Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Highly Aggregated Antibody Therapeutics Can Enhance the in Vitro Innate and Late-stage T-cell Immune Responses

Background: Aggregated biotherapeutics have the potential to induce an immune response. Results: Aggregates can enhance innate and adaptive immune responses of PBMC. Conclusion: The response depends on aggregate type, immunogenicity of the monomer, donor immune status, and high particle numbers in the in vitro assay. Significance: This is the first study showing the impact of aggregate characteristics on the potential immune response of PBMC. Aggregation of biotherapeutics has the potential to induce an immunogenic response. Here, we show that aggregated therapeutic antibodies, previously generated and determined to contain a variety of attributes (Joubert, M. K., Luo, Q., Nashed-Samuel, Y., Wypych, J., and Narhi, L. O. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 25118–25133), can enhance the in vitro innate immune response of a population of naive human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This response depended on the aggregate type, inherent immunogenicity of the monomer, and donor responsiveness, and required a high number of particles, well above that detected in marketed drug products, at least in this in vitro system. We propose a cytokine signature as a potential biomarker of the in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell response to aggregates. The cytokines include IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MMP-2, and TNF-α. IL-6 and IL-10 might have an immunosuppressive effect on the long term immune response. Aggregates made by stirring induced the highest response compared with aggregates made by other methods. Particle size in the 2–10 μm range and the retention of some folded structure were associated with an increased response. The mechanism of aggregate activation at the innate phase was found to occur through specific cell surface receptors (the toll-like receptors TLR-2 and TLR-4, FcγRs, and the complement system). The innate signal was shown to progress to an adaptive T-cell response characterized by T-cell proliferation and secretion of T-cell cytokines. Investigating the ability of aggregates to induce cytokine signatures as biomarkers of immune responses is essential for determining their risk of immunogenicity.
Electrical resistivity structure at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and tectonic implications

[1] The ENE–WSW-striking Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) and the WNW–ESE-trending western Qilian Mountains define the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. New magnetotelluric data were collected along three profiles crossing the eastern section of the ATF and the southern Qilian Mountains. The basic sounding bandwidth ranged from 0.003 to 7000 s. The transverse electric and transverse magnetic mode data sets were inverted into resistivity sections using a conventional two-dimensional (2D) inversion code, and data at periods of 0.3333–5464 s were inverted using a commonly employed three-dimensional (3D) code. The 3D results constrain the interpretation of the 2D models, and the final interpretative resistivity models show that lithospheric structures are spatially variable along the ATF and across southern Qilian. In profiles across the ATF, the main fault is imaged as a vertical resistivity boundary, and the high-resistivity body in the western profile extends about 15 km deeper than the corresponding body in the eastern profile. Positive flower structures are apparent in the western profile but are only weakly visible in the eastern profile. These observations suggest that the depth of the ATF is spatially variable. Mantle resistivity images indicate a relatively cold and rigid Tarim lithosphere, which is consistent with a geodynamic model of oblique subduction of the Tarim Basin below the ATF. A high-resistivity body in the crust of southernmost Qilian indicates a huge thick-skinned structure. Low-resistivity bodies at the crust–mantle boundary south of the main ATF are presumed to form a weak layer beneath northern Tibet.
Tall Deciduous Shrubs Offset Delayed Start of Growing Season Through Rapid Leaf Development in the Alaskan Arctic Tundra

Abstract Increasing temperatures in arctic regions are causing earlier spring snowmelt, leading to earlier plant emergence, which could lengthen the period of carbon uptake. Warming is also leading to a shift from graminoid to deciduous shrub-dominated tundra, and in many areas deciduous shrubs are becoming taller. As taller shrubs become increasingly dominant, arctic landscapes may retain more snow, which could lengthen spring snow cover duration and offset advances in the start of the growing season that are expected as a result of earlier spring snowmelt. As a consequence, deeper snow and later snowmelt in taller shrub tundra could delay plant emergence and shorten the period of carbon uptake. This study tracked leaf development of two abundant deciduous shrubs, Betula nana and Salix pulchra, and compared individuals along a natural shrub height gradient on the North Slope of Alaska. We measured spring snow depth and snow cover duration, bud and developing leaf nitrogen content, as well as the timing of budburst and leaf expansion. Taller deciduous shrubs in shrub-dominated communities had deeper snow surrounding them, and became snow-free 1 to 6 days later, delaying budburst by 2 to 12 days relative to shorter deciduous shrubs in graminoid-dominated communities. However, leaf development of tall shrubs caught up to that of short shrubs; occasionally, tall shrubs reached full leaf expansion 1 to 4 days before short shrubs, indicating more rapid leaf development. This convergence in the timing of later leaf development stages is potentially enabled by approximately 16% to 25% greater nitrogen in buds and developing leaves of taller shrubs compared with shorter shrubs. Our findings suggest that delayed snowmelt in areas dominated by taller shrubs may have a short-lived impact on the timing of leaf development, likely resulting in no difference in duration of peak photosynthetic period between tall and short stature shrubs.
Momentum and heat fluxes via the eddy correlation method on the R/V L'Atalante and an ASIS buoy

