Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Scale Dependency in Landslide Hazard and Risk Analysis

Landslides affect humans on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. At one end of the spectrum there are small localized rock falls essentially of nuisance value. At the other end, there can be huge single rock avalanches of catastrophic proportion, or widespread multiple occurrence events involving thousands of slides and flows of earth and debris, occurring over areas of hundreds of square kilometres. Independent of landslide magnitude, movement rates vary from mm/y for creeping mudslides or earthflows up to several m/s for rock avalanches. This variety of spatial and temporal behaviour requires specifically adapted investigation methods. Spatial assessments, in particular, require scale-dependent analysis in order to mitigate damage and other negative consequences at the respective scales of occurrence. The ultimate goal of damage avoidance is inherent in all hazard and risk studies and should be sought by adopting appropriate analytical methods and techniques. This chapter is introduced by a discussion of the philosophy underlying the treatment of the relationships between data availability, model complexity and model performance both in theory and practical application. Sets of well-established methods and techniques are then reviewed conceptually but also with respect to numerous worldwide study cases. Specific examples from Iceland and Germany illustrate the application of different scale-dependent methods in local and spatial risk assessments.
Non‐water‐ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilean satellites from the Galileo near‐infrared mapping spectrometer investigation

We present evidence for several non-ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilean satellites, using the reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo near infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) experiment. Five new absorption features are described at 3.4, 3.88, 4.05, 4.25, and 4.57 μm for Callisto and Ganymede, and some seem to exist for Europa as well. The four absorption bands strong enough to be mapped on Callisto and Ganymede are each spatially distributed in different ways, indicating different materials are responsible for each absorption. The spatial distributions are correlated at the local level in complex ways with surface features and in some cases show global patterns. Suggested candidate spectrally active groups, perhaps within larger molecules, producing the five absorptions include C-H, S-H, SO2, CO2, and C≡N. Organic material like tholins are candidates for the 4.57- and 3.4-μm features. We suggest, based on spectroscopic evidence, that CO2 is present as a form which does not allow rotational modes and that SO2 is present neither as a frost nor a free gas. The CO2, SO2, and perhaps cyanogen (4.57 μm) may be present as very small collections of molecules within the crystal structure, perhaps following models for radiation damage and/or for comet and interstellar grain formation at low temperatures. Some of the dark material on these surfaces may be created by radiation damage of the CO2 and other carbon-bearing species and the formation of graphite. These spectra suggest a complex chemistry within the surface materials and an important role for non-ice materials in the evolution of the satellite surfaces.
A 3D slope stability analysis method assuming parallel lines of intersection and differential straining of block contacts

A three-dimensional (3D) method of analysis of the stability of slopes was developed based on the sliding mechanism observed in the 1988 failure of the Kettleman Hills landfill slope (Kettleman City, California) and the associated model studies. By adopting a limit equilibrium concept, the method assumes the sliding mass as a block system in which the contacts between blocks are inclined. The lines of intersection of the block contacts are assumed to be parallel, which enables the sliding kinematics. In consideration of the differential straining between blocks, the shear stresses on the slip surface and the block contacts are evaluated based on the degree of shear strength mobilization on these contacts. The overall factor of safety is calculated based on the force equilibrium of the individual blocks and the entire block system as well. Based on comparisons with a series of hypothetical 3D and 2D problems with known solutions, the method was generally found to be accurate in predicting the stability of .
Stratigraphic and structural implications of conodont and detrital zircon U—Pb ages from metamorphic rocks of the Coldfoot terrane, Brooks Range, Alaska

New paleontologic and isotopic data from the Emma Creek and Marion Creek schists of the Coldfoot terrane, Arctic Alaska superterrane, central Brooks Range, suggest Devonian and possibly younger ages of deposition for their sedimentary protoliths. Conodonts from marble of the Emma Creek schist, intruded by a roughly 392 Ma orthogneiss, are late Lochkovian (early Early Devonian, between about 408 and 396 Ma) and Silurian to Devonian at two other locations. Spherical to oblong detrital zircons from quartz-mica schist of the overlying Marion Creek schist yield mostly discordant U—Pb data suggestive of provenance ages of 3.0, 2.0–1.8, and 1.5–1.4 Ga; however, several euhedral grains of zircon from Marion Creek quartz-mica schist have concordant U—Pb ages from 370 to 360 Ma. The Marion Creek schist in our study area therefore is at least 26 m.y. younger than the Emma Creek schist. The age data imply that the protolith of the Emma Creek schist is age correlative with Devonian carbonate rocks in the Hammond and North Slope terranes, whereas the Marion Creek schist is age correlative with Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian clastic sedimentary rocks of the Endicott Group in the Endicott Mountains terrane and shale and carbonate units in the De Long Mountains and Sheenjek River terranes. Consequently, tectonic models restoring the entire Coldfoot terrane beneath partly or wholly coeval rocks of the Hammond, Endicott Mountains, De Long Mountains, and Sheenjek River terranes of the Arctic Alaska superterrane require revision. Alternative reconstructions, including restoration of the Coldfoot terrane inboard of the Endicott Mountains terrane or outboard of the De Long Mountains and Sheenjek River terranes are plausible but require either larger amounts of shortening than previously suggested or indicate problematic facies relations.
Tectonic evolution and significance of Silurian Early Devonian hinterland-directed deformation in the internal Humber zone of the southern Quebec Appalachians

