Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of indium composition on carrier escape in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well solar cells

The influence of indium composition on carrier escape was studied considering recombination in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well solar cells with indium compositions of 17% and 25%. Competition between tunneling and recombination turned out to act as a crucial role for the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF). To enhance the Jsc and the FF, the tunneling-dominant carrier decay rather than recombination is required in the operating range of the solar cells which is possible by optimizing the band structures for a shorter tunneling time and by improving the crystalline quality for a longer recombination time.
DOAS-observation of halogen radical-catalysed arctic boundary layer ozone destruction during the ARCTOC-campaigns 1995 and 1996 in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen

During two field campaigns in spring 1995 and 1996, boundary layer concentration levels of BrO, ClO, IO, SO 2 , NO 2 , HNO 2 , CH 2 O and O 3 , were observed at a time resolution of better than 1.5 h by Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). Up to 30 ppt of both, BrO and ClO, were found to coincide with low ozone events (LOE). During periods of normal ozone, average levels of BrO and ClO were close to zero. Average ClO levels during LOE were considerably higher in 1995 (21 ppt) than in 1996 (3.3 ppt). Generally, only upper limits for NO 2 and SO 2 of 50 ppt can be given, however, a series of concentration spikes (up to a few ppb) observed are in the case of NO 2 most likely due to local pollution, while the origin of the SO 2 spikes remains unclear. Analysis of the data suggests that the ozone loss is most likely caused by a combination of BrO x (= Br + BrO)- and BrO x + ClO x − catalysed ozone destruction (with the BrO self reaction and ClO + BrO reaction being the rate limiting steps, respectively). The presence of IO at levels exceeding 1–2 ppt and thus its contribution to ozone destruction is unlikely, but cannot be completely excluded. The observed levels of BrO and ClO are sufficiently high to destroy 1–2 ppb O 3 per hour, thus completely eliminating 40 ppb of initial O 3 within 1–2 days. However airmass dynamics is also likely to be important, in particular observed O 3 decrease rates of up to 7 ppb/h can only be attributed to advection of air already depleted in ozone. The Cl-atom and Br-atom concentrations deduced from ClO and BrO measurements and estimates of ClO/CL and BrO/Br ratios, are compared with data derived from “hydrocarbon clock” observations in the arctic. While both sets of data are compatible for BrO and 1996 ClO data, in 1995 the DOAS ClO data indicate much higher Cl-atom levels than seen by hydrocarbon clock observations. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.49. issue5.9. x
Modeling of Nitrification Under Substrate‐Inhibiting Conditions

A mathematical model was developed for the biological-nitrification process. The model assumed two consecutive oxidation steps occurring under a substrate-inhibiting condition. The mathematical model was calibrated using data obtained from batch experiments performed on the contents of five chemostats operated to steady-state on a feed containing 1,000 mg/L of ammonia-nitrogen. In the batch experiments, initial ammonia concentrations ranging from 100 to 1,000 mg-N/L were used. Time-varying concentrations of ammonia and nitrite were collected until the oxidation of these constituents was complete. Parameter sets that optimized the fit on the mathematical model to the experimental data were obtained by nonlinear-regression analyses. The oxidation of ammonia to nitrite was well represented by the Haldane-inhibition model. The Haldane-inhibition model did not satisfactorily describe the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. It was observed that the simultaneous presence of both nitrite and ammonia led to the inhibition of nitrite oxidation. Modification of the model to consider a revised inhibition mechanism that accounted for the observed behavior was quite successful for the interpretation of the nitrite-oxidation data.
Photoelectron spectroscopy studies of plasma-fluorinated epitaxial graphene

Fluorination of graphene has emerged as an attractive approach toward manipulating its physical, chemical, and electronic properties. To this end, we have demonstrated the viability of sulfur hexafluoride plasmas to fluorinate graphene as a safer alternative to the commonly reported techniques of fluorination that include exposures to fluorine and xenon difluoride gas. Incorporation of fluorine moieties on graphene after SF6 plasma-treatment was confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Modifications in the valence band states of graphene after plasma-treatment were characterized by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Increase in work function of plasma-treated graphene demonstrates the ability of plasma-assisted fluorination to modify the electron emission characteristics of graphene. Raman spectroscopy reveals that the majority of carbon atoms in graphene retain their sp2 hybridization after the plasma-treatment.
Functional Characterization of Odorant Receptors in Disease Vector Mosquitoes

