Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement of thermal conductivity of omphacite, jadeite, and diopside up to 14 GPa and 1000 K: Implication for the role of eclogite in subduction slab

Thermal conductivity and diffusivity for three pyroxenes, omphacite, jadeite, and diopside, were determined up to 14 GPa and 1000 K in the Kawai‐type multianvil apparatus via the pulse heating method. Measurements for omphacite are characterized by much lower thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity than those of its two end‐members of jadeite and diopside, presumably because of the complex substitution of four cations (Na+1, Ca+2, Al+3, and Mg+2) in omphacite. Therefore, simple arithmetic averaging is unsuitable for estimating thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the jadeite‐diopside solid solution system. The thermal property of eclogite was estimated from those of garnet and omphacite. The thermal conductivity of eclogite is much smaller than that of harzburgite, which is assumed to compose of 80% olivine and 20% enstatite, implying that subducted oceanic crust impedes thermal conduction from the hotter wedge mantle to the subducting slab. Thermal structure simulation results show that temperature of the subduction zone is about 50°C decreased when the effect of oceanic crust is included.
On the production of active nitrogen by thunderstorms over

In July and August of 1989 the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Sabreliner jet aircraft was used to probe electrically active and inactive convective storms over west central New Mexico to examine the production of odd nitrogen in the middle and upper troposphere by thunderstorms. In the anvil outflow or cloud top region of active and nonactive storms, the majority of flights showed that O 3 was reduced relative to the extracloud air owing to transport of ozone-poor air from lower altitudes. A similar result was found for active nitrogen (NO x ) and total odd nitrogen (NO y ) in nonelectrically active storms, but the reduction in NO y was also enhanced by removal of soluble constituents during convective transport. Examples of efficient removal from the gas phase are described. There was no evidence of O 3 production by lightning discharges. Indeed, O 3 was a good tracer over the lifetime (∼1 hour) of the storms. During the active-to-mature stage of air mass thunderstorms, large enhancements in active nitrogen were observed in the anvil altitude region (9-11.8 km) and, in one case, in the midlevel outflow (near 7 km) of a dissipating thunderstorm. Two thunderstorms allow good estimates of the NO x production by lightning within or transport to the upper altitude region (8-11.8 km). Thunderstorms of August 12 and August 19 yield amounts in the range of 253-296 kg(N) and 263-305 kg(N), respectively. If, as an exercise, these amounts are extrapolated to the global scale on the basis of the number of cloud-to-ground and intracloud lightning flashes counted or estimated for each storm and a global flash frequency of 100 s -1 the result is 2.4-2.7 and 2.0-2.2 Tg(N)/yr. Alternatively, an estimate for the two storms made on the basis of the average number of thunderstorms that occur per day globally (44,000) yields amounts in the range of 4.1-4.7 and 4.2-4.9 Tg(N)/yr, respectively. These estimates only apply to the production or transport of lightning generated NO x in or to the altitude region between 8 km and the top of the thunderstorm anvil (∼11.8 km in these studies). Since in some large-scale models, lightning-generated NO x is equally distributed by mass into each tropospheric layer, our estimates are roughly equivalent to those model runs that use a global source strength of about twice our estimate for the upper altitude region. In several flights where the region below the base of thunderstorms was examined, no large enhancements in odd nitrogen which could be clearly attributed to lightning were observed. Apparently, the aircraft was not in the right place at the right time. Thus no estimate of the NO x production by lightning that remains below ∼8 km could be made.
The Structural Stability of Wild-type Horse Prion Protein

Abstract Prion diseases (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), variant CJD (vCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) and Kuru in humans, scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or ‘mad-cow’ disease) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattles) are invariably fatal and highly infectious neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. However, by now there have not been some effective therapeutic approaches or medications to treat all these prion diseases. Rabbits, dogs, and horses are the only mammalian species reported to be resistant to infection from prion diseases isolated from other species. Recently, the β2-α2 loop has been reported to contribute to their protein structural stabilities. The author has found that rabbit prion protein has a strong salt bridge ASP177-ARG163 (like a taut bow string) keeping this loop linked. This paper confirms that this salt bridge also contributes to the structural stability of horse prion protein. Thus, the region of β2-α2 loop might be a potential drug target region. Besides this very important salt bridge, other four important salt bridges GLU196-ARG156-HIS187, ARG156-ASP202 and GLU211-HIS177 are also found to greatly contribute to the structural stability of horse prion protein. Rich databases of salt bridges, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts for horse prion protein can be found in this paper.
Seismic Stratigraphy of Devonian Reef Complexes, Northern Canning Basin, Western Australia

