Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corrigendum

Online coursework is dramatically changing the higher education landscape, particularly for adult learners. And while research notes the way these courses increase college opportunity for post-traditional students, they have poor learning and completion outcomes at many of the institutions to which older students frequently enroll. The author conducted a qualitative exploration involving 34 adult students at a large community college on the west coast to better understand the perceptions, experiences, opportunities, and challenges of online instructional delivery for adult students. Informed by semi-structured interviews with participants, findings from this study highlight: (1) the challenge of being a digital/online course novice, (2) online courses as better in theory than practice, and (3) problematic institutional assumptions that online pedagogy is better for adult learners. Results from this investigation provide new directions for implementation of online courses for adult learners students in higher education.
Methotrexate-induced histopathological changes in the kidneys of mice.

The present study was conducted on (40) white mice of approximately the same age (4-6 weeks) and body weight (23-25 gm) for the aim of observing the histopathological changes for kidneys due to prolonged treatment (6 months) with anticancer chemotherapeutic agent namely methotrexate. Forty mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice of each group, 5 mice per sex). The first group (low or therapeutic dose group) was received 0.15 mg/kg. The second group (intermediate dose group) received 0.3 mg/ kg . The third group (toxic dose group) received 0.45 mg / kg. The fourth dose group was a control group; it received 0.2 ml buffered normal physiological saline. All these groups injected intramuscularly, once weekly dose for 6 months. The results showed that methotrexate cause damage and severe toxicity in renal convoluted tubules and glomeruli in kidneys.
Nectocaridid ecology, diversity, and affinity: early origin of a cephalopod-like body plan

Abstract Nectocaridids are soft-bodied early to middle Cambrian organisms known from Burgess Shale-type deposits in Canada, China, and Australia. Originally described as unrelated species, they have recently been interpreted as a clade; their flexible tentacles, camera-type eyes, lateral fins, internal gills, axial cavity, and funnel point to a relationship with the cephalopods. However, aspects of this reinterpretation, including the relevance of the group to cephalopod evolution, have been called into question. Here, I examine new and existing nectocaridid material, including a large new form that may represent a sexual dimorph of Nectocaris pteryx. Differences between existing taxa largely represent taphonomic variation between sites and specimens—which provides further constraint on the organisms' anatomy. I revise the morphology of the tentacles and fins, and describe mouthparts and phosphatized gills for the first time. A mathematical analysis supports the presence of the earliest known camera-type eyes, and fluid mechanical considerations suggest that the funnel is optimized for efficient jet propulsion in a low Reynolds number flow regime. Nectocaridids closely resemble coleoid cephalopods, but a position deeper within Cephalopoda raises fewer stratigraphic challenges. Whether its coleoid-like construction reflects common ancestry or profound convergence, the Nectocaris body plan adds substantially to Cambrian disparity, demonstrating the rapid colonization of nektobenthic niches after the Cambrian explosion.
Fund Manager Performance in Emerging Market: Factor Specialisation and Financial Crisis Impact

In the branch of literature dealing with analysis of the consistency of management styles, this article investigates the relation between portfolio concentration and the performance of emerging market equity funds. Unlike previous studies, on global and US mutual fund, we focus on emerging markets equity, finding funds with higher levels of tracking error, display lower performance than funds with less diversified portfolios when we do not take into account specific concentration in holdings in different multifactor style. The explanatory power of local models that use local explanatory returns is recently investigated by De Groot, Pang and Swinkels (2012), Cakici, Fabozzi and Tan (2013) and Fama and French (2012). Following the same research line, the most remarkable finding of this article is that the fund-picking process, only based on the level of track error from a broad benchmark, can contribute to disappointing results when it is not also accompanied by information about the fund concentration in multiple market segment. According to the previous work, overall, we found that local factor market model provides quite good representation of local average returns for portfolios formed on size and style factors. The contribution of this research is two-fold. First, we examined emerging market funds from the perspective of active management and second, under the effect of strategies mentioned in Huij and Derwall (2011). Moreover, as additional analysis with respect to most of the previous papers, we also tested the effects of the crisis that we found to have not affected the main result.
Utilização de parâmetros morfoanatômicos na análise da fitotoxidez do flúor em folhas de Magnolia ovata (A. St.-Hil.) Spreng. (Magnoliaceae)

