Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neem seed oil: a potent nitrification inhibitor to control nitrate leaching after incorporation of crop residues

The effect of neem seed oil and neem leaf extract as organic nitrification inhibitors (NIs) on the accumulation of and , and nitrification inhibition after incorporation of crop residue was investigated in an incubation experiment. Dicyandiamide (DCD) applications of 15 and 30 kg active ingredient ha− 1 were used as low and high doses of a synthetic NI. Soil samples were amended with 21 g kg− 1 cauliflower leaves and treated with NIs at a rate of 30 kg ha− 1 of neem seed oil, 60 kg ha− 1 of neem leaf extract, 15 kg ha− 1 of DCD, and 30 kg ha− 1 DCD. Samples were incubated at temperatures corresponding to field temperatures during fall and winter in Flanders, Belgium. Neem seed oil increased accumulation by 8.9 mg kg− 1 and decreased by 13.5 mg kg− 1 within a month. High and low doses of DCD increased accumulation by 48.2 and 1.6 mg kg− 1, respectively. Nitrification was inhibited by 29% for 30 days by the low dose of DCD, 58% in 30 days by neem seed oil, and 42% in 45 days by the high dose of DCD. Nitrification was not inhibited by the neem leaf extract.
Post‐mortem tenderisation of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus Mykiss) muscle caused by gradual disintegration of the extracellular matrix structure

A histological study combined with a newly devised compression test was carried out to clarify the mechanism of the post-mortem tenderisation of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss Walbaum) muscle. It is suggested that the integrity of the extracellular matrix structure is very important for the toughness of fish muscle. During chilled storage, the gradual disintegration of the extracellular matrix structure was clearly demonstrated by light microscopic observations after compression but little change was observed without it. It is therefore suggested that the post-mortem tenderisation of fish muscle is closely related to the gradual disintegration of the extracellular matrix structure after death.
Effect of growing media on the production of ginseng (Panax ginseng) in Central Otago, New Zealand

Abstract Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a potential new crop for New Zealand. Under artificial shade, 1‐year‐old seedlings were grown in either peat‐ or soil‐based media for 4 years. At the final harvest mean root fresh weight was 55 g/plant in the peat media and 40 g/plant in the soil media. Total ginsenoside % of the 5‐year‐old roots was up to 6.9%. Macrochemical content (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca) and trace element (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, B) content of roots at each harvest and of the leaves at the final harvest, were determined and compared with reported levels for P. ginseng and standards for P. quinquefolius. Botrytis cinerea was present on plant material throughout the experiment, and there was evidence of predation by the scarab larvae of Costelytra novae‐zealandica in the first year. After 4 years of growth, 45% of the plants in the soil media and 63% of plants in the peat‐based media survived.
In vitro protein digestibility of enzymatically pre-treated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flour using commercial protease and Bacillus sp. protease

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a staple food in the Brazilian diet and represents the major source of dietary protein and other micronutrients and minerals. Despite the considerable protein concentration in beans, the food is considered of low biological value when compared to animal proteins and other plant protein sources. To improve the availability of protein in beans, enzymatic treatments were performed in four cultivars (ON, OPNS, TAL and VC3). The approach was a completely randomized design with four replicates. We used a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement (four cultivars and three treatments: treatment 1-addition of commercial protease (Trypsin 250, Difco), treatment 2-addition of protease from Bacillus sp. , and treatment 3:-control without enzyme addition). The enzyme: substrate ratio was 5% w/w (amount of enzyme per total protein in bean flour). The approach was a completely randomized design with four replicates. A 4 × 3 factorial arrangement (four cultivars and three treatments, the same as those mentioned above) was used. The concentration of total protein (g.100 g-1 of dry matter) in the samples ranged from 16.94 to 18.06%, while the concentration of total phenolics was between 0.78 and 1.12% (g Eq. tannic acid.100 g-1 dry matter). The in vitro protein digestibility of enzymatically untreated bean flour (control) ranged from 47.30 to 56.17% based on the digestibility of casein. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn observed in the four cultivars tested were within the average values available in the literature. Treatment 2 with protease from Bacillus sp. induced decreases in the levels of Cu and Mn. The average Fe content increased in all bean flour samples when treated with proteases, reaching a maximum increase of 102% in the TAL flour treated with protease from Bacillus sp. The digestibility of all beans tested was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the enzyme treatment. The greatest change was observed in the OPNS cultivar treated with protease from Bacillus sp. , which increased its digestibility from 54.4% (control treatment) to 81.6%.
Phylogenetic study of extirpated Korean leopard using mitochondrial DNA from an old skin specimen in South Korea

