Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radionuclide Coefficients for the BNL Site: For the Saturated and Unsaturated Zones

The partition coefficient (K{sub d}) is defined as the concentration of a species of interest on the solid phase divided by the concentration of that species in the liquid phase, at steady-state. Therefore the lower the K{sub d}, the less sorption takes place. It is a parameter that is readily incorporated in chemical transport models. The K{sub d} approach to the partitioning of contaminants between soil and water in groundwater flow systems, is based on the assumption that sorption reactions are in equilibrium and are reversible. As a contaminant plume advances along flow paths, the movement of the front is retarded (relative to the movement of the groundwater) as a result of transfer of part of the contamination mass to the solid phase. If the input of contaminant mass to the system is discontinued, contaminants will be transferred back to the liquid phase as lower-concentration water flushes through the previously contaminated zone. Several sets of soil/water partition coefficients (K{sub d}) have been measured using BNL site specific soils and groundwater (with tracers added). They were all reported earlier through internal memos or reports. The K{sub d}s obtained for various radionuclides are determined experimentally with soils taken from different locations and depths around site. In each experiment the site specific soil and water taken from that same geoprobe boring were used. Generally tracer radionuclides were used. However, for samples from the BGRR area, water taken from the sump was used for Cs-137 and Sr-90 Kd experiments. Values of K{sub d} in the saturated zone are summarized in Table 1, as ranges and an average. Soil sample identifications, locations, and descriptions are provided in Table 2 and Figure 1. Other experiments, specific to the unsaturated zone at the BGRR, are discussed below. In addition, each data source, including methods, is reproduced in Appendix A, including figures documenting isotherm experiments for the various soil samples used. The values of n above are the number of different locations or depths from which soil was sampled for K{sub d} evaluations. Each K{sub d} value (and n) may be the result of three to five individual experiments which are used to construct an isotherm. Average values reported above include skewed to high values. This is the result of preferential uptake of some elements on the fine-grained detritus, weathering products and Fe oxides found at the surface. The one set of measurements of K{sub d} of surface soil was made with soil from the 650 sump outfall. Best estimates for samples at the surface and at depth (in the saturated zone of the subsurface) are also given above. Please bear in mind that these values represent an average of samples from selected locations. Overall, for samples at depth, I believe they approach reasonable sitewide averages. However, the surface soil values should only be applied to the 650 sump outfall. Locally, values may vary depending on mineralogy and grain size of the soil, as well as composition of the water flowing through it.
Stark sublevels in Tm3+–Yb3+ codoped Na2Y2B2O7 nanophosphor for multifunctional applications

The phase and crystal structure of the Na2Y2B2O7:Tm3+–Yb3+ inorganic phosphor prepared by solution combustion method have been identified by powder X-ray diffraction technique. Surface morphology and particle size have been examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy characterizations of the prepared materials. No absorption band around 980 nm has been observed in the Tm3+ doped phosphors, whereas a broad band around 980 nm in the Tm3+–Yb3+ codoped phosphors corresponding to the 2F7/2 ← 2F5/2 absorption transition of Yb3+ ion has been detected. Upconversion emission bands have been observed in the UV, visible and NIR regions upon excitation with a 980 nm laser diode. The temperature sensing behaviour and the concept of a nanoheater of the developed nanophosphor have been demonstrated by using the stark sublevels of the 1G4 level of the Tm3+ ion, which are responsible for the blue upconversion emission. A maximum sensor sensitivity of about 4.54 × 10−3 K−1 at 300 K for the developed multifunctional nanophosphor has been determined. A temperature gain of about ∼435 K has been observed at a laser power density of 66.88 W cm−2 and the colour coordinates do not change with the variation of the pump power density. For localizing and heating hyperthermia based cancer cells using NIR radiation, a very low pump power density of about ∼7.0 W cm−2 has been established. The experimental observations prove that the developed material can be used as a multifunctional nanomaterial in optical devices and biological applications.
Correlations between Dispersion, Acidity, Reducibility, and Propane Aromatization Activity of Gallium Species Supported on HZSM5 Zeolites

