Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laboratory experiments on surface seal development and its effect on interrill erosion processes

SUMMARY Despite extensive research, the processes involved in seal and crust formation are not yet fully understood. This paper provides detailed information on the dynamics of surface sealing and its effect on the erosion process. Seal development of an artificial soil mixture was investigated by measuring changes in splash detachment, soil bulk density and near-surface soil strength, and by detailed observation and analysis of thin-section photomicrographs taken at different sealing stages. Raindrop impact was found to be the principal force governing the formation of the surface seal. The sequence of seal development was as follows: (i) rapid disruption of surface aggregates by direct raindrop impact; (ii) rearrangement of disrupted fragments and textural separates; and (iii) compaction of surface material by continued drop impact. Eventually, an ‘equilibrium’ complete seal of the surface was established. Other micro-morphological characteristics included (i) a mean seal thickness of 0.3–0.8 mm, (ii) a complex void structure dominated by compound packing voids and vughs, (iii) an absence of any ‘washing-in’ of fine material, and (iv) development of miniature soil pedestals (micro-hoodoos), micro-depressions and micro-knolls formed by drop impact. Measured changes in splash detachment and soil bulk density were consistent with the observed fabric changes. Splash detachment increased during the early seal stages but thereafter decreased rapidly with incorporation of material into the developing seal. The decrease was matched by an overall increase in soil bulk density. Contrary to expectations, soil shear increased only during the initial wetting phase, and subsequently decreased to give minimum values coincident with maximum seal development. After the initial wetting phase shear strength had a negative linear relationship with soil moisture content. It is concluded that soil shear strength may not be a reliable indicator of seal development.
Fourier–Mukai partners for very general special cubic fourfolds

We exhibit explicit examples of very general special cubic fourfolds with discriminant $d$ admitting an associated (twisted) K3 surface, which have non-isomorphic Fourier-Mukai partners. In particular, in the untwisted setting, we show that the number of Fourier-Mukai partners for a very general special cubic fourfold with discriminant $d$ and having an associated K3 surface, is equal to the number $m$ of Fourier-Mukai partners of its associated K3 surface, if $d \equiv 2 (\text{mod}\,6)$; else, if $d \equiv 0 (\text{mod}\,6)$, the cubic fourfold has $\lceil m/2 \rceil$ Fourier-Mukai partners.
Chemical Composition of the Leaf Oils of Myristica malabarica Lam. and Gymnacranthera canarica (King) Warb.

Abstract Essential oils from the leaves of Myristica malabarica and Gymnacranthera canarica (Myristicaceae) were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Seventy-six constituents (98.5%) with β-caryophyllene (27.3%), α-humulene (13.8%) and α-copaene (11.5%) as major components were identifed from the leaf oil of M. malabarica. Also, seventy-six constituents (98.1%) with β-caryophyllene (23.4%), linalool (13.4%) and α-humulene (11.3%) as major constituents were identified from the leaf oil of G. canarica. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted 77.3% in M. malabarica leaf oil and 58.1% in G. canarica leaf oil.
Ab Initio Study of the Hydrogen Bonding between Pyrrole and Hydrogen Fluoride: A Comparison of NH···F and FH···π Interactions

The structures, vibrational frequencies, and association energies of the NH···F and FH···π hydrogen-bonding complexes between pyrrole and hydrogen fluoride have been examined using the Hartree−Fock, Moller−Plesset (second order), and density functional theory. Full geometry optimization and energetics of these complexes are calculated using the 6-31G*, 6-31G**, 6-31+G*, 6-31+G**, 6-311G*, and 6-311++G** basis sets. The DFT calculations are carried out using the BLYP and B3LYP nonlocal exchange−correlation functionals. After BSSE (basis set superposition error) by the counterpoise (CP) method and ZPVE corrections, the association energies of the π-type and NH···F hydrogen-bonding complexes are calculated to be about 3.054 and 1.518 kcal/mol, respectively, at the MP4(SDTQ)/6-311++G**//MP2/6-31+G* level. The intermolecular interaction potential of the π-type hydrogen-bonding complex is also discussed.
Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Amorphous Iron Sulfide

