Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Density‐Dependent Aspects of Growth and Metamorphosis in Bufo Americanus

Larvae of Bufo americanus (Anura: Bufonidae) were reared at controlled densities and food levels in laboratory populations and at controlled densities in enclosures in a farm pond in one— and two—species populations. Survival during the larval period was independent of population density however, the proportion of the population that successfully metamorphosed was a negative, exponential function of density. This outcome is interpreted as the result of the effect of density on the growth rate of larvae. In high density populations, a few individuals grow at the expense of smaller members of the cohort, which then have a lowered probability of metamorphosis. In spite of the strong effect of environmental heterogeneity in field experiments, the mean size at metamorphosis was significantly decreased as the initial density of either Bufo (—0.00031 g—body wt per unit increase in density) or Rana palustris (—0.00020 g—body wt per unit increase) was increased. Rana palustris frequently breeds at the same time an.
Mini-Review Innate immunity and the pneumococcus

Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UKThe innate immune system provides a non-speciﬁc ﬁrst line of defence against microbes andis crucial both in the development and effector stages of subsequent adaptive immune responses.Consistent with its importance, study of the innate immune system is a broad and fast-movingﬁeld. Here we provide an overview of the recent key advances made in this area with relation to theimportant pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus).
Investing Like China

There are several facts that we document about the Chinese economy during the last decade in this paper: i) The skill premium in wage has been rising till 2008 but falls afterwards; ii) the aggregate investment rate in China increases from 42% in 2008 to 47% in 2013, among which structure investment contributes most of the surge; iii) on the firm level, the return to capital is lower for the firms with lower averaging schooling year. This paper attempts to explain the above features of the capital and labor markets in the Chinese economy using a two-sector model. Our model shows that these facts that exist in Chinese capital and labor market are likely to be caused by the distortion in the government investment, which is modeled as government’s subsidizing the infrastructure sector by offering a lower loan rate, and related structural change. Given that the infrastructure sector can absorb capital with low rate, large amount of investment flows into this sector, which also drives up the demand for unskilled labor. The rising demand for unskilled labor leads to an increase of unskilled wage. On the other hand, since infrastructure sector can borrow at a low rate, it has the incentive to borrow a lot, thus pushing up the market interest rate for the general good sector. The resulting reduction of investment in the general good sector reduces the demand for skilled labor and hence the growth of skilled labor wage, leading to a fall in the skill premium in wage. The model is calibrated to match the Chinese data. Our results suggest that the government has strong incentive to invest in the infrastructure sector if they are only interested in the short-run output level. This also helps to explain the high local government debt during recent years, as the local government has strong incentive to invest in the infrastructure sector, they borrow more. We also find that the more government deviates from the non-distortionary rate, the larger the welfare loss. More interestingly, when there exists abundant unskilled labor due to frictions to migration from the rural area, distortionary government investment could in fact increase the marginal product of labor and help overcome the frictions, and hence increase welfare. However, once rural to urban migration is completed, there is only welfare loss associated with distortionary government investment. JEL Codes: E25, O16, O41, O53, P23.
Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of medicinal herbal mixture in sheep ruminal acidosis

This study was made to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal herbal mixture powder (Cinnamon, Rhubarb, Gentian, Nux Vomica, Nutmeg, Ginger and Boldo) in field cases of sheep with ruminal acidosis. Ten sheep suffered from acidosis were used to achieve this goal. In addition ten apparently healthy sheep were used as a control. The acidotic sheep showed anorexia, weakness, dullness, pasty feces, tympany and reluctance to move.There was significant increase (p<0.05) in respiratory rate and pulse rate, while body temperature and ruminal movement were significantly decreased (p<0.05). There were significant increase (p<0.05) in Hb content, PCV%, RBCs, WBCs, granulocyte, lymphocyte and monocyte in acidotic sheep than healthy one. Biochemically, there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in Na, Cl, Mg, Ca, SOD, catalase, albumin and total protein; whereas significant increase (p<0.05) in K, P, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, urea, creatinine, MDA, CRP, histamine and vitamin B12 were detected in acidotic sheep. The clinical, hematological, biochemical and ruminal parameters were significantly changed toward the control values after treatment with medicinal herbal mixture. Therefore, these herbal mixtures are recommended for treatment of sheep suffered from acidosis.
Expression and Function of Potyviral Gene Products

