Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heterochrony in evolution : a multidisciplinary approach

1 The Uses of Heterochrony. - I. Analysis of Heterochrony. - 2 Classifying Heterochrony: Allometry, Size, and Time. - 3 Multivariate Analysis. - 4 Shape Analysis: Ideas from the Ostracoda. - 5 Phylogenetic Analysis and the Detection of Ontogenetic Patterns. - 6 Sclerochronology and the Size versus Age Problem. - II. Heterochrony in Major Groups. - 7 Heterochrony in Plants: The Intersection of Evolution Ecology and Ontogeny. - 8 Heterochrony in Colonial Marine Animals. - 9 Heterochrony in Ammonites. - 10 Heterochrony in Gastropods: A Paleontological View. - 11 Heterochrony in Gastropods: A Neontological View. - 12 Heterochrony in Rodents. - 13 Heterochrony in Primates. - III. Cause, Abundance, and Implications of Heterochrony. - 14 Genetic Basis for Heterochronic Variation. - 15 The Abundance of Heterochrony in the Fossil Record. - 16 Heterochrony in Evolution: An Overview.
The relationship between abusive supervision and employee's reaction: the job demands-resources model perspective

Based on the job demands-resources model, the present study proposes viewing abusive supervision as one type of job demand causing employees' emotional exhaustion, which results in psychological withdrawal behavior. In addition, job crafting can be viewed as a means to acquire job resources, and it buffers the influence of abusive supervision on employees' emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the present study also proposes the moderating effect of job crafting on abusive supervision and psychological withdrawal behavior will be mediated by emotional exhaustion. ,Considering the issue of common method variance, data were not only collected in a multi-temporal research design but also tested by Harman's one-factor test. In addition, a series of confirmatory factor analyses was conducted to ensure the discriminant validity of measures. The moderated mediation hypotheses were tested on a sample of 267 participants. ,The process model analysis showed that emotional exhaustion partially mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and psychological withdrawal behavior. Moreover, job crafting buffers the detrimental effect of abusive supervision on emotional exhaustion, and the less exhausted employees exhibit less psychological withdrawal behavior than those exhausted. ,This study proposed a moderated mediation model to examine how and when abusive supervision leads to more employees' psychological withdrawal behaviors, and found that emotional exhaustion is one potential mechanism and job crafting is one potential moderator. Specifically, it was revealed that employees view abusive supervision as a kind of social and organizational aspect of job demands which will exacerbate emotional exhaustion, and, in turn, lead to more psychological withdrawal behavior. However, when employees view themselves as job crafter, they can adopt various job crafting behaviors to decrease the emotional exhaustion, and thus less psychological withdrawal behavior.
Labeling Vertebrae with Two-dimensional Reformations of Multidetector CT Images: An Adversarial Approach for Incorporating Prior Knowledge of Spine Anatomy.

Purpose To use and test a labeling algorithm that operates on two-dimensional reformations, rather than three-dimensional data to locate and identify vertebrae. Materials and Methods The authors improved the Btrfly Net, a fully convolutional network architecture described by Sekuboyina et al, which works on sagittal and coronal maximum intensity projections (MIPs) and augmented it with two additional components: spine localization and adversarial a priori learning. Furthermore, two variants of adversarial training schemes that incorporated the anatomic a priori knowledge into the Btrfly Net were explored. The superiority of the proposed approach for labeling vertebrae on three datasets was investigated: a public benchmarking dataset of 302 CT scans and two in-house datasets with a total of 238 CT scans. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was employed to compute the statistical significance of the improvement in performance observed with various architectural components in the authors' approach. Results On the public dataset, the authors' approach using the described Btrfly Net with energy-based prior encoding (Btrflype-eb) network performed as well as current state-of-the-art methods, achieving a statistically significant (P < .001) vertebrae identification rate of 88.5% ± 0.2 (standard deviation) and localization distances of less than 7 mm. On the in-house datasets that had a higher interscan data variability, an identification rate of 85.1% ± 1.2 was obtained. Conclusion An identification performance comparable to existing three-dimensional approaches was achieved when labeling vertebrae on two-dimensional MIPs. The performance was further improved using the proposed adversarial training regimen that effectively enforced local spine a priori knowledge during training. Spine localization increased the generalizability of our approach by homogenizing the content in the MIPs.Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2020.
A scale development and validation on domestic tourists’ motivation: the case of second-tier tourism destinations

