Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Direct Resorption of Calcified Cartilage by Macrophages during Primary Bone Marrow Cavity Formation

: (cid:633) Osteoclasts are the main cells to resorb calci ﬁ ed tissues. However, it is still uncertain whether cells other than osteoclasts can resorb calci ﬁ ed tissues. In this study, we investigated histologically the process of primary bone marrow cavity formation of humeral bone primordia. To inhibit resorption by osteoclasts, pregnant mice were treated with a daily administration of aminobisphosphonate, 4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (cid:674) AHBuBP: 10 μ mol/kg (cid:675) from 15 to 17 days gestation stage (cid:674) E15-E17 (cid:675) before the formation of fetal humeral bone marrow cavities. Although the number of primary bone trabecula increased with AHBuBP treatment, both humeral bones of newborn mice with/without AHBuBP treatment developed bone marrow cavities where active hematopoiesis was observed. In the AHBuBP treated group, osteoclasts attached to the surface of trabecula showed no clear zone nor ruf ﬂ ed border. At E16, a primary bone marrow cavity was formed. Ultrastructural study indicated that calci ﬁ ed cartilage became fragmented to form particles that were phagocytosed by macrophages. Furthermore, the density of collagen ﬁ bers in calci ﬁ ed cartilage decreased with the process of calci ﬁ cation. These results indicate a new resorption process of calci ﬁ ed tissue, that is the degradation of calci ﬁ ed cartilage and the phagocytosis of calci ﬁ ed cartilage particles by macrophages; in addition, this study suggests that osteoclasts might not be related to the onset of hematopoiesis in the bone marrow cavity.
DNA, peroxidase profile, and biochemical composition changes during the treatment in vitro of pollen of Argemone mexicana L. with SO 2

The allergenic pollen of Argemone mexicana L. a common road-side weed was subjected to artificial SO 2 fumigation at a concentration of 100ppm for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours and its effect on the total carbohydrate, lipid, free amino acid, DNA and RNA content as well as peroxidase isozyme and DNA profile studied. In comparison to the control (pollen exposed to charcoal-filtered air), the carbohydrate, lipid, DNA and RNA content decreased with the increase in the time of exposure to SO 2 , where as the percentage composition of free amino acid increased. Contrary, to this, the activity of peroxidase was found to increase with a change in the iso-peroxidase zymogram showing three new anionic isozyme bands. SO 2 affected the total DNA profile leading to the gradual breakdown of DNA with several bands observed on agarose gel electrophoresis with an increase in the time of fumigation.
Tolerance of mung bean to postemergence herbicides

There are a limited number of postemergence (POST) herbicides available for weed management in mung bean production in Ontario. Five field studies were conducted in 2010, 2011 and 2012 near Exeter, Ontario and in 2011 and 2012 near Ridgetown, Ontario to determine the tolerance of mung bean to fomesafen, bentazon, bentazon + fomesafen and halosulfuron applied POST at the 1X and 2X proposed manufacturer’s recommended rate. Bentazon caused 5%-29%, 4%-31%, and 2%-18% injury, fomesafen caused 3%-17%, 1%-7%, and 0%-6% injury, bentazon + fomesafen caused 6%-40%, 4%-37%, and 1%-20% injury, and halosulfuron caused 13%-65%, 8%-75%, and 5%-47% injury in mung bean at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), respectively. At Exeter, fomesafen had no adverse effect on height of mung bean but bentazon, bentazon + fomesafen and halosulfuron decreased mung bean height as much as 5% compared to the untreated control. At Ridgetown, there was no decrease in mung bean height due to the herbicides applied. Fomesafen had no adverse effect on shoot dry weight of mung bean but bentazon, bentazon + fomesafen and halosulfuron decreased shoot dry weight of mung beans as much as 43%, 47%, and 57%, respectively. Fomesafen, bentazon, bentazon + fomesafen and halosulfuron had no adverse effect on the seed moisture content and seed yield of mung bean with the exception of halosulfuron applied POST at 70 g ai ha-1 which increased seed moisture content 0.4% at Exeter and 1.4% at Ridgetown and decreased yield 16% at Exeter compared to the untreated control. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for bentazon, bentazon + fomesafen and halosulfuron applied POST in mung bean. However, there is potential for fomesafen applied POST at the proposed manufacturer’s rate of 240 g ai ha-1 in mung bean production.
The influence of temperature on development, longevity, and fecundity in the Rutherglen bug, Nysius vinitor (Hemiptera : Lygaeidae)

