Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural network-based model for evaluating inert nodules and volume doubling time in T1 lung adenocarcinoma: a nested case−control study

Objective The purpose of this study is to establish model for assessing inert nodules predicting nodule volume-doubling. Methods A total of 201 patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma were analysed retrospectively pulmonary nodule information was predicted by an AI pulmonary nodule auxiliary diagnosis system. The nodules were classified into two groups: inert nodules (volume-doubling time (VDT)>600 days n=152) noninert nodules (VDT<600 days n=49). Then taking the clinical imaging features obtained at the first examination as predictive variables the inert nodule judgement model >(INM) volume-doubling time estimation model (VDTM) were constructed based on a deep learning-based neural network. The performance of the INM was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) obtained from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis the performance of the VDTM was evaluated by R2(determination coefficient). Results The accuracy of the INM in the training and testing cohorts was 81.13% and 77.50%, respectively. The AUC of the INM in the training and testing cohorts was 0.7707 (95% CI 0.6779-0.8636) and 0.7700 (95% CI 0.5988-0.9412), respectively. The INM was effective in identifying inert pulmonary nodules; additionally, the R2 of the VDTM in the training cohort was 0.8008, and that in the testing cohort was 0.6268. The VDTM showed moderate performance in estimating the VDT, which can provide some reference during a patients’ first examination and consultation Conclusion The INM and the VDTM based on deep learning can help radiologists and clinicians distinguish among inert nodules and predict the nodule volume-doubling time to accurately treat patients with pulmonary nodules.
Handwriting processes when spelling morphologically complex words in children with and without Developmental Language Disorder

Introduction Representations activated during handwriting production code information on morphological structure and reflect decomposition of the root and suffix. Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have significant difficulties in spelling morphologically complex words, but previous research has not sought evidence for a morphological decomposition effect via an examination of handwriting processes in this population. Method Thirty-three children aged 9–10 years with DLD, 33 children matched for chronological age (CA), and 33 younger children aged 7–8 years matched for oral language ability (LA) completed a dictated spelling task (21 words; 12 with inflectional suffixes, nine with derivational suffixes). The task was completed on paper with an inking pen linked to a graphics tablet running the handwriting software Eye and Pen. Pause analyses and letter duration analyses were conducted. Results The three groups showed similar handwriting processes, evidencing a morphological decomposition effect in a natural writing task. Pause durations observed at the root/suffix boundary were significantly longer than those occurring in the root. Letter durations were also significantly longer for the letter immediately prior to the boundary compared to the letter after it. Nevertheless, despite being commensurate to their LA matches for mean pause durations and letter durations, children with DLD were significantly poorer at spelling derivational morphemes. Handwriting processes did significantly predict spelling accuracy but to a much lesser extent compared to reading ability. Discussion It is suggested that derivational spelling difficulties in DLD may derive more from problems with underspecified orthographic representations as opposed to handwriting processing differences.
Practical considerations in an era of multicolor optogenetics

The ability to control synaptic communication is indispensable to modern neuroscience. Until recently, only single-pathway manipulations were possible due to limited availability of opsins activated by distinct wavelengths. However, extensive protein engineering and screening efforts have drastically expanded the optogenetic toolkit, ushering in an era of multicolor approaches for studying neural circuits. Nonetheless, opsins with truly discrete spectra are scarce. Experimenters must therefore take care to avoid unintended cross-activation of optogenetic tools (crosstalk). Here, we demonstrate the multidimensional nature of crosstalk in a single model synaptic pathway, testing stimulus wavelength, irradiance, duration, and opsin choice. We then propose a “lookup table” method for maximizing the dynamic range of opsin responses on an experiment-by-experiment basis.
Backwards genetic inheritance through coalgebra-graphs

We attach two weighted digraphs to any coalgebra C with genetic realization. Algebraically, these digraphs describe the right and left coideal structure of C, whereas genetically they represent the backwards inheritance through the male and female heritage lines, respectively. After establishing the relationship between the strongly connectedness of the attached digraphs and the simplicity of the genetic coalgebras, both digraphs are unified by considering the notion of genetic trigraph.
The implication of chromosomal abnormalities in the surgical outcomes of Chinese pediatric patients with congenital heart disease

