Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants for intention to change travel mode choice behaviour of NHS hospital staff

The UK’s NHS is the largest employer in Europe with approximately 1.3 million staff. Around 83% of the journeys associated with the NHS are made by private car. In this context, every healthcare authority was required to produce a travel plan by December 2010, including an emphasis on promoting walking and cycling as a means of accessing hospitals. Evidence shows that although the take–up of travel plans is increasing across the NHS, the impact of travel plans in promoting walking as a travel option is relatively low among hospital staff. A scoping study has been conducted aiming to bridge the gap between research and practice by capturing the views of the NHS representatives on hospital travel plans by a nationwide survey and review of hospital travel plans. The survey findings show that despite having a high potential to promote walking as a key travel option among the hospital staff, the measures to promote walking were cited as the least effective. A Spearman’s ⇢ correlation coefficient test was performed to evaluate the correlation between travel plan measures to promote walking and restrictive measures to reduce the use of cars. The results show that the effectiveness of measures to reduce the use of cars is positively correlated with the effectiveness of measures to promote walking. The effectiveness of travel plan measures to secure the targeted outcome is attributed to the methods used to address the determinants for changing travel behaviour whilst designing travel plan measures and the successful adoption of innovative strategies in the given context. A theoretical framework has been developed based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and five key research hypotheses have been proposed to demonstrate the key determinants for changing travel behaviour. The analysis was based on a nationwide survey among the NHS hospital staff in England in 2013. There were 863 completed responses, out of which 459 responses were from hospital staff, who solely relied on car journeys for commuting purposes. Structural equation modelling was performed to investigate the effects of socio–economic, psychological and situational factors in determining intention to change travel behaviour among the car users only. The model estimation results show that the effects of cognitive attitude towards walking and objective mobility were significant on determining intention to change travel behaviour. The respondents exhibited a habitual nature of travel behaviour, which is characterised by longer commuting distance and journey time than the national UK average. The practical implications of the study were addressed by providing recommendations that need to be considered whilst designing travel plan measures. The recommendations were based on the concept of Model for Planned Promotion. This study provides a basis for further conceptualisation of travel behaviour change and identifies several areas that need further investigation in relation to designing interventions to promote walking in the context of healthcare.
Prevalence of self-medication practices among urban slum dwellers in Hyderabad, India

Background: In a number of developing countries many drugs are dispensed over the counter without medical supervision. In this case, self-medication provides a lower cost-alternative for people who cannot afford the cost of clinical service. Objectives of the study was to assess the prevalence of self-medication among urban slum dwellers and to find out factors influencing self-medication. Methods: A community based cross-sectional was done in the field practice area of Department of Community medicine. All the residents of selected slum who >18 years of age were selected. A total of 200 participants were randomly selected. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was very high (73%). Majority of the study participants preferred allopathy medicine (84%). Pharmacist was the main source of information for practicing self-medication (67%). Conclusions: Health education sessions should be conducted to create awareness about side effects of self-medication. Strict laws should also be formulated by the concerned authorities that without prescription of doctors no medicine should to given to anybody at the pharmacy.
Description of the influence of age, period and cohort effects on cervical cancer mortality by loglinear Poisson models (Belgium, 1955-1994)

