Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of irrigation water quality on loquat plant nutrition: Sensitivity of loquat plant to salinity

Abstract An investigation was conducted to study the possible use of municipal wastewater for watering loquat plants, and to determine the effects of this water on nutrient status of two‐year‐old loquat plants (Eriobotriae japonica L.) during two complete vegetative cycles. The plants, grafted on franco and Anger stocks, were planted on major soils of the area of La Marina Babea. Plants (grafted on franco stock), irrigated with this wastewater, suffered from foliar necrosis, and all of them died at the end of the experiment, whereas only 12.5% of the plants watered with municipal drinking water died at the same period of time. The Anger stock proved to be much more resistant to salinity than the franco stock. Therefore, medium quality waters (wastewater and saline water) can be used for the irrigation of loquat trees grafted on Anger stock, without causing damages on plant nutrition.
Directed self-assembly of mono and dinuclear copper(II) isophthalates into 1D polymeric structures. Design and an unusual cocrystallization

New examples of 1D coordination polymers containing mononuclear and dinuclear copper(II) complexes with a series of isophthalates have been designed, synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction between the aqua-complex [Cu(tmen)(H2O)x][ClO4]2 (tmen = N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) and isophthalate 5-Xip (substituted in position 5, X = –H, –NO2) results in infinite chains with stoichiometry [Cu(tmen)(5-Xip)(H2O)]n. A charge-assisted hydrogen bond of type Cu–OH2⋯O organizes the 1D chains into 2D layers. On the other hand, the self-assembly of the complex [Cu(tmen)(H2O)x][ClO4]2 with a series of isophthalates 5-Xip dianion (X = –H, –NO2, –NH2, –OMe) in presence of 0.5 equiv. of KOH results in 1D chains with dinuclear complexes [Cu2(tmen)2(μ-OH)]+3 as building blocks. The absence of a water molecule coordinated to Cu(II) atom in the dinuclear chains generates different patterns into 2D. The reaction of the aqua-complex of Cu(II) with tetrafluoroisophthalate (TFip) gave a new Janus complex [Cu2(tmen)2(H2O)2(TFip)2]·[Cu(tmen)(TF-ip)]n·3(H2O), where two different supramolecular arrangements are present in the same single crystal (a dimeric structure and 1D polymeric structure).
A high energy density azobenzene/graphene hybrid: a nano-templated platform for solar thermal storage

Effective conversion of light into heat is an emerging field showing great potential for large-scale applications, markedly driven by novel molecules and structures. Unfortunately, until now, it is still hindered by a low storage capacity and short-time storage. A nano-template for covalently attaching new azobenzene chromophores on graphene as solar thermal fuels is presented here, in which the intermolecular hydrogen bond and proximity-induced interaction, resulting from a high functionalization density and inter-planar bundling interaction, remarkably improve both the storage capacity and lifetime. This nanoscopic template exhibits a high energy density up to 112 W h kg−1 and long-term storage with a half-life of more than one month (33 days), which are also confirmed by the calculations using density functional theory, simultaneously maintaining an excellent cycling stability tuned by visible light for 50 cycles. Our work develops a promising class of solar thermal fuels with high energy density, which outperform previous nano-materials and are comparable to commercial soft-packing Li-ion batteries.
Cybotaxis dominates the nematic phase of bent-core mesogens: a small-angle diffuse X-ray diffraction study

New temperature dependent X-ray diffraction (XRD) data on the bent-core mesogens based on the nonlinear 2,5-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (ODBP) unit enable a consistent interpretation of the supramolecular structure in this class of liquid crystals. Strong evidence for cybotaxis in the high temperature phase explains the small-angle four-spot pattern and calls into question prior XRD interpretations. We find that the data can be satisfactorily explained by skewed cybotaxis, a stratified arrangement of tilted, bent-core mesogens (BCMs). We also observe the temperature-induced evolution of skewed cybotaxis to normal cybotaxis—strata wherein the long axes of the BCMs are normal to the layer fluctuations. Our XRD interpretation is compatible with the NMR data that exhibit biaxiality in the nematic phase of ODBP mesogens.
Characterization of High Dose Mn, Fe, and Ni implantation into p-GaN

