Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DIETARY PRACTICES, NUTRITION AND HEALTH STATUS OF INFANTS BORN TO ADOLESCENT MOTHERS IN TRANSMARA WEST, NAROK COUNTY, KENYA

in Partial Fulfilment ABSTRACT Globally, adolescent motherhood remains a challenge because they are unprepared for childcare hence putting their infants at risk of malnutrition. In order to prevent the occurrence of common illnesses, infants should be fed according to WHO recommendations. Research on dietary practices and the health of infants belonging to young mothers is scarce in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to determine dietary practices, health and nutrition status of infants born to adolescent mothers in Transmara West, Narok County. Five health facilities were purposively selected in Transmara West Sub County, Narok County by use of analytical cross-sectional study design. A sample size of 246 infants and 246 adolescent mothers were recruited from the health facilities. Quantitative data was analysed using SPPS for windows version 24.0 and ENA for SMART survey 2011. The relationship between nutritional status and other variables was established by use of chi-square test at a significance level of less than 0.05. Most of the mothers were between 16 to 17 years with the youngest mother being 14 years old. Breastfeeding practices was as follows; early initiation within one hour was (62.2%, exclusive breastfeeding was (50.0%) and continued breastfeeding at 12 months was (5.5%). The infants who had been introduced to solid and semi-solid foods were 88.6%. A few of the breastfed infants achieved the minimum meal frequency: 6-8 months (2.6%) and 9-12 months (0.4%) unlike the non-breastfed infants (90.9%). The most commonly consumed food groups being vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, dairy products and grains. Slightly less than half (40.3%) of the infants received their recommended minimum meal frequency while 47.6% of those aged 6-12 months achieved the minimum dietary diversity while most achieved the minimum acceptable diet (61.9%). Malnutrition levels were 17.1 per cent 22.0% and 22.0 per cent for wasting, stunting and underweight respectively. Meal frequency, exclusive breastfeeding and infant illness two weeks before the study were significant (p<0.05) factors associated with malnutrition. Educational level of the mother did not influence the nutritional status of their infants. The study alluded to the existence of malnutrition among infants of adolescent mothers and hence the study recommends that policies should be in place that governs the care and health of young mothers and their infants. Similar research should be replicated especially to compare the nutrition status of infants of adult mothers with that of young mothers in the same study area.
The line roughness improvement with plasma coating and cure treatment for 193nm lithography and beyond

As CMOS technology reaches 14nm node and beyond, one of the key challenges of the extension of 193nm immersion lithography is how to control the line edge and width roughness (LER/LWR). For Self-aligned Multiple Patterning (SaMP), LER becomes larger while LWR becomes smaller as the process proceeds[1]. It means plasma etch process becomes more and more dominant for LER reduction. In this work, we mainly focus on the core etch solution including an extra plasma coating process introduced before the bottom anti reflective coating (BARC) open step, and an extra plasma cure process applied right after BARC-open step. Firstly, we leveraged the optimal design experiment (ODE) to investigate the impact of plasma coating step on LER and identified the optimal condition. ODE is an appropriate method for the screening experiments of non-linear parameters in dynamic process models, especially for high-cost-intensive industry [2]. Finally, we obtained the proper plasma coating treatment condition that has been proven to achieve 32% LER improvement compared with standard process. Furthermore, the plasma cure scheme has been also optimized with ODE method to cover the LWR degradation induced by plasma coating treatment.
Use Of Formative Assessment To Probe Student Conceptions Of The Lever Rule

Chrysanthe Demetry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Chrys Demetry is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Materials Science and Engineering Program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Her teaching and research interests include use of educational technology, influence of learning styles on teaching and learning, and K-12 engineering outreach. She received the ASM Bradley Stoughton Award for Young Teachers in 2000 and WPI’s Trustees’ Award for Outstanding Teaching in 2002.
REALTIME MULTI-OBJECT TRACKING AND PIXELWISE SEGMENTATION

