Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program; occurrence and distribution of water-quality conditions

The National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey is designed to assess the status of and trends in the quality of the Nation's groundand surface-water resources and to link the status and trends with an understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the quality of water. The study design balances the unique assessment requirements of individual hydrologic systems with a nationally consistent design structure that incorporates a multiscale, interdisciplinary approach. The building blocks of the program are Study-Unit Investigations in 60 major hydrologic basins (Study Units) of the Nation. The Occurrence and Distribution Assessment is the largest and most important component of the first intensive study phase in each Study Unit. The goal of the Occurrence and Distribution Assessment is to characterize, in a nationally consistent manner, the broad-scale geographic and seasonal distributions of water-quality conditions in relation to major contaminant sources and background conditions. The national study design for surface water focuses on water-quality conditions in streams, using the following interrelated components: • Water-Column Studies assess physical and chemical characteristics, which include suspended sediment, major ions and metals, nutrients, organic carbon, and dissolved pesticides, and their relation to hydrologic conditions, sources, and transport. • Bed-Sediment and Tissue Studies assess trace elements and hydrophobic organic contaminants. • Ecological Studies evaluate the relations among physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of streams. Sampling designs for all three components rely on coordinated sampling of varying intensity and scope at Integrator Sites, which are chosen to represent water-quality conditions of streams with large basins that are often affected by complex combinations of land-use settings, and at Indicator Sites, which are chosen to represent water-quality conditions of streams associated with specific individual Environmental Settings. The national study design for ground water focuses on water-quality conditions in major aquifers, with emphasis on recently recharged ground water associated with present and recent human activities, by using the following components: • Study-Unit Surveys assess the water quality of the major aquifer systems of each Study Unit by sampling primarily existing wells. • Land-Use Studies use observation wells and selected existing wells to assess the quality of recently recharged shallow ground water associated with regionally extensive combinations of land use and hydrogeologic conditions. • Flowpath Studies use transects and groups of clustered, multilevel observation wells to examine specific relations among land-use practices, ground-water flow, and contaminant occurrence and transport and interactions between ground and surface water. In selected locations, ground-water studies are codesigned with streamwater-quality studies to investigate interactions between ground and
SHORT‐TERM IMPACTS OF LATERAL HYDROLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY RESTORATION ON AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES

In floodplain ecosystems, the lateral hydrological connectivity between the main river channel and the secondary channels plays a major role in shaping both the habitat conditions and the macroinvertebrate diversity. Among other threats, human activities tend to reduce the lateral connectivity, which increases floodplain terrestrialization and induces a loss of aquatic biodiversity. Consequently, the restoration of lateral connectivity is of growing concern. We studied four secondary channels of the Rhône floodplain that were subjected either to no restoration or to three different restoration measures (river flow increase only, flow increase plus dredging and flow increase plus reconnection to the river). Macroinvertebrate and environmental data were analysed one year before and during a period of five years after restoration. We expected a progressive increase of lateral connectivity according to the type of restoration. Changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages were predicted to be towards more rheophilic communities and proportionally related to the changes in lateral connectivity.
Widely different characteristics of oxygen and hydrogen ion escape from Venus

We study the solar wind induced escape of O+ and H+ ions from Venus' atmosphere in the HYB‐Venus hybrid simulation. Most of the previous Venus global plasma modelling studies have concentrated only on the O+ escape. According to the hybrid simulation, planetary O+ and H+ ions behave very differently from each other in the Venusian induced magnetosphere. Both species are asymmetrically distributed in the direction of the interplanetary electric field and in the dawn‐dusk plane. The H+ flow can be understood by E × B drift motion but finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects are essential to the behavior of O+ ions. These differences result in different H+/O+ escape ratios globally and in the plasma wake. Further, the energy ratio of the escaping planetary ions was found to be consistent with the observations made in the near Venus wake by the ASPERA‐4 instrument onboard the Venus Express spacecraft.
Field Evaluation of Hydrologic and Water Quality Benefits of Grass Swales with Check Dams for Managing Highway Runoff

A grass swale is a Low Impact Development (LID) technology useful in managing complex stormwater management challenges, especially in linear applications such as highways. In this study, the addition of vegetative check dams on swale performance is evaluated. Check dams will reduce runoff velocity, increase the retention time and therefore allow more time for water quality improvement processes to occur. Two full-scale grass swales in the median of a four-lane highway on Maryland Route 32 have been monitored for 24 storm events. Each swale includes two vegetated check dams and one swale has a pretreatment grass filter strip adjacent to the swale. The project was designed as an input/output comparison between the hydrologic and water quality characteristics, specifically Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Results suggest that grass swales improve the water quality of the runoff and help to reduce the runoff peak. The swales manage to reduce the average peak runoff from 45 to 18 (MDE-CD) and 20 L/s/ha (SHA-CD). MDE-CD performs slightly better due to the ability of the pre-treatment area to increase the infiltration time. Furthermore, the swales managed to reach the TSS research goal of 30 mg/L for 85% (SHA-CD) and 72% of the storm events (MDE-CD). Without those swales, only 28% of the storm events met the research goal. Compared to a previous study, however, addition of check dams shows no improvement for TSS removal.
Theory and Evidence

