Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Osmotic Concentration – Drying of Mango Slices

ABSTRACT The effect of initial water activity (aw) of mango slices obtained by osmotic concentration pre-treatments with sucrose syrups on their air-drying behavior at 50, 60 and 70°C were evaluated calculating the apparent diffusion coefficients with second Fick's law. The increase in sucrose concentration or reduction in ew of mango slices affects the moisture transport during the air drying step. The diffusion coefficients decrease with the increasing in solid content during the osmosis and increase with the drying temperature. The time needed to reach a final moisture content of 0.7 g water/g ds was 50 to 75% lower in osmosed mangoes than those obtained for fresh mango.
SOIL NITROGEN MINERALIZATION INDEXES AND CORN RESPONSE IN CROP ROTATIONS 1

Predicting N availability from legumes to a subsequent crop has been problematic. We tested the hypothesis that corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and whole plant N accumulation could be predicted from N mineralization indexes of soil samples containing representative amounts of incorporated residues from the previous crop. Soil samples were taken from a crop rotation study conducted at four locations in Minnesota, in which corn was grown following eight crop treatments, including fallow, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), soybeans [Glycine max L. (Merr.)], corn, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Corn received from 0 to 224 kg of fertilizer N/ha. Soil was procured from the plow layer during the 2 weeks before planting and to 1.5 m (for inorganic N) within 1 week after planting. Subsamples were subjected to acid permanganate, autoclave, and glucose extractions, inorganic N determination, and aerobic and anaerobic incubations. With stepwise multiple regression, 1 week of aerobic incubation contributed as much as did incubation times up to 12 weeks to models of grain yield and total N uptake at physiological maturity. Results of acid permanganate, autoclave, and glucose extractions, and of anaerobic incubation did not consistently contribute to the models. Over all locations, topsoil inorganic N and 1 week of aerobic incubation explained between 65 and 81|X% of the variability in grain yield and total N accumulation of nonfertilized corn. For fertilized corn, N application rate alone accounted for the majority of variability in grain yield and total N uptake. Two independent crop rotation experiments provided data used to validate the predictive capability of the regression models. Despite promising relationships derived from the initial experiment, results from validation experiments were not reliably predicted by these equations. Although analyses of soil samples containing crop residues for inorganic soil N and a particular N mineralization index may relate well to yield and N uptake by corn in a given year, variability among years may preclude general use of these models for predictive purposes.
Evaluation of an ultrasonic dispersion procedure to isolate primary organomineral complexes from soils

Soil organic matter can be intimately associated with mineral particles of various sizes. For structural studies, soil organic matter can be isolated in particle size fractions after complete dispersion of the aggregates by ultrasonication. The ultrasonic dispersion energy necessary for complete dispersion was investigated in three A and two B horizons originating from four soils differing in pedogenesis (Gleysol, Phaeozem, Podzol, Alisol), organic C (4.2–34.5 g kg–1) and clay content (24–294 g kg–1). Calorimetric calibration of five probe‐type ultrasonifiers revealed that the actual energy output from an instrument can depart widely from its nominal output, and that this discrepancy varies from instrument to instrument. Calorimetric calibration is therefore essential for consistency and comparisons between laboratories. Between 450 and 500 J ml–1 of ultrasonic dispersion energy was enough to disperse completely all samples investigated. The particle size distributions obtained were close to those from standard analysis, except for smaller yields (–20 to –80 g kg–1) of sand size fractions, which suggests that dispersion by ultrasound is more effective. Based on total C, C:N ratio and distribution of dissolved C, no detachment of soil organic matter from primary organomineral complexes and no redistribution between particle size fractions could be detected in the range 30–590 J ml–1 of dispersion energy.
Mesogen Molecules Orientation on Crystal Surfaces

The goal of the work is a simulation of LC and their fragments orientation by calculating an interaction energy between atoms of different molecules with atoms of a substrate's surface with regular structure (graphite, polyethylene) vs angles which characterize their orientation towards the surface. A model of a contacting surface is proposed to explain type of LC alignment.
Iron deficiency studies of sugar beet using an improved sodium bicarbonate‐buffered hydroponic growth system

