Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HAGSTROM'S CONCEPT OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN POTAMOGETON L. (POTAMOGETONACEAE)

Summary Hagstr6m's concepts of relationships in Potamogeton, as reflected by the subgeneric, sectional, and subsectional divisions in his classification of the genus are investigated by reconstruction of an evolutionary "tree" deduced from phylogenetic inferences stated in his monograph. These relationships are explored in the context of results from phenetic and cladistic numerical analyses performed using characters taken from the Hagstr6m monograph that are scored for 26 subsections. The Hagstrom classification represents an amalgam of phenetic and cladistic interpretations and the hierarchy does not depict accurately fundamental evolutionary relationships indicated by numerical analyses. Recommendations are provided for developing and testing evolutionary hypotheses that are independent of relationships inferred by this long-standing but problematic classification.
Brain metabolomics : a new comprehensive metabolic profiling approach to Alzheimer's disease pathology using LC-MS and GC-MS

3 TABLE OF CONTENT . 4 LIST OF FIGURES . 8 LIST OF TABLES . 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 13 PUBLICATIONS . 17 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 19 1.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 20 1.2. INTRODUCTION TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD) . 22 1.2.1 AD Prevalence, incidence and types . 22 1.2.2 Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology . 23 1.2.2.1 Amyloid pathology.24 1.2.2. 2 Tau pathology.27 1.2.2.3 Other pathological changes.27 1.3. CRITERIA AND METHODS FOR AD DIAGNOSIS (DIAGNOSIS CRITERIA) . 30 1.4. BIOMARKERS IN AD . 34 1.4. 1 Brain neuroimaging . 34 1.4. 2 Genetic (APOE4) . 36 1.4. 3 AD protein markers in CSF . 36 1.5. METABOLOMICS . 37 1.5. 1 Metabolomics Approaches . 39 1.5. 2 Analytical platforms in metabolomics . 42 1.5. 3 Data analysis methods in metabolomics . 49 1.6. Metabolomics applications in AD research . 52 1.6. 1 AD metabolomics in CSF . 52 1.6. 2 AD metabolomics in plasma and serum. 54 1.6. 3 Other biofluids . 56 1.7. METABOLOMICS STUDIES IN AD BRAIN TISSUE . 57 1.7. 1 AD human brain tissue studies . 57 1.7. 2 AD animal models and brain tissue studies . 58 1.8. AIMS OF THE THESIS . 65
The role of phosphorylation and DNA damage signalling in human telomerase regulation

Phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification in regulating protein – protein interactions, protein structure, stability and activity (Nishi et al., 2011; Johnson and Barford, 1993). Here, I analysed potential functional roles for four hTERT phosphorylation sites (S206, S523, S1125 and T1113), that had been identified through phospho-enrichment and mass spectrometry (Scott Cohen, unpublished) and quantitative phosphoproteome analysis (Tao et al., 2005). These phosphorylation sites were mutated to mimic a phosphorylated (aspartic acid) or a non-phosphorylated (alanine) amino acid. The experiments described in this chapter examined various aspects of telomerase regulation and activity, and found that mutation of these phosphorylation sites did not have any substantial impact on the levels of telomerase activity under saturating primer concentrations, the ability of hTR and hTERT to assemble into a functional telomerase complex, or the recruitment of telomerase to telomeres . However, there was a slight improvement in the primer binding ability of telomerase when the hTERT serine residue 1125 was mutated to either aspartic acid or alanine. Collectively, these results suggest that phosphorylation of hTERT does not impact on the properties of telomerase measured in this chapter, but effects on other functional aspects of telomerase or hTERT cannot be excluded.
Diversity and use of ethnomedicinal plants in coastal Karnataka, India

