Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Edge effects in the avifaunal community of riparian rain-forest tracts in Tropical North Queensland

Abstract Most evidence suggests anthropogenic edges negatively affect rain-forest bird communities but little has been done to test this in Australasia. In this study, avifaunal detection frequency, species richness and community composition were compared between the edge and interior and between flat and more complex-shaped edges of riparian rain-forest tracts in Tropical North Queensland. The detection frequency and richness of guilds based on diet, foraging strata and habitat specialism were also compared. This study detected 15.1% more birds at the rain-forest edge compared with the interior but no difference in species richness. Edge shape had no effect on detection frequency or richness. Many guilds (subcanopy, closed forest, frugivorous and insectivorous species) experienced increased detection frequency at the edge relative to the interior, but for some guilds this response was reduced (habitat generalists) or reversed (understorey and mixed-flock species) along complex edges. Overall community composition was affected by edge distance but not by edge shape. Edge habitat was shorter and had more open canopy than the interior, supporting habitat-based explanations for the observed avifaunal edge effects. These results suggest generally positive edge effects in Australian rain-forest bird communities, possibly reflecting local resource distributions or a disturbance-tolerant species pool.
Shading of periphyton communities by wetland emergent macrophytes : Decoupling of algal photosynthesis from microbial nutrient retention

Relative net primary productivity (NPP) of periphyton communities in the Florida Everglades were determined and compared under emergent macrophyte canopies typical of enriched and unenriched Everglades habitats. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the periphyton communities were reduced only by 35 % in sawgrass (Cladium mariscus) habitats but by 85 % or more in dense stands of cattail (Typha domingensis). Photosynthetic rates of periphytic algae and cyanobacteria in sawgrass habitats were about 70 % of those in open water slough habitats. NPP of periphytic communities within the cattail habitat was severely reduced by 80 ± 8 per cent of rates in the open communities. Greatly reduced inorganic and organic P concentrations occurred in water of habitats with high periphytic photosynthesis, whereas inorganic and organic nitrogen concentrations were lower in the nutrient-enriched, more reducing cattail habitats. Putative causes for these observations are related to the suppression of periphytic photosynthesis by macrophytic shading.
Studying trypanosomal peptidase antigen targets for the diagnosis of animal African trypanosomiasis.

v TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF FIGURES . xi LIST OF TABLES . xvii ABBREVIATIONS . xviii CHAPTER 1 . 1 LITERATURE REVIEW . 1 1.1 African trypanosomiasis, the disease . 1 1.2 Classification of trypanosomes . 3 1.3 The life cycle and distribution of African trypanosomes . 3 1.4 The genomic organisation of trypanosomes . 7 1.5 Immune response to trypanosomal infection . 8 1.6 Control strategies for trypanosomiasis . 9 1.7 The clinical features of human and animal African trypanosomiasis . 10 1.8 Techiques used for diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis . 12 1.8. 1 Serological screening . 12 1.8. 2 Parasitological confirmation . 17 1.8. 3 Stage determination . 20 1.8. 4 Other molecular diagnostic approaches to screening and confirmation of trypanosome infection . 20 1.9 Drug therapy for African trypanosomiasis . 22 1.10 An anti-disease strategy for the control of African trypanosomiasis . 23 1.11 Protozoan peptidases . 25 1.11.1 Serine peptidases . 26 1.11.1.1 Oligopeptidase B . 27 1.11.2 Cysteine peptidases. 29 1.11.2.1 Cathepsin Llike peptidase . 30 1.11.2.2 Pyroglutamyl peptidase . 33 1.11.2.3 Metacaspases . 35
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF GAS-SOLID FLOW IN THE RISER OF CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS – A TURBULENCE ANALYSIS APPROACH

