Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A precise worldwide correlation of early Ordovician graptolite sequences

Abstract Fourteen early Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llandeilo) graptolite sequences from around the world are precisely (infrazonally) correlated, based on the stratigraphic ranges of 130 species and species groups. The composite standard sequence (CSS) of graptolites has been determined from the six best regional sequences by a nonparametric graphic correlation. Two data sets were selected: one comprised first appearance events of 103 taxa, the other, first and last appearance events of 45 taxa. The results of the two runs accord well and reveal respectively 66 and 73 successive bioevents in early Ordovician time. Event spacing averages 0.7–0.8 Ma and enables fine subdivision, correlation and homotaxial testing for diachroneity. The strong correlation between each of the six regional sequences and the CSS indicates the high level of accordance among graptolite successions around the world.
Monetary Transmission in Diverse Economies: Some econometric issues in measuring the monetary transmission mechanism, with an application to developing countries

This paper reviews some econometric issues in estimating models of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. To illustrate some of the issues we present estimates of a simple model involving four standard equations that usually appear in the monetary policy transmission mechanism for 57 developing countries using annual data for the period 1966-1996. Averaging across countries, reasonably plausible estimates can be obtained, but the degree of dispersion across countries is very substantial. The paper then reviews possible explanations and solutions. We are grateful for comments made at the Bank of England Centre of Central Banking Studies Academic Workshop on the Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy June 2000 and the Macroeconomic Modelling Seminar, Warwick University, July 2000. Smith is grateful for support under ESRC grant L138251003.
Assessment of measures to assess compensation and mitigation as related to the creation, rehabilitation, or restoration of spawning habitat for fluvial or lacustrine spawning salmonines

iv RESUME iv INTRODUCTION 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF SPAWNING HABITAT FOR MAINTAINING RECRUITMENT AND POPULATION STABILITY 3 RESTORATION OF SPAWNING HABITAT 4 MITIGATION ACTIVITIES 5 Fluvial spawners 5 Lacustrine spawners 5 REVIEW OF COMPENSATION ACTIVITIES INVOLVING SPAWNING HABITAT 7 Fluvial spawners 7 Brierly Brook, NS 7 Rose Blanche River, NL 8 Yukon River, YT 8 Lacustrine spawners 8 MONITORING OF COMPENSATION 9 Spawning activity 9 Fluvial spawners 9 Lacustrine spawners 10 Embryonic survival 11 Fluvial spawners 12 Lacustrine spawners 13 Measurement of factors correlated with egg survival 14 CONCLUDING REMARKS 15 REFERENCES 15 FIGURES 25
BUILDING BRAND LOYALTY : IDENTITY THEORY PERSPECTIVE

There has been little research on how market disruptions affect customer-brand relationship and how firms can reposition to sustain brand loyalty when disruptions occur in today’s complex and global business environment.Marketing managers are faced with the task of developing their products into brands to help prospective customers identify specific products that are uniquely established in their minds. The management of products and brands is therefore a key factor in marketing. From the brand loyalty literature and identity theory perspective, this study proposes a conceptual framework to examine the issue of loyalty in a specific market disruption, namely the introduction of a radically new brand. It is widely accepted that brand switching is as a result of functional utility maximisation, drawing from a conventional economic perspective, however recent research propose that brand switching can also be as a consequence of customers’ social mobility between brand identities. Tthis study deviates from an economic perspective to confirm that brand switching may be due to customers’ social mobility between brand identities.
Validation of MERIS sensor’s CoastColour algorithm for waters off the west coast of India

Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) retrieved using the MERIS CoastColour (CC) algorithm was evaluated for the coastal waters of the west coast of India, against in situ observations made as part of the Satellite Coastal and Oceanographic Research (SATCORE) programme. These observations include profiles of surface solar irradiance (Es) along with those of upwelling radiance and downwelling irradiance, measured using hyperspectral radiometry. Chl-a was also estimated from water samples. Furthermore, remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) and chl-a were retrieved from MODIS-Aqua using the OC3M algorithm, and from MERIS using the OC4E algorithm. In addition, to understand the long-term seasonal variability, chl-a retrieved from the MERIS-CC algorithm was overlaid on monthly mean chl-a time series data from MODIS. Comparison of chl-a using MERIS-CC to that measured in situ showed wide scatter around the linear trend line. We observed that chl-a from MERIS-CC was underestimated for two-thirds of the observations, whereas with MODIS and MERIS it was 51% and 44%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed an improved performance in chl-a retrieval using the operational OC4E algorithm as compared to that of MERIS-CC. The time series analysis showed a good match between in situ chl-a and that derived from MODIS using the OC3M algorithm, whereas the MERIS-CC algorithm showed inconsistency in match-up with regard to both magnitude and trend. This inconsistency was more prominent during the low-chl-a scenario during the northern winter. We infer that algorithms such as OC4E and OC3M that use bands from the blue and green regions of the spectrum offer better chlorophyll retrieval in high-TSM or -CDOM concentration waters in comparison with CoastColour, which uses all bands across the spectrum.
The Valuation of Public Projects: Risks, Cost of Financing and Cost of Capital Current

