Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbonation and its interaction with other sensory modalities

approved: AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Niann-Jou Newton. Yau 'for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Science and Technology presented on August 27. 1991. Title: Carbonation and Its Interaction with Other Sensory Modalities Signature redacted for privacy. rof. Mina R. McDaniel The study of carbonation perception is limited, even though carbonated beverages are very popular. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the sensory properties of carbonation itself and its interaction with other sensory modalities. First, the power functions of carbonation in carbonated spring water were developed by a trained panel using two assessing conditions, swallowing and expectoration. Five carbonation levels, 1.2 2.0. 2.5, 3.0, and 3.9 volumes CO2, were employed. The size of the exponents, 2.79 (swallowing) and 2.65 (expectoration), suggested a sharp increase of perceived carbonation magnitude with increasing concentration. There was no significant difference between exponents resulting from the two assessing conditions. Second, the effects of temperature on carbonation perception in carbonated spring water were determined by use of both a trained panel and a naive panel. Two carbonation levels, 2.4 and 3.0 volumes, and four temperature levels, 30, 10°, 160 and 220C, were employed. Carbonation intensity was perceived to be higher at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. This effect held true for both trained and naive panels. The temperature effect on carbonation perception, however, was carbonation level dependent. Differences were more evident at the higher carbonation level. Thirdly, the mutual effects of carbonation and tastants (sweetener and acidulant) were determined by a trained panel. How CO2 affects sweetness and how sweetener level affects carbonation perception were measured in both sucrose and aspartame sweetened systems. How CO2 level affects sourness and how acid level affects carbonation perception were measured in both citric acid and phosphoric acid acidulated systems. The effects were measured at concentrations of 2-16% (w/v) for sucrose, 0.015-0.12% (w/v) for aspartame, 0.02-0.29% (w/v) for citric acid, and 0.015-0.06% (v/v) for phosphoric acid. Higher carbonation reduced sweetness ratings in aspartame-sweetened samples but had no effect on sweetness in sucrose-sweetened samples. Only the highest concentration of sucrose (16% w/v) reduced carbonation perception. Carbonation enhanced sourness ratings at the lower acid levels and had no effect at higher acid levels for both acid systems. No effect of acid level on carbonation perception was found. Ccopyright by Niann-Jou Newton Yau August 27, 1991
Fósforo orgânico em solos sob florestas montanas, pastagens e eucalipto no Norte Fluminense

Highly weathered tropical soils have low P plant availability and very high inorganic phosphorus (Pi) adsorption capacity. Therefore, maintenance of organic sources able to supply P by mineralization is essential for P availability under highly weathered conditions. Organic matter cycling and tolerance to low P soil concentration of the plant community may guarantee sustainability in natural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate organic phosphorus (Po) content and labile P fractions in the soils of three sites. The first site was a natural forest at 900 m asl, the second natural forest at 600 m asl and the third a Corymbia citriodora stand at 250 m asl. The same P fractions were evaluated in pasture areas adjacent to each site. The recovery rate of Pi + Po ranged from 50 to 82 % of the nitric-perchloric extraction. Mean total Po in the forest was 160 mg kg-1 and in pasture soil 69.8 mg kg-1. The greatest difference between forest and pasture was observed at site one (-74 %), followed by site three (-53 %) and site two (-25 %). Organic P accounted for 14.6 to 36.9 % of the total extracted P. Labile Po accounted for over 80 % of the total labile P in the natural forests and 65 % in the Corymbia citriodora plantation. Total and labile Po were positively correlated with organic C, and the labile Po was positively related to available P.
Changes in Carbon following Forest Soil Transplants along an Altitudinal Gradient

