Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trauma exposure, social functioning, and common mental health disorders in Somali refugee male and female youth: An SEM analysis

Background: Refugee youth often face numerous adversities before and during forced migration. Although experiences vary across settings and subpopulations, common mental disorders are prevalent among refugee youth who are displaced in low- and middle-income countries. It is important to examine how risk factors are intricately linked and contribute to common mental health issues to inform clinical practice and social policy. Aims: This study aims to test the pathways from risk factors previously identified as determinants of Somali refugee youth mental health (i.e. trauma exposure, substance use, social functioning, aggression) to symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and somatic pains. Method: We collected survey data in 2013, using snowball sampling to recruit Somali refugee youth (15–35 years old) living in Eastleigh, Kenya. We ran three structural equation models to assess paths from trauma exposure to mental health symptoms, through psychosocial factors including substance use, aggression, and functional impairment. We first conducted this analysis with a mixed-gender sample (N = 305) and then assessed gender differences by running one model for male participants (n = 124) and another for female participants (n = 181). Results: In the mixed-gender sample, trauma exposure directly predicted substance use and both directly and indirectly predicted aggression, functional impairment, and mental health symptoms. Substance use directly predicted aggression and functional impairment, and substance use both directly and indirectly predicted mental health symptoms. The split-gender models revealed gender differences, with only functional impairment directly predicting mental health symptoms in the male sample and with many significant direct and indirect pathways in the female sample. Conclusions: This study shows the role of trauma exposure, substance use, aggression, and social functioning in determining mental health outcomes among refugee youth and how CMD symptoms are differently manifested across genders in this population.
Decision Making across Adulthood during Physical Distancing

ABSTRACT Covid-19-related social-distancing measures have dramatically limited physical social contact between individuals and increased monetary and health concerns for individuals of all ages. We wondered how these new societal conditions would impact the choices individuals make about monetary, health, and social rewards, and if these unprecedented conditions would have a differential impact on older individuals. We conducted two online studies to examine temporal discounting of monetary, health, and social rewards; stated preferences for monetary, health, and social rewards; and physical distancing behaviors. Both studies recruited equal numbers of White/Caucasian, Black/African American, and Hispanic/Latinx participants. We found that older adults were more likely to prefer smaller, sooner social and health-related rewards in decision-making tasks. These data further support the assertion that older adults have increased motivation for social and health rewards compared to younger individuals and that these age differences in motivation are important to consider when examining decision-making across the adult life span.
Fingertip injury epidemiology: an Indian perspective

Abstract Fingertip injuries result in significant morbidity. It is associated with pain, loss of work and recreational hours, financial burden, and distortion of body image. Although it is a common injury, the epidemiology of fingertip injury is a subject with scanty literature. This study is aimed at providing epidemiology of fingertip injury in India. Epidemiological data were collected and analysed through a retrospective review of all fingertip injuries over a period of four years treated in our department. In the paediatric population, among the 241 injuries in 221children, most occurred at home (98%). Most incidents were in children under five years of age (74%). The most commonly involved digit is the middle finger (29%) and door crush was the commonest reason (80%). Incomplete fingertip amputation with nail bed injury was seen in 80% of cases. In adults, there were 351 injuries in 290 patients, most of which occurred by jamming of the finger at a two-wheeler chain (22.5%). The second most common cause is cut by machine and associated with heavy machinery (17.6%). Complete amputation at the nailbed level was seen in 50% of the cases. Both children and adults need to be educated regarding the causation and effects of fingertip injuries. Damage to fingers can be prevented and reduced by observing safety measures both inside the home and at the workplace.
Predominant cause of faster force recovery in females than males after intense eccentric contractions in mouse fast‐twitch muscle

We investigated the mechanisms underlying faster force recovery from eccentric contractions (ECCs) in female than in male mice, focusing on mitochondrial responses. At 3 days after repeated ECCs (REC3), female mice showed faster recovery from ECC‐induced force depression than male mice. At REC3, the mitochondria in females displayed superior responses to those in males: (i) mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter content of muscles at REC3 was higher than that of rested muscles in females, and (ii) mitochondrial volume density in females was higher than that in males at REC3. Ovariectomized (OVX) female mice showed lower mitochondrial responses at REC3, similar to those observed in male mice, but oestrogen replacement nullified such lower responses in OVX. We concluded that: (i) superior mitochondrial responses after ECCs, at least in part, cause faster force recovery from ECCs in females than in males, and (ii) oestrogen contributes to such superior responses in the mitochondria in females.
Why the long beak? Phylogeny, convergence, feeding ecology, and evolutionary allometry shaped the skull of the Giant Cowbird Molothrus oryzivorus (Icteridae)

