Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strange partners: formation and survival of continental crust and lithospheric mantle

Abstract Continental lithosphere is a sandwich of two layers, each composed of materials that are rare in the upper parts of the Earth. Continental crust consists of low-temperature distillates produced during a succession of melting events; the underlying lithosphere is a remarkably pure concentrate of high-temperature, highly refractory minerals. Material with intermediate compositions, which should have been far more abundant, is missing. The two dominant components of Archaean lithospheric mantle, olivine with 92–94% forsterite and similarly magnesian orthopyroxene, form only a small proportion of the residue of large-scale mantle melting. Their accumulation to form the lithosphere requires efficient sorting, to separate them from the products of lower-degree melting. This sorting, which is driven by the buoyancy of these low-density phases and their high viscosity, takes place during: (1) plume ascent through the segregation of residues of high- and low-degree melting; (2) recycling of the residues through the mantle; (3) crystallization in the crust of a Hadean magma ocean. The higher-than-normal orthopyroxene content in the Kaapvaal and other cratons is due in part to density sorting and in part to exsolution of majorite, a residual phase during komatiite melting. Secular variation in lithosphere composition (a decrease in the proportion of magnesian olivine and orthopyroxene and an increase in clinopyroxene and spinel) reflects a progressive decline in high-degree melting, a consequence of falling mantle temperatures.
On the assessment of the management priority of sediment source areas in a debris‐flow catchment

In many Alpine catchments the monitoring and hazard mitigation of debris‐flow events require enormous economic and social resources. To confront these problems, a subjective estimation of the most hazardous zones of the basin could be useful in the best, sustainable planning of protective measures. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed that develops a Management Priority Index (MPI) to rank sediment source areas by their quantitative capability to deliver debris‐flow volumes to a point of interest within the catchment. The MPI sets the intervention priority based on a combination of three sub‐indicators: a susceptibility indicator evaluating the overall catchment predisposition to generate debris flow, a triggering indicator and a volume budget indicator assessing the rate of deliverable volume to a selected outlet. MPI was applied to the basin of the Rio Gadria catchment (Venosta Valley, Bolzano, Italy), an alpine basin with an unlimited sediment supply that is characterized by multiple, very active, shallow landslides and bare soil zones. The proposed ranking method was successfully verified using post‐event surveys and through evidence from consolidation check dams built over many years in the basin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heavy metal analysis of Industrial discharges in Lagos, Nigeria

Waste water samples from three different industrial areas in Lagos state (Ikeja, Apapa and Victoria Island) spanning the dry and wet seasons, were analyzed for Pb, Cu, Cd, Mn and Fe using the atomic absorption spectroscopic method. The mean values of Fe were within the FMEnV and WHO limits used as standard while the mean values of Cd, Cu, Pb and Mn exceeded these limits indicating that these industries constitute source of pollution to the human lives and ecosystem in the areas involved. Utilization of improved method of treatment and frequent awareness to the compliance of the industries were recommended.
Frames in climate change communication and decisionmaking: A catalogue of information tools

The present paper describes a frame-based approach to situateddecision-making on climate change. Based on the multidisciplinary literature on the relationship between frames and decision-making, it argues that members of a decision unit may gain from making frames more explicit. Frames are the organizing principles of perception that shape in a “hidden” and taken-for-granted way how people develop a particular conceptualization of an issue. Sciencerelated issues, such as climate change, are often linked to a few frames that consistently appear across different policy areas. Indeed, it appears that there are some very contrasting ways in which climate adaptation may be framed. These frames can be characterized in terms of a simple framework that highlights specific interpretations of climate issues. A second framework clarifies the built-in frames of decision-tools. Using Thompson’s two basic dimensions of decision, it identifies the main uncertainties that should be taken into account in developing a decision strategy. The paper characterizes four types of decision strategy, focusing on (1) computation, (2) compromise, (3) judgment, or (4) inspiration, and links each strategy to the most appropriate methods and tools, as well as the most appropriate social structure. Our experiences show that the frame-based guide can work as an eye-opener for members of a decision unit, particularly where it demonstrates how to add more perspectives to the decision. 1.
Inclusive special education: the role of special education teachers in Finland

