Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Final state of soils under vacuum preloading

Vacuum preloading of clay deposits is becoming an increasingly popular ground improvement technique. Although many studies have been reported in literature, the mechanism of vacuum preloading is still not properly understood. Soil under vacuum preloading is expected to undergo an inward lateral deformation, therefore the influence of lateral deformation on volumetric strain requires further analysis. This paper addresses this aspect through laboratory studies on reconstituted samples of kaolinite. The Rowe cell apparatus was modified to measure lateral deformation under various states of stress because lateral and vertical deformation of soil depends on its state of stress and associated lateral pressure. A method for predicting the volumetric and lateral strains under vacuum consolidation is proposed and then applied to two case studies in China.
Solution Subsidence Outliers of Millstone Grit on the Carboniferous Limestone of the North Crop of the South Wales Coalfield

Abstract A record has been made of the outliers of Basal Grit occurring on the Limestone of the North Crop of the South Wales Coalfield, some of which have not previously been located. The solution subsidence theory to account for their present anomalous levels when compared with the parent Grit outcrop to the south has been enlarged upon, and an attempt has been made to determine the mechanism of this subsidence which ranges in vertical extent up to a maximum of approximately 600 feet. The outliers are of economic importance since their predominant crumbly quartzose sandstones are a source of almost pure silica sand.
Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water use

The competition for existing freshwater supplies will require a paradigmatic shift from maximizing productivity per unit of land area to maximizing productivity per unit of water consumed. This shift will, in turn, demand broad systems approaches that physically and biologically optimize irrigation relative to water delivery and application schemes, rainfall, critical growth stages, soil fertility, location, and weather. Water can be conserved at a watershed or regional level for other uses only if evaporation, transpiration, or both are reduced and unrecoverable losses to unusable sinks are minimized (e.g., salty groundwater or oceans). Agricultural advances will include implementation of crop location strategies, conversion to crops with higher economic value or productivity per unit of water consumed, and adoption of alternate drought‐tolerant crops. Emerging computerized GPS‐based precision irrigation technologies for self‐propelled sprinklers and microirrigation systems will enable growers to apply water and agrochemicals more precisely and site specifically to match soil and plant status and needs as provided by wireless sensor networks. Agriculturalists will need to exercise flexibility in managing the rate, frequency, and duration of water supplies to successfully allocate limited water and other inputs to crops. The most effective means to conserve water appears to be through carefully managed deficit irrigation strategies that are supported by advanced irrigation system and flexible, state‐of‐the‐art water delivery systems. Nonagricultural water users will need to exercise patience as tools reflecting the paradigmatic shift are actualized. Both groups will need to cooperate and compromise as they practice more conservative approaches to freshwater consumption.
Environmental effects on acoustic measures of global ocean warming

Munk and Forbes (1989) have proposed an acoustic technique for measuring the ocean warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Travel time from a source in the South Indian Ocean will be monitored at receivers as far away as the North Atlantic and North Pacific. However, there are natural perturbations of acoustic travel time over long distances as a result of oceanic mesoscale eddies, seasonal fluctuations, and interannual variability. Results from a global eddy-resolving ocean model are used here to assess the importance of two of these noise factors. Neither mesoscale nor seasonal effects are found to be large enough to obscure the anticipated signal of global change in the ocean. Analyses of the modeled temperature trends and variability along three selected paths give insights into where mesoscale and seasonal variability affect the acoustics.
The Giant Muruntau Gold Deposit: Geologic, Geochronologic, and Fluid Inclusion Constraints on Ore Genesis

We reinterpret the regional geologic setting of the giant Muruntau gold deposit and report new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar isotope age determinations and a laser Raman microprobe analysis of fluid inclusions. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar isotope age determinations of hydrothermal sericite selvages to gold-stage quartz veins are in excellent agreement with older Rb-Sr dates on auriferous quartz veins. They suggest Triassic sericite formation at 245 and 220 Ma, some 30 m.y. later than subjacent felsic intrusions as defined by Rb-Sr data. These dates call into question the role of magmatic fluid, metal, and heat input. Indeed, the Rb-Sr pluton ages may be a reflection of hydrothermal activity rather than cooling from magmatic conditions. The Muruntau deposit is situated adjacent to a major rift, which has been periodically active from the Devonian to the Tertiary and has accumulated a substantial thickness of chemical, volcaniclastic, and clastic sediments, including red beds and evaporites. We infer that the Muruntau deposit is so large because of the presence of a major source of reduced sulfur in these nearby evaporitic sediments, via thermochemical sulfate reduction. Some support for the role of reduced sulfur is provided by the presence of detectable H2S in fluid inclusions from late-stage auriferous quartz veins. Reduced sulfur-rich fluids could have been focused into the depositional site along major northeast-trending structures, which have influenced rift-basin architecture as recently as the Jurassic. Oxidation could, therefore, be an important ore-precipitating mechanism. A change from early CH4- to later syngold CO2dominant fluid inclusions may be an indication of this process.
The Chinese City

