Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diurnal variation of summer precipitation modulated by air pollution: observational evidences in the beijing metropolitan area

Studying precipitation diurnal variation characteristics is crucial to better understand their formation mechanism. Moreover, it is fundamental in assessing regional climate variability and to validate the effectiveness of cloud and precipitation parameterization schemes in weather and climate models. Based on observational data from 2008 to 2017, this manuscript objective is to assess the aerosol effects on summer precipitation on an hourly-scale diurnal variation basis in the Beijing metropolitan area. The results put in evidence that the precipitation frequency and duration on polluted days were 25.0% and 14.8% lower with respect to clean days. No significant differences were observed in total daily accumulated rainfall between clear and polluted days. While heavy precipitation mean intensity on polluted days increased by 13.5%, which is potentially linked with aerosol microphysical effects. Note that precipitation occurs earlier on polluted days, with peak time of 1 ∼ 2-hour in advance compared with clean days over the urban areas of Beijing, which may be primarily ascribed to the influence of advanced turning local circulation of mountain-valley breezes and urban heat island circulation due to aerosol-radiation effects.
Association of Employee Engagement Factors and Turnover Intention Among the 2015 U.S. Federal Government Workforce

Employee turnover is a major challenge facing the federal workforce, which has lost more employees to voluntary turnover than any other form of turnover. This study determined the associations between engagement, demographic factors, and voluntary turnover intention by analyzing 2015 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey data. The findings indicate that employees with higher engagement levels are less likely to report an intention to leave their jobs than those with lower engagement levels. All engagement factors—perceptions of supervisors, leaders, and intrinsic work experience—are independently associated with turnover intention. Demographics also influenced turnover intention; being younger, male, and in a supervisory role and having a higher education level and shorter tenure were more likely to indicate turnover intention. Increasing employee engagement can have a positive effect on retaining a productive federal workforce. To retain an effective federal workforce, human capital management practices are needed to optimize factors that reduce turnover intention.
Pollination and evolution in neotropical Annonaceae

The most prominent pollination mode in neotropical Annonaceae is pollination by beetles. Flowers are protogynous and have fruity, spicy or unpleasant odors. The floral chambers, formed by the petals closing over the flower center, emit these specific odors which entice the beetles to enter the flowers. There, the beetles are sheltered from daylight and predators and encounter food (tissues and pollen) as well as opportunities for mating. The amount of food offered, the thickness of the petal tissue and the dimension of the flowers increases with size, number and voraciousness of the attracted beetles. Three main groups of beetle-pollinated Annonaceae can be distinguished. Two of them have relatively small floral chambers, exhibit diurnal and/or nocturnal anthesis and are visited and pollinated by relatively small beetles (Nitidulidae, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae). Large flowers with a large pollination chamber and very thick petals are associated with nocturnally active, large and voracious dynastid scarab beetles, which are attracted by strong odors promoted principally by thermogenetic processes of the flowers during the time of the beetles’ main activity. The dynastid beetle-pollinated species appear to have the most adapted and most specialized flower characteristics in the Annonaceae. Some small-flowered Annonaceae are pollinated by thrips and, for a few species, pollination by flies is suspected. Some genera, such as Guatteria, are uniform with respect to flower biology and seem to have adapted principally to nitidulids as pollinators. In contrast, the genus Annona, basically a group pollinated by dynastid beetles, is diversified with respect to flower morphology and pollination. The neotropical Annonaceae as a whole may have started as a group pollinated by sucking and polleneating Thysanoptera and non-destructive beetle groups. Species pollinated by such Thysanoptera and/or rove beetles (Staphylinidae) still show the laminar, plesiomorphic stamen type of Annonaceae with a tongue-shaped connective prolongation. The disc-like sclerified connective shield of the majority of Annonaceae is apparently a secondary and modified structure, especially prominent in the beetle-pollinated species. The densely aggregated stamens with their connective shield appear to be a kind of antipredator structure in Annonaceae adapted to pollination by beetles.
A New Framework for Analyzing Market Share Dynamics among Fund Families

A simple framework decomposes changes in a fund family’s market share into four components. The components are highly relevant for understanding mutual fund market dynamics and evaluating the business performance of fund families. Two components are performance driven, and two are flow driven. Analysis of US market data shows that the “Excess Flows” component, which measures whether fund family flows exceed or lag those of competitors that operate in the same fund categories, has the biggest impact on fund-family market share changes. Major cross-sectional differences characterize how individual families score on each of the components. Fund families can use this framework to provide input for strategic decision making. Disclosure: The author reports no conflicts of interest. Editor’s Note This article was externally reviewed using our double-blind peer-review process. When the article was accepted for publication, the author thanked the reviewers in the acknowledgments for their comments and suggestions. Jian ZHANG and one anonymous reviewer were the reviewers for this article. Submitted 31 January 2019 Accepted 9 March 2020 by Stephen J. Brown This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PENENTUAN PENERIMA BANTUAN RUMAH SEHAT LAYAK HUNI MENGGUNAKAN METODE SAW DI DESA PASIR EMAS KECAMATAN SINGINGI

