Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CombTransformers: Statement-Wise Transformers for Statement-Wise Representations

This study presents a novel category of Transformer architectures known as comb transformers, which effectively reduce the space complexity of the self-attention layer from a quadratic to a subquadratic level. This is achieved by processing sequence segments independently and incorporating <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal{X}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="script">X</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="cazzola-ieq1-3310793.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-word embeddings to merge cross-segment information. The reduction in attention memory requirements enables the deployment of deeper architectures, potentially leading to more competitive outcomes. Furthermore, we design an abstract syntax tree (AST)-based code representation to effectively exploit comb transformer properties. To explore the potential of our approach, we develop nine specific instances based on three popular architectural concepts: funnel, hourglass, and encoder-decoder. These architectures are subsequently trained on three code-related tasks: method name generation, code search, and code summarization. These tasks encompass a range of capabilities: short/long sequence generation and classification. In addition to the proposed comb transformers, we also evaluate several baseline architectures for comparative analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the comb transformers match the performance of the baselines and frequently perform better.
Etude préliminaire sur la localisation du nickel dans une garniérite naturelle

Dans cet article, nous donnons les resultats d'une etude preliminaire menee sur un echantillon de garnierite constitue d'un melange de mineraux 1 : 1 et 2 : 1. L'utilisation conjointe de plusieurs methodes d'investigation, dont notamment la microscopie electronique couplee a un spectrometre a dispersion d'energie et certaines methodes volumetriques, a permis de montrer qu'une proportion importante de nickel se trouve sous forme d'un compose amorphe, probablement de l'hydroxyde associe a la phase 10 A, mais ne faisant pas partie de la couche octaedrique de la phase minerale. En outre, l'analyse par microsonde a haute resolution indique que le nickel reticulaire est localise principalement dans la phase 10 A, et non reparti de maniere homogene entre les phases a 7 A et a 10 A.
An Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact of Waste Scavenging as a means of Poverty Alleviation in Gwagwalada, Abuja.

Waste scavengers are usually perceived as being among the poor, and scavenging is considered a marginal activity. They tend to have low incomes, but can obtained decent earning when they are not exploited by middlemen. This study was conducted in Gwagwalada town with the aim of assessing the socio-economic impact of scavenging on the people. A structured questionnaire was constructed to capture the demographic characteristics of the scavengers, their experiences, types of items scavenged, the economic gains and the challenges being faced. The target pollution is waste scavengers and a random sampling technique was adopted in selecting the respondents for the questionnaire administration. The findings revealed that the all the scavengers in the study area are males and majority of them are below 25years. 93.4% of them are Muslims and only 6.5% are Christians. About 81.3% of these scavengers attended either Islamia or conventional primary school and only 11.5% attended secondary school. About 90% of them are Hausas, 2.7% are Igbos, and 1.64% is Yoruba. Most of them joint the profession in order to take care of themselves and their immediate family. Only 4.1% wish to continue with the job. Most of them (87.7%) are about 5years and below in this noble profession. This is an indication that this profession if not encouraged, will collapse with time as over 98% are not satisfied with the job and indicated interest of changing to another profession if given the opportunity. Items scavenged include bottles, plastics, iron electronics, aluminum and others. Their monthly income ranges from N4000-N1300 (81.9%) and just about 18.1% earned N14, 000-N24, 000 per month. Their major challenges include molestation, fatigue, diseases, injuries, waist pain among others.
Determining the professional development needs of Iowa school-based agricultural education teachers related to program design, leadership, and SAE development

School-based agricultural education (SBAE) teachers face challenges and difficulties while working in the agricultural education profession. Burnout, work and family life balance, and time management are just a few of the challenges. The professional development needs of agricultural educators should be addressed. Fessler and Christensen (1992) indicated a teachers’ work and personal lives change throughout their career, therefore, professional development differs from the beginning of their profession. Malcolm Knowles' (1980) theory of andragogy was utilized as the conceptual framework for this study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the professional development needs of SBAE teachers in the state of Iowa. The SBAE teachers are perceived to have some level of professional development needs for topics related to program design and management. Leadership and SAE development were reported to represent areas of need. Professional development focusing on the development and use of advisory councils should be provided for Iowa SBAE teachers at various venues. The Iowa SBAE teachers should use the SAE For All (National Council for Agricultural Education, 2017) guide as a resource for developing and advising students on SAE projects.
Stand-density study of spruce-hemlock stands in southeastern Alaska.

