Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Yeast Products Mediated Ruminal Subenvironmental Microbiota, and Abnormal Metabolites and Digestive Enzymes Regulated Rumen Fermentation Function in Sheep

Simple Summary Increasing the proportion of concentrate in the diet is a common strategy to improve the performance of ruminants. However, this may lead to abnormal rumen fermentation, which is a threat to animal health. As a green feed additive, yeast product (YP) is often used to regulate rumen fermentation and maintain animal health, but its mechanism of action on ruminants is unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of YP (yeast culture + yeast live cells) on rumen fermentation parameters, abnormal metabolites and microbiota in sheep. Our findings suggest that YP can improve rumen fermentation parameters, change the activity of rumen digestive enzymes and reduce the concentration of abnormal metabolites. In addition, we found that YP significantly changed the relative abundance of microorganisms attached to rumen feed particles and affected microbial function. This study provides new insights into the regulation mechanism of feed additives on rumen fermentation and improves our understanding of YP on rumen fermentation regulation. Abstract Yeast products (YP) are commonly used as rumen regulators, but their mechanisms of action are still unclear. Based on our previous studies, we questioned whether yeast products would have an impact on rumen solid-associated (SA) and liquid-associated (LA) microorganisms and alter rumen fermentation patterns. Thirty 3-month-old male sheep weighing 19.27 ± 0.45 kg were selected and randomized into three groups for 60 days: (1) basal diet group (CON group), (2) basal diet add 20 g YP per day (low YP, LYP group) and (3) basal diet add 40 g YP per day (high YP, HYP group). The results demonstrated that the addition of YP increased rumen cellulase activity, butyrate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations (p < 0.05), while it decreased rumen amylase activity and abnormal metabolites, such as lactate, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and histamine (HIS) (p < 0.05). Metagenomic analysis of rumen microorganisms in three groups revealed that YP mainly influenced the microbial profiles of the SA system. YP increased the relative abundance of R. flavefaciens and decreased methanogens in the SA system (p < 0.05). With the addition of YP, the abundance of only a few lactate-producing bacteria increased in the SA system, including Streptococcus and Lactobacillus (p < 0.05). However, almost all lactate-utilizing bacteria increased in the LA system, including Megasphaera, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium and Veillonella (p < 0.05). In addition, YP increased the abundance of certain GHs family members, including GH43 and GH98 (p < 0.05), but decreased the abundance of some KEGG metabolic pathways involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, biosynthesis of antibiotics and purine metabolism, among others. In conclusion, the addition of YP to high-concentrate diets can change the abundance of major functional microbiota in the rumen, especially in the solid fraction, which in turn affects rumen fermentation patterns and improves rumen digestibility.
Noncommutative Motives I: A Universal Characterization of the Motivic Stable Homotopy Theory of Schemes

Let $\V$ be a symmetric monoidal model category and let $X$ be an object in $\V$. From this we can construct a new symmetric monoidal model category $Sp^{\Sigma}(\V,X)$ of symmetric spectra objects in $\V$ with respect to $X$, together with a left Quillen monoidal map $\V\to Sp^{\Sigma}(\V,X)$ sending $X$ to an invertible object. In this paper we use the recent developments in the subject of Higher Algebra to understand the nature of this construction. Every symmetric monoidal model category has an underlying symmetric monoidal $(\infty,1)$-category and the first notion should be understood as a mere "presentation" of the second. Our main result is the characterization of the underlying symmetric monoidal $\infty$-category of $Sp^{\Sigma}(\V,X)$, by means of a universal property inside the world of symmetric monoidal $(\infty,1)$-categories. In the process we also describe the link between the construction of ordinary spectra and the one of symmetric spectra. As a corollary, we obtain a precise universal characterization for the motivic stable homotopy theory of schemes with its symmetric monoidal structure. This characterization trivializes the problem of finding motivic monoidal realizations and opens the way to compare the motivic theory of schemes with other motivic theories. As an application we provide a new approach to the theory of noncommutative motives by constructing a stable motivic homotopy theory for the noncommutative spaces of Kontsevich. For that we introduce an analogue for the Nisnevich topology in the noncommutative setting. Our universal property for the classical theory for schemes provides a canonical monoidal map towards these new noncommutative motives and allows us to compare the two theories.
Future perspectives for spintronic devices

