Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of soybean addition on the rheological properties and breadmaking quality of wheat flour

The effects of enzyme-active full-fat (EAFFSF), heat-treated full-fat (HTFFSF) and enzyme-active defatted (EADSF) soy flours and commercial soy protein isolates (SPIs) on mixing properties and extensibility of dough, gluten formation, gas production and retention properties of dough and bread quality were studied. The soy products utilised in this study presented values of urease activity, nitrogen solubility index (NSI) and enthalpies of protein denaturation according to their previous heat processing. Soy products interfered in gluten formation, weakened dough strength and decreased dough gas retention capacity. Bread quality was negatively affected by soy product addition. The negative effects were exacerbated by an increase in soy/wheat ratio. Soybean protein state was identified as an important factor in determining dough and bread properties.
Modeling the mechanics of freezing clay

Title of Document: MODELING THE MECHANICS OF FREEZING CLAY Sangjoon Han, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Directed By: Deborah J. Goodings, Professor Department of Civil Engineering This research was initiated to investigate the freezing mechanisms of clay, and to make a contribution to the development of a simple analytical model that can characterize frost heave in clay. It was also undertaken to examine the correctness of modeling full scale frost heave in small models cooled on the geotechnical centrifuge to simulate full scale stress conditions. To this end, twenty-three physical model tests were conducted including 1g freezing tests, centrifuge freezing test. Two soils were used; three freezing regimes were applied. Centrifugal acceleration was found to influence the magnitude, and the development of frost heave, as well as depth of freezing, and changes in local water contents after freezing, when compared to freezing of similarly sized models frozen at 1g. Ratios of (heave/depth of freezing) were similar in 1g and centrifuge models. No difference in the size of ice lenses could be observed. Evidence of freezing consolidation was observed. Prefreezing water content strongly affected development of heave in terms of both magnitude of heave, and depth of freezing. Migration of water was modest at best; the position of the phreatic surface did not appear to affect the development and magnitude of heave. Local permeability, however, appeared to have an important effect on development of heave, linked to the rate of cooling. An analytical model that was developed from this research explained, rather than predicted, frost heave at this point. The analytical model was satisfactory in characterizing magnitudes of heave, both ultimate heave and during development of heave, when the model included the assumption that heave can and does occur even when soil is not saturated, and the soil may transition from a prefreezing saturated condition to an unsaturated frozen condition. MODELING THE MECHANICS OF FREEZING CLAY
Modeling Manganese Oxidation with KMnO4 for Drinking Water Treatment

Manganese (Mn) in a drinking water distribution system can cause multiple aesthetic problems including discolored water and fouling or scaling of fixtures. Oxidation and solid-liquid separation processes are typically employed at a treatment plant to limit the concentration of Mn entering the distribution system. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is commonly used to oxidize the manganous ion (Mn+2) to manganese oxide (MnO2). In this study, a mechanistic model is applied to the oxidation of manganese at a treatment plant. Literature kinetic constants (determined with artificial water) are compared with the values obtained for the plant's natural water. The solution and surface phase oxidation rate constants determined with the natural water are two to six orders of magnitude less than those determined with the artificial water. The reduced oxidation rate in the natural water is attributed to the presence of dissolved organic matter, which can exert a competitive demand on the oxidant and interfere with the ox.
Water-soluble, nitrogen-doped fluorescent carbon dots for highly sensitive and selective detection of Hg2+ in aqueous solution

Highly fluorescent water-soluble and nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) were synthesized by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method using citric acid as carbon source and urea as nitrogen source. Quantum yield of NCDs reaches 42.2%. As-obtained NCDs show a strong emission at 440 nm with an optimum excitation at 355 nm, and exhibit high photostability and excitation-independent photoluminescence (PL) behavior under excitation at 240–380 nm. However, such NCDs show excitation-dependent PL behavior under excitation of 380–480 nm. Because of the Hg2+-induced fluorescence quenching of carbon dots (CDs), such NCDs can be used as an effective fluorescent nanoprobe for highly selective and sensitive detection of Hg2+ in aqueous solution, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 2.91 nM in a linear range of 0–50 nM. The NCDs offer a rapid detection of Hg2+ with one-step rapid operation within 5 min. Further, as-prepared NCDs also exhibit high sensitivity towards Hg2+ in tap water and mineral water samples. The linear ranges of detection are both 0–50 nM. The LODs in tap water and mineral water samples are as low as 2.88 nM and 2.87 nM, respectively.
Determination of Sudan I Using Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide

Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ER-GO) was prepared by reducing exfoliated graphene oxide sheets on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The voltammetric responses of Sudan I-IV were studied at the ER-GO modified GCE (ER-GO/GCE). Compared with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CR-GO) modified electrode (CR-GO/GCE), ER-GO/GCE showed higher voltammetric responses to Sudan I. The electrode had a linear response to Sudan I in the range of 0.04–8.0 µmol L−1 and a detection limit of 0.01 µmol L−1. The real sample determination indicated that the proposed method was reliable, effective, and sufficient.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Water Hyacinth: Product Distribution and Identification

The utilization of water hyacinth has attracted great attention for its invasive problem. The hydrothermal liquefaction of water hyacinth was conducted at moderate temperatures (240–340°C). Distribution and identification of the products were investigated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The results showed that the yield of total oil increased with the increasing temperature, peaked at 320°C, then decreased afterwards. The decomposition of water hyacinth to form small molecular compounds was the dominated process at lower temperatures, while more secondary polymerization reactions happened at temperatures over 280°C. Compositions of oil products were very complex and varied with temperature. Higher temperatures are a benefit for production of high value-added chemicals, such as phenols and cyclopentenes in water soluble oil. This could be the evidence to refine biofuel or biochemicals from water hyacinth by hydrothermal liquefaction.
Structural redetermination, thermal expansion and refractive indices of KLu(WO4)2

The crystal structure of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2 (KLuW) crystals was determined at room temperature by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The unit-cell parameters were a = 10.576 (7), b = 10.214 (7), c = 7.487 (2) A, β = 130.68 (4)°, with Z = 4, in space group C2/c. The unit-cell parameters of KLu1−xYbx(WO4)2 were determined in relation to Yb concentration. Vickers micro-indentations were used to study the microhardness of KLuW. The linear thermal expansion tensor was determined and the principal axis with maximum thermal expansion (\alpha_{33}' = 16.72 × 10−6 K−1), X_3', was located 13.51° from the c axis. The room-temperature optical tensor was studied in the near-infrared (NIR) and visible range. The principal optical axis with maximum refractive index (ng = 2.113), Ng, was located 18.5° from the c axis at 632.8 nm. Undoped and ytterbium-doped KLuW crystals were grown by the TSSG (top-seeded-solution growth) slow-cooling method. The crystals show {110}, {\bar{1}11}, {010} and {310} faces that basically constitue the habit of the KLuW crystals.
Tube dilation and reptation in binary blends of monodisperse linear polymers

We extend the Milner−McLeish theory for monodisperse linear polymers to binary blends, where the reptation time of the long chain is set to either the reptation time in the undilated tube or the reptation time in the dilated tube depending on the value of the “Graessley parameter” Gr ≡ M2Me2/M13, where M1 is the short chain molecular weight, M2 is the long chain molecular weight, and Me is the entanglement molecular weight. We find experimentally that, in blends in which Gr is much smaller than the critical value Grc ≈ 0.064 established by an observed crossover in diffusivity measurements [Green et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1984, 26, 2145], the long-chain motion in the binary blend is well predicted by the Milner−McLeish model using reptation in the undilated tube. However, for Gr larger than Grc, reptation must to be assumed to occur in a dilated tube to obtain agreement with the experimental data. These results confirm that the crossover behavior observed in diffusivity also occurs in rheology and show that .
Gating for scanned ion beam therapy

