Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Profiling of Hops and Some Nigerian Potential Hop Substitutes: Comparative Studies in Beer Brewing

Isomerized hop extract and methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica, Garcinia kola, Gongronema latifolium and Vernonia amygdalina were profiled by the application of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The isomerized hop extract and ethanolic extracts of the plant species were used to brew beers. The aim was to study the GC-MS profiles of all the extracts comparatively and to investigate some physicochemical properties of beers brewed with hop extracts and in comparison, with beers brewed with extracts from the four Nigerian plants. The profiling of the metabolites in hop extracts and those of the Nigerian plants was carried out using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometer. The physicochemical properties of the finished beer products were also carried out using standard methods. Beers brewed with extracts from the Nigerian plants were statistically ranked by the application of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to ascertain their potentiality. The GCMS results showed that these plants contained metabolites comparable to those of hops, although some metabolites [dehydro-cohumulunic acid; 4,4-dimethyl- 2-buten-4-olide; 1,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid; lupulone; 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexanol; 4,4,5,5-tetramethylbicyclo hexyl-6-ene-2,3-dione; octadecanoic acid, oxiranyl methyl ester and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic, bis(-2-ethyl hexyl) ester] present in hops were absent in the Nigerian plants. Isomerized hop, hop leaf, G. kola and V. amygdalina extracts contained 14, 11, 12 and 9 metabolites respectively while those of A. indca and G. latifolium contained 10 metabolites each. The physicochemical properties of the brewed beers revealed that the alcohol content in all the beer samples ranged from 3.43-3.75%, total acidity (0.132-0.324%), pH (5.47-5.68), turbidity (5-125NTU), total solids (3.66- 8.16%) and bitterness level (25.38-39.62IBU). The concentration of arsenic in the beer samples ranged from 1.44- 1.77ppm, cadmium (0.00-0.97ppm) and copper (0.10-2.70ppm). Test of significant (p-value) in all the tested plants was greater than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Consequently, the extracts from tested Nigerian plants could be used as suitable substitutes for hops in beer brewing without alteration of physicochemical properties of beer, G. kola having the greatest potential as substitute for hops.
The life‐history patterns of Barbus bocagei sclateri (Günther, 1868) in a tributary stream of the Guadalquivir River basin, southern Spain

– The age, growth and reproduction of Barbus bocagei sclateri (Gunther, 1868) were studied from November 1987 to September 1989 in a tributary stream of the Guadalquivir River basin. The maximum ages observed were 8 + in males and 11 + in females. The seasonal growth began in April and lasted 4–6 months. The males matured during their third year of life (2 +) and females during their fifth/sixth year (4 +/5+). There was a significant difference in the overall sex ratio of 1. 3: 1 (961 males to 740 females). Reproductive activity started in April/May and lasted until June/July. The end of the reproduction period coincided with a fall in the percentage of oxygen saturation. During this reproductive period, females spawned 2 batches of eggs. The relationship between fecundity (Fec) and fork length (FL, mm) was: Fec= 7.54 × 10−4 FL3.06 The maximum contribution to the fecundity of the population was observed in the 6 + female group. The reproductive effort was also maximum in this age. Compared with the rest of the European barbel populations studied, the life-history patterns of this stock are characterized by low annual growth, early maturity, reduced longevity and high fecundity.
Ultrathin Subterahertz Half-Wave Plate With High Conversion Efficiency Based on Zigzag Metasurface

