Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Memoized Semantics-Based Binary Diﬀing with Application to Malware Lineage Inference

Identifying diﬀerences between two executable binaries (binary diﬃng) has compelling security applications, such as software vulnerability exploration, “1-day” exploit generation and software plagia-rism detection. Recently, binary diﬃng based on symbolic execution and constraint solver has been proposed to look for the code pairs with the same semantics, even though they are ostensibly diﬀerent in syntactics. Such logical-based method captures intrinsic diﬀerences of binary code, making it a natural choice to analyze highly-obfuscated malicious program. However, semantics-based binary diﬃng suﬀers from signiﬁcant performance slowdown, hindering it from analyzing large-scale malware samples. In this paper, we attempt to mitigate the high overhead of semantics-based binary diﬃng with application to malware lineage inference. We ﬁrst study the key obstacles that contribute to the performance bottleneck. Then we propose basic blocks fast matching to speed up semantics-based binary diﬃng. We introduce an union-ﬁnd set structure that records semantically equivalent basic blocks. Managing the union-ﬁnd structure during successive comparisons allows direct reuse of previously computed results. Moreover, we purpose to concretize symbolic formulas and cache equivalence queries to further cut down the invocation times of constraint solver. We have implemented our technique on top of iBinHunt and evaluated it on 12 malware families with respect to the performance improvement when performing intra-family comparisons. Our experimental results show that our methods can accelerate symbolic execution from 2 . 8x to 5 . 3x (with an average 4 . 0x), and reduce constraint solver invocation by a factor of 3 . 0x to 6 . 0x (with an average 4 . 3x).
Generating Conceptually Aligned Texts David Hardcastle

A conceptually aligned text is one in which spans are systematically linked to a logical encoding of their meanings. We describe the model of alignment used in W YSIWYM systems, which support knowledge editing through an automatically generated feedback text, and show that this model has a series of practical advantages through which it can support applications requiring semantic interactivity and inference, as envisaged by the Semantic Web community. Some results from an efﬁcient recent implementation are presented, showing the beneﬁts of having all levels of linguistic description available for interactive services.
Leveraging Weather Dynamics in Insurance Claims Triage Using Deep Learning

In property insurance claims triage, insurers often use static information to assess the severity of a claim and to identify the subsequent actions. We hypothesize that the pattern of weather conditions throughout the course of a loss event is predictive of the insured losses, and hence appropriate use of weather dynamics improves the operation of insurers’ claim management. To test this hypothesis, we propose a deep learning method to incorporate dynamic weather information in the predictive modeling of the insured losses for reported claims. The proposed method features a hierarchical network architecture to address the challenges in claims triage due to the nature of weather dynamics. In the empirical analysis, we examine a portfolio of hail damage property insurance claims obtained from a major U.S. insurance carrier. When supplemented by dynamic weather information, the deep learning method exhibits substantial improvement in the hold-out predictive performance. We further design a cost-conscious decision strategy for triaging claims using the probabilistic forecasts of the insurance claim amounts. We show that leveraging weather dynamics in claims triage leads to a reduction of up to 10% and 8% in operational costs compared to when the triaging decision is based on forecasts without any weather information and with only static weather information respectively.
Expedition 311 Synthesis: scientific findings

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311 was conducted to study gas hydrate occurrences and their evolution along a transect spanning the entire northern Cascadia accretionary margin. A transect of four research sites (U1325, U1326, U1327, and U1329) was established over a distance of 32 km, extending from Site U1326 near the deformation front to Site U1329 at the eastern limit of the inferred gas hydrate occurrence zone. In addition to the transect, a fifth site (U1328) was established at a cold vent setting with active fluid and gas expulsion, which provided an opportunity to compare regional pervasive fluid-flow regimes to a site of focused fluid advection. In this synthesis, a revised gas hydrate formation model is proposed based on a combination of geophysical, geochemical, and sedimentological data acquired during and after Expedition 311 and from previous studies. The main elements of this revised model are as follows: Fluid expulsion by tectonic compression of accreted sediments at nonuniform expulsion rates along the transect results in the evolution of variable pore water regimes across the margin. Sites closer to the deformation front are characterized by pore fluids enriched in dissolved salts at depth, where zeolite formation from ash diagenesis is dominant. In contrast, the landward portion of the margin shows a freshening of pore fluids with depth as a result of the progressive overprinting of diagenetic salt generation with freshwater generation from the smectite-to-illite transition at greater depth. In situ methane produced by microbial CO2 reduction within the gas hydrate stability zone is the prevalent gas source for gas hydrate formation. Some minor methane advection from depth is required overall to explain the occurrence of gas hydrate (and the associated downhole isotopic signatures of CH4 and CO2) within the sediments of the accretionary prism and the absence of gas hydrate within the abyssal plain sediments. In contrast, methane migrating from depth is a dominant source for gas hydrate formation at the cold vent Site U1328 (Bullseye vent). Gas hydrate preferentially forms in coarser grained sandy/silt turbidites, resulting in very high local gas hydrate concentrations. Typically, gas hydrate occupies <5% of the pore space throughout the gas hydrate stability zone. Higher gas hydrate saturations were observed in intervals with abundant coarse-grained sand layers and within fault-controlled fluid and gas migration conduits at the cold vent Site U1328.
Preliminary Studies on Status of Nutrition Labeling of Pre-Packaged Food Products in Markets of Lagos Metropolis in Nigeria

