Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controlling factors for deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) in the Aosta Valley (NW Alps, Italy)

Abstract Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) is a common and widespread type of large slope instability in the Alps. In the Aosta Valley region in NW Italy, DSGSDs occupy at least 13.5% of the regional territory. In this study, regional distribution analyses have been coupled with local detailed geological and geomorphological surveys of individual phenomena to detect the controlling factors, deformation processes and evolution stages of DSGSD. Data and maps from field and remote-sensing investigations have been supported by drill data and geomechanical and hydrogeochemical analyses from project studies for hydroelectric plants and tunnels. Several phenomena related to DSGSD have been studied thoroughly: gravity-induced stresses, tectonic–metamorphic setting, morphostructural relations, glacial and periglacial morphodynamics, recent tectonic evolution, hydrogeological conditions and karst phenomena have been generically indicated as controlling factors. In the studied area three of the controlling factors were crucial in differentiating the form and evolution of DSGSDs: deep dissolution, surface tectonics, and tectonostructural setting. They are presented as possible end members of a classification scheme for DSGSDs.
a high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing

This paper presents the expected transmission count metric (ETX), which finds high-throughput paths on multi-hop wireless networks. ETX minimizes the expected total number of packet transmissions (including retransmissions) required to successfully deliver a packet to the ultimate destination. The ETX metric incorporates the effects of link loss ratios, asymmetry in the loss ratios between the two directions of each link, and interference among the successive links of a path. In contrast, the minimum hop-count metric chooses arbitrarily among the different paths of the same minimum length, regardless of the often large differences in throughput among those paths, and ignoring the possibility that a longer path might offer higher throughput.This paper describes the design and implementation of ETX as a metric for the DSDV and DSR routing protocols, as well as modifications to DSDV and DSR which allow them to use ETX. Measurements taken from a 29-node 802.11b test-bed demonstrate the poor performance of minimum hop-count, illustrate the causes of that poor performance, and confirm that ETX improves performance. For long paths the throughput improvement is often a factor of two or more, suggesting that ETX will become more useful as networks grow larger and paths become longer.
A High-throughput Path Metric for Multi-hop Wireless Routing

This paper presents the expected transmission count metric (ETX), which finds high-throughput paths on multi-hop wireless networks. ETX minimizes the expected total number of packet transmissions (including retrans-missions) required to successfully deliver a packet to the ultimate destination. The ETX metric incorporates the effects of link loss ratios, asymmetry in the loss ratios between the two directions of each link, and interference among the successive links of a path. In contrast, the minimum hop-count metric chooses arbitrarily among the different paths of the same minimum length, regardless of the often large differences in throughput among those paths, and ignoring the possibility that a longer path might offer higher throughput. This paper describes the design and implementation of ETX as a metric for the DSDV and DSR routing protocols, as well as modifications to DSDV and DSR which allow them to use ETX. Measurements taken from a 29-node 802.11b test-bed demonstrate the poor performance of minimum hop-count, illustrate the causes of that poor performance, and confirm that ETX improves performance. For long paths the throughput improvement is often a factor of two or more, suggesting that ETX will become more useful as networks grow larger and paths become longer. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.
Head and flux variability in heterogeneous unsaturated soils under transient flow conditions

A numerical model for the analysis of uncertainty propagation in flow through unsaturated soils is developed. This model is based on a first‐order Taylor series expansion of the discretized Richards equation. Soil hydrologic properties (the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the pore size distribution parameter) are assumed to be stochastic processes in space. The surface boundary conditions can be considered as deterministic variables in time or stochastic time series. Spectral analysis and Monte Carlo simulations were used to verify this numerical model for flow under both steady and transient conditions. The model is then used to examine the effect of uncertainty in boundary conditions and the effect of heterogeneity on the pressure head and flux variance profiles at various times for one‐dimensional vertical flow cases. Dependence of pressure head variance on the flow conditions (drying or wetting) is examined. On the basis of the analysis it is found that the propagation of the head variance is similar to that of the concentration variance for solute transport in saturated aquifers. The head variance is proportional to the mean pressure gradient, and thus large head variances are associated with the wetting and the drying front of a moisture pulse. The peak head variance is smaller at the wetting front than it is at the drying front. This difference is attributed to the difference in the magnitude of mean hydraulic gradient and should not necessarily be interpreted as a hysteresis effect. In addition, it is shown how the variance of the flux of a moisture pulse increases with depth.
A Survey on Exotic Signatures for Post-quantum Blockchain: Challenges and Research Directions

