Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stress-Related Noradrenergic Activity Prompts Large-Scale Neural Network Reconfiguration

Acute stress leads to reorganization of large-scale neural network connectivity in the brain that is driven by noradrenaline. Acute stress shifts the brain into a state that fosters rapid defense mechanisms. Stress-related neuromodulators are thought to trigger this change by altering properties of large-scale neural populations throughout the brain. We investigated this brain-state shift in humans. During exposure to a fear-related acute stressor, responsiveness and interconnectivity within a network including cortical (frontoinsular, dorsal anterior cingulate, inferotemporal, and temporoparietal) and subcortical (amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain) regions increased as a function of stress response magnitudes. β-adrenergic receptor blockade, but not cortisol synthesis inhibition, diminished this increase. Thus, our findings reveal that noradrenergic activation during acute stress results in prolonged coupling within a distributed network that integrates information exchange between regions involved in autonomic-neuroendocrine control and vigilant attentional reorienting.
Hydro-climatic trends and people's perceptions: case of Kali Gandaki River Basin, Nepal

Water resources, especially snow-fed rivers, are vulnerable to climate change. Water resources management requires analysis of both hydro-climatic trends and people's perception of climate change. We used available data to assess hydro-climatic trends, and household surveys to assess perceptions of climate change and its effects, in the snow-fed Kali Gandaki River Basin (KGRB) in western Nepal. The methodology consisted of: (1) definition and calculation of climate variability indices, (2) assessment of people's perception of climate change, (3) analysis of river flow variability and (4) discussion and summary of the spatial variation in climatic trends, peoples' perceptions, and the effects of climate change. The results showed a greater warming trend at higher altitude, while precipitation indices showed variable trends. Increasing temperature at high altitudes has affected pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and minimum discharges in the Kali Gandaki River. Household surveys in the Mustang district indicate that people's perception of climate change is consistent with climate data. They are concerned about the prevailing effects on water resources, ecological systems, agriculture and livelihoods. This will facilitate water resources planning and management in the basin.
Revue Interventions économiques, 35 | 2007

Our purpose is to assess the actual experiences of companies in the context of individualised employment relationships. We have three questions: (1) what issues of the employment relationship can be individually negotiated in organizations? (scope); (2) what issues of the employment relationship are individually negotiated in organizations? (actual use); (3) what are the advantages and disadvantages of negotiations according to employees and managers? ; We Negotiating Individual Employment Relations, Evidence from four Dutch Organiz. Revue Interventions économiques, 35 | 2007 19
Stratified Flow along a Corrugated Slope: Separation Drag and Wave Drag

Abstract Lee wave generation and horizontal flow separation in stratified flow along a slope, with corrugations or a ridge running directly downslope, are explored using analytical and numerical methods. Both of these processes are important to the drag on alongslope currents. The analytical solution for steady wave generation by stratified flow along a corrugated slope is extended to the evanescent flow regimes. There are two evanescent regimes, having intrinsic frequencies either above the buoyancy frequency N (fast flow), or below N sin(a) (slow flow), for nonrotating fluid and slope angle, a. Streamlines of the low speed evanescent solution tend to follow isobaths, while those of wave solutions tend to flow up over ridges and down in canyons. An analytical expression is developed for the wave drag felt by an isolated ridge on a slope. For a Gaussian ridge of alongslope length L, the drag becomes small when U/LN > 1 (the fast flow regime), or when U/(LN sin a) < 1/2 (the slow flow regime). Numerical ex.
The lies we live: using the Verifiability Approach to detect lying about occupation

It is estimated that 40-70% of applicants lie or embellish on their curriculum vitae. The employment of individuals without the necessary skills or qualifications may be detrimental to industry. This study investigated participants who were asked to lie and tell the truth about their occupation in three conditions: chosen lie, forced lie and truth. Transcripts were analysed using the Verifiability Approach, which identifies checkable detail within suspect’s statements. Although it was hypothesised that liars would provide fewer verifiable details than truth tellers in their verbal statements, the Verifiability Approach was unable to distinguish between truthful and deceptive statements. The discussion highlights reasons as to why the approach was unsuccessful and suggests methods to enhance its usability in future studies.
Hashtags and followers An experimental study of the online social network Twitter

In this thesis we have conducted a statistical analysis of the online social network Twitter. Specifically, we focused on investigating a correlation between hashtags and increase of followers to determine whether the addition of hashtags to tweets produces new followers. We have designed a controlled experiment in which we create two groups of users: one tweeting with hashtags and the other tweeting without hashtags. We analyzed their statistical behavior by conducting a nonparametrical Mann-Whitney U-test. The results showed that there is a correlation between hashtags and followers, therefore tweets that contain hashtags produce a higher increase in the number of followers than tweets without hashtags.
Unsaturated seepage and subterranean holes: Conspectus, and exclusion problem for circular cylindrical cavities

This paper introduces the general theory of water exclusion from, or entry into, subterranean holes from steady uniform downward unsaturated seepage. Buried holes serve as obstacles to the flow and so increase water pressure at parts of the hole surface. When downward seepage is fast enough and/or the hole is large enough, water pressure increases to the point where a seepage surface forms and water enters the hole. Contrary to the conventional picture drawn from capillary statics, hydrodynamics shows that the larger the hole the more vulnerable it is to water entry. Cavity shape is important also. Applications include optimal design of configurations of tunnels and underground repositories (e.g., for nuclear wastes) against entry of seepage water. The theory also embraces the disturbance of seepage flows by buried impermeable obstacles such as stones and structures. The quasi-linear exclusion problem for circular cylindrical cavities is solved. Both exact solutions and simple asymptotic results are found, and graphs and tables presented. The moisture field about the cavity exhibits upstream and downstream stagnation points and retarded regions: “roof-drip lobes” in which the moisture content and downward flow velocity are augmented by water essentially deflected from the cavity roof, and the “dry shadow” region of reduced moisture content and flow velocity, essentially sheltered by the cavity. A practical consequence is that we can establish, for any given combination of downward seepage velocity, cavity radius, saturated hydraulic conductivity K1, and sorptive number α, whether or not seepage water will enter a cylindrical cavity.
The MAGSAT mission

The cesium-vapor scalar and fluxgate vector magnetometers aboard the Magsat spacecraft, which has a twilight, sun-synchronous orbit with a 96.76-deg inclination, have together measured the earth's magnetic field magnitude to accuracies better than 2 nT, and the magnitude of each field component to better than 6 nT. The magnetometers are located at the end of a boom to isolate them from the effects of spacecraft fields, and an optical system was used to measure the attitude of the vector magnetometer and sun sensor at the boom relative to the two star cameras of the main spacecraft structure. The data gathered is available from the National Space Science Data Center in several formats and is currently undergoing analysis. Scalar and vector error budget values are given for the spacecraft's five error sources, which include the instrument, position and time errors, digitization noise, attitude errors, and spacecraft fields.
THE FULL CIRCLE: ENHANCING FEEDBACK TO STUDENTS

At Loughborough University, the School of Civil and Building Engineering commissioned the Centre for Engineering and Design Education to undertake a longitudinal study, over four years, to explore issues associated with feedback on assignments from both the staff and student perspective. This study was prompted by low feedback scores on the National Student Survey 1* and initially explored the sources of students’ dissatisfaction with feedback and their perceptions of what constitutes feedback. In later years the study was broadened to explore how students use their feedback and the impediments to this. The findings of the study have influenced the feedback strategy and practice within the School with clear guidance given to staff, training provided to students and the introduction of enhanced feedback quality monitoring processes. This paper reports on the fourth year of the study, which goes full circle back to students’ perception of effective feedback. The fourth year of the study seeks to explore, from the student perspective, whether the changes made have addressed the original issues raised by the students, whether they are satisfied with the quality of the feedback they now get and whether their expectations regarding feedback have changed. The study uses a combination of focus group discussions, and questionnaires to gather data from second and third year students who have been impacted most by the changes made within the School. This paper shares key findings from the study, including the impact that the practice changes have had on the general students’ understanding of feedback and the changes in level of expectation of feedback, particularly with respect to the most engaged students.
On the nature and development of graptoblasts

Mierzejewski, P. 2000. On the nature and development of graptoblasts. -Acta Palaeon- tologica Polonica 45,3,227-238. Two specimens of graptoblasts, which provisionally may be assigned to 'Graptoblasto- ides' sp. and 'Graptoblastus' sp. , are described from the early Llandovery of Anticosti Is- land (Qukbec, Canada). Previous reports of Silurian graptoblasts were restricted to a sin- gle specimen from Poland. One of the new specimens is morphologically distinct from all known graptoblasts - both chambers of the inner cavity contain numerous incomplete septae, here referred to as hemiseptae. SEM observations show distinct two-layered char- acter of the transverse septum, whereas the hemiseptae show no trace of layering. Hemiseptae and the transverse septum are derivatives of the inner lining of the grapto- blast. The 'genera' Graptoblastus Kozlowski, 1949 and Graptoblastoides Kozlowski, 1949 are interpreted as stages in graptoblast development, and are consequently replaced by the purely descriptive terms 'graptoblastus' and 'graptoblastoides'. The following stages of graptoblast development are recognized: (1) pre-graptoblastoides stage, (2) early graptoblastoides stage,
Ethics, audit, and research: all shades of grey

Decisions about the need for ethical review should be based on the morality of all actions rather than arbitrary distinctions between audit and research Ethical considerations should apply to all medical practice, but many people act as if they apply only to research. For example, all research studies have to be scrutinised by an ethics committee (institutional review board in the United States), but most ethics committees specifically exclude audit studies from their remit. Similarly, journal editors and funding agencies will require evidence of ethical review before accepting research for publication or funding but do not require this for audit studies. Consequently, the distinction between audit and research can have important implications, and the temptation to label research as audit is considerable.1 Unfortunately, the distinction is at best difficult. This article reviews the distinction between audit and research, and the nature of ethics. Research and audit have many similarities. They both start with a question, both expect the answer to change or influence clinical practice, both require formal data collection on patients, and both depend on using an appropriate method and design to reach sound conclusions. The standards expected of audit in terms of design, data collection, and analysis should be at least as high as for research, if only because audit potentially leads to change more often than research does and often much greater change. It is also clear that both audit and research differ from normal clinical practice because clinical practice rarely achieves a high standard of data collection and analysis. The major bureaucratic distinction drawn between audit and research is that research investigates what should be done, whereas audit investigates whether it is being done (and if not, why not). 2 Guidance on making the distinction between audit and research is available,3 4 but the …
Comparison Between Correlations of Heat Content and Sea Surface Temperature over Western Pacific Warm Pool with Spring Persistent Rains

In this article,the spatial and temporal distribution of SPR(Spring Persistent Rains) are analyzed first.Then,the correlations of heat content and sea surface temperature over the west pacific warm pool with SPR are discussed comparatively through methods of SVD(Singular Value Decomposition) and lag correlation from the predicting point of view.Data used in this work comes from Scripps and GODAS(Global Ocean Data Assimilation System) monthly mean sea temperature,the NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) ERSST(Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature) V3b,and precipitation from 753 Chinese meteorological stations.The results indicate that the typical pattern of annual SPR varies according to three principal modes in the last 50 years: the first mode changes in dry-wet consistency,the second with an opposite phase meridionally and the third with an opposite phase zonally.SPR and heat content are more correlated compared to sea surface temperature.It is suggested then,that heat content over western pacific warm pool can be selected as the chief factor predicting SPR when taking the centrality,stability,significance and predictability of the key regions into consideration comprehensively.The Key region(4°N~16°N,130°E~170°E) of heat content and the key period of time(July to December in the former year) which influences the intensity of SPR have been obtained respectively.
Provisional Evaluation of Composting as Priority Option for Sustainable Waste Management in South-West Nigeria

The management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Nigeria and most developing countries has remained a major public health challenge, thus creating the need for reliable and environmentally-acceptable alternatives. This study focuses on composting assessment as a viable recovery alternative for MSW in six States of Southwest Nigeria, namely: Ekiti, Osun, Ondo, Ogun, Oyo, and Lagos. Extensive literature review has been carried out to understand the waste generation patterns in these states. Reported literature data has been assessed for sustainability of composting strategy in terms of organic waste streams, amenable of biotransformation as well as in terms of return through energy saving and material recovery. A life-cycle framework has been used to estimate GHG emissions, available nutrients, and potential compost production, instead of landfill in each region. Results show significant potential compost production of 895,659-, 255,267-, 153,423-, 117,468-, 113,094and 112, 397-m 3 /yr for Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Osun, Ondo, and Ekiti, respectively. It has been deduced from the study that composting would be very beneficial to the economy as its product would boost agriculture production while reducing the budget spent on fertilizer annually.
THE BLOW UP FORMULA FOR SU ( 3 ) DONALDSON INVARIANTS

Donaldson’s invariants of smooth 4-manifolds were originally defined using moduli spaces of anti-self dual connections on principal bundles with structure group SU(2) or SO(3) = PU(2). These invariants and their corresponding generating functions have many interesting structural features which have been described in a mathematically rigorous way. For instance, a paper of Fintushel and Stern [3] shows that the invariants of a 4-manifold X and its blowup X̂ = X#CP are related in a predictably way, and that the relationship can be expressed in terms of a theta function on the elliptic curve y = x + ax + x over the ring Q[a]. More generally, the structure theorem of Kronheimer-Mrowka expresses the Donaldson invariants of a 4-manifold of simple type in terms of exponential functions (i.e. theta functions on a degenerate genus 1 curve) and there is a conjectural structure theorem for 4-manifolds not of simple type, in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions.
Playback re-survey and demographic modelling indicate a substantial increase in breeding European Storm-petrels Hydrobates pelagicus at the largest UK colony, Mousa, Shetland

