Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The various accretion modes of AM Herculis: Clues from multi-wavelength observations in high accretion states

We report on XMM-Newton and NuSTAR X-ray observations of the prototypical polar, AM Herculis, supported by ground-based photometry and spectroscopy, all obtained in high accretion states. In 2005, AM Herculis was in its regular mode of accretion, showing a self-eclipse of the main accreting pole. X-ray emission during the self-eclipse was assigned to a second pole through its soft X-ray emission and not to scattering. In 2015, AM Herculis was in its reversed mode with strong soft blobby accretion at the far accretion region. The blobby acretion region was more luminous than the other, persistently accreting, therefore called main region. Hard X-rays from the main region did not show a self-eclipse indicating a pronounced migration of the accretion footpoint. Extended phases of soft X-ray extinction through absorption in interbinary matter were observed for the first time in AM Herculis. The spectral parameters of a large number of individual soft flares could be derived. Simultaneous NuSTAR observations in the reversed mode of accretion revealed clear evidence for Compton reflection of radiation from the main pole at the white dwarf surface. This picture is supported by the trace of the Fe resonance line at 6.4 keV through the whole orbit. Highly ionized oxygen lines observed with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) were tentatively located at the bottom of the accretion column, although the implied densities are quite different from expectations. In the regular mode of accretion, the phase-dependent modulations in the ultraviolet (UV) are explained with projection effects of an accretion-heated spot at the prime pole. In the reversed mode projection effects cannot be recognized. The light curves reveal an extra source of UV radiation and extended UV absorbing dips. An Hα Doppler map obtained contemporaneously with the NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations in 2015 lacks the typical narrow emission line from the donor star but reveals emission from an accretion curtain in all velocity quadrants, indicating widely dispersed matter in the magnetosphere.
Single particle tracking uncertainties in ion imaging

An extensive comparison of the path uncertainty in single particle tracking systems for ion imaging was carried out based on Monte Carlo simulations. The spatial resolution as function of system parameters such as geometry, detector properties and the energy of proton and helium beams was investigated to serve as a guideline for hardware developments. Primary particle paths were sampled within a water volume and compared to the most likely path estimate obtained from detector measurements, yielding a depth-dependent uncertainty envelope. The maximum uncertainty along this curve was converted to a conservative estimate of the minimal voxel spacing for a single set of parameter values. Simulations with various parameter settings were analysed to obtain an overview of the reachable voxel spacing as function of system parameters. The results were used to determine intervals of detector material budget and position resolution that yield a voxel spacing small enough for clinical dose calculation. To ensure a voxel spacing below 2 mm, the material budget of a detector should remain below 0.25 % for a position resolution of 200 $\mathrm{\mu m}$ or below 0.75 % for a resolution of 10 $\mathrm{\mu m}$. Using protons, a submillimetre voxel size could not be achieved for a phantom size of 300 mm or at a large clearance. With helium ions, a submillimetre voxel spacing could be achieved even for a large phantom size and clearance, provided the position resolution was less than 100 $\mathrm{\mu m}$ and material budget was below 0.75 %.
Flux-stability for conservation laws with discontinuous flux and convergence rates of the front tracking method

We prove that adapted entropy solutions of scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux are stable with respect to changes in the flux under the assumption that the flux is strictly monotone in u and the spatial dependency is piecewise constant with finitely many discontinuities. We use this stability result to prove a convergence rate for the front tracking method -- a numerical method which is widely used in the field of conservation laws with discontinuous flux. To the best of our knowledge, both of these results are the first of their kind in the literature on conservation laws with discontinuous flux. We also present numerical experiments verifying the convergence rate results and comparing numerical solutions computed with the front tracking method to finite volume approximations.
Accelerated Zeroth-Order Momentum Methods from Mini to Minimax Optimization