Turbulence parameters are derived from results of numerical simulation of gas-solid flow in circulating fluidized beds (CFB). A two fluids model with constant viscosity is applied considering an Eulerian approach for both phases. Reynolds stresses and granular temperature are derived from numerical data. An analysis is performed assuming that a direct numerical simulation (DNS) has actually been carried out for the solid phase. This seams to be reasonable since the applied computational mesh size is very large as compared to the mean free path among the solid particles. Even though velocity fluctuations of lower scales are eliminated, fluctuations of larger scales are detected and analyzed. Of course, as far as the gas phase is concerned the mesh is very coarse, and no DNS is applied. The results show that the Reynolds stresses behave according to the expected for a turbulent flow, and a good agreement is found regarding literature experiment. Also, following the literature, granular temperature is derived from the Reynolds stresses, and qualitatively match the expected behavior as described by the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF).
A long-term study of the Heiligensee (1975-1992). Evidence for effects of climatic change on the dynamics of eutrophied lake ecosystems

Physical, chemical and biological lake features were examined in the hypereutrophic Heiligensee over a 18-yr. period (1975-1992). Time series analyses of most variables showed trends consistent with a further deterioration in trophic status. Significant rising trends were recorded for water temperature, oxygen saturation, chlorophyll a (mean of the 0-4 m water layer) and hypolimnetic SRP and TP, whereas SRP (mean of 0-4 m) and SD transparency showed significant falling trends. Most of these trends began in 1988/89 and winter and spring months were usually the most affected. Between 1989 and 1992 algal mass remained on high levels during winter (9-63 μgl -1 ) compared to earlier years (5-12 μg -1 ). Starting in 1990 diatoms and cryptophytes, usually dominant during winter and spring, were outcompeted by cyanophytes. The recorded changes happened to occur during a five year period of consecutive mild winters between 1988 and 1992. Basically changes have been triggered by a 1-3 weeks earlier onset of thermal stratification and the absence of longer ice cover periods, which obviously affected the amount of available light for overwintering algae. The earlier onset of thermal stratification affected the system in two major respects: (i) Epilimnetic SRSi limitation started early, and higher sedimentary losses for diatoms are assumed. (ii) It led to an altogether prolongation of the summer stagnation period with repercussion on nutrient dynamics. As hypolimnetic phosphorus accumulated at a constant rate in 9 out of 11 years, the prolongation of the stagnation period is one likely explanation for rising internal phosphorus contents by the end of the summer stagnation period. Sixty-nine percent and 46 % of the variation in maximal algal mass in fall can be explained by maximal hypolimnetic SRP content and the duration of the summer stagnation period. Overall, possible implications of thermal stress on stratified eutrophic lake ecosystems are proposed.
Utilisation of willow leaves, grass and periphyton by stream macroinvertebrates: a study using stable carbon isotopes

Natural carbon isotopes were examined in stream invertebrates and their potential foods, to ascertain the importance of leaves of the introduced willow tree (Salix fragilis) as a food supply in two New Zealand streams. Invertebrates and their potential foods were sampled from two streams, in three seasons, in sites with willow trees and in adjacent sites with tussock grassland vegetation. Autochthonous carbon sources, as indicated by the stone surface organic layer at open sites, were always isotopically distinct from allochthonous grass and willow leaves. At willow shaded-sites, carbon derived from willows was estimated to have contributed up to 66 % of stone surface organic layer carbon, and up to 78 % of the fine particulate organic layer carbon. Late instar insect larvae at willow-shaded sites of Styx Creek were estimated to have derived 8-74 % of their body carbon from allochthonous material, compared with 0-23 % at open sites. Over half of the total body carbon of some genera appeared to be derived from willows. Similar trends were observed in Heeney Creek, with 93 % of the body carbon of the facultative shredder/browser Olinga sp. (Trichoptera: Conoesucidae) being of allochthonous origin. Carbon derived from willows was incorporated by insects in all genera examined in both streams, throughout the year. Even predators at willow-shaded sites derived up to 47 % of their carbon ultimately from willow leaves. Although these and many other New Zealand streams lack any specialised shredders, our results nevertheless indicate that allochthonous material can play a major role in energy flow
Sod Competition in Peach Production: II. Establishment Beneath Mature Trees

