Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dış Borçlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye Ekonomisinde 1970-2014 Dönemi İçin Ampirik Bir İnceleme (External Debt and Economic Growth: An Empirical Assessment of the Turkish Economy for the Period of 1970-2014)

<b>Turkish Abstract:</b> Dış borçların ekonomik büyümeye olan etkisi bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisi için 1970 ile 2014 yılları arasında Bayer-Hanck (2013) eşbütünleşme testi vasıtasıyla araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca dış borçların ekonomik büyümeye olan katkısını ölçmek amacıyla oldukça özgün bir yöntem kullanılarak uzun vadeli dış borçların tasarruflar, sermaye hasıla katsayısı ve beşeri sermayeye olan katkısı ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki de araştırılmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, dış borçların ekonomik büyümeye uzun vadede bir etkisinin olmadığını, dış borçlar tasarruflar, sermaye-hasıla katsayısı ve beşeri sermaye kanallarından ekonomik büyümeye katkı sağlamadığı yönündedir. <br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The effects of external debt on economic growth is examined for the Turkish economy in the period of 1970-2014 by using a Bayer-Hanck (2013) cointegration analysis. Moreover, by using a novel approach, the contribution of long-term external debt to savings, capital-output ratio, human capital; its relationship with economic growth are examined in order to measure the contribution of external debt to economic growth. The findings show that external debt has no impact on economic growth in the long run and do not contribute to growth through savings, capital-output ratio, and human capital.
Using the Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet to Predict Macroeconomic Outcomes

This study investigates whether the U.S. Federal Reserve’s balance sheet can be used to predict macroeconomic outcomes. The Federal Reserve writes its own accounting standards, and I recast portions of the Federal Reserve’s weekly balance sheet as if it more closely followed Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Specifically, I estimate the fair value of the Federal Reserve’s U.S. Treasury notes and bonds and calculate the associated unrealized gains and losses. I demonstrate that unrealized gains (losses) on the Federal Reserve’s U.S. Treasury notes and bonds are associated with lower (higher) one-quarter ahead inflation and real gross domestic product growth. Additionally, I show that modifying proxies for macroeconomic news to incorporate the predictive value of unrealized gains and losses on the Federal Reserve’s U.S. Treasury notes and bonds helps explain equity returns around the release of macroeconomic data.
Investors’ Time Preferences and Takeover Performance

We investigate investors’ time preferences and takeover performance outcomes in a cross-disciplinary international study. We use a cultural measure on long-term orientation (LTO) to capture investors’ time preferences. Additionally, we study how investor protection and the nature of the deal (cross-border vs domestic) in connection with investors’ time preferences come into play in explaining long-term takeover performance. Evaluating data on 38,153 M&amp;A deals from 54 countries, over the period from 2000 to 2015, we offer empirical evidence that investors’ future orientation significantly improves post-M&amp;A performance, while short-term oriented behavior deteriorates takeover performance. Our findings further suggest that the positive impact of investors’ future orientation on takeover performance is more pronounced in countries with strong investor protection. Moreover, the impact of investors’ time preferences is stronger for domestic deals where the confounding impact of cultural differences is almost non-existent.
Desert rodent community structure : a test of four mechanisms of coexistence

Four mechanisms of coexistence are considered that may contribute to the diversity of desert granivorous rodent communities. In the first, bush/open microhabitat selection, coexistence is possible if there is a trade—off between foraging efficiency in the bush and open microhabitats. In the second, temporal variation in resource abundances, coexistence is possible if there is a trade—off between foraging efficiency and maintenance efficiency. The first species can forage profitably on low resource abundances while the second uses dormancy to travel inexpensively in time between periods of high resource abundances. In the third, spatial variation in resource abundance, coexistence is possible if there is a trade—off between foraging efficiency and the cost of travel. The first species forages patches to a lower giving—up density, (the density of resource at which a forager ceases foraging), while the second can inexpensively travel between patches with high resource abundances. In the fourth, seasonal rotation in foraging efficiencies, coexistence is possible if there is a trade—off between the costs of foraging during different seasons. The species that is the more efficient forager changes seasonally. The first mechanism of coexistence has received much empirical attention and support. The other three have not previously been considered with desert rodents. In a community of four granivorous rodent species, I used artificial seed patches to measure species— and habitat—specific foraging efficiencies and live—trapping to measure population sizes and mean distances between recaptures. Of the four, the fourth mechanism of coexistence best explained the presence of Perognathus amplus, Dipodomys merriami, and Spermophilus tereticaudus in the community. Each species enjoyed a period of the year during which it was the most efficient forager. Furthermore, the annual population densities of these three species fluctuated out of phase. Seasonal changes in species—specific predation risks and body size—dependent metabolic costs may have accounted for these results. The third mechanism of coexistence best explained the presence of Ammospermophilus harrisii in the community. This species preferred to forage a large number of widely spaced patches to a high giving—up density rather than forage a few patches to a low giving—up density.
Protein Modification by Lipid Peroxidation Products: Formation of Malondialdehyde-DerivedNϵ-(2-Propenal)lysine in Proteins

