Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efeito do meio Erd Schreiber no cultivo das microalgas Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis chuii e Isochrysis galbana - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v28i2.1037

The microalgae is used as food source in aquicultura. In this work they had cultivated D. salina , T. chuii and I. galbana . The objective of the work is to determine the effect of Erd Schreiber´s culture medium on the microalgae growth. The culture initiated mixting 200mg of Na 2 HPO 4 ,7H 2 O, 100 mg of NaNO 3 and 50 mL of soil extract. During the culture the temperature had varied between 24 and 28 o C, the salinity was fixed on 34 %o, and the illumination was maintained constant. The assessment of the culture was made by a chamber of Neubauer and a binocular microscope ZEISS model. As result I. galbana D. salina and T.chuii reached 969 10 4 cel/mL, 457 x 10 4 cel/mL and 258,66 x 10 4 cel/mL respectively and as angular coefficient 3,76 x 10 4 cel/mL/dia, 6,84 x 10 4 cel/mL/dia and 2,08 10 4 x cel/mL/dia respectively, showing good answer of the microalgae to the effect of Erd Schreiber´ s medium.
Habitat preferences of Aporosa in two Malaysian forests: Implications for abundance and coexistence

Theories accounting for the maintenance of high tree diversity in tropical rain forests range from those proposing that tropical trees are highly co-evolved niche specialists, to those proposing that they are mostly generalist, undergoing random drift. We test these hypotheses at a meaningful, community-wide scale using data on the spatial patterns and habitat preferences of all species of Aporosa (Euphorbiaceae) growing on two large rain forest plots in Malaysia. Second-order spatial pattern analyses using a method based on Ripley's K function showed that Aporosa species formed spatially distinct assemblages, and a randomization procedure suggested that these assemblages were explained by biases in their distributions in relation to habitat types. Soil type, as determined by parent material, was an important determinant of habitat preferences, although topography and forest structure also accounted for some variation. We conclude that niche differentiation is an important mechanism contributing to the coexistence of Aporosa species at the community scale. However, spatial separation due to these differential habitat biases accounted for only a portion of the high species richness observed in this genus, so other mechanisms must also be sought to account fully for the maintenance of tropical tree species richness.
Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on fungal disease development in Cucumis sativus.

Three cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars were exposed to a daily dose of 11.6 kJ m-2 biologically effective ultraviolet-B (UV-BBE) radiation in an unshaded greenhouse before and/ or after infection by Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Halst. or Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. and Arth. and analyzed for disease development. Two of these cultivars, Poinsette and Calypso Hybrid, were disease resistant, while the third cultivar, Straight-8, was disease susceptible. Preinfectional treatment of 1 to 7 days with UV-BBE in Straight-8 led to greater severity of both diseases. Postinfectional UV treatment did not lead to increased disease severity caused by C. lagenarium, while preinfectional UV treatment in both Straight-8 and Poinsette substantially increased disease severity. Although resistant cultivars Poinsette and Calypso Hybrid showed increased anthracnose disease severity when exposed to UV-B, this effect was apparent only on the cotyledons. Both higher spore concentration and exposure to UV-B radiation resulted in greater disease severity. Of the cucumber cultivars tested for UV-B sensitivity, growth in Poinsette was most sensitive and Calypso Hybrid was least sensitive. These preliminary results indicate that the effects of UV-B radiation on disease development in cucumber vary depending on cultivar, timing and duration of UV-B exposure, inoculation level, and plant age.
Complications