The mean duration of the egg stage of N. vinitor at constant temperatures ranged from 36.8 days at 15C to 3.8 days at 32C and that of the nymphs from 45 days at 20C to 12.0 days at 32C. Within the range 20-35C egg and nymphal mortalities were low; temperatures of 12 or 40C were lethal to both eggs and nymphs. Mean nymphal development times for males and females were similar. The threshold temperature for egg development was 14.5C and that for nymphs 15C; 70 and 225 day-degrees were required for completing egg and nymphal development respectively. The immature stages developed more rapidly at fluctuating temperatures out of doors than they did indoors at constant temperatures equal to the mean of the fluctuating temperatures. Within the range of screen temperatures 21.5-23.0C the difference between mean development in shade and in sun was 9-10 days. Age-specific fecundity and mortality schedules were determined for N. vinitor at constant temperatures. Temperature and longevity were inversely related and males survived longer than females. Thus at 22OC mean longevity of males was 115 days and of females 90 days, as compared with 31 and 18 days respectively at 30°C. After a maturation period that was longer at lower temperatures, daily egg-laying per female decreased with age from a maximum that occurred before there was significant mortality of females. The rates of the cumulative egg-laying increased with temperature from 22 to 35C. Mean total number of eggs per female was significantly higher at 25 and 30°C than at 22 or 35°C. However, life-table calculations revealed that a temperature of 35°C yielded the maximum rate of population increase. Within the range 22-35C, temperatures and rc values were linearly related. Unmated females laid significantly fewer eggs than those that had mated, but survived longer.
Feed Intake, Digestibility and Live Weight Change of Lambs Fed Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Straw Supplemented With Atella, Noug Seed (Guizotia abyssinica) Cake and Their Mixtures

Abstract Feed intake, digestibility and body weight change of lambs fed finger millet (Eleusine coracana) straw basal diet supplemented with atella (traditional brewery residue), noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake and mixtures of atella and noug seedcake (NSC) was studied using twenty five yearling male lambs of Ethiopian Highland sheep breed with average initial body weight (BW) of 16.4 ± 1.1 kg (Mean ± SD). The lambs were grouped into five blocks of five animals, and fed with finger millet straw alone (T1), finger millet straw + atella (T2), finger millet straw + mixture of 70% atella: 30% NSC (T3), finger millet straw + mixture of 30% atella: 70% NSC (T4), and finger millet straw + NSC (T5). The supplements were offered at the rate of 300 g/d during the feeding and digestibility trials of 90 and 7 days, respectively. Daily feed intake and body weight change of lambs was measured. Supplementation of atella, NSC and their mixtures increased (P < 0.05) the intakes of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of the total feed. The intake of finger millet straw (393 g/d) DM for lambs in T1 was higher (P < 0.001) as compared to finger millet straw intake by lambs in T4 (353.5 g/d) and T5 (337.8 g/d). Lambs in T5 had the highest (P < 0.05) CP intake of 101 g/d followed by T4, T3 and T2 with 91, 84 and 73 g/d, respectively. The digestibility of DM, OM and CP, as well as the daily BW gain was higher (P < 0.05) for supplemented than for the control (-23.3 g/d). It was concluded that supplementation of lambs with atella alone resulted in lower (P < 0.05) daily BW gain of 51 g/d as compared to BW gain of 63 g/d and 60 g/d as a result of supplementation with a mixture of 30% atella: 70% NSC and sole NSC.
Isotopic Composition of Plant Carbon Correlates With Water-Use Efficiency of Wheat Genotypes

Variation in carbon-isotope composition among and between wheat genotypes was correlated with variation in water-use efficiency in separate pot experiments conducted in spring-summer and in winter. In the main, winter experiment, the water-use efficiencies ranged from 2.0 to 3.7 mmolC/mol H2O (means of four replicates) while the corresponding isotope effects for leaf material ranged from 1.0225 to 1.0194. 13C was more abundant in grain than in leaves and stems. It is suggested that carbon-isotope analysis may be a useful tool in selection for improved water-use efficiency in breeding programmes for C3 species.
Effects of delayed hay removal on the nutrient balance of roadside plant communities.