Gallium-modified ZSM5 zeolites, containing 2, 3, and 4 wt % Ga, were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation with gallium(III) nitrate solutions of HZSM5 samples with SAR values of 24 and 35. The modified zeolites were subjected to two consecutive treatment cycles of reduction in hydrogen and reoxidation in air. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen physical adsorption, 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy in the OH stretching region and in the region of skeletal vibrations of adsorbed pyridine. Catalytic activity and selectivity were measured in propane conversion reactions at 703 K. Results were rationalized in terms of correlations among the framework Ga/Al ratio, density, strength and type of acidity, gallium cluster sizes, reducibility of gallium, and propane aromatization activity. It was found that the dispersion of the gallium species was a function only of the frame.
Building expertise: A process perspective on the development or change of teachers' beliefs

Summary Based on a process perspective of expertise development, eight experienced teachers were interviewed about their beliefs about student learning, i.e. the way they developed their beliefs, and to what extent they have changed and intend to further change these beliefs. Learning or expertise development by teachers appears to be highly personalised or subjective, and rarely based on enhanced reflection. Primarily, dissatisfaction about the actual situation and, subsequently, attempts to improve that situation encourage teachers to develop or change their beliefs. As is the case with most teachers the change which occurs is gradually based on cumulative experiences, although also a radical change of beliefs on the basis of key‐experiences may not be excluded. It is predominantly personal motives which seem to determine teacher learning. It is argued that collaborative learning by teachers should be promoted in schools, though individually initiated learning by teachers may also had to improvements th.
The use of visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of soil water repellency

This study investigated the potential of visible/near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis‐NIRS) to predict soil water repellency (SWR). The top 40 mm of soils (n = 288) across 48 sites under pastoral land‐use in the North Island of New Zealand, which represented 10 soil orders and covered five classes of drought proneness, were analysed by standard laboratory methods and Vis‐NIRS. Soil WR was measured by using the molarity of ethanol droplet (MED) and the water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests. Soil organic carbon content (%C) was also measured to examine a possible relationship with SWR. A partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was developed by using Vis‐NIRS spectral data and the reference laboratory data. In addition, we explored the power of discrimination based on WDPT classes using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA). The PLSR of the processed spectra produced moderately accurate prediction for MED (R2val = 0.61, RPDval = 1.60, RMSEval = 0.59) and good prediction for %C (R2val = 0.82, RPDval = 2.30, RMSEval = 2.72). When the data from the 10 soil orders were considered separately and based on soil order rather than being grouped, the prediction of MED was further improved except for the Allophanic, Brown, Organic and Ultic soil orders. The PLS‐DA was successful in classifying 60% of soil samples into the correct WDPT classes. Our results indicate clearly that Vis‐NIRS has the potential to predict SWR. Further improvement in the prediction accuracy of SWR is envisaged by increasing the understanding of the relationship between Vis‐NIRS and the SWR of all New Zealand soil orders as a function of their physical properties and chemical constituents such as hydrophobic compounds.
Application of Advanced Synchrotron Radiation–Based and Conventional Molecular Techniques in Recent Research on Molecular Structure, Metabolic Characteristics, and Nutrition in Coproducts from Biofuel Processing

Abstract Advanced synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy, as a nondestructive and rapid analytical technique, is able to simultaneously reveal the structural, chemical, and environmental features of biomaterials at cellular and molecular levels within intact tissue. However, to date, this advanced synchrotron-based technique is still seldom used by feed and nutrition scientists. This article aims to provide detailed information regarding how to apply advanced synchrotron radiation–based and conventional molecular techniques to research in coproducts from biofuel processing on the molecular structure, metabolic characteristics, and nutrition. The information described in this article provides better insight on coproduct research progress and updates with advanced synchrotron radiation-based and globar-based (conventional) molecular spectroscopy.
MECHANISMS INFLUENCING HOT-WIRE DEPOSITION OF HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON

Intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been deposited using a hot tungsten filament in pure silane to drive the deposition chemistry—the “hot-wire” deposition method. The electronic and infrared properties of the film have been measured as a function of deposition parameters, leading to three principal conclusions. First, to obtain a high quality material, the Si atoms evaporated from the filament (distance L from the substrate) must react with silane (density ns) before reaching the substrate; this requires nsL greater than a critical value. Second, radical-radical reactions cause deterioration of film properties at high values of G(nsL),3 where G is the film growth rate; this requires G(nsL)3 less than a critical value. Finally, the film quality is a function of G, and as G is increased the substrate temperature must be correspondingly increased to obtain high film quality. By optimizing these parameters, we have produced films with excellent electronic properties (e.g., ambipolar diffusi.
Structural and Textural Characterization of AIPO4–B2O3and Al2O3–B2O3(5–30 wt% B2O3) Systems Obtained by Boric Acid Impregnation

Abstract A series of AlPO 4 –B 2 O 3 (APB) and Al 2 O 3 –B 2 O 3 (AlB) systems with various boria loadings (5–30 wt%) were prepared by impregnation of AlPO 4 with boria from a boric acid solution (methanol or water) and characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, TG/DTA, XPS, DRIFT and nitrogen adsorption. 11 B, 27 Al, and 31 P MAS NMR were used to determine the local structure. DTA and XRD analysis showed that crystallization occurred in all cases above 900 K, yielding α-cristobalite-AlPO 4 in APB systems, and aluminum borate in AlB systems. Also, boron oxide remained amorphous (XRD) for thermal treatments in the range 473–1073 K. SEM showed a non-homogeneous distribution in morphology, texture and particle size. Also, EDX and XPS indicated a surface enrichment in boron for APB systems while for AlB ones the reverse is true. Moreover, 27 Al MAS NMR showed the simultaneous presence of four and six-coordinate Al atoms in AlB systems while in APB ones, Al atoms appeared only in Al(OP) 4 environments. 31 P MAS NMR only identified P atoms with tertrahedral coordination. Besides, the presence of boria did not change the local structure of the starting AlPO 4 or Al 2 O 3 support. 11 B MAS NMR identified both tetrahedral (BO 4 ) and trigonal (BO 3 ) species as being present; the concentration of tetrahedral oxygen coordinated borate (BO 4 ) species were found to increase with boria loading. Furthermore, DRIFT spectroscopy showed that the incorporation of boron results in the appearance of B–OH groups and B–O stretches of a borate phase where both trigonal and tetrahedral boron exist on the surface of APB and AlB samples. Besides, trigonal borate species predominate and tetrahedral borate species increase with boron loading. Finally, the incorporation of boron produces a decrease in surface area and pore volume that becomes greater as the boron content increases.
Efeito residual da adubação fosfatada e torta de filtro na brotação de soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar.

O fosforo e considerado um elemento essencial para as plantas e se encontra em baixa quantidade nos solos brasileiros. Na cana-de-acucar, assume grande importância no enraizamento e no perfilhamento e, portanto, na produtividade final. Sao restritas as informacoes sobre o efeito residual da adubacao fosfatada para a cana soca. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a rebrota da cana-de-acucar em funcao da adubacao com torta de filtro enriquecida com fontes soluveis de fosforo, realizada no plantio. O experimento foi realizado a campo em Presidente Prudente-SP com a variedade RB867515. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos completos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 5 x 4, sendo o primeiro fator os niveis de torta de filtro (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 ton.ha -1 ) e o segundo os niveis de fosforo (0, 50, 100, 200 kg.ha -1 de P2O5), com 4 repeticoes. O numero de perfilhos por metro linear foi avaliado aos 60 dias apos a rebrota. As doses de fosforo associada a torta de filtro, aplicadas no plantio da cana-de-acucar, favorecem a brotacao da primeira soqueira. Doses de 4,0 ton.ha -1 de torta de filtro, aplicadas com o fosforo mineral, elevam a brotacao das soqueiras, assim como as doses de P2O5, a partir de 50 Kg.ha -1 .
Separation of azeotropic mixtures using air microbubbles generated by fluidic oscillation

