Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Monitoring of Strain in Instrumented Piles

The development of strain in two 31 and 56 m long instrumented postdriving grouted cylinder piles at a site west of Busan, South Korea, were monitored during 200 days after construction, whereupon a static loading test was performed. Initial strain measurements showed unexpected elongation of the pile, probably due to swelling from absorption of water but as the soil reconsolidated, the elongation changed into shortening, probably due to imposed residual load in the pile. The resulting compression of the pile eventually offset the swelling of the pile. To investigate the cause of the strain changes more closely and enhance the evaluation of the field data, two short pile pieces were prepared and placed free-standing above ground in an outside laboratory. One piece was from a cylinder pile of which central void was grouted and one was made up by grouting inside a temporary casing. The monitoring showed that the short pieces appeared first to shorten and then to elongate due to the heating and cooling from the hydration process. When strains and temperature had stabilized 150 days after start of the study, both pieces were submerged to introduce swelling of the concrete. For the first 100 days after submerging, the swelling strains in both short pieces amounted to 100 μe. Seven hundred days after submersion, the total swelling strains were 150 and 250 μe.
Multistage Landform Development, with Particular Reference to a Cratonic Bornhardt

The multistage concept is explained and illustrated, with particular reference to a bornhardt from the southern Yilgarn Block of southwestern Western Australia. Hyden Rock is a complex inselberg developed on Archaean granite. It probably developed through fracture-controlled differential subsurface weathering in the Cretaceous, followed in the Eocene by erosion of the lateritic regolith and exposure of the massive compartment as an inselberg. But the variations in fracture density to which Hyden Rock owes its origin developed long before the Cretaceous, probably in the latest Archaean or earliest Proterozoic. The relief amplitude of the residual has increased through the Cainozoic. A rich assemblage of minor forms (basins, runnels, tafoni, pitting, displaced slabs, A-tents) is developed on the bornhardt and, though their mode of development varies, the origin of many can be traced back to magmatic and tectonic events of Late Archaean and earliest Proterozoic times. Others were initiated at the weathering front during the later Mesozoic, and many have developed since exposure, beginning in the Eocene. A few are related to tectonism during the later Quaternary. The residual is a multistage form. Its development as a major landform can be traced back some 120 million years, and the structures to which the outlines of the bornhardt, and those related to several minor features, originated in later Archaean times. The geomorphological evolution of landforms of the shield lands and cratons extends over vast ages and cannot be regarded as a geologically recent phenomenon.
Streamflow Generation Processes: An Austral View

Developments over the past 15 years in our understanding of streamflow generation processes are reviewed. Examples from small- and intermediate-sized catchments in a wide range of hydrogeologic, climatic, and vegetative environments in New Zealand and northeastern Australia are used to illustrate the development and present state of knowledge. Increasingly detailed studies of small catchments and of hillslope and valley bottom segments have revealed increasingly complex and variable responses both in time and space. Although these studies have greatly increased conceptual understanding of flow generation, there has not yet been a corresponding increase in ability to model or predict flow processes. Further progress will require integration of field studies with chemical, physical, and mathematical model studies of specific processes to test hypotheses derived from previous work at well-documented field sites. Concentration of the necessary skills and studies at a few intensively studied locations is also required, but this will impose new and difficult challenges for cooperation among specialists, research organizations, and funding sources.
Diatom, Pollen, and Chemical Evidence of Postglacial Climatic Change at Big Lake, South-Central British Columbia, Canada

Abstract Postglacial climatic conditions were inferred from cores taken from Big Lake in southern British Columbia. Low concentrations of nonarboreal pollen and pigments near the base of the core suggest that initial conditions were cool. Increases in both aquatic and terrestrial production suggest warmer and moister conditions until ∼8500 cal yr B.P. Hyposaline diatom assemblages, increases in nonarboreal pollen, and increased concentrations of pigments suggest the onset of arid conditions from ∼8500 to ∼7500 cal yr B.P. Slightly less arid conditions are inferred from ∼7500 until ∼6660 cal yr B.P. based on the diatoms, small increases and greater variability in biogenic silica and pigments, and higher percentages of arboreal pollen. At ∼6600 cal yr B.P., changes in diatoms, pigments, biogenic silica, and organic matter suggest that Big Lake became fresh, deep, and eutrophic until ∼3600 cal yr B.P., when water levels and nutrients decreased slightly. Our paleoclimatic inferences are similar to pollen-based studies until ∼6600 cal yr B.P. However, unlike these studies, our multiple lines of evidence from Big Lake imply large changes in effective moisture since 6000 cal yr B.P.
Strenulagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from the Middle Eocene Irdin Manha Formation of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China

