Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lightweight and Privacy-Preserving Charging Reservation Authentication Protocol for 5G-V2G

To compensate for the lack of charging equipment, the charging reservation mechanism has been employed in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system, which is vulnerable to some potential risks, such as privacy disclosure, identity impersonation, hardware modification, and so on. In this paper, we first introduce a 5G-V2G system that integrates the 5G network and the power grid to enable the remote transmission of reservation information. On this basis, we propose a scalable reservation authentication and key agreement protocol that can support access of flexible number and guarantee the confidentiality and privacy of critical reservation data. The proposed protocol uses lightweight algorithms like reverse fuzzy extraction to offload the computation overhead on the EVs and embeds physical unclonable function (PUF) in the outfield equipment to resist physical attacks. We evaluate the security properties of the proposed protocol by the formal analysis tool AVISPA and compare it with the existing schemes in terms of computing overhead, transmission overhead, signaling overhead, and security. The comprehensive results indicate that our protocol performs better in all aspects and has higher reliability and scalability. In practice, our protocol can assist the 5G charging reservation mechanism to complete efficient, lightweight, and privacy-preserving reservation information collection and authentication.
An Experimental Study of Speech‐Wave Probability Distributions

Measurements were made of the first‐probability distribution and of various conditional probability distributions of the speech wave instantaneous amplitude. Results obtained for several speakers indicate that the first‐probability distribution varies exponentially with large values of amplitude and that increases in the conditional probabilities are noted for delay times of the order of magnitude of the pitch period.Measurements were also made of the first‐probability distribution of the duration of the speech‐wave zero‐crossing periods, and of the auto‐correlation function of clipped speech.These measurements were of the stationary, or “long‐time,” speech‐wave probability distributions. Most of the results are for speech waves recorded in an anechoic chamber. Some results are included for voices recorded in a live studio.
Small fiber polyneuropathy: A new therapeutic target in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome?

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating chronic disease that, based on the variable efficacy observed with most therapeutic options, is difficult to treat effectively. A more targeted patient selection process for current and emerging therapeutic options would likely help to improve outcomes. This narrative review explores small fiber polyneuropathy (SFPN) in IC/BPS as part of a larger widespread pain phenotype and as a potential therapeutic target. Because SFPN is becoming increasingly implicated in polysyndromic pain disorders (e.g., IC/BPS, chronic pelvic pain, and fibromyalgia) in which immune dysregulation is a suspected pathophysiologic etiology, continued consideration should be given to immunomodulatory therapies such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Moreover, since the small fibers affected in SFPN continue to grow even as people age, targeted treatment may prevent further destruction and provide long-term benefits as the fibers are given time to repair. In addition to therapeutic potential, having a definitive SFPN diagnosis may provide psychological benefit in a patient population for which symptoms have historically been attributed to negative psychological factors. Finally, based on emerging data in this area, we propose consideration be given to include SFPN testing in the work-up of patients with IC/BPS that are refractory to treatments or have multiple comorbid pain syndromes since it may be an indicator of the need for alternative therapies. We believe that SFPN will play an increasingly larger role in the clinical evaluation and management of polysyndromic pain disorders, including IC/BPS.
Description of a Turbulent Cascade by a Fokker-Planck Equation

Fully developed turbulence is still regarded to be one of the main unsolved problems of classical physics. Great efforts have been made towards an understanding of small scale turbulent velocity fluctuations, which are assumed to be stationary, homogeneous, and isotropic in a statistical sense [1]. For large Reynolds numbers these fluctuations are supposed to exhibit universal behavior on scales smaller than the integral one. The elucidation of these properties apparently has to be based on applications of the tools of statistical mechanics. The quantity of main interest is the longitudinal velocity fluctuations yi on different length scales Li, yi › usx 1 Liy2, y, zd 2 usx 2 Liy2, y, zd , (1) where usx, y, zd is the x component of the velocity field at space point x, y, z. Based on the idea of an energy cascade, as a fundamental process governing the turbulence, we know from the pioneering works of the 1940s, cf. [1], that the velocity fluctuations are of the order yi ,s e L i d 1 y 3 . edenotes the energy dissipation (transfer) rate. However, it is commonly believed that intermittent fluctuations of the energy dissipation rate alters the scaling behavior. Intermittency effects show up in the changing shape of the probability density functions (pdf ) PLi syid as a function of Li and consequently lead for the scaling of the moments ksyid n l, L z n i to nonlinear n dependence of the scaling indices zn.
Rayleigh–Taylor mixing in an otherwise stable stratification