This paper finds theoretical and empirical evidence that secured lines of credit (L/Cs) are associated with business borrowers who exhibit a high risk of default. Our stylized theoretical model discusses an optimal use of L/Cs when an entrepreneur has the ability costlessly to divert cash flow to himself and when it is prohibitively costly for a third party (such as a court) to prove diversion. However, our model differs from previous work by specifically linking moral hazard to the liquidation of short-term assets, such as accounts receivable. Specifically, the model demonstrates that the value of a secured L/C in minimizing contracting costs is associated with the business risk of the borrower and the quality of the borrower's customers. Empirical tests on a sample of publicly traded manufacturing firms offer support for the predictions of the model. We find that firms with secured L/Cs are observably riskier and have fewer expected growth opportunities.
A novel method for measuring the timing of bed erosion during debris flows and floods

We describe a novel channel bed erosion sensor and the first results of its usage. The sensor is based on a resistance chain built into a column of 5 cm tall cylindrical aluminum elements. The timing and change in resistance as elements are removed from the column are logged outside of the channel. Five sensor columns were placed in the Illgraben torrent bed prior to the start of the 2008 flow season. Before the first debris flow event, 0.1 m of sediment was deposited by small flood events. During the 16 June 2008 debris flow, this layer was eroded, and erosion was therefore first measured 44 min after front arrival and took place progressively over the next 12 min. The results at the erosion sensors are consistent with measurements over the entire reach using traditional surveying methods, and data from the adjacent debris flow monitoring station provide a basis for interpretation. The main limitation is that this sensor records only the rate and timing of the maximum bed erosion and cannot be used to determine deposition and subsequent erosion within a given event.
Water isotopic variability in response to mesoscale convective system over the tropical ocean

In tropical regions, the empirical negative relationship between the isotopic content of precipitation and rainfall amount, known as the “amount effect”, has been used as a rationale for paleohydroclimate reconstruction from isotope records. However, there is still no comprehensive physical explanation for this empirical effect. Here we reconsider the well‐known amount effect using newly available isotope data for both surface water vapor and precipitation obtained from shipboard observations. In this study, we hypothesized that stratiform rainfall associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is a key process in reducing tropical water isotopic concentrations and tested this hypothesis with an idealized MCS model. Our conceptual model reasonably accounted for several observed features and indicated that isotopic reductions in tropical oceanic regions reflect a precipitating system's change. Relatively high isotope ratios corresponded to disorganized convection. On the other hand, MCSs were characterized by lower isotope ratios with increasing stratiform area. In addition, the amplitude of this isotopic depletion was related to the scale of the precipitation system. The lowest isotopic ratios were observed during the passage of large‐scale disturbances—corresponding to the Madden‐Julian oscillation convective envelope—in which MCSs are embedded. This means that the frequent appearance of MCSs results in further decreases in the isotopic ratio of surface vapor and precipitation. From this, we conclude that the amount effect can be interpreted as the development of a precipitation system from an isolated convection cell into a large‐scale system containing several MCSs and that past large‐scale convective activity can be reconstructed from isotope records.
Cysteine Scanning Mutagenesis (Residues Glu52–Gly96) of the Human P2X1 Receptor for ATP

P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels. The x-ray structure of a P2X4 receptor provided a major advance in understanding the molecular basis of receptor properties. However, how agonists are coordinated, the extent of the binding site, and the contribution of the vestibules in the extracellular domain to ionic permeation have not been addressed. We have used cysteine-scanning mutagenesis to determine the contribution of residues Glu52–Gly96 to human P2X1 receptor properties. ATP potency was reduced for the mutants K68C, K70C, and F92C. The efficacy of the partial agonist BzATP was also reduced for several mutants forming the back of the proposed agonist binding site. Molecular docking in silico of both ATP and BzATP provided models of the agonist binding site consistent with these data. Individual cysteine mutants had no effect or slightly increased antagonism by suramin or pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulfonate. Mutants at the entrance to and lining the upper vestibule were unaffected by cysteine-reactive methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents, suggesting that it does not contribute to ionic permeation. Mutants that were sensitive to modification by MTS reagents were predominantly found either around the proposed ATP binding pocket or on the strands connecting the binding pocket to the transmembrane region and lining the central vestibule. In particular, ATP sensitivity and currents were increased by a positively charged MTS reagent at the G60C mutant at the interface between the central and extracellular vestibule. This suggests that dilation of the base of the central vestibule contributes to gating of the receptor.
SPIRAL INSTABILITIES IN N-BODY SIMULATIONS. I. EMERGENCE FROM NOISE

