Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The evolution of the
 UV
 /optical lag spectrum of
 NGC
 7469 seen by the Liverpool Telescope

We present the results regarding the analysis of an intensive monitoring of the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) NGC 7469. We observed the source for 4 months with almost daily cadence in the ugriz bands, using the IO:O on the Liverpool Telescope. We measured the lags with respect to the u band and found a clear change of the lag spectrum between the first and the second half of the campaign. Given that the source varies on different timescales during these two segments, it is likely that different components are dominating the variability at different times. This result further confirms that reverberation models require a more complex geometry than a static illuminating point source and that particular attention has to be given in the interpretation of these delays.
Air flow over a two-dimensional hill: studies of velocity speed-up, roughness effects and turbulence

Wind tunnel measurements have been made of the streamwise mean and turbulent velocities over a rough, bell-shaped, two-dimensional hill, with height h and maximum slope 0.26, placed in a neutrally stable boundary layer of thickness 10 h and roughness length zo = 0.02 h. Close agreement is found between the mean velocity and predictions obtained from Taylor's (1977) computational model and Jackson and Hunt's (1975) analytical linearized model, for locations at or upwind of the hill top but not in the wake. Examination of the models shows that the shear stresses are only important in an inner region close to the hill surface, so that, as suggested by Jackson and Hunt (1975), the perturbation to the mean flow outside this region is essentially inviscid. the theory shows that over very rough surfaces, such as wooded or urban terrain, the height of this inner region can be of the same order as the height of the roughness elements (so that in our experiments no measurements could be made in this region). In a second experiment flow over a smooth hill on a rough surface was studied. the additional increase of wind speed over the hill top can be estimated by assuming a linear superposition of the velocity changes produced by the changes in elevation and in surface roughness (in this case rough to smooth). In the lee of a hill, however, the change in roughness significantly alters the flow with flow separation being suppressed and here a linear superposition is not appropriate. Finally we consider why observed changes in turbulence structure close to the surface differ from those well above the surface. Calculations of these changes based on the simple theoretical arguments of equilibrium shear layers and rapidly distorted turbulent flows agree well with turbulence measurements in wind tunnels and in the field.
The Effects of Nonhomogeneous Surface Fluxes on the Convective Boundary Layer: A Case Study Using Large-Eddy Simulation.

Abstract Most land surfaces are quasi-randomly nonhomogeneous, yet most boundary-layer studies assume homogeneous or simply varying surface conditions. In this study, nonhomogeneous surface fluxes of realistic scale and amplitude are applied to a large-eddy-simulation (LES) model. The boundary conditions are representative of conditions observed near Chickasha, Oklahoma during the Boundary Layer Experiment 1983 (BLX83), while the model is a modified version of Moeng's LES model. The afternoon of 28 May 1983, which had light winds and cloud-free skies, is simulated by using data collected during BLX83 to provide initial and boundary conditions; the simulation verifies fairly well against observations. A second simulation of the case-study afternoon uses horizontally homogeneous surface fluxes. The results of the two runs are compared to see what effect the quasi-random nonhomogeneous conditions have on mixed-layer development. The inclusion of realistic size (450–900 m) and amplitude (∼2 (°C)2 variance in .
Simulation Study to Verify the Appropriate k Value for Ridge Regression in Two-variable Regression Model

This study investigates the problem of using Ordinarily Least Squares (OLS) estimators in the presence of multicollinearity in regression analysis. As an alternative of OLS is ridge regression, which it is believed to be superior to least-squares regression in the presence of multicollinearity. The robustness of this method is investigated and comparison is made with the least squares method via simulation studies. Our results have shown that the system stabilizes in a region of k, which k is a positive quantity less than one and whose values depend on the degree of correlation between the independent variables. The results illustrate that k is a non-linear function of the correlation between the independent variables (r12).
Optical phase conjugation in laser diodes subject to strong probe injection power

Nearly degenerate four-wave mixing in semiconductor lasers is experimentally studied for different probe injection powers. It is shown, in accordance with theoretical predictions, that the reflectivity efficiencies of probe and conjugate waves demonstrate significantly different behaviour for strong probe injection power, compared with small probe power. Nearly uniform conversion efficiency of order 20-30 dB for frequency detuning up to 3 GHz is achieved at /spl sim/0.8 /spl mu/W launched probe power.
Infections and nutrient deficiencies during infancy predict impaired growth at 5 years: Findings from the MAL-ED study in Pakistan

