Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulated Patients Are Predominantly Used to Teach and Evaluate Athletic Training Students' Skills: A 10-Year Follow-Up

Health care education needs to include methods of teaching and evaluation that are realistic and mimic patient care. To follow up on previous research regarding the methods athletic training educators use to evaluate and teach athletic training students' clinical skills during clinical experiences and in the classroom/laboratory. Cross-sectional. Public and private institutions. Program directors of all accredited professional athletic training programs as of November 2015 (N = 372) were asked to participate; a total of 90 participated. The electronic survey consisted of 6 demographic questions, 6 questions regarding methods used to teach and evaluate clinical skills, and 6 items regarding barriers, educational content areas, and practice settings for real-time patient encounters. The Cronbach α determined internal consistency, α = 0.784. Descriptive statistics were computed for all items. An analysis of variance and independent t tests analyzed differences among institutions/programs with different demographic characteristics with regard to methods, barriers, educational content areas, and settings used for teaching and evaluating skills. The α level was set at . 05. Simulated patients and real-time evaluations were the most prevalent methods of teaching and evaluating clinical skills in the classroom/laboratory and during clinical experiences, respectively. Students' lack of self-confidence (4.10 ± 0.835) was the most common barrier during clinical experiences. The clinical examination and diagnosis (4.54 ± 0.656) and acute care of injury and illness (4.39 ± 0.775) content areas ranked highest for sufficient opportunities for real-time skill evaluation. One-way analysis of variances revealed no significant differences related to institutional/program demographics regarding opportunities for or barriers to teaching and evaluating skills. Ten years after our previous research, athletic training students' skills are still primarily taught and evaluated via simulated patients, with a slight increase in real-time patient encounters. Professional programs should continue using simulations and consider real-time encounters to provide additional patient care experiences.
Identification of New Source of Resistance to Powdery Mildew of Indian Mustard and Studying Its Inheritance

Powdery mildew of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum, is emerging as major problem in India. All the Indian mustard cultivars presently grown in India are highly susceptible to powdery mildew and so far no resistance source has been reported. In this study, with an aim to identify resistant source, 1,020 Indian mustard accessions were evaluated against E. cruciferarum PMN isolate, at Wellington, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India under natural hot spot conditions. The study identified one accession (RDV 29) with complete resistance against E. cruciferarum PMN isolate for the first time, which was consistent in five independent evaluations. Genetic analysis of F1, F2 and backcross populations obtained from the cross RSEJ 775 (highly susceptible) × RDV 29 (highly resistant) for two season revealed that the resistance is governed by two genes with semi-dominant and gene dosage effect. Further, a new disease rating system using six scales (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) has also been proposed in this study to score powdery mildew based on progress of fungal growth in different plant parts of the F2 population. The outcome of this study viz. newly identified powdery mildew-resistant Indian mustard accession (RDV 29), information on inheritance of resistance and the newly developed disease rating scale will provide the base for development of powdery mildew-resistant cultivars of Indian mustard.
Urban–rural differences in perception of trees described by parents bringing up children in Warsaw and Jedlińsk, Poland

Parents’ attitudes to trees and nature are reflected not only in their children’s outdoor activity, but also in the way they perceive, learn and value the environment. One hundred and eleven respondents, divided into two groups by place of residence, assessed statements in a survey questionnaire. Two groups of questions aimed at evaluating tree benefits and disservices as perceived by urban and rural parents, and identifying their preferences concerning outdoor activity of their children. Tree benefits and disadvantages were grouped into five categories (social, economic, environmental, health and aesthetic). Both urban and rural parents presented similar attitudes to trees as well as to their children’s play environments. Among 37 statements concerning tree benefits, only five revealed statistically significant differences. The most important difference appeared in the way urban and rural parents perceived the aspects of danger. Trees were not perceived as posing any risk on playgrounds for city residents, who—unlike villagers—opposed to the removal of trees from playgrounds.
ER stress causes widespread protein aggregation and prion formation

causes the aggregation of proteins, most of which are not ER or secretory pathway proteins. Proteomic analysis of the aggregated proteins revealed enrichment for intrinsically aggregation-prone proteins rather than proteins which are affected in a stress-specific manner. Aggregation does not arise because of overwhelming proteasome-mediated degradation but because of a general disruption of cellular protein homeostasis. We further show that overexpression of certain chaperones abrogates protein aggregation and protects a UPR mutant against ER stress conditions. The onset of ER stress is known to correlate with various disease processes, and our data indicate that widespread amorphous and amyloid protein aggregation is an unanticipated outcome of such stress.
Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate the crosstalk between glioma progression and the tumor microenvironment via the HMGB1/RAGE/IL-8 axis

