Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Which Probiotic Is the Most Effective for Treating Acute Diarrhea in Children? A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Acute diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five. Probiotics are beneficial for treating acute diarrhea in children, but unclear which specific probiotic is the most effective. We performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis to examine the comparative effectiveness of probiotics. By searching EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library up to 31 March 2021, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on probiotics for treating acute diarrhea in children were included. Primary outcomes included the duration of diarrhea and diarrhea lasting ≥2 days, and secondary outcomes included the mean stool frequency on day 2 and duration of hospitalization, fever, and vomiting. We assessed the certainty of the evidence of outcomes according to Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guideline. Eighty-four studies with twenty-one different interventions in 13,443 children were included. For the primary outcomes, moderate evidence indicated that, Lactobacillus reuteri [mean difference (MD) = −0.84 day; 95% confidence interval (CI), −1.39, −0.29], Bifidobacterium lactis (MD = −0.98 day; 95%CI, −1.82, −0.14), Saccharomyces boulardii (MD = −1.25 day; 95%CI, −1.59, −0.91), Lactobacillus species (spp.) plus Bifidobacterium spp. plus Saccharomyces spp. (MD = −1.19 day; 95%CI, −1.81, −0.58), and Bacillus spp. plus Enterococcus spp. plus Clostridium spp. (MD = −1.1 day; 95%CI, −1.84, −0.35) significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea when compared with placebo. Saccharomyces boulardii [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.22; 95%CI, 0.11, 0.41] and Lactobacillus reuteri (OR = 0.23; 95%CI, 0.090, 0.60) significantly reduced the risk of diarrhea lasting ≥2 days when compared with placebo or no treatment, with moderate evidence. Among all probiotics, Saccharomyces boulardii may be the most effective in reducing both duration of diarrhea (compared with placebo) and risk of diarrhea lasting ≥2 days (compared with placebo or no treatment), with moderate evidence. To be conclusive, Saccharomyces boulardii may be the most effective probiotic for treating acute diarrhea in children, followed by several other single-strain and multi-strain probiotics.
THE ANALYSIS OF RACE PACING IN ELITE COMPETITIVE LONG-DISTANCE SPEED SKATING

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of racing pattern adopted by elite male speed skaters in official 5000m race. Twenty-four male skaters, who participated at the World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships 2008, were recorded using video camera (60Hz). The top group (top12 ranked skaters) was significantly faster than the 2nd group (13th to 24th ranked skaters) from 350m line to the finishing line (p<0.001~0.05). The variations of speed in curve sectors were smaller for the top group than the 2nd group (Lap2nd & 8th, p<0.05), and also smaller in straight sectors (Lap8th & 9th, p<0.01~0.05). These results suggest that it is important to adopt a "positive pacing strategy" and to distribute skating speed evenly as possible within each lap, especially not to decrease skating speed excessively in straight sectors at that time.
Transcriptome Sequencing of the Spleen Reveals Antiviral Response Genes in Chickens Infected with CAstV

