Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Encounters with an unearthly mudstone: Understanding the first mudstone found on Mars

The Sheepbed mudstone forms the base of the strata examined by the Curiosity rover in Gale Crater on Mars, and is the first bona fide mudstone known on another planet. From images and associated data, this contribution proposes a holistic interpretation of depositional regime, diagenesis and burial history. A lake basin probably received sediment pulses from alluvial fans. Bed cross‐sections show millimetre to centimetre‐scale layering due to distal pulses of fluvial sediment injections (fine‐grained hyperpycnites), fall‐out from river plumes, and some aeolian supply. Diagenetic features include mineralized synaeresis cracks and millimetre‐scale nodules, as well as stratiform cementation. Clay minerals were initially considered due to in situ alteration, but bulk rock chemistry and mineralogy suggests that sediments were derived from variably weathered source rocks that probably contained pre‐existing clay minerals. X‐ray diffraction analyses show contrasting clay mineralogy in closely spaced samples, consistent with at least partial detrital supply of clay minerals. A significant (ca 30 wt%) amorphous component is consistent with little post‐depositional alteration. Theoretical modelling of diagenetic reactions, as well as kinetic considerations, suggest that the bulk of diagenetic clay mineral formation occurred comparatively late in diagenesis. Diagenetic features (synaeresis cracks and nodules) were previously thought to reflect early diagenetic gas formation, but an alternative scenario of synaeresis crack formation via fabric collapse of flocculated clays appears more likely. The observed diagenetic features, such as solid nodules, hollow nodules, matrix cement and ‘raised ridges’ (synaeresis cracks) can be explained with progressive alteration of olivine/glass in conjunction with centrifugal and counter diffusion of reactive species. Anhydrite‐filled fractures in the Sheepbed mudstone occurred late in diagenesis when fluid pressures built up to exceed lithostatic pressure. Generating fluid overpressure by burial to facilitate hydraulic fracturing suggests a burial depth of at least 1000 m for the underlying strata that supplied these fluids.
In vitro Antiproliferative and inhibition of oxidative DNA damage activities of n-butanol extract of Limonium bonduelli from Algeria

Plants are the main sources of natural antioxidants in the form of phenolic compounds, which help human beings to deal with oxidative stress, caused by free radical damage. For this reason, the present study was carried out to evaluate the antiproliferative, antioxidant and inhibition of oxidative DNA damage activities of n-butanol extract obtained from aerial parts of Limonium bonduelli. The antioxidant potential was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assay. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated using xCELLigence RTCA instrument on two tumor cell lines; HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and HeLa (human cervix carcinoma). DNA damage inhibition was evaluated using photolyzing 46966 plasmid. Also, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined using a spectrophotometric method. Total phenolic (343 ± 0.05 μg/mg) and flavonoid (220.5 ± 0.04 μg/mg) were indicated as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents respectively. The extract exhibited significant IC50 values in lipid peroxidation (IC50= 181.18 ± 0.65 μg/mL) and DPPH radical scavenging assays (IC50= 14.92 ± 0.032 μg/mL). The extract also partially protected 46966 plasmid DNA from free radical-mediated oxidative stress in a DNA damage inhibition assay and showed concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects. n-butanol extract of L. bonduelli is a rich source of natural antioxidants and anticancer agents.
Investigation of flow patterns in a greenhouse with mechanically assisted ventilation