It is often said that the private sector is in a good position to manage project costs and meet deadlines, but not, generally, to fund or finance projects. The underlying argument runs as follows: because the interest rate on government borrowings (the government’s financing cost) is lower than what is available to the private sector, the cost of goods or services will necessarily be lower if it is funded by government. However, there is confusion between the cost of financing and the cost of capital (or discount rate) that stems from an analytical error in assessing the true cost of public funds. This is a subtle but important error that is widespread in both the public and private sectors as well as in academia. This analytical illusion is due to the fact that a significant portion of the government’s cost of capital is unaccounted for or not recognized. This portion is the implicit option granted by taxpayers to their government to require additional funds in order to meet the commitments made to the lenders when a project does not meet the expected level of profitability. Discounting at an essentially risk-free rate is often justified by “the virtually unlimited taxing power of the Crown” – the project appears risk-free to lenders, but is obviously not risk-free for taxpaying citizens. The authors identify the implications for the evaluation of public investments and relevant public policies such as direct subsidies to businesses, government endorsements of corporate borrowings, the comparison of public sector versus private sector delivery of public projects and holding a portfolio of risky investments dedicated to the future repayment of the debt. It goes without saying that other evaluations of government policies and interventions could be similarly challenged.
Integrity Tests ppmsagepubcom ® SAGE

Integrity tests have been v\̂ ell researched in recent decades and have consistently been found to be effective predictors of counterproductive behaviors in a variety of occupational settings. In practice, however, tbe unique nature of integrity tests and their constructs have made their integration into organizations' recruitment processes somewhat challenging. In light of this situation, the present article outlines a number of practical guidelines that organizations can follow to belp ensure successful integrity testing procedures. These guidelines are based on best practice standards for preemployment testing and describe the fundamental need for carefully planned and well-communicated implementation stages, whicb may include an initial audit of the organization's counterproductive behaviors, setting realistic and measurable objectives for the test's use, choosing the appropriate test, correctly positioning the test within tbe recruitment process, training the organization's staff and piloting the test, making accurate hiring decisions and providing appropriate candidate feedback, and finally monitoring tbe test's performance and employees' behaviors over time.
Variation of the surface buoyancy flux in the Red Sea

In the Red Sea the haline flux is negative throughout the year and its contribution is secondary compared to thermal flux. At the northern region, from October to March, the thermal buoyancy flux is more negative compared to central and southern regions. As a response to the pressure gradient generated by this negative buoyancy flux in winter, a NNW surface current will be induced. During this time, the winds over the southern Red Sea are from SSE. The two forcing factors; buoyancy flux and the wind stress will reinforce the NNW flow. During summer, from June to September, there is a reverse pattern of buoyancy flux to that of winter i.e. a positive buoyancy flux in the north and negative in the central and southern regions. This buoyancy pattern will generate a pressure gradient towards the south resulting in a SSE flow. During this time the winds over the Red Sea are from NNW. The two forcing; pressure gradient towards the south and the NNW winds will favour each other to induce SSE surface current.
Prevalence, Awareness, and Management of Obesity in Korea: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2011)

Background Obesity is a risk factor for diabetes and several cardiovascular diseases. This study was to investigate the trends in the prevalence, awareness, and management status of obesity among the Korean population for recent 13 years. Methods The prevalence, subjective awareness, and management of obesity were investigated in adults aged ≥19 years by using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 1998 to 2011. Results The number of participants was 8,117, 5,826, 5,500, 3,025, 6,756, 7,506, 6,255, and 6,155 in the KNHANES in years 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 26.9%, 29.2%, 32.9%, 32.5%, 32.0%, 32.6%, 32.0%, and 32.0% in 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively, while the overall prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity increased by 1.19-fold and 1.24-fold respectively in 2011 compared against 2001. In general, a gradual increase in the prevalence of severe obesity has been observed as years go by. Furthermore, trends of improvements in obesity awareness and management rates were visible over the period of surveys. Conclusion Although the management status of obesity has improved during the recent years, more effective strategy to control obesity is needed.
Tinman / Nkx 2-5 acts via miR-1 and upstream of Cdc 42 to regulate heart function across species

