Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ephemeral, Subfossil Mammalian, Avian and Hominid Footprints within Flandrian Sediment Exposures at Formby Point, Sefton Coast, North West England

Coastal erosion around Formby Point occasionally reveals in the upper intertidal-zone discontinuous, laminated ‘outcrops’ of Flandrian sediments that formed between 7,500 and 4,500 years ago. Within some strata, footprints of animals, birds and humans have been preserved. Once the footprints are exposed by the tides and longshore currents, those same natural forces bring about their inevitable destruction. In addition, a first millennium B.C., dune-edge peat stratum contains hoofprints of domestic oxen. This exposure is also being subjected to destructive coastline erosion. The footprints demonstrate how the Sefton Coast was populated in the past. Their importance to understanding the prehistory of the locality is outlined, as is the wider significance of ichnology to archaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies.
Initial Shear Modulus of Remolded Sand-Clay Mixtures

This paper presents the dynamic properties of undisturbed and remolded clays and sand-clay mixtures based on the results of undrained hollow cylindrical torsional cyclic simple shear tests. The clays were obtained from different sites having a wide range of plasticity, covering fluvial and marine sediments. The main focus of this investigation is the dynamic properties of sand-clay mixtures whose properties are intermediate between those of clays and sands. The initial shear moduli are examined in terms of fines content, and conventional plasticity index. An equivalent plasticity index has been defined in the present investigation and a better correlation is obtained between the initial shear modulus of sand-clay mixtures and this parameter than with the conventional plasticity index. Further, a simple method has been suggested to determine the equivalent plasticity index based on the conventional consistency limit tests and grain size analysis. An empirical correlation for predicting the initial shear modulus is also proposed.
Influence of normal faults and basement topography on ridge-flank hydrothermal fluid circulation

Mid-ocean ridge-flank hydrothermal fluid circulation is drawing increasing attention since about 70 per cent of the advective heat flux through oceanic crust occurs on ridge flanks. Previous numerical studies have largely considered the effect of basement relief but ignored the role of normal faults, although it is well known that normal faults are pervasive in the ridge-flank environment. This paper investigates the importance of normal faults and basement topography in controlling ridge-flank hydrothermal convection. Numerical experiments are conducted using a sophisticated finite-element software package JHU2D. A 2-D conceptual model is constructed based on a variety of in situ geophysical data recently collected around the DSDP/ODP site 504B. Four scenarios are examined in which basement topography, and active and inactive normal faults are included. Numerical simulation results indicate the active normal faults that penetrate through the sediment layer to the seafloor are a key factor governing the sea water circulation and the thermal regime within the oceanic crust. The presence of these faults challenges the previously discovered correlation among the seafloor heatflow, bathymetry and basement relief. It is the spacing between adjacent faults that determines the wavelength of the heatflow variations. Basement relief becomes important only when there are no active faults present. Fluid circulation is thus then confined mainly within the pillow lavas layer and the seafloor heatflow anomalies therefore have the same wavelength as that of the basement topography.
Chemical ozone loss in the tropopause region on subvisible ice clouds, calculated with a chemistry-transport model

[1] A global chemistry-transport model has been used to investigate the role of subvisible ice clouds in chemical ozone loss in the tropopause region. The three-dimensional subvisible cloud representation is based on 6-hourly European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts high cloud fields, assuming observed cloud particle radii and densities. The resulting seasonal average subvisible cloud occurrence agrees well with that observed by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II instrument. The clouds are located along cold and warm fronts, associated with cyclonic activity. On the ice clouds, heterogeneous reactions occur similarly as on polar stratospheric clouds. The calculated chemical perturbations show high spatial variability, owing to the relatively detailed cloud representation. Halogen activation occurs only when the clouds are located at or above potential vorticity levels of 2–3 PVU. The cloud-induced chlorine activation is stronger in June than in December with maximum ClO levels close to 100 pptv. Consequently, the calculated chemical ozone loss is stronger in June than in December with local maxima of ∼4%. The calculated chlorine activation is significantly lower compared to previous model results and shows an opposite seasonal behavior. Changing the cloud composition to a mix of liquid and ice reduces the chlorine activation even further. This illustrates the strong sensitivity to cloud properties. In addition, the reactive gas uptake on the ice cloud surfaces is poorly described for midlatitude tropopause conditions. Although these uncertainties prevent an accurate calculation of chemical ozone loss, it seems unlikely that heterogeneous chemistry on subvisible clouds can explain the observed negative ozone trends in the midlatitude lowermost stratosphere. Nevertheless, the ozone loss cannot be neglected, being of comparable magnitude as ozone formation by NOx from commercial air traffic.
Coexisting Hornblendes and Biotites from Granitic Rocks near the San Andreas Fault, California

