Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can enamel microstructure be used to establish the presence of different species of Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Omo, Ethiopia?

Microstructural characteristics of enamel are minimally influenced by extrinsic / non-genomic factors and are thus potentially important in any attempt to establish the taxonomic attribution of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. The aim of this work is to assess the potential use of enamel microstructural characteristics in attributing teeth from the Omo to different Plio-Pleistocene hominid species. First, the results from this study are compared to data for extant hominoids in order to observe whether Omo teeth show similar or larger variation. This might suggest that more than one species is represented in the Omo sample. Alternatively, a similar or smaller variation would suggest that no more than one species could be reliably recognized in the sample using enamel microstructural characteristics. Secondly, since all previous studies suggest that more than one species is present in the large sample of teeth from the Omo, enamel microstructure characteristics with the largest variability are used to group teeth into morphs. These morphs are compared with previous taxonomic attributions of Omo teeth in order to determine if the morphs grouped teeth in a similar way to previous studies. The results of this study demonstrate that enamel microanatomy characteristics in Plio-Pleistocene hominid teeth from the Omo do not present a larger variation than that observed in extant hominoid species. This suggests that no more than one species can be recognized by using these characteristics. These results also indicate a large overlap in enamel microstructure characteristics between Plio-Pleistocene hominid species from Omo and place serious doubt on the theoretical potential for using enamel microstructural characteristics as a taxonomic tool. The morphs defined in this study do not correspond with any previous taxonomic attributions based on macrostructural analysis of the same teeth and cannot be referred to different species. However, macrostructural characteristics have never been assessed in the same way in extant hominoids and it remains to be seen to what extent these characters reflect interspecific, intraspecific or even intra-individual variation. For now therefore, the taxonomy of Plio-Pleistocene hominids from the Omo still remains unresolved.
The life cycle of Babesia bigemina (Smith and Kilborne, 1893) in the tick vector Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)

The protozoan Babesia bigemina, a cause of tick fever in cattle, is transmitted in Australia by Boophilus microplus. Its development in the lumen of the gut of the tick during the first 24 hr after ingestion remains uncertain. It is believed, however, that most of the forms in the bovine erythrocytes are destroyed, and that only certain oval or spherical bodies survive and develop. These could be gametocytes. Invasion of the epithelial cells of the gut occurs about 24 hr after repletion, and subsequent multiplication of the parasite in these cells is by means of multiple fission. This leads, by about 72 hr, to the production of mature vermicules, which are released into the haemolymph. They measure about 11 µ by 2.5 µ, with a range of 9–13 µ by 2.0–2.9 µ. By about the fourth day, some of the vermicules invade the cells of the Malpighian tubules and of the haemolymph, and a secondary cycle of multiple fission gives rise to vermicules indistinguishable from those that had been produced in the epithelial cells of the gut. Others invade the ova of the tick, and subsequently undergo a similar cycle in the gut cells of the developing larva. The final cycle takes place in the salivary glands of the nymph, and the forms infective to the vertebrate host appear 8-10 days after larval attachment. Multiplication in this cycle is also by multiple fission, but it differs in detail from the preceding cycles. The resultant forms measure 2.2–2.7 µ by 1.0–1.5 µ, and are very similar to the pyriform bodies observed in bovine erythrocytes. Not all ticks develop an infection after engorging on a reacting animal. Infection of the invertebrate host depends, to some degree at least, on the parasite density in the blood of the bovine host. Also, cattle reacting to a tick-transmitted infection are more infective for the tick than those infected by blood inoculation. The vermicule is able to withstand low temperatures, but the earlier developmental stages in the female tick are inhibited by environmental temperature below 20°C. The distinctive characteristics of the vermicule could make this form of value in studies on the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis.
CONTROLE DE CRIADOUROS DOS VETORES DE DENGUE E DA FEBRE AMARELA URBANA NA CIDADE DE GOIÂNIA, COM PARTICIPAÇÃO POPULAR