This work aimed to evaluate the degree of susceptibility and characterize the injuries caused by fluoride in the morphoanatomy of Magnolia ovata. Seedlings were subjected to fluoride simulated rain (10 µg.ml-1 of F-) during 10 consecutive days. In the control treatment, only deionized water was used. Leaves were collected for quantification of fluoride in the dry weight and fixed for light and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The apical leaves presented a small percentage of interveinal and margin necrosis in one or both leaf surfaces and greater fluoride accumulation, in relation to the control, than the basal portion leaves. Micromorphological analyses indicated that the areas apparently healthy of epidermis presented alterations in the external periclinal walls and formation of concave shapes, beyond damaged stomatic ledge, erosion of epicuticular waxes and presence of spores and fungal hyphae. The structural characterization of the injuries showed retraction of the protoplast of the epidermal cells, collapse of the mesophyll and epidermal cells and accumulation of phenolic compounds in cells of the necrotic regions. The micromorphological variations occurred before leaf symptoms, confirming the importance of micromorphology in early diagnosis of the injury. Plants of M. ovata presented few visible symptoms in response to fluoride; however, morphoanatomic responses suggest that this species possesses potential features to be used as a bioindicator.
Low Concentrations of Ammonia During Brooding Decrease Broiler Weight

Abstract Broiler chickens were exposed to ammonia in the atmosphere during the 0 to 28 day brooding period. Exposure levels were 0, 25, and 50 ppm continuously, and 50 ppm for 12 hr per day; ammonia exposure was stopped after 4 weeks, but birds were reared to 7 weeks of age. Continuous exposure to 50 ppm reduced body weight at 7 weeks of age by 8%; continuous exposure to 25 ppm reduced weights by 4%. Exposure to 50 ppm for 12 hr per day reduced weights by 3%, which was not significant at the . 05 level of probability. There was no discernible effect on feed conversion or mortality.
The Role of Cloud Combing and Shading by Isolated Trees in the Succession from Maquis to Rain Forest in New Caledonia1

ABSTRACT This study examined the role of shading and cloud combing of moisture by scattered trees of the emergent conifer Araucaria laubenfelsii (Corbass.) in montane shrubland–maquis at Mont Do, New Caledonia, in facilitating the succession from shrubland to rain forest. Water collection experiments showed that these trees combed significant amounts of water from low clouds on days when no rainfall was recorded and deposited this moisture on the ground beneath the tree canopy. Analysis of photosystem II function in A. laubenfelsii and five other plant species using fluorometry revealed much lower photosystem stress in plants beneath scattered A. laubenfelsii than for individuals exposed to full sunlight in the open maquis. Transition matrix analyses of vegetation change based on “the most likely recruit to succeed” indicated that the transition from maquis to forest was markedly faster when emergent trees of A. laubenfelsii acted as nuclei for forest species invasion of the maquis. On the basis of these lines of evidence, it is argued that increased moisture and shading supplied to the area directly below the crown of isolated A. laubenfelsii trees in the maquis facilitates the establishment of both conifer seedlings and other rain forest tree and shrub species. In the absence of fire, rain forest can reestablish through spread in two ways: first, by expansion from remnant patches, and second, from coalescence of small rain forest patches formed around individual trees of A. laubenfelsii.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF TROPICAL SUCCESSION: A Comparative Review