Spintronics is one of the emerging research fields in nanotechnology and has been growing very rapidly. Studies of spintronics were started after the discovery of giant magnetoresistance in 1988, which utilized spin-polarized electron transport across a non-magnetic metallic layer. Within 10 years, this discovery had been implemented into hard disk drives, the most common storage media, followed by recognition through the award of the Nobel Prize for Physics 19 years later. We have never experienced such fast development in any scientific field. Spintronics research is now moving into second-generation spin dynamics and beyond. In this review, we first examine the historical advances in spintronics together with the background physics, and then describe major device applications.
Vitamin D Status for Chinese Children and Adolescents in CNNHS 2016–2017

Vitamin D is very important in maintaining children’s bone health because of its regulatory role in calcium and phosphate metabolism. To better understand vitamin D status and related risk factors of children and adolescents in China, this study analyzed the 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) concentration of children and adolescents aged 6–17 years in China and assessed the risk factors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. We analyzed the data of 25(OH)D concentration collected from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016–2017 (CNNHS 2016–2017). The age, sex, region type, ethnicities, season, weight and height were recorded, measured by unified questionnaire, equipment and standards. The concentration of 25(OH)D was detected by LC-MS/MS. A total of 64,391 participants from the cross-sectional study of CNNHS in 2016–2017 were included in this study. The median serum 25(OH)D concentration was 17.70 (13.20–22.68) ng/mL, 18.70 (14.10–23.80) ng/mL in boys and 16.60 (12.40–21.40) ng/mL in girls. The total prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was 65.98% when the cut-off was 20 ng/mL, 60.42% for boys and 71.99% for girls. According to the results of logistic regression analysis, girls aged above 12 y, living in midlands and northern regions, in spring and winter seasons and with abdominal obesity will have a significantly increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among Chinese children and adolescents. The results showed that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are very common among children and adolescents aged 6–17 y in China. They should be encouraged to have more effective sunlight exposure, increased intake of vitamin D from food or supplements in their diet, especially for those aged above 12 y, living in the northern or midlands areas, in spring and winter, and abdominally obese.
A Kernel-Based Approach to Data-Driven Koopman Spectral Analysis

A data driven, kernel-based method for approximating the leading Koopman eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and modes in problems with high dimensional state spaces is presented. This approach approximates the Koopman operator using a set of scalar observables, which are functions defined on state space, that is determined {\em implicitly} by the choice of a kernel. This circumvents the computational issues that arise due to the number of basis functions required to span a "sufficiently rich" subspace of the space of scalar observables in these problems. We illustrate this method on the FitzHugh-Nagumo PDE, a prototypical example of a one-dimensional reaction diffusion system, and compare our results with related methods such as Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) that have the same computational cost as our approach. In this example, the resulting approximations of the leading Koopman eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and modes are both more accurate and less sensitive to the distribution of the data used in the computation than those produced by DMD.
Nutrient addition drives declines in grassland species richness primarily via enhanced species loss