Numerous studies have found a~sociations between indices of reduced fetal growth and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. The mechanism behind these a~sociations is poorly described but is likely to involve insulin resistance. Results from human and animal studies have led to suggestions that a growing fetus adapts to malnutrition by altering glucoconicoid and possibly catecholamine metabolism to aid survival. Using a rat model the present study tested the hypothesis that catecholamine metabolism is altered in early growth restriction. Rats were fed either a 20 % (w/w) protein ('control') diet or an isoenergetic 8% (w/w) (MLP) diet during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring were weaned on a standard laboratory chow and at 12 weeks of age blood was sampled from them in the fedand 24-hour-fasted states for catecholamine measurements. In the fed state mean (S.E.M.) adrenaline concentrations for control (n= 12) and MLP (n= II) rats were: 0.78 (0.13) v. 1.42 (0.16) nmol]·l (P<O.OI; Mann Whitney U test), respectively. Equivalent noradrenaline concentrations were 2.78 (0.27) v. 3.61 (0.22) nmol(·l (P<0.05). After 24 hours starvation plasma adrenaline concentrations in controls rose to become similar to those of the MLP rats: 1.10 (0.13) v. 1.42 (0.23) nmol(·l (P=0.27), respectively. Noradrenaline concentrations rose in both groups of rats to become similar: 4.82 (1.02) v. 5.15 (0.75) nmol(·l (P=0.30). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that there is altered catecholamine metabolism in the early growth restricted rat~. possibly a~ a result of being programmed to enhance survival under starvation conditions.
Phenotypic diversity in two populations of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in Canada during 1931-1987

The Canadian eastern and prairie populations of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici from race surveys conducted during 1931-1987 were assessed for phenotypic diversity within each population and phenotypic overlap between the two populations using four different indexes based on infection type on the modified Unified Numeration differentials. The indexes showed that the two populations had similar levels of absolute diversity during 1931-1959. Diversity in the prairie population was consistently lower than in the eastern population during 1960-1975, increased during 1976-1984, and decreased during 1985-1987 (.)
Hyper-abundance of Native Wild Pigs (Sus scrofa) in a Lowland Dipterocarp Rain Forest of Peninsular Malaysia1

Abstract This study reports extraordinarily high density estimates for the wild pig (Sus scrofa) from an aseasonal tropical forest site within the species' native range. At Pasoh Forest Reserve, a 2500 ha area of lowland dipterocarp rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia, line transects were used to estimate pig density from May to October in 1996 and 1998. In 1996, 44 sightings of S. scrofa consisting of 166 individuals were recorded along 81 km of transects. In 1998, 39 sightings documented 129 individuals along 79.9 km of transects. Estimated population density was 47.0 pigs/km2 in 1996 and 27.0 pigs/km2 in 1998. Sus scrofa biomass in this forest was estimated at 1837 kg/km2 and 1346 kg/km2 in 1996 and 1998, respectively. Differences between years were attributed to changes in the density of young pigs, coincident with a mast-seeding year of dipterocarp trees in 1996. Pig densities at Pasoh Forest Reserve were much higher than at other forest locations within the species' native range in Europe and Asia. Because Pasoh Forest Reserve is a forest fragment, two factors likely account for the extremely high pig densities: (1) local extinction of natural predators (mainly tigers and leopards) and (2) an abundant year-round food supply of African oil palm fruits from extensive plantations bordering the reserve.
STOICHIOMETRY OF THE REDOX CHANGES OF MANGANESE DURING THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC WATER OXIDATION CYCLE

Abstract— The UV absorbance change associated with the oxygen‐evolution cycle is investigated as to its correlation with the successive redox (S‐) states of the system. This change is probably due to a manganese oxidation within a multinuclear Mn‐cluster. The stoichiometry of its formation and destruction during the S‐cycle has been a matter of controversy: (0,1,0,‐1) according to velthuys, B. R. (1981) in Photosynthesis II, (Edited by G. Akoyunoglou), pp. 75–85. Balaban International Science Services, Philadelphia, or (1, 1, 1, ‐3) according to Dekker, J. P., Van Gorkom, H. J., Wensink, J. and Ouwehand, L. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 767, 1–9. We show that the data obtained in flash‐series experiments on dark‐adapted material may be fitted as satisfactorily by both models. More discriminating tests were devised, varying parameters such as the double‐hits probability or the initial distribution of the S‐states. These experiments clearly indicate that no (or little) absorbance change occurs both upon S0→S1 and S2→S3 transitions. This suggests that the correct stoichiometry is (0,l,0,‐1). The possibility of a non‐integer stoichiometry may also be considered.
Impaired Fracture Healing in the Absence of TNF‐α Signaling: The Role of TNF‐α in Endochondral Cartilage Resorption

