Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vortex-Shedding Noise and Potential-Interaction Noise Modeling by a Reversed Sears' Problem

The classical Sears’ problem of calculating the lift fluctuations, due to the impingement of upstream disturbances on the leading edge of a flat-plate airfoil, is recast in the present paper, essentially by reversing the mean flow carrying the velocity disturbances. The latter are considered to interact with the trailing edge when being evacuated downstream, instead of impinging on the leading edge from upstream, and the Kutta condition is ignored. A compressible solution is proposed, which is a straightforward adaptation of Amiet’s formulation, dedicated to the calculation of the far-field noise. The first application is the narrow-band vortex-shedding noise associated with the von Karman street shed in the wake of a thick plate. For this, a convection speed lower than the surrounding flow speed is accounted for. Once the PSD and the spanwise correlation length of the transverse velocity fluctuations in the near wake are known as input data, the model is shown to predict sound levels, which agree well with the measurements. The second application is the modeling of the potential-interaction noise generated as rotor blades operate in the flow distortion caused by a radial cylinder placed at a short downstream distance. The distortion and the blade loading harmonics are derived analytically. The shrouded tail rotor of an helicopter is investigated as a special case. The effect of a variable blade pitch angle, related to a variable thrust, is assessed. A noise increase by 0.4 dB per degree is found, compatible with previously reported measurements. Both test cases suggest that the proposed model is a reliable pre-design tool for configurations in which the unsteady aerodynamics of blades clearly results from downstream disturbances.
Substance use disparities by age, race, sex, and sexual orientation among persons living with HIV in the Southern U.S.

Background Alcohol and drug use is overrepresented among individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and is associated with poor health outcomes. Determining the extent to which substance use differs between demographic profiles of people living with HIV (PLWH) would determine at-risk groups that would benefit from intervention. Methods Cross-sectional screening data (N = 1307, M age = 42.7 years, 66% male, 86% African American, 39% sexual minority) was examined from an HIV clinic in the southern U.S. largely treating underserved and low-income patients. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and their interactions were entered as predictors of substance use and related impairment in a series of zero-inflated negative binomial regressions. Results African Americans reported more drug use (p = 0.004) and drug-related negative consequences (p = 0.003). Notably, alcohol-related negative consequences of African American heterosexuals were much higher at younger ages, compared to sexual minorities (regardless of race) and White heterosexuals of all age groups (p = 0.04). Conclusions Among PLWH in the U.S. South, African Americans may be uniquely at-risk with for problems related to drug-related functional impairment. Specifically, young heterosexual African Americans are at high risk for alcohol-related impairment. Implications are discussed.
Milestone Review: Metabolic dynamics of glutamate and GABA mediated neurotransmission — The essential roles of astrocytes

Since it was first generally accepted that the two amino acids glutamate and GABA act as principal neurotransmitters, several landmark discoveries relating to this function have been uncovered. Synaptic homeostasis of these two transmitters involves several cell types working in close collaboration and is facilitated by specialized cellular processes. Notably, glutamate and GABA are extensively recycled between neurons and astrocytes in a process known as the glutamate/GABA‐glutamine cycle, which is essential to maintain synaptic transmission. The glutamate/GABA‐glutamine cycle is intimately coupled to cellular energy metabolism and relies on the metabolic function of both neurons and astrocytes. Importantly, astrocytes display unique metabolic features allowing extensive metabolite release, hereby providing metabolic support for neurons. Furthermore, astrocytes undergo complex metabolic adaptations in response to injury and pathology, which may greatly affect the glutamate/GABA‐glutamine cycle and synaptic transmission during disease. In this Milestone Review we outline major discoveries in relation to synaptic balancing of glutamate and GABA signaling, including cellular uptake, metabolism, and recycling. We provide a special focus on how astrocyte function and metabolism contribute to sustain neuronal transmission through metabolite transfer. Recent advances on cellular glutamate and GABA homeostasis are reviewed in the context of brain pathology, including glutamate toxicity and neurodegeneration. Finally, we consider how pathological astrocyte metabolism may serve as a potential target of metabolic intervention. Integrating the multitude of fine‐tuned cellular processes supporting neurotransmitter recycling, will aid the next generation of major discoveries on brain glutamate and GABA homeostasis.
Optical properties of a liquid crystal with small ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices and small optical anisotropy

