Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude and practice of women living in Yazd, Iran regarding food poisoning

Background and Aim : Food poisoning occurs under circumstances where proper action for protecting foods from microbial contamination and chemical toxins is not taken. In the Iranian society women have an important role in preparing food in the home. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of women living in Yazd, Iran regarding food poisoning. Materials and Methods : This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were collected through interviewing 266 women living in Yazd, selected randomly by calling at their homes. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 18. The minimum and maximum accessible scores for knowledge, attitude and practice were 0 and 15, 15 and 45 and 0 and 20, respectively. Results : The mean (± SD) score of knowledge, attitude and practice was 11.13 ± 2.54, 39.98 ± 4.52 and 17.73 ± 1.96, respectively. Further analysis of the data showed that 63.2% of the women had no knowledge about safety of refrigerated cooked foods and 41.4% had an erroneous attitude about fruit and vegetable cleaning, believing that merely cleaning them would make them safe to eat. As regards practice, 68.8 % of the women prepared and ate semi-cooked eggs. Conclusion : Yazdi women lack a sound knowledge about (a). some agents of food poisoning such as, for example, Salmonella and (2). food cooking and preserving temperatures. It is recommended to plan and execute educational programs aiming at promoting knowledge and improving practice of women in these areas.
Chromosome variation in the genus Pinellia (Araceae) in China and Japan

The chromosome numbers of 23 populations belonging to seven species of Pinellia Tenore were counted. The basic chromosome number of all the species studied was x = 13, and the previously reported basic numbers x = 9 and x = 14 in P. ternata and P. cordata were not confirmed. Chromosome numbers of 2n = 26 in P. polyphylla and 2n = 78 in P. integrifolia are reported for the first time. Heptaploid (7x) and nonuploid (9x) are new ploidy levels reported for P. ternata, and hexaploid for P. cordata. Taxonomic, phylogenetic and phytogeographical inferences are made for the genus. Particular attention was given to P. ternata, the most widely distributed species in the genus, and considerable variation of chromosome number was found in its different populations. Based on chromosome studies of 11 populations of P. ternata, together with 12 populations reported in previous studies, the lower reaches of the Yangze River are identified as its centre of origin. From there it dispersed, with generation of hexaploid, heptaploid, octoploid and nonuploid forms. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
Body size variation across climatic gradients and sexual size dimorphism in Tropidurinae lizards

In certain lineages of tetrapods, latitude and climate relate to body size in agreement with Bergmann’s rule. Trends for squamates are ambiguous, even between genders within a species. Therefore, additional studies are required before generalizations can be made, and attention is needed to the possibility that male and female experience distinct selective pressures and display different patterns. We examine body size in male and female Tropidurinae lizard species and test both Bergmann’s and Rensch’s rule, using phylogenetic comparative methods. We also analyze whether trends are better explained by latitude or climatic conditions. In Tropidurinae lizards, body size does not vary in accordance with Bergmann’s rule within the range of latitudes studied. Therefore, within this range, tropidurines seem not to experience thermal constraints limiting activity time, and therefore growth and body size. Yet, female body size relates to rain patterns, expectedly linked to productivity, suggesting that this gender experiences a stronger tradeoff between energy allocated to growth and to reproduction. In Tropidurinae, males tend to be larger than females and sexual dimorphism is male biased, with an isometric relationship between both sexes that does not support Rensch’s rule.
Living with dementia in small-scale and traditional long-term care settings. A longitudinal comparative study on residents, family and professional caregivers in the Netherlands and Belgium

Rooij, I. de, Luijkx, K.G. , Declercq, A.G. and Schols, J.M. G.A. , Living with dementia in smallscale en traditional long-term care settings in the Netherlands and Belgium (ID:23), BSG 41st Annual Conference Book of Abstracts, British Society of Gerontology, 2012. p. 177. Rooij, I. de, Luijkx, K. , Schaafsma, J., Declercq, Emmerink, P., and Schols, J., Quality of life of residents with dementia in small-scale living facilities versus traditional long-term care settings (PS01.102), International Psychogeriatrics, 23, International Psychogeriatric Association, 2011 (doi:10.1017/ S1041610211001293): p. S214.
Sex-specific strategies of dentine depletion in red deer

