Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The deformation history of an accreted ophiolite sequence: the Internal Liguride units (Northern apennines, Italy)

AbstractThe Mt. Gottero, Bracco/Val Graveglia and Colli/Tavarone units from the Northern Apennines, Italy, are remnants of the Ligure-Piemontese oceanic lithosphere that were involved in the tectonic events related to convergence between the European and Adria plates. These events included late Paleocene – middle Eocene subduction followed by late Eocene continental collision.These units, referred to as Internal Liguride units, consist of Jurassic ophiolites covered by a thick sedimentary sequence, which includes late Jurassic-Santonian pelagic deposits (chert, Calpionella limestone and Palombini shale) and Campanian-Early Paleocene trench deposits (Val Lavagna shale and Mt. Gottero sandstone) that are overlain by Early Paleocene lower slope deposits (Bocco shale). This sequence is interpreted as recording trenchward motion of the oceanic lithosphere.The structural analysis of the Internal Liguride units reveals a pre-Oligocene deformation history, which includes the following stages:– stage 1: pre-foldin.
The 1995 Grevena (northern Greece) Earthquake: Fault model constrained with tectonic observations and SAR interferometry

After the 1995 Grevena Ms=6.6 event in northern Greece, we mapped the earthquake fault break in detail. The surface break is small (8–12 km long, 4 cm slip) compared to the moment release of the event. However, the morphologic and tectonic study of the active faults, in the field and using the SPOT satellite imagery, suggests that the earthquake ruptured part of a much larger fault system including interconnecting segments. We used SAR interferometry of the satellite ERS-1 imagery to characterize the coseismic displacement field. This shows a kidney-shaped zone of subsidence reaching 30 cm flanked by an uplift zone reaching 5 cm. We reproduce this field using dislocations in an elastic half-space and our observations of the fault system. This requires 1 m slip from 4 to 15 km depth on a main normal fault segment dipping NNW. Our preliminary model includes significant NE-dipping scissors faulting at the eastern end of the rupture, clearly seen in the interferograms.
A quantitative comparison of the ontogeny of two closely‐related Upper Devonian phacopid trilobites

The best insight into the development of Devonian phacopids has been obtained from Trimerocephalus lelievrei Cronier & Feist, 1997, a Famennian phacopine from Morocco, where changes in size and shape have been quantified. In this study, a morphometric approach has been used: (1) to retrodeform and then establish patterns of morphological variation in a well preserved but tectonically deformed assemblage belonging to another phacopine species Weyerites ensae (Richter & Richter, 1926), a Famennian phacopine from Thuringia, and (2) to establish patterns of developmental and evolutionary changes within two closely related species: Weyerites ensae and Trimerocephalus lelievrei. The method of retrodeformation using a set of discrete points presumed to be homologous on all studied individuals, has demonstrated that the next analyses are possible on the retrodeformed material as compared to the undeformed material. Morphometric analysis based on outline analysis has permitted demonstration of progressive shape change in agreement with ontogenetic ordination and a comparison of changes in size and shape in Weyerites ensae. The main changes in shape appear to occur in the meraspid period, whereas increase in size takes place mainly in the holaspid period. This pattern, already reported for Trimerocephalus lelievrei, can be generalized for phacopine trilobites from the Late Devonian. Moreover, the comparison of the two ontogenetic trajectories has shown that most of the differences are related to 'structural' changes, probably linked to a relative pre- post-displacement. The results suggest that ecological adaptation may be studied by examining the changes in development that occur within species through time and space.
Do intermediate‐ and deep‐focus earthquakes occur on preexisting weak zones? An examination of the Tonga subduction zone

It has been proposed that intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes occur on preexisting planes of weakness that were created at shallow depth. The purpose of this study is to test this hypothesis. We examined fault plane solutions for 360 events that occurred in the Tonga subduction zone from January 1976 to February 1999. For events in the slab, each fault plane solution is rotated by the slab dip angle so that the slab is in its original horizontal position. We then compare fault plane solutions for events in the slab with those for events at the outer rise. We find that an asymmetric fault system, corresponding to that found for outer rise events, persists down to about 450 km depth. This suggests that earthquakes down to this depth are caused by the reactivation of preexisting faults created in the oceanic plate before subduction. A similar pattern, though less well constrained, is found in the Kurile subduction zone down to 200 km depth. For earthquakes deeper than 450 km the fault plane solutions are much more scattered. In some places the fault plane pattern suggests the creation of new fault planes along orientations of maximum shear with zero internal friction. The pattern of fault plane solutions in particular localized volumes cannot be easily explained by the creation of new faults in the direction of maximum shear under a coherent regional tectonic stress field. Thus, either a highly heterogeneous stress field exists or preexisting planes of weakness also account for some deep earthquakes.
Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure in High Arsenic Aquifers in Hetao Plain of Inner Mongolia, China

