Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ozone and aerosol correlated observations at Thule, Greenland, in the period 1991–1994

Ozonesonde launches and ground-based lidar observations have been carried out at Thule, Greenland, during the winters 1991-1992, 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 following the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The profiles thus obtained show large amounts of aerosols of volcanic origin in the lower stratosphere, and negatively correlated laminated structures in the ozone and in the aerosol content. The presence of these structures is confined to the region below approximately 18 km. The laminae are probably due to the spatial and temporal modulation induced by the dynamics at the edge of the polar vortex : large differences exist in the aerosol and ozone concentration inside and outside the vortex. Averages of the correlation coefficient between the deviations of ozone and aerosol from their seasonal averages, calculated in 4-km height intervals for the quasi-simultaneous observations, are consistently negative in the 13- to 19-km region during the three winters. Minima of the average correlation coefficient occur at 18.5 km with −0.56 during 1991-1992, at 18 km (−0.69) during 1992-1993 and at 14.5 km (−0.38) during 1993-1994. Short-term trajectory analysis do not provide firm evidence for chemical phenomena occurring on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds or volcanic aerosol : such possible actions appear to be masked by the dynamical phenomena.
Magnetism of the Acapulco Primitive Achondrite and Implications for the Evolution of Partially Differentiated Bodies

Primitive achondrites like the acapulcoites‐lodranites (AL) clan are meteorites that formed on bodies in the process of forming a metallic core, providing a unique window into how early solar system processes transformed unmelted material into differentiated bodies. However, the size and structure of the parent body of ALs and other primitive achondrites are largely unknown. Paleomagnetism can establish the presence or absence of a metallic core by looking for evidence of a dynamo field. We conducted a magnetic study of the Acapulco acapulcoite to determine its ferromagnetic minerals and their recording properties. This is the first detailed rock magnetic and first paleomagnetic study of a primitive achondrite group. We determined that metal inclusions inside silicate grains consist of two magnetic minerals, kamacite and tetrataenite, which have robust recording properties. However, the mechanisms and timing by which these minerals acquired any natural remanent magnetization are unknown. Despite this, Acapulco has not been substantially remagnetized since arriving on Earth and therefore should retain a record dating to 4.55 billion years ago. Future studies could characterize this record by using high‐resolution magnetometry measurements of individual populations of grains and developing an understanding of how and when they became magnetized. Our discovery of tetrataenite in ALs provides the first mineralogical evidence for slow cooling [<∼5–10 × 103°C per million years (Ma−1)] of the AL parent body at low temperatures (∼320°C). Its presence suggests the AL parent body is unlikely to have been catastrophically disrupted at AL peak temperatures (∼1,200°C) without subsequent reaccretion.
A Model for the Thickness and Salinity of the Upper Layer in the Arctic Ocean and the Relationship between the Ice Thickness and Some External Parameters

Abstract This paper presents a dynamical model for the salinity and thickness of the upper layer in the Arctic. The parameters are the river runoff to the Arctic, the buoyancy supply through the Bering Strait, the export of ice from the Arctic and a parameter characterizing the vertical mixing. An ice model is formulated, having the following two important properties: 1) the horizontal surface area of the exported ice is essentially determined by external parameters (the wind field over the Arctic); and 2) there is a relationship between the ice thickness and the fraction of open water in the Arctic. The model for the upper layer and the ice model are used together with a heat budget for the Arctic, also including the effect of different albedo for ice and open water. A relationship between the freshwater supply and the ice thickness is derived. Also investigated are the effects on the ice thickness of a changed export of ice area and changed properties of the flow through the Bering Strait. It is found t.
How Should Research Performance Be Measured? A Study of Swedish Economists

Billions are allocated annually to university research. The increased specialization and international integration of research and researchers has animated the need for comparisons of performance across fields, institutions and individual researchers. However, there is still no consensus regarding how such rankings should be conducted and what output measures to use. We rank all full professors in a particular discipline (economics) in one country using seven established measures of research performance. We show both that the rank order varies greatly across measures and that the distribution of total research output is valued very differently depending on the measure used.
Approximation results regarding the multiple-output mixture of linear experts model

Mixture of experts (MoE) models are a class of artificial neural networks that can be used for functional approximation and probabilistic modeling. An important class of MoE models is the class of mixture of linear experts (MoLE) models, where the expert functions map to real topological output spaces. There are a number of powerful approximation results regarding MoLE models, when the output space is univariate. These results guarantee the ability of MoLE mean functions to approximate arbitrary continuous functions, and MoLE models themselves to approximate arbitrary conditional probability density functions. We utilize and extend upon the univariate approximation results in order to prove a pair of useful results for situations where the output spaces are multivariate.
Performance of a whole blood interferon gamma assay in detecting latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in children

