Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes of soil organic matter under minimum tillage in different soil-climatic conditions

Quantitative and qualitative soil organic matter properties were observed in a specific large area experi - ment (Chernozem - Gross Enzersdorf, Austria) and in a medium-term field experiment (Cambisol - Studena, Czech Republic). Two technologies - minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) - were compared by means of the determination of quantitative and qualitative soil organic matter parameters of the soil samples in the years 2004-2005. Cambisol showed higher values of quantitative soil organic matter parameters in MT compared to those in CT over the whole soil profile. For Cambisol, the qualitative parameters were almost comparable for both technologies. Cher - nozem showed more favourable values of the quantitative parameters in the surface layer in MT, however, the values had rather a contrary trend in deeper soil layers. CT showed slightly more favourable values of the qualitative soil organic matter parameters in Chernozem. It can be said that Chernozem organic matter reaction to tillage technology changes is slower and of minor rate in comparison with that of Cambisol organic matter. The results of quantitative and qualitative parameters do not conform with the generally recognised values for the Chernozem soil type.
Closure to “Importance of Tail Dependence in Bivariate Frequency Analysis” by Annie Poulin, David Huard, Anne-Catherine Favre, and Stéphane Pugin

The copula is what defines the association between two random variables, distinct from their univariate distributions. It is a function of two arguments , and thus is much more complicated than a correlation, which is a one-number summary. Appreciation that the copula may be useful in hydrology dates back at least to the suggestion by Moran 1970, p. 109 that rainfall in seeded and non-seeded conditions might be distributed as a bivariate normal distribution transformed to gamma margins. That is, there are three questions: a what the first margin is, and in the case of seeded rainfall, the assumption might be that it is a gamma distribution as this is skew; b what the second margin is, and for rainfall in the non-seeded condition, the assumption might again be that it is a gamma distribution; c the nature of the association, and the assumption might be that the copula is that of a bivariate normal distribution if for no other reason than the familiarity of that distribution. Moran 1970, p. 109 is not explicit concerning how the pairs of observations are obtained, but they might refer to two places randomized on one day such that one is seeded and the other is not. In some hydrological applications e.g., peak flow and flood volume , the upper tail of the copula is of disproportionate interest. Poulin et al. 2007 have shown that the association between these variables that is estimated from the whole distribution can be very misleading when applied to the upper tail. The purpose of the present discussion is to draw attention to some other evidence for this finding. Poulin et al. defined a tail-dependence coefficient U. For a data set referring to the Loire River, they estimated the coefficient by two types of methods. 1. Nonparametrically, making no assumption about the nature of the joint distribution. 2. By making an assumption about the nature of the copula, then using the whole distribution to estimate the association parameter of that copula, and finally converting this to U. Poulin et al. considered seven different copulas. In the case of five of them, results by method B were very different from what they should have been method A . Estimates were 0.55 and 0.57 by two variants of method A, and were 0.0, 0.0, 0.60, 0.57, 0.33, 0.0, and 0.37 for the seven different assumptions see Table 4 of Poulin et al. . The estimates of zero arose because U was necessarily zero for those copulas. In a sense then, estimation of the association parameter was an unnecessary
Complex variations in sediment transport at three large river bifurcations during discharge waves in the river Rhine

River bifurcations strongly control the distribution of water and sediment over a river system. A good understanding of this distribution process is crucial for river management. In this paper, an extensive data set from three large bifurcations in the Dutch Rhine is presented, containing data on bed‐load transport, suspended bed sediment transport, dune development and hydrodynamics. The data show complex variations in sediment transport during discharge waves. The objective of this paper is to examine and explain these measured variations in sediment transport. It is found that bend sorting upstream of the bifurcations leads to supply limitation, particularly in the downstream branch that originates in the outer bend of the main channel. Tidal water level variations lead to cyclical variations in the sediment distribution over the downstream branches. Lags in dune development cause complex hysteresis patterns in flow parameters and sediment transport. All bifurcations show evidence of sediment waves, which probably are intrinsic bifurcation phenomena. The complex transport processes at the three bifurcations cause distinct discontinuities in the downstream fining trend of the river. Differences among the studied river bifurcations are mainly due to differences in sediment mobility (Shields value). Because the variations in sediment transport are complex and poorly correlated with the flow discharge, prediction of the sediment distribution with existing relationships for one‐dimensional models is problematic.
Cooperative Perception Techniques for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Applications to the Cooperative Detection, Localization and Monitoring of Forest Fires.

