Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water Sorption Enthalpy‐Entropy Compensation Based on Isotherms of Plum Skin and Pulp

The net isosteric heat and entropy of water sorption were calculated for plum, based on sorption iso- therms obtained by the static gravimetric method at different temperatures (20 to 70 °C). The Guggenheim-Anderson- deBoer model was applied to the experimental data giving a good agreement between experimental and calculated values. The net isosteric heat of water sorption, estimated by applying Claussius-Clapeyron equation to sorption isotherms, was found to be different for plum skin and pulp, mainly at low moisture contents, and could be well adjusted by an empirical exponential relationship. Plots of enthalpy in contrast to entropy provided the isokinetic temperatures for skin and pulp, indicating an enthalpy-controlled sorption process. Thermodynamic data on water sorption for plums are not found in literature, as opposed to prunes for which the data are abundant.
The Role of Celebrity Endorsements in Intensifying Parent-child Conflicts: A Sri Lankan Study

Scholarly attention is been paid to the impact of marketing on young children where literature has identified the influence of advertising as a potential means of creating conflicts between parents and children when parents refuse to purchase products that children demand. Among different techniques of advertising, celebrity endorsement is effective method in persuading children. However, the literature has hitherto paid no attention to the potential role played by celebrity endorsements in contributing to parent-child conflicts. This is the focus of the current research. The study utilised an interpretive qualitative approach where 18 in-depth interviews were conducted with 9 pairs of parent-child dyads in Colombo. The findings indicate that celebrity endorsements create purchase desires in children through a social learning process and that the resulting purchase demands lead to conflicts between parents and children. In these conflicts, both children and parents attempt to use coercive, reward and referent powers in order to gain the upper hand; however, such attempts rarely lead to resolving the conflicts.
Formation of CuPd and CuPt Bimetallic Nanotubes by Galvanic Replacement Reaction

A galvanic replacement reaction has been successfully applied to prepare CuPd and CuPt bimetallic nanotubes. The nanotubes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Ultralong, single crystalline copper nanowires (NWs) with a diameter of ∼64 nm and a length of several micrometers were used as template material. By controlling the amount of noble metal salt added, nanotubes with different compositions were obtained. After the replacement of Cu with Pt, nanotubes composed of a PtCu alloy were formed. EDS analysis revealed that the Pt content increased until about 66%. No further increase in the molar ratio resulted in any additional Pt incorporation into the alloy. As for the replacement of Cu with Pd, the thickening of the nanotubes was observed indicating that nanotubes composed of Pd nanoparticles were formed. Backscattered electron imaging and SEM-EDS re.
Charge transport and electron-hole-pair creation energy in stabilized a-Se x-ray photoconductors

The suitability of stabilized amorphous selenium (a-Se:0.2-0.5% As, 10-20 ppm Cl) as an x-ray imaging photoconductor is largely determined by its charge-generation, transport and trapping properties. The product of the charge-carrier drift mobility, , deep-trapping lifetime, , and applied electrical field, F, known as the Schubweg, represents the average distance that a charge carrier travels in the transport band before being trapped in deep localized states within the mobility gap. Time-of-flight and interrupted-field time-of-flight measurements on stabilized a-Se layers suitable for use in x-ray image detectors show that the hole and electron lifetimes are about 500 s and about 750 s respectively which are much longer than typical transit times in these photoconductors. The observed field dependence of the x-ray sensitivity is therefore not due to any Schubweg limitations. The energy required to create a free pair of electrons and holes, , was measured by integrating the x-ray-induced photocurrent to find the number of free charge carriers and dividing that by the energy absorbed in the selenium layer. evinced a strong field dependence which was extrapolated at the highest fields to obtain the intrinsic electron-hole-pair creation energy which was found to be about 6 eV. was shown to be temperature independent over the range 263-300 K. This result is in accord with the columnar recombination theory for the origin of the field dependence of for a-Se proposed by Hirsch and Jahankhani.
The effect of Si/Al ratio of ZSM‐5 zeolite on its morphology, acidity and crystal size

