Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ten Years of Pesticide Monitoring in Norwegian Ground Water

Pesticides in Norwegian ground water have been monitored since 1995. Here, we report data including 2004. The monitoring has focused on shallow ground water near agricultural fields (4 locations), on farm wells (22 locations), and on public waterworks (38 locations) 450 samples were analyzed for a total of 62 pesticide compounds and metabolites, and the result was 514 detections of single compounds. Altogether 27 pesticides and metabolites were detected: 2 insecticides, 9 fungicides, and 16 herbicides. Herbicides were most frequently detected (in 79% of the samples), followed by fungicides (20%) and insecticides (1%). Pesticide concentration was generally low, although high concentrations also occurred, for example, 33 μg/L of metribuzine in shallow ground water near agricultural fields and 20 μg/L of bentazon in a farm well. Some water soluble pesticides occurred both frequently and with relatively high concentrations in shallow ground water near agricultural fields. The results show that local ground water near farms is vulnerable for contamination of pesticides and needs further monitoring. Efforts should be made to minimize contamination of wells in farming areas through education on pesticide use, monitoring, and well positioning. Few pesticides were detected in ground water from waterworks and the concentrations were low. Monitoring of waterworks ended in 2002. The data show that there is a continuous need to monitor pesticides as well as selected metabolites in shallow ground water and wells near agricultural fields in Norway.
Determinaton of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Abstract The study presents a method for determination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs with the use of liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The procedure enables a simple isolation of fluoroquinolones from albumin based on extraction with acetonitrile, and from freeze-dried-eggs with acetonitrile under alkaline conditions. The samples have been analysed on ultracarb C8 liquid chromatography column. The gradient elution programmes consisted of the mixture of 0.03 M phosphoric acid with 0.002 M sodium 1-heptanesulfonate monohydrate and acetonitrile. The method has been validated according to requirements of the European Decision 2002/657/EC. Recoveries ranged from 78% to 83% for spiked freeze-dried-eggs and from 89% to 91% for albumin. The developed method can be applied for determination and confirmation of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in albumin and freeze-dried-eggs.
Vegetable oils in textile finishing applications: the action mode of wrinkle-reduction sprays and means for analyzing their performance

The effect of different aqueous emulsions of vegetable oils on the wrinkle recovery properties of 100% cotton fabric was investigated. Six vegetable oils (rapeseed oil, olive oil, coconut oil, safflower oil, linseed oil and modified sunflower oil) with different fatty acid profiles were used. The results prove that the fatty acid profile is an important factor affecting the wrinkle recovery properties of treated cotton fabrics. In general, higher concentrations of the active agent (vegetable oil) provide better wrinkle properties for treated cotton fabrics. The results suggest that better recovery from wrinkle deformation is due to the formation of a micro-film around the fibers and yarns that reduces the friction coefficient. For analysis that better monitors the complex process of fiber relaxation after deformation, an optical wrinkle tester based on grazing light analysis was developed. The technique allows more precise scanning of textile surfaces and measuring of small increments of wrinkle recovery after a spray treatment, for example. The optical wrinkle tester offers the possibility of time-dependent measurements to follow the kinetics of wrinkle relaxation and, for the first time, gives access to kinetic profiles of fiber relaxation.
COMPARISON OF MASS TRANSFER PERFORMANCE FOR VARIOUS SINGLE AND TWIN IMPELLERS

The mass transfer in the air-water system was investigated for various single- and twin-impeller systems including the standard Rushton impellers, pitched-blade impellers, concave-blade impellers and comb-blade impellers. For twin-impeller systems, the effects of the two impellers operating at various speed combinations, opposite impeller rotation and alternate impeller rotation were investigated. Results showed that although slightly better performance was achieved by using the concave-blade and comb-blade impellers, all the volumetric mass transfer coefficients, k L a , obtained were mainly determined by the specific power consumption ( P/V ) and the superficial gas velocity ( U s ) and correlated reasonably well by a single correlation due to van’t Riet. The possible reason for the better performance of the comb-blade impellers is discussed.
Assessment of Osmotic Process in Combination with Coating on Effective Diffusivities during Drying of Apple Slices

