Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in apple sour, which is a traditional product of Kastamonu, Turkey

ABSTRACT Apple sour is a traditional product of Kastamonu, Turkey. It is consumed by spreading on bread or drinking after diluting with water. The aim of this study was to determine patulin (PAT) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in apple sour. This study is the first to evaluate the occurrence of PAT and HMF in apple sour. The samples were extracted with ethyl acetate using liquid-liquid extraction technique. PAT and HMF were determined by HPLC with UV detection. PAT was detected in all samples, and the PAT level in 94.9% of samples was found to be equal or greater than the legal limit for juice concentrates. The mean value for PAT was found to be 284 ± 307 μg kg−1. PAT levels in 13 of 39 samples were in the range of 100 ≤ x < 200 μg kg−1, two samples were in the range of 0 ≤ x < 50 μg kg −1 and two samples were in the range of 1000 ≤ x < 1500 μg kg1. HMF levels of all samples were above the legal limit for solid molasses. The mean value for HMF was found to be 16215 ± 13317 mg kg−1. HMF levels of 10 of 39 samples were determined to be in the range of 10000 ≤ x < 20000 mg kg−1, eight samples were in the range of 20000 ≤ x < 30000 mg kg−1 and only three samples were in the range of 100 ≤ x < 1000 mg kg−1. There was a significant and inverse relationship between HMF and pH of the samples. These results indicate that consumption of apple sour is a considerable risk in terms of HMF and PAT toxicity.
Essays on the economic consequences of weather and climate change

This thesis seeks to advance our understanding of climatic influence on economic outcomes. The approach taken places emphasis on understanding the channels and mechanisms through which weather has an effect, and through which climate change could have an effect, on economic behaviour – rather than estimating the impact of future climate change – to better inform the design and implementation of policy. This thesis is composed of four papers that adopt this new paradigm, providing new insights into how weather affects economic outcomes today, how economic agents respond to and manage the economic consequences of changes in their natural environment, and providing explicit mechanisms through which the impacts of, and adaptation to, climate change could affect economic outcomes in the future.
Influence of surgical approach for decompression on lower eyelid position in thyroid eye disease

ABSTRACT Purpose: Orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease (TED) has been noted to improve lower lid retraction by 0.5-1 mm. We hypothesize that orbital decompression via transconjunctival approach may lead to increased reduction in marginal reflex distance 2 (MRD2) as it involves division of the lower lid retractors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate relative changes in lower lid position for patients undergoing lateral and transconjunctival orbital decompression, respectively. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all TED patients managed with lateral or transconjunctival orbital decompression for a 3-year period were screened for inclusion. Photographs taken in the primary position preoperatively and three months postoperatively were utilized to evaluate the MRD2 from each patient. Measurements were made utilizing NIH ImageJ software standardized to a corneal diameter. Hertel measurements of proptosis were obtained pre and postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was MRD2 in operative eyes. Results: A total of 131 (86 patients) operative eyes were included in the sample. Mean change MRD2 was not significantly different between the surgical groups (p = 0.07). In multivariate modeling, mean change in MRD2 was significantly associated with change in exophthalmometry, independent of surgical approach. Conclusions: The association between decrease in Hertel measurement and decrease in MRD2 is consistent with the existing literature on the topic. It appears that transconjunctival division of the lower eyelid retractors provides no additional benefit in reducing lower lid retraction relative to change in proptosis.
Fluid Inclusion Study of Stockwork Siliceous Orebodies of Kuroko Deposits at the Kosaka Mine, Akita, Japan

