Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Plant Density on Yield of Process Tomatoes for Mechanical Harvest1

Yield of process fruits from ‘VF-145’ tomato plants grown in twin rows on 5-ft beds was greater than from plants in single rows on 4.5-ft beds. The number of fruits per plant increased as the area per plant increased beyond 2.1 ft2, but the mean weight per individual fruit was not affected. The highest number of process fruits per plant was produced by single plants spaced at 48 inches. Plant densities ranged from 2,450 to 158,816 plants per acre. Significant increases in yield were obtained by increasing the plant density from 2,450 to 9,801 plants per acre. Plants grown at densities of 19,602 to 156,816 plants produced from 36 to 42.5 tons of process tomatoes per acre.
Complete Assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR Spectra of a Sucrose Ester from Euphorbia Lathyris L

The detailed 1 H and 13 C NMR assignments of a novel sucrose isovaleryl ester isolated from the seed of Euphorbia Lathyris L. , were achieved by one- and two- dimensional techniques. The new sucrose ester was characterized as an α-D- glucopyranoside, 3,4,6-tris-O-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-β-D-fructofuranosyl, 2,6-bis(3- methylbutanoate); sucrose 4,7,8,11,12-pentaisovalerate by MS and NMR experiments.
A PHYLOGENETIC REEVALUATION OF THE GENUS GAVIA (AVES: GAVIIFORMES) USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING

Avian phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences, rather than morphological characters, has been used in recent decades to resolve systematic relationships. Advancements in molecular techniques have improved avian phylogenetics and have led to new insights on the relationships between and within taxa. Loons (Aves: Gaviiformes) are one of the oldest living lineages of birds, and the order includes five extant species. The morphological cladogram of Gavia placed G. arctica as a sister species to G. pacifica. However, a more recent study based on mtDNA resulted in a discordant tree splitting the G. arctica/G. pacifica clade, and placed G. pacifica as sister to the (G. immer, G. adamsii) clade. These hypotheses were tested using nextgeneration sequencing (NGS) data in the form of a RAD-tag dataset comprising 232,094 bps from 2502 variable loci. Bayesian inference, Maximum Likelihood, and Maximum Parsimony phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated dataset strongly supported the traditional phylogeny (G. stellata, ((G. arctica, G. pacifica), (G. adamsii, G. immer))), and differed from the largely mitochondrially-based hypothesis that placed G. pacifica sister to the (G. immer, G. adamsii) clade. Both internallyand externally-calibrated molecular clock based estimates of divergence dates placed the most recent common ancestor of modern loons in the early Miocene, which is earlier than previously thought, ~21.4 mya (20-22.8 mya) provides a more parsimonious explanation for body size evolution in loons.
Investigation of the anti-proliferative and anti-invasive properties of conjugated linoleic acid and novel 5-fluorouracil derivatives including enzyme-activated prodrugs

Over 20,000 people are diagnosed with cancer every year in Ireland, with colorectal and breast cancers contributing significantly to that figure. Approximately 8,000 deaths occur annually from cancer and the majority of these patients die because their tumour has metastasised to secondary sites in the body. Current treatments of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are still limited in their effectiveness, and have various side-effects and disadvantages. New anti-cancer and anti-metastatic agents are urgently required to decrease the number of deaths occurring and more targeted therapies would allow increased doses to be tolerated without the corresponding side-effects. In this study, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and novel 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) derivatives were analysed with regards to regulating cytotoxicity, cell cycle kinetics, apoptosis, migration, invasion, adhesion, colony formation in soft agar and MMP/TIMP levels. CLA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the meat and dairy products of ruminant animals. Numerous isomers exist and have previously been shown to exhibit anti-cancer activity. A mix of CLA isomers proved more toxic than the individual c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA isomers to the 4T1 murine mammary and Hs578T human breast cancer cell lines. Treatment with CLA and the isomers resulted in a predominant G1 phase arrest in the 4T1 cells. Migration and invasion of the 4T1 cell line was increased after treatment with c9,t11-CLA and decreased after treatment with t10,c12-CLA (p<0.05). The t10,c12-CLA isomer had a significant effect on colony formation of the 4T1 cells in soft agar, with a 25-fold increase in colonies formed in comparison to the control (P<0.00005). The c9,t11-CLA isomer and CLA also increased the number of colonies formed (p<0.01). MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels were increased following treatment with CLA and t10,c12-CLA, which correlated with decreased TIMP-1 mRNA levels. 5-FU is an antimetabolite agent commonly used in chemotherapy. Despite its widespread use in cancer patients, it has many side-effects and low response rates, and is generally used in combination with a number of other agents. Novel 5-FU derivatives were synthesised and their anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activity analysed using a murine mammary and a human colon cancer cell line. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed a derivative, compound 10, considerably more toxic than the parent
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE Ophyra aenescens Wiedemann, 1830 (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE, AZELIINAE), EM DIFERENTES TEMPERATURAS, EM CONDIÇÕES DE LABORATÓRIO

