Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematic study of universal‐stage measurements of planar deformation features in shocked quartz: Implications for statistical significance and representation of results

Abstract— The presence of shocked quartz is one of the key lines of evidence for the impact origin of rocks. Crystallographic orientations of planar deformation feature (PDF) sets in shocked quartz have been used to constrain the peak shock pressure that these grains have experienced. So far no systematic and comparative studies of the various orientation measurement methods and their biases are available. Therefore, three shocked‐quartz‐bearing thin sections from a meta‐greywacke clast in breccia, a biotite‐gneiss, and a sandstone, respectively, were independently analyzed by three operators (two experienced and one inexperienced) using a four‐axis universal‐stage (U‐stage), in order to evaluate the quality, precision, repeatability, and representativeness of U‐stage measurements. Based on the indexing of PDF sets using a new version of the commonly used stereographic projection template, the study of 1751 PDF set orientations in 666 quartz grains in three different shocked rocks shows that differences in abundance and orientation of various PDF sets, as measured by the three separate operators, are rather limited.
The surface‐bounded atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon

Surface‐bounded exospheres have been detected at the Moon, Mercury, and Europa and almost certainly exist about other objects. Historically, the first of these systems to be observed was the lunar exosphere, where He and Ar were detected by the Apollo spacecraft. The Hermean exosphere is archetypical of these systems in that it is part of a coupled system including the surface and magnetosphere interacting dynamically with the solar wind and fields. Studies of the Hermean exosphere heretofore have neglected or only superficially considered these interactions. We will review the current state of knowledge of the exospheres of Mercury and the Moon and discuss areas in which our knowledge is most incomplete. We will focus on the exosphere as part of a coupled system including the surface at its base and the particle, field, and interplanetary environment as both a source and sink for neutrals. Apollo era instruments made unambiguous detections of 36Ar, 40Ar, and He and placed stringent upper limits on other species [Hodges, 1975; Hodges and Hoffman, 1973]. Post‐Apollo work began with the discovery of Na and K using ground‐based techniques [Potter and Morgan, 1988]. There have also been attempts to use the International Ultraviolet Explorer and the Hubble Space Telescope to detect additional species. The Mariner 10 mission included two encounters with Mercury and one distant flyby in 1974–1975: (1) March 29, 1974 (nightside pass with closest approach at 723‐km altitude), (2) September 21, 1974 (distant dayside pass), and (3) March 16, 1975 (nightside pass with closest approach at 327‐km altitude). Since then there has been no other spacecraft mission to Mercury. In the 2 decades since the Mariner 10 mission, slow but steady progress has been made in understanding the Hermean system, but our knowledge of this innermost terrestrial planet is extremely limited. It is clear that many theories about the origin and evolution of Mercury that were proposed before Mariner 10 are inconsistent with what we now know about the system. Substantial progress will be made only by returning to the planet. This review aims to present a tool for mission planning as well as an introduction and overview of the exosphere.
A new palaeobatrachid frog from the early Oligocene of Suceag, Romania