The magnetization of p-GaN or p-AlGaN/GaN superlattices was measured after implantation with high doses (3–5×1016 cm−2) of Mn, Fe, or Ni and subsequent annealing at 700–1000 °C. The samples showed ferromagnetic contributions below temperatures ranging from 190–250 K for Mn to 45–185 K for Ni and 80–250 K for Fe. The use of superlattices to enhance the hole concentration did not produce any change in ferromagnetic ordering temperature. No secondary phase formation was observed by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, or selected area diffraction pattern analysis for the doses we employed.
Influence of the pre-ionization background and simulation of the optical emission of a streamer discharge in preheated air at atmospheric pressure between two point electrodes

This paper presents simulations of positive and negative streamers propagating between two point electrodes in preheated air at atmospheric pressure. As many discharges have occurred before the simulated one, seed charges are taken into account in the interelectrode gap. First, for a pre-ionization background of 109 cm−3, we have studied the influence of the data set used for transport parameters and reaction rates for air on the simulation results. We have compared results obtained in 1997 using input parameters from Morrow and Lowke and from Kulikovsky. Deviations as large as 20% of streamer characteristics (i.e. electric field in the streamer head and body, streamer velocity, streamer radius, streamer electron density) have been observed for this point-to-point configuration. Second, we have studied the influence of the pulsed voltage frequency on the discharge structure. For the studied discharge regime, a change in the applied voltage frequency corresponds to a change in the pre-ionization background. In this work, we have considered a wide range of pre-ionization values from 104 and up to 109 cm−3. We have noted that the value of the pre-ionization background has a small influence on the electron density, electric field and location of the negative streamer head. Conversely, it has a significant influence on the positive streamer characteristics. Finally, we have compared instantaneous and time-averaged optical emissions of the three band systems of N2 and (1PN2, 2PN2 and ) during the discharge propagation. We have shown that the emission of the 2PN2 is the strongest of the three bands, in agreement with experimental observations. It is interesting to note that even with a short time averaging of a few nanoseconds, which corresponds to currently used instruments, the structure of the time-averaged emission of the 2PN2 is different from the instantaneous one and shows negative and positive streamers with smaller radial expansions and more diffuse streamer heads.
Antimicrobial and phytochemical activity of methanolic extract and its fractions of Jatropha curcas Linn. (Eurphorbiaceae) stem bark

The stem bark of Jatropha curcas Linn (Euphorbiaceae) widely used in ethno medicine was studied. The methanolic extract (ME) and methanolic extract fractions (MEF) namely: chloroform fraction (CF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and methanol fraction (MF) of J. curcas were subjected to antimicrobial evaluation and phytochemical screening. Results showed that saponins and steroids were present only in the ME and CF. However, the ME and MEF were containing alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, resins, carbohydrates. Furthermore, on comparison with gentamicin sulphate (GS) (10 µgml
EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION ON THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRING WHEAT YIELD AND MOISTURE USE IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

The effects of crop rotation and fertilization on the quantitative relationship between spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields (y), available spring soil moisture (AvSpSM), and growing season precipitation (GSP) were determined from an experiment conducted on a loam soil in the Brown soil zone of southwestern Saskatchewan for the period 1967–1984. Moisture used (MU) was defined asand AvSpSM as volumetric moisture content at time of planting minus the lowest soil moisture measured at harvest. For discussion of moisture use characteristics GSP was defined as precipitation received from 1 May to 31 Aug.; for predictive equations GSP was more effective if GSP was taken as 1 May–31 July. When the 18-yr data were analyzed, the relation of y to MU was curvilinear. If data for 1 or 2 yr (1970 and 1983) with skewed distribution of GSP were omitted, the relationship between y (kg ha−1) and MU (mm) for well-fertilized fallow- and stubble-seeded wheat combined was(where GSP = 1 May to 31 July). This equation perf.
Influence of thermal annealing on the electron mobility in modulation doped Si/SiGe heterostructures

