Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methionine and lysine requirements for maintenance and efficiency of utilization for growth of two sizes of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Different ration levels were used to determine the digestible methionine (DMet) and lysine (DLys) maintenance requirements and the utilization efficiencies for gain above maintenance for two different sizes of tilapia (20.7 and 165 g), by feeding a soybean meal–based diet. Protein gain and amino acid (AA) gain (e.g. methionine, Met; lysine, Lys; R2 = 0.98) were best-fit linear functions of DMet and DLys intake in both fish size classes. Slopes of these regression lines showed that the DMet utilization efficiencies for growth were 0.76 and 0.55 for juvenile and adult fish, respectively. The DMet maintenance requirements were 3.12 and 16.5 mg BW(kg)−0.7 day−1 for juvenile and adult fish, respectively. The DLys utilization efficiencies for gain were 0.72 and 0.52, whereas the DLys maintenance requirements were 16.9 and 68.8 mg BW (kg)−0.7 day−1, for juvenile and adult fish, respectively. These results suggested that there was an obvious difference in the maintenance requirements and utilization efficiencies for gain above maintenance for DMet and DLys in two different sizes of tilapia. The AA maintenance needs increased as fish increased in size, being greater in adult fish than in juvenile; however, the AA utilization efficiencies for gain above maintenance decreased with the increment of fish size.
Comparative study of the hygienic behavior of Carniolan and Africanized honey bees directed towards grouped versus isolated dead brood cells.

: In Apis mellifera, hygienic behavior involves recognition and removal of sick, damaged or dead brood from capped cells. We investigated whether bees react in the same way to grouped versus isolated damaged capped brood cells. Three colonies of wild-type Africanized honey bees and three colonies of Carniolan honey bees were used for this investigation. Capped worker brood cells aged 12 to 14 days old were perforated with the pin-killing method. After making holes in the brood cells, the combs were placed back into the hives; 24 h later the number of cleaned cells was recorded in areas with pin-killed and control brood cells. Four repetitions were made in each colony. Isolated cells were more frequently cleaned than grouped cells, though variance analysis showed no significant difference (P = 0.1421). Carniolan bees also were somewhat, though not significantly more hygienic than Africanized honey bees (P = 0.0840). We conclude that honey bees can detect and remove both isolated and grouped dead brood. The tendency towards greater hygienic efficiency directed towards grouped pin-killed brood may be a consequence of a greater concentration of volatiles emanating from the wounds in the dead pupae.
A Timetable of the Early Development Stage of Silkies Embryo

The early embryos are obtained in different time after the former egg had been laid, and the aim of the present study was to observe the development law of chicken early embryo. The embryo development has been divided into the two periods according to morphology of blastodisc. Cleavage period, from 5.5 h (0 h uterine age) to 15.5 h (10-10.5 h uterine age) after the former egg had laid, formation blastodisc of 6-7 layers cell. later blastocyst period, from 17.5 h (12-12.5 h uterine age) to area pellucida formation after the former egg had been laid. The first division took place at 5 h (0 h uterine age), morular at 11.5 h (6-6.5 h uterine age), and blastocyst at 15.5 h (10-10.5 h uterine age) after the former egg had been laid.
EFFECTS OF SINIGRIN ON HOST SELECTION BY APHIDS 1

The feeding response of six aphid species to sinigrin, a mustard oil glucoside, was investigated. Sinigrin was a powerful phagostimulant for Hyadaphis = (Lipaphis) erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae, whose host ranges are restricted primarily to the Cruciferae. H. erysimi was induced to feed on ten non‐host species when leaves were systemically treated with sinigrin. To a lesser degree, the polyphagous Myzus persicae, which feeds widely among the Cruciferae, was stimulated to feed on sinigrin treated non‐host leaves. Two polyphagous species, Aphis fabae and Acyrthosiphon = (Aulacorthum) solani, which are not pests of the Cruciferae, and the oligophagous Acyrthosiphon pisum which is restricted to the Leguminosae, were deterred by sinigrin‐treated broadbean leaves, with the latter species showing the greatest response to treatment.
Sympatry Changes and Hybridization Incidence in Mallards and Black Ducks

