Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feed intake and liveweight of cattle on subtropical native pasture hays. 2. The effect of urea and maize flour, or protected-casein.

Twenty-five Hereford cattle, of both sexes and a mean liveweight (¦ s.e.) of 172 ¦5.6 kg were allocated randomly from stratified groups to five treatments in which urea (UR), urea plus maize (URM), urea plus maize flour and protected casein (URMFC) or protected casein alone (FC) were offered to individually penned cattle on a basal diet of native pasture hay (8.4 g N/kg dry matter (DM)) over 70 days. Rumen ammonia concentrations were low in cattle on the basal hay diet (mean ¦ s.e.d.) of 17 ¦ 10.0 mg N/L but were significantly increased (P<0.01) by a supplement of 280 g/head.day of protected casein (FC) to 70 mg N/L and increased further (1 68 mg N/L) when urea was included with maize (URM) in the treatment. Volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were increased (P<0.05) only by URM which also resulted in higher (P< 0.01) molar proportions of propionic acid. All treatments increased (P< 0.01) the hay intake of cattle during the study with the exception of URM, which was based on a high rate of feeding (400 g/day) of maize flour. Liveweight change of cattle was increased (P<0.01) by urea (UR) and maize flour (URM) to 290 and 340 ¦ 56 g/head.day respectively. Higher (P< 0.01) liveweight gains were recorded when protected casein was included in the diet (URMFC, FC), being 550 and 600 g/head.day respectively. The results are discussed in terms of the scope for improving the efficiency of gain in cattle on a low quality grass hay by including low rumen-degradable proteins as a supplement to grass hays.
Modeling the Classic Meselson & Stahl Experiment

Upon reading The Double Helix by James Watson (1969), undergraduates are often surprised at the value of hands-on models for working through complex questions in biology and chemistry. In this classic account, Watson relates how he and Francis Crick utilized molecular models, (which at times were cut out of cardboard! ), to help them solve the mystery of the DNA double helix. In The Structure of DNA (1957), Francis Crick reaffirms the value of this approach. Critiquing various mechanisms proposed for DNA replication he asserts, "In both these cases, it would have been better if the authors had attempted to build scale models to show that their ideas were structurally feasible. " The process of engaging one's hands and mind simultaneously often leads to great insight. It was Watson and Crick (1953), reporting the double helical structure of DNA in Nature, who first intimated a brilliant yet simple mechanism for DNA replication; "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material". It was Meselson and Stahl, however, in their classic 1958 study, who devised the definitive experiment confirming this mechanism. Appropriately enough, Meselson and Stahl's study provides an opportunity once again to use modeling, this time in the classroom, as students attempt to understand both the process of DNA replication and the techniques used to elucidate it. In the past, when I have presented Meselson and Stahl's (1958) elegant study to nonscience majors, I have encountered two obstacles that hindered their understanding. First, students had difficulty predicting the distribution of parental and daughter DNA in each generation of bacterial replication; and second, they found the technique of density gradient centrifugation, and its ability to resolve solids of various densities, perplexing. I will describe two activities that I have developed which provide a visual model for these difficult aspects of this classic study. Watson and Crick proposed that the structure of the DNA double helix offered a simple copying mechanism using complementary base-pairing to construct a daughter strand using each of the original parent strands as a template. A number of scenarios had been suggested based on Watson and Crick's molecular structure for DNA, all of which fell into three general classes (Delbruck & Stent 1957):
Effects of the parasitic flies of the genus Philornis (Diptera: Muscidae) on birds