Worn teeth in herbivore ungulates may be related to lower efficiency in mastication and hence lower performance. However, selection should favour maximal performance in terms of body mass and reproductive capacity during reproductive lifespan, when permanent teeth are already partially worn. We hypothesize that wear rate may respond to a strategy of use of tooth materials (notably dentine), which balances instantaneous wear rate and performance against tooth preservation for future performance and reproduction. In the present study, we investigated 4151 carcasses of Iberian red deer Cervus elaphus hispanicus and show that more worn molars were not related to lower performance throughout age. By comparing between sexes, tooth wear rates were smaller in females than in males, but the relationship between tooth wear and body performance also differed between the sexes: females did not show a significant relationship between tooth wear and performance but males with more worn teeth were in general heavier and had larger antlers until senile age, when more depleted teeth were related to smaller antlers. These results reveal, for the first time, sex-specific lifetime strategies of dentine expenditure: maintenance of performance ability throughout a longer reproductive lifespan in females, compared with maximizing current performance by depleting dentine reserves within a shorter lifespan in males. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 93, 487–497.
Interaction between Meloidogyne incognita and Pochonia chlamydosporia and their effects on the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris

An experiment was conducted to test the effect of different doses of 2, 4 and 8 g/2 kg of soil of Pochonia chlamydosporia against the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Phaseolus vulgaris. It was observed that inoculation of plant with the nematode alone, and 15 days prior to fungal inoculation, reduced the plant growth when compared with the plant with fungal application followed by the nematode. Plant length, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein contents and nitrate reductase activity decreased in nematode-infested plants. Application of higher dose of 8 g/2 kg of soil of P. chlamydosporia increased all the plant growth parameters as well as biochemical parameters. Highest number of galls per root system was recorded on the plants infested with nematode but not treated with the fungus. However, application of fungus prior to nematode inoculation improved the plant growth and reduced the number of galls and the number of egg masses per root system.
Species Interactions in the Dynamics of Even- and Uneven-Aged Boreal Forests

Many boreal tree stands are neither clearly even-aged nor clearly uneven-aged. The stands may undergo a series of stages, during which an even-aged stand is transformed into two-storied mixed stand, and finally to multistoried or uneven-aged stand structure. The species composition often changes during the succession of stand stages. This study developed models for stand dynamics that can be used in different stand structures and species compositions. The model set consists of species-specific individual-tree diameter increment and survival models, and models for ingrowth. Separate models were developed for Scots pine, Norway spruce, and hardwood species. The models were used in a growth simulator, to give illustrative examples on species influences and stand dynamics. Methods to simulate residual variation around diameter increment and ingrowth models are also presented. The results suggest that mixed stands are more productive than one-species stands. Spruce in particular benefits from an admixture of other species. Mixed species improve diameter increment, decrease mortality, and increase ingrowth. Pine is a more beneficial admixture than birch. Simulations showed that uneven-aged management of spruce forests is sustainable and productive, and even-aged conifer stands growing on medium sites can be converted into uneven-aged mixed stands by a series of strong high thinnings.
Community structure of pre-dispersal seed predatory insects on eleven Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) species

Abstract: The Dipterocarpaceae in South-East Asia are known for their strict mast fruiting. During fruiting, pre-dispersal seed predation by insects contributes to mortality of dipterocarp seeds. We documented the community structure of insect seed predators on 11 Shorea species in Peninsular Malaysia. Fruits were sampled sequentially throughout seed development, and 2144 and 1655 individuals of seed predator weevils and moths were collected in two mast-fruiting events. Four weevils: Nanophyes shoreae, nanophyid sp. 1, Alcidodes dipterocarpi and Alcidodes humeralis, and one moth Andrioplecta shoreae were abundant in seeds of the Shorea species. The proportion of N. shoreae to the total predators became larger in the latter fruiting event than the former while that of Alcidodes spp. became smaller. The predator species composition changed during seed development; nanophyid spp. emerged from immature fruits while Alcidodes spp. emerged from mature fruits. Andrioplecta shoreae emerged from both immature and mature fruits. The level of host specificity measured by Kullback–Leibler distance was low for most predator species in both events. Predator species composition of many Shorea was similar to each other due to the dominance of N. shoreae though it might gradually differ with the phylogenetic distance between hosts. In conclusion, predator species composition of Shorea varied during seed development within a host rather than among hosts. Intermittent synchronized fruiting by congeneric Shorea trees would be advantageous to avoid pre-dispersal insect seed predators, and contribute to their reproduction.
Nesting Biology and Immatures of the Oligolectic Bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

