Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anthelmintic Activity of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Leaf and Flower) Extracts against Trichostrongylidae Nematodes in Sheep In Vitro

Simple Summary Different types of endoparasites are present in small ruminants, especially in sheep. One of the most important parasites are the gastrointestinal nematodes (Trichostrongylidae). Emaciation, anorexia, decreased productivity, and diarrhea are observed in infected animals. These infections cause great economic damage to sheep owners through production losses and treatment costs. In connection with the frequent treatment of sheep against endoparasite infections, anthelmintic resistance has developed. Due to the global anthelmintic resistance situation, the principles of parasite control have changed. New alternatives have been sought, and one of the most researched alternatives is phytotherapy. Different plants with anthelmintic activity would be valuable for the control of ruminant helminths. Phytotherapy would reduce the use of synthetic drugs and reduce treatment costs. Abstract Due to the high prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, the growing anthelmintic resistance, and the development of organic farming systems, sustainable alternatives are being sought. One such method is phytotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of extracts of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) growing in Latvia on gastrointestinal nematodes (Trichostrongylidae) in sheep. The leaves and flowers of the tansy were extracted separately in 70%, 50%, and 30% ethanol and acetone. Six concentrations were prepared from each extract 500 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL. In vitro egg hatching test and micro-agar larval development test were performed. Extracts of tansy have strong larvicidal activity. The highest percentage of larvae inhibition for most of the extracts was 100%, but for egg inhibition, it was 95.8% for the 200 mg/mL concentration of 50% acetone and 93.3% for the 500 mg/mL concentration of 50% ethanol leaf extracts. All tansy extracts had ovicidal and larvicidal activity against Trichostrongylidae in sheep.
Intersexual Differences in the Gene Expression of Phoneutria depilata (Araneae, Ctenidae) Toxins Revealed by Venom Gland Transcriptome Analyses

The wandering spider, Phoneutria depilata, is one of Colombia’s most active nocturnal arthropod predators of vertebrates and invertebrates. Its venom has been a relevant subject of study in the last two decades. However, the scarcity of transcriptomic data for the species limits our knowledge of the distinct components present in its venom for linking the mainly neurotoxic effects of the spider venom to a particular molecular target. The transcriptome of the P. depilata venom gland was analyzed to understand the effect of different diets or sex and the impact of these variables on the composition of the venom. We sequenced venom glands obtained from ten males and ten females from three diet treatments: (i) invertebrate: Tenebrio molitor, (ii) vertebrate: Hemidactylus frenatus, and (iii) mixed (T. molitor + H. frenatus). Of 17,354 assembled transcripts from all samples, 65 transcripts relating to venom production differed between males and females. Among them, 36 were classified as neurotoxins, 14 as serine endopeptidases, 11 as other proteins related to venom production, three as metalloprotease toxins, and one as a venom potentiator. There were no differences in transcripts across the analyzed diets, but when considering the effect of diets on differences between the sexes, 59 transcripts were differentially expressed. Our findings provide essential information on toxins differentially expressed that can be related to sex and the plasticity of the diet of P. depilata and thus can be used as a reference for venomics of other wandering spider species.
Learning Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence

Accurately representing vertical turbulent fluxes in the planetary boundary layer is vital for moisture and energy transport. Nonetheless, the parameterization of the boundary layer remains a major source of inaccuracy in climate models. Recently, machine learning techniques have gained popularity for representing oceanic and atmospheric processes, yet their high dimensionality limits interpretability. This study introduces a new neural network architecture employing non-linear dimensionality reduction to predict vertical turbulent fluxes in a dry convective boundary layer. Our method utilizes turbulent kinetic energy and scalar profiles as input to extract a physically constrained two-dimensional latent space, providing the necessary yet minimal information for accurate flux prediction. We obtained data by coarse-graining Large Eddy Simulations covering a broad spectrum of boundary layer conditions, from weakly to strongly unstable. These regimes are employed to constrain the latent space disentanglement, enhancing interpretability. By applying this constraint, we decompose the vertical turbulent flux of various scalars into two main modes of variability: wind shear and convective transport. Our data-driven parameterization accurately predicts vertical turbulent fluxes (heat and passive scalars) across turbulent regimes, surpassing state-of-the-art schemes like the eddy-diffusivity mass flux scheme. By projecting each variability mode onto its associated scalar gradient, we estimate the diffusive flux and learn the eddy diffusivity. The diffusive flux is found to be significant only in the surface layer for both modes and becomes negligible in the mixed layer. The retrieved eddy diffusivity is considerably smaller than previous estimates used in conventional parameterizations, highlighting the predominant non-diffusive nature of transport.
of Feed Additive Containing Bentonite and Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs under Chronic Dietary Challenges of Fumonisin and

