Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Food Limitation of Rainbow and Brown Trout in Southern Appalachian Soft-Water Streams

Abstract Seasonal patterns of age-specific growth rates and condition factors of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri and brown trout S. trutta were studied in relation to the available food resources in five streams of the southern Appalachian mountains. Standing crops of benthic invertebrates were low relative to streams of similar size in other geographic areas. Although terrestrial organisms contributed substantially to the invertebrate drift, total drift rates were also relatively low. Numbers of prey items per trout stomach were small and were directly related to drift rate. These results reflected the limited food base. Condition factors (weight˙length-3) of age- 1 trout declined during summer, and growth rates among age-1 and older trout were generally lower in summer than in winter, despite favorable summer water temperatures. This “inverted” seasonal pattern of growth was likely due to an inadequate food base. We believe that growth rates were relatively low in summer because much of the limited energy.
Early life characteristics of pike, Esox lucius, in rearing ponds: temporal survival pattern and ontogenetic diet shifts

Survival, biomass and diet of pike, Esox lucius, larvae and juveniles were studied over 3 years by stocking free embryos at a density of six fish m−2 in 12 drainable outdoor ponds. The ponds were sequentially drained at six larval/juvenile developmental stages, up to a total length (T.L.) of 139 mm. The mean rate of survival at harvest decreased irregularly over time and the highest mortality rates were recorded during the early larval period (13 to 27 mm t.l.) and two intervals of the juvenile period (46 to 99 mm T.L. and 121 to 139 mm t.l.). Mean biomass increased dramatically between 46 mm T.L. (19.8 kg ha−1) and 121 mm T.L. (181.8 kg ha−1) and stabilized between 121 and 139 mm t.l. Sharp increases in the mean weight coefficient of variation were recorded during the early larval period (13 to 27 mm t.l.) and between 74 and 121 mm t.l. (development of cannibalism). Diet breadths were relatively narrow in pike larvae and reached maximum levels in 99 mm t.l. juveniles. Average-sized pike exhibited a sequence of size-dependent shifts from a diet composed primarily (in terms of weight) of micro-crustaceans (at 13 mm t.l.), to chironomid larvae (at 74 to 99 mm t.l.), and finally macrocrustaceans (at 121 to 139 mm t.l.). Cannibalism was detected first among the largest fish at the 74 mm t.l. stage. Between-year diet similarity at various developmental stages was consistently high. In 70 mm t.l. fish harvested from different ponds, we found significant among-pond differences in diet composition; however, similar trends of diet changes in relation to fish size were observed from pond to pond. Our results are discussed in light of existing knowledge of young pike trophic ecology and current aquaculture practices.
Dynamics of a 3‐dimensional, baroclinic, headland eddy

Abstract Wave, current, and temperature measurements from the north side of Cape Rodney, northeastern New Zealand, over a 6‐week field programme, reveal the detailed internal dynamics of a baroclinic eddy. The measurements include water levels, currents, and water temperatures through the water column and seabed descriptions. A detailed calibration of a 3‐dimensional numerical model leads to further examination of the flow and density structure within the eddy, in plan and cross‐section. The eddy stretches c. 5 km along the northern side of the headland and is of the order of 1.5–2.0 km wide. The eddy currents are strongest near the bed and against the coast. The eddy is characteristically complex and vertical eddies readily form in parts of the water column during different phases of the tide, although these internal eddies rarely penetrate through the full depth. The dynamics near the surface and near the bed are significantly different and the structure of the eddy is often partitioned vertically and is strongly affected by wind.
Seed dormancy and germination of a panel of New Zealand plants suitable for re‐vegetation