Blockchain technology provides efficient and secure solutions to various online activities by utilizing a wide range of cryptographic tools. In this article, we survey the existing literature on post-quantum secure digital signatures that possess exotic advanced features and that are crucial cryptographic tools used in the blockchain ecosystem for (1) account management, (2) consensus efficiency, (3) empowering scriptless blockchain, and (4) privacy. The exotic signatures that we particularly focus on in this work are the following: multi-/aggregate, threshold, adaptor, blind, and ring signatures. Herein the term ”exotic” refers to signatures with properties that are not just beyond the norm for signatures, e.g., unforgeability, but also imbue new forms of functionalities. Our treatment of such exotic signatures includes discussions on existing challenges and future research directions in the post-quantum space. We hope that this article will help to foster further research to make post-quantum cryptography more accessible so that blockchain systems can be made ready in advance of the approaching quantum threats.
Sea-land paleoclimate correlation in the Eastern Mediterranean region during the late Holocene

18 O) of the epipelagic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (G. ruber) and of carbonate cave deposits (speleothems) from the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region, Israel, are linked through the hydrological cycle. The Soreq speleothem δ 18 O record matches the marine δ 18 OG. ruber record for the EM Sea during the last 3600 years, with an almost constant ∆δ 18 OG.ruber-speleothems of 5.54 ± 0.26‰, similar to the present-day offset. Thus, a link between land and marine isotopic records is established. Both of these can be considered reliable recorders of the climatic conditions that prevailed in the land-locked EM region during the late Holocene. Several climatic events are documented during the Holocene, superimposed on a general aridity trend that started ~8000 yr BP. Among these climatic events are three humid events, at ~3200, ~1300, and ~700 yr BP, the last one being associated with the global Medieval Warm Period humid event. Three dry events occurred, at 2100, 900, and 300 yr BP, the last one coinciding with the Little Ice Age.
Referring Video Object Segmentation with Inter-Frame Interaction and Cross-Modal Correlation

Referring video object segmentation (RVOS) aims to segment the target object in a video sequence described by a language expression. Typical query-based methods process the video sequence in a frame-independent manner to reduce the high computational cost, which however affects the performance due to the lack of inter-frame interaction for temporal coherence modeling and spatio-temporal representation learning of the referred object. Besides, they directly adopt the raw and high-level sentence feature as the language queries to decode the visual features, where the weak correlation between visual and linguistic features also increases the difﬁculty of decoding the target information and limits the performance of the model. In this paper, we proposes a novel RVOS framework, dubbed IFIR-VOS, to address these issues. Speciﬁcally, we design a plug-and-play inter-frame interaction module in the Transformer decoder to efﬁciently learn the spatio-temporal features of the referred object, so as to decode the object information in the video sequence more precisely and generate more accurate segmentation results. Moreover, we devise the vision-language interaction module before the multimodal Transformer to enhance the correlation between the visual and linguistic features, thus facilitating the process of decoding object information from visual features by language queries in Transformer decoder and improving the segmentation performance. Extensive experimental results on three benchmarks validate the superiority of our IFIRVOS over state-of-the-art methods and the effectiveness of our proposed modules.
Determination of Lithology From Well Logs by Statistical Analysis

This paper presents a method of predicting lithology by statistical analysis of wireline log measurements with calibration to a core lithology standard. Although an example of the technique applied to the Shublik formation of the Prudhoe Bay area, North Slope, AK, is developed and presented, the method can be applied to any field where some core has been taken. The Shublik, a complex mixture of seven clastic and carbonate rock types, presents a common problem: how can the rock lithology best be identified from wireline logs. During recent work on the reservoir description of the Shublik, it became necessary to answer this question. A lithology standard must be available to calibrate against during development of a log model of lithology. For the Shublik, the core available provided an excellent sample of the total formation. Using the statistical technique of discriminant analysis, we were able to evaluate a number of log models and to choose the mot appropriate one. The final log model chosen for the Shublik formation works quite well and correctly predicts lithology 75% of the time.
A 700 year record of temperature and nutrient changes in a small eutrophied lake in southern Finland