In insects, odor cues are discriminated through a divergent family of odorant receptors (ORs). A functional OR complex consists of both a conventional odorant-binding OR and a non-conventional co-receptor (ORco) that is highly conserved across insect taxa. Recent reports have characterized insect ORs as ion channels, but the precise mechanism of signaling remains unclear. We report the identification and characterization of the first ORco family agonist, VUAA1, using the Anopheles gambiae co-receptor (AgORco) and other orthologs. These studies reveal that the ORco family can form functional, stand-alone ion channels, and in addition, provides a first in class agonist to further research in insect OR signaling. In light of the extraordinary conservation
Analysis of stable isotope ratios of Ba by double-spike standard-sample bracketing using multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A precise analytical method for determining stable Ba isotope ratios was developed by applying a 130Ba-135Ba double-spike corrected standard-sample bracketing method with multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Data were expressed as per mil deviation from a Ba standard in the δ137/134Ba notation. Careful examinations of the temporal instabilities of the instrument and of the 130Xe and 134Xe interference permitted accurate analysis of δ137/134Ba. The isotopic ratios of the 130Ba-135Ba double-spike used in this study were 134Ba/130Ba = 0.076528, 135Ba/130Ba = 1.060129, and 137Ba/130Ba = 0.209145. These were determined iteratively by measurements of δ137/134Ba in the IAEA-CO-9 standard with different spike-sample mixing ratios in order to achieve an invariant δ137/134Ba value of IAEA-CO-9. The reproducibility of δ137/134Ba of IAEA-CO-9 was ±0.032‰ (2SD, n = 42), which was about 5 times better than that reported by a previous study. The δ137/134Ba values of JB-2, JA-2, and BHVO-2 igneous rock standard reference materials were 0.086 ± 0.016‰ (2SD, n = 6), 0.016 ± 0.034‰ (2SD, n = 7), and 0.058 ± 0.019‰ (2SD, n = 5), respectively. A significant difference was observed between the JB-2 and JA-2 results, whereas no significant difference was observed for BHVO-2. These results show that the improved precision opens up a possibility to use δ137/134Ba as a tracer in igneous processes.
Dielectric characterization of a thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesteramide : 1. Relaxation peak assignment

Dielectric relaxation analysis was carried out on the main chain thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesteramide Vectra B950. The dielectric spectra of Vectra B950 show four relaxations, instead of three as cited in the literature. These correspond, from high to low temperature, to the glass transition, the rotation of hydroxynaphthoic acid moieties, the rotation of terephthalic acid moieties, and the combined rotation of terephthalic acid and aminophenol moieties. The combination of TSD and DMA analysis made it possible to distinguish between dipole and charge relaxations. Although the TSD and the dielectric results compare well for the low-temperature dipole relaxations, they are not directly comparable for the α relaxation. TSD experiments reveal that free charges have a significant influence on the α relaxation.
Validation of a triangular quantum well model for GaN-based HEMTs used in pH and dipole moment sensing

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a relatively new semiconductor material that has the potential of replacing gallium arsenide (GaAs) in some of the more recent technological applications, for example chemical sensor applications. In this paper, we introduce a triangular quantum well model for an undoped AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure used as a chemical and biological sensor for pH and dipole moment measurements of polar liquids. We have performed theoretical calculations related to the HEMT characteristics and we have compared them with experimental measurements carried out in many previous papers. These calculations include the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the device, the surface potential, the change in the drain current with the dipole moment and the drain current as a function of pH. The results exhibit good agreement with experimental measurements for different polar liquids and electrolyte solutions. It is also found that the drain current of the device exhibits a large linear variation with the dipole moment, and that the surface potential and the drain current depend strongly on the pH. Therefore, it can distinguish molecules with slightly different dipole moments and solutions with small variations in pH. The ability of the device to sense biomolecules (such as proteins) with very large dipole moments is investigated.
Pure anatase TiO2 “nanoglue”: An inorganic binding agent to improve nanoparticle interconnections in the low-temperature sintering of dye-sensitized solar cells