Abstract A sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)‐buffered hydroponic growth system was developed that simulates alkaline soil growth conditions necessary to screen sugar beet genotypes for iron (Fe) efficiency character. Three genotypes (NB1, NB4, and F, hybrid, NB 1xNB4) with differing capacities for Strategy I Fe responses were phenotyped successfully using this system. Genotypes NB1 and NB1xNB4 are Fe efficient, while NB4 is Fe inefficient. It was demonstrated that 5 mM NaHCO3 provided buffering within an optimal range (pH 7.3 ‐ pH 6.3) for the duration of ‐Fe treatments, promoted enhanced H+ extrusion, and increased the in vivo capacity for Fe3+‐chelate reduction (Fe3+‐chelate reductase [FCR] activity), especially in the roots of the Fe efficient genotypes. The same concentrations of NaHCO3 did not interfere with Fe supply to +Fe control plants of any genotype. The in vivo capacity for Fe3+‐chelate reduction increased over fivefold in both Fe efficient genotypes (NB1 and NB 1xNB4), but just under twofold in the Fe inefficient genotype (NB4). Localization and duration of enhanced Fe3+‐chelate reduction capacity were dependent upon the Fe efficiency character of each genotype.
Pore Size Control of a Molecular Sieve Silica Membrane Prepared by a Counter Diffusion CVD Method

A molecular sieve silica membrane was successfully prepared by using a counter diffusion chemical vapor deposition method. Effects of silica precursors on permeation properties through the silica membranes were investigated. Five types of silica alkoxides (tetramethyorthosilicate (TMOS), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), trimethylmethoxysilane (TMMOS), propyltrimethoxysilane (PrTMOS) and phenyltrimethoxysilane (PhTMOS)) were employed for the silica precursors. H2, N2 and SF6 permeances were measured through the silica membranes at 300°C. H2 permselective silica membranes were obtained from the smaller silica precursors such as TMOS, MTMOS or TMMOS. H2/N2 permecnces ratios were over 200, while N2/SF6 permeances ratios were around 1. According to the kinetic diameters of H2 (0.26 nm), N2 (0.36 nm) and SF6 (0.55 nm), pore sizes of the membranes were about 0.3 nm. N2 permselective silica membrane was obtained from the larger silica precursors such as PrTMOS or PhTMOS. N2/SF6 permeances ratios through the membranes prepared by PrTMOS or PhTMOS were 30 and 32, respectively. Those values are much larger than that of Knudsen diffusion (2.3). H2/N2 permeances ratios through the membranes were about 40 showing that the maximum pore sizes are around 0.5 nm. These results show that the pore size of silica membranes can be controlled by changing the silica precursors. The PhTMOS membrane was confirmed as a silica membrane without carbon remaining by the cross-sectional XPS measurements.
Success factors of media product brands. Examining the building blocks for success across different media types

Media companies and their managers have to develop and adapt products and services as well as processes and business models to exploit opportunities in the digital era. In doing so, knowledge of success factors is crucial. Success factor research in the media is a fairly broad and fragmented field. Studies till date have focused on single types of media; however, this technology-based distinction is no longer valid. It has been shown that products and services converge as well as their development and production processes. Therefore, the present study aims to synthesize the findings from different media contexts. On the basis of a comprehensive literature review and semi-structured, in-depth interviews with media professionals from Austria, Germany and Switzerland, ten building blocks of media success are suggested: content, design, environmental orientation, internal processes, organizational aspects, leadership, human resources, marketing, distribution, and external evaluation. The findings support the transferability of success factors on an abstract level and their adaptability for different contexts. They function as hygiene factors representing industry standards and constraints to failure. This study concludes with presenting the implications for media management research and media practice.
Thermal Cross‐Linking of Poly(Vinyl Methyl Ether). II. Rheological Behavior at the Gel Point

Abstract Isothermal time evolution measurements at different constant temperatures (170°C, 180°C, and 190°C) over a wide range of frequency for the thermal cross‐linking process of poly(vinyl methyl ether), PVME, have been investigated rheologically. At the onset of cross‐linking (t onset) the elastic storage modulus, G′, increases abruptly. The magnitude of the elevation in G′ and the value of t onset were found to be temperature‐dependent. Similar behavior was observed for both the viscous loss modulus, G″ and the complex dynamic viscosity, η*; however, the value of G″ shows a very low sensitivity to the cross‐linking process compared to G′ and η* at the same experimental conditions. The gel point, t gel, was evaluated from the point of intersection in plots of tan δ vs. curing time for different constant shear frequencies. At the gel point tan δ is no longer frequency‐dependent, and all curves cross‐over, indicating the validity of the Winter–Chambon criterion. The value of t gel obtained from the coincidence of G′ and G″ was about 10 min longer than that determined from tan δ vs. t, indicating that the crossover of G′ and G″ is not be considered as a general method for evaluation of t gel. The value of the apparent activation energy of gelation determined from the temperature dependence of t gel was 74 kJ mol−1 in good agreement with literature values for other different systems. At the gel point G′ and G″ showed a power law with shear frequency, i.e., G′ ∼ G″ ∼ ω n with critical exponents equal to 0.64 and 0.75, respectively, in close agreement with the percolation theory (n = 2/3). The zero shear viscosity, η0, and the equilibrium shear modulus, G eq, can also be expressed in power low scaling functions with the relative distance from the gel point, ϵ i.e., η0 ∼ ϵ−k and G eq ∼ ϵ z with k = 1.3 and z = 2.4 in good agreement with the predicted values based on the percolation theory.
Heteroepitaxial growth of Ge on (100) Si by ultrahigh vacuum, chemical vapor deposition