Background: Cervical cancer mortality in Belgium has been decreasing continuously over the last forty years. This might generate the impression that the trend has hardly been influenced by changing exposure to etiologic factors or by increasing attendance to screening conducted since twenty years. It is important to separate out the role of ageing, period of death and period of birth (cohort). Method: An age-period-cohort analysis, based on Poisson regression, was performed on cervical cancer mortality in Belgium between 1955 and 1994 in women between 20 and 79 years. The method of model building as proposed by Clayton (1, 2) is used. A linear secular trend (drift) can be isolated but not attributed to either period- or cohort-effects. Only the nonlinear deviations are estimable using second differences contrasts. Over-dispersion is allowed. Results: The mortality decreased with about 50% over the last four decades. A full age-period-cohort model, adjusted for extra-Poisson variation, was necessary to adequately describe the trends. Strong cohort-effects were observed, besides age and drift. The non-linear period effect was significant but limited in magnitude. Conclusions: The cohort effects seem to coincide with changing sexual behaviour of successive generations. The existence of a substantial negative drift factor shows that the decrease of mortality cannot be ascribed simply to prevention by Papanicolaou testing. Otherwise it does not provide evidence that screening was not influential. It is possible that screening further prolonged the effect of earlier clinical diagnosis and treatment due to improved access to health care.
Transition and Beyond in Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Glycaemic control and microvascular complications in 104 young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus were established by a retrospective study. Mean age and duration of diabetes were 19.5 ± 1.8 and 9.4 ± 3.9 years. Mean HbA1c was 77 ± 18 mmol/mol. Microalbuminuria was noted in 5.8% and retinopathy in 43.2% (41.3% had background changes only). Fifty patients transferred from transition to young adult clinic maintained their glycaemic control (78 ± 20 mmol/mol before transfer and 78 ± 22 mmol/mol after transfer) and clinic attendance.
Foramen Mandibulae’nin Lokalizasyonu ve Morfometrisi,

Foramen mandibulae, ramus mandibulae’nin orta kisminin arkasinda bulunur, icindennervus alveolaris inferior ve damarlar gecer. Amac: Bu calismanin amaci, foramen mandibulae’nin morfometrik olcumlerinin velokalizasyonunun belirlenmesidir. Gerec ve Yontem: Bu calisma 102 kuru mandibula’da yapildi (204 taraf). Foramenmandibulae’larda alti ayri morfometrik olcum yapildi. Foramen mandibulae ile caputmandibulae, ramus mandibulae’nin arka kenari, ramus mandibulae’nin on kenari,corpus mandibulae’nin alt kenari, incisura mandibulae ve angulus mandibulae arasiuzakliklar olculdu.Bulgular: Foramen mandibulae ile caput mandibulae, ramus mandibulae’nin arkakenari, ramus mandibulae’nin on kenari, corpus mandibulae’nin alt kenari, incisuramandibulae’nin en derin noktasi ve angulus mandibulae’nin en cikintili noktasi arasiortalama uzakliklar sirasiyla, sagda 41,73 ± 3,97 mm; 14,32 ± 2,09 mm; 12,86 ± 2,46mm; 29,51 ± 3,93 mm; 23,65 ± 3,38 mm; 22,80 ± 4,32 mm ve solda 41,36 ± 4,37 mm;14,59 ± 2,13 mm; 12,77 ± 1,90 mm; 26,39 ± 4,05 mm; 24,18 ± 3,02 mm; 22,18 ± 3,90mm olarak olculdu. Sag ve sol taraf karsilastirmasinda foramen mandibulae ile incisuramandibulae’nin en derin noktasi ve foramen mandibulae ile angulus mandibulae’nin encikintili noktasi arasi uzakliklarin ortalama degerleri anlamli bir fark gosterdi.Sonuc: Foramen mandibulae’nin lokalizasyonu, mandibular anestezide, agiz icigirisimlerde, dentofasyal deformitelerin restorasyonunda ve maksillofasyal cerrahideonemlidir. Mandibular sinirin hasarindan kacinmak icin bu bolge anatomisinin iyibilinmesi gerekmektedir. Bu calismada, foramen mandibulae’nin morfometrik anatomisini ve lokalizasyonunu tanimlamaya calistik. Bu bilgilerden dis hekimliginde, agizici, maksillofasyal cerrahide yararlanilabilir
The effects of brief physical conditioning on immune cells and cytokines in elderly individuals in Manaus, Amazonas