ABSTRACT The main purposes of this study are (1) to develop a scale for domestic tourism motivation that relates to second-tier domestic destinations and (2) to examine the structural relationships between travel motivation and the intention to visit these destinations. This study uses Thailand as a context for investigation and employs the mixed method approach to attain the study objectives. The empirical findings reveal that pride, price, tax deduction policy, attraction, local food, ego enhancement, and knowledge seeking exert a significant effect on the intention to visit second-tier cities. The study provides implications for tourism bureaus and service providers in enhancing attractiveness of the second-tier destinations.
Super-predation and intraguild interactions in a multi-predator-one-prey system alter the abundance and behaviour of green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Abstract The dynamics of interactions amongst natural enemies are central to the investigation of insect pest ecology. Ternary and quaternary interactions between parasitoids and predators in the presence of entomophagous organisms are yet to be comprehensively explored. We investigated the performance of a clone of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer); Hemiptera: Aphididae), raised on savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linnaeus; Brassicaceae), under all possible combinations of: I) the parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); II) the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); III) the predator Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); and IV) the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Koch) (Araneae: Theridiidae). We demonstrate a considerably differential green peach aphid abundance, polyphenism, and fine-scale spatial distribution in response to the combination, number, and identity of the present enemy species and their interactions. Surprisingly, certain combinations led to thriving green peach aphid populations due to interference between enemies; whereas, other combinations resulted in tangible collective suppression of the population. At the frontier of agroecology and entomology, we provide fresh insights on the effects of conflict and synergy between natural enemies sharing a pest of a cash crop as prey, highlighting the consequences of the presence of a novel synanthropic spider, as a top predator, on pest regulation.
Modelling and observations: Comparison of the magnetic field properties in a prominence

Context. Direct magnetic field measurements in solar prominences occur infrequently and are difficult to make and interpret. As a consequence, alternative methods are needed to derive the main properties of the magnetic field that supports the prominence mass. This is important for our understanding of solar prominences, but also for understanding how eruptive prominences may affect space weather. Aims. We present the first direct comparison of the magnetic field strength derived from spectro-polarimetric observations of a solar prominence, with corresponding results from a theoretical flux rope model constructed from on-disc normal component magnetograms. Methods. We first used spectro-polarimetric observations of a prominence obtained with the magnetograph THEMIS operating in the Canary Islands to derive the magnetic field of the observed prominence by inverting the Stokes parameters measured in the He D3 line. Next, we constructed two data-constrained non-linear force-free field (NLFFF) models of the same prominence. In one model we assumed a strongly twisted flux rope solution, and in the other a weakly twisted flux rope solution. Results. The physical extent of the prominence at the limb (height and length) is best reproduced with the strongly twisted flux rope solution. The line-of-sight average of the magnetic field for the strongly twisted solution results in a magnetic field that has a magnitude of within a factor of 1−2 of the observed magnetic field strength. For the peak field strength along the line of sight, an agreement to within 20% of the observations is obtained for the strongly twisted solution. The weakly twisted solution produces significantly lower magnetic field strengths and gives a poor agreement with the observations. Conclusions. The results of this first comparison are promising. We found that the flux rope insertion method of producing a NLFFF is able to deduce the overall properties of the magnetic field in an observed prominence.
Proximate analysis of fruits and vegetables wastes from Nairobi County, Kenya

