Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antenna Array Design in Aperture Synthesis Radiometers

During the past few decades, there has been growing interest in the use of microwave and millimeter wave radiometers for remote sensing of the Earth. Due to the need of large antennas and scanning mechanism, the conventional real aperture radiometer becomes infeasible for high spatial resolution application. Interferometric aperture synthesis was suggested as an alternative to real aperture radiometry for earth observation [Ruf et al., 1988]. Aperture synthesis radiometers (ASR) can synthesize a large aperture by sparsely arranging a number of small aperture antennas to achieve high spatial resolution without requiring very large and massive mechanical scanning antenna. The fundamental theory behind aperture synthesis technique is the same as the one used for decades in radio astronomy [Thompson et al., 2001], in which the product of pairs of small antennas and signal processing is used in place of a single large aperture. In aperture synthesis, the coherent product (correlation) of the signal from pairs of antennas is measured at different antenna-pair spacings (also called baselines). The product at each baseline yields a sample point in the Fourier transform of the brightness temperature map of the scene, and the scene itself is reconstructed by inverting the sampled transform. This chapter addresses the subject of antenna array design in ASR, which plays an important role in radiometric imaging of ASR. The chapter is organized as follows. In section 2, the basic principle of synthetic aperture radiometers is briefly formulated. In section 3, the topology optimization of the antenna array is concerned, aiming at minimum redundancy arrays (MRAs) for high spatial resolution. For one-dimensional case, different optimization methods for finding out minimum redundancy linear arrays (MRLAs) such as numerical algorithms and combinatorial methods are summarized, including their advantages and disadvantages. We also propose an effective restricted search method by exploiting the general structure of MRLAs. For two-dimensional case, different antenna array configurations as well as their spatial sampling patterns are compared, including rectangular sampling arrays, hexagonal sampling arrays, and nonuniform sampling arrays. Some original work on the design of thinned circular arrays is also described. In section 4, a novel antenna array for our HUST-ASR prototype is presented, which is a sparse antenna array with an offset parabolic cylinder reflector at millimeter wave band. 9
Maximum likelihood abundance estimation from capture‐recapture data when covariates are missing at random

In capture‐recapture experiments, individual covariates may be subject to missingness, especially when the number of captures is small. When the covariate information is missing at random, the inverse probability weighting method and the multiple imputation method are widely used to obtain point estimators of the abundance. These estimators are then used to construct Wald‐type confidence intervals. However, such intervals may have seriously inaccurate coverage probabilities. In this paper, we propose a maximum empirical likelihood (EL) estimation approach for the abundance in the presence of missing covariates. We show that the maximum EL estimator is asymptotically normal, and that the EL ratio statistic for the abundance has a chi‐square limiting distribution with one degree of freedom. Simulations indicate that the proposed estimator has a smaller mean square error than existing estimators, and the proposed EL ratio confidence interval usually has more accurate coverage probabilities than the existing Wald‐type confidence intervals. We illustrate the proposed method by analyzing data collected in Hong Kong for the yellow‐bellied prinia, a bird species.
Incubation of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) embryos in cooling water discharge and the impacts of fluctuating thermal regimes on development

Thermal discharges released from industrial cooling water systems represent a potential environmental risk to fish species that spawn in nearshore waters. We investigated the impacts of in situ incubation of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) embryos in the vicinity of a nuclear generating station. Over 3 consecutive years, fertilized embryos were deployed in Lake Huron using custom-built incubation chambers coupled with data loggers to monitor water temperature. Temperatures at sites in the vicinity of the thermal discharge were significantly elevated compared with reference locations, with mean winter temperatures up to 3 °C warmer. Temperatures were also more variable at these sites, with a significantly greater daily temperature range and rate of change. Embryos developing at discharge sites were significantly larger with smaller yolks than those from the reference stations, suggesting an advanced growth. This increased growth was supported by thermal data, with discharge sites predicted to be mo.
Responses of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to Its Aggregation Pheromones as Influenced by Trap Design, Trap Height, and Habitat

