Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Push Comes to Shove—The Moral Fiction of Reason-Based Situational Control and the Embodied Nature of Judgment

It is a common socio-moral practice to appeal to reasons as a guiding force for one’s actions. However, it is an intriguing possibility that this practice is based on fiction: reasons cannot or do not motivate the majority of actions—especially moral ones. Rather, pre-reflective evaluative processes are likely responsible for moral actions. Such a view faces two major challenges: (i) pre-reflective judgments are commonly thought of as inflexible in nature, and thus they cannot be the cause of the varied judgments people rely on in everyday life, and (ii) if reflective reason-based judgments do not play a strong causative role in judgment, why do people rely on the articulation of reasons in their moral practices? And how is moral agency and moral theorizing possible without it? We argue that the pre-reflective judgments motivating moral actions are embodied in nature. The experience of the rightness of an action that drives a person to act depends on the sensorimotor interactions that have cultivated an agent’s perspective on the world. These interactions are embedded in relational contexts, relative to which judgments are individuated. Because of this relational embeddedness, they are more flexible than they are commonly thought to be, enabling us to explain the variety of human behavior by appealing to them. The Anglo-European practice of appealing to reason as if they were propositional belief-statements motivating actions can be accounted for as nothing more than an idiosyncratic way of constructing narratives to clarify and express the relational context of intentional actions.
Basal and Infectious Enteritis in Broilers Under the I See Inside Methodology: A Chronological Evaluation

Recently, the inflammation of the intestinal mucosa has been related to many diseases in humans and animals. The concept of Microscopic Enteritis (ME) used in human pathology through the Marsh classification system has no counter-part in veterinary medicine. In poultry science, the I See Inside (ISI) methodology, unlike the current linear measures of villi and crypts, generates possibilities to describe and understand the avian ME. Through specific parameters, graded from 0 to 3, the model links proliferative and/or inflammatory reactions in the intestinal layers to some loss in performance. Herein, two trials were conducted in order to describe the development of ME through the ISI methodology in chickens challenged or not with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens. In each trial, a total of 64 birds were divided in 2 treatments with 4 replicates containing 8 birds each: non-challenged (NCH) and challenged (CH) through gavage with an Eimeria spp. vaccine at 1 day of age and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens administered at 10, 11, and 12 days of age. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age birds were euthanized and samples of ileum and liver were collected for ISI evaluation, cytokines and presence of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ cell. The results allowed the description of the avian Microscopic Enteritis and of its two basic components: a basal enteritis (BE) in NCH broilers, over which the infectious enteritis is developed in CH birds. In addition, the chronology of ME translated by the ISI methodology parameters were associated to losses in zootechnical performance.
Economic Impact of a Bluetongue Serotype 8 Epidemic in Germany

Background and Objectives: Germany was affected by Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) from 2006 to 2009 and recorded new cases since December 2018. We assessed the economic impact of the epidemic from the first cases in 2006 until 2018. Direct costs include production losses, animal deaths, and veterinary treatment. Indirect costs include surveillance, additional measures for animal export, disease control (preventive vaccination and treatment with insecticides), vector monitoring, and administration. Methodology: To estimate the financial impact of BTV-8 on different species and production types at the animal level, we performed a gross margin analysis (GMA) for dairy and beef cattle, and sheep. To estimate the impact on the national level, we used a modified framework described by Rushton et al. (1) and applied a methodology described by Bennett (2). Both the GMA and the economic model on national level were implemented in Excel and the Excel Add-in @Risk. The tools, which are widely applicable, also for other diseases, are made available here. Results: The financial impact of a BTV-8 infection at the animal level was estimated at 119–136 Euros in dairy cattle, at 27 Euros in beef cattle, and at 74 Euros in sheep. At the national level, the impact of the BTV-8 epidemic ranged between 157 and 203 million Euros (mean 180 million Euros). This figure consisted of 132 (73%) and 48 (27%) million Euros for indirect and direct costs. Indirect costs included 89 million Euros (67%) for vaccination, 18 million Euros (14%) for insecticide treatment, 15 million Euros (11%) for diagnostic testing of animals dispatched for trade, 8 million Euros (6%) for monitoring and surveillance, and 3 million Euros (2%) for administration. The highest costs were induced by a compulsory vaccination campaign in 2008 (51 million Euros; 28% of the total costs) and the disease impact on cattle in 2007 (30 million Euros; 17%). Discussion: We compare the outcome of our study with economic analyses of Bluetongue disease in other countries, and discuss the suitability of GMA and the developed tools for a wider application in veterinary economics.
Intracellular Chloride Channels: Novel Biomarkers in Diseases

