Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Responses of Newborn Calves to Oral Fructose, Sorbitol or Lactose Supplements

Abstract Becker, C.J., Keller, H.L. , Weiss, W.P. and Willett, L.B. 2000. Responses of newborn calves to oral fructose, sorbitol or lactose supplements. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 17: 185–196. Shortly after birth, calves are energy deficient as plasma fructose declines, glucose is metabolized and glycogen reserves are depleted. Therefore, supplements of fructose or sorbitol may be useful during the early postpartum period. Forty Holstein calves (10 male, 30 female) were sequentially allotted to four treatments: fructose, sorbitol, lactose, or control (water). Each supplement (40 g) was dissolved in 40 ml of water and administered orally lh after birth. Colostrum (1.9 L) was then fed. Growth and performance of calves were monitored for 6wk. Plasma glucose, fructose and insulin concentrations were determined for the first 20 calves. Jugular blood samples were collected 0.9, 6 and 12h after birth. Two distinct profiles of plasma sugar concentrations resulted; similarities existed between calves treated either with fructose or with sorbitol and second, in calves treated with lactose and control calves. In the latter two groups of calves, plasma fructose declined from 0.9h (≅ 43 mg/dl) to 6h (≅ 18 mg/dl). Fructose and sorbitol supplements elevated plasma fructose (99 and 77 mg/dl, respectively) and depressed glucose (38 and 41 mg/dl, respectively) at 6h. By 12h postpartum, plasma glucose was higher (≅ 90 mg/dl) for calves treated with lactose or water than for calves treated with fructose or sorbitol (≅ 59 mg/dl). Concentrations of plasma fructose declined ≅ 50 per cent for calves treated with fructose or sorbitol during the first 12h. Supplements did not result in differences in plasma insulin or rectal temperature for the first 12h postpartum. Body weight and average daily gain did not differ among treatments through 6wk of age. Further research has been suggested.
An Evaluation of the Short‐Term Progress of Restoration Combining Ecological Assessment and Public Perception

Ecological restoration centers on the reestablishment of ecological processes and the integrity of degraded ecosystems, but its success also depends on public acceptance and support. In this study, we evaluated the short‐term ecological effects of different restoration treatments in Iceland. Furthermore, we tested the public perception of aesthetic and recreational values of these revegetated areas. Predefined soil and vegetation indicators were measured, and a survey, based on a questionnaire and photographs of the different areas, was used for gauging public perception. Our results indicate that different restoration treatments triggered different succession trajectories. The vegetation composition of areas seeded with grasses seemed to be on a trajectory toward relatively undisturbed reference ecosystems, whereas areas seeded with nonnative lupine seemed to be developing a novel ecosystem. Results of the survey demonstrated that people valued the appearance of revegetated areas higher than that of the eroded control areas, with the exception of areas seeded with lupine. The visual perception of each restoration treatment corresponded well with the ecological factors and revealed both a social and an ecological rationale against the use of lupine in land restoration. The results indicate that the design of restoration projects should be based on both an analysis of sociocultural priorities and an understanding of possible trajectories of ecosystem development associated with the available restoration methods to avoid results that are neither socially acceptable nor ecologically feasible.
Dietary manipulation of the yield and composition of milk: Effects of dietary inclusions of barley and oats in untreated or formaldehyde-treated forms on milk fatty acid composition

Eight 1st-lactation cows were given four dietary treatments in a duplicated 4×4 Latin square experiment. Diets consisted of hay and soya bean meal together with barley, formaldehyde-treated barley, oats or formaldehydetreated oats (approximately 34:12:54 on a dry matter basis). Barley diets supplied 211 g fatty acids d−1, oats diets supplied 537 g d−1. The fatty acid composition (g kg−1 total fatty acids) for barley diets was: 300 (16:0); 20 (18:0); 150 (18:1); 470 (18:2); 60 (18:3). Corresponding values for oats diets were 180, 20, 390, 380 and 30 g kg−1. Formaldehyde treatment of the cereals tended to increase milk yield and reduce milk fat content (P<0·01 for barley) but did not affect milk fatty acid composition. Feeding oats in replacement for barley significantly (P<0·05) increased milk yield and lactose yield and reduced milk fat content (P<0·05 for the untreated cereals) and protein contents (P<0·01) without significant effects on milk fat or protein yields. Oats diets led to significant (P<0·001) reductions in the content of 8:0–16:0 fatty acids in milk fat with associated increases (P<0·001) in the content of 18:0 and 18:1. Changes in milk fat content of 18:2 and 18:3 acids were small. The results show the inclusion of oats in the cow's diet to be a means of reducing the saturated fatty acid content of milk fat thereby improving the nutritional value of milk and milk products and their appeal to the health-conscious consumer.
Habitat associations and breeding success of the Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs

Capsule Population trends for Chaffinch on farmland are unlikely to be explained by their preference for non-crop habitats alone. Aims To investigate the importance of non-cropped habitats for Chaffinch territory distribution, breeding success and foraging habitat selection in Scottish farmland. Methods Territory distribution, nesting success and foraging behaviour of adults feeding chicks at the nest were recorded and related to habitat composition on two Scottish lowland farms. Results Higher Chaffinch territory densities were associated with the presence of hedgerows, trees and grass leys, whereas lower densities were found adjacent to winter Barley. Nests were predominantly located in conifer trees and hedgerows. Trees were selected preferentially for foraging. Poor breeding success was detected in nests associated with cereal crops and wider field margins. Farmland in Scotland supported much lower territory densities than in England. Conclusion Chaffinches rely predominantly on non-cropped habitats for territory establishment, nesting and foraging habitats. Differences in habitat composition between England and Scotland may explain differences in territory densities. However, the Chaffinch's preference for non-crop habitats is unlikely to explain its population trends alone. Immigration from other habitats and/or a decrease in inter-specific competition for resources may also have contributed to the increase in the national farmland Chaffinch population.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRIHYDROXYOCTADECENOIC ACIDS IN BEER

A rapid and quantitative method for measuring the content of trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids in beer is described. The acids are extracted from degassed beer with ethyl acetate and methylated with diazomethane. After washing, the methylated compounds are silylated and analysed by gas chromatography. The coefficient of variation of the method is 3·2%. The amounts of total trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids in commercial beer samples varied from 4 to 12 mg/litre. The effects of these acids on beer flavour and head retention are discussed.
Health Inequalities in Connection with Socioeconomic Position of Duchenne / Becker Muscular Dystrophy Patients, Gujarat, India.

Background: The exploration of socioeconomic position concerning inequalities in health of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (D/BMD) families has hardly been assessed till today. We have investigated burden of D/BMD across Gujarat by approaching molecular as well biochemical indices. Moreover, we too correlate the same with socioeconomic position. Subjects and methods: In this pilot study, a total 101 Gujarati D/BMD patients were reviewed on basis of their clinical characteristics, confirmed by genetic analysis. Socioeconomic position was determined based on income, localities of the residence, characteristics of housing, education, and family history. Results: The study data revealed that development of most dreadful stances are associated with SEP of families. It was also observed that patients with low SEP have more severe condition compare to upper class than would be expected by chance alone. Conclusions: Study data support the hypothesis that better conditions enable higher SEP groups to maintain patients regarding their special requirements. In-depth research is necessary to elucidate various factors that will be responsible regarding health, pathology, and management of proband.
Global change and biological soil crusts: effects of ultraviolet augmentation under altered precipitation regimes and nitrogen additions

Biological soil crusts (BSCs), a consortium of cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses, are essential in most dryland ecosystems. As these organisms are relatively immobile and occur on the soil surface, they are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, rising temperatures, and alterations in precipitation patterns. In this study, we applied treatments to three types of BSCs (early, medium, and late successional) over three time periods (spring, summer, and spring–fall). In the first year, we augmented UV and altered precipitation patterns, and in the second year, we augmented UV and N. In the first year, with average air temperatures, we saw little response to our treatments except quantum yield, which was reduced in dark BSCs during one of three sample times and in Collema BSCs two of three sample times. There was more response to UV augmentation the second year when air temperatures were above average. Declines were seen in 21% of the measured variables, including quantum yield, chlorophyll a, UV‐protective pigments, nitrogenase activity, and extracellular polysaccharides. N additions had some negative effects on light and dark BSCs, including the reduction of quantum yield, β‐carotene, nitrogenase activity, scytonemin, and xanthophylls. N addition had no effects on the Collema BSCs. When N was added to samples that had received augmented UV, there were only limited effects relative to samples that received UV without N. These results indicate that the negative effect of UV and altered precipitation on BSCs will be heightened as global temperatures increase, and that as their ability to produce UV‐protective pigments is compromised, physiological functioning will be impaired. N deposition will only ameliorate UV impacts in a limited number of cases. Overall, increases in UV will likely lead to lowered productivity and increased mortality in BSCs through time, which, in turn, will reduce their ability to contribute to the stability and fertility of soils in dryland regions.
The corticolous and lignicolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina in North America