Declines in grassland diversity in response to nutrient addition are a general consequence of global change. This decline in species richness may be driven by multiple underlying processes operating at different time‐scales. Nutrient addition can reduce diversity by enhancing the rate of local extinction via competitive exclusion, or by reducing the rate of colonization by constraining the pool of species able to colonize under new conditions. Partitioning net change into extinction and colonization rates will better delineate the long‐term effect of global change in grasslands. We synthesized changes in richness in response to experimental fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with micronutrients across 30 grasslands. We quantified changes in local richness, colonization, and extinction over 8–10 years of nutrient addition, and compared these rates against control conditions to isolate the effect of nutrient addition from background dynamics. Total richness at steady state in the control plots was the sum of equal, relatively high rates of local colonization and extinction. On aggregate, 30%–35% of initial species were lost and the same proportion of new species were gained at least once over a decade. Absolute turnover increased with site‐level richness but was proportionately greater at lower‐richness sites relative to starting richness. Loss of total richness with nutrient addition, especially N in combination with P or K, was driven by enhanced rates of extinction with a smaller contribution from reduced colonization. Enhanced extinction and reduced colonization were disproportionately among native species, perennials, and forbs. Reduced colonization plateaued after the first few (<5) years after nutrient addition, while enhanced extinction continued throughout the first decade. Synthesis. Our results indicate a high rate of colonizations and extinctions underlying the richness of ambient communities and that nutrient enhancement drives overall declines in diversity primarily by exclusion of previously established species. Moreover, enhanced extinction continues over long time‐scales, suggesting continuous, long‐term community responses and a need for long‐term study to fully realize the extinction impact of increased nutrients on grassland composition.
The abelian arithmetic regularity lemma

We give a brief exposition and proof of the arithmetic regularity lemma of Green and Tao in the abelian ($U^2$) case, over $\{1,\dots,N\}$. This may be useful to those who need just the $U^2$ case of the lemma, as the general case is significantly more involved. It may also be useful as an introduction to the general case. No originality is claimed.
Semifree Hamiltonian circle actions on 6-dimensional symplectic manifolds with non-isolated fixed point set

Let $(M, \omega)$ be a 6-dimensional closed symplectic manifold with a symplectic $S^1$-action with $M^{S^1} \neq \emptyset$ and $\dim M^{S^1} \leq 2$. Assume that $\omega$ is integral with a generalized moment map $\mu$. We first prove that the action is Hamiltonian if and only if $b_2^+(M_{\red})=1$, where $M_{\red}$ is any reduced space with respect to $\mu$. It means that if the action is non-Hamiltonian, then $b_2^+(M_{\red}) \geq 2$. Secondly, we focus on the case when the action is semifree and Hamiltonian. We prove that if $M^{S^1}$ consists of surfaces, then the number $k$ of fixed surfaces with positive genera is at most four. In particular, if the extremal fixed surfaces are spheres, then $k$ is at most one. Finally, we prove that $k \neq 2$ and we construct some examples of 6-dimensional semifree Hamiltonian $S^1$-manifolds such that $M^{S^1}$ contains $k$ surfaces of positive genera for $k = 0$ and 4. Examples with $k=1$ and 3 were given in \cite{L2}.
Finitely Presented Groups Acting on Trees

It is shown that for any action of a finitely presented group $G$ on an $\R$-tree, there is a decomposition of $G$ as the fundamental group of a graph of groups related to this action. If the action of $G$ on $T$ is non-trivial, i.e. there is no global fixed point, then $G$ has a non-trivial action on a simplcial $\R $-tree.
Back-action-induced excitation of electrons in a silicon quantum dot with a single-electron transistor charge sensor

Back-action in the readout of quantum bits is an area that requires a great deal of attention in electron spin based-quantum bit architecture. We report here back-action measurements in a silicon device with quantum dots and a single-electron transistor (SET) charge sensor. We observe the back-action-induced excitation of electrons from the ground state to an excited state in a quantum dot. Our measurements and theoretical fitting to the data reveal conditions under which both suitable SET charge sensor sensitivity for qubit readout and low back-action-induced transition rates (less than 1 kHz) can be achieved.
Epidemiological Study of p16 Incidence in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma 2005–2015 in a Representative Northern European Population

