Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity experiments for polar low forecasting with the CMC mesoscale finite‐element model

Abstract High‐resolution versions of the Canadian operational regional finite‐element model (RFE) have been developed to assess their potential in simulating mesoscale, difficult‐to‐forecast and potentially dangerous weather systems commonly referred to as polar lows. The operational (1989) 100‐km version and a 50‐km version of the model have been run for two different polar low cases: one over Hudson Bay and one over Davis Strait. More integrations have also been performed on the Hudson Bay event both at 50 and 25 km to assess the model sensitivity to ice cover. As expected, the reduction in spatial truncation errors provided by the increase in resolution results in a better simulation of the systems. Moreover, when run at higher resolutions the model shows a significant sensitivity to ice cover. The results of the ice‐cover experiments also put into perspective the interaction between the heat and moisture fluxes at the surface, the low‐level wind structure, and the relation of these to the development .
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Association Between Laboratory Tests and Severe Outcomes Among Hospitalized Children

Abstract Background To assist clinicians with identifying children at risk of severe outcomes, we assessed the association between laboratory findings and severe outcomes among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–infected children and determined if SARS-CoV-2 test result status modified the associations. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection in 41 pediatric emergency departments in 10 countries. Participants were hospitalized, had laboratory testing performed, and completed 14-day follow-up. The primary objective was to assess the associations between laboratory findings and severe outcomes. The secondary objective was to determine if the SARS-CoV-2 test result modified the associations. Results We included 1817 participants; 522 (28.7%) SARS-CoV-2 test-positive and 1295 (71.3%) test-negative. Seventy-five (14.4%) test-positive and 174 (13.4%) test-negative children experienced severe outcomes. In regression analysis, we found that among SARS-CoV-2-positive children, procalcitonin ≥0.5 ng/mL (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 9.14; 95% CI, 2.90–28.80), ferritin >500 ng/mL (aOR, 7.95; 95% CI, 1.89–33.44), D-dimer ≥1500 ng/mL (aOR, 4.57; 95% CI, 1.12–18.68), serum glucose ≥120 mg/dL (aOR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.06–3.81), lymphocyte count <1.0 × 109/L (aOR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.34–7.69), and platelet count <150 × 109/L (aOR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.31–6.07) were associated with severe outcomes. Evaluation of the interaction term revealed that a positive SARS-CoV-2 result increased the associations with severe outcomes for elevated procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and for reduced lymphocyte and platelet counts. Conclusions Specific laboratory parameters are associated with severe outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-infected children, and elevated serum procalcitonin, CRP, and D-dimer and low absolute lymphocyte and platelet counts were more strongly associated with severe outcomes in children testing positive compared with those testing negative.
Level of Coherence in L2 Written Text: A Gender Perspective

Writing is an essential skill for EFL learners to be able to communicate effectively. Achieving effective communication is condemned by the degree of developing text coherence. Reviewing the related literature shows that coherence, unlike other text features, posits a significant problem with L2 learners, males and females. Due to biological and cultural differences between males and females, both sexes may bring variety to coherence development in text writing. This case has not received a due account in discourse analysis studies, creating a gap in the literature. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify the level of coherence in L2 written texts from a gender perspective. To achieve the objectives of the study, all 40 graduates of English, 20 males, and 20 females, Faculty of Education, Ibb University, Yemen, in the academic year 2019 – 2020, participated in this study. A writing test was used as a research tool to collect the required data. Using both descriptive and inferential research approaches, a number of findings were revealed. The most important ones are: there was a lack of coherence in both males' and females' written texts (M = 15.45/30, SD = 4.56); and there were no statistically significant differences between the mean score of male and female graduates (M = 16.10 > 14.80 <, SD = 4.96 > 4.14 , t = - 0.90, P > 0.05) attributed to the variable of gender. Based on the findings of the study, a number of pedagogical implications were introduced; most notably, policymakers, course designers, and teachers should pay ample attention to the contents of writing courses focusing on text coherence to sensitize EFL learners to such a text feature to be able to produce coherent texts.
Quadruple-site diversity experiment in Austria using 12 GHz radiometers