Ion channels are integral membrane proteins present on the plasma membrane as well as intracellular membranes. In the human genome, there are more than 400 known genes encoding ion channel proteins. Ion channels are known to regulate several cellular, organellar, and physiological processes. Any mutation or disruption in their function can result in pathological disorders, both common or rare. Ion channels present on the plasma membrane are widely acknowledged for their role in various biological processes, but in recent years, several studies have pointed out the importance of ion channels located in intracellular organelles. However, ion channels located in intracellular organelles are not well-understood in the context of physiological conditions, such as the generation of cellular excitability and ionic homeostasis. Due to the lack of information regarding their molecular identity and technical limitations of studying them, intracellular organelle ion channels have thus far been overlooked as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on a novel class of intracellular organelle ion channels, Chloride Intracellular Ion Channels (CLICs), mainly documented for their role in cardiovascular, neurophysiology, and tumor biology. CLICs have a single transmembrane domain, and in cells, they exist in cytosolic as well as membranous forms. They are predominantly present in intracellular organelles and have recently been shown to be localized to cardiomyocyte mitochondria as well as exosomes. In fact, a member of this family, CLIC5, is the first mitochondrial chloride channel to be identified on the molecular level in the inner mitochondrial membrane, while another member, CLIC4, is located predominantly in the outer mitochondrial membrane. In this review, we discuss this unique class of intracellular chloride channels, their role in pathologies, such as cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, and the recent developments concerning their usage as theraputic targets.
IL-17A Modulates Peritoneal Macrophage Recruitment and M2 Polarization in Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a debilitating gynecological disease characterized by the extrauterine presence of endometrial-like tissues located on the peritoneal membrane and organs of the pelvic cavity. Notably, dysfunctional immune activation in women with endometriosis could also contribute to the development of disease. In particular, alternatively activated (M2) peritoneal macrophages are shown to aid peritoneal lesion development by promoting remodeling of extracellular matrix and neovascularization of lesions. However, the stimuli responsible for polarizing M2 macrophages in endometriosis remain elusive. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) can induce M2 macrophage polarization in other disease models and IL-17A is elevated in the plasma and endometriotic lesions of women with endometriosis. In this study, we investigated whether IL-17A could induce macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization, while promoting endometriotic lesion growth through enhanced vascularization. By utilizing a co-culture of macrophage-like THP-1 cells with an endometriotic epithelial cell line, our in vitro results suggest that IL-17A indirectly induces M2 markers CCL17 and CD206 by interacting with endometriotic epithelial cells. Further, in a syngeneic mouse model of endometriosis, IL-17A treatment increased macrophages in the peritoneum, which were also M2 in phenotype. However, IL-17A treatment did not augment proliferation or vascularization of the lesion in the study time frame. These findings suggest that IL-17A may be a stimulus inducing the pathogenic polarization of macrophages into the M2 phenotype by first acting on the endometriotic lesion itself.
Inhibition of protein‐tyrosine phosphatase 1B phosphorylation enhances early adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells to facilitate fabrication of tissue‐engineered bone

Enhancement of cell–matrix adhesion is preferable and crucial in various fields of tissue engineering. Integrins are important receptors that facilitate cell–matrix adhesion, mediated by intracellular molecules and crosstalk with the cadherin adhesion pathway, which mainly facilitates cell–cell adhesion. Protein‐tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has emerged as a pivot in the crosstalk between the cadherin adhesion pathway and the integrin adhesion pathway. The phosphorylation state of PTP1B tyrosine‐152 (Y152) plays a central role in balancing the two different cell adhesion forms. In this study, a PTP1B Y152 region mimicking (152RM) peptide was designed to decrease the phosphorylation of PTP1B Y152 via competitive inhibition. As a result, the dissociation of cadherin complexes and the release of PTP1B from cadherin had sharply increased, and Src, an important intracellular component of integrin, was activated, indicating that the cadherin adhesion pathway was inhibited, whereas the integrin adhesion pathway was enhanced. Moreover, upon treatment with the 152RM peptide, we observed that the early adhesion of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was accelerated and the anchoring of MSCs on the surface of integrin ligands was enhanced by an enhanced matrix adhesion ability of MSCs themselves. Importantly, the 152RM peptide significantly promoted the adhesion efficiency of MSCs in the selective cell retention technology, which fabricates instant bone implants in clinical settings, to stimulate osteogenesis in vivo.
Effects of IFN‐γ on immune cell kinetics during the resolution of acute lung injury

