Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deliberate metaphors ? An exploration of the choice and functions of metaphors in US-American college lectures

In this paper, we discuss the notion of deliberate metaphor use (cf. Steen 2011a) in academic discourse. In three college lectures, we analyze different kinds of metaphors (direct and indirect metaphors, novel and conventional metaphors) that are potential candidates of deliberate metaphor, in order to reveal how we can identify deliberate metaphors and what purpose they serve in academic discourse. Our analysis points out that deliberate metaphors are a powerful tool for professors who try to offer their students a new and scientific perspective on abstract concepts. However, we cannot give a general answer to the question how deliberate metaphors can be identified in discourse, since this seems to depend on the particular discourse context. In diesem Beitrag wird der Begriff der gezielten Metapher (‘deliberate metaphor’, vergleiche Steen 2011a) im Kontext des Hochschuldiskurses erörtert. In drei Kurssitzungen an einem amerikanischen College analysieren wir verschiedene Arten von Metaphern (direkte und indirekte Metaphern, neuartige und konventionelle Metaphern), die potentielle Kandidaten gezielt verwendeter Metaphern darstellen. Anhand dieser Analysen soll aufgezeigt werden, auf welche Weise gezielte Metaphern identifiziert werden können und welchen Zweck gezielter Metapherngebrauch im Hochschuldiskurs erfüllt. Unsere Untersuchung stellt heraus, dass gezielte Metaphern ein nützliches und effektives Werkzeug für Professoren darstellen, die versuchen, ihren Studierenden eine neue und wissenschaftliche Sichtweise auf abstrakte Konzepte zu eröffnen. Wir können jedoch keine allgemeine Antwort auf die Frage geben, wie gezielte Metaphern im Diskurs identifiziert werden können, da dies stark von dem spezifischen Diskurs-Kontext abhängt.
LENGTH AT AGE ESTIMATES OF BLACK CRAPPIE AND WHITE CRAPPIE AMONG LAKE CLASSES , RESERVOIRS , IMPOUNDMENTS , AND RIVERS IN MINNESOTA

We estimated lengths at ages 1 through 5 of black crappies from 964 water bodies (natural lakes, reservoirs, impoundments, and rivers) and white crappies from 76 water bodies in Minnesota. We report herein mean lengths at ages 1 through 5 of both species by lake class, reservoirs (man-made and natural), impoundments, and rivers. Mean lengths at ages 1 through 5 of black crappies differed significantly (P < 0.0001) among 32 lake classes, reservoirs, impoundments, and rivers. Conversely, white crappie lengths at the same ages did not differ as strongly (P ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0609) among nine lake classes, reservoirs, and impoundments. White crappie lengths frequently exceeded black crappie lengths at the same ages, but the opposite did not occur. Lengths at age 1 of both species increased from north to south, and appeared related to spawning and hatching times. However, longer lengths at older ages of both crappie species occurred in more productive waters, longer lengths at older ages of black crappies occurred in lakes and reservoirs with higher gill net catch per unit effort (CPUE) of walleye, and longer lengths at older ages of white crappies occurred in lakes with very low trap net CPUE of pumpkinseed. Increased lengths at age of one or both species also occurred in waters with low CPUE of bluegill, bowfin, and northern pike; high CPUE of black bullhead and yellow perch; and in lakes or reservoirs with low aquatic plant diversity or abundance. Diet of both species consisted of primarily dipterans, but fish became more important forage as crappie sizes increased. Lastly, black crappie lengths at ages 4 and 5 in lakes declined with increasing angling pressure.
Experience Drives Synchronization