The paper reports on a quadruple-site diversity experiment using 12 GHz radiometers in Austria. Separations between sites were 10.9 to 26.2 km, providing orthogonal path separations (vertical or horizontal) of between 9.3 and 25.9 km. The radiometers were directed along the future look-angle of the ESA satellite OLYMPUS (azimuth 223.16° from true North, elevation 25.43°). The measurements were conducted from May 1980 to April 1983, with dual-site joint uptimes exceeding 94.9% for all combinations. The experimental results indicate that, for this location and geometry, dual-site diversity performance is insensitive to separations above 10 km, all pairs achieving similar diversity gain statistics. The results were close to those predicted by the Hodge model, with the prevailing weather direction having a significant influence on diversity performance. In general triple- and quadruple-site groupings provided better improvement in diversity than the dual-site combinations but, while the statistical improvement was slight, the number of joint events was significantly reduced from dualsite combinations.
Parthenocarpy in Cucurbitaceae: Advances for Economic and Environmental Sustainability

Parthenocarpy is an important agricultural trait that not only produces seedless fruits, but also increases the rate of the fruit set under adverse environmental conditions. The study of parthenocarpy in Cucurbitaceae crops has considerable implications for cultivar improvement. This article provides a comprehensive review of relevant studies on the parthenocarpic traits of several major Cucurbitaceae crops and offers a perspective on future developments and research directions.
A Numerical Model of Lithospheric Extension Producing Fault-Bounded Basins and Ranges

We present a set of self-consistent numerical experiments resulting in the development of local weak zones within a wide region of extending brittle lithosphere overlying viscous asthenosphere. In these two-dimensional models, the brittle yield strength is controlled by a Byerlee's Law friction coefficient and a value for cohesion. A portion of the brittle strength is reduced as a function of plastic strain (strain beyond yield). This strain weakening can result in concentration of strain on spontaneously formed weak zones accommodating dip slip, or model normal faults. The temperature-dependent viscous rheology is based on a laboratory-derived power-law creep flow law for diabase. The initial temperature gradient is taken to be linear with depth, and controls the depth range over which the viscosity decreases beneath the brittle lithosphere. The viscous flow of the transition region below the lithosphere can result in a distributed set of model normal faults, in some cases with regular periodic spacing. The model pattern of deformation depends on a broad range of parameters, including the thickness of the brittle lithosphere, the depth range for the decrease of viscosity with depth, the strength reduction with brittle strain, the rate of strength loss, and the rate of regaining of strength through fault "healing. " In this preliminary set of models, we show that the spacing of model basins and ranges can depend on the amount of strain weakening on faults, with wider spacing for larger amounts of strain weakening. For a temperature profile that gives a ~10 km thick brittle layer and about 20 MPa of strength loss with strain on faults, the model results in a pattern of topographic relief that roughly resembles what is seen in profiles across the Basin and Range province of the western United States.
Reversible Data Hiding Algorithm in Encrypted Domain Based on Image Interpolation