The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) coating on the mass exchanges during the osmotic dehydration of apples and its effect on the quality of final product were studied. Coating semi-rings of apple with CMC solution (1%) was found to prevent solute uptake and to reduce salt diffusion coefficient from 4.35 × 10−10 m2/s to 2.86 × 10−10 m2/s. However, coating did not significantly affect the diffusivity of water. The effective diffusivity of salt and consequently solids gain were found to be depended on the concentration of CMC solution in the range of 0–1%. Increasing the concentration of CMC further from 1% had no effect on the mass exchanges during the osmotic process. Maximum performance ratio, defined as water loss/solids gain, and the lowest solids diffusion was observed for coated samples (with 1% CMC solution) treated with an osmotic solution containing glucose syrup (50%) and NaCl (2%).
Über Struktur und Eigenschaften der Halbmetalle, XXI. Die Atomverteilung in den geschmolzenen Legierungen Sn0,9Sb0,1, Sn0,78Sb0,22 und Sn0,5Sb0,5

Es wurden die Streuintensitaten von Schmelzen der Zusammensetzung Sn0,9Sb0,1, Sn0,78Sb0,22 und Sn0,5Sb0,5 untersucht. Die erhaltenen Atomverteilungskurven zeigen den ubergang der Nahordnung von der des reinen Zinns in diejenige der Zusammensetzung Sn0,5Sb0,5. In der letzteren sind vorwiegend Bereiche mit kochsalzformiger Nahordnung vorhanden. The X-ray scattering curves were investigated for melts of the compositions: Sn0.9Sb0. 1, Sn0.78Sb0. 22 and Sn0.5Sb0. 5. The atomic distribution curves obtained show the transition of the short range order from that of pure tin to that of the composition Sn0.5Sb0. 5. In the latter there are preponderantly regions with the rock salt type short range order.
Kinetic and equilibrium modeling for removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions and drinking water by a potential adsorbent, hydrous bismuth oxide

The kinetic, equilibrium modeling and adsorption characteristics of hydrous bismuth oxides (HBOs) have been investigated for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions. The three HBO samples, designated as HBO1, HBO2 and HBO3 were synthesized by a controlled precipitation method. Among three HBO samples, HBO3 accounts for a maximum nitrate uptake of 0.22 mg N g−1 with an initial nitrate concentration of 14 mg N L−1, therefore this was selected for detailed studies. HBO3 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. The adsorption characteristics and process variables were investigated by examining different parameters such as pH, contact time, initial nitrate concentration and temperature. Solution pH remarkably influences the nitrate sorption process as the sorption capacity was found to increase from 0.056 to 0.22 mg N g−1 with the increase of pH from 2.0 to 7.0. The sorption capacity was also found to increase with increasing concentration and temperature, while the presence of competing anions such as Cl−, HCO3− and SO42− impeded the nitrate sorption capacity. The sorption kinetic data were found to be consistent with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The equilibrium data agree well with Freundlich model and the highest monolayer adsorption capacity of HBO3 for removal of nitrate ions was found to be 0.97 mg N g−1 at 313 K. An investigation of the thermodynamic parameters indicated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the sorption process. In a nutshell, HBO3 shows significant potential for removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solution as well as drinking water.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE PELLICLE OF EUGLENA GRACILIS

SYNOPSIS The fine structure of the pellicle of Euglena gracilis has been investigated by electron microscopy of shadowed isolated pellicles and sections of intact cells. The striations, or ribs, of the pellicle form a β-helix round the cell. From 7 to 10 ribs are observed to come together at the posterior tip of the cell. As the ribs pass up from the posterior tip they bifurcate twice or three times. The minimum number of ribs on a pellicle was 32; the maximum, 46. The centres of the ribs are separated by approximately 380 mμ. On the outer surface each rib has a longitudinal split. The membrane between the ribs normally appears smooth, but in a few cases, a series of faint, parallel grooves, 58 mμ apart and about 5 mμ in width, at an angle of 41° to the ribs, were seen. On the inner surface the ribs do not appear to be split. Fibres, 12 mμ in diameter, pass from under one rib, across the inter-rib space, and onto the next rib, at the farther boundary of which they disappear. Most of the fibres are at right angles to the ribs. In sections of cells fixed in potassium permanganate the pellicle appears to consist of a double membrane with two electron-dense layers, 25–30 A thick, bounding a space 25–30 A thick.
Effect of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training