Objective: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) produced by tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) are associated with poor prognosis in patients with several types of cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the involvement of NETs in glioma progression remain largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the roles of NETs in biological processes that drive the crosstalk between glioma progression and the tumor microenvironment. Methods: Neutrophil infiltration and NETs formation were investigated in glioma tissue through immunohistochemistry, and their relationships with clinicopathological features and outcomes were statistically evaluated. The effects of NETs on glioma cell progression were studied in a co-culture system. In vivo and in vitro experiments validated the reactive oxygen species activity and cytokine production of TINs, as well as the ERK signaling pathway activation and the metastasis of gliomas. Results: Neutrophil infiltration and NETs formation were induced in high-grade glioma compared with low-grade glioma. NETs induced by TINs were determined to be an oncogenic marker of high-grade gliomas and to be involved in cell proliferation and invasion. NETs overproduction promoted glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, HMGB1 was found to bind to RAGE and activate the NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro. In addition, NETs stimulated the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus promoting IL-8 secretion in glioblastoma. Subsequently, IL-8 recruited neutrophils which in turn mediated NETs formation via the PI3K/AKT/ROS axis in TINs. Conclusions: Our results suggest that NETs produced by TINs mediate the crosstalk between glioma progression and the tumor microenvironment by regulating the HMGB1/RAGE/IL-8 axis. Targeting NETs formation or IL-8 secretion may be an effective approach to inhibit glioma progression.
An Examination of Athletic Directors Perceptions of the Utilization of Athletic Trainers in the Secondary School Setting

AN EXAMINATION OF ATHLETIC DIRECTORS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE UTILIZATION OF ATHLETIC TRAINERS IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL SETTING Stephanie H. Clines Old Dominion University, 2018 Director: Dr. Bonnie L. Van Lunen Many secondary school athletes are lacking appropriate medical care during sport participation. Athletic trainers (ATs) are qualified healthcare professionals that can fill this need. Barriers to hiring ATs within this setting have been identified, however important information from administrators is lacking on why secondary schools choose to utilize ATs. Understanding this decision making process has the potential to guide future strategies to increase the number of secondary schools that employ ATs and improve retention of athletic training positions within the secondary school setting. Our objective was to explore athletic directors’ perceptions of the roles and services provided by ATs working in the secondary school setting and to understand the needs of the athletic program and school in terms of the utilization of athletic training services. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, ten high school athletic directors employed by schools that utilize the services of full-time ATs completed a telephone interview facilitated by a semi-structured interview guide. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed following the consensual qualitative research approach (CQR). Data credibility was established through peer review, field notes, member checking, and multiple analyst triangulation. Five themes emerged. Justification pertained to reasons athletic directors would use to defend or justify why they utilize ATs within their schools. Athletic trainer roles and responsibilities represented the observed services provided by ATs. Recognition of worth referred to the evaluation of and appreciation for the AT’s position within the school. Challenges represented the concerns and struggles athletic directors faced regarding the use of ATs within their athletic programs. Influencing factors consisted of aspects related to the decision to utilize ATs within athletic programs. The findings demonstrate that athletic directors have an appreciation for and overall understanding of the services provided by ATs in the secondary school setting. The value of secondary school ATs is predominantly supported by anecdotal evidence rather than formalized assessment methods or the use of data driven materials. Despite the athletic director’s administrative role, school board members hold the ultimate authority in the decision making process to utilize ATs in this setting.
GSK3B-mediated phosphorylation of MCL1 regulates axonal autophagy to promote Wallerian degeneration

