Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of predator exclusion and caging on cereal aphids in winter wheat.

(1) Changes in numbers of cereal aphids were measured inside and outside cages designed to exclude aphid specific predators (certain Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae) in a field of winter wheat in 1976, 1977 and 1979. (2) In each year, three phases of aphid population development were distinguished; an initial rapid growth phase, a divergence phase, and a decline phase. Populations in the cages increased at the same rate as outside during the growth phase, and during the divergence phase continued to increase to a peak while populations outside increased at a slower rate or decreased. As a result of the divergence, a difference in peak numbers of up to six times was recorded. Populations outside fell rapidly during the decline phase while a slower reduction occurred in the cages. (3) In the 3 years, the divergence phase coincided with an increase in the numbers of aphid specific predators. The consumption rate by predators that would be required to bring about the observed differences between cages and outside was calculated and found to lie within published values. It was concluded that predation was likely to be the major cause of the differences between cages and outside to the time of the population peak. Predation, parasitism, disease and emigration all contributed to the decline phase. (4) Although there was no difference in plant growth stage inside and outside the cages, and the divergence phase occurred at different growth stages in the 3. years, it was not possible to rule out a subtle effect of the caging technique itself on the physiology of the plant or aphid, acting only during the divergence phase.
Pollen analyses of honey from Finland

Abstract The present study reports results of qualitative melissopalynological analyses of Finnish honey between the years 2000–2007 and changes in its pollen content from the period 1960–2007. Altogether the pollen content of 734 honey samples was analysed with an average of 415 pollen grains counted from a sample. Pollen of Trifolium repens type, Rubus spp. , Salix spp. and the Brassicaceae family were present in more than 90% of the samples, and these pollen types were also found in the highest proportions. Annual variation in the relative amounts of the most numerous pollen types could be as high as 10%. On the basis of the pollen spectra of the honey samples, four regions of forage plants for bees could be identified in Finland. In the period between 1960 and 2007, the most marked change observed was that the percentage of the Trifolium spp. pollen type had decreased from 70% to 10%, while the proportions of Brassicaceae and Rosaceae pollen types showed a corresponding increase.
Biological Spectrum and Comparison of Coefficient of Communities Between Plant Communities Harbouring Mai Dhani Hill, near Muzaffarabad, (AJK)

The vegetation of Mai Dhani Hill, is dominated by nanophanerophytes followed by hemicryptophytes. Chamaephytes and geophytes are rare. Thirty species are found in the seven communities established at various altitudes. Nanophanerophytes and rnegaphanerophytes decrease as the altitude increases. The highest index of similarity is observed between Dodonaea Pinus-Themeda and Celtis-Themeda-Pinus communities while the lowest index of similarity is observed between Ficus Dichanthium-Themeda and MicromeriaThemeda-Dodonaea communities.
Scale, heterogeneity and secondary production in tropical rangelands

Tropical rangelands across the world are experiencing land use intensification pressures which are reducing the spatial scale of grazing management units. There are implications of a reduction in scale on environmental heterogeneity and its relationship with secondary production of large herbivores, and on the consequent risks of land degradation. Rangeland managers find it hard to conceptualise these implications and there has been little research to clarify them in the past. This paper will review our current understanding of scale-related effects on livestock production in tropical rangelands and herbivore-plant interactions at patch to landscape scales. We use published information and results from recent empirical studies in northern Australia and elsewhere to elucidate scale-related effects on secondary production. These results indicate that empirical approaches alone will not provide all the understanding necessary for better management of extensive grazing lands that are undergoing intensification and that modelling approaches are important in helping to understand underlying mechanisms driving observed changes. Such modelling approaches need to encompass rangeland systems as complex, adaptive systems where socio-economic factors are just as important as biophysical understanding. We use a conceptual J-curve model to help explain how fragmentation and intensification affects the socio-ecological dynamics of arid and semi-arid grazing lands.
Influence of body weight and temperature on growth rates of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)

When reared for a period of 6 months at a temperature of 10°C Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, increased in weight from 18 g to approximately 135 g. Specific growth rates decreased as the fish increased in size and the relationship between size and growth rate could be described by the equation: where Gw is specific growth rate and W is fish weight in grams. Temperature effects upon growth were examined using previously published data. Below the optimum growth temperature, the growth rate of a fish of given size could be predicted using the equation: where T is the rearing temperature. Rates of growth of Arctic charr were as high as those reported for other salmonid species reared under similar conditions. Preliminary results suggested that growth rates of charr may be lower in salt water than in fresh water.
Studies of Mammalian Implantation In Vitro (II): Effects of Cytokines from Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction on Proliferation of Murine Trophoblast Cell and Establishment of Its Cell Line