Introduction Part 1: History and Context 1. Geographical Setting 2. The Historical Urban System 3. Traditional Urban Forms Part 2: Urbanization 4. The Urban System since 1949 5. Urban-Rural Divide, Socialist Institutions, and Migration 6. Cities in the Global Economy Part 3: Urban Development 7. Urban Restructuring and Economic Transformation 8. Social-Spatial Transformation 9. Urban Infrastructure 10. Urban Land and Housing Part 4: Urban Life 11. Environmental Quality and Sustainability 12. Lifestyle and Social Change 13. Urban Governance and Civil Society Conclusion: Looking Toward the Future
The Heat and Freshwater Budgets of the Red Sea

Abstract The heat and freshwater transports through the Strait of Bab el Mandab, connecting the Red Sea with the open ocean, are reviewed and used to test air–sea fluxes from a revised version of the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (UWM/COADS). Using historical data for the volume fluxes and water properties, the annual-mean net heat transport through the strait is found to require an average surface heat loss of 8 ± 2 W m−2, while the requirement for conservation of salt in the basin implies a net evaporation rate of 1.60 ± 0.35 m yr−1, lower than previously considered. The air–sea heat fluxes from UWM/COADS overestimate the total heat flux by nearly 100 W m−2; the discrepancy is attributed to systematic errors in the bulk formulas used to calculate the heat flux components. In particular, insolation appears to be overestimated by 36 W m−2, largely due to the neglect of aerosols. The effect of these is determined from ground stations and satellite data on the optical thickness index. The net long.
Dynamics of marine sands

Dynamics of marine sands' specifically deals with coastal and offshore sea areas, as well as rivers and estuaries, for sand and gravel sediments. The book presents a convenient and useable introduction to sediment processes in a form that is accessible to a wide readership. Contents: Introduction, including sections on a general procedure and errors and sensitivities; Properties of water and sand; Currents; Waves; Combined waves and currents; Threshold of motion; Bed features; Suspended sediment; Bedload transport; Total load transport; Morphodynamics and scour; Handling the wave-current climate; Case studies.
Response of organic clay under cyclic loading

Abstract Stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests were performed under different cyclic stress ratios (CSRs) and confining stress of 100 kPa on normally consolidated locally available clay and organic clay with 15% (RO1) and 26% (RO2) organic contents to study the axial strain and pore pressure response. The cyclic stresses were applied at frequency of 1, 0⋅5, and 0⋅1 Hz. Isotropically consolidated undrained (CIU) tests were also performed to study the shear strength characteristics of these soils. The results showed that organic clay failed at higher deviator stress than inorganic clay. During cyclic loading, the axial strain in inorganic clay is found to be higher than in organic clay for same CSR and frequency. However, the pore pressure ratio response in organic clay at lower frequency of 0⋅1 Hz was higher than in clay in the initial cycles of loading. The final pore pressure ratio attained at stabilization was more or less same in both the types of soils.
The Sociology of Law: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives

The purpose of this book is to introduce the sociology of law by providing a coherent organization to the general body of literature in that field. As such, the text gives a comprehensive overview of theoretical sociology of law. It deals with the broad expanse of the field and covers a vast amount of intellectual terrain. This volume is intended to fill a gap in the literature. Most textbooks in the sociology of law are insufficiently theoretical or else do not provide a paradigmatic analysis of sociological theories.The content of this text consists of discussions of the works of scholars who have contributed the most to the cumulative development of the sociology of law. It surveys the major traditions of legal sociology but is not wedded to any one particular theoretical approach. Both the "classical," or nineteenth-century, and "contemporary," or twentieth-century, perspectives are covered. The reader will see that nineteenth-century thought has directly influenced the emergence of twentieth-century theory.One unique feature of this book is that key sociological and legal concepts, presented in bold print and italics, are defined, described, and illustrated throughout. Although the nature of the subject matter is highly theoretical and, at times, quite complex, Trevino values every effort to present the material in the most straightforward and intelligible form possible without compromising the integrity of the theories themselves. In short, this book aims to accomplish three objectives: inform about the progressive advancement of sociological theory, teach the reader to analyze the law as a social phenomenon, and develop in the reader a critical mode of thinking about issues relevant to the relationship between law and society.
High Vp/Vs ratio: Saturated cracks or anisotropy effects?

