inula graveolens L.

Th e aim of this study was to assess the possible antioxidant activities of 80% methanolic extract from the Inula graveolens L. plant. It was found that the methanolic extract has the highest content of phenolic (1.63%, calculated as gallic acid) and fl avonoid (0.52%, calculated as quercetin) equivalents per 100 g of dry mass. Th e methanolic extract possesses strong antioxidant activity (64.28%) as well as strong reducing power (increasing as the extract concentration increases) and ferrous ion chelating (96%) abilities. Moreover, the methanolic extract shows the highest free radical- scavenging activities for superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical, reaching 93.43% and 91.38%, respectively.
Foliar form, colour and surface characteristics influence oviposition behaviour in the cabbage root fly Delia radicum

The effects of foliar form, colour and surface characteristics on the oviposition behaviour of the cabbage fly were investigated by presenting females with various leaf models made of paper. The models differed in shape, size, colour, surface coating, the presence of 3 dimensional folds and a stem. It was shown that in the presence of host leaf surface extracts physical factors can strongly influence oviposition behaviour. Females laid the most eggs around the base of bright green or yellow models having a stem, vertical folds and covered with a thin layer of paraffin. The vertical folds in the surface increased the chance of a behavioural transition from leaf run to stem run.
MORPHOLOGY, PLOIDY, PIGMENT COMPOSITION, AND GENOME SIZE OF CULTURED STRAINS OF PHAEOCYSTIS (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) 1

We examined cell morphology, ploidy level, cell size, pigment composition, and genome size in 16 cultured strains of Phaeocystis Lagerheim. Two strains originated from the Antarctic, 3 from the tropical Western Atlantic, and 11 from temperate regions (Eastern Atlantic, English Channel, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea). Thirteen strains made colonies morphologically similar to P. glo‐bosa Scherffel, whereas three never formed colonies under any circumstances. Five‐rayed star‐like structures with filaments were observed in 11 strains. In several strains, two ploidy levels were observed, one (haploid) linked to flagellates and one (diploid) linked to colonies. Cell size did not appear to be a very good criterion for distinguishing strains since size distributions overlapped. Pigment analysis by reversed‐phase‐high‐performance liquid chroma‐tography allowed the strains to be grouped into three clusters that differed from each other mainly by the relative proportions of three carotenoids: fucoxanthin, 19′‐hex‐anoyloxyfucoxanthin, and diadinoxanthin. All strains contained low levels of 19′‐butanoyloxyfucoxanthin. Differences in genome size measured by flow cytometry delimited at least five groups. On the basis of both pigment composition and genome size, six clusters were defined, one corresponding to an Antarctic species (possibly P. antarc‐tica), one to P. globosa, and the rest probably to several yet‐undescribed species or subspecies. Two main conclusions emerge from this study. First, the taxonomy of the genus Phaeocystis needs to be clarified through a combination of morphological, biochemical, and molecular studies. Second, sexuality is a prevalent phenomenon in Phaeocystis, but controls of the sexual cycle are most likely strain‐dependent.
COMPARATIVE RESIDUAL TOXICITIES OF PESTICIDES TO THE PREDATOR EUSEIUS MESEMBRINUS (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) ON CITRUS IN FLORIDA

