Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UBVRI-Polarimetry of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis

UBVRI polarimetric observations of NEA 4179 Toutatis were carried out at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory for six nights in December 1992-January 1993. Phase curves of polarization over the phase angle range 15.8-51.4° were obtained in each photometric band. Spectral dependences of positive polarization, polarimetric slope h, and inversion angle αinv in UBVRI wavelength range were obtained for the first time. The degree of the linear positive polarization decreases with the increase of wavelength supporting the inversion effect of the polarization spectral dependence of S-type asteroids. The obtained observation data show a fact unknown for asteroids before—the presence of Toutatis polarization unconnected with the scattering plane. For the first time the polarimetric estimate of geometric albedo pv = 0.13 was obtained. Along with other data this value points out that Toutatis is an S-type asteroid having a tentative size of about 3 km.
Fabrication and photoresponse of a pn-heterojunction diode composed of transparent oxide semiconductors, p-NiO and n-ZnO

Transparent trilayered oxide films of ZnO/NiO/indium tin oxide were heteroepitaxially grown on a YSZ (111) substrate by pulsed-laser deposition combined with a solid-phase-epitaxy technique, and were processed to fabricate a p-NiO/n-ZnO diode. The diode exhibited a clear rectifying I–V characteristic with an ideality factor of ∼2 and a forward threshold voltage of ∼1 V. Although the photoresponsivity was fairly weak at the zero-bias voltage, it was enhanced up to ∼0.3 A W−1 through the application of a reverse bias of −6 V under the irradiation of 360 nm light, a value comparable to that of commercial devices.
A semi-empirical model for clear-water scour evolution at bridge abutments

The computation of temporal variation of clear-water scour is important for the design of bridge foundations. Previous studies implied that a very long flow duration is needed to achieve equilibrium scour at bridge abutments. However, the corresponding durations in the prototype conditions may yield considerably greater values than the time to peak of most of the design floods of small to medium sized catchment basins. Therefore, there is a need to estimate the temporal variation of scour depth. This study deals with development of a semi-empirical model for determining the time-dependent variation of clear-water scour depth at vertical-wall abutments. This approach applies the sediment continuity equation to a scour hole around a vertical-wall abutment. A sediment pickup function was used to formulate the rate of sediment transport from the scour hole. The results of the proposed model were compared with those of empirical models. The model agreed well with the test results.
Global existence and decay of solutions of a nonlinear system of wave equations

This work is concerned with a system of two wave equations with nonlinear damping and source terms acting in both equations. Under some restrictions on the nonlinearity of the damping and the source terms, we show that our problem has a unique local solution. Also, we prove that, for some restrictions on the initial data, the rate of decay of the total energy is exponential or polynomial depending on the exponents of the damping terms in both equations.
On the polarization and depolarization of the electromagnetic waves

We discuss a general description of the polarization of monochromatic electromagnetic waves that proves useful when the customary description in terms of Stokes parameters does not apply. We also show how this description can be exploited to study the depolarization of lineraly polarizad waves in the interior of porous model cosmic dust grains. The results that we discuss may affect our understanding of several problems that are relevant for astrobiology.
Hydrodynamic instabilities in supernova remnants : self-similar driven waves

The initial interaction of a supernova with its surroundings involves the uniformly expanding, roughly power-law density profile of the outer parts. If the supernova gas has a steep power-law density profile and the surrounding density can be described by ρ ∞ r -s , with s = 0 for a uniform interstellar medium and s = 2 for a stellar wind, the interaction region is given by a self-similar solution. The profiles of the physical quantities in the shocked region show that the flow is subject to convective or Rayleigh-Taylor instability; the convective growth rate is largest at the contact discontinuity between the shocked supernova gas and the shocked surroundings
High‐frequency study of nonequilibrium transport in heterostructure bipolar transistors

We report results of studying nonequilibrium transport in heterostructure bipolar transistors at a millimeter‐wave band. Increasing the total potential drop in the collector from 0.88 to 1.6 eV changes the measured intrinsic transit delay from 0.32 to 0.63 ps due to the increasing importance of intervalley scattering. Both the experimental and calculated data illustrate the role nonequilibrium transport and intervalley scattering have in determining the fundamental limits to device performance.
Effects of surface treatments on the adhesion of Cu and Cr/Cu metallizations to a multifunctional photoresist

