Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Baroclinicity on Wind Profiles and the Geostrophic Drag Law for the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer

Abstract By using a simple physical model of the baroclinic convective planetary boundary layer, the similarity functions of the geostrophic drag law are expressed as sums of a barotropic part, dependent only on the stability and boundary layer height parameters, and a baroclinicity dependent part. The latter are predicted to he sinusoidal functions of the angle between surface wind and geostrophic shear, their amplitudes being proportional to the normalized magnitude of geostrophic shear. These drag laws are confirmed by the results of a more sophisticated higher-order closure model, which also predict the magnitude of actual wind shears in the bulk of the mixed layer remaining much smaller than the magnitude of imposed geostrophic shear. The results are shown to be supported by some observations from the recent Wangara and ATFX experiments. The surface cross-isobar angle is predicted to increase toward the equator, a trend well confirmed by observations, but in obvious conflict with the drag laws propos.
Validation of community models: 2. Development of a baseline using the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge model

This paper is the second in a series providing independent validation of community models of the outer corona and inner heliosphere. Here I present a comprehensive validation of the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge (WSA) model. These results will serve as a baseline against which to compare the next generation of comparable forecasting models. The WSA model is used by a number of agencies to predict Solar wind conditions at Earth up to 4 days into the future. Given its importance to both the research and forecasting communities, it is essential that its performance be measured systematically and independently. I offer just such an independent and systematic validation. I report skill scores for the model's predictions of wind speed and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) polarity for a large set of Carrington rotations. The model was run in all its routinely used configurations. It ingests synoptic line of sight magnetograms. For this study I generated model results for monthly magnetograms from multiple observatories, spanning the Carrington rotation range from 1650 to 2074. I compare the influence of the different magnetogram sources and performance at quiet and active times. I also consider the ability of the WSA model to forecast both sharp transitions in wind speed from slow to fast wind and reversals in the polarity of the radial component of the IMF. These results will serve as a baseline against which to compare future versions of the model as well as the current and future generation of magnetohydrodynamic models under development for forecasting use.
Material removal model considering influence of curvature radius in bonnet polishing convex surface

The bonnet tool polishing is a novel, advanced and ultra-precise polishing process, by which the freeform surface can be polished. However, during the past few years, not only the key technology of calculating the dwell time and controlling the surface form in the bonnet polishing has been little reported so far, but also little attention has been paid to research the material removal function of the convex surface based on the geometry model considering the influence of the curvature radius. Firstly in this paper, for realizing the control of the freeform surface automatically by the bonnet polishing, on the basis of the simplified geometric model of convex surface, the calculation expression of the polishing contact spot on the convex surface considering the influence of the curvature radius is deduced, and the calculation model of the pressure distribution considering the influence of the curvature radius on the convex surface is derived by the coordinate transformation. Then the velocity distribution model is built in the bonnet polishing the convex surface. On the basis of the above research and the semi-experimental modified Preston equation obtained from the combination method of experimental and theoretical derivation, the material removal model of the convex surface considering the influence of the curvature radius in the bonnet polishing is established. Finally, the validity of the model through the simulation method has been validated. This research presents an effective prediction model and the calculation method of material removal for convex surface in bonnet polishing and prepares for the bonnet polishing the free surface numerically and automatically.
Minimum Cost Experimental Design with a Prescribed Information Matrix

In this paper the problem of minimum cost experimental design which assures a given information matrix is stated. A solution is characterized in terms of the Tchebyschev type inequality. Also bounds for the minimum cost are given. It is shown that by imposing some additional constraints on the classical problems of orthogonal and rotatable planning one can consider them in the framework of the stated problem
Comparison of integrated precipitable water vapour obtained by GPS and radiosondes

Comparisons are presented of integrated precipitable water vapour (IPWV) measurements obtained from GPS observations and radiosonde profiles. Mapping of zenith wet delay to IPWV has been improved by the calculation of new linear fit correlation coefficients relating surface temperature to the mean atmospheric medium temperature of water vapour for sites in the UK. The comparison verifies the suitability of the GPS technique for use in the measurement of IPWV in a variety of weather conditions.
Foundations of p-adic Teichmüller theory

Introduction Crys-stable bundles Torally Crys-stable bundles in positive characteristic VF-patterns Construction of examples Combinatorialization at infinity of the stack of nilcurves The stack of quasi-analytic self-isogenies The generalized ordinary theory The geometrization of binary-ordinary Frobenius liftings The geometrization of spiked Frobenius liftings Representations of the fundamental group of the curve Ordinary stable bundles on a curve Bibliography Index.
Phase-controlled optical switching and slow- and weak-light solitons in a coherent molecular system with permanent dipole moments