DeMars, Donald J. 2000. Stand-density study of spruce-hemlock stands in southeastern Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-496. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 60 p. The lack of growth and yield information for young even-aged western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. )-Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. ) stands in southeastern Alaska served as the impetus for a long-term stand-density study begun in 1974. The study has followed permanent growth plots in managed stands under various thinning regimes. Between 1974 and 1987, 272 plots were established at 59 locations throughout southeastern Alaska. Remeasurement of the plots occurs every two to four years and will continue until harvest. Additional thinnings will occur on a portion of the plots. Future plans include extending the study through establishment of installations in stand types not currently represented. Once data for an entire rotation are obtained, a comprehensive set of growth and yield tables for various management regimes can be developed. This information will answer questions forest managers have on whether and when to thin a stand, at what level of intensity, and how frequently to enter the stand.
The Influence of Leadership Style and Work Discipline on Employee Performance with Work Motivation as an Intervening Variable at PT. Permodalan Nasional Madani Bogor Branch Office

The key factors affecting performance are employees and work discipline. Work motivation as an intermediate variable in the relationship between leadership style and employee performance at the PT PNM Bogor Branch Office. Employee performance at the PT Permodalan Nasional Madani Bogor Branch Office will be analysed in relation to the researcher-identified leadership style, work discipline, and work motivation. A total of 120 employees from various departments at the PT PNM Bogor Branch Office were randomly selected to participate in the study. PLS SEM is a statistical approach used for analysing data. Findings from studies conducted at the PT PNM Bogor Branch Office indicate that a leader's style influences workers' motivation (Y1) but has no effect on productivity (Y2). Employee performance (Y2) is positively impacted by work discipline, and employee motivation to work (Y1) is influenced by work discipline as well. The degree to which workers are inspired by their jobs is a key factor in their productivity (Y2). In addition, there is a nuanced mediational relationship: leadership style affects performance via the complete intermediary of work motivation, while work discipline affects performance both directly and via the partial intermediary of work motivation
Smartphone addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students

Introduction Studies consistently link excessive smartphone use to poor sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress. This study specifically aimed to investigate these associations among medical students in Belgrade and Nis (Central Serbia). Materials and methods The cross-sectional study included a sample of 761 students, who were selected from both the Faculties of Medicine at the University of Belgrade and the University of Nis. Questionnaires, including the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Smartphone Addiction Scale – Short Version (SAS-SV), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21 items (DASS-21), were completed by the participants. Statistical analysis techniques, such as the Chi-square test, student’s t-test, and logistic regression, were employed to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction, physical activity, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress. Results The findings indicated a prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students at 21.7%, with rates of 22.9% among males and 21.1% among females. Females exhibited significantly higher scores on the SAS-SV scale compared to males (p = 0.032). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between smartphone addiction and spending over 4 h daily on smartphones (OR = 2.39; p < 0.001), poor sleep quality (OR = 1.65; p = 0,005), as well as elevated levels of stress (OR = 1.75; p = 0.003), anxiety (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001), and depression (OR = 2.29; p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis identified spending more than 4 h daily on smartphones (OR = 2.39; p < 0.001) and increased levels of depression (OR = 2.51; p < 0.001) as independent significant factors associated with smartphone addiction. Conclusion This study sheds light on the prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students, with spending excessive time on smartphones and higher levels of depression standing out as significant factors. Future research should delve into the underlying mechanisms and causal relationships between smartphone addiction and these psychosocial factors. Understanding these connections will aid in developing effective interventions and strategies to tackle this growing public health concern.
Breeding site of larval mosquitoes in Abeokuta, Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the mosquito fauna and their breeding sites in Abeokuta, an urban town in Nigeria. Seven species were encountered namely: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, Culex andersoni, Cifatigans C decens, Ctigripes and Eretmapodies chrysogaster, in nine habitats. The sites in which they were encountered are tyres, domestic (household) containers, ground pools, open drains, septic tanks, tree-holes, leafaxils, rock pools and dead leaf surfaces. Domestic containers and tyres were the most common and contributed to most of the breeding especially those of Aedes aegypti and Culex decens both of which were very plastic in their breeding habits. An aggressive environmental sanitation program aimed at effective disposal of these container habitats and other man-made receptacles would reduce the amount of breeding particularly with respect to Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae whose vectorial importance in the transmission of yellow fever and malaria respectively, have long been established.
Obesity and dining out: An exploration of dietary trends in urban Malaysia

