Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Leicestershire and Rutland: progress and potential

Drawing on archaeological and geological research, recent finds, museum collections and borehole evidence, this paper describes the changing local landscape and environment round the Cromerian-period Bytham river valley, possibly the major early entry route to Britain from Europe; the succeeding pro-glacial Lake Harrison and present-day post-glacial rivers; and highlights deposits with Palaeolithic archaeological potential. Palaeolithic tools of quartzite, comparable with other Midlands raw materials, and of andesitic and Charnian tuff may suggest occupation from around 600,000 BC, while flint tools suggest at least intermittent post-Anglian occupation, followed by probable abandonment from after 160,000 BC until possible Devensian re-occupation by Neanderthalers post- 60,000 BC. The last twenty years have seen very exciting results for the Palaeolithic period in Leicestershire and Rutland. This paper discusses these results, which are placed in the contexts both of the local landscape changes, and of the growing national understanding of key Palaeolithic issues. The paper aims to provide a summary of current knowledge of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic occupants and their environments and landscapes in these two counties, and to highlight potential for further investigation. The local, and many national, sites, to which references can be found in the bibliography, are presented in the timechart in illus. 1, with their relative positions within current archaeological and geological divisions and phases. Throughout the timechart and the rest of this paper 'thousand (years) ago' will be abbreviated to 'ka', while the oxygen isotope stages now used for international date correlations (see below) will also be abbreviated, so that, for example, OIS-16 indicates oxygen isotope stage 16. There are many limits to the inferences which can be drawn from chance surface finds on ploughlands and elsewhere. Unfortunately, such finds constitute the bulk of the evidence to date for human activity in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic periods in these two counties. However, these finds do at least offer evidence for presence or absence, and perhaps some indication of density, of occupation in the broad periods deducible from their typology. They also illustrate transport and use of raw materials, and changing technology, and can point to areas where follow-up work should be considered.
Minia — Short manual

Minia is a software for ultra-low memory DNA sequence assembly. It takes as input a set of short genomic sequences (typically, data produced by the Illumina DNA sequencer). Its output is a set of contigs (assembled sequences), forming an approximation of the expected genome. Minia is based on a succinct representation of the de Bruijn graph. The computational resources required to run Minia are significantly lower than that of other assemblers.
Earthward directed high‐density Birkeland currents observed by HILAT

An intense (94 µA/m²) earthward directed Birkeland current was detected by the HILAT satellite on July 23, 1983, less than one month after launch. It was located at the equatorward edge of a large-scale earthward flowing current in the late evening sector. This current is the most intense ever to be reported that is consistent with upward flowing thermal electrons. Simultaneous vacuum ultraviolet images from the auroral imager mapper show that the large-scale current is embedded within the diffuse aurora. Energetic electron measurements in the range 20 eV to 20 keV indicate an increase in downward flux from ∼5×107 to ∼7×109 (cm² sec sr)−1 in ∼0.75 s. This increase in flux results in a gradient of ∼2 mhos/km in the height-integrated Pedersen conductivity (Σp). In the presence of a typical dc electric field (∼40 mV/m), this sharp gradient in the ionospheric conductivity is consistent with the inferred high-density current. Measurement of horizontal ion drift from the ion drift meter (IDM) reveals strong turbulence present for ∼10 km on both sides of the region of intense Birkeland current. The IDM also measured an ion density (ni) of ∼2×104 cm−3; thus, if ne ≃ ni, the parallel electron drift velocity derived from J = ne Vd q is ∼30 km/s, resulting in a net electron flux of ∼6×1010 cm−2 s−1. A flux of electrons of this magnitude is sufficient to destabilize O+ ion cyclotron waves. The velocity of 30 km/s coupled with an F region ion density gradient scale length of ∼3 km is also comparable to criteria required to drive the current convective instability.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Long-term Trend of Surface Ozone at a Regional Background Station in Eastern China 1991–2006: Enhanced Variability