This study proposes a large capacity, reversible, and separable algorithm based on adaptive embedding to address the issues plaguing reversible data hiding in the encrypted images (RDH-EI) algorithms, such as reversibility, low embedding rate, and incomplete separation. An improved Arnold and chaos-based image encryption algorithm is proposed in the image encryption stage, permitting the original image several times using the Arnold matrix and performing pixel diffusion using the generated chaotic sequence. Then, the encrypted image is interpolated with an improved image interpolation algorithm to create the cover image to be embedded with the secret data. The difference between the secret data to be embedded and the maximum value of $n$ -bit data is first calculated in the data embedding stage. Then, an adaptive data embedding method is proposed to embed the secret data into the interpolated pixels, based on the difference and the size of the secret data. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is fully reversible, has no additional data and no data overflow, and is separable with all uncorrelated keys. The proposed algorithm has higher image quality at the same embedding rate than others. It is also resistant to histogram and regular singular (RS) steganalysis.
The Anticyclonic, Baroclinic Eddy off Sitka, Alaska, in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract Among the many mesoscale eddies found in the northeast Pacific Ocean is a well-developed, anticyclonic baroclinic eddy, situated within a few hundred kilometers of Sitka, Alaska (57°N. 138°W). It has definitely been observed during spring and summer 1958, summer 1960 and summer 1961. Observations made at other times show some evidence of its occurrence also. The trajectories of three NORPAX drifting buoys for April–May 1977 also indicated the probable presence of an eddy there. The eddy, whose diameter ranges from 200 to 300 km and whose depth extends to 100 m and probably to as much as 2000 m, recurs at the same location. The center of the eddy is characterized by the following features: the surface water is less saline and only somewhat warmer than at its periphery; at depths within and below the halocline it is warmer, less saline and contains more dissolved oxygen than at the periphery; and a warm core is situated within the halocline. The halocline is usually depressed by less than 100 m but.
Initiation of a continental ice sheet in a global climate model (GENESIS)

The initiation and maintenance of a continental ice sheet are investigated using the GENESIS global climate model. A necessary condition for ice sheet initiation is to have snow cover survive through the summer. Model simulations examine the sensitivity of the maintenance of summer snow cover to the prescriptions of topography and solar luminosity. The time period chosen for this study is the Late Carboniferous (306 Ma) when an extensive continental ice sheet, as large if not larger than the Pleistocene glaciations, existed on a supercontinent in the southern hemisphere. This ice sheet, persisting for over 60 m.y. , was one of the most prolonged periods of continuous glaciation in Earth history. Model simulations indicate that given the geography, solar luminosity (3% less than present), and atmospheric CO 2 (same as present) estimated for this time period, summer snow cover remains as far equatorward as 35°S latitude. Global mean temperature is -2.4°C, 17.2°C cooler than for present. Probable regions for the initiation of the Carboniferous ice sheet are apparent in analysis of the spin-up of the model to equilibrium. Summer snow cover first persists along the polar coastline of the supercontinent during year 4 of the simulation. Summer snow cover shows the greatest sensitivity to solar luminosity. Increasing the solar constant to its present value from the Late Carboniferous value results in a summer warming of southern hemisphere high-latitude land areas by as much as 37°C and complete melting of any summer snow cover. Topography plays a lesser role. Reducing land elevations to sea level causes persistent summer snow cover to retreat only 8° poleward. Conversely, initializing the model with an elevated land ice sheet has no effect on summer snow cover extent.
TRUTH AND BEAUTY IN METAMORPHIC PHASE-EQUILIBRIA: CONJUGATE VARIABLES AND PHASE DIAGRAMS

Dans l'utilisation des equilibres calcules impliquant les mineraux necessaires pour comprendre les processus metamorphiques, il y a des choix naturels des axes a utiliser pour construire les diagrammes de phases, dependant des suppositions faites a propos des processus importants dans les roches. Les variables thermodynamiques se presentent en paires conjuguees, l'un etant intensif, et l'autre, extensif, et le choix naturel a faire depend de quelle paire mene a un trace evolutif des processus metamorphiques qui soit le plus facile a visualiser. Un choix non naturel mene a un diagramme pour lequel les traces ne sont pas evidents de facon intuitive, et un tel diagramme doit en general etre calcule. Nous illustrons les concepts liant les paires conjuguees en utilisant les equilibres portant sur les mineraux typiques du facies amphibolite a granulite, calcules pour une composition representative d'une pelite alumineuse en termes du systeme Na 2 O-CaO-K 2 O-FeO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -H 2 O (NCKFMASH). Nous examinons tout particulierement les paires conjuguees pression-volume et teneur en H 2 O-aH 2 O (i.e., la paire H 2 O-μ H 2 O ). Les diagrammes P-T versus V-T et T-M H 2 O versus T-a H 2 O servent a evaluer les processus metamorphiques. Nous montrons que la variable la moins evidente, par exemple V plutot que P, peut etre plus utile dans certaines situations, generalement transitoires.
Evaluation of four MERIS atmospheric correction algorithms in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan

Accurate atmospheric correction for turbid inland waters remains a significant challenge. Several atmospheric correction algorithms have been proposed to address this issue, but their performance is unclear in regard to Asian lakes, some of which have extremely high turbidity and different inherent optical properties from lakes in other continents. Here, four existing atmospheric correction algorithms were tested in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan (an extremely turbid inland lake), using in situ water-leaving reflectance and concurrently acquired medium resolution imaging spectrometer (MERIS) images. The four algorithms are (1) GWI (the standard Gordon and Wang algorithm with an iterative process and a bio-optical model) (2) MUMM (Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models); (3) SCAPE-M (Self-Contained Atmospheric Parameters Estimation for MERIS Data) and (4) C2WP (Case-2 Water Processor). The results show that all four atmospheric correction algorithms have limitations in Lake Kasumigaura, even though SCAPE-M and MUMM gave acceptable accuracy for atmospheric correction in several cases (relative errors less than 30% for the 2006 and 2008 images). The poor performance occurred because the conditions in Lake Kasumigaura (i.e. the atmospheric state and/or turbidity) did not always meet the assumptions in each atmospheric correction algorithm (e.g. in 2010, the relative errors ranged from 42% to 83%). These results indicate that further improvements are necessary to address the issue of atmospheric correction for turbid inland waters such as Lake Kasumigaura, Japan.
Vertical Diffusion Driven by Internal Waves in a Sill Fjord

Abstract A new mechanism, the breaking of internal waves, is proposed to explain vertical mixing within the lower layers of sill fjords. The generation of the waves at the sill of a fjord is modelled assuming constant depth except at the narrow sill whose height is the thickness of the lower layer. A barotropic tide oscillating across the still creates internal waves which propagate both seaward and landward from the still. These waves break against the bottom, creating boundary turbulence which mixes water of different density in the lower layer. This is demonstrated experimentally. The mixture flows away from the boundaries into the interior of the fjord, causing an effective vertical mixing. The energy input into the internal waves and the damping of barotropic seiches are computed using linear theory. Possible instability, except at the bottom, is discounted by considering representative Richardson and Froude numbers. The theory is then qualitatively applied to the Oslofjord with particular attention .
Changes in Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients Following Radioactive Iodine Therapy

Purpose Radioactive iodine therapy is administered through oral route, which is accumulated and absorbed in the intestine. However, its effects on the intestine remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites following radioactive iodine therapy. Patients and Methods A total of 76 stool samples from the same 38 patients were collected at the start of radioactive iodine therapy and three days following the therapy. Stool microbiota and metabolites were detected using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella were elevated in most patients (27/38) following the therapy. The levels of 2-hydroxyundec-7-enoylcarnitine were significantly lower, whereas those of 5-dehydroavenasterol, butylisopropylamine, and salsoline-1-carboxylate were higher following the therapy. The relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella was negatively correlated with 2-hydroxyundec-7-enoylcarnitine level (r2 = −0.661, P = 0.009). Functional pathways were predicted to be involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism following the therapy. Particularly, phenylalanine, linoleic acid, sphingolipid, purine, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism were the main metabolic pathways. Conclusion Gut microbiota was disturbed following radioactive iodine therapy, with increased Escherichia-Shigella. Processes associated with energy production seems to be impacted following the therapy, with significantly decreased 2-hydroxyundec-7-enoylcarnitine level. Meanwhile, some metabolites and functional pathways may have a positive effect on intestinal homeostasis, and may be related to the repair and promotion of gut recovery following the therapy. This study provides a basic foundation to explore how radioactive iodine affects gut microbiota and metabolites, and how gut function is regulated in response to radioactive iodine therapy.
Tectonic implications of tomographic images of subducted lithosphere beneath northwestern South America

