Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Phytophthora infestans populations in Canada during 2012

Abstract The late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) continues to cause major losses on potato and tomato in Canada and worldwide. An increased diversity of P. infestans and dramatic shifts in pathogen populations have occurred in Canada in recent years. In 2011, a survey identified different genotypes of P. infestans in Canada, including the new US-22, US-23 and US-24 genotypes, which were dominant in various Canadian provinces. In 2012, analysis of samples collected from infected potato and tomato plants from different regions in Canada indicated a rapid change in P. infestans populations in most provinces within a single year. For example, in Prince Edward Island, the US-8 genotype that dominated the P. infestans landscape for many years was displaced by the US-23 genotype, a phenomenon similar to that which occurred in western Canada in prior years. In British Columbia, however, US-11 and the new CA-12 were the dominant genotypes while in Ontario the tested isolates were US-22. Evidence for recombination was found, and increasing insensitivity to mefenoxam was apparent among isolates of some populations. Independent segregation of either Gpi, mating type or RG57 loci occurred in a number of the recombinant isolates, resulting in increased diversity of P. infestans populations. The unexpected change in composition of P. infestans genotypes supports the need for continued monitoring of this pathogen.
Phenolic glycosides from Nuo-Mi-Xang-Cao, a Chinese acanthaceous herb

From leaves of nuo-mi-xang-cao, a Chinese acanthaceous herb collected at Xi-shuang-ban-na, Yunnan, two new phenolic glycosides called nuomioside A and isonuomioside A were isolated and determined to be composed of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylalcohol-(3'-O-beta-D-apiosyl-4'-O-caffeoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenethylalcohol-3'-O-beta-D-apiosyl-6'-O-caffeoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. Together with these compounds, known phenolic glycosides, acteoside, isoacteoside, crassifolioside, apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide and its methyl ester were also identified in the leaves.
Visualize Dynamics of Chromosome Structure Formation and DNA Repair/Recombination Coupled With DNA Replication: Tight Coupled Role of DNA Replication in Chromosome Compaction and DNA Recombination

The genetic information of living organisms is carried and stored in a gene, which is a huge complex molecule involving DNA and proteins. In eukaryote cell, gene is usually higher hierarchical ordered packaged in a large complex structure called “chromosome”. The genetic information must be strictly conserved throughout life cycle, otherwise lost or false DNA information may cause malfunction of cell, cell death, impaired development or cancer prone. The genetic information must also be principally correctly transmitted to the next generations for stabilize the species. Three major cellular functions ensure maintain the complete gene information and transmit to daughter cells or next generations: (1) DNA replication; duplicates complete DNA sequence information to transmit for next cell generation, (2) DNA repair; recover structural damages of DNA and corrects false information anything else introduced in DNA molecule by intraor extra-cellular factors and (3) Chromosome condensation; compaction of DNA molecule to architect a higherorganized packaged and compacted architecture known as “chromosomes” to assure protect and stabilize the integrity of labile DNA molecules and segregate the identical chromosome sets to daughter cells during mitosis. In addition, DNA recombination/ rearrangement mechanism also plays very crucial role for various cellular function. For example, exchange genetic information between paternal and maternal homologous chromosome gene during recombination process in fertilization will promote evolution of species and prevent the gene homogeneity. Recombination of Immuno-globulin gene during lymphocyte maturation process promises the antibody diversity against vast numbers of foreign antigens. Recently accumulated evidences have strongly suggested that these mechanisms are mutually tight-coupled functions rather than they independently work. Molecular genetic studies have also provided supporting evidence for the idea that mutation in genes (HIRA/Tuple1, XCDT1, cdt1, Orc2, Orc3, Orc5, MCM2, MCM4, MCM10, RECQL4)(Maiorano et al. 2000; Nishitani et al. 2000; Pflumm and Botchan 2001; Christensen and Tye 2003; D'Antoni et al. 2004; Prasanth et al. 2004; Tatsumi et al. 2006) required for
Haemolytic properties and titration of haemolysins of Staphylococcus aureus of milk origin from cattle and goat with clinical mastitis

