Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliable damping of free-surface waves in numerical simulations

This paper generalises existing approaches for free-surface wave damping via momentum sinks for flow simulations based on the Navier-Stokes equations. It is shown in 2D flow simulations that, to obtain reliable wave damping, the coefficients in the damping functions must be adjusted to the wave parameters. A scaling law for selecting these damping coefficients is presented, which enables similarity of the damping in model and full scale. The influence of the thickness of the damping layer, the wave steepness, the mesh fineness and the choice of the damping coefficients are examined. An efficient approach for estimating the optimal damping setup is presented. Results of 3D ship resistance computations show that the scaling laws apply to such simulations as well, so the damping coefficients should be adjusted for every simulation to ensure convergence of the solution in both model and full scale. Finally, practical recommendations for the setup of reliable damping in flow simulations with regular and irregular free-surface waves are given.
Smoking temptation and susceptibility among non-smokers adolescents in Chisinau, Moldova

Background. Susceptibility to smoking, defined as a lack of a firm commitment not to smoke, is therefore useful in estimating which young people can become smokers and under whose influence the status of susceptibility can change. Aims. This study aims to assess the association between the susceptibility of tobacco use among non-smoking students and psychosocial and sociodemographic factors. Methods. The current study is a repeated cross-sectional secondary analysis of data collected using a questionnaire administered in 2015 and 2018 among ninth-grade students in Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. Out of 368 students in 2015 and 819 students in 2018 included in the study as eligible students, 329 students (89.4%) in 2015 and 698 students (85.2%) in 2018 declared themselves as non-smokers. Results. The prevalence of susceptibility to cigarette smoking among the study participants was 38.6% in 2015 and 50.2% in 2018 (p<0,001). Our result indicates that smoking friends represent a strong predictor of high smoking susceptibility among those who have never smoked. In 2015 the share of susceptible students who had smoking friends was 23.4%, and in 2018 the share reached 31.5% (p = 0.007). Parents’ smoking or non-smoking status was also an important predictor of smoking susceptibility. Thus, we found that students with non-smoking mothers are less susceptible (2015 - 59.9%; 2018 -47.1%, p = 0.025). The temptation to smoke increased significantly during the period covered by the study from 1.32 (0.67) to 1.48 (0.66) (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The connection between socio-demographic factors (smoking parents or friends) and psycho-emotional factors (the temptation to smoke) will increase the likelihood of smoking among adolescents.
A low-scatter survey-based mass proxy for clusters of galaxies

Estimates of cosmological parameters using galaxy clusters have the scatter in the observable at a given mass as a fundamental parameter. This work computes the amplitude of the scatter for a newly introduced mass proxy, the product of the cluster total luminosity times the mass-to-light ratio, usually referred as stellar mass. The analysis of 12 galaxy clusters with excellent total masses shows a tight correlation between the stellar mass, or stellar fraction, and total mass within r500 with negligible intrinsic scatter: the 90% upper limit is 0.06 dex, the posterior mean is 0.027 dex. This scatter is similar to the one of best-determined mass proxies, such as YX, i.e. the product of X-ray temperature, and gas mass. The size of the cluster sample used to determine the intrinsic scatter is small, as in previous works proposing low-scatter proxies because very accurate masses are needed to infer very small values of intrinsic scatter. Three-quarters of the studied clusters have lgM < 14 M� , which is advantageous from a cosmological perspective because these clusters are far more abundant than more massive clusters. At the difference of other mass proxies such as YX, stellar mass can be determined with survey data up to at least z = 0.9 using upcoming optical near-infrared surveys, such as DES and Euclid, or even with currently available surveys, covering however smaller solid angles. On the other end, the uncertainty about the predicted mass of a single cluster is large, 0.21 to 0.32 dex, depending on cluster richness. This is largely because the proxy itself has ≈0.10 dex
On the structure of metal plasticity constitutive equations and the physical origin of the plastic spin

