Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing of mountain snow using active microwave sensors: a review

This work provides an overview of various methods for estimating snow cover and properties in high mountains using remote sensing techniques involving microwaves. Satellite-based remote sensing with its characteristics such as synoptic view, repetitive coverage and uniformity over large areas has great potential for identifying the temporal snow cover. Many sensors have been used in the past with various algorithms and accuracies for this purpose. These methods have been improving with the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors, working in different microwave frequencies, polarisation and acquisition modes. The limitations, advantages and drawbacks are illustrated while error sources and strategies on how to ease their impacts are also reviewed. An extensive list of references, with an emphasis on studies since 1990s, allows the reader to delve into specific topics.
The Great Shift: Macroeconomic Projections for the World Economy at the 2050 Horizon

We present growth scenarios for 147 countries to 2050, based on MaGE (Macroeconometrics of the Global Economy), a three-factor production function that includes capital, labour and energy. We improve on the literature by accounting for the energy constraint through dynamic modelling of energy productivity, and departing from the assumptions of either a closed economy or full capital mobility by applying a Feldstein-Horioka-type relationship between savings and investment rates. Our results suggest that, accounting for relative price variations, China could account for 33% of the world economy in 2050, which would be much more than the United States (9%), India (8%), the European Union (12%) and Japan (5%). They suggest also that China would overtake the United States around 2020 (2040 at constant relative prices). However, in terms of standards of living, measured through GDP per capita in purchasing power parity, China would still lag 10 percent behind the United States at the 2050 horizon.
Optimization of the tt̄H Selection Including Systematics Using Machine Learning with ATLAS Data

This research is centered on the goal of accurately selecting events produced from the interaction of two gluons in a proton-proton collision at the LHC, resulting in a topantitop pair and a Higgs boson, a process known as tt̄H. With data recorded by the detector, the study aims to distinguish these tt̄H events from those generated by other processes. To this end, we employ a deep learning approach, specifically a FT-Transformer architecture, for the event selection. The use of such a machine learning method enhances our ability to identify tt̄H events accurately, leading to an improved signal-to-noise ratio and statistical significance, thereby contributing to our understanding of the Higgs boson’s properties. Aside of exploring more advanced NN architectures, we improve previous work, by exploring the use of an extended training set, which allows us to dramatically increase the training statistic and thus achieve a much better performance. An integral part of this research is the evaluation of both statistical and systematic uncertainties associated with this event selection process. The findings and methodologies presented in this thesis offer promising advancements in particle physics event selection, contributing to the Collaboration’s ongoing endeavors to probe the fundamental properties of the universe.
Perinatal Depression in the Spanish Context: Consensus Report from the General Council of Psychology of Spain

Background: Perinatal depression is a major public health problem, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 15% during the first postpartum year. Despite the high prevalence of postpartum depression, there is no consensus regarding assessment and treatment in the Spanish context. The General Council of Psychology of Spain convened a working group of experts in the field, including both academics and healthcare professionals, to review and propose recommendations based on evidence and best practices that could be applied in the Spanish context. Method: A literature search was completed in various databases (e.g., Medline, PsychInfo) including a combination of terms related to peripartum depression (PPD) assessment and diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and cost-effectiveness. A narrative synthesis of the literature has been conducted together with a critical overview of PPD with a special focus on the Spanish context. Results: In this consensus report, developing questions including prevalence and assessment tools, comparative effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions, and cost-effectiveness of PPD management have been analyzed. Conclusions: The General Council of Psychology of Spain network advocates the establishment of compulsory screening protocols in all the autonomous regions. Also, it is necessary to promote the inclusion in maternal education of programs for the promotion of mental well-being and selective/indicated prevention carried out by a psychology professional with specialized training in the area. This consensus document also promotes the presence of a psychology professional with specialized training in the area.
Sustainable sediment management in reservoirs and regulated rivers: Experiences from five continents

By trapping sediment in reservoirs, dams interrupt the continuity of sediment transport through rivers, resulting in loss of reservoir storage and reduced usable life, and depriving downstream reaches of sediments essential for channel form and aquatic habitats. With the acceleration of new dam construction globally, these impacts are increasingly widespread. There are proven techniques to pass sediment through or around reservoirs, to preserve reservoir capacity and to minimize downstream impacts, but they are not applied in many situations where they would be effective. This paper summarizes collective experience from five continents in managing reservoir sediments and mitigating downstream sediment starvation. Where geometry is favorable it is often possible to bypass sediment around the reservoir, which avoids reservoir sedimentation and supplies sediment to downstream reaches with rates and timing similar to pre‐dam conditions. Sluicing (or drawdown routing) permits sediment to be transported through the reservoir rapidly to avoid sedimentation during high flows; it requires relatively large capacity outlets. Drawdown flushing involves scouring and re‐suspending sediment deposited in the reservoir and transporting it downstream through low‐level gates in the dam; it works best in narrow reservoirs with steep longitudinal gradients and with flow velocities maintained above the threshold to transport sediment. Turbidity currents can often be vented through the dam, with the advantage that the reservoir need not be drawn down to pass sediment. In planning dams, we recommend that these sediment management approaches be utilized where possible to sustain reservoir capacity and minimize environmental impacts of dams.
Neoproterozoic cap carbonates: a critical appraisal of existing models and the plumeworld hypothesis

