Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Determination of Acid Dissociation Constants of Some Biologically Active 6-Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone Derivatives

The acid dissociation constants, pK a , of twelve biologically active 6-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Elucidation of the structure-reactivity relationships was attempted from structural considerations based on the acid dissociation constants.
Gender Differences in Patellar Positions among the Korean Population

The various factors related to the morphometric characteristics of patella make it difficult to produce a standard interpretation of their respective values. A total of 1423 patients participated in this work. The distribution of Insall–Salvati ratios was investigated, and the upper and lower limits of two standard deviations were used to define the patellar alta and baja. An additional method was used, where 2.5% at each end of the distribution was defined as patellar alta and baja. Ratios in the females and males were 0.92 ± 0.14 and 0.87 ± 0.14, respectively. The ratios were considerably higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). Ratios defined for patellar alta and baja were 1.19 and 0.68 for females and 1.13 and 0.58 for males, respectively, when two standard deviations were used. Ratios defined for patellar alta and baja were 1.22 and 0.66 for females and 1.15 and 0.59 for males, respectively, when the extreme 2.5% method was used. No considerable differences in the patellar alta and baja were observed between the two methods. Patellar alta and baja were determined in ratios of more than 1.20 and less than 0.64, respectively. No significant differences in the patellar alta and baja were observed between the genders in the Korean population. Additionally, two standard deviations of the Insall–Salvati index are recommended for defining patellar alta and baja for the Korean population. However, we recommended analyzing the histogram distribution for the population, followed by an analysis of the patellar alta and baja.
An Investigation of Academic Motivation and Career Decidedness among University Students

Academic motivation are claimed to be influencing factors on college students' various outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the academic motivation and career decidedness of university students based on the variables of gender, year of study, academic achievement and expectations for pursuing graduate education. 376 students at Karatay, Selçuk and Necmettin Erbakan University participated in the study. Academic motivation and career decidedness scales were used to collect the data. The findings showed that the academic motivation and career decidedness of university students differed based on the variables of gender, year of study, academic achievement and expectations for pursing graduate education. In addition, it was found that university students’ academic motivation had a positive effect on their career decidedness. Considering the findings of this study, it could be beneficial to pay attention to increasing motivation in university education and to include factors that encourage academic and intrinsic motivation among students.
Effect of Polymorphism, Regioregularity and Paracrystallinity on Charge Transport in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) [P3HT] Nanofibers

We investigate the relationship between molecular order and charge-transport parameters of the crystalline conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), with a particular emphasis on its different polymorphic structures and regioregularity. To this end, atomistic molecular dynamics is employed to study an irreversible transition of the metastable (form I′) to the stable (form I) P3HT polymorph, caused by side-chain melting at around 350 K. The predicted side-chain and backbone–backbone arrangements in unit cells of these polymorphs are compared to the existing structural models, based on X-ray, electron diffraction, and solid-state NMR measurements. Molecular ordering is further characterized by the paracrystalline, dynamic, and static nematic order parameters. The temperature-induced changes of these parameters are linked to the dynamics and distributions of electronic coupling elements and site energies. The simulated hole mobilities are in excellent agreement with experimental values obtained for P.
The missing sulphur in mattheddleite, sulphur analysis of sulphates, and paragenetic relations at Leadhills, Scotland

Abstract Published electron microprobe analyses of mattheddleite, a lead sulpho-silicate apatite from Leadhills, Scotland, have 9−13% IV site deficiencies. However, galena was used as a standard for S, which suggested that low S resulted from a shift in the S-Ka peak. Wavelength scans with a PET crystal show that the S-Kα peak is shifted down by 0.0026 Å for sulphates relative to sulphides. Quantitative analyses show a ~30% increase of S in mattheddleite using a celestite standard, which fills the IV site, but with Si > S, on average Pb5S1.2Si1. 8O11.7Cl0.6(OH)0.4. Direct analysis of oxygen with the electron microprobe implies that the charge imbalance engendered from the inequality of Si and S is compensated with substitution of a vacancy (⃞), as in Pb5S1.2Si1. 8[O11.7 ⃞0.3][Cl0.6(OH)0.4] or Pb5S1.2Si1. 8[O11.7(Cl,OH)0.3][Cl,OH)0.7⃞0.3]. Calculation of OH as 1−Cl suggests the presence of both OH- and Cl-dominant mattheddleite at Leadhills, but direct analysis of H is needed to confirm the dominance of OH in the channel site. Wavelength-dispersive analyses of S in apatite and other sulphates must be undertaken with sulphate standards: use of sulphide standards yields a negative error on the order of 10−20% in the resultant S concentration. Reactions of mattheddleite with other Pb minerals at Leadhills show that their stability depends on fluid composition as well as pressure and temperature. An X-ray map of Cl shows complex zoning between Cl-poor and Cl-rich mattheddleite, recording rapid changes in the fluid chemistry during late-stage hydrothermal processes at Leadhills.
Influenza Myocarditis: A Literature Review