In the southern Quebec Appalachians, the early tectonic history of the Laurentian margin (Humber zone) comprises foreland-propagating, northwest-directed thrust faulting, nappe emplacement, and regional prograde metamorphism in response to the obduction of large ophiolitic nappes during the Taconian orogeny. In the internal Humber zone, this event is dated at 462 ± 3 Ma (late Middle Ordovician), which is interpreted to represent the timing of near-peak Taconian metamorphism. Superimposed hinterland-directed structures are accompanied by retrograde metamorphism and consist of back thrusts and normal faults, which respectively delimit the northwestern and southeastern limbs of the Sutton and Notre-Dame mountains anticlinoria, both salient structures of the internal Humber zone of southern Quebec. Geochronologic data on the timing of hinterland-directed deformation vary from 431 to 411 Ma. Two tectonic models are presented and discussed, which may account for the Silurian  Early Devonian evolution of the La.
Deferoxamine therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage: A systematic review

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several recent controlled trials have reported that deferoxamine (DFX) therapy appears to be effective for ICH. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of DFX therapy for ICH patients and evaluate the efficacy and safety of DFX therapy for ICH patients. We searched Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, clinicaltrials.gov, all Chinese databases and the reference lists of all included studies and review articles. We then performed a systematic review of studies involving the administration of DFX following ICH. Only two studies were included, a prospective, randomized clinical trial and a prospective,observational cohort study with concurrent groups. Qualitative analysis of each study revealed one randomized controlled trial of moderate quality with a moderate risk of bias and one observational cohort study of moderate quality with a moderate risk of bias. DFX may be an effective treatment for edema in patients with ICH. However, due to the small number of trials and small sample sizes of these trials, insufficient evidence exists to determine the effect of DFX on neurologic outcomes after ICH and the safety of this intervention. Further investigation is required before DFX can become a routine treatment for ICH.
Some properties of oblique radio reflections from meteor ionization trails

Certain characteristics of radio signals, propagated by reflection from meteor ionization trails from a low-power continuous-wave transmitter 960 km distant, were studied at radio frequencies of 23.2, 46.4, and 92.8 Mc. In particular, the percent of the total time that meteor reflections were detectable at each frequency is presented, and shown to be in qualitative agreement with theoretical expectations. Simultaneous recordings were also made of signals from a second remote transmitter operated at 23.1, 46.2, and 92.4 Mc, and located at various distances along, and at right-angles to, the propagation path. From the percent time that signals received from the second transmitter were coincident with those from the first, it is concluded that reradiation from the numerous, low-density trails is highly directional, and that the fading, long-enduring echoes from the relatively-infrequent, high-density trails are considerably less directional. When the transmitters were spaced in a direction perpendicular to the propagation path, the signal coincidence decreased much more rapidly with transmitter spacing than when the transmitters were spaced along the propagation path.
Layered 3D: tomographic image synthesis for attenuation-based light field and high dynamic range displays

We develop tomographic techniques for image synthesis on displays composed of compact volumes of light-attenuating material. Such volumetric attenuators recreate a 4D light field or high-contrast 2D image when illuminated by a uniform backlight. Since arbitrary oblique views may be inconsistent with any single attenuator, iterative tomographic reconstruction minimizes the difference between the emitted and target light fields, subject to physical constraints on attenuation. As multi-layer generalizations of conventional parallax barriers, such displays are shown, both by theory and experiment, to exceed the performance of existing dual-layer architectures. For 3D display, spatial resolution, depth of field, and brightness are increased, compared to parallax barriers. For a plane at a fixed depth, our optimization also allows optimal construction of high dynamic range displays, confirming existing heuristics and providing the first extension to multiple, disjoint layers. We conclude by demonstrating the benefits and limitations of attenuation-based light field displays using an inexpensive fabrication method: separating multiple printed transparencies with acrylic sheets.
Spirituality, Religion, and Health