Seismic stratigraphic modeling of the Devonian reef complexes of the northern Canning basin suggests that the model of reef development proposed by Playford can be applied judiciously to the subsurface reefs. Playford proposed, based on outcrop geology, that reef development occurred on the edge of upright, backstepping platforms during the Frasnian and on the edge of advancing platforms during the Famennian. The modeling shows four diagnostic characteristics: (1) tuned trough-on-peak seismic wavelet character of the advanced Famennian reefs, (2) distinct trough wavelet character of backstepped Frasnian platform (underlying the advancing reefs), (3) local dips on migrated seismic data that can be correlated with marginal-slope facies, and (4) "pull-up" on seismic sections beneath the carbonate buildups. The most useful of these characteristics is the trough-on-peak wavelet pattern defining the front of the Famennian reefs. As the Famennian back-reef facies is a known hydrocarbon reservoir, the trough-on-peak pattern can provide valuable clues to the Famennian reef geometry.
i-LOVE: ISS-JEM lidar for observation of vegetation environment

It is very important to watch the spatial distribution of vegetation biomass and changes in biomass over time, representing invaluable information to improve present assessments and future projections of the terrestrial carbon cycle. A space lidar is well known as a powerful remote sensing technology for measuring the canopy height accurately. This paper describes the ISS(International Space Station)-JEM(Japanese Experimental Module)-EF(Exposed Facility) borne vegetation lidar using a two dimensional array detector in order to reduce the root mean square error (RMSE) of tree height due to sloped surface.
Resolving Anatomical and Functional Structure in Human Brain Organization: Identifying Mesoscale Organization in Weighted Network Representations

Human brain anatomy and function display a combination of modular and hierarchical organization, suggesting the importance of both cohesive structures and variable resolutions in the facilitation of healthy cognitive processes. However, tools to simultaneously probe these features of brain architecture require further development. We propose and apply a set of methods to extract cohesive structures in network representations of brain connectivity using multi-resolution techniques. We employ a combination of soft thresholding, windowed thresholding, and resolution in community detection, that enable us to identify and isolate structures associated with different weights. One such mesoscale structure is bipartivity, which quantifies the extent to which the brain is divided into two partitions with high connectivity between partitions and low connectivity within partitions. A second, complementary mesoscale structure is modularity, which quantifies the extent to which the brain is divided into multiple communities with strong connectivity within each community and weak connectivity between communities. Our methods lead to multi-resolution curves of these network diagnostics over a range of spatial, geometric, and structural scales. For statistical comparison, we contrast our results with those obtained for several benchmark null models. Our work demonstrates that multi-resolution diagnostic curves capture complex organizational profiles in weighted graphs. We apply these methods to the identification of resolution-specific characteristics of healthy weighted graph architecture and altered connectivity profiles in psychiatric disease.
First‐principles prediction of the P‐V‐T equation of state of gold and the 660‐km discontinuity in Earth's mantle

[1] The P-V-T equation of state (EOS) of gold is the most frequently used pressure calibration standard in high-P-T in situ experiments. Empirically proposed EOS models, however, severely scatter under high-P-T conditions, which is a serious problem for studies of the deep Earth. In this study, the EOS of gold is predicted using a first-principles electronic structure calculation method without any empirical parameters. The calculated thermoelastic properties of gold compare favorably to experimental data at ambient conditions so that B T0 and B' T0 are 166.7 GPa and 6.12, respectively. Up to V/V a = 0.7, the calculated Gruneisen parameter of gold depends on volume according to the function γ/γ a = (V/V a ) ζ with γ a of 3.16 and ζ of 2.15. On the basis of these data, the validity of previous EOS models is discussed. It is found that the present ab initio EOS provides a 1.3 GPa higher pressure than Anderson's scale at 23 GPa and 1800 K and largely reduces the discrepancy observed between conditions at the transition of Mg 2 SiO 4 and the 660-km seismic discontinuity. However, a discrepancy of about 0.7 GPa still remains between the 660-km discontinuity and the postspinel transition.
New Late Carboniferous Heritschioidinae (Rugosa) from the Kuiu Island area and Brooks Range, Alaska

Three new species of the genus Heritschioides, i.e., H. alaskensis sp. nov., H. kuiuensis sp. nov., and H. splendidus sp. nov., and Kekuphyllum sandoense gen. et sp. nov. from the northeastern Kuiu Island area and nearby islets, part of Alexander terrane in southeastern Alaska, and Heritschioides separatus sp. nov. from the Brooks Range, Alaska, are described and illustrated. The three new fasciculate colonial coral species from the Kuiu Island area, collected from the Moscovian Saginaw Bay Formation, are phylogenetically related to those of probable Bashkirian age in the Brooks Range in northern Alaska as shown by the presence of morphologically similar species of Heritschioides. These corals from both areas also are related to one species in the Quesnel terrane in western Canada. Kekuphyllum sandoense from the Saginaw Bay Formation of the Kuiu Island area is the only cerioid-aphroid species within the Subfamily Heritschioidinae described so far. The complete early ontogeny of a protocorallite is for the first time described here on a basis of H. kuiuensis sp. nov. and compared to the hystero-ontogeny in order to show similarities and differences in those processes.
Shallow Water Dissipation Processes for Wind Waves off the Mackenzie Delta

