Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transfer of aflatoxins from naturally contaminated feed to milk of Nili-Ravi buffaloes fed a mycotoxin binder

The objectives of this study were to observe the extent of transfer of aflatoxin B1 in feed to the aflatoxin M1 metabolite in milk in Nili-Ravi buffaloes and to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial mycotoxin binder (Mycofix, Biomin Singapore) incorporated into feed to minimise this transfer. Multiparous animals (n = 28) were randomly distributed to four groups corresponding to two treatments each with two levels of aflatoxin B1. Individual animals were exposed to naturally contaminated feed providing a total of 1475 µg/day (Groups A and B) or 2950 µg/day (Groups C and D) of aflatoxin B1. Groups B and D were given 50 g of mycotoxin binder daily mixed with feed whereas Groups A and C were kept as controls. Feed samples were analysed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for aflatoxin B1 and milk samples were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the liver metabolite aflatoxin M1. The mean value of total daily aflatoxin M1 excretion for animals fed 2950 µg/day of aflatoxin B1 (112.6 µg/day) was almost double (P < 0.001) than the excretion in buffaloes fed 1475 µg/day (62.2 µg/day). The mean daily concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk of animals from both treatment groups supplemented with 50 g/day of mycotoxin binder was 76.5 µg/day, nearly 22 µg lower than those without binder at 98.3 µg/day (s.e.d. = 5.99: P < 0.01). The interaction of binder and treatment was not significant i.e. the 50 g/day of binder was able to sequester aflatoxin B1 with the same efficiency in groups fed with high and low concentrations of aflatoxin B1. Carry over was (3.44%) lower (P = 0.001) in animals supplemented with 50 g/day of mycotoxin binder than those fed no binder (4.60%). Thus buffaloes are highly efficient at transferring aflatoxins in feed to the aflatoxin M1 metabolite in milk, whereas mycotoxin binder is capable of alleviating without preventing this contamination risk.
Impact of Effective Implementation of HR Practices on Employee Performance in Pharmacy Business in Thailand

The study was about the examination of the association between practices of Human Resource (development and training, organizational justice and rewards and compensation) and performance of employees. The chosen methodology for assessing this relationship was quantitative data analysis and data was collected through primary resources. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire, and questionnaires filled from 217 respondents (HR manager, sales manager, supervisors, and labor). At the end of the study, it was concluded that the most impactful variable is rewards and compensation. The physical existence of these variables attracts employees more attention in comparison to other relevant variables. Employees development and training and organizational justice were also shown a noteworthy relationship. It was summed up that equal career opportunities encourage the employee to perform better and fair procedures to help them in their job satisfaction and job motivation. The recommendation for this was to include more relevant variables such as performance appraisal and data analysis method should be based on both quantitative and qualitative methods.
Design, Beam-Wave Interaction, and Efficiency Enhancement Studies of Millimeter Wave Gyro-TWT With a Three-Stage Depressed Collector

In this article, a $W$ -band gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT) amplifier that uses periodically dielectric-loaded (PDL) waveguide and operates in TE01 mode is designed and studied for its stability against backward wave oscillations and beam wave interaction behavior. The subassemblies including a magnetron injection gun using E-GUN code, RF output window, and electron collector using “MAGIC 3-D” are investigated. The present particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of millimeter-wave gyro-TWT results in a peak RF power ~195 kW in TE01 mode with an electronic efficiency of ~28% and a saturated gain of ~63 dB. Further, the overall efficiency of the device is enhanced by using a three-stage depressed collector, which is designed and simulated using “MAGIC 3-D. ” The collection efficiency of the present collector is calculated as ~74% and the overall efficiency of the gyro-TWT is improved to ~60%.
Evaluation of terrestrial carbonaceous matter aromatization by Raman spectroscopy and its application to C chondrites