In treatment of motion affected tumours by means of a scanned particle beam severe under and over dosage can occur due to the interplay effect. By using gated beam delivery effective target motion is reduced, but even for the residual motion the interplay effect can lead to unsatisfactory dose distributions. Furthermore, an appropriate motion monitoring system is essential since beam delivery has to be synchronized to target motion. In this work three aspects were investigated to move gating closer towards clinical operation at Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT): Firstly, influences of beam parameters on dosimetric effects of residual motion were investigated in experiments and simulations. Increased focus sizes and reduced iso-energy distances turned out to be an effective method to gain dose homogeneity whereas reduction of lateral beam position spacing did not show such an effect. Secondly, to enable systematic studies of mitigation techniques and effects of miscorrelation between motion monitoring system and tumour motion a phantom with 6D target and independent thorax motion was constructed and validated successfully in experiments. Thirdly, two motion monitoring systems by VisionRT Ltd. and Anzai Medical Co.,Ltd., respectively, were compared in terms of gating delays and correlation to tumour motion extracted from MV-fluoroscopy. While the VisionRT system showed larger delays than the Anzai system under laboratory conditions, no significant difference between the systems with respect to tumour-correlation was found in a clinical study. Results of this work will be incorporated into patient treatments using gating that will start at HIT within the next few months. Furthermore, a phantom simulating thorax and target motion with a variety of applications such as 4D imaging is now available and already in use by several groups.
The CH3+ HO2Reaction: First-Principles Prediction of Its Rate Constant and Product Branching Probabilities

The reaction of the CH3 radical with HO2 has been investigated by means of ab initio molecular orbital theory and variational RRKM theory calculations. The reaction can take place by several product channels producing (a) CH4 + O2 (3Σg-) and (b) CH4 + O2 (1Δ) by direct H abstraction and (c) CH3O + OH and (d) CH2O + H2O by an association/decomposition mechanism via CH3OOH. The bimolecular reaction rate constants for the formation of these products have been calculated for the temperature range 300−3000 K and found to be pressure independent up to 50 atm. The Arrhenius equations for the two major channels a and c were found to be strongly curved; they can be represented by ka = 4.23 × 10-16T1.25 exp(828/T) for 300−800 K, ka = 3.02 × 10-21T2.83 exp(1877/T) for 800−3000 K, and kc = 2.97 × 10-10T-0.24 exp(182/T) for 300−1000 K and 1.02 × 10-13T0.76 exp(1195/T) for 1000−3000 K, in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1. In the abstraction channel a, the effect of multiple reflections above its van der Waals complex (CH3··.
Light‐enhanced surface passivation of TiO2‐coated silicon

Titanium dioxide is shown to afford good passivation to non‐diffused silicon surfaces and boron‐diffused surfaces after a low‐temperature anneal. The passivation most likely owes to the significant levels of negative charge instilled in the films, and passivation is enhanced by illumination—advantageous for solar cells—indicating that a titanium dioxide photoreaction is at least partly responsible for the low surface recombination. We demonstrate a surface recombination velocity of less than 30 cm/s, on a 5‐Ω cm n‐type silicon, and an emitter saturation current density of 90 fA/cm2 on a 200‐Ω/sq boron diffusion. If these titanium dioxide passivated boron‐diffused surfaces were employed in a crystalline silicon solar cell, an open‐circuit voltage as high as 685 mV could be achieved. Given that TiO2 has a high refractive index and was deposited with atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition, an inexpensive technique, it has the potential as a passivating antireflection coating for industrial boron‐diffused silicon solar cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication, Website Usability, Price Value, and Trust Affecting Decision to Book Hotel Online of Chinese Tourists in Bangkok

This independent study was aimed to explore communication, website usability, trust, and price value affecting decision to book hotel online of Chinese tourists in Bangkok. The survey questionnaire was used as an instrument for collecting the primary data. The sample size was 110 Chinese tourists in Bangkok. The statistics of data analysis were reliability analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results were found that the majority of respondents were females with 20-39 years of age. They were students and earned an average monthly income less than CNY 4,000. Most of them completed bachelor’s degrees. Based on the findings, the trust and price value had influence while the communication and website usability had no influence on decision to book hotel online of Chinese tourists in Bangkok.
Phase relations in the system Fe-FeSi at 21 GPa