In the present work, the effect of fan ventilation in an arc type tunnel greenhouse under the encumbering action of solar radiation is studied. Results are accrued for the air velocity, temperature, pressure, vapour and fresh air concentrations taking into account the plants’ drag force and the buoyancy effects caused by higher temperatures prevailing at the upper part of the greenhouse. The numerical results are compared to experimental data, providing the appropriate base for the validation of the developed numerical model. Inside the greenhouse there is a tomato crop 1.5 m tall. For the simulation a 3D grid is created to figure the geometry of a real experiment, and the finite volume method is taken in hand to treat the fully elliptic partial differential equations’ problem. Climatic data provided by the Centre of Research and Technology of Thessaly, Greece, were used in order to approach realistic conditions of experiment. Special items like the thermo-physical and optical properties of covering material or the aerodynamic behaviour of the tomato crop are also considered. The results show the influence of the forced convection air flow patterns resulted from the mechanical assisted ventilation. Flow recirculations are presented due to buoyancy effects in areas where forced convection is limited via to the topology showing how the temperature gradients affect the flow. The conclusions of the comparison will feature a valuable guideline assisting in the improvement of a computational tool for the estimation and prediction for the optimum selection of mechanical installation for fan ventilation in various structural greenhouse specifications.
Gap formation and susceptible Abies trees to windthrow in the forests of Odaesan National Park

Extremely strong winds and heavy rainfall caused canopy gaps in a mixed Abies holophylla broadleaf forest and a Quercus mongolica-dominated forest in Odaesan National Park, Korea in October 2006. The impact of the combination of strong winds and torrential rain on the development of forest gaps and canopy structures were investigated. The mean size of newly created gaps were 205 m 2 in the mixed forest and 86 m 2 in the Quercus forest, and were created by 2.8 and 1.4 gapmaker trees, respectively. Among the 73 trees lost in the mixed forest, 59% succumbed because of direct wind damage while 41% were struck by neighboring trees that fell into them. Most of these trees downed by wind were uprooted (74%), while the trees downed by neighboring tree falls snapped (78%). 21 trees in the Quercus forest died from direct wind damage, and 57% of them were uprooted. Although the relative density of Abies nephrolepis and A. holophylla represented only 0.2% and 6.4%, respectively, of all species in the intact mixed forest, they accounted for 27% and 15%, respectively, of all trees affected by wind on that site. In fact, 85% of the total A. nephrolepis and 91% of the total A. holophylla in the mixed forest fell directly due to strong wind. By contrast, only one Abies species, A. nephrolepis, was found in the Quercusdominated forest, and it accounted for 7.3% of the species composition. These findings suggest that A. nephrolepis and A. holophylla are particularly susceptible to high winds because of their great heights and shallow root systems.
Societal Differences in Organizing Manufacturing Units: A Comparison of France, West Germany, and Great Britain

The literature has largely tended to consider organizations as distinct from societal processes and institutions, and to emphasize convergent and 'culture-free' elements of organization. By cross-national comparisons of closely matched factories in France, West Germany, and Great Britain, this paper shows that more pervasive differences exist than are usually recognized. Organizational processes of differentiation and inte gration can be seen to consistently interact with processes of educating, training, recruiting, and promoting manpower, so that both develop within an institutional logic that is particular to a society, and bring about nationally different shapes of organiza tion. Organizational differences can thus be considered as linked to different extents and dimensions of professionalty. Comparisons show that a multidimensional concept of professionality is called for, in contrast to the one-sided emphasis on the social status and formal knowledge dimension usually found in the literature.
Updates in prevalence and management of medial meniscal injury among adolescents and young adults in Saudi Arabia: systematic review

Although medial meniscus tears in stable knees are frequently seen in young active populations, there are few studies on their epidemiology, particularly in younger populations. The first step in reducing injury rates is to have a better understanding of injury patterns. This study set out to identify the demographic and athletic risk factors as well as the incidence of medial meniscus injuries. For pertinent information, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and EBSCO were systematically searched. The entire careful procedure was carried out using the Rayyan QRCI. The current article included 16 studies, in which the overall prevalence of medial meniscal injuries became higher. The main parameters like age, sex, number of participants and period of study were obtained. The clinical studies were required to report the prevalence of medial meniscal injuries and the correlations related to the disorder. Meniscus tears are a frequent orthopedic disease. A thorough medical history, physical examinations, specialized diagnostic procedures, and most likely magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to confirm the lesion are all necessary for the diagnosis of meniscal tears. To create the best management strategy, a thorough understanding of the meniscal anatomy, the impacted motions, and the related symptoms is essential.
Analysis of genetic diversity of E.coli bacteria isolates from UTI after exposure to some biological effects by using RAPD technique