We used seismic tomography to investigate the complex structure of the upper mantle below northwestern South America. Images of slab structure not delineated by previous seismicity studies help us to refine existing tectonic models of subducted Caribbean-Pacific lithosphere beneath the study area. Beneath western Venezuela and Colombia we distinguish two slabs: a Maracaibo and a (redefined) Bucaramanga slab. The Maracaibo slab, coinciding with most of the Bucaramanga slab previously defined by W. D. Pennington, dips in a direction of 150° at an angle of 17° to a depth of 275 km and correlates to the subducted Late Cretaceous oceanic plateau of the Caribbean plate. Farther south, a second slab dips at an angle of 50° in a direction of 125° to a depth of at least 500 km and correlates to the subducted oceanic crust of the Nazca plate and the downdip extension of the Panama island arc. We refer to this slab as the redefined Bucaramanga slab, because it is different from the Bucaramanga slab segment defined by Pennington. The area of the South American plate overriding both slabs is characterized by the absence of an active volcanic arc, an anomalously wide topographically uplifted and tectonically active area, and the northward escape of the Maracaibo block along active strike-slip faults. In support of earlier studies, we attribute this to the underthrusting of the Caribbean oceanic plateau (our shallowly dipping Maracaibo slab) along the base of the South American lithosphere and to the recent collision of the Panama island arc rafted in on more steeply dipping crust of the Nazca plate (our redefined Bucaramanga slab).
Drop size distribution and kinetic energy load of rainfall events in the highlands of the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia

Abstract Knowledge of rainfall characteristics is important for estimating soil erosion in arid areas. We determined basic rainfall characteristics (raindrop size distribution, intensity and kinetic energy), evaluated the erosivity of rainfall events, and established a relationship between rainfall intensity I and volume-specific kinetic energy KEvol for the Central Rift Valley area of the Ethiopian highlands. We collected raindrops on dyed filter paper and calculated KEvol and erosivity values for each rainfall event. For most rainfall intensities the median volume drop diameter (D50) was higher than expected, or reported in most studies. Rainfall intensity in the region was not high, with 8% of rain events exceeding 30 mm h-1. We calculated soil erosion from storm energy and maximum 30-min intensity for soils of different erodibility under conditions of fallow (unprotected soil), steep slope (about 9%) and no cover and management practice on the surface, and determined that 3 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 is the threshold erosivity, while erosivity of >7 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 could cause substantial erosion in all soil types in the area. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate Editor Q. Zhang
Configuration and timing of Ungava Bay ice streams, Labrador–Ungava, Canada

The prominent Ungava Bay landform swarm (UBLS), covering an area of ˜260000 km2 south of Ungava Bay, Canada, is defined by drumlins, crag‐and‐tails, horned crag‐and‐tails and flutes indicating convergent ice flow towards Ungava Bay. The UBLS has been difficult to interpret in terms of ice‐sheet configuration, dynamics and age. Aerial photograph and satellite image interpretations of the Labrador‐Ungava region reveal a previously unrecognized level of complexity within the UBLS consisting of several well‐defined segments, most interpreted as representing discrete stream‐flow events. Each of the segments is characterized by one or more of the criteria (convergent flow patterns at their heads, attenuated till lineations and abrupt lateral margins) previously suggested as diagnostic for formation by fast‐flowing ice (ice streams). The UBLS reflects the most direct and probably fastest contact (in terms of sediment transport) between the Laurentide Ice Sheet interior and the ocean. It is therefore a prime candidate for abrupt changes in glacial‐age northwest Atlantic seafloor sedimentation.