Simple Summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a known risk factor for developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), especially in the oropharyngeal region. Determining HPV status is important, as both survival and treatment response are dependent on HPV expression. p16 immunohistochemistry is a widely used method to detect HPV positivity in cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associations of p16 positivity with survival in all patients diagnosed with new HNSCC in Southwest Finland between 2005 and 2015. p16 positivity involved a high locoregional correlation, as 72% of all p16-positive tumors were located in the oropharynx. p16 positivity in the oropharynx was associated with an increased likelihood of lymph node metastasis, a smaller primary tumor size and a sparse history of smoking and alcohol consumption. Notably, in all studied categories, HNSCC patients benefited from combining chemotherapy with radiotherapy, regardless of p16 expression. Abstract The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) has increased globally. Our research goal was to study HNSCC incidence in a representative Northern European population and evaluate the utility of the HPV surrogate marker p16 in clinical decision-making. All new HNSCC patients diagnosed and treated in Southwest Finland from 2005–2015 (n = 1033) were identified and analyzed. During the follow-up period, the incidence of oropharyngeal (OPSCC) and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) increased, while the incidence of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) decreased. This clinical cohort was used to generate a population-validated tissue microarray (PV-TMA) archive for p16 analyses. The incidence of p16 positivity in HNSCC and OPSCC increased in southwest Finland between 2005 and 2015. p16 positivity was mainly found in the oropharynx and was a significant factor for improved survival. p16-positive OPSCC patients had a better prognosis, regardless of treatment modality. All HNSCC patients benefited from a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, regardless of p16 expression. Our study reaffirms that p16 expression offers a prognostic biomarker in OPSCC and could potentially be used in cancer treatment stratification. Focusing on p16 testing for only OPSCC might be the most cost-effective approach in clinical practice.
Kählerian K3 surfaces and Niemeier lattices. I

Using the results obtained in [], Remark 1.14. 7, we clarify the relation between Kählerian K3 surfaces and Niemeier lattices. We emphasize that all 24 Niemeier lattices are important in the description of K3 surfaces, not only the one related to the Mathieu group.
Atomic structure of the cubic 1/1 approximant α-(Al,Si)CuFe

Abstract A X-ray diffraction structural analysis has been performed on single crystals of the α-(Al, Si)CuFe cubic 1/1 approximant of the parent icosahedral phase i-AlCuFe. It shows that the atomic clusters in the cubic phase are similar to those of the icosahedral phase but connect differently in agreement with the model of approximant obtained by the perpendicular shear method of the parent quasicrystal.
Turbulent viscosity, magnetic diffusivity, and heat conductivity under the influence of rotation and magnetic field

The old problem of turbulent diffusion is addressed to define the influence of rotation and magnetic field - the usual ingredients of astrophysical bodies - on the effective transport coefficients. Either rotation and magnetism produce the anisotropy and quenching. The tensorial structures of the diffusivities and their dependences on the angular velocity and the field strength are explicitly defined. An example of application of the theory to the global stellar circulation model is given and the implications for cosmic dynamos are briefly discussed.
On primary Carmichael numbers

The primary Carmichael numbers were recently introduced as a special subset of the Carmichael numbers. A primary Carmichael number $m$ has the unique property that for each prime factor $p$ the sum of the base-$p$ digits of $m$ equals $p$. The first such number is Ramanujan's famous taxicab number $1729$. Due to Chernick, Carmichael numbers with three factors can be constructed by certain squarefree polynomials $U_3(t) \in \mathbb{Z}[t]$, the simplest one being $U_3(t) = (6t+1)(12t+1)(18t+1)$. We show that the values of any $U_3(t)$ obey a special decomposition for all $t \geq 2$ and besides certain exceptions also in the case $t=1$. These cases further imply that if all three factors of $U_3(t)$ are simultaneously odd primes, then $U_3(t)$ is not only a Carmichael number, but also a primary Carmichael number. Subsequently, we show some connections to the taxicab and polygonal numbers.
Introgression from extinct species facilitates adaptation to its vacated niche

