Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cadmium phytoavailability in some New Zealand soils

The suitability of 8 common soil extractants to predict plant uptake of cadmium (Cd) from 10 New Zealand soils at low Cd concentrations was investigated in a glasshouse experiment. In addition, a study of Cd uptake by several vegetable, cereal, and pasture species in relation to different soil types was undertaken. The concentrations of Cd extracted from soils varied with each extractant: 0·05 acid ammonium acetate-EDTA (pH 4·65) extracted the greatest concentration of Cd, whereas 0·01 CaCl2 extracted the least. Results indicate that for all extractants tested, there were significant relationships between the concentration of Cd extracted and the concentration of Cd in plant material; however, the level of significance depended on the plant species and individual soil extractant. When all plants were considered together, it was found that 0·05 Ca(NO3)2 was the best predictor of plant Cd concentrations. Total Cd concentration was found to be the most important soil parameter influencing plant Cd concentrations. Plant Cd concentrations varied greatly among different plant species. The greatest uptake was found in lettuce and to a lesser extent carrot tops, and least in ryegrass, clover, and barley. All plants examined were within the maximum residue limit (MRL) in New Zealand for the Cd content of all foodstuffs intended for human consumption (i.e. 1 mg Cd/kg fresh weight).
Behavioral Observations of Ospreys Breeding at Fort Wainwright, Alaska

This study documents observations of breeding behavior at two Osprey Pandion haliaetus carolinensis nest sites discovered at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. We developed Osprey location criteria and behavior and activity classifications from observations in 2006 and 2007, and subsequently measured those behaviors and activities at those locations in 2008–10. Eleven separate observers documented breeding behavior in and around each nest site from 2008 to 2010 for a total of 858 hours. Ground-based behavioral observations by researchers from an enclosed vehicle minimized anthropogenic disturbance. This study provides quantitative and qualitative assessments of breeding behavior that includes incubation, brooding, nest defense, and interloper occurrences from 2008 to 2010 and describes breeding timelines, mean brood size, and productivity from 2006 to 2011. Female Ospreys incubated and brooded significantly more than male Ospreys. Behavioral data suggest that breeding adult females and male Ospreys have differing nest and nest area defensive priorities. Breeding timelines and behaviors documented in this study are similar to those described in the literature. This study provides the first account of breeding phenology and behavior for Ospreys in Interior Alaska.
Analysis of Cartosat‐1 images regarding image quality, 3D point measurement and DSM generation

The Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry (IGP) at ETH Zurich is participating in the Cartosat‐1 evaluation programme, a common initiative of ISRO (India) and ISPRS. Within this programme various test sites with reference data have been established and Cartosat‐1 images have been acquired over these sites. Here, investigations at the Rome (Italy) and Maussane‐les‐Alpilles (France) test sites are reported. First, radiometric problems encountered with the images and pre‐processing for their improvement are reported. Examples are shown, together with pre‐processing methods that can be employed in order to improve image quality, aimed especially at automatic generation of a digital surface model (DSM) with fewer blunders and more matched points. Then, georeferencing is discussed and the 3D point measurement accuracy that can be achieved is introduced, as well as problems encountered with the rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs). The georeferencing results were produced using various options regarding image pre‐processing, the mathematical model used for georeferencing, the number and distribution of ground control points (GCPs) and the GCP image mensuration methods. The best results led to a planimetric and height accuracy (RMSE) of about 1·3 m. Use of an affine transformation after the RPCs, with about six well‐distributed GCPs transferred with matching to the second image, is suggested. Finally, the results of automatic DSM generation using the SAT‐PP program package developed at the IGP are presented. Various DSMs were generated with 10 m grid spacing. The results were checked visually and were also compared to the reference data provided. In the best case, the accuracy achieved is about 2·7 m without any manual editing, in spite of a 3‐year difference between the matching and reference DSMs. Although some aspects regarding image quality and RPC generation could be improved, Cartosat‐1 is a useful sensor for mapping and especially for the generation of DSMs. However, owing to its poor absolute geolocation accuracy, Cartosat‐1 cannot be used for the generation of a global DSM without GCPs.
A Comparison of two Recent Jökulhlaups from An Ice-dammed Lake, Søndre Strømfjord, West Greenland

Abstract The hydrographs of two jökulhlaups resulting from the sudden drainage of an ice-dammed lake in West Greenland in 1984 and 1987 are compared. The first flood had a similar peak discharge to the second but drained only two-thirds of the total volume of the 1987 event which amounted to 32–36 × 106 m3 in 36 h. Calculations based on the lake refill time suggest that it drains every 2–3 years, but that peak flows may be variable from flood to flood. The timing of the jökulhlaups in relation to the melt season may reflect variations of water pressure within the subglacial drainage networks, and changes in the configuration of these networks and the positions of crevasses on an annual basis.
Option Prices with Uncertain Fundamentals: Theory and Evidence on the Dynamics of Implied Volatilities