The leopard, Panthera pardus, is a threatened species in its range throughout the world. Although, historically, the Korean Peninsula had a high population density of leopards, they were extirpated from South Korea by 1970, leaving almost no genetic specimens. Traditionally, Korean leopards are classified as Panthera pardus orientalis; however, their classification is based only on locality and morphology. Therefore, there is a need for genetic studies to identify the phylogenetic status of Korean leopards at the subspecies level. Presently, no extant wild specimen is available from South Korea; therefore, we extracted genetic material from the old skin of a leopard captured in Jirisan, South Korea in the 1930s and conducted the first phylogenetic study of the South Korean leopard. A total of 726 bp of mitochondrial DNA, including segments of the NADH5 and control region, were amplified by PCR. A phylogenetic analysis of the fragment, along with sequences of nine leopard subspecies from GenBank revealed that the extinct South Korean leopard belonged to the Asian leopard group and in the same clade as the Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). Thus, the leopard that inhabited South Korea in the past was of the same subspecies as the Amur leopard population currently inhabiting the transboundary region of Russia, China, and North Korea. These results emphasize the importance of conserving the endangered wild Amur leopard population (estimated to be about 60–80 individuals) in Russia and China, for future restoration of leopards in the Korean Peninsula.
Laboratory Animal Medicine

the effect of some obstetric or paediatric intervention; however, the less scientifically rigorous but nonetheless often very valuable approach of retrospective analysis of large survey data bases gets little mention. There are two criticisms of the first half of the book. Though the references cited are extensive, there are a number of omissions of valuable studies, particularly a number from Great Britain which have the great advantage of being truly population based. Also, the interpretation of two of the commonly studied antecedent factors, maternal age and parity, has not entirely adequately emphasised the extraordinary non-biological meaning of these apparently biological factors. In a population where effective birth control is practiced, they reflect the circumstances underlying the decisions of whether and when to initiate a pregnancy, as much as the direct effects of advancing age and reproductive history. Rightly has this area been termed 'epidemiological tiger country'. Among the methodological issues addressed, there are two of crucial importance in the design of investigations: sample size requirements and power to detect associations, and the randomised controlled trial as the method of choice for evaluating different treatments or treatment policies. Hitherto many of the resources, human and financial, that have gone into medical research have produced a poor return of firm knowledge and much research has been carried out with little more than blind hope that the desired effect would be demonstrated. Proper application of the above principles would be the most important step investigators and those overseeing their work could take to ensure a reasonable anticipation of truly important results. Readers of this review who specialise in medical genetics may feel these considerations apply much less to themselves than to those in other specialties. Many genetically determined disorders are so infrequent as to impose severe restrictions on sample size and hence statistical power obtainable. While it may not be possible to get around this problem, the consequent limitations on the interpretation of the results should not be ignored. And, while so far effective treatments for genetically determined disorders have been few, it can be anticipated that this situation may soon change as exact knowledge of the basic DNA defect and its biochemical mediation becomes available. The resulting therapeutic advances would need to be tested prospectively, just as in any other branch of medicine. All in all, this book contains valuable information with a wide range of application. Laboratory Animal Medicine Edited by James G Cox, Bennett J Cohen, and Franklin M Loew. (Pp 750; figures + tables. £42-00, $60.00.) Florida: Academic Press. 1984.
Photoadaptive Strategies In Sea-Ice Microalgae

