Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Compositions of Odor Components of Natto and Cooked Soybeans

Natto, a traditional Japanese food product, was prepared from cooked soybeans by fermentation and its odor concentrate was obtained with a simultaneous distillation and extraction system. It was compared to those obtained from soybeans cooked for 0 ~ 3, 3 ~ 5.5 and 5.5 ~ 8 hr, respectively, by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the odor concentrates of the cooked soybeans, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal and hexanol contributing to the green and grassy odor of soybeans disappeared or decreased while the cooking was in progress. 2-Pentylfuran and 1-octen-3-ol contributing to the beany odor remained even if the soybeans were cooked for 8 hr and were fermented into Natto. In the odor concentrate of Natto, pyrazines and sulfur containing compounds were important contributors to the characteristic odor of Natto. As the beany odor was not detected for Natto, it was concluded that the pyrazines and sulfur containing compounds cause the characteristic odor of Natto and mask the beany odor.
Carbon loss and optical property changes during long‐term photochemical and biological degradation of estuarine dissolved organic matter

Terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) impacts the optical properties of coastal seawater and affects carbon cycling on a global scale. We studied sequential long‐term photochemical and biological degradation of estuarine dissolved organic matter from the Satilla River, an estuary in the southeastern United States that is dominated by vascular plant‐derived organic matter. During photodegradation, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loss (amounting to 31% of the initial DOC) was much less extensive than colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) or fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) loss (50% and 56% of the initial CDOM and FDOM), and analysis of kinetics suggested a reservoir of DOC that was resistant to photodegradation. In contrast, CDOM photodegradation closely followed first‐order kinetics over two half‐lives with no indication of a nondegradable component. FDOM loss was slightly biased toward fluorophores considered representative of terrestrial humic substances. Additional changes in optical properties included increases in spectral slope and shifts in fluorescence excitation/emission maxima that were generally consistent with previous observations from field studies of photobleached DOM. Biological degradation of photobleached DOM was more rapid than that of unbleached material, and this net positive effect was evident even for extensively photodegraded material. Bacterial degradation caused shifts in the opposite direction from photochemical degradation for both spectral slope and excitation/emission maxima and thus dampened but did not eliminate changes in optical properties caused by photobleaching.
The Situation of the German Elbe Tributaries — Development of the Loads in the Last 10 Years

From 1991 to 1996 intensive investigations (“Leitprojekt Elbe 2000”) were performed on the water and sediment quality of the German Elbe tributaries. Schwarze Elster, the Mulde river system (Freiberger Mulde, Zwickauer Mulde, andVereinigte Mulde), Saale and its tributaries Ilm and Unstrut, Weise Elster, and Havel and Spree were considered. These important tributaries have a catchment area of approximately 86 000 km2 and they are together more than 2 500 km long. The concentrations of different metals (e.g., Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, or Zn) were determined. Furthermore, the alkali and alkaline earth elements and the concentrations of anions such as Cl—, NO, and SO were analyzed in the water samples. In addition, conductivity, pH, redox potential, and temperature were measured directly at the sampling location. Together 21 700 pieces of data for water samples and 8 300 pieces of data for sediment samples formed the base for the statistical evaluation and interpretation. The water samples of the German Elbe tributaries are characterized by high salt loads (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl—, and conductivity), resulting from mining in the southern Harz region. In the sediments the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were identified as the most important anthropogenic parameters. The elements Co, Fe, Mn, and Ni were detected as typical background elements. Die Situation der deutschen Elbenebenflusse — Entwicklung der Belastung in den letzten 10 Jahren Im Zeitraum von 1991 bis 1996 ermoglichte das „Leitprojekt Elbe 2000” eine in diesem Umfang erstmalige Bestandsaufnahme der aktuellen Belastungssituation der deutschen Elbenebenflusse. Dabei wurden die Schwarze Elster, das Muldensystem, die Saale einschlieslich Ilm, Unstrut und Weiser Elster sowie die Havel und die Spree beprobt. Das Einzugsgebiet dieser Flusse umfasst eine Flache von ca. 86 000 km2 und die Gesamtfliesstrecke summiert sich auf mehr als 2 500 km. Innerhalb dieser Untersuchung erfolgte die Bestimmung einer Vielzahl von Schwermetallen (z.B. Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb und Zn) sowohl im Sediment als auch im Filtrat. Weiterhin wurden die Gehalte an Alkali- und Erdalkalielementen sowie verschiedener Anionen, wie z.B. Cl—, NO, uand SO, im Filtrat ermittelt. Am Ort der Probennahme wurden sowohl die Leitfahigkeit, der pH-Wert, das Redoxpotential als auch die Temperatur gemessen. Insgesamt bilden 21 700 Filtrat- sowie 8 300 Sedimentdaten die Grundlage fur die weiterfuhrende statistische Auswertung und Interpretation. Die Filtrate der deutschen Elbenebenflusse sind insbesondere durch hohe Salzfrachten (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl—, Leitfahigkeit), bedingt vor allem durch die Kaliindustrie in der Region des Sudharzes, charakterisiert. Innerhalb der Sedimente liesen sich zum einen die uberwiegend anthropogenen Elemente As, Cd, Pb und Zn sowie die in erster Linie geogenen Elemente Co, Fe, Mn und Ni als typische Einflussgrosen identifizieren.
Nanometer-scale composition measurements of Ge/Si(100) islands