Much research has been conducted in tropical rain forests since publication of P. W. Richards' (134) epic The Tropical Rainforest in 1952. Studies have emphasized the environmental relations of individual species in Southeast Asia and Africa, and biomass dynamics and coevolutionary interaction in the neotropics. However, relatively little work has been done on the physiological ecology of tropical succession in any region. Tropical ecologists have called attention to the paucity of data and exceptional research opportunities in tropical succession (53, 60, 63, 79, 110, 134-136, 156, 158). However, scattered information is available about response patterns of species in tropical forests. This review collates available literature, identifies trends, suggests research directions, and makes comparisons with temperate forest successions where possible. We were not always able to examine the original literature, and have sometimes relied on summaries. Furthermore, space limitations do not permit citation of literature on temperate successions when making comparisons between these and tropical successions; we rely heavily on a review of the ecology of temperate successions (20). Here we review successional environments in lowland and lower montane tropical rain forests and the physiological responses of various plants. We do not deal with upper montane or highly seasonal forests.
North American Tree Squirrels

M.A. Steele, J. L. Koprowski. 2001. North American Tree Squirrels. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 201 pp. ISBN 1-56098-986-6, price (hardbound), $24.95. “Secretive” and “rodent” are two words that tend to go hand in hand, making ecologically based research difficult. Tree squirrels tend to buck that stereotype, being regularly seen and heard in downtown parks as well as in natural forests. This availability has facilitated research in a wide variety of animal ecology topics. In North American Tree Squirrels , the authors have taken on the daunting task of surveying the extensive ecological literature for North American tree squirrels, much of which they have contributed, to summarize our current understanding of the ecology, behavior, and evolution of these most curious rodents. Additionally, the authors have attempted to make that information available to …
Can there be a burden of the best explanation?

In this article I address a foundational question in evidence law: how should judges and jurors reason with evidence? According to a widely accepted approach, legal fact-finding should involve a determination of whether each cause of action is proven to a specific probability. In most civil cases, the party carrying the burden of persuasion is said to need to persuade triers that the facts she needs to prevail are “more likely than not” true. The problem is that this approach is both a descriptively and normatively inadequate account of reasoning with evidence in law. It does not offer a plausible picture of how people in general, and legal fact-finders in particular, reason with evidence. And it turns out that if we try to do what the approach tells us, we end up with absurd results. Faced with these difficulties, a group of evidence scholars has proposed an alternative. According to them, legal fact-finding should involve a determination of which hypothesis best explains the admitted evidence, rather than whether each cause of action is proven to a specific probability. My main contributions in this article are twofold. First, I elaborate on the many descriptive, normative and explanatory considerations in support of an explanation-based approach to standards. Second, I offer novel replies to pressing objections against that same approach.
Individual, Spousal Factors and Work–Family Conflict: A Study from Sri Lanka

Abstract Work–family conflict (WFC) has emerged as a challenging issue all over the world. Based on identity, scarcity, basic human values and crossover theories, we examined how life role salience, value of self-enhancement, gender and spouse’s emotional stability affect WFC. Data were collected using questionnaires from 167 dual-earner couples in Sri Lanka. All the variables, except for emotional stability, were measured from the focal employee concerned. Emotional stability was measured from the spouse. Four moderated multiple regressions were conducted to test the proposed model. This study found that a higher level of occupational role salience predicts work-to-family conflict. Further, results indicated that a higher value of self-enhancement increases work-to-family conflict, gender determines the level of family-to-work conflict, and spouse’s emotional stability directly crossovers to reduce family-to-work conflict of the other spouse. Hence, it is evident that not only individual factors but factors related to significant others such as spouses also create WFC. This research contributes to the advancement of the existing understanding on WFC as life role salience, values and crossover effect of spousal factors are still under-researched areas in work–family literature.
The evolution of polyandry II: post–copulatory defenses against genetic incompatibility

