Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acetone vapour sensing characteristics of undoped and Zn, Ce doped SnO2 thick film gas sensor

Abstract The nanocrystalline materials of zinc and ceria doped tin oxide [(Zn+Ce)–SnO2] powders were synthesised by coprecipitation method and investigated for their sensing properties towards liquid petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol, ammonia and acetone vapour. The crystal structure and phase of the as synthesised and sintered powders were characterised by X-ray diffractometer and the microstructure by scanning electron microscopy. All the doped and undoped SnO2 compositions revealed single phase solid solution formation. Transmission electron microscope results indicated that well crystallised (Zn+Ce) doped SnO2 particles of size ∼7 nm were obtained at the annealing temperature of 650°C. The reduction in grain size of the metal oxide is a key factor to enhance the gas sensing properties. The doping of zinc, ceria in SnO2 has reduced the grain size and improved the gas response. The results of gas sensing measurements showed that the thick films deposited on alumina substrates using screen printing technique exhibited high response to acetone at an operating temperature of 300°C. Further, the selectivity of the sensor towards acetone with respect to other reducing gases (LPG, ethanol and ammonia) was studied.
Volatile Composition of Gutierrezia sarothrae (Broom Snakeweed) as Determined by Steam Distillation and Solid Phase Microextraction

Abstract Volatiles of Gutierezia sarothrae (broom snakeweed, snakeweed) were isolated from ground, composite tissues by steam distillation and by solid phase microextraction (SPME), then separated and analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectral and flame ionization detection. Compounds detected varied in quantity between isolation protocols. In the oil, cryptone (6.4%) and β-eudesmol (5.9%) were the only compounds comprising more than 5% of the chromatographic peak area. In samples prepared by solid-phase microextraction, limonene (10.4%), β-pinene (9.6%), β-eudesmol (8.0%), sabinene (7.8%), cryptone (6.5%), α-pinene (5.5%) and o-cymene (5.2%) accounted for 53% of the extracted volatiles. The results revealed a complex volatile composition from which unique compounds may still be identified.
Understanding the role of oxygen in the segregation of sodium at the surface of molybdenum coated soda‐lime glass

Molybdenum (Mo) coated soda-lime glass is a commonly used substrate for Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cells as it also acts as the sodium (Na) source, which improves the efficiency of these devices. In this work, we investigate how oxygen controls the segregation and accumulation of Na on the Mo surface. A direct relationship between the concentration of surface oxygen and the amount of Na accumulation is showed. Values for the surface segregation ratio and grain boundary diffusion coefficient for Na in Mo are obtained by fitting diffusion data at several temperatures to a model for grain boundary diffusion. The results of this model reveal that surface oxygen controls the Na saturation level through its effect on the surface segregation of Na. An activation energy for grain boundary diffusion of Na is estimated and is similar to that of MoO bond dissociation in MoO3 suggesting the involvement of this bond during Na transport. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2365–2372, 2014
Influence of phosphorus application on growth, yield and oil quality of linola

ABSTRACT Influence of different phosphorus (P) sources on growth, yield and oil quality of linola was evaluated when randomized in complete block design using three replications. Treatments were control (No P), hydropriming, soil phosphorus (50 kg ha−1), seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB, Bacillus spp.) and seed priming with single super phosphate (2%) alone and combined with reduced soil phosphorus (25 kg P ha−1). Among treatments, hydropriming and seed inoculation reduced seedling 50% and mean emergence time with highest emergence index, seedling fresh and dry weights and chlorophyll contents. Seed inoculation with soil P (25 kg ha−1) produced highest seeds per capsule, 100-seed weight, seed and biological yield, harvest index. Maximum oil percentage, low protein contents and high cost benefit ratio with net economic returns were also found for seed inoculation combined with soil phosphorus. Nonetheless, soil phosphorus application can be reduced when seed inoculation with PSB is employed.
Evaluation of Methods for Detecting the Production of H2S, Volatile Sulfides, and Greening by Lactobacilli

