Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wildlife Production Systems: Economic Utilisation of Wild Ungulates

Contributors Preface Approximate currency conversions Part I. Introduction Robert J. Hudson: 1. History and technology Robert J. Hudson 2. International trade Richard A. Luxmoore Part II. Subsistence Hunting David R. Klein: 3. Non-agricultural management of plants and animals: alternative burning strategies in Northern Australia Henry T. Lewis 4. Small-scale hunting economies in the tropics Stuart A. Marks 5. Northern subsistence hunting economies David R. Klein Part III. Recreational and Commercial Hunting Robert J. Hudson and David H. M. Cumming: 6. Sport hunting in continental Europe A. B. Bubenik 7. Sport hunting in North America C. Harvey Payne 8. Commercial and safari hunting in Zimbabwe David H. M. Cumming 9. Commercial hunting in the Soviet Union V. E. Sokolov and N. L. Lebedeva Part IV. Herding: 10. Reindeer husbandry in the Soviet Union L. M. Baskin 11. Reindeer husbandry in Fennoscandia Sven Skjenneberg 12. Reindeer husbandry in North America George W. Scotter Part V. Extensive Containment Systems: Game Ranching Neil Fairall: 13. Game production in western Canada Lyle A. Renecker, Charles B. Blyth and Cormack C. Gates 14. Ranching native and exotic ungulates in the United States Terence P. Yorks 15. Game ranching in southern Africa John D. Skinner Part VI. Intensive Containment Systems: Game Farming K. R. Drew: 16. Deer farming in Oceania P. F. Fennessy and P. G. Taylor 17. Deer farming in Europe T. John Fletcher 18. Deer farming in Asia K. R. Drew, Q. Bai and E. V. Fadeev 19. Bison farming in North America Alex W. L. Hawley Part VII. Experimental Systems J. Brad Stelfox: 20. Moose husbandry E. E. Syroechkovsky, E. V. Rogacheva and Lyle A. Renecker 21. Qiviut production from muskoxen Robert G. White, B. Ann Tiplady and Pam Groves 22. Musk production from musk deer Michael J. B. Green Part VIII. Environmental and Socioeconomic Implications Richard A. Luxmoore: 23. Impact on conservation Richard A. Luxmoore 24. Socioeconomic prospects and design constraints Robert J. Hudson and V. V. Dezhkin 25. Appropriate technology for rural development Archie S. Mossman Index.
Fisiologia sexual do macho caprino.

Producao dos espermatozoides e puberdade; Caracteristicas do esperma caprino; Fatores de variacao da producao espermatica; Fatores climaticos; Fatores alimentares; Fatores estacionais; Funcao fisiologica do plasma seminal e interacao com os espermatozoides incubados in vitro.
Effects of Crude Khat (Catha Edulis) Extract on Selected Cytokine Profiles and Foetal Growth among Pregnant Baboons (Papio Anubis)

Khat (Catha edulis) is a dicotyledonous evergreen shrub of the family Celastraceae whose fresh leaves are habitually chewed for their euphoric properties. The habit of khat chewing is mainly found in Arabia, Somalia, Kenya and has spread to Asia, Europe and other parts of the world due to improvement in transport and communication. Khat consumption was traditionally confined to adult men of the population. However; today khat chewing has become popular among all segments of the population including reproductive aged women. Studies have indicated that khat consumption can be associated with infertility and cardiovascular diseases. However, there have been no such studies on the effects of khat on immunological profiles especially in pregnant females, blood pressure, body weight as well as foetal development during pregnancy. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the effect of crude khat extract on Th 1/Th 2 cytokines, chemokines, blood pressure, weight of pregnant baboons and newborns. The study group comprised of six pregnant olive baboons (Papio anubis) which were divided into two groups; the experimental group (n=3) and, the control group (n=3). During the 3 and the 4 months of gestation, each study subject in the experimental group was given in addition to normal feed, 50ml of crude khat extract orally once a week and bled once a week for two months. Each study subject in the control group was given in addition to normal feed, 50ml of normal sterile saline orally once a week and bled once a week for the two months. In the 5 and 6 months of gestation, both groups were fed normally and bled once every two weeks for two months till the end of gestation. IFN-γ, IL-10, CXCL 10 and CXCL 13 were then determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and compared, blood pressure, temperature and body weight of the pregnant baboons was also determined while the birth weights of newborns were taken. Statistical comparisons between the groups were done using the Students t-test. Administration of khat extract induced a significant decrease in body weight (p=0.0001), in CXCL 13 (p=0.001), and a significant increase in blood pressure (systolic, p=0.049; diastolic, p=0.024), there was no significant difference in body temperature, in IL-10 and IFN-γ (p>0.05). The results suggest that khat consumption decreases levels of IL-10 and body weight; it also elevates blood pressure in baboons. These can be detrimental to pregnancy and the fetus; therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women should be discouraged from consuming khat.
Phylogenetic clustering of wingbeat frequency and flight‐associated morphometrics across insect orders

