Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphic Architecture of a Net-Transgressive Marginal- to Shallow-Marine Succession: Upper Almond Formation, Rock Springs Uplift, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Abstract The upper part of the Almond Formation records the overall retreat of a wave-dominated shoreline and associated lagoons or bays. Exposures of these strata on the eastern flank of the Rock Springs Uplift, Wyoming, U.S.A. , enable analysis of their stratigraphic architectures along sections oriented oblique to depositional strike. The upper Almond Formation comprises at least nine vertically stacked regressive–transgressive cycles. The regressive component of each cycle consists of thick (up to 22 m), laterally continuous wave-dominated shoreface and overlying coastal-plain deposits that occur in paleoseaward locations and have abrupt (< 400 m) paleolandward pinchouts. The transgressive component of each cycle consists of one or more bay-fill successions that occur in paleolandward locations and gradually thin in a paleoseaward direction. Transgressive bay-fill deposits in each cycle are thick (up to 18 m) and associated with preservation of surfaces that record, in progressively paleoseaward locations: initiation of a lagoon or bay (transgressive surface), erosional retreat of tidal-inlet channels (tidal ravinement surface) and the shoreface (wave ravinement surface), and marine flooding (marine flooding surface). This architecture records regression of a strandplain or wave-dominated delta, and subsequent transgression of a barrier island and spit with associated lagoon or bay. The occurrence of such thick and fully preserved bay-fill successions indicates that accretionary transgressive shoreline trajectories were developed. Strongly-aggradational-to-weakly-retrogradational stacking of successive regressive–transgressive cycles results in a layered stratigraphic architecture, with laterally continuous shoreface sandstone layers interbedded with bay-fill shale layers. Shoreface sandstones layers pinch out up-dip abruptly (< 400 m) into bay-fill shales and have limited vertical connectivity. Sandstones within bay-fill and coastal-plain deposits occur as small, laterally discontinuous bodies of variable geometry and connectivity. However, these sandstones may provide additional connectivity where they erode through bay-fill shales between two shoreface sandstone layers.
Grenvillian and Caledonian evolution of eastern Svalbard – a tale of two orogenies

Svalbard is located in the north‐west corner of the Barents Sea shelf and the Eurasian Plate, in a key area for interpreting Caledonian and older orogens in the Arctic region. Recent U–Pb dating in the Nordaustlandet Terrane of eastern Svalbard shows this terrane to consist of a Grenville‐age basement, overlain by Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic platformal sediments, and intruded by Caledonian anatectic granites. Deformation, metamorphism and crustal anatectic magmatism occurred both during the Grenvillian (960–940 Ma) and Caledonian (450–410 Ma) orogenies. This evolution shows great similarities with that of eastern Greenland. In the classical model, eastern Svalbard is placed outboard of central east Greenland in pre‐Caledonian time. Alternatively, it may have been located north‐east of Greenland and transferred west and rotated anticlockwise during Caledonian continent–continent collision. In the Neoproterozoic, easternmost Svalbard may have been part of a wider area of Grenville‐age crust, now fragmented and dispersed around the Arctic.
GLC2000: a new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data

A new global land cover database for the year 2000 (GLC2000) has been produced by an international partnership of 30 research groups coordinated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. The database contains two levels of land cover information—detailed, regionally optimized land cover legends for each continent and a less thematically detailed global legend that harmonizes regional legends into one consistent product. The land cover maps are all based on daily data from the VEGETATION sensor on‐board SPOT 4, though mapping of some regions involved use of data from other Earth observing sensors to resolve specific issues. Detailed legend definition, image classification and map quality assurance were carried out region by region. The global product was made through aggregation of these. The database is designed to serve users from science programmes, policy makers, environmental convention secretariats, non‐governmental organizations and development‐aid projects. The regional and global data are available free of charge for all non‐commercial applications from http://www.gvm. jrc.it/glc2000.
Dependence of climate states of gray atmosphere on solar constant: From the runaway greenhouse to the snowball states

