Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of turbulent fluxes at the ocean surface using surface renewal theory

An internally consistent model is presented that can be used to determine the ocean surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum, given bulk sea surface temperature and atmospheric temperature, humidity, and winds measured at a single level within the atmospheric surface layer. This model is based upon surface renewal theory as described by Brutsaert [1975a]. Liu et al. [1979] (hereinafter referred to as LKB) made partial use of this theory, and further improvements to the LKB parameterization have been made by Fairall et al. [1996a]. The present model includes the following improvements relative to the LKB and Fairall et al. bulk flux models: incorporation of a new time-scale parameterization for surface renewal, inclusion of capillary waves in the surface roughness model, derivation of the surface roughness scales of water vapor and heat based solely upon surface renewal theory; and incorporation of a new surface skin temperature model. The model is validated using shipborne observations of surface fluxes and surface meteorology that were obtained in the central Pacific Ocean, the western tropical Pacific, the subtropical Pacific, and the midlatitude North Atlantic. Comparisons of model results with covariance fluxes of latent heat show biases of less than 3% for all locations, with little dependence of error on wind speed; similar results are obtained for sensible heat and momentum flux. An assessment is given of the advantages of the present scheme over the LKB and Fairall et al. schemes. The model results are interpreted in the context of the physical processes involved in determining the surface roughness length and the surface renewal timescale.
Changes of soil surface roughness under water erosion process

The objective of this study was to determine the changing characteristics of soil surface roughness under different rainfall intensities and examine the interaction between soil surface roughness and different water erosion processes. Four artificial management practices (raking cropland, artificial hoeing, artificial digging, and contour tillage) were used according to the local agriculture customs of the Loess Plateau of China to simulate different types of soil surface roughness, using an additional smooth slope for comparison purposes. A total of 20 rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in five 1 m by 2 m boxes under two rainfall intensities (0.68 and 1.50 mm min−1) on a 15° slope. During splash erosion, soil surface roughness decreased in all treatments except raking cropland and smooth baseline under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min−1, while increasing for all treatments except smooth baseline under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min−1. During sheet erosion, soil surface roughness decreased for all treatments except hoeing cropland under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min−1. However, soil surface roughness increased for the artificial hoeing and raking cropland under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min−1. Soil surface roughness has a control effect on sheet erosion for different treatments under two rainfall intensities. For rill erosion, soil surface roughness increased for raking cropland and artificial hoeing treatments, and soil surface roughness decreased for artificial digging and the contour tillage treatments under two rainfall intensities. Under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min−1, the critical soil surface roughness was 0.706 cm for the resistance control of runoff and sediment yield. Under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min−1, the critical soil surface roughness was 1.633 cm for the resistance control of runoff, while the critical soil surface roughness was 0.706 cm for the resistance control of sediment yield. These findings have important implications for clarifying the erosive nature of soil surface roughness and harnessing sloped farmland. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Poverty, Equity and Growth in Developing and Transition Countries: Statistical Methods and Empirical Analysis’

Using changes in the possession of household assets over the past 20 years, several recent papers have argued that economic performance in Arica was substantially better than suggested by national income data and income poverty statistics, who suffer from well-known weaknesses. We scrutinize these claims and first argue that trends in assets provide biased proxies for trends in incomes or consumption. In particular we show that the relationship between growth in assets and growth in incomes or consumption is extremely weak; instead, we find evidence of asset drift using macro and micro data, which is consistent with the claims we make about possible biases in the use of asset indices. As a result, we find no evidence supporting the claim of an African growth miracle that extends beyond what has been reported in GDP/capita and consumption figures.
‘Poverty, Equity and Growth in Developing and Transition Countries: Statistical Methods and Empirical Analysis’

Gender relations are a key institution governing important aspects of production and reproduction of societies. They are guided by formal institutions as well as informal norms and values. As this survey shows, there is great regional heterogeneity in gender inequality in formal and informal social institutions. The literature on long‐term drivers of gender gaps suggests that those gender gaps are related to long‐standing and regularly reproduced gender norms and values related to differences in women's economic opportunities and constraints. The paper also shows that these gender gaps not only affect gender equity but overall development outcomes such as economic growth and reductions in mortality. This is best documented in the case of gender gaps in education but there is also evidence for the negative effects gender of gaps in employment, political and economic empowerment, access to resources, and social institutions on development outcomes. The paper then shows that there has been a large and heterogeneous change in gender gaps. While gender gaps in education (and legal rights) have closed very rapidly, gender gaps in labor force participation, health, political participation, and time use have closed much less rapidly, and there has been virtually progress in reducing occupational and sectoral segregation, unexplained gender pay gaps, and violence against women. The paper presents some hypotheses that might explain this differential performance and also contribute to understanding regional dynamics, before pointing towards a forward‐looking research agenda on better understanding the linkages between institutions and their change, gender inequality, and economic development.
Impact of SST reanalyzed using OGCM on weather simulation: A case of a developing cyclone in the Japan Sea area