Filling temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in quartz from the bedded and stockwork siliceous orebodies of Uwamuki No.4 Orebody and No.7 Stockwork Orebody of Uchinotai Western Deposit of the Kosaka mine were studied. Filling temperatures in quartz were in a range of 260•‹-310•Ž for the bedded orebodies, and 280•‹-320•Ž for the stockwork orebodies. The temperature range of sphalerite was 200•‹-240•Ž for the bedded siliceous orebodies and 235•‹-280•Ž for the stockwork orebodies, and apparently lower than those of associated quartz. Thermal gradients in the stockwork orebodies were fairly gentle and most of temperatures concentrated around 300•Ž, but the data obtained from drilling cores indicate a tendency of increase in temperature at deeper levels. Salinities range from 2.5 wt. % to 5.5 wt. % and slightly increase at lower levels. From the data on fluid inclusions, it is inferred that the depth of sea floor was deeper than 1,000 m at the Kuroko mineralization.
Experimental Study on Upstream-Advancing Waves Induced by Currents

ABSTRACT Fan, J.; Zheng, J.; Tao, A. ; Yu, H, and Wang, Y, 2016. Experimental study on upstream-advancing waves induced by currents. In: Vila-Concejo, A. ; Bruce, E. ; Kennedy, D.M. , and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 846–850. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Due to the widespread existence of large-scale continuous submarine sandbars the coasts and estuaries, the interaction between the ambient current and this kind of topography is important and complicated. It has been known that regular free surface waves can be generated and propagate in the upstream direction, when a steady current with specific depth and velocity flows past the fixed periodic wavy bottoms with large steepness. This particular free surface response, called the upstream-advancing wave, has drawn attention in the past few decades but still lacks detailed quantitative study identifying the critical conditions and the generation mechanism. A series of experiments in a large-sized flume were designed and performed to obtain the critical flow condition corresponding to the most intensive upstream-advancing waves. The wavy bottoms were formed by eight continuous fixed sinusoidal corrugated wood surfaces with wave steepness of 0.33. Wave height distributions were measured by adjusting the relative water depth (the ratio of the water depth to the bottom wavelength, 0.5–1.1, seven groups) and Froude number (0.15–0.35, 21 cases in each group). These distributions presented a unimodal pattern generally. It indicates that the critical relative water depth was 0.8 and the corresponding critical Froude number was 0.26. Once the waves were triggered, the wave periods concentrated on a small range between 1.2 s and 1.4 s. Wavelengths kept basically invariable along the propagating path.
Modification of garnet by fluid infiltration during regional metamorphism in garnet through sillimanite-zone rocks, Dutchess County, New York

Abstract Metapelitic rocks from a progressive metamorphic sequence in Dutchess County, New York, record evidence for reaction between garnet and fluids associated with quartz (± plagioclase) veins and for net transfer among garnet interiors, mineral inclusions, and fluid. Garnet-fluid reaction resulted in modification of preexisting garnet textures, compositions, and growth-zoning patterns. The textural and compositional record of garnet-fluid interaction varies with grade and with proximity of garnet to quartz veins. Garnet-zone rocks do not contain evidence for extensive reaction with vein-forming fluids. In upper staurolite- and kyanite-zone rocks, garnet that is crosscut by quartz veins contains a fluid-inclusion-filled region near the garnet-vein interface. This region truncates growth-zoning patterns and quartz inclusions. Fluid inclusions in garnet decrease in abundance away from quartz veins. In some rocks lacking quartz veins, fluid inclusions are concentrated in garnet interiors, and in particular near fractures, and are notably lacking around mineral inclusions in garnet. Inferences from textural and compositional features combined with thermobarometric results indicate that preexisting garnet grains were modified at T≈ 525-550 °C and >4 kbar by one or more reactions involving fluids. The fluid pathways included foliationparallel channels in the rock as well as microcracks in mineral grains.
Trade, Migration and Regional Unemployment

A by now large literature in regional economics has greatly improved our understanding of the determinants of the observed spatial disparities in productivity. However, this literature neglects what seems to be a robust and persistent fact accompanying regional productivity differences: high productivity regions also have lower unemployment than low productivity regions. In this paper, we set out a model in the NEG/job search tradition to explore the theoretical determinants of this fact. We find that the same forces producing regional agglomeration and productivity differences also generate persistent unemployment disparities. Moreover, we highlight a contrast between the short-run and long-run effects of migration on regional unemployment. In particular, migration from the periphery to the core may reduce unemployment disparities in the short-run, but exacerbates them in the long-run.
Curvature effects in the dynamic propagation of wildfires