Thirty Staphylococcus aureus isolates used in the study obtained from cattle (20) and goat (10) were haemolytic on blood agar. Twenty one of the isolates (14 from cattle, 7 from goats) produced ahaemolysis, 3 producedb-haemolysis (2 from cattle and 1 from goats), and 6 isolates (4 from cattle and 2 from goats) produced botha- and b-haemolysis. The haemolysins tested against erythrocytes from rabbit, cattle and horse in order to demonstrate a-, b- and d-toxins, respectively revealed that a- and b-toxins were produced by all the isolates but b toxin was produced by only 7 isolates from cattle and by 3 from goats. On titration it was recorded that highest titre was recorded for a-toxins (for cattle, 1:2560 and for goat, 1:1280) whereas the highest titres for b and d-toxins was similar (1:160) for cattle as well as goat isolates. The result obtained for qualitative and quantitative haemolysin assays correlated well with the haemolysis pattern seen on the blood agar plates.
Efeitos da disrupção do micélio externo de fungos micorrízico-arbusculares sobre o crescimento vegetal

Um experimento com diferentes niveis de disrupcao do micelio externo de fungos micorrizico-arbusculares (FMA) foi conduzido para testar a hipotese de que a colonizacao radicular de plantas por esses fungos pode ser iniciada a partir de sua rede micelial externa, e que as mesmas podem, consequentemente, ter o crescimento aumentado em virtude de aumento na absorcao de P. Os resultados demonstraram que o micelio externo intacto dos FMA mostrou ser uma fonte de inoculo eficiente. Contudo, a disrupcao ou destacamento da planta diminuiu seu potencial para iniciar uma nova colonizacao radicular, sem, entretanto, eliminar a infectividade. O micelio externo intacto mostrou ser tambem responsavel pelo aumento na absorcao de P do solo, e sua disrupcao ocasionou uma interrupcao temporaria desse processo, que refletiu significativamente no crescimento vegetal.
Etiology and Postharvest Control of Finger Drop Disorder in ‘Cuarenta Dias’ Banana (Musa acuminata AA Group)

Finger drop is a postharvest physiological disorder of banana wherein ripe fruits readily fall off from the crown. The incidence of this disorder limits the marketability of ‘Cuarenta Dias’ banana, an important commercial cultivar grown in the Philippines. This study aimed to describe the etiology of finger drop and its postharvest control using generally regarded as safe (GRAS) chemicals. Results showed that finger drop disorder of ‘Cuarenta Dias’ banana was associated with localized weakening of the peel at the pedicel-end portion of the fruit during ripening. The onset of finger drop occurred at peel color index 4 (PCI 4, more yellow than green) coincident with the respiratory climacteric peak that was preceded by peak ethylene production. Associated with the onset of finger drop at this ripening stage were significant reduction in peel thickness and breaking load at the pedicel-end, and concomitant loss of moisture, starch conversion, reduction in calcium content, and increase in activity of polygalacturonase. Application at the pedicel-end portion with 200 ppm gibberellic acid (GA), 4% calcium chloride (CaCl2), or 60% v/v ethanol (EtOH) were effective postharvest treatments against the disorder, with no finger drop occurrence 15 d at ambient storage. Control of finger drop by any of these chemical treatments was associated with delayed peel color development and ripening events. Key Words: banana, ‘Cuarenta Dias’, finger drop, Musa acuminata AA Group, postharvest chemical treatments, ripening Abbreviations: CaCl2 – calcium chloride, EtOH – ethanol, GA – gibberellic acid, PCI – peel color index, PG – polygalacturonase, VQR – visual quality rating
Post-reproductive senescence in moths as a consequence of kin selection: Blest's theory revisited

In 1963 Blest reported that cryptic, palatable moth species had faster rates of post-reproductive senescence than conspicuous, unpalatable (aposematic) moth species. He argued that these defence-dependent differences could be explained as a consequence of selection to reduce predation on conspecifics in both cases; this hypothesis was later reformulated by Hamilton in terms of kin selection. Here we re-analyse Blest's original data, and test his underlying assumption that the presence of conspecifics affects predation rates on similar-looking prey using a combination of laboratory work on humans and fieldwork with wild birds. The collective evidence for Blest's theory is weak at best, and we propose a more general hypothesis that post-reproductive senescence rates in cryptic and aposematic prey are a by-product of extrinsic mortality imposed by predation. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104, 633–641.
Rôle et importance des déhydrodimères d'acide férulique et autres phénylpropanoi͏̈des dans les mécanismes de résistance de Zea mays L. à Fusarium graminéarum Schwabe.