Bhandary MJ, Chandrashekar KR. 2014. Diversity and use of ethnomedicinal plants in coastal Karnataka, India. Biodiversitas 15: 8993. A study was undertaken in Coastal Karnataka, a culturally and floristically diverse region between the Western Ghats and the Arabian sea in India, to document the diversity and uses of ethnomedicinal plants of the area. This study resulted in the documentation of ethnomedicinal uses of 342 species of plants belonging to 34 families. The dominant families of ethnomedicinal plants were: Fabaceae (38 species), Euphorbiaceae (22 species), Rubiaceae (11 species), Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae and Rutaceae (10 species each). Among the plants used, 30% are herbs, 27% trees, 25% climbers and 18% shrubs. Majority of the plants are used against several diseases, either alone or in combination with other plants. The most popular medicinal plants, in terms of the number of diseases against which they are used, are Cyclea peltata, Aristolochia indica, Cuminum cyminum, Curcuma longa, Tamarindus indica, Asparagus racemosus, Ficus racemosa, Hemidesmus indicus, Ficus religiosa, Calotropis gigantea, Vitex negundo, Aegle marmelos and Leucas aspera. A list of 50 important ethnomedicinal plants of the region which are used in the treatment of 5 or more disorders is provided.
Genetic diversity of Dactylorhiza incarnata (Orchidaceae) in northern Poland

The genetic structure of Dactylorhiza incarnata var. incarnata populations is shaped not only by historical events such as recolonization after ice sheet retreat or limited seed and pollen dispersal, but also the bottleneck effect. During the last decade, D. incarnata var. incarnata has also experienced a strong decline in population numbers and sizes, due to habitat loss and fragmentation. In the present research genetic diversity was examined in eight populations located in northern Poland, using six nuclear microsatellites loci. At the species level our results showed a moderate mean level of genetic diversity ( A = 4.67; A e = 2.73; R s = 4.48; H o = 0.438; F IS = 0.224), which varied among the studied populations ( A : 2.17–3.67; A e : 1.55–2.69; R s : 1.31–1.61; H o : 0.292–0.631; F IS : −0.283–0.340). A considerable overabundance of homozygotes was detected in four populations ( F IS within the range of 0.067–0.340), and in the remaining populations an excess of heterozygotes was observed. The average apparent out-crossing rate was also calculated ( t a = 0.980), and primarily indicated a tendency to out-cross within the species. Moderate genetic differentiation was found among the studied populations ( F ST = 0.149; R ST = 0.174; p < 0.05). The differentiation of the populations corresponded to relatively low gene flow value ( N m = 0.426) among populations, which amounted to only one migrant every second generation.
Observation on amyloplast in endosperm during development of seeds in Ginkgo biloba

The development of endosperm in Ginkgo biloba L. was observed successively for 2 years. The results showed: 1) Mature endosperm consisted of aleurone layer and inner endosperm, and amyloplast which was single-starch, mainly is accumulated in later. Mature amyloplast could be classified into big and small granules; 2) According to the shape, size and development of amyloplast, the development process of amyloplast had 3 stages: initial stage, rapid grow stage and mature stage; 3) Amyloplast at different location in endosperm showed different forming time and diverse filled pattern. Amyloplast of endosperm cells near the chalaza formed earlier and filled faster than that of micropyle. The distribution of amyloplast outside of inner endosperm was more compact than that of inside, and amyloplast around archegonium was loosely arranged.
AVANCES EN EL CULTIVO DE TEJIDOS DE SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA KING. X SWIETENIA MAHOGANI JACQ. (HÍBRIDO DE CAOBA)

The propagation of clones of forest species has been considered as an essential alternative method, in the process of recovery of the same ones. The cultivation of fabrics in the mahoganies can contribute significantly to the propagation to great scale where the somatic embryogenesis would constitute an important contribution for this species so recalcitrant to these techniques for the difficult of its answers morphogenetic and the high fenolization percentages and endogenous contamination besides that the way traditionally used for its propagation it doesn’t guarantee its genetic purity. To such an effect explants was used, reasonable in its entirety, of select trees where high establishment percentages were obtained mainly in those coming from reboots of stakes. The high percentage of obtained tripes, the appropriate handling of the cultivation means, as well as the studies macromorphological and carried out histological allow to assert that structures proembrionales was induced, as premise in the obtaining of somatic embryogenesis.
INTEGRATION OF PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY: EVIDENCE FROM ARENIGIAN NAUTILOID BIOGEOGRAPHY