TNF‐α is a major inflammatory factor that is induced in response to injury, and it contributes to the normal regulatory processes of bone resorption. The role of TNF‐α during fracture healing was examined in wild‐type and TNF‐α receptor (p55−/−/p75−/−)‐deficient mice. The results show that TNF‐α plays an important regulatory role in postnatal endochondral bone formation.
Review of the state of marine protected areas in South Africa

The use of marine protected areas (MPAs) in South Africa should be revised in the light of growing problems related to the over-use of marine resources. No consistent policy has been applied to the establishment and management of MPAs. Existing MPAs include marine reserves, restricted areas, single-species restricted areas, National Parks, estuarine protected areas, trawling reserves and offshore islands, declared under a variety of legislation. Marine reserves and restricted areas have been declared under the Sea Fishery Act, but are managed by provincial authorities. The provincial authorities in the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape lack the necessary resources for marine management. By contrast, the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service and the National Parks Board are adequately staffed and equipped to provide all the necessary managerial functions in their MPAs. The effectiveness of most MPAs is not assessed and they do not have clearly stated objectives or management plans. MPA boundaries are .
Role of β-Catenin in Adult Cardiac Remodeling

The adult heart has a uniform cellular response to adapt to injury after infarct or increased wall stress in chronic hypertension: hypertrophy of adult cardiomyocytes increases muscle fiber mass while at the same time apoptosis of cardiomyocytes may lead to further loss of contractile mass. The existence and quantitative amount of endogenous cardiac regeneration is currently under intense dispute, no clear picture has yet emerged. Recently, cardiac precursor cells and the signaling pathways controlling their differentiation in the adult organ have come into focus. In heart development, β-catenin was identified to play a biphasic role in cardiomyocyte differentiation. While initially WNT/β-catenin activation is required to commit mesenchymal cells to the cardiac lineage, downregulation of β-catenin is needed for cardiomyocyte differentiation at later stages. Recent genetic data published by our lab suggest β-catenin downregulation to be beneficial for adult cardiac remodeling. Here we discuss these data in the context of β-catenin´s role in adult cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis and possibly regeneration.
The epidemiology of cloudy wing virus infections in honey bee colonies in the UK

Summary Cloudy wing virus (CWV) is a little studied small icosahedral virus commonly found in honey bees (Apis mellifera), especially in collapsing colonies infested by Varroa destructor, providing circumstantial evidence that the mite may act as a vector. This study investigated the potential relationship between V. destructor, CWV and honey bees in 29 naturally infested colonies in the UK. We found that CWV was detected in less than half of the colonies, despite all having been infested by V. destructor. In contrast to several other viruses, we also found no evidence that V. destructor is able to vector CWV when feeding, and conclude that if transmitted by the mite, the virus fails to become established as an overt infection in the honey bee. The reasons why CWV has apparently increased in incidence in the UK since the arrival of V. destructor therefore remain unclear.
Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates Sea Lampreys Are Indigenous to Lake Ontario

Abstract The parasitic sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus occurs throughout North America's Great Lakes, where it has an immense economic impact on commercially and recreationally important fishes. Sea lampreys indisputably invaded Lake Erie and the upper Great Lakes from Lake Ontario in the mid-1900s, but their official status as a nonnative species in Lake Ontario is based on circumstantial evidence and has long been subject to controversy. Presently, sea lampreys are considered by U.S. and Canadian government agencies to be an invasive species within the entire Great Lakes watershed, and millions of dollars are spent annually to suppress them. We sequenced 330 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 224 sea lampreys collected from 10 locations (3 within the Lake Ontario drainage, 2 within the Lake Superior drainage, and 5 rivers between Quebec and New York that are tributary to the Atlantic Ocean). Eighteen haplotypes were revealed, of which 17 occurred in specimens from Atlantic coast rivers.
Ecology and status of the Caracal, Caracal caracal, (Carnivora: Felidae), in the Abbasabad Naein Reserve, Iran