ABSTRACT Herein we report on the nesting biology of ground-nesting Trachusa (Heteranthidium) larreae (Cockerell) from New Mexico and Arizona, an oligolege of creosote bush, Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville (Zygophyllaceae). Nests are single, slanting, open burrows at the lower end of which are horizontal cells lined with resin collected from creosote bush, also the source of the orange, mealy-moist provisions. Eggs are placed on the surface of the provisions, and the first three instars remain in the same position as the eggs from which they hatched. The fourth instar separates its body from the provisions, and only the fifth (final larval) instar moves around the brood chamber while consuming remaining provisions and defecating prior to cocoon spinning. It is suggested that middorsal body tubercles and an integumental body vestiture of short setae and setiform spicules restricted to this instar are adaptations enabling the movement of the fifth instar not only of this species but possibly those of other Megachilinae, all of which have a body vestiture and presumably middorsal body tubercles. The cocoon is spun after most of the feces are voided. Like cocoons of many other Megachilidae, it bears a pronounced nipple at its anterior end. From its construction as well as by comparison with cocoons of other bee taxa, the nipple seems to serve a number of functions: it enables exchange between the interior air of the cocoon and the external ambient air; it screens out parasites and predators from attacking the cocoon inhabitant; and it probably regulates cell humidity. Eggs are briefly characterized, and three females each were found to have three ovarioles per ovary and to carry a single mature oocyte, which is classified as medium in Iwata and Sakagami's classification of egg/mature oocyte size relative to body size of female. The fifth instars (both preand postdefecating forms) are described and found similar to those of other Anthidiini.
Ground Arthropods as Potential Indicators of Flooding Regime in the Riparian Forest of the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico

Abstract In 2001 and 2002, we pit trapped arthropods at eight riparian forest sites along the middle Rio Grande, four characterized by flooding in some years (flood sites) and four others where periodic flooding no longer occurs (nonflood sites). All flood sites flooded in 2001 but not in 2002, while nonflood sites never flooded. Arthropod counts and hierarchical cluster analyses of the sites indicated (1) significantly greater abundance of carabid beetles and the isopod Porcellio laevis in 2001 than in 2002; (2) significantly greater carabid beetle abundance at flood sites during each year of the study, with the relative abundance of one carabid species, Calathus opaculus, significantly higher at nonflood sites in 2002; (3) marginally significantly higher (2001) or significantly higher (2002) carabid species richness at flood sites; (4) no obvious response of the other taxa examined (isopods, tenebrionid beetles, and the cricket Gryllus alogus) to flooding regime, although differences in isopod abundance between flood and nonflood sites approached significance in 2001; (5) successful classification of all nonflood sites and three flood sites using the Bray–Curtis Similarity Index and carabid abundance. Overall, our results suggest that carabid beetles are fairly sensitive indicators of hydrologic connectivity between the Rio Grande and its riparian forest, while the other taxa examined are not. With the number of ongoing or planned restoration efforts increasing along the middle Rio Grande, carabids may represent an important tool for monitoring the response of riparian areas to managed flooding.
Mobility of stream invertebrates in relation to disturbance and refugia: a test of habitat templet theory

