Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of molecular genetic diversity and population structure of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) core collection accessions using simple sequence repeat markers

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oil crops and is widely cultivated in Asia and Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships and population structure of 277 sesame core collection accessions collected from 15 countries in four different continents. A total of 158 alleles were detected among the sesame accessions, with the number varying from 3 to 25 alleles per locus and an average of 11.3. Polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.34 to 0.84, with an average of 0.568. These values indicated a high genetic diversity at 14 loci both among and within the populations. Of these, 44 genotype-specific alleles were identified in 12 of the 14 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers. The core collection preserved a much higher level of genetic variation. Therefore, 10.1% was selected as the best sampling percentage from the whole collection when constructing the core collection. The 277 core collection accessions formed four robust clusters in the unweighted pair group method and the arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram, although the clustering did not indicate any clear division among the sesame accessions based on their geographical locations. Similar patterns were obtained using model-based structure analysis and country-based dendrograms, as some accessions situated geographically far apart were grouped together in the same cluster. The results of these analyses will increase our understanding of the genotype-specific alleles, genetic diversity and population structure of core collections, and the information can be used for the development of a future breeding strategy to improve sesame yield.
Impact of Off-Site Deposition of Glufosinate to Non-Clearfield Rice

Abstract Field studies were conducted near Crowley, LA to evaluate the effects of simulated herbicide drift on ‘Cocodrie' rice. Each treatment was made with the spray volume varying proportionally to herbicide dosage based on a spray volume of 234 L ha−1 and a glufosinate rate of 493 g ai ha−1. The 6.3%, 31 g ha−1, herbicide rate was applied at a spray volume of 15 L ha−1 and the 12.5%, 62 g ha−1, herbicide rate was applied at a spray volume of 29 L ha−1. Glufosinate applied at one-tiller, panicle differentiation (PD) growth stage, and boot resulted in crop injury at 7 and 14 d after treatment. At 21 and 28 d after treatment, crop injury was still evident but was less than 10%. Glufosinate applied at one-tiller resulted in plant height reductions of 4 to 6%; however, at harvest, height reductions were 1% or less. Glufosinate applied to rice in the boot stage had lower rice yield in the primary crop, but no difference was observed in the ratoon crop. Harvested seed from the primary crop germinated 7 to 11% less than the nontreated when rice was treated with 31 and 62 g ha−1 of glufosinate. Seedling vigor was reduced when treated with 31 and 62 g ha−1 of glufosinate. Nomenclature: Glufosinate; rice, Oryza sativa L. ‘Cocodrie'. Resumen Se realizaron estudios de campo cerca de Crowley, Louisiana, para evaluar los efectos de la deriva simulada de herbicida sobre el arroz 'Cocodrie'. Cada tratamiento fue realizado con un volumen de aspersión que varió en forma proporcional a la dosis del herbicida, basándose en un volumen de aplicación de 234 L ha−1 y una dosis de glufosinate de 493 g ai ha−1. La dosis de herbicida de 6.3%, 31 g ha−1, fue realizada a con un volumen de 15 L ha−1 y la de 12.5%, 62 g ha−1, se hizo con un volumen de aspersión de 29 L ha−1. Cuando se aplicó glufosinate en el estadio de desarrollo de un hijuelo, diferenciación de panícula (PD), o en el de engrosamiento del tallo floral, el cultivo sufrió daño, 7 y 14 d después del tratamiento. A 21 y 28 d después del tratamiento, el daño del cultivo era todavía evidente, pero era menor a 10%. Glufosinate aplicado en el estadio de un hijuelo resultó en reducciones en altura de planta de 4 a 6%. Sin embargo, en la cosecha, las reducciones en altura fueron de 1% o menores. El glufosinate aplicado a arroz en el estadio de engrosamiento del tallo floral tuvo un menor rendimiento en el cultivo primario, pero no se observaron diferencias en el cultivo de la soca. La semilla cosechada del cultivo primario germinó 7 a 11% menos que el testigo sin tratamiento cuando el arroz fue tratado con 31 y 62 g ha−1 de glufosinate. El vigor de la plántula se redujo con los tratamientos de 31 y 62 g ha−1 de glufosinate.
Sources of character conflict in a clade of water striders (Heteroptera: Gerridae)

