Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arboreal Spiders of Native Shrubs in Shortgrass Steppe Ecosystems of Eastern Colorado

Abstract. Biological diversity is a key descriptor to evaluate ecological systems and is often used to identify specific components of local habitat that can be quantified. Heterogeneous habitats provide increased environmental variation in habitat type and might support increase in biological diversity. Spiders (Araneae) are a diverse taxonomic group that fills numerous niches in a grassland landscape. I hypothesized that plant type (shrub species) affects habitat availability of arboreal spiders and expected differences in spider diversity patterns (Shannon index, abundance) to be observed locally. This research was done at Comanche and Pawnee National Grasslands in Colorado and studied how spiders occupy native shrubs in the grassland steppe ecoregion. Araneae taxa are reported for both Comanche and Pawnee National Grassland locations. For Comanche National Grassland, significant differences in spider diversity existed between specific shrub species, especially the spider families Salticidae, Philodromidae, Oxyopidae, and Dictynidae. Fewer shrub species were at Pawnee National Grassland, but Salticidae, Dictynidae, and Oxyopidae were abundant. Twenty-seven genera and thirty-one species were at CNG, and seven genera and sixteen species were at PNG. Analyses provide support that spiders prioritize certain shrubs that provide more resources. Results suggested that changes in available shrub habitat might significantly impact spider diversity in the grassland ecosystems.
Ovipositor of bitterling fishes (Cyprinidae, Acheilognathinae): fine structure from a functional perspective

Abstract. The study presents fine structure data on the ovipositor of four bitterling species (Rhodeus ocellatus, Rhodeus amarus, Paratanakia himantegus and Acheilognathus barbatulus). In A. barbatulus and P. himantegus, ovipositor structure has never been studied. Novel data on the structure of the ovipositor were collected using two complementary methods, light- and transmission electron microscopy. The new findings relate to the covering and lining epithelia, basal laminae, cell junctions and supporting/connective tissue layer. All examined fish shared the same basic ovipositor structure and the newly reported details, regardless of their species affiliation. Evaluation of structure modifications related to the passage of eggs through the ovipositor revealed a range of transitional tissue changes, corroborating their presumable role inferred from the study of fine structure.
Uniqueness of benjamin's solitary-wave solution of the benjamin-ono equation

It is shown, using the maximum principle for linear elliptic equations, estimates on a Green's function, and the Cauchy-Riemann equations, that every nonconstant supercritical solitary-wave solution of the pseudo-differential equation known as the Benjamin-Onon equation is one of a family of such solutions found by Benjamin
Independence in Utility Theory with Whole Product Sets

One of the most important concepts in value theory or utility theory is the notion of independence among variables or additivity of values. Its importance stems from numerous multiple-criteria procedures used for rating people, products, and other things. Most of these rating procedures rely on the notion of independence often implicitly for their validity. However, a satisfactory definition of independence additivity, based on multi-dimensional consequences and hypothetical gambles composed of such consequences, has not appeared. This paper therefore presents a definition of independence for cases where the set of consequences X is a product set X1 × X2 × â¯ × Xn, each element in X being an ordered n-tuple x1, x2, ', xn. The definition is stated in terms of indifference between special pairs of gambles formed from X. It is then shown that if the condition of the definition holds, the utility of each x1, x2, ', xn in X can be written in the additive form Ix1, x2, ', xn = I1x1 + I2x2 + â¯ + Inxn, where Ii is a real-valued function defined on the set Xi, i = 1, 2, ', n. The development is free of any specific assumptions about I e.g., continuity, differentiability except that it be a von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function, and places no restrictions on the natures of the Xi.
Enumeration of spanning trees on Apollonian networks

In this paper we study the problem of enumerating spanning trees on Apollonian networks and obtain an exact expression for the number of spanning trees, which is relevant to some dynamical characteristics of networks, such as reliability, synchronization and random walks. In addition, we compare the entropy of spanning trees on our networks with the other fractal networks, and find that the entropy of our networks is the highest among the studied fractal networks.
Thermal Characteristics of Ice under Constant Heat Flux and Melt Removal

A more efficient device in energy transfer for a cool thermal discharge system has been designed. The governing equations have been derived from ice melting with specified heat fluxes on the boundary of complete removal of melt, and the approximation solutions were obtained, from the integral boundary-layer analysis, to estimate the thickness of ice melted and the thermal penetration distance in the ice-layer region. Considerable improvement in performance of cool thermal discharge can be achieved if the operation is conducted with complete removal of melt, rather than without removal of melt.
Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed‐phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. I: single‐layer cloud

