Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Upper- and middle-crustal response to delamination: An example from the Lachlan fold belt, eastern Australia

A delamination model applied to the Lachlan fold belt in eastern Australia shows that lithospheric delamination began in the Early Silurian (∼430 Ma), after crustal thickening in the Wagga-Omeo zone. The delamination induced isostatic uplift farther east to produce localized, transient extensional basins and coeval silicic magmas, which formed by partial melting of the lower crust during asthenospheric upwelling. However, the voluminous granitoid intrusions were emplaced during and after compression, reflecting reestablishment of horizontal compression associated with plate convergence. Continued sinking of the slab produced an east. ward-widening orogenic belt where the granite batholiths and associated thermally softened zones of deformation tracked the direction of delamination. Once the slab was completely detached at ∼400 Ma, the compressive stresses were transmitted across the belt, and delamination recommenced about 1000 km westward against the cratonic margin; the process was repeated at 400-370 Ma. Within 60 m.y. , the two sinking slabs had converted a 1700-2000-km-wide continental margin into a 700-km-wide orogenic belt. Important effects of delamination on the upper and middle crust are (1) production of regional-scale, low-pressure metamorphic belts of limited crustal thickness; (2) widespread voluminous silicic magmatism; (3) lack of deep-crustal exposures even with high degrees of crustal shortening; and (4) partial replacement of the lower crust by a mafic underplate that cooled completely after deformation ceased.
Recent trends in Tuscany (Italy) summer temperature and indices of extremes

In the past few decades, many studies showed a significant worldwide warming, and consequently, changes in frequency and persistence of extreme high‐temperature events were observed. In order to analyse summer Tuscany (Italy) patterns of climate change during the period 1955–2004, indices of temperature and of extreme events were investigated for evidence of trend and change in inter‐annual variability by using data of 40 weather stations. Least square regression analysis and Theil‐Sen nonparametric regression were applied for evidence of trends. The Mann–Kendall test was applied to each time series to look for statistically significant trends.
Susceptibility to Lower Respiratory Infections in Childhood is Associated with Perturbation of the Cytokine Response to Pathogenic Airway Bacteria

Background: Neonatal colonization of the airways with respiratory pathogens is associated with increased risk of lower respiratory infections (LRI) in early childhood. Therefore, we hypothesized that children developing LRI have an aberrant immune response to pathogenic bacteria in infancy. The objective was to characterize in vitro the early life systemic immune response to pathogenic bacteria and study the possible association with incidence of LRI during the first 3 years of life. Methods: The Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000 (COPSAC2000) is a clinical birth cohort study of 411 children born of mothers with asthma. LRI incidence was prospectively captured from 6-monthly planned visits and visits at acute respiratory episodes. The in vitro systemic immune response to Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae was characterized by the production of TNF-&agr;, IFN-&ggr;, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-17 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated at age 6 months from 291 infants. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression against incidence of LRI in infancy. Results: A multivariable model including all cytokine responses from the 3 different bacterial stimulations significantly identified children at risk of LRI (P = 0.006). The immune response pattern associated with LRI was characterized by perturbed production of several cytokines rather than production of one specific cytokine, and was independent of concurrent asthma. TNF-&agr; and IL-5 were key drivers but did not explain the entire variation in LRI susceptibility. Conclusions: Children at risk of future LRI present a perturbed systemic immune response upon exposure to common airway pathogens in early life.
Three-dimensional seismic imaging of a protoridge axis in the Main Ethiopian rift

Models of continental breakup remain uncertain because of a lack of knowledge of strain accommodation immediately before breakup. Our new three-dimensional seismic velocity model from the Main Ethiopian rift clearly images mid-crustal intrusions in this active, transitional rift setting, supporting breakup models based on dike intrusion and magma supply. The most striking features of our velocity model are anomalously fast, elongate bodies (velocity, V p ∼6.5–6.8 km/s) extending along the rift axis, interpreted as cooled mafic intrusions. These 20-km-wide and 50-km-long bodies are separated and laterally offset from one another in a right-stepping en echelon pattern, approximately mimicking surface segmentation of Quaternary volcanic centers. Our crustal velocity model, combined with results from geologic studies, indicates that below a depth of ∼7 km extension is controlled by magmatic intrusion in a ductile middle to lower crust, whereas normal faulting and dike intrusion in a narrow zone in the center of the rift valley control extension in the brittle upper crust. This zone is inferred to be the protoridge axis for future seafloor spreading.
Genomic and non-genomic effects of progesterone and pregnenolone on the function of bovine endometrial cells.

