Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fish assemblages and biotic integrity of a highly modified floodplain river, the Upper Mississippi, and a large, relatively unimpacted tributary, the Lower Wisconsin

The Upper Mississippi River is a dynamic floodplain river that has been largely transformed by navigational levees and dams since the 1930s. The pools upstream of each dam are lake‐like and only about the upper third of each reach retains a riverine character. In contrast, the Wisconsin River is not managed for commercial navigation and today its lower 149 km represent one of the least‐degraded large river reaches in central North America. Riverine reaches in both the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers have similar macro‐habitats including numerous islands, large side channels, and connected backwaters and floodplain lakes. In this study, shoreline electrofishing samples were collected during summer 2002 and 2003 to characterize resident fish assemblages. We compared fish species abundance, biomass, and biotic integrity along main and side channel borders between the Upper Mississippi River and the Lower Wisconsin River. We expected that, in the absence of environmental degradation, fish composition and structure would be similar between the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, and between channel types within each river. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and redundancy analysis revealed that fish species in the Mississippi River, unlike in the Wisconsin River, were characteristic of non‐riverine habitats. We consider non‐riverine fish assemblages indicative of environmental impairment. The main and side channel sites in the Mississippi River had more variable fish assemblages than the Wisconsin River. Analyses of fish index of biotic integrity scores showed that environmental condition was excellent for both channel types in the Wisconsin River, whereas in the Mississippi River the side channel was rated good and the main channel only fair. We conclude that differences between the two rivers and between channel types of the Mississippi River are consistent with direct and indirect effects of navigation. This study demonstrates the utility of a fish index of biotic integrity, an inexpensive and rapid bioassessment tool, for detecting change in ecological health on one of the world's largest rivers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Privacy Preserving Ranked Multi-Keyword Search for Multiple Data Owners in Cloud Computing

With the advent of cloud computing, it has become increasingly popular for data owners to outsource their data to public cloud servers while allowing data users to retrieve this data. For privacy concerns, secure searches over encrypted cloud data has motivated several research works under the single owner model. However, most cloud servers in practice do not just serve one owner; instead, they support multiple owners to share the benefits brought by cloud computing. In this paper, we propose schemes to deal with privacy preserving ranked multi-keyword search in a multi-owner model (PRMSM). To enable cloud servers to perform secure search without knowing the actual data of both keywords and trapdoors, we systematically construct a novel secure search protocol. To rank the search results and preserve the privacy of relevance scores between keywords and files, we propose a novel additive order and privacy preserving function family. To prevent the attackers from eavesdropping secret keys and pretending to be legal data users submitting searches, we propose a novel dynamic secret key generation protocol and a new data user authentication protocol. Furthermore, PRMSM supports efficient data user revocation. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets confirm the efficacy and efficiency of PRMSM.
Crustal structure and exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultrahigh-pressure orogen, eastern China, from seismic reflection profiling

Crustal-penetrating seismic reflection data across the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) Dabie Shan orogen show that the Yangtze craton was subducted beneath the Sino-Korean craton, forming a bivergent orogenic fabric strikingly similar to "normal" (non-UHP) collision belts. Hence preservation of UHP minerals (coesite and diamond) may be unrelated to differences between collisional histories, but may be due to opportunities for subsequent intracrustal uplift of material that is routinely returned from mantle depths into the lower crust in most collisional orogens. Only a narrow channel (≤5 km) now exists from the mantle into the crust through which UHP material was returned to lower-crustal depths as thin slabs. We image the Dabie Shan as a crustal-scale dome formed during postcollisional intracrustal uplift by core-complex-type exhumation of the lower crust, tectonically unrelated to the earlier exhumation from >100 km to <35-40 km.
Drought response and water use efficiency of forage brassica crops.

Forage brassicas are used as supplementary feed crops throughout New Zealand. The availability of sufficient soil water often limits yield. This limitation can be expressed as the product of total water use (WU; mm) and the efficiency with which water is used (WUE; kg DM ha -1 mm -1 ) by the crop. Quantitative data describing the WU and WUE of forage brassicas is not available for New Zealand conditions. This paper reports the results of an experiment that investigated the yield and water use of summer turnips and rape to varying levels of water availability. ‘Barkant’ turnips and ‘Titan’ rape were sown at the rain-out shelter at Lincoln, Canterbury, where they were supplied with four irrigation treatments: 1. the previous weeks evapotranspiration (ET) replaced each week; 2. the previous weeks ET replaced 2 out of every 3 weeks; 3. the previous weeks ET replaced every second week; and 4. irrigated during mid-growth to replace the previous weeks ET. Final yields ranged from 12 t DM ha -1 for the fully irrigated treatments to 5.5 t DM ha -1 for the most severe drought treatment for both species. Both crops extracted water to at least 1.0 m depth. The WUE was 32.3 kg DM ha -1 mm -1 for rape and 34.1 kg DM ha -1 mm -1 for turnips; this was not affected by drought treatment for either crop. Two additional data sets with ‘Gruner’ kale were also analysed. This analysis estimated a WUE of 34.1 kg DM ha -1 mm -1 for kale. This value can be used to estimate brassica yields in water-limited environments. The data from these experiments will be used to develop and test a mechanistic model of forage brassica growth.
Dynamic Properties of Sherman Island Peat