A Raman method to estimate the aromatization degree of carbonaceous matter (CM) was established, and calibrated by literature data respecting differences in acquisition procedures. The generated equations allowed a comparison of the G‐band width to vitrinite reflectance, and to additional structural organization parameter extracted from X‐ray powder diffraction. The relations between aromatization degree and peak temperatures from literature were then propagated to G‐band width parameter. The applicability of these geothermometers is demonstrated by the consistency of data obtained for carbonaceous chondrites with previous estimations. Since the CM aromatization is controlled by peak temperature and time span, it is possible to estimate the duration of chondrite’s heating events. The G‐band width relation to elemental ratio trends of organic matter in chondrites, interplanetary dust particles, glucose, and saccharose‐based semi‐coke favors synthesis by formose route. These findings provide new approaches for the future development of chemical kinetic models for organic matter of chondrites. A reliable chemical model may allow the external calibration of numerical models for accurately evaluating the peak temperatures and cooling durations of chondrites.
In-door laboratory high-speed testing of tire-pavement noise

ABSTRACT The ability to measure traffic-speed tire-pavement noise in the laboratory is useful for predicting the tire-pavement noise performance of a design mix without conducting expensive and time-consuming field trials. This research developed an in-door high-speed test facility HTP2 for tire-pavement noise measurements. Housed in a semi-anechoic room, HTP2 has a circular test track of vertical wall, and a horizontal rotating arm system mounted with full-scale test tires. The test track can accommodate 12 specimens in each test run. The highest test speed achievable is currently 70 km/h, eventually 100 km/h when fully developed. The On-Board Sound Intensity Method was adopted for tire-pavement noise measurement. Tests were conducted to assess the reliability and repeatability of the test facility. Additional tests involving eight different pavement surface types were performed to illustrate that HTP2 was able to (i) measure sound intensity-frequency characteristics of tire-pavement noise matching those of actual vehicles and pavements, (ii) differentiate sound intensity of tire-pavement noise generated by different pavement types, (iii) identify increase in tire-pavement noise caused by texturing of concrete pavement, (iv) detect differences between tire-pavement noise generated by longitudinally and transversely tined concrete pavements, and (v) measure effects of surface macrotexture on tire-pavement noise.
Biological Calcification Rate and Species‐Specific Contributions of Coccolithophores to Total Calcite Inventory in the Eastern Indian Ocean

Coccolithophores are calcifying protists that have a significant role in marine biological pump through calcite production (CP). We determined the biological calcification rate and ecologically key species (e.g., Gephyrocapsa oceanica) contribution to total calcite stocks in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) during spring intermonsoon; this region was quite undersampled compared to other oceanic regions. Our results indicated that the numerically dominant species are of great importance to cell calcite even with low cellular calcite. CP rate in EIO ranged from 0.148 to 85.017 μmol C·m−3·day−1 in the entire data set, which was lower than those in the global ocean. Coccolithophores contributed 8.5% of total phytoplankton carbon fixation. CP acted as a function of light irradiance in the euphotic zone, while a decoupling between CP and primary productivity was found in most of the bottom of euphotic zone. To some degree, this decoupling indicated calcification was more nitrate dependent and less light dependent than photosynthesis. CP/primary productivity ratios were highly variable in our database and were possibly influenced by photoacclimation across various coccolithophore species. As roughly estimated, the turnover rate of coccolith calcite took values around 0.02–0.05 day−1. The association between particulate organic carbon and calcite stocks implied a potential increasing ballast as depth increase. The current profiles of calcification and associated biogeochemical elements obtained from this field study helps our understanding about characteristics of biological pump in the EIO and are valuable for estimating calcification rate in the region using satellite data and numerical modeling.
Molecular Characterisation of Some Carnivorous Plants Using RAPD Markers