Abstract Lindgren multiple funnel traps and Japanese beetle traps captured more lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), than did Pherocon II sticky traps or bucket traps when all were baited with the same aggregation pheromones. Bucket traps captured six-fold fewer beetles than Lindgren four-unit traps. Retentions of captured R. dominica were not significantly different in traps with soapy water or dry insecticide as killing agents for either trap design but were significantly higher than those retained in traps lacking a killing agent. Lindgren eight-unit funnel traps captured a similar number of R. dominica compared with the four-unit funnel traps. More beetles were captured near grain storage facilities than in forests or in open fields. Trap height (1, 2, or 4 m above the ground) had no detectable effect across habitat but significantly interacted with habitat. Traps placed 1 or 2 m high near grain elevators and in open fields captured similar numbers of beetles and yielded higher catches of R. dominica than traps placed 4 m high in these habitats. The reverse was true in forest habitats. Captured R. dominica were similarly female-biased in all trap designs, and the proportion of females to males did not differ among trap heights or habitats in which they were trapped.
IN A SEA OTTER-DOMINATEDKELP COMMUNITYAT AMCHITKA ISLAND, ALASKA

Studies on the results of competitive interactions between three kelp canopy guilds were conducted in a community in which herbivorous invertebrates have been largely removed from shallow water (approximately 20 m) by sea otters. Small sea urchins observed in the haptera of kelps all disappeared following the canopy removal, suggesting that the canopy itself offers a modest refuge from their predators. Experiments prove that the largest alga, Alariafistulosa, behaves as a fugitive species with respect to Laminaria and Agaru", species in spite of the structural dominance of a floating canopy. Vegetative regeneration may give Laminaria longipes an advantage over other Laminaria species, Alaria, and presumably Agarum eribrosum following disturbances in very shallow water « 5 m). Laminaria species suppress Agarum growth (and recruitment) in moderate depths (5-20 m) where either Laminaria or Agarum suppresses growth of red algal turf beneath them, and where both Laminaria and Agarum must be removed to allow recruitment and growth of Alaria fistnlosa. Although kelps were observed to depths of 30 m, their lower distribution appears primarily limited by sea urchin grazing.
Ethyl 1-benzoyl-4-chloro-2-phenylprolinate

The title compound, C20H20ClNO3, belongs to a family of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). It crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules, A and B, in the asymmetric unit. In mol­ecule A, the pyrrolidine ring is disordered between two positions with occupancies of 0.650 (2) and 0.350 (2), corresponding to two isomers, viz. 2R,4R and 2R,4S, respectively. The disorder of the pyrrolidine ring in mol­ecule B [occupancies 0.512 (3) and 0.488 (3)] corresponds to the other two isomers, viz. 2S,4R and 2S,4S, respectively, showing that all four possible isomers are present in the crystal structure.
2000 MCN AWARDS

This article addresses the needs of families of newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD). Approximately 40,000 infants are born with a congenital heart defect each year; a large percentage survive due to technological advances in treatment, resulting in an increasing number of families who have a child living with a chronic illness. While both parents are significantly affected by a diagnosis of CHD, much of the available literature discusses the experience of mothers. The mother’s experiences after learning her child’s diagnosis include grief, loss of her imagined healthy child, lack of knowledge of the disease, anger, and difficulty in caregiving, among other issues. Support and encouragement at the time of diagnosis and throughout each stage of the illness are essential. This article describes various strategies that nurses can use to assist these families through their difficult journey.
PREY ECOLOGY OF MEXICAN SPOTTED OWLS IN PINE–OAK FORESTS OF NORTHERN ARIZONA

