Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Site Response on the Correlation Structure of Ground Motion Residuals

Seismic hazard analyses require an estimate of earthquake ground motions from future events. These predictions are achieved through Ground Motion Prediction Equations, which include a prediction of the median and the standard deviation of ground motion parameters. The differences between observed and predicted ground motions, when normalized by the standard deviation, are referred to as epsilon ( ). For spectral accelerations, the correlation structure of normalized residuals across oscillator periods is important for guiding ground motion selection. Correlation structures for large global datasets have been studied extensively. These correlation structures reflect effects that are averaged over the entire dataset underlying the analyses. This paper considers the effects of site response, at given sites, on the correlation structure of normalized residuals. This is achieved by performing site response analyses for two hypothetical soil profiles using a set of 85 rock input motions. Results show that there is no significant difference between correlation coefficients for rock ground motions and correlation coefficients after considering the effects of site response for the chosen sites. KEY WORD DEFINITIONS GMPE: Ground Motion Prediction Equation PGV: Peak Ground Velocity PGA: Peak Ground Acceleration ASI: Acceleration Spectrum Intensity (cm/s) SI: Spectrum intensity SA: Spectral Acceleration. Vs30: Shear velocity of the site profile at the top 30 m of soil layer.
Laparoscopic Surgery in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Reproductive and Metabolic Effects

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of chronic anovulation. Clomiphene citrate (CC) is the ﬁrst-line treatment for ovulation induction for infertile women with PCOS. In CC-resistant women, a particular surgical method, laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD), has been proposed in recent years as an alternative treatment. LOD produces overall spontaneous ovulation and pregnancy rates of 30 to 90% and 13 to 88%, respectively, for CC-resistant PCOS women. The mechanism of LOD is still unknown. The reduction of serum androgen level is believed to be the possible mechanism of LOD to improve spontaneous ovulation and promote fertility in women with PCOS. In addition, LOD may cause a signiﬁcant reduction in serum luteinizing hormone and insulin levels. However, it should be kept in mind that postoperative adhesion is the most common adverse effect of LOD, and more punctures may be responsible for premature ovarian failure.
Hemorrhagic Stroke in the Tropics

With the increasing industrialization of countries in the tropical and subtropical regions, cerebrovascular disease is becoming an increasingly recognized cause of morbidity and mortality. The incidence of hemorrhagic stroke versus ischemic stroke is unclear as data regarding hemorrhagic stroke in developing countries of the tropical and subtropical regions, especially in the English literature, continues to be sparse. As in the developed world, however, the major etiologies for hemorrhagic stroke in developing countries relate to typical vascular risk factors and, to a lesser extent, central nervous system vascular malformations, medications, and infectious etiologies.
Diet and Thrombosis Risk: Nutrients for Prevention of Thrombotic Disease

An increased prothrombotic state is a major risk factor for the development of heart attacks, strokes, and venous thromboembolism. Platelet activation and aggregation play an important role in determining a prothrombotic state. Although pharmaceutical agents such as aspirin, heparin, and warfarin are able to reduce prothrombotic tendency, long-term drug treatment may produce a variety of side effects, including bleeding. Diet is generally recognized to be signiﬁcantly involved in modifying the individual risk for the development of thrombotic diseases, although its inﬂuence during the treatment of these disorders is probably less important. Dietary intervention has proven effective in lowering serum lipid levels, which are otherwise essential elements in the pathogenesis of cardio-vascular disease. Likewise, certain dietary components have also been proven effective in decreasing platelet activation through various mechanisms and therefore may contribute to attenuating the future risk of thrombosis. This article provides an up-to-date review of the role of nutrient and nonnutrient supplements on platelet aggregation and risk of thrombosis.
Imaging of Bone Erosion in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common type of inﬂammatory arthritis, with a prevalence of 1% in the United States. Recently introduced disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have been extremely successful in preventing irreversible joint damage, particularly if initiated early. Accordingly, accurate and early diagnosis of RA has become imperative. This shift places increased demands on imaging to identify even the slightest traces of erosive joint damage and predict future structural and functional deterioration. Unfortunately, conventional radiography has been shown to be insensitive for bone erosions, particularly in early stages of the disease. Computed tomography (CT) is rarely used, but its tomographic perspective offers advantages over projectional radiography. Ultrasound (US) detects more erosions than radiography does and also can evaluate synovitis. Scintigraphy also can detect inﬂammation and bone turnover at sites of active erosion. It lacks spatial resolution but offers greater anatomical coverage, making whole-body assessments possible. Of all imaging modalities, however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows the greatest sensitivity for detecting and monitoring bone erosions and also can detect and follow pre-erosive features of RA, such as synovitis, bone marrow edema or osteitis, and tendinous and ligamentous abnormalities. In this article, we review the appearance of bone erosions on conventional radiography and alternative imaging modalities including MRI, CT, US, and scintigraphy. We also review alternative acquisition techniques for MRI in RA and discuss the utility of fat suppression and contrast enhancement.
Metabolic Imprinting by Prenatal, Perinatal, and Postnatal Overnutrition: A Review

