Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DERIVATIZATION OF DIIMINE TRICARBONYL Re(I) COMPLEXES FOR COOPERATIVE CATALYSIS AND SURFACE IMMOBILIZATION

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a known greenhouse gas and in recent years has been identified as one of the primary contributors to changes in global climate. Nature utilizes CO2 through photosynthesis in which the plants harness energy from the sun to extract electrons from water to convert CO2 into sugars to fuel cellular activities. Using this as inspiration, our research aims to photochemically convert CO2 to higher value products by designing appropriate catalytic systems. Diimine-tricarbonyl rhenium compounds have demonstrated excellent activity in photo and electrochemical CO2 reduction. A low-energy pathway has been postulated in which Re(I)-based catalysts mediate CO2 reduction via binuclear interactions. However, limited experimental evidence has been reported. We aim to design innovative photocatalytic systems based on these Re(I) compounds and elucidate mechanistic pathways for CO2 reduction involving dimeric interactions of the transition metal catalysts. We have designed several approaches, including homogenous molecular templating, physical adsorption, and surface immobilization to promote the binuclear pathway in photochemical CO2 reduction using the Re(I) compounds. In the homogenous approach, we attempted to template dimeric interactions by synthesizing a polymeric Re-amidohexyl compound as well as melamine-based compounds featuring multiple metal centers for photo and electrochemical CO2 reduction. Re(I) catalysts with hydroxyethyl pendant groups were also synthesized to investigate catalyst interactions with electrode surfaces. These materials provided insights regarding the effects of integrating Re(I) catalysts into both conjugated and non-conjugated polymeric systems. Immobilization on solid-state surfaces could potentially improve stability and recyclability of molecular catalysts. We investigated the effects of forcing proximity of catalytic sites on surfaces by physically adsorbing both tricarbonyl Re(I) and Mn(I) compounds in mesoporous silica. Investigation with infrared spectroscopy revealed differences in binding strength of CO2-adducts to the metal centers in the presence of triethylamine. Covalent linkages were designed as another approach to promote close proximity of surface metal sites and induce dimeric interactions. A series of covalent linkages were investigated, including butyl, amide, and alkylamine. The electronic effects of the linkages involved were shown to have a significant impact on the catalytic activity of Re(I) on silica surfaces. Additionally, both monopodal and dipodal linkages were investigated to further explore the effects of surface Re(I) sites in forced proximity. Results obtained through this work will guide our efforts to develop robust and highly efficient systems for artificial photosynthesis.
Women on the Wing: Inmate Perceptions about Female Correctional Officer Job Competency in a Southern Prison System*

Time spent in prison does not occur in a vacuum. Inmates’ views of self, the situation, and others around them are likely to have a major impact on their imprisonment. The goal of the current research was to investigate assimilation into the inmate culture, and norms of the current inmate culture. Qualitative investigations were employed to examine and to gain a better understanding of these views. Data collection procedures consisted of open-ended, unstructured interviews with twenty male inmates at a medium security prison in Ohio. Analyses of interview transcriptions suggest that the inmate culture of this institution is built around trust and respect. Hierarchies, norms, and tips for serving a sentence revolved around the presence or absence of respect accorded by other inmates.
Comparison and Characterization of Growth Inhibition in LI 210 Cells by a-Difluoromethylornithine, an Inhibitor of Ornithine Decarboxylase, and , an Apparent Regulator of the Enzyme1

The cellular effects of a-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). and Arl,N8-bis(ethyl)spermidine (BES), an apparent regulator of the enzyme were compared in cultured LI210 cells. Unlike DFMO, BES has no direct inhibitory effect on OIK activity. Rather the polyamine analogue is believed, from previous studies, to behave similarly to exogenous spermidine in its ability to suppress intracellular OIK activity but not in its ability to perform functions required for cell growth. The kinetics and extent of growth inhibition by 30 /IM or 100 MMBES and 1 HIMDFMO were nearly identical as were their effects on macromolecular precursor incorporation with leucine being the first and most significantly affected. By flow cytometry, neither BES nor DFMO induced obvious perturbations in the cell cycle. Both compounds effectively eliminated OIK activity in treated cells and depleted putrescine and spermidine pools with very similar kinetics of decline. These close similarities in drug effects between BES and DFMO, an established polyamine inhibitor, support previous indications that BES induces growth inhibition by depletion of cellular polyamines. BES differed distinctly from the OIK inhibitor by decreasing speratine pools, and by not increasing 5-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase activity, ,Vadenosylmethionine pools, or stimulating cellular uptake of polyamines. The data suggest that enzyme regulation by polyamine analogues such as BES represents a viable alternative to enzyme inhibition as an antiproliferative strategy directed at polyamine biosynthesis.
Controls on surface aerosol number concentrations and aerosol-limited cloud regimes over the central Greenland Ice Sheet