Background Copy number variations (CNVs) have been shown to be overrepresented in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Genetic evaluation of CHD is currently underperformed in China. We sought to determine the occurrence of CNVs in CNV regions with disease-causing potential among a large cohort of Chinese pediatric CHD patients and investigate whether these CNVs could be the important critical modifiers of surgical intervention. Methods CNVs screenings were performed in 1,762 Chinese children who underwent at least one cardiac surgery. CNV status at over 200 CNV locus with disease-causing potential was analyzed with a high-throughput ligation-dependent probe amplification (HLPA) assay. Results We found 378 out of 1,762 samples (21.45%) to have at least one CNV and 2.38% of them were carrying multiple CNVs. The detection rates of ppCNVs (pathogenic and likely pathogenic CNVs) were 9.19% (162/1,762), significantly higher than that of the healthy Han Chinese individuals from The Database of Genomic Variants archive (9.19% vs. 3.63%; P = 0.0012). CHD cases with ppCNVs had a significantly higher proportion of complex surgeries compared to CHD patients with no ppCNVs (62.35% vs. 37.63%, P < 0.001). Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross clamp procedures were significantly longer in CHD cases with ppCNVs (all P < 0.05), while no group differences were identified for complications of surgery and one-month mortality after surgery. The detection rate of ppCNVs in the atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) subgroup was significantly higher than that in other subgroups (23.10% vs. 9.70%, P = 0.002). Conclusions CNV burden is an important contributor to Chinese children with CHD. Our study demonstrated the robustness and diagnostic efficiency of HLPA method in the genetic screening of CNVs in CHD patients.
Arrhythmia mechanism dependent pulmonary vein ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) often requires invasive treatment by ablation to decrease symptom burden. The pulmonary veins (PV) are thought to trigger paroxysms of AF, and ablative PV isolation (PVI) is a cornerstone in AF treatment. However, incomplete PVI, where electrical conduction between the PV and left atrium (LA) is maintained, is curative of AF in a subset of patients. This implies that an antiarrhythmic effect other than electrical isolation between the PV and LA plays a role in AF prevention in these patients. We reason that the PV myocardium constitutes an arrhythmogenic substrate conducive to reentry in the patients with curative incomplete PVI. This PV substrate is amenable to ablation, even when conduction between the LA and PV persists. We propose that PV ablation strategies are differentiated to fit the arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the individual patient. PV substrate modification in patients with PV reentry may constitute a new therapeutic approach that is potentially simpler and more effective, in this subgroup of patients.
Alerting attention is sufficient to induce a phase-dependent behavior that can be predicted by frontal EEG

Recent studies suggest that attention is rhythmic. Whether that rhythmicity can be explained by the phase of ongoing neural oscillations, however, is still debated. We contemplate that a step toward untangling the relationship between attention and phase stems from employing simple behavioral tasks that isolate attention from other cognitive functions (perception/decision-making) and by localized monitoring of neural activity with high spatiotemporal resolution over the brain regions associated with the attentional network. In this study, we investigated whether the phase of electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations predicts alerting attention. We isolated the alerting mechanism of attention using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task, which does not involve a perceptual component, and collected high resolution EEG using novel high-density dry EEG arrays at the frontal region of the scalp. We identified that alerting attention alone is sufficient to induce a phase-dependent modulation of behavior at EEG frequencies of 3, 6, and 8 Hz throughout the frontal region, and we quantified the phase that predicts the high and low attention states in our cohort. Our findings disambiguate the relationship between EEG phase and alerting attention.
Diet quality and associated factors in Brazilian undergraduates during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background Diet quality is associated with psychobiological, psychological, biological, and physiological factors of individuals, and in the context of prolonged stress, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it can lead to a worsening of the quality of food for undergraduates. This study aimed to analyze diet quality and associated factors in Brazilian undergraduates. Methods Data were collected from 4,799 undergraduate students from all Brazilian regions, from August 2020 to February 2021. The online questionnaire contained socioeconomic variables, the ESQUADA scale to assess diet quality, self-referred changes in weight, the Brazilian food insecurity scale (EBIA), sleep assessment and the perceived stress scale. Unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to study variables associated with poor and very poor diet quality. Results Most of participants presented a good diet quality (51.7%), while 9.8% had a poor or very poor diet quality and only 1.1% had an excellent diet quality. 58.2% of undergraduates reported to have an increase in weight during the pandemic and 74.3% of the students presented elevated stress during the pandemic. Logistic regressions showed students who gained weight during the pandemic presented the highest AOR = 1.56 (95% CI = 1.12–2.20) for poor or very poor diet quality. The elevated perceived stress was also associated with a higher AOR = 2.85 (95% CI = 1.71–4.74) for poor or very poor diet quality. Conclusion Most of the studied undergraduates presented a good diet quality. Nevertheless, poor/very poor diet quality was associated with higher perceived stress and weight gain. Our study indicated that policies should beaimed at the socioeconomically most vulnerable undergraduates, those in a situation of food and nutritional insecurity, high perceived stress, and who gained weight during the pandemic.
Efficacy of closed cell wet-suit at various depths and gas mixtures for thermoprotection during military training dives