Diante da necessidade de monitoramento do nivel de infestacao do Aedes aegypti e/ou doAedes albopiciits na cidade de Goiânia, foi realizado pela Fundacao Nacional de Saude,regional de Goias, um Levantamento de indice Amostrai (LIA), em locais vulneraveis ainfestacao pelos vetores. Selecionaram-se 30 bairros da cidade de Goiânia e pesquisaram-se11% dos imoveis. Apos a conclusao do LIA, foi desenvolvido um mutirao de limpeza erealizada conscientizacao da populacao com o objetivo de eliminar os criadouros nosdomicilios. Dentre os bairros pesquisados, houve predominância dos seguintes criadouros:garrafas, latas e plasticos (30,4%), pneus (21,5%), vasos com plantas (16,1%), pecas decarro ( 9,6%) e materia! de construcao (9,1%). Verificou-se a presenca de larvas de A.aegypti em todos os bairros pesquisados, enquanto que o A. albopictus foi encontrado emum unico bairro (Balneario Meia Ponte), sendo este o primeiro relato de ocorrencia destaespecie de Aedes na cidade de Goiânia- GO. A deteccao de larvas de A. aegypti nessescriadouros mostra que o lixo urbano se constitui no principal foco de atuacao para o sucessode campanhas de combate ao mosquito. O estudo comprovou que dentro do Programa deErradicacao do A. aegypti a comunidade desempenha papel importante amando no controlede criadouros.
How logical is safety? An institutional logics perspective on safety at work

BACKGROUND: Occupational incidents and accidents are still commonplace in the contemporary workplace, despite increased understandings of safety. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to yield new insights into safety-related thinking, decisions and behaviours through the application of an institutional logics perspective. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews with twenty-two managers in a railroad construction and maintenance organisation were conducted, in which a variety of topics related to occupational safety and management were discussed. RESULTS: The results illustrate that an institutional logics perspective provides useful insights into the different logics of the market, profession, and corporation in the occupational safety context. Furthermore, the results demonstrate contradictory viewpoints, so-called complexity, between these three logics and subsequent management approaches. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that viewing occupational safety through the lens of institutional logics leads to a better understanding of safety and reveals various rationales for safety attitudes and behaviours that otherwise may have been dismissed as irrational. Understanding and possessing the discourse of logics can help managers and safety professionals with analysis and prevention of accidents.
Association of HLA‐DR‐DQ alleles, haplotypes, and diplotypes with type 1 diabetes in Saudis

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that affects many children worldwide. Genetic factors and environmental triggers play crucial interacting roles in the aetiology. This study aimed to assess the contribution of HLA‐DRB1‐DQA1‐DQB1 alleles, haplotypes, and genotypes to the risk of T1D among Saudis.
Volunteers in bird conservation: insights from the Australian Threatened Bird Network

Summary Volunteers play an important role in recovery efforts on threatened Australian birds. We surveyed the demography, motivation and preferences of people registered with the Threatened Bird Network, a network dedicated to placing volunteers in recovery efforts. Most were employed or studying and were members of conservation or natural history groups. The main reason for volunteering was an interest in conservation, and most volunteers considered habitat conservation of primary importance. They preferred outdoor projects on highly threatened species and where organizers set clear goals, provided feedback and supervised in a friendly and helpful manner. We also surveyed the recovery projects to determine the extent of volunteer involvement required, and the expectations recovery teams had of volunteers. Volunteers made a major contribution to recovery efforts, with $3.4 million being directed to 32 recovery efforts in the period 1996−2000 − a contribution that has been increasing in recent years. Most activities involved surveying and searching and most activities were available in spring, which coincides with the breeding season of the taxa involved. Volunteers travelled considerable distances, yet only a few projects provided financial support.
Sexual receptivity and age in Glossina pallidipes Austen (Dipt., Glossinidae)

