Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Re‐evaluation of the Last Glacial Maximum typesite at Dimlington, UK

Bateman, M. D. , Buckland, P. C. , Whyte, M. A. , Ashurst, R. A. , Boulter, C. & Panagiotakopulu, E. 2011: Re‐evaluation of the Last Glacial Maximum typesite at Dimlington, UK. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011. 00204.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.
A finite amplitude necking model of rifting in brittle lithosphere

We formulate a mechanical model describing the formation of rifts as finite amplitude necking of an elastic-plastic layer overlying a fluid substrate. A perfectly plastic rheology is a continuum description of faulting in rift zones. Two important aspects of rift evolution are illustrated by this model: the evolution of the rift width as extension proceeds and the finite strain that occurs. A region at yield initially develops with a width determined by the thickness of the brittle layer, and the internal deformation within this yield zone is proportional to the topographic slope. As extension proceeds, the surface within the rift subsides, and the width of the subsiding yield zone decreases. At any stage of rifting, material in regions just outside the yield zone is deformed but no longer deforming. The width of these deformed regions increases with increasing extension. Vertical forces due to the mass deficit of the rift depression will flex the elastic layer outside the yield zone, creating flanking uplifts. The external force required to maintain active rifting increases with the amount of lithospheric stretching, indicating that rifting is a quasi-static, stable process. Because the yield zone will revert to elastic behavior if the external force causing extension is removed, the model predicts that the rift depression and flanking uplifts will be preserved after extension stops. Our simple mechanical model demonstrates the inherent relationship among graben formation, lithospheric thinning, and rift shoulder uplift in rift zones.
Magnetization of the oceanic crust beneath the Labrador Sea

The aeromagnetic anomalies of the oceanic crust northeast of Newfoundland, Canada, are strongly skewed, with an anomalous skewness of 33–52°, with respect to the anomalies calculated using the standard sea-floor spreading model. This paper examines the possibility that the anomalous skewness is on account of an oceanic crust with a thermo-viscous remanent magnetization, where unlike the standard model the lower crust is magnetic. The thermo-viscous remanent magnetization of the lower crust beneath the Labrador Sea has dominant contributions to broad-scale marine magnetic anomalies and to the negative Magsat anomaly of the Sea.
Evapotranspiration dynamics in a boreal peatland and its impact on the water and energy balance

[1] Hydrological conditions play a key role in the carbon cycle of northern peatlands. This study examines the evapotranspiration (ET) dynamics and its impact on the water and energy balance in response to differing meteorological conditions during the exceptionally dry year 2006 and the normal wet year 2007 at a boreal peatland in Finland. Energy and water vapor fluxes were determined continuously using the eddy covariance approach. Daily ET rates varied considerably during the growing season and averaged 2.23 ± 0.15 mm d−1 and 1.59 ± 0.07 mm d−1 in the dry and wet year, respectively. Synoptic weather conditions as reflected by incoming radiation and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were the key factors controlling ET. Differences in the precipitation patterns and summer temperature also accounted for some of the observed differences in ET between the 2 years. No evidence was found for a relationship between ET rates and water table level, probably due to the relatively high water table level even in the dry year. Latent heat flux dominated the energy balance, particularly in the dry year 2006 with 60% of cumulative precipitation returned to the atmosphere through ET. In the wet year 2007, runoff dominated the water loss, and only 36% of the cumulative precipitation was returned to the atmosphere through ET. While the annual water balance regime of the peatland was mainly regulated by the precipitation pattern, daily measured ET was closely related to potential evaporation, and latent heat flux could be well modeled by the Penman-Monteith approach, suggesting two feasible schemes for ET prediction in peatlands under well watered conditions.
Quenched mafic inclusions in ≤2200 years B.P. deposits at Augustine Volcano, Alaska