Background Socio-economic, nutritional, and infectious factors have been associated with impaired infant growth, but how the presence of these factors during infancy affects growth around 5 years is not well understood. Methods This secondary analysis of the MAL-ED cohort included 277 children from Pakistan for whom socio-demographic, breastfeeding, complementary foods, illness, nutritional biomarkers, stool pathogens and environmental enteropathy indicators between 0 and 11 months were recorded. We used linear regression models to analyze associations of these indicators with height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and weight-for-height (WLZ) at 54–66 months (~5 years), and Poisson regression with robust standard errors to estimate risk ratios for stunting and underweight ~5 years, controlling for gender, first available weight, and income. Results Among the 237 infants followed longitudinally and evaluated at about 5 years of age, exclusive breastfeeding was short (median = 14 days). Complementary feeding started before 6 months with rice, bread, noodles, or sugary foods. Roots, dairy products, fruits/vegetables, and animal-source foods were provided later than recommended (9–12 months). Anemia (70.9%), deficiencies in iron (22.0%), zinc (80.0%), vitamin A (53.4%) and iodine (13.3%) were common. Most infants (>90%) presented with diarrhea and respiratory infections in their first year. At ~5 years, low WAZ (mean-1.91 ± 0.06) and LAZ (−2.11 ± 0.06) resulted in high prevalence of stunting (55.5%) and underweight (44.4%) but a relatively low rate of wasting (5.5%). While 3.4% had concurrent stunting and wasting ~5 years, 37.8% of children had coexisting stunting and underweight. A higher income and receiving formula or dairy products during infancy were associated with a higher LAZ ~5 years, but infant’s history of hospitalizations and more respiratory infections were associated with lower LAZ and higher risk of stunting ~5 years. Infants’ intake of commercial baby foods and higher serum-transferrin receptors were associated with higher WAZ and lower risk of underweight ~5 years. Presence of Campylobacter and fecal neopterin >6.8 nmol/L in the first year were associated with increased risk of underweight ~5 years. Conclusion Growth indicators ~5 years were associated with poverty, inappropriate complementary feeding, and infections during the first year of life, which supports the early start of public health interventions for preventing growth delay ~5 years.
Nonlinear observability, identifiability, and persistent trajectories

The concept of nonlinear observability and the theory of identifiability are discussed. The linear nature of the concept of observability is underlined. It is shown that a minimal realization should be defined only by its observability, which corroborates recent works on linear systems. This theory is applied to the related problem of identifiability. The concept of persistent trajectories is defined. Differential algebra is the main tool of this investigation. <<ETX>>
Background Music and Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Role of Interindividual Differences

Background: Recent research has shown that background music may improve memory consolidation and retrieval. Nevertheless, in the clinical conditions preceding dementia such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), there is no current evidence speaking to what effect background music during memory tasks has on impaired cognition. Objective: Across three experiments, we investigated if background music is able to improve memory performance, the most impacted cognitive domain in amnestic MCI. Methods: We tested the effect of background music by using a face recognition memory task in patients with amnestic MCI. In Experiment 1, we tested the effect of background music on memory when it was played solely during an encoding phase. In Experiment 2, we explored effects of background music when played during both encoding and recognition phases. In Experiment 3, we explored the role of musically induced arousal on memory. Results: The main finding from these three experiments was that background music played during a memory task did not improve or worsen participant performance. However, when exposed to high-arousal music, memory performance was predicted by individual mood regulation. For low-arousal music conditions, there was a negative relationship between rating scores for music pleasantness and performance on the memory task. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the benefits of background music on memory in individuals with MCI are modulated by interindividual preferences towards music.
Vortex flow structures and interactions for the optimum thrust efficiency of a heaving airfoil at different mean angles of attack

The thrust efficiency of a two-dimensional heaving airfoil is studied computationally for a low Reynolds number using a vortex force decomposition. The auxiliary potentials that separate the total vortex force into lift and drag (or thrust) are obtained analytically by using an elliptic airfoil. With these auxiliary potentials, the added-mass components of the lift and drag (or thrust) coefficients are also obtained analytically for any heaving motion of the airfoil and for any value of the mean angle of attack α. The contributions of the leading- and trailing-edge vortices to the thrust during their down- and up-stroke evolutions are computed quantitatively with this formulation for different dimensionless frequencies and heave amplitudes (Stc and Sta) and for several values of α. Very different types of flows, periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic described as Stc, Sta, and α, are varied. The optimum values of these parameters for maximum thrust efficiency are obtained and explained in terms of the inte.
A Generalization of the Lavallée and Hidiroglou Algorithm for Stratification in Business Surveys

