Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apprehensions about Excessive Belief in Digital Therapeutics: Points of Concern Excluding Merits

Digital therapeutics (DTx), like drugs or medical devices, 1) must prove their effectiveness and safety through clinical trials; 2) are provided to patients through prescriptions from doctors; and 3) may require the approval of regulatory agencies, though this might not be mandatory. Although DTx will play an important role in the medical field in the near future, some merits of DTx have been exaggerated at this crucial juncture. In the medical field, where safety and effectiveness are important, merely reducing the development time and costs of DTx is not advantageous. The adverse effects of DTx are not yet well-known, and will be identified eventually, with the passage of time. DTx is beneficial for the collection and analysis of real-world data (RWD); however, they require new and distinct work to collect and analyze high-quality RWD. Naturally, whether this is possible must be independently ascertained through scientific methods. Depending on the type of disease, it is not recommended that DTx be prescribed, even if the patient rejects conventional treatment. Prescription of conventional pharmacotherapy is often necessary, and if the prescription of DTx is inadequate, the critical time for initial treatment may be missed. There is no basis for continuing DTx use by patients. Rather, the rate of continuity of DTx use is extremely low. While many conventional pharmacotherapies have undergone numerous verification and safety tests over a long time, barriers to the application of DTx in the medical field are lower than those for conventional pharmacotherapies. Considering these reasons, except for certain special cases, an approach to DTx is needed that complements the prescription of conventional pharmacotherapy by the medical staff. When DTx are prescribed by doctors who clearly know their advantages and disadvantages, the doctors' expertise may undergo further refinement, and the quality of medical care is expected to improve.
Origin of Weakened Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Southeastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean

Observations and reanalysis products are used to investigate the substantial weakening in the southeastern tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability since 2000. Relative to 1982–1999, the March‐April‐May SST variability in the Angola‐Benguela area (ABA) has decreased by more than 30%. Both equatorial remote forcing and local forcing are known to play an important role in driving SST variability in the ABA. Compared to 1982–1999, since 2000, equatorial remote forcing had less influence on ABA SSTs, whereas local forcing has become more important. In particular, the robust correlation that existed between the equatorial zonal wind stress and the ABA SSTs has substantially weakened, suggesting less influence of Kelvin waves on ABA SSTs. Moreover, the strong correlation linking the South Atlantic Anticyclone and the ABA SSTs has reduced. Finally, multidecadal surface warming of the ABA could also have played a role in the weakening of the interannual SST variability.
Local‐Time and Vertical Characteristics of Quasi‐6‐Day Oscillation in the Ionosphere During the 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming

This study investigates new characteristics of ionospheric modulations driven by quasi‐6‐day wave (Q6DW) burst following a rare Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in September 2019. Local‐time and vertical variations of the amplitude and phase of quasi‐6‐day oscillation (Q6DO) in the ionosphere are examined by using data assimilation analysis of electron density from three‐dimensional Global Ionosphere Specification (GIS). The maximum amplitudes of Q6DO are located symmetrically ±20° off the magnetic equator at ~12 LT, with a secondary peak at 17 LT. The amplitude of Q6DO weakens at 15 LT, with a sudden phase shift, suggesting multiple dynamo processes driving the Q6DO‐related ionospheric variations. The altitude‐latitude structure of Q6DO shows that the ionospheric modulations extend beyond the equatorial ionization anomaly, indicating the wind dynamo source regions at higher latitudes. A likely physical mechanism is discussed based on possible interactions of Q6DW and semidiurnal migrating tides leading to the dynamo modulation and phase differences.
A Virtual Point‐of‐care Ultrasound Course During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, in‐person educational activities for emergency medicine (EM) residents were suspended. As a result, we developed a virtual point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) course for incoming EM interns consisting of online didactics and faculty‐proctored hands‐on scan sessions utilizing a video conferencing platform and a handheld smartphone‐compatible ultrasound transducer. Learners found the course to be effective in improving their POCUS knowledge and scanning skills. Feedback obtained from this course will allow us to improve future virtual courses.
Modeling the Economic Effect of Statutory Taxation on Gaming Hospitality

This article shows that casino taxation may be welfare enhancing for gaming hospitality resorts due to their market power to export local taxes to tourist customers. The price-inelastic tourism demand for casino gambling plays an important role in such power of tax exportation. We use a mathematical programming model to derive a tax threshold, through which a specific tax can be identified to be good or bad for efficiency. The policy implication is that a high tax should be imposed if enough of the tax burden can be shifted to tourists, but a low tax must be offered otherwise. These results are shown to be useful in practice across travel destinations.
EEG Resting Asymmetries and Frequency Oscillations in Approach/Avoidance Personality Traits: A Systematic Review