Sea-ice microalgae photosynthesize and grow under conditions of very low in situ photon fluence rates and temperature. We sought to determine the mechanisms whereby natural sea-ice algal cells in Hudson Bay adapt to changing photon fluence rates at the ice-water interface at the end of the Arctic winter. It was found that the cells positively adapted to the seasonal increase in photon fluence rates by increasing their maximal photosynthetic rate (P,,,,) and the saturating photon fluence rate (I,) Under low photon fluence rates (7.6 to 9.0 pEinst S' l ) , photosynthesis was optimized by increasing the number of photosynthetic units, and at higher photon fluence rates, the algal cells decreased the number of units as well as the concentration of plastoqulnone. An effective absorption cross section was maintained by increasing the size of photosynthetic units through a reduction in the number of reaction centres while the concentration of the light-harvesting pigments chlorophyll a , chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin remained essentially constant. Estimates of the turnover time of photosystem I reaction centres revealed that there was a faster flow of electrons through the electron transport chain in response to the increase in under-ice photon fluence rates.
Effect of successive watermelon plantings on Fusarium oxysporum and other microorganisms in soils suppressive and conducive to Fusarium wilt of watermelon.

Five successive greenhouse plantings of watermelon cultivars Florida Giant (susceptible to Fusnrium wilt) and Crimson Sweet (moderately resistant and associated with soil suppressiveness) had different effects on the populations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, indigenous F. oxysporum, and various microorganism groups in the soil and on watermelon roots within four soils representing different suppressive and conducive conditions to Fusarium wilt. Pathogen populations were not affected by planting either cultivar in an induced suppressive soil developed by monoculture of Crimson Sweet or in a nonsuppressive Florida Giant monoculture soil [. ]
Effectiveness of Insecto applied to shelled maize against stored-product insect larvae

Insecto, a marine diatomaceous earth, is recommended for grain application at 0.5-1g of formulation per kilogram of grain to control stored-product insects. Mortality and adult emergence of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner),exposed as 1st instars to shelled maize, Zea mays L. , treated with different rates of Insecto were evaluated in the laboratory. For each species, mortality of 1st instars increased with Insecto rate. All 1st instars of T. castaneum were killed at 0.5 and 1 gl kg rates of Insecto; at these rates, mortality of O. surinamensis and P. interpunctella 1st instars was 96-97 and 86-97%, respectively. The percentage of adults of the 3 species emerging from 1st instars exposed to treated maize was related inversely to Insecto rate. Complete suppression in emergence of T. castaneum and P. interpunctella adults was achieved at 1 g/kg; at this rate, suppression in emergence of O. surinamensis adults was 98%. Emergence of P. interpunctella adults from 1st, 3rd, and 5th instars exposed to Insecto-treated maize indicated that 1st and 3rd instars of P. interpllnctella were more susceptible than 5th instars to Insecto. At 0.5 and 1 g/kg of Insecto, suppression in emergence of P. interpllnctella adults from exposed 1st, 3rd, and 5th instars was 99-100, 73-92,and 6-37%, respectively. A 2-parameter negative exponential regression model best described the relationship between mean adult emergence and Insecto rate for the species and instars tested.
Cytochemical and Three-Dimensional Studies on Golgi Apparatus and GERL of Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells by Transmission Electron Microscopy