Wingbeat frequency in insects is an important variable in aerodynamic and energetic analyses of insect flight and often is studied on a family‐ or species‐level basis. Meta‐analyses of these studies report order‐level patterns suggesting that flight strategy is moderately well conserved phylogenetically. Studies incorporated into these meta‐analyses, however, use variable methodologies across different temperatures, which may confound results and phylogenetic patterns. In the present study, a high‐speed camera is used to measure wingbeat frequency in a wide variety of species (n = 102) under controlled conditions aiming (i) to determine the validity of previous meta‐analyses showing phylogenetic clustering of flight strategy and (ii) to identify new evolutionary patterns between wingbeat frequency, body mass, wing area, wing length and wing loading at the order level. All flight‐associated morphometrics significantly affect wingbeat frequency. Linear models show that wing area explains the most amount of variation in wingbeat frequency (r2 = 0.59, P ≤ 0.001), whereas body mass explains the least (r2 = 0.09, P ≤ 0.01). A multiple regression model incorporating both body mass and wing area is the best overall predictor of wingbeat frequency (r2 = 0.84, P ≤ 0.001). Order‐level phylogenetic patterns across relationships are consistent with previous studies. Thus, the present study provides experimental validation of previous meta‐analyses and provides new insights into phylogenetically conserved flight strategies across insect orders.
GnRH agonist (buserelin)-induced in vitro apoptosis in bovine endometrium

Singh, R. , Pretheeban, T. and Rajamahendran, R. 2011. GnRH agonist (buserelin)-induced in vitro apoptosis in bovine endometrium. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 265-273. Apoptosis is a vital physiological process. The local modulatory role of the GnRH, GnRH-R system in uterine physiology is not clear. We investigated GnRH agonist (buserelin)-induced apoptosis in bovine endometrium. Reproductive tracts were collected from a local abattoir. The endometrial explants were sliced into smaller pieces, cultured for 20 h and then treated (6 h) with buserelin (0, 200, 500, 1000 ng mL-1), the GnRH antagonist-antide (500 ng mL-1) and antide+buserelin (500+200 ng mL-1), and stored at -80°C for RNA extraction. Two micrograms of total RNA was subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using gene-specific primers. Subsequently, endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from the follicular and luteal phase uteri, cultured for 48 h, characterized and treated with buserelin (200 ng mL-1), antide (500 ng mL-1), and antide+buserelin (500+200 ng mL-1) for 6 h. The cells were stained with acridine orange-ethidium bromide and visualized and counted under a fluorescent microscope. Buserelin up-regulated BAX (200 ng mL-1) and CASPASE3 mRNA (200 and 500 ng mL-1) and induced apoptosis (200 ng mL-1) at the cellular level in the follicular phase endometrium. GnRH appears to regulate uterine homeostasis in bovine endometrium at the transcriptional and cellular levels.
Rapid Media Transition for Metabolic Control Analysis of Fed-Batch Fermentation Processes