“eat-me” signal for phagocytes—on transected axons and is required for normal recruitment of phagocytes to axonal debris in vivo. These results suggest that GSK3B–MCL1 signaling to regulate autophagy might be important for the successful completion of Wallerian degeneration.
The Effect of a Single Intramuscular Injection of Cholecalciferol on the Serum Levels of Vitamin D, Adiponectin, Insulin Resistance, and Liver Function in Women with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Due to the fact that there is evidence indicating the role of Vitamin D in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as insulin resistance (IR) and adipokines production, studies examining Vitamin D on the metabolic factors involving NAFLD is required. Objectives: Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of single intramuscular injection of cholecalciferol on serum levels of Vitamin D, biochemical factors, and liver function status of women with NAFLD. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 82 NAFLD patients with Vitamin D deficiency (< 30 ng/mL), who were selected through convenience sampling from October 2015 to March 2016 in Tabriz, Iran, and were randomly assigned into an intervention (a single intramuscular injection of 600,000 IU of cholecalciferol) or control group. Before and after the study, serum glucose, insulin, 25-hydroxy Vitamin D, adiponectin, liver enzymes, calcium, phosphors and parathyroid hormone (PTH), as well as homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), body composition, dietary intake, and physical activity level were assessed. Results: After one month intervention, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D significantly increased in the intervention group vs. the control (24.9 ± 17.4 vs. 9.1 ± 5.6, P = 0.003). Total body fat (TF) decreased in the intervention group (P = 0.001) while visceral fat (VF) was significantly different between the groups (P < 0.001). Adiponectin, calcium, phosphors, and PTH levels increased, while liver enzymes, insulin, and HOMA-IR decreased in both groups (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in mean changes of serum 25(OH) D, PTH, ALT, AST, ALP, and FBS between the groups after adjusting for baseline, TF and VF. Vitamin D injection did improve NAFLD severity (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Cholecalciferol injection improved Vitamin D status and hepatic steatosis.
Detection and Sanitation of Staphylococcus Aureus Genotype B in Swiss Dairy Herds

The specific and reliable diagnosis of mastitis pathogens is essential for successful sanitation programs. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a new real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the very sensitive and specific detection of Staphylococcus aureus genotype B in cow milk samples. This mastitis pathogen is contagious and particularly prevalent in Switzerland and other central European countries. The new test is based on a rapid preparation of bacteria, followed by DNA isolation and qPCR for a unique target gene coding for the adhesion-like bovine protein (adlb). The inclusivity of the new target gene was 97% and the exclusivity 98%, meaning that other genotypes and bacterial species could be excluded with high reliability. The limit of detection of the new assay was 235 staphylococcal cell equivalents/mL of culture. The new test shows high intraand interassay repeatability. Results are available within 2 d after sampling, allowing farmers and veterinarians to apply sanitation measures immediately. Based on the results of a preliminary field study, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the new qPCR assay are 99 and 100%, respectively. The new analytical procedure is straightforward and can be applied for routine diagnostics.
Transient band keratopathy associated with ocular inflammation and systemic hypercalcemia

Purpose To report a case of visually significant band keratopathy associated with ocular inflammation and systemic hypercalcemia which markedly decreased in severity after treatment of these underlying factors. Methods Retrospective case report. Results A 53-year-old Asian female with granulomatous panuveitis in the left eye presented with diffuse band keratopathy through the central cornea. The serum calcium was elevated. The patient was treated with topical prednisolone acetate 1% and oral prednisone with marked improvement in inflammation. The band keratopathy lessened in severity with clearing of the central cornea and improvement in visual acuity. Conclusions Early medical treatment of underlying factors may allow reversal of band keratopathy.
Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Development and Optimization of Umbilical Cord Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Inflammation is important in the etio-pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis (CF), bronchoalveolar dysplasia and asthma, often contributing to severe morbidity and mortality. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) are known to have anti-inflammatory potential. Umbilical cord tissue is rich in hMSCs, thus making it a feasible option for anti-inflammatory hMSC therapeutic sourcing. Human Cord Tissue (HCT) derived hMSCs were evaluated for their functional potential to treat inflammation, with the hypothesis that HCT hMSCs secrete products that are anti-inflammatory, and that they alter epithelial cell expression of inflammatory properties as well. Further, these studies begin to identify optimized growth conditions to produce the most potent anti-inflammatory effect from the cord tissue derived hMSCs as well as address donor variability in hMSC sourcing. HCT hMSCs cultured with or without Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Peptidoglycan (PEP) were analyzed for secreted cytokines using Luminex and for gene expression utilizing RT-PCR and functionality by anti-inflammatory activity on epithelial cell line A549 cells. hMSCs expressed chemokines Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 8 (IL-8), Chemokine Ligand 20 (CCL-20), Stem Cell Factor (SCF), and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1); LPS and PEP enhanced cytokine secretion. hMSCs secreted IL-6, IL-8, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein1-alpha (MIP1a), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) and Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1B); with LPS and PEP stimulation following similar trends. HCT hMSCs showed IL-6 and IL-8 increased expression in functionality assay, which could be altered for optimization through changes in media glucose concentration. hMSCs secrete a variety of cytokines and display anti-inflammatory activity, with growth medium and donor variability. Optimization of HCT through growth medium as well as donor sourcing may be important for the development of disease specific therapeutics, but ultimately holds promise as a rich source for hMSCs.
Inferring the origins of the pulsed γ-ray emission from the Crab pulsar with ten-year Fermi-LAT data

