Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence and control of onion fly, Delia antiqua , at some irrigation sites in the Upper East Region of Ghana

Studies were conducted between 1994 and 1997 on the incidence, distribution, and control of the onion fly Delia antiqua in northern Ghana. Results showed that the insect is prevalent in most of the onion-growing areas and is capable of causing up to 33 per cent crop damage. It was also established that early transplanting (before mid-January) and transplanting of seedlings 6 weeks after emergence reduced D. antiqua infestation and crop damage. Neem seed powder and aqueous neem seed extract were as effective as Carbofuran for the control of the onion fly. Economic nalysis showed that the neem products were the most cost-effective and had the best returns. Ghana Jnl agric Sci. Vol.32(2) 1999: 205-211
Cosmogenic mega-tsunami in the Australia region: are they supported by Aboriginal and Maori legends?

Abstract Mega-tsunami have affected much of the coastline of Australia over the past millennium. Such catastrophic waves have left an imprint consisting predominently of bedrock sculpturing of the rocky coastline and deposition of marine sediments to elevations reaching 130 m above sea level. One of the largest of these events occurred in eastern Australia in the fifteenth century. This event may be related to the Mahuika impact crater found at 48.3 S, 166.4 E on the continental shelf 250 km south of New Zealand. A comet at least 500 m in diameter formed the crater. Maori and Aboriginal legends allude to significant cosmogenic events in the region, while Aboriginal legends about tsunami are common along the eastern Australian coast. Evidence for legends that could describe the impact of a cosmogenic tsunami also exists in NW Australia. Here geological evidence of a single mega-tsunami as recent as in the seventeenth century covers 1500 km of coastline. We term this event Wandjina after the artwork related to the legends. More attention should be given to oral traditions in searching globally for other sites of significant mega-tsunami.
Petrology of Dune Sand Derived from Basalt on the Ka'u Desert, Hawaii

Dune sand from the Ka'u Desert, southwest flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, is moderately well-sorted ($$median = 1.604\phi, deviation = 0.60, skewness = 0.25, kurtosis = 0.68$$) and composed mostly of frosted subangular particles of basalt glass ("unfractionated" olivine-normative tholeitte), olivine ($$~Fa_{10-26}$$), Hthic fragments (subophitic and intersertal basalts; magnetite-ilmenite-rich basalts), reticular basalt glass, magnetite, ilmenite, and plagioclase, in approximately that order of abundance. Quantitative lithological comparison of the dune sand with sand-sized ash from the Keanakakoi Formation supports suggestions that the dune sand was derived largely from Keanakakoi ash. The dune sand is too well sorted to have been emplaced in its present form by base-surge but could have evolved by post-eruption reworking of the ash.
Insights into the origin of the thermal springs of Bath and Bristol, England, from geophysical data

The thermal springs of Bath, England, produce 1.25 Ml day−1 of water at 46.5 °C. The spring at Hotwells, Bristol, England, 15 km to the west, is estimated to produce between 0.17 and 0.39 Ml day−1 of water at a temperature between 22.8 and 24.4 °C. Published research suggests that the waters originate in the Mendip Hills, SW of Bath and Bristol, and are heated by geothermal energy within the Carboniferous Limestone basin (‘The Mendips Model’). The exact paths of the waters to the springs have not been established. We interpreted seismic reflection data for the urban district of Bath and for the Radstock Basin to the south of Bath. By combining the geophysical interpretations with published geological data we have established a potential route through the Carboniferous Limestone reaching sufficient depths for the waters to attain the required temperatures. We imaged a steeply dipping, fractured region of Carboniferous Limestone coincident with the valley of the River Avon and propose that this is the feature by which the thermal waters can rise rapidly to the surface, providing an explanation for the existence of these unique springs. We have incorporated these new aspects of the Mendip Model into the ‘Mendip–Avon Fracture Zone Model’.
Imaging of Erebus volcano using body wave seismic interferometry of Strombolian eruption coda

Seismic interferometry is a recently developed theory that allows for the recovery of a medium's impulse response between two points should randomly distributed sources of white noise, or equivalently, a multiply scattered equipartioned wavefield, be present throughout the medium. We exploit the extremely scattering nature of volcanic media and seismic illumination from impulsive Strombolian eruptions to extract single‐station body wave Green's tensors at an unusually dense array of stations on Erebus volcano, Antarctica. We optimally rotate these Green's tensors for each notable arrival and back project them to construct a 3‐dimensional scattering map of the magma‐filled volcano conduit system, also corroborated by an independent active source tomography experiment using the same station distribution. This approach not only favors highly scattering media, contrarily to most conventional methods, but its passive nature (i.e., non‐anthropogenic sources) allows for studies of structural temporal variability, and possible extension into real‐time monitoring of active volcanoes.
Lineage diversification of the Sky Island treefrog Scinax curicica (Anura, Hylidae) in the Espinhaço Mountain Range