The recent success of the sterile insect technique (SIT) in eradicating Glossina austeni from Zanzibar has stimulated interest in applying this technology to control Glossina pallidipes. However, little is known about the mating behaviour of this species in relation to the development and implementation of an effective SIT programme. The effect of age on male and female receptivity to mating was evaluated together with copulation duration, sperm transfer and the growth of the accessory gland and follicle A in males and females, respectively. Females and males reached their optimal sexual receptivity 9–13 days after emergence. Mean copulation duration was 20–30 min for mature males and females. The growth of follicle A and the accessory gland (apical body) was a function of age of females and males, respectively. Ovulation was not observed in virgin females up to 15 days of age whereas mated females ovulated by day 9. Males aged 7–15 days were equally effective in inseminating. Cages of males and females of different ages were set up to monitor puparial production in relation to optimization of mass rearing. The results are discussed in relation to the development of an efficient mass rearing protocol for this species and an optimal release strategy for sterile males.
Forma física da ração e pesos de abate nas características de carcaça de cordeiros em creep feeding

Twenty 3/4 Suffolk male lambs were fed ground and pelleted diets and slaughtered at 26 and 28 kg of liveweight. Diets were isoprotein (21% CP) and isoenergetic (2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM). Lambs had free entrance on creep feeding, staying with their mothers until reaching slaughter weight. Pelleted diet resulted in higher hot dressing-out percentages (54.18% for pelleted diet and 52.04% for ground one) and higher true dressing-out percentages (58.37% for pelleted diet and 56.66% for ground one). Hot and cold dressing-out percentages were not affected by final liveweight (12.79 and 13.05 kg for 26 and 28 kg slaughter live weight, respectively). Diet physical form and final live weight did not affect Longissimus muscle area and length. Loin width and maximal fat depth were higher for lambs fed pelleted diet and minimum fat depth was lower for lambs slaughtered at 26 kg of live weight (1.48 and 1.77 cm for lambs slaughtered at 26 and 28 kg, respectively). It was concluded that pelleted diets provided better hot carcass and biological dressing-out percentages and loin depth and compactness carcass index. Live weight of 26 kg was considered the most useful for lambs slaughter because presented similar carcass traits compared to 28 kg.
The recent Ips typographus outbreak in Norway ‐ experiences from a control program

During the period 1971-81 there were severe outbreaks of the bark beetle Ips typographus in southern Norway that damaged trees equivalent to 5 million cubic metres of timber. The outbreaks were caused partly by an extensive windblow and partly by drought. Trap trees were used until 1979, when pheromone-baited traps were introducted as part of an extensive control program. The various aspects of this program are outlined and problems of scientific, technological, economical-administrative and informative character are discussed. Possible explanation for the decline of the epidemic after 1980 is presented and the main conditions which must be fulfilled for achieving successful mass trapping of insect pests are listed.
Acupuncture for Pain Management: Molecular Mechanisms of Action.

Acupuncture reduces pain by activating specific areas called acupoints on the patient's body. When these acupoints are fully activated, sensations of soreness, numbness, fullness, or heaviness called De qi or Te qi are felt by clinicians and patients. There are two kinds of acupuncture, manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA). Compared with non-acupoints, acupoints are easily activated on the basis of their special composition of blood vessels, mast cells, and nerve fibers that mediate the acupuncture signals. In the spinal cord, EA can inhibit glial cell activation by down-regulating the chemokine CX3CL1 and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. This inhibits P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways, which are associated with microglial activation of the C-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway and subsequent astrocyte activation. The inactivation of spinal microglia and astrocytes mediates the immediate and long-term analgesic effects of EA, respectively. A variety of pain-related substances released by glial cells such as the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and prostaglandins such as prostaglandins E2 can also be reduced. The descending pain modulation system in the brain, including the anterior cingulated cortex, the periaqueductal gray, and the rostral ventromedial medulla, plays an important role in EA analgesia. Multiple transmitters and modulators, including endogenous opioids, cholecystokinin octapeptide, 5-hydroxytryptamine, glutamate, noradrenalin, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, and orexin A, are involved in acupuncture analgesia. Finally, the "Acupuncture +" strategy is introduced to help clinicians achieve better analgesic effects, and a newly reported acupuncture method called acupoint catgut embedding, which injects sutures made of absorbable materials at acupoints to achieve long-term effects, is discussed.
KinomeRun: An interactive utility for kinome target screening and interaction fingerprint analysis towards holistic visualization on kinome tree

