Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Game Day Alters Crime Pattern in the Vicinity of Sport Venues in Cleveland, OH

Sports venues can increase opportunity for crime and public order disturbances when they are in use, but the impact of sport venues on their local communities have largely been overlooked by sport management research. Theories from criminology provide utility for local public safety officers to plan for event-specific patterns in local criminal activity, but most research of the impact of sport venues on crime has either been theoretical or applied broadly at societal or city levels. Here, we consider routine activity theory and crime pattern theory to better understand the increased frequency of crime events within the local neighborhoods of sports venues on days when these facilities are used. This study presents an inferential analysis of crime reported in the vicinity of two major sport venue districts in Cleveland, Ohio, United States to test theoretical predictions for the impact of sporting events on neighborhood crime patterns. Results confirmed sports events at each venue affected the frequency, type, and time of crime in the vicinity of both districts; crime frequency was greater on game days. Moreover, the greater effect of game days was substantially increased frequency of violent crimes, resisting arrest, and property-related crime reports.
Revisiting the Mechanism of β-O-4 Bond Cleavage During Acidolysis of Lignin. Part 6: A Review

ABSTRACT This paper reviews our results on the acidolysis of dimeric non-phenolic β-O-4-type lignin model compounds in aqueous 82% 1,4-dioxane containing an acid at 85°C. It was shown that the mechanism of a C6-C2-type model compound, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol IX, is fairly different from that of a C6-C3 analogue, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol XX, suggesting the significance of the presence of the γ-hydroxymethyl group. It was confirmed that the hydride transfer mechanism exists as a reaction route of the benzyl-cation-type intermediates derived from both compounds, and the contribution of this mechanism is greater than expected in the acidolysis of compound XX. An enol ether compound, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ol, was first detected in the acidolysis of compound XX using the DBr/D2O/1,4-dioxane system. It was confirmed in the acidolysis of compound XX using HBr that the mechanism is different from that in the system using either HCl or H2SO4 and an unknown mechanism contributes to the reaction. This unknown mechanism surprisingly contributed more with decreasing concentration of HBr or Br−, provided that Br− still existed in the system.
Detecção de estruturas parasitárias em hortaliças comercializadas na cidade de Florianópolis, SC, Brasil

The presence of transmissible forms of enteroparasites in vegetables consumed raw in Florianopolis city was evaluated in the period concerned between June 2003 and May 2004. A total of 750 samples, including lettuce (Lactuva sativa), watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and of rocket (Chicarium sp), commercially available from street markets and supermarkets, were analyzed. All samples were washed and submitted to the sedimentation method. Elevated degrees of contamination were found in all samples analyzed, with higher frequencies being found in the watercress samples. A large variety of protozoans were detected, the levels of which are compatible with the elevated frequency of occurrence in the population of the metropolitan region of the city of Florianopolis. Therefore, the importance of the vegetables in the transmission of intestinal diseases is emphasized, which requires adequate measurements to be taken in order to provide an improvement in the hygienic-sanitary quality of the vegetables.
Bis{(μ-acetato)[μ-bis(salicylidene)-1,3-propanediaminato](dimethyl sulfoxide)-nickel(II)}nickel(II)

The coordination around the nickel ions in the title complex, [Ni3(C17H16N2O2)2(C2H3O2)2{(CH3)2SO}2], is irregular octahedral. The central nickel ion occupying the inversion centre has four O atoms from two N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,3-propanediaminato (SALPD2−) ligands and one O atom from each bridging acetate group. The average Ni—O distance for the central Ni ion is 2.072 (2) A. The coordination around the terminal Ni ions, related by an inversion centre, comprises two O atoms and two N atoms from a SALPD2− ligand as well as one Oacetate and one ODMSO atom. The DMSO and acetate ligands are trans about the terminal Ni atom. The average Ni—O and Ni—N distances for the terminal Ni ions are 2.087 (2) and 2.018 (3) A, respectively. The Ni⋯Ni bridging distance is 3.043 (2) A.
Rapid, Simple Quantitation in Thin-Layer Chromatography Using a Flatbed Scanner

