Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The hydrochemistry of the headwaters of the River Severn, Plynlimon

Abstract. Water quality data spanning 13 years and covering an extensive range of major, minor and trace elements in rain and stream waters at Plynlimon in mid Wales, are presented. Rainfall water chemistry is highly variable due to varying proportions of marine and pollutant derived constituents associated with patterns of atmospheric circulation. Stream waters, being composed of different proportions of waters from three chemically distinct sources at any one time (atmospheric deposition, the soil system and deeper groundwaters), are also chemically highly variable. For example, components predominantly derived from deposition such as chloride change only in response to sea-salt deposition episodes. Solutes associated with bedrock weathering such as calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity decrease with increasing flow, those associated with the upper soil layers such as aluminium, many transition metals, dissolved organic carbon and hydrogen ions increase with increasing flow. The nutrients (e.g. nitrate, boron, bromide and iodine) exhibit strong seasonal cycles associated with cycles of vegetation growth and decay. The changes in stream water chemistry resulting from tree harvesting in the Afon Hore catchment are shown to have run their course within a period of eight years. Nutrient increases in the first few years following the commencement of felling have returned to or fallen below pre-felling values. Aluminium changes are shown to be complicated by changes in nitrate and calcium. Aluminium concentrations initially increased and have fallen below their pre-felling value. Data for chloride suggest a reduction in capture of dry and mist deposition; this indicates the importance of understanding reduced deposition as a result of felling. Felling has also affected the soil micro-climate which experiences greater fluctuations in temperature and an increase in the concentration of constituents associated with organic matter. Input-output mass balance estimates show that atmospheric inputs of many constituents are retained strongly by the catchment (e.g. ammonium, phosphate, barium, boron, lead and iodine). In contrast, many of the transition elements as well as divalent base cations, aluminium and alkalinity show a net release from the catchment. Conservative constituents such as chloride and sodium show a net input-output balance.
Trends in aerosol optical depth over Indian region: Potential causes and impact indicators

The first regional synthesis of long‐term (back to ~ 25 years at some stations) primary data (from direct measurement) on aerosol optical depth from the ARFINET (network of aerosol observatories established under the Aerosol Radiative Forcing over India (ARFI) project of Indian Space Research Organization over Indian subcontinent) have revealed a statistically significant increasing trend with a significant seasonal variability. Examining the current values of turbidity coefficients with those reported ~ 50 years ago reveals the phenomenal nature of the increase in aerosol loading. Seasonally, the rate of increase is consistently high during the dry months (December to March) over the entire region whereas the trends are rather inconsistent and weak during the premonsoon (April to May) and summer monsoon period (June to September). The trends in the spectral variation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) reveal the significance of anthropogenic activities on the increasing trend in AOD. Examining these with climate variables such as seasonal and regional rainfall, it is seen that the dry season depicts a decreasing trend in the total number of rainy days over the Indian region. The insignificant trend in AOD observed over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain, a regional hot spot of aerosols, during the premonsoon and summer monsoon season is mainly attributed to the competing effects of dust transport and wet removal of aerosols by the monsoon rain. Contributions of different aerosol chemical species to the total dust, simulated using Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport model over the ARFINET stations, showed an increasing trend for all the anthropogenic components and a decreasing trend for dust, consistent with the inference deduced from trend in Angstrom exponent.
Geology of the Gushan iron oxide deposit associated with dioritic porphyries, eastern Yangtze craton, SE China

The major Gushan iron oxide deposit, typical of the Middle‐Lower Yangtze River Valley, is located in the eastern Yangtze craton. Such deposits are generally considered to be genetically related to Yanshanian subvolcanic‐volcanic rocks and are temporally‐spatially associated with ca. 129.3–137.5 Ma dioritic porphyries. The latter have a very narrow 87Sr/86Sr range of 0.7064 to 0.7066 and low εNd(t) values of −5.8 to −5.7, suggesting that the porphyries were produced by mantle‐derived magmas that were crustally contaminated during magma ascent. The ore bodies occur mainly along the contact zone between dioritic porphyries and the sedimentary country rocks. The most important ore types are massive and brecciated ores which together make up 90 vol.‐% of the deposit. The massive type generally occurs as large veins consisting predominantly of magnetite (hematite) with minor apatite. The brecciated type is characterized by angular fragments of wall‐rocks that are cemented by fine‐grained magnetite. Stockwork iron ores occur as irregular veins and networks, especially with pectinate structure; they are composed of low‐temperature minerals (e.g. calcite), which indicate a hydrothermal process. The similar rare earth element patterns of apatite from the massive ores, brecciated ores and the porphyries, coupled with high‐temperature fluids (1000°C) suggest that they are magmatic in origin. Furthermore, melt flow structure commonly developed in massive ores and the absence of silicate minerals and cumulate textures suggest that the iron ores formed by the separation of an immiscible oxide melt from the silicate melt rather than by crystal fractionation. Combined with theoretical and experimental studies, we propose that the introduction of phosphorus due to crustal contamination during mantle‐derived magma ascent could have been a crucial factor that led to the formation of an immiscible oxide melt from the silicate magma.
Sediment oxygen demand in the Tualatin River basin, Oregon, 1992-96