Background: Brain cortical activity in resting electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings can be considered as measures of latent individual disposition to approach/avoidance behavior. This systematic review aims to provide an updated overview of the relationship between resting EEG cortical activity and approach/avoidance motivation personality traits. Methods: The review process was conducted according to the PRISMA-Statement, using PsycArticles, MEDLINE, Scopus, Science Citation Index, and Research Gate database. Restrictions were made by selecting EEG studies conducted in resting idling conditions, which included approach/avoidance personality traits or parallel measures, and an index of EEG brain activity. In the review 50 studies were selected, wherein 7120 healthy adult individuals participated. Results: The study of the relationship between resting EEG cortical activity and approach/avoidance personality traits provides controversial and unclear results. Therefore, the validity of resting asymmetry or frequency oscillations as a potential marker for approach/avoidance personality traits is not supported. Conclusions: There are important contextual and interactional factors not taken into account by researchers that could mediate or moderate this relationship or prove it scarcely replicable. Further, it would be necessary to conduct more sessions of EEG recordings in different seasons of the year to test the validity and the reliability of the neurobiological measures.
Exploring the Affective Level in Adolescents in Relation to Advertising with a Selected Emotional Appeal

The correlation and perception of advertising on adolescents have been shown to be a key factor in the survival of subjective emotional states. In this research, we map the affective level in relation to emotions in the context of assessing the marketing advertisement “Man on the Moon” by John Lewis company. We assess how an emotional appeal affects adolescents in various areas of the Slovak Republic, following several crucial demographic features of respondents. We examined the affective level by means of a psychodiagnostic tool in the form of a standardized tool of the scale of subjective emotional habitual well-being. To measure the emotional component of subjective well-being, we used descriptive words that expressed experienced emotions and feelings. From the collected data, we determined the frequency of positive and negative mood and verified the dependence between the variable region and emotion. We used Pearson’s chi-square test. When evaluating the data, we found dependencies between the categorical variable region and emotion. We did not find a relationship between the variable gender and emotion. The geographical division within the national market has an impact on the experience of positive and negative emotions when looking at advertising with an emotional appeal to the story.
Biofilm Forming Ability and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Food-borne Pathogens Isolated from Common Dairy Products: Madara and Nono Vended in Makurdi Metropolis

Microbial resistance to antibiotics and biofilm formation ability of food-borne pathogens are major global health challenges. Most milk and milk products (Madara and Nono) could be vehicles for the transmission of multidrug resistant genes among any community. This study was aimed at determining the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and biofilm forming ability of some food-borne pathogens isolated from common dairy products: Madara and Nono in Makurdi metropolis. Two hundred and forty (240) samples comprising of one hundred and twenty (120) each of Madara (fresh raw milk from cow “FRM”)) and Nono (chance fermented cow milk “CFM”) were examined for the presence of pathogens. Antibiogram of bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp.) using the disc diffusion method revealed Original Research Article Hassan et al.; MRJI, 30(8): 74-83, 2020; Article no.MRJI. 61192 75 that susceptibility for Ampicillin (86.9%), Streptomycin (83.9%) and Ciprofloxacin (75.0%). Resistance was shown (26.7%) to Nalidixic acid, a commonly used antibiotic reflecting a public health concern. Most resistant isolates had a multiple antibiotics index of 0.3 (27.54%) with a least multiple antibiotics resistance index of 0.6 (0.85%). Detection of biofilm formation of isolates was done by Tube method. The study also revealed that out the total of 236 isolates tested for biofilm formation, 67 (28.4%) isolates were non or weak biofilm producers, 77 (32.6%) isolates were moderate biofilm producers and 92 (39%) isolates were strong biofilm producers. Findings of this research show high presence of a wide range of microorganisms, particularly enteric pathogens and enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus which portrayed multidrug resistance and biofilm formation suggesting that FRM (Madara) and CRM (Nono) products might be important sources of foodborne infections and intoxication.
Unpredictable Solutions of Linear Impulsive Systems

We consider a new type of oscillations of discontinuous unpredictable solutions for linear impulsive nonhomogeneous systems. The models under investigation are with unpredictable perturbations. The definition of a piecewise continuous unpredictable function is provided. The moments of impulses constitute a newly determined unpredictable discrete set. Theoretical results on the existence, uniqueness, and stability of discontinuous unpredictable solutions for linear impulsive differential equations are provided. We benefit from the B-topology in the space of discontinuous functions on the purpose of proving the presence of unpredictable solutions. For constructive definitions of unpredictable components in examples, randomly determined unpredictable sequences are newly utilized. Namely, the construction of a discontinuous unpredictable function is based on an unpredictable sequence determined by a discrete random process, and the set of discontinuity moments is realized by the logistic map. Examples with numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
Further notes, additions and redescriptions of the oribatid species preserved in the Berlese Collection (Acari, Oribatida) 1

