Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methodology for Generating Conflict Scenarios by Time Shifting Recorded Traffic Data

A methodology is presented for generating conflict scenarios that can be used as test cases to estimate the operational performance of a conflict probe. Recorded air traffic data is time shifted to create traffic scenarios featuring conflicts with characteristic properties similar to those encountered in typical air traffic operations. First, a reference set of conflicts is obtained from trajectories that are computed using birth points and nominal flight plans extracted from recorded traffic data. Distributions are obtained for several primary properties (e.g., encounter angle) that are most likely to affect the performance of a conflict probe. A genetic algorithm is then utilized to determine the values of time shifts for the recorded track data so that the primary properties of conflicts generated by the time shifted data match those of the reference set. This methodology is successfully demonstrated using recorded traffic data for the Memphis Air Route Traffic Control Center; a key result is that the required time shifts are less than 5 min for 99% of the tracks. It is also observed that close matching of the primary properties used in this study additionally provides a good match for some other secondary properties.
Thermal inertia and reversing buoyancy in flow in porous media

The displacement of fluids through porous rocks is fundamental for the recharge of geothermal and hydrocarbon reservoirs [ Grant et al., 1982 ; Lake, 1989 ], for contaminant dispersal through the groundwater [ Bear, 1972 ] and in controlling mineral reactions in permeable rocks [ Phillips, 1991 ]. In many cases, the buoyancy force associated with density differences between the formation fluid and the displacing fluid controls the rate and pattern of flow through the permeable rock [ Phillips, 1991 ; Barenblatt, 1996 ; Turcotte and Schubert, 2002 ]. Here, using new laboratory experiments, we establish that a striking range of different flow patterns may develop depending on whether this density contrast is associated with differences in temperature and/or composition between the two fluids. Owing to the effects of thermal inertia in a porous rock, thermal fronts lag behind compositional fronts [ Woods and Fitzgerald, 1993 ; Turcotte and Schubert, 2002 ], so that two zones of different density develop in the region flooded with injected fluid. This can lead to increasing, decreasing or even reversing buoyancy in the injected liquid; in the latter case it may then form a double‐flood front, spreading along both the upper and lower boundary of the rock. Recognition of these different flow regimes is key for predicting sweep efficiency and dispersal patterns in natural and engineered flows, and offers new opportunities for the enhanced recovery of natural resources in porous rocks.
An empirically‐grounded study on the effective use of social software in education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of an empirical investigation of the effective use of social software in further and higher education. The aims of the research are to: identify situations where social software tools had been employed in learning and teaching; elicit the experiences of the staff and students; and to draw out the benefits, challenges and issues (and their resolutions) associated with the use of social software.Design/methodology/approach – In the empirical study, data from 26 initiatives, where social software tools have been employed, were collected, analysed and synthesised. A case study methodology was followed and both educators and students were interviewed to find out what they had done, how well it had worked, and what they had learned from the experiences.Findings – This study provides insights about the benefits to the students, educators and institutions; challenges that may influence a social software initiative; and issues that need to be considered.
Hollywood, the Internet and the World: A Geography of Disruptive Innovation

During the past decade, the Hollywood studios have broadly sought to subdue, rather than explore, the technological possibilities of the Internet. Specifically, the studios have used their ownership of creative works to control the speed and direction of innovation in an emerging digitally networked social and economic environment, which is built upon the Internet and an ecology of hardware and software technologies. In this paper, I use a relational perspective to examine two critical aspects of this case study. The first concerns the cognitive and discursive dimensions of firm strategy. The second concerns the formation and enactment of firm strategy within networks of social relations. The argument is therefore twofold. On the one hand, I argue that the Hollywood studios are seeking to create a “closed” sphere of innovation on a global scale, which enables the absolute defence of property rights. However, this has alienated a broad spectrum of new creative freedoms, causing a “bifurcation” of the networked environment. On the other hand, I argue that this strategic response must be understood in relational terms. The closed sphere has been legitimated, enacted and performed within relational networks at a regional scale in Los Angeles. The paper is based on unprecedented access to the Hollywood studios, combined with interviews across the media, entertainment and technology industries. The overall goal of the paper is to construct an “economic geography” of disruptive innovation under conditions of oligopoly.
Influence of thinning on carbon storage in a Japanese larch (larix kaempferi) plantation in Yangpyeong, central Korea