1. Mass losses and nutrient losses from fresh roadside cuttings were studied in the field during a 6-week period. Large amounts (over 50%) appear to be lost from the cuttings. The losses were positively related to initial nutrient concentrations during this short-term study. Mass and nitrogen losses were best explained by the initial C:N ratio, phosphorus and potassium losses by the initial phosphorus concentration. 2. For potassium the losses were particularly large (up to 90%). For this element only, the observed relationship between loss rate and initial chemical composition could not be established significantly. It is concluded that potassium is mainly lost by leaching whereas the major nitrogen, phosphorus and mass losses are most probably caused by rapid microbial decomposition of readily soluble substances. 3. Using existing data on chemical composition of other roadside cuttings, nutrient losses after different hay removal delay times were modelled for different plant communities. All or most of the losses were assumed to return to the soil system. 4. When soil impoverishment is aimed for, cuttings should be removed within 1 or 2 weeks in most plant communities. If removal is delayed longer, the amounts of nutrients removed will often fall below the annual atmospheric input. In plant communities where annual above-ground production of nitrogen and phosphorus are lower than the annual atmospheric deposition already, rapid removal of the cuttings may be the only way to maintain at least potassium at a limiting level. 5. The main effect of hay-making on the soil nutrient status most likely consists of a reduction of the potassium availability, at least on sandy soils with a low cation exchange capacity and provided there is little delay in hay removal.
Habitat Selection and the Community Matrix of a Desert Small‐Mammal Fauna

This study considers several questions about interspecific competition and habitat use by desert small mammals. From 1971 through 1973, rodent population data were collected by live—trapping on a creosote bush bajada located near Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. At each trap station, measurements of the vegetation were taken to provide a description of the microhabitat surrounding each station. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of competition and habitat selection in determining the local distributions and abundances of the rodent species in each year. The 10 species form four guilds: (1) Onychomys arenicola, (2) Neotoma albigula and N. micropus, (3) Dipodomys merriami and D. ordii, and (4) Perognathus intermedius, Pg. penicillatus, Peromyscus eremicus, P. maniculatus, and P. leucopus. None of the competition estimates for between—guild interactions was significantly negative, indicating that a species in one guild did not have any inhibitory effects on species in other guilds. Coexistence of the four guilds was attributable in some cases to differences in food and habitat preferences, and in others to differences in foraging methods related to body size. Competition was not observed within the Dipodomys guild because of the different microhabitat specializations of the two species. The three Peromyscus spp. appear to avoid competition with each other by complementary habitat use; competition was observed within the Perognathus—Peromyscus guild, but only among Perognathus intermedius, Pg. penicillatus, and Peromyscus eremicus. The magnitudes of the observed competitive interactions varied significantly from year to year with changes in both rodent densities and resource availabilities. The competitive relationships within the guild were consistent, however, and the three species were ranked in increasing competitive ability; Perognathus penicillatus < Perognathus intermedius < Peromyscus eremicus. Some evidence suggests that competitive ability increases with increasing habitat specialization.
Integration of molecular biology and nutrition: the role of nutritional genomics in optimizing dietary guidance in lipids

The evolution of the field of nutrition has largely been due to advancements in the techniques of molecular biology. Since the completion of the Human Genome Project, the fields of nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics, pharmacogenetics, metabolomics and proteomics have evolved. These fields provide immense potential to enhance the study of genes involved in health and chronic diseases and the interactions of nutrients on these genes. The emerging field of lipidomics will provide further insight into the roles of genetics, disease, drugs and diet on the regulation of lipid metabolism. Advances in molecular nutrition will continue to increase our understanding of the heterogeneity of individual lipid response to dietary interventions, allowing for a movement towards a more individualized approach for dietary guidance. The potential impact of molecular biology on clinical nutrition research of the future is inducing a shift in the focus of nutrition research from disease treatment and management to one of disease pr.
REASSESSMENT OF THE LITTLE‐KNOWN CRUSTOSE RED ALGAL GENUS POLYSTRATA (GIGARTINALES), BASED ON MORPHOLOGY AND SSU rDNA SEQUENCES 1