Progesterone (P 4 ) decreases oxytocin (OT)-stimulated prostaglandin (PG)F 2α , but not PGE 2 secre- tion from bovine endometrial cells and this effect is partly elicited via a non-genomic route. The aim of this study was to determine whether P 4 and pregnenolone (P 5 ), in the presence or absence of OT, influence: (a) the gene expression of enzymes responsible for PG s synthesis: cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), synthase of PGF 2α (PGFS) and PGE 2 (PGES), (b) protein expression of COX-2, PGFS and PGES, and (c) P 4 receptor membrane component 1
Effect of ocean gateways on the global ocean circulation in the late Oligocene and early Miocene

[1] We investigate the effect of changes in the tectonic boundary conditions on global ocean circulation patterns. Using a fully coupled climate model in an idealized setup, we compare situations corresponding to the late Oligocene, the early Miocene, and present day. The model results show the existence of a flow reversal through the Panama Seaway between the Oligocene and Miocene. This flow reversal is induced by global tectonic changes related to the widening of the Southern Ocean passages and the closing of the Tethys Seaway. It mainly involves the wind-driven ocean circulation, in agreement with previous model studies. The global thermohaline circulation in the Oligocene and Miocene simulations is significantly different from the present-day conveyor circulation, as there is deepwater formation in both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific oceans. In particular, in the Oligocene simulation the salinity contrast between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is reduced because of water mass exchange through the low-latitude connections between the two oceans.
ASHP Guidelines on Handling Hazardous Drugs

ASHP published its first guidance on hazardous drugs (HDs) in 1983 as part of the 1983–84 ASHP Practice Spotlight: Safe Handling of Cytotoxic Drugs. This was followed by technical assistance bulletins in 1985 and 1990 and the ASHP Guidelines on Handling Hazardous Drugs in 2006. The 2006 guidelines were created to harmonize with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Alert: Preventing Occupational Exposure to Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs in Health Care Settings issued in 2004. The ASHP 2006 HD guidelines were current to 2005. In 2007, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention revised United States Pharmacopeia (USP) chapter 797 (Pharmaceutical Compounding—Sterile Preparations) to harmonize with the NIOSH 2004 Alert. It became effective May 1, 2008, establishing many of the NIOSH recommenda tions as enforceable requirements. On February 1, 2016, USP published a new general chapter, chapter 800, Hazardous Drugs—Handling in Healthcare Settings. Unlike the other publications regarding HDs noted above, USP chapter 800 is not a guidance document but an enforceable standard, containing both best practice recommendations and mandates for reducing the occupational exposure of healthcare workers who handle nonsterile and sterile HDs. The standards set by USP chapter 800 are applicable in all settings in which HDs are compounded and administered and where healthcare workers may come into contact with HD residue, not just hospitals and clinics. With the increasing number of publications on this topic, the inclusion of older material in these guidelines has been limited to landmark or other crucial studies. The ASHP 1990 technical assistance bulletin and 2006 guidelines provide historic overviews of this topic. Sections of USP chapter 800 are discussed in this document, but the ASHP Guidelines on Handling Hazardous Drugs are not intended to modify, interpret, or be a substitute for the provisions of USP chapter 800. These updated guidelines include information from the literature, NIOSH, and USP and are current to October 2017.
THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN PHPA POLYMER SLURRY AND CEMENT MORTAR

The aim of the present study was to improve understanding of the interaction of drilled shaft concrete, polymer slurry (used to stabilize boreholes during construction of the drilled shaft), and the foundation soil. Interface shear tests were performed in the laboratory to investigate the shear resistance between soil and a cement mortar interface after exposing the interface to a high-molecular-weight polymer slurry. Two types of soils were investigated: (a) stiff silty clay and (b) medium-dense sand. Results showed that for curing periods of 7 days the interface shear resistance was 28% to 46% higher when the interface was exposed to the polymer slurry relative to the interface shear strength of the standard unexposed samples. The ability of the polymer slurry to penetrate and stretch through the pores of silty clay and dense sand soils was demonstrated by investigating the exposed soil masses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Exposing the outside surface of cement mortar specimens to the polymer slurry for a period of 14 days caused pitting (roughening) of the mortar surface, which explains the increased interface shear resistance between the soil and the cement mortar after exposure to polymer slurry. The laboratory behavior was verified with full-scale field tests.
High resolution geochemical and petrographical correlation of deep marine Palaeocene sandstones from the Foinaven Field, West of Shetland

Cores from three wells in the Upper Palaeocene deep-marine reservoir interval of the Foinaven Field, West of Shetland have been analysed using trace element geochemistry and petrography. The 60 m thick turbidite-dominated succession is restricted to the T34 biozone and comprises a series of seismically defined channel and overbank deposits. Petrographic and trace element geochemical data indicate that wells 204/24a-3 and 204/25b-5 have strong similarities and that strata in the remaining well (204/24a-7) have distinctly different signatures. Of the two related wells, 204/25b-5 is dominated by a thick amalgamated sandstone succession, 204/24a-3 by more thinly bedded and finer grained sandstones considered to represent channel and associated overbank deposits respectively. Similarities in geochemical and petrographic data allow division of the biozone in the two related wells into four principal correlation zones with two additional sub-zones. The study has established a high resolution correlation scheme and constrained correlation lengths for reservoir and non-reservoir facies in a deep marine depositional system.
Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Predicts Adult Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 25 to 30 Years Later. Commentary

