Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Sulphur in Diesel Exhaust Aerosol: Models Compared with Measurements

A nodal aerosol dynamics model TUTEAM (Tampere University of Technology Exhaust Aerosol Model) was developed to study the number and mass evolution of exhaust particles in a dilution system. The model includes processes such as nucleation, condensation, coagulation, and wall losses and it takes into account the dilution and temperature cooling profiles. The model considers nucleation and soot modes separately. For soot particles the fractal structure was implemented in the model to take the density and size, which continuously vary due to condensation, into account accurately. The model was compared with a set of dynamometer measurements of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle with different lubricant oils and fuels, and with a sectional aerosol dynamics model AEROFOR. The trends of nucleation mode geometric median diameter and number concentration as a function of fuel and lubricant sulphur contents were reproduced well. Also the predicted particle composition was in agreement with the measurements of Schneider et al. (2005).
In-vivo multidistance multiwavelength time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy of layered tissues

In this work time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS) measurements were performed in vivo on biological tissues (arm and forehead) over a broad spectral range (610-1000 nm) and at different interfiber distances (2-4 cm), by a fully automated system based on mode-locked, continuously tunable laser sources and on time-correlated single photon counting for detection. Preliminary estimates of average tissue optical properties are obtained by interpreting the TRS curves at each wavelength with a homogeneous model for photon migration. The scattering coefficient decreases progressively upon increasing wavelength, while the absorption line shapes show the typical spectral features of the principal tissue components (hemoglobin, water, and lipids), with different weight depending on the tissue type and structure. The best fit of the absorption spectra with the spectra of the pure constituents and of the reduced scattering spectra to Mie theory provided information on the average percentage composition of the different tissues and on the average equivalent tissue structure, respectively. Moreover, TRS measurements at different interfiber distances allowed us to probe different tissue depths, showing the presence of a inhomogeneous structure with different average optical properties.
Synthesis and properties of silicon-containing bismaleimide resins

Two novel bismaleimide (BMI) monomers containing silicon atom in the structure, i.e., bis[4-(4-maleimidophenylcarbonyloxy)phenyl]dimethylsilane (BMI-SiE1) and bis[4-(4-maleimidophenyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]dimethylsilane (BMI-SiE2), were designed, synthesized, and polymerized with and without the use of diamine as comonomers to yield novel silicon-containing BMI resins. Both monomers obtained are readily soluble in organic solvents, such as chloroform and N, N-dimethylformamide. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis investigation of these two monomers indicated a high polymerization temperature (Tp > 240°C) and a good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of cured BMI resins. The onset temperature for 5% weight loss was found to be above 450°C in nitrogen and above 400°C in the air. Polymerization of BMI-SiE1 and BMI-SiE2 with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether (DPE) yielded a series of polyaspartimides that had good solubility and could be thermally cured at 250°C. TGA investigations of the cured diamine-modified BMI resins showed onset of degradation temperatures (Tds) in the range of 344–360°C in nitrogen and 332–360°C in the air. Composites based on the cured diamine-modified BMI resins and glass cloth were prepared and characterized for their dynamic mechanical properties. All the composites showed high glass transition temperatures (e.g., >190°C) and high bending modulus in the range of 1000–2700 MPa. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Structural and temperature effects in the high‐performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of 1‐(α‐aminobenzyl)‐2‐naphthol and 2‐(α‐aminobenzyl)‐1‐naphthol analogs

The enantiomers of 1-(α-aminobenzyl)-2-naphthol and 2-(α-aminobenzyl)-1-naphthol analogs were separated isothermally on a cellulose-tris-3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate-based chiral stationary phase (Chiralcel OD-H), at 10°C increments in the range of 5–35°C, using n-hexane/2-propanol/diethylamine as mobile phase. The mobile phase composition and temperature were varied to achieve baseline resolutions in a single chromatographic run. The dependence of the natural logarithms of selectivity factors, ln α, on the inverse of temperature, 1/T, was used to determine the thermodynamic data of the enantiomers. The thermodynamic data revealed that all the compounds in this study separate via the same enthalpy-driven chiral recognition mechanism.
Effect of Microwave-Assisted Vacuum Frying on the Quality of Potato Chips

