Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The abundance and environment of dark matter haloes

An open question in cosmology and the theory of structure formation is to what extent does environment affect the properties of galaxies and haloes. The present paper aims at shedding light on this problem. The paper focuses on the analysis of a dark matter only simulation and it addresses the issue of how the environment affects the abundance of haloes, which are are assigned four attributes: their virial mass, an ambient density calculated with an aperture that scales with $R_{vir}$ ($\Delta_M$), a fixed-aperture ($\Delta_R$) ambient density, and a cosmic web classification (i.e. voids, sheets, filaments, and knots, as defined by the V--web algorithm). $\Delta_M$ is the mean density around a halo evaluated within a sphere of a radius of $5$\rvir, where \rvir\ is the virial radius. $\Delta_R$ is the density field Gaussian smoothed with $R=4h^{-1}$Mpc, evaluated at the center of the halo. The main result of the paper is that the difference between haloes in different web elements stems from the difference in their mass functions, and does not depend on their adaptive-aperture ambient density. A dependence on the fixed-aperture ambient density is induced by the cross correlation between the mass of a halo and its fixed-aperture ambient density.
GAS AND DUST TOWARD DG Tau B AND VV CrA

We present findings for DG Tau B and VV CrA, two of the objects observed in our Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) project to search for molecular absorption in edge-on disks, along with near-IR spectroscopy of the CO fundamental transitions and mid-IR imaging. While the only gas absorption seen in the Spitzer IRS spectrum toward DG Tau B is CO2, we use gas abundances and gas/ice ratios to argue that we are probing regions of the disk that have low organic molecule abundances. This implies that the rarity of detecting molecular absorption toward even edge-on disks with Spitzer IRS is a result of high dependence on the line of sight. We also argue that the disk around DG Tau B shows high amounts of grain growth and settling. For VV CrA, we use the silicate absorption feature to estimate a dust extinction, and model the disk with a spectral energy distribution fitting tool to give evidence in support of the disk geometry presented by Smith et al. where the primary disk is the main source of extinction toward the infrared companion.
X-ray detected infrared excess AGN in the Chandra deep fields: a moderate fraction of Compton-thick sources

We examine the properties of the X-ray-detected infrared excess AGN or dust obscured galaxies (DOGs) in the Chandra deep fields (CDFs). We find 26 X-ray-detected sources that obey the 24 μ mt oR-band flux ratio criterion f24/fR > 1000. These are at a median redshift of 2.3, while their IR luminosities are above 10 12 L� . Their X-ray luminosities are all above a few times 10 42 erg s −1 in the 2–10 keV band, which unambiguously argues that they host AGN. Nevertheless, their IR spectral energy distributions are split between AGN (Mrk231) and star-forming templates (Arp220). Our primary goal is to examine their individual X-ray spectra in order to assess whether this X-ray-detected DOG population contains heavily obscured or even Compton-thick sources. The X-ray spectroscopy reveals a mixed bag of objects. We find that four out of the 12 sources with adequate photon statistics and hence reliable X-ray spectra show evidence for a hard X-ray spectral index with Γ ∼ 1 or harder, which is consistent with a Compton-thick spectrum. In total 12 out of the 26 DOGs show evidence for flat spectral indices. However, owing to the limited photon statistics we cannot distinguish whether they are flat because they are reflection-dominated or because they show moderate amounts of absorption. Seven DOGs show relatively steep spectra Γ > 1.4, indicative of low column densities. All the above suggests a fraction of Compton-thick sources that does not exceed 50%. The average X-ray spectrum of all 26 DOGs is hard (Γ ∼ 1.1) or even harder (Γ ∼ 0.6) when we exclude the brightest sources. These spectral indices agree with the stacked spectrum of X-ray-undetected sources (Γ ≈ 0. 8i n the CDFN). This could suggest (but not necessarily prove) that X-ray undetected DOGs, in a similar way as the X-ray-detected ones presented here, are hosting a moderate fraction of Compton-thick sources.
Responses to abuse, neglect, and trauma of children with intellectual disability