In this communication, an ultrathin transmissive half-wave plate (HWP) based on a bi-layered zigzag metasurface operating at the lower frequency edge of the terahertz (THz) spectrum is numerically and experimentally studied. The thickness of HWP is only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$100~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/20 at the operation frequency, and it achieves an amplitude transmission efficiency over 90% and a cross-polarization discrimination around 30 dB within a fractional bandwidth near 9%. A detailed analysis of the device robustness with respect to layer misalignments is carried out by designing and fabricating two additional devices with the maximum possible shift between layers along both transverse directions. The results show that the device is extremely robust relative to a misalignment along <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$x$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and exhibits a frequency shift with misalignments along <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$y$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, while maintaining in all cases an excellent performance as a HWP. The communication ends with a final study to ascertain a physical mechanism that explains the robustness of the device in regard to misalignments. These results complement and extend the reach of metasurfaces in the emerging THz band.
Large Hooks Reduce Catch-and-Release Mortality of Blue Cod Parapercis colias in the Marlborough Sounds of New Zealand

Abstract An experiment was conducted in early summer 1995 to determine the survival rate of sublegal-size (<33 cm total length) blue cod Parapercis colias after being captured and returned to the sea by amateur fishers using two types of hooks (6/0 and 1/0). At the same time, commercial cod pots captured blue cod for use as a control group. As fish were caught, they were subjected to either good or poor handling techniques and then placed into holding pots built specifically for the experiment. These were lowered to the sea floor and sequentially monitored during daylight hours for 2 weeks. No mortality of blue cod occurred with the 6/0 hooks, but fish caught using 1/0 hooks suffered 25% mortality by the end of the experiment. No control fish died during the experiment, and the type of handling technique used had no detectable effect on blue cod survival. The fact that all mortality occurred within 26 h, combined with observations of fish behavior, suggests that mortality was induced by blood loss rather .
Doses de fósforo e crescimento radicular de cultivares de arroz de terras altas

Very little is known of phosphorus availability for upland rice. The objective of this work was to evaluate root growth of upland rice cultivars in different conditions of phosphorus availability. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, as a 4 x 4 factorial, with four doses of P (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg dm-3) and four cultivars: Maravilha (modern group), IAC 201, IAC 202 and Carajas (middle group). The Carajas root system grew more in low availability of P than other cultivars. In low availability of P the cultivars IAC 201 and IAC 202 priorized root system growth to aerial growth . The Maravilha cultivar needs high Plevels to reach maximum growth. In low availability of P the upland rice cultivars decreased root diameter.
NOTE ON STRONG LAW OF LARGE NUMBER UNDER SUB-LINEAR EXPECTATION

The classical limit theorems like strong law of large numbers, central limit theorems and law of iterated logarithms are fundamental the- ories in probability and statistics. These limit theorems are proved under additivity of probabilities and expectations. In this paper, we investigate strong law of large numbers under sub-linear expectation which generalize the classical ones. We give strong law of large numbers under sub-linear expectation with respect to the partial sums and some conditions similar to Petrov’s. It is an extension of the classical Chung type strong law of large numbers of Jardas et al.’s result. As an application, we obtain Chung’s strong law of large number and Marcinkiewicz’s strong law of large number for independent and identically distributed random variables under the sub-linear expectation. Here the sub-linear expectation and its related capacity are not additive.
Between two worlds: Turkish religious LGBTs relationships with islam and coping strategies

ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the interaction between individuals’ LGBT and religious identities and related coping strategies as well as their religion-based interactions with other Muslims and LGBTs in Turkey. Twelve Turkish LGBT individuals (three women, eight men, a transwoman) who identified as Muslim either currently or in the past, expressed their views regarding Islam via semi-structured interviews. Participants ages ranged between 19 and 30 and seven of them identified their sexual orientation as gay, one of them as lesbian, two of them as bisexual, one of them as pansexual, and one of them as heterosexual. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Three main themes that emerged from the interviews were Religious and Gender Socialisation, Conflict and Coping, and Discrimination. Most of the participants grew up in Muslim communities, adopting a Muslim identity. As they became aware of their sexual orientation/gender identity, they experienced a conflict and developed various coping strategies to deal with such conflict. Also, they faced discrimination both from Muslims and other non-religious LGBTs which affected their identity development and expression. This study was among the few studies investigating the interaction between religion and sexual and gender identity in a predominantly Muslim country. The findings were discussed in light of identity and coping models.
PENGGUNAAN VIDEO TUTORIAL UNTUK MENDUKUNG PEMBELAJARAN DARING DI MASA PANDEMI VIRUS CORONA