It is difficult to estimate high‐resolution sea surface temperature (SST) distributions in coastal areas under cloudy and rainy weather conditions. This study makes use of dynamical estimates of SST produced by combining satellite measurements into an eddy‐resolving ocean general circulation model (OGCM). The reanalyzed SST provides an improved surface boundary condition for mesoscale atmospheric simulations. We examined a developing cyclone passing over the Japan Sea in comparative experiments undertaken using reanalyzed and satellite‐measured SSTs. Mesoscale features of the SSTs resulting from ocean dynamics influence the development of the cyclone. In particular, the surface turbulent heat flux, precipitable water, and cloud water are sensitive to the difference between the two sets of SSTs. In these experiments, the simulation results obtained using the reanalyzed SST data are more similar to observed data than the results obtained using satellite‐measured SST.
Effect of metformin and ﬂutamide on insulin, lipogenic and androgen-estrogen signaling, and cardiometabolic risk in a PCOS-prone metabolic syndrome rodent model

and on signaling, and cardiometabolic risk in a PCOS- syndrome rodent model. ovary syndrome (PCOS) is highly associated with cardiometabolic risk and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), predisposing women to increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Metformin is commonly used to treat insulin resistance-glucose intolerance, and ﬂutamide, an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, is used to target hyperandrogenemia and dyslipidemia. Currently, the physiological mechanism of action of these treatments on androgen, lipidogenic, and insulin signaling pathways remains unclear in PCOS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of metformin and ﬂutamide on plasma lipid-apolipoprotein (Apo)B-lipoprotein and insulin-glucose metabolism, and endocrine-reproductive indices in a PCOS-prone MetS rodent model. PCOS-prone rodents were treated with metformin (300 mg/kg body wt), ﬂutamide (30 mg/kg body wt), or metformin (cid:2) ﬂutamide combination treatment for 6 wk. Metformin was shown to improve fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, whereas ﬂut- amide and combination treatment were shown to reduce plasma triglycerides, ApoB48, and ApoB100, and this was associated with decreased intestinal secretion of ApoB48/triglyceride. Flutamide and metformin were shown to reduce plasma androgen indices and to improve ovarian primary and preovulatory follicle frequency. Metformin treatment increased hepatic estrogen receptor (ER) (cid:3) , and metformin-ﬂutamide decreased intestinal AR and increased ER (cid:3) mRNA expression. Metformin-ﬂutamide treatment upregulated he- patic and intestinal insulin signaling, including insulin receptor, MAPK1, and AKT2. In conclusion, cardiometabolic risk factors, in particular ApoB-hypertriglyceridemia, are independently modulated via the AR, and understanding the contribution of AR and insulin- signaling pathways further may facilitate the development of targeted interventions in high-risk women with PCOS and MetS.
Near-Surface and Land Surface Forecast System of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games

AbstractA high-resolution 2D near-surface and land surface model was developed to produce snow and temperature forecasts over the complex alpine region of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. The model is driven by downscaled operational outputs from the Meteorological Service of Canada’s regional and global forecast models. Downscaling is applied to correct forcings for elevation differences between the operational forecast models and the high-resolution surface model. The high-resolution near-surface and land surface model is then used to further refine the forecasts. The model was validated against temperature and snow depth observations. The largest improvements were found in regions where low-resolution (i.e., on the order of 10 km or more) operational models typically lack the spatial resolution to capture rapid elevation changes. The model was found to better reproduce the intermittent snow cover at low-lying stations and to reduce snow depth error by as much as 3 m at alpine sta.
Modeling catchment erosion after wildfires in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California

The analysis of sediment data summarized for nine debris basins in Southern California shows that wildfires substantially increase erosion. However, the transient nature of this effect makes it difficult to assess the potential effect of wildfire from data analysis only. Therefore, a physically based simulation model having fine spatial and temporal resolution is used to predict the hydrologic and sediment fluxes from small burned and unburned catchments in the San Gabriel Mountains. These simulation runs show that fire significantly modifies the hydrologic response, especially sediment production which was increased from 7 to 35 times as a result of fire. The substantial increase in runoff and erosion following fire has also an impact on the hazards associated with the accelerated downstream flooding and debris flows.
Effects of high-calorie supplements on body composition and muscular strength following resistance training.