The macroscopic elastic-plastic response of a metal polycrystal is analyzed here by homogenizing the response of a representative volume element. With this purpose, the theory developed in Hill(1967)(The essential structure of constitutive laws for metal composites and polycrystals. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 15, 79-95) is extended so that the structural changes caused by plastic deformation are taken into account. It is found that the type of evolution assigned to the slip systems of a constituent crystal influences significantly the structure of the constitutive system characterizing the overall response. In particular, the classical normality structure is obtained only if slip systems are assumed to convect with the crystal lattice. Any other type of slip system evolution induces a deviation of the macro-rate of plastic deformation from the exterior normal to the yield surface. This provides a physical explanation and also a rigorous definition for the much debated concept of plastic spin.
THE PRISM MULTI-OBJECT SURVEY (PRIMUS). II. DATA REDUCTION AND REDSHIFT FITTING

The PRIsm MUlti-object Survey (PRIMUS) is a spectroscopic galaxy redshift survey to z ∼ 1 completed with a low-dispersion prism and slitmasks allowing for simultaneous observations of ∼2500 objects over 0.18 deg2. The final PRIMUS catalog includes ∼130,000 robust redshifts over 9.1 deg2. In this paper, we summarize the PRIMUS observational strategy and present the data reduction details used to measure redshifts, redshift precision, and survey completeness. The survey motivation, observational techniques, fields, target selection, slitmask design, and observations are presented in Coil et al. Comparisons to existing higher-resolution spectroscopic measurements show a typical precision of σz/(1 + z) = 0.005. PRIMUS, both in area and number of redshifts, is the largest faint galaxy redshift survey completed to date and is allowing for precise measurements of the relationship between active galactic nuclei and their hosts, the effects of environment on galaxy evolution, and the build up of galactic systems over the latter half of cosmic history.
Can Superconducting Cosmic Strings Piercing Seed Black Holes Generate Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe?

The discovery of a large number of supermassive black holes (SMBH) at redshifts z>6 , when the Universe was only 900 million years old, raises the question of how such massive compact objects could form in a cosmologically short time interval. Each of the standard scenarios proposed, involving rapid accretion of seed black holes or black hole mergers, faces severe theoretical difficulties in explaining the short‐time formation of supermassive objects. In this work we propose an alternative scenario for the formation of SMBH in the early Universe, in which energy transfer from superconducting cosmic strings piercing small seed black holes is the main physical process leading to rapid mass increase. As a toy model, the accretion rate of a seed black hole pierced by two antipodal strings carrying constant current is considered. Using an effective action approach, which phenomenologically incorporates a large class of superconducting string models, we estimate the minimum current required to form SMBH with masses of order M=2×109M⊙ by z=7.085 . This corresponds to the mass of the central black hole powering the quasar ULAS J112001.48+064124.3 and is taken as a test case scenario for early‐epoch SMBH formation. For GUT scale strings, the required fractional increase in the string energy density, due to the presence of the current, is of order 10−7, so that their existence remains consistent with current observational bounds on the string tension. In addition, we consider an “exotic” scenario, in which an SMBH is generated when a small seed black hole is pierced by a higher‐dimensional F− string, predicted by string theory. We find that both topological defect strings and fundamental strings are able to carry currents large enough to generate early‐epoch SMBH via our proposed mechanism.
Multimodal Considerations Concerning Basal Cell Carcinoma Clefting – Profile of Structural and Aggressive Traits – Perspectives