Evidence for glaciation during the mid‐late Neoproterozoic is widespread on Earth, reflecting three or more ice ages between 730 Ma and 580 Ma. Of these, the late Neoproterozoic Marinoan glaciation of approximately 635 Ma stands out because of its ubiquitous association with a characteristic, microcrystalline cap dolostone that drapes glacially influenced rock units worldwide. The Marinoan glaciation is also peculiar in that evidence for low altitude glaciation at equatorial latitudes is compelling. Three models have been proposed linking abrupt deglaciation with this global carbonate precipitation event: (i) overturn of an anoxic deep ocean; (ii) catastrophically accelerated rates of chemical weathering because of supergreenhouse conditions following global glaciation (Snowball Earth Hypothesis); and (iii) massive release of carbonate alkalinity from destabilized methane clathrates. All three models invoke extreme alkalinity fluxes into seawater during deglaciation but none explains how such alkalinity excess from point sources could be distributed homogeneously around the globe. In addition, none explains the consistent sequence of precipitation events observed within cap carbonate successions, specifically: (i) the global blanketing of carbonate powder in shallow marine environments during deglaciation; (ii) widespread and disruptive precipitation of dolomite cement; followed by (iii) localized barite precipitation and seafloor cementation by aragonite. The conceptual model presented here proposes that low latitude deglaciation was so massive and abrupt that the resultant meltwater plume could extend worldwide, physically separating the surface and deep ocean reservoirs for ≥103 years. It is proposed that cap dolostones formed primarily by microbially mediated precipitation of carbonate whitings during algal blooms within this low salinity plumeworld rather than by abiotic precipitation from normal salinity seawater. Many of the disruption features that are characteristic of cap dolostones can be explained by microbially mediated, early diagenetic dolomitization and cementation. The re‐initiation of whole ocean circulation degassed CO2 into the atmosphere in areas of upwelling, triggering localized, abiotic CaCO3 precipitation in the form of aragonite fans that overlie cap dolostones in NW Canada and Namibia. The highly oxygenated shallow marine environments of the glacial and post‐glacial Neoproterozoic world provided consistently favourable conditions for the evolutionary development of animals and other oxygenophiles.
Bridging the Qualitative–Quantitative Divide in Transport Geography

Recent viewpoints concerning the state of research in transport geography have touched on the issue of insularity and the need to bridge the divide between the largely spatial–analytical or quantitative research in transport geography and the critical or qualitative research prevalent in urban, economic, and most other subfields of human geography. Transport geography has been criticized by some for being a quiet corner of our discipline that has lost its centrality largely because it remains within the analytical framework of the 1960s. This article explores these sentiments by reexamining recent transport-oriented research in highly cited geography journals to assess the degree to which the qualitative–quantitative divide exists within transport geography and between transport and other subfield in human geography, as well as to explore issues of productivity and centrality of transport-oriented research in geography. Results indicate that geographical research involving transport topics is much more prevalent and reflects a wider range of epistemological and methodological approaches than is frequently assumed. Nevertheless, there is still a considerable divide between “mainstream” transport geography and other human geographical research that necessitates much more interaction between transport and other subfields and greater incorporation of alternative research approaches within the mainstream of transport geography. To that end, we propose a preliminary critical transport geography research agenda that is open to a variety of methodological approaches, including quantitative analysis.
Determining the hydraulic properties of a swelling soil from a transient evaporation experiment