Background: Nutrition labelling regulations have been in use in various countries since the United States Food and Drug Administration published its first regulations in 1973. The Pre-packaged Food Labelling Regulations came into use in Nigeria in 1995. Objective: This study examined the nutrition labelling formats and shelf display practices, x-raying of the traditional back-of pack (BOP) labels and the emerging new front-of-pack (FOP) labels in open markets, mini supermarkets and large-scale supermarkets in the Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was conducted to evaluate nutrition labelling formats in 162 purposively selected samples of pre-packaged products. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and presented in tables and figures. Results: Open markets, mini-supermarkets and large-scale supermarkets accounted for 24%, 5% and 71% of the total sample population, respectively. Apart from the 'eye logo', most of the logos found on the labels were voluntary and presently not regulated, hence did not follow any consistent format. Only 4% of these products had the Front-of-Pack labelling format, and these were mostly imported products of multinationals, while 96% of products carried the Back-of-Pack label, comprising both local and imported brands. It was noted that all products on display shelves were usually arranged in such a way as to communicate the brand name without any consideration for nutrition information. Conclusion: These preliminary findings highlight the position of nutrition labelling in Nigeria and the need for an urgent review of the present labelling regulations for better consumer communication and alignment with global trends.
Impact of Bank An Empirical Study on the Banking Sector of

This paper analyses the impact of some bank-specific variables on the profitability of the banking sector in Bangladesh. Taking annual data for 1997 to 2019, this study analyses the impact of capitalization, non-performing loans, and cost on profitability. In this time-series analysis, augmented Dickey-Fuller tests of stationarity and Johansen cointegration tests are conducted first and then the appropriate methodology of vector error correction model is applied to examine the relationship. For the capitalization variable, where both types of relationships are possible, it is observed that it affected profitability negatively. According to expectation, it is found that cost negatively affects the profitability and is significant. For non-performing loans, a negative but insignificant relationship is found. Finally, some diagnostic tests are carried out to verify the robustness of the model. The policy implication of this paper is that banks should reduce its expense and continue to monitor non-performing loans. Moreover, banks should be careful about the capital-assets ratio above a certain threshold level.
THE EMERGENCE OF REITS IN GHANA

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) are evolving in Ghana’s real estate market. As at mid-2021, Republic Bank and GCB Securities were the two publicly known institutions operating REITs in the country. With the passage of the 2019 REIT guidelines, all existing REITs were rendered invalid, pursuant to provisions that, REITs must be approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Ghana. Using exploratory qualitative methods, the study investigates on-going developments surrounding the formulation of REITs in Ghana. Interviews were conducted with institutional investors and policy experts on their perception on the new REIT guidelines and the conditionalities needed for developing a REIT sector in Ghana. Institutional investors were largely receptive of the new REIT guidelines but at the same time not enthusiastic about venturing into it. They exclaimed that, unless REIT yields are proven to be competitive against their existing assets, they may not consider it in the short term. To develop Ghana’s first REIT sector, there are three conditions to be met, namely, creating a conducive macroeconomic environment, improving the state of the real estate industry, and developing an effective legal and regulatory framework. The study concludes that, there is a market for REITs in Ghana to serve institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, private equity funds etc. However, the right structures must be created to usher in more advanced forms of indirect real estate investments. Additionally, real estate companies must be encouraged to trade publicly on the Ghana Stock Exchange once the opportunity presents itself, to expand their financing options. The implementation of the REIT guideline is a major milestone towards negotiating, establishing, and operating REITs in Ghana.
OF EDUCATORS AND EDUCATION Teacher Leadership Interrogates Teaching Policy: Comparing the Voices of Low-Income Schools with National Teacher Policies in Argentina