This study was conducted to determine the carbon (C) contents in a Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantation with four different thinning intensities over 12 years in Yangpyeong, central Korea. Thinning was applied in April of 1997 [control, no thinning (2250 trees/ha)], light thinning (T10, 10% thinning, 2000 trees/ha after thinning), moderate thinning (T20, 20%thinning, 1750 trees/ha after thinning), and heavy thinning (T40, 40% thinning, 1200 trees/ha after thinning)]. We measured individual tree DBH (cm) in November, 2009 and calculated biomass using the allometric regression equation. Forest floor (litter and coarse woody debris (CWD)) and soils, litter and soils up to 30 cm were collected and analyzed. Even though tree survival rate during 12 years was highest in the heavy thinning plot (T40), vegetation C content (Mg C/ha) was significantly higher in the light thinning plot (T10) than the other plots: 58.5 for control, 64.9 for T10, 60.4 for T20, and 55.8 for T40, respectively. Moreover, total soil C content (Mg C/ha) was higher in the moderate thinning plot (T20), however, there was no significant difference among the other plots; 56.2 for control, 57.8 for T10, 63.7 for T20, and 62.3 for T40. C contents of forest floor (litter plus CWD) were largest in the control plot, which might be influenced by the individual tree species competition; 11.9 for control, 10.2 for T10, 10.1 for T20, and 6.6 for T40, respectively. Total ecosystem C content was higher in the moderate thinning plot (T20) than those in other thinned and unthinned plots: 125.2 for control, 131.2 for T10, 132.4 for T20, and 125.9 for T40, respectively. Moderate thinning treatment (T20) seemed more effective to conserve total ecosystem C content while the individual tree growth (mean DBH and height) was higher in the heavy thinning plot (T40).
2000 years of sediment-borne heavy metal storage in the Yorkshire Ouse basin, NE England, UK

Floodplain overbank sediments are often used to evaluate the influence of environmental change on sediment and chemical fluxes within river basins. This paper presents the results of an investigation of heavy metal storage in seven floodplain reaches in the Yorkshire Ouse basin in north-east England. Floodplain heavy metal storage has been greatest since c. 1750, and many of the post-1750 sedimentary units exhibit heavy metal values that exceed recommended trigger and guideline values for contaminated land. Relatively high heavy metal storage occurs from ad 1250–1750 in most of the reaches. These patterns are related to 2000 years of Pb and Zn mining in the Yorkshire Dales and c. 250–300 years of industrial and urbanization activity around Leeds and Bradford, and increased delivery of fine-grained sediment during the last millennium, possibly owing to factors such as population growth and agricultural expansion during the Middle Ages, and climate change during the Little Ice Age. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ophiolite emplacement in NE Oman: constraints from magnetotelluric sounding

SUMMARY Magnetotelluric (MT) data have been acquired across the Samail Ophiolite, Oman mountains, along a 115 km transect in January 2005. Twenty-five MT stations were deployed approximately every 4 km along a profile perpendicular to the coastline near Muscat. The profile extends from the Huw'l/Meeh subwindow in the northwestern part of the profile and crosses the Saih Hatat window, a Tertiary domal culmination that folds a major NE-facing recumbent fold nappe, and ends along the southern boundary between the Dasir and Ibra ophiolite blocks. The survey aimed to investigate the tectonic evolution of the emplacement of the Samail Ophiolite by delineating major faults and geological boundaries on a crustal scale. The data shows complex behaviour with the influence of static shift effects and anomalously high phases exceeding 90°. Phase tensor analysis and 3-D forward modelling hint that the upper plate–lower plate (UP–LP) shear zone has a 3-D effect on the data in the northern part of the profile. Rotated MT impedances were inverted using a 2-D code. Major resistivity interfaces coincide with the location of the UP–LP shear zone near the surface, and dip towards the Arabian margin suggesting a southwest orientated underthrusting prior to the ophiolite emplacement. The para-autochthonous and less deformed upper plate is a resistor, whereas the strongly deformed lower plate is more conductive.
Properties of light‐absorbing aerosols in the Nagoya urban area, Japan, in August 2011 and January 2012: Contributions of brown carbon and lensing effect

