Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annual and seasonal variations of atmospheric CO2, N2O and CO concentrations retrieved from NOAA/TOVS satellite observations

We show that atmospheric concentration variations of major greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CO) may be retrieved from observations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar meteorological satellite series. The method relies on the analysis of the differences between the observations and simulations from a radiative transfer model using collocated radiosonde data and fixed gas concentrations as the prime input. Over the time period considered (July 1987 – September 1991), the results are in good agreement with present knowledge of the atmospheric cycles (seasonal, annual) of the gases. A reanalysis of the more than 20 years archive of NOAA observations has considerable promise for an improved knowledge of the carbon cycle.
The Use of Stakeholder Analysis in Integrated Watershed Management

In the Ngenge watershed, at Mt. Elgon in the eastern Ugandan highlands, agricultural practices cause serious soil erosion problems and subsequent decrease in soil and water quality. Attempts to manage soil erosion through policy interventions have not been successful, because existing policies and legislation for natural resource management are inadequate and often formulated without consulting local communities. In the Ngenge watershed, an integrated watershed management (IWM) program was initiated to foster sustainable land and water management solutions. Experience shows that successes in IWM programs depend on effective participation by all relevant groups of stakeholders. The present study investigates the usability of a stakeholder analysis (SA) and how it has to be linked with participatory problem identification and participatory formulation of action and work plans to build a base for effective IWM. The SA considered the following criteria: (1) stakeholders' commitment to implement IWM, (2) their power to influence policy-making and implementation processes, and (3) the expected impact of the IWM program on the stakeholders. The SA allowed identification of key groups of stakeholders who participated in workshops and jointly developed concrete action and work plans. These workshop outputs, together with the positive feedback of the stakeholders and the commitment of policy-makers to continue the process, are good indicators that SA is a useful means for supporting the development of IWM strategies.
EFECTO DEL RIEGO CON AGUAS RESIDUALES SOBRE PROPIEDADES QUÍMICAS DE SUELOS DE LA PLANICIE DE CORO, ESTADO FALCÓN

Use of wastewater for irrigation and its effect on chemical properties of soils in the plains of Coro, Falcon State, Venezuela With the purpose of determining the potential use of wastewaters as alternative for irrigation in the semi-arid areas of Falcon State, it was evaluated the effect on chemical properties of soils in three production zones located in the Coro plains: one under permanent irrigation of pasture, other with intermittent irrigation of vegetables, and an area of virgin soils without use of wastewaters. Results showed that the permanent use of wastewater on pasture improved soil fertility because it led to increments in the organic matter, P, K, and Mg contents. However, the continuous use of the wastewater increased the soil content of cadmium and lead at levels that could be harmful to health due to probable crop contamination with heavy metals.
Computer modeling the internal architecture of carbonate platforms

A numerical computer model is described that calculates the internal architecture of carbonate platforms in response to varying values of carbonate production, subaerial and submarine erosion, sediment redeposition, and sea-level changes. The computer-generated sections closely resemble large-scale outcrops and interpreted seismic profiles through carbonate platforms. Stillstand and transgressive sequences have prograding and downlapping platform geometries with lagoons developing in transgressive systems. Regressive sequences have downlapping clinoforms and erosional upper surfaces. Glacioeustatic scale cycles have a major control on platform geometry with erosional sequence boundaries developing during low stands and platform drowning occurring during transgressive periods. Lowstand downlapping wedges are minor features when compared with clastic systems, and major progradation and downlap of slope deposits develop with transgressions and flooding of platform tops. Carbonate erosion rates are varied and have an important effect on the morphology of foodback surfaces, which have a major control on platform top production. The computer program contributes to the analysis of carbonate systems in two ways: it gives a visual picture of the quantitative effects of the many parameters controlling carbonate geometries, and it aids quantitative analysis of the architectures and time scales of ancient outcrop or seismic sequences.
Spatial Distribution of PAHs in the U.K. Atmosphere Using Pine Needles