Cowbirds are a successful group of obligate brood parasites in the Neotropical passerine family Icteridae that offer an interesting model to explore the factors behind the evolution of the bird craniomandibular complex. The Giant Cowbird, Molothrus oryzivorus, stands out from its congeners, among other features, in diet (feeds mostly on fruit, nectar, and arthropods, instead on seeds), its larger body size, and longer, more robust beak with a much broader bony casque than in other cowbirds. In turn, Giant Cowbirds show a remarkable resemblance in these features to the distantly related caciques and oropendolas (some are its breeding hosts). However, the causes behind the latter resemblance and the distinctiveness among cowbirds have not yet been elucidated. We aim to explore the factors involved in the diverging morphology of the Giant Cowbird from its congeners and the convergence with caciques and oropendolas, surveying their skull and lower jaw under an explicit evolutionary framework. Using geometric morphometrics and comparative methods, we assessed the signal of phylogeny, convergence, feeding ecology, and size in skull shape. Our results indicated that evolution of the craniomandibular complex of icterids in general, and of the beak morphology in the Giant Cowbird in particular, are shaped by multiple factors, with phylogeny being largely overridden by changes in size (evolutionary allometry), primarily, and feeding ecology, secondarily. However, the evolution of a broad bony casque in the Giant Cowbird, otherwise a hallmark of caciques and oropendolas, does not appear to have primarily been ruled by evolutionary allometry. Instead, taking into account the unique extreme convergence between Giant Cowbirds and some of its caciques hosts, it might be consequence of selective regimes associated with parasite–host interactions acting on top of other evolutionary processes. This suggests chick mimicry as a reasonable explanation for this peculiar morphology that would require further investigation.
Professional Values Development Among Jordanian Baccalaureate Nursing Students

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Abstract AIM The aims of the study were to identify professional values among third- and fourth-year baccalaureate nursing students at private and public universities in Jordan and to investigate the demographic variables correlating with professional values. BACKGROUND Educational curricula reinforce professional values among nursing students. METHOD A cross-sectional design was used; the questionnaire included a demographic variable survey and the Nurses Professional Values Scale-3. RESULTS The mean score for the overall value scale was moderate (3.5, SD = 0.4, range 1–5). The caring subscale was the highest (3.9); the professionalism and the activism subscales had the same mean (3.3). Male students, studying in private universities and employed in health care, scored higher (p = .002, .001, and .01, respectively). Study track and age were insignificantly correlated. CONCLUSION The development of professional values is associated positively with practice and employment status; clinical experience improved students’ sense of professionalism.
Understanding the Interactions Between the Ocular Surface Microbiome and the Tear Proteome

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the interplay between the ocular surface microbiome and the tear proteome in humans in order to better understand the pathogenesis of ocular surface-associated diseases. Methods Twenty eyes from 20 participants were included in the study. The ocular surface microbiome was sequenced by whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing using lid and conjunctival swabs. Furthermore, the tear proteome was identified using chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. After compositional and functional profiling of the metagenome and functional characterization of the proteome by gene ontology, association studies between the ocular microbiome and tear proteome were assessed. Results Two hundred twenty-nine taxa were identified with Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria being the most abundant phyla with significantly more Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis in lid compared to conjunctival swabs. The lid metagenomes were enriched in genes of the glycolysis lll and adenosine nucleotides de novo and L-isoleucine biosynthesis. Correlations between the phylum Firmicutes and fatty acid metabolism, between the genus Agrobacterium as well as vitamin B1 synthesis and antimicrobial activity, and between biosynthesis of heme, L-arginine, as well as L-citrulline and human vision were detected. Conclusions The ocular surface microbiome was found to be associated with the tear proteome with a role in human immune defense. This study has a potential impact on the development of treatment strategies for ocular surface-associated diseases.
Neural mechanisms of modulations of empathy and altruism by beliefs of others’ pain

Perceived cues signaling others’ pain induce empathy which in turn motivates altruistic behavior toward those who appear suffering. This perception-emotion-behavior reactivity is the core of human altruism but does not always occur in real-life situations. Here, by integrating behavioral and multimodal neuroimaging measures, we investigate neural mechanisms underlying modulations of empathy and altruistic behavior by beliefs of others’ pain (BOP). We show evidence that lack of BOP reduces subjective estimation of others’ painful feelings and decreases monetary donations to those who show pain expressions. Moreover, lack of BOP attenuates neural responses to their pain expressions within 200 ms after face onset and modulates neural responses to others’ pain in the insular, post-central, and frontal cortices. Our findings suggest that BOP provide a cognitive basis of human empathy and altruism and unravel the intermediate neural mechanisms.
D-methionine immediate and continued rescue after noise exposure does not prevent temporary threshold shift but alters cochlear and serum antioxidant levels