BACKGROUND Seventy-three healthy, male subjects randomly divided into 3 groups participated in a study to determine the effects of 2 high-calorie nutritional supplements on body composition, body segment circumferences, and muscular strength following a resistance-training (RT) program. METHODS In addition to their normal diets group 1 (CHO/PRO; n=26) consumed a 8.4 Mj x day(-1) (2010 kcal) high calorie, high protein supplement containing 356 g carbohydrate and 106 g protein. Group 2 (CHO; n=25) consumed a carbohydrate supplement that was isocaloric with CHO/PRO. Group 3 (CTRL; n=22) received no supplement and served as a control. All subjects were placed on a 4-day x week(-1) RT program for 8 weeks. RESULTS Dietary analysis revealed no significant differences in total energy consumption or nutrients at any time in the non-supplemented diets of the 3 groups. Significant (p= or <0.05) increases in body mass (BM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were observed in CHO/PRO and CHO compared to CTRL. Mean (+/- SD) increases in BM were 3.1+/-3.1 kg and 3.1+/-2.2 kg, respectively. Fat-free mass significantly (p= or <0.05) increased 2.9+/-3.4 kg in CHO/PRO and 3.4+/-2.5 kg in CHO. Muscular strength, as measured by a one-repetition maximum in the bench press, leg press, and lat-pull down increased significantly (p= or <0.05) in all groups. No significant differences in strength measures were observed among groups following training. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that high-calorie supplements are effective in increasing BM and FFM when combined with RT. However, once individual protein requirements are met, energy content of the diet has the largest effect on body composition.
Signatures of equatorial midnight temperature maximum as observed from in situ and ground-based ionospheric measurements in the Indian sector

[1] Results of a preliminary study carried out on the features of midnight temperature maximum (MTM) over the Indian sector as observed from the first in situ electron temperature variations of Indian SROSS C2 RPA data, the thermospheric night airglow intensities at 630 nm recorded from a subtropical Indian station Waltair (17.7°N, 83.3°E) and a colocated Digital Ionosonde data are reported. The electron temperatures indicate that during the summer solstice months of low solar activity periods, there was a significant temperature gradient from the equator toward the latitudes of Waltair (14–18° N) from 2200 to 2400 hours IST even in the topside F region. In contrast, during the winter solstice months, temperature contours do not show significant gradient around midnight, though isolated peaks are seen between 0100 and 0300 hours IST, i.e., delayed in time by a couple of hours, suggesting that the MTM is weaker. The MTM induced F layer descent at subtropical latitudes due to a probable neutral wind modification and consequent increase in 630 nm night airglow zenith intensity are studied to characterize the MTM induced ionospheric changes in terms of the starting time, velocity of F layer descent indicative of the strength of MTM, and the time at minimum height indicative of the time of cessation of MTM induced perturbation. The results are discussed in the light of earlier work and the current understanding of the origin of equatorial MTM.
Positive Correlation between Relative Concentration of Spermine to Spermidine in Whole Blood and Skeletal Muscle Mass Index: A Possible Indicator of Sarcopenia and Prognosis of Hemodialysis Patients

Several mechanisms strictly regulate polyamine concentration, and blood polyamines are excreted in urine. This indicates polyamine accumulation in renal dysfunction, and studies have shown increased blood polyamine concentrations in patients with renal failure. Hemodialysis (HD) may compensate for polyamine excretion; however, little is known about polyamine excretion. We measured whole-blood polyamine levels in patients on HD and examined the relationship between polyamine concentrations and indicators associated with health status. Study participants were 59 hemodialysis patients (median age: 70.0 years) at Minami-Uonuma City Hospital and 26 healthy volunteers (median age: 44.5 years). Whole-blood spermidine levels were higher and spermine/spermidine ratio (SPM/SPD) was lower in hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis showed SPD efflux into the dialysate; however, blood polyamine levels were not altered by hemodialysis and appeared to be minimally excreted. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), which was positively correlated with hand grip strength and serum albumin level, was positively correlated with SPM/SPD. Given that sarcopenia and low serum albumin levels are reported risk factors for poor prognosis in HD patients, whole blood SPM/SPD in hemodialysis patients may be a new indicator of the prognosis and health status of HD patients.
Working for an electronic database of historical stone resources in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy)