In the paper, we propose a new accelerated zeroth-order momentum (Acc-ZOM) method to solve the non-convex stochastic mini-optimization problems. We prove that the Acc-ZOM method achieves a lower query complexity of $O(d^{3/4}\epsilon^{-3})$ for finding an $\epsilon$-stationary point, which improves the best known result by a factor of $O(d^{1/4})$ where $d$ denotes the parameter dimension. The Acc-ZOM does not require any batches compared to the large batches required in the existing zeroth-order stochastic algorithms. Further, we extend the Acc-ZOM method to solve the non-convex stochastic minimax-optimization problems and propose an accelerated zeroth-order momentum descent ascent (Acc-ZOMDA) method. We prove that the Acc-ZOMDA method reaches the best know query complexity of $\tilde{O}(\kappa_y^3(d_1+d_2)^{3/2}\epsilon^{-3})$ for finding an $\epsilon$-stationary point, where $d_1$ and $d_2$ denote dimensions of the mini and max optimization parameters respectively and $\kappa_y$ is condition number. In particular, our theoretical result does not rely on large batches required in the existing methods. Moreover, we propose a momentum-based accelerated framework for the minimax-optimization problems. At the same time, we present an accelerated momentum descent ascent (Acc-MDA) method for solving the white-box minimax problems, and prove that it achieves the best known gradient complexity of $\tilde{O}(\kappa_y^3\epsilon^{-3})$ without large batches. Extensive experimental results on the black-box adversarial attack to deep neural networks (DNNs) and poisoning attack demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithms.
Compiling ONNX Neural Network Models Using MLIR

Deep neural network models are becoming increasingly popular and have been used in various tasks such as computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language processing. Machine learning models are commonly trained in a resource-rich environment and then deployed in a distinct environment such as high availability machines or edge devices. To assist the portability of models, the open-source community has proposed the Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) standard. In this paper, we present a high-level, preliminary report on our onnx-mlir compiler, which generates code for the inference of deep neural network models described in the ONNX format. Onnx-mlir is an open-source compiler implemented using the Multi-Level Intermediate Representation (MLIR) infrastructure recently integrated in the LLVM project. Onnx-mlir relies on the MLIR concept of dialects to implement its functionality. We propose here two new dialects: (1) an ONNX specific dialect that encodes the ONNX standard semantics, and (2) a loop-based dialect to provide for a common lowering point for all ONNX dialect operations. Each intermediate representation facilitates its own characteristic set of graph-level and loop-based optimizations respectively. We illustrate our approach by following several models through the proposed representations and we include some early optimization work and performance results.
SegCodeNet: Color-Coded Segmentation Masks for Activity Detection from Wearable Cameras

Activity detection from first-person videos (FPV) captured using a wearable camera is an active research field with potential applications in many sectors, including healthcare, law enforcement, and rehabilitation. State-of-the-art methods use optical flow-based hybrid techniques that rely on features derived from the motion of objects from consecutive frames. In this work, we developed a two-stream network, the \emph{SegCodeNet}, that uses a network branch containing video-streams with color-coded semantic segmentation masks of relevant objects in addition to the original RGB video-stream. We also include a stream-wise attention gating that prioritizes between the two streams and a frame-wise attention module that prioritizes the video frames that contain relevant features. Experiments are conducted on an FPV dataset containing $18$ activity classes in office environments. In comparison to a single-stream network, the proposed two-stream method achieves an absolute improvement of $14.366\%$ and $10.324\%$ for averaged F1 score and accuracy, respectively, when average results are compared for three different frame sizes $224\times224$, $112\times112$, and $64\times64$. The proposed method provides significant performance gains for lower-resolution images with absolute improvements of $17\%$ and $26\%$ in F1 score for input dimensions of $112\times112$ and $64\times64$, respectively. The best performance is achieved for a frame size of $224\times224$ yielding an F1 score and accuracy of $90.176\%$ and $90.799\%$ which outperforms the state-of-the-art Inflated 3D ConvNet (I3D) \cite{carreira2017quo} method by an absolute margin of $4.529\%$ and $2.419\%$, respectively.
Scribbles, Labels, and Stories: The Role of Drawing in the Development of Writing.

