Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A stress‐return algorithm for nonlocal constitutive models of softening materials

We develop a fully implicit stress‐return algorithm for a wide range of nonlocal inelastic models (of integral type) with coupling among integration points. Two examples of nonlocal models are presented, which combine plasticity with either damage or breakage. Using these models, we emphasize the need for a versatile integration scheme for nonlocal incremental constitutive equations. Furthermore, these models are used to demonstrate the importance of adequately selecting the way constitutive equations for softening materials are regularized. The stress update process requires the construction of a nonlocal constitutive matrix: we highlight and take advantage of its sparsity. Numerical solutions to relevant structural and geomechanical boundary value problems are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wave-induced boundary layer flows above and in a permeable bed

In this paper, the oscillatory and steady streaming velocities over a permeable bed are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Three different sizes of glass beads are used to construct permeable beds in laboratory experiments: the diameters of the glass beads are 0.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 3.0 mm, respectively. Several experiments are performed using different wave parameters. A one-component laser-doppler velocimeter (LDV) is used to measure the horizontal velocity component inside the Stokes boundary layer above the solid and permeable surfaces. It is observed that neither oscillatory nor steady velocity components vanish on the permeable surface. The ‘slip velocities’ increase with increasing permeability. Based on the laminar flow assumption and the order of magnitude of the parameters used in the experiments, a perturbation theory is developed for the oscillatory velocity and the steady wave-induced streaming in the boundary layers above and inside the permeable bed. The theory confirms many experimental observations. The theory also provides the damping rate and the phase changes caused by the permeable bed.
Rate of convergence of recursive estimators

It is proved that the sequence of recursive estimators generated by Ljung’s scheme combined with a suitable restarting mechanism converges under certain conditions with rate $O_M (n^{{{ - 1} / 2}} )$, where the rate is measured by the $L_q $-norm of the estimation error for any $1 \leq q < \infty $.
Action Recognition from a Small Number of Frames

In this paper, we present an efficient system for action recognition from very short sequences. For action recognition typically appearance and/or motion information of an action is analyzed using a large number of frames, which is often not sufficient, if very fast actions (e.g., in sport analysis) have to be analyzed. To overcome this limitation, we propose a method that uses a single-frame representation for actions based on appearance and on motion information. In particular, we estimate Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOGs) for the current sample as well as for a flow field. The thus obtained descriptors are then efficiently represented by the coefficients of a Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Actions are classified using an one-vs-all Support Vector Machine. Since the flow can be estimated from two frames, in the evaluation stage only two consecutive frames are required for the action analysis. Both, the optical flow as well as the HOGs, can be computed very efficiently. In the experiments, we compare the proposed approach to state-of-the-art methods and show that it yield competitive results. In addition, we demonstrate action recognition for beach-volleyball sequences.
Reynolds number dependence of the small-scale structure of grid turbulence

The small-scale structure of grid turbulence is studied primarily using data obtained with a transverse vorticity (ω3) probe for values of the Taylor-microscale Reynolds number Rλ in the range 27–100. The measured spectra of the transverse vorticity component agree within ±10% with those calculated using the isotropic relation over nearly all wavenumbers. Scaling-range exponents of transverse velocity increments are appreciably smaller than exponents of longitudinal velocity increments. Only a small fraction of this difference can be attributed to the difference in intermittency between the locally averaged energy dissipation rate and enstrophy fluctuations. The anisotropy of turbulence structures in the scaling range, which reflects the small values of Rλ, is more likely to account for most of the difference. All four fourth-order rotational invariants Iα (α = 1 to 4) proposed by Siggia (1981) were evaluated. For any particular value of α, the magnitude of the ratio Iα / I1 is approximately constant, independently of Rλ. The implication is that the invariants are interdependent, at least in isotropic and quasi-Gaussian turbulence, so that only one power-law exponent may be sufficient to describe the Rλ dependence of all fourth-order velocity derivative moments in this type of flow. This contrasts with previous suggestions that at least two power-law exponents are needed, one for the rate of strain and the other for vorticity.
A generalised Box–Cox transformation for the parametric estimation of clinical reference intervals

Parametric methods for the calculation of reference intervals in clinical studies often rely on the identification of a suitable transformation so that the transformed data can be assumed to be drawn from a Gaussian distribution. In this paper, the two-stage transformation recommended by the International Federation for Clinical Chemistry is compared with a novel generalised Box–Cox family of transformations. Investigation is also made of sample sizes needed to achieve certain criteria of reliability in the calculated reference interval. Simulations are used to show that the generalised Box–Cox family achieves a lower bias than the two-stage transformation. It was found that there is a possibility that the two-stage transformation will result in percentile estimates that cannot be back-transformed to obtain the required reference intervals, a difficulty not observed when using the generalised Box–Cox family introduced in this paper.
Attenuation in suspensions of irregularly shaped sediment particles: A two-parameter equivalent spherical scatterer model

Results are presented from an acoustic attenuation spectroscopy study of suspensions of irregularly shaped sediment particles and of nominally spherical lead-glass beads. The measured spectra cover a wide frequency band of 1–100 MHz. It is shown that the spectra can be brought into close agreement with the rigid movable sphere model using two equivalent sphere size parameters. One parameter is the diameter dG of an equal cross-sectional area sphere, and is used to scale the frequency to obtain the nondimensional size/frequency parameter ka. The other parameter is the diameter dp of an equal volume sphere, and is used to scale the particle volume to obtain the particle number density N. It was observed that for the irregular particles the attenuation for ka>1 is enhanced with respect to the sphere case. The observed enhancement factors are considerable: up to 1.6 for natural sand particles and 1.8 for the most irregular particles studied (ground quartz). In terms of the two-parameter model the enhancement .
Antiproliferative activity of antimicrobial peptides and bioactive compounds from the mangrove Glutamicibacter mysorens

The Glutamicibacter group of microbes is known for antibiotic and enzyme production. Antibiotics and enzymes produced by them are important in the control, protection, and treatment of chronic human diseases. In this study, the Glutamicibacter mysorens (G. mysorens) strain MW647910.1 was isolated from mangrove soil in the Mangalore region of India. After optimization of growth conditions for G. mysorens on starch casein agar media, the micromorphology of G. mysorens was found to be spirally coiled spore chain, each spore visualized as an elongated cylindrical hairy appearance with curved edges visualized through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis. The culture phenotype with filamentous mycelia, brown pigmentation, and ash–colored spore production was observed. The intracellular extract of G. mysorens characterized through GCMS analysis detected bioactive compounds reported for pharmacological applications. The majority of bioactive compounds identified in intracellular extract when compared to the NIST library revealed molecular weight ranging below 1kgmole−1. The Sephadex G-10 could result in 10.66 fold purification and eluted peak protein fraction showed significant anticancer activity on the prostate cancer cell line. Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis revealed Kinetin-9-ribose and Embinin with a molecular weight below 1 kDa. This study showed small molecular weight bioactive compounds produced from microbial origin possess dual roles, acting as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and anticancer peptides (ACPs). Hence, the bioactive compounds produced from microbial origin are a promising source of future therapeutics.
The instability and breakdown of a near-wall low-speed streak

The instability of the three-dimensional high-shear layer associated with a near-wall low-speed streak is investigated experimentally. A single low-speed streak, not unlike the near-wall low-speed streaks in transitional and turbulent flows, is produced in a laminar boundary layer by using a small piece of screen set normal to the wall. In order to excite symmetric and anti-symmetric modes separately, well-controlled external disturbances are introduced into the laminar low-speed streak through small holes drilled behind the screen. The growth of the excited symmetric varicose mode is essentially governed by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the in ectional velocity profiles across the streak in the normal-to-wall direction and it can occur when the streak width is larger than the shear-layer thickness. The spatial growth rate of the symmetric mode is very sensitive to the streak width and is rapidly reduced as the velocity defect decreases flowing to the momentum transfer by viscous stresses. By contrast, the anti-symmetric sinuous mode that causes the streak meandering is dominated by the wake-type instability of spanwise velocity distributions across the streak. As far as the linear instability is concerned, the growth rate of the anti-symmetric mode is not so strongly affected by the decrease in the streak width, and its exponential growth may continue further downstream than that of the symmetric mode. As for the mode competition, it is important to note that when the streak width is narrow and comparable with the shear-layer thickness, the low-speed streak becomes more unstable to the anti-symmetric modes than to the symmetric modes. It is clearly demonstrated that the growth of the symmetric mode leads to the formation of hairpin vortices with a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices, while the anti-symmetric mode evolves into a train of quasi-streamwise vortices with vorticity of alternate sign.
A DIRECT APPROACH TO H, CONTROL PROBLEMS USING BOUNDED REAL LEMMA

In this note, we will directly derive both state and output feedback solutions of H, control problem using bounded real lemma. This approach utilizes only bounded real lemma and algebraic operation, thus proof is simple and clear. We will also solve several specific state feedback H, control problems and show some properties of their central controllers, such as gain margin and phase margin.
Premixed flame propagation in a confining vessel with weak pressure rise

Abstract The propagation of a premixed flame inside of a confining vessel filled with combustible fluid is determined using large-activation-energy asymptotics. The flame structure is analysed assuming that spatial and temporal variations in the transverse direction are weak compared to those in the direction normal to the flame surface. The analysis considers weak pressure rise from confinement and also allows for mixtures that are both near and removed from stoichiometry, non-unity reaction orders, temperature-dependent transport coefficients, and general Lewis numbers. The resulting equations for flame propagation speed are expressed in a coordinate-free form and describe the evolution of an arbitrary shaped flame in a general confining flow. These expressions are specifically applied to the case of a spherical flame propagating inside a spherical chamber. The radius at which the confining vessel influences the flame propagation is determined and the various mechanisms influencing flame behaviour are discussed. The results give rise to a simplified asymptotic relationship that provides an improved equation that may be used to more accurately extrapolate unstretched laminar flame speeds from experimental measurements.
Two‐band conduction of amorphous silicon nitride

A method is proposed for determining the electron and hole components of stationary current flowing through an MIS structure and the hole and electron components of the stationary current in an MNOS structure have been determined. It is shown that the experimental results may be explained by a two-band Si3N4 conduction model. A two-band Si3N4 impurity conduction model with silicon microcrystals is examined, the latter serving as Poole-Frenkel centres in the nitride volume as well as trapping and recombination centres in the regions close to the electrodes. [Russian Text Ignored].
Magnetotransport and magnetic domain structure in compressively strained colossal magnetoresistance films

We have studied the magnetoresistance (MR) of compressively strained La0.7Sr0. 3MnO3 (LSMO) films in various magnetic states in order to understand the role of magnetic domain structure on magnetotransport. In thin films of LSMO on (100) LaAlO3, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy results in perpendicularly magnetized domains with fine scale ∼200 nm domain subdivision, which we image directly at room temperature using magnetic force microscopy. The main MR effects can be understood in terms of bulk colossal MR and anisotropic MR. We also find evidence for a small domain wall contribution to the MR, which is an order of magnitude larger than expected from a double exchange model.
Nuclear Compositions in the Inner Crust of Neutron Stars

It is likely that matter in a neutron star crust is compressed by accreting matter and/or by the slowingdown of its rotation after the freezing of thermonuclear equilibrium. The change of nuclear compositions, which takes place during the compression, has been investigated. If the initial species of nuclei is "Fe, the charge and the mass number of nuclei decrease as a result of repeated electron captures and successive neutron emissions in the initial stage of compression. The nuclear charge and mass are then doubled by pycnonuclear reactions. The final values of the charge numbers of the nuclei in the inner crust at densities p<10 13• 7 g/cm' are less than 25, which are about one third of those for the conventional cold catalyzed matter. This result reduces the shear modulus of the crust to one half of the conventional value which makes the magnitude of star quakes weaker. § l. lntroduction After the discovery of pulsars, the nuclei in the neutron star matter have been investigated in detail by many authors_v~sl The nuclei may form a crystal lattice and breaking of that lattice may be the explanation of a sudden change in the period of pulsars. Langer et al.,v Bethe, Borner and Sato,'l Baym, Bethe and Pethick 3l (hereafter denoted as BBP), and recently Mackie and Baym4) in­ vestigated the nuclei in the neutron star matter with the aid of extended mass formulae of nuclei. Buchler and Barkat 5l and Barkat, Buchler and Ingber 6) cal­ culated the spatial distributions of neutrons and protons in the neutron star matter with the aid of a Thomas-Fermi model of nuclei. More complicated Hartree-Fock calculations were carried out by Ravenhall, Bennet and Pethick,7l and Negele and Vautherin. 8l Theyv~s) obtained nuclear species as a function of the density of the neutron star matter. However they assumed that the neutron star matter is in its absolute ground state. This state is realized only if the matter has had sufficient time in the preceding hot stages of the star to reach nuclear equilibrium and no density changes occur thereafter. Bisnovatyi-Kogan and Chechetkin 9) discussed the r­ process nucleosynthesis in the neutron star crust assuming the existence of abundant neutrons in its hot stage. They calculated how the r-process proceeds when the density is fixed. Their calculations are essentially a simplified version of the r­ process computations in a strongly degenerate electron sea, 10)~14) in which both of the temperature and the density vary.
New method for rice disease identification based on improved deep residual shrinkage network

A new method with an improved deep residual shrinkage network is proposed to address the problems of subtle differences in spot characteristics among different rice diseases and low recognition rate under noise interference. First, to reduce the number of network parameters as well as arithmetic cost and increase the nonlinearity of the model, the InceptionA module is embedded in the original network, and the convolutional kernels in the original residual structure are replaced by multiple small-sized convolutional kernels. Second, in order to strengthen the spot features, Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) lightweight attention mechanism is introduced to achieve more effective information extraction. Exponential Linear Units (ELU) and Focal loss function are introduced to jointly guide the model training during the network training process, and 10-fold cross-validation method is used. The proposed InceptionA and CBAM-based DRSN (ICDRSN) obtains 98.89% mean average precision, 98.65% accuracy and 98.68% recall for three rice leaf disease data. Among them, the recognition accuracy is improved by 2.6%, 3.34%, 1.86%, and 2.23% compared with the Densenet, Shufflenet, Mobilenet, and Resnet models, respectively. These results verify that the ICDRSN model is stable, reliable, accurate, fast, and has satisfactory generalization ability.
A Babcock-Leighton Flux Transport Dynamo with Solar-like Differential Rotation

