Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adjusting Mitigation Pathways to Stabilize Climate at 1.5°C and 2.0°C Rise in Global Temperatures to Year 2300

To avoid the most dangerous consequences of anthropogenic climate change, the Paris Agreement provides a clear and agreed climate mitigation target of stabilizing global surface warming to under 2.0°C above preindustrial, and preferably closer to 1.5°C. However, policy makers do not currently know exactly what carbon emissions pathways to follow to stabilize warming below these agreed targets, because there is large uncertainty in future temperature rise for any given pathway. This large uncertainty makes it difficult for a cautious policy maker to avoid either: (1) allowing warming to exceed the agreed target or (2) cutting global emissions more than is required to satisfy the agreed target, and their associated societal costs. This study presents a novel Adjusting Mitigation Pathway (AMP) approach to restrict future warming to policy‐driven targets, in which future emissions reductions are not fully determined now but respond to future surface warming each decade in a self‐adjusting manner. A large ensemble of Earth system model simulations, constrained by geological and historical observations of past climate change, demonstrates our self‐adjusting mitigation approach for a range of climate stabilization targets ranging from 1.5°C to 4.5°C, and generates AMP scenarios up to year 2300 for surface warming, carbon emissions, atmospheric CO2, global mean sea level, and surface ocean acidification. We find that lower 21st century warming targets will significantly reduce ocean acidification this century, and will avoid up to 4 m of sea‐level rise by year 2300 relative to a high‐end scenario.
Substitution, jumps, and algebraic effects

Algebraic structures abound in programming languages. The starting point for this paper is the following theorem: (first-order) algebraic signatures can themselves be described as free algebras for a (second-order) algebraic theory of substitution. Transporting this to the realm of programming languages, we investigate a computational metalanguage based on the theory of substitution, demonstrating that substituting corresponds to jumping in an abstract machine. We use the theorem to give an interpretation of a programming language with arbitrary algebraic effects into the metalanguage with substitution/jumps.
How far removed are you?: scalable privacy-preserving estimation of social path length with Social PaL

Social relationships are a natural basis on which humans make trust decisions. Online Social Networks (OSNs) are increasingly often used to let users base trust decisions on the existence and the strength of social relationships. While most OSNs allow users to discover the length of the social path to other users, they do so in a centralized way, thus requiring them to rely on the service provider and reveal their interest in each other. This paper presents Social PaL, a system supporting the privacy-preserving discovery of arbitrary-length social paths between any two social network users. We overcome the bootstrapping problem encountered in all related prior work, demonstrating that Social PaL allows its users to find all paths of length two and to discover a significant fraction of longer paths, even when only a small fraction of OSN users is in the Social PaL system -- e.g., discovering 70% of all paths with only 40% of the users. We implement Social PaL using a scalable server-side architecture and a modular Android client library, allowing developers to seamlessly integrate it into their apps.
Organizing Knowledge as an Ontology of the Domain of Resilient Computing by Means of Natural Language Processing - An Experience Report -

Scientists typically need to take a large volume of information into account in order to deal with re-occurring tasks such as inspecting proceedings, finding related work, or reviewing papers. Our work aims at filling the gap between text documents and a structured representations of their content in the domain of resilience computing by combining computer linguistics and ontological methods. The results of our research include: a thesaurus of the domain, automatic clustering of the domain documents, a domain ontology, and a tool for constructing ontologies with the aid of domain thesauri.
Optical Aging of Chalcogenide Microstructured Optical Fibers

The evolution with time of optical transmission of chalcogenide microstructured optical fibers has been studied. Microstructured optical fibers with “grapefruit” geometry (six holes) have been prepared from four glass compositions (Te<sub>20</sub>As<sub>30</sub>Se<sub>50</sub>, As<sub>38</sub>Se<sub>62</sub>, Ge<sub>10</sub>As<sub>22</sub> Se<sub>68</sub>, and As<sub>40</sub>S<sub>60</sub>). Optical aging has been investigated by means of attenuation measurements carried out for each fiber. Fibers were stored in air between measurements. Transmission spectra show absorption bands due to O-H bonds and molecular water. Aging kinetics vary with glass compositions. For As<sub>40</sub>S<sub>60</sub> glass, the O-H absorption band appears 2 h after the drawing step, while for Te<sub>20</sub>As<sub>30</sub>Se<sub>50</sub> glass that band is observed after an aging period as long as 21 months.
Experimental investigations into TCP performance over wireless multihop networks