[1] In this paper, we present the results obtained with the eddy correlation method applied to data acquired during the Flux, Etat de mer et Teledetection en Condition de Fetch variable experiment onboard the R/V L'Atalante. We discuss the corrections made to account for platform motion and for the effects of mean airflow distortion. The data are compared to those obtained from a moored Air-Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoy and from the L'Atalante using the inertial dissipation method (IDM). The main results from eddy correlation method on L'Atalante are that the momentum flux in-line with the mean wind, −〈u′w′〉, is overestimated by 18%, likely due to turbulent flow distortion around the ship. In contrast, the results for heat flux do not appear to be contaminated by turbulent flow distortion. Indeed, heat fluxes obtained using the sonic temperature on the L'Atalante and the ASIS buoy are very similar. The eddy correlation latent heat fluxes obtained on the L'Atalante using a refractometer are significantly higher than those obtained from the same sensor using the IDM.
Statistical properties of the multiple ion band structures observed by the FAST satellite

[1] Data of low-energy (<28 keV) H+ and O+ ions obtained by the FAST satellite were used to investigate the statistical properties of multiple ion band structures (MIBS) that are characterized by multiple O+/H+ components with discrete energies. MIBS distributions for H+ and O+ ions had different relationships with the AL index, invariant latitude (ILAT), and magnetic local time, suggesting different formation mechanisms. O+ MIBSs were observed during magnetically active periods around the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval mainly in the dusk and midnight sectors, while H+ MIBSs were observed during quiet times at higher latitudes in the dawn and dusk sectors. O+ MIBSs shifted toward lower latitudes with decreasing AL index due to the expansion of the auroral oval during magnetically active periods. Both maximum and minimum energies of O+ MIBSs decrease with decreasing ILAT, which is consistent with velocity filter effects caused by convective transport from high to low latitudes in the nightside. The statistical properties obtained from the FAST observations suggest that O+ MIBSs supply O+ ions from the ionosphere to the inner magnetosphere during magnetic storms and contribute to the storm time ring current development.
Low‐ to middle‐latitude X‐ray emission from Jupiter

[1] The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) observed Jupiter during the period 24–26 February 2003 for ∼40 hours (4 Jupiter rotations), using both the spectroscopy array of the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS-S) and the imaging array of the High-Resolution Camera (HRC-I). Two ACIS-S exposures, each ∼8.5 hours long, were separated by an HRC-I exposure of ∼20 hours. The low- to middle-latitude nonauroral disk X-ray emission is much more spatially uniform than the auroral emission. However, the low- to middle-latitude X-ray count rate shows a small but statistically significant hour angle dependence and depends on surface magnetic field strength. In addition, the X-ray spectra from regions corresponding to 3–5 gauss and 5–7 gauss surface fields show significant differences in the energy band 1.26–1.38 keV, perhaps partly due to line emission occurring in the 3–5 gauss region but not the 5–7 gauss region. A similar correlation of surface magnetic field strength with count rate is found for the 18 December 2000 HRC-I data, at a time when solar activity was high. The low- to middle-latitude disk X-ray count rate observed by the HRC-I in the February 2003 observation is about 50% of that observed in December 2000, roughly consistent with a decrease in the solar activity index (F10.7 cm flux) by a similar amount over the same time period. The low- to middle-latitude X-ray emission does not show any oscillations similar to the ∼45 min oscillations sometimes seen from the northern auroral zone. The temporal variation in Jupiter's nonauroral X-ray emission exhibits similarities to variations in solar X-ray flux observed by GOES and TIMED/SEE. The two ACIS-S 0.3–2.0 keV low- to middle-latitude X-ray spectra are harder than the auroral spectrum and are different from each other at energies above 0.7 keV, showing variability in Jupiter's nonauroral X-ray emission on a timescale of a day. The 0.3–2.0 keV X-ray power emitted at low to middle latitudes is 0.21 GW and 0.39 GW for the first and second ACIS-S exposures, respectively. We suggest that X-ray emission from Jupiter's disk may be largely generated by the scattering and fluorescence of solar X rays in its upper atmosphere, especially at times of high incident solar X-ray flux. However, the dependence of count rate on surface magnetic-field strength may indicate the presence of some secondary component, possibly ion precipitation from radiation belts close to the planet.
Weathering structure of the east‐central Niger Delta, Nigeria