The Eocene–Oligocene transition (Mammal Palaeogene zones, MP 20–21) corresponds in Europe to a major faunal turnover, called the ‘Grande Coupure' (= Great Break). This event, produced by worldwide cooling and regression of seas, reshaped the faunal composition of Europe and resulted in the extinction of numerous ectothermic taxa. We describe a new palaeobatrachid frog from the early Oligocene of Suceag 1 (Rupelian: MP 23–24), Romania, and assign it to Albionbatrachus, a genus previously known only from the British Isles and thought to have gone extinct during the late Eocene (MP 20). Albionbatrachus oligocenicus sp. nov. is established on a distinctive frontoparietal bone, which differs from A. wightensis in a few details, including the morphology of the frontoparietal table and paraoccipital processes. The peculiar sculpture on the frontoparietal bears dense dermal vascularization, which might reflect adaptation to oxygen depleted environments. Two autapomorphic characters of the angulosplenial and ilium in A. oligocenicus sp. nov. likely reflect a shift in, respectively, feeding and locomotory behaviours. A phylogenetic analysis of the primarily Gondwanan group Xenoanura identifies Albionbatrachus as the sister taxon of Palaeobatrachus, and places these two genera as the sister group of a separate Pipidae + Avitabatrachus clade. The presence of A. oligocenicus sp. nov. in the Oligocene of Central Europe indicates that Albionbatrachus survived the ‘Grande Coupure' and necessitates a revised palaeobiogeographical scenario for the genus. We propose that the geographical distribution of Albionbatrachus before the ‘Grande Coupure' was wider, extending eastwards into Central Europe, and that the ‘Grande Coupure' resulted in the extinction of Albionbatrachus only in the western part of its range. The final extinction of Albionbatrachus might have been associated with Oligocene climatic deterioration and with shrinking of specific aquatic habitats. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AA35E61B-B563-4D89-9F47-08F61D2C4AC7
The Idea of Japan: Western Images, Western Myths

A hundred and fifty years ago Japan was a country so remote from the West that it might have existed on another planet. Today its influence touches all of us, yet in the West we know almost as little about it as we did in the days when Henry Adams, visiting Japan, called it "a toy-world. " Ian Littlewood's Idea of Japan offers a framework for making sense of a culture that puzzles us. His book is about the Japan we encounter when we turn on the television, open a newspaper, or flip through a magazine-the Japan that has been created by the West. "What emerges as we move through a mythical world of subhumans and superhumans, of temples and cherry blossoms, of exotic women and strange fanatical men," Mr. Littlewood writes, "is a striking picture of how closely our current images of the Japanese are tied to the cliches of the past. " Drawing from a wide range of sources-from the accounts of Jesuit missionaries to the japonisme of the nineteenth century and the images of contemporary Hollywood-he shows why we have too long seen Japan only as a projection of our own fears, dreams, and desires. The Idea of Japan is also a provocative insight into the processes by which we understand, or fail to understand, another culture.
Rates of growth, potassium uptake, and changes in the potassium properties of four Queensland soils during intensive cropping by buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris

Four Queensland soils were intensively cropped by buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris, in controlled environment growth rooms at three temperatures. Rates of growth (dry matter production) of tops and roots, of potassium uptake, and of changes in soil potassium properties were examined. With adequate potassium applied, growth rates for 31 weeks were nearly constant at 2.7, 2.6, 2.0, and 2.0 t/ha/week on a brigalow, grey clay, podzolic, and solodic soil, respectively. Without potassium, exchangeable potassium decreased quickly to a nearly common level on all soils, corresponding decreases occurred in the potassium content of tops and roots, and severe deficiencies with restricted yields soon resulted. Without applied potassium, moderate release of non-exchangeable potassium occurred on all soils during the first 4 weeks of cropping (0.10-0.18 m-equiv./100 g). Apparent fixation of potassium resulted in the succeeding 6-9 weeks, and, on the fine-textured soils (brigalow and grey clay) only, further slow release took place during the period of potassium deficiency when growth was slow. The overall release of non-exchangeable potassium by all four soils was small (0.02-0.16 m-equiv.1 100 g). Higher temperatures significantly increased yields of tops and roots, decreased the potassium concentration in the plants, increased the rate of depletion of exchangeable potassium, and had no effect on the release of non-exchangeable potassium. It is concluded that on these soils, particularly the solodic and podzolic, potassium deficiency will occur under intensive cropping.
Sulfur-bearing Magmatic Accessory Minerals