Residual toxicities of registered and selected experimental pesticides used on citrus against Euseius mesembrinus (Dean) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were compared. A tractor-drawn airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 2,338 liters/ha was used to apply pesticides at one or more recommended rates on mature `Ruby Red' grapefruit trees. Pesticides rated as highly toxic were: azinphos-methyl 50WP at 4.48 kg/ha, dicofol 4EC at 7.01 liters/ha, formetanate 92SP at 5.84 kg/ha, dimethoate 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha, malathion 57EC at 5.85 liters/ha, propargite 6.55EC at 3.51 liters/ha, benomyl 50WP at 1.68 kg/ha + ferbam 76GF at 5.60 kg/ha, ferbam 76GF at 16.81 kg/ha, carbaryl XLR plus at 18.7 liters/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, pyridaben 75WP at 462 g/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, carbaryl 80S at 11.21 kg/ha, ethion 4EC at 7.01 liters/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha, chlorfenapyr 2SC at 1.46 liters/ha, and pyridaben 75WP at 462 g/ha. Pesticides that were moderately to slightly toxic were: sulfur 80DF at 16.81 kg/ha, abamectin 0.15EC at 731 ml/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, chlorfenapyr 2SC at 971 ml/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, FC435-66 petroleum oil at 93.5 liters/ha, and chlorpyrifos 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha. Pesticides that were considered non-toxic were: FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, carbaryl 80S at 4.48 kg/ha, chlorfenapyr 2SC at 971 ml/ha, chlorpyrifos 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha, fenbuconazole 2F at 292 ml/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, copper hydroxide 77WP at 4.48 kg metallic/ha, benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha, and fenbuconazole 2F at 584 ml/ha. Ferbam 76GF at 16.81 kg/ha, benomyl 50WP + ferbam 76GF, carbaryl 80S at 11.21 kg/ha, carbaryl XLR Plus + FC435-66 petroleum oil, and benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha had significantly higher numbers of missing females from treated leaf surfaces suggesting these products were repellent, irritating, and/or excitatory to the gravid females.
Rearing of beef cattle grazing oats with different forage allowances, with or without supplementation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of calves fed supplemented energy or not maintained in oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) managed under two forage allowances. Sixteen Marchangus (1/4 Marchigiana 1/4 Angus 1/2 Nelore) animals were used at eight months old and average initial weight of 200kg. The experimental design utilized was completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial (two forage allowances x two feeding - with and without supplementation of corn). There was no significant interaction between supply and supplementation for the variables. The real forage allowance was close to the expected from 6 to 10% (5.95 and 9.07%, respectively). The offer of 6% shows higher percentage of leaf (57.0 versus 30.4%), lower percentage of stem (43.0 versus 69.6%) and, consequently, higher leaf/stem ratio (1.45 versus 0.45), resulting in better forage (PB=20.0 versus 13.6%), in lower offer. The accumulated rate was higher (P<.05) for forage allowance of 6% (34.2kg of MS/ha/day) in relation to the offer of 10% (28,1kg of MS/ha/day). Supplemented animals showed higher average dairy weight (.749 versus .549kg/day).
Ubiquitous Usage of a Broad Coverage French Corpus: Processing the Est Republicain corpus

In this paper, we introduce a set of resources that we have derived from the EST RÉPUBLICAIN CORPUS, a large, freely-available collection of regional newspaper articles in French, totaling 150 million words. Our resources are the result of a full NLP treatment of the EST RÉPUBLICAIN CORPUS: handling of multi-word expressions, lemmatization, part-of-speech tagging, and syntactic parsing. Processing of the corpus is carried out using statistical machine-learning approaches - joint model of data driven lemmatization and part- of-speech tagging, PCFG-LA and dependency based models for parsing - that have been shown to achieve state-of-the-art performance when evaluated on the French Treebank. Our derived resources are made freely available, and released according to the original Creative Common license for the EST RÉPUBLICAIN CORPUS. We additionally provide an overview of the use of these resources in various applications, in particular the use of generated word clusters from the corpus to alleviate lexical data sparseness for statistical parsing.
Exercise and Oxidative Stress

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are products of normal cellular metabolism. ROS and RNS are well recognized for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species, since they can be either harmful or beneficial to living systems (Valko et al., 2006). Beneficial effects of ROS occur at low/moderate concentrations and involve physiological roles in cellular responses to noxia, as for example in defense against infectious agents and in the function of a number of cellular signaling systems. One further beneficial example of ROS at low/moderate concentrations is the induction of a mitogenic response.
Simplification syntaxique de phrases pour le français

Cet article presente une methode de simplification syntaxique de textes francais. La simplification syntaxique a pour but de rendre des textes plus abordables en simplifiant les elements qui posent probleme a la lecture. La methode mise en place a cette fin s’appuie tout d’abord sur une etude de corpus visant a etudier les phenomenes linguistiques impliques dans la simplification de textes en francais. Nous avons ainsi constitue un corpus parallele a partir d’articles de Wikipedia et Vikidia, ce qui a permis d’etablir une typologie de simplifications. Dans un second temps, nous avons implemente un systeme qui opere des simplifications syntaxiques a partir de ces observations. Des regles de simplification ont ete decrites afin de generer des phrases simplifiees. Un module selectionne ensuite le meilleur ensemble de phrases. Enfin, nous avons mene une evaluation de notre systeme montrant qu’environ 80% des phrases generees sont correctes.
The Reverse Effect of Salicylic Acid on Cd-induced Growth, Chlorophyll, and Rubisco/Rubisco Activase in Tobacco

