Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Unified View of Performance Metrics: Translating Threshold Choice into Expected Classification Loss C` Esar Ferri

Many performance metrics have been introduced in the literature for the evaluation of classification performance, each of them with different origins and areas of application. These metrics include accuracy, unweighted accuracy, the area under the ROC curve or the ROC convex hull, the mean absolute error and the Brier score or mean squared error (with its decomposition into refinement and calibration). One way of understanding the relations among these metrics is by means of variable operating conditions (in the form of misclassification costs and/or class distributions). Thus, a metric may correspond to some expected loss over different operating conditions. One dimension for the analysis has been the distribution for this range of operating conditions, leading to some important connections in the area of proper scoring rules. We demonstrate in this paper that there is an equally important dimension which has so far received much less attention in the analysis of performance metrics. This dimension is given by the decision rule, which is typically implemented as a threshold choice method when using scoring models. In this paper, we explore many old and new threshold choice methods: fixed, score-uniform, score-driven, rate-driven and optimal, among others. By calculating the expected loss obtained with these threshold choice methods for a uniform range of operating conditions we give clear interpretations of the 0-1 loss, the absolute error, the Brier score, the AUC and the refinement loss respectively. Our analysis provides a comprehensive view of performance metrics as well as a systematic approach to loss minimisation which can be summarised as follows: given a model, apply the threshold choice methods that correspond with the available information about the operating condition, and compare their expected losses. In order to assist in this procedure we also derive several connections between the aforementioned performance metrics, and we highlight the role of calibration in choosing the threshold choice method.
The Economic Effects of the EU Eastern Enlargement on Border Regions in the Old Member States

This paper evaluates the effect of the EU Eastern enlargement in May 2004 on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of border regions in the old member states. The effect is identified with the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) that allows the evaluation of the enlargement effect in a causal way. Results show that on average, no significant enlargement effect can be observed. The average effect, however, hides the fact that border regions are differently affected by the enlargement. The heterogeneous enlargement payoffs seem to be driven by the regional economic performance prior to the enlargement, the regional industrial structure and the regional endowment with physical infrastructure.
Electrical anisotropy and conductivity distribution functions of fractal random networks and of the crust: the scale effect of connectivity

SUMMARY All explanations of the high-conductivity layers (HCL) found by magnetotellurics in the middle or lower crust incorporate a mixture of a low-conductivity rock matrix and a highly conductive phase, for example graphite or saline fluids. In most cases the bulk conductivity of the mixture does not depend on the conductivity of the rock matrix but rather (1) on the amount of high-conductivity material and, in particular, (2) on its geometry. The latter is quantitatively described by the parameter ‘electrical connectivity'. Decomposition of the observed bulk conductivity of the mixture into these two parameters results in an ill-posed problem. Even if anisotropy occurs in the HCL, three output parameters (highly conductive phase fraction, connectivity with respect to the X direction, connectivity with respect to the Y direction) have to be estimated from the two bulk conductivities of the anisotropic HCL. The additional information required for solving this problem is provided if instead of single-site data the conductivities from many field sites are evaluated: a sample distribution of the conductivity can then be obtained. Ensembles of random networks are used to create theoretical distribution functions which match the empirical distribution functions to some extent. The use of random resistor networks is discussed in the context of other established techniques for the treatment of two-phase systems, such as percolation theory and the renormalization group approach. Models of embedded networks explain the discrepancy between ‘small’ anisotropy (2-3) on the laboratory scale and large anisotropy (10-100) found in electromagnetic field surveys encompassing volumes of several cubic kilometres. Strong anisotropy can indicate low electrical connectivity, and a possible explanation is that a network stays close to the percolation threshold.
Auditory effects of combined exposure: interaction between carbon monoxide, noise and smoking Efeitos auditivos da exposição combinada: interação entre monóxido de carbono, ruído e tabagismo

