Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparation of reconstituted sand samples in the laboratory

Abstract This paper compares the void ratio obtained in samples prepared by dry and moist tamping, and dry and wet pluviation. These 4 methods are amongst the few other commonly adopted methods used in the preparation of reconstituted sand samples in the laboratory e.g. slurry deposition and vibration. The samples were prepared in 100mm diameter and 200mm long split moulds. The effects of the number of soil layers and the drop height of the tamper, on particle packing, were studied in the tamping method. Microscopic images of these samples showed that the packing was more compact between the interface of two adjacent layers in tamped samples. In the pluviation method, the distance through which the sand particles were rained and the mass-flow were the two investigated parameters. The mass-flow was varied with the use of 3 different funnel openings. Frictional drag because of the air was ignored in the pluviation tests. The dry pluviation results seem to suggest that up to the limiting mass-flow, the funnel opening has a greater influence on the void ratio than the height through which the sand is rained. Furthermore, the tendency of the medium to dense air pluviated samples to dilate in drained triaxial test was not evident in the wet pluviated samples. The dilation was otherwise observed to be the maximum in dry tamped samples.
A novel data assimilation methodology for predicting lithology based on sequence labeling algorithms

A hidden Markov model (HMM) and a conditional random fields (CRFs) model for lithological predictions based on multiple geophysical well‐logging data are derived for dealing with directional nonstationarity through bidirectional training and conditioning. The developed models were benchmarked against their conventional counterparts, and hypothetical boreholes with the corresponding synthetic geophysical data including artificial errors were employed. In the three test scenarios devised, the average fitness and unfitness values of the developed CRFs model and HMM are 0.84 and 0.071 and 0.81 and 0.084, respectively, while those of the conventional CRFs model and HMM are 0.78 and 0.091 and 0.77 and 0.099, respectively. Comparisons of their predictabilities show that the models designed for directional nonstationarity clearly perform better than the conventional models for all tested examples. Among them, the developed linear‐chain CRFs model showed the best or close to the best performance with high predictability and a low training data requirement.
PERFORMANCE OF QUANTITATIVE ULTRASOUND AND SIX OSTEOPOROSIS RISK INDEXES IN MENOPAUSAL WOMEN: VALIDATION AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION STUDY.

Background: A number of questionnaire-based systems and the use of portable quantitative ultrasound scanners (QUS) have been devised in an attempt to produce a cost-effective method of screening for osteoporosis. Objective: to assess the sensitivity and specificity of different techniques and their ability to act as screening tools in relation to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Methods: 295 white postmenopausal women aged over 60 were enrolled. Each subject completed a standardized questionnaire which permits the measure of six osteoporosis indexes and had bone mineral density (BMD) measured using QUS and DXA. Sensitivity and specificity of the different techniques in relation to DXA were plotted as receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves at DXA T-score total hip ≤ -2.5 (osteoporosis). Results: BUA sensitivity and specificity values were respectively 76.8% and 51.2% at the total hip. The optimal cut-off T-score for QUS was -2 at the total hip. The osteoporosis self-assessment tool (OST) provided consistently the highest AUC (0.80) among the clinical tools and had the best sensitivity and specificity balance (90.2%-44.5%). OST negative likelihood ratio was 0.22. Conclusion: OST (based only on the weight and the age) performed slightly better than QUS and other risk questionnaires in predicting low BMD at the total hip
Re: Randomized Controlled Study of Stroke Unit Versus Stroke Team Care in Different Stroke Subtypes to the Editor

tory factors 2 able to determine from time to time fluctuations of the risk of neurological events. Previous small studies have suggested that asymptomatic microembolic signals (MES) detected by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in middle cerebral arteries may predict symptoms occurrence, 3,4 and a large multicenter study was planned to determine whether MES are an independent predictor of neurological events in patients with asymptomatic (cid:2) 70% carotid stenosis. 5
Airborne gravity tests in the Italian area to improve the geoid model of Italy