Abstract High-pressure experiments were conducted to investigate the phase relations in the binary system Fe-FeSi at a pressure of 21 GPa and temperatures between 1350 and 2200 °C by using a multi-anvil apparatus. The system has a eutectic point at 26 wt% Si and 1820 °C, which is 400 °C lower than the melting point of pure Fe. On the Fe-rich side of the eutectic point, the temperature difference between the solidus and liquidus curves is less than 50 °C and the compositional difference is small between the coexisting solid and liquid. At subsolidus temperatures, homogeneous Fe-Si alloys were quenched with compositions up to 21.7 wt% Si. The more Si-enriched composition, Fe(+25.1 wt% Si), was found to coexist to with CsCl-type FeSi. These results suggest that a large amount of Si could have dissolved into liquid Fe at high pressures during core formation if it occurred under reducing conditions. However, the difference in Si content between the outer core and the inner core would be very small, if the solubility of Si in solid Fe remains large at inner core pressures.
An Unreacted Shrinking Core Model for Calcination and Similar Solid-to-Gas Reactions

A variation on the unreacted shrinking core model has been developed for calcination and similar non-catalytic solid-to-gas decomposition reactions in which no gaseous reactant is involved and the reaction rate decreases with increasing product gas concentration. The numerical solution of the model has been validated against an analytical solution for the isothermal case. The model parameters have been tuned using literature data for the thermal dehydration (calcination) of gibbsite to alumina over a wide range of temperatures, from 490 to 923 K. The model results for gibbsite conversion agreed well with the published experimental data. A reaction order with respect to water vapor concentration of n = −1 was found to give a good fit to the data and yield activation energies consistent with literature values. Predictions of the non-isothermal unreacted shrinking core model compare well with a more complex distributed model developed previously by the authors.
Characterization of precipitation and river water chemistry for measuring rates of weathering and soil formation in Iu river watershed, Southwestern Japan

Abstract The precipitation and river water chemistry were characterized in detail for measuring the rates of rock weathering and soil formation in three small subwatersheds of the Iu river, southwestern Japan. The monitoring of the precipitation and the river water continued for 3 y, during the period April 1989–March 1992. The three subwatersheds consist of different geological materials: Andesite (denoted as A), Granite (denoted as G), and Basic pyroclastic materials (denoted as B). Precipitation contained large amounts of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO4 2-, which fluctuated seasonally due to the influence of sea salt particle spray and acid deposition. River water chemistry was strongly controlled by the geological materials. The relative order of concentrations of various elements in river water was as follows, Ca2+: B >; A \s > G; Mg2+: A >; B >; G; SO4 2-: B >; A >; G; Si: A >; B >; G; HCO3 - A >; B >; G, and Fe: G >; A >; B. The concentrations of most of these elements were higher in summer and l.
Pomegranate husk as an adsorbent in the removal of toxic chromium from wastewater

The use of a new sorbent developed from the husk of pomegranate, a famous fruit in Egypt, for the removal of toxic chromium from aqueous solution has been investigated. The batch experiment was conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of the pomegranate husk. The effects of initial metal concentration (25 and 50 mg l−1), pH, contact time, and sorbent concentration (2–6 g l−1) have been studied at room temperature. A strong dependence of the adsorption capacity on pH was observed, the capacity increased as the pH decreased, and the optimum pH value was pH 1.0. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were studied with different sorbent and metal concentrations. The adsorption process was fast, and equilibrium was reached within 3 h. The maximum removal was 100% for 25 mg l−1 of Cr6+ concentration on 5 g l−1 pomegranate husk concentration, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 10.59 mg g−1. The kinetic data were analysed using various kinetic models—pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and i.
Direct Observation of the Transition State

