Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geometric attacks on batch normalization

Constructing adversarial examples usually requires labels, which provide a loss gradient to construct the example. We show that for batch normalized architectures, intermediate latents that are produced after a batch normalization step suffice to produce adversarial examples using an intermediate loss solely utilizing angular deviations, without any label. We motivate our loss through the geometry of batch normed representations and concentration on a known hypersphere. Our losses build on and expand intermediate latent based attacks that usually require labels. The success of our method implies that leakage of intermediate representations may suffice to create a security breach for deployed models, which persist even when the model is transferred to downstream usage. We further show that removal of batch norm weakens our attack significantly, suggesting that batch norm’s contribution to adversarial vulnerability may be understood by analyzing such attacks.
Ectopic Tumor VCAM-1 Expression in Cancer Metastasis and Therapy Resistance

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1; CD106) is a membrane protein that contributes critical physiologic functional roles in cellular immune response, including leukocyte extravasation in inflamed and infected tissues. Expressed as a cell membrane protein, VCAM-1 can also be cleaved from the cell surface into a soluble form (sVCAM-1). The integrin α4β1 (VLA-4) was identified as the first major ligand for VCAM-1. Ongoing studies suggest that, in addition to mediating physiologic immune functions, VCAM-1/VLA-4 signaling plays an increasingly vital role in the metastatic progression of various tumors. Additionally, elevated concentrations of sVCAM-1 have been found in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer, suggesting the tumor microenvironment (TME) as the source of sVCAM-1. Furthermore, over-expression of VLA-4 was linked to tumor progression in various malignancies when VCAM-1 was also up-regulated. This review explores the functional role of VCAM-1 expression in cancer metastasis and therapy resistance, and the potential for the disruption of VCAM-1/VLA-4 signaling as a novel immunotherapeutic approach in cancer, including osteosarcoma, which disproportionately affects the pediatric, adolescent and young adult population, as an unmet medical need.
Labor Market Rigidity and Business Cycle Volatility

Comparing labor markets of the United States and Germany over the period 1980 − 2004 uncovers three stylized diﬀerences: (1) transition rates from unemployment to employment (UE) were lower by a factor of 5 and inﬂow rates from employment to unemployment (EU) were lower by a factor of 4 in Germany. (2) The volatility of the UE rate was equal but the EU rate was 2 . 3 times more volatile in Germany. (3) In Germany EU ﬂows contributed 60 − 70% to the unemployment volatility while in the U.S. they contributed only 30 − 40%. We show that these diﬀerences can be largely explained by a single factor, namely a lower eﬃciency in matching unemployed workers to open positions in Germany. Alternative explanations like employment protection, the beneﬁt system, union power, or rigid earnings are likely not the main driving force for the cross-country diﬀerence. The lower matching eﬃciency leads to a substantial propagation of shocks. After an adverse shock peak unemployment is reached after 3 quarters in the United States but only after 9 quarters in Germany.
Understanding Metric Learning on Unit Hypersphere and Generating Better Examples for Adversarial Training

Recent works have shown that the adversarial examples can improve the performance of representation learning tasks. In this paper, we boost the performance of deep metric learning (DML) models with adversarial examples generated by attacking two new objective functions: intra-class alignment and hyperspherical uniformity . These two new objectives are motivated by our theoretical and empirical analysis of the tuple-based metric losses on the hyperspherical embedding space. Our analytical results reveal that a) the metric losses on positive sample pairs are related to intra-class alignment; b) the metric losses on negative sample pairs serve as uniformity regularization on hypersphere. Based on our new understanding on the DML models, we propose A dversarial D eep M etric L earning model with adversarial samples generated by A lignment or U niformity objective (ADML+A or U). With the same network structure and training settings, ADML+A and ADML+U consistently outperform the vanilla DML models and the baseline model, adversarial DML model with attacking triplet objective function, on four metric learning benchmark datasets.
Cisplatin Toxicity Is Mediated by Direct Binding to Toll-Like Receptor 4 through a Mechanism That Is Distinct from Metal Allergens

Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent, yet its use is limited by several adverse drug reactions, known as cisplatin-induced toxicities (CITs). We recently demonstrated that cisplatin could elicit proinflammatory responses associated with CITs through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). TLR4 is best recognized for binding bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its coreceptor, MD-2. TLR4 is also proposed to directly bind transition metals, such as nickel. Little is known about the nature of the cisplatin-TLR4 interaction. Here, we show that soluble TLR4 was capable of blocking cisplatin-induced, but not LPS-induced, TLR4 activation. Cisplatin and nickel, but not LPS, were able to directly bind soluble TLR4 in a microscale thermophoresis binding assay. Interestingly, TLR4 histidine variants that abolish nickel binding reduced, but did not eliminate, cisplatin-induced TLR4 activation. This was corroborated by binding data that showed cisplatin, but not nickel, could directly bind mouse TLR4 that lacks these histidine residues. Altogether, our findings suggest that TLR4 can directly bind cisplatin in a manner that is enhanced by, but not dependent on, histidine residues that facilitate binding to transition metals. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This work describes how the xenobiotic cisplatin interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to initiate proinflammatory signaling that underlies cisplatin toxicities, which are severe adverse outcomes in cisplatin treatment. Here, this study provides a mechanistic bridge between cisplatin extracellular interactions with TLR4 and previous observations that genetic and chemical inhibition of TLR4 mitigates cisplatin-induced toxicity.
The kinematics of active late-type stars observed by the ROSAT Wide Field Camera.

A sample of single, main-sequence late-type stars detected during the ROSAT Wide Field Camera EUV all-sky survey is kinematically investigated. It is confirmed that the galactic velocity dispersion of magnetically active objects, as defined by the ratio of EUV to bolometric flux, is substantially less than that of a random sample of late-type stars. This is due to the relationships between rotation and magnetic activity, age and rotation, and velocity dispersion and age. It is found, however, that the choice of only the most active stars does not decrease the velocity dispersions any further, and this may be evidence either for a long spin-down time-scale for the dMe stars that constitute the majority of this sample, or that very young stars are clumped around discrete velocity vectors that are somewhat separated in velocity space
Development of the boundary layer at a free surface from a uniform shear flow

The development of the boundary layer accompanying the formation of a free surface at y′ = 0, from the two-dimensional uniform shear flow u′ = ωyω, is discussed. The analysis shows that the surface velocity and surface position vary as the cube root of the distance downstream, while the mass-transfer coefficient varies inversely as the cube root of this distance. It is shown how these may be applied to the formation of capillary jets.
Alpha-gamma Angular Correlation and Hyperfine Interaction in the Decay of 24998Cf

The angular correlation between the main α-transition (5.81 MeV) and the following 388 KeV E1 gamma transition (and in one case also the 333 KeV E1 transition branching from the same level) in the decay of 24998Cf to 24596Cm has been studied. Thin sources were used. The recoiling daughter ions were allowed to escape into vacuum. The strong hyperfine interaction perturbing the correlation in this case was neutralized by a longitudinal decoupling field with a strength of some kilogauss. The unperturbed values of the A22-coefficients do not support the mixing ratios (L=0, L=2, L=4) from the Bohr-Froman-Mottelson theory. The correlation was also studied, in silver and nickel surroundings where it was found to be almost unperturbed. In an insulator a strong perturbation was found which was not influenced by the longitudinal field.
Weakly mixing transformations which are not strongly mixing