Incongruence among trees reconstructed with different data may stem from historical (gene tree‐species tree conflict) or process (character change biases) phenomena. Regardless of the source, incongruent data, as determined with “global” measures of homoplasy, have often been excluded from parsimony analysis of the combined data. Recent studies suggest that these homoplasy measures do not predict the contribution of each character to overall tree structure. Branch support measures identify, on a character to node basis, sources of support and conflict resulting from a simultaneous analysis of the data. We implement these branch support measures to identify sources of character conflict in a clade of water striders consisting of Gerris Fabricius, Aquarius Schellenberg, and Limnoporus Stål species. Separate analyses of morphology, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI), large mitochondrial ribosomal subunit (16SrRNA), and elongation factor‐1α (EF‐1α) data resulted in cladograms that varied in resolution and topological concordance. Simultaneous analysis of the data resulted in two trees that were unresolved for one node in a strict consensus. The topology agreed with current classification except for the placements of Aquarius chilensis and the Aquarius remigis species group closer to Gerris than to congeneric species. Branch support measures indicated that support derived from each data set varied among nodes, but COI had an overall negative effect on branch support. However, Spearman rank correlation of partitioned branch support values indicated no negative associations of branch support between any data sets and a positive association between EF‐1α and 16SrRNA. Thus incongruence among data sets was not drastic and the gene‐tree versus species tree phenomenon was not implicated. Biases in character change were a more likely reason for incongruence, although saturation curves and incongruence length difference for COI indicated little potential for homoplasy. However, a posteriori inspection of COI nucleotide change with reference to the simultaneous analysis tree revealed AT and codon biases. These biases were not associated with branch support measures. Therefore, it is difficult to predict incongruence or identify its cause. Exclusion of data is ill advised because every character is potentially parsimony informative.
A twenty‐one‐year study of maternal dominance and secondary sex ratio in a colony group of stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)

Trivers and Willard's theory of sex‐ratio adjustment, as applied to cercopithecines, predicts that the ratio of male to female offspring will be greater for dominant than for subordinate mothers. A local‐resourcexyhcompetition hypothesis predicts the reverse. To date, results from several species of macaque are inconsistent and often not statistically significant. In this 21 year study, a colony group of stumptailed macaques is added to the species previously studied. Seventy‐five offspring were born to eight mothers for whom long‐term dominance was established. Chi‐square analyses of data from these 75 offspring failed to yield a significant relationship between sex‐ratio and mother's dominance; consequently, consistent with a growing body of cercopithecine literature, neither of the competing theories was supported. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Megacricetodon vandermeuleni, SP. Nov. (Rodentia, Mammalia), from the Spanish Miocene: a New Evolutionary Framework for Megacricetodon

ABSTRACT A new species of cricetid rodent, Megacricetodon vandermeuleni, sp. nov., is described from the local zone Db, middle Aragonian, from the Calatayud-Montalbán Basin and the Loranca Basin (Spain). The large-sized Megacricetodon is characterized by the elongated anteroconid and anterolophulid on ml and the robust and swollen cusps. Comparisons with other species of similar size and morphology are discussed. We consider M. bezianensis a valid species, based on the morphological differences with M. gersii. We propose a closely related group of Megacricetodon species that includes M. aff. collongensis, M. bavaricus, M. aff. bavaricus, M. bezianensis, M. lappi, M. aunayi, and M. vandermeuleni, nov. sp. The new species is of importance for Spanish biostratigraphy and the proposed Megacricetodon group is very useful for European faunal correlations and timing of migration events. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline. com/UJVP
Association of IGF-1 gene polymorphism with milk production traits and paternal genetic trends in Iranian Holstein bulls.

The effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 polymorphism were examined on milk production traits and genetic trends in the Iranian Holstein bulls. A total of 282 bulls were genotyped for SnaBI restriction site in the 5' flanking region of IGF-1 by applying PCR-RFLP method. The allele frequencies for C and T alleles were 0.562 and 0.438, respectively. The results indicated that genetic variants at the 5'-noncoding region of the bovine IGF-1 gene had a marked effect on estimated breeding values of milk (EBVM) and fat yields (EBVF). The heterozygous bulls (CT genotype) had higher EBVM and EBVF than homozygous bulls (P 0.1). The studied polymorphism of IGF-1 showed no significant association with genetic trends of milk related traits (P > 0.1). These results suggest that allelic interaction in IGF-1 polymorphism as over dominance and might be effectiveness in animal improving by crossbreeding.
THE PATH OF CARBON IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS. XXVI. UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF METHYLGLUCOPYRANOSIDE THROUGHOUT PLANTS

14Carbon methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (14C-MeG) was applied to roots and shoots of Beta vulgaris L. and the label was tracked as it was transported and assimilated, primarily as a plant nutrient. Foliar application resulted in 6.7% of the 14C-MeG absorbed within 15 min of the solution drying into leaves. Roots in liquid medium with dissolved 14C-MeG absorbed approximately 97% of the 14C-label in 22 h. Whether fed in the light or dark, 40% of the 14C-MeG that was applied appeared in the cellulose fraction, incorporated completely intact. Rapid incorporation of 14C-MeG into the insoluble fraction with few 14C-labeled metabolites found in the soluble fraction were observed. In contrast to roots, a higher percentage of 14C-MeG was incorporated into starch and lipids of shoots.
Copyright law and the supply of creative work: Evidence from the movies

Contemporary law and economics has greatly expanded its scope of inquiry as well as its sphere of influence. The extension to many idiosyncratic topics and issues that sometime lie outside the traditional domain of the discipline have fostered the emergence of a new consciousness better grasped by a comparative approach. The original contributions to this Research Handbook provide a glimpse of the new perspectives that enrich the law and economics methodology.
Recommendations for snag retention in southwestern mixed‐conifer and ponderosa pine forests: History and current status

Snags provide habitat for numerous species of wildlife. Several authors have provided recommendations for snag retention in southwestern mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. Most recommendations were presented in terms of minimum snag density and/or size. I summarized the history of recommendations for snag retention in these forest types, and used data from a current study of snag populations (conducted within Coconino and Kaibab National Forests, north-central AZ, USA, 1997 through 2012) to assess congruence between existing snag populations and various recommendations. Most recommendations were based on studies of cavity-nesting birds; therefore, this analysis emphasized characteristics of snags containing excavated nest cavities. Proportions of plots that met minimum management targets varied among recommendations, ranging from 34% to 100% in mixed-conifer forest and from 7% to 95% in ponderosa pine forest. Failure to meet density targets often was caused by a shortage of snags that met minimum size criteria rather than by a shortage of snags. Many snags containing excavated nest cavities did not meet the minimum size criteria in some recommendations. It may be possible to reduce those minimum size criteria while still providing substrates for cavity-nesting birds. Studies explicitly linking snag size and density to demography of cavity-nesting birds are badly needed, however, as are studies documenting ecologically sustainable snag densities. Until such data are available, managers should continue to emphasize snag recruitment and retention, with the focus on larger snags, and to ensure that snags are well-distributed, but not uniformly distributed, across the landscape. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Landscape characteristics associated with the occurrence of the flying squirrel Pteromys volans in old-growth forests of northern Finland