[1] Multiple equilibrium solutions of a gray atmosphere are investigated for various values of the solar constant. Two types of models are utilized in order to conduct a comparative study: a general circulation model with simplified physical processes (GCM) and a one-dimensional energy balance model (EBM). For intermediate values of solar constant, both of the models indicate the existence of multiple solutions that include the runaway greenhouse state in addition to the globally ice-covered state and the partially ice-covered state. In the GCM results, there is no partially ice-covered state with the ice line latitude lower than 22°. This indicates that the large ice cap instability discussed in previous EBM studies also occurs in GCM. Compared to the results of EBM, the ice line of the partially ice-covered state of GCM reaches lower latitudes. The appearance of the large ice cap instability in our GCM is impeded by condensation heating at the ice lines. The efficient latitudinal heat transport in the Hadley cell is considered to be a contributing factor to this delay in ice cap expansion.
Relationship between joint spacing and bed thickness in sedimentary rocks: effects of interbed slip

This paper consists of three parts. The first part presents a critical review of previous mechanical models on the relationship between joint spacing (s) and bed thickness (t) in sedimentary rocks. The second part describes a new mechanical model dealing with the effects of interbed slip on joint spacing. The third part presents the comparison between theoretical results of the model and joint data measured from Cambrian flysch sediments at Plage Victor in the Saint-Jean-Port-Joli area of the Quebec Appalachians. This study demonstrates two formation mechanisms of tensile joints: near-end fracturing takes place in the layers with smaller tensile fracture strength (C0<30 MPa) and smaller interbed shear strength (τ0<20 MPa) while mid-point fracturing occurs in those layers with larger C0 (>50 MPa) and τ0(>30 MPa) values. For the rocks with moderate tensile fracture strength (30<C0<50 MPa) and interbed shear strength (20<τ0<30 MPa), the near-end fracturing and mid-point fracturing take place preferentially in the thicker and thinner brittle layers, respectively. In the regime of near-end fracturing, the correlation between s and t is linear and independent of the thickness of the bounding non-jointing layers (d). In the regime of mid-point fracturing, however, the s–t relationship can be either linear or non-linear, depending on the variation of d value. The present study also suggests that the near-end fracturing is probably the prevailing process for the formation of tensile joints in bedded sedimentary rocks and that the coefficient of joint spacing (K) defined by the ratio of s to t is considered as an indicator of C0/(2τ0) for the jointed layer.
The Role of Extratropical Cyclones and Fronts for Southern Ocean Freshwater Fluxes

AbstractIn this study, the important role of extratropical cyclones and fronts for the atmospheric freshwater flux over the Southern Ocean is analyzed. Based on the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), the freshwater flux associated with cyclones is quantified and it is revealed that the structure of the Southern Hemispheric storm track is strongly imprinted on the climatological freshwater flux. In particular, during austral winter the spiraliform shape of the storm track leads to a band of negative freshwater flux bending toward and around Antarctica, complemented by a strong freshwater input into the midlatitude Pacific, associated with the split storm track. The interannual variability of the wintertime high-latitude freshwater flux is shown to be largely determined by the variability of strong precipitation (>75th percentile). Using a novel and comprehensive method to attribute strong precipitation uniquely to cyclones and fronts, it is demonstrated that over the Southern Ocean between 60% and 90.
Lower Kimmeridgian echinoids of Poland