The bacterial diversity and community structure of high arsenic (As) aquifers was investigated using an integrated approach adopting both geochemistry and molecular biology (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA gene clone library analyses). Nine borehole sediments and one groundwater sample from the living place of a villager (affected by arseniasis) and 12 sediments from a control borehole in Hetao Plain were investigated. The As concentrations ranged from 33.6 to 77.6 mg/kg in high As borehole sediments and 1.5 to 5.8 mg/kg in those samples from the control. The As concentration in the groundwater was 744.8 μg/L. Ratios between As(III) and total As in high As sediments increased gradually with depth and ranged from 0.02 to 0.34. Similarly, the Fe(II)/total Fe presented the same increasing trend with depth. The correlation between TOC contents and total As was positive. High concentrations of total As, S, Fe and TOC were found in clay and low in sand samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed significantly different bacterial communities among high As sediments, control sediments and the high As groundwater. Both DGGE and 16S rRNA gene clone library results showed that the high As sediments were dominated by Thiobacillus, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, and Hydrogenophaga, with Thiobacillus being distinctly dominant (63.5%). Whereas the low As sediments were dominated by some other genera including Psychrobacter, Massilia and Desulfotalea. The bacterial populations in the high As groundwater mainly included Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Aquabacterium. These results improve our understanding of the bacterial diversity in high As aquifers in Hetao Plain and suggest how specific bacterial populations help mediate the mobilization of As into high As groundwaters.
Scale-recursive estimation for merging precipitation data from radar and microwave cross-track scanners

[1] This paper presents an application of scale-recursive estimation (SRE) used to assimilate rainfall rates within a storm, estimated from the data of two remote sensing devices. These are a ground-based weather radar and a spaceborne microwave cross-track scanner. The rain rate products corresponding to the latter were provided by the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management. In our approach, we operate directly on the data so that it is not necessary to consider a predefined multiscale model structure. We introduce a simple and computationally efficient procedure to model the variability of the rain rate process in scales. The measurement noise of the radar is estimated by comparing a large number of data sets with rain gauge data. The noise in the microwave measurements is roughly estimated by using upscaled radar data as a reference. Special emphasis is placed on the specification of the multiscale structure of precipitation under sparse or noisy data. The new methodology is compared with the latest SRE method for data fusion of multisensor precipitation estimates. Applications to the Belgian region show the relevance of the new methodology.
WIDENING OF FAULT ZONES BY EROSION OF ASPERITIES FORMED BY BED-PARALLEL SLIP

Faulting imposes strains on wall-rock volumes. In suitably bedded sequences, wall-rock strains are partly accommodated by bed-parallel slip. Bed-parallel slip may displace fault zone margins, giving rise to fault-surface asperities that are sheared off during subsequent fault slip. The removal of asperities formed by bed-parallel slip can make a significant contribution to fault zone thickness.
Relating suspended sediment to its original soil depth using fallout radionuclides

The authors present and test a new method for determining the original soil depth of suspended sediment through analysis of fallout radionuclide properties. They propose that combining the different depth distributions of fallout {sup 7}Be, {sup 210}Pb, and {sup 137}Cs in soils with one another provides reference curves that can be used as a framework for interpreting the tracer concentrations of sediments derived from them. If it is assumed that the soil depth sources of the sediment are from the surface and the subsurface, the tracer concentrations from these two sources can be used to calculate the actual soil depth(s) from which the sediment originated. The proportion of sediment from each depth can also be calculated. The authors tested this method by generating sediment from a hillslope with treatments simulating: (T1) surface erosion, (T2) shallow rills to 10 mm, (T3) deep rills to 100 mm, and (T4) small gullies to 250 mm. The tracer-based calculations of sediment source matched the known incision depths of these features. Material was predicted to be from 1 {+-} 2 mm and 4 {+-} 4 mm soil depth for T1 and T2 respectively. In T3, the material was predicted to be from 1.25 {+-} 0.5more » mm at the surface and >78 {+-} 6 mm depth from the deep rills. In T4, the sediment was predicted to be from 86 {+-} 6 mm from the small gullies. The subsoil contribution to sediments increased from {approx}50% (T3) to 75% (T4) as rill and dully depths and widths increased. « less
Natural and anthropogenic influences on ice formation on various water bodies of the Silesian Upland (southern Poland)

Natural and anthropogenic influences on ice formation on various water bodies of the Silesian Upland (southern Poland) The aim of the study was to identify patterns of ice-related phenomena on 39 selected anthropogenic water bodies in the Silesian Upland in southern Poland. The core research was conducted in the winter season of 2009/2010, between December and March. Field measurements and observations were conducted every two days during the freezing and thawing phases and every four days at the time of continuous ice cover. Data were interpolated to cover days without observations. Differences in the ice cover phenology on these water bodies were caused by natural conditions (morphometric and hydro-meteorological) and human activity (thermal pollution). Two principal groups of anthropogenic water bodies were identified in terms of the ice phenomena: lakes and ponds with a natural or quasi-natural pattern of ice phenomena and water bodies featuring various degrees of human impact. The thickness of the ice-cover was found to vary, which was a source of great danger to the users of the water bodies in the winter season.
Evaluation of VIIRS ocean color products