Almost all magmas contain sulfide- or sulfate-bearing phases. In most natural samples the sulfur-bearing phase is a sulfide, which typically is pyrrhotite (Fe1− x S) or pyrite (FeS2) although chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)9S8), sphalerite (ZnS) or molybdenite (MoS2) may be present as well. Sulfate minerals are rare at magmatic conditions, and anhydrite (CaSO4) is the most common. Other magmatic SO4-bearing minerals include the sodalite group minerals (hauyne simplified formula: (Na,Ca)4–8(Al6Si6(O,S)24)(SO4,Cl)1–2), scapolite minerals (silvialite: (Ca,Na)4Al6Si6O24(SO4,CO3)), and S-bearing apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(F, Cl, OH)). Barite (BaSO4) has been mentioned in rare cases (Marchev 1991). Sulfur-bearing minerals usually constitute a negligible fraction of the mineral assemblage in magmatic rocks and thus can be classified as accessory minerals. The crystallization of sulfide, sulfate, and S-bearing minerals strongly depends on melt composition, temperature and pressure, and the S speciation in melt which, in turn, is strongly dependent on the prevailing oxygen fugacity (Baker and Moretti 2011, this volume; Wilke et al. 2011, this volume). Irrespectively of the low abundance of S-bearing minerals, the evolution of sulfur in magmas may be evaluated from the occurrence of sulfides and sulfates. These minerals are critical for estimating the activity of various sulfur-bearing species in magmas and can be used to constrain the oxygen fugacity and the S concentration in the melt (e.g., pre-eruptive sulfur concentration in melts). The presence of either sulfide or sulfate in silicate melt indicates that the predominant dissolved sulfur species in the melt are S2− or S6+, respectively. Typically one of these species is dominant, but there are conditions where S2− …
‘I’ve got my Sat Nav, it’s alright’: Users’ Attitudes towards, and Engagements with, Technologies of Navigation

The use of qualitative research techniques in a largely quantitative cartographic domain is opening up myriad ways to explore users’ engagements technologies of navigation. This study draws on young UK-based students’ real words and life experiences as they engage with Satellite Navigation and other wayfinding technologies during first-time visits to new places to reflect on the nature of the changing relationships between self, navigational object, space and place.
Basin-wide modification of dynamical and biogeochemical processes by the positive phase of the Indian Ocean dipole during the SeaWiFS era

Characterizing how the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) modifies typical basin-wide dynamical variability has been vigorously pursued over the past decade. Along with this dynamic response, a clear biological impact has been revealed in the ocean color data acquired by remote sensing platforms such as Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS). The signature feature illustrating IOD alteration of typical spatiotemporal chlorophyll variability is the phytoplankton bloom that first appears in September along the eastern boundary of the IO in tropical waters that are normally highly oligotrophic. Positive chlorophyll anomalies (CLa) are also apparent in the southeastern Bay of Bengal, while negative anomalies are observed over much of the Arabian Sea. Moreover, in situ measurements obtained by the R/V Suroit as part of the Cirene cruise during the 2006/2007 IOD reveal anomalous subsurface biochemical distributions in the southern tropical IO that are not reflected in SeaWiFS data. Despite the clear basin-wide influence of IOD events on biological variability, the accompanying influence on biogeochemical cycling that must occur has received little attention. Here, the dynamical signatures apparent in remote sensing fields for the two positive-phase IODs of the SeaWiFS era are used to illuminate how these events are similar or distinct. A corresponding comparison of IOD-engendered surface CLa is performed, with the dynamical fields providing the framework for interpreting the mechanisms underlying the biological response. Then, results from a newly developed net primary production algorithm are presented that provide the first characterization of how biogeochemical fluxes throughout the IO are altered by IOD occurrence.
Evidence of very rapid reef accretion and reef growth under high turbidity and terrigenous sedimentation

