Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of inherent meteorology uncertainty on air quality model predictions

It is well established that there are a number of different classifications and sources of uncertainties in environmental modeling systems. Air quality models rely on two key inputs, namely, meteorology and emissions. When using air quality models for decision making, it is important to understand how uncertainties in these inputs affect the simulated concentrations. Ensembles are one method to explore how uncertainty in meteorology affects air pollution concentrations. Most studies explore this uncertainty by running different meteorological models or the same model with different physics options and in some cases combinations of different meteorological and air quality models. While these have been shown to be useful techniques in some cases, we present a technique that leverages the initial condition perturbations of a weather forecast ensemble, namely, the Short‐Range Ensemble Forecast system to drive the four‐dimensional data assimilation in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)‐Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with a key focus being the response of ozone chemistry and transport. Results confirm that a sizable spread in WRF solutions, including common weather variables of temperature, wind, boundary layer depth, clouds, and radiation, can cause a relatively large range of ozone‐mixing ratios. Pollutant transport can be altered by hundreds of kilometers over several days. Ozone‐mixing ratios of the ensemble can vary as much as 10–20 ppb or 20–30% in areas that typically have higher pollution levels.
The Toyota production system: czech and nippon cultural perspectives

This text focuses on the cultural relationships between Czech nationals employed at Japanese subsidiaries located in the Czech Republic. The paper analyses the possibilities of implementation of Toyota Production System within Japanese subsidiaries in Czech Republic. Moreover, it explores both the fit between the cultural values of Czech and Japanese management and the values incorporated in the Toyota Production System, and the various relationships of employees of both cultures at a managerial and operational level. In order to conduct the study, 79 companies were contacted, and survey responses from a total of 108 Czech and Japanese employees were collected. Using a self-administered questionnaire created in Czech, English and Japanese language, the findings of both common and divergent culturally-induced perspectives are analysed. Due to consistency with other cross-cultural studies Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are used as foundation. The discussion correlates the results to the extent that they are deemed appropriate. Hall’s low and high context models supplement the discussion, where applicable, to further explain issues relative to perception and communication. The dialogue is rich in the knowledge of Japanese methodologies of quality and overall management practice known in this case as the Toyota Production System. Data from the survey show that both Czech and Japanese employees have similar values related to work and neither job satisfaction nor number of conflicts is connected with TPS training. The manuscript concludes with both the list of existing research limitations that can be overcome in next studies, and an analysis of the need for further research within other cross- cultural frameworks.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GRADE RETENTION AS AN INTERVENTION STRATEGY FOR ACADEMIC FAILURE

Viland Kelly Rochelle _ (Writer) (Last Name) (First) (Middle) The Effectiveness of Grade Retention as an Intervention Strategy for Academic Failure (Title) Over the past decade there has been public and political pressure to improve the quality of education. Schools are being encouraged to adopt grade retention policies to help children who are falling behind academically. Given the large number of students that will be affected by this educational intervention, a study of the effectiveness of retention is worthy of educational research. This research project includes a review of the literature regarding the characteristics of a student that make him or her more susceptible to grade retention. It also examines the academic, social, and emotional effectiveness of this educational intervention. The results of past research indicate that there are some personal characteristics that can predict grade retention, and there are few positive academic, social, and emotional outcomes of grade retention.
Differences in fine root traits between Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) - a case study in the Kysucké Beskydy Mts.

Interspecific comparisons of the fine root "behaviour" under stressful situations may answer questions related to resistance to changing environmental conditions in the particular tree species. Our study was focused on Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst. ) and European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) grown in an acidic soil where acidity was caused by past air pollution in the Kysucke Beskydy Mts. , North-Western Slovakia. Between April and October 2006, the following fine root traits were studied: biomass and necromass seasonal dynamics, vertical distribution, production, mortality, fine root turnover and production to mortality ratio. Sequential soil coring was repeatedly implemented in April, June, July, September, and October including the soil layers of 0-5, 5-15, 15-25, and 25-35 cm. Results indicated that spruce had a lower standing stock of fine roots than beech, and fine roots of spruce were more superficially distrib - uted than those of beech. Furthermore, we estimated higher seasonal dynamics and also higher turnover of fine roots in spruce than in beech. The production to mortality ratio was higher in beech than in spruce, which was hypothetically explained as the effect of drought episodes that occurred in July and August. The results suggested that the beech root system could resist a physiological stress better than that of spruce. This conclusion was supported by different vertical distributions of fine roots in spruce and beech stands.
Myrtaceae, a cache of fungal biodiversity

