Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental delay in a patient with single cerebral varix

Background: Cerebral varices are intracranial venous anomalies that are characterized as thin-walled vessels, with a single layer of endothelium lining it and a thin lamina or fibrous connective tissue surrounding it. These varices are usually associated with vascular abnormalities such as arteriovenous malformations or developmental venous anomalies, but may rarely be found as isolated lesions as well. Diagnosis of these isolated lesions on imaging is a challenge, because it is a rare entity and can mimic a space occupying lesion in the brain. The patients with isolated cerebral varix can present with neurological symptoms; however, majority are asymptomatic with the diagnosis made incidentally. Case Description: The aim of this study is to report a case of a 21-month-old boy who was diagnosed with an isolated cerebral varix and had presented with delayed milestones in addition to seizures. His MRI scans showed a solid-cum-cystic lesion with contrast enhancing walls that was excised through craniotomy. Postoperatively, he regained his milestones. Conclusion: The patients with isolated cerebral varix can present with neurological symptoms; however, majority are asymptomatic with the diagnosis made incidentally. These patients have a low risk of bleeding and are treated conservatively, with surgical intervention indicated only in symptomatic patients.
Hydraulic jumps on adverse slopes

The adverse hydraulic jump has been investigated and analyzed in order to derive the limiting design parameters for this type of jump. The limiting design condition refers to the adverse jump when it occurs entirely on the adverse slope; as such, this jump was difficult to establish at Froude numbers less than 9 and required continuous tailwater adjustment to maintain a stationary position for Froude numbers less than about 4. It was found that the sequent depth as well as the roller length for the adverse hydraulic jump is less than that for a horizontal jump with the same approach conditions. The results for the limiting adverse jump are compared with published results on a stabilized jump that starts on a positive slope and ends on an adverse slope. A momentum based theory is presented to determine the sequent depth ratio. An empirical equation is presented for the roller length.
An Adaptive Multiresolution Data Filter: Applications to Turbulence and Climatic Time Series

Abstract To remove small-scale variance and noise, time series of data are generally filtered using a moving window with a specified distribution of weights. Such filters unfortunately smooth sharp changes associated with larger scale structures. In this study, an adaptive low-pass filter is developed that not only effectively removes random small-scale variations but also retains sudden changes or sharp edges that are part of the large-scale features. These sudden changes include fronts, abrupt shifts in climate, sharp changes associated with a heterogeneous surface, or any jump in conditions associated with change on a larger scale. To construct the filter, gradients on different scales and at different positions in the time series are computed using a multiresolution representation of the data. The low-pass filter adapts to include smaller-scale variations at positions in the time series where the small-scale gradient is steep and represents change on a larger scale. The action of the filter is to appl.
Coexistence of p -state superconductivity and itinerant ferromagnetism

The possibility of a $p$-wave "equal-spin-pairing" superconducting state is predicted in itinerant ferromagnets. The pairing interaction is mediated by the exchange of longitudinal spin fluctuations, and the resulting state is analogous to the $A1$ phase of superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. We describe the system in terms of a Hubbard-type exchange interaction constant $\overline{I}$ and a Stoner enhancement factor $S={(1\ensuremath{-}\overline{I})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. As $\overline{I}$ is varied and the ferromagnetic transition is approached from either the ferromagnetic or paramagnetic side, the $p$-state transition temperature goes through a maximum and then falls to zero. Rough calculations of the transition temperature indicate that this state should be observable in very clean samples of weak itinerant ferromagnets at currently attainable temperatures. Applications to Zr${\mathrm{Zn}}_{2}$ and Ni are discussed.
Evaluation of Gamma Raindrop Size Distribution Assumption through Comparison of Rain Rates of Measured and Radar-Equivalent Gamma DSD

AbstractTo date, one of the most widely used parametric forms for modeling raindrop size distribution (DSD) is the three-parameter gamma. The aim of this paper is to analyze the error of assuming such parametric form to model the natural DSDs. To achieve this goal, a methodology is set up to compare the rain rate obtained from a disdrometer-measured drop size distribution with the rain rate of a gamma drop size distribution that produces the same triplets of dual-polarization radar measurements, namely reflectivity factor, differential reflectivity, and specific differential phase shift. In such a way, any differences between the values of the two rain rates will provide information about how well the gamma distribution fits the measured precipitation. The difference between rain rates is analyzed in terms of normalized standard error and normalized bias using different radar frequencies, drop shape–size relations, and disdrometer integration time. The study is performed using four datasets of DSDs collec.
Nonlinear size dependence of anatase TiO2 lattice parameters

