Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probing modified gravity with integrated Sachs-Wolfe CMB and galaxy cross-correlations

We use the cross-correlation power spectrum of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropy and galaxy fluctuations to probe the physics of late-time cosmic acceleration. For this purpose, we focus on three models of dark energy that belong to a sub-class of Horndeski theories with the speed of gravity equivalent to that of light: Galileon Ghost Condensate (GGC), Generalized Cubic Covariant Galileon (GCCG), and K-mouflage. In the GGC and GCCG models, the existence of cubic-order scalar self-interactions allows a possibility for realizing negative ISW-galaxy cross-correlations, while the K-mouflage model predicts a positive correlation similar to the Λ-cold-dark-matter (ΛCDM) model. In our analysis, we fix the parameters of each model to their best-fit values derived from a baseline likelihood analysis with observational data from CMB, baryon acoustic oscillations, and supernovae type Ia. Then we fit those best-fit models to the ISW-galaxy cross-correlation power spectrum extracted from a collection of photometric redshift surveys. We find that both GGC and GCCG best-fit models degrade the fit to the ISW-galaxy cross-correlation data compared to ΛCDM best-fit model. This is attributed to the fact that, for their best-fit values constrained from the baseline likelihood, the cubic-order scalar self-interaction gives rise to suppressed ISW tails relative to ΛCDM. The K-mouflage best-fit model is largely degenerate with the ΛCDM best-fit model and has a positively correlated ISW-galaxy power close to that of ΛCDM.
Linear stability analysis of a time-divergent slamming flow

When a liquid slams into a solid, the intermediate gas is squeezed out at a speed that diverges when approaching the moment of impact. Although there is mounting experimental evidence that instabilities form on the liquid interface during such an event, understanding of the nature of these instabilities is limited. This study therefore addresses the stability of a liquid-gas interface with surface tension, subject to a diverging flow in the gas phase, where the liquid and the gas phase are both represented as potential fluids. We perform a Kelvin-Helmholtz-type linear modal stability analysis of the surface to obtain an amplitude equation that is subsequently analysed in detail and applied to two cases of interest for impact problems, namely, the parallel impact of a wave onto a vertical wall, and the impact of a horizontal plate onto a liquid surface. In both cases we find that long wavelengths are stabilised considerably in comparison to what may be expected based upon classical knowledge of the stability of interfaces subject to a constant gas flow. In the former case, this leads to the prediction of a marginally stable wavelength that is completely absent in the classical analysis. For the latter we find much resemblance to the classical case, with the connotation that the instability is suppressed for smaller disk sizes. The study ends with a discussion of the influence of gas viscosity and gas compressibility on the respective stability diagrams.
Test Distribution-Aware Active Learning: A Principled Approach Against Distribution Shift and Outliers

Expanding on MacKay (1992), we argue that conventional model-based methods for active learning - like BALD - have a fundamental shortfall: they fail to directly account for the test-time distribution of the input variables. This can lead to pathologies in the acquisition strategy, as what is maximally informative for model parameters may not be maximally informative for prediction: for example, when the data in the pool set is more dispersed than that of the final prediction task, or when the distribution of pool and test samples differs. To correct this, we revisit an acquisition strategy that is based on maximizing the expected information gained about possible future predictions, referring to this as the Expected Predictive Information Gain (EPIG). As EPIG does not scale well for batch acquisition, we further examine an alternative strategy, a hybrid between BALD and EPIG, which we call the Joint Expected Predictive Information Gain (JEPIG). We consider using both for active learning with Bayesian neural networks on a variety of datasets, examining the behavior under distribution shift in the pool set.
The power of two choices in graphical allocation

The graphical balls-into-bins process is a generalization of the classical 2-choice balls-into-bins process, where the bins correspond to vertices of an arbitrary underlying graph G. At each time step an edge of G is chosen uniformly at random, and a ball must be assigned to either of the two endpoints of this edge. The standard 2-choice process corresponds to the case of G=Kn. For any k(n)-edge-connected, d(n)-regular graph on n vertices, and any number of balls, we give an allocation strategy that, with high probability, ensures a gap of O((d/k) log4n loglogn), between the load of any two bins. In particular, this implies polylogarithmic bounds for natural graphs such as cycles and tori, for which the classical greedy allocation strategy is conjectured to have a polynomial gap between the bin loads. For every graph G, we also show an Ω((d/k) + logn) lower bound on the gap achievable by any allocation strategy. This implies that our strategy achieves the optimal gap, up to polylogarithmic factors, for every graph G. Our allocation algorithm is simple to implement and requires only O(log(n)) time per allocation. It can be viewed as a more global version of the greedy strategy that compares average load on certain fixed sets of vertices, rather than on individual vertices. A key idea is to relate the problem of designing a good allocation strategy to that of finding suitable multi-commodity flows. To this end, we consider Räcke’s cut-based decomposition tree and define certain orthogonal flows on it.
1D Supergravity FLRW Model of Starobinsky