Sky Islands present unique landscapes for organismal evolution because they comprise high mountain peaks separated by low valleys with vastly different environmental conditions. The Espinhaço Mountain Range in eastern Brazil is formed of groups of Sky Islands in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Several phylogeographic studies have discovered strong genetic structure among populations of organisms occupying the campo rupestre (rupestrian fields) in the mountains of the Espinhaço. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis of spatio-temporal structuring of populations of Scinax curicica in the campo rupestre of the Espinhaço. We recovered three lineages of S. curicica: one lineage occurs in the north portion of the Espinhaço (North Lineage) in an area called Chapada Diamantina, and other two occur in the south portion of the Espinhaço (South 1 and South 2 Lineages) in Minas Gerais. All three lineages showed stable population sizes through time, probably due to the climatic stability of mountaintop areas, which was supported by ecological niche modelling.
Dynamic Interaction of Intense Rain with Water Waves

Abstract A theory for determining the dynamic effect of intense rain on water waves is established, based on momentum exchange. The theory takes into account the rain intensity, angle of incidence and fall velocity, and the wave amplitude, frequency and water depth. It is found that the rain induces a uniform increase of pressure in the water column and a uniform mass transport in a thin boundary layer affected by the momentum exchange. The rain also induces a fluctuating pressure and shear stress on the free surface. For vertical or near vertical rainfall, these fluctuating free surface forces are responsible for a non-negligible wave amplitude decay, particularly in the high frequency range. In the case of high winds, the rain horizontal velocity component is large and the corresponding stress on the free surface is nearly in phase with free surface slope. Then instead of causing a decay, the rain adds its effect to the wind and enhances the growth of high frequency waves. It is concluded that this effe.
Acidification and tropospheric ozone in Europe: towards a dynamic economic analysis

This chapter illustrates that including multiple pollutants under multiple targets significantly affects the outcomes of air pollution research compared to a single pollutant single target approach. Cost effective abatement strategies are identified leading to a combined reduction of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and, as a secondary pollutant, tropospheric ozone. Source-receptor relations were used in an optimisation model developed for a European transboundary context, focusing on a case study for Germany and The Netherlands. Options to reduce emissions incorporated in the model are end of pipe technologies, energy conservation and the use of renewable energy sources. Using the model, optimisation analyses are performed to analyse optimal strategies to realise an 80% reduction of acidifying deposition and a reduction of a 30% ozone level in 2010 relative to 1990. Calculations with this simplified two country model show that negative synergetic effects exist between abatement of acidification and tropospheric ozone. Moreover, in the model a reduction of acidifying deposition can lead to increasing ozone levels, and combined reduction will not necessarily lead to lower costs. These insights may suggest that together with nitrogen oxides reduction stringent volatile organic compounds reduction may be necessary to reduce tropospheric ozone concentrations. In addition, model results show that the use of renewable energy can be attractive if very costly end of pipe emission reduction techniques have to be used.
Sophistication in Service Exports and Economic Growth

Services can now be stored and traded digitally, and they are not subject to many of the trade barriers that physical exports have to overcome. Services are no longer exclusively an input for trade in goods, but have become a 'final export' for direct consumption. It is important to note that services not only have become more tradable, but also can be increasingly unbundled: a single service activity in the global supply chain can now be fragmented and done separately at different geographic locations. This has led to a new channel of growth-what we call service exports sophistication.
Projection of Future Drought of Korea Based on Probabilistic Approach Using Multi-model and Multi Climate Change Scenarios

In this study, spatio-temporal distribution of future drought in South Korea was predicted by using the meteorological data generated from GCMs on which a variety of climate changing scenarios are applied. Drought phenomena was quantitatively analyzed using SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index). In addition, potential drought hazard maps for different drought duration and return period were made for the South Koreaby drought frequency analysis after deriving SDF(Severity-Duration-Frequency) curves using the 54 weather stations throughout the country. From the potential drought hazard maps, drought is expected to be severer in Nakdong River basin and Seomjin River basin under A2 scenario. It was also predicted that drought would be severe in the Han River basin by RCP8.5 scenario. In the future, potential drought hazard area would be expanded until the Eastern part of Nakdong River basin as compared with that of past under A2 scenario condition. Research results indicated that future drought would be extensively occurred all areas of South Korea not limiting in the southern part of country.
Predicting fire regimes and their ecological effects in spatially complex landscapes