The immunologic responses that occur early in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) elicit immune‐mediated damage. The mechanisms underlying the resolution of ARDS, particularly the role of signaling molecules in regulating immune cell kinetics, remain important questions. Th1‐mediated responses can contribute to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) orchestrates early inflammatory events, enhancing immune‐mediated damage. The current study investigated IFN‐γ during resolution in several experimental models of ALI. The absence of IFN‐γ resulted in altered kinetics of lymphocyte and macrophage responses, suggesting that IFN‐γ present in this microenvironment is influential in ALI resolution. Genetic deficiency of IFN‐γ or administering neutralizing IFN‐γ antibodies accelerated the pace of resolution. Neutralizing IFN‐γ decreased the numbers of interstitial and inflammatory macrophages and increased alveolar macrophage numbers during resolution. Our results underline the complexity of lung injury resolution and provide insight into the effects through which altered IFN‐γ concentrations affect immune cell kinetics and the rate of resolution. These findings suggest that therapies that spatially or temporally control IFN‐γ signaling may promote ALI resolution. Identifying and elucidating the mechanisms critical to ALI resolution will allow the development of therapeutic approaches to minimize collateral tissue damage without adversely altering the response to injury.
Aerobic but not thermoregulatory gains following a 10‐day moderate‐intensity training protocol are fitness level dependent: A cross‐adaptation perspective

Moderate‐intensity exercise sessions are incorporated into heat‐acclimation and hypoxic‐training protocols to improve performance in hot and hypoxic environments, respectively. Consequently, a training effect might contribute to aerobic performance gains, at least in less fit participants. To explore the interaction between fitness level and a training stimulus commonly applied during acclimation protocols, we recruited 10 young males of a higher (more fit‐MF, peak aerobic power [VO2peak]: 57.9 [6.2] ml·kg−1·min−1) and 10 of a lower (less fit‐LF, VO2peak: 41.7 [5.0] ml·kg−1·min−1) fitness level. They underwent 10 daily exercise sessions (60 min@50% peak power output [Wpeak]) in thermoneutral conditions. The participants performed exercise testing on a cycle ergometer before and after the training period in normoxic (NOR), hypoxic (13.5% FiO2; HYP), and hot (35°C, 50% RH; HE) conditions in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Each test consisted of two stages; a steady‐state exercise (30 min@40% NOR Wpeak to evaluate thermoregulatory function) followed by incremental exercise to exhaustion. VO2peak increased by 9.2 (8.5)% (p = .024) and 10.2 (15.4)% (p = .037) only in the LF group in NOR and HE, respectively. Wpeak increases were correlated with baseline values in NOR (r = −.58, p = .010) and HYP (r = −.52, p = .018). MF individuals improved gross mechanical efficiency in HYP. Peak sweat rate increased in both groups in HE, whereas MF participants activated the forehead sweating response at lower rectal temperatures post‐training. In conclusion, an increase in VO2peak but not mechanical efficiency seems probable in LF males after a 10‐day moderate‐exercise training protocol.
BTT_A_214518 191..200

Department of Gastroenterology, Base Hospital, New Delhi, India Background: Adalimumab (ADA) is approved for the management of lcerative colitis (UC) not responding to conventional therapy. Use of biologics in resource-constrained settings is very challenging. Currently, real-life data on the safety and efficacy of ADA biosimilar (Exemptia) in steroid-refractory UC patients are limited. Aim and objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of ADA biosimilar (Exemptia) to treat steroid-refractory difficult-to-treat UC patients in a resource-constrained Indian setting at 24-weeks follow-up. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective single-center study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ADA biosimilar (Exemptia) in steroid-refractory UC patients. All the eligible patients who received induction dose of 160mg at week 0, 80mg at week 2 and 40mg at week 4 and 40mg every 4 weeks as maintenance regimen from 01 September 2017 to 31 Jan 2019 were retrospectively included in this single-center analysis. Those patients who had shown sub-optimal response at 12 weeks received 40 mg every 2 weeks as maintenance therapy. Outcomes in terms of clinical remission, clinical response and mucosal healing were evaluated in the short term at 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Results: Twenty-five patients were retrospectively included between the time period of 1 September 2017 to 31 July 2018 with a mean age of 35 years. ADA biosimilar was effective in inducing clinical remission in 16%patients at 12 and 24weeks, clinical responsewas seen in 48%at week 12 and 44% at week 24. Themean baseline totalMayo score (TMS) for all patients was 10.16 which decreased to a mean score of 5.72 at 12 weeks and 5.52 at 24 weeks with therapy with the decrease of the score being statistically significant both at 12 and 24 weeks (p<0.05). Two patients (8%) developed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). ADA biosimilar frequency was accelerated to once in 2 weeks in 14 (56%) patients who did not show an optimal response at 12 weeks. Of these 14 patients, 5were responders and 9were non-responders at 12weeks. At 24weeks, 6 patients showed clinical response and 7 were non-responders, while one patient had developed TB. Conclusion: ADA biosimilar (Exemptia) therapy is a safe and cost-effective alternative to original biologics in difficult-to-treat UC patients in resource-constrained Indian setting with comparable efficacy. Maintenance therapy at four weekly intervals can be considered in those patients who have shown an early clinical response at 12 weeks to minimize costs, but more studies are needed to confirm the same.
Comparative Adsorptive Removal of Phosphate and Nitrate from Wastewater Using Biochar-MgAl LDH Nanocomposites: Coexisting Anions Effect and Mechanistic Studies