We investigated whether the occurrence of the flying squirrel, a declined virgin forest species, was accounted for by the structure of the landscape in northeastern Finland. We sampled 20 forest areas (1-77 km 2 in size) in 1995 for the occurrence of the species using a sampling plot method. Landscape structure around occupied and unoccupied areas were compared using seven different radii ranging from 100 m to 10 km. Classified satellite images were analyzed with Geographic Information System (GIS). Ten areas could be determined to be occupied by the flying squirrel. Results showed that occupied areas did not deviate from unoccupied ones in total area. In unoccupied areas there were more mature pine-spruce forests, and less matrix habitat, at the home range scale (100 m and 200 m radii) than in occupied areas. Furthermore, in unoccupied forest areas open habitats (clear-cuts, open fens) were more common than in occupied ones at distances between 200 m and 2 km around sampling plots. These differences resulted from both larger mean patch size of and smaller mean nearest neighbor distance between open habitat patches in unoccupied than in occupied forest areas. According to a logistic regression analysis, information on the amount of open habitat within 1 km radius alone correctly classified 75% of the areas into occupied and unoccupied ones. The probability of the presence of flying squirrel decreases with the increasing amount of open habitat within 1 km. The results suggest that increasing the amount of open habitats (e.g. clear-cutting) at the local scale has a negative impact on the flying squirrel. It is obvious that in the present situation where the population has severely declined and its optimal habitat is still diminishing, every patch suitable for the species - whether occupied or not - may be important for the population persistence.
The cambrian evolutionary ‘explosion’ recalibrated

The sudden appearance in the fossil record of the major animal phyla apparently records a phase of unparalleled, rapid evolution at the base of the Cambrian period, 545 Myr ago. This has become known as the Cambrian evolutionary ‘explosion’, and has fuelled speculation about unique evolutionary processes operating at that time. The acceptance of the palaeontological evidence as a true reflection of the evolutionary narrative has been criticised in two ways: from a reappraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of the early fossils, and from predicitions of molecular divergence times, based on six appropriate metazoan genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the arthropods implies an earlier, Precambrian history for most clades, and hence an extensive period of cladogenesis unrecorded by fossils. A similar argument can be applied to molluscs, lophophorates and deuterostomes. Molecular evidence implies divergence between clades to at least 1000 Myr ago. The apparent paradox between the sudden appearance of recognisable metazoans and their extended evolutionary history might be explained by a sudden Cambrian increase in body size, which was accompanied by skeletisation. A new paradigm suggests that the ‘explosion’ in the record may have been decoupled from the evolutionary innovation.
Influence of Row Spacing and Residual Herbicides on Weed Control in Glufosinate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max)1

Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 at two locations in Mississippi to determine weed control efficacy of postemergence soybean herbicides alone or following pendimethalin + imazaquin preemergence in glufosinate-tolerant soybean planted in 38- or 76-cm rows. Glufosinate applications controlled pitted morningglory better than conventional herbicide treatments, regardless of row spacing. Pendimethalin + imazaquin did not increase the efficacy of glufosinate on pitted morningglory. Pitted morningglory control was increased in narrow rows when compared to wide rows with all treatments. Sicklepod control ranged from 90 to 100% in narrow rows with glufosinate, regardless of rate. Residual herbicides alone controlled sicklepod 54%, regardless of row spacing. With grass species, two applications of 420 g ai/ha glufosinate controlled weeds 82 to 100%. Residual herbicides followed by 420 g/ha glufosinate controlled grass species 80% or more, regardless of row spacing. Hemp sesbania control ranged from 80 to 92% in 76- and 38-cm rows with one application of 560 g/ha glufosinate. Glufosinate at 420 g/ha used as sequential applications controlled hemp sesbania better than the conventional treatment in 76-cm rows. Residual herbicides in combination with glufosinate did not increase hemp sesbania control. There were no differences in yield due to row spacing at Stoneville in either year due to extremely dry growing conditions during pod set. At Starkville, two applications of 420 g/ha glufosinate resulted in higher yields than pendimethalin + imazaquin followed by 420 g/ha glufosinate in both years. Pendimethalin + imazaquin followed by 420 g/ha glufosinate increased yield in narrow rows compared to wide rows at Starkville in 1998. Nomenclature: Glufosinate; imazaquin; pendimethalin; hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex. A. W. Hill #3 SEBEX; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barnaby # CASOB; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Additional index words: Glufosinate-tolerant soybean. Abbreviations: POST, postemergence; POST-3, POST application 3 wk after planting; POST-5, POST application 5 wk after planting; PRE, preemergence; WAP, weeks after planting.
HIV-Specific CD4 T Cells and Viral Control