A b strak: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengalaman menggunakan video tutorial untuk mendukung kegiatan pembelajaran daring di masa pendemi virus corona dan respons mahasiswa terhadap penggunaan video tutorial. Metode penelitian ini menerapkan metode kuantitatif deskriptif. Instrumennya adalah angket yang dikembangkan dari teori difusi inovasi Rogers. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses penggunaan video tutorial sebagai media pembelajaran terdiri dari empat tahap, yaitu: persiapan, perekaman, penyelesaian akhir, dan implementasi. Respons mahasiswa terhadap penggunaan video tutorial telah memperoleh skor 4,09 yang berarti baik. Penilaian respons tersebut meliputi: keuntungan relatif yang bernilai 4,29 (sangat baik), kesesuaian yang bernilai 4,20 (baik), kerumitan yang bernilai 3,83 (baik), ketercobaan yang bernilai 3,84 (baik), dan keteramatan yang bernilai 4,28 (sangat baik). THE USE OF TUTORIAL VIDEO TO SUPPORT ONLINE LEARNING IN PANDEMIC VIRUS CORONA Abstract: This article aims to explain the experience of using tutorial videos to support online learning activities during the coronavirus epidemic and student responses to the use of tutorial video. This research method applies a descriptive quantitative approach. The instrument is a questionnaire developed from Rogers' diffusion innovation theory. The results of this study indicate that the process of using tutorial video as a learning medium consists of four stages, namely: preparation, recording, completion, and implementation. Student responses to the use of video tutorials have obtained a score of 4.09, which means good. The response assessment included aspects of relative advantage valued at 4.29 (very good), compatibility valued at 4.20 (good), complexity valued at 3.83 (good), trialability valued at 3.84 (good), and observability valued 4.28 (very good).
Repeated administration of a flavonoid‐based formulated extract from citrus peels significantly reduces peripheral inflammation‐induced pain in the rat

Abstract Depression‐related disorders are the first cause of disability worldwide according to the World Health Organization, and there is limited availability of effective antidepressant medications without side effects. Similarly, pain management is a public health concern particularly due to the increase in use of opioid medications, which have a significant side effect profile. Flavonoids can modulate numerous physiological functions including emotional and anti‐nociceptive processes. Gold lotion (GL) is a natural product based on the extract of six citrus peels rich in flavonoids (0.45 mg/ml) with numerous reported biological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effect of repeated administration of GL in a battery of behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and von Frey test (vFT), in rats. While the OFT measured anxiolytic‐related effects, the FST evaluated depression‐related behavior. The vFT evaluated mechanical allodynia in two rat models of peripheral inflammation induced by carrageenan or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) administration. Treatment with GL reduced mechanical allodynia after either carrageenan or CFA administration. On the other hand, repeated GL administration did not modulate any behavior evaluated by OFT or FST. Consumption of GL inhibits behavioral signs of inflammatory pain. Therefore, GL may be a valuable analgesic product to be used for inflammatory pain.
The application of the theory of reasoned action on services of Islamic rural banks in Indonesia

Purpose The Islamic rural banks have the potential to grow in Indonesia. It is important to learn and study the consumer behaviors toward the Islamic rural banks’ services to plan for future strategies. The purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of the theory of reasoned action in predicting the customers’ decision to use the Islamic rural banks’ services. Design/methodology/approach The descriptive and structural equation model analyses were used to analyze the data. A random sampling technique is adopted with a sample size of 180 consumers of the Islamic rural banks. There are variables to be tested such as Sharia system compliance, product knowledge on Sharia, promotion, services, attitude, subjective norms, intention and customer decisions to use the Islamic rural banks’ services. Findings The results found that the Sharia system compliance, promotion, services, attitude, subjective norms and intention variables have a significant effect on the use of services at Islamic rural banks. Only product knowledge on Sharia variable has been found to be insignificant. Originality/value The model can be used to prepare better strategies to attract more customers as well as increase public awareness toward Islamic rural banks’ products and services. The results are useful as a benchmark for policymakers to improve the establishment of Islamic rural banks particularly in Indonesia.
Factors affecting the ethanol stability of bovine milk: II. The origin of the pH transition