We measured Vp/Vs ratios of thermally cracked Westerly granite, thermally cracked Carrara marble and 4% porosity Fontainebleau sandstone, for an effective mean pressure ranging from 2 to 95 MPa. Samples were fluid‐saturated alternatively with argon gas and water (5 MPa constant pore pressure). The experimental results show that at ultrasonic frequencies, Vp/Vs ratio of water saturated specimen never exceeded 2.15, even at effective mean pressure as low as 2 MPa, or for a lithology for which the Poisson's ratio of minerals is as high as 0.3 (calcite). In order to check these results against theoretical models: we examine first a randomly oriented cracked medium (with dispersion but without anisotropy); and second a medium with horizontally aligned cracks (with anisotropy but without dispersion). The numerical results show that experimental data agree well with the first model: at high frequency, Vp/Vs ratios range from 1.6 to 1.8 in the dry case and from 1.6 to 2.2 in the saturated case. The second model predicts both Vp/Sv and Vp/Sh to vary from 1.2 to 3.5, depending on the raypath angle relative to the crack fabric. In addition, perpendicular to the crack fabric, a high Vp/Vs ratio is predicted in the absence of shear wave splitting. From these results, we argue the possibility that high Vp/Vs ratio (>2.2) as recently imaged by seismic tomography in subduction zones, may come from zones presenting important crack anisotropy. The cumulative effects of crack anisotropy and high pore fluid pressure are required to get Vp/Vs ratios above 2.2.
Somatic mutations reveal hyperactive Notch signaling and racial disparities in prurigo nodularis

Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that disproportionately affects African Americans and is characterized by pruritic skin nodules of unknown etiology. Little is known about genetic alterations in PN pathogenesis, especially relating to somatic events which are often implicated in inflammatory conditions. We thus performed whole-exome sequencing on 54 lesional and nonlesional skin biopsies from 17 PN patients and 10 atopic dermatitis (AD) patients for comparison. Somatic mutational analysis revealed that PN lesional skin harbors pervasive somatic mutations in fibrotic, neurotropic, and cancer-associated genes. Nonsynonymous mutations were most frequent in NOTCH1 and the Notch signaling pathway, a regulator of cellular proliferation and tissue fibrosis, and NOTCH1 mutations were absent in AD. Somatic copy-number analysis, combined with expression data, showed that recurrently deleted and downregulated genes in PN lesional skin are associated with axonal guidance and extension. Follow-up immunofluorescence validation demonstrated increased NOTCH1 expression in PN lesional skin fibroblasts and increased Notch signaling in PN lesional dermis. Finally, multi-center data revealed a significantly increased risk of NOTCH1-associated diseases in PN patients. In characterizing the somatic landscape of PN, we uncover novel insights into its pathophysiology and identify a role for dysregulated Notch signaling in PN.
Morphodynamics of supercritical high-density turbidity currents

Seafloor and outcrop observations combined with numerical and physical experiments show that turbidity currents are likely 1) to be in a supercritical flow state and 2) to carry high sediment concentrations (being of high-density). The thesis starts with an experimental study of bedforms characteristic of supercritical flows. In different experiments the influence of high sediment concentrations and hydraulic jumps on the behaviour of turbidity currents and their deposits is explored. Natural sediment waves on the modern seafloor and fossil examples are compared with bedforms produced by numerically modelled supercritical turbidity currents. Results are synthesized and a conceptual model for supercritical high-density turbidity currents is constructed. This model was tested on turbidity current deposits in the Miocene Tabernas Basin in SE Spain. These deposits show many of the characteristics found in the numerical and physical experiments, such as a variety of near-horizontal to low-angle wavy deposits on a decametre scale, consisting of interstratified structureless beds and more crudely stratified deposits. The proximal to distal variation can now be explained in terms of decreasing sediment concentrations and variations in Froude number
TECTONIC MODEL AND SEISMIC POTENTIAL OF THE EASTERN