Using a simple case study approach, this research tested the hypothesis that soil organic carbon (C) concentrations would decline when mineral soils from cool, nitrogen (N)–rich, high‐elevation (>1400 m) forests were transplanted to warmer, N‐poor, low‐elevation (∼545 m) forests. Two short‐term (<5 year) experiments were performed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Tenn./N.C.) in the southern Appalachian Mountains. In the first experiment, C concentrations in whole soils, particulate organic matter (POM), and mineral‐associated organic matter (MOM) declined significantly (P ⩽0.001) when soils from a high elevation site (1H) were transplanted to a low‐elevation site (1L). In the second experiment, there was a significant (P ⩽ 0.05) decline in POM C concentrations when high elevation soils (2H) were moved to a lower elevation (2L) as well as declines in whole soil C concentrations that were significant at P ⩽ 0.10. In both cases, reciprocal transplants of low elevation soils to high elevations resulted in no detectable change in soil C concentrations. Warming of higher quality soil organic matter (whole soil C‐to‐N ratio <20) resulted in greater soil C loss. Consistent with prior predictions, the results suggest that a future warmer and drier climate may cause losses of forest soil C at high elevations in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Changes in forest floor and mineral soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in a boreal forest after clear‐cutting and mechanical site preparation

Significant amounts of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are accumulated in soil in boreal forests. However, increased concern has been shown regarding the negative impacts of forestry operations on both the C sequestration and N stocks in soil. Changes in the C and N stocks in woody debris, forest floor and mineral soil (0–20 cm) were studied in Eastern Finland for 10 years after stem‐only clear‐cutting followed by soil harrowing. Samples were taken from the uncut forest and from the different microsites formed by the harrowing (ridges, furrows and undisturbed areas). Carbon and N from logging residues were not incorporated into the forest floor or mineral soil stocks to any great extent. After 5 years the C stock above the mineral soil was smaller (< 20%) in the treated area than in the uncut forest and after 10 years it was < 50% smaller. The corresponding N stock was marginally larger (< 5%) after 5 years, but smaller (< 20%) after 10 years. In the mineral soil there were no changes; only the furrows lost C and N when compared with the other microsites, but not when compared with the forest. Harrowing increased the spatial variation in the forest floor C and N stocks. The comparison of the N losses from the soil and logging residues and woody debris with the leaching losses, the amounts utilized by the regenerating vegetation or estimated to be immobilized by the stumps at the same site indicated that N which remained after the clear‐cutting was retained at the site. For a full understanding of the impact of such a disturbance on stocks at a site all significant fluxes and stocks would need to be monitored.
Statistical study of clathrate-hydrate nucleation in a water/hydrochlorofluorocarbon system: Search for the nature of the memory effect

This paper describes an experimental study on the statistical nature of clathrate-hydrate nucleation in a quiescent hydrochlorofluorocarbon-in-water system in which a hydrate was once formed and then dissociated. The primary objective of the study is to investigate how hydrate nucleation in the system depends on its thermal history (i.e., the time evolution of system temperature), through which the preceding hydrate dissociation was carried out, and thereby better characterize the nature of the “memory effect” for hydrate formation. Isolated drops of HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F) immersed in water were employed as test samples for use in detecting hydrate formation on the drop surfaces by video-monitoring. The thermal history of these samples was characterized by the temperature at which the hydrate covering the drops dissociated and also by the length of time for which the samples were held at that temperature before they were cooled again to a prescribed level to induce hydrate nucleation. Thirty to fifty sample.
Plantas de cobertura em região de inverno seco para semeadura direta de soja

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da palha de quatro plantas de cobertura: sorgo granifero ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), crotalaria ( Crotalaria juncea L.), milheto ( Penisetum americanum L.) e braquiarao ( Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), semeadas em duas epocas e uma area em pousio, na cultura da soja em sucessao, no Sistema Plantio Direto. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no periodo de marco/2008 a abril/2009, na area experimental da FE/UNESP, localizada no municipio de Selviria – MS (51o22'W e 20o22'S, com 335m altitude), em Latossolo Vermelho distrofico.O fatorial foi conduzido em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com oito repeticoes. As plantas forrageiras ( B. brizantha e crotalaria) semeadas em duas epocas nao alteraram a produtividade da soja em su­cessao. A produtividade da cultura da soja sobre sorgo e milheto, semeados em marco, foi maior do que aquela observada para as mesmas culturas semeadas em abril. As gramineas utilizadas se mostraram-se como uma opcao viavel para a producao de massa seca da parte aerea, para semea­duras no mes de marco.
Variation of 7S and 11S Seed Protein Concentrations in Different Food Types of Soybean Seed