Summary Dialysing milk against phosphate-free sera showed that the transition in the ethanol (EtOH) stability/pH profile was associated with the soluble phosphate component of the milk serum. Sigmoidal behaviour similar to that of milk was reproduced when the EtOH stability of artificial mixtures of casein, Ca and phosphate was measured as a function of pH. A mechanism for the s coagulation of skim-milk is discussed.
Differential expression of CR3, FcɛRll and FcγRlll on Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in gingival crevicular fluid

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are the most numerous cell population among the cellular infiltrates in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and play important roles in the host-defensive system in the gingival crevices. We determined the percentage of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils in total PMNLs by light microscopic observation using Randolph-methylene blue staining, then assessed flow cytometric differences in the expression of CR3, Fc gamma RIII, Fc epsilon RII, LFA-1 alpha, and LFA-1 beta on PMNL in GCF and peripheral blood (PB) from 21 patients with adult periodontitis (AP) and 13 healthy donors. Percentages of basophils and eosinophils were higher in GCF than in PB. In both AP patients and healthy subjects, expression of CR3 and Fc epsilon RII was higher while Fc gamma RIII was lower in GCF than in PB. The statistical analysis showed that the expressions of Fc gamma RIII and Fc epsilon RII on GCF PMNLs were lower in AP patients than in healthy subjects. Expressions of LFA-1 alpha and beta on GCF were similar to those on PB PMNLs. PB PMNLs stimulated in vitro with Porphyromonas gingivalis culture supernatant and fMLP displayed an expression pattern of CR3, Fc gamma RIII and Fc epsilon RII on GCF PMNLs. However, C5a and IL-1 failed to induce changes in Fc gamma RIII and Fc epsilon RII. The results indicate that GCF neutrophils are activated, present enhanced adhesion and a decreased IgG-binding ability which would reflect that they are at the terminal stage of activation, and that GCF contains a larger eosinophil fraction than in PB. Moreover, these GCF eosinophils appear to be activated.
Seismic analysis of damaged concrete gravity dams subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences

Abstract The current study aims at seismic analysis of damaged concrete gravity dams subjected to aftershocks loading of earthquake. Dams’ sliding behaviour is also discussed to shed light on the issue. For the purpose of the study, a cracked concrete gravity dam was modelled, and zero thickness contact elements were used to model the contact between the main body and the separated damaged parts of the dam. The augmented Lagrangian method, considering frictional sliding and opening of contact joints, was used in non-linear analyses. Fluid-structure-interaction, considering fluid compressibility and absorptive boundary of reservoir, was also taken into account. The damage model of ‘Konya’ and ‘Manjil’ dams comprised our case study. Non-linear dynamic analyses were done based on both models. Stiffness and damping coefficients effect on the seismic response of dam were examined. Dam, foundation and reservoir interaction effects were also included. The results were compared to the results obtained from other methods, which showed adequate similarities. The differences between damages caused by aftershocks are discussed, and it is pinpointed that the stability of dam during aftershocks is not compromised. It is demonstrated that top block slides during each aftershock and finally incurs some permanent sliding which may destroy the dam.
Canopy duration has little influence on annual carbon storage in the deciduous broad leaf forest

