Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modified passive capillary samplers for collecting samples of snowmelt infiltration for stable isotope analysis in remote, seasonally inaccessible watersheds 1: laboratory evaluation

Snowmelt is the most significant source of runoff generation and recharge in many of the mountainous watersheds worldwide and this is especially true in the southwestern United States. Yet, the isotopic and geochemical composition of the soil–meltwater endmember remains poorly constrained. Using the isotopic compositions of snow and snowmelt runoff samples taken from the landscape surface as proxies for soil–meltwater endmembers is problematic since they are typically not representative of the actual composition of soil meltwater. Furthermore, the applicability of current methodologies to collect the isotopic composition of meltwater is limited because of the remote and often seasonally inaccessible nature of the terrain where snowpacks develop. Therefore, a robust methodology requiring little maintenance or monitoring is desirable. A lab experiment was conducted to determine the suitability of using a modified passive capillary sampler (M‐PCAPS) design to collect snowmelt infiltration for isotopic analysis. Passive capillary samplers are constructed from fiberglass wicks that can be installed in the soil to sample vadose‐zone waters under a wide range of matric potentials and require little maintenance. Results from this lab experiment indicate that the wicking process associated with M‐PCAPS does not fractionate water but certain precautions are necessary to prevent exchange between the wick and the atmosphere. In this experiment, M‐PCAPS effectively tracked the changing isotopic composition of a soil reservoir undergoing evaporation. Therefore, M‐PCAPS provide a robust methodology to sample the isotopic composition of snowmelt infiltration in remote watersheds and similar applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radioactive Wastes

Papers reviewed herein present a general overview of radioactive waste activities around the world in 2001. Management solutions for the final disposal of low-, intermediate-, and high level wastes (LLW, ILW, HLW); interim storage of and final disposal options for spent fuel; and disposition of excess weapons plutonium (Pu) are presented, with a focus on environmental impacts due to the mobility of radionuclides and interactions with water (e.g., associated with reprocessing plant discharges to seawater, repository waste interactions with ground water and stream water, and buried waste interactions with pore waters).
7.17. System Engineering for Faster, Cheaper, Better

The continued thrust to increase competitiveness and shorten time‐to‐market in industry, and the more recent effort to “reinvent” the procurement process in government, has created sustained pressure to adopt new paradigms for aerospace projects. The banner of “faster, cheaper, better” places emphasis on use of Commercial Off‐The‐Shelf (COTS) systems and components, Non‐Development Items (NDI) (previously developed products that are not commercially available), and advanced, lightweight components.
Biological Fixed Film Systems

INTRODUCTION Overview The work reviewed here was published during the catalogue/issue year 2000 and described research involving biofilms treating pollutants. This review explicitly excludes research in medical biofilms, dental biofilms, biofilms causing corrosion and biofilm formation in drinking water treatment and distribution systems. Anaerobic biofilm treatment system research is not reviewed here although a set of references is provided. However, the authors have included coverage of denitrification in traditional biofilm treatment systems. Similarly, biofilm systems for the treatment of air pollutants is reviewed in the Gaseous Emissions from Wastewater Facilities section of this issue. Coverage The references catalogued here are divided on the basis of fundamental research area or reactor type. Fundamental research into biofilms is presented in two sections, characterization/measurement and growth/modeling. References related to models of specific processes are included in the section on that technology. The reactor types which are covered are trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, fluidized bed biofilters (including airlift bioreactors), submerged bed bioreactors (including moving bed and floating bed bioreactors), biological activated carbon, membrane bioreactors (not including the use of membrane filtration in suspendedgrowth reactors), and immobilized cell bioreactors. Thereafter, innovative reactors which are not easily classified are presented, and an additional section on biofilms on sand, soil, and sediment is given. Reviews and Reactor Comparisons Flemming (2000) reviewed biofilm definition, utilization, biofouling, microbially influenced corrosion and sorption behavior. With his co-editors, Flemming (2000a) also was responsible for a text on biofilm investigation and methodology. One field of biofilm characterization that has advanced significantly in the last decade is research regarding regulatory pathways and gene expression; these were explored in a review by Kuchma (2000). O’Toole (2000b) similarly noted that the planktonic to biofilm transition is complex and highly regulated but effectively
Co-Opted Biased Social Science: 64 Years of Telling Half Truths about the Kibbutz