Background and Objective: Escherichia coli bacteria are one of the most important bacterial races causing urinary tract infection, which is responsible for 90% of the causes of urinary tract infection and originated in the human intestine, this is Gram- Negative bacteria and facultative aerobic that moves by peripheral flagella and belongs to the bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae. Materials and methods: The bacteria were isolated from UTI, after they were diagnosed using light microscope and conducting biochemical tests, then exposed to the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and alcoholic extract of Punica granatum and Trigonella foenum graicum. genomic DNA was extracted for all samples and Random amplified polymorphic DNA - Polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) marker was carried out using five random primers. Results: The results of RAPD-PCR profiles shown that exposed to antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin and Trimethoprim) and alcoholic extracts (Punica granatum and Trigonella foenum graicum) lead to the disappearance or appearance new bands compared with non-exposed samples, and the highest rate of polymorphism for all each treatment and primers in sample 5 was 102.27% where the ratio % GTS for all treatment and primers is 6.04% in the same sample. Conclusion: All treatments caused genetic changes in the DNA of E.coli bacteria cells especially the Punica granatum which gave the highest effect than the rest of the treatments, this indicates its efficiency in treating bacterial infections.
Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Indoor Household Dust in Urban and Rural Areas of Chiang Mai and Lamphun Provinces, Thailand

Indoor exposure to heavy metals poses human health risks worldwide, but study reports from Thailand are still limited, particularly in rural and urban areas. We measured the heavy metals in a hundred indoor household dust samples collected from urban and rural areas in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces and found a significantly higher concentration of As in rural areas and Cd in urban areas with industrial activities. The source identification of the heavy metals showed significant enrichment from traffic emissions, paint, smoking, and mixed sources with natural soil. From health risk assessment models, children were more vulnerable to noncarcinogenic risks (HI = 1.45), primarily via ingestion (HQ = 1.39). Lifetime cancer risks (LCRs) due to heavy metal exposure were found in adults (LCR = 5.31 × 10−4) and children (LCR = 9.05 × 10−4). The cancer risks from As were higher in rural areas via ingestion, while Cr and Ni were higher in urban areas via inhalation and ingestion, respectively. This study estimated that approximately 5 out of 10,000 adults and 9 out of 10,000 children among the population may develop cancer in their lifetime from exposure to indoor heavy metals in this region.
A new species of Latia Gray, 1850 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygrophila: Chilinoidea: Latiidae) from Miocene Palaeo-lake Manuherikia, southern New Zealand, and biogeographic implications

A freshwater limpet, Latia manuherikia n. sp. , is described from lacustrine beds of the Early–Middle Miocene lower Bannock-burn Formation (Manuherikia Group), near St Bathans, Central Otago, southern New Zealand. The new species is the first fos-sil record of Latia, as well as the first record of the genus from the South Island. Latia is closely related to South American genus Chilina Gray, 1828, and the two groups presumably have a vicariant Gondwanan origin.
Invited to dinner, but not to the table: web content accessibility evaluation for persons with disabilities

Disability is very common and yet not well understood within sub-Saharan African countries. There has been growing attention to the use of research evidence to improve social inclusion of persons living with disabilities. This article reports on a process that can be used to monitor and evaluate evidence databases to encourage improvements in website and content accessibility for people with disabilities. We examined five evidence communities’ online databases by: (1) assessing the accessibility of these website databases; and (2) assessing the resources within these websites. Finally, we aimed to provide feedback from the evaluation to these evidence databases. We carried out a cross-sectional study of the online evidence databases using the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines – a universal standard for web content accessibility assessment. We assessed access to the databases using a purposive sample of 25 resources within them. Resources are meant to improve practice, policy and decision making for all, including people with disabilities. They include systematic reviews, reports and articles. Accessibility is being able to obtain, understand and use resources; addressing barriers that could hinder this is important. Even though these evidence databases are considered as enabling inclusion and diversity within the evidence ecosystem, their contents are not fully accessible to people with disabilities, and they only partially met the recommendations of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.
Synchronous Acceleration of Subrelativistic Particles in an Inverse-Cherenkov Dielectric Laser Accelerator With Tapered Phase Velocity