Fusarium graminearum est responsable d'une pathologie majeure du mais. Le but de cette de these a ete de comprendre les mecanismes de resistance varietale impliquant les phenylpropanoides, metabolites secondaires du mais. Des methodes LC/MS ont ete developpees pour analyser le contenu de nombreux echantillons en phenylpropanoides et mycotoxines. La production de trichothecenes par F. Graminearum est influencee par la nature des tissus du grain de mais et leur composition en composes phenoliques. Les dehydrodimeres d'acide ferulique (DFA) sont des acteurs importants de la resistance varietale : un phenomene de dimerisation des residus feruloyl de la paroi se produit dans les tissus externes des grains infectes d'une lignee resistante. A la recolte, les niveaux de DFA sont correles avec la resistance. Les cartographies QTL des phenylpropanoides de la paroi et de la resistance a la fusariose indique un determinisme genetique de l'implication des DFA dans la resistance a la fusariose.
An investigation of DEET-insensitivity in Aedes aegypti

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is one of the most effective and commonly used mosquito repellents. However, during laboratory trials a small proportion of mosquitoes are still attracted by human odours despite the presence of DEET. In this study behavioural assays identified Aedes aegypti females that were insensitive to DEET. The selection of either sensitive or insensitive groups of females with males of unknown sensitivity over several generations resulted in two populations with different proportions of insensitive females. Crossing experiments showed the ‘DEET-insensitivity’ trait to be dominant. In addition to the finding of heritable DEET-insensitivity, unselected culture mosquitoes were shown to change their sensitivity to DEET after brief pre-exposure to the repellent. Female mosquitoes that were sensitive to DEET when first tested became insensitive when retested. Electroantennography showed that mosquitoes that were insensitive to DEET had a reduced response to DEET compared with mosquitoes that were sensitive to it. This was the case both for culture mosquitoes displaying insensitivity to DEET after brief pre-exposure to it, and for the sensitive and insensitive lines selected for several generations. Single sensillum recordings of the selected lines identified DEET-sensitive sensilla in the sensitive line that did not respond to DEET in the insensitive line. This study suggests that behavioural insensitivity to DEET in Ae. aegypti is a genetically determined dominant trait, which can also be temporarily induced by pre-exposure, and resides in changes in sensillum function. These results highlight the necessity for careful monitoring of DEET-insensitivity in the field, and caution when designing laboratory methods for repellency assays.
Fission in a population of Stichopus chloronotus on Reunion Island, Indian Ocean

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Fission in a population of Stichopus chloronotus on Reunion Island, Indian Ocean Chantal Conand, J. Armand, N. Dijoux, J. Garryer
Co‐infection with Cucumber vein yellowing virus and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus leading to synergism in cucumber

Symptom expression and levels of the ipomovirus Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) and the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) were compared in greenhouse cucumbers in single and mixed infections. Results were contrasted with those obtained for plants infected with the potyvirus Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in single and in mixed infections with either CVYV or CYSDV. Cucumber showed leaf symptoms of each co-infecting virus, except for the combination of CYSDV with ZYMV, where the typical CYSDV-like symptoms of interveinal leaf yellowing were inconspicuous or absent. The progression of CVYV as quantified by real-time RT-PCR was similar in plants with single infections and in mixed infection with CYSDV between 15 and 60 days post-inoculation (dpi). However, CYSDV was detected at significantly enhanced levels in plants when co-infected with CVYV but not when co-infected with ZYMV. In the latter case, ZYMV levels were reduced when compared with single infections. During mixed infections of ZYMV and CVYV, the titre levels of the ipomovirus were significantly lower when compared with single infections. Cucumber had reduced plant height, internode length, dry weight and fruit yield, positively correlated with the titre levels of CVYV and not of CYSDV during mixed infections. It is concluded that co-infections with CVYV enhance the titre of CYSDV, which could have epidemiological significance.
STUDIES ON NON-BIOLOGICAL HAZES OF BEERS*

