Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Calculation of Nozzle Guide Vane End Wall Heat Transfer

A 3-D steady viscous finite volume pressure correction method for the solution of the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations has been used to calculate the heat transfer rates on the end walls of a modern High Pressure Turbine first stage stator. Surface heat transfer rates have been calculated at three conditions and compared with measurements made on a model of the vane tested in annular cascade in the Isentropic Light Piston Facility at DERA, Pyestock. The NGV Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers and geometry are fully representative of engine conditions. Design condition data has previously been presented by Harvey and Jones (1990). Off-design data is presented here for the first time. In the areas of highest heat transfer the calculated heat transfer rates are shown to be within 20% of the measured values at all three conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of wall functions in the calculations with which relatively coarse grids (of around 140,000 nodes) can be used to keep computational run times sufficiently low for engine design purposes.
Atomistic potentials for palladium–silver hydrides

New embedded-atom method potentials for the ternary palladium–silver–hydrogen system are developed by extending a previously developed palladium–hydrogen potential. The ternary potentials accurately capture the heat of mixing and structural properties associated with solid solution alloys of palladium–silver. Stable hydrides are produced with properties that smoothly transition across the compositions. Additions of silver to palladium are predicted to alter the properties of the hydrides by decreasing the miscibility gap and increasing the likelihood of hydrogen atoms occupying tetrahedral interstitial sites over octahedral interstitial sites.
Preparation and Characterization of Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Alligator Weed with H3PO4

Alligator weed, containing ash of 8.56 wt. % (dry basis), is a low-cost and renewable material for preparing activated carbon (AC) by chemical activation. Yield and iodine number results of orthogonal experiments showed H3PO4 was the optimal activator comparing with NaOH and (NH4)2HPO4. And optimal condition was at impregnation ratio of 4 to 1 with the impregnation time of 6h, carbonization temperature of 873K and carbonization time of 1h. According to calculation of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), the surface area of P1 (AC prepared by H3PO4 under optimum condition) attained the value of 1100.720 m2/g. Calculated by Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), the total pore volume and average pore size of P1 were 0.610 cm3/g and 2.216nm. The rate of mesoporous range, as high as 72.00%, revealed P1 was mesoporous AC. FT-IR spectrum suggested P1 contained carboxyl, phenol, ether and other functional groups. XRD showed a graphitization degree of 65.12% indicating its high stability in application.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF STEM BARK OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA Research Article

Arjuna is potent cardiotonic in the Ayurveda. The bark was analyzed with respect to reducing sugars, total sugars, amylose, amylopectin, starch, crude fibers, and crude protein, total ash value, total polyphenols, water soluble tannins, total flavonoids, total alkaloids, nitrates, and total oxalate. The concentration of phytoconstituents except oxalate and total ash was recorded maximum in the apical stem bark than the middle and mature inner bark. The oxalate and total ash were higher in the mature inner bark than the apical stem bark and middle bark samples. The present study enrolls biochemical standardization of bark in the pharmacological point of view.
Phase transitions in copper chalcogenides: I. The copper‐selenium system

The thermal behaviour of copper selenides up to about 400°C has been studied by X-ray diffraction at continuously variable temperature and by differential. The thermal behaviour of copper selenides up to about 400°C has been studied orthorhombic (pseudo-rhombohedral) with a = 4.118, b = 2 × 7.032, c = 20.381 A at 20°. The homogeneity range of the f.c. c. phase Cu2-xSe was found as 0.15 ≤ × ≤ 0.20 at 20°; the atomic arrangement in Cu1,80Se was determined. A superstructure of this phase is found below − 115°. CuSe is hexagonal (CuS-type) above 120° (a = 3.976. c = 17.243 A at 140°), orthorhombic between 120° and about 50° (a = 3.949. b = 6.935, c = 17.20 A at 60°), and has a hexagonal superstructure at lower temperatures (a = 14.20. c = 17.26 A at 20°). The literature data on Cu3Se2 and CuSe2 were confirmed.
Modulated and intergrowth structures in minerals and electron microscope methods for their study

