Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global response of glacier runoff to twenty‐first century climate change

The hydrology of many important river systems in the world is influenced by the presence of glaciers in their upper reaches. We assess the global‐scale response of glacier runoff to climate change, where glacier runoff is defined as all melt and rain water that runs off the glacierized area without refreezing. With an elevation‐dependent glacier mass balance model, we project monthly glacier runoff for all mountain glaciers and ice caps outside Antarctica until 2100 using temperature and precipitation scenarios from 14 global climate models. We aggregate results for 18 glacierized regions. Despite continuous glacier net mass loss in all regions, trends in annual glacier runoff differ significantly among regions depending on the balance between increased glacier melt and reduction in glacier storage as glaciers shrink. While most regions show significant negative runoff trends, some regions exhibit steady increases in runoff (Canadian and Russian Arctic), or increases followed by decreases (Svalbard and Iceland). Annual glacier runoff is dominated by melt in most regions, but rain is a major contributor in the monsoon‐affected regions of Asia and maritime regions such as New Zealand and Iceland. Annual net glacier mass loss dominates total glacier melt especially in some high‐latitude regions, while seasonal melt is dominant in wetter climate regimes. Our results highlight the variety of glacier runoff responses to climate change and the need to include glacier net mass loss in assessments of future hydrological change.
Dedolomitization and the development of rhombohedral pores in limestones

ABSTRACT Dedolomitization, the reverse process of dolomitization, is brought about by solutions with a high Ca++/Mg++ ratio reacting with dolomite to form calcium carbonate. Experimental work by others suggests that dedolomitization can only proceed at or near the earth's surface. Textural evidence of the process, therefore, provides a useful indicator of near-surface diagenesis. Two previously undescribed textures of calcite-after-dolomite are treated. In one of these, the pre-dolomitization limestone fabric appears to have been partially regenerated by dedolomitization, and in the other, a clotted or "grumeleuse" texture has resulted from the replacement. These and several of the previously published descriptions of dedolomitization textures can be explained in terms of the growth of the new generation of calcite nucleated on inclusions derived from the original limestone and carried over in the intermediate dolomite crystal. Calcite-after-dolomite has been found grading into rhombohedral pores. It is proposed that the pores concerned result from the selective leaching of mineralogically unstable high-magnesian calcite or aragonite, believed in many cases to be the initial product of dedolomitisation. In certain samples rhombohedral porosity has been destroyed by subsequent calcite cementation. The resulting cementation mosaics are distinctly different from the textures of direct dedolomitization. The detection of dedolomitization textures is valuable both for the interpretation of diagenetic environment and possibly for the prediction of sucrosic dolomite reservoirs for such fluids as hydrocarbons and water.
Automatic Model Selection for 3D Reconstruction of Buildings from Satellite Imagary

Through the improvements of satellite sensor and matching technology, the derivation of 3D models from space borne stereo data obtained a lot of interest for various applications such as mobile navigation, urban planning, telecommunication, and tourism. The automatic reconstruction of 3D building models from space borne point cloud data is still an active research topic. The challenging problem in this field is the relatively low quality of the Digital Surface Model (DSM) generated by stereo matching of satellite data comparing to airborne LiDAR data. In order to establish an efficient method to achieve high quality models and complete automation from the mentioned DSM, in this paper a new method based on a model-driven strategy is proposed. For improving the results, refined orthorectified panchromatic images are introduced into the process as additional data. The idea of this method is based on ridge line extraction and analysing height values in direction of and perpendicular to the ridgeline direction. After applying pre-processing to the orthorectified data, some feature descriptors are extracted from the DSM, to improve the automatic ridge line detection. Applying RANSAC a line is fitted to each group of ridge points. Finally these ridge lines are refined by matching them or closing gaps. In order to select the type of roof model the heights of point in extension of the ridge line and height differences perpendicular to the ridge line are analysed. After roof model selection, building edge information is extracted from canny edge detection and parameters derived from the roof parts. Then the best model is fitted to extracted facade roofs based on detected type of model. Each roof is modelled independently and final 3D buildings are reconstructed by merging the roof models with the corresponding walls.
Hst1/Gel-MA Scaffold Significantly Promotes the Quality of Osteochondral Regeneration in the Temporomandibular Joint

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the capacity of the human salivary histatin-1-functionalized methacrylic gelatin scaffold to control osteochondral tissue regeneration and repair in vivo in rabbits with major temporomandibular joint dimensional abnormalities. Materials and Methods: In order to compare human salivary histatin-1-functionalized methacrylic gelatin scaffolds to the Blank and Gel-MA hydrogel groups, scaffolds were implanted into osteochondral lesions of a critical size (3 × 3 mm) in the anterior region of the condyle of the temporomandibular joint in New Zealand white rabbits. At 4 weeks after implantation, the repair was evaluated using macroscopic examination, histology, and micro-CT analysis. Results: In the comparison of the composite scaffold group with the Blank and Gel-MA groups, analysis of the healed tissue revealed an improved macroscopic appearance in the composite scaffold group. Regeneration was induced by host cell migration in the Hst1/Gel-MA scaffold group. Conclusions: The current study offers a viable method for in vivo cartilage repair that does not require cell transplantation. Future clinical applications of this strategy’s optimization have many potential advantages.
Abrupt Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon failures: A primary response to solar activity?

