Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Importance of cold and dry surges in substantiating the NAM and ENSO relationship

We propose a possible mechanism for the influence of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode/Arctic Oscillation (NAM/AO) on westerly wind bursts (WWB). Using 26‐year reanalysis data, we statistically demonstrate and evidentially confirm that the NAM intensifies WWB through Asian cold and dry surges. Twin cyclones with anomalous westerlies and updrafts were dominant in the western tropical Pacific in positive NAM years. This structure was caused by the inflow of cold and dry advections associated with cold and dry surges, which excited anomalous heat transport from the western tropical Pacific Ocean. This thermodynamic structure is similar to that of the Matsuno‐Gill pattern. Observational evidence indicates that the surge associated with the NAM is a probable cause of El Niño outbreaks through the intensification of WWB, stemming from the WWB association with the Matsuno‐Gill pattern.
MODIS Consistent Vegetation Parameter Specifications and Their Impacts on Regional Climate Simulations

AbstractA consistent set of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation parameters, including leaf and stem area index (LAI and SAI, respectively), land-cover category (LCC), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and albedo parameterization are developed, and their impacts on North American regional climate are evaluated based on 10-yr Climate–Weather and Research Forecasting Model (CWRF) simulations. As compared with the previous Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) set, MODIS LCC increases grassland and cropland fractions in the central Great Plains and Midwest, respectively. Evergreen needleleaf forest converts to mixed forest in the Southeast, and mixed forest converts to evergreen needleleaf in Canada. FVC decreases by 0.05–0.3 over the central Great Plains but increases by 0.1–0.35 over the northern Rocky Mountains, Canada, and the U.S. Southeast. MODIS LAI is less than AVHRR by 2–6, except in the central Great Plains, eastern Rocky Mountains, and central Mexico. LCC an.
A coupled atmospheric‐hydrological modeling study of the 1996 Ha! Ha! River basin flash flood in Québec, Canada

We use a high‐resolution regional atmospheric model coupled to a hydrological model, and an off‐line routing module to simulate a hydrograph during the 1996 July flash flood that occurred in the Saguenay region of eastern Québec. The hydrograph is at the outlet of the Ha! Ha! Lake in the Ha! Ha! River basin. The former has a drainage area of 250 km2 and is covered by 6 model grid squares; the precipitation at these grid squares compare well with observations at the nearest available rain gauge located 20 km south of the basin. The hydrological model is a modified version of a land surface scheme which consists of three soil layers, and the routing module is based on the geomorphological unit hydrograph. The simulated hydrograph is compared with another reconstructed hydrograph in the published literature.
Late Jurassic footprints reveal walking kinematics of theropod dinosaurs

Avanzini, M. , Pin˜uela, L. & Garci´a-Ramos, J.C. 2011: Late Jurassic footprints reveal walk-ing kinematics of theropod dinosaurs. Lethaia,DOI:10.1111⁄j.1502-3931.2011. 00276.xThis study describes a set of theropod footprints collected from the Late Jurassic LastresFormation (Asturias, N Spain). The footprints are natural casts (tracks and undertracks)grouped into three morphotypes, which are characterized by different size frequency,L⁄W relationship and divarication angles: ‘Grallatorid’ morphotype, ‘Kayentapus–Mag-noavipes’ morphotype, ‘Hispanosauropus’ morphotype. The tracks were produced inﬁrm, stiff and soft sediments. The inﬁlls of deep tracks, which are typically formed in softmud, lack ﬁne anatomical details, but they can reveal the walk kinematics of the track-maker through the morphology of internal track ﬁlls and sinking traces. In all footprints,a horizontal outwardly directed translation movement and rotation are recognizable.The amount and geometry of digit penetration in the ground also show a pronounceddifference. It can be inferred from the described sample that different theropoda-relatedichnogenera share common kinematics. hAsturias, dinosaur footprint, late jurassic, thero-pods, walking kinematics.Marco Avanzini. [avanzini@mtsn.tn. it], Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Via Calep-ina 14, 38100 Trento, Italy; Laura Pin˜uela [lpinuela@geol.uniovi. es], Museo del Jura´sico deAsturias (MUJA), Colunga. Asturias, Espan˜a, and Departamento de Geologi´aUniversidadde Oviedo, C⁄Jesu ´s Arias de Velasco, s⁄n 33005 Oviedo, Asturias, Espan˜a; Jose Carlos Gar-ci ´a-Ramos [jcgramos@geol.uniovi. es], Museo del Jurasico de Asturias (MUJA), Colunga.Asturias, Espan˜a, and Departamento de Geologi´a Universidad de Oviedo, C⁄Jesu´s Arias deVelasco, s⁄n 33005 Oviedo, Asturias, Espan˜a; manuscript received on 13⁄10 ⁄2010; manu-script accepted on 01 ⁄4⁄2011.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of an Ethnic Economy in a Suburban Landscape of the Nuevo South

