Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Lichens Containing Green and Blue‐Green Algae During Hydration by Water Vapor Uptake and by Addition of Liquid Water*

The fluorescence yield at room temperature of the lichens Ramalina maciformis and Peltigera rufescens, containing either green or blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) as phycobionts, has been investigated during rehydration of the dry lichens by water vapor uptake or by wetting with liquid water. In the dry state the fluorescence yield with all reaction centers open, Fo, was low and no variable fluorescence could be induced with both species. Whereas R. maciformis, containing green algae, regained normal fluorescence behavior during water vapor uptake, the photosynthetic apparatus of the blue-green algae-containing P. rufescens stayed inhibited and could be reactivated only by addition of liquid water. During stepwise rehydration at increasing air humidities, a pattern was established for the recovery of the different fluorescence parameters in R. maciformis. At a dry-weight related water content between 30 and 40%, Fo rose sharply. Maximal variable fluorescence yield expressed as (Fv)m/Fo, strongly increased in the same range of water content and remained constant above a water content of 50%. Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, qNP, determined at the end of a period of actinic illumination, decreased with increasing water vapor uptake. While spraying the lichen with liquid water did not induce a further decrease of qNP, slow dehydration at lowered air humidity led to a minimal value of qNP at a water content of 65 % indicating optimal photosynthetic rate under these conditions. These results extend the conclusions drawn from earlier gas exchange experiments that blue-green algae-containing lichens are unable to reactivate photosynthesis by water vapor uptake. During a re- and de-hydration cycle, no hysteresis in the hydration dependence of the fluorescence parameters was found. From this and the presence of a stable and low Fo value at prolonged incubation in nearly water vapor saturated air, we conclude that the reactivation of photosynthesis in blue-green algae-containing lichens is not prevented through high diffusion resistances for water.
Reaktionen mit Nitrosodisulfonat, VII. Mitteil.: Oxydation von primären aromatischen Aminen

Primare aromatische Amine reagieren mit zwei Moll. Kaliumnitrosodisulfonat unter Bildung von roten Chinoniminen. Dabei werden zwei oder drei Moll. des Amins dehydrierend verknupft, auserdem wird ein Sauerstoffatom eingefuhrt. Anilin geht in die beiden isomeren Chinonimine C18H15ON3 uber, die auch durch Oxydation mit Bromat bzw. Persulfat erhaltlich sind. Ist die para-Stellung zur Aminogruppe durch einen Alkyl- oder Alkoxylrest (R) besetzt wie im Beispiel des p-Toluidins, p-Anisidins, p-Amino-diphenyls und β-Naphthylamins, so entstehen substituierte Chinonanile der Zusammensetzung (C12H8ON2)R2. Das aus p-Toluidin gewonnene Chinonanil C14H14ON2 ist mit dem durch Saure-Hydrolyse der sog. Barsilowskyschen Base erhaltenen Produkt identisch. — Der Reaktionsverlauf wird erortert.
Mechanisms of plastic deformation and shock-induced phase transformation in natural and synthetic single crystal scheelite

Dynamic response of natural, [0 0 1]-oriented, and synthetic, [2 0 1]-oriented, scheelite (CaWO4) was studied in planar impact experiments with shock up to 20 GPa. The velocity of the interface between the sample and the PMMA window was continuously monitored by VISAR. Although the waveforms recorded in the planar impact experiments revealed different dynamic responses of the two materials, the plastic deformation in both cases is governed by the dislocation glide in {1 1 2} planes with resolved shear stress of ∼0.6–0.7 GPa. The waveform obtained from [0 0 1]-oriented material contains the signature of the second-order scheelite–fergusonite transformation. The absence of the transformation signature in the waveforms obtained after strong impact of [2 0 1]-oriented crystals is probably due to faster transformation kinetics under loading in this direction.
An Efficient Nucleophilic Cleavage of Oxiranes to 1,2-Azido Alcohols†

Regioselective ring opening of oxiranes has been induced by the SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O–Mg–THF/NaN 3 –H 2 O system to give the corresponding 1,2-azido alcohols in good yields.
Development of transdermal drug-delivery films with castor-oil-based polyurethanes

Two different types of polyurethanes (PUs) were prepared with castor oil, ethylene glycol, isophorene diisocyanate and castor oil, and isophoren diisocyanate and poly-(ethylene glycol) (400 or 600). PU films were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and gel permeation chromatography. We prepared transdermal patches by loading different amounts of drug, plasticizer, and penetration enhancer. In vitro drug permeability through the castor-oil-based aliphatic PU patches was examined with a Keshary–Chien diffusion cell. The effect of castor oil on the film-forming properties and the effect of penetration enhancers on diffusion characteristics of indomethacin (IDM) drug through the castor-oil-based PU were investigated. Prolonged release of IDM was observed from the prepared PU patches. In vitro drug diffusion revealed that slow and prolonged release of IDM was achieved in the absence of penetration enhancers. The use of penetration enhancers showed a significant effect on drug diffusion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 779–788, 2007
Atypical core-periphery brain dynamics in autism

