Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of I-κB Kinase α/β by Protein Kinase C-Dependent c-Src Activation Is Involved in TNF-α-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression1

The signaling pathway involved in TNF-α-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was further studied in human NCI-H292 epithelial cells. A protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (staurosporine), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (genistein and herbimycin A), or a Src kinase inhibitor (PP2) attenuated TNF-α- or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced COX-2 promoter activity. TNF-α- or TPA-induced I-κB kinase (IKK) activation was also blocked by these inhibitors, which reversed I-κBα degradation. Activation of c-Src and Lyn kinases, two Src family members, was inhibited by the PKC, tyrosine kinase, or Src kinase inhibitors. The dominant-negative c-Src (KM) mutant inhibited induction of COX-2 promoter activity by TNF-α or TPA. Overexpression of the constitutively active PKCα (PKCα A/E) or wild-type c-Src plasmids induced COX-2 promoter activity, and these effects were inhibited by the dominant-negative c-Src (KM), NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) (KA), or IKKβ (KM) mutant. The dominant-negative PKCα (K/R) or c-Src (KM) mutant failed to block induction of COX-2 promoter activity caused by wild-type NIK overexpression. In coimmunoprecipitation experiments, IKKα/β was found to be associated with c-Src and to be phosphorylated on its tyrosine residues after TNF-α or TPA treatment. Two tyrosine residues, Tyr188 and Tyr199, near the activation loop of IKKβ, were identified to be crucial for NF-κB activation. Substitution of these residues with phenylalanines attenuated COX-2 promoter activity and c-Src-dependent phosphorylation of IKKβ induced by TNF-α or TPA. These data suggest that, in addition to activating NIK, TNF-α also activates PKC-dependent c-Src. These two pathways cross-link between c-Src and NIK and converge at IKKα/β, and go on to activate NF-κB, via serine phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α, and, finally, to initiate COX-2 expression.
A study on the diversity of island floras

Of 75 regions, some continental and others insular, the diversity as expressed in the number of Phanerogam genera is compared. As could be expected it is found that richness in both continental and insular regions is positively correlated with size and with proximity to source areas. In comparable continental and insular regions the former are always richer; increase in the number of genera with increasing size is stronger in the former. There are various factors disturbing the relations between size/diversity and isolation/diversity. The role of these factors, such as climate, age, topography and the like are discussed. It is shown that isolated islands are not always poor (New Caledonia, Fiji, Lord Howe I., Rapa, etc.). On the other hand the poverty of islands (e.g. New Zealand) need not be primarily due to the distance from a source area but may be caused by impoverishment of an originally rich flora. Once isolated, an island flora is much more subject to losses than a continental area where the losses in general may be readily replenished. It would be wrong therefore to conclude on the basis of poverty that an island has always been as much isolated as it is at present. Not only are isolated islands in general poorer in genera, there are also less genera per family than in a comparable continental area. This is shown to be caused by a preponderance of families represented by a single genus in the former.
Myxozoan and Helminth Parasites of the Dwarf American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus charlesmithi (Anura: Bufonidae), from Arkansas and Oklahoma

We examined 69 dwarf American toads, Anaxyrus americanus charlesmithi , fromMcCurtain County, Oklahoma ( n = 37) and Miller, Nevada and Union counties, Arkansas ( n = 32)for myxozoan and helminth parasites. The following endoparasites were found: amyxozoan, Cystodiscus sp. , a trematode, Clinostomum marginatum , two tapeworms, Cylindrotaenia americana (Oklahoma only) and Distoichometra bufonis , five nematodes, acuariid larvae, Cosmocercoides variabilis , Oswaldocruzia pipiens , larval Physaloptera sp. (Arkansas only), and Rhabdias americanus (Arkansas only), and acanthocephalans (Oklahoma only). We document six new host and four new geographic distribution records for these select parasites. ©2014 Oklahoma Academy of Science
Pengaruh Pembiayaan Bank Syari’ah, Investasi dan Belanja Pemerintah terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia

This research explains relationship between financing in Islamic Banking, investment and government comsumption toward economic growth using time series and cross section data. This research aims to know influence of financing in Islamic banking, investment and government consumstion in Indonesia toward economic growth in Indonesia (2010-2014). In this research, economic growth is described with PDRB in every province in Indonesia. This research is quantitative method using auto regression and Ordinary Least Square.From the result of this research are found that financing in Islamic banking and government consumption gave significant influence toward economic growth in Indonesia.Investment didn’t give significant influence toward economic growth in Indonesia.
Effects of low-level copper exposure on Ca2+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase in the freshwater bivalve Anodonta anatina

Calcium (Ca2+) in body fluids and cellular compartments is maintained within narrow concentration ranges by various regulatory processes and enzymes including plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) and carbonic anhydrase (CA). Ca2+ has key regulatory functions in cell physiology and biomineralization, and therefore any disturbance of its homeostasis may have severe pathobiochemical consequences. Some bivalent heavy metals may interfere with Ca2+-homeostasis, one of them being copper. Therefore, in the freshwater bivalve Anodonta anatina the effects of Cu(II) at environmentally relevant concentrations were assessed on PMCA activities in kidney, gills, and digestive gland, and on CA in gills and mantle. During the first day of Cu(II) exposure at 0.35 µmol L−1, PMCA in the kidney became strongly inhibited, recovering during the following days of exposure; at 0.64 µmol L−1, the inhibition persisted for more than 15 days. Recovery of the enzyme function suggests that metal-detoxification is induced. In the digestive gland, inhibition was also observed though non-significantly. CA activities in mantle and gills were not significantly affected, except in the gills upon 15 days of exposure at 0.35 µmol L−1 Cu(II). The high accumulation of Cu(II) in the kidney and the ensuing sensitivity of PMCA in this organ may entail disturbance of the renal electrolyte- and osmo-regulations and Ca2+ re-uptake in A. anatina. This suggests that disruption of Ca2+-homeostasis by Cu(II) may be involved in the general decline of freshwater mussel populations.
The Metabolic and Cardiovascular Effects of Hyperthyroidism Are Largely Independent of β-Adrenergic Stimulation

Hyperthyroidism and states of adrenergic hyperactivity have many common clinical features, suggesting similar pathogenic mechanisms of action. The widespread use of β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonists (β-blockers) to treat hyperthyroidism has led to the belief that the physiological consequences of thyroid hormone (TH) excess are mediated in part via catecholamine signaling through βARs. To test this hypothesis, we compared the response to TH excess in mice lacking the three known βARs (β-less) vs. wild-type (WT) mice. Although β-less mice had a lower heart rate at baseline in comparison to WT mice, the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to hyperthyroidism were equivalent in both WT and β-less mice. These data indicate that the metabolic and cardiovascular effects of TH excess are largely independent of βARs. These findings suggest that the efficacy of clinical treatment of hyperthyroidism with β-blockers is due to antagonism of sympathetic signaling, and that this process functions independently .
Isolation of microsatellites from two species of scleractinian coral

Microsatellites were isolated from two broadcast-spawning species of scleractinian coral (Platygyra daedalea and Goniastrea favulus) from Australia's Great Barrier Reef. We found 27 microsatellites across both species, although only five loci were polymorphic in each species. Microsatellite loci displayed a wide range of diversity levels with four to 11 alleles per locus (H O = 0.26-0.91) in P. daedalea and two to seven alleles per locus (H O = 0.16-0.96) in G. favulus. Most loci showed departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium which may reflect nonrandom mating but may also be related to difficulties associated with coral DNA.
Ecology Of Bacillus On Wheat Florets: Insights For Improved Biological Control On Aerial Plant Surfaces