Airborne gravimetry is an important method for measuring gravity over large unsurveyed areas. This technology has been widely applied in Canada, Antarctica and Greenland to map the gravity fields of these regions and in recent years, in the oil industry. In 2005, two tests in the Italian area were performed by ENI in cooperation with the Politecnico di Milano and the Danish National Space Center. To the knowledge of the authors, these were the first experiments of this kind in Italy and were performed over the Ionian coasts of Calabria and the Maiella Mountains. The Calabria test field is characterized by strong gravity variations due to the geophysical and topographic structure of the area. The ground gravity coverage is also quite dense. It was thus possible to compare airborne gravity with the ground observed values in order to check the precision of the airborne gravimetry. The second campaign was performed in an unsurveyed area centred on the Maiella Mountains, thus filling the data gap of this zone. Comparisons with existing ground data were also carried out in this area.
Estimation of interannual and interdecadal variations of typhoon‐induced primary production: A case study for the outer shelf of the East China Sea

Using multiplatform satellite data and 13 typhoon passages from 1998 through 2004, an empirical relationship to assess typhoon‐forced primary production (PP) enhancement in the outer shelf of the East China Sea is introduced. The constructed relationship requires variables of typhoon maximum sustained wind, typhoon transit speed and bottom depth of the location below the typhoon track. As this relationship does not require ocean color data, it enabled us to reconstruct the interannual and interdecadal variations of typhoon‐forced PP enhancement from 2004 back to 1980. Typhoon‐forced PP enhancements and typhoon contributions to summer‐fall new production during El Niño years tended to be higher than those during La Niña years. Typhoon‐enhanced PP also has shown a tendency to be higher during the 1991–2004 period than during the 1980–1990 one. The method we detail in this study is applicable for other tropical cyclone trajectory basins.
Properties and sources of low and very low latitude Pi2 pulsations

Data from a low-latitude ground array of 10 fluxgate magnetometer stations spanning a geomagnetic latitude range from 38°N through the equator to 47°S, with a geomagnetic longitudinal extent from 185°E to 227°E covering ∼3 hours in magnetic local time, and an additional high-latitude station (65°N) are used to study the spatial and conjugate properties of Pi2 geomagnetic pulsation wave frequency, amplitude, phase, and polarization. Using fast fourier transform and pure state vector analysis techniques, multistation observations show that individual frequency elements of the Pi2 waves are constant with latitude and longitude, but the dominant frequency may vary. In fact, the higher frequencies often dominate at low latitudes, and the lower frequencies often dominate at higher latitudes. The D component amplitude shows a clearly decreasing trend to a near-zero minimum at the equator, while the H component amplitude does not show a simple behavior. The H component phase is nearly constant at low latitudes, while the high-latitude station may be out of phase or in phase with the low-latitude stations for different events. The D component phase is constant in each hemisphere with a 180° phase difference between hemispheres. Azimuthal wave numbers m obtained from interstation phase differences are small, typically |m| < 3, and show a dominance of westward propagation at most longitudes. It is concluded that the main features of low-latitude Pi2 properties are most easily explained by magnetospheric cavity or wave guide mode resonances, and field line resonances are most likely responsible for the high-latitude Pi2s. This supports the idea that midlatitude and low-latitude Pi2s are two-source phenomena.
Improved unit hydrograph identification for seven Welsh rivers: implications for estimating continuous streamflow at ungauged sites

Abstract A unit hydrograph-based continuous rainfall—streamflow model is applied at daily time step to several catchments in Wales. Two calibration methods are compared for seven catchments. Five of the catchments are among 60 basins in England and Wales for which models were derived by other investigators using the first calibration method, in order to devise a regionalization scheme allowing model parameters to be estimated from catchment properties. The paper shows that in several cases the first calibration method tends to overestimate low flows and give a positively biased estimate for one of the unit hydrograph parameters. It also shows that the second parameter calibration method can often overcome this problem, yielding model parameters more suitable for regionalization with respect to physical catchment properties. Implications of the work are discussed in the context of improving regionalization schemes where the estimation of streamflow in ungauged basins is the major objective.
A primitive sauropodomorph from the upper Elliot Formation of Lesotho

