Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE MOLECULAR H2 EMISSION AND THE STELLAR KINEMATICS IN THE NUCLEAR REGION OF THE SOMBRERO GALAXY

We analyze the molecular H2 emission and the stellar kinematics in a data cube of the nuclear region of M104, the Sombrero galaxy, obtained with NIFS on the Gemini-north telescope. After a careful subtraction of the stellar continuum, the only emission line we detected in the data cube was H 2 λ 21218 ? > . An analysis of this emission revealed the existence of a rotating molecular torus/disk, aproximately co-planar with a dusty structure detected by us in a previous work. We interpret these two structures as being associated with the same obscuring torus/disk. The kinematic maps provided by the Penalized Pixel Fitting method revealed that the stellar kinematics in the nuclear region of M104 appears to be the result of the superposition of a “cold” rotating disk and a “hot” bulge. Using a model of a thin eccentric disk, we reproduced the main properties of the maps of the stellar radial velocity and of the stellar velocity dispersion, especially within a distance of 0 ″ . 2 ? > from the kinematic axis (in regions at larger distances, the limitations of a model of a thin rotating disk become more visible). The general behavior of the h3 map, which is significantly noisier than the other maps, was also reproduced by our model (although the discrepancies, in this case, are considerably higher). With our model, we obtained a mass of ( 9.0 ± 2.0 ) × 10 8 M ☉ ? > for the supermassive black hole of M104, which is compatible, at 1 &sgr; ? > or 2 &sgr; ? > levels, with the values obtained by previous studies.
A Unified Framework for Estimation of High-dimensional Conditional Factor Models

This paper develops a general framework for estimation of high-dimensional conditional factor models via nuclear norm regularization. We establish large sample properties of the estimators, and provide an efficient computing algorithm for finding the estimators as well as a cross validation procedure for choosing the regularization parameter. The general framework allows us to estimate a variety of conditional factor models in a unified way and quickly deliver new asymptotic results. We apply the method to analyze the cross section of individual US stock returns, and find that imposing homogeneity may improve the model's out-of-sample predictability.
Be Your Own Neighborhood: Detecting Adversarial Example by the Neighborhood Relations Built on Self-Supervised Learning

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have achieved excellent performance in various fields. However, DNNs' vulnerability to Adversarial Examples (AE) hinders their deployments to safety-critical applications. This paper presents a novel AE detection framework, named BEYOND, for trustworthy predictions. BEYOND performs the detection by distinguishing the AE's abnormal relation with its augmented versions, i.e. neighbors, from two prospects: representation similarity and label consistency. An off-the-shelf Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) model is used to extract the representation and predict the label for its highly informative representation capacity compared to supervised learning models. For clean samples, their representations and predictions are closely consistent with their neighbors, whereas those of AEs differ greatly. Furthermore, we explain this observation and show that by leveraging this discrepancy BEYOND can effectively detect AEs. We develop a rigorous justification for the effectiveness of BEYOND. Furthermore, as a plug-and-play model, BEYOND can easily cooperate with the Adversarial Trained Classifier (ATC), achieving the state-of-the-art (SOTA) robustness accuracy. Experimental results show that BEYOND outperforms baselines by a large margin, especially under adaptive attacks. Empowered by the robust relation net built on SSL, we found that BEYOND outperforms baselines in terms of both detection ability and speed. Our code will be publicly available.
Phase Transition and Entropic Force in Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter Spacetime

In this paper, thermodynamic properties of the Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter (RN-dS) black hole have been studied on the basis of the correlation between the black hole and cosmological horizons. It is found that the RN-dS black hole experiences a phase transition, when its state parameters satisfy certain conditions. From the analysis of the interaction between two horizons in RN-dS spacetime, we get the numerical solution of the interaction between two horizons. It makes us to realize the force between the black hole and cosmological horizons, which can be regarded as a candidate to explain our accelerating expansion universe. That provides a new window to explore the physical mechanism of the cosmic accelerating expansion.
Upper Bounds on the Mismatched Reliability Function and Capacity Using a Genie Receiver