We investigated the applicability of microwave-assisted vacuum frying in producing potato chips. Three microwave power levels (600, 800, 1000 W) were used for frying times of up to 360 s. The moisture loss and oil uptake histories were measured as a function of the microwave power levels. The textural crispness (breaking force) and color parameters (lightness, redness, and yellowness) were also measured as a function of microwave power levels and frying time. The application of microwave-assisted vacuum frying significantly increased the moisture evaporation and oil uptake rates in potato chips. At the same time, the amount of oil uptake was similar to that in vacuum-fried chips not assisted by microwave. The chips produced using microwave-assisted vacuum frying were crispier (lower breaking force), visually appealing, and could be produced in a shorter time.
Durable Modification of Silica Aerogel Monoliths with Fluorescent 2,7-Diazapyrenium Moieties. Sensing Oxygen near the Speed of Open-Air Diffusion

Silica sol−gels were covalently modified with N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-2,7-diazapyrenium bromide (DAP). Luminescent aerogels are created in which none of the fluorophore leaches from the gels during either the washing or supercritical drying necessary to prepare DAP-modified aerogels. The bulk density (0.17 g/cm3), N2-adsorption surface area (870 m2/g), and thermogravimetric and scanning electron micrographic characteristics of the dye-modified aerogels remain identical to those of the unmodified silica aerogels. The bulk concentration of the dye in the aerogels was ≤6.6 mM; at these loadings the aerogels demonstrate bulk photoluminescence. As based on the mesoporous surface area, the surface coverage of the dye is 7−8% of a monolayer. The absorption, emission, and O2-quenching characteristics of the diazapyrenium dye in the aerogels parallel those obtained in alcoholic (rather than aqueous) solution, which further indicates that the dopant molecules are isolated from each other and that they see an en.
Crystal structure of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,13,13,14,14,dodecachloro- 1,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a, 12b-octahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethanotriphenylene, C20H8Cl12

Crystallization in P12 1 /c1, with lattice parameters a=9.760, b=15.490, c=16.547A, β=99.9°, Z=4; R=0.038. The hydrogen atoms are geometrically positioned at a C-H distance of 0.97A
Changes in Microbial Activity after Abandonment of Cultivation in a Semiarid Mediterranean Environment

Several organic matter fractions together with biological and biochemical parameters that might serve as markers of microbial activity were determined in an area previously dedicated to agriculture but where the soils had been abandoned for different lenghts of time (3 to 45 yr). Recently abandoned agricultural soils showed lower organic matter levels than soils not exposed to anthropic activity (natural soils). During the years immediately following abandonment the soils show lower levels of total organic C, humic substances and labile fractions of organic matter than natural soils. Soils abandoned for longer than 15 yr begin to recover their organic fractions after the appearance of spontaneous vegetation. The lower slopes appear to accumulate a greater quantity of total organic C and some labile fractions of C, such as water soluble C. Soil abandonment has a negative influence on soil microbial activity, biomass C and oxidoreductases such as dehydrogenase and catalase, although these values begin to rise again after several years. Soils abandoned for long periods of time and in the process of recovery show higher oxidoreductase values than natural soils. The activity of hydrolases belonging to the N, C, and P cycles (ureases and proteases, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase) point to the negative influence of the agricultural practices, indicating that human activity does not favor adequate establishment of the cycles of these important nutrients. The cessation of agricultural activity leads to the recovery of soil hydrolase activities. Except in isolated cases, the hydrolase activities values determined did not appear to be affected by the position on the slope of the plot from which the samples were taken.
Properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)–poly(ethylene naphthalene 2,6‐dicarboxylate) blends with montmorillonite clay

