Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic geometrical effects on strong ground motion in a normal fault model

We report results of measurement of particle motion in a foam-rubber model of normal faulting and compare the results with similar results for a strike-slip geometry. Standard computer modeling of strong ground motion from normal fault earthquakes has used dislocation theory, in which slip along the shallow part of the fault is prescribed by assuming particular time functions for fault slip. Unfortunately, in the case of normal faults, there are essentially no near-fault data from large earthquakes to constrain the modeling. In an extensional faulting regime the static normal and shear stresses along the fault must approach zero at the surface, and thus the upper few kilometers of the fault have inherently less stored strain energy than the maximum possible for strike-slip faults. In addition there are dynamic effects from geometry and drop in fault-normal stress which affect the fault motion. Physical models of faulting, such as foam-rubber modeling, are guaranteed to obey static and dynamic mechanical laws and thus can be used to gain insight into the physical processes involved. In this study we compare surface accelerations from normal fault and strike-slip geometries. The data show surface accelerations near the normal fault trace that are systematically lower, by anmore » average factor of about 0.1, compared to the accelerations at the side sensors, which represent strike-slip motion. These results suggest that kinematic modeling of ground motion using classical dislocation techniques is inappropriate on the shallow part of the fault. The results of this study are qualitatively similar to those obtained for numerical models, such as a dynamic lattice model [{ital Shi} {ital et al.}, 1997] and a finite element model [{ital Oglesby} {ital et al.}, 1998], lending support to the probability that similar effects take place in the real Earth. {copyright} 1999 American Geophysical Union« less
Genesis of greenstone‐hosted Cu–Au mineralisation at Hill 800, Mt Useful Slate Belt, eastern Victoria

A group of structurally emplaced Cambrian metavolcanic inliers, informally known as the Barkly River greenstones, in the Mt Useful Slate Belt, eastern Victoria, host several base‐ and precious‐metal anomalies. To date, the most significant anomaly is the Hill 800 prospect, where disseminated and stockwork/stringer chalcopyrite + sphalerite + galena ± native Au mineralisation have been recognised. This ore assemblage is hosted by andesitic lavas and breccias and is syngenetic to pretectonic in origin. Deformation fabrics as well as unmineralised, low‐temperature, quartz ± carbonate veins overprint the ore minerals. Spectacular gossan exposures and intense paragonite + chlorite + muscovite hydrothermal alteration zones are associated with the known extent of the mineralisation. Field relations, geochemical, petrographic, isotopic and fluid‐inclusion studies indicate that ore genesis is closely related to a volcanic‐hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) system, although certain characteristics resemble a porphyry‐Cu style of mineralisation. Comparisons of these findings with other ore systems suggest that Hill 800 is a ‘hybrid’ system transitional between a VHMS and porphyry‐Cu style of mineralisation. Moreover, the host rocks are analogous with the economically important Mt Read Volcanic Complex of western Tasmania. These findings emphasise that the Cambrian greenstones can potentially represent a new base‐ and precious‐metal mineral province of Victoria.
Adiabatically correcting an eddy-permitting model of the North Atlantic using large-scale hydrographic data

The recently proposed “semi–prognostic method” adiabatically corrects flow properties of a hydrostatic ocean general circulation model (OGCM). We discuss four simple modifications to the semi–prognostic method and demonstrate their benefits in an eddy–permitting North Atlantic OGCM. The modifications successfully account for three drawbacks of the original method: reduced geostrophic wave speeds, damped meso–scale eddy activity and spurious interaction with topography. Application of the modified method in the North Atlantic OGCM yields more realistic flow patterns and watermass characteristics in the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic current (NAC) and enhanced eddy kinetic energy. Biases of the uncorrected OGCM – too low northward heat transport and large–scale spurious surface heat fluxes due to false pathways of Gulf Stream and NAC – can be reduced by the modified method. The use of the corrected (eddy–permitting) OGCM, instead of the uncorrected, in a coupled climate model (as it now becomes possible, due to increasing computer power) might therefore allow a more realistic coupled simulation in certain regions of strong air–sea interaction. Since the method does not affect the tracer budgets directly, it is also well suited for a more realistic simulation of uptake and transport of passive tracers, such as anthropogenic CO2 or components of ecosystem models.
CORR Insights®: Tissue Adhesive for Wound Closure Reduces Immediate Postoperative Wound Dressing Changes After Primary TKA: A Randomized Controlled Study in Simultaneous Bilateral TKA.