Soybean varieties derived from Korea are classified into four groups on the basis of their food types such as soybeans for vegetable, sprout, sauce and paste and soybeans with colored seed coat. This study was carried out to know the differences in storage protein concentrations among these four groups. There were differences in storage protein concentrations among four groups. In 7S protein, the '-and -subunit concentrations did not vary among four groups, while a -subunit concentration greatly varied. 7S protein concentration was the highest(40.6%) in soybean for sauce and paste and the lowest(37.7%) in soybean for vegetable, while 11S protein concentration was the highest (62.3%) in soybean for vegetable and the lowest (59.4%) in soybean for sauce and paste. In view of the fact that 11S protein has much higher sulfur containing amino acids than 7S protein, it was shown the soybeans for vegetable may have higher nutrition value than other groups.
Conversion−Temperature Diagram for a Palladium Membrane Reactor. Analysis of an Endothermic Reaction: Methane Steam Reforming

An analysis of the conversion−temperature diagram for methane steam reforming is presented. A mathematical model of a membrane reactor (MR) containing a Pd-based membrane with ideal behavior was developed to calculate the temperature and species profiles. The comparison of annular and tubular configurations showed different MR performance because of thermal effects. The equilibrium of the MR system was calculated, starting from the method of “reactors in series”. The equilibrium curve of a MR was calculated as a function of the sweep factor (I), defined as the ratio of the sweep gas and methane feed flow rates. The existence region for a MR was defined as a function of I and is delimited by the adiabatic, isothermal, and equilibrium curves. Once I, the feed molar ratio, and the oven temperature were defined, the reaction paths of all MRs fell within the existence region. This was observed for various values of reaction rates, membrane thicknesses, flow rates, overall heat transfer coefficients, and geomet.
Evidence of Cd1−xMnxS nanocrystal growth in a glass matrix by the fusion method

In this work, CdS nanocrystals (NCs) doped with Mn were synthesized in a glass matrix by fusion. The as-grown Cd1−xMnxS NCs were investigated by optical absorption, atomic force microscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The incorporation of Mn2+ ions in CdS NCs was confirmed by an absorption transition blueshift with increasing Mn concentration x. EPR spectra demonstrated the existence of two distinct Mn2+ ion locations: one incorporated in the core and the other near the surface of the Cd1−xMnxS NCs. The hyperfine interaction constants used to simulate the EPR spectra were A=7.6 and 8.2 mT, respectively. The synthesis of high quality Cd1−xMnxS NCs may allow the control of optical and magnetic properties.
Crystal structure of 4'-hydroxy-5,6-benzoflavone, C19H12O3