tant aspect of patient care, particularly at the end of life. Research has shown that spirituality may assist patients as they are coping with illness, be related to better health and quality of life, and influence medical decision-making. There are relationships between health, spirituality, and religion in biological, psychological, and social domains. Spiritual and religious practices have benefited those with mental illness, as well as those with physical conditions such as kidney disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, HIV, and diabetes mellitus. In particular, addressing spiritual issues is important to maintaining quality of life for the terminally ill. Family caregivers, often burdened by the day-to-day stress of tending to a loved one, also derive spiritual and emotional support from spiritual practices and communities. Biological research has demonstrated a physiological link between brain chemistry and mystical experience. Deep inner peace, closely related with meditation and prayer, has been associated with parasympathetic relaxation. Through brain imaging, researchers have correlated spiritual states with brain physiology. Psychological coping mechanisms may be supported by religion and spirituality, addressing sickness and the declining health, fear, helplessness, uncertainty, and physical discomfort that accompany illness. Spiritual and religious practices are protective of emotional and physical well-being in times of crisis. Those with strong religious faith appear to be happier and more satisfied and to have less depression. Social support from members of a spiritual community or congregation may reduce stresses. Spiritual communities support healthy lifestyles, discouraging unhealthy behaviors such as alcohol and substance abuse. In addition, the social connectedness provided by a community helps to address depression and support coping mechanisms. Those with social ties have reduced mortality as well as emotional and instrumental supports, engendering better compliance with health care regimens and better response to crises.
Fuelwood, deforestation, and land degradation: 10 years of evidence from cebu province, the Philippines

A major development concern of the 1970s and 1980s was ‘the other energy’ or ‘woodfuel crisis’. Woodfuel use in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America was believed to be a key factor in tropical deforestation, and the loss of forests was projected to result in widespread woodfuel shortages. In recent years, however, it has become apparent that woodfuel production is seldom a direct cause of deforestation (although it may be a by‐product), and that most woodfuel demand is met by trees and shrubs growing outside of forest areas. In addition, earlier predictions of serious woodfuel shortages have not materialized. But in some regions, including the Philippines, woodfuel use is still regularly pointed to as a primary cause of deforestation, and woodfuel shortages are still predicted for the immediate future. In particular, commercial woodfuel demand for household and commercial use is said to be contributing to over‐exploitation of forest resources. This paper examines the connections between commercial woodfuel demand and deforestation on the Island of Cebu in the central Philippines. Cebu is widely perceived as an environmental disaster area on the brink of ecological collapse, and tree cutting for woodfuel production is often blamed for contributing to this condition. In contrast, this paper will argue that environmental conditions on Cebu are improving, that tree planting and management is widespread among smallholder farmers and other landowners, and that commercial demand for woodfuel and other wood products is one of the main factors driving increased reforestation on the island. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Attitudes Towards Kitchen Gardening

With the increase in population and the increasing trend of urbanizations leads towards a serious issue of food security and mal-nutrition. To cover come the mal nutrition in the household the concept of kitchen gardning was introduced over the centuries. Now this concept is very well know and taking success in developed and developing countries. So this study was designed to analyse the attitude of people towards kitchen gardning. For this purpose study was conducted on among 30 house holds in three different colonies of Islamabad. Rawal Town, Margalla Town, and Terlai. Results depict that 90% of the people practices the activity of kitchen gardening at their home and use their production for home consumption.
On the relative importance of mineral phase transitions and viscosity stratification in controlling the sinking rates of detached slab remnants

We employ a two‐dimensional control‐volume model of convection in a cylindrical shell to study sinking rates of cold parcels of material in the Earth's mantle. Our model uses periodic boundary conditions, at 0 and 360 degrees, to eliminate side‐wall effects and includes mineral phase transitions at 410 km and 660 km depths and a depth‐dependent viscosity. We compare the rates of sinking of cold material with and without phase boundaries and with and without viscosity increases with depth. When the viscosity increase is sufficiently large we find the sinking rate is relatively insensitive to the presence or absence of phase boundaries; the effects of viscosity dominate. If recent estimates of large viscosity increases in the lower mantle are correct, our model could account for mid‐mantle slab remnants of Jurassic age independent of the existence of phase transition boundaries in the mantle.
Global Geotourism – An Emerging Form of Sustainable Tourism

Abstract Geotourism is a new form of tourism based on the geological environment. Whilst ecotourism and biodiversity have been described in the academic literature for over thirty years, geotourism and its attendant concepts of geoheritage, geodiversity, geoconservation, and geotours , is relatively new. Geotourism is defined as tourism which focuses on an area’s geology and landscape as the basis of fostering sustainable tourism development. It begins with an understanding of the Abiotic (non-living) environment, to build greater awareness of the Biotic (living) environment of plants and animals as well as the Cultural environment of people, past and present. It is argued that geotourism offers a new form of sustainable tourism which is more holistic than previous niche forms of tourism.
A Partnership Based Approach to Professional Learning: Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers Working Together to Teach Primary Science