REALTIME Bleeding-edge technological pursuits ranging from self-guided robots at the research stage to mass scale industrial applications such as augmented reality, intelligent security systems and self-driving vehicles heavily rely on perception through vision. Vision based perception of the environment in autonomous systems extensively use object detection, segmentation and tracking as fundamental components. Despite the recent advancements in deep learning-based object detection on monocular images, several highly publicized ac-cidents involving self-driving vehicles and critical failures in monitoring systems highlight the need for signiﬁcant further improvement on real-time tracking systems in practice. We identify two such key areas with room for improvement and introduce two separate novel frameworks to tackle each problem. We observe that trackers often perform poorly in object dense situations where occlusions and crossovers are prevalent. We identify that in order to perform better in these scenarios both appearance and motion information should be incorporated. Siamese networks have recently become highly successful at appearance based single object tracking while Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have started dominating motion-based tracking. Our work focuses on combining Siamese networks and RNNs to exploit both (temporally varying) appearance and motion information to build a robust framework that can also operate in real-time. We further explore heuristics-based constraints for tracking in the Bird’s Eye View Space for efﬁciently exploiting 3D information. Our segmentation approach is based on one of the most overwhelming problems in current vision community that has full scale perception on the image, known as panoptic segmentation where pixel level identiﬁcation of the entire image is done with both semantic and instance information thus integrating object classes (thing classes having countable instance segmentation) and back-ground classes (stuff, amorphous) in a single frame. We tackle the panoptic segmentation problem with a conditional
The design of rail tracks including the influence of vibration on people in buildings

This paper concerns the situation where the proposed (or modernised) rail lines (railway, tramway, subway) will be located near buildings. Transport vibrations will be transferred to the foundations of this buildings (kinematic excitation). As a result of this additional dynamic forces arise loading the building structure. Vibrations are also affect people in the buildings. The design of vibroinsulation of the track (using simulation calculations) taking into account the requirements ensured the necessary vibration comfort for people in the buildings. In the final part of the paper an example of the application of this procedure in practice is presented.
How do employees perceive their organization and job when companies adopt principles of lean production?

The concept of lean production originally emerged in the beginning of the 1990s in the automobile industry, but its principles were adopted in other industries as well. According to the literature, the principles of lean production are controversial from the point of view of human well being. This study examined: 1) the extent to which lean production and related technologies were adopted in four Finnish manufacturing companies; 2) the way different occupational groups experienced their organization and work when principles of lean production had been implemented; and 3) which factors in the organization and change processes were associated with the employees' positive or negative perceptions of production, job satisfaction, and stress. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 14: 157–180, 2004.
Hispanic ethnicity and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19

Background Hispanic persons living in the United States (U.S.) are at higher risk of infection and death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared with non-Hispanic persons. Whether this disparity exists among critically ill patients with COVID-19 is unknown. Objective To evaluate ethnic disparities in mortality among critically ill adults with COVID-19 enrolled in the Study of the Treatment and Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 (STOP-COVID). Methods Multicenter cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units (ICU) at 67 U.S. hospitals from March 4 to May 9, 2020. Multilevel logistic regression was used to evaluate 28-day mortality across racial/ethnic groups. Results A total of 2153 patients were included (994 [46.2%] Hispanic and 1159 [53.8%] non-Hispanic White). The median (IQR) age was 62 (51–71) years (non-Hispanic White, 66 [57–74] years; Hispanic, 56 [46–67] years), and 1462 (67.9%) were men. Compared with non-Hispanic White patients, Hispanic patients were younger; were less likely to have hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, or heart failure; and had longer duration of symptoms prior to ICU admission. During median (IQR) follow-up of 14 (7–24) days, 785 patients (36.5%) died. In analyses adjusted for age, sex, clinical characteristics, and hospital size, Hispanic patients had higher odds of death compared with non-Hispanic White patients (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12–1.84). Conclusions Among critically ill adults with COVID-19, Hispanic patients were more likely to die than non-Hispanic White patients, even though they were younger and had lower comorbidity burden. This finding highlights the need to provide earlier access to care to Hispanic individuals with COVID-19, especially given our finding of longer duration of symptoms prior to ICU admission among Hispanic patients. In addition, there is a critical need to address ongoing disparities in post hospital discharge care for patients with COVID-19.
Risk factors and economic burden of postoperative anastomotic leakage related events in patients who underwent surgeries for colorectal cancer