The heteroepitaxial growth of pure Ge films on (100) Si by an ultrahigh vacuum, chemical vapor deposition technique is reported for the first time. The growth mode is found to be critically dependent on the substrate temperature during deposition. Two temperature regimes for growth are observed. Between 300 and 375 °C, growth occurs in a two‐dimensional, layer‐by‐layer mode, with an activation energy of 1.46 eV. Above 375 °C, island formation is observed. In the low‐temperature regime the growth rate is controlled by a surface decomposition reaction, whereas in the high‐temperature regime the growth rate is controlled by diffusion and adsorption from the gas phase.
Revisiting the internal absorption coefficient of the retinal pigment epithelium melanosome

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of the vertebrate eye contain melanin packaged in structures called melanosomes. Previously, we reported that the bovine melanosome has a laser photodisruption threshold of 153.6 mJ/cm2 at 25°C and 532 nm, and an internal absorption coefficient of 2237 cm-1. Those values used an estimate of melanosome density inferred from studies of skin laser effects. We now revisit that calculation using a density value obtained from density centrifugation analysis of bovine and baboon RPE melanosomes. Stepped-density gradients (60% to 80%) of the nonionic medium, Nycodenz, were formed, and samples of melanosomes were spun on the gradients in a swinging-bucket rotor at 10,000 rpm for 60 m. Bovine melanosomes formed two populations, one at the interface between 70% and 75%, and the other between 75% and 80%, corresponding to the densities of ~1.38 and ~1.41 gm/cm3, respectively. Baboon melanosomes migrated to within the same density region. Using a density value of 1.41 gm/cm3, and assuming a water content of 52% for hydrated melanosomes, the internal absorption coefficient was calculated as 2339 cm-1. Although this calculation uses an objective density measurement, the water content remains an estimate, and the actual value in situ may differ.
Physical Properties of Gelatin Films Plasticized by Blends of Glycerol and Sorbitol

The addition of plasticizers increases the flexibility and workability of films based on biopolymers. However, the use of some plasticizers cause undesirable results, such as the migration of these additives out the film or crystallization during shelf life. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of blends with different ratios of sorbitol and glycerol, at 2 plasticizer concentrations, on mechanical, viscoelastic, and water vapor barrier properties of films based on gelatin. The films were prepared with 2 g gelatin/100 mL of water and with 25 or 55 g plasticizer/100 g gelatin. The ratio, glycerol to sorbitol, was studied as 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0. The increase of plasticizer concentration from 25 to 55 g plasticizer/100 g gelatin caused an increase of flexibility and reduction of resistance and water vapor barrier as expected. In relation to the effect of the mixture, the increase in the proportion of glycerol caused a reduction of the puncture force, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and an increase of the puncture deformation, elongation at break, and water vapor permeability due to the higher plasticizing effect of glycerol. This behavior was explained in terms of molecular weight of the plasticizers, which demonstrated that the studied properties could be considered as functions of the number of molecules of plasticizers in the films.
Finite-size effect at both high and low temperatures in molecular dynamics calculations of the self-diffusion coefficient and viscosity of liquid silica

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed at 6543 and 3310 K to investigate how the viscosity and self-diffusion coefficient scale with system size in the liquid BKS silica system. We find that at high temperature the finite-size effect on shear viscosity is negligible. However, the size effect on the diffusion coefficient still exists and scales linearly with 1/N1/3, where N is the total number of particles in the system. At low temperature, the size effect on the viscosity becomes stronger than that on diffusion, and the logarithm of the viscosity and the diffusion coefficient scale linearly with 1/N. These results are consistent with previous theoretical developments, and demonstrate that the finite-size effect should be considered in both high- and low-temperature molecular dynamics simulations of liquid silica.
Die Wissenschaft des Agglomerierens