Malt polyphenols have been extracted from whole crude husk preparations (containing, however, pericarp) and then fractionated by precipitation with lead acetate followed by chromatography on cellulose whereupon several components are obtained in chromatographically homogeneous form. Of these the main components are (a) leucoanthocyanins, which on heating with mineral acid give respectively delphinldin and cyanldin, and (b) d(+)-catechin. Attention is drawn to the fact that the leucoanthocyanins of hops and malt differ in nature. In addition to (a) and (b), further phenolic compounds, including vantllic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and a number of as yet unidentified substances, have been isolated; these also occur together with gallic acid among the products of the degradation of the total tannins with alkali. The above findings are discussed in relation to the haze problem in brewing.
Evaluating the effects of six essential oils on fermentation and biohydrogenation in in vitro rumen batch cultures.

The effects of six essential oils (EO) on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation were evaluated under in vitro conditions. Three doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/l) of EO were evaluated using in vitro 24 h batch culture of rumen fluid with a 55 : 45 forage : concentrate diet. Treatments were control (CON), control with Siberian fir needle oil (FNO), citronella oil (CTO), rosemary oil (RMO), sage oil (SAO), white thyme oil (WTO), and clove oil (CLO). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125 ml flasks containing 500 mg of finely ground total mixed ration (TMR), 25 mg of soybean oil, 10 ml of the strained ruminal fluid, 40 ml of media, and 2 ml of reducing solution. After 24 h, the pH was determined and samples were collected to analyze ammonia N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and fatty acids (FA). Cultures pH was not affected by EO averaging 6.6 ± 0.2. In general, high EO doses reduced the total VFA concentration except for SAO and RMO. Relative to CON, all EO decreased (P < 0.05) ammonia N concentrations except for the highest dose of WTO. Except for SAO, EO did not modify acetate to propionate ratio. Relative to CON, the addition of CTO and FNO increased (P < 0.05) the proportions of isobutyrate and decreased (P < 0.05) the proportions of valerate and isovalerate. The concentrations (mg/culture) of C18:0 and C18:1 trans FA decreased (P < 0.05) with CTO, FNO, RMO, and SAO relative to CON. Most tested EO in this study had little to no effects on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), and linoleic and linolenic acids concentrations. In conclusion, results from this study showed that except for effects on ammonia N, EO tested in this study had moderate effects on rumen fermentation. The reduction in the formation of trans FA and C18:0 with some EO may indicate shifts in the biohydrogenation pathways toward the formation of other unidentified intermediate FA.
EFICIENCIA AGRONÓMICA DE NITRÓGENO Y FÓSFORO EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE FRIJOL CHINO EN ESPALDERA DE MAÍZ.

El frijol chino (FCH), por su alto contenido de proteinas, carbohidratos, grasas y fibra, es fundamental en la alimentacion humana. Se han observado incrementos en la rentabilidad economica al cultivarse en espaldera de maiz. Sin embargo, en este sistema, el requerimiento nutrimental, principalmente de nitrogeno (N) y fosforo (P) podria ser mayor. Los objetivos de esta investigacion fueron: a) determinar en FCH en espaldera de maiz, el efecto de la aplicacion de N y P sobre la biomasa total, rendimiento de grano, eficiencia en el uso del agua y de nutrientes (como eficiencia agronomica), y b) determinar la combinacion de dosis de N y P que genere la mayor rentabilidad economica. En Julio de 2011, bajo clima calido y condiciones de lluvia estacional, se sembro FCH en espaldera viva de maiz. Los tratamientos consistieron en la aplicacion de 0, 75 y 150 kg de N y P ha-1. A la cosecha se determino la biomasa total (BT), rendimiento de grano (RG), eficiencia en el uso del agua para grano (EUAG), biomasa (EUAB), eficiencia agronomica para N (EAN), eficiencia agronomica de P (EAP) y rentabilidad economica. La temperatura maxima (Tmax) y la temperatura minima (Tmin) en promedio fueron de 33 y 20 °C respectivamente, con una precipitacion de 809 mm. El N y P, incrementaron la produccion de BT, RG, EUAG y EUAB. El agregado de P estimulo una mayor respuesta a la aplicacion de N. En estas condiciones ambientales, la mayor produccion, eficiencia en el uso del agua y rentabilidad economica en FCH en espaldera viva de maiz se logro con 150 kg de N y P ha-1. La EAN y EAP mas alta, se lograron con aplicacion de 75 kg N y P ha-1.
Derivation of DRIS Norms from a high - density apple orchard established in the Quebec appalachian mountains