Twenty-six species of microfungi are treated, the majority of which are associated with leaf spots of Corymbia, Eucalyptus and Syzygium spp. (Myrtaceae). The treated species include three new genera, Bagadiella, Foliocryphia and Pseudoramichloridium, 20 new species and one new combination. Novelties on Eucalyptus include: Antennariella placitae, Bagadiella lunata, Cladoriella rubrigena, C. paleospora, Cyphellophora eucalypti, Elsinoë eucalypticola, Foliocryphia eucalypti, Leptoxyphium madagascariense, Neofabraea eucalypti, Polyscytalum algarvense, Quambalaria simpsonii, Selenophoma australiensis, Sphaceloma tectificae, Strelitziana australiensis and Zeloasperisporium eucalyptorum. Stylaspergillus synanamorphs are reported for two species of Parasympodiella, P. eucalypti sp. nov. and P. elongata, while Blastacervulus eucalypti, Minimedusa obcoronata and Sydowia eucalypti are described from culture. Furthermore, Penidiella corymbia and Pseudoramichloridium henryi are newly described on Corymbia, Pseudocercospora palleobrunnea on Syzygium and Rachicladosporium americanum on leaf litter. To facilitate species identification, as well as determine phylogenetic relationships, DNA sequence data were generated from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8S nrDNA, ITS2) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of all taxa studied.
An evidence for prompt electric field disturbance driven by changes in the solar wind density under northward IMF Bz condition

Before the onset of a geomagnetic storm on 22 January 2012 (Ap = 24), an enhancement in solar wind number density from 10/cm3 to 22/cm3 during 0440–0510 UT under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bz) condition is shown to have enhanced the high‐latitude ionospheric convection and also caused variations in the geomagnetic field globally. Conspicuous changes in ΔX are observed not only at longitudinally separated low‐latitude stations over Indian (prenoon), South American (midnight), Japanese (afternoon), Pacific (afternoon) and African (morning) sectors but also at latitudinally separated stations located over high and middle latitudes. The latitudinal variation of the amplitude of the ΔX during 0440–0510 UT is shown to be consistent with the characteristics of prompt penetration electric field disturbances. Most importantly, the density pulse event caused enhancements in the equatorial electrojet strength and the peak height of the F layer (hmF2) over the Indian dip equatorial sector. Further, the concomitant enhancements in electrojet current and F layer movement over the dip equator observed during this space weather event suggest a common driver of prompt electric field disturbance at this time. Such simultaneous variations are found to be absent during magnetically quiet days. In absence of significant change in solar wind velocity and magnetospheric substorm activity, these observations point toward perceptible prompt electric field disturbance over the dip equator driven by the overcompression of the magnetosphere by solar wind density enhancement.
Seasonal response of photosynthetic characteristics and productivity of young Darjeeling tea clone to organic and inorganic fertilization.

The physiological responses and yield of china -type high quality Darjeeling tea (Camellia sinensis L) clone T78 to organic and inorganic fertilization were investigated in the Darjeeling Hills duri ng the different seasons of 2007 to 2010. Highest photosynthetic rate (PN) was observed with the application of 60: 30: 60 kg -ha basal through CAN, RP and MOP (T6), which was followed by farmyard manure (FYM) @ 5 tones + 30: 30: 60 kg -ha basal through Urea, RP and MOP (T3) but the lowest with the application of FYM @ 10 tones -ha (T2). The maximum value of Pn was recorded in T6 during autumn, giving 38.6 percent increase over the control (T1), whereas in rains the lowest increase over the control (13.7 percent) was recorded with 60: 30: 60 kg -ha basal through Urea, RP and MOP (T4). In general, higherPN coincided with higher ψL values. T6 recorded highest transpiration rate (E) tother treatments. E increases in most of the treatments during rain. In general, the decrease in stomatal conductance (g s) was more pronounced in moisture stress period. The maximum value of g s was recorded in autumn in T6. In all treatments, vapour pr essure deficit (VPD) was highest in summer and higher in autumn and winter than rain. Chlorophyll content (Chl) was greater in fertilized plots. Chl wa s recorded highest during autumnand lowest in moisture stress period. T6 showed maximum Chl and T1 recor ded lowest. A positive correlation between Chl content and Pn existed in the present study. Highest yield was recorded in T6 and increased 47 percent over T1. The relation between photosynthesis and yield in tea are discussed.
Prognostic value of the BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of the BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and to determine the correlation between this mutation and indicators of poor prognosis and outcome in patients with PTC. The BRAF V600E mutation status was analyzed in 187 tumor samples using the multiplex allele-specific PCR method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association of the BRAF V600E mutation with clinical features and patient outcome. The sensitivity of the multiplex allele-specific PCR combined with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography reached ~1%. The BRAF V600E mutation was observed in 63.6% (119/187) of tumor tissues, predominantly in PTC specimens, and no BRAF mutation was identified in other benign-type thyroid diseases. The univariate analysis indicated that the BRAF V600E mutation was associated with age, tumor stage and prognosis (P<0.05). In addition, the frequency of the BRAF V600E mutation was significantly different in the central (75.3%) and lateral neck (49.3%) lymph nodes of patients with lymph node metastasis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the BRAF V600E mutation (HR, 2.471; 95% CI, 1.149–5.312) and lymph node metastasis (HR, 3.003; 95% CI, 1.027–8.771) are independent factors that predict tumor prognosis. Thus, the BRAF V600E mutation is an independent risk factor that may be used to predict thyroid cancer persistence/recurrence.
Bubble Thy Neighbor: Portfolio Effects and Externalities from Capital Controls