Information about the long-term trends of surface and tropospheric ozone is important for assessing the impact of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate. Long-term measurements from East Asia, especially China's eastern provinces, are urgently needed to evaluate potential changes of tropospheric ozone over this economically rapid developing region. In this paper, surface ozone data from the Linan Regional Background Station in eastern China are analyzed and results about the long-term trends of surface ozone at the station are presented. Surface ozone data were collected at Linan during 6 periods between August 1991 and July 2006. The seasonality and the long-term changes of surface ozone at the site are discussed, with focus on changes in the diurnal variations, the extreme values, and the ozone distribution. Some long-term trends of surface ozone, e.g. decrease in the average concentration, increase in the daily amplitude of the relative diurnal variations, increase in the monthly highest 5% of the ozone concentration, decrease in the monthly lowest 5% of the ozone concentration, increase in the frequencies at the high and low ends of the ozone distribution have been uncovered by the analysis. All the trends indicate that the variability of surface ozone has been enhanced. Possible causes for the observed trends are discussed. The most likely cause is believed to be the increase of NO x concentration.
Stable isotopes as ecological tracers: an efficient method for assessing the contribution of multiple sources to mixtures

Abstract. Stable isotopes are increasingly being used as tracers of ecological processes potentially providing relevant information to environmental management issues. An application of the methodology consists in relating the stable isotopic composition of a sample mixture to that of sources. The number of stable isotopes, however, is usually lower than that of potential sources existing in an ecosystem, which creates mathematical difficulties in correctly tracing sources. We discuss a linear programming model which efficiently derives information on the contribution of sources to mixtures for any number of stable isotopes and any number of sources by addressing multiple sources simultaneously. The model identifies which sources are present in all, present in a subset of the samples or absent from all samples simultaneously and calculates minimum and maximum values of each source in the mixtures. We illustrate the model using a data set consisting of the isotopic signatures of different plant sources ingested by primary consumers in tropical riverine habitat in Asia. The model discussed may contribute to extend the scope of stable isotopes methodology to a range of new problems dealing with multiple sources and multiple tracers. For instance, in food web studies, if particular organic matter sources disappear or decrease in availability (e.g. climate change scenarios) the model allows simulation of alternative diets of the consumers providing potentially relevant information for managers and decision makers.
Acercamiento antropológico de la alimentación y salud en México

En este articulo presento un panorama de la alimentacion en Mexico, particularmente sobre la ciudad de Mexico desde una perspectiva antropologica considerando aspectos socioculturales y economicos. Inicia con una breve revision de los estudios antropologicos sobre alimentacion en Mexico, para reconocer tanto los aportes metodologicos como los principales problemas de estudio. Posteriormente, se presentan algunos datos de contextualizacion del pais y de la ciudad que enmarcan los datos nutricios y alimentarios caracteristicos. En las siguientes secciones se proponen algunas explicaciones sobre algunos de los fenomenos alimentarios contemporaneos, donde la obesidad es la caracteristica principal en una sociedad de reciente acceso al consumo masivo, al mismo tiempo que se enfrenta al ideal cultural de delgadez. Los datos sobre la alimentacion en Mexico y los fenomenos sociales relacionados dan cuenta de la complejidad del fenomeno alimentario y de como los procesos macrosociales afectan las decisiones cotidianas de la gente. El analisis antropologico de la alimentacion en la poblacion mexicana ha permitido mostrar la relacion entre estos procesos historicamente y en fechas recientes. Son la muestra de la utilidad de la metodologia antropologica para estudiar la alimentacion contemporanea, llena de contradicciones, que tienen que ver con el desarrollo del capitalismo y la sociedad de consumo, la promocion al consumo, y el acceso inmediato a el, la medicalizacion de la vida cotidiana, las ideas sobre el control corporal, y la imagen como un elemento de estatus.
UCLA Program on International Migration Title Inheriting the Homeland ? Intergenerational Transmission of Cross-Border Ties in Migrant Families Permalink