The optical properties of aerosols at 405 and 781 nm were measured in an urban site in Nagoya, Japan, in August 2011 and in January 2012 using a photoacoustic spectrometer. Comparison of the absorption coefficient at 781 nm of aerosols that did and did not pass through a thermo‐denuder showed that an increase in black carbon (BC) light absorption due to the coating of non‐refractory materials (i.e., the lensing effect) was small (on average, 10%) in August and negligible in January. The effective density distributions for the particles that did and did not pass through the thermo‐denuder, which were measured simultaneously in August, suggested that the majority of BC particles sampled had a minimal coating. The small lensing effect observed can be explained partly by assuming that a large portion of non‐refractory materials was mixed externally with BC. The contribution of direct light absorption by organic matter (OM) that vaporized at temperatures below 300°C to the total light absorption at 405 nm was negligible in August, but those by OM that vaporized below 300 and 400°C averaged 11 and 17%, respectively, in January. The larger contribution of light‐absorbing OM in January is likely due to the greater contribution of OM originating from the burning of biomass, including biofuel and agricultural residue, in Japan, northern China, or Siberia, during the winter.
Optical properties of the coastal and oceanic waters off South Island, New Zealand: Regional variation

Abstract A study of the optical properties of the varied water masses in inshore and oceanic waters around the South Island of New Zealand was made. This was a contribution to a larger effort to model the productivity of the southern sector of New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone. A combination of spectroradiometry, PAR sensor deployments, transmissometry, and yellow‐substance measurement was used at 30 stations to characterise the optical properties of the region. The waters were classified according to Jerlov's system for ocean waters. Inshore sites on the west and east coasts and Foveaux Strait fell into optical types Coastal I and Oceanic III. Oceanic II waters occurred in the Subtropical Convergence Zone (STCZ). Subantarctic waters and those south of the STCZ were in the clear categories Oceanic I and IB. Attenuation coefficients (K) varied more than three‐fold from 0.05 to 0.16 m−1. Reflectance was lowest off the Fiordland coast where light‐absorbing yellow substance was maximal. An index of the av.
Effects of regional fast-ice and iceberg distributions on the behaviour of the Mertz Glacier polynya, East Antarctica

Abstract An observational account of research carried out in July-August 1999 shows that grounded iceberg and related fast-ice distributions, and periodic "break-outs" of fast ice (in winter as well as at other times), have an important impact on the size and behaviour of the Mertz Glacier polynya, East Antarctica, and a smaller polynya to the east. Analysis of satellite and in situ data shows that a semi-constant "stream" of thick broken-out fast ice and other large floes from the east extends westwards from north of the glacier terminus to form a compact barrier to the net west-northwesterly export of ice formed in the polynya. An annual fast-ice promontory to the west further narrows the outlet path. As a result of this and high ice-production rates, the polynya periodically "back-fills", significantly reducing the open-water area present. Intervening "flush-outs" by synoptic storm events clear the polynya region to some extent before it back-fills again. This cycle continued from mid-March until early October in 1999, when a significant change in the regional ice drift occurred. A preliminary comparison with data from 1998 indicates that the timing and magnitude of the processes may vary interannually. Similar morphological features were also observed in 1963 (on a declassified photoreconnaissance satellite image).
Island dynamics in a braided river from analysis of historical maps and air photographs