A standard flatbed scanner is shown to be a viable tool for quantitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate analysis. Simply scanning a visibly stained TLC plate into a computer substitutes for much more expensive plate readers. With common image analysis software, "elution" profiles can be obtained. The resulting "chromatograms" can be analyzed in the same manner as other chromatograms. Iodine-stained cholesterol and cholesteryl esters are shown to yield nonlinear calibration curves, but the overall sensitivity is excellent for such a simple method. Detection limits are submicrogram for heavily stained spots. Spot intensity, and therefore detection limit, depends strongly on the amount of time the spot is exposed to iodine. Reproducibility is excellent for spots deposited by aspiration from a glass micropipet. Peak area and peak height relative standard deviations (RSDs) were generally below 5%, and retention factor precision was as low as 0.8% RSD.
Method for determining the optical constants of a thin film on a transparent substrate

A method has been proposed for exact calculation of the optical parameters n and k of a thin film on a transparent substrate by simultaneously solving the equations for two of the envelopes of the transmission and reflection spectra. The singularity of the solution and the convergency area are proved, and the influence of the inaccuracies in drawing the envelopes upon the errors made during the calculation of n and k is also investigated. The method is most accurate for the envelopes of the transmission minima and the reflection maxima in the region of strong and medium absorption. The accuracy of other methods which use data from the transmission or reflection envelopes has also been investigated. The present method describes correctly the change of n in the region of medium and strong absorption for an amorphous film with composition Ge28As12S60.
Comparative investigation on the output characteristics and electrical parameters of the UV Cu+ Ne-CuBr laser excited by the Blumlein and IC excitation schemes

A comparative investigation on the output characteristics and the electrical parameters of the UV Cu+ Ne-CuBr laser excited by the Blumlein and IC excitation schemes is reported. An optimization of the UV multiline average output power with respect to the discharge conditions is carried out for both excitation schemes. It is obtained that the use of the IC excitation scheme leads to a 30% increase of the average output power at a simultaneous lasing on the five Cu+ lines- 248.6, 252.9, 259.7, 260.0 and 270.3 nm, in comparison with the Blumlein scheme. A two-longitudinal-mode oscillation (TEM00 and TEM10 is obtained on the 248.6-nm Cu+ laser line with an average output power of 25 mW. When a Ne/He gas mixture (He pressure - 8 Torr and total pressure - 21.7 Torr) is used, a simultaneous laser osciallation on the 248.6-nm and 780.1-nm Cu+ laser lines is also obtained with equal average laser powers of about 30 mW.
Glacial and Subglacial Topography of West Antarctica

Abstract A summary of the techniques used and results obtained from three oversnow traverses in Marie Byrd Land and the Ellsworth Highland between January 1957 and January 1959 is presented. Seismic reflection shooting at 30 nautical mile (55.5 km.) intervals was combined with gravity, magnetic and altimetric measurements to determine the glacial and subglacial topography. It was found that a vast portion of West Antarctica has an ice–rock interface well below sea-level. A major connecting channel with a maximum depth of more than 2,500 m. below sea-level exists between the Ross and Bellingshausen–Amundsen Seas, whereas there is no major topographic connection between the Ross and Weddell Seas. This channel divides West Antarctica into two provinces with granite and rocks of sedimentary origin to the east and south, and a volcanic region to the north-west. Present ice flow is outward from two high areas, centred over mountainous regions on either side of the channel. It is concluded that the present ice sheet has grown from the convergence of the two smaller ice sheets which formed in the mountainous areas and joined across the intervening open water.
Effect of reduced air pressure on soil thermal conductivity over a wide range of water content and temperature