We investigate the linear and nonlinear light pulse propagations in a three-level Λ-type molecular system with permanent dipole moments via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We find that EIT characters in such a system depend strongly on the phase of control field, based on which a phase-controlled optical switch can be designed. We show that the Kerr nonlinearity of the system can be largely enhanced due to the control-field-induced quantum interference effect. We derive a nonlinear Schrodinger equation for the evolution of the probe-field envelope and demonstrate that it is possible to generate stable slow- and weak-light solitons in the system.
Annealing effect on the optical properties of implanted silicon in a silicon nitride matrix

Optical properties of implanted Si in a silicon nitride (Si3N4) thin film have been determined with spectroscopic ellipsometry based on the Tauc–Lorentz (TL) model and the Bruggeman effective medium approximation. It is shown that the suppressed dielectric functions of the implanted Si are dominated by the energy transitions related to the critical point E2. The effect of thermal annealing on the dielectric functions of the implanted Si has been investigated. The analysis of the dielectric functions based on the evolution of the TL parameters can provide an insight into the structural changes in the implanted Si embedded in the Si3N4 matrix caused by the annealing.
Microwave Diffraction by Apertures of Various Shapes

Experimental results of the near zone diffraction field of circular and elliptical apertures and of the infinite slit are presented. The investigations were made on apertures which were illuminated by a plane polarized electromagnetic wave and whose characteristic dimensions were varied over a considerable range with respect to the wavelength of the incident radiation.Most of the measurements are compared with predictions from recently published approximate theories and in a few cases with exact solutions. In general the agreement between theory and experiment is found to be satisfactory. Some of the discrepancies are discussed.
Seasonal Variation in Radiative and Turbulent Exchange at a Deciduous Forest in Central Massachusetts

Abstract Temperate deciduous forests exhibit dramatic seasonal changes in surface exchange properties following on the seasonal changes in leaf area index. Nearly continuous measurements of turbulent and radiative fluxes above and below the canopy of a red oak forest in central Massachusetts have been ongoing since the summer of 1991. Several seasonal trends are obvious. Global solar albedo and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) albedo both are good indicators of the spring leaf emergence and autumnal defoliation of the canopy. The solar albedo decreases throughout the summer, a change attributed to decreasing near-infrared reflectance since the PAR reflectance remains the same. Biweekly satellite composite images in visible and near-infrared wavelengths confirm these trends. The thermal emissions from the canopy relative to the net radiation follow a separate trend with a maximum in the midsummer and minima in spring and fall. The thermal response number computed from the change in radiation tempe.
Remote effects of tropical cyclones on heavy rainfall over the Korean peninsula – statistical and composite analysis

Abstract This study investigates the remote effects of tropical cyclones (TCs) on heavy rainfall (HR) over the Korean peninsula through statistical and composite analyses for 1981–2009. Statistical analysis indicates that the 29-year mean annual rainfall occurring with TCs within 3000 km of Korea is 658 mm, 49% of the 29-year total mean annual rainfall of 1340 mm. About 32% of the total mean annual amount occurs with TCs within the range of 1200–2800 km. The probability of HR over the peninsula is higher with TCs that make landfall on southern and eastern China compared to other regions. In the HR composite, the synoptic-scale pressure pattern during the remote TC events is characterised by a synoptic-scale trough to the northwest, a western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) to the southeast and a TC to the southwest of the Korean peninsula. This pattern results in a region of strong rising motion located beneath the upper-level jet (ULJ) entrance region, concurrent with a region of convective instability enhanced by strong moisture transport and quasi-geostrophic (QG) forcing for ascent by warm-air advection. The composite analysis shows that remote TCs can influence HR over the peninsula by helping to establish a convectively unstable environment and a large-scale convergence of air.
Linear stability of finite-amplitude capillary waves on water of infinite depth

Abstract We study the linear stability of the exact deep-water capillary wave solution of Crapper (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 2, 1957, pp. 532–540) subject to two-dimensional perturbations (both subharmonic and superharmonic). By linearizing a set of exact one-dimensional non-local evolution equations, a stability analysis is performed with the aid of Floquet theory. To validate our results, the exact evolution equations are integrated numerically in time and the numerical solutions are compared with the time evolution of linear normal modes. For superharmonic perturbations, contrary to Hogan (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 190, 1988, pp. 165–177), who detected two bubbles of instability for intermediate amplitudes, our results indicate that Crapper’s capillary waves are linearly stable to superharmonic disturbances for all wave amplitudes. For subharmonic perturbations, it is found that Crapper’s capillary waves are unstable, and our results generalize to the highly nonlinear regime the analysis for small amplitudes presented by Chen & Saffman (Stud. Appl. Maths, vol. 72, 1985, pp. 125–147).
Propagation of spherical and cylindrical N-waves

