Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stein's method of exchangeable pairs for absolutely continuous, univariate distributions with applications to the Polya urn model

We propose a way of finding a Stein type characterization of a given absolutely continuous distribution $\mu$ on $\R$ which is motivated by a regression property satisfied by an exchangeable pair $(W,W')$ where $\calL(W)$ is supposed or known to be close to $\mu$. We also develop the exchangeable pairs approach within this setting. This general procedure is then specialized to the class of Beta distributions and as an application, a convergence rate for the relative number of drawn red balls among the first $n$ drawings from a Polya urn is computed.
High-Field Galvanomagnetic Effects in Antiferromagnetic Chromium

The effects of the antiferromagnetic spin-density wave on the Fermi surface of Cr have been investigated by measurement of the high-field galvanomagnetic properties of pure single-domain crystals of Cr (residual resistance ratios from 750 to 1760) in fields up to 200 kOe. The topological features of the Fermi surface are shown to be consistent with a single direction of open orbits parallel to Q, the wave vector of the spin-density wave, in agreement with the Lomer model of the Fermi surface. Magnetic breakdown through the superlattice energy gaps is observed in the 0-20-kOe range and again in the 60-200-kOe range for all orientations of H. Theoretical calculations by Falicov and Zuckermann suggest that the breakdown is probably occurring through the second- and first-order gaps. An estimate of the breakdown fields is made by comparing our results with the theoretical curves of Falicov and Sievert. The value of the energy gaps depends sensitively on the type of energy bands assumed, but a lower bound for first-order gaps is \ensuremath{\sim}0.05 eV. Measurements on multidomain crystals and the effects of a compressive stress are also discussed.
Estimation of the Combustion Products from the Cylinder of the Petrol Engine and Its Relation to "Knock"

As a result of a variety of experiments it was suggested in 1928 that engine “knock” “appears to be due to inequality in the condition of the charge (in the engine cylinder) set up, particularly in regions of high pressure and temperature as in the neighbourhood of hot exhaust valves. This inequality provides regions of high energy containing molecules in high energy states where reaction can spread more quickly. ” This view was a little vague, and was arrived at from indirect experimental evidence. It was with a view to obtaining more precise evidence that knock was occasioned in the flame as the result of processes of slow combustion occurring in the gaseous charge prior to its arrival that the present work was undertaken. Callendar and those working with him had simultaneously arrived at the conclusion that “knock” was occasioned in much the same manner, but they adopted the more definite view that peroxides of the hydrocarbons were formed and stored in the gas, and then suddenly detonated, so igniting a whole region of the gas simultaneously. This view had also been advanced by Moureu and Dufraisse.
On non-bossy matching rules in two-sided matching problems

It is well known that in two-sided matching problems, stability is incompatible with non-bossiness. We extensively study whether there exists a non-bossy matching rule that satisfies certain properties weaker than stability. Results demonstrate that weak stability and respect for recursive unanimity are incompatible with non-bossiness; however, paired individual rationality and efficiency, and respect for 2-unanimity, are compatible with non-bossiness. Thus, a clear contrast exists between strategy-proofness, which is incompatible with all three aforementioned properties and the paired properties, and non-bossiness, which is incompatible with only two of them.
The Spatial and Temporal Variability of Convective Storms over the Northeast United States during the Warm Season

Abstract A spatial and temporal climatology of convective storms over the Northeast United States during the warm season (April–September) is presented using composite National Operational Weather radar (NOWrad) data at 2-km grid spacing from 1996 to 2007 as well as cloud-to-ground lightning from the National Lightning Data Network (NLDN) on a 10-km grid from 2001 to 2007. There are preferred regions for convective storms within New York’s Hudson River Valley, western and southeastern Pennsylvania, central New Jersey, and across the Delmarva Peninsula. A favored initiation area during the early afternoon is the immediate lee of the Appalachians, with a tendency for these convective systems to move eastward to the coast by late evening. There is a sharp gradient in convective frequency within 20 km of the coast on average as a result of the relatively stable marine boundary layer, but as the sea surface warms by midsummer this convective activity increases near the coast, with a nocturnal (0600–1200 UTC) c.
Limiting factors of normal-state conductivity in superconducting MgB2: an application of mean-field theory for a site percolation problem

Normal-state conductivity in polycrystalline MgB2 bulk samples having a systematically varied packing factor was studied. The packing factor dependence of phonon term resistivity Δρ(T) = ρ(T)−ρ0 was found to be well explained by the three-dimensional site percolation model. The low packing density of the samples and the wet impurity phases at grain boundaries are suggested to be the main causes of poor electrical connectivity in MgB2. Our model enables quantitative evaluations of the intrinsic resistivity inside the grains, the fraction of the active grains that can carry current and the anisotropy of the grains in polycrystalline samples. The model predicts that the anomaly suppressed connectivity in rather weak-link-free MgB2 can be understood under a scenario of a percolation problem.
Outlier analysis and mortality forecasting: The United Kingdom and Scandinavian countries