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a feed additive containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary exposure to fumonisin and aflatoxin. Newly weaned pigs were randomly allotted to one of four possible treatments: a control diet of conventional corn; a diet of corn contaminated with fumonisin and aflatoxin; a diet of mycotoxin-contaminated corn with 0.2% of feed additive; and a diet of mycotoxin contaminated corn with 0.4% of feed additive. We observed lower average weight gain and average daily feed intake in pigs that were fed only mycotoxin-contaminated corn compared to the control group. Feed additive supplementation linearly increased both average weight gain and feed intake, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In the jejunum, there was an observed decrease in immunoglobulin A and an increase in claudin-1. Additionally, feed additive supplementation increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio compared to the control. In conclusion, feed additives containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast could mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on the growth performance of newly weaned pigs by improving intestinal integrity and positively modulating immune response.
Microbial Mechanisms of the Priming Effect over 12 Years of Different Amounts of Nitrogen Management

The return of crop residues and application of chemical nitrogen (N) can influence the soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover. However, the changes in the response of the priming effect (PE) to N management in real farming systems are not fully understood. In this research, we launched a 270-day in situ experiment in three N management plots (N0, no N; N1, 300 kg hm−2; and N2, 360 kg hm−2) on a long-term maize farm in order to examine the microbial mechanisms that trigger the PE in the presence of 13C-labeled maize residues. We found that N1 decreased SOC mineralization and the positive PE, but increased the residual C mineralization and microbial C use efficiency in comparison with N0 and N2, respectively. The positive PE can be explained by the microbial nutrient mining theory for N0 and by the microbial stoichiometry decomposition theory for N1 and N2, as reflected by the increased abundance of oligotrophic phyla in N0 and the increased abundance of copiotrophic phyla in N1 and N2. The microbial biomass C (MBC), residue-derived MBC, and the communities’ complexity were decreased in N2 due to the acidification of the soil environment, but N1 enhanced the MBC, residue-derived MBC, and bacterial communities’ complexity. The keystone bacterial taxa of Vicinamibacteraceae and Gemmatimonas preferred the recalcitrant C of SOC in N0 and N2, respectively. However, Acidibacter favored the labile residual C in N1. The keystone fungal taxa of Penicillium, Sarocladium, and Cladophialophora exhibited wide substrate-use abilities in N0, N1, and N2, respectively. Our research depicts the mechanisms of how microbial communities’ structures are reshaped through N management and emphasizes the functions of the keystone microbial taxa in C turnover and the PE in farming systems.
Combinatorial Flows and Proof Compression

This paper introduces the notion of combinatorial flows as a generalization of combinatorial proofs that also includes cut and substitution as methods of proof compression. We show a normalization procedure for combinatorial flows, and how syntactic proofs in sequent calculus, deep inference, and Frege systems are translated into combinatorial flows and vice versa.
BEHAVIORAL TRANSMISSION: EVIDENCE FROM A PUBLIC HEALTH CAMPAIGN IN BANGLADESH

We examine how behavior change transmits across contexts in the setting of hand hygiene in rural Bangladesh. We randomize an edutainment intervention across classrooms to trace schoolto-home transmission in handwashing behavior and randomize the proportion of students who receive handwashing resources at home to track home-to-school transmission. We document that, while edutainment generates greater washing at school, it leads to substantially less washing at home, such that total washing is net negative. Likewise, children induced to wash more at home exhibit substantially less washing at school. Our results illustrate that successfully promoting behavior in one environment may crowd out like behavior in another critical context. They highlight an unintended consequence of behavior change interventions, like those often implemented in early childhood education, that assume complementarities in behavior across contexts. JEL Codes: D83, D91, I12. *We are grateful to seminar participants at Harvard University, Michaela Carlana, Jishnu Das, Will Dobbie, Nathan Nunn, Vincent Pons, and Matthew Weinzierl for their valuable comments. Masudur Rahman and enumerators from the MoMoDa foundation provided invaluable assistance with data collection and field work. Experiment registered in the AEA Registry under AEARCTR-0004746, with IRB approval from Harvard University (IRB00000109). This project was graciously funded by The Weiss Fund and Harvard Business School. †Harvard Business School, Boston MA 02163. rhussam@hbs.edu ‡Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge MA 02139. ohd@g.harvard. edu
The Sustainability of Regional Innovation in China: Insights from Regional Innovation Values and Their Spatial Distribution