C19H12O3, monoclinic, P\2\lc\ (No. 14), a = 8.157(4) A, b = 15.091 (2) A, c = 11.035(2) Α, β = 92.37(3)°, V = 1357.2 A , Ζ = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.060, WRM(F) = 0.088, Τ = 293 Κ. Source of material Crystals of the title compound (Indofine Chemical Company) were grown from ethyl acetate solution, mp 576 Κ 578 Κ. Discussion X-ray analysis has shown that 5,6-benzoflavone is planar with a dihedral angle of 1.07°. The planarity of the molecule was considered to be due to the stabilization of the negative charge on the carbonyl Ο atom [1]. Potential energy calculations for the same molecule predicted a non-planar conformation. We have reported in the past the same type of disagreement between molecular quantum mechanical calculations and X-ray results [2]. The X-ray single crystal structure of 4 '-hydroxy-ß-naphthoflavone was undertaken to show that the conformation of these types of molecules are affected primarily by the crystal packing [3]. The title compound is in a non-planar conformation. The dihedral angle is 18.0(2)°, and d(C2—CI') = 1.440(8) A. Crystal: colorless needle, size 0.2 χ 0.2 χ 0.3 mm Wavelength: Mo Ka radiation (0.71073 A) μ: 1.0 cm" 1 Diffractometer, scan mode: CAD4, ω/2θ 26max: 49.94° WtWjmeasurtti, WlW înique: 2725,2376 Criterion for fobs, N(hkl)g: fobs > 3 a(Fobs), 1351 N(param)nfUK<l·. 247 Program: XT AL [4] Table 2. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (in Ä). Atom Site X y ζ l/iso H(6') 4e 0.120(6) 0.222(3) 0.914(5) 0.03(1) H(3') 4e -0.201(7) 0.220(4) 1.254(5) 0.05(2) H(2') 4e -0.073(7) 0.345(4) 1.202(5) 0.07(2) H(13) 4e 0.565(7) 0.781(4) 0.905(5) 0.05(2) H(8) 4e 0.222(7) 0.399(4) 0.693(5) 0.05(2) H(5') 4e -0.011(7) 0.095(4) 0.975(5) 0.06(2) H(12) 4e 0.626(8) 0.766(4) 0.715(5) 0.07(2) H(14) 4e 0.436(7) 0.674(4) 1.004(5) 0.05(2) H(3) 4* 0.152(8) 0.441(4) 1.178(6) 0.07(2) H(7) 4e 0.370(7) 0.506(4) 0.604(6) 0.06(2) H(ll) 4e 0.513(7) 0.644(4) 0.614(5) 0.05(2) H(4') 4e -0.17(1) 0.013(3) 1.132(7) 0.20(3) Table 3. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (in A). Atom Site X y ζ £/ιι i/22 I/33 U12 t/13 1/23 C(10) 4e 0.2978(6) 0.5217(3) 0.9303(4) 0.037(3) 0.033(3) 0.029(3) 0.004(2) 0.005(2) 0.001(2) 0(1) 4e 0.1580(5) 0.3814(2) 0.9053(3) 0.053(2) 0.041(2) 0.029(2) -0.008(2) 0.005(2) -0.001(2) C(2) 4e 0.1217(7) 0.3784(4) 1.0250(4) 0.042(3) 0.043(3) 0.028(3) 0.005(3) 0.005(2) 0.005(2) C(9) 4e 0.2403(7) 0.4518(3) 0.8603(4) 0.042(3) 0.040(3) 0.029(3) 0.002(3) 0.002(2) 0.004(2) C(5) 4e 0.3878(7) 0.5910(3) 0.8719(5) 0.039(3) 0.037(3) 0.034(3) 0.005(3) 0.004(2) 0.003(2) C(4) 4e 0.2630(7) 0.5202(4) 1.0609(5) 0.041(3) 0.038(3) 0.034(3) 0.008(3) 0.009(2) 0.001(3) C(3) 4e 0.1723(7) 0.4454(4) 1.0991(5) 0.049(4) 0.045(3) 0.026(3) 0.001(3) 0.009(3) -0.000(3) * Correspondence author (e-mail: shoja@fordham.edu) 302 4'-Hydroxy-5,6-benzoflavone
Mobility and Persistence of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Peat Soils of Southeastern Mexico

Spilled crude petroleum from oil wells contains numerous hydrocarbons, some of which are toxic and threaten life. We have studied the mobility and persistence of hydrocarbons in waterlogged soils that contain large proportions of fermented organic matter (Histosols) and large concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the State of Tabasco, Mexico. We sampled soil and phreatic water at sites polluted by oil spills for several decades, as well as at sites that had only recently (few weeks) been polluted, and compared their hydrocarbon contents with those of unaffected sites in the same area. Samples were analyzed for 16 non-alkylated polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes from nC9 to nC34. The spilled hydrocarbons had remained predominantly in the organic surface horizons of the soil where spillage occurred; there was little evidence of movement within the soil. The fraction of low molecular weight compounds was larger at sites of recent spills than where spills happened several decades ago. Nevertheless, sites of old spills still contained large concentrations of hydrocarbons, among which those of low molecular weight represented from 30 to 49% of total PAHs and from 50 to 84% of total n-alkanes, indicating that volatilization or microbial degradation is slow in these soils. In the peat horizons the measured organic carbon partition coefficients (K oc ) for the higher molecular weight PAHs were consistently smaller than those estimated by empirical equations by up to two orders of magnitude. The dissolved organic carbon of these peat soils seems to influence this behavior. At sites of old spills, partition coefficients for the PAHs were larger than at sites of recent spills.
Non‐classical polarization of cations increases the stability of clay aggregates: specific ion effects on the stability of aggregates