We develop a novel framework for proving converse theorems for channel coding, which is based on the analysis technique of multicast transmission with an additional auxiliary receiver, which serves as a genie to the original receiver. The genie provides the original receiver a certain narrowed list of codewords to choose from that includes the transmitted one. This technique is used to derive upper bounds on the mismatch capacity of discrete memoryless channels as well as the reliability function with a mismatched decoding metric. Unlike previous works, our bounding technique exploits also the inherent symmetric requirement from the codewords, leading to these new upper bounds. Since the computations of most of the known bounds on the mismatch capacity are rather complicated, we further present a method to obtain relaxed bounds that are easier to compute. As an example, we analyze the obtained bounds in the binary-input channels case. We conclude by presenting simpler bounds on the reliability function, and provide sufficient conditions for their tightness in certain ranges of rates.
Single-level Adversarial Data Synthesis based on Neural Tangent Kernels

Abstract Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have achieved impressive performance in data synthesis and have driven the development of many applications. However, GANs are known to be hard to train due to their bilevel objective, which leads to the problems of convergence, mode collapse, and gradient vanishing. In this paper, we propose a new generative model called the generative adversarial NTK (GA-NTK) that has a single-level objective. The GA-NTK keeps the spirit of adversarial learning (which helps generate plausible data) while avoiding the training difficulties of GANs. This is done by modeling the discriminator as a Gaussian process with a neural tangent kernel (NTK-GP) whose training dynamics can be completely described by a closed-form formula. We analyze the convergence behavior of GA-NTK trained by gradient descent and give some sufficient conditions for convergence. We also conduct extensive experiments to study the advantages and limitations of GA-NTK and propose some techniques that make GA-NTK more practical.
Cooling of the neutron star in Cassiopeia A

We demonstrate that the high-quality cooling data observed for the young neutron star in the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A over the past 10 years---as well as all other reliably known temperature data of neutron stars---can be comfortably explained within the ``nuclear medium cooling'' scenario. The cooling rates of this scenario account for medium-modified one-pion exchange in dense matter and polarization effects in the pair-breaking formations of superfluid neutrons and protons. Crucial for the successful description of the observed data is a substantial reduction of the thermal conductivity, resulting from a suppression of both the electron and nucleon contributions to it by medium effects. In a few more decades of continued monitoring of Cassiopeia A, the observed data may allow one to put additional constraints on the efficiency of different cooling processes in neutron stars.
Respiratory rhythm entrains membrane potential and spiking of non-olfactory neurons

In recent years, several studies have tended to show a respiratory drive in numerous brain areas so that the respiratory rhythm could be considered as a master clock promoting communication between distant brain areas. However, outside of the olfactory system it is not known if respiration-related oscillation (RRo) could exist in the membrane potential (MP) of neurons neither if it can structure spiking discharge. To fill this gap, we co-recorded MP and LFP activities in different non-olfactory brain areas: median prefrontal cortex (mPFC), primary somatosensory cortex (S1), primary visual cortex (V1), and hippocampus (HPC), in urethane-anesthetized rats. Using respiratory cycle by respiratory cycle analysis, we observed that respiration could modulate both MP and spiking discharges in all recorded areas. Further quantifications revealed RRo episodes were transient in most neurons (5 consecutive cycles in average). RRo development in MP was largely influenced by the presence of respiratory modulation in the LFP. Finally, moderate hyperpolarization reduced RRo occurence within cells of mpFC and S1. By showing the respiratory rhythm influenced brain activity deep to the MP of non-olfactory neurons, our data support the idea respiratory rhythm could mediate long-range communication.
A comprehensive review of vapour deposited coatings for cutting tools: properties and recent advances