This study presents the first full annual cycle (2019-2020) of ambient surface aerosol number concentration (condensation nuclei > 20 nm, N20) measurements collected at Summit Station, in the centre of the Greenland Ice Sheet (72.58◦ N, -38.45◦ E, 3250 m asl). The mean surface N20 concentration in 2019 was 129 cm−3, with the 6 h mean ranging between 1 cm−3 and 1441 cm−3. The highest monthly mean concentrations occurred during the late spring and summer, with the minimum concentrations occurring in February (mean: 18 cm−3), demonstrating an opposite seasonal cycle in aerosol con5 centrations compared to low altitude Arctic stations (with latitudes > 66◦N). High aerosol concentration events are linked to anomalous anticyclonic circulation over Greenland and the descent of free tropospheric aerosol down to the surface, whereas low aerosol concentration events are linked to cyclonic circulation over south-east Greenland that drives upslope flow and enhances precipitation en-route to Summit. Fog strongly effects N20 concentrations, on average reducing N20 by 20% during the first three hours of fog formation. Extremely low N20 concentrations (< 10 cm−3) occur in all seasons, and we suggest that 10 fog, and potentially cloud formation, can be limited by low aerosol concentrations over central Greenland.
BioXtract: Learning Biomedical Knowledge From General and Random Data

The privacy of medical documents and protected healthcare information can often-times limit the accessibility of accurate biomedical natural language processing models. Distillation can be used to transfer knowledge from these models, but it typically relies on having related data to distill on. In this work, we investigate the distillation of BERT-based biomedical models using transfer datasets from varying domains, including general data, randomized general data, and biomedical data. We find that general data can be used to learn task-specific biomedical knowledge, especially when we can initialize student models with similar weights to the teacher. We observe that randomized general data can also be used to transfer knowledge, but it is not as effective as general data. We hope that our findings bring attention to both the benefits and potential dangers of the widespread use of mixed-domain pretraining in NLP, particularly relating to models that continue their pretraining process on private data.
Effects of slaking and mechanical breakdown on disaggregation and splash erosion

The contributions of different mechanisms of aggregate breakdown to splash erosion are still obscure. This study was designed to investigate the effects of various mechanisms of soil disaggregation on splash erosion. Loamy clay, clay loam and sandy loam soil types were used in this research. Soil aggregate stability was determined by the Le Bissonnais method. Deionized water was used to simulate the combined effect of slaking and mechanical disaggregation, whereas alcohol was used to estimate the contribution of mechanical breakdown only. Simulated rain with an intensity of 60 mm hour−1 was applied at five heights (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m) to achieve different amounts of rainfall kinetic energy. The results indicated that the rate of splash erosion increased with the increase in rainfall kinetic energy in tests with both deionized water and alcohol. The rates of splash erosion for three types of soil followed the order of loamy clay soil < clay loam soil < sandy loam soil, but the mean weight diameter (MWD) of disintegrated aggregates followed the reverse order. The rates of splash erosion from the effects of slaking and mechanical breakdown increased with an increase in rainfall kinetic energy. The contributions of slaking and mechanical breakdown to splash erosion decreased for the former, whereas it increased for the latter as rainfall kinetic energy increased. The slaking effect contributed more than 50% of splash erosion. The rates of contribution of slaking and mechanical breakdown to splash erosion depended on rainfall kinetic energy and soil type.
ASSOCIATION OF E-SELECTIN GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN EGYPTIANS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Genetic polymorphisms of the E-selectin are associated with coronary artery disease. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association between the A561C and G98T polymorphisms in E-selectin gene and coronary artery disease in Egyptian population. Subjects & methods: The study enrolled 251 individuals, classified into 2 groups: 152 coronary artery disease patients and 99 normal healthy individuals. A561C and G98T polymorphisms of Eselectin were analyzed by PCR-RFLP (Polymerase chain reaction Restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique. Results: The frequency of C allele of the E selectin A561C polymorphism was higher in coronary artery disease patients than control group but with no statistical significant difference between the two studied groups (p=0.53). The frequency of T allele of G98T polymorphism of E-selectin was higher in coronary artery disease patients when compared to control group but with no statistical significant difference (P=0.36). Conclusion: A561C and G98T polymorphisms of E-selectin gene are not associated with the predisposition to coronary artery disease and appear to be protective in Egyptian population.
The Role of Ice-Sheet Topography in the Alpine Hydro-Climate at Glacial Times

