Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oxygen fugacity variations and mineral reactions in sapphirine-bearing paragneisses, E. Grenville province, Canada

Abstract Sapphirine-bearing assemblages occur in paragneisses in a 200 km long block in the Grenville province in Labrador-Quebec. The occurrence of some of these rocks was previously known, but their considerable extent is now recognised from regional mapping. The mineral assemblages, reactions, and compositions and the tectonic structure in the paragneisses of this block are surprisingly uniform. Within feldspar-quartz layers we recognise assemblages with sapphirine, quartz, iron titanium oxides, spinel, corundum, diaspore, orthopyroxene, sillimanite, cordierite, garnet, and biotite in metre to millimetre-thick layers. These minerals reacted with their matrix, especially quartz, during cooling and uplift. At least 11 retrograde reactions gave rise to spectacular corona textures and define a P-T-time trajectory from c. 8 kbar at 900 °C to 6 kbar at 700 °C which changed from early isobaric to late isothermal. Based on successive generations of sapphirine and orthopyroxene with constant X Mg and decreasing Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio in recalculated formulae, we deduce an accompanying change from high to low oxygen fugacity along this trajectory. The isothermal section of the trajectory is consistent with predicted rapid uplift and with field evidence for thrust tectonics and mylonitisation.
Multiobjective Co-Optimization of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control and Energy Management Strategy for PHEVs

Electrification, automation, and connectivity in the automotive and transport industries are gathering momentum, but there are escalating concerns over their need for co-optimization to improve energy efficiency, traffic safety, and ride comfort. Previous approaches to these multiobjective co-optimization problems often overlook tradeoffs and scale differences between the objectives, resulting in misleading optimizations. To overcome these limitations, this article proposes a Pareto-based framework that demonstrably optimizes the system parameters of the cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) and the energy management strategy (EMS) for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The high-level Pareto knowledge assists in finding a best compromise solution. The results of this article suggest that the energy and the comfort targets are harmonious, but both conflict with the safety target. Validation using real-world driving data shows that the Pareto optimum for CACC and EMS systems, relative to the baseline, can reduce energy consumption (by 7.57%) and tracking error (by 68.94%) while simultaneously satisfying ride comfort needs. In contrast to the weighted-sum method, the proposed Pareto method can optimally balance and scale the multiple-objective functions. In addition, sensitivity analysis proves that the vehicle reaction time impacts significantly on tracking safety, but its effect on energy saving is trivial.
Current global plate kinematics from GPS (1995–2007) with the plate‐consistent reference frame

[1] We present the vectors of rotation of 10 major lithospheric plates, estimated from continuous GPS observations at 192 globally distributed stations; 71 stations were selected as representing stable plate regions. All days for the period 1995.0–2007.0 were included in the analysis. In contrast to previous GPS plate models, our model is independent of international terrestrial reference frames (ITRF). The origin of our plate-consistent reference frame is the center of plate rotation (CP) rather than the center of mass of the entire Earth's system (CM) as in recent versions of ITRF. We estimate plate rotations and CP by minimizing the misfit between the horizontal velocities predicted by the plate model and the observed GPS velocities. If any version of ITRF is used as the reference frame, the drift of the ITRF origin relative to CP cannot be neglected in estimation of plate rotation vectors and plate-residual station velocities. The model of the plate kinematics presented here addresses the problem debated since the beginning of the space geodesy: how big are disagreements between the current plate motions and the motions averaged over several million years? We compare the vectors of relative plate rotations estimated here with the published vectors from GPS and geologic models. We also discuss the integrity of individual plates as exhibited by plate-residual station velocities. For seven largest plates, the RMS value of plate-residual station velocities in stable plate interiors is 0.5–0.9 mm/a; this value is an upper bound on deviation of real plates from infinite stiffness.
Optimizations of Defect Filter Layers for 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs Quantum-Dot Lasers Monolithically Grown on Si Substrates