We propose a dielectric laser acceleration scheme based on the inverse Cherenkov effect, which utilizes a pair of dielectric prisms with customized surfaces for accelerating subrelativistic electrons. This scheme enables the continuous acceleration of subrelativistic electrons by adaptively adjusting the phase velocity of the acceleration wave along its propagation direction in response to the increasing velocity of electrons. The resulting synchronization between the electrons and the acceleration wave ensures that the electrons are continuously accelerated to higher energies without significant phase slippage. We introduce a design method for this acceleration structure based on the adiabatic approximation and provide an example to verify this method through simulations. Simulation results show that a 100- $\mu \text{m}$ -long structure can continuously accelerate electrons from an initial energy of 100–143.2 keV, and the energy gain far exceeds the maximum energy gain of 9 keV of the nontapered scheme under the same condition. It is worth mentioning that the scheme has the potential to continuously accelerate electrons from an initial energy of 100 keV to near-relativistic energies (>1 MeV). By using mature electron beam lithography, the tapered structure can be integrated into a chip for megaelectronvolt-level tabletop ultrafast electron diffraction.
Strongly Graded Modules and Positively Graded Modules which are Unique Factorization Modules

Let $M=\oplus_{n\in \mathbb{Z}}M_{n}$ be a strongly graded module over strongly graded ring $D=\oplus_{n\in \mathbb{Z}} D_{n}$. In this paper, we prove that if $M_{0}$ is a unique factorization module (UFM for short) over $D_{0}$ and $D$ is a unique factorization domain (UFD for short), then $M$ is a UFM over $D$. Furthermore, if $D_{0}$ is a Noetherian domain, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a positively graded module $L=\oplus_{n\in \mathbb{Z}_{0}}M_{n}$ to be a UFM over positively graded domain $R=\oplus_{n\in \mathbb{Z}_{0}}D_{n}$.
Comparing the efficacy of two teaching strategies on students’ attitudes towards biology: A case in Ashanti Mampong municipality, Ghana

Biology is an essential and compulsory subject offered at all senior high schools in Ghana. However, the level of students’ attitude towards biology has been seen to be a result of the use of less motivating teachers’ instructional strategies. This research study examined the effect of concept mapping and cooperative learning strategies on enhancing students’ attitudes towards the development of biology in two selected deprived science-based senior high schools within the Ashanti Mampong municipality of Ghana. The study used a quasi-experimental design involving a 3 x 2 multi-factorial analysis with a positivist paradigm. A purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 498 biology students for the study. Three research instruments, the biology attitude questionnaire (BAQ), student verbal ability test items and the students’ performance test (SPT) were used in collecting the data. The results showed that the intervention improved students' attitudes towards learning biology and the development of biology activities using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in a statistical package for social science version 20. Therefore, the two strategies enhanced students’ attitudes towards the subject in the two selected institutions within the Ashanti Mampong Municipality of Ghana. The two instructional strategies should therefore be emphasized, adopted and enforced in the teaching and learning of biological concepts among all deprived science-based senior high school students in Ghana where appropriate learning and teaching resources are scarcely unavailable and elsewhere in related challenges.
Time and mode of exhumation of the Cordillera Blanca batholith (Peruvian Andes)