The feasibility of separating the azeotropic mixture of ethanol-water using microbubble-mediated batch distillation is presented. The effects of the depth of the liquid mixture in the bubble tank and of the inlet air microbubble temperature on the process efficiency were investigated. The enrichment of ethanol in the vapor phase was higher than that achieved at equilibrium conditions for all liquid ethanol mole fractions considered, including the azeotrope. On decreasing the depth of the liquid mixture and increasing the temperature of the air microbubbles, the separation efficiency of ethanol was improved. Ethanol with purity of about 98.2 vol % was obtained using the lowest liquid level (3 mm) in conjunction with the highest air microbubble temperature (90°C). Separation was achieved with a small rise in the temperature of the liquid mixture (4°C) at a depth of 3 mm and evaporation time of 90 min making this system suitable for treating thermally sensitive mixtures. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1192–1199, 2016
Zeolite Molecular Sieves

Zeolites were first suggested by Cronstedt[2] as a new group of minerals consisting of hydrated aluminosilicates of the alkali and alkaline earths with his discovery of stilbite in 1756. The mineral exhibited intumescence when heated in a blow pipe flame which led him to name it as zeolite. The early investigations on zeolites did not lead to any significant progress in the understanding of the structure . of zeolites. In the year 1956 Read and Breck reported the structure of synthetic zeolite 'A' which marked the beginning of the systematic study of the zeolite structures. From later studies it was inferred that all zeolites are framework of aluminosilicates and all of the zeolite structures are three dimensional.
Chemistry and Testing of Dairy Products

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Volatile products of poly(ethylene terephthalate) thermal degradation in nitrogen atmosphere

Thermal degradation of PET was studied in a nitrogen atmosphere at 200–700°C. The experiments were carried out in a tubular furnace under isothermal conditions. The volatile substances evolved from PET were identified and quantified. Weight losses of PET during the thermal degradation in different temperatures were determined. The results are presented on plots as a function of the degradation temperature. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1894–1901, 2000
Antibacterial Agents: Chemistry, Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance and Clinical Applications

Antibacterial agents act against bacterial infection either by killing the bacterium or by arresting its growth. They do this by targeting bacterial DNA and its associated processes, attacking bacterial metabolic processes including protein synthesis, or interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis and function. Antibacterial Agents is an essential guide to this important class of chemotherapeutic drugs. Compounds are organised according to their target, which helps the reader understand the mechanism of action of these drugs and how resistance can arise. The book uses an integrated “lab-to-clinic” approach which covers drug discovery, source or synthesis, mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, clinical aspects (including links to current guidelines, significant drug interactions, cautions and contraindications), prodrugs and future improvements. Agents covered include: • agents targeting DNA - quinolone, rifamycin, and nitroimidazole antibacterial agents • agents targeting metabolic processes - sulfonamide antibacterial agents and trimethoprim • agents targeting protein synthesis - aminoglycoside, macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics, chloramphenicol, and oxazolidinones • agents targeting cell wall synthesis - β-Lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics, cycloserine, isonaizid, and daptomycin Antibacterial Agents will find a place on the bookshelves of students of pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmaceutical sciences, drug design/discovery, and medicinal chemistry, and as a bench reference for pharmacists and pharmaceutical researchers in academia and industry.
LUNULARIN AND OXYRESVERATROL : TWO STILBENE DERIVATIVES FROM Morus macroura