Abstract Objective Determine if D-methionine (D-met) rescue prevents temporary threshold shift (TTS) from steady-state or impulse noise and determine D-met’s impact on serum and cochlear antioxidant levels. Design D-met at 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg/doses were administered 0, 6 and 18 hours-post noise. ABRs at baseline and 24 hours post-noise measured TTS. Serum (SOD, CAT, GR, GPx) and cochlear (GSH, GSSG) antioxidant levels measured physiological influence. Three control groups, with impulse or steady-state or without noise, were saline-injected. Study Sample Ten Chinchillas/group. Results D-met rescue did not significantly reduce TTS or impact serum CAT, SOD, GPx or GR levels vs. noise-exposed control groups, but TTS was greater in all groups relative to no-noise controls. D-met significantly elevated CAT at 50 mg/kg vs. steady-state controls and SOD at 200 mg/kg vs. impulse noise controls. D-met significantly reduced cochlear GSH/GSSG ratios in the 100 mg/kg D-met group vs. impulse noise controls. Conclusions While D-met rescue has reduced permanent threshold shift in previous studies, it did not reduce TTS in this study. However, D-met rescue did alter selective serum and cochlear oxidative state changes 24 hours post-noise relative to controls. Results demonstrate TTS studies do not always predict PTS protection in otoprotectant experimental designs.
Classifying the evidence for evidence-based classification in Paralympic sport

A central component of the Paralympic mission is to “ . enable Para athletes to achieve sporting excellence” (International Paralympic Committee, 2019, p. 21). Para sport classification systems perform two functions that are critical for the realisation of the IPC’s mission. First, a sport’s classification system defines the minimum impairment required to be eligible to compete in that Para sport. In this way, classification is fundamental to Para sport because, in a literal sense, it provides a framework for determining who is (and who is not) a Para athlete. Second, a classification system groups athletes into sport classes which control for the impact of impairment on the outcome of competition to ensure that, as far as possible, sporting excellence determines which athlete or team is ultimately victorious (International Paralympic Committee, 2015; Tweedy & Vanlandewijck, 2011). Without classification it is not possible to hold legitimate Para sport competitions, or to differentiate the very best athletes from all others. It is only 10 years since the conceptual framework for evidence-based classification was outlined in the IPC Position Stand on the background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport (Tweedy & Vanlandewijck, 2011). The position stand stated that each sport should develop its own classification system based on empirical evidence that demonstrates the association between impairment and performance in that sport. This represented a significant departure point from existing classification systems which often were developed on the basis of opinion and were similar across sports with very different demands. Given the relatively short time since the publication of that original position stand, it is with great pleasure that we are able to co-edit this special issue of 19 scientific articles on evidencebased classification in Para sports. Ten years ago the existence of such a special issue could not have been envisaged, and indeed, would not have been possible without significant, dedicated contributions from the whole Movement: the IPC and its member organisations, Para athletes, coaches, classifiers, and the scientific community who have produced the research. The body of research presented in this special issue of the Journal of Sports Sciences has a number of striking features. It has remarkable breadth, covering evidence-based classification for athletes with physical, intellectual, and vision impairment. And, as we are about to explain, the research papers cover not only each of the steps required in the development of a sport-specific system of classification, but have begun to address issues relevant to the effective implementation of those new systems. Overall, this body of research materially demonstrates that the Movement is progressing to the point where classification decisions will not only be valid and reliable, but also transparent and defensible. Classifying classification research
Analysis of key external and internal load variables in professional female futsal players: a longitudinal study

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to identify the key external and internal load variables in professional futsal through principal components analysis (PCA), and analyse the physical performance required by the players in official matches. Data were collected from 14 female players during 10 matches using WIMU PROTM. The PCA selected a total of 22 variables as key indicators of players’ load. Specifically, these variables were represented by five principal components. However, a novel finding was that different components were extracted when the analysis was carried out by full match (68.83% of total variance), first half (69.81% of total variance), or second half (65.96% of total variance). Also, this study found that the players decreased their physical performance during the second half. Based on these results, this study may help optimize performance and reduce the injury risk. Performance should not be only analysed considering the full match external/internal load but also specifying by match halves. This is explained by the fact that there were variables that made up the principal components in the first half, but not in the second half or full match. Finally, coaches should adopt training strategies which deal with the decrease in physical performance during the second half.
Systematically Increased External Loads Secured Inferior to Younger and Older Adults’ Center of Mass Improves Postural Control without Compromising Functional Motor Performance