An analysis of island and active corridor dynamics is presented for a 16 km island‐braided reach of the gravel‐bed Tagliamento River (Italy) based upon information extracted, geocorrected and registered to a common base from three map (1803, 1833, 1927) and nine aerial photograph sources (1944/6, 1954, 1970, 1986, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2005).
Ice recession and depositional environment in the Blekinge archipelago of the Baltic Ice Lake

The Swedish varved clays, deposited in the former Baltic Ice Lake during the deglaciation, constitute an excellent tool to decipher the ice recession with annual precision. New clay varve diagrams from Blekinge, southern Sweden, enable to place the deglaciation of sites situated in northern Blekinge between the local varve years ‐39 to +77, which preliminary corresponds to 12,971–12,855 v.y. BP. Detailed and systematic investigations demonstrate, that plant macrofossils can be found in the varved clays, if suitable sites, close to the former shoreline of the Baltic Ice Lake are chosen. In Blekinge the coastline formed an archipelago‐like landscape with small, deep, incised fjords and numerous islands similar to today's. In‐wash of organic matter in near shore areas, commenced with the beginning of the B⊘lling warming peak (c. 12,800–12,700 v.y. BP) and is reflected by the relatively higher amount of macroscopic plant and animal remains. In varved clays deposited during the Older Dryas stadial (<12,700 v.y.
Size of great earthquakes of 1837–1974 inferred from tsunami data

A new magnitude scale Mt is defined by using the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of far-field tsunami waves measured by tide gauges or their substitutes. The Mt scale is experimentally adjusted to the Mw scale introduced by Kanamori (1977), so that the Mt scale measures the seismic moment of a tsunamigenic earthquake as well as the overall size of tsunami at the source. Mt and the conventional tsunami magnitude m are distinct scales. By using many amplitude data of tsunami waves now available the values of Mt are assigned to 65 tsunamigenic earthquakes that occurred in the Pacific area during the period from 1837 to 1974. The 1960 Chilean shock has the largest Mt, 9.4. The 1946 Aleutian (Mt = 9.3), the 1837 Chilean (Mt = 9¼), and the 1964 Alaskan (Mt = 9.1) events follow. Nine great events having Mt = 9 or over occurred during this period, and their occurrence is clustered in the years around 1840, 1870, and 1960. Of all the 65 events listed, at least six unusual earthquakes having tsunamis with an amplitude disproportionately large for their surface-wave magnitude Ms are identified from the Mt-Ms relation.
Seismic Response of Gravity Quay Walls. II: Numerical Modeling

It is important to understand the seismic response of quay walls in order to design these structures against earthquake loading. Centrifuge experiments were carried out at Cambridge University on gravity quay walls. In this paper, an effective-stress based, fully coupled finite element code called SWANDYNE is used to simulate the response of gravity quay walls under earthquake loading, and the results are compared with the data from centrifuge tests. It is found from the analysis that the absorbing boundaries used in the centrifuge experiments to simulate the free field condition can be effectively modeled by a new numerical technique. The initial velocity and displacement conditions experienced by the centrifuge model need to be replicated in the numerical analysis. Special slip elements were used at the interface between the quay wall and soil body to improve the numerical predictions. The results of numerical modeling agree reasonably well with experimental data for both dry and saturated tests.
GUEST EDITORIAL: EVALUATION OF REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT — MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE

This editorial introduction takes an overview of the policy and technical context for evaluation methods and tools, as applied to regional sustainable development (RSD). The papers are drawn from the European expert workshop of the REGIONET Thematic Network project. The papers were grouped into four themes to reflect the structure of the workshop: current practice; technical tools; social processes; and integrated frameworks. Each of these demonstrates different aspects of the current "landscape" of evaluation in theory and practice, and the future developments in prospect. One emerging theme is the tension between a policy orientation and a technical orientation, and the many current experiments on this interface.
Assessing forest stand attributes by laser scanner

The stem volume, basal area And mean height of Norway spruce and Scots pine stands and individual trees were derived using canopy height metrics by means of a laser scanner TopoSys-1. Due to the high pulse rate of the laser scanner, individual tree statistics could be obtained. Methods to generate DTM and tree crown map from laser data were reported. Stand-wise and tree-wise field inventory data was regressed against laser-derived features. The coefficients of determination were in the range between 0.84 and 0.88 for the stem volume, basal area and mean height. The obtained accuracy was equivalent to conventional stand-wise forest inventory implying that the described approach can be used operationally. Further, it was shown that the tree height estimation accuracy of single and dominant trees was 1.5 m using the laser scanner. The accuracy of conventional clinometer measurements is typically better than 0.5 m but the time spent for height measurements is enormous. With the laser, the height of all dominant trees could be assessed within a fraction of time.
Mineralogy, geochemistry and geodynamic setting of the granitoids from NW Iran

The Mahneshan granitoids intruded the Neoproterozoic‐Lower Cambrian regional metamorphic rocks in northwestern Iran. These granitoids consisting mainly of K‐feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, muscovite, garnet and biotite display a number of subtypes in terms of structure, texture and mineralogy. Geochemically, they are peraluminous and (or) slightly peraluminous with variable normative corundum contents (0.28–4.50%), and medium to high potassic with calc‐alkaline affinity. Chondrite‐normalized REE patterns indicate that these granitoids can be divided into three distinct groups, supported by petrographic data. The REE patterns of the first group are shallow‐sloping in LREE relative to HREE ([La/Yb]n = 1.37–2.48), exhibiting pronounced negative Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0.23–0.35). The second group granitoids are characterized by strong LREE‐enrichment relative to HREE ([La/Yb]n = 3–6.20), with positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 1.15–1.47). The third group of granitoids is depleted in the middle REE relative to other LREE and HREE. These REE patterns suggest the role of plagioclase and hornblende in their source of granitoids for group 1 and groups 2 and 3, respectively. The trends of Eu/Eu* ratio versus silica contents suggest mixing of mafic material with components formed by crustal melting with a plagioclase‐rich residue. Furthermore, thermobarometric estimations indicate that these rocks may have been formed at depths of 15–18 km at relatively low temperatures. The Mahneshan granitoids are S‐type and may have been emplaced in a syn‐ to post‐collisional tectonic setting, consistent with an origin of water‐saturated magmas with heterogeneous composition derived from different crustal rocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of sea surface temperatures from microwave remote sensing of the Labrador Sea with in situ measurements and model simulations

[1] As one of the few places in the ocean where winter cooling and mixing creates conditions where water from the surface can penetrate into the deep ocean the Labrador Sea is an area of interest to people studying climate change in the ocean. Persistent cloud cover over this area makes it impossible to use infrared satellite imagery to relate space/time changes in sea surface temperature (SST) to changes in surface currents and air-sea interaction. Using passive microwave SSTs from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E), we plot space/time changes in SST in the Labrador Sea and relate these changes to both simultaneous in situ measurements of temperature and numerical model SSTs. A direct comparison between the microwave SSTs, infrared SSTs, and in situ temperatures measured from profiling floats reveals that the microwave SSTs are a good representation of space/time changes in infrared SST and in ocean temperatures down to 10 m below the sea surface. Comparisons between the microwave SSTs and time series of temperatures at depths below 50 m reveal that winter/spring surface cooling makes the SST similar to temperatures at these deeper depths in the convection region of the central Labrador Sea. Detailed comparison of the annual cycle between the microwave SSTs and the model SST and 10 m currents reveals overall good agreement and some interesting differences.
Hydrodynamic Forcing and Sediment Character in Boston Harbor

Calculated annual excess skin friction stress at various locations in Quincy Bay (outer Boston Harbor) was found to be correlated positively with sediment sand content. The correlation was optimized when a critical shear stress (τc) of 0.085 Pa was assumed for the bay. The excess shear stress was correlated negatively with sediment lead (Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations. These correlations suggest that area surveys of properties like sand content may be sufficient to estimate τc.