Fundamental to the recently–proposed hypothesis that females mate with more than one male as a hedge against genetic incompatibility is the premise that mechanisms are available to polyandrous females which enable them to safeguard their reproductive investment against the threat of incompatibility between maternal and paternal genomes. Accumulation of sperm from several males shifts the arena for sexual selection from the external environment to the female reproductive tract where, we suggest, interactions at the molecular and cellular levels provide females with direct mechanisms for assessing genetic compatibility. We present examples from the literature to illustrate how sperm competition and female choice of sperm can enable polyandrous females to minimize the risk of fertilization by genetically–incompatible sperm. Polyandry and multiple paternity also create the opportunity to reduce the cost of genetic incompatibility by reallocation of maternal resources from defective to viable offspring. This is likely to be a critically important post–copulatory mechanism for viviparous females whose intimate immunological relationship with developing embryos makes them particularly vulnerable to genetic incompatibility arising from intragenomic conflict and other processes acting at the suborganismal level.
Supplementary Material: Observing information backflow from controllable non-Markovian multi-channels in diamond

Ya-Nan Lu,1, 2, ∗ Yu-Ran Zhang,3, ∗ Gang-Qin Liu,1, 4, † Franco Nori,3, 5 Heng Fan,1, 4, 6, ‡ and Xin-Yu Pan1, 4, 6, § Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Beijing 100190, China
Función del gen dRYBP en "Drosophila melanogaster"

Incluye como anexo el articulo en ingles: BEJARANO, Fernando ; GONZALEZ, Inma, et al. "The Drosophila RYBP gene functions as a Polycomb-dependent repressor" Mechanisms of Development, No 122 (2005) p. 1118-1129
Heart mass and the maximum cardiac output of birds and mammals: implications for estimating the maximum aerobic power input of flying animals.

Empirical studies of cardiovascular variables suggest that relative heart muscle mass (relative M h) is a good indicator of the degree of adaptive specialization for prolonged locomotor activities, for both birds and mammals. Reasonable predictions for the maximum oxygen consumption of birds during flight can be obtained by assuming that avian heart muscle has the same maximum physiological and biomechanical performance as that of terrestrial mammals. Thus, data on M h can be used to provide quantitative estimates for the maximum aerobic power input (aerobic P i, max) available to animals during intense levels of locomotor activity. The maximum cardiac output of birds and mammals is calculated to scale with respect to M h (g) as 213 M h0.88±0.04 (ml min−1), while aerobic P i,max is estimated to scale approximately as 11 M h0.88±0.09 (W). In general, estimated inter–species aerobic P i,max, based on M h for all bird species (excluding hummingbirds), is calculated to scale with respect to body mass ( M b in kg) as 81 M b0.82±0.11 (W). Comparison of family means for M h indicate that there is considerable diversity in aerobic capacity among birds and mammals, for example, among the medium to large species of birds the Tinamidae have the smallest relative M h (0.25 %) while the Otidae have unusually large relative M h (1.6 %). Hummingbirds have extremely large relative M h (2.28 %), but exhibit significant sexual dimorphism in their scaling of M h and flight muscle mass, so that when considering hummingbird flight performance it may be useful to control for sexual differences in morphology. The estimated scaling of aerobic P i,max (based on M h and M b in g) for male and female hummingbirds is 0.51 M b0.83 ±0.07 and 0.44 M b0.85± 0.11 (W), respectively. Locomotory muscles are dynamic structures and it might be anticipated that where additional energetic ‘costs’ occur seasonally (e.g. due to migratory fattening or the development of large secondary sexual characteristics) then the relevant cardiac and locomotor musculature might also be regulated seasonally. This is an important consideration, both due to the intrinsic interest of studying muscular adaptation to changes in energy demand, but also as a confounding variable in the practical use of heart rate to estimate the energetics of animals. Haemoglobin concentration (or haematocrit) may also be a confounding variable. Thus, it is concluded that data on the cardiovascular and flight muscle morphology of animals provides essential information regarding the behavioural, ecological and physiological significance of the flight performance of animals.
A high concentration of nitrate causes temporal inhibition of lateral root growth by suppressing cell proliferation