To clarify the role of air molecules in coupled heat and mass transfer in soil, we measured the thermal conductivity of three kinds of soil (Ando soil, Red Yellow soil, and Toyoura sand) under reduced air pressure over a wide range of water content and temperature (10–75°C). The thermal conductivity increased sharply under reduced air pressure above a critical water content of the soil, becoming several times larger than that under normal pressure (101 kPa). The maximum thermal conductivity for each soil was obtained below 75°C and was similar to the thermal conductivity of some metals such as Mn, Hg and stainless steel. When the soil was drier than its critical water content, the thermal conductivity did not increase under reduced air pressure. The hydraulic diffusivity at the critical water content for each soil was of the order of 10−8 m2 s−1. This suggests that the latent heat transfer is enhanced by the circulation of the condensed water. However, very little is known about the effect of circulating water on the latent heat transfer under reduced air pressure. To make this clear, the thermal conductivity would need to be measured in the steady state under reduced air pressure.
Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in foliage and twig of pitch pine and Japanese larch plantations in relation to fertilization

Abstract Seasonal foliage and twig nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics were determined for 40‐year‐old pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) and Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gord.) plantations established on similar soils in central Korea. Also, the effects of three levels of N plus P fertilizers on N and P retranslocation were evaluated. In general, Japanese larch had significantly higher current foliage N and P concentrations than pitch pine, and N and P concentrations were higher in foliage than those in twigs for both study species. Foliage N and P concentrations were highest in mid‐growing season and lowest in autumn whereas twig N and P concentrations increased during foliage senescence, suggesting that twig served as a storage tissue. We did not find differences in foliage N and P retranslocation between pitch pine and Japanese larch; current foliage N and P retranslocation of the control trees were 35% and 56% for pitch pine, and 39% and 59% for Japanese larch, respectively. There were no consistent patterns in foliage and twig N and P retranslocation following fertilization.
A simple method for sampling total dissolved carbonate in carbonate-rich natural waters and CO2 preparation for δ13C determination

A field-oriented, simple technique to determine the stable carbon isotopic ratio of the total dissolved carbonate in carbonate-rich natural water is proposed. The total dissolved carbonate is fixed in situ in a plastic syringe containing saturated Ba(OH)2 solution. The BaCO3 precipitate is purified without contact with atmospheric CO2. The dried precipitate is reacted with concentrated phosphoric acid in a capped, 5 ml glass syringe at 50°C overnight. A majority of the resulting CO2 is expanded into a vacuum line and purified in a trap before mass spectrometric δ13C determination. The effect of coexisting SO42- ion on δ13C determination becomes appreciable when the carbonate mole fraction in the precipitate, i.e., BaCO3/(BaCO3 + BaSO4), becomes smaller than 0.3. This technique can be applied for natural waters containing total carbonate waters down to <2.5 mmole/kg with the precision better than ±0.03‰.
The Peritectic Reaction in the System Pb–Bi

AbstractNucleation and growth in binary peritectic reactions are discussed, particular attention being given to the nucleation of the second solid phase and to alternative courses for the reactions. The system Pb–Bi has been examined, using specimens cooled at various rates and directional freezing methods. It is concluded that in this case the peritectic reaction may illustrate an example in which the second solid does not nucleate directly upon the primary, proceeding by a somewhat different mechanism to that generally assumed. It is shown that the peritectic point and limit are very flexible under non-equilibrium conditions.
Synthesis of Di(6-aminouracil-5-yl)-arylmethane: A New Product of the Reaction of 6-Aminouracil with Aldehyde

Abstract In this article, a new result of the reaction of 6-aminouracil with aldehyde catalyzed by BF3 and aniline is established, which gives a new strategy for the synthesis of di(6-aminouracil-5-yl)-arylmethane. The simple and convenient synthetic procedure and formation of di(6-aminouracil-5-yl)-arylmethane render this method very useful in synthetic and medicimal chemistry. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Wintertime CO2 exchange in a boreal agricultural peat soil