The TrigoCor strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens provides consistent control against Fusarium head blight of wheat in controlled settings but there is a lack of disease and deoxynivalenol suppression in field settings. Since production of antifungal compounds is thought to be the main mode of action of TrigoCor control, we quantified levels of a key family of antifungal metabolites, iturins, as well as monitored Bacillus populations on wheat spikes over 14 days post-application in both the greenhouse and the field. We found that initial iturin levels on spikes in the greenhouse were three times greater than on spikes in the field. Mean iturin concentrations could not be subjected to statistical comparison between field and greenhouse experiments as these were distinct experiments with different experimental protocols and environments. By 3 days post-application, iturin levels were equivalent and very low in both settings. We also determined that iturins declined rapidly over a 3 day post-application period on wheat spikes in both environments, despite the presence of significant Bacillus populations. Greenhouse trials and antibiosis tests indicated that the lower iturin levels on wheat spikes in the field could be a major factor limiting disease control in field settings. Future efforts to improve Bacillus disease control on wheat spikes and in the phyllosphere of various plants should focus on maintaining higher levels of iturins over critical infection periods.
Consumo, digestibilidade aparente, produção e composição do leite e variáveis ruminais em vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar

Twelve purebred and crossbred Holstein cows were allotted to three 4 x 4 Latin Squares to evaluate the intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, milk production and composition, ruminal pH and ammonia. The experimental diets were based on corn silage (CS) (AG 1051) with forage:concentrate ratio (F:C) of 60:40, in dry matter (DM) basis, or based on sugar cane (SC) (RB 855536) with F:C of 60:40 with . 35 or 1% of urea+ammonium sulfate (AS) mixture or F:C of 50:50 with 1% of urea+AS. DM intake was 17.8, 14.9, 14.4, and 15.8 kg/day, for the diets, respectively. DM intake was higher, resulting in greater nutrient intake for CS based diet, except for the non fiber carbohydrates intake, which showed higher intake for SC based diet with 50% concentrate. Milk production (MP) was higher for the CS based diet, with no difference in MP among the SC based diets, with mean values of 22.0, 19.0, 18.6, and 20.1 kg/day and the 3.5% fat corrected milk production was 23.0, 19.7, 19.4, and 21.3 kg/day for the CS, SC . 35%, SC 1% and SC 1% 50:50, respectively. Milk composition was not different among the experimental diets and milk fat contents were 3.8, 3.8, 3.8, and 3.9% for the CS, SC . 35%, SC 1% and SC 1% 50:50, respectively. No difference on apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates among the diets was observed. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) apparent digestibility was higher for the CS based diet (47). There was no difference in NDF digestibility among SC based diets, 32, 31 and 31%, respectively. Inside each time (before and three hours after the morning feeding) there was no difference of pH values and amonia nitrogen compounds (N-NH3) among the diets.
Cholecalciferol-induced bait shyness in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is used in a variety of bait formulations to control populations of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), an introduced pest that seriously damages and threatens primary production and native biota in New Zealand. In cage trials, possums readily ate sublethal baits containing either an estimated LD15 or LD40 dose of cholecalciferol, leading to a depression of appetite that lasted for 7-15 days. When lethal quantities of baits were presented 21-30 days after the initial LD15 or LD40 baits, 40 and 88% of possums survived, respectively, compared with a 21% survival rate among naive possums, and bait consumption was also reduced among survivors of the initial baits. Subsequent switching of the bait base to a gel was partially successful in overcoming bait shyness, killing 40% of one group (formed by pooling the original groups), while switching both the bait type (to gel) and the toxicant (to 1080) resulted in a 63% mortality rate in a second group. By comparison, 95 and 100% of naive groups were killed by cholecalciferol and 1080 gel respectively. Practical measures are identified for both avoiding and overcoming bait shyness based on the use of alternative bait types and toxicants.
Quinoline antimalarials as investigational drugs for HIV‐1/AIDS: in vitro effects on HIV‐1 replication, HIV‐1 response to antiretroviral drugs, and intracellular antiretroviral drug concentrations