ASTRACT: Changes in general fall and winter distributions of Mallards and Black Ducks over the past century have resulted in markedly increased sympatric contact during pair formation between these two forms, and have been responsible for increased opportunities for hybridization. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife records of hybrids from 34 states indicate a minimal current hybridization rate that is about 4% of the frequency expected on the basis of mating according to mathematical probabilities of chance contact. Thus, hybridization is most frequent where both forms are almost equally abundant, indicating that no reinforcement of differences reducing hybridization in the primary zone of contact is detectable. The primary zone of sympatry has moved eastward approximately 300 miles during the past half century and will almost certainly continue to do so. Owing to its much smaller gene pool, the Black Duck is vulnerable to eventual swamping through hybridization and introgression, although the present hybridization rate is sufficiently low as to make this unlikely in the foreseeable future.
Docking of Glycokinase with Oxo, Sulfo, and Seleno Derivatives of the Carboxamide Activator S41

Inactivation of Glucokinase (GK) is associated with diabetes. Therefore, design of drugs targeting the GK activator site is currently integrated in the strategy of the diabetes treatment. The present work investigated the affinity of 30 ligands to GK based on molecular docking using the Gold 5.6 program. Glucokinase’s structure was derived from the Protein Data Bank (PDB Code 3S41), while the ligands were seleno, sulfo and oxo derivatives of the co-crystallized carboxamide activator (PDB code: S41). The results of the ligand-protein docking revealed that GK formed thermodynamically stable complexes with all ligands. The main forces stabilizing the complexes are lipophilic interactions, enhanced by hydrogen bonds. Ligand molecular areas responsible for lipophilic and hydrogen bonding contacts with amino acid residues in the allosteric site of GK were evidenced by molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs). Interestingly, twelve of the S41 derivatives interacted with GK more strongly than the co-crystallized activator, while maintaining the lipophilic contacts with key amino acid residues like Arg63, which are catalytically crucial for therapeutic properties of GK activators (GKAs). It is noteworthy that divalent Se and S atoms were also involved in chalcogen bonds in the GKA site. Those bonds were nearly linear like hydrogen bonds. Such bond directionality should guide the design of pharmacophoric ligands containing chalcogen atoms.
A Survey of Livestock and Poultry along with Mortality Trends of Goat at Kaunia Upzilla, Rangpur, Bangladesh

This investigational survey was carried out to explore the livestock along with mortality of goat at eight different villages of Kaunia upzilla, Rangpur, Bangladesh from 10 th March to 10 th July 2013. A pre-structured questionnaire data were collected based on livestock, breed, age, sex, housing pattern, grazing, vaccination and deworming history, diseases, treatment, causes of death with mortality. A total of 808 species of livestock and poultry were recorded through survey where 38% were goat and 42.5% were poultry. Only 6.5% livestock were vaccinated and 7% were dewormed. Statistically significant difference in vaccination and deworming was reputed with different breeds (p ≤0.05) whether no significant variation was observed with sex and grazing (p>0.05). About 42.24% goat kids were mortal due to coldness, pneumonia along with diarrhea (37.5%), coccidiosis (37.21%) and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) (14.86%). PPR was the major focal cause of mortality in adult male (33.11%), female (28.38%) and growing goat (23.65%) which was followed by diarrhea, coccidiosis, pneumonia, urogenital infection, dystocia and poisoning. The study has assessed probable mortality, diseases and hazards of goat rearing which should be subsided and clinically managing as well. However, extensive work with preventive intervention (regular deworming, vaccination) and improvement of husbandry practices are suggested for the expansion of goat rearing in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2. 21278 Bangl. J. Vet. Med . (2014). 12 (2): 155-160
Effect of entomopathogenic fungi upon adults of Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract The pathogenicity and virulence of 10 isolates of entomopathogenic fungi from the soil of lodging pens of dairy production units in Aguascalientes, Mexico, on adults of Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca domestica were determined. All isolates were pathogenic when exposed by aspersion to a concentration of 1×108 conidia/ml, causing between 20.3 and 91.7% mortality in S. calcitrans and between 31 and 91.7% in M. domestica at 7 days post-exposure; in S. calcitrans isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bb114) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma135), sensu lato, were the most noteworthy as mortality reached above 90% with an LC50 of 3.5×105 conidia/ml for Bb114, while for Ma135 reached 1.6×104 conidia/ml. In M. domestica Ma134 and Ma135 showed mortality above 90% with an LC50 of 4.3×104 and 1.4×105 conidia/ml, respectively.
Fluid secretion in interlobular ducts isolated from guinea‐pig pancreas

