Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ORIGIN OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY IN THE PLIOCENE OF THE FLORIDA PLATFORM: EVIDENCE FROM STABLE ISOTOPES AND TRACE ELEMENTS

Abstract High productivity on the Florida Platform during the Pliocene has been ascribed to upwelling and to freshwater input of nutrients. To test these hypotheses, high-resolution stable isotopic and Sr/Ca analyses have been performed on 14 Conus and Turritella gastropod shells collected from the middle Pliocene Pinecrest Beds (Units 7 and 4) and the Plio-Pleistocene Caloosahatchee Formation. Assuming a published Pliocene seawater δ18O of 1.02‰ derived from a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (OAGCM), reconstructed paleotemperatures of Units 7 and 4, and the Caloosahatchee are respectively 25.1 ± 1.4 °C, 16.1 ± 0.6 °C, and 22.4 ± 0.5 °C. Unit 7 paleotemperatures are similar to, and Caloosahatchee paleotemperatures slightly lower than, modern sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Sarasota Bay (24.5 ± 0.4 °C). In contrast, Unit 4 paleotemperatures are unrealistically low. Sr/Ca ratios, however, suggest no significant paleotemperature difference between Pinecrest Units 7 and 4 and the Caloosahatchee Formation, indicating seawater δ18O variations, rather than temperature differences, are responsible for δ18O differences. High δ18O and low δ13C values of these samples likely reflect highly evaporated freshwater input combined with oxidation of terrestrial debris, as a brackish environment is indicated by marine and freshwater fauna in Unit 4. This isotopic pattern is similar to that for modern Florida Bay mollusks, which are influenced by discharge of Everglades waters. Furthermore, episodic enrichments in Fe, U, and P in some shells suggest nutrient input from submarine groundwater discharge. The data, therefore, support the contention that the dominant cause of high productivity in this region was enhanced nutrient input from freshwater influx.
Seasonal Variation of Hydraulic Properties of Soils Measured using a Tension Disk Infiltrometer

For sound land management, it is important to understand the temporal changes that soil hydraulic properties undergo. Estimation of the unsaturated characteristics of the hydraulic conductivity, sorptivity, and mean pore radius was performed using tension-disk infiltrometers in two different soils of the Mediterranean region: a sandy soil (Xerochrept) and a heterogeneous, stony, and sandy soil (Alfisol). Both soils were cropped with maize (Zea mays L.) and underwent conventional tillage and different irrigation practices, namely furrow irrigation and gun irrigation. The mobile water content was also deduced from soil samples extracted underneath the disk following a period of infiltration with the tension infiltrometer filled with a Cl - tracer. Results are presented here of measurements made after plowing and again at the end of the growing season. During the growing season, the sandy soil under furrow irrigation showed a significant decrease in its hydraulic properties. This followed an increase in the bulk density and was a result of sealing of the small interconnected pores at the soil surface. Strong nonlinearity in the hydraulic conductivity was found for the stony soil, yet there was no significant change in this nonlinearity during the growing season. However, from the tracer results, it is stated that for this soil, the structure of the line fraction changes from a well-interconnected microporous network to a poorly connected one. This results in an increase of the mobile water content during the growing season. It is shown that a good understanding of the porous network can be obtained from tension infiltrometers and can explain changes in both the hydraulic conductivity and the sorptivity. These changes were also partially corroborated by the mobile water content measurements obtained from tracer observations under the disk.
Seismic and acoustic detection of a bolide airburst in the Gulf of Naples (southern Italy)