ZSM‐5 zeolite crystal with different Si/Al molar ratios in the range of 10‐50 was synthesized using sodium silicate, aluminum sulfate and tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPA‐Br) as the organic template. The produced samples were characterized using XRD, FT‐IR, SEM and EDX techniques. All synthesized samples were found to be ZSM‐5 zeolite as confirmed by XRD and supported by FT‐IR. SEM results showed that ZSM‐5 synthesized with different Si/Al molar ratios had different morphologies and particle sizes. It was found that the average ZSM‐5 crystal size increased as Si/Al molar ratio increased. Thermogravimetric‐difference thermal analysis (TG‐DTA) technique was also used to measure the amount of template occluded inside the crystal pore. The synthesized Na‐ZSM‐5 was transformed into its acidic form, i.e., H‐ZSM‐5 using ion exchange method with ammonium nitrate solution. The H‐ZSM‐5 acidity was determined by NH3‐TPD. These results showed that different Si/Al molar ratios have effect on surface acidity of samples. The surface areas of the H‐ZSM‐5 were measured using BET method and the results showed that, decrease in Si/Al ratio, decreased the surface area. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Early construction and operation of the highly contaminated water treatment system in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (II) – dynamic characteristics of KURION media for Cs removal in simulated contaminated water

The kinetic characteristics of the column were necessary property to be understood before actual operation. Hence, a functional small-scale zeolite column system was installed for conducting the experiments to understand decontamination behaviors. Each column has a 2 cm inner diameter and a 12 cm height, and 12 g of zeolite-type media was packed into the column. The column experiments were carried out with Kurion-zeolite, herschelite, at different feed rates of simulated water with different concentrations of Cs and sea salt. As expected from equilibrium ion-exchange isotherms obtained for KURION-herschelite, the adsorption of Cs is hampered by the existence of sea salt ratio. The difference in breakthrough behaviors can be ascribed to the difference in sea salt ratio. Above 1000 bed volumes, the adsorption rate of Cs was the same at a solution velocity of between 14 and 81 cm/min. Under the condition of a 3.4 wt% sea salt ratio, the performance of the media supplied by KURION was in the order surfactant modified zeolite < silver-impregnated engineered herschelite = herschelite (H). This result was suggested to evaluate the performance of KURION media on the actual columns.
Technology-enhanced learning tools: A survey of use in European higher education

The main aim of the paper is to investigate which technology-enhanced learning tools are used in European higher education, to what specific purposes and how intensively they are employed, and what costs are associated to them. The source of presented information is based on responses of 100 universities from 27 European countries to a “Learning Tools Survey”, which has been created in Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration and which was distributed under the terms of the European Union’s Sixth Framework Programme project Intercultural Learning Campus (iCamp). Key-Words: Technology-Enhanced Learning, Learning Tools, Learning Systems, Survey, Europe, Higher Education, iCamp Project
Adsorption and Diffusion Effects on the Residence Time Distribution of Submerged Biofilters

The influence of adsorption and diffusion phenomena on the hydrodynamics of a submerged aerated filter was studied by using stimulus-response techniques. Two tracers, lithium chloride and blue-dextran, and two packing materials, sepiolite and puzzolane, were used. The RTD obtained were analyzed by using two theoretical models: the CSTR's (Completely Stirred Tank Reactor) in series model and the CSTR's with dead zone in series model. Experimental results confirmed that the influence of tracer adsorption on the liquid phase hydrodynamics is much smaller than the influence of its diffusion into the packing material. The use of different tracers brought about different results, which were interpreted according to their different diffusional behaviour. In all the experiments, the flow pattern approached to plug-flow. The results obtained from the RTD analysis with both models differed in less than 25% for the experiments done with lithium and sepiolite.
Soil moisture monitoring at the field scale using automatic capacitance probes

