Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evapotranspiration flux partitioning at a multi-species shrubland with stable isotopes of soil, plant, and atmosphere water pools

Evapotranspiration is the second largest component of the hydrological cycle after rainfall precipitation in semiarid regions such as northwestern Mexico. In this study, we partitioned the evapotranspiration (ET) flux using stable isotopes of water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in combination with eddy covariance flux measurements. We considered three methods for determining the isotopic composition of transpiration ( δ T ): (1) isotopic steady state, (2) non-steady state, and (3) non-steady state weighting the relative importance of dominant species cover and accounting for the relative values of stomatal conductance. Three approaches of T/ET partitioning were estimated during several wet and dry days at the study site in Sonora, Mexico. The total ET flux was variable across years due to differences in precipitation amount between years. ET was lower during the drier-year and reached higher values during the wetter-year. Soil evaporation (E) dominated ET soon after large rain events (40 to 70 mm d –1 [DOY-196 and DOY-197] in 2008) but showed a rapid decrease in dominance as the soil surface dried. Estimated values of T/ET based on an isotopic mass balance were in the same range independent of three methods used. The mean T/ET ratio across all the periods studied was in the range of other studies in semiarid ecosystems and global trends with values of ~0.67 ± 0.02. This work contributes to a better understanding of the surface atmosphere interactions in semi-arid regions.
Analysis of Service Quality and Institutional Image on Satisfaction and the Implications on Customer Loyalty (Case Study: Yadika 12 Depok Junior High School)

This study aims to analyze service quality and institutional image of customer satisfaction and implications for customer loyalty (case study: Yadika 12 Depok Junior High School). The research data uses primary and secondary data. Secondary data was obtained from various sources such as journals, books and other related publications, as well as through school administration staff and also the vice principal of the academic field. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire distributed to respondents, namely parents and students Yadika 12 Depok Junior High School. The sampling method used in this study is quota sampling with 122 respondents. The analyst method uses path analysis using SPSS version 22. The results shown that service quality and institutional image have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Furthermore, service quality does not affect customer loyalty, while institutional image through customer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. And customer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. School management effort that can be done is to improve and develop sustainably, and maintain the quality and image of a good institution.
On the Adoption of Big Data Analytics: A Business Strategy Typology Perspective

Recent advancements in big data analytics have invoked tremendous attention from both academics and industries. Many researchers refer that the adoption and application of big data analytics could lead to performance impact to organizations, and therefore further affect organizational adoption intention of this technology. However, few researchers study the influences of various types of business strategies on big data analytics adoption, and empirical documents in this regard are also scant in the literature. In this study, business strategies were classified into four different types. Empirical data from enterprises were collected and analyzed to assess the impact of strategic typology on big data analytics adoption. The results and the implications are then elaborated.
Understanding masticatory function in unilateral crossbites

Dr. Maria Grazia Piancino is a researcher and Aggregate Professor in Orthognathodontics at University of Turin, Italy. She along with Dr. Stephanos Kyrkanides, Dean, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA, has brought the first book of its type “Understanding Masticatory Function in Unilateral Crossbites. ” Authors have studied the malocclusion from a gnathological viewpoint both in terms of diagnosis as well as treatment. The authoritative nature of the text is very evident from its composition and conforms to the vast knowledge and experience of the authors. The authors have emphasized the tenets of masticatory function and associated dentofacial and skeletal dysfunction in detail. The clinical attributes of masticatory function in unilateral crossbites enlighten us to understand the muscular Ingram in a better way before planning for orthodontic treatment.
Use of Subsistence-Harvested Whale Carcasses by Polar Bears in the Southern Beaufort Sea

The availability of a food subsidy has the potential to influence the condition, behavior, fitness, and population dynamics of a species. Since the early 2000s, monitoring efforts along the coast of northern Alaska have indicated a higher proportion of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the southern Beaufort Sea (SB) subpopulation coming onshore to feed on subsistence-harvested bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) carcasses during the fall and early winter seasons. Concurrently, Indigenous communities annually hunt bowhead whale and deposit the unused remains at localized “bone piles,” creating the potential for human-bear interactions. Our objective was to determine the annual number of polar bears feeding at the bone pile near Kaktovik, Alaska. Using a hair snag surrounding the bone pile, we collected hair samples to identify individual bears via microsatellite genotypes during 2011 – 14. We used capture-mark-recapture data in the POPAN open-population model to estimate the number of bears visiting the bone pile. We estimated that as many as 72 (SE = 9) and 76 (SE = 10) male and female polar bears, respectively, used the bone pile located at Kaktovik, Alaska, in 2012, which represents approximately 16% of the SB polar bear subpopulation. It will be important to monitor the number of bears using the bone pile and subsequent human-bear interactions and conflicts along the northern coast of Alaska, if sea ice continues to recede.
Evaluation of transmural myocardial deformation and reflectivity characteristics