We report here that the supernates of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) enhanced the proliferation of trophoblast cells. The analysis of the factors in MLR supernates revealed that a series of CSF family cytokines such as IL-3/GM-CSF and M-CSF, which seemed to be responsible for stimulation of the proliferation of trophoblast cells, were significantly raised in MLR supernates. At the same time, the effects of recombinant human (rh) IL-3/GM-CSF and M-CSF on the proliferation of the trophoblast cells were investigated. The rhlL-3/GM-CSF gave slight proliferation-promoting effects while the rhM-CSF showed stronger stimulating effect which was comparable to the MLR supernates. Continuous addition of the MLR supernates into the primary culture of trophoblast cells resulted in the establishment of trphoblast cell line. The cells showed the polygonal epithelium like appearances and reacted positively with anti-cytokeratin antibodies but not with anti-vimentin antibodies by means of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test.
Recalls and Innovation: Own and Competitor Firm Response

Innovation is the lifeblood of firms that operate in R&D-intensive industries. While strong incentives to innovate in these industries exist, product recalls create challenges for impacted firms and opportunities for their competitors. Using the U.S. medical device industry as the empirical setting, we develop predictions and provide evidence that own firm recalls slow innovation activities, while competitor firm recalls accelerate innovation activities. We find that these relationships are most pronounced when recalls and innovation directly overlap in product area. We further unpack the mechanisms that drive these dynamics. Own firm recalls slow innovation activities for all firm types, but competitor firm recalls are only associated with accelerated innovation for broad product scope firms and public firms—indicating that organizational resources and incentives are key determinants of whether firms can effectively capitalize on market opportunities. In post-hoc analyses, we find that longer post-recall submission times do not predict subsequent quality—suggesting observed delays are driven more by distractions than by learning. Firms thus react strategically and rationally to competitor firm failures by speeding innovations to market.
Effects of restricted time allocation to pasture on feeding behaviour, intake and milk production of dairy sheep rotationally grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) in spring

The effects of restricted time allocation (2, 4 or 6 h/day) to pasture and grazing day (Day 1, initial; Day 4, intermediate; Day 7, final) on feeding behaviour, intake and performance were assessed in Sarda dairy ewes, rotationally grazing Italian ryegrass plots for 7 days, with 21 days of regrowth. A randomised block design with two replicates per accesstimewas usedwithsixgroups ofsixewes each. Theewes weresupplementeddaily with400g/headofacommercial concentrate at milking, 300 g/head of lupin after grazing and 700 g/head of ryegrass hay overnight. Pasture variables, feeding behaviour, herbage and supplement DM intake, and milk yield and composition were measured on 12 days (4 per target grazing day). Plot average data were analysed by a bifactorial model with interaction, which was not significant. SwardheightandherbagemassdecreasedbetweenDay1andDay4(P <0.05). LeafareaindexdroppedfromDay1toDay7 (P <0.05). Eatingtime,asproportionofaccesstime,andintakeratewerehigherin2h/daygroupsthanintheothers(P <0.05). Nevertheless, herbage and total intake were higher in 6 h/day than in 2 h/day groups, being 4 h/day groups intermediate (P < 0.05). Herbage intake decreased with grazing period (P < 0.05). Fat normalised milk yield was higher in 6 h/day groups than in the others (P < 0.05) and in Day 1 and Day 4 than in Day 7 (P < 0.05). To conclude, time restriction below 6 h/day and pasture depletion, in terms of herbage quality, constrained intake and performance of rotationally grazing dairy ewes.
Structure, orientation, and segregation of the sex trivalent in Pyrophorus luminosus III. (Coleoptera, Elateridae)

An endemic Puerto Rican Elaterid, Pyrophorus luminosus III. , has 17 chromosomes in the male, the meiotic karyoformula being 7 + X1X2Y, or as expressed structurally, 7 + XpneoXneoYp. Xp is heteropycnotic in prophase and differentially argentophilous from prophase to metaphase II. The parachute of a modified shape is only slightly stained by AgNO3 and by Rattenbury's nucleolus staining method.Key words: Elateridae, Pyrophorini, sex chromosomes, sex trivalent.
Phenolic compounds and kernel characteristics of Zimbabwean sorghums

Sixteen sorghum varieties widely cultivated in Zimbabwe were examined for levels of phenolic compounds and kernel characteristics, to help identify those with desirable properties and develop suitable processing methods. Assays for polyphenols included the chlorox test, the vanillin- HCl, the ferric ammonium citrate and the butanol-HCl methods. Free phenolic acids were analysed using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Varieties DC-75, Mutode and Chirmaugute had the highest levels of condensed tannins. The polyphenols in Chibonda were mostly unextractable in methanol. No significant levels of polyphenols were found in 13 varieties. Phenolic acid content was related to pericarp colour. Endosperm texture and pericarp thickness were evaluated using video image analysis. Katandanzara and SV1 had relatively corneous endosperms ( 0.060 mm). Endosperm texture was not correlated with phenolic compounds. A positive correlation, however, was observed between pericarp thickness and polyphenol content (r> 0.64). Zimbabwean sorghums lack ideal agronomic and processing physico-chemical characteristics defined in terms of high polyphenols, plus hard endosperm and thin pericarp. Research is required to develop effective methods to process the available polyphenol-rich sorghums. # 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Homotopy switching model for dyad haptic interaction in physical collaborative tasks

