Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caracterização dendroenergética de árvores de Eucalyptus benthamii

Eucalyptus benthamii has shown to be the most proeminent specie for regions with frost incidence. The objective of this work was to classify selected Eucalyptus benthamii trees for breeding by importance ordening dendrometric and energetic characteristics, useful for this work 91 disks of DBH were collected, from three plantations at Guarapuava municipality, Parana state, with geographical coordinates 25o 23’ 26’’ S e 51o 27’ 15” E and 1,120 m high. Wood basic density, volume, mass, superior calorific power, energertic density and energetic potential were evaluated. Charcoal yield, condensed and non-condensable gases, fixed carbon, volatiles, ashes, superior calorific power and energetic potential were also evaluated. From the measured characteristics, at the field and laboratory for each individual, multivariable analysis were performed using the main compounds and factorial analysis with the aim of identifying those variables which presented larger contribution for total variance. At E. Benthamii tree selection for energy production, most of the attention should be driven to the variables mass, volume, wood energetic potential and charcoal energetic potential. doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb. 31.65. 09
High speed intelligent classifier of tomatoes by colour, size and weight

At present most horticultural products are classified and marketed according to quality standards, which provide a common language for growers, packers, buyers and consumers. The standardisation of both product and packaging enables greater speed and efficiency in management and marketing. Of all the vegetables grown in greenhouses, tomatoes are predominant in both surface area and tons produced. This paper will present the development and evaluation of a low investment classification system of tomatoes with these objectives: to put it at the service of producing farms and to classify for trading standards. An intelligent classifier of tomatoes has been developed by weight, diameter and colour. This system has optimised the necessary algorithms for data processing in the case of tomatoes, so that productivity is greatly increased, with the use of less expensive and lower performance electronics. The prototype is able to achieve very high speed classification, 12.5 ratings per second, using accessible and low cost commercial equipment for this. It decreases fourfold the manual sorting time and is not sensitive to the variety of tomato classified. This system facilitates the processes of standardisation and quality control, increases the competitiveness of tomato farms and impacts positively on profitability. The automatic classification system described in this work represents a contribution from the economic point of view, as it is profitable for a farm in the short term (less than six months), while the existing systems, can only be used in large trading centers.
The stands with the Phalaroides arundinacea dominance in the Ipeľ River catchment area (Slovakia and Hungary)

The Phalaridetum arundinaceae Libbert 1931 and the Rorippo-Phalaridetum arundinaceae Kopecký 1961 associations were recorded in the Ipeľ River catchment area from 1997 to 2000. Four other plant communities not ranked into hierarchical system were detected, too. The synmorphology, synecology and synchorology characteristics of these communities are given in the paper. The characteristics and syntaxonomic note are added for the Carici gracilis-Phalaridetum (Kovacs et Mathe 1967) Soo 1971 corr. Borhidi 1996 association, which was described from the studied area several decades ago. The floristical and ecological differentiation of these communities is included. The tabular synthesis, polythetic divisive classification (Twinspan) and indirect gradient analysis (DCA) methods were used for classification and ordination of the communities.
Potential for deep sea invasion by Mediterranean shallow water echinoids: pressure and temperature as stage-specific dispersal barriers

Hypotheses about the origin of the deep sea fauna often assume that the deep sea was first colonized by cold water animals migrating through isothermal water columns in polar seas. Deep water in the Mediterranean Sea has much warmer temperatures than comparable depths in the larger ocean baslns. Moreover, the entire water column may be virtually isothermal during the winter months, making oceanographic conditions in the Mediterranean analogous to those prevailing throughout most of the world ocean during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. We investigated the physiological potential for deep sea invasion through a warm water column by studying the pressure and temperature tolerances of embryos and larvae of 3 species of shallow water Mediterranean echinoids, Paracentrotus lividus, Arbacia lixula, and Sphaerechinus granularis. Early life history stages of all 3 species tolerated pressures (to 150 atm) much higher than those experienced in the adult environment. Cold temperatures (<1O0C) exacerbated the adverse effects of pressure; larvae were more likely to survive at deep sea pressures and warm temperatures than at shallow water pressures and cold temperatures. Tolerances to high pressures and low temperatures increased with ontogeny and varied with species. In the Mediterranean, high pressures should be a more important limiting factor than low temperatures. Nevertheless, some species have physiological tolerances that should allow them to colonize bathyal depths. Absence of these shallow water species from such depths must be attributed to factors other than pressure and temperature. K E Y WORDS: Mediterranean . Echinoids Pressure . Barophysiology
Oxygen requirements, biology and phylogenetic significance of the late Precambrian worm Dickinsonia, and the evolution of the burrowing habit