Abstract We seek to understand the distribution of irreversible energy conversions (mixing efficiency) between quiescent initial and final states in a miscible Rayleigh–Taylor driven system. The configuration we examine is a Rayleigh–Taylor unstable interface sitting between stably stratified layers with linear density profiles above and below. Our experiments in brine solution measure vertical profiles of density before and after the unstable interface is allowed to relax to a stable state. Our analysis suggests that less than half the initially available energy is irreversibly released as heat due to viscous dissipation, while more than half irreversibly changes the probability density function of the density field by scalar diffusion and therefore remains as potential energy, but in a less useful form. While similar distributions are observed in Rayleigh–Taylor driven mixing flows between homogeneous layers, our new configuration admits energetically consistent end-state density profiles that span all possible mixing efficiencies, ranging from all available energy being expended as dissipation, to none. We present experiments that show that the fluid relaxes to a state with a significantly lower mixing efficiency than the value for ideal mixing in this configuration, and deduce that this mixing efficiency more accurately characterizes Rayleigh–Taylor driven mixing than previous measurements. We argue that the physical mechanisms intrinsic to Rayleigh–Taylor instability are optimal conditions for mixing, and speculate that we have observed an upper bound to fluid mixing in general.
Approximations Leading to a Unified Exponential/Power-Law Approach to Small-Angle Scattering

A new approach to the analysis of small-angle scattering is presented that describes scattering from complex systems that contain multiple levels of related structural features. For example, a mass fractal such as a polymer coil contains two structural levels, the overall radius of gyration and the substructural persistence length. One structural level is described by a Guinier and an associated power-law regime. A function is derived that models both the Guinier exponential and structurally limited power-law regimes without introducing new parameters beyond those used in local fits. Account is made for both a low-q and a high-q limit to power-law scattering regimes. The unified approach can distinguish Guinier regimes buried between two power-law regimes. It is applicable to a wide variety of systems. Fits to data containing multiple power-law and exponential regimes using this approach have previously been reported. Here, arguments leading to the unified approach are given. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated through comparison with model calculations using the Debye equation for polymer coils (mass fractal), equations for polydisperse spheres (Porod scattering) and randomly oriented ellipsoids of revolution with diffuse interfaces, as well as randomly oriented rod and disc-shaped particles.
Does changing perceptions of sleep by incorporating sleep wearables improve insomnia? Protocol for a randomized study (the Novel Insomnia Treatment Experiment)

Abstract Study Objectives Insomnia is common in the general population and is diagnosed based on self-reported sleep complaints. There is a frequent discrepancy between objectively recorded and self-reported sleep (sleep–wake state discrepancy), especially in individuals with insomnia. Although sleep–wake state discrepancy is well-documented in the literature, it is not well understood. This protocol describes the methodology of a randomized control study, which will examine whether providing monitoring and feedback about objectively recorded sleep with support for interpretation of sleep–wake state discrepancy improves insomnia symptoms and will explore the potential mechanisms of change. Methods Participants are 90 individuals with insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI] ≥10). Participants will be randomized to one of two conditions: (1) Intervention: feedback about objectively recorded sleep (actigraph and optional electroencephalogram headband) with guidance for data interpretation, (2) Control: sleep hygiene session. Both conditions will involve individual sessions and two check-in calls. The primary outcome is ISI score. Secondary outcomes include sleep-related impairment, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and other sleep and quality of life measures. Outcomes will be assessed using validated instruments at baseline and post-intervention. Discussion With increasing number of wearable devices that measure sleep, there is a need to understand how sleep data provided by these devices could be utilized in the treatment of insomnia. Findings from this study have the potential to better understand sleep–wake state discrepancy in insomnia and uncover new approaches to supplement current insomnia treatment.
Active control of near-wall turbulence by local oscillating blowing

The effect of time-periodical blowing through a spanwise slot on the near-wall turbulence characteristics is investigated. The blowing velocity changes in a cyclic manner from 0 to 5 wall units. The frequency of the oscillations is nearly equal to the median frequency of the near-wall turbulence. The measurements of the wall shear stress and the streamwise velocity are reported and discussed. The flow field near the blowing slot is partly relaminarized during the acceleration phase of the injection velocity which extends 40 wall units downstream. The imposed unsteadiness is confined to the buffer layer, and the time-mean structural parameters under unsteady blowing are found to be close to those of isotropic turbulence in this region. The relaminarized phase is unstable and gives way to a coherent spanwise structure that increases the shear from 80 to 300 wall units downstream of the slot in a predictable way. This phenomenon is strongly imposed-frequency dependent.
High Burden of Neurodevelopmental Delay among Children Born to Women with Obstructed Labour in Eastern Uganda: A Cohort Study