Abstract A well-preserved, articulated dinosaur skeleton from southern Africa is described. The specimen comes from the upper Elliot Formation (? Hettangian) of Ha Ralekoala (Lesotho) and represents a new species: Ignavusaurus rachelis genus et species nova. A cladistic analysis suggests that Ignavusaurus is more derived than Thecodontosaurus–Pantydraco, but more primitive than Efraasia. Ignavusaurus indeed shares a number of unambiguous synapomorphies with the taxa more derived than Thecodontosaurus–Pantydraco, such as a fully open acetabulum, but it is more plesiomorphic than Efraasia and more derived sauropodomorphs as shown by the evidence of, for instance, the distal extremity of its tibia that is is longer (cranio-caudally) than wide (latero-medially). The discovery of Ignavusaurus increases the known diversity of the early sauropodomorph fauna of the upper Elliot Formation, which stands as one of the richest horizons in the world in this respect.
The history and status of the woodlands of the Derbyshire limestone.

The status of the ashwoods of the limestone dales of Derbyshire and Staffordshire, first described by Moss (1913), has been uncertain until recently when Pigott (1969), in a paper principally concerned with the occurrence of Tilia there, presented evidence for believing them to be secondary and modern. The implications of his views are discussed here in a more detailed consideration of the ashwoods themselves within the historical context which a modern origin implies, the aim being to view the recent development of the woodland in the light of the socio-economic changes which have affected land-use during the past 200 years. An attempt is made to distinguish those factors which, by affecting local vegetational development, have determined the existing woodland pattern within the limits set by the physical environment and, in particular, the topography and soils. Previous workers have usually focused attention on the dale woodlands, as indeed attention is also focused here, but the whole of the limestone plateau must have originally been wooded. The nature and history of those woodlands, now totally disappeared, will be considered in a subsequent paper.
Detection and monitoring of algal blooms using SeaWiFS imagery

SeaWiFS (Sea viewing Wide Field of view Sensor) imagery is used to monitor the birth, development and termination of phytoplankton blooms in the north-east Atlantic. Extensive patches of water giving high reflectance of visible light were observed from the beginning of February to the end of July 1998 in the Celtic and Armorican Shelf regions between 45° and 60° N and interpreted as phytoplankton. Eighteen relatively cloud-free SeaWiFS images have been analysed in order to detect the spatial, temporal and spectral development of the blooms within the two study areas. Consistency of the spectral signature and the very high broadband reflectance leads to the conclusion that these are blooms of the widespread coccolithophore Emiliana huxley, although no in situ data during the study period are available to validate this hypothesis. The utility of SeaWiFS data for studying the life history of phytoplankton blooms is confirmed.
State-Dependent Constitutive Model for Rockfill Materials

AbstractA series of large-scale triaxial compression tests on Tacheng rockfill material (TRM) showed that the dilatancy and stress-strain behaviors were significantly influenced by density and pressure. The critical state friction angle of TRM decreased with an increase in the initial confining pressure. In addition, the critical state line of this material in the e-log⁡p′ plane ascended with an increase in the initial void ratio. On the basis of the specific critical state behaviors of TRM, a state-dependent constitutive model was slightly adapted in the triaxial stress space. The model, with only a set of model parameters, could capture the state-dependent behaviors of the dilatancy, stress-strain, and mobilized friction angle of TRM at various densities and pressures. The peak friction angle of TRM was found to be linear, with a coefficient of 0.21, in relation to the maximum dilatancy angle. The coefficient for rockfill materials was smaller than that for sands, indicating that the influence of dilata.
Inquiries into the consequences of planetary-scale impacts and the implications of carbonates in the hyper-arid core of the Sahara

