Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifizierung von Stickstoffverbindungen niederer molarer Masse in Abläufen einer kommunalen Kläranlage mit biologischer Reinigungsstufe

Zur Identifizierung organischer stickstoffhaltiger niedermolekularer Stoffe in Klaranlagenablaufen wurden verschiedene Ablaufproben einer Belebtschlamm-Klaranlage mit Nitrifikationsstufe, in der kommunales Abwasser behandelt wird (10000 EWG), herangezogen. Nach Entwicklung von Anreicherungsmethoden an Reversed-Phasen wurden die angereicherten Stoffgemische ohne Derivatisierung unter verschiedenen Bedingungen gaschromatographisch (GC) aufgetrennt und massenspektrometrisch (MS) ausgewertet. Die unter Anwendung des PBM-Algorithmus ausgewerteten GC/MS-Spektren der angereicherten Proben (Anreicherungsfaktor 1000.20000) ergaben 133 Stickstoffverbindungen, die mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von mindestens 30% ausgegeben wurden. Davon wurden siebzehn Verbindungen mit einer Ubereinstimmungszahl > 90% und zehn mit einer Ubereinstimmungszahl zwischen 80 und 90% identifiziert. Darunter auch 9-Methylacridin, das in neun von zehn verschiedenen Proben gefunden wurde. Der erfaste niedermolekulare Anteil am DON (geloster organisch gebundener Stickstoff) wurde zu 20% abgeschatzt, wobei der hohermolekulare Anteil am DON maximal 70% betragt. Identification of Nitrogen-containing Compounds of Low Molecular Weight in Effluents of Biologically Treated Municipal Wastewater Enriching methods based on reversed phases were developed for the investigation of low-molecular compounds containing nitrogen in municipal wastewater effluent. The enriched mixtures were treated gas chromatographically without derivatization under different conditions. By application of the PBM-algorithm to the GC/MS spectra of the enriched samples (concentration factor 1000.20000), 133 nitrogen-containing compounds could be identified with a probability of occurence of at least 30% put out. Seventeen of these compounds were identified with > 90% probability and another ten with 80.90% probability. 9-Methylacridine was found in nine of ten processed samples investigated. The nitrogen content of the 133 identified compounds was estimated at about 20% of the low-molecular fraction of DON (dissolved organic nitrogen).
Implications of electron heating and non-uniformities in a VHF-CCP for sterilization of medical instruments

A capacitively coupled plasma driven at a frequency of 81.36 MHz from the VHF-band is investigated by means of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and multipole resonance probe (MRP). The discharge is operated with hydrogen, yielding an electropositive discharge, as well as oxygen, yielding an electronegative discharge, and mixtures of both. Pressure is varied from p=5 ? > Pa to p=25 ? > Pa. Homogeneity of the discharge is investigated by CCD camera recordings as well as spatially resolved multipole resonance probe measurements. The results indicate the presence of electromagnetic edge effects as well as standing wave effects. Furthermore, a largely homogeneous discharge can be achieved with hydrogen as process gas at a pressure of p=5 ? >–10 Pa. With increasing pressure as well as with increasing oxygen content, the discharge appears less homogeneously. The transition from an electropositive to an electronegative discharge leads to a change in electron heating mechanisms, with pronounced local maxima of electron density at the sheath edges. A comparison of OES and MRP results reveal a significant difference in electron density, which can be explained by a non-Maxwellian distribution function of electrons.
High pressure nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of spin–lattice relaxation and self‐diffusion in carbon dioxide

Spin–lattice relaxation time and self‐diffusion coefficient in 13CO2 have been measured on the four isotherms 0, 25, 50, and 75 °C at pressures ranging from 10 to 500 bar. The governing relaxation mechanism in this range is shown to be spin–rotation relaxation. Low pressure T1 data are adequately described by Gordon’s theory, while high pressure T1 data agree semiquantitatively with the diffusion model proposed by Hubbard. The low density self‐diffusion coefficient behavior is in agreement with the kinetic theory of the dilute gas phase. Strong divergence from Enskog theory is observed in the dense gas and liquid phases. The hard‐sphere theory predicts the self‐diffusion coefficient within ±2% at densities above 1.5 ρc. The simple hydrodynamic theory predicts the self‐diffusion coefficient within ±5% at densities above 1.5 ρc.
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS IN WATERLOGGED SOILS

