Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermoelastic properties and crystal structure of MgSiO3 perovskite at lower mantle pressure and temperature conditions

A new synchrotron X‐ray diffraction study of MgSiO3 perovskite at high‐pressure and high‐temperature has been carried out in a laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell to 94 GPa and temperatures above 2500 K. MgSiO3 perovskite is shown to be stable in this P–T range and adopts an orthorhombic structure (space group Pbnm), thus ruling out any phase transition or decomposition to an assemblage of denser oxides. Structural refinements show an increase of the orthorhombic distortion with increasing pressure, counterbalanced by a decrease of this distortion at high temperature, as evidenced by the Si‐O‐Si angle evolution. In addition, thermoelastic parameters identified from this new pressure‐volume‐temperature data set indicate that a significant amount of magnesiowüstite is required to match PREM bulk modulus profile, thus making a pure perovskite lower mantle unlikely.
Isotopic composition of uranium and thorium in crystalline rocks

The 238U-234U-230Th-232Th system has been investigated in 84 silicic crystalline rocks obtained from drill cores, surface, and near-surface samples in California, Wyoming, Colorado, and Illinois. Results of these analyses displayed on ternary diagrams with apexes for 238U, 234U, and 230Th indicate five predominant geochemical processes that affected uranium in the rock: (1) bulk uranium leaching where 238U and 234U were removed with little or no fractionation; (2) preferential 234U leaching by alpha recoil displacement (234U recoil loss) with lesser 238U loss; (3) 234U recoil loss with little or no 238U loss; (4) uranium assimilation where both 238U and 234U were added with present-day 234U/238U activity ratios varying from 0.8 to 1.2; and (5) addition of 234U and 230Th by daughter emplacement processes (234U + 230Th recoil gain). Evidence for the existence of 234U and 230Th recoil gain in rocks is the most important finding of this investigation. Radioactive disequilibrium occurs in the majority of rocks analyzed where 234U recoil loss is the predominant process associated with incipient weathering; U assimilation and 234U+230Th recoil gain occur under conditions of substantial water penetration along fractures and into weathered zones in the rocks. Relatively unfractured and petrographically fresh rocks from the UPH-3 drill hole in northern Illinois are closest to being in radioactive equilibrium for any suite of rocks included in this study, and they demonstrate that equilibrium during the last 0.5 m.y. can be maintained over a substantial vertical distance where there has been little or no movement of water in the basement rock. The 238U-234U-230Th system can be a sensitive indicator of geologically recent U mobility and rock/water interaction both in petrographically fresh core samples and in ‘sealed’ fracture zones.
Influence of SP-36 and Phosphate Rock on Changes in Soil Available P, Leaf P Content, and Growth of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) in an Ultisol

A study was carried out to determine the effects of rates and types of P fertilizer (SP-36 and Phosphate Rock) on the growth of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), leaf P content, and soil available P in an Ultisol in a glasshouse. The treatments consisted of four rates of P (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg P2O5 kg-1 soil) given in two different types of P fertilizer, namely SP-36 (total P2O5 = 36%) and Phosphate Rock (total P2O5 = 28%, particle size distribution = 75%<0.25 mm, 85%<0.50 mm, 90%<1.00 mm). Treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The results showed that at the rates of 50 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1, there was no difference in soil available P due to the application of SP-36 and Phosphate Rock, indicating that both types of P fertilizer had the same dissolution values after 8 months of P fertilizer application. At the rate of 50 kg P2O5 ha-1, the application of SP-36 and Phosphate Rock gave the same leaf P content. This could indicate that up to the first 8 months, the addition of the cheaper Phosphate Rock and the SP-36 to the soil had similar effectiveness. The response of tree biomass to P fertilization followed a quadratic pattern, in which for the application of Phosphate Rock, the P optimum rate was achieved at the rate which was lower than that for the application of SP-36. This suggests that the application of Phosphate Rock to physic nut trees was more efficient and effective compared to the application of SP-36. Keywords: Leaf P, phosphate Rock, physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), soil available P, Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE [ How to Cite : Achmad AR. 2014. Influence of SP-36 and Phosphate Rock on Changes in Soil Available P, Leaf P Content, and Growth of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) in an Ultisol. J Trop Soils 19: 9-15. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014. 19.1. 9] Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE
Quadratic Associations Between Empathy and Depression as Moderated by Emotion Dysregulation