We study two homogeneous supersymmetric extensions for the f(R) modified gravity model of Starobinsky with the FLRW metric. The actions are defined in terms of a superfield R that contains the FLRW scalar curvature. One model has N = 1 local supersymmetry, and its bosonic sector is the Starobinsky action; the other action has N = 2, its bosonic sector contains, in additional to Starobinsky, a massive scalar field without self-interaction. As expected, the bosonic sectors of these models are consistent with cosmic inflation, as we show by solving numerically the classical dynamics. Inflation is driven by the R2 term during the large curvature regime. In the N = 2 case, the additional scalar field remains in a low energy state during inflation. Further, by means of an additional superfield, we write equivalent tensor-scalar-like actions from which we can give the Hamiltonian formulation.
Green Office Buildings: A Qualitative Exploration of Green Office Building Attributes

In this paper, we identify specific green building attributes important to tenants using a mixed-industry series of focus-groups in Chicago, Denver, Washington D.C., and the San Francisco Bay Area. The focus groups reveal the relative importance of green office building attributes and further explore the qualitative reasons for those rankings. Regional preferences were revealed through differing priorities of public transportation, indoor air quality, HVAC, and other attributes. Six out of the seven focus groups agreed that green building attributes were the most important for people, compared to the economic and environmental impact of the attributes. These focus group results provide the foundation for a future comprehensive survey of office tenants on their green building feature preferences.
Anomalous plasma: chiral magnetic effect and all that

Chiral anomalous eﬀects in relativistic plasmas are reviewed. The essence of chiral separation and chiral magnetic eﬀects is explained in simple terms. Qualitative diﬀerences between the two phenomena, both of which are triggered by background electromagnetic ﬁelds, are high-lighted. It is shown how an interplay of the chiral separation and chiral magnetic eﬀects could lead to a new collective plasma mode, called the chiral magnetic wave. It is argued that the chiral magnetic wave is overdamped in weakly interacting plasmas. Its fate in a strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma is less clear, especially in the presence of a superstrong magnetic ﬁeld. The observational signatures of the chiral anomalous eﬀects are discussed brieﬂy.
Online test using displacement–force mixed control

This paper proposes an online test technique that employs mixed control of displacement and force. Two types of mixed control, ‘displacement–force combined control’ and ‘displacement–force switching control’ are proposed. In displacement–force combined control, one jack is operated by displacement‐control, and another is operated by force‐control. Validity of the combined control technique is demonstrated by a series of online tests applied to a base‐isolated structure subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motions simultaneously. The substructuring technique is employed in the tests, and the base‐isolation layer is tested, with the rest of the structure modeled in the computer. Displacement‐control and force‐control were adopted for simulating the horizontal and vertical response, respectively. Both displacement‐ and force‐control were implemented successfully despite interference between the two jacks. Earthquake responses of the base‐isolated structure involving the effects of varying axial forces on the horizontal hysteretic behavior of the base‐isolation layer were simulated. In the displacement–force switching control, the jack was operated by displacement‐control when the test specimen was flexible but switched to force‐control once the specimen became stiff. Validity of the switching control technique was also checked by a series of online tests applied to the base‐isolated structure subjected to vertical ground motions. Switching between displacement‐control and force‐control was achieved when the axial force applied to the base‐isolation layer changed from tension to compression or from compression to tension. Both the displacement‐ and force‐control were successful even with many rounds of switching. The test revealed that large accelerations occurred on the floor immediately above the base‐isolation layer at the instants when the axial force of the base‐isolation layer changed from tension to compression. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Packaged semiconductor laser optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) for photonic generation, processing and transmission of microwave signals

In this paper, we present the first fully packaged semiconductor laser optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) microwave photonic transmitter. The transmitter is based on semiconductor lasers that are directly phase locked without the use of any other phase noise-reduction mechanisms. In this transmitter, the lasers have a free-running summed linewidth of 6 MHz and the OPLL has a feedback bandwidth of 70 MHz. A state-of-the-art performance is obtained, with a total phase-error variance of 0.05 rad/sup 2/ (1-GHz bandwidth) and a carrier phase-error variance of 7/spl times/10/sup -4/ rad/sup 2/ in a 15-MHz bandwidth. Carriers are generated in the range of 7-14 GHz. The OPLL transmitter has been fully packaged for practical use in field trials. This is the first time this type of transmitter has been fabricated in a packaged state which is a significant advance on the route to practical application.
Multitype branching process with non-homogeneous Poisson and contagious Poisson immigration