Postoperative wound drainage is a major concern among orthopaedic surgeons as it is a potential precursor to infection [7]. Other specialties have used tissue adhesives to decrease drainage [2], but few trials have addressed this technique in orthopaedics [4, 8]. Additionally, this method may carry some risk, as allergic contact dermatitis and pruritus have been reported in association with its use [3, 5]. El-Gazzar and colleagues [4] examined the use of an adjunctive tissue adhesive after TKAand found it decreased drainage shortly after surgery. However, in an earlier study of 85 TKAs, Khan and colleagues [8] found more wound drainage in a group of patients treated with a tissue adhesive compared to a group of patients who received sutures or staples [8]. In the current study, Gromov and colleagues [6] report on a trial of 30 patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral TKA with adhesive versus a three-layer closure with staples. The authors found that the latter group had more dressing changes, but did not find changes in ASEPSIS score (Additional treatment, the presence of Serous discharge, Erythema, Purulent exudate, and Separation of the deep tissues, the Isolation of bacteria, and the duration of inpatient Stay), which assesses wound healing [1].
Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia

The terrorist attacks of September 11th have turned the world's attention to areas of the globe about which we know very little. Ahmed Rashid, who explored Afghanistan's Taliban regime in a previous work, here turns his skills as an investigative journalist to the five Central Asian republics adjacent to Afghanistan. Central Asia is coming to play a vital strategic role in the war on terrorism, but the region also poses new threats to global security. The five Central Asian republics - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - were part of the Soviet Union until its collapse in 1991. Under Soviet rule, Islam was brutally suppressed, and that intolerance has continued under the post-Soviet regimes. Religious repression, political corruption, and the region's extreme poverty (unemployment rates exceed 80 percent in some areas) have created a fertile climate for militant Islamic fundamentalism. Often funded and trained by such organizations as Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda and the Taliban, guerrilla movements like the IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) have recruited a staggering number of members across the region and threaten to topple the governments of all five nations. Based on research and numerous interviews, this text explains the roots of militant rage in Central Asia, describes the goals and activities of these militant organisations, and suggests ways in which this threat could be neutralised by diplomatic and economic intervention. Rich in both cultural heritage and natural resources - including massive oil reservoirs - Central Asia remains desperately poor and frighteningly volatile. In tracing the history of Central Asia and explaining the current political climate, Rashid demonstrates that it is a region we ignore at our peril.
AN ICHTHYOSAUR CARCASS-FALL COMMUNITY FROM THE POSIDONIA SHALE (TOARCIAN) OF GERMANY

Abstract The possibility that large marine reptiles and other Mesozoic vertebrates produced nekton-fall communities similar to those of modern cetaceans is presently receiving increased attention in the literature. The author describes a rare ichthyosaur carcass-fall community from the Posidonia Shale (lower Toarcian) of Germany, which provides insights into the role played by large marine vertebrates in determining regional benthic ecology during this period. It is demonstrated here that, while more important than previously thought, there is little evidence to suggest that ichthyosaur carcasses played a substantial role in structuring the benthic ecology of the European Toarcian epeiric sea. In general, within the shallow waters of the Posidonia Shale, conditions conducive to the creation of carcass-fall communities were rare, and when present, resulted in localized magnification of background taxa and higher local biodiversity, rather than a unique community of epibiont organisms. The community which developed is ecologically similar to modern whale-fall communities, but differs in important ways, particularly with regard to the presence/absence of the chemosynthetic faunas which are most intensively described in the literature.
A New Ceratopsian from the Upper Jurassic Houcheng Formation of Hebei, China