2. Preliminaries. The examples will be of an invertible measure preserving transformation of the unit interval (equipped with the usual Lebesgue sets and Lebesgue measure). The transformation will be constructed in a sequence of steps, each step enlarging the domain of definition of the transformation. The construction utilizes a geometric approach described in [1] which consists of mapping subintervals of the same length linearly onto each other, and of representing this geometrically by a figure in which each interval is placed below its image. Thus, if II, . , In are pairwise disjoint subintervals of the unit interval, if they have the same length, and if we define r on Un, Ik by mapping Ik linearly onto Ik+', k =1, * *, n -1 (and leave r undefined elsewhere), the geometric figure that corresponds to this map consists of the intervals I', . ,In arranged in a stack with I' on the bottom and In on the top, and with the remaining intervals arranged in order between them, so that each point is located below its image. The action of the transformation can thus be regarded as an upward flow through the stack which ends when the top layer is reached, since the transformation is undefined there. Note that we have not assumed that the union of I', * . *, In is the unit interval. The main advantage of the geometric approach is that many properties of transformations become much clearer when viewed in this way. Of course, the geometric figure associated with each stage of the definition is not necessary for the definition of the transformation nor for the proof of its properties. It serves simply as an aid in understanding the construction.
The Near-Neutral Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer with No Surface Shearing Stress: A Case Study

Abstract Data from a marine coastal experiment over the Baltic Sea, comprising airborne measurements and mast measurements, have been used to highlight the turbulence dynamics of a case with most unusual flow characteristics. The boundary layer had a depth of about 1200 m. The thermal stratification was near neutral, with small positive heat flux below 300 m and equally small negative heat flux above. The entire situation lasted about 6 hours. Turbulence levels were unexpectedly high in view of the fact that momentum flux was negligible (in fact positive) in the layers near the surface, and buoyancy flux was also small. The turbulence was found to scale with the height of the boundary layer, giving rise to velocity spectra having the shape of those characteristic of convectively mixed boundary layers. Analysis of the turbulence budget for the entire planetary boundary layer (PBL) revealed that energy was produced from shear instability in the uppermost parts of the PBL and was distributed to the lower par.
Characterization of the Transport Properties of Halogen-Doped CdTe Used for Gamma-Ray Detectors

The mobilities, trapping times, activation energies, and trap concentration have been measured for both holes and electrons in Br and Cl-doped CdTe using the time-of-flight technique. Two electron traps 25 and 50 meV below the conduction band and two hole traps 140 and 350 meV above the valence band have been found. The 10 times larger concentration of levels found in the Br-doped CdTe can be explained using a model that describes the association of cadmium vacancies and substitutional halogens. The physical interpretation of the ? + product when two levels are present is discussed for this case where the mobility is reduced and the lifetime is increased by trapping-detrapping phenomena. The measurements demonstrate that the material has excellent potential for ? -ray detectors that do not polarize with the proper surface preparation and make good detectors (6 keV FWHM for 122 keV ? -ray).
Do temperature and nanoparticle size affect the thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids

This study investigates the effects of nanoparticle size and temperature on the thermal conductivity enhancement of water-based alumina (Al2O3) nanofluids, using the centrifuging method and relative centrifugal forces of differing magnitude to produce nanofluids of three different particles without dispersants and surfactants. We determined the coupling dependency in heat conduction enhancement relative to nanoparticle size and temperature of the alumina nanofluids and also experimentally showed that the effect of temperature on thermal conductivity is strongly dependent on nanoparticle size. Also, our experimental data presented that the effective medium theory models such as the Hashin and Shtrikman bounds are not sufficient to explain the thermal conductivity of nanofluids because they cannot account for the temperature- and size-dependent nature of water-based alumina nanofluids.
ASCA Observations of the Sculptor Supercluster

Abstract The Sculptor supercluser is a supercluster of galaxies with a redshift of 0.11, near the south Galactic pole. We observed central regions of the supercluster with ASCA in June 1996, Dec. 1996 and Dec. 1997. X-ray emission from several clusters in the supercluster was detected and properties of the clusters such as luminocity, temperature and metal abundance were analysed. No difference in X-ray properties were found between clusters in the supercluster and other clusters. We also searched for X-ray emission from hot diffuse plasma associated with the supercluster, and obtained an upper limit to the emission as 9.2 × 10−9 ergs s−1 cm−2 str−1 in 2 to 10 keV.
Delay decomposition approach to robust delay-dependent H ∞ filtering of uncertain stochastic systems with time-varying delays