Global-scale deteriorations in coral reef health are projected to lead to a progressive decline in reef-building potential and ultimately to states of net reef erosion. These transitions may be driven by various human disturbances and by climate change; however, increased terrestrial sediment and nutrient yields from anthropogenically modified coastal catchments are widely recognized as a major threat. As water quality deteriorates, reduced coral cover and species diversity are commonly inferred, and lower reef accretion rates and impaired reef development are assumed consequences. Here we present a detailed chronostratigraphic growth history, constrained by 40 accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates for Middle Reef, an inshore turbid-zone reef on Australia's Great Barrier Reef, that challenges the assumption that high terrestrial sediment inputs inherently restrict reef accretion rates and inhibit reef development. We establish that Middle Reef has vertically accreted very rapidly for more than 700 yr, at an average rate of 8.3 mm yr⁻¹. Accretion rates varied across the reef at different times, but it is significant that the periods of most rapid accretion (averaging 13.0 mm yr⁻¹) coincide with phases of reef development dominated by fine-grained terrigenoclastic sediment accumulation. We suggest that this is in large part a function of a high rate of terrigenous sediment accumulation aiding the postmortem preservation of coral skeletal material. Both maximum and site-averaged accretion rates match or exceed those documented for most clear-water, mid- and outer-shelf reefs in the region over the past 9000 yr, and those determined for many reefs throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans over the same period. While examples of inshore coral reefs that have been degraded in the short term by excessive terrestrial sedimentation clearly exist, others clearly tolerate high sedimentation and turbidity, and our data confirm that sustained and long-term rapid reef growth is possible in these environments.
Martian dust devils: Directions of movement inferred from their tracks

Active dust devils (atmospheric vortices with entrained dust) seen on Mars leave surface tracks inferred to result from the injection of loose particles into the atmosphere, typically exposing a darker (or, in some cases brighter) substrate. Hundreds of similar appearing surface tracks are common in many areas, but in the absence of imaging the active dust devils responsible for their formation, it has not been possible to determine the direction of forward motion of the vortex. Laboratory experiments simulating dust devils show that overlapping scallops in some tracks enable the direction of forward motion to be determined.
(t,x) domain, pattern‐based ground roll removal

We demonstrate the use of a new, t x domain, pattern-based signal/noise separation technique to separate ground roll from primary reflection events. Ground roll is notoriously difficult to model with generality, but the technique requires a kinematically correct model of the noise. We obtain an imperfect model of the ground roll directly from the data itself, by application of a suitable lowpass filter. On a 2-D receiver line gather taken from a 3-D shot gather, in which the ground roll is spatially aliased and has nonlinear moveout, the separation results improve markedly over direct subtraction of the noise model from the data.
Differentially Expressed Messenger Rna Isoforms of the Human Estrogen Receptor-␣ Gene Are Generated by Alternative Splicing and Promoter Usage

The isolation and characterization of several new human estrogen receptor-␣ (hER␣) mRNAs are described. Together with those previously identified, they give rise to a total of six hER␣ mRNA isoforms (A–F hER␣ mRNAs). Produced from a single hER␣ gene by multiple promoter usage, all these transcripts encode a common protein but differ in their 5؅-untranslated region as a consequence of alternative splicing of five upstream exons (1B–1F). RT-PCR and S1 nuclease mapping analysis of these different hER␣ mRNA isoforms revealed a differential pattern of expression of the hER␣ gene in human tissues and cell types. The A hER␣ mRNA is the main isoform detected in mammary glands or in the tumor cell lines derived from this tissue. In endometrium, the predominant forms are the A and C hER␣ mRNA isoforms, whereas the C and F hER␣ mRNA isoforms are the major forms detected in ovary. Finally, high levels of the E hER␣ mRNA isoform are restricted to the liver with an increased expression in females. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the hER␣ gene is a complex genomic unit exhibiting alternative splicing and promoter usage in a tissue-specific manner .
Investigation of Biogeophysical Feedback on the African Climate Using a Two-Dimensional Model

Abstract A 2-D zonally averaged, time-dependent climate model has been developed to study the biogeophysical feedback for the climate of Africa. A numerical scheme has been specifically designed for the model to ensure the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and water vapor. A control experiment has been carried out in which the solar zenith angle was varied from 15 June to 30 July. The simulated results are presented using averages over the last 30 days. The simulated temperature, humidity, and winds for July mean conditions compare reasonably, well with zonally averaged, observed values. A vegetation layer has been incorporated in the present 2-D climate model. Using the coupled climate-vegetation model, we performed two tests involving the removal and expansion of the Sahara Desert. Results show that variations in the surface conditions produce a significant feedback to the climate system. The feedback from the land surface to the atmosphere affects not only precipitation and cloud cover, but also .
Effects of glycogen synthase kinase‐3[beta] inhibition on the development of cerulein‐induced acute pancreatitis in mice *