The capacitance probe is an attractive device for monitoring soil moisture automatically. However, its sphere of influence is rather small (a few cubic centimetres only). We have analysed the possibility of monitoring moisture at the field scale using only a few probes (≤3). We calibrated each probe by establishing a direct relation between the field average soil moisture θf and the signal given by the probe. As in earlier studies, we found that a linear relation is generally suitable. A classical statistical analysis was performed to assess the error of a single probe. When replicate probes were installed, we obtained replicate estimates of θf. We proposed an estimator θf that combines all replications optimally.
Role of Catalytic Synthesis on Growth and Distribution of Platinum Nanoparticle on Carbon Nanotube Surface

Utilization of Pt/CNT nanohybride in development of PEMFC electrocatalyst is being studied extensively. In the current study, CNT-based electrocatalyst synthesis was carried out by chemical reduction using ethylene glycol as reducing agent to evaluate the regulation of the synthesis condition on Pt size distribution and the electrocatalytic performance. Role of nitrogen purge and ethylene glycol (EG) on the synthesis promotes a fairly good Pt distribution. Existence of water in the synthesis causes rapid growth of Pt nanoparticle forming some flocking particles on the CNT surface. Evaluation of Pt size distribution on functionalized MWCNT surface was performed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) as appropriate tool for direct visualization. The own-synthesis electrocatalyst using A-N2 synthesis condition exhibits good Pt architecture and electrochemical performance corresponding to eletrocatalytic active surface area (EAS). The whole analysis of electrocatalyst was evaluated in this paper.
Measurement of the plasma potential adjacent to the substrate in a midfrequency bipolar pulsed magnetron

Using an emissive probe, the temporal evolution of plasma potential Vp in front of an electrically isolated substrate in an asymmetric pulsed dc magnetron has been determined. The discharge pulsing frequency was 100 kHz, with a 50% duty cycle. Through a scheme of externally biasing the emissive probe, it was found that the time response of the probe could be improved greatly, and a resolution of 20 ns was achieved. This good response revealed that Vp is highly modulated by the transient cathode potential, following it closely and varying from a value just above the ground potential in the pulse “on” phase, up to a value of +277 V during the positive overshoot in the “reverse” pulse phase. During the whole pulse cycle, Vp was found to remain above the most positive surface in the discharge. The results confirm our previous prediction for Vp, based on energy-resolved mass spectrometry [Bradley et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11, 165 (2002)], which indicated that ions must be created at high positive pl.
Aluminum effects on photosynthesis and elemental uptake in an aluminum-tolerant and non-tolerant wheat cultivar

Abstract The effects of aluminum (Al) on photosynthesis and elemental uptake were studied in two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. cvs Yecora E, Nestos) differing in their tolerance to Al. Concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) in the plant tissues of both cultivars grown in nutrient solutions (pH 4.5) decreased at all Al levels (0, 37.1, 74.1, and 148 μM). The tolerant cultivar Yecora E retained larger concentrations of all elements measured in roots and above ground parts compared with the non tolerant cultivar Nestos. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in leaves of the cultivar Nestos under high Al treatment were within the deficiency range. Changes in the shape of the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves showed that Al‐stress altered thylakoid photofunctioning even in the more tolerant cultivar. Aluminum stress resulted in partial inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport at photosystem II and closure of photosystem II reaction centers. Chloroplast element.
Radiation chemistry of heavy-particle tracks. 2. Fricke dosimeter system

LBL-10283 Preprint Submitted to the Journal of Physical Chemistry RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF HEAVY PARTICLE TRACKS. II. THE FRICKE DOSIMETER SYSTEM Aloke Chatterjee and John L. Magee March 1980 TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call . Info. Division, Ext. 6782. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48
Crystal structure of bis(benzo[h]quinolinium) hexachloro-platinate(IV) dihydrate, [C13H10N]2[PtCl6] · 2H2O