As the continuous improvement of the quality of innovation becomes increasingly significant for balanced regional development in China, it is critical to provide insights into the sustainability of regional innovation in China from the viewpoint of value. This study estimates regional innovation values based on an improved regional innovation value model incorporating patent values and a regional innovation indicator system. Data for invention patents as well as regional innovation indicators in 282 cities from 1987 to 2019 in China are utilized for estimation. Based on the estimated parameters and Monte Carlo simulation, city-level innovation values are calculated as benchmarks, along with provincial and regional innovation values, to analyze the patterns of the spatial distribution and agglomeration of regional innovation value. The findings are as follows. (1) The regional innovation value model provides an effective way to measure regional innovation in terms of value. (2) The regional innovation values are unevenly distributed; cities with higher innovation values are clustered in Eastern China, while most other cities have much lower innovation values. (3) The innovation values in Eastern China are notably higher, and the differences in innovation values between Eastern China and other regions are large and show a trend of first widening and then narrowing during the sample period. (4) The sustainability of regional innovation is not widely achieved, since highly concentrated innovation value is found in only a few regions in the eastern coastal areas. These findings suggest that promoting China’s innovation capacity and the sustainable development of technological innovation requires continually implementing innovation-driven development strategies, cultivating high-value innovation, optimizing industrial transfer, improving the layout of the national research infrastructure, giving full play to spatial spillover effects, and promoting interregional innovation information exchange in order to achieve the balanced and sustainable development of regional innovation.
The Impact of Pause-Internal Phonetic Particles on Recall in Synthesized Lectures

We studied the effect of pause-internal phonetic particles (PINTs) on recall for native and non-native listeners of English in a listening experiment with synthesized material that simulated a university lecture. Using a neural speech synthesizer trained on recorded lectures with PINTs annotations, we generated three distinct conditions: a base version, a “silence” version where non-silence PINTs were replaced with silence, and a “nopints” version where all PINTs, including silences, were removed. Half of the participants were informed they were listening to computer-generated audio, while the other half were told the audio was recorded with a poor-quality microphone. We found that neither the condition nor the participants’ native language significantly affected their overall score, and the presence of PINTs before critical information had a negative effect on recall. This study highlights the importance of considering PINTs for educational purposes in speech synthesis systems.
The Impact of Low-Carbon Pilot Cities on the Development of Digital Economy: Empirical Evidence from 284 Cities in China

The launch of the low-carbon city pilot policy is of great significance to promoting China’s economic structural transformation, especially for the development of the digital economy. This paper took the low-carbon city pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment. By matching the panel data of 284 cities in China from 2007 to 2020, this paper studied the impact of the low-carbon pilot cities on the development of the digital economy by using the differences-in-differences(DID) method. The results show the following: (1) The low-carbon city pilot policy significantly promoted the development of the digital economy in the pilot areas, and the promotion effect was the most significant in the eastern region and the pilot areas of non-resource-based cities. (2) Through a mechanism analysis, it was found that government intervention and human capital play a mediating role between low-carbon pilot cities and digital economy development, while the mediating effect of industrial structure upgrading was not verified in this paper. (3) The mechanism of action is also heterogeneous in different regions; that is, the magnitude and direction of action vary across regions. This paper attempts to provide theoretical support for the green and sustainable development of the Chinese economy.
Geometrically bounding 3-manifolds with the same volume

It is well known that an arbitrary closed orientable $3$-manifold can be realized as the unique boundary of a compact orientable $4$-manifold, that is, any closed orientable $3$-manifold is cobordant to zero. In this paper, we consider the geometric cobordism problem: a hyperbolic $3$-manifold is geometrically bounding if it is the only boundary of some totally geodesic hyperbolic 4-manifold. However, there are very rare geometrically bounding closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Let $v \approx 4.3062\ldots$ be the volume of the regular right-angled hyperbolic dodecahedron in $\mathbb{H}^{3}$, for each $n \in \mathbb{Z}_{+}$, we show there are at least $\lceil\frac{5n+3}{2}\rceil$ closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds of the same volume $16nv$, each of them bounds a totally geodesic hyperbolic 4-manifold. The proof uses small cover theory over a sequence of linearly-glued dodecahedra.
of Near-Infrared Pulsed Light on the A tt ention of Human Beings Using Electroencephalography

In our previous studies, photobiomodulation (PBM) stimulation can induce significant brain activation in normal subjects. In an open-eye study, the PBM stimulation was able to increase the power of alpha rhythms and theta waves, as well as decrease the beta activities after PBM stimulation. However, in the closed eyes study, the alpha rhythms in the laser group were reduced. This means the PBM stimulation can induce specific brainwaves under different conditions. Thus, to investigate the effects of PBM stimulation on human’s attention, forty students were recruited in this single-blind randomized trial. A PBM stimulator, with seven pcs laser diodes (LDs), frequency 10 Hz, 30 mW/each LD, and wavelength 830 nm, was used to radiate the palm of the subject. PBM stimulation was found to induce significant variation in beta activity in most of the regions of the brain in the laser group. Compared to the placebo group, the PBM stimulation has a significant change in beta activity on electroencephalography (EEG). Three types of tests, the random number test, the Stroop color-word test, and the Multiple-Dimension Attention Test (MDAT), were used to evaluate the effects of the PBM stimulation. The scores of MDAT in the laser group increased more significantly than those in the placebo group after PBM stimulation (p < 0.01). An improvement in attention was observed in this study.
Evaluation of Wheat Genotypes under Water Regimes Using Hyperspectral Reflectance and Agro-Physiological Parameters via Genotype by Yield*Trait Approaches in Sakha Station, Delta, Egypt