1 Pancreatic HCO3− and fluid secretion were studied by monitoring luminal pH (pHL) and luminal volume simultaneously in interlobular duct segments isolated from guinea‐pig pancreas. The secretory rate and HCO3− flux were estimated from fluorescence images obtained following microinjection of BCECF‐dextran (70 kDa, 20 μM) into the duct lumen. 2 Ducts filled initially with a Cl−‐rich solution swelled steadily (2.0 nl min−1 mm−2) when HCO3−/CO2 was introduced, and the luminal pH increased to 8.08. When Cl− was replaced by glucuronate, spontaneous fluid secretion was reduced by 75 %, and pHL did not rise above 7.3. 3 Cl−‐dependent spontaneous secretion was largely blocked by luminal H2DIDS (500 μM). We conclude that, in unstimulated ducts, HCO3− transport across the luminal membrane is probably mediated by Cl−‐HCO3− exchange. 4 Secretin (10 nM) and forskolin (1 μM) both stimulated HCO3− and fluid secretion. The final value of pHL (8.4) and the increase in secretory rate (1.5 nl min−1 mm−2) after secretin stimulation were unaffected by substitution of Cl−. 5 The Cl−‐independent component of secretin‐evoked secretion was not affected by luminal H2DIDS. This suggests that a Cl−‐independent mechanism provides the main pathway for luminal HCO3− transport in secretin‐stimulated ducts. 6 Ducts filled initially with a HCO3−‐rich fluid (125 mM HCO3−, 23 mM Cl−) secreted a Cl−‐rich fluid while unstimulated. This became HCO3−‐rich when secretin was applied. 7 Addition of H2DIDS and MIA (10 μM) to the bath reduced the secretory rate by 56 and 18 %, respectively. Applied together they completely blocked fluid secretion. We conclude that basolateral HCO3− transport is mediated mainly by Na+‐HCO3− cotransport rather than by Na+‐H+ exchange.
Pheromone-Triggered ‘Fiipflopping’ Neural Signals Correlate with Activities of Neck Motor Neurons of a Male Moth, Bombyx mori

Abstract Male silkworm moths, Bombyx mori, exhibited sidewise movements of the head when they showed zigzagging walking in response to pheromonal stimulation. When the moth changed the direction of walking, the head angles also changed to those associated with the walking direction. The sidewise movements of the head were thought to be regulated by neck motor neurons which innervated the first cervical ventral muscles and the ventral muscles through a second cervical nerve. It has been reported that the state transition, resembling the ‘flipflop’ operation of an electrical circuit, in the spike activity of descending interneurons running in the ventral nerve cord to a thoracic motor system appears to be important in the pheromone-modulated turning of male B. mori. We recorded the activity of neck motor neurons in the second cervical nerve and the flipflopping activity in the ventral nerve cord simultaneously with multiple suction electrodes, in order to clarify the physiological functions of such flipflopping signals involved in the behavior. We demonstrated that the activity pattern of some neck motor neurons was correlated with the state transition of a flipflopping activity pattern triggered by the pheromones. The result suggests that the flipflopping activity pattern is correlated with the instruction of the zigzag turning during the pheromone-mediated walking of B. mori males.
DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT AND FORMULATION OF FILM COATED TABLETS OF LORNOXICAM BY PHASE TRANSITION METHOD: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION

Objective: This study aimed to enhance the oral solubility and dissolution of poorly soluble lornoxicam by anti-solvent precipitation, and the manufacture of oral tablets by the phase transition method. Methods: The solvent was mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 and absolute ethanol. Three stabilizers Inutec SP1, Pluronic F127, Sucrose ester S1670 at two concentrations and two matrix formers Mannitol, and Avicel PH102 were used to obtain 12 formulae. The formulae were characterized regarding their infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size (PS) measurement, drug content and dissolution. Further characterizations were done for the optimum formula by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Four tablet formulae were manufactured by phase transition method. The optimum tablets (T3) were evaluated through hardness, drug content, disintegration, dissolution, IR, and stability studies. Finally, (T3) was compared to conventional tablets in New Zealand rabbits using crossover design. Results: The dissolution rate for the prepared formulae was enhanced, from 3.44 to 5.96 folds. Statistical significance was obtained using one and two way ANOVA among formulae. The optimum tablet formula (T3) had hardness 5.637±1.57 kg, drug content 90.424±1.19%, disintegration time 341.5±9.62 s and the drug dissolved 72.107±0.0025%. Stability, after one month storage of the selected tablets at (25 °c/60% relative humidity), was satisfactory. The absorption extent of lornoxicam from (T3) compared to the conventional tablets was higher. Conclusion: Taken together, the obtained results confirmed successfully the potential of the promising formula (T3), over the conventional tablets of lornoxicam.
Site occupancy and density of sympatric Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and nose-horned viper (Bitis nasicornis)

The presence and density of two sympatric, large-sized vipers (the Gaboon viper, Bitis gabonica and the nose-horned viper, Bitis nasicornis) were studied along several transects, during both dry and wet seasons, and at different times of day, in southern Nigeria (West Africa). Three habitat types were found along the various transects (mature rain forest (MF), secondary rain forest (SF), swamp forest (SW)). The detection probabilities for these vipers were modelled with a set of competing models, and the various models were ordered by Akaike Information Criterion procedures. Two classes of models were used: the single-season model, and the multi-species model. The best models (single-season model) suggested that: for the Gaboon viper, habitat types SF and SW were particularly important in detecting this species, especially during the rainy season at 08h00–16h00. For nose-horned vipers, the best models had SW and MF as site-covariates. Application of the multi-species model revealed that there were different detection functions if both species are present at a site, with a ‘negative’ interaction of occupancy between the species. Females and males were similarly detectable in a logistic regression model, but feeding status and pregnancy slightly increased detection probability in a logistic regression model. Viper density was modelled by a DISTANCE sampling procedure. The density of one species tended to be inversely correlated to the density of the other, suggesting that (1) the rain-forest environment does not support abundant populations of both vipers when sympatric, and (2) the two Bitis species subtly partition the habitat resources.
Reconstructing a Dynamics from a Scalar Times Series

Chaotic time series data are now commonly observed in a large variety of fields. The analysis of such time series and the extraction of physical information is therefore a topic of growing interest. The techniques have matured to the point where they have become of practical use. It is the purpose of this review to discuss some such applications. For excellent general recent reviews of the available techniques we refer the reader to references 1 and 2. This type of analysis presumes that the data have been generated by a low dimensional physical dynamics of a priori unknown nature, and that the signal may have been contaminated by noise of various sorts. In most applications we have at our disposal only a single measured quantity, i.e., a scalar time series. Fortunately one can exploit a very powerful redundancy principle that is discussed in the pioneering papers by Packard et aL3 and by Takens4 (cf. also reference 5 ) which allow one to reconstruct an image of the whole dynamics in an embedding space. These embedding theorems allow one then to extract useful information about the unknown dynamics from this single measured variable. The first step in the analysis then consists of a phase-space reconstruction in an embedding space. In order to achieve it, we have to determine the embedding dimension d, of the reconstructed phase space (also called state space). Of particular interest is of course the minimum embedding dimension, i.e., the lowest dimension for which the reconstruction gives an unambiguous image of the attractor. The reconstruction may be carried out in a number of ways, but it is safest to use several techniques because none of them alone is foolproof (for excellent reviews, cf. references 1 and 2). All these methods rely on delay coordinates, i.e., constructing the
Effects of different Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Rht-B1c dwarfing genes on agronomic characteristics in wheat