Theories of migrant transnationalism emphasize the enduring imprint of the premigration connections that the newcomers bring with them. But how do the children of migrants, raised in the parents’ adopted country develop ties to the parental home country? Using a structural equation model and data from a recent survey of adult immigrant offspring in Los Angeles, this paper shows that second generation crossborder activities are strongly affected by earlier experiences of and exposure to home country influences . Socialization in the parental household is powerful, transmitting distinct home country competencies, loyalties and ties, but not a coherent package of transnationalism. Our analysis of five measures of cross-border activities and loyalties among the grown children of migrants shows that transmission is specific to the social logic underlying the connection: activities rooted in family relationships such as remitting are transmitted differently than emotional attachments to the parent’s home country.
Aalborg Universitet Onthe-fly Overlapping of Sparse Generations

Traditionally, the idea of overlapping generations in network coding research has focused on reducing the complexity of decoding large data files while maintaining the delay performance expected of a system that combines all data packets. However, the effort for encoding and decoding individual generations can still be quite high compared to other sparse coding approaches. This paper focuses on an inherently different approach that combines (i) sparsely coded generations configured on-the-fly based on (ii) controllable and infrequent feedback that allows the system to remove some original packets from the pool of packets to be mixed in the linear combinations. The latter is key to maintain a high impact of the coded packets received during the entire process while maintaining very sparsely coded generations. Interestingly, our proposed approach naturally bridges the idea of overlapping generations with that of tunable sparse network coding, thus providing the system with a seamless and adaptive strategy to balance complexity and delay performance. We analyze two families of strategies focused on these ideas. We also compare them to other standard approaches both in terms of delay performance and complexity as well as providing measurements in commercial devices to support our conclusions. Our results show that a judicious choice of the overlapping of the generations provides close-to-optimal delay performance, while reducing the decoding complexity by up to an order of magnitude with respect to other schemes.
Carbonate platform flanks: slope angle and sediment fabric

More than 20 examples of fossil carbonate platform systems were compared for slope angle and sediment fabric. Plots of slope angle versus sediment fabric show that grainy, non-cohesive, mud-free sediments build steeper slopes than muddy, cohesive, sediments. Examples near the end-members of grainy and muddy carbonate platform flanks are found in the Triassic of the Dolomites in northern Italy and in the Bahamas, respectively. They document the flank geometry and the processes readjusting the slope profile once the limiting slope angle is exceeded. The grainy flank sediments in the Dolomites, modified by shearing and avalanching, produce straight slope profiles with declivities up to 35°, whereas the muddy Bahamian flank sediments, modified by large-scale creep and rotational to translational sliding and slumping, produce a concave-upwards slope profile, inclined at less than 4°. The comparison between slope angle and sediment fabric indicates that the physical behaviour of sediments in the gravity field, angle of shearing and mode of readjustment processes, is linked to the composition of the slope sediment. Among the variables such as sea-level, subsidence, climate, plate motion and oceanographic setting (windward-leeward), sediment fabric is suggested to be a major, if not the major control on slope angle and slope curvature of carbonate platform flanks. Besides the recently documented tendency of carbonate sediments to build steeper slopes than siliciclastics, this proposed relation sheds new light on the analysis and quantification of the variables influencing the geometry and depositional evolution of carbonate systems. Furthermore, it provides an opportunity to deduce sediment composition from seismic lines and predict lithology prior to drilling.
Geochronology of Some Alkalic Rock Provinces in Eastern and Central United States