The behaviour and spread of a wildfire are driven by a range of processes including convection, radiation and the transport of burning material. The combination of these processes and their interactions with environmental conditions govern the evolution of a fire’s perimeter, which can include dynamic variation in the shape and the rate of spread of the fire. It is difficult to fully parametrise the complex interactions between these processes in order to predict a fire’s behaviour. We investigate whether the local curvature of a fire perimeter, defined as the interface between burnt and unburnt regions, can be used to model the dynamic evolution of a wildfire’s progression. We find that incorporation of curvature dependence in an empirical fire propagation model provides closer agreement with the observed evolution of field-based experimental fires than without curvature dependence. The local curvature parameter may represent compounded radiation and convective effects near the flame zone of a fire. Our findings provide a means to incorporate these effects in a computationally efficient way and may lead to improved prediction capability for empirical models of rate of spread and other fire behaviour characteristics.
The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Clustering of Galaxies as a Function of Luminosity at z = 1

We measure the clustering of DEEP2 galaxies at z = 1 as a function of luminosity on scales 0.1-20 h-1 Mpc. Drawing from a parent catalog of 25,000 galaxies at 0.7 < z < 1.3 in the full DEEP2 survey, we create volume-limited samples having upper luminosity limits between MB = -19 and -20.5, roughly 0.2-1L* at z = 1. We find that brighter galaxies are more strongly clustered than fainter galaxies and that the slope of the correlation function does not depend on luminosity for L < L*. The brightest galaxies, with L > L*, have a steeper slope. The clustering scale length, r0, varies from 3.69 ± 0.14 for the faintest sample to 4.43 ± 0.14 for the brightest sample. The relative bias of galaxies as a function of L/L* is steeper than the relation found locally for SDSS galaxies by Zehavi et al. in 2005 over the luminosity range that we sample. The absolute bias of galaxies at z ~ 1 is scale dependent on scales rp < 1 h-1 Mpc, and rises most significantly on small scales for the brightest samples. For a concordance cosmology, the large-scale bias varies from 1.26 ± 0.04 to 1.54 ± 0.05 as a function of luminosity and implies that DEEP2 galaxies reside in dark matter halos with a minimum mass of ~ × 1012 h-1 M☉.
MID-IR LUMINOSITIES AND UV/OPTICAL STAR FORMATION RATES AT z < 1.4

Ultraviolet (UV) nonionizing continuum and mid-infrared (IR) emission constitute the basis of two widely used star formation (SF) indicators at intermediate and high redshifts. We study 2430 galaxies with z < 1.4 in the Extended Groth Strip with deep MIPS 24 μm observations from FIDEL, spectroscopy from DEEP2, and UV, optical, and near-IR photometry from the AEGIS. The data are coupled with dust-reddened stellar population models and Bayesian spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting to estimate dust-corrected star formation rates (SFRs). In order to probe the dust heating from stellar populations of various ages, the derived SFRs were averaged over various timescales—from 100 Myr for “current” SFR (corresponding to young stars) to 1–3 Gyr for long-timescale SFRs (corresponding to the light-weighted age of the dominant stellar populations). These SED-based UV/optical SFRs are compared to total IR luminosities extrapolated from 24 μm observations, corresponding to 10–18 μm rest frame. The total IR luminosities are in the range of normal star-forming galaxies and luminous IR galaxies (1010–1012L☉). We show that the IR luminosity can be estimated from the UV and optical photometry to within a factor of 2, implying that most z < 1.4 galaxies are not optically thick. We find that for the blue, actively star-forming galaxies the correlation between the IR luminosity and the UV/optical SFR shows a decrease in scatter when going from shorter to longer SFR-averaging timescales. We interpret this as the greater role of intermediate age stellar populations in heating the dust than what is typically assumed. Equivalently, we observe that the IR luminosity is better correlated with dust-corrected optical luminosity than with dust-corrected UV light. We find that this holds over the entire redshift range. Many so-called green valley galaxies are simply dust-obscured actively star-forming galaxies. However, there exist 24 μm detected galaxies, some with LIR>1011L☉, yet with little current SF. For them a reasonable amount of dust absorption of stellar light (but presumably higher than in nearby early-type galaxies) is sufficient to produce the observed levels of IR, which includes a large contribution from intermediate and old stellar populations. In our sample, which contains very few ultraluminous IR galaxies, optical and X-ray active galactic nuclei do not contribute on average more than ∼50% to the mid-IR luminosity, and we see no evidence for a large population of “IR excess” galaxies.
Repetitive DNA probe linked to sex chromosomes in hybrids between Neotropical fish Leporinus macrocephalus and Leporinus elongatus (Characiformes, Anostomidae)