Abstract Few studies have investigated the effect of external loads secured inferior to the center of mass (COM) on postural control and motor performance in younger and older adults. In the present study, we investigated the effect of systematically increased external loads secured inferior to the COM on young (N = 15, age [years]: M = 26.67, SD= 3.45) and older adults’ (N = 15, age [years]: M = 67.4, SD= 7.69) center of pressure displacement and velocity, and also dart throwing performance in four different load conditions: 1) no load (control condition), 2) loading with 5% of body mass, 3) loading with 10% of body mass, and 4) loading with 20% of body mass. Overall, older adults had higher COP displacement and velocity in both anterior/posterior (AP) and Medio-lateral (ML) directions and poorer dart throwing scores than younger adults. Despite no significant difference in dart throwing performance for the different load conditions within each age group, loading with 10% and 20% of body mass reduced AP COP displacement relative to control for both study groups, with 20% body mass also reducing AP COP velocity relative to control for both study groups. In conclusion the present findings reveal that external loads secured inferior to older and younger adults’ COM may enhance postural control without compromising motor performance. The findings were discussed in the context of fall-prevention and athletic performance.
Calibrated, delayed‐cane winter pruning controls yield and significantly postpones berry ripening parameters in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir

Background and Aims The postponement of spur pruning after budburst has recently been proposed as a simple and inexpensive way to delay sugaring, maintain acidity and contain yield in spur‐pruned trellised grapes. Yet, no long‐term data are available for the widely adopted cane pruning system. Methods and Results Mature field grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir vines were subjected for three consecutive years to the following treatments: standard winter pruning (WP), double pruning (DP), where shortening and positioning of the selected cane is postponed, and late pruning (LP), where all pruning operations are postponed. Postponed pruning was performed when shoot growth from node 10 of the unpruned canes had reached an average stage of more than three unfolded leaves. Phenological and ripening dynamics, yield components and must composition were determined. Double pruning did not affect phenology and overall vine performance compared to that of WP. Conversely, LP significantly delayed ripening over 2 trial years; LP also slightly increased whole‐vine and single‐cane phenological variability, whereas yield per vine was reduced by 35% as compared to that of WP because of lower shoot fruitfulness. Conclusions If repeated over several seasons, late WP applied to a cane‐pruned system when the distal part of the cane has already burst an average of three leaves can become effective at delaying phenology and extending maturity into a cooler season. Significance of the Study We have validated a simple technique suitable for preserving balanced must composition required for a range of sparkling wine styles.
Uterine massage to reduce blood loss after vaginal delivery

Abstract Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal mortality and disability. A need for simple, inexpensive techniques to prevent PPH and provide treatment exists, particularly in cases where uterotonics cannot be accessed. Uterine massage is recommended as part of the routine active management of the third stage of labor. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of uterine massage after delivery of the placenta in reducing postpartum blood loss. Thus, a randomized controlled trial was conducted in Turkey between March 2018 and September 2018. A total of 176 pregnant women (88 in the control and 88 in the uterine massage groups) were randomly allocated to the two groups: one group receiving sustained uterine massage, while the other comprising the control group. The uterine massage group was administered transabdominal uterine massage, starting immediately after delivery of the placenta and continuing every 15 min for a duration of 2 h until the uterus hardened. The blood loss within 2 h of delivery was recorded. Level of significance was taken as p < 0.05, and the chi-square, t, and Mann–Whitney U tests as well as Spearman’s correlation and linear regression were employed in the analysis of the data. The average amount blood loss within 2 h of the delivery was significantly higher in the control group than in the massage group (X = 170.49 ± 61.46 and X = 186.20 ± 47.59, p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was present between the uterine massage and control groups in terms of hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC, and RCB pre-delivery and pre-discharge (first 24 h) values and in the use of additional uterotonics and the amount of blood loss (p < 0.05). The results of the analysis show that postpartum uterine massage has a reducing effect on the amount of PPH.
Pharmacogenomic Clinical Decision Support: A Review, How‐to Guide, and Future Vision

Clinical decision support (CDS) is an essential part of any pharmacogenomics (PGx) implementation. Increasingly, institutions have implemented CDS tools in the clinical setting to bring PGx data into patient care, and several have published their experiences with these implementations. However, barriers remain that limit the ability of some programs to create CDS tools to fit their PGx needs. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the types, functions, and limitations of PGx CDS currently in practice. Then, we provide an approachable step‐by‐step how‐to guide with a case example to help implementers bring PGx to the front lines of care regardless of their setting. Particular focus is paid to the five “rights” of CDS as a core around designing PGx CDS tools. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of opportunities and areas of growth for PGx CDS.