Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing misinformation recall and accuracy perceptions: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic

Misinformation is ubiquitous; however, the extent and heterogeneity in public uptake of it remains a matter of debate. We address these questions by exploring Americans’ ability to recall prominent misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors associated with accuracy perceptions of these claims. Comparing reported recall rates of real and “placebo” headlines, we estimate “true” recall of misinformation is lower than self-reporting suggests, but still troubling. Supporters of President Trump, particularly strong news consumers, were most likely to believe misinformation, including ideologically dissonant claims. These findings point to the importance of tailoring corrections to address key correlates of misinformation uptake.
Coordinated lightning, balloon‐borne electric field, and radar observations of triggered lightning flashes in North Florida

This study examines coordinated storm and triggered lightning observations made in July–August 2013 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing to determine why triggered flashes in Florida typically transition from an upward vertical channel entering the cloud to horizontal structure near the storm's melting level. Data from a balloon‐borne electric field meter, a mobile 5 cm wavelength radar, and a small‐baseline VHF Lightning Mapping Array acquired during a period in which three flashes were triggered on 1 August confirmed the hypothesis that the transition to horizontal lightning structure just above the melting level occurred in a layer of negative charge. This experiment was the first to provide vertical profiles of the electric field in Florida storms, from which their vertical charge distribution could be inferred. Three dissipating storms observed on different days all had negative charge near the melting level, but a growing mature storm had positive charge there.
Precambrian successions in SW Iberia: their relationship to ‘Cadomian’ orogenic events

Abstract Despite extensive reworking in Devonian and Carboniferous times, two major deformational events taking place in late Precambrian times may be recognized in the SW Iberian Massif. These have been collectively referred to as ‘Cadomian’ or ‘Pan-African’. The Precambrian successions may be subdivided into pre-orogenic and syn-orogenic groups on the basis of their tectonostratigraphic evolution with respect to the Cadomian orogeny. The pre-orogenic successions (roughly mid-upper Riphean) represent different parts of a miogeoclinal wedge, the basement of which is not known as yet. Polyphase deformation and variable degrees of metamorphism accompanied the first Cadomian event. The syn-orogenic successions (roughly upper Riphean-Vendian) were laid down during and after the first Cadomian event and were in turn deformed and slightly metamorphosed by the second single-phased deformation. These correspond to two distinct types: calc-alkaline igneous successions and flysch-like deposits, that can be interpreted respectively as an orogenic continental arc suite and a foreland basin fill, on the basis of their geochemical and sedimentological characteristics.
Synthesis of Secondary Amines via Self-Limiting Alkylation of N - Aminopyridinium Salts

Partial amine alkylation to prepare secondary amines is challenging due to the enhanced N-nucleophilicity that accompanies alkylation. Here we introduce N -aminopyridinium salts as ammonia surrogates for the synthesis of secondary amines via self-limiting alkylation chemistry. A one-pot protocol based on N -aminopyridinium arylation followed by N -alkylation and in situ depyridylation provides access to aryl alkyl amines. The method is compatible with complex molecular settings and overcomes classical challenges in selective amine alkylation by accomplishing alkylation via transient pyridinium ylide intermediates. These findings both establish N -aminopyridinium salts as ammonia synthons and provide a new disconnection for the construction of structurally complex secondary amines.
Quantitation of bisphenol A and bisphenol A glucuronide in biological samples by HLPC-MS/MS

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a weak estrogen. Pharmacokinetic studies of BPA have demonstrated a rapid and extensive metabolism of BPA to the non-estrogenic BPA-monoglucuronide (BPA-gluc). Some investigators have reported that BPA was found at parts per billion concentrations in the tissues or urine of humans without known exposure to BPA. This work developed a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of BPA and BPA-gluc in plasma and urine based on LC-MS/MS. The LC-ESI-MS/MS method for quantitation of BPA and BPA-gluc uses stable isotope labelled internal standards. A linear ion trap mass spectrometer permits identification and quantitation of BPA-gluc and BPA without sample workup. Development of separation conditions reduced the BPA-background in solvent samples to below 2.5 pmol/mL for BPA. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) for BPA in control urine was 15 pmol/mL, LOQ for BPA-gluc was 65 pmol/mL. Application of the method to urine samples from human subjects (n = 6) after administration of 25 µg BPA/person (estimated maximum human daily intake) permitted the determination of excretion kinetics for BPA-gluc; BPA was below the LOD in all except two of the samples. In urine or blood samples of human subjects (n = 19) without intentional exposure to BPA, BPA-concentrations were always below the limit of detection ( ≈ 2.5 pmol/mL) with or without prior glucuronidase treatment. The results show that care is required for analysis of BPA and its major metabolite BPA-gluc. The LOD obtained and the absence of detectable levels of BPA in samples from individuals suggests that general exposure of humans to BPA is much lower than worst-case exposure scenario developed.
Growth, diffusion, and loss of subsurface ice on Mars : experiments and models