Proximate analysis of twenty fruits and vegetable waste from Nairobi County was evaluated. They were obtained from Kangemi and Wakulima markets. Standard procedures were used for the analysis of crude fat, protein, fiber, carbohydrates, moisture, ash, nitrogen-free extract and energy. The results obtained revealed that moisture content was in the range of 82.8 to 95.86% apart from sweet potato and banana which was 62.05 and 74.30% respectively. Protein range was between 0.57 to 3.49% with high-fat content being recorded in avocado at 9.03%. The ash content was highest in comfrey at 3.46% and lowest in mango at 0.44%. The carbohydrate level obtained by the difference method was lowest in courgette at 1.99% with crude fiber ranging from 0.69 to 2.73%. The total calculated energy ranged from 1.94 to 39.98 Kcal/100g. The macro-nutrient concentrations were 3.59 and 1.53% for potassium and calcium respectively. Lead, iron and zinc were detected at 15.1±3.6, 3742±235 and 176±11 ppm respectively. There is the presence of proximate properties in the edible portion of wasted fruits and vegetable and therefore, this study recommends proper fruits and vegetable handling during harvest, transportation, storage and marketing. Besides, the unavoidable waste should be used as biomass in energy production to deal with landfilling issues in the market places.
Vigilance Behaviour in African Ungulates: The Role of Predation Pressure

Impala Aepyceros melampus and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus vigilance behaviour was concurrently monitored in two adjacent sites where re-introduction of large felids at one site gave rise to increased predation pressure. In the high predation site, rate of looking and proportion of time spent looking by both species was significantly greater than in the low predation site. Vigilance behaviour also showed an increase over time following feIid re-introduction: there was no increase where re-introduced feIids were absent. The relationship between vigilance and herd size, position in herd and presence of juveniles was compared for high and low predation conditions. Herd size and vigilance behaviour showed a negative correlation for both species regardless of predation conditions. Mothers with juveniles were always the most vigilant members of the herd and central animals were always the least watchful in both predation conditions. The interplay between vigilance behaviour and predation pressure, herd size, position in herd and presence of juveniles is discussed. It is suggested that predation pressure is the principal influence on vigilance behaviour in ungulates and even very low risk of predation appears to contribute to vigilance. Impalas and wildebeest spared the risk of predation devoted very little time to vigilance, suggesting it played a minor role in intraspecific interactions and finding food.
The effect of irrigation using recycled waters obtained from MBR and IDAL wastewater treatment systems on soil pH and EC under kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) production

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation using three different types of waters, namely treated wastewater through membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, treated wastewater via intermittently decanted aerated lagoon (IDAL) process and tap water (TW) on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) under kikuyu grass production. No fertilizer was added during the study period (1 year). Irrigation waters and water and soil samples extracted from different soil depths were analysed in laboratory. Considerable changes occurred in soil characteristics over the study period under various treatments. Soil pH increased more than 1 unit under irrigation with treated wastewater produced by the IDAL system while soil irrigated with treated wastewater from the MBR treatment system showed little change and TW irrigated soil evidenced a slight decrease when compared to pH at the beginning of the study. There was also a remarkable increase recorded for EC1:5 of top soils irrigated with treated wastewaters compared to the initial EC of the soil. The results from this study highlighted the benefits of irrigation with treated wastewater from the MBR system due to its lower cost of treatment compared to the IDAL process while providing additional nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater for plant growth. doi: 10.2166/ws.2020. 049 ://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/20/4/1313/704748/ws020041313.pdf A. Aghajani Shahrivar (corresponding author) Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia E-mail: a.shahrivar@westernsydney.edu. au D. Hagare Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia B. Maheshwari Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia M. Muhitur Rahman King Faisal University, P.O. 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
Gibberellic Acid4+7 and Benzyladenine, Cambium Disconnection, Nitrogen, and Tip Removal Influence on Branch Induction in Newly Planted Poorly Feathered “Fuji” Apple Trees