A rich assemblage of echinoids, primarily regular ones, is reported from the Lower Kimmeridgian part of an over 1km thick Upper Jurassic carbonate sequence, developed over cratonic (epicontinental) areas of Poland (Holy Cross Mountains in Central Poland, and Western Pomerania in NW Poland). The echinoids, either underestimated or even overlooked in the former literature, appear to be significant components of ubiquitous organic assemblages contained in various deposits of the bahamite type of facies. The most diversified taxonomically are the echinoids from Malogoszcz in the Holy Cross Mountains (22 species, of which 4 dominate: Rhabdocidaris orbignyana , Hemicidaris intermedia , Gymnocidaris agassizi , Holectypus corallinus ). The richest numerically is the collection from Czarnoglowy in Western Pomerania (13 species, of which only 2 dominate: Hemicidaris hoffinanni and Nucleolites letteroni ). The systematically accounted forms, totalling over 2,000 specimens, represent 31 species of 20 regular genera, and 10 species of 5 irregular genera. Of these, four species are new to science, viz. Pseudosalenia malogostiana sp.n. , Pseudocidaris sanctacrucensis sp.n. , Trochotiara kongieli sp.n. , and T. suleiovense sp.n. The well preserved specimens, although usually devoid of spines and apical plates, display the SEM-recognizable features of the tests (i.a. pore-pairs morphology, tubercle arrangement) substantial for a functional analysis of 14 more commonly occurring species. This analysis stimulated a paleobiologic interpretation focused on the behavioral and environmental (very shallow up to subtidal) conditions under which the studied echinoids lived and were buried, i.a. by such catastrophic events as storm-induced and mass-movement deposition. A separate, short section of the paper concerns the grazing traces of regular echinoids [classified in ichnology as Gnathichnus pentax BROMLEY, 1975], caused by browsing the epibionts, and preserved in the studied sequence on various organic (shelly) substrates, the other echinoid tests including.
Atmospheric patterns forcing two regimes of arctic circulation: A return to anticyclonic conditions?

Atmospheric sea level pressure (SLP) patterns associated with two regimes of ice‐ocean circulation are identified by sorting the data into bins depending on whether modeled Arctic Ocean circulation was anticyclonic or cyclonic. The transition between regimes is a zonally symmetric SLP cell with maximum amplitude at the north pole. From 1946 to 1997, four anticyclonic and four cyclonic regimes track the Arctic Ocean SLP oscillation. Recent SLP data suggest that the ocean‐atmosphere system will shift, or has already shifted, to an anticyclonic state.
Derivation of dissolved organic carbon concentrations from SeaWiFS data

Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), which represents a fraction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), contributes strongly to the absorption of blue light in Baltic waters. This makes the Baltic an ideal test site for deriving DOC concentrations from ocean colour imagery. Two hundred and five high‐resolution (1.3 km) Sea‐viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) images from 1998 were processed using SeaDAS and combined into monthly composites of reflectance. A simple reflectance ratio algorithm, generated from in situ data, was used to derive CDOM absorption at 440 nm (a g440) and an algorithm from the literature was applied to derive DOC concentrations, with a constant CDOM spectral slope coefficient of 0.019 nm−1 to extrapolate to the required DOC‐algorithm wavelength. Monthly composites were chosen to improve the radiometric signal‐to‐noise ratio, given limitation of spatial and temporal coverage caused by clouds, ice and low solar illumination. Surface DOC concentrations ranged between 4 mg l−1 and 5 mg l−1, with elevated values in the cloudiest months (March and October). An increase in surface DOC lagged one month behind the annual cyanobacterial bloom, which peaked in July. The Gulf of Bothnia was found to have relatively high DOC concentrations in all months and comparisons with water‐leaving radiance (555 nm, associated with particulate scattering) maps showed no consistent correlation between DOC and suspended particulates.
Depth of the Martian cryosphere: Revised estimates and implications for the existence and detection of subpermafrost groundwater