Identification of limiting capacities in metabolism of a producer strain is currently not possible in biotechnological production processes. In this work, a new experimental approach was developed to separate micro-organisms during a bioprocess and analyse them in a bioreactor operated in parallel. In short-term experiments of several minutes metabolic disturbances are induced in the perturbation reactor and the biological response is captured quantitatively by metabolic flux and metablome analyses. Using kinetic modeling of intracellular metabolism and sensitivity analysis, the approach revealed for the first time the control structure of central metabolism of Escherichia coli under conditions of a fed-batch process.
Settling the browser–grazer debate for African buffalo in grass-limited Eastern Cape thicket, South Africa

Despite extensive evidence that African buffalo Syncerus caffer are grazers, De Graaff et al. using rumen content analysis of animals that had starved to death proposed that buffalo in grass-limited Eastern Cape thicket should be considered browsers. Although these anomalous findings were initially accepted, but later challenged, the browse-dominated diet continues to be used as a foundation for hypotheses on the diet of healthy animals. Consequently, the debate around buffalo as browsers or grazers in thicket has not yet been settled. We describe the diet of buffalo in the Addo Elephant National Park and include data from other published work from the region to test the importance of grass in buffalo diet. We show that the diet is dominated by grasses, even in grass-limited thicket, and that browse species are seldom dominant foods. Thus, there is no empirical evidence to corroborate the notion that buffalo switch their diet to browse when grass availability is low. In an attempt to advance our understanding of buffalo foraging in thicket, we reiterate that De Graaff’s work is not a valid measure of buffalo diet in succulent thicket and that additional testing of the browser–grazer hypothesis is not needed. Conservation implications: Our results confirm that buffalo are grazers, rather than browsers, in grass-limited Eastern Cape thicket. Thus, additional testing of the browser–grazer hypothesis for buffalo in the region is not needed.
Rearing temperature and fatty acid supplementation jointly affect membrane fluidity and heat tolerance in Daphnia

The homeoviscous adaptation hypothesis states that the relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreases in the membrane phospholipids of ectothermic organisms at higher temperatures to maintain vital membrane properties. We hypothesized that the well-documented reduced heat tolerance of cold-reared Daphnia is due to the accumulation of PUFA in their body tissues and that heat-reared Daphnia contain reduced amounts of PUFA even when receiving a high dietary supply of PUFA. In Daphnia reared at 15°C, supplementation of a PUFA-deficient food with the long-chain PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of EPA in body tissues and a decrease in heat tolerance. However, the same was observed in Daphnia reared at 25°C, indicating that the ability of heat-acclimated Daphnia to adjust EPA body concentrations is limited when exposed to high dietary EPA concentrations. Daphnia reared at 25°C showed the lowest change in membrane fluidity, measured as fluorescence polarization. For Daphnia reared at three different temperatures, thermal tolerance (time to immobility at a lethally high temperature) and increasing dietary EPA concentrations correlated with fluorescence polarization and the degree of fatty acid unsaturation. Overall, our results support the homeoviscous adaptation hypothesis by showing that cold-reared Daphnia, which accumulate PUFA within their tissues, are more susceptible to heat than hot-reared Daphnia, which contain less PUFA.
Changes in desert avifauna associated with the functional extinction of a terrestrial top predator

We investigated how long‐term suppression of populations of a top predator, the dingo Canis dingo, affected composition of sympatric avifauna in Australian deserts, by surveying bird assemblages across ~80 000 km² of arid dune‐fields on either side of the Dingo Barrier Fence (DBF; a 5614 km‐long fence separating ecosystems in which dingoes are abundant from ecosystems in which dingoes are functionally extinct). Using fourth‐corner modelling, incorporating species’ traits, we identified apparent declines of sedentary birds that nest in low vegetation and small birds that feed primarily on grass seed, and increases in scavenging birds associated with the functional extinction of dingoes. Occupancy differed between sites inside and outside the DBF in 13 bird species. We hypothesise that these differences in bird assemblages across the DBF result, in part, from increases in kangaroos Macropus spp. and red foxes Vulpes vulpes in arid landscapes where dingoes have been removed. Our study provides evidence that the functional extinction of a large terrestrial predator has had pervasive ecosystem effects, including shifts in composition of avian assemblages.
Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken Fed Sheep Manure Based Diets Supplemented with or without Enzymes