Abstract The intrinsic function of the human brain is dynamic, giving rise to numerous behavioral subtypes that fluctuate distinctively at multiple timescales. One of the key dynamical processes that takes place in the brain is the interaction between core-periphery brain regions, which undergoes constant fluctuations associated with developmental time frames. Core-periphery dynamical changes associated with macroscale brain network dynamics span multiple timescales and may lead to atypical behavior and clinical symptoms. For example, recent evidence suggests that brain regions with shorter intrinsic timescales are located at the periphery of brain networks (e.g., sensorimotor hand, face areas) and are implicated in perception and movement. On the contrary, brain regions with longer timescales are core hub regions. These hubs are important for regulating interactions between the brain and the body during self-related cognition and emotion. In this review, we summarize a large body of converging evidence derived from time-resolved fMRI studies in autism to characterize atypical core-periphery brain dynamics and how they relate to core and contextual sensory and cognitive profiles.
Isomer-specific kinetics of the C+ + H2O reaction at the temperature of interstellar clouds

An important interstellar hydrocarbon chemical reaction has been measured in a laboratory. The reaction C+ + H2O → HCO+/HOC+ + H is one of the most important astrophysical sources of HOC+ ions, considered a marker for interstellar molecular clouds exposed to intense ultraviolet or x-ray radiation. Despite much study, there is no consensus on rate constants for formation of the formyl ion isomers in this reaction. This is largely due to difficulties in laboratory study of ion-molecule reactions under relevant conditions. Here, we use a novel experimental platform combining a cryogenic buffer-gas beam with an integrated, laser-cooled ion trap and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer to probe this reaction at the temperature of cold interstellar clouds. We report a reaction rate constant of k = 7.7(6) × 10−9 cm3 s−1 and a branching ratio of formation η = HOC+/HCO+ = 2.1(4). Theoretical calculations suggest that this branching ratio is due to the predominant formation of HOC+ followed by isomerization of products with internal energy over the isomerization barrier.
The nuclear piston activates mechanosensitive ion channels to generate cell migration paths in confining microenvironments

Cells utilize a nuclear piston to mechanically generate migration paths in confining matrices. Cell migration in confining microenvironments is limited by the ability of the stiff nucleus to deform through pores when migration paths are preexisting and elastic, but how cells generate these paths remains unclear. Here, we reveal a mechanism by which the nucleus mechanically generates migration paths for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in confining microenvironments. MSCs migrate robustly in nanoporous, confining hydrogels that are viscoelastic and plastic but not in hydrogels that are more elastic. To migrate, MSCs first extend thin protrusions that widen over time because of a nuclear piston, thus opening up a migration path in a confining matrix. Theoretical modeling and experiments indicate that the nucleus pushing into the protrusion activates mechanosensitive ion channels, leading to an influx of ions that increases osmotic pressure, which outcompetes hydrostatic pressure to drive protrusion expansion. Thus, instead of limiting migration, the nucleus powers migration by generating migration paths.
REAP: A Method for Pruning Convolutional Neural Networks with Performance Preservation

SUMMARY This paper presents a pruning method, Reconstruction Error Aware Pruning (REAP), to reduce the redundancy of convolutional neural network models for accelerating their inference. In REAP, we have the following steps: 1) Prune the channels whose outputs are redundant and can be reconstructed from the outputs of other channels in each convolutional layer; 2) Update the weights of the remaining channels by least squares method so as to compensate the error caused by pruning. This is how we compress and accelerate the models that are initially large and slow with little degradation. The ability of REAP to maintain the model performances saves us lots of time and labors for retraining the pruned models. The challenge of REAP is the computational cost for selecting the channels to be pruned. For selecting the channels, we need to solve a huge number of least squares problems. We have developed an e ﬃ cient algorithm based on biorthogonal system to obtain the solutions of those least squares problems. In the experiments, we show that REAP can conduct pruning with smaller sacriﬁce of the model performances than several existing methods including the previously state-of-the-art one.
Salient Chromagram Extraction Based on Trend Removal for Cover Song Identification

SUMMARY This paper proposes a salient chromagram by removing local trend to improve cover song identiﬁcation accuracy. The proposed salient chromagram emphasizes tonal contents of music, which are well-preserved between an original song and its cover version, while reducing the e ﬀ ects of timber di ﬀ erence. We apply the proposed salient chromagram to the sequence-alignment based cover song identiﬁcation. Experiments on two cover song datasets conﬁrm that the proposed salient chromagram improves the cover song identiﬁcation accuracy.
To Get Lost is to Learn the Way: An Analysis of Multi-Step Social Engineering Attacks on the Web