The Golgi apparatus and associated membrane structures (Novikoff's GERL) of rat anterior pituitary cells were examined by electron microscopy with cytochemical and three-dimensional techniques . The so-called Golgi lamellae were divided into an outer and inner part. The former showed a negative response to both acid phosphatase (AcPase) and thiamine pyro phosphatase (TPPase) activities, but strongly reduced osmium tetroxide. The inner part was characteristically positive in TPPase activity, but negative to AcPase reaction and osmification. GERL was a flat cisterna usually sit uated inside the Golgi lamellae, having a thicker membrane with bristle-like coating. GERL was positive to AcPase but not to TPPase reaction and osmifica tion. Three dimensional observations indicated that'GERL was sheet-like with a peripheral extension of tubular processes, whereas the inner part of Golgi lamellae was reticular in shape. Both the inner part of Golgi lamellae and GERL can produce secretory granules. The silver methenamine method for detection of polysaccharides and glycoproteins showed strong reaction in the secretory granules, lysosomes, rough ER, Golgi lamellae and GERL. As the contents of the inner part of Golgi lamellae and GERL were the same, they probably did not differ in function. GERL may thus belong to the Golgi apparatus. It is well known that the Golgi apparatus is an important organelle and that it is engaged in the production of secretory granules in certain protein-secreting cells of exocrine and endocrine glands. Among these cells, the anterior pituitary cells contain well-developed Golgi apparatus along with abundant secretory granules, and these cells as well as the pancreatic acinar cells have been repeatedly used in electron microscope studies of protein secretion (6). Pancreatic acinar cells were utilized not only for morphological and autoradiographical research (24) but also for biochemical and physiological investigations of the protein secretion mechanism (13). The prevailing theory on the mechanism of protein synthesis and secretory granule formation is that the protein synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum may be brought to the condensing vacuoles at the Golgi area and packaged into secretory (zymogen) granules (23). On the other hand, however, Novikoff (19) proposed a slightly different view, i.e., he found a special membrane system in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus and termed it GERL, meaning "a part of endoplasmic reticulum near the Golgi apparatus forming lysosomes. " Pelletier and Novikoff (26) argued that not only lysosomes but also
The relationship between live weight of ewe at mating and -weight of newborn lamb.

Regression of litter weight of newborn lambs on the live weight of ewes at mating has been estimated from data on 15 breeds after conversion of group means of ewes and lambs to natural logarithms. Regression coefficients were estimated to be 0·721 for single lambs, 0·741 for twins and 0·773 for triplets. These values are not signi-ficantly different from each other. Data from ewes with single lambs and from ewes with twins are consistent with the hypothesis that litter weight at birth as a proportion of ewe weight at mating tends to dechne as ewe weight rises from small to large breeds. In a breed with ewes averaging 25 kg the expected birth weight of singles is 9·6% and of twins 15·2%, of ewe weight. For a breed with ewes of 100 kg the corresponding weights would be 6·5% and 10·6% of ewe weight. Since the estimated regression coefficient and the coefficient in the expression for metabolic weight (0·730) are alike, the regression equations can be interpreted as showing that single lambs were 22·6% and twin pairs 36·1% of ewes' metabolic weight.
Evaluation of Nottingham Hip Fracture Score, Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index and the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enumeration of Mortality and morbidity as predictors of mortality in elderly neck of femur fracture patients