This thesis focuses on the geophysical and morphological consequences of planetary-scale impacts – the last remnants of planetary accretion. In this size regime, the impact crater size is a significant fraction of the size of the planet, and the finite size of the target is important: its surface curvature, radial gravity, and large relative size of the impactor with respect to the target. A fully three-dimensional hydrodynamics model is used to simulate the events, thus capturing these finite-size effects. Simulated are a range of impact energies (0.02–5.89x10^(29) J), velocities (6–50 km/s), and angles (0o–75o) into a Mars-like planet. In addition, the variation in results with impactor type, for both single-material and differentiated impactors, is also examined. For this range of impact conditions, the crater size can span up to ~60% of the planetary circumference, and the ellipticity of the crater can be significant even for intermediate angle impacts. This is consistent with the observed large craters, which are commonly elliptical. Despite the large melt volumes produced, the planetary surface is preserved in most cases, as much of the melt is placed in the mantle. Antipodal crustal removal is common for the more energetic cases. For impacts with more than about three times the mutual impactor-target escape velocity, the impact has a net erosive effect, with more mass being removed than deposited. These large impacts are sufficiently massive that they can give an initially stationary Mars a rotation period of less than a day. The simulation results suggest that the Mars hemispheric dichotomy may have formed by a single, planetary-scale impact; the required impact conditions are consistent with accretion models. The last chapter of this thesis examines the paleoclimate implications of reef-like carbonate structures in the currently hyper-arid core of the Sahara (southwestern Egypt). The carbonates suggest a wetter epoch about 9,000–10,000 years ago, and the presence of long-term, standing water. Despite the higher precipitation, the chemical composition of the carbonates suggests that the vegetation cover was sparse.
Shift from denitrification to anammox after inflow events in the central Baltic Sea

Incubation experiments with 15N‐labeled compounds (NO3− and NH4+) were performed during three cruises (2002, 2004, and 2005) to study the loss of inorganic N as dinitrogen gas (N2) via denitrification and anammox in the water column of the Gotland Deep (central Baltic Sea). 15N incubations did not provide evidence for direct conversion of NO3− reduction to N2 (heterotrophic denitrification) in the suboxic (O2 < 10 µmol L−1) sulfide‐free waters. Substantial denitrification rates (up to 2.7 µmol L−1 d−1 N2) were measured in water samples collected from the NO3−‐H2S interface (redoxcline) in 2002 and in water from the sulfidic zone in 2004, which indicates chemolithotrophic denitrification as the dominant N‐loss process in both years. Massive inflows of oxygenated North Sea water from 2002 to 2003 caused a complete ventilation of the Baltic Sea with high oxygen concentrations in the Gotland Deep bottom water. After the reestablishment of the redoxcline in 2004, a newly formed suboxic zone above sulfidic waters—with NO3−, NO2−, and NH4+ at the detection limit—was observed in spring 2005. The development of this zone was associated with a several‐fold increase in reduced and oxidized manganese and with a shift from denitrification to anammox as the main N‐loss process. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis confirmed the presence of anammox bacteria and the number of anammox cells was consistent with the observed N2 production rates in 2005.
A Self-Regulatory Perspective of Work-to-Home Undermining Spillover/Crossover: Examining the Roles of Sleep and Exercise

Research demonstrating that employees who are undermined at work engage in similar behavior at home suggests this connection reflects displaced aggression. In contrast, the present study draws on self-regulation theory to examine the work-home undermining spillover/crossover process. We propose that poor sleep quality transmits the influence of workplace undermining to home undermining per self-regulatory impairment, and exercise moderates this indirect effect per self-regulatory improvement. Using matched data from 118 employees and a member of their household to test our model, results demonstrated that undermining experienced from supervisors increased subjective (i.e., self-reported) but not objective (i.e., actigraph-recorded) sleep difficulties, which, in turn, increased the frequency with which individuals engaged in undermining at home (as reported by cohabitants). Additionally, indirect effects occurred for employees with low but not high levels of physical exercise (as measured by self-reports, step counts, and energy expenditure). Our findings suggest sleep and exercise may serve as valuable intervention points to prevent the spread of harmful behavior across contexts. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Problematic Worms and Priapulid-like Fossils from the Nagaur Group, the Marwar Supergroup, Western Rajasthan, India