Context Diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection using tuberculin skin testing (TST) in children is complicated by the potential influence of prior exposure to Bacille Calmette Geurin (BCG) vaccination or environmental mycobacteria. A whole blood assay has recently been developed to quantitatively measure interferon gamma (IFN- γ ) production by lymphocytes specific to the MTB antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10, but its use and assessment in children has been limited to date. Objective To compare the performance of the whole blood IFN- γ assay with TST in diagnosing latent tuberculosis (TB) infection or TB disease in children in routine clinical practice. Patients Children with a high risk of latent TB infection or TB disease were eligible. High risk was defined as contact with TB disease, clinical suspicion of TB disease, or recent arrival from an area of high TB prevalence.
Polymorphisms in ADAM33 are associated with allergic rhinitis due to Japanese cedar pollen

Background A recent report provided evidence that a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 33 (ADAM33), a member of the ADAM family, is a novel susceptibility gene in asthma linked to bronchial hyper‐responsiveness. However, there has been no investigation of the genetic role of ADAM33 variants in nasal allergy.
The airfall-pollen budget of archaeologically important caves : Creswell Crags, England

This paper investigates fundamental taphonomic issues for palynologists working on archaeologically important cave deposits—the extent to which the pollen and spores reaching the accumulating sediment surfaces reflect the vegetation in cave entrances, or reflect the more regional environments beyond the caves. The study sites were four adjacent caves at Creswell Crags, near Sheffield, England—Church Hole, Dog Hole, C7 and Robin Hood's Cave. The compositions of the pollen and spore assemblages caught in the caves over a one year period were shown to reflect the vegetation in the cave mouths and the wider area beyond. The AP:NAP ratio in the assemblages trapped in the caves corresponded with the proportions of woodland and open ground within a 5 km radius of the site. Comparatively high representations of fern spores in caves were a persistent feature and were attributed to the interactions of habitat, distribution and taphonomic processes—(i) the abundance of ferns in cave mouths, and (ii) the effects produced by a combination of diurnal micro-climatological process interacting with diurnal variations in spore production in the cave entrance. In two caves—Church Hole Cave and Dog Hole Cave—the numbers of grains caught appeared to decline with increasing distance into the cave. In Cave C7, the numbers of grains caught increased towards the back of the cave. The number of grains caught appears to be a principal determinant of the number of plant taxa identified. There were no clear relationships between the presence of a "flue" effect in the cave and the presence of an increase or a decrease in the number of grains caught with changing distance into the caves. It is concluded that as long as account is taken of the particular topographic, microclimatic and taphonomic conditions in these caves, it is possible to infer the character of the vegetation beyond their confines, from the airfall pollen and spores trapped with them at the cave sediment surface.
THE EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN WESTERN TERAI OF NEPAL

The basic purpose of this research work is to find out the effect of demographic factors on fertility behavior of people in western Terai of Nepal. Trend in fertility is analyzed statistically in detail not only district wise but also for the whole of the western Terai of Nepal on the basis of primary data collect by the researcher. Among different variables, affecting fertility wives’ education is found as the most effective variable. It has also been observed that an upward shift in the occupational status, affects the fertility behaviours of couples negatively. Similarly there exists an inverse relationship between income and fertility. Among the couples of different religions Muslims couples have the highest fertility and Hindus have the lowest. Rural respondents have the higher fertility than the urban ones. Among the various castes analyzed it has been deduced that Janajati couples have the lowest mean fertility in the study area. Female respondents use contraceptives more than the male ones. Key words : Demographic factors; Fertility; Surviving' Habitat; Kapilvastu Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 11 & 12 No. 1-2 (2010) Combined Issue Page: 99- 111 Uploaded date : 10 April, 2012
Age constraints on alleged “footprints” preserved in the Xalnene Tuff near Puebla, Mexico

Impressions in a basaltic tuff located around Valsequillo Reservoir near Puebla, Mexico, have been interpreted as human and animal footprints along an ancient lakeshore, and are cited as evidence of the presence of humans in North America at 40 ka B.P. In this paper, we present new data that challenge this interpretation. Paleomagnetic analyses of the Xalnene Tuff, and lavas from the volcano from which it erupted, yield fully reversed magnetic polarities, indicating that the tuff was deposited prior to the last geomagnetic reversal (the BrunhesMatuyama ca. 790 ka). 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of Xalnene lapilli and lava from the source volcano yields indistinguishable ages of ~1.3 Ma, consistent with a period of reversed magnetic polarity (C1r.2r). Additional paleomagnetic measurements of individual millimeter-size lapilli indicate that the pyroclastic grains within the Xalnene Tuff have not been disturbed or rotated since their initial deposition, thereby ruling out the possibility that the tuff was reworked by wave action along the shores of an ancient lacustrine environment. This and other evidence indicate that the marks observed in the stone quarry site are not human ichnofossils.
Osmosis During Low Salinity Water Flooding

Several research groups have shown that injection of low saline water may yield an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The mechanisms underlying this “low salinity effect” are, however, still unclear. We believe that osmosis has been overlooked as a possible mechanism for the observed EOR effect. Osmosis is bound to occur in an oil/water/rock system when injecting low salinity water as the system is full of an excellent semi-permeable membrane, namely the oil itself. Hence we believe that this topic deserves more attention. In the present work oil droplets were observed to move under the influence of an osmotic gradient in a simple visualization experiment. The experimental setup consisted of two oil droplets in a ~1 mm diameter glass tube with salt water between them and distilled water on the outside. For a porous rock medium it is proposed that such osmotic gradients relocate oil by expanding an otherwise inaccessible aqueous phase.
AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction

: As a nascent area of study, gamification has attracted the interest of researchers in several fields, but such researchers have scarcely focused on creating a theoretical foundation for gamification research. Gamification involves using game-like features in non-game contexts to motivate users and improve performance outcomes. As a boundary-spanning subject by nature, gamification has drawn the interest of scholars from diverse communities, such as information systems, education, marketing, computer science, and business administration. To establish a theoretical foundation, we need to clearly define and explain gamification in comparison with similar concepts and areas of research. Likewise, we need to define the scope of the domain and develop a research agenda that explicitly considers theory’s important role. In this review paper, we set forth the pre-theoretical structures necessary for theory building in this area. Accordingly, we engaged an interdisciplinary group of discussants to evaluate and select the most relevant theories for gamification. Moreover, we developed exemplary research questions to help create a research agenda for gamification. We conclude that using a multi-theoretical perspective in creating a research agenda should help and encourage IS researchers to take a lead role in this promising and emerging area.
Future-ready skills development through Experiential Learning: perceptions from students working in multidisciplinary teams

This paper addresses the learning outcomes and student perceptions of the Aalto University Product Development Project course (PdP), which promotes experiential learning and where multidisciplinary master student teams work on industry-based projects. These outcomes were collected through a questionnaire filled by students voluntarily, which focussed on what were the main competencies, where they were acquired and what was the core learning. The results highlight the significance of interpersonal skills, which formed the most notable category reported by students, and were perceived as critical for project success. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of the multifaceted role that prototyping plays in communication and sense-making.
Yellowstone in Yukon: The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group

The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group, a thick subaerial volcanic succession that once covered much of southwest Yukon, was deposited on an uplifted terrane and is divisible into a lower fragmental unit and an upper flood basalt unit. Coeval hydrothermal activity resulted in widespread alteration and gold mineralization. The lavas are shoshonites, enriched in large ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, but depleted in high field strength elements. Ankaramitic absarokite flows in the upper Carmacks Group range up to 15 wt% MgO, requiring a high liquidus temperature (1400 °C at 1 bar, dry). High K 2 O contents (>3%) of these magnesian lavas indicate that the potassic character of the volcanic suite was established in the mantle. Although previously interpreted as subduction related, the Carmacks Group was erupted during a Cordilleran-wide magmatic lull and lacks coeval calc-alkalic batholiths. The lavas are petrologically similar to plume-related Eocene to Pliocene potassic lavas of the western United States. New paleomagnetic collections, combined with previous work, place the Carmacks Group 17.2° ± 6.5° (1900 ± 700 km) south of its present position relative to the craton during deposition, near the paleolocation of the Yellowstone hotspot. The spatial coincidence, similarity of tectonic setting, and lithologic similarity of the Carmacks Group and Yellowstone volcanic successions suggest that the Carmacks Group is the 70 Ma effusion of the Yellowstone hotspot. Subsequent northward displacement of the Carmacks Group is attributed to coupling with the Kula plate. Correlation of the Carmacks Group and the Yellowstone hotspot fixes the paleolatitude and the paleolongitude of the terranes of the northern Intermontane belt at 70 Ma.
SABAE‐HW: An Enhanced Water Balance Prediction in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme Compared with Existing Models