Most methods used to determine the hydraulic properties of swelling soils (i.e., the shrinkage curve [e(v)], the moisture retention curve [h(v)], and the hydraulic conductivity curve [K(v)]) are time consuming because they require measurements of several different parameters (either in separate experiments or by using very expensive equipment). We propose a simple evaporation experiment to simultaneously determine all three soil hydraulic properties. The method is illustrated using samples of a Vertisol from the Senegal River valley. The value of e(v) is determined during the experiment by horizontal and vertical linear deformation measurements, whereas an inverse parameter estimation method is used to determine h(vT) and K(v). This method relies on a water flow model that takes into account the three-dimensional and anisotropic deformation of the soil. The reliability of the estimated parameter values was checked and we compared the results with those obtained by a multistep outflow experiment. Good agreement was found between the results of the different procedures. The sensitivity of the method to deformation was also analyzed. In the soil investigated, the inverse method does not seem to require the use of a water flow model that takes into account deformation. However, a correction for deformation is needed if the characteristic functions are sought in terms of the volumetric water content of the soil.
Reevaluating the relationship between the Martian ionospheric peak density and the solar radiation

[1] Several sets of the electron density profiles measured by the radio occultation experiment on board Mars Global Surveyor have been analyzed to investigate the dependence of the peak electron density of the Martian ionosphere on the solar zenith angle (SZA), neutral gas scale height (Hn), and E10.7, which was used as a proxy of the solar EUV radiation. Corrections have been made for the E10.7 index at the Earth orbit to obtain the E10.7 index at the Mars orbit (denoted as E*10.7). The relationship between the peak electron density (npeak)(in northern hemisphere) of the Martian ionosphere and the E*10.7, SZA and Hn is that ɛ = ln(〈npeak〉)/ln[〈(E*10.7 · cos χ)/Hn(peak)0.33〉] ≈ 0.44, slightly departing from 0.5, the value for an ideal Chapman layer. For the data set measured in the strong crustal magnetic field region (southern hemisphere), ɛ is higher than that in the nonmagnetic field region (northern hemisphere), which could be caused by the higher electron temperature in the strong magnetic field.
Impact of a 100‐year flood on vegetation, benthic invertebrates, riparian fauna and large woody debris standing stock in an alpine floodplain

This paper investigates the impact of a 100‐year flood in May 1999 on community composition and large woody debris standing stock in an alpine floodplain (Isar, Germany). Detailed pre‐flood data sampled from 1993 to 1998 are compared with the situation directly after the flood. In those parts of the Isar floodplain mainly covered with pioneer vegetation prior to flooding, the coverage of unvegetated gravel bars increased by 22% following the flood. However, the flood did not remove larger amounts of older successional vegetation stages (willow thickets, floodplain forest). No significant changes in the benthic invertebrate fauna were recorded. The lowest densities of riparian ground beetles (Carabidae) within the study were recorded one month after the flood. Two months later, the ground beetle densities increased to the highest values ever recorded, indicating the ground beetle's high potential for recolonization. These results highlight the degree of resilience of both the aquatic and the riparian invertebrate fauna. The flood also caused a significant increase in large woody debris standing stock; in one section the number of logs increased tenfold and the volume increased by a factor of 20, leading to the assumption that most woody debris in alluvial flood‐plains is provided by catastrophic events. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periodontitis Burden in Diffuse Versus Limited Systemic Sclerosis Subtypes: A Pilot Study

Introduction. This study aimed to evaluate the periodontal status of a group of Romanian systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients and to investigate the relationships between periodontitis and SSc subtypes. Materials and methods. This observational study included patients diagnosed with limited SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse SSc (dcSSc). Demographic data were collected from medical records. Each participant underwent a full-mouth periodontal examination including Bleeding on Probing (BoP) index, Oral Hygiene (OH) index, Probing Depth (PD), Gingival Recession (GR), and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL). The periodontal status was defined according to presently recognised case definition system. Results. The study included 30 patients with lcSSc and 30 patients with dcSSc with a mean age of 52.45±11.75 years. The overall periodontitis frequence in our SSc group was 95%. The frequency of stage III/IV periodontitis was higher in the dcSSc group (90%) than in the lcSSc group (60%). Within the group of SSc patients, significant positive correlations were observed between age, BoP index, OH index, the number of missing teeth, mean PD, mean CAL on one side and periodontitis diagnosis on the other side (r=0.588, p=0.001; r=0.399, p=0.002; r=0.388, p=0.002; r=0.574, p=0.001; r=0.444, p=0.001; r=0.571, p=0.001). A significant positive correlation existed between the diagnostic of periodontitis and SSc subtypes (r=0.327, p <0.001). Conclusions. Periodontitis was highly prevalent in both lcSSc and dcSSc groups. More stage III/IV periodontitis cases were detected dcSSc group of patients.
Ophiolite obduction and geologic evolution of the Oman Mountains and adjacent areas