In this study, date-palm biochar MgAl-augmented double-layered hydroxide (biochar–MgAl–LDH) nanocomposite was synthesized, characterized, and used for enhancing the removal of phosphate and nitrate pollutants from wastewater. The biochar–MgAl–LDH had higher selectivity and adsorption affinity towards phosphate compared to nitrate. The adsorption kinetics of both anions were better explained by the pseudo-first-order model with a faster removal rate to attain equilibrium in a shorter time, especially at lower initial phosphate-nitrate concentration. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of phosphate and nitrate by the non-linear Langmuir model were 177.97 mg/g and 28.06 mg/g, respectively. The coexistence of anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, CO32− and HCO3−) negligibly affected the removal of phosphate due to its stronger bond on the nano-composites, while the presence of Cl− and PO43− reduced the nitrate removal attributed to the ions’ participation in the active adsorption sites on the surface of biochar–MgAl–LDH. The excellent adsorptive performance is the main synergetic influence of the MgAl–LDH incorporation into the biochar. The regeneration tests confirmed that the biochar–MgAl composite can be restored effortlessly and has the prospective to be reused after several subsequent adsorption-desorption cycles. The biochar-LDH further demonstrated capabilities for higher removal of phosphate and nitrate from real wastewater.
Effects due to sub-lethal exposure of zinc sulphate on liver of fish in Mystus cavasius fresh water: A histological study

Heavy metals are found in fluctuating levels in the aquatic bodies and can occur naturally in the environment. Sometimes, these heavy metals can be vulnerable to aquatic organisms at peculiar high levels. Therefore, due to insistent nature of heavy metals and their vergency to accumulate in tissues, they have been known as strong biological poisons (Nahed, 2006; Berntessen et al., 2003; Ek et al., 2005). Zinc (Zn) is among one of the most crucial trace elements in the body, and can take part in several natural function of proteins and enzymes (Maity et al., 2008). Most of the heavy metal ions are toxic in nature (Damien et al., 2004; Farombi et al., 2007) and may pose a threat to human health and the environment.
Saving by Default: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India

A growing share of the world population is getting access to a formal bank account. This allows a move from cash to account based payments. Grounding our hypothesis in behavioral economics, we conjecture that being paid on an account instead of in cash can play a major role in encouraging savings. When paid on the account, the money is saved by default, while as long as payments are done in cash the money is ready to be spent. We test our hypothesis in rural India, with villagers who either had an account, or were asked to open one. They received weekly payments of Rs 150 for about 10 consecutive weeks. We randomly allocated them to being paid on the account (treated) or in cash (control). We find that the treatment increases the account balance by about 110 percent, and that the effect is long lasting. The control villagers do not save more in other assets, but increase their expenditures on regular consumption items. We exclude two alternative mechanisms that could explain the result. First, using lab in the field games, we show that the treatment does not enhance the trust in or empathy towards the banker. Second, we provide evidence against the treated having developed an active savings habit on the account: they behave like the control, when we switch from account to cash payments. JEL Classification: D14, C93, D03, G21, O16
Adaptability and stability of Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner genotypes in the Western Amazon

ABSTRACT: The development of Coffea canephora cultivars is based on the characterization of genotype × environment interaction, which is interpreted to quantify the differential behavior of clones at different cultivation sites. The objective of this research was to study the genotype x environment interaction aiming to select clones of broad and specific adaptation to different environments of the Western Amazon. Twelve clones with hybrid characteristics of the botanical varieties Conilon and Robusta and four open pollinated clones, had their performance evaluated in comparison with four controls. The genotype × environment interaction was interpreted based on the environmental quality index, the non-parametric estimator of Lin and Binns, 1988 and on the dispersion of the centroid method. Effects of the genotypes, environment, and genotype × environment interaction were all significant (p<0.01). The environmental quality index (Ij) classified three environments as favorable for coffee production. In terms of the Lin and Binn’s estimator (Pi), hybrid genotypes 16, 10, 13, 09 and 14 presented lower Pi indices than others, and were classified as being more stable. Five clones of low adaptability, seven clones of specific adaptability to favorable or unfavorable environments and two clones of broad adaptability to all environments were identified interpreting the dispersion of the centroid method.
Parsing the effects of demography, climate and management on recurrent brucellosis outbreaks in elk

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society 1Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA 2U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, MT, USA 3Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA 4Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale, WY, USA