[1] The Martian cryosphere is defined as that region of the crust where the temperature remains continuously below the freezing point of water. Previous estimates of its present thickness have ranged from ∼2.3–4.7 km at the equator to ∼6.5–12.5 km at the poles. Here we revisit these calculations, review some of the assumptions on which they were based, and investigate the effects of several parameters, not previously considered, on the cryosphere's thermal evolution and extent. These include astronomically driven climate change, the temperature-dependent thermal properties of an ice-rich crust, the potential presence of gas hydrate and perchlorate-saturated groundwater, and consideration of recent lower estimates of present-day global heat flow (which suggest a mean value roughly half that previously thought, effectively doubling the potential thickness of frozen ground). The implications of these findings for the continued survival of subpermafrost groundwater and its potential detection by the MARSIS radar sounder onboard Mars Express are then discussed. Although our estimates of the maximum potential thickness of the cryosphere have significantly increased, consideration of the likely range and spatial variability of crustal heat flow and thermal properties, in combination with the potential presence of potent freezing point depressing salts, may result in substantial local variations in cryosphere thickness. The locations that appear best suited for the detection of groundwater are those that combine low latitude (minimizing the thickness of frozen ground) and low elevation (minimizing the depth to a water table in hydrostatic equilibrium). Preliminary results from a MARSIS investigation of one such area are discussed.
Spatial patterns and demographic indicators of effective social media content during theHorsethief Canyon fire of 2012

A significant challenge during any emergency response scenario is the timely compilation of actionable data from disparate sources. Although numerous strategies exist, crisis mapping techniques have emerged as effective tools for synthesizing and visualizing event specific data when establishing situational awareness. User generated content (UGC) voluntarily submitted through social networking outlets (e.g., Twitter, Instagram, Flickr, and others) are increasingly being consumed and mined for actionable data (e.g., Goodchild 2007; Elwood, Goodchild, and Sui 2012). Despite its apparent value as a rich and instantaneous source of actionable content, little research has emerged examining the underlying demographic characteristics that are likely to produce effective crowdsourced content during a crisis. Accordingly, this study collected and synthesized user generated data extracted from multiple social networks during the Horsethief Canyon Fire that occurred near Jackson, Wyoming, in September 2012. The spatial distribution of wildfire and non-wildfire specific UGC were compared to confirm the presence of a social networking user base that contributed to situational awareness. Regression analysis was used to identify relevant demographic characteristics that reflect the portion of the impacted community that will voluntarily contribute meaningful data about the fire. The preliminary findings suggest that emergency responders can use these techniques to quickly and efficiently assess the efficacy of mining actionable data from social media in a given community. Recommendations for additional research are discussed and provided.
Methods of Locating Slip Surfaces in Landslides

The importance of locating the slip surfaces of landslides is emphasized in connection with their investigation and instrumentation, their analysis and their stabilization. The available methods are divided into two groups, those applicable only to moving landslides and those applicable to stationary ones. The first group comprises inferences from surface movement observations, direct measurements of sub-surface displacements, and geoacoustic sensing. In the second group the methods reviewed include in situ observations from access holes, observations on recovered samples and surface and sub-surface geophysical techniques. It is concluded that it is advisable to employ a variety of methods and to pursue first the more easily accessible and hence more cheaply gained information. It should also be borne in mind that multiple slip surfaces often exist and that it is important to ensure that the lowest of these is found. An extensive list of references is provided.
Axial zonation patterns of subtidal macrozoobenthos in the Gamtoos estuary, South Africa