Abstract Malondialdehyde (MDA), a naturally occurring dialdehyde produced in the membrane lipid peroxidation, is known to react with lysine residues of proteins, but the MDA–lysine adducts generated in the proteins have not been characterized adequately. In the present study, we provide evidence that the enaminal-type MDA–lysine adduct, N ϵ -(2-propenal)lysine, is formed in human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) upon reaction with MDA or Cu 2+ . We found that the incubation of N α -acetyllysine with MDA generated N α -acetyl- N ϵ -(2-propenal)lysine as the predominant product. In addition, a polyclonal antiserum raised against the MDA-modified protein was found to contain antibody populations that could be purified by affinity gel prepared by covalent attachment of N α -acetyl- N ϵ -(2-propenal)lysine. It was concluded that the affinity-purified anti- N ϵ -(2-propenal) lysine antibody was highly specific to the enaminal derivative of both lysine residues and phosphatidylethanolamine, based on the observations that (i) MDA was the only aldehyde which generated immunoreactive materials in proteins; (ii) among structurally defined MDA-lysine adducts tested, the antibody recognized the enaminal adduct only; and (iii) immunoreactivity to N -(2-propenal)serine was still significant but much weaker than its reactivity to N -(2-propenal)ethanolamine. Furthermore, analysis of antibody recognition sites with a variety of N -(2-propenal)alkylamines revealed that the mono-specific antibody recognized the N -2-propenal- N -ethyl moiety [—(CH 2 ) 2 —NH—:CH=CH—CHO] of enaminal adducts. Determination by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that N ϵ -(2-propenal)lysine accounted for 33.7 and 3.1% of the lysine residues that disappeared during in vitro incubation of LDL with MDA and Cu 2+ , respectively. These results suggest that N ϵ -(2-propenal)lysine represents a major form of MDA covalently attached to proteins.
Recent Developments on Strawberry Plant Collapse Problems in California Caused by Fusarium and Macrophomina

Beginning at least as early as 2005 and continuing through 2010, the California strawberry industry has suffered production losses caused by soilborne fungi not previously recognized as strawberry pathogens in California. The vast majority of these problems took place in fields that did not receive the traditional pre-plant fumigation treatment of methyl bromide + chloropicrin. These new disease developments have been consistently associated with two pathogens: Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that these fungi caused symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Other experiments indicated that some strawberry cultivars are apparently less susceptible than others. Field trials using alternative fumigants provided some control of both diseases. In California, both Fusarium and Macrophomina are appearing in previously uninfested areas, indicating that these pathogens will be long-term concerns for this industry.
Procyclicality and the New Basel Accord-Banks' Choice of Loan Rating System

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is proposing to introduce, in 2006, new risk-based requirements for internationally active (and other significant) banks. These will replace the relatively risk-invariant requirements in the current Accord. This article examines the implications of this new risk-based regime for procyclicality of minimum capital requirements - in particular whether the choice of particular loan rating system by the banks would significantly increase the likelihood of sharp increases in capital requirements in recessions, creating the potential for classic credit crunches. The paper finds that rating schemes that are designed to be more stable over the cycle, akin to those of the external rating agencies, would not increase procyclicality, but ratings that are conditioned on the current point in the cycle, akin in some respects to a Merton approach, could substantially increase procyclicality. This makes the question of which rating schemes banks will use very important. The paper uses a general equilibrium model of the financial system to explore whether banks would choose to use a countercyclical, procyclical or neutral rating scheme. The results indicate that banks would not choose a stable rating approach, which has important policy implications for the design of the Accord. It makes it important that banks are given incentives to adopt more stable rating schemes. This consideration has been reflected in the Committee's latest proposals, in October 2002.
The frost resistance of juvenile and adult forms of some heteroblastic New Zealand plants

Abstract Many New Zea1and trees are heteroblastic, with juvenile forms that differ markedly from the fom Of the adu1t tree. Their phase change ‘Orresponds with the transition from cold air near the ground to warmer air above. Heteroblastic species, therefore, might be expected to have juvenile forms that are more frost resistant than their mature forms. Juveni1e forms of Streblus heteroPhYllus and so‐phora microphylla were more frost resistant than their mature forms and the juvenile and adult forms of the homoblastic Pittosporum eugenioides showed no consistent differences in their frost resistance. Juvenile forms of Carpodetus serratus, Hoheria angustifolia, P1agianthus regius, and Pseudopanax crassifolius were less frost resistant than their mature counte∼ms. We conc1ude that juvenile foms are not inherently more frost resistant than their equivalent mature forms and note that populations of the same species from different environments readily acquire the frost resistance appropriate to their habitat.
Capital Expenditures and Firm Performance: Evidence from a Cross‐Sectional Analysis of Stock Returns