Abstract Although basal cell carcinoma is a well-known tumor with confirmed clinical and histopathology traits, prognosis factors and treatment options, new facets of this tumor emerge as innovative approach methods develop. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow a basal cell carcinoma’s in vivo analysis of its depth of invasion, tumor margins prior to surgical approach and the tumor’s response to a non-invasive treatment, evaluating simultaneously the tumor’s vasculature. By RCM and OCT analysis, basal cell carcinoma has registered a groundbreaking discovery regarding a small (but with predictive factor potential) trait – the cleft, developing in between the tumor islands/nodules/chords and the surrounding tumor stroma; it was considered to date as a consequence of the tissue’s histopathology processing. RCM and OCT revealed that the “clefting artifact”, as it is frequently found in the medical literature, is not actually an artifact of laboratory processing, but a tumor trait found in vivo, with apparent mucin deposits. This review aims at merging the methods of evaluating basal cell carcinoma, both non-invasive (dermoscopy, RCM, OCT) and invasive ones (histopathology – with newly proposed classification), with special emphasis on the cleft issue – its assessment with the aforementioned techniques, with potential implications in the patient’s prognosis.
THE TIMING OF NINE GLOBULAR CLUSTER PULSARS

We have used the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope to time nine previously known pulsars without published timing solutions in the globular clusters (GCs) M62, NGC 6544, and NGC 6624. We have full timing solutions that measure the spin, astrometric, and (where applicable) binary parameters for six of these pulsars. The remaining three pulsars (reported here for the first time) were not detected enough to establish solutions. We also report our timing solutions for five pulsars with previously published solutions, and find good agreement with other authors, except for PSR J1701−3006B in M62. Gas in this system is probably responsible for the discrepancy in orbital parameters, and we have been able to measure a change in the orbital period over the course of our observations. Among the pulsars with new solutions we find several binary pulsars with very low mass companions (members of the so-called “black widow” class) and we are able to place constraints on the mass-to-light ratio in two clusters. We confirm that one of the pulsars in NGC 6624 is indeed a member of the rare class of non-recycled pulsars found in GCs. We have also measured the orbital precession and Shapiro delay for a relativistic binary in NGC 6544. If we assume that the orbital precession can be described entirely by general relativity, which is likely, we are able to measure the total system mass (2.57190(73) M☉) and companion mass (1.2064(20) M☉), from which we derive the orbital inclination (sin i = 0.9956(14)) and the pulsar mass (1.3655(21) M☉), the most precise such measurement ever obtained for a millisecond pulsar. The companion is the most massive known around a fully recycled pulsar.
Relationships between Dairy Cows’ Chewing Behavior with Forage Quality, Progress of Lactation and Efficiency Estimates under Zero-Concentrate Feeding Systems

Adaptivity of eating and rumination behavior are assumed to play a particular role for cows in low-input systems, because they are more frequently challenged by altering forage quality. The present study examined relations between forage quality, chewing behavior and efficiency estimates in dairy cows from Swiss zero-concentrate organic farming systems. A total of 102 Swiss Fleckvieh cows on two organic dairy farms were observed during one full production year. Each farm was visited eight times. At each visit, up to 45 cows were equipped with RumiWatch® (Itin and Hoch GmbH, Liestal, Switzerland) sensor head collars, from which eating and rumination time and the frequency of activity changes were obtained for 48 h. Milk from one complete day was analyzed individually. All offered roughages (pasture herbage, grass silages and hay) were sampled at each visit and analyzed for crude fiber, crude protein and net energy, and a feed quality score was calculated. Metabolic production efficiency was estimated based on entire lactation data, and feed efficiency was estimated based on the individual farm visits. Lactation stage and forage quality significantly affected the chewing sensor variables. Eating time increased and rumination time decreased with the improved nutritive quality of feed. Coefficients of variance of the factor animal in the sensor variables showed a contribution of the individual cow to chewing behavior. Significant correlations between chewing sensor variables and efficiency estimates were not found. In conclusion, chewing behavior under on-farm conditions in low-input dairy farms alters during lactation and during changing forage quality, with significant animal effects, indicating potential for new phenotypes, albeit with no indications for efficiency.
PASTIS: Bayesian extrasolar planet validation II. Constraining exoplanet blend scenarios using spectroscopic diagnoses

