Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Perron–Frobenius Theorem

The theorem we will discuss in this chapter (to be stated below) about matrices with non-negative entries, was proved, for matrices with strictly positive entries, by Oskar Perron (1880-1975) in 1907 and extended by Ferdinand Georg Frobe-nius (1849-1917) to matrices which have non-negative entries and are irreducible (definition below) in 1912. This theorem has miriads of applications, several of which we will study in this book. 9.1 Non-negative and positive matrices. We begin with some definitions. We say that a real matrix T is non-negative (or positive) if all the entries of T are non-negative (or positive). We write T ≥ 0 or T > 0. We will use these definitions primarily for square (n × n) matrices and for column vectors = (n × 1) matrices, although rectangular matrices will come into the picture at one point.
MONOTONE AND CONVEX SPLINE INTERPOLATION

For a set of monotone (and/or convex) data, we consider the possibility of finding a spline interpolant, of pre-determined smoothness, which is monotone (and/or convex). The investigation is carried out by constructing an auxiliary set of points and using the well-known monotonicity and convexity preserving properties of Bernstein polynomials. In § 3 we consider the problem of piecewise monotone interpolation.
Current-in-plane magnetoresistance of spin valve elliptical rings

The giant magnetoresistance of NiFe∕Cu∕Co∕IrMn spin valve elliptical rings with 3.2∕1. 9μm major/minor diameter and widths of 340–370nm has been characterized in a current-in-plane geometry. Spin valve rings show asymmetric magnetoresistance curves with three different resistance levels. Minor loop magnetoresistance measurements, which correspond to the switching of only the NiFe free layer, demonstrate that individual control of the chirality of the magnetization vortex in each ferromagnetic layer is possible, enabling at least 16 distinct magnetic configurations to be formed in a spin valve ring.
Incidence of Upper Body Injuries in Amateur Padel Players

The objectives of this study were to analyze the injuries suffered during the previous year by amateur padel players according to the characteristics of the racket, their usual volume of practice and their experience in padel. A total of 950 amateur players (X age: 31.68 years; X weight: 70.84 kg; X height: 170.9 cm) participated voluntarily, completing an ad-hoc questionnaire. The results indicated that the appearance of the injuries and their location was different according to the sex of the amateur padel players. Men had a higher incidence of muscle and ligament injuries in the shoulder, and tendon injuries in the elbow. On the other hand, women had a greater probability of having muscle injuries in the shoulder and arm, ligament injuries in the elbow and bone injuries in the wrist and elbow. In general, tendon injuries were the most common injury in padel and the shoulder and elbow were the most affected areas. Moreover, men tend to use heavy (CSR = 6.0), fiberglass or carbon (CSR = 2.1), diamond-shaped rackets (CSR = 3.2), with a hard core (CSR = 4.4) and with two or more over grips (CSR = 2.7). Women usually use less heavy (CSR = 6.0), round-shaped rackets (CSR = 4.9), with a soft core (CSR = 4.4) and with one or no over grips (CSR = 2.7). In addition, men tend to play padel more often and have been practicing for longer. In conclusion, although the risk of injury depends on many factors, we identified that the characteristics of the racket, the volume of weekly practice, the experience of the player and the gender of the player are fundamental aspects to take into account for the prevention of injuries in amateur padel players.
Lightweight Deep Learning Model for Radar-Based Fall Detection With Metric Learning

The radar-based fall detection system has grown in popularity because of its stability and privacy protection. Deep neural networks have been used in previous radar-based fall detection systems to improve detection accuracy. However, most of them need a lot of memory and have high computational complexity, making them impractical for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this article, we propose an extremely lightweight network named Tiny-RadarNet for extracting characteristics from raw data. Unlike traditional neural networks, we use a unique parallel 1-D depthwise convolutions structure as the core module to eliminate the need for standard convolutions, and achieve significant parameter reduction. Furthermore, instead of regarding fall detection as a classification problem, we use our metric learning technique to treat it as a matching problem for better distinction of embeddings. Finally, we introduce a novel dual loss function to improve the proposed network’s robustness against unobserved human motions without the need for additional anchors or expensive computation. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method can achieve comparable fall detection accuracy compared with state-of-art methods but with much fewer weight parameters and lower computational complexity. These findings suggest that a low-power and low-latency fall detection solution for IoT applications is achievable.
Environmental Transformational Leadership and Green Innovation in the Hotel Industry: Two Moderated Mediation Analyses