This is a taxonomic revision of the corticolous and lignicolous taxa of the genera Bacidia and Bacidina (Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycotina) in the continental United States and Canada. Twenty-seven species of Bacidia (one of which is divided into two subspecies) and twelve species of Bacidina are recognized. The morphology, secondary chemistry, ecology, and phytogeography of these species are discussed, and a key is provided. Apothecium pigmentation, thallus composition, presence of crystals in the proper exciple, hymenium height, thickness of paraphyses, spore shape and size, in Bacidina sometimes also conidial type and tholus structure, have proved to be the most important characters to distinguish between species. Circumscriptions of Bacidia and Bacidina are attempted. Tholus structure, cell structure of the proper exciple, presence of goniocysts, presence of crystals in the thallus cortex, and size of conidiogenous cells are the most valuable characters in the delimitation of these genera. Nine new taxa are described: Bacidia diffracta, B. helicospora, B. salmonea, Bacidina aenea, Bn. californica, Bn. crystallifera, Bn. ramea, Bn. squamellosa, and Bn. varia. Twelve new combinations are introduced: Bacidia campalea, Bacidia laurocerasi subsp. idahoensis, Bacidina assulata, Bn. egenuloidea, Byssoloma meadii, Fellhanera floridana, Herteliana alaskensis, Lecania stigmatella, L. subfuscula, Pachyphiale gyalizella, Ropalospora phaeoplaca, and Ophioparma rubricosa. In addition to the newly described species, 12 species of Bacidia and four species of Bacidina are correctly reported from the study area for the first time. The genera Psorella and Toniniopsis are reduced into synonymy with Bacidia. (Less)
Early Fruit Size Prediction Model Using Cubic Smoothing Splines for ‘Washington Navel’ (Citrus Sinensis L. Osbeck) Oranges in Australia

Citrus growers need to be able to determine the expected fruit size and the proportion of export-quality fruit at harvest relatively early in the growing season. Early fruit size prediction would also help in planning harvest operations and administering marketing strategies well in advance. This will also enable growers to remove small fruits that would not attain the desired export size. Fruit diameter growth of ‘Washington Navel’ oranges was measured over three consecutive growing seasons during the Stage II (cell enlargement) period between January and July. Fruit were randomly selected from around the tree canopy and tagged to measure the fruit diameter at fortnightly intervals until harvest. The data were used to develop a fruit size prediction model using cubic smoothing splines. The model was able to predict the final fruit size and the final percent size distribution at early stages of fruit development in January/February in Australia. Results indicated that under the growth patterns shown by navel oranges, accurate predictions of the final fruit size and fruit size distribution were possible during early Stage II fruit development phase 5–6 months ahead of the final harvest.
Potential for Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea in Pinus sylvestris Seedlings

Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr.) is the most common economically important fungal disease in Swedish forest nurseries. In tests in a growth room, foliage of predisposed (preinoculation incubation at 35°C for 4 days) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings was sprayed with suspensions containing Mycostop®, Binab® TF.WP or GlioMix® at concentrations of 0.5, 1 or 0.5 g l−1, respectively, and/or conidia of B. cinerea (106 spores ml−1). Binab and GlioMix reduced grey mould in needles by 94 and 92%, respectively, and were as effective as the fungicide Euparen® M 50 WG, while Mycostop reduced disease by 51%. In one trial in a forest nursery, Mycostop, Binab and GlioMix, each applied two and four times during the growing season, suppressed spontaneous B. cinerea infections in needles of first year container-grown P. sylvestris seedlings by 16–57%, and were as effective as recommended fungicidal sprays. It was concluded that biological control has potential to effectively suppress grey mould in seedlings in forest nurseries.
Micronutrients accumulation at different maize development stages

Estudar o acumulo de micronutrientes em funcao dos estadios fenologicos da cultura e de fundamental importância para subsidiar estrategias de definicao das quantidades e das epocas de realizacao de adubacoes na cultura, e das quantidades minimas que devem ser restituidas ao solo para fins de manutencao da fertilidade. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o acumulo de micronutrientes em funcao dos estadios fenologicos da cultura, considerando dois hibridos de milho. O delineamento utilizado foi o DBC com quatro repeticoes, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo os dois hibridos de milho dispostos nas parcelas e, nas sub-parcelas, as epocas de coleta das plantas, considerando os estadios fenologicos da cultura do milho. Hibridos de milho acumulam quantidades minimas de B, Cu, Mn e Zn nos estadios iniciais de desenvolvimento da cultura, sendo os valores maximos acumulados obtidos a partir de 100 dias apos a emergencia. Os hibridos de milho avaliados acumulam zinco e cobre ate proximo a maturidade fisiologica, quando sao obtidos os acumulos maximos. Hibridos de milho acumulam micronutrientes em sua parte aerea na seguinte ordem decrescente: Zn>Mn>Cu>B. As quantidades de micronutrientes necessarias para produzir uma tonelada de graos de milho sao: 0,0009 kg de B; 0,019 a 0,020 kg de Cu; 0,042 a 0,046 kg de Mn; 0,100 a 0,194 kg de Zn.
The biology of Agriotes ustulatus Schäller (Col., Elateridae). II. Larval development, pupation, whole cycle description and practical implications