SUMMARY Web-based social engineering (SE) attacks manipulate users to perform speciﬁc actions, such as downloading malware and exposing personal information. Aiming to e ﬀ ectively lure users, some SE attacks, which we call multi-step SE attacks, constitute a sequence of web pages starting from a landing page and require browser interactions at each web page. Also, di ﬀ erent browser interactions executed on a web page often branch to multiple sequences to redirect users to di ﬀ erent SE attacks. Although common systems analyze only landing pages or conduct browser interactions limited to a speciﬁc attack, little e ﬀ ort has been made to follow such sequences of web pages to collect multi-step SE attacks. We pro-pose S tray S heep , a system to automatically crawl a sequence of web pages and detect diverse multi-step SE attacks. We evaluate the e ﬀ ectiveness of S tray S heep ’s three modules (landing-page-collection, web-crawling, and SE-detection) in terms of the rate of collected landing pages leading to SE attacks, e ﬃ ciency of web crawling to reach more SE attacks, and accuracy in detecting the attacks. Our experimental results indicate that S tray S heep can lead to 20% more SE attacks than Alexa top sites and search results of trend words, crawl ﬁve times more e ﬃ ciently than a simple crawling module, and detect SE attacks with 95.5% accuracy. We demonstrate that S tray S heep can collect various SE attacks, not limited to a speciﬁc attack. We also clarify attackers’ techniques for tricking users and browser interactions, redirecting users to attacks.
Experiences, challenges and lessons learnt in medical staff redeployment during response to COVID-19

Background The response to the COVID-19 pandemic required redeployment of large numbers of staff to avoid acute services being overwhelmed. This unprecedented, previously unplanned redeployment occurred in a rapidly changing environment. This paper describes the process of redeployment at a teaching hospital and assessment of this by the redeployed doctors and redeployment team. Objective Identify key lessons from the redeployment process to inform resilience and future planning for further COVID-19 peaks. Methods Redeployment team experiences and challenges were documented in real time and formal structured feedback obtained. All redeployed doctors were asked for quantitative and qualitative feedback regarding their experiences in two distinct acute areas with different approaches to staffing. Results 63 redeployed staff and five members of the redeployment team completed feedback questionnaires. Most redeployed doctors (76%) were satisfied and had adequate support and training. Redeployment was associated with self-reported stress and anxiety in 95% with 59% describing this as moderate or greater. This was reduced by adequate communication, supervision and a sense of belonging to a firm with access to simple information making a significant difference. Awareness of and satisfaction with well-being support services was also high (71%). The redeployment team identified having a well-mixed team who met daily, an online portal and engagement with leads as the key factors for being successful. Conclusion Redeployment in response to COVID-19 was associated with reported stress and anxiety in most redeployed doctors. Communication, local induction and feeling valued and being part of a team helped reduce this.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukaemia and emergent cardiovascular disease

Objectives (1) Describe how the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in individuals with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) has evolved; (2) evaluate the risk of MACE associated with the prescription of different CML tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Methods A population-based retrospective study including all patients (n=4238) diagnosed with CML in Ontario, Canada between 1986 and 2017 and and age-matched and sex-matched individuals who received healthcare but who did not have CML (controls: n=42 380). The cohort was divided into those entering before 2001 vs from 2001 onwards (when TKIs were introduced). We developed competing risks models to compare time-to-event in CML cases versus controls. We adjusted for baseline comorbidities and present subdistribution HRs and 95% CIs. The relationship between TKI use and MACE was assessed by logistic regression. Results Before 2001 and from 2001 on, patients with CML had a higher crude incidence of MACE than patients without CML (19.8 vs 15.3 and 20.3 vs 12.6 per 1000 person-years, respectively). After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, patients with CML had a lower subdistribution hazard for MACE (0.59, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.76) before 2001; but from 2001, the adjusted subdistribution HR for MACE (1.27, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.43) was similar to age-matched and sex-matched patients. The incidence (9.3 vs 13.8 per 1000 person-years) and subdistribution hazard for cardiovascular death (0.43, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.52) were lower in patients with CML than controls before 2001. From 2001 on, the incidence (6.3 vs 5.4 per 1000 person-years) and subdistribution hazard for cardiovascular death (0.99, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.18) were similar to age-matched and sex-matched patients without CML with a higher risk of cerebrovascular events (8.6 vs 5.6 per 1000 person-years; 1.35, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.83) and peripheral arterial events (6.9 vs 3.0 per 1000 person-years; 1.66 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.39) in patients with CML than patients without CML. Compared with imatinib, there was no difference in the risk of MACE among those prescribed dasatinib (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.10) or nilotinib (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.97). Conclusions In a contemporary CML population, the risk of MACE and cardiovascular death is at least as high as among age-matched and sex-matched patients without CML and may be higher for cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial events. No difference in the risk of MACE between imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib was observed.
The new role of diagnostic angiography in coronary physiological assessment