The influence of salicylic acid (SA) on growth, chlorophyll, and rubisco/rubisco activase and effect of denaturator on rubisco/rubisco activase activity were studied in tobacco plants grown in vitro with cadmium (Cd) treatment. In order to find out the optimum concentration of SA, tobacco plants treated with mM - mM of SA were grown in MS medium for 9 weeks, respectively. The most pronounced effect on in vitro growth was found at mM SA. Among the control (not treated with Cd and SA), SA, Cd, and Cd + SA, the growth and content of chlorophyll were in the sequence of Cd -mercaptoethanol, not by urea, thiourea, and guanidium-HCl. These data suggest that urea, thiourea, and guanidium-HCl are able to act as denaturator, and L-cysteine and -mercaptoethanol are not. None of the five denaturants affected the activity of rubisco activase.
Sunflower seed invigoration by chemical manipulation

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Morden) seeds lose viability at a rapid pace under accelerated ageing (AA) condition. Pretreatment of the seeds with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid for 8 h before imposition of accelerated ageing treatment in desiccator (99.1% RH and 32 ± 2°C) or continuous treatment of the seeds with Eucalyptus oil vapour for 60 days in a separate desiccator under the same ageing condition slowed down the ageing-induced rapid loss of germination. Plant performance was found to be much better when they were developed from seeds which underwent chemical pretreatment measured in terms of field emergence capacity, root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight of plants. Plant potential was also higher in the pretreatments as evidenced from the treatment-induced higher chlorophyll, protein, DNA and RNA levels as well as activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes in spite of adverse storage situation. Yield attributes like diameter and fresh weight of capitulum, seed number per capitulum, 1000 seed weight were found significantly higher in plants raised from pretreated seed samples. Results, therefore, pointed out that in spite of experiencing accelerated ageing treatment, the chemical-pretreated seeds retained higher seed vigor and produced healthier plants which resulted in enhancement of crop yield. Key words: Eucalyptus oil, accelerated ageing, ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, seed viability, sunflower, yield.
Cover crop, tillage, and herbicide effects on weeds, soil properties, microbial populations, and soybean yield

Abstract A field study was conducted during 1997 to 2001 on a Dundee silt loam soil at Stoneville, MS, to examine the effects of rye and crimson clover residues on weeds, soil properties, soil microbial populations, and soybean yield in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems with preemergence (PRE)-only, postemergence (POST)-only, and PRE plus POST herbicide programs. Rye and crimson clover were planted in October, desiccated in April, and tilled (CT plots only) before planting soybean. Both cover-crop residues reduced density of barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, browntop millet, entireleaf morningglory, and hyssop spurge but did not affect yellow nutsedge at 7 wk after soybean planting (WAP) in the absence of herbicides. Densities of these weed species were generally lower with PRE-only, POST-only, and PRE plus POST applications than with no-herbicide treatment. Total weed dry biomass was lower when comparing CT (1,570 kg ha−1) with NT (1,970 kg ha−1), rye (1,520 kg ha−1) with crimson clover (2,050 kg ha−1), and PRE plus POST (640 kg ha−1) with PRE-only (1,870 kg ha−1) or POST-only (1,130 kg ha−1) treatments at 7 WAP. Soils with crimson clover had higher organic matter, NO3–N, SO4–S, and Mn, and lower pH compared with rye and no–cover crop soils. Total fungi and bacterial populations and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity were higher in soil with crimson clover, followed by rye and no cover crop. Soybean yields were similar between CT (1,830 kg ha−1) and NT (1,960 kg ha−1), no cover crop (2,010 kg ha−1) and rye (1,900 kg ha−1), and rye and crimson clover (1,790 kg ha−1), but they were higher in PRE plus POST (2,260 kg ha−1) than in PRE-only (1,890 kg ha−1) or POST-only (1,970 kg ha−1) treatments. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; clethodim; flumetsulam; metolachlor; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash BRAPP; browntop millet, Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. PANRA; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray IPOHG; hyssop spurge, Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. EPHHS; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES; crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L. ‘Dixie’; rye, Secale cereale L. ‘Elbon’; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Does Accounting Conservatism Reduce Stock Price Crash Risk? Firm-level Evidence

This study provides strong and robust evidence that conservatism in financial reporting reliably predicts stock price crash risk. Using a large sample of U.S. firms over the period of 1964-2007, we find that accounting conservatism, as measured by the Khan and Watts (2009) CSCORE, reduces the likelihood of a firm experiencing stock price crashes. This finding holds even after controlling for firm and year fixed effects, investor heterogeneity, information opaqueness, and other firm-specific features that are possible contributing factors to negative extreme outcomes in stock returns. We further find that the predictive power of accounting conservatism with respect to crash risk is more pronounced for firms with higher information asymmetries, namely those with relatively higher R&D investment, higher industry concentration or lower product market competition, and lower analyst coverage. Overall, our results are consistent with the notion that accounting conservatism limits managerial incentive and ability to overstate performance and hide bad news from investors, which, in turn, reduces stock price crash risk.
New Food Choices Free of Trans Fats Better Align U.S. Diets With Health Recommendations