The results of an extensive experimental study of the performance of the TCP protocol over wireless multi-hop ad hoc networks are presented. The investigations are performed in a real indoor environment over a network of laptops equipped with off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11b wireless cards. The cards were partially covered with copper tape to reduce their range, which enabled creation of manageable topologies. Several tools were written and assembled to make the entire process of experimentation including topology setup, traffic generation, trace collection, and archival and analysis of data repeatable, reliable and as automated as possible. The experimental observations are subjected to a thorough statistical analysis. The final result of the study is a recommendation of some TCP and IEEE 802.11 parameters that are best for TCP performance over wireless multi-hop networks. The most critical of these include setting a destination dependent clamp on the sender congestion window and disabling the RTC-CTS handshake. The methods and techniques used, as well as the support tools developed, and statistical analysis, may be of larger interest in wireless network experimentation.
Reduced Expression of P2Y1 Receptors in Connexin43-Null Mice Alters Calcium Signaling and Migration of Neural Progenitor Cells

Glial calcium signals play important roles during CNS development. Calcium transients induced by ATP, acting on purinergic receptors, stimulate DNA synthesis, increase astrocytic and neural stem cell proliferation, and are prominent during the differentiation of radial glia. We have shown previously that expression of P2Y receptors in astrocytes is altered when connexin43 (Cx43) is downregulated. To evaluate the consequences of Cx43 deletion on calcium signaling during neural progenitor development, studies were performed on neurospheres derived from embryonic striatum. After adhesion, cells migrating from wild-type (WT) and Cx43-null neurospheres displayed spontaneous calcium oscillations. Such activity was blunted by apyrase, 2′-deoxy-N6-methyladenosine 3′,5′-bisphosphate (MRS-2179), and suramin, suggesting that ATP released by neural cells acts on purinergic receptors to induce calcium oscillations. The amplitudes of Ca2+ transients induced by P2Y but not P2X receptor agonists were larger in WT than in Cx43-null progenitors, suggesting that these two cell populations express different P2 receptors. Suramin, a nonselective P2 receptor antagonist, and MRS-2179, a P2Y1 receptor-selective antagonist, reduced the proliferation rate and the migration of WT progenitor cells to levels similar to those of Cx43-null cells. Conversely, exogenous expression of P2Y1 receptors in Cx43-null cells restored their migration pattern to levels seen in WT progenitors. However, treatment with P2 receptor antagonists did not alter the ratio of nestin to GFAP expression in WT neural progenitors. These data show that altered autocrine-paracrine communication attributable to reduced levels of P2Y1 receptors in neural progenitor cells lacking Cx43 affects proliferation and migration but not cell differentiation during early CNS development.
Crystal structure of (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone O-dehydroabietyloxime

The title compound, C28H34ClNO2 {systematic name: (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone O-[(1R,4aS,10aR)-7-isopropyl-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene-1-carbonyl]oxime}, was synthesized from dehydroabietic acid. In the dehydroabietyl moiety, the central and terminal cyclohexane rings display chair and half-chair conformations, respectively, and a trans-ring junction. The C=N bond is in an E conformation and the C—O—N=C torsion angle is 148.1 (5)°. No directional interactions except van der Waals contacts occur in the crystal structure.
Reinforcement shapes clines in female mate discrimination in Drosophila subquinaria