l Introduction 1 Background _^ 1 Purpose and Scope 2 Study Area 2 Acknowledgments _^ Methods and Procedures 5 Sediment Oxygen Demand Chambers 5 Deployment and Data Collection Procedures 7 Water-Column Oxygen Demand ? Calculation of Sediment Oxygen Demand 8 Statistical Tests 8 Factors Affecting Sediment Oxygen Demand 8 Stream Order 14 River Flow Regime 14 Phytoplankton 15 Summary and Conclusions 17 References Cited 18
Record 2011 Spring Flood of the Mississippi River: How Much Nitrate Was Exported from Its Largest Distributary, the Atchafalaya River, into the Gulf of Mexico?

AbstractThe Mississippi River Flood of 2011 was a record-breaking flood that required the opening of the Morganza Spillway for only the second time since its completion in 1954. The opening brought a large quantity of nitrogen-rich Mississippi River water into the Atchafalaya River, causing widespread inundation in the river corridor wetlands and flood plains. A rapid sampling study was conducted from May 14 through July 20 at the Atchafalaya River’s inflow and outflow locations to determine nitrate transport and retention of the basin during a historic flood event. The goal was to test the hypothesis that riverine wetlands and floodplains in the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) function as a significant sink for nitrate during an extreme flood event. Based on intensive sampling data, a total nitrate mass of 97,100 Mg entering and 93,500 Mg leaving the Atchafalaya for the 10-week high flood period was estimated. This large quantity of nitrate export represents approximately 54% of the reported long-te.
Towards the development of behavioural measures of impulsivity: Influencing subjects' response style in a multiple-choice visual discrimination task

In an attempt to reduce guessing during multiple-choice testing, the effects of different payoff matrices were observed in this research. It was hypothesized that a penalty for incorrect answers and the existence of the alternative “no decision” have a significant effect on reducing guessing by subjects. Furthermore, this effect should become stronger the higher the risk of an incorrect response and therefore the higher the risk of losing points is. An experimental design with four different payoff matrices and a repeated measurement design with cross over (for the payoff for “no decision”) was realized. A visual discrimination task including three steps (one power condition, two speed conditions), with each item containing three choices plus the “no decision” option, was used. The results showed that the percentage of correct answers is influenced by the different payoff for the choice of “no decision”. Only in groups where “no decision” paid off with 0, was it chosen more often, however, the percentage for correct answers is lower in these groups. The results also indicate that subjects are able to adjust their behaviour according to the different payoff matrices.
Observations sur la maturité sexuelle et la ponte du tourteau Cancer pagurus en Manche

Peu d'observations sur le cycle reproducteur et la taille de maturite fonctionnelle du crabe tourteau en Manche ont ete rapportees jusqu'a present, probablement en raison de la non vulnerabilite des femelles ovigeres. La presente etude repose sur les observations faites, trois annees consecutivement, sur des femelles pechees avant la periode de ponte et placees dans des viviers en laboratoire. Apres discussion sur les criteres pertinents pour l'etablissement de la taille moyenne de premiere maturite, la maturite fonctionnelle en fonction de la taille est decrite. Les premieres femelles ovigeres apparaissent a 76 mm de longueur, la proportion maximale est atteinte vers 105 mm et la valeur moyenne se situe entre 85 et 90 mm. La periode de ponte, constante pendant les trois annees de reference, s'etend de la seconde quinzaine de novembre au debut janvier. Elle est comparee a l'evolution des PUE etablie a partir des logbooks de caseyeurs hauturiers. Le temps ecoule entre la derniere mue et la ponte, etabli par le rapport des radioelements 228Th et 228Ra contenus dans la carapace, montre dans 17 cas sur 20 qu'elles ont eu lieu la meme annee et dans les 3 autres cas que le decalage est d'un an. Le delai entre mue et ponte semble pouvoir etre inferieur a trois mois
Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease

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Paleogeographic conditions in the western Pelagonian margin in Greece during the initial rifting of the continental area

The uppermost Paleozoic metaclastic sequences of the Pelagonian zone in northern Greece are connected to the western margin of the zone. They represent paleogeographic conditions of a deltaic environment and continental slope, which are related to the separation of the Paleozoic continent and the initial rifting in the western ophiolite belt in Greece. The metaclastic sequences define the western (external) boundary of the Pelagonian zone, and are used to find the continuation of this boundary in the Sporades and Oinouses islands in the Aegean Sea, in order to help answer the question of the connection between the Hellenides and the Taurides in Turkey.
Pressure conditions in the hole erosion test

The hole erosion test (HET) is used in the study of soil erosion in the case of what is known as “piping” when concentrated leaks occur. The HET enables the determination of soil erosion characteristics such as the critical shear stress along the pre-formed hole (pipe) and the coefficient of soil erosion. Normally, in the HET, the hydraulic gradient is determined from the difference between the piezometric heads measured at the inflow and outflow chambers (upstream and downstream of the soil specimen). Hydraulic analysis shows that such measurements ignore losses at the entrance and exit of the hole, causing the overestimation of the hydraulic gradient along the length of the hole, and thus the calculated shear stress. In this technical note, the results of preliminary analysis using the Bernoulli principle and of numerical study of the pressure conditions in the HET apparatus are shown. The turbulent flow in the HET apparatus was calculated using ANSYS commercial CFD (computational fluid dynamics) softwa.
Adaptation of forests to climate change

This study is part of a World Bank effort intended, first, to help decision makers in developing countries to better understand and assess the risks posed by climate change and to better design sector strategies to adapt to climate change. This study is part of the aggregate track, which has two objectives. The first is to ensure the availability of developing country/regional adaptation cost estimates to contribute to the discussion on climate change leading up to the Copenhagen conference in late 2009. The second objective of the aggregate track to begin to develop procedures that will be needed to generate aggregate adaptation cost numbers once the country case studies are completed. The approach of this forestry study is to draw from the considerable existing literature to provide perspective, as well as estimates and projections of the impacts of climate change on forests and forestry in various regions and countries. Based on the assessment of these projections, adaptation measures are suggested to mitigate damages likely to be incurred and identify adaptations that might be made. Preliminary cost estimates are made. The approach will not involve a new model or new projections. Rather, the study draws from the literature and the results of earlier investigations. This study draws in large part on the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) findings and on the literature that went into developing those findings. On average, most of the studies find forest productivity and area increasing modestly.
Monte Carlo Simulation for Lasso-Type Problems by Estimator Augmentation

Regularized linear regression under the ℓ1 penalty, such as the Lasso, has been shown to be effective in variable selection and sparse modeling. The sampling distribution of an ℓ1-penalized estimator is hard to determine as the estimator is defined by an optimization problem that in general can only be solved numerically and many of its components may be exactly zero. Let S be the subgradient of the ℓ1 norm of the coefficient vector β evaluated at . We find that the joint sampling distribution of and S, together called an augmented estimator, is much more tractable and has a closed-form density under a normal error distribution in both low-dimensional (p ⩽ n) and high-dimensional (p > n) settings. Given β and the error variance σ2, one may employ standard Monte Carlo methods, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and importance sampling (IS), to draw samples from the distribution of the augmented estimator and calculate expectations with respect to the sampling distribution of . We develop a few concrete Monte Carlo algorithms and demonstrate with numerical examples that our approach may offer huge advantages and great flexibility in studying sampling distributions in ℓ1-penalized linear regression. We also establish nonasymptotic bounds on the difference between the true sampling distribution of and its estimator obtained by plugging in estimated parameters, which justifies the validity of Monte Carlo simulation from an estimated sampling distribution even when p ≫ n → ∞.
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON COASTAL DUNES IN LAZIO (ITALY)