The ability to produce volatile sulfides by 41 lactobacilli was not associated with species but depended on the composition of the media and the sensitivity of the indicator. Only a restricted number of L. plantarum strains and seven isolates were H2S-positive on peptone iron, TSI and SIM agars. Lead acetate agar detected a greater number of H2S-positive lactobacilli but the lead acetate (or DTNB) paper method was superior in a modified motility sulfide broth. Cured meat agar detected the production of greening by H2CO2-producing lactobacilli (L. fructovorans, L. jensenii, L. lactis, L. viridescens, F-74, F-99). Such tests, however, were not applicable to detect lactobacilli producing green sulfmyoglobin.
Historical organic dyes: a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectral database on Ag Lee–Meisel colloids aggregated by NaClO4

In the present study, several natural organic dyes used in antiquity, especially in textile dyeing, were analysed by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, in order to build a wide database that could integrate the data previously published in the literature. In particular, we reported for the first time the SERS spectra of 11 dyes: dragon's blood, sandalwood, annatto, safflower yellow and red, old fustic, gamboge, catechu, kamala, aloe and sap green. Silver colloids (Ag colloids) prepared according to the Lee–Meisel procedure, i.e. by reduction of a silver nitrate (AgNO3) aqueous solution with trisodium citrate dihydrate, were used as substrate. As its efficiency had been tested in a previous work, sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) 1.8 M was again employed as aggregating agent, giving the best results when added to the silver nanoparticles after the analyte. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EROSIONAL EFFECTS ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN AN ON-FARM STUDY ON ALFISOLS IN WEST CENTRAL OHIO

Tillage effects on soil properties are often site-specific functions depending on the type of soil, climate and topography of the area. This on-farm study designated to investigate the effects of no-till (NT) duration, degree of erosion, and chisel tillage-alternate year with manure (MCT) and annual (ACT)-on physical properties of an Alfisol under corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max) rotation. One to four erosional phases were identified for each field based upon the depth of A-horizon in the experimental fields. The area was designated as uneroded if the depth of the A-horizon was > 20 cm, slightly eroded between 15 and 20 cm; and moderately eroded between 10 and 15 cm. The toe slope area was designated as the depositional phase (>20 cm). Changes in soil structural properties created by conversion to NT practices were evident within a period of 6 years. Water stable aggregates, geometric and mean weight diameter were significantly lower in fields under no-till for past 1.5 (NT1.5) than 6 (NT6), 10 (NT10), and 15 (NT15) years for 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths in the uneroded and depositional phases. The available water capacity (AWC; 2.4 cm), steady state infiltration (ic; 0.1 cm min−1) and cumulative infiltration (I; 15.5 cm) were recorded in the uneroded phase of NT15. With increase in the severity of erosion the clay content increased but the water stability of aggregates decreased. About 1.8 times decline in water stability of aggregates, 1.4 times in mean weight aggregate diameter, 4 times in ic, and 3.1 times in I was observed between uneroded and moderately eroded phases of NT10 in 0-10 cm depth. However, no influence on I, ic and AWC were observed with increasing degree of erosion in any other field. The water stability of aggregates was consistently lower for CT than NT fields especially in uneroded and depositional phases. However, no significant differences were observed in water stability and mean weight diameter of aggregates, AWC, soil moisture characteristics at potentials < 0 cm, and volume of transport and storage pores among NT and CT fields for slightly and moderately eroded phases.
Photoionization mass spectrometer studies of the collisionally stabilized product distribution in the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with selected alkenes at 298 K

The reactions of OH radicals with propene, 1-butene, and 1-pentene have been studied in a discharge flow system coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer. At total pressures near 2 torr a collisionally stabilized OH-alkene adduct was observed in each case. For 1-butene and 1-pentene the radicals arising from abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the alkene by OH were also observed and their absolute concentrations measured under controlled conditions. Contributions of the abstraction pathway to the overall reaction were as follows: propene, < 2%; 1-butene, 20 +- 6%; 1-pentene, 13 +- 5%. These results are in excellent agreement with predictions based on linear free energy relationships using rate data for the reactions of the alkenes with O(/sup 3/P) and OH taken from the literature and/or measured in this work. Rate constants (in cm/sup 3/ molecule/sup -1/ s/sup -1/) obtained as part of this study include the following: k/sub OH+butene/ = (3.0 +- 0.4) x 10/sup -11/; k/sub OH+1-pentene/ = (2.9 +- 0.4) x 10/sup -11/, (2.87 +- 0.13) x 10/sup -11/ (50 torr of Ar); k/sub O(3P)+propene/ = (4.4 +- 0.6) x 10/sup -12/;k/sub O(3P)+1-pentene/ = (4.7 +- 0.5) x 10/sup -12/; k/sub OH+CS/sub 2// less than or equal tomore » 5 x 10/sup -14/, at 298 K and 2 torr of He total pressure unless otherwise stated. 5 figures, 2 tables. « less
Electrochemical and neutron reflectivity studies of spontaneously formed amphiphilic surfactant bilayers at the gold-solution interface