A study of the spatial distribution and mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pine needles sampled across the U.K. in the summer of 1994 is presented. PAHs reach pine needles via atmospheric transport and deposition processes. Phenanthrene was distributed irregularly across the U.K., while the other PAHs generally decreased on a northward gradient from the southern England to northern Scotland by a factor of ∼7. A relationship was found between the mean PAH concentrations of each area sampled and the population density. Fingerprint technique enabled differences in the PAH composition among the different areas to be highlighted. A southern, central, and northern fingerprint were determined over a more general uniform contamination pattern. Calculated air concentrations, through bioconcentration factors (BCF) based on octanol−air partition coefficients (Koa), were compared with measured data from the literature. The underestimation of the calculated values were related to the Koa of each com.
Peroxisomal membrane contact sites in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha

Pex11 and Pex25 are peroxisomal membrane proteins that belong to the same protein family. Recent studies in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha suggest that Pex11 and Pex25 play redundant roles in peroxisome biogenesis, because cells of a H. polymorpha pex11 pex25 double deletion strain, but not of a pex11 single deletion strain, have a severe peroxisome biogenesis defect. Pex11 has been studied extensively, but very little is known on the function of Pex25. Here we show that deletion of H. polymorpha PEX25 only has a minor effect on peroxisome number, however, pex25 cells show reduced growth on methanol, a substrate that requires functional peroxisomes. Analysis of H. polymorpha pex11 pex25 cells revealed the presence of clusters of small peroxisomes to which peroxisomal membrane proteins are normally sorted. Also, these structures contain some matrix protein, but the bulk is mislocalized to the cytosol. Upon reintroduction, Pex25 sorts to these organelles, which subsequently mature into normal peroxisomes. At these conditions, the peroxisomes are invariably closely associated with the vacuole and nucleus.
Warwickshire Group (Pennsylvanian) red-beds of the Canonbie Coalfield, England–Scotland border, and their regional palaeogeographical implications

Abstract Late Carboniferous red-beds, < 700 m thick, at outcrop and in the subsurface of the Canonbie Coalfield can be assigned to the Warwickshire Group. They are preserved within the axial part of the Solway Syncline and are divisible into the Eskbank Wood, Canonbie Bridge Sandstone and Becklees Sandstone formations. Sedimentation largely took place on a well-drained alluvial plain, characterized mainly by early, primary oxidation of the strata. Large, northerly-flowing braided river systems were common, with overbank and floodplain fines deposited lateral to the channels; soils formed during intervals of low sediment aggradation. The Canonbie succession includes some of the youngest Carboniferous rocks preserved in the UK. Correlation of the Eskbank Wood Formation is equivocal, but using petrographical, heavy mineral, zircon age dating and palaeocurrent data, the Canonbie Bridge Sandstone Formation can be unambiguously correlated with the Halesowen Formation of Warwickshire, the Pennant Sandstone Formation of South Wales and the offshore Boulton Formation. This suggests that southerly-derived detritus travelled considerable distances from the Variscan highlands of Brittany and/or central Germany across the southern North Sea and UK areas, to a position some hundreds of kilometres north of that previously recognized. The Becklees Sandstone Formation has much in common with the Salop Formation of the English Midlands. It appears to have no preserved equivalent elsewhere in the UK or in the UK sector of the southern North Sea but resembles stratigraphically higher parts of the southern North Sea succession seen in the Dutch sector.
-approximation Properties of Elliptic Projectors on Polynomial Spaces, with Application to the Error Analysis of a Hybrid High-order Discretisation of Leray–lions Problems˚daniele

In this work we prove optimal W s,p-approximation estimates (with p P r1, `8s) for el-liptic projectors on local polynomial spaces. The proof hinges on the classical Dupont–Scott approximation theory together with two novel abstract lemmas: An approximation result for bounded projectors, and an L p-boundedness result for L 2-orthogonal projectors on polynomial subspaces. The W s,p-approximation results have general applicability to (standard or polytopal) numerical methods based on local polynomial spaces. As an illustration, we use these W s,p-estimates to derive novel error estimates for a Hybrid High-Order discretization of Leray–Lions elliptic problems whose weak formulation is classically set in W 1,p pΩq for some p P p1, `8q. This kind of problems appears, e.g., in the modelling of glacier motion, of in-compressible turbulent flows, and in airfoil design. Denoting by h the meshsize, we prove that the approximation error measured in a W 1,p-like norm scales as h k`1 p´1 when p ě 2 and as h pk`1qpp´1q when p ă 2.
The contribution of Anatolia to European phylogeography: the centre of origin for the 2 meadow grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus

16 Aim Chorthippus parallelus is one of the classic model systems for studying genetic structure 17 and phylogeography of the Western Palaearctic. Here, we investigate the regional genetic 18 differentiation of C. parallelus and evaluate historical and evolutionary processes responsible 19 for such genetic structuring; test the nature of the Marmara water body as barriers to dispersal, 20 and explore the contribution of Anatolian populations to the biodiversity of the West 21 Palaearctic including its likely expansion routes. 22 Location West Palaearctic. 23
Greenland Freshwater Runoff. Part I: A Runoff Routing Model for Glaciated and Nonglaciated Landscapes (HydroFlow)

AbstractA gridded linear-reservoir runoff routing model (HydroFlow) was developed to simulate the linkages between runoff production from land-based snowmelt and icemelt processes and the associated freshwater fluxes to downstream areas and surrounding oceans. HydroFlow was specifically designed to account for glacier, ice sheet, and snow-free and snow-covered land applications. Its performance was verified for a test area in southeast Greenland that contains the Mittivakkat Glacier, the local glacier in Greenland with the longest observed time series of mass-balance and ice-front fluctuations. The time evolution of spatially distributed gridcell runoffs required by HydroFlow were provided by the SnowModel snow-evolution modeling system, driven with observed atmospheric data, for the years 2003 through 2010. The spatial and seasonal variations in HydroFlow hydrographs show substantial correlations when compared with observed discharge coming from the Mittivakkat Glacier area and draining into the adjacent.
Cambio climático en Uruguay, posibles impactos y medidas de adaptación en el sector agropecuario.

El presente trabajo presenta un resumen de informacion sobre cambio climatico observado en Uruguay y la region y posibles escenarios futuros. Dicha informacion se basa fundamentalmente en estudios conducidos y finalizados recientemente (2005-2009) en el pais, en el marco del programa “Assessment of Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change” (AIACC-START, TWAS, GEF) ( AIACC, 2006), en el “Analisis de la Estadistica Climatica y Desarrollo y Evaluacion de Escenarios Climaticos e Hidrologicos de las principales Cuencas Hidrograficas del Uruguay y la Zona Costera” (Unidad de Cambio Climatico de la DINAMA del MVOTMA de Uruguay, PNUD, GEF, 2005), en el estudio de “Identificacion de Posibles Impactos del Cambio Climatico en la Produccion de Pasturas Naturales y de Arroz en Uruguay” (PNUD, URU/05/G32-252, Unidad de Cambio Climatico de la DINAMA del MVOTMA de Uruguay, Unidad GRAS del INIA, 2008) y en el proyecto “Vulnerabilidad al Cambio Climatico en los Sistemas de Produccion Agricola en America Latina y el Caribe: Desarrollo de Respuestas y Estrategias” (Banco Mundial, Universidad de Cornell, Unidad GRAS de INIA, 2009).
Technetium-99m radiopharmaceutical preparation problems: 12 years of experience.

OBJECTIVE Chemical reactions involved in preparing 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals occasionally result in products of substandard purity. A retrospective examination of preparation problems that occurred in the author's institution was conducted to better define the incidence, recognize patterns and identify causes of substandard 99mTc radiopharmaceutical products. METHODS All 99mTc radiopharmaceutical preparation and quality control testing records for the years 1986-1997 were reviewed, and preparation factors associated with substandard products were identified and examined. RESULTS Fifty of 20,972 (0.2%) 99mTc products had substandard radiochemical purity; none were administered to patients. Twenty-eight of the 50 substandard products (56%) involved macroaggregated albumin with the remainder divided among in vitro red blood cells, exametazime, disofenin, sestamibi, mertiatide and sulfur colloid. Thirty-three of the 50 (66%) involved 99mTc-pertechnetate obtained as the first elution of a new generator and/or 99mTc-pertechnetate more than 12 hr old. Several of the substandard products involved other preparation factors and/or human error. CONCLUSION The majority of substandard 99mTc radiopharmaceutical products involved the use of 99mTc-pertechnetate containing excessive amounts of 99Tc and/or oxidizing impurities to prepare products containing relatively small amounts of stannous. Although substandard products are an infrequent occurrence, radiochemical purity testing should be performed routinely on all 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals before patient administration.
The methane flux along topographical gradients on a glacier foreland in the high Arctic, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