The main result of this paper is a new model based on homotopy switching between intrinsically distinct controllers that encompass most behaviors encountered in dyadic haptic collaborative tasks. The basic idea is to switch continuously between two distinct extreme behaviors (leader and follower) for each individual, which creates an implicit bilateral coupling within the dyad. The physical collaborative interaction is then described only with two distinct homotopy time-functions that vary independently. These functions can likely describe the signature of a collaborative task. A virtual reality haptic set-up is used to assess the proposed theory.
Functional activation of integrin αvβ3 in tumor cells expressing membrane‐type 1 matrix metalloproteinase

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and integrins have been implicated in a variety of processes involved in tumor progression. To evaluate the individual roles of integrin αvβ3 and membrane‐type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP), as well as the effects of their joint expression on tumor cell functions, MCF7 breast carcinoma cells were transfected stably with either the MT1‐MMP, the β3 integrin subunit or both MT1‐MMP and β3 cDNAs. MT1‐MMP expression is accompanied by the functional activation of integrin αvβ3, thereby increasing vitronectin‐mediated adhesion and migration of MCF7 cells transfected with MT1‐MMP and integrin αvβ3. MT1‐MMP‐dependent functional activation of αvβ3 correlates with modification(s) of the β3 subunit, including its higher electrophoretic mobility and affected the LM609‐binding site. MCF7 cells jointly expressing MT1‐MMP and αvβ3 were the most efficient in adhesion to the recombinant C‐terminal domain of MMP‐2 as well as in generating soluble and cell surface associated mature MMP‐2 enzyme. These findings suggest a mechanism of selective docking of MMP‐2 at tumor cell surfaces, specifically at the sites that include MT1‐MMP and activated integrin αvβ3. These mechanisms may provide a link between spatial regulation of focal proteolysis by the cell surface associated MMPs and the regulation of integrin‐mediated motility of tumor cells. Int. J. Cancer 86:15–23, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Writing-Images

In the art educational therapy (AET) method introduced in this article, school coursework is integrated into art therapy with the aim of facilitating such learning and enhancing the emotional well-being of children with learning difficulties who have experienced stress or trauma. A grounded theory research study based on the cases of 5 middle school children identified "writing-images" in which children experiment with drawn forms of letters and numbers prior to learning to read. Opportunities to work with writing-images in AET enable the child to reclaim the learning potential of an early developmental "writing-image" phase.
Multivariate Analysis, Design of Experiments, and Survey Sampling

Sampling designs and prediction methods for Gaussian spatial processes design techniques for probabilistic sampling of items with variable monetary value small area estimation -a Bayesian perspective Bayes sampling designs for selection procedures cluster coordinated composites of diverse datasets on several spatial scales for designing extensive environmental sample surveys - prospectus on promising protocols corrected confidence sets for sequentially designed experiments, II -examples resampling marked point processes graphical Markov models in multivariate analysis robust regression with censored and truncated data multivariate calibration some consequences of random effects in multivariate survival models a unified methodology for constructing multivariate autoregressive models statistical model evaluation and information criteria multivariate rank tests asymptotic expansions of the distribution of some test statistics for elliptical populations a review of variance estimators with extensions to multivariate nonparametric regression models on affine invariant sign and rank tests in one and two sample multivariate problems correspondence and component analysis growth curve models dealing with uncertainties in queues and networks of queues optimal Bayesian design for a logistic regression model - geometric and algebraic approaches structure of weighing mattrices of small order and weight.
Atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de orégano, tomilho e canela frente a sorovares de Salmonella enterica de origem avícola

Essential oils from oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and cinnamom (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were tested for their inhibitory activity against sixty Salmonella sp. isolates. These microorganisms were distributed in 20 serovars, all of them isolated from broiler chickens. Based on microdilution technique, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The strongest antibacterial activity was obtained for oregano (MIC mean = 529mg ml-1 and MBCmean = 661mg ml-1), followed by a moderate activity for thyme (MICmean=961mg ml-1 and MBCmean=1074mg ml-1) and the lowest obtained activity observed for cinnamon (MICmean= 1335mg ml-1 and MBCmean= 1979mg ml-1). Despite of this activity pattern, the serovars of Salmonella enterica showed significant susceptibility variations. However none of them could be classified as sensitive or resistant to the three essential oils tested. At the moment, when the antibiotics, as growth promoters, are being replaced, the essential oils from spices could be a very reasonable choice and the present results show us two points: the essential oils from oregano and thyme are effective against Salmonella isolates but the variations among the serovars must be considered.
Using tree functional diversity to evaluate management impacts in a subtropical forest

