Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental realization of fast ion separation in segmented Paul traps

We experimentally demonstrate fast separation of a two-ion crystal in a microstructured segmented Paul trap. By the use of spectroscopic calibration routines for the electrostatic trap potentials, we achieve the required precise control of the ion trajectories near the \textit{critical point}, where the harmonic confinement by the external potential vanishes. The separation procedure can be controlled by three parameters: A static potential tilt, a voltage offset at the critical point, and the total duration of the process. We show how to optimize the control parameters by measurements of ion distances, trap frequencies and the final motional excitation. At a separation duration of $80 \mu$s, we achieve a minimum mean excitation of $\bar{n} = 4.16(0.16)$ vibrational quanta per ion, which is consistent with the adiabatic limit given by our particular trap. We show that for fast separation times, oscillatory motion is excited, while a predominantly thermal state is obtained for long times. The presented technique does not rely on specific trap geometry parameters and can therefore be adopted for different segmented traps.
A Reputation Model of OSM Contributor Based on Semantic Similarity of Ontology Concepts

Due to their status as non-professionals, the reputations of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) contributors have a very important impact on data quality. In the process of contributor reputation evaluation in OpenStreetMap (OSM), it is very difficult to calculate the semantic similarity between object versions contributed by volunteers. Aimed at this issue, this paper proposes a model of contributor’s reputation based on semantic similarity of ontology concepts. Firstly, contributors are classified into three categories based on an improved WPCA and classification method. Then, an initial reputation is set for every OSM user in each class according to these categories and related research. Secondly, the related concept ontology is constructed for OSM entities; then, the semantic similarity of the object version is calculated according to the similarity of concept attributes and the semantic distance of concept. The contributor’s evaluation reputation is computed by synthesizing the semantic similarity, geometric similarity, and topological similarity of object versions. Thirdly, the contributor’s evaluation reputation and the initial reputation is aggregated to obtain the contributor’s reputation; finally, the OSM data of Rutland, England, is used as an example to verify the validity of our model. The experimental results show that the proposed model can obtain a more comprehensive contributor’s evaluation by fusing with the semantic similarity of ontology concept. The evaluation bias caused only by the semantic change between versions can be eliminated. Moreover, the obtained user’s reputation is positively correlated with the data quality. The contributor’s reputation evaluation method proposed in this paper is an effective method for evaluating the contributor’s reputation in OSM-like systems.
Control nodes based loading method: A versatile approach for multi‐degree‐of‐freedom loading in quasi‐static tests and hybrid simulations

In quasi‐static and hybrid tests, accurate reproduction of structural responses often requires multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (multi‐DOF) loading methods. A successful loading method should not only be used on specific specimens for research purposes, but also be applicable to all possible types of specimen and testing setups for engineering purposes. However, for different specimens, the concerned nodes and DOFs differ in size, leading to non‐uniform kinematic transformation between the Cartesian system and the actuators/transducers coordinate systems. While for different testing setups, the type of loading targets on each DOF varies, they can be displacement or force. These diversities together make it difficult to achieve versatility in applying loading methods. To address this challenge, a control nodes based loading method was proposed. This method was constructed based on the viewpoint that any specimen can be treated as a combination of several control nodes, and the loading loop should be constructed on each control node. In this method, at first, the loading targets, actuators and external transducers were assigned to each control node accordingly. Then, the loading loops were constructed based on each control node instead of the entire specimen DOFs, which is capable of achieving uniform kinematic transformation and also convenient to apply redundant controlling. Finally, all the control nodes were assembled in one closed loop to support mixed force‐displacement loading considering the coupling of multiple DOFs. Hybrid tests and quasi‐static tests of a full‐scale steel frame were carried out to demonstrate the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed loading method.
Hawking radiation with dispersion: the broadened horizon paradigm