This research aims to investigate the relationships between transformational environmental leadership (ETL), organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE), and green innovation (GI). At the same time, green perceived organizational support (GPOS) and promotion focus (PF) roles were examined as moderators. Integrating transformational leadership, ability-motivation-opportunity (AMO), social exchange, expectancy, and regulatory focus theories, a quantitative research-based methodology was adopted with structural equation modelling (SEM), and smart partial least squares (PLS) program to analyze the obtained data from 388 guest-contact employees. The results show that ETL positively affects OCBE; in return, OCBE mediated the association between ETL and GI. The results also approved the positive moderation effects of the GPOS and PF variables on the association between ETL and OCBE. In the context of the hotel industry, we discuss the implications that these results have for both research and practice.
Oxygen octahedron reconstruction in the SrTiO 3 /LaAlO 3 heterointerfaces investigated using aberration-corrected ultrahigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy

We investigate the ${\text{LaAlO}}_{3}/{\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ interface by means of aberration-corrected ultrahigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy allowing us to measure the individual atomic shifts in the interface at a precision of a few picometers. We find that the oxygen octahedron rotation typical for rhombohedral ${\text{LaAlO}}_{3}$ is across the interface and is also induced in the originally cubic ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ layer. Octahedra distortion leads to ferroelectricitylike dipole formation in the interface which is in addition modified by cation intermixing.
Mobile seamless learning in primary education: a case study on second grade students in Greece

ABSTRACT The paper presents an experimental study aiming to explore primary school students’ response to Mobile Seamless Learning activities. The educational intervention and the consequent investigation were conducted in a suburban primary school in Greece, with second grade pupils, in the context of a learning subject entitled “Studying our Living Environment”. The participant students (n = 14) engaged in both face-to-face (in-class, outdoor) and online (home) collaborative and individualistic activities supported by a variety of digital applications. Primary research data were gathered upon completion of the intervention via 5 group interviews and 12 individual interviews. The findings have shown that Mobile Seamless Learning can facilitate pupils’ active engagement and improve their attitudes toward collaboration. Moreover, this approach can lead to the development of a learning community that promotes learners’ motivation, enables them to construct new knowledge, and develop essential skills.
Pole-clustering characterization via LMI for descriptor systems

An LMI-based pole-clustering characterization for descriptor systems is investigated in the paper. Two classes of LMI regions, which contain all LMI regions in the open left half plane, are defined. Necessary and sufficient conditions in LMIs for checking simultaneously the regularity, impulse immunity, and finite poles locating in these regions are derived. After applying the shifting technique, almost all frequently used regions for pole assignment in control system designs can be exactly characterized. The results can be added as design constraints to the existing LMI-based H/sup /spl infin// design for descriptor systems.
Estimation of Respiratory Rate from Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): A New Perspective on Respiratory Interference

Objective: Respiration is recognized as a systematic physiological interference in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). However, it remains unanswered as to whether it is possible to estimate the respiratory rate (RR) from such interference. Undoubtedly, RR estimation from fNIRS can provide complementary information that can be used alongside the cerebral activity analysis, e.g., sport studies. Thus, the objective of this paper is to propose a method for RR estimation from fNIRS. Our primary presumption is that changes in the baseline wander of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (O2Hb) signal are related to RR. Methods: fNIRS and respiratory signals were concurrently collected from subjects during controlled breathing tasks at a constant rate from 0.1 Hz to 0.4 Hz. Firstly, the signal quality index algorithm is employed to select the best O2Hb signal, and then a band-pass filter with cut-off frequencies from 0.05 to 2 Hz is used to remove very low- and high-frequency artifacts. Secondly, troughs of the filtered O2Hb signal are localized for synthesizing the baseline wander (S1) using cubic spline interpolation. Finally, the fast Fourier transform of the S1 signal is computed, and its dominant frequency is considered as RR. In this paper, two different datasets were employed, where the first one was used for the parameter adjustment of the proposed method, and the second one was solely used for testing. Results: The low mean absolute error between the reference and estimated RRs for the first and second datasets (2.6 and 1.3 breaths per minute, respectively) indicates the feasibility of the proposed method for RR estimation from fNIRS. Significance: This paper provides a novel view on the respiration interference as a source of complementary information in fNIRS.
Language teacher identity and language acquisition in a South Saami preschool: A narrative inquiry

This paper explores language teacher identity (LTI) among three preschool teachers. The focus lies on the preschool teachers’ identities as linguistic role models by means of analysing their own descriptions of language learning, that is, their personal experiences of and reflections on language acquisition. Three interviews were made with different in-service preschool teachers. The interviews were analysed by means of narrative inquiry and thematic analysis and guided by literature on LTI, as well as the researcher’s previous experience and knowledge of the current field. The findings illustrate how the teachers assumed a leading position in the South Saami language revitalisation project and cope with the responsibility tied to that position. The discussion of the narratives revolves around language teaching and learning made salient in the narrative process. The study provides a hopeful view of language revitalisation by showcasing that it is not only the expected first-language native speakers that are driving forces in the process of restoring a broken chain of intergenerational language transmission. It further illustrates a way for an Indigenous academic to investigate settings within their own community and collaborate with other stakeholders in a language revitalisation project to generate new insights on language revitalisation.
Foodborne illnesses and product liability in the U.S.