Abstract Little is known about the genus Philornis (comprising ~50 species), a group of muscid flies that parasitise birds and may be highly detrimental to host nestlings. Philornis species affect at least 115 species of bird, particularly in the Neotropics. The main distribution of Philornis is in Central and South America, extending to the southern United States. Larvae of the genus Philornis reside in bird nests and may feed on either nestling faeces (coprophagous scavengers), the blood of nestlings (semi-haematophagous parasites), or on nestling tissue and fluid (subcutaneous parasites). Depending on the species of Philornis, larval development can occur in bird faeces, in nesting material or inside nestlings. Nestling mortality depends on the species of Philornis, the intensity of infestation and nestling susceptibility, which in turn depends on the nestling species, age, brood size, body condition and the anatomical site of infestation. Consequently, variable effects of Philornis parasitism are observed in relation to nestling growth, development and fledging success. The impetus for this review is the recent discovery of Philornis downsi on the Galapagos Archipelago, combined with high Philornis-induced mortality in Darwin's finches. The potential for ectoparasites such as Philornis to compromise the viability of small, isolated bird populations is highlighted by this recently documented parasite invasion.
Rapid degradation of termiticides under field conditions

Soil testing is used by regulatory agencies to determine the adequacy of termiticide application by pest controllers. Because tests may be carried out years after treatment, an accurate knowledge of termiticide degradation rates is crucial if determinations are to be valid. Degradation of exposed residues of bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid was investigated in a field trial conducted near Narrandera (inland New South Wales) and in Sydney. Samples of soil 75 mm deep were collected immediately after treatment and after 12 months from plots treated with termiti- cides to a minimum depth of 350 mm and analysed for termiticide residues. Bifenthrin and chlor- fenapyr were the most persistent termiticides. Losses of chlorpyrifos exceeded 99% at both locations. Losses of fipronil and imidacloprid were 96% and 94%, respectively, at Narrandera and 67% and 50%, respectively, in Sydney. To explore the fate of chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid in the soil profile at Narrandera, samples were collected 15 months after treatment to a depth of 450 mm, in 150 mm increments, from plots treated to a depth of 700 mm. In soil below 150 mm, chlorpyrifos and fipronil content was little changed from time of application whereas major losses of imidacloprid had occurred at all depths. These findings have implications for termite treatment regulation in Australia. Regulatory agencies have relied upon degradation rates observed in laboratory experiments to determine in situ treatment adequacy. Results of this field study suggest that termiticides can degrade more rapidly in situ than indicated by laboratory experiments.
The Effects of Stocking Density on the Growth and Survival of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fry at Son Fish Farm, Uganda

Besides affecting land usability that subsequently impacting on profitability of an aquaculture venture, stocking density is believed to affect growth rate and survival of fish species stocked. In this study, Nile tilapia fry were randomly stocked at densities 1000, 1330, 2000, 2670, 4000 and 5330 fry/m3 for an experimental period of 23 days. All fish were fed a commercial feed (45% protein) at levels of 20, 18 and 15% body weight in week one, two and three. The impact of stocking density on standard length, body weight, survival, growth homogeneity, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratios was determined on samples taken weekly for the experimental. A negative correlation between stocking density and growth rate was recorded. Survival was lowest with high stocking densities, 87% at 4000 fry/m3 and 82.9 at 5330 fry/m3.Results demonstrate that increasing the stocking density of Nile tilapia fry beyond 2670 fry/m3 significantly affects survival and growth of fry (ANOVA).
Acute exposure to ozone inhibits rapid carbon translocation from source leaves of Pima cotton

Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) causes significant disruption of growth and yield in upland and Pima cottons. Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) was exposed to brief pulses (0.75 h) of a range of O 3 concentrations (nominally 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 μl l -1 ) to investigate effects on phloem translocation of 14 C-labelled recent photo-assimilate. The initial phase of rapid efflux from source leaves was monitored with a Geiger-Muller Tube as activity remaining in the leaf as a function of time. Visual inspection of unprocessed efflux curves revealed disruption of efflux by O 3 . Single exponential decay functions were fitted to these efflux curves to extract first order rate constants for phloem loading and longitudinal transport of labelled carbohydrates. A single compartment model was applied, with and without an asymptote of non-transported carbohydrate, to calculate leaf sugar contents. The effect of O 3 in retarding efflux of label, decreasing the rate constant, and increasing calculated soluble sugar pools, was consistent regardless of the method of analysis. Following incorporation of the asymptote, calculated rate constants and sugar pools were similar to values from the literature and to preliminary measurements of sugar contents in O 3 -treated cotton leaves. Total carbohydrate transported from source leaves was reduced both by O 3 effects on assimilation (up to 20%) and by O 3 effects on efflux (up to 70%), but was clearly dominated by the impact on phloem translocation. These rapid efflux kinetics likely reflect oxidant damage at the plasmalemma or plasmodesmata of mesophyll or phloem companion cells. Evaluation of effects of O 3 on tonoplast function and consequences for carbohydrate translocation await a more complete compartmental efflux analysis.
Indirect effects of deer herbivory on local nitrogen availability in a coastal dune ecosystem