Dickinsonia was a very thin (<3 mm) subcircular to elliptical worm that grew to about a metre in length. It appears to have been a common, conspicuous and widespread Late Precambrian animal. Dickinsonia probably had a hydrostatic skeleton (true coelom); metamerically arranged dorsoventral muscles; longitudinal, transverse and possibly diagonal muscles; an inextensible collagenous basement membrane; a well-developed circulatory system; and possibly a gut with lateral lobes. It was probably an annelid, but may have been neither a polychaete nor an oligochaete, and its geometry and ontogeny suggest that its similarity to the living discoidal polychaete Spinther is due to convergence. Calculations indicate that Dickinsonia could have respired in sea water containing about a tenth of the present amount of oxygen. Since it lived in well-aerated sublittoral environments, its peculiar shape may reflect the low level of oxygen in the Late Precambrian atmosphere. The geometry of coeval animals reinforces this view.
Karyological and morphological variations within the genus Dysphania (Chenopodiaceae) in Bulgaria

Abstract The karyological and morphological variability of species from the genus Dysphania were studied. The results demonstrated that genus Dysphania is represented in Bulgaria by five species: Dysphania ambrosioides, D. multifida, D. botrys, D. schraderiana and D. pumilio. The first two species are tetraploids with chromosome number 2n = 32 for D. ambrosioides and 2n = 36 for D. multifida. The remaining three species are diploids with 2n = 18. The results from statistical analysis demonstrated that the main source of phenotype variation in the species is the interpopulation variation. The specific characters which allowed their recognition are themorphological characteristics of the perianth lobes, the upper leaves and the seeds. The distinction between D. multifida, D. ambrosioides and D. schraderiana is based on differences in the quantitative traits, while in D. botrys and D. pumilio qualitative traits are also important. The basic evolutionary mechanisms are polyploidy and diploidy.Atendency towards reduction in the size of generative organs and the number of perianth lobes was found.
Feeding Response by Northern Squawfish to a Hatchery Release of Juvenile Salmonids in the Clearwater River, Idaho

Abstract We collected gut contents from northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis captured in the Clearwater River, Idaho, 0–6 km from its confluence with the Snake River, following the release of 1.1 million yearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Dworshak National Fish Hatchery. Before the hatchery release, northern squawfish gut contents (by weight) in the study area were 38% crayfish Pacifastacus spp. , 26% insects, 19% nonsalmonid fish, and 16% wheat kernels Triticum spp. Juvenile salmonids constituted 54% of gut contents about 24 h after the hatchery release, 78% after 5 d, and 86% after 7 d. The mean number of salmonids per gut (1.2) after release was higher than typically seen in guts from northern squawfish collected in mid-reservoir areas away from hydroelectric dams on the Snake and Columbia rivers. Length-frequency distributions of juvenile salmonids eaten and those captured in a scoop trap 4 km upstream of the study area indicated that northern squawfish were selectively f.
Differential staining for live and dead sperm of honey bees

ABSTRACT Seven staining techniques were modified and tested for differentially staining the live and the dead sperm cells for the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). The eosin Y staining method was found to be a simple technique by which the live cells stain bluish purple whereas the dead cells stain bright yellow to greenish yellow. Therefore, it produces a strong contrast between the dead and live sperm cells, and appears to be the most suitable supravital staining method for evaluating the viability of honey bee sperm cells. The significance of supravital staining techniques in assessing the quality of sperm cells during cryopreserving sperm cells is discussed.
Microsite variation and soil dynamics within newly created treefall pits and mounds.

