Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Operational long‐lead prediction of South African rainfall using canonical correlation analysis

A statistically based technique is used to study the variability and predictability of South African summer rainfall. The country is divided into homogeneous regions on the basis of the interannual rainfall variability. Canonical variates are then used to make 3-month aggregate precipitation forecasts for October–November–December and January–February–March for South Africa from global-scale sea-surface temperatures. Four consecutive 3-month mean periods of sea-surface temperatures are used to incorporate evolutionary features as well as steady-state conditions in the global oceans. Levels and possible origins of forecast skill are investigated for up to 5-month lead-times. Modest skill (correlation >0.5) is found over mainly the central and western interiors of the country, but the skill is poor over the north-eastern regions. The most important contribution of the prediction skill comes from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, with weaker predictability from the equatorial Indian and Atlantic oceans. Sea-surface temperatures in the Atlantic and Indian oceans have important influences on the atmospheric circulation and moisture fluxes over southern Africa, and therefore provide useful predictability, at least for the October–December rainfall. When forecasting South African rainfall, it is insufficient to consider only the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, because it does not occur every year and because the sea-surface temperatures of the adjacent oceans modify the ENSO forcing on South African rainfall. Unfortunately, the predictability during years not associated with the ENSO is weak. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
On the generation of nonlinear internal Kelvin waves in a rotating channel

Recent observations have shown that islands and constrictions may be the sites of significant internal wave activity in sea straits. In this paper we examine one generation mechanism: resonant forcing by transcritical flow past topography. Experiments were conducted on the large rotating platform at the Coriolis Laboratory, Institut de M6canique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France. A slender body was towed through a two-layer stratified rotating channel, simulating the flow past an island or constriction in a strait. For a range of Froude numbers, blockage coefficients, and rotation rates, nonlinear internal Kelvin waves were generated upstream. The dependence of the wave parameters on the Froude number, Rossby number, and blockage coefficient was measured. The transition between subcritical and supercritical flow is found to occur at Froude numbers greater than unity, to depend on the blockage, but to be essentially independent of the internal Rossby radius of deformation. The results are compared with recent similar measurements of single-layer flows in nonrotating channels, and good agreement is obtained. The nonlinear Kelvin waves which are generated upstream are found to be similar in all respects to those described by Renouard et al. (1987).
Pengaruh Kunjungan Wisatawan, Jumlah Tingkat Hunian Kamar Hotel, dan Jumlah Kamar Hotel Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) di Kabupaten Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan, dan Kota Denpasar Tahun 2001-2010

Regional income is a regional financial resources extracted from the relevant local area . Badung, Gianyar ,Tabanan and Denpasar is the county / city revenue contributor in the province of Bali and has a variety of attractions . This study aims to investigate the influence of tourist arrivals , number of hotel room occupancy rate , and number of hotel rooms to regional income in Badung , Gianyar , Tabanan and Denpasar years 2001-2010 . Types of data is a secondary data with the technique of multiple linear regression analysis (multiple regression). Results of the analysis indicated the influence of tourist arrivals and number of hotel rooms is positive and significant effect, while the number of hotel room occupancy rate is no significant effect to regional income in Badung ,Gianyar , Tabanan and Denpasar years 2001-2010.
Characteristics of Drizzle under Stratocumulus using Cloud Doppler Radars

of a thesis at the University of Miami. Thesis supervised by Professor Bruce A. Albrecht. No. of pages in text. (93) Marine stratocumulus clouds cover extensive areas of the subtropical oceans and greatly influence Earth’s radiation by strongly reflecting the incoming solar radiation. The most climatologically pronounced stratus regime is located in the South-East Pacific. Drizzle is one of the several physical processes that affects the lifecycle and evolution of marine stratus by depleting the cloud liquid water and by stabilizing the marine boundary layer through evaporative cooling. In this study we use ship-borne radar observations from two innovative research cloud radars — a Millimeter Cloud Radar (MMCR) (λ=8 mm) and Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar (λ=3 mm) to study the fallout of drizzle in the sub-cloud layer. Radar inter-comparison is used to perform calibration and quality control of the FMCW radar. The FMCW observations suffer no saturation and provide profiles of radar Doppler moments from the ship level to the cloud base. A lognormal drizzle drop size distribution is assumed and the parameters (N0, r0 and σx) are retrieved using the observed radar reflectivity and mean Doppler velocity profiles. The retrieved parameters are used to extract bulk parameters of the drizzle size distribution such as liquid water content, total number of droplets and rainfall rates at various heights within the sub-cloud layer (typically from 50-500 m). It is demonstrated that a simple evaporation model can be used to constrain the inversion from radar observables to drizzle size distribution parameters. The model output showed that the drizzle DSD is truncated at lower end due to the rapid evaporation of smaller drops and the logarithmic width of drizzle DSD is lower than the typically prescribed value of 0.35.
Constraints on the duration of high‐pressure metamorphism in the Tauern Window from diffusion modelling of discontinuous growth zones in eclogite garnet