In the present study we use 23 RAPD decamers to characterise 12 carnivorous plants species included in four different genera with the main goal to analyze the intra and inter relationships at DNA molecular level. RAPD analysis was a valuable tool for molecular characterisation of the carnivorous plants. Primers of OPB, OPA, OPE, AB, OPAL series generated the many bands (12-19) in the range of 200-1500 bp, with high level of polymorphism (77.7- 100%). The UPGMA dendrogram builtÂ using TreeView software, based on the genetic relationships between carnivorous plants, confirmed the high level of variability existing among Drosera species although between some analyzed species was not observed evident differences on the leaf morphology, prey capture system and plant height. RAPD assays showed that Sarracenia purpurea and Nepenthes northiana were clustered more closely than Dionea muscipula .
AMP-activated Protein Kinase β Subunit Tethers α and γ Subunits via Its C-terminal Sequence (186–270)*

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important metabolic stress-sensing protein kinase responsible for regulating metabolism in response to changing energy demand and nutrient supply. Mammalian AMPK is a stable αβγ heterotrimer comprising a catalytic α and two non-catalytic subunits, β and γ. The β subunit targets AMPK to membranes via an N-terminal myristoyl group and to glycogen via a mid-molecule glycogen-binding domain. Here we find that the conserved C-terminal 85-residue sequence of the β subunit, β1-(186–270), is sufficient to form an active AMP-dependent heterotrimer α1β1-(186–270)-γ1, whereas the 25-residue β1 C-terminal (246–270) sequence is sufficient to bind γ1, γ2, or γ3 but not the α subunit. Deletion of the β C-terminal Ile-270 precludes βγ association in the absence of the α subunit, but the presence of the α subunit or substitution of Ile-270 with Ala or Glu restores βγ binding. Truncation of the α subunit reveals that β1 binding requires the α1-(313–473) sequence. The conserved C-terminal 85-residue sequence of the β subunit (90% between β1 and β2) is the primary αγ binding sequence responsible for the formation of the AMPK αβγ heterotrimer.
Tresholds of blood variables obtained by receiver operating characteristic analysis for indication of fat and glycogen content in the liver of postpartum dairy cows

Abstract The objective was to determine optimal thresholds of blood variables that are associated with liver lipid and glycogen content in dairy cows. Liver specimens of 15 Holstein dairy cows were taken 2 weeks postpartum (PP) and used for determination of lipid and glycogen content, respectively. Blood samples were collected weekly, starting from week 2 antepartum (AP) up to week 2 PP. Selected blood parameters and body condition scoring (BCS) were evaluated through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis as indication of fat and glycogen content in the liver. Postpartal low liver glycogen content (mode < 2.0, semiquantitative analysis of glycogen content in the liver tissue samples) can be indicated if values are higher than 0.16 mmol/L, and 3.5 mmol/L for NEFA, and glucose, respectively, and lower than 0.65 mmol/L and 17.94 μU/mL for BHBA and insulin, respectively, 2 weeks AP. Postaprtal high liver fat content (>20%, stereological quantification of fat content in the liver tissue samples) can be indicated if values are higher than 3.5 for BCS at week 2 AP. Optimal time for indicating both low liver glycogen/high fat content is 1 week PP, with LDL < cut off point set at 0.18 mmol/L and BHBA > cut off point set at 0.88 mmol/L. Established cut off values in this study can be used for indication of fat and glycogen content in the liver of dairy cows. Highlights More variables are reliable for indication of liver glycogen content than for indication of liver fat content. Postpartum concentrations of LDL and BHBA can be used for indicating both high lipid liver content and low liver glycogen content.
On a Cartesian cut-cell methodology for simulating atmospheric ice accretion on aircraft