An interparticle-binding agent, or “nanoglue,” was prepared for the fabrication of well-interconnected TiO2 photoelectrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) sintered at low temperature. This nanoglue consisted of pure anatase particles approximately 5 nm in diameter dispersed in alcoholic solvent. When mixed with TiO2 particles 21 nm in diameter, the nanoglue induced interparticle chemical bridging via the condensation of hydroxyl groups on surfaces of TiO2 particles. The efficiency of nanoglue-based DSSCs was improved by approximately 25% compared to non-nanoglue-based DSSCs. This improvement was mainly ascribed to enhanced interparticle connections due to the presence of the 5 nm TiO2 particles in nanoglue.
A Validated All-Pressure Fluid Drop Model and Lewis Number Effects for a Binary Mixture

The differences between subcritical liquid drop and supercritical fluid drop behavior are discussed. Under subcritical, evaporative high emission rate conditions, a film layer is present in the inner part of the drop surface which contributes to the unique determination of the boundary conditions; it is this film layer which contributes to the solution's convective-diffusive character. In contrast, under supercritical condition as the boundary conditions contain a degree of arbitrariness due to the absence of a surface, and the solution has then a purely diffusive character. Results from simulations of a free fluid drop under no-gravity conditions are compared to microgravity experimental data from suspended, large drop experiments at high, low and intermediary temperatures and in a range of pressures encompassing the sub-and supercritical regime. Despite the difference between the conditions of the simulations and experiments (suspension vs. free floating), the time rate of variation of the drop diameter square is remarkably well predicted in the linear curve regime. The drop diameter is determined in the simulations from the location of the maximum density gradient, and agrees well with the data. It is also shown that the classical calculation of the Lewis number gives qualitatively erroneous results at supercritical conditions, but that an effective Lewis number previously defined gives qualitatively correct estimates of the length scales for heat and mass transfer at all pressures.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Benzoic Acid Adsorbed on Montmorillonite

ABSTRACT The adsorption of benzoic acid on both sodium and calcium montmorillonites has been studied by near infrared spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy. Upon adsorption of benzoic acid, additional near-infrared bands are observed at 8665 cm−1 and assigned to an interaction of benzoic acid with the water of hydration. Upon adsorption of the benzoic acid on Na-Mt, the NIR bands are now observed at 5877, 5951, 6028, and 6128 cm−1 and are assigned to the overtone and combination bands of the CH fundamentals. Additional bands at 4074, 4205, 4654, and 4678 cm−1 are attributed to CH combination bands resulting from the adsorption of the benzoic acid. Benzoic acid is used as a model molecule for adsorption studies. The application of near-infrared spectroscopy to the study of adsorption has the potential for the removal of acids from polluted aqueous systems.
Comparative Studies of the Effect of Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre on High Fat and High Carbohydrate Diet Induced Obesity in Rats.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ethanolic extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanumon high fat and high carbohydrate diet induced obesity in male wistar rats. Methodology: 30 male wistar rats used for this study were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 was fed the normal pellet diet (NPD), Group 2 and 3 were fed with high fat diet (HFD), Group 4 and 5 were with fed high carbohydrate diet (HCD) and all groups had free access to diets and waterad libitumfor 18 weeks. Treatment with 500mg/kg b.w ethanolic extract of S. jollyanumfor Group 3 and 5 started in the 14 th week, that is, at the end of obesity induction and lasted for another four weeks. The extract was susp ended in normal saline and administered orally to the rats using a gavage tube. Thereafter, the food intake, body weight, total fat mass, adiposity index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, insulin and leptin were measured. Results:The results showed that feeding with HFD and HCD significantly increased (p<0.05) body weight, total fat mass, adiposity index, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very density low cholesterol (VDL
Spray-Assisted Deep-Frying Process for the In Situ Spherical Assembly of Graphene for Energy-Storage Devices