The stability of soil aggregates is closely connected with particle interaction determined by the combination of the van der Waals attractive force and electric repulsive force according to Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DVLO) theory. Recently, hydration force and dispersion force were put forward to explain the different behaviours of cations or anions of the same valence at the ion–surface interface, namely the specific ion effect, where the application of classical DLVO theory had failed. Here, we employed two cation species, potassium and sodium (K+ and Na+), to discover how the specific ion effect would influence clay aggregate stability. The stability of K+– and Na+–montmorillonite aggregates was determined under different electrolyte concentrations, indicated by the mass percentages of particles with diameters of < 10, < 5 and < 2 µm released after aggregate breakdown. There were large differences in the stability of the K+‐ and Na+‐ aggregates, and strong specific ion effects were shown. These effects could not be explained by the differences in ionic size, hydration and ion–surface dispersion forces between K+ and Na+. We have proved that the difference in polarization between the K+ and Na+ at the charged clay surface was responsible for the specific ion effects. The difference in polarization observed between the adsorbed K+ and Na+ was hundreds to thousands of times larger than classical values; these results were also verified independently with different methods. The strong non‐classical polarization of the adsorbed cation decreased the electric field and the electrostatic repulsion between adjacent particles in the aggregates, and thus strongly increased the aggregate stability.
Beyond their Capability? Drawing, Designing and the Young Child

Over t h e last four yea r s I have become i n cre asin g l y in teres t e d in t h e p rocesses i nvolve d i n d raw i ng for desig n and th e w a y tha t yo un g c h i l dren (aged 5 - 9) use d ra w in gs to ai d th e i r thin ki n g a b o u t p r od u c t s th a t t hey are p l a n n i ng to m ake. The ass um pt i o n b y t he writers of the ationa l Curric ul um ap p ea r s to be t h a t even young chi l dren can use d rawing as a m eans of mode ll i n g and developi n g i d eas . T h is h as b een increasing l y c h a ll e n ge d a nd h as l e d to m o d if i cat i ons i n s u bse qu e n t d oc ument s. Yet info rm a l o b se r va t io n s o f c hildren 's pl ay a nd th e ir inh e r e n t crea tivene ss h as s u gges t e d to o th e rs t hat t h ey co uld u se d raw in g as a d esign t oo l if o nl y th ey we r e s h ow n h ow. Thi s h as ca u se d me t o co n s id er th e n a tur e of the u n de rl y i ng cog ni t i ve processes i n vo l ved i n dr awi n g fo r des i g n - as a too l f or th oug h t rat h er th an j ust a r eco rdin g m e diu m - and to try t o f i nd o u t w h e n a nd h ow th ese sk ill s deve l o p i n yo un g c hild re n . T h is pap e r di sc u sses r esea r c h i n to c hild re n 's picturin g an d t h e d e m a nd s ma
Aflatoxins Absorption and Excretion Dynamics in Dairy Cows: Technical Strategies to Reduce Metabolites Carry over in Milk

Aflatoxins are the most potent natural carcinogenic compound present in nature. Aflatoxin B1 is poorly degraded in the rumen and is excreted in milk as aflatoxin M1 with a carry-over rate of 1-3%. The present work investigated rate and schedule of aflatoxins plasma appearance following an oral contaminated bolus to verify how these toxins are absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract of dairy cows. Aflatoxins plasma and milk appearances were also investigated using a non-absorbing mucosa to understand the possible aflatoxins absorption mechanism through mucous membranes. A trial was carried out in lactating dairy cows to study the carry over of ingested aflatoxin B1 in milk as aflatoxin M1 in relation to milk yield and somatic cells count, the latter as indicator of udder inflammatory processes. sequestering capacity of different kinds of mycotoxins sequestering agents were compared in vitro trial carried out at different experimental conditions. The behaviour of the aflatoxins-adsorbents complexes through digestive tract of lactating dairy cows were also investigated in vivo by measuring appearance of aflatoxin M1 into milk. An in vivo trial was conducted to verify if effect of pelletizing or simply mixing processes is useful to improve mycotoxins sequestering agents efficacy in dairy cow nutrition.
Structural and thermodynamic explanations of Ostwald's rule

Ostwald proposed that the solid first formed on crystallisation of a melt or a solution would be the least stable polymorph. It is shown that this can be rationalized on the basis of irreversible thermodynamics, structural relationships, or a combined consideration of statistical thermodynamics and structural variation with temperature. It is concluded that the rule cannot be a universal law but is only in the nature of a possible preferred tendency.