Abstract Seeds of Carex trifida, Coprosma robusta, Cyperus ustulatus, Hebe stricta, Lepto‐spermum scoparium, Muehlenbeckia australis, Myrsine australis, Phormium tenax, P. tenax ’Yellow Wave’, and Sophora prostrata were assessed for germination and dormancy. Seeds of Carex trifida, Cyperus ustulatus, and Myrsine australis showed no germination in light or dark at 20°C, but a high percentage of seed of Carex and Cyperus germinated after 12 weeks of low stratification. Despite high viability, germination of Myrsine australis seeds was low and occurred only after 12 weeks of low temperature stratification. Germination was low for Muehlenbeckia australis in the light, at 20°C, but increased after 4 weeks of low temperature stratification. After 12 months, 50% of Coprosma robusta seeds germinated but germination was greater after 4 weeks or more of stratification. No seeds of Coprosma robusta or Muehlenbeckia australis germinated in the dark. Rapid germination of Hebe stricta seeds was obtained, with 100% of the seed germinating in the light but 7% in the dark. Leptospermum scoparium had rapid germination, with 100% germinating in the light but 3% in the dark. A low percentage of Phormium tenax seeds germinated in both the light and dark in the first month with no further germination, but after 8 weeks or more of low temperature stratification there was almost complete germination. There was rapid germination of Sophora prostrata seeds with 100% of the seed germinating in the light and dark.
Evaluation of a Daphnia magna renewal life-cycle test method with diazinon

Abstract Acute and chronic toxicity tests with diazinon (diethyl 2‐isopropyl‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinyl phosphorothionate) were conducted on Daphnia magna. The 24‐hr static LC50 was 0.86 μL. L‐1. The sublethal effects of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 ngL‐1 of diazinon concentrations on the survival, reproduction and growth of D. magna were monitored for 21 days. The algae Nannochloris oculata (5 x 105 cellsmL‐1) was used to feed the daphnids. The parameters used to determined the effect of the pesticide on D. magna were: mean total young per female; mean brood size; days to first brood; intrinsic rate of natural increase (r); growth; and survival. Reproduction as well as survival was significantly reduced at diazinon concentrations of 0.10 ngL‐1 and higher. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased with increasing concentrations of diazinon. Growth, as measured by body length, was depressed significantly at 0.05 ngL‐1 of diazinon and higher concentrations. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentratio.
Primer registro de Adeonellopsis subsulcata (Smitt, 1873) (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata) en Cuba

Adeonellopsis subsulcata (Smitt, 1873) (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata) was first reported in Cuba on the marine terraces of the “Desembarco del Granma” National Park at the southeastern Cuban coast. Samples were collected using SCUBA gear at 12 m (19o 49’ 48’’ N, 77o 39’ 11’’ W) and 14 m deep (19o 50’ 04’’ N, 77o 42’ 34’’ W). Reference material has been included in the zoological collections of the Cuban Center for Coastal Ecosystems Research (Centro de Investigaciones de Ecosistemas Costeros-CIEC).
Influence of Sodium Chloride Salt Stress on Growth and Nutrient Acquisition of Sour Orange In Vitro

Abstract Growth and nutrient acquisition in sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were studied under salt stress in vitro. Microshoots were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid proliferation media containing 8.9 µM BA (6‐Benzyladenine) and 0.5 µM NAA (naphthaline acetic acid). Salinity was induced by incorporating different concentrations [0.0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, or 300 mM] of sodium chloride (NaCl) to the culture media. Microshoots were exposed to direct or gradual salinity shock. Slight reduction was obtained in growth (shoot length, shoot number, leaf number, and dry weight) when microshoots were directly exposed to NaCl stress from 0.0 to 150 mM. At 200 and 300 mM NaCl, growth parameters were adversly affected and microshoots died thereafter. Gradual NaCl shock was studied by transferring microshoots sequentialy every week to different NaCl concentraions (0.0, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 300 mM). Growth was monitored at each concentration until the end of the last week of incubation at 300 mM NaCl. Growth (shoot length, shoot number or leaf number, and dry weight) generally decreased with elevated salinity level, but was less impaired than the direct shock. The percentage of shoot content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) in the direct Nail shock experiment were reduced with elevated salinity level. This reduction was less in the gradual shock treatments. Sodium Chloride level strongly reduced Fe acquisition under both direct and gradual salinity stress. Tissue contents of sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) were increased with the imposed salinity treatments in both experiments.
Biological control of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on avocado: III. Evaluating the efficacy of varying release rates and release frequency of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract Three different release rates and timings of the phytoseiid Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) were evaluated for Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker, and Abbatiello control on avocado trees in a commercial orchard in southern California, USA. Densities of natural enemies and O. perseae were monitored on trees for 34 weeks that were treated with either one, two, or three releases of 500, 1000, or 2000 N. californicus, or two applications of 5% narrow range (NR) 415 petroleum oil. Predator releases were made when 50% (release one), 75% (release two), or 95% (release three) of sampled leaves were infested with one or more motile O. perseae. Densities of O. perseae on trees treated with N. californicus or petroleum oil were compared to control trees that received no treatments for O. perseae suppression. Release of a minimum of 2000 N. californicus per tree was necessary to significantly reduce O. perseae densities in comparison to control trees. Releasing 1000 N. californicus twice or 2000 N. californicus once provided O. perseae control similar to petroleum oil treatments and to trees treated with cumulative releases totaling more than 2000 predators per tree. This result indicated that releases totaling more than 2000 N. californicus per tree did not substantially improve O. perseae control and the cumulative number of predators released per tree is more important than the number of times N. californicus is released for controlling O. perseae.
Electron Microscope Studies on Amoebae