Over 250 million infants in low and middle-income countries do not fulfill their neurodevelopment potential. In this study, we assessed the incidence and risk factors for neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) among children born following obstructed labor in Eastern Uganda. Between October 2021 and April 2022, we conducted a cohort study of 155 children (aged 25 to 44 months), born at term and assessed their neurodevelopment using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool. We assessed the gross motor, fine motor, language and social domains of neurodevelopment. The incidence of neurodevelopmental delay by 25 to 44 months was 67.7% (105/155) (95% CI: 59.8–75.0). Children belonging to the poorest wealth quintile had 83% higher risk of NDD compared to children belonging to the richest quintile (ARR (Adjusted Risk Ratio): 1.83; 95% CI (Confidence Interval): [1.13, 2.94]). Children fed the recommended meal diversity had 25% lower risk of neurodevelopmental delay compared to children who did not (ARR: 0.75; 95% CI: [0.60, 0.94]). Children who were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months had 27% lower risk of neurodevelopmental delay compared to children who were not (ARR: 0.73; 95% CI: [0.56, 0.96]). We recommend that infants born following obstructed labor undergo neurodevelopmental delay screening.
Assessing the co-benefits of urban greening coupled with rainwater harvesting management under current and future climates across USA cities

Globally, urban areas face multiple challenges owing to climate change. Urban greening (UG) is an excellent option for mitigating flood risk and excess urban heat. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems can cope with plant irrigation needs and urban water management. In this study, we investigated how UG and RWH work together to mitigate environmental risks. By incorporating a new RWH module into the urban ecohydrological model Urban Tethys-Chloris (UT&C), we tested different uses of intervention approaches for 28 cities in the USA, spanning a variety of climates, population densities, and urban landscapes. UT&C was forced by the latest generation convection-permitting climate model simulations of the current (2001–2011) and end-of-century (RCP8.5) climate. Our results showed that neither UG nor RWH, through the irrigation of vegetation, could significantly contribute to mitigating the expected strong increase in 2 m urban canyon temperatures under a high-emission scenario. RWH alone can sufficiently offset the intensifying surface flood risk, effectively enhance water saving, and support UG to sustain a strong urban carbon sink, especially in dry regions. However, in these regions, RWH cannot fully fulfill plant water needs, and additional measures to meet irrigation demand are required to maximize carbon sequestration by urban vegetation.
Revisiting pyramid compression to quantify flexoelectricity: a three-dimensional simulation study

Flexoelectricity is a universal property of all dielectrics by which they generate a voltage in response to an inhomogeneous deformation. One of the controversial issues in this field concerns the magnitude of flexoelectric coefficients measured experimentally, which greatly exceed theoretical estimates. Furthermore, there is a broad scatter amongst experimental measurements. The truncated pyramid compression method is one of the common setups to quantify flexoelectricity, the interpretation of which relies on simplified analytical equations to estimate strain gradients. However, the deformation fields in three-dimensional pyramid configurations are highly complex, particularly around its edges. In the present work, using three-dimensional self-consistent simulations of flexoelectricity, we show that the simplified analytical estimations of strain gradients in compressed pyramids significantly overestimate flexoelectric coefficients, thus providing a possible explanation to reconcile different estimates. In fact, the interpretation of pyramid compression experiments is highly nontrivial. We systematically characterize the magnitude of this overestimation, of over one order of magnitude, as a function of the truncated pyramid configuration. These results are important to properly characterize flexoelectricity, and provide design guidelines for effective electromechanical transducers exploiting flexoelectricity.
Assessing social capital in community forest management in the Mount Hamiding Protection Forest, North Halmahera District, North Maluku, Indonesia

Abstract. Kailola J, Purwanto RH, Sumardi, Faida LRW. 2023. Assessing social capital in community forest management in the Mount Hamiding Protection Forest, North Halmahera District, North Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 431-440. The success of forest management in the context of community forestry cannot be separated from the contribution of social capital. The Mount Hamiding Protection Forest is administratively located in North Halmahera District, North Maluku Province, Indonesia, and has a high biodiversity value with endemic flora and fauna. However, the management has not shown significant impacts in enhancing the welfare of the surrounding community, and there have been forest disturbances due to anthropogenic activities and vertical conflict. Hypothetically, the high level of social capital can support sustainable forest management and improve people's welfare, yet this has not been tested in the context of Mount Hamiding Protection Forest. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the social capital in community forest management in the Mount Hamiding Protection Forest. The quantitative survey was conducted in six villages in North Halmahera District, namely Wangongira, Efi-Efi, Mamuya, Togawa, Soakonora, and Roko. The elements of social capital assessed were trust, social norms, and social networks. The results showed that the level of community trust in the study area's six villages is in the medium category. However, the trust in the internal community is high, and trust in external stakeholders is medium. The communities in the six villages have overall high social norms. The social networks are high in Togawa, Soakonora, and Roko Villages, while the remaining villages have social networks in the medium category. Generally, the community around the Mount Hamiding Protection Forest area has a moderate social capital category due to a lack of participation and trust in written rules and government institutions. Therefore, the Forest Management Unit of North Halmahera District should strengthen the community's social capital to increase knowledge and understanding of written rules, trust in institutions, and network development through organization and participation.
Groundwater recharge in northern New England: Meteorological drivers and relations with low streamflow