The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) decreases the toxicity and mobility of chromium contaminants in soils and water. In addition, the formation of a highly insoluble Cr(III) product would decrease the likelihood of future Cr(III) re-oxidation. Amorphous iron sulfide minerals like mackinawite (FeS1-x) have the potential to reduce large quantities of Cr(VI) and in the process form very stable [Cr, Fe](OH)3 solids. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of amorphous FeS as a reductant of Cr(VI) by identifying the solution and solid-phase products of the reaction between FeS suspensions and chromate. Iron sulfide suspensions at pH 5.0, 7.0, and 8.0 were reacted with a range of Cr(VI) solutions from 50 to 5000 μM in a N2 atmosphere glovebox for 3 d. Solutions were analyzed using ICP−AES, IC, and colorimetric methods; solids were analyzed using XRD, TEM, EDS, and XANES spectroscopy. Iron sulfide removed all of the added Cr(VI) from solution for the reaction conditions studied and reduced between 85% and 100.
Toxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles to the earthworm Eisenia fetida: subtle effects

Environmental context This study investigates the toxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles to earthworms, key organisms in soil ecosystems. Cerium oxide did not affect survival or reproduction of the earthworms but did exert histological changes. We conclude that current soil guidelines, based simply on metal toxicity, appear to adequately protect against cerium exposure risk, at least for earthworms. Abstract The toxicity of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in soils is largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of three different CeO2 NPs to the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, for effects on survival (at day 28) and reproduction (at day 56), as well as bioaccumulation and histopathological effects. Eisenia fetida were exposed in standard Lufa 2.2 soil to three CeO2 NPs of different size ranges (5–80nm), one larger particle (300nm) and a cerium salt (ammonium cerium nitrate) over an exposure range from 41–10000mgCekg–1. Survival and reproduction were not affected by the four CeO2 particles, even at the highest exposure concentration tested. Alternatively, 10000mgCekg–1 cerium salt affected survival and reproduction; Median lethal concentration (LC50) and effective concentration (EC50) values were 317.8 and 294.6mgCekg–1. Despite a lack of toxic effect from the different forms of CeO2 particles, there was a dose-dependent increase in cerium in the organisms at all exposure concentrations, and for all material types. Earthworms exposed to CeO2 particles had higher concentrations of total cerium compared to those exposed to ionic cerium, but without exhibiting the same toxic effect. Histological observations in earthworms exposed to the particulate forms of CeO2 did, however, show cuticle loss from the body wall and some loss of gut epithelium integrity. The data suggest that that CeO2 NPs do not affect survival or reproduction in E. fetida over the standard test period. However, there were histological changes that could indicate possible deleterious effects over longer-term exposures.
Research Article: The effect of temperature and different carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth and fatty acid profile of a newly isolated microorganism Aurantiochytrium sp. strain SHY

Thraustochytrids have received a great deal of attention in recent years for producing a significant amount of omega-3 fatty acids. However, their commercial and sustainable production from microalgae sources faces technical and economic limitations. In this study, the effect of temperature and different carbon and nitrogen sources in YEP calture on the growth and fatty acids profile in a newly isolated strain of Aurantiochytrium sp. SHY has been conducted. Glucose produced more biomass, but galactose was more suitable for lipid formation. Galactose promoted the highest production of fatty acids (36.4%), but the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to fatty acids was 19.05% which was less than glycerol. With an increased glucose concentration, EPA is considerably higher and DHA is only slightly increased. This is the first study that has been carried out on this new isolate wherein a mixed carbon source was used in the culture media and the results showed the microorganism’s preferences for carbohydrate consumption is in the following pattern: glucose > galactose > fructose> sucrose. The meat extract was the most suitable nitrogen source for biomass development (7 g L -1 ), but the maximum DHA to fatty acids ratio (25%) was achieved when the microorganism consumed monosodium glutamate as a nitrogen source. The strain produced more biomass at 25°C, and lowering the temperature achieved a higher DHA formation. The results of this study show that if this strain is going to introduce as a good potential candidate for food industries and aquaculture, it needs more study in bioreactor that’s going on.
Bioactive functional materials: a perspective on phosphate-based glasses