Viral myocarditis is not uncommon but the role of the influenza virus in causing myocarditis is less studied. It is difficult to diagnose influenza myocarditis. Due to bacterial and viral co-infection during influenza outbreaks, it becomes more difficult to distinguish influenza myocarditis from other causes. Our article provides current information on influenza myocarditis. We did a literature search using appropriate terms and reviewed articles published by November 2020. Our study highlights the incidence of influenza myocarditis and the need to become aware of this condition, especially during epidemics and pandemics. Our study highlights that although influenza myocarditis is a rare condition, it can be fatal. There should be increased awareness about the condition. By the early diagnosis and treatment of influenza myocarditis, we can prevent fatal complications.
Minimum Wetting and Distribution Rates in Falling Film Evaporators

Falling film evaporators are used extensively in the food industry for their ability to process heat sensitive liquids. A coherent liquid film is required to maintain heat transfer efficiency and minimize fouling. It is likely that most evaporator fouling occurs after film breakdown as the substance within the evaporator dries out. The minimum flow rate required to maintain a film is known as the minimum wetting rate which is defined as the minimum mass flow rate per unit circumference. In this work, minimum wetting rates were determined in a 1 m long, 48 mm internal diameter, vertical, stainless steel tube. Water and aqueous solutions of glycerol, alcohol and calcium chloride were used. These substances were chosen so as to give a wide range of properties such as viscosity (0.5-39 mPa s), density (950-1410 kg m–3), surface tension (35-90 mNm–1) and contact angle (64-98°). In a separate set of experiments, the minimum flow rate required to distribute liquid and completely wet the top of industrial evaporator tubes was measured using a range of sucrose solutions. The tube wetting results obtained fitted a dimensionless power law relationship well. Surface tension and contact angle had a strong influence on the wetting rate but viscosity and density were found to have very little effect. The minimum flow rates for distribution were found to nearly always exceed the minimum wetting rates showing that more attention needs to be given to distributor design.
Synthesis and characterization of novel dual environment-responsive hydrogels of Hydroxyethyl methacrylate and Methyl cellulose

The current study describes the synthesis and characterization of dual environment-responsive semi-interpenetrating hydrogels of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) and methyl cellulose (MC). HEMA was polymerized using free radical polymerization technique. Different proportions of MC were incorporated within the pHEMA matrix to induce environment-sensitive property. The microstructures of the hydrogels were studied under bright field microscopy. The hydrogels were thoroughly characterized using XRD, FTIR, swelling, mechanical and electrical studies. The micrographs of the hydrogels suggested formation of biphasic system. At lower proportions of MC, the hydrogels were oil-in-water type of formulations. An increase in the MC content resulted in the formation of bicontinuous biphasic formulations. Mechanical analysis suggested viscoelastic solid nature of the hydrogels. An increase in the MC content resulted in the increase in the viscous component. The electrical studies suggested resistive dominant behavior of the hydrogels. Thermal studies suggested better moisture retention capacity of the MC containing hydrogels. The hydrogels were found to be biocompatible in nature.
Solar Cell Cracks and Finger Failure Detection Using Statistical Parameters of Electroluminescence Images and Machine Learning

A wide range of defects, failures, and degradation can develop at different stages in the lifetime of photovoltaic modules. To accurately assess their effect on the module performance, these failures need to be quantified. Electroluminescence (EL) imaging is a powerful diagnostic method, providing high spatial resolution images of solar cells and modules. EL images allow the identification and quantification of different types of failures, including those in high recombination regions, as well as series resistance-related problems. In this study, almost 46,000 EL cell images are extracted from photovoltaic modules with different defects. We present a method that extracts statistical parameters from the histogram of these images and utilizes them as a feature descriptor. Machine learning algorithms are then trained using this descriptor to classify the detected defects into three categories: (i) cracks (Mode B and C), (ii) micro-cracks (Mode A) and finger failures, and (iii) no failures. By comparing the developed methods with the commonly used one, this study demonstrates that the pre-processing of images into a feature vector of statistical parameters provides a higher classification accuracy than would be obtained by raw images alone. The proposed method can autonomously detect cracks and finger failures, enabling outdoor EL inspection using a drone-mounted system for quick assessments of photovoltaic fields.
MORPHOMETRICS OF JUVENILE WHITE SHRIMP IN SANTOS (SP, BRAZIL) - AN ATLANTIC STRESSED ESTUARY