Musical expertise is associated with structural and functional changes in the brain that underlie facilitated auditory perception. We investigated whether the phase locking (PL) and amplitude modulations (AM) of neuronal oscillations in response to musical chords are correlated with musical expertise and whether they reflect the prototypicality of chords in Western tonal music. To this aim, we recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) while musicians and non-musicians were presented with common prototypical major and minor chords, and with uncommon, non-prototypical dissonant and mistuned chords, while watching a silenced movie. We then analyzed the PL and AM of ongoing oscillations in the theta (4–8 Hz) alpha (8–14 Hz), beta(14–30 Hz) and gamma(30–80 Hz) bands to these chords. We found that musical expertise was associated with strengthened PL of ongoing oscillations to chords over a wide frequency range during the first 300 ms from stimulus onset, as opposed to increased alpha-band AM to chords over temporal MEG channels. In musicians, the gamma-band PL was strongest to non-prototypical compared to other chords, while in non-musicians PL was strongest to minor chords. In both musicians and non-musicians the long-latency (> 200 ms) gamma-band PL was also sensitive to chord identity, and particularly to the amplitude modulations (beats) of the dissonant chord. These findings suggest that musical expertise modulates oscillation PL to musical chords and that the strength of these modulations is dependent on chord prototypicality. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone. 0134211 August 20, 2015 1 / 21 a11111
HARPS-N Solar RVs Are Dominated by Large, Bright Magnetic Regions

State-of-the-art radial-velocity (RV) exoplanet searches are currently limited by RV signals arising from stellar magnetic activity. We analyze solar observations acquired over a 3 yr period during the decline of Carrington Cycle 24 to test models of RV variation of Sun-like stars. A purpose-built solar telescope at the High Accuracy Radial-velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern hemisphere (HARPS-N) provides disk-integrated solar spectra, from which we extract RVs and log R HK ′ . The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) provides disk-resolved images of magnetic activity. The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) provides near-continuous solar photometry, analogous to a Kepler light curve. We verify that the SORCE photometry and HARPS-N log R HK ′ correlate strongly with the SDO-derived magnetic filling factor, while the HARPS-N RV variations do not. To explain this discrepancy, we test existing models of RV variations. We estimate the contributions of the suppression of convective blueshift and the rotational imbalance due to brightness inhomogeneities to the observed HARPS-N RVs. We investigate the time variation of these contributions over several rotation periods, and how these contributions depend on the area of active regions. We find that magnetic active regions smaller than 60 Mm2 do not significantly suppress convective blueshift. Our area-dependent model reduces the amplitude of activity-induced RV variations by a factor of two. The present study highlights the need to identify a proxy that correlates specifically with large, bright magnetic regions on the surfaces of exoplanet-hosting stars.
SaccadeMachine: software for analyzing saccade tests (anti-saccade and pro-saccade)

Various types of saccadic paradigms, in particular, Prosaccade and Antisaccade tests are widely used in Pathophysiology and Psychology. Despite been widely used, there has not been a standard tool for processing and analyzing the eye tracking data obtained from saccade tests. We describe an open-source software for extracting and analyzing the eye movement data of different types of saccade tests that can be used to extract and compare participants' performance and various task-related measures across participants. We further demonstrate the utility of the software by using it to analyze the data from an antisaccade, and a recent distractor experiment.
The Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Medial Coronoid Diasease in Dogs : 20 Cases

In this study, clinical status and treatment outcomes of 20 dogs, which were referred to Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Surgery with the complaint of forelimb lameness and diagnosed with medial coronoid disease (MCD), were assessed. The diagnosis was made based on radiographic findings in 16 patients, on arthroscopic findings in 2 and on computed tomographic findings in other 2 patients. Arthrotomy aimed at removal of fragmented medial coronoid process and debridement of the surrounding tissues was carried out on a total of 20 elbow joints. Average functional recovery period after arthrotomy was 31 days and postoperative lameness scores on day 30 were “1” and “0” in 8 and 12 cases, respectively. Recovery rates on postoperative day 60 were detected to be moderate, good and very good in 9, 5 and 6 dogs, respectively. In the current study, treatment options were evaluated in the dogs with medial coronoid disease and the outcomes were aimed to be a contribution to veterinary practice.
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL HABITATS OF FRUIT-FEEDING BUTTERFLIES ( LEPIDOPTERA ) ON SIBERUT , MENTAWAI ISLANDS , INDONESIA