Context. The Crab pulsar is a bright γ-ray source, which has been detected at photon energies up to ∼1 TeV. Its phase-averaged and phase-resolved γ-ray spectra below 10 GeV exhibit exponential cutoffs, while those above 10 GeV apparently follow simple power laws. Aims. We re-visit the γ-ray properties of the Crab pulsar with ten-year Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) data in the range of 60 MeV–500 GeV. With the phase-resolved spectra, we investigate the origins and mechanisms responsible for the emissions. Methods. The phaseograms were reconstructed for different energy bands and further analysed using a wavelet decomposition. The phase-resolved energy spectra were combined with the observations of ground-based instruments, such as MAGIC and VERITAS, to achieve a larger energy converage. We fitted power-law models to the overlapping energy spectra from 10 GeV to ∼1 TeV. In the fit, we included a relative cross-calibration of energy scales between air-shower-based gamma-ray telescopes with the orbital pair-production telescope from the Fermi mission. Results. We confirm the energy-dependence of the γ-ray pulse shape and, equivalently, the phase-dependence of the spectral shape for the Crab pulsar. A relatively sharp cutoff at a relatively high energy of ∼8 GeV is observed for the bridge-phase emission. The E > 10 GeV spectrum observed for the second pulse peak is harder than those for other phases. Conclusions. In view of the diversity of phase-resolved spectral shapes of the Crab pulsar, we tentatively propose a multi-origin scenario where the polar-cap, outer-gap, and relativistic-wind regions are involved.
Learning to Detect Important People in Unlabelled Images for Semi-Supervised Important People Detection

Important people detection is to automatically detect the individuals who play the most important roles in a social event image, which requires the designed model to understand a high-level pattern. However, existing methods rely heavily on supervised learning using large quantities of annotated image samples, which are more costly to collect for important people detection than for individual entity recognition (i.e., object recognition). To overcome this problem, we propose learning important people detection on partially annotated images. Our approach iteratively learns to assign pseudo-labels to individuals in un-annotated images and learns to update the important people detection model based on data with both labels and pseudo-labels. To alleviate the pseudo-labelling imbalance problem, we introduce a ranking strategy for pseudo-label estimation, and also introduce two weighting strategies: one for weighting the confidence that individuals are important people to strengthen the learning on important people and the other for neglecting noisy unlabelled images (i.e., images without any important people). We have collected two large-scale datasets for evaluation. The extensive experimental results clearly confirm the efficacy of our method attained by leveraging unlabelled images for improving the performance of important people detection.
Regularization of backward time-fractional parabolic equations by Sobolev equations methods

It is well-known that backward parabolic equations in which the initial condition is to be determined from a measurement at a later time instant is ill-posed. In this paper, a regularization method for backward time-fractional parabolic equations by the Sobolev equations method is investigated. Error estimates of Holder type are obtained with a priori and a posteriori regularization parameter choice rules. The proposed regularization method results in a stable noniterative numerical scheme. The theoretical error estimates are confirmed with numerical tests for one and two dimensional equations.
The onset of instability in resonant chains

There is evidence that most chains of mean motion resonances of type k:k − 1 among exoplanets become unstable once the dissipative action from the gas is removed from the system, particularly for large N (the number of planets) and k (indicating how compact the chain is). We present a novel dynamical mechanism that can explain the origin of these instabilities and thus the dearth of resonant systems in the exoplanet sample. It relies on the emergence of secondary resonances between a fraction of the synodic frequency 2π(1/P1 − 1/P2) and the libration frequencies in the mean motion resonance. These secondary resonances excite the amplitudes of libration of the mean motion resonances, thus leading to an instability. We detail the emergence of these secondary resonances by carrying out an explicit perturbative scheme to second order in the planetary masses and isolating the harmonic terms that are associated with them. Focusing on the case of three planets in the 3:2–3:2 mean motion resonance as an example, a simple but general analytical model of one of these resonances is obtained, which describes the initial phase of the activation of one such secondary resonance. The dynamics of the excited system is also briefly described. Finally, a generalization of this dynamical mechanism is obtained for arbitrary N and k. This leads to an explanation of previous numerical experiments on the stability of resonant chains, showing why the critical planetary mass allowed for stability decreases with increasing N and k.
Mixing properties of generalized $T, T^{-1}$ transformations

We study mixing properties of generalized $T, T^{-1}$ transformation. We discuss two mixing mechanisms. In the case the fiber dynamics is mixing, it is sufficient that the driving cocycle is small with small probability. In the case the fiber dynamics is only assumed to be ergodic, one needs to use the shearing properties of the cocycle. Applications include the Central Limit Theorem for sufficiently fast mixing systems and the estimates on deviations of ergodic averages.