Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The structure of morphometric and allozyme variation in relict populations of Gypsophila fastigiata (Caryophyllaceae) in Sweden

Patterns of variation and the structuring of diversity in seed phenotype and allozymes were investigated in Sweden Gypsophila fastigiata, a perennial herb with a disjunct ‘Late Glacial relict’ distribution in eastern and northern Europe. The overall patterns of variation in allozymes and seed morphology are congruent and are significantly correlated with geographic distance. However, most of the congruence between the distance matrices based on allozymes and seed morphology is attributable to regional differentiation between the isolated Oland and Dalarna metapopulations. On a local scale, within the two metapopulations, seed shape variation is partially correlated with geography whereas allozyme variation is unrelated to the geographic disposition of the sampling sites. Despite the fact that regional metapopulations can be discriminated on the basis of seed shape and allozyme frequencies, relatively little of the total diversity in seed morphology and allozymes is due to differentiation between regions. Partitioning of diversity into its within- and among-regional, site and individual components, showed that the majority of diversity (52% for seed shape and 91% for allozymes) is stored within sites. Seventy-three percent of the variation in allozymes is due to variation within individuals (i.e. heterozygosity) whereas phenotypic variation in seed shape within individuals is low (0.4% of the total diversity). The events that led to the large scale disjunction of the Late Glacial distribution of G. fastigiata may have shaped the pattern of differentiation observed among the regional isolates of the species. However, the species' history of local population disjunction during post-glacial and historic times has not had a substantial impact on the spatial organization of allozyme and morphometric diversity within regions. Extensive local gene flow may have allowed the regional metapopulations to have functioned as extended effective populations–on a time scale of tens or hundreds of years–and may have hindered the loss of within-site diversity.
Comparing Strategies for Improving Precision When Checking Safe Evolution of Software Product Lines

Software product lines are emerging as a viable and important development paradigm allowing companies to realize order-of-magnitude improvements in time to market, cost, productivity, quality, and other business drivers. However, evolving a product line is risky because a change in a single artifact might affect many products and their corresponding customers. In this context, when evolving a product line to introduce new features or to improve its design, it is important to ensure that the evolution preserves the observable behavior of the existing products. Typical program refactoring cannot guarantee behavior preservation because the product line context goes beyond code. Product lines encompass additional artifacts such as feature models and configuration knowledge. Additionally, we usually have to deal with a set of alternative assets that does not constitute a well-formed program. Therefore, existing program refactoring tools may introduce behavioral changes or invalidate existing product configurations. The manual analysis of the evolution of these artifacts are tiresome and ineffective, causing defects remain unsolved and compromising the aforementioned benefits of software product lines. In the literature, we found some force-brute approaches that move toward overcoming these challenges. They implement practical approximations of a refinement theory of software product lines. However, they are inaccurate and spend a substantial time to check behavioral incompatibilities between the evolutions. In contrast, an alternative optimized approach focus on testing for behavioral compatibility only the modified assets during the evolution. This leads to a reduction on time, making the approach faster when compared to other proposed ones. This approach improves performance, but on the other hand, decreases accuracy. Therefore, in this work we propose strategies for increasing precision of these optimized approaches. We first implemented a strategy, which analyzes classes in a hierarchy closest to the user, which might better determine if the evolution preserves behavior. In addition, we integrated a new automatic test generation tool to our toolset, which has an efficient heuristic to guide its search for quality tests. In this work, we combine these two previously mentioned approaches with two testing tools and compare them regarding performance and accuracy. We apply them in concrete evolution scenarios from two different product lines. The first product line generates functional tests from use case specifications and the second one manages media on mobile devices. As a result, our strategies found that some transformations introduced behavioral changes. Furthermore, they improved performance and achieved higher accuracies.
Evaluation of Key Odorants in Milk Chocolate and Cocoa Mass by Aroma Extract Dilution Analyses

Application of an aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) on the volatiles of a commercial milk chocolate revealed 51 odor-active compounds in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range 8−1024, 44 of which could be identified. The following 13 odorants contributed with the highest FD factors to the overall chocolate flavor: 3-methylbutanal (malty); 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (potato chip-like); 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acid (sweaty); 5-methyl-(E)-2-hepten-4-one (hazelnut-like); 1-octen-3-one (mushroom-like); 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (nutty, earthy); 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine (potato chip-like); (Z)-2-nonenal (green, tallowy); (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (fatty, waxy); (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal (fatty); R-δ-decalactone (sweet, peach-like); and 2-methyl-3-(methyldithio)furan. Application of the AEDA on the cocoa mass used in the production of the milk chocolate led to the identification of 37 odorants, seven of which were sensorially not detected in the chocolate. By contrast, 11 odorants were present in the milk ch.
Infrastructure and inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa: An empirical analysis