Results are presented from an intercomparison of single‐column and cloud‐resolving model simulations of a cold‐air outbreak mixed‐phase stratocumulus cloud observed during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) programme's Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. The observed cloud occurred in a well‐mixed boundary layer with a cloud‐top temperature of − 15 °C. The average liquid water path of around 160 g m−2 was about two‐thirds of the adiabatic value and far greater than the average mass of ice which when integrated from the surface to cloud top was around 15 g m−2.
The adhesion force of micronized Salmeterol Xinafoate particles to pharmaceutically relevant surface materials

The adhesion of micronized Salmeterol Xinafoate to various surface materials has been investigated by the centrifuge technique. The adhesion of the drug to these materials used for manufacture and storage of interactive mixtures of the drug and milled lactose monohydrate depends on different properties of the surfaces. A longer contact with polyvinylchloride, polyethylene or aluminium surfaces, or a contact with these surfaces under mechanical pressure should be avoided because the adhesion force between the drug and these surfaces is much higher than between the drug and excipient particles. Hence detachment and a consequent loss of drug in the formulation could occur. Such a problem does not appear to exist for the contact with polyhydroxymethylene surfaces. Characteristics of the surface materials such as the surface free energy (acid - base concept), surface roughness and Young's modulus were determined and related to the experimental results. The work of adhesion appeared to have a very important influence on the adhesion forces measured. About 20% of the work of adhesion was due to acid - base interactions. The larger the work of adhesion, the stronger was the adhesion between the particles and the surfaces in contact. Surface roughness reduced the adhesion force, and stiffer materials (having a high Young's modulus) were found to have a lower adhesion force to the drug particles.
Comparison of relativistic runaway electron avalanche rates obtained from Monte Carlo simulations and kinetic equation solution

New computer simulations of the relativistic runaway electron avalanche mechanism were carried out to remove prior approximations and reassess the space and temporal scales predicted by previous Boltzmann calculations. Two Monte Carlo techniques, a finite-difference solution, and a finite-volume solution of the kinetic equation for high-energy electrons were employed. Results obtained for the length and time scales at sufficiently high electric fields by the different methods are consistent with each other and with analytical estimates. The physical reason for the remaining discrepancy at small fields is discussed.
Satellite Instrument Calibration for Measuring Global Climate Change: Report of a Workshop

Measuring the small changes associated with long-term global climate change from space is a daunting task. The satellite instruments must be capable of observing atmospheric and surface temperature trends as small as 0.1°C decade−1, ozone changes as little as 1% decade−1, and variations in the sun's output as tiny as 0.1% decade−1. To address these problems and recommend directions for improvements in satellite instrument calibration, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System–Integrated Program Office (NPOESS-IPO), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) organized a workshop at the University of Maryland Inn and Conference Center, College Park, Maryland, 12–14 November 2002. Some 75 scientists participated including researchers who develop and analyze long-term datasets from satellites, experts in the field of satellite instrument calibration, and phy.
Numerical method for the simulation of the Brownian dynamics of rod‐like microstructures with three‐dimensional nonlinear beam elements

In several fast‐growing research areas such as material science, macromolecular chemistry, bioengineering and biophysics, the dynamics of rod‐like microstructures such as polymers, rod‐like viruses, flagella of bacteria or thin glass fibers plays a crucial role. These microstructures are typically embedded into some viscous fluid and kept by stochastic thermal forces in an incessant motion, the so‐called Brownian dynamics. In this article, we introduce a novel approach wherein three‐dimensional finite beam elements can be employed for the computer simulation of the Brownian dynamics of rod‐like microstructures. This new approach is superior to state‐of‐the‐art methods by its transparent theoretical foundation and its remarkable efficiency. By means of numerical examples, we demonstrate the applicability of this approach to problems of biophysics and macromolecular chemistry. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inversion formulas for the linearized problem for an inverse boundary value problem in elastic prospection

The problem of determining an unknown pair $\gamma = ( {\lambda ,\mu } )$ of Lame parameters inside a body by its Dirichlet-to-Neumann data map $\Lambda ( \gamma )$ is considered. Using explicit exact solutions for the case of constant $\gamma $, it is seen that the deflection h between $\gamma + h$ and $\gamma $ is uniquely determined by the first-order approximation of $\Lambda ( {\gamma + h} )$ at $\gamma $.
Electron densities and energies of a guided argon streamer in argon and air environments