Innovative experiments and models are used to explore the behavior of subsurface ice on Mars. Through communication with the atmosphere, the porous regolith of Mars hosts significant quantities of ice which grow, evolve, and are lost in response to climate changes. As a controlling property of rate of ice response to a changing equilibrium state, the diffusive properties of several regolith simulants are measured in Mars-like environments. Ice loss through a variety of particle sizes, particle size distributions, packing densities, and salt contents are examined and reveal that many unconsolidated media exhibit diffusion coefficients in the range of 2-6 cm2 s-1, indicating a response time on the order of several thousand years for ice within the upper meter of the regolith. Only high salt contents or mechanically packed micron-sized dust are observed to exhibit substantially lower coefficients, suggesting that strong diffusive barriers may not form as readily as previously invoked. The growth of ice directly from vapor under diffusive control is reproduced for Mars-like environmental conditions in the absence of the liquid phase. As predicted, ice deposits preferentially at grain contact points and the ice table interface is sharp and strongly controlled by near-surface temperature perturbations. The quantity of ice deposited as a function of depth and time accords well with new numerical models of vapor diffusion and ice deposition, though constriction of the pore space reduces the diffusion coefficient faster than originally expected. A numerical model incorporating a fast solution to subsurface ice growth predicts near-surface ice contents for the last 300,000 years of Mars' history at high latitude locations, including specifically the Phoenix landing site. Several parameterizations of constriction developed from laboratory observations of ice growth are employed and compared. The thickness of the ice-free layer above the ice table has the strongest effect on the quantity of ice accumulated, though subsurface massive ice sheets and ice-free porosities also affect the ice profile. If predicted ice loss events have emptied the upper 0.5-1.0 m of regolith prior to 300,000 years ago, pore ice formed through diffusive processes will have been unable to fill the most rapidly accumulating depths with ice in this time unless ice-saturated regolith exists within ~0.5 m of the surface. Predictions of these experiments and models will be tested by the imminent arrival of the Phoenix Mars Lander and future Mars missions.
Isostatic stability of the East Antarctic station Dumont d’Urville from long-term geodetic observations and geophysical models

Geodetic measurements of the vertical crustal displacement collocated with absolute gravity changes provide a discriminatory measurement of present-day glacial changes, versus more deeply seated rock motions caused by glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). At the East Antarctic station of Dumont d’Urville, we compare the displacements derived from continuous DORIS (1993.0– 2006.0) and Global Positioning System (GPS) (1999.0–2005.7) data, and observed changes in absolute gravity (2000–2006), with the predicted vertical displacement and change in gravity from GIA modelling. The geodetic results have mutual self-consistency, suggest station stability and provide upper bounds on both GIA and secular ice mass changes. The GIA models tend to predict amplitudes of rock motion larger than those observed, and we conclude that this part of Antarctica is probably experiencing a slight gain in ice mass, in contrast to West Antarctica.
Recent Calcium Carbonate Facies of the Great Bahama Bank. 1. Petrography and Reaction Groups

The calcium carbonate sediments mantling the Great Bahama Bank have attracted the attention of a number of geologists seeking answers to problems of limestone genesis. This region has been the subject of several carbonate deposition studies, but many problems remain concerning the distribution, origin, and diagenesis of the carbonate grain types. The present study was initiated to quantitatively delineate calcium carbonate facies on the northwestern part of the Great Bahama Bank and to delineate the factors contributing to the origin and distribution of the various sedimentary constituents. Representative subsamples of 218 sediment samples collected on the northwestern part of the bank were impregnated in a polyester resin and then thin-sectioned. A point-count analysis of each thin section was made to determine the constituent composition of the sample fraction coarser than 1/8 mm. The weight percentage of the fraction smaller than 1/8 mm. was used as a measure of grain size. Statistical analysis of the accumulated data with a high speed digital computer resulted in the delineation of reaction groups that are defined as groups of sedimentary constituents that tend to react similarly to environmental changes.
Coupling a spatiotemporally distributed soil water budget with stream‐depletion functions to inform stakeholder‐driven management of groundwater‐dependent ecosystems