An eclogite sample from the Grossgockner region of the Hohe Tauern, Austria contains garnet with a pronounced compositional discontinuity between a Mn‐rich core and an Fe‐rich rim. This jump in composition was caused by a garnet‐consuming reaction followed by growth of the garnet rim + omphacite and marks the prograde transition from epidote–amphibolite to eclogite facies metamorphism. Garnet growth ended at peak metamorphic conditions of 570 °C, 17 kbar, but intracrystalline diffusion continued until about 450 °C, 4 kbar on the retrograde path. This garnet overgrowth texture represents a natural diffusion couple and a time span of 1 Myr was calculated from the diffusion profile developing out of the original sharp compositional step. For typical crustal densities, this time corresponds to a minimum average velocity in the range 4.6–7.4 cm yr−1 (for vertical movement), which is one of the fastest exhumation rates reported. The diffusion of all divalent cations of four profiles was modelled, both analytically and numerically. Both approaches gave comparable results, but the times computed for each element were always discrepant up to a factor of 2. Variations of diffusion coefficients within 2 in analytical calculations remedied this and gave consistent upper time limits. Numerical modelling does not require the simplifications introduced in the analytical approach. On the other hand, error propagation was computationally unfeasible with this method.
Role of southeastern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone in the tectonic evolution of Zagros Orogenic Belt, Iran

Geological studies indicate that the southeastern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, located in the southeastern Zagros Orogenic Belt, is subdivided transversally into the Esfahan–Sirjan Block with typical Central Iranian stratigraphic features and the Shahrekord–Dehsard Terrane consisting of Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic metamorphic rocks. The Main Deep Fault (Abadeh Fault) is a major lithospheric fault separating the two parts. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the role of the southeastern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone in the tectonic evolution of the southeastern Zagros Orogenic Belt on the basis of geological evidence. The new model implies that Neo‐Tethys 1 came into being when the Central Iran Microcontinent split from the northeastern margin of Gondwana during the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian. During the Late Triassic a new spreading ridge, Neo‐Tethys 2, was created to separate the Shahrekord–Dehsard Terrane from Afro–Arabian Plate. The Zagros sedimentary basin was formed on a continental passive margin, southwest of Neo‐Tethys 2. The two ophiolitic belts of Naien–Shahrebabak–Baft and Neyriz were developed to the northeast of Neo‐Tethys 1 and southwest of Neo‐Tethys 2 respectively, related to the sinking of the lithosphere of the Neo‐Tethys 1 in the Late Cretaceous. It can be concluded that deposition of the Paleocene conglomerate on the Central Iran Microcontinent and Pliocene conglomerate in the Zagros Sedimentary Basin is directly linked to the uplift generated by collision.
Cesium Uptake by Rice Roots Largely Depends Upon a Single Gene, HAK1, Which Encodes a Potassium Transporter

Incidents at the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear power stations have resulted in widespread environmental contamination by radioactive nuclides. Among them, 137cesium has a 30 year half-life, and its persistence in soil raises serious food security issues. It is therefore important to prevent plants, especially crop plants, from absorbing radiocesium. In Arabidopsis thaliana, cesium ions are transported into root cells by several different potassium transporters such as high-affinity K+ transporter 5 (AtHAK5). Therefore, the cesium uptake pathway is thought to be highly redundant, making it difficult to develop plants with low cesium uptake. Here, we isolated rice mutants with low cesium uptake and reveal that the Oryza sativa potassium transporter OsHAK1, which is expressed on the surfaces of roots, is the main route of cesium influx into rice plants, especially in low potassium conditions. During hydroponic cultivation with low to normal potassium concentrations (0-206 µM: the normal potassium level in soil), cesium influx in OsHAK1-knockout lines was no greater than one-eighth that in the wild type. In field experiments, knockout lines of O. sativa HAK1 (OsHAK1) showed dramatically reduced cesium concentrations in grains and shoots, but their potassium uptake was not greatly affected and their grain yields were similar to that of the wild type. Our results demonstrate that, in rice roots, potassium transport systems other than OsHAK1 make little or no contribution to cesium uptake. These results show that low cesium uptake rice lines can be developed for cultivation in radiocesium-contaminated areas.
Emission Inventory of Air Pollutants and Trend Analysis Based on Various Regulatory Measures Over Megacity Delhi