We studied early soil dynamics, environmental conditions and plant colonization of microsites within 28 recently created treefall pits and mounds in a catastrophic windthrow. Pit and mound sizes were proportional to the size of the fallen trees, and deposition of eroded soil in the center of pits occurred at a decreasing rate over 2 yr. Instability of the substrate contributed to low plant abundance in the pits resulting in lower total plant cover than in the intact soil microsites adjacent to the pits. Larger pits revegetated more slowly than small ones. We recognized four microsites associated with the exhumed roots of each treefall: mound, pit, wall, and intact forest floor (no soil disturbed). Both growth forms and individual species differed in their colonization among microsites, resulting in lower species diversity and total cover on mounds relative to other microsites. Small-seeded, wind-dispersed species colonized the center of pits more readily than species that relied on vegetative spread. Species that are rare in intact forest were common on the disturbed soil of pits and mounds. During two successive years, we documented significant differences among microsites in light, soil moisture, and soil temperature. The species of fallen canopy trees had little influence on the plant community after disturbance, except in the intact soil microsite. We conclude that differential colonization of microsites within forest disturbances occurs at a finer scale than previously recognized and that this facilitates the maintenance of species diversity in the plant community.
Effects of woodland modification by African elephant Loxodonta africana on bird diversity in northern Botswana

Bird diversity was assessed by point-transect-count sampling during the dry and the wet season in riverine gallery woodland and in Colophospermum mopane woodland with different levels of elephant impact. Dramatic woodland degradation did not result in a dramatic overall reduction in bird diversity, but resulted in substantial changes in bird species composition and capacity for migrant birds. Less affected, more dense woodlands functioned as dry season refuges for 'resident' Afrotropical species, but this function was lost in degraded woodlands. In contrast, secondarized habitat had a much higher capacity for long distance migrants in the wet season. Species endemic to the sub-region and subspecies with restricted ranges centred in the area were not negatively affected by woodland degradation. The cumulative interference of past and current elephant numbers with the conservation of bird diversity appears to be insignificant in northern Botswana.
Vegetable Response to Herbicides Applied to Low-Density Polyethylene Mulch Prior to Transplant

Abstract Few herbicides are available for weed control in vegetable production systems using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulch. With the elimination of methyl bromide for pest management and subsequent use of various alternative fumigants, the need for herbicides in vegetable production systems has increased. An experiment was conducted to evaluate tolerance of transplant summer squash and tomato to carfentrazone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, halosulfuron, or paraquat applied to the mulch prior to transplanting. After applying herbicides overtop of the mulch but prior to vegetable transplant, the mulch was either irrigated with 1.0 cm of water or not irrigated. Carfentrazone did not affect either crop regardless of irrigation. Irrigation readily removed glyphosate and paraquat from the mulch, as there was no adverse crop injury in these treatments. In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT). Squash and tomato fruit numbers and fruit biomass (yield) were reduced 17 to 37%, and 25 to 33%, respectively. Halosulfuron reduced squash diameter and yield 71 to 74% and tomato heights and yields 16 to 37% when mulch was not irrigated prior to transplanting. After irrigating, halosulfuron had no affect on tomato, but reduced squash growth and yield 40 to 44%. Flumioxazin killed both crops when the mulch was not irrigated; and reduced squash yield 56% when irrigated. With irrigation, flumioxazin did not impact tomato fruit number, but did reduce tomato weight by 25%. These studies demonstrate the safety of carfentrazone, applied on mulch prior to transplanting either squash or tomato, regardless of irrigation, and also demonstrate the safety of glyphosate and paraquat if irrigated prior to transplanting. Conversely, flumioxazin should not be applied over mulch before transplanting either crop, regardless of irrigation. Halosulfuron application over mulch should be avoided before transplanting squash, regardless of irrigation, but can be applied prior to transplanting tomato if irrigated. Nomenclature: Carfentrazone; flumioxazin; glyphosate; halosulfuron; paraquat; squash, Cucurbita pepo L. ‘Enterprise’; tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ‘Amelia’.
Effects of Feeding Rapeseed‐Meal on Liver and Thyroid Gland Function and Histomorphology in Growing Pigs