We characterized the size dependence of anatase TiO2 lattice parameters using Rietveld analysis of angle-dispersive synchrotron x-ray diffraction data obtained on a suite of nanocrystalline samples. The refined crystal structure and microstructure data suggest that for crystallites with size less than ∼10nm, the lattice parameters vary nonlinearly. Small lattice expansion, associated with possible increased Ti vacancy and lattice strain, at reduced crystallite size observed in our samples is in contrast to the lattice contraction behavior reported for “pure” anatase nanocrystals. The nonlinear, composition-dependent variation of anatase unit cell volume contrasts with the linear expansion behavior of rutile lattice at finite sizes.
Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory. II. Composition implications

Using the data taken at the Pierre Auger Observatory between December 2004 and December 2012, we have examined the implications of the distributions of depths of atmospheric shower maximum (X-max), using a hybrid technique, for composition and hadronic interaction models. We do this by fitting the distributions with predictions from a variety of hadronic interaction models for variations in the composition of the primary cosmic rays and examining the quality of the fit. Regardless of what interaction model is assumed, we find that our data are not well described by a mix of protons and iron nuclei over most of the energy range. Acceptable fits can be obtained when intermediate masses are included, and when this is done consistent results for the proton and iron-nuclei contributions can be found using the available models. We observe a strong energy dependence of the resulting proton fractions, and find no support from any of the models for a significant contribution from iron nuclei. However, we also observe a significant disagreement between the models with respect to the relative contributions of the intermediate components.
Diversity of the Cave-Dwelling Bat (Chiroptera) in the Ngobaran Coastal Area, Karst of Gunung Sewu

Bats (Chiroptera) are divided into two suborders (Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera). More than 50% of species of bats use caves as their roosting sites. Thus, they play a crucial role in the cave ecosystem. For that reason, they also exist as keystone species in the karst area. Gunung Sewu is one of the karst areas in Indonesia that best exemplifies tropical karst. Furthermore, Gunung Sewu is still at risk of habitat loss despite being designated as a Geopark. This study aimed to understand the diversity of bats that live in caves in the karst region of Gunung Sewu, specifically in four caves near Ngobaran Beach between April and June 2020. A harp net and misnet placed at the cave’s entrance were used to capture bats for data collection. After they were captured, the bats were identified using Morphometry and the Shannon-Wiener index. Through another index, Margalef index, the bat diversity in the four cave habitats was expressed, with a discovery that there are many different species. Based on the Jaccard similarity index, bats were categorized again using cluster analysis and the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA). A total of nine species across five families were identified. The diversity of existing species variety was also recognized by analyzing the composition of the four cavern inhabitants. The four cave ecosystems’ bat diversity was divided into three categories: moderate variety, low similarity, and high species diversity. Except for Cekelan 1 Cave and Gebyog Cave (P=0.015), other variations did not demonstrate a meaningful difference (P0.05). This demonstrates how different each ecosystem is. Therefore, they could be classified as potentially spoiled habitats, demanding additional conservation efforts.
Thermoacoustic streaming on a sphere

The fundamental problem of thermoacoustic streaming on a rigid sphere in a strong standing acoustic field has been treated analytically. The sphere radius (a) is taken to be large compared with the displacement amplitude (A) of fluid oscillations, and yet small on the scale of the radian wavelength (λ/2π) of the sound field. Only the high frequency limit is considered here, for which the Stokes oscillatory boundary layer thickness (δv) is much smaller than the sphere radius (a), and the streaming effects in the boundary layer are most pronounced. It is found that the phased interaction of the first–order harmonic quantities in the boundary layer is capable of introducing a second–order time–averaged temperature distribution, in addition to the well–known second–order time–averaged fluid motion. The associated steady temperature gradients cause localized heating and cooling variations over the surface of the sphere, whose net result is always a mean heating of the sphere. The role of little–known second–order thermodynamic moduli is pointed out, which, however, do not contribute to this phenomenon for the case of an ideal gas host fluid. Results for this time–averaged thermal effect are presented and discussed with reference to a possible novel application to the acoustic heating of small particles using ultrasonic frequencies for which heat fluxes of O(1) kW m–2 can be achieved.
Monte Carlo study of the influence of electron beam focusing to SEM linewidth measurement

Based on a Monte Carlo simulation method we have analyzed the influence of electron beam focusing to linewidth measurement for Si trapezoid lines by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image. The electron probe focusing with finite probe width due to aberration is considered by two different models for simulating incident electron trajectories. The simulation result shows that on the specimen surface the electron beam profile is deviated from the Gaussian probe shape because of the surface topography; the measured linewidth then depends on the focus position and aperture angle.
Helios observational constraints on solar wind expansion

Helios particle and magnetic field observations between 0.3 and 1 AU are used to determine plasma parameters that characterize the bulk and internal energy state of the solar-wind. Quantities expected to be conserved in a time-satationary flow with local spherical symmetry in the ecliptic plane are actually found to be invariant within measurement uncertainties. These are the total mass, energy, and angular momentum fluxes for the anisotropic solar wind plasma composited by electrons, protons, and alphas. Although individual species have nonthermal velocity distributions, the total plasma pressure is almost isotropic (p/sub perpendicular//p/sub parallel/ = 0.9). The total heat flux divided by the mass flux O/sub r//rhou/sub r/ is markedly smaller than thermal speeds squared v/sub parallel.perpendicular//sup 2/ = rho/sub parallel.perpendicular//rho. By this reason an appropriately defined polytropic index . gamma. is found to be almost 5/3 and rather insensitive to heliocentric distance and flow speed. This index . gamma. does not include terms due to wave turbulence or external heat sources but is solely based on the total particle heat flux. These observational findings indicate that the heat flux beyond 0.3 AU is observationally too small to cause a strong departure from adiabaticity. The solar wind expansion may be conceived in termsmore » of a ''single particle'' moving in the binding gravitational potential and in the accelerating thermal (enthalpy and heat fluxes) and magnetorotational (aximuthal kinetic energy and Poynting flux) potentials. The radial profiles of these potentials are derived from observations. « less
Transient nucleation in H2O–H2SO4 mixtures: A stochastic approach

Transient phenomena in the rate of nucleation are of importance in the interpretation of experimental data on nucleation in the H2SO4–H2O vapor system. Furthermore, fluctuations in the rate of nucleation can actually be measured. In view of these facts, a stochastic approach to the theory of nucleation is developed with eventual application to the H2SO4–H2O system. The central goal of the theory is the evaluation of the distribution of ’’first passage times,’’ for a nucleus, over the relevant free energy barrier. This distribution is calculated from the distribution of a ’’walker’’ on a lattice. However, the distribution of the walker is derived from a ’’master equation,’’ and for this purpose it is demonstrated that walks on lattices and master equations are, in this sense, ’’equivalent’’ even for a lattice which is not translationally invariant. Given the distribution of first passage times, it is possible to compute the transient rate of nucleation, as well as the distribution of fluctuations of the ra.
Inertial Stability and Tropical Cyclone Development

Abstract We consider the frictionless, axisymmetric, balanced flow occurring in a thermally forced vortex on an f-plane. Following Eliassen (1952) we derive the diagnostic equation for the forced secondary circulation. This equation contains the spatially varying coefficients A (static stability), B (baroclinity), C (inertial stability), and the thermal forcing Q. Assuming that A is a constant, B = 0, and that C and Q are piecewise constant functions of radius, we obtain analytical solutions for the forced secondary circulation. The solutions illustrate the following points. 1) For a given Q an increase in inertial stability leads to a decrease in the forced secondary circulation and a change in the radial distribution of local temperature change, with enhanced ∂θ/∂t; in the region of high inertial stability. 2) Lower tropospheric tangential wind accelerations are larger inside the radius of maximum wind, which leads to a collapse of the radius of maximum wind. 3) The fraction of Q which ends up as ∂θ/∂t;.
A wide-field multicolor survey for high-redshift quasars, z above 2. 2. I. Photometric catalog and survey selection function

The present multicolor, wide-field, faint-magnitude survey of high-redshift quasars encompasses the 16-20 magnitude range and covers a 58.6 sq deg area, for an effective area of 45.7 sq deg after quantification of sources of incompleteness. Candidates' selection proceeds according to such novel features as the treatment of multicolor data as low-resolution spectra and the adoption of a quantitative identification algorithm employing all available information. The way in which model quasar spectra are used to calculate the selection function for the survey is detailed. Computed sample completeness is presented as a function of redshift and magnitude for a range of representative quasar types. 69 refs.
Hydrodynamics and Sound Generation of Low Speed Planar Jet

Hydrodynamics and sound radiation of a low speed planar jet with Re=3000 have been studied by large eddy simulation combined with Lighthill’s acoustic analogy. Jets evolving from both well-developed (parabolic) and undeveloped (top-hat) mean velocity profiles have been simulated. The results showed the following: (i) initial domination of a symmetrical mode for jets evolving from top-hat profiles and prevailing of an antisymmetrical mode resulting in a sinuous distortion of the potential core for jets evolving from parabolic profiles, and (ii) shape of a mean velocity profile has some effect on mean flow characteristics; however, the major differences were observed in the development of the fluctuations. Velocity fluctuations were significantly higher for jets evolving from a parabolic profile in the region beyond the end of the potential core before the flow reached a self-preserving state. To calculate the basic sound radiation, the sources in Lighthill’s equation were treated either as compact in all directions or as noncompact in the spanwise direction. The spanwise length of the computational domain was found to have a little effect on the results obtained with compact in all directions solution provided that spanwise length exceeds the correlation length. Results showed that the majority of sound was generated by the region beyond the end of the potential core.
Simplicial depth and its median: Selected properties and limitations

Depth functions are important tools of nonparametric statistics that extend orderings, ranks, and quantiles to the setup of multivariate data. We revisit the classical definition of the simplicial depth and explore its theoretical properties when evaluated with respect to datasets or measures that do not necessarily possess a symmetric density. Recent advances from discrete geometry are used to refine the results about the robustness and continuity of the simplicial depth and its induced multivariate median. Further, we compute the exact simplicial depth in several scenarios and point out some undesirable behavior: (i) the simplicial depth does not have to be maximized at the center of symmetry of the distribution, (ii) it is not necessarily unimodal, and can possess local extremes, and (iii) the sets of the induced multivariate medians or other central regions do not have to be connected.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Patterns in Rectangular Shallow Reservoirs

Abstract: In this study, the capability of a two-dimensional shallow-water numerical model to simulate the symmetric and asymmetric flows that can take place in rectangular shallow reservoirs with different lateral expansion ratios and dimensionless lengths is investigated. Numerically, the main difficulty is to properly reproduce the transition between symmetric and asymmetric flows. For a large lateral expansion ratio, the use of two protocols of simulation highlighted a high sensitivity of the simulated flow pattern to the initial condition. Comparison between simulated results and experimental data showed a good agreement for the critical shape parameter (combination of the lateral expansion ratio and the dimensionless length) between symmetric and asymmetric flows. A good agreement was also found for the value of the shorter reattachment length of asymmetric flows. For small lateral expansion ratios, the agreement was not so good. The model was used for even larger lateral expansion ratios in order to numerically extend the experimental dataset. This predictive work showed that the shape parameter, whose expression was only based on experiments carried out for small lateral expansion ratios, was also relevant for larger values. Moreover, the predicted values of the shorter reattachment length were also consistent with a regression only based on experimental results.
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, kinanthropometric characteristics and physical performance of young male handball players

Introduction Handball is a team sport whose performance depends on a large number of factors. The objectives of the present study were to analyze the differences in physical performance, kinanthropometric variables, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), in handball players according to sports category, as well as the possible relationships between these variables. Methods One hundred and thirty-three male handball players (35 infant; 46 cadets; 26 juniors and 26 seniors players) underwent a kinanthropometric analysis following the ISAK protocol, self-completed the KIDMED questionnaire, and their physical condition was evaluated with different physical tests. Results Significant differences (p < 0.001–0.007) were found between the sports categories in most of the physical condition variables and anthropometric characteristics, but not in the degree of adherence to the MD. The predominant level of adherence to the MD was medium (47.4%), followed by good (42.1%), and correlated with the body mass, the height, the BMI, the muscle mass and the ∑3-girths sum corrected, but not with physical test results. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that the fat mass and muscle mass variables had a more specific weight in the results of the physical fitness tests. Conclusions There are differences according to sports category in kinanthropometric characteristics and physical fitness tests in adolescent handball players. The predominant degrees of adherence to the MD were medium and good. A relationship was found between anthropometric characteristics and physical performance in handball players.
Precision calculation of low-energy electron-impact excitation cross sections of sodium

The collision cross sections of sodium from the ground state to the first four excited states at the incident energy ranging from 0 to 5.4 eV are calculated using the R-matrix method. The convergences of the cross sections are checked systematically by using four sets of high-quality target states, i.e., 5, 9, 14, and 19 physical target states. The influence of the Rydberg target states on the collision cross sections is also elucidated at higher incident energies; i.e., the amplitude of resonance structures will decrease with respect to the effective quantum number {upsilon} of the Rydberg target states. This result is very useful for the calculations of these cross sections at intermediate energy with finite target states by combining the partial-wave-expansion methods valid at low energy with the first Born approximation method valid at high energy, which would be of great importance in obtaining complete cross-section data for related scientific fields.
A degree-based goodness-of-fit test for heterogeneous random graph models

The degree variance has been proposed for many years to study the topology of a network. It can be used to assess the goodness-of-fit of the Erdos-Renyi model. In this paper, we prove the asymptotic normality of the degree variance under this model which enables us to derive a formal test. We generalize this result to the heterogeneous Erdos-Renyi model in which the edges have different respective probabilities to exist. For both models we study the power of the proposed goodness-of-fit test. We also prove the asymptotic normality under specific sparsity regimes. Both tests are illustrated on real networks from social sciences and ecology. Their performances are assessed via a simulation study.