Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Losing Insurance and Behavioral Health Inpatient Care: Evidence from a Large-Scale Medicaid Disenrollment

We study the effects of losing insurance on behavioral health – defined as mental health and substance use disorder (SUD) – on community hospitalizations. We leverage variation in public insurance coverage eligibility offered by a large-scale and unexpected Medicaid disenrollment in Tennessee. Losing insurance did not influence behavioral healthcare hospitalizations. Mental illness hospitalization financing was partially shifted to other forms of insurance while SUD treatment financing shifted entirely to patients. Combining our findings with previous work on public insurance gains suggests that demand for behavioral healthcare services is asymmetric: service use increases following a gain but does not decline after a loss. We are the first to document this finding. We also investigate the implications of reliance on data that is not representative at the level of treatment and propose a possible solution. <br><br>Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at <a href="http://www.nber. org/papers/&#119;25936" TARGET="_blank">www.nber. org</a>. <br>
The Effect of Language on Investing: Evidence from Searches in Chinese Versus English

Abstract This study examines the language effect on investing behavior in local stock markets for local- and foreign-language investors using Google search records. First, we find that attention to a local language stimulates attention to a foreign language, increases abnormal news coverage, and has better predictability on stock returns. Second, investors who do Google searches in the local language react faster to a news event's shock than those who search in the foreign language. Third, only attention to the local language can reduce the price drift of an earnings surprise. Last, firm-level information asymmetry is a channel for local advantage. Therefore, we suggest that investors who use a stock market's local language have a local advantage when seeking more profitable investment opportunities in that stock market.
Does Regulatory Bank Oversight Impact Economic Activity? A Local Projections Approach

Existing research generally finds that the magnitude of the effect of supervisory rating shocks on real economic activity is small and short-lived. This is puzzling because corrective actions addressing weaknesses in underwriting and other practices frequently include lending restrictions and thus would be expected to have a stronger effect on real activity. As supervisory actions curb poorly underwritten or uneconomic loans, transmission of macroprudential policy throughout the macroeconomy should be evident in the dynamic responses of the real GDP and other measures of real activity. We use the local projections approach to estimate impulse responses from a vector autoregression (VAR) model. We show that the effect of supervisory stringency shocks is larger than the one estimated with the standard Cholesky structural VAR approach. We find that the effects are asymmetric: bank downgrades lead to a pronounced decline in real activity, while upgrades do not result in its increase. This would follow if the decrease is driven by poor lending practices that would not be expected to resume when the bank is upgraded. The linear framework averages out these effects, overstating the impact of upgrades, and understating that of downgrades. Furthermore, we document the presence of nonlinear effects for the downgrade shocks, as their impact increases disproportionately with its size. Such effects are not observed for upgrade shocks. Finally, we demonstrate that our results are robust to the inclusion of a variety of controls and additional endogenous variables.
Free Innovation

In this book I integrate new theory and new research findings into the framework of a “free innovation paradigm. �? Free innovation involves innovations developed and given away by consumers as a “free good,�? with resulting improvements in social welfare. I explain that free innovation is an inherently simple, transaction-free, grassroots innovation process engaged in by tens of millions of people in the household sector of national economies. Unlike producer innovation, free innovation does not require intellectual property rights to function. Indeed, from the perspective of participants, free innovation is fundamentally not about money – it is about human flourishing. I spell out the economics of free innovation relative to producer innovation, and its major economic impacts. These are currently not measured and so hidden from view. I also develop and explore major implications of free innovation for innovation theory, policymaking, and practice.
How Do Mortgage Rate Resets Affect Consumer Spending and Debt Repayment? Evidence from Canadian Consumers

We study the causal effect of mortgage rate changes on consumer spending, debt repayment, and defaults during an expansionary and a contractionary monetary policy episode in Canada. Our identification takes advantage of the fact that the interest rates of short-term fixed-rate mortgages (the dominant product in Canada’s mortgage market) have to be reset according to the prevailing market interest rates at predetermined time intervals. Our empirical strategy exploits this exogenous variation in the timing of mortgage rate resets. We find asymmetric responses of consumer durable spending, deleveraging, and defaults. These results can be rationalized by the cash-flow effect in conjunction with changes in consumers’ expectations about future interest rates. Our findings help us to understand the responses of the household sector to changes in the interest rate, especially in countries where variable-rate, adjustable-rate, and short-term fixed-rate mortgages are prevalent.
Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) species complex (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae), a review of taxonomy and distribution of endemic species from Argentina