Planting sod beneath peach trees ( Prunus persica) to control excessive vegetative growth was evaluated from 1987 to 1993 in three field studies. Peach trees were established and maintained in 2.5-m-wide vegetation-free strips for 3 years, and then sod was planted beneath the trees and maintained for 5 to 7 years. Reducing the vegetation-free area beneath established peach trees to a 30- or 60-cm-wide herbicide strip with three grass species ( Festuca arundinacae, Festuca rubra, Poa trivialis), reduced total pruning weight/tree in 5 of 16 study-years and weight of canopy suckers in 6 of 7 study-years, while increasing light penetration into the canopy. Fruit yield was reduced by planting sod beneath peach trees in 5 of 18 study-years; however, yield efficiency of total fruit and large fruit (kg yield/cm 2 trunk area) were not reduced in one study and in only 1 year in the other two studies. Planting sod beneath peach trees increased available soil water content in all years, and yield efficiency based on evapotranspiration (kg yield/cm soil water use plus precipitation) was the same or greater for trees with sod compared to the 2.5-m-wide herbicide strip. Planting sod beneath peach trees has the potential to increase light penetration into the canopy and may be appropriate for high-density peach production systems where small, efficient trees are needed.
In vitro regeneration of Quercus floribunda Lindl. Through cotyledonary nodes: an important tree of Central Himalaya

A regeneration protocol has been developed for Quercus floribunda Lindl. using cotyledonary nodes (with attached cotyledons but without radicle and primary shoot) as explants. Multiple shoots were induced on woody plant (WP) or MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA), either alone or in combination with gibberellic acid (GA 3 ). BA (22.19 μM) was much more effective in WP medium for induction of multiple shoots; addition of GAS, (2.89 μM) resulted in thinner but slightly longer shoots. Rooting (83.3%) of regenerated shoots involved a two-step procedure where the microshoots were treated with indole-3-butyric acid (100 μM) for 24 h followed by transfer to plant growth regulator-free half-strength WP medium. Ninety per cent plantlets were successfully established in earthen pots containing soil and farmyard manure (3: 1).
Oligotrophic Growth of Fungi

Oligotrophs are microorganisms that can grow in the presence of low concentrations of nutrients, or even where nutrients appear to be nonexistent. The term oligotrophy is generally used to describe the strategy used by microorganisms to grow on low concentrations of organic carbon, more strictly referred to as oligocarbotrophy (Poindexter, 1981). By far, the majority of the literature on microbial oligotrophy relates to bacteria, and some authors have suggested that this growth strategy is restricted to prokaryotes (Fry, 1990). However, as I hope to make clear here, as I have attempted elsewhere (Wainwright, 1993), evidence increasingly shows that many fungi can grow oligotrophically. The study of bacterial oligotrophy has been hindered by confusion about terminology and the lack of a clear definition of what nutrient level can be considered as constituting oligotrophic conditions; any terms used in a discussion of microbial oligotrophy must, as a result, be clearly defined. In this review, an oligotrophic fungus is defined as one that can grow at low levels of essential nutrients, or even in their apparent absence. Where organic carbon is the nutrient present in low concentration, growth under these conditions is termed oligocarbotrophy . A fungus capable of growing in the presence of small amounts of nitrogen will be referred to as an oligonitrotroph . This terminology can be further modified to refer to fungal growth in low concentrations of any nutrient; for example, one could refer to oligophosphotrophs and oligoferrotrophs, i.e., fungi that can respectively grow in the presence of low concentrations of phosphorous and iron. Using this terminology, most authors, when discussing bacterial growth under low carbon conditions, have used the term oligotrophy as a synonym for oligocarbotrophy (Poindexter, 1981; Fry, 1990). In this review, however, the term oligotrophy will be used in a generic sense to refer to fungal growth under generalized low-nutrient conditions, rather than with specific reference to organic carbon. DK3133_book. fm Page 643 Tuesday, April 12, 2005 4:01 PM
Copper induced alterations in total carbohydrate and protein levels in bivalve Sunetta scripta (Bivalvia)