The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) is a numerical model pioneered at the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service by Verseghy (1991) and Verseghy et al. (1993) to evaluate the vertical transfer of energy and water between the atmosphere and three surface soil layers. This article introduces SABAE‐HW (soil atmosphere boundary, accurate evaluations of heat and water), a new model built using the modeling framework of CLASS version 2.6 that allows a user to specify depth and number of soil layers. The physically based calculations of heat and moisture transfer are adequately extended in the new code to fit the desired refined mesh. The generalized minimal residual (GMRES) iterative method is used to resolve new soil heat flux terms. Moreover, a water table lower boundary condition is added to allow eventual coupling with groundwater models. The results of SABAE‐HW are validated for some synthetic runs under real‐like seasonal weather conditions and various soil types. Then the model prediction capability is confirmed for a location within the Assiniboine Delta Aquifer using North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) atmospheric data. Intercomparisons of results to simulation outputs from CLASS, SHAW, HYDRUS‐1D, and HELP models demonstrate the capability of SABAE‐HW to predict reasonable moisture profiles and water budget terms. Under warm weather conditions, SABAE‐HW and SHAW yield similar water content profiles and bottom drainages. Also, in the freezing–thawing situations, detailed moisture profiles by SABAE‐HW are contrasted to both CLASS and SHAW solutions.
Sources of recent tectonic stress in the Pannonian region:inferences from finite element modelling

SUMMARY We present the results of finite element modelling of the recent stress field in the Pannonian basin and surrounding Alpine orogenic belt. Our results show that the recent, predominantly compressive, stress regime in the Alpine‐Pannonian‐Carpathian‐ Dinaric system is governed by distinct tectonic factors. Of great importance is the deformation of crustal blocks with diVerent geometries and rigidities in an overall convergent setting associated with the Africa‐Europe collision. The most important stress source appears to be the counterclockwise rotation of the Adriatic microplate at the southwest boundary of the Pannonian basin. This plate tectonic unit has been interpreted as moving independently of both the European plate and the African plate. Additional boundary conditions—active shortening and compression in the Vrancea zone and the Bohemian Massif, and the eVect of the immobile Moesian Platform— also significantly influence the modelling results. The incorporation of additional stress sources such as crustal thickness variation and the presence of two main fault zones separating the primary tectonic units in the study area have only locally important eVects but improve the fit between the calculated results and the observed stress pattern.
Social Interaction Location Choice: A Latent Class Modeling Approach

Social contacts are an important aspect of an individual's quality of life. Social contacts take place at a certain time and location: Geography matters, for instance, at home or a work location or at different types of (local) facilities such as schools, shops, sports, and catering facilities. For urban planners, it is essential to know which locations provide opportunities for social interaction. As this knowledge is currently largely lacking, more empirical research is needed. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to analyze the diversity of participation in social activities at different locations and the relationship among social interaction location, sociodemographic characteristics, and characteristics of the residential environment. The analyses are based on two-day social interaction diary data that were collected in 2008 among 747 respondents living in the Eindhoven region in The Netherlands. A latent class multinomial logit model is used to segment respondents in terms of their social activity location choices. The article reports findings of several descriptive analyses and the latent class model. Four latent classes are identified, showing different patterns in choices for social activity locations. Latent class membership can be explained by household and personal time-use characteristics (e.g., gender, age, household type, number of face-to-face social interactions, frequency of contact with neighbors), as well as characteristics of the residential environment (e.g., urban density, distance to several facilities, and satisfaction with local facilities). The findings could provide useful information for local governments and planners regarding the importance of public facilities for social interaction of various segments of the population to support individual well-being and neighborhood livability.
Nutrients in Streams Draining Woodland and Farmland near Coshocton, Ohio

Nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium concentrations were measured in streams draining woodland and farmland watersheds at Coshocton, Ohio, 1966 through 1969. Temporal variations in the nutrient concentrations were much smaller than the changes in the rate of streamflow. No relationship was found between any nutrient concentration and streamflow, and no seasonal changes in concentration were detected. Nutrient losses from farmland were significantly greater than those from woodland. The nitrate-N concentration in the farm runoff was below 2 ppm except for one short period when it rose to 10 ppm. The input of nitrogen in the rain was greater than the loss in runoff from both watersheds. The average concentration of phosphate in runoff was 22 ppb (of P) from the farm and 15 ppb from the woodland. The analysis of the data shows that total nutrient losses cannot be calculated meaningfully unless both hydrologic and chemical data are available. The volume of water flow is the most important variable in this calculation.