This article describes results from morphological, textural, mineralogical, and compositional analyses of lava clasts and quenched mafic inclusions from 10 Holocene debris-avalanche deposits (2200–125 years B.P.) that form the lower flanks of Augustine Volcano, Alaska. Mafic inclusions collected from the Rocky Point pyroclastic-flow deposit emplaced during the 2006 eruption are included for comparison. All deposits contain evidence for mixing between basalt and high-silica andesite prior to and during eruption, including compositional banding, disequilibria phenocryst assemblages, linear variation in major- and trace-element concentrations, and quenched mafic inclusions (51.3–57.3 wt.% SiO2) hosted by andesite lavas (59.1–62.6 wt.% SiO2). Generally, inclusions from all deposits share many morphologic and petrologic characteristics. Inclusions range in diameter from <1 to >36 cm, although 87% of the 959 inclusions analysed are less than 5 cm in diameter. Mafic inclusions account for an average of 8 vol.% of host andesitic lava clasts included in the oldest debris-avalanche deposits compared with subsequently emplaced deposits that contain an average of only 1–3 vol.%. Inclusions contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, amphibole, clinopyroxene, olivine, and rare orthopyroxene as well as microphenocrysts of plagioclase, amphibole, clinopyroxene, olivine, magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite in a glassy, vesicular, and acicular groundmass. Plagioclase phenocrysts in inclusions typically have a 30–150 μm-thick, fine-grained ‘dusty sieved’ rim superimposed over oscillatory zoned texture, suggesting that they existed in the host andesite magma prior to basaltic intrusion, but were engulfed during the intrusion and inclusion formation process. Mafic inclusions are calc-alkaline, low-K (0.45–0.82 wt.% K2O) basalts to basaltic andesites that are altogether different in terms of mineralogy and composition from olivine basalt contained in late Pleistocene-age fragmental deposits described by Plank et al. (2006, The Augustine basalt: Eos (American Geophysical Union Transactions), v. 87, Abstract V42B-06) and Larsen et al. (2010, Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, in Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769). Thus, the most reliable approximation of the basaltic endmember composition involved in magma mixing processes at Augustine Volcano over the past ∼2200 years are the most mafic inclusions, which consistently possess the (1) highest abundance of vesicles, (2) fewest number of phenocryst-sized plagioclase, and (3) largest volume of microlites compared with more contaminated inclusions.
Effects of lime and cement treated platform on the behavior of circular footing founded on soft clay

Abstract Application of the stabilized platforms beneath the footings is one of the methods employed by engineers for many years to address the soft clay problem. Numerical analysis of such a footing–foundation system requires comprehensive information about the treated layer, which usually requires a complicated laboratory test or field experiment. Such test or experiment is almost impossible for small and medium scale infrastructure projects because it is time consuming, labor-intensive, and very costly. In this study, some of the characteristics of the treated materials were obtained from the routine unconfined compressive tests and the rest were evaluated by application of a non-linear failure criterion. The estimated and measured parameters were then applied in finite element analyses to assess the effect of diameter, thickness, and mix type of a lime and cement treated platform on the bearing capacity and load–displacement behavior of a circular footing.
Seismic wave attenuation in volcanic rocks from VSP experiments

Seismic wave attenuation in the Columbia Plateau basalts and Snake River Plain volcanics was analyzed using vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data. The computation of attenuation coefficients is based on fitting a straight line to the logarithm of amplitude ratios computed for fixed values of frequency and variable depth. This approach does not require any assumptions on the dependence of Q on frequency. For the Columbia Plateau basalts, the attenuation coefficients obtained from the field data are smaller than those computed from the synthetic VSP generated using the sonic and density logs, indicating that the observed attenuation is related to scattering effects and is substantially larger than the intrinsic attenuation of basalt. Therefore, it is concluded that only a lower bound for Q can be established, in agreement with recent findings by other authors. The effective attenuation of seismic energy in basalts (about 1.1×10-4dbs/m for the peak frequency) is comparable to the effective attenuation observ.
Slope Sedimentation Associated With a Vertically Building Shelf, Bone Spring Formation, Mescalero Escarpe Field, Southeastern New Mexico