We grew n‐type modulation doped Si/SiGe multiple quantum well structures with the highest electron mobilities reported so far for this heterosystem. The samples were annealed at temperatures between 750 and 950 °C for 1000 s and subsequently characterized by x‐ray rocking analysis, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and temperature dependent Hall measurements. A moderate decrease in room temperature Hall mobility is observed up to annealing temperatures of 900 °C. Above 900 °C the samples become homogeneously doped and show strong Si/Ge interdiffusion at the heteroboundaries. The annealing effects are discussed in terms of dopant and Ge diffusion, and of metastability of the SiGe layers.
Oxygen and methane depletion in soil affected by leakage of natural gas

As part of a study to simulate plant responses to leaks from pipelines, we injected natural gas into soil at a depth of 1 m in plots of grass, wheat and beans. Measurements of oxygen and methane in soil exposed to gas show that oxygen is depleted significantly to values less than would be caused by simple displacement by natural gas, indicating consumption within the soil by methanotrophic bacteria. Gas concentrations were clustered into two groups: 18% of the oxygen values were less than 1% by volume and 52% of the methane values were less than 5% by volume, indicating a tendency towards either oxygen‐limiting or methane‐limiting conditions. Oxygen depletion was significantly greater in summer. Depletion rates were greatest under grass, and least under wheat. In grass, 36% of the variation in depletion is explained by soil temperature at 10 cm with Q10 = 2.0 over the 0–20°C range. We developed a model that accounts for three gas exchange mechanisms: soil‐air displacement by the injected gas; gas consumption by bacteria; and re‐infusion of the soil atmosphere to account for a net loss of gas volume by consumption. Using this model, we calculate that an average of 37% of the methane was consumed. At initial methane concentrations less than 10% by volume, as much as 100% of the gas was consumed, but consumption efficiency decreased rapidly thereafter. These findings indicate that the soil sink for methane is dynamic and adaptive, acting as a significant constraint on underground methane sources, limited primarily by oxygen availability.
Effect of Additives on Quality of Spray-Dried Fructooligosaccharide Powder

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) finds its applications as an alternative sweetener in powder form. The effect of different process parameters (feed concentration, feed flow rate, inlet air temperature), different additives (maltodextrin, gums, starch), and anticaking agents (in different combinations and concentrations) during spray drying were investigated. FOS solution with 2% magnesium oxide as an additive gave a maximum powder yield (43% w/w), and the spray-dried powder size was fine and the texture was like talcum powder. Flow properties and microbial analysis were found to be satisfactory. The addition of anticaking agents did not have a significant effect either on the color of the powder or on FOS content, indicating good quality of the powder with respect to flowability, microbial load, and texture.
Influence of viscosity on product distribution of fast competitive chemical reactions

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of viscosity on micromixing in turbulent flow. It was first necessary to find a suitable viscosity-raising additive. HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) proved to be better than previously studied additives [sorbitol and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)]. In concentrations up to 1 wt-%, HEC solutions are almost Newtonian with viscosities independent of pH over the range 2 to 10. HEC had no effect on the reaction rate constants and the spectrophotometric analysis of the fast, competing reactions used – the diazo coupling between 1-naphthol and diazotized sulphanilic acid. The viscosity can then be raised by around an order of magnitude by adding less than 1 wt-% HEC to this reaction system. Diazo couplings were conducted in a 20 1 semi-batch tank reactor stirred by a Rushton turbine at two viscosity levels (0.9 and 6.2 mPa s). Long feed times ensured that micromixing was controlling. More bisazo dye was formed in the more viscous solution, all other conditions being unchanged, indicating more intense segregation and slower micromixing. This was also shown by visualizing the extent of neutralisation zones, with more spreading and slower micromixing being observed in viscous solution. Higher turbine speeds reduced this spreading. One feed point near and one far from the turbine were employed: the strong inhomogeneity of the turbulence led to smaller amounts of bisazo dye when the feed was added to the turbine suction, irrespective of the viscosity. All results agreed with the trends predicted by the engulfment model of micromixing. Its simplest form assigns an average energy dissipation rate to the reaction zone: the values obtained are of similar magnitude to those measured by physical techniques and were related to the spreading of the reaction zone.
Influence of Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin on Solubility and Dissolution Profile of Ketoprofen in Its Solid Dispersions