Reinforcement of species boundaries may alter mate recognition in a way that also affects patterns of mate preference among conspecific populations. In the fly Drosophila subquinaria, females sympatric with the closely related species D. recens reject mating with heterospecific males as well as with conspecific males from allopatric populations. Here, we assess geographic variation in behavioral isolation within and among populations of D. subquinaria and use cline theory to understand patterns of selection on reinforced discrimination and its consequences for sexual isolation within species. We find that selection has fixed rejection of D. recens males in sympatry, while significant genetic variation in this behavior occurs within allopatric populations. In conspecific matings sexual isolation is also asymmetric and stronger in populations that are sympatric with D. recens. The clines in behavioral discrimination within and between species are similar in shape and are maintained by strong selection in the face of gene flow, and we show that some of their genetic basis may be either shared or linked. Thus, while reinforcement can drive extremely strong phenotypic divergence, the long‐term consequences for incipient speciation depend on gene flow, genetic linkage of discrimination traits, and the cost of these behaviors in allopatry.
Genetic Polymorphisms in Inflammation Pathway Genes and Prostate Cancer Risk

Background: Chronic inflammation is an important mechanism for the development and progression of prostate cancer (PC). To better understand the potential relationship between genes in the inflammation pathway and PC risk, we evaluated variants in 16 candidate genes. Methods: A total of 143 tagging and amino acid altering single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in Caucasian and African American men participating in one of two population-based, case–control studies (n = 1,458 cases and 1,351 controls). The relative risk of PC was estimated using logistic and polytomous regression models. Results: Ten SNPs in seven genes (CXCL12, IL4, IL6, IL6ST, PTGS2, STAT3, and TNF) were nominally associated (P < 0.05) with risk of PC in Caucasians. The most significant effect on risk was seen with rs11574783 in the interleukin 6 signal transducer (IL6ST) gene (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01–0.63). Cumulatively, four SNPs in genes interleukin 4 (IL4), IL6ST, PTGS2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) conferred a three-fold elevation in PC risk among men carrying the maximum number of high-risk alleles (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.41–6.25, Ptrend = 0.0003). Risk estimates for seven SNPs varied significantly according to disease aggressiveness (Phomogeneity < 0.05), with SNPs in AKT1, PIK3R1, and STAT3 independently associated with more aggressive PC; OR = 5.1 (95% CI: 2.29–11.40, Ptrend = 3.8 × 10−5) for carriers of all high-risk genotypes. Conclusions: These results suggest that variants in genes within the inflammation pathway may play a role in the development of PC, however, further studies are needed to replicate our findings. Impact: These results underline the potential importance of the inflammation pathway in PC development and progression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 923–33. ©2011 AACR.
Hierarchical Growth and Cosmic Star Formation: Enrichment, Outflows, and Supernova Rates

The cosmic star formation histories are evaluated for different minimum masses of the initial halo structures, with allowance for realistic gas outflows. With a minimum halo mass of 107-108 M☉ and a moderate outflow efficiency, we reproduce both the current baryon fraction and the early chemical enrichment of the IGM. The intensity of the formation rate of "normal" stars is also well constrained by the observations: it has to be dominated by star formation in elliptical galaxies, except perhaps at very low redshift. The fraction of baryons in stars is predicted as are also the Type Ia and II supernova event rates. Comparison with SN observations in the redshift range z = 0-2 allows us to set strong constraints on the time delay of Type Ia supernovae (a delay of ~3 Gyr is required to fit the data), the lower end of the mass range of the progenitors (2-8 M☉), and the fraction of white dwarfs that reproduce the Type Ia supernova (about 1%). The intensity of zero metallicity star formation below 270 M☉ must be limited in order to avoid premature overenrichment of the IGM. About 50% of the metals present in the IGM at z = 0 have been produced by Population III stars at very high z. The remaining 50% are ejected later by galaxies forming normal stars. We conclude that about 10-3 of the mass in baryons must lie in the first massive stars in order to produce enough ionizing photons to allow early reionization of the IGM by z ~ 15.
A Mucosal Subunit Vaccine Protects against Lethal Respiratory Infection with Francisella tularensis LVS