Epidemiological studies have suggested that metabolic programming is one of the critical factors contributing to the etiology of obesity as well as concurrent increase in related chronic diseases (e.g., type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease). Metabolic programming is the phenomenon whereby a nutritional stress/stimulus applied during critical periods of early development permanently alters an organism’s physiology and metabolism, the consequences of which are often observed much later in life. The idea of metabolic programming originated from the fetal origins hypothesis proposed by Barker in which he suggested that disproportionate size at birth of the newborn due to an adverse intrauterine environment correlated well with an increased risk of adult-onset ill health outcomes (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease). The fetal origins hypothesis, proposed by Barker, suggests that adequate nutrition during fetal development is critical. Overnutrition is a form of malnutrition that has increased in the United States over the past several decades in which nutrients are oversupplied relative to the amounts required for normal growth, development, and metabolism. Evidence for the effects of maternal obesity and overnutrition on metabolic programming is reviewed during critical prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods.
Serological and Molecular Diagnosis

The development of serological assays to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has played a major role in the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. With other hepatitis B serological assays, a diagnosis of acute or chronic HBV infection, past infection, or successful vaccination can be determined. However, serological proﬁles can at times be atypical or ambiguous. Some of these difﬁculties may be overcome by HBV DNA testing, which may elucidate an individual’s true hepatitis B status. In addition, quantiﬁcation of HBV DNA provides a means of monitoring the effectiveness of antiviral therapy and detecting the early development of antiviral drug resistance. Molecular diagnostics are also being applied to HBV-infected liver tissue. The use of molecular techniques to quantify intrahepatic HBV DNA and other key HBV replicative intermediates may provide additional options for monitoring and predicting treatment efﬁcacy, but such assays require further validation before they can be used routinely.
The Impact of Clinicopathological Studies on Staging and Survival in Essential Thrombocythemia, Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis, and Polycythemia Rubra Vera

In chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), varying results regarding staging of disease and assessment of outcome have been reported. Risk classiﬁcation is mainly based on clinical data; however, in those disorders associated with an elevated platelet count, discrimination of (true) essential thrombocythemia (ET) may be difﬁcult without the possibility to recognize characteristic histopathological bone marrow patterns according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Patients with ET reveal no relevant reduction of life expectancy and the impact of disease is signiﬁcantly higher in elderly patients, especially in chronic idiopathic myeloﬁbrosis (IMF) and polycythemia rubra vera (PV). In high-risk ET, the overall incidence of myeloﬁbrotic transformation after 36 months of follow-up is 2.8% when considering the Polycythemia Vera Study Group guidelines. In contrast, classiﬁcation according to WHO fails to show a relevant transformation into myeloﬁbrosis either by clinical or morphological standards in (true) ET. Early stages of IMF show a more favorable outcome, but in multivariate risk classiﬁcation, signs of myeloid metaplasia have the most important impact on prognosis. In PV, the risk for thrombosis increases with age, and furthermore, signs of generalization are generally associated with a worsening of prognosis. It has been shown that examination of bone marrow specimens enhances the diagnostic reliability and also enables the recognition of evolving myeloﬁbrotic transformation in MPDs.
Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood

The study of hematopoiesis, the generation of blood cell lines throughout life, has provided conceptual, experimental, and therapeutic approaches useful to all stem cell biologists. From a clinical perspective, no other area of stem cell biology has been applied as successfully as has transplantation of bone marrow and cord blood for the treatment of blood diseases. In the last few years, research in stem cell biology has expanded rapidly to include the study of stem cells from embryonic, fetal, and various adult tissues, engendering novel perspectives regarding the identity, origin, and full therapeutic potential of tissue-speciﬁc stem cells. Rather than focusing on the use of cord blood stem cells for reconstitution of bone marrow, this article reviews the biology of stem cells found in the cord blood in the context of cell plasticity and their therapeutic potential for repair of the nervous system.
Venous Thromboembolism in Chronic Liver Disease