The rate of recolonization of artificially denuded substrata by benthic macroinvertebrates was investigated in 7 southeastern England streams that differed in disturbance frequency and refugium availability. Disturbance frequency and refugia were estimated from observation of substratum movements and shear stress distributions, respectively. Thus, high-refugium sites had a high proportion of low shear stress spots at high discharge, whereas low-refugium sites had a low proportion. Colonization was estimated experimentally using wide-meshed cages containing washed substratum, which remained in the stream for 2 or 7 d. Natural and recolonized benthic assemblages were ordinated, and colonization rate was estimated from Euclidean distances. Macroinvertebrate colonization rate (i.e., mobility) increased with disturbance frequency, but only where refugium availability was low. High-refugium sites had faster colonization than low-refugium sites, irrespective of disturbance regime. Higher mobility in high-refugium sites may reflect lower mortality risk from flow disturbance when the physical habitat is heterogeneous. Our study suggests that high refugium availability may reduce the effect of flow disturbance in streams.
Phylogeny and Systematics of Extant and Extinct Lobsters

A phylogenetic analysis including representatives from 44 extinct and 27 extant families of lobsters (Polychelida, Achelata, Glypheidea, and Astacidea), resulted in the recognition of one new superfamily, Glaessnericarioidea, and three new families, Glaessnericariidae, Neoglypheidae, and Litogastroidae. Two families, Protastacidae and Stenochiridae, are elevated to superfamily status. A new classification of Glypheidea is proposed and currently known genera are rearranged based upon the phylogenetic analysis. Palaeopalaemonida is given a separate infraordinal status. Diagnoses for all infraorders, superfamilies, and families are provided.
THE ANHINGAS (AVES: ANHINGIDAE) FROM THE UPPER TERTIARY (MIOCENE–PLIOCENE) OF SOUTHWESTERN AMAZONIA

Abstract Two new species of anhingas are described from upper Miocene–Pliocene (Huayquerian) sediments of southwestern Amazonia, increasing the known diversity of these birds to two genera and at least three, perhaps four, species in these deposits. The new species described here are respectively the largest and the smallest species of Anhingidae known to date. The associated fossil fauna, including gigantic crocodiles and turtles, suggests a flooded paleoenvironment, with large bodies of fresh water surrounded by open vegetation, interspersed by forests.
Selection of algal genotypes by three species of lichen fungi in the genus Cladonia

The lichen-forming fungal genus Cladonia P. Browne associates with green algae in the genus Trebouxia de Puymaly. Genetic structure of the algal symbionts in Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. , Cladonia multiformis G. Merr. , and C. rangiferina (L.) Nyl. was used to infer geographic patterns and symbiont associations. Algal genotypes were defined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the nuclear internal transcribed spacer rDNA from 115 samples of Cladonia collected from two geographic regions in Manitoba, Canada. Results suggested that two species of fungal symbiont were highly selective of the algal partner within given geographic areas, and one species was highly selective of the algal partner regardless of the geographic region. Different degrees of selectivity in three species suggested that even within the same genus, fungal selection for the algal partner may vary. In addition, DNA sequences from a subsample of 20 algal and 11 fungal specimens were used to determine phylogenetic relationships o.
Mitochondrial phylogeny of Arvicolinae using comprehensive taxonomic sampling yields new insights

Comprehensive taxonomic sampling can vastly improve the accuracy of phylogenetic reconstruction. Here, we present the most inclusive phylogenetic analysis of Arvicolinae (Mammalia, Rodentia) to date, combining all published cytochrome b gene sequences of greater than 1097 bp and new sequences from two monotypic genera. Overall, the phylogenetic relationships between 69 species of voles and lemmings, representing 18 genera and 10 tribes, were studied. By applying powerful modern approaches to phylogenetic reconstruction, such as maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis, we provide new information on the early pulse of evolution within the Arvicolinae. While the position of two highly divergent lineages, Phenacomys and Ondatra, could not be resolved, the tribe Lemmini, appeared as the most basal group of voles. The collared lemmings (Dicrostonychini) grouped together with all of the remaining tribes. The two previously unstudied monotypic genera Dinaromys and Prometheomys form a moderately well-supported monophyletic clade, possibly a sister group to Ellobius (Ellobiusini). Furthermore, with one exception, all tribes (sensu Musser & Carleton, 2005) proved to be monophyletic and can thus be regarded as meaningful evolutionary entities. Only the tribe Arvicolini emerged as paraphyletic in both analyses because of the unresolved phylogenetic position of Arvicola terrestris. Steppe voles of the genus Lagurus were solidly supported as a sister group to the Microtus and allies clade. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 94, 825–835.
Association of soybean seed traits with physical properties of Natto