Mescalero Escarpe field contains slope strata in the Bone Spring formation which provide insight into development of the Northwestern shelf to the north and the Delaware basin to the south. During the Leonardian (Permian), the Northwestern shelf grew vertically due to regional subsidence and cyclic sedimentation. Slope facies include (1) dolomitized peloid-bioclast packstone, (2) dolomite megabreccia, (3) laminated dolomitic mudstone, and (4) very fine-grained sandstone. Oil is produced from peloid-bioclast packstones and megabreccias. Stratigraphic relationships indicate carbonate sedimentation in slope and basinal environments contemporaneous with carbonate sedimentation on the shelf. Peloid-bioclast packstones overlain by megabreccias are present at the toe-of-slope, and dolomitic mudstones occur higher on the slope and deeper in the basin. Basinal sandstones are present between those carbonate strata. Seismic data show erosion and backstepping of the shelf margin correlative with megabreccia deposition at the toe-of-slope. Lithologic and stable isotope data suggest that erosion of the shelf took place in sea water. Depositional cycles are related to sea level cycles. (1) During rapid sea level rises, the shelf was flooded and carbonate sedimentation initiated. Sediment swept off the shelf formed peloid-bioclast packstones at the toe-of-slope and dolomitic mudstones in other slope and basinal environments. (2) As sea levelmore » rise slowed or stopped, the shelf approached sea level. The shelf margin was eroded, and debris flows transported eroded detritus to the toe-of-slope, and megabreccias formed. Deposition of carbonate mud continued in adjacent environments. (3) When sea level stayed still or dropped, the shelf was at sea level or emergent, and terrigenous sand was transported into the basin. « less
Annual Cycle and Depth Penetration of Wind-Generated Near-Inertial Internal Waves at Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific

AbstractThe downward propagation of near-inertial internal waves following winter storms is examined in the context of a 2-yr record of velocity in the upper 800 m at Ocean Station Papa. The long time series allow accurate estimation of wave frequency, whereas the continuous data in depth allow separation into upward- and downward-propagating components. Near-inertial kinetic energy (KEin) dominates the record. At all measured depths, energy in downgoing motions exceeds that of upward-propagating motions by factors of 3–7, whereas KEin is elevated by a factor of 3–5 in winter relative to summer. The two successive winters are qualitatively similar but show important differences in timing and depth penetration. Energy is seen radiating downward in a finite number of wave groups, which are tagged and catalogued to determine the vertical group velocity cgz, which has a mean of about 1.5 × 10−4 m s−1 (13 m day−1). Case studies of three of these are presented in detail.Downward energy flux is estimated as cgz .
An abiotic model for the development of textures in some South Atlantic early Cretaceous lacustrine carbonates

Abstract The cyclic distribution of various types of carbonates and Mg-clays in early Cretaceous rift-sag phase lacustrine carbonates from the subsurface of the South Atlantic provides an insight into how evolving lake chemistries in highly alkaline settings control facies development. The typically subdecametre scale symmetrical and asymmetrical cyclothems exhibit three main components: mud-grade laminated carbonates, millimetre-diameter spherulites with evidence of having been in a matrix of Mg-silicates, and millimetre–centimetre calcitic shrub-like growths. The laminites contain conspicuous numbers of ostracods and vertebrate remains and were produced by short-lived pluvial events, causing expansion of shallow lakes. Later evaporation triggered Mg-silicate precipitation and calcite nucleation within gels to produce spherulitic textures. When the rate of gel precipitation decreased or ceased, calcite growth, now less inhibited, produced shrub-like calcites resembling those produced abiotically in modern travertines, although still with some evidence of the former presence of some Mg-silicates. Physical reworking of these sediments led to the dispersion of the gels and the concentration of detrital carbonate components. Despite earlier proposals, evidence of microbial processes producing carbonates in these Cretaceous lake deposits is rare and the application of facies models based on modern and ancient microbialite analogues maybe be misplaced.
Impacts on a Sand Aquifer from an Old Septic System: Nitrate and Phosphate