In this study we report the temporally and spatially resolved electron densities and mean energies of a guided argon streamer in ambient argon and air obtained by Thomson laser scattering. The plasma is driven by a positive monopolar 3.5 kV pulse, with a pulse width of 500 ns and a frequency of 5 kHz which is synchronized with the high repetition rate laser system. This configuration enables us to use the spatial and temporal stability of the guided streamer to accumulate a multitude of laser/plasma shots by a triple grating spectrometer equipped with an ICCD camera and to determine the electron parameters. We found a strong initial ne-overshoot with a maximum of 7 × 1019 m−3 and a mean electron energy of 4.5 eV. This maximum is followed by a fast decay toward the streamer channel. Moreover, a 2D distribution of the electron density is obtained which exhibits a peculiar mushroom-like shape of the streamer head with a diameter significantly larger than that of the emission profile. A correlation of the width of the streamer head with the expected pre-ionization channel is found.
Accurate Lifetimes and Absolute Transition Rates for Ultraviolet Transitions from 3d5(4G) 4p and 3d5(4P) 4p levels in Mn II

A recently developed, laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to measure the lifetimes of 14 3d5(4G)4p and 3d5(4P)4p levels in the Mn+ ion. Branching fractions for electric dipole transitions from these levels were measured with a vacuum ultraviolet Fourier transform spectrometer, using a hollow-cathode lamp and a Penning discharge source. Based on these new measurements, absolute electric dipole transition rates for about 170 spectral lines in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet were determined. The uncertainty of the transition rates is less than 5% for the strong transitions.
Temporal evolution of different temperature plasma during explosive events

High cadence observations (10 s exposure time) obtained with the SUMER spectrometer on-board SoHO in the Ly 6 (20 000 K) and S vi (200 000 K) lines reveal new insight on the nature of explosive events. A time delay in theresponse of the S VI line with respect to the Ly 6 line has been observed, with the Ly 6 line responding with about 20-40 s earlier. A temporal series obtained with 30 s exposure time and covering the entire Lyman series plus O I, C II and S VI (temperature range from 15 000 to 200 000 K) has also been explored showing the response of all these lines during transient phenomena. New common features linking explosive events and blinkers were found. During explosive events, the central intensity increases between 1.6 and 2.0 times the pre-event value while the same range of intensity increase was already reported during blinker phenomena. On the other hand the maximum intensity increase in Ly 6 was only 13%.
Boundary-layer transition triggered by hairpin eddies at subcritical Reynolds numbers

Subcritical transition in a flat-plate boundary layer is examined experimentally through observing its nonlinear response to energetic hairpin eddies acoustically excited at the leading edge of the boundary-layer plate. When disturbed by the hairpin eddies convecting from the leading edge, the near-wall flow develops local three-dimensional wall shear layers with streamwise vortices. Such local wall shear layers also evolve into hairpin eddies in succession to lead to the subcritical transition beyond the x-Reynolds number Rx = 3.9 × 104, where the momentum thickness Reynolds number Rθ is 127 for laminar Blasius flow without excitation, and is about 150 under the excitation of energetic hairpin eddies. It is found that in terms of u- and v-fluctuations, the intensity of the near-wall activity at this critical station is of almost the same order as or slightly less than that of the developed wall turbulence. The development of wall turbulence structure in this transition is also examined.
ERRATUM: “MASSIVE STAR-FORMING HOST GALAXIES OF QUASARS ON SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY STRIPE 82” (2014, ApJ, 780, 162)

The absolute magnitudes ( 0 . 3 M X where X = g or i ) and stellar masses ( M star ) of the quasar host galaxies reported in the published version of this paper should have been designated as 0 . 3 M X − 5 log h and M star h 2 , respectively, where h is the Hubble constant normalized to 100 km s − 1 Mpc − 1 (Croton 2013). This correction also applies to the comparison samples of normal galaxies and type-2 quasar hosts used in the published paper. This affects (beyond the simple replacement of axis titles) two ﬁgures, Figures 12 and 16, whose corrected versions are presented here. Note that with this correction, the relationship between the black hole mass and host galaxy luminosity moves closer to the local relation, although the slope is still quite different. All other quantities, including M i, SDSS and M QSO i , were correctly reported at h = 0 . 7. None of the other conclusions of the paper change qualitatively with this revision.
Transitional pathway to elastic turbulence in torsional, parallel-plate flow of a polymer solution

Multiple scenarios have been discovered by which laminar flow undergoes a transition to turbulence in Newtonian fluids. Here we show in non-Newtonian fluids a transition sequence to ‘elastic turbulence’ due to elasticity from polymers, with negligible inertia. Multiple dynamic states are found linking the base flow to ‘elastic turbulence’ in the flow between a rotating and stationary disk, including circular and spiral rolls. Also, a surprising progression from apparently ‘chaotic’ flow to periodic flow and then to ‘elastic turbulence’ is found. These transitions are found in experiments where either shear stress or shear rate is incrementally increased and then held at fixed values; the modes found following stable base flow are ‘stationary ring’, ‘competing spirals’, ‘multi-spiral chaotic’ and ‘spiral bursting’ modes, followed then by ‘elastic turbulence’. Each mode has a distinct rheological signature, and accompanying imaging of the secondary-flow field (simultaneous with rheological measurement) reveals kinematic structures including stationary and time-dependent rolls. The time-dependent changes in the secondary-flow structure can be related to the time-dependent viscosity in the case of several of the modes. Finally, the effect of polymer concentration on the transitional pathway modes is studied systematically.
APERTURES FOR EXCITATION OF ALGEBRAICALLY SELF(DUAL E/M FIELDS

