Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of sward structure as influenced by ryegrass genotype on bite dimensions and short‐term intake rate by dairy cows

The effects of genotypic variation in ryegrasses on sward structure, bite dimensions and intake rate by dairy cows were investigated. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, swards were in a vegetative state whereas, in Experiment 2, they were partly reproductive and were taller with higher herbage mass but lower leaf proportion than in Experiment 1. Applicability of relationships between sward structure and bite characteristics, previously established from artificial or hand-constructed swards, to field conditions were tested. Additional short-term intake rates and/or sward structural characteristics were considered as indicators of potential intake for use in protocols for the evaluation of grass varieties. Four cultivars were studied: AberElan, Twins (diploid and tetraploid perennial ryegrasses respectively), Polly, a hybrid ryegrass (perennial × Italian ryegrass) and Multimo (Italian ryegrass), each established in 200-m2 plots in four replicated blocks. Herbage intake rate was determined by short-term liveweight change (taking account of insensible weight loss) using 16 dairy cows allocated to four balanced groups with each plot grazed by one group for a 1-h assessment period. One block was grazed per day, over a 4-d experimental period, with each group grazing each variety in a complete crossover design. Sward characteristics and bite rate were also measured in both experiments. Bite dimensions were subsequently estimated, with bite depth being determined as a function of extended tiller height (ETH) in both experiments. Within both experiments, bite mass and intake rate did not differ significantly between swards of different cultivars despite swards containing Multimo generally having a higher ETH and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration and lower green leaf mass, sward bulk density and neutral-detergent fibre concentration than the other swards. However, bite depth was significantly higher (P < 0·01) in swards containing Multimo swards than in the others and, in Experiment 1, bite depth, as a proportion of ETH, was higher in swards containing Multimo and lower in those containing Twins than in the other two cultivars, whereas there was no difference in Experiment 2. Taking both experiments together, the mean bite depth was 0·5 of ETH with sward bulk density accounting for almost half the variance in the relationship between bite depth and ETH. The bulk density of the bite (bite mass per unit bite volume), measured in Experiment 2, followed a similar pattern to sward bulk density, increasing in the order Multimo, Polly, AberElan and Twins. It is concluded that the relationships between sward characteristics and bite dimensions, derived from artificial swards, are applicable to field swards, although the range in natural ryegrass sward characteristics is usually not as wide as in experiments using artificial swards. Lack of precision in the measurement of short-term intake and in sward-based measurements is likely to preclude their use in the evaluation of grass varieties.
Influences of cultivar, cultivation year and fertilizer rate on amount of protein groups and amount and size distribution of mono- and polymeric proteins in wheat

Influences of cultivar and environment, i.e. cultivation year and fertilizer rate, on amount of protein groups and amount and size distribution of mono- and polymeric proteins, were investigated in four sets of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The cultivars were chosen in order to obtain a high range of variation in protein concentration and gluten strength. Environmental influences on protein concentration and gluten strength were investigated, as well as relations between variation in protein concentration and gluten strength and variation in protein groups and amount and size distribution of mono- and polymeric proteins. The results showed that cultivar and environmental influences giving rise to variation in protein concentration also gave rise to variation in most of the investigated protein components. Protein concentration was significantly positively correlated to the total amounts of glutenins and gliadins and amounts of most mono- and polymeric proteins. However, the correlation with the amount of gliadins and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-soluble mono- and polymeric proteins were often higher than the correlation to the glutenins and the SDS-insoluble mono- and polymeric proteins. Cultivar influences giving rise to variation in gluten strength were found to influence the relation between SDS-soluble and -insoluble polymeric proteins, leading to a significant positive correlation between the gluten strength and the percentage of total unextractable polymeric protein (TUPP) in the total polymeric protein and large unextractable polymeric protein (LUPP) in the total large polymeric protein. Environmental variation in gluten strength was found to be significantly positively correlated to SDS-insoluble proteins and negatively correlated to SDS-soluble proteins. This also led to a significant positive correlation with the percentage of LUPP and/or TUPP.
A tagging study on tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) in Western Australian waters: their movement, exploitation, growth and mortality