Biotites and hornblendes in granitic rocks near the San Andreas fault in the Coast and Transverse Ranges of California generally have crystallized later than associated felsic minerals. Recent experimental studies on natural materials indicate this could result if the ferromagnesian minerals crystallized at water pressures less than about 1 kbar and within a narrow range of water pressures. Iron in the hornblendes is invariably more oxidized than that in coexisting biotite. This variation in composition of eight selected pairs of hornblendes and biotites suggests that the two minerals formed in an unbuffered and closed system with respect to oxygen. Compositions of hornblendes and biotites from the southern California batholith are similar to those of the Coast and Transverse Ranges; however, the ratio of ferric to ferrous iron in pairs of the minerals from the Sierra Nevada batholith generally is the same for both hornblende and biotite and suggests crystallization in a closed, but buffered, environment. Buffered crystallization conditions probably generally prevail in undisturbed (primary) plutonic environments. In contrast, textural and chemical data presented herein on mineral pairs from the Coast and Transverse Ranges suggest postmagmatic recrystallization effects.
The SO2 camera: A simple, fast and cheap method for ground‐based imaging of SO2 in volcanic plumes

SO2 flux is widely monitored on active volcanoes as it gives a window into the hidden, subsurface magma dynamics. We present here a new approach to SO2 flux monitoring using ultraviolet imaging of the volcanic plume through carefully chosen filters to produce images of SO2 column amount. The SO2 camera heralds a breakthrough in both our ability to measure SO2 flux at unprecedented frequencies (2 Hz) and at unprecedented accuracy, thanks to the application of correlation techniques to determine wind speed directly from the images and the ability to measure the whole profile simultaneously. In this paper we detail the commercially available pieces required to construct the SO2 camera, introduce a retrieval scheme to determine SO2 amounts from the images and present results from a field campaign in November 2005 on Sakurajima volcano, Japan.
Advanced Reservoir Characterization for CO2 Storage

Abstract Injection of CO2 into the subsurface is of interest for CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). There are, however, major unresolved questions around the multiphase flow physics and reactive processes that will take place after CO2 is injected, particularly in carbonate rock reservoirs. For example, the wetting properties of CO2-brine-rock systems will impact the efficiency of EOR operations and CO2 storage but reported contact angles range widely from strongly water-wet to intermediate wet. Similar uncertainties exist for properties including the relative permeability and the impact of chemical reaction on flow. In this presentation we present initial results from laboratory studies investigating the physics of multiphase flow and reactive transport for CO2-brine systems. We use traditional and novel core flooding techniques and x-ray imaging to resolve uncertainties around the CO2-brine contact angle, relative permeability, residual trapping, and feedbacks between chemical reaction and flow in carbonate rocks.
Clinical Outcomes of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with and without SGLT2 Inhibitor Treatment: A Retrospective Study

Aim: This study aimed to compare the clinical course and outcomes of DKA in T2DM patients who received treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors versus those who did not. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on T2DM patients who were admitted to the Rambam Health Care Campus with DKA between 7/2015 and 9/2020. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained from electronic medical records. Outpatient mortality was monitored until 12/2022. Results: Of 71 T2DM patients admitted with DKA, 16 (22.5%) were on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment upon admission. SGLT2 inhibitor users had a higher BMI and were less likely to be treated with insulin. During hospitalization, the rates of acute kidney injury, concomitant infections, and inpatient mortality among SGLT2 inhibitor users were comparable to non-users. The median follow-up period was 35.1 months for the SGLT2 inhibitor users and 36.7 months for non-users. The long-term mortality from any cause was lower among the SGLT2 inhibitor users (12.5% vs. 52.7%, p = 0.004). In Cox regression analysis, SGLT2 inhibitor use was associated with a lower risk of long-term mortality from any cause (HR = 0.19, p = 0.04). Conclusion: T2DM patients with DKA who received SGLT2 inhibitors had lower long-term mortality from any cause compared to those who did not receive SGLT2 inhibitors.
The characteristics of flood responses to the restoration of polders on Dongting Lake, China