Quantitative, nanometer-scale spatial resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) was used to map the composition of coherent islands grown by molecular-beam epitaxy of pure Ge onto Si(100). The Ge concentration XGe decreased, and the Ge/Si interface became more diffuse as the growth temperature increased from 400 to 700 °C. Integrated island volumes measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) increased linearly with Ge coverage θGe, with slopes greater than 1. This result confirmed that island growth is faster than the Ge deposition rate due to Si interdiffusion. The linearity of the island volume versus θGe curves implied that XGe was independent of island size. XGe measured by EELS and AFM agree well with each other and correctly predicted the minimum dome size observed at each growth temperature.
Improvement in the lag phase estimation of individual cells that have survived mild heat treatment

Summary The effect of heat on the variability of lag phase of single cells was investigated. In addition, three alternatives on the lag phase determination were analysed, considering different approaches to estimate the inoculum size: samples with growth contained one initial cell (1C), the average of the truncated Poisson distribution of the number of cells (TP) or the number of cells given by the Poisson function (P). Increasing the intensity of the treatment lengthened the lag phase of survivors and increased its variability. In addition, the comparisons between the lag phase assuming the approaches 1C and P, and TP and P, usually differed significantly in the absence of heat treatment, but not when heat was applied. 1C and TP approaches were never significantly different. The assumption that growth starts from one cell is appropriate when lag phases are long, but it can lead to errors when growth conditions are optimal.
Role of Fe substitution on the anomalous magnetocaloric and magnetoresistance behaviour in Tb(Ni1−xFex)2 compounds

We report the magnetic, magnetocaloric and magnetoresistance results obtained from Tb(Ni1−xFex)2 compounds with x = 0, 0.025 and 0.05. Fe substitution leads to an increase in the ordering temperature from 36 K for x = 0 to 124 K for x = 0.05. In contrast to the single sharp magnetocaloric effect (MCE) peak seen in TbNi2, the MCE peaks of the Fe-substituted compounds are quite broad. We attribute the anomalous MCE behaviour to the randomization of the Tb moments brought about by the Fe substitution. Magnetic and magnetoresistance results seem to corroborate this proposition. The present study also shows that the anomalous magnetocaloric and magnetoresistance behaviour seen in the present compounds is similar to that of Ho(Ni,Fe)2 compounds.
Determination of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in Bovine Colostrum Samples