ABSTRACT Empathic tendencies have been associated with interpersonal and psychological benefits, but empathy at extreme levels or in combination with certain personal characteristics may contribute to risk for depression. This study tested the moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation in depression's association with empathy using nonlinear models. Young adults (N = 304; 77% female; M = 19 years) completed measures of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, depression, and affective and cognitive empathy. Individuals with good regulation had low levels of depression overall and their depression symptoms were lowest when levels of affective empathy were average. Individuals with poor regulation had high levels of depression overall, particularly when levels of empathy were moderate to high. Extremely high and low levels of cognitive empathy were associated with elevated depression, and this association was not moderated by regulation. These findings suggest tendencies to respond empathically to others’ needs is neither an adaptive nor maladaptive characteristic but rather moderate empathy, particularly in the context of good regulation, may offer the greatest protection against depression.
Glacial Abrasion and Sliding: their Dependence on the Debris Concentration in Basal Ice

A model of bedrock abrasion by a temperate glacier is developed that takes into account the significant impeding effect of scattered rock fragments at the ice-rock interface on glacier sliding. An increase in the debris concentration above a relatively low value can reduce the abrasion rate by decreasing both the flux of rock fragments and the effective forces which press fragments against the bed. Abrasion of a simple wavy bed is shown to be most rapid for a relatively low debris concentration above which the abrasion varies inversely with the debris content. A similar concentration dependence of abrasion is expected for beds of arbitrary geometry but low roughness. Sliding glaciers will tend to abrade until the basal ice is nearly stagnant at which point rocks of all sizes start to lodge against the bed.
Influence of oblique basement strike–slip faults on the Mesozoic evolution of the south‐eastern segment of the Mid‐Polish Trough

A series of analogue models are used to demonstrate how the multistage development of the Mid‐Polish Trough (MPT) could have been influenced by oblique basement strike–slip faults. Based on reinterpretation of palaeothickness, facies maps and published syntheses of the basin development, the following successive stages in the Mesozoic history of the south eastern part of the MPT were simulated in the models: (1) Oblique extension of the NW segment of the MPT connected with sinistral movement along the Holy Cross Fault (HCF, Early Triassic–latest Early Jurassic). (2) Oblique extension of both NW and SE segment of the MPT, parallel to the HCF (latest Early and Middle Jurassic). (3) Oblique extension of the SE segment of the MPT and much lesser extension of its NW segment connected with dextral movement along the HCF (Early Oxfordian–latest Early Kimmeridgian). (4) Oblique extension of the SE segment of the MPT and much lesser extension of its NW segment connected with dextral movement along the Zawiercie Fault (ZF, latest Early Kimmeridgian–Early Albian). (5) Oblique inversion of the NW segment of the MPT connected with dextral movement along the HCF (Early Albian–latest Cretaceous). (6) Oblique inversion of the SE segment of the MPT along the W–E direction (latest Cretaceous–Palaeogene). The different sense of movements of these two basement strike–slip faults (HCF and ZF) resulted in distinct segmentation of the basin and its SW margin by successive systems of extensional en‐echelon faults. The overall structure of this margin is controlled by the interference of the border normal faults with the en‐echelon fault systems related to successive stages of movement along the oblique strike–slip faults. This type of en‐echelon fault system is absent in the opposite NE‐margin of the basin, which was not affected by oblique strike–slip faults. The NE‐margin of the basin is outlined by a typical, steep and distinctly marked rift margin fault zone, dominated by normal and dip–slip/strike–slip faults parallel to its axis. Within the more extended segment of the basin, extensive intra‐rift faults and relay ramps develop, which produce topographic highs running across the basin. The change in the extension direction to less oblique relative to the basin axis resulted in restructuring of the fault systems. This change caused shifting of the basin depocentre to this margin. Diachronous inversion of the different segments of the basin in connection with movement along one of the oblique basement strike–slip faults resulted in formation of a pull‐apart sub‐basin in the uninverted SE‐segment of the basin. The results of the analogue models presented here inspire an overall kinematic model for the southeastern segment of the MPT as they provide a good explanation of the observed structures and the changes in the facies and palaeothickness patterns.
Differential uplift and tilt of Pleistocene reef platforms and Quaternary slip rate on the Morne‐Piton normal fault (Guadeloupe, French West Indies)

