Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Further observations on the food of seals

Studies of the food of seals on Scottish coasts were continued at the Marine Laboratory from 1967 to 1971. In general the results confirmed those of 1958–66 in stressing the supreme importance of fish, particularly species of economic value, in the food of both the Grey and Common seals. Four families of fish–salmonids, gadoids, clupeoids and pleuronectids– were again prominent in the food of both species of seal although the frequencies with which they appeared in the stomachs varied from one period to another. Grey seals preyed more heavily on salmonids and gadoids and Common seals on gadoids and clupeoids. Changes in the diet of seals from one year to another would appear to arise from the sampling of the seals for examination and to the availability of the species offish preyed upon, depending on seasonal movements and natural fluctuations in their age–groups.
Addressing Hadronic Uncertainties in Extractions of $φ_s$

In light of recent LHC results for the extraction of the $B_s$ mixing phase $\phi_s$, we can already conclude that if New Physics (NP) is present in this observable, it is hiding pretty well. Thus, as our hunt continues, we must be weary not to confuse NP for penguin effects, or vice versa. In this talk the progress made towards addressing hadronic uncertainties in extractions of $\phi_s$ from $B_s\to J/\psi \phi$ is reviewed, and the nature of the scalar $f_0(980)$ state, which plays a dominant role in the extraction of $\phi_s$ from the $B_s\to J/\psi \pi^+\pi^-$ decay, is discussed.
Changes in Fruit Quality of Satsuma Mandarin during Storage, after Harvest from Exterior and Interior Canopy of Trees

Changes in fruit quality and some other components during storage at 5°C and 15°C were investigated in satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Hayashi) fruits harvested from exterior and interior canopy of 21-year-old trees.1. The rate of microbial decay including stem-end rot was much higher in the fruit from interior canopy than from exterior canopy during storage at 15°C. On the other hand, no decay was observed at 5°C except in a few fruit infected with blue and green mold. The peel of fruits from exterior canopy tended to puff during first 60 days of storage at 5°C and 15°C in contrast to fruits from interior canopy.2. The respiratory rate of fruits from exterior canopy was higher than that from interior canopy during storage at 5°C and 15°C.3. Peel color (a/b value) of the fruits from exterior canopy showed a marked increase compared with the fruits from interior canopy during storage at 5°C and 15°C. The difference in a/b value between the fruits from the two positions tended to increase significantly at 5°C.4. The reduction in titratable acid content of the juice was less in the fruits from exterior canopy than from interior canopy during storage at 5°C and 15°C. The difference in the content between the fruits from the two positions of canopy tended to increase at 5°C in the later period of storage.5. The content of sugars in a fruit (g/juice of one fruit), which were glucose, fructose and sucrose, showed no significant change in the fruits from either position of canopy during storage at 5°C and 15°C. The fruits from exterior canopy maintained notably higher content of sugar in the juice than those from interior canopy. The rate of decreasing total sugar in the flavedo was higher in the fruit from interior canopy than from exterior canopy during storage at 5°C, although there was no significant difference in total sugar in the flayed flavedo of fruits from the two positions at 15°C.6. Ascorbic acid (AsA) content in a fruit (mg/juice of one fruit) remained nearly constant at 5°C, but decreased gradually during storage at 15°C. The exterior fruits that had received more sunlight during development maintained a higher AsA content in the juice throughout storage period for 110 days than did the shaded interior fruits. AsA content in the flavedo of fruits showed a continuous decrease at 5°C and 15°C. The reduction in AsA content in the flavedo of exterior fruits was greater at the end of storage than in interior fruits.
Some improvementS and amendmentS to the nomenclature of meadowS and alpine carpetS from the Great caucaSuS