The effects of chemical, plasma, and reactive ion etching (RIE) treatments on the adhesion of Cu and Cr/Cu to the multifunctional polymer were investigated. The adhesion was measured with the newly developed pull test. The polymer surfaces were characterized by the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and surface free energy measurement. The failure modes were examined with the scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. It was found that the adhesion of Cu and Cr/Cu to the highly functional photoresist was poor, regardless of the chemical, plasma, and reactive ion etching treatment with either O2 or CF4 used. However, the RIE pretreatment with the gas mixture (O2+CF4) of the photoresist surface increased the adhesion of sputtered Cr/Cu to the photoresist remarkably, and the failure mode was cohesive within the photoresist. Furthermore, the RIE pretreatment with pure oxygen gave rise to the needle-like surface together with virtually no introduced reactive functi.
On the statistical properties of a cyclic diffusion process arising in the modeling of thermostat-controlled electric power system loads

A cyclic diffusion process—a member of the class of hybrid-state Markov processes—has been used to construct aggregate load models for a portion of power system loads controlled by thermostat (heating or cooling loads), following an approach inspired from the methods of statistical mechanics. The statistical properties of the process are analysed using renewal theory and the Fokker–Planck equation.
Nondynamic origin of the high-frequency acoustic attenuation in glasses

The sound attenuation in the THz region is studied down to T 16 K in glassy glycerol by inelastic x-ray scattering. At striking variance with the decrease found below 100 K in the GHz data, the attenuation in the THz range does not show any T dependence. This result (i) indicates the presence of two different attenuation mechanisms, active, respectively, in the high- and low-frequency limits, (ii) demonstrates the nondynamic origin of the attenuation of THz sound waves, and confirms a similar conclusion obtained in SiO2 glass by molecular dynamics, and (iii) supports the low-frequency attenuation mechanism proposed by Fabian and Allen [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1478 (1999)].
All-inorganic light emitting device based on ZnO nanoparticles

We report on room-temperature electroluminescence from an all-inorganic light emitting device based on spin-coated ZnO nanoparticles. A tight submicron thick layer was fabricated on a fluorine doped tin oxide glass as a substrate using commercially available ZnO nanoparticles from the gas phase. After the evaporation of the top Al electrode, a diodelike I-V characteristic was obtained. An emission peak at around 390 nm and a broad defect-related electroluminescence in the visible range were observed at voltages below 10 V and ambient air conditions.
Plasmonic nanoparticle enhanced light absorption in GaAs solar cells

We demonstrate an improvement in efficiency of optically thin GaAs solar cells decorated with size-controlled Ag nanoparticles fabricated by masked deposition through anodic aluminum oxide templates. The strong scattering by the interacting surface plasmons in densely formed high aspect-ratio nanoparticles effectively increases the optical path of the incident light in the absorber layers resulting in an 8% increase in the short circuit current density of the cell. The nanoparticle array sheet conductivity also reduces the cell surface sheet resistance evidenced by an improved fill factor. This dual function of plasmonic nanoparticles has potential to enable thinner photovoltaic layers in solar cells.
A comparison of Faddeev and BFV phase-space path integrals

Through a detailed calculation of the propagator of a free massive scalar particle, the authors show that the Batalin-Fradkin-Vilkovisky and Faddeev path integrals are different. The analysis also provides another counter-example to the usual statement of the Fradkin-Vilkovisky theorem.
Changes of hierarchical network in local and world stock market

We consider the cross-correlation coefficients of the daily returns in the local and global stock markets. We generate the minimal spanning tree (MST) using the correlation matrix. We observe that the MSTs change their structure from chain-like networks to star-like networks during periods of market uncertainty. We quantify the measure of the hierarchical network utilizing the value of the hierarchy measured by the hierarchical path. The hierarchy and betweenness centrality characterize the state of the market regarding the impact of crises. During crises, the non-financial company is established as the central node of the MST. However, before the crisis and during stable periods, the financial company is occupying the central node of the MST in the Korean and the U.S. stock markets. The changes in the network structure and the central node are good indicators of an upcoming crisis.
Dispersion effects in light pulses refracted from right- to left-handed media

Wave fronts of a Gaussian light pulse and a CW Gaussian beam refracted at the boundary of right- and left-handed media are modified due to material dispersion. Group velocity of a negatively refracted pulse is parallel to the direction of energy transport and anti-parallel to phase velocity. Positively refracted group front moves sideways with respect to negatively refracted phase front. We analyze modifications of light pulses of different spectra in effective media with different frequency dispersion curves. Analysis of dispersion effects is important because of possible applications in band separation and pulse compression in metamaterial devices. In 2D FDTD simulations we analyze evolution of CW Gaussian beams and short Gaussian pulses in an effective double negative material with dependence of permittivity and permeability functions on frequency corresponding to Drude material-dispersion model.
On stationary phase integrals

Let f(x) and g(x) be real functions defined on the interval [a, b], with f(x) at least twice continuously differentiable, f′(x) monotone increasing, and f(x) of bounded variation. We consider the exponential integral where e(t) denotes exp 2πit. The purpose of this note is to prove sharp forms of the well-known estimates: A: If f′(x) is nonzero on [a, b], then I has order of magnitude The constant of proportionality depends on the function g(x). B: If f′(x) changes sign at x = c with a < c < b, then
Anomalous resistivity by fluctuation in the lower-hybrid frequency range