Introduction: Aging is understood as the sum of all biological, psychological and social changes that occur over the years. Associated with aging we list up the changes of morphological and functional order of the immune system: Immunosenescence. Objective This study's objective was to characterize the effect of a brief exercise program on the profile of cytokines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of elderly individuals in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Materials and methods: Twelve subjects aged 66.8 (± 3.7) years old on average engaged in three weekly sessions of exercises for 16 weeks and, seven subjects aged 66.1 (± 6.7) years on average, who practiced only recreational activities, composed the control group. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α and INF-γ were measured using the CBA technique (cytometric Bead Array) and the count of subpopulations of lymphocytes - B, B1, T/CD4, T/CD8, Treg, NK and NKT - was performed using flow cytometry. Results: The relative number of B lymphocytes, T/CD4+ and NKT (CD3+/CD16 +/CD56+) increased significantly (p <0.05) after physical activity, compared to the pre-exercise phase and the control group. In another analysis, each individual in the test group was classified either as major or minor producer of each cytokine; i.e., their values were above or below the cut-off point defined by the median of all measurements of that cytokine. Patterns of cytokine production were observed in the post-exercise group, which allowed defining sets ("signatures") of cytokines that were associated with the practice of short-term physical exercises. Conclusion: Our work showed that exercise induces changes in the count of immune cells, which allows us to infer that it can be used as an alternative to reverse or mitigate the implications of immunosenescence.
Autoimmune diabetes: an immunological study of type 1 diabetes in humans and in a model of experimental diabetes (in RIP-B7.1 mice)

BACKGROUND: In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the influence of age at diagnosis and of the IDDM1 and IDDM2 genetic susceptibility loci on the profile of βcell autoantibodies has been demonstrated. We studied these associations in a group of 92 patients (children, adolescents and adults, age range 2−62 years) with newly diagnosed T1D. METHODS: The prevalence of the HLA-DQB1*02 and *0302 alleles and of the classes of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of the insulin gene (INS), and of β-cell autoantibodies (GADA, IA-2A, ICA and IAA) was determined. Statistical analysis was performed using linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: The presence of IAA, IA-2A and ICA, but not of GADA was negatively associated with age at diagnosis. Younger patients were more likely to have multiple autoantibodies. There was a tendency of a higher prevalence of IAA in patients with the HLADQB1*02/0302 genotype or with the DQB1*0302 allele compared to patients lacking these markers. As a novel observation, the INS VNTR I/III genotype was significantly associated with the presence of GADA (OR = 4.79; p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: The association between the INS VNTR I/III genotype and GADA may suggest that in patients with T1D lacking the INS VNTR I/I genotype, the effect of other susceptibility factors prevails, which promotes the development of autoimmunity to β-cell antigens other than insulin.
Clinical Evaluation of Caries Removal in Primary Teeth Using Carie-care and SmartPrep Burs: An In vivo Study

Background: Ultra conservative caries removal now has become an integral part of Minimal Invasive Dentistry. The main objective of deep caries removal is to conserve the tooth structure as well to maintain the integrity of pulpal health. Aim: To evaluate clinically the efficiency of caries removal using Carie-Care compared to the SmartPrep burs for complete caries excavation. Materials and Methods: Split mouth study was done in 64 children where caries excavation was done using Carie-Care on one side and Smart burs on the other side. The parameters assessed were complete caries excavation, pain reaction, need for local anesthesia and mean time required. Results: The differences between complete caries excavation, pain reaction and need for local anesthesia using both the techniques were statistically insignificant. Whereas the time taken for caries removal using Carie-Care was significantly less than Smart burs (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Both the techniques can be used effectively for caries excavation in primary teeth.
Cost Variation Study of Antidiabetics: Indian Scenario

