Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral functions and dynamic critical behavior of relativistic Z2 theories

SUMMARY Ambient noise tomography is a rapidly emerging field of seismological research. This paper presents the current status of ambient noise data processing as it has developed over the past several years and is intended to explain and justify this development through salient examples. The ambient noise data processing procedure divides into four principal phases: (1) single station data preparation, (2) cross-correlation and temporal stacking, (3) measurement of dispersion curves (performed with frequency‐time analysis for both group and phase speeds) and (4) quality control, including error analysis and selection of the acceptable measurements. The procedures that are described herein have been designed not only to deliver reliable measurements, but to be flexible, applicable to a wide variety of observational settings, as well as being fully automated. For an automated data processing procedure, data quality control measures are particularly important to identify and reject bad measurements and compute quality assurance statistics for the accepted measurements. The principal metric on which to base a judgment of quality is stability, the robustness of the measurement to perturbations in the conditions under which it is obtained. Temporal repeatability, in particular, is a significant indicator of reliability and is elevated to a high position in our assessment, as we equate seasonal repeatability with measurement uncertainty. Proxy curves relating observed signal-to-noise ratios to average measurement uncertainties show promise to provide useful expected measurement error estimates in the absence of the long time-series needed for temporal subsetting.
Use of Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter to quantify the effectiveness of mid-summer trunk injection of iron on chlorotic pear trees

Abstract The severity of leaf chlorosis in iron (Fe)‐deficient fruit trees is often characterized using a semi‐quantitative visual rating index that is subject to evaluator bias. Analytical instruments are now available that provide a quantitative measure of leaf green color that could substitute for visual ratings. We injected limbs of mature chlorotic pear trees (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett) with distilled water or a solution of 0.1% Fe (w/v) as FeSO4‐7H2O on 17 July 1995. Treatments were replicated eight‐fold. On 18 August 1995, a Minolta SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter was used to measure the green color of 30 randomly sampled leaves located above the point of injection on each injected limb. Average leaf green color was higher in the Fe‐injected tree than in the water‐injected tree of each experimental block. Leaf green color (mean±SD) averaged 34.7±3.8 SPAD units for the Fe‐injected trees and 27.3±3.8 SPAD units for the water‐injected trees. The absolute increase in mean leaf color of 7.4 SPAD units w.
Extractable Silicon in Soils of the South African Sugar Industry and Relationships with Crop Uptake

Reports of sugarcane yield responses to silicon (Si), coupled with mounting evidence that elevated crop Si levels reduce both biotic and abiotic stresses, account for the interest in the Si nutrition of this crop. In terms of managing Si supplies to sugarcane in South Africa, uncertainties exist regarding, first, the reserves of plant-available Si in soils, and second, the reliability of soil-test methods for predicting Si availability. In this study, extractable Si was measured in 112 soils collected from sugarcane-producing fields in South Africa. Soils were selected on the basis of dominant soil types and included Inceptisols, Alfisols, Mollisols, Vertisols, Oxisols, Entisols, and Ultisols, varying widely in chemical properties, texture, and extent of weathering. Extractants employed were 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 0.02 N sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Silicon extracted with 0.02 N H2SO4 ranged from 2 to 293 mg kg−1, whereas with 0.01 M CaCl2 the range was 5 to 123 mg kg−1. With both extractants, extractable Si decreased significantly with decreasing pH, exchangeable calcium (Ca), and total cations. In soils with potassium chloride (KCl)–extractable Al+H levels of greater than 0.5 cmolcL−1, extractable Si levels were consistently low, suggesting that soluble Al is implicated in reducing plant-available Si levels. Extractable Si levels were not related to the Bache and Williams P-sorption indices of soils. In the second part of the investigation, sugarcane leaf Si concentrations from 28 sites were related to soil extractable Si levels. The CaCl2 soil test proved markedly superior to H2SO4 as a predictive test for leaf Si levels.
Theoretical Study of M+−CO2and OM+CO Systems for First Transition Row Metal Atoms

The coordination of carbon dioxide to first transition row metal cations and the insertion reaction of the metal into one CO bond of carbon dioxide have been studied theoretically. The geometry and the vibrational frequencies of the M+−CO2 and OM+CO structures have been determined using the hybrid three-parameter B3LYP density functional approach. Binding energies have also been determined at the CCSD(T) level using large basis sets. The linear end-on M+−OCO structure is the most favorable coordination for CO2, due to the electrostatic nature of the bonding. In the inserted OM+CO structures, the bonding arises from the electrostatic interaction between the ground state of OM+ and CO. For the early transition metals (Sc+, Ti+, and V+), the insertion reaction is exothermic and the inserted OM+CO structure is more stable than the linear M+−OCO isomer, because of the very strong MO+ bond that is formed.
How can green differentiated capital requirements affect climate risks? A dynamic macrofinancial analysis