This paper presents the robust delay-dependent H ∞ filter design for uncertain stochastic systems with time-varying delay. The systems under consideration are subject to time-varying norm-bounded parameter uncertainties and time-varying delays in both the state and measurement equations. The aim is to design a stable full-order linear filter assuring robustly asymptotical stability in mean-square and a prescribed H ∞ performance level for the filtering error systems. Based on the delay decomposition approach and a new integral inequality, delay-dependent sufficient conditions for the existence of H ∞ filters are proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, two numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed approaches are effective and are an improvement over existing ones.
SAS 3 observations of Cygnus X-1 - The intensity dips

In general, the dips are observed to occur near superior conjunctions of the X-ray source, but one pair of 2-minute dips occurs when the X-ray source is closer to the observer than is the supergiant companion. The dips are analyzed spectrally with the aid of seven energy channels in the range 1.2-50 keV. Essentially, there is no change in the spectral index during the dips. Reductions in the count rates are observed at energies exceeding 6 keV for some of the dips, but the dip amplitude is always significantly greater in the 1.2-3 keV band. It is believed that absorption by partially ionized gas may best explain these results, since the observations of Pravdo et al. (1980) rule out absorption by unionized material. Estimates for the intervening gas density, extent, and distance from the X-ray source are presented. Attention is also given to the problems confronting the models for the injection of gas through the line of sight, believed to be inclined by approximately 30 deg from the binary pole.
Trap-limited and percolation conduction mechanisms in amorphous oxide semiconductor thin film transistors

The electron conduction mechanism in the above-threshold regime in amorphous oxide semiconductor thin film transistors is shown to be controlled by percolation and trap-limited conduction. The band tail state slope controls the field effect mobility, while the average spatial coherence length and potential fluctuation control percolation conduction. In these limits, the field effect mobility is found to follow a power law, from which a universal mobility versus carrier concentration dependence is extracted.
Profile monitoring for a binary response

Pertaining to industrial applications in which the response variable of interest is binary, this paper studies how the profile functional relationship between the response and predictor variables can be monitored using logistic regression. Under such a premise, several Hotelling T 2 charts that have been studied under continuous response variable to binary response variable for the purpose of Phase I profile monitoring are extended. The performance of these T 2 charts in terms of the signal probability for different out-of-control scenarios is compared based on simulation studies. A real example originated from aircraft construction is given in which these T 2 charts are applied and compared using the data. A discussion of potential future research is also given.
Dopant distribution in the recrystallization transient at the maximum melt depth induced by laser annealing

Pileup of boron atoms near the maximum melt depth in bulk silicon and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates upon laser annealing (LA) was studied. The results show that boron atoms accumulate near the maximum melt depth in shallow melting and increases with increasing laser pulses. The pileup is found to be related to the recrystallization behavior of the melted silicon during LA and occurs at a recrystallization transient, RT0, of about 10nm from the maximum melt depth in both SOI and bulk silicon substrates. An abrupt recrystallization process in preamorphized silicon, on the other hand, suppresses the formation of the boron pileup during LA.
A Search for the Earth's ‘Nearly Diurnal Free Wobble’

Summary The existence of the Earth's liquid core, besides affecting the period of the Chandler wobble, gives rise to a second free wobble mode, with period short of a sidereal day by a factor of the order of the ellipticity of the coremantle boundary. Seen from space this nearly diurnal geographic motion of the pole should appear as a nutation of the Earth's rotation axis, with a period theoretically calculated to be about 460 days, and (as pointed out by Toomre) an amplitude correspondingly 460 times larger than that of the associated wobble. The curious history of the ‘nearly diurnal wobble’ problem is reviewed, and the relevant dynamics derived and described in terms of Poinsot's scheme. A special method developed for harmonic analysis of non-equispaced data, applied to a 20-year record of observations with Loomis Polar Telescope of Yale University Observatory, sets an upper limit of 0"·12–0"·26 on the amplitude of any free nutation in obliquity in the frequency range 0–4 cpy, i.e. an upper limit of 0"·0003–0"·0006 on the amplitude of the nearly diurnal free wobbble. This supports Toomre's contention that earlier reports of observations of this wobble, with amplitudes in the range 0"·01–0"·02, cannot be correct.
Magnetotails at unmagnetized bodies: Comparison of comet Giacobini‐Zinner and Venus