The potato virus Y or potyvirus group is the largest known group of plant viral pathogens. Conditional on the criteria used to define a distinct virus, there may be over 100 different members of this group (34, 48). Economic losses attributed to potyvirus infection can be significant; however, potyviruses are frequently present as part of the natural pathogen population causing chronic reductions in yield and/or quality (48). All members of the potyvirus group share common features (34, 48). The virus particle or virion has a flexuous rod shape and is usually 700-900nm in length and 12-15nm in diameter (48). Potyvirus genomes are unicomponent and the genetic information is contained in a single-stranded, infectious RNA molecule that is approximately 10,000 nucleotides in length (4, 12, 23). The genome of all potyviruses encodes for a protein that aggregates in the cyto­ plasm during infection in the form of pinwheelor scroll-shaped inclusion bodies (18, 34). Additionally, infection by some potyviruses results in the formation of other types of inclusion bodies (18, 34). Potyviruses can be mechanically transmitted, and most members of this group are transmitted by aphids in a nonpersistent, noncirculative manner; transmission in seed or by mites and dodder has been reported (48). From a biochemical and molecular biological perspective, some potyvi­ ruses are unequaled for the large amounts of viral-encoded, nonstructural proteins that are synthesized and aggregate into stable forms during infection. Therefore they offer a unique opportunity to examine the expression and function of viral-encoded, nonstructural proteins (Table 1).
Bruise susceptibilities of Golden Delicious apples as affected by mechanical impact and fruit properties

SUMMARY In order to reduce bruising damage to fruits, it is necessary to know the effect of fruit properties on bruise susceptibility. Statistical bruise estimation models were constructed to determine the level of bruising in Golden Delicious apples. The regression models were built based upon peak contact force (PF) and impact energy as the main independent variables, with other parameters including fruit curvature radius, temperature and acoustic stiffness (a measure of texture/firmness of fruit and vegetables). Significant effects of acoustic stiffness, temperature and curvature radius and some interactions on bruising were obtained with determination coefficients of 0·87 and 0·93 for the force and energy models, respectively. It was demonstrated that increasing the temperature and lowering acoustic stiffness reduced bruise damage to the fruit. Golden delicious apples with a low radius of curvature developed more bruise damage compared to large apples when impacts were low, but the opposite was true for high impacts, with less damage for small fruit. No significant differences were observed between the predicted bruise volumes of models that included PF and impact energy at all impact levels.
Identification of Some Biological Hazards in Some Meat Products.

The biological hazards are by far the primary food safety concern in which, contamination of meat product with biological hazards rendering them unfit for human consumption and considered as a global health issue. This study aimed to determine the safety of some meat product in which sixty samples of processed meat product represented by minced meat, beef burger, sausages and luncheon (15 samples of each ) that were randomly gathered from distinct supermarkets and shops in Benha City at Kalubia Governorate, Egypt to determine occurrence of Bacillus cereus and Staph.aureus microorganisms as a biological hazards. The attained results revealed that B.cereus & Staph.aureus could be isolated from the checked samples of minced meat, beef burger, sausage and beef luncheon with the incidences of 13.3% & 20% , 33.3% & 46.7% , 46.7% & 53.3% and 26.7% & 33.3% and with mean values of 5.26×102± 0.81×102 & 7.12×102± 1.15×102 , 2.19×103± 0.43×103 & 3.96×103± 0.63×103, 8.47×103± 1.79×103 & 9.35×103± 2.10×103 and 1.09×103± 0.25×103 & 1.48×103± 0.31×103 (cfu/g) in the evaluated samples, respectively. The attained results were matched up to the permissible limits of Staph.aureus count stipulated by Egyptian Organization for Standardization to assess their acceptability and it was recommended to set up permissible limits of Bacillus cereus count in Egyptian Standards for such products.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES OF COCCINIA INDICA WIGHT & ARN LEAVES

The Leaves of Coccinia indica are reported to have good medicinal values in traditional system of medicine. Oral administration of the ethanolic extract of Coccinia indica Wight & Arn leaves (200 mg/kg body weight, CLEt) for 45 days to diabetic rats decreased the concentrations of blood glucose, lipids and fatty acids, viz., palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid whereas linolenic and arachidonic acid and plasma insulin were elevated [1] . The present study highlights the Pharmacognostical as well as phytochemical studies including parameters such as macroscopic, microscopic characters, Physical evaluation and preliminary phytochemical studies of the leaves. These observations will help in the Pharmacognostical identification and standardization of the drug in the crude form and also to distinguish the drug from its adulteration
MORPHO -HIST OLOGICAL STUDY OF LIMBS BONES DEVELOPMENT IN INDIGENOUS IRAQI GOOSE EMBRYO ( Anser anser domesticus )

