Measuring The Impact Of Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors On Job Satisfaction Of Teachers During Covid-19

Objective: The main objective of the research is to determine the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on job satisfaction of teachers during COVID-19. Method: It is descriptive research for which data was collected between August 2020 and October 2020 through Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Due to preventive measures of Corona, data was collected through mail. Questionnaire was mailed to 160 teachers working in 7 different colleges of Northwestern region of India. The response rate was 63%. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation), T-test and One-way ANOVA. Result: The outcome of the research work shows no significant relation exist between demographic variables (gender, marital status, number of children, educational qualification and working duration) and job satisfaction of teachers. Conclusion: Result of the study indicate that whether one is male or female, married or unmarried, with children or without children, with different education qualification and working duration, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence their job satisfaction. KeywordsJob satisfaction, Intrinsic factors, Extrinsic factors, COVID-19. INTRODUCTION The year 2020 has shaken the whole economy badly and became the most unforgettable year in the history of the world. Its slowdowns the functioning of the entire economy because spread of corona virus makes the government of various countries to adopt protectionist approach by imposing travelling restriction, rigid immigration which led to reduction in trade. The fear of recession (2008) came alive in the mind of the people due to the widespread of unique disease coronavirus, popularly known as COVID-19. Its first case is registered in Hubei province of Wuhan, district of China in December’ 2019. It has infected number of people at an extremely high speed, claimed millions of lives, destroys number of families and the number of cases is increasing continuously. Basically, it is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) which is characterized by range of symptoms like mild fever, dry cough, inflammatory illness in children, difficulty in breathing. The greatest drawback of virus is it is easily transferred from one person to another and maximum number of people who were having it were unaware of it. Seeing its widespread the WHO on 11 th March’2020 declared it as a pandemic. To control its widespread the government of various countries issued preventive measures like social distancing, no hand shaking, no mass gathering, use of mask, sanitizer, more focus on personal hygiene. When situation is not under control even after issuing preventive measures, then government of numerous countries all around the world required to lockdown their economic and social activity just to flatten the curve of Coronavirus disease. It impacted trade, economy, and social life very badly. To cope up with the situation everyone is trying to adapt new ways of living life. Rather, the entire world is changing the way of doing things which they were doing for past few decades. Companies were required to shut down offices, people were required to stay at home and adopt remote working by using technology to keep the economy moving and growing. Only companies engaged in essential products were allowed to operate after following rules and regulations issued by the government. Organization across the industry have dual responsibility on their shoulders one to keep business operation going and other to keep employees engaged and positive towards their job and life in general. However, months of social isolation, no meetings of friends and family, no outing, no shopping, excessive workload makes people life stressful and psychologically distress. It impacts every sector of the economy. Like according to (Keelery, 2020) Indian rupee may reach 8.8tn. It has cause immense loss to the economy and impacted education sector badly. To enforce social distancing government of many countries, adopt lockdown which led to closure of schools, colleges, universities. According to (UNESCO, 2020) reports, 63 million teachers of 165 countries got affected by this. A total of 1.3 billion students all around the world were not able to attend the school and universities. In India alone, approximately 32,07,13,810 students were affected. Megha Rastogi et al/ Measuring The Impact Of Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors On Job Satisfaction Of Teachers During Covid-19 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government | Vol 27, Issue 2, 2021 5322 This pandemic situation landed the education system in jeopardy. Respecting the decision of government many schools, universities/ institute have started using technology in taking online classes during COVID-19. It has changed the traditional system of education from (black and board) to the educational technological system (EdTech’s) model, where delivering lectures and students assessment is done online. This system of education brought number of challenges for both teachers as well as for students. This research paper tries to measure the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on teacher’s satisfaction during COVID-19. Job Satisfaction The term job satisfaction means different things to different people. According to literature, it is pleasant and positive emotional state of people resulting from their own achievement at work (Winefield & Jarrett, 2001; & Shen et al., 2014) whereas it is a sign of how the employees perceive their work, assess it effectively, able to use their abilities and resources, and feeling of fulfillment from the job (Christen et al., 2006 & Hirschifield, 2000). According to Locke’s theory (1976) it is positive reaction towards job which comes when individual go through positive job experiences, achievement at workplace is recognized and performance is appraised. As per the theory, it also depends upon how much value one gives to various perspective and how happy and satisfied one becomes when the expectations are met and not met. According to Weiss (2002) it is an attitude which is formed because of feeling, belief, and behavior of people towards their job. According to Hoppock (1935), it is a combination of psychological, physiological, and environmental situations that causes a person to say that I am satisfied with my job. Thus, according to Begley and Czajkar (1993) it reflects emotional and psychological health whereas according to Robbins (2001) and Mullins (2005) it is attitude of people towards their job. Miner (1992) it is difference between what one expects and what one gets. Riggo (2000) it is feeling and attitude of people towards their job. He also mentioned that various aspects of job create positive feeling (satisfaction) or negative feeling (dissatisfaction) among individuals. Seeing the wide scope of the term, researchers have started classifying it into two categories, internal and external factors because it not something which is purely affected by one kind of factor. According to Rose (2001) , intrinsic factors are those factors which depends upon personal characteristics of individuals and organization has no control on it like relationship with colleagues, supervisor, opportunity to use skills, job enrichment and nature of work performed by employees directly influence job satisfaction. External factors consist of salary, promotion, job security and many more on which organization has control. Thus, it can be concluded that job satisfaction is influenced by both type of factors, internal as well as external but internal factors occupy major place as it is attitude of people towards their job and how employee feels internally for their job. Moreover, attitude of people towards their job depends upon their level of satisfaction. When people are satisfied with their job, they show positive attitude towards their organization and vice-versa. Besides, it is a good indicator of organizational performance. Its evaluation reveals which unit of organization requires changes so that performance can be boost by incorporating changes in factors affecting employee’s satisfaction level (Robbins, 2003). Monitoring of teacher’s level of satisfaction is very essential for the continuous growth of the education system all around the world. Success and failure of any educational unit depends upon how much satisfied teachers are with their job because it effects their job performance. Therefore, organizations should focus on achieving employee job satisfaction so that they feel institutional belonging and become loyal and committed towards their organization. According to (Du et al., 2010) job satisfaction bring psychological stability among employees which is reflected positively in completing their work with full efficiency and able to maintain balance between professional, psychological and social life while performing different roles in academic institutions. Thus, job satisfaction of employees is the important factor behind the growth and success of any kind of organizational unit. One can understand the importance of job satisfaction only when one is aware of its negative consequences like it led to high absenteeism, low productivity, lack of loyalty and commitment, increased number of accidents. (Shen et al., 2014 & Ge et al., 2011). High job satisfaction may be a sign of good emotional and mental state of employees (Christen et al., 2006., Hirschfield et al., 2006., & Bozeman & Gangham, 2011) LITERATURE REVIEW Job satisfaction is the most researched topic in the field of management. Various research have been conducted to analyze the factors affecting job satisfaction of people. The most important and popular study or theory in this field is Maslow’s need theory (1954) which is based on hierarchy of needs. According to this theory, needs have hierarchy and this hierarchy helps in identifying factors affecting job satisfaction. This hierarchy started from physiological need, safety need, need of belongingnes