Several physical properties of the myocardium, such as velocity, strain rate, strain, the mean reflected ultrasonic energy and its cyclic variation have been measured to assess regional myocardial function. Prior studies have merely focused on extracting one of these parameters at a time. Moreover, their temporal resolution was often compromised and the methodology used, did often not allow to detect transmural changes of these properties. The purpose of this study was to overcome these limitations by extracting all these parameters simultaneously in different layers of the cardiac wall at a high temporal resolution. The study showed significant changes of all parameters transmurally. Radial velocities showed a marked endo- to epicardial velocity gradient. Radial strain rate and strain were highest in the mid-myocardium, although relatively low in other layers. Finally, integrated backscatter patterns showed a complex but reproducible behavior at high temporal resolution. Their cyclic variation showed to be higher in layers exhibiting more strain. These results show that the sub-endo- and sub-epicardial fibers do not contribute significantly to the radial thickening of the posterior wall. Moreover, the observations made for the transmural integrated backscatter behavior are in concordance with the hypothesis that changes in integrated backscatter are directly related to the total regional (three-dimensional) strain.
Super-rigidity of certain skeleta using relative symplectic cohomology

This paper uses relative symplectic cohomology, recently studied by Varolgunes, to understand rigidity phenomena for compact subsets of symplectic manifolds. As an application, we consider a symplectic crossings divisor in a Calabi–Yau symplectic manifold [Formula: see text] whose complement is a Liouville manifold. We show that, for a carefully chosen Liouville structure, the skeleton as a subset of [Formula: see text] exhibits strong rigidity properties akin to superheavy subsets of Entov–Polterovich. Along the way, we expand the toolkit of relative symplectic cohomology by introducing products and units. We also develop what we call the contact Fukaya trick, concerning the behavior of relative symplectic cohomology of subsets with contact type boundary under adding a Liouville collar.
Thermosolutal Marangoni instability in a viscoelastic liquid film: effect of heating from the free surface

Abstract We investigate the Marangoni instability in a thin polymeric liquid film heated from the free surface. The polymeric solutions are usually a binary mixture of a Newtonian solvent with a polymeric solute, and exhibit viscoelastic behaviour. In the presence of a temperature gradient, stratification of these solutes can take place via the Soret effect, giving rise to the solutocapillary effect at the free surface. Considering this cross-diffusive effect and incorporating the effects of gravity, here we analyse the stability characteristics of this polymeric film when bounded between its deformable free surface and a poorly conductive rigid substrate. Linear stability analysis around the quiescent base state reveals that, under the combined influences of thermosolutocapillarity and the elasticity of the liquid, apart from the monotonic disturbances, two different oscillatory instabilities can emerge in this system. The characteristics of each instability mode are discussed, and a complete stability picture is perceived in terms of the phase diagrams, identifying the model parameter regimes for which a particular instability mode becomes dominant.
Study of breast feeding practices in rural field practice area of Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana state, India

Background: Infant mortality rate (IMR) is considered as one of the most sensitive indicators of health status of a community. Breast feeding in rural areas appears to be influenced by beliefs, social, cultural and educational factors. This study aimed to access awareness and practices towards exclusive breast feeding and awareness towards the nutritional status and assessment and positioning of baby as per IMNCI guidelines in rural area, Warangal. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study conducted on mothers with children aged 0-2 years residing in rural field practising area, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal. A total of 200 mothers with children aged 0-2 years were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. Statistical analysis: percentages, proportions and chi-square test. Results: A total of 200 mothers with children aged 0-2 years participated in the study; majority (46.2%) belonged to the age group of 21-23 years in which most of the mothers belong to Hindu religion (90%), of which 67% lived in nuclear family. In this study, the percentage of mothers with children 0-2 years belonging to upper class was predominant with 47.5%. Association was found between education and practice of not giving prelacteal feeds and also with initiation of breast feeding (IBF). Association was also found between knowledge and practice. There is a significant awareness between EBF and IBF. About 83.8% mothers feed their child with colostrum, of which 28% mothers said that they don’t know the reason of practising colostrum. Around 70% babies have good suckling and 54.3% babies were born with prematurity. Conclusions: Nearly 76% mothers were lack of awareness regarding health condition of both baby and mother on breast feeding practices. The literacy and age of women has significant association on breast feeding practices.
Quantum electrostatics and a product picture for quantum electrodynamics; or, the temporal gauge revised

