Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hide the Girls! One-Child Policy and Its Educational Consequences on the 'Unwanted' Births

Abstract To earn a quota for a boy under the one-child policy (OCP), some Chinese families intentionally underreport births of girls or delay their hukou registration, which can have subsequent consequences on them. Previous studies have found a decline in sex ratio of one given birth cohort over time and attribute this to the underreporting of girls. I first show that the enforcement of the OCP is significantly related to such a decline. I then explore temporal and regional variation of the OCP to examine its impact on school entrance age and educational attainment. The results show that the OCP significantly delayed school entrance and decreased years of schooling for both girls and boys. However, the effects are much larger for girls and only confined to rural people. This study provides new evidence in support of the underreporting and delayed registration of “unwanted” births in China and highlights the socioeconomic consequences of the OCP on those “unwanted” births.
Knowledge Mobilization in the Face of Imitation: Microfoundations of Knowledge Aggregation and Firm-Level Innovation

Research summary. Firms in technology-based settings must mobilize individual knowledge to continuously execute innovative new opportunities. Because knowledge is generally conceptualized at the firm-level, however, we have only a limited understanding of how individual-level knowledge aggregates to firm-level outcomes. We develop a microfoundational theory to examine the individual-level foundations of firm-level innovation in the context of imitative competition. A key insight is that despite intuitions that knowledge mobilization should protect firms from rival imitation attempts, knowledge mobilization can often benefit rivals more than the focal firm itself, due to a process of continuous knowledge spillover-sharing amongst rivals. In addition, while knowledge-based advantages are often thought to be temporary without some isolating mechanism, sustainable advantage may emerge under limited conditions under which knowledge-mobilizing firms outrace rivals’ imitation efforts. <br><br>Managerial summary. Managers in fast-moving technology-based industries must mobilize the knowledge of individuals in their firm to execute new market opportunities arising over time. To do so, managers can employ processes such as transfer, collaboration, and recombination, which allow firms to draw on and use individual-level knowledge in different ways. We develop a computational model to generate insight into the implications of these different knowledge mobilization mechanisms in settings where individuals interact not just with others in the focal firm, but also with imitating rivals. We find that knowledge mobilization can often benefit rivals more than the focal firm itself due to a process of knowledge spillover-sharing amongst rivals. In addition, we develop insight into the limited conditions under which knowledge-mobilizing firms can achieve a sustainable advantage. <br>
Diel activity and diet of three sympatric sticklebacks in tidal salt marsh pools

The activity patterns and diet of the adults of three sympatric sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Gasterosteus wheatlandi, and Pungitius pungitius, are compared to learn how three sympatric species share time and food resources. Catch data from unbaited traps indicate that all species are equally diurnal. Females of all species feed almost exclusively in the early morning. No periodicity was observed in the feeding of males compared with females, because males fed infrequently. The diets of the three species were similar though the importance of certain prey items varied with species and sex. Results show that resource partitioning along the dimensions of food type and time are of minor importance in explaining coexistence of the three species during their breeding season.
Household Saving Behavior and Credit Constraints in the Euro Area

We study the role of household saving behaviour, of individual motives for saving and that of perceived liquidity constraints in 15 Euro Area countries. The empirical analysis is based on the Household Finance and Consumption Survey, a new harmonized data set collecting detailed information on wealth holdings, consumption and income at the household level. Since the data is from 2010-2011, strong conclusions as regards the present are difficult to draw. This is because the crisis may have affected the data, especially in countries that were severely hit. Nevertheless we find evidence of some degree of homogeneity across countries with respect to saving preferences and the relative importance of different motives for saving. In addition, credit constraints are more heterogeneous across geographic regions and perceived to be binding for specific groups of respondents. Households living in Mediterranean countries report to be more subject to binding liquidity constraints than households living in Continental Europe. Household characteristics and institutional macroeconomic variables are significant and economically important determinants of household saving preferences and credit constraints.
In situ growth stimulation of a temperate zone liana (Hedera helix) in elevated CO2