In my previous works (MAHUNKA, 1991, 1992) I outlined the reasons and the goals why I think it necessary to study the Oribatida specimens of the BER­ LESE Collection, and to give as much information on them as much the circum­ stances allow. In this year I again had the opportunity to work in the BERLESE Collection within the frame of the agreement signed between the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the CNR (Italy) and partly supported by OTKA (The Hungarian National Scientific Research Foundation, No. 3165). I enjoyed the help of Dr. M. CASTAGNOLI for which I should like to express my most heartfelt thanks. Subsequently I discuss 25 species. Several of them are well known, many scholars studied these species thus their ranking is quite certain. However, speci­ mens preserved in the BERLESE Collection have not been revised, at least as far as I know. I restated 25 species and established new combinations in 9 cases, while for 2 species I erected new genera. In the present contribution I follow my work referred to above (MAHUNKA 1992) as well as those of NORTON & KETHLEY (1986) and/or MARSHALL, RE­ EVES & N o r t o n (1987).
Trade‐off drives Pareto optimality of within‐ and among‐year emergence timing in response to increasing aridity

Adaptation to current and future climates can be constrained by trade‐offs between fitness‐related traits. Early seedling emergence often enhances plant fitness in seasonal environments, but if earlier emergence in response to seasonal cues is genetically correlated with lower potential to spread emergence among years (i.e., bet‐hedging), then this functional trade‐off could constrain adaptive evolution. Consequently, selection favoring both earlier within‐year emergence and greater spread of emergence among years—as is expected in more arid environments—may constrain adaptive responses to trait value combinations at which a performance gain in either function (i.e., evolving earlier within‐ or greater among‐year emergence) generates a performance loss in the other. All such trait value combinations that cannot be improved for both functions simultaneously are described as Pareto optimal and together constitute the Pareto front. To investigate how this potential emergence timing trade‐off might constrain adaptation to increasing aridity, we sourced seeds of two grasses, Stipa pulchra and Bromus diandrus, from multiple maternal lines within populations across an aridity gradient in California and examined their performance in a greenhouse experiment. We monitored emergence and assayed ungerminated seeds for viability to determine seed persistence, a metric of potential among‐year emergence spread. In both species, maternal lines with larger fractions of persistent seeds emerged later, indicating a trade‐off between within‐year emergence speed and potential among‐year emergence spread. In both species, populations on the Pareto front for both earlier emergence and larger seed persistence fraction occupied significantly more arid sites than populations off the Pareto front, consistent with the hypothesis that more arid sites impose the strongest selection for earlier within‐year emergence and greater among‐year emergence spread. Our results provide an example of how evaluating genetically based correlations within populations and applying Pareto optimality among populations can be used to detect evolutionary constraints and adaptation across environmental gradients.
Impact of Maize–Mushroom Intercropping on the Soil Bacterial Community Composition in Northeast China

Conservative agricultural practices have been adopted to improve soil quality and maintain crop productivity. An efficient intercropping of maize with mushroom has been developed in Northeast China. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of planting patterns on the diversity and structure of the soil bacterial communities at a 0–20 cm depth in the black soil zone of Northeast China. The experiment consisted of monoculture of maize and mushroom, and intercropping in a split-plot arrangement. The characteristics of soil microbial communities were performed by 16S rRNA gene amplicom sequencing. The results showed that intercropping increased soil bacterial richness and diversity compared with maize monoculture. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Saccharibacteria and Planctomycetes were significantly higher, whereas Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were lower in intercropping than maize monoculture. Redundancy analysis suggested that pH, NO3−-N and NH4+-N contents had a notable effect on the structure of the bacterial communities. Moreover, intercropping significantly increased the relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolism pathway functional groups. Overall, these findings demonstrated that intercropping of maize with mushroom strongly impacts the physical and chemical properties of soil as well as the diversity and structure of the soil bacterial communities, suggesting this is a sustainable agricultural management practice in Northeast China.
Age of Water Particles as a Diagnosis of Steady-State Flows in Shallow Rectangular Reservoirs