Optical properties of a nematic liquid crystal with small refractive index and small birefringence were studied. The ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices and birefringence were measured as functions of temperature by using an Abbe refractometer and wedge nematic cells. From values of these indices the nematic orientational order parameter was calculated by using several methods and corresponding mathematical models. Kuczyński et al. method was found to be suitable for determining the order parameter also for materials featuring small ordinary refractive index, with unknown density.
Colonoscopy surveillance: striving toward less is more?

al of polyps reduced the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC-related mortality [1]. After a median follow-up time of 16 years, there was a 53% reduction in CRC-related mortality in the group of patients who underwent removal of adenomas compared with the general population [1]. Although studies have shown the association between findings at index colonoscopy and the risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia [2], there is a lack of evidence about the optimal surveillance interval after polypectomy. Risk estimates used to be mainly based on histology, location, size, and number of adenomas at index colonoscopy. However, there is new evidence showing the risk of metachronous CRC after the removal of serrated polyps [3].
An Inventory Model With Three-Parameter Weibull Deterioration, Quadratic Demand Rate and Shortages

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACT This article presents an economic order quantity (EOQ), model for items with three-parameter Weibull distribution deterioration and quadratic demand trend. The model is developed and analyzed under quasipartial backlogging, i.e., in a situation when a shortage occurs, a good number of customers are willing to wait for the product to become available again. The quadratic demand rate is deterministic and it depicts different phases of market demand, including accelerated rise or fall in demand. The instantaneous rate of deterioration is an increasing function of time. We provide simple analytical tractable procedures for deriving the model and give numerical examples to illustrate the solution procedure. Sensitivity analysis is performed to show how the optimal values of the policy variables in the model change as various model parameters are changed.
Blooming Forbs Utilized by Breeding-Season Danaus plexippus in the USA North-Central Region

ABSTRACT. Danaus plexippus (monarch butterfly) populations in North America east of the Rocky Mountains are in decline due to loss of habitat containing Asclepias spp. (milkweed) and blooming forbs. To support D. plexippus recovery, habitat restoration efforts use seed mixes designed to maintain a diversity of species that bloom over the breeding and migration periods. The extent to which these species are uniquely attractive to foraging D. plexippus is unclear. We conducted observational studies at areas in Iowa USA with varying densities and diversities of Asclepias spp. and floral resources to help inform conservation management practices. Forty-two blooming forb species were present across four sites (2-4-ha) in Boone and Story counties from June through September in 2020. Many of the species present are commonly found in pollinator seed mixes. The number of blooming forbs species per site varied from 12 to 24 across the four months; the minimum and maximum density of species-specific inflorescences ranged from 8.45 to 36.3 inflorescence/m2. We observed D. plexippus nectaring on 27 of the 42 species across the sites. Based on total feeding events observed and the species-specific density of inflorescences, Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias verticillata, Helianthus grosseserratus, and Cirsium vulgare were favored for nectaring at each site where they were present. Additional species were favored in some, but not all, sites including Symphyotrichum pilosum, Eupatorium altissimum, Trifolium pratense, Echinacea pallida, and Verbena urticifolia. Findings suggest variation in preference may be due, in part, to site-specific and surrounding landscape features. Future studies on D. plexippus foraging behavior could address the interacting roles of habitat and landscape features, as well as species-specific flower size and shape, scent, nutrition, and nectar abundance. While forb utilization is likely influenced by site- and plant-specific features, preferred species we observed are typically included in recommended native seed mix designed to ensure blooms from June through September to support migratory and non-migratory, breeding D. plexippus.
Breeding season diet of the Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus extimus) in southern Florida