To identify what replaces the key notion of black hole horizon when working with theories which break Lorentz invariance at high energy, we study the modes responsible for the Hawking effect in the presence of high frequency dispersion. We show that they are regularized across the horizon over a short length which only depends on the scale of dispersion and the surface gravity. Moreover, outside this width, short and long wavelength modes no longer mix. These results can be used to show that the spectrum is hardly modified by dispersion as long as the background geometry does not vary significantly over this length. For relevant frequencies, the regularization differs from the usual WKB resolution of wave singularity near a turning point.
Optically induced spin polarisation of the NV centre in diamond: role of electron-vibration interaction

) in diamond is the high degree of spin polarisation achievedthrough optical illumination. In this paper it is shown that the spin polarisation occurs as a conse-quence of an electron-vibration interaction combined with spin-orbit interaction, and an electronicmodel involving these interactions is developed to account for the observed polarisation.
Investigation of Systematic Bias in Radiometric Diameter Determination of Near-Earth Asteroids: the Night Emission Simulated Thermal Model (NESTM)

The near-Earth asteroid thermal model (NEATM) has proven to be a reliable simple thermal model for radiometric diameter determination. However, NEATM assumes zero thermal emission on the night side of an asteroid. We investigate how this assumption affects the best-fitting beaming parameter η, overestimates the effective diameter Deff and underestimates the albedo pv at large phase angles, by testing NEATM on thermal infrared fluxes generated from simulated asteroid surfaces with different thermal inertia Γ. We compare NEATM to radar diameters and find that NEATM overestimates the diameter when η is fitted to multiwavelength observations and underestimates the diameter when default η is used. The night emission simulated thermal model (NESTM) is introduced. NESTM models the night side temperature (Tnight) as an iso-latitudinal fraction (f) of the maximum day side temperature (Tmax calculated for NEATM with η= 1 ): Tnight=fTmax cos1/4φ , where φ is the latitude. A range of f is found for different thermal parameters, which depend on Γ. NESTM diameters are compared with NEATM and radar diameters, and it is shown that NESTM may reduce the systematic bias in overestimating diameters. It is suggested that a version of the NESTM which assumes Γ= 200 J m−2 s−1/2 K−1 is adopted as a default model when the solar phase angle is greater than 45°.
Quantifying (dis)agreement between direct detection experiments in a halo-independent way

We propose an improved method to study recent and near-future dark matter direct detection experiments with small numbers of observed events. Our method determines in a quantitative and halo-independent way whether the experiments point towards a consistent dark matter signal and identifies the best-fit dark matter parameters. To achieve true halo independence, we apply a recently developed method based on finding the velocity distribution that best describes a given set of data. For a quantitative global analysis we construct a likelihood function suitable for small numbers of events, which allows us to determine the best-fit particle physics properties of dark matter considering all experiments simultaneously. Based on this likelihood function we propose a new test statistic that quantifies how well the proposed model fits the data and how large the tension between different direct detection experiments is. We perform Monte Carlo simulations in order to determine the probability distribution function of this test statistic and to calculate the p-value for both the dark matter hypothesis and the background-only hypothesis.
LONG-TERM MONITORING, TIME DELAY, AND MICROLENSING IN THE GRAVITATIONAL LENS SYSTEM Q0142-100

We present 12 yr of monitoring of the gravitational lens Q0142-100 from the Teide Observatory. The data, taken from 1999 to 2010, comprise 105 observing nights with the IAC80 Telescope. The application of the δ2 method to the dataset leads to a value for the time delay between both components of the system of 72 ± 22 days (68% confidence level), consistent within uncertainties with the most recent results. With this value in mind a possible microlensing event is detected in Q0142-100.
A Wideband Balanced Amplifier Using Edge-Coupled Quadrature Couplers in 0.13-μm SiGe HBT Technology