Using a simple two&#8208;period model of investment, we show that there should be a nonlinear relation between a firm's investment&#8208;to&#8208;capital ratio and its subsequent stock returns. This prediction finds substantial empirical support. The evidence indicates that the slope of the investment function is negative at low investment levels, close to zero at intermediate investment levels and negative at high investment levels. Our results, which are robust to the use of narrowly&#8208; and broadly&#8208;defined measures of capital investment, pose a challenge to the hypothesis that the negative cross&#8208;sectional correlation between investment and stock returns is attributable to some sort of overinvestment phenomenon.
Product Market Threats and Performance-Sensitive Debt∗

This paper examines how product market threats shape the use of performance pricing in loan contracts. Loan contracting faces a trade-off between financial markets and product markets: while using contractual terms that are linked to borrower performance – such as performance pricing – mitigates borrower-creditor frictions in financial markets, it makes a borrower vulnerable to product market pressures, which often decline borrower performance and make performance pricing more likely to become binding. Supporting this trade-off, we find that product market threats significantly moderate the use of performance pricing in loan contracts, particularly when the benefit of doing so outweighs its cost in exacerbating borrower-creditor frictions in financial markets.
Happily Ever after: Immigration, Natives&Apos; Marriage and Fertility

We study the effects of immigration on natives&apos; marriage, fertility, and family formation across US cities between 1910 and 1930 using a shift-share design. We find that natives living in cities that received more immigrants were more likely to marry, have kids, and leave the parental house earlier. Our evidence suggests that the positive impact of immigration on native men&apos;s employment, which increased the supply of native "marriageable men&apos;&apos;, contributed to generate these patterns. Instead, alternative channels - changes in sex ratios, natives&apos; cultural reactions, and economic competition for native women - are unlikely to, alone, explain our results.
Fungal symbiont effects on dune plant diversity depend on precipitation

Historically, mutualisms have been considered to be less important than antagonisms in affecting the composition of ecological communities. In plant communities, beneficial microbes may feature as keystone mutualists in structuring community composition. Understanding the direction and magnitude of mutualist effects at the community scale may be critical for making accurate predictions on plant responses to climate change, particularly for mutualists that ameliorate climate‐induced stressors. Such mitigation could shift outcomes between mutualist‐enhanced species diversity and mutualist‐reduced diversity, depending on whether a mutualist accelerates habitat modification or competitive exclusion by its partner species. Here, we tested the relative importance and interactive effects of altered precipitation and symbiosis between an epichloid fungal endophyte and a dominant grass species for dune plant communities along the Great Lakes, USA. In 2010, we imposed field manipulations of endophyte presence in the foundation dune grass Ammophila breviligulata in combination with rainout shelters and rainfall additions. We monitored natural rates of colonization by new plant individuals over 3 years. Under the current precipitation regime, endophyte symbiosis in A. breviligulata reduced colonizing plant diversity, species richness and evenness. This effect depended on the amount of precipitation, with the symbiosis having weaker effects on plant diversity under both augmented and reduced rainfall treatments. Despite the overall negative effect of endophyte symbiosis on plant diversity, plant responses to the endophyte were species specific. A federally threatened forb, Cirsium pitcheri, increased in abundance when the symbiosis was present, regardless of precipitation regime. Endophyte symbiosis in A. breviligulata caused minor reductions in the abundance of other grass species; however, augmented precipitation benefited other grasses. Synthesis. We show that microbial mutualisms can have strong effects on community structure in a native ecosystem and that the amount of precipitation has the potential to alter how these keystone species interactions affect community composition. Predictions on future plant community structure, for both restored and native dunes, can be improved by accounting for the presence of fungal symbionts in the foundation plant species.
Shedding Light on a Dark Matter: Jump Diffusion and Option-Implied Investor Preferences

We investigate the option-implied investor preferences by comparing equilibrium option pricing models under jump-diffusion to option bounds extracted from discrete-time stochastic dominance (SD). We show that the bounds converge to two prices that define an interval comparable to the observed option bid-ask spreads for S&amp;P 500 index options. Further, the bounds’ implied distributions exhibit tail risk comparable to that of the return data and thus shed light on the dark matter of the divergence between option-implied and underlying tail risks. Moreover, the bounds can better accommodate reasonable values of the ex-dividend expected excess return than the equilibrium models’ prices. We examine the relative risk aversion coefficients compatible with the boundary distributions extracted from index return data. We find that the SD-restricted range of admissible RRA values is consistent with the macro-finance studies of the equity premium puzzle and with several anomalous results that have appeared in earlier option market studies.
Rythme d'apparition des racines primaires du maïs (Zea mays L.) I. — Etude détaillée pour une variété en un lieu donné