[1] On 10 September 2005 at 1711 LT (1511 UT) a loud boom was heard on the Ischia island. A clear seismic signal was also recorded by the seismic monitoring network of the Neapolitan volcanic areas (Ischia, Campi Flegrei, and Mount Vesuvius) and on a regional station (Mount Massico). On the basis of the seismic recordings and on acoustic phenomena reports, we relate this event to the atmospheric explosion (airburst) of a bolide about 15 km SW of Ischia at an elevation of about 11.5 km. The location has been obtained through nonlinear traveltime inversion in a realistic atmospheric model including wind effects. We show, using statistical estimators, how the traveltime pattern is due to both atmospheric winds and the bolide trajectory. Using the same reasoning we discard a human origin (supersonic jet or sea-air missile). In addition, we also propose a new algorithm for fast acoustic traveltime computation for a supersonic moving source.
The Carbon Isotope Composition of Epiphytes Depends Not Only on Their Layers, Life Forms, and Taxonomical Groups but Also on the Carbon and Nitrogen Indicators of Host Trees

The carbon isotopic composition of plant tissues is a diagnostic feature of a number of physiological and ecological processes. The most important of which is the type of photosynthesis. In epiphytes, two peaks of δ13C values are known to correspond to C3 and CAM photosynthesis and some variants of transitional forms between them. But the diagnosis of δ13C may not be limited to the type of photosynthesis. This makes it necessary to study trends in the distribution of δ13C in a broader ecological context. In this study, we present trends in the distribution of δ13C epiphytes and other structurally dependent plants and their relationship with other isotopic and elemental parameters (δ15N, C%, N%, and C/N) and with life forms of epiphytes, taxonomic or vertical groups in crowns (synusia), and the parameters of the trees themselves. In all communities except for the moss forest, δ13C in epiphyte leaves was significantly higher (less negative) than in phorophyte leaves. In general, δ13C in epiphytes in mountain communities (pine forest and moss forest) was more negative than in other communities due to the absence of succulents with CAM. δ13C in the leaves of all epiphytes was negatively related to the percentage of carbon and δ15N in the leaves of the phorophyte. When considering the Gaussian distributions of δ13C with the method of modeling mixtures, we observe the unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal nature of the distribution.
Auroral observations in Finland: Results from all-sky cameras, 1973-1997

Analyses of time-space behavior of auroral occurrence were carried out using quick-look data of Finnish all-sky cameras operated in 1973–1997 using seven stations in Finland and one in Svalbard. This unique data set consists of 25 years of continuous auroral observations, or about 100,000 hours of all-sky pictures. The basic parameter derived from quick-look data is the auroral occurrence index (AO), which gives the probability (in percentage) of the occurrence of auroras during clear nights in the dark season (January to April and August to December for each year). We have analyzed the time variations of AO in diurnal, semiannual, and solar cycle timescales. The daily and semiannual occurrence of auroral frequency in Finland are consistent with the results of earlier studies carried out in other countries. There is no clear correlation between annual values of sunspot numbers and auroral occurrence within a solar cycle, but the AO values show a rather systematic increase for 1973–1993. A comparison between AO data with synoptic auroral observations made in Finland and worldwide from 1881 to 1979 reveals that both data series exhibit an increasing trend of auroral activity since the beginning of the twentieth century, similar to the global magnetic activity index series aa and sunspot number. We interpret that the increase of AO values is associated with the long-term increase of solar magnetic activity, as has been suggested recently.
Sorghum production for food security: A socio-economic analysis of sorghum production in Nakuru County, Kenya

Kenya’s Vision 2030 identifies agriculture as one of the key sectors to deliver sustainable economic growth and improved livelihoods for the poor in the rural areas. However, the sector continues to face several endemic and emerging constraints that require special attention. During the first two decades after independence, Kenya’s economy grew at an average rate of 6 percent per year and this was substantially driven by a robust agriculture sector. However, until about five years ago, the overall economy barely grew, partly as a result of a decline in agricultural activities. The agriculture sector continues to face challenges in production due to frequent and prolonged drought hence the need for drought resistant crops like sorghum. The utility of sorghum is in its climatic adaptability and household as well as industrial use. However, there is a remarkably low production as well as consumption among Kenyan communities against the food security challenges. This paper provides insights into the socio-economic characteristics of farmers and the factors that influence their participation in its production. Simple random and snowball sampling methods were applied in collecting data from 207 farmers using a questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using the double hurdle model. Of the factors under study, only land tenure, gender, farm size and educational level were significantly influencing sorghum production in the study area. It was recommended that more women should be encouraged to participatein sorghum production as it was found that they participated in sorghum production more than men
Evidence of local sea surface temperatures overriding the southeast Australian rainfall response to the 1997–1998 El Niño