The dynamic properties of peat have been identified as a major source of uncertainty in the evaluation of seismic hazards throughout the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in northern California. This paper summarizes the results of a laboratory study of the dynamic properties of a layer of peaty organic soil underlying the south levee on Sherman Island near the western side of the delta. Conventional Shelby tube sampling procedures were able to obtain high-quality samples because of the compactness of this peat layer, located between depths of 9 and 16 m. The samples tested were very fibrous and had ash contents of 35--56%. Staged cyclic triaxial loading was used to measure the stress-strain behavior of several specimens under cyclic shear strains ranging from about 0.0005% to 10%. Other tests included piezo-ceramic bender element tests to measure the shear wave velocity of specimens within the triaxial device, and undrained monotonic triaxial compression and extension tests. The effects of loading frequency, cyclic degradation, consolidation stress history, and structural anisotropy are evaluated. The resulting modulus reduction and damping relationships for the Sherman Island peat are compared with published results for other peats, solid waste materials, and mineral soils.
Landslide on the Toulnustouc River, Quebec

A landslide in a very stiff beat extra-sensitive (or quick) deposit of fine-grained estuarine sediments involved approximately five million cubic yards of soil. The overall instability is attributed to a mechanism of progressive failure. It is reasoned that the propagation of a failure surface and the development of a failure scarp all occurred while the landslide mass remained intact. The whole mass then moved down and out, completely blocking the Toulnustouc River within a few minutes.The particularly high strength of the Toulnustouc estuarine sediments, with natural undrained shear strength values of the order of 8000 lb. /sq.ft. , together with a remoulded consistency of a viscous liquid, offered a somewhat unique opportunity to study the mechanical behaviour of the structure of a sensitive soil. On the basis of the test results, the concept of an “open, cementation-bonded structure” is developed. This concept is used not only to understand the behaviour of the laboratory samples, but also to understand.
Receptor modeling of C 2 –C 7 hydrocarbon sources at an urban background site in Zurich, Switzerland: changes between 1993–1994 and 2005–2006

Hourly measurements of 13 volatile hydrocarbons (C 2 –C 7 ) were performed at an urban background site in Zurich (Switzerland) in the years 1993–1994 and again in 2005–2006. For the separation of the volatile organic compounds by gas-chromatography (GC), an identical chromatographic column was used in both campaigns. Changes in hydrocarbon profiles and source strengths were recovered by positive matrix factorization (PMF). Eight and six factors could be related to hydrocarbon sources in 1993–1994 and in 2005–2006, respectively. The modeled source profiles were verified by hydrocarbon profiles reported in the literature. The source strengths were validated by independent measurements, such as inorganic trace gases (NO x , CO, SO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), oxidized hydrocarbons (OVOCs) and meteorological data (temperature, wind speed etc.). Our analysis suggests that the contribution of most hydrocarbon sources (i.e. road traffic, solvents use and wood burning) decreased by a factor of about two to three between the early 1990s and 2005–2006. On the other hand, hydrocarbon losses from natural gas leakage remained at relatively constant levels (−20%). The estimated emission trends are in line with the results from different receptor-based approaches reported for other European cities. Their differences to national emission inventories are discussed.
Turbulent transport of electric charge in the marine atmospheric boundary layer