Critics find that social sciences tend to comply with social domination by power elites, which is often low-moral, but the debate on public expectations of social scientists often misses this. The failed kibbutz research illuminates this problem: while supposedly abiding by such expectations, a dominant functionalist scientific coalition was co-opted by privileged old guard leaders and power elites for dozens of years to the public detriment. This coalition concealed leaders’ and power elites’ violations of kibbutz radical principles in inter-kibbutz organizations (hereafter I-KOs) by evading their study, and created a faked image of democracy and egalitarianism that enhanced academic success but helped conceal the pernicious conservative oligarchic hegemony of life-long I-KO leaders, harming efforts to overcome it. This eventually led to the demise of the kibbutz radical system, a failure that functionalists have failed to explain. The findings support critics of conformist social sciences while pointing to their Achilles heel, i.e., fallible survey research methods that call for new measures that minimize fallibility and the likelihood of co-opting social scientists by power elites, as well as measures that will maximize chances of exposing such scientific failures.
Approach of a Port Inventory Control System For the Offshore Installation of Wind Turbines

The offshore installation of wind turbines is very challenging due to difficult weather conditions as well as limited port and vessel capacities. Using historical data for statistical analysis is an opportunity to schedule and optimize such dynamic scenarios. Thereby, the port inventory control is responsible for the availability of needed offshore components. This paper presents a simulation approach for determining the optimized configuration of a single-echelon inventory system, which supplies offshore installations of wind turbines. Additionally, a reactive scheduling heuristic is presented, which coordinates the installation vessels by considering different weather conditions. As a result, this approach supports the planning and configuration of offshore logistics systems.
Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: I. Theory and methodology

Crusting and erosion of cultivated soils result from aggregate breakdown and the detachment of soil fragments by rain, and the susceptibility of soil to these processes is often inferred from measurements of aggregate stability. Here, theories of aggregate breakdown are reviewed and four main mechanisms (i.e. slaking, breakdown by differential swelling, mechanical breakdown by raindrop impact and physico‐chemical dispersion) are defined. Their relative importance depends on the nature of the rain, as well as on the soil's physical and chemical properties. The relations between aggregate breakdown, crusting and water erosion are analysed, and existing methods for the assessment of aggregate stability are reviewed. A unified framework for the measurement of aggregate stability is proposed to assess a soil's susceptibility to crusting and erosion. It combines three treatments having various wetting conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and stirring after pre‐wetting) and measures the resulting fragment size distribution after each treatment. It is designed to compare different soils, or different climatic conditions for a given soil, not to compare time‐dependent changes in that soil.
Letters to the Editors

I refer to OlguõÂ n and Fearn (1997) and to Bissell (1989, 1992), in which I oered a simple -test for determining whether any mean squares in a saturated n-design indicate signi®cant eects n  2 or more levels of each factor, k is the number of eects and thus  nÿ 1 is the number of degrees of freedom per eect and there are k mean squares each on degrees of freedom in the analysis of variance). In Bissell (1989, 1992) I showed that, if the mean and variance of these mean squares, m and s, are calculated, then under the null hypothesis
Proposal and calibration of a biodynamic model of human-structure interaction by the resolution of the inverse dynamic problem: application to pedestrian bridges

n this thesis a biomechanical crowd-structure interaction model is proposed and further implemented in order to adequately estimate the energy exchange between pedestrians and footbridge. The proposed model focuses on both the vibrations in the vertical and lateral directions and it allows to take into account the change of the modal properties of the structure due to the presence of pedestrians, thus improving the numerical estimation of the response of the structure under pedestrian flows. It further permits to analyze in more detail the lateral lock-in phenomenon. The model involves two sub-models, namely (i) a pedestrian-structure interaction sub-model plus (ii) a crowd sub-model. The first sub-model follows from a modal projection of a two degree of freedom system that simulates the behavior of each pedestrian, on the vibration modes of the structure. The parameters of this model are estimated from the accelerations recorded on a real footbridge by implementing an inverse dynamic approach. For the second sub-model, the crowd behavior is simulated via a multi-agent method. The performance of the resulting overall model is assessed by correlating the experimental and numerical dynamic behavior of two real footbridges. In particular two phenomena are analyzed in detailed: (i) the change in the first vertical natural frequency of a real footbridge induced by the pedestrian-structure interaction and (ii) the occurrence of the lateral lock-in phenomenon due to the pedestrian action. The proposed model leads to numerical results that exhibit good agreement with the obtained experimental values. Therefore, it becomes a valuable tool to account for the change on the modal properties of a footbridge induced by the crowd-structure interaction phenomenon. The consideration of this factor allows estimating more accurately the dynamic response of the footbridge under the pedestrian action, analyzing in more detailed the occurrence of the lateral lock-in phenomenon or improving the efficiency in the design of passive and active dampers if their installation was necessary to guarantee an adequate comfort level on the footbridge
Nutrient and temperature control of the contribution of picoplankton to phytoplankton biomass and production