Objective To prospectively assess the association of the metabolic syndrome in childhood with adult metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 25 to 30 years later. Study design Data from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Princeton Prevalence Study (1973-1976) and the Princeton Follow-up Study (PFS, 2000-2004) were used. Body mass index (BMI = kg/m 2 ) was used as the obesity measure in childhood because waist circumference was not measured at the LRC. The adult T2DM status of participants and their parents was obtained by participant report or fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL. A logistic analysis for clustered samples was used to predict adult metabolic syndrome and T2DM, taking into account sibling correlations in the cohort. Pediatric metabolic syndrome, age at PFS, sex, race, change in BMI percentile, parental history of diabetes, and the interaction of pediatric metabolic syndrome and parental diabetes were explanatory variables. Results Ages ranged from 5 to 19 years in the LRC and from 30 to 48 years in the PFS. Pediatric metabolic syndrome, parental diabetes, age at follow-up, and change in age-specific BMI percentile were significant predictors of metabolic syndrome in adulthood, and pediatric metabolic syndrome, age at follow-up, black race, and parental diabetes were significant predictors of T2DM. Conclusions Evaluating 5- to 19-year-old children for metabolic syndrome and family history of diabetes could identify children at increased risk of adult metabolic syndrome and T2DM, allowing prospective primary prevention of these outcomes.
Alprazolam role in the analgesic effect of ibuprofen on postendodontic pain

Background: Postendodontic pain (PEP) has always been a major problem for patients and dentists and NSAIDs are being used to relieve PEP and it is supposed that some benzodiazepines may potentiate facilitate the analgesic effects of the NSAIDs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of alprazolam on the analgesic effect of ibuprofen in PEP treatment. Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 45 patients aged 20-45 years who were subjected of root canal treatment. A written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups; placebo, ibuprofen (400 mg) and alprazolam (0.5) mg + ibuprofen (400 mg). The intensity of pain was recorded using visual analog scale (VAS) at 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after drug administration. Results: Of the participants, twenty six (57.8%) were males and 19 patients (42.2%) were females. Four hours after starting treatment, the VAS scores in the placebo and ibuprofen -treated groups were significantly higher than ibuprofen and alprazolam+ibuprofen groups (4.93±1.16, 3.67±1.88 and 2.67±1.11, respectively, p<0.0001). The VAS scores in alprazolam + ibuprofen group (2.33±1.05) were significantly lower at 6 hours after treatment when compared to the other groups (Ibuprofen: 3.00±1.36 and placebo: 3.08±1.74, P=0.002). This decrease in VAS score sustained to 12 hours after the start of alprazolam + ibuprofen treatment when compared to ibuprofen or placebo receiving group alone (p<0.003). The average pain score in female patients who received alprazolam + ibuprofen was significantly lower than males at 12 hours (1.3±0.6 v.s 2.14±0.9, P=0.002) and 24 hours after treatment (0.88±0.6 v.s 1.86±0.9, P=0.003). Conclusion: According to the results, it can conclude that alprazolam may enhance the analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen in postendodontic pain.
The Kyoto Protocol: Don't Forget the Science

Observed warming of the earth's surface during the 20th century was in two roughly-equal tranches (each of about 0.35 0 C) in 1925-44 and 1978 to its end. In the belief that: • Global warming over the past century resulted from the human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly CO 2 from the burning of fossil fuels, and that: • If the nations of the world were to control anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions strictly enough in the future, we could 'stabilise' the climate, Australia joined in negotiating the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The sole objective of this treaty is limitation of GHG emissions—and both its underpinning beliefs are probably wrong. The scientific basis for the Kyoto Protocol is Climate change 1995: the science of climate change from the IPCC's Second Assessment Report published in 1996. Even now, the Australian Government accepts the IPCC Report " as the most authoritative source of information on the science of global climate change ". Misleadingly, the Report treats climate science and climate-change science as the same thing; and it ignores powerful contrary evidence from the geosciences. This self-serving study promotes meteorology, not protection of the environment; and it is itself an environmental threat, because its message has the effect of diverting money and zeal from better-founded and more-pressing environmental needs, including those right here in Australia. Greenhouse is a phenomenon of the lower atmosphere. Theory has it that an increasing concentration of GHGs will cause the atmosphere to heat up, in the first instance, with subsequent redistribution of this increased warmth upward to Space, and downward to Earth with consequent warming at its surface. It is this resultant surface warming which we call the 'greenhouse effect'. However, if there is no warming of the lower atmosphere, that warming can't then cause warming at the surface; ie no atmospheric warming means no 'greenhouse warming'. We now have a global coverage of satellite-derived temperatures for the lower atmosphere which extends for 21 years—and there is little or no warming trend! 1 Robert J Foster is an Adelaide University engineer by qualification, a geoscientist with the Shell Group by experience, and latterly was GM Marketing at BHP Petroleum. He is now a consultant in energy economics at 30A Vautier St Elwood, VIC 3184 Australia, phone (61) (3) 9525 6335 and fax 6345, and is a founding director of The Lavoisier Group Inc, which is putting to Australians a view …
Accuracy assessment and trend analysis of MODIS-derived data on snow-covered areas in the Sutlej basin, Western Himalayas