Structural and stratigraphic relationships in the Oman Mountains developed by Late Cretaceous collision between the northern passive margin of the African continent and an island arc. Field relationships and metamorphic facies indicate that ophiolite obduction was accomplished by continental underthrusting of the fore-arc limb of an island-arc edifice at considerable depth. Uplift of the ophiolite slab resulted from both compressional shortening and isostatic interaction of the continental crust with the mantle rock it underthrust. This model may apply to many other major ophiolite areas of the world, specifically Newfoundland, Cuba, northern Venezuela, Cyprus, the Urals, eastern Celebes, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. Events preceding the Mesozoic convergence of Africa and Eurasia and resultant Oman collision include late Paleozoic rifting in the present Turkey-Iran area, which produced a microcontinent comprising the Menderes and Kirsehir massifs of Turkey and the Rezaiyeh-Esfandagheh belt of Iran, separated from Eurasia by a northerly arm of the Tethys and from Africa by a southerly arm of the Tethys. Central Iran and central Afghanistan–southern Pamir–Karakorum are believed to have been a part of Gondwana positioned between Somalia and India. They too were affected by late Paleozoic rifting but did not reach their present position until early Tertiary time, driven north along with India by sea-floor spreading of anomaly 28 time and later.
Considerations on Patients' Quality of Life Following Hand and Forearm Trauma in the Oltenia Region

Hand and forearm trauma is a significant public health concern that has notable physical, psychological, and socioeconomic implications. Understanding the variations in occurrence and characteristics of injuries across different regions is crucial for effective implementation of preventive measures, management strategies, and resource allocation. The study involved 86 cases, with a range of ages from 18 to 70 years old. The participant group consisted of 11 females and 75 males. A series of clinical parameters were analyzed, including gender, age, environment, and cause of trauma. The study requested that participants provide information regarding if they reintegrated into their professional lives and complete the WHOQOL-BREF assessment, which is a tool used to evaluate quality of life. The current investigation has determined that the primary etiologies for hand and forearm injuries are crush and sharp cuts. The results of the investigation indicate a noteworthy association among Age and Cause, Gender and Age, Age and Professional reintegration, as well as between WHOQOL-BREF scores and different parameters. The procurement of epidemiological data plays a crucial role in broadening our comprehension of acute hand and forearm injuries in the Oltenia region.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cancer Incidence: A Comparative Investigation Based on Population of Iranian Provinces

Cancer is the second important cause of death worldwide. Cancer is one of the top health priorities in Iran. We aimed to study the socio-economic inequality of cancer incidence in Iran provinces. We conducted this cross-sectional study using provincial data. We obtained the required data from the statistical yearbook report, the Statistics Center Report and the National Cancer Registration Program Report of Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) for 2018. Socio-economic inequality of cancer incidence was analyzed by estimating the concentration index and extracting the concentration curve. Statistical analyzes were performed using STATA 14. Our findings revealed that cancer incidence was unequally distributed in terms of the socio-economic status in Iranian provinces. Cancer incidence is slightly concentrated in the provinces with higher than average literacy, per capita income and insurance coverage and household size below average. The concentration of cancer incidence has been to the detriment of the provinces that have a slightly better ranking in terms of the socio-economic index. The employment rate did not significantly affect cancer's distribution burden. We recommend policymakers facilitate early cancer detection by providing insurance coverage for screening services, payment exemptions, and public awareness.
Squamous intraepithelial lesions

ccording to the Bethesda classification cervical epithelial lesions are divided into squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of low grade (LG) and high grade (HG). The first group (lowgrade squamous intraepithelial lesions-LSIL) consists of cervical intraepithelial lesions grade I (CIN I) and of changes with HPV cytopathic effect (condylomas and cervicitis chronic condylomatosa). LSIL are caused by HPV infection of low oncogenic potential, most often of the 6 and 11 types, and rarely of the 42, 43 and 44 types. The second group of changes (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions-HSIL) consists of CIN II and CIN III. They are most often associated with HPV infection caused by viruses of high oncogenic potential (types 16,18,45 and 46) and somewhat less frequently with infection caused by viruses of intermediary oncogenic potential (types 31,33, 51 and 52) (1). Over the last ten years HPV infection has become one of the most frequent sexually transmittable diseases (2). One of the major problems in modern gynaecological oncology is early diagnosis of this premalignant disease of the uterine cervix but not treatment of progressive cervical carcinoma. Having in mind the prevalence of this disease as well as its malignant potential, early diagnosis and adequate treatment of SIL take very important place in the struggle against the cervical cancer. This attitude is justified in ethic sense (life quality of patients is better as less radical methods of therapy are being applied), personnel sense (a smaller medical team is involved) and financial sense (expensive radical operations, radio and hemio therapy and rehabilitation of patient are avoid). There are noninvasive, quick and simple methods for the follow-up of all changes of the cervix from their initial devel-