1. Lianas, which arguably benefit more than other growth forms from elevated CO 2 , have been associated with increasing turn-over rates in tropical forests as observed in recent decades. Although rarely as prominent outside the tropics, an increase in abundance of climbing plants is likely to affect forest dynamics in the temperate zone as well. Hedera helix is the most abundant climber in western Europe and previous work in controlled conditions suggested CO 2 effects similar to those observed in tropical lianas. 2. Here we present an in situ test of the hypothesis that this abundant climber will benefit from increasing CO 2 concentrations primarily under light limitation in the forest understorey, but much less in the forest canopy. To this end, we studied growth responses to elevated CO 2 for an entire growing season at the Swiss Canopy Crane site on the forest floor and 20-25 m above the ground in the forest canopy. 3. The relative stimulation of length and biomass increment of shoots by elevated CO 2 (about 600 μl l -1 ) was indeed very pronounced in deep shade (c. +60%), about twice as much as in the subcanopy (c. +30%). Given the rapid depletion of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) pools at canopy closure in spring, carbon limitation under current ambient CO 2 concentrations must be substantial in the understorey. In contrast to the understorey, where CO 2 enrichment had no effect on NSC pools, there was a sharp increase in NSC concentration in subcanopy leaves exposed to elevated CO 2 . 4. We conclude that rising CO 2 concentrations will allow Hedera to explore light-limited understorey microhabitats more vigorously, which should increase the likelihood of reaching the forest canopy. There, however, Hedera benefits less from elevated CO 2 . Our results add one more explanation to Hedera's current success in European forests.
Labor Law and Reaching a First Collective Agreement: Evidence from a Quasi‐Experimental Set of Reforms in Ontario

This paper examines the effects of a major labor law reform package in the Canadian province of Ontario on the negotiation of first agreements for newly certified bargaining units using a quasi‐experimental research design. The findings indicate that first contract success rates were 8–14 percentage points higher under the regime that included automatic first contract arbitration relative to the comparison regime of “no‐fault” first contract arbitration, despite imposition rates being only 2–4 percentage points higher. Further, in the more hostile‐to‐labor regime, only 38 percent of petitions ultimately reached a first agreement despite the presence of quick‐votes, and “no‐fault” first contract arbitration.
The Influence of Crop Rotation with an Increasing Content of Cereals on Photosynthetic Potential of Winter Wheat

In years 1982–1985 flag leaf area, concentration of chlorophyll and macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) and also their correlations to grain yield in static field experiment were studied. The main experimental plots comprised crop rotations containing 50, 75, 100% cereals. Treatments with or without irrigation were subplots and nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120, 180 kg N/ha) were sub-sub-plots. The cultivation of winter wheat in rotations containing more than 50% cereals affected the drop of winter wheat grain yield, which was especially high on the plots without nitrogen fertilization or with low N level. The dose of 120 kg N/ha gave the highest grain yield in each rotation and, at the same time, decreased to minimum the differences between them, although wheat grown in the full cereal rotation yielded much less. The response of wheat grain yield to previous crop was affected by photosynthetic potential of a plant, which was constituated by flag leaf area and concentration of chlorophyll. The deteriorating nutrient economy in wheat plants grown in rotations containing more than 50% cereals decreased the photosynthetic potential of wheat. In addition, in these rotations the importance of macronutrients concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis as a source of nutrients for the developing grain is visible.
(2022). Explaining abnormal returns in stock markets: An alpha-neutral version of the CAPM. International

This paper develops a behavioural asset pricing model in which traders are not fully rational as is commonly assumed in the literature. The model derived is underpinned by the notion that agents’ preferences are affected by their degree of optimism or pessimism regarding future market states. It is characterized by a representation consistent with the Capital Asset Pricing Model, augmented by a behavioural bias that yields a simple and intuitive economic explanation of the abnormal returns typically left unexplained by benchmark models. The results we provide show how the factor introduced is able to absorb the ‘‘abnormal" returns that are not captured by the traditional CAPM, thereby reducing the pricing errors in the asset pricing model to statistical insignificance.
Interactions of Corticosterone, 5α-Dihydrocorticosterone and Dexamethasone with Proteins in Rat-Liver Cytosol

The intracellular binding of [3H]corticosterone and [3H]dexamethasone and their metabolites to macromolecules in rat liver cytosol was studied in vivo and in vitro. The macromolecules binding corticosterone and its metabolites were characterized as (a) a steroid conjugate-binder (Stokes radius 2.5 nm and sedimentation coefficient 4.1 S in high ionic strength; pI 8.7), (b) transcortin and (c) a glucocorticoid ‘receptor’. Competition experiments indicated that corticosterone and dexamethasone bind to the same site of the glucocorticoid receptor molecule. Different Stokes radii between the corticosterone-receptor and the dexamethasone-receptor complexes (6.9 and 6.3 nm, respectively, in high ionic strength) indicate that the two ligands induce different conformations of the receptor protein. This may be of importance when explaining the qualitative differences between the cellular effects of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids. 5α-Dihydrocorticosterone, on the other hand, competed to a very limited extent with dexamethasone for binding sites on the receptor. An assay of the inductive effect on liver tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase indicated that 5α-dihydrocorticosterone was practically devoid of glucocorticoid activity. It is concluded that 5α-dihydrocorticosterone probably does not act as the mediator of corticosterone action in rat liver.
If We Build it, Will They Come?: Examining the Effect of Expansion Teams and Soccer-Specific Stadiums on Major League Soccer Attendance

