Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pediatric weight management, dietary restraint, dieting, and eating disorder risk: a systematic review.

CONTEXT Whether dietary restraint and dieting are risk factors associated with eating disorders has not been explored in the context of pediatric weight management. OBJECTIVE To review associations between dietary pediatric weight management, dietary restraint, dieting, and eating disorder risk. DATA SOURCES, SELECTION, AND EXTRACTION Four databases - MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO - were searched to May 2020 to identify pediatric weight management interventions with a dietary component for children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. The review was limited to studies reporting dietary restraint and/or dieting at preintervention, postintervention, and/or follow-up. Screening and quality assessment were conducted in duplicate, and data extraction was completed by 1 reviewer and cross-checked for accuracy. Data extracted included study characteristics, dietary restraint/dieting, and eating disorder-related outcomes (including disordered eating, body image, self-esteem, depression, and anxiety). RESULTS A total of 26 papers, representing 23 studies, were included. Of these, 20 studies reported on dietary restraint, which increased (10 postintervention, 6 follow-up) or remained unchanged (7 postintervention, 5 follow-up), and 5 studies reported on dieting, which increased (1 study), remained unchanged (2 studies) or decreased (2 studies) postintervention. All studies that reported on other eating disorder risk factors (eg, binge eating, body dissatisfaction, and depression) and weight-related outcomes found improvement or no change postintervention or at follow-up. CONCLUSION The results of this review suggest that current measures of dietary restraint and dieting are not associated with eating disorder risk within the context of pediatric weight management; however, long-term data is limited. In addition, those current measures may not be suitable risk markers. Concerns about dietary restraint and dieting leading to eating disorders should not prevent access to quality care for young people with obesity. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. 2017 CRD42017069488.
KNUDSEN CELL STUDIES OF THE UPTAKE OF GASEOUS HNO3 AND OTHER OXIDES OF NITROGEN ON SOLID NACL : THE ROLE OF SURFACE-ADSORBED WATER

A newly designed and constructed Knudsen cell has been tested by measuring the reaction probability for gaseous N2O5 on 65% H2SO4/H2O at 210−230 K to be 0.075 ± 0.047 (2σ), which is in excellent agreement with the literature value. This cell has been applied to the study of gaseous HNO3 reactions with NaCl small crystals and ground powders at 298 K. A rapid initial uptake of HNO3 and production of gaseous HCl are observed when the crystals and powders are pumped but not heated prior to reaction. After this rapid initial reaction, a constant uptake of HNO3 and formation of HCl is observed from which a reaction probability of (1.4 ± 0.6) × 10-2 (2 σ) is calculated. When possible systematic errors (including uncertainties in the effective surface area available for reaction) are taken into account, the overall uncertainty is estimated to be about a factor of 2. The measured reaction probability is independent of the size or preparation of the salt crystals as well as the number of layers of salt in the sampl.
End-to-End Learnt Image Compression via Non-Local Attention Optimization and Improved Context Modeling

This article proposes an end-to-end learnt lossy image compression approach, which is built on top of the deep nerual network (DNN)-based variational auto-encoder (VAE) structure with Non-Local Attention optimization and Improved Context modeling (NLAIC). Our NLAIC 1) embeds non-local network operations as non-linear transforms in both main and hyper coders for deriving respective latent features and hyperpriors by exploiting both local and global correlations, 2) applies attention mechanism to generate implicit masks that are used to weigh the features for adaptive bit allocation, and 3) implements the improved conditional entropy modeling of latent features using joint 3D convolutional neural network (CNN)-based autoregressive contexts and hyperpriors. Towards the practical application, additional enhancements are also introduced to speed up the computational processing (e.g., parallel 3D CNN-based context prediction), decrease the memory consumption (e.g., sparse non-local processing) and reduce the implementation complexity (e.g., a unified model for variable rates without re-training). The proposed model outperforms existing learnt and conventional (e.g., BPG, JPEG2000, JPEG) image compression methods, on both Kodak and Tecnick datasets with the state-of-the-art compression efficiency, for both PSNR and MS-SSIM quality measurements. We have made all materials publicly accessible at https://njuvision.github. io/NIC for reproducible research.
Serotonin transporter genotype modulates resting state and predator stress-induced amygdala perfusion in mice in a sex-dependent manner

The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a key molecule of serotoninergic neurotransmission and target of many anxiolytics and antidepressants. In humans, 5-HTT gene variants resulting in lower expression levels are associated with behavioral traits of anxiety. Furthermore, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) during resting state (RS) and amygdala hyperreactivity. 5-HTT deficient mice as an established animal model for anxiety disorders seem to be well suited for investigating amygdala (re-)activity in an fMRI study. We investigated wildtype (5-HTT+/+), heterozygous (5-HTT+/-), and homozygous 5-HTT-knockout mice (5-HTT-/-) of both sexes in an ultra-high-field 17.6 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. CBF was measured with continuous arterial spin labeling during RS, stimulation state (SS; with odor of rats as aversive stimulus), and post-stimulation state (PS). Subsequently, post mortem c-Fos immunohistochemistry elucidated neural activation on cellular level. The results showed that in reaction to the aversive odor CBF in total brain and amygdala of all mice significantly increased. In male 5-HTT+/+ mice amygdala RS CBF levels were found to be significantly lower than in 5-HTT+/- mice. From RS to SS 5-HTT+/+ amygdala perfusion significantly increased compared to both 5-HTT+/- and 5-HTT-/- mice. Perfusion level changes of male mice correlated with the density of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells in the amygdaloid nuclei. In female mice the perfusion was not modulated by the 5-Htt-genotype, but by estrous cycle stages. We conclude that amygdala reactivity is modulated by the 5-Htt genotype in males. In females, gonadal hormones have an impact which might have obscured genotype effects. Furthermore, our results demonstrate experimental support for the tonic model of 5-HTTLPR function.
Long-Term Electronic Cigarette Exposure Induces Cardiovascular Dysfunction Similar to Tobacco Cigarettes: Role of Nicotine and Exposure Duration.

Electronic cigarette (e-cig) vaping (ECV) has been proposed as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarette smoking (TCS); however, this remains controversial due to a lack of long-term comparative studies. Therefore, we developed a chronic mouse exposure model, which mimics human vaping and allows comparison to TCS. Longitudinal studies were performed to evaluate alterations in cardiovascular function with TCS and ECV exposure durations of up to 60 weeks. For ECV, e-cig liquid with box-mod were used and for TCS, 3R4F-cigarettes. C57/BL6 male mice were exposed 2 hours/day, 5 days/week to TCS, ECV, or air-control. The role of vape nicotine levels was evaluated using e-cig-liquids with 0, 6 or 24 mg/ml nicotine. Following 16 weeks exposure, increased constriction to phenylephrine and impaired endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation were observed in aortic segments, paralleling the onset of systemic hypertension, with elevations in systemic vascular resistance. Following 32 weeks, TCS and ECV induced cardiac hypertrophy. All of these abnormalities further increased out to 60 weeks of exposure, with elevated heart weight and aortic thickness along with increased superoxide production in vessels and cardiac tissues of both ECV and TCS mice. While ECV-induced abnormalities were seen in the absence of nicotine, these occurred earlier and were more severe with higher nicotine exposure. Thus, long-term vaping of e-cig, can induce cardiovascular disease similar to TCS, and the severity of this toxicity increases with exposure duration and vape nicotine content.
Orexins (hypocretins): The intersection between homeostatic and hedonic feeding

Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides originally discovered to play a role in the regulation of feeding behaviour. The broad connections of orexin neurons to mesocorticolimbic circuitry suggest they may play a role in mediating reward‐related behaviour beyond homeostatic feeding. Here, we review the role of orexin in a variety of eating‐related behaviour, with a focus on reward and motivation, and the neural circuits driving these effects. One emerging finding is the involvement of orexins in hedonic and appetitive behaviour towards palatable food, in addition to their role in homeostatic feeding. This review discusses the brain circuitry and possible mechanisms underlying the role of orexins in these behaviours. Overall, there is a marked bias in the literature towards studies involving male subjects. As such, future work needs to be done to involve female subjects. In summary, orexins play an important role in driving motivation for high salient rewards such as highly palatable food and may serve as the intersection between homeostatic and hedonic feeding.
Calm on the surface, dynamic on the inside. Molecular homeostasis of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 nitrogen metabolism.

Nitrogen sources are all converted into ammonium/ia as a first step of assimilation. It is reasonable to expect that molecular components involved in the transport of ammonium/ia across biological membranes connect with the regulation of both nitrogen and central metabolism. We applied both genetic (i.e., Δamt mutation) and environmental treatments to a target biological system, the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. The aim was to both perturb nitrogen metabolism and induce multiple inner nitrogen states, respectively, followed by targeted quantification of key proteins, metabolites and enzyme activities. The absence of AMT transporters triggered a substantial whole-system response, affecting enzyme activities and quantity of proteins and metabolites, spanning nitrogen and carbon metabolism. Moreover, the Δamt strain displayed a molecular fingerprint indicating nitrogen-deficiency even under nitrogen replete conditions. Contrasting with such dynamic adaptations was the striking near-complete lack of an externally measurable altered phenotype. We conclude that this species evolved a highly robust and adaptable molecular network to maintain homeostasis, resulting in substantial internal but minimal external perturbations. This analysis provides evidence for a potential role of AMT transporters in the regulatory/signalling network of nitrogen metabolism and the existence of a novel fourth regulatory mechanism controlling glutamine synthetase activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Effect of component removal upon the porous structure of the cell wall of wood