ABSTRACT The increasing demand for cost-efficient, high-quality machined products has led to a requirement for cutting tools that are able to provide a long tool life even when operating under extreme cutting conditions. Hard thin-film coatings deposited on tool substrates have been at the forefront of dealing with such demands. Such coatings provide cutting tools with properties like increased hardness, wear resistance, oxidation resistance, resistance to thermo-mechanical shocks, lower friction coefficient, etc. Vapour deposition techniques are widely used to deposit these thin films. Any variation in process parameters during deposition affects the properties of a coating and hence is a crucial factor to be considered. This review paper discusses some of the commercially used deposition methods, their effects on the crystal morphology, and the thermal and mechanical properties obtained in these coatings. Finally, this paper will also cover some of the recent advancements in hybrid coating technology, nanostructured coatings, and the prospects of sustainable machining.
Comparison of Open Versus Arthroscopic Repair for Subscapularis Tendon Tears With or Without Concomitant Supraspinatus Tendon Tears

Background: The literature comparing open and arthroscopic repair of subscapularis tendon (ST) tears is insufficient. Purpose: To compare the clinical results of open versus arthroscopic repair of ST tears with or without concomitant supraspinatus tears. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 70 patients treated for isolated ST tears and ST tears with concomitant supraspinatus tendon tears at a single center between 2011 and 2019. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent open ST repairs (group O) and those with an arthroscopic ST repair (group A). Range of motion (ROM), liftoff and belly-press tests, and Constant-Murley (CM) scores were included in the pre- and postoperative functional evaluations. The minimal clinically important difference was calculated using the anchor-based method for changes in CM score. Tear size was evaluated according to the Lafosse classification. The categorical data were assessed using the Pearson chi-square, Fisher exact, and Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests. The parametric and nonparametric data were evaluated using the Student t test and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. The dependent groups (for nonnormally distributed data) were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Group O included 34 patients, and group A included 36 patients. The mean age was 62.9 years, and the mean follow-up period was 66.7 months. Even though group O exhibited a significantly better preoperative CM score (53.7 ± 4.6 vs 48.9 ± 6.8 [mean ± SD]; P = .001), group A had a significantly better postoperative CM score (88.7 ± 4.7 vs 84.6 ± 2.9; P < .001). Our measurements revealed a minimal clinically important difference of 11.5 points for the CM score. Group A had significantly greater postoperative ROM in abduction (153° vs 143.9°; P = .005) and forward elevation (159.1° vs 149.7°; P = .005), as well as significantly greater postoperative improvement in positive belly-press test results (P = .028). Complications occurred in 4 patients in group O and in 1 patient in group A. Conclusion: The study findings indicated that arthroscopic ST repair was more advantageous than open repair in terms of ROM and functional outcomes.
Understanding the mental health needs of mothers who have had children removed through the family court: A call for action

We write this editorial to add our voices to those calling for far greater attention to and tailoring of provision for mothers involved with the family courts, who are experiencing mental health dif ﬁ culties. Certainly, in the UK, but much further a ﬁ eld, there is a consensus that more needs to be done to ensure that unmet mental health need should not, and MUST not, be a key factor which results in mothers losing children from their care through family court proceedings. This is a health equity issue (Marmot, 2010, 2020), as mainstream services are currently not designed to meet the mental health needs of these women.
Birefringent strands drive the flow of viscoelastic fluids past obstacles