Morphology of the shell, radula, jaw, anatomy and sculpture of the inner wall of the reproductive system are described and compared for three species belonging to the Bostryx tortoranus species complex. On the basis of these characters, the following changes are proposed: Bostryx martinezi (Hylton Scott, 1965) is removed from synonymy with Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) and Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) cicheroi Hylton Scott, 1967 is transferred from synonymy with B. tortoranus to synonymy with B. martinezi. As a result of these changes, the number of species of Bostryx known from Argentina has increased to 19 species. Bostryx tortoranus and B. martinezi are redescribed, also the radula and anatomy of Bostryx rudisculptus (Parodiz, 1956) are described for the first time. The main distinctive morphological characters of the three species are: the structure of the shell’s protoconch and teleoconch, radular morphology, location of the secondary ureter opening, the length of the free oviduct with respect to the vagina and the epiphallus with respect to the penis and the bursa copulatrix duct’s inner wall sculpture. Bostryx martinezi and B. rudisculptus have restricted distributions and are ecologically endemic, whereas B. tortoranus has a wide distribution and is located in different dry ecoregions. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2F21A37-E0ED-454F-A63D-EEC1804D7DFA
Excess Entry in an Experimental Winner-Take-All Market

"Winner-Take-All"-markets, i.e. markets in which the relative and not the absolute performance is decisive, have gained in importance. Such markets have a tendency to provoke inefficiently many entries. We investigate the functioning of such markets with the help of experiments and show that there are even more inefficient entries than predicted by the Nash equilibrium. Moreover, this effect increases with group size. Quantal response equilibrium predicts the increase in group size but fails to predict the excess entry in the smaller group. We show that the excess entry is not caused by coordination failures. Furthermore, individual entry behavior is not significantly linked to risk preferences. We discuss several concepts that might explain the observed excess entry.
Effects of dietary supplementation of glycyrrhizic acid on growth performance, survival, innate immune response and parasite resistance in juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on growth, survival and immune response of juvenile large yellow croaker, in seawater floating net cages. GA was supplemented into the basal diet to formulate four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets containing 0.00% (the control diet), 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% GA of dry weight, respectively. Triplicate groups of 60 fish were fed to apparent satiation by hand twice daily. The results showed that the specific growth rate, survival rate and feed efficiency ratio revealed no significant differences among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The phagocytic index of head kidney macrophage was significantly increased by the supplementation of 0.04% dietary GA compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Fish fed 0.04% dietary GA also showed significantly higher serum lysozyme activity than fish fed the control diet and diet with 0.01% GA (P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality rate after natural infestation of parasites (protozoan, Cryptocaryon irritans Brown) showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. These results suggested that dietary glycyrrhizic acid improved certain non-specific immunological parameters of juvenile large yellow croaker. However, GA was not able to protect juvenile large yellow croaker effectively from protozoan infection.
The match/mismatch hypothesis and the feeding success of fish larvae in ice-covered southeastern Hudson Bay

We studied the synchronism between the seasonal occurrence of fish larvae and their prey in ice-covered southeastern Hudson Bay, Canada, in spnng 1988, 1989 and 1990. Arctic cod Boreogadus saida and sand lance Ammodytes sp. larvae hatched several weeks before ice break-up and fed primarily on copepod nauplii. The timing of 50% yolk resorption was the same every year (1 1 to 18 May for Arctic cod and 5 to 11 June for sand lance) but the availability of copepod naupli~ varied substantially between years, both in magnitude (7-fold) and timing (4 to 6 wk), lnterannual differences in the under-ice abundance of nauplii were linked to variations in the abundance of female cyclopoid copepods, and appeared unrelated to the timing of the ice-algal or phytoplankton blooms. Interannual differences (2to 4-fold) in the feeding success of fish larvae (percent feeding incidence at length and mean feeding ratio at length) were related to the availability of copepod nauplii Consistent with the match/mismatch hypothesis, the fixity of the spawning season in relation to a variable cycle of prey abundance accounted for the observed variations in feeding success and apparent growth (length at date) of fish larvae. Yet, in this particular ecosystem, a match or mismatch between Arctic cod or sand lance larvae and their prey may depend more on the dynamics of cyclopoid copepods during the previous winter than on the timing of the spring algal blooms.
VIX vs VXX: A Joint Analytical Framework

We propose a framework for modeling in a consistent manner the VIX index and the VXX, an exchange-traded note written on the VIX. Our study enables to link the properties of VXX to those of the VIX in a tractable way. In particular, we quantify the systematic loss observed empirically for VXX when the VIX futures term-structure is in contango and we derive option prices, implied volatilities and skews of VXX from those of VIX in infinitesimal developments. We also perform a calibration on real data which highlights the flexibility of our model in fitting the futures and the vanilla options market of VIX and VXX. Our framework can be used to model other exchange-traded notes on the VIX as well as any market where exchange-traded notes have been introduced on a reference index, hence providing tools to better anticipate and quantify systematic behavior of an exchange-traded note with respect to the underlying index.
Optimal Insurance Contracts with Limited Commitment and Unobservable Disability