In this study, the effects of the quinoline antimalarials, chloroquine and mefloquine, were tested on: (1) HIV‐1 replication; (2) virus response to existing antiretrovirals; (3) functional activity of drug efflux pumps; and (4) intracellular accumulation of antiretrovirals. Antiretroviral activity was evaluated using cells acutely infected with drug‐sensitive/resistant HIV‐1 isolates or retroviral vectors, chronically infected cell lines, and syncytium assays. Drug interactions were assessed isobolographically. Activity of efflux pumps was tested using specific fluorochromes. Antitretroviral concentrations were quantitated by HPLC. Results indicated that: (1) the antimalarials (mefloquine > chloroquine) inhibited the replication of drug‐sensitive and drug‐resistant HIV‐1 at therapeutically achievable concentrations and specifically impaired the formation of fusion‐competent viral glycoproteins; (2) anti‐HIV‐1 effects were additive to those of zidovudine and nevirapine, and synergistic to those of lopinavir; (3) the antimalarials (mefloquine > chloroquine) inhibited the P‐glycoprotein, multidrug‐resistance‐associated proteins, and breast‐cancer resistance‐associated protein; (4) Chloroquine, but not mefloquine, increased lopinavir concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by approximately 5 (five)‐fold. Thus quinoline antimalarials inhibited HIV‐1 replication by a novel mechanism, resulting in additive or synergistic effects in combination with known antiretrovirals. These drugs may also have an impact on the cellular pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals. Drug Dev. Res. 67:806–817, 2006. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tetraspanins Regulate ADAM10-Mediated Cleavage of TNF-α and Epidermal Growth Factor1

Several cytokines and growth factors are released by proteolytic cleavage of a membrane-anchored precursor, through the action of ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) metalloproteases. The activity of these proteases is regulated through largely unknown mechanisms. In this study we show that Ab engagement of several tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, CD82) increases epidermal growth factor and/or TNF-α secretion through a mechanism dependent on ADAM10. The effect of anti-tetraspanin mAb on TNF-α release is rapid, not relayed by intercellular signaling, and depends on an intact MEK/Erk1/2 pathway. It is also associated with a concentration of ADAM10 in tetraspanin-containing patches. We also show that a large fraction of ADAM10 associates with several tetraspanins, indicating that ADAM10 is a component of the “tetraspanin web. ” These data show that tetraspanins regulate the activity of ADAM10 toward several substrates, and illustrate how membrane compartmentalization by tetraspanins can control the function of cell surface proteins such as ectoproteases.
A Narrow Heliconius cydno (Nymphalidae; Heliconiini) Hybrid Zone With Differences in Morph Sex Ratios 1

In the western cordillera of the Cauca valley, Colombia, there is a narrow hybrid zone between two races of Heliconius cydno, one of which is polymorphic. Three large broods show that most of the phenotypic variation observed can be explained by four loci of major effect, named Sb, Yb, L, and K. Two further loci, G and Wo, were identified that control more minor phenotypic variation. Sb, Yb, and Wo are linked and the latter is differentially expressed between the sexes. The transition between H. c. cydnides in the north and H. c. weymeri to the south occurs over approximately 15 km. Collections from a single site near the center of the hybrid zone show that gene frequencies have been stable over the 10 yr from 1991 to 2001 and that color‐pattern genes are in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, with little evidence for linkage disequilibrium. This suggests that mating is random between color‐pattern forms. Nonetheless, there is evidence for variation in the sex ratio, with parental phenotypes and the most melanic hybrid phenotypes showing a fairly even sex ratio compared to a strong male bias observed in the remaining hybrids. We hypothesize that this might be explained by differential selection between sexes and phenotypes, phenomena that could have important implications for hybrid zone analysis and the evolution of Müllerian mimicry.
Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) n.comb. (Oxyuroidea; Nematoda) from tadpoles in eastern and central Canada

Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) n.comb. (=Pharyngodon batrachiensis Walton, 1929) was found in seven species of anurans belonging to the Ranidae, Hylidae, and Bufonidae in New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario, Canada. Transformed anurans were not infected. The species is redescribed from material collected near Guelph, Ontario. Pharyngodon armatus Walton, 1933 is considered a synonym of G. batrachiensis. Gyrinicola Yamaguti, 1938 is redefined and transferred to the Oxyuroidea from the Cosmocercoidea. The genus is distinguished by the presence of two egg types in females. Thick-shelled eggs with embryos in an early stage of cleavage were present in one horn of the reproductive tract, whereas thin-shelled larvated eggs were present in the other horn. Three species of Gyrinicola are recognized, namely, G. batrachiensis in North America, G. tba (Dinnik, 1930) n.comb. in Europe, and G. japonica Yamaguti, 1938 in Japan.
Restoration of Pasture to Forest in Brazil's Mata Atlântica: The Roles of Herbivory, Seedling Defenses, and Plot Design in Reforestation