Background Nationwide research about the clinical and economic burden caused by anastomotic leakage (AL) has not been published yet in Korea. This study assessed the AL rate and quantified the economic burden using the nationwide database. Methods This real world evidence study used health claims data provided by the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA, which showed that 156,545 patients underwent anterior resection (AR), low anterior resection (LAR), or ultra-low anterior resection (uLAR) for colorectal cancer (CRC) between January 1, 2007 and January 31, 2020. The incidence of AL was identified using a composite operational definition, a composite of imaging study, antibacterial drug use, reoperation, or image-guided percutaneous drainage. Total hospital costs and length of stay (LOS) were evaluated in patients with AL versus those without AL during index hospitalization and within 30 days after the surgery. Results Among 120,245 patients who met the eligibility criteria, 7,194 (5.98%) patients had AL within 30 days after surgery. Male gender, comorbidities (diabetes, metastatic disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke), protective ostomy, and multiple linear stapler use, blood transfusion, and urinary tract injury were associated with the higher odds of AL. Older age, rectosigmoid junction cancer, AR, LAR, and laparoscopic approach were related with the reduced odds of AL. Patients with AL incurred higher costs for index hospitalization compared to those without AL (8,991 vs. 7,153 USD; p<0.0001). Patients with AL also required longer LOS (16.78 vs. 14.22 days; p<0.0001) and readmissions (20.83 vs. 13.93 days; p<0.0001). Conclusion Among patients requiring resection for CRC, the occurrence of AL was associated with significantly increased costs and LOS. Preventing AL could not only produce superior clinical outcomes, but also reduce the economic burden for patients and payers.
Changes in waterfowl migration phenologies in central North America: Implications for future waterfowl conservation

Globally, migration phenologies of numerous avian species have shifted over the past half-century. Despite North American waterfowl being well researched, published data on shifts in waterfowl migration phenologies remain scarce. Understanding shifts in waterfowl migration phenologies along with potential drivers is critical for guiding future conservation efforts. Therefore, we utilized historical (1955–2008) nonbreeding waterfowl survey data collected at 21 National Wildlife Refuges in the mid- to lower portion of the Central Flyway to summarize changes in spring and autumn migration phenology. We examined changes in the timing of peak abundance from survey data at monthly intervals for each refuge and species (or species group; n = 22) by year and site-specific temperature for spring (Jan–Mar) and autumn (Oct–Dec) migration periods. For spring (n = 187) and autumn (n = 194) data sets, 13% and 9% exhibited statistically significant changes in the timing of peak migration across years, respectively, while the corresponding numbers for increasing temperatures were 4% and 9%. During spring migration, ≥80% of significant changes in the timing of spring peak indicated advancements, while 67% of significant changes in autumn peak timing indicated delays both across years and with increasing temperatures. Four refuges showed a consistent pattern across species of advancing spring migration peaks over time. Advancements in spring peak across years became proportionally less common among species with increasing latitude, while delays in autumn peak with increasing temperature became proportionally more common. Our study represents the first comprehensive summary of changes in spring and autumn migration phenology for Central Flyway waterfowl and demonstrates significant phenological changes during the latter part of the twentieth century.
Radiologic Analysis of Causes of Early Recurrence After Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Discectomy

Study Design Retrospective study. Objective To analyze the causes of and factors influencing early recurrence after TELD performed in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Methods We included 285 patients with single-segment lumbar disc herniation treated using transforaminal endoscopy lumbar discectomy TELD from January 2017 to December 2019 at the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China. Patients were classified into early recurrence and non-early recurrence groups based on clinical symptoms and MRI reexamination. Imaging data (eg, disc height index (DHI), Pfirrman grades, base width, postoperative annulus-fibrosus tear size, cross-sectional area of the foramen (CSAF), etc.)were analyzed, and multivariate, binomial logistic regression was utilized to determine which factors were associated with early recurrence after TELD. Results A total of 285 patients completed surgery and clinical follow-up, during which 19 patients relapsed within 6 months postsurgery, for an early recurrence rate of 6.7%. There were statistically significant differences between DHI, Pfirrman grades, base width, postoperative annulus-fibrosus tear size, herniation sites, CSAF and Modic changes between the early recurrence and non-early recurrence groups (P < .05). On multivariate logistic regression,the degree of disc degeneration (OR = .747, P = .037), CSAF (OR = 5.255, P = .006), degree of Modic change (OR = 1.831, P = .018) and base width of the herniation (OR = 4.942, P = .003) were significantly correlated with early recurrence after TELD. Conclusions Postoperative annulus-fibrosus tear size, DHI, and location of the disc herniation were associated with early recurrence after TELD. Increased base width of the herniation, severe disc degeneration, decreased CSAF and Modic change were risk factors for early recurrence after TELD.
Primary Palliative Care Education for Graduate Medical Trainees: Impacts and Needs