The distribution of macroinfauna was quantified in subtidal, soft-bottom habitats, extending from the estuarine mouth to the tidal head of the Gamtoos—a small, shallow, temperate estuary situated on the south coast of South Africa. Sampling covered the full salinity gradient from fresh to marine waters, and all sediment types from marine sands to fluvial silts. A total of 35 taxa was recorded, of which 22 occurred throughout the year. Species richness and diversity declined from the seawater-dominated mouth region toward the fresh water section at the tidal head of the estuary. Sediment type generally bore no clear relation to biotic diversity. A marked drop in salinity between winter and summer sample series (Δ 0.2‰ to 24‰) coincided with a reduction of mean macrofaunal density by 70%, a more seaward relocation, and a compression of axial ranges of most taxa. Numerical classification and ordination of faunistically similar regions and of co-occurring species delineated four habitat zones along the longitudinal axis of the estuary which harbour four distinct macrofaunal assemblages: 1) A tidal inlet area with salinities close to seawater; clean, coarse, marine sands, rich in CaCO3 harbour a stenohaline fauna normally found on adjacent, marine sandy beaches. 2) In the lower reaches, where fine, fluvial silts of high organic content prevail, euryhaline polychaetes dominate the macrozoobenthic community; bottom salinities in this zone seldom dropped below 25‰ 3) The middle reaches, characterized by oligohaline- to polyhaline waters, stretch over sandy sediments of intermediate carbonate, silt, and organic fractions; the fauna comprises typical estuarine forms, which occurred throughout most of the estuary except at its seaward and landward limits. 4) The upper reaches encompass the limnetic waters near the tidal head of the estuary with sediments in this zone being composed mostly of coarse, clean sands, low in CaCO3; the macrobenthos in this region is dominated by taxa of freshwater origin, which generally do not penetrate seaward beyond the oligohaline waters, and by exceptionally euryhaline estuarine species. Salinity appears as the main factor in controlling faunal assemblages at both extremes of the estuarine gradient (i.e., tidal inlet and head), whereas sediment type delineates between communities in the mesohaline to polyhaline reaches. Axial (i.e., from tidal inlet to tidal head of the estuary) zonation patterns of macroinfauna broadly matched those of mesozooplankton and fishes, supporting the notion of a general structure underlying species distribution patterns in the Gamtoos estuary.
Characterization of trace gases' fluctuations on a ‘low energy’ cave (Castañar de Íbor, Spain) using techniques of entropy of curves

Variations of carbon dioxide and radon content of cave air are presented as key parameters to assess the outgassing and isolation processes of a subterranean atmosphere. An exhaustive monitoring in the Castañar cave determined the temporal evolution of CO2 and 222Rn levels over a 12‐month period, in order to characterise the mechanisms of these microclimatic processes. Concentrations of both gases show both seasonal variations and short‐term fluctuations depending on several climatic factors: the air temperature difference between cave and exterior, cave air pressure, rainfall and anthropic factors including visits and duration of door opening. Over the course of an annual cycle, a cause‐effect analysis has been conducted by stationary clustering of time series in terms of entropy of curves. Two opposing patterns of cave microclimate have been distinguished: (1) storage of trace gases in the cave reservoir during the cold‐wet season, and (2) CO2 emissions during warm‐dry season. The partial water filling of the porous system and fissures of the membranes covering the cave (host rock and soil) is determined by the external relative humidity (controlled by the external air temperature) as well as by rainfalls, which play a key role in confining the cave atmosphere. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Simulating current global river runoff with a global hydrological model: model revisions, validation, and sensitivity analysis

Global hydrological models (GHMs) model the land surface hydrologic dynamics of continental‐scale river basins. Here we describe one such GHM, the Macro‐scale—Probability‐Distributed Moisture model.09 (Mac‐PDM.09). The model has undergone a number of revisions since it was last applied in the hydrological literature. This paper serves to provide a detailed description of the latest version of the model. The main revisions include the following: (1) the ability for the model to be run for n repetitions, which provides more robust estimates of extreme hydrological behaviour, (2) the ability of the model to use a gridded field of coefficient of variation (CV) of daily rainfall for the stochastic disaggregation of monthly precipitation to daily precipitation, and (3) the model can now be forced with daily input climate data as well as monthly input climate data. We demonstrate the effects that each of these three revisions has on simulated runoff relative to before the revisions were applied. Importantly, we show that when Mac‐PDM.09 is forced with monthly input data, it results in a negative runoff bias relative to when daily forcings are applied, for regions of the globe where the day‐to‐day variability in relative humidity is high. The runoff bias can be up to − 80% for a small selection of catchments but the absolute magnitude of the bias may be small. As such, we recommend future applications of Mac‐PDM.09 that use monthly climate forcings acknowledge the bias as a limitation of the model. The performance of Mac‐PDM.09 is evaluated by validating simulated runoff against observed runoff for 50 catchments. We also present a sensitivity analysis that demonstrates that simulated runoff is considerably more sensitive to method of PE calculation than to perturbations in soil moisture and field capacity parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.