Three alpine meadow associations − Nardo strictae-Geranietum gymnocauli, Polygono vivipari-Kobresietum bellardi and the subassociation Potentilletum crantzii kobresietosum − were published (Korotkov & Belonovskaya 2001a, b), also invalidly, because no types were explicitly mentioned (Art. 5 of ICPN 2, Barkman et al. 1986). Later an attempt to validate Nardo strictaeGeranietum gymnocauli and Potentilletum crantzii was made (Korotkov & Belonovskaya 2002). This proved to be a failed effort, however, because the new edition of ICPN, requiring the use of the word ‘typus’ expressis verbis to indicate types, became res judicata just prior to publication. Unfortunately again the types were assigned to units with mistakes. The following validation conforms to ICPN rules.
The effect of protected lipids on nutrient intakes, blood and rumen metabolites and milk secretion in dairy cows during early lactation

Summary supplements of protected soya-bean–tallow were incorporated at 0, 1·7, 3·0 or 5·0 kg/day into a hay–concentrate diet and fed ad libitum to Friesian cows during the first 13 weeks of lactation. Intakes of supplement during weeks 1–6 were 0,1·34, 2·25 and 3·18 kg/day and during weeks 7–13, 0, 1·64, 3·10 and 4·24 kg/day on each of the respective treatments. As the lipid supplement increased there was a reduced intake of hay and concentrates, giving rise to reduced intakes of total, protein, and particularly ‘carbohydrate’ (non-protein, non-fatty-acid) energy. Apparent digestibilities, particularly of fibre, decreased as fatty-acid intake increased. After correcting for endogenous losses, true digestibilities of organic matter, carbohydrate, protein, non-fatty-acid lipid, total energy, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were unaffected by the amount of supplement given, whereas fibre digestibility was reduced by increasing the supplement. Fatty acid digestibility was little affected up to an intake of 1·4 kg/day but above this there was a sharp reduction. Yields of milk, milk energy, protein, fat and lactose were increased at low lipid supplementation but reduced at the highest supplementation when amounts of protein and carbohydrate digested were lowest. Lipid supplementation reduced concentrations of rumen total volatile fatty acids in association with reduced, proportions of butyrate and. increased proportions of propionat. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and magnesium were reduced and plasma free fatty acids increased in cows given lipid supplemented diets. There were no differences between treatments in plasma glucose, lactate or calcium nor in live-weight changes.
Distribution and Abundance of Fishes Associated with Submersed Aquatic Plants in the Potomac River

Abstract The distribution and abundance of fishes in submersed aquatic plants of three relative densities (no plants, intermediate plant density, high plant density) were estimated in the tidal Potomac River near Alexandria, Virginia. Fish were sampled with a boat-mounted electroshocker at night in May (when plants were emerging), August (peak plant densities), and November (plant senescence) of 1986. Mean densities of all plants ranged from 9 to 33 g/m2 (dry-weight basis) in May, and 400 to greater than 1,000 g/m2 in August and November. Hydrilla verticillata was usually the dominant aquatic plant. In May, overall mean fish abundance was highest in areas of high plant density (36 fish/5 min shocking), whereas in August and November fish abundance was highest in areas of intermediate plant densities (100 and 62 fish/5 min electroshocking, respectively). Areas without plants contained a relatively high number of filter-feeding fishes, including Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus and blueback herring Alo.
Biomechanics of the giant reed Arundo donax

The quantitative description of local buckling of hollow plant stems requires the knowledge of Young's modulus in the longitudinal and tangential directions for the different tissues of which the stem is composed. For thick–walled stems the shear modulus for the radial–tangential plane is needed for an advanced treatment of the process of ovalization. The primary causes of failure can be predicted if critical compressive strains in the longitudinal direction and critical tensile strains in the tangential direction are known. All of these mechanical properties and their variation along the length of the stem can be measured in Arundo donax .
Screening of bacterial strains capable of converting biodiesel‐derived raw glycerol into 1,3‐propanediol, 2,3‐butanediol and ethanol