As demand for palliative care (PC) services rise, there are insufficient numbers of PC specialists to provide PC for the US population. “Primary palliative care” refers to PC services that are administered by non-specialist PC providers. Educating trainees in graduate medical education (GME) programs is 1 strategy for expanding primary palliative care, though questions remain regarding the impact of PC education for GME trainees and where additional education is needed. This study is a multicenter, cross-sectional, web-based survey study of GME trainees assessing the needs for and impacts of primary palliative care education. The survey assessed the implementation of and participants’ confidence with fundamental PC skills. The survey also asked about prior exposure to PC education and for participants’ beliefs regarding areas that would be particularly helpful for future education. 170 residents and fellows from diverse training backgrounds participated in the survey out of 851 potential participants (response rate 19.98%). Exposure to PC education was associated with higher confidence and increased frequency of implementation of fundamental PC skills. Of the forms of education that were assessed, clinical/experiential education was associated most often with higher confidence and higher frequency of use of PC skills. Discussing goals of care, pain management for seriously ill patients, and communicating difficult information were those skills most frequently identified as important for additional training. This study demonstrates that by improving existing PC education or increasing access to PC education for GME trainees, it may be possible to improve primary palliative care.
Association of diaphragm thickness and echogenicity with age, sex, and body mass index in healthy subjects

Diaphragm ultrasound is increasingly used in the diagnosis of diaphragm dysfunction and to guide respiratory management in patients with neuromuscular disorders and those who are critically ill. However, the association between diaphragm ultrasound variables and demographic factors like age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) are understudied. Such relationships are important for correct interpretation of normative values and comparison with selected patients groups. The aim of this study was to determine the associations between diaphragm ultrasound variables and subject characteristics.
Dietary inflammatory index, inflammation biomarkers and preeclampsia risk: a hospital-based case–control study

Abstract This study evaluated the association between inflammatory diets as measured by the Dietary Inflammatory index (DII), inflammation biomarkers and the development of preeclampsia among the Chinese population. We followed the reporting guidelines of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement for observational studies. A total of 466 preeclampsia cases aged over 18 years were recruited between March 2016 and June 2019, and 466 healthy controls were 1:1 ratio matched by age (±3 years), week of gestation (±1 week) and gestational diabetes mellitus. The energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a seventy-nine item semiquantitative FFQ. Inflammatory biomarkers were analysed by ELISA kits. The mean E-DII scores were −0·65 ± 1·58 for cases and −1·19 ± 1·47 for controls (P value < 0·001). E-DII scores positively correlated with interferon-γ (r s = 0·194, P value = 0·001) and IL-4 (r s = 0·135, P value = 0·021). After multivariable adjustment, E-DII scores were positively related to preeclampsia risk (P trend < 0·001). The highest tertile of E-DII was 2·18 times the lowest tertiles (95 % CI = 1·52, 3·13). The odds of preeclampsia increased by 30 % (95 % CI = 18 %, 43 %, P value < 0·001) for each E-DII score increase. The preeclampsia risk was positively associated with IL-2 (OR = 1·07, 95 % CI = 1·03, 1·11), IL-4 (OR = 1·26, 95 % CI = 1·03, 1·54) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (OR = 1·17, 95 % CI = 1·06, 1·29). Therefore, proinflammatory diets, corresponding to higher IL-2, IL-4 and TGF-β levels, were associated with increased preeclampsia risk.
Serum Ascorbic Acid and Thiamine Concentrations in Sepsis: Secondary Analysis of the Swiss Pediatric Sepsis Study

OBJECTIVES: To determine circulating levels of ascorbic acid (VitC) and thiamine (VitB1) in neonates and children with blood culture-proven sepsis. DESIGN: Nested single-center study of neonates and children prospectively included in the Swiss Pediatric Sepsis Study. SETTING: One tertiary care academic hospital. PATIENTS: Sixty-one neonates and children 0–16 years old. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: VitC and VitB1 were quantified in serum of patients (median age, 10.5 mo; interquartile range [IQR], 0.5–62.1 mo) with blood culture-proven sepsis. Median time between sepsis onset and sampling for measurement of vitamins was 3 days (IQR, 2–4 d). Median serum levels of VitC and VitB1 were 32.4 μmol/L (18.9–53.3 μmol/L) and 22.5 nmol/L (12.6–82 nmol/L); 36% of the patients (22/61) had low VitC and 10% (6/61) had VitC deficiency; and 72% (44/61) had low VitB1 and 13% (8/61) had VitB1 deficiency. Children with low VitC were older (p = 0.007) and had higher C-reactive protein (p = 0.004) compared with children with VitC within the normal range. Children with low VitB1 levels were older (p = 0.0009) and were less frequently receiving enteral or parenteral vitamin supplementation (p = 0.0000003) compared with children with normal VitB1 levels. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of newborns and children with sepsis, low and deficient VitC and VitB1 levels were frequently observed. Age, systemic inflammation, and vitamin supplementation were associated with vitamin levels during sepsis.