Objective: Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3 is a ubiquitous serine‐threonine protein kinase that participates in a multitude of cellular processes and signal transduction pathways. It also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases characterized by an enhanced or unregulated inflammatory response. Here we investigate the effects of GSK‐3[beta] inhibition on the development of experimental acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein in mice. Design: Prospective, randomized study. Setting: University‐based research laboratory. Subjects: One‐hundred and sixty anesthetized male CD mice. Interventions: Pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein (hourly ×5, 50 &mgr;g/kg). In the treatment group, the potent and selective GSK‐3[beta] inhibitor 4‐benzyl‐2‐methyl‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine‐3,5‐dione (TDZD‐8) was administered 1 hr and 6 hrs after the first injection of cerulein (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Sham groups were treated with vehicle (0.1 mL of 0.9% NaCl, intraperitoneally) and TDZD‐8. In another set of experiments, mice were monitored for 24 days to determine their mortality rate.
Communication of pain intensity and unpleasantness through magnitude ratings: Influence of scale type, but not gender of the participant

A critical aspect for most human pain research is the ability of participants to communicate their first‐person, experiential perspective to a third‐person observer. This communication is frequently accomplished via pain ratings. The scale type can influence the communication of pain experiences and can contribute to gender differences in pain. This study examined the role of gender on pain ratings using noxious and innocuous stimuli across two types of rating scales.
The Convexity of Hilltops

In a maturely developed topography, hilltops composed of unconsolidated materials are upwardly convex in profile. Their forms are thus contrasted with the longitudinal profiles of stream beds, which in mature development are concave upward. An explanation of the river profile offered by the writer more than thirty years ago2 seems to have been generally accepted. Its fundamental principles are (i) that the transporting power of a stream per unit of volume increases with the volume, (2) that transporting power increases with the slope, and (3) that a stream automatically adjusts slope to volume in such way as to equalize its work of transportation in different parts. In 1892, Davis proposed an explanation of the convexity of hilltops, ascribing it to creep.3 His article occupied less than a page of Science, and may not have attracted the attention it merited. At any rate Fenneman, in a recent discussion of the same subject, makes no mention either of Davis or of creep; and it occurs to me that a restatement of Davis' explanation may be timely. Fenneman ascribes the convex profile to running water, making a distinction between the behavior of water near hilltops and lower down. As I find it difficult to do justice to his analysis in an abstract, I refrain from a comparison of his hypothesis with that of Davis, but refer the reader, instead, to his article which is in the Journal of Geology for November-December, I908.4 The subjoined presentation of the creep hypothesis, while essentially equivalent to Davis', is independent in respect to various details. A layer of unconsolidated material resting on a gentle slope holds its position (i) because the particles are arranged so as to support one
Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Masked, Vehicle-Controlled Trial of Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor for Neurotrophic Keratitis

To evaluate the safety and ef ﬁ cacy of topical recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) for treating moderate-to-severe neurotrophic keratitis (NK), a rare degenerative corneal disease resulting from impaired corneal innervation. Design: Phase 2 multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled trial. Participants: Patients with stage 2 (moderate) or stage 3 (severe) NK in 1 eye. Methods: The REPARO phase 2 study assessed safety and ef ﬁ cacy in 156 patients randomized 1:1:1 to rhNGF 10 m g/ml, 20 m g/ml, or vehicle. Treatment was administered 6 drops per day for 8 weeks. Patients then entered a 48- or 56-week follow-up period. Safety was assessed in all patients who received study treatment, whereas ef ﬁ cacy was by intention to treat. week 8 of readers using no persistent