Sensible heat, water vapor, aerosols, gaseous pollutants, and electric charge are transported vertically in the marine boundary layer by turbulent processes. The standard eddy correlation method for measuring fluxes from aircraft requires inertial navigation systems, considerable computer power, and large aircraft with gust probes on specially engineered booms to correct for aircraft motions. Only a few laboratories can afford to operate aircraft systems of the required complexity. The development of a method for obtaining routine, high quality, relatively inexpensive measurements of at least one boundary-layer flux profile from light aircraft (specifically not requiring an inertial platform or angular motion data) could permit enhancement of boundary-layer research on a new statistical scale. The flux of electric charge (called the eddy current) can be inferred from simple dc measurements of electric field intensity and conductivity from a light aircraft. Recent aircraft measurements off the California coast show good correlation of surface layer eddy current peak values with the surface water vapor flux and the convective mixed layer velocity, w*. The electrical technique also appears to have exceptional sensitivity exceeding that of the eddy correlation technique. It is suggested that the eddy current could be used to infer the flux profiles of other passive scalars. Because space charge undergoes a decay in time, the space charge density does not tend to be well mixed (constant with altitude) in the planetary boundary layer. The ease of measuring space charge density gradient allows accurate determination of the passive scalar eddy diffusion coefficient, K, a parameter that has been difficult to measure in the past. Thus, atmospheric electrical measurements from aircraft have the potential for providing important new information for pollution modeling and studies of boundary-layer meteorology.
ACROSS ARTIFICIAL BORDERS: An assessment of labour migration in the ECOWAS region

agencies are increasingly recognizing the potential of migration in contributing to socioeconomic and human development of migrants and their families. In West Africa, attention at the national level has often been placed on South–North migration. However, contemporary mobility patterns indicate that only a small share of West African migrants actually moves to the global North and that internal and inter-country movements within the region are a central feature of peoples’ livelihood strategies. Indeed, internal migration alone is almost four times greater than international migration in the West Africa region.
Rain-Shadow in the High Andes of Ecuador Evidenced by Páramo Vegetation

Abstract Gradients of humidity on tropical high mountains are reflected by shifts of vegetation belts and changes in species composition and vegetation structure on the wind- and leeward sides. The superpáramo flora and vegetation were studied on opposite sides (west and east) of two Ecuadorian mountains, Chimborazo and Antisana. Zonal vegetation was studied in vegetation samples set out in a semirandom way, and the data were complemented by species occurring in azonal habitats. Ordination and clustering techniques were used to analyze the vegetation samples, while two different measures of the floristic similarity (index of quantitative floristic similarity and comparison of the observed and expected numbers of species shared between the mountain pairs) were employed to evaluate the floristic relationships between the study sites. The superpáramo belt occurs asymmetrically, with regard to altitude, on the two mountains, being generally lower on the eastern side. Slopes with corresponding aspects between the mountains were more similar than were the opposite slopes of each mountain. The observed floristic pattern is interpreted in the context of the precipitation gradient leading to a rain-shadow on the western side of the mountains. The occurrence of the desert-like area, the so-called Arenal Grande, and the unique páramo vegetation on the western side of Chimborazo is discussed.
The role of viscoelasticity in subducting plates

Subduction of tectonic plates into Earth's mantle occurs when one plate bends beneath another at convergent plate boundaries. The characteristic time of deformation at these convergent boundaries approximates the Maxwell relaxation time for olivine at lithospheric temperatures and pressures, it is therefore by definition a viscoelastic process. While this is widely acknowledged, the large‐scale features of subduction can, and have been, successfully reproduced assuming the plate deforms by a viscous mechanism alone. However, the energy rates and stress profile within convergent margins are influenced by viscoelastic deformation. In this study, viscoelastic stresses have been systematically introduced into numerical models of free subduction, using both the viscosity and shear modulus to control the Maxwell relaxation time. The introduction of an elastic deformation mechanism into subduction models produces deviations in both the stress profile and energy rates within the subduction hinge when compared to viscous only models. These variations result in an apparent viscosity that is variable throughout the length of the plate, decreasing upon approach and increasing upon leaving the hinge. At realistic Earth parameters, we show that viscoelastic stresses have a minor effect on morphology yet are less dissipative at depth and result in an energy transfer between the energy stored during bending and the energy released during unbending. We conclude that elasticity is important during both bending and unbending within the slab hinge with the resulting stress loading and energy profile indicating that slabs maintain larger deformation rates at smaller stresses during bending and retain their strength during unbending at depth.
New Characteristics of the Tropical Tropopause Revealed by CHAMP/GPS Measurements

Structure and variability of the tropical tropopause are presented using radio occultation measurements by CHAMP/GPS (CHAllenging Mini satellite Payload/Global Positioning System) from May 2001 to December 2004 (with a total of 175,149 occultations). The tropopause heights defined by both lapse rate and cold point generally show large-scale, off-equatorial maxima (tropopause increase at 20°N or S than at equator), and sometimes even a high tropopause for about 0.3 to 0.65 km (on an average) at 20°N and S simultaneously than at the equator along a particular meridian, in contrast to our previous knowledge. Although this feature has already been reported partially during the summer monsoon season, the present study shows the seasonal and geographical distributions of the tropical tropopause comprehensively using a new promising observational technique. In addition, the vertical shape of the tropopause is found to be sharp in the equatorial region and broad in the subtropics especially in northern winter. Possible mechanisms are discussed in light of dynamical and radiative processes.
α-Arrestins Aly1 and Aly2 Regulate Intracellular Trafficking in Response to Nutrient Signaling