III-V semiconductors monolithically grown on Si substrates are expected to be an ideal solution to integrate highly efficient light-emitting devices on a Si platform. However, the lattice mismatch between III-V and Si generates a high density of threading dislocations (TDs) at the interface between III-V and Si. Some of these TD will propagate into the III-V active region and lead to device degradation. By introducing defect filter layers (DFLs), the density of TDs propagating into the III-V layers can be significantly reduced. In this paper, we present an investigation on the development of InGaAs/GaAs strained-layer superlattices as DFLs for 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers monolithically grown on a Si substrate. We compare two broad-area InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers with non-optimized and optimized InGaAs/GaAs DFLs. The laser device with optimal DFLs has a lower room-temperature threshold current density of 99 A/cm2 and higher maximum operation temperature of 88 °C, compared with 174 A/cm2 and 68 °C for the reference laser.
Holocene temperatures in Bohuslän, southwest Sweden: a quantitative reconstruction from fossil pollen data

Inferred mean annual temperatures (Tann) from a radiocarbon‐dated fossil pollen stratigraphy obtained from Lake Trehörningen, southwest Sweden, provide evidence of climate variability during the Holocene in the boreal‐nemoral zone of Sweden. The record indicates low early Holocene temperatures, followed by a rising trend and maximum temperature values from about 7000 to 4000 cal. yr BP. During the later part of the Holocene until present day, a cooling trend is reflected in the temperature record. At about 8200 cal. yr BP, temperatures temporarily drop, and at 8000 cal. yr BP the rising temperature trend is recovered. Inferred mid‐Holocene temperatures are about 2.5‐3°C higher than at present, and also higher than other pollen‐inferred mid‐Holocene temperatures of 1.5‐2.5°C further to the north and east in Scandinavia. The reconstructed long‐term climate pattern in Trehörningen has an overall consistency with temperature reconstructions from Scandinavia, suggesting a regional climate link for the Holocene variability in Sweden. Holocene climate trends in Trehörningen also show a remarkably similar pattern with the classic work on postglacial climate change by Sernander (1893, Sernander 1909), Andersson (1909) and von Post (1924).
Nonlinear velocity inversion by a two-step Monte Carlo method.

Seismic reflection data contain information on small‐scale impedance variations and a smooth reference velocity model. Given a reference velocity model, the reflectors can be obtained by linearized migration‐inversion. If the reference velocity is incorrect, the reflectors obtained by inverting different subsets of the data will be incoherent. We propose to use the coherency of these images to invert for the background velocity distribution. We have developed a two‐step iterative inversion method in which we separate the retrieval of small‐scale variations of the seismic velocity from the longer‐period reference velocity model. Given an initial background velocity model, we use a waveform misfit‐functional for the inversion of small‐scale velocity variations. For this linear step we use the linearized migration‐inversion method based on ray theory that we have recently developed with Lambare and Virieux. The reference velocity model is then updated by a Monte Carlo inversion method. For the nonlinear inve.
Centralized and Distributed Voltage Control: Impact on Distributed Generation Penetration

With the rapid increase in distributed generation (DG), the issue of voltage regulation in the distribution network becomes more significant, and centralized voltage control (or active network management) is one of the proposed methods. Alternative work on intelligent distributed voltage and reactive power control of DG has also demonstrated benefits in terms of the minimization of voltage variation and violations as well as the ability to connect larger generators to the distribution network. This paper uses optimal power flow to compare the two methods and shows that intelligent distributed voltage and reactive power control of the DG gives similar results to those obtained by centralized management in terms of the potential for connecting increased capacities within existing networks
A review of the mineralogy of the Merensky Reef, with specific reference to new data on the precious metal mineralogy