Recent efforts to understand the ongm of igneous rocks have emphasized the association between petrographic suites and geologic environment. Plate tectonic theory has been particularly useful in relating certain types of calc-alkalic rocks to their position near active plate boundaries. In contrast, alkalic rocks are often emplaced after cessation of orogenic forces or in completely anorogenic settings of the craton. The role of plate tectonics in dictating such magmatism is not readily understandable. One obviou s prerequisite to any effort at iden tification of under­ lying causes is the accurate dating of the igneou s rocks. My objective in this paper is to review our prescnt state of knowledge concerning a chronology for some alkalic rocks of eastern and central United States. Although'representing less than five percent of the volume of all igneous rocks, the alkalic clan includes a variety of interesting petrographic types, such as syenite, alkalic granite, alkalic gabbro, lamprophyre, and mica peridotite. These rocks typically occupy discordant stocks, plugs, dikes, sills, and diatremes at relatively shallow levels in the crust; and they may also include eruptive counterparts. The literature abounds with contributions regarding their structure, petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry; and I do not stray too far from my intended objective into these areas. My working definition of an alkalic rock corresponds essentially to that of Sorensen (1974), but I also include certain u ltram afic rock s (Wyllie 1967) that are often found in petrologic and spatial association. Generally, rock n ames are accepted as the original authors used them without defending the specific genetic implication sometimes att�ched to the name. This paper focuses upon several petrographically cohcrent groups of alkalic rocks, or provinces, that occur within the eastern and central U nited States. Although each province contains some felsic and some mafic members, two rather different
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT FOR POTATO PRODUCTION IN MID HILLS OF SHIMLA

Field experiments on integrated nutrient supply and management were conducted on sandy loam soil during 2003-2004 in mid hills of Shimla. The results revealed that combined use of organic and inorganic in the ratio of 1:3 significantly increased plant growth parameters, which was reflected in tuber yield and nutrients uptake. The higher tuber yield under integrated use of organic and inorganic was mainly due to higher proportion of large and medium size tubers.
Successful skills training in relation to women's home management practices and household attributes.

Women engaged in skills training courses were surveyed to detennine if selected home management and household attribute variables influenced women's attendance and successful completion of training. The common (and wide) use of literacy as the entry requirement for women's income orientated skills and entrepreneurship training courses was challenged. The predominance of Black women in South Africa's informal sector, and the prevalence of illiteracy among female informal sector participants in particular; demand more appropriate, precise and impartial entry criteria for such courses than literacy levels alone. A sample of 161 women engaged in skills training courses offered by NGO's in Kwa-Zulu Natal were surveyed through use of a questionnaire. The dependent variables were: course attendance, rate of successful completion of training and education levels. The independent variables were grouped into three sections: variables related to training course characteristics (such as course duration and skill type taught), variables thought to indicate women's home management practices (such as participation in household production and child care), and household demographic attributes (for example household size). Logistic regression analyses were used. It was concluded that the significant home management and household attribute variables may be more impartial and appropriate predictors of attendance and successful completion of skills training. The absence of significant relationships between attendance, successful training and education level may challenge the use of literacy as the sole training prerequisite. However, the course related variables did influence attendance and success rates, which inferred that the attendance and success variables may have been reliable predictors. Further refinement of these variables and greater control of the course related variables is recommended.
Evaluating the Bush Climate Change Initiative

Deze rapportage evalueert het Climate Change Initiative dat President Bush op 14 februari 2002 heeft gepresenteerd. Dit Initiatief beoogt de broeikasgasintensiteit van de Amerikaanse economie tussen 2002 en 2012 met 18 procent te verminderen. Deze beleidsambitie valt als zeer bescheiden te typeren, zowel in vergelijk met historische trends als met de basisprojecties voor broeikasgasemissies voor de komende 10 jaar. Het zal zeker niet leiden tot een daling van de emissies, integendeel, de broeikasgasemissies voor de VS zullen in 2012 naar verwachting 32 procent boven het niveau van 1990 uitkomen. Dit ligt ver boven het oorspronkelijke Kyoto doel voor de VS van -7 procent in 2010. De inspanning van het Bush Initiative ligt ook aanzienlijk onder de inspanningen van de EU, Japan en Canada in het kader van the Kyoto Protocol. Tegelijkertijd bestaan er grote risico's dat het bescheiden Amerikaanse beleidsdoel niet wordt gehaald, vooral wanneer er in tijd van economische tegenspoed minder draagvlak is voor klimaatbeleid en door het vrijwillige karakter van het Bush Initiative en het ontbreken van een nalevingregime of heldere regels omtrent de deelname van het bedrijfsleven. Het Bush Climate Change Initiative propageert het gebruik van intensiteitdoelstellingen voor internationaal klimaatbeleid na de eerste Kyoto periode maar hieraan zijn ernstige tekortkomingen verbonden. Deze betreffen met name de fundamentele onzekerheden omtrent de milieu-effectiviteit en het gebruik in internationaal klimaatbeleid. Het is namelijk zeer waarschijnlijk dat dit gebruik tot een aanzienlijke vertraging van de mondiale emissiedaling zal leiden waardoor het EU doel van stabilisatie van broeikasgasconcentraties onder een verdubbeling van preindustriele niveaus onhaalbaar zal worden. De conclusie is dat the Bush Initiative geen geloofwaardig alternatief is voor het Kyoto Protocol als basis voor een effectief en acceptabel klimaatregime ten behoeve van het hoofddoel van de Klimaatconventie. Tegelijkertijd is het Bush Climate Change Initiative vooral van politieke betekenis omdat het Initiatief het klimaatprobleem onderkent en het lange termijn doel van de Klimaatconventie onderstreept. Het vooruitzicht voor deelname van de VS aan een mondiaal klimaatregime wordt daardoor verbeterd.
Inferring the proportion of undetected cholera infections from serological and clinical surveillance in an immunologically naive population