The taxonomic distinctiveness of the crustose red algal genus Polystrata Heydrich (Peyssonneliaceae) is confirmed on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The vegetative and reproductive morphology of the type species Polystrata dura Heydrich is newly described. Polystrata thalli are thick multi‐layered crusts, each crust of which is composed of a mesothallus, a superior perithallus, and an inferior perithallus. P. dura is characterized by a poorly developed inferior perithallus consisting of single‐celled perithallial filaments and each layer of multi‐layered crusts being closely adherent to the parental layer. This Polystrata species is identical to Peyssonnelia species, the type genus of the Peyssonneliaceae in the morphology of sexual reproductive organs: a carpogonial branch and an auxiliary cell branch are formed laterally on respective nemathecial filaments; the gonimoblasts are developed from connecting filaments and auxiliary cells; the spermatangia are produced in male and female nemathecia; and the spermatangial filament produces a series of one to four paired spermatangia that form a whorl surrounding each central cell (the Peyssonnelia dubyi‐type development). Polystrata fosliei (Weber‐van Bosse) Denizot is clearly distinguished from P. dura by an inferior perithallus as well‐developed as the superior perithallus, and each layer of multi‐layered crusts being loosely adherent to the parental layer. In our small subunit rDNA trees of the Peyssonneliaceae, these Polystrata species formed a clade with low to medium supports, although the phylogenetic position of Polystrata was unresolved in this family. Therefore, the thallus structure of Polystrata may be regarded as an important taxonomic character at the genus rank.
Natural priming of Wigandia urens seeds during burial: effects on germination, growth and protein expression

Abstract To determine whether seeds of the weedy shrub Wigandia urens, from the Valley of Mexico, undergo natural priming when buried in soil, comparative experiments were performed with seeds: (1) harvested directly from the plants; (2) buried in three natural habitat conditions; and (3) laboratory primed with polyethylene glycol. Seeds were sown in a growth chamber and in a shade house. Final germination percentages, emergence, germination and emergence rates, survival and initial growth were determined. Burial and priming enhanced the germination and emergence parameters evaluated in the laboratory and in the shade house. Effects of treatments on survival were not significantly different. Nevertheless, burial improved emergence and mean survival, and induced differences in specific leaf area of seedlings that could have ecological significance. Heat-stable proteins were extracted and electrophoresed. Proteins formed in W. urens seeds during burial had molecular weights (14–21 kDa) similar to those reported for late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins induced by priming in other species. Nevertheless, the presence and abundance of proteins expressed (14–23, 36 and more than 45 kDa) differed among control, primed and buried seeds. During soil burial, molecular and physiological responses were induced that were similar to the effects of priming.
Ciliated intestinal protozoa of black (Diceros bicornis michaeli) and white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) in Kenya

The aim of this study was to survey ciliated intestinal protozoa of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) and white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum )i n Kenyan National Parks. Faecal samples from 28 rhinoceroses that were chemically immobilized for translocation were opportunistically collected. Presence of ciliates was assessed using faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques. The ciliates were identified using cellular morphological features. Ophryoscoleciidae, Cycloposthiidae and Blepharocrythiidae were the three ciliate families represented. Ophryoscoleciidae had nine genera, Cycloposthiidae six genera and Blepharocorythiidae 1 genus. The dominant ciliate genus in all the rhinoceroses that were sampled was entodinium. It was found that the nutrient composition of the diet influences the diversity and numbers of intestinal ciliates, which in turn regulates the nutrient available to the animal. This interplay of nutrient composition of diet, ciliate diversity and nutritional benefits to the host has been used as an index to assess the nutritional state of ruminants. Because of the occurrence of rumenal ciliates in the hindgut fermentative chamber of the rhinoceros, such an index can be used to guide the formulation of feed mixtures for rhinoceros in captivity and remote nutritional assessments of rhinoceros both in free-range and in
Hydrography, nutrients and plankton abundance in the hot spot of Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt

The hydrography, nutrient levels and plankton abundance were investigated monthly for a complete annual cycle in the southwestern part of Abu Qir Bay, the most polluted and biologically productive area on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Intense temporal and spatial variability was observed in all measured parameters characteristic of the effects of several effluents discharged into the bay. Based on the present investigation, the southwestern Bay can be divided ecologically and biologically into two parts: one including the near shore strip, which is directly affected by the waste waters, and a second comprising the southwestern part of the coastal strip and the offshore stations, both of which are relatively far away from the land-based effluents. The Bay water was characterized by low transparency (monthly average: 64-280 cm), dissolved oxygen (monthly average 2.0-6.8 mg/l) and surface salinity (monthly average: 24.8-37.9 ppt), the highest limits usually being in the offshore section. Water fertility and plankton production were high in the Bay indicating an occasionally acute degree of eutrophication, particularly nearshore. Great variations occurred in the concentrations of nutrients throughout the year, with monthly averages of 0.8-50.88 mM for ammonia, 0.42-3.28 mM for nitrite, 1.29-17.36 mM for nitrate, 0.32-3.61 mM for reactive phosphate and 1.09-33.34 mM for reactive silicate. Similarly, the abundance of both phytoplankton and zooplankton showed pronounced temporal and spatial variability, whereas the monthly average chlorophyll-a fluctuated between 2.06 and 52.64 mg/l and zooplankton between 31x103 and 248.6x103 ind. /m3. However, the absolute values of all parameters indicated remarkably wider ranges of variations. Significant correlation was found between chlorophyll-a and some ecological parameters like temperature, salinity, transparency, dissolved oxygen, nitrite and between zooplankton and temperature, while there was a significant correlation between nutrient concentrations and salinity changes.
Linkage and QTL mapping for Sus scrofa chromosome 7

Summary Linkage maps of Sus scrofa chromosome 7 (SSC7) for three informative F2 families, based on Wild Boar (W), Meishan (M) and Pietrain (P) crosses, were constructed using 16 marker loci. Maps were consistent for the families, except the order of the markers PI2-PO1A-S0212 in the W × M family which was inverted in the M × P and W × P families. Important quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were localized in the region of the SLA complex in the M × P and W × M families. These explained up to 16% of F2 phenotypic variance for body conformation, fat deposition and muscling. In the W × P family, minor QTLs were mapped outside the SLA region. The highly significant QTL alleles were mainly additive (a > d). The Meishan alleles for QTL located in the SLA region were associated with higher head weights and carcass lengths, but with lower carcass fat contents than those from Wild Boar and Pietrain. The cryptic Meishan QTL allele, which reduces carcass fat, provides one of the first examples of transgressive segregation in animals and emphasizes that useful genetic variation can be hidden in the genetic background of a breed. Zusammenfassung Kopplungskarten fur Chromosom 7 (SSC7), die auf der Basis von drei F2-Familien aus Kreuzungen mit Wildschwein (W), Meishan (M) und Pietrain (P) mit Hilfe von 16 Markerloci erstellt wurden, stimmten uberein. Lediglich die Anordnung der Marker PI2-PO1A-S0212 war in der Familie W × M invers gegenuber den Familien M × P und W × P angeordnet. In den Familien M × P und W × M wurden bedeutsame Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) in der SLA-Region lokalisiert. Diese erklarten bis zu 16% der phanotypischen Varianz in der F2-Generation und wirkten auf Merkmale der Korperform, des Fettansatzes und der Bemuskelung. In der Familie W × P wurden nur geringe QTL-Effekte nachgewiesen, die zudem auserhalb der SLA-Region lokalisiert waren. Grose QTL-Effekte waren hauptsachlich additiv (a > d). QTL-Allele in der SLA-Region, die von Meishan stammten, waren im Vergleich zu Wildschwein- und Pietrainallelen mit groseren Kopfgewichten, langeren Schlachtkorpern und geringeren Fettanteilen im Schlachtkorper assoziiert. Das kryptische Meishan-QTL-Allel, welches zur Reduktion von Fett im Schlachtkorper fuhrt, liefert eines der ersten Beispiele fur zuchterisch moglicherweise nutzliche Gene, deren Effekte in der Ausgangsrasse nicht erkennbar sind.