A better understanding of paleobiogeography can be realized by attributing the distri- bution of taxa to various factors of the physical environment. Since such factors were dependent upon the arrangement of landmasses, coeval paleobiogeography and paleogeography should be comple- mentary, providing both are reasonably accurate. A method of analysis is presented which aids in the description and interpretation of paleobiogeography in this context. A probabilistic index of similarity is used to compute the similarity of faunas based on the number of shared taxa where the frequency of taxa in the whole data set is used to adjust for the differing probability of occurrence of taxa (cosmopolitan versus endemic). Non-metric multidimensional scaling and principal components anal- ysis are used to reduce the dimensionality of the similarity matrix and ordinate the final configuration. Relating the position of faunas on the principal axes of this configuration to environmental factors responsible for the taxonomic composition of the faunas provides a means of integrating the paleo- biogeography and paleogeography. Analysis of distributional data for 186 Arenigian nautiloid genera indicates that nautiloid paleo- biogeography for this period was largely dependent on three biogeographic barriers: distance across deep-ocean floor and along expanses of continuous shelf, emergent portions of landmasses, and dif- ferences of the neritic and oceanic environments.
Vegetable Protein Concentrates Fed Alone and in Combination with Soybean Oil Meal and Fish Meal as the Chief Supplementary Protein in Chick Starting Rations

Abstract SHORTAGES of animal protein concentrates have made it necessary to use increasing amounts of vegetable protein feeds in chick rations. Experiments reported from this laboratory (Heuser and Norris, 1944) showed that to obtain optimum growth and feed efficiency for chicks up to 8 weeks of age the ration can derive its supplementary protein chiefly from soybean oil meal but that it should contain a minimum of 2 to 3 percent of animal-protein concentrates, such as fish meal, meat scrap, or dried skimmilk. It seemed desirable, therefore, to know the feeding value of some of the other vegetable protein feeds, when they supplied a large part of the protein of the ration. In this study soybean oil meal and cottonseed meal were fed because they are produced in largest amounts. Linseed oil meal and corn gluten feed are also available in considerable quantities. Peanut meal and wheat germ meal, although not .
Destruction of eggs by Western Meadowlarks

CONOVER, M. R. , AND G. L. HUNT, JR. 1984. Experimental evidence that female-female pairs in gulls result from a shortage of breeding males. Condor 86:472-476. CONOVER, M. R. , D. E. MILLER, AND G. L. HUNT, JR. 1979. Female-female pairing and other unusual reproductive associations in Ring-billed and California gulls. Auk 96:6-9. COULSON, J. C. , AND C. S. THOMAS. 1985. Changes in the biology of the Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla: a 31 year study of a breeding colony. J. Anim. Ecol. 54:2-26. FISHER, R. A. 1958. The genetical theory of natural selection. Dover, New York. FITCH, M. A. , AND G. W. SHUGART. 1983. Comparative biology and behavior of monogamous pairs and one male-two female trios of Herring Gulls. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 14:1-7. FITCH, M. A. , AND G. W. SHUGART. 1984. Requirements for a mixed reproductive strategy in avian species. Am. Nat. 124:116-126. Fox, G. A. , AND D. BOERSMA. 1983. Characteristics of supernormal Ring-billed Gull clutches and their attendants. Wilson Bull. 95:552-559. Fox, G. A. , C. R. COOPER, AND J. P. RYDER. 1981. Predicting the sex of Herring Gulls by using external measurements. J. Field Ornithol. 51:1-9. HUNT, G. L. , JR., AND M. W. HUNT. 1977. Femalefemale pairing in Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis) in Southern California. Science 196:14661467.
Epidémiologie des morsures de serpent en République de Côte d'Ivoire