AbstractSolid dispersions of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrins (HPB), a highly water soluble derivative of β-cyclodextrin and ketoprofen (KPF), were prepared by kneading, coevaporation, and freeze-drying. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate characteristics of the solid dispersions and to study the possibility of complexation of the drug with HPB. A marked difference in characteristics of dispersions was observed due to their methods of preparation. The solubility of KPF in the solid dispersions was studied by the dispersed powder technique and was found to have improved considerably over that of the drug pure alone. The dispersions had good compressibiliry. Tablets so compressed displayed good dissolution profiles.
4α-Methyl-5α,14β-ergosta-8,24(241)-dien-3β-ol (“triticusterol”): the first naturally occurring 14β(H)-steroid

The structure of triticusterol isolated from the germ oil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; Gramineae) was established to be 4α-methyl-5α,14β-ergosta-8,24(241)-dien-3β-ol on the basis of spectroscopic data. This is the first example of a naturally occurring compound with a 14β(H)-steroid skeleton.
Kinetics of Ion Exchange in a Stirred-flow Cell

The kinetics of ion exchange in a stirred-flow cell have been investigated experimentally and theoretically in the concentration range where film diffusion is the rate-determining step. To obtain detailed information, the ratio of the two counterions A and B in the inflow solution, as well as that of the ions initially in the ion exchanger, was selected in such a way that the ion exchanger was converted in successive steps from the pure A form to the pure B form, and back to the A form. The kinetics of the total conversion of the ion exchanger from the pure A form to the pure B form in one step were also determined. The experiments (exchange Cs+–H+) show that: (i) for partial conversions and for the forward reaction (uptake of the preferred ion, here Cs+), the half-life, t1/2, of the ion exchange decreases considerably if the initial fraction of the preferred ion in the ion exchanger is increased; (ii) at a given initial ionic composition of the ion exchanger, the half-life is shorter when the preferred ion is taken up rather than released; (iii) compared with a process where the ion exchanger is converted only partially from the H+ form to the Cs+ form, the half-life for the total conversion of the ion exchanger from the H+ to the Cs+ form in one step is much shorter. The theory describes all observations quantitatively, with only two adjustable parameters (rate coefficient, R, and the ratio of the diffusion coefficients DA/DB) for the whole set of experiments. The calculations reveal that the strong dependence of t1/2 on the initial ionic composition of the ion exchanger is only to a small extent due to the kinetic properties of the ion exchanger, but is rather a result of its selectivity (i.e. non-linearity of the ion-exchange isotherm). This restricts the usefulness of the stirred-flow technique for investigating the kinetics of ion exchange.
Configuration interaction studies of HeH+ molecular ion. II Dipole and radial coupling matrix elements for the singlet sigma states

Configuration interaction calculations of the dipole, gradient, and radial coupling matrix elements among the lowest 10–12 1Σ states of HeH+ are reported for internuclear separations in the range 0≤R≤50 a.u. The forms 〈n|∂/∂R|m〉 and (Em − En)−1 〈n|∂V/∂R|m〉 of the radial coupling element are compared. The results are compared with those of other investigators. The accurate evaluation of these matrix elements in the present work demonstrates the feasibility of a quantitative ab initio treatment of low‐energy collisions between light atoms.
Measurement Techniques to Monitor and Control Fluidization Quality in Fluidized Bed Dryers: A Review