© 2012 Mohan et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Emission Inventory of Air Pollutants and Trend Analysis Based on Various Regulatory Measures Over Megacity Delhi
Chemical Safety of Drinking-Water: Assessing Priorities for Risk Management

of drinking-water: Assessing priorities for risk management C em ial sfety of driking-w aer: A ssssing prrities or isk m aagem nt Concern for chemical contamination of drinking water is increasing in both developing and developed countries worldwide; however, too often, effective risk management is hampered by a lack of basic information. Simple, practical tools are needed by those responsible for developing effective policies and making practical decisions in relation to water quality, to deal with the increasing use of chemicals in industry, agriculture, homes and water supply systems themselves.
Cyb5r3-based mechanism and reversal of secondary failure to sulfonylurea

Sulfonylureas (SU) are effective and affordable anti-diabetic drugs. But chronic use leads to secondary failure, limiting their utilization. The mechanism of secondary failure is unknown. Here we identify Cyb5r3 downregulation as a mechanism of SU failure and successfully reverse it. Chronic exposure to SU impairs Cyb5r3 levels and reduces islet glucose utilization with a metabolomics signature characterized by low acetyl-CoA and amino acid levels. Cyb5r3 engages in a glucose-dependent interaction that stabilizes glucokinase (Gck) to maintain glucose utilization. Accordingly, activating Gck mutations in patients with hyperinsulinemia reduce Cyb5r3 binding, whereas inactivating MODY mutations increase it, providing evidence for a role of Cyb5r3 in determining flux through Gck. The Cyb5r3 activator tetrahydroindenoindole (THII) rescues secondary failure to SU in an animal model of chronic SU treatment and restores insulin secretion from ex vivo islets. We conclude that Cyb5r3 loss-of-function is a key factor in the secondary failure to SU and a potential target for its prevention, which may lead to a rehabilitation of SU use in diabetes.
Demographic characteristics of Tibetan rehabilitants and their livelihood activities

A study on demographic characteristics of Tibetan rehabilitants and their livelihood activities was undertaken in Mundgod taluk of Uttar Kannada district during 2009-10. One hundred and thirty five respondents were selected by adopting simple random sampling. Results revealed that 47.40 per cent of the Tibetan rehabilitants studied upto primary school and majority (92.60 %) of them were married. Majority of the respondents (55.56%) belonged to medium level of family size and 39.25 per cent of them had semi-medium level of annual income (` 17,001-34,000). Majority of the respondents (66.67%) had medium extension contact, 51.12% had medium economic motivation and 54.07 per cent of them had medium risk orientation. Majority of the respondents (62.96%) had no livestock possession, 55.56% had no training and 64.45 per cent of them had high level of social participation. Majority of the respondents (75.56%) regularly participated in the marriage programmes. A considerable per cent of the Tibetan rehabilitants (31.12%) had preferred agriculture + dairy as their livelihood practice and majority of them (52.38%) had been in the agriculture + dairy for more than 20 years and more than 71.00 per cent of the respondents with agriculture + dairy had been involved in these activities throughout the year.
Low‐latitude ionospheric height variation as observed by meridional ionosonde chain: Formation of ionospheric ceiling over the magnetic equator

A multipoint ionosonde observation campaign was conducted along the magnetic meridional plane in Southeast Asia to study ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling. One station was near the magnetic equator and two of the other stations were at off‐equatorial latitudes (∼10° magnetic latitude). The daytime ionospheric peak height (hmF2) was analyzed for each season during the solar minimum years, 2006–2007 and 2009. The peak height increased for ∼3 h after sunrise at the magnetic equator and off‐equatorial latitudes, as expected from the daytime upward E × B drift. The apparent upward drift at the magnetic equator ceased before noon, while the drift at the off‐equatorial latitudes continued upward and the layer height exceeded the equatorial height around noon. The noontime limited layer peak height at the magnetic equator, which was termed the ionospheric ceiling, did not depend on the season, while the maximum peak height at the off‐equatorial latitudes largely varied with each season. Numerical modeling using the SAMI2 code was conducted and the features of the ionospheric ceiling were reproduced quite well. The dynamical parameters provided by the SAMI2 modeling runs showed that the ionospheric ceiling is formed by the field‐aligned plasma diffusion, which is a part of the fountain effect.
The Biomarker Guide: Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments

This indispensable reference provides the only comprehensive discussion of biomarkers and how they are used with other geochemical methods to reduce the risk associated with exploration for petroleum. The guide brings together information on biomarkers and related technology that is now disseminated in hundreds of research papers, and creates general guidelines for the use of selected parameters. For a broad audience including company exploration geologies, geochemists, geochemical coordinators, and managers.
The structural and sedimentological evolution of early synrift successions: the Middle Jurassic Tarbert Formation, North Sea