Many minerals contain structural modulations that arise from cation site ordering, from slight positional displacements, or from a combination of both. Such fluctuations can be produced during crystal growth, cooling, spinodal decomposition, chemical reaction, or from other sorts of transformations. The effects are subtle and are commonly dfficult to observe with many of the traditional mineralogical tools; this is especially true if some structural disorder also occurs. Related effects occur in minerals that contain intergrowths of different structure types on a unit cell scale. Transmission electron microscopy, because of its high spatial resolution and its ability to image non-periodic features, is well adapted for the study of modulated crystals and intergrowth structures. High-resolution imaging permits direct observation of structural fluctuations, whereas electron diffraction provides a highly sensitive probe oflarger regions as well as distinguishing between modulations resulting from displacive vs. substitutional effects. Microanalysis using the electron beam as a primary excitation source holds potential for detecting and measuring compositional differences across small regions, in some cases having dimensions comparable to modulation wavelengths. Electron beam instruments clearly are a powerful way for investigating the long-period structural complexities that occur in many minerals.
Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Surface Soil of Klang District (Malaysia)

This study aimed to determine bioavailability of heavy metal concentrations (Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb and Cr) in 76 urban surface soil samples of Klang district (Malaysia). This study also aimed to determine health risks posed by bioavailability of heavy metals in urban soil on adults and children. For bioavailability of heavy metal concentrations, a physiologically bioavailability extraction test in vitro digestion model was used. Mean values of bioavailability heavy metal concentrations for this study were found to be the highest in Al (25.44 mg/kg) and lowest in Cr (0.10 mg/kg). Results of Spearman correlation coefficient (r) values showed significant correlations were observed for Al-Fe (r = 0.681), Cd-Co (r = 0.495), Cu-Zn (r = 0.232), Fe-Pb (r = 0.260), Fe-Zn (r = 0.239). For cluster analysis, output showed that these heavy metals could be classified into four clusters: Cluster 1 consisted of Cd, Cr, Co, and Pb; Cluster 2 consisted of Zn and Cu; Cluster 3 consisted of Fe; and Cluster 4 consisted of Al. For Clusters 1 and 2, anthropogenic sources were believed to be the sources, while for Clusters 3 and 4 the heavy metals originated from natural sources. Health risks were determined in adults and children through health risk assessment. For adults, Hazard Quotient (HQ) value was <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk, while for children, the HQ value was >1, indicating a non-carcinogenic risk. Meanwhile, for carcinogenic risk, heavy metal contamination in the Klang district might not pose a carcinogenic risk to adults while it may pose a carcinogenic risk to children because TR values in this study were >1.0E-04 for children. Output has identified the general health risk in the Klang district. Moreover, this study's findings will contribute to fill in the gap of knowledge on heavy metals' impacts on human health and urban development in the Klang District.
Rate-ratio asymptotic analysis of non-premixed methane flames

The asymptotic structure of laminar, non-premixed methane flames is analysed using a reduced four-step chemical-kinetic mechanism. Chemical reactions are presumed to take place in two layers: the inner layer and the oxidation layer. In the inner layer the fuel reacts with radicals and the main compounds formed are the intermediate species CO and H2. These intermediate species are oxidized in the oxidation layer. The structure of the oxidation layer is described by two second-order differential equations: one for CO and the other for H2. Two limiting cases are considered. At one limit the global step CO+H2⇌CO2+H2 is presumed to maintain partial equilibrium everywhere in the oxidation layer except in a thin layer adjacent to the inner layer. At the other limit the steady-state approximation is introduced for H2 everywhere in the oxidation layer except in a thin layer adjacent to the inner layer. This limit, called ‘slow CO oxidation’, has not been analysed previously. The structure of the inner layer is des.
Distinct interfaces of poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) with cesium and calcium as observed by photoemission spectroscopy