In this work, a wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) power amplifier (PA) is reported. To provide excellent input/output impedance matching across broadband, sufficient output power and high power-added efficiency (PAE), a balanced amplifier (BA)-based architecture is used in designing this PA. In particular, an edge-coupled quadrature coupler is designed as its RF-power-division/combination block, and its performance in terms of magnitude/phase balance error is minimized throughout a relatively wide bandwidth. A PA prototype is fabricated in 0.13-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> SiGe HBT technology and tested. Under a 1.6-V power supply, the variation of small-signal gain is less than 3 dB within 20-40 GHz, which is equivalent to more than 66% fractional 3-dB bandwidth. Within this frequency range, at least 15.8 dBm saturated output power could be delivered with the peak PAE higher than 16.8%. The designed PA supports a single-carrier 200-MHz 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with higher than 12.8-dBm average output power, while still maintaining an error vector magnitude (EVM) below −25 dB at 30 GHz. The size of the designed compact-size PA, including all pads, is only 0.7 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times1.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm.
Analytic solutions of topologically disjoint systems

We describe a procedure to solve an up to 2 N ? > problem where the particles are separated topologically in N groups with at most two particles in each. Arbitrary interactions are allowed between the (two) particles within one group. All other interactions are approximated by harmonic oscillator potentials. The problem is first reduced to an analytically solvable N-body problem and N independent two-body problems. We calculate analytically spectra, wave functions, and normal modes for both the inverse square and delta-function two-body interactions. In particular, we calculate separation energies between two strings of particles. We find that the string separation energy increases with N and interaction strength.
Electron and photon energy deposition in the Universe

We consider energy deposition of high energy electrons and photons in the Universe. We carry out detailed calculations of fractions of the initial energy of the injected electron or photon which are used to heat, ionize, and excite background plasma in the early Universe for various ionization states (ionization $\mathrm{\text{fraction}}={10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ensuremath{-}1$) and redshifts ($z=100\char21{}1000$).
Threshold Ferritin Concentrations Reflecting Early Iron Deficiency Based on Hepcidin and Soluble Transferrin Receptor Serum Levels in Patients with Absolute Iron Deficiency

(1) Background: The serum ferritin cut-off to define absolute iron deficiency is not well-established. The aim of the present study was to determine a clinically relevant ferritin threshold by using early serum biomarkers of iron deficiency such as hepcidin and the soluble transferrin receptor; (2) Methods: Two hundred and twenty-eight asymptomatic subjects attending a hospital as outpatients between 1st April 2020 and 27th February 2022 were selected. Iron metabolism parameters as part of the blood analysis were requested by their doctor and included in the study. Then, they were classified into groups according to their ferritin levels and iron-related biomarkers in serum were determined, quantified, and compared between ferritin score groups and anemic subjects. (3) Results: Serum ferritin levels below 50 ng/mL establish the point from which the serum biomarker, the soluble transferrin receptor to hepcidin ratio (sTfR/Hep ratio), begins to correlate significantly with ferritin levels. (4) Conclusion: Ferritin levels ≤ 50 ng/mL are indicative of early iron deficiency; hence, this should be considered as a clinically relevant cut-off for iron deficiency.
Ionization Cluster Size Distributions Created by Low Energy Electrons and Alpha Particles in Nanometric Track Segment in Gases

The interaction of ionizing radiation with nanometric targets is a field of interest for many branches of science such as: radiology, oncology, radiation protection and nanoelectronics. A new experimental technique known as nanodosimetry has been developed for the qualitative as well as quantitative description of these types of interactions. The work presented here is a contribution to this development, namely by further improvement of the new experimental technique called the Jet Counter, originally developed at the Andrzej So{\l}tan Institute for Nuclear Studies. The Jet Counter is a unique device in the world for studying the interaction of low energy electrons with nanometer targets in the range 2-10 nm (in unit density). The basic experimental result is the frequency distribution of ionization cluster size produced by ionizing particles in a gaseous (nitrogen or propane) nanometric track segment. The first experimental data on the frequency distribution of ionization cluster size produced by low energy "single" electrons (100 eV - 2000 eV) in target cylinders of nitrogen (N2) 0.34 {\mu}g/cm2. in diameter are presented. New experimental data on the frequency distribution of ionization cluster size produced by 3.8 MeV {\alpha}-particles in a target cylinder of nitrogen (N2) and propane gas (C3H8), ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 {\mu}g/cm2 in diameter are presented. Experimental results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. A Bayesian analysis is applied for convoluting the measured spectra to the true cluster size distributions. New quantities characterizing the interaction of ionizing radiation with the nanometre level are proposed, namely - P1, M1 and F2. It has been shown that these quantities may substitute for the traditional (macro) dosimetric quantities.
Planck observations of M33