Abstract A new ceratopsian taxon Xuanhuaceratops niei gen. et sp. nov. is erected based on four fragmentary specimens collected from the Late Jurassic Houcheng Formation, Hebei Province, China. Xuanhuaceratops shares a number of derived features with, and is closely related to, another probable Late Juarassic ceratopsian Chaoyangsaurus youngi, from which it differs in only possessing a single premaxillary tooth as well as in details of quadrate and scapular morphology. We hypothesize that these two taxa represent a primitive lineage of Ceratopsia that is basal to the psittacosaurid‐neoceratopsian diversity, and propose the name Chaoyangsauridae for it.
Ice Fabrics in a Vertical Flow Plane, Barnes Ice Cap, Canada

Abstract At a depth of about 75 m in the lower part of the accumulation area of the Barnes Ice Cap there is a change from fine-grained ice with a weakly-oriented c-axis fabric to coarser ice with a broad single-maximum fabric. At a depth of about 150 m the single maximum becomes elongate perpendicular to the direction of bubble elongation, and then splits into two distinct maxima making an angle of about 40–45° with respect to one another. At greater depths a third and finally a fourth maximum appear, forming the well known diamond pattern. Mean crystal size does not seem to increase in the transitions from one to two and thence to three maxima, but it may become more uniform. Crystal size does increase in the transition from three to four maxima, however. At the base of the glacier there is a 10–20 m thick layer of unusually-bubbly, fine-grained white ice with a strong single-maximum fabric. The depths to the transitions increase up-glacier and in place of the single-maximum fabric a small-circle pattern is found. Down-glacier the depths to the transitions decrease, systematically eliminating the higher zones. Thus in the lower part of the ablation area, ice with a four-maximum fabric appears at the surface. The independent variables governing these fabric transitions appear to be temperature T, stress τ, and cumulative strain ³ oc. In a tentative stability diagram showing the fields in which given fabrics are stable in T–τ– ³ oc space, multiple-maximum fabrics occur at high temperatures (> —10°C) and at moderate to high stresses, weakly-oriented fabrics at low stresses or low cumulative strains, broad single-maximum fabrics at moderate stresses or moderate cumulative strains, and strong single-maximum fabrics at high stresses or large cumulative strains.
A numerical model of dyke propagation in layered elastic media

SUMMARY We develop a mathematical model describing dyke propagation in proximity of an elastic discontinuity of the embedding medium. The dyke is modelled as a fluid-filled crack in plane strain configuration employing the boundary element method. The pressure gradient along the crack is assumed proportional to the difference between the densities of the host rock and the fluid. Mass conservation is imposed during propagation and fluid compressibility is taken into account. The path followed by the crack is found by maximizing the total energy release, given by the sum of the elastic and gravitational contributions. The mathematical simulations provide a sort of ‘refraction phenomenon’, that is a sudden change in the direction of propagation when the crack crosses the boundary separating different rigidities: if the dyke enters a softer medium, its path deviates towards the vertical, if the dyke enters a harder medium its path deviates away from the vertical and may even become arrested as a horizontal sill along the interface, if the rigidity contrast is large. Gravitational energy plays a major role during propagation; in particular, in proximity of layer boundaries, this role is enhanced by the shift of the centre of mass due to changes of dyke shape. Mathematical results were validated by laboratory experiments performed injecting tilted air-filled cracks through gelatin layers with different rigidities.
Demographic predictors of experiences of homelessness among lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, gender-diverse and queer-identifying (LGBTIQ) young people in Australia