Using an ecological macrofinancial model, we explore the potential impact of the ‘green supporting factor’ (GSF) and the ‘dirty penalising factor’ (DPF) on climate-related financial risks. We identify the transmission channels by which these green differentiated capital requirements (GDCRs) can affect credit provision and loan spreads, and we analyse these channels within a dynamic framework in which climate and macrofinancial feedback effects play a key role. Our main findings are as follows. First, GDCRs can reduce the pace of global warming and decrease thereby the physical financial risks. This reduction is quantitatively small, but is enhanced when GSF and DPF are implemented simultaneously or in combination with green fiscal policies. Second, DPF increases the capital of banks and reduces their credit provision, making them less fragile. Third, both DPF and GSF generate some transition risks: GSF increases bank leverage because it boosts green credit and DPF increases loan defaults since it reduces economic activity. These effects are small in quantitative terms and are attenuated when there is a simultaneous implementation of DPF and GSF. Fourth, fiscal policies that boost green investment amplify the transition risks of GSF and reduce the transition risks of DPF; the combination of green fiscal policy with DPF is thereby a potentially effective climate policy mix from a financially stability point of view.
The Effects of a Resilience Enhancing Nursing Program on Depression among Pregnant Teenagers

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effects of the resilience enhancing nursing program (RENP) on resilience and depression among pregnant teenagers who received this program. A quasi experimental was conducted with 130 pregnant Thai women. Final analysis included 130 participants (Intervention n = 64 and control group n = 66). The RENP was delivered in three steps including; Step 1, establishing trusting relationships; Step 2, improving the resilience, and Step 3, monitoring and encouraging the resilience practice. The research instruments consisted of a demographic data questionnaire, and resilience and depressive program instruments, including a handbook and self-report. Research data were analyzed and displayed, providing percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, independent t-test, paired t-test, and the repeated measures ANOVA. The findings showed a significant difference in depression by time alone (p = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference by group alone in depression (p = 0.969). This study revealed mean score on depression in the experimental group was not significantly lower than before entering the program at week 4 and week 8 (p = 0.870, p = 0.428). However, resilience showed difference in score over time between the experimental group and control group. There was a significant difference in resilience score by time alone (F = 10.523, p < 0.001). The results can contribute to guiding nurses to enhance decrease in depression in pregnant teenagers in the earlier first trimester in antenatal care units. Nurse or nurse midwife should be concerned about the potential for early detection in the prenatal period and provide appropriate interventions to teenage mothers in the postnatal period.
A Goal-Driven Crime Scripting Framework

 Abstract — Crime scripting is a simple and effective crime modeling technique that aims to improve understanding of security analysts about security and crime incidents. Low-quality scripts provide a wrong, incomplete, or sophisticated understanding of the crime commission process, which oppose the purpose of their application, e.g., identifying effective and cost-efficient situational crime prevention (SCP) measures. One important and overlooked factor in generating quality scripts is the crime scripting method. This study investigates the problems within the existing crime scripting practices and proposes a crime scripting approach that contributes to generating quality crime scripts. It was validated by experienced crime scripters. This framework helps analysts develop better crime scripts and contributes to their effective application, e.g., SCP measures identification or policy-making.
Potential antibacterial effects of flaxseed and Nigella sativa extracts on Streptococcus pyogenes

Antibiotic resistance is a major global problem, associated with inadvertent drug usage. Herbal interventions are a therapeutic strategy that warrants greater research attention. Flaxseed and Nigella sativa are well recognized original super foods that have demonstrated potent anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities. In the oral cavity, the bacterial population is a result of the dynamic relationship between pathogens and commensals Streptococcus pyogenes is an important global human Gram-positive pathogen that causes a wide variety of acute infections, it is highly virulent since it has the ability overcome the host defence system. This in vitro study aims to evaluate antimicrobial activity of flaxseed and Nigella sativa extract against S. pyogenes. Ethanolic extract of flaxseed and Nigella sativa extracts were prepared and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against S. pyogenes was estimated. The results of this study show that both extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes. Present study demonstrated the bactericidal activity of both extracts which can be an adjunct to the future natural anti-bacterial therapy.
Numerical and experimental study on a pulsed-dc plasma jet

