Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generic Programming and Proving for Programming Language Metatheory

We present a system for both the generic programming of operations that work over classes of tree-structured data types and the automatic generation of formal type-theoretical proofs about such operations. The system is implemented in the Coq proof assistant, using dependent types to validate code and proof generation statically, quantified over all possible input data types. We focus on generic programming of variable-manipulating operations, such as substitution and free variable set calculation, over abstract syntax tree types implemented as GADTs that combine syntax and typing rules. By accompanying these operations with generic lemmas about their interactions, we significantly ease the burden of formalizing programming language metatheory. Our implementation strategy, based on proof by reflection, requires users to trust none of its associated code to be able to trust in the validity of theorems derived with it.
Research on Application of VRML in Virtual City Construction

To explain how to use VRML in virtual city construction, the authors review main characteristics of virtual city, assess a number of effective programming languages applied on the Web 3D, discuss the basic functions of VRML and the basic frame of virtual world based on VRML, give an application instance of virtual city scene and show a lot of experiences. In the case study,Cortona VRML Client plug-in can be used to display the virtual city, and the roaming can be realized at any angle and in any way by clicking mouse. At last the authors summarize that VRML is the most hopeful language currently to becoming the basic frame of constructing virtual city.
Observable Properties of Cosmological Reionization Sources

Motivated by recent evidence that the epoch of reionization of hydrogen may have ended at a redshift as low as z ≈ 6, we consider the detectability of the sources responsible for this reionization. The main idea is that reionization places limits on the mean surface brightness of the population of reionization sources. Reducing the number of model-dependent assumptions to a minimum, we discuss the observability of these sources with existing and planned telescopes. We define a family of models characterized by two parameters: the Lyman continuum escape fraction fc from the sources and the clumpiness parameter C of the intergalactic medium. The minimum surface brightness model corresponds to a value of unity for both parameters. We find that the detection of the nonionizing UV continuum of the reionization sources will be difficult to accomplish before the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) if these sources have a mean surface brightness close to the minimum value. However, if the values of fc and C are more realistic, the reionization sources may well be detected by the Hubble Space Telescope before JWST, perhaps by exploiting gravitational lensing amplification by foreground clusters of galaxies. Instead of a detection in the continuum, one may attempt to detect the Lyα emission line by narrowband imaging. Present Lyα searches at z > 6 suggest that either the typical sources are fainter than dwarf galaxies or the escape fraction of ionizing photons is much higher than 50%, so that there are no bright compact H II regions formed around the ionizing sources.
A new, high-precision CA-ID-TIMS date for the ‘Kalkberg’ K-bentonite (Judds Falls bentonite)

The numerical calibration of the base of the Devonian is poorly constrained due to several factors. Few precise radioisotopic age determinations are available from the late Silurian and Early Devonian, and the limited published data carry large error bars from older analytical methodologies. Volcanic ashfalls suitable for dating occur in the Lower Devonian of the Appalachian Basin, but have not been precisely correlated into the global chronostratigraphical scheme because of limited bio- and lithostratigraphical information. Here, we report a new U-Pb zircon radioisotopic age determination of 417.61 ± 0.12(0.23)[0.50] Ma and improved chronostratigraphical context, including revised biostratigraphy, for an ash bed in the New Scotland Formation, Helderberg Group, from the Lochkovian Stage that was previously identified as the Kalkberg K-bentonite. This new information helps to integrate the classic New York Appalachian Basin succession into global Siluro-Devonian stratigraphy, refine the calibration of the Silurian–Devonian boundary and more precisely estimate the duration of both time periods.
Stressors in Disaster Social Work after the Great East Japan Earthquake: An Exploratory Study

The effects of the Great East Japan Earthquake, which involved a nuclear disaster, on the mental health of the victims and the disaster workers are tremendous and will persist. Especially, the people who are engaged in social work in the affected areas will have to continue working. However, the stressors affecting these individuals have not been examined. The study intends to explore the stressors in long-term social work following the unprecedented and complex disaster. Three years since, semi-structured interviews with 12 participants who have engaged in social work in the affected areas were conducted and qualitative analysis was performed. As a result, five categories with 12 subcategories were extracted from the qualitative results: traumatic events, losses, work-related fatigue, helplessness, and anxiety. Work-related fatigue was mentioned by most participants (N=12) followed by helplessness (N=7) and anxiety (N=7). Previous studies primarily focused on fatigue and trauma of disaster social workers. This study suggested that the development of the following is especially necessary in the future: an assessment scale and interventions for helplessness and anxiety in long-term social work. Future studies with large samples are needed to validate and refine these results. (195 words)
Determinants and Within-Person Variability of Urinary Cadmium Concentrations among Women in Northern California