We measured the carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange with the eddy covariance (EC) method through three winters above a cultivated peat soil. During the first winter, the soil was ploughed, while for the next two winters it was grass-covered. On a weekly timescale, the emission was controlled by the soil temperature, whereas the vegetation had no clear impact. The deeper soil temperatures better correlated with the CO2 efflux, especially in frozen soil. The correlation with the air temperature was poor. After a mid-winter snowmelt, decreased CO2 efflux rates were temporarily detected, probably resulting from a lowered diffusion of CO2 from the soil air into the atmosphere. Moderate soil-thaw CO2 pulses were observed in the springs of 2001 and 2003. CO2 emission rates measured with the EC method were found to be significantly lower as compared to those measured with the chamber method. The cumulative CO2 emission between December and mid-March ranged from 80 to 178 g m-2 during three winters, correlating positively with air and soil temperatures and the number of snow-free days during that period. The projected increase in the air temperature related to global warming would boost the wintertime CO2 efflux at our site by 30–200% (35–114 g m-2), depending on the selected emission scenario.
An investigation of the structures and molecular dynamics of natural waxes. I. Beeswax

A detailed NMR investigation, supported by DSC and X-ray diffraction measurements, of the combwax of the African bee apis mellifera adansonii is reported. Proton spin-lattice relaxation times in the laboratory and rotating frames, as well as the proton spin-spin relaxation time, have been measured as a function of temperature (333 K>T>110 K). The liquid content of the wax has also been determined as a function of temperature by employing a simple pulse technique. The motional parameters associated with the reorientations of the methyl groups and the chains have been isolated and compared with these parameters for similar motions in Fischer-Tropsch waxes. The T1 rho results revealed a minimum which is associated with the dangling motion of chain ends in the amorphous zone of the wax. The relaxation results strongly suggest that beeswax is branched to a much higher degree than Fischer-Tropsch waxes, including oxidised waxes. The high-resolution 13C spectrum of beeswax in the solid state shows that it resembles oxidised Fischer-Tropsch hard wax closely. The major difference is that a higher percentage of carbon atoms are involved in ester groups in beeswax. Oxidised hard wax contains a higher fraction of carbon atoms with double carbon-carbon bonds. The average chain length in beeswax, determined by ebullioscopic methods, is 40 carbon atoms.
OPTIMAL DESIGN OF SOLVENT GRADIENT SIMULATED MOVING BED CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR AMINO ACID SEPARATION

A solvent gradient mode was applied to the simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography for the separation of two amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan, for the first time. The optimal design of such a solvent gradient SMB (SG-SMB) system was performed under a four-zone open loop configuration, in which zone IV is disconnected from zone I. One of the prerequisites for such an optimal design is to obtain the adsorption isotherm and mass-transfer parameters (i.e., intrinsic parameters) of ethanol that functions as a mobile phase modifier. For this task, a multiple frontal experiment was carried out, which showed that ethanol followed a Langmuir-type adsorption behavior. Based on the resultant parameters of ethanol, the SG-SMB for amino acid separation was optimized to maximize the productivity under the constraints of pump capacities and product purities. The inlet and outlet flow rates, the switching time, and a local distribution of ethanol along the chromatographic bed were optimized using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elitism and jumping genes (NSGA-II-JG) and rate-model simulations. The optimal SG-SMB for amino acid separation was found to have 110% higher productivity, 53% lower desorbent consumption, and 71% higher product concentration, compared to the corresponding isocratic SMB.
Efficient degradation of fulvic acids in water by catalytic ozonation with CeO2/AC

BACKGROUND Fulvic acids (FA), the main organic compounds in landfill leachate, are toxic and bio-resistant organic compounds. Ozonation is effective in removing non-biodegradable components and the addition of catalysts can improve the removal rates. The objective of this study is to prepare and improve CeO2/AC catalyst for catalytic ozonation of FA. RESULTS The cerium precursor, calcination atmosphere and calcination temperature changed the percentage of Ce3+ on the surface, thus affecting the catalytic performance of CeO2/AC catalyst. A linear relationship was established between the correcting apparent rate constant of FA degradation (kapp/SBET) and the percentage of Ce3+ on the surface. The CeO2/AC with 5% of Ce loading and calcined under hydrogen atmosphere at 450 °C showed the highest catalytic activity, allowing a FA removal efficiency of 83%. The FA removal efficiency and ozone utilization efficiency were enhanced in O3/CeO2/AC compared with ozonation alone. CONCLUSION Ce3+ on the CeO2/AC surface is the active site for ozonation, indicating a feasible way to improve the catalytic performance of CeO2/AC. The O3/CeO2/AC process may be applied as a promising treatment method for landfill leachate. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Measuring surface complexity in ecological studies