Nissen, S. , R. Sharp, M. Ray, J. A. Rathmacher, D. Rice, J. C. Fuller, Jr., A. S. Connelly, and N. Abumrad. Effect of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resis.
Hydrogelation of self-assembling RGD-based peptides

The self-assembly of tripeptides based on the RGD cell adhesion motif is investigated. Two tripeptides containing the Fmoc [N-(fluorenyl)-9-methoxycarbonyl] aromatic unit were synthesized, Fmoc-RGD and a control peptide containing a scrambled sequence, Fmoc-GRD. The Fmoc is used to control self-assembly via aromatic stacking interactions. The self-assembly and hydrogelation properties of the two Fmoc-tripeptides are compared. Both form well defined amyloid fibrils (as shown by cryo-TEM and SAXS) with β-sheet features in their circular dichroism and FTIR spectra. Both peptides form self-supporting hydrogels, the dynamic shear modulus of which was measured. Preliminary cell culture experiments reveal that Fmoc-RGD can be used as a support for bovine fibroblasts, but not Fmoc-GRD, consistent with the incorporation of the cell adhesion motif in the former peptide.
Effect of zinc on yield, zinc nutrition and zinc use efficiency of lowland rice.

Zinc deficiency in flooded soil is impediment to obtain higher rice yield. Zinc deficiency is corrected by application of suitable zinc fertilizer. The results revealed that rice responded significantly to graded dose of zinc applied. The highest grain (37.53 g pot) and straw yield ( 48.54 g pot) was noticed at 5 mg Zn kg which was about 100 % and 86% greater than control ( no zinc) respectively. Similar effect was noticed on DMP. The highest zinc concentration and uptake in grain and straw and DTPA-Zn at all stages was noticed at 7.5 mg Zn kg.The linear regression analysis showed grain zinc concentration and grain Zn uptake caused 89.64 and 89.01% variation in rice yield. Similarly, the linear regression analysis of DTPA-Zn caused 98.31, 96.34 and 93.12% variation in yield of rice at tillering, panicle initiation and harvest stages respectively. The agronomic, physiological and agrophysiological apparent recovery and utilization efficiencies was highest at lower level of zinc application and decreased with Zn doses.
IMOGOLITE AND PROTO‐IMOGOLITE ALLOPHANE IN SPODIC HORIZONS: EVIDENCE FOR A MOBILE ALUMINIUM SILICATE COMPLEX IN PODZOL FORMATION

Summary Examination by infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy of the fine clays (<0.5 μm) dispersed at pH 3.5 from H2O2-treated soil indicates that imogolite and proto-imogolite allophanes are concentrated in podzolic B2 and B3 horizons, and make up at least 6 percent of one B2 horizon soil, which contains virtually no layer silicate clays. It is argued here that imogolite-type components are the principal source of extractable aluminium and silicon in such horizons, that they may act as cementing agents in indurated horizons, and that proto-imogolite, a soluble aluminium-silicate complex, is the predominant mobile form in which aluminium is transported to B2 and lower horizons of podzols. Comparison of the amounts of aluminium extracted by acetic acid with those extracted by EDTA indicates that extractable aluminium in Bhg, Bh, and organic-rich A2 horizons is present principally in organic complexes. It is proposed that the aluminium fulvates concentrated in these horizons are formed in situ.
Détermination de la solubilité du tétrahydrothiophène (THT) liquide dans les principaux constituants du gaz naturel (CH4, CO2 et N2) au moyen d'un dispositif dynamique avec analyse chromatographique en ligne de la phase vapeur