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Urinary Cd (U-Cd) concentration is considered a biomarker of long-term exposure. Objectives: Our objectives were to evaluate the within-person correlation among repeat samples and to identify predictors of U-Cd concentrations. Methods: U-Cd concentrations (micrograms per liter) were measured in 24-hr urine samples collected from 296 women enrolled in the California Teachers Study in 2000 and a second 24-hr sample collected 3–9 months later from 141 of the participants. Lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained via questionnaires. The Total Diet Study database was used to quantify dietary cadmium intake based on a food frequency questionnaire. We estimated environmental cadmium emissions near participants’ residences using a geographic information system. Results: The geometric mean U-Cd concentration was 0.27 µg/L and the range was 0.1–3.6 µg/L. The intraclass correlation among repeat samples from an individual was 0.50. The use of a single 24-hr urine specimen to characterize Cd exposure in a case–control study would result in an observed odds ratio of 1.4 for a true odds ratio of 2.0. U-Cd concentration increased with creatinine, age, and lifetime pack-years of smoking among ever smokers or lifetime intensity-years of passive smoking among nonsmokers, whereas it decreased with greater alcohol consumption and number of previous pregnancies. These factors explained 42–44% of the variability in U-Cd concentrations. Conclusion: U-Cd levels varied with several individual characteristics, and a single measurement of U-Cd in a 24-hr sample did not accurately reflect medium- to long-term body burden.
Ethos ’ Distributed Types

Programming languages have long incorporated type safety, increasing their abstraction level and thus aiding programmers. Type safety eliminates whole classes of bugs, avoiding the tedious and error-prone search for these bugs. Type-related bugs are particularly dangerous and often result in security holes because they violate programmer expectations. Despite its benefits, type safety protections traditionally end at the process boundary. We describe the deep integration of type safety in Ethos, a clean-slate operating system, which ensures that communication and files conform to their expected type. Ethos types are languageand runtime-agnostic, and incorporate a new mechanism for automatically creating type identifiers. We explore the impact of type safety on type descriptions, filesystem structure, scripting languages, file streaming, and application programming.
Experimental implementation of integrator backstepping and passive nonlinear controllers on the RTAC testbed

The rotational/translational actuator (RTAC) provides a low-dimensional nonlinear system for investigating nonlinear control techniques. The lossless formulation of this problem involves coupling of an undamped oscillator with a rotational rigid body mode. Stabilization and disturbance rejection objectives for this problem have been formulated as a benchmark problem. We implement four nonlinear controllers on the RTAC, including an integrator backstepping controller and three passivity-based controllers. The integrator backstepping design is based on the work of Wan et al. (1996). This approach requires that the equations of motion be reformulated by partial feedback linearization. Integrator backstepping is then used to produce a family of globally asymptotically stabilizing control laws. Next, three passivity-based controllers are developed for the RTAC. These controllers have intuitively appealing energy-dissipative properties and thus also inherent stability robustness to plant and disturbance uncertainty. Two of these controllers are encompassed by the classical passivity framework. The final controller is based upon the novel concept of resetting absorbers.
Changes in ventilatory mechanics and diaphragmatic function after lung volume reduction surgery in patients with COPD.

BACKGROUND: Lung volume reduction (LVR) has recently been used to treat severe emphysema. About 25% of the volume of each lung is removed with this method. Little is known about the mechanism of functional improvement so a study was undertaken to investigate the changes in ventilatory mechanics and diaphragmatic function in eight patients after LVR. METHODS: Measurements of work of breathing (WOB), intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (PEEPi), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were performed on the day before surgery and daily for seven days after surgery, as well as one, three, and six months after surgery. All measurements were performed on spontaneously breathing patients, simultaneously assessing oesophageal pressure via an oesophageal balloon catheter and air flow via a tightly adjusted mask. Diaphragmatic function was evaluated by measuring oesophageal and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) preoperatively and at one, three, and six months postoperatively. RESULTS: Mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 23 (3.6)% predicted, and all patients were oxygen dependent before the-operation. One day after LVR the mean decrease in WOB was 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 1.40) joule/l, the mean decrease in PEEPi was 0.61 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.87) kPa, and the mean increase in Cdyn was 182.5 (95% CI 80.0 to 284.2) ml/kPa. Similar changes were found seven days and six months after surgery. PaCO2 was higher on the day after the operation but was significantly reduced six months later. Pdi was increased three and six months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Ventilatory mechanics improved immediately after LVR, probably by decompression of lung tissue and relief of thoracic distension. An improvement in diaphragmatic function three and six months postoperatively also contributes to improved respiratory function after LVR.
Refined Computations for Points of the Form 2kP Based on Montgomery Trick