Aerial robotics can be very useful to perform complex tasks such as data and image acquisition of areas otherwise inaccessible using ground means, localization of targets, tracking, map building and others. On the other hand, the complexity of some applications requires the cooperation between several robots. Moreover, even if cooperation is not required, this cooperation can be used to increase the robustness in applications such as detection and localization. This thesis deals with multi-robot cooperation for the perception, or cooperative perception. Cooperative perception can be defined as the collaboration between a fleet of robots for the estimation of the state of the environment, by sharing information or even by developing cooperative actions. More precisely, this thesis considers the cooperation of multiple heterogeneous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for detection, localization, tracking and monitoring purposes. Cooperative perception embraces the problems of information fusion and the development of actions. The thesis analyzes the problem of cooperative perception under probabilistic representations of the knowledge. The extension of probabilistic filters to multi-robot perception is analyzed, and the main issues identified. Then, the thesis applies these ideas to different probabilistic representations and filters usually employed in the community. More precisely, the thesis describes algorithms that extend Gaussian filters, evidence grids and particle filters for decentralized multi-robot perception. The potential application of aerial robots for fire fighting is one of the guides of the thesis, and thus, the cooperative perception techniques are applied to the automatic detection and localization of forest fires. Also, the thesis describes a cooperative perception system for forest fire monitoring, which considers information provided by static cameras and cameras on board aerial robots. This system is able to compute the evolution of the fire front automatically. The thesis finally considers the use of vision for the estimation of the relative motion of an UAV, which can be applied to navigation tasks; moreover, a potential extension of the method to multi-UAV relative position estimation is described. The thesis presents results obtained in field experiments involving three UAVs and controlled forest fires. These experiments are used to validate the presented techniques in the tasks of detection, confirmation, localization and monitoring of forest fires by means of a fleet of several UAVs.
The Impact of Growth in the Tourism Sector on Economic Development: The Experience of Selected Caribbean Countries

This paper empirically examines the impact of tourism expansion on the economic development of selected Caribbean countries. Through the use of pooled data, the paper finds that tourism expansion has exerted a positive impact on the economic development of Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, and Anguilla. The application of the error-correction methodology, however, produced results which suggested that the agricultural sector has contracted as the tourism sector expanded.
Geochemical variations in Archean volcanic rocks, southwestern Greenland: Traces of diverse tectonic settings in the early Earth

The primary driving force behind present-day structural, magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic processes is plate tectonics, resulting from the fl ow of matter and energy between the lithosphere and mantle along divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. Operation of plate tectonics and eruption of hot spot lavas from mantle plumes, stemming from the core-mantle boundary, appears to be coupled in that subducting oceanic plates pile up at the core-mantle boundary and then rise as buoyant plumes to feed hot spot volcanoes (see Hofmann, 1997; Burke, 2011). How far back in Earth history were these geological processes driven by plate tectonics? Were Archean geological processes dominated by density-driven, vertical crustal overturns and diapirs, without modern analogs? How did Archean continents grow? How did Archean oceanic crust form? Did Archean oceanic crust recycle into the mantle at subduction zones? These questions remain controversial. Excellent exposures and a prolonged geological record spanning 3.85‐2.5 Ga in the Archean craton of southwestern Greenland provide a unique opportunity to test hypotheses proposed for the early evolution of Earth. This craton consists mainly of Eoarchean to Neoarchean (ca. 3.8‐
Geese on a green wave: flexible migrants in a changing world

The influence of climate change on the life histories of many species in temperate and Arctic regions is inevitably becoming more severe. Through trophic cascades, a changing phenology of plants affects primary and secondary consumers. Barnacle Geese, Branta leucopsis, are migratory herbivores, following consecutive waves of fresh spring growth of forage plants on their journey from temperate wintering to arctic breeding sites. At each stopover they time their staging to profit maximally from the spring production and the temporarily high quality of forage grasses. Temperature rise will advance the onset of spring growth. But can these migratory herbivores keep up with advancing food peaks? Here we analyse weather data along the East Atlantic flyway during the past 30 years. We compare weather patterns of the traditional staging sites in order to assess the predictability of spring temperatures and food availability en route. We report on field experiments with portable green houses at three important staging sites along the flyway, in which a small temperature rise was induced in early spring and the growth responses of forage plant species were measured. We show a correlation in weather patterns between sites. Plant growth is significantly advanced by small increases of spring temperatures and is closely related to cumulative spring temperatures. This allows predicting circumstances at the following migratory destination. An analysis of migration patterns of the geese demonstrates that timing of migration is advanced in warmer years; however this advancement does not match the advancement of plant growth at all staging sites. We discuss the capability of geese to keep up with the advancing green wave and other temperature induced changes and review alternative migration strategies that recently developed in this migratory species.
Urban housing quality and its health implications in Nigeria: an example of Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria

Developing countries are faced with qualitative and quantitative housing inadequacies. Living conditions in many urban areas are squalid and pose serious health challenges on the inhabitants. This study examines the housing quality and its health implications in Lokoja metropolis. Both primary and secondary data were employed. A structured questionnaire was designed. An average of forty questionnaires was distributed across each of the three residential areas identified in the city to elicit information about the types of residential units occupied by the residents of the city and the facilities available in their houses such as toilets, electricity, and drainage. Secondary data was obtained from documentary sources. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data. The findings reveal that more than 60% of the inhabitants live in indecent houses. The cost of housing is exorbitant to an average household in the city. This may advance the reasons substantial numbers of urban residents live in slum areas which are affordable to them. Further analysis reveals that the quality of housing varies across the residential areas identified in the city. Similarly, environmental health challenges vary across the three residential areas in Lokoja. The study recommends that low cost housing scheme should be established in Lokoja as this may reduce housing problems in the city. Also, this will enable the urban residents to live in a healthy environment and consequently improve the standard of living of urban dwellers in Lokoja. Key Words : Housing, Quality, Poverty, Facilities and Planning
Shalmaneser - A Toolchain For Shallow Semantic Parsing

This paper presents Shalmaneser, a software package for shallow semantic parsing, the automatic assignment of semantic classes and roles to free text. Shalmaneser is a toolchain of independent modules communicating through a common XML format. System output can be inspected graphically. Shalmaneser can be used either as a black box to obtain semantic parses for new datasets (classifiers for English and German frame-semantic analysis are included), or as a research platform that can be extended to new parsers, languages, or classification paradigms.
Crustal CO2 liberation during the 2006 eruption and earthquake events at Merapi volcano, Indonesia

High‐temperature volcanic gas is widely considered to originate from ascending, mantle‐derived magma. In volcanic arc systems, crustal inputs to magmatic gases mainly occur via subducted sediments in the mantle source region. Our data from Merapi volcano, Indonesia imply, however, that during the April‐October 2006 eruption significant quantities of CO2 were added from shallow crustal sources. We show that prior to the 2006 events, summit fumarole gas δ13C(CO2) is virtually constant (δ13C1994–2005 = −4.1 ± 0.3‰), but during the 2006 eruption and after the shallow Yogyakarta earthquake of late May, 2006 (M6.4; hypocentres at 10–15 km depth), carbon isotope ratios increased to −2.4 ± 0.2‰. This rise in δ13C is consistent with considerable addition of crustal CO2and coincided with an increase in eruptive intensity by a factor of ∼3 to 5. We postulate that this shallow crustal volatile input supplemented the mantle‐derived volatile flux at Merapi, intensifying and sustaining the 2006 eruption. Late‐stage volatile additions from crustal contamination may thus provide a trigger for explosive eruptions independently of conventional magmatic processes.
A combined microscopic and macroscopic approach to modeling the transport of pathogenic microorganisms from nonpoint sources of pollution

Recent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis raise serious concerns about the effectiveness of watershed management in controlling the risk of contamination by pathogens. A modeling strategy that takes into account the inherent randomness of the occurrence and transport of pathogens in surface water is important for accurate risk assessment and prediction of water contamination events. This paper presents a stochastic Markov model of microorganism transport, with distinct states of microorganism behavior capturing the microbial partitioning between solid and aqueous phases in runoff and soil surface, including the partitioning among soil particles of various sizes. A connection between the soil sediment and microbial transport is established through the incorporation of an erosion model (WEPP) into the microorganism transport model. Probability distribution functions of microorganism occurrence in time and space are constructed, and their properties are analyzed. A deterministic mathematical model of coupled pathogen and sediment transport is developed in parallel to parameterize the Markov process. The numerical values for the Markov model parameters were derived from two sets of experimental data. Model results show that areas with clay soils are more likely than sandy soils to contribute to contamination events and that the most influential transport parameters are the saturated hydraulic conductivity, rainfall intensity, and topographic slope.
Tillage effects on phosphorus losses from sludge-amended soils