Knowledge of the millennial abrupt monsoon failures is critical to understanding the related causes. Here, we extracted proxy indices of Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) intensity during the early to mid-Holocene, from peat deposits at Lake Xihu, in southwestern China. There are a series of abrupt, millennial-scale episodes of ISM weakening inferred from the Lake Xihu records, which are generally synchronous with those inferred from other archives over ISM areas. An important feature is that the ISM failures inferred from the Lake Xihu proxy indices synchronize well with abrupt changes in solar activity. We argue that changes in solar activity play a primary role in producing most of these millennial ISM failures, while some other causes, including freshwater outbursts into the North Atlantic Ocean and changes in sea surface temperatures of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, may have also exerted influences on parts of the millennial ISM failures.
A self‐regulating model of bedrock river channel geometry

The evolution of many mountain landscapes is controlled by the incision of bedrock river channels. While the rate of incision is set by channel shape through its mediation of flow, the channel shape is itself set by the history of bedrock erosion. This feedback between channel geometry and incision determines the speed of landscape response to tectonic or climatic forcing. Here, a model for the dynamics of bedrock channel shape is derived from geometric arguments, a normal flow approximation for channel flow, and a threshold bed shear stress assumption for bedrock abrasion. The model dynamics describe the competing effects of channel widening, tilting, bending, and variable flow depth. Transient solutions suggest that channels may take ∼1–10 ky to adapt to changes in discharge, implying that channel disequilibrium is commonplace. If so, landscape evolution models will need to include bedrock channel dynamics if they are to probe the effects of climate change.
Examining fire behavior in mesquite–acacia shrublands

The vegetation of South Texas has changed from mesquite savanna to mixed mesquite–acacia (Prosopis–Acacia) shrubland over the last 150 years. Fire reduction, due to lack of fine fuel and suppression of naturally occurring fires, is cited as one of the primary causes for this vegetation shift. Fire behavior, primarily rate of spread and fire intensity, is poorly understood in these communities, so fire prescriptions have not been developed. We evaluated two current fire behavior systems (BEHAVE and the CSIRO fire spread and fire danger calculator) and three models developed for shrublands to determine how well they predicted rate of spread and flame length during three summer fires within mesquite–acacia shrublands. We also used geostatistical analyses to examine the spatial pattern of net heat, flame temperature and fuel characteristics. The CSIRO forest model under-predicted the rate of fire spread by an average of 5.43 m min−1 and over-predicted flame lengths by 0.2 m while the BEHAVE brush model under-predicted rate of spread by an average of 6.57 m min−1 and flame lengths by an average of 0.33 m. The three shrubland models did not consistently predict the rate of spread in these plant communities. Net heat and flame temperature were related to the amount of 10-h fuel on the site, but were not related to the cover of grasses, forbs, shrubs, or apparent continuity of fine fuel. Fuel loads were typical of South Texas shrublands, in that they were uneven and spatially inconsistent, which resulted in an unpredictable fire pattern.
On the British contribution to international hydrology—an historical perspective

Abstract This paper attempts to identify distinctive British inputs to the international hydrological sciences through a survey of the development of British hydrology from the start of quantitative hydrology to recent times. The focus is on contributions which have advanced knowledge through scientific research, mainly research on surface water and to a lesser extent on groundwater, but a number of other fields are also touched on. It concludes with some thoughts on future directions.
Cambrian–Ordovician non-marine fossils from South Australia