ABSTRACT The diet of the Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) has been described in at least 12 states. The diet of this species has not yet been described in Florida, although this state contains an endemic subspecies (B. l. extimus) first described more than 100 years ago. This study characterizes the prey items Red-shouldered Hawks provided to their nestlings in southern Florida using nest cameras at 2 nests in spring 2018 and 4 nests in spring 2019. Seventy-two percent of 1,024 recorded prey deliveries were identifiable to class. Reptiles and amphibians were the most frequently consumed prey classes, as expected, given that Red-shouldered Hawks were previously found to consume more mammals in their northern range and more amphibians and reptiles in their southern range. The diet breadth was lowest at the most urban nest in this study. Each pair successfully fledged all nestlings present when the cameras were installed, although they provided a wide variety of prey amounts and types. RESUMEN (Spanish) La dieta del gavilán Buteo lineatus ha sido descrita en al menos 12 estados. La dieta de esta especie no ha sido aún descrita en Florida, aunque en el estado se ha registrado una subespecie endémica (Buteo lineatus extimus) descrita por primera vez hace más de 100 años. Este estudio caracteriza las presas que los gavilanes Buteo lineatus usaban para alimentar a sus polluelos en el sudeste de Florida usando cámaras en 2 nidos en la primavera del 2018 y en 4 nidos en la primavera del 2019. Setenta y dos por ciento de las 1024 presas llevadas registradas fueron identificadas a clase. Reptiles y anfibios eran las clases de presas más frecuentemente consumidas, como era esperado, ya que los gavilanes Buteo lineatus consumen más mamíferos en la parte norteña de su distribución y más anfibios y reptiles en la parte sureña. La amplitud de dieta era menor en la mayoría de nidos urbanos en este estudio. Cada pareja tuvo éxito en emancipar a los polluelos que fueron grabados, aunque les dieron presas que variaron ampliamente en tipo y cantidad. Palabras clave: amplitud de dieta análisis de hábitat cámaras en el nido gradiente urbano, presas no nativas
Using Eye-Tracking Methodology to Study Grid Question Designs in Web Surveys

Abstract Grid questions are frequently employed in web surveys due to their assumed response efficiency. In line with this, many previous studies have found shorter response times for grid questions compared to item-by-item formats. Our contribution to this literature is to investigate how altering the question format affects response behavior and the depth of cognitive processing when answering both grid question and item-by-item formats. To answer these questions, we implemented an experiment with three questions in an eye-tracking study. Each question consisted of a set of ten items which respondents answered either on a single page (large grid), on two pages with five items each (small grid), or on ten separate pages (item-by-item). We did not find substantial differences in cognitive processing overall, while the processing of the question stem and the response scale labels was significantly higher for the item-by-item design than for the large grid in all three questions. We, however, found that when answering an item in a grid question, respondents often refer to surrounding items when making a judgement. We discuss the findings and limitations of our study and provide suggestions for practical design decisions.
Vibration response of functionally graded material sandwich plates with elliptical cutouts and geometric imperfections under the mixed boundary conditions

Abstract The present article investigates the effect of elliptical cutouts and geometric imperfections on the vibrational response of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates. Generalised governing equations for the sandwich FGM (SFGM) plate are derived based on non-polynomial higher-order shear deformation theory. Geometric discontinuities have been incorporated as elliptical cutouts in the plates, and the various geometric imperfections are modelled using the generic function. The mathematical modelling has been carried out using the C0 continuity isoparametric finite element formulation by considering four-noded elements with seven degrees of freedoms per node. Convergence and validation studies have been performed to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the present methodology. The influence of volume fraction index, geometric imperfections, and elliptical cutouts on the vibrational frequency of SFGM plates have been analysed under the mixed boundary conditions.
Fall Risk in Adult Family Practice Non-Attenders: A Cross-Sectional Study from Slovenia

ABSTRACT Introduction Not much is known about the fall risk among the adult population of those who rarely visit doctors. We wanted to determine the prevalence of increased fall risk in a population of family practice non-attenders and the factors associated with it. Methods We included participants from family medicine practices in this cross-sectional study. To be included in the study, the participants had to be adults living in the community (home-dwelling people) who had not visited their chosen family physician in the last five years (non-attenders). The identification of the eligible persons was done through a search of electronic medical records, which yield 2,025 non-attenders. Community nurses collected data in the participants’ homes. The outcome measure was increased fall risk as assessed by the Morse fall scale: increased risk (≥25) vs. no risk. Results The sample consisted of 1,945 patients (96.0% response rate) with a mean age of 60.4 years (range 20.5 to 99.7 years). An increased fall risk was determined in 482 or 24.8% (95% CI: [22.9, 26.8]) of the patients. The multivariate model showed a significant association of increased fall risk with higher age (p<0.001), lower systolic blood pressure (p=0.047), poor family function (p=0.016), increased risk of malnutrition (p=0.013), higher number of chronic diseases (p=0.027), higher pain intensity (p<0.001), lower self-assessment of current health (p=0.002), and higher dependence in daily activities (p<0.001). Conclusion Non-attenders may have an increased risk of falling which depends on their health status and age. The inclusion of community nurses in primary healthcare teams could be of use not only to identify the non-attenders’ health needs, but also to better manage their health, especially the factors that were identified to be associated with greater fall risk.
Validation of a mixed‐layer closure. II: Observational tests