In poultry rearing, feed cost accounts for 6070% of the total cost of either egg or poultry meat production and protein accounts 15% of feed cost (Singh, 1990). There is shortage of quality feed ingredients in Kashmir valley. The feeds are to be imported from other states of the country which adds more production cost of poultry. The nutritionists are often forced to formulate the cheaper diet by inclusion of locally available nonconventional feeds. Sheep manure is a unconventional feed ingredients that is relatively high in protein and energy levels and can form a satisfactory feed ingredient in poultry diet (Onu, 2007; Abeke et al., 2008; Onu and Otuma, 2008). However, the usefulness of sheep manure as feed ingredient in monogastric diets is constrained by its relative high fibre content which causes increased viscosity of the gut content resulting International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 04 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Genetska variabilnost bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) v Sloveniji

Raziskava obravnava genetsko variabilnost, genetsko raznolikost in genetsko diferenciacijo bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) v Sloveniji. S pomocjo izoencimske analize smo pregledali 13 avtohtonih bukovih populacij. Polimorfizem smo odkrili na 11 od 12 analiziranih izoencimskih lokusih, 9 lokusov je polimorfnih v vseh populacijah. Opazen je rahel trend narascanja genetske variabilnosti v smeri od severa proti jugu, medtem ko povprecna ugotovljena heterozigotnost Ho od severa proti jugu upada. Genetska diferenciranost je razmeroma majhna, med populacijami pa nismo odkrili diferenciranosti, ki bi ji lahko pripisali jasno geografsko pogojenost.
The rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex represents expected Pavlovian outcome value but not identity

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critical for updating reward-directed behaviours flexibly when task contingencies are reversed, or when outcomes are devalued. We systematically examined the generality of these findings using lesions of the rodent lateral OFC (LO) in instrumental action-outcome, and Pavlovian cue-outcome, learning using specific satiety and taste aversion methods of outcome devaluation. LO lesions disrupted outcome devaluation in Pavlovian but not instrumental procedures. Furthermore, this effect was only observed when using taste-aversion devaluation. Using a specific Pavlovian-to-Instrumental transfer procedure, we established that LO is not necessary for the representation of specific outcome properties, but rather in using these properties to access the current motivational value of outcomes. The role of LO in outcome devaluation and reversal learning was also dissociable between anterior and posterior subregions. These novel dissociable task- and subregion-specific effects suggest a way to reconcile contradictory findings between rodent and non-human primate OFC research.
Multi‐scale drivers of community diversity and composition across tidal heights: an example on temperate seaweed communities

Despite recent advances in understanding community assembly processes, appreciating how these processes vary across multiple spatial scales and environmental gradients remains a crucial issue in ecology. This study aimed to disentangle the drivers of diversity and composition of seaweed communities through a gradient of spatial scales based on a hierarchical sampling design consisting of 19 sites distributed in four sectors along the Brittany coastline. Using randomised community matrices and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEMs), we compared (i) the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic processes, (ii) the environmental correlates of community composition, and (iii) the scale of variation in community composition for seaweed communities located at two different tidal heights. Processes shaping community patterns are expected to vary along a gradient of tidal heights. Therefore, we specifically examined the following hypotheses: the contribution of deterministic over stochastic processes as well as the relative importance of environmental filtering over biotic interactions should be enhanced for seaweed communities of the infralittoral fringe compared to subtidal ones, whereas dispersal of propagules in the water column should be more restricted resulting in finer scale variation in community composition for seaweed communities of the infralittoral fringe compared to subtidal communities. Seaweed communities were largely shaped by deterministic processes, although the relative importance of deterministic processes was greater for communities of the infralittoral fringe than for subtidal communities. Sea surface temperature and geophysical variables were correlates of community composition at the two tidal heights; additionally, waves and current were correlated with the composition of the communities of the infralittoral fringe while kelp density was correlated with the composition of subtidal communities. Variation in community composition was observed at a finer scale for infralittoral fringe than for subtidal communities. Synthesis. Our results suggest that the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic processes in structuring seaweed communities varies across tidal heights. Furthermore, the Moran's eigenvector maps framework highlights that the nature of environmental correlates and the spatial scale at which they were good correlates of community composition also vary across tidal heights and may therefore be useful to broaden our understanding of community assembly across vertical gradients.
Synergistic Antioxidant Scavenging Activities of Grape Seed and Green Tea Extracts against Oxidative Stress