The ability of bacterial strains to assimilate glycerol derived from biodiesel facilities to produce metabolic compounds of importance for the food, textile and chemical industry, such as 1,3‐propanediol (PD), 2,3‐butanediol (BD) and ethanol (EtOH), was assessed. The screening of 84 bacterial strains was performed using glycerol as carbon source. After initial trials, 12 strains were identified capable of consuming raw glycerol under anaerobic conditions, whereas 5 strains consumed glycerol under aerobiosis. A plethora of metabolic compounds was synthesized; in anaerobic batch‐bioreactor cultures PD in quantities up to 11.3 g/L was produced by Clostridium butyricum NRRL B‐23495, while the respective value was 10.1 g/L for a newly isolated Citrobacter freundii. Adaptation of Cl. butyricum at higher initial glycerol concentration resulted in a PDmax concentration of ∼32 g/L. BD was produced by a new Enterobacter aerogenes isolate in shake‐flask experiments, under fully aerobic conditions, with a maximum concentration of ∼22 g/L which was achieved at an initial glycerol quantity of 55 g/L. A new Klebsiella oxytoca isolate converted waste glycerol into mixtures of PD, BD and EtOH at various ratios. Finally, another new C. freundii isolate converted waste glycerol into EtOH in anaerobic batch‐bioreactor cultures with constant pH, achieving a final EtOH concentration of 14.5 g/L, a conversion yield of 0.45 g/g and a volumetric productivity of ∼0.7 g/L/h. As a conclusion, the current study confirmed the utilization of biodiesel‐derived raw glycerol as an appropriate substrate for the production of PD, BD and EtOH by several newly isolated bacterial strains under different experimental conditions.
Do Female Sex Fantasies Reflect Adaptations for Sperm Competition?

Researchers have suggested that female strategies for sexual selection in humans include the promotion of sperm competition. Sperm competition entails the simultaneous presence of fertile sperm from at least two males in the female's reproductive organ competing for the opportunity to fertilise the ovum. Certain behaviour patterns near ovulation may enable such competition. In this paper, we describe relative preferences for female sexual fantasy types and explore the idea that these preferences may help us understand the settings and mechanisms that promote sperm competition, and discourage interfemale competition. To expand this exploration, we also examine whether preferences vary with respect to the menstrual cycle. Our preliminary findings indicate notable preferences among females for multiple male-partner fantasies over multiple female-partner fantasies or fantasies that include multiple male and female partners. This suggests that females find multipartner settings as arousing as males do, but the psychological mechanism relating to settings that include the presence of same sex competitors may differ from that of males. We also discovered some indications that the female preference for promoting sperm competition and avoiding interfemale competition is the highest and strongest near ovulation.
Prediction and analysis of spatial order in haploid chromosome complements

Bennett has proposed a model that predicts a mean ordered arrangement of all the chromosomes in a simple haploid genome, based on associations of pairs of most similar long, and pairs of most similar short, chromosome arms. The model orders a complete simple haploid genome so that each chromosome is associated with two constant neighbours. This paper describes a test of the model with two types of data obtained from the same reconstructed serially sectioned somatic metaphases examined in the electron microscope. First, chromosome arm volumes were estimated and used to identify the chromosomes and to predict their mean spatial order. Secondly, centromere positions in three dimensions were established. In the species and hybrids used, all with 14 chromosomes, there are so many ways of positioning the chromosomes within haploid sets that a computer-aided analysis was developed. With use of only centromere identities and positions, the programs generated all possible orders of centromeres in haploid sets (where each centromere has two neighbours) and computed the sum of distances between centromeres for each order within a cell. Orders were ranked in ascending sequence of sums of distances. Orders that ranked highest were taken as ‘best’. After results for replicate cells had been pooled, orders were ranked from best to worst. A test of the predicted order was then made by finding its position on this summary. In all the four grasses examined, the predicted order was among the 5% of orders judged best by the analysis. To demonstrate and confirm the predicted order in these grasses, only seven to ten reconstructed nuclei were required. Presumably this test is suitable for general application to other materials whose simple haploid genomes contain between six and about ten biarmed chromosomes.
Effect of Enzymes of Microbial Origin on in vitro Digestibilities of Dry Matter and Crude Protein in Maize