Data from the DYCOMS2 observational campaign are used to test a mixed‐layer entrainment model presented previously by the author. The model is extended to include the effects of drizzle precipitation and radiative warming from the surface. The most consistent results are obtained under the assumption that the mixed‐layer top is unsaturated, that is, the cloud top is below the top of the turbulent flow. With this assumption, the predicted entrainment rates lie near those obtained by Faloona et al., and are well correlated with them, but are sensitive to the evaluation of temperature and moisture jumps and other parameters. The predicted entrainment rates are substantially smaller than those observed by Gerber et al., and are not correlated with them.
A spatial approach to jointly estimate Wright’s neighborhood size and long-term effective population size

Spatially continuous patterns of genetic differentiation, which are common in nature, are often poorly described by existing population genetic theory or methods that assume panmixia or discrete, clearly definable populations. There is therefore a need for statistical approaches in population genetics that can accommodate continuous geographic structure, and that ideally use georeferenced individuals as the unit of analysis, rather than populations or subpopulations. In addition, researchers are often interested describing the diversity of a population distributed continuously in space, and this diversity is intimately linked to the dispersal potential of the organism. A statistical model that leverages information from patterns of isolation-by-distance to jointly infer parameters that control local demography (such as Wright’s neighborhood size), and the long-term effective size (Ne) of a population would be useful. Here, we introduce such a model that uses individual-level pairwise genetic and geographic distances to infer Wright’s neighborhood size and long-term Ne. We demonstrate the utility of our model by applying it to complex, forward-time demographic simulations as well as an empirical dataset of the Red Sea clownfish (Amphiprion bicinctus). The model performed well on simulated data relative to alternative approaches and produced reasonable empirical results given the natural history of clownfish. The resulting inferences provide important insights into the population genetic dynamics of spatially structure populations.
Interpretable full-epoch multiclass decoding for M/EEG

Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Electroencephalography (EEG) data is a valuable tool for understanding how the brain represents and discriminates between different stimuli. Identifying the spatial and temporal signatures of stimuli is typically a crucial output of these analyses. Such analyses are mainly performed using linear, pairwise, sliding window decoding models. These allow for relative ease of interpretation, e.g. by estimating a time-course of decoding accuracy, but are computationally intensive and can have limited decoding performance. On the other hand, full epoch decoding models, commonly used for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, can provide better decoding performance. However, they lack methods for interpreting the contributions of spatial and temporal features. In this paper, we propose an approach that combines a multiclass, full epoch decoding model with supervised dimensionality reduction, while still being able to reveal the contributions of spatiotemporal and spectral features using permutation feature importance. We demonstrate the approach on 3 different task MEG datasets using image presentations. Our results demonstrate that this approach consistently achieves higher accuracy than the peak accuracy of a sliding window decoder while estimating the relevant spatiotemporal features in the MEG signal. Finally, we show that our multiclass model can also be used for pairwise decoding, eliminating the computational burden of training separate models for each pairwise combination of stimuli.
The FAAH inhibitor URB597 reduces cocaine seeking during conditioned punishment and withdrawal

The endocannabinoid system is prominently implicated in the control of cocaine reinforcement due to its relevant role in synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter modulation in the mesocorticolimbic system. The inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the resulting increase in anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines, represents a promising strategy for reducing drug seeking. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effects of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (1 mg/kg) on crucial features of cocaine addictive-like behaviour in mice. Therefore, we tested the effects of URB597 on acquisition of cocaine (0.6 mg/kg/inf) self-administration, compulsive-like cocaine intake and cue-induced drug-seeking behaviour during withdrawal. URB597 reduced cocaine intake under conditioned punishment while having no impact on acquisition. This result was associated to increased cannabinoid receptor 1 gene expression in the ventral striatum and medium spiny neurons activation in the nucleus accumbens shell. Moreover, URB597 reduced cue-induced drug-seeking behaviour during prolonged abstinence and prevented the withdrawal-induced increase in FAAH gene expression in the ventral striatum. In this case, URB597 decreased activation of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens core. Our findings evidence the prominent role of endocannabinoids in the development of cocaine addictive-like behaviours and support the potential of FAAH inhibition as a therapeutical target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.