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Rythme d’apparition des racines primaires du maïs (Zea mays L.) I. – Etude détaillée pour une variété en un lieu donné Didier Picard, Marie-Odile Jordan, Roland Trendel
Relationships between sclerophylly, leaf biomechanical properties and leaf anatomy in some Australian heath and forest species

ABSTRACT A previous study of 19 south-east Australian heath and forest species with a range of leaf textures showed that they varied considerably in leaf biomechanical properties. By using an index of sclerophylly derived from botanists' rankings (botanists' sclerophylly index, BSI) we determined that leaves considered by botanists to be sclerophyllous generally had both high strength and work to fracture (particularly in punching and tearing tests), both at the level of leaf and per unit leaf thickness. In the current study we have shown that leaves from the same species also varied considerably in leaf specific mass (46–251 g m-2), neutral detergent fibre concentration (20–59% on a dry weight basis) and in leaf anatomy. Multiple regression indicated a very strong correlation between BSI and the first two components of a principal components analysis (PCA) of leaf anatomy (R 2 = 0.91). In addition, there was strong correlation between the first component of a PCA of the mechanical properties (correlated with BSI) and the two axes derived from anatomical characteristics (R 2 = 0.66). The anatomical properties contributing most to the significant component axes were thickness of palisade mesophyll and upper cuticle (axis 1) and percentage fibre (neutral detergent fibre) and lower epidermis thickness (axis 2). However, whether these relationships are causal, or reflect correlations with characteristics not measured in this study, such as vascularization and sclerification, is not clear. At a finer scale, however, there is evidence that there are various ways to be sclerophyllous, both in terms of anatomical and mechanical properties. This is illustrated by comparison of two of the sclerophyllous species, Eucalyptus baxteri and Banksia marginata.
Non-adoption of environmental innovations in wine growing

Abstract Environmental innovations are frequently developed for use in agriculture, but their uptake and continued use is often patchy. In contrast to commercial innovations, environmental innovations often bring social benefits but provide limited commercial benefits. Businesses are unlikely to adopt and continue using environmental innovations that provide little commercial benefit unless targeted policies promote or require their uptake. The weak uptake of environmental innovations in the Waipara wine industry provides support for these contentions. The Greening Waipara Project developed and introduced seven ecologically and sustainably focused practices to the region's vineyards and wineries. However, adoption of the environmental innovations was, with one exception, relatively low. The costs associated with the innovations tend to outweigh the benefits gained by businesses. There are poor prospects for the adoption of such innovations.
Single Firm / Single Event-Analyses: Robust Inference in Litigation

Event studies have become pivotal in securities fraud litigation. The typical use-case are single firm/single event (SFSE) applications. These differ in methodology from standard event studies in that inference on abnormal returns can only be based on the time-series variance of abnormal returns over a calibration period. In this study, we analyze robust inference in the SFSE setting using Monte Carlo and resampling experiments. We test size and power of different methods in different regimes of market volatility. It turns out that even extreme regimes of heteroscedasticity do not bias inference significantly when using daily data. The one problem of inference arises from switching volatility regimes, where calibration and event period occur in different regimes. We show that White- or Newey/West-correction of standard errors can not be applied and that GARCH estimation using intraday data is a suitable approach to solve this issue.
Effect of Climate Change on Financial Institutions and the Financial System

Climate change is emerging as an important issue, and has been a cause for increasing uncertainty in the business sector. It is important to understand the effects of climate change events on financial institutions and the financial system. This study analyzes the effect of climate change on financial institutions and the financial system, and show that climate change has serious consequences on the stability of financial institutions through its effect on the counterparties and clients of financial institutions. Climate change also has serious consequences on the stability of the financial system through its effect on financial institutions.
Correlates Employee Engagement With Turnover Intention

Purpose: The objective of this research study is to study the association between employee engagement and employee turnover intention; and to study relationship between demographic variables and level of employee engagement. <br><br>Design/methodology/approach: This Correlational study, employed convenience sampling technique i.e. non probability sampling method to select the sample consisted of 154 employees of various star hotels in Coimbatore city. And data were collected using surveys and were analyzed using ANOVA, and Correlation Analysis. <br><br>Results: Correlation study analyzed relationship between the employee engagement and turnover Intention and revealed that there is a significant relationship between the engagement and Turnover Intention. <br><br>Conclusion: The study supports that the employee turnover intention has significant relationship with employee engagement.