The production and properties of blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene naphthalene 2,6-dicarboxylate) (PEN) with three modified clays are reported. Octadecylammonium chloride and maleic anhydride (MAH) are used to modify the surface of the montmorillonite–Na+ clay particles (clay–Na+) to produce clay–C18 and clay–MAH, respectively, before they are mixed with the PET/PEN system. The transesterification degree, hydrophobicity and the effect of the clays on the mechanical, rheological and thermal properties are analysed. The PET–PEN/clay–C18 system does not show any improvements in the mechanical properties, which is attributed to poor exfoliation. On the other hand, in the PET–PEN/clay–MAH blends, the modified clay restricts crystallization of the matrix, as evidenced in the low value of the crystallization enthalpy. The process-induced PET–PEN transesterification reaction is affected by the clay particles. Clay–C18 induces the largest proportion of naphthalate–ethylene–terephthalate (NET) blocks, as opposed to clay–Na+ which renders the lowest proportion. The clay readily incorporates in the bulk polymer, but receding contact-angle measurements reveal a small influence of the particles on the surface properties of the sample. The clay–Na+ blend shows a predominant solid-like behaviour, as evidenced by the magnitude of the storage modulus in the low-frequency range, which reflects a high entanglement density and a substantial degree of polymer–particle interactions. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Stretched laminar flamelet modeling of a turbulent jet diffusion flame

Abstract —A turbulent combustion model for a CO/H2/N2-air turbulent jet diffusion flame has been developed by combining a velocity-composition joint pdf turbulence closure, a Monte Carlo solution algorithm, and a two-scalar stretched laminar f1amelet chemistry approach. In the flamelet model, it is assumed that the structure of the turbulent diffusion flame is locally that of a laminar diffusion flame at the same instantaneous value of the mixture fraction (ξ) and scalar dissipation (X). A library of stretched laminar flamelets (density, temperature, and species concentrations vs, ξ and X) is generated for a laminar opposed-flow configuration including 15 chemical species, 32 reactions, and differential diffusion. A modeled transport equation for the joint probability density function of the velocities, ξ, and X is then solved numerically by a Monte Carlo method. Calculated profiles of mean mixture fraction, temperature, and species concentrations are compared both with experimental data and with earlier .
Using models to simulate the movement of contaminants through groundwater flow systems

Prediction of the movement of contaminants in groundwater systems through the use of models has been given increased emphasis in recent years because of the growing trend toward subsurface disposal of wastes. Prediction is especially critical when nuclear wastes are involved. Contaminant transport models which include the effects of dispersion have been applied to several field situations. However, factors that limit the routine use of these models include the difficulty of determining the field coefficient of dispersion and numerical difficulties encountered when solving the dispersion equation. Regional size models which neglect the effects of dispersion have had limited success because of the scarcity and poor quality of field data. Another difficulty in the development of contaminant transport models is the current lack of knowledge regarding the quantification of chemical reaction terms. This review examines the formulation of contaminant transport models, application to field problems, difficulties .
Rheological Behavior of Pineapple and Mango Pulps

The rheological behavior of whole and centrifuged mango (Mangifera indica L. var. Keitt) and pineapple (Ananas comusus L. merr var Perola) pulps was analysed at 30°C, in a rotational viscometer Haake Rotovisco RV-20. The experiments were conducted with measuring system of 45 mm diameter parallel plates (PQ45) with gap of 0.5 mm, at shear rates up to 874 s−l. The rheograms were fitted with Casson, Ostwald-of-Waelle and Mizrahi–Berk (M–B) models. The Brix of pineapple and mango pulps were 16.6 and 13.3 °Brix, respectively, and the insoluble solids content was 0.108 g/kg for mango and 0.054 g/kg for pineapple. The best adjustment was obtained with M–B model. It was observed that the pulps presented pseudoplastic behavior, and the suspended solids had great influence on the consistency index.
SOIL POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN AND ITS RELATION TO RICE PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN NEEDS IN TWO PADDY RICE SOILS OF CHILE