Abstract A Caracal survey was carried out between 2002 and 2006 in the Abbasabad Reserve, which covers more than 300,000 ha in eastern Esfahan province and which is one of the best habitats for this species in Iran. It was found to occur mainly in desert mountains and hilly terrain where rodents and hares are abundant. 80% of direct observations were made from solitary individuals and the remainder in groups of two. Although rodents, hares and ground birds form the main part of the Caracal diet in Abbasabad Reserve, it is also a serious threat to the small livestock belonging to local people. Sometimes the Caracal tries to catch wild ungulates.
INTERTIDAL ZONATION IN POPULATIONS OF MYA ARENARIA1

Observations over a 2-year period on the distribution of two succcssivc year-classes of Mya arennria in a tidal area near Quincy, Mass. , indicated that young clams 2-15 mm in length were subject to appreciable changes in location in intertidal areas. Such changes involved a shorcward displacement of the mcmbcrs of the population as they excecclcd 5 mm in length, with a marked tendency for successive populations ultimately to bccomc concentrated near an abrupt change in the beach profile. The similarities bctwccn the patterns of clam and surface scdimcnt distribution in this area are discussed, and it is suggcstcd that, as in the case of scdimcnt part&s, hydrodynamic forces are primarily rcsponsiblc for the zonation of Mya populations in intertidal areas. Interspecific zonation of marine organisms in the intertidal zone is a frequently observed phenomenon and has been described in the case of both rocky shorclincs (Stephenson and Stephenson 1949) and sandy beaches ( Stephen 1929). Intraspecific zonation, in which the members of a population appear to be distributed according to size between the tide lines, has also been reported, particularly with respect to bivalve populations. Species reported as exhibiting this type of zonation include Tellinu tenuis ( Stephen 1928), Tivela stultorum ( Weymouth 1923 ) , and Amphiclisma ventricosum ( Rapson 1952). Turner ( 1951) described the zonation of a population of soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, during the different stages in growth and suggested the possibility of hydrodynamic concentration. In his opinion, clams, when dislodged from the sediment by wave action, would be sorted out by water turbulcnce in very much the same fashion as sediment particles, with larger members of the population deposited on the foreshore and the smaller members returned seaward in the backwash. Turner suggested that this mechanism might account for the intraspecific zonation of many intertidal species. l Adapted from data contained in a thesis in biology submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Harvarcl University in partial fnlfillmcnt of the dcgrcc of Doctor of Philosophy. The purpose of this investigation was to study the distribution of a Mya population over a tidal flat and to attempt to relate these observations, conducted over a twoyear period, to the gross geological characteristics of the area. It was hoped that these observations might give so’me indication as to whether, and to what extent, the “wandering” behavior of juvenile Mya described by Smith ( 1955) accounts for appreciable changes in location of entire populations. The author is grateful to Dr. George L. Clarke of Harvard University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and to Mr. Harry J. Turner of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute for their helpful suggestions during this study and to the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries for its cooperation.
Assessing factors influencing the space use of a woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou population using an individual-based model

Abstract Similar to earlier studies, a population of woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou in west-central Manitoba, Canada, showed preference for mature coniferous forests and fidelity to seasonal home ranges. However, because preferred forest types were common in the study area, these findings could not determine what would happen if these home ranges were disturbed because the relative importance of preference for these forest types and home-range fidelity in determining the space use of this population was not known. This question was explored using an individual-based space-use model that incorporates a random movement component, a habitat value function that considers these two factors individually or together, and a decision optimisation component. Four possible forms of the model were used to conduct Monte-Carlo simulations of space-use patterns, which were compared to true range-use patterns over an annual cycle. True range use could not be simulated without including a home-range fidelity factor in the model. This suggests that there is some factor about the selected home ranges that is not quantified by the forest type which is currently present that causes animals in this population to show fidelity to them. The explanation most consistent with the general understanding of the factors limiting this species is that these home ranges are refuges from predation. This suggests that the appropriate conservation action is to protect these ranges from disturbance unless the animals themselves demonstrate the presence of other suitable areas by dispersing to them.
Quantification of Selected Serum Proteins of Milk by Immunological Procedures