The general trend in biomaterials is to use and employ materials that play an active role in tissue regeneration rather than passive and inert materials. Therefore, understanding how a material interacts with the surrounding environments, including cells and tissue fluid, allows material design to be tailored so that implants can be constructed to promote a specific biological response, helping them better perform their function. This class of materials has been described as the "Third Generation" of biomaterials. Phosphate based glasses fall into this category and it has been shown that the properties of these glasses can be tuned via their composition according to the desired end application. These glasses can be prepared as melt-quenched or sol-gel bulk form suitable for potential hard tissue engineering applications and as vehicles for antimicrobial agents. They can also be prepared as fibres suitable for soft tissue engineering applications such as those involving muscle, ligaments, and tendon, where, like the fibres, the tissue has a high degree of anisotropy.
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication at high pressures II. Non-Newtonian behaviour

An experimental study has been made of the elastohydrodynamic behaviour of a range of fluids, including some of widely different pressure coefficient of viscosity. It is shown that the complex pattern of elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour observed at high pressure is due predominantly to the interplay between two non-Newtonian effects. The first is viscoelasticity. This has the effect that, at small degrees of shear, all the fluids behave as viscous liquids at low pressure and as elastic solids at high. The transition occurs when the viscosity attains 105 Pa s. The second is the non-linearity at high degrees of shear between the shear stress and the rate of shear. The consequence of this is that at sufficiently high rates of shear the fluid loses any elastic character and behaves as a non-Newtonian liquid. It is shown that the behaviour of the real system resembles that of a Maxwell viscoelastic model into which Eyring’s elementary expression for viscosity is incorporated to describe the non-Newtonian character of the liquid component. At high shear stresses the value of the traction coefficient {T/W ) is given by the expression T/W=α¯T0-T0/T0/p ln (T0/2n0s), where α¯ is the pressure coefficient of viscosity, T0 a characteristicshearstress, p the pressure, n0 the viscosity at atmospheric pressure and s the rate of shear. The values of α¯ which are appropriate relate to the actual pressures applied. These pressures are considerably in excess of those obtainable in conventional high pressure viscometry but it is shown that the appropriate value of α¯ can be derived satisfactorily from the elastohydrodynamic experiments themselves. The fluid giving the highest value of the traction coefficient proved to be one whose pressure coefficient of viscosity was considerably greater at high pressure than at low. The results suggest that with high polymers the structural unit responsible for flow is considerably smaller than the polymer molecule itself. In contrast, certain types of molecules having branch chains appear to become entangled making the unit for flow appreciably larger than the individual molecule.
ISSN 2348 – 0319 International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue (12): 11- 16

1. Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam-Pakistan. 2. Baqai College of Veterinary Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi-Pakistan. Abstract: In present study the sensory characteristics of various heat treated skimmed milk were analyzed at Department of Dairy Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University TandojamPakistan. The skimmed milk was produced from buffalo milk through cream separator and then divided into four groups i.e A, B, C and D. The group A was kept as untreated (control) and B, C, D (treated at 60 o C for few sec (Thermization), 65 o C for 30 min (Pasteurization), 110 o C for 10 min (Sterilization), respectively). The sensory attributes such as appearance/color, taste/flavor and body/texture scores were analyzed. Results obtained revealed that Appearance/color of pasteurized and sterilized skimmed milk was not acceptable compared to thermizide and control skimmed milk. Sterilization process improved the taste/flavor and body/texture of skimmed milk. The present study concludes that the taste/flavor of skimmed milk was remarkably (P<0.05) improved with the use of sterilization process.
Influence of molecular weight and degree of crosslinking on the specific volume and glass temperature of polymers