Die masgeblichen Haftmechanismen und Agglomerationsverfahren werden einander gegenubergestellt. Bei den Haftmechanismen werden neue Ergebnisse uber den Rauhigkeitseinflus und die Abstandsabhangigkeit gebracht, die eine Korrektur seitheriger Vorstellungen verlangen. Die Zugfestigkeit und Dehnung von Feuchtagglomeraten ist weitgehend aufgeklart. Die Scherfestigkeit hangt stark vom Feuchtigkeitsgehalt ab. Die Methoden der Haufwerksmechanik ermoglichen eine Vorausberechnung des Walzenkompaktierens nach Johanson. Fragen des Tablettierens, der Agglomerationskinetik unter Berucksichtigung elektrostatischer Phanomene und der Aufbaugranulation feuchter Haufwerke werden behandelt.
Coteaching: Creating Resources for Learning and Learning to Teach Chemistry in Urban High Schools.

How do new teachers become confident and competent while they are interns in inner-city neighborhood schools challenged by many problems, often associated with economic shortfalls and cultural differences between the students and their teachers? Many science teacher education programs place a lot of emphasis on the planning stages of curriculum. But considerable discrepancies emerge between planned and lived curriculum, particularly in inner-city, comprehensive high schools, and especially in classrooms that honor student interests and culture as starting points for learning. Previous research showed that coteaching provides opportunities for learning to teach even though the lived curriculum emerges often in unpredictable ways from the dialectic of collective (teacher and students) agency and structure. The present study allowed us to understand the underlying processes: the presence of a coteacher increases access to social and material resources, and thereby increases opportunities for actions that otherwise would not occur. Greater teaching opportunities provide newcomers with greater opportunities of learning to teach. 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 882-904, 2004.
High Purity Extraction and Simultaneous High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Curcuminoids in Turmeric

Abstract Three major curcuminoids in turmeric (Curcumalonga), curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin,were efficiently extracted by optimizing extraction condition andsimultaneously analyzed and identified using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography,and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Thehighest yield of extraction amount 0.279 g, 9.30% was obtainedby dipping method with extraction time of 7 h.Keywords curcuminoids · reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography · simultaneous analysis ·thin-layer chromatography · turmeric국내·외 연구자들은 과학적인 방법으로 효율적인 삶의 질을찾기 위해 육상 및 해양 천연물로부터 유용성분들을 얻기 위한연구를 오래전부터 시도하고 있다. 특히 천연보존료 개발의 목적으로 허브류와 한약재 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있으며(Naik등, 2011), 이 중에서 식품 및 한약재 소재로 잘 알려진 강황은오래전부터 아시아와 동남아에서 재배되어온 향신료의 성분이다(Choi, 2009; Oh 등, 2011). 효능 및 효과를 살펴보면 천연색소들은 오랫동안 항산화, 항염증, 해독작용 등의 다양한 생리활성이 있는 것으로 알려져 있어 그 기능적 가치가 더욱 높아지고 있다(Singh 등, 2010; Zhao 등, 2011). 또한, 황색 색소로서 curcumin이 0.3% 들어있고 특유한 향이 있는 정유로써turmerone과 dehydroturmerone이 1~5% 들어 있다(Choi, 2009). 특히 curcuminoids의 curcumin (MW=368), demethoxycurcumin(DMC MW=338), bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC MW=308)은 주된 생리활성물질로 보고되었다(Li 등, 2011). 이러한 생리활성물질을 얻기 위한 방법으로 전형적인 용매추출법이 주로 사용되고 있으며(Wakte 등, 2011), 분리기술의 중요성은 더 주목받고 있다. 따라서 제한된 기술과 맞춤형 고순도, 중순도, 저순도의 기술적 조절이 가능해야 할 것이다(Jin 등, 2006). 이에 생물분리기술은 혼합물을 신속하고 고순도로 정제하는 기술뿐만아니라 생산을 위한 제조용 공정에도 많이 사용되고 탁월한 분리 능을 갖고 있다(Row, 1995). 2000년대 국내 바이오산업의네트워크 특성은 한방 및 바이오 산업체 원료 및 제품 품질검사, 제품개발(제제개발, 시범생산) 활성화, 천연물소재 정보제공및 효능탐색, 기업과의 공동 연구개발을 통한 천연물 연구분야가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 기능성 식품, 의약품 및 기능성소재 개발을 위한 관능적으로 우수한 표준화된 추출법 개발과 생리적 특성 비교를 통해 대량생산을 위한 벨리데이션의원천기술확보가 필요하다(Jung 등, 2004). 본 연구에서는 이러한 고부가가치를 얻기 위한 정량 및 정성분석방법으로 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HPLC 및 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)를 쉽게 접근하여빠르게 분석 및 정제하고(Zhang 등, 2008), curcumin, DMC및 BDMC를 추출하여 추출량의 최적조건을 제시하였으며, 효
Trap-State Distributions and Carrier Transport in Pure and Mixed-Phase TiO2 : Influence of Contacting Solvent and Interphasial Electron Transfer