Morphogenesis of bones of the fore limb(wing) and hind limb in an indigenous Iraqi goose embryo including the anatomical and histological changes accompanied the process of bone creation, and transitional changes of the chondrofication, ossification and growth patterns of different bones of limbs were investigated and analyzed to enable assessment of the developmental status and evaluation of the experimental effects on bone development (Teratological studies) and skeletal mutations, which leads to deformities. Observations of most elements of different parts of the fore and hind-limbs performed under continuous serial pursuit to evaluate sequence of the developmental changes were occurred, with special attention to the timing of chondrofication and ossification of bones. Serial histological feature of the developmental sequences fortified these observations by study of the structural and transitional changes occurred during bone formation. The skeletal elements of both fore and hind-limbs showed later appearance of cartilage at interval between 9-16 days, while the onset of ossification initiated in the diaphyseal parts of the femur, tibia and fibula of the hindlimb had ossified at 11 day of incubation. Chondrofication and ossification were occurred in the mid-diaphyseal regions and progressed to the proximal and distal regions in all bones. Ossification of all elements of the fore and hind-limbs completed at 22 day of incubation except carpals and 2 phalanx of the 2 digit of the fore limb and tarsals in addition to the patella of the hind limb were remained cartilaginous without ossification during hatching.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Changes in Saliva and Subjective Oral Dryness in Patients with Thyroid Disorders

Background: The association of salivary function with numerous systemic illnesses has been stated by various researches. There is a strong relationship of salivary function with common illnesses like diabetes, oral submucous fibrosis, and asthma. Thyroid dysfunction are one of the most common endocrine disorders worldwide. Aims and objective: To determine the qualitative and quantitative changes in the salivary function in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 40 subjects, including 20 thyroid disorders patients and 20 control subjects. Unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates, pH, and buffering capacity of the whole saliva were determined as well as subjective oral dryness in the study subjects. Results: In the present study, a statistically significant decrease in salivary parameters such as buffering capacity and flow rates was seen. Subjective oral dryness was observed in affected patients. Conclusion: In the present study, a correlation between thyroid dysfunction and salivary gland function was observed in patients with thyroid disorders.
Variability in relative importance of determinants of reef fish recruitment.

Multiple processes can act together to determine abundance of organisms and structure of communities. Recently, appreciation of this fact has motivated development of conceptual and statistical frameworks that quantitatively assess the relative importance of multiple causal factors. However, little consideration has been given to variability in the "importance" of processes through space and time (i.e. robustness), which represents another facet of a process's importance. Here, I focused on populations of a coral reef fish (Thalassoma hardwicke) and used an existing analytical method to assess the relative importance of initial population inputs (larval supply) and subsequent juvenile mortality in determining the average abundances of juvenile fish populations in different locations and times. The relative importance of processes varied significantly both temporally and spatially across a range of scales, and indicate a need for future assessments of relative importance to incorporate this variability.
Biochemical effects of three commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Agerin, Dipel 2X and Dipel DF) on Spodoptera littoralis larvae

Effectiveness of commercialformulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var Kurstaki "Agerin, Dipel 2X and Dipel DF" on total protein and lipid contents were studied. Activities of detoxification and metabolic enzymes were also measured in treated and control larvae of cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. Collected samples from treated larvae at intervals of 48 and 120 hrs post treatment were analyzed to assess the total protein and lipid contents as well as the enzymes activities. Significant reductions were observed in total protein content at 120 hrs larvae in all treatments compared with control. In all larvae treated with Agerin and Dipel DF the lipid content was significantly elevated after 48 and 120 hrs of treatment while Dipel 2X showed no significant difference in lipid content. However, fluctuated changes in the enzymes activity of treated larvae were found. We conclude that there are differences in biochemical effects between various commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki. In most cases Agerin was found more effective on S. littoralis than others.
Formula-one 3D Vehicle Aerodynamic Modeling, Geometric Idealization and Mesh Refinement Strategies

Aerodynamic analysis techniques on a complex 3-D geometry performed using ANSYS Fluent CFD is presented in this paper. Specifically, a formula racecar’s full-car model is analyzed where aerodynamic design plays a critical role in the vehicle’s performance. CFD computational fluid dynamics is used because it would not be practical to use a theoretical approach due to the geometry’s complexity. In order to analyze this vehicle model the solution approach is illustrated in three parts. First, a multi-element front wing assembly is analyzed by using a high-fidelity mesh modeling technique to capture local flow structure through a multitude of flaps and vanes. After the high-fidelity meshing technique has been demonstrated, next, a sequential idealization technique is used to study various combinations of airfoils to determine which configuration gives the highest aerodynamic efficiency. The result shows that an intermediate configuration offer the best lift-to-drag ratio, and that any additional airfoils does not improve the aerodynamic efficiency. Finally, the techniques for high-fidelity meshing and iterative solving are demonstrated on a full-car model to show how to solve aerodynamic problems of a realworld, complex 3D geometry. The paper concludes with a proposal for an oblique-wing geometry which takes advantage of non-symmetric turning-bias of modern race tracks. Comparison results with a conventional-wing car show that an oblique-wing car offer higher turning-downforce and lower drag than the traditional symmetrical version. Key-Words: Aerodynamics, Oblique Wing, Sideslip Angle, Rolling Tire, Ground Effect, Downforce
Evaluation of Short and Tall Sorghum Varieties in Mixtures with Cowpea in the Sudan Savanna Of Nigeria: Land Equivalent Ratio, Grain Yield and System Productivity Index