Four hundred ground-water sampling points were used to delineate a plume in an unconfined sand aquifer at a 44 year old septic system servicing a school in Ontario, Canada. A bromide tracer test indicated a residence time of one to two weeks for sewage effluent in the 1.6 meter unsaturated zone beneath the tile bed. This is sufficient time for the oxidation of all nitrogen to nitrate to be complete and for the content of dissolved organic carbon to decrease from about 19 mg/l in the septic tank to about 1 mg/l at the water table. The 15m wide plume core emanates more than 110 meters downgradient of the tile bed, has detectable dissolved oxygen, high nitrate (20–120 mg/l as N), chloride (42–209 mg/l), sodium (34–101 mg/l), calcium (120–249 mg/l), and above background sulphate, and potassium. Ground-water flow velocity at this site is rapid (100 m/yr); thus the mapped extent of the plume (110 m) represents about one year effluent loading. Phosphate (PO43-) concentrations at the water table (∼ 1–2 mg/l as P) appear to have reached steady state at values significantly lower than that of the effluent (9 mg/l as P). Steady-state concentrations suggest that mineral precipitation reactions control attenuation in the unsaturated zone. A comparison of phosphate sorbed (74 mg/kg) and total P in the soil (1000 mg/kg) suggests that precipitation is a more important process in the unsaturated zone than is sorption. PO43- levels in the plume, however, remain elevated (0.3–1.8 mg/l as P) relative to background levels in ground water (<0.01 mg/l as P) up to 75 meters away from the tile bed. This migration distance of PO43- in ground water is greater than that observed at other younger septic system sites. The extent of the plume at this site suggests that long-term PO43- migration in the ground-water zone may be controlled by adsorption processes that allow slow but progressive advancement of PO43-.
Observations of stratified flow past Three‐dimensional barriers

Experiments on stratified flow at large Reynolds numbers over barriers with gaps, towed along the bottom of a long tank, are described. The primary purpose of the observations was to determine the circumstances under which fluid flows over the barrier or is deflected horizontally around the barrier through the gap. A range of gap widths (including zero) was used, and the barrier had ‘Witch of Agnesi’ profile with height ∼ half width. For the two-dimensional barrier (i.e., zero gap), blocked fluid was observed upstream if F = U/Nh 0.5 all (or almost all) of the fluid incident on the barrier flowed over it, and the motion was predominantly two-dimensional in the vertical plane.
Estimation of SO2 emissions using OMI retrievals

Satellite sulfur dioxide (SO2) measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite sensor, averaged over a period of several years, were compared with emissions inventories for major US sources. Low‐ and high‐ spatial frequency filtration was applied to OMI data to reduce the noise and bias to enhance and reveal weak SO2 signals that are otherwise not readily apparent. Averaging a large number of individual observations enables the study of SO2 spatial distributions near larger SO2 emissions sources with an effective resolution superior to that of an individual OMI observation and even to obtain rough estimates of the emissions level from those sources. It is demonstrated that individual sources (or multiple sources within 50 km) with annual SO2 emissions greater than about 70 kT y−1 produce a statistically significant signal in 3‐year averaged OMI data. A correlation of 0.93 was found between OMI SO2 integrated around the source and the annual SO2 emission rate for the sources greater than 70 kT y−1. OMI SO2 data also indicate a 40% decline in SO2 values over the largest US coal power plants between 2005–2007 and 2008–2010, a value that is consistent with the reported 46% reduction in annual emissions due to the implementation of new SO2 pollution control measures over this period.
Microbial Properties of Mine Spoil Materials in the Initial Stages of Soil Development