The statistical validation of transiting exoplanets proved to be an e cient technique to secure the nature of small exoplanet signals which cannot be established by purely spectroscopic means. However, the spectroscopic diagnoses are providing us with useful constraints on the presence of blended stellar contaminants. In this paper, we present how a contaminating star a ects the measurements of the various spectroscopic diagnoses as function of the parameters of the target and contaminating stars using the model implemented into the PASTIS planet-validation software. We find particular cases for which a blend might produce a large radial velocity signal but no bisector variation. It might also produce a bisector variation anticorrelated with the radial velocity one, as in the case of stellar spots. In those cases, the full width half maximum variation provides complementary constraints. These results can be used to constrain blend scenarios for transiting planet candidates or radial velocity planets. We review all the spectroscopic diagnoses reported in the literature so far, especially the ones to monitor the line asymmetry. We estimate their uncertainty and compare their sensitivity to blends. Based on that, we recommend the use of BiGauss which is the most sensitive diagnosis to monitor line-profile asymmetry. In this paper, we also investigate the sensitivity of the radial velocities to constrain blend scenarios and develop a formalism to estimate the level of dilution of a blended signal. Finally, we apply our blend model to re-analyse the spectroscopic diagnoses of HD16702, an unresolved face-on binary which exhibits bisector variations.
FORMATION OF WARPED DISKS BY GALACTIC FLYBY ENCOUNTERS. I. STELLAR DISKS

Warped disks are almost ubiquitous among spiral galaxies. Here we revisit and test the “flyby scenario” of warp formation, in which impulsive encounters between galaxies are responsible for warped disks. Based on N-body simulations, we investigate the morphological and kinematical evolution of the stellar component of disks when galaxies undergo flyby interactions with adjacent dark matter halos. We find that the so-called “S”-shaped warps can be excited by flybys and sustained for even up to a few billion years, and that this scenario provides a cohesive explanation for several key observations. We show that disk warp properties are governed primarily by the following three parameters: (1) the impact parameter, i.e., the minimum distance between two halos; (2) the mass ratio between two halos; and (3) the incident angle of the flyby perturber. The warp angle is tied up with all three parameters, yet the warp lifetime is particularly sensitive to the incident angle of the perturber. Interestingly, the modeled S-shaped warps are often non-symmetric depending on the incident angle. We speculate that the puzzling U- and L-shaped warps are geometrically superimposed S-types produced by successive flybys with different incident angles, including multiple interactions with a satellite on a highly elongated orbit.
Core/Cultural Borrowing in Sabaot from Kiswahili: An analysis of Sabaot/Kiswahili Bilinguals in Mount Elgon Region, Kenya

This study is an analysis of lexical borrowing of nominals in Sabaot from Kiswahili. The two languages under study differ from each other in significant ways. Kiswahili, for example, is a language of the Niger-Congo family classified by Ethnologue as ISO 639-3: SWA, while on the other hand, Sabaot belongs to the Southern Nilotic group that occupies the Mount Elgon area. This research was guided by the specific objective; to investigate the spoken language of young, middle-aged, and older Sabaot/Kiswahili bilingual speakers. This research was guided by two theories, namely Borrowing Transfer Theory by Terence Odlin (1989) and Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory (EVT) by Giles and Taylor (1977). As a way of data collection, a wordlist and questionnaires were issued to 30 Sabaot/Kiswahili bilinguals of Chepyuk ward in Bungoma County, Kenya. The results of the wordlist analysis indicated that there were extensive core borrowings of Kiswahili nouns into the Sabaot language. The findings further showed that the core borrowing of nouns was more among the younger and middle-aged than among the older Sabaot/Kiswahili bilinguals.
Impact of occultations of stellar active regions on transmission spectra: Can occultation of a plage mimic the signature of a blue sky?