Abstract. In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of the glacial Alpine hydro-climate to northern hemispheric and local ice-sheet changes. Bridging the scale gap by using a chain of global and regional climate models, we perform sensitivity simulations of up to 2 km horizontal resolution over the Alps for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS4). In winter, we find wetter conditions in the southern part of the Alps during LGM compared to present day, to which dynamical processes, i.e., changes in the wind speed and direction, substantially contribute. During summer, we find the expected drier conditions in most of the Alpine region during LGM, as thermodynamics suggests drier conditions under lower temperatures. The MIS4 climate shows enhanced winter precipitation compared to the LGM, which is explain by its warmer climate compared to the LGM – thus, again explained by thermodynamics. The sensitivity simulations of the northern hemispheric ice-sheet changes show that an increase of the ice-sheet thickness leads to a significant intensification of glacial Alpine hydro-climate conditions, which is mainly explained by dynamical processes. Changing only the Fennoscandian ice sheet is less influential on the Alpine precipitation, whereas modifications in the local Alpine ice-sheet topography significantly alter the Alpine precipitation, in particular we find a reduction of summer precipitation at the southern face of the Alps when lowering the Alpine ice sheet. The findings demonstrate that the northern hemispheric and local ice-sheet topography play an important role in regulating the Alpine hydro-climate and thus permits a better understanding of the precipitation patterns in the complex Alpine terrain at glacial times.
Experimental and numerical evaluation of thermodynamic effect on NACA0015 hydrofoil cavitation in hot water

In this study, the cavitation in hot water, which implies tight interaction of thermodynamic effect, phase change phenomena, and flow behavior, was studied by a combination of experiment and numerical simulation. The experiment in water up to 90°C was performed in the high temperature and high-pressure water tunnel with NACA0015 as a cavitator. The temperature inside the cavity was measured using the high-accuracy thermistor probe. According to the result, the temperature depression in the cavity was increased proportionally with the increase of freestream temperature. The inverse thermodynamic effect was observed with the increase of cavity length when temperature increased. The maximum temperature depression of about 0.41°C was measured in the water at around 90°C. The temperature drop was reasonably captured in simulation by coupling our simplified thermodynamic model with our cavitation model and governing equations. The tendency of temperature depression in the cavity agreed well with experimental data under different flow conditions.
Holocene Sea-Level Changes in Southern Brazil Based on High-Resolution Radar Stratigraphy

This paper focuses on high-resolution coastal stratigraphy data, which were revealed by the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system. Surveys performed with GPR on the surface of prograded barriers reveal patterns of reflections that allow the interpretation of the geometry and stratigraphy of coastal deposits in a continuous mode. At the Curumim prograded barrier in southern Brazil (29◦30′ S–49◦53′ W), a two-dimensional transverse GPR survey revealed, with high precision, a serial of contacts between aeolian deposits of relict foredunes and relict beach deposits that have a strong correlation with sea level. In a 4 km GPR profile, a total of 24 of these contacts were identified. The high accurate spatial positioning of the contacts combined with Optical Stimulated Luminescence dating resulted in the first confident sea-level curve that tells the history of sea-level changes during the last 7 ka on the southernmost sector of the Brazilian coast. The curve shows that sea-level was still rising before 6 ka BP, with a maximum level of 1.9 m reached close to 5 ka BP; after that, sea-level started to falling slowly until around 4 ka BP when fall accelerated.
Characteristics of incarcerated women in South Korea who Killed their Spouses : a feminist and age-graded theory of informal Social Control analysis

Using data from the 2000 School Survey on Crime and Safety, this study examined the effects of school uniforms, security cameras, parental input, and school counselors on school-related deaths, sexual attacks, assaults, and weapons possessions. The results were mixed but generally showed that school uniform policies, security cameras and formal mechanisms for parental input can help in curbing certain types of school violence. Specifically, school uniform policies can help reduce the number of sexual attacks and the supply of weapons in school. The presence of security cameras can reduce instances of school-related deaths, sexual attacks, and the flow of weapons into schools. Formal mechanisms for involving parents can help decrease the number of school-related assaults. Overall, these findings suggest that school officials can take both proactive and reactive policy steps to address violence problems in their school, and that policy remedies can be narrowly tailored to attend to the specific type of violence encountered.
The Effect of Diversification on Price Informativeness and Governance∗

This paper shows that an asset’s price informativeness and fundamental value depends on an informed investor’s holdings of other, potentially unrelated, assets. If an asset is sold by a concentrated owner, the price decline is low since the sale may be motivated by a liquidity shock. A diversified owner has the choice of which assets to sell upon a shock. Thus, a sale is more revealing of poor asset quality, increasing price informativeness and strengthening governance through both exit (since the price decline upon a sale is greater) and voice (since the payoff from “cutting and running”is lower). Therefore, diversification may strengthen governance, in contrast to conventional wisdom that it necessarily weakens it by spreading an investor too thinly. Similarly, common ownership may have a positive real effect by improving governance, potentially offsetting any negative effect
Naïve Earnings Growth Extrapolation

Exploiting the unique financial reporting format in China, we document that stocks with the strongest past year-to-date earnings growth experience a significant price run-up of 1.2% during the five trading days before their quarterly earnings announcements and a significant return reversal of -1.35% in the five trading days afterward. This inverted V-shaped pattern on cumulative return spreads is more pronounced among smaller firms with lower institutional ownership and fewer analyst coverage, and it is less pronounced among foreign B-share. Consistent with investor excess demand driving the price run-up, we find retail investor sentiment and buy-sell order imbalance rise ahead of earnings announcements for firms with high past earnings growth. Our findings support models of fundamental extrapolation and suggest investors naively extrapolate the salient but not-so-informative year-to-date earnings growth when forming expectations about the upcoming earnings.
Racial Bias in Newspaper Ratings of Professional Football Players

We study whether there is a racial bias in ratings of professional football players in Italian newspapers. We find that there is such a bias. Conditional on objective performance indicators black players receive a lower rating than non-black players. This is not a difference across the board but predominantly present at the lower end of the newspaper rating distribution. The best black players are not subject to a racial bias in ratings. We also find that clubs do not have a racial bias in the wages they pay to players. We speculate that for clubs there is sufficient competition to remove racial wage discrimination. Clubs simply want value for money. Newspaper football experts do seem to have a racial bias in their rating of players. We hypothesize that this might be unconscious discrimination related to stereotyping of black players.
The Paradox of Platform-Based Entrepreneurship: Competing while Sharing Resources

A large share of today’s entrepreneurship occurs “on top” of platforms. On the one hand, operating on top of a platform provides entrepreneurs with access to powerful platform tools and resources to facilitate innovation, entrepreneurial experimentation, and commercialization. On the other hand, we theorize that the provision of open access to a common set of powerful and easily-accessible platform resources can limit the scope for developing sustained competitive advantage. Entrepreneurs who turn out to be successful will then face challenges in sustaining their superior performance. We implement a precise statistical methodology to study the sustained success of market leaders in a representative context: game publishers operating in distinct submarkets on the Apple AppStore. Consistent with theory, we find that in the majority of cases the games publishers who do rise to a position of market leadership within their niches are no more capable of sustaining their performance and market position than are market followers. Consistent with a need to urgent shift beyond just exploiting platform resources, but to develop and harness “off-platform” resources, we find that the cases of market leaders statistically outperforming their followers are associated with continuously (re)exploiting unique intellectual property, in a highly deliberate and focused manner. We discuss implications for platform-based entrepreneurs, platform owners and platform design.
Credit Chain and Sectoral Co-movement: A Multi-Region Investigation

This paper empirically examines how sectoral co-movement are correlated with trade credit usage in a multi-region setting. Extending the models in Shea (2002) and Raddatz (2010), we develop a framework that captures the impact of trade credit usage on co-movement between sectors within a country and cross countries separately. Using the Multi-Regional Input-Output Table developed by Asian Development bank, we assemble a dataset consisting of 14 manufacturing industries for 53 economies. We provide empirical evidence that trade credit linkage is an influential channel for both the domestic and cross-border shocks to propagate and to create a more profound impact in industries around the globe. We find the impact of domestic credit chain on sectoral co-movement is twice as strong as the international ones. We further examine the time trend of this relationship, and find that from 2000 to 2018, the positive relationship between the intensity of trade credit usage and sectoral correlation decreases. We posit that this could be due to a more diversified global trade pattern changes during these two decades.
The Two Faces of Opposition to Chemical Weapons: Sincere Versus Insincere Norm-Holders

Prominent research holds that the use of weapons of mass destruction is taboo. But how strong are these norms? Investigating this question among the mass public, we argue that some citizens actually support taboo policies in private but are unwilling to express counter-normative opinions openly due to fear of social sanction. These insincere norm-holders are difficult to identify empirically because they are observationally equivalent to sincere norm-holders in direct-question surveys. To overcome this challenge, we use a list design, which allows survey respondents to indirectly express sensitive opinions. The results from three list experiments show that between 10% and 17% of Americans falsify their preferences over chemical weapons use when asked directly. In an extension, we explore our framework in the realm of nuclear weapons and elite behavior. Our findings advance a specific debate on the strength of weapons taboos, while our conceptualization of insincere norm-holders and methodological application have broader implications for how scholars might think about and measure norms in international politics.