We report the room-temperature photoluminescence spectra of nanocrystalline TiO2 in the anatase and rutile phases and in mixed-phase samples obtained commercially (Degussa P25) and by thermal treatment of nanocrystalline anatase. The photoluminescence spectrum of anatase spans a broad range of visible wavelengths, while the much more intense rutile emission is found in the near-infrared. Photoluminescence spectra as a function of contacting fluid provide insight into the microscopic nature of the luminescence, the basis for its breadth, and the influence of solvent on inter- and intraparticle electron transfer. Anatase photoluminescence results from at least two spatially isolated trap-state distributions, one of which is absent or quenched in P25 and in the presence of hole scavengers. TiO2 nanocrystalline films containing a small amount of rutile show solvent-dependent relative intensities of the anatase and rutile photoluminescence that reveal carrier transport between the two phases. Photoluminescence.
On the Reasons for High Activity of CeO2 Catalyst for Soot Oxidation

The present work has demonstrated the reasons why CeO2 becomes an active catalyst for diesel particulate (soot) abatement, which attracts recent worldwide attention in the development of clean diesel automobiles. Four typical fluorite-type oxides, CeO2, ZrO2, Pr6O11, and a CeO2−ZrO2 solid solution have been studied as model catalysts for soot oxidation in conjunction with the redox property and the reactivity of solid oxygen species. It was found that the redox property measured in terms of oxygen storage/release capacity was not the sole determining factor for the observed catalytic activity decreasing in the order of CeO2 ≫ Pr6O11 ≈ CeO2−ZrO2 > ZrO2. The reactivity of oxygen species involved in the redox cycles would rather be important. The ESR measurement showed that admission of O2 to the pre-reduced CeO2 surface generated superoxide ions (O2−). Such reactive oxygen species were less abundant on CeO2−ZrO2 and were not detected on ZrO2 and Pr6O11. The labeled and unlabeled O2 pulse experiments demonst.
Sonochemical Dissolution of Cinnabar (α-HgS)

To investigate the sonochemical dissolution of cinnabar, sulfur oxidation products (Sox) and dissolved Hg(II) released into the aqueous solution were determined. Detected Sox in the presence of ultrasound suggests that dissolution of cinnabar occurred. Terephthalic acid (TA) used to scavenge •OH in bulk solution formed from sonication showed that oxidative dissolution occurred in both the bulk solution and the interfacial areas of cavitation bubbles. Dissolved S(−II) was not detected, and SO42- was the main Sox indicating that the formation of S(−II) from cinnabar by physical and thermal effects of sonication was the rate-limiting step. Hg(II) released was much lower than S species measured. Hg(II) adsorption isotherms indicated that dissolved Hg(II) adsorbed back onto the remaining cinnabar particles lowering Hg(II) release. Ultrasound significantly reduced cinnabar particle size and increased surface area, leading to higher Hg(II) adsorption. In addition, the cinnabar surface isoelectric point (IEP) inc.
Fuel Gas Dispersion under Cryogenic Release Conditions

In this paper, a computational approach to the atmospheric dispersion that is associated with cryogenic releases of the gaseous fuels hydrogen and natural gas was attempted. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was followed, using the code CFX 5.7 for the simulation of large-scale liquefied hydrogen and liquefied natural gas spill trials, which provided successful prediction of the concentration histories, against experimental records. The main outcome that was determined through the results was that fuel gases, such as natural gas and hydrogen, disperse as heavy gases rather than light gases during a cryogenic release, despite their positive buoyancy under normal conditions. This conclusion is of major importance from the standpoint of safety, in regard to chemical installations that handle liquefied gases, given that the gravity-driven dispersion of flammable gases increases the risk of ignition and, hence, accidental fire or explosion. Thus, the behavior of the released gas should be known when .