which is reminiscent of the primitive vertebrate embryonic heart. Unraveling the gene regulatory networks that govern development and function of the mammalian heart is critical for the rational design of therapeutic interventions in human heart disease. Using the Drosophila heart as a platform for identifying novel gene interactions leading to heart disease, we found that the Rho-GTPase Cdc42 cooperates with the cardiac transcription factor Tinman/Nkx2-5. Compound Cdc42, tinman heterozygous mutant flies exhibited impaired cardiac output and altered myofibrillar architecture, and adult heart– specific interference with Cdc42 function is sufficient to cause these same defects. We also identified K channels, encoded by dSUR and slowpoke, as potential effectors of the Cdc42–Tinman interaction. To determine whether a Cdc42–Nkx2-5 interaction is conserved in the mammalian heart, we examined compound heterozygous mutant mice and found conduction system and cardiac output defects. In exploring the mechanism of Nkx2-5 interaction with Cdc42, we demonstrated that mouse Cdc42 was a target of, and negatively regulated by miR-1, which itself was negatively regulated by Nkx2-5 in the mouse heart and by Tinman in the fly heart. We conclude that Cdc42 plays a conserved role in regulating heart function and is an indirect target of Tinman/Nkx2-5 via miR-1. Tinman/Nkx2-5 acts via miR-1 and upstream of Cdc42 to regulate heart function across species
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED , STRENGTH AND JUMPING ABILITIES IN ELITE JUNIOR HANDBALL PLAYERS

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between strength (squat and bench press), jumping ability in countermovement (CMJ) and squat (SJ) jump, 10 m and 30 m sprint time and 6x30m repeated sprint ability (RSA) in a group of 29 male elite youth handball players aged 16.5±0.8 years, with stature of 184.3±4.8 cm and body mass of 77.0±9.4, who all voluntarily participated. Coefficients of correlation were determined and tested for significance by using the Pearson’s product-moment test. Firstly, sprint time results indicated a significant relationship with jumping height in absolute terms over 0–10 m and 0–30 m (p<0.01). When expressed relative to body mass, the 0–10 m sprinting time was found to have a significant relationship with all measures of jump height and peak power (p<0.01) in both CMJ and SJ. The 0–30 m sprint time correlated significantly (p<0.01) with all jump measures (except jump height assessed by CMJ) relative to body mass. Secondly, repeated sprint ability over 0–10 m correlated to all strength (p<0.05) and jumping (p<0.01) measures (in absolute terms) except for reactive strength, while 0–30 m RSA only correlated (p<0.05) to CMJ and SJ performance. Expressed relative to body mass, the bench press (p=0.01), CMJ peak power (p=0.01), SJ (p=0.05) and SJ peak power (p=0.01) significantly correlated to 0–10 m RSA. No other significant results were found. These data suggest that since raw jump scores are relatively easy to collect, they could provide coaches at all levels with valuable information with which to assess speed and overall athletic performance. Also, as power and strength scores only correlated with speed scores when expressed in relation to body mass, it seems important that physical preparation coaches ensure that their force and strength development programs are appropriately adjusted for body mass.
FIRST-YEAR SURVIVAL OF NORTHERN RED OAK SEEDLINGS PLANTED ON FORMER SURFACE COAL MINES IN INDIANA 1

Surface mining of coal in Indiana is an important industry. Post- mining sites are often characterized by poor soil physical properties, low nutrient availability, and severe compaction 30 cm below the soil surface. These characteristics can result in poor seedling survival, low productivity, erosion, and therefore low land value, which may ultimately lead to conversion of the land to other uses. For reclamation to forestland to be effective, seedling establishment success must be improved. Myriad studies have assessed the influence of stocktype, mycorrhizae, and fertilization on seedling survival and performance; however, few have studied their influence on northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) planted on reclaimed mined lands. The objectives of this research are to compare the effectiveness of four stocktypes and assess the contribution of controlled- release fertilizer and mycorrhizal inoculation to survival and performance of northern red oak on reclaimed mined lands. Northern red oak is known to survive on a variety of sites and has a high commercial value and was therefore selected as the trial species. The four stocktypes consisted of June-sown and January-sown containerized seedlings, and standard-density (75 seedlings/m 2 ) and low-density (21 seedlings/m 2 ) one year old bareroot seedlings. Three treatments were applied to each stocktype: mycorrhizal inoculation (MI), addition of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), and both MI and addition of CRF. A control, with neither MI nor addition of CRF, was established for each stocktype. Seedlings were planted in April 2003 at two sites and initial height and root-collar diameter were recorded. Survival was assessed in October 2003. Survival for low-density (68%) and standard-density (69%) bareroot seedling stocktypes, and June-sown containerized seedlings that did not receive CRF (64%) was greater than that of June-sown containerized seedlings that received CRF (35%) and January-sown containerized seedlings (30%). That CRF negatively influenced seedling survival in June-sown containerized seedlings indicates that the interactions between seedling development and CRF need further investigation.
Evaluation of “ true ” max 2 OV based on a novel set of standardised criteria