We have performed a comprehensive investigation of the global integrated flux density of M33 from radio to ultraviolet wavelengths, finding that the data between $\sim$100 GHz and 3 THz are accurately described by a single modified blackbody curve with a dust temperature of $T_\mathrm{dust}$ = 21.67$\pm$0.30 K and an effective dust emissivity index of $\beta_\mathrm{eff}$ = 1.35$\pm$0.10, with no indication of an excess of emission at millimeter/sub-millimeter wavelengths. However, sub-dividing M33 into three radial annuli, we found that the global emission curve is highly degenerate with the constituent curves representing the sub-regions of M33. We also found gradients in $T_\mathrm{dust}$ and $\beta_\mathrm{eff}$ across the disk of M33, with both quantities decreasing with increasing radius. Comparing the M33 dust emissivity with that of other Local Group members, we find that M33 resembles the Magellanic Clouds rather than the larger galaxies, i.e., the Milky Way and M31. In the Local Group sample, we find a clear correlation between global dust emissivity and metallicity, with dust emissivity increasing with metallicity. A major aspect of this analysis is the investigation into the impact of fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) on the integrated flux density spectrum of M33. We found that failing to account for these CMB fluctuations would result in a significant over-estimate of $T_\mathrm{dust}$ by $\sim$5 K and an under-estimate of $\beta_\mathrm{eff}$ by $\sim$0.4.
GALFIT-CORSAIR: Implementing the Core-Sérsic Model Into GALFIT

We introduce GALFIT-CORSAIR: a publicly available, fully retro-compatible modification of the two-dimensional (2D) fitting software GALFIT (ver. 3), which adds an implementation of the core-Sérsic model. We demonstrate the software by fitting the images of NGC 5557 and NGC 5813, which have been previously identified as core-Sérsic galaxies by their one-dimensional radial light profiles. These two examples are representative of different dust obscuration conditions, and of bulge/disk decomposition. To perform the analysis, we obtained deep Hubble Legacy Archive (HLA) mosaics in the F555W filter (∼V band). We successfully reproduce the results of the previous one-dimensional analysis, modulo the intrinsic differences between the one-dimensional and the 2D fitting procedures. The code and the analysis procedure described here have been developed for the first coherent 2D analysis of a sample of core-Sérsic galaxies, which will be presented in a forthcoming paper. As the 2D analysis provides better constraining on multicomponent fitting, and is fully seeing-corrected, it will yield complementary constraints on the missing mass in depleted galaxy cores.
Conditions for HD cooling in the first galaxies revisited: interplay between far-ultraviolet and cosmic ray feedback in Population III star formation