Herbivores can have indirect effects on local nutrient availability if their direct effects on plants lead to changes in the amount or chemical composition of litter reaching the soil surface. Using two exclosure experiments, we evaluated this possibility for blacktailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ) feeding on silver bush lupine (Lupinus chamissonis ) in a coastal dune system in northern California. Our first experiment assessed the effects of deer herbivory on 360 lupines that were tracked from newly germinated seedlings in 1996 and 1997 until 2000, when most surviving individuals had reached reproductive age. Results from this experiment showed that browsing by deer significantly reduced growth rates and seed production of lupines and delayed the onset of reproductive maturity. Although deer had no effect on the density of litter accumulating underneath shrubs (g m 2 ), browsing significantly decreased C:N ratios of leaf tissue, due primarily to increased nitrogen content of leaves. Deer browsing also caused significantly increased net nitrogen mineralization rates in the soil under shrubs, although pools of ammonium and nitrate were uninfluenced. The second experiment examined 72 established bush lupines from 1997 to 2000, and showed that deer browsing significantly decreased seed production but had no effect on shrub growth. We also detected trends for browsed shrubs to have reduced pools of ammonium and nitrate underneath their canopies, although no such patterns emerged for nitrogen mineralization rates. Collectively, these data suggest that changes in litter quality, more so than litter quantity, contributed to the indirect effects of deer herbivory on local nitrogen dynamics. We hypothesize that deer browsing induced chemical changes in lupine plant tissue, which increased the nitrogen content of litter reaching the soil surface and subsequently increased rates of nitrogen mineralization.
Ditylenchus Myceliophagus N. Sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae)

Ditylenchus myceliophagus n.sp. , der Pilzmyzel vernichtet, wird beschrieben und abgebildet. Er unterscheidet sich von seinem nachsten Verwandte, D. destructor, durch den breiteren fingerahnlichen Schwanz in beiden Geschlechtern, durch die Form der Spicula und den kurzen postvulvaren Sack.
Behavioral aspects of Angelman syndrome: A case control study

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by impairments in intellectual, neurological and motor functioning and a postulated behavioral profile. This study compared behavioral characteristics of 62 individuals with genetically confirmed AS and 29 individuals with presumed AS from clinical features, with a control group of young persons with intellectual disability (ID) derived from an Australian epidemiological register. Twelve behavioral items from the developmental behavior checklist (DBC) were used for this comparison. The groups were matched for chronological age, gender, and level of ID. In the AS group, significant differences were found for 10 behaviors, with poor attention span and impulsivity being less common, and overactivity/restlessness, chewing or mouthing objects, eating non‐food items, gorging food, food fads, fascination for water, hand flapping and sleep disturbance being more common. Interestingly, there was no difference in prevalence of unprovoked laughter. Comparison of the results of the genetically confirmed with the genetically unconfirmed AS cases showed no significant differences between individual behavior prevalence. These findings show that a “behavioral phenotype” of AS can be distinguished from others of similar level of ID, but it is different from that hitherto published. Abnormal food related behaviors, hyperactivity, fascination for water, hand flapping, and sleep disturbance should be included in a “behavioral phenotype” for AS. Apart from hyperactivity, “ADHD‐type” behaviors are not more characteristic of AS than in ID generally. Therefore, the Consensus Criteria for the diagnosis of AS need to be reviewed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential role of organic sulfur compounds from Allium in cancer prevention and therapy