Shrimps are one of the world’s most valuable fishing resources, with the Penaeidae family having the greatest economic importance. In the southwest Atlantic the white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti plays an important socioeconomic role for small-scale fisheries, and juveniles are targeted as live bait for recreational fisheries. This study was carried out monthly along two periods (May/2009‑January/2010 and March/2011-March/2015) at Santos estuary and aimed to investigate the relationship between morphometric and sex of the early development stages of Litopenaeus schmitti. A total of 6,978 individuals were caught and measured, with no differences (p>0.1) between sexes shown regarding total length or weight. Differences between males and females were found for Total length (TL) x Carapace length (CL) and TL x Total weight (TW) and negative allometries (b<3) were found for all relationships. The results indicate that morphometric differences among sexes seem to be more associated with total length, suggesting that TL could be a more appropriate body measurement to compare specimens of L. schmitti, at least when the analysis includes juveniles. The presence of L. schmitti specimens all year long inside the estuary reinforces the idea of a continuous reproductive cycle with peak periods. Both information comes to fulfill part of the lack of knowledge regarding this species estuarine phases.
Ultra-trace determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in drinking water and alcoholic beverages using homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

The determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in different sample matrices, including drinking water, distilled spirits and fruit wine, was carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after pre-concentration using homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction (HLLE). First, the HLLE method was optimised with lead diethyldithiocarbamate (Pb-DDTC) complex which was extracted with a perfluorooctanoate anion (PFOA−) dissolved in lithium hydroxide under acidic conditions. The optimum extraction conditions, using 0.01 M DDTC, 0.05 M PFOA−, 3 M HCl and 1 mL of 30 vol. % acetone, were obtained. The Pb-DDTC complex in the nitric acid digest of the samples (50–150 mL) was extracted quantitatively into a drop of 100 μL of sediment phase. The sediment phase dissolved in 1 vol. % HNO3 with at least 3–5 mL of the final volume was then determined by FAAS, affording a pre-concentration factor of 10–50. Hence, the HLLE method afforded an increase in both sensitivity and selectivity for the metal determination by conventional FAAS, resulting in ultra-trace level detection of Pb(II) in all samples analysed (drinking water, 9.2–23 ng mL−1; distilled spirits, 23–50 ng mL−1; fruit wine, 24–53 ng mL−1). In addition, the proposed method could successfully be applied to Cd(II) determination in these samples.
MENTAL STATE TALK: ASSESSMENT THROUGH WORDLESS PICTURE STORY BOOK READING

Mental state talk involves words that describe the mental world of individuals. These could be words that are about thoughts, feelings, desires, intentions, and emotions. There has been dearth of research in Pakistan assessing the parents and teachers’ use of mental state talk in conversation with young children, commonly because of lack of assessment tool that are employed to measure the mental state talk in Pakistan. The present study aimed at validation and development of indigenous tool for the assessment of mental state talk of parents/teachers to use with children. Wordless picture story book reading was selected as one the various methods devised for mental state talk assessment; which facilitates interactions between parents/teachers and their children. For validation, Indigenous picture story books were reviewed for its content and modified through opinion of subject matter experts. Content and face validity of the story book were examined and found to be good. The finding concluded that finalized wordless picture story book has rich mental state content and has great potential to stimulate rich discourse on mental state talk. It will bridge the research gap and will promote as a good measurement instrument for research on mental state talk in Pakistan.
Unobservable characteristics of board directors and the performance of financial services firms in Nigeria

This paper examines the intricate link between unobservable characteristics of directors on the corporate board and firm performance. It aims to extend the literature on corporate governance and firm strategic performance from the perspective of emerging African economies. A mix of performance measures were used (Tobin Q, return on assets, and share price) and unobservable characteristics were captured as a stochastic element or heterogeneity of observable board characteristics (board activity, gender diversity, size, and independence). The study applied non-linear generalized auto-regressive conditional heteroscedasticity model to examine the data set consisting of 299 firm-year observations from 23 financial firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2006 to 2018. Positive skewness and leptokurtic distribution were found for all the variables. Correlation matrix revealed no multicollinearity, as the highest value was 0.2386. Empirical results suggest that unobservable characteristics significantly and positively influence firm performance as measured by return on assets and share price. This is because the coefficient of the lagged-value of the variance scaling parameter is positive and significant at the 1% level. However, with respect to Tobin Q measure, the result was positive but not significant at the 5% level. Implicitly, the result is sensitive to performance proxies. Accordingly, this study concludes that unobservable characteristics drive firm performance. It is recommended that boards and regulators should pay attention to unobservable characteristics.
International origins of Austria-Hungary