The use of well-feathered nursery trees on dwarfing rootstocks is crucial for establishing high-density apple orchards to ensure early production. Training trees to develop a tall spindle canopy architecture has gained popularity in high-density orchards during the past decade. However, commercially produced nursery trees often lack feathers or are unevenly branched, making initial training decisions difficult and delaying precocious fruiting. In this project, we studied the vegetative meristem activation response to partial scoring or partial girdling of the bark cambium above the bud, with and without application of 500 ppm Promalin (gibberellin4+7 + benzyladenine), tip removal of the tree leader at the silver tip stage on April 23, 2019, Promalin spray at 500 ppm at post-bloom stage on May 7, 2019, and nitrogen (N) as UAN-32 (32% N) application at five levels (60, 80, 100, 120, or 140 g actual N/tree) on June 20, 2019, in newly planted un-feathered or unevenly branched “Aztec Fuji” trees on Budagovsky 9 (Bud 9) in southwest Idaho, USA. Grower’s Short Cut trees received a heading cut to the leader at 60 cm above the ground and resulted in the emergence of 5 - 6 strong branches near the heading cut. These trees had larger trunk cross-sectional areas than scored or girdled trees. Scoring or girdling, with or without Promalin, significantly improved branching by increasing the number of branches and bourse shoots. In many cases, the effects of partial scoring, with or without Promalin, were similar to those of bark girdling which is a more risky and time-consuming process. Branches induced by scoring and girdling had sharper crotch angles relative to the vertical leader. Spraying Promalin during the post-bloom stage at 500 ppm was not as effective as scoring or girdling to initiate branches. Additional N rates or removal of the leader tip did not significantly impact branch induction.
Feeling the risk, living the risk: women in the maquiladoras in a border city in Mexico

En algunas partes del mundo, las mujeres estan expuestas a casos atipicos de violencia que incluyen crimenes debido a la guerra, el terrorismo o la violencia comunitaria. Otros tipos menos comunes de exposicion a la violencia, incluyen homicidios de mujeres sin resolver en ciudades con alta criminalidad. Las mujeres que viven en estas circunstancias pueden sufrir una multitud de efectos por “sentirse en riesgo” por la violencia que prevalece, la impunidad y las noticias acerca de los crimenes. De forma adicional, algunas de ellas “estan en riesgo” por los efectos de la violencia domestica.
Capacité des protéines du VIH Tat et Nef et des inhibiteurs de la protéase virale à induire une sénescence des cellules souches mésenchymateuses de la moelle osseuse et à inhiber leur différenciation ostéoblastique

Les patients infectes par le VIH (Virus de l'Immunodeficience Humaine) traites par les antiretroviraux (ARV) ont aujourd'hui une esperance de vie quasi normale. Cependant, ils presentent une augmentation de la prevalence de pathologies classiquement associees au vieillissement, dont l'osteoporose, suggerant un vieillissement premature ou accentue. Les facteurs impliques sont, entre autres, l'infection par le VIH, les ARV et un etat d'inflammation chronique. L'osteoporose correspond a une demineralisation, suite a un desequilibre entre formation (osteoblastes) et resorption osseuse (osteoclastes). L'infection par le VIH et les ARV, en particulier les inhibiteurs de protease (PI), augmentent la prevalence de l'osteoporose. Dans ce contexte, je me suis interessee a l'effet de certaines proteines du VIH et PI sur les precurseurs osteoblastiques, les cellules souches mesenchymateuses (MSC). Nous montrons que deux proteines du VIH, Tat et Nef, induisent une senescence prematuree des MSC, associee a un stress oxydant et in fine a un defaut de differenciation en osteoblastes. Les effets de Tat sont medies par le facteur pro-inflammatoire et pro-senescent NF-? B, et ceux de Nef sont lies a une inhibition de l'autophagie. Nous montrons egalement que les PI atazanavir et lopinavir associes au ritonavir induisent une senescence et un stress oxydant du fait de l'accumulation de prelamine A farnesylee toxique conduisant a un deficit de la differentiation osteoblastique. Ces travaux montrent que le VIH et certains PI peuvent jouer un role deletere sur les MSC, et mettent en lumiere certains des mecanismes impliques dans le vieillissement des patients infectes par le VIH et traites.
An autonomy-supportive intervention to develop students’ resilience by boosting agentic engagement

In the face of everyday classroom challenges, students display resilience by responding with increased agentic engagement. We hypothesized that this tendency toward greater initiative and lesser passivity was both an outcome of autonomy need satisfaction and autonomy-supportive teaching and a predictor of students’ future capacity to experience autonomy satisfaction and to recruit autonomy support. Twenty-two physical education (PE) teachers and their 1,422 Korean students (648 females, 773 males; 929 middle schoolers, 493 high schoolers) were randomly assigned to participate in an autonomy-supportive intervention program (ASIP), and we assessed their students’ autonomy satisfaction, autonomy dissatisfaction, agentic engagement, and agentic disengagement at the beginning, middle, and end of an academic year. By midyear, a multilevel structural equation modeling analysis showed that students of teachers who participated in the ASIP reported greater autonomy satisfaction and agentic engagement and lesser autonomy dissatisfaction and agentic disengagement and also that these gains in agentic engagement and declines in agentic disengagement then predicted those students who were able at year-end to self-generate autonomy need satisfaction and recruit teacher-provided autonomy support.
Effect of different illumination sources on colour and oxidative stability of seasoned Coppa di Parma PGI

The influence of different lighting durations, lamps and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the colour and oxidative stability of lipids was studied in Coppa di Parma PGI. The samples were stored (4 °C) in darkness or lighted by UV-free lamps. In trials 1 and 2, the samples were lighted 24 and 12 h/day, respectively, and were packaged in air. In trial 3, samples were packaged in MA (70% N2/30% CO2) and lighted 12 h/day. In air, illumination reduced oxidative stability, redness, colour saturation and increased the Hue angle. In MAP, the lighting conditions did not affect colour and oxidative stability. During storage the lipid oxidation increased. Overall, light negatively affected the studied parameters.
A Vacuum Ultraviolet Ion Source (VUV-IS) for Iodide-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Substitute for Radioactive Ion Sources

A new ion source (IS) utilizing vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light is developed and characterized for use with iodide–chemical ionization mass spectrometers (I-CIMS). The VUV-IS utilizes a compact krypton lamp that emits light at two wavelengths corresponding to energies of ∼ 10.030 and 10.641 eV. The VUV light photoionizes either methyl iodide (ionization potential, IP= 9.54± 0.02 eV) or benzene (IP= 9.24378± 0.00007 eV) to form cations and photoelectrons. The electrons react with methyl iodide to form I, which serves as the reagent ion for the CIMS. The VUV-IS is characterized by measuring the sensitivity of a quadrupole CIMS (Q-CIMS) to formic acid, molecular chlorine, and nitryl chloride under a variety of flow and pressure conditions. The sensitivity of the Q-CIMS, with the VUV-IS, reached up to ∼ 700 Hzpptv−1, with detection limits of less than 1 pptv for a 1 min integration period. The reliability of the Q-CIMS with a VUV-IS is demonstrated with data from a month-long ground-based field campaign. The VUV-IS is further tested by operation on a high-resolution time-of-flight CIMS (TOFCIMS). Sensitivities greater than 25 Hzpptv−1 were obtained for formic acid and molecular chlorine, which were similar to that obtained with a radioactive source. In addition, the mass spectra from sampling ambient air was cleaner with the VUV-IS on the TOF-CIMS compared to measurements using a radioactive source. These results demonstrate that the VUV lamp is a viable substitute for radioactive ion sources on I-CIMS systems for most applications. In addition, initial tests demonstrate that the VUV-IS can be extended to other reagent ions by the use of VUV absorbers with low IPs to serve as a source of photoelectrons for high IP electron attachers, such as SF−6 .