The first-graders are in an uproar about a perceived injustice. This morning Mrs. Teepee, a weli-intentioned teacher's aide, made carrot muffins with two first grade classes. She had enough large muffin-pan liners for only one class. The second class had to use small liners, so the muffins they baked and got to eat were smaller. At lunchtime, the children in the second class are outraged and complaining. They frown, put their hands on their hips, and kick their heels on the floor. They share their opinions with one another in loud voices. When the buzzing, stomping, and complaining do not stop, their teacher suggests that the children write to Mrs. Teepee about how they feel. Used to their roles as daily composers, the children eagerly find paper and writing implements. They have easy access to writing materials, and their teacher provides ongoing, positive feedback. Some, like Emily, draw faces; hers shows falling tears to express sadness at having a smaller muffin to eat. Others, like Justin, express anger. He grips the crayon hard, holds his body rigid, and mutters "dead meat" over and over as he draws. Justin's drawing
Optimal choice of neighbour : predator protection among tundra birds

The distribution of breeding birds on Siberian tundra was studied around nests of Long-tailed Skuas Stercorarius skua, Grey Plovers Pluvialis squatarola, Pacific Golden Plovers Pluvialisfulva and Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica, all of which have been observed attacking avian predators entering their nesting territories. Only the skua and the Grey Plover turned out to do so regularly, however. The efficiency of defence was measured using artificial nests 30, 70 and 150 m from nests of the four species. The survival of "defended" nests was significantly higher than the survival of control group nests only around Grey Plover nests. Long-tailed Skuas defended their own nests fiercely, but were observed preying on artificial nests inside their territories. Nest distribution of local birds around the potential protectors reflected the efficiency with which the protectors defended their territory, but most of all it reflected the survival probabilities found for artificial nests: the number of nests located within 100 m from Grey Plover nests was significantly higher than in control plots. The Long-tailed Skua did not attract more birds than control points, presumably because it could not be trusted as a reliable neighbour when rodent numbers were decreasing. It is concluded that tundra birds are able to make optimal decisions about the choice of protective neighbour.
The development of algebraic proficiency

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Influence of the Jak2 V617F Mutational Load at Diagnosis on Major Clinical Aspects in Patients with Polycythemia Vera.

Most patients with polycythemia vera (PV) carry a mutation in the Janus tyrosine kinase 2 gene ( JAK2 V617F ); in 20–30% of them, mitotic recombination leads to homozygosity. It has been suggested that phenotype may be in part dependent on the mutant allele burden and the residual amount of wild-type (wt) allele, since wt JAK2 exherted a dominant negative effect during co-transfection experiments. However, simply differentiating heterozygotes from homozygotes may be misleading, since it does not distinguish between true heterozygosity or homozygosity in a mixed normal background, nor does it provide any measure of the relative contribution of the two alleles; consistently, homozygous progenitors have been found almost invariably in PV patients. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of JAK2 V617F mutant allele burden on hematologic and clinical parameters in 116 PV patients diagnosed according to the WHO criteria, for whom a blood sample, collected at, or within six months from, the diagnosis was available. To measure the ratio between mutated and wt JAK2 , we employed an ARMS-PCR procedure on RNA, purified from ≥95% pure preparations of PB granulocytes; mutation-specific amplicons were resolved and quantitated using capillary electrophoresis. Detectable amount of JAK2 V617F RNA in the granulocytes was found in 96 patients (83%), with a median value of JAK2 V617F / JAK2 WT ratio of 38% (range, 1 to 100%). JAK2 V617F patients were divided into four classes based on the relative amount of mutant allele: 32 patients (28%) had JAK2 V617F / JAK2 WT ratio of 1–25%, 24 (21%) of 26–50%, 17 (16%) of 51–75%, and 23 (20%) had 76–100% ratio. There was no difference among these classes as concerned the relative frequency of patients, to indicate that the extent of mutant allele at diagnosis is heterogeneous and that acquisition of the highest allele burden is not necessarily a time-dependent event. The hematocrit, leukocyte count, LDH and ALP values were directly related to the relative amount of JAK2 V617F RNA ( P JAK2 V617F / JAK2 WT ratio (P JAK2 V617F / JAK2 WT ratios (P=0.067). The frequency of patients who had PRV-1 over-expression was 8% among JAK2 WT , and rose to 53%, 77%, 100% and 100% in the four ratio classes, respectively (P PRV-1 C T levels and the JAK2 V617F / JAK2 WT ratio (r=−0.596, P JAK2 V617F / JAK2 WT ratios at diagnosis pointed to patients more likely to have splenomegaly (relative risk (RR) 5.0 to 7.82) or presenting pruritus (RR 1.25 to 5.21) (P JAK2 WT patients. A multivariate analysis, including age, leukocytosis, hematocrit, platelet count, and treatment options, indicated that the JAK2 V617F / JAK2 WT ratio behaved as an independent risk factor for major vascular events (P= 0.027). These data support a meaningful correlation between the proportion of mutant JAK2 allele and the propensity to a more symptomatic disease in PV patients, and foresee the quantitation of JAK2 mutant allele as an approach for patient risk stratification.
Orphanage children in Ghana: are their dietary needs met?