We have employed electrochemical and neutron reflectivity measurements to study the transfer of 4-pentadecyl-pyridine (C15−4Py), an insoluble amphiphilic surfactant, from the gas−solution (G−S) interface to the metal−solution (M−S) interface of a Au(111) electrode. Neutron reflectivity experiments have demonstrated that C15−4Py forms a bilayer at the Au(111) electrode surface. Electrochemical experiments demonstrated that this bilayer is formed spontaneously when the electrode surface is brought in contact with the film-covered G−S interface. The surfactant molecules can move from the G−S to the M−S interface across the triple-phase boundary formed where the metal, solution, and gas phases are in contact. Time-dependence experiments have shown that the spreading process is irreversible. Having formed a bilayer or monolayer at the M−S interface, the C15−4Py surfactant molecules do not move back to a film-free G−S interface. Three models were used to analyze the kinetics of spreading. Our results are best e.
DETERMINATION OF FIBER CHARGE DENSITY OF ELECTRET FILTERS

ABSTRACT Particle collection in electret filters is enhanced by electrostatic forces resulting from the embedded charge on the fibers of the filters. Currently, there is no simple method available for determining the charge density on the electret fibers. Since charge on the fibers can degrade with loading or during storage, a simple evaluation technique is desirable. Aerosol consisting of organic oil mist generally used for testing HEPA filters should not be used for evaluating electret filters since organic aerosol droplets rapidly degrade the electrostatic charge effect. In this study experimental measurements of penetration were made on electret filters challenged with monodisperse, polystyrene latex spheres, PLS, of known size and charge. The experimental data on penetration were used to separate the contributions of the individual collection parameters and to determine the effective density of charge on the fibers. Collection efficiency due to mechanical filtration mechanisms was measured using filt.
Reaction kinetics of CO2 in aqueous ethylenediamine, ethyl ethanolamine, and diethyl monoethanolamine solutions in the temperature range of 298-313 K, using the stopped-flow technique

The observed pseudo-first-order rate constants (k0) for the reactions between CO2 and ethylenediamine (EDA), ethyl ethanolamine (EEA), and diethyl monoethanolamine (DEMEA) have been studied using the stopped-flow technique in an aqueous solution at 298, 303, 308, and 313 K. The amine concentrations ranged from 26.2 mol/m3 to 67.6 mol/m3 for EDA, 28.2 mol/m3 to 81.9 mol/m3 for EEA, and 196.5 mol/m3 to 997.4 mol/m3 for DEMEA. The zwitterion mechanism was used to correlate the experimentally obtained rate constants. Both the zwitterion formation step and the proton removal step had a significant role for the primary and secondary amines (EDA and EEA). The reaction rate of CO2 in an aqueous EDA solution was observed to be much faster than that in aqueous MEA solution. The rate in aqueous EEA was much faster than in aqueous DEA, under the conditions studied. Finally, the reaction rate constant of CO2 in an aqueous tertiary amine (DEMEA) solution was observed to be much faster than that in methyl diethanolamine.
USE OF INNOVATIVE TOOLS TO INCREASE NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY AND PROTECT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN CROP ROTATIONS