The Cordillera Blanca batholith (12–5 Myr) forms the highest Peruvian summits and builds the footwall of the Cordillera Blanca normal fault (CBNF). Even if several models have been proposed, the processes driving both the exhumation of the Cordillera Blanca and extensional deformation along the CBNF are still debated. Here we quantify the emplacement depth and exhumation of the batholith of the northern Peru arc from the late Miocene to present. Based on a compilation of crystallization ages and new thermobarometry data in the Cordillera Blanca batholith, we propose that the batholith was emplaced at a depth of ~3 km in successive sills from 14 to 5 Ma. By contrast, the younger rocks exposed at the surface were emplaced the deepest (i.e., ~6 km) and are located close to the CBNF, suggesting post 5 Ma tilting. Furthermore, a formal inversion of the thermochronologic data indicates an increase of the exhumation rates in the Cordillera Blanca during the Quaternary. The higher predicted exhumation rates correlate with areas of high relief, both in the northern and central part of the Cordillera Blanca, suggesting that Quaternary valley carving by glaciations have a significant impact on the latest stage of the Cordillera Blanca exhumation (2–0 Ma).
Functional and Molecular Heterogeneity in Glioma Stem Cells Derived from Multiregional Sampling

Simple Summary Glioblastoma, the most common and malignant brain tumor, is driven by a population of stem and progenitor cells. We have recently demonstrated that identification of novel drug treatment options by screening glioblastoma stem cell cultures is feasible within a clinical timeframe. We have also identified significant interheterogeneity between glioblastoma stem cell cultures both on the molecular and functional level. Here, we present that glioblastoma stem cell cultures derived from spatially distinct regions representing one entire tumor mass share typical stem cell properties and global gene expression profiles but display considerable differences in somatic mutations and drug sensitivity profiles. However, the heterogeneity within regional glioblastoma stem cell cultures is less complex than what is found between tumors from different patients. Our results suggest that single, focal biopsies used to establish patient-derived GSC cultures may underestimate the total complexity of the glioblastoma stem cell population. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and highly heterogeneous primary brain tumor. Glioma stem cells represent a subpopulation of tumor cells with stem cell traits that are presumed to be the cause of tumor relapse. There exists complex tumor heterogeneity in drug sensitivity patterns between glioma stem cell (GSC) cultures derived from different patients. Here, we describe that heterogeneity also exists between GSC cultures derived from multiple biopsies within a single tumor. From biopsies harvested within spatially distinct regions representing the entire tumor mass, we established seven GSC cultures and compared their stem cell properties, mutations, gene expression profiles, and drug sensitivity patterns against 115 different anticancer drugs. The results were compared to 14 GSC cultures derived from other patients. Between the multiregional-derived GSC cultures, we observed only minor differences in their phenotype, proliferative capacity, and global gene expression. Further, they displayed intratumoral heterogeneity in mutational profiles and sensitivity patterns to anticancer drugs. This heterogeneity, however, did not exceed the extensive heterogeneity found between GSC cultures derived from other GBM patients. Our results suggest that the use of GSC cultures from one single focal biopsy may underestimate the overall complexity of the GSC population and display the importance of including GSC cultures reflecting the entire tumor mass in drug screening strategies.
Graduate Student Literature Review: Hemotropic mycoplasmas in cattle.

The objective of this narrative literature review is to better understand bovine hemoplasmosis, an emerging disease that threatens dairy animal health. Several species of hemotropic mycoplasma are known to infect both animals and humans and Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma hemobos are the species that infect red blood cells of cattle. These microorganisms are associated with clinical signs in dairy cattle, but the impacts of infection on health and productivity of dairy cows are poorly understood. In this paper we review information about the epidemiology of bovine hemoplasmosis in different countries, including clinical signs associated with hemoplasmosis in cattle, methods of diagnosis, treatment, possible routes of transmission, risk factors for infection, and disease progression. Although hemoplasmas have been reported to infect cattle in many countries, and methods used to detect these organisms have improved, numerous gaps in knowledge were identified. The pathogenesis of the disease, and potential impact on animal health and productivity remain unclear. With this review we seek to contribute to the understanding of hemoplasmosis in cattle and provide insights for further research to improve disease management strategies and overall animal health in the dairy industry.