We introduce a suitable notion of quantum coherent state to describe the electrostatic field of a static classical charge distribution, thereby underpinning the author's 1998 formulae for the inner product of a pair of such states. (We also correct an incorrect factor of $4\pi$.) Contrary to what one might expect, this is non-zero whenever the two total charges are equal, even if the charge distributions themselves are different. We then address the problem of furnishing QED with a "product structure", i.e. a formulation in which there is a total Hamiltonian, arising as a sum of a free electromagnetic Hamiltonian, a free charged-matter Hamiltonian and an interaction term, acting on a total Hilbert space which is the tensor product of an electromagnetic Hilbert space and a charged-matter Hilbert space. (The traditional Coulomb-gauge formulation of QED doesn't have a product structure in this sense because, in it, the longitudinal part of the electric field is a function of the charged matter operators.) Motivated by all this, and both for a charged Dirac field and for a system of non-relativistic charged balls, we transform Coulomb-gauge QED into an equivalent formulation which we call the "product picture". This involves a full Hilbert space which is the tensor product of a Hilbert space of transverse and longitudinal photons with a Hilbert space for charged matter and in this sits a physical subspace (in all states of which the charged matter is entangled with longitudinal photons) on which Gauss's law holds strongly, together with a total Hamiltonian which has a product structure, albeit the electric field operator while self-adjoint on the physical subspace, isn't self-adjoint on the full Hilbert space. The product-picture Hamiltonian resembles the temporal gauge Hamiltonian, but the product picture is free from the difficulties in pre-existing temporal-gauge quantizations.
Setting the Stage for Cosmic Chronometers. II. Impact of Stellar Population Synthesis Models Systematics and Full Covariance Matrix

The evolution of differential ages of passive galaxies at different redshifts (cosmic chronometers) has been proved to be a method potentially able to constrain the Hubble parameter in a cosmology-independent way, but the systematic uncertainties must be carefully evaluated. In this paper, we compute the contribution to the full covariance matrix of systematic uncertainties due to the choice of initial mass function, stellar library, and metallicity, exploring a variety of stellar population synthesis models. Through simulations in the redshift range 0 < z < 1.5, we find that the choice of the stellar population synthesis model dominates the total error budget on H(z), with contributions at a level of ∼4.5%, discarding the most discordant model. The contribution due to the choice of initial mass function is <0.5%, while that due to the stellar library is ∼6.6%, on average. We also assess the impact of an uncertainty in the stellar metallicity determination, finding that an error of ∼10% (5%) on the stellar metallicity propagates to a 9% (4%) error on H(z). These results are used to provide the combined contribution of these systematic effects on the error budget. For current H(z) measurements, where the uncertainties due to metallicity and star formation history were already included, we show that, using the more modern stellar libraries, the additional systematic uncertainty is between 5.4% (at z = 0.2) and 2.3% (at z = 1.5). To reach the goal of keeping the systematic error budget below the 1% level, we discuss the efforts needed to obtain higher resolution and signal-to-noise spectra and improvements in the modeling of stellar population synthesis.
XPersona: Evaluating Multilingual Personalized Chatbot

Personalized dialogue systems are an essential step toward better human-machine interaction. Existing personalized dialogue agents rely on properly designed conversational datasets, which are mostly monolingual (e.g., English), which greatly limits the usage of conversational agents in other languages. In this paper, we propose a multi-lingual extension of Persona-Chat, namely XPersona. Our dataset includes persona conversations in six different languages other than English for evaluating multilingual personalized agents. We experiment with both multilingual and cross-lingual trained baselines and evaluate them against monolingual and translation-pipeline models using both automatic and human evaluation. Experimental results show that the multilingual trained models outperform the translation pipeline and that they are on par with the monolingual models, with the advantage of having a single model across multiple languages. On the other hand, the state-of-the-art cross-lingual trained models achieve inferior performance to the other models, showing that cross-lingual conversation modeling is a challenging task. We hope that our dataset and baselines will accelerate research in multilingual dialogue systems.
F, B, Alpha Matting