Nourishing the body is a basic human right. The literature argued that children are born with the potential to develop both physically and emotionally. However, socioeconomic and environmental factors affect the health and nutrition of many children in developing countries. Little research has been done on the dietary needs of children living in orphanages in Ghana. The main objective of the study was to determine the nutritional status, food consumption patterns and dietary intake of the orphanage children. A nonexperimental, descriptive action research with a multi-methodological approach was used. This study was conducted in an orphanage in Tamale. Forty children, 22 boys and 18 girls, aged 2-18 years and 23 orphanage workers formed the sample. Methods included on site observation, completion of a standard demographic questionnaire, a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. The nutritional status indicated that, 10% and 15% of the children were severely stunted and wasted respectively (<-2) Z score. The dietary intake data showed energy intakes for the children aged 1-3 years as 963 kcal, 7-10 years as 1627.4 kcal and 11-14 years as 1547.53 kcal and 15-18 years as 1540.6 kcal. Protein intake for the same age groups was 33, 52.1, 50.6 and 49.3 g respectively, with fat 27 g, 33.9 g, 31.9 g, 31.9 g and carbohydrate 150 g, 284.3 g, 269.1 g and 296.1 g respectively. The top five most frequently consumed foods were coffee (232 ml) and tea (232 ml), maize meal (109 g), bread (77 g), white rice (55 g). Protein was limited with anchovies (“Keta schoolboys”) and beans as the only source. Orphanage children are vulnerable and disadvantaged members of the community, especially if measures to provide adequate dietary intakes in terms of macro-and micronutrient are not in place. The findings indicated low intake of both macro-and micronutrients with the exception of protein. Nutritional status indicated that, 10% and 15% of the children were severely stunted and wasted respectively (<-2) Z score. The results of this study formed the basis for a nutrition education and training programme that was implemented in the orphanage.
Update on CTX-M-type β-lactamases

In the past 10 years an increasing number of members of a family of class A extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBL), the CTX-M-type, which are not closely related to TEM, SHV or OXA enzymes, have been detected. The extendedspectrum activity of CTX-M enzymes seems to be an ‘intrinsic’ enzymatic property of these ESBL, due mainly to the hydrogen-binding pattern and the formation of the hydrophobic core observed near the loop. When we compared CTX-M-type enzymes with other class A -lactamases, the degree of amino acid identity was found to be lower than 40 %. Among all CTX-M lactamases, four different clusters were observed. The homologies among these clusters were quite low, suggesting that they branched off early from an unknown protein or, as was found more recently, from different proteins. The CTX-M-1 cluster could have originated from KLUC-1 of Kluyvera cryocrescens, whereas the CTX-M-2 cluster could have originated from KLUA-1 or KLUA-2 of Kluyvera ascorbata. It has been observed that the insertion sequence ISEcp1, IS903 and complex class 1 integron In60 may be implicated in jumping DNA fragments (in these cases containing genes that code for -lactamases) from chromosomes to plasmids, which could contribute to the rapid spread of these -lactamases in various species of the family Enterobacteriaceae and in geographically widely distant areas. # 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Designing curriculum for healthcare interpreting education: A principles approach

