Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of bacterial communities on alkaline phosphatase genes in soil supplied with organic matter

Abstract We studied the effects of the application of organic matter (OM) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and ALP-harboring bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and bulk soil in an experimental lettuce field in Hokkaido, Japan. The ALP activity was higher in soils with OM than in soils with CF, and activity was higher in the rhizosphere for OM than in the bulk soil. Biomass P and available P in the soil were positively related to the ALP activity of the soil. As a result, the P concentration of lettuce was higher in OM soil than in CF soil. We analyzed the ALP-harboring bacterial communities using polymerase chain reaction based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) on the ALP genes. Numerous ALP genes were detected in the DGGE profile, regardless of sampling time, fertilizer treatment or sampled soil area, which indicated a large diversity in ALP-harboring bacteria in the soil. Several ALP gene fragments were closely related to the ALP genes of Mesorhizobium loti and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The community structures of the ALP-harboring bacteria were assessed using principal component analysis of the DGGE profiles. Fertilizer treatment and sampled soil area significantly affected the community structures of ALP-harboring bacteria. As the DGGE bands contributing to the principal component were different from sampling time, it is suggested that the major bacteria harboring the ALP gene shifted. Furthermore, there was, in part, a significant correlation between ALP activity and the community structure of the ALP-harboring bacteria. These results raise the possibility that different ALP-harboring bacteria release different amounts and/or activity of ALP, and that the structure of ALP-harboring bacterial communities may play a major role in determining overall soil ALP activity.
Bis(Thiosemicarbazone) and Other Nitrogen and Sulfur Ligated Complexes of Copper(II)

We have measured the electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption properties of several complexes of copper(II) in which the ligands of the copper atom are two nitrogen and two sulfur atoms. Chelate structures varying from two saturated rings to a three‐condensed‐ring pseudoaromatic system have been explained. The effect of different degrees of protonation of the chelate rings has been investigated. The experiments show that, apart from varying the magnitude of the nitrogen superhyperfine interaction, these variables do not significantly affect the magnetic properties of the Cu(II), except for one case where protonation promotes dimerization. The relevance of these chelate structures to the unique Cu(II) sites in the copper‐containing proteins is discussed.
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATIC MILKING ON THE SELECTED PARAMETERS OF DAIRY COWS WELFARE

Abstract the aim of study was to find out the influence of milking by automatic milking system (AMS) on the physiological needs of dairy cows within 30 minutes after milking. Ethological study covered the needs of feed intake, water intake and need of lying down. The need of feed intake in 30 minutes after milking was found at 75.51 % of dairy cows in the barn with AMS. The need of water intake was found at 41.79 % of dairy cows. The percentage of cows, which needed to lie down after milking, was 3.7 %.
One-step method for preparation of magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan

Preparation of magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan in one step by the coprecipitation method in the presence of different chitosan concentrations is reported here. Obtaining of magnetic superparamagnetic nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. Scanning transmission electron microscopy allowed to identify spheroidal nanoparticles with around 10-11nm in average diameter. Characterization of the products by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that composite chitosan-magnetic nanoparticles were obtained. Chitosan content in obtained nanocomposites was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. The nanocomposites were tested in Pb2+ removal from a PbCl2 aqueous solution, showing a removal efficacy up to 53.6%. This work provides a simple method for chitosan-coated nanoparticles obtaining, which could be useful for heavy metal ions removal from water.
A comparative human health, ecotoxicity, and product environmental assessment on the production of organic and silicon solar cells

A life cycle assessment case study involving organic photovoltaic technology using phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) is presented. Although solar technology converts freely available solar radiation into more useful forms of energy, potential environmental impacts can occur during the life cycle of the product. A cradle‐to‐gate life cycle assessment is completed, comparing organic solar cells with traditional silicon‐based cells across 18 multiple criteria. The functional unit is defined as the production of 1 watt‐peak of electricity produced. The inventory is based on prospective organic solar cell technology and two traditional silicon technologies. The results demonstrate that from a life cycle perspective, organic solar cells can outperform conventional silicon solar cells with impacts reduced by 93%. The energy payback time for the default organic photovoltaic cell was 0.21 years (75 days) compared with multicrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon's 2.7 and 2.2 years, respectively. The minimum required lifetime of the organic cells, so that their impacts were no worse than amorphous silicon's over 25 years, was measured between 1.2 and 8.9 years. Results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrate that consideration of manufacturing routes (e.g., fullerene or solar cell production) can be targeted using life cycle assessment for further improvements in the environmental, human health, and ecotoxicity profile of organic solar cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Premixed Turbulent Flames

1Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK 3Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Resource Recovery and Refinery in Asia (CISRA), EcoTopia Science Institute, F3-4 (670), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan 4ONERA/DEFA, Centre de Palaiseau, Chemin de la Huniere, 91761 Palaiseau, France
Effect of grinding and water vapour on the particle size of kaolinite and pyrophyllite

Abstract The increase in specific surface of kaolinite (K) and pyrophyllite (P) induced by dry grinding in an oscillatory mill, proceeded during storage in water vapour. The average particle thickness, δ, changed from 42 nm (K) and 66 nm (P) in the original materials to 12 nm (K) and 20 nm (P) after water sorption (20 days at relative humidity RH = 1.0, at room temperature and pressure) and to similar values of 13 nm (K) and 16 nm (P) after grinding for 10 min (in agreement with some published data). The action of water molecules on ground clays (at the conditions indicated) resulted in a further decrease in δ. In pyrophyllite, prolonged grinding (30 min) and prolonged action of water molecules (36 days) caused a particle collapse. After pre-storing at RH = 0.5 the successive decrease in δ at RH = 1.0 was smaller.
Functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by atom transfer radical polymerization and defunctionalization of the products

A core−shell hybrid nanostructure, possessing a hard backbone of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) and a soft shell of brushlike polystyrene (PS), was successfully prepared by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using Cu(I)Br/N,N,N‘,N‘‘,N‘‘-pentmethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as the catalyst, at 100 °C in diphenyl ether solution. The molecular weight of PS was well controlled, as was the thickness of the shell layer. TEM images of the samples provided direct evidence for the formation of a core−shell structure, i.e., the MWNT coated with polymer layer. FTIR, 1H NMR, SEM, and TGA were used to determine the chemical structure, morphology, and the grafted PS quantities of the resulting products. To further establish the covalent linkage between PS and MWNT moieties, the resulting PS-functionalized MWNTs were defunctionalized by hydrolysis or by thermal decomposition. Comparative studies, based on TEM and SEM images between the PS-functionalized and chemically defunctionalized MWNT samples.
Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of Secamone afzelii (Rhoem) Ascleipiadaceae

Secamone afzelii is used traditionally in Ghana mainly as a wound healing agent. This study re-ports the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of S. afzelii. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method in 7 day old chicks and antioxi-dant property by the 2,2–diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, total antioxi-dant and total phenol content determinations. In doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg kg -1 , the methanol extract of the leaves reduced carrageenan-induced oedema by 24.70%, 33.41% and 44.26% respectively. The leaf extract exhibited free radical scavenging activity with an IC 50 of 16.73 μg mL -1 com-pared to ascorbic acid which gave an IC 50 of 2.01 μg mL -1 . In the total phenol content determination, the leaf extract was found to contain 56.86 mg g -1 calculated as tannic acid equivalent of the dry weight of extract. The extract also demonstrated remarkable antioxidant effect in the total anti-oxidant capacity determinations and had an 87% correlation with the amount of phenolic content present. Keywords: Secamone afzelii, carrageenan, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
Carbon, dopant, and vacancy interactions in germanium

Electronic structure calculations have been used to study the interaction of carbon with isolated substitutional dopants (boron, phosphorus, or arsenic), vacancies, and dopant-vacancy pairs in germanium. For comparison, equivalent defects were examined in silicon. The calculations employed a plane-wave basis set and pseudopotentials within the generalized gradient approximation of density functional theory. The results predict a range of different association preferences, with carbon being strongly bound in some cases and unbound in others. For example, in germanium, the carbon-vacancy cluster is weakly bound whereas in silicon it is more strongly bound. Conversely, dopant-carbon pairs are not stable in either germanium or silicon compared to their isolated components. If, however, they are formed during implantation, they will act as strong vacancy traps. Details of clusters comprised of a dopant, carbon, and vacancy are also discussed with respect to their formation by the association of a vacancy or cl.
Deposition of functional hydrogenated amorphous carbon-nitride film (a-CN:H) using C2H4/N2 townsend dielectric barrier discharge

The present work is an investigation of the chemical composition and growth profile of an hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride film (a-CN:H) deposited by atmospheric pressure Townsend discharge in C 2 H 4 /N 2 . Various surface characterization techniques were used to evaluate the coatings properties (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy). The coating obtained presented a high N/C ratio and a high concentration of N-functionalities. The results revealed two different growth mechanisms depending on the residence time of the precursor molecules; at first, the growth is mainly due to radicals then a powder formation mechanism appears, therefore leading to different chemical composition and surface properties.
Prediction of Tenderness and other Quality Attributes of Beef by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy between 750 and 1100 nm; Further Studies