We report that the green-emitting polymer—poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), a copolymer of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (F8), formed two distinct interfaces with calcium and cesium, respectively, as observed in photoemission measurements. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy showed that Ca formed a stable interface with F8BT without significantly changing the electronic structure of F8BT, which is in contrast to the Cs/F8BT interface where bipolaron states occurred in the forbidden gap as a result of charge transfer processes. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy revealed that Ca covalently bonded with the sulfur atoms whereas Cs preferably interacted with the nitrogen in the F8BT. The results are useful to account for the undesirable device performance using CsF/Al as a cathode in the F8BT-based polymer light-emitting device. The exposure of Cs/F8BT interface to residual gases at a pressure of 2.0×10−9 mbar for 2 and 12 h, respectively, slightly and largely eliminated the gap states. Depos.
Ceramic Membranes Modified by Carbon Used for Laundry Wastewater Treatment

Ceramic multichannel membranes made of Al2O3 were modified by carbon structures such as graphite. It has been proved that modifications are stable in time and washing durable.Carbon coatings changed membrane properties such as surface contact angle and filtration coefficient. Several filtration tests using real laundry wastewater were conducted. Different permeate fluxes and permeate qualities were obtained for different membrane modifications.The paper describes how different modifications affect the laundry wastewater filtration process conducted using modified membranes.
Blue spinel crystals in the MgAl2O4-CoAl2O4 series: Part I. Flux growth and chemical characterization

Abstract Natural blue Co-bearing spinel crystals are rare and actively sought as gemstones, while synthetic blue Co-bearing spinel powders are largely used as ceramic pigments. High-quality spinel single crystals with compositions closely corresponding to the solid-solution series spinel sensu stricto (MgAl2O4)-cobalt spinel (CoAl2O4) were produced by flux growth method, with Na2B4O7 as flux. Lowcooling rates (2 °C/h) and linear temperature profiles were applied in the thermal interval 1200-800 °C, followed by rapid cooling. Thermal runs were performed in reducing atmosphere (fO₂ 10−8-10−15 bars) created by a continuous flow of a CO2:H2 mix with a ratio of 100:4 (cm3/min). Ten experiments were successfully carried out and hundreds of inclusion-free gem-quality single crystals (up to 1 mm large) were produced in each of them, sometimes together with crusty aggregates and microcrystalline powder. Selected crystals were investigated by SEM/EDS X-ray mapping to check for compositional homogeneity and by electron-microprobe analysis to obtain the chemical formula. Crystals were found to be chemically homogeneous and entirely representing the MgAl2O4-CoAl2O4 solid-solution series, with the latter component ranging from 7 to 100%. With increasing Co2+ contents, the crystals vary in color from light blue to intensely dark blue in daylight. The unit-cell parameter a increases from 8.084 to 8.105 Å along the solid-solution series, and the observed increase is determined more by the inversion degree than by the variation in Co contents. The composition of crystal products does not correspond to the composition of the starting oxide mixture, being cobalt enriched in the crystals. A tentative explanation of this behavior is suggested by considering possible ionic potential as well crystal field stabilization effects.
CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF WATER SACHET WASTE (LPDE) USING MESOPOROUS SILICA KIT-6 MODIFIED WITH 12- TUNGSTOPHOSPHORIC ACID

The work investigated the feasibility of the catalytic degradation of water sachet waste (which is a low density polyethylene) to produce valuable chemicals using 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPA) and 12-tungstophosphoric acid supported on KIT-6 as catalysts. The reaction was carried out at 400°C for 30 minutes at atmospheric pressure. The gas and liquid products obtained were analyzed using a gas chromatograph. For the liquid product using HPA-KIT-6, about 69 mol% of fractions between C10-C17 (kerosene fraction) was obtained; 32 mol% of which was C16 fraction while for the gas product 93 mol% propane fraction was obtained. A low amount of gas (mainly C3 fraction) resulted from the reaction using HPA-KIT-6 while cracking over HPA gave high yield of gas product (C2 and C3 fractions). Catalytic degradation using HPA/KIT-6 is therefore a promising route for obtaining valuable fuels and petrochemicals while at the same time reducing the environmental problems arising from water sachet waste.
Endophyte Effects on Nutrient Acquisition in Tall Fescue Grown in Andisols

