Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages

Introduction . Physiognomic Methodology . Collection Sites . Srunpling Strategy . Caribbean . Panruna . Puerto Rico . Eastern United States . Florida . : . Georgia . South Carolina . North Carolina . Maryland . Pennsylvania . New York . Wisconsin . Western United States . Arizona . New Mexico . Colorado . ~ . Utah . California . Oregon . :····· . Washington . Alaska . I I 3 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 13 14 15 15 17 18 18 Japan . 19 Meteorological Data . 20 Character Scoring . 21 Selection of Character States . 21 Definitions of Character States Scored. 21 Results of Scoring . Multivariate Analysis . Choice of Method . Application to Leaf Physiognomy Data Base . Mean Annual Temperature . Cold-Month Mean Temperature . Mean Annual Precipitation . : . Mean Growing Season Precipitation . Seasonal Drought . Factors That Might Influence CLAMP Scores . Fluviatile Element. Sample Size . Successional Stage . ; . Light Regime . Broad-Leaved Evergreens . Inlier and Outlier Srunples . ~ . Subalpine Samples . Dry Microthermal Srunples . Samples from the South Pacific . 28 28 28 38 42 46 47 49 50 50 50 50 54 54 55 56 56 59 59
Greenland glacial history, borehole constraints, and Eemian extent

[1] We examine the extent to which observations from the Greenland ice sheet combined with three-dimensional dynamical ice sheet models and semi-Lagrangian tracer methods can be used to constrain inferences of the Eemian evolution of the ice sheet, of the extent and frequency of summit migration during the 100 kyr ice age cycle, and of the deep geothermal flux of heat from the Earth into the base of the ice sheet. Relative sea level, present-day surface geometry, basal temperature, and age and temperature profiles from the Greenland Ice Project (GRIP) are imposed as constraints to tune ice sheet model and climate forcing parameters. Despite the paucity of observations, model-based inferences suggest a significant northeast gradient in geothermal heat flux. Our analyses also suggest that during the glacial cycle, the contemporaneous summit only occupied the present-day location during interglacial periods. On the basis of the development and use of a high-resolution semi-Lagrangian tracer analysis methodology for δ18O, we rule out isotropic flow disturbances due to summit migration as a possible source of the high Eemian variability of the GRIP δ18O record. Finally, in contrast with results obtained in some recent attempts to infer the extent to which Greenland may have contributed to the anomalous highstand of Eemian sea level, we find that conservative bounds for this contribution are 2–5.2 m, with a more likely range of 2.7–4.5 m.
Constraints on Pb closure temperature in titanite based on rocks from the Ungava orogen, Canada: Implications for U-Pb geochronology and P-T-t path determinations

On the basis of multiequilibrium metamorphic pressure-temperature ( P-T ) estimates, we have determined that 660–700 °;C is a reasonable minimum estimate of the closure T of Pb diffusion in titanite, a temperature significantly higher than previously suggested. Activity-corrected reactions that produce titanite define narrow T stability fields (≈40 °;C) that correspond closely to metamorphic P-T determinations derived for coronitic garnet-clinopyroxene-hornblende samples. Growth of titanite, occurring between 1789 and 1814 Ma in the underthrust Archean basement of the Paleoproterozoic Ungava orogen (northern Quebec), is associated with retrograde metamorphism during underthrusting of the Archean basement (Approx.)1 b.y. after formation of the original granulitic assemblages.
Assessment of a Nitrate Meter for Nitrogen Tests in Mineral and Organic Soils