Federal agencies that are charged with giving dietary advice to consumers—the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services— recommend that consumers keep their intake of trans fatty acids as low as possible. To that end, Federal regulations now require food labels to say how many grams of trans fats are in each serving. In this report, we examine recent changes in the trans fats content of new food products and the use of “no trans fats” package claims. We fi nd a marked decline in the trans fats content of new food products from 2005 to 2010, along with an increase in the use of “no trans fats” claims on product packages. We also fi nd that only a small minority of foods that contain no trans fats make such claims even though the use of a “no trans fats” claim is associated with higher rates of successful market penetration in a majority of product categories. In addition, new products without trans fats generally contain less saturated fat, sodium, and calories, which suggests that the reduction of trans fats was not compensated by increases in these other nutrients.
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 with waning immunity in the UK population

The dynamics of immunity are crucial to understanding the long-term patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Several cases of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have been documented 48–142 days after the initial infection and immunity to seasonal circulating coronaviruses is estimated to be shorter than 1 year. Using an age-structured, deterministic model, we explore potential immunity dynamics using contact data from the UK population. In the scenario where immunity to SARS-CoV-2 lasts an average of three months for non-hospitalized individuals, a year for hospitalized individuals, and the effective reproduction number after lockdown ends is 1.2 (our worst-case scenario), we find that the secondary peak occurs in winter 2020 with a daily maximum of 387 000 infectious individuals and 125 000 daily new cases; threefold greater than in a scenario with permanent immunity. Our models suggest that longitudinal serological surveys to determine if immunity in the population is waning will be most informative when sampling takes place from the end of the lockdown in June until autumn 2020. After this period, the proportion of the population with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is expected to increase due to the secondary wave. Overall, our analysis presents considerations for policy makers on the longer-term dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK and suggests that strategies designed to achieve herd immunity may lead to repeated waves of infection as immunity to reinfection is not permanent. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.
Corporate Payout Policy and Market Capitalization: Evidence from Pakistan

Present study examines the relationship between corporate payout policy and market capitalization by studying payout ratio and dividend yield as measures of payout policy and controlling other variables of size, growth, EPS, Leverage, GDP growth, and Interest rates. Different statistical techniques of correlation, regression, fixed effect and random effect are applied on pooled and panel data to find out the relationship between corporate payout policy and market capitalization. The results show that measures of corporate payout policy, dividend yield and payout ratio has strong negative correlation with market capitalization. Control variables of size and leverage have positive significant correlation with market capitalization while higher earnings per share are leading it negatively and these relationships are statistically significant at various levels of significance. Overall results suggested that the corporate payout policy has significant impact on market capitalization in Pakistan and this notion is consistent with the earlier studies.
Computer Vision-Based Assessment of Motor Functioning in Schizophrenia: Use of Smartphones for Remote Measurement of Schizophrenia Symptomatology

Introduction: Motor abnormalities have been shown to be a distinct component of schizophrenia symptomatology. However, objective and scalable methods for assessment of motor functioning in schizophrenia are lacking. Advancements in machine learning-based digital tools have allowed for automated and remote “digital phenotyping” of disease symptomatology. Here, we assess the performance of a computer vision-based assessment of motor functioning as a characteristic of schizophrenia using video data collected remotely through smartphones. Methods: Eighteen patients with schizophrenia and 9 healthy controls were asked to remotely participate in smartphone-based assessments daily for 14 days. Video recorded from the smartphone front-facing camera during these assessments was used to quantify the Euclidean distance of head movement between frames through a pretrained computer vision model. The ability of head movement measurements to distinguish between patients and healthy controls as well as their relationship to schizophrenia symptom severity as measured through traditional clinical scores was assessed. Results: The rate of head movement in participants with schizophrenia (1.48 mm/frame) and those without differed significantly (2.50 mm/frame; p = 0.01), and a logistic regression demonstrated that head movement was a significant predictor of schizophrenia diagnosis (p = 0.02). Linear regression between head movement and clinical scores of schizophrenia showed that head movement has a negative relationship with schizophrenia symptom severity (p = 0.04), primarily with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Conclusions: Remote, smartphone-based assessments were able to capture meaningful visual behavior for computer vision-based objective measurement of head movement. The measurements of head movement acquired were able to accurately classify schizophrenia diagnosis and quantify symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia.