Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Open-System Processes in the Development of Silicic Magma Chambers: a Chemical and Isotopic Investigation of the Fogo A Trachyte Deposit, São Miguel, Azores

The processes operating in the development of chemical zonation in silicic magma chambers have been addressed with a Sr---Nd---Pb---Hf---Th isotope study of the chemically zoned trachyte pumice deposit of the Fogo A eruption, Fogo volcano, Azores. Sr isotopic variation is observed in whole rocks, glass separates and sanidine phenocrysts (whole-rock Sr/Sr: 0 7049---0 7061; glass Sr/Sr: 0 7048---0 7052; sanidine Sr/Sr: 0 7048--0 7062). Thorium isotopic variation is observed in glass separates, with (Th/Th)o ranging from 0 8737 to 0 8841, and exhibiting a negative correlation with Sr isotopes. The Nd, Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of the whole-rock trachytic pumices are invariant and indistinguishable from basalts flanking the volcano. The Sr isotope variations in the whole rocks are proposed to be the result of three distinct processes: contamination of the Fogo A magma by assimilation of radiogenic seawater-altered syenite wall rock, to explain the Sr and Th isotopic compositions of the glass separates; incorporation of xenocrysts into the trachytic magma, required to explain the range in feldspar Sr isotopic compositions; and posteruptive surface alteration. This study emphasizes the importance of determining the isotopic composition of glass and mineral separates rather than whole rocks when pre-eruptive magmatic processes are being investigated.
Trends in column ozone based on TOMS data: Dependence on month, latitude, and longitude

On the basis of the TOMS satellite column ozone data in latitudes 70°S–70°N from November 1978 to May 1990, we use a statistical model to estimate the trends in ozone as a function of latitude, longitude, and month. The trends in the TOMS ozone data are highly seasonal and dependent on location. Near the equator, the estimated monthly trends are not significantly different from zero. For high latitudes, most of the estimated monthly trends are negative. In January, February, and March, there are some positive trend estimates in the western hemisphere around latitude 60°N. The most negative trends for these 3 months also appear in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Starting in June, more negative trends appear in the latitudes 50°S–70°S than the trends in the rest of the world considered. A large depletion develops during the spring time (September to November) in the southern high-latitude region, and the area of peak ozone decline is moving eastward during the period. The largest negative trends (about −29% per decade) for the area considered in this study appear in October around the latitude 70°S and longitudes 20°W–100°W region. Since the magnitudes of the estimated trends in the southern hemisphere increase toward the pole, more negative trends occur beyond the latitude 70°S. For the northern hemisphere, the year-round trend estimates for latitudes 30°N–70°N range from −0.96% to −7.43% per decade. In the latitudes 30°N–50°N, the winter trend estimates are more negative than those for the summer and the fall. However, this pattern did not hold for latitudes 50°N–70°N.
New insights into deformation mechanisms in the gravitationally driven Niger Delta deep-water fold and thrust belt

We use two- and three-dimensional seismic reflection data from the deep-water Niger Delta fold and thrust belt to document evidence for two, discrete, postfaulting deformation mechanisms. An early phase of thrust-propagation folding is followed by folding caused by thickness changes within the basal shale detachment unit. The later phase of folding is caused by a lateral redistribution of the strata within the basal detachment unit. This example of late deformation occurred over a 4–5-m.y. period as a result of the displacement of approximately 590 km3 (370 mi3) of the underlying strata within the detachment unit. In another deformation event in the basal detachment unit, about 160 km3 (100 mi3) moved, laterally creating a synform in the overburden and parallel onlap fill, indicative of the relatively rapid creation of accommodation space. On the basis of seismic reflection data from the delta and a consideration of the volumes and rates of movement of sedimentary rock, we conclude that the poorly imaged succession commonly referred to as mobile shale cannot deform solely by ductile mechanisms as interpretations of shale tectonic provinces have commonly suggested but instead by brittle processes that involve thickening by thrust faulting and subseismic accommodation structures. Processes such as liquefaction, where a complete loss of shear strength is observed, had a minimal function. Therefore, the term mobile shale in this setting is widely exaggerated. An awareness of postfaulting deformation mechanisms will be important for the successful exploration of gravitationally driven fold and thrust belts.
New constraints on crustal structure in eastern Afar from the analysis of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion in Djibouti

Abstract Crustal structure beneath the GEOSCOPE station ATD in Djibouti has been investigated using H-κ stacking of receiver functions and a joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave group velocities. We obtain consistent results from the two methods. The crust is characterized by a Moho depth of 23 ± 1.5 km, a Poisson’s ratio of 0.31 ± 0.02, and a mean Vp of c. 6.2 km s−1 but c. 6.9–7.0 km s−1 below a 2–5 km-thick low-velocity layer at the surface. Some previous studies of crustal structure for Djibouti placed the Moho at 8 to 10 km depth, and we attribute this difference to how the Moho is defined (an increase of Vp to 7.4 km s−1 in this study vs. 6.9 km s−1 in previous studies). The crustal structure we obtained for ATD is similar to crustal structure in many other parts of central and eastern Afar. The high Poisson’s ratio and Vp throughout most of the crust indicate a mafic composition and are not consistent with models invoking crustal formation by stretching of pre-existing Precambrian crust. Instead, we suggest that the crust in Afar consists predominantly of new igneous rock emplaced during the late syn-rift stage where extension is accommodated within magmatic segments by dyking. Sill formation and underplating probably accompany the dyking to produce the new and largely mafic crust.
Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior

Vertical turbulent transport of density (mass) in a system of stable stratification apjaz < 0 (z positive upward) is often modelled by an "eddy" diffusivity Kv "" -pwj(apjaz), normally assumed to be constant. Recent evidence from stratified lakes, fjords and oceans suggests that Kv may be more accurately described as a decreasing function of buoyancy frequency N "" (- g(po) -I (apjaz» 1/2• A main purpose of this paper is to review available estimates of Kv from a variety of stratified geophysical systems. Particular emphasis is placed upon the degree to which these estimates are dependent upon underlying models used to derive values for Kv from observable quantities. Most techniques reveal a disagreeable degree of model-dependence, frequently providing only upper bounds to the magnitude of Kv. I have coupled the functional dependence which emerges from the least model-dependent of available techniques with ensemble-averaged values of oceanic turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate per unit mass E as a function of N, and show that the resulting parameterization for Kv is consistent with a wide range of present oceanic data. Finally, brief re-examination of a simple vertical advectionj diffusion model of thermohaline circulation illustrates possible dynamical significance of a stratification-dependent Kv.
Monthly maximum number of consecutive dry days in Japan and its reproducibility by a 5-km-mesh cloud-system resolving regional climate model

The geographical distribution of the Monthly maximum number of Consecutive Dry Days (MCDD) over Japan during June–October in 2002–2006 is investigated from observed raingauge data. In June and July, areas with low MCDD ( 10 days)] is found in inland areas [coastal areas of the Seto Inland Sea, southern Kanto, and parts of Hokkaido]. In September and October, low MCDD [high MCDD] is found on the Japan Sea side of Honshu [in Kyushu and coastal areas of the Seto Inland Sea]. The reproducibility of the MCDD by a 5-km-mesh cloud-system resolving regional climate model (NHM-5km) is statistically examined in numerical experiments with regional objective analysis data of the Japan Meteorological Agency. NHM-5km performs well in reproducing the features of the local geographical distribution and seasonal march of MCDD, although MCDD is slightly overestimated. The MCDD values averaged for 11 sub-regions of Japan are compared with observations, revealing a good agreement (correlation coefficient, 0.755; root mean square error, 1.49; mean error, 1.10). Moreover, annual variations in MCDD averaged over Japan are well reproduced by the model.
Deep learning pest detection on Indonesian red chili pepper plant based on fine-tuned YOLOv5

This research developed a pest detection model for Indonesian red chili pepper based on fine-tuned YOLOv5. Indonesian red chili pepper is the third largest vegetable commodity produced in Indonesia. Pest attacks disrupt the quantity and quality of crop yields. To control pests effectively, it is necessary to detect the type of pest correctly. A viable solution is to leverage computer vision and deep learning technologies. However, no previous studies have developed a pest detection model for Indonesian red chili pepper based on this technology. YOLOv5 is a variant of the YOLO object detection algorithm, which has major advantages in terms of computation cost and execution speed. The dataset comprises 4,994 image files collected from a chili plantation in Bengkulu province, Indonesia, covering 4 different classes and a total of 10,683 pests. The image is 1216 x1216 px with the smallest, largest, and average object dimensions of 2%, 35%, and 4% of the image dimensions. The training model used is fine-tuning YOLOv5s with variations of patience as an early stop parameter of 100, 200, and 300. The evaluation of the trained model is based on train loss, validation loss, and mAP@0.5:0.95, the best-trained model is the 445th epoch on patience 100 with the best confidence value of 0.321 and the highest TF1 of 0.74. From the best-trained model testing on the test dataset, the mAP@0.5 performance for all classes is 81.3%. The model not only detected large pests but was also able to detect objects that were small in size compared to the image size. The best-trained model's best mAP@0.5 performance and speed are 82.6% and 20 ms/image, or 50 fps on NVIDIA P100 GPU.
Demography of Lewis's Woodpecker, breeding bird densities, and riparian aspen integrity in a grazed landscape

Aspen (Populus tremuloides) riparian woodlands are extremely limited in distribution throughout the western U.S., yet these habitats have a disproportionate value to breeding birds. Aspen habitats are also considered prime sheep and cattle summer range, particularly in the semiarid Intermountain West. Such concentrated use has raised concern about the effects of sheep and cattle grazing on these habitats. We examined the influences of sheep and cattle grazing on aspen riparian woodlands and the associated breeding bird community. We had two objectives: 1) to determine how habitats grazed by sheep and cattle influenced the reproductive biology of Lewis’s Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis), and 2) to determine how vegetation differed between sheep and cattle-grazed aspen riparian woodlands and how these differences influenced breeding birds densities. To examine what factors influenced nest-site selection in Lewis’s Woodpecker and whether these factors influenced nest survival, we quantified nest-site characteristics and monitored nests to determine nest fate. Lewis’s Woodpecker nest-site selection was positively influenced by nest tree diameter and tree density and negatively influenced by increasing amounts of bare ground and woody stems. However, these characteristics were not strong predictors of nest survival. Instead, nest initiation date and daily average temperature had the strongest influence. We then compared several vegetation characteristics between grazing treatments, conducted point transect surveys and used distance sampling techniques to estimate breeding bird densities. Cattle-grazed sites had more bare ground, less herbaceous cover, lower willow (Salix spp.) densities, and lower aspen densities than sheep-grazed sites. Differences in breeding bird densities between these grazing treatments reflected these vegetation differences, as groundnesting species and riparian specialists had lower densities in cattle-grazed areas. Data from this study provide landowners and land managers with information on the habitat requirements of sensitive bird species needed to implement compatible grazing strategies in aspen riparian woodlands.
The Effects of Rhizophagus irregularis Inoculation on Transcriptome of Medicago lupulina Leaves at Early Vegetative and Flowering Stages of Plant Development

The study is aimed at revealing the effects of Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation on the transcriptome of Medicago lupulina leaves at the early (second leaf formation) and later (flowering) stages of plant development. A pot experiment was conducted under conditions of low phosphorus (P) level in the substrate. M. lupulina plants were characterized by high mycorrhizal growth response and mycorrhization parameters. Library sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiseqXTen platform. Significant changes in the expression of 4863 (padj < 0.01) genes from 34049 functionally annotated genes were shown by Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE-Seq). GO enrichment analysis using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was performed, and 244 functional GO groups were identified, including genes contributing to the development of effective AM symbiosis. The Mercator online tool was used to assign functional classes of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The early stage was characterized by the presence of six functional classes that included only upregulated GO groups, such as genes of carbohydrate metabolism, cellular respiration, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, and solute transport. At the later stage (flowering), the number of stimulated GO groups was reduced to photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis. All DEGs of the GO:0016036 group were downregulated because AM plants had higher resistance to phosphate starvation. For the first time, the upregulation of genes encoding thioredoxin in AM plant leaves was shown. It was supposed to reduce ROS level and thus, consequently, enhance the mechanisms of antioxidant protection in M. lupulina plants under conditions of low phosphorus level. Taken together, the obtained results indicate genes that are the most important for the effective symbiosis with M. lupulina and might be engaged in other plant species.
Discussion on the Differences in Aroma Components in Different Fragrant Rice Varieties during Storage

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop in Taiwan, among which fragrant rice is highly regarded for its special aroma when cooked. During the storage of fragrant rice, the aroma components will change, which will affect the aroma quality of fragrant rice. Therefore, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was used in this study, combined with gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to analyze the difference in the aroma components of Taikeng No. 4 (TK4), Tainung No. 71 (TN71), Kaohsiung No. 147 (KH147), and Taichung No. 194 (TC194) fragrant rice. A total of 28 aroma components were identified in the four varieties of fragrant rice, and the main components were all Nonanal. Among them, TK4 contains a very high content of hydrocarbons, including Tridecane and Dodecane; TN71, KH147, and TC194 contain mainly aldehydes such as Nonanal and Hexanal. During different storage times, the contents of alcohols, monoterpenes, aromatic aldehydes, and furans increased with storage time, while the content of aliphatic aldehydes decreased with storage time. After storage, the fragrant rice samples showed a tendency for the total volatile component content to decrease, with the most pronounced reduction observed in Nonanal content.
Strong along‐arc variations in attenuation in the mantle wedge beneath Costa Rica and Nicaragua

Attenuation structure in the Central American subduction zone was imaged using local events recorded by the Tomography Under Costa Rica and Nicaragua array, a 20‐month‐long deployment (July 2004 until March 2006) of 48 seismometers that spanned the fore‐arc, arc, and back‐arc regions of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. P and S waveforms were inverted separately for the corner frequency and moment of each event and for the path‐averaged attenuation operator (t*) of each event‐station pair, assuming attenuation is slightly frequency‐dependent (∝ = 0.27). Then, tomographic inversions were performed for S and P attenuation (QS−1 and QP−1). Since P wave amplitudes reflect both shear and the bulk moduli, tomographic inversions were also performed to determine shear and bulk attenuation (QS−1 and Qκ−1), the loss of energy per cycle owing to shearing and uniform compression, respectively. Damping and other inversion tomographic parameters were systematically varied. As is typical in subduction zone attenuation studies, a less attenuating slab, upper plate, and wedge corner and a more attenuating mantle wedge were imaged. In addition, first‐order differences between the mantles beneath Nicaragua and Costa Rica were observed. The slab in Nicaragua is more attenuating than the slab in Costa Rica. A larger zone of higher shear attenuation also characterizes the Nicaraguan mantle wedge. Within the wedge, maximum attenuation values at 1 Hz correspond to Qs = 38–73 beneath Nicaragua and Qs = 62–84 beneath Costa Rica, and average values are Qs = 76–78 and Qs = 84–88, respectively. Attenuation variations correlate with along‐arc trends in geochemical indicators that suggest that melting beneath Nicaragua occurs at more hydrated conditions, and possibly to greater extents and depths, relative to northern Costa Rica. Shear attenuation dominates over bulk attenuation in the well‐resolved regions of the wedge. The more extensive zones of greater shear attenuation observed in the Nicaraguan wedge could be explained by higher temperatures and/or greater hydration, but comparison with petrological data suggests that hydration variations play a larger role. Average wedge attenuation values are comparable to estimates for the Andes and Japan, greater than those for Alaska, and less than those for Tonga‐Lau.
Spatial variability of the atmosphere over southern England, and its effect on scene-based atmospheric corrections