Root development is highly affected by nutrient supply under various environmental conditions. A high concentration of nitrate is known to inhibit lateral root growth after emergence from the parent root, implying that cell proliferation ceases at a specific stage in lateral root development. However, the mechanism by which external nitrate availability modulates the cell cycle remains to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed cell cycle regulation during high- nitrate-mediated inhibition of lateral root growth in Arabidopsis. The expression of mitotic reporter genes, such as those for CDKB2;1 and CYCB1;1, was suppressed in emerged lateral root primordium of seedlings grown under high nitrate conditions, which temporally arrested the outgrowth of the primordium for the first 3 days. In contrast, the expression of CDKA;1, which encodes an ortholog of yeast Cdc2/Cdc28p, was not affected by external nitrate availability. These results indicate that the cell cycle in emerged lateral root primordia is possibly arrested at G1/S under high nitrate conditions but that the primordia retain the competence for cell division. The expression of an auxin response marker was reduced in stunted lateral root primordia under high nitrate conditions, but exogenous auxin application could not suppress growth inhibition. This suggests that reduced auxin accumulation and/or signaling are not the primary cause of high-nitrate- mediated inhibition of lateral root growth.
Xanthogenate nucleic acid isolation from cultured and environmental cyanobacteria

The isolation of high‐quality nucleic acids from cyanobacterial strains, in particular environmental isolates, has proven far from trivial. We present novel techniques for the extraction of high molecular weight DNA and RNA from a range of cultured and environmental cyanobacteria, including stains belonging to the genera Microcystis, Lyngbya, Pseudanabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nodularia, Anabaena, and Nostoc, based on the use of the nontoxic polysaccharide solubilizing compound xanthogenate. These methods are rapid, require no enzymatic or mechanical cell disruption, and have been used to isolate both DNA and RNA free of enzyme inhibitors or nucleases. In addition, these procedures have proven critical in the molecular analysis of bloom‐forming and other environmental cyanobacterial isolates. Finally, these techniques are of general microbiological utility for a diverse range of noncyanobacterial microorganisms, including Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and the Archea.
Adaptação e comportamento de pastejo da abelha jandaíra (Melipona subnitida Ducke) em ambiente protegido

The effect of caged environment on the foraging behavior of the stingless bee Melipona subnitida Ducke was studied in the state of Ceara, NE Brazil. Species adaptation to enclosures, foraging behavioral aspects and daily foraging pattern were investigated in a greenhouse sweet pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) crop. Data were analyzed by Anova and means were compared a posteriori using Tukey test. The results showed that M. subnitida Ducke adapts well to greenhouses and forages throughout the day. It may be concluded that this bee species can be used for crop pollination in protected environments.
Molecular phylogeny of some genera of Pamphagidae (Acridoidea, Orthoptera) from China based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences

Based on the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA partial sequences (473 bp) of 9 species of Pamphagidae (Acridoidea, Orthoptera) from China and of 4 species of Pamphagidae and 2 species of Pyrgomorphidae and Acrididae (as outgroups) retrieved from GenBank, we constructed the molecular phylogeny using the Neighbor Joining (NJ) and Minimum Evolution ( ME) methods based on the nucleotide Kimura 2-parameter model. The results of our study shown that: 1) the ranges of the 16S rDNA nucleotide divergence between two species of a genus were 0.21%, among genera of a subfamily were 0.42-3.38%, and among subfamilies of Pamphagidae were 1.90-8.88%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree shows that: 1) all Pamphagidae taxa form a monophyletic clade, and are well separated from the outgroup; 2) the African taxa Porthetinae (Lobosceliana brevicornis) and Akicerinae (Batrachotetrix sp.) are distinctly separated from the Chinese taxa Prionotropisinae; 3) Haplotropis bruneriana and Glauia terrea of Pamphaginae are nested in the middle of the tree, but their phylogenetic status is uncertain in this study; 4) 8 genera of Asiotmethis, Beybienkia, Mongolotmethis, Sinotmethis, Rhinotmethis, Filchnerella, Eotmethis and Pseudotmethis from China are all grouped into the subfamily Prionotropisinae, but their phylogenetic relationships are not clearly resolved.