Purpose: To analyze the auditory effects of the combined exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and noise, and the impact of smoking. Methods: Participants were 80 male workers, smokers and non-smokers, from a steel industry – 40 exposed to CO and noise simultaneously, and 40 exposed only to noise. A retrospective data analysis was conducted regarding the environmental risks (CO and noise) and the file information related to auditory health and to the biological concentrations of CO in the blood (CPHb). The first and the last pure-tone audiometry results were analyzed considering the smoking habits, the type of exposure (CO and noise or noise only), the time of exposure, the level of noise, and age. Results: Both the CO concentration and the noise levels were above the tolerance limits provided by the regulatory norm number 15 of the Ministry of Labor and Employment. The group of workers exposed to CO and noise presented a higher rate of noise-induced hearing loss (22.5%), when compared to the group exposed only to noise (7.5%), as well as significant worsening of the hearing thresholds of 3, 4 and 6 kHz. Age, time of exposure, type of exposure, level of noise, and smoking habit significantly influenced the auditory threshold of the participants. Smoking enhanced the effects of both CO and noise on the auditory system. Conclusion: The occupational exposure to noise and CO resulted in significant effects on the auditory system of workers from a steel industry.
PSEUDOCHARACTERS ON FREE SEMIGROUPS INVARIANT WITH RESPECT TO THEIR AUTOMORPHISM GROUPS

Let F be a free semigroup and let A be an automorphism group of F. A description is given of the space of real functions y on semigroup F satisfying the following conditions: 1) the set {y (xy) p(x) p(y); x, y E F} is bounded; 2) Op(xn) = nyp(x) for any x E F and n E N; 3) p(xr) = p(x) Vx c F, and VT E A.
CRITERION FOR ALTERNATE BAR FORMATION IN EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES

移動床水路 においては流水 と河床土砂 の相互作用 に よ り砂れん(ripples),砂 堆(dunes),平 坦河床(fiat bed ) , 反砂堆(antidunes)あ るいは交互砂洲(alternate bars ) な ど種々の河床波(sand waves)が 形成 される ことが知 られている。 これ らの河床波 は移動床流 れの抵抗,流 れ のパ ター ン,流 砂 量な どと密接に関係 し,移 動床 水路 に おける基本的な問題 として河床 波の形成機構,領 域 区分, 形状特性な どに関する研 究が古 くか ら行なわれて きた。 しか し,河 床波 に関す る従来 の多 くの研 究は移 動床流 れ の抵抗 と関連 して行なわれ,砂 れん,砂 堆,平 坦河床 お よび反砂堆 を対象 とした ものが大部 分であ り,流 れのパ ターンと密接に関係する交互砂洲 に関する研究 はあま り 行 なわれ ていない。 実際河川 におけ る諸現象 を理解する ためには河川流 のパ ター ンを規定する交互砂洲 の特性 を 明 らかにす ることが重要である と考 えられ るので,本 研 究 では交互砂洲 を研究の対象 として と りあげた。 交互砂洲 は多 くの河川で形成 され る典 型的な河床形態 であ り,そ の形状 は 図1 に示す よ うに平面的な拡が り をもつ3次 元の形状 で,縦 断面は上流側がゆ るく,下 流 側 がきつ い勾配 の斜面か らな る3角 形状 をな し,横 断面 は非対称 である。 交互砂洲は下流へ向 って移動する。
Comparison of Cloud Liquid Water Paths Over Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains Using Satellite and Surface Data: Validation of New Models