[1] The Guadeloupe islands are cut by normal faults that accommodate oblique convergence between the North American and Caribbean plates. Such faults are responsible for part of the shallow seismicity and have produced M ≥ 5 damaging earthquakes. To better assess the seismic hazard in Guadeloupe, we quantify the slip rate on one of the largest fault (Morne-Piton). This roughly E-W fault crosses the island of Marie-Galante and uplifts a flight of reef terraces. From geomorphic analysis, we mapped three main terraces. New U/Th datings show that they formed during the latest interglacials, ∼120 and ∼240 kyr ago. Correlation with SPECMAP isotopic records implies that the Marie-Galante plateau emerged during the ∼330 ka highstand. Topographic profiles show that the terraces and the plateau are deformed by faulting. Elastic modeling of their shape constrains the geometry of the fault (70–80° dip, 5 km depth) and its slip rate (0.5 ± 0.2 mm/yr). Given its length (50 km), depth, and slip rate, this fault might produce maximum M ∼ 6.5 earthquakes with a recurrence time of 1400 to 3300 years, or more likely smaller events such as the M ∼ 5.5 16 May 1851 and 3 August 1992 shocks that might recur every 400 to 1000 years. We also show that all the islands and terraces are tilted westward perpendicularly to the trench. La Desirade closest to the trench is uplifted by 276 m, whereas subsidence (−70 m) is observed 10 km east of the volcanic arc. This tilt probably resulted from a transient deformation episode at the subduction interface that predated the late Pleistocene.
Regional metamorphic controls on alteration associated with gold mineralization in the Eastern Goldfields province, Western Australia: Implications for the timing and origin of Archean lode-gold deposits

Alteration assemblages associated with Archean epigenetic gold mineralization in the Menzies-Kambalda area of the Yilgarn craton, Western Australia, vary systematically with regional metamorphic grade, up to and including upper amphibolite facies rocks. K-metasomatism is recorded by the presence of muscovite, biotite, and K-feldspar at progressively higher metamorphic grades. High metamorphic grades are commonly developed in broad thermal aureoles around fate syntectonic granitic intrusions. Metamorphic recrystallization of alteration assemblages is common in the thermal aureoles. These relations suggest broad contemporaneity among granitoid intrusion, regional metamorphism, and mineralization during the final stages of the tectonic evolution of the granite-greenstone terrain. Late syntectonic granitoids acted as centers of heat and fluid flux in large-scale, synmetamorphic hydrothermal systems that deposited gold, possibly from modified mantle-derived fluids.
Parameterization of Eddy Effects on Mixed Layers and Tracer Transport: A Linearized Eddy Perspective

Two aspects of the effects of eddies on ocean circulation have proven difficult to parameterize: eddy effects in regions of neutrally stable (or convecting) fluid and the mixing of passive tracers. The effects of linearized eddies, although a restrictive parameter regime, can be straightforwardly computed in these cases. The eddy effects in areas of neutral stability—for example, mixed layers—blend naturally into those in the stably stratified water below, although losing the concept of bolus velocity. Instead, the mixed layer density is advected by an extra overturning velocity and is diffused laterally by a diffusion that is the same as the eddy diffusion at the top of the stably stratified fluid. Passive tracers are advected by the bolus velocity and mixed by the same diffusivity as is used to compute the bolus velocity at that location, so that two different diffusivities are not needed.
Sub-Millisecond Firing Synchrony of Closely Neighboring Pyramidal Neurons in Hippocampal CA1 of Rats During Delayed Non-Matching to Sample Task

Firing synchrony among neurons is thought to play functional roles in several brain regions. In theoretical analyses, firing synchrony among neurons within sub-millisecond precision is feasible to convey information. However, little is known about the occurrence and the functional significance of the sub-millisecond synchrony among closely neighboring neurons in the brain of behaving animals because of a technical issue: spikes simultaneously generated from closely neighboring neurons are overlapped in the extracellular space and are not easily separated. As described herein, using a unique spike sorting technique based on independent component analysis together with extracellular 12-channel multi-electrodes (dodecatrodes), we separated such overlapping spikes and investigated the firing synchrony among closely neighboring pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 of rats during a delayed non-matching to sample task. Results showed that closely neighboring pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 can co-fire with sub-millisecond precision. The synchrony generally co-occurred with the firing rate modulation in relation to both internal (retention and comparison) and external (stimulus input and motor output) events during the task. However, the synchrony occasionally occurred in relation to stimulus inputs even when rate modulation was clearly absent, suggesting that the synchrony is not simply accompanied with firing rate modulation and that the synchrony and the rate modulation might code similar information independently. We therefore conclude that the sub-millisecond firing synchrony in the hippocampus is an effective carrier for propagating information – as represented by the firing rate modulations – to downstream neurons.
On the mechanism of seismic decoupling and back arc spreading at subduction zones