Abstract The serious shrinkage of Dongting Lake in China has led to the deterioration of its flood diversion and storage capacity, and now flood disasters have become more frequent. A lake restoration strategy is proposed in order to relieve flood-prone areas. However, flood movement is a dynamic process, so that approaches neglecting the hydrodynamics cannot accurately represent flood responses to restoring polders to a lake in a complex river basin. Here, a coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to investigate flood responses to restoring polders to Dongting Lake under the conditions of the 1998 flood event. Quantified flood reduction effects show that the characteristics of flood responses vary significantly with the management option chosen. Appropriate strategies of lake restoration are suggested according to different flood responses. Polders of type II, which favour flood discharge, should be restored in order to streamline flood conveyance. Considering the ecological requirements of the lakes and wetlands, type I polders far from main flows can be partially restored, resulting in evacuation of residents to safe areas but keeping the cultivation.
BRINGING DOWN OUR DAMS: TRENDS IN AMERICAN DAM REMOVAL RATIONALES 1

ABSTRACT: Over 76,000 dams have been constructed on American rivers to provide services such as flood protection, water storage, hydroelectric power, and navigation. Although most dams continue to provide sufficient benefits to retain the structure, dam removal is becoming increasingly common. This study involved the construction of a dam removal database to analyze spatial and temporal trends in dam removal. The data included information on 417 cases of dismantled American dams, 153 with known rationales for removal. Database analysis indicated that the leading purposes for dismantling structures are safety concerns and interest in environmental restoration. There is substantial geographic variability in dam removal rationales, with California leading in razing dams for environmental purposes, and Wisconsin leading in economic and safety rationales. States with substantial removals tend to have programs that support and fund dam razing. Although removals for safety reasons have been increasing steadily in the past three decades, environmental removals made a rather dramatic and sudden entry into the dam removal arena in the 1990s. Analysis of spatial and temporal trends in dam razing are of particular significance given the likely increase in dam removals in the 21st Century.
Shoreline Changes behind Detached Breakwater

A series of experiments were conducted to study shoreline changes caused by the presence of a detached breakwater under the influence of pure wave action. The breakwater length, \iB, and its distance from the initial shoreline, \iX, were the two main parameters investigated. The study analyzes the effect of these two factors on shoreline changes. The experimental data show that (1) the size of a salient, \iX\i\ds, increases with \iB, but decreases with \iX; and (2) the deposition area of the salient, \iA, increases with both \iB and \iX for \iX≤\iB. However, further increase in \iX(\iX>\iB) will lead to a reduction in \iA. Based on the experimental results, the study proposes a criterion to demarcate the formation of a tombolo from that of a salient. The data also show that the width of the tombolo is directly proportional to \iB and inversely proportional to \iX. Finally, a new relationship for estimating the sand deposition area is obtained, and published data from the literature are used to verify the new relationship.
SHRIMP‐RG U‐Pb Zircon Geochronology of Mesoproterozoic Metamorphism and Plutonism in the Southwesternmost United States

Mesoproterozoic intrusive and granulite‐grade metamorphic rocks in southern California have been inferred to be exotic to North America on the basis of perceived chronologic incompatibility with autochthonous cratonal rocks. Ion microprobe geochronology indicates that zircons in granulite‐grade gneisses, dated at 1.4 Ga using conventional methods, are composed of 1.68–1.80‐Ga cores and 1.19‐Ga rims. These Early Proterozoic gneisses were metamorphosed at extremely high temperatures and moderate pressures during emplacement of the 1.19‐Ga San Gabriel anorthosite complex. The lack of a 1.4‐Ga metamorphic event suggests that Proterozoic rocks in this region, rather than being exotic to North America, may in fact be a midcrustal window into Mesoproterozoic crustal evolutionary processes in southwestern North America.
Laboratory and Field Observations for Golden Horn Marine Clay

Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and one of the major metropolitan areas in the world, cleaned one of its environmentally polluted areas—Golden Horn—by dredging 5 million m3 of the bottom sediments and pumping the resulting sludge to a storage area behind a dam built at an abandoned rock quarry site in Alibey district. The reclamation of the land that formed over the storage area of Golden Horn dredged material is socially and economically very desirable. In this paper, results from experimental studies that are focused on determining the shear strength behavior of the dredge material and undisturbed soil are presented. Slurry consolidometer test, large model tests and small model tests are used to consolidate the dredged soil samples from Halic to simulate the natural consolidation behavior of these soils. Shear strength parameters are determined by laboratory vane tests; unconfined compression tests; undrained-unconsolidated (UU) and consolidated-undrained (CU) triaxial tests on samples that are obtained through in situ undisturbed samples and laboratory model tank and slurry consolidation. Moreover, the effects of fly ash and lime additives on the undrained shear strength were determined by mixing the materials with the dredged clay from Golden Horn during the model experiments conducted in the laboratory. Based on these findings, equations are proposed that govern the relationships between undrained shear strength and water content value.
Cyclonic eddies in the eastern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Cold-domed cyclonic eddies juxtaposed to the cyclonic shear side of the Gulf Loop Current are observed in simultaneously obtained hydrographic, current meter mooring, and satellite infrared data. The cyclones are initially observed in the satellite data as cold perturbations on the northern extreme of the current and grow either into a cold tongue or a quasi-stable meander off the Dry Tortugas Florida. Areal shipboard surveys show closed isopleths of temperature and salinity, and surface geostrophic current speeds relative to 1000 db are in excess of 100 cm s−1. The diameter of the cold domes varied from 80 to 120 km. Separation of large anticyclonic rings is always observed to be preceded by cyclonic eddies in the transition zone between Campeche Bank and the West Florida Shelf, but only on the eastern side. Not every cyclonic eddy off Dry Tortups is associated with the separation of an anticyclonic ring; some are eroded away by the Florida Current, but they have never been observed in 10 years .
Tipos fisionômicos e flora vascular da restinga da APA de Guadalupe, Pernambuco, Brasil

Diante do processo acelerado de erradicacao das areas de restinga no litoral pernambucano, tendo em vista a necessidade de informacoes sobre a flora dessas poucas areas remanescentes, o objetivo deste estudo foi listar a flora e descrever os tipos fisionomicos de uma restinga no litoral sul de Pernambuco. A area estudada possui cerda de 55ha, localizada no municipio de Sirinhaem, praia de Guadalupe (35o04’20’’W 8o40’45’’S). Viagens mensais, no periodo de setembro de 2001 a setembro de 2002, foram realizadas para a coleta de material botânico e descricao dos tipos fisionomicos. Foram identificadas 126 especies, 105 generos e 57 familias. Myrtaceae (11), Fabaceae (10), Cyperaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (5), Rubiaceae (6), Poaceae (5), Malpighiaceae (5), Orchidaceae (4), Solanaceae (4), Humiriaceae (3), Lauraceae (3), Asteraceae (3) e Melastomataceae (3). A area apresentou tres tipos fisionomicos distintos: o fruticeto inundavel, o fruticeto nao inundavel e o campo nao inundavel. Estas formacoes apresentaram diferencas floristicas e de riqueza de especies, influenciados pela variacao de fertilidade do solo e regime de inundacao. Destacando a importância dessas variaveis na composicao floristica das restingas do Nordeste.
Nitrogen fixation and denitrification in a floodplain forest near Manaus, Brazil