C26H24Cl6N2O2Pt, triclinic, P1 (no. 2), a = 7.222(3) Å, b = 9.429(4) Å, c = 10.814(4) Å, , = 77.275(8)°, + = 74.195(8)°, ' = 80.075(7)°, V = 686.2 Å, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.036, wRref(F ) = 0.075, T = 200 K.
New ionic liquid crystals based on azobenzene moiety with two symmetric imidazolium ion group substituents

Imidazolium‐substituted azobenzene liquid crystal derivatives were synthesised and their chemical structures were determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and UV spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The liquid crystalline properties pf the new compounds were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarising optical microscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction. The monomer DC10 was found to exhibit a monolayer smectic C (SmC) phase with schlieren texture on both heating and cooling. The effects of ionic interactions as well as the length of the alkyl chains on the mesophase are discussed. The results indicate that ionic interactions between imidazolium groups are the driving force for the formation of the monolayer SmC phase, the thermal stability of which is enhanced.
FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING OF INDOLIC COMPOUNDS IN REVERSE MICELLES OF AOT

Abstract— The fluorescence properties of indole, 1,2‐dimethylindole and tryptophan have been determined in sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate inverse micelles in heptane. Fluorescence quenching studies were done using CCl4 and acrylamide as quenchers localized in the organic and micellar pseudophase respectively. The Stern‐Volmer plots show departure from linearity and are dependent on the emission wavelength. The results were interpreted using a three pseudophases model. 1,2‐Dimethylindole is predominantly solubilized in the n‐heptane; however a small interaction with the micelles is apparent at high detergent concentration. Indole is distributed between the organic and the interfacial microphase with a partition constant of 34 ± 3, independent of the water content. Tryptophan is entirely localized at the interface. However the quenching experiments show that tryptophan molecules are not uniformly distributed in the interfacial pseudophase.
Comportamento higroscópico da farinha de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes)

Avaliou-se o comportamento higroscopico da farinha de pupunha obtida por secagem em estufa a 70°C. Obteve-se dados de equilibrio de adsorcao de umidade a 15°C e 35°C, atraves de um metodo estatico, onde recipientes de 500mL, contendo solucoes saturadas de sais, foram utilizados como ambientes geradores de umidades relativas constantes, na faixa de 11% a 97%, aos quais foram submetidas amostras do produto. A partir dos dados de equilibrio foram construidas isotermas de adsorcao de umidade, sendo observadas isotermas do tipo III e, ainda, que a umidade de equilibrio diminui com o aumento da temperatura. Determinou-se o calor isosterico de adsorcao para diferentes niveis de umidade de equilibrio e a umidade equivalente a monocamada, observando-se valores inferiores a 5g H2O/100 g s.s. Verificou-se a aplicabilidade do modelo GAB na predicao de dados de equilibrio do produto. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a farinha de pupunha apresenta baixa higroscopicidade, ou seja, baixa afinidade por moleculas de agua.
Mobility and Retention of Heavy Metals in Sandy Soils

The sandy soils of industrialized northwestern Indiana are contaminated with aerially deposited Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb, which are retained largely in the upper 5 cm of soil. To evaluate the leaching of these metals, intact soil cores of the Oakville (Typic Udipsamment) series sampled from forested sites in this area were leached in the laboratory with acidified or metal-containing solutions corresponding to 1 or 10 y of simulated rainfall. Metals in the leachate were below detection limits, and analyses of core sections showed that the applied Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb were concentrated in the litter layer and top 2.5 cm of soil. Adsorption experiments performed on 0- to 2.5-cm samples of Oakville soil containing initial levels of 5 µg Cd, 1000 µg Zn, 100 µg Cu, and 200 µg Pb/g soil demonstrated that these soils could retain up to twice the amounts of metals initially present. A similar soil with lower pH and less organic matter adsorbed less of all the metals, while showing higher retention of Cu and Pb compared with Cd and Zn. Sequential extraction of the sorbed metals showed that chelation by organic matter (Na₄P₂O₂-extractable) and surface reaction with carbonates and/or Fe oxides (EDTA-extractable) were the most likely retention mechanisms in the Oakville soil, although adsorption on cation exchange sites was observed for Cd and Zn at high loading rates.
FTIR Study of Adsorption of CO2 on Nonstoichiometric Calcium Hydroxyapatite