We use changes in Brazil’s tax on capital inflows from 2006 to 2011 to test for direct portfolio effects and externalities from capital controls on investor portfolios. The analysis is structured based on information from investor interviews. We find that an increase in Brazil’s tax on foreign investment in bonds causes investors to significantly decrease their portfolio allocations to Brazil in both bonds and equities. Investors simultaneously increase allocations to other countries that have substantial exposure to China and decrease allocations to countries viewed as more likely to use capital controls. Much of the effect of capital controls on portfolio flows appears to occur through signalling —i.e. changes in investor expectations about future policies— rather than the direct cost of the controls. This evidence of significant externalities from capital controls suggests that any assessment of controls should consider their effects on portfolio flows to other countries. JEL Classification: F3, F4, F5, G0, G1
Relative Rates of Glacial and Nonglacial Erosion in Alpine Environments

It is commonly argued that erosion rates in valleys occupied by temperate glaciers are greater than in valleys where nonglacial processes dominate. However, a recent study by Hicks et al. (Arctic and Alpine Research, 1990, 22: 26-42), comparing sediment yields from glacierized and unglacierized basins in New Zealand, casts doubt on this idea. Given the difficulty of estimating sediment yields, and procedural differences between studies, we suggest it is not yet possible to define a consistent relationship between glacierization and sediment yield. Further, the value of such a relationship is questionable because percent glacial cover is not an adequate surrogate measure of glacial erosional intensity, and because present day comparisons of sediment yields from different basins do not permit accurate estimation of relative rates of glacial and nonglacial processes. Relationships based on the narrow range of present-day spatial variations are not reliable indicators of the temporal changes in erosion that would occur during glacial/interglacial cycles, which include paraglacial effects with response times that vary with basin size. The evaluation of relative rates of glacial and nonglacial processes requires a sediment-budget approach in which the role of storage and paraglacial sedimentation in modulating sediment yields is explicitly recognized.
BIOCENOTIC CONDITIONS OF SOME LAKE MINNOW HABITATS IN THE POLESIE LUBELSKIE REGION

A comprehensive natural survey was carried out in three post-bog reservoirs (Jelino, Sumin, Siedliszcze 1) of Polesie Lubelskie in 2006– 2008. The comparative analysis was focused on evaluation of water physical and chemical factor s, as well as selected biocenotic elements in those reservoirs (macrophyte, bottom fauna, and zoo plankton structure). Values of determined physical and chemical factors in waters of studied post-bogs were quite strongly associated with genetic and ecological type of areas adjacent to th e reservoirs. On that basis, they were classified in view of their trophy as follows – Jelino as dist rophic, Sumin as slightly eutrophic, Siedliszcze 1 as eutrophic. Moreover, study results revealed that lake minnow found the best habitat conditions in eutrophic Sumin reservoir, while the worst – in dystrophic Jelino. Despite the great natural assets and low threat level, there is a possibility o f their disappearance.
Ongoing Galactic Accretion: Simulations and Observations of Condensed Gas in Hot Halos