The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) was successfully launched on October 28, 2011. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi NPP, which has 22 spectral bands (from visible to infrared) similar to the NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), is a multi-disciplinary sensor providing observations for the Earth’s atmosphere, land, and ocean properties. In this paper, we provide some evaluations and assessments of VIIRS ocean color data products, or ocean color Environmental Data Records (EDR), including normalized water-leaving radiance spectra nLw(λ) at VIIRS five spectral bands, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, and water diffuse attenuation coefficient at the wavelength of 490 nm Kd(490). Specifically, VIIRS ocean color products derived from the NOAA Multi-Sensor Level-1 to Level-2 (NOAA-MSL12) ocean color data processing system are evaluated and compared with MODIS ocean color products and in situ measurements. MSL12 is now NOAA’s official ocean color data processing system for VIIRS. In addition, VIIRS Sensor Data Records (SDR or Level- 1B data) have been evaluated. In particular, VIIRS SDR and ocean color EDR have been compared with a series of in situ data from the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) in the waters off Hawaii. A notable discrepancy of global deep water Chl-a derived from MODIS and VIIRS between 2012 and 2013 is observed. This discrepancy is attributed to the SDR (or Level-1B data) calibration issue and particularly related to VIIRS green band at 551 nm. To resolve this calibration issue, we have worked on our own sensor calibration by combining the lunar calibration effect into the current calibration method. The ocean color products derived from our new calibrated SDR in the South Pacific Gyre show that the Chl-a differences between 2012 and 2013 are significantly reduced. Although there are still some issues, our results show that VIIRS is capable of providing high-quality global ocean color products in support of science research and operational applications. The VIIRS evaluation and monitoring results can be found at the website: http://www.star. nesdis.noaa. gov/sod/mecb/color/index.html.
Etude comparee de l'evolution des montmorillonites biioniques K-Ca de Camp-Berteaux et du Wyoming sous l'effet des cycles d'humectation et de dessiccation

Résumé La fixation du potassium par la montmorillonite sous l'effet des cycles d'humectation et de dessiccation est un phénomène bien connu. On ne peut cependant considérer ce dernier comme responsable de la rétrogradation du K dans les sols que si cette fixation peut se produire même en présence d'autres cations. Chaussidon (1963) avait étudié dans ce but l'évolution de la montmorillonite de Camp-Berteaux K-Ca soumise à des cycles d'humectation et de dessiccation, et avait observé aussi, dans ce cas, une fixation du K. Depuis, les auteurs de la présente communication ont pu proposer un mécanisme de fixation du K par la montmorillonite. A la lumière de ces résultats (aussi les résultats de Glaeser & Mering (1954)) l'étude de l'évolution de la montmorillonite biionique K-Ca sous l'effet des cycles d'humectation-dessiccation a pu être reprise et interprétée. Les résultats de Chaussidon sur la montmorillonite de Camp-Berteaux et ceux qui ont été obtenus sur celle du Wyoming permettent d'établir une comparaison entre les deux minéraux. Le mécanisme de fixation du K est identique et une interprétation des différences observées est proposée.
Temporal patterns of nitrogen leakage from mid‐Appalachian forested watersheds: Role of insect defoliation

Fluxes of dissolved nitrogen (N) as nitrate from forested watersheds in the mid‐Appalachian region have important water quality ramifications for small acid‐sensitive streams and for downstream receiving waters such as the Chesapeake Bay. Previous studies of N leakage have suggested that annual dissolved N fluxes from small watersheds can vary by several orders of magnitude and may be increasing as second‐growth forests gradually become N saturated from the accrual of atmospheric N loadings. In this study, we examined the temporal (intra‐annual and interannual) variability in dissolved nitrate fluxes from five small (area < 15 km2) forested watersheds in the mid‐Appalachian region from 1988 to 1995. At all sites, nitrate concentrations were observed to increase dramatically during storm flow events, with nitric acid contributing significantly to depressions in pH and acid‐neutralizing capacity; annual nitrate fluxes were dominated by high‐discharge periods. Interannually, the fluxes at each site varied by 1–2 orders of magnitude, but the patterns of N leakage displayed considerable synchrony with outbreaks of gypsy moth caterpillar defoliation that began in the late 1980s and early 1990s in this region. N leakage from forested watersheds apparently lagged the initial defoliation by several months to perhaps a year or more. Defoliation outbreaks by the gypsy moth caterpillar (or other herbivorous pests) thus provide an alternative explanation of N leakage from forest ecosystems. Poorly documented insect defoliations, rather than premature N saturation of intact forest ecosystems, need to be considered as a possible explanation of N leakage from forested watersheds in the mid‐Appalachian region and elsewhere.
Spectral response of the coral rubble, living corals, and dead corals: study case on the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia

Coral reefs play important ecological services such as providing foods, biodiversity, nutrient recycling etc. for human society. On the other hand, they are threatened by human impacts such as illegal fishing and environmental changes such as rises of sea water temperature and sea level due to global warming. Thus, it is very important to monitor dynamic spatial distributions of coral reefs and related habitats such as coral rubble, dead coral, bleached corals, seagrass, etc. Hyperspectral data, in particular, offer high potential for characterizing and mapping coral reefs because of their capability to identify individual reef components based on their detailed spectral response. We studied the optical properties by measuring in situ spectra of living corals, dead coral and coral rubble covered with algae. Study site was selected in Spermonde archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia because this area is included in the highest diversity of corals in the world named as Coral Triangle, which is recognized as the global centre of marine biodiversity and a global priority for conservation. Correlation analysis and cluster analysis support that there are distinct differences in reflectance spectra among categories. Common spectral characteristic of living corals, dead corals and coral rubble covered with algae was a reflectance minimum at 674 nm. Healthy corals, dead coral covered with algae and coral rubble covered with algae showed high similarity of spectral reflectance. It is estimated that this is due to photsynthetic pigments.
Response of Upper Clouds in Global Warming Experiments Obtained Using a Global Nonhydrostatic Model with Explicit Cloud Processes

AbstractUsing a global nonhydrostatic model with explicit cloud processes, upper-cloud changes are investigated by comparing the present climate condition under the perpetual July setting and the global warming condition, in which the sea surface temperature (SST) is raised by 2°. The sensitivity of the upper-cloud cover and the ice water path (IWP) are investigated through a set of experiments. The responses of convective mass flux and convective areas are also examined, together with those of the large-scale subsidence and relative humidity in the subtropics. The responses of the IWP and the upper-cloud cover are found to be opposite; that is, as the SST increases, the IWP averaged over the tropics decreases, whereas the upper-cloud cover in the tropics increases. To clarify the IWP response, a simple conceptual model is constructed. The model consists of three columns of deep convective core, anvil, and environmental subsidence regions. The vertical profiles of hydrometers are predicted with cloud micr.
Robert E. Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes

Robert E. Horton is best known as the originator of the infiltration excess overland flow concept for storm hydrograph analysis and prediction, which, in conjunction with the unit hydrograph concept, provided the foundation for engineering hydrology for several decades. Although these concepts, at least in their simplest form, have been largely superseded, a study of Horton's archived scientific papers reveals that his perceptual model of infiltration processes and appreciation of scale problems in modelling were far more sophisticated and complete than normally presented in hydrological texts. His understanding of surface controls on infiltration remain relevant today. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parataenidium, a new taenidium‐like ichnogenus from the carboniferous of Ireland

The new ichnogenus Parataenidium is erected for backfilled tubular trace fossils that can appear superficially similar to Taenidium, but are divided horizontally into two distinct levels. Two ichnospecies are recognised: Parataenidium mullaghmorensis isp. nov. and Parataenidium moniliformis (Tate 1859). The latter ichnospecies is transferred from Eione Tate 1859, which is a junior homonym of Eione Rafinesque 1814, and therefore unavailable for Tate's ichnotaxon. The ichnogenus is an important component of late Paleozoic shallow‐water siliciclastic sediments, and can be considered as a “guide”; indicator for the Carboniferous.
Modes and mechanisms of sea surface temperature low-frequency variations over the coastal China seas

[1] In this paper, low-frequency variability of annual-mean sea surface temperature in the coastal China seas is studied based on ocean and atmosphere reanalysis products. There are two distinct low-frequency modes: a basin mode and a north-south dipole mode. The former is characterized by a uniform warming over the entire coastal oceans, while the latter is characterized by a seesaw pattern over the shelf seas and the South China Sea. The basin mode is associated with global warming, but it is primarily attributed to oceanic advection, with surface heat flux playing a damping effect due to intensification of the latent heat loss. The dipole mode varies coherently with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In contrast to the basin mode, the dipole mode is broadly associated with the surface heat flux, with oceanic advection acting to damp sea surface temperature (SST) in the shelf seas but sustain SST in the South China Sea. A further analysis indicates that the basin mode and the dipole mode derived from the annual-mean SST remain robust in winter and summer, despite some differences in the governing processes. It is found that the summer dipole mode is associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Therefore, SST over the coastal China seas may be used as a potential indictor of these global-scale climate changes.