Abstract In a multitype branching process, it is assumed that immigrants arrive according to a non-homogeneous Poisson or a contagious Poisson process (both processes are formulated as a non-homogeneous birth process with an appropriate choice of transition intensities). We show that the normalized numbers of objects of the various types alive at time t for supercritical, critical, and subcritical cases jointly converge in distribution under those two different arrival processes. Furthermore, we provide some transient expectation results when there are only two types of particles.
Influencers in design teams: a computational framework to study their impact on idea generation

Abstract It is known that wherever there is human interaction, there is social influence. Here, we refer to more influential individuals as “influencers”, who drive team processes for better or worst. Social influence gives rise to social learning, the propensity of humans to mimic the most influential individuals. As individual learning is affected by the presence of an influencer, so is an individual's idea generation . Examining this phenomenon through a series of human studies would require an enormous amount of time to study both individual and team behaviors that affect design outcomes. Hence, this paper provides an agent-based approach to study the effect of influencers during idea generation. This model is supported by the results of two empirical experiments which validate the assumptions and sustain the logic implemented in the model. The results of the model simulation make it possible to examine the impact of influencers on design outcomes, assessed in the form of exploration of design solution space and quality of the solution. The results show that teams with a few prominent influencers generate solutions with limited diversity. Moreover, during idea generation, the behavior of the teams with uniform distribution of influence is regulated by their team members' self-efficacy.
Probing electrically driven nanojets by energy and mass analysis in vacuo

Abstract Time of flight (TOF) and energy analysis in vacuum are used in series to determine jet velocity Uj, diameter dj, electrical potential Vj and energy dissipated ΔV at the breakup point of electrified nanojets of the ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (EMI-FAP) (Ignat'ev et al., J. Fluorine Chem., vol. 126, issue 8, 2008, pp.1150–1159). The full spray is periodically gated by a grid held at a high voltage Vg, and received at a collector where the measured flight times provide the distribution of drop speeds u. Varying Vg provides the bivariate distribution of drop energies ξ and velocities. The collector plate, centred with the beam axis, is divided into eight concentric rings, yielding the angular distribution of the spray current, and high resolution (u,ξ) values in the whole spray. The energies of various particles of given u are all well defined, but depend uniquely on u, even though u and ξ are in principle independent experimental variables. Slow and fast particles have energies respectively well above and below the capillary voltage Ve (1.64 kV). As previously shown by Gamero-Castaño & Hruby (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 459, 2002, pp. 245–276), this behaviour is due to the 2-stage acceleration process, first jointly in the jet for all particles, and then separately for free flying drops or ions of different mass/charge. The measured two-dimensional distributions of u and ξ provide the jet velocity Uj (~0.44 km s−1) and electrical potential Vj (1.2 kV) at the breakup point. All molecular ions originate near the breakup point rather than the meniscus neck. A measurable fraction of anomalously fast drops is observed that must come from Coulomb fissions of the main drops.
Assessment of turbulence models using DNS data of compressible plane free shear layer flow

Abstract The present paper uses the detailed flow data produced by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a three-dimensional, spatially developing plane free shear layer to assess several commonly used turbulence models in compressible flows. The free shear layer is generated by two parallel streams separated by a splitter plate, with a naturally developing inflow condition. The DNS is conducted using a high-order discontinuous spectral element method (DSEM) for various convective Mach numbers. The DNS results are employed to provide insights into turbulence modelling. The analyses show that with the knowledge of the Reynolds velocity fluctuations and averages, the considered strong Reynolds analogy models can accurately predict temperature fluctuations and Favre velocity averages, while the extended strong Reynolds analogy models can correctly estimate the Favre velocity fluctuations and the Favre shear stress. The pressure–dilatation correlation and dilatational dissipation models overestimate the corresponding DNS results, especially with high compressibility. The pressure–strain correlation models perform excellently for most pressure–strain correlation components, while the compressibility modification model gives poor predictions. The results of an a priori test for subgrid-scale (SGS) models are also reported. The scale similarity and gradient models, which are non-eddy viscosity models, can accurately reproduce SGS stresses in terms of structure and magnitude. The dynamic Smagorinsky model, an eddy viscosity model but based on the scale similarity concept, shows acceptable correlation coefficients between the DNS and modelled SGS stresses. Finally, the Smagorinsky model, a purely dissipative model, yields low correlation coefficients and unacceptable accumulated errors.
Advances on the Role and Applications of Interleukin-1 in Tuberculosis