Summary and Future Work Discussion Satellite retrievals of parameters such as LWP are useful for quantifying the cloud microphysical characteristics over a large region. However, retrieval of such parameters is heavily dependent upon many assumptions, including particle size distributions within reflectance models employed to derive optical depth, effective radius, and ultimately LWP. Varying size distributions in these reflectance models were tested on various G8 cases to determine the optimal effective variance for accurately retrieving LWP. It was found that the use of larger effective variances had a dramatic effect in many cases. Specifically, the 0.20 and 0.30 variances in the size distribution seemed to improve most cases of LWP when compared to independent LWP measurements using the ARM MWR at the CF. However, the chosen cases were mostly stratiform clouds, so additional work is needed to determine if the improvements seen in this study translate to other cloud types. The reflectance models employing these differing effective variances may also have differing impacts based on scattering angle. A particular value of effective variance in the reflectance models may yield good results for derived parameters at one scattering angle, but bad ones at another. Some work towards this problem has been initiated by Ayers et al. (2005) and Arduini et al. (2005). The results presented here are preliminary, but encouraging. More tests are needed to determine the optimal effective variance for satellite retrievals of LWP in many more conditions, including a wide range of scattering angles and cloud types. The improvements in some cases due to the larger effective variances point to some possible sources of improvement in the satellite retrieval of effective radius, optical depth, and LWP and, therefore, better data for validating and improving cloud process and climate models.
Spatial and temporal variability in crystallization of celadonites within the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Implications for low‐temperature alteration of the oceanic crust

Celadonite, a low-temperature (<30°C) hydrothermal alteration mineral, is a predominant fracture and void-filling phase within the volcanic rocks of the Troodos ophiolite. The combined chemical and structural properties of celadonite (i.e., high K2O and Ar retentive), along with its common occurrence, provide a valuable tracer for studying the temporal and spatial variability of low-temperature hydrothermal fluid circulation and alteration within this ancient oceanic crust. Some 54 new K/Ar age determinations of celadonites from various geographic and stratigraphic locations within the extrusive rocks of Troodos yield crystallization ages ranging from 90.9±1.0 to 49.8±0.5 Ma, with the oldest in close agreement with the estimated 91–92 Ma crystallization age of Troodos igneous rocks. The youngest age indicates that low-temperature water/rock chemical exchange continued for at least 40 m.y. after crustal formation. This represents a 100% increase over previous estimates, based on limited numbers of K/Ar dates of celadonite, of the duration of low temperature mineral precipitation in Troodos. Correlation between celadonite ages and field relationships suggests the following: (1) There is no apparent relationship between celadonite crystallization and stratigraphic depth. (2) Celadonite crystallization occurs homogeneously on an outcrop scale, with adjacent samples from a single flow unit yielding equivalent K/Ar ages. (3) Flow units with relatively high primary permeabilities, e.g., pillows and breccias, yield celadonites with younger K/Ar ages. (4) Celadonite precipitation at distinct locations occurred rapidly, with little or no age difference between rim and core sections of single large deposits. The above correlations suggest that low-temperature hydrothermal fluid circulation and secondary mineral precipitation are controlled by the local alteration conditions, such as intrinsic permeability, degree of fracturing, and water/rock ratios, and are independent of time and space. Integration of these local heterogeneities over the entire extrusive sequence suggests that the upper oceanic crust undergoes relatively homogeneous closure to hydrothermal fluid circulation. No evidence is found to support a progressive upward sealing of the oceanic crust.
Post-seismic viscoelastic deformation and stress transfer after the 1960 M9.5 Valdivia, Chile earthquake: effects on the 2010 M8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of The Royal Astronomical Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Journal International 197 (2014): 697-704, doi:10.1093/gji/ggu048.
Parity-Progression Fertility Tables for the Nationalities of the USSR

Using data from a socio-demographic survey conducted in 1985 in the USSR, fertility parity-progression tables were constructed for the 17 most populated Soviet nationalities. These tables give the probability of a woman who gave birth to a child between 1970 and 1974 to have her next child by the time of the survey. Using World Fertility Survey data, the model of natural fertility by parity was built and two subgroups of women were identified: those who control family size and those who do not. Nationalities differ considerably by the proportion of women who control childbearing (from 17% for the Tajiks to 99% for the Jews), and by TFR for those who control family size (from 4.2 for the Tajiks to 1.5 for the Jews).
Assessment of limiting factors and techniques prioritization for maize production in China.