Abstract The major growth factors in bovine colostrum are transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-β1 and TGF-β2) and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2). Recently, TGF-β2 content of bovine colostrum was measured using a TGF-β2 specific ELISA (1) and now we have validated ELISAs for for bovine TGF-β1 and IGF-1. The concentrations of IGF-1 and TGF-β1 in the first milking after calving were 248–1 850 ng/ml and 12.4–42.6 ng/ml, respectively, and they declined in correlation with total protein concentration to 27.0–101 ng/ml (IGF-1) and 0.80–3.49 ng/ml (TGF-β1) by the fifth milkings. The amount of TGF-β1 was on average 5.3±1.4% of that of TGF-β2 and there is a high correlation (r=0.966) between the concentrations of these growth factors in the same samples. No free TGF-β1 form of could be detected.
Low energy ion induced desorption on technical surfaces: At room temperature

The ion-induced pressure instability is a hard limitation for the maximum intensity, and hence the ultimate luminosity achievable in a proton accelerator. This instability is due to the interaction of high intensity proton beams with the residual gas generating positive ions. These ions, accelerated by the beam space charge, impact on the vaccuum chamber wall and lead to the desorption of gaseous species like $H_{2}, CH_{4}, C_{2}H_{4}, C_{2}H_{6}, CO$ and $CO_{2}$. These gases can in turn be ionized by the circulating beam, and initiate a pressure run-away process causing the loss of the stored beam. This phenomenon was first registered right at the beginning of operation of the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) at CERN in 1970. Later on, a long term evolution of the pressure was recorded for a stable stored beam current where a change of the residual gas composition was measured. In order to adapt the pumping speed and the surface treatments to the desired circulating beam currents, mathematical tools (e.g. VASCO code) exist to calculate pressure profiles in accelerator vacuum systems. A key input for these programs is the desorption yield of the surface, i.e. the number of molecules released by incoming ions and one of the limitations of these programs results from the lack of data concerning the ion-induced desorption yields dependence on the nature and mass of the incident ions. To improve our knowledge of these desorption yields, the ion-induced desorption of Oxygen-Free High Conductivity (OFHC) copper samples has been studied at room temperature for various primary ions: noble gas ions and ions produced by the ionization of the common gases encountered in accelerator vacuum systems, i.e. $H^{+}_{2}, CH^{+}_{4}, CO^{+}$ and $CO^{+}_{2}$. The measured dependence of the desorption yields on the mass, energy and nature of the incident ions is presented and discussed. In this context, the decrease of the ion-induced desorption yield as a function of the incident ion dose (so called "beam cleaning") has been studied for OFHC-copper and other materials. From these measurements, desorption cross-sections have been calculated and are compared with results from corresponding measurements found in the literature. A model, which relates the sputter yield with the nuclear and electronic energy loss of ions in matter, has been applied to the ion-induced desorption: Conclusions concerning the influence of the mass and energy on the mechanism of desorption are presented.
BURNOUT CONDITIONS FOR FLOW OF BOILING WATER IN VERTICAL ROD CLUSTERS

This paper deals with a new concept for predicting burnout conditions for forced convection of boiling water in fuel elements of nuclear boiling reactors. The concept states the importance of considering the ratio of heated channel perimeter to total channel perimeter. The perimeter ratio concept was arrived at from an experimental study of burnout conditions in rod clusters consisting of three rods of 13 mm. outside diameter and 830 mm. heated length. Data were obtained for pressures between 2.5 and 10 kg. /sq. cm. , surface heat fluxes between 50 and 120 W. / sq. cm. , mass flow rates between 0.03 and 0.33 kg. /sec. , and steam qualities between 0.01 and 0.52. The rod clearance for the experiment were 2 and 6 mm. The diameter of the channel was 41.3 mm. Additional runs were also performed after unheated displacement rods were introduced in the channel. The rod clearance in this case was 6 mm. In the ranges investigated the measured burnout steam qualities at the outlet of the channel decrease with increasing heat flux and decreasing pressure. Furthermore it has been found that the influence of rod clearance is, in the range investigated, of small significance for engineering purposes. It has also been observed that the present burnout steam quality data for the rod clusters are much lower than those earlier obtained for round ducts. This may be explained physically by means of the perimeter ratio concept. It has also been found that the surface shear stress distribution around the channel perimeter and especially the position of maximum shear stress is of great importance for predicting burnout conditions for flow in channels. Finally the new method has helped in understanding and interpreting experimental results which earlier may have seemed inconsistent.
Tin‐ and Lead‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Scrutiny: An Environmental Perspective