Arguably, suburban areas—as geographic spaces—are becoming increasingly shaped by the influx of Latinos, their businesses, and their cultures. This study investigates the spatial distribution and temporal relationships of Latino-cuisine restaurants and Latino populations within a suburban context of the New "Nuevo" South. Census data, geospatial techniques (geographically weighted regression), and semi-structured open-ended interviews were used to determine where restaurant-based ethnic entrepreneurship has developed, both spatially and temporally, in Cobb County, Georgia, USA. Results show that in this suburban area, Latino-cuisine restaurants have become spatially clustered over time and that there is a moderately positive relationship between locations of restaurants and proportion of Hispanic residents. Our findings suggest that the Latino community parallels the spatial and economic characteristics of an ethnoburb, with the presence of geographically-diffused Latino population clusters and Latino-oriented businesses catering toward the dominant cultural identity of the region.
Water and nutrient predictions in ungauged basins: set-up and evaluation of a model at the national scale

Abstract A dynamic water quality model, HYPE, was applied to a large, data-sparse region to study whether reliable information on water quantity and water quality could be obtained for both gauged and ungauged waterbodies. The model (called S-HYPE) was set up for all of Sweden (∼450 000 km2), divided into sub-basins with an average area of 28 km2. Readily available national databases were used for physiographic data, emissions and agricultural practices, fixed values for representative years were used. Daily precipitation and temperature were used as the dynamic forcing of the model. Model evaluation was based on data from several hundred monitoring sites, of which approximately 90% had not been used in calibration on a daily scale. Results were evaluated using the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), correlation and relative errors: 92% of the spatial variation was explained for specific water discharge, and 88% and 59% for total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations, respectively. Day-to-day variations were modelled with satisfactory results for water discharge and the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentrations was also generally well captured. In 20 large, unregulated rivers the median NSE for water discharge was 0.84, and the corresponding number for 76 partly-regulated river basins was 0.52. In small basins, the NSE was typically above 0.6. These major achievements relative to previous similar experiments were ascribed to the step-wise calibration process using representative gauged basins and the use of a modelling concept, whereby coefficients are linked to physiographic variables rather than to specific sites. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Citation Strömqvist, J., Arheimer, B. , Dahné, J., Donnelly, C. and Lindström, G. , 2012. Water and nutrient predictions in ungauged basins: set-up and evaluation of a model at the national scale. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 229–247.
Minirhizotron installation in sandy, rocky soils with minimal soil disturbance

We developed and demonstrated the utility of a technique for installing minirhizotron tubes in sandy, rocky soils where more traditional installation methods are inadequate. The method uses a pneumatic rock-drill alternately to drill and drive drill casing into the soil. Soil particles and drilling debris are removed from the casing as it is installed. The minirhizotron tube is inserted into the drill casing and the casing is withdrawn. A pneumatic screw-drive guide system powers the downward and upward movement of the rock-drill and controls the angle of installation. Working from a platform suspended from a center-pivot elevated catwalk minimized soil disturbance. Soil contact and root ingrowth around the minirhizotron tubes were very satisfactory. This method, while fairly labor intensive, allows minirhizotron studies of root dynamics in sandy, rocky soils where they would otherwise not be possible. Also, there is much less soil compaction and disturbance than traditional installation techniques entail.
A model of regional primary production for use with coarse resolution satellite data