Abstract This article examines the emergence of Austria-Hungary from the perspective of uneven and combined development (UCD), which unifies social and geopolitical modes of explanation. It argues that UCD can explain the ‘paradoxical’ role of Hungary, a relatively backward society that was at the forefront of the 1848 revolutions and the political reorganisation of the Austrian Empire in 1867. However, it maintains that potentials of UCD have not been realised even in recent UCD interpretations of the Monarchy due to declinist assumptions. The article argues that the international management of UCD via the Concert of Europe inflated Austrian power, but could not prevent sociopolitical change, laying the ground work for its later deflation. The Austrian Empire also faced the challenge of revolutionary Hungary. The article demonstrates that its intersocietally generated peculiarities resulted in the gentry initiating the transition to capitalism to counter the geopolitical threat of industrialising Austria and arrest its social decline. Despite defeating Hungary and introducing capitalist social relations, the strength of Austrian dynasticism prevented the emergence of a hegemonic bloc and political stabilisation. It was this political weakness rather than economic backwardness that might better explain its expulsion from Germany in 1866. The article then turns to a comparison of the political economies of Prussia/Germany and Austria-Hungary and questions the overemphasis on Austro-Hungarian backwardness. By offering a new interpretation of Austria-Hungary, the article contributes to a rethinking of nineteenth century international relations and the long-term causes of World War 1.
The impact of catering incentives on the dividend policy: evidence from Turkish firms

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse the propensity to pay dividends and investigate whether the catering theory is valid in an emerging market.Design/methodology/approachThe sample of this study comprises listed firms on the stock market of Turkey, Borsa Istanbul, with 2,438 observations during the period 1999–2015. In line with previous studies in the literature, appropriate control variables are used that may have an impact on Turkish firms' dividend policy. Control variables are examined in the likelihood of paying dividends by using Fama–Macbeth (1973) style cross-sectional logistic regressions. In addition, the linkage between the dividend premium and the propensity to pay is revealed to test the validity of the catering theory.FindingsThe findings of the study confirm the tenets of the catering theory for Turkey. When a positive dividend premium exists, that is when investors demand dividend, firms cater them and distribute dividend; on the contrary, when there is no demand, firms prefer not to pay. The effect of catering incentives on the dividend policy provides useful information for managers because the catering theory claims that investors' demand for dividends has an impact on the valuation of firms.Originality/valueIn the aftermath of the 2001 financial crisis, Turkey implemented far-reaching reforms and policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of capital markets and to overcome the obstacles sourcing from their culture and civil law origin. With the adoption of these major economic and structural reforms, as a civil law origin country, Turkey has managed to ameliorate the protection of investors as in common law countries. Ferris et al. (2009) state that the catering theory is applicable to firms in common law countries but not in civil law countries. In addition, prior research is not so extensive regarding the impact of catering incentives on the dividend policy of firms in emerging markets. The results of the analyses suggest that the catering theory is valid for Turkey as a civil law origin emerging country, and to the best of authors' knowledge, this study is the first to test the catering theory in the Turkish capital markets.
Combined interface shape and material stiffness optimization for uniform distribution of contact stress

Abstract Contact stress distribution is sensitive to the interface shape and the material stiffness. A combination of the interface shape and the material stiffness is investigated to obtain a uniform contact stress distribution. A combined interface shape and material stiffness optimization method is developed based on the evolutionary optimization techniques. The uniformity of the contact stress is represented by its variance and is defined as the objective function. The gap distance and the Young’s modulus are treated as the design variables of the shape optimization and the material stiffness optimization, respectively. A fixed optimization sequence, which is the material stiffness optimization followed by the interface shape optimization, is adopted. The effectiveness of the combined interface shape and material stiffness design on improving the uniformity of the contact stress is verified based on two cases. Additionally, the undesired nonsmooth transition of the contact stress after only the material stiffness optimization could be alleviated during the followed interface shape optimization process, thus a smoother and more uniform distribution of the contact stress could be achieved.