This study focuses on two physical processes for waves in shallow waters off the Mackenzie Delta: bottom friction and depth-induced breaking terms. We use field observations of winds and waves, the state-of-the-art Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model, and reanalysis wind and wave data. The two field observation periods are an August 2008 field experiment, during which in situ field data were collected, and an Arctic storm when data were recorded by buoy measurements from 4 to 6 August 1991. Wind and wave development processes are analyzed during these two periods with comparisons to observed winds and waves. Our analyses show that bottom friction is the main shallow water physical process during the August 2008 field experiment, whereas depth-induced breaking is the dominant shallow water physical process during the 4–6 August 1991 storm, in conjunction with the effects of bottom friction. The SWAN wave model is used to investigate the shallow water physical processes during these two observation periods. Simulation results indicate that the model can give reasonable results, with an appropriate Collins coefficient of 0.006 and a wave breaking parameter of 0.55 to represent bottom friction and depth-induced breaking physics, respectively. RÉSUMÉ [Traduit par la rédaction] Cette étude porte sur deux processus physiques concernant les vagues dans les eaux peu profondes au large du delta du Mackenzie : les termes du frottement contre le fond et du déferlement lié à la profondeur. Nous utilisons des observations du vent et des vagues, le modèle d'avant-garde SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) et des données de vent et de vagues réanalysées. Les deux périodes d'observations sont une expérience sur le terrain réalisée en août 2008, au cours de laquelle des données de terrain ont été recueillies, et une tempête arctique lors de laquelle des mesures faites par bouée du 4 au 6 août 1991 ont été enregistrées. Nous analysons les processus dévolution du vent et des vagues durant ces deux périodes, et comparons avec le vent et les vagues observées. Nos analyses montrent que le frottement contre le fond est le processus physique en eaux peu profondes le plus important durant l'expérience sur le terrain d'août 2008, alors que le déferlement lié à la profondeur est le processus physique en eaux peu profondes dominant pendant la tempête arctique du 4 au 6 août 1991, en combinaison avec les effets du frottement contre le fond. Nous nous servons du modèle de vagues SWAN pour étudier les processus physiques en eaux peu profondes durant ces deux périodes d'observations. Les résultats des simulations indiquent que le modèle peut donner des résultats raisonnables, avec un coefficient de Collins approprié de 0,006 et un paramètre de déferlement de 0,55 pour représenter la physique du frottement contre le fond et du déferlement lié à la profondeur, respectivement.
B-systems

B-systems are algebras (models) of an essentially algebraic theory that is expected to be constructively equivalent to the essentially algebraic theory of C-systems which is, in turn, constructively equivalent to the theory of contextual categories. The theory of B-systems is closer in its form to the structures directly modeled by contexts and typing judgements of (dependent) type theories and further away from categories than contextual categories and C-systems.
Automated Website Fingerprinting through Deep Learning

Several studies have shown that the network traffic that is generated by a visit to a website over Tor reveals information specific to the website through the timing and sizes of network packets. By capturing traffic traces between users and their Tor entry guard, a network eavesdropper can leverage this meta-data to reveal which website Tor users are visiting. The success of such attacks heavily depends on the particular set of traffic features that are used to construct the fingerprint. Typically, these features are manually engineered and, as such, any change introduced to the Tor network can render these carefully constructed features ineffective. In this paper, we show that an adversary can automate the feature engineering process, and thus automatically deanonymize Tor traffic by applying our novel method based on deep learning. We collect a dataset comprised of more than three million network traces, which is the largest dataset of web traffic ever used for website fingerprinting, and find that the performance achieved by our deep learning approaches is comparable to known methods which include various research efforts spanning over multiple years. The obtained success rate exceeds 96% for a closed world of 100 websites and 94% for our biggest closed world of 900 classes. In our open world evaluation, the most performant deep learning model is 2% more accurate than the state-of-the-art attack. Furthermore, we show that the implicit features automatically learned by our approach are far more resilient to dynamic changes of web content over time. We conclude that the ability to automatically construct the most relevant traffic features and perform accurate traffic recognition makes our deep learning based approach an efficient, flexible and robust technique for website fingerprinting.
TOPKAPI: a model for the representation of the rainfall‐runoff process at different scales