Interspecific hybrids of fish can offer important advances in the zootechnical exploration of this animal group. However, hybrids can pose serious biological risks to the environment and natural populations, making genetic characterization and monitoring of hybrids produced in fish culture important concerns. In the present study, individuals of the hybrid ‘Piaupara’ were characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using sex-specific probes to differentiate the respective parental contributions from female Leporinus macrocephalus (Piauçu) and male Leporinus elongatus (Piapara). The application of this technique demonstrated a difference in hybridization patterns between males and females of L. elongatus and L. macrocephalus, mainly due to the fact that the NOR-bearing chromosomes of L. elongatus contain some homology with the probe. This allowed us to detect a clear sex-specific distinction of the hybrid ‘Piaupara’, demonstrating that this technique is well-suited for the characterization of these hybrids. Moreover, this technique offers an important methodological advance for the study of diverse sex chromosome systems of Leporinus, supplying valuable information about the origin and establishment of a recently described sexual system in this genus.
Analysis of the global ionospheric disturbances of the March 2015 great storm

The global ionospheric storm in March 2015 was investigated by using data from over 3000 GPS stations worldwide. In this study, total electron content (TEC), rate of TEC (ROT), and ROT's standard deviation rate of the TEC index, as well as the second‐order difference operator TECT, were considered as main characteristic methods to distinguish ionosphereic disturbances. The results show that (1) based on the multiple methods above, we all observed that for the first time, there were three equatorward traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) in the main phase of this storm. In North America, the disturbance zone expanded to ~40°N; the disturbance periods and AE peak stages were roughly synchronous. We suggest that these three TIDs were induced by the propagation of atmospheric gravity waves to low latitudes under the action of AE. (2) The most intense positive storm occurred over South America and the South Atlantic (over 300% enhancement; 00:00–05:00 UT on 18 March), whereas a negative storm was observed in the corresponding region of the Northern Hemisphere. Such inverse hemispheric asymmetry in intensity and structure can be explained by the variations of the thermospheric composition, the IMF By component, and the geomagnetic intensity. (3) On 18 March, a negative storm dominated globally (except at certain low latitudes), and tended to propagate equatorward and decay with time, which could be largely attributed to the storm circulation theory. And the evolution of the negative storm was further characterized by the foF2 variations of ionosondes.
Space, Time and Change: Investigations of Soil Bacterial Diversity and its Drivers in the Mongolian Steppe