Astrovirus infections pose a significant problem in the poultry industry, leading to multiple adverse effects such as a decreased egg production, breeding disorders, poor weight gain, and even increased mortality. The commonly observed chicken astrovirus (CAstV) was recently reported to be responsible for the “white chicks syndrome” associated with an increased embryo/chick mortality. CAstV-mediated pathogenesis in chickens occurs due to complex interactions between the infectious pathogen and the immune system. Many aspects of CAstV–chicken interactions remain unclear, and there is no information available regarding possible changes in gene expression in the chicken spleen in response to CAstV infection. We aim to investigate changes in gene expression triggered by CAstV infection. Ten 21-day-old SPF White Leghorn chickens were divided into two groups of five birds each. One group was inoculated with CAstV, and the other used as the negative control. At 4 days post infection, spleen samples were collected and immediately frozen at −70 °C for RNA isolation. We analyzed the isolated RNA, using RNA-seq to generate transcriptional profiles of the chickens’ spleens and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The RNA-seq findings were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 31,959 genes was identified in response to CAstV infection. Eventually, 45 DEGs (p-value < 0.05; log2 fold change > 1) were recognized in the spleen after CAstV infection (26 upregulated DEGs and 19 downregulated DEGs). qRT-PCR performed on four genes (IFIT5, OASL, RASD1, and DDX60) confirmed the RNA-seq results. The most differentially expressed genes encode putative IFN-induced CAstV restriction factors. Most DEGs were associated with the RIG-I-like signaling pathway or more generally with an innate antiviral response (upregulated: BLEC3, CMPK2, IFIT5, OASL, DDX60, and IFI6; downregulated: SPIK5, SELENOP, HSPA2, TMEM158, RASD1, and YWHAB). The study provides a global analysis of host transcriptional changes that occur during CAstV infection in vivo and proves that, in the spleen, CAstV infection in chickens predominantly affects the cell cycle and immune signaling.
Hydrometallurgical Treatment for the Extraction and Separation of Indium and Gallium from End-of-Life CIGS Photovoltaic Panels

This study presents experimental results for the development of a process for the recovery of indium and gallium from EoL CIGS (CuGa1−xInxSe2) panels. The process consists of a thermal treatment of the panels, followed by a hydrometallurgical treatment, where quantitative leaching of In, Ga, Mo, Cu and Zn is achieved. The elements are subsequently separated and recovered from the leachate by solvent extraction. For the development of the process, samples of EoL CIGS PV panels were used, which contained a thin film of Mo (metal base electrode), sputtered on the supporting soda-lime glass and covered by the thin film containing In, Ga, Cu and Se (1 μm). These films were detected by SEM-EDS in polished sections. The thermal treatment at 550 °C for 15 min, in excess of air, led to the successful disintegration of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) and delamination of the thin film-coated glass from the front protective glass. The glass fragments coated by the thin film contained the following: Se: 0.03–0.05%; In: 0.02%; Cu: 0.05%; Ga: 0.004–0.006%; and Mo: 0.04%. Following thermal treatment, thin film-coated glass fragments of about 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm were used in acid leaching experiments using HNO3, HCl and H2SO4. Quantitative leaching of Cu, Ga, In, Mo, Zn and Cu was achieved by HNO3 at ambient temperature. The effects of pulp density and acid concentration on the efficiency of metal leaching were investigated. Part of Se volatilized during the thermal treatment, whereas the rest was insoluble and separated from the solution by filtration. Finally, the separation of the elements was achieved via solvent extraction by D2EHPA.
A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues

COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable, with the number of cases and mortality still rising, and currently no medicines are routinely available for reducing morbidity and mortality, apart from dexamethasone, although others are being trialed and launched. To date, only a limited number of vaccines have been given emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. There is a need to systematically review the existing vaccine candidates and investigate their safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, unwanted events, and limitations. The review was undertaken by searching online databases, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with finally 59 studies selected. Our findings showed several types of vaccine candidates with different strategies against SARS-CoV-2, including inactivated, mRNA-based, recombinant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines, are being developed and launched. We have compared these vaccines in terms of their efficacy, side effects, and seroconversion based on data reported in the literature. We found mRNA vaccines appeared to have better efficacy, and inactivated ones had fewer side effects and similar seroconversion in all types of vaccines. Overall, global variant surveillance and systematic tweaking of vaccines, coupled with the evaluation and administering vaccines with the same or different technology in successive doses along with homologous and heterologous prime-booster strategy, have become essential to impede the pandemic. Their effectiveness appreciably outweighs any concerns with any adverse events.
The Short-Term Effects and Tolerability of Low-Viscosity Soluble Fibre on Gastroparesis Patients: A Pilot Clinical Intervention Study