Newly discovered trace and body fossils from the Grindstone Range Sandstone of South Australia reveal evidence of megascopic life on land during the Cambrian–Ordovician. Arthropod trackways (Diplichnites gouldi) are interpreted here to have formed on land. The most persuasive evidence for this view is that footprints vary in clarity along the length of the trackway as it traversed moist then dry silt, then biological soil crust. Compatible, though not diagnostic of walking on land is trackway symmetry, without one side buoyed up by current. The footprints bulge outward and are partially filled with miniature talus cones. Footprints also are alternate as in walking, rather than opposite as in sculling. Arthropod resting traces (Selenichnites sp. indet.) have 11 lateral furrows, and footprints are bundled into sets of 8–11, most like euthycarcinoids. No arthropod dwelling burrows were found in associated palaeosols, so the track maker was more likely amphibious than fully terrestrial. Associated trace fossils include a new ichnotaxon of burrow, Myrowichnus arenaceus gen. et sp. nov. Thallose impressions (Farghera robusta gen. et sp. nov.) have the radiating dichotomous form of lichens, algae and liverworts. All these trace and body fossils were found in weakly developed palaeosols. Other palaeosols in the same formation are evidence of terrestrial ecosystems of modest biomass, weathering, carbon sequestration and stability in dry tropical regions.
Tying Shock Features to Impact Conditions: The Significance of Shear Deformation During Impact Cratering

Impact cratering is associated with extreme physical conditions with temperatures and pressures far exceeding conditions otherwise prevailing at the surfaces of terrestrial planets. As a consequence, shock‐metamorphosed rocks contain unique deformation features such as planar deformation features in quartz, high‐pressure mineral polymorphs and melted rock. While the physical conditions of formation for impact‐induced melting following the highest pressure and temperature conditions is relatively well understood, aspects of the formation of melt‐veins in otherwise seemingly relatively low shock material has been the topic of discussion. In a new study, Hamann et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JE007742) are able to largely reproduce the current classification of progressive shock metamorphism of felsic rocks using a modern experimental set up that eliminates multiple shock wave reflections at sample containers and excavation and ejection of target material. Importantly, however, they find that shear deformation results in the formation of melt veins at pressures as low as 6 GPa. The authors recover stishovite in melt veins formed at low‐moderate (<18 GPa) shock pressure, lower than most previous studies. These results have bearing on our understanding of the conditions of progressive shock metamorphism at terrestrial impact structures. However, since the results are similar to data obtained from experiments on basaltic rocks, the results also have broader implications for understanding the shock histories of meteorite parent bodies. Hamann et al. show the importance of experimental impact cratering for bridging the gap between observations in shocked rocks from terrestrial impact structures, in meteorites, and in returned samples, and their formational conditions.
Adjustment of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system to a sudden change in the Thermohaline Circulation

The adjustment of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system to a fresh water anomaly in the North Atlantic Ocean is investigated using a coupled GCM. In response to the anomaly the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (THC) collapses, and the associated reduction in northward heat transport causes sea surface temperatures (SST) to fall over the North Atlantic, and to increase over the tropical South Atlantic. Atmospheric feedbacks are excited as soon as the SST anomalies reach sufficient magnitude. A key stage in the adjustment process occurs 4–6 years after the perturbation is introduced when a significant SST dipole develops in the tropical Atlantic. This dipole causes a southward shift of the ITCZ and leads, in year 7, to the triggering of an El Niño event. It is concluded that atmospheric feedbacks could spread globally the influence of a sudden change in the THC much more quickly and efficiently than could ocean processes alone.
Estimating Brown-Korringa constants for fluid substitution in multimineralic rocks

ABSTRACTBrown and Korringa extended Gassmann’s equations for fluid substitution in rocks to allow for arbitrarily mixed mineralogy. This extension was accomplished by adding just one additional constant—replacing the mineral bulk modulus with two less intuitive constants. Even though virtually all rocks have mixed mineralogy, the Brown and Korringa equations are seldom used because values for the constants are unknown. We estimate plausible values for the Brown-Korringa constants, based on effective medium models. The self-consistent formulation is used to describe a rock whose mineral and pore phases are randomly distributed ellipsoids—a plausible representation of randomly mixed mineral grains, as with dispersed clay in sandstone. Using the self-consistent model, the two constants are predicted to be nearly identical, justifying the use of an average mineral modulus in Gassmann’s equations. For small contrasts in mineral stiffness, the Brown-Korringa constants are approximately equal to the Voigt-Reuss-.
Markers of schizophrenia at the prosody/pragmatics interface. Evidence from corpora of spontaneous speech interactions