Earth observation data acquired in the optical region require atmospheric correction before they can be used quantitatively. Most operational methods of atmospheric correction assume that the atmospheric properties are uniform across the image, but this assumption is unlikely to be valid for large images. This study aims to characterize the spatial variation in atmospheric properties over a typical mid-latitude area (southern England), and to assess the errors that would result from applying a scene-based atmospheric correction to data collected under this variable atmosphere. Two key atmospheric properties – aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and precipitable water content (PWC) – are assessed over two clear days in June 2006, and results show an AOT range of approximately 0.1–0.5 and a PWC range of 1.5–3.0 cm. Radiative transfer modelling shows that errors in reflectance of up to 1.7 percentage points, and up to a 5% change in normalized difference vegetation index, can be caused by AOT variability, but that PWC variability has minimal effects. Sensitivity analyses also show that the high uncertainty of many data sources used to provide AOT values for atmospheric correction may also lead to significant errors in the resulting products. The spatial variability of the atmosphere cannot be ignored, and we are in need of operational, generic methods to perform a spatially variable atmospheric correction.
Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG and Nd:YAG Lasers on Microleakage of Composite Resin Restorations Using Universal Adhesives

Background: Clinical long-term success of bonded restorations is depended to reduce marginal microleakage and the laser application with combination of new bonding systems may play positive role. The aim of this study was comparative evaluation of Er,Cr:YSGG and Nd:YAG lasers effect on microleakage of class V composite resin restorations using several universal adhesives. Methods: In this in vitro study, standard class V cavities were prepared on both lingual and buccal surfaces of 72 intact premolar teeth. For evaluation of microleakage, the cavities were divided into 9 groups according to conditioning method (n=15): G1: G-Premio Bond [GP]; G2: Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SU]; G3: All-Bond Universal [AB]; G4: GP+Nd:YAG Laser; G5: SU+Nd:YAG Laser; G6: AB+Nd:YAG Laser; G7: GP+Er,Cr:YSGG Laser; G8: SU+Er,Cr:YSGG Laser; and G9: AB+Er,Cr:YSGG Laser. The cavities were filled with composite resin and then subjected to thermocycling, placed in methylene blue solutions, embedded in resin blocks and vertically cut in the bucco­lingual direction. The microleakage in occlusal and gingival margins was defined as linear penetration of methylene blue and determined with a stereomicroscope to assign microleakage scores using a four­point scale. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software and Kruskal-wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: Microleakage scores had statistically significant different before and after laser irradiation in dependent to the adhesive used (P<0.05) but there were no significant different between Nd:YAG and ER,Cr:YSGG laser, also between different universal adhesives (GP, SU, AB). The results showed that total microleakage scores of occlusal margins had significant statistical different in comparison with gingival margins (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results indicate that Nd:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers irradiation, after using the investigated universal adhesives, had a positive effect on reducing the microleakage of composite Class V restorations. The microleakage rate was shown to be independent of adhesives and lasers type used in this study.
THE EMERGENCE AND SPREADING OF AN IMPROVED TRADITIONAL SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICE IN BURKINA FASO

"This paper describes the emergence of improved traditional planting pits (zai) in Burkina Faso in the early 1980s as well as their advantages, disadvantages and impact. The zai emerged in a context of recurrent droughts and frequent harvest failures, which triggered farmers to start improving this local practice. Despair triggered experimentation and innovation by farmers. These processes were supported and complemented by external intervention. Between 1985 and 2000 substantial public investment has taken place in soil and water conservation (SWC). The socio-economic and environmental situation on the northern part of the Central Plateau is still precarious for many farming families, but the predicted environmental collapse has not occurred and in many villages indications can be found of both environmental recovery and poverty reduction. " Authors' Abstract