Dr. L. Serrano-Lujan, Dr. J. Abad, Dr. A. Urbina Department of Electronics Technical University of Cartagena Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena , Spain Dr. N. Espinosa, Dr. T. T. Larsen-Olsen, Prof. F. C. Krebs Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark E-mail: frkr@dtu.dk Dr. A. Urbina Department of Physics Imperial College London Prince Consort Road. , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
Chemical Trends in the Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure of Monosubstituted and Para-Bisubstituted Benzenes

Carbon 1s (C−R) → π*CC electronic transitions originating from the substituent-bonded carbon atom of a benzene ring show distinctive chemical shifts in their near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra. We have systematically explored these chemical shifts through ab initio calculations and carefully calibrated experimental data for a wide range of molecules containing substituted benzene rings. The systematic disparity between experimental and calculated transition energies was used to develop a semiempirical correction for this class of transitions, allowing us to map calculated transition energies onto a corrected, experimental energy scale. The correction method was applied to a large set of calculated core C 1s (C−R) → π*CC transition energies, and used to prepare a chemically wide-ranging NEXAFS correlation diagram for the “C−R π* band”. We demonstrate the usefulness of this correlation diagram for the analytical application of NEXAFS spectroscopy and microscopy to organic materials.
The metabolism of 9α-fluorinated steroids in the human kidney

We compared the renal metabolism of 9α-fluorinated steroids with that of the unfluorinated, endogenous steroid cortisol (F) By defining kinetic variables, we characterized isoenzyme activities of 11s-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (11s-HSD). Methods: I) In human kidney slices, we studied the conversion of 9α-fluoro-cortisol (FF) and F to their oxo-products (and vice versa). II) In human kidney microsomes, we performed the kinetic analysis of 11s-HSD activity for the steroid pairs F/cortisone (E) and dexamethasone (D)/11-dehydro-dexamethasone (DH-D). Results: I) In kidney slices, FF is very weakly oxidized to 9α-fluorocortisone (FE), while the reduction of FE to FF is very effective. In contrast, E is hardly reduced to F, but F is strongly inactivated to E. II) Enzyme kinetics in kidney microsomes: 1a) Oxidation of F to E: exclusively NAD-dependent; Km = 25.5 nmol/L. b) Reduction of E to F: clearly NADH-preferring; Km = 81 nmol/L; Vmaxoxidation/Vmaxreduction (F/E) = 26. 2a) Oxidation of D to DH-D: exclusivel.
Response of Zea Maize and Microorganisms to Soil Pollution with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Our research aimed to assess the impact of soil pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the amount of plant biomass produced and the numbers of selected groups of soil microorganisms. The aromatic hydrocarbons supplied to the soil were decomposed to various degrees, but we discovered a considerable decrease in detectable PAHs in soil. In strongly polluted soils the detected amount was the lowest for fluorene, then for benzo(a)pyrene and finally for chrysene. The greatest amounts of maize biomass (the aboveground parts and roots) were assessed on the treatment, where soil revealed elevated PAH content (I). Introducing PAHs to the soil caused quantitative changes in the soil microbiocenotic composition. The numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were greater in the soil from treatments polluted with PAHs (I and II) than in the control soil (K).
Absorção de manganês em soja RR sob efeito do glifosate

It was hypothesized that Mn uptake efficiency and transport by transgenic, glifosate-resistant soybean would be affected by application of the herbicide. Two experiments were carried out to study manganese uptake, long-distance transport and absorption kinetics of genetically modified soybean as affected by glifosate application. Experiment 1: The treatments consisted of two near-isogenic soybean cultivars grown in nutrient solution (Conquista and Valiosa RR with or without application of glifosate). The Mn levels in the nutrient solution were 0, 0.085, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500 mg L-1. Twenty-five days after emergence, part of the total transgenic soybean plants were sprayed with herbicide. Experiment 2: Plants were sprayed with glifosate on the 26th day of cultivation at rates of 0 (zero), 15 and 960 g ha-1 to study the Mn absorption kinetics of cultivar Valiosa RR. It was found that genetic resistance to glifosate did not affect manganese nutrition in soybean cultivar Valiosa RR. Despite reducing the root dry matter, glifosate does not hamper Mn absorption and transport in transgenic soybean plants. The Mn absorption kinetic parameters of Valiosa RR, Km, Vmax and Cmin are not altered by glifosate applied to leaves.
Antioxidant Activities and Antioxidative Components in Extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.