Abstract We studied Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) diets and the relative abundance and habitat associations of major prey species in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)–Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) forest in north-central Arizona, USA, from 1990 to 1993. The owl's diet was comprised of 94% mammals by biomass and consisted of primarily the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), brush mouse (P. boylii), Mexican woodrat (Neotoma mexicana), and Mexican vole (Microtus mexicanus). Spotted owl prey in our study area were smaller on average than prey in other locations, and the total biomass of potential prey was less than that reported in other areas within the owl's geographic range. Although all prey populations exhibited seasonal fluctuations in relative abundance, only the deer mouse exhibited significant temporal variation in population abundance. The general pattern was for prey populations to rise during spring, peak during summer, decline in fall, and reach a winter low. Deer mice exhibited the greatest amplitude in population change as evidenced by the shift from a high of 12.2 mice/ha (SE = 2.3) during summer 1991 to a low of 3.3 mice/ha (SE = 0.7) during winter 1991–1992. Woodrats and brush mice used areas on slopes >20°with relatively more rocks and shrub cover than found in other areas. In contrast, deer mice were found in forests with relatively open understories and little Gambel oak. Conservation measures for the Mexican spotted owl must include management directed at sustaining or increasing prey numbers rather than assuming that managing for owl nesting and roosting habitat will provide favorable conditions for the prey as well. Management practices that increase and sustain shrub and herbaceous vegetation should receive the highest priority. This can be accomplished by thinning small diameter trees, using prescribed fire, and managing grazing pressures.
A Revision of the Surgeon Fish Genus Acanthurus

THIS IS THE FOURTH in a series of papers dealing with the surgeon fishes (family Acanthuridae) . An analysis of the genera and revisions of Zebrasoma, Paracanthurus, and Ctenochaetus have been published (Randall, 1955a, b, c). Acanthurus, with 32 species (one of which is described as new), is treated in the present paper, the first to consider all of the species of this ci-rcumttopical genus since the review by Giinther in 1861. The work has been based primarily on the collections of surgeon fishes in the following institutions: United States National Museum, Stanford Natural History Museum, California Academy of Sciences, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Academy ofN atural Sciences of Philadelphia, University of Hawaii, University of Miami, University of California at Los Angeles, and the Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations, Honolulu. I acknowledge with gratitude the assistance and guidance of William A. Gosline of the University of Hawaii and Leonard P. Schultz, Ernest A. Lachner, Robert H. Kanazawa, and Frederick M. Bayer of the United States National Museum.
Observations on the Wattles of Adult Helmeted Guinea Fowls (Numida meleagris galeata)

Morphological study on the wattles of forty adult male and female (20 each) helmeted guinea fowls weighing between 0.86-1.40kg was undertaken for sexing the birds. The birds were bought from local markets in Zaria. The shape, size and disposition of the wattle were studied grossly. The wattles of helmeted guinea fowl were found to be similar in structure for both sexes but the main difference was the wattle shape, size and angle of inclination in the upper jaw. The differences in the shape and size observed in wattles of heavier adult males were that they appeared elongated, large and folded upwards at their margins. The wattles of the adult males were also observed to be inclined at an angle to the axis of the upper jaw when compared to those of the females. This observation was confirmed in all the birds selected as males and females after slaughter and dissection. It is concluded that a guinea fowl weighing between 0.95-1.40kg with wattle inclined at an angle to the attachment in the upper jaw with upward folded margin is a male guinea fowl.
Discovery and recognition of purine receptor subtypes on platelets