Background. Criteria are used to identify whether a subject has elicited a max 2 O V . Objective. Evaluate the validity of traditional max 2 O V criteria and propose a novel set of criteria. Research design and methods. Twenty athletes completed a max 2 O V test consisting of an incremental phase and a subsequent supramaximal phase to exhaustion (verification phase). Traditional and novel max 2 O V criteria were evaluated. Novel criteria were: 1) 2 O V plateau defined as a difference between modelled and actual max 2 O V >50% of the regression slope of the individual 2 O V workrate relationship; 2) same as criterion 1, but for maximal verification 2 O V ; 3) difference ≤4 beats∙min -1 between maximal heart rate values in the two phases. Results. Satisfying the traditional 2 O V plateau criterion was largely an artefact of the between-subject variation in the 2 O V -workrate relationship. Secondary criteria, supposedly an indicator of maximal effort, were often satisfied long before volitional exhaustion, even as low an intensity as 61% max 2 O V . No significant mean differences were observed between the incremental and verification phases for 2 O V (t = 0.4; p = 0.7) or heart rate (t = 0.8; p = 0.5). The novel 2 O V plateau criterion, max 2 O V verification criterion and maximal heart rate verification criterion were satisfied by 17, 18 and 18 subjects, respectively. The small individual absolute differences in 2 O V between incremental and verification phases, observed in most subjects, provided additional confidence that max 2 O V was elicited. Conclusion. Current max 2 O V criteria were not valid and novel criteria should be further explored.
Assessment of water quality for drinking purpose from water coolers of different teaching institutes in Lahore

Water coolers are common source of drinking water in teaching institutes of Lahore. Drinking water from water coolers has the potential to cause waterborne diseases to consumers due to contamination with different microbes and chemicals. Present study aimed to assess cooler water quality from different teaching institutes in Lahore city. A total of 55 water samples were taken in sterile polyethylene bottles according to standard water collection techniques (APHA). Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were tested for each sample and values compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. Laboratoryanalysis of water established that physicochemical quality of water samples was satisfactory as values were within the permissible limit established by WHO while 44 samples (80%) showed positive results for bacterial contamination. The faecal coliform (E. coli) was found in 17 of the total samples yielding a percentage of 38.63%. Amongst the positive samples 8 (18.18%) of the samples had E. coli O157: H7 present in them which is very alarming as this enterohemorrhagic strain of E. coli having a low infectious dose. Leakage and cross contamination between sewage pipes and drinking water pipelines or may be due to leaky and worn out pipes may be one reason for this contamination. Another reason may be improper disinfection (chlorination), biofilm development and improper working of the filtration. It is concluded here that water quality of Lahore teaching institutes is unsatisfactory and deteriorating. Consequently, the study recommends regular chlorination and monitoring of water quality from coolers to avoid microbial contamination. Keywords-Lahore; Public universities; Tap water; Water cooler; Water quality.
On the Mixing of Waters at a Northern Offshore Area of Taiwan

Previous hydrographic surveys show that there exists a permanent upwelling center of Kuroshio subsurface water above the shelf break at the northeast offshore area of Taiwan. The water type of this cold dome is quite different from its Kuroshio origin. This indicates that the upwelling water is being mixed with shelf water and that the mixing is mainly in a vertical direction. The energy source of the mixing is partially supported by the internal tidal motion. A typical example was observed during December 3-4, 1989 from the CTD and ADCP surveys at an anchored station, During the survey period, the Kuroshio intruded onto the shelf and both the hydrographic and current profile data indicated a strong internal tide. The gradient Richardson number is smaller than 1 below 80 m and is about 4-10 in the thermocline, which is in the 40-80 m depth range, This indicates that the flow is generally unstable and thus the turbulent mixing is enhanced.
e hydrochemistry of high-altitude lakes in selected mountain ranges of Central and Southern Europe

e results of hydrochemical investigations of 29 high-altitude lakes in two mountain regions of Europe (Carpathian and Rhodope Mountains), diversified genetically and with respect to present morphogenetic processes, are discussed in relation to local geological, climatic, hydrological conditions and anthropopression. e differences in concentration of major ions (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , SO 4 2- and HCO 3 - ) are strongly correlated with the altitude of the lakes, and chemical diversity of their water reflects primarily the differences in intensity of chemical weathering and, to a lesser extent, the difference in mineral composition of bedrock. e characteristics of geological structure of the surroundings of lake basin is reflected in chemistry of the lakes located in the area of occurrence of strongly weathered series of metamorphic rock. e ion ratios in water of the investigated lakes are important indicators of anthropogenic influence.
Water quality assessment of two ponds of Samastipur District (India)

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