To take full advantage of graphene in macroscale devices, it is important to integrate two-dimensional graphene nanosheets into a micro/macrosized structure that can fully utilize graphene’s nanoscale characteristics. To this end, we developed a novel spray-assisted self-assembly process to create a spherically integrated graphene microstructure (graphene microsphere) using a high-temperature organic solvent in a manner reminiscent of deep-frying. This graphene microsphere improves the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors, in contrast to nonassembled graphene, which is attributed to its structural and pore characteristics. Furthermore, this synthesis method can also produce an effective graphene-based hybrid microsphere structure, in which Si nanoparticles are efficiently entrapped by graphene nanosheets during the assembly process. When used in a Li-ion battery, this material can provide a more suitable framework to buffer the considerable volume change that occurs in Si during electrochemical .
Status of high efficiency and high power ThinGaN®‐LED development

In this paper we report on the improvement of ThinGaN®-PowerLED structures in epitaxy, chip design, phosphor efficiency and package design. The brightness of these devices increased by a factor of 4 over the last 4 years. We demonstrate 604 mW blue (440 nm; 3,24 V; 53% WPE), 129 lm cool-white light (5000 K; 3,25 V, 113 lm/W) and 88.2 lm warm-white (3200 K; 74.4 lm/W; CRI 80) emission for 1mm2-chip Dragon power LEDs at 350 mA operation. In an advanced device we realized values of 643 mW blue (440 nm; 3,24 V; 350 mA; WPE: 57%) and 155 lm white (5000 K, 350 mA, 3,24 V, 136 lm/W) emission. To our knowledge these are the highest brightness and efficacy values reported in literature. Also at 1.4 A operation current the performance of these multi quantum well epitaxy based structures is superior to the values reported for double heterostructure epitaxy based structures. By combination of phosphor converted white and red 1 mm2 chip LEDs we realized a 3000 K warm white emitting device with 100 lm/W, CRI 90 and 850 lm emission. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
International Journal of Food Engineering Stickiness of Corn Syrup Powders by Fluidised Bed Test

The onset of stickiness for corn syrup solids powders having dextrose equivalents of DE20, 30 and 40 were determined under a range of conditions (40–100 °C, 12–50 %RH) using the fluidised bed technique. The onset of stickiness was found to differ consistently from the predicted glass transition temperature across the range of conditions tested. Difference values, (T-Tg)crit were 34.9, 33.5 and 38.2 °C respectively for the DE20, DE30 and DE40 powders.
Die Oberflächenladung der Ton‐Humusfraktion aus Schwarzerden als Funktion von pH und Ca‐Konzentration

