Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of bulk-type multipolar second-harmonic generation arising from surface morphology of metals

Gold films of 20 and 150 nm nominal thickness were characterized by two-beam second-harmonic generation to address their second-order nonlinear optical responses of surface (dipolar) and bulk (higher multipolar) origin. The surface response is enhanced by ∼20% in the case of the 20 nm film, as expected due to its higher surface roughness. Surprisingly, the bulk-type response is enhanced to a greater extent, exceeding 80%, and this can be explained by effective quadrupolar nonlinearity arising from the field interaction with the local nonlinearity of nanoscale surface features.
Model-based estimation of individual fitness

Fitness is the currency of natural selection, a measure of the propagation rate of genotypes into future generations. Its various definitions have the common feature that they are functions of survival and fertility rates. At the individual level, the operative level for natural selection, these rates must be understood as latent features, genetically determined propensities existing at birth. This conception of rates requires that individual fitness be defined and estimated by consideration of the individual in a modelled relation to a group of similar individuals; the only alternative is to consider a sample of size one, unless a clone of identical individuals is available. We present hierarchical models describing individual heterogeneity in survival and fertility rates and allowing for associations between these rates at the individual level. We apply these models to an analysis of life histories of Kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla ) observed at several colonies on the Brittany coast of France. We compare Bayesian estimation of the population distribution of individual fitness with estimation based on treating individual life histories in isolation, as samples of size one (e.g. McGraw & Caswell, 1996).
Polarimetric Signatures above the Melting Layer in Winter Storms: An Observational and Modeling Study

AbstractPolarimetric radar observations above the melting layer in winter storms reveal enhanced differential reflectivity ZDR and specific differential phase shift KDP, collocated with reduced copolar correlation coefficient ρhv; these signatures often appear as isolated “pockets. ” High-resolution RHIs and vertical profiles of polarimetric variables were analyzed for a winter storm that occurred in Oklahoma on 27 January 2009, observed with the polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Norman. The ZDR maximum and ρhv minimum are located within the temperature range between −10° and −15°C, whereas the KDP maximum is located just below the ZDR maximum. These signatures are coincident with reflectivity factor ZH that increases toward the ground. A simple kinematical, one-dimensional, two-moment bulk microphysical model is developed and coupled with electromagnetic scattering calculations to explain the nature of the observed polarimetric signature. The microphysics model includes nuc.
On composite polynomials whose zeros are in a half-plane

Let P(z) and Q(z) be two polynomials of the same degree n. If P(z) and Q(z) are apolar and if one of then has all its zeros in a circular region C, then according to a famous result known as Grace's Apolarity Theorem, the other will have at least one zero in C. In this paper we relax the condition that P(z) and Q(z) are of the same degree and present some generalizations of Grace's Apolarity theorem for the case when the circular region C is a closed half-plane. As an application of these results, we also generalize some results of Walsh and Szegö.
A three-dimensional unconditionally stable ADI-FDTD method in the cylindrical coordinate system

An unconditionally stable finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in a cylindrical coordinate system is presented in this paper. The alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) method is applied, leading to a cylindrical ADI-FDTD scheme where the time step is no longer restricted by the stability condition, but by the modeling accuracy. In contrast to the conventional ADI method, in which the alternation is applied in each coordinate direction, the ADI scheme here performs alternations in mixed coordinates so that only two alternations in solution matching are required at each time step in the three-dimensional formulation. Different from its counterpart in the Cartesian coordinate system, the cylindrical ADI-FDTD includes an additional special treatment along the vertical axis of the cylindrical coordinates to overcome singularity. A theoretical proof of the unconditional stability is shown and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the cylindrical algorithm in solving electromagnetic-field problems.
Integrated Sexual Reproductive Health Information, Education And Communication (IEC) Can Increase Couple Compliance With Prospective Bridge In Health Examination In Pontianak City