Rice is an important food in the world population's diet. As nitrogen (N) is the principal nutrient associated with the yield and its mineralization from the soil contribute to plant-available N, the use of biological or chemical methods are necessary for its estimation. Two paddy rice soils types of Chile were used for laboratory (anaerobic incubation) and field experiments: Quella (Vertisol) and Quilmen (Inceptisol), fertilized with three N rates - ureas of 0, 80 and 160 kg ha−1. The mineralized inorganic N was measured and potentially mineralizable N (N0) was calculated based on the first-order kinetic model. N mineralization was positively affected by N fertilization, but only affected grain yield in the Quilmen soil with a negative effect on the crop N recovery. Furthermore, crop N uptake was related with the incubation time at 14 and 21 days for the Quilmen and Quella soils respectively. Finally an N optimization model for those soils was proposed.
Outstanding mechanistic questions in heterogeneous catalysis

This Feature Article summarizes key results from our studies on the kinetics of chemical reactions on solid surfaces as they relate to heterogeneous catalysis. Emphasis is placed on the identification of specific issues of relevance to the design of catalytic processes, particularly the need for highly selective catalytic reactions. From the kinetic point of view, issues of selectivity translate into controlling relative activation energies within a small fraction of their absolute value. In the case of catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons, the nature of the final products is determined by the regioselectivity of an early dehydrogenation from surface alkyl intermediates (from the α, β, or γ position), a step greatly affected by the electronic structure of the metal used as catalyst. In the case of partial oxidation reactions, both the geometry of the local ensemble of surface atoms in the catalytic site and the presence of surface species such as hydroxide groups play determining roles in defining selectiv.
Protonation constant of caffeine in aqueous solution

The decreases in the conductivities of dilute aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid and of sodium chloride on the addition of various concentrations of caffeine have been measured from 25 to 50 °C. The viscosities of the caffeine solutions have also been determined. The results, interpreted by the isodesmic model for caffeine self-association, showed that only the monomeric caffeine molecules in solution were protonated. The dissociation constant Hcaf+ was found to be 0.82, 0.76 and 0.69 mol kg–1 at 25, 38, and 50 °C, respectively. The dimerisation model for caffeine association failed to fit the conductivity results.
Synthesis and characterization of polyimide/hexagonal boron nitride composite

Polyimide (PI)/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) composites were produced via the thermal imidization procedure from solution mixtures of a polyamicacid, which is prepared from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DADPS) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and alkoxysilane functionalized h-BN. The structure, thermostability, thermal behavior, and surface properties of the resulting materials were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal characteristics of PI/h-BN films were better than the pure PIs. The physical and mechanical properties of the films were evaluated by various techniques such as contact angle, chemical resistance, and tensile tests. The flame retardancy of the composite materials was also examined by the limiting oxygen index (LOI). The experiments showed that the LOI values of PIs increased from 32 to 43 for the materials containing hexagonal boron nitride. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of certain weather parameters on population fluctuation of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) in chickpea

Chickpea is the major pulse crop grown in India and it is major protein source for many Indians. It is subjected to severe damage by pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) which causes yield loss of 400 kg/ha. H. armigera is a polyphagous pest with wide host range and is subjected to heavy insecticidal sprays in various crops. The climatic factors like rainfall, temperature, humidity and sunshine hours mainly influence the abundance of H. armigera. During 2015-16 and 2016-17, a bulk chickpea plot of 100m2 was raised at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi. The experimental plot was maintained without any insecticidal sprays and the number of H. armigera larvae was counted randomly from 10 plants on standard week interval basis. During 2015-16 and 2016-17, H. armigera larval population was first observed on 4th standard week (Jan 22-28). A peak larval population was observed on 9th standard week (9.31 larvae per 10 hills) and 10th standard week (9.87 larvae per 10 hills) during 2015-16 and 2016-17, respectively. The larval population was observed in the field till the maturity of the crop. Correlation studies revealed that the H. armigera larval population was correlated as significantly positive with sunshine hours during 2015-16 and 2016-17. Maximum and minimum temperature had a positive non significant correlation with larval population during both years of experimentation. Further, rainfall, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity were observed to be non significantly correlated with H. armigera larval population.
Alterações de características químicas do solo e resposta da soja ao calcário e gesso aplicados na superfície em sistema de cultivo sem preparo do solo