The anticancer properties of fresh garlic extracts, aged garlic, garlic oil, and their specific organo-sulfur compounds of garlic. The anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic characteristics appear through both dose and sequentially related changes in cellular events involved with the cancer process, including those involving drug metabolism, immune-competence, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The ability of garlic and related allyl sulfur compounds to block tumors in the colon, lung, breast, and liver. Few studies have compared the relative efficacy of water and lipid soluble allyl sulfur compounds, when using chemically induced carcinogen models and suggested little difference in responses, whereas tumor proliferation/apoptosis is highly dependent on the species provided. A shift in sulfhydryl groups, alterations in glutathione: oxidized glutathione ratios, and resultant changes in cellular redox status may be involved in some of the phenotypic changes caused by allyl sulfur compounds. Such changes in thiols by allyl sulfurs may also account for the observed hyperphosphorylation of specific cell cycle proteins and the histone hyper acetylation that has correlated with suppressed tumor cell proliferation. Whereas the anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic data are impressive and more studies are needed to exposures the allyl sulfur compounds anticancer activities.
Reprodução induzida da pirapitinga-do-sul, Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819), mantida em condições de confinamento

The objective of this study was to induce spawning in pirapitinga-do-sul, Brycon opalinus, with the application of hormones and to determine the pattern of oocyte diameter frequency distribution in females prepared to induction. One hundred and twenty spawners with 25.5 to 32.0 cm of length were placed in circular ponds of 10 m of diameter, at Estacao de Aquicultura de Paraibuna-SP of CESP. In order to determine the females apt to reproduction, samples of oocytes were obtained with plastic catheter and analysed. These oocytes were valued by colour, size, position of nucleus and oocyte diameter percentual frequency distribution. The males were selected by quality of semen. Twenty-nine females were selected and received two injections of SPE (salmon pituitary extract): the first, of 5 mg/kg and the other, of 10 mg/kg, with 12 hours of interval. The males that showed 90% of spermatic motility and 85% of life spermatozoa were selected and received 5 IU/g of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) when the females received the second dose. The oocytes of the 14 females that responded to the hormone treatment were gray or wine in colour, and in the females that presented high rates of fertilization, the oocyte diameter percentual frequency distribution showed mode of 1,900 mm. The average rate of fertilization was of 90% and that of hatching was 40%.
Decreased heat-shock resistance and down-regulation of Hsp70 expression with increasing age in adult Drosophila melanogaster

Summary 1. Adult Drosophila melanogaster Meigen were examined for Hsp70 expression level and heat-shock resistance from 0 to 8 days of age – the latter being close to the mean life span in natural D. melanogaster populations. 2. Over the 8 days, both induced Hsp70 expression level and induced heat-shock resistance showed a linear decrease. Heat-shock resistance without prior hardening also decreased, but at a lower rate than both induced Hsp70 expression level and heat-shock resistance after hardening. 3. The results suggest that the decrease in induced Hsp70 expression level in D. melanogaster with age is regulatory and not due to a reduced ability to express Hsp70 as a result of senescence. 4. The changes in induced Hsp70 expression level with age are likely to be determined by natural selection and are evolutionarily adaptive. The decrease with age in stress resistance after hardening may then be considered a direct consequence of age-dependent reduction in expression levels of induced Hsp70.
Project Risk Management in Hydropower Plant Projects