Arrestins, known regulators of endocytosis, take on novel functions in nutrient-regulated endosomal recycling. Yeast α-arrestins, Aly1 and Aly2, redistribute the Gap1 permease from endosomes to the cell surface and interact with clathrin/AP-1. Aly2 is regulated by the Npr1 kinase and acts through mechanisms distinct from Aly1.
Impacts of Climate Change and Urban Development on Water Resources in the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon

We investigated the relative importance of future climate change and land use change in determining the quantity and quality of freshwater resources in northwestern Oregon's Tualatin River Basin using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) modeling system. Models were calibrated and validated using historic flow and water quality data between 1990 and 2006. The goodness of fit for the calibrated models was high, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.72 to 0.93 in the calibration period. The calibrated models were run under a range of eight statistically downscaled climate change, two regional land use change, and four combined scenarios. Results included average increases in winter flows of 10 percent, decreases in summer flows of 37 percent, and increases in fifth-percentile flows of up to 80 percent as a result of climate change in the Tualatin River Basin. For land use change, the results included an increase in annual flows of 21 percent for the development-oriented scenario and a decrease of 16 percent for the conservation-oriented scenario. For combined scenarios of high climate change and high urban development, there is a projected increase in winter flows of up to 71 percent and decrease in summer flows of up to 48 percent. Climate change scenarios were more significant than urban development scenarios in determining basin hydrological response. The results are relevant to regional planners interested in the long-term response of water resources to climate change and land use change at the basin scale.
Recent Stress-History Effects on Compressible Chicago Glacial Clays

This paper presents the results of an experimental program to investigate recent stress-history effects on small-strain stiffness of lightly overconsolidated compressible Chicago glacial clays. Stress-probe tests with different recent stress histories were conducted on high-quality block samples taken from an excavation in Evanston, Illinois. The stress histories applied prior to probing represent in situ greenfield conditions and an unloading path associated with a common situation encountered when building in congested urban areas. Results of the stress-probe tests are compared in terms of shear, volumetric, and coupled components and their stiffness degradation. Strain-response envelopes were constructed in shear and volumetric-strain space to graphically show the significant difference in these responses between the two sets of stress-probe tests. The results clearly indicate that the recent stress history affects shear, bulk, and the two cross-coupled moduli of the Chicago clays as a function of the .
Strophomenate brachiopods from the late Ordovician Boda Limestone of Sweden: Their systematics and implications for palaeogeography

Synopsis Brachiopods of the superfamilies Strophomenoidea, Plectambonitoidea and Chilidi‐opsioidea are revised and described from the late Ordovician (Middle Ashgill) carbonate mud mounds of the Boda Limestone of Sweden. The fauna is compared and contrasted with those from mud mounds of comparable age in England (the Keisley Limestone) and Ireland (the Kildare and Portrane Limestones). New strophomenoidean genera are Trondomena and Ungulomena (both Glyptomenidae), the latter within the new subfamily Ungulomeninae. A new subgenus is Leptaena (Ygdrasilomena) (Rafinesquinidae), and new strophomenoid species are Gunnarella magnifica, Holtedahlina suedica, Katastrophomena (Costistrophomena)? magna, Luhaia candelabra, Leptaena (Leptaena) bergstroemi, Leptaena (Ygdrasilomena) roomusoksi, Kiaeromena (Kiaeromena)? grandis, Trondomena bella, Ungulomena lindstroemi and Christiania dalarnensis; new plectambonitoidean species are Bimuria popovi, Leangella (Leangella) longae, Anoptambonites williamsi and Ptychoglyptus ingenuus. Ten more unnamed and probably new species and at least two more new genera are described under informal nomenclature (A to J). The Strophomenoidea, with at least 20 named and unnamed species in the Boda Limestone, are found to have been much more diverse and endemic than the Boda Plectambonitoidea and the Chilidiopsoidea: the latter two superfamilies include no definite endemic genera and those that occur are relatively cosmopolitan in the low latitudes in which the Baltica Terrane was situated in the late Ordovician. Some faunal links are established with the neighbouring terranes of Avalonia, Laurentia and Siberia, but, in contrast to the plectambonitoideans and chilidiopsoideans, the relative endemicity of the Boda Strophomenoidea is striking and that local radiation was probably caused by the mid‐Ashgill Boda Warming Event.