Homelessness among young lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, gender-diverse and queer-identifying (LGBTQ+) persons is highly prevalent and constitutes a structural risk to health and future life chances. However, the distribution of homelessness burden is among di ﬀ erent LGBTQ+ subgroups is poorly understood. An Australia-wide cross-sectional online survey was conducted involving 6,481 LGBTQ+ participants aged 14 – 21 years during 2019. Single-predictor logistic regression analyses identi ﬁ ed factors associated with both lifetime and recent experiences of homelessness. Analyses also explored associations between recent (<12 months) experiences of homelessness, experiences of harassment, alcohol consumption, and psychological distress. Higher odds of experiencing homelessness were observed for trans and gender-diverse young people, individuals who identi ﬁ ed with sexual identity labels other than lesbian, gay or bisexual, racially-minoritized persons, disabled persons and individuals from a religious family or household, compared to their respective counterparts. Experiencing homelessness was associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption and higher prevalence of experiencing verbal, physical and sexual harassment, but only modestly associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Homelessness risk and burden is unevenly distributed among LGBTQ+ youth and is linked to outcomes which may potentiate future homelessness. Interventions addressing homelessness among this group must be optimized for those subgroups most vulnerable to experiencing homelessness.
The chemical basis for the electrical stratigraphy of ice

Antarctic and Greenland ice core samples were studied using two different stratigraphic electrical techniques. The electrical conductivity measurement (ECM) technique is a dc method, while dielectric profiling (DEP) is an ac method. It was found that ECM responds only to acid, even in large excess of neutral salt concentrations. DEP responds to both acid and salt content of the ice. Acids may be giving rise to conduction through an increase in the number of ionisation defects, or through a network of liquid veins between ice grains. Salts on the other hand appear to give rise to Bjerrum defects, which are bound charges and cannot provide a dc current, but do produce a dielectric ac conductivity. The two methods can be used together to give a rapid prediction of both acid and salt content of cores. This may be of particular use in Wisconsin-age ice from Greenland, but can generally be used to define parts of cores worthy of detailed chemical study.
Research Project on CO2 Geological Storage and Groundwater Resources: Water Quality Effects Caused by CO2 Intrusion into Shallow Groundwater

Research Project on CO 2 Geological Storage and Groundwater Resources Water Quality Effects Caused by CO 2 Intrusion into Shallow Groundwater Z Y X SG X Y Technical Report, October 2008 Contact: Jens Birkholzer Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd., MS 90-1116; 510-486-7134; jtbirkholzer@lbl.gov Contributors: Jens Birkholzer, John Apps, Liange Zheng, Yingqi Zhang, Tianfu Xu, Chin-Fu Tsang EPA Program Managers: Bruce Kobelski, Anhar Karimjee Z
Age of cleavage in the Skiddaw Slates in relation to the Skiddaw aureole

Summary A recent hypothesis concerning the age of orogenic deformation of the Skiddaw Slates in the English Lake District has proposed that the main slaty cleavage (S1) and superimposed subhorizontal crenulation-cleavage (S2) are of intra-Ordovician age. A study of the fabric of the aureole of the (end-Silurian) Skiddaw granite shows that the granite was emplaced towards the end of the D1 deformation phase, but before the formation of S2. These structures are therefore of broadly end-Silurian age, and evidence of an intra-Ordovician orogeny in this area is lacking.
Roles of bacterial extracellular vesicles in systemic diseases

Accumulating evidence suggests that in various systems, not all bidirectional microbiota–host interactions involve direct cell contact. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) may be key participants in this interkingdom crosstalk. BEVs mediate microbiota functions by delivering effector molecules that modulate host signaling pathways, thereby facilitating host–microbe interactions. BEV production during infections by both pathogens and probiotics has been observed in various host tissues. Therefore, these vesicles released by microbiota may have the ability to drive or inhibit disease pathogenesis in different systems within the host. Here, we review the current knowledge of BEVs and particularly emphasize their interactions with the host and the pathogenesis of systemic diseases.
Parsimonious modeling of hydrologic responses in engineered watersheds: Structural heterogeneity versus functional homogeneity