We study a continuous-time model of an optimal long-term labor contract with a randomly arriving disability shock under two frictions: the agent cannot commit to a long-term contract and can falsely claim disability. We provide the explicit solution and analyze the optimal contract by using an optimal stopping approach. We show that the optimal contract can be implemented under a three-account trading system, which has different features from systems in the literature that are generated under only one of the two frictions. By using the three-account system, we investigate how the arrival intensity of the disability shock and the level of disability severity have an impact on the optimal contract. Finally, we also perform a quantitative analysis on the firm’s cost from providing inefficient contracts caused by the current long-term disability insurance practice.
Rating Performance and Bank Business Models: Is There a Change with the 2007–2009 Crisis?

We investigate the relationship between a bank’s rating and its business model and hypothesize that relationship changed through the crisis. We use bank ratings by Fitch, Moody’s and S&P’s from 2006 to 2009 and proxy the business model via an index given by a banks’ traditional income share in total income. In a sample of 241 listed banks from 39 countries, controlling for sovereign ratings and other bank characteristics, we find that banks with higher values of the index had: (1) similar ratings to other banks until 2007; (2) better rating performance through 2008–2009. The evidence supports our hypothesis.
Sciarid and shore flies as aerial vectors of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in greenhouse cucumbers

The options for managing Fusarium wilt in greenhouse cucumbers are limited by our poor understanding of the modes of survival and dissemination of the pathogen. This study uses a specific quantitative real‐time PCR assay for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum to investigate the significance of flying insects as aerial vectors of the pathogen in a commercial cucumber greenhouse. Shore flies were more frequently detected (35.5%) carrying F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum than sciarids (25%), with both species carrying between 1 × 102 and 1 × 106 pathogen genome copies/individual. Sciarid and shore flies acquired F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum following exposures to agar cultures of the pathogen of up to 94 h. Light microscopy revealed that spores were carried externally on the bodies of the adult flies. The ability of adult sciarid flies to vector the pathogen from peat‐grown diseased cucumber plants and infect healthy cucumber plants was demonstrated in a caged glasshouse trial. An inoculum density trial showed that vascular wilt disease was initiated after inoculation of peat‐grown seedlings with as few as 1000 conidia. We conclude that sciarid and shore flies play significant roles as vectors of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in greenhouse cucumbers and need to be recognized in developing integrated crop management strategies.
Funding Fragility And Commercial Bank Failures

I examine the link between funding composition and the hundreds of failures of US commercial banks that followed the 2007-2008 funding phase of the Great Recession. I test whether these failures were induced by market-wide funding freezes that were unrelated to policy fundamentals, or by funding freezes that were idiosyncratic to failed banks but unrelated to bank fundamentals. The empirical evidence rejects both propositions. Funding structures remained relatively stable during the crisis. Intertemporal variation in aggregate funding costs can be explained by shifts in policy rates. Variation in the spread in funding costs between failed and nonfailed banks ,at the time that failure rates peaked, can be explained almost entirely by differences in solvency risk.
Differential attraction of parasitoids in relation to specificity of kairomones from herbivores and their by‐products

Infochemicals are used by foraging parasitoids in the host selection process from habitat preference until host recognition. Kairomones from the herbivore host plays a vital role in the attraction of parasitoids, particularly in the micro‐habitat. Parasitoids are specifically attracted to their respective herbivore species even when different herbivores are present on the same plant. Chemicals emitted from different stages of host (eggs, larvae, pupae, adult), host by‐products (e.g., frass, exuviae, mandibular gland secretions, defense secretions etc.), or intra‐specific infochemicals (pheromones) can be main signals for the parasitoids. Parasitoids can differentiate between host and non‐host, between different hosts and host stages by perceiving specific volatile and contact kairomones from the host itself, host along with its by‐product, by‐products alone or intra‐specific infochemicals; of which frass (by‐product) and intra‐specific infochemicals are the most reported ones. Adult and larval parasitoids have been reported to be attracted to kairomones of their target stage or byproduct of their host. Pupal parasitoids have been found to utilize kairomones from the preceding host stage while egg parasitoids are known to exploit a variety of host infochemicals, for example, either from eggs themselves or other non‐target host stages, especially adults and adult‐related by‐products. The kairomonal chemicals identified so far include various groups, but mainly hydrocarbons. A high degree of host specificity and host acceptance is important for the parasitoids as any mistake may result in the loss of fitness.
A critical update on seed dormancy. I. Primary dormancy