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin on the mineral content of tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Schreb., SJ Darbyshire) ecotypes (Fukaura, Koiwai, and Showa) grown on two Andisols (Black Andisol and Red Andisol) with different fertilities. Black Andisol, with a naturally low content of phosphorus, was high in other nutrients, while Red Andisol, with a naturally high content of phosphorus, was low in other nutrients. Shoot dry weight was significantly higher in endophyte-infected (E+) than endophyte-free (E−) plants grown in Black Andisol. On the other hand, in Red Andisol, only Fukaura showed higher shoot dry matter production in E+ plants as compared to E- plants. In general, greater concentrations of phosphorus and manganese were found in endophyte-infected (E+) plants than non-infected (E−) plants. Accumulation of all nutrients in E+ plants was remarkably higher than in E− plants. Excluding the plant ecotype effect, the nutrient concentration and accumulation pattern for plants in the two soils was different in E+ and E− plants. Plants growing in Black Andisol had greater concentrations of phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in E+ plants than those of E− plants whereas for plants in Red Andisol the reverse was true. Significantly higher concentration of manganese (Mn) was found in E+ plants irrespective of soils. Regardless of endophyte and ecotypes, plants grown in Black Andisol showed significantly higher values for both nutrient concentration and accumulation than those in Red Andisol. Apart from the plant ecotype Showa, all other ecotypes had the greatest accumulation and concentration of phosphorus in E+ plants. In two types of soil and among the three plant ecotypes, endophyte infection had different effects on nutrients acquisition. Giving emphasis on nutrient accumulation, endophyte played an overall negative role on plants grown in Red Andisol. There may be a metabolic cost of harboring endophytes offset its benefit in Red Andisol. Since the same species of endophyte infected all three ecotypes, our results show that the host/endophyte interaction depends on plant ecotype as well as the ability of the soil to supply nutrients.
Laser ablation-ICP-MS: particle size dependent elemental composition studies on filter-collected and online measured aerosols from glass

In laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), the term elemental fractionation is normally used to summarize all non-stoichiometric effects occurring during sample ablation, aerosol transport and vaporization, atomisation and ionisation within the ICP. Nevertheless, there are different types of elemental fractionation occurring between different sized particles within an aerosol, as previously shown for metal alloy ablations. In the present work, laser generated aerosols from glass samples were filter collected before entering the ICP to study their total and particle size dependent composition. Furthermore, elemental concentrations in different particle size fractions on filters were compared with their response measured in the ICP. For the NIST SRM 610 glass, elemental fractionation effects between small particles (<125 nm and <340 nm), and the total aerosol containing all particle sizes up to 1 µm or even larger, were measured for 42 major and trace elements using a 266 nm Nd∶YAG laser and scanning ablation conditions to produce the aerosol. Particles above 125 nm and 340 nm were separated from the aerosol by a particle separation device and the remaining particles were collected on a filter, digested and measured using solution nebulization ICP sector field MS (SFMS). Results show an enrichment of certain elements such as Cu, Zn, Ag, Tl, Pb and Bi of up to 90% relative to Ca within the small particle size fraction of an aerosol in comparison with the total composition of the aerosol. The same elements are depleted in large aerosol particles measured from deposited particles within the ablation cell. However, the total transportable aerosols produced using different laser wavelengths (193/266 nm), and gas environments (He/Ar), which were also filtered and digested show no significant deviation in their overall stoichiometry from the original sample (except Be, Fe, Cd for all lasers and gases) within the uncertainty of the measurements. Therefore, the composition of filter collected aerosol of glass samples indicates that the elemental fractionation in LA-ICP-MS, detected at the beginning of a 266 nm single hole ablation, is predominantly caused by incomplete vaporization of large particles within the ICP and is not dominated by non-stoichiometric ablation of the glass.
New equations for swelling characteristics of bentonite-based buffer materials