This paper focuses on algorithms for an efficient scalar multiplication. It proposes two algorithms for computing points of the form 2kP in affine coordinates. One works for k = 2, and the other works for an arbitrary natural number k. The efficiency of these algorithms is based on a trade-off between a field inversion and several field multiplications. Montgomery trick is used to implement this trade-off. Since a field inversion is usually more expensive than 10 field multiplications, the proposed algorithms are efficient in comparison with existing ones.
Overland Flow and Rainfall Simulation Studies on Ornamental Vegetation, Compost, and Jute Netting

The literature is replete with studies quantifying erosion control effectiveness from raindrop impact on various vegetation types and erosion control products. However, there is little published overland flow research documenting the effectiveness of ornamental vegetation and erosion control products in filtering sediment and nutrients from stormwater runoff. The California Department of Transportation and the Office of Water Programs, California State University, Sacramento, has conducted two studies at the Erosion Control Research Facility at Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo addressing the use of ornamental vegetation as an erosion control treatment. The first study addressed how well ornamental vegetation, jute netting, and a combination of jute netting and vegetation decreased soil erosion and runoff during rainfall simulation. The second study compared the performance of ornamental vegetation, 0.5 inches of compost, and jute netting treatments in decreasing sheet erosion due to overland flow. Both studies used sandy loam soil in test boxes set at a southwest aspect with 2:1 and 3:1 slopes, respectively. Treatments were evaluated by measuring the runoff quantity, sediment load, sediment concentration, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity of the runoff. Ornamental plant species included Lonicera japonica, Lantana montevidenses, Carpobrotus edulis, Hedera helix L. , Myoporum parvifolium, Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Vinca major. Rainfall simulation trials yielded significant reductions in total runoff and sediment by any treatment compared to bare soil, with 100 % vegetative cover yielding 98.6 % and 99 % reductions, respectively. Turbidity was significantly reduced by all treatments, while TDS and EC were not significantly different among trials. Average pH values for bare soil were significantly higher than those of jute netting and/or vegetation. In overland flow experiments, compost reduced runoff, sediment, and turbidity by greater than 96 % and increased EC by 430 % when compared to bare soil. Jute netting reduced runoff, sediment, turbidity, and EC by 43 %, 99 %, 97%, and 65 %, respectively, when compared to bare soil. Higher pH and salt concentrations were detected in runoff from boxes treated with compost; however, levels were not substantial enough (1673.9 μS) to be harmful to plants. Since no runoff was produced in overland flow trials, ornamental vegetation treatments were 100 % effective in controlling overland flow under test conditions. Differences among the plant species will be elucidated with future research involving steeper slopes and increased flow rates.
Prediction of actor collaborations using IMDB data

The Internet Movie Database (IMDB) is a well-known site that contains information on movies, shows and personalities. We aim to build a model that uses IMDB data from the past to predict actor collaborations in the future. We install a relational database derived from the IMDB publicly available data on a PostgreSQL 9.1 server using the IMDBPy script. We form 4 different sets of actors of increasing size by querying the database appropriately. We also extract a multitude of side information for each actor, such as, languages they have used, genres of movies they play in, collaborating directors and producers, ratings of movies and gender among others. For each set of actors we perform link prediction, using the common neighbors score on the actor network as baseline, and the Probabilistic Soft Logic (PSL) modeling language using a set of appropriate rules. We report the area under the receiving operating curve (AUC-ROC) to evaluate the output of both methods. Results show that the use of PSL for our datasets and set of features can enhance the classification results of the baseline.
Testing the usability of access structures in a health education brochure.

OBJECTIVES In health education, the design of written materials is seldom subject to experimental tests. Using insights from cognitive-ergonomic literature on usability we tested a brochure against three stepwise improved versions. Effects were assessed of pictorials that flagged references in the brochure text, the use of tabs and colour coding of these pictorials and tabs, on finding information in the brochure. METHODS One hundred Dutch adults from the general population were videotaped while looking up search items. Dependent measures relating to search effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction and learnability were extracted. RESULTS Results showed a general inferiority of the original brochure. The presence of coloured tabs and pictorials contributed to a more usable brochure design, although errors were still made. CONCLUSION It is concluded that this kind of research may provide valuable insights for more effective health education material design and thus contributes to the effectiveness of health education practice.
Time-domain parameterization of the closing phase of glottal airflow waveform from voices over a large intensity range

The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare two time-domain parameterization methods of the glottal flow waveform on a large intensity range. The first parameter is the classical closing quotient which indicates the portion of a period where the glottis is closing. The second parameter is the normalized amplitude quotient which is defined using the ratio between the maximum flow amplitude and the negative peak amplitude of the differentiated glottal flow. The parameters are shown to be strongly correlated, and the normalized amplitude quotient to be a more accurate, consistent and robust measure than the closing quotient. The subjects, five female and six male, produced sustained phonations on a large intensity range. On this material, the normalized amplitude quotient is shown to vary systematically with sound pressure level, and it reveals information that for the closing quotient is hidden in the local variance.
A New Renal Mitochondrial Carrier, KMCP1, Is Up-regulated during Tubular Cell Regeneration and Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes*

The mitochondrial carrier family transports a variety of metabolites across the inner mitochondrial membrane. We identified and cloned a new member of this family, KMCP1 (kidney mitochondrial carrier protein-1), that is highly homologous to the previously identified protein BMCP1 (brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1). Western blotting and in situ experiments showed that this carrier is expressed predominantly within the kidney cortex in the proximal and distal tubules. KMCP1 was increased during fasting and during the regenerative phase of glycerol-induced renal failure. We show that both situations are associated with transiently increased expression of superoxide-generating enzymes, followed by increased mitochondrial metabolism and antioxidant defenses. Given that KMCP1 expression occurs simultaneously with these latter events, we propose that KMCP1 is involved in situations in which mitochondrial metabolism is increased, in particular when the cellular redox balance tends toward a pro-oxidant status.
Apnea MedAssist: Real-time Sleep Apnea Monitor Using Single-Lead ECG

We have developed a low-cost, real-time sleep apnea monitoring system ``Apnea MedAssist” for recognizing obstructive sleep apnea episodes with a high degree of accuracy for both home and clinical care applications. The fully automated system uses patient's single channel nocturnal ECG to extract feature sets, and uses the support vector classifier (SVC) to detect apnea episodes. “Apnea MedAssist” is implemented on Android operating system (OS) based smartphones, uses either the general adult subject-independent SVC model or subject-dependent SVC model, and achieves a classification F-measure of 90% and a sensitivity of 96% for the subject-independent SVC. The real-time capability comes from the use of 1-min segments of ECG epochs for feature extraction and classification. The reduced complexity of “Apnea MedAssist” comes from efficient optimization of the ECG processing, and use of techniques to reduce SVC model complexity by reducing the dimension of feature set from ECG and ECG-derived respiration signals and by reducing the number of support vectors.
Clathrin assembly protein AP-2 induces aggregation of membrane vesicles: a possible role for AP-2 in endosome formation

We have examined the in vitro behavior of clathrin-coated vesicles that have been stripped of their surface coats such that the majority of the clathrin is removed but substantial amounts of clathrin assembly proteins (AP) remain membrane-associated. Aggregation of these stripped coated vesicles (s-CV) is observed when they are placed under conditions that approximate the pH and ionic strength of the cell interior (pH 7.2, approximately 100 mM salt). This s-CV aggregation reaction is rapid (t1/2 < or = 0.5 min), independent of temperature within a range of 4-37 degrees C, and unaffected by ATP, guanosine-5'-O- (3-thiophosphate), and in particular EGTA, distinguishing it from Ca(2+)-dependent membrane aggregation reactions. The process is driven by the action of membrane-associated AP molecules since partial proteolysis results in a full loss of activity and since aggregation is abolished by pretreatment of the s-CVs with a monoclonal antibody that reacts with the alpha subunit of AP-2. However, vesicle aggregation is not inhibited by PPPi, indicating that the previously characterized polyphosphate-sensitive AP-2 self-association is not responsible for the reaction. The vesicle aggregation reaction can be reconstituted: liposomes of phospholipid composition approximating that found on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the plasma membrane and of coated vesicles (70% L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine (type I-A), 15% L-alpha-phosphatidyl-L- serine, and 15% L-alpha-phosphatidylinositol) aggregated after addition of AP-2, but not of AP-1, AP-3 (AP180), or pure clathrin triskelions. Aggregation of liposomes is abolished by limited proteolysis of AP-2 with trypsin. In addition, a highly purified AP-2 alpha preparation devoid of beta causes liposome aggregation, whereas pure beta subunit does not, consistent with results obtained in the s-CV assay which also indicate the involvement of the alpha subunit. Using a fluorescence energy transfer assay we show that AP-2 does not cause fusion of liposomes under physiological solution conditions. However, since the fusion of membranes necessarily requires the close opposition of the two participating bilayers, the AP-2-dependent vesicle aggregation events that we have identified may represent an initial step in the formation and fusion of endosomes that occur subsequent to endocytosis and clathrin uncoating in vivo.
CLARKE RDRL HRT I MARTINEZ RDRL HRT T R SOTTILARE RDRL HRT B N FINKELSTEIN RDRL HRT G A RODRIGUEZ RDRL HRT I J HART RDRL HRT M C METEVIER RDRL HRT S B PETTIT

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