Kinases are key targets for many of the pathological conditions. Inverse screening of ligands serves as an essential mode to identify potential kinase targets in modern drug discovery research. Hence, we intend to develop KinomeRun, a robust pipeline for inverse screening and kinome tree visualization through the seamless integration of kinome structures, docking and kinome–drug interaction fingerprint analysis. In this pipeline, the hurdle of residue numbering in kinome is also resolved by creating a common index file with the conserved kinase pocket residues for comparative interaction analysis. KinomeRun can be used to screen the ligands of interest docked against multiple kinase structures in parallel around the kinase binding site and also to filter out the targets with unique interaction patterns. This automation is essential for prioritization of kinase targets that show specificity for a given drug and will also serve as a crucial tool kit for holistic approaches in kinase drug discovery. KinomeRun is developed using python and bash programming language and is distributed freely under the GNU GPL licence‐3.0 and can be downloaded at https://github.com/inpacdb/KinomeRun. The tutorial videos for installation, target screening and customized filtration are available at https://www.youtube. com/playlist? list=PLuIaEFtMVgQ7v__WigQH9ilGVxrfI1LKs and also be downloaded for offline viewing from the github link.
Alterations in Soybean Leaf Development and Photosynthesis in a Co2- Enriched Atmosphere

This study was conducted to characterize changes in the canopy photosynthetic leaf area of developing soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Lee) exposed to a CO2-enriched atmosphere. Young, vegetative plants were exposed to 350 or 700 μL L-1 CO2 for 15 d. Plant dry mass and total leaf area were greater in the CO2-enriched environment. Emergence and expansion rates of main stem leaves increased at high CO2, but the areas of individual leaves at full expansion were affected very little (5%-10% greater than controls). More rapid leaf expansion rates occurred in the light and dark. Under CO2-enriched conditions, the net CO2 exchange rates of all leaves on the main stem were higher before and after full expansion. Stomatal conductance was lower in high CO2 only after leaves approached full expansion. Leaf development on the lateral branches also was increased at high CO2, accounting for 40% of the total increase in leaf area by the end of the experiment. We conclude that more rapid rates of leaf development under CO2 enrichment likely resulted from increased photosynthesis rates and that both direct and indirect effects were involved.
Thousand Cankers Disease is Widespread in Black Walnut in the Western United States

Thousand cankers disease of black walnut is caused by aggressive feeding by the walnut twig beetle and subsequent canker development around beetle galleries caused the fungus Geosmithia morbida. The authors We confirmed the presence of G. morbida from symptomatic black walnut or hybrids in California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Thousand cankers disease continues to cause extensive mortality to black walnut over a wide geographic region and is intensifying in the western United States.
Genetic and environmental influences on the developmental trajectory of callous‐unemotional traits from childhood to adolescence

Background This study examined the genetic and environmental influences underlying baseline level and developmental course of callous–unemotional (CU) traits across childhood and adolescence. Methods The data on 8,958 twin pairs (3,108 MZ twin pairs and 5,850 DZ twin pairs) from the Twins Early Development Study were analysed. CU traits were assessed at ages 7, 9, 12 and 16 by mothers and analysed using a biometric latent growth model. Results Individual differences in the baseline level of CU traits were highly heritable (76.5%), while the heritability of the developmental course of CU traits was moderate (43.6%). The genetic influences on baseline level and developmental course of CU traits were mostly nonoverlapping. Nonshared environment made a modest contribution to the baseline level of CU traits (21.7%). Nonshared environmental influences on the developmental course of CU traits were moderate (43.2%), with nearly half of them being the same as those influencing the baseline level and just over half being specific. Shared environmental effects did not contribute to systematic change across childhood and adolescence but were rather age‐specific. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that rather than only being conceptualized as factors of stability, genes also play a dynamic role in explaining systematic change in CU traits. Genetic effects for the initial risk and subsequent development of CU traits are not the same. In addition to genetic factors, nonshared environmental influences play an important role in explaining why some children will increase or maintain their CU traits over time, whereas other will desist. New genetic and environmental influences with age suggest that repeated, age‐tailored interventions may be required throughout development to make a lasting difference in the presentation of CU traits and associated outcomes.
Loop ileostomy closure: a retrospective comparison of three techniques