Meteorological drivers of groundwater recharge for spring (February–June), fall (October–January), and recharge‐year (October–June) recharge seasons were evaluated for northern New England and upstate New York from 1989 to 2018. Monthly groundwater recharge was computed at 21 observation wells by subtracting the water levels at the end of each month from the level of the previous month; only positive monthly values were used to compute seasonal recharge. Precipitation, temperature, sea‐level pressure, 500‐mb geopotential heights, and various teleconnection indices were tested as explanatory variables for the interannual variability of recharge using random forest machine learning models. Precipitation within recharge seasons was positively correlated with groundwater recharge for most wells in all seasons. In general, whilst groundwater recharge in the study area was generally highest during the months of March and April, October precipitation was an important month for explaining the interannual groundwater recharge variability. This is likely because the variability in recharge in October may be high or low for given years. Sea‐level pressure and 500‐mb heights were typically inversely correlated with groundwater recharge during the recharge‐year and fall recharge seasons, as higher sea‐level pressure and heights are usually associated with clearer skies and less precipitation. The North Atlantic Oscillation, Pacific‐North American pattern, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation teleconnections affected groundwater recharge differently by well and season. The influence of groundwater recharge on minimum daily streamflows during the subsequent summer/fall was also analysed. Summer precipitation was the most important explanatory variable for study streams whilst groundwater recharge and summer air temperature were significant variables for a few streams.
Spectrum Modification for Gyroscopic Systems

The problem of modifying the spectrum of gyroscopic systems by applying external forces is considered. The analysis of the problem leads to a certain inverse integro-differential eigenvalue problem in the distributed parameter case, and to a non-symmetric restricted rank modification in the finite-dimensional case. The explicit solution presented may be applied to stabilize structures and systems, where a small part of the spectrum is required to be assigned and the rest of the spectrum is to remain unchanged. The required forces are determined by using a partial knowledge of the eigenvalues which are intended to be changed, and their associated eigenfunctions (eigenvectors).
Remarks on the blowup and global existence for a two species chemotactic Keller–Segel system in 2

For the Keller–Segel model, it was conjectured by Childress and Percus (1984, Chemotactic collapse in two dimensions. In Lecture Notes in Biomath. Vol. 55, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1984, pp. 61–66) that in a two-dimensional domain there exists a critical number C such that if the initial mass is strictly less than C, then the solution exists globally in time and if it is strictly larger than C blowup happens. For different versions of the Keller–Segel model, the conjecture has essentially been proved. The case of several chemotactic species introduces an additional question: What is the analogue for the critical mass obtained for the single species system? In this paper, we investigate for a two-species model for chemotaxis in 2 the conditions on the initial data, which determine blowup or global existence in time. Specifically, we find a curve in the plane of masses such that outside of it there is blowup and inside of it global existence in time is proved when the initial masses satisfy a threshold condition. Optimality of this condition is discussed through an analysis in the radial case. Finally, we show in the case of blowup for general data how it is possible to obtain a balance between entropies and prove what species should aggregates first.
Spectrally efficient cooperative diversity protocol for uplink wireless transmission

A spectrally efficient cooperative protocol for uplink wireless transmission in a centralised communication system is proposed, where each of the N users play the relaying and source roles simultaneously by using superposition (SP) modulation. The probability density function of the mutual information between SP-modulated transmitted and received signals of the cooperative uplink channels is derived. Using the high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximation of this density function, the outage probability formula of the system as well as its easily computable tight upper and lower bounds are obtained and these formulas are evaluated numerically. Numerical results show that the proposed strategy can achieve around 3 dB performance gain over comparable schemes. Furthermore, the multiplexing and diversity trade-off formula is derived to illustrate the optimal performance of the proposed protocol, which also confirms that the SP relaying transmission does not cause any loss of data rate. Moreover, performance characterisation in terms of ergodic and outage capacities are studied and numerical results show that the proposed scheme can achieve significantly larger outage capacity than direct transmission, which is similar to other cooperative schemes. The superiority of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by the fact that it can maintain almost the same ergodic capacity as the direct transmission, whereas the ergodic capacity of other cooperative schemes would be much worse.