El Niño events typically bring rainfall deficits to southeast Australia (SEA), for example, during the El Niño of 1982–1983. However, SEA experienced near average rainfall during the similar El Niño of 1997–1998. Using an ensemble of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced with observed SSTs, we demonstrate that the different September–November rainfall during the 1982 and 1997 events is primarily explained by differences in SST forcing from outside the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. The AGCMs reproduce an observed relationship between SEA rainfall and SSTs to the northeast of Australia. Significantly, cooler northeast Australian SSTs during 1982–1983 shifted the rainfall distribution, making a rainfall deficit more likely (relative to the situation in 1997–1998). However, stochastic atmospheric processes can modulate the El Niño and regional SST influence, and the use of an ensemble of AGCM simulations allows the separation of the effects of stochastic atmospheric processes and SST forcing.
Metallogeny of an Early to Middle Jurassic arc, Iskut River area, northwestern British Columbia

The Iskut River area of northwestern British Columbia is a relatively small (approx 100 x 60 km) but metallogenetically significant portion of the Canadian Cordillera. In the Iskut River area, Mesozoic volcanic-arc rocks and related intrusions of the Stikine terrane are host to a wide variety of mineral deposits, most of which formed in Early to Middle Jurassic time. Porphyry-style mineralization includes the Kerr Cu-Au porphyry deposit, the Mitchell-Sulphurets porphyry deposits, and the Red Bluff prospect, all related to calc-alkaline to subalkaline Early Jurassic intrusions. Precious metal-rich veins at the Johnny Mountain and Snip mines are spatially and genetically associated with the Red Bluff intrusion. These deposits show a progression from shear-hosted laminated mesothermal veins at deeper levels (Snip mine) to thick, tabular dilational veins at higher levels (Johnny Mountain mine). In the Sulphurets camp, vein-hosted mineralization of the west zone exhibits a variety of vein textures suggesting a relatively shallow level of formation. The timing and stratigraphic setting of advanced argillic alteration at the Treaty Glacier prospect indicates near-surface formation. Finally, the Eskay Creek mine is presently producing from high-grade, precious and base metal volcanic massive sulfide-sulfosalt mineralization that formed on the sea floor in the Middle Jurassic. In addition, several other styles of mineralization are recognized in the Iskut area including the Triassic Granduc volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, gold-rich skarns such as McLymont Creek of probable Early Jurassic age, and gabbro-hosted magmatic nickel sulfide mineralization at Nickel Mountain of uncertain age.Integrated regional mapping, deposit-specific studies, geochronology, lithogeochemistry, and biostratigraphy have demonstrated that Early to Middle Jurassic mineralization developed within the evolving Hazelton Group volcanic arc. Volcanism during early stages of arc evolution ( approximately 200-180 Ma) is characterized by calc-alkaline andesites to dacites. Most Jurassic intrusions in the region are coeval with this episode of volcanism and are dominated by a potassium feldspar megacrystic suite of granitic to granodioritic plutons. Mineralization which is temporally and spatially associated with this period of magmatism includes porphyry-style deposits and precious metal-rich vein systems, which often show strong structural localization. A younger period of volcanism ( approximately 180-170 Ma) is bimodal (rhyolite-dacite and basalt-basaltic andesite) and contains both calc-alkaline and tholeiitic signatures. Mineralization during this later stage of the arc includes high-level alteration systems and submarine exhalative mineralization. Regional contractional deformation in mid-Cretaceous time resulted in significant structural modification of individual deposits, obscuring many of the primary field relationships.
Enhanced deposition to pits: a local food source for benthos

Particle deposition experiments using mimics of biogenous negative relief (“pits”) and low-excess-density particles in a small annular flume indicate a significantly enhanced deposition rate (number of particles per time) compared to smooth, flat patches of the same diameter. This study included flow visualizations as well as observations of particle residence times, particle concentrations in the pits, and particle fluxes to the pits from the main flow. Experimental conditions of particle concentration, shear velocity, and particle settling velocity mimicked the dynamic characteristics (low excess density and large size) of organic-rich floes and flow conditions in the subtidal and deep sea where biogenous pits are common features. Results suggest that pits provide benthic organisms an important capture mechanism for such floes. Flow visualizations concur qualitatively with previously reported results for twodimensional cavity flow, with unique features due to the conical shape of the pits. When the Rouse number (settling velocity/shear velocity) was much less than 1, pit deposition rate increased with increasing pit aspect ratio (AR = depth/diameter; ranging from 0.25 to 2) and always exceeded deposition to a flat patch of comparable diameter. For the single aspect ratio tested (AR = 0.5) under conditions of increasing turbulence, deposition to the pit increased under transitional flow, but then decreased to near zero when conditions reached fully rough flow. Relative enhancement of deposition to this pit decreased with increased ambient bed roughness since grave1 beds also effectively collect particles. Particle concentration inside pits decreased weakly with pit aspect ratio but greatly increased with increasing roughness Reynolds number. Particle residence time increased somewhat with pit aspect ratio but decreased significantly with increasing roughness Reynolds number. Particle flux into pits from the main flow increased with both increasing aspect ratio and increasing roughness Reynolds number. Enhancement of food supply to pit inhabitants thus depends on the flow regime.
Interplay of Cementation, Mechanical Compaction, and Chemical Compaction in Nodular Limestones of the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle--upper Jurassic, Northeastern Italy)

ABSTRACT The Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle--Upper Jurassic) is a thin (25-30 m) lithostratigraphic unit, consisting of red, mostly nodular, pelagic limestones deposited on a current-swept structural high, in the Southern Alps. Sedimentation rates were very low, and omission surfaces and mineralized hardgrounds were widespread. Facies are varied and commonly show evidence of early lithification near the sediment/water interface. Petrographic observations of both mud- and grain-supported facies rich in thin-shelled bivalves enabled reconstruction of the diagenetic evolution. Some layers, or nodules within layers, underwent a phase of early lithification, acquiring a rigid framework that prevented deformation and rearrangement of grains during later burial. In the uncemented beds, and in the matrix of nodular beds, the effects of subsequent mechanical and chemical compaction are clearly recognizable. The response to chemical compaction varied with texture: grain-supported sediments developed fitted fabrics, whereas in mud-supported sediments dissolution seams were generated. After these diagenetic processes, when all the layers had acquired the same degree of coherence, laterally extensive stylolites developed, cutting across older depositional and/or diagenetic fabrics. Total compaction was evaluated quantitatively by different methods. Diverse compaction values, related to the changing interplay of early cementation and burial diagenetic processes, were obtained, but an average of about 60% volume reduction for the whole formation is estimated.
A mathematical model for nonlinear hydrologic systems

A new type of mathematical model for hydrologic systems is introduced. This decomposition model represents nonlinear time-lag systems, in decomposed form, by a series combination of parallel linear time-lag systems and parallel nonlinear no-time-lag systems. Thus the assumption that hydrologic systems are linear is no longer postulated. The theory of the decomposition model and its use in the prediction of the system output, given the input, are discussed. Computational algorithms for model construction and for its use in output prediction are given. A number of decomposition models have been constructed for a small watershed. These computational experiments established the applicability of the proposed method and its practicality in terms of ease of application and small computational cost. It is also shown how specific parameters of a given system can be determined. These parameters include length of the record that is needed to obtain a model of reasonable quality, length of the maximum time lag in a given system and its degree of nonlinearity, and details of the model structure. In particular, for a 2.33-acre watershed it was found that a record of 3000 hours suffices for model derivation, that the system maximum time lag was approximately 5 hours, and that three linear time-lag systems and up to fourth-order nonlinear, no-time-lag systems had to be included in the model.
Evolution of the Kap Cannon Thrust Zone (north Greenland)