The effects of purines on platelets have been known since the 1960s, when Born demonstrated aggregation induced by ADP and its inhibition by adenosine and by ATP. The inhibition by adenosine is not specific for ADP, and adenosine acts at a separate receptor to stimulate adenylate cyclase, which has an inhibitory effect on platelet function. Studies using selective agonists and antagonists have shown that the platelet receptor is of the A2A subtype and this has been confirmed using A2A knockout mice. The situation with ADP is more complex, and there has been controversy about the number of ADP receptors on platelets. ADP causes shape change, aggregation, mobilisation of calcium from intracellular stores, rapid calcium influx, and inhibition of adenylate cyclase, and the relationship between these is becoming clearer. Two cloned P2 receptors have been detected on platelets, P2X1 and P2Y1, and a third P2Y receptor is thought to exist. The P2X1 receptor is responsible for the rapid calcium influx and can be activated by ATP as well as by ADP, but is likely to be desensitised under normal experimental conditions and its pathophysiological role is uncertain. The P2Y1 receptor is responsible for calcium mobilisation, shape change, and the initiation of aggregation, and these responses are abolished in P2Y1 knockout mice, while the other P2Y receptor is responsible for inhibition of adenylate cyclase and is required for full aggregation. ATP is a competitive antagonist at both these P2Y receptors, while some nucleotide analogues can discriminate between them. Drug Dev. Res. 52:140–149, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of Neighboring Weeds Alters Soybean Seedling Roots and Nodulation

Abstract Crop and weed competition studies rarely determine how plant-to-plant interactions alter the structure and physiology of crop roots. Soybean has the ability to detect neighboring weeds and to alter growth patterns including the allocation of resources to root growth. In this study, we hypothesized that low red : far red light ratio (R : FR) reflected from aboveground vegetative tissue of neighboring weeds would alter soybean root morphology and reduce root biomass and nodule number. All experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in which resources of light, water, and nutrients were nonlimiting. Low R : FR reflected from aboveground neighboring weeds reduced soybean seedling root length, surface area, and volume, including the number of nodules per plant. An accumulation of H2O2, an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, a reduction in flavonoid content, and a decrease in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)–radicle scavenging activity were observed. The reduction in flavonoid content was accompanied by a decrease in the transcription of GmIFS and GmN93 and an increase in transcript levels of several antioxidant genes. These molecular and physiological changes may have a physiological cost to the soybean plant, which may limit the plant’s ability to respond to subsequent abiotic and biotic stresses that will occur under field conditions. Nomenclature: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ].
Effect of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Irrigation on Carbon‐di‐oxide Evolution in Soils

Pulp and paper mill waste water irrigation increased pH, EC, organic carbon and exchangeable sodium content of soils. The increase in organic matter content of soils accelerated microbial activity and hence accelerated substrate decomposition with the release of CO 2 . There exhibited a peak followed by a steady decline in the rate of CO 2 evolution in effluent irrigated soils. The irrigation of pulp and paper mill combined effluent to soils did not affect microbial activity
EFFECT OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR‐ β 1, INSULIN‐LIKE GROWTH FACTOR‐I AND INSULIN‐LIKE GROWTH FACTOR‐II ON CELL GROWTH AND OESTROGEN METABOLISM IN HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELL LINES

Summary Oestrogens play an important role in the development of breast cancer. Oestrone sulphate (E 1 S) acts as a huge reservoir of oestrogens in the breast and is converted to oestrone (E 1 ) by oestrone sulphatase (E 1 STS). E 1 is then reversibly converted to the potent oestrogen, oestradiol (E 2 ) by oestradiol‐17 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (E 2 DH). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of transforming growth factor‐ (TGF 1 ), insulin‐like growth 1 factor‐I (IGF‐I) and insulin‐like growth factor‐II (IGF‐II) on cell growth, E 1 STS and E 2 DH activities in the MCF‐7 and MDAMB‐231 human breast cancer cell lines. TGF 1, IGF‐I and IGF‐II alone or in combination inhibited cell growth of both cell lines but no additive or synergistic effects were observed. The treatments significantly stimulated E 1 STS activity in the MCF‐7 cell line, except for TGF 1 alone and TGF 1 and IGFI in combination, where no effects were seen. Only TGF 1 and IGF‐II acted synergistically to stimulate E 1 STS activity in the MCF‐7 cells. There was no significant effect on E 1 STS activity in the MDA‐MB‐231 cells with any of the treatments. In the MCF‐7 cells, TGF 1 and IGF‐I, IGF‐I and IGF‐II, and TGF 1, IGF‐I and IGF‐II acted synergistically to stimulate the reductive E 2 DH activity, while only TGF 1, IGF‐I and IGF‐II synergistically stimulated the oxidative E 2 DH activity. There were no additive or synergistic effects on both oxidative and reductive E 2 DH activities in the MDA‐MB‐231 cells. In conclusion, TGF 1, IGF‐I and IGF‐II may have effects on oestrogen metabolism, especially in the MCF‐7 cell line where they stimulated the conversion of E 1 S to E 1 and E 1 to E 2 and, thus, may have roles to play in the development of breast cancer.
Morphology, age and survival of adult male New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, in South Australia