The central premise of this paper is that extensive modifications of land use and hydrology, coupled with intensive management of watersheds in the Midwestern United States over the past century, have increased the predictability of hydrologic responses, allowing for the use of simpler, minimum‐calibration models. In these engineered watersheds, extensive tile‐and‐ditch networks have increased the effective drainage density and have created bypass flow hydrologic systems that generate “flashy” and “predictable” hydrographs. We propose a simple, threshold‐based model, the Threshold‐Exceedance‐Lagrangian Model (TELM), for predicting event hydrographs. TELM was evaluated by comparing predicted hydrographs with those measured over a 4 year period at the outlet of a mesoscale watershed (Cedar Creek, ∼700 km2) in northeastern Indiana. Application of the Soil‐Land Inference Model (SoLIM) indicated that, despite structural heterogeneities (e.g., spatial variability in soil taxonomic mapping units), about 80% of the area of the watershed could be assigned a single value of available soil water storage, which was the primary soil parameter that defined hydrograph response. Hydrograph recession curves for multiple events were described well using an exponential function, with the mean arrival time (tr) estimated on the basis of the contributing drainage area (A) and the mean occurrence time (th) of the event hyetograph. Also, functional responses (event hydrographs) at the subwatershed scale could be grouped into just two categories on the basis of only spatial variability in rainfall patterns. TELM, with no parameter calibration, matched the observed hydrographs as well as the widely used SWAT model predictions with calibration. Advantages and limitations of the proposed modeling approach were identified, and needed improvements were discussed.
World Cup 2010: South African Economic Perspectives and Perspectives Policy Challenges Informed by the Experience of Germany 2006

The paper provides a first ex post analysis of the financial burden and economic benefits of the World Cup in Germany 2006. On the usual cost-benefit measures, the experience of WC 2006 appears to be in line with existing empirical work on large sporting events and sport stadia which rarely identify significant net economic benefits. The paper also argues that the “event benefit” or “feel-good factor” of sport events should no longer be neglected in cost-benefit studies of large sporting events, even though these effects are likely to be underestimated ex ante due to their possible experience good character. These lessons from Germany 2006 provide a context for analysing the potential risks and benefits for South Africa, the World Cup hosts in 2010. The paper aims to open a discussion on policy decisions, often at the level of urban planning and architecture, that might improve the balance of costs and benefits for sport events and stadia. To that end the paper attempts to initiate a discussion on the economic effects of “iconic buildings”.
Sediment and pollutant distribution along the Negro River: Patagonia, Argentina

The Negro River extends from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean supplying water to several cities and to the most important fruit-bearing productive region of Patagonia. Floodplains from the Upper Valley are artificially irrigated with water delivered from the main channel. Pesticides are increasingly used without strict government control. Dams constructed at the tributary rivers retain sediment and therefore the clean water delivered becomes free of sediment and therefore is able to erode certain levees during high-discharge events. Bedload–transport fraction (sand dunes) increases at the Upper Valley and is fixed at the levees of the Lower Valley by riparian vegetation. This riparian vegetation is dominated by Salix humboldtiana and Schoenoplectus californicus while Spartina sp is abundant at the estuarine marsh area. Organochlorine compounds (OCCs) were measured by GC-ECD including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dichlorophenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) and dichloro-dyphenyl-dichloroethane (DDD) endosulfans, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) and chlordanes. OCCs were preferentially accumulated at the Upper Valley in relation to the agricultural activities developed. The dominance of DDE and the parental endosulfan can be explained by their past and current use, respectively. PCBs (different congener groups) showed low levels as a consequence of chronic pollution related to the mud fraction. The high concentration in pollutants at the Upper Valley is significantly reduced to the Middle and Lower Valleys due to filtering effects, assumed to be induced by the riparian vegetation. At the estuary, very low OCCs levels were measured probably due to the dilution induced by mesotidal dynamics. The sedimentation rate of the lower floodplain is of 1 mm/year. The bottom of the main channel is dominated by 2D sand dunes. At the inlet, a sandy gravel bank is composed of megaripples 0.5 m high. Tidal currents guarantee the stability of the inlet, and particularly the asymmetric flood-tidal delta. Wave action induces a net longshore sand transport towards the north.