This study concentrates on the work of special education teachers in mainstream education in Finland, where these professionals work with children from various classes, usually in a separate room. The research reported in this article by Marjatta Takala of the University of Helsinki, Raija Pirttimaa of the University of Oulu and Minna Tormanen, who is studying for her PhD at the University of Helsinki, involved sending a questionnaire to 133 special education teachers and undertaking observations. The work of the special education teachers was revealed to consist of three elements: teaching, consulting and background work. Teaching, often focusing on giving support to children who had challenges in the main academic subjects, was realised in small groups, in co-operative or individual settings. Consultation mainly concerned co-operation and discussion. Behavioural challenges needed a targeted approach. The main problems experienced by the teachers were the lack of time for consultation and co-operation, an unclear work profile and too much work. The work of special education teachers was partly inclusive, but also entailed segregative elements. The authors discuss the potential for promoting further steps towards inclusion as well as possible changes in organising special educational provision at school level.
A rapid, global and prolonged electron radiation belt dropout observed with the Global Positioning System constellation

A rapid loss of energetic (>230 keV) electrons from the outer radiation belt was observed with the GPS constellation between 1430 and 1730 UTC on 7 May 2007. The rapid loss occurred from 4 < L* < 6 over all measured energies above 230 keV. Currently accepted rapid loss mechanisms include magnetopause shadowing and/or outward diffusion, and precipitation to the atmosphere due to wave‐particle interactions. Here the loss timescale is ∼2 hr, and the magnetopause is near L = 8, which requires unrealistically high outward diffusion rates. Current estimates of the loss timescales associated with EMIC waves, plasmaspheric hiss and whistler‐mode chorus are too long, even in combination, to explain the observed losses inside L* ≃ 6.
Cold core eddies and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of New Zealand from in situ and satellite data

[1] The meridional heat flux required to balance the heat lost by ocean to atmosphere at high latitudes must be accomplished by some mechanism other than mean advection and the heat flux by eddies crossing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) may be a candidate. In this study, the positions of the main ACC fronts are determined based on 23 expendable bathythermographs (XBT) transects collected from 1994 to 2010 and are compared with those detected through satellite altimetry. Then, cold core anomalies in XBT sections are identified and altimetry is used to follow the spatial-temporal evolution of these cold, low sea level anomalies. Mean values of main parameters, such as speed (0.35 km/h), lifetime (79 weeks), and diameter (105 km), are estimated. Moreover, estimations of rotational speed (0.9–76.8 cm/s), ocean surface layer heat content along temperature sections and eddy available heat anomaly (mean value −9.74 × 109 Jm−2) give a wider description of the detected eddies. In our study area, the spawning of eddies is found to occur downstream of the Southeast Indian Ridge and in correspondence of the polar front (PF) with regard to the ACC frontal structure. The contribution of eddies to the global heat budget is not only linked to their ability to cross the ACC fronts but also to the capacity of keeping partially unaltered the properties of water inside them. Analysis of the relation between the translation and rotational speeds shows that a typical eddy may effectively be a significant part (0.8%) of the net meridional heat transport across the PF with a mean heat content/anomaly of −7.65 × 1019 J.
Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia

Abstract : Contents: Introduction to Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia; Morphology and Taxonomy of Major Angiostrongylus Species of Eastern Asia and Australia; Geographic Distribution and Ecology Angiostrongyliasis in Indonesia; Ecological Studies on Angiostrongylus malaysiensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Malaysia; Geographical Distribution of Angiostrongylus and Angiostrongyliasis in Thailand, Indo-china and Australia; Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the Philippines; Angiostrongyliosis and Eosinophilic Meningitis on Taiwan; Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongyliasis in Japan; Experimental Studies on Angiostronglus Species and Strains in Monkeys and Laboratory Animals; Angiostrongyliasis -- Clinical Features and Human Pathology; and Immunology of Angiostrongyliasis.
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: The Debate Deepens

One of the tenets of the conservation movement has been that areas containing many species--those of high biodiversity--are particularly worth saving, since ecosystems of high diversity show improved ecosystem function. As Grime explains in his Perspective, this tenet is being replaced by another view, which is bolstered by three reports in this week9s issue (pages 1296, 1300, and 1302). These studies all show that it is actually the specific features of the species in an ecosystem that determine its function--not their number.
Bedrock depth estimates from vertical derivatives of the ground magnetic studies around Ilesa Area, southwestern Nigeria

A Vertical component of ground magnetic intensities was recorded for part of Ilesa town in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria using a Proton Precision geometric magnetometer along fifteen traverses. This research focused on delineation of geologic structures in this part of the schist belt. The field data was qualitatively and quantitative interpreted which gives information on wide range of magnetic intensities values over the different rock types in the area. In order to prepare the data for interpretations, the Vertical Magnetic Intensity (VMI) was further enhanced using filtering techniques such as Reduced to Pole (RTP), Vertical Derivative (VD) and Band Pass (BP). Quantitative interpretation methods are used to estimate source depths and widths. The Analytical Signal (ANSIG) is symmetrical as the dip varies. The results generated were used to construct geomagnetic sections and Vertical derivatives map from where rock boundaries and bedrock topography useful for solid minerals prospecting were delineated.
Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics

Past work (Linzen et al., 2016; Goldberg, 2019, a.o.) has used the performance of neural network language models on subject-verb agreement to argue that such models possess struc-ture-sensitive grammatical knowledge. We investigate what properties of the model or of the training regimen are implicated in such success in sequence to sequence transformer models that use the T5 architecture (Raffel et al., 2019; Tay et al., 2021). We find that larger models exhibit improved performance, especially in sentences with singular subjects. We also find that larger pre-training datasets are generally associated with higher performance, though models trained with less complex language (e.g., CHILDES, Simple English Wikipedia) can show more errors when trained with larger datasets. Finally, we show that a model’s ability to replicate psycholinguistic results does not correspondingly improve with more parameters or more training data: none of the models we study displays a fully convincing replication of the hierarchically-informed pattern of agreement behavior observed in human experiments.
Fe‐Mg interdiffusion profiles in rimmed forsterite grains in the Allende matrix: Time–temperature constraints for the parent body metamorphism

The Allende matrix is dominated by micron‐sized lath‐shaped fayalitic olivine grains with a narrow compositional range (Fa40–50). Fayalitic olivines also occur as rims around forsterite grains in chondrules and isolated forsterite fragments in the matrix or as veins cross‐cutting the grains. Allende is a type 3 CV carbonaceous chondrite having experienced a moderate thermal metamorphism. There is therefore a strong chemical disequilibrium between the large forsterite grains and the fayalite‐rich fine‐grained matrix. Chemical gradients at interfaces are poorly developed and thus not accessible using conventional techniques. Here, we used analytical transmission electron microscopy to study the microstructure of the fayalite‐rich matrix grains and interfaces with forsterite fragments. We confirm that fayalitic grains in the matrix and fayalitic rims around forsterite fragments have the same properties, suggesting a common origin after the accretion of the parent body of Allende. Composition profiles at the rim/forsterite interfaces exhibit a plateau in the rim (typically Fa45), a compositional jump of 10 Fa% at the interface, and a concentration gradient in the forsterite grain. Whatever the studied forsterite grain or whatever the nature of the interface, the Fe‐Mg profiles in forsterite grains have the same length of about 1.5 μm. This strongly suggests that the composition profiles were formed by solid‐state diffusion during the thermal metamorphism episode. Time–temperature couples associated with the diffusion process during thermal metamorphism are deduced from profile modeling. Considering the uncertainties on the diffusion coefficient value, we found that the peak temperature in Allende is ranging from 425 to 505 °C.
Contrasted interactions between plume, upper mantle, and lithosphere: Foundation chain case

The Foundation Seamounts are a volcanic chain formed during the last 21 m.y. by the action of a hot spot, presently located near the axis of the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge. The western part of the chain is formed by volcanoes with ages ranging from 21 to 16 m.y. , spatially distributed along two parallel lines roughly 200 km apart. The shape and distribution of the edifices are strongly suggestive of an emplacement along preexisting fissures or fractures, resulting from lithospheric deformation during the major kinematic reorganization of 25 m.y. Their chemical and isotopic composition becomes enriched toward young volcano ages, resulting from the progressive contamination of the upper mantle by the arrival of a plume pulse. The eastern part of the chain is formed by volcanoes younger than 5 m.y. , also distributed along two subparallel lines. The distance between these two lines diminishes toward the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge axis. A geoid high is located very near the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge axis, over the volcanoes of the north line, which lies in the prolongation of the older Foundation Seamounts, and possibly marks the location of the Foundation hot spot. Both the geoid anomaly and the morphology of the edifices show that the north line is the main locus of the volcanism. The southern line was probably formed on top of the flexural arch resulting from the emplacement of the north line. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the basalts reveal a growing influence of the ridge on the off‐axis plume magmatism. The pattern is coherent with a mixing between two sources, occurring when the two melting zones merge and overlap.
Caos Aéreo e Tragédia dos Comuns: Falhas de Mercado e de Governo