Abstract: Following the first part (Furlan, 1996) dealing with adult behaviour and oviposition, this paper describes the larval and pupal development of Agriotes ustulatus Schäller. Larval size (head width and length) and weight of the 11–13 instars is defined. Larvae need live vegetable tissues to survive and grow. Most of the young larvae die within 30 days without live vegetable tissues while resistance to starvation increases with the age of the larvae. Each instar passes through three phases: mandible hardening and darkening, feeding, premoulting. The intense feeding and then the damaging phase lasts less than 20% of the total time. They are polyphagous and the rate of larval development does not vary according to the different crops supplied, nor did the kind of soil influence the number of instars and the rate of development. Provided with enough soil moisture, the rate of development strictly depends on soil temperature: the duration of each instar and pupae was studied at different temperatures. In laboratory conditions the centigrade degree day accumulation (CDDA) (above IOC) required to complete the whole cycle ranged between 3700 and 4500 (average 4156). In the rearing cages and in the open field this data was confirmed and the whole cycle was completed in about 24 months. At the latitude of the region where this study was carried out (45°34′00 N–45°42′00 N) the seventh instar (which normally is the first instar passing 10 mm) is attained by June of the year subsequent to oviposition, while most of the larvae reached the last instars by November and pupated the following year. Pupae can be found between the end of May and September mostly in the upper soil layer. The duration of the pupal stage lasts 13 days at 20°C. Larvae of different stages overwinter burrowing deep into the soil. Vertical migrations during the year are described. Finally the practical implications of the reported results are discussed.
Unique expression pattern of the α6β4 integrin and laminin‐5 in human prostate carcinoma

The α6β4 integrin and its ligand, laminin‐5, are essential gene products for the maintenance and remodeling of a stratified epithelium. Apparent loss of polarized α6β4 integrin and laminin‐5 protein expression in invasive prostate cancer as compared to normal prostate glands is known to occur. It is unknown whether these alterations occur in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions and whether this combined defect occurs in other epithelial cancers.
Evaluation and characterization of resistance to fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum in UK winter wheat cultivars

Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance of 50 cultivars from the National List of winter wheat cultivars approved for sale (or were undergoing trails for approval in 2003) in the UK was compared with 21 reference cultivars from continental Europe which had previously been characterized for resistance. Only three UK National List cultivars (Soissons, Spark and Vector) had stable resistance over trial sites that was significantly greater than that of the FHB susceptible cultivar Wizard. In addition, under moderate disease pressure, 21 of the National List cultivars had levels of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) above the proposed European Union limit of 1·25 ppm in grain. Surveys show that levels of FHB and DON in the UK crop are currently very low, however, should disease pressure increase for any reason, then an improvement in the overall levels of FHB resistance of UK winter wheat germplasm will be required. In order to infer the origin of resistance and to identify potentially novel resistance, allele sizes of microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB resistance were compared between the test cultivars and known, characterized resistance sources. The major FHB resistance QTL from the Chinese cv. Sumai-3 (3BS, 5A and 6B), the Romanian cv. Fundulea F201R (1B and 5A) and the French cv. Renan (5AL) were screened with 17 SSRs. No National List cultivar had haplotypes similar to any of these QTL. However, the highly resistant German reference cultivar Petrus had an identical haplotype to cv. Fundulea F201R on 1B indicating that this cultivar has an allelic FHB resistance QTL at that location.
Development of a Liver‐Targeting Gold–PEG–Galactose Nanoparticle Platform and a Structure–Function Study

For the specific liver parenchymal cell delivery, a series of short heterobifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives containing dimercapto and galactose (Gal) terminals is synthesized for the preparation of gold conjugates. The Gal density on the surface of all gold conjugates can be well controlled and the prepared gold conjugates are stable in various media, even in the presence of serum. For the liver targeting and reflectance imaging applications, the structure–function relationships of this platform, including the influence of the PEG molecular weight and the Gal ligand coverage of hybrid particles on the cytotoxicity and cellular recognition of tumor cells in vitro and on their liver‐targeting ability in small animals, are studied. Biocompatibility results show that HepG2 cells are more sensitive than HeLa cells to gold conjugates. Cellular uptake studies demonstrate that a lower PEG molecular weight, a higher Gal density, or a higher gold concentration can increase the cellular uptake efficiency of these hybrid particles in HepG2 cells when the other parameters are constant. The results reveal the importance of parameter modulation for the design and control of nanoprobes and the gold conjugates with short PEG chains and a high Gal density are a potential vector for active‐targeting therapy.