A study into prediction of selected organoleptic properties (tenderness, juiciness, flavour, texture, chewiness and acceptability) of beef at 14 days post mortem using NIR spectroscopy (750–1100 nm) was performed. M. longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus were studied from a total of 75 animals. NIR was unable to predict satisfactorily the selected organoleptic properties of semimembranosus. For M. longissimus dorsi, best results were obtained for the prediction of tenderness (Warner–Bratzler shear force; R = 0.51). Predictive performance was improved if the sample set was segregated according to animal grade, sex, ultimate pH or day of bone out post mortem (R = 0.54–0.72).
Effect of fortification on the compositional and sensory attributes of cowpea‐amala

Cowpea‐amala was produced from yam flour and cowpea flour blends. Cowpea flour substitution was at 0, 10 per cent, 20 per cent and 40 per cent. All fortified samples showed better nutrient composition than the control. The protein (7.28 per cent), ash (3.58 per cent), Na (0.08 per cent), K (0.89 per cent), Zn (0.0025 per cent) Ca (0.11 per cent) and Mg (0.008 per cent) of cowpea flour substitution at 40 per cent was highest. Amala prepared from these blends was not significantly different in taste, flavour and texture from the control. Higher scores were given with regards to colour and general acceptability in all amala samples. Also none of the samples were rejected.
From crystal symmetry to crystallographic proportions

What I will try to say on crystallography does not fit with what is normally considered to be: the science of crystals. Eugene Wigner told me once: ‘What you are saying is not true. I know what is a crystal! ’ Let me begin with the question: What is a crystal? In the past I knew. But then the incommensurate crystals and the quasicrystals came into the picture. Higher dimensional crystallography helped, but what about self-similarity properties in quasicrystals? And who ensures me against new forms of long range order, which is now considered to be required for a structure to be a crystal, periodic or not. How long has to be long range? About ten years ago I was stroked by morphological similarities between snow crystals and the biomacromolecule Cyclophilin. The question arose whether these similarities were accidental, or the result of what once Markus Fierz said about physicists: ‘Physicists are like King Midas. All what they touch becomes physics’. Replace physics by crystallography and you understand my problem. Because there is a real problem. Everybody will agree with me that a molecule is not a crystal. All what I know supports this view. Nevertheless, in one of my last papers I introduced the concept of molecular crystallography, with the real danger of becoming unable to communicate with the rest of the world and, in particular, with the readers of this special issue of Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. Therefore, I have complemented these personal views with a paper devoted to the crystallography of the biomacromolecule Amyloid P, with a five-fold symmetry, similar to Cyclophilin. In this paper a geometric form enclosing the molecule is indexed in a similar way as crystal growth forms, and there are Ca’s positions (at socalled form-confined folding points), which are correlated in a pentagrammal arrangement reminiscent of atomic positions of a decagonal quasicrystal phase. Am I right or not? I do not know. I invite the readers to look at the paper intended as illustration and to try to understand why I am unable to give a personal definition of crystallography. Personal opinions 325
A synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy study of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite up to 120 GPa

Abstract The electronic environment of the Fe nuclei in two silicate perovskite samples, Fe0.05Mg0. 95SiO3 (Pv05) and Fe0.1Mg0. 9SiO3 (Pv10), have been measured to 120 GPa and 75 GPa, respectively, at room temperature using diamond anvil cells and synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy (SMS). Such investigations of extremely small and dilute 57Fe-bearing samples have become possible through the development of SMS. Our results are explained in the framework of the “three-doublet” model, which assumes two Fe2+-like sites and one Fe3+-like site that are well distinguishable by the hyperfine fields at the location of the Fe nuclei. At low pressures, Fe3+/ΣFe is about 0.40 for both samples. Our results show that at pressures extending into the lowermost mantle the fraction of Fe3+ remains essentially unchanged, indicating that pressure alone does not alter the valence states of iron in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite. The quadrupole splittings of all Fe sites first increase with increasing pressure, which suggests an increasingly distorted (noncubic) local iron environment. Above pressures of 40 GPa for Pv10 and 80 GPa for Pv05, the quadrupole splittings are relatively constant, suggesting an increasing resistance of the lattice against further distortion. Around 70 GPa, a change in the volume dependence of the isomer shift could be indicative of the endpoint of a continuous transition of Fe3+ from a highspin to a low-spin state.
Wind Tunnel Studies of Particle Transport and Deposition in Turbulent Boundary Flows

