Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Masses, Dimensionless Kerr Parameters, and Emission Regions in GeV Gamma-Ray-loud Blazars

We have compiled sample of 17 GeV γ-ray–loud blazars, for which rapid optical variability and γ-ray fluxes are well observed, from the literature. We derive estimates of the masses, the minimum Kerr parameters amin, and the size of the emission regions of the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) for the blazars in the sample from their minimum optical variability timescales and γ-ray fluxes. The results show that (1) the masses derived from the optical variability timescale (MH) are significantly correlated with the masses from the γ-ray luminosity (M); (2) the values of amin of the SMBHs with masses MH ≥ 108.3 M⊙ (three out of 17 objects) range from ∼0.5 to ∼1.0, suggesting that these SMBHs are likely to be Kerr black holes. For the SMBHs with MH < 108.3 M⊙, however, amin = 0, suggesting that a nonrotating black hole model cannot be ruled out for these objects. In addition, the values of the size of the emission region, r*, for the two kinds of SMBHs are significantly different. For the SMBHs with amin > 0, the sizes of the emission regions are almost within the horizon (2rG) and marginally bound orbit (4rG), while for those with amin = 0 they are in the range (4.3–66.4)rG, extending beyond the marginally stable orbit (6rG). These results may imply that (1) the rotational state, the radiating regions, and the physical processes in the inner regions for the two kinds of SMBH are significantly different and (2) the emission mechanisms of GeV γ-ray blazars are related to the SMBHs in their centers but are not related to the two different kinds of SMBH.
Predictive Inference from a Two-Parameter Rayleigh Life Model Given a Doubly Censored Sample

This article is concerned with making predictive inference on the basis of a doubly censored sample from a two-parameter Rayleigh life model. We derive the predictive distributions for a single future response, the ith future response, and several future responses. We use the Bayesian approach in conjunction with an improper flat prior for the location parameter and an independent proper conjugate prior for the scale parameter to derive the predictive distributions. We conclude with a numerical example in which the effect of the hyperparameters on the mean and standard deviation of the predictive density is assessed.
Transient Laminar Natural Convection in AN Enclosure from Steady Flow State to Stationary State

The aim of this numerical study is to investigate the transient natural convection in a two-dimensional enclosure of which the upper and lower walls are adiabatic. Initially t = 0, the left wall is at a higher temperature than the right wall, and the fluid of the enclosure is at a steady flow state. At time t > 0, the temperature of the left wall descends to that of the right wall. This causes the flow of the fluid in the enclosure to change. As time increases, the flow decays. Finally, the flow ceases and the fluid becomes stationary. During the computing process, a penalty finite-element method with a Newton-Raphson iteration algorithm and a backward difference scheme dealing with the time term are adopted to solve the governing equations. A skyline method is used to reduce massive computer memory. The effect of Rayleigh number on the heat transfer mechanism during the transient process is examined by investigating the Ra = 104 case, in which conduction heat transfer is dominant, and the Ra = 106 case, .
Predictive Regression: An Improved Augmented Regression Method

This paper proposes three modifications to the augmented regression method (ARM) for bias-reduced estimation and statistical inference in the predictive regression. They are related to improved bias-correction, stationarity-correction, and matrix formulae for bias-correction and covariance matrix estimation. The improved ARM provides predictive coefficient estimators unbiased to the order of n-1; and overcomes the difficulty which arises when bias-correction renders the model non-stationary. By using the matrix formulae, the improved ARM can easily be implemented for a high order or multivariate predictive regression. From a Monte Carlo experiment, it is found that these modifications deliver substantial gain in small samples, in terms of smaller bias in the estimation of predictive coefficients and improved size properties of the associated statistical tests. As an application, the improved ARM is applied to monthly US stock return data to evaluate the predictive power of dividend yield in univariate and bivariate predictive regressions. It is found that the dividend yield shows statistically significant predictability for stock return from 1946 to 1994. However, it shows little predictive power if the data from 1995 to 2009 is used. These results are evident when the lag order of predictive regression is set to 1 or 4.
Normal numbers from infinite convolution measures

Let r, s be natural numbers, r, s \geq 2, such that {\rm log}\,r/{\rm log}\,s is irrational. Let \mu_j = \sum_{k=0}^{s-1} p^{(j)}_{k}\delta_{k/s^j}, where p^{(j)}_k \in [0,1), \sum_{k=0}^{s-1} p^{(j)}_k =1, j = 1, 2, \dotsc and {\delta}_{x} denotes the probability atom at x. We prove that if there exists k_0\in \{0,\dotsc , s-2\}, such that \inf \{ p^{(j)}_{k_0}, p^{(j)}_{k_0+1} : j\in \mathbb N \} > 0 and \mu is the infinite convolution measure \mu = *^{\infty}_{j=1} {\mu_{j} }, where the convergence is in the weak* sense, then \mu-almost all numbers are normal to base r. This generalizes some earlier results of Feldman, Smorodinsky and Pushkin.
Design and In-Orbit Performance of the Suzaku Wide-Band All-Sky Monitor

The Suzaku Wide-band All-sky Monitor (WAM) consists of thick BGO anti-coincidence shields of the Hard X-ray Detectors (HXD). It views about half of the sky and has a geometrical area of 800 cm per side and an effective area of 400 cm, even at 1 MeV. Hence, the WAM can provide unique opportunities to detect high-energy emission from GRBs and solar flares in the sub-MeV to MeV range. The WAM has detected more than 400 GRBs and 100 solar flares since its launch. This paper describes the in-flight performance of the HXD/WAM during the initial two years of operations, including the in-flight energy response, spectral and timing capabilities, and in-orbit background.
Characterization of electromagnetic fields using a lock-in infrared thermographic system

Electromagnetic fields can be monitored by infrared thermography, using sensitive paints or coatings deposited on structures or thin films. Enhancement of the method by release of convective losses and conduction effects is demonstrated. This is obtained by modulating the amplitude of the fields and using a lock-in thermographic system. Examples of application are given which concern an interference field and a multimode field inside a wave-guide.
Asymptotic Joint Distribution of Linear Systematic Statistics from Multivariate Distributions

Abstract The asymptotic joint distribution of an arbitrary number of linear systematic statistics (that is, linear combinations of order statistics), when observations are made on a random vector, is shown to be normal under fairly general conditions. The linear systematic statistics may correspond to the same or to different components of the vector. Formulas for evaluating the parameters of the asymptotic normal distribution are derived. As an illustration, these are applied to the case of trimmed means when the distribution sampled is bivariate normal.
Gravitational formation times and stellar mass distributions for stars of mass 0.3-30 solar masses

The width of the 1.3 cm line of NH 3 in a dense core is related by simple power laws to the luminosity and mass of the most massive star associated with the core. These relations link the mass of the star to the initial conditions in the gas which formed the star. At the size scale ∼0.1 pc of NH 3 line observations, the effects of stellar winds on the core velocity dispersion are estimated from observations of cores with and without stars, and from the dependence of the wind momentum flux on stellar luminosity
PERIOD LENGTH AND THE BLAZHKO EFFECT IN RR LYRAE STARS

A survey of variable-period RR Lyrae field stars of type RRab was conducted. The data for these stars were culled from the fourth edition of the General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Kholopov 1985, 1987). The survey includes stars known to exhibit the Blazhko effect, stars that possibly exhibit the Blazhko effect, starr known only to have variable periods, and stars that possibly have variable periods. A correlation between the length of the pulsation period and the presence of the Blazhko effect in RRab stars was searched for by comparing the period distributions of each of the aforementioned groups of stars to the period distribution of a sample of nonvariable period RRab stars. From the analysis of the data, the mean periods for each of these groups appear to be significantly different from the mean period of the nonvariable period RRab stars.
Phase‐Sensitive X‐Ray Imaging

The basic principles of x‐ray image formation and interpretation in radiography have remained essentially unchanged since Rontgen first discovered x rays over a hundred years ago. The conventional approach relies on x‐ray absorption as the sole source of contrast and draws exclusively on ray or geometrical optics to describe and interpret image formation. This approach ignores another, potentially more useful source of contrast—phase information. Phase‐sensitive techniques, which can be understood using wave optics rather than ray optics, offer ways to augment or complement standard absorption contrast by incorporating phase information.
Hawaii 167: A compact absorption-line object at z = 2.35

During the course of the Hawaii K-band (2.1 micrometer) survey we have detected a compact object, Hawaii 167, lying at a redshift of 2.33, in which are seen both low- and high-ionization absorption lines. In the near-infrared we see broad H alpha emission at a redshift of 2.35 but do not detect the other Balmer lines, (O II) lambda 3727, or (O III) lambda 5007. The absence of strong Mg II or C IV emission in the rest ultraviolet suggests that, at these wavelengths, we may be seeing a poststarburst galaxy rather than a quasar. Indeed, this class of object may be common enough to represent a major episode of galaxy formation, possibly the formation of the spheroids. However, Q0059-2735, the most extreme member of the class of Mg II absorbing broad absorption line quasars, is very similar to the present object, and there may be an evolutionary sequence or some other close connection between Hawaii 167 and the broad absorption line quasars.
Interstellar H3O+ and its relation to the O2 and H2O abundances

We present an interstellar medium study of the three reasonably accessible low-lying submillimeter lines of the H 3 O + molecular ion at 396, 364, and 307 GHz. Emission at the frequencies of the latter two lines has previously been reported, but only from the spectroscopically confused regions Orion/KL and SgrB2. This work reports the first study of the 396 GHz line and, possibly more significantly, the detection of H 3 O + lines in less confused regions
Stability of stochastic systems with jumps

This paper deals with stochastic stability of systems with Markovian jumps and Brownian motion. Mainly, we present sufficient conditions for quadratic stabilization of Ito type stochastic linear and nonlinear systems with Markovian jumps and Brownian motion using state feedback control. We also prove the guaranteed cost property of the proposed control strategy for the linear case.
Subsonic jet noise reduction by fluidic control: The interaction region and the global effect

A microjet arrangement comprising both penetration (or immersion) and convergence (jets oriented such that two jets of a pair interact with one another) is used to control a subsonic turbulent jet with a view to noise reduction. The acoustic effect of the so-called fluidevron system is comparable to chevrons and nonconverging microjets as far as the noise reduction is concerned. Detailed experimental measurements are performed for a main jet with Mach and Reynolds numbers of 0.3 and 310 000, respectively. A direct numerical simulation study is performed for a model, plane mixing-layer problem using the immersed-boundary method, in order to help understand the topological features of the fluidevron–mixing-layer interaction. In terms of modifications produced in the flow, two relatively distinct regions are identified: the near-nozzle region, 0 1, where the jet recovers many of the uncontrolled-jet flow ch.
Approximation for Bayesian Ability Estimation

An approximation is proposed for the posterior mean and standard deviation of the ability parameter in an item response model. The procedure assumes that approximations to the posterior mean and covariance matrix of item parameters are available. It is based on the posterior mean of a Taylor series approximation to the posterior mean conditional on the item parameters. The method is illustrated for the two-parameter logistic model using data from an ACT math test with 39 items. A numerical comparison with the empirical Bayes method using n = 400 examinees shows that the point estimates are very similar but the standard deviations under empirical Bayes are about 2% smaller than those under Bayes. Moreover, when the sample size is decreased to n = 100, the standard deviation under Bayes is shown to increase by 14% in some cases.
Convergence of arguments of Blaschke products in _{}-metrics

It is shown that the naturally defined argument of a Blaschke product is a function which is the harmonic conjugate of an integrable function of constant sign. A direct construction of this function is obtained. This fact allows us to investigate the relation between conditions on the zeros of a Blaschke product and the convergence of the arguments of its partial finite subproducts in Lp-metrics, 0 < p < oo .
On the precursor in laser‐generated ultrasound waveforms in metals

A laser pulse, when focused on a metal sample, produces characteristic elastic waveforms, which depend on whether thermoelastic or ablative/evaporative mechanisms dominate the generation process. In the thermoelastic regime, with an unconstrained surface, the predominant axial displacement is opposite to the direction of propagation (negative), but there is typically a small transient positive displacement. This precursor is not predicted by elastic point source models, but is predicted by models including thermal diffusion. A recent formulation of pulsed photoacoustic generation is used to show how the precursor arises from interaction of the thermal and elastic modes at the illuminated surface.
The Long-Term Evolution of AR 7978: The Scalings of the Coronal Plasma Parameters with the Mean Photospheric Magnetic Field

We analyze the evolution of the fluxes observed in X-rays and correlate them with the magnetic flux density in active region (AR) NOAA 7978 from its birth throughout its decay, for five solar rotations. We use Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) data, together with Yohkoh Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) and Yohkoh Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) data, to determine the global evolution of the temperature and the emission measure of the coronal plasma at times when no significant brightenings were observed. We show that the mean X-ray flux and derived parameters, temperature and emission measure (together with other quantities deduced from them, such as the density and the pressure), of the plasma in the AR follow power-law relationships with the mean magnetic flux density (B̄). The exponents (b) of these power-law functions (aB̄b) are derived using two different statistical methods, a classical least-squares method in log-log plots and a nonparametric method, which takes into account the fact that errors in the data may not be normally distributed. Both methods give similar exponents, within error bars, for the mean temperature and for both instruments (SXT and BCS); in particular, b stays in the range [0.27, 0.31] and [0.24, 0.57] for full-resolution SXT images and BCS data, respectively. For the emission measure, the exponent b lies in the range [0.85, 1.35] and [0.45, 1.96] for SXT and BCS, respectively. The determination of such power-law relations, when combined with the results from coronal heating models, can provide us with powerful tools for determining the mechanism responsible for the existence of the high-temperature corona.
Millimeter-wave magnetoelectric effects in bilayers of barium hexaferrite and lead zirconate titanate