It has been shown by nitrogen adsorption that the removal of lignin and hemicellulose from the middle lamella and cell wall of spruce wood produces pores with a median size in the 20–40 A. range throughout the dissolution process. During both kraft and sulfite pulping, these pores have a total volume which from 90–100% yield equals, from 55–90% yield exceeds, and below 55% yield is less than, the volume of material removed from the wall. The results therefore indicate a swelling of the wall at intermediate yields followed by a contraction below the initial dimensions towards the end of pulping. In accordance with a previously postulated theory of cell-wall structure based on a multilamellur model, the pores produced by the dissolution of wood components are the slit-like spaces between adjacent lamellae. Specific surface measurements show that, on this model, the cell wall of water-swollen wood consists of about 5 lamellae, which subdivide into a total of about 350 lamellae each 35 A. thick at the point of maximum swelling (65–70% yield). Thereafter, towards lower yields, the lamellae start to reaggregate. This technique applied to groundwood pulp shows that the process of splitting the wall into layers may be accomplished to some extent by purely mechanical action.
Vasohibin 1 selectively regulates secondary sprouting and lymphangiogenesis in the zebrafish trunk

ABSTRACT Previous studies have shown that Vasohibin 1 (Vash1) is stimulated by VEGFs in endothelial cells and that its overexpression interferes with angiogenesis in vivo. Recently, Vash1 was found to mediate tubulin detyrosination, a post-translational modification that is implicated in many cell functions, such as cell division. Here, we used the zebrafish embryo to investigate the cellular and subcellular mechanisms of Vash1 on endothelial microtubules during formation of the trunk vasculature. We show that microtubules within venous-derived secondary sprouts are strongly and selectively detyrosinated in comparison with other endothelial cells, and that this difference is lost upon vash1 knockdown. Vash1 depletion in zebrafish specifically affected secondary sprouting from the posterior cardinal vein, increasing endothelial cell divisions and cell number in the sprouts. We show that altering secondary sprout numbers and structure upon Vash1 depletion leads to defective lymphatic vessel formation and ectopic lymphatic progenitor specification in the zebrafish trunk. Summary: Vasohibin 1-mediated detyrosination of endothelial microtubules is selectively required for the control of venous secondary sprouting and subsequent formation of functional lymphatics in the zebrafish trunk.
Recovery of kidney function after dialysis initiation in children and adults in the US: A retrospective study of United States Renal Data System data

Background Little is known about factors associated with recovery of kidney function—and return to dialysis independence—or temporal trends in recovery after starting outpatient dialysis in the United States. Understanding the characteristics of individuals who may have the potential to recover kidney function may promote better recognition of such events. The goal of this study was to determine factors associated with recovery of kidney function in children compared with adults starting dialysis in the US. Methods and findings We determined factors associated with recovery of kidney function—defined as survival and discontinuation of dialysis for ≥90-day period—in children versus adults who started maintenance dialysis between 1996 and 2015 according to the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) followed through 2016 in a retrospective cohort study. We also examined temporal trends in recovery rates over the last 2 decades in this cohort. Among 1,968,253 individuals included for study, the mean age was 62.6 ± 15.8 years, and 44% were female. Overall, 4% of adults (83,302/1,953,881) and 4% of children (547/14,372) starting dialysis in the outpatient setting recovered kidney function within 1 year. Among those who recovered, the median time to recovery was 73 days (interquartile range [IQR] 43–131) in adults and 100 days (IQR 56–189) in children. Accounting for the competing risk of death, children were less likely to recover kidney function compared with adults (sub-hazard ratio [sub-HR] 0.81; 95% CI 0.74–0.89, p-value <0.001; point estimates <1 indicating increased risk for a negative outcome). Non-Hispanic black (NHB) adults were less likely to recover compared with non-Hispanic white (NHW) adults, but these racial differences were not observed in children. Of note, a steady increase in the incidence of recovery of kidney function was noted initially in adults and children between 1996 and 2010, but this trend declined thereafter. The diagnoses associated with the highest recovery rates of recovery were acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) in both adults and children, where 25%–40% of patients recovered kidney function depending on the calendar year of dialysis initiation. Limitations to our study include the potential for residual confounding to be present given the observational nature of our data. Conclusions In this study, we observed that discontinuation of outpatient dialysis due to recovery occurred in 4% of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and was more common among those with ATN or AIN as the cause of their kidney disease. While recovery rates rose initially, they declined starting in 2010. Additional studies are needed to understand how to best recognize and promote recovery in patients whose potential to discontinue dialysis is high in the outpatient setting.
Biopsy Needle System With a Steerable Concentric Tube and Online Monitoring of Electrical Resistivity and Insertion Forces