The age of a water particle in a shallow man-made reservoir is defined as the time elapsed since it entered it. Analyzing this diagnostic timescale provides valuable information for optimally sizing and operating such structures. Here, the constituent-oriented age and residence time theory (CART) is used to obtain not only the mean age, but also the water age distribution function at each location. The method is applied to 10 different shallow reservoirs of simple geometry (rectangular), in a steady-state framework. The results show that complex, multimodal water age distributions are found, implying that focusing solely on simple statistics (e.g., mean or median age) fails to reflect the complexity of the actual distribution of water age. The latter relates to the fast or slow pathways that water particles may take for traveling from the inlet to the outlet of the reservoirs.
The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission

For an infectious disease such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to spread, contact needs to be established between an infected host and a susceptible one. In a range of populations and infectious diseases, peer-to-peer contact modes involve complex interactions of a pathogen with a fluid phase, such as isolated complex fluid droplets or a multiphase cloud of droplets. This is true for exhalations including coughs or sneezes in humans and animals, bursting bubbles leading to micron-sized droplets in a range of indoor and outdoor settings, or impacting raindrops and airborne pathogens in foliar diseases transferring pathogens from water to air via splashes. Our mechanistic understanding of how pathogens actually transfer from one host or reservoir to the next remains woefully limited, with the global consequences that we are all experiencing with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This review discusses the emergent area of the fluid dynamics of disease transmission. It highlights a new frontier and the rich multiscale fluid physics, from interfacial to multiphase and complex flows, that govern contact between an infected source and a susceptible target in a range of diseases.
Fundamental grid impedance estimation using grid‐connected inverters: a comparison of two frequency‐based estimation techniques

With the continuous increase in distributed energy resources that are being integrated into the utility grid, it becomes necessary for inverters to estimate the grid impedance online to be used for several applications. Despite the fact that online grid impedance estimation techniques using grid-connected inverters gained more attention recently, no comprehensive study has been evaluating the performance of different estimation techniques under several grid conditions. This study proposes an extensive comparison to assess the accuracy of two online frequency-based grid impedance estimation techniques at the fundamental frequency. These two techniques are based on the 75 Hz frequency injection technique and pseudo-random binary sequence injection, respectively. Results from MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS RT Box present the advantages and disadvantages of these estimation techniques and the required trade-offs. This comparison study analyses the effects of disturbance magnitude and its injection time, the variation of grid impedance and non-ideal grid voltage. Furthermore, solutions are proposed to enhance the estimation accuracy of both techniques for non-ideal grid voltage containing inter-harmonics and sub-harmonics. The study concludes with recommendations regarding the best use of these two frequency-based grid impedance estimation techniques to suit a particular low voltage grid scenario.
Numerical Modeling of Formation and Rise of Gas and Dust Cloud from Large Scale Commercial Blasting

The emission of dust particles into the atmosphere during rock mass breaking by blasting in ore mining open-pits is one of the factors that determine the ground-level air pollution in the vicinity of pits. The data on dust concentration in the cloud, which is extremely difficult to obtain experimentally for large-scale explosions, is required to calculate the dust dispersion in the wind stream. We have elaborated a Eulerian model to simulate the initial stage of dust cloud formation and rising, and a Navier–Stokes model to simulate thermal rising and mixing with the ambient air. The first model is used to describe the dust cloud formation after a 500 t TNT (Trinitrotoluene equivalent) explosion. The second model based on the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method is used to predict the height of cloud rising, its mass, and the evolution of dust particles size distribution for explosions of 1–1000 t TNT. It was found that the value of the turbulent eddy viscosity coefficient (Smagorinsky coefficient) depends on both the charge mass and the spatial resolution (grid cell size). The values of the Smagorinsky coefficient were found for charges with a mass of 1–1000 t using a specific grid.
Modulation of Neural Networks by Interleukin-1

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to modulate neuronal signaling in homeostasis and diseases. In homeostasis, IL-1 regulates sleep and memory formation, whereas in diseases, IL-1 impairs memory and alters affect. Interestingly, IL-1 can cause long-lasting changes in behavior, suggesting IL-1 can alter neuroplasticity. The neuroplastic effects of IL-1 are mediated via its cognate receptor, Interleukin-1 Type 1 Receptor (IL-1R1), and are dependent on the distribution and cell type(s) of IL-1R1 expression. Recent reports found that IL-1R1 expression is restricted to discrete subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells and suggest IL-1 can influence neural circuits directly through neuronal IL-1R1 or indirectly via non-neuronal IL-1R1. In this review, we analyzed multiple mechanisms by which IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling might impact neuroplasticity based upon the most up-to-date literature and provided potential explanations to clarify discrepant and confusing findings reported in the past.