New material of Strenulagus Solaris, a stem lagomorph, from the lower part of the Middle Eocene Irdin Manha Formation at the Irdin Manha and Huheboerhe localities, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China includes remains of isolated cheek teeth, fragmentary upper incisors (dI2) and postcranial elements, reported from the species for the first time. The tarsal bones display advanced features, such as a wide calcaneofibular articulation surface and, along with an increase in hypsodonty, the new data document the early stage of lagomorph evolution in the Middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin. This finding is stratigraphically well constrained and probably predates that of the type material of S. Solaris from the Khaychin Formation, Bugin‐Tsav Basin, Mongolia.
On the thermal and subsidence history of sedimentary basins

The cooling of the oceanic lithosphere causes subsidence by isostasy. This subsidence results in the formation of ocean basins. In this paper we assume that the subsiding lithosphere is covered with sediments. A similarity solution is obtained for the coupled problem of heat conduction in the sediments and basement. The subsidence history of the sedimentary basin is obtained from isostasy. For reasonable values of parameters the heat conduction in the sediments does not affect the subsidence, which is proportional to t/sup 1/2/. It is also a good approximation to assume a linear temperature profile in the sediments with a slope proportional to t/sup -1/2/.
Bar and dune development during a freshet: Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia, Canada

Bi‐weekly multi‐track sonar surveys collected along a 2‐km reach of the estuarine South Arm of the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, during seasonal high flows document the initiation, development and interaction of dune and bar morphologies. Bedforms of several scales developed in well‐delineated fields. Bedforms that appear to fit accepted equilibrium depth‐scaling developed in the main channel during rising discharge when there was little local aggradation. During the rising stage, a bar also formed along the tidal shelf of the channel, migrated downstream and expanded into the main channel. Dunes that formed along the bar crest, a region of rapid deposition, lagged flow conditions and were larger than expected based on depth‐scaling relations. The larger dunes developed simultaneously, although bar growth lagged dune development and was initially partially obscured by the more rapidly developing dune field. It appears that rapid deposition enhances dune development along the channel tidal shelf to dimensions larger than would be expected by simple depth‐scaling rules. Smaller dunes that fit equilibrium depth‐scaling relations re‐established themselves throughout the study area during falling discharge when there was again little or no aggradation. Bed‐material transport rates estimated from the migration rates of the large dunes suggest that, at high flows, the dunes transport the majority of the material found within the bar.
Impact of debris dams on hyporheic interaction along a semi‐arid stream

Hyporheic exchange increases the potential for solute retention in streams by slowing downstream transport and increasing solute contact with the substrate. Hyporheic exchange may be a major mechanism to remove nutrients in semi‐arid watersheds, where livestock have damaged stream riparian zones and contributed nutrients to stream channels. Debris dams, such as beaver dams and anthropogenic log dams, may increase hyporheic interactions by slowing stream water velocity, increasing flow complexity and diverting water to the subsurface.
Shallow seismic imaging of folds above the Puente Hills blind‐thrust fault, Los Angeles, California

High‐resolution seismic reflection profiles image discrete folds in the shallow subsurface (<600 m) above two segments of the Puente Hills blind‐thrust fault system, Los Angeles basin, California. The profiles demonstrate late Quaternary activity at the fault tip, precisely locate the axial surfaces of folds within the upper 100 m, and constrain the geometry and kinematics of recent folding. The Santa Fe Springs segment of the Puente Hills fault zone shows an upward‐narrowing kink band with an active anticlinal axial surface, consistent with fault‐bend folding above an active thrust ramp. The Coyote Hills segment shows an active synclinal axial surface that coincides with the base of a 9‐m‐high scarp, consistent with tip‐line folding or the presence of a backthrust. The seismic profiles pinpoint targets for future geologic work to constrain slip rates and ages of past events on this important fault system.
SUSPENDED PARTICLE DYNAMICS IN A WELL-MIXED ESTUARY: DEVIATIONS FROM MORPHODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

This paper presents an analysis of turbidity and suspended sediment transport during low river flows in the Guadalquivir river estuary (Spain). The distribution and sources of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) are identified. The analysis of the transport rates allow us to devise a semi-analytical model for transport of SPM in well-mixed estuaries. The model solves the mass balance equation for SPM on a tidally-averaged timescale. The main inputs are the along channel transport rates and the vertical turbulent difusion cofecients at several locations. The model is applied to the Guadalquivir estuary, where a comprehensive monitoring network was installed from 2008 to 2011. Its application to this estuary allows to check how the SPM concentrations in different reaches of the estuary deviate from their equilibrium values. The results indicate that erosion is dominant in the stretches near to the mouth and that the estuary seems to move towards equilibrium during weak tidal forcing conditions.
Golf Course Applications of Near-Surface Geophysical Methods: A Case Study