Abstract Nutrient management legislation in Ontario, Canada, has prompted an evaluation of alternative nitrogen (N) management techniques. Rapid, accurate methods of assessing soil nitrogen are required to assist in N management. A portable nitrate (NO3 − meter (Cardy) was evaluated for use in testing soil N for vegetable crops grown on organic and mineral soils. Cabbage, carrots, and onions were grown on both soils in Ontario, Canada, in 2000 and 2001. Nitrogen was applied at five rates to cabbage and carrots, and three rates to onions ranging from 0 to 200% of current provincial recommended N rates. At three growth stages throughout the growing season, soil samples were collected and subdivided. One subsample was used for Cardy meter analysis, and the other for laboratory analysis of NO3-N. Cardy NO3-N readings overestimated laboratory results in most instances on mineral soil, but consistently underestimated laboratory results on organic soil. A conversion factor would be required for both soil types, and 10 or more samples should be analyzed from a particular field to reduce variability. Soil NO3-N readings were variable among years and crops. Compared with laboratory analysis, Cardy soil test results are available in a fraction of the time required for laboratory results and are less expensive when analyzing over 100 samples. Yield was assessed at harvest. Yields were generally unaffected by N rate, except in cabbage in 2000, suggesting that adequate N was present in most treatments. The Cardy meter is effective in determining N sufficiency or deficiency in the field. The Cardy NO3 − meter has potential as a field soil N test to supplement a nutrient management system for vegetable crops as long as region-specific recommendations are established.
MOISTURE CURVE OF COMPACTED CLAY: MERCURY INTRUSION METHOD

This study presents procedures with which one can predict the equilibrium water content, in-service, of a clayey pavement subgrade. Mercury intrusion and pore-size distribution of a specimen of the soil at the in-service fabric are utilized to establish the soil moisture characteristic curve. The procedures are relatively quick, reasonably routine, and reproduceable. Predictions are believed reliable for sites where the soil water suctions are in excess of 500 cm (16 ft) of water depending upon the soil.
Adjoint Kirchhoff's law for all thermal emitters

We study the relation between angular spectral absorptivity and emissivity for any thermal emitter, which consists of any linear media that can be dispersive, inhomogeneous, bianisotropic, or nonreciprocal. First, we establish an adjoint Kirchhoff’s law for mutually adjoint emitters. This law is based on generalized reciprocity and is a natural generalization of conventional Kirchhoff’s law for reciprocal emitters. Using this law, we derive all the relations between absorptivity and emissivity for an arbitrary thermal emitter. We reveal that such relations are determined by the symmetries of the system, which are characterized by a Shubnikov point group. We classify all thermal emitters based on their symmetries using the known list of all three-dimensional Shubnikov point groups. Each class possesses its own set of laws that relates the absorptivity and emissivity. We numerically verify our theory for all three types of Shubnikov point groups: Grey groups, colorless groups, and black/white groups. We also verify the theory for both planar and non-planar structures with single or multiple diffraction channels. Our theory provides a theoretical foundation for further exploration of thermal radiation in general media.
Three‐dimensional fold structure of the Tibetan Moho from GRACE gravity data

Although the prevailing wavelength of the Moho fold has been estimated from the spectral analysis of gravity and topography, there has not been a suggested method developed to reveal its structure. Here we present a three‐dimensional (3D) Moho fold structure beneath Tibet which clearly reflects the continental collision. For the structure estimation a new method has been introduced based on the gravity inversion and flexural model. The estimated direction and wavelength of the Moho fold are consistent with the velocities calculated from Global Positioning System (GPS) and with an elastic plate model under horizontal compression. The prevailing wavelength of the Moho fold is estimated to be 300 to 420 km, which corresponds to an elastic plate with effective elastic thickness (EET) of about 35 km, and much smaller than the prior estimates of 500 to 700 km.
Ecological Communities and Processes in a Mojave Desert Ecosystem: Rock Valley, Nevada: References