: In order to examine the relationship between the methane (CH 4 ) flux and soil factors and vegetation in High Arctic tundra, we investigated the CH 4 flux along topographical gradients on a glacier foreland in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N, 12°E). The CH 4 flux rates varied widely among sites even within the same vegetation type, ranging from positive (emission) to negative (absorption) values. High CH 4 emission rates were detected on ridges and in sites with a low soil water content, but there was no significant relationship between CH 4 flux rates and soil factors including soil moisture, pH, soil carbon and nitrogen content. Mean values of CH 4 emission and CH 4 absorption were 0.30±0.33 mg m −2 h -1 ( n =12) and 0.11±0.06 mg m −2 h −1 ( n =11), respectively. These findings suggest that the study area is a small source of CH 4 with a mean flux of 0.11 mg CH 4 m −2 h −1 (0.083 mg C m −2 h −1 ). It was concluded that carbon flux derived from CH 4 accounts for an extremely small proportion of the total carbon flux from soil in this area.
Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen

A review of the geologic history of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen suggests that at least 1400 km of north-south shortening has been absorbed by the orogen since the onset of the Indo-Asian collision at about 70 Ma. Significant crustal shortening, which leads to eventual construction of the Cenozoic Tibetan plateau, began more or less synchronously in the Eocene (50–40 Ma) in the Tethyan Himalaya in the south, and in the Kunlun Shan and the Qilian Shan some 1000–1400 km in the north. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic histories in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen exerted a strong control over the Cenozoic strain history and strain distribution. The presence of widespread Triassic flysch complex in the Songpan-Ganzi-Hoh Xil and the Qiangtang terranes can be spatially correlated with Cenozoic volcanism and thrusting in central Tibet. The marked difference in seismic properties of the crust and the upper mantle between southern and central Tibet is a manifestation of both Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics. The form.
Northumberland Trough and Solway Basin

Carboniferous rocks within this region occupy a broadly east–west graben, referred to as the Northumberland Trough within Northumberland (Bewcastle to the North Sea coast) and the Solway Basin in the vicinity of the Solway Firth, where much of the succession is obscured by Permo-Triassic strata (Fig. 13.1). The graben is bounded to the south by the Maryport-Stublick-Ninety Fathom Fault System, which forms the northern boundary of the Lake District and Alston blocks (see Chapter 12). The Carboniferous rocks are broadly separated from the Midland Valley of Scotland (Chapter 14), to the north, by the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Southern Uplands, which formed an emergent upland area throughout much of the Carboniferous, with local deposition within small basins. At the eastern onshore extent of the Southern Uplands a relatively condensed Carboniferous succession was deposited upon the Cheviot Block.
Transfrontier Conservation Areas : People Living on the Edge

This book focuses on the forgotten people displaced by, or living on the edge of, protected wildlife areas. It moves beyond the grand 'enchanting promise' of conservation and development across frontiers, and unfounded notions of TFCAs as integrated social-ecological systems. Peoples' dependency on natural resources – the specific combination of crop cultivation, livestock keeping and natural resource harvesting activities – varies enormously along the conservation frontier, as does their reliance on resources on the other side of the conservation boundary. Hence, the studies in this book move from the dream of eco-tourism-fuelled development supporting nature conservation and people towards the local realities facing marginalized people, living adjacent to protected areas in environments often poorly suited to agriculture.
Far-Field Test of the ICE-4G Model of Global Isostatic Response to Deglaciation Using Empirical and Theoretical Holocene Sea-Level Reconstructions for the Fiji Islands, Southwestern Pacific