Abstract The flow of polymer solutions past solid obstacles or through porous media gives rise to rich physical phenomena over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Viscoelasticity, in particular, can induce a strong nonlinear response with an increase of flow resistance even for a solution whose viscosity decreases in simple shear flow. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon but a clear picture of the pore-scale mechanisms involved and their impact upon larger scales is still lacking. Here, we show that localized zones of large polymeric stress, known as birefringent strands, drive the flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid through two-dimensional arrays of cylinders. Combining a recently developed numerical scheme with high performance computing, we find that these strands generate a complete reorganization of the flow with an increase of stagnation zones, a reinforcement of preferential paths and a splitting of flow channels. Furthermore, we show that this reorganization is the source of an increase in the viscous dissipation of the solvent and also that the stretching of polymer molecules in the strands is associated with entropy production. Both these phenomena yield a global increase in dissipation that can be directly linked to the increase of flow resistance. Our results demonstrate that the birefringent strands – not the elongational viscosity – drive the flow of viscoelastic fluids through porous media and that the increase of flow resistance can occur even at steady state, before the transition to elastic turbulence.
THE Ep EVOLUTIONARY SLOPE WITHIN THE DECAY PHASE OF “FAST RISE AND EXPONENTIAL DECAY” GAMMA-RAY BURST PULSES

Employing two samples containing of 56 and 59 well-separated fast rise and exponential decay gamma-ray burst pulses whose spectra are fitted by the Band spectrum and Compton model, respectively, we have investigated the evolutionary slope of Ep (where Ep is the peak energy in the νFν spectrum) with time during the pulse decay phase. The bursts in the samples were observed by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. We first test the Ep evolutionary slope during the pulse decay phase predicted by Lu et al. based on the model of highly symmetric expanding fireballs in which the curvature effect of the expanding fireball surface is the key factor concerned. It is found that the evolutionary slopes are normally distributed for both samples and concentrated around the values of 0.73 and 0.76 for Band and Compton model, respectively, which is in good agreement with the theoretical expectation of Lu et al. However, the inconsistency with their results is that the intrinsic spectra of most of bursts may bear the Comptonized or thermal synchrotron spectrum, rather than the Band spectrum. The relationships between the evolutionary slope and the spectral parameters are also checked. We show that the slope is correlated with Ep of time-integrated spectra as well as the photon flux but anticorrelated with the lower energy index α. In addition, a correlation between the slope and the intrinsic Ep derived by using the pseudo-redshift is also identified. The mechanisms of these correlations are unclear currently and the theoretical interpretations are required.
Photovoltaic fleet degradation insights

In the PV Fleet Performance Data Initiative, high‐frequency data from commercial and utility‐scale photovoltaic (PV) systems have been collected to examine performance loss rates (PLRs) at a fleet scale. To date, performance data from more than 7.2‐gigawatt (GW) capacity, 1700 sites and 19,000 inverters—approximately equivalent to 6% to 7% of the entire US PV market—have been collected. An overall PLR of −0.75%/year was found, which is in line with historical and recent findings. Tracked silicon (Si) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) performed comparably with all fixed‐tilt systems. Higher PLRs were found for hotter temperature zones; cooler climates exhibit a median −0.48%/year loss, which increases to −0.88%/year in hotter climates. High‐efficiency module technologies showed median PLRs in line with conventional Si technologies but demonstrated markedly different PLR behavior when filtered only for low‐light conditions <600 W/m2. Causes for this technology‐dependent behavior are under investigation.
Discrete Gliding Along Principal Curves

We consider $n$-dimensional discrete motions such that any two neighbouring positions correspond in a pure rotation ("rotating motions"). In the Study quadric model of Euclidean displacements these motions correspond to quadrilateral nets with edges contained in the Study quadric ("rotation nets"). The main focus of our investigation lies on the relation between rotation nets and discrete principal contact element nets. We show that every principal contact element net occurs in infinitely many ways as trajectory of a discrete rotating motion (a discrete gliding motion on the underlying surface). Moreover, we construct discrete rotating motions with two non-parallel principal contact element net trajectories. Rotation nets with this property can be consistently extended to higher dimensions.
Reinforcement learning‐based optimized backstepping control of nonlinear strict feedback system with unknown control gain function