The direct observation of the “transition state" for chemical reaction clearly merits a place in this series devoted to the “Holy Grails” of chemistry. The transition state is neither one thing, namely, chemical reagents, nor the other, reaction products. Instead it illustrates the mystical event of trans-substantiation.
NEUTRON LAUE DIFFRACTION STUDY OF CONCANAVALIN A : THE PROTON OF ASP28

Neutron Laue data collection, which harnesses a broader wavelength band emitted from the neutron source, opens up the prospect of studying larger proteins and/or using smaller protein crystals than is possible with monochromatic neutron protein crystallography data collection methods. Concanavalin A, a 25 kDa† protein was used in this study, albeit with a rather large crystal of 1.2×1.8×2.2 mm. Data in a resolution range of 8–2.75 Awere used to refine the protein structure, which included many H/D sites; the final R-factor for the protein model and 61 waters was 0.207 (Rfree = 0.310) for 4909 unique reflections. In particular, for example, the proton on Asp28 of concanavalin A, located previously by our 0.94 Asynchrotron X-ray study, was also found in this neutron study; thus the two methods confirm each other. The Asp28 proton was found not to exchange, under the deuteriation conditions used. Negative neutron density was also observed for the manganese binding site consistent with the negative neutron scattering factor for this element. Concanavalin A is one of the first proteins studied by the neutron Laue technique. The limited exchange of H for D almost certainly can be improved upon thus reducing the proton background in the diffracton pattern. This in turn would allow the weaker, high-resolution reflections, to be recorded.
Critical Evaluation of Rotary Atomizer

Abstract The flammability characteristics of jet fuel aerosols are critical to the development of fire-safe fuels. In efforts to design and characterize fire-safe fuels, an automated rotary atomizer has been constructed to produce fuel aerosols and measure their mist flammability properties. A particle analyzer has been coupled directly to the atomizer to provide drop size distribution information on the aerosols. The size distribution measurements provide crucial evidence regarding the droplet formation mechanism of the constructed atomizer. This paper focuses on the evaluation of water aerosols as a function of disk speed, flow rate to the atomizer, and liquid surface tension utilizing this instrumental design.
Thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers from different polymerization methods

Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPUs) based on 4,4′-methylene-diphenyl diisocyanate, poly(tetramethylene glycol), diamine-terminated aliphatic nylon oligomer, and 1,4-butanediol were synthesized by two different polymerization methods, i.e. one shot and prepolymer methods. The effects of the polymerization method on the thermal and mechanical properties of the TPUs have been studied. A broader distribution of hard segment lengths in TPUs prepared by the one shot method was observed from thermal and tensile property measurements, compared with those prepared by the prepolymer method. TPUs by the one shot method showed a higher Tm of the hard segments and better tensile properties when soft-hard segment interaction was relatively small. However, inferior tensile properties were observed when the soft-hard segment interaction was high; typically when nylon oligomer was used as a soft segment.
Kinetic Modeling of Pyrrothite Ore Leaching by Ferric Iron and Related Statistical Analysis

A study on the pyrrhotite chemical leaching by ferric iron is reported in this work. The main aim of the work was the determination of stoichiometry and kinetics of the indirect mechanism during bioleaching of pyrrhotite. Experimental results have shown that the sulfur moiety of pyrrhotite is oxidized incompletely by ferric iron to elemental sulfur. A mathematical model able to predict the process kinetics has been developed from the unreacted core model, considering a dependence of the activation energy on the pyrrhotite conversion (Brittan, 1975).
Caviar Production from Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus, Lin. 1758) and the Determination of Its Chemical Composition and Roe Yield

The aim of this research is to determine the yield and chemical composition of the caviar produce from flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus, Lin.1758) in the Sufa lagoon. Acording to the results of our research 21.98% of the fish with an average live weight of 1,243.63 ± 322.44 g and 49.11 ± 3.83 cm length contains with roe. Salting the caviar caused a weight loss of 35%. As a result of salting, the salt content of the product was raised to 4.61% and as a result of waxing this reached a maximum of 7.04%. In all chemical composition parameters salted and waxed caviar groups had lower moisture, higher protein, fat and ash contents when compared to raw caviar.