The liver plays a central role in the maintenance of a normal hemostatic balance by synthesizing several factors belonging to the pathways of coagulation, anticoagulation, and ﬁbrinolysis. It is thereby unsurprising that patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) or cirrhosis may experience a kaleidoscope of hemostatic disorders. A bleeding tendency represents the most frequent and clinically severe hemostatic complication of CLD or cirrhosis. Perhaps less anticipated, growing evidence now suggests that a procoagulant state may be also associated with CLD, so that patients with CLD or cirrhosis, irrespective of its etiology, rather than be ‘‘naturally anticoagulated’’ might also experience a large spectrum of spontaneous or unprovoked venous thrombotic complications. The clinical signiﬁcance of an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in CLD is an important topic for future research, and the initiation of new randomized studies of potential treatments for this complication is needed.
The Impact of the Lung Allocation Score

The lung allocation score (LAS) was developed in an effort to facilitate lung transplantation to more urgent and ill patients, to decrease wait time, and to change the allocation process to a more merit-based system. Four years after the implementation of the LAS, we now evaluate the impact and outcomes of this system. We have found that registrations on the wait list as well as wait time have decreased. Mortality on the wait list has decreased. There has been signiﬁcant change in the distribution of diagnoses receiving transplantation with no signiﬁcant difference in survival in most areas. Patients with higher LAS scores have increased short-term mortality. The LAS has affected the allocation process as well as signiﬁcant outcomes in the transplant patient population.
Hormonal Influences on Hemostasis in Women

Hemostasis in women is inﬂuenced by physiological changes in hormone status associated with the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and hormone-based contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) preparations. These hormonal inﬂuences can lead to an increase in the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to altered levels of clotting factors and an acquired resistance to the actions of activated protein C. This articles reviews recent evidence for these changes. During the menstrual cycle, changes are observed in levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF), ﬁbrinogen, and activated factor VII. No such effect has been demonstrated in protein S or protein C levels or activated protein C resistance. Pregnancy is a procoagulant state with progressive increase in levels of factors VII, VIII, X, and XII, ﬁbrinogen, and VWF, as well as increased resistance to activated protein C. Hormonal contraceptives and HRT are widely used and have undergone many changes over the years. Recent modiﬁcations to the preparations used in combined oral contra-ceptives (COC) aimed at improving side-effect proﬁles have also been shown to increase the risk of VTE for third-and fourth-generation COC compared with second-generation COC. This has been shown to be due to changes in activated protein C resistance. This risk of VTE represents a signiﬁcant public health issue, but increased awareness and further research may allow development of safer future therapies leading to improvements in women’s health.
Patient financial incentives to improve asthma management: a systematic review

Objectives The objectives of this systematic review are to identify studies that assess the effectiveness of patient-directed financial incentive interventions to improve asthma management behaviours, determine overall effectiveness of financial incentives, identify design characteristics of effective interventions and assess the impact on longer-term outcomes in the context of asthma. Design Systematic review with narrative synthesis. Data sources Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, PsycINFO, CINAHL, PubMed and Web of Science) and grey literature sources (NHS Digital, CORE, ProQuest, Clinical Trials Register and EU Clinical Trials Register) were searched in November 2021 and updated March 2023. Eligiblity criteria Eligible articles assessed financial incentives to improve asthma management behaviours (attendance at appointments, medication adherence, tobacco smoke/allergen exposure, inhaler technique and asthma education) for patients with asthma or parents/guardians of children with asthma. Eligible study design included randomised controlled, controlled or quasi-randomised trials and retrospective/prospective cohort, case-controlled or pilot/feasibility studies. Synthesis A narrative synthesis was conducted; eligible studies were grouped by asthma management behaviours and financial incentive framework domains. Results We identified 4268 articles; 8 met the inclusion criteria. The studies were from the USA (n=7) and the UK (n=1). Asthma management behaviours included attendance at appointments (n=4), reduction in smoke exposure (n=1) and medication adherence (n=3). Five studies demonstrated positive behaviour change, four of which were significant (attendance at appointments (n=3) showed significant differences between intervention and control: 73% and 49% in one study, 46.3% and 28.9% in another, and 35.7% and 18.9%, respectively; medication adherence (n=1) showed significant change from 80% during intervention to 33% post intervention). These four significant studies used ‘positive gain’, ‘certain’, ‘fixed’ financial incentives of smaller magnitude, given for ‘all’ instances of behaviour. Conclusion There is some evidence that patient-directed financial incentives improve asthma management behaviours. However, in view of the wide heterogeneity in study design and measured outcomes, determining overall effectiveness was challenging. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021266679.
The Spectrum of Scleroderma Lung Disease