This article analyses how low-income schools and teacher education policies in Argentina describe the idealised “good” teacher. One of the crucial foundations of teacher leadership is related to teachers’ professional abilities. This study aims to problematise the fragile discursive constructions of what counts as effective and good teaching in both low-income schools ' actors and teacher education policy documents. As previous research has confirmed teacher ability is contextual and a highly controversial topic. How low-income school actors describe, interpret and enact good teaching might differ from national teaching policy guidelines and standards. This study attempts to address the following research questions. First, what factors do low-income school actors and Argentinean educational policies highlight regarding teachers’ professional ability? Second, does a teacher’s professional ability refer to teacher leadership? Finally, what are the implications of the gap between the perspectives of low-income schools and the official teaching policy for knowledge production and educational policy? The findings provide a f ramework to understand the current limited status of teacher leadership in Argentina. Through the historical normalist genesis of the Argentinean educational system that fostered homogeni s ation as a crucial technology of schooling, and an epistemological bias that deemed the low-income perspective as unscientific the article shed light on the status of teacher leadership. Finally, the research suggests bridges to foster dialogues between teaching policies and low-income schools.
Postoperative Narcotic Sparing Effect of Ultrasound Guided Postoperative Narcotic Sparing Effect of Ultrasound Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Quadratus Lumborum Block in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Nephrolithotomy

Background : Quadratus lumborum block (QLB) technique is strongly recommended as an appropriate adjunctive to systemic intravenous analgesia for pain control. Some modi ﬁ cations of this technique were subsequently introduced. Aim of the work : The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of quadrates lumborum plane block as a postoperative analgesic with Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy. Patients and methods : A prospective randomized controlled single-blinded clinical research study on 98 patients was conducted at Al-Azhar University hospitals in Cairo. After receiving institutional ethics committee approval, patients were scheduled for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy. 98 patients were randomly divided into two equal groups: 49 patients were given GA (General Anesthesia) and postoperative analgesia in the form of paracetamol 1 g/8 h and Morphine as required, 49 patients, in addition to GA, the patient received preoperative ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum block. Results : The results of this study showed that QLB showed a signi ﬁ cant difference than the control group in hemodynamics. In terms of duration of analgesia and total analgesic consumption, QLB is better than the control group with P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively. Conclusion : US-guided QLB provided satisfactory analgesia in patients undergoing PCNL. It lengthened the analgesia ' s duration and reduced opioid consumption and postoperative pain scores. Patients in the QLB group signi ﬁ cantly showed more hemodynamic stability and less variations from baseline. No serious complications were reported related to the technique. Accordingly, US-guided QLB is strongly recommended for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing PCNL.
the International Conference on Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Creationism

We have compiled nearly 3000 stratigraphic columns across five continents using oil wells, measured columns and seismic data. We divided the fossil-bearing rock record into six packages of sedimentation based on the “mega-sequences” concept of Sloss. We propose a new progressive Flood Model that aligns with both Scripture and the rock record. The earliest megase - quences (Days 1-40) show the least extent and lowest average thickness of sediment. These earliest three megasequences are almost exclusively filled with marine fossils. Subsequent megasequences (Days 40-150) show progressively more coverage and more sediment volume and progressively more land animals and plants. The five continents show a maximum peak in surface coverage and a maximum peak in volume during the 5 th sequence (about the K-Pg boundary, Day 150). We interpret these data to represent a progressive Flood that aligns with the catastrophic plate tectonics (CPT) and runaway subduction models of Baumgardner. Initial plate motion and the creation of limited amounts new seafloor spread the thinnest and earliest megasequences across limited portions of the continents. In many places, but not all, the beginning of the Flood is marked by the deposition of the Sauk megasequence. Continued creation of hot, new ocean lithosphere caused the seafloor to rise, push - ing the water level progressively upward. This process peaked near the end of the 5 th sequence (Zuni). Although plate motion continued unhindered during the Tejas, making roughly one-third of the ocean seafloor, subsequent cooling of the older seafloor caused ocean basins to sink, drawing water off the continents. This caused a shift in sedimentation to the offshore as the Flood receded during the 6 th sequence (Tejas, Days 150-314). In addition, our research has found that the Tejas megasequence has the second most volume of any individual megasequence, totaling 32.5% of the global Phanerozoic deposits. These data suggest the post-Flood boundary is high in the Cenozoic, near the top of the Neogene, near the end of the Tejas. Continuous deposition of limestone and marine rocks from the Cretaceous up through the Neogene across Turkey and the surrounding regions confirms this conclusion. Independent verification of CPT, and the rapid formation of new ocean crust during the Flood, is supported by strontium ratios in the marine rock record.
Factors Affecting the Behaviors of Teachers towards Technology Integration Teaching via Distance Education during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis

In the current study, path analysis technique was applied to explain the possible causal relations between attitude towards distance education, interest in educational technologies, instructional technologies outcome expectation, intention to use educational technologies and technology integration self-efficacy variables. According to the data obtained, it was determined that attitude towards distance education variable suggested by the researcher did not contribute to the modified version of Social Cognitive Career Theory by Sahin (2008), which was determined to be a relatively better model in the current study. It is seen that the correlations of the variables in the research model vary between 0.103 and 0.773, and all of them are statistically significant and positive. In the current study, that technology integration self-efficacy variable interpreted 38% of the change in instructional technologies outcome expectation variable, 11% of the change in interest in educational technologies variable is explained by technology integration self-efficacy and instructional technology outcome expectation variables, intention to use educational technologies variable is both directly and indirectly affected by interest in educational technologies, instructional technologies outcome expectation and technology integration self-efficacy variables were also determined.
Interpolation of temporal biodiversity change, loss, and gain across scales: a machine learning approach

1. Estimates of temporal change of biodiversity, and its components loss and gain, are needed at local and geographical scales. However, we lack them because of data in-completeness, heterogeneity, and lack of temporal replication. Hence, we need a tool to integrate heterogeneous data and to account for their incompleteness. 2. We introduce spatiotemporal machine learning interpolation that can estimate cross-scale biodiversity change and its components. The approach naturally captures the expected and complex interactions between scale (grain), geography, data types, and drivers of change. As such it can integrate inventory data from reserves or countries with data from atlases and local survey plots. We present two flavors, both blending tree-based machine learning (random forests, boosted trees) with advances in ecological scaling: The first combines machine learning with species-area relationships (SAR method), the second with occupancy-area relationships (OAR method). 3. Using simulated data and an empirical example of global mammals and European plants, we show that tree-based machine learning effectively captures temporal bio-diversity change, loss, and gain across a continuum of spatial grains. This can be done despite the lack of time series data (i.e., it does not require temporal replication at sites), temporal biases in the amount of data, and highly uneven sampling area. These estimates can be mapped at any desired spatial resolution.
PERIODIC MEDICAL CHECKUP AMONG HEALTH WORKERS: A DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY AT A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN GHANA

This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of periodic medical checkup by health professionals at the Tamale Teaching Hospital. This was a cross-sectional study with a quantitative research approach. Three hundred (300) health care personnel, including nurses, doctors and medical laboratory scientists were selected using a convenience sampling method. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaire, with questions classified under demographics, knowledge, perception and practice. Data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel. Data was checked, cleaned and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS version 21. Ninety percent (90%) of participants were highly knowledgeable with regards to routine medical checkup as a very important practice among health professionals. Similarly, participants exhibited a positive perception towards medical checkups. 98.7% said medical checkups are important whilst 99.0% said they would encourage the practice of periodic medical checkup. Prevalence of periodic medical checkup was 91.0%. Most of the participant s’ recommended that medical checkups be covered by health insurance whilst health facilities should also ensure an annual examination of its staff. There is a high prevalence of medical checkup among health care personnel at the teaching hospital under study, there is also a positive attitude as well as a high level of knowledge regarding the practice.
orthope-Effect of using triclosan-impregnated suture for incisional closure on surgical site infection and inﬂammation following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs

Objective —To compare surgical site infection and inﬂammation rates between the use of nonimpregnated (polydioxanone and poliglecaprone 25) versus triclosan-impregnated (polydioxanone and poliglecaprone 25) suture for incisional closure in dogs undergoing a standardized orthopedic procedure (tibial plateau leveling osteotomy [TPLO])
JOURNAL ARTICLE PRE-PROOF (as accepted)

Background: Although research has shown that mood and anxiety disorders manifest disturbed emotion regulation, it is unclear whether anxiety disorders differ between each other in terms of their emotion regulation strategies. In the present study, we investigated whether patients with anxiety disorders present different affective styles. Methods: We assessed affective styles of 32 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, 29 social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients, 29 panic disorder (PD) patients, and 20 healthy controls through the Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ). A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed to compare the affective styles across groups (OCD, SAD, PD and control), while controlling for depression, anxiety symptoms and age. Results : The MANCOVA revealed a significant, small-medium, main effect of diagnostic group on affective styles. The planned contrasts revealed that OCD and SAD patients