Gastroparesis is a motility disorder that causes severe gastric symptoms and delayed gastric emptying, where the majority of sufferers are females (80%), with 29% of sufferers also diagnosed with Type-1 or Type-2 diabetes. Current clinical recommendations involve stringent dietary restriction and includes the avoidance and minimization of dietary fibre. Dietary fibre lowers the glycaemic index of food, reduces inflammation and provides laxation. Lack of dietary fibre in the diet can affect long-term gastrointestinal health. Our previously published rheological study demonstrated that “low-viscosity” soluble fibres could be a potentially tolerable source of fibre for the gastroparetic population. A randomised controlled crossover pilot clinical study was designed to compare Partially-hydrolysed guar gum or PHGG (test fibre 1), gum Arabic (test fibre 2), psyllium husk (positive control) and water (negative control) in mild-to-moderate symptomatic gastroparesis patients (requiring no enteral tube feeding). The principal aim of the study was to determine the short-term physiological effects and tolerability of the test fibres. In n = 10 female participants, post-prandial blood glucose, gastroparesis symptoms, and breath test measurements were recorded. Normalized clinical data revealed that test fibres PHGG and gum Arabic were able to regulate blood glucose comparable to psyllium husk, while causing far fewer symptoms, equivalent to negative control. The test fibres did not greatly delay mouth-to-caecum transit, though more data is needed. The study data looks promising, and a longer-term study investigating these test fibres is being planned.
A Clinical Decision Support System for Sleep Staging Tasks With Explanations From Artificial Intelligence: User-Centered Design and Evaluation Study

Background Despite the unprecedented performance of deep learning algorithms in clinical domains, full reviews of algorithmic predictions by human experts remain mandatory. Under these circumstances, artificial intelligence (AI) models are primarily designed as clinical decision support systems (CDSSs). However, from the perspective of clinical practitioners, the lack of clinical interpretability and user-centered interfaces hinders the adoption of these AI systems in practice. Objective This study aims to develop an AI-based CDSS for assisting polysomnographic technicians in reviewing AI-predicted sleep staging results. This study proposed and evaluated a CDSS that provides clinically sound explanations for AI predictions in a user-centered manner. Methods Our study is based on a user-centered design framework for developing explanations in a CDSS that identifies why explanations are needed, what information should be contained in explanations, and how explanations can be provided in the CDSS. We conducted user interviews, user observation sessions, and an iterative design process to identify three key aspects for designing explanations in the CDSS. After constructing the CDSS, the tool was evaluated to investigate how the CDSS explanations helped technicians. We measured the accuracy of sleep staging and interrater reliability with macro-F1 and Cohen κ scores to assess quantitative improvements after our tool was adopted. We assessed qualitative improvements through participant interviews that established how participants perceived and used the tool. Results The user study revealed that technicians desire explanations that are relevant to key electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns for sleep staging when assessing the correctness of AI predictions. Here, technicians wanted explanations that could be used to evaluate whether the AI models properly locate and use these patterns during prediction. On the basis of this, information that is closely related to sleep EEG patterns was formulated for the AI models. In the iterative design phase, we developed a different visualization strategy for each pattern based on how technicians interpreted the EEG recordings with these patterns during their workflows. Our evaluation study on 9 polysomnographic technicians quantitatively and qualitatively investigated the helpfulness of the tool. For technicians with <5 years of work experience, their quantitative sleep staging performance improved significantly from 56.75 to 60.59 with a P value of . 05. Qualitatively, participants reported that the information provided effectively supported them, and they could develop notable adoption strategies for the tool. Conclusions Our findings indicate that formulating clinical explanations for automated predictions using the information in the AI with a user-centered design process is an effective strategy for developing a CDSS for sleep staging.
Wakes in very large wind farms and the effect of neighbouring wind farms