This study provides an empirical assessment of infrastructure and inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). An inclusive growth index has been constructed and then used to test the infrastructure–inclusive growth nexus. The study has also examined whether infrastructure has a distributive impact on income groups. The overall analysis employed panel data collected from 31 SSA countries over the period 2003–17. The study found a positive link between infrastructure and inclusive growth. These results were significant for energy, transport and information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructures. It was also found that poorer people gain more benefits from the listed infrastructures than the rich, which shows that infrastructure plays an important role in the distribution of income. The overall results imply that infrastructure is vital in reducing income disparities and enhancing shared prosperity in SSA. Policies for increasing access and affordability of infrastructure services are highly recommended to promote inclusion.
When will consumers be ready? A psychological perspective on consumer engagement in social media brand communities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explain whether consumer engagement in social media brand communities (SMBCs) motivates consumer brand loyalty; and second, to explore the antecedents of consumer engagement by developing a model based on personal engagement theory. Design/methodology/approach Online survey data from 279 brand community members of Weibo (one of the most popular social media websites in China) were used to test the proposed model. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares was performed to test both the measurement model and the structural model. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the interaction effects. Findings The findings show that three factors, namely, recognition, community identification and self-efficacy, had significant positive effects on consumer engagement in SMBCs, which consequently enhanced brand loyalty. Self-efficacy moderated the effects of both community identification and recognition on consumer engagement. The impacts of three factors on consumer engagement are contingent upon the type of SMBCs. Originality/value This study extends and advances the literature on consumer engagement by explaining consumer engagement in SMBCs from a new theoretical lens. This study also enriches personal engagement theory by investigating the effects of the interaction between different conditions of engagement. In addition, this study contributes to brand loyalty literature by providing empirical evidence of the impact of consumer engagement on brand loyalty. Finally, this study contributes to the online brand community study by introducing personal engagement theory into SMBC context, and examining the moderating role of SMBC types.
Modification of water balance of dryland wheat through the use of chlormequat chloride

SUMMARY In field trials made for two years in the dry period of a semi-arid tract under natural precipitation at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, overnight seed-soaking of wheat in 0·5% solution of 2-chloro-ethyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC) prior to sowing increased the grain yield. When treated with foliar application of the chemical in concentrations ranging between 40 and 1000 mg/1, wheat plots yielded better than did the untreated control, but no consistency was noted between the concentrations or stages of their application. The benefit from CCC was due to more root growth, increased stomatal resistance and higher leaf water potential. Treated plants extracted more water from deeper soil layers, increasing their water-use efficiency.
Are They Learning or Playing? Students’ Perception Traits and Their Learning Self-Efficacy in a Game-Based Learning Environment

As game-based learning continues to draw attention, students’ perceptions toward classroom activities are vital in influencing the quality of learning. This study used the social cognitive theory to show the perception traits of learning and playing in game-based environments and for students to identify their self-efficacy toward game-based learning by different trait groups. The game Formosa Hope was used in an experiment with 362 fifth- and sixth-grade students at ages 11 to 12 years as participants. Three perception traits were identified through a two-step cluster analysis: I—strong perceptions of learning and playing, II—moderate perceptions of learning and playing, and III—strong perception of playing but weak perception of learning. This study showed that regardless of trait type, students demonstrated positive self-efficacy, with those with Trait I having significantly higher self-efficacy than those with Traits II and III, indicating that students’ positive perceptions of learning and playing are essential in prompting self-efficacy in game-based learning.
EcoVeg: a new approach to vegetation description and classification