ABSTRACT: The impact of sludge application method and rate on the quality of runoff from no-till and conventionally tilled fields was investigated on replicated plots using simulated rainfall. Anaerobically digested sewage sludge was applied at rates sufficient to supply 0, 75, and 150 kg/ha of available nitrogen (N) (0, 67, and 134 pounds/acre) to the field plots. These rates resulted in the application of 0, 115, and 230 kg/ha phosphorus (P) (0, 103, and 206 pounds/acre), respectively. Sludge was surface-applied to the no-till plots. On conventional tillage plots, sludge was either sugace-applied or incorporated to a depth of 10 to 15 cm (4–6 inches). A total of 90 mm (3.5 inches) of rainfall at an intensity of 45 mm/hr (1.8 inches/hour) was applied to the sixteen 0.01-ha (0.025-acre) plots. Runoff samples were collected at plot discharges and analyzed for sediment and P contents. No-till practices greatly reduced runoff and sediment yields. Runoff and sediment yields decreased as sludge application rates increased for both tillage systems. Surface application of sludge resulted in higher concentrations and yields of P relative to incorporation. Sediment-bound and total-P yields were less from sludge-treated plots than from control treatments because of reduced erosion and runoff as a result of sludge addition.
Lee slope sediment processes leading to avalanche initiation on an aeolian dune

In order to detail the governing conditions through which a slipface matures to the point of failure, dry sand avalanches were observed in the Dune Simulation Wind Tunnel on a 1:1 replica transverse dune with a crest height of approximately 1.2 m. Areal distributions of grainfall and reptation were measured using traps. Changes in the slipface elevation were observed using 3‐D laser scanning with a vertical accuracy of 0.096 mm for approximately every 1 mm2 of surface area. Grainfall decayed exponentially from the brink with a constant rate across all wind velocities. Reptation removed sediment from areas close to the brink and deposited it downslope, creating low amplitude, cross‐slope ripples on the slipface. A critical length scale separating grainscale and bulk sediment behavior is identified, and it defines the lower limit to the validity of angle of repose measurements. Avalanche initiation occurred in an area of steep surface slope below a sediment bulge, with distance from the brink independent of wind velocity. The time between avalanches was found to be constant for constant wind velocity.
Task-Oriented Koopman-Based Control with Contrastive Encoder

We present task-oriented Koopman-based control that utilizes end-to-end reinforcement learning and contrastive encoder to simultaneously learn the Koopman latent embedding, operator, and associated linear controller within an iterative loop. By prioritizing the task cost as the main objective for controller learning, we reduce the reliance of controller design on a well-identified model, which, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, extends Koopman control from low to high-dimensional, complex nonlinear systems, including pixel-based tasks and a real robot with lidar observations. Code and videos are available \href{https://sites.google. com/view/kpmlilatsupp/}{here}.
DiffGAN-F2S: Symmetric and Efficient Denoising Diffusion GANs for Structural Connectivity Prediction from Brain fMRI

Mapping from functional connectivity (FC) to structural connectivity (SC) can facilitate multimodal brain network fusion and discover potential biomarkers for clinical implications. However, it is challenging to directly bridge the reliable non-linear mapping relations between SC and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this paper, a novel diffusision generative adversarial network-based fMRI-to-SC (DiffGAN-F2S) model is proposed to predict SC from brain fMRI in an end-to-end manner. To be specific, the proposed DiffGAN-F2S leverages denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) and adversarial learning to efficiently generate high-fidelity SC through a few steps from fMRI. By designing the dual-channel multi-head spatial attention (DMSA) and graph convolutional modules, the symmetric graph generator first captures global relations among direct and indirect connected brain regions, then models the local brain region interactions. It can uncover the complex mapping relations between fMRI and structural connectivity. Furthermore, the spatially connected consistency loss is devised to constrain the generator to preserve global-local topological information for accurate intrinsic SC prediction. Testing on the public Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, the proposed model can effectively generate empirical SC-preserved connectivity from four-dimensional imaging data and shows superior performance in SC prediction compared with other related models. Furthermore, the proposed model can identify the vast majority of important brain regions and connections derived from the empirical method, providing an alternative way to fuse multimodal brain networks and analyze clinical disease.
Hydrogen partition coefficients between nominally anhydrous minerals and basaltic melts

We have measured hydrogen partition coefficients between nominally anhydrous minerals (olivine, pyroxenes) and basaltic melts in 13 hydrous melting experiments performed at upper mantle P‐T conditions (1–2 GPa and 1230–1380°C). Resulting liquids have 3.1–6.4 wt. % H2O and average mineral/melt partition coefficients as follows: DHol/melt = 0.0017 ± 0.0005 (n = 9), DHopx/melt = 0.019 ± 0.004 (n = 8), and DHcpx/melt = 0.023 ± 0.005 (n = 2). Mineral/mineral partition coefficients are DHol/opx = 0.11 ± 0.01 (n = 4), DHol/cpx = 0.08 ± 0.01 (n = 2) and DHcpx/opx = 1.4 ± 0.3 (n = 1). These measurements confirm that water behaves similarly to Ce during mantle melting (DHperidotite/melt is ∼0.009). For mantle water concentrations of 50–200 ppm, the onset of melting is 5–20 km deeper than the dry solidus, less than previous estimates.