v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Purpose of research project 2 Summary of chapters 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review 5 Public health perspective 5 Anthropological perspective: the biocultural framework 7 Globalization of food and the distribution of obesity risk 11 Setting 13 Brief history 14 Political/governing structure 15 Demographics 16 Economy and income 17 Food/fuel policies and politics 19 Prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated risks 21 National nutrition campaigns 22 Malaysian food consumption trends 24 Street food consumption 26 Chapter 3: Methods 29 Sampling 31 Recruitment 31 Recruitment criteria 33 Data collection 33 Instrumentation and pilot 33 Phase 1: Consumers, subgroup 2 37 Phase 2: Consumers, subgroup 1 37 Phase 3: Street food vendors 38 Ethical review processes and conduct 38
Etude des zones de subduction en convergence hyper-oblique : exemples de la ride méditerranéenne et de la marge indo-birmane

Deux exemples de subduction en convergence hyper oblique furent etudies: la Ride Mediterraneenne, et la Marge Indo-Birmane. En Mediterranee, le mouvement cumule de la convergence Afrique/Europe avec la rotation de "Anatolie cree une convergence oblique sur la terminaison Nord Occidentale des Fosses Helleniques. Le taux de convergence est oriente en NS et de 35 mm/an. La campagne MEDEE (Lab. De Geologie, ENS-1995), combinant bathymetrie multifaisceaux et des profils sismiques, montre que la convergence oblique est partitionnee sur un front compressif et des failles decrochantes dextres N160ʿE. Ces failles sont localisees dans la partie interne du prisme et dans la zone de contact entre le prisme et le butoir. Au Nord, ces failles sont fortement perturbees par la terminaison en queue-de-cheval compressive de la Faille N20ʿE de Cephalonie. Le prisme est lui aussi affecte par cette faille. Les observations dans cette zone sont egalement compliquees par la presence du Prisme Calabrais. La Marge Indo-Birmane presente les memes degres d'obliquite et de vitesses de convergence que pour la Ride Mediterraneenne. La Campagne ANDAMAN (Lab. De Geologie, ENS-2000) permet d'observer que le front de la marge est marque par des structures decrochantes dextres N30ʿE, et une absence de structures d'accretion. Ici, le partitionnement induit l'individualisation d'une laniere entre la plaque indienne et le Bloc de la Sonde dont la frontiere ouest presente une augmentation graduelle du taux de partitionnement, de partiel au Sud, a total au Nord. Dans le cas mediterraneen, les forces qui conduisent le mouvement de la plaque superieure, associees au blocage parla Plate-Forme Apulienne, empechent la formation d'une laniere. L'obliquite est alors accommodee entre le butoir et le prisme, formant un sliver de prisme. Ces deux etudes permettent d'affirmer que la localisation du partitionnement est regie par l'heritage structural et le degre de liberte de mouvement d'une laniere crustale.
A Dynamic Transformer Network With Early Exit Mechanism for Fast Detection of Multiscale Surface Defects

Efficiency of surface defect detection is largely improved with the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, CNNs encounter difficulties in accurately modeling the multiscale features of defects due to the inherent locality of convolution. Additionally, existing methods for cross-level feature fusion introduce cumbersome computational complexity. Consequently, current networks struggle to reconcile location accuracy of multiscale defects with detection efficiency, resulting in poor performance in real-time detection. To this end, we proposed a dynamic transformer network for surface defect detection, utilizing self-attention-based transformers to precisely capture long-range semantic information within a routing space. Meanwhile, the network dynamically selected feature fusion paths according to inputs, enhancing its ability to aggregate multiscale defect features. Additionally, an early exit mechanism was designed by introducing a multitask loss function to induce defect-free inputs to exit from shallow layers of the network, thereby improving the detection speed. Furthermore, a novel learning algorithm was proposed with a consistent prediction loss function to strengthen the hierarchical relationship between the classification task and segmentation task. By performing experiments on self-built steel surface dataset with multiscale defects, the proposed framework outperformed all competing models in terms of detection accuracy and inference speed, demonstrating that the proposed network can be used for online accurate detection for multiscale surface defects.
Factors influencing the change-supportive behavior: learning agility, perception of reasons and benefits for change