We present the first analysis of wake losses in some of the largest offshore wind farms built to date. In addition, we give an example of the external wake losses that can be imposed by a neighbouring wind farm. Both situations lend insights to the wake phenomena in large offshore wind farm clusters. A simple wake model is compared to the data to assess the need for a more detailed physical description of large wind farm wakes.
The Impact of Recipient Demographics on Outcomes from Living Donor Kidneys: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Aims: Recipient demographics affect outcomes after kidney transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess, for kidneys retrieved from living donors, the effect of recipient sex, ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI) on delayed graft function (DGF) and one-year graft function, incidence of acute rejection (AR), and recipient and graft survivals. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. EMBASE and MEDLINE databases were searched using algorithms through Ovid. Web of Science collection, BIOSIS, CABI, Korean Journal database, Russian Science Citation Index, and SciELO were searched through Web of Science. Cochrane database was also searched. Risk of bias was assessed using the NHBLI tools. Data analysis was performed using Revman 5.4. Mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR) were used in analysis. Results: A total of 5129 studies were identified; 24 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. Female recipients were found to have a significantly lower serum creatinine 1-year-post renal transplantation (MD: −0.24 mg/dL 95%CI: −0.18 to −0.29 p < 0.01) compared to male recipients. No significant difference in survival between male and female recipients nor between Caucasians and Africans was observed (p = 0.08). However, Caucasian recipients had a higher 1-year graft survival compared to African recipients (95% CI 0.52−0.98) with also a lower incidence of DGF (RR = 0.63 p < 0.01) and AR (RR = 0.55 p < 0.01). Recipient obesity (BMI > 30) was found to have no effect on 1-year recipient (p = 0.28) and graft survival (p = 0.93) compared to non-obese recipients although non-obese recipients had a lower rate of DGF (RR = 0.65 p < 0.01) and AR (RR = 0.81 p < 0.01) compared to obese recipients. Conclusions: Gender mismatch between male recipients and female donors has negative impact on graft survival. African ethnicity and obesity do not to influence recipient and graft survival but negatively affect DGF and AR rates.
The Incidence of Bordetella Pertussis Infections in Jahrom City, Southern Iran

Background: Bordetella Pertussis, known as the causative agent of whooping cough, is one of the leading causes of recurrent persistent cough at all ages, even in vaccinated individuals. Methods: A total number of 110 patients coughing for at least two weeks who were admitted to clinical centers in Jahrom, Iran, were included in this cross-sectional study. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from these individuals at two stages, i.e., at the beginning of the study and on the 21st day. Afterward, anti-pertussis toxin (PT) immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured in serum samples via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The given cases were further evaluated in terms of age, gender, occupation, place of living, and family size.Results: Out of 110 patients recruited in this study, 77 cases were female (70%). Also, only seven patients were shown to be serologically positive (6.4%). Moreover, no significant association was observed between pertussis incidence rate and the study variables, namely, age, gender, occupation, residency area (urban or rural), and family size (p>0.05). Conclusions: This study aimed to emphasize pertussis occurrence in individuals who merely present persistent cough without typical symptoms. This requires the physicians to conduct more precise assessments along with more rapid diagnostic methods.
A Model for Estimating Tactile Sensation by Machine Learning Based on Vibration Information Obtained while Touching an Object

The tactile sensation is an important indicator of the added value of a product, and it is thus important to be able to evaluate this sensation quantitatively. Sensory evaluation is generally used to quantitatively evaluate the tactile sensation of an object. However, statistical evaluation of the tactile sensation requires many participants and is, thus, time-consuming and costly. Therefore, tactile sensing technology, as opposed to sensory evaluation, is attracting attention. In establishing tactile sensing technology, it is necessary to estimate the tactile sensation of an object from information obtained by a tactile sensor. In this research, we developed a tactile sensor made of two-layer silicone rubber with two strain gauges in each layer and obtained vibration information as the sensor traced an object. We then extracted features from the vibration information using deep autoencoders, following the nature of feature extraction by neural firing due to vibrations perceived within human fingers. We also conducted sensory evaluation to obtain tactile scores for different words from participants. We finally developed a tactile sensation estimation model for each of the seven samples and evaluated the accuracy of estimating the tactile sensation of unknown samples. We demonstrated that the developed model can properly estimate the tactile sensation for at least four of the seven samples.
Maternal-Perinatal Variables in Patients with Severe Preeclampsia Who Develop Acute Kidney Injury