Ongoing accretion onto galactic disks has been recently theorized to progress via the unstable cooling of the baryonic halo into condensed clouds. These clouds have been identified as analogous to the high-velocity clouds (HVCs) observed in H I in our Galaxy. Here we compare the distribution of HVCs observed around our own Galaxy and extraplanar gas around the Andromeda galaxy to these possible HVC analogs in a simulation of galaxy formation that naturally generates these condensed clouds. We find a very good correspondence between these observations and the simulation in terms of number, angular size, velocity distribution, overall flux, and flux distribution of the clouds. We show that condensed cloud accretion accounts for only ~0.2 M☉ yr−1 of the current overall Galactic accretion in the simulations. We also find that the simulated halo clouds accelerate and become more massive as they fall toward the disk. The parameter space of the simulated clouds is consistent with all of the observed HVC complexes that have distance constraints, except the Magellanic Stream, which is known to have a different origin. We also find that nearly half of these simulated halo clouds would be indistinguishable from lower velocity gas and that this effect is strongest farther from the disk of the galaxy, thus indicating a possible missing population of HVCs. These results indicate that the majority of HVCs are consistent with being infalling, condensed clouds that are a remnant of Galaxy formation.
Ogvcfcvc " qh " vjg " ctvkeng " vjcv " yknn " dg " xkuwcnk ¦ gf " kp " QpnkpgHktuv

Little attention has been devoted to date to the study of morphological 1 knowledge in individuals with developmental dyslexia. The current study compares 2 the ability of Hebrew-speaking adult dyslexic students and gradeschool children to 3 analyze written words into their morphological components, using a linguistic analogy 4 task. Two sets of monolingual Hebrew-speaking participants—152 typically devel5 oping gradeschool children and 38 undergraduate students diagnosed with reading 6 disabilities—were administered the Morphological Analogies Task. Results indicate 7 an early ability of normally developing children to perform morphological analo8 gies, while the adult dyslexic group performed on par with 3rd and 4th grade. Error 9 analysis revealed that the overwhelming majority of the erroneous responses in all 10 grades involved morphological strategies rather than the associative semantic strat11 egy. However, the adult dyslexic students had many more associative responses than 12 the graderschoolers. This testifies to the reduced written morphological abilities of 13 adult dyslexic students. 14
Thermochemical convection in Earth′s inner core

SUMMARY The dynamics of Earth’s inner core depends critically on whether it is stably stratified or unstably stratified. We propose here a general analysis of the thermal evolution of the inner core. Whether the geotherm in the inner core is superadiabatic or not depends on the inner core solidification rate, on the thermal diffusivity of iron at inner core conditions, and on the ratio of the Clapeyron slope to the adiabatic gradient in the inner core. The temperature field within the inner core can be destabilizing—and could drive convection—if the growth of the inner core is fast enough. The effect of radiogenic heating is probably small, and, perhaps surprisingly, can even stabilize the inner core against convection. The uncertainties are such that it is not possible at present to conclude about the likelihood of thermal convection in the inner core, but recent estimates of the Core–Mantle Boundary (CMB) heat flux and inner core conductivity favour convection. Thermal convection is more likely early in the inner core history, a consequence of the secular decrease in cooling rate of the core. In addition, solidification-induced partitioning of the light elements may induce a stable density stratification within the inner core. We develop a numerical model of thermochemical convection in a growing inner core, which couples the evolution and dynamics of the inner core with the thermal and compositional evolution of the outer core. Melting and crystallization associated with deformation of the Inner Core Boundary (ICB) would be of importance for the style of convection if the viscosity is large, but we focus here on the case of low viscosity for which phase change associated with dynamic topography at the ICB is expected to play a secondary role. In this regime, convection is typical of high Rayleigh number internally heated convection, with cold plumes falling from the ICB. Several possible scenarios can lead to a layered inner core, either because of cessation of thermal convection due to the decrease in cooling rate of the core, or because of a compositional stratification which can confine convection in the deep inner core, or stabilize the whole inner core. For each of these scenarios, it is possible to find plausible sets of parameters (inner core age, viscosity, magnitude of the compositional stratification) for which the radius at which convection stops corresponds to the radius of the seismically inferred innermost inner core.
Estimation of Forest Biomass Using Multivariate Relevance Vector Regression

The objective of this study is to develop a method based on multivariate relevance vector regression (mvrvr) as a kernel-based Bayesian model for the estimation of above-ground biomass (agb) in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Field AGB data from the Hyrcanian forests and multi-temporal PALSAR backscatter values are used for training and testing the methods. The results of the MVRVR method are then compared with other methods: multivariate linear regression (MLR), multilayer perceptron neural network (mlpnn), and support vector regression (svr). The MLR model showed lower values of R2 than the three other approaches. Although the SVR model was found to be more accurate than MLPNN, it had the lowest saturation point of 224.75 Mg/ha. The use of MVRVR model significantly improves the estimation of AGB (R2 = 0.90; RMSE = 32.05 Mg/ha), and the model showed a superior performance in estimating AGB with the highest saturation point (297.81 Mg/ha).