This study addresses the complex relationship between an evolving fault population and patterns of synrift sedimentation during the earliest stages of extension. We have used 3D seismic and well data to examine the early synrift Tarbert Formation from the Middle–Late Jurassic northern North Sea rift basin. The Tarbert Formation is of variable thickness across the study area, and thickness variations define a number of 1‐ to 5‐km‐wide depocentres bounded by normal faults. Seismic reflections diverge towards the bounding faults indicating that the faults were active contemporaneous with the deposition of the formation. Many of these faults became inactive during later Heather Formation times. The preservation of the Tarbert Formation in both footwall and hangingwall locations demonstrates that, during the earliest synrift, the rate of deposition balanced the rate of tectonic subsidence. Local space generated by hangingwall subsidence was superimposed upon accommodation generated due to a regional rise in relative sea‐level. In basal Tarbert Formation times, transgression across the prerift coastal plain produced lagoons and bays, which became increasingly marine. During continued transgression, barrier islands moved landward across the drowned bays. In the southern part of our study area, shallow marine sediments are erosionally truncated by fluvial deposition. These fluvial systems were constrained by fault growth monoclines, and flowed parallel to the main faults. We illustrate that stratal architecture and facies distribution of early sedimentation is strongly influenced by the active short‐lived faults. Local depocentres adjacent to fault displacement maxima focused channel stacking and allowed the aggradation of thick shoreface successions. These depocentres formed early in the rift phase are not necessarily related to Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous depocentres developed along the major linked normal fault systems.
A model evaluation of noninductive graupel‐ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm

The role of noninductive graupel-ice charge separation in the early electrification of the July 31, 1984, New Mexico mountain thunderstorm is assessed with a three-dimensional kinematic cloud model along with multiple Doppler radar and in situ measurements. Observations of the early electrification rate and the electric field distribution are consistent with modeled values that result when the noninductive mechanism works under the influence of convective motions and precipitation growth. An increase in ice particle concentrations and sizes, arising from vigorous precipitation growth, accelerates graupel-ice collision rates and hence the noninductive charging rate. Growing graupel particles experience increasing fall speed as they rise toward the top of the updraft. The resulting vertical flux convergence of graupel containing charge from previous noninductive collisions is a significant factor in the growth of the main negative charge density. This implies that a combination of air motion, precipitation interaction, and sedimentation contributes to the rapid intensification of storm electric fields. The linear electrification phase, which begins with the cessation of convective growth, is caused by a roughly constant noninductive charging rate and by the separation of negatively charged graupel and positively charged smaller ice particles by differential sedimentation, downdrafts, and horizontal advection in vertically sheared flow. When the sign reversal temperature for noninductive charging is assumed to be −10°C, the model results are characterized by a main negative charge in middle levels and provide the best overall agreement with the in situ field measurements in the July 31 storm. For a sign reversal temperature of −21°C the model results are characterized by a main positive charge center in middle levels, and the electric field polarity is opposite to the polarity measured at low and middle levels of the storm. The model and observational data, combined with findings of some laboratory studies, support the hypothesis that the actual reversal temperature in the July 31 storm is around −10°C. When the model includes the inductive graupel-droplet charging mechanism in addition to the noninductive mechanism, the effect of inductive charging is secondary to that of noninductive charging. The net effect of adding induction is dissipative. For example, the maximum field strength at the location of the aircraft measurements is slightly less than in the case where the noninductive mechanism acts alone. Weak charge screening layers were found to develop on the boundary of the modeled cloud.
Deuterium in Hurricane Faith 1966: Preliminary results

Simultaneous precipitation and water vapor samples from Hurricane Faith, August 28, and September 1, 1966, have been analyzed for their deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio. The radial distributions of the D/H isotope ratio have been obtained for the 600-, 1200-, 2100-, and 3000-meter altitude levels. In horizontal displays the D/H ratios of vapor and liquid show characteristic variations with deep minima near the inner and outer rainbands and higher values between. In vertical profiles the D/H ratios exhibit a decrease with altitude, which is much steeper within the rainbands than outside. In both cases the decrease exceeds the value predicted by Rayleigh condensation. The measurements also show that precipitation and cloud vapor are not in isotopic equilibrium, and that the deviation from equilibrium varies systematically across a rainband. The observed D distribution is explained qualitatively as being due to raindrops carried by upper level winds from the updraft towers to the high-pressure side of the rainband.
Shock metamorphism in quartz at Sevetin and Susice (Bohemia)? A TEM investigation

— The possible impact origin of the Sevetin and Susice structures (Bohemia, Czech Republic) has been tested by searching for shock metamorphism in quartz. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) investigation revealed microstructures originating only from tectonic deformation. No lattice defects characteristic of shock deformation have been detected, even considering possible annealing of microstructures. An impact origin for Sevetin and Susice is not supported by TEM study.