The value of different dwarfing genes in winter wheat breeding was studied using 6 near-isogenic lines carrying different Rht dwarfing genes over three years experiment. Results showed that both the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b semi-dwarfing genes had significantly positive effects on kernel number and grain weight per spike, and had significantly negative effects on 1000-grain weight comparing to the tall line (Rht-B1a). The Rht-B1c dwarfing gene had a significantly negative effect on kernel number per spike, and had positive effect on 1000-grain weight. The combination of the Rht-D1b and Rht-B1c gene showed significantly negative effect on yield components. All of these 5 dwarfing or semi-dwarfing genotypes mentioned above had significantly negative effect on plant height and no significantly effect on the area of flag leaf, spikelets per spike and spike length.
Phenolic acid content – a criterion for selection of resistant apple cultivars against Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.) Salmon

Development of powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) on five popular cultivars of apple, viz., Scarlet Gala, Golden spur, Mollies Delicious, Red Fuzi and Red Chief was studied to determine incidence–severity relationship. The disease was confined primarily to the vegetative terminal shoots early in the season which also traversed later onto other leaves. Several biochemical changes occur in the trees due to fungal/microbial infection. We studied the qualitative/quantitative changes in phenolic acids in apple-powdery mildew pathosystems. Scarlet Gala and Red Chief are very rich in phenolic acids, and had shown resistances to the pathogen but those with low amount of phenolic acids, viz., Golden spur, Mollies Delicious, and Red Fuzi, were highly susceptible. Thus, the quantity of phenolic acids (secondary metabolites) has been taken as a biochemical parameter in screening apple cultivars for resistance/susceptibility against powdery mildew of apple.
The effect of Cd2+ on the biosynthesis of chlorophyll in leaves of barley

The effect of cadmium on the biosynthesis of chlorophyll has been investigated in the leaves of dark-grown seedlings of barley (Hordeum vulture L. cv. Proctor). Cd2+ inhibited the production of chlorophyll by affecting 1) the synthesis of 5-aminolacvulinic acid and 2) the protoehlorophyllide reductase ternary complex with its substrates. Cd2+ had no effect on the constituent enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of free protoehlorophyllide from 5-aminolaevulinic acid. The results obtained are consistent with Cd2+ inhibiting the formation of chlorophyll by reacting with essential thiol groups in both the protochlorophyllide reductase protein and the enzyme(s) involved in the light dependent synthesis of 5-aminolaevulinic acid.
Novel α7‐like nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

We have used reverse‐transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and DNA sequencing techniques to confirm the transcription of seven (six α and one non‐α) novel candidate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit‐encoding genes identified in the genome sequence of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Compared to vertebrate nAChR subunits, they most closely resemble the homomer‐forming, neuronal α7 subunit. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the new nAChR subunits with those described previously in C. elegans reveals five subunits (four α and one non‐α) which resemble the DEG‐3‐like group of subunits. To date, this highly divergent nAChR subunit group is unique to C. elegans. ACR‐22 is the first non‐α member of the DEG‐3‐like group of subunits to be identified. Two new members of the related ACR‐16‐like nAChR group of subunits have also been shown to be transcribed, making the ACR‐16‐like subunit group the largest in C. elegans. Residues in the α subunit second transmembrane region (M2) which contribute to the channel lining show variations with implications for channel function. For example, in ACR‐22, the highly conserved 0′ lysine of M2 is replaced by histidine. Restrained molecular dynamics simulations have been used to generate molecular models of homo‐pentameric M2 helix bundles for the novel subunits, enabling identification and display of pore‐lining and protein interface residues. The number and diversity of genes encoding C. elegans nAChR subunits with similarities to the homomer‐forming vertebrate α7 subunits and the identification of related non‐α subunits, only found in C. elegans to date, suggest that at least some of these subunits may contribute to heteromers in vivo.