Snow is important for hydrological studies and is a variable very sensitive to climatic variations. In the present study, the variability of snow-covered areas (SCAs) obtained through Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow data products was analysed using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator in the Sutlej basin, Western Himalayas, India. However, due to the limitations of long time-series snow cover data, the study has been carried out for a time period from 2000 to 2009. Before trend analysis, the estimated SCA was validated using the ground-based snowfall data. A simple linear regression test was applied to analyse the relationship between the variation in SCA and snowfall. The relationship between the mean annual snowfall and SCA indicated a highly significant correlation (R2 = 0.95). In order to have a better insight into the relationship, the regression test was also carried out for six elevation zones. The coefficient of determination (R2) varied from 0.78 at the 1500–2000 m asl zone to 0.96 at the 3000–3500 m asl zone. The trend analysis indicated reduction in SCA with significant negative behaviour for annual, winter, and post-monsoon seasons and for November and December months. The negative trend was observed for an elevation of <2500 m asl in the basin. Moreover, during the same period (2000–2009), the temperature (Tmax and Tmin) increased while there was a decrease in snowfall. The trend analysis of temperature from 1984 to 2009 revealed positive trends with significant trend in Tmin as determined by using the Mann–Kendall statistical test. The reduction in SCA was, therefore, attributed to the increasing trends in temperature, particularly Tmin, associated with reduction in snowfall. These SCA variations have significant implications for water resources managers in the area as some of these observed trends, if continue, may result in changes in hydrological/ecological balance of the Sutlej basin.
A Level Playing Field – An Optimal Weighting Scheme of Dismissal Protection Characteristics

In the case of collective redundancies, employers are forced to regard certain characteristics when deciding who is going to be dismissed. This paper develops a procedure to derive an empirical based weighting scheme between the characteristics relevant for this selection (age, disability, dependencies and tenure). First, panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 1991-2010 is used to estimate, conditional on the existence of dismissal protection, the relationships of the four characteristics with respect to reemployment probabilities and the quality of the new job (measured in terms of wage). Second, the individual valuation of the two outcomes is compared applying a life satisfaction analysis. Finally, based on the empirical results a weighting scheme for the characteristics is proposed, which serves as an evidence based guideline for employers, employees and unions in the process of collective redundancies.
Cancer and the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 diagnosis, hospitalisation and death: A population‐based multistate cohort study including 4 618 377 adults in Catalonia, Spain

The relationship between cancer and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection and severity remains poorly understood. We conducted a population‐based cohort study between 1 March and 6 May 2020 describing the associations between cancer and risk of COVID‐19 diagnosis, hospitalisation and COVID‐19‐related death. Data were obtained from the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) database, including primary care electronic health records from ~80% of the population in Catalonia, Spain. Cancer was defined as any primary invasive malignancy excluding non‐melanoma skin cancer. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for the risk of COVID‐19 (outpatient) clinical diagnosis, hospitalisation (with or without a prior COVID‐19 diagnosis) and COVID‐19‐related death using Cox proportional hazard regressions. Models were estimated for the overall cancer population and by years since cancer diagnosis (<1 year, 1‐5 years and ≥5 years), sex, age and cancer type; and adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, deprivation and comorbidities. We included 4 618 377 adults, of which 260 667 (5.6%) had a history of cancer. A total of 98 951 individuals (5.5% with cancer) were diagnosed, and 6355 (16.4% with cancer) were directly hospitalised with COVID‐19. Of those diagnosed, 6851 were subsequently hospitalised (10.7% with cancer), and 3227 died without being hospitalised (18.5% with cancer). Among those hospitalised, 1963 (22.5% with cancer) died. Cancer was associated with an increased risk of COVID‐19 diagnosis (aHR: 1.08; 95% confidence interval [1.05‐1.11]), direct COVID‐19 hospitalisation (1.33 [1.24‐1.43]) and death following hospitalisation (1.12 [1.01‐1.25]). These associations were stronger for patients recently diagnosed with cancer, aged <70 years, and with haematological cancers. These patients should be prioritised in COVID‐19 vaccination campaigns and continued non‐pharmaceutical interventions.