Zusammenfassung Effekte der Futterung von Rapsextraktionsschrot auf die Funktion und Histomorphologie von Leber und Schilddruse beim wachsenden Schwein Es wurden die Effekte der Futterung unterschiedlicher Mengen an 0- und 00-Rapsextraktions-schrot (RES) wahrend 5 und 12 Wo und die Futterung von siliertem 0-RES wahrend 10 Wo auf Gewichtszunahmen, Schilddrusenfunktion und Leberfunktion, -histomorphologie und -des-oxyribonukleinsauregehalt bei wachsenden Schweinen untersucht. Futterverwertung und Gewichtszunahmen wurden selbst bei 20% 0- und 00-RSM in der Ration nicht signifikant beeinflust. Die Leberfunktion (erfast durch Messung der Aktivitat leberspezifischer Enzyme im Blutplasma und die Metabolisierung von 14C-Aminopyrin) wurde ebenfalls nicht signifikant verandert. Die Futterung von 0-RES, nicht jedoch von 00-RES, erhohte das Lebergewicht dosisabhangig, bedingt durch zellulare Hypertrophie und verbunden mit einer Reduktion der Hepatocytenzahl/Lobulus. Der Desoxyribonukleinsauregehalt/g Leber, nicht aber in der Gesamtleber, wurde durch die Futterung von 0-RES reduziert. Die Hypertrophie wurde primar durch eine Zunahme der Cytoplasmafraktion beeinflust, ohne feststellbare ultrastrukturelle Veranderungen. Die Aufnahme von 0-RES, nicht jedoch von 00-RES, verursachte eine Zunahme des Schilddrusengewichts und eine Reduktion des thyroidalen Gehalts von T4, T3 und Thyroglobulin und der Jodierung von Thyroglobulin. Die goitrogenen Effekte, sich ausernd in leicht reduzierten Konzentrationen von zirkulierendem (freiem) T4, waren kompensiert durch eine relative Zunahme von T3 und damit des T3/T4-Verhaltnisses. Das aufgenommene Goitrin wurde uber den Urin hauptsachlich in hydroxylierter Form ausgeschieden und die Effizienz der Ausscheidung nahm mit zunehmender Zufuhr ab. Die morphologischen Veranderungen der Schilddruse und Leber erfolgten deshalb teilweise als Folge einer Anreicherung von Goitrin und dessen hydroxylierter Form im Organismus. Im Vergleich zu 0-RES verursachte die Futterung von siliertem 0-RES eine deutliche Hypothyreose und eine Reduktion der Konzentration an freiem T4 und T3 im Blutplasma, das Lebergewicht wurde aber reduziert als Folge einer Reduktion der Hepatocytengrose, begleitet von einer Reduktion des Desoxyribonukleinsauregehalts in der Gesamtleber. Deshalb waren unterschiedliche Substanzen in siliertem und nicht-siliertem 0-RES fur goitrogene oder hepatotoxische Effekte verantwortlich.
Effect of supplements of molasses and urea on intake and digestibility of native pasture hay by steers

Ten steers (five Shorthorns and five Brahman crossbreds) were individually housed in digestibility crates and fed low quality native pasture hay (0.47 % N) with the following supplements- 1. nil ; 2. molasses ; 3. urea ; 4. urea-molasses ; 5. urea-molasses. The hay was fed ad libitum except in treatment 5 where it was fed at the same level of roughage intake as in treatment 2. Intake and digestibility were recorded. Treatments 2, 3 and 4 had roughage dry matter intakes 27.8 %, 14.6 % and 65.4 % respectively greater than the hay alone group. There was no significant effect of treatment compared with the control group on the apparent digestibility of dry matter or organic matter, but the apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly improved by a supplement containing urea. There was no effect of breed on apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter or crude protein but Brahman crossbreds consumed 20.0 % more dry matter than Shorthorns after intakes had been corrected for metabolic size.
Life History Studies on the Genus Trillium (Liliaceae) V. Reproductive Biology and Survivorship of Three Declinate-flowered Species