PURPOSE: Children with intellectual disabilities are three to four times more likely to be abused and neglected than their peers without intellectual disabilities. While the Children’s Action Plan and Children’s Act (2014) aim to keep children safe and ensure their needs are met, much of the focus still treats children as a homogenous group with limited reference to children with disability. The current research focused on exploring the experiences and perspectives of social workers and health practitioners to abuse, neglect, and trauma among children with intellectual disabilities. METHODS: In 2020, eight participants were first involved in a focus group to provide a wider perspective of practice and policy issues of abuse, neglect, and trauma among children with intellectual disability. This was followed by a more in-depth exploration and investigation with four experienced social workers to understand the issues and challenges in supporting this cohort of children and to identify what best practices are needed to strengthen service provision. FINDINGS: Results of the study indicated that, to ensure safety and implement support interventions, practitioners need to be equipped with knowledge about disability and its related needs. Furthermore, to influence positive and transformative change, a strong relational practice with children with intellectual disabilities, their wh nau and family is paramount. CONCLUSION: Practitioners are urged to draw on knowledge and skills, such as relational practice, socio-ecological frameworks, human rights and social justice, and advocacy to develop appropriate assessments and interventions to support children with intellectual disabilities and their wellbeing.
With M-protein positive, could transthyretin amyrodosis be easily excluded? Not necessarily! Wild-type transthyretin amyrodosis with Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia: a case report

Abstract Background Generally, it is said that amyloid light-chain (AL) develops not only in multiple myeloma but also in Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. We experienced a case of M-protein positive and diagnosed as wild-type transthyretin amyrodosis (ATTRwt) accompanied with Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. Case summary The patient was 72-year-old male, and the main complaint was dyspnoea in April 2020 and visited a nearby doctor. He was introduced to the Department of Haematology at our hospital for high levels of serum immunoglobulin M, M-protein positivity, and cardiac hypertrophy with a suspect of AL amyloidosis. Duodenal mucosal biopsy and abdominal skin biopsy showed no amyloid deposits, and left iliac bone marrow biopsy diagnosed Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia and with no amyloid, and Kumamoto criteria score 1. Last of all, ATTRwt was diagnosed for endocardial biopsy. Discussion This is a very rare case of ATTRwt with Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia.
2022 KLCA-NCC Korea practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the fourth most common cancer among men in South Korea, where the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection is high in middle and old age. The current practice guidelines will provide useful and sensible advice for the clinical management of patients with HCC. A total of 49 experts in the fields of hepatology, oncology, surgery, radiology, and radiation oncology from the Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center Korea Practice Guideline Revision Committee revised the 2018 Korean guidelines and developed new recommendations that integrate the most up-to-date research findings and expert opinions. These guidelines provide useful information and direction for all clinicians, trainees, and researchers in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Stellar black holes at the dawn of the universe

Context. It is well established that between 380 000 and 1 billion years after the Big Bang the Inter Galactic Medium (IGM) underwent a "phase transformation" from cold and fully neutral to warm (≈ 104 K) and ionized. Whether this phase transformation was fully driven and completed by photoionization by young hot stars is a question of topical interest in cosmology. Aims: We propose here that besides the ultraviolet radiation from massive stars, feedback from accreting black holes in high-mass X-ray binaries (BH-HMXBs) was an additional, important source of heating and reionization of the IGM in regions of low gas density at large distances from star-forming galaxies. Methods: We use current theoretical models on the formation and evolution of primitive massive stars of low metallicity, and the observations of compact stellar remnants in the near and distant universe, to infer that a significant fraction of the first generations of massive stars end up as BH-HMXBs. Results: The total number of energetic ionizing photons from an accreting stellar black hole in an HMXB is comparable to the total number of ionizing photons of its progenitor star. However, the X-ray photons emitted by the accreting black hole are capable of producing several secondary ionizations and the ionizing power of the resulting black hole could be greater than that of its progenitor. Feedback by the large populations of BH-HMXBs heats the IGM to temperatures of ≈ 104 K and maintains it ionized on large distance scales. Conclusions: BH-HMXBs determine the early thermal history of the universe and maintain it as ionized over large volumes of space in regions of low density. This has a direct impact on the properties of the faintest galaxies at high redshifts, the smallest dwarf galaxies in the local universe, and on the existing and future surveys at radio wavelengths of atomic hydrogen in the early universe.
Stability of Filaments in Star-Forming Clouds and the Formation of Prestellar Cores in Them

Abstract The exact process(es) that generate(s) dense filaments which then form prestellar cores within them is unclear. Here we study the formation of a dense filament using a relatively simple set-up of a pressure-confined, uniform-density cylinder. We examine if its propensity to form a dense filament and further, to the formation of prestellar cores along this filament, bears on the gravitational state of the initial volume of gas. We report a radial collapse leading to the formation of a dense filamentary cloud is likely when the initial volume of gas is at least critically stable (characterised by the approximate equality between the mass line-density for this volume and its maximum value). Though self-gravitating, this volume of gas, however, is not seen to be in free-fall. This post-collapse filament then fragments along its length due to the growth of a Jeans-like instability to form prestellar cores. We suggest dense filaments in typical star-forming clouds classified as gravitationally super-critical under the assumption of: (i) isothermality when in fact, they are not, and (ii) extended radial profiles as against pressure-truncated, that significantly over-estimates their mass line-density, are unlikely to experience gravitational free-fall. The radial density and temperature profile derived for this post-collapse filament is consistent with that deduced for typical filamentary clouds mapped in recent surveys of nearby star-forming regions.
Gauge propagator and physical consistency of the CPT-even part of the Standard Model Extension