Objective: Biopsies are the gold standard for clinical diagnosis. However, a discrepancy between the biopsy sample and target tissue because of misplacement of the biopsy spoon can lead to errors in the diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Thus, correctly determining whether the needle tip is in the tumor is crucial for accurate biopsy results. Methods: A biopsy needle system was designed with a steerable, flexible, and superelastic concentric tube; electrodes to monitor the electrical resistivity; and load cells to monitor the insertion force. The degrees of freedom were analyzed for two working modes: straight-line and deflection. Results: Experimental results showed that the system could perceive the tissue type in online based on the electrical resistivity. In addition, changes in the insertion force indicated transitions between the interfaces of adjacent tissue layers. Conclusion: The two monitoring methods guarantee that the biopsy spoon is at the desired position inside the tumor during an operation. Significance: The proposed biopsy needle system can be integrated into an autonomous robotic biopsy system.
Estimating cage-level mortality distributions following different delousing treatments of Atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in Norway.

This retrospective descriptive study estimates cage-level mortality distributions after six immediate delousing methods: thermal, mechanical, hydrogen peroxide, medicinal, freshwater and combination of medicinal treatments. We investigated mortality patterns associated with 4 644 delousing treatment of 1 837 cohorts of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocked in sea along the Norwegian coast between 2014 and 2017. The mortality is expressed as mortality rates. We found distributions of delta mortality rate within 1, 7 and 14 days after all six delousing treatments, using mortality rate within 7 days before treatments as baseline. The results show that we can expect increased mortality rates after all six delousing methods. The median delta mortality rates after thermal and mechanical delousing are 5.4 and 6.3 times higher than medicinal treatment, respectively, for the 2017 year-class. There is a reduction in the delta median mortality for thermal and freshwater delousing from 2015 to 2019. There is a wide variability in the mortality rates, in particular for thermal delousing. Our results suggest that the variability in delta mortality for thermal delousing has been reduced from the 2014 to 2017 year-class, indicating an improvement of the technique. However, a significant increase in the number of thermal treatments from 14 in 2015 to 738 in 2018 probably contributes to the overall increased mortality in Norwegian salmon farming.
Occupational psoriasis after exposure to rockwool

We first express our appreciation for the opportunity to add further information to our previously published case report. Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease that arises in genetically predisposed individuals and can be reactivated by exposure to environmental triggers. The recognition of the occupational origin of the psoriasis can be found in the relationship between the appearance or aggravation of the disease and the occupational exposure to a wide range of mechanical, thermal, or chemical risk factors. In this sense, our case suggests how occupational exposure to improperly handled rockwool would be in a causal relationship with the reactivation of a silent psoriasis, ie – the Koebner phenomenon. In particular, the patient developed an “itchy papulopustular dermatitis” that evolved into psoriasiform lesions after about 10 days, as showed in the figure of our case (1). Clinical (Figure 1) and histological (Figure 2) examination of the lesions, as already mentioned, were suggestive for psoriasis. History revealed that our patient suffered from psoriasis exclusively during his childhood, without any further clinical psoriatic manifestations until the moment of our diagnosis. He reported mild itch and we did not observe the linear lesions typically caused by scratching (Figure 2). Moreover, the skin lesions were localized in hard-to-reach parts of his body. So, we hypothesized that the skin lesions were a consequence of a reactivation of psoriasis triggered by mechanical irritation induced by the exposure to rockwool fibers.
Local insulin application has a dose‐dependent effect on lumbar fusion in a rabbit model

The purpose of this study was to determine if locally applied insulin has a dose‐responsive effect on posterolateral lumbar fusion. Adult male New Zealand White rabbits underwent posterolateral intertransverse spinal fusions (PLFs) at L5–L6 using suboptimal amounts of autograft. Fusion sites were treated with collagen sponge soaked in saline (control, n = 11), or with insulin at low (5 or 10 units, n = 13), mid (20 units, n = 11), and high (40 units, n = 11) doses. Rabbits were euthanized at 6 weeks. The L5–L6 spine segment underwent manual palpation and radiographic evaluation performed by two fellowship trained spine surgeons blinded to treatment. Differences between groups were evaluated by analysis of variance on ranks followed by post‐hoc Dunn's tests. Forty‐three rabbits were euthanized at the planned 6 weeks endpoint, while three died or were euthanized prior to the endpoint. Radiographic evaluation found bilateral solid fusion in 10%, 31%, 60%, and 60% of the rabbits from the control and low, mid, and high‐dose insulin‐treated groups, respectively (p < 0.05). As per manual palpation, 7 of 10 rabbits in the mid‐dose insulin group were fused as compared to 1 of 10 rabbits in the control group (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that insulin enhanced the effectiveness of autograft to increase fusion success in the rabbit PLF model. The study indicates that insulin or insulin‐mimetic compounds can be used to promote bone regeneration.