Cropping systems grown over sandy coarse soils are susceptible to nutrient leaching due to local thunderstorms and irrigation. Additionally, erosion can contribute to removal of nutrients, soil organic matter, and fine particles. Balancing nutrients for these systems while protecting water and soil quality requires best management practices (BMPs). Crop rotations with deeper rooted small grains and winter cover crops reduced potential losses of fine particles, soil organic matter, nitrogen, and other nutrients due to wind erosion and protected soil and water quality. The cropping system N status can be monitored by assessing chlorophyll, sap NO3 −-N concentrations and N indexes of the canopy. The Nitrogen Leaching Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) model simulated residual soil NO3 −-N and soil water and showed that there is potential to use precision farming to improve NUE. Simulations of the system showed that BMPs increased NUE and that NO3 −-N can potentially be removed from the shallow underground water table protecting water quality. These results show that with the application of models, and tools to monitor the N status of the aboveground canopy, such as chlorophyl readings, sap NO3 −-N concentrations, N indices, and other new technologies such as precision farming and remote sensing, nutrient use efficiency in the new millennium will be significantly increased, environmental quality will be conserved, and product quality will be improved at the farm level for the benefit of producers, processors and consumers.
Study of Continuous Extraction Process Utilizing Supercritical Fluid for Ganoderma lucidum

Gandoerma lucidum is equipped with several kinds of bioactivity, and is considered as a very important medicinal ingredient of regimen and health care for Chinese medicine. This study has employed supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation device to continuously prepare ganoderic acid and phenolic compounds of ganoderma lucidum, and experiment design is conducted in coping with diverse pressure, temperature, and flow rate as experiments variables to conduct experiment design. Thus supercritical extraction is being employed to collect and extract different materials from sections, so that optimized trend of terms and conditions can be used to predict the test. As shown from the results, if lower temperature as 40°C and high pressure 30 MPa are chosen, working in conjunction with flow rate of low sample 3 ml/min, it can reach the optimized effect of purification with regarding to ganoderic acid and phenolic compounds. If the concentration of fractionation liquid stays at 1.0 g/L, its power of scavenging will be F1(60%)＞F2(50%)＞F3(30%)＞R(28%), whereas half of the inhibition concentration will respectively be R(2.67 g/L)＞F3(2.29 g/L)＞F2(0.97 g/L)＞F1(0.76 g/L), and the antioxidant capacity of F1 fractionation liquid is considered the best.
Aromatic and Azaaromatic Diselenides, Benzisoselenazolones and Related Compounds as Immunomodulators Active in Humans: Synthesis and Properties

Convenient syntheses of aryl diselenides 2, 1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones 4 and their 1-oxides 7 are reported. Reductive conversions of these compounds to bis(2-carbamoyl)-phenyl diselenides 5 and oxidative cyclization of 5 to 1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one 1-oxides 7 as the methods for the synthesis of these compounds are reported. Their ability to induce cytokines, such as TNF and IFN-γ, in human peripheral blood leucocyte cultures is described.
Uptake and Translocation of Copper in Brassicaceae

Abstract Ten cvs. of four Brassicaceae species were tested to evaluate their copper (Cu) uptake and translocation. Germination and root length tests indicated that Brassica juncea cv. Aurea and Raphanus sativus cvs. Rimbo and Saxa were the species with the highest germinability and longest roots at Cu concentrations ranging from 25 up to 200 µM. Raphanus sativus cv. Rimbo grown in hydroponic culture at increasing Cu concentrations (from 0.12 up to 40 µM) for 10 days produced a relatively high biomass (17.2 mg plant−1) at the highest concentration and had a more efficient Cu translocation (17.8%) in comparison with cvs. Aurea and Saxa. The potential of cv. Rimbo for Cu uptake was then followed for 28 days at 5, 10, and 15 µM Cu. In comparison with the control, after 28 days of growth the 15 µM Cu‐treated plants showed a reduction in the tolerance index (−40%) and in the above‐ground dry biomass (−19%). On the contrary, an increase in the below‐ground dry weight was observed (+35%). Copper accumulated during the growth period both in the below‐ and above‐ground parts (about 14 and 4 µg plant−1 at 10 and 15 µM Cu, respectively), but the translocation decreased from 50 to 30% in the last week at all the concentrations used. In addition, cv. Rimbo grown in a multiple element [cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Cu, lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)] naturally‐contaminated site accumulated all elements in the above‐ground part in a range from 5 to 62 µg plant−1.
A modified UNIFAC model. 2. Present parameter matrix and results for different thermodynamic properties