This study aimed to distinguish natural and anthropogenic environmental changes, mainly in climate and nutrient conditions, during the past c. 700 years in Lake Hampträsk, southern Finland. We used sedimentary assemblages of aquatic organisms and physical properties of the sediment as proxies for the past environmental conditions. The results of diatom-inferred phosphorus reconstruction indicated that the lake was already meso-eutrophic at c. AD 1400, possibly because the preceding cultivation of the area had increased the lake’s nutrient condition. Chironomid-inferred temperatures indicated favourable climatic conditions at the end of the ‘Medieval Warm Period’, but the temperatures steadily decreased until a significant drop in the values occurred at c. AD 1700, representing the coldest period of the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) in southern Finland. This cold period was illustrated by major changes in the lake’s ecosystem and physical environment. After the LIA, the chironomid-inferred temperatures increased, as expected in the light of modern observations. However, the diatom-inferred phosphorus showed a decreasing trend, which is in contrast to the measured phosphorus values that imply a currently eutrophic condition. The reason for the underestimation may be the predominance of periphytic taxa that are assigned low TP optima in the inference model.
Quantification of Foraminifer and Coccolith Carbonate in South Atlantic Surface Sediments by Means of Carbonate Grain-Size Distributions

This study presents a differentiated carbonate budget for marine surface sediments from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge of the South Atlantic, with results based on carbonate grain-size composition. Upon separation into sand, silt, and clay sub-fractions, the silt grain-size dis- tribution was measured using a SediGraph 5100. We found regionally characteristic grain-size distributions with an overall minimum at 8 mm equivalent spherical diameter (ESD). SEM observations reveal that the coarse particles (.8 mm ESD) are attributed to planktic for- aminifers and their fragments, and the fine particles (,8 mm ESD) to coccoliths. On the basis of this division, the regional variation of the contribution of foraminifers and coccoliths to the carbonate budget of the sediments are calculated. Foraminifer carbonate dominates the sed- iments in mesotropic regions whereas coccoliths contribute most car- bonate in oligotrophic regions. The grain size of the coccolith share is constant over water depth, indicating a lower susceptibility for car- bonate dissolution compared to foraminifers. Finally, the characteristic grain-size distribution in fine silt ( ,8 mm ESD) is set into context with the coccolith assemblage counted and biometrically measured using a SEM. The coccoliths present in the silt fraction are predominantly large species (length . 4 mm). Smaller species (length , 4 mm) belong to the clay fraction (,2 mm ESD). The average length of most frequent coccolith species is connected to prominent peaks in grain-size distri- butions (ESD) with a shape factor. The area below Gaussian distri- butions fitted to these peaks is suggested as a way to quantitatively estimate the carbonate contribution of single coccolith species more precisely compared to conventional volume estimates. The quantitative division of carbonate into the fraction produced by coccoliths and that secreted by foraminifers enables a more precise estimate for source/sink relations of consumed and released CO 2 in the carbon cycle. The allocation of coccolith length and grain size (ESD) suggests size windows for the separation or accumulation of distinct coccolith species in investigations that depend on non to slightly-mixed signals (e.g., isotopic studies).
Genetic relationship between yield and yield components of maize

One of the objectives of this paper was to determine relationship between grain yield and yield components, in S1 and HS progenies of one early synthetic maize population. Grain yield was in high significant, medium strong and strong association with all studied yield components, in both populations. The strongest correlation was recorded between grain yield and 1000-kernel weight (S1 progenies rg = 0.684; HS progenies rg = 0.633). Between other studied traits, the highest values of genotypic coefficient of correlations were found between 1000-kernel weight and kernel depth in S1 population, and 1000-kernel weight and ear length in HS population. Also, objective of this research was founding the direct and indirect effects of yield components on grain yield. Desirable, high significant influence on grain yield, in path coefficient analysis, was found for 1000-kernel weight and kernel row number, and in S1 and HS progenies, and for ear length in population of S1 progenies. Kernel depth has undesirable direct effect on grain yield, in both populations.
Variations de l'abondance des oeufs et larves de maquereau dans le Golfe de Gascogne (1964-1973).

Les prelevements de plancton ont tous ete realises au filet Hensen en peches verticales remonte de 100 m (ou pres du fond) a la surface, a la vitesse de 1 m en 3 secondes. En meme temps, les observations hydrologiques : temperatures, salinites ont ete relevees (A. VINCENT et al.) pour connaitre les conditions de milieu dans lesquelles se reproduit l'espece. Chaque fois qu'il sera possible, nous t iendrons compte des variations des temperatures de surface et de fond'. En effet, bien que le maquereau soit un « poisson de surface » et que ses œufs se tiennent surtout dans la couche d'eau superficielle, certaines observations (chalutage et analyse des contenus stomacaux) montrent qu'il pond sur le fond ou tout au moins au voisinaqe du fond (BONNET 1963, 1967).
5G-and-Beyond Networks with UAVs: From Communications to Sensing and Intelligence