The Lee-Carter model and its variants have been extensively employed by actuaries, demographers, and many others to forecast age-specific mortality. In this study, we use mortality data from England and Wales, and four Scandinavian countries to perform time-series outlier analysis of the key component of the Lee-Carter model – the mortality index. We begin by employing a systematic outlier detection process to ascertain the timing, magnitude, and persistence of any outliers present in historical mortality trends. We then try to match the identified outliers with imperative events that could possibly justify the vacillations in human mortality levels. At the same time, we adjust the effect of the outliers for model re-estimation. A new iterative model re-estimation method is proposed to reduce the chance of erroneous model specification. The empirical results indicate that the outlier-adjusted model could achieve more efficient forecasts of variables such as death rates and life expectancies. Finally, we point out that the Lee-Carter forecasts are especially vulnerable to outliers near the forecast origin, and discuss the potential limitations of the application of the Lee-Carter model to mortality forecasting.
Relation of the Si-H stretching frequency to the nanostructural Si-H bulk environment

We propose a model which describes the frequency shift (Delta wSM) of the stretching mode (SM) of Si-H monohydrides (MH's) when incorporated in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) with respect to the unscreened MH SM at . apprx.2099+-2 cm-1. The model is based on an effective medium approxn. of the dielec. using multiple Lorentz-Lorenz dielecs. , corresponding to a host dielec. with MH's embedded in cavities, sep. The Delta wSM as derived in this model correctly predicts all bulk MH-SM positions in a-Si:H films and relates it directly to the nanostructure of the MH bulk configurations. [on SciFinder (R)]
NON-EQUILIBRIUM IONIZATION MODELING OF THE CURRENT SHEET IN A SIMULATED SOLAR ERUPTION

The current sheet that extends from the top of flare loops and connects to an associated flux rope is a common structure in models of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). To understand the observational properties of CME current sheets, we generated predictions from a flare/CME model to be compared with observations. We use a simulation of a large-scale CME current sheet previously reported by Reeves et al. This simulation includes ohmic and coronal heating, thermal conduction, and radiative cooling in the energy equation. Using the results of this simulation, we perform time-dependent ionization calculations of the flow in a CME current sheet and construct two-dimensional spatial distributions of ionic charge states for multiple chemical elements. We use the filter responses from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory and the predicted intensities of emission lines to compute the count rates for each of the AIA bands. The results show differences in the emission line intensities between equilibrium and non-equilibrium ionization. The current sheet plasma is underionized at low heights and overionized at large heights. At low heights in the current sheet, the intensities of the AIA 94 Å and 131 Å channels are lower for non-equilibrium ionization than for equilibrium ionization. At large heights, these intensities are higher for non-equilibrium ionization than for equilibrium ionization inside the current sheet. The assumption of ionization equilibrium would lead to a significant underestimate of the temperature low in the current sheet and overestimate at larger heights. We also calculate the intensities of ultraviolet lines and predict emission features to be compared with events from the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, including a low-intensity region around the current sheet corresponding to this model.
Effects of the solar wind termination shock on the modulation of Jovian and galactic electrons in the heliosphere

[1] A drift-modulation model with a solar wind termination shock (TS), including a Jovian electron source, was used to study the effects of this shock on electron spectra and radial intensity profiles. With electron measurements available up to ∼70 AU at ∼16 MeV from Pioneer 10, we compared computations with these observations using new diffusion coefficients and a new local interstellar electron spectrum (LIS). Satisfying the constraints imposed on the diffusion tensor by the observations, the effects of varying the location of the heliospheric TS and the location of the heliospheric boundary were investigated and illustrated. We find that Jovian and especially low-energy galactic electrons can be reaccelerated effectively at the TS. Reasonable compatibility between the model and the measurements is produced with the shock radius present at ∼90 AU and the outer boundary radius at 120–130 AU. The intensity of the Jovian electrons is too low at the TS to contribute meaningfully to the TS-accelerated and combined galactic and Jovian electron intensity at all energies. The shock acceleration results in moderate but still significant changes on the combined galactic and Jovian electron radial intensity profiled at 16 MeV with respect to nonshock solutions. A change in the radial gradient from positive upstream to negative downstream close to the shock (within ∼5 AU) is caused. These effects can be enlarged by decreasing the shock radius while keeping the outer boundary radius fixed or, more effectively, by moving the outer boundary outward while keeping the shock radius fixed. Between ∼100 MeV and ∼2 GeV the effects of the TS on modulated spectra are large and quite significant, even at Earth. The higher the LIS is made, the more noticeable the shock's effect on the 16 MeV radial profile (gradients) becomes. If the distance between the shock and outer heliospheric boundary was kept constant, the impact of the TS on the 16 MeV radial profile remains qualitatively unchanged, regardless of the position of the TS. In conclusion we consider the location of the outer boundary with respect to the shock location as more significant to electron modulation than the actual location of the termination shock. This model and approach confirm that a considerable amount of modulation can take place in the outer heliosphere, especially in the region between the TS and the modulation boundary, depending on the energies considered and the value of the LIS.
Sensitivity theory for nonlinear systems. II. Extensions to additional classes of responses