【Objective】 The aim of this paper was to identify the main limiting factors for realization of maize yield potential and propose the priorities in development of maize production techniques. 【Method】 The limiting factors to maize production in China including potential physical,biological,and institutional factors were summarized through participatory rural appraisal surveys in 13 maize production provinces and three major maize regions in China. Based on the evaluations of influence magnitude and possibility of solution,the priority list for techniques in maize production was obtained. 【Result】 The top first limiting factor was technical problem related to maize cultivation,such as poor tillage management,extensive cultivation,unfavorable fertilization,nonstandard field management during maize growth,and low rate for technique access,resulting in 28.8%-57.7% of yield loss in various maize regions. The second factor was natural stress,especially drought stress,which caused yield loss by 9.3%-35.1%. The third factor,responsible for 11.4%-19.8% of yield loss,was deficiency of staple cultivars for different eco-regions and the technique systems combined with corresponding cultivars. The seed quality was also involved in the third factor. The fourth factor was represented by soil problems,including serious soil erosion,shallow topsoil,and lean soil. Their influence on maize yield was estimated by 4.8%-20.2%. The last limiting factor was pest (disease,insect,rat,and weed,etc.) damage,which caused 4.5%-11.0% of yield loss. 【Conclusion】Therefore,the technique priorities for policy-markers were suggested as labor-saving cultivation techniques; following by high-yielding cultivars with good quality and multiple resistances to bio-and abio-stresses,adaptation to high-density,as well as identification of staple cultivars in various maize regions; mechanization of maize production;and technique popularization in farmers and effect of the techniques used by farmers.
Wave models for turbulent free shear flows

New predictive closure models for turbulent free shear flows are presented. They are based on an instability wave description of the dominant large scale structures in these flows using a quasi-linear theory. Three model were developed to study the structural dynamics of turbulent motions of different scales in free shear flows. The local characteristics of the large scale motions are described using linear theory. Their amplitude is determined from an energy integral analysis. The models were applied to the study of an incompressible free mixing layer. In all cases, predictions are made for the development of the mean flow field. In the last model, predictions of the time dependent motion of the large scale structure of the mixing region are made. The predictions show good agreement with experimental observations.
Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric COVID-19 and Predictors of PCR Positivity

BACKGROUND: To identify the clinical findings and outcomes of children with COVID-19 and factors predicting RT-PCR positivity. METHODS: The data retrospectively analyzed for suspected and confirmed pediatric COVID-19 patients between March 20 and May 31, 2020. RESULTS: There were 404 children, of them, 176 (43.6%) patients were confirmed to have COVID-19 which were less symptomatic on admission (67.6% to 95.6%). Cough (44.9%), fever (38.1%), sore throat (18.5%), and smell-taste loss (12.7%) were the most common symptoms. Confirmed cases had 92.6% identified history of contact with COVID-19. Close contact with COVID-19 positive family members and coughs increased the RT-PCR positivity 23.8 and 5.0 times, respectively; while positivity decreased by 0.4 times if fever was over 38°C. Asymptomatic and mild cases were categorized as 'group 1' (n=153), moderate, severe and critical cases as 'group 2' (n=23) in terms of disease severity. Group 2 cases had higher C-reactive protein (40.9% to 15.9%) and procalcitonin (22.7% to 4.9%) levels and had more frequent lymphopenia (45.5% to 13.1%). Out of 23 cases, 19 had abnormal chest x-ray findings; of them, 15 patients underwent chest CTs, and all had abnormal findings. However, 26.0% of them needed respiratory support, and no patient required invasive ventilation. CONCLUSION: Children with COVID-19 have milder clinical course and SARS-CoV-2 rarely causes severe disease in children. Contact history with COVID-19 and sore throat are the most important predictors for RT-PCR positivity. Consequently, the role of asymptomatic children in the contamination chain must be fully established and considered for the control of pandemic.
Estimates of genetic parameters for test day and lactation average SCS of Finnish Ayrshire