Recreational anglers fishing for tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) around Perth, Western Australia, have expressed concern over declining catches during the early 1990s. A total of 3949 undersize (below the legal minimum length of 250 mm), 1015 sub-adult and 143 adult tailor were tagged between November 1994 and August 1996 at 24 sites along 1200 km of Western Australian coastline. Undersize tailor were recaptured at lower rates than sub-adult tailor, and were, on average, at liberty for longer periods. Modelling indicates that fishers under-report undersize fish, probably because of the legal minimum length requirement, and that the natural loss rate is higher for undersize than sub-adult fish. The majority of recaptured undersize and sub-adult fish had moved <25 km, remaining in sheltered estuarine and marine areas. In contrast, recaptured undersize and sub-adult tailor that had become adults while tagged displayed behaviour consistent with a northward or offshore winter movement. Comparisons between tag returns and the annual commercial catch of tailor suggests that recreational fishers take the majority of the total catch of tailor in Western Australia. Growth estimates between 0.41 ± 0.19 and 0.44 ± 0.12 mm day −1 suggest that tailor reach legal size in 18–22 months.
Regulation of Cell Type-Specific Immunity Networks in Arabidopsis Roots

Root cell types possess distinct immunity gene networks that are linked to cell identity networks, as revealed by cell type-specific RNA-seq and a paired motif enrichment tool for promoter analyses. While root diseases are among the most devastating stresses in global crop production, our understanding of root immunity is still limited relative to our knowledge of immune responses in leaves. Considering that root performance is based on the concerted functions of its different cell types, we undertook a cell type-specific transcriptome analysis to identify gene networks activated in epidermis, cortex, and pericycle cells of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots challenged with two immunity elicitors, the bacterial flagellin-derived flg22 and the endogenous Pep1 peptide. Our analyses revealed distinct immunity gene networks in each cell type. To further substantiate our understanding of regulatory patterns underlying these cell type-specific immunity networks, we developed a tool to analyze paired transcription factor binding motifs in the promoters of cell type-specific genes. Our study points toward a connection between cell identity and cell type-specific immunity networks that might guide cell types in launching immune response according to the functional capabilities of each cell type.
You won’t regret it (or love it) as much as you think: impact biases for everyday health behavior outcomes

Abstract When predicting the future, people tend to overestimate the intensity of their emotions, a phenomenon known as the impact bias. Design: In two studies, we examined the impact bias for health outcomes. In Study 1, participants were randomized to think about a negative health outcome in the future or one in the past. In Study 2, participants came to the laboratory and were asked to predict and report their emotions surrounding an actual health outcome (consuming an unhealthy food). Results: In both studies, an impact bias emerged. In Study 1, participants thinking about an outcome in the future estimated more negative emotion than those thinking about an outcome in the past. In Study 2, when facing an actual health outcome, participants anticipated more negative and positive emotion than they experienced. Impact biases were also associated with behavioral motivation – desire to change the outcome (Study 1) and increased preventive intentions (Study 2). Additional analyses revealed that regret was a particularly important emotion. Conclusion: Although research has highlighted an impact bias for severe health outcomes like disease, these studies provide evidence of an impact bias for health outcomes generally. They also suggest that the bias may have implications for behavior intentions.
Association of Genetic and Environmental Factors with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Chinese Han Population

Lifestyle choices such as the intake of sweets, history of diseases, and genetic variants seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To explore which genetic and environmental factors are associated with NAFLD in a Chinese Han population, we conducted this study. We collected the medical reports, lifestyle details, and blood samples of individuals and used the polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction method to genotype the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) from the 2113 eligible people. The GG genotype of the additive model of rs7493 in the PON2, the CC genotype of the additive and recessive models of rs7593130 in the ADCY3, together with dyslipidemia, regular intake of egg and sweets and hypertension, increased the risk of NAFLD (adjusted OR > 1, p < 0.05). The TT genotype of the additive and dominant models of rs11583680 in the PCSK9, together with the regular intake of vegetable, reduced the risk of NAFLD (adjusted OR < 1, p < 0.05). In addition, interactions between some variables were found. Eventually, we identified three SNPs and six environmental factors associated with NAFLD. These results provide the theoretical basis for gene and other risk factors screening to prevent NAFLD.
It Must have been Burnout: Prevalence and Related Factors among Spanish PhD Students

Abstract Recent studies in different countries indicate that PhD students are more vulnerable to psychological disorders compared to the general population. No such data are available for the Spanish population. This study addresses this issue by studying prevalence rates and factors related to a common response to prolonged stress such as burnout syndrome. Burnout, emotional abilities, resilience, satisfaction with the dissertation advisor, and sociodemographic data were collected from 305 PhD students. The results indicated that the burnout rates are high in this group, especially for the emotional exhaustion dimension. Different linear regression models explained between 14% and 41% of the overall burnout scores variance and its dimensions. The psychological variables and the satisfaction with the dissertation advisor were the most relevant predictors. Consistent with what has been found in other countries, the evidence found indicates that the mental state of PhD students in Spain is alarming. The results of this study have important implications for the design and implementation of interventions to alleviate this problem.
TOX correlates with prognosis, immune infiltration, and T cells exhaustion in lung adenocarcinoma