On exposure to higher concentrations of copper (0.3 to 1 ppm), a decline in carbohydrate level was noticed in Sunetta scripta only after prolonged exposure. The significantly higher protein levels in 0.3 ppm and 0.5 ppm copper exposed clams indicated the synthesis of metal binding protein. The digestive gland being the seat of intense biosynthetic activity, elevated protein levels in the tissue indicated its importance in the detoxification of toxic metals and the rapid turn over of metal binding protein from this organ and redistribution to other tissues. Binding of metals to such proteins accounted for the apparent indifference of the organism to high metal concentrations in the tissues. Metal binding proteins protect the organism from the toxic effect of metal and their presence can explain the high concentrations noticed in S. scripta.
CIRCADIAN PROTEOME CHANGES IN PHOTORECEPTOR OUTER SEGMENTS

15 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND. 17 Vision. 17 Photoreceptor Cells. 18 Phototransduction Cascade . 19 Phototransduction Cascade . 20 Photoreceptor Degenerative Diseases. 21 Animal Models for Retinal Diseases . 22 Circadian Rhythm . 24 Proteomic Analysis of Photoreceptor Outer Segments. 25 CHAPTER 2 – DEVELOPING PROTEASE CATALYZED O LABELING . 37 The pH Dependency of the Carboxyl Oxygen Exchange Reaction Catalyzed by Lysyl Endopeptidase and Trypsin. 41 CHAPTER 3 – PROTEOMIC CHANGES IN THE PHOTORECEPTOR OUTER SEGMENT UPON INTENSE LIGHT EXPOSURE . 66 Validation of O Labeling using Bovine OS Proteins . 66
Barley yellow dwarf virus in winter barley in Ireland: yield loss and timing of autumn aphicides in controlling the MAV-strain

The timing of aphicide application to control barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in autumn-sown barley, at Oak Park in 1988, 1989 and 1995, was investigated. September-sown crops had higher aphid infestations and BYDV infections relative to October-sown crops. In general, Sitobion avenae was the more abundant species of aphid encountered, while the MAV-strain of the disease, which is specifically transmitted by S. avenae, was the only serotype of the virus found in these trials. The rose-grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum, which can also transmit the MAV-type of BYDV, was common only in 1989/90. The application of aphicides prevented yield losses, due to virus, of 2.2 to 3.4 t / ha for barley sown in early-September, 2.2 to 3.2 t/ha for late-September, 1.3 t/ha for mid-October and 0.65 t/ha for late-October sown crops. The largest yield response (56%) for a single aphicide application was from a treatment in the first week in November. Results indicated that early September-sown crops should receive two aphicides, one in mid-October and the second in early-November. Crops sown in late September and October should receive only one aphicide (during the first week in November). There was no advantage in applying additional aphicides throughout the winter and early spring, even in a season when aphids and virus were plentiful. However, applying an aphicide in either December, January or February, to plots that had not received an earlier autumn aphicide treatment did prevent yield losses of 2.4 t/ha, 1.9 t/ha and 1.4 t/ha, respectively.
Thidiazuron Stimulation of Apple Shoot Proliferation in Vitro

Thidiazuron stimulated shoot proliferation on shoot tip explants of ‘Gala’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) when incorporated in Linsmaier-Skoog medium at concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 μm. Shoot numbers with thidiazuron were equivalent to, or greater than, the number produced when using 4.4 μm BA in the medium, but the shoots were shorter than with BA. At 10 and 1 μm thidiazuron, shoot leaves were narrow, had pointed laminae, and were somewhat distorted. Shoot proliferation continued when explants from the 2 highest thidiazuron concentrations were transferred to cytokinin-free medium. Shoots from cultures grown at all 3 concentrations of thidiazuron rooted after 1 to 2 subcultures on cytokinin-free medium. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (BA) and N-phenyl-N′-l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron).
Weed Control in No-till Doublecrop Soybean (Glycine max) Following Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) on a Clay Soil