Loop ileostomy (LI) formation is a common practice for patients undergoing low anterior resection or restorative ileo‐anal pouch surgery. Ileostomy closure can be performed using a stapled or hand‐sewn technique, with or without resection. If hand‐sewn, the closure can be one or two layers. Randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated one technique to be superior, and meta‐analyses are limited by the heterogeneity of published studies. Our primary aim is to compare stapled ileostomy closure with single‐ and two‐layer hand‐sewn closures.
Exposure to hypoxia conditions alters volatile concentrations of apple cultivars

Brief periods of hypoxia at ambient temperatures (20°C) have potential for disinfestation treatments or as pre-treatments to maintain fruit quality during extended storage. Nine cultivars of apple (Cox's Orange Pippin, Fuji, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Pacific Rose, Red Delicious, Royal Gala, Splendour and Southern Snap) were exposed to hypoxia using an atmosphere of 100% carbon dioxide for 24 h at 20°C. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of volatile compounds were undertaken after removal of fruits from a high-carbon-dioxide atmosphere and during 1 week at 20 °C. Concentrations of acetaldehdye, ethanol, ethyl acetate and ethyl esters were consistently enhanced by hypoxia, while concentrations of acetate esters and aldehydes were depressed. Cultivars varied considerably in response to high carbon dioxide, with Cox's Orange Pippin and Golden Delicious having the least and Fuji and Red Delicious the greatest enhancement in ethyl esters. Fruits exposed to hypoxia had larger odour unit scores than control fruits, suggesting that such changes in volatile concentration may affect aroma andlor flavour. Enhanced ethyl ester concentrations in fruits exposed to hypoxia may be due to increases in ethanol concentration that competitively inhibit formation of non-ethyl esters. There may also have been a change in ester-forming enzyme activity andlor substrate specificity of the volatile biosynthetic pathway. This study has shown that short-term exposure to hypoxia has the potential to change the aroma/flavour of apples.
Isosclerone, a New Metabolite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (LIB.) DE BARY

Sclerone, mp 138~140°C, C10H10O3 was isolated from the culture filtrate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This is optically active, [α]D20−30∘, and gave 1,5-naphthalenediol on pyrolysis. Oxidation with MnO2 yielded juglone. From the chemical and physical evidences, the structure was determined to be 4,5-dihydroxy-(4S)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone.
Maternal high‐sugar diet changes offspring vulnerability to reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking behavior: Role of melanocortin‐4 receptors

Maternal diet significantly influences the proper development of offspring in utero. Modifications of diet composition may lead to metabolic and mental disorders that may predispose offspring to a substance use disorder. We assessed the impact of a maternal high‐sugar diet (HSD, rich in sucrose) consumed during pregnancy and lactation on the offspring phenotype in the context of the rewarding and motivational effects of cocaine and changes within the central melanocortin (MC) system. Using an intravenous cocaine self‐administration model, we showed that maternal HSD leads to increased relapse of cocaine‐seeking behavior in male offspring. In addition, we demonstrated that cocaine induces changes in the level of MC‐4 receptors in the offspring brain, and these changes depend on maternal diet. These studies also reveal that an MC‐4 receptor antagonist reduces the reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking behavior, and offspring exposed to maternal HSD are more sensitive to its effects than offspring exposed to the maternal control diet. Taken together, the results suggest that a maternal HSD and MC‐4 receptors play an important role in cocaine relapse.