In an incomplete information model, investors' uncertainty about the underlying drift rate of a firm's fundamentals affects option prices through (i) endogenous and belief-dependent stochastic volatility, (ii) stochastic covariance between returns and volatility, and (iii) a market price of "belief risk. " For the special case where the drift takes only two values, we provide an option pricing formula using Fourier Transforms. The model calibrated to 1960-1998 S&P 500 real earnings growth shows that investors' uncertainty explains intertemporal variation in the slope and curvature of implied volatility curves as well as the conditional moments of the state-return density obtained from option data. The calibrated model generates hedging `violations' of one-factor markov and deterministic volatility function models with roughly empirical frequencies.
Quantification of the gravity wave forcing of the migrating diurnal tide in a gravity wave–resolving general circulation model

[1] The interaction of gravity waves (GWs) and the migrating diurnal tide are studied in a GW-resolving general circulation model (GCM) by calculating the tidal components of zonal wind accelerations and equivalent Rayleigh friction due to tidal induced GW dissipation. Two 15-day periods for perpetual equinoctial and solstice simulations are analyzed, which are performed with the Japanese Atmospheric General circulation model for Upper Atmosphere Research (JAGUAR) high-resolution GCM. The model can directly simulate GWs with horizontal wavelengths greater than about 190 km, and, thus reproduce the general features of the mean winds and temperatures from the surface to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The amplitudes of the migrating diurnal tide are successfully simulated during both seasons, and the tidal winds affect the altitudes of GW dissipation in the low-latitude MLT. The tidal component of GW forcing has maximal values of about 15 m s−1 d−1 near the maximal vertical shears of the tidal winds and generally works to shorten the vertical wavelength of the migrating diurnal tide. The phase relationship between the tidal winds and the tidal induced GW forcing is not exactly 90° out of phase, causing amplification/suppression of the tide. The GW forcing amplifies the migrating diurnal tide during the equinox, while during the solstice, it suppresses the tidal winds in the upper mesosphere of both hemispheres. This difference in behavior can be attributed to a seasonal variation of the mean zonal winds, because combination of the mean and tidal winds affects the altitudes of GW dissipation.
Toward a standard stratigraphical classification practice for the Baltic Sea sediments: the CUAL approach

The Late Pleistocene and Holocene glacial and postglacial sediments of the Baltic Sea basin are conventionally classified into units according to the so‐called Baltic Sea stages: Baltic Ice Lake, Yoldia Sea, Ancylus Lake and Litorina Sea. The Baltic Sea stages have been identified in offshore sediment cores by fundamentally different criteria, precluding detailed comparisons of the sediment units amongst different sea areas and studies. Here, long sediment cores and reflection seismic and pinger sub‐bottom profiles were studied from an offshore area in the Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea. The strata are divided on the basis of sedimentological criteria into three allostratigraphical formations with subordinate allostratigraphical members and lithostratigraphical formations, following the combined allostratigraphical and lithostratigraphical (CUAL) approach. Sedimentological features are recommended as the primary stratigraphical classification criteria because they do not require the palaeoenvironmental inferences of salinity and water level that are inherent in the conventional classification practice. The presented stratigraphical division is proposed as a flexible template for future stratigraphical work on the Baltic Sea basin, whereby lower‐rank allounits and lithounits can be included and removed locally, while the alloformations will remain at the highest hierarchical level and guarantee regional correlatability. The stratigraphical division is compatible with international guidelines, facilitating communication to the wider scientific community and comparison with other similar basins.
Uncertainties in the inverse modelling of sulphur dioxide eruption profiles

An inverse modelling methodology to derive vertical profiles of atmospheric emissions in volcanic eruptions from satellite observations has been developed and applied, inter alia, to sulphur dioxide from the Kasatochi 2008 eruption. In this paper, the method is expanded to yield a posteriori uncertainties of the emission profiles, and sensitivity experiments have been conducted to study the influence of different assumptions for the input parameters. These parameters are the a priori emission profile and its uncertainty, the uncertainties of the observations, and the value of a smoothing parameter. The basic structure of the emission profile with a tropospheric and a stratospheric peak, as well as the heights of these peaks is very robust against the parameter variations. As constraints on the inversion are loosened, the stratospheric peak becomes stronger and sharper.
A TWO-STATE INTEGRAL-BALANCE MODEL FOR SOIL MOISTURE AND GROUNDWATER DYNAMICS IN COMPLEX TERRAIN