Anthropogenic disturbances of ecosystems are causing a loss of biodiversity at an unprecedented rate. Species extinctions often leave ecological niches underutilized, and their colonization by other species may require new adaptation. In Lake Constance, on the borders of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, an endemic profundal whitefish species went extinct during a period of anthropogenic eutrophication. In the process of extinction, the deep‐water species hybridized with three surviving whitefish species of Lake Constance, resulting in introgression of genetic variation that is potentially adaptive in deep‐water habitats. Here, we sampled a water depth gradient across a known spawning ground of one of these surviving species, Coregonus macrophthalmus, and caught spawning individuals at greater depths (down to 90 m) than historically recorded. We sequenced a total of 96 whole genomes, 11–17 for each of six different spawning depth populations (4, 12, 20, 40, 60 and 90 m), to document genomic intraspecific differentiation along a water depth gradient. We identified 52 genomic regions that are potentially under divergent selection between the deepest (90 m) and all shallower (4–60 m) spawning habitats. At 12 (23.1%) of these 52 loci, the allele frequency pattern across historical and contemporary populations suggests that introgression from the extinct species potentially facilitates ongoing adaptation to deep water. Our results are consistent with the syngameon hypothesis, proposing that hybridization between members of an adaptive radiation can promote further niche expansion and diversification. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that introgression from extinct into extant species can be a source of evolvability, enabling rapid adaptation to environmental change, and may contribute to the ecological recovery of ecosystem functions after extinctions.
The short-time limit of the Dirichlet partition function and the image method

In this paper we rigorously derive the t → 0+ asymptotics of the free partition function ZΩ(t) for a diffusion process on tessellations of the d-dimensional Euclidean space E d , d = 1, 2, 3 with an absorbing boundary. Utilising the path integral approach and the method of images for domains which are compatible with finite reflection subgroups of the orthogonal group O d , we solve this problem following a group theoretic method which was lacking from the literature.
Hypercontractivity of quasi-free quantum semigroups

Hypercontractivity of a quantum dynamical semigroup has strong implications for its convergence behavior and entropy decay rate. A logarithmic Sobolev inequality and the corresponding logarithmic Sobolev constant can be inferred from the semigroupʼs hypercontractive norm bound. We consider completely-positive quantum mechanical semigroups described by a Lindblad master equation. To prove the norm bound, we follow an approach which has its roots in the study of classical rate equations. We use interpolation theorems for non-commutative L p ? > spaces to obtain a general hypercontractive inequality from a particular p → q ? > -norm bound. Then, we derive a bound on the 2 → 4 ? > -norm from an analysis of the block diagonal structure of the semigroupʼs spectrum. We show that the dynamics of an N-qubit graph state Hamiltonian weakly coupled to a thermal environment is hypercontractive. As a consequence this allows for the efficient preparation of graph states in time poly ( log ( N ) ) ? > by coupling at sufficiently low temperature. Furthermore, we extend our results to gapped Liouvillians arising from a weak linear coupling of a free-fermion systems.
Bullying Victimization as a Risk Factor for Gun Carrying Among US Adolescents

Schools are a place for learning and education, and in a learning environment, everyone should feel safe. Gun violence is a serious concern for students and teachers alike in a school setting. There may be a multifaceted explanation for why a student would be carrying a firearm or any other weapon in school. Our research explores the association between being a victim of bullying and carrying a firearm. The national Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey was utilized to assess the increased incidents of bully victims carrying firearms. Several efforts, including the passing of laws, have been made to prevent the carrying of firearms. However, additional attempts must be made to reduce bullying in schools as well, so that students do not feel the need to carry a weapon, and schools can be a safe environment for everyone.
On the vector bundles from Chang and Ran's proof of the unirationality of $\mathcal{M}_g$, $g \leq 13$

We combine the idea of Chang and Ran [Invent. Math. 76 (1984), 41-54] of using monads of vector bundles on the projective 3-space to prove the unirationality of the moduli spaces of curves of low genus with our classification of globally generated vector bundles with small first Chern class $c_1$ on the projective 3-space to get an alternative argument for the unirationality of the moduli spaces of curves of degree at most 13 (based on the general framework of Chang and Ran).