Fluidized bed dryers (FBD) are commonly employed in many industries to dry particulate solids. FBDs provide good solids mixing, high rates of heat and mass transfer, and relative ease of material handling. For efficient operation, it is important to be able to monitor and control the fluidization regime, particle size distribution (PSD), moisture content, and bulk density as well as product chemical properties. This review provides an overview of the trends in the application of different experimental techniques to monitor and control the hydrodynamic conditions of FBDs which influence the particle physiochemical properties. This review covers a wide range of measurement techniques, including infrared moisture sensor (IR), near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, analysis of pressure fluctuations, optical imaging techniques, acoustic emission (AE), electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), spatial filter velocimetry (SFV), Raman spectroscopy, focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM), microwave resonance technology (MRT), triboelectric probes, positron emission particle tracking (PEPT), and some novel techniques for monitoring and control of FBDs. The present review summarizes the use of the diverse techniques and outlines their merits and limitations. Prospects for future research in this area are also identified. The measurement techniques can be used for research, development, and operation of fluidized bed equipment used in non-drying applications as well.
Numerical study on flame structure and NO formation in CH4–O2–N2 counterflow diffusion flame diluted with H2O

Numerical study on flame structure and NO emission behaviour has been conducted to grasp chemical effects of added H2O on either fuel‐ or oxidizer‐side in CH4–O2–N2 counterflow diffusion flames. An artificial species, which has the same thermodynamic, transport, and radiation properties of added H2O, is introduced to feasibly isolate the chemical effects. Special concern is focused on the important role of remarkably produced OH radicals due to chemical effects of added H2O on flame structure and NO emission. The reason why the difference of behaviours between the principal chain branching reaction rate and flame temperature appear is attributed to the drastic change of reaction step (R120) from the production to the consumption of OH. It is also, however, seen that the most important contribution of produced OH due to chemical effects of added H2O is through reaction step (R127).
Determination of Particulate Iodine in Aerosols from Different Regions by Size Fractionating Impactor Sampling and IDMS

Abstract Concentrations of particulate iodine in aerosols depending on the particle size were determined after sampling with an impactor system by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) using the production of negative I thermal ions. The collection efficiency of the impactor system was compared with a filter system by parallel samplings and agreed well. By different leaching processes, using sodium sulfite solution and distilled water, it was shown that various iodine species are incorporated in the aerosol particles. Determinations were carried out with samples from different areas, two continental places in Germany, which are more or less anthropogenically influenced, one location with marine and anthropogenic influences (North Sea) and one in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, not anthropogenically influenced. In all cases we found the major part of the total iodine in the smallest aerosol particles with an aerodynamic diameter of <0.49 μm. Investigations of the continental iodine in aerosols over a two-.
PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF BERORIENTASI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA BALI

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh permasalahan yaitu rendahnya hasil belajar Bahasa Bali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1)mengetahui proses pengembangan multimedia pembelajaran interaktif berorientasi pendidikan karakter (2)mengetahui validitas dari multimedia pembelajaran interaktif berorientasi pendidikan karakter (3)mengetahui efektivitas multimedia yang dikembangkan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan. Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah model Hannafin and Peck.Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah data kuantitatif berupa skor pretest, posttest dan kualitatif berupa saran, masukan dan kritik perbaikan media.Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode observasi, pencatatan dokumen, kuesioner dan tes.Hasil penelitian adalah sebagai berikut. (1) pengembangan multimedia dengan model Hannafin and Peck meliputi tiga tahapan yaitu penilaian kebutuhan, desain, pengembangan dan implementasi. (2) multimedia pembelajaran interaktif berorientasi pendidikan karakter yang dikembangkan valid dengan: (a) hasil review ahli isi mata pelajaran menunjukkan multimedia berpredikat sangat baik (90%), (b) hasil review ahli multimedia menunjukkan produk berpredikat sangat baik (96%), (c) hasil review ahli desain pembelajaran menunjukkan multimedia berpredikat sangat baik (90,7%), (d) hasil uji coba perorangan, uji coba kelompok kecil dan uji coba lapangan menunjukkan multimedia berpredikat sangat baik (93,7%), (94,0%) dan (93,9%). (3) multimedia yang dikembangkan efektif meningkatkan hasil belajar Bahasa Bali. Ini berarti bahwa multimedia terbukti efektif secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar Bahasa Bali. Kata Kunci :multimedia, pendidikan karakter, pengembangan