A dynamical model is devised for a hydrologic system where unsaturated and saturated storage serve as the principal control on rainfall-runoff and where complex topography, drainage area, and variable depth of moisture penetration describe the flow geometry. The model is formed by direct integration of the local conservation equation with respect to the partial volumes occupied by unsaturated and saturated moisture storage, respectively. This yields an “integral-balance” model in just two state variables. The relationship of the dynamical model to field data in complex terrain is found through a joint probability density for terrain features. This serves as a “volume” weighting function to construct conditional averages for the state variables and fluxes over a specified range of terrain features. The scale of averaging could range from hillslopes to river basins. Two examples of the joint probability of terrain features (altitude and aspect) are demonstrated for Valley, Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau digital elevation models. The strategy of a dynamical model formed by conditional averages of state variables with respect to terrain features is proposed as a way of simplifying the dynamics while preserving the natural spatial and temporal scales contributing to runoff response. The parametric form of the storage-flux or constitutive relationships for the proposed model is determined from numerical experiments in a simple hillslope flow geometry. The results show that a competitive relation exists between unsaturated and saturated storage except for the lowest precipitation rates. Saturation overland flow is proposed to be a storage-feedback relation. Solutions to the integral-balance model are presented in terms of the phase portrait, which represents all possible solution trajectories in state-space. The timing and magnitude of peaks in the runoff hydrograph from pulse-type input events demonstrate quick flow from near-stream saturated storage, saturation overland flow including rejected rainfall (storage-feedback), and late-time infiltration from upslope subsurface flow.
Phanerozoic history of deep-sea trace fossils

Abstract The Phanerozoic diversity of deep-sea trace fossils, based on 151 flysch formations, displays distinct, non-linear changes through the Phanerozoic, with peaks in the Ordovician-Early Silurian and Early Carboniferous, lowered in the Permian-older Late Jurassic, a peak in the Tithonian-Aptian, lowered in the Albian, and the maximum in the Eocene. The contribution of graphoglyptids in trace fossil assemblages rises gradually up to the end of the Cretaceous, shows a peak in the Palaeocene-Eocene but a depression in the Oligocene. All the changes were probably influenced by competition for food and food supply, bottom water temperatures and oxygenation, and frequency of flysch habitats. There is no clear influence of major biotic crises (Ordovician/Silurian, Cretaceous/Tertiary, Palaeocene/Eocene) on the diversity of deep trace fossils, except the Eocene/Oligocene crisis.
DOMINANCE AND SYMMETRY IN PARTNER VIOLENCE BY MALE AND FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

The study investigated the widely held belief that violence against partners in marital, cohabiting, and dating relationships is almost entirely perpetrated by men, and that when women assault their partners, it has a different etiology than assaults by men. The empirical data on these issues were provided by 13,601 university students who participated in the International Dating Violence Study in 32 nations. The results in the first part of this paper show that almost a third of the female as well as male students physically assaulted a dating partner in the 12 month study period, and that the most frequent pattern was mutuality in violence, i.e. both were violent, followed by “female-only” violence. Violence by only the male partner was the least frequent pattern according to both male and female participants. The second part of the paper focuses on whether there is gender symmetry in a crucial aspect of the etiology of partner violence -- dominance by one partner, The results show that dominance by either the male or the female partner is associated with an increased probability of violence. These results, in combination with results from many other studies, call into question the assumption that partner violence is primarily a male crime and that, when women are violent, it is self-defense. Because these assumption are crucial elements in almost all partner violence prevention and treatment programs, a fundamental revision is needed to bring these programs into alignment with the empirical data. Prevention and treatment of partner violence could become more effective if the programs recognize that most partner violence is mutual and act on the high rate of perpetration by women and the similar etiology of partner violence by men and women.
A new precise date for the Tolmie Igneous Complex in northeastern Victoria

Among the Devonian igneous complexes of central and northeastern Victoria, the S-type Tolmie Igneous Complex (TIC) occupies a unique spatial position, astride the Governor Fault and the Mount Wellington Greenstone Belt, a probable terrane boundary, and also bridges the boundary between the Strathbogie and Tabberabbera granite provinces. This stitching position makes it important to determine the nature of the crustal source involved in its genesis. Here we present a new U–Pb zircon age for a sample of the Toombullup Ignimbrite, which forms a large part of the TIC. This age (377 ± 2 Ma) allows us to comment far more reliably on the initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios of the TIC magmas. The corrected data (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70804 to 0.71085, εNdt = –0.08 to 0.44) confirm a heterogeneous sediment-dominated protolith, but unlike those of other S-type granitic and felsic volcanic rocks of the region, one composed of materials that had not long previously been extracted from the mantle. This finding has importance in the context of future models for the geological and tectonic development of this part of southeastern Australia.
Climbing the Electricity Ladder Generates Carbon Kuznets Curve Downturns

