Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement

Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has been proposed as a carbon dioxide removal technology (CDR) allowing for long term storage of carbon dioxide in the ocean. By changing the carbonate speciation in seawater, OAE may potentially alter marine ecosystems with implications for the biological carbon pump. Using mesocosms in the subtropical North Atlantic, we provide first empirical insights into impacts of carbonate-based OAE on the vertical flux and attenuation of sinking particles 20 in an oligotrophic plankton community. We enhanced total alkalinity (TA) in increments of 300 μmol kg -1 , reaching up to ΔTA = 2400 µmol kg -1 compared to ambient TA. We applied a p CO 2 -equilibrated OAE approach, i.e. dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was raised simultaneously with TA to maintain seawater p CO 2 in equilibrium with the atmosphere, thereby keeping perturbations of seawater carbonate chemistry moderate. The vertical flux of major elements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon, as well as their stoichiometric ratios (e.g. carbon-to-nitrogen) remained unaffected over 29 25 days of OAE. The particle properties controlling the flux attenuation including sinking velocities and remineralization rates also remained unaffected by OAE. However, we observed abiotic mineral precipitation at high OAE levels (ΔTA = 1800 μmol kg -1 and higher) that resulted in a substantial increase in PIC formation. The associated consumption of alkalinity reduces the efficiency of CO 2 removal and emphasizes the importance of maintaining OAE within a carefully defined operating range. Our findings suggest that carbon export by oligotrophic plankton communities is insensitive to OAE perturbations using a CO 2 30 pre-equilibrated approach. The integrity of ecosystem services is a prerequisite for large-scale application and should be further tested across a variety of nutrient-regimes and for less idealized OAE approaches.
RESPONSE OF EXTERNALLY POST-TENSIONED CONTINUOUS MEMBERS

Results from experimental and analytical evaluations of the behavior and strength characteristics of continuous concrete beams prestressed using external tendons are presented. Similarly to beams with internal unbonded tendons, the stresses in the prestressing steel at nominal flexural strength were below or slightly exceeded yield. As a result of the change in tendon eccentricity with increasing beam deflection, specimens with undeviated tendons mobilized relatively smaller load capacities and post-elastic deformations. Increasing the area of internal bonded reinforcement resulted in better crack distribution and, consequently, a more ductile mode of flexural failure. A comprehensive analytical model based on the concept of plastic hinge length was developed to predict the flexural response characteristics of continuous concrete members post-tensioned with external or internal unbonded tendons, with appropriate consideration given to the influence of the 2nd-order effects and the rotational capacity in the plastic region. The important parameters affecting the behavior are evaluated and discussed.
Spatial and temporal distribution of Copepoda (Cyclopoida and Calanoida) of an eutrophic reservoir in the basin of upper Iguaçu River,

: Spatial and temporal distribution of Copepoda (Cyclopoida and Calanoida) of an eutrophic reservoir in the basin of upper Iguaçu River, Paraná, Brazil. Morphometrical and hydrological characteristics of Iraí reservoir (upper Iguaçu River basin) are favorable to the development of Cyanophyceae blooms. In this study, spatial and temporal variation of the most frequent Copepoda species were evaluated monthly during seventeen months in six stations, through analysis of correlation between environmental variables and phytoplankton abundance, in addition to the analysis of the content of food ingested by copepods. For each sample was filtered 200 liters of sub surface (0.3 meters) water in a conical plankton net (64 m m mesh size).
Southern California Coastal Response to the 2015–2016 El Niño

Widespread erosion associated with energetic waves of the strong 2015–2016 El Niño on the U.S. West Coast has been reported widely. However, Southern California was often sheltered from the northerly approach direction of the offshore waves. The few large swells that reached Southern California were not synchronous with the highest tides. Although west coast‐wide tidal anomalies were relatively large in 2015–2016, in Southern California, total water levels (sum of tides, anomalies, and wave superelevation) were lower than during the 1997–1998 Niño, and comparable to the 2009–2010 Niño. Airborne lidar surveys spanning 300 km of Southern California coast show the beach response varied from considerable erosion to accretion. On average, the shoreline moved landward 10 m, similar to the 2009–2010 El Niño. Some San Diego county beaches were narrower in the 1997–1998 El Niño than in 2015–2016, consistent with the higher erosion potential in 1997–1998. Beach retreat exceeded 80 m at a few locations. However, 27% of the shoreline accreted, often in pocket beaches, or near jetties. While adjacent beaches eroded, estuary mouths accreted slightly, and several estuaries remained or became closed during the study period. Only 12% of cliffs eroded (mostly at the base), and the average cliff face retreat was markedly less than historical values. Only two cliff‐top areas retreated significantly. Although some areas experienced significant change, the potential for coastal erosion and damage in Southern California was reduced compared to the 1997–1998 El Niño, because of low rainfall, a northerly swell approach, and relatively limited total high‐water levels.
Contribution of blowing snow sublimation to the surface mass balance of Antarctica