Two stilbene derivatives namely lunularin and oxyresveratrol were isolated from Morus macroura Miq. (Moraceae), a rare spesies found in West Sumatera and endemic to Indonesia. The structure of all these compounds were elucidated based on physical and spectroscopic data. Keywords: Lunularin, Morus macroura Miq, oxyresveratrol.
Organic Cation and Complex Cation-Stabilized (Poly-)Selenides, [Cation]x(Sey)z: Diversity in Structures and Properties †‡

Based on the synthesis and characterization of a series of new (poly-)selenide salts, a classification of anionic (poly-)selenide-containing compounds is proposed. The new compounds were categorized according to these classes. Synthetic approaches of organic cation-stabilized (poly-)selenide compounds that have been already known from literature are reviewed, along with the crystal structures of new compounds and some spectroscopic data, and an experimental and theoretical approach towards dichroism observed in some of the triselenides.
Coherent phonons in alkali metal-doped C60

We report the femtosecond impulsive excitation of coherent phonons in alkali metal-doped fullerenes. These excitations appear as small oscillations of the reflectivity (ΔR/R∼10−7) produced by the pump in an optical pump-probe experiment. The observed phonons include previously unobserved highly damped modes near 150 cm−1 as well as long-lived Ag(1) modes near 490 cm−1.
Kinetics of Halogenated Organic Compound Degradation by Iron Metal

A combination of new and previously reported data on the kinetics of dehalogenation by zero-valent iron (Fe0) has been subjected to an analysis of factors effecting contaminant degradation rates. First-order rate constants (kobs) from both batch and column studies vary widely and without meaningful correlation. However, normalization of these data to iron surface area concentration yields a specific rate constant (kSA) that varies by only 1 order of magnitude for individual halocarbons. Correlation analysis using kSA reveals that dechlorination is generally more rapid at saturated carbon centers than unsaturated carbons and that high degrees of halogenation favor rapid reduction. However, new data and additional analysis will be necessary to obtain reliable quantitative structure−activity relationships. Further generalization of our kinetic model has been obtained by accounting for the concentration and saturation of reactive surface sites, but kSA is still the most appropriate starting point for design c.
Mécanismes de fragilisation sous irradiation aux neutrons d'alliages modèles ferritiques et d'un acier de cuve : amas de défauts

Une partie de la fragilisation des aciers de cuve sous irradiation resulte de la formation d’amas de defauts de types : des amas de solutes et des amas de defauts ponctuels (DP). Ce travail a contribue a la comprehension des mecanismes de formation des amas de solute dans des alliages modeles ferritiques faiblement sursatures en cuivre ([Cu] = 0. 1 %pds) (FeCu et FeCuMnNi) ou exempt de cuivre (FeMnNi) et dans un acier de cuve de type 16MND5. Ces materiaux ont ete irradies avec des neutrons en reacteur experimental autour de 300°C. La confrontation entre les amas de solute, caracterises par sonde atomique tomographique, et les amas de DP, modelises avec un code de dynamique d’amas parametre a partir d’analyses de microscopie electronique en transmission, a montre que le mecanisme le plus probable de formation des amas de solute etait la precipitation/segregation induite a caractere heterogene, sur les amas de DP.
Nanofiltration of Nonionic Surfactants: Effect of the Molecular Weight Cutoff and Contact Angle on Flux Behavior

Nonionic surfactants are widely used in industry, and large amounts of wastewater containing nonionic surfactants are produced each year. Nanofiltration (NF) is a possible option to purify these waters, reducing the overall water consumption and enhancing biological purification. However, the flux behavior of NF during purification of wastewaters containing nonionic surfactants is not well understood. NF tests were performed with both synthetic solutions and real wastewaters containing nonionic surfactants from carpet rinsing. When a membrane with a relatively high molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) was chosen, flux decreased to a level lower than that with most ultrafiltration membranes. When a low MWCO was chosen, flux either increased above pure water flux when a relatively hydrophobic membrane was chosen or decreased when a relatively hydrophilic membrane was chosen. NF thus seems feasible to reduce water usage in industrial processes involving nonionic surfactants when a proper membrane is selected. It a.