The free-living amoebae, principally Amoeba proteus and Pelomyxa carolinensis (Chaos chaos) have been widely used in chemical and physiological studies, as this monograph demonstrates. The cytology of both A. prateus and P. carolinensis has been extensively studied in the light microscope (Andresen, 1956), while electron microscope studies have been confined to A . proteus. The higher resolving power of the electron microscope offers a more precise means of correlating function with structure on the cellular level. Before experimental changes can be evaluated, however, the normal geography of the cell must be thoroughly charted. This can be done properly only by examining many sections from large numbers of amoebae. Three species of free-living, fresh-water amoebae were studied: A4 moeba proteus, Pelomyxa carolinensis (Chaos chaos), and Hartmannella rysodes. The fine structure of the plasmalemma, mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, contractile vacuole, and other organelles are described, as well ab the cytoplasmic matrix, the nuclear envelope, and contents of the nucleus.
Pathway of movement of apoplastic fluorescent dye tracers through the endodermis at the site of secondary root formation in corn (Zea mays) and broad bean (Vicia faba)

The apoplastic dyes disodium 4,4′-bis (2-sulfostyryl) biphenyl (Tinopal CBS), a fabric brightener which is bound by cellulose, and trisodium, 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrene trisulfonate (PTS), which is not bound by the walls, were used to trace an apoplastic pathway into the vascular tissues of corn and broad bean roots. The endodermis prevented dye entry into the stele in most regions of roots. However, if the roots were killed prior to dye treatment both dyes entered the steles, indicating that in healthy roots the dyes were confined to the apoplast and were not toxic in the applied concentrations. The more mobile dye, PTS, appeared in the shoots of the plants following a root treatment, indicating that an apoplastic pathway into the stele does exist in the roots. Neither dye penetrated into the steles at the tips of the primary roots. The point of entry in both corn and broad bean was located along the margin of a secondary root which had recently emerged from the epidermis of the primary root. The dyes did n.
Seasonal Changes in Body Size and Male Genital Structures of Procladius choreus (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae)

Procladius choreus (Meigen) emerge during the period from April to October in central Japan, in which air temperatures range from 12.0 to 32.0°C. Body size of adults decreased as the temperature exposure at immature stages increased. The smallest male, which was obtained in summer, was reduced to 62.2% of the largest one in wing length, and to 59.6% in females. Male genital structures also varied seasonally; gonocoxite was more slender and gonostylus had a longer posterior heel in spring and fall. Such tendencies in gonocoxite and gonostylus shape were related allometrically to male body size.
Species-specific sperm attraction in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and the quagga mussel, Dreissena bugensis