Nineteen adult male New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, were marked and measured at the start of the breeding seasons in November 1992 and 1993 at Cape Gantheaume, Kangaroo Island in South Australia. The age of each seal was estimated from the number of cementum layers in a post-canine tooth. The males that were attempting to hold territories were 7–15 years old and the heaviest was 160 kg. The mass of males could be predicted accurately from linear measurements and several predictive equations enable estimation of mass in the field. The mean annual survival rate for adult male New Zealand fur seals was 76%, which is higher than that in other fur seal species, perhaps reflecting the expanding nature of the A. forsteri population in Australia.
Sex ratios and the shy male hypothesis in the moss Bryum argenteum (Bryaceae)

Abstract Bryophyte population sex ratios are predominately female-biased, at least with respect to plants expressing sexual structures. One hypothesis to explain this bias is that males produce sexual structures less often than females, but occur at similar frequencies, a hypothesis termed the “shy male hypothesis. ” Another nonexclusive possibility is that offspring sex ratios (as sporelings) are biased and populations retain this bias. To test these hypotheses, we examined sex ratios in expressing and nonexpressing shoots for the cosmopolitan moss Bryum argenteum collected in the field, and in shoots grown from spores in the lab. An examination of 154 collections of B. argenteum from native habitats and urban settings in the USA revealed that populations were significantly female-biased (>80% female). Male rarity was most pronounced in aridland regions of the Mojave Desert and California chaparral; males were significantly more common in altered urban habitats and in high elevation native habitats. When all shoots from clumps representing three mixed-sex, sporophytic populations were grown to sex expression, male nonexpressing shoots were not found to be significantly more abundant than expected based on the field expressing shoot sex ratio, lending little support to the “shy male hypothesis. ” Offspring sex ratios derived from sporelings were not significantly different from 1∶1, thus not explaining the sharply female-biased population ratios observed in the field. We propose that factors between spore germination and adult maturation, including clonal dynamics, are causing the female-biased population and within-clump sex ratio imbalance of B. argenteum.
Chloride and Hydrogen Ion Distribution between Human Red Cells and Plasma

Distribution of Cl-and H+between human red cells and plasma has been studied after variations of plasma pH (induced both by changing pCO2 and changing bicarbonate concentration). The distribution ratio of chloride Cl-cell/Cl-plasma = r(Cl-), and of hydrogen ions H+plasma/H+cell = r[H+], showed the following relations to plasma pH: r(Cl-) = 3.319—(0.359 pHplasma) r[H+] = 3.094—(0.335 pHplasma) The conception that the distribution of Cl-and H+is a Donnan distribution, is supported by the distribution of Cl-and H+found after addition of an impermeant, negatively charged ion (citrate) to the extracellular phase. The normally negative potential difference between cells and plasma may be inverted in the presence of citrate. The effects on ion distribution seen, when normal cells are suspended in isotonic sucrose or glucose, can be explained as being caused by diffusion potentials, which arise because of the much higher permeability of the red cell membrane towards anions than towards cations. Calculation of the water shift to be expected as the osmotic consequence of the redistribution of diffusible anions between cells and plasma (—ΔH2O/ΔpH: 423g H2O/kg RBC solids) was found to agree with the experimentally determined value of 404g H2O/kg RBC solids.