Este trabalho tem por fim examinar as falhas existentes na regulacao do setor de transporte aereo nacional, evidenciadas com a crise desencadeada apos o tragico acidente ocorrido em 2006. Inicialmente, e feito um historico da regulacao do setor, apontando as normas legais e as infralegais a que esta submetido, e as mudancas conjunturais por quais passou nos ultimos anos. A partir da exposicao dos principais efeitos da ausencia de regulacao – como a queda de qualidade do servico aereo, a concentracao de voos nos grandes aeroportos e as falhas de infra-estrutura –, sao apresentadas sugestoes para os pontos levantados, inclusive a revisao do atual desenho administrativo dos aeroportos. Ao fim, e realizado um post-scriptum relatando as iniciativas no âmbito do executivo e do legislativo no sentido de reverter a crise. The purpose of this paper is to exam the regulatory failures in the Brazilian air transport sector, evidenced by the crisis started after the tragic aircraft crash in 2006. Initially, it presents a historical review of the regulation in the sector, pointing out the legal and infralegal norms and the conjunctural changes in recent years. Through the exposure of the principal effects of the lack of regulation – decrease of flight’s quality, flights concentration at the largest airports and infrastructural failures – it is made suggestions regarding the presented points, including a discussion of the administrative draft. Finally, a post-scriptum describes the initiatives of the executive and legislative power, attempting to solve the crisis.
January 26, 2001, the Republic Day (Bhuj) earthquake of Kachchh and active faults, Gujarat, western India

The Kachchh falls under seismically active zone-V outside the Himalayan seismic belt, and forms a part of Stable Continental Region (SCR). In the span of 50 years the Kachchh has experienced two large magnitude earthquakes, i.e. the July 21, 1956 Anjar with ML 7 and the 2001 event with Mw 7.6. No coseismic surface rupture was associated with the Bhuj earthquake, suggests movement along a blind thrust has resulted into extensive lateral spreading of water saturated near surface soil horizon giving rise to formation of numerous EW striking extensional cracks or normal faults and the longitudinal pressure ridges in the epicentral area around Budharmora and Morgar villages. Liquefaction in the low-lying areas comprising fine sediments was the common phenomenon observed during this earthquake. By satellite photo interpretation several traces of active faults were identified for the first time occurring in the pediment zones along the northern margins of Katrol Hill Range and Northern Hill Range respectively. The active faults have displaced along them the Late Quaternary alluvial fan deposits and colluvial debris, resulting into formation of the north facing fault scarplets. Our field observations reveal that none of the active faults have moved this time. Thus, it is suggested that these faults still have high potential to break large magnitude earthquake in future.
Regional flood frequency analysis with a theoretically derived distribution function

The estimation of flood frequency curves in ungauged basins is an important field of application of advanced research concerning the knowledge on physical processes and the development of statistical tools. Regional statistical analysis and physically-consistent derivation of probability density functions (pdf) are the key fields to rely on for providing robustness to estimation of flood quantiles, and for transferring hydrological information between basins. In this context, physically consistent reasoning applied to the regional statistical analysis can be closely connected with some basis of a geomorphoclimatic approach for derivation of the flood pdf. In this paper, perceptible effects of climatic and physiographic basin parameters on the flood pdf were sought. In particular, estimates of flood distribution parameters were related with other physical features of the investigated basins. Results obtained on data from the Calabria region (Southern Italy) were compared with those previously achieved with regard to conterminous regions. The relationships between climate and flood frequency distribution seem to confirm the potential of the link between geomorphoclimatic and statistical parameters for use in regional analyses. Finally, issues related to the scaling of flood distribution parameters with basin area are investigated and commented.
Ancient meteoritic component in Apollo 17 boulders.

The reported investigation is concerned with the resolution of a number of questions related to the ancient meteoritic component in Apollo 17 boulders. Numerical taxonomic methods have been adopted to objectively group the components. Only the nonvolatile siderophile elements have been used for the classification. Efforts were made to obtain data on the metal composition of breccias analyzed for trace elements, to determine if metal homogeneity was reflected in siderophile ratios. Thirty-one samples were analyzed of which twenty-eight have significant siderophile contents. It is concluded that highland breccias are largely the product of large basin-forming impacts. Highland soils are then produced by comminution of the breccias by small local impacts and micrometeorite bombardment. The long-lived component of bulk soils considered by Baedecker et al. (1974) is thought to contain a substantial micrometeorite contribution, plus assorted debris.
The Emerging 'Post-Doha' Agenda and the New Regionalism in the Asia-Pacific

This paper considers emerging commercial policy challenges facing the Asia-Pacific region in light of the impasse reached at the Eighth World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Meeting in December 2011. It underscores that, while marginal liberalization of trade barriers under the Doha Development Agenda may not be forthcoming in the short- or even medium-term, the WTO has been successful in erecting a rules-based system of global governance and continues to be extremely important to the future health of the international trading system. Nevertheless, one can expect the current trend toward bilateral and regional free-trade areas (FTAs) will continue, particularly since it is easier to make progress toward 'deep integration' in a smaller group of like-minded countries than in the context of the general WTO membership.