Une enquete nationale a ete menee en Cote d'Ivoire en 1979 afin d'evaluer l'incidence des morsures de serpent ainsi que la morbidite et la mortalite ophidiennes. A notre connaissance, cette enquete, jamais publiee, n'a pas ete renouvelee. Malgre son anciennete, il nous a semble utile de la rapporter a l'occasion de ce colloque. La methode a associe une enquete nationale, une enquete retrospective a partir des registres des centres de sante publics ou prives et une enquete prospective menees dans 7 centres de sante entre 1972 et 1979. L'incidence, estimee au cours des enquetes prospectives en milieu rural, depassait 200 morsures pour 100000 habitants. Cette evaluation demande a etre affinee, compte tenu du frequent recours a des tradipraticiens qui conduit a une sous-estimation de l'incidence. La morbidite etait plus forte en zone de foret (195 envenimations pour 100000 habitants) qu'en savane (130 envenimations pour 100000 habitants). En revanche, la letalite etait plus importante en savane (3,1 %) qu'en foret (2 %). Plus de la moitie des morsures sont survenues chez les hommes de 15 a 50 ans. Les risques etaient significativement plus eleves chez les agriculteurs, particulierement dans les plantations industrielles ou l'on a observe 27 % du total des morsures chez seulement 1,5 % de la population. Au debut des annees 80, on estimait le nombre total d'envenimations a plus de 13 000 pour 8 millions d'habitants et le nombre de deces a pres de 200 par an.
Comparison of statistical power between 2×2 allele frequency and allele positivity tables in case‐control studies of complex disease genes

In case‐control studies of complex disease genes, allele frequencies or allele positivities at candidate loci or markers are compared between cases and controls. Although 2 × 2 contingency tables based on allele frequency and allele positivity are generally used to perform simple statistical tests (e.g. a comparison of two proportions and a χ2 test), little is known about the difference in power between the two tables. In this study, we investigated the number of subjects required to obtain a power of 1 −β with a significance level of α for the allele frequency and allele positivity tables. A large difference in the required number of subjects was found between the two tables. Allele positivity tables were suitable for the detection of susceptibility alleles showing a dominant mode of inheritance (MOI). On the other hand, allele frequency tables were suitable for the identification of susceptibility alleles showing a recessive MOI or a multiplicative MOI. In the case of an additive MOI, a suitable table was determined by combining the frequency of the susceptibility allele and the penetrance. These results imply that there are cases in which true association is detected based on one contingency table and is not detected based on another. A simulation analysis revealed that the type I error rate was not much inflated under the null hypothesis of no association, even when a statistical test was performed twice using both allele frequency and allele positivity tables. In contrast, under the alternative hypothesis, the loss of power was marked when a test was performed once using an unsuitable table. In conclusion, statistical tests should be performed using both tables, without adjustment of multiplicity, in case‐control studies of complex disease genes when the study objective is exploratory.
Development of Bioanalytical Methods for Clinical Applications and Drug Screening

In the past decade, bioanalytical method development has become an integral part of clinical diagnosis, biomarker discovery, and drug discovery and development. The new and emerged bioanalytical technologies allow the quantitative and qualitative analysis of small molecules and biomolecules with high sensitivity and specificity. Specifically, the bioanalytical methods based on LC-MS and methylation-specific PCR are well suited for detecting low-abundance metabolites, proteins, and DNA in biofluids and tissues for biomarker investigation. They offer great clinical promises for early diseases diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. Besides, the LC-MS/MS quantitative method is essential for the estimation of pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties in drug screening. In this work, modern bioanalytical technologies, together with their applications from biomarker discovery and validation in metabonomics, genomics and proteomics to drug discovery, were reviewed. Dependent on the type of molecules analyzed, different methods were established to achieve accurate and reliable detection. LC-MS/(MS) methods were developed and validated for quantitative analysis of bile acids and anticancer agent JCC76. The former has been successfully applied in a clinical study for the
Multispecies Age-Structured Assessment for Groundfish and Sea Lions in Alaska

The current push towards ecosystem-based fisheries management, in conjunction with the limited application of current multispecies models in that context, outlines the need for a more holistic approach that explicitly includes age-structured species interactions. To meet this need, a multispecies age-structured assessment model (MSASA) for the Gulf of Alaska was expanded from three species: arrowtooth flounder ( Atheresthes stomias), Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus), and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), to include two major high trophic level predators as external inputs: Pacific halibut ( Hippoglossus stenolepis) and Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Inclusion of the large predators resulted in increased predation on older prey ages, including those fully recruited into the commercial fishery. Significant changes to trophic structures and predation linkages from the core model were observed. Estimation of residual natural mortality M 0 was achieved through modification of survey selectivity curves and survey catchability Q values from the core model. Predation mortality, survey selectivity, and M 0 are confounded in their relationship to determining cohort structure. The MSASA model structure is able to track complex population dynamics, but variability in parameter estimates makes clear the need for improved stomach data.
Increased temperature causes protein limitation by reducing the efficiency of nitrogen digestion in the ectothermic herbivore Spodoptera exigua