O experimento foi desenvolvido em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distrofico, em Ponta Grossa (PR), com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicacao de calcario e gesso na superficie sobre as caracteristicas quimicas do solo e resposta da soja cultivada em sistema de cultivo sem preparo do solo. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcela subdividida, com tres repeticoes. Foram utilizadas quatro doses de calcario dolomitico, com 84% de PRNT: 0, 2, 4 e 6 t ha-1, e quatro doses de gesso agricola: 0, 4, 8 e 12 t ha-1. A calagem foi realizada em julho, e a aplicacao de gesso em novembro de 1993. A cultura da soja foi avaliada nos anos agricolas de 1993/94 e 1995/96. A soja nao respondeu a aplicacao de calcario e gesso na superficie, em solo com pH (CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1) 4,5 e 32% de saturacao por bases na camada de 0-20 cm. A calagem proporcionou correcao da acidez do solo, revelada pela elevacao do pH e reducao do aluminio trocavel, ate a profundidade de 10 cm e em camadas subsuperficiais, mostrando que a acao do calcario aplicado na superficie, em areas com cultivos ja estabelecidos, nao preparadas convencionalmente, pode atingir camadas mais profundas de solo. Esse efeito foi observado doze meses apos a aplicacao do corretivo, tendo sido mais pronunciado apos vinte e oito meses. A aplicacao de gesso causou reducao do aluminio trocavel, elevou os teores de calcio em todo o perfil do solo e provocou lixiviacao de bases, principalmente de magnesio, tendo sido esta mais acentuada na presenca de maiores teores de magnesio trocavel no solo. Apos vinte e quatro meses, foram recuperados cerca de 40% do S-SO4 e 60% do calcio aplicados pelo gesso na dose de 12 t ha-1, ate a profundidade de 80 cm. Desse total recuperado, apenas 10% do S-SO4 e 25% do calcio foram encontrados na camada de 0-20 cm de solo.
Surface Properties and Dissolution Trends of Pt3M Alloys in the Presence of Adsorbates

The adsorption of atomic oxygen on Pt-segregated and nonsegregated surfaces of Pt3M(111) (M = Fe, Co, and Ni) has been systematically investigated using periodic density functional theory calculations. It is found that the surface adsorption properties can be considerably modified by introducing the 3d metals. For each alloy system, the binding strength of oxygen follows the order of Pt-skin < Pt(111) < Pt3M. Among the three alloys, Pt3Fe(111) is the most favorable for O adsorption on the nonsegregated surface, whereas Pt3Ni(111) is preferred on the Pt-segregated surface. Our calculations show that the magnitude of surface adsorption energies is determined by both the surface geometry and the electronic structure. Remarkably, the electronic structure of the surface Pt atoms only differs very slightly for the segregated and nonsegregated alloys. The discrepant adsorption properties are therefore mainly attributed to the direct involvement of 3d metals either on the surface or in the subsurface. In addition.
Effect of date of planting and varieties on growth, yield and storability of rabi onion (Allium cepa L)

Onion varieties were evaluated with different date of planting (15th Dec, 30th Dec, 15th January & 30th January) for adoptability to the climatic conditions of Bihar. Seedlings of two varieties of onion were planted under factorial randomized block design with three replications at research farm of Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda (Bihar). The quantitative data on yield and other morphological characters of onion were collected. Both the varieties were harvested at their maturity (80% top down) and then graded, weighted into two categories of bulb; marketable weight and total weight. Inferential and descriptive statistical methods were used for data analysis where by two ways analysis of variance and ranking scale were applied. It was concluded that all the two varieties namely Agrifound light red and Patna red performed differently to the total yield, marketable yield. Onion variety ALR produced the highest marketable yield i.e. 220.489 q/ha coupled with 30th December date of planting. So the farmers can be motivated for adoption of ALR with most suitable planting date i.e. 30th December for commercial production.