In a classic in work in pedagogy, Brown states that “by perceiving and internalizing connections between practice (choices made in the classroom) and theory (principles derived from research) teaching is likely to be enlightened” (emphasis in the original) (2001, 54). This statement can certainly be applied to the teaching of healthcare interpreting. Healthcare interpreting (sometimes also referred to as medical interpreting or included in the term community interpreting) has been the focus of various studies that have shed light on the complexities and challenges of this specific setting (Angelelli 2001, 2003, and 2004a; Bolden 2000, Cambridge 1999; Davidson 1998, 2000, and 2001; Metzger 1999; Prince 1986; Wadensjö 1995 and 1998). Interestingly, the research produced in this field is not reflected either in current programs that aim to train healthcare interpreters nor in professional associations intimately connected with them (e.g., Mount San Antonio College and The California Healthcare Interpreting Association, or Bridging the Gap and the Massachusetts Medical Interpreters Association). 1 This lack of connection leads us to assume an unfortunate divorce between research and
General models of ecological diversification. I. Conceptual synthesis

Abstract. Evolutionary paleoecologists have proposed many explanations for Phanerozoic trends in ecospace utilization, including escalation, seafood through time, filling of an empty ecospace, and tiering, among others. These hypotheses can be generalized into four models of functional diversification within a life-habit ecospace framework (functional-trait space). The models also incorporate concepts in community assembly, functional diversity, evolutionary diversification, and morphological disparity. The redundancy model produces an ecospace composed of clusters of functionally similar taxa. The partitioning model produces an ecospace that is progressively subdivided by taxa along life-habit gradients. The expansion model produces an ecospace that becomes progressively enlarged by the accumulation of taxa with novel life habits. These models can be caused by a wide range of ecological and evolutionary processes, but they are all caused by particular “driven” mechanisms. A fourth, neutral model also exists, in which ecospace is filled at random by life habits: this model can serve as a passive null model. Each model produces distinct dynamics for functional diversity/disparity statistics when simulated by stochastic simulations of ecospace diversification. In this first of two companion articles, I summarize the theoretical bases of these models, describe their expected statistical dynamics, and discuss their relevance to important paleoecological trends and theories. Although most synoptic interpretations of Phanerozoic ecological history invoke one or more of the driven models, I argue that this conclusion is premature until tests are conducted that provide better statistical support for them over simpler passive models.
Responses of Young Almond Trees to Two Drought Periods in the Field

SummaryWater potential, conductance to water vapour diffusion and 14CO2 uptake rate were measured in the field on leaves of young, trickle-irrigated almond trees subjected to drought periods. Treatments imposed were: T. two one-month drying cycles with an interim period of recovery; T2, a single one-month drying cycle; T3, a single 2.5-month drying cycle; and T4, daily irrigation. Midday leaf water potential in T, and T2 trees decreased 0.8 to 1.0 MPa below that of the control, and that of T3 trees was further decreased by about 0.7 MPa. Turgor pressure was partially maintained in the stressed treatments through osmotic adjustment. Osmotic potential at full turgor in leaves of unirrigated trees was about 0.3 MPa lower than in the controls and was the same at the end of both drought cycles. Decreases in osmotic potential were accompanied by increases in dry weight per unit leaf area. Despite partial maintenance of turgor, water stress decreased leaf conductance and 14CO2 uptake. Leaf conductance and 14CO2 .