Purpose: To evaluate a closed-cell wet-suit for thermal protective capability during extreme cold water exposure at various depths. Methods: Thirteen (n = 13) elite military divers who were tasked with cold-water training, participated in this study. To mimic various depths, the Ocean Simulation Facility (OSF) at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) was pressurized to simulate dive depths of 30, 50, and 75fsw. Water temperature remained at 1.8–2.0°C for all dives. Four divers dove each day and used the MK16 underwater breathing apparatus with gas mixes of either N202 (79:21) or HeO2 (88:12). Mean skin temperature (TSK) (Ramanathan, 1964), core temperature (Tc), hand and foot readings were obtained every 30 min for 30 and 50fsw and every 15 min during the 75fsw dive. Results: TC was significantly reduced across all dives (p = 0.004); however, was preserved above the threshold for hypothermia (post dive Tc = 36.5 ± 0.4). There was no effect of gas mix on TC. TSK significantly decreased (p < 0.001) across all dives independent of depth and gas. Hand and foot temperatures resulted in the termination of three of the dives. There were no significant main effects for depth or gas, but there were significant main effects for time on hand temperature (p < 0.001) and foot temperature (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Core temperature is maintained above threshold for hypothermia. Variatioins in TC and TSK are a function of dive duration independent of depth or gas for a closed-cell wet-suit in cold water at various depths. However, both hand and foot temperatures reached values at which dexterity is compromised.
Gender-based vulnerabilities for women during natural disasters in Bangladesh

Introduction Factors that negatively impact women's disaster experiences include poor disaster preparedness, lack of access to a safe place, displacement worries, distance from shelters, risk of abuse in shelters, poverty, and low cultural position of women in rural Bangladesh. This study aimed to give voice to women who experienced gender-based vulnerabilities during natural disasters. Methods The research was conducted with women in the two disaster-prone areas utilizing a qualitative approach. Women, aged 18 years or above, who were permanent residents of the selected disaster-prone areas and have experienced one or more disasters, were invited to participate in the study. Twenty-four women volunteered to participate. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interview recordings containing questions on sociodemographic characteristics and open-ended questions to assess gender-based vulnerabilities during disasters; data were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. Results One main theme and six sub-themes emerged from the analysis. Women were often in the middle of making life choices between the risk of being abused and death in disasters. Shelters lacked privacy, heightened the risk of abuse, and women faced social stigma if displaced from their homes during a disaster. The women also experienced health risks because of inadequate hygiene and poor living arrangements such as a lack of adequate shelters, toilet facilities, and secure gender-segregated living arrangements if relocation was essential during a disaster. Discussion Findings from this study provide guidance to policymakers and disaster aid organizations on disaster preparedness and post-disaster facilities to address the socio-cultural needs of rural women in disaster-prone areas of Bangladesh.
Runoff and soil loss in biocrusts and physical crusts from the Tabernas Desert (southeast Spain) according to rainfall intensity

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) influence hydrological and erosive processes in drylands, and their effects increase with hypothetic successional development. Runoff and raindrops, both dependent on rain intensity, are among the main causes of erosion in these areas. However, little is known about the existence of soil loss nonlinearity in relation to rain intensity and crust types; this nonlinearity could control biocrust succession and dynamics. The assumption of biocrust types as successional stages, which allow space-for-time sampling, makes it advisable to include all the successional stages when exploring possible nonlinearity. We considered seven types of crusts, three physical and four biological. We created four rainfall intensity levels in controlled laboratory conditions: 18, 60, 120, and 240 mm/h. In all but the last, we conducted the experiments at two levels of antecedent soil moisture. Generalized Lineal Models enabled us to test for differences. These analyses confirmed previous knowledge regarding the significant effect of rainfall intensity, crust type and antecedent soil moisture and their interactions on runoff and soil loss, despite the small sample size of the sample units. For example, runoff, and particularly soil loss, decreased along succession. Moreover, some results were novel: the runoff coefficient increased only up to 120 mm/h of rain intensity. A decoupling between runoff and soil loss occurred at high intensities. Soil loss increased as rainfall intensity increased only up to 60 mm/h, and then it decreased, mainly due to physical crusts, because of the formation of a water sheet on the surface due to the incoming rainwater exceeding the drainage capacity. Although soil loss was greater in the incipient cyanobacteria than in the most developed lichen biocrust (Lepraria community), the protection provided by any biocrust against soil loss was great compared to the physical crust, and almost as strong at all rain intensities. Soil loss increased with antecedent soil moisture only in physical crusts. Biocrusts resisted the rain splash even at a rainfall intensity of 240 mm/h.
Noise spectroscopy of polymer transistors