A vegetation classification approach is needed that can describe the diversity of terrestrial ecosystems and their transformations over large time frames, span the full range of spatial and geographic scales across the globe, and provide knowledge of reference conditions and current states of ecosystems required to make decisions about conservation and resource management. We summarize the scientific basis for EcoVeg, a physiognomic-floristic-ecological classification approach that applies to existing vegetation, both cultural (planted and dominated by human processes) and natural (spontaneously formed and dominated by nonhuman ecological processes). The classification is based on a set of vegetation criteria, including physiognomy (growth forms, structure) and floristics (compositional similarity and characteristic species combinations), in conjunction with ecological characteristics, including site factors, disturbance, bioclimate, and biogeography. For natural vegetation, the rationale for the upper le.
Biosimilar FSH Preparations Versus Highly Purified Urinary FSH for Simple Ovulation Induction in Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Objective: To compare the efficacy of biosimilar FSH preparations and highly purified urinary FSH in ovulation induction in PCOs infertile women. Patients and Methods: 100 infertile women with PCOs had been included in the study. Patients were randomly classified according to ovulation induction drugs used into 2 groups (Group I: included 50 infertile women received biosimilar FSH preparations and Group II: included 50 infertile women received highly purified urinary FSH. All cases were monitored for follicular development by transvaginal ultrasound. Results: There was a mildly statistically significant difference between biosimilar FSH preparations group and highly purified urinary FSH in the mean ±SD of gonadotrophins doses used, the duration of stimulation, the number of mature follicles (p<0.05), but there was a highly statistically significant in endometrial thickness at time of HCG triggering (p<0.01). There was a mildly statistically significant difference in pregnancy rates (p<0.05). There was a mildly statistically significant difference in development of hyperstimulation syndrome and twins’ pregnancies (p<0.05). Conclusion and Recommendation: Biosimilar FSH preparations were better than the highly purified urinary FSH in ovulation induction in PCOs infertile women (short duration and low doses of stimulation, significant increase in growing follicles number, enhancement in endometrial thickness and increased pregnancy rate). So, this study recommends the use of biosimilar preparations of FSH in ovulation induction in PCOs infertile women.
The significance of sesamoids and retro‐articular processes for the mechanics of joints

Extensor muscles may insert by means of flexible tendons that wrap round the joint, through rigid sesamoids, or on to retro-articular processes. The three types of joint are examined, and equations are derived relating the force required in the muscle to the force exerted on the environment. A selection of mammalian joints are analysed to illustrate the theoretical conclusions.
Mechanics of Forward Flight in Bumblebees: I. Kinematics and Morphology

Using high-speed cinematography, bumblebees in free flight were filmed over a range of forward airspeeds. A detailed description of the wing tip and body kinematics was obtained from a three-dimensional reconstruction of the twodimensional film image. A technique for determining quantitatively the angle of attack of the wing was developed. Kinematic parameters found to vary consistently with airspeed were body angle, stroke plane angle, geometrical angle of attack, and rotational angles of the wings at the ends of half-strokes. Results of a morphological analysis of the wings and bodies of thoseinsects filmed in free flight are presented for use in later calculations of the lift and power requirements of forward flight.
Context‐dependent effects on spatial variation in deer‐vehicle collisions

Identifying factors that contribute to the risk of wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) has been a key focus of wildlife managers, transportation safety planners and road ecologists for over three decades. Despite these efforts, few generalities have emerged which can help predict the occurrence of WVCs, heightening the uncertainty under which conservation, wildlife and transportation management decisions are made. Undermining this general understanding is the use of study area boundaries that are incongruent with major biophysical gradients, inconsistent data collection protocols among study areas and species-specific interactions with roads. We tested the extent to which factors predicting the occurrence of deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs) were general among five study areas distributed over a 11,400-km2 region in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. In spite of our system-wide focus on the same genus (i.e., Odocoileus hemionus and O. virginianus), study area delineation along major biophysical gradients, and use .
Antifungal activity of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don (asteraceae) essential oil against fungi isolated from cultural heritage objects.

There is considerable interest in the use of essential oils as alternative methods to control micromycetes from cultural heritage objects. We investigated the chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Helichrysum italicum. The main components of the oil were γ-curcumene (22.45%), α-pinene (15.91 %) and neryl acetate (7.85 %). H. italicum essential oil showed moderate antifungal activity against fungi isolated from cultural heritage objects. The most susceptible fungi to oil treatment were Epicoccum nigrum and Penicillium sp. , while the most resistant was Trichoderma viride. The H. italicum essential oil showed demelanizing activity against Aspergillus niger. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 173032]
Understanding the Difference Between Standard Deviation and Standard Error of the Mean, and Knowing When to Use Which