To address the problem of the great variability of the mechanical state of subduction zones, we investigate the mechanics of back arc spreading and seismic decoupling. Back arc spreading is assumed to be due to rifting of the upper plate and hence occurs when trench-normal tension reaches a critical value. Seismic decoupling is assumed to occur when the normal stress at the frictional interface is decreased by an amount sufficient to cross the friction stability transition. Two forces are important in this problem. The first is a small component of the slab pull force which remains unbalanced by the subduction resistance and exerts a vertical suction force at the trench. The second is a sea anchor force exerted on the slab that resists its lateral motion, assumed to occur at the upper plate velocity. Both forces contribute to the coupling problem: only the sea anchor force is responsible for back arc spreading. The unbalanced slab pull force is determined from a force balance for subduction, the sea anchor force is computed as the hydrodynamic resistance to the facewise translation of an elliptical disc through a viscous fluid. The model predicts three regimes: seismically coupled compressional arcs with advancing upper plates; seismically decoupled extensional arcs with retreating upper plates, and strongly extensional arcs which also have back arc spreading. This model is applied in detail to the Izu-Bonin-Marianas system. It shows that back arc spreading occurs when the integrated tension in the upper plate exceeds a value of about 1×1013 N m−1 and requires a residual tension of about a third that to drive the back arc spreading once rifting is completed. It shows why the plate interface near Guam is seismically coupled, while the plate boundary everywhere farther north is decoupled. When applied globally, it successfully predicts the state of seismic coupling and back arc spreading in more than 80% of the world's subduction zones. Of the remaining, half can be seen to contain additional complications not included in the model. About 10% of cases remain unexplained, but some of these may have incorrectly determined seismic coupling coefficients.
Segregated city : The geography of economic segregation in America's metros

Americans have become increasingly sorted over the past couple of decades by income, education, and class. A large body of research has focused on the dual migrations of more affluent and skilled people and the less advantaged across the United States. Increasingly, Americans are sorting not just between cities and metro areas, but within them as well.This study examines the geography of economic segregation in America. While most previous studies of economic segregation have generally focused on income, this report examines three dimensions of economic segregation: by income, education, and occupation. It develops individual and combined measures of income, educational, and occupational segregation, as well as an Overall Economic Segregation Index, and maps them across the more than 70,000 Census tracts that make up America’s 350-plus metros. In addition, it examines the key economic, social, and demographic factors that are associated with them.
Effect of Testosterone on Natriuretic Peptide Levels

BACKGROUND Circulating natriuretic peptide (NP) levels are markedly lower in healthy men than women. A relative NP de ﬁ ciency in men could contribute to their higher risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological studies suggest testosterone may contribute to sex-speci ﬁ c NP differences. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the effect of testosterone administration on NP levels using a randomized, placebo-controlled design. METHODS One hundred and ﬁ fty-one healthy men (20 to 50 years of age) received goserelin acetate to suppress endogenous production of gonadal steroids, and anastrazole to suppress conversion of testosterone to estradiol. Subjects were randomized to placebo gel or 4 different doses of testosterone (1%) gel for 12 weeks. Serum N-terminal-pro – B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and total testosterone levels were measured at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Men who did not receive testosterone replacement (placebo gel group) after suppression of endogenous gonadal steroid production experienced a profound decrease in serum testosterone (median 540 to 36 ng/dl; p < 0.0001). This was accompanied by an increase in median NT-proBNP ( þ 8 pg/ml; p ¼ 0.02). Each 1-g increase in testosterone dose was associated with a 4.3% lower NT-proBNP at follow-up (95% con ﬁ dence interval: (cid:2) 7.9% to (cid:2) 0.45%; p ¼ 0.029). An individual whose serum testosterone decreased by 500 ng/dl had a 26% higher predicted follow-up NT-proBNP than someone whose
Geoengineering Earth's radiation balance to mitigate CO2‐induced climate change

To counteract anthropogenic climate change, several schemes have been proposed to diminish solar radiation incident on Earth's surface. These geoengineering schemes could reverse global annual mean warming; however, it is unclear to what extent they would mitigate regional and seasonal climate change, because radiative forcing from greenhouse gases such as CO2 differs from that of sunlight. No previous study has directly addressed this issue. In the NCAR CCM3 atmospheric general circulation model, we reduced the solar luminosity to balance the increased radiative forcing from doubling atmospheric CO2. Our results indicate that geoengineering schemes could markedly diminish regional and seasonal climate change from increased atmospheric CO2, despite differences in radiative forcing patterns. Nevertheless, geoengineering schemes could prove environmentally risky.
Seismic studies of sea ice

During the International Geophysical Year, elastic wave propagation in sea ice was studied near Drifting Station Alpha in the central Arctic Ocean. Velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves in ice showed a marked seasonal change which is largely attributable to variations in ice temperature. With these velocity data, plus additional data on density, the calculation of various elastic constants of sea ice throughout the year can be made. Flexural wave dispersion was investigated for different ranges, charge sizes, and ice parameters. Experimental results are in general agreement with theory. Thickness, as determined from the dispersion of flexural waves and from air-coupled flexural waves, is characteristically lower than that found by direct measurement. Both longitudinal and flexural waves crossing leads suffer severe attenuation. Transmission across leads shortened the duration of the normal air-coupled flexural wave train.