Contrasting with earlier usage, modern terminology considers the currently mined economic layer as constituting the Merensky Reef. On average it consists of a cumulate orhopyroxene-chromite pegmatoid containing postcumulus feldspar and clinopyroxene, although local olivine-rich or quartz-bearing facies occur. The orthopyroxene is bimodal; separate coarse and fine fractions are present. Enigmas concerning element sources for postcumulus growth and a variety of complex intergrowths pervade the occurrence and relationships of the oxide minerals, thereby highlighting the need for experimental data on these phases. The base metal sulfides occur as a temporal sequence typical of magmatic assemblages (pyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite) with a host of rare minor minerals.The precious minerals are predominantly associated with the base metal sulfides. Idiomorphic braggite, cooperite, and laurite, with minor sperrylite, are the major discrete platinoid minerals. Another main platinoid constituent, Pt-Fe alloy, most commonly occurs as complex intergrowths with other minerals, principally base metal sulfides. The scarce, commonly mobile, late fraction consists of electrum, the platinoid bismuthotellurides, and other complex minerals. A significant "invisible" portion of the platinoids occurs within pyrrhotite, pentlandite, or pyrite, either as a true or as a "colloidal" solid solution.Studies of relationships of the precious minerals with the silicate-oxide gangue indicate a clear preference for their occurrence at the contact of the base metal sulfides with the gangue. Precious mineral grains are significantly smaller in chromite-rich ore compared with silicate-rich ore, while early minerals are demonstrably coarser than late-formed minerals.
Depth of investigation in electromagnetic sounding methods

The time or frequency at which the electromagnetic (EM) response of a buried inhomogeneity can first be measured is determined by its depth of burial and the average conductivity of the overlying section; it is relatively independent of the type of source or receiver and their separation. The ability to make measurements at this time or frequency, however, depends on the sensitivity and accuracy of the instrumentation, the signal strength, and the ambient noise level. These factors affect different EM sounding systems in surprisingly different ways.For the magnetotelluric (MT) method, it is possible to detect a buried half-space under about 1.5 skin depths of overburden. The maximum depth of investigation is virtually unbounded because of high signal strengths at low frequencies. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings, on the other hand, have a limited depth of penetration, but are less affected by static shift errors. For TEM, a buried inhomogeneity can be detected under about one diffusion depth of overburden. For conventional near-zone sounding in which induced voltage is measured (impulse response), the depth of investigation is proportional to the 1/5 power of the source moment and ground resistivity. By contrast, if the receiver is a magnetometer (step response system), the depth of investigation is proportional to the 1/3 power of source moment and is no longer a function of resistivity. Magnetic-field measurements may, therefore, be superior for exploration in conductive areas such as sedimentary basins. Far-zone, or long-offset, TEM soundings are traditionally used for deep exploration. The depth of investigation for a voltage receiver is proportional to the 1/4 power of source moment and resistivity and is inversely proportional to the source-receiver separation. Magnetic-field measurements are difficult to make at long offsets because instrumental accuracy limits the measurement of the very slow decay of the magnetic field.Frequency-domain controlled-source systems are ideally suited for sounding at the very shallow depths needed for engineering, archaeological, and groundwater applications because of the relative ease of extending the measurements to arbitrarily high frequencies, and also because geometric soundings can be made at low induction numbers.
Adjoint estimation of ozone climate penalties

An adjoint of a regional chemical transport model is used to calculate location‐specific temperature influences (climate penalties) on two policy‐relevant ozone metrics: concentrations in polluted regions (>65 ppb) and short‐term mortality in Canada and the U.S. Temperature influences through changes in chemical reaction rates, atmospheric moisture content, and biogenic emissions exhibit significant spatial variability. In particular, high‐NOx, polluted regions are prominently distinguished by substantial climate penalties (up to 6.2 ppb/K in major urban areas) as a result of large temperature influences through increased biogenic emissions and nonnegative water vapor sensitivities. Temperature influences on ozone mortality, when integrated across the domain, result in 369 excess deaths/K in Canada and the U.S. over a summer season—an impact comparable to a 5% change in anthropogenic NOx emissions. As such, we suggest that NOx control can be also regarded as a climate change adaptation strategy with regard to ozone air quality.
Plate tectonics and the Papua—New Guinea—Solomon Islands region