The surfaces of calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAP) particles with different Ca/P atomic ratios, synthesized by the precipitation method, were characterized and the adsorption mechanism of CO2 on CaHAP at 25 °C was elucidated mainly by FTIR. The number of surface P−OH groups was maximum at Ca/P = 1.6 while the quantity of irreversibly adsorbed CO2 was minimum at the same Ca/P. This indicates that the surface P−OH groups not only are the reversible adsorption sites for CO2 but also interfere with the irreversible adsorption of CO2. IR bands due to H2O and CO32- appeared on CO2 adsorption and were intensified by increasing the adsorbed amount. The physisorbed CO2 was converted into CO32- ions with the course of time. These results demonstrated that the irreversible adsorption of CO2 progresses via the reaction of CO2 with surface OH-: 2OH- + CO2 → CO32- + H2O.
Instrument Characterization and First Application of the Single Particle Analysis and Sizing System (SPASS) for Atmospheric Aerosols

We describe here the instrumental setup and first experiments with the mobile single particle analysis and sizing system (SPASS) for the on-line characterization of single atmospheric aerosol particles. Aerosols are introduced into the SPASS via a differentially pumped particle inlet system using an aerodynamic lens that forms a narrow particle beam. The particles are sized with a two-laser velocimeter and subsequently desorbed and ionized with a high-power pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 266 nm. Positive and negative ions formed are simultaneously detected in a bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Thus, the size and chemical composition of single aerosol particles can be characterized simultaneously in real time. The SPASS system has been installed inside a truck, creating a mobile unit. The performance of the SPASS in terms of mass resolution and sizing capabilities of the laser velocimeter has been evaluated. Positive and negative mass spectra from different types of particles have been obtained to identify “typical” peak patterns. The relative detection sensitivity depending on particle size and chemical composition was studied. Significant differences in detection sensitivities for different compounds were observed, demonstrating that the results obtained from ambient single particle measurements are strongly biased and dominated by “easy-to-detect” particles. The instrument performance is illustrated with results from a 24 h measurement period during winter in Milan, Italy. The period encompasses two meteorologically different episodes, a period of stagnant conditions, where regional background pollutants contribute significantly and the aerosol is dominated by ammonium nitrate and sulfate, and a North-Foehn event, where accumulation mode particles are scavenged and the urban aerosol population is dominated by organic matter due to local emissions.
Comminution of Polymers – An Example of Product Engineering

Investigations into the processes of grinding and classification are presented. It is shown how the properties of filled polymer products like powder coatings or toner can be tailored through grinding and classification. A systematic approach to describe the process by a machine and a material function is introduced. Single particle comminution tests allow the determination of the material function. The breakage probability curves of different organic and inorganic materials can be transferred to one single master curve. The transfer of single particle tests to production mills seems to be possible, at least for the given example that of powder coatings. This comparison shows that the width of the final size distribution is determined in this example by the material function and not by the operation of the mill. Significant improvements were achieved for both powder quality, i.e. the amount of fines below 10 μm, and the yield by employing two new classifiers for the removal of fines, The classifiers were operated inline, directly after a classifying mill.
Coexistence of hydrogen and polyanions in multinary main group element hydrides

Abstract Multinary hydrides based on mixtures of s- and p-block metals are often not fully hydrogenated, but possess a polymeric anion which is formed by the p-block component upon reduction by the s-block metals. Hydrogen may occur hydridic and exclusively coordinated by s-block metal ions (Zintl phase hydrides), or be incorporated in the polymeric anion where it acts as a covalently bonded terminating ligand (polyanionic hydrides). The current state of Zintl phase hydrides and polyanionic hydrides is reviewed with an emphasis on crystal structures and bonding principles.