Worm-like problematic megafossils, comparable with priapulids, are reported from the Lower Cambrian Nagaur Formation of the Marwar Supergroup, Western Rajasthan, India. These fossils occur as positive epireliefs on the top surface of siliciclastic sandstone beds in the Dulmera area of Bikaner district, western Rajasthan. Occurrence of these structures is significant, as the fossil bearing strata also exhibit the preservation of trilobite traces and Treptichnus pedum (three-dimensional subhorizontal burrows). The latter is a Precambrian-Cambrian boundary marker fossil, which has a worldwide distribution. Recently, it has been experimentally demonstrated that priapulids (ecdysozoa) or similar organisms are responsible for the construction of treptichnid burrows. Co-occurrence of these body fossils and treptichnid burrows in the same stratigraphic horizon indicate their close relationship and supports the inferences that these organisms are responsible for the formation of T. pedum. It also projects strong evidence demarcating the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary in the Nagaur Group. These faunal remains are considered to be a significant tool in comparative studies of the evolution from invertebrate to vertebrate animals. Detailed study may certainly shed light on different aspects of macroevolution and radiation among animal clades, and the palaeoecology prevailing at the time of the Nagaur Sandstone deposition.
Active deformation in eastern Indonesia and the Philippines from GPS and seismicity data

In this study we combine Global Positioning System (GPS) velocities with information on the style of regional seismicity to obtain a self-consistent model velocity and strain rate field for the entire eastern Indonesia and Philippines region. In the process of interpolating 93 previously published GPS velocities, the style and direction of the seismic strain rate field, inferred from earthquakes with M0 < 1 × 1020 N m (from the Harvard centroid moment tensor catalog), are used as constraints on the style and direction of model strain rates within the plate boundary zones. The style and direction of the seismic strain rate field are found to be self-similar for earthquakes up to M0 = 1 × 1020 N m (equivalent to Mw < 7.3). Our inversion result shows the following: The Java Trench, which lacks any significant (historic) seismicity, delineates the Australian plate (AU) - Sunda block (Sunda) plate boundary west of the island of Sumba. East of Sumba, convergence is distributed over the back arc and Banda Sea, and there is no subduction at the Timor Trough, suggesting that the northern boundary of the AU plate runs north of this part of the Banda arc through the Banda Sea. In New Guinea most motion is taken up as strike-slip deformation in the northern part of the island, delineating the Pacific plate (PA) - AU boundary. However, some trench-normal convergence is occurring at the New Guinea Trench, evidence that the strain is partitioned in order to accommodate oblique PA-AU motion. PA-AU motion is consistent with NUVEL-1A direction, but ∼ 8 mm yr−1 slower than the NUVEL-1A estimate for PA-AU motion. The Sulawesi Trench and Molucca Sea delineate zones of high strain rates, consistent with high levels of active seismicity. The Sulawesi Trench may take up some of the AU-Sunda motion. Philippine Sea plate motion is in a direction slightly northward of the NUVEL-IA estimate and is partitioned in some strike-slip strain rates along the Philippine Fault and relatively larger trench-normal convergence along the Philippine Trench and on the Philippine mainland in the southern Philippines and along the Manila Trench in the northern Philippine islands. The high level of strain rate along the Manila Trench is not released by any significant (historic) seismic activity. For the entire eastern Indonesia-Philippines region, seismicity since 1963 has taken up ∼40% of the total moment rate inferred from our model.