As of the year 2000, there were over 15,000 golf course facilities in the U.S.A. alone. The upkeep of these facilities requires continual maintenance and occasional remodeling. The superintendents and architects responsible for the maintenance and remodeling efforts need non-destructive tools for obtaining information on shallow subsurface features within parts of the golf course, particularly tees and greens. The subsurface features of importance include, but are not limited to, constructed soil layer characteristics and drainage system infrastructure. Near-surface geophysical methods can potentially provide a non-destructive means for golf course superintendents and architects to obtain the shallow subsurface information required to address their maintenance and remodeling concerns. This case study assessment of near-surface geophysical methods in regard to golf course applications focused on electromagnetic induction (EMI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) techniques. The investigation employed two different EMI ground conductivity meters. Two GPR systems were also tested including the evaluation of antenna center frequencies ranging from 250 to 1,000 MHz. The study incorporated three separate sites. Measurements with both EMI and GPR were collected on a tee and a green at the Muirfield Village Golf Club in Dublin, Ohio, U.S.A. and on a practice green at the Golf Club of Dublin in Dublin, Ohio, U.S.A. GPR was also tested on a golf course green at the Guelph Turfgrass Institute & Environmental Research Centre in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Results indicate that use of the appropriate EMI equipment can provide information on spatial changes of shallow apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) within golf course green constructed soil layers. This ECa data could potentially be employed to gauge constructed soil layer conditions, including wetness, salinity, etc., within different areas of a green. GPR proved quite capable of obtaining useful information on the golf course tee and greens that were studied, at least in regard to constructed soil layer thicknesses/depths or their areal extent and in locating the subsurface drainage pipe systems present. For the GPR center antenna frequencies evaluated, ranging from 250 to 1,000 MHz, all seemed to work relatively well for mapping tee and green constructed soil layer areal extent and drainage pipe locations. The higher frequency 900 and 1,000 MHz antennas appeared to work best for resolving thicknesses/depths of constructed soil layers within the tee and greens investigated. In addition, computer modeling of synthetic GPR profiles provide valuable insight and help considerably with data interpretation. While more research is certainly warranted, near-surface geophysical methods, especially EMI and GPR, appear to show promise with respect to acquiring the data needed in golf course maintenance and remodeling applications.
Structure of the atmosphere of Mars in summer at mid-latitudes

The structure of Mars' atmosphere was measured in situ by instruments on board the two Viking landers from an altitude of 120 km to near the surface. The two entries were separated by 178° in longitude, 25° in latitude, 45 days elapsed time, and 6 hours in Mars local time. Atmosphere structure was very well defined by the measurements and was generally similar at the two sites. Viking 1 and 2 surface pressures and temperatures were 7.62 and 7.81 mbar and 238°K and 226°K, respectively, while pressures at the elevation of the reference ellipsoid were 6.74 and 6.30 mbar. Mean temperature decreased with a lapse rate of about 1.6°K/km, significantly subadiabatic, from above the boundary layer to about 40 km, then was near isothermal but with a large-amplitude wave superimposed, attributed to the diurnal thermal tide. The mean profile appears to be governed by radiative equilibrium. Differences between the two temperature profiles are due to diurnal effects in the boundary layer, a small cooling of the Viking 2 profile up to 40 km due to latitude and season, and effects of time of day, latitude, terrain, and season on the wave structure. The density data merge well with those of the upper-atmosphere mass spectrometer to define a continuous profile to 200 km. The temperature wave continues above 100 km, increasing in amplitude and wavelength.
Revision of the stratigraphic position of cynodonts from the upper part of the Karroo (Gondwana) System in Lesotho

Summary Cynodonts from two localities in Lesotho have been assigned by earlier workers to the Triassic Molteno beds of the upper part of the Karroo (Gondwana) System. These are important inasmuch as they were thought to represent the only evidence of reptilian remains in an otherwise barren sequence and may help to bridge the palaeontological gap in this part of the Karroo succession. Critical examination of both localities during the course of a regional analysis of the Molteno basin showed discrepancies in stratigraphic interpretation. These discrepancies are pointed out and the stratigraphy revised as a result of which the cynodonts can no longer be assigned to the Molteno beds; one is in the underlying Cynognathus zone (confirmed by further finds of typical Cynognathus zone reptiles) and the other is in the Red beds above. At the Tsoaning River locality a pebble conglomerate resting on an eroded surface provides a good local marker for the base of the Molteno. The implications of this with respect to the fossil flora and fauna at these localities are briefly discussed.
Soil respiration in the seasonally dry tropics near Townsville, North-Queensland

The contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration has been examined in an Australian tropical semi-arid woodland. Respiration rates were estimated by measuring CO2 released from untreated soil and from soil where roots had been severed and were extensively decomposed. The amount of C released as CO2 by soil respiration was estimated to be 3800 kg ha-1 year-1, and by root respiration to be 1500 kg C ha-l year-1. Soil moisture was found to have a major effect on soil respiration, with temperature being less significant. Consequently, most respiratory activity in the soil was confined to the relatively short wet season, with respiration rates being much lower during the dry season.
Changes of climate extremes in a typical arid zone: Observations and multimodel ensemble projections

[1] This article presents an analysis of the spatiotemporal changes (1960–2100) in temperature and precipitation extremes of a typical arid zone (i.e., the Tarim River Basin) in Central Asia. The latest observations in the past five decades (1960–2009) and Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM) multimodel ensemble projections (2010–2100) using the Bayesian Model Average (BMA) approach are employed for analysis in this study. Results indicate: (1) Most warm (cold) extreme temperature indices have shown significantly positive (negative) trends in the Tarim River Basin in past five decades, while only slight changes in precipitation extremes can be observed. From the spatial perspective, more significantly warm (cold) extremes are found in the desert zones than in upstream mountain zones (i.e., the Tian Shan Mountain and Kunlun Mountain systems which surround the basin). Whereas, there are no identical spatial patterns for the change in extreme precipitation; (2) Ensemble of five CGCM models in Phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) based on the BMA method suggests that the increasing consecutive dry days (CDD), together with the decreasing frost day (FD) and increasing warm nights frequency (TN90) may lead to more frequent droughts in Tarim in future. Meanwhile, slight increase of annual count of days with precipitation of more than 10 mm (R10), maximum 5-day precipitation total (R5D), simple daily intensity index (SDII), and annual total precipitation with precipitation >95th percentile (R95) in projections indicate a probability of flood occurrence in summer together with frequent occurrence of droughts. The results can provide beneficial reference to water resource and eco-environment management strategies in arid zones for associated policymakers and stakeholders.
Integration of TerraSAR-X and PALSAR PSI for detecting ground deformation

In connection with the detection of various spatial- and temporal-scale ground settlements, an integrated persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) approach is discussed using multi-source, multi-temporal, and multi-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Based on the comprehensive analysis of characteristics of available radar sensors, two remote-sensing SAR data sets were selected: 1 m resolution X-band TerraSAR-X and 10 m resolution L-band Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) phased array L-band SAR. ‘Tianjin Binhai New Area’ has become one of the most important economic centres in China, and one of its fast-developing urban areas, Tanggu, was selected as the study area. PSI processing was conducted on both data sets. Substantial validation was performed for PSI results from both data sources using levelling measurement. The overall good agreement confirmed the ground deformation maps derived from both data sets. Integration of PSI results appears to be a potentially significant contribution to solving the problems related to common spatial and temporal gaps when using single-type data sets. Application of both data sets revealed the capability of integrated PSIs to measure ground deformation with strong temporal and spatial variation, thereby improving the interpretation of ground deformation characteristics which increases the confidence of hazard assessment and provides some insight into complex underlying mechanisms.
Impact of change in vegetation cover on groundwater recharge to a phreatic aquifer in Western Australia: assessment of several recharge estimation techniques

Groundwater levels in a deep phreatic aquifer in the northern Perth Basin, Western Australia have risen between 10 and 55 cm/y over the last three decades due to the replacement of deep-rooted native vegetation with pasture and annual crops. This has sparked debate over increasing groundwater allocation limits to meet growing demand. Estimates of recent and historical rates of groundwater recharge are needed to manage the resource effectively. The Parmelia Formation, composed predominantly of sandstone, supplies domestic, stock and production bores for rural towns. Groundwater recharge was estimated using several recharge estimation techniques including the water-table fluctuation method and tracer techniques; groundwater chloride, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and C-14. Vertical fluxes of soilwater under pasture and native vegetation were determined using chloride as a tracer. Apparent groundwater ages determined using CFCs and carbon-14 are generally younger than 40 years in piezometers that are screened within a few metres of the water-table from recharge under pasture, while groundwater is older than several thousand years in bores that are screened well below the water-table, and mixed waters occur at discharge areas. Recharge-rate estimates obtained under native vegetation are mainly <12 mm/y, whereas after replacement with pasture and annual crops, recharge rates are generally 20 – 50 mm/y. The presence of thick clay lenses in some areas may be responsible for observed delays of approximately one decade in the water-table response to land-use change. The study highlighted the fact that several recharge estimation techniques are required for better understanding of recharge processes and evaluation of recharge.