Perkembangan dan penerapan teknologi informasi telah banyak membantu aktivitas manusia sehari-hari, diantaranya adalah dalam pengambilan keputusan, baik untuk kepentingan pribadi, organisasi, dan institusi/perusahaan. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan (SPK) telah banyak diterapkan dalam aktivitas manusia, terutama dalam penentuan penerima bantuan rumah sehat layak huni (RSLH) di Desa Pasir Emas, Kecamatan Singingi, Kabupaten Singingi, Provinsi Riau. Selama ini proses penilaian penentuan penerima bantuan rumah sehat layak huni tersebut belum sesuai dengan kriteria dan hanya berdasarkan laporan Ketua Rukun Tetangga (RT), laporan tetangga, dan perkiraan saja, tanpa dilengkapi data pendukung yang valid. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan ini dirancang untuk mendapatkan suatu keputusan dalam menentukan calon penerima penerima bantuan rumah sehat layak huni dengan metode SAW (Simple Additive Weighting). Model metode pembuatan atau pengembangan sistem yang digunakan adalah model waterfall dan perancangan sistem dengan UML. Pembuatan dan pengkodingan sistem menggunakan bahas a pemrograman PHP , dan basis data adalah MySQL serta untuk pengujian sistem dengan motede white box. Hasil penelitian ini bahwa sistem memudahkan aparat desa dalam proses penilaian untuk menentukan penerima bantuan rumah sehat layak huni dan sesuai dengan kriteria. S istem ini dapat memberikan beberapa kelebihan dibandingkan dengan sistem yang sedang berjalan saat ini, seperti pada saat menentukan penerima bantuan lebih cepat. Kata kunci : Sistem Pendukung Keputusan, Bantuan Rumah Sehat Layak Huni, SAW, PHP, MySQL
Vegetation change in Southeast Greenland? Tasiilaq revisited after 40 years

Questions: Are there changes in species composition of the oceanic, Low-Arctic tundra vegetation after 40 years? Can possible changes be attributed to climate change? Location: Ammassalik Island near Tasiilaq, Southeast Greenland. Methods: Species composition and cover of 11 key vegetation types were recorded in 110 vegetation survey plots in 1968–1969 and in 11 permanent plots in 1981. Recording was repeated in 2007. Temporal changes in species composition and cover between the surveys were tested using permutation tests linked with constrained ordinations for vegetation types, and Mann–Whitney tests for individual species. Changes in vegetation were related to climate change. Results: Although climate became warmer over the studied period, most of the vegetation types showed minor changes. The changes were most conspicuous in mire and snowbed vegetation, such as the Carex rariflora mire and Hylocomium splendens snowbed. In the C. rariflora mire, species number and cover of vascular plants and cover of bryophytes increased, whereas in the H. splendens snowbed species numbers of vascular plants, bryophytes, and also lichens increased. Lichen richness increased in the Carex bigelowii snowbed and cover of bryophytes in the Salix herbacea snowbed. No such changes occurred in the Alchemilla glomerulans meadow, Alchemilla alpina snowbed and Phyllodoce coerulea heath. There was no change of species composition within the Salix glauca scrub, A. alpina snowbed, lichen grassland and the Empetrum nigrum and Phyllodoce coerulea heaths. Most changes resulted from increasing frequency or cover of some species; there were very few decreasing species. Most of the increasing species indicate drier substrate conditions. Conclusions: Only minor changes in species composition and cover were detected in the vegetation types studied. These changes were probably caused by milder winters and warmer summers during the years before the 2007 sampling. Climate warming may have reduced the duration of snow cover and soil moisture, particularly in snowbed and mire habitats, where species composition change was most pronounced. However, its magnitude was insufficient to cause a major change in species composition. Thus, on the level of plant community types, tundra vegetation near Tasiilaq was rather stable over the last 40 years.
Analysis of Land Cover Change Detection in Gozamin District, Ethiopia: From Remote Sensing and DPSIR Perspectives