Estabeleceu-se uma colonia de Ophyra aenescens, no laboratorio, para obtencao de ovos, larvas e pupas, com objetivo de conhecer o periodo de desenvolvimento e a viabilidade em oito temperaturas constantes (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40°C), com umidade relativa acima de 80%. A faixa otima de temperatura para desenvolvimento foi de 20 a 30°C. Houve desenvolvimento completo do ciclo na faixa de temperatura de 15 a 35°C, com menor viabilidade nas temperaturas de 15 e 35°C. A temperatura influiu significativamente no periodo e na viabilidade de desenvolvimento de O. aenescens, sendo que no periodo esta influencia foi inversamente proporcional.
Plasma Steroid Hormone Profiles in HCG-Injected Male Walking Catfish Clarias batrachus

The present experiment was performed in order to investigate the response of matured male walking catfish to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Short-term experiment. Mature male walking catfish received a single intramuscular injection of HCG (0.2 and 1 IU/g BW) or saline. Blood samples were taken at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr. Long-term experiment. Mature male walking catfish received a single intramuscular injection of HCG (1 IU/g BW) or saline. Blood samples were taken at 2-day intervals until day 10. In both experiments, plasma testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 17a-hydroxyprogesterone, 17a,20a-dihydroxy-4pregnen-3-one and 17a,20/? -dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, and 17a,20/3,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results can be summarized as follows. 1) HCGfirstly induces an increase in plasma testosterone and 11-KT levels. 2) Thereafter, 11-KT levels decrease and progestin levels increase. 3) Finally, progestin levels decrease, and 11-KT levels increase again. These results clearly indicate that a shift in the steroidogenic pathway is induced in males in response to HCG.
Contribution of Gag and protease to variation in susceptibility to protease inhibitors between different strains of HIV-1

Recent reports have shown that HIV-1 Gag can directly affect susceptibility to protease inhibitors (PIs) in the absence of known resistance mutations in protease. Inclusion of co-evolved Gag alongside protease in phenotypic drug susceptibility assays can alter PI susceptibility in comparison to protease with a wild-type Gag. Using a single replication-cycle assay encompassing full-length Gag together with protease, we demonstrate significant variation in PI susceptibility between a number of PI-naive subtype B viruses. Six publicly available subtype B molecular clones, namely HXB2, NL4-3, SF2, YU2, JRFL and 89.6, displayed up to 9-fold reduction in PI susceptibility. For two molecular clones, YU2 and JRFL, Gag contributed solely to the observed reduction in susceptibility. Gag and protease from treatment-naive, patient-derived viruses also demonstrated significant variation in susceptibility, with up to a 17-fold reduction to atazanavir. In contrast to the molecular clones, protease was the main determinant of the reduced susceptibility. Common polymorphisms in protease including I13V, L63P and A71T were shown to contribute to this reduction in PI susceptibility, in the absence of major resistance mutations. The role of variation in PI susceptibility on LPV/r monotherapy treatment failure was investigated. The contribution of suboptimal adherence to treatment failure was shown and the development of reduced PI susceptibility during treatment observed. In addition, reduced PI susceptibility and single-round infectivity were associated with subsequent treatment failure. This study demonstrates significant variation in PI susceptibility of treatment-naive patient viruses and provides further evidence of the independent role of Gag, the protease substrate, and in particular the amino terminus of Gag in PI susceptibility. It also highlights the importance of considering co-evolved Gag and protease when assessing PI susceptibility. These data indicate that reduced PI susceptibility at baseline may contribute to treatment failure on PI monotherapy.
Evaluate the Effectiveness of Nurses' Professional Competence Approach on Their Productivity in Medical-Surgical Units