In this work, we explicitly evaluate the gauge propagator of the Maxwell theory supplemented by the CPT-even term of the standard model extension. First, we specialize our evaluation for the parity-odd sector of the tensor W{sub {mu}}{sub {nu}}{sub {rho}}{sub {sigma}}, using a parametrization that retains only the three nonbirefringent coefficients. From the poles of the propagator, it is shown that physical modes of this electrodynamics are stable, noncausal and unitary. In the sequel, we carry out the parity-even gauge propagator using a parametrization that allows to work with only the isotropic nonbirefringent element. In this case, we show that the physical modes of the parity-even sector of the tensor W are causal, stable and unitary for a limited range of the isotropic coefficient.
Embryonic ethanol exposure induces ectopic Hcrt and MCH neurons outside hypothalamus in rats and zebrafish: Role in ethanol‐induced behavioural disturbances

Embryonic exposure to ethanol increases the risk for alcohol use disorder in humans and stimulates alcohol‐related behaviours in different animal models. Evidence in rats and zebrafish suggests that this phenomenon induced by ethanol at low‐moderate concentrations involves a stimulatory effect on neurogenesis and density of hypothalamic neurons expressing the peptides, hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH), known to promote alcohol consumption. Building on our report in zebrafish showing that ethanol induces ectopic expression of Hcrt neurons outside the hypothalamus, we investigated here whether embryonic ethanol exposure also induces ectopic peptide neurons in rats similar to zebrafish and affects their morphological characteristics and if these ectopic neurons are functional and have a role in the ethanol‐induced disturbances in behaviour. We demonstrate in rats that ethanol at a low‐moderate dose, in addition to increasing Hcrt and MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamus where they are normally concentrated, induces ectopic expression of these peptide neurons further anterior in the nucleus accumbens core and ventromedial caudate putamen where they have not been previously observed and causes morphological changes relative to normally located hypothalamic neurons. Similar to rats, embryonic ethanol exposure at a low‐moderate dose in zebrafish induces ectopic Hcrt neurons anterior to the hypothalamus and alters their morphology. Notably, laser ablation of these ectopic Hcrt neurons blocks the behavioural effects induced by ethanol exposure, including increased anxiety and locomotor activity. These findings suggest that the ectopic peptide neurons are functional and contribute to the ethanol‐induced behavioural disturbances related to the overconsumption of alcohol.
Adapter-Mediated Transduction with Lentiviral Vectors: A Novel Tool for Cell-Type-Specific Gene Transfer

Selective gene delivery to a cell type of interest utilizing targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs) is an efficient and safe strategy for cell and gene therapy applications, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. LVs pseudotyped with measles virus envelope proteins (MV-LVs) have been retargeted by ablating binding to natural receptors while fusing to a single-chain antibody specific for the antigen of choice. However, the broad application of MV-LVs is hampered by the laborious LV engineering required for every new target. Here, we report the first versatile targeting system for MV-LVs that solely requires mixing with biotinylated adapter molecules to enable selective gene transfer. The analysis of the selectivity in mixed cell populations revealed transduction efficiencies below the detection limit in the absence of an adapter and up to 5000-fold on-to-off-target ratios. Flexibility was confirmed by transducing cell lines and primary cells applying seven different adapter specificities in total. Furthermore, adapter mixtures were applied to generate CAR-T cells with varying CD4/CD8-ratios in a single transduction step. In summary, a selective and flexible targeting system was established that may serve to improve the safety and efficacy of cellular therapies. Compatibility with a wide range of readily available biotinylated molecules provides an ideal technology for a variety of applications.
3D DEM-FEM simulation of the flexible metal wheel–soil interaction in low gravity environments