The speech of individuals with schizophrenia exhibits atypical prosody and pragmatic dysfunctions, producing monotony. The paper presents the outcomes of corpus-based research on the prosodic features of the pathology as they manifest in real-life spontaneous interactions. The research relies on a corpus of schizophrenic speech recorded during psychiatric interviews (CIPPS) compared to a sampling of non-pathological speech derived from the LABLITA corpus of spoken Italian, which has been selected according to comparability requirements. Corpora has been intensively analyzed in the Language into Act Theory (L-AcT) frame, which links prosodic cues and pragmatic values. A cluster of linguistic parameters marked by prosody has been considered: utterance boundaries, information structure, speech disfluency, and prosodic prominence. The speech flow of patients turns out to be organized into small chunks of information that are shorter and scarcely structured, with an atypical proportion of post-nuclear information units (Appendix). It is pervasively scattered with silences, especially with long pauses between utterances and long silences at turn-taking. Fluency is hindered by retracing phenomena that characterize complex information structures. The acoustic parameters that give rise to prosodic prominence (f0 mean, f0 standard deviation, spectral emphasis, and intensity variation) have been measured considering the pragmatic roles of the prosodic units, distinguishing prominences within the illocutionary units (Comment) from those characterizing Topic units. Patients show a flattening of the Comment-prominence, reflecting impairments in performing the illocutionary activity. Reduced values of spectral emphasis and intensity variation also suggest a lack of engagement in communication. Conversely, Topic-prominence shows higher values for f0 standard deviation and spectral emphasis, suggesting effort when defining the domain of relevance of the illocutionary force. When comparing Topic and Comment-prominences of patients, the former consistently exhibit higher values across all parameters. In contrast, the non-pathological group displays the opposite pattern.
Reducing vegetative growth of 'Golden delicious' apple trees by root pruning and ways of planting

The influence of root pruning and different ways of tree planting on the growth, cropping and fruit quality was estimated in the experiment conducted in 1993-2001 at the Fruit Experimental Station near Wroclaw. Trees on M.26 rootstock were planted at two densities: 3077 trees/ha (control and root pruning) and 6154 trees/ha (ridge). The experiment was carried out in 4 replications, with 11 trees per plot. In some trees the shoots were mechanically pruned (from 1994 at the end of blooming) from both sides of a row, 50 cm from the trunk, to a depth of -30 cm. Results of the study proved that trees placed on the soil and earthed up gave the highest yield per hectare. Fruits from trees densely planted on a ridge were significantly smaller as compared to the control. Root pruning reduced the vegetative growth of apple trees and significantly increased their productivity. There was no observed adverse effect of root pruning on fruit quality.
Wave mode of the low‐latitudinal ELF‐whistlers

[1] Detection of 60 to 100 Hz ELF-whistlers in Taiwan was previously reported in 2005. These ELF-whistlers are distinct in two aspects: (1) daytime occurrence from 5 am to 9 pm; (2) average event duration of two minutes. In this paper, the wave modes responsible for these features are examined in multiion ionospheric plasma with the composition inferred from the IRI model. The Class III right-hand ion cyclotron wave mode between the lower cutoff frequencies near the oxygen ion gyrofrequency fcO+ and the helium ion gyrofrequency fcHe+ is found to be the most probable candidate to account for both features. The diurnal variation of the dominant ion species from O+ to H+ at the high altitude ionosphere could also explain why these events are only detected during daytime at the observational site. The long event duration is likely related to propagating waves with lower group velocities in multiion plasma. The event duration, which was inferred from the relation between wave frequency and the inverse group velocity, is found to increase with the electron density; a feature which also is consistent with the observed ionospheric NmF2 variations. Wave modes for the other higher latitudinal ELF-whistler detection sites were also checked and the aforementioned wave mode was also found to be the most probable mode.
Quantitative outcrop characterization of an analog to weakly confined submarine channel systems: Morillo 1 member, Ainsa Basin, Spain

Weakly confined channel systems are common in low-relief minibasins on continental margins and are important hydrocarbon reservoirs. They are characterized by channels that diverge in the proximal part of the basin and converge because of topographic confinement in the distal part of the basin. The Morillo 1 member, in the Ainsa Basin, Spain, is an excellent outcrop analog of a weakly confined submarine channel system. Data from the Morillo 1 member are used to quantitatively document how reservoir characteristics vary laterally and longitudinally in weakly confined submarine channel reservoirs. The key axis-to-margin patterns are the proportions of channel elements, channel complexes, channel-complex sets, reservoir facies, and net sand content; static connectivity decreases laterally from the axis to the margins of the system. The key longitudinal patterns in the updip area are channel elements that have levees, are spatially dispersive, and have a radially divergent map pattern. In the downdip area, channel elements are spatially focused and have uniform orientations, and the proportion of channel elements does not change along the longitudinal profile. However, the size of channel elements, percentage of reservoir facies, and connectivity of channel elements are higher in the downdip area. Patterns identified herein are significant because they cannot be resolved using subsurface or sea-floor data. Results of this study can therefore be used to reduce uncertainty in the interpretation of subsurface data, provide input to constrain rule-based forward stratigraphic models, and provide input to constrain reservoir models.