This paper suggests stratification algorithms that account for a discrepancy between the stratification variable and the study variable when planning a stratified survey design. Two models are proposed for the change between these two variables. One is a log-linear regression model; the other postulates that the study variable and the stratification variable coincide for most units, and that large discrepancies occur for some units. Then, the Lavallee and Hidiroglou (1988) stratification algorithm is modified to incorporate these models in the determination of the optimal sample sizes and of the optimal stratum boundaries for a stratified sampling design. An example illustrates the performance of the new stratification algorithm. A discussion of the numerical implementation of this algorithm is also presented.
The spectral sequence of an extraordinary cohomology theory

Given an ‘extraordinary cohomology theory’, that is, a cohomology theory satisfying all the axioms of Eilenberg and Steenrod (7) except the dimension axiom, it is well known that there exists a spectral sequence relating the ordinary cohomology of a space with the extraordinary theory (see, for example, (3) in the case of K*(X)). Obviously, it would be useful to know the differentials in this spectral sequence, and it is the purpose of this paper to identify them in terms of cohomology operations defined by certain k-invariants. We shall make use of E. H. Brown's recent theorem (5) on the representability of extraordinary cohomology theories, to construct a second spectral sequence, in which the differentials are readily identifiable, which we shall prove is isomorphic to the usual one.
Needs of an uninsured equity-deserving minority patient cohort with physical disabilities during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

Background Patients with disabilities and those from diverse equity-deserving backgrounds have been disproportionately affected by the SARS COV-2 (“COVID-19”) pandemic. Objective To describe the significant needs and social determinants of health that affected a group of uninsured patients (from equity-deserving groups) with rehabilitation diagnoses during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design Retrospective cohort study utilizing a telephone-based needs assessment from April to October, 2020. Setting Free interdisciplinary rehabilitation clinic serving patients with physical disabilities from equity-deserving minority backgrounds. Participants 51 uninsured, diverse patients with spinal cord injuries, brain injuries, amputations, strokes, and other diagnoses requiring interdisciplinary rehabilitation care. Methods Using a non-structured approach, telephone-based needs assessments were collected monthly. Reported needs were summarized into themes and the frequencies of each theme were recorded. Results From the total number of concerns, medical issues were reported with the highest frequency (46%), followed by equipment needs (30%) and mental health concerns (30%). Other frequently mentioned needs centered around themes of rent, employment, and supplies. Rent and employment were more frequently cited in earlier months, and equipment problems were more frequently cited in later months. A minority of patients reported they had no needs, some of whom had acquired insurance. Conclusions Our objective was to describe the needs of a racially and ethnically diverse set of uninsured individuals with physical disabilities seen at a specialized interdisciplinary rehabilitation pro bono clinic during the early months of COVID-19. Medical issues, equipment needs, and mental health concerns were the top three needs. To optimally serve them, care providers must be aware of current and future needs for their underserved patients, especially if future lockdowns occur.
Generalized Optimal Zero Phase Error Tracking Controller Design

This paper presents a simple design method of discrete-time feedforward controllers that provide the overall transfer function with the following frequency characteristics. (i) The phase is equal to zero for all frequencies. (ii) The gain is equal to one at given frequencies. (iii) The error between the gain and unity for a given frequency range is minimized under given preview steps. The contributions of this paper are as follows. First, a new approach based on the spectral factorization is proposed and the class of all controllers satisfying the above conditions (i) and (ii) is parametrized using the solution of a Diophantine equation, i.e., the controller is obtained in an explicit form. With this explicit parametrization, the optimal feedforward controller is obtained by an ordinary least square method. The design method proposed in this paper is simple and straightforward, whereas the design method in previous result requires the solution of an optimization problem with troublesome inequality constraint and involves trial and error. Secondly, the frequencies at which the gain is made equal to unity can be chosen arbitrarily, while, in previous result, the frequency is restricted to zero. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated by simulation.
On the Siegel–Weil formula: The case of singular forms

Abstract For the dual pair Sp(n)×O(m) with m≤n, we prove an identity between a special value of a certain Eisenstein series and the regularized integral of a theta function. The proof uses the functional equation of the Eisenstein series and the regularized Siegel–Weil formula for Sp(n)×O(2n+2−m). Analogous results for unitary and orthogonal groups are included.
Nonlinear instability in plane Poiseuille flow: a quantitative comparison between the methods of amplitude expansions and the method of multiple scales