The early years of soil genesis during mine spoil reclamation are critical for vegetative establishment and may help predict reclamation success. Mine spoils in the Halle-Leipzig region of Germany were analyzed for microbial changes following a hay mulch-seeding treatment without topsoil or fertilizer application. Microbial biomass carbon (C{sub mic}) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of spoils were measured each year in the first 3 yr after treatment. In the third year, bacterial community DNA fingerprints were compared with those from a reference soil. Microbial indicators were measured at three depths in the upper 10 cm of spoils at three sites with contrasting parent materials: glacial till (sandy loam), limnic tertiary sediments (high-lignite sandy clay loam), and quaternary sand and gravel (loamy sand). Before reclamation, C{sub mic} means and standard deviations of surface spoils (0-1 cm) were 9{+-}6, 39{+-}11, and 38{+-}16 mg kg{sup -1} for the loamy sand, high-lignite sandy clay loam, and sandy loam spoils, respectively. Within one year, mean C{sub mic} at the surface increased to 148{+-}70, 229{+-}64, and 497{+-}167 mg kg{sup -1}, respectively, and was significantly higher at 0 to 1 cm than at lower depths. Highest DHA and DNA yields were obtained in the 0- to 1-cm depthmore » of the sandy loam spoils. Microbial biomass C values exhibited significant correlations with DHA, DNA yield, and extractable C for all three mine spoils. Soil microbial indices were more responsive than plant measurements to differences in parent materials. « less
Soil moisture changes under shrub cover (Rosmarinus officinalis) and cleared shrub as response to precipitation in a semiarid environment: stemflow effects

Variations in soil moisture after rainfall under Rosmarinus officinalis L and cleared shrub (prior cover R. officinalis) were analyzed. The results from the General Linear Model analysis showed the relevance of shrub plant cover on soil water infiltration in depth. A threshold of about 15–18 mm of rainfall was established, above which soil moisture changes tended to be positive. Moisture variations showed no differences at 15 cm depth with precipitation events of more than 18 mm, and were higher than those occurring at 30 cm depth (p 0.05), although there were significant differences at 30 cm depth (p < 0.05) and remoistening was greater in soils under vegetation than in cleared shrubs. Moisture variations had a negative average in <15 mm rainfall at 15 and 30 cm, and were only dependent on precipitation. A gradation in moisture changes among depths was n.
Otago Submarine Canyons: Mapping and Macrobenthos

Submarine canyons are steep-sided “V’ or “U” shaped valleys that incise continental slopes worldwide. The geophysical and oceanographic features of submarine canyons can produce environmental conditions that cause benthic assemblages to be distinctive and productive compared to those of the adjacent slope; however the assemblages are potentially vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, including bottom fishing. In order to help inform policy and management, submarine canyons need to be objectively defined topographically and their benthic assemblages characterised. A canyon network occurs off the Otago Peninsula, south-eastern New Zealand, but lack of detailed bathymetric data and adequate benthic sampling has limited study of the canyons. This thesis outlines a method of defining submarine canyon areas and examines epifaunal and infaunal assemblages of the Otago canyons and adjacent slope. Objective definition of the Otago canyon network in the GIS software GRASS along with the steps to use this methodology worldwide are described. Archival count data from 1966-74 on the epifauna are analysed using the PRIMER suite of programs to characterise epifaunal assemblages. Anomurans, polychaetes, asteroids and ascidians make up 70% of the epifaunal canyon assemblage. The epifaunal assemblage is clearly defined by water depth and recognisable from 380 m. Quantitative sampling of infauna in Saunders canyon, Papanui canyon and adjacent slope was carried out to examine infaunal community structure of the canyons and adjacent slope. Infaunal canyon assemblages are dominated by polychaetes, amphipods, ophiuroids, decapods and isopods in canyons, accounting for 75% of collected individuals. Polycheates, malacostraceans, ophiuroids and foraminifera comprise the bulk of collected infauna from the slope environment. A checklist of recorded species found in the Otago canyon network is appended.
Inter-provincial migration and 1975–2005 regional growth in Indonesia

Migration has been seen as an important issue in regional development worldwide. This study analyses the impact of internal migration on provincial growth in Indonesia. Applying a growth model, this study found evidence that migration played no role on regional convergence during the 1975–2005 period. However, different policies affected the signs and sizes of the estimates across sub-periods. Moreover, inter-provincial migration, especially in-migration in poorer provinces, had a positive impact on economic growth in Indonesia.