To investigate the driving performance of the flexible metal wheel of the manned lunar rover in a low gravity environment, we established a 3D discrete element method (DEM)-finite element method (FEM) coupling simulation system. The wheel was modeled by FEM and the soil was modeled by DEM. Then, the direct shear tests were performed to verify the validity of the DEM contact parameters. Finally, the driving performance of the flexible metal wheels with different treads under low gravity conditions was studied, and the velocity field of soil particles under the wheels was observed. The results show that the sinkage of the flexible wheel is almost independent of gravity, while the torque and drawbar pull are significantly affected by gravity. Moreover, by comparing the driving performance of the wheel equipped with treads (WT wheel) and without tread (NT wheel), it is found that the tread have great effect on sinkage, torque, and drawbar pull to wheel weight ratio due to the differences in wheel-soil contact area. Also, through the observation of the particle velocity field under the wheel, it is found that the gravity and load also have significant effects on the movement of soil particles. This study provided a reliable method for studies on the interaction between the flexible wheel and soil in low gravity environments.
Factors that Influence Customer Purchase Intention: A Case of Shopping Mall Customers

Customer purchase depends on various factors including the context where the purchase takes place. Customer purchase through online platforms differs greatly from customer purchase that takes place at physical premises. Even at the physical premises, the extent of purchase might vary depending on the products offered, the environment, the value received by customers and the price charged by the retailers. The present study is important to identify factors that lead to customer purchase intention by looking at selected factors consisting of products offered, the environment, the value received by customers and the price charged. These factors are hypothesized to influence customer satisfaction that will subsequently lead to purchase intention. This study used correlational research design to answer the research question. Using a hierarchical regression analysis to analyze 157 responses collected via online survey from customers at a particular mall in Malaysia, the findings indicate that price and product offerings are directly related to purchase intention and customer satisfaction does not mediate the relationship between these factors and purchase intention. The findings contribute to the existing body knowledge in terms of the factors the influence purchase intention among customers of a shopping mall. Future studies are encouraged to confirm the findings of the present study using different study settings.
FORMATION OF VERY HARD GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA OF BLAZARS IN LEPTONIC MODELS

The very high energy (VHE) γ-ray spectra of some TeV blazars, after being corrected for absorption in the extragalactic background light (EBL), appear unusually hard, which poses challenges to conventional acceleration and emission models. We investigate the parameter space that allows the production of such hard TeV spectra within time-dependent leptonic models, both for synchrotron self-Compton and external Compton scenarios. In the context of the interpretation of very hard γ-ray spectra, time-dependent considerations become crucial because even extremely hard, initial electron distributions can be significantly deformed due to radiative energy losses. We show that very steep VHE spectra can be avoided if adiabatic losses are taken into account. Another way to keep extremely hard electron distributions in the presence of radiative losses is to assume stochastic acceleration models that naturally lead to steady-state, relativistic, Maxwellian-type particle distributions. We demonstrate that in either case leptonic models can reproduce TeV spectra as hard as EγdN/dEγ∝Eγ. Unfortunately, this limits, to a large extent, the potential of extracting EBL from γ-ray observations of blazars.
Initial Stage of Formation of Spontaneous Invasive Populations of Garden Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) at the Northern Limit of Its Secondary Distribution Range in the Veps Forest Nature Park

A weed plant of the species Lupinus polyphyllus was found in settlements located on the territory of the natural park “Vepssky forest” of the Leningrad region. The plant is known as a transforming species in the southern regions of Russia. The distribution of L. polyphyllus within the Vepsian forest occurs not due to the migration of the species to the north along transport routes, as one might assume, but due to flight from gardens and the formation of spontaneous invasive populations. The goal of the study was to identify the molecular and biochemical characteristics of garden lupine at the northern borders of its secondary range. To interpret the obtained data, the task of the study also included a comparison of intraspecific variability between the “old” invasive populations (in Finland and Central Russia, studied by us earlier) and the “new” naturalizing population of L. polyphyllus in the Vepsian forest. The search for L. polyphyllus localities in the territory of the Vepssky Les natural park was carried out by the route method with geobotanical descriptions of experimental sites (5 m × 5 m). DNA was isolated from eight herbarium specimens of L. polyphyllus (MHA, LE) and fifteen specimens collected in the territory of the natural park “Vepssky Les”. To reveal the internal structure and phylogenetic relationships in lupine populations, networks of nuclear and chloroplast haplotypes and cluster analysis (UPGMA) with the SplitsTree program were used. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the leaves was determined spectrophotometrically. The low inter-locality variability of ITS indicates that the populations of L. polyphyllus in Central Russia and in the North of Russia (St. Petersburg and Vepsskaya Pushcha) have the same origin. Analysis of the chloroplast intergenic spacer (rpl32–trnL) indicates intrapopulation diversity and suggests the presence of microevolutionary processes near the northern limits of the secondary distribution range of L. polyphyllus. The high content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the leaves reveals the adaptive capabilities of lupine in the studied area. Evidence suggests that a neglected species may soon become invasive, as has already happened in other regions.