Atmospheric in-ight ice accretion has been a signicant operational hazard in aviation for decades. Super-cooled water droplets impinge on exposed surfaces such as wings and rotor blades. These droplets may freeze on the surface thereby changing lift characteristics and disturb weight and aerodynamic balances. The multiple length scales involved prevent designing dynamically similar ows making traditional aeronautical engineering tools such as wind tunnel experiments not suitable. Therefore, computational uid dynamics (CFD) methods have proved an attractive alternative to study atmospheric icing efects. However, most approaches are based on simple incompressible models and are only suited for small ice heights due to the diculty of dynamically tracking the ice accretion. This thesis aims to develop novel mathematical models to capture more relevant phenomena and to improve the numerical methods to allow dynamic tracking of the air-ice interface. The initial chapter presents an augmented air and droplet model which tracks droplet temperatures thereby producing more accurate heat uxes for the phase transition calculation. Firstly, we validate our novel model for common ice accretion test cases and nd excellent agreement with literature. The advantage of the augmented system is demonstrated by applying it to an experimental setup that studies the heat exchange between water droplets and air for various ow conditions. We nd excellent agreement between our model and the experiment for all presented cases whereas constant-temperature approaches match only for short interaction times. Finally, we apply the new system to study the droplet temperatures around various aerofoil and nd signicant temperature diferences compared with conventional models. The following chapter studies the freezing process on the wing geometry. Presently, the most advanced model is based on lubrication theory, however, linear terms are truncated. We extend the series expansion to include rst order terms and demonstrate that the additional order is necessary to accurately capture the thin lm ow on a cylinder. Furthermore, we extend the lubrication-theorybased approach which was limited to simple geometries. The extended model is valid on arbitrary wing shapes making it more relevant for engineers studying real-world problems. The penultimate chapter combines the previous two to give a simulation of the full icing process. We integrate it with a Cartesian cut-cell method which can cope dynamically with moving interfaces. The robustness and performance of the cut-cell techniques allow us to simulate ice growth on realworld geometries. We demonstrate this capability by presenting results of the dynamic ice growth on a NACA 0012 aerofoil making this the rst such numerical experiment.
Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and, Evolution of Dormancy and Germination

Introduction. Ecologically Meaningful Germination Studies. Types of Seed Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Nondeep Physiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Morphophysiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Physical Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds in the Persistent Seed Bank. Causes of Within-Species Variations in Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Tropical and Subtropical Zones. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones. Germination Ecology of Plants with Specialized Life Cycles and/or Habitats. Biogeographical and Evolutionary Aspects of Seed Dormancy. Subject Index.
Isoform Specific Amyloid- β Protein Precursor Metabolism

Alzheimer's amyloid-beta protein precursor (AbetaPP) can occur in different isoforms, among them AbetaPP(751), which is the most abundant isoform in non-neuronal tissues, and AbetaPP(695), often referred to as the neuronal isoform. However, few isoform-specific roles have been addressed. In the work here described, AbetaPP isoforms, both endogenous and as cDNA fusions with green fluorescent protein (GFP), were used to permit isoform-specific monitoring in terms of intracellular processing and targeting. Differences were particularly marked in the turnover rates of the immature isoforms, with AbetaPP(751) having a faster turnover rate than AbetaPP(695) (0.8 h and 1.2 h respectively for endogenous proteins and 1.1 h and 2.3 h for transfected proteins). Hence, AbetaPP(751) matures faster. Additionally, AbetaPP(751) responded to both okadaic acid (OA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), as determined by sAbetaPP production, with PMA inducing a more robust response. For the AbetaPP(695) isoform, however, although PMA produced a strong response, OA failed to elicit such an induction in sAbetaPP production, implicating isoform specificity in phosphorylation regulated events. In conclusion, it seems that the AbetaPP(695) isoform is processed/metabolized at a slower rate and responds differently to OA when compared to the AbetaPP(751) isoform. The relevance of isoform-specific processing in relation to Alzheimer's disease needs to be further investigated, given the predominance of the AbetaPP(695) isoform in neuronal tissues and isoform-specific alterations in expression levels associated with the pathology.
Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype-3 in Chickens and Turkeys