An implicit predictor–corrector difference scheme is employed to study the propagation of spherical and cylindrical N-waves governed by the modified Burgers equation \[ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\nu u}{2t}=\frac{\delta}{2}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x^2}, \] where ν = 0, 1 or 2 for plane, cylindrical and spherical symmetry respectively. The numerical scheme is first tested by computing the plane solution and comparing it with theexact analyticsolution obtained by Lighthill (1956) through the Hopf-Cole transformation. Our numerical solutions for the non-planar N-waves show that variation of the ‘lobe’ Reynolds number, which may be used as a measure of the importance of viscous diffusion, can be accurately determined by the analysis which is strictly valid only for large Reynolds numbers. This is true even when shock wave is well diffused end the ‘lobe’ Reynolds number is as small as ½.
Structural induction for rings using temporal Petri nets

The authors present a novel structural induction theorem for rings consisting of identical components that are modeled using a Petri net and a temporal logic formula. The theorem can be used to formally infer the correctness of a ring of any large size from the correctness of a ring having fewer components. The use of the theorem is illustrated using the problem of demand-driven token circulation. <<ETX>>
Fifteen-Year Surveillance of LTR Receiving Pre-Emptive Therapy for CMV Infection: Prevention of CMV Disease and Incidence of CLAD

The efficacy of pre-emptive therapy in the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and the potential association of CMV infection with the occurrence of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) was evaluated in 129 lung transplant recipients receiving pre-emptive therapy based on pp65-antigenemia or CMV-DNA in the blood and in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Seventy-one (55%) patients received pre-emptive ganciclovir/valganciclovir (GCV/VGCV) for CMV infection for a median of 28 (9–191) days. Possible CMV disease occurred in six (5%) patients and was healed after the GCV/VGCV therapy. The cumulative incidence of CLAD was 38% and 54% at 5 and 10 years. Acute rejection and CMV load in the blood (but not in the lung) were independent predictors of the occurrence of CLAD. Pre-emptive therapy is highly effective in preventing CMV disease in lung recipients and does not induce a superior incidence of CLAD compared to what reported for other cohorts of patients who received an extended antiviral prophylaxis.
A Possible Approach to Three-dimensional Cosmic-Ray Propagation in the Galaxy. III. Unstable Nuclei

We extend our three-dimensional propagation model for the stable cosmic rays (CRs) in the Galaxy to that for unstable CRs such as 10Be and 26Al, including the energy gain due to reacceleration and energy loss due to ionization, where the latter is approximated by the cutoff procedure. We assume that there is no boundary in both the radial spread of the disk and the latitudinal spread of the halo, and that the three critical parameters, the diffusion coefficient D, the gas density n, and the CR source density Q, have exponential-type gradients in both Galactic longitude and latitude with scale heights (rD,rn,rQ) for the former and (zD,zn,zQ) for the latter. It is possible to apply the weighted-slab technique to the transport equation, even including the energy change process, as well as the decay effect, if the diffusion coefficient is separable in position r and rigidity R, i.e., D(r; R) = D(r)(v/c)Rα. Combining this with the first-pole approximation in the path-length distribution, we can obtain the analytical solution rather easily. We compare our numerical results with experimental data on 10Be/ 9Be, 26Al/27Al, and so on and obtain a diffusion coefficient D☉ = 1.17 × 1028 cm2 s-1 at E = 1 GeV nucleon-1 and a gas density n☉ = 0.832 H atoms cm-3 at the solar system with scale heights zD = 2.5 kpc and zn = 250 pc. We found the residence time of CRs in the Galaxy to be 3.79 × 107 yr at E = 1 GeV nucleon-1 and 1.14 × 108 yr at E = 100 MeV nucleon-1.
Hydrodynamics of a non-uniform super-Gaussian ion plasma produced by pulsed lasers in an electrostatic field

The two-dimensional hydrodynamics of ion extraction from a non-uniform quasi-neutral plasma, in an electrostatic field, has been simulated numerically. Experimentally, tunable pulsed lasers with a spatially Gaussian profile produce a non-uniform plasma through stepwise photo-excitation and photo-ionization or multi-photo-ionization processes. For such a non-uniform plasma, the ions were assumed to be initially super-Gaussian with a finite gradient density profile at the boundaries. Poisson's equation was solved simultaneously with the equations of mass and momentum, assuming the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for electrons. In these calculations the dynamics of the electric potential, ion density and velocity, and ion current density were assessed and the extraction time was estimated. Three separate regions of the plasma, i.e. the ion sheath, the transition region (pre-sheath) and the quasi-neutral plasma were considered in these calculations. The time history of the pre-sheath front as well as the ion current density across the cathode was also examined. The results show that while the extraction time remains constant for both the super-Gaussian and the uniform plasma, the pre-sheath velocity, ion current density and the ion density are significantly different.
SimQA: Detecting Simultaneous MT Errors through Word-by-Word Question Answering

Detractors of neural machine translation admit that while its translations are fluent, it sometimes gets key facts wrong. This is particularly important in simultaneous interpretation where translations have to be provided as fast as possible: before a sentence is complete. Yet, evaluations of simultaneous machine translation (SimulMT) fail to capture if systems correctly translate the most salient elements of a question: people, places, and dates. To address this problem, we introduce a downstream word-by-word question answering evaluation task (SimQA): given a source language question, translate the question word by word into the target language, and answer as soon as possible. SimQA jointly measures whether the SimulMT models translate the question quickly and accurately, and can reveal shortcomings in existing neural systems—hallucinating or omitting facts.
Field distributions and shapes of Langmuir wave packets observed by Ulysses in an interplanetary type III burst source region

[1] There is no consensus on the mechanisms producing the intense bursty Langmuir wave packets routinely observed in source regions of interplanetary type III radio bursts. Using data from the Ulysses Fast Envelope Sampler (FES) near 4 AU, new analyses of the distributions of wavefields clearly separate the Langmuir waves into “intense localized structures” (ILSs) and “other waves”. The wave amplitude distributions also show that the observed ILSs, but not the other waves, are inconsistent with pure stochastic growth theory (SGT). Furthermore, it is shown that the ILSs are unlikely to be driven thermal waves or generated by pure exponential growth and damping. The wave distributions, structure, and spacing of the ILSs are compared to predictions for collapsing Langmuir wave packets described by the Zakharov equations, in isolated density depressions and in fully developed strong turbulence, either beam driven or driven at long wavelengths. The results show that the observed ILSs are very unlikely to be collapsing wave packets in any of the cases considered. The observed ILSs are inconsistent with the predictions of self-organized criticality, electron holes, and refractive focusing of waves. Most are also inconsistent with the predictions of kinetic localization, but this mechanism cannot be eliminated for all ILSs. Other mechanisms not eliminated include trapping of Langmuir waves in density depressions at levels below the collapse threshold, superposition of such trapped waves and “free” Langmuir waves, and superposition of trapped waves with a wave packet formed by beam-driven Langmuir waves beating with products of electrostatic decay.
Physiological and productive aspects of cassava under different irrigation levels

: The aim of this research was to evaluate the physiological and productive aspects of irrigated cassava crop. The statistical design used was randomised blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The used treatments were irrigation levels, based on the crop evapotranspiration – ET C – (L 0 = 0% [rainfed], L 1 = 40%, L 2 = 80%, L 3 = 120%, L 4 = 160% and L 5 = 200% of the ET C ) and the analysed physiological variables were: gas exchange, the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index. The growth and crop productivity were also evaluated through of the leaf area index (LAI), the number and productivity of commercial roots and total biomass. In this research, the total irrigation depth was defined as the irrigation depth plus the effective rainfall. The estimated ET C was 1,030 mm over the 12-month production cycle and the greatest value for LAI and SPAD were 7.6 and 57.4, respectively, obtained in irrigated areas with the level of 80% of the ET C . While, in the areas irrigated with 120% of the ET C , were obtained the highest values of root productivity (93 Mg·ha –1 ), total biomass yield (149 Mg·ha –1 ) and photosynthetic rate (22.4 μmol CO 2 ·m –2 ·s –1 ). On the other hand, with irrigation equivalent at 200% of the ETC were obtained the greatest values of internal CO 2 concentration (245 μmol CO 2 ·m –2 ·s –1 ), stomatal conductance (0.35 μmol H 2 O·m –2 ·s –1 ) and effective quantum efficiency (0.68).
Electron collisions with nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) molecules

Absolute total cross sections (TCS's) for 0.5-370-eV electrons scattered by nitrogen trifluoride (NF{sub 3}) molecules have been measured using a linear transmission method under single collision conditions. It was found that the TCS energy function for NF{sub 3} is dominated with two pronounced enhancements: one resonantlike centered between 2 and 3 eV with the maximum value of 28x10{sup -20} m{sup 2} followed with a minimum at around 7-12 eV({approx}17x10{sup -20} m{sup 2}), and the second much broader enhancement located around 40 eV (19x10{sup -20} m{sup 2} in the maximum). The low-energy enhancement is superimposed with some weak features located near 1.8, 2.2, and 2.8 eV. The integral elastic cross section has been calculated at intermediate energies using an independent atom method with a static plus polarization model potential. The cross section for ionization has been computed as well using the binary-encounter-Bethe approach. The sum of calculated cross sections reasonably reproduces the intermediate-energy experimental TCS, with respect to the shape and value. The TCS for NF{sub 3} is also compared with the TCS for ammonia (NH{sub 3}) which was supplementary measured and the effect of substitution of fluorine atoms for hydrogen (perfluorination effect) is demonstrated and discussed.