Genetic parameters for test day and lactation records of SCS and milk yield were estimated from 6310 first lactation Finnish Ayrshire cows. The goal was to study 1) the possible advantages of test day model compared to lactation model and 2) genetic and phenotypic correlations between SCS and milk yield. (Co)variance components were estimated using animal model REML. Heritability estimate for test day SCS was clearly lower than that for lactation average SCS suggesting that even with the increased number of observations per cow the test day model is not likely to result in a substantial improvement of accuracy in genetic evaluations for SCS. Genetic correlations between SCS and milk yield were zero while the phenotypic correlations were slightly negative. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Mechanisms by which Angiotensin II Affects the Heart Rate of the Conscious Sheep

Intravenous infusions of angiotensin II were given to conscious sheep. During these infusions, the pressor action of angiotensin was antagonized by concomitant infusion of sodium nitroprusside. Under these conditions, angiotensin produced a dose-dependent tachycardia. This dose-dependent tachycardia was not affected by propranolol and therefore it was not due to an action of angiotensin on sympathoadrenal mechanisms. The dose-dependent tachycardia was reduced by atro-pine, and abolished by increases in systolic pressure. We conclude that iv infusions of angiotensin cause a central, dose-dependent reduction in vagal tone. This action is normally antagonized by the barore-ceptor reflex response to the hypertensive action of angiotensin. Therefore, in those conditions in which endogenous angiotensin production is increased and blood pressure is not elevated (e.g., sodium deficiency and pregnancy), angiotensin may influence heart rate. Circ Res 47: 286-292, 1980
Exact measures of income in a hyperbolic economy

For a closed economy with human-made capital, non-renewable resource depletion and (possibly) exogenous, hyperbolic technical progress as explicit-form inputs to a production function, there is a feasible development path that is ‘as if’ optimal with respect to hyperbolic utility discounting. On this path, typically, welfare-equivalent income > wealth-equivalent income > Sefton-Weale income > net national product, with possibly dramatic differences among these measures; and sustainable income can be greater than, equal to, or less than NNP. For low enough discounting, growing consumption is optimal even when technical progress is zero. A particular discount rate makes all income measures and consumption constant and (except net national product) equal; and zero technical progress then gives the Solow (1974) maximin as a special case. The optimal path is time-consistent because of the way the utility discount rate is chosen to depend on the economy's stocks, and hence on absolute time.
Influence of Applying Biogas Slurry on Yield and Quality of Citrus and Soil Environment

Biogas fermentation of wastewater released from livestock and poultry farms is one of the most important ways to comprehensively manage the stock raising pollution. However, disposal of a large amount of biogas slurry has become a challenge. In this study, incorporating biogas slurry in irrigation on citrus was investigated. Field plot experiments with multi-repeat randomized blocks design were performed to assess the influence of different amount of biogas slurry on soil property and the yield and quality of citrus. The results showed that biogas slurry irrigation could promote citrus growth and improve the soil quality by increasing the total nitrogen and organic matter but had no detrimental effect on the heavy metal contents of the soil compared with the blank controls using general chemical fertilizer. Production of citrus was increased by 8.59% with application of 300 000 kg·hm-2 biogas slurry instead of chemical fertilizers. The soluble solids content of fruit was improved as well. Total sugar of fruit was increased by 0.6% and total acid was decreased by 0.262%. The ratio of sugar to acid was significantly higher than that of the blank control(P0.05). Hence, incorporating biogas slurry in citrus irrigation could not only decrease the use of chemical fertilizer but also provide a way to deal with biogas slurry.
The Wiener-Askey Polynomial Chaos for Stochastic Differential Equations

We present a new method for solving stochastic differential equations based on Galerkin projections and extensions of Wiener's polynomial chaos. Specifically, we represent the stochastic processes with an optimum trial basis from the Askey family of orthogonal polynomials that reduces the dimensionality of the system and leads to exponential convergence of the error. Several continuous and discrete processes are treated, and numerical examples show substantial speed-up compared to Monte Carlo simulations for low dimensional stochastic inputs.