Blowing snow sublimation is an important boundary layer process in polar regions and is the major ablation term in the surface mass balance (SMB) of the Antarctic ice sheet. In this study, we update the blowing snow model in the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO), version 2.3p3, to include, among other things, the effect of blowing snow sublimation in the prognostic equations for temperature and water vapour. These updates are necessary to remove undesired numerical artefacts in this version’s modelled blowing snow transport fluxes. Specifically, instead of a uniformly discretised ice particle 5 radius distribution used in the previous version of the model which limited the maximum ice particle radius to ≤ 50 µ m , we use a non-uniformly discretised ice particle radii to include all relevant ranges of radii between 2 to 300 µ m without any additional computational overhead. The updated model results are compared against the meteorological observations from site D47 in Adélie Land, East Antarctica. The updates alleviate the numerical artefacts observed in the previous model results and successfully predict the power-law variation of the blowing snow fluxes with wind speed while improving the prediction of 10 the magnitude of the blowing snow fluxes. Furthermore, we obtain an average blowing snow layer depth of 230 ± 116 m at the observation site D47, which matches well with the typical values obtained from the satellite observations. A qualitative comparison of the blowing snow frequency from updated RACMO with CALIPSO satellite observations shows that RACMO successfully predicts the blowing snow frequency. For the period 2000 – 2010, compared to the previous model version, the contribution of integrated blowing snow sublimation is increased by 30%, with a yearly mean of 176 ± 4 Gtyr − 1 . It contributes 15 to a 1.2% reduction in the integrated SMB of the Antarctic ice
Structural and temporal variation in the genetic diversity of a European collection of spring two-row barley cultivars and utility for association mapping of quantitative traits

Two hundred sixteen barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were selected to represent the diversity and history of European spring two-row barley breeding and to search for alleles controlling agronomic traits by association genetics. The germplasm was genotyped with 7864 gene-based single nucleotide polymorphism markers and corresponding field trial trait data relating to growth and straw strength were obtained at multiple European sites. Analysis of the marker data by statistical population genetics approaches revealed two important trends in the genetic diversity of European two-row spring barley, namely, i) directional selection for approximately 14% of total genetic variation of the population in the last approximately 50 yr and ii) highly uneven genomic distribution of genetic diversity. Association analysis of the phenotypic and genotypic data identified multiple loci affecting the traits investigated, some of which co-map with selected regions. Collectively, these data show that the genetic makeup of European two-row spring barley is evolving under breeder selection, with signs of extinction of diversity in some genomic regions, suggesting that “breeding the best with the best” is leading towards fixation of some breeder targets. Nevertheless, modern germplasm also retains many regions of high diversity, suggesting that site-specific genetic approaches for allele identification and crop improvement such as association genetics are likely to be successful.
Remote Sensing of Environment

While the influence of surface melt on Antarctic ice shelf stability can be large, the duration and affected area of melt events are often small. Therefore, melt events are difficult to capture with remote sensing, as satellite sensors always face the trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution. To overcome this limitation, we developed UMelt: a surface melt record for all Antarctic ice shelves with a high spatial (500 m) and high temporal (12 h) resolution for the period 2016–2021. Our approach is based on a deep learning model, specifically a U-Net, which was developed in Google Earth Engine. The U-Net combines microwave remote sensing observations from three sources: Sentinel-1, Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS), and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). The U-Net was trained on the Shackleton Ice Shelf for melt seasons 2017– 2021, using the fine-scale melt patterns of Sentinel-1 as reference data and SSMIS, ASCAT, a digital elevation model, and multi-year Sentinel-1 melt fraction as predictors. The trained U-Net performed well on the Shackelton Ice Shelf for test melt season 2016–2017 (accuracy: 91.3%; F1-score: 86.9%), and the Larsen C Ice Shelf, which was not considered during training (accuracy: 91.0%; F1-score: 89.3%). Using the trained U-Net model, we have successfully developed the UMelt record. UMelt allows Antarctic-wide surface melt to be detected at a small scale while preserving a high temporal resolution, which could lead to new insights into the response of ice shelves to a changing atmospheric forcing.
Analysis of the Effect of the Difference between Japanese and English Input on ChatGPT-Generated Secure Codes