We investigate the properties of a kinematic flux transport solar dynamo model. The model is characterized by a solar-like internal differential rotation profile, a single-cell meridional flow in the convective envelope that is directed poleward at the surface, and a magnetic diffusivity that is constant within the envelope but decreases sharply at the core-envelope interface. As in earlier flux transport models of the Babcock-Leighton type, we assume that the poloidal field is regenerated as a consequence of the emergence at the surface, and subsequent decay, of bipolar active regions exhibiting a systematic tilt with respect to the east-west direction. Inspired by recent simulations of the rise of toroidal magnetic flux ropes across the solar convective envelope, we model this poloidal field regeneration mechanism as a nonlocal source term formulated in such a way as to account for some of the properties of rising flux ropes revealed by the simulations. For a broad range of parameter values the model leads to solar cycle-like oscillatory solutions. Because of the solar-like internal differential rotation profile used in the model, solutions tend to be characterized by time-latitude (butterfly) diagrams that exhibit both poleward- and equatorward-propagating branches. We demonstrate that the latitudinal shear in the envelope, often omitted in other flux transport models previously published in the literature, actually has a dominant effect on the global morphology and period of the solutions, while the radial shear near the core-envelope interface leads to further intensification of the toroidal field. On the basis of an extensive parameter space study, we establish a scaling law between the time period of the cycle and the primary parameters of the model, namely the meridional flow speed, source coefficient, and turbulent diffusion coefficient. In the parameter regime expected to characterize the Sun, we show that the time period of the cycle is most significantly influenced by the circulation flow speed and, unlike for conventional mean field αΩ dynamos, is little affected by the magnitude of the source coefficient. Finally, we present one specific solution that exhibits features that compare advantageously with the observed properties of the solar cycle.
Steady deformation and tip-streaming of a slender bubble with surfactant in an extensional flow

Slender-body theory is used to investigate the steady-state deformation and time-dependent evolution of an inviscid axisymmetric bubble in zero-Reynolds-number extensional flow, when insoluble surfactant is present on the bubble surface. The asymptotic solutions reveal steady ellipsoidal bubbles covered with surfactant, and, at increasing deformation, solutions distinguished by a cylindrical surfactant-free central part, with stagnant surfactant caps at the bubble endpoints. The bubble shapes are rounded near the endpoints, in contrast to the pointed shapes found for clean inviscid bubbles. Simple expressions are derived relating the capillary number $Q$ to the steady bubble slenderness ratio $\epsilon$. These show that there is a critical value $Q_c$ above which steady solutions no longer exist. Equations governing the time-evolution of a slender inviscid bubble with surfactant, valid for large capillary number, are also derived. Numerical solutions of the slender bubble equations for $Q\,{>}\,Q_c$ exhibit spindle shapes with tip-streaming filaments.
Annual Direct Cost and Cost-Drivers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study from CSTAR Registry

Background: To estimate the annual direct costs and cost-drivers associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in China. Methods: A multi-center, cross-sectional study was conducted based on the CSTAR registry. The information on demography and expenditures for outpatient and inpatient visits due to SLE were collected using online questionnaires. These patients’ medical records were from the database of the Chinese Rheumatology Information System (CRIS). The average direct costs and 95% confidence interval were estimated using the bootstrap method with 1000 bootstrap samples by resampling with replacement. The cost-drivers were identified using multivariate regression models. Results: A total of 1778 SLE patients from 101 hospitals participated in our study, with 92.58% as females, a mean age of 33.8 years old, a median duration of SLE of 4.9 years, 63.8% in an active disease state, 77.3% with two organs or more damaged, and 8.3% using biologics as treatment. The average annual direct cost per patient was estimated at CNY 29,727, which approximates to 86% for direct medical costs. For moderate to severe disease activities, the use of biologics, hospitalization, treatment of moderate or high dose glucocorticoids, and peripheral vascular, cardiovascular, and/or renal system involvements were found to substantially increase the direct costs, while health insurance slightly decreased the direct costs of SLE. Conclusions: This study provided reliable insight into financial pressures on individual SLE patients in China. The efforts focusing on preventing flare occurrences and limiting disease progression were recommended to further reduce the direct cost of SLE.