Millimeter-wave magnetoelectric interactions have been studied through electric field effects on magnetic excitations in bilayers of single crystal barium ferrite and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). An electric field E produces a mechanical deformation in PZT, resulting in a shift δf in the frequency for electromagnetic modes in the ferrite. Reflected power versus frequency profiles at 40–55GHz for a series of bias magnetic field and E=0–10kV∕cm along the c axis of the ferrite showed an increase in δf to a maximum of 8MHz. Theoretical estimates of δf are in agreement with the data.
Magnetotail waveguide: Fast and Alfvén waves in the plasma sheet boundary layer and lobe

Numerical simulations of MHD wave propagation and coupling in a realistic magnetotail are presented. Fast mode waves are observed to disperse and couple resonantly to Alfven waves over a broad layer rather than on an isolated field line. Indeed, the layer is likely to be so broad as to include the entire tail lobe as well as the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL). It appears that small k y modes (where k y is the cross-tail wave number) will provide the most efficient coupling as they will tend to propagate along the magnetotail field lines rather than across them and out of the tail boundaries. (Moreover, it is only small k y fast modes that will be able to penetrate the lobe.) Alfven waves in the PSBL are shown to phase mix rapidly resulting in strong field-aligned currents with an equatorward phase motion. These properties are in agreement with observations of optical auroral emissions. The lobe Alfven waves do not phase mix, and are not expected to excite optical emissions. They may, however, provide a significant ponderomotive force and could account for the transport of oxygen ions from the ionosphere into the distant tail lobes.
Modules in Which Every Fully Invariant Submodule is Essential in a Direct Summand

Abstract A module M is called extending if every submodule of M is essential in a direct summand. We call a module FI-extending if every fully invariant submodule is essential in a direct summand. Initially we develop basic properties in the general module setting. For example, in contrast to extending modules, a direct sum of FI-extending modules is FI-extending. Later we largely focus on the specific case when a ring is FI-extending (considered as a module over itself). Again, unlike the extending property, the FI-extending property is shown to carry over to matrix rings. Several results on ring direct decompositions of FI-extending rings are obtained, including a proper generalization of a result of C. Faith on the splitting-off of the maximal regular ideal in a continuous ring.
Long-Term Trend and Decadal Variability of Persistence of Daily 500-mb Geopotential Height Anomalies during Boreal Winter

Abstract An analysis has been made of the trend and decadal variability of persistence of daily 500-mb (hPa) geopotential height anomalies for the winter season. The persistence is measured based on autocorrelations at 1- and 5-day lags (denoted r1 and r5, respectively) and the effective time between independent samples T0. The results from linear trend analysis show that there exist significant trends of persistence of daily 500-mb geopotential height anomalies in some regions of the world. The regions with a significant decreasing trend are found to be mainly located at mid–high latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, while the regions with a significant increasing trend are mainly located in the tropical Pacific Ocean. For other variables including sea level pressure (SLP), 1000-mb height, and 200-mb height, the persistence of daily anomalies also exhibits similar trends in these regions. It is speculated that the enhanced baroclinicity and advection are possibly responsible for the signifi.
Should system dynamics be described as a ‘hard’ or ‘deterministic’ systems approach?

This paper explores the criticism that system dynamics is a ‘hard’ or ‘deterministic’ systems approach. This criticism is seen to have four interpretations and each is addressed from the perspectives of social theory and systems science. Firstly, system dynamics is shown to offer not prophecies but Popperian predictions. Secondly, it is shown to involve the view that system structure only partially, not fully, determines human behaviour. Thirdly, the field's assumptions are shown not to constitute a grand content theory—though its structural theory and its attachment to the notion of causality in social systems are acknowledged. Finally, system dynamics is shown to be significantly different from systems engineering. The paper concludes that such confusions have arisen partially because of limited communication at the theoretical level from within the system dynamics community but also because of imperfect command of the available literature on the part of external commentators. Improved communication on theoretical issues is encouraged, though it is observed that system dynamics will continue to justify its assumptions primarily from the point of view of practical problem solving. The answer to the question in the paper's title is therefore: on balance, no.