Both Comet Giacobini-Zinner (G-Z) and Venus have magnetotails consisting of draped interplanetary magnetic field lines. This field line draping is caused by a velocity shear between regions of greater flow speeds away from the bodies and lesser flow speeds near to the bodies. Data obtained within the Venus magnetotail by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and within the G-Z tail by the International Cometary Explorer traversal of G-Z have previously been combined with stress balance considerations to infer many of the physical characteristics of these two magnetotails. In the present paper we compare and contrast these physical characteristics and thereby examine those aspects of the interactions with the solar wind and draped magnetotail forming processes which are common at the two bodies, and those which are different. We find that the near ionopause environs play a crucial role in the tail formation process at both Venus and G-Z and that draping at the two very different sized bodies occurs on ionopause scale sizes. On the other hand, ion densities, downtail mass fluxes, tailward J × B forces, and lobe betas are factors of ∼104, 50, 100, and 20 times greater in the G-Z tail than in Venus', while bulk flow speeds and ion temperatures are factors of ∼15 and 240 times lower. These large quantitative differences in the properties within the two magnetotails are attributable to the significantly greater upstream mass loading of the solar wind by the extended neutral atmosphere at G-Z (comets in general) compared to the gravitationally bound atmosphere of Venus.
Method of gas detection applied to infrared hyperspectral sensor

This paper presents detection and identification of gases using an infrared imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer. The principle of operation of the spectrometer and the method for gases detection and identification has been shown in the paper. The variation of a signal reaching the IFTS caused by the presence of a gas has been calculated and compared with the reference signal obtained without the presence of a gas in IFTS’s field of view. Some result of the detection of various types of gases has been presented too. Full Text: PDF References V. Farley, M. Chamberland et al., "Chemical agent detection and identification with a hyperspectral imaging infrared sensor", Proc. SPIE 6661, 66610L (2007). CrossRef A. Vallieres, A. Villemaire et al., "Algorithms for chemical detection, identification and quantification for thermal hyperspectral imagers", Proc. SPIE 5995, 59950G (2005). CrossRef M. Chamberland, C. Belzile et al., "Advancements in field-portable imaging radiometric spectrometer technology for chemical detection", Proc. SPIE 5416, 63 (2005). CrossRef V. Farley, C. Belzile et al., "Development and testing of a hyperspectral imaging instrument for field spectroscopy", Proc. SPIE 5546, 29 (2005). CrossRef P. Tremblay, S. Savary et al., "Standoff gas identification and quantification from turbulent stack plumes with an imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer", Proc. SPIE 7673, 76730H (2010). CrossRef M. Kastek, T. Sosnowski et al., "Multispectral gas detection method", WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 123, 227 (2009). CrossRef M. Kastek, T. Piątkowski, P. Trzaskawka et al., "Infrared imaging fourier transform spectrometer as the stand-off gas detection system", Metrol. Meas. Syst. XVIII, 4 (2011). DirectLink
An analytic approach to projectile motion in a linear resisting medium

The time of flight, range and the angle which maximizes the range of a projectile in a linear resisting medium are expressed in analytic form in terms of the recently defined Lambert W function. From the closed-form solutions a number of results characteristic to the motion of the projectile in a linear resisting medium are analytically confirmed, and asymptotic and approximate expressions valid within the weak and strong damping limits are developed. The problem provides an accessible account of the increasingly applicable Lambert W function and highlights much of the important mathematics associated with this simple yet rapidly emerging ‘implicitly’ elementary function.