Abstract The focal mechanism solutions for a number of earthquakes in the New Guinea region are presented. These solutions, together with the results of a previously reported spatial seismicity study, are used to deduce the tectonic nature of the region in terms of plate tectonics, using the geological features of the region as constraints. The region is basically a zone of interaction of the Australian and South Pacific plates. Within this zone are several minor sub-plates referred to as the Solomon Sea, New Britain, and Manus plates. A consistent system of relative velocity vectors has been deduced for these plates. A zone of subduction is apparent under New Britain and the Solomon Islands, a zone of sinistral transcurrent movement operates between the New Britain and Manus plates, sea-floor spreading seems certain in the Woodlark Basin region, and a continent/island arc collision zone exists in northern New Guinea. An interpretation of the Cainozoic history of the New Guinea region is presented.
Secular increase of seasonal predictability for the 20th century

Seasonal predictability of global surface air temperature for the 100 years of 20th century is examined using the Climate of the 20th Century international project (C20C) AGCM experiment. The C20C experiments reproduce reasonably well the observed warming trend over the globe. The perfect model concept, one simulation being considered as observation, is utilized to examine the changes of seasonal mean predictability for the last 100 years. The global pattern correlations of seasonal mean temperature show clearly the seasonal mean predictability being increased since 1920s. The analysis of the ensemble mean and deviation also shows that the signal to noise ratio is much increased for the recent 30 years, particularly in the tropical and subtropical Pacific. The increase of the seasonal predictability is found to be related to the enhancement of SST variability over the tropical Pacific, which appears to be related to the global warming.
Data Length Requirements for Observational Estimates of Land–Atmosphere Coupling Strength

AbstractMultiple metrics have been developed in recent years to characterize the strength of land–atmosphere coupling in regional and global climate models. Evaluation of these metrics against observations has proven challenging because of limited observations and/or metric definitions based on model experimental designs that are not replicable with observations. Additionally, because observations are limited in time, with only a single realization of the earth’s climate available, metrics of land–atmosphere coupling strength typically assume stationarity and ergodicity, so that an observed time series (or set of time series) can be used in place of an ensemble mean of multiple realizations. The present study evaluates the observational data requirements necessary for robust quantification of a suite of land–atmosphere coupling metrics previously described in the literature. It is demonstrated that the amount of data required to obtain robust estimates of metrics assessing relationships between variables .
Investigando la relación entre rendimiento e inclusión para mejorar las experiencias educativas y los resultados de todos los aprendices

This paper considers some of the key issues that must be taken into account when conducting research on inclusive education in an era of standards based reform. It challenges the widely held assumption that high levels of educational inclusion are incompatible with high levels of academic achievement in schools and presents the Framework for Participation, a research tool developed by the authors, which supports practitioners (and other researchers) who wish to examine the development of inclusive practice in their own schools.
Diferencias mecánicas e hídricas del permafrost en glaciares de rocas glacigénicos y criogénicos, obtenidas de datos sísmicos en El Tapado, Chile