Background: This study evaluated the use of several risk prediction models in estimating short- and long-term mortality following hip fracture in an Australian population. Methods: Data from 195 patients were retrospectively analysed and applied to three models of interest: the Nottingham Hip Fracture Score, the Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index and the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity. The performance of these models was assessed with receiver operating characteristic curve as well as logistic regression modelling. Results: The median age of participants was 83 years and 69% were women. Ten percent of patients were deceased by 30 days, 25% at 6 months and 31% at 12 months post-operatively. While there was no statistically significant difference between the models, the Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index had the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for within 30 day and 12 month mortality, while the Nottingham Hip Fracture Score was largest for 6-month mortality. There was no evidence to suggest that the models were selecting a specific subgroup of our population, therefore, no indication was present to suggest that using multiple models would improve mortality prediction. Conclusions: While there was no statistically significant difference in mortality prediction, the Nottingham Hip Fracture Score is perhaps the best suited clinically, due to its ease of implementation. Larger prospective data collection across a variety of sites and its role in guiding clinical management remains an area of interest.
Comparative Effects of Interferon-Consensus 1, Interferon-α2a, and Interferon-/βlb on HLA Expression and Lymphoproliferation: A Preclinical Model for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Interferon-consensus 1 (IFN-Con 1) is a novel synthetic protein generated from codons for the most frequent amino acids in different type 1 IFNs. Compared with natural IFNs, IFN-Con 1 has been shown to have higher specific activity and antiproliferative activity and a higher ability to induce natural killer cells. In this study, the effects of IFN-Con 1 were compared with those of IFN-beta 1b and IFN-alpha 2a on HLA expression and lymphoproliferation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express HLA class I but not class II molecules; however, both class I and class II molecules can be upregulated by IFN-gamma. IFN-Con-1 shared with IFN-beta 1b and IFN-alpha 2a the capacity to enhance HLA class I expression on HUVEC, alone and in combination with IFN-gamma. Although IFN-Con 1 had no effect on the basal expression of HLA class II molecules, it inhibited the IFN-gamma-induced class II expression on the HUVEC in a dose-dependent fashion. When this effect was compared among the three IFNs on mass basis, IFN-Con 1 activity was intermediate between that of IFN-beta 1b and IFN-alpha 2a. IFN-Con 1 also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on mitogen-driven lymphoproliferation similar to that of IFN-alpha 2a and exceeded that of IFN-beta 1b. The results indicate that IFN-Con 1 has immunomodulatory effects similar to those of IFN-beta 1b and IFN-alpha 2a, which could be relevant to the treatment of autoimmune and virus-mediated diseases.
Biochemical and immunological characterization of anthrax spore vaccine in goat

Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis bacterium and an acute infectious febrile septicemic disease of all warm-blooded animals including human. It is a disease of major economic importance in ruminant specially in goat characterized principally by a rapid fatal course followed by sudden death. The present investigation was under taken to determine the biochemical characterization of anthrax spore vaccine bacteria and to determine the immunological response in goat after anthrax vaccination. Anthrax vaccine was collected from local government veterinary hospital, Mymensingh which was prepared by LRI. The goats were selected from different regions of Bangladesh. The used methods were culture of vaccine bacterial sediment in different media, staining of bacteria with Gram’s stain, and sugar fermentation tests for biochemical characterization of anthrax vaccine bacteria. Slide agglutination test and indirect ELISA tests were performed for immunological response after vaccination. Morphologically anthrax vaccine bacteria was gram positive rod shaped or short chain in anthrax vaccine sediment, culture in nutrient agar and nutrient broth. The anthrax vaccine bacteria fermented three sugars (dextrose, maltose and sucrose) and produced only acid but did not ferment two sugars (lactose and mannitol). Immunuglobulin of collected serum (Day0, Day30 and Day90) also agglutinated anthrax antigen on Day 30 and Day 90 of post immunization and onwards. Indirect ELISA provided evidence that immunization of captive and free range goat generated level of anti anthrax 1gG antibody response at Day 0 (OD Value 0.5474±0.0466) of immunization and reached its peak at Day 30 (OD Value 0.9604±0.0936) and maintained that level up to the end of the study (Day 90, OD Value 1.217±0.1129). After vaccination, immunological response was found in goat. However whether this immune response can protect natural anthrax infection need to be evaluated through challenge dose of fields isolates of Bacillus anthracis in future. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i2. 19140 Bangl. J. Vet. Med . (2013). 11(2): 151-157
Early language competence, but not general cognitive ability, predicts children’s recognition of emotion from facial and vocal cues

The ability to accurately identify and label emotions in the self and others is crucial for successful social interactions and good mental health. In the current study we tested the longitudinal relationship between early language skills and recognition of facial and vocal emotion cues in a representative UK population cohort with diverse language and cognitive skills (N = 369), including a large sample of children that met criteria for Developmental Language Disorder (DLD, N = 97). Language skills, but not non-verbal cognitive ability, at age 5–6 predicted emotion recognition at age 10–12. Children that met the criteria for DLD showed a large deficit in recognition of facial and vocal emotion cues. The results highlight the importance of language in supporting identification of emotions from non-verbal cues. Impairments in emotion identification may be one mechanism by which language disorder in early childhood predisposes children to later adverse social and mental health outcomes.