Cutting out an object and estimating its opacity mask, known as image matting, is a key task in many image editing applications. Deep learning approaches have made significant progress by adapting the encoder-decoder architecture of segmentation networks. However, most of the existing networks only predict the alpha matte and post-processing methods must then be used to recover the original foreground and background colours in the transparent regions. Recently, two methods have shown improved results by also estimating the foreground colours, but at a significant computational and memory cost. In this paper, we propose a low-cost modification to alpha matting networks to also predict the foreground and background colours. We study variations of the training regime and explore a wide range of existing and novel loss functions for the joint prediction. Our method achieves the state of the art performance on the Adobe Composition-1k dataset for alpha matte and composite colour quality. It is also the current best performing method on the this http URL online evaluation.
Darboux coordinates for symplectic groupoid and cluster algebras

Using Fock–Goncharov higher Teichmüller space variables we derive Darboux coordinate representation for entries of general symplectic leaves of the An groupoid of uppertriangular matrices and, in a more general setting, of higher-dimensional symplectic leaves for algebras governed by the reflection equation with the trigonometric R-matrix. The obtained results are in a perfect agreement with the previously obtained Poisson and quantum representations of groupoid variables for A3 and A4 in terms of geodesic functions for Riemann surfaces with holes. We represent braid-group transformations for An via sequences of cluster mutations in the special An-quiver. We prove the groupoid relations for quantum transport matrices and, as a byproduct, obtain the Goldman bracket in the semiclassical limit.
Rethinking Batch Normalization in Transformers

The standard normalization method for neural network (NN) models used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is layer normalization (LN). This is different than batch normalization (BN), which is widely-adopted in Computer Vision. The preferred use of LN in NLP is principally due to the empirical observation that a (naive/vanilla) use of BN leads to significant performance degradation for NLP tasks; however, a thorough understanding of the underlying reasons for this is not always evident. In this paper, we perform a systematic study of NLP transformer models to understand why BN has a poor performance, as compared to LN. We find that the statistics of NLP data across the batch dimension exhibit large fluctuations throughout training. This results in instability, if BN is naively implemented. To address this, we propose Power Normalization (PN), a novel normalization scheme that resolves this issue by (i) relaxing zero-mean normalization in BN, (ii) incorporating a running quadratic mean instead of per batch statistics to stabilize fluctuations, and (iii) using an approximate backpropagation for incorporating the running statistics in the forward pass. We show theoretically, under mild assumptions, that PN leads to a smaller Lipschitz constant for the loss, compared with BN. Furthermore, we prove that the approximate backpropagation scheme leads to bounded gradients. We extensively test PN for transformers on a range of NLP tasks, and we show that it significantly outperforms both LN and BN. In particular, PN outperforms LN by 0.4/0.6 BLEU on IWSLT14/WMT14 and 5.6/3.0 PPL on PTB/WikiText-103.
Data-driven surrogate modeling and benchmarking for process equipment

Abstract In chemical process engineering, surrogate models of complex systems are often necessary for tasks of domain exploration, sensitivity analysis of the design parameters, and optimization. A suite of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations geared toward chemical process equipment modeling has been developed and validated with experimental results from the literature. Various regression-based active learning strategies are explored with these CFD simulators in-the-loop under the constraints of a limited function evaluation budget. Specifically, five different sampling strategies and five regression techniques are compared, considering a set of four test cases of industrial significance and varying complexity. Gaussian process regression was observed to have a consistently good performance for these applications. The present quantitative study outlines the pros and cons of the different available techniques and highlights the best practices for their adoption. The test cases and tools are available with an open-source license to ensure reproducibility and engage the wider research community in contributing to both the CFD models and developing and benchmarking new improved algorithms tailored to this field. Impact Statement The recommendations provided here can be used for engineers interested in building computationally inexpensive surrogate models for fluid systems for design or optimization purposes. The test cases can be used by researchers to test and benchmark new algorithms for active learning for this class of problems. An open-source library with tools and scripts has been provided in order to support derived work.
Dispersion and suppression of sound near the QCD critical point

We have used second-order relativistic hydrodynamics equipped with an equation of state which includes the critical point to study the propagation of a perturbation in a relativistic QCD fluid. The dispersion relation for the sound wave has been derived to ascertain the fate of the perturbation in the fluid near the QCD critical end point (CEP). We observe that the threshold value of the wavelength of the sound in the fluid diverges at the CEP, implying that all the modes of the perturbation are dissipated at this point. Some consequences of the suppression of sound near the critical point have been discussed.