This paper reports on a partnership based approach for preparing pre-service primary teachers to teach science. It involved forming three-way or "triadic" partnerships, consisting of a final year pre-service primary teacher and an in-service colleague, to teach science in the colleague teacher’s classroom, with the support of a teacher-educator. The pre-service teachers had to collaboratively plan, develop and deliver a sequence of science lessons and take major responsibility for teaching a 90 minute science lesson, at least once a week over a six week period. The data was collected during 2007 and 2008. The pre-service teachers kept a reflective journal of their experiences using a process devised to guide and support them. The results indicated improved attitudes to and confidence in teaching science for the pre-service teachers and their in-service colleagues. The results indicate triadic partnership approach may be an effective way to support teacher professional learning in science.
Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans: The opening of the Atlantic Ocean

After Early Jurassic time the Central Atlantic Ocean began opening between West Gondwana and Laurussia, whereas between Europe and North America the spreading began in the Cretaceous. The oldest seafloor in the Central Atlantic is estimated to be about 175 Ma (Klitgord & Schouten, 1986). However, it is not clear to what extent the two continental landmasses already had been moving apart before that time (through thinning of the continental crust without ocean floor formation). The Late Triassic to Early Jurassic dike swarms and sediment-filled grabens of eastern North America (e.g., Newark Basin) and in West Africa suggest that rifting began well before 175 Ma, but the amount of rift-related extension between the two continents is poorly known. From a paleomagnetic viewpoint, however, there is no serious discordance between the Early Jurassic Laurussia and West Gondwana paleopoles (Chapter 5, Tables 5.10 and 5.11), so only after 175 Ma do the paleopoles need to be compared with rotation parameters that take the ocean spreading into account. The Atlantic Ocean is, of course, still widening today. Technological developments in the last decade have allowed precise measurements of this increase in width. Using geodetic techniques (e.g., Very Long Baseline Interferometry or VLBI) the distance between Onsala, Sweden and Westford, Massachusetts, USA is seen to be increasing by 13.4 ± 0.7 mm per year, that is, about 10 cm during the eight-year duration of the measurements (Figure 6.1, from B. O. Ronnang, pers. comm., 1990). Similar measurements have documented higher plate velocities in the Pacific Ocean.
Active faulting at Delphi, Greece: Seismotectonic remarks and a hypothesis for the geologic environment of a myth

Historical data are fundamental to the understanding of the seismic history of an area. At the same time, knowledge of the active tectonic processes allows us to understand how earthquakes have been perceived by past cultures. Delphi is one of the principal archaeological sites of Greece, the main oracle of Apollo. It was by far the most venerated oracle of the Greek ancient world. According to tradition, the mantic proprieties of the oracle were obtained from an open chasm in the earth. Delphi is directly above one of the main antithetic active faults of the Gulf of Corinth Rift, which bounds Mount Parnassus to the south. The geometry of the fault and slip-parallel lineations on the main fault plane indicate normal movement, with minor right-lateral slip component. Combining tectonic data, archaeological evidence, historical sources, and a reexamination of myths, it appears that the Helice earthquake of 373 B.C. ruptured not only the master fault of the Gulf of Corinth Rift at Helice, but also the antithetic fault at Delphi, similarly to the Corinth earthquake of 1981. Moreover, the presence of an active fault directly below the temples of the oldest sanctuary suggests that the mythological oracular chasm might well have been an ancient tectonic surface rupture.
WORKING PAPER SERIES INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES AND INTERNAL VS . EXTERNAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER : EVIDENCE FROM CHINA Kun Jiang

We study the economics of international joint ventures with administrative data for China exploiting the change in foreign direct investment policy as China entered the WTO in the year 2002. Accounting for a quarter of all international joint ventures worldwide, we first show that foreign investors choose Chinese partners that are relatively large, productive, and often subsidized to set up their joint venture. Second, we document benefits from foreign technology in terms of innovation and productivity that go far beyond the joint venture, not only to the Chinese joint venture parent firm but also to entrepreneurs at firms upstream from and in the same industry as the joint venture (backward and horizontal spillovers, respectively). As China has dropped joint venture requirements and shifted towards wholly foreign-owned FDI as part of becoming a member of the WTO, there have been two opposing effects. While joint venture spillovers have increased, the shift towards wholly foreign-owned FDI has reduced spillovers because we find larger industry spillovers from international joint ventures than from wholly foreign-owned FDI. The results shed new light on the efficacy of FDI performance requirements as well as on claims regarding international technology transfer that underpin the current ChinaU.S. trade war. Kun Jiang Business School University of Nottingham United Kingdom Kun.Jiang@nottingham.ac. uk Wolfgang Keller Department of Economics University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0256 and NBER Wolfgang.Keller@colorado.edu Larry D. Qiu Chung Hon-Dak Professor in Economic Development Faculty of Business and Economics University of Hong Kong Hong Kong larryqiu@hku.hk William Ridley University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 435 Mumford Hall 1301 W Gregory Dr Urbana, IL 61801 wridley@illinois.edu