We propose a technique for setting up parallel (self-dual) stationary electromagnetic fields in the context of transformation optics. Several paradoxes that may appear in this regime are discussed. A particular type of communication based on stationary patterns through Aharonov-Bohm interferometry is also introduced as an alternative to a previous proposal by Putthof.
Geometric effects in applied-field MPD thrusters

Three applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster geometries were tested with argon propellant to establish the influence of electrode geometry on thruster performance. The thrust increased approximately linearly with anode radius, while the discharge and electrode fall voltages increased quadratically with anode radius. All these parameters increased linearly with applied-field strength. Thrust efficiency, on the other hand, was not significantly influenced by changes in geometry over the operating range studied, though both thrust and thermal efficiencies increased monotonically with applied field strength. The best performance, 1820 sec I (sub sp) at 20 percent efficiency, was obtained with the largest radius anode at the highest discharge current (1500 amps) and applied field strength (0.4 Tesla).
Experimental investigation of heterogeneous compressible shear layers

The compressible, two-dimensional shear layer is investigated experimentally in a novel facility. In this facility, it is possible to flow similar or, dissimilar gases of different densities and to select different Mach numbers for each stream over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. In the current experiments, ten combinations of gases and Mach numbers are studied in which the freestream Mach numbers range from 0.2 to 4, the density ratio varies from 0.2 to 9.2, and the velocity ratio varies from 0.13 to 1. The growth of the turbulent region of the layer is measured by means of pitot pressure profiles obtained at several streamwise locations. The resulting growth rate is estimated to be about 80% of the visual growth rate. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow, as well as the structure of the turbulent layer, are observed with Schlieren photographs of 20 nanosecond duration. Streamwise pressure distribution and total pressures are measured by means of a Scanivalve-pressure transducer system. An underlying objective of this investigation was the definition of a compressibility-effect parameter that correlates and consolidates the experimental results, especially the turbulent growth rates. A brief analytical investigation of the vortex sheet suggests that such a parameter is the Mach number in a frame of reference moving with the phase speed of the disturbance, called here the convective Mach number. In a similar manner, the convective Mach number of a turbulent shear layer is defined as the one seen by an observer moving with the convective velocity of the dominant waves and structures. It happens to have about the same value for each stream. In the current experiments, it ranges from 0 to 1.9. The correlations of the growth rate with convective Mach number fall approximately onto one curve when the growth rate is normalized by its incompressible value at the same velocity and density ratios. The normalized growth rate, which is unity for incompressible flow, decreases gradually with increasing convective Mach number, reaching an asymptotic value of about 0.25 for supersonic convective Mach numbers. The above behavior is in qualitative agreement with results of linear stability theory as well as with those of previous, one-stream experiments. Large-scale structures, resembling those observed in subsonic shear layers, are evident in the Schlieren photographs. It is estimated that the mean structure spacing, normalized by the local thickness, is reduced to about half its incompressible value as the convective Mach number becomes supersonic. An estimate of the transition Reynolds number has been obtained from the photographs of two shear layers having quite different convective Mach numbers, one low subsonic and the other sonic. In both cases, it is about 2 x 105, based on distance to transition and properties of the high unit Reynolds number stream, thus suggesting that, in this experiment, transition is dominated by instabilities of the wake, rather than of the shear layer.
Adaptive stabilization using a variable sampling rate

It is observed that digital versions of globally stable adaptive stabilization algorithms are, at best, locally stable due to incompatibilities between the gain adaptation algorithms and the choice of sampling rate. This fact suggests the problem of retrieving global asymptotic stability for such difficulties by modifications to the stabilization algorithms to include sampling rates as control variables and the inclusion of extra plant information to relate sampling rates to gain evolutions. In this contribution, the theoretical problem of adaptive stabilization of single-input single-output (SISO) linear systems S(A,B, C) in Rnis approached using the sampling rate as the basic adaptive mechanism, A wide range of sample interval adaptation schemes is derived that guarantees global asymptotic stability of the sampled outputs from the plant for any minimum-phase SISO systems satisfying the relative degree one constraint CB ≠ 0. The control laws are ‘universal’ in the sense that stabilization is achieved des.