Fire occurrence influences the distribution of plant species, and dynamics of plant populations, either independently from other factors or in interaction with them. Numerous studies have identified the effects of components of fire regimes (frequency, intensity and season of occurrence) on the population dynamics of individual plant species and the floristic composition of plant communities, both in Australia and in other fire-prone countries. Nevertheless, there has been considerably less research into understanding the causes of spatial variation in fire regimes and this will likely result in a major obstacle for the development of vegetation theory. Research into spatial and temporal patterns of fire regime and determining the extent to which this type of variation results in variation in the occurrence of plant species and hence the composition of plant communities, can help overcome this obstacle. Two hypotheses are constructed and addressed. They are:- (i) that because of the influence of a sites' neighbourhood, variation in fire regimes will exist for any particular set of sites that occupy a particular part of environmental space and are therefore otherwise similar, and (ii) that this variation in fire regimes will result in patterns of plant species occurrence and hence demonstrate that landscape induced pattems of fire regime are a fundamentally important component in determining the realised niche of plant species in spatially complex landscapes. These hypotheses are examined for a spatially complex landscape in the Australian Capital Territory region, Australia. Several distinct phases of research led to the conclusion that both hypotheses should be accepted for the study region. Firstly, a review of the available literature found that empirical approaches, and related statistical models, for determining long-term fire regimes provided data that was neither of sufficient length and accuracy nor of appropriate spatial resolution for examining landscape dependent patterns in fire regimes as outlined in hypothesis one. On the other hand, theoretical approaches which synthesise landscape patterns from the well­ understood processes that affect fire occurrence and behaviour proved to be a useful methodology, provided that the inadequacies in existing models, including their reliance on the North American approach to modelling fire spread, were addressed. These provisions were addressed by the construction of a new landscape-level process­ based dynamic simulation model known as FIRESCAPE. The development of the model involved parameterising and testing the Richardson weather generator for fire danger modelling and a re-assessment of the McRae lightning ignition model. The approach used in FIRESCAPE combines these models with existing models of terrain, solar radiation budgets, fuel moisture, soil moisture, fuel accumulation and fire spread to model spatial variation in fire regimes by the accumulation of information from spatially and temporally distinct fire events. Various analyses indicated that…
EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NUTRIENT LOADING ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND HETEROTROPHIC PLANKTON COMMUNITIES IN BLACKWATER RIVERS

Blackwater stream systems are abundant in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. These streams have historically not been considered to be at risk from nutrient based eutrophication problems. However, the Coastal Plain is also the major production area for intensive livestock operation industries (swine and poultry) in the state. These operations are documented sources of acute and chronic nutrient loading to receiving waters. Some public and private point source dischargers have also been shown to introduce high nutrient loads to blackwater streams. The objective of this research was to use experimental bioassays to examine the effect of organic and inorganic nutrient loadings on stream planktonic communities in the Black and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers. Various nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) treatments were used at levels of 1.0 milligrams per liter (mglL) as N or P. Phytoplankton response to nutrient loading was measured over a six day period by chlorophyll a production, while general photoautotrophic plus heterotrophic planktonic response was measured by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analysis. Nutrient additions in late fall and winter did not significantly stimulate chlorophyll biomass. However, additions of ammonia, N+P, and urea were capable of producing high algal growth during the bioassays in spring and summer. The organic compound urea often yielded significant chlorophyll production comparable to that of ammonia treatments, while the N+P combination usually produced the strongest response of all. Neither organic nor inorganic phosphorus additions produced significant phytoplankton responses. In contrast, both orthophosphate and glycerophosphate treatments significantly stimulated ATP production year-round, with particularly high yields during summer. Phytoplankton in the Northeast Cape Fear River tended to be more nitrogen limited than in the Black River, while the heterotrophic community in the Black River was more phosphorus limited than that of the Northeast Cape Fear River. The results of this research support the hypothesis that nutrient additions to Coastal Plain blackwater streams can support algal blooms during selected periods and will also stimulate the growth of heterotrophic microflora which then become sources of labile biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in these waters.
Unraveling Seed Dormancy and Host Specificity of Alectra Vogelii in Malawi