Background: Professional competence increases productivity. Nursing competency is generally viewed as a complex integration of knowledge skills, values and attitude. In clinical practice, nurses are required to apply their acquired knowledge, skills and individual traits to each situation and be able to adapt in different circumstances. Research aim: Evaluate the effectiveness of nurses' professional competence approach on their productivity in medical surgical units. Research Design: A quasi-experimental design was utilized to achieve the aim of this study. Setting: The study was conducted at Benha University Hospital, Egypt in general medical-surgical units. Sample: consisted of convenient sample of (100) nurses who are responsible for providing direct nursing care activities to patients. Tools: three tools were used for data collection; 1- nurses' knowledge questionnaire (50 items), 2- nurses' observational checklist (60 items), and 3- nurses' productivity questionnaire (60 items). These tools were used pre, post, and flow-up three months later. Result: The study indicated there were improvement in nurses' total level of knowledge, performance, and productivity after interventions of professional competence approach both immediately post and follow-up. More than three quarters of nurses their knowledge was unsatisfactory, while in the immediate post and follow-up most of nurses their knowledge improved and became satisfactory. Moreover, more than half of nurses' performance were poor practice in pre-intervention, while after implementation it was improved to and become good in both immediately post and follow-up. Furthermore, most of nurses' productivity level was low in pre-intervention, while it was improved, increased and become high in both immediate post and follow-up. Conclusion: The study concluded that the designed approach illustrated statistical significant improvement in nurses' professional competence knowledge & performance, and increasing of nurses' productivity. The mean scores of all categories slightly decreased in the follow-up after three months of the approach in comparison to immediately post. Also there were statistical significant positive correlation among nurses' knowledge & performance and productivity. Recommendation: the study recommended that the In-service training and education programs must be a continuous process for refreshing and increasing nurses’ knowledge and skills about the concept of professional competency approach as well as to emphasize nurses' productivity.
Characterization and expression of novel small RNAs in Staphylococcus Aureus

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of metabolic pathways and in responses to stress and virulence. In Staphylococcus aureus, RNAIII, the main effector of the Agr system, acts as an antisense RNA to regulate the expression of many cell wall proteins and cytotoxins in late-exponential growth phase. A series of novel sRNAs – Rsa were discovered by our team in 2009. The objective of this study is i) to construct genetic tools to study their functions and ii) to analyze their expression in various conditions in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we determined the expression level of 4 sRNAs (RsaA, RsaE, RsaG and RsaH) and RNAIII, when the bacterium was exposed to various antibiotics or in contact with other bacteria such as Pseudomonas. Subinhibitory concentrations (1/16 and 1/8 MIC) of levofloxacin could enhance the RsaH expression in RN6390, not in HG001. RsaG and RsaH level were increased in the presence of P. aeruginosa, however the mechanism of this effect has not been elucidated. Data obtained from human samples showed that the global expression of the five sRNAs was extremely variable in the abscesses, more homogeneous in the sputa of cystic fibrosis patients, and highly uniform in the nasal carrier samples. The unique expression pattern of sRNA associated with nasal colonization might reflect the commensalism of S. aureus in this niche.
Differential allocation of resources to flight muscles and ovaries in different morphs of the wing-dimorphic cricket Velarifictorus ornatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).