Preface Historical prologue on Rock Valley studies 1. Introduction to the Mojave Desert 2. Physical geography of Rock Valley 3. Adaptations of Mojave Desert plants 4. Desert perennials of southern Nevada 5. Mojave Desert annuals 6. Adaptations of Mojave Desert animals 7. Mammals 8. Reptiles 9. Birds 10. Arthropods 11. Soil organisms and seed reserves 12. Nitrogen cycling 13. Human impacts on Mojave Desert ecosystems Literature cited Index.
Effects of rhythm control on left atrial structure remodeling in atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Background The benefits of rhythm control for atrial fibrillation (AF) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have not been conclusively determined. We assessed the effects of rhythm control on left atrial (LA) structure remodeling and prognosis in patients with AF and HFpEF. Methods This was a retrospective, real-world, observational study involving patients diagnosed with AF and HFpEF. The cohort was divided into rhythm-control and rate-control groups depending on their treatment strategies. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, rehospitalization for any cause, HF-related rehospitalization, and stroke. Differences in follow-up LA structure parameters were also analyzed. Results Compared to the rate-control group, patients in the rhythm-control group had a lower risk of HF-related rehospitalization even after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted HR 0.605, 95% CI 0.413–0.887, p = 0.010). Moreover, rhythm-control therapy led to marked reductions in LA echocardiographic indicators and a higher proportion of LA reverse remodeling (LARR). Conclusions Rhythm-control therapy reverses LA structure remodeling and is associated with improved clinical outcomes; therefore, it is an optimal treatment approach for AF in HFpEF patients.
Inductive Source EM Sounding of the Sudbury Structure

A controlled source electromagnetic survey conducted in the South Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex has revealed a south dipping conductive zone at depths of three to five kilometers. The zone has a conductance of about seven siemens whereas the overlying rocks total less than one siemens, indicating the feature is well resolved by the data. The anomalous conductivity may be derived from graphitization of the carbonaceous Black member of the Onaping Formation. Presence of a graphitic conductor is compatible with a model of tight folding or thrusting of the southern portion of the original Sudbury structure over the northern part along a basal plane defined in the Onaping Formation. Graphite could provide the mechanical lubrication to decouple the North Range from the tectonic deformation of the South Range.
Wearable Prophylaxis Tool for AI-Driven Identification of Early Warning Patterns of Pressure Ulcers

As today’s society ages, age-related diseases become more frequent. One very common but yet preventable disease is the development of pressure ulcers (PUs). PUs can occur if tissue is exposed to a long-lasting pressure load, e.g., lying on tissue without turning. The cure of PUs requires intensive care, especially for the elderly or people with preexisting conditions whose tissue needs longer healing times. The consequences are heavy suffering for the patient and extreme costs for the health care system. To avoid these consequences, our objective is to develop a pressure ulcer prophylaxis device. For that, we built a new sensor system able to monitor the pressure load and tissue vital signs in immediate local proximity at patient’s predilection sites. In the clinical study, we found several indicators showing correlations between tissue perfusion and the risk of PU development, including strongly reduced SpO2 levels in body tissue prior to a diagnosed PU. Finally, we propose a prophylaxis system that allows for the prediction of PU developments in early stages before they become visible. This work is the first step in generating an effective system to warn patients or caregivers about developing PUs and taking appropriate preventative measures. Widespread application could reduce patient suffering and lead to substantial cost savings.
Moving target detection based on temporal-spatial information fusion for infrared image sequences

Moving target detection and localization is one of the most fundamental tasks in visual surveillance. In this paper, through analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional approaches about moving target detection, a novel approach based on temporal-spatial information fusion is proposed for moving target detection. The proposed method combines the spatial feature in single frame and the temporal properties within multiple frames of an image sequence of moving target. First, the method uses the spatial image segmentation for target separation from background and uses the local temporal variance for extracting targets and wiping off the trail artifact. Second, the logical "and" operator is used to fuse the temporal and spatial information. In the end, to the fusion image sequence, the morphological filtering and blob analysis are used to acquire exact moving target. The algorithm not only requires minimal computation and memory but also quickly adapts to the change of background and environment. Comparing with other methods, such as the KDE, the Mixture of K Gaussians, etc., the simulation results show the proposed method has better validity and higher adaptive for moving target detection, especially in infrared image sequences with complex illumination change, noise change, and so on.
Exploring the Impact of Age of Onset of Mild Cognitive Impairment on the Profile of Cognitive and Psychiatric Symptoms