Parasitic angiosperm Alectra vogelii Benth is a growing problem in Malawi, particularly with the current emphasis on legume crops. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in Lilongwe, Malawi to evaluate the effects of site, A. vogelii dormancy-breaking period on Mkanakaufiti and IT82E-16 cowpea varieties. Varieties of cowpea were grown in A. vogelii-infested pots sourced from three agroecological zones and subjected to varied dormancy-breaking periods. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated four times. The study revealed that dormancy breaking had impacts depending on the A. vogelii source. However, the Alectra source affected the A. vogelii shoot counts and cowpea grain weight. Neno-Manyenye collections had a higher incidence without induced dormancy breaking periods while Lilongwe-Kamowa, and Salima-Matumba collections had a high incidence after the dormancy-breaking period. Late infestation (at 119 to 149 days after planting) on resistant Mkanakaufiti cowpea variety by A. vogelii collections used indicated apparent strain variability of collections used. The results confirmed the delayed resistance mechanism of Mkanakaufiti against A. vogelii. Nevertheless, the variety reactions on the parasitic weed depends on suitability, compatibility, and specificity, although some resistant genotypes tend to lose the resistance mechanism with time. A. vogelii seeds organic carbon % varied (4.87±1.73 to 9.13±0.95) from the three agroecological zones which signified the collections’ variability due to warmer temperatures, relative humidity, and crop husbandry practices under long-term conditions. Therefore, screening efforts for resistance or evaluation of agronomic options to suppress the weed should be intensified.
Effects of Allium macrostemon Bunge Extract on Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in High-Fat Diet-Fed and Bisphenol A-Treated C57BL/6N Mice

The simultaneous exposure to a high-fat (HF) diet and to bisphenol A (BPA) from delivered foods and food-delivery containers is on the rise in humans, according to the increased frequency of food delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. This co-exposure could cause harmful tissue toxicity in the human body. Here, the preventive effect of Allium macrostemon Bunge (AM) extract against dysfunction in adipose tissue and the liver under co-exposure to BPA and an HF diet was examined using mice. C57BL/6N mice were divided into four groups (n = 6 or 7/group) according to diet and treatment: control diet with vehicle (CON), HF diet with vehicle (HF), HF diet with an oral injection of BPA (HF + BP), and HF diet with an oral injection of BPA and AM extract (HF + BP + AM). HF feeding increased body weight gain compared to CON feeding, while BP + HF and BP + HF + AM feeding suppressed body weight gain compared with HF feeding. The BP + HF group had lower body weight than the HF group, but the two groups had similar epididymal fat mass. The HF + BP + AM group showed lower pro-inflammatory gene expression levels in adipose tissue and epididymal fat mass compared to the HF + BP group. Altered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in the liver was partly observed in the HF + BP group, as shown by increased total phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinase protein levels compared to those in the HF group. In addition, ecdysterone 25-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 6-gingerol were identified in AM extract by mass spectrometry and molecular networking analysis. In summary, the AM extract diminished adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic ER stress in an HF diet and BPA co-exposure condition. To utilize AM as a potential food component to alleviate the harmful effect of an HF diet and BPA exposure, further research investigating the specific impact of AM extract supplementation using additional experimental groups or various treatment doses is warranted.
Effects of Conservative Oxygen Therapy versus Conventional Oxygen Therapy on the Mortality in ICU Patients: A Meta-Analysis

Objective To compare the effects of conservative oxygen therapy and conventional oxygen therapy on the mortality of critically ill patients in ICU. Methods Searching for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT) on the effect of conservative oxygen therapy and conventional oxygen therapy on the mortality of critically ill patients in computer databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang, with postdate before August 2022. We have two researchers evaluating the quality of the literature included and extracting data as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria and then analyzed it with RevMan 5.4 statistical software. Primary outcome included short-term mortality (28-day mortality or ICU mortality); secondary outcome included 90-day mortality, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, incidence of new organ dysfunction in ICU, incidence of new infection in ICU, and incidence of ICUAW. Results A total of 5779 subjects were included in 10 articles, including 2886 in the conservative oxygen therapy group and 2893 in the conventional oxygen therapy group. The meta-analysis showed that conservative oxygen therapy had an advantage over conventional oxygen therapy in terms of short-term mortality (P=0.03). Subgroup analysis based on different conservative oxygen targets showed that this advantage was statistically significant when the target is set above 90% (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.62∼0.94, P=0.01), while there was no significant difference between conservative oxygen therapy and conventional oxygen therapy when the target is set below 90% (RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.79∼1.16, P=0.63). In addition, in terms of the incidence of new infections in the ICU (P=0.03) and the incidence of ICUAW (P=0.03), conservative oxygen therapy also had advantages over conventional oxygen therapy, and the difference was statistically significant. But in terms of 90-day mortality (P=0.61), ICU length of stay (P=0.96), hospital length of stay (P=0.47), and incidence of new organ dysfunction in ICU (P=0.61), there was no significant difference between conservative oxygen therapy and conventional oxygen therapy. Conclusion Compared with conventional oxygen therapy, conservative oxygen therapy can reduce the short-term mortality of severe patients, especially when the conservative oxygen therapy target is set above 90%. And it can also reduce the incidence of ICU new infections and ICUAW, while having no effect on 90-day mortality, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay.