Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Populus deltoides and Salix interior zones on Point Bars along the Minnesota River

An investigation was made to ascertain the nature and origin of the separate and distinctive zones of Populus deltoides Marsh, and Salix interior Rowlee commonly occurring on point bars along the Minnesota River. These vegetation zones are primarily monospecific, have high stem densities, possess well-defined boundaries and are restricted to specific contour intervals on the point bars. A method was devised to determine past river elevations at ungauged locations between two gauging stations along the lower Minnesota River. Comparisons of calculated river elevations with sur- veyed vegetation-zone elevations have illustrated two mechanisms by which the zones originate. During years of zone establishment the river elevation remained fixed for periods ranging from 13-22 days near the contour line marking the lower boundary of the zones, thereby limiting the area available for colonization during the dispersal period of a pioneer species. The second and less common mechanism involves the stunt- ing, by a constant river elevation, of the lower portion of a zone previously established by the above mechanism. The plants in the upper portion of the zone initiate normal spring growth but the lower, submerged plants must await a drop in river elevation be- fore growth can begin. Thus the development of what appears to be two vegetation zones from one previously established zone may occur. Both mechanisms require the maintenance of an appropriate river elevation during the waning period of general flooding.
HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY AMONG VARIETIES OF MAIZE IN ACID SOIL 1

Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars tolerant to acidity and resistant to diseases have made the crop feasible in "cerrado" (savanna) soil. The identification of potentially useful germplasm with the above mentioned characteristics for breeding purposes was the objective of this study. T en maize varieties (populations), previously selected for resistance to Puccinia polysora, Phaeosphaeria maydis, Physopella zeae, Exserohilum turcicum and corn stunt complex, were evaluated under the diallel crossing scheme. Varieties and crosses were evaluated in acid and low fertility soil. Analyzed traits were: ear yield (EY), plant height (PH), and ear height (EH). Varieties PMI 8701, CMS 57NF, PMI 9401 CMS 58ND and AMARILLO DENTADO DMR showed the highest yields (above 3.5 t/ ha) per se representing more than 70% in relation to check yield. Heterosis showed significance for all traits, but among the components of heterosis only average heterosis was significant for EY and specific heterosis for EH. General combining ability effects (g i ) were significant for all traits, and their highest EY estimates (t/ha) were for PMI 8701 (0.150), BR 105 (0.120), CMS 59 (0.106). The cross CMS 57NF x PMI 8701, with yield of 5.11 t/ha (above both hybrid checks) and heterosis of 23.7% above mid-parent, may be indicated as a potentially useful heterotic group. Varieties PMI 8701, CMS 57NF, PMI 9401 and CMS 58ND were considered the most promising intrapopulation breeding programs, for acid soils.
GENETICS OF NATURAL POPULATIONS. XXVI. CHROMOSOMAL VARIABILITY IN ISLAND AND CONTINENTAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA WILLISTONI FROM CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES

Drosophila willistoni is one of the commonest, and often the commonest, species of its genus in a territory extending from the West Indies to La Plata, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific or to the eastern slope of the Andes. In this enormous distribution region, many populations carry great stores of polymorphs, the most obvious of which are the variant gene arrangements in every one of the three chromosome pairs which the species has. In fact, D. willistoni has the greatest number of chromosomal inversions found within populations of any species so far investigated-47 kinds of inversions, up to 9.4 heterozygous inversions per individual in a breeding population, and up to 16 heterozygous inversions in a single individual (Dobzhansky, Burla, and da Cunha, 1950; da Cunha and Dobzhansky, 1954, and unpublished data). The populations of different geographic regions show however some diversity, both with respect to the quality and especially with respect to the quanltity of the polymorphs present. Thus, on the continent of South America, the number of heterozygous inversions per female fly varies from about 1 to more than 9 in different regions. Owing to the generosity of Drs. H. L. Carson, W. B. Heed, W. S. Stone, and M. R. Wheeler, the writer has been privileged to examine population samples of D. willistoni collected by these colleagues
Studies on Marsupial Nutrition I. Ruminant-Like Digestion in a Herbivorous Marsupial (Setonix Brachyurus Quoy & Gaimard)

Rome anatomical, digestivc, and mctaholic features of Setonix brachyuru8 (;)noy & Caimard, the Hottnest Island wallaby or "quoklw", have be on invest,igated. Setonii:c is a small maeropod mal'Rnpial weighing 2-5 kg.
Histological, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical and Morphometric Study of Adult Male Albino Rat's Lung Following Exposure to Air Pollution

Introduction: Exposure to air pollution is associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Thus the way of assessing the effects of inhalation of whole mixtures from defined sources as tobacco smoke and car exhaust need to be considered more. Aim of the Work: To investigate using histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometric study, the harmful effects of tobacco smoke and car exhaust on adult male albino rats' lung and the influence of arrest of these air pollutants. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group, tobacco exposed group, and car exhaust exposed group. Rat's general condition and behavior were noticed and they were weighed at the beginning of research and at the time of sacrifice. Paraffin sections were prepared for histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical using marker CD44 and morphometric study and statistical analysis were done. Results: Rats exposed to tobacco smoke or car exhaust showed significant decrease in body weight more intensified after car exhaust which remained significantly less than control rats after arrest of exposure. Histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometric changes were more exaggerated after car exhaust than after tobacco exposure. Rats showed pulmonary congestion, extravasation of blood in lung alveoli, perivascular infiltration and thickened interalveolar septa, obliteration of most alveoli and subsequently compensatory emphysematous changes. There was increased deposition of collagen fibers and apparent increase in mucopolysaccharides and immunohistochemical reaction CD44. Arrest of exposure to either tobacco smoke, or car exhaust caused partial recovery which was less ameliorated after car exhaust. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that air pollution from either tobacco smoke or car exhaust are risky factors for parenchymal lung damage and marked thickening of the interalveolar walls. Partial recovery was observed after arrest of tobacco smoke better than after car exhaust.
Effect of Nitrate Addition Level on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Efficiency

【Objective】 The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary nitrate N addition level on the rumen fermentation and microbial efficiency. 【Method】 The experimental diets were formulated with six dietary nitrate N addition levels including 0,6%,12%,18%,24% and 30%,respectively. The fermentation in vitro was carried out in dual-flow continuous culture system lasting for 144 h. 【Result】 As dietary nitrate N addition level increased,ruminal pH and total VFA of fermenter contents were unchanged (P0.05),while the molar percentages of propionic acid (Q,P0.01) increased,and acetic acid (Q,P0.01) and ammonia concentration decreased (Q,P0.01). At the same time,there were quadratic increases (Q,P0.01) in the digestibility of DM,OM and CP. Microbial efficiency (MOEEF) increased quadratically (Q,P0.01) as dietary nitrate N addition level increased. 【Conclusion】 Theses results indicated that dietary nitrate N could be used by ruminal microorganisms. As dietary nitrate N addition level increased,the ruminal fermentation parameters,digestibilities and MOEEF changed in varying degrees. Besides,ruminal MOEEF and fermentability were greater at the dietary nitrate N addition range of 12% to 18%.
Effect of Abamectin Mixed with Mineral Oil on the Sweetpotato Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

The effects of abamectin applied alone or together with mineral (paraffinic) oil on sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), were determined on cotton plants under laboratory (leaf dip bioassays) and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions without exposure to sunlight, 1st instars were most susceptible to abamectin with a LC 50 of 0.015 mg (AI)/liter. The LC 50 for adults and 3rd instars were 0.14 and 1.83 mg (AI)/liter, respectively. The residual effect of abamectin alone or in combination with 0.5% mineral oil was estimated under controlled room conditions by exposing B. tabaci females to treated cotton seedlings at various periods after application. In other assays, effect of sunlight on the residual toxicity of abamectin was tested. The residual toxicity of 1 mg (AI)/liter abamectin applied to cotton seedlings, under laboratory conditions without exposure to sunlight, resulted in adult mortalities that declined from 86 to 39% over 28 d. A mixture of 1 mg (AI)/liter abamectin with 0.5% mineral oil resulted in higher mortalities; 100 and 88% at day 0 and 28 after application, respectively. When the seedlings were placed outdoors daily for 3 h, a low mortality of 20% was obtained 2 d after application with 1 mg (AI)/liter abamectin. A mixture of 1 mg (AI)/ liter abamectin with 0.5% mineral oil resulted in high adult mortality (93-100%) 20 d after treatment. In field trials, a mixture of 18 g (AI)/ha abamectin with 1% mineral oil decreased larval population levels throughout the experiment to a greater extent than the insecticide applied alone; resulting in 2.9 larvae per leaf at day 27 in the abamectin-oil mixture as compared with 9.6 and 14.6 larvae per leaf in the abamectin or mineral oil, respectively. Abamectin in combination with mineral oil is a potential agent for controlling B. tabaci and may be used in alternation with other effective novel compounds in insecticide resistance management strategies, especially when whiteflies and spider mites are both present in the field.
Observations on the Mechanism of Action of Penicillin.∗

Summary Penicillin acts either as a bacteriostatic or bactericidal agent depending on the experimental conditions. The number of organisms decreases at a constant rate until 99% of the organisms have been destroyed. The rate of killing varies with different organisms. The action of penicillin on hemolytic streptococci is not accompanied by lysis of the organisms. No detectable amount of penicillin is destroyed or absorbed from solution by the organisms. It appears to be effective only when active multiplication takes place.
Analysis of bacterial community structure of Bio-Floc by PCR-DGGE

Bio-Floc consists of phytoplankton,bacteria,aggregates of living and dead particulate organic matter,and grazers of the bacteria.It not only can regulate water quality,but also can supply the food protein for breeding animals.For the study of bacterial community structure of Bio-Floc in freshwater culture systems,the key technologies of Israeli Avnimelech team about Bio-Floc in the field of aquaculture were used in this paper.Glucose was added as the carbon source which makes a C∶ N ratio of 20∶ 1 be maintained during the experiment.The bacterial communities of Bio-Floc were analyzed by using the PCR-DGGE(PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)on the 5th,10th,and 15th day,respectively.The results indicated that the similarity of bacterial communities was highest on the 5th day and 10th day which was 67.4%,and was lowest on the 5th day and 15th day which was 40.5%. Diversity of bacterial species in the Bio-Floc was maximal on the 10th day and minimal on the 15 day.The acquired sequences of 24 bands in DGGE gel were performed by BLAST searches against NCBI database,and the sequences including the closely related sequences were aligned with Clustal W program in BioEdit software for phylogenetic analysis.The main microbes represented by 24 main bands in DGGE gel were Alphaproteobacteria,Gammaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacilli and Bacteroidetes.Among these bacteria,the α-,β-,and γ-proteobacteria are the major bacterial groups,but Actinobacteria bacteria exist on the 10th day and the 15th day. α-proteobacteria was the dominant bacteria during the entire process.The specific bacteria at different stages were usually the flocculant-producing bacteria:Acidovorax,Aeromonas,Agrobacterium only for 5th day;Bacillus,Rhodococcus for 10th day and 15th day,respectively.This study first found that the composition and diversity of bacteria of the Bio-Floc used in freshwater aquaculture systems are extremely rich.The study of functional microbial composition of the Bio-Floc may help to lay the foundation for the further application of the bio-floc technology in actual aquaculture production.
The Australian freshwater prawns of the family Palaemonidae

The freshwater species of this family are found in the permanent waters of creeks and rivers and to a less extent of dams and waterholes. In the small standing water one is more likely to find prawns of the family Atyidae. The species appear to havc a peculiar distribution in Australia. The dominant· genus Macrobrachium occurs throughout northern Australia and inland Australia south into South Australia where there is at least one coastal species. It is apparently absent from south-west Western Australia but a species of Palaemonetes is recorded from there. Species are not known over most of Victoria, and on the east coast of Australia records are confined to Queensland. Intensive collecting around Sydney has failed to yield any freshwater species.
Work Sheet Development of High School Students Biology Based on Critical Thinking Skills on the Motion Systems Concept

One of the demands in 21st-century education is critical thinking skills that are considered still lacking. The 2013 curriculum learning process includes three domains, namely affective (attitude), cognitive (knowledge), and psychomotor (skills). One of the learning tools that need to be improved to achieve the 2013 curriculum goals is LKPD. This study aims to develop a student worksheet that is valid, practical, and effective. The research method used is the Tessmer design includes expert review, one-to-one, and small group evaluation. The validation subjects were three experts, the individual test subjects were three students of class XI SMAN 6 Banjarmasin, and the smalls group test subjects were six students of class XI SMAN 6 Banjarmasin. The results showed that LKPD obtained an average score of 3.25 (valid), the practicality of the content has an average score of 3.82 (good), the practicality of expectations obtained an average score of 90.48% (very good), and the effectiveness of the expectations has a very good category and good category. The score of interpersonal skills 86.17% (very good), and scores of intrapersonal skills 84.33% (very good). Abstrak Salah satu tuntutan dalam pendidikan abad ke-21 ialah keterampilan berpikir kritis yang dianggap masih kurang. Proses pembelajaran kurikulum 2013 mencakup tiga ranah, yaitu afektif (sikap), kognitif (pengetahuan) dan psikomotorik (keterampilan). Salah satu perangkat pembelajaran yang perlu diperbaiki agar tercapai tujuan kurikulum 2013 ialah LKPD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan LKPD yang valid, praktis, dan efektif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu desain Tessmer meliputi expert review, one-to-one , dan small group evaluation. Subjek validasi adalah 3 orang ahli, subjek uji perorangan adalah 3 orang peserta didik kelas XI SMAN 6 Banjarmasin, dan subjek uji kelompok kecil adalah 6 orang peserta didik kelas XI SMAN 6 Banjarmasin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan LKPD memperoleh skor rata-rata 3,25 (valid), kepraktisan isi memperoleh skor rata-rata 3,82 (baik), kepraktisan harapan memperoleh skor rata-rata 90,48% (sangat baik), dan keefektifan harapan memperoleh kategori sangat baik dan kategori baik. Skor keterampilan interpersonal 86,17% (sangat baik), dan skor keterampilan intrapersonal 84,33% (sangat baik).
Adaptation of Salt Marsh Mammals to High Tides

Observations on the activities of mammals during tidal floods at San Pablo salt marsh, Richmond, Contra Costa County, California, were made in 1951, 1952 and 1955. Most evidence on behavior was gathered at the time of diurnal high tides in December; additional observations were made in late spring in the breeding season. At high tide the marsh is covered by 1 to 4 feet of water, depending on the height of the tide and position on the marsh. At these levels usually only 4 to 15 inches of vegetation is left exposed; most of this is Grindelia cuneifolia , a woody perennial growing as a dominant along elevated banks of tidal sloughs. Comparatively little Salicornia ambigua , dominant on medium to high ground, or Spartina foliosa , a cordgrass dominant on low ground, is left uncovered. Since Grindelia grows along tidal sloughs, which twist and bend on themselves, the exposed tops at high water make an intricate pattern on the water surface. One important result of this is that floating debris is not allowed to be blown and moved only to the high edge of the marsh but is captured and held in place even in lower marsh areas. Many planks and timbers seen first on the marsh in 1950 were still in the …
Lack of translation of density-induced morphological polyphenism to long-duration flight behavior of black cutworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Larvae of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), reared under crowded conditions in the laboratory were darker and developed more slowly than larvae reared singly. Crowding reduced the length and weight of pupae, and the adults were correspondingly smaller than those from uncrowded populations. Rate of reproductive maturation of females was not influenced by larval density. Crowding had no significant effect on the crawling behavior of sixth instars and very little effect on the flight behavior of adults tethered to flight mills. No evidence that crowding leads to a distinct migratory phase or even to an increased propensity to initiate long-duration flight was found. To the contrary, the data suggest that moths from crowded populations may suffer a loss in migratory capacity because of their smaller size (and presumably smaller stores of flight fuel) and lower wing area:body size ratios, which may make flight energetically more expensive.
COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PEARL-SAC TISSUES FORMING NACREOUS, PRISMATIC AND PERIOSTRACAL PEARLS

1) The present author observed histologically the respective pearl-sac tissues forming nacreous, prismatic and periostracal pearls. 2) The epithelial cells of the pearl-sac tissues forming nacreous and prismatic pearls seem to be essentially similar to each other, except that the latter vary greatly in cell height and are slightly taller in average height in comparison with the former. 3) The epithelial cells of the pearl-sac tissue forming periostracal pearl are structurally quite different from those producing nacreous or prismatic pearl. These epithelial cells are extremely tall and cylindrical, and contain numerous acidophilic small granules in the cytoplasm. On the free end of these epithelial cells, cilia are visible under optical microscope. 4) Some of the pearl-sac epithelia forming periostracal pearls have a great number of ridges caused by the crowding of numerous wandering cells in some subepithelial regions. On the surface of the epithelium, periostracum and many necrosed cells are generally observed. These features seem to indicate that the epithelium is slightly inflamed. In the case where the inflammation worsened not only the epithelium but also its surrounding tissue may have partially fallen off due to necrosis.
Evaluating Cover Crop Mulches for No-till Organic Production of Onions

Cover crops of foxtail millet 'German Strain R' [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. ] and cowpea 'Iron & Clay' [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ] were grown as monocrops (MIL, COW) and mixtures and compared with a bare ground control (BG) for weed suppression and nitrogen (N) contribution when followed by organically managed no-till bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) production. Experiments in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 were each conducted on first-year transitional land. Mixtures consisted of cowpea with high, middle, and low seeding rates of millet (MIX-70, MIX-50, MIX-30). During onion production, each cover crop treatment had three N rate subplots (0,105, and 210 kg N/ha) of surface-applied soybean meal [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Cover crop treatments COW and BG had the greatest total marketable onion yield both years. Where supplemental baled millet was applied in 2006-2007, onion mortality was over 50% in MIL and MIX and was attributed to the thickness of the millet mulch. Nitrogen rates of 105 and 210 kg N/ha increased soil mineral N (NO 3 - and NH 4 + ) on BG plots 2 weeks after surface application of soybean meal each year, but stopped having an effect on soil mineral N by February or March. Split applications of soybean meal could be an important improvement in N management to better meet increased demand for N uptake during bulb initiation and growth in the spring.
Effects of Dietary Fibers on Liver Lipid Accumulation in Chicks

家禽の栄養代謝における繊維性物質(Dietary fiber)の意義を調べる目的で,ヒナの脂質代謝,特に肝臓脂肪蓄積に対する3種の繊維性物質(セルロース,ペクチン,コンニャクマンナン)の影響を検討した. 2週齢の白色レグホーン種雄ヒナを供試し,粗繊維を含まない精製飼料または半精製飼料(粗繊維含量0.5%)に繊維性物質をそれぞれ4%添加し,19～54日間給与した. ヒナの増体量はセルロース給与で変化しなかったが,ペクチンおよびマンナン給与では低下した. 肝臓重量はセルロース給与により有意に減少し,肝臓脂肪量は対照区の約70～80%に有意に減少した. また,ペクチンおよびマンナン給与では肝臓脂肪は有意に減少した. 血漿中脂肪含量はセルロース給与により低下したが,ペクチンおよびマンナンの給与では顕著な変化はみられなかつた. 血漿コレステロールレベルはマンナン給与区でのみ低下した. 肝臓脂肪組成において,繊維性物質給与によりトリグリセライド分画が減少し,リン脂質分画の割合が増加することが認められた. したがって,これらの繊維性物質は,その様相はそれぞれ異なるが,いずれも肝臓脂肪の蓄積を抑制し,ヒナの脂質代謝に何らかの影響を及ぼすことが示唆された.
Identification of six potato virus Y isolates from Saudi Arabia

Six potato virus Y (PVY) were isolated from 20 potato plants (Solanum tuberosum sp. tuberosum L.) from the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia showing leaf systemic symptoms (necrotic spots and mild mosaicism). 16 virus-infected plants gave positive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results with PVY commercial antiserum. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of rodshaped particles (300 × 17 nm). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) indicated the 34 kDa viral coat protein and agarose gel of the immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) products indicated the 800 bp cp gene. The sequences were aligned together, narrowed to six (one PVY-N and five PVY-O isolates) and then aligned with all published worldwide PVY cp sequences. The highest similarity index among the six isolates was shown between PVY-saudi-O1 and PVY-saudi-O4 (99.9%), while the least involved PVY-saudi-N and PVY-saudi-O3 (99.1%). The phylogenetic analysis of the cp gene nucleotide sequence revealed a cluster of PVY-saudi-N and the Egyptian strain GU980964. The results indicate the need for more sensitive detection of the virus in the imported seeds or tubers from countries, especially in the Middle East like Egypt, to avoid high threat to the Saudi potato trade.