The origin of spiral patterns in galaxies is still not fully understood. Similar features also develop readily in N-body simulations of isolated cool, collisionless disks, yet even here the mechanism has yet to be explained. In this series of papers, I present a detailed study of the origin of spiral activity in simulations in the hope that the mechanism that causes the patterns is also responsible for some of these features galaxies. In this first paper, I use a suite of highly idealized simulations of a linearly stable disk that employ increasing numbers of particles. While the amplitudes of initial non-axisymmetric features scale as the inverse square root of the number of particles employed, the final amplitude of the patterns is independent of the particle number. I find that the amplitudes of non-axisymmetric disturbances grow in two distinct phases: slow growth occurs when the relative overdensity is below ∼2%, but above this level the amplitude rises more rapidly. I show that all features, even of very low amplitude, scatter particles at the inner Lindblad resonance, changing the distribution of particles in the disk in such a way as to foster continued growth. Stronger scattering by larger amplitude waves provokes a vigorous instability that is a true linear mode of the modified disk.
Jurassic to Miocene magmatism and metamorphism in the Mogok metamorphic belt and the India‐Eurasia collision in Myanmar

Situated south of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis at the western margin of the Shan‐Thai terrane the high‐grade Mogok metamorphic belt (MMB) in Myanmar occupies a key position in the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia. The first sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe U‐Pb in zircon geochronology for the MMB shows that strongly deformed granitic orthogneisses near Mandalay contain Jurassic (∼170 Ma) zircons that have partly recrystallized during ∼43 Ma high‐grade metamorphism. A hornblende syenite from Mandalay Hill also contains Jurassic zircons with evidence of Eocene metamorphic recrystallization rimmed by thin zones of 30.9 ± 0.7 Ma magmatic zircon. The relative abundance of Jurassic zircons in these rocks is consistent with suggestions that southern Eurasia had an Andean‐type margin at that time. Mid‐Cretaceous to earliest Eocene (120 to 50 Ma) I‐type granitoids in the MMB, Myeik Archipelago, and Western Myanmar confirm that prior to the collision of India, an up to 200 km wide magmatic belt extended along the Eurasian margin from Pakistan to Sumatra. Metamorphic overgrowths to zircons in the orthogneiss near Mandalay date a period of Eocene (∼43 Ma) high‐grade metamorphism possibly during crustal thickening related to the initial collision between India and Eurasia (at 65 to 55 Ma). This was followed by emplacement of syntectonic hornblende syenites and leucogranites between 35 and 23 Ma. Similar syntectonic syenites and leucogranites intruded the Ailao Shan‐Red River shear belt in southern China and Vietnam during the Eocene‐Oligocene to Miocene, and the Wang Chao and Three Pagodas faults in northern Thailand (that most likely link with the MMB) were also active at this time. The complex history of Eocene to early Miocene metamorphism, deformation, and magmatism in the MMB provides evidence that it may have played a key role in the network of deformation zones that accommodated strain during the northwards movement of India and resulting extrusion or rotation of Indochina.
Contribution of melt in the Beaufort Sea to the decline in Arctic multiyear sea ice coverage: 1993–2009

For the summers of 1993 through 2009, we estimate the loss of multiyear sea ice (MYI) area in the Beaufort Sea due to melt. Parcels of MYI in April are traced into the Beaufort Sea where they melt as the ice edge retreats. Net loss of area (with fractional MYI coverage >50%) over the 17‐year period is ∼900 × 103 km2. Three‐quarters of that area, ∼10% of the area of the Arctic Ocean, was lost after 2000. There is a clear positive trend in the record, with a distinct peak of 213 × 103 km2 in 2008; this is twice the summer outflow at the Fram Strait that year. The net melt area of 490 × 103 km2 between 2005 and 2008 accounts for nearly 32% of the net loss of 1.54 × 106 km2 of Arctic Ocean MYI coverage over the same period. Volume loss, for the years with ICESat thickness (2004–2009), is highest at 473 km3 in 2008 followed by 320 km3 in 2007. Net loss in MYI volume for the six summers is ∼1400 km3. This is ∼20% of the loss in MYI volume of 6300 km3 during 2004–2008. This adds to the freshwater content of the Arctic Ocean and locally to the freshening of the Beaufort Gyre.
Late Maastrichtian and K/T paleoenvironment of the eastern Tethys (Israel): mineralogy, trace and platinum group elements, biostratigraphy and faunal turnovers

The late Maastrichtian to early Danian at Mishor Rotem, Israel, was examined based on geochemistry, bulk rock and clay mineralogies, biostratigraphy and lithology. This section contains four red clay layers of suspect impact or volcanic origin interbedded in chalk and marly chalks. PGE anomalies indicate that only the K/T boundary red layer has an Ir dominated PGE anomaly indicative of an impact source. The late Maastrichtian red clays have Pd dominated PGE anomalies which coincide with increased trace elements of terrigenous and volcanogenic origins. Deccan or Syrian-Turkey arc volcanism is the likely source of volcanism in these clay layers. Glauconite, goethite and translucent amber spherules are present in the clay layers, but the Si-rich spherules reported by Rosenfeld et al. [l989] could not be confirmed. The absence of Cheto smectite indicates that no altered impact glass has been present. The red layers represent condensed sedimentation on topographic highs during sea level highstands. In the Negev area, during the late Maastrichtian, the climate ranged from seasonally wet to more arid conditions during zones CF3 and CF2, with more humid wet conditions in the latest Maastrichtian zone CF1 and in the early Danian, probably linked to greenhouse conditions. Planktic foraminifera experienced relatively high stress conditions during this time as indicated by the low species richness and low abundance of globotruncanids. Times of intensified stress are indicated by the disaster opportunist Guembelitria blooms, which can be correlated to central Egypt and also to Indian Ocean localities associated with mantle plume volcanism. Marine plankton thus support the mineralogical and geochemical observations of volcanic influx and reveal the detrimental biotic effects of intense volcanism.
The formation and evolution of an isolated submarine valley in the North Channel, Irish Sea: an investigation of Beaufort's Dyke

Beaufort's Dyke is a submarine depression located in the North Channel of the Irish Sea. With a maximum depth of 312 m, the dyke is one of the deepest areas within the European continental shelf. Integration and interpretation of 450 km of sparker seismic data and full‐coverage bathymetric data derived from multi‐beam echo sounder surveys allow for the investigation of the formation processes of Beaufort's Dyke and the evolution of geomorphological features within it. The dyke, formed by composite subglacial processes dominated by subglacial meltwater discharge, is interpreted as a tunnel valley. The regional isolation of Beaufort's Dyke may be explained by the bounding of the North Channel by the bedrock masses of Ireland and Scotland, coupled with the exploitation of structural weakness along a fault plane and presence of halite in the eroded substrate enhancing the erosive potential of the overlying glacier. Beaufort's Dyke has probably been maintained as an open feature by strong rectilinear tidal currents. The morphology of lunate sediment waves and a large parabolic bedform towards the south of the dyke contradict the observed dominant S–N mean hydrodynamic flow recorded within the North Channel, suggesting an alternative hydrodynamic regime either within the dyke or during bedform creation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology

Moving away from his earlier belief in a short, catastrophic history of the Earth, this volume shows how Buckland envisages instead progressive change as the Earth gradually cooled as it was prepared for human occupation. Extinct creatures did not die out because they were poorly designed; God loved the dinosaurs and had adapted them to their various circumstances.
The Importance of Entry to Canadian Manufacturing with an Appendix on Measurement Issues

Understanding the importance of the dynamic entry process in the Canadian economy involves measuring size of entry. The main purpose of this paper is to summarise the information that we have on the amount of entry in Canada.The paper also fulfils another purpose. Some studies have focused on cross-country comparisons (Geroski and Schwalbach, 1991: OECD, 2001). Interpretation of the results of these studies is difficult unless methodological issues regarding how entry is measured are addressed. Without an understanding of the extent to which different databases produce different results, international comparisons are difficult to evaluate. Cross-country comparisons that are derived from extremely different data sources may be misleading because of the lack of comparability.Since there is more than one reliable database that can be used to estimate entry in Canada, this paper asks how measured entry rates vary across different Canadian databases. By examining the difference in entry . L'importance de l'entree dans le secteur canadien de la fabrication, document accompagne d'une annexe sur les questions de mesure Il faut mesurer l’etendue de l’entree dans l’economie canadienne pour comprendre l’importance du processus dynamique d’entree a l’interieur de cette economie. Le present document a principalement pour objectif de resumer l’information dont nous disposons sur l’envergure de l’entree dans l’economie au Canada.Il realise egalement un autre objectif. Certaines etudes sont axees sur des comparaisons entre pays (Geroski et Schwalbach, 1991; OCDE, 2001). Il est difficile d’interpreter les resultats de ces etudes a moins d’aborder des questions methodologiques qui se rattachent a la facon de mesurer l’entree dans l’economie. Il est egalement difficile d’evaluer des comparaisons au niveau international si l’on ne comprend pas a quel point des bases de donnees differentes produisent des resultats differents. Les comparaisons entre pays etablies a partir de sources de donnees extremement differentes peuvent etre trompeuses en raison de leur manque de comparabilite.Parce qu’il existe plus .