Background: Cases of maternal mortality and HIV/AIDS in West Kalimantan tend to increase. Every couple needs pregnancy planning so that the mother and baby are born healthy. One of the efforts is the Information, Education and Communication (IEC) program on Reproductive Health, Sexual and Health Examination for Prospective Brides, to prepare couples in a healthy condition.Research Objectives: To determine the implementation and effectiveness of IEC for Reproductive, Sexual Health and Health Examination of Future Brides and Grooms in Pontianak City.Research Methods: This research uses Mixed Methods. Qualitative design is descriptive. Data collection through FGD and interviews with key informants. The quantitative design is an analytical survey. Collecting data using a questionnaire, on 90 Future Bride and Groom taken by purposive sampling.Qualitative Research Results: Executors are adequate and have received training. Flipcharts and posters are available, pocket books have not been fulfilled. Limited supporting facilities. There is an MoU with the KUA, but not yet with the blessing of other religions. Limited delivery time. Materials on nutrition and the husband's role are still few, and there is no environmental health material. 95% future brides and grooms do health check.Quantitative Results The perception of the implementation of IEC showed a significant relationship with the compliance of respondents in the health examination (p = 0.009; OR=4.4). Conclusion: Implementation of IEC for Reproductive Health, Sexual and Health Examination in Future Brides and Grooms is running and effective. Perceptions of the implementation of IEC showed a significant relationship with the compliance of respondents in conducting health checks
Intracardiac Thrombi in Preterm Infants—A Case Study and Review of the Literature

Intracardiac thrombi in preterm infants are not common but may lead to fatal outcomes. Predisposing and risk factors include small vessel size, hemodynamic instability, immaturity of the fibrinolytic system, indwelling central catheters and sepsis. In this paper, we present our own experience with a case of a catheter-related right atrial thrombus in a preterm infant, which was successfully treated with an aspiration thrombectomy. Then, we review the literature on intracardiac thrombosis in preterm infants: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, echocardiographic diagnostic features and treatment options are discussed.
The role of synoptic/planetary scale interactions during the development of a blocking anticyclone

The period 19–21 January 1979 marked the development of a blocking anticyclone over the North Atlantic Ocean preceded by explosive cyclogenesis about 500 km south of Nova Scotia. Using fields derived from GLA analyzes (4° lat × 5° long) of the FGGE SOP-I data set, the general behavior of this block is diagnosed using the extended height tendency equation. This equation preserves much of the simplicity of the quasi-geostrophic form, but replaces the geostrophic wind and relative vorticity by the observed value. Three-dimensionally varying static stability and strong diabatic heating are also allowed in the extended form. To further analyze the relative importance of planetary-scale, synoptic-scale, and scale-interaction forcing of this block, height tendencies were solved from a scale-partitioned form of height tendency equation. The scale partitioning is accomplished using the Barnes objective analysis scheme. Results indicate that vorticity advection was the primary forcing mechanism during the block development. Growth in this mechanism occurred during and extended beyond the period of explosive cyclogenesis and was located downstream from the cyclone event. In fact, much of the vorticity advection was attributed to the northward advection of negative relative vorticity east of a jet streak that formed between the cyclone and anticyclone. The scale interactions implied by this relationship between the cyclone and anticyclone were confirmed in the partitioned height tendencies. The scale interaction component was consistently larger than the other two and was particularly significant during the block development. This component was followed in importance by the synoptic-scale component, although the latter was significant only in the vorticity advection term. Interestingly, despite pronounced northward warm air advection, the direct forcing of the block by thermal advection was relatively small. Rather, the thermal forcing was strongest in the upstream cyclone, which in view of the subsequent role of scale interactions in the block development suggests an indirect role for thermal advection. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1990. 00015.x
Study on Momentum Interpolation Methods with Curvilinear Collocated Grids in Single-Phase and Two-Phase Flows

To avoid checkerboard pressure in numerical simulations by using collocated grids, the momentum interpolation method was initially proposed by Rhie and Chow and subsequently revised by various researchers. All the momentum interpolation methods are classified into two categories, which are called method A and method B in this article. The performance of the two kinds of methods is evaluated for both single- and two-phase flow in the present work. It is found that method B is more robust for the numerical simulation of two-phase flow.
Automatic step size correction for non-associated plasticity problems

The finite element method is used in calculating accurate collapse loads. The behaviour of granular materials is described by the non-associated Mohr–Coulomb model. The load–displacement path is traced up to and beyond limit points using an accelerated initial stiffness method. The convergence properties of this method are examined, both for associated and non-associated plasticity. Step sizes in the incremental iterative procedure are adapted during the iteration process, depending on an estimated number of iterations. The automatic step size control thus obtained proves to be robust and particularly appropriate for non-associated plasticity. Some soil collapse calculations are discussed to demonstrate the practical application of the method.
How voles adapt to subterranean lifestyle: Insights from RNA-seq