Based on 13 new fault plane solutions and published seismological, geological, and geophysical data, we interpret the deformation along the Pacific-North American plate margin in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Three major tectonic units can be distinguished: (1) the North American plate, (2) the Pacific plate, and (3) a belt of mobile borderland terranes. The Pacific plate moves in a NNW direction at rates of about 6 cm/yr in relation to the North American plate. That motion results in mostly right-lateral strike slip at the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather fault system, a well-known observation. A new finding,however, is that a small component (∼1 cm/yr) of convergence may also be present which results in minor subduction of the oceanic plate beneath portions of the continental margin. Heretofore the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather fault zone and associated continental margin was interpreted as a classical, pure transform boundary. The Yakutat block, a borderland terrane about 400 km long and 100 to 200 km wide, is carried passively by the Pacific plate except that the block slowly overrides this plate at about 1 cm/yr. This motion is taken up by almost pure thrust faulting in a southwesterly direction along a 400-km long SE striking shelf edge structure. At its NW edge the Yakutat block is in turn being thrust beneath the North American plate along the Pamplona zone-Icy Bay lineament. The underthrusting of the Yakutat block results in a major orogeny, crustal shortening and uplift of the Chugach-St. Elias range. The effects of this collision may extend as far as 500 km inland and cause some deformation at the Denali fault in the central Alaska Range. Subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the colliding margin appears responsible for development of an active volcanic arc up to 300 km inland which trends SE from the Wrangell Mountains to Yukon Territory, Canada, and perhaps to Mt. Edgecumbe volcano in southeast Alaska. The tectonic model proposed implies a high seismic hazard for the Queen Charlotte, Fairweather, and Chugach-St. Elias fault systems. At these fault zones we estimate recurrence times for great events of about 100 years, but they may vary between 50 and 200 years. A temporarily very high potential for a great earthquake has been determined for the ‘Yakataga seismic gap’ located between Icy Bay and Kayak Island. Large or great thrust earthquakes on the detachment fault underlying the entire Yakutat wedge also appear possible but may only occur infrequently. Their recurrence times are estimated to be several
Bottom water anoxia, inoceramid colonization, and benthopelagic coupling during black shale deposition on Demerara Rise (Late Cretaceous western tropical North Atlantic)

[1] The bulk rock geochemistry and inoceramid isotopic composition from Cenomanian to Santonian, finely laminated, organic-rich black shales, recovered during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 207 on Demerara Rise (western tropical North Atlantic), suggest persistent anoxic (free H2S) conditions within the sediments and short-term variations within a narrow range of anoxic to episodically dysoxic bottom waters over a ∼15 Ma time interval. In addition to being organic-rich, the 50–90 m thick sections examined exhibit substantial bulk rock enrichments of Si, P, Ba, Cu, Mo, Ni, and Zn relative to World Average Shale. These observations point to high organic burial fluxes, likely driven by high primary production rates, which led to the establishment of intensely sulfidic pore waters and possibly bottom waters, as well as to the enrichments of Cr, Mo, U, and V in the sediments. At the same time, the irregular presence of benthic inoceramids and foraminifera in this facies demonstrates that the benthic environment could not have been continuously anoxic. The δ13C and δ15N values of the inoceramid shell organics provide no evidence of chemosymbiosis and are consistent with pelagic rain as being a significant food source. Demerara Rise inoceramids also exhibit well-defined, regularly spaced growth lines that are tracked by δ13C and δ18O variations in shell carbonate that cannot be simply explained by diagenesis. Instead, productivity variations in surface waters may have paced the growth of the shells during brief oxygenation events suitable for benthic inoceramid settlement. These inferences imply tight benthopelagic coupling and more dynamic benthic conditions than generally portrayed during black shale deposition. By invoking different temporal scales for geochemical and paleontological data, this study resolves recent contradictory conclusions (e.g., sulfidic sedimentary conditions versus dysoxic to suboxic benthic waters) drawn from studies of either sediment geochemistry or fossil distributions alone on Demerara Rise. This variability may be relevant for discussions of black shales in general.
Modeling snow accumulation and ablation processes in forested environments

The effects of forest canopies on snow accumulation and ablation processes can be very important for the hydrology of midlatitude and high‐latitude areas. A mass and energy balance model for snow accumulation and ablation processes in forested environments was developed utilizing extensive measurements of snow interception and release in a maritime mountainous site in Oregon. The model was evaluated using 2 years of weighing lysimeter data and was able to reproduce the snow water equivalent (SWE) evolution throughout winters both beneath the canopy and in the nearby clearing, with correlations to observations ranging from 0.81 to 0.99. Additionally, the model was evaluated using measurements from a Boreal Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) field site in Canada to test the robustness of the canopy snow interception algorithm in a much different climate. Simulated SWE was relatively close to the observations for the forested sites, with discrepancies evident in some cases. Although the model formulation appeared robust for both types of climates, sensitivity to parameters such as snow roughness length and maximum interception capacity suggested the magnitude of improvements of SWE simulations that might be achieved by calibration.
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION: THE CASE OF THE OPA RESERVOIR CATCHMENT, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT This study aimed at determining the rate of sedimentation in Opa Reservoir since impoundment in 1978 with a view of ascertaining how much of its volume has been silted up. The volume of sediment trapped in the reservoir since impoundment was estimated using the bathymetric survey method. Based on reservoir profiling, the volume and mass of deposited sediments since impoundment in 1978 were estimated at 1 313 397m3 and 893 096 tonnes, respectively. The rate of sedimentation and specific sediment yield from the reservoir catchment were estimated at around 38 000t/yr and 575t/km2/yr, respectively. The annual rate of sedimentation obtained in this study highlights the need for more frequent bathymetric surveys especially after large floods to provide more information on the magnitude of annual sedimentation, and to help planners determine how to prolong the economic life of reservoirs.