The Indian pharmaceutical industry has become a cornucopia of medicines with wide variation in prices for the same medicine marketed under different brand names. Methods: CIMS (current index of medical stores) Apr-June 2013 & IDR (Indian drug review) issue3 2013 & MIMS (Monthly Index of Medical Specialities) Feb. 2013 were reviewed for the prices of drugs used in the management of diabetes mellitus and the percentage variation in price were calculated. Results: In Single drug therapy of oral antidiabetics maximum % price variation is 830. In combination therapies maximum % price variation is 475. In Insulin preparations maximum % price variation is 1881.24. Conclusion: The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same drug is very wide and hence the physician must keep this in mind while prescribing, considering the financial background of the patient. This is necessary since the drug treatment may extend for a long time; usually lifelong.
Characterisation of markers associated with systemic inflammation in children with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that in the majority of cases leads to End Stage Renal Failure (ESRD) and the need for dialysis, with the only cure being renal transplant. CKD affects both adults and children; however the underlying causes of the disease are different. CKD in adults is most commonly secondary to diabetes and/or hypertension while CKD in children is usually caused by congenital structural abnormalities that result directly in renal dysfunction. There have been numerous reports of inflammatory and immunological disturbances in adult CKD that involve both the cellular and humoral immune systems. Consequences of these include an increased rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD), decreased response to vaccinations, as well as increased rates of infection, anaemia and malnutrition. Children with CKD display many of the clinical complications seen in adult kidney disease that are associated with inflammatory and immunological changes. In adults however, many of the primary conditions associated with CKD are inherently pro-inflammatory; therefore it is not clear whether the inflammatory changes observed in adults with CKD are due to pre-existing inflammatory conditions, renal disease per se or a combination of both. The majority of CKD in children is caused by conditions that are not inflammatory in nature. This presents a unique opportunity to study the inflammatory consequences of CKD alone, without the added complication of underlying inflammatory disorders. Despite this, there has been little investigation of the inflammatory and immunological status of children with CKD. Some very recent studies have shown that children with CKD have an increased systemic inflammatory state[1-3], however the nature of these immunological and inflammatory changes remains poorly defined. Identification of the specific inflammatory processes that occur in CKD may provide new treatment targets and the opportunity to develop urgently needed new therapies. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the presence of immunological changes associated with inflammation in children with CKD. This is the first study to include children with very mild disease, and the significant changes that are present in the early stages of the disease are of particular note. I have shown that CKD in children is an intrinsically inflammatory condition, with increased accumulation of markers of oxidative stress and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory markers identified in this study may be applied as a foundation for more sensitive diagnostic markers of disease progression as well as provide a basis for novel treatment strategies in this group of patients. Early identification of increased inflammation is a prerequisite for the application of preventive strategies. In addition, a better understanding of the level and mechanisms of systemic inflammation in children with CKD may enable a more accurate assessment of their risk of other inflammatory conditions such as CVD, anaemia, muscle…
Response to Comments: Practical Wisdom in the Service of Professional Practice

he work of both scholarship and practice progresses as a consequence of dialogue, debate, and exchange. I am T grateful to Rodney Evans ("Existing Practice Is Not the Template," this issue of Educational Researcher [ER], pp. 553-559) for his comments on an earlier ER article that I cowrote with three colleagues at The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (Shulman, Golde, Bueschel, & Garabedian, 2006, "Reclaiming Education's Doctorates: A Critique and a Proposal"). ' It is gratifying that Evans took our work seriously enough to prepare a carefully argued and passionate critique of our proposals for reclaiming the education doctorate. When the dust settles, I anticipate it will be clear that we agree far more than we disagree. Much of our apparent disagreement is a consequence of our uses of language, our backgrounds, and the sources we regularly use. I am also grateful to the editors of ER for encouraging this exchange of ideas and proposals. Evans's critique is based largely on a misreading or misrepresentation of our argument, its rationale, and associated proposals. The critique employs a familiar set of rhetorical devices. It begins by summarizing the essence of the earlier argument in terms that are readily attacked, by transforming the original set of ideas into their caricature. This is an important move, not only because it sets up the critique so beautifully. It is quite possible that the misreading at the heart of the caricature is one that other readers (and our critic, as well) might indeed have made, and thus it is useful to have the caricature before us so we can clarify and elaborate the original argument rather than merely attempt to refute the criticism.
Lower respiratory tract infections among children attending a tertiary hospital in Benin City, Nigeria