A model of crop primary production, which was originally developed to relate the amount of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) to net production in field studies, is discussed in the context of coarse resolution regional remote sensing of primary production. The model depends on an approximately linear relationship between APAR and the normalized difference vegetation index. A more comprehensive form of the conventional model is shown to be necessary when different physiological types of plants or heterogeneous vegetation types occur within the study area. The predicted variable in the new model is total assimilation (net production plus respiration) rather than net production alone or harvest yield.
Soluble Metal Leaching from a Poultry Litter–Amended Udult under Pasture Vegetation

More than 1 billion broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are produced annually in Arkansas, with nearly 900 Gg of waste (i.e., litter) generated. Poultry litter is typically land applied as a means of disposal to nearby pastures as an organic fertilizer. Aside from essential plant nutrients, poultry litter also contains heavy metals, yet little is known about the potential of these metals to leach from soils with a history of litter application. The objective of this study was to continuously monitor the seasonal and annual effect of poultry litter application rate on soil leachate concentrations and leaching losses of metals (As, Cd, Se, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) pasture using automated equilibrium‐tension lysimeters over a 2‐yr period. Average annual drainage was 447, 235, and 592 mm in Year 1 (May 2003 through April 2004) and 833, 589, and 827 mm in Year 2 (May 2004 through April 2005) for control, low‐ (5.6 Mg ha−1), and high‐litter (11.2 Mg ha−1) treatments, respectively. Drainage was similar among treatments during all time periods except for Winter (November through January) Year 1. Flow‐weighted mean concentrations of Mn during Spring Year 1 (February through April 2004) and Ni and Cu for the whole year differed among litter treatments, but there were no consistent trends. In Spring Year 2 (February through April 2005), flow‐weighted mean concentrations of Cr and Fe differed among litter treatment, but there were no consistent trends. Metal leaching losses did not differ among litter treatment during Year 1. In Year 2, leaching losses of Zn, Fe, and As differed among litter treatments during Summer, Fall, and Winter, respectively, but there were no consistent trends. Results indicate that poultry litter application rate did not affect metal leaching within two the first 2 yr of altered management; thus simply reducing application rates in areas with a history of litter application may not ensure a short‐term reduction of potential further surface and groundwater impairment.
to Leeds Beckett Repository

: We calculated the prevalence of the metabolically healthy but obese (MHO) phenotype in (n=9 177) British men (age 48.9±7.4 years) attending preventive health screening between 2000 and 2009. We examined differences in cardiorespiratory fitness (Fitness) and self-reported physical activity levels, according to whether the men were metabolically healthy (<2 components of the metabolic syndrome), and by BMI category (normal-weight, overweight, obese). Fitness was estimated from treadmill exercise as VO 2peak and classified as: Low, Moderate, or High using age-specific cut-offs. We identified 21.6% of our sample as obese, of whom 83.1% were metabolically healthy. Compared with the metabolic unhealthy obese (MUO; 3.7% of sample), MHO phenotypes were fitter (effect size d= 0.21) and were more physically active ( d= 0.31). Logistic regression showed high fitness (OR=2.40, 95%CI 1.38-4.19), and being physically active (OR=1.71, 95% CI 1.14-2.56) to be independently associated with the MHO phenotype. Our findings agree with US data suggesting that higher cardiorespiratory fitness is a characteristic of the MHO phenotype. Our finding that meeting physical activity guidelines was associated with the MHO phenotype independent of fitness is, however, novel. If confirmed, our findings indicate that public health messages that en-courage active lifestyles to promote fitness should be encouraged regardless of weight status.
Measurement of solid suspension concentration and flow velocity with temperature compensation using a portable ultrasonic device