In this study, seedling growth and herbivory were monitored during the first 4 years of plot development in a large‐scale reforestation experiment in Brazil's Atlantic Rainforest (Mata Atlântica). Seedlings were planted in a factorial design testing two levels of density, three levels of diversity, and the presence or absence of pioneer species at the Reserva Natural Vale in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. In addition, we studied the effect of herbivory on seedling growth and the potential for plant defenses to limit herbivory. Seedling growth was higher in the low‐density plantings, and seedlings attained the greatest height in the low‐diversity plots, which had a higher density of fast‐growing species. The inclusion of pioneer species resulted in a significant decrease in the growth of neighboring seedlings. Interactions between herbivory, plant defenses, and seedling growth were complex. In general, defenses such as saponins and leaf toughness reduced herbivory, but when herbivory was high, seedling growth was reduced. Across treatments, mean height without herbivore damage was 240.8 cm, and with 50% herbivory mean height was 101.5 cm. Overall, to limit insect damage and promote seedling success, plant defense characteristics and ecological interactions should be carefully considered in reforestation projects.
The development of the anterior post‐otic somites in the rabbit

A study is presented of the most anterior postotic somites in a series of embryos from the five‐somite stage to 16 days. A gradual fading out of the somite forming tendency in this region seems to be indicated both by the formation of a rudimentary somite and by conditions found in the first true somites.
The Effect of Various Mono–and Disaccharides on the Growth of Sphagnum nemoreum Thalli in Sterile Cultures

Sphagnum nemoreum Scop. thalli were grown under sterile conditions in order to study their ability to use certain carbohydrates for their growth, with special reference to the sugars occurring free in Sphagnum peat. It was found that Sphagnum nemoreum thallus could not grow at ail in vitro unless some organic carbon source war present. Growth was dependent on both the quality and the quantity of the sugar. Sucrose (1 per cent) proved to be the best carbon source and light intensity did not have any marked influence on growth under these conditions. Glucose and fructose were also growth promoting. Glucose is the main free sugar in the peat. Mannose (0.25 per cent) was almost as good a carbon source as sucrose in the same concentration. It is known that mannose accumulates in the Sphagnum peat during humification. and so does rhanmose, which was utilized to some extent. These two sugars are inhibitory to many mono–and dicotyledons. Ribose, galactose. arabinose and xylose were found to be toxic to Sphagnum.
LOS ESTOMAS DE MYRTILLOCACTUS GEOMETRIZANS (Mart. ex. Pfeiff.) Console (Cactaceae): VARIACIÓN EN SU ÁREA DE DISTRIBUCIÓN

Se determinó el tamaño y la densidad de los estomas en 20 poblaciones de Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Mart. ex. Pfeiff.) Console para saber si la posición del segmento de la rama y la distribución geográfica modifican el tipo, densidad y tamaño de los estomas. Se recolectaron 49 muestras en los Estados de San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla y Oaxaca. De cada rama se removieron segmentos de epidermis de 1.8 cm de diámetro de las regiones apical y media; en ellos se cuantificó densidad de estomas/mm2 y su longitud. Los resultados mostraron que los estomas son paralelocíticos en todas las poblaciones, sin diferencias para el tamaño del estoma entre la posición apical y media de la rama (P > 0.41), pero sí para la densidad (P < 0.0001); no se detectó una correlación significativa entre ambas (P > 0.27). Este comportamiento probablemente está relacionado con la maduración de las células epidérmicas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para la densidad de estomas y su tamaño entre poblaciones (P ≤ 0.05), con 18 estomas/mm2 en San Pedro Jocotipac y 30 estomas/mm2 en Santa María del Río, mientras que en Barranca de Tolimán los estomas fueron de 33.97 μm y en Paradero Villele de 45.57 μm. A pesar de la diferencia altitudinal de 1300 m no se detectó efecto altitudinal en ninguna de estas dos variables evaluadas (P > 0.07 y 0.90). Tanto densidad como tamaño de estomas se asociaron positivamente con la latitud (P < 0.02 y 0.0001).