Groundwater pumping, even if only seasonal, may significantly impact groundwater‐dependent ecosystems through increased streamflow depletion, particularly in semiarid and arid regions. The effects are exacerbated, under some conditions, by climate change. In social sciences, the management of groundwater‐dependent ecosystems is generally considered a “wicked” problem due to the complexity of affected stakeholder groups, disconnected legal frameworks, and a divergence of policies and science at the cross road between groundwater and surface water, and between ecosystems and water quality. A range of often simplified scientific tools plays an important role in addressing such problems. Here we develop a spatiotemporally distributed soil water budget model that we couple with an analytical model for stream depletion from groundwater pumping to rapidly assess seasonal impacts of groundwater pumping on streamflow during critical low flow periods. We demonstrate the applicability of the tool for the Scott Valley in Northern California, where protected salmon depend on summer streamflow fed by cool groundwater. In this example, simulations suggest that increased recharge in the period immediately preceding the critical low streamflow season, and transfer of groundwater pumping away from the stream are potentially promising tools to address ecosystem concerns, albeit raising difficult infrastructure and water trading issues. In contrast, additional winter recharge at the expense of later spring recharge, whether intentional or driven by climate may reduce summer streamflows. Comparison to existing detailed numerical groundwater model results suggests that the coupled soil water mass balance—stream depletion function approach provides a viable tool for scenario development among stakeholders, to constructively inform the search for potential solutions, and to direct more detailed, complex site‐specific feasibility studies. The tool also identifies important field monitoring efforts needed to improve the understanding and quantification of site‐specific groundwater‐stream interactions.
Airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and carbonyl sulfide by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer is described for determining atmospheric sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and carbonyl sulfide from aircraft and ship platforms. Isotopically labelled variants of each analyte were used as internal standards to achieve high precision. The lower limit of detection for each species for an integration time of 3 min was 1 pptv for sulfur dioxide and dimethyl sulfide and 0.2 pptv for carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide. All four species were simultaneously determined with a sample frequency of one sample per 6 min or greater. When only one or two species were determined, a frequency of one sample per 4 min was achieved. Because a calibration is included in each sample, no separate calibration sequence was needed. Instrument warmup was only a few minutes. The instrument was very robust in field deployments, requiring little maintenance.
Regional three‐dimensional gravity modelling of the NE Atlantic margin

A series of three‐dimensional models has been constructed for the structure of the crust and upper mantle over a large region spanning the NE Atlantic passive margin. These incorporate isostatic and flexural principles, together with gravity modelling and integration with seismic interpretations. An initial isostatic model was based on known bathymetric/topographic variations, an estimate of the thickness and density of the sedimentary cover, and upper mantle densities based on thermal modelling. The thickness of the crystalline crust in this model was adjusted to equalise the load at a compensation depth lying below the zone of lateral mantle density variations. Flexural backstripping was used to derive alternative models which tested the effect of varying the strength of the lithosphere during sediment loading. The models were analysed by comparing calculated and observed gravity fields and by calibrating the predicted geometries against independent (primarily seismic) evidence. Further models were generated in which the thickness of the sedimentary layer and the crystalline crust were modified in order to improve the fit to observed gravity anomalies. The potential effects of igneous underplating and variable upper mantle depletion were explored by a series of sensitivity trials. The results provide a new regional lithospheric framework for the margin and a means of setting more detailed, local investigations in their regional context. The flexural modelling suggests lateral variations in the strength of the lithosphere, with much of the margin being relatively weak but areas such as the Porcupine Basin and parts of the Rockall Basin having greater strength. Observed differences between the model Moho and seismic Moho along the continental margin can be interpreted in terms of underplating. A Moho discrepancy to the northwest of Scotland is ascribed to uplift caused by a region of upper mantle with anomalously low density, which may be associated with depletion or with a temperature anomaly.
ACTA M E DIC A M A RTI N I A NA Journal for Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Medicine and Nursing

A b s t r a c t The main cause of cardiac arrhythmias and other cardiovascular complications is usually coronary heart disease and/or atherosclerosis. Alcohol is one of the most widespread and harmful addictive drugs. It kills the brain cells, decreases the effects of antihypertensive pharmacological therapy, is associated with cardiomyopathy, increased coronary artery calcium content, altered pulmonary function, liver diseases, sleep disorders, immunodeficiency, disorders of the epithelium in the intestine, increased serum interleukin-6 concentration, decrease in dendritic branching of the cerebral cortex, and triggers alcohol-associated cancers. On the other hand, the first studies on experimental animals or „the French Paradox“ in humans have shown several beneficial effects of lower doses of alcohol on some cardiovascular diseases. The possible mechanisms of these beneficial effects are vasodilation, A1-adenosine, alpha1-adrenoceptors, the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C, and KATP channel receptor stimulation, blockage of endothelial dysfunction and platelet aggregation, antiinflammatory action, activation of cardioprotective proteins, antioxidatory action of some polyphenols in wine, elevation of HDL-and decrease in LDL-cholesterol, presence of alcohol dehydrogenase type ADH3. However, the beneficial effects are mostly present in lower doses of alcohol only (1-2 drinks per day or three times a week). Higher doses are usually harmful.
Cocultivation of White-Rot Fungi and Microalgae in the Presence of Nanocellulose