The effects of supplementation of cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, hemicellulase, glucanase, phytase and protease of microbial origins on digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) of maize in vitro were examined in the present study. Changes in the viscosity during in vitro digestion were also examined as an index of carbohydrate digestibility. Cellulase significantly improved CP digestibility. Protease, phytase, pectinase, xylanase, glucanase, and hemicellulase had no effect on the CP digestibility. Crude protein digestibility was the highest when all the enzymes except protease were added. No enzymes used had significant effect on DM digestibility of maize. Supplementing maize with protease, cellulase, pectinase, xylansase, phytase, glucanase, or hemicellulase had no effect on the viscosity at both peptic and pancreatic phases. On the other hands, viscosity of maize was the highest when all the enzymes were added simultaneously. These results suggest that the viscosity is not always a good index of carbohydrate digestibility. In conclusion, the present results strongly suggest that cellulase and the combination of carbohydrases improves CP digestibility of maize while protease inhibits the actions of these enzymes.
Parasitism on Eriosoma lanigerum (Homoptera: Aphididae) by Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on apple orchards, in Fraiburgo county, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

The parasitism of the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann) by Aphelinus mali (Hald.) was evaluated in apple orchards cultivated with the varieties Gala and Fuji in Fraiburgo County, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Colonies of the woolly apple aphid were evaluated during one year on 16 apple trees of each variety, starting in August 1999. The number of aphids at the mummy stage or presenting the orifice of the parasitoid emergence was recorded. Results have shown that A. mali parasitized more than 50% of the woolly apple aphids and occurred during the four seasons. It was concluded that that under these conditions no chemical control against the aphid is necessary for the apple varieties Gala and Fuji.
Analysis of Material Loading to Cannonsville Reservoir: Advantages of Event-Based Sampling

ABSTRACT Eight years of monitoring data are reviewed and analyzed for the West Branch of the Delaware River, the major tributary supplying Cannonsville Reservoir: 3 years are from the early 1980s, the other 5 years include 1991–1996. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment loads were measured at the mouth of the West Branch using an approach of intensified sampling during runoff events and routine sampling during baseflow intervals. Total river loads of nutrients and sediment are reported on a water-year basis; selected analytes are reported on a monthly basis. Additionally, phosphorus inputs are partitioned into nonpoint and point source loads. The point source phosphorus load decreased about 75% during the 1990's study period primarily due to upgrades at the largest municipal wastewater treatment plant in the watershed. Annual nonpoint source phosphorus loads were variable over the study period: dissolved phosphorus ranged from 6,600 kg · y−1 to 20,800 kg · y−1, while particulate phosphorus ranged from 7,400.
System Issues: Mutagenic response of the endogenous hprt gene and lacl transgene in benzo[a]pyrene‐treated Big Blue™ B6C3F1 mice