Abstract Ultrasonic spectroscopy is highly suitable for real-time measurement, in particular for dense particle systems. In the present study, a novel measurement device, namely a portable ultrasonic device (PUD), is designed and manufactured for measuring solid suspension concentration and flow velocity simultaneously with respect to the propagation of ultrasound waves in a solid–liquid mixture at different temperatures. A series of experiments were conducted in the laboratory to obtain the ultrasonic attenuation of kaolin and reservoir sediment solutions within a wide range of concentrations (1000–300 000 mg/L) at various temperatures (15–27°C). The resulting data were regressed to establish linear functions of attenuation and temperature for concentration. The experimental data were compared with theoretical simulated results to show the effect of particle size distribution on concentration measurement. The flow meter part of the PUD was verified by a standard-speed carriage in the towing tank. According to experimental tests by PUD, it was demonstrated that the accuracy for concentration in full scale is ±5%, and the accuracy for flow velocity is ±2%. Compared with sampled data, good agreements were also found by employing the PUD for sediment concentration and flow velocity measurements in turbidity currents during typhoon floods in a reservoir, which demonstrates that the PUD is operable and reliable on site. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor K. Heal Citation Huang, Y.J., Sung, C.C. , Lai, J.S. , Lee, F.Z. , Hwang, G.W. , and Tan, Y.C. , 2013. Measurement of solid suspension concentration and flow velocity with temperature compensation using a portable ultrasonic device. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (3), 615–626.
The Bearing of Progressive Increase of Viscosity during Intrusion on the Form of Laccoliths

The attention of geologists has been called on several occasions to the laccolithic intrusive bodies of the northern Black Hills, South Dakota. Russell2 has described and offered explanations for a number of the phenomena there observed. Jaggar and Howe3 have published a detailed account of the region and performed experiments illustrating the processes which are believed to have led to the formation of laccolithic intrusive bodies; and others have commented on the work of these men, in discussing other regions where similar phenomena may be observed. The classic work of Gilbert4 and the equally careful studies of Pirsson and Weed,s Cross,6 and others have contributed to placing the theory of laccolithic intrusion on a firm basis. The type of laccolithic structure about to be described has certain peculiarities, to explain which the writer resorted to speculation and came to conclusions for which he later found partial support in the accounts of earlier writers, particularly Pirsson. In the case in point the process which is invoked as an
On the origin of the energetic ion events measured upstream of the Earth's bow shock by STEREO, Cluster, and Geotail

[1] In 2007 during the declining phase of the solar cycle the energetic upstream ion events occurred mainly after a corotating interaction region passed the Earth’s magnetosphere. We study the relation between these upstream events observed from about 70 to 1750 RE away from the Earth and observations in the vicinity of the terrestrial bow shock (up to 30 RE). For this purpose, simultaneous measurements of energetic ions from STEREO A and STEREO B (far upstream region) and from Cluster and Geotail (near the bow shock) are used. In all cases the energetic ions far upstream are associated with the upstream ion events near the bow shock. The upstream events are observed simultaneously mainly when the magnetic field is pointing along the line joining those satellites in the far upstream region with those near the terrestrial bow shock. The upstream events near the bow shock often coincide with sunward directed electron bursts, increased AE index (>200 nT), nonexponential proton spectra, and most important the presence of O + ions, all of which imply at least partly a magnetospheric origin. In ∼57% of cases the upstream ion events near the bow shock are associated with electron bursts and/or with the presence of O + , and ∼40% of the latter events are associated with electron bursts at STEREO A. Although we present strong evidence that the events are partially of magnetospheric origin, we do not exclude the presence of the ions accelerated at the bow shock.
Modeling of annual variations of oak (Quercus robur L.) isoprene synthase activity to predict isoprene emission rates

Isoprene plays an important role in regulating the atmospheric trace gas composition, in particular the tropospheric ozone concentrations. Therefore realistic estimates of the seasonal variation of isoprene emission source strengths of strong isoprene-emitting deciduous trees such as pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) are required in temperate regions of Europe. In 1995 to 1997 a study was conducted to survey the annual fluctuations of oak isoprene synthase activity and photosynthetic pigment contents, the latter as a parameter for the development of the photosynthetic apparatus of oak leaves. Depending on annual temperature and light profiles (photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD)), different seasonal patterns of isoprene synthase activity were observed with maximum activities of 18.4 ± 10.6 nmol m -2 s - 1 , 14.1 ± 5.8 nmol m -2 s -1 , and 19.9 ± 7.9 nmol m -2 s -1 in 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively. On the basis of isoprene synthase activity, chlorophyll a measurements, and phenological data collected from pedunculate oaks of 89 ecological regions covering all of Germany a model was developed for the calculation of the seasonal variation of oak isoprene synthase activity in relation to annual fluctuation of temperature and PPFD. By coupling this model to a numeric process-based isoprene emission model it was possible to predict isoprene emission rates of individual pedunculate oak trees with a deviation of 55%.
A survey of macrofungi in Edo/Delta region of Nigeria, their morphology and uses