This paper shows that two different expansion procedures for hydrodynamical stability problems are equivalent. The method of multiple scales of Stewartson & Stuart (1971) is extended to calculate the stream function up to order ε2. Watson’s (1960) rigorous amplitude expansion of the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is also used to calculate the stream function up to the same order of magnitude, and a complete equivalence between the two results is found. An analysis of the Eckhaus model equations has been made and the results are equivalent.
Individual expression and processing of hepatitis C virus E1/E2 epitopes-based DNA vaccine candidate in healthy humans’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Purpose The development and study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine candidates’ individualized responses are of great importance. Here we report on an HCV DNA vaccine candidate based on selected envelope (E1/E2) epitopes. Besides, we assessed its expression and processing in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vivo cellular response in mice. Materials and Methods HCV E1/E2 DNA construct (EC) was designed. The antigen expression of EC was assayed in PBMCs of five HCV-uninfected donors via a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Serum samples from 20 HCV antibody-positive patients were used to detect each individual PBMCs expressed antigens via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two groups, five Swiss albino mice each, were immunized with the EC or a control construct. The absolute count of lymph nodes’ CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes was assessed. Results Donors’ PBMCs showed different levels of EC expression, ranging between 0.83–2.61-fold in four donors, while donor-3 showed 34.53-fold expression. The antigens expressed in PBMCs were significantly reactive to the 20 HCV antibody repertoire (all p=0.0001). All showed comparable reactivity except for donor-3 showing the lowest reactivity level. The absolute count % of the CD4+ T-cell significantly increased in four of the five EC-immunized mice compared to the control group (p=0.03). No significant difference in CD8+ T-cells % was observed (p=0.89). Conclusion The inter-individual variation in antigen expression and processing dominance was evident, showing independence in individuals’ antigen expression and reactivity levels to antibodies. The described vaccine candidate might result in a promising natural immune response with a possibility of CD4+ T-cell early priming.
Impact of feeding habits on the development of language-specific processing of phonemes in brain: An event-related potentials study

Introduction Infancy is a stage characterized by multiple brain and cognitive changes. In a short time, infants must consolidate a new brain network and develop two important properties for speech comprehension: phonemic normalization and categorical perception. Recent studies have described diet as an essential factor in normal language development, reporting that breastfed infants show an earlier brain maturity and thus a faster cognitive development. Few studies have described a long-term effect of diet on phonological perception. Methods To explore that effect, we compared the event-related potentials (ERPs) collected during an oddball paradigm (frequent /pa/80%, deviant/ba/20%) of infants fed with breast milk (BF), cow-milk-based formula (MF), and soy-based formula (SF), which were assessed at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months of age [Mean across all age groups: 127 BF infants, Mean (M) 39.6 gestation weeks; 121 MF infants, M = 39.16 gestation weeks; 116 SF infants, M = 39.16 gestation weeks]. Results Behavioral differences between dietary groups in acoustic comprehension were observed at 24-months of age. The BF group displayed greater scores than the MF and SF groups. In phonological discrimination task, the ERPs analyses showed that SF group had an electrophysiological pattern associated with difficulties in phonological-stimulus awareness [mismatch negativity (MMN)-2 latency in frontal left regions of interest (ROI) and longer MMN-2 latency in temporal right ROI] and less brain maturity than BF and MF groups. The SF group displayed more right-lateralized brain recruitment in phonological processing at 12-months old. Discussion We conclude that using soy-based formula in a prolonged and frequent manner might trigger a language development different from that observed in the BF or MF groups. The soy-based formula’s composition might affect frontal left-brain area development, which is a nodal brain region in phonological-stimuli awareness.
Design Considerations for Compact High-Average Power Free-Electron Lasers/Masers at Terahertz Frequencies

Interest is increasing in high-power terahertz (THz) sources of radiation. The terminology is fluid, but researchers in the field typically refer to frequencies ranging from about 300 GHz to 10 THz as THz radiation. In this article, we present a description of design considerations for a compact, high-average power free-electron laser. At present, THz radiation is generated by a variety of mechanisms, including laser-based sources and electron-beam-based sources. We provide a short description of current THz source technology to give background against which to compare the present concept; however, this should not be considered a comprehensive discussion of such technologies.
Using Dual-Polarized Radar and Dual-Frequency Profiler for DSD Characterization: A Case Study from Darwin, Australia

Abstract Comparisons are made between the reflectivity Z, median volume diameter D0, and rain rate R from a dual-frequency profiler and the C-band polarimetric radar (C-POL), which are both located near Darwin, Australia. Examples from the premonsoon “buildup” regime and the monsoon (oceanic) regime are used to illustrate the excellent agreement between the dual-profiler retrievals and the polarimetric radar-based retrievals. This work builds on similar works that were limited in scope to shallow tropical showers and predominantly stratiform rain events. The dual-frequency profiler retrievals of D0 and R herein are based on ensemble statistics, whereas the polarimetric radar retrievals are based on algorithms derived by using one season of disdrometer data from Darwin along with scattering simulations. The latest drop shape versus D relation is used as well as the canting angle distribution results obtained from the 80-m fall bridge experiment in the scattering simulations. The scatterplot of D0 from dual.