The article develops an optimized control via learning from the design idea of optimized backstepping (OB) technique for the nonlinear strict feedback systems containing the unknown dynamic and control gain functions. OB technique requires to deal with the actual and virtual controls of backstepping as the optimized solutions of corresponding subsystems so that the entire backstepping control is optimized. In the work, for achieving the optimization control, reinforcement learning (RL) of critic‐actor structure is constructed in every backstepping step on the basis of the neural network approximation of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation's solution. Since the unknown nonlinear control gain function is considered, the complexity of control algorithm is greatly increased. However, the proposed RL is with the simple training laws, it can greatly alleviate the algorithm complexity for the optimized control. Finally, the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by both theory and simulation.
A RESULT CONCERNING DERIVATIONS IN NONCOMMUTATIVE BANACH ALGEBRAS

In this paper we show that under certain conditions the range of derivations of Banach algebras is contained in the radical. Our results extend those obtained in [14] and [2]. For example, let A be a Banach algebra over the complex eld. Suppose there exists a derivation D : A! A, such that D +D is a derivation for some 2 C . Then D maps into its radical.
Multi-robot formations: rule-based synthesis and stability analysis

This thesis addresses three aspects of the multi-robot formation problem. Our contributions are: a novel "bottom-up" approach to formation assembly, a formal model for describing the assembly coordination based on a sequence of graph transformations, and a set of control policies that eliminate string instability within a formation. Specifically, we present a decentralized approach to assembling and maintaining robot formations. Starting with a collection of single robots, our approach assembles platoons, or line segments of robots, followed by larger, more complex formations. Formation growth occurs by negotiation when robots are in close proximity and is governed by a set of simple rules based on a graph grammar. We formally define robot formations as directed graphs and define a rule-based graph grammar that describes the assembly coordination. Using this formalism we state and validate three hypotheses: First, given a desired formation there exists a set of rules which cause the formation to be created, Second, given such a set of rules, a controller for each robot can be designed which when executed on a set of robots will cause the robots to assemble in the proper formation, and third, this controller has the necessary stability properties for disturbance rejection. Experimental validation for these hypotheses is provided in simulation and in limited tests on physical non-holonomic robots.
Stochastic Approximation and Recursive Estimation

An extrusion head for an extrudable material, such as a food product dough, which is to be formed into a special shape, such as a pretzel configuration. The head includes a die and associated parts which are of such character and construction that portions of the extruded material will differ in width and thickness from other portions.
Minimum topological genus of compact bordered Klein surfaces admitting a prime-power automorphism

In the nineteenth century, Hurwitz [8] and Wiman [14] obtained bounds for the order of the automorphism group and the order of each automorphism of an orientable and unbordered compact Klein surface (i. e., a compact Riemann surface) of topological genus g s 2. The corresponding results of bordered surfaces are due to May, [11], [12]. These may be considered as particular cases of the general problem of finding the minimum topological genus of a surface for which a given finite group G is a group of automorphisms. This problem was solved for cyclic and abelian G by Harvey [7] and Maclachlan [10], respectively, in the case of Riemann surfaces and by Bujalance [2], Hall [6] and Gromadzki [5] in the case of non-orientable and unbordered Klein surfaces. In dealing with bordered Klein surfaces, the algebraic genus—i. e. , the topological genus of the canonical double covering, (see Alling-Greenleaf [1])—was minimized by Bujalance- Etayo-Gamboa-Martens [3] in the case where G is cyclic and by McCullough [13] in the abelian case.
Effects of Various Shaped Roughness Elements in Two-Dimensional High Reynolds Number Turbulent Boundary Layers

Abstract : The present research is centered around the experimental investigation of seven various shaped single roughness elements and their effects on turbulence quantities in a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. The elements under scrutiny are as follows: cone, cone with spatial variations equal to the smallest sublayer structure length scale, cone with spatial variations equal to 2.5 times the smallest sublayer structure length scale, Gaussian-shaped element, hemisphere, cube aligned perpendicular to the flow (cube at 90 degrees), and a cube rotated 45 degrees relative to the flow.