Certains produits comme le tetrahydrothiophene (THT), dont l'odeur est percue a faible teneur, sont injectes dans le gaz naturel en vue de son odorisation. Cette odorisation artificielle rend toute fuite eventuelle de gaz dans l'atmosphere immediatement detectable. Les auteurs ont mesure les compositions a l'equilibre des phases gaseuses des binaires THT-CH 4 , THT-N 0 2 et THT-CO 2 dans les conditions de transport et de distribution du gaz [ 1 ○ C) < 50] . Dans ce but, un dispositif experimental original base sur un principe de saturation dynamique avec analyse chromatographique en ligne de la phase vapeur a ete realise et mis au point. Des grandeurs thermodynamiques supplementaires sont necessaires pour atteindre les compositions molaires de la phase vapeur. Les auteurs ont mesure les pressions de vapeur du THT et estime les seconds coefficients du viriel. Ces estimations font intervenir les grandeurs critiques et facteurs acentriques qui ont ete calcules par diverses correlations.
Supercell electrostatics of charged defects in periodic density functional theory

Charged defects are often studied using density functional theory (DFT). However, the use of periodic boundary conditions (PBC) introduces a fictitious jellium background required to maintain charge neutrality, along with periodic images of the defect. As a consequence, the calculations are found to be sensitive to the size of the supercell used. Several competing correction methods have been developed for bulk materials, but do not provide a completely satisfactory solution to this problem. One source of error in these corrections is suggested to be the simple density models employed. I propose a new electrostatic correction based on calculating electronic charge density differences between reference DFT calculations, and then solving Poisson equation for these charge models. For bulk materials, I demonstrate that this new correction is in agreement with the existing Lany-Zunger (LZ) method. This demonstrates that using more realistic density models is not sufficient to improve the corrections, but the new method does allow an improved understanding of potential alignment. I found that alignment errors are introduced by adding or removing atoms from the supercell to form the defect, and that these errors are related to their atomic radius. Secondly, the charge models I constructed are found to be in good agreement with the predictions of classical electrostatics, corresponding to both bound and free charges. I derive a new analytic charge correction based on this model, but it produces smaller corrections than anticipated. Further calculations demonstrate that the remaining unexplained finite-size error is introduced by the finite-size dependence of the exchange-correlation energy of the screening bound charge, rather than on electrostatic grounds. Improved empirical corrections are constructed, which display differences between unrelaxed 3
Hydrogen Positions in Dickite

The crystal structure of dickite was initially determined by Newnham and Brindley (1956) and refined from single crystal, film X-ray data by Newnham in 1961. Newnham was unable to locate the hydroxyl hydrogen atoms from his data which gave an R-factor of 7.5%. The unit cell of dickite contains two kaolinite layers, related by a glide plane. In each layer there are four hydroxyl groups; one is situated in the plane of atoms shared by tetrahedra and octahedra (inner hydroxyls), whereas the remaining three form the outer surface of the octahedral sheet (inner-surface hydroxyls) as distinct from hydroxyls on the surface of clay crystals. Controversy has existed regarding the orientation of these hydroxyl groups. Farmer (1964), Newnham and Brindley (1956), Newnham (1961), and Farmer ( 1974) suggested that weak hydrogen bonds exist between each of the inner surface hydroxyls and the corresponding basal oxygen in the next layer. Based on infrared studies, Wada (1967), Ledoux and White (1964), Serratosa et al. (1962), and Wolf (1963), however, stated that only some of these hydroxyls are involved in hydrogen bonding and that the location of the inner hydrogen was uncertain. Serratosa et al. (1962), however, in their study of kaolinite, considered the inner hydroxyl to be essentially perpendicular to the 1:1 layer and oriented toward the hexagonal hole in the tetrahedral sheet. Wolf (1963) shared this view, but Ledoux and White (1964) favored a model where that hydroxyl was directed towards the empty octahedral site. By a technique minimizing electrostatic energy, Giese and Datta (1973) calculated the positions of the hydrogen atoms. They concluded that the inner-surface hydroxyl hydrogens are almost normal to (001), whereas the inner hydrogen points toward the empty octahedral hole nearly parallel to (001). In micas, the inner O-H bond points away from the octahedral sheet (Giese, 1979). From neutron powder diffraction, Adams and Hewat (1981) refined Newnham's (1961) structure and located and refined hydrogen positions from a difference Fourier map. Significant discrepancies exist, however, between their refined hydrogen positions and those obtained from the calculations of Giese and Datta (1973). In addition, Rozdestvenskaya et al. (1982) refined the structure of dickite from X-ray diffraction data and found the hydrogen coordinates to be at variance with the theoretical calculations of both Giese and Datta (1973) and Bookin et al. (1982) and with the neutron values of Adams and Hewat (1981). We therefore undertook this study to obtain more accurate X-ray diffraction determined hydrogen positions in hopes of confirming one or more of the earlier work.
The measurement of sand transport by means of radioactive tracers