Derivation of DRIS Norms from a high - density apple orchard established in the Quebec appalachian mountains , Derivation of DRIS Norms from a high - density apple orchard established in the Quebec appalachian m. , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Developing Management: An Expanded Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries

In recent years new striking evidence has emerged showing a large tail of badly managed schools and hospitals in developing countries across a number of management areas such as operations management, performance monitoring, target setting and people management. But where exactly along the process of setting their management structures are these organizations failing? This paper describes the development of a survey tool based on an existing instrument to measure management quality – the World Management Survey (WMS) – but tailored to research in the public sector of developing countries: the Development WMS. We collected detailed data from pilots in India, Mexico, and Colombia using face-to-face interviews in settings where weak management practices prevail and observe more variation in the left tail of the distribution. Using this data, we present a brief discussion of the type of data that can be collected and explored with the expanded tool, including the three activities used to systematically measure the strength of each management area in the WMS: (1) implementation, (2) usage, (3) monitoring.1 ∗Email: rlemos@worldbank.org †Email: daniela.scur@bsg.ox. ac.uk 1We thank Kerenssa Kay and Raissa Ebner for excellent research assistance. We thank Karthik Muralidharan for making the pilot of this project possible, Rafael de Hoyos and Ciro Avitabile for the use of the Mexican data and Arthuro Harker Roa for use of the Colombian data. We also thank Morten Bennedsen, James Fenske, Clare Leaver, Kalina Manova, Lant Pritchett and Justin Sandefur for very helpful comments and discussions.
Investigation of isoform-specific fruitless mutants generated by gene targeting in Drosophila melanogaster

fruitless (fru) is a pleiotropic gene which produces an array of variant transcription factor isoforms to fulfil a range of developmental and behavioural roles, from the regulation of axonal pathfinding during embryogenesis, all the way to the precise orchestration of individual steps of the Drosophila melanogaster male courtship ritual. Much of the transcriptional differentiation is achieved through the use of multiple promoters, sex-specific splicing and variant C-termini. Alternative splicing at the 3′ end enables generation of transcripts containing one of at least three zinc finger (Zn-F) domains (A, B or C). Due to the close proximity of these Zn-F–encoding exons at the fru locus, almost all extant fru mutants reduce or eliminate expression of all isoforms from a given promoter(s). This has prevented genetic dissection of their individual roles, and limited functional assignment to the zinc finger triumvirate as a whole. Using gene targeting by homologous recombination, this project set out to generate precise null mutations for type-A and -B Fru isoforms in an attempt to determine which aspects of fru function are conferred by these isoforms. Isoform-specifc antibodies were also generated to confirm the loss of individual isoforms within the generated mutants, and to investigate the expression of different isoforms throughout development. Generation of such an antibody to FruB proteins enabled the developmental expression pattern of this isoform to be assessed for the first time, and expression in the male-specific serotonergic neurons of the abdominal ganglion suggested a possible role for male-specifc FruB isoforms in male fertility. Investigation of the developmental expression patterns of FruC revealed a novel immunostaining pattern for this isoform in a group of coalescing cells which appear towards the end of embryonic development. Isolation of specific-isoform mutants was achieved, giving rise to multiple mutant phenotypes, varying in severity between mutant lines. Analysis of mutants lacking type-A and -B Fru isoforms demonstrated the importance male-specific type-A and/or type-B isoforms in establishing male fertility, and suggested essential roles for sex-non-specifc type-A and/or type-B isoforms in the viability and morphology of both sexes.