The role of ‘stand-alone’ coronary angiography (CAG) in the management of patients with chronic coronary syndromes is the subject of debate, with arguments for its replacement with CT angiography on the one hand and its confinement to the interventional cardiac catheter laboratory on the other. Nevertheless, it remains the standard of care in most centres. Recently, computational methods have been developed in which the laws of fluid dynamics can be applied to angiographic images to yield ‘virtual’ (computed) measures of blood flow, such as fractional flow reserve. Together with the CAG itself, this technology can provide an ‘all-in-one’ anatomical and functional investigation, which is particularly useful in the case of borderline lesions. It can add to the diagnostic value of CAG by providing increased precision and reduce the need for further non-invasive and functional tests of ischaemia, at minimal cost. In this paper, we place this technology in context, with emphasis on its potential to become established in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected coronary artery disease, particularly in the non-interventional setting. We discuss the derivation and reliability of angiographically derived fractional flow reserve (CAG-FFR) as well as its limitations and how CAG-FFR could be integrated within existing national guidance. The assessment of coronary physiology may no longer be the preserve of the interventional cardiologist.
Rapid Biopolymerisation During Wound Plug Formation in Green Algae

Organisms living in the marine environment contain a number of primary and secondary metabolites which are involved in bioadhesive processes. Much progress has been made regarding the characterization of underwater adhesive structures utilized by sessile invertebrates such as barnacles, mussels, and tubeworms. The structural components and biochemical mechanisms involved in the wound-plug forming process in marine siphonous green algae have received far less attention. This review focuses on the lectin-carbohydrate and protein cross-linking strategies that serve as the basis for wound plug formation in siphonous green algae. Based on structural considerations it should be noted that cross-linking mechanisms are ubiquitous features of a variety of marine taxa that have been previously overlooked.
Can a latent image explain the characteristics of the Shroud body image?

The distribution of the fibrils that have yielded the body image on the Shroud is stochastic. In this paper, we show that the hypothesis of latent image can explain the chemical and physical characteristics of the above body image. It is also concluded that the “Shroud question” requires new radiocarbon dating done on a sample selected after careful chemical analysis.
Study on the Carbon-Nitric Oxide Reaction in the Presence of Oxygen

The carbon-nitric oxide (NO) reaction plays an important role in many processes where the reduction of NO is attempted. In all cases, there is a certain amount of oxygen that significantly increases the rate of C-NO reaction. The objects of this study are to clarify the role of oxygen gas and to elucidate the reaction mechanism by analyzing the surface species. It was found that the formation of surface oxygen complexes by the C-O[sub 2] reaction is essential for the C-NO reaction. In addition to oxygen complexes, a considerable amount of nitrogen was also trapped in the carbon matrix during reaction. In the initial stage of the reaction, the concentration of nitrogen-containing product gas was much lower than expected from the NO consumption. The surface nitrogen species were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as pyridinic, pyrrolic or others. These are rather stable in an inert atmosphere even at 950 C, but they can easily be removed at 600 C in the NO- or O[sub 2]-containing reaction atmosphere.
Comparative transcriptome analysis to reveal putative genes responsible for high theacrine content in Kucha (Camellia kucha (Chang et Wang) Chang)

Background: The purine alkaloid theacrine, synthesized in a high amount in Kucha (Camellia kucha (Chang et Wang) Chang), has shown multiple pharmacological effects such as anti-depression, dehydration and hypnotic activities. It is critical to better understand the theacrine metabolism at the molecular level for future breeding programs. Results: In this study, we carried out comparative transcriptome analysis of Kucha (Kucha-6 and Kucha-11) and conventional varieties (Yinghong 9 and Qingxin 1). HPLC showed that Kucha synthesized more than 27-fold theacrine in comparison to conventional varieties. A total of ~ 671.61 million high quality clean reads were yield, and 71.42 ~ 76.87% of these were aligned to the reference genome for each library. Among the 19,095 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by a pairwise comparison approach, a pool of 1,142 common DEGs between Kucha and conventional varieties were screened. Functional annotation allowed the identified of 20 oxidoreductase (OR) genes and seven methyltransferase (MT) genes with enhanced expression in Kucha, which might be associated with theacrine diversity in the examined materials. Particularly, two N-methyltransferase-encoding genes (TEA010054 and TEA022559) may catalyze the final methylation step during theacrine synthesis in Kucha. Conclusion: The current study focused on screening genes of theacrine formation in tea plant, which contributes to the elucidation of candidate genes and breeding tea plant with high theacrine content.