Pulmonary disease is the most common cause of death in patients with systemic sclerosis. This article discusses the variety of ways the lung is affected in systemic sclerosis. These include pulmonary hypertension, interstitial lung disease and other restrictive disorders, obstructive disease, pleural disease, lung cancer, and aspiration. For each manifestation we outline the current knowledge of etiology, risk factors, diagnosis
Single-Gene Stroke Disorders

Monogenic causes of stroke are rare but should not be missed by the neurologist. The purpose of this review is to aid the reader in the evaluation of a patient with cryptogenic stroke with or without a family history suspicious for an inherited condition. The clinical ﬁndings, diagnosis, and management of monogenic causes of stroke and stroke look-alikes are discussed, including cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with sub-cortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, Fabry’s disease, vascular Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan syndrome, sickle cell disease, the thrombophilias, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, cerebral cavernous malformations, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, and mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes. A quick review of systems designed to screen for genetic stroke causes is presented. By correlating stroke subtype with phenotype, this review will familiarize the clinician with indications for focused genetic testing in appropriate patients.
Should Preschool Wheezers Ever Be Treated with Inhaled Corticosteroids?

The syndrome of preschool wheeze commonly regresses completely in the preschool years, but it may lead to prolonged symptoms and established asthma. Although epidemiological studies have established that there are several different phenotypes, it is currently impossible to assign the majority of wheezing preschool children to a phenotype prospectively. Bronchoalveolar lavage studies have shown an increase in total cellular inﬂammation in the youngest, symptomatic children, and that in older preschool children the neutrophil is the predominant inﬂammatory cell in the airway. Endobronchial biopsy studies have shown that eosinophilic inﬂammation and structural airway wall changes are absent in symptomatic infants but appear in severe wheezers by the age of 3 years. Treatment guidelines are not evidence based in this age group and frequently do not appear to consider either the likely pathology or the different patterns of symptoms. Pure virus-associated symptoms may be treated with intermittent b -2 agonist or anticholinergics by inhalation. If this fails, intermittent oral leukotriene receptor antagonists or short courses of very high dose inhaled cortico-steroids could be considered. The role of oral corticosteroids is highly debatable in young children with virus-associated wheeze. Prophylactic therapy may be considered for chronic intermittent symptoms (interval symptoms between acute episodes). The choices are oral leukotriene receptor antagonists, or inhaled corticosteroids, which should be introduced in a three-stage protocol to avoid overtreating the child with evanescent symptoms. Because the natural history of preschool wheeze is one of improvement, treatment should be tapered after a period of stability. Unfortunately, neither cortico-steroids nor any other currently available therapy modiﬁes the long-term outcome of preschool wheeze. In conclusion, corticosteroid treatment may have a small role in preschool wheeze, in particular for those thought to have early asthma, but the uncritical application of recommendations that are appropriate for older children and adults with asthma has led to widespread overuse of these medications. There is an urgent need for better treatment of preschool wheeze.
Epidemiology of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a signiﬁcant health problem because of its unpredictable nature, poorly understood pathogenesis, and potential to cause fatal outcomes. It is also a signiﬁcant hurdle for drug development and marketing of safe prescription medications. Idiosyncratic DILI is generally rare, but its occurrence is likely underappreciated due to the lack of active reporting or surveillance systems and substantial challenges involved in its recognition and diagnosis. Nonetheless, DILI is a common cause of potentially serious and fatal acute liver failure in both children and adults. Population-based studies that accurately estimate the incidence and full spectrum of DILI are limited. However, using a prospective, population-based French study with an annual estimated incidence of 13.9 (cid:1) 2.4 DILI cases per 100,000 inhabitants, it has been extrapolated that nearly 44,000 individuals in the United States will suffer from DILI each year. Although increasing numbers of patients are also being seen with DILI due to herbal and dietary supplements, the epidemiology of this entity requires further investigation. In this article, the epidemiology of DILI, both in the general population and in potentially high-risk subgroups, is reviewed.