This work extends a recent, functional‐analytic formulation of sensitivity theory to include treatment of additional types of responses. There are physical systems where a critical point of a function that depends on the system’s state vector and parameters defines the location in phase‐space where the response functional is evaluated. The Gâteaux differentials giving the sensitivities of both the functional and the critical point to changes in the system’s parameters are obtained by alternative formalisms. The foward sensitivity formalism is the simpler and more general, but may be prohibitively expensive for problems with large data bases. The adjoint sensitivity formalism, although less generally applicable and requiring several adjoint calculations, is likely to be the only practical approach. Sensitivity theory is also extended to include treatment of general operators, acting on the system’s state vector and parameters, as response. In this case, the forward sensitivity formalism is the same as for .
Preliminary estimates of the vertical profiles of inner and outer scales from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, VHF radar observations

There are very few reliable results of the inner and outer scales of turbulence in the remote atmosphere. Knowledge of these parameters is of high interest to the propagation and remote sensing communities. Seasonal profiles from 5 to 20 km above mean sea level of the inner scale have been estimated based on the kinematic viscosity and eddy dissipation rates which were determined from 5 years of nearly continuous 49.25‐MHz radar observations at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. Inner scale values were found to increase from about 1 cm at 5 km to near 7 cm at 19 km altitude. Outer scale profile determinations were made using a method proposed by Tatarskii [1971] that involves vertical wind shear and the eddy dissipation rate, both derived from the longterm VHF radar measurements. The outer scale decreased from about 60 m at 5 km altitude for all seasons to 12–20 m at 15 km (depending on season) and then increased to 22 m at 19 km. Seasonal differences in the inner and outer scales and background meteorological conditions are also presented and discussed.
The Relationship Between the Surface Wind Field and Convective Precipitation over the St. Louis Area

Abstract Rainfall, wind and temperature data at the surface for a mesoscale area surrounding St. Louis, Missouri for seven summer days in 1975 were used to determine qualitative and quantitative relationships between divergence, and the location, timing and intensity of rainfall. The study used 30 prominent raincells that formed over a 1600 km2 wind network under different synoptic and subsynoptic weather conditions. The results indicate that the physical relationships between convergence and convective rainfall over the Middle West are quite complex. Widespread convective rainfall seldom occurred in the absence of some larger scale forcing. Possible forcing mechanisms occurred at various levels within the troposphere and over several different space scales. On the cell scale, convergence preceded some raincells but not others. Potential mechanisms that could explain the dichotomy were investigated. The results from several statistical studies include: 1) Pre-rain average network convergence was weakly re.
Remarks on a theorem of Fujita

In [3], Fujita proves some results on certain natural vector bundles arising from a K\"ahler fiber space (see our (2.2) and (2.14)). His methods are quite direct; the general techniques of variations of Hodge structure and their degeneration, as developed by Griffiths, Schmid, Steenbrink, the author, et al. are for the most part absent. This paper is the outcome of my attempt to discuss Fujita’s results from this more general point of view. The advantage of doing this may not be so apparent in the present instance, though it is likely to show itself in future problems. One result in particular $((1.11))$ , on the Chern forms of Hodge bundles, suggested to us by Griffiths, figures to be of general usefulness.
A Monte Carlo Modeling of Planetary Formation: A Case of 47 Ursae Majoris System

This paper presents a Monte Carlo simulation, using Planetary System Generator, which has been built based on a simple accretion model by Dole (1970) and by considering the present structure of the Solar System. Data of known extrasolar planets have also been taken into account. It was then applied to generate 47 Ursae Majoris (47UMa)-like planetary systems. The results are subsequently compared to the observed data of 47UMa. The dynamical evolution as well as the stability of the system have been evaluated by using a n-body formalism accounted for in our simulation. The generated system reproduced approximately the observational data and suggests that some other accompanying planets may exist. The orbital evolution is also found to be stable within the current age of the system.
Analysis of &pgr; ± ?> -nucleus elastic and inelastic scattering using the single folding &agr; ?> -cluster model