Continental islands harbor only fractions of mainland biota, which has potentially important consequences for the ecological processes affecting community structure. We assessed for the first time abundance, species richness, and vertical and horizontal niches of fruit-feeding butterflies of the Mentawai islands chain, which has been separated from Sumatra for more than 500 000 years. The study was carried out on Siberut, the Mentawai’s largest and least disturbed island, using standard banana-baiting at three vertical (1m, 15m, and 30m) and two horizontal levels (natural and disturbed forest), expending an effort of 544 trap-days. Overall capture rates were similar to other SE Asian trapping studies but with only 20 observed (28 estimated) species, fruit-feeding butterfly species richness was only half of that of similar studies on the larger islands of Borneo or Sulawesi. Abundance and species richness did not significantly differ between natural and disturbed forest, however the four most abundant species (Dichorragia nesimachus, Mycalesis maianeas, Mycalesis oresis and Neorina lowii) had significantly different capture rates between forest types and vertical levels. Multidimensional scaling revealed distinct vertically and horizontally structured butterfly communities. In an interspecific comparison, there was a moderate correlation between geographic range size and habitat specificity in Satyrinae: species with wider geographic ranges had a lower proportion of individuals in natural forest compared with narrow-ranging species, as found in various similar studies. Overall, details of community organization on Siberut appeared to be relatively similar to that of better-known and more species-rich communities (Borneo or Sulawesi), with no evidence for larger vertical or horizontal niches on the island and similar abundances of common species.
Absorption Enhancement of Coated Absorbing Aerosols: Validation of the Photo-Acoustic Technique for Measuring the Enhancement

A photo-acoustic absorption spectrometer (PAS) and a cavity ring down aerosol extinction spectrometer (CRD-AES) were used, in conjunction with Mie Theory, to measure the refractive index (RI) of absorbing polystyrene spheres (APSS). The PAS and CRD-AES were also used to measure the absorption and extinction enhancement after these APSS were coated in oleic acid. The experimental enhancements were then compared to predictions from coated-sphere Mie Theory. The measured absorption and extinction enhancements both agreed with modeled enhancements to within an average of 5%. A filter-based absorption technique (particle soot absorption photometer, PSAP) was also used to measure the absorption by the APSS and showed a significant size-dependent bias, as evidenced by the filter-based method measuring significantly lower absorption for both uncoated and coated APSS compared to the PAS. These results suggest the validity of applying photo-acoustics to measure the absorption enhancement created by semi-volatile atmospheric species coating absorbing particles.
Sistemática Interference of conventional and orthodontic nipples in stomatognatic system : systematic review

Accepted: June 29, 2015 Study carried out at the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Department, School of Odontology of Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo – USP Bauru (SP), Brazil. 1 Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo – USP Bauru (SP), Brazil. 2 Departamento de Odontopediatria, Ortodontia e Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo – USP Bauru (SP), Brazil. Financial support: none. Conflict of interests: nothing to declare. ABSTRACT
Risks for Life on Habitable Planets from Superflares of Their Host Stars

We explore some of the ramifications arising from superflares on the evolutionary history of Earth, other planets in the solar system, and exoplanets. We propose that the most powerful superflares can serve as plausible drivers of extinction events, and that their periodicity corresponds to certain patterns in the terrestrial fossil diversity record. On the other hand, weaker superflares may play a positive role in enabling the origin of life through the formation of key organic compounds. Superflares could also prove to be quite detrimental to the evolution of complex life on present-day Mars and exoplanets in the habitable zone of M- and K-dwarfs. We conclude that the risk posed by superflares has not been sufficiently appreciated, and that humanity might potentially witness a superflare event in the next ∼ 10 3 years, leading to devastating economic and technological losses. In light of the many uncertainties and assumptions associated with our analysis, we recommend that these results should be viewed with due caution.
Evaluating light rain from satellite- and ground-based remote sensing data over the subtropical North Atlantic