Breeding of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] cultivars suitable for natto involves selection for seed traits that influence the quality of the product. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship of 11 seed traits to six natto quality traits and to assess the influence of genotypes and environment on the traits. Sixteen small-seeded genotypes were grown in replicated tests at three Iowa locations during 2 yr. The natto traits evaluated for each plot were water absorption, water loss, hardness of steamed seeds and natto, and darkness of steamed seeds and natto. Seed traits were total sugar, free sugar, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, protein, oil, fiber, protein + oil, protein + oil + fiber, and seed size. There were significant differences among genotypes during one or both years for all the traits, except fiber content. Significant differences between years or among locations were observed for all traits, except water loss after steaming and stachyose content. None of the seed traits was significantly correlated with darkness of the steamed seeds or natto. All of the seed traits, except stachyose, oil, and seed size, were significantly correlated with one or more of the other natto quality traits. Protein + oil was significantly correlated with natto quality and other seed traits and can be a useful selection criterion in breeding cultivars for the natto industry.
Comparative morphology among representatives of main taxa of Scaphopoda and basal protobranch Bivalvia (Mollusca)

Este estudo analisa a morfologia e anatomia detalhadas de 4 especies de Scaphopoda e 5 especies de bivalves protobrânquios. Ambas as classes sao tradicionalmente agrupadas no taxon Diasoma, o qual vem sendo questionado por diferentes metodologias, tais como molecular e de desenvolvimento. Este estudo e desenvolvido sob uma metodologia filogenetica, a qual a maior preocupacao e fornecer um procedimento inteligivel e testavel. As especies de Scaphopoda analisadas provieram da costa brasileira e pertencem a familia Dentaliidae [(1) Coccodentalium carduus; (2) Paradentalium disparile] e Gadilidae [(3) Polyschides noronhensis, n. sp. do Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha; (4) Gadila braziliensis]. Estas especies representam os ramos principais da classe Scaphopoda. Dos bivalves protobrânquios, representantes das familias Solemyidae [(5) Solemya occidentalis, da Florida; S. notialis, n. sp. do S.E. Brasil], Nuculanidae [(6) Propeleda carpentieri, da Florida] e Nuculidae [(7) Ennucula puelcha, do sul do Brasil] sao incluidos. Estas especies representam os principais ramos dos bivalves basais. As descricoes anatomicas de S. occidentalis e de P. carpentieri estao sendo publicadas em outro artigo, as das demais especies estao incluidas neste, o qual tambem inclui um completo tratamento taxonomico. Alem dessas especies, representantes de outros taxons sao operacionalmente incluidos como parte do ingroup (entao os indices sao compartilhados com eles), um procedimento visando testar a monofilia morfologica de Diasoma. Esses taxons sao 2 bivalves lamelibrânquios [(8) Barbatia - Arcidae; (9) Serratina - Tellinidae; ambos publicados em artigos a parte]; Propilidium (10) Patellogastropoda e (11) Nautilus, Cephalopoda basal, baseados em taxons basais. Os outgroups efetivos sao (12) Neopilina (Monoplacophora) e (13) Hanleya (Polyplacophora). A analise filogenetica baseada na morfologia revelou que o taxon Diasoma e suportado por 14 sinapomorfias, sendo separada de Cyrtosoma (Gastropoda + Cephalopoda). Embora nao sendo o principal enfoque do presente artigo, os taxons Scaphopoda e Bivalvia sao suportados por 8 e por 7 sinapomorfias respectivamente. O taxon Protobranchia resultou parafiletico. O cladograma obtido e: ((((Coccodentalium carduus - Paradentalium disparile) (Polyschides noronhensis - Gadila brasiliensis)) ((Solemya occidentalis - S. notialis) (Propeleda carpenteri (Ennucula puelcha (Barbatia cancellaria - Serratina capsoides))))) (Propilidium curumim - Nautilus pompilius - Lolliguncula brevis)).