Abstract Holocene paleosea-level data for Fiji, represented by 77 dates and emergence magnitudes, are presented, screened, and adjusted. Most data are from coral microatolls, potentially the most precise paleosea-level indicators in this region. Holocene sea-level changes are reconstructed for five areas within Fiji known to have had different late Quaternary tectonic histories. Resulting analysis suggests that postglacial sea level in Fiji reached its present level more than 6900 14C yr B.P. It also suggests either that a single maximum 5650–3200 14C yr B.P. (perhaps +2.19 m but more likely +1.35–1.50 m) occurred or that two maxima occurred 6100–4550 14C yr B.P. (+0.75–1.85 m) and 3590–2800 14C yr B.P. (+0.90–2.46 m). Broad agreement exists between these empirical sea-level reconstructions and those derived theoretically using the ICE-4G model (predicted maximum ∼4000 14C yr B.P.; ∼+2.1 m). This suggests that both methods of reconstructing Holocene sea-level changes are valid, as are the assumptions underpinning the ICE-4G model. The most important of these, that eustatic sea level had effectively stopped rising by late middle-Holocene time (5000–4000 yr B.P.), is confirmed by observations from Fiji.
A numerical study of storm surges and tides, with application to the North Queensland coast

Abstract A two-dimensional numerical model of the shallow-water equations, with a modified Orlanski-type radiation boundary condition, is applied to study storm surges and tides on the North Queensland coast. The numerical simulations show that with the tides included in the storm surge model the sea level elevation is generally lower than if we simply add the astronomical tides to the surge. This has been previously observed and has been commonly explained as a nonlinear interaction between the storm surge and the tides. The authors demonstrate that this effect is due to the quadratic bottom friction law. Analysis of the important dynamical processes yields a simple rule to estimate the total sea level due to the combined effects of a storm surge and tide.
Regulation of Tibetan Plateau heating on variation of Indian summer monsoon in the last two millennia

Decadal surface temperatures averaged over the Tibetan Plateau are derived for the last two millennia from ice core and tree‐ring reconstructed surface temperatures at various locations on the Plateau. The temperature variations show that 1) the late 20th century is the warmest period in the past two millennia, 2) a persistent warming in Tibetan Plateau since the 17th century coincides with intensification of the Indian summer monsoon, and most importantly, 3) in the two millennia, epochs of cool/warm temperatures in the Tibetan Plateau coincided with weak/strong Indian summer monsoon. Comparisons between monsoon intensity variations and temperature fluctuations in other parts of the Eurasian continent suggest that the surface heating over the Tibetan Plateau has played a dominant role in changes of the Indian summer monsoon intensity.
Estimation of Regional Recharge and Travel Time Through the Unsaturated Zone in Arid Climates

Studies are currently underway to determine the suitability of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as the first high-level nuclear-waste repository in the United States. Values of net infiltration, estimates of travel time through the unsaturated zone, and recharge are useful for evaluating the expected performance of the potential repository as a waste-containment system. The current understanding of infiltration that has been developed at the Yucca Mountain site is presented, and is being extrapolated to the Death Valley region. A conceptual model of recharge as it relates to net infiltration is developed, where recharge is assumed to be near vertical, with a time delay that is a function of rate of net infiltration and the thickness of the unsaturated zone, and the effective travel-path porosity. From estimates of these three criteria, water travel time through the unsaturated zone can be calculated, providing additional understanding of spatial differences in recharge processes. Future climate change is expected to result in an increase in precipitation that may change the rate of net infiltration and therefore the travel time through the unsaturated zone. Although parts of the regional flow system may respond quickly to climate change, others may lag behind significantly. This variability may be significant in determining the rate and direction of groundwater flow. The approach presented in this paper is tested with data from the Yucca Mountain site, and compared to various other approaches for estimating recharge. The approach is extended to the regional scale for consideration as a useful tool for estimating recharge at various scales and under different climatic scenarios.