Purpose – Two of the primary growth strategies for Major League Soccer (MLS) have been team expansion and the construction of soccer-specific stadiums. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between these factors and game-specific MLS spectator attendance. <br><br>Design/methodology/approach – Two multiple regression models, one using multi-level mixed effects linear regression and another using interval regression, were developed to explain the variation in attendance utilizing the two factors of interest along with other control factors that have been identified as attendance determinants in previous literature. Game-specific data were collected for five MLS seasons, 2007-2011. <br><br>Findings – The two regression models explained approximately 40 percent of the variation in spectator attendance and the results showed that expansion teams and soccer-specific stadiums were significantly related to attendance. However, the effect of soccer-specific stadiums was minimized due to the extreme success of the Seattle Sounders in drawing about twice as many fans as the next highest drawing franchise, yet playing in an American football stadium. <br><br>Research limitations/implications – While many of the standard factors such as the presence of holidays and novelty players, competition from other professional teams, and day of week, competition from other professional teams; team quality failed to show significance. Expansion teams drew better than incumbent teams and the impact from soccer-specific stadia is weak given the success of the Seattle franchise (and possibly negative when excluding Seattle). Censoring of the dependent variable had a discernible impact on many of the attendance factors. <br><br>Practical implications – These findings may be useful to managers of MLS and their teams along with other professional teams and/or leagues that are investigating the use of either team expansion or the construction of new facilities to increase spectator attendance. <br><br>Originality/value – This is the first study to investigate the relationship between expansion and new stadium construction in MLS over multiple years. The results indicate that MLS’s decision to use team expansion and the construction of soccer-specific stadiums has been beneficial with respect to spectator attendance.
Bayesian Analysis of LOT Liquidity Model

LOT liquidity model, which is a kind of Tobit model with two unknown censoring points, is commonly used in the literature of microstructure of financial markets to estimate transaction costs and market liquidity from the observed return series. As far as the estimation is concerned, method based on maximum likelihood is predominated in the applied works of this model. In this paper, a Bayesian approach, based on Gibbs sampling combined with data augmentation method, is proposed for the estimation of LOT model. Simulation studies are conducted to illustrate its accuracy and to make a comparison with MLE. Both the results from the simulated data and a real data set from the stock markets in China reveal that the Gibbs sampling can achieve a better performance than MLE and therefore is a practical alternative method for the estimation of LOT model.
Unofficial road building in the Brazilian Amazon: dilemmas and models for road governance

Unofficial roads form dense networks in landscapes, generating a litany of negative ecological outcomes, but in frontier areas they are also instrumental in local livelihoods and community development. This trade-off poses dilemmas for the governance of unofficial roads. Unofficial road building in frontier areas of the Brazilian Amazon illustrates the challenges of ‘road governance. ’ Both state-based and community-based governance models exhibit important liabilities for governing unofficial roads. Whereas state-based governance has experienced difficulties in adapting to specific local contexts and interacting effectively with local peoples, community-based governance has a mixed record owing to social inequalities and conflicts among local interest groups. A state-community hybrid model may offer more effective governance of unofficial road building by combining the oversight capacity of the state with locally-grounded community management via participatory decision-making.
Two-Sided Platform Competition in Sharing Economy

We examine competition between two-sided platforms in a sharing economy using ride sharing as an example. In this economy, drivers self-schedule their supply based on the wage they receive. The platforms compete for drivers as well as riders. To attract drivers, platforms have used diverse wage schemes, including fixed commission rate, dynamic commission rate, and fixed wage. We develop a model to examine the impacts of the self-scheduled nature of the supply on competing platforms and the role of the wage scheme in the platform competition. We find that the price competition between platforms is more intense in a ride-sharing economy compared to an economy with a fixed supply of drivers if and only if the platforms serve more riders and drivers in the sharing economy than the traditional economy, regardless of the wage scheme employed by the platforms. Further, any of the three wage schemes can be the best for the platforms and the worst for riders and drivers, depending on the market characteristics. In markets where the competition on the demand side is more fierce than on the supply side, the fixed-wage scheme results in the highest profits for the platforms and lowest surpluses for riders and drivers. In contrast, in markets where the competition on the supply side is more competitive, when the supply is highly (mildly) more competitive, the fixed-commission-rate (dynamic-commission-rate) scheme generates the highest profits for platforms, leading to the lowest surpluses for riders and drivers and the lowest social welfare. The differential impacts of the wage scheme on the price (demand-side) and quantity (supply-side) competition explain our findings.
Pluralism in Project Management: Navigating the Crossroads of Specialization and Fragmentation