A numerical and experimental study of plasma jet propagation in a low-temperature, atmospheric-pressure, helium jet in ambient air is presented. A self-consistent, multi-species, two-dimensional axially symmetric plasma model with detailed finite-rate chemistry of helium–air mixture composition is used to provide insights into the propagation of the plasma jet. The obtained simulation results suggest that the sheath forms near the dielectric tube inner surface and shields the plasma channel from the tube surface. The strong electric field at the edge of the dielectric field enhances the ionization in the air mixing layer; therefore, the streamer head becomes ring-shaped when the streamer runs out of the tube. The avalanche-to-streamer transition is the main mechanism of streamer advancement. Penning ionization dominates the ionization reactions and increases the electrical conductivity of the plasma channel. The simulation results are supported by experimental observations under similar discharge conditions.
Analytical Procedures for the Measurement of Boron Isotope Compositions by Ion Microprobe in Meteorites and Mantle Rocks

An analytical procedure has been developed to measure in situ the 11 B/10 B ratio in terrestrial basaltic rocks and meteoritic chondrules having B concentration of less than 1 μg g−1 using a small radius ims3f ion microprobe. The central difficulties for these measurements are (i) the removal of the trace amount of B contamination introduced in the sample during polishing, (ii) the precise calibration of instrumental mass fractionation of B isotopes and (iii) the low count rates of 10 B and 11 B. Contamination experiments conducted with isotopically labelled B enriched in 10 B showed that ultrasonic cleaning in bi-distilled water (< 1 ng g−1 B) and pre-sputtering of the analysed area decrease B contamination to the level of 0.01 μg g−1. Analyses of isotope standards spanning a range of 11 B/10 B between 3.93 and 4.20 showed that instrumental mass fractionation was constant within? during one session of analyses. Repeated analyses of a standard glass showed a reproducibility of instrumental mass fractionation between February 1991 and October 1996 of 1.3. Taking into account all sources of error, boron isotope measurements are accurate to within 5 for meteoritic samples having B contents in the range 0.1 to 1 μg g−1. A slightly better accuracy of 1.5 can be achieved for basaltic glasses which can be sputtered with very intense primary beams. Une procedure analytique a ete developpee pour mesurer in situ par sonde ionique les rapports isotopiques du bore 11 B/10 B dans les roches basaltiques terrestres et les chondres des meteorites ayant des teneurs inferieures a I μ g/g−1. Les difficultes principales rencontrees lors de ces mesures sont (i) l'elimination de la contamination de surface en B introduite lors du polissage et presente a l'etat de trace, (ii) la calibration precise de la discrimination de masse instrumentale des isotopes du B, (iii) les faibles taux de comptage des signaux aux masses 10 B et 11 B. Des experiences de contamination artificielle d'echantillons par une solution enrichie en 10 B ont montre qu'un nettoyage pousse par ultrasons dans de l'eau bi-distillee (< 1 ng g−1 B) suivi d'un nettoyage par pulverisation ionique de la zone analysee reduisent la contamination de surface a moins de 0.01 μg g−1. L'analyse de standards isotopiques ayant des rapports II B/10 B variant entre 3.93 et 4.20 a montre que la discrimination de masse instrumentale etait constante a? durant une session d'analyses. Des analyses repetees d'un standard de verre ont montre une reproductibilite de 1.3 entre fevrier 1991 et octobre 1996. Si l'on tient compte de toutes les sources d'erreur, les mesures des isotopes du bore sont precises a 5 dans le cas d'echantillons de meteorites ayant des teneurs entre 0.1 et 1 μg g−1. Une precision meilleure, de 1.5, est atteinte dans le cas de verres basaltiques, qui peuvent subir une pulverisation ionique avec des faisceaux
Heterogeneous chemical reactions in the stratosphere

Four heterogeneous reactions have been added to a one-dimensional dynamic-chemical model of the stratosphere. The heterogeneous reactions considered were the decomposition of ozone, the recombination of atomic oxygen, the reaction of nitrogen pentoxide with the liquid water dissolved in sulfuric acid particles, and the oxidation of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide sorbed by the particles. The calculations demonstrate the possibility that each of these reactions with the probable exception of heterogeneous atomic oxygen recombination plays an important role in stratospheric chemistry. The results emphasize the need for experimental determinations at stratospheric temperatures of the fraction of collisions between reactive atoms or molecules and impure sulfuric acid particles that result in chemical reactions.
Defending pollution attacks in network coding enabled wireless ad hoc networks: a game-theoretic framework