Most infections with pandemic Vibrio cholerae are thought to result in subclinical disease and are not captured by surveillance. Previous estimates of the ratio of infections to clinical cases have varied widely (2 to 100). Understanding cholera epidemiology and immunity relies on the ability to translate between numbers of clinical cases and the underlying number of infections in the population. We estimated the infection incidence during the first months of an outbreak in a cholera-naive population using a Bayesian vibriocidal antibody titer decay model combining measurements from a representative serosurvey and clinical surveillance data. 3,880 suspected cases were reported in Grande Saline, Haiti, between 20 October 2010 and 6 April 2011 (clinical attack rate 18.4%). We found that more than 52.6% (95% Credible Interval (CrI) 49.4-55.7) of the population [≥]2 years showed serologic evidence of infection, with a lower infection rate among children aged 2-4 years (35.5%; 95%CrI 24.2-51.6) compared with people [≥]5 years (53.1%; 95%CrI 49.4-56.4). This estimated infection rate, nearly three times the clinical attack rate, with underdetection mainly seen in those [≥]5 years, has likely impacted subsequent outbreak dynamics. Our findings show how seroincidence estimates improve understanding of links between cholera burden, transmission dynamics and immunity.
Some Biological Characteristics of Cyrinus carpio (L., 1758) Inhibating in the Apa Dam Lake (Konya –Turkey)

Bu calisma, Ocak-2001, Aralik-2001 tarihleri arasinda Apa Baraj Golu’nde yapilmistir. Bu baraj golunde yasayan ve ekonomik oneme sahip Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758) populasyonunun esey durumu ve yas gruplari, buyume ve ureme ozellikleri ile kondisyon faktoru arastirilmistir. Cyprinus carpio’nun I-VIII yaslari arasinda dagilim gosterdigi belirlenmistir. Esey dagilimi %41,83 disi ve %43,02 erkek bireylerden olusmustur. Bu ture ait en kucuk catal boy uzunlugu 138 (mm), en kucuk agirlik 51 (gr), en buyuk catal boy uzunlugu 525 (mm), en buyuk agirlik 2724 (gr) olarak saptanmistir. Populasyonda en fazla bireye III yas grubunda, en az bireye ise VII yas grubunda rastlanilmistir. Kondisyon faktoru en dusuk VI. yasta 1,69, en yuksek III. yasta 2,26 ve aylara gore en dusuk Temmuz’da 1,84, en yuksek Haziran’da 2,17 olarak bulunmustur. Eseysel olgunluga ulasma yasi erkeklerde III. ve disilerde IV. yas olarak belirlenmistir. Ureme zamani ise Haziran-Temmuz olarak belirlenmistir. Aylara gore GSI degerleri 1,64 -18,78 arasinda degisim gostermistir. Yumurta verimliligi (fekondite) artarak, IV yastan VIII yasa dogru yukselmistir