For insect herbivores, rising temperatures lead to exponentially higher metabolic rates. As a result, basic nutritional demands for protein and carbohydrates can be altered at high temperatures. It is hypothesized that temperature‐driven increases in metabolic nitrogen turnover will exacerbate protein limitation by increasing metabolic nitrogen demand. To test this hypothesis, the present study examines whether metabolic nitrogen turnover at higher temperatures causes protein limitation of a generalist herbivore, the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae). Third‐instar S. exigua larvae were reared at 25 and 30 °C on three artificial diets of varying protein : carbohydrate ratios (23 : 26, 17 : 26 and 6 : 26 %P : %C, respectively) and their growth rates, metabolic nitrogen demand and consumption rates were measured. Warming was found to lead to temperature‐induced protein limitation of the S. exigua larvae by increasing metabolic nitrogen demand at the same time as reducing nitrogen digestion efficiency. Because climate change is increasing atmospheric temperatures rapidly worldwide, it is suggested that a better understanding of how temperature change can influence metabolic demands will provide key information for predicting herbivore growth rates and foraging strategies in the future.
Comparison of Nutrient Components in the Muscle of Wild and Bred Takifugu obscurus

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of Takifugu obscurus and provide the scientific basis for researches on the artificially formulated feed of Takifugu obscurus. [Method] Nutrient components and nutritive qualities in the muscle of wild and bred Takifugu obscurus were comparatively analyzed. [Result] The contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude ash, total amino acids,essential amino acids and half essential amino acid in the muscle of wild Takifugu obscurus were all higher than those of the bred.The contents of four delicious amino acids in the muscle of wild and bred Takifugu obscurus were 17.59% and 14.44%(percentage of dry weight),respectively.Essential amino acid index(EAAI) was 52 and 40 separately,and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the FAO/WHO Standard.Valine was the first limiting amino acid of Takifugu obscurus. [Conclusion] The muscle of wild and bred Takifugu obscurus are all high quality food full of animal protein,while the nutritive value of protein from wild Takifugu obscurus is higher than that from the farmed.
The prediction of human pharmacokinetic parameters from preclinical and in vitro metabolism data

Comprehensive retrospective approaches in which the abilities of several methods by which human pharmacokinetic parameters are predicted from preclinical pharmacokinetic data and/or in vitro metabolism data were reviewed.The prediction methods reviewed included those methods from scientific literatures.The prediction of main human pharmacokinetics parameters includes clearance(CL),volume of distribution(V_d),half life(t_(1/2)) and bioavailability using allometric scaling,animal-human proportionality,molecular structural parameters,physicochemical measurements,metabolism data in vitro.Such approaches should find utility in the drug discovery and development processes in the identification and selection of compounds that will possess appropriate pharmacokinetic characteristics in humans for progression to clinical trials.
Influence of photoperiod and duration of short-day treatment on vegetative growth and flowering of strawberry (Fragaria3ananassa Duch.)

Summary In Junebearing strawberry cultivars, flowering is induced by short photoperiod, which also reduces vegetative growth. The loss in vigour can lower yield if plants are not cold treated to restore vegetative growth. The aim of this study was to find a photoperiod treatment that induces flowering but does not reduce vegetative growth in strawberry ‘Korona’. Plants were subjected to different photoperiods (12, 13.5 or 15.h) for varying durations (21, 35 or 49.d). After treatments, effects on plant development were recorded during forcing at 18 h daylength. Floral induction was comparably successful in 12 and 13.5. h photoperiods and the number of flowers and yield were increased by lengthening the treatment. Induction failed in many plants treated in a 15.h photoperiod and flowering was poor regardless of duration of treatment. Shorter photoperiod increased the number of branch crowns and reduced runner production, and these effects were enhanced by lengthening the treatment duration. Reduction in vegetative growth measured by petiole length was most obvious in 12.h photoperiod in all treatment durations, although the differences between treatments rapidly disappeared during forcing. Twelve and 13.5. h photoperiods were equally efficient in producing yield, but more vigorous vegetative growth was maintained during treatment in a 13.5. h photoperiod.