An analysis of &pgr; ± ? > -nucleus elastic and inelastic scattering has been performed using local semi-microscopic optical potentials constructed in the framework of the single folding approach. The folding calculations are carried out based upon the α-cluster structure of the target nuclei with two different phenomenological forms of the pion–alpha effective interaction. The derived potentials have been employed to extract the angular distributions of elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections through a broad energy range, 100–766 MeV, where 39 sets of data have been successfully described. The corresponding reaction and total cross sections have also been extracted.
Topological phase evolving from the orbital angular momentum of ‘coiled’ quantum vortices

The propagation of a scalar field that satisfies the Schrödinger equation in a coiled helical potential well is studied. It is demonstrated that on propagation the scalar wave acquires an additional phase whose value is determined only by geometric parameters of the helix. It is established that this geometric phase is proportional to the orbital angular momentum of the particle and the solid angle subtended by the trajectory of the state on the orbital Poincaré sphere. It is shown that this phase increment takes place for any state with well-defined orbital angular momentum and can be obtained through a simple rotational transformation of the Schrödinger equation into some effective rotating frame. A possible way of detection of such a phase in an interferometric experiment is also discussed. A connection is made with the propagation of optical vortices in coiled few-mode optical fibres.
Damage characterization in dimension limestone cladding using noncollinear ultrasonic wave mixing

Abstract. A method capable of characterizing artificial weathering damage in dimension stone cladding using access to one side only is presented. Dolomitic limestone test samples with increasing levels of damage were created artificially by exposing undamaged samples to increasing temperature levels of 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, and 700°C for a 90 min period of time. Using access to one side only, these test samples were nondestructively evaluated using a nonlinear approach based upon noncollinear wave mixing, which involves mixing two critically refracted dilatational ultrasonic waves. Criteria were used to assure that the detected scattered wave originated via wave interaction in the limestone and not from nonlinearities in the testing equipment. Bending tests were used to evaluate the flexure strength of beam samples extracted from the artificially weathered samples. It was observed that the percentage of strength reduction is linearly correlated (R2=98) with the temperature to which the specimens were exposed; it was noted that samples exposed to 400°C and 600°C had a strength reduction of 60% and 90%, respectively. It was also observed that results from the noncollinear wave mixing approach correlated well (R2=0.98) with the destructively obtained percentage of strength reduction.
X-Ray Study on Stellar/Intermediate Mass Black Holes

Based on early Suzaku observations, properties of stellar-mass black-hole binaries (BHBs) and ultra-luminous compact X-ray sources (ULXs) are discussed. A comparison between GRO 1655-40 and Cygnus X-1, both observed in the Low/Hard state, gives new constraints on the characteristics of hot Compton cloud that are considered to be responsible for the formation of the Low/Hard state continua. Hard X-rays, with energies above 10 keV, were detected for the ﬁrst time from a ULX, namely M82 X-1. Including this case, ULXs showing power-law like spectra are considered to host Comptonized accretion disks, in analogy to BHBs in the Very High state. In contrast, ULXs exhibiting multicolor-disk type spectra are interpreted to harbor “slim” disks. This sort of analogy between ULXs and BHBs suggests that black holes in ULXs are signiﬁcantly more massive than those in BHBs.
ELUSIVE ETHYLENE DETECTED IN SATURN'S NORTHERN STORM REGION

The massive eruption at 40°N (planetographic latitude) on Saturn in 2010 December has produced significant and lasting effects in the northern hemisphere on temperature and species abundances. The northern storm region was observed on many occasions in 2011 by Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). In 2011 May, temperatures in the stratosphere greater than 200 K were derived from CIRS spectra in the regions referred to as “beacons” (warm regions in the stratosphere). Ethylene has been detected in the beacon region in Saturn's northern storm region using CIRS. Ground-based observations using the high-resolution spectrometer Celeste on the McMath-Pierce Telescope on 2011 May 15 were used to confirm the detection and improve the altitude resolution in the retrieved profile. The derived ethylene profile from the CIRS data gives a C2H4 mole fraction of 5.9 ± 4.5 × 10−7 at 0.5 mbar, and from Celeste data it gives 2.7 ± 0.45 × 10−6 at 0.1 mbar. This is two orders of magnitude higher than the amount measured in the ultraviolet at other latitudes prior to the storm. It is also much higher than predicted by photochemical models, indicating that perhaps another production mechanism is required or a loss mechanism is being inhibited.