Refraction experiments were conducted over parts of the east‐central Niger Delta in an attempt to provide an interpretation of the region’s weathering structure. The velocity and depth of the weathered layer and the velocity of the refractor were calculated from critically refracted arrivals using flat‐layer models. An interpretation of the data, carried out using the time‐intercept method, shows that the thickness of the low velocity weathered layer in the region is highly variable, from between about 2.9 m and 45.5 m, with a regional average of about 20.0 m. The weathered layer and the refractor beneath it have an average compressional‐wave velocity of about 500.0 m/s and 1732.0 m/s, respectively. The knowledge of this weathering structure can be applied in oil and ground water exploration in the area of the study. It is also expected that this structure could be used by groups interested in civil engineering.
The peak electromagnetic power radiated by lightning return strokes

The peak field that is radiated by a distant lightning return stroke almost always occurs within a few microseconds after the onset of the stroke, and therefore this peak is produced at a time when most of the stroke current is still close to the ground. Estimates of the peak electromagnetic (EM) power radiated by return strokes have been made by integrating the Poynting vector of measured fields over an imaginary hemispherical surface that is centered on the lightning source, assuming that ground losses are negligible. Values of the peak EM power from first and subsequent strokes have means and standard deviations of 2±2 ×1010 and 3±4×109 W, respectively. The average EM power that is radiated by subsequent strokes, at the time of the field peak, is about 2 orders of magnitude larger than the optical power that is radiated by these strokes in the wavelength interval from 0.4 to 1.1 μm; hence an upper limit to the radiative efficiency of a subsequent stroke is of the order of 1% or less at this time. From the above values of the radiated power, we also infer that at the time of the initial current peak, (1) the total voltage drop on the high-current portion of a return stroke must be at least 2 to 7×105 V in first strokes and 2 to 4×105 V in subsequent strokes, (2) the total resistance of the high-current channel must be at least 6 to 20 Ω in first strokes and 9 to 35 Ω in subsequent strokes, and (3) the energy that is required to form the propagating tip of the channel must be at least 102 to 103 J/m.
Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text

The automatic detection of emotions in texts and the generation of texts that express emotions is important for applications such as natural language interfaces, e-learning environments, and educational or entertainment games. These aspects are also important in opinion mining and sentiment analysis, and in the larger area of affective computing. This workshop provides a forum for discussion between leading names and researchers involved in processing emotions in the context of natural language understanding, natural language generation, or applications in which computational approaches to the processing of emotions are useful.
Reduction of phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations following calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide additions to hypereutrophic Figure Eight Lake, Alberta

Within 14 days of treatment, chlorophyll a concentrations decreased to less than half the values measured just prior to treatment; there was no short-term trend in total phosphorus concentrations. Chla returned to pretreatment concentrations within 35 days of treatment. Lime treatments can enhyance water quality in eutrophic hard-water lakes by suppression of growth-limiting nutrients for phytoplankton
Machine learning-based modelling and forecasting of COVID-19 under temporally varying public intervention

By considering the recently introduced SIRU model, in this paper we study the dynamic of COVID-19 pandemic under the temporally varying public intervention in the Chilean context. More precisely, we propose a method to forecast cumulative daily reported cases CR ( t ), and a systematic way to identify the unreported daily cases given CR ( t ) data. We firstly base on the recently introduced epidemic model SIRU (Susceptible, asymptomatic Infected, Reported infected, Unreported infected), and focus on the transmission rate parameter τ . To understand the dynamic of the data, we extend the scalar τ to an unknown function τ ( t ) in the SIRU system, which is then inferred directly from the historical CR ( t ) data, based on nonparametric estimation. The estimation of τ ( t ) leads to the estimation of other unobserved functions in the system, including the daily unreported cases. Furthermore, the estimation of τ ( t ) allows us to build links between the pandemic evolution and the public intervention, which is modeled by logistic regression. We then employ polynomial approximation to construct a predicted curve which evolves with the latest trend of CR ( t ). In addition, we regularize the evolution of the forecast in such a way that it corresponds to the future intervention plan based on the previously obtained link knowledge. We test the proposed predictor on di ff erent time windows. The promising results show the e ff ectiveness of the proposed methods.
Climates of South Asia

METEOROLOGICAL BACKGROUND. South Asia: An Introduction to the Region. Tropical General Circulation: South Asian Context. Characteristic Features of South Asian Summer Monsoon. Other Meteorological Features and Systems of South Asia. CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS. Mean Climatology of South Asia. Rainfall Variability. Temperature Variability. Regional Climatic Features. The Changing Climate of South Asia: Its Environmental Impacts. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.
Sediment rating curves developed on stage and seasonal means in discharge classes for the mellah wadi, algeria