Abstract A regulatory liability-based approach to reducing foodborne illnesses is widely used in the U.S. But how effective is it? We exploit regulatory regime variation across states and over time to examine the relationship between product liability laws and reported foodborne illnesses. We find a positive and statistically significant relationship between strict liability with punitive damages and the number of reported foodborne illnesses. We find, however, no statistically significant relationship between strict liability with punitive damages and the number of foodborne illness-related hospitalizations and deaths.
The effect of Online Costumer Reviews and Influencer Marketing on Shopee Purchasing Decisions

The purpose of this research id to determine the partial and simultaneous effect of the variables studied. In this research using quantitative research approach with a sample number of 99 students with multiple regression analysis methodes spss aplikasi assistance 25. This research was conducted at (Case Study of Undergraduate Students) STIE Amkop Makassar. The purpose of this research shows that from the results of data management using the SPSS 25 application, it is known that that there is a positive and significant effect of online customer review on purcashing decision, and so is partial teasting of influencer marketing on meaningful perfomance of positive and significant effect, while simultaneous testing shows that online customer review and influencer marketing have a positive and significant effect on perfomance
Extracting Unique Information from High-Resolution Forecast Models: Monitoring Selected Fields and Phenomena Every Time Step

A new strategy for generating and presenting model diagnostic fields from convection-allowing forecast models is introduced. The fields are produced by computing temporal-maximum values for selected diagnostics at each horizontal grid point between scheduled output times. The two-dimensional arrays containing these maximum values are saved at the scheduled output times. The additional fields have minimal impacts on the size of the output files and the computation of most diagnostic quantities can be done very efficiently during integration of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Results show that these unique output fields facilitate the examination of features associated with convective storms, which can change dramatically within typical output intervals of 1‐3 h.
Teachers’ Online Instructional Practices and Challenges during COVID-19: Teacher Preparation and Professional Development

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine schools’ readiness when transitioning to online instruction and equitable practices as well as teachers’ instructional practices for all learners and the provided professional development. Finally, the goals were to examine their preparation, affect, and confidence to teach reading, writing, and to provide online instruction, and examine their to perspectives about the profession. A total of 228 teachers across grades K to 5 participated in an online survey during the COVID-19 pandemic’s transition to remote instruction. Responses revealed that teachers were not as confident in the effects of online instruction, and that despite the provision of devices to students, equitable access to internet was not possible. Teachers’ responses also revealed a lack of personnel at the school level to respond to teachers’ instructional needs while responses revealed differences in supports provided to second language learners. Implications for teacher preparation programs and for research are further discussed.
A Numerical Simulation Study of the Indian Summer Monsoon of 1994 using NCAR MM5

In this study, the National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, NCAR MM5 adopted for the Indian region has been integrated for a four month period from 1 May 1994, to study the Indian summer monsoon during the months of June, July and August. This version of the MM5 mesoscale model has a horizontal resolution of 30 km, and 23 vertical levels. The initial and boundary conditions are taken from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data available at 2.5 � grid interval, and interpolated to the model domain. The results indicate that the NCAR MM5 model simulates many observed features of the Indian summer monsoon on a regional scale, which otherwise cannot be simulated using a global general circulation model. The simulated features of sea level pressure, 925 hPa temperature, low level wind flow are compared with NCEP and precipitation fields with GPCP. Significant features of the monsoon circulation, such as the monsoon trough, heat low over northwest India, and mesoscale precipitation patterns are well simulated. The model precipitation is also well simulated with the strengths and locations of the maxima and minima agreeing with the observations. The advancement of the monsoon current during the onset phase, as simulated by the model, is evaluated by comparing the pentad rainfall during June, 1994, with the advancement of monsoon reported by the India Meteorological Department. Model simulated area averaged time series of precipitation, and 850 hPa geopotential for five different zones covering the Indian subcontinent are evaluated through correlation, root mean square error, bias and threat score.
Lattice, time-dependent Schrödinger equation approach for charge transfer in collisions of Be4+ with atomic hydrogen

A test of the lattice, time-dependent Schrödinger equation (LTDSE) method for treating inelastic ion–atom collisions is performed by treating state-selective charge transfer in 10–1000 keV/u Be4+ + H collisions. This system possesses a greater charge asymmetry of the colliding nuclei than has been treated in previous applications of the method. Consequently, its ability to represent well the dynamical evolution of the electronic wavefunction within the combination of a shallow and a deep potential well with a single coordinate- and momentum-space discretization is tested. New results are also computed using other, standard approaches, the atomic-orbital close-coupling and classical trajectory Monte Carlo methods, to provide comparisons with the LTDSE results owing to their well-established regimes of applicability and behaviours.
Auditory dyadic interactions through the “eye” of the social brain: How visual is the posterior STS interaction region?