Francisella tularensis (FT) is a highly virulent pathogen for humans and other mammals. Severe morbidity and mortality is associated with respiratory FT infection and there are concerns about intentional dissemination of this organism. Therefore, FT has been designated a category A biothreat agent and there is a growing interest in the development of a protective vaccine. In the present study, we determine the protective potential of a subunit vaccine comprised of the FT heat shock protein DnaK and surface lipoprotein Tul4 against respiratory infection with the live vaccine strain (LVS) of FT in mice. First, we establish an optimal intranasal immunization regimen in C57BL/6 mice using recombinant DnaK or Tul4 together with the adjuvant GPI-0100. The individual immunization regimens induced robust salivary IgA, and vaginal and bronchoalveolar IgA and IgG antigen-specific antibodies. Serum IgG1 and IgG2c antibody responses were also induced, indicative of a mixed type 2 and type 1 response, respectively. Next, we show that immunization with DnaK and Tul4 induces mucosal and systemic antibody responses that are comparable to that seen following immunization with each antigen alone. This immunization regimen also induced IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17A production by splenic CD4+ T cells in an antigen-specific manner. Importantly, over 80% of the mice immunized with DnaK and Tul4, but not with each antigen alone, were protected against a lethal respiratory challenge with FT LVS. Protection correlated with reduced bacterial burden in the lung, liver and spleen of mice. This study demonstrates the potential of DnaK and Tul4 as protective antigens and lends support to the notion of combining distinct, immunodominant antigens into an effective multivalent tularemia vaccine.
Cognitive Systems Engineering

Cognitive systems engineering is a specialty discipline of systems development that addresses the design of socio-technical systems. A sociotechnical system is one in which humans provide essential functionality related to deciding, planning, collaborating and managing. Drawing on contemporary insights from cognitive, social and organizational psychology, cognitive systems engineers seeks to design systems that are effective and robust. The focus is on amplifying the human capability to perform cognitive work by integrating technical functions with the human cognitive processes they need to support and on making that cognitive work more reliable.
Scaling the performance of network intrusion detection with many-core processors

In this work, we present a highly scalable network intrusion detection system on many-core processors. To maximize the NIDS performance, we take advantage of the underlying hardware and adhere to four design principles: shared-nothing architecture, computation offloading, lightweight data structure, and flow offloading. Through the experimental results, we find that our design choices can significantly improve the NIDS performance (79 Gbps with 1514B synthetic packets). We believe that our design decisions can be easily extended to other many-core processors and programmable NICs.
FPGA Based Leaf Chlorophyll estimating regression model

Architecture of simple, portable, low cost Chlorophyll estimator based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is proposed in this paper. Color of leaf can give an indication for assessment of plant health and nutrient. Performance analysis of several regression model shows that multivariate linear regression model with nonlinear terms provides best fit between estimated Chlorophyll values with image data. We find that the residuals are near in baseline and the adjusted coefficient of determination (Raa2 is 0.99 which is very significant. Root mean square error (RMSE) is 3.3 out of 15 leaf image samples with 5 error degrees of freedom (EDF). Hardware architecture is designed as best regression model has less computational complexity and greater accuracy.
Medical School Preadmission Interviews: Are Structured Interviews More Reliable Than Unstructured Interviews?

Background: The medical education research literature consistently recommends a structured format for the medical school preadmission interview. There is, however, little direct evidence to support this recommendation. Purpose: To shed further light on this issue, the present study examines the respective reliability contributions from the structured and unstructured interview components at the University of Iowa. Methods: We conducted three univariate G studies on ratings from 3,043 interviews and one multivariate G study using responses from 168 applicants who interviewed twice. Results: Examining interrater reliability and test–retest types of reliability, the unstructured format proved more reliable in both instances. Yet, combining measures from the two interview formats yielded a more reliable score than using either alone. Conclusions: At least from a reliability perspective, the popular advice regarding interview structure may need to be reconsidered. Issues related to validity, fairness, and reliability should be carefully weighed when designing the interview process.
Disturbed cortico‐subcortical interactions during motor task switching in traumatic brain injury