—Codes automatically generated by large-scale language models are expected to be used in software development. A previous study veriﬁed the security of 21 types of code generated by ChatGPT and found that ChatGPT sometimes generates vulnerable code. On the other hand, although ChatGPT produces different output depending on the input language, the effect on the security of the generated code is not clear. Thus, there is concern that non-native English-speaking developers may generate insecure code or be forced to bear unnecessary burdens. To investigate the effect of language differences on code security, we instructed ChatGPT to generate code in English and Japanese, each with the same content, and generated a total of 450 codes under six different conditions. Our analysis showed that insecure codes were generated in both English and Japanese, but in most cases they were independent of the input language. In addition, the results of validating the same content in different programming languages suggested that the security of the code tends to depend on the security and usability of the API provided by the programming language of the output.
Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Southwest Pacific and the Role of Ocean Dynamics

AbstractThis paper investigates the mechanisms causing interannual variability of upper ocean heat content and sea surface temperature (SST) in the southwest Pacific. Using the ECCOv4 ocean reanalysis it is shown that air–sea heat flux and ocean heat transport convergence due to ocean dynamics both contribute to the variability of upper ocean temperatures around New Zealand. The ocean dynamics responsible for the ocean heat transport convergence are investigated. It is shown that SSTs are significantly correlated with the arrival of barotropic Rossby waves estimated from the South Pacific wind stress over the latitudes of New Zealand. Both Argo observations and the ECCOv4 reanalysis show deep isotherms fluctuate coherently around the country. The authors suggest that the depth of the thermocline around New Zealand adjusts to changes in the South Pacific winds, modifies the vertical advection of heat into the upper ocean, and contributes to the interannual variability of SST in the region.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF COWPEA

: Population dynamics of major insect pests of cowpea experiment was carried out at Agronomy Farm of S.K. N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during kharif , 2017. The aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch; leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris) and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) populations commenced during the last week of July (30 th SMW) and reached a peak during 31 st standard meteorological week (SMW) (115.80 aphids/three leaves, 12.40 leafhoppers/three leaves and 18.0 whiteflies/three leaves) when the minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were 24.0 °C, 29.4 °C, 81 per cent and 05 mm, respectively. The pod borer population commenced during the first week of August (31 th SMW) and reached a peak in 33 rd SMW (6.20 larvae/five plants) when the minimum temperature, maximum temperature and relative humidity were 21.7°C, 34.1°C and 59 per cent, respectively. The population of aphid, leafhopper and whitefly showed negative and significant correlation with maximum temperature (r = -0.78, r = -0.81 and r = -0.85); positive and significant with relative humidity (r = 0.64, r = 0.64 and r = 0.63) and the rainfall and minimum temperature showed non-significant correlation. The correlation coefficient of pod borer was non-significant with the rainfall, maximum temperature and minimum temperature and negatively significant with relative humidity (r = -0.74).
Nitrogen aggregation character, thermal history and stable isotope composition of some xenolith-derived diamonds from Roberts Victor and Finsch

Introduction: Diamonds were extracted from eclogite, Iherzolite and harzburgite xenoliths (some with known ages) from the Roberts Victor (5 xenoliths) and Finsch (1 xenolith) kimberlites. They have been investigated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and stable isotope mass spectrometry in order to characterize their growth and thermal history in the upper mantle. The most significant aspect of comparative studies of xenolith-derived diamonds is the knowledge that the group experienced the same mantle history if the diamonds nucleated at the same time or an appropriate subset of it if they nucleated at a later time. This makes genuine dendrochronology possible with such a group. Methods: Infrared (IR) spectra were obtained from 120/<m regions of several diamonds, where possible, from each xenolith using an IR microscope. The spectral data was processed to yield quantitative data on nitrogen content and aggregation state. Opposite faces were polished on some diamonds to reveal internal structure by cathodoluminescence. Carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements were made on pieces broken from the diamonds by D.Shelkov at the Planetary Science Unit, Open University, courtesy of Prof. C.T. Pillinger. Results: Total nitrogen contents and aggregation states aggregation from the both and one of the harzburgites content zonation. the aggregation well isotherms and of
Water quality characterization of urban streams using benthic macroinvertebrate community metrics

: Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of streams in the urban area of Uberlândia - MG, using metrics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, and to identify the metrics that better respond to the differences in environmental quality of the studied streams; Methods: Four streams were studied and three sampling sites were set in each one. The Cabeceira do Lageado stream (Stream 1) is located in a Natural Reserve and the Buritizinho (Stream 2), Lobo (Stream 3) and Bons Olhos (Stream 4) streams are located in the urban area. We evaluated the ecological conditions of the sites through a rapid assessment protocol and calculated the indices BMWP, Shannon-Wiener diversity, Pielou evenness, taxa richness, percentage of EPT, Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. These metrics were compared among streams, sites and sampling times using a three-way ANOVA without replication and the relationship between the metrics was held by a Principal Components Analysis (PCA); Results: Stream 1 was the only one classified as a natural area in all sampling sites, while the other streams were classified as impacted and altered. There was a significant difference in richness among sites. Stream 1 had higher values of BMWP index and percentage of EPT than Streams 2, 3 and 4. No difference was detected in diversity, evenness and in the percentage of Chironomidae among streams, sites or seasons. The percentage of Oligochaeta was higher in Stream 3 than in Streams 1 and 4. In the PCA, Stream 1 was separated from the others in axis 1, mainly by the % of EPT, richness and BMWP; Conclusions: The metrics % EPT, richness and BMWP better reflected the environmental quality of streams, referring to the good quality of Stream 1, followed by Stream 4, and to worst condition the Streams 2 and 3.
Effects of selective harvest of the amazon river prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum on pond water, sediment and effluent.

: Effects of selective harvest of amazon river prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum on pond water, sediment and effluent. In freshwater prawn grow-out phase, the harvest can be total, selective or combined. The harvest can be considered as a periodic antropic factor that greatly modifies the pond ecosystem. Thus, the effect of harvest type (with seining or not) on pond water variables, sediment and effluents was investigated. Six 0.01-ha ponds were stocked with 20 M. amazonicum juveniles per m 2 . Three ponds were seined fortnightly from 12 th week on (selective harvest), while the other three were non-seined. Certain variables of water and effluent were monitored weekly, that is, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, nitrate-N, nitrite-N, ammonia-N, soluble phosphate, total phosphate, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, pheophytin, total dissolved solids and turbidity. The concentrations of organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in sediment were also determined. Variables were compared between the treatments and day periods, for Student Test t . Temporal variation presented similar pattern in both treatments. Selective harvest did not alter pond water characteristics or the sediment. However, daily differences were seen for dissolved oxygen, pH, soluble phosphate and total dissolved solids in seined and non-seined ponds due to community metabolism. Data indicated that selective harvest does not impact pond water and sediments as well as effluents.
Der Open-Access-Publikationsserver der ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are an important determinant of productivity growth and innovation. This study examines the effects of sector regulation on innovation in telecommunications and related information industries. A typology of innovation processes in ICT industries is developed. The conditions conducive to innovation under varying economic conditions are explored theoretically. Conjectures derived from this conceptual analysis are tested using data for 32 countries for the years 1997-2010. Two ICT innovation indicators (number of secure servers and fixed broadband access lines) were utilized to test the effects of sectoral regulation. In line with other studies of the effects of regulation on innovation, the study finds that more stringent regulation had a statistically significant negative effect on the number of secure servers and the number of fixed broadband access lines. This result holds for a broad measure of regulatory density as well as for the stringency of market access regulation and price regulation.
An advanced approach to velocity sampling in actuator line models

High-ﬁdelity numerical simulations of wind turbines are often performed through a computational ﬂuid dynamics (CFD) model in which the wind turbine is parametrized using an actuator line model, as fully blade-resolved simulations are computationally expensive at the large Reynolds numbers involved. When applying such an actuator line approach to the modeling of wind turbines, the two main issues to consider are the free-stream velocity sampling and the choice of the regularization kernel used to project the computed body forces onto the domain. In this work, a novel velocity sampling method - the so-called eﬀective velocity model (EVM) - is implemented in the CFD software SOWFA and assessed against pre-existing approaches. Results show superior method robustness with respect to the regularization kernel width choice while preserving acceptable accuracy.
Shared Pastures and Anthelmintic Resistance in Wildlife and Livestock

Normal 0 21 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:. 0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif; mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;} Parasitic diseases are an important threat to grazing livestock. Until recently, the most accepted control methods were regular, herd-level deworming regimen and grazing on “clean” or “safe” pasture. Presence of wild ruminants on pastures was considered as the main risk of parasitic infection. In the last decades, the failure of these conventional attitude was suspected. This study was carried out in Hungary, where springtime, whole-herd deworming is still in practice. Our hypotheses were that the above-mentioned strategy led to high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance; on the other hand, wildlife could not contribute to deleterious parasitosis of livestock. For this, we accomplished an investigation in the close surroundings of typical sheep herds. The aims were to determine the species structure and anthelminthic resistance in the parasite community of the sheep herds and the adjacent roe deer population. As a result, we found that in the roe deer (N=53), a more diverse parasite community exists and the most devastating worm species, Haemonchus contortus plays a less important role in it; than in the sheep (N=40). Prevalence of benzimidazole resistance in H. contortus was 17.1% and 68.6% in the roe deer and sheep, respectively. Our findings suggest that routine deworming cannot succeed; while presence of roe deer is rather useful, as its parasites attenuate the simplistic, anthelmintic resistant pasture community.