AbstractThree state-of-the-art satellite climatologies are analyzed for their ability to observe light rain from predominantly shallow, warm clouds over the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean trade winds (1998–2005). HOAPS composite (HOAPS-C), version 3.2; TMPA, version 7; and GPCP 1 Degree Daily (1DD), version 1.2, are compared with ground-based S-Pol radar data from the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO; winter 2004/05) campaign and Micro Rain Radar data from the Barbados Cloud Observatory (2010–12). Winter rainfall amounts to one-third of annual rainfall, whereby light rain from warm clouds dominates. Daily rain occurrence and rain intensity during RICO largely differ among the satellite climatologies. TMPA best captures the frequent light rain events, only missing 7% of days on which the S-Pol radar detects rain, whereas HOAPS-C misses 33% and GPCP 1DD misses 56%. Algorithm constraints mainly cause these differences. In HOAPS-C also few available passive microwave (PMW) sensor overpasses limit its pe.
Association of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels with Arterial Stiffness Index in Newly Diagnosed Untreated Hypertensive Patients in Rural Tertiary Care Centre of North India

1,2 Assistant Professor, Department of General Medicine, Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical College for women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India 3 MBBS Undergraduate Student Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India 4 Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India
Taxometric analysis. I: Detecting taxonicity with two quantitative indicators using means above and below a sliding cut (MAMBAC procedure)

Given two quantitative indicators of a conjectured latent taxon, a statistical function defined as the difference between the observed means for cases of one indicator (designated for the procedure as the «output» indicator) falling above and below a sliding cut on the other indicator (designated as the «input» indicator) indicates whether the latent structure is taxonic or nontaxonic («factorial;» «dimensional»). If it is taxonic, latent parameters, e.g., base rate, hit rates, complement and taxon means, can be estimated. Graphs can be inspectionally sorted with very high accuracy, even by laypersons
Is there an aerosol signature of chemical cloud processing?

Abstract. The formation of sulfate and secondary organic aerosol mass in the aqueous phase (aqSOA) of cloud and fog droplets can significantly contribute to ambient aerosol mass. While tracer compounds give evidence that aqueous-phase processing occurred, they do not reveal the extent to which particle properties have been modified in terms of mass, chemical composition, hygroscopicity, and oxidation state. We analyze data from several field experiments and model studies for six air mass types (urban, biogenic, marine, wild fire biomass burning, agricultural biomass burning, and background air) using aerosol size and composition measurements for particles 13–850 nm in diameter. We focus on the trends of changes in mass, hygroscopicity parameter κ, and oxygen-to-carbon (O ∕ C) ratio due to chemical cloud processing. We find that the modification of these parameters upon cloud processing is most evident in urban, marine, and biogenic air masses, i.e., air masses that are more polluted than very clean air (background air) but cleaner than heavily polluted plumes as encountered during biomass burning. Based on these trends, we suggest that the mass ratio (Rtot) of the potential aerosol sulfate and aqSOA mass to the initial aerosol mass can be used to predict whether chemical cloud processing will be detectable. Scenarios in which this ratio exceeds Rtot∼0.5 are the most likely ones in which clouds can significantly change aerosol parameters. It should be noted that the absolute value of Rtot depends on the considered size range of particles. Rtot is dominated by the addition of sulfate (Rsulf) in all scenarios due to the more efficient conversion of SO2 to sulfate compared to aqSOA formation from organic gases. As the formation processes of aqSOA are still poorly understood, the estimate of RaqSOA is likely associated with large uncertainties. Comparison to Rtot values as calculated for ambient data at different locations validates the applicability of the concept to predict a chemical cloud-processing signature in selected air masses.
The effects of galaxy shape and rotation on the X-ray haloes of early-type galaxies – II. Numerical simulations

By means of high resolution 2D hydrodynamical simulations, we study the evolution of the hot ISM for a large set of early-type galaxy models, characterized by various degrees of flattening and internal rotation. The galaxies are described by state-of-the-art axisymmetric two-component models, tailored to reproduce real systems; the dark matter haloes follow the Navarro-Frenk-White or the Einasto profile. The gas is produced by the evolving stars, and heated by Type Ia SNe. We find that, in general, the rotation field of the ISM in rotating galaxies is very similar to that of the stars, with a consequent negligible heating contribution from thermalization of the ordered motions. The relative importance of flattening and rotation in determining the final X-ray luminosity $L_x$ and temperature $T_x$ of the hot haloes is a function of the galactic mass. Flattening and rotation in low mass galaxies favour the establishment of global winds, with the consequent reduction of $L_x$. In medium-to-high mass galaxies, flattening and rotation are not sufficient to induce global winds, however, in the rotating models the nature of the gas flows is deeply affected by conservation of angular momentum, resulting in a reduction of both $L_x$ and $T_x$.
Long time heat diffusion on homogeneous trees