Project management is a rapidly expanding subfield of management and organization studies. This paper seeks to make sense of this development and the current state of project management research. It reviews the literature published over the last five decades in 30 leading management and organization journals. In total, 305 articles were included in the data set. The paper proposes a categorization of the published articles into seven schools of thought: Optimization School, Factor School, Contingency School, Behaviour School, Governance School, Relationship School and Decision School. The schools vary in terms of their main focus and use of the project concept, major research questions, methodological approaches and type of theorizing. It is suggested that a better awareness on how to make use of the schools and the identified perspectives would stimulate cross-fertilization, unification and thus enhance a pluralistic understanding of projects and project management at the same time as it would prepare research to frame more accurately the problems of contemporary projects. In that respect, the paper offers ideas on how to navigate at the crossroads between specialization and fragmentation, between the search for novel topics and improvements of existing knowledge.
Short-Term Reversals and Trading Activity

Many studies report that individual stock returns are subject to short-term reversals. However, theory indicates that information-based trading activity holds the potential to generate short-term momentum. We show that short-term momentum is indeed a feature of monthly stock returns for high-turnover stocks. Furthermore, we present evidence that short-term price dynamics are related to turnover because it acts as a proxy for the flow of information, such as earnings news, that moves prices. Using the turnover generated by earnings announcements relative to the total turnover for a 31-day window centered on the earnings-announcement day, we show that short-term reversals give way to short-term momentum as the fraction of news-driven turnover increases. But short-term momentum is not confined to stocks that had earnings announcements during the prior month. We show that it is evident, albeit somewhat diminished in magnitude, for stocks that have had no recent release of earning news.
Host immune function and sexual selection in birds

Parasites have been hypothesized to affect sexual selection of their hosts, if secondary sexual characters reliably signal absence of infectious parasites, superior parenting ability caused by the absence of parasites, or heritable resistance to parasites, for which there is some intraspecific and interspecific evidence. Measures of immune defence of hosts provide reliable information on the current infection status of individuals of the chosen sex, usually males, and correlations between immune defence and development of secondary sexual characters thus provide a novel critical test of parasite‐mediated sexual selection. In a comparative study of birds, sexually dichromatic species had higher immune defences, measured in terms of leukocyte concentration and the size of spleen and bursa of Fabricius, respectively, than closely related, monochromatic species. Male plumage brightness was consistently negatively related to the size of the spleen in males of sexually dichromatic species, but not in males of monochromatic species. Hence, the brightest males, which frequently are preferred as mates by choosy females, had low levels of immune defence, suggesting that such males were healthy. This provides evidence for a general role of parasites in sexual selection among their bird hosts.
Population genetics of northern pike (Esox lucius) introduced into Lake Davis, California

We used molecular genetic techniques to identify the source population of northern pike (Esox lucius) illegally introduced into Lake Davis, California, and to study the dynamics of genetic change since the introduction. We typed 10 tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from 11 populations and used measures of population differentiation, phylogenetic analysis, and assignment tests to determine the origins of the pre- and post-rotenone-treatment populations. We found that levels of genetic differentiation were low between the pre- and both post-treatment Lake Davis samples and phylogenetic analysis revealed that they were all closely related. Assignment tests classified a high proportion of posttreatment individuals to the original Lake Davis population. Consequently, our results indicate that the fish population that reappeared in 1999 and a subsequent sample in 2002 were descendents or survivors of the initial population. We were unable to assign the pre- or post-treatment individuals consistently to any on.
Determinants of Efficacy of Studying in the Republic Croatia - Comparing Neural Networks and Decision Trees: Research Framework Proposition

Rapid technological development and progress lead to the need for better and more efficient education which should prepare the applicant for increasingly flexible labour market. The goal of this research is to create models for prediction of student’s efficacy, compare them, find the key factors that contribute to more efficient studying in the Republic of Croatia, and finally determine how efficient studying is related to first employment. Models will be based on students’ data and hypothesis will be tested using multivariate statistical methods (multiple regressions, Cronbach’s alpha), decision trees and neural networks. Data will be collected by structured questionnaire and will consist of demographic and economic data, information about previous education, attitudes towards learning, and goals after completing studies and information about the first employment. Students’ efficacy will be measured by grade point average in college. This research will try to increase our understanding of how different factors influence students’ performance and how students’ efficacy affects the speed and conditions of finding the first employment.