[1] The present paper discusses anomalous resistivity that arises from electrostatic fluctuation in the lower-hybrid frequency range. The implicit physical situation is the vicinity of the reconnection onset region. By employing locally uniform approximation, the unmagnetized ion response and fully magnetized electron linear response are computed analytically. On the basis of the response functions, anomalous transport coefficients including the anomalous resistivity are constructed. An order-of-magnitude analysis reveals that the anomalous resistivity is much higher in magnitude than the classical resistivity. Dependence of the anomalous resistivity on plasma beta and the cross-field drift speed is also discussed.
Optimum Accelerated Overrelaxation (AOR) Method for Systems with Positive Definite Coefficient Matrix

Given a linear system with a Hermitian positive definite coefficient matrix A, a splitting of it of Varga’s type [18] is considered and the corresponding generalized accelerated overrelaxation (AOR) scheme is formed. Under certain assumptions concerning one of the components of A and the convergence domains of the two parameters of the AOR method, an analysis analogous to that by Varga enables one to determine optimum values for the parameters involved. As both theory and numerical examples show, the optimum AOR method obtained in this way is faster than the corresponding SOR one.
Viscosity bifurcation in thixotropic, yielding fluids

Most concentrated colloidal suspensions such as cement, drilling fluids, paints, muds, etc., have been considered until now thixotropic fluids with a flow curve of an ideal yield stress fluid. We start by showing from inclined plane tests, intended to determine the yield stress, that these systems in fact exhibit peculiar properties. Unlike ideal yield stress fluids, they stop flowing abruptly below a critical stress, and start flowing at a high velocity beyond a critical stress, which in addition increases with the time of preliminary rest. In order to clarify these features we carried out a complete set of rheometrical tests with a model fluid, a bentonite suspension. Our results show that under controlled stress, in some cases after significant flow, there is bifurcation of the behavior towards either stoppage or rapid shear, depending on the relative values of the imposed and critical stresses. As an immediate consequence, we find that no (homogeneous) steady state flows at a shear rate below a critical value can be obtained. These results can be qualitatively predicted by a simple theoretical model that assumes that the viscosity of the material results from the competition between aging and shear rejuvenation, associated to, respectively, the organization or disorganization of the network of particle interactions. This shows that the flow curve in the steady state of concentrated colloidal suspensions and, more generally, of structured fluids, is strongly affected by their thixotropy.Most concentrated colloidal suspensions such as cement, drilling fluids, paints, muds, etc., have been considered until now thixotropic fluids with a flow curve of an ideal yield stress fluid. We start by showing from inclined plane tests, intended to determine the yield stress, that these systems in fact exhibit peculiar properties. Unlike ideal yield stress fluids, they stop flowing abruptly below a critical stress, and start flowing at a high velocity beyond a critical stress, which in addition increases with the time of preliminary rest. In order to clarify these features we carried out a complete set of rheometrical tests with a model fluid, a bentonite suspension. Our results show that under controlled stress, in some cases after significant flow, there is bifurcation of the behavior towards either stoppage or rapid shear, depending on the relative values of the imposed and critical stresses. As an immediate consequence, we find that no (homogeneous) steady state flows at a shear rate below a critic.
Reynolds-Stress Model Flow Prediction in Aircraft-Engine Intake Double-S-Shaped Duct

The purpose of the present paper is to assess the predictive capability of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computations using seven-equation Reynolds-stress model wall-normal-free closures for flows in aircraft-engine intake double-S-duct configurations. The intake studied operates at high subsonic Mach numbers and is characterized by high turning angle of the second S-leg, inducing a particularly complex flow structure up to the engine face. Computations were run using two wall-topology-free second-moment closures and a baseline two-equation model, carefully checked for grid convergence, and compared with available experimental measurements. Computational data were then used to analyze the flowfield structure.
Atomic mechanism of electric dipole formed at high-K: SiO2 interface

The mechanism of flat-band voltage shifts in La- and Al-based, etc., oxide capping layers in high-K (dielectric constant) metal gate stacks is investigated by ab initio calculations on atomic models. The capping layer dopants are calculated to segregate to the high-K:SiO2 interface in most cases. An interfacial dipole is observed at both the pure HfO2:SiO2 interface and at oxide doped HfO2:SiO2 interfaces by plotting electrostatic potentials perpendicular to the interfaces. Substitutional La, Sr, Al, Nb, and Ti atoms are calculated to induce potential shifts at the HfO2: SiO2 interface which shift the valence band offset in the experimentally observed directions. The shift does not correlate with the metal’s valence, being the opposite for La and Al, which rules out the oxygen vacancy model. The shift does correlate with the metal’s group-electronegativity or metal work function. The potential shift due to A-O and O-A bond dipoles cancels out, on average, in the ‘bulk’ parts of the gate oxide film, and it.
The vortex filament equation and a semilinear Schrödinger equation in a Hermitian symmetric space