Microorganisms are the most diverse life forms on Earth and are the foundation of any ecosystem. As estimates of microbial diversity rapidly increase with advances in sequencing technologies, so does the need to identify the drivers of such overwhelming diversity. This is particularly true in soil—the most biodiverse habitat on the planet and the key component of terrestrial ecosystems, which are being altered by changes in climate and land use. In order to understand the potential consequences of these changes, we conducted a multi-year experiment to test the effects of global change on soil bacterial communities in northern Mongolia, a region where air temperatures have increased by 1.7 °C since 1960, and traditional land-use patterns are shifting with socio-economic changes. Set in the semi-arid steppe, our global change experiment allowed as to evaluate responses to multiple stressors at once over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Over the course of three years, we investigated soil bacterial diversity at two positions (upper and lower) along a south-facing slope and documented the response of these communities to three experimental treatments: a Watering experiment (upper slope only), a Grazing experiment (lower slope only) and a Climate Manipulation experiment (both slopes). We measured diversity using both the number and abundance of distinct bacterial taxa in a soil sample and then correlated these findings with corresponding measurements of biotic and abiotic factors, which included plant richness and biomass, as well as plant available N, pH, soil moisture and soil temperature. We found that temporal and spatial factors explained much of the variation in the bacterial communities. After accounting for temporal and spatial variation, soil moisture content was the primary driver structuring bacterial diversity across the landscape and within experimental treatments. In particular, the effects of climate change on these semi-arid grasslands may act primarily through soil moisture content. Concomitant shifts in key members of the bacterial community may ultimately be bioindicators of a drier future for Mongolia. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biology First Advisor Brenda B. Casper
Monitoring tropical billabong water turbidity using Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) derived imagery

Billabongs in tropical northern Australia are under increasing pressure from environmental stressors. There is a need for methods to monitor the water-quality dynamics of these often remote ecosystems. This study assessed the capacity of ultra-high resolution Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) imagery and remote sensing methods to quantify the water turbidity. I investigated water quality calibration algorithms under turbid inland water conditions and developed a reflectance-based approach to map billabong turbidity. Five bands of hyper spectral digital data were collected from sensors on board RPAS and the observations of turbidity values were obtained near-simultaneously using turbidity sensors on a radio controlled boat. The relationships between reflectance and water turbidity were assessed using single-band reflectance, band ratios, and water-related indices. Results show the Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) is a good indicator for water turbidity. Its linear model had a coefficient of determination of 0.7231. This study developed a new method to process multi-spectral RPAS imagery for turbidity monitoring in inland water bodies.
Effect of thermal effluent on water quality of Sitalakhya river

The Sitalakhya River receives thermal discharges from the Globeleq and Siddhirganj Power Plants and is the designated recipient of the additional thermal discharges from proposed power plants in the area. Thermal discharges produce thermal plumes of elevated temperature and greatly influence the major water quality parameters mainly through alteration of dissolved oxygen level, microbial activity and kinetic coefficients of reactions in the river. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of thermal discharges in the River Sitalakhya from the existing and proposed thermal power plants in the area. Water quality simulation of some major water quality parameters such as BOD, DO, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate was done for existing conditions of the river using the modeling framework of WASP of the USEPA and a fair agreement between simulated and measured values was found. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of excess temperature caused by the thermal effluents from the power plants. The results of the analysis showed a small decrease in BOD and ammonia, a small increase in nitrate and a significant decrease in DO (about 0.5 mg/L) due to excess temperature. The model simulated the already deteriorated condition of the river very well and predicted further deterioration of water quality (especially DO) due to the effect of thermal effluents in future.
Soil Movements Due to Displacement Pile Driving

The effects of displacement piling are well documented with many cases of movements caused to adjacent structures and detrimental effects on recently installed piles. The author’s experience with dealing with ground displacements of raft piling in deep marine clays in Singapore led to the development of a method for calculating the ground movements to assess the cumulative effects of pile driving. The method is derived from soil mechanics parameters, principle of potential energy, strain energy and work done by the stresses in the soil undergoing a cylindrical cavity expansion process and the stresses in the soil undergoing large strains direct shearing process due to the pile shaft friction. Published case histories of ground displacements have been back-analysed. The calculated movements compared well with these past field tests and laboratory experimental data. In the moderate to far field distances from the pile, the heave to lateral displacements can be expressed as a function of the ratio of lateral forces to soil weight. For near field distances, the calculations show that the heave reaches a maximum, then turns sharply into a downdrag near to the pile shaft. The method is, however, unstable at distances close to the pile shaft.