On the basis of simple assumptions, equations are derived for predicting the specific volume-temperature-molecular weight (v-T-M) relationships for a homologous series of polymers from the v-T curves for the monomer and the polymer of infinite molecular weight. Analogous v-T-ρ relationships (where ρ is the degree of crosslinking) are similarly obtained. The result, that v decreases linearly with decreasing 1/M and with increasing ρ, conforms with the picture that either the removal of two chain ends (as M increases) or the introduction of a crosslinkage involves, between two polymer segments, the exchange of a van der Waals bond for a shorter covalent bond. The validity of these equations is illustrated by comparison with the observed data for polymers covering a wide range in M, T, and chemical type. For several polymer series the extrapolated value of v at 0°K (v0) is the same for all members of the series, indicating that at this temperature the average length of the van der Waals and covalent bonds between polymer segments are the same. Assuming that the form of the linear relationship observed for polystyrene between the specific volume (vg) at the glass temperature and the value (Tg) of the latter is valid for other polymer series, equations are derived which predict Tg as a function of M from the limiting value of the glass temperature for a chain of infinite length, and from the v-T curves in the liquid state for the monomer and for the polymer of M = ∞. Analogous Tg-ρ relationships are similarly obtained. According to these equations, a linear relationship between 1/Tg and 1/M should be obtained, which reduces at high M to a linear dependence of Tg on 1/M. Similarly, a linear dependence of Tg on ρ is predicted at low ρ. These predictions are in satisfactory agreement with data on polystyrene fractions and on crosslinked copolymers of styrene with divinylbenzene. The conclusion that Tg for polystyrenes represent a state of iso-free volume irrespective of M is shown to be an approximation that is valid, within experimental error, only for large values of M.
Expression of α4-integrin defines the earliest precursor of hematopoietic cell lineage diverged from endothelial cells

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate in vitro into hematopoietic cells through two intermediate stages; the first being FLK1+ E-cadherin− proximal lateral mesoderm and the second being CD45− VE-cadherin+endothelial cells. To further dissect the CD45−VE-cadherin+ cells, we have examined distribution of 4-integrin on this cell population, because 4-integrin is the molecule expressed on hematopoietic stem cells. During culture of FLK1+ E-cadherin− cells, CD45− VE-cadherin+4-integrin− cells differentiate first, followed by 4-integrin+ cells appearing in both CD45− VE-cadherin+ and CD45−VE-cadherin− cell populations. In the CD45−VE-cadherin+ cell population, 4-integrin+ subset but not 4-integrin− subset had the potential to differentiate to hematopoietic lineage cells, whereas endothelial cell progenitors were present in both subsets. The CD45−VE-cadherin− 4-integrin+ cells also showed hematopoietic potential. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that differential expression of the Gata2 and Myb genes correlated with the potential of the 4-integrin+ cells to give rise to hematopoietic cell differentiation. Hematopoietic CD45−VE-cadherin+ 4-integrin+ cells were also present in the yolk sac and embryonic body proper of 9.5 day postcoitum mouse embryos. Our results suggest that the expression of 4-integrin is a marker of the earliest precursor of hematopoietic cell lineage that was diverged from endothelial progenitors.
Curvularin-type metabolites from the fungus Curvularia sp. isolated from a marine alga.

Two new curvularin-type macrolides, curvulone A (1) and B (2), and two known ones (3a, 4) of the rare 15R series have been isolated from the fungus Curvularia sp. , which has been isolated from the marine alga Gracilaria folifera. Their structures were determined by extensive 2D NMR experiments and supported by the single-crystal X-ray analysis of 1. The structural elucidation of 1, which has a benzo[b]furanone moiety as part of a 12-membered macrolactone, has led to a revision of the structure of the previously reported (11S,15S)-11β-hydroxy-12-oxocurvularin. The absolute configuration of curvulone A was established independently by the solid-state TD-DFT ECD method and by measuring the anomalous dispersion effect. The absolute configuration of curvulone B was determined by TD-DFT ECD calculations on the computed solution conformers. Two different solid-state conformers of 4 were identified by X-ray analysis of the single crystals obtained from different solvents; TD-DFT ECD calculations were performed to reproduce the experimental ECD spectra. All four metabolites were biologically active against fungal, bacterial and algal test organisms.
PREPARATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE CATIONIC PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING DENDRIMERS AS DNA TRANSFECTING AGENTS

P-dendrimers appear to be excellent candidates as transfecting agents after positively charged functions are grafted at their periphery. Five different generations of protonated dendrimers (1-[G1] to 1-[G5]) and the corresponding methylated series (2-[G1] to 2-[G5]) (two examples are shown here) have been examined as transfecting agents of the luciferase gene within 3T3 cells.
Über heterotype Mischphasen bei Seltenerdoxyden. II. Die Oxydsysteme des Cers und des Praseodyms