Abstract Friuli-Venezia Giulia is situated in northeast Italy, on the border with Austria and Slovenia. The availability of stone from many different sites across the geographical area of the Carnian and Julian Alps, the foothills and the eastern Karst has meant that, historically, a great variety of stone materials has been employed in the region. The sources of these materials are well documented as are the locations of earlier quarries, providing evidence that small-scale local quarrying operated throughout the region for more than two thousand years. In the modern period, from the beginning of the 20th century, these quarries were progressively abandoned. It is only recently that the area of historical building resources has started to attract new attention and detailed studies have been carried out into the use of natural stone materials, both from the geological and architectural points of view. The results of these studies are of great importance for the history of construction, and they also provide useful support for restoration. However, there is a great need for a comprehensive system to organize the considerable amount of data from historical documents and recent research. At present, much of the information available is accessible only to specialists, a situation which hinders the sharing of knowledge and the development of the field. In order to meet this need, a research project is in progress which aims to create an electronic database of the historical stone resources of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Based on the historical listings of quarries included in two 19th century surveys of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the database will describe the sites with existing buildings and other constructions in which the quarried materials were employed supplementing the data, where possible, with illustrations and specific references. The aim of the work is not only to demonstrate the great variety of stone resources in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and the influence of this on the history of building, but also to allow the cross-disciplinary correlation between architectural, material and geographical data. Once the database has been implemented, it is hoped that it will provide a continuously upgraded resource for future conservation and restoration projects.
Interleukin-1 administration to C3H/HeJ mice after but not prior to infection increases resistance to Salmonella typhimurium

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) treatment of C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice prior to infection with Salmonella typhimurium increased the survival fraction only in C3H/HeN mice. IL-1 administration after infection resulted in a significant increase in mean survival time in C3H/HeJ but not C3H/HeN mice. Bacterial growth in IL-1-treated C3H/HeJ mice was less than that in control mice.
Duodenal ulcer healing after 7-day treatment: a pilot study with lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a one-week triple therapy without bismuth and metronidazole in duodenal ulcer healing and symptom relief. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-five patients with duodenal ulcers and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections were given a 7-day treatment with lansoprazole 30 mg bid, amoxicillin 1.000 mg bid, and clarithromycin 500 mg bid. Endoscopies with urease tests and histologic examinations were performed before initiation and four weeks after cessation of therapy. RESULTS Using efficacy analysis, 41 of 42 duodenal ulcers (98%; 95% CI 0.87-1.00) were healed after one week of treatment. H. pylori was eradicated in 40 of 42 patients (95%; 95% CI 0.84-1.00). Two patients with healed ulcers showed a persistent infection, whereas H. pylori was eradicated in the one patient with persisting ulcer. Using intention-to-treat analysis, ulcer healing was achieved in 41 of 45 (91%; 95% CI 0.79-0.98) and H. pylori eradication in 40 of 45 patients (89%; 95% CI 0.76-0.96). After a mean of five days, 40 of 41 patients (98%; 95% CI 0.87-1.00) with ulcer healing became completely pain-free. CONCLUSIONS One-week therapy with lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin is highly effective in duodenal ulcer healing and symptom improvement. Prolonged acid suppression does not seem to be essential for duodenal ulcer treatment.
Analysis of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment time‐variable mass redistribution signals over North America by means of principal component analysis

Four years of data provided by the NASA/German Aerospace Center Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission are analyzed over North America using principal component analysis (PCA). Three hydrology models [Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), Climate Prediction Center (CPC), and Land Dynamics (LaD)] are used to analyze the water mass changes over the same area and time period. The GRACE-observed and the hydrology models mass changes are compared spatially and temporally, and good agreement is observed. Two signal modes are found to represent more than 65% of the GRACE-observed mass variability. The first mode represents mainly mass changes related to the snow accumulation and melting and has maximum amplitude in the western Cordillera and Quebec-Labrador regions. The second mode comprises long-term positive mass changes in central and eastern Canada and negative mass changes in Alaska. In addition, two more spatiotemporal patterns that explain 14% of the GRACE-observed mass variability are extracted and studied, but no definite relation to hydrology is established. While the GLDAS model agrees very well with the GRACE observations, it is found that the CPC model also provides useful information for validating the GRACE-observed mass changes in North America. On the basis of the results of this study, we can state that principal component analysis is a useful technique for extracting and validating regional hydrology signals from GRACE gravity field data. The main advantage of PCA is the capability to extract interannual and nonperiodic mass changes in addition to long-term and periodic variations.