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player in the immune response to pathogens due to its role in promoting inflammation and recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. In tuberculosis (TB), tight regulation of IL-1 responses is critical to ensure host resistance to infection while preventing immune pathology. ABSTRACT Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player in the immune response to pathogens due to its role in promoting inflammation and recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. In tuberculosis (TB), tight regulation of IL-1 responses is critical to ensure host resistance to infection while preventing immune pathology. In the mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, both IL-1 absence and overproduction result in exacerbated disease and mortality. In humans, several polymorphisms in the IL1B gene have been associated with increased susceptibility to TB. Importantly, M. tuberculosis itself has evolved several strategies to manipulate and regulate host IL-1 responses for its own benefit. Given all this, IL-1 appears as a promising target for host-directed therapies in TB. However, for that to succeed, more detailed knowledge on the biology and mechanisms of action of IL-1 in vivo, together with a deep understanding of how host-M. tuberculosis interactions modulate IL-1, is required. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in the biology and therapeutic potential of IL-1 in TB as well as the outstanding questions that remain to be answered.
Vertical Inheritance Facilitates Interspecies Diversification in Biosynthetic Gene Clusters and Specialized Metabolites

Microbial natural products are traditionally exploited for their pharmaceutical potential, yet our understanding of the evolutionary processes driving BGC evolution and compound diversification remains poorly developed. While HGT is recognized as an integral driver of BGC distributions, we find that the effects of vertical inheritance on BGC diversification had direct implications for species-level specialized metabolite production. ABSTRACT While specialized metabolites are thought to mediate ecological interactions, the evolutionary processes driving chemical diversification, particularly among closely related lineages, remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the evolutionary dynamics governing the distribution of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) among 118 strains representing all nine currently named species of the marine actinobacterial genus Salinispora. While much attention has been given to the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in structuring BGC distributions, we find that vertical descent facilitates interspecies BGC diversification over evolutionary timescales. Moreover, we identified a distinct phylogenetic signal among Salinispora species at both the BGC and metabolite level, indicating that specialized metabolism represents a conserved phylogenetic trait. Using a combination of genomic analyses and liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) targeting nine experimentally characterized BGCs and their small molecule products, we identified gene gain/loss events, constrained interspecies recombination, and other evolutionary processes associated with vertical inheritance as major contributors to BGC diversification. These evolutionary dynamics had direct consequences for the compounds produced, as exemplified by species-level differences in salinosporamide production. Together, our results support the concept that specialized metabolites, and their cognate BGCs, can represent phylogenetically conserved functional traits with chemical diversification proceeding in species-specific patterns over evolutionary time frames. IMPORTANCE Microbial natural products are traditionally exploited for their pharmaceutical potential, yet our understanding of the evolutionary processes driving BGC evolution and compound diversification remain poorly developed. While HGT is recognized as an integral driver of BGC distributions, we find that the effects of vertical inheritance on BGC diversification had direct implications for species-level specialized metabolite production. As such, understanding the degree of genetic variation that corresponds to species delineations can enhance natural product discovery efforts. Resolving the evolutionary relationships between closely related strains and specialized metabolism can also facilitate our understanding of the ecological roles of small molecules in structuring the environmental distribution of microbes.
Efficient Decoupled Hydrodynamic and Aerodynamic Analysis of Amphibious Aircraft Water Takeoff Process

This paper proposes a framework to analyze the takeoff process of amphibious aircraft using decoupled hydrodynamic and aerodynamic numerical methods. The approach combines a volume-of-fluid calculation for the boat shape using FLUENT and a separate Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes calculation using ANSYS/CFX for the wing–body configuration. The two separated calculations are repeated for every time step during takeoff, and steady calculations are assumed for each time step. The waterline is updated for each time step using calculations of flight mechanics based on engine data and hydrodynamic and aerodynamic results obtained. In addition, to improve the efficiency of the method, a drag breakdown method is adopted to replace the time-consuming viscous calculations. In the method, the frictional drag is calculated based on flat-plate theory, and wave resistance is computed using the inviscid model. The new method can achieve an accuracy of within 5% of those using fully viscous calculations, while halving th.
Reducing variability in inclined-plane tracking test results

Factors which cause variability in the results of inclined-plane tracking tests have been investigated. The effects of introducing shunt or stray capacitance across the test specimen, or of varying the contaminant flow rate, are measured. The discharge energy to the time of observation of initial damage shows less variability than the time-to-track criterion, and may be a more appropriate criterion for comparing the track resistance of materials.
A fluorescent lamp model for high frequency wide range dimming electronic ballast simulation

A fluorescent lamp model for high frequency dimming electronic ballast simulation is presented in this paper. The model can be utilized for an electronic ballast simulation with continuous dimming and transient mode simulation such as step dimming. The model is implemented using SPICE and verified with experimental results, resulting in good agreement down to 1% dimming level.