The Amazon floodplain (várzea) is seasonally affected by water level fluctuations of the Solimões/Amazon River. The drastic environmental changes that occur also include microbiological processes, such as nitrogen (N2) fixation and denitrification. Both processes were measured in the soil by the acetylene reduction assay and the acetylene block method in a várzea forest on Ilha de Marchantaria, Central Amazonia, Brazil. In the surface soil horizon (0–5 cm), N2 fixation was highest during the exposed period (0·04–0·26 nmolN h−1 g−1 dry weight (dw)). In contrast, denitrification varied from 0 to 1·40 nmolN h−1 g−1 dw, with high rates during the submerged and the transition periods. No significant difference between locations with legume trees, with non‐legume trees and without trees could be observed. N2 fixation rates of incubations (litter down to 450 cm depth) for samples collected during the exposed period ranged from 0 to 0·11 nmolN h−1 g−1 dw, with highest rates in the surface soil horizon (0–5 cm). Denitrification ranged from 0 to 0·05 nmolN h−1 g−1 dw, with the highest rate at 250–300 cm depth, which was just below the water table. The maximum N2 fixation rate (0·89 nmolN h−1 g−1dw) and denitrification rate (0·09 nmolN h−1 g−1 dw) occurred in the litter layer. On average, at least three times as much N is lost from the surface soil horizon via denitrification than is gained by N2 fixation annually, but the rates are strongly influenced by the flood pulse. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quasi-Decadal Circumpolar Variability of Antarctic Sea Ice

Decadal variability of Antarctic sea ice and a role of ocean dynamics are examined with sea ice concentration (SIC) and sea surface temperature (SST) derived from satellite microwave observation and obtained by a high resolution coupled oceanatmosphere-ice general circulation model (CGCM). Sea ice observations revealed a circumpolar variability of sea ice edge (SIE) on quasi-decadal time scale. SST also showed variation on similar time scale with warm (cool) anomaly roughly corresponding to retreat (extension) of SIE at negative (positive) southern annular mode (SAM). CGCM run without anthropogenic forcing and volcanic eruptions revealed that the leading mode of SIC is quasicircumpolar pattern with a dominant time scale of 12−17 years and the leading mode of SST also has a similar pattern with the SIC showing a high degree of inverse correlation. The modeled SAM significantly correlates with these leading modes of both SIC and SST, representing the same structure with the observations. This indicates that the oceanic natural variability is the key to understand the quasi-decadal variability in sea ice. (Citation: Bajish, C. C., S. Aoki, B. Taguchi, N. Komori and S.-J. Kim, 2013: Quasi-decadal circumpolar variability of Antarctic sea ice. SOLA, 9, 32−35, doi:10.2151/sola.2013-008.)
Paleogeography of Jurassic fragments in the Caribbean

Jurassic rocks of the Caribbean are a sampling of 100 million years of Farallon Plate history with fragments originating at diverse paleolatitudes and from varied tectonic settings. Fragments with clear paleogeographic signatures are components of the basement complexes of Duarte in Hispaniola, Bermeja in Puerto Rico and La Desirade off Guadeloupe. Paleolatitudinally sensitive radiolarian faunas document origination of Duarte as equatorial, La Desirade as higher latitude, and various Bermeja cherts as both equatorial and higher latitude. Red ribbon chert of Duarte and Bermeja of the same age, physical appearance, and lithological association are probably dismembered components of the same slab of Pacific crust. La Desirade red ribbon chert is slightly younger than the Duarte and Bermeja red ribbon chert and was deposited at higher latitude. Bermeja tuffaceous chert is also of higher latitude and probably had an arc-proximal origin. On the basis of modeled plate trajectories in the Pacific, the origin of various cherts from different paleolatitudes that end up in the same location requires different arrival times at the trench between North and South America. Based on radiolarian paleobiogeography plus indications of origin at a spreading ridge and ignoring the poorly constrained, modeled trajectories for the Late Jurassic, at least one of the higher latitude fragments may have originated in the southern hemisphere. The accumulation of multifarious chert, greenstone, and other ocean floor components was accomplished by offscraping strata transported to the subduction zone along the eastern Pacific margin and warehousing this material in an accretionary complex prior to entry of the Caribbean Plate into the gap between North and South America.