The ability to suppress and flexibly adapt motor behavior is a fundamental mechanism of cognitive control, which is impaired in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we used a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion weighted imaging tractography to study changes in brain function and structure associated with motor switching performance in TBI. Twenty‐three young adults with moderate‐severe TBI and twenty‐six healthy controls made spatially and temporally coupled bimanual circular movements. A visual cue signaled the right hand to switch or continue its circling direction. The time to initiate the switch (switch response time) was longer and more variable in the TBI group and TBI patients exhibited a higher incidence of complete contralateral (left hand) movement disruptions. Both groups activated the basal ganglia and a previously described network for task‐set implementation, including the supplementary motor complex and bilateral inferior frontal cortex (IFC). Relative to controls, patients had significantly increased activation in the presupplementary motor area (preSMA) and left IFC, and showed underactivation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) region. This altered functional engagement was related to the white matter microstructural properties of the tracts connecting preSMA, IFC, and STN. Both functional activity in preSMA, IFC, and STN, and the integrity of the connections between them were associated with behavioral performance across patients and controls. We suggest that damage to these key pathways within the motor switching network because of TBI, shifts the patients toward the lower end of the existing structure‐function‐behavior spectrum. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joint Design of Fronthaul and Access Links for C-RAN With Wireless Fronthauling

This letter studies a joint design of fronthaul and radio access links for a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) with wireless fronthauling, where a baseband unit (BBU) controls a number of remote radio heads (RRHs) via wireless fronthaul links to communicate with user equipments. We first review a basic approach based on a single cell concept, whereby the RRHs operate as decode-and-forward (DF) relays. Then, a cooperative transmission from the RRHs based on decompress-and-forward (DCF) relaying is proposed, which is a standard concept in C-RAN. For both strategies, a problem of jointly optimizing the BBU and RRH operations is tackled with the goal of maximizing the weighted sum-rate subject to the BBU and per-RRH power constraints. For each formulated problem, an iterative algorithm is derived that achieves a sequence of monotonically nondecreasing objective values at each iteration. It is confirmed via numerical results that the DCF-based cooperative scheme significantly outperforms the DF-based single-cell approach.
Tumor Cell Death Mediated by Peptides That Recognize Branched Intermediates of DNA Replication and Repair

Effective treatments for cancer are still needed, both for cancers that do not respond well to current therapeutics and for cancers that become resistant to available treatments. Herein we investigated the effect of a structure-selective d-amino acid peptide wrwycr that binds replication fork mimics and Holliday Junction (HJs) intermediates of homologous recombination (HR) in vitro, and inhibits their resolution by HJ-processing enzymes. We predicted that treating cells with HJ-binding compounds would lead to accumulation of DNA damage. As cells repair endogenous or exogenous DNA damage, collapsed replication forks and HJ intermediates will accumulate and serve as targets for the HJ-binding peptides. Inhibiting junction resolution will lead to further accumulation of DNA breaks, eventually resulting in amplification of the damage and causing cell death. Both peptide wrwycr and the related wrwyrggrywrw entered cancer cells and reduced cell survival in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Early markers for DNA damage, γH2AX foci and 53BP1 foci, increased with dose and/or time exposure to the peptides. DNA breaks persisted at least 48 h, and both checkpoint proteins Chk1 and Chk2 were activated. The passage of the cells from S to G2/M was blocked even after 72 h. Apoptosis, however, was not induced in either HeLa or PC3 cells. Based on colony-forming assays, about 35% peptide-induced cytotoxicity was irreversible. Finally, sublethal doses of peptide wrwycr (50–100 µM) in conjunction with sublethal doses of several DNA damaging agents (etoposide, doxorubicin, and HU) reduced cell survival at least additively and sometimes synergistically. Taken together, the results suggest that the peptides merit further investigation as proof-of-principle molecules for a new class of anti-cancer therapeutics, in particular in combination with other DNA damaging therapies.