Abstract Evaluation was of these immunological procedures for the quantification of the bovine serum albumin and β -lactoglobulin content of milk: Oudin's single diffusion, Mancini's radial immunodiffusion, and Laurell's electroimmunodiffusion techniques. All three methods were reproducible and did not require preliminary treatment of the milk. The bovine serum albumin content (mg/ml) of 25 different herd and bulk milk samples ranged from . 17 to . 32 by single immunodiffusion, . 18 to . 32 by radial immunodiffusion, and . 16 to . 31 by electroimmunodiffusion. Means were . 250, . 258, and . 238. The concentration (mg/ml) of β -lactoglobulin for 15 milk samples ranged from 2.9 to 3.9 by single immunodiffusion, 2.8 to 4.0 by radial immunodiffusion, and 3.0 to 4.1 by electroimmunodiffusion. Means were 3.44, 3.45, and 3.50. The minimum amount of protein detected by each procedure was 7.5 μ g bovine serum albumin or 6.25 μ g β -lactoglobulin by single immunodiffusion, . 75 μ g bovine serum albumin or β -lactoglobulin by radial immunodiffusion, and . 025 μ g bovine serum albumin or β -lactoglobulin by electroimmunodiffusion. The electroimmunodiffusion procedure was the most rapid and sensitive method and required the least amount of reagents.
EFFECTS OF RUMINAL EXPOSURE ON THE AMINO ACID PROFILE OF FEEDS

Seven feeds were individually incubated (12 h) in ruminally suspended polyester bags. Several alterations (P < 0.05) between individual amino acid compositions of feeds and their respective residues were detected after adjusting for microbial contamination of residues. Detection of diaminopimelic acid in feeds suggests that not all diaminopimelic acid in digesta originates from bacteria. Key words: Amino acid, ruminal degradation, microbial attachment, diaminopimelic acid
An Evaluation of the Suitability of Selected Waste Products in Feeds for Three Fish Species

ABSTRACT Five types of aquatic food industry waste products (carp offal, carp roe, fish frames, trout offal and surimi processing waste) together with fish meal were evaluated for their suitability as potential fish meal replacements, partially or wholly, in diets for three species (rainbow trout, Murray cod and shortfin eel) cultured in Australia, using a number of criteria. The proximate composition of the ingredients on a dry matter basis including protein content, lipid and ash, varied considerably. The essential amino acid (EAA) contents of the waste products and fish meal decreased in the order: carp roe > fish meal > carp offal > ‘surimi’ processing waste > fish frames > trout offal. The results of cluster analysis of A/E ratios of waste products and fish whole body fell within three clusters. The EAAI of whole body tissue of Murray cod, rainbow trout and Australian shortfin eel however, were closest to fish meal, followed by fish frame waste and/or ‘surimi’ waste. The results on A/E ratios and EAAI did not conform to the raw data on TAA and EAA. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need to have a multi-prong approach to determine the suitability of ingredients for incorporation into fish feeds.
p-Type semiconducting nickel oxide as an efficiency-enhancing anode interfacial layer in polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cells

To minimize interfacial power losses, thin (5–80 nm) layers of NiO, a p-type oxide semiconductor, are inserted between the active organic layer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) + [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and the ITO (tin-doped indium oxide) anode of bulk-heterojunction ITO/P3HT:PCBM/LiF/Al solar cells. The interfacial NiO layer is deposited by pulsed laser deposition directly onto cleaned ITO, and the active layer is subsequently deposited by spin-coating. Insertion of the NiO layer affords cell power conversion efficiencies as high as 5.2% and enhances the fill factor to 69% and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) to 638 mV versus an ITO/P3HT:PCBM/LiF/Al control device. The value of such hole-transporting/electron-blocking interfacial layers is clearly demonstrated and should be applicable to other organic photovoltaics.