Life under the earth surface is highly challenging and associated with a number of morphological, physiological and behavioral modifications. Subterranean niche protects animals from predators, fluctuations in environmental parameters, but is characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen and implies high energy requirements associated with burrowing. Moreover, it lacks most of the sensory inputs available above ground. The current study describes results from RNA-seq analysis of four subterranean voles from subfamily Arvicolinae: Prometheomys schaposchnikowi, Ellobius lutescens, Terricola subterraneus, and Lasiopodomys mandarinus. Original RNA-seq data were obtained for eight species, for nine species, SRA data were downloaded from the NCBI SRA database. Additionally assembled transcriptomes of Mynomes ochrogaster and Cricetulus griseus were included in the analysis. We searched for the selection signatures and parallel amino acid substitutions in a total of 19 species. Even within this limited data set, we found significant changes of dN/dS ratio by free-ratio model analysis for subterranean Arvicolinae. Parallel substitutions were detected in genes RAD23B and PYCR2. These genes are associated with DNA repair processes and response to oxidative stress. Similar substitutions were discovered in the RAD23 genes for highly specialized subterranean Heterocephalus glaber and Fukomys damarensis. The most pronounced signatures of adaptive evolution related to subterranean niche within species of Arvicolinae subfamily were detected for Ellobius lutescens. Our results suggest that genomic adaptations can occur very quickly so far as the amount of selection signatures was found to be compliant with the degree of specialization to the subterranean niche and independent from the evolutionary age of the taxon. We found that the number of genomic signatures of selection does not depend on the age of the taxon, but is positively correlated with the degree of specialization to the subterranean niche.
Development of a quaternary ammonium poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-based drug carrier for the solubility enhancement and sustained release of furosemide

Furosemide (FRSD) is a loop diuretic that has been categorized as a class IV drug according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). It is used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. Owing to low solubility and permeability, its oral bioavailability is very poor. In this study, two types of poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-based drug carriers (generation G2 and G3) were synthesized to increase the bioavailability of FRSD through solubility enhancement and sustained release. The developed dendrimers enhanced the solubility of FRSD 58- and 109-fold, respectively, compared with pure FRSD. In vitro studies demonstrated that the maximum time taken to release 95% of the drug from G2 and G3 was 420–510 min, respectively, whereas for pure FRSD the maximum time was only 90 min. Such a delayed release is strong evidence for sustained drug release. Cytotoxicity studies using Vero and HBL 100 cell lines through an MTT assay revealed increased cell viability, indicating reduced cytotoxicity and improved bioavailability. Therefore, the present dendrimer-based drug carriers are proven to be prominent, benign, biocompatible, and efficient for poorly soluble drugs, such as FRSD. Therefore, they could be convenient choices for real-time applications of drug delivery.
Quantitative study of 3T MRI qDixon-WIP applied in pancreatic fat infiltration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective To investigate the application value of 3T MRI qDixon-WIP technique in the quantitative measurement of pancreatic fat content in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The 3T MRI qDixon-WIP sequence was used to scan the livers and the pancreas of 47 T2DM patients (experimental group) and 48 healthy volunteers (control group). Pancreatic fat fraction (PFF), hepatic fat fraction (HFF), Body mass index (BMI) ratio of pancreatic volume to body surface area (PVI) were measured. Total cholesterol (TC), subcutaneous fat area (SA), triglyceride (TG), abdominal visceral fat area (VA), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), fasting blood glucose (FPC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) were collected. The relationship between the experimental group and the control group and between PFF and other indicators was compared. The differences of PFF between the control group and different disease course subgroups were also explored. Results There was no significant difference in BMI between the experimental group and the control group (P=0.231). PVI, SA, VA, PFF and HFF had statistical differences (P<0.05). In the experimental group, PFF was highly positively correlated with HFF (r=0.964, P<0.001), it was moderately positively correlated with TG and abdominal fat area (r=0.676, 0.591, P<0.001), and it was weakly positively correlated with subcutaneous fat area (r=0.321, P=0.033). And it had no correlation with FPC, PVI, HDL-c, TC and LDL-c (P>0.05). There were statistical differences in PFF between the control group and the patients with different course of T2DM (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in PFF between T2DM patients with a disease course ≤1 year and those with a disease course <5 years (P>0.05). There were significant differences in PFF between the groups with a disease course of 1-5 years and those with a disease course of more than 5 years (P<0.001). Conclusion PVI of T2DM patients is lower than normal, but SA, VA, PFF, HFF are higher than normal. The degree of pancreatic fat accumulation in T2DM patients with long disease course was higher than that in patients with short disease course. The qDixon-WIP sequence can provide an important reference for clinical quantitative evaluation of fat content in T2DM patients.
Unsteady natural convection in a triangular enclosure induced by absorption of radiation – a revisit by improved scaling analysis