This study aimed at describing the influence of individual factors such as Learning Agility and the perception of reasons and benefits for change on change-supportive behavior. The study has also tested the effect of leadership position on learning agility and on change- supportive behaviors. The model was tested by a cross-section quantitative study in two corporations, with a sample of 324 employees. It used four instruments (learning agility scale, scales of reasons and benefits for change, and scale of behavioral responses to change) with evidence of validity, in addition to standard multiple regression analyses and structural equations to test the model. Results point out that reasons and benefits perceived for change and learning agility predict change-supportive behaviors, and also that leadership position predicts change-supportive behaviors.
Diversity and ecology of anuran communities in San Sebastián (Chiquitano region, Bolivia)

We studied species composition and diversity of anuran communities in different habitats in the eastern lowlands of Bolivia. Additionally, we investigated microhabitat selection, seasonal calling ac - tivity and call frequency segregation. The study site San Sebastian is a cattle ranch in a landscape consist - ing of a mosaic of different habitats (Cerrado savannas partially used as pasture, numerous temporary wetlands, ponds and artificial lakes, and endemic Chiquitano Dry Forest). We investigated five selected study areas in typical habitats using transect methods (visual encounter surveys, audio surveys). Diver - sity and similarity among sites were examined by using Shannon-Index, Evenness, and Jaccard cluster analysis. We based our calculations on 3,940 observations of 3 species in total. The most abundant spe - cies were Dendropsophus minutus, D. nanus, Scinax cf. fuscomarginatus, and Phyllomedusa boliviana. We found a high level of partitioning of the species according to microhabitat selection, seasonal calling ac - tivity and call frequency segregation. The endemic Chiquitano Dry Forest turned out to be species poor in comparison to the other study areas in open formations. The habitat structure complexity might be re - sponsible for the high anuran α- and β-diversity of the relatively small study site. The results of the study emphasize the high value for conservation of the Chiquitano region. It is necessary to do further studies of the herpetofauna of that diverse but understudied region.
Modelling studies of possible coupling mechanisms between the upper and middle atmosphere

In recent years, the evidence for a correlation between lower atmospheric behaviour and changes in solar activity has increased. This correlation is thought to be associated with complex coupling mechanisms that link the upper and lower regions of the atmosphere. Dynamical processes are believed to play an important role via the influence of large- and small-scale waves that can lead to the transport of energy, momentum and chemical constituents. Compositional and energetic changes that occur as a direct result of changes in solar energy flux are also thought to contribute to the coupling of atmospheric regions. The production and transport of odd nitrogen species is thought to be particularly important, especially following periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity. The UCL Coupled Middle Atmosphere - Thermosphere (CMAT) general circulation model was developed in order to provide a tool to investigate two-way coupling between the Earth's lower and upper atmosphere. This model has been updated to include high-resolution empirical solar flux data and current photoabsorption and ionisation cross sections. Improvements have been made to the chemical scheme, and a new spectral gravity wave parameterisation has been implemented Factors influencing production and loss of odd nitrogen species in the lower thermosphere have been investigated. The representation of nitric oxide in the CMAT model is presented and compared with empirical data. Studies have been carried out to investigate the global production, transport and impact of nitric oxide in the MLT (mesosphere lower thermosphere) region during and following periods of enhanced solar and geomagnetic activity, including a simulation of the 2003 'Halloween super storm'. The effect of the new gravity wave parameterisation on the zonal and meridional wind structure is also investigated along with its effect on the equatorial local diurnal maximum of atomic oxygen and associated OS) 557.7nm green line volume emission rates.
Increasing the Consumption of Environmentally Friendly Foods in a University Dining Hall Using Menu Item Placement

Creating a decision-making environment that promotes sustainable food choices is a priority for both the individual and society. This study aimed at encouraging plant-based menu choices by re-ordering the menu according to the carbon footprint values. The project was conducted in a grab-and-go eatery at a large United States public university, where students could order their meals choosing among different menu options that were customizable with various ingredients. The order of menu ingredients was changed twice: for five weeks, from the most to the least impactful in terms of carbon footprint; subsequently, for another five weeks the order was reversed. At both times, all sales data were recorded. A total of 279,219 and 288,527 items were selected, respectively, during the first and the second intervention. A significant association was found between menu re-ordering and customers’ choices for almost all food categories considered. Overall, despite beef choices not changing, results showed that students were more likely to choose low-carbon options when these were placed at the beginning, emphasizing that food selections were impacted by ingredient placement on the menu list. These findings highlight the need for a multi-level strategy focused on raising students’ awareness of the environmental impact of animal-based foods, particularly beef.