Experiments are described which have for their object the development of a method of measuring the sand transport in rivers by means of radioactive tracers. The method used is analogous to that which has been used for the measurement of water discharge in which the mean velocity is determined from the rate of displacement of the centroid of a marked cloud of fluid. In these experiments the spread of radioactive sand has been measured from a transverse strip of the bed of a flume in which a steady flow of water and sand is maintained. The distribution of active grains differs from that of a cloud of fluid, however, in that the time scale of the motion is longer due to the slower drift velocity of the particles. Also the particles at low levels in the ripples are at rest for a very much longer time than those in the upper levels so that the spread of the sand particles is much larger than is the case for fluid flow of the same mean velocity and depth. If the motion were allowed to continue for a sufficiently long time it is probable that the distribution would become normal and centred about a point moving with the centroid, but the time for such development would be impracticably long and the transport rate must be deduced from the distributions in the early stages of the motion when the dilution is not very great. In this stage an attempt has been made to explain the shape of the distribution curves in terms of a simple model of the mechanism of transport in which it has been assumed that every particle has an equal chance of moving a certain hop length. Whilst the distributions given by such a model have a general resemblance to those obtained, the similarity is not quantitatively affirmed. A more complicated model which takes into account both the statistical variation of the hop length of the particles and the times that particles spend at different levels in the ripples appears to be necessary. The experiments have shown that the transport rate can be deduced from the mass distribution of tracer particles initially laid to a depth sufficient to cover all levels of movement of the bed ripples, or by measuring the velocity of the centroid of the activity distribution together with an independent measurement of the ripple movements at a point.
Control of Grapevine Leafroll Disease Spread at a Commercial Wine Estate in South Africa: A Case Study

Grapevine leafroll disease (LR) is a serious disease of grapevine worldwide. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is the most prevalent virus associated with this disease in South Africa and, despite a successful virus-elimination strategy within a certification scheme, spreads rapidly in local commercial vineyards. Since 2002 an integrated control strategy was used at a commercial wine estate to control LR and serve as a case study for the local and international wine industries to show that control in a commercial setting is possible. The strategy included planting of certified material tested free of detectable viruses, use of herbicide and subsequent removal of infected vine material, fallow periods during which time volunteer hosts were removed, and use of systemic and contact insecticides, sanitation, and horticultural practices to minimize spread of viruliferous mealybugs. Leafroll was reduced from a 100% infection in 2002 on 41.26 ha (111,431 vines) planted mainly from 1989 to 1992, to only 58 LR infected vines detected in 2012 on 77.84 ha (209,626 vines), an incidence of 0.027%. This reduction was achieved by replacing the fully infected vineyards and roguing 3105 infected vines within young and replaced new vineyards. The control strategies were successful in curtailing the spread of LR disease and have resulted in the removal of the disease from the majority of individual vineyards. Leafroll currently occurs at sufficiently low levels in the remaining vineyards that local eradication may be possible in these, in contrast to the general situation in the South African industry where the majority of producers do not apply LR control strategies and leafroll is widespread.