Phosphorus was extracted from water-logged and air-dry samples obtained from unfertilized traditional swamp rice soils using Bray 1, Bray 2, Truog, EDTA, and Olsen methods. The data were correlated with percentage dry-matter yield, phosphorus uptake from unfertilized soil, and “available” phosphorus obtained for rice tops grown under water-logged conditions in the greenhouse. It was found that all the methods extracted more phosphorus from water-logged than air-dry soils. The Olsen method was the most effective in extracting phosphorus from both water-logged and air-dry soils. This method correlated very highly with yield response of rice grown under water-logged conditions. The results suggest that the Olsen method can be applied to air-dry soil samples and this method may be used to predict phosphorus availability to and yield response of swamp rice to phosphorus applications.
On the Mechanism of Unexpected Potentiometric Response to Neutral Phenols by Liquid Membranes Based on Quaternary Ammonium SaltsSystematic Experimental and Theoretical Approaches

Changes in membrane potentials (potentiometric responses) induced by undissociated, neutral phenols (ArOH), though unexpected in terms of the conventional response mechanism for charged species, were systematically investigated using poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix liquid membranes containing quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts (Q+X-) as the sensory elements. The observed anionic responses were characteristic in that they accompanied large response slopes (−65 to −200 mV decade-1) and selectivities reflecting the acidity and lipophilicity of phenolic compounds. In two phase systems, the extracted and complexed ArOH (Q+X- + ArOH → Q+X-·ArOH) further underwent proton dissociation (Q+X-·ArOH → Q+ArO- + HX) with concomitant ejection of HX to the aqueous phase. Based on these experimental results, a model for potentiometric responses to neutral phenols, which explains the anionic responses on the basis of a decrease in the amount of the cationic and anionic species that are charge-separated across the .
Long‐lasting impact of biowaste‐compost application in agriculture on soil‐quality parameters in three different crop‐rotation systems

Soil-quality parameters, such as soil organic matter (SOM) and plant-available nutrient contents, microbial properties, aggregate stability, and the amounts of heavy metals were carried out in arable soils of different rotation schedules applied with a total of 50 Mg dry mass ha -1 biowaste compost relative to an untreated control. This was investigated during a 10 y period from 1994 to 2004. Overall, soil-quality parameters studied appeared to be promoted by biowaste-compost application. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase of SOM and total N content of = 15%-20% relative to the control. Subsequently, amounts of soil microbial biomass and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased as well. In addition, biowaste-compost application revealed an increase of plant-available P and K contents and aggregate stability in soil. There was, however, no treatment effect for net N-mineralization rates. Moreover, in soils of maize and sugar beet rotation schedule a slight decrease was found. Heavy-metal contents of Pb and Zn were significantly increased in all compost-treated soils, whereas no significant increase of Cd and Cu contents was measured. However, the investigated amounts were far below of the limits of the German Biowaste Ordinance. It is finally recommended, that biowaste compost may sustain and improve soil quality in agriculture when N nutrition will be considered.
Feeding forage before or after oats affects caecum pH profiles of the horse

Feeding hay before or after oats did not affect minimum pH and time below a certain pH level in the caecum. However, feeding order affects the time for pH to reach minimum significantly. It took longer time before pH reached minimum when hay was fed first than when feeding oats first. Starch intake (1 or 2 g/kg body weight/meal) affected minimum pH and time below a certain pH value significantly, with lower values when feeding the high amount of starch in a single meal. The results show that amount of starch intake influences pH fluctuations more than feeding order, and that reducing starch intake is a better alternative than changing feeding order when pH fluctuations in the caecum should be limited.
Textural Properties and Structures of Wheat and Maize Starch-Gum Mixed Gels During Storage

Effects of commercial and lab-generated gellan gums on the textural properties, structure, and aging of wheat and maize starch gels were investigated using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA), rheometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffractometer. Gellan and guar gums increased the peak and final viscosities, but xanthan gum and gum arabic reduced them. The maize starch had higher breakdown viscosity than the wheat starch, regardless of the type of gum. The hardness of all starch gels increased during storage, but their cohesiveness and springiness decreased. The degree of the gel hardness showed higher in maize starch than in wheat starch and the effect of gum addition had a difference with gum type. The wheat starch-guar and -gellan gum mixed gels showed higher elasticity and cohesiveness after storage. The starch-gellan gum mixed gels had dense and stable network structures, and were well maintained even after 7 days of storage. Most of the gums had anti-aging effect on X-ray diffraction pattern of starch gels.
Response of antioxidative enzymes to nickel and cadmium stress in hyperaccumulator plants of the genus Alyssum

The term 'phytoremediation' is used to describe the clean-up of heavy metals from contaminated soils by plants. In this study, we examined Alyssum argenteum and Alyssum maritimum for their ability to accumulate Cd 2 + . We also exemined Ni 2+ accumulation by A. maritimum with comparison with the known Ni-hyperaccumulator A. argenteum, in a hydroponic system. Both species were tolerant to low levels of Cd 2+ , and accumulated high quantities under the experimental conditions. Only very low levels of Ni 2+ were found in the shoot of A. maritimum, defining it as a non-hyperaccumulator. The role of the antioxidative enzyme system was investigated in relation to Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ stress. In both species, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was elevated at high Cd 2+ concentrations, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity remained unchanged and glutathione reductase (GR) activity was reduced. In the presence of Ni 2+ , A. maritimum exhibited a typical antioxidative defense mechanism, as evidenced by the elevated activities of all three enzymes tested. A. argenteum exhibited a different enzyme response pattern, with a significant reduction in SOD activity, and elevated APX and GR activities only at the highest Ni 2+ concentration.
Changes in soil Olsen P over six years with annual applications of triple superphosphate or reactive phosphate rock (Sechura)

Abstract The effects of annual applications at four different rates of either triple superphosphate (TSP) or Sechura phosphate rock (SPR) on the Olsen P test in soil under pasture were measured over 6 years at 13 sites in New Zealand. Averaged over the 13 sites, TSP applied at the calculated maintenance (M) rate maintained an almost constant Olsen P level throughout the 6 years. However, there were marked differences between sites, particularly at the 2.0 M application rate which at some sites raised Olsen P by over 30 μg P/ml soil but caused no increase at other sites. No obvious explanation such as soil group, phosphate retention, rainfall, or pH, or the TSP rates used could be found for these site differences. Olsen P tests were always markedly lower with SPR than with TSP; averaged over the 13 sites, even the 2.0 M SPR treatment barely maintained the initial Olsen P test values. This difference between TSP and SPR in their effect on Olsen P test contrasted with pasture production data (reported elsewh.
Determination of dimethoate and phosmet pesticides with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy spectra of dimethoate and phosmet pesticides were recorded using a Klarite substrate. Significant enhancements were achieved with dimethoate over a concentration range of 0.5–10 µg mL−1 and phosmet over a concentration range of 0.1–10 µg mL−1. The best prediction model for dimethoate pesticide was achieved with a correlation coefficient of 0.940 and a root mean square error of prediction of 0.864 µg mL−1, with the first derivative and standard normalized variate data preprocessing, and the best prediction model of phosmet pesticide was achieved with a correlation coefficient of 0.949 and a root mean square error of prediction of 0.741 µg mL−1 with the first derivative data preprocessing. Our study shows that pesticides, including dimethoate and phosmet, could be quantitatively measured at as low as 0.5 µg mL−1 level using surface-enhanced Raman technology coupled with a Klarite substrate and the results indicated that surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with a Klarite substrate has potential for the analysis of dimethoate and phosmet residues.
An Autonomous Parking Space Planning System Based on Pattern Searching Algorithm

In the field of static traffic, parking space planning and moving line planning are currently carried out manually over a period of more than one week, which is inefficient and cannot be optimized automatically. Therefore, this paper proposes and implements an autonomous parking space planning system based on pattern searching algorithm, which is divided into four modules: image preprocessing module, parking area segmentation module, parking space planning module, and image post-processing module. We use the system proposed in this paper to test the simulated parking lots of the same area. The result is that the parking space plot ratio can reach 48.68%. We also optimize an existing actual parking lot. The number of parking spaces in the optimized parking lot has increased by 20% compared with the original parking lot.
Ore solution chemistry; V, Solubilities of chalcopyrite and chalcocite assemblages in hydrothermal solution at 200 degrees to 350 degrees C

Solubilities of the assemblages chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) + pyrite (FeS 2 ) + bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ) and copper + chalcocite (Cu 2 S) have been measured in subcritical aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaHS + H 2 S under the following conditions: 200 degrees to 350 degrees C; a range of pH within 2.5 of neutral in sulfide solutions, and 1.5 of neutral in chloride solutions; up to 10.4 m NaCl and 2.85 m HS (super -) ; and from 15 to 256 atm total pressure. Sulfur fugacity was fixed by univariant sulfide assemblages; oxygen fugacity and pH were controlled in NaCl solutions by the graphite-CO 2 buffer. The pale yellow color of high temperature solutions, plus optical absorption spectra at 25 degrees C, indicate that cuprous complexes predominate with this assemblage at temperatures to above 350 degrees C. The important solubility-controlling reactions and logs of their equilibrium constants are:200 degrees C 250 degrees C 300 degrees C 350 degrees C1/4 Cu 5 FeS 4 + HS (super -) + 1/2 H 2 S(g) = 1/4 CuFeS 2 + Cu(HS) (super -) 2 -2.3 + or - 0.7 -2.3 + or - 0.7 -2.3 + or - 0.7 -2.3 + or - 0.71/4 Cu 5 FeS 4 + HS (super -) + 3/2 H 2 S(g) = 1/4 CuFeS 2 + Cu(HS) 2 (H 2 S) (super -) \-- -|3.8 + or - 0.7 -3.3 + or - + or - 0.7 -3.1 + or - 0.75CuFeS 2 + 2H (super +) + 1/2 CO 2 (g) = Cu 5 FeS 4 + 3FeS 2 + 1/2 C (graph.)+ H 2 O(l) + Fe (super 2+) 3.1 + or - 0.5 3.6 + or - 0.5 4.7 + or - 0.5 5.0 + or - 0.5Fe (super 2+) + Cl (super -) = FeCl (super +) 0.67 + or - 1.0 1.0 + or - 1.0 1.2 + or - 1.0 1.8 + or - 1.0CuFeS 2 + H (super +) + 1/4 CO 2 (g) + Cl (super -) = FeS 2 + 1/4 C (graph.)+ 1/2 H 2 O(l) + CuCl(aq) -1.2 + or - 0.5 -0.14 + or - 0.5 0.79 + or - 0.5 1.9 + or - 0.5Cu(c) + H (super +) + 1/4 Co 2 (g)= 1/4 C (graph.)+ 1/2 H 2 O(l) + Cu (super +) -1.6 + or - 0.3 -1.2 + or - 0.3 -0.29 + or - 0.3 0.46 + or - 0.3Cu (super +) + Cl (super -) = CuCl(aq) 2.2 + or - 0.6 2.4 + or - 0.6 2.2 + or - 0.6 2.7 + or -0.6 Iron bisulfide complexes are apparently unstable under the above conditions and could not be detected at the 0.5 to 10 ppm level. At neutral pH and Cl (super -) activity = 0.1, cuprous bisulfide complexes predominate for sulfur activities Sigma S > or = 1.0 (at 350 degrees ) and Sigma S > or = 0.03 (at 250 degrees C); the species CuCl predominates for lower Sigma S. At 350 degrees C with Sigma S < 0.1, under the near-neutral to weakly acidic conditions probably characteristic of porphyry copper ore-forming fluids, approximately 1,000 ppm Fe and Cu dissolve in 1.0 m NaCl as the species CuCl, Fe (super 2+) , and FeCl (super +) . Under similar conditions at 250 degrees C, solubilities fall to roughly 100 ppm Fe and 10 ppm Cu. Simultaneous transport of Fe and of Cu as bisulfide complexes above 200 degrees C is geologically unlikely. Where chloride complexed, Cu-Fe sulfides may be deposited by dilution of hydrothermal solutions, by increasing pH or Sigma S, and by decreasing temperature or oxygen fugacity.
The Effect of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Steel with Increased Aluminium Content

A demand for enlightening of constructions in an automotive industry resulted in an intensive development of high strength steels and in attempts to decrease the weight of the steel by intensive alloying by lighter elements. This work used chemical concept of AHSS (advanced high strength steel) TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steel with 0.2%C and micro-alloyed by 0.06%Nb and increased manganese content to 4% and aluminium to 6.5% to produce lightweight steel, which was cast and re-forged and subsequently annealed at various temperatures in the range of 300°C - 800°C. The resulting microstructures were analysed by light microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction phase analysis and mechanical properties were measured by a tensile test. Tensile strengths in the region of 600 MPa - 757 MPa and total elongations around 20% were obtained for annealed samples.
Trans-Pacific transport and evolution of aerosols and trace gases from Asia during the INTEX-B field campaign

B. Adhikary, G. R. Carmichael, S. Kulkarni, C. Wei, Y. Tang, A. Dallura, M. Mena-Carrasco, D. G. Streets, Q. Zhang, R. B. Pierce, J. A. Al-Saadi, L. K. Emmons, G. G. Pfister, M. A. Avery, J. D. Barrick, D. R. Blake, W. H. Brune, R. C. Cohen, J. E. Dibb, A. Fried, B. G. Heikes, L. G. Huey, D. W. O’Sullivan, G. W. Sachse, R. E. Shetter, H. B. Singh, T. L. Campos, C. A. Cantrell, F. M. Flocke, E. J. Dunlea, J. L. Jimenez, A. J. Weinheimer, J. D. Crounse, P. O. Wennberg, J. J. Schauer, E. A. Stone, D. A. Jaffe, and D. R. Reidmiller Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Probabilistic robust anti-disturbance control of uncertain systems

We propose a novel method for constructing probabilistic robust disturbance rejection control for uncertain systems in which a scenario optimization method is used to deal with the nonlinear and unbounded uncertainties. For anti-disturbance, a reduced order disturbance observer is considered and a state-feedback controller is designed. Sufficient conditions are presented to ensure that the resulting closed-loop system is stable and a prescribed \begin{document}$ H_{\infty} $\end{document} performance index is satisfied. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the techniques proposed and analyzed.
Hydrogen Production Technologies: Current State and Future Developments

Hydrogen (H2) is currently used mainly in the chemical industry for the production of ammonia and methanol. Nevertheless, in the near future, hydrogen is expected to become a significant fuel that will largely contribute to the quality of atmospheric air. Hydrogen as a chemical element (H) is the most widespread one on the earth and as molecular dihydrogen (H2) can be obtained from a number of sources both renewable and nonrenewable by various processes. Hydrogen global production has so far been dominated by fossil fuels, with the most significant contemporary technologies being the steam reforming of hydrocarbons (e.g., natural gas). Pure hydrogen is also produced by electrolysis of water, an energy demanding process. This work reviews the current technologies used for hydrogen (H2) production from both fossil and renewable biomass resources, including reforming (steam, partial oxidation, autothermal, plasma, and aqueous phase) and pyrolysis. In addition, other methods for generating hydrogen (e.g., electrolysis of water) and purification methods, such as desulfurization and water-gas shift reactions are discussed.
Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants in the Central Part of Myanmar

Gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants remains one of the major economic losses caused by reduced productivity. A total of 380 faecal samples were taken from 280 sheeps in Magway and Pwintbyu Townships and 100 goats in Natmauk Township, Myanmar. Faecal flotation and sedimentation methods were carried out to detect the presence of parasitic infections. Faecal egg and oocyst counts were carried out using the McMaster technique. The overall occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants was 98.4% (374/380). The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep (99.3%) was higher than that in goats (96%). The highest occurrence was found in Eimeria spp. (96%), followed by Trichostrongyle (77.1%), Trichuris spp. (35%), and Moniezia expansa (14%). The mixed infection rate was 84.8% (317/374), while a single infection was 15.2% (57/374). The mean eggs per gram (EPG) and oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces were ranged from 50 to 600 and 50 to 29,800, respectively. Among the 4 nucleotide sequences isolated, one sequence was 94.10-94.47% similarity with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, reported from Laos, and three sequences showed 96.64-99.46% identity with Haemonchus contortus from Laos, China, India, and Mongolia. As gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants was relatively high in the study area, the development of appropriate treatment and control measures should be provided to reduce production losses.
The influence of some fibre and solution properties on pulp fibre friction.

Une methode nouvelle presentee lors d'une communication precedente a ete utilisee pour mesurer la friction interfibre de fibres de pâte kraft individuelles dans des conditions humides et seches. Le coefficient de friction des fibres seches a ete d'environ 0,6 et il n'a pas ete influence par l'indice Kappa. Pour les fibres humides, il se situait entre 0,6 et 0,8 et decroissait lorsque l'indice Kappa decroissait et lors de l'ajout de NaCl (1mol/L), HCl (pH3) ou de NaOH (pH10). L'extrapolation de la force de friction a une force normale nulle a donne des valeurs autour de 0,01 mN pour les fibres seches. Dans des conditions humides, les valeurs extrapolees allaient de 0,02 a 0,06 mN et etiaent en correlation avec la limite d'elasticite des suspensions de fibres.