Abstract. The focus of the present study was to estimate suspended sediment load from the Mellah catchment (550 km2) during storms. Suspended sediment rating curves were developed on data from a 23‐year period. The regression technique of this paper involves a division of data into discharge‐based classes, the mean concentrations and discharges of which are used to develop power regressions through log‐transformation. Sediment rating curves were also developed on means of data grouped into seasons and stages. Sediment loads estimated by rating curves uncorrected for bias involved underestimations of down to 9% compared with loads from measured concentrations. Correction for bias reduced underestimations to a range from 0.79 to 3%. Rating curves divided into rising and falling stages had the lowest underestimation and were used to estimate load during periods without concentration measurements. During the 23‐year study period, the mean annual suspended sediment yield was 373 TI km2. Sediment transport is dominated by winter storms accounting for 61% of the annual load. A high exponent ‘b’ of the power regression equations during the winter season confirms the intense geomorphic work by winter season storms caused by high intensity rainfall, low vegetation cover, and heavy machine activity in the fields.
Observations of rapid changes in the orientation and degree of alignment of ice particles along an Earth‐space radio propagation path

Rapid changes (<¼s) have been observed in the depolarization of earth-space radio signals propagating through ice clouds. This paper presents the first observations of the rapid changes in the degree of alignment and in the orientation of the anisotropy axis of the ice particles producing the depolarization. The ice particles appear to be aligned by the intense electric field in thunderstorms and appear to realign rapidly with the new field directions existing after lightning discharges.
Ocean (De)oxygenation Across the Last Deglaciation: Insights for the Future

Anthropogenic warming is expected to drive oxygen out of the ocean as the water temperature rises and the rate of exchange between subsurface waters and the atmosphere slows due to enhanced upper ocean density stratification. Observations from recent decades are tantalizingly consistent with this prediction, though these changes remain subtle in the face of natural variability. Earth system model projections unanimously predict a long-term decrease in the global ocean oxygen inventory, but show regional discrepancies, particularly in the most oxygen-depleted waters, owing to the complex interplay between oxygen supply pathways and oxygen consumption. The geological record provides an orthogonal perspective, showing how the oceanic oxygen content varied in response to prior episodes of climate change. These past changes were much slower than the current, anthropogenic change, but can help to appraise sensitivities, and point toward potentially dominant mechanisms of change. Consistent with the model projections, marine sediments recorded an overall expansion of low-oxygen waters in the upper ocean as it warmed at the end of the last ice age. This expansion was not linearly related with temperature, though, but reached a deoxygenation extreme midway through the warming. Meanwhile, the deep ocean became better oxygenated, opposite the general expectation. These observations require that significant changes in apparent oxygen utilization occurred, suggesting that they will also be important in the future.
A climatology of tides in the Antarctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere

[1] A function that approximates atmospheric tidal behavior in the polar regions is described. This function is fitted to multistation radar measurements of wind in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere with the aim of obtaining a latitude-longitude-height description of the variation of tides over the whole Antarctic continent. Archival wind data sets are combined with present-day ones to fill the spatial distribution of the observations and to reduce the potential effects of spatial aliasing. Multiple years are combined through the compilation of monthly station composite days, yielding results for each month of the year. Despite potential problems associated with year-to-year variations in the tidal phase, a useful climatology of Antarctic zonal and meridional tidal wind components is compiled. The results of the fits reproduce the major features of the high-latitude tidal wind field: the dominance of the semidiurnal migrating mode in the winter months and the presence of a semidiurnal zonal wave number one component in the summer months. It is also found that the summer semidiurnal tide contains a zonal wave number zero component.
Is Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Surgery Still Preferable to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) in View of Long-Term Outcomes among Diabetic Patients?

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is the preferred revascularization modality among diabetic patients due to extensive coronary involvement and elevated risk of restenosis. Since drug-eluting stent significantly reduces restenosis, we expect it to narrow down the long-term benefit-gap between these two revascularization strategies. In our review, we compare the long-term outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) to CABG in diabetic patients. While PCI can be a reasonable alternative to CABG at a low SYNTAX (Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score, an intermediate-high SYNTAX score makes CABG necessary. In left main stem occlusion, PCI and CABG demonstrated similar long-term outcomes. However, in cases of bifurcation or unprotected left main stem disease, revascularization is best done via CABG. Indeed, CABG is the main revascularization therapy in multivessel involvement— it lowers the risk of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization at the expense of increasessd stroke. Glycaemic control, use of antiplatelet agents and feelings of disability are all factors that can potentially affect long-term outcomes. We expect hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) involving both robotic surgery and PCI to be the future trend in treating diabetic patients with multivessel disease, although its clinical use needs further studies.