Noise studies constitute an important approach to study polymer based field effect transistors (FETs) from the perspective of disorder physics as well as device application. The current fluctuations in an all organic solution-processable FET in different regimes of operation (I-V) are measured and analyzed. The intrinsic transport noise is sizable and readily observed in the current time series measurements. The ensuing current spectrum (SI(f)) exhibits a typical 1/f characteristics. It is observed that this noise amplitude scales with respect to current bias and indicative of mobility as well as number fluctuations at dielectric-semiconductor interface. FETs with leakage (lossy) dielectric layer indicate characteristic noise spectrum features which can serve as a diagnostic tool to monitor device stability.
Geographical distribution and pathogenesis of ticks and tick-borne viral diseases

Ticks are obligatory hematophagous arthropods that harbor and transmit infectious pathogens to humans and animals. Tick species belonging to Amblyomma, Ixodes, Dermacentor, and Hyalomma genera may transmit certain viruses such as Bourbon virus (BRBV), Dhori virus (DHOV), Powassan virus (POWV), Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Heartland virus (HRTV), Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), etc. that affect humans and certain wildlife. The tick vectors may become infected through feeding on viraemic hosts before transmitting the pathogen to humans and animals. Therefore, it is vital to understand the eco-epidemiology of tick-borne viruses and their pathogenesis to optimize preventive measures. Thus this review summarizes knowledge on some medically important ticks and tick-borne viruses, including BRBV, POWV, OHFV, CTFV, CCHFV, HRTV, and KFDV. Further, we discuss these viruses’ epidemiology, pathogenesis, and disease manifestations during infection.
Erdafitinib treatment in metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a real-world analysis

Background Erdafitinib, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor is a standard post chemotherapy advanced treatment line for metastatic urothelial carcinoma harboring FGFR2/3 genomic alterations. It was approved based on a phase 2 clinical trial, revealing a 40% response rate, and 13.8 months overall survival. These FGFR genomic alterations are uncommon. Thus, real-world data on erdafitinb use is scant. We herein describe erdafitinib treatment outcome in a real world patient cohort. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients treated with erdafitinib from 9 Israeli medical centers. Results Twenty-five patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (median age 73, 64% male, 80% with visceral metastases) were treated with erdafitinib between January 2020 to October 2022. A clinical benefit (complete response 12%, partial response 32%, stable disease 12%) was seen in 56%. Median progression-free survival was 2.7 months, and median overall survival 6.73 months. Treatment related toxicity ≥ grade 3 occurred in 52%, and 32% discontinued therapy due to adverse events. Conclusions Erdafitinib therapy is associated with a clinical benefit in the real world setting, and associated with similar toxicity as reported in prospective clinical trials.
Long-term follow-up of nutritional status in children with GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome treated with classic ketogenic diet: a 5-year prospective study

Introduction The classic ketogenic diet (cKD) is an isocaloric, high fat, low-carbohydrate diet that induces the production of ketone bodies. High consumption of dietary fatty acids, particularly long-chain saturated fatty acids, could impair nutritional status and increase cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of a 5-year cKD on body composition, resting energy expenditure, and biochemical parameters in children affected by Glucose Transporter 1 Deficiency Syndrome (GLUT1DS). Methods This was a prospective, multicenter, 5-year longitudinal study of children with GLUT1DS treated with a cKD. The primary outcome was to assess the change in nutritional status compared with pre-intervention, considering anthropometric measurements, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and biochemical parameters such as glucose and lipid profiles, liver enzymes, uric acid, creatinine, and ketonemia. Assessments were conducted at pre-intervention and every 12 months of cKD interventions. Results Ketone bodies increased significantly in children and adolescents, and remained stable at 5 years, depending on the diet. No significant differences were reported in anthropometric and body composition standards, as well as in resting energy expenditure and biochemical parameters. Bone mineral density increased significantly over time according to increasing age. Body fat percentage significantly and gradually decreased in line with the increase in body weight and the consequent growth in lean mass. As expected, we observed a negative trend in respiratory quotient, while fasting insulin and insulin resistance were found to decrease significantly after cKD initiation. Conclusion Long-term adherence to cKD showed a good safety profile on anthropometric measurements, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and biochemical parameters, and we found no evidence of potential adverse effects on the nutritional status of children and adolescents.