Mechanical and hydrological differences of glacigenic vs. cryogenic rock-glacier permafrost obtained from refraction seismics, El Tapado Glaciers, Chile. A series of refraction seismic profiles were carried out along two adjacent rock glaciers belonging to the El Tapado Glacier System. One rock glacier evidently evolved from a debris-covered glacier (massive & stratified glacier ice was observed in the upper reaches) while the smaller one developed at a cirque by accumulation of talus, presumably together with seasonal snow and winter avalanches. Genetic differences between the rock glaciers do not influence their morphological cha- racteristics, however, and only affect the internal characteristics as imaged by refraction seismic. Three main differences were detected as follows: 1) the active layer is much thicker in the cryogenic rock glaciers (11 vs. 4 m) which may be the result of less ice proportion in the ground allowing to a faster growth of the defrosted layer; 2) although P-wave velocity (Vp) across all active layers is quite similar (c. 330 m/s), the permafrost Vp is almost double in the glacigenic rock glaciers (1662 vs. 3146 m/s) indicating a greater ice concentration in the glacigenic rock glacier permafrost. In several areas of the glacigenic rock glacier permafrost Vp equals pure ice Vp (~4200 m/s) suggesting that patches of the original glacier form part of the per- mafrost. 3) The permafrost/active layer interface is sharp in the glacigenic rock glacier and more graded in the cryogenic, pro- bably as a result of the more irregular shape of this surface due to the lower proportion of ice in the cryogenic rock glacier. Besides establishing the different genesis of externally similar rock glaciers, refraction seismic studies also allow quantitative estimations of ice proportion in the frozen ground and thus, are very important for hydrological purposes as well as for engi- neering tasks.
Jason-1 Geophysical Performance Evaluation Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

The Jason-1 satellite was launched on 7 December 2001 with the primary objective of continuing the high accuracy time series of altimeter measurements that began with the TOPEX/Poseidon mission in 1992. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to validate the performance of the Jason-1 measurement system, and to verify that its error budget is at least at the same level as that of the TOPEX/Poseidon mission. The article reviews the main components of the Jason-1 altimetric error budget from instrument characterization to the geophysical use of the data. Using the Interim Geophysical Data Records (16DR) that were distributed to the Jason-1 Science Working Team during the verification phase of the mission, it is shown that the Jason-1 mission is performing well enough to continue studies of the large-scale features of the ocean, and especially to continue time series of mean sea-level variations with an accuracy comparable to TOPEX/Poseidon.
Analyzing the combined influence of solar activity and El Niño on streamflow across southern Canada

It is well known that the spatial and temporal patterns in streamflow can be correlated with many teleconnections, e.g., solar activity and climatic phenomena such as El Niño. However, fewer studies have attempted to analyze both the influence of solar activity and large scale climatic phenomena on natural processes, particularly hydrological processes. In this study we examine long term records of solar activity and El Niño for their combined influence on streamflow across southern Canada. Data used in the analysis include sunspot number, sea surface temperature anomaly in Niño region 3.4, and annual mean streamflow from 50 Canadian Reference Hydrometric Basin Network (RHBN) stations with record lengths ≥50 years (14 of them ≥90 years). Analysis is performed using Fourier spectrum analysis (FSA), continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and cross wavelet transform coherence analysis (WTC). Results of FSA show that for almost all the 14 RHBN stations with record lengths of ≥90 years, streamflow exhibits periodicities of approximately 11 and 22 years (which is in accordance with solar activity), as well as shorter term periodicities consistent with El Niño (2–7 years). WTC analysis confirms the correlation between these periodicities (2–7 years, 11 years, 22 years) in streamflow with solar activity and El Niño records. Both solar activity and El Niño's influences on annual mean streamflow in 18–32 year bands are common, while the influence of El Nino is more extensive in the 2–7 and ∼11 year bands. Through examination of correlations between solar activity and streamflow, El Niño and streamflow, and finally El Niño and solar activity, WTC analysis has identified that solar activity affects El Niño first, and this influence is then transferred by El Niño to streamflow. This study expands on earlier efforts examining linkages between El Niño and streamflow across southern Canada to an examination of linkages between solar activity, El Niño, and streamflow.
Impact of process scaling on the efficacy of leakage reduction schemes

The effects of technology scaling on three run-time leakage reduction techniques (Input Vector Control, Body Bias Control and Power Supply Gating) are evaluated by determining their limits and benefits, in terms of the potential leakage reduction, performance penalty and area and power overhead in 0.25/spl mu/m, 0.18/spl mu/m, 0.07/spl mu/m and 0.065/spl mu/m technologies. HSPICE simulation results and estimations with various function units and memory structures are presented to support a comprehensive analysis.