Land cover patterns in sub-Saharan Africa are rapidly changing. This study aims to quantify the land cover change and to identify its major determinants by using the Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Responses (DPSIR) framework in the Ethiopian Gozamin District over a period of 32 years (1986 to 2018). Satellite images of Landsat 5 (1986), Landsat 7 (2003), and Sentinel-2 (2018) and a supervised image classification methodology were used to assess the dynamics of land cover change. Land cover maps of the three dates, focus group discussions (FGDs), interviews, and farmers’ lived experiences through a household survey were applied to identify the factors for changes based on the DPSIR framework. Results of the investigations revealed that during the last three decades the study area has undergone an extensive land cover change, primarily a shift from cropland and grassland into forests and built-up areas. Thus, quantitative land cover change detection between 1986 and 2018 revealed that cropland, grassland, and bare areas declined by 10.53%, 5.7%, and 2.49%. Forest, built-up, shrub/scattered vegetation, and water bodies expanded by 13.47%, 4.02%, 0.98%, and 0.25%. Household surveys and focus group discussions (FGDs) identified the population growth, the rural land tenure system, the overuse of land, the climate change, and the scarcity of grazing land as drivers of these land cover changes. Major impacts were rural to urban migration, population size change, scarcity of land, and decline in land productivity. The outputs from this study could be used to assure sustainability in resource utilization, proper land use planning, and proper decision-making by the concerned government authorities.
Effect of Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) Infection on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Tomato

Abstract The influence of the holoparasite branched broomrape on the vegetative growth, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and chlorophyll fluorescence of tomato was studied over two growing seasons on plants grown in a commercial greenhouse. The presence of the parasite strongly reduced the aerial biomass by acting as a competing sink for assimilate, but more importantly, by compromising the efficiency of carbon assimilation via a reduction in leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F0, Fm, Fv, and Fv/Fm were all altered in parasitized plants, indicating that branched broomrape–infected plants are more susceptible to photoinhibition. The degree of damage to the host was not dependent on either the number or the biomass of parasitic plants per host plant. We suggest that the ability to maintain a high photosynthetic rate, leaf chlorophyll content, or both and the ability to minimize photoinhibition can be developed as indirect assays for improved tolerance to branched broomrape. Nomenclature: Branched broomrape, Orobanche ramosa L. ORARM; tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Ikram’.
Detection of bacteria in endodontic samples and its association with defined clinical signs and symptoms of endodontic infection

Introduction : The role of bacteria in pulpal and periradicular lesions is well established. However, the association of bacterial species with signs and symptoms of endodontic infection is not well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the types of bacterial species in infected root canals (using MicroSeq 500 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid, rRNA) and the association of bacterial species with clinical signs and symptoms of different pulpal and periapical infections. Materials and Methods: Microbial samples were obtained from 92 adult patients (one tooth with single root canal for each patient). Clinical data including signs and symptoms were collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (MicroSeq 500 16S rRNA) was used to detect bacteria in the infected root canals. Results: A total of 179 bacterial species were identified. Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus sanguis were associated with the presence of pain. While Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Veillonella spp. were associated with pain of palpation, the pain to percussion was associated with Actinomyces spp. , Actinomyces naeslundii, and Actinomyces viscosus. Also, Streptococcus mitis, Bacteroides spp. , and Veillonella spp. were associated with periapical swelling. The presence of sinus tract was found to be significantly associated with Neisseria spp. and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The wet canal was significantly associated with the presence of Propionibacterium acnes and Bacteroides spp. Conclusions: There are significant associations between the presence of some bacterial species with clinical signs and symptoms of infected root canals.
Gender Differences in the Effects of Support Exchanges on Self-Esteem and Mastery for Mid- to Late-Life Adults

Abstract Applying social psychological theories of social exchange and gender socialization perspectives, we assess gender differences in the effects of receiving and giving social support on self-esteem and mastery (i.e., self-concept) for respondents in the United States. We also explore whether imbalances in support exchanges are beneficial or detrimental to self-concept for women (mean age = 72) and men (mean age = 73). We examine this topic using data from Mended Hearts volunteers. Methodologically, we investigate the gender patterns of self-esteem, mastery, and social support by examining common summary statistics (i.e., means, standard deviations, Cohen’s d) as well as locations and scales which attempt to account for skewness. We also compare results from bivariate correlations with regression analyses to ascertain if and when results converge. First, the means/standard deviations and locations/scales reveal different gendered patterns in self-concept and social support. Second, among women, we find a large positive effect of giving instrumental support on self-esteem in the regression analysis; on the other hand, the zero-order correlation reveals a weaker effect. For men, giving emotional support has a large positive effect on self-concept in both the bivariate and regression analysis. Third, reciprocity in instrumental support is generally beneficial for self-concept, but effects are larger for women. Fourth, imbalances in emotional support are associated with higher self-concept for women. Given the disjuncture between 1) summary statistics that do and do not take into account the skewness of the study measures and 2) correlations versus regression coefficients, our study suggests a need to critically address how methodological decisions (e.g., addressing skewness) affect results reported in social psychological studies and the conclusions drawn from them.
Interleukin‐12 induces interferon‐γ‐dependent switching of IgG alloantibody subclass

Interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) is a key immunoregulatory cytokine which promotes cell‐mediated immunity. Its influence on the humoral immune response is less clearly defined. In this study, the effect of systemic IL‐12 treatment on the T cell‐dependent humoral immune response in the rat was examined using an experimental system in which PVG‐RT1u congenic rats were immunized with class I Aa alloantigen in the form of a blood transfusion from the recombinant PVG.R8 rat strain. Administration of IL‐12 following allo‐immunization augmented the humoral immune response as determined by increased levels of cytotoxic anti‐class I major histocompatibility complex antibodies. However, the effect of IL‐12 on individual IgG isotypes was highly selective. Levels of allospecific antibodies of the IgG2b and IgG2c subclasses were markedly increased, whereas IgG1 alloantibody levels were profoundly reduced. The observed alterations in alloantibody response were dependent, in large part, on the stimulatory effect of IL‐12 on interferon (IFN)‐γ production by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, since they were abrogated by co‐administration of neutralizing anti‐IFN‐γ monoclonal antibody following alloantigen immunization.
The Influence of A Cross‐Reef Channel On the Wave‐Driven Setup and Circulation at Ipan, Guam

The influence of a deep (30 m), narrow (30 m) cross‐shore channel on the circulation and wave‐induced setup over a shallow (∼0.5 m) and wide (∼400 m) shore‐attached fringing reef is examined using field measurements collected at Ipan, Guam.Mean currents on the reef flat over a 7‐week study period during mid and high tides when the reef is submerged are directed toward the channel with the alongshore component of the current increasing with proximity to the channel. The cross‐shore component of the reef flat current is directed onshore at the sensors in the far‐field of the channel with a weak offshore flow at the current meter located closest to the channel (∼760 m to the north). Low‐frequency fluctuations of the alongshore reef flat current and offshore channel current are significantly correlated and with the incident significant wave height. Mean and low‐frequency fluctuating currents are forced by the spatially variable wave‐driven setup, modulated by tidal elevation, which creates a pressure gradient over the reef flat due to the channel where waves do not break. The dominant alongshore momentum balance on the reef flat is between the pressure gradient and bottom stress, with an inferred drag coefficient of CD∼ 0.01. A simple analytical model is presented that is consistent with the observations and delineates the near‐ and far‐field of the channel as a function of the aspect ratio of the reef. Observations from a longer deployment of channel currents are highly correlated with incident wave height in distinct tidal level bands. Plain Language Summary Observations of waves, water levels, and currents at Ipan, Guam, are analyzed to determine how wave‐driven flow on a shore‐attached fringing reef is influenced by a cross‐reef channel. Breaking waves at the outer reef cause elevated water levels over the reef flat. At the deep, narrow channel wave breaking is suppressed, resulting in a pressure gradient that forces a rip circulation toward and out the channel. The dominant physical balance between bottom friction and this pressure gradient leads to an estimate of a drag coefficient CD∼ 0.01. The wave‐driven channel current is modulated by tidal submergence of the reef flat, and the flow scales with offshore wave heights at high tidal levels. A simple analytical model describes the spatially variable pressure gradient and defines the region of influence of the channel as a function of the length to width ratio of the reef flat.
Extrapair Copulations Predict Extrapair Fertilizations in the American Crow

Abstract. The general relationship between extrapair copulations (EPC) and extrapair paternity (EPP) in wild birds is unclear because relatively few studies have collected both types of information from a single population. I compared observed copulatory behavior with genetic paternity in a population of the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). For each group of nesting crows, the proportion of extrapair young in a brood was higher when EPC attempts were observed in the group that year. The overall proportion of broods with extrapair young was identical to the proportion of focal group-years in which EPC attempts were observed (32%). In a given brood, however, observed EPC attempts did not always predict EPP, and failure to observe EPCs did not always predict monogamy. Furthermore, males observed attempting EPCs often differed from the males gaining EPP, suggesting that EPCs were attempted by multiple males with certain females in certain years. Observed EPC attempts were initiated by males, and most appeared to be resisted by females.
Ultrastructure of the zoospores of Entophlyctis confervae-glomeratae, Rhizophydium patellarium and Catenaria anguillulae

The fine structure of zoospores of Entophlyctis confervae-glomeratae, Rhizophydium patellarium, and Catenaria anguillulae has been described and compared. The zoospores of E. confervae-glomeratae contain many posteriorly located mitochondria in a petal-like arrangement. On the inner (proximal) side of a kinetosome are two electron-dense, slightly curved bands with the convex side directed inward towards the eccentrically located nucleus. Microtubules radiate from the convex side of the bands. Two or three lipid bodies are seen usually in the anterior region of the zoospore with microbodies often associated with them. Ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The zoospores of R. patellarium contain a single, bowl-shaped mitochondrion in the posterior region and a centrally located nucleus. Ribosomes are mainly clustered between the mitochondrion and the nucleus and are partially enclosed by a double-membrane envelope. No microtubules are seen associating with the kinetosome and the non-functional c.