The present study aims to explore the differences in the manifestation of cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms across the different ages of MCI onset: early onset (EOMCI: <65 years old), middle onset (MOMCI: 65–75 years old), and late onset (LOMCI: >75 years old). It was hypothesized that individuals with EOMCI will preserve their cognitive functions to a greater extent as compared to individuals with LOMCI, even after adjusting the cognitive performance for age and education through the use of published Greek norms. The level of cognitive decline concerning MOMCI was evaluated for extracting more precise conclusions regarding the impact of the age of onset on the patterns of MCI symptomatology. The analyses of data were conducted in a Greek population of individuals with MCI, who were consecutive visitors of the Outpatient Memory Clinic of Nestor Alzheimer’s Centre in Athens, Greece. The sample consisted of 297 participants who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: MCI diagnosis based on Petersen’s criteria, Greek mother language, and absence of a psychiatric history or chronic and incurable organic disease. The overall results support the presence of a cognitive advantage of the EOMCI group compared to the LOMCI group. In the MOMCI group, cognitive performance displayed a tendency to remain intermediate compared to the other two groups. Nonetheless, significant differences were observed when this group was compared with the LOMCI group. The current findings indicate that the age of onset should be taken under consideration in the neuropsychological assessment of individuals with MCI. The specific parameters could have implications in terms of prognosis as well as the design and implementation of tailored interventions.
Projections of 2.0°C Warming over the Globe and China under RCP4.5

Abstract The outputs of 17 models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) are employed to investigate the temporal and spatial features of 2.0°C warming of the surface temperature over the globe and China under the Representative Concentration Path-ways (RCP) 4.5 scenario. The simulations of the period 1860–1899 in the “historical” experiment are chosen as the baseline. The simulations for the 21st century in the RCP4.5 experiment are chosen as the future project. The multi-model ensemble mean (MME) shows that the global mean temperature would cross the 2.0°C warming threshold in 2047. Warming in most of the models would cross the threshold during 2030–2060. For local warming, high-latitude areas in the Northern Hemisphere show the fastest warming over the globe. Land areas warm substantially faster than the oceans. Most of the southern oceans would not exceed the 2.0°C warming threshold within the 21st century. Over China, surface warming is substantially faster than the global mean. The area-averaged warming would cross the 2.0°C threshold in 2034. Locally, Northwest China shows the fastest warming trend, followed by Central North China and Northeast China. Central China, East China, and South China are the last to cross the 2.0°C warming threshold. The diversity of the models is also estimated in this study. Generally, the spread among the models increases with time, and there is smaller spread among the models for the areas with the faster warming.
Phosphorus distribution in BIF-derived iron ores of Hamersley Province, Western Australia

Abstract The Brockman Iron Formation is one of the most important sources of iron ore in Australia. The usable reserves are limited, however, by high phosphorus levels within some of the orebodies. Understanding of the nature and distribution of this phosphorus is critical when techniques are being devised to upgrade the ores for ironmaking. Although some of the phosphorus is present as secondary apatite and other less common phosphates, it has been known for some time that the majority of the phosphorus in Brockman iron ores is associated with goethite, in amounts often exceeding 1%. It has now been shown that phosphorus levels are dependent not only on the amount of goethite but also on the microtextural types of goethite in the ore. Extensive microanalytical studies of a wide range of ore types have established that the highest phosphorus levels are consistently associated with late-formed colloform goethite in cracks and pore networks. Preliminary studies by scanning transmision electron microscopy reveal that high phosphorus levels are limited to goethite composed of ultrafine crystallites. Where dehydration or recrystallization of the goethite has occurred it typically results in expulsion of the contained phosphorus. The implications of these findings for phosphorus removal are discussed.
Equine maternal aging affects the metabolomic profile of oocytes and follicular cells during different maturation time points