SUMMARY Physiomorphological differences between crops in binary mixtures can influence grain yield. A two year field study considered intra-row mixtures of two sorghum varieties, one short (KSV4) and one tall (Yarwasha), with cowpea at Maiduguri in Nigeria. The performance of the component crops depended largely on the relative proportion of cowpea and sorghum in the mixtures. Comparison of actual and expected land equivalent ratios suggested that mutual compensation and cooperation prevailed within mixtures in most instances. The system productivity index of mixtures where the proportion of sorghum: cowpea was 1:3 showed that their yield stability was greater than that of other sorghum-cowpea mixtures. Combination de sorgol caupi en la Sabana del Sudan
Genus Mitragyna: Ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological studies

Mitragyna genus, belongs to Rubiaceae family, distributed in Africa and Asia. Many species in Mitragyna genus have a history of use as a medicinal plant. Traditionally, it has been used to treat fever, malaria, diarrhea, muscle pain, inflammation and hypertension. Phytochemical research has showed that alkaloids, triterpenoids and flavonoids were main compounds in Mitragyna genus. Pharmacology investigation demonstrated that plant of Mitragyna possess wide pharmacological effects, in antitumor, cardiovascular disease and antibacterial activity. This review aims to update information on its pharmacological effects.
A geography‐based critique of new US biofuels regulations

The new renewable fuels standard (RFS 2) aims to distinguish corn‐ethanol that achieves a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared with gasoline. Field data from Kim et al. (2009) and from our own study suggest that geographic variability in the GHG emissions arising from corn production casts considerable doubt on the approach used in the RFS 2 to measure compliance with the 20% target. If regulators wish to require compliance of fuels with specific GHG emission reduction thresholds, then data from growing biomass should be disaggregated to a level that captures the level of variability in grain corn production and the application of life cycle assessment to biofuels should be modified to capture this variability.
Severe beak deformity in Melopsittacus undulatus caused by Knemidocoptes pilae

An outbreak of knemidocoptic mange caused by Knemidocoptes pilae is described in caged Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in a public park in LEliana (Valencia, Spain). Five individuals (5 out of 70) displayed severe malformation of the beak, with the rhamphotheca, rhinotheca, and gnathotheca affected and a slight lateral deviation of the jawbone, which did not, however, impede feeding or grooming.
The green fluorescent protein as a visible marker for lactic acid bacteria in complex ecosystems

The potential of the gfp (green fluorescent protein) gene from the jellyfish Aequoria victoria as a visible marker for tracking lactic acid bacteria introduced into complex anaerobic ecosystems was examined. A red-shifted mutant gfp gene was placed downstream of the constitutive Lactococcus lactis P32 promoter and fluorescence resulting from green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was detected in Escherichia coli and L. lactis. The construct (pKPSPsgfp) was also introduced into Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus bovis by mobilisation with pVA797. In all cases fluorescence was detectable at the level of individual cells, and isolated colonies. Although oxygen is required for GFP to fluoresce, colonies or cells grown anaerobically were able to fluoresce upon subsequent exposure to air. A combination of selective plating and colony fluorescence allowed a gfp marked strain of E. faecalis to be enumerated after addition to an anaerobic continuous culture of human faecal flora.
Success through Selection in Norwegian Vocational Rehabilitation Programs?

We estimate the impact of vocational rehabilitation programs in Norway in terms of successful reemployment into the labor market. With the use of a comparison group we obtain some novel empirical results: There are strong indications that managers select candidates for program participation in a manner consistent with a hypothesis of “creaming”. For instance, young, highly educated individuals with high work experience and no children are significantly over represented as program participants. These individuals also have significantly higher employment rates whether they participate in training programs or not. However, the increase in the probability of employment due to program participation is higher for workers with less fortunate employment characteristics.
The Dynamic Effects of Fiscal Policy : A FAVAR Approach

In this paper, we implement a recently developed econometric model, the Factor Augmented VAR (FAVAR), to investigate the dynamic effects of government spending on key macroeconomic variables. In line with existing literature, we find that a government spending shock has positive effects on consumption and output. By splitting the sample in a preand postVolcker period, we find that the positive effects of government spending on consumption and output over the whole sample are largely due to the first part of the sample.