Weed control was evaluated in no-till planted soybean in both burned and standing wheat stubble for 3 yr. High, intermediate, low, and no weed management following no-till planting of soybean were compared with a tilled treatment with high weed management. Herbicides for the high weed management were metribuzin plus metolachlor PRE followed by POST applications, as needed, of bentazon, acifluorfen, and fluazifop or quizalofop. Intermediate management included all of the above except metolachlor, plus the as-needed use of chlorimuron or lactofen POST. Low management had no PRE herbicide applications but included the above POST herbicides. Glyphosate was used as a preplant foliar applied desiccant in the stubble-planted soybean of all weed management levels. Yield of soybean was not affected by standing, burned, or tilled wheat stubble. Soil organic matter in the 0 to 2.5 cm of soil was not significantly affected at the end of the 3 yr. Yield of wheat was reduced by standing wheat stubble in the first year of the study. Total POST weed control was sufficient for maximum soybean yields in the second and third years of the study. The weed spectrum changed during the experiment for the no-weed-control treatment in soybean and in wheat. The major weeds present in soybean after 3 yr of no-till were southern crabgrass, nodding spurge, redvine, prickly sida, barnyardgrass, and johnsongrass; in wheat they were Italian ryegrass, little barley, mayweed chamomile, and hairy buttercup.
PSITTACINE VIRAL DISEASES: A PERSPECTIVE

The viral diseases of the parrot family are a major frustration for the aviculturalist and the avian veterinarian. Through a worldwide effort, however, progress is being made toward un derstanding and managing these diseases. Unfortunately, emerging information is disseminated in literature sources not readily available to most avian practitioners. The purpose of this review is to consolidate current knowledge in a rapidly evolving area of veterinary medicine. The once tenuous possibility of controlling psittacine viral diseases is becoming reality.
Chemical composition and Antimicrobial activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume dry Leaves essential oil against Food-borne Pathogens and Adulterated Microorganisms

Essential oils of cinnamon species have lot-of biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifungal properties. Furthermore, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of several constituents were identified throughout its biological properties. In the present paper, essential oil (EO) obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) collected respectively at Cocotomey (Atlantique, Southern Benin) was analyzed using capillary GC and GC/MS. The aim of the present work was to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal activities of this Eo in relation with its chemical composition. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mycelial growth inhibition were investigated on C. albicans, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicilium digitatum. The EO was mainly composed of (E) cinnamaldehyde (37.6%), cinnamyl acetate (23.7%), cinnamyl benzoate (16.4%) and other compounds. The oil have shown significant antibacterial properties against E. coli ATCC 25922 (MIC = 0.80mg.ml-1), S. aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC = 0.20mg.ml -1 ) and fungicidal activity against C. albicans (MIC = 0.40mg.ml -1 ), fungistatic activities against Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus parasiticus and fungicidal against Fusarium oxysporum and Penicilium digitatum . Results obtained in the present study indicate the possibility of exploiting cinnamon essential oil in the fight against food-borne pathogens and adulterated microorganisms responsible for biodeterioration of stored foodstuffs.
Seasonal distribution of nutrients in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam, east coast of India

Annual distribution of nutrients, salinity and dissolved oxygen variations in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam were studied for three years. Nutrient levels were more during NE monsson (OCt.-Jan). Phosphates and nitrites exhibited wide annual fluctuations compared to nitrates and silicates. Salinity and nutrients are in inverse relationship. Dissolved oxygen and nutrients showed positive correlation. Regression analyses between any two nutrients also showed positive correlation.
Cytokinin Content and Location in the Leaves of the Wild-type and Transgenic Tobacco Plants

Cytokinin content was assayed in the leaves of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants, nontrans- formed (wild type) and transformed with a genetic construct containing the light-inducible ipt gene, using liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrophotometry and by thin-layer chromatography combined with immu- noenzyme assay. Immunocytological location of phytohormones was investigated after successively treating plant tissue sections with polyclonal antibodies against zeatin riboside, species-specific immunoglobulins labeled with colloid gold, and silver preparation. Cytokinin content in leaves of the transformed plants was higher than in those of wild-type plants. The bottom leaves of the former accumulated zeatin nucleotide. The contents of zeatin and zeatin riboside in the upper leaves exceeded that in the lower leaves both in transformed and wild-type plants. Staining agrees the contents of zeatin and zeatin riboside in the leaves were shown to cor- relate with the intensity of immunostaining of leaf sections. High zeatin content in the bottom leaves of trans- genic plants did not affect the level of immunostaining.