Introduction: Oocyte quality and fertility decline with advanced maternal age. During maturation within the ovarian follicle, the oocyte relies on the associated somatic cells, specifically cumulus and granulosa cells, to acquire essential components for developmental capacity. Methods: A nontargeted metabolomics approach was used to investigate the effects of mare age on different cell types within the dominant, follicular-phase follicle at three time points during maturation. Metabolomic analyses from single oocytes and associated cumulus and granulosa cells allowed correlations of metabolite abundance among cell types. Results and Discussion: Overall, many of the age-related changes in metabolite abundance point to Impaired mitochondrial metabolic function and oxidative stress in oocytes and follicular cells. Supporting findings include a higher abundance of glutamic acid and triglycerides and lower abundance of ceramides in oocytes and somatic follicular cells from old than young mares. Lower abundance of alanine in all follicular cell types from old mares, suggests limited anaerobic energy metabolism. The results also indicate impaired transfer of carbohydrate and free fatty acid substrates from cumulus cells to the oocytes of old mares, potentially related to disruption of transzonal projections between the cell types. The identification of age-associated alterations in the abundance of specific metabolites and their correlations among cells contribute to our understanding of follicular dysfunction with maternal aging.
Heterogeneous change patterns of water level for inland lakes in High Mountain Asia derived from multi‐mission satellite altimetry

High‐altitude inland lakes in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are key indicators to climate change and variability as a result of mostly closed watersheds and minimal disturbance by human activities. However, examination of the spatial and temporal pattern of lake changes, especially for water‐level variations, is usually limited by poor accessibility of most lakes. Recently, satellite altimeters have demonstrated their potential to monitor water level changes of terrestrial water bodies including lakes and rivers. By combining multiple satellite altimetry data provided by the Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) and Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument on the NASA Ice, Cloud and land Elevation satellite (ICESat), this study examined water level changes of typical lakes in HMA at a longer timescale (in the 1990s and 2000s) compared with earlier studies on Tibetan lakes. Cross‐evaluation of the radar altimetry data from LEGOS and laser altimetry data from ICESat/GLAS shows that they were in good agreement in depicting inter‐annual, seasonal and abrupt changes of lake level. The long‐term altimetry measurements reveal that water‐level changes of the 18 lakes showed remarkable spatial and temporal patterns that were characterized by different trends, onsets of rapid rises and magnitudes of inter‐annual variations for different lakes. During the study period, lakes in the central and northern HMA (15 lakes) showed a general growth tendency, while lakes in South Tibet (three lakes) showed significant shrinking tendency. Lakes in Central Tibet experienced rapid and stable water‐level rises around mid‐1990s followed by slowing growth rates after 2006. In contrast, the water‐level rises of lakes in the northern and north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau were characterized by abrupt increases in specific years rather than gradual growth. Meteorological data based on station observations indicate that the annual changes of water level showed strongly correlated with precipitation and evaporation but may not evidently related to the glacier melting induced by global warming. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How does the Nazca Ridge subduction influence the modern Amazonian foreland basin

The subduction of an aseismic ridge has important consequences on the dynamics of the overriding upper plate. In the central Andes, the Nazca Ridge subduction imprint can be tracked on the eastern side of the Andes. The Fitzcarrald arch is the long-wavelength topography response of the Nazca Ridge flat subduction, 750 km inboard of the trench. This uplift is responsible for the atypical three-dimensional shape of the Amazonian forelland basin. The Fitzearrald arch uplift is no older than Pliocene as constrained by the study of Neogene sediments and geomorphic markers, according to the kinematics of the Nazca Ridge subduction.
Tropospheric ozone distributions over Europe during the heat wave in July 2007 observed from infrared nadir spectra recorded by IASI

First partial tropospheric ozone columns (0–6 km) derived from radiances observed by the IASI instrument aboard the MetOp‐A platform over Europe during summer 2007 are presented. They were retrieved using an altitude‐dependent regularization method. Comparison with measurements from balloon sondes shows excellent agreement. Space‐borne observations show large lower tropospheric ozone amounts over South‐Eastern Europe during the heat wave period, which are also displayed by simulations with a regional chemistry‐transport model CHIMERE.