The development of hydroelectric power plant is one of the efforts in utilising water resources for people’s welfare by generating the energy for electricity purpose. Nowadays, the installed capacity of hydro electric power plants is 3,529 MW from the total installed capacity 24,846 MW from various power plants owned by PT PLN (Persero) and the hydropower potential 75,000 MW all over Indonesia. Hydroelectric power plant has complex structures and involves large amounts of capital with a long-running construction period. This situation imposes uncertainty factors with considerably high risks. The construction phase is identified as a critical phase in hydropower projects where many unforeseen factors occur. Failure to manage project risks leads to significant problems for the client such as completion time delays and cost overruns. In order to prevent time delays and cost overruns in hydropower construction in PT PLN (Persero), the study on project risk management in the construction stage of hydropower plant projects had been conducted. The purpose of this study was to identify and measure the importance of construction risks and to determine the level of agreement or disagreement between the client, consultants and contractors on the ranking of construction risk in hydropower projects. The author selected the respondents from the clients, consultants and contractors’ personnel who had work experience in hydropower construction projects in PT PLN (Persero). JEL Classification: L74—Construction
THE EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID GA 3 ON MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ARTICHOKE (CYNARA SCOLUMUS L.)

An artichoke is a commonly cultivated vegetable in the Mediterranean region. It is cultivated for an undeveloped flower head. Because of high thermal requirements in Poland the artichoke is cultivated as an annual plant. In the years 2009-2011 the research on the influence of gibberelic acid (GA3) on yielding and morphology of artichoke plants was conducted. In order to establish the optimal date of spraying and development stage of plants GA3 was used in 2 different variants: spraying done once at the stage of 8 leaves, spraying done twice at the stages of 8+12 leaves, in comparison to the control (without use of GA3). Plants which were sprayed with gibberellic acid once or twice formed inflorescences up to 45 days earlier in comparison to control plants. Plants treated with GA3 were shorter, formed less leaves in rosettes, leaves had blades of smaller length and width and shoots at the base were thicker in comparison to control plants. Plants sprayed with GA3 formed less floral heads on inflorescence shoots but they characterized with higher mean weight in comparison to plants not treated with the gibberellic acid. Plants sprayed once gave higher yield of heads by 0.4 kg âÂÂÂÂÂÂ plant-1 in comparison to control plants and plants sprayed twice.
Biology and Feeding Potential of an Anthocorid Predator, Orius tantillus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on Sitotroga cerealella

Biology and feeding potential of an anthocorid predator. Onus tantillus (Motsch.) were studied under laboratory conditions using UV irradiated eggs of alternate host, Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella. (O1.). The mean incubation period was five days. Four nymphal instars were recorded and the total nymphal duration was 16.7 days. Longevity of adult male and female was 23.4 and 27 days, respectively. Mean fecundity per female was 33 eggs. Mean nymphal feeding was 43.8 S. cerealella eggs, while adult male and female fed on a total of 94.5 and 122.3 eggs, respectively. Considering the cost of host eggs alone, the cost of producing 100 O. tantillus nymphs was Re. 0.82 and that of 100 adults Rs. 4.67. This study indicates the suitability of S. cerealella eggs for mass rearing O. tantillus. Morphological characters for differentiating the sex of adults and morphometries of all stages have been studied.
Spermiogenesis and spermatozoa in Acanthodasys aculeatus (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida): an ultrastructural study

The spermatogenesis, the spermiogenetic process and the structure of the mature spermatozoon of Acanthodasys aculeatus (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) are described from an ultrastructural point of view. Several spermatogonia in mitotic divisions were seen, proving that euthely of gastrotrichs does not concern gonads. Spermiogenesis is characterized by the early formation of both the acrosome and the axoneme, by the subsequent appearances of a perinuclear helix and of a complex axial tubular structure in the acrosome and by the late development of the peraxonemal striated cylinder. The mature spermatozoon is filiform, and composed of a spiralized acrosome, a helical nuclear–mitochondrial complex and a long flagellum. The acrosome contains an axial tubular structure and the spring-shaped nucleus delimits a single, long mitochondrion. A perinuclear helix formed by the pro-acrosome surrounds the nuclear–mitochondrial complex extending for its whole length. A monolayered, obliquely striated cylinder encloses the 9 × 2 + 2 axoneme; its terminal part is empty because of the shortness of the axoneme.