HD dominates the cooling of primordial clouds with enhanced ionization, e.g. shockheated clouds in structure formation or supernova remnants, relic HII regions of Pop III stars, and clouds with cosmic-ray (CR) irradiation. There, the temperature decreases to several 10 K and the characteristic stellar mass decreases to � 10 M⊙, in contrast with first stars formed from undisturbed pristine clouds (� 100 M⊙). However, without CR irradiation, even weak far ultra-violet (FUV) irradiation suppresses HD formation/cooling. Here, we examine conditions for HD cooling in primordial clouds including both FUV and CR feedback. At the beginning of collapse, the shockcompressed gas cools with its density increasing, while the relic HII region gas cools at a constant density. Moreover, shocks tend to occur in denser environments than HII regions. Owing to the higher column density and the more effective shielding, the critical FUV intensity for HD cooling in a shock-compressed gas becomes � 10 times higher than in relic HII regions. Consequently, in the shock-compressed gas, the critical FUV intensity exceeds the background level for most of the redshift we consider (6 . z . 15), while in relic HII regions, HD cooling becomes effective after the CR intensity increases enough at z . 10. Our result suggests that less massive (� 10 M⊙) Pop III stars may be more common than previously considered and could be the dominant population of Pop III stars.
A Spitzer-IRS view of early-type galaxies with cuspy/core nuclei and fast/slow rotation

The recent literature suggests that an evolutionary dichotomy exists for early-type galaxies (Es and S0s, ETGs) whereby their central photometric structure (cuspy versus core central luminosity profiles), and figure of rotation (fast (FR) vs. slow (SR) rotators), are determined by whether they formed by "wet" or "dry" mergers. We consider whether the mid infrared (MIR) properties of ETGs, with their sensitivity to accretion processes in particular in the last few Gyr (on average z < 0.2), can put further constraints on this picture. We investigate a sample of 49 ETGs for which nuclear MIR properties and detailed photometrical and kinematical classifications are available from the recent literature. In the stellar light cuspy/core ETGs show a dichotomy that is mainly driven by their luminosity. However in the MIR, the brightest core ETGs show evidence that accretions have triggered both AGN and star formation activity in the recent past, challenging a "dry" merger scenario. In contrast, we do find, in the Virgo and Fornax clusters, that cuspy ETGs, fainter than M$_{K_s}=-24$, are predominantly passively evolving in the same epoch, while, in low density environments, they tend to be more active. A significant and statistically similar fraction of both FR (38$^{+18}_{-11}$\%) and SR (50$^{+34}_{-21}$\%) shows PAH features in their MIR spectra. Ionized and molecular gas are also frequently detected. Recent star formation episodes are then a common phenomenon in both kinematical classes, even in those dominated by AGN activity, suggesting a similar evolutionary path in the last few Gyr. MIR spectra suggest that the photometric segregation between cuspy and core nuclei and the dynamical segregation between FR and SR must have originated before z~0.2.
Prediction of Primary Deformation Modulus Based on Bearing Capacity: A Case on Forest Road with a Light Falling Weight Deflectometer Zorn ZFG 3000 GPS

Bearing capacity and compaction are among the most important and frequently used geotechnical parameters in road construction. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of predicting the value of the primary deformation modulus E1 (obtained from measurements using a static plate load test—PLT) based on measurements with a Zorn light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD), type ZFG 3000 GPS, with a drop weight of 10 kg. A regression analysis was performed on 245 bearing capacity measurements that were taken on 46 forest road sections with various road surfaces. Different regression models were tested, from linear to logarithmic, polynomial, exponential and power models, but excluding polynomials of fourth and higher degree. The results showed that the prediction of E1 values (PLT) from the dynamic deformation modulus values Evd (LFWD) was possible. However, the reported unsatisfactory strength of the relationship between the two parameters was associated with a high risk of error (r = 0.64, R2 = 0.41, Se = 49.78). Neither the use of more complex non-linear regression models, nor the use of multiple regression by introducing an additional estimator in the form of the s/v ratio, significantly improved estimation results. The quality of the prediction of the E1 value was not constant. It varied, depending on the type of forest road, the use of geosynthetic reinforcement and the type of road subgrade. During the study, it was also found that the quality of the prediction of the E1 value could be improved by limiting the range of Evd values tested from above. It is advisable to continue this type of research, as the obtained results could form the basis for future development of national standards for the use of LFWDs to control the bearing capacity and compaction of forest road pavements.