Network coding is a promising technique to improve the throughput and robustness of wireless ad hoc networks. However, the packet-mixing nature of network coding also renders it more prone to pollution attacks. Most existing schemes to combat pollution attacks did not consider the defender's resource limit, nor the trade-off between defensive performance and other metrics such as delay and resource consumption. The authors investigate how to achieve such a trade-off optimally by proposing a two-player strategic game model between the attack and the defender. In this model, the utilities of both players are well defined, and thus the defender can obtain its best strategy by maximising its utility. To do so, a graph-based simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to derive the utility-maximising strategy. Finally, they conduct extensive experiments to evaluate their scheme from different aspects. The results show that their scheme can achieve better utility than existing schemes, and is more computationally efficient in the meanwhile. Moreover, their scheme can obtain a sub-optimal solution within a small number of iterations, which implies that it can be implemented in the short-session communication scenario where it is required to find a sufficiently good solution within a short time.
Interaction of Peroxynitric Acid with Solid H2O Ice

The uptake of peroxynitric acid (PNA), HO 2 NO 2 or HNO 4 , on solid H 2 O ice at 193 K (-80°C) was studied using a fast flow-mass spectrometric technique. An uptake coefficient of 0.15 ± 0.10 was measured, where the quoted uncertainty denotes 2 standard deviations. The uptake process did not result in the production of gas phase products. The composition of the condensed phase was investigated using programmed heating (3 K min -1 ) of the substrate coupled with mass spectrometric detection of desorbed species. Significant quantities of HNO 4 and HNO 3 desorbed from the substrates at temperatures above 225 K and 246 K, respectively. The desorbed HNO 3 , which was less than 9% of the desorbed HNO 4 and remained unchanged upon incubation of the substrate, was likely due to impurities in the HNO 4 samples rather than reaction of HNO 4 on the substrate. The onset temperatures for HNO 4 desorption increased with increasing H 2 O to HNO 4 ratios, indicating that HNO 4 , like HNO 3 , tends to be hydrated in the presence of water. These observations suggest possible mechanisms for removal of HNO 4 or repartitioning of total odd nitrogen species in the Earth's upper troposphere and stratosphere.
Researching the Neighborhood and Schooling Experiences of Black Male High School “Students who Play Sports” in Atlanta and Chicago

Background/Context The corpus of scholarship on Black male students who play sports focuses on students at the collegiate level, thus ignoring the regional, neighborhood, and K–12 educational backgrounds and experiences of these young people before some matriculate into a college or university. This omission suggests the need for more robust investigations that (a) focus on Black males during K–12 schooling, (b) place Black male students’ experiences within the larger geographic (e.g., regions, neighborhoods and schools) and social and historical contexts in which they live and go to school, and thereby, (c) seek to understand how these contexts shape students’ experiences and beliefs about race and the role of academics and athletics in their lives and future. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study We investigated two research questions: (1) For Black male students who play high school sports, how do the social contexts shape their experiences and their beliefs about race and the role of academics and athletics in their lives and future? (2) And, what are the consequences of Black male students’ experiences and beliefs for their academic and athletic outcomes? This investigation across geographically and economically contrasting cities, neighborhoods, and schools in the U.S. South (metro Atlanta, Georgia) and Midwest (Chicago, Illinois) offers empirical, theoretical, and practice-related evidence about young Black males’ experiences and beliefs about race, academics, and athletics, while providing a window into the complex social and cultural worlds in which they live, go to school, and play sports. Research Design This article emanates from research studies that employed ethnographic research methods such as interviews and observations, while embedding the researchers within the communities where Black people resided. The research design used a cross-case analysis to investigate participants’ experiences and beliefs. The constant comparative method allowed for the synthesizing of data collected from two different research sites. Description of Main Findings Key findings revealed the importance for researchers to consider place and its implication in the experiences of Black male students who play sports, particularly their perceptions of the role of academics, athletics, and race in their lives. Conclusions/Recommendations This article moves the scholarly understanding of the study of Black male “students who play sports” forward by illuminating the centrality of places, whether a particular country, region, city, neighborhood, or school—in shaping participants’ experiences and beliefs. We offer insights for research, theory, and practice.
Measuring the saturated hydraulic conductivity of peat substrates in nursery containers

Pore size, distribution and continuity are important characteristics for the exchange and storage of air and water in artificial mixes. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) measurements can be used to obtain such a characterization. However, two difficulties are encountered when using Ks in potting media. First, the validity of Ks may be limited because it may not apply in media composed of coarse material or peat. Second, the structure of peat substrates is very sensitive and in situ measurements of potted peat substrates (i.e. measurements made directly in the pots) should be carried out to avoid any disruptive effect due to handling. Such a measurement, when made in pots, may require the evaluation of the water flux reduction resulting from the container outflow configuration. The objectives of this study were therefore to check the validity of Darcy’s law for peat substrates and to propose an approach for estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity from flow measurements made in nursery container.