Vegetation phenology, the study of the timing and length of the terrestrial growing season and its connection to climate, is increasingly important in integrated Earth system science. Phenological variability is an excellent barometer of short‐ and long‐term climatic variability, strongly influences surface meteorology, and may influence the carbon cycle. Here, using the 1895–1993 Vegetation/Ecosystem Modelling and Analysis dataset and the Biome‐BGC terrestrial ecosystem model, we investigated the relationship between phenological metrics and annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon. For the 1167 deciduous broad leaf forest pixels, we found that NEE was extremely weakly related to canopy duration (days from leaf appearance to complete leaf fall). Longer canopy duration, did, however, sequester more carbon if warm season precipitation was above average. Carbon uptake period (number of days with net CO2 uptake from the atmosphere), which integrates the influence of all ecosystem states and processes, was strongly related to NEE. Results from the Harvard Forest eddy‐covariance site supported our findings. Such dramatically different results from two definitions of ‘growing season length’ highlight the potential for confusion among the many disciplines engaged in phenological research.
Development of Integrated System for Biomimetic CO2 Sequestration Using the Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase

The enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, is the biological catalyst responsible for the interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonate in living organisms. The present research is aimed at the development of a CO2 scrubber that can be used to reduce CO2 emissions from, for example, fossil-fuel-burning power plants. In this system, the enzyme works as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of CO2 hydration for subsequent fixation into stable mineral carbonates, the counterions for which may be supplied from such sources as brines from saline aquifers, waste brines from desalination operations, or seawater. Proof of principle has already been demonstrated. One of the requirements for the enzyme will be that it must be able to function in the presence of other chemical species likely to be present in the industrial application. The present results show excellent enzyme activity in the presence of low levels of SOx and NOx (that might be expected from flue gases) and also in solution representative of seawater. The effects of SOx .
Epizootiology, pathology, and description of Eustrongylides tubifex (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) in fish

In Guelph Lake, a man-made reservoir in Ontario, Canada, prevalence of larval Eustrongylides tubifex in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was 12.9% and mean intensity ranged from 1 to 1.8. Larvae were encapsulated on the mesentery of fish. Pumpkinseed and yellow perch were the important fish hosts in Guelph Lake as most larvae in these fish were alive. In contrast, 40% of larvae in rock bass were dead and calcified. Third- and fourth-stage larvae from naturally infected fish are described. Larvae in the three species of fish elicited a granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Attempts to transfer third-stage larvae from experimentally infected oligochaetes and third-stage larvae from naturally infected fish to laboratory-reared pumpkinseed were unsuccessful. Fourth-stage larvae from naturally infected fish were transferred successfully to pumpkinseed. Eutropic lakes such as Guelph Lake are particularly suitable enzootic areas because of the .
Calibration of an optical plankton counter for use in fresh water

A towed optical plankton counter (OPC‐1T) developed for automated counting and sizing of marine zooplankton was calibrated for use in fresh water. Zooplankton in lakes are generally smaller in size, more variable in shape, and more abundant than in oceans. Our objectives were to study the conditions and parameters for utilizing the OPC‐1T in the relatively high zooplankton concentrations typical of fresh water while maintaining its full capability for measuring large and small organisms. By passing low concentrations of monospecific and mixed zooplankton assemblages through a laboratory OPC‐lL, we first verified that the OPC can measure freshwater zooplankton size very accurately. We then compared simultaneously collected plankton net and OPC‐1T field samples from Lakes Erie and Ontario in order to quantify the known measurement bias of the OPC caused by coincident effects in the high zooplankton concentrations (up to 212 liter−1) typical of these lakes. The correlation between plankton net and OPC‐1T biomass estimates was greatest when each organism detected by the OPC was treated as an ellipsoid with major axis (a) equal to the recorded OPC diameter and minor axis equal to a/1.33. The effect of increasing zooplankton abundance, and hence coincident counts, on zooplankton size measurements of the OPC‐1T was also quantified. Results suggest that with proper choice of beam length and calibration algorithms, lake zooplankton biomass, numerical concentrations, and size distributions can be accurately measured at concentrations up to 100 organisms liter−1.