Members of the family Paramyxoviridae are pleomorphic enveloped viruses that contain a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome of 13-19 kilobases (Lamb and Parks, 2007). These viruses have been isolated from many species of avian, terrestrial and aquatic animals around the world. Some members of the family Paramyxoviridae are well known human (measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus and various human parainfluenza viruses) and animal (rinderpest virus, canine distemper virus and Newcastle disease virus [NDV]) pathogens, while the pathogenic potential of many others is still unknown. The family is divided into two subfamilies, Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae. Subfamily Paramyxovirinae is further divided into five genera: Rubulavirus, Respirovirus, Henipavirus, Morbillivirus and Avulavirus. Subfamily Pneumovirinae is divided into two genera: Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus (Mayo, 2002).
Effect of trust on financial market participation: evidence from China

Abstract This article explores the effect of trust on financial market participation in China using the China Family Panel Studies, a comprehensive national survey dataset. We find that trust is a crucial factor of financial market participation. Using regional average trust scores as an instrument, we find that investors with higher level of trust are more likely to invest in financial markets, and to allocate a higher percentage of wealth to financial products such as stocks and bonds. Moreover, the impact of trust on financial market participation is cross-sectionally different. While trust significantly promotes financial market participation for wealthier households, its effect is not significant for less wealthy households. And trust has a larger effect on participation for those with less financial knowledge in general. For the above-median-wealth households in particular, trust encourages financial market participation only for those with financial knowledge below the average.
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism

1. The Cell: A Microcosm of Life. 2. The Digestive System: Mechanisms for Nourishing the Body. 3. Carbohydrates. 4. Fiber. 5. Lipids. 6. Protein. 7. Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise and Sport. 8. Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Balance. 9. The Water Soluble Vitamins. 10. The Fat Soluble Vitamins. 11. Macrominerals. 12. Microminerals. 13. Ultratrace Elements. 14. Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance. 15. Experimental Design and Critical Interpretation of Research. Appendix. Glossary. Index.
Diallel Analysis for Yield and its Yield Attributing Traits in Capsicum [Capsicum annuum (L.) var grossum Sendt]

The present investigation was carried out to study heterosis and combining ability for yield and its yield attributing traits in capsicum in the year 2011. The experimental material consisted of twelve parents and 66 F 1 S produced in diallel mating design excluding reciprocals. Analysis of variance for combining ability exhibited the significance for gca and sca effects of all the characters studied. The remarkable heterosis for yield and its yield attributing traits was also observed. The high performing crosses for all the characters studied showed that in general these crosses involved high x high, low x low, high x low and low x high general combiners. The low x low crosses giving high sca value may be due to genetic diversity of the parents and non allelic interactions.
Aerobic Spore-Forming Bacteria in the Ultra High Temperature Milk Produced in the North West of Algeria

The occurrence of the spore-forming bacteria in different segments of production lines of Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk of a commercial plant and its transfer to the final product was studied. The samples were collected from different segments of production lines from reception to packaging sections, over a period of 75 days at a rate of one sampling a week, from plants in North West of Algeria. The total colony count of aerobic spore-forming bacteria was done using Plate Count Agar (PCA) method. The results showed that there was more than 1 × 10 3 CFU/mL at the level of 50%, 25%, 37.5%, 62.5% and 37.5% of the analyzed samples of milk powder, pasteurized milk, UHT milk (before storage), UHT milk stored at 55 °C for 7 days and UHT milk stored at 30 °C for 14 days, respectively. The mean total colony count of aerobic spore-forming bacteria was considerably lower in the UHT milk than in the other samples, while the higher proportion of aerobic spore-forming bacteria was noticed to be 32.58% and 30.90% in the UHT milk stored at 55 °C and 30 °C, respectively. The results obtained by the classic biochemical identification (Bacillus API 20E), interpreted by software of calculation for microbial identification reflected the presence of especially Bacillus sphaericus. The other species found were: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus stearothermophilus. The study reveals that the proportion of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in the final product depends on temperature and storage periods.