The paper introduces a new distributed rainfall‐runoff model derived upon the assumption that the horizontal flow at a point in the soil and over the surface can be approximated by means of a kinematic wave model. The point assumption is then integrated up to a finite pixel dimension, thus converting the original differential equation into a non‐linear reservoir equation based upon physically meaningful parameters, the solution of which can be found numerically. The catchment behaviour is finally obtained by aggregating the non‐linear reservoirs into three cascades, representing the soil, the surface and the drainage network, following the topographic and geomorphologic elements of the catchment.
Reservoir Characterization of the Hollin and Napo Formations, Western Oriente Basin, Ecuador

The Oriente basin of Ecuador has produced a substantial amount of oil over the past 20 years. Nearly 3 billion bbl of oil have been recovered from the principal reservoirs in the Cretaceous Napo and Hollin formations. Subtle north-south structures, commonly associated with Andean-related faulting, have trapped much of the recoverable hydrocarbons in the thicker sandstones deposited within the Hollin and Napo reservoirs. East to west thinning of these reservoir units also contributes to the formation of stratigraphic traps. Both the Hollin and Napo formations comprise successions of eastward-sourced fluvial and deltaic sedimentary deposits that prograded westward into shoreline and marine shelf parasequences. The Albian Hollin reservoir interval consists of a dominant alluvial plain sandstone sequence (Main Hollin sandstone) that occupies much of the Oriente basin. In the western Oriente, the uppermost Hollin section grades vertically into open marine strata with isolated tidal- and storm-influenced sandstone bodies. The overlying Napo stratigraphy also consists of sand-rich fluvial and deltaic deposits in the eastern Oriente and abruptly changes to marine shales and limestones and lowstand valley-fill sandstones in the western part of the basin. Extensive structural and stratigraphic trap potential remains within the Napo and Hollin strata in the Oriente basin. High-resolution geophysical techniques and detailed geologic reservoir characterization facilitate successful exploitation of these remaining reserves.
GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF MIDDLESBROUGH AND THE TEES ESTUARY

Summary The area described has few surface features, but as a result of collection of borehole data, and observation of excavations, a plan and series of sections have been drawn showing the extent and character of the glacial and post-glacial deposits in the Tees estuary and surrounding area. The boulder clays, with variable beds of sand, taper out on the slopes of the Cleveland Hills. A major feature of the area is a dissected bed of late-glacial laminated clay, associated with a marginal shore-line. The outline shape of the early post-glacial river gorge is now known, also the character of the alluvial deposits which have filled it, and which now form the river flood-plain. The alluvium includes a peat-bed immediately below Ordnance Datum level. Detailed observation of the alluvial filling of a minor branch valley has revealed a marine bed at a level which proves a stage when the sea was about thirty feet above its present level. The variation in time of sea-level, indicated by the post-glacial deposits, is discussed.
a Stratigraphic Case History Using Three-Dimensional Seismic Data in the Gulf of Thailand *

A three-dimensional marine seismic survey was conducted in the Gulf of Thailand to aid in the development of a gas field indicated by three wildcat wells. The results and interpretation reported previously demonstrated improved fault resolution and better structural definition. Five successful appraisal wells have now been drilled, and these show that most of the sands have limited extent. Widespread character changes in the seismic data also support stratigraphic variations in many of the sands. Several new methods of 3D stratigraphic interpretation have been developed while investigating the depositional history of this area. Anomalous seismic amplitudes, tied to sands penetrated by wells and mapped from SeiscropTM horizontal sections in time and depth, have indicated the distribution of bars and channels. Horizon Seiscrop sections, each sliced through a single bed, have been used to delineate these depositional features directly. G-LOGTM sections, displaying seismic logs derived by rigorous wave equation inversion, confirm the existence of these features. Sands greater than 10 m thick have proved mappable.
Human Thermal Climates in China

The clo index, which indicates the amount of clothing required to maintain comfort, is used to evaluate the human thermal climates in China. Daily clo values for 200 stations were computed using daily air temperature, wind speed, and cloud-cover data from 1960 to 1998, and they were reduced and grouped into seasonal values. In winter, the roughly zonal pattern of thermal stress reflects the influence of latitude. In summer, the spatial pattern becomes more meridional. In eastern China, seasonal monsoon and maritime effects are crucial factors determining spatial variations of physioclimates. In western China, altitude and local topography play an important role in shaping the bioclimatic patterns. For the regional patterns of severe thermal stress, during the winter months, the northeast and northwest experience the highest percent of stressful time. In summer, the most oppressive heat stress is located in areas east of the Sichuan Basin and south of Huaihe River.