The occurrence of species-specific agents that attract sperm to spawned oocytes of zebra and quagga mussels might explain both the high fecundity of these species and their apparent inability to hybridize in nature. Ethanol extracts of freshly shed oocytes were prepared, dried, and redissolved in aquarium water and tested for sperm-attracting activity by micrometer-controlled pipetting into highly diluted suspensions of recently released sperm. The time course of the sperm responses was quantified by stop-frame video morphometric analysis of sperm density at various distances from the pipette tip. Controls included aquarium water, 10−3 M serotonin solutions used to induce release of sperm and oocytes, and ethanol extracts of aquarium water. Injection of oocyte extracts from both zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (Dreissena bugensis) mussels elicited a significant increase in the density of actively motile conspecific sperm, usually within 10 s of extract release. No significant increase in sperm den.
Nigella sativa Seed Constituents and Anxiety Relief in Experimental Models

ABSTRACT This study investigated anti-anxiety effects of Nigella sativa seed constituents (aqueous extract, fixed oil, volatile oil, and major constituents of the volatile oil) using male mice and the Y-maze and hole-board tests as models for exploration-induced anxiety and the water-lick test as a model for conflict-induced anxiety. The seed constituents were injected intraperitoneal into male mice and subjected to tests 1 h later. Except for the aqueous extract, all the tested constituents demonstrated an anti-anxiety effect in the Y-maze and hole-board tests. In the water-lick test, all constituents were ineffective in reducing anxiety except for the volatile oil. The failure to demonstrate anxiolytic effects in the water-lick conflict test may be due to this test model representing a more difficult task to the test animals as compared with the other test models. The anxiolytic activity of the volatile oil in the Y-maze and hole-board tests can be attributed to the contents thymoquinone, α-pinene, and p-cymene. The α-pinene and p-cymene appear to be excellent anti-anxiety agents in the hole-board test as these compounds did not retard spontaneous locomotor activity in treated animals. Exploration on the mechanism of action using the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil suggested that benzodiazepine receptor involvement might constitute almost 60 percent of activity of thymoquinone and α-pinene. Other seed constituents probably act through other receptors or different mechanisms.
Biological control of groundnut stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.)

Abstract In dual culture, one among the three isolates of Trichoderma viride, an isolate in each of T. harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens were inhibitory to the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.), the causal agent of stem rot of groundnut. The isolate Tv1 of T. viride caused 69.40% inhibition of the mycelial growth of the pathogen followed by P. fluorescens resulting in 64.40% inhibition. Among the five, T. viride (Tv1) and P. fluorescens (Pf1) were most effective in suppressing sclerotial formation. The culture filtrate of Tv1 inhibited the growth of the pathogen (87.05%) as well as sclerotial germination (62.50%) to a greater extent than others. Due to the antagonistic effect of the biocontrol agents germination of sclerotia was also poor. Among the organic amendments tested in greenhouse, mahuacake with T. viride each @ 5 g/kg of soil resulted in 3.75% stem rot incidence as against 39.98% in control. Enhanced activities of defence-related enzymes viz., peroxidase (PO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) were noticed in infected plants rather than in healthy ones. Although induction of PO as well as PPO was observed in diseased plants, additional increase in activities of these enzymes were observed in plants treated with either P. fluorescens or T. viride.
Notes: Oxygen Consumption by Larval Japanese Medaka with Inflated or Uninflated Swim Bladders

Abstract Inflation and regulation of swim bladder volume enables fish to maintain position within the water column with minimal energy cost. Larvae whose swim bladders fail to inflate must move to stay suspended and would be expected to use additional energy to maintain position. As a relative measure of extra effort expended by fish with uninflated swim bladders, oxygen consumption rates at 26°C were compared for larval Japanese medaka Orvzias latipes with inflated and uninflated swim bladders. During the first 24 h after hatching, oxygen consumption rates were significantly higher for larvae with uninflated swim bladders (1.75 ± 0.13 μg O2·h−1·larva−1) than for those with inflated swim bladders (0.92 ± 0.05 μg O2·h−1·larva−1); after 96 h, oxygen consumption rates had decreased for all larvae to about 0.6 μg O2·h−1·larva−1. For larvae held in sealed containers for 72 h without access to free surface air, the volume of air-saturated water required to maintain an adequate concentration of dissolved oxygen .
Determination of potential nutritive value of cotton gin trash produced from different feed companies