Transmission spectroscopy during planetary transits, which is based on the measurements of the variations of planet-to-star radius ratio as a function of wavelength, is a powerful technique to study the atmospheric properties of transiting planets. One of the main limitation of this technique is the effects of stellar activity, which up until now, have been taken into account only by assessing the effect of non-occulted stellar spots on the estimates of planet-to-star radius ratio. In this paper, we study, for the first time, the impact of the occultation of a stellar spot and plage on the transmission spectra of transiting exoplanets. We simulated this effect by generating a large number of transit light curves for different transiting planets, stellar spectral types, and for different wavelengths. Results of our simulations indicate that the anomalies inside the transit light curve can lead to a significant underestimation or overestimation of the planet-to-star radius ratio as a function of wavelength. At short wavelengths, the effect can reach to a difference of up to 10% in the planet-to-star radius ratio, mimicking the signature of light scattering in the planetary atmosphere. Atmospheric scattering has been proposed to interpret the increasing slopes of transmission spectra toward blue for exoplanets HD 189733b and GJ 3470b. Here we show that these signatures can be alternatively interpreted by the occultation of stellar plages. Results also suggest that the best strategy to identify and quantify the effects of stellar activities on the transmission spectrum of a planet is to perform several observations during the transit epoch at the same wavelength. This will allow for identifying the possible variations in transit depth as a function of time due to stellar activity variability.
Tailoring magnetic frustration in strained epitaxial FeRh films

We report on a strain-induced martensitic transformation, accompanied by a suppression of magnetic order in epitaxial films of chemically disordered FeRh. X-ray diffraction, transmission electronmicroscopy, and electronic structure calculations reveal that the lowering of symmetry (from cubic to tetragonal) imposed by the epitaxial relation leads to a further, unexpected, tetragonal-to-orthorhombic transition, triggered by a band-Jahn-Teller-type lattice instability. The collapse of magnetic order is a direct consequence of this structural change, which upsets the subtle balance between ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor interactions arising from Fe-Rh hybridization and frustrated antiferromagnetic coupling among localized Fe moments at larger distances.
A FRAMEWORK TO SIMULTANEOUSLY EXPLAIN TINY NEUTRINO MASS AND HUGE MISSING MASS PROBLEM OF THE UNIVERSE

A minimalistic scenario is developed to explain dark matter and tiny but nonzero neutrino masses. A new scalar called SLIM plays the role of the dark matter. Neutrinos achieve Majorana mass through a one-loop diagram. This scenario can be realized for both real and complex SLIM. Simultaneously explaining the neutrino mass and dark matter abundance constrains the scenario. In particular for real SLIM, an upper bound of a few MeV on the masses of the new particles and a lower bound on their coupling is obtained which make the scenario testable. The low energy scenario can be embedded within various SU(2)× U(1) symmetric models. A specific example is introduced and its phenomenological consequences are discussed.
Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Dental Professionals: A Multi-Country Survey

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the acceptance rate and associated factors of COVID-19 vaccines among dentists and dental students in seven countries. Material and Methods: A structured questionnaire prepared and guided by the report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy was distributed among groups of dentists and dental students in seven countries across four continents. Results: A total of 1527 subjects (850 dentists and 677 dental students) participated in this survey. Although 72.5% of the respondents reported their intention to accept COVID-19 vaccines (dentists: 74.4%, dental students: 70.2%), there was a significant difference in agreement between dentists/dental students across countries; generally, respondents in upper-middle-, and high-income countries (UM-HICs) showed significantly higher acceptance rates compared to those in low- and lower-middle income countries (L-LMICs). Potential predictors of higher vaccine acceptance included being a dentist, being free of comorbidity, being well-informed about COVID-19 vaccines, having better knowledge about COVID-19 complications, having anxiety about COVID-19 infection, having no concerns about the side effects of the produced vaccines and being a resident of an UM-HIC. Conclusion: The results of our survey indicate a relatively good acceptance rate of COVID-19 among the surveyed dentists and dental students. However, dentists and dental students in L-LMICs showed significantly lower vaccine acceptance rates and trust in COVID-19 vaccines compared to their counterparts in UM-HICs. Our results provide important information to policymakers, highlighting the need for implementation of country-specific vaccine promotion strategies, with special focus on L-LMICs.