CD4 T cells play an important and central role in the immune system, coordinating the arms of the adaptive immune system to shape an effective response while simultaneously regulating nonessential or deleterious activities. Their critical necessity is demonstrated most strikingly during acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), when depletion of CD4 T cells by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 ultimately results in a host of immune dysfunctions and susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. Although virus-specific CD4 T cell responses are generally vital for the control of viral infections, HIV-specific CD4 T cells have long been recognized to be preferentially targeted and depleted by the virus—raising questions about their utility as immune effectors both during HIV-1 infection and in the context of a prospective HIV1 vaccine. However, more recent research has challenged the notion that HIV-specific CD4 T cells are only relevant as targets. There is a growing appreciation for the crucial role that these cells may play in mediating anti-HIV immunity through a diverse array of effector functions— including direct anti-viral cytotoxicity. Here we show that HIV-specific CD4 T cell responses are evident throughout the course of HIV disease, including acute infection. In particular, an expansion of HIV-specific CD4 T cells with cytolytic potential early after acute HIV infection is associated with lower viral set point and better clinical progression. This expansion is evident
Measuring legitimacy: new trends, old shortcomings?

The legitimacy of political orders is an important reference point in political analysis, but the concept is difficult to operationalise and measure – particularly in those countries where legitimacy is critical (cases of political transformation and high state fragility). This paper develops a four-fold analytical framework based on a dialogical understanding of legitimacy. To be successful, legitimation (the strategic procurement of legitimacy) has to fulfill two separate functions: it has to relate demands for legitimation to government performance, and relate the legitimacy claims issued by the rulers to behavioural patterns of individual and collective actors. The paper gives an overview of recent attempts to measure legitimacy. It argues that these attempts largely fail to conceptualise legitimacy in a convincing way. As a result, extant approaches measure only specific types of legitimacy – or they do not measure it at all.
Effect of Low pH on the Ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus to Survive and Adhere to Human Intestinal Cells

Lactobacillus acidophilus was suspended in broth and buffer at pH 2, 3 and 4 and incubated at 37°C for 2 hr. In both broth and buffer pH 2, viable cell numbers decreased rapidly, and none were recovered after 45 min. At pH 4 in broth and buffer, the number of cells was not significantly reduced in 2 hr. In potassium phthalate buffer at p 3, no viable cells were recovered after 30 min, while in KCl buff and broth at pH 3, no significant reduction was seen. Cells subjected to low pH for up to 5 h were able to adhere to human intestinal cells in vitro. Exposure to low pH did not appear to disrupt the ruthenium red staining layer exterior to the cell wall.
Studies on microscopic technique and culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar medium for diagnosis of dermatophytes infection.

Dermatophytoses (a fungal infection of the skin, hair and nail, usually caused by dermatophytes) constitutes an important public health problem because of its high prevalence and associated morbidity but not life-threatening. Three genera of dermatophytes are recognized based on the site and pattern of fungal invasion. Dermatophytes are the predominant pathogenic mould, but yeasts (especially Candida albicans) and non-dermatophytic moulds may also be implicated. For accurate diagnosis of dermatophytoses requires microscopic demonstration and isolation and identification by culture. This study evaluates the usefulness of microscopic technique and culture for the isolation and identification of dermatophytes from clinical samples. Thirty samples were included in this study for detection of fungal elements by both methods but sensitivity of microscopic demonstration and culture were 60.0% and 66.7% respectively. As the sensitivity of microscopic demonstration (60.0%) is almost equal to the isolation and identification rate (66.7%), requires further evaluation in large scale as its ready to use format makes the application and microscopy much easier and faster. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i1. 13658 KYAMC Journal Vol. 3, No.-1, June 2012 pp.235-238