The wing-dimorphic cricket Velarifictorus ornatus exists physiological trade-offs between flight muscles and ovarian development.In this study,we quantitatively analyzed the contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids in flight muscles and ovaries between the long-winged and short-winged females by coomassie brilliant blue G-250,anthrone method and sulphophosphovanillin method,respectively.At 10 d after adult emergence,there was no difference in body weight(P0.05) but the short-winged females loaded more eggs than long-winged females(P0.05). De-alation could stimulate the long-winged females to produce more eggs than the intact long-winged females(P0.05). There was no variation in contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids in flight muscles of short-winged females after adult emergence but the protein content in flight muscles of long-winged females reached the maximum(564.4±87.5 μg/♀) at day 3,while the contents of glycogen and total lipids also reached the maximum(85.2±21.7 μg/♀,5 284.7±1 267.4 μg/♀,respectively) at day 5,and then the contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids decreased from day 5.The contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids in flight muscles of long-winged females were much more than those of short-winged females at 1,3,5 and 10 d after emergence(P0.05),while the contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids in ovaries of short-winged females were more than those of long-winged females after adult emergence(P0.05). Age had obvious effect on the allocation of protein,glycogen and total lipids between the flight muscles and ovaries(P0.05). De-alation stimulated the increase in the contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids in ovaries of long-winged females,while de-alation elicited the decrease in the contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids in flight muscles of long-winged females.At 10 d after de-alation,the contents of total lipids in flight muscles decreased to 2 394.9±1 461.8 μg/♀,which was only half of the maximum and similar to that of the short-winged females.Application of juvenile hormone Ⅲ(JH Ⅲ) induced the increase in the contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids(P0.05) in the ovaries of long-winged females but had no effect on their contents in flight muscles(P0.05). Application of precocene Ⅰ had no effect on the contents of protein,glycogen and total lipids in ovaries of short-winged females(P 0.05). These results indicate that long-winged females use resources preferentially for the development of flight muscles,but short-winged females use them for the development of the ovaries first,and application of juvenile hormone can change resource allocation between flight muscles and ovaries in long-winged females.
Functional Properties of Mugwort Extracts and Quality Characteristics of Noodles Added Mugwort Powder

This study was investigated to develope health promoting and high quality of mugwort noodle. Mugwort powder was extracted with water and 70% ethanol and the extracts were tested it electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) and inhibitory effects on MDA cell and A549 cell. EDA at 100-1,000 ppm of water extract was ranged f개m 73% to 81% and that of ethanol extract was ranged from 74% to 92% NSA of water extract was 40% and ethanol extract was 41% at 1,000 ppm, which were the highest at pH 1.2. NSA was increased with increasing conncentration of mugwort extracts and decreasing pH. Inhibition ratio of water and ethanol extracts on MDA cell growth was 30 and 27% while that on A549 cell was 22% and 23% at 1,000 ppm, respectively. Quality characteristics of mugwort none were evaluated by their color, shelf life na sensory characteristics. Lightness (L) and redness(a) of dried noodle and cooked noodle were decreased with increasing mugwort concentration(p cycles lower than that of contro. In sensory evaluation of dried noodles and cooked noodles, noodles with 2% mugwort powder had significant high scores in overall acceptability.
Transmission of Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) from maize seeds to seedlings.

Surface disinfected and non-surface disinfected sublots of seeds of a yellow dent maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid were used to study the transmission of F. graminearum seed-borne inoculum to determine whether the pathogen is seed transmitted, and to confirm pathogenicity through fulfilment of Koch's Postulates. Surface disinfected seeds plated on carnation leaf agar showed a F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae) infection level of 59%, while non-surface disinfected seeds tested by the deep freezing blotter method revealed 42% seed infection. Laboratory seed germination for each sublot was 92%. Seedling emergence and seedling infection were assessed after sowing seed in moist sterile sand under aseptic conditions in a glasshouse with mean daily temperatures of 14-17°C. F. graminearum had little effect on seedling emergence and survival but produced disease symptoms on 61% of living seedlings. These included brownish red lesions with sunken centres or discolouration, and/or rotting of the scutellum-mesocotyl, roots, and node. Following plating of dead seeds and seedling parts on carnation leaf agar, F. graminearum was recovered from all parts of living seedlings except the leaves, with the highest incidences in parts closest to the seed remains. Transmission rates of 52% and 44% recorded for surface disinfected and non-surface disinfected sublots respectively were similar to seed-borne inoculum levels, suggesting that under favourable conditions F. graminearum is effectively transmitted from maize seeds to seedlings. Koch's postulates for pathogenicity of F. graminearum isolated from seedlings infected naturally by seed-borne inoculum were fulfilled, and it was concluded that F. graminearum is seed transmitted from maize seeds to seedlings.
T cell responses to S-glutathionylated And heteroclitic viral epitopes and CCl2-mediated immune dysregulation in mice infected with a neurotropic coronavirus