Depending on the conditions used to grow fungi and algae in the lab, they can interact in a mutually beneficial or negative way. These interactions could stimulate the organisms to produce enzymes in response to the interaction. ABSTRACT Cocultivation of fungi and algae can result in a mutualistic or antagonistic interaction depending on the species involved and the cultivation conditions. In this study, we investigated the growth behavior and enzymatic activity of two filamentous white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Trametes pubescens) and two freshwater algae (Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus vacuolatus) cocultured in the presence of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). The growth of fungi and algae was studied in liquid, agar medium, and 3D-printed nanocellulose hydrogels. The results showed that cocultures grew faster under nutrient-rich conditions than in nutrient-depleted conditions. Key cellulose-degrading enzymes, including endoglucanase and laccase activities, were higher in liquid cocultures of T. versicolor and S. vacuolatus in the presence of cellulose compared to single cultures of fungi or algae. Although similar results were observed for cocultures of T. pubescens and C. vulgaris, laccase production diminished over time in these cultures. Fungi and algae were capable of growth in 3D-printed cellulose hydrogels. These results showed that cellulase enzyme production could be enhanced by cocultivating white-rot fungi with freshwater algae under nutrient-rich conditions with TEMPO-CNF and CNC. Additionally, the growth of white-rot fungi and freshwater algae in printed cellulose hydrogels demonstrates the potential use of fungi and algae in hydrogel systems for biotechnological applications, including biofuel production and bio-based fuel cell components. IMPORTANCE Depending on the conditions used to grow fungi and algae in the lab, they can interact in a mutually beneficial or negative way. These interactions could stimulate the organisms to produce enzymes in response to the interaction. We studied how wood decay fungi and freshwater algae grew in the presence and absence of cellulose, one of the basic building blocks of wood. How fungi and algae grew in 3D-printed cellulose hydrogels was also tested. Our results showed that fungi and algae partners produced significantly larger amounts of enzymes that degraded cellulose when grown with cellulose than when grown alone. In addition, fungi and algae were shown to grow in dense nanocellulose hydrogels and could survive the shear conditions during gel structuring while 3D-printing. These cultures could potentially be applied in the biotech industry for applications like energy production from cellulose, biofuel production, and bioremediation of cellulose material.
Dilemma in diagnosing incomplete Kawasaki disease in a resource limited setting

Introduction and importance: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile systemic vasculitis that predominantly affects small to medium sized vessels and mostly occurs in children below 5 years of age. The morbidity and mortality mostly occur due to cardiac involvement. Case presentation: The authors present a case of a 5-year-old male child from hilly region of Nepal who presented with fever for 7 days along with strawberry tongue and non-exudative conjunctivitis without rashes, extremity changes or lymphadenopathy. A suspicion of incomplete KD (IKD) was made. The notable investigation findings were increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, leucocyte count and platelets. Echocardiography showed normal findings. Based on the clinical features and supplemental laboratory findings, a diagnosis of IKD was made. The patient improved after intravenous immunoglobulin and Aspirin. Clinical discussion: The main learning objective that the authors get from this case is the challenges in the diagnosis of IKD in the resource limited setting like Nepal. Whether or not to start intravenous immunoglobulin is a dilemma for the physician in most of the cases of suspected IKD, due to the high cost and poor availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in this setting. Hence, the use of inflammatory markers, supplemental laboratory findings together with the few diagnostic criteria met by the patient helps in making a diagnosis and institute timely treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. Conclusion: Diagnosis of KD in difficult in resource limited setting.
Direct aerosol effects during periods of solar dimming and brightening hidden in the regression residuals: Evidence from Potsdam measurements

A recent empirical study of Stanhill et al. (2014), which was based on the Angstrom‐Prescott relationship between global radiation and sunshine duration, was evaluated. The parameters of this relationship seemed to be rather stable across the dimming and brightening periods. Thus, the authors concluded that the variation in global radiation is more influenced by changes in cloud cover and sunshine duration than by the direct aerosol effects. In our study, done for the Potsdam station (one of six globally distributed stations, the source of one of the longest observational records and closely located to former hot spots of aerosol emission), we tested and rejected the hypothesis that the dimming of global radiation directly caused by aerosols is negligible. The residuals of the Angstrom‐Prescott regression reveal a statistically significant positive temporal trend and a temporal level segmentation. The latter was consistent with the temporal emission patterns around Potsdam. The trend in the residuals only disappeared when the model intercept varied according to the temporal level segmentation. The magnitude of the direct aerosol effect on the level changes in global radiation derived from the modified Angstrom‐Prescott relationship was in the range indicated in previous studies. Thus, from here, a specific request cannot be made for a revision of current climate models state‐of‐the‐art representation of both the cooling effect directly caused by aerosols and the temperature sensitivity to the increase of greenhouse gases.