A survey of macrofungi and their ethnomycology was carried out in Edo and Delta states (latitudes 4.87° to 7.12° E and longitudes 5° to 7.6° N) of Nigeria. The survey covers six selected local government areas (Burutu, Etsako East and West, Ovia South-West and Ukhumwonde) scattered across different vegetation zones in the region. Fifty three (53) species of macrofungi were encountered at the end of the survey, 26 species comprising of 23 basidiomycetes and 3 ascomycetes were fully enumerated. Auricularia auricula, Pleurotus spp, Schizophyllum commune and Volvariella volvaceae are eaten by 77% of the sampled communities. Analyses of their nutrient contents recorded over 55% per gram fibre, 11.77% per gram protein, between 7.16 and 12.63% per gram carbohydrate. Amanita phalloides, Daldinia concentrica, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma resinaceus and Nothopanus sp are more frequently employed in the treatment of varying degrees of anemic, blood pressure, gastro-intestinal, homoeostatic, oral and rheumatic ailments. Lowland forest regions recorded greater species diversity and richness than other regions studied. Mushroom hunters, 45% women and 26% youths (ages 18-28), hunt for the in the wild to supply the mushroom needs of the inhabitants of the Edo/Delta region. The hunters are mostly guided by divergent and unwritten mushroom hunting codes while picking in the wild. Keywords : survey, macrofungi, edible, ethnomycology, Edo/Delta region Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 12(2) 2006: 149-157
Characterization and Fertility Status of the Soils of Ayehu Research Substation, Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia

The pedogenic properties and fertility status of the soils at Ayehu Substation of the Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute were studied both in the field and through laboratory analysis. On the basis of in situ description of two soil profiles and laboratory analysis, the soils of the study site qualified for the Nitisol soil group as per the FAO/UNESCO Soil Grouping System. The soils were moderately acidic in reaction and silty clay to clay in texture. The pedons exhibited increasing clay contents with depth qualifying for argillic (Bt) horizons. The surface horizons of both pedons revealed the lowest and the bottom (Bt3) horizons indicate the highest bulk density values. The consistent increase of bulk density with depth is apparently due to the decreasing level of organic carbon (OC) with depth from 2.6 to 0.6% in pedon 1 and from 2.8 to 1.1% in pedon 2. The lowest total porosity (44.2%) was observed in the Bt3 horizon of pedon 1 and the highest (55.2%) in the composite surface soil collected around pedon 2. Throughout the depths of the two pedons and surface soil samples, pH (H 2 O) values were higher than pH (KCl) resulting in positive ΔpH values and indicating the presence of variable charge clay surfaces. The subsoil horizons showed lower values of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and percentage base saturation suggesting intensive weathering and presence of 1:1 (kaolinitic) clay minerals. The quantity of exchangeable Na was trace whilst appreciable amount of exchangeable K was available in both pedons. The surface horizons contained high exchangeable Ca and Mg to the extent that the sum of these bases occupied over 83% of the CEC in both pedons. In accordance with OC, total N decreased with depth from 0.19 to 0.05% in pedon 1 and from 0.22 to 0.10% in pedon 2. The highest contents of Olsen P (3.21 mg l -1 ) and Bray P (4.40 mg l -1 ) were obtained in the surface horizon of pedon 1 and both showed decreasing trends with depth in the two pedons. Application of increasing rates of P fertilizer increased both the Olsen and Bray II P consistently, while applied rates of N did not bring significant change in soil total N content. Keywords : Ayehu Area; Bray II Available P; Nitisols; Olsen Available P; Pedon East African Journal of Sciences Vol. 1 (2) 2007: pp. 160-169