In this study, particle transport and deposition were studied in a wind tunnel by measuring both the airflow turbulence characteristics and deposition of monodisperse uranine particles of 2.0-4.5 w m diameter on smooth, horizontal surfaces. Turbulence characteristics behind a 2.54 cm high rectangular bar were investigated for free stream velocities ranging from 3.3 m/s to 15.3 m/s. The well-developed boundary layer thickness was approximately four times the height of the rectangular bar at a distance of about 55 cm from the bar. Results of the wind tunnel experiments show the complex nature of deposition in turbulent flows due to the interactions between particles and turbulence. In general, the particle deposition flux is larger in the near wake region than in the far wake region. The particle deposition flux is roughly independent of the dimensionless particle relaxation time when the relaxation time is less than one, but increases rapidly as the relaxation time increases above one.
Preparation and Comparison of Hydrophobic Cotton Fabric Obtained by Direct Fluorination and Admicellar Polymerization of Fluoromonomers

Two different methods of surface modification of cotton fabrics are compared: direct fluorination using elemental fluorine and admicellar polymerization, which uses a surfactant and fluoromonomer system. Sample characterization includes infrared spectroscopy, analysis of mechanical properties, analysis of wetting times, contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and atomic force microscopy analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis showed the presence of fluorine moieties. For direct fluorinated cotton fabric, the static contact angle was found to be 117°, and for cotton fabric modified by admicellar polymerization, the contact angle was 125°. In all cases, the presence of a very thin fluorocarbon layer on the surface was confirmed, but differences in terms of the amount of fluorochemical formed and in surface structure were also found.
On the Fe2+ –Mg2+-Interdiffusion in Olivine (II)

Interdiffusion experiments have been performed in the quasibinary system Fe2SiO4–Mg2SiO4. Interdiffusion coefficients D have been evaluated for polycrystalline (FexMg1-x)2SiO4 between 1050°C 0.3, a po21/5-dependence is found. For smaller x-values, D is rather proportional to po21/5.5. It is also found that the oxygen pressure dependence of D, and of the vacancy concentration in the sublattice of the divalent cations, is the same. This means that indeed a vacancy mechanism is operative in the interdiffusion process. The strong composition dependence of D is almost entirely due to the strong composition dependence of the vacancy concentration. Various other olivine solid solution systems (where Me2+ = Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+) can be shown to behave similar to the iron-olivine. It is also found that DFe > DMg. The meaning of D is discussed in terms of the selfdiffusion coefficients DFe and DMg.
The effective correlation time τ in jaw cysts determined from 400 MHz NMR T1 and T2 measurements

Macromolecular crowding is a general phenomenon of biological systems, and the evaluation of a correlation time for a specific molecule is difficult when the molecular crowding exists. The determination of an effective correlation time may therefore give useful insights into molecular dynamics of such systems. In this work, the relaxation rates in the mixture of D2O (80%) and cystic fluid (20%) were measured with a NMR operating at 400 MHz for three types of cysts (non-infected radicular, infected radicular and hemorrhagic). The effective correlation times (τ values) were then determined by using a formula derived from the observed relaxation rates. The τ value of the infected cyst was found to be longer than those of the others for the studied cases. The present data suggest that an effective correlation time for fluids with macromolecular crowding can be determined from NMR relaxation measurements.
Solution Combustion Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite, Fe3O4, Nanopowders

Combustion synthesis of Fe3O4 and properties of the resulted powders have been discussed in relation to reaction atmosphere (in air/in the absence of air) and used fuel (sucrose, citric acid and glucose). Conducting the combustion reactions in air caused the rapid oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ under the influence of the atmospheric oxygen; therefore the final reaction product was a mixture of α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3. In order to avoid the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ a simple but efficient solution has been suggested: combustion reactions were carried out in a round bottom flask and the evolving gases were bubbled in a beaker filled with water. This solution allowed the preparation of Fe3O4 nanopowders, with crystallite size varying from 10 nm (glucose) to 18 nm (citric acid). Depending on the used fuel, the specific surface area of the magnetite powders varied between 56 m2/g (citric acid) and 106 m2/g (glucose). The saturation magnetization of Fe3O4 powders prepared in the absence of air ranged between 55.3 emu/g (glucose) and 59.4 emu/g (sucrose).
A Chemometrics Approach for Distinguishing between Beers Using near Infrared Spectroscopy

Thirty-eight beers from different producing areas and/or makers were distinguished by principal component analysis (PCA) of the near infrared (NIR) spectra acquired by a portable NIR spectrometer. Classsification of Akita beers: beers locally produced in Akita prefecture, Japan, from other famous brand beers could be successfully performed, especially when the PCA was calculated on the standard normal variate (SNV) spectra. The classification equations use information related to water and CH2 absorption that reflected the differences in chemical com position of beers due to different production processes. In addition, the compositions of total polyphenol and total nitrogen were estimated from NIR spectra by multiple linear regression (MLR). This study showed that NIR spectroscopy is promising for beer quality evaluation, both for identifying multifarious beers including Akita beers using PCA and for rapid in-line quality control and inspection for beer production using the quantitative MLR analysis.