In North Greenland, early Paleozoic metamorphic successions of the north Greenland fold belt are carried along the Kap Cannon Thrust Zone northward over the Late Cretaceous Kap Washington Group and Permo‐Carboniferous strata. Ellesmerian deformations and metamorphism occurred prior to ductile deformation in the Kap Cannon mylonites, which developed from shear zones in the hanging wall metamorphics. Heterogeneous shearing affects the Ellesmerian structures, with shear sense indicators suggesting top‐to‐north displacements in the mylonites. Late Cretaceous mafic dikes and sills record intense ductile deformation in the mylonites and incipient shearing within distinct zones of the hanging wall metamorphics. In the footwall of the mylonite zone, approximately NW directed thrusting with the formation of imbricates in Permo‐Carboniferous strata on Lockwood Ø is related to an oblique ramping beneath and in front of the Kap Cannon Thrust Zone. Since the Kap Washington volcanics are mostly affected by brittle deformation, the onset of thrusting occurred in a deeper crustal level. Condensed ductile deformation within the mylonites, shear zones, and an additional oblique to lateral ramp suggest that shear/strain heating contributed to a local rise in temperature. Continuing displacement led to uplift of the thrust zone bounded block of metamorphic rocks with a final emplacement over the northern volcanics under brittle conditions. According to the age of the magmatic rocks in the footwall, the evolution of the Kap Cannon Thrust Zone probably took place during early Tertiary (Eurekan) times. The regional implications are briefly discussed.
Liquefaction Around Marine Structures

Introduction Physics of Liquefaction Processes in the Marine Environment Biot Equations Mathematical Modelling of Liquefaction (Residual and Momentary Liquefaction) Assessment of Liquefaction Potential Floatation of Buried Pipelines in Liquefied Soils Liquefaction Underneath Marine Gravity Structures under Waves Other Benchmark Cases Counter Measures (Including Cover Stones) Earthquake Induced Liquefaction Around Marine Structures.
METARAUCHITE, Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O, FROM JÁCHYMOV, CZECH REPUBLIC, AND SCHNEEBERG, GERMANY: A NEW MEMBER OF THE AUTUNITE GROUP

A new uranyl mineral species metarauchite was found and described from Jachymov, Czech Republic. It is a new Ni-dominant member of the autunite group. All physical and chemical data for metarauchite are given complemented with the data for metarauchite found in Schneeberg, Germany.
Optimized Two-Step Store Control for MTJ-Based Nonvolatile Flip-Flops to Minimize Store Energy Under Process and Temperature Variations

Introducing a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) into a flip-flop enables nonvolatile power gating (PG) but large store energy to MTJ is a critical concern. We propose an optimized two-step store (TSS) control to first perform a short store with an optimal time for all nonvolatile flip-flops (NVFFs) and then perform a long store only at the failed ones for reducing the store energy. As the key technologies to realize this, we present a verify-and-retryable NVFF (VR-NVFF) circuit enabling the TSS control and an analytical expression for the optimal short-store time (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T}_{\text {short}{\_}\text{opt}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) minimizing the store energy. To examine the effectiveness of the optimized TSS control and the validity of analytically derived <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T}_{\text {short}{\_}\text{opt}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, we implemented the TSS control on a coarse-grained reconfigurable array (CGRA)-based accelerator chip and fabricated it in a 40-nm CMOS/MTJ hybrid process technology. Results demonstrated that analytical <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T}_{\text {short}{\_}\text{opt}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> showed a good agreement with the measured value (within 8% difference) under process and temperature variations. The TSS control with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T}_{\text {short}{\_}\text{opt}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> reduced the store energy to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.32\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> of that of the conventional long-store-only technique. The break-even time (BET), which is the minimum power-gating time to get the gain in energy savings, was shortened to 0.51–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.7\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> by the TSS control, achieving the BET of 50–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$923 \mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in the range of 0 °C–80 °C.