Thymocyte selection‐associated high mobility group box (TOX) plays a crucial role on the development of innate immunity and tumor microenvironment. This study aims to explore the prognostic potential of TOX and comprehensively analyze the correlations between TOX, immune infiltration, and T cells function in diverse cancers particularly lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).
An Observational Study of Human Leptospirosis in Seychelles

Abstract. A 1-year population-based prospective study was launched in Seychelles, a country with one of the highest human incidence of leptospirosis worldwide, to describe the characteristic features of the epidemiology of the disease and highlight the most prominent risk factors. Diagnosis was based on the IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, microscopic agglutination test, and real-time PCR. A standardized questionnaire was administered to 219 patients aged ≥ 13 years consulting for acute febrile illness. The high incidence of leptospirosis in Seychelles was confirmed. The disease was particularly severe, as the case fatality rate was 11.8%. Leptospirosis was positively associated in univariate analysis with socio-professional and clinical variables including gardening/farming, oliguria, jaundice, conjunctivitis, history of hepatitis C virus infection, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or biological renal failure. Epidemiological analyses of the questionnaires highlighted a link of the disease with living in houses (versus apartment), the presence of animals around and in houses, gardening, and misuse of personal protective equipment. Multivariate analyses indicated that being a farmer/landscaper and having cattle and cats around the home are the most significant drivers of leptospirosis. Biological features most associated with leptospirosis were thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, high values for renal function tests, and elevated total bilirubin. We report changes in behavior and exposure compared with data collected on leptospirosis 25 years ago, with indication that healthcare development has lowered case fatality. Continuous health education campaigns are recommended as well as further studies to clarify the epidemiology of human leptospirosis, especially the role of domestic animals.
Direct and indirect effects of a couple-focused preventive intervention on children's outcomes: A randomized controlled trial with African American families.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of the Protecting Strong African American Families (ProSAAF) prevention program on children's outcomes more than 2 years after enrollment, including direct effects of the intervention and indirect effects through couple functioning and parent-child relations. METHOD Three hundred forty-six African American couples with an early adolescent child participated; all families lived in rural, low-income communities in the southern United States. Families were randomly assigned to ProSAAF or control conditions and completed four waves of data collection. Couples reported couple functioning at baseline (Wave 1) and at 9-month follow-up (Wave 2), and parent-child relations at 17-month follow-up (Wave 3). Children reported their conduct problems, affiliation with deviant peers, substance use, sexual onset, depressive symptoms, and self-control at 25-month follow-up (Wave 4). RESULTS Path analyses indicated significant indirect effects of ProSAAF on children's outcomes through improvements in couple functioning and better parent-child relations. There were no significant direct effects of the intervention on children's outcomes or significant indirect effects through couple functioning alone. CONCLUSIONS This couple-focused prevention program has positive indirect effects on several child outcomes through the intervening processes of promoting improvements in couple functioning and better parent-child relations. These findings provide cautious optimism regarding the possible benefits of couple-focused programming on participants' children while suggesting ways in which future couple-focused interventions could yield stronger effects on these youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Current State of Knowledge on Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome, an Autoimmune Exocrinopathy

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands, whereby sicca syndrome and/or systemic manifestations are the clinical hallmarks, associated with a particular autoantibody profile. pSS is the most frequent connective tissue disease after rheumatoid arthritis, affecting 0.3–3% of the population. Women are more prone to develop pSS than men, with a sex ratio of 9:1. Considered in the past as innocent collateral passive victims of autoimmunity, the epithelial cells of the salivary glands are now known to play an active role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aetiology of the “autoimmune epithelitis” still remains unknown, but certainly involves genetic, environmental and hormonal factors. Later during the disease evolution, the subsequent chronic activation of B cells can lead to the development of systemic manifestations or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The aim of the present comprehensive review is to provide the current state of knowledge on pSS. The review addresses the clinical manifestations and complications of the disease, the diagnostic workup, the pathogenic mechanisms and the therapeutic approaches.
Validation of Short Form of Preferences for Routines Scale: Norms in Older Adults