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Ladungseigenschaften der Ton-Humusfraktionen aus A-Horizonten unterschiedlicher Schwarzerden als Funktion der Ca-Konzentration und des pH-Wertes der Bodenlosung charakterisiert. Die Oberflachenladung wurde durch Titration mit einem ladungsneutralisierenden Polyelektrolyten bis zum Nulldurchgang des elektrokinetischen Potentials bestimmt. Es zeigt sich fur Ton-Humusfraktionen eine logarithmische Abhangigkeit der Oberflachenladung von der Ca-Konzentration der Bodenlosung im Bereich ⩽, 2 mmol/L. Der Einflus des pH-Wertes auf die Oberflachenladung kann uber einen weiten pH-Bereich linear angenahert werden, wobei die Veranderung der pH-abhangigen Ladung bei den Horizonten mit geringer Ca-Belegung am Austauscher am starksten ausgepragt ist. Ebenso nimmt durch die Konkurrenz zwischen Protonen und Ca-Ionen um Austauscherplatze der Einflus der Ca-Konzentration in der sauren Bodenlosung deutlich ab. Die Ursache der Verschlammbarkeit der Bodenoberflache und der Verlagerung von Ton-Humuspartikeln in Schwarzerden konnte auf die Zunahme der Oberflachenladung mit sinkender Ca-Konzentration nach der Entkalkung zuruckgefuhrt werden. Nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen konnte auch die verringerte Mobilitat der Ton-Humusfraktion bei starkerer Versauerung mit der ladungsneutralisierenden Wirkung der Protonen bzw. Aluminiumionen in Zusammenhang stehen. Surface charge of clay-humus fractions from Chernozems as a function of pH and Ca-concentration The charge characteristics of clay-humus fractions from A-horizons of several Chernozems as a function of Ca concentration and pH of the soil solution was investigated. The surface charge was measured by titration with charge compensating polyelectrolytes; the endpoint was at zero potential. A logarithmic dependence of the surface charge [molc/kg] on the Ca concentration of the soil solution in the range ⩽ 2 mmol/L was observed. The influence of pH on the surface charge was almost linear over a wide range of pH-values, the change in pH-dependent charges being most pronounced for the horizons with low Ca saturation on the exchange sites. It was also found that the competition between protons and Ca ions for the exchange sites leads to a distinct decrease of the influence of Ca concentration on the surface charge in acid environment. The reason for slaking of the soil surface and of the displacement of clay-humus particles in Chernozems could be attributed to an increase in surface charge with decreasing Ca concentrations after leaching of lime. According to the present findings the drop in mobility of the clay-humus fractions during acidification could be explained by a charge compensating effect of protons and aluminium ions.
Influence of micronutrient and phosphorous levels and chelator to iron ratio on growth, chlorosis, and nutrition of bluecrop highbush blueberries

Abstract ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry plants were exposed to 2×2×2 factorial treatments of high and low phosphate and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) and excess or stoichiometric concentrations of a chelator (EDDHA) added to Fe(NO3), in pH 6.8 solution cultures. The effects on growth, Fe chlorosis and overall nutrition were accessed. Phosphorous was applied at 20 (low) or 400 (high) μM levels, micronutrients at low or high levels and either a 1:1 or 10:1 ratio of chelator to Fe concentration. Plants grown in excess chelator and low micronutrient supply grew normally. Plants grown in all high micronutrient solutions were chlorotic after 34 days. Plants in low micronutrient and stochiometric chelator to Fe ratio solutions were also chlorotic. Foliar Fe was not a good indicator of Fe chlorosis development. High Cu levels in roots grown in high micronutrients without excess chelator may have been a causative factor in Fe chlorosis development, but not in reducing foliar Fe levels. There was no indication that exce.
17β-estradiol and testosterone in soil and runoff from grasslands amended with broiler litter

In 1998, the U.S. poultry industry generated almost 12 million Mg of broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter, most of which was applied to grasslands as fertilizer. This litter contains appreciable concentrations of estradiol and testosterone, sex hormones of environmental concern. We measured estradiol and testosterone concentrations in soil and runoff water from large (0.8 ha) grazed and ungrazed grasslands amended with broiler litter. Samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. In runoff, background concentrations were 50 to 150 ng estradiol L -1 and 15 to 125 ng testosterone L -1 . No significant differences were observed in runoff concentrations between hayed and grazed plots (p = 0.1). Therefore, grazing animals did not contribute hormones to runoff. When litter was applied, runoff concentrations were 20 to 2530 ng estradiol L -1 and 10 to 1830 ng testosterone L -1 , depending on litter application rate and time between application and runoff. In soil, the background concentration for estradiol was 55 ng kg -1 . Depending on litter application rate and time from application, the estradiol concentration in soil increased up to 675 ng kg -1 . Testosterone followed a similar trend; however, concentrations of testosterone were significantly higher in grazed than in hayed plots (p = 0.1). These results show sizable edge-of-field losses of estradiol and testosterone from broiler litter-amended grasslands, and are the first studies to measure estradiol and testosterone in soil. Future research needs to examine the persistence and degradation of estradiol and testosterone in broiler litter, soil, and runoff.