Human interactions contain potent social cues that not only meet the eye but also the ear. Although research has identified a region in the posterior superior temporal sulcus as being particularly sensitive to visually presented social interactions (SI-pSTS), its response to auditory interactions has not been tested. Here, we used fMRI to explore brain response to auditory interactions, with a focus on temporal regions known to be important in auditory processing and social interaction perception. In Experiment 1, monolingual participants listened to two-speaker conversations (intact or sentence-scrambled) and one-speaker narrations in both a known and unknown language. Speaker number and conversational coherence were explored in separately localised regions-of-interest (ROI). In Experiment 2, bilingual participants were scanned to explore the role of language comprehension. Combining univariate and multivariate analyses, we found initial evidence for a heteromodal response to social interactions in SI-pSTS. Specifically, right SI-pSTS preferred auditory interactions over control stimuli and represented information about both speaker number and interactive coherence. Bilateral temporal voice areas (TVA) showed a similar, but less specific, profile. Exploratory analyses identified another auditory-interaction sensitive area in anterior STS. Indeed, direct comparison suggests modality specific tuning, with SI-pSTS preferring visual information while aSTS prefers auditory information. Altogether, these results suggest that right SI-pSTS is a heteromodal region that represents information about social interactions in both visual and auditory domains. Future work is needed to clarify the roles of TVA and aSTS in auditory interaction perception and further probe right SI-pSTS interaction-selectivity using non-semantic prosodic cues. Highlights - Novel work investigating social interaction perception in the auditory domain. - Visually defined SI-pSTS shows a heteromodal response profile to interactions. - Yet, it prefers visual to auditory stimuli. The reverse was found for anterior STS. - Temporal voice areas show qualitatively different response compared to SI-pSTS. - Future studies are needed to corroborate the unique role of right SI-pSTS.
Coherent structures in coflowing jets and wakes

By applying small lateral oscillations to a glass tube from which smoke was issuing, perfectly periodic coflowing jets and wake structures were produced at Reynolds numbers of order 300-1000. These structures remained coherent over long streamwise distances and appeared to be perfectly frozen when viewed under stroboscopic light which was synchronized with the disturbing oscillation. By the use of strobing laser beams, longitudinal sections of the structures were photographed and an account of the geometry of these structures is reported. When the tube was unforced, similar structures occurred but they modulated in scale and frequency, and their orientation was random. A classification of structures is presented and examples are demonstrated in naturally occurring situations such as smoke from a cigarette, the wake behind a three-dimensional blunt body, and the high Reynolds number flow in a plume from a chimney. It is suggested that an examination of these structures may give some insight into the large-scale motion in fully turbulent flow.
Properties of pavement quality concrete prepared with coarse RAP containing different percentages of asphalt

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to establish the proportion of Coarse Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (C-RAP) containing varying percentages of asphalt for preparing Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) mixes. RAP was collected from the 5-year-old pavement and separated into coarse RAP (C-RAP) and fine RAP (F-RAP) aggregates using a 4.75 mm sieve. Asphalt content in the C-RAP and F-RAP was found to be 4.12% and 4.33%, respectively. The C-RAP was immersed in the toluene solvent for a different predetermined time and asphalt content was reduced to 3.05%, 2.12%, and 1.24%. Using this exercise, C-RAP containing four different percentages of asphalt (4.12, 3.05, 2.12, and 1.24%) was produced. Then, the cement concrete mixes were prepared in the laboratory by replacing Natural Coarse Aggregate (NCA) with C-RAP varying from 25% to 100% with an increment of 25% in each type. Manufactured Sand (M-Sand)/Crushed Stone Sand (CSS) was used as a fine aggregate. Altogether, 17 concrete mixes (one control and 16 mixes containing C-RAP) were produced while keeping the water–cement ratio unchanged in all the mixes and evaluated their fresh and hardened concrete properties. As the asphalt presence in the RAP is sensitive to the temperature, the strength of concrete containing RAP at different temperatures was also examined. The current study showed that the amount of NCA substituted by C-RAP and the quantity of asphalt present in the C-RAP influenced the properties of concrete. The study also established that NCA up to 100% could be replaced with the C-RAP containing low asphalt content. Using test results, empirical models were developed to estimate the properties of hardened concrete by considering the percentage of C-RAP, percentage of asphalt in C-RAP, and compressive strength of concrete as predictor variables. The developed models were found statistically significant, supported by .