This paper examines why some countries have experienced environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)-type reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while others have not. The hypothesis that climbing to the upper rungs of the electricity ladder (nuclear power and modern renewables) has been the primary mechanism via which countries have achieved substantial reductions in per capita CO2 emissions is tested using a binomial dependent variable modelling approach for a sample of 105 countries. The findings suggest that electricity mix transitions caused by long-run growth in per capita incomes are indeed the primary determinant of carbon Kuznets curve downturns. The paper explores additional mechanisms via which carbon Kuznets curves may have been generated, but the results indicate that these are of lesser overall importance than the electricity mix effect. The evidence also suggests that countries with larger fossil fuel endowments are less likely to experience carbon Kuznets curve downturns, an additional curse of natural resources.
The mid-Holocene climatic transition in the Mediterranean: Causes and consequences

In the Mediterranean there is often no clear time gap separating an early-Holocene period of nature-dominated environmental change from a human-dominated late-Holocene one. This mid-Holocene ‘mélange’ has been the subject of debates that have often been polarised between support for climatic causation and those favouring anthropogenic explanations for changes in vegetation, river flooding, wildfire regimes, etc. One way to shed light on the causes of mid-Holocene landscape changes is to focus on natural archives, such as lake and cave isotopes, the records of which can be unambiguously attributed to climatic forcing. These primary climate proxies can then be compared and contrasted with secondary or response variables, such as pollen and microcharcoal data, which can be the product of either climate changes or human activity or both, ideally using a multiproxy approach. In addition, synthesised primary palaeoclimate data can be compared with regional-scale climate modelling simulations. Both model output and proxy data suggest an east—west division in Mediterranean climate history. They indicate that the eastern Mediterranean experienced an increase in winter-season precipitation during the early Holocene, followed by an oscillatory decline after ~6 ka BP. In western parts of the Mediterranean, early-Holocene changes in precipitation were smaller in magnitude and less coherent spatially, and maximum increases occurred during the mid Holocene, around 6—3 ka BP, before declining to present-day values. Coincident with and partly stimulated by these climatic changes, complex societies developed across the Mediterranean, particularly in eastern parts of the basin during the Bronze Age. In consequence, by the mid-first millennium BC, human-induced land cover conversion, a drier and more variable climate, and changed fire regimes combined to establish typical sclerophyllous vegetation and landscapes in the circum-Mediterranean region.
Soil water content and salinity determination using different dielectric methods in saline gypsiferous soil / Détermination de la teneur en eau et de la salinité de sols salins gypseux à l'aide de différentes méthodes diélectriques

Abstract Measurements of dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity were taken in a saline gypsiferous soil collected from southern Tunisia. Both time domain reflectometry (TDR) and the new WET sensor based on frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) were used. Seven different moistening solutions were used with electrical conductivities of 0.0053–14 dS m−1. Different models for describing the observed relationships between dielectric permittivity (K a ) and water content (θ), and bulk electrical conductivity (EC a ) and pore water electrical conductivity (EC p ) were tested and evaluated. The commonly used K a –θ models by Topp et al. (1980) and Ledieu et al. (1986) cannot be recommended for the WET sensor. With these models, the RMSE and the mean relative error of the predicted θ were about 0.04 m3 m−3 and 19% for TDR and 0.08 m3 m−3 and 54% for WET sensor measurements, respectively. Using the Hilhorst (2000) model for EC p predictions, the RMSE was 1.16 dS m−1 and 4.15 dS m−1 using TDR and the WET sensor, respectively. The WET sensor could give similar accuracy to TDR if calibrated values of the soil parameter were used instead of standard values.
Characterization of Vadose Zone Sediment: Borehole 299-E33-45 Near BX-102 in the B-BX-BY Waste Management Area

This report was revised in September 2008 to remove acid-extractable sodium data from Table 4.22. The data was removed due to potential contamination introduced during the acid extraction process. The remaining text is unchanged from the original report issued in 2002. The overall goal of the Tank Farm Vadose Zone Project, led by CH2M HILL Hanford Group, Inc., is to define risks from past and future single-shell tank farm activities. To meet this goal, CH2M HILL Hanford Group, Inc., asked scientists from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to perform detailed analyses on vadose zone sediments from within Waste Management Area B-BX-BY. This report is the first in a series of four reports to present the results of these analyses. Specifically, this report contains all the geologic, geochemical, and selected physical characterization data collected on vadose zone sediment recovered from borehole 299-E33-45 installed northeast of tank BX-102.