In Agawin et al. (2000) the last four sentences of the first paragraph in the discussion (p. 596–597) should read as follows: Similar calculations indicate that the contribution of picophytoplankton biomass to global phytoplankton biomass (estimated at 1 Pg C [Falkowski et al. 1998] or about 37 mg C m23) is predicted to be 24%, assuming a carbon to chlorophyll ratio of 50 (Harris 1986). Hence, our results indicate, when scaled up, that picophytoplankton contribute 39% of the planktonic primary production of the global ocean, representing 19 Pg C yr21. Calculated from the numbers above, picophytoplankton biomass turns over 0.22 d21, which is slightly faster than the turnover of total phytoplankton biomass in the oceans (once per week or 0.14 d21, Falkowski et al. 1998). In the mesocosm experiment conducted, the turnover of picophytoplankton also slightly exceeded (by an average of 1.2 times) that of total phytoplankton, except at high nutrient loading.
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 with morphology optimized for novel concept of 3D Li accumulator

An array of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC 111) samples with a hollow‐sphere morphology enabling the use of binder‐free, millimeter‐thick electrodes in a battery are prepared by a combination of ball milling, hydrothermal treatment and calcination. Materials are studied by powder X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption measurements, X‐ray fluorescence analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Their electrochemical performance for Li+ extraction/insertion is tested by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic chronopotentiometry on thin‐film electrodes. Optimized materials, prepared by mechanical and thermal treatment with surface areas of 7 to 10 m2 g−1, provide charge capacity values of 141 to 156 mAh g−1. The concentration of the crystalline phase in NMC 111 materials with a hollow‐sphere morphology is found to be the decisive parameter for their galvanostatic cycling stability. Hollow spheres with well‐developed NMC nanocrystals and a low concentration of amorphous phase in the walls, exhibiting excellent cycling stability and charge capacity in thin‐film electrodes are incorporated into a NMC/graphite 3D‐battery module. This 122 Ah/451 Wh 3D‐battery provides 78% of theoretical capacity and 73% of theoretical energy after 10 formatting cycles. Additionally, the battery prototype exhibits stable performance over more than 200 cycles at C/10 rate. A series of analogous 3D Li accumulators, currently assembled and tested in a pilot plant, represent the first step toward large‐scale production of novel 3D Li accumulator.
Building energy codes and their impact on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States

The purpose of this study is to identify and explore relationships between the building industry, building energy usage, and how both the industry and the energy usage correspond to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States. Building energy codes seek to reduce energy usage and, subsequently, GHG emissions. This study specifically seeks to determine the impact that most current U.S. building energy codes could have on national GHG emissions if widespread adoption and enforcement of those codes were a reality. The report initially presents necessary background information about GHG emissions is first discussed. This establishes the current state of global GHG emissions, the position of the U.S. within the global scale, and what portion of the contribution can be attributed to the building industry. The report also describes the current issues and benefits of building energy codes. An overview of building energy codes evaluation is included, with explanation of the energy analysis used to determine the effectiveness of new building energy codes. In order to determine how to improve the building energy code system, an analysis of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013 (equivalent to 2015 IECC, the most recent standard available) is conducted to reveal unrealized GHG emission reductions that are expected with adoption and compliance to the newest code. Standard 90.1-2013 is analyzed due to the national popularity of the code relative to other building energy codes. This analysis includes compilation of energy usage intensity, square footage, and current code adoption data throughout the United States. Results showed that the excess GHG emission savings from enhanced adoption and compliance was not significant on a national scale. However, in terms of GHG emissions currently saved by building energy codes, the extra savings becomes more significant, proving that increased adoption and compliance is a worthwhile pursuit. Recommendations are then made for how to increase adoption and compliance. This information will give policymakers improved understanding of the current state of the industry when crafting laws regarding GHG emissions and building energy codes. Furthermore, findings from this study could benefit specific states that are attempting to lower GHG emissions.
Gender Differences in Risk Perception: Theoretical and Methodological erspectives

A substantial body of risk research indicates that women and men differ in their perceptions of risk. This paper discusses how they differ and why. A review of a number of existing empirical studies of risk perception points at several problems, regarding what gender differences are found in such studies, and how these differences are accounted for. Firstly, quantitative approaches, which have so far dominated risk research, and qualitative approaches give different, sometimes even contradictory images of women's and men's perceptions of risk. Secondly, the gender differences that appear are often left unexplained, and even when explanations are suggested, these are seldom related to gender research and gender theory in any systematic way. This paper argues that a coherent, theoretically informed gender perspective on risk is needed to improve the understanding of women's and men's risk perceptions. An analysis of social theories of gender points out some relations and distinctions which should be considered in such a perspective. It is argued that gender structures, reflected in gendered ideology and gendered practice, give rise to systematic gender differences in the perception of risk. These gender differences may be of different kinds, and their investigation requires the use of qualitative as well as quantitative methods. In conclusion, the arguments about gender and risk perception are brought together in a theoretical model which might serve as a starting point for further research.
Supply of gastropod larvae to hydrothermal vents reflects transport from local larval sources