Die Phasenverhaltnisse der Ceroxyde zwischen CeO2 und Ce2O3 und der Praseodymoxyde zwischen PrO2 und Pr2O3 werden durch Rontgenuntersuchungen bestimmt. Beide Oxydsysteme erweisen sich in der Zahl der beobachteten drei Phasen als vollig ubereinstimmend und hinsichtlich der Ausdehnung dieser Phasen als sehr ahnlich. Die Dioxydphase mit Fluoritstruktur besitzt praktisch keine Homogenitatsbreite, die Sesquioxydphase vom hexagonalen A-Typ vermag ein wenig zusatzlichen Sauerstoff homogen aufzunehmen. Von diesen beiden Phasen getrennt liegt im Gebiet mittlerer Oxydationsgrade eine Zwischenoxydphase mit breitem Existenzbereich und einem Kristallgitter, das kontinuierlich vom Fluorit- zum C-Sesquioxydtyp ubergeht.
Daily carbon surface fluxes in theWest Ebre (Ebro) watershed from aircraft profiling on late June 2007

An intensive aircraft campaign measuring atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios was carried out in the central part of the Ebre watershed on late June 2007 to characterize the CO2 dynamics in the Ebre basin and to calculate the regional cumulative carbon surface flux. CO2 concentrations were obtained from vertical profiles over LaMuela (LMU; 41.60.N, 1.1.W) from 900 to 4000 m above the sea level (masl), horizontal transects at ¡2000 m 100 km west from LMU, and continuous measurements at ¡650 masl. Different estimates of surface flux from changes in the convective boundary layer (CBL) CO2 concentration were obtained following the Integral CBL budgeting equation (ICBL) and the carbon content integration (CCI) method. Values of the mean surface flux calculated from the different approaches range from . 2.4 to . 7.9 ¥ìmol CO2/m2s. Regional surface flux calculated from vertical profiling appears to be consistent in a distance of 70 km away from the measurement site. The ICBL method is very sensitive to the accurate determination of the concentration in the entrainment zone. The overall uncertainty from fluxes calculated from the ICBL method rises to a value of 70%, whereas the uncertainty linked to the CCI method is 55%.
Influence of adherend surface preparation on bond durability

Work presented in this paper focuses on the critical aspects of the surface preparation of aluminium employed for the manufacture of aluminium-epoxy joints. The surface preparation procedure examined is currently employed by the Royal Australian Airforce (RAAF) for repairs requiring metal-to-adhesive bonding. The influence of each step in the surface preparation on the bond durability performance of the adhesive joint is examined by a combination of methods. Double-cantilever wedge-style adhesive joints are loaded in mode 1 opening and exposed to a humid environment. Together with analysis of the adherend and joint failure surfaces, the results show conclusively that adhesive bond durability is sensitive to the presence of contaminant and the roughness of the adherend surface. The presence of contaminant can interfere with the effectiveness of an organosilane coupling agent as a durability improver. A two-step bond degradation model was developed to describe qualitatively the observed bond durability performance and fracture data.
A REVISED STRUCTURE AND HYDROGEN-BONDING SYSTEM IN CELLULOSE II FROM A NEUTRON FIBER DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS

The crystal and molecular structure and hydrogen bonding system in cellulose II have been revised using new neutron diffraction data extending to 1.2 A resolution collected from two highly crystalline fiber samples of mercerized flax. Mercerization was achieved in NaOH/H2O for one sample and in NaOD/D2O for the other, corresponding to the labile hydroxymethyl moieties being hydrogenated and deuterated, respectively. Fourier difference maps were calculated in which neutron difference amplitudes were combined with phases calculated from two revised X-ray models of cellulose II, A and B‘. The revised phasing models were determined by refinement against the X-ray data set of Kolpak and Blackwell,8 using the LALS methodology.37 Both models A and B‘ have two antiparallel chains organized in a P21 space group and unit cell parameters: a = 8.01 A, b = 9.04 A, c = 10.36 A, and γ = 117.1°. 15 Model A has equivalent backbone conformations for both chains but different conformations for the hydroxymethyl moieties: g.