The trait-based approach has received much research attention as it provides a heuristic framework for evaluating the ecological impacts of anthropogenic activities on communities and ecosystems. In this study, functional diversity (or structure) measures, such as functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, and functional composition, were used to examine management impacts on subtropical forests on the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. Functional indices were compared in tandem with taxonomic diversity indices between three forest types with different management histories: intact old-growth forests, secondary forests after clear-cutting, and abandoned Pinus luchuensis plantations. Species diversity indices were not significantly different among the three forest types. In contrast, functional diversity indices were significantly different among intact forests and managed forests. Functional richness and functional evenness were significantly lower in secondary forests than in intact forests and P. luchuensis plantations. Functional divergence was significantly higher in secondary forests and P. luchuensis plantations than in intact forests. These differences suggest that management activities affected niche space and the patterns of niche differentiation among component species in the functional space of managed forests. Community weighted means for each functional trait were also different among the forest types. The managed forests had greater leaf thickness, leaf dry matter content and maximum height, and lower specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen concentration than intact forests. These differences in functional composition of traits suggested potential functional impacts. This study demonstrated the utilization of species functional traits and community functional structure as a tool of natural experiment for assessing impacts of forest management practices on woodland ecosystems. It was also suggested that logging activities that include large-scale clear-cutting or establishment of P. luchuensis plantations may be incompatible with the conservation of natural ecosystem properties in subtropical forests.
Comparative phylogeography of the five Greek vole species infers the existence of multiple South Balkan subrefugia

Abstract Despite extensive phylogenetic studies in the genus Microtus, several of its species have not been thoroughly evaluated. The present study focuses on a cytb molecular analysis of five vole species occurring in the southern Balkan Peninsula (M. felteni, M. thomasi, M. subterraneus, M. levis and M. guentheri), aiming to demonstrate the importance of thorough intraspecific sampling when the phylogeny of closely related taxa is tested. As a result, the Balkan populations of these voles showed significant intraspecific variation that distinguishes them from other European and Asian conspecifics and in some cases reveals distinct lineages even within the Balkan region. Their complex phylogeography suggest the existence of multiple subrefugia, located within the southern Balkan region, which promoted diversification of these voles during the Middle and Late Pleistocene glacial periods. The significant role of the southern Balkan Peninsula's paleogeographical and paleoclimatical characteristics in these small mammals' evolution is discussed.
Inhibition of Methionine Biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea by the Anilinopyrimidine Fungicide Pyrimethanil

When mycelium of Botrytis cinerea was treated with low concentrations of the anilinopyrimidine fungicide pyrimethanil the total amount of free amino acids increased. Qualitative variations were also induced: alanine, glutamine, lysine, glycine, histidine, asparagine, arginine, threonine and moreover, α-aminobutyrate and β-alanine were accumulated; cyst(e)ine, valine, leucine and citrulline were reduced. When mycelium of B. cinerea was incubated with Na2[35S]O4, pyrimethanil at 1·5 μM induced a decrease of [35S]methionine and simultaneously an increase of [35S]cystathionine. These data indicate that the anilinopyrimidine fungicide pyrimethanil inhibits the biosynthesis of methionine and suggest that the primary target could be the cystathionine β-lyase. © 1997 SCI.
The Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale: A Measurement System for Global Variables in Art

The Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale (FEATS) is a measurement system for applying numbers to global variables in two-dimensional art (drawing and painting). While it was originally developed for use with the single-picture assessment ("Draw a person picking an apple from a tree" [PPAT]), researchers can also apply many of the 14 scales of the FEATS to other types of drawings. This article discusses how art therapists who are studying other assessments can modify specific FEATS scales for their use.
Two Major Recessive Soybean Genes Conferring Soybean Rust Resistance

Soybean rust (SBR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. is currently the most threatening fungal disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] in the Americas. Development of resistant or tolerant cultivars is a major goal in several soybean breeding programs. Four loci, all carrying dominant alleles that confer a resistant phenotype, have been described. We investigated the genetic basis of the resistance in PI 200456 and PI 224270 by crossing each of them with a susceptible cultivar (CD 208). Phenotypic segregation ratios for F2 plants and F2:3 lines showed that the resistance in each resistant parent was controlled by a single recessive gene. A test for allelism demonstrated that these genes are non-allelic. This is the first report of recessive genes controlling SBR resistance in soybean and may represent a different type of resistance for breeding programs aimed at development of more durable resistance.