Abstract The emphasis of modern dormancy research is almost entirely on the form of dormancy that is acquired during seed development, primary dormancy. Abscisic acid (ABA) appears to be intimately involved in its regulation. The action of abscisic acid has also been implied in many other developmental processes. The coincidence of developmental events, such as dehydration and completion of maturation, with the acquisition of primary dormancy suggests that dormancy is influenced by these processes. Germinability, both during development and after maturation, is sometimes directly correlated with ABA content. The lack of such a correlation may be explained by assuming a decisive role for the responsiveness to ABA or other overriding factors. ABA has been detected in all seed components. The different seed tissues may all contribute, to various extents, to the degree of whole seed dormancy. It is concluded that ABA action in dormancy regulation is not restricted to the embryo but is also located in endospermic tissue. In addition, a role of ABA in the morphological development of germination modifying seed tissues is proposed. The mechanism for ABA action appears to be associated with cell wall properties.
The Effect of Loan Sales on the Capital Structure of Banks

This paper addresses the question whether the existence of a secondary loan market changes the capital structure decision of banks. The results show that banks issue more debt if there is a secondary loan market in good times, when loans are sold at the fair price. The fair price ensures that an increase in investment increases the profit of the bank. On the other hand, banks issue less debt if there is a secondary loan market in bad times. This implies that the effect of loan sales on the bank's capital structure depends on the state of the economy. The bank engages in over-investment, if it can sell its loans in the secondary loan market in good times, as opposed to under-investment in bad times. In summary, the existence of a secondary loan market amplifies the effects of booms and busts linked to macroeconomic cycles.
[4-(6,7-Disubstituted quinazolin-4-ylamino)phenyl] carbamic acid esters: a novel series of dual EGFR/VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Investigating a series of anilinoquinazoline derivatives substituted by carbamic acid esters, we have established the importance of the carbamate functional group and the substitution on the arylamino ring by a donor/acceptor group such as halide or methyl. All the newly-synthesized compounds described were evaluated for both their in vitroEGFR and VEGFR-2 kinase inhibition and antiproliferative activities against various cancer cells. These novel compounds were effective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for these two enzymes with in vitro IC50 values in the submicromolar range, but showed a moderated inhibitory activity on cancer cells. Modification of the ether linkage at the 6- or 7- position of the quinazoline core with a basic or aliphatic side chain (70–80) was investigated and it was demonstrated that introduction of aminoalkyl substituents such as morpholinoethoxy is a key modification that increases antiproliferative activity.
Supercointegrated

This paper uses S&P100 data to examine the performance of pairs trading portfolios that are sorted by the significance level of cointegration between their constituents. We find that portfolios that are formed with highly cointegrated pairs, named as "supercointegrated", yield the best performance reflecting a positive relationship between the level of cointegration and pairs trading profitability. The supercointegrated portfolio also shows superior out-of-sample performance to the simple buy-and-hold investments on the market portfolio in terms of Sharpe ratio. We link the time-varying risk of the pairs trading strategy to aggregated market volatility. Moreover we report a positive risk-return relationship between the strategy and market volatility, which is enhanced during the bear market. Our results remain valid when applying the strategy to European index data.
Integrating Spring Wheat Sowing Density with Variety Selection to Manage Wheat Stem Sawfly

Th e wheat stem sawfl y (Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)) (WSS) has been a serious pest of wheat (Triticum aesti- vum L.) since the late 19th century. Adoption of solid-stemmed cultivars, which are available only in the spring bread wheat class in Canada, can mitigate damage but the trait that confers resistance tends to be variable. Five other classes of wheat are grown within the geographical range of C. cinctus and are vulnerable to WSS infestation, and the entire production area for durum (T. turgidum L.) in western Canada, Montana, and western North Dakota lies within the geographic range of C. cinctus. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that the response of hollow- and solid-stemmed cultivars to sowing density (150, 250, 350, or 450 seeds m -2 ) would diff er and subsequently aff ect infestation patterns of WSS and an endemic parasitoids. Th e lowest rates of infestation occurred in the hollow-stemmed durum cultivar AC Avonlea and declined with increased sowing density. Wheat pith expression was optimized at the lowest sowing density but the same level produced low and variable grain yield. In the solid- stemmed cultivar Lillian, pith expression was most stable at 250 or 350 seeds m -2 . For all cultivars, grain yield was optimized at the higher seeding rates of 350 and 450 seeds m -2 . Solid-stemmed wheat should be seeded at low to moderate density to maximize resistance to WSS, but hollow-stemmed cultivars should be seeded at higher seeding rates to optimize yield, lower WSS infesta- tion, and to increase overall crop competitiveness.