The present study is concerned with radiation-induced natural convection in a water-filled triangular enclosure with a sloping bottom, which is directly relevant to buoyancy-driven flows in littoral regions. An improved scaling analysis is carried out to reveal more detailed features of the flow than a previously reported analysis. Two critical functions of the Rayleigh number with respect to the horizontal position are derived from the scaling for identifying the distinctness and stability of the thermal boundary layer. Four flow scenarios are possible, depending on the bottom slope and the maximum water depth. For each flow scenario, the flow domain may be composed of multiple subregions with distinct thermal and flow features, depending on the Rayleigh number. The dividing points between neighbouring subregions are determined by comparisons of the critical functions of the Rayleigh number with the global Rayleigh number. Position-dependent scales have been established to quantify the flow properties in different subregions. The different flow regimes for the case with relatively large bottom slopes and shallow waters are examined in detail. The present scaling results are verified by numerical simulations.
Changing beliefs about gender: the relation between contact with gender nonconforming individuals and gender essentialism

ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of individuals are openly identifying outside of the gender binary, which may have broader effects on how people view gender. Little research has examined how contact with gender nonconforming (GNC) individuals may influence others’ conceptualisations of gender. Through seven studies with 2,547 participants, we found that contact with GNC individuals corresponded to reduced gender essentialism. In two correlational studies, we found that contact with GNC people predicted reduced gender essentialism even when controlling for sexism and contact with women. In a series of four experimental studies, we found some evidence that imagining contact with a GNC person resulted in significantly less gender essentialism than imagining contact with a woman, though this was not consistent across studies using other types of control conditions. In a final study, we found that media contact with either a trans man or a genderfluid person reduced gender essentialism compared to contact with a cisgender man, demonstrating that contact effects generalised across exposure to different types of gender identities. This work suggests that a person’s conceptualisation of gender may be changed through contact with GNC people.
Subjective averaging of length with serial presentation

The 5s estimated the average of several lengths presented serially one at a time. In Exp. I, the judgment was made only at the end of the sequence. In Exp. II, 5 estimated a cumulative average as each new length was presented. The main phases of these experiments used sequences of six lengths. For the most part, each S's data could be described by a subjective averaging model as tested in single-5 analyses. There was a general recency effect, the later lengths in the sequence having greater influence. Recency was fairly uniform across . Ss with the end responding procedure of Exp. I, but large individual differences in the serial position curves appeared with the continuous responding procedure of Exp. II. In Exp. Ill, two hypotheses about the cause of recency were tested, but received little support. Functional measurement technique showed that subjective length differed from objective length, apparently by a constant error for each 5. It was noted that the present methods could be applied to psychophysical scaling of other stimulus dimensions. Suppose that you are shown several lines, one at a time, and asked to estimate their average length. Can your response be described as a mathematical average? If so, is it an arithmetic mean, geometric mean, weighted midpoint, or some other measure of central tendency? The present experiments were designed to consider this question. They test a subjective averaging model for length. Averaging model. —The basic assumption of the model is that the response (R) at Serial Position N is simply a weighted sum: Rff = L Wk.Sk[1]
Improvement in Determination of Ice Water Content from Two-Dimensional Particle Imagery. Part II: Applications to Collected Data

In Part I of this two-part series, a new relationship for ice particle mass M was derived based on an expanded dataset of photographed ice particles and melted drops. The new relationship resulted in a reduction of nearly 50% in the rms error in M. In this paper, new relationships for computing particle mass and ice water content from 2D particle imagery are compared with other relationships previously used in the literature. Comparison of the old and new relationships, when applied to data collected in natural clouds, shows that results using the old relationships differ from the new relationships by up to a factor of 3, depending on particle size and shape. One of the new relationships can be applied to existing (archived) datasets of two-dimensional images, provided that the number of occulted pixels in each image (i.e., projected area) is available.
Bayesian inference for non‐Gaussian Ornstein–Uhlenbeck stochastic volatility processes

Summary. We develop Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology for Bayesian inference for non‐Gaussian Ornstein–Uhlenbeck stochastic volatility processes. The approach introduced involves expressing the unobserved stochastic volatility process in terms of a suitable marked Poisson process. We introduce two specific classes of Metropolis–Hastings algorithms which correspond to different ways of jointly parameterizing the marked point process and the model parameters. The performance of the methods is investigated for different types of simulated data. The approach is extended to consider the case where the volatility process is expressed as a superposition of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes. We apply our methodology to the US dollar–Deutschmark exchange rate.