High level of preferences for routines is an indicator of psychological vulnerability in older adults. However, the psychometric properties of the Preferences for Routines Scale (PRS) initially validated in a small selected sample of older adults revealed a low Cronbach’s α (.50) in the general elderly population. The present study aims to improve the PRS using the data from the “AMI” and “PAQUID” population-based studies. Among 718 older persons, the most discriminative items are identified using item response theory methodology. A short form of the PRS (PRS-S) included five of the ten items of the original scale and showed improved internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The factors associated with the PRS-S are similar to those found in previous studies. Norms are provided according to gender and educational level. The reduction of the number of items tends to facilitate its administration and promote its use in both clinical and epidemiologic research contexts.
Detrital processing and associated macroinvertebrates in a Colorado mountain stream

Investigation of leaf litter processing in a Colorado mountain stream revealed that processing of alder (Alnus tenuifolia), willow (Salix hebbiana), and aspen (Populus tremuloides) occurred at rapid rates despite water temperatures at or near 00C. Pine (Pinus ponderosa) was pro- cessed much more slowly. The loss rate coefficient (k) ranged from . 0038 for pine to . 0308 for alder. The high biomass of shredders per gram of leaf pack is a likely explanation for the rapid processing. Whereas a few large shredders per leaf pack are generally characteristic of eastern woodland streams, a large number of small-sized shredders (Capnia and Zapada) colonized leaf packs in the Colorado mountain stream. The numbers and biomass of collectors per leaf pack were directly related (P < .01) to the ash-free dry mass of fine organic particles (75-1000 ,um) indicating the importance of fine particulate organic matter in determining the suitability of leaf litter as habitat for fine particle-feeding detritivores.
Murine Corneal Response to Heat-Inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The corneal response to administration of heat-inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined in both cyclophosphamide-treated and untreated Swiss-Webster and BALB/c mice. 1 day after administration of the dead cells in non-drug-treated mice, an extensive intrastromal neutrophilic (PMN) response was observed in Swiss-Webster animals, whereas BALB/c mice responded similarly, but with fewer numbers of cells. Cyclophosphamide-treated mice of either strain receiving dead cells, on the other hand, did not mount a detectable PMN response, and no morphological evidence of corneal damage was observed. This study suggests (1) that corneal damage by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice depends not only on the presence of viable organisms, but also on the influx of PMNs, and (2) that neither PMNs nor bacterial endotoxin (dead cells) appear able to induce severe corneal keratitis and ulceration in mice
Screening Testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 upon Admission to Rehabilitation Hospitals in a High COVID‐19 Prevalence Community

While planning for the care of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients during the pandemic crisis has dominated the focus of leaders of inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs), patients with injuries/illnesses unrelated to COVID‐19 continue to need inpatient rehabilitation admission. To maintain a safe environment for all patients and staff, we established an admission screening plan of testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) to determine the presence of asymptomatic patients who were infected with the virus upon admission.
Potential for Lung Recruitment and Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch in Patients With the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Coronavirus Disease 2019*

Objectives: Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 develop the acute respiratory distress syndrome, requiring admission to the ICU. This study aimed to describe specific pathophysiological characteristics of acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019. Design: Prospective crossover physiologic study. Setting: ICU of a university-affiliated hospital from northern Italy dedicated to care of patients with confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. Patients: Ten intubated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. Interventions: We performed a two-step positive end-expiratory pressure trial with change of 10 cm H2O in random order. Measurements and Main Results: At each positive end-expiratory pressure level, we assessed arterial blood gases, respiratory mechanics, ventilation inhomogeneity, and potential for lung recruitment by electrical impedance tomography. Potential for lung recruitment was assessed by the recently described recruitment to inflation ratio. In a subgroup of seven paralyzed patients, we also measured ventilation-perfusion mismatch at lower positive end-expiratory pressure by electrical impedance tomography. At higher positive end-expiratory pressure, respiratory mechanics did not change significantly: compliance remained relatively high with low driving pressure. Oxygenation and ventilation inhomogeneity improved but arterial co2 increased despite unchanged respiratory rate and tidal volume. The recruitment to inflation ratio presented median value higher than previously reported in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients but with large variability (median, 0.79 [0.53–1.08]; range, 0.16–1.40). The Fio2 needed to obtain viable oxygenation at lower positive end-expiratory pressure was significantly correlated with the recruitment to inflation ratio (r = 0.603; p = 0.05). The ventilation-perfusion mismatch was elevated (median, 34% [32–45%] of lung units) and, in six out of seven patients, ventilated nonperfused units represented a much larger proportion than perfused nonventilated ones. Conclusions: In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019, potential for lung recruitment presents large variability, while elevated dead space fraction may be a specific pathophysiological trait. These findings may guide selection of personalized mechanical ventilation settings.