Habitat complexity is a potential structuring force in benthic communities. Different studies often estimate complexity in different ways, and it is not always clear how precise the separate techniques are. Here we review three methods of estimating surface complexity: stereo photography, profile gauges, and lengths of chain contoured over the substratum. We derived fractal dimensions for the quadrats in the rocky intertidal zone using each technique. Complexity estimates from chains and profile gauges were related, but neither technique was correlated with the results from stereo photographs. Stereo photographs appeared to overestimate complexity on smooth surfaces. The variance of fractal dimension estimates increased nonlinearly with the mean fractal dimension in each quadrat. Recommendations for the number of replicates needed for a reliable estimate of fractal dimension from a quadrat, therefore, vary as a function of surface complexity. Within the range of complexities typically encountered on rocky shores, as few as three profiles or sets of chains can produce relatively reliable estimates of fractal dimension. The most robust and time effective method, however, would be to sample using as many chain profile sets per quadrat as is logistically feasible. Given the changes in precision with surface complexity, comparisons between studies need to take careful note of the number of replicates and the average level of surface complexity. A null result (no relationship between surface complexity and an ecological variable) could be produced by imprecise estimates of surface complexity based on too few replicate measurements per quadrat.
Formation of Loose Clusters in Polyelectrolyte Solutions

We report further development of a pair potential for two identically charged rodlike polyions oriented in parallel. An attractive force mediated by condensed counterions of any valence, including univalent, is identified for separation distances between a Debye screening length and about a third of a Debye length. The characteristics of the potential are explored as a function of ionic strength, dielectric constant, counterion valence, and charge density of the polyions. The work required to assemble more than two polyions in parallel array is shown not to be pairwise additive. The free energy of assembling many parallel polyions in a hexagonally ordered cluster is calculated as a function of the number N of polyions in the cluster. The free energy has a minimum at a finite cluster size. Discrepancies between the theoretical structure of the stable cluster and experimental observations on polyelectrolyte clusters (with univalent counterions) are discussed, and it is tentatively concluded that the apparen.
Solute-solute correlations in aqueous solutions of tetramethylammonium chloride

Neutron diffraction with hydrogen/deuterium isotope substitution on the methyl group hydrogen atoms of the solute is used to investigate the distribution of the tetramethylammonium (TMA) ion, (CH3)4N+, in aqueous solution of 4·0 molal tetramethylammonium chloride at room temperature. The centre-centre correlation function for TMA ions is calculated from the HH correlation function for the solute by deconvolution of a spherical form factor representing the distribution of methyl hydrogen atoms. The centre-centre function shows a broad distribution of TMA … TMA distances, but indicates that close contacts occur frequently. This suggests that the charge interaction of TMA is not important in determining the distribution and that the TMA ion behaves more like an apolar solute.
4,5-Dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyimidazoles as products of the reduction of 2-nitroimidazoles. HPLC assay and demonstration of equilibrium transfer of glyoxal to guanine

An HPLC method has been employed to study the electrochemical reduction (mercury cathode at −800 mV with respect to calomel electrode) of the 2-nitroimidazole benznidazole (N′-benzyl-(2′-nitro-1′-imidazoyl)acetamide). The principal product of this reduction is the cyclic guanidinium ion 3c (protonated N′-benzyl-(2′-amino-4′,5′-dihydro-4′,5′-dihydroxy-1-imidazoyl)acetamide), which forms in a linear fashion as the nitroimidazole is reduced and accounts for 75% of the product upon completion of the reduction. To perform the HPLC analysis quantitatively an authentic sample of this product (isolated as cis-trans isomers) was prepared as the sulfate salt through the reaction of N-benzyl-2-guanidinoacetamide sulfate with aqueous glyoxal. The two isomers of 3c arise through the nonreductive decomposition of the 2-hydroxylaminoimidazole, which is the product of a four-electron reduction of the nitroimidazole. Analysis of high field 1H NMR spectra also showed that the two isomers of 3c were the principal products f.