Many authors are unsure of whether to present the mean along with the standard deviation (SD) or along with the standard error of the mean (SEM). The SD is a descriptive statistic that estimates the scatter of values around the sample mean; hence, the SD describes the sample. In contrast, the SEM is an estimate of how close the sample mean is to the population mean; it is an intermediate term in the calculation of the 95% confidence interval around the mean, and (where applicable) statistical significance; the SEM does not describe the sample. Therefore, the mean should always be accompanied by the SD when describing the sample. There are many reasons why the SEM continues to be reported, and it is argued that none of these is justifiable. In fact, presentation of SEMs may mislead readers into believing that the sample data are more precise than they actually are. Given that the standard error is not presented for other parameters, such as difference between means or proportions, and difference between proportions, it is suggested that presentation of SEM values can be done away with, altogether.
The Relationship Between Environmental Hostility and Entrepreneurial Orientation of Small Businesses

Abstract Declining entrepreneurship as indicated by low total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) and high business failure is unacceptable in any economy. This predicament is indicative of South Africa’s business environment as well as the entrepreneurial disposition of firms operating within it. However, the factors precipitating entrepreneurial behaviour among small firms are yet to be fully comprehended and the environment as a motivation for entrepreneurship among these firms is yet to be examined thoroughly. Furthermore, research focus on the antecedents of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is limited, even as EO has been considered as an aggregated construct repeatedly with inadequate attention directed at its independent constituents. In response to these concerns, this study investigates the relationships between environmental hostility (EH) and the individual components of EO among small businesses in South Africa. Using a quantitative methodological approach, the study conducts a survey, and analyses data obtained through random sampling. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), it is discovered that only four components of EO are statistically recognisable, contrary to five as widely acknowledged in literature. Positive associations were also revealed between EH and each of these dimensions to varying degrees. These findings underline the necessity for entrepreneurial action along the lines of risk-taking, proactive-innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy among small businesses in South Africa, given the hostile environment of her small business sector.
The only-child premium and moderation by social origin: Educational stratification in post-reform China

The One Child Policy initiated in the late 1970s created a birth cohort with an unusually high proportion of only children. This paper examines the relationship between being the only child in the family and educational attainment, as well as its potential variations by social origin. Drawing my sample from the China Family Panel Studies, I compare two birth cohorts born before and after the birth-control policy. Results show that in the younger cohort, being the only child in the family produces a premium in educational outcomes, including years of completed schooling and odds of progressing through critical grade transitions. In addition, I observe a pattern that the only-child premium tends to be larger for people with higher social origins in competitive grade transitions.
Dodder transmission of alder yellows phytoplasma to the experimental host Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle)

Summary The alder yellows phytoplasma (ALY) was transmitted to the experimental host Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) via dodder (Cuscuta odorata) bridges from naturally infected alder trees. The identity of the dodder-transmitted phytoplasma has been confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified ribosomal DNA.
Serum lipid profiles of patients taking efavirenz based antiretroviral regimen compared to ritonavir-boosted atazanavir with an optimized back ground at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Dyslipidemia represent significant health care concerns in Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infected patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy due to their association with cardiovascular disease risk. There is limited data regarding the effects of boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) treatment in the lipid profiles of Ethiopian HIV patients. Thus, this study compares the lipid profile changes of HIV patients on ATV/r-based regimen compared to efavirenz (EFV)-based regimen, while the background nucleos/tide backbone is optimized.Materials and methods: A comparative Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among adult HIV-infected patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from July-September 2017. Equal number of EFV and ATV/r-treated patients (n = 90 each) taking for one year and above were included in the study. Serum lipid parameters (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)) were measured using fully automated mind ray, Chemistry analyzer. Data comparison used chi-square test, Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariate regression analysis and p-value<0.05 was used to identify associated factors of serum lipid profiles.Results: In the present study ATV/r-treated group resulted significantly higher in the median values of TG [207 (56-1094) vs. 145(42-768) mg/dL; p=0.001] and the mean value of TG/HDL-C ratio (6.6 vs. 4.4; p=0.001) as compared to EFV-treated group. EFV-treated group showed significantly higher in the mean value of HDL-C (44.7 vs. 38.7mg/dL; p= 0.001) as compared to ATV/r-treated group. No significant difference was found in TC (p=0.5), LDL-C (p=0.6), TC/HDL-C (p=0.5) and LDL-C/HDL-C (p=0.1) between EFV and ATV/r-treated patients. In ATV/r-treated patients, CD4 count and body mass index (BMI) was significantly associated with TC. In EFV-treated patients, BMI was significantly associated with increased serum LDL-C and TC in female participants.Conclusion: In conclusion, ATV/r raises TG and TG/HDL-C while, HDL-C was higher in EFV than ATV/r-treated group. Both groups have less atherogenic lipid profiles in terms of TC/HDL-C and LDL/HDL-C.