In this paper, we will prove the existence and the uniqueness of a classical solution for the initial value problem, and generalize it to the case of curves in 3-dimensional space forms. We also consider related semilinear Schrodinger equations for curves in Kahler manifolds. It is remarkable that we need symmetric spaces as manifolds for infinite time existence of solutions. More precisely, we will get the following results.
Scattering of a Gaussian wave packet by a reflectionless potential

The specific features of scattering of the Gaussian wave packet by the simplest of all reflectionless potentials, the Sech-squared well, are considered. The results of numerical computation show that a wave packet that has passed through this potential overtakes a free wave packet and is both higher and narrower than a free wave packet; in other words, the scattered wave packet accelerates inside the well and preserves its shape better. Comparisons with scattering by the square well and by a series of reflectionless potentials are also presented. Possible applications of the Sech-squared as well as other reflectionless potentials are discussed.
A Review of Methods for the Statistical Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Disease

A review of methods for the analysis of the geographical distribution of disease is presented. The topic is of increasing interest to statisticians, though much groundwork has been done by epidemiologists and medical geographers. Methods for the detection and testing for apparent clusters of disease, including those near a possible environmental hazard, are reviewed. Estimating regional mortality rates, possibly to construct disease maps, and methods for investigating the association between disease rates and social, demographic and environmental factors are discussed. In addition, statistical analysis of the spatial spread of epidemics is mentioned.
Extremely high efficient coupling between long range surface plasmon polariton and dielectric waveguide mode

To connect the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) based devices with the conventional dielectric devices is a significant issue for the further development of SPP and related applications. In this paper, extremely high efficient coupling (>99%) between long range SPP (LRSPP) waveguide mode and TM mode of dielectric waveguide has been demonstrated from a hybrid coupler, which composed of an Au (LRSPP) waveguide and a SiN (dielectric) waveguide. Based on this hybrid coupler, a polarization splitter with pure TM mode output from one arm and TE mode output from the other arm with high TE/TM extinction ratio has been realized.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Transitional Boundary Layer with Impinging Shock Wave

The transition of a boundary layer on a flat plate with an impinging shock wave is studied numerically by compressible large-eddy simulation using a hybrid compact/Roe scheme. The numerical code is verified by comparison with experimental observations of shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction and then applied for the analysis of shock wave/transitional boundary-layer interaction. The simulation provides accurate results with respect to the location of reattachment and the boundary-layer properties downstream of reattachment. Large-scale coherent structures such as longitudinal vortex pairs, low-speed streaks, and hairpin vortices are identified in the transitional region, and it is revealed that these coherent structures play important roles in the transition. Thus, it is important to resolve these structures adequately to obtain an accurate prediction of the reattachment point. The subsequent breakdown of these coherent structures have smaller length scales, and resolving the breakdown requires much finer grid resolution. However, the influence of underresolution of breakdown on the downstream flowfield can be largely ignored under the conditions examined. Large-eddy simulation is, therefore, useful for the qualitative analysis of flowfields involving a supersonic transitional boundary layer.
Noncompact shrinking four solitons with nonnegative curvature

Abstract We prove that if (M, g, X) is a noncompact four dimensional shrinking soliton with bounded nonnegative curvature operator, then (M, g) is isometric to or a finite quotient of or S 3 × ℝ. In the process we also show that a complete shrinking soliton (M, g, X) with bounded curvature is gradient and κ-noncollapsed and the dilation of a Type I singularity is a shrinking soliton. Further in dimension three we show shrinking solitons with bounded curvature can be classified under only the assumption of Rc ≧ 0. The proofs rely on the technical construction of a singular reduced length function, a function which behaves as the reduced length function but can be extended to singular times.
A photoionization model for the optical line emission from cooling flows

The detailed predictions of a photoionization model previously outlined in Voit and Donahue (1990) to explain the optical line emission associated with cooling flows in X-ray emitting clusters of galaxies are presented. In this model, EUV/soft X-ray radiation from condensing gas photoionizes clouds that have already cooled. The energetics and specific consequences of such a model, as compared to other models put forth in the literature is discussed. Also discussed are the consequences of magnetic fields and cloud-cloud shielding. The results illustrate how varying the individual column densities of the ionized clouds can reproduce the range of line ratios observed and strongly suggest that the emission-line nebulae are self-irradiated condensing regions at the centers of cooling flows.