Introduction: At present, we are witnessing an increase in preeclampsia, especially the most severe forms, which are associated with an increased risk of maternal-perinatal morbidity and mortality. As a severity criterion, acute kidney injury (AKI) has been associated with a worse prognosis, and for this reason, the maternal and perinatal variables associated with AKI in patients with severe preeclampsia (SP) were analysed in this study. Methods: An observational, retrospective, single-centre study of patients with SP treated at a tertiary hospital between January 2007 and December 2018 was conducted. The case criteria based on the criteria established by the ACOG Practice Guidelines for Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. AKI is considered when serum creatinine exceeds 1.1 mg/dL in a pregnant woman with previously normal renal function. In patients with existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), it is referred to as AKI if the baseline serum creatinine increases by 1.5 fold. Pregestational, gestational and postpartum variables were analysed up to 12 weeks postpartum using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: During the study period, 76,828 births were attended, and 303 pregnant women were diagnosed with SP. The annual incidence of SP increased gradually throughout the study period, reaching 1.79/100 births/year in 2018. Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 24.8% of the patients. The multivariate analysis revealed an increased association with a history of previous CKD, the use of assisted reproductive techniques and caesarean section. Uric acid and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) had a high correlation with AKI. Indications for caesarean section are associated with AKI in SP. Regarding perinatal outcomes in cases of AKI, there was a higher percentage of neonates who required foetal lung maturation with steroids and an increased need for NICU admission. No case of maternal death was recorded; however, an increase in neonatal mortality was found among patients who did not develop AKI. After 12 weeks postpartum, 72 patients were referred to the nephrology consultation for persistent hypertension, proteinuria or renal failure. Conclusions: In preeclampsia, AKI is a common complication, especially among patients with a history of CKD, those who became pregnant using assisted reproduction techniques and those who delivered via caesarean section. The perinatal impact of AKI is mainly centred on a higher rate of NICU admission and a lower mortality rate. Among biochemical and haematological markers, the uric acid level prior to renal failure has a direct and significant correlation with the risk of AKI, as does the development of TMA in patients with preeclampsia. Therefore, the monitoring of renal function in cases of preeclampsia should be strict, and referral for a nephrology consultation may be necessary in some cases.
Minimizing Cholesterol-Induced Aggregation of Membrane-Interacting DNA Origami Nanostructures

DNA nanotechnology provides methods for building custom membrane-interacting nanostructures with diverse functions, such as shaping membranes, tethering defined numbers of membrane proteins, and transmembrane nanopores. The modification of DNA nanostructures with hydrophobic groups, such as cholesterol, is required to facilitate membrane interactions. However, cholesterol-induced aggregation of DNA origami nanostructures remains a challenge. Aggregation can result in reduced assembly yield, defective structures, and the inhibition of membrane interaction. Here, we quantify the assembly yield of two cholesterol-modified DNA origami nanostructures: a 2D DNA origami tile (DOT) and a 3D DNA origami barrel (DOB), by gel electrophoresis. We found that the DOT assembly yield (relative to the no cholesterol control) could be maximised by reducing the number of cholesterols from 6 to 1 (2 ± 0.2% to 100 ± 2%), optimising the separation between adjacent cholesterols (64 ± 26% to 78 ± 30%), decreasing spacer length (38 ± 20% to 95 ± 5%), and using protective ssDNA 10T overhangs (38 ± 20% to 87 ± 6%). Two-step folding protocols for the DOB, where cholesterol strands are added in a second step, did not improve the yield. Detergent improved the yield of distal cholesterol configurations (26 ± 22% to 92 ± 12%), but samples re-aggregated after detergent removal (74 ± 3%). Finally, we confirmed functional membrane binding of the cholesterol-modified nanostructures. These findings provide fundamental guidelines to reducing the cholesterol-induced aggregation of membrane-interacting 2D and 3D DNA origami nanostructures, improving the yield of well-formed structures to facilitate future applications in nanomedicine and biophysics.