Aim of the paper is to describe the conservation state of the dune plant communities of Lazio (central Italy), using both original and already published phytosociological releves. This case study in particular analyses the effects of human disturbance on the species composition and the vegetation zonation in coastal sandy landscape, already classified in three land facets. 13 plant associations were recognised and 9 of them were identified as potential natural vegetation types for the sandy coastal ecosystems of Lazio. Incidence of ruderal species and alien taxa were calculated for each plant community and for each land facet. The results have produced evidence that, even if Lazio coastline is largely occupied by human settlements or infrastructures, several sites still preserve an high plant communities diversity and few alien taxa inside the natural habitats occur. On the contrary where the human impact is intense, dune plant communities disappear or if they are still present, the vegetation zonation is incomplete, ruderals are abundant and alien species are locally common. A data-base of dune plant diversity was realised for a monitoring purpose.
Validating remotely sensed land surface fluxes in heterogeneous terrain with large aperture scintillometry

The Large Aperture Scintillometer (LAS) has emerged as one of the best tools for quantifying areal averaged fluxes over heterogeneous land surfaces. This is particularly useful as a validation of surface energy fluxes derived from satellite sources. We examine how changes in surface source area contributing to the scintillometer and eddy covariance measurements relate to satellite derived estimates of sensible heat flux. Field data were collected on the Konza Prairie in Northeastern Kansas, included data from two eddy covariance towers: one located on an upland, relatively flat homogeneous area, and the second located in a lowland area with generally higher biomass and moisture conditions. The large aperture scintillometer spanned both the upland and lowland areas and operated with a path length of approximately 1 km specifically to compare to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived estimates of surface fluxes. The upland station compares well with the LAS (correlation of 0.96), with the lowland station being slightly worse (correlation of 0.84). Data from the MODIS sensor was used to compute surface fluxes using the ‘triangle’ method which combines the remotely sensed data with a soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer scheme and a fully developed atmospheric boundary layer model. The relative contribution to the surface observations is estimated using a simple footprint model. As wind direction varies, the relative contribution of upland and lowland sources contributing to the LAS measurements varies while the MODIS pixel contribution remains relatively constant. With the footprint model, we were able to evaluate the relationship between the LAS observations and the remotely sensed estimates of the surface energy balance. The MODIS derived sensible heat flux values correspond better to the LAS measurements (percentage error: 0.04) when there was a larger footprint compared to a time with a smaller footprint (percentage error: −0.13). Results indicate that the larger the footprint, the better the agreement between satellite and surface observations.
URBANIZATION INFLUENCES ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS STREAMS 1

ABSTRACT: Biotic indices and sediment trace element concentrations for 43 streams in northeastern Illinois (Chicago area) from the 1980s and 1990s were examined along an agricultural to urban land cover gradient to explore the relations among biotic integrity, sediment chemistry, and urbanization. The Illinois fish Alternative Index of Biotic Integrity (AIBI) ranged from poor to excellent in agricultural/rural streams, but streams with more than 10 percent watershed urban land (about 500 people/mi2) had fair or poor index scores. A macroinvertebrate index (MBI) showed similar trends. A qualitative habitat index (PIBI) did not correlate to either urban indicator. The AIBI and MBI correlated with urban associated sediment trace element concentrations. Elevated copper concentrations in sediment occurred in streams with greater than 40 percent watershed urban land. The number of intolerant fish species and modified index of biotic integrity scores increased in some rural, urbanizing, and urban streams from the 1980s to 1990s, with the largest increases occurring in rural streams with loamy/sandy surficial deposits. However, smaller increases also occurred in urban streams with clayey surficial deposits and over 50 percent watershed urban land. These data illustrate the potentially complex spatial and temporal relations among biotic integrity, sediment chemistry, watershed urban land, population density, and regional and local geologic setting.
Energy Flow through an Ecosystem: Conceptions of In-service Elementary and Middle School Teachers

This descriptive study investigated 53 in-service elementary and middle school teachers’ understanding of basic concepts regarding energy flow through an ecosystem they likely are expected to teach. A multiple-choice instrument assessing selected standards-based life science concepts (i.e., essential needs of plants, photosynthesis and respiration, natural selection, energy flow through an ecosystem) with non-scientific conceptions embedded as distracter options was used in the study. Findings from five tasks regarding energy flow through an ecosystem suggest that the teachers sampled had conceptual difficulty with key standards-based energy flow concepts, particularly concerning the original energy source for a forest ecosystem, decomposers as nutrient recyclers rather than energy recyclers, and differentiating between primary and secondary consumers. Findings support the need for professional development regarding energy flow through an ecosystem for these teachers to address their non-scientific conceptions. Additionally, recommendations are provided for strengthening pre-service teacher education.