Big Blue™ (BB) and generic B6C3F1 mice were given one to three i.p. injections of 50 mg/kg benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in DMSO every other day to achieve cumulative doses of 50 to 150 mg/kg. Three weeks after treatment, the mutation frequency at the endogenous hprt gene and lacl transgene was measured in splenic T cells. Generic mice given 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg B[a]P displayed induced hprt− frequencies (observed hprt− frequency minus control frequency) of 5.5 ± 1.0, 11 ± 2.0, and 19 ± 2.6 × 10−6, respectively (average ± SEM). In contrast, BB mice given 50 and 150 mg/kg B[a]P displayed induced hprt− frequencies of 0.9 ± 0.6 and 9.1 ± 1.5 × 10−6. 32P postlabelling revealed that the lower hprt response in BB mice correlated with lower amounts of BP‐DNA adducts in spleen, liver, and lung 24 hours offer B[a]P exposure. Western blot analysis of liver samples from B[a]P‐treated mice suggests that the reduced adducts load in turn may be due to lower P450 1A1 levels in BB mice. The frequency of induced, nonsectored blue plaques (observed blue plaque frequency minus control frequency) in BB mice receiving 50 and 150 mg/kg B[a]P was 41 ± 9 and 134 ± 10 × 10−6 (15‐ to 40‐fold higher than the induced hprt− frequency in the same treated animals). Sectored plaques were observed in both control and B[a]P groups but their frequency showed no relationship to dose (sectored frequency in all groups was approximately 20 × 10−6). To test whether persistent DNA adducts in the packaged lambda vector were contributing to the observed blue plaque frequency, purified λ‐LIZ DNA was treated in vitro with B[a]P diol epoxide (BPDE), packaged, and plated on E. coli lawn cells. Treatment with BPDE did not produce significant increases in homogeneous blue plaques, suggesting that the majority of mutants obtained from B[a]P‐treated BB mice occurred in vivo. These results indicate that B[a]P exposure produces many more mutations at the lacl transgene than at the endogenous hprt locus. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractionation and amino acid analysis of the salt‐soluble protein fractions of normal and high‐lysine barleys

High-lysine barleys derive their high lysine content, in part, from an increase in the salt-soluble proteins. These proteins were extracted in 0.5m sodium chloride from milled grain of the genotypes Hiproly, Riso 1508, Riso 7, Bomi, Vada and Ark Royal. The extracts were subsequently separated into albumins and globulins by dialysis against distilled water, and were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and amino acid analysis. SDS-PAGE revealed that the polypeptides of both fractions were highly heterogeneous with respect to molecular weight. There were marked differences in the polypeptide composition of the albumin fraction of the high-lysine genotypes compared to the normals, but relatively smaller differences in the globulins which were generally higher in lysine and lower in glutamic acid than the albumins. The albumin fraction of Hiproly had a very high level of lysine compared to the other genotypes and surprisingly the globulin fraction of Riso 1508 had a low lysine content. The consequences of these findings are discussed in relation to strategies for breeding high-lysine barleys.
Seabirds attending bottom long-line fishing off southeastern Brazil

Flocks of seabirds attending commercial bottom long-line fishing operations on the coastal shelf off southeastern Brazil show a greater species diversity during the summer than the winter (16 v 9 species), although the number of birds per flock tended to be greater during the cold season. During the summer, the Spectacled Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis conspi-cillata was the commonest species, followed by the Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis, Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea, skuas Stercorarius spp. and the Yellow-nosed AlbatrossDiomedea chlororhynchus. During the winter, the White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequin-octialis, Yellow-nosed Albatross and Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophrys were jointly the commonest species. Marked differences in the relative abundance of species were observed between the different sampling periods, probably because of migratory movements but also because of seasonal shifts of the sea currents and the influence of cold fronts. Waters off southeastern Brazil are important feeding areas for some seabird populations nesting in the Tristan da Cunha and Gough group, especially for nonbreeding Spectacled Petrels and post-breeding Yellow-nosed Albatrosses.
Emodiversity and the emotional ecosystem.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 143(6) of Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (see record 2014-49316-001). There is a color coding error in Figure 2. The correct color coding is explained in the erratum. ] Bridging psychological research exploring emotional complexity and research in the natural sciences on the measurement of biodiversity, we introduce--and demonstrate the benefits of--emodiversity: the variety and relative abundance of the emotions that humans experience. Two cross-sectional studies across more than 37,000 respondents demonstrate that emodiversity is an independent predictor of mental and physical health--such as decreased depression and doctor's visits--over and above mean levels of positive and negative emotion. These results remained robust after controlling for gender, age, and the 5 main dimensions of personality. Emodiversity is a practically important and previously unidentified metric for assessing the health of the human emotional ecosystem.