The aim of this study was to determine the potential nutritive value of cotton gin trash obtained from five different companies using chemical composition and in vitro gas production technique. There was considerable variation among cotton gin trash obtained from five different companies in terms of chemical composition and in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). The crude protein (CP) contents of cotton gin trash ranged from 6.59% to 12.55% on dry matter (DM). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents ranged from 49.24 to 62.22% on DM and 40.73 to 48.31% on DM respectively. The gas production ranged from 22.91 to 33.51 ml of 200 mg of DM after 24-h incubation. The ME and OMD contents of cotton gin trash ranged from 5.38 to 7.09 MJ/kg DM and 37.44 to 52.69% respectively. In conclusion, chemical characterization of CP, OMD and ME suggests that the cotton gin trash moderate level of CP concentration and was digestible therefore it could be said that cotton gin trash will provide roughage of an acceptable quality for ruminant animals.
Predatory behaviour of gekkonid lizards, Ptyodactylus spp., towards the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, and their tolerance of its venom

In the present pilot study the effect of the venom of the Israeli yellow scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (Birula, 1908)) on two Israeli fan-toed gecko lizards (Ptyodactylus guttatus von Heyden, 1827 and P. puiseuxi Boutan, 1893) was examined through (1) observations on feeding behaviour and (2) toxicity assays. It was shown that (1) the geckos ate the extremely venomous yellow scorpions in a sting-avoiding fashion and when occasionally stung they were not affected; (2) subcutaneous injections of lyophilized venom were survived by the scorpion-sympatric P. guttatus in doses of 1 mg of crude lyophilized venom per g of body weight (4000 times its ld 50 value for mice), in contrast with the presumably allopatric P. puiseuxi which died within 80 and 210 min from doses of 1 and 0.5 mg per g, respectively. The pharmacological and ecochemical aspects of the above tolerance are discussed.
Main‐Stem Node Removal Effect on Soybean Seed Yield and Composition

Hail injury to soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] is common across the United States. Currently, U.S. hail adjusters use procedures that assume that yield reductions caused by stem cutoff and defoliation or defoliation without stem loss is similar during the vegetative development period. Our hypothesis was that seed yield will be affected by timing of node removal in vegetative soybean and that main-stem node removal will influence seed composition. Research was conducted in Indiana and Iowa from 2003 to 2005 to test if removing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% of nodes at V2, V6, or R3 development stages affects seed yield and grain composition. In Indiana, imposing node removal at the V2 stage resulted in 15.9% greater yield than imposing at the V6 stage. In Iowa, imposing node removal at the V2 stage on the average resulted in 24.9 and 46.1% greater seed yield than imposing node removal at the V6 or R3 stages, respectfully. Seed mass was 7.7% greater when comparing the V2 to the V6 node removal timing in Indiana. In Iowa, seed mass decreased 7.0% when 60% of the nodes were removed at V6 and 5.6% when 20% of the nodes were removed at R3. Soybean oil content was only affected by extreme node removal treatments while protein content was unaffected. Our results indicate that the soybean development stage that node removal occurs must be considered when estimating soybean seed yield loss and that an oil content adjustment is not needed to properly compensate growers for economic losses caused by node removal.
In vitro phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of Thymus linearis

Extracts from the whole plant of Thymus linearis were extracted with methanol (crude), chloroform, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol and screened for their phytochemical and antimicrobial potentials. Preliminary phytochemical screening of plant extracts manifests the existence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and reducing sugars. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies were carried out on various phytochemicals extracted from the extracts of T. linearis which results in the presence of different compounds like amides, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, ethers, alcohol and ketones. All the extracts of T. linearis showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities when tested against nine bacterial and four fungal strains. It was concluded from this study that extracts of T. linearis have an array of important phytochemicals and significant activities against some of the multidrug resistant bacterial and medically important fungal strains.