Several years ago a modified UNIFAC (Dortmund, FRG) method was proposed, which shows various advantages when compared with the group contribution methods UNIFAC or ASOG; the latter are used worldwide for the synthesis and design of rectification processes. These advantages were reached by using a modified combinatorial part and by using a large data base to fit temperature-dependent group interaction parameters simultaneously to vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE), h E , and γ ∞ data. The main advantages of the modified UNIFAC method are a better description of the temperature dependence and the real behavior in the dilute region and that it can be applied more reliably for systems involving molecules very different in size. To increase the range of this applicability, the temperature-dependent group interaction parameters of the modified UNIFAC has been fitted for 45 main groups using phase equilibrium information (VLE, h E , γ ∞, LLE) stored in the Dortmund Data Bank. A comprehensive comparison with the results of other group contribution methods confirms the high reliability of the modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) method
Time resolved optical spectra from MIG welding arc ignitions

Optical radiation from MIG (GMAW) welding arc ignitions has been measured with a rapid scan spectrometer. The time resolved spectral measurements reveal a substantial overshoot of ultraviolet radiation during the ignition phase of a 200 A aluminum arc. Calculations which follow the ACGIH guidelines show that, at a welding current of 300 A, the unprotected eye at a distance of 0.5 m may suffer a “flash” after the reception of radiation from only one ignition.
The electronic consequences of multivalent elements in inorganic solar absorbers: Multivalency of Sn in Cu2ZnSnS4

Multivalent transition metal impurities in semiconductors are known to create deep levels inside the band gap that are associated with changes in the oxidation state. Some emerging functional semiconductor materials now contain multivalent elements not just as impurities, but as part of their structural skeleton (“multivalent semiconductors”). This raises the possibility that the performance of such materials may be affected by those skeleton elements transitioning from one oxidation state to another, in response to charge-altering perturbations such as illumination or doping. Here we address the correlation between multivalency and the electronic properties of these new semiconductor materials.
Estimating Mass Fractal Dimension of Soil Using Artificial Neural Networks for Improved Prediction of Water Retention Curve

Abstract Fractal geometry appears to be a useful tool to simulate a porous medium that can be quantified by scaling exponent(s), which is a fractal dimension(s). The objective of this study was to estimate the mass fractal dimension of the Rieu and Sposito (RS) model from readily available parameters, such as clay, silt, and sand contents; geometric mean diameter and geometric S.D. of soil particles; and total soil porosity by developing an artificial neural network (ANN) model. Two databases with a total of 190 soil samples of 12 soil texture classes were used to develop and validate the ANN model. To determine the mass fractal dimension, the RS model was fitted to measured soil-water retention data. A sensitivity analysis was also performed on the RS model parameters. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the most sensitive parameter of the RS model is the mass fractal dimension, whereas this model is less sensitive to air entry value and soil porosity. We used the cross-validation technique, for example, repeated random splitting of the data set into subsets for the development and validation processes of the ANN model. To evaluate the developed ANN model, the estimated mass fractal dimension, measured soil porosity, and air entry value combined with the RS model were consequently used to determine soil-water content corresponding to each prescribed tension head. Results showed that the developed ANN model estimated the soil-water retention curve accurately.
Oxygen-induced changes in electron-energy-loss spectra for Al, Be and Ni

Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) data are presented to illustrate line shape changes that occur as a result of oxygen interaction with metal surfaces. The metals were aluminum, beryllium and nickel. Core-level EELS data were taken for excitations from Al(2p), Be(1s), Ni(3p/3s) and O(1s) levels to the conduction band (CB) density of states (DOS) of the materials. The primary beam energies for the spectra were 300, 450, 300, and 1135 eV, respectively. The data are presented in both the (as measured) first-derivative and the integral forms. The integral spectra were corrected for coherent background losses and analyzed for CB DOS information. These spectra were found to be in qualitative agreement with published experimental and theoretical studies of these materials. One peak in the spectra for Al oxide is analyzed for its correlation with excitonic screening of the Al(2p) core hole. Similar evidence for exciton formation is found in the Ni(3p) spectra for Ni oxide. Data are also presented showing o.