Grape seed and green tea extracts are reported to produce antioxidant scavenging activities against free radical toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that a specific combination of these extracts presents a synergistic antioxidant scavenging activities. The extracts of grape seed, green tea and their mixtures were characterized by phytochemical studies and tested for phenolics and flavonoids. In vitro antioxidant activity for individual extract and its mixtures was determined by DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide free radical scavenging methods. The amount of total phenolics varied among the different extracts and ranged from 43.74 to 67.68 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) / g dry weight, whereas total flavonoids content ranged from 4.25 to 11.66 mg of quercetin equivalents (QU) /g dry weight. The present results suggest that both extracts reported a highly contents of total phenolic and flavonoids compounds, also the mixtures of these extracts can synergistically enhance antioxidant activity. Antioxidant potential from mixture 2 (grape seed extract 200 mg: green tea extract 100 mg) was comparable to that of standard. HPLC results showed that the most abundant components in the mixture 2 extract were epigallocatechingallate while the lowest was the procyanidine.
Estimacion de beneficios económicos por mejoras en los servicios de saneamiento básico mediante valoración contingente

espanolLa gestion de servicios de saneamiento basico en el Peru es considerada como politica publica de alta prioridad, y dado que los recursos publicos para el ejercicio del presupuesto gubernamental son limitados, es conveniente realizar una estimacion de los beneficios economicos que se derivaran de la ejecucion de proyectos que mejoren los servicios de saneamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar los beneficios economicos potenciales por una mejora integral en la provision de servicios de saneamiento basico (agua, alcantarillado y tratamiento) mediante el uso del metodo de valoracion contingente (MVC) con formato referendum y doble limite. Se realizaron 392 encuestas a usuarios de los servicios de saneamiento basico en la ciudad de Puno, Peru. El MVC doble limite presento mayor consistencia teorica. Las variables socioeconomicas y el grado de conocimiento respecto a los problemas en la prestacion de los servicios de saneamiento basico, resultaron mas significativas para la estimacion de la disposicion a pagar (DAP). La DAP estimada fue de 8.53 soles mensuales por vivienda (USD 2.84), misma que, considerando el total de hogares beneficiados, representa una medida del beneficio economico en la evaluacion costo-beneficio de las mejoras planteadas. EnglishThe management of basic sanitation services in Peru is considered a high-priority public policy and, given that the exercise of government budget is very limited by public resources, estimating the economic benefits that will result from the execution of projects that improve sanitation management is an important issue. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential economic benefits of a comprehensive improvement to basic sanitation services (water, sewer, and treatment), using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) with referendum and double-bounded formats. Three- hundred ninety-two users were polled about basic sanitation services in the City of Puno, Peru. The double-bounded CVM showed higher theoretical consistence. The socio-economic variables and the degree of awareness about the problems in the basic sanitation services were more important to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP). The estimated WTP was $8.53 soles per month per house (US$2.84). Considering the total number of beneficiary households, this amount represents a measurement of the economic benefit in the cost-benefit assessment of the improvements that were proposed.