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), a chemoattractant for macrophages, T cells, and cells expressing CCR2, is upregulated during acute and chronic inflammation. CCL2 has been implicated in both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and has been suggested as a target for therapy in some inflammatory disorders. To examine the role of CCL2 during virus infection, we infected mice transgenically expressing CCL2 in the CNS (CCL2 Tg) with an attenuated neurotropic coronavirus (rJ2.2 strain of mouse hepatitis virus). Infection of wild type mice with rJ2.2 results in mild acute encephalitis followed by a non-lethal, chronic demyelinating disease. Proinflammatory innate and adaptive immune responses mediate virus clearance. In marked contrast, CCL2 Tg mice infected with rJ2.2 ineffectively cleared virus and rapidly succumbed to the infection. CCL2 Tg mice mounted a dysregulated immune response, characterized by augmented accumulation of regulatory Foxp3CD4 T cells and of nitric-oxideand YM-1expressing macrophages and microglia, suggestive of mixed M1/M2 macrophage activation. Further, macrophages from infected CCL2 Tg brains relative to non-Tg controls were less activated/mature, expressing lower levels of MHCII, CD86, and CD40. Collectively, these results show that persistent CCL2 overexpression establishes and sustains an immunological milieu that is both inflammatory and immunosuppressive and predisposes mice to a defective immune response to a minimally lethal virus.
“Yin” in a Guided Inquiry Biology Classroom – Exploring Student Challenges and Difficulties

Student encountered challenges in performing guided inquiry learning (GIL) activities are a minority literature in science education, but may provide valuable inputs to developing science process skills vital to scientific literacy. This study determined the challenges and difficulties by science-oriented students in performing GIL activities in biology. Cluster sampling determined the participants in the pre-survey (69 grade 8 students) and the actual investigation (30 grade 8 students). A validated survey questionnaire pre-identified the six major difficulties of the students. Validated student and expert questionnaires assessed the level of difficulty in each of the task on the six pre-identified challenges. Results show that science-oriented students and the experts assessed the following with a fair difficulty level: background knowledge; performance of laboratory procedure; managing extended activities; designing an experiment; and writing a laboratory report. The same group assessed the task – data analysis to be “difficult. ” The upper (high average to superior IQ) group and lower (average to above average) groups of science oriented students provided a non-significant difference in their difficulty assessment of all the tasks. However, replicating the study to include low cognition students from non-science oriented schools may provide a wider perspective of these student-encountered difficulties and challenges in GIL.
Weed Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Pyridate

Pyridate was evaluated alone and as a component in herbicide systems for weed control and peanut tolerance. Pyridate at 1.0 and 1.5 kg ai ha-1 applied postemergence controlled 79 and 96% of Florida beggarweed, respectively. Pyridate was less effective on sicklepod than 2,4-DB. Peanuts exhibited no visible foliar injury or yield reduction with pyridate at 1.5 kg ha-1, the highest rate evaluated. Comprehensive weed control and maximum yield required that pyridate be tank mixed with 2,4-DB at 0.22 kg ae ha-1.
A new genus of praying mantis Cotigaonopsis from Goa, India (Insecta: Mantodea)

Cotigaonopsis providenceae, new genus and species, is described and illustrated based on the male specimens collected from Goa, India. This genus belongs to subfamily Angelinae and has affinities with the genera Agrionopsis WeRneR, 1908, Euchomenella GiGliotos, 1916 and Indomenella Roy, 2008. A modified key to the subfamily Angelinae including the new genus Cotigaonopsis is provided. The main feature of this genus is the brachypterous condition in male. Euchomenella GiGlio-tos and Indomenella have been reported from the Oriental Region, but the genus Agrionopsis WeRneR is known only from the Ethiopian region.