Absract Three pedicellate-declinate-flowered species of Trillium (Liliaceae), T. vaseyi and T. flexipes, were studied for their life history characteristics, e.g., stage class structures of natural populations and reproductive features, including energy allocation to reproductive activities. The populations structures of all three species showed similar depletion structures characterized by a conspicuous decrease of individuals in the small juvenile stages, as was also observed in pedicellate-erect-flowered Trillium species However, with respect to reproductive characteristics, these three declinate-flowered species showed different features from erect-flowered species, although they belong to the same pedicellate-flowered group. That is, these declinate-flowered Trillium species exhibited low seed setting rates of 30% in T. catesbaei, 45% in T. vaseyi and 34% in T. flexipes, suggesting that they possess different mating systems from erect-flowered species which showed high seed setting rates of 50–90%.
A Cytochemical Study of Cell Wall Differentiation during Bud Initiation in the Brown Alga Sphacelaria furcigera

A cytochemical study of bud Initiation and development in Sphacelaria furcigera is presented. Three enzymatic activities are studied; peroxidase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and acid phosphatase (AcPase). Peroxidase activity is distributed throughout the entire thickness of the wall of the bud protrusion, implying its possible involvement in the loosening/yielding of the cell wall in preparation for bud development and expansion. Reaction products indicative of ATPase and AcPase activities are observed in association with the plasma membrane. These enzymes may participate in the control of turgor pressure and/or wall loosening and consequently in the expansion and development of the bud initial. The expansion of the bud initial also involves the deposition of new wall materials, carbohydrates and (glyco)proteins. These materials are transported to the apical region of the bud protrusion by Golgi-derived vesicles which upon fusion with the plasma membrane and release of their contents to the periplasmic space become incorporated into the new wall. These findings are discussed in relation to the two-fold role the cell wall must play during bud development, i.e. yielding to increasing turgor pressure while maintaing structural integrity.
Action Sites of Cypermethrin, a Synthetic Pyrethroid in the Snail Lymnaea acuminata

24 h of in vivo exposure to 40 and 80 = LC50 of the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin significantly reduced the acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase and lactic dehydrogenase activity in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. Succinic dehydrogenase activity increased significantly after the same treatment. Fifteen minutes in vitro exposure to different doses of cypermethrin also significantly inhibited cytochrome oxidase and lactic dehydrogenase activity. However, acetylcholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase activities remain unaltered. It is concluded that the cypermethrin on the one hand causes repititive discharges at the nerve terminal and on the other hand blocks the electron transport chain.
Enzymatic Assay for Adenosylcobalamin-dependent Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A Mutase

An enzymatic method for assaying methylmalonyl-CoA mutase was devised. The method employs a succinyl-CoA transferase and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase-coupled reaction to make the formation of NAD+ stoichiometric with the amount of the succinyl-CoA formed by the mutase. This method is one of the most convenient and useful assays for the activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in biological samples.
Take-all in autumn-sown wheat, barley, triticale and rye grown with high and low inputs

Winter cultivars of wheat, barley, triticale and rye were grown under two contrasting husbandry systems (low and high inputs) at two locations (Woburn and Rothamsted) known to be infested with the take-all fungus. The sandy loam at Woburn is less fertile than the silty clay loam at Rothamsted. Root infection in these crops was assessed in spring and summer. Rye was least infected by the take-all fungus, wheat the most infected and barley and triticale had intermediate levels of infection. Barley yields were less affected by take-all than those of wheat or triticale, because barley was at a later growth stage by the time severe infection occurred. Yields of wheat and barley responded most to the high-input husbandry on the less fertile soil at Woburn. On the basis of quantity of grain, triticale would appear to be a good substitute for wheat on the less fertile soil when inputs are low, but not where they are high. At Rothamsted, yields of wheat and triticale were similar in both input systems. There was no strong support, at either site, for the contention that triticale could be a useful substitute for barley where low or high inputs are used. A total of 177 isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the causal fungus of take-all) were obtained from infected roots in these experiments and tested for their pathogenicity on wheat and rye seedlings. These tests revealed a range of pathotypes with varying pathogenicities to wheat and rye, but pathogenicities were not correlated with the host plant from which the fungi were isolated.