Galangal extracted using 50% ethanol in water was studied for its antioxidant activity and composition in comparison with two other samples based on a water extract and the essential oil. The antioxidant activities were determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. The ethanolic extract showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging ability as well as the highest ORAC value when compared to the water extract and the essential oil. The IC50 values of the galangal ethanolic extract (10.66 mg/ml), water extract (55.48 mg/ml) and essential oil (455.43 mg/ml) were higher than those of α-tocopherol (1.45 mg/ml) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA; 0.41 mg/ml). The results indicated that the antioxidant activities of galangal extracts were lower than that of BHA, the commercial synthetic antioxidant generally used in food. The ethanolic extract contained the highest concentrations of total phenolic compounds (31.49 mgGAE/g) and flavonoids (13.78 mgCE/g). The water extract and the essential oil had a total phenolic content of 8.25 and 5.01 mgGAE/g and a total flavonoid content of 1.48 and 0.20 mgCE/g, respectively. Antioxidants in the galangal essential oil, namely, methyl eugenol (4,130.38 ∝g/g), chavicol (2,390.45 ∝g/g), and eugenol (728.30 ∝g/g) were found in its volatile fraction. The water extract contained mainly myricetin (14.60 mg/g extract) and an unknown phenolic compound. The major antioxidants in the ethanolic extract were 1´-acetoxycavichol acetate (10.56 mg/g extract), catechin (1.74 mg/g extract), and three unknown subtances. In addition to the phenolic compounds, 1´-acetoxycavichol acetate (ACA) could play an important role in the antioxidant activity of galangal. The ethanolic extract of galangal was also advantageous as an antioxidant in food due to its mild odor compared with the essential oil.
Polycrystalline BiCuSeO oxide as a potential thermoelectric material

This work revealed that BiCuSeO oxyselenide is a potential oxide-based thermoelectric material, whose dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) reaches ∼0.70 at 773 K. High phase-purity BiCuSeO polycrystalline materials with fine grains were synthesized by a facile method combining a solid-state reaction and spark plasma sintering. Purifying the constitutive phase and reducing the grain sizes by introducing a high-energy ball milling process before spark plasma sintering were found to be effective in property enhancement. The resultant single-phased BiCuSeO sample derived from ball-milled powders shows good electrical conductivity above 4.0 × 103 S m−1 and a large Seebeck coefficient above 200 μV K−1. This compound has a low thermal conductivity (∼0.5 W m−1 K−1), which is associated with its low phonon transport speed and Young's modulus. Results indicated that BiCuSeO-based materials are promising for energy conversion applications in the moderate temperature range.
Gasification of Rice Husk in a Fluidized-Bed Gasifier without Inert Additives

A novel fluidized-bed gasifier was designed in which rice husk was fluidized and gasified without inert additives. The gas compositions of CO, CO2, H2, CH4, and O2 were determined by an online analyzer and gas chromatography. The results showed that low fluidized velocity and low gasification temperature (550−650 °C) were beneficial to the production of syngas with a high composition of CO. The composition of H2 was influenced slightly by the equivalent ratio. The average composition of H2 was almost unchangeable to different fluidized velocities. The minimal fluidized velocity vmf of rice husk without inert additives experimentally determined was 0.495 m/s, which was higher than that of the two-component system containing rice husk and sand (vmf < 0.3 m/s). The throughput of rice husk in this reactor was higher than that in a fixed bed with the same volume. This fluidized-bed reactor had a longer service term than a traditional fluidized bed for a two-component system.