Due to the advancements in cellular technologies and the dense deployment of cellular infrastructure, integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond cellular networks is a promising solution to achieve safe UAV operation as well as enabling diversified applications with mission-specific payload data delivery. In particular, 5G networks need to support three typical usage scenarios, namely, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). On the one hand, UAVs can be leveraged as cost-effective aerial platforms to provide ground users with enhanced communication services by exploiting their high cruising altitude and controllable maneuverability in three-dimensional (3D) space. On the other hand, providing such communication services simultaneously for both UAV and ground users poses new challenges due to the need for ubiquitous 3D signal coverage as well as the strong air-ground network interference. Besides the requirement of high-performance wireless communications, the ability to support effective and efficient sensing as well as network intelligence is also essential for 5G-and-beyond 3D heterogeneous wireless networks with coexisting aerial and ground users. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research efforts on integrating UAVs into cellular networks, with an emphasis on how to exploit advanced techniques (e.g., intelligent reflecting surface, short packet transmission, energy harvesting, joint communication and radar sensing, and edge intelligence) to meet the diversified service requirements of next-generation wireless systems. Moreover, we highlight important directions for further investigation in future work.
Control of the radiative behavior of the Martian polar caps by surface CO2 ice: Evidence from Mars Global Surveyor measurements

The seasonal polar caps of Mars are composed primarily of solid CO2, and their growth and decay play a large part in the planet's atmospheric CO2 cycle. The thermodynamic temperature of the caps is ∼145 K, in equilibrium with the ∼6 mbar atmosphere. The optical properties of CO2 ice require that pure snow with a sufficiently small particle size has a high visible/near-infrared albedo and a low infrared emissivity in parts of the thermal infrared, particularly in the region between 20 and 50 μm. Dust mixed into or on top of the CO2 ice will lower the visible albedo and bring the thermal infrared emissivity closer to 1. Water ice mixed with the CO2 will have little effect in the visible and near-infrared to 1.4 μm but can raise the 20–50 μm emissivity if the particle size is >50 μm. Observations of both seasonal polar caps during two of the assessment orbits of the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft are used to show that there is a strong correlation between visible brightness and low 20–50 μm emissivity. The infrared spectra from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer from regions with low 20–50 μm brightness temperature are consistent with surface deposits of CO2 with millimeter-sized grains and containing varying small amounts of dust, and they are not consistent with the expected signature of water ice or clouds. Large regions of low emissivity in the spring seasonal caps have not been observed previously. They are correlated with visible bright regions which are known to become brighter as the spring progresses. The visible brightness of the south polar deposits examined is inferred from historical observations, while the brightness of the north polar region is determined from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter measurements at 1.06 μm. The model of seasonal CO2 caps with bright, low-emissivity regions agrees with previous visible observations of bright crater rims, streaks, and other bright areas within the polar caps, some of which may evolve in time from dark, high-emissivity sheet ice to brighter, fractured, lower-emissivity ice layers. It is also in agreement with models of the CO2 cycle, which require average polar cap emissivities <0.9.
Bayesian Scheme for Interactive Colourization, Recolourization and Image/Video Editing

We propose a general image and video editing method based on a Bayesian segmentation framework. In the first stage, classes are established from scribbles made by a user on the image. These scribbles can be considered as a multi‐map (multi‐label map) that defines the boundary conditions of a probability measure field to be computed for each pixel. In the second stage, the global minima of a positive definite quadratic cost function with linear constraints, is calculated to find the probability measure field. The components of such a probability measure field express the degree of each pixel belonging to spatially smooth classes. Finally, the computed probabilities (memberships) are used for defining the weights of a linear combination of user provided colours or effects associated to each class. The proposed method allows the application of different operators, selected interactively by the user, over part or the whole image without needing to recompute the memberships. We present applications to colourization, recolourization, editing and photomontage tasks.
Frequency‐wavenumber spectrum of wind‐generated gravity‐capillary waves

Spatial-temporal information on wind-generated gravity-capillary waves is obtained using a scanning laser slope gauge in a wind wave flume. The results show that a significant portion of short wind wave energy may be contained in wave modes that propagate with the dominant waves rather than at their phase speeds predicted by the dispersion relation. Double-peaked directional spreading of the spectrum is observed in a certain range of wavenumber and wind stress. A close examination of such results suggests that nonlinear interactions may take place between short waves and higher harmonics of dominant waves or among short waves and enhance the growth of short waves in oblique directions.