Compacted bentonite and sandbentonite mixtures are attracting greater attention as buffer material for repositories of high-level nuclear waste. This buffer material is expected to fill up the space between the canisters containing the waste and the surrounding ground by swelling. To produce the specifications, such as dry density, sandbentonite mass ratio, and dimensions, of the buffer material, the swelling characteristics of compacted bentonite and sandbentonite mixtures must be evaluated quantitatively. New equations for evaluating the swelling behavior of compacted bentonite and sandbentonite mixtures are presented that can accommodate the influences of the sandbentonite mass ratio and the exchangeable-cation composition of bentonite. The new method for predicting swelling characteristics is presented by combining the new equations with the theoretical equations of the GouyChapman diffuse double layer theory and of the van der Waals force, which can evaluate the repulsive and attractive forces .
Experimental Viscosities and Viscosity Predictions of the Ternary Mixture (Cyclohexane + 1,3-Dioxolane + 2-Butanol) at 298.15 and 313.15 K

Viscosities of the ternary mixture cyclohexane + 1,3-dioxolane + 2-butanol and the constituent binary mixtures cyclohexane + 2-butanol and 1−3-dioxolane + 2-butanol have been measured at atmospheric pressure at 298.15 and 313.15 K. Viscosity deviations for the binary and ternary mixtures were calculated from experimental data and fitted by Redlich−Kister and Cibulka equations. The group contribution method proposed by Wu has been used to predict the viscosity of all the mixtures.
Zooplankton responses to hydrological and trophic variability in a Mediterranean coastal ecosystem (Lesina Lagoon, South Adriatic Sea)

Spatial and temporal variability in zooplankton was studied at eight stations located in the Lesina Lagoon (South Adriatic Sea) Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a (in the lagoon) at these stations were also assessed. The zooplankton community was characterised by clear seasonal oscillations and mostly represented by copepods and their larvae. The dominant copepod species were Calanipeda aquaedulcis and Acartia tonsa, which exhibited spatial–temporal segregation in the lagoon. C. aquaedulcis copepodites seemed to be better adapted to oligotrophic and oligohaline conditions compared with the A. tonsa population. The invasive species A. tonsa has completely replaced the formerly abundant Acartia margalefi. A positive correlation was found between abundances, total species numbers and trophic state. An increasing abundance trend was shown from the lagoon towards the sea. The highest diversity indices were recorded at the two channel inlets, during high tide due to the absence of a clear dominance of one or more coastal species and the co-occurrence of species of lagoon and marine origin.
Effects of Thermal Annealing Upon the Morphology of Polymer–Fullerene Blends

Grazing incidence X‐ray scattering (GIXS) is used to characterize the morphology of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT)–phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) thin film bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blends as a function of thermal annealing temperature, from room temperature to 220 °C. A custom‐built heating chamber for in situ GIXS studies allows for the morphological characterization of thin films at elevated temperatures. Films annealed with a thermal gradient allow for the rapid investigation of the morphology over a range of temperatures that corroborate the results of the in situ experiments. Using these techniques the following are observed: the melting points of each component; an increase in the P3HT coherence length with annealing below the P3HT melting temperature; the formation of well‐oriented P3HT crystallites with the (100) plane parallel to the substrate, when cooled from the melt; and the cold crystallization of PCBM associated with the PCBM glass transition temperature. The incorporation of these materials into BHJ blends affects the nature of these transitions as a function of blend ratio. These results provide a deeper understanding of the physics of how thermal annealing affects the morphology of polymer–fullerene BHJ blends and provides tools to manipulate the blend morphology in order to develop high‐performance organic solar cell devices.