Variation in larval supply to disjunct marine populations can provide insight into larval transport and delivery mechanisms, especially when compared with observations of physical transport. Daily variability in larval supply at two mussel‐dominated hydrothermal vents, East Wall and Choo Choo, near 9º50’N, East Pacific Rise, was quantified concurrently with hydrodynamic observations to investigate local dispersal processes. The magnitude and temporal variation in supply differed between the two vent sites despite their close proximity, 1.6 km. Larval supply was relatively high and uninterrupted at East Wall compared to low and episodic at Choo Choo. Observed variation in larval supply was compared to predictions based on advective transport from larval sources at neighboring vents. Variation in larval supply at Choo Choo correlated with along‐axis southward currents, consistent with larval transport from a northern larval source. Larval supply to East Wall appeared to be independent of current velocities, suggesting that larvae came from multiple sources north of and south of and possibly including East Wall. Transport of larvae from discrete local sources can explain differences in larval supply to vent communities, even on spatial scales of kilometers.
DC Chopper Based Test Circuit for High Voltage DC Circuit Breakers

High voltage DC circuit breakers (DC CB) are essential components for the future DC transmission grid. One of the challenges after manufacturing the DC CB is testing it and confirming the working of the DC CB under different conditions. In this paper, a 320kV, 1.5kA test circuit is proposed for testing DC CB in conditions very close to real DC transmission systems. In the proposed circuit topology a chopper is used to regulate the DC voltage. A DC capacitor bank is used to provide the energy required during the fault replication. In the test circuit the initial DC voltage is boosted by 12% which results in a DC voltage drop of 88% at the end of discharge period. The test circuit keeps the voltage at nominal level as soon as the fault is cleared to enable testing dielectric stress. The proposed test circuit is modelled using PSCAD and the simulation results are shown which confirm the working principle of the proposed test circuit.
Analysis of synchronous parasitic torque in dual skew cage rotor induction motors with equivalent slot number

The squirrel-cage induction motor with equivalent slot number may have starting problem due to synchronous locking torque. This study adopts dual skew rotor structure to solve that problem. First, the distribution of rotor slot harmonics is described. Second, the synchronous parasitic torque acting on the rotor is calculated. Eddy-current field simulation is implemented to calculate locking torque in three kinds of structure rotors squirrel-cage induction motor with equivalent slot. The induction motor with straight rotor hardly line starts in some rotor position, which illustrates that skew rotor can attenuate the synchronous parasitic torque, but cannot remove it. The dual skew rotor can remove the synchronous parasitic torque in which odd rotor slot harmonics interact with the unassociated stator harmonics, and also attenuate others. The validity of this rotor structure is verified by simulation study and also experiment.
THE FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF GLULAM TROPICAL TIMBER BEAM IN BENDING

A full scale bending testing of glued laminated (glulam) timber beam can be costly and time consuming. Therefore, computer modeling is an economical and an efficient tool to achieve the result within the acceptable accuracy. Among other modeling techniques, the finite element modeling (FEM) is widely used for its reliability to simulate and to verify the behaviour of structural elements exactly in the same way the elements perform in the experimental test. Further results of different structural element dimensions or materials can be predicted by modifying the input parameters that are of interest to the study. This study presents the verification of FEM with experimental bending test results on simply supported glulam timber beams made of Keruing and Resak species. The two dimensional (2D) FEM with LUSAS 14.3 software was used. The verification showed an acceptable agreement between the FEM and the experimental results.
Implementation of PCC-OFDM on a software-defined radio testbed

A software-defined radio implementation of polynomial cancellation coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (PCC-OFDM) on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based hardware platform is presented in this paper. Previous publications on PCC-OFDM have demonstrated that, in comparison to normal cyclic prefix based OFDM, it is robust in the presence of many impairments including carrier frequency offset, multipath distortion and phase noise. The error performance of the two multicarrier techniques is compared on a practical wireless channel under common channel impairments such as carrier frequency offset, multipath and noise. Based on the comparative results obtained on the hardware platform, the properties of PCC-OFDM make it a suitable candidate for consideration in future G applications requiring robust performance in asynchronous environments with minimal out of band spectral emissions.
Interdisciplinary sojourns

I was very honoured to receive the SSC 2013 Gold Medal, which caused me to reflect on different aspects of my research career. In this paper, I provide a personal reflection on those projects of mine, which could be regarded as “interdisciplinary. ” I present informal summaries of my experiences with these projects, and consider possible lessons to be learned. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 509–524; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada