Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inputs, Incentives, and Complementarities in Education: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania

We present results from a large-scale randomized experiment across 350 schools in Tanzania that studied the impact of providing schools with (i) unconditional grants, (ii) teacher incentives based on student performance, and (iii) both of the above. After two years, we find (i) no impact on student test scores from providing school grants, (ii) some evidence of positive effects from teacher incentives, and (iii) significant positive effects from providing both programs. Most important, we find strong evidence of complementarities between the programs, with the effect of joint provision being significantly greater than the sum of the individual effects. Our results suggest that combining spending on school inputs (the default policy) with improved teacher incentives could substantially increase the cost-effectiveness of public spending on education.
Effect of Coating Application on Chilling Injury of Grapefruit Cultivars

The effects of grapefruit cultivar and coating type on chilling injury (CI) inci- dence were examined. The shellac coating widely used for exported citrus resulted in the lowest CI incidence in white 'Marsh' grapefruit stored for 2 months at 4 °C and 92% ± 3% relative humidity compared with nonwaxed fruit or fruit waxed with either carnauba or polyethylene waxes. The order of coating performance for reducing CI was shellac > carnauba > polyethylene > nonwaxed fruit. For 'Flame' little difference of coating type on CI was detected after 2 months of storage. Overall, CI incidence was high in fruit of the cultivars harvested from September to December, low in February, and high again after March but was generally higher in white 'Marsh' seedless grapefruit than 'Ruby Red', 'Rio Red', or 'Flame'. However, little difference of cultivar on CI incidence was found among the 'Ruby Red', 'Rio Red', and 'Flame' grapefruit except the October harvest in which CI was higher in 'Ruby Red' than in 'Rio Red' and 'Flame' grapefruit. These studies suggest that the coating and cultivar should be considered in the postharvest management of CI in commercial packing. Chilling injury (CI) of citrus is characterized by an initial collapse of peel tissue in discrete spots that become darkened, depressed, and sometimes appear in a circle form. In grapefruit, CI requires ≈4 to 6 weeks to develop during cold storage (Grierson, 1986). Susceptibility of grapefruit to CI is closely related to the growth status of the tree, with fruit picked during a growth flush being particularly susceptible (Grierson, 1999; Kawada et al., 1978). Storage and/or shipment temperatures <7.2 °C can cause severe CI, with the highest incidence occurring at 4.5 °C (Hatton et al., 1981). Postharvest fungicides such as thiaben- dazole (TBZ) can reduce fruit susceptibility to chilling injury (Chalutz et al., 1985; McDonald et al., 1991; Schiffmann-Nadel et al., 1975). Intermittent weekly warming at 20 °C for 18 h prevented CI development in grapefruit stored at 2 °C (Cohen, 1999). In Florida, fruit are susceptible to CI in early (October to De- cember) and late (March to May) seasons, but are more resistant during midseason (January to March) (Grierson, 1974, 1999; Purvis et al., 1979). However, the specific time of year when fruit become resistant to CI fluctuates with the growth status of the tree (Kawada et al., 1978). Fruit from the exterior canopy are reportedly more susceptible to CI than interior fruit and the sun-exposed side of a fruit is more susceptible to CI than the shaded side of the same fruit (McDonald et al., 1993). Fresh citrus have traditionally been coated with waxes to increase fruit shine and to re- duce weight loss (Hall, 1981). However, wax application can cause fruit off-flavor (Brown et al., 1998; Hagenmaier and Shaw, 1992) and
On the simultaneity of substorm onset between two hemispheres

Simultaneous observations of auroral kilometric radiation from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres showed some cases in which the buildup of field-aligned acceleration occurred only in one hemisphere at the substorm onset. This indicates that a substorm does not always complete the current system by connecting the cross-tail current with both northern and southern ionospheric currents. Conjugate auroral observations showed that in one case, the auroral breakup in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres was not simultaneous; rather, they occurred a few minutes apart. This time difference in the breakup between two hemispheres suggests that the local auroral ionosphere controls auroral breakup in each hemisphere independently. The evidence in this study may indicate that the buildup of the field-aligned acceleration region at the auroral breakup does not result only from the magnetospheric process and that the auroral ionosphere finally controls and/or ignites the substorm onset, that is, the auroral breakup.
Comparison of Hygienic Behavior of Exotic Honey Bee Apis mellifera L. and Indigenous Honey Bee Apis cerana of Pakistan

Indigenous and exotic honey bee species were evaluated for their hygienic behavior in the climatic condition of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Colonies of equal strength from indigenous (Apis cerana) and exotic (Apis mellifera) species were selected for the study. The same colonies were tested in two seasons. Sealed brood were killed with different methods i.e pin killed and freeze killed. The uncapping of cells and brood removal was recorded at different intervals. Significant differences were recorded between hygienic behavior of both species of honey bees. Apis cerana showed significantly superior hygienic behavior than Apis mellifera in both seasons. At different intervals in both species significant differences were recorded. A significant difference was recorded after 12 and 24 hours between the species in both seasons. No significant differences were recorded after 48hours in both species. From the study it is concluded that indigenous honey bee species has superior hygienic behavior than exotic species.
The Role of Body Weight for Health, Earnings and Life Satisfaction

Based on the German Socio-Economic Panel, the influence of the body mass index on health, earnings and satisfaction is analysed by gender. Basic results are: health worsens, income declines and satisfaction is poorer with higher body mass index. If control variables are added, estimates are split by gender and different effects of over- and underweight people are determined, the health estimates show nonlinear effects but the direction of action is unchanged. Effects on earnings differ. Underweight women earn more and overweight less than others. For normal-weight men the income is on average higher than for over- and underweight men. This is also confirmed for self-employed persons. The pattern for employees is equal to the total sample. No effects on life satisfaction can be found except for underweight men. They reveal less satisfaction. Only in the public sector the sign of the coefficient changes. The results for eastern Germany are different with respect to satisfaction. Overweight women are less satisfied than others while this is not confirmed for underweight men from eastern Germany. When interdependencies are taken into account and matching procedures are applied, the outcome matches to that of independent and unmatched estimates. However, no clear-cut disadvantage in income of underweight men can be found. Stable coefficients result for the health estimates while satisfaction results fluctuate. Underweight women and especially underweight men tend to less happiness. For overweight men the influence is ambiguous but more speaks in favour of a less level of satisfaction. Overweight women seem to be happier.
Structural and Thermomechanical Study of Plastic Films Made from Cassava-Starch Reinforced with Kaolin and Metakaolin

The structural and thermomechanical properties of starch-based plastic films reinforced with kaolin and metakaolin have been studied by various techniques (X-ray diffraction, IR-TF spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile tests, and thermal resistance). The results obtained showed that kaolin, an inert material, prevents the starch from losing its granular structure and to solubilize during the heating, generating plastic films of low Young’s modulus (7 MPa). On the other hand, metakaolin, an amorphous and dehydroxylated material obtained after heating of kaolin at 700°C for 1 hour, substantially improves the thermomechanical properties of the plastic films. The Young’s modulus increases from 19 MPa to 25 MPa while the thermal resistance increases from 90°C to 120°C. This was attributed to good dispersion of the metakaolin in the polymer matrix after the loss of the granular structure of the starch during heating.
Trust and Trustworthiness

In this chapter, we discuss when, how, and why trust and trustworthiness arise to support cooperation within and across organizations. To do so, we first define trust and trustworthiness, discuss how they can be quantified and determine key components of trusting and trustworthy behavior. In addition, we identify building blocks of trust and trustworthiness and offer tangible insights about how to establish trusting and cooperative business/inter-organizational relationships, based on both academic research and case studies from across industries.
A new vacuum for loop quantum gravity

We construct a new vacuum and representation for loop quantum gravity. Because the new vacuum is based on BF theory, it is physical for (2+1)-dimensional gravity, and much closer to the spirit of spin foam quantization in general. To construct this new vacuum and the associated representation of quantum observables, we introduce a modified holonomy–flux algebra that is cylindrically consistent with respect to the notion of refinement by time evolution suggested in Dittrich and Steinhaus (2013 arXiv:1311.7565). This supports the proposal for a construction of the physical vacuum made in Dittrich and Steinhaus (2013 arXiv:1311.7565) and Dittrich (2012 New J. Phys. 14 123004), and for (3+1)-dimensional gravity. We expect that the vacuum introduced here will facilitate the extraction of large scale physics and cosmological predictions from loop quantum gravity.
Open access and research dissemination in Africa

This paper discusses research undertaken by the Curtin Open Knowledge Initiative (COKI) and participants during and following an Open Knowledge international workshop held in Mauritius in September 2019. The workshop brought together key experts to explore the role of open knowledge in the creation of equitable and inclusive global knowledge landscapes. This paper explores the role of open access and institutional repositories in knowledge sharing and the dissemination of research output from higher education and research institutions within the African continent. The paper reviews the landscape of research output from the African continent; analyses open access research output, overviews of institutional knowledge sharing positions and the dissemination of research output from Ghana, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda.
Insider Trading and Networked Directors

We analyze the relation between insider trading and the networks of executive and non-executive directors in UK listed companies. While most existing studies focus on firm-specific private information, we find that non-firm-specific information – such as information on other companies and information on industry and market trends – plays an important role in insider trading behavior and performance. Well-connected directors trade shares less frequently and for smaller values. However, their transactions are more profitable, especially when they make consecutive opportunistic purchases in the multiple companies on whose boards they sit. Taken together, well-connected directors are likely to outperform their peers with inferior connections.
Baseline Results From the EU28 EUROMOD: 2011–2016

This paper presents baseline results from the latest version of EUROMOD (version G4.0+), the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. First, we briefly report the process of updating EUROMOD. We then present indicators for income inequality and risk of poverty using EUROMOD and discuss the main reasons for differences between these and EU-SILC based indicators. We further compare EUROMOD distributional indicators across all EU 28 countries and over time between 2011 and 2016. Finally, we provide estimates of marginal effective tax rates (METR) for all 28 EU countries in order to explore the effect of tax and benefit systems on work incentives at the intensive margin. For a subset of countries for which 2014 EU-SILC data are available in EUROMOD, we also compare poverty and inequality indicators and METR across countries and over time between 2013 and 2016. Throughout the paper, we highlight both the potential of EUROMOD as a tool for policy analysis and the caveats that should be borne in mind when using it and interpreting results. This paper updates the work conducted in the EUROMOD Working Paper EM3/16.
Effects of a Mobile-App-Based Self-Management Support Program For Elderly Hemodialysis Patients

Objectives To identify the effects of a mobile-app-based self-management program for elderly hemodialysis patients on their sick-role behavior, basic psychological needs, and self-efficacy. Methods A nonequivalent control group with a non-synchronized design was utilized, and 60 participants (30 in each of the experimental and control groups) were recruited from Chungnam National University Hospital from March to August 2018. The program consisted of continuous training on how to use the mobile-app, self-checking via the app, message transfer through Electronic Medical Records, and feedback. The control group received the usual care. Data were analyzed using the χ2-test, the t-test, the repeated-measures ANOVA, and the McNemar test. A formalized messaging program was developed, and the app was developed with consideration of the specific physical and cognitive limitations of the elderly. Results Comparisons were conducted between the experimental (n = 28) and control (n = 28) groups. Statistically significant increases in sick-role behavior, basic psychological needs, and self-efficacy were found in the experimental group (p < 0.001). Physiological parameters were maintained within the normal ranges in the experimental group, and the number of non-adherent patients decreased, although the change was not statistically significant. Conclusions The mobile-app-based self-management program developed in this study increased the sick-role behavior, basic psychological needs, and self-efficacy of elderly hemodialysis patients, while physiological parameters were maintained within the normal range. Future studies are needed to develop management systems for high-risk hemodialysis patients and family-sharing apps to manage non-adherent patients.
Head Teachers Attitude towards Inclusive Education the Key Predictor of Effective Implementation of Inclusive Education In Public Primary Schools of Murang’a County, Kenya

Based on the theory of innovation diffusion, this cross-sectional study sought to determine if head teachers and teachers’ knowledge of and attitudes towards inclusive education were predictive of effective implementation of inclusive education. Data were collected from 66 head teachers and 462 teachers from Murang’a county, Kenya, using questionnaires and an observation guide. Multiple regression was used to analyse the data and results indicated that though head teachers and teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education and knowledge of inclusive education predicted effective implementation of inclusive education, head teachers’ attitudes had the greatest predictive strength. Practical implications of these findings are contextually discussed
Trans-heterozygous Pkd 1 and Pkd 2 mutations modify expression of polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) occurs by germline mutation in PKD1 or PKD2. Evidence of homozygous inactivation of either gene in human cyst lining cells as well as in mouse knockout models strongly supports a two-hit mechanism for cyst formation. Discovery of trans-heterozygous mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 in a minority of human renal cysts has led to the proposal that such mutations also can play a role in cyst formation. In the current study, we investigated the role of trans-heterozygous mutations in mouse models of polycystic kidney disease. In Pkd1þ/ , Pkd2þ/ and Pkd1þ/ :Pkd2 þ/ mice, the renal cystic lesion was mild and variable with no adverse effect on survival at 1 year. In keeping with the two-hit mechanism of cyst formation, approximately 70% of kidney cysts in Pkd2þ/ mice exhibited uniform loss of polycystin-2 expression. Cystic disease in trans-heterozygous Pkd1þ/ :Pkd2þ/ mice, however, was notable for severity in excess of that predicted by a simple additive effect based on cyst formation in singly heterozygous mice. The data suggest a modifier role for the ‘trans’ polycystin gene in cystic kidney disease, and support a contribution from threshold effects to cyst formation and growth.
Prevention of white spot lesions using three remineralizing agents: An in vitro comparative study

Background. Enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets is an important clinical problem. This study sought to compare the efficacy of sodium fluoride (NaF), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACP-F; MI Paste Plus) and a water-based cream (Remin Pro), which contains hydroxyapatite and fluoride for prevention of enamel demineralization. Methods. Fifty-six sound human premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were collected. After cleaning, the crowns were mounted in acrylic resin and all the surfaces were coated with nail varnish except for a 3×4-mm window on the buccal surface. The samples were randomly divided into four groups of 14 and subjected to pH cycling for 14 days, during which the teeth were immersed in artificial saliva for 21 hours and in demineralizing agent for three hours daily. Before transferring the samples from the saliva to the demineralizing solution, the remineralizing agent (0.05% NaF, MI Paste Plus or Remin Pro Paste, depending on the group) was applied on the samples once a day for five minutes. No remineralizing agent was used in the control group. Surface microhardness of samples was measured by Vickers microhardness tester at baseline and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, Bonferroni test and Tukey test. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results. The mean microhardness was significantly different between the test and control groups (P<0.0001). Other differences were not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusion. The results showed that 0.05% NaF was more efficient than Remin Pro and MI Paste Plus for prevention of white spot lesions (WSLs). Remin Pro and MI Paste Plus were not significantly difference from the control group in this regard.
Econometric testing of uncovered interest rate parity in Serbia

This paper provides econometric evidence of the interest parity puzzle in Serbia over the period 2005–2016. Econometric findings are derived from the following techniques: long-run parameter estimation based on the autoregressive distributed lag model, impulse response function computed from the bivariate vector autoregressive model, and estimation of the two-regime Markov switching parameter model. Our results indicate that a positive interest differential corrected for country risk leads to significant dinar appreciation against the euro. The intensity of this impact is different across sub-periods of low exchange rate variability and high variability. Exchange rate movements are found to appreciate more strongly during lower variability episodes. Preliminary econometric investigation of four other European emerging economies documents similar findings only for Romania. Our results suggest that there is a huge incentive for shortterm carry trades in Serbia, regardless of substantial risks. shocks.
Augmented Reality Experience: Initial Perceptions of Higher Education Students

The main goal of this paper is to unveil the results of survey study that intends to explore the candidate teachers’ opinions about using augmented reality (AR) in classrooms. For this purpose, marker-based mobile augmented reality application has been developed and computer hardware devices are used as a teaching material. In addition, candidate teachers allowed to use this augmented reality application and share their opinions regarding to user experience. In data collection, survey and open-ended questions are used and conducted to candidate teachers in Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Faculty of Education. The tools and technology required to develop a AR and development experiences are also shared. According to results teacher candidates are very excited of using augmented reality for the first time in their learning. it is also emphasized that it would be beneficial to disseminate augmented reality in their other learning materials.
Analysing user preferences for co-working space characteristics

ABSTRACT Over the past decades, the use of mobile technology has increased and the attitude towards work has changed, making it possible to work anywhere at any time. However, workers still seek work environments that stimulate networking and collaboration possibilities. This has led to the growing popularity of co-working spaces. However, little is known about the specific preferences of co-working space users. The aim of this research is to analyse user preferences for co-working space characteristics. Stated choice data were collected by means of a questionnaire which was completed by 219 respondents of 25 co-working spaces in the Netherlands. A mixed-multinomial logit model was used to analyse the user preferences. Results show that the main motivations for co-workers to work in a co-working space were that they were looking for a workplace outside their home that allows them to work in an inspiring work environment where the accommodation is affordable. Accessibility and atmosphere/interior are the most important characteristics when choosing a specific co-working space. These results provide owners or managers of co-working spaces with clear insights about how to cope with co-worker preferences by offering co-working spaces with good accessibility by car and public transport, a semi-open layout and a homelike interior.
Analysis of Tooth Extraction Causes and Patterns

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and patterns of extraction of permanent teeth in the targeted population. METHODS: The study was conducted for a period of 11 months. An especially designed form was used to record the causes for extraction of a permanent tooth. Further, it was analyzed for age, gender, education, occupation, smoking, tooth position, endodontic treatment, chewing, esthetics, needs replacement, type of existing prosthesis, and causes for extraction. The various causes which were considered to determine association with the tooth extraction were dental caries, periodontal problems, trauma, orthodontics, prosthodontic failures, endodontic failures, and others. RESULTS: The percentage of extractions was almost the same in males and females aged. Maximum extractions were noticed in 36â€“45 years of age group (32.5%). The presence of caries was observed to be the main reason for extraction (68.1%), followed by periodontal problems (17.6%) and orthodontic problems (4.8%). The most frequently extracted posterior teeth were first mandibular molar (22.2%), followed by the third maxillary molar (15.2%). CONCLUSION: Dental caries was found to be the most common reason for the extraction of teeth. Molar teeth were found to be the most frequently extracted, with an increased number of extracted first premolars as a result of orthodontic treatment. Maxillary teeth are extracted more than mandibular, mainly due to caries and periodontal problems.