Drought is an environmental abiotic stress that diminishes wheat production worldwide. In the present study, we evaluated fifty bread wheat genotypes (arranged in alpha lattice design) under two main water regimes, water-deficit (two surface irrigations) and well-watered (four irrigations), at different sites in two consecutive cropping seasons, 2019/20 and 2020/21. To identify the drought-tolerant genotypes, utilized several selection/phenotyping criteria, including agronomic traits, e.g., grain yield (GY) and yield components (SM); physiological parameters such as canopy temperature (CT), leaf transpiration rate (TRN), intercellular CO2 concentration (INCO); spectral reflectance indices, e.g., Leaf Chlorophyll Index (LCI), curvature index (CI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); and stress tolerance indices (STI) were determined concurrently with the grain yield. The results revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) among the environments, genotypes, and their interaction for grain yield (GY), days to heading (DH), days to maturity (DM), grain filling period (GFP), grain filling rate (GFR), Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), plant height (PH), and spikes per square meter (SM). The genotype plus genotype by environment (GGE) and genotype by yield*trait (GYT) biplot techniques indicated that Genotype 37 (Sakha 95) and Genotype 45 performed best under well-watered and water-deficit environments. Furthermore, the same genotypes were the best from the genotype by stress tolerance indices (GSTI) approach view. Genotype 37 (Sakha 95) was superior to the GYT selection method, with physiological parameters and spectral reflectance indices. Likewise, we can identify this genotype as low-water-tolerant based on GSTI, GYT, and SRI results and recommend involving it in the drought breeding program.
Hate Speech Detection in Bahasa Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities

—This study aims to provide an overview of the current research on detecting abusive language in Indonesian social media. The study examines existing datasets, methods, and challenges and opportunities in this field. The research found that most existing datasets for detecting abusive language were collected from social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, with Twitter being the most commonly used source. The study also found that hate speech is the most researched type of abusive language. Various models, including traditional machine learning and deep learning approaches, have been implemented for this task, with deep learning models showing more competitive results. However, the use of transformer-based models is less popular in Indonesian hate speech studies. The study also emphasizes the importance of exploring more diverse phenomena, such as islamophobia and political hate speech. Additionally, the study suggests crowdsourcing as a potential solution for the annotation approach for labeling datasets. Furthermore, it encourages researchers to consider code-mixing issues in abusive language datasets in Indonesia, as it could improve the overall model performance for detecting abusive language in Indonesian data. The study also suggests that the lack of effective regulations and the anonymity afforded to users on most social networking sites, as well as the increasing number of Twitter users in Indonesia, have contributed to the rising prevalence of hate speech in Indonesian social media. The study also notes the importance of considering code-mixed language, out-of-vocabulary words, grammatical errors, and limited context when working with social media data.
Simulation of Transport and Impact of Moisture Content on the Biodegradation

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Simulation of Transport and Impact of Moisture Content on the Biodegradation Florent Hénon, Gérald Debenest, Xavier Lefebvre, Sébastien Pommier, Damien Chenu, Michel Quintard
Depth and Stanley depth of the edge ideals of square paths and square cycles

ABSTRACT In this paper, we compute depth and Stanley depth for the quotient ring of the edge ideal associated to a square path on n vertices. We also compute depth and Stanley depth for the quotient ring of the edge ideal associated to a square cycle on n vertices, when n≡0,3,4( mod 5), and give tight bounds when n≡1,2( mod 5). We also prove a conjecture of Herzog presented in [5], for the edge ideals of square paths and square cycles.
Granular Corporate Hedging Under Dominant Currency∗

This paper shows that, in a world dominated by vehicle currencies, firms engaging in international operations retain currency risk and hedge it real and financially. We employ a unique dataset covering the universe of trade credit, international trade, foreign currency debt, and FX derivatives contracts with firms’ census data in Chile (2005-2018). We document that operational hedging is quantitatively limited, as different maturity, frequency, and amount of FX operations make it difficult to net these exposures. The granular firms complement real hedging using FX financial instruments, which improve their cash flow management and promote their trade and growth.