Let X be a homogeneous tree of degree q + 1, q ≥ 2, L the Laplace operator of X and ht(x) the fundamental solution of the heat equation (∂t+L)u = 0 on X. We show that the heat kernel ht(x) is asymptotically concentrated in an annulus moving to infinity with finite speed R1 = (q−1)/(q+1). Asymptotic concentration of heat in the Lp norm is also investigated. 0. Introduction Let X be a homogeneous tree of degree q+ 1, that is, a connected graph with no loops in which every vertex is adjacent to q + 1 other vertices; in particular if q is equal to one, then the tree may be identified with the integers Z. We will write x ∼ y if x and y are adjacent. The tree is endowed with a natural distance function d, where d(x, y) is the number of edges in the unique path from x to y, and by a natural Laplace operator L defined by Lf(x) = 1 q + 1 ∑ y∼x [f(x)− f(y)]. If we denote by L(X) the Lebesgue spaces on X with respect to counting measure, then L is easily seen to be bounded on L(X) for every 1 ≤ p ≤ +∞, and selfadjoint on L(X), and therefore the heat operator Ht, which is spectrally defined on L(X) by Htf = ∫ σ2(L) edPλf ∀t ∈ (0,+∞) ∀f ∈ L(X), where σ2(L) denotes the L spectrum of L, and Pλ its spectral resolution, is also given by the series
Retina Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence and Optical Coherence Tomography in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy

Citation: Duncker T, Greenberg JP, Ramachandran R, et al. Quantitative fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography in Best vitelliform macular dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:1471–1482. DOI:10.1167/iovs.13-13834 PURPOSE. Quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) segmentation, and multimodal imaging were performed to elucidate the pathogenesis of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) and to identify abnormalities in lesion versus nonlesion fundus areas.
New Approaches Modeling a Mixture of Static and Switching Sites : RaMoSS

When a substitution model is fitted to an alignment using maximum likelihood, its parameters are adjusted to account for as much site-pattern variation as possible. A parameter might therefore absorb a substantial quantity of the total variance in an alignment (or more formally, bring about a substantial reduction in the deviance of the fitted model) even if the process it represents played no role in the generation of the data. When this occurs, we say that the parameter estimate carries phenomenological load (PL). Large PL in a parameter estimate is a concern because it not only invalidates its mechanistic interpretation (if it has one) but also increases the likelihood that it will be found to be statistically significant. The problem of PL was not identified in the past because most off-the-shelf substitution models make simplifying assumptions that preclude the generation of realistic levels of variation. In this study, we use the more realistic mutation-selection framework as the basis of a generating model formulated to produce data that mimic an alignment of mammalian mitochondrial DNA. We show that a parameter estimate can carry PL when 1) the substitution model is underspecified and 2) the parameter represents a process that is confounded with other processes represented in the data-generating model. We then provide a method that can be used to identify signal for the process that a given parameter represents despite the existence of PL.
Evidence for Ku 70 / Ku 80 association with full-length RAG 1

Antigen receptor genes are assembled by a sitespecific DNA rearrangement process called V(D)J recombination. This process proceeds through two distinct phases: a cleavage phase in which the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins introduce DNA double-strand breaks at antigen receptor gene segments, and a joining phase in which the resulting DNA breaks are processed and repaired via the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggest that the RAG proteins play an active role in guiding the repair of DNA breaks introduced during V(D)J recombination to the NHEJ pathway. However, evidence for specific association between the RAG proteins and any of the factors involved in NHEJ remains elusive. Here we present evidence that two components of the NHEJ pathway, Ku70 and Ku80, interact with fulllength RAG1, providing a biochemical link between the two phases of V(D)J recombination.