Objective: Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a major cause of paediatric morbidity and mortality, especially among non-affluent communities. Etiology and susceptibility profiles vary with location and time, necessitating periodic review for optimal management. Methods: Lower respiratory tract specimens were collected from 176 children (one day to 18 years old) with signs and symptoms of LRTI. The specimens were processed to recover microbial isolates and susceptibility tests were performed on bacterial isolates using standard techniques. Results: The prevalence of culture-positive LRTIs did not differ significantly between both genders (p = 0.824). LRTIs were significantly associated with in-patient children (in-patient vs out-patient: 59.2% vs 37.0%; OR = 2.47 95%; CI = 1.34 - 4.56, p = 0.0055). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent organism causing LRTI in children. Ofloxacin was the most active antibacterial agent against bacterial isolates from in-patients and out-patients. Conclusion: An overall prevalence of 46.6% of bacterial LRTI among children was observed. Prudent use of antibiotics is advocated.
Kronik Lenfositik Lösemi Hastalarının Genel Klinik Değerlendirilmesi

Amac: Calismamizda 2000-2011 yillari arasinda Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Hematoloj Bilim Dali tarafindan takip edilen 114 hastanin demografik verileri, tedavi endikasyonlari, tedavi yanitlari ve total sag kalim analizlerinin yapilmasi amaclandi. Yontemler: Kronik lenfoblastik losemi tanisiyla takip edilen 114 hastanin verileri geriye donuk olarak degerlendirildi. Bulgular: Hastalarin 60’i erkek (%52,6), 54’u kadindi (%47,4). Ortanca yas 64 olarak saptandi. 61 hasta tedavisiz izlenirken 53 hasta tedavi aldi. Tanidan ilk tedaviye kadar gecen sure ortalama 15,57 ay idi. Ilk sira kemoterapide en sik klorambusil kullanildi (%62). Hastalarin ilk sira kemoterapi sonrasi yapilan degerlendirmelerinde 40 hastada kismi yanit, 5 tam yanit, 7 stabil hastalik ve 1 hastada progresyon izlendi ve progresyonsuz sag kalim ortalamasi 18 ay olarak bulundu. 25 hasta ikinci sira kemoterapi aldi. Ikinci sira kemoterapinin progresyonsuz sag kalim ortalamasi 6,23 ay olarak hesaplandi. 6 hastaya ucuncu sira kemoterapi verildi ve ucuncu sira kemoterapinin progresyonsuz sag kalim ortalamasi 5,5 ay idi. Calisma sonunda 114 hastanin ortalama toplam sag kalim sureleri 92,8 ay olarak hesaplandi. Rai ve Binet evresi yuksek olan hastalarda tedavisiz sag kalim ve progresyonsuz sag kalim surelerinin kisaldigi goruldu (p
Partitioning of respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients.

In ten mechanically ventilated patients, six with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and four with pulmonary edema, we have partitioned the total respiratory system mechanics into the lung (l) and chest wall (w) mechanics using the esophageal balloon technique together with the airway occlusion technique during constant-flow inflation (J. Appl. Physiol. 58: 1840-1848, 1985). Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) was present in eight patients (range 1.1-9.8 cmH2O) and was due mainly to PEEPi,L (80%), with a minor contribution from PEEPi,w (20%), on the average. The increase in respiratory elastance and resistance was determined mainly by abnormalities in lung elastance and resistance. Chest wall elastance was slightly abnormal (7.3 +/- 2.2 cmH2O/l), and chest wall resistance contributed only 10%, on the average, to the total. The work performed by the ventilator to inflate the lung (WL) averaged 2.04 +/- 0.59 and 1.25 +/- 0.21 J/l in COPD and pulmonary edema patients, respectively, whereas Ww was approximately 0.4 J/l in both groups, i.e., close to normal values. We conclude that, in mechanically ventilated patients, abnormalities in total respiratory system mechanics essentially reflect alterations in lung mechanics. However, abnormalities in chest wall mechanics can be relevant in some COPD patients with a high degree of pulmonary hyperinflation.