The island of Mousa, Shetland, is designated as part of the European Natura 2000 reserve network as a Special Protection Area (SPA) for breeding European Storm- petrels Hydrobates pelagicus. In 1996 the population was censused using playback methods and reported as 6,800 (95% CI 4,800–8,800) apparently occupied sites (AOS), c. 26% of the UK breeding population. Re-examination of the 1996 data highlighted some calculation inaccuracies, resulting in a reduced population estimate for 1996 of 5,410 AOS (95% CI 3,932–7,022). Resurvey of the colony in 2008 using identical methods revealed a 118% increase to 11,781 AOS (95% CI 8,100–17,728). A sample of c. 90 nest sites in natural crevices has been monitored annually since 1990 to determine breeding productivity. A deterministic population model, incorporating observed annual productivity estimates, annual survival rates and age of first breeding, also indicates a population increase of similar magnitude (95%) between 1996 and 2008. The similarity in trend estimates from the two independent approaches is perhaps surprising, given the large potential sources of error associated with each, and suggests that both the playback survey method and productivity monitoring from a single annual visit provide reliable demographic estimates. The large increase in population size of European Storm- petrels contrasts starkly with the trends of many other seabird species in the region, and likely results from aspects of Procellariiform foraging and reproductive strategies that confer resilience to unpredictable and scarce food supplies.
Music for the Masses: The Economic Geography of Music in the U.S., 1970-2000

Abstract Where do musicians locate, and why do creative industries such as music continue to cluster? This paper analyzes the economic geography of musicians and the recording industry in the U.S. from 1970 to 2000 to shed light on the locational dynamics of music and creative industries more broadly. We examine the role of scale and scope economies in shaping the clustering and concentration of musicians and music industry firms. We argue that these two forces are bringing about a transformation in the geography of both musicians and music industry firms, evidenced in a shift away from regionally-clustered, genre-specific music scenes, such as Memphis or Detroit, toward larger regional centers like New York City and Los Angeles, which offer large markets for music employment and concentration of other artistic and cultural endeavors which increase demand for musicians. We use population and income to probe for scale effects, and concentrations of other creative and artistic industries to test for scope effects, while including a range of control variables in our analysis. We use lagged variables to determine if certain places are consistently more successful at fostering concentations of musicians and the music industry and test for path dependency. We find some role for scale and scope effects and that both musicians and the music industry are concentrating in a relatively small number of large regional centers.
Demyelinating Disorders

as in men and more frequently afflicts Caucasian patients, but all races can be affected. Onset of disease usually occurs in people between 20 and 50 years of age, with a peak occurring in those 30 years of age. The prevalence of MS varies widely with location; the highest prevalence is found at higher latitudes. This geographic variation suggests that MS may in part be caused by the action of some environmental factor. GBS has an incidence of 3 per 100,000 individuals, which makes it the most common cause of flaccid paralysis. It has a slight male preponderance. The age at onset is bimodal, with the elderly and young adults most commonly being afflicted. There does not appear to be a geographic effect.
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Tropical Grass Quality and Quantity

Resource distribution is a fundamental factor governing the movement and distribution of herbivores. Specifically, the quality (foliar concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) and quantity (biomass) of vegetation are important factors. In this regard, the development of techniques that can model the distribution of vegetation quality and quantity are critical for an improved understanding of wildlife distribution as well as facilitating an optimal management of wildlife resources. The advent of hyperspectral remote sensing has offered unprecedented opportunities to accomplish this task. This study aimed to investigate the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing in estimating biomass of tropical grass at full canopy cover (a task that could not be achieved using broad band satellite images) and to predict and map the quality of tropical grasses at canopy level. Our approach was to investigate the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing at three levels of investigation - laboratory level, field level and airborne platform level. Our results showed that, at full canopy cover, tropical grass biomass is more accurately estimated by vegetation indices based on narrow wavelengths located in the red edge than the standard NDVI. At laboratory level, we could discriminate between different foliar nitrogen treatments using high-resolution spectra measured at canopy level. We also showed that there was a shift of the red edge position to longer wavelengths with an increase in nitrogen concentration. The laboratory experiment permitted the extension of the developed techniques to the field level. Using continuum-removed absorption features calculated from field spectra, we could reliably predict the quality (N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Na) of in situ grass measured in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We also showed a strong interaction between species type and biochemical concentration in effecting spectral reflectance. This provided a basis for the algorithms to use in mapping foliar biochemicals in a mixed species environment using airborne hyperspectral image. Therefore the techniques developed for accomplishing the final stage (airborne platform level) were largely built upon the laboratory and field observations. The new integrated approach, involving the red edge position, continuum-removed absorption features as well as a neural network was applied to map foliar nitrogen concentration in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Overall, the study has shown the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing to predict the quality as well as the quantity of tropical grasses. The result is important for wildlife habitat modelling.