Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monopsony and the Wage Effects of Migration

In a competitive labor market, immigration affects native wages only through its impact on marginal products. Under the sole assumption of constant returns, we show that a larger supply of migrants (keeping their skill mix constant) must increase the marginal products of native-owned factors on average (an extension of the familiar "immigration surplus" result); and in the long run (if capital is supplied elastically), this surplus passes entirely to native labor. However, in a monopsonistic labor market, wages will also depend on any mark-downs applied by firms; and immigration may affect native wages through these mark-downs. We present a model of monopsony which generates testable restrictions on the null hypothesis of perfect competition, which we reject using US census data commonly studied in the literature. Our estimates suggest that the (negative) mark-down effect dominates the (by construction, positive) effect on marginal products for the average native. These findings shed new light on the interpretation of previous empirical estimates and the so-called "structural approach" to predicting wage effects.
Microbial pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility profile in infected diabetic foot ulcers patients in Iran

The aim of this study was to investigate microbial pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility profile in infected diabetic foot ulcers in Iranian patients. This was a one-year cross sectional study on diabetic patients with infected diabetic foot ulcer at Shariati Teaching Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Grade of ulcer was determined by Wagner’s criteria. Specimens were obtained from the base of ulcer, deep part of the wound or aspiration and were tested with gram staining and antibacterial susceptibility was determined with both disk diffusion and E-Test methods. Total of 546 pathogens were isolated from 165 ulcers of 149 patients. Gram positive aerobes including Enterococcal species and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (21.4 and 19.4%, respectively) were identified as the most common pathogens followed by Gram negative isolates including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas-aeruginosa (12.6 and 5.4%, respectively). The majority of wounds were classified as Wagner grades 2 and 3 (15.7 and 75.7%). Appropriate empiric treatment to cover both these Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens is crucially important.
Does Knowing “Who Knows What” Matter for Family Firm Innovation? Insights From Transactive Memory System Theory

We extend transactive memory systems theory from psychology to examine the cognitive interdependence of family and nonfamily employees and its effects on family firm innovation. Using triadic data and dispersion modeling, we find that innovation is enhanced when family and nonfamily employees communicate and when they have a shared understanding of “who knows what”; however, we find unexpectedly that the communication effects differ for family and nonfamily employees, hindering the development of shared knowledge perceptions needed for enhanced innovation. We demonstrate the value in applying psychology-based research to family firm investigations and in investigating microfoundations of family firm innovation.
Development, carcass and meat qualities of Hanwoo steers fed fermented liquid when inoculated with lactic acid bacteria

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of liquid whey fermented with lactic acid bacteria on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat composition, fatty acid profile and meat oxidative stability of Korean Hanwoo steers. Twenty-four homogenous Hanwoo steers (22-months-old) were randomly distributed into two dietary treatments with four replications of three steers per treatments. Basal diet was supplemented with 0.2% fermented liquid whey (FLW) and its effects were compared with those of a control. At the end of feeding trial, steers were slaughtered and graded for quality and yield factors by a trained carcass evaluator. Overall, dietary supplementation with 0.2% FLW increased the body weight, average daily gain and gain to feed ratio (P<0.05) of Hanwoo steers. None of the carcass characteristics were affected by dietary FLW. The ether extract and ash contents of loin eye meat were reduced, whereas the calcium and iron contents were increased in response to dietary FLW supplementation (P<0.05). At fresh state, the malondialdihyde (MDA) value of meat was reduced in response to FLW supplementation (P=0.003), whereas no difference was observed at week 1. During weeks 2 and 3, dietary FLW tended to reduce the MDA value of loin eye meat (P<0.10). Dietary supplementation with FLW increased the concentration of linoleic acid, sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-6 PUFAs (P<0.05). Overall, supplementation of diet with 0.2% FLW exerted beneficial effects on growth performance, meat composition and meat oxidative stability without affecting carcass characteristics, indicating that it can be used as a feed additive in finishing beef cattle.
Unique seasonal forage bases within a local population of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Using photo-identification data, bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) populations can be differentiated based on their use of particular estuaries or coastal habitats. Questions remain, however, about the validity of such fine-scale population partitioning and whether the resulting assemblages utilize unique forage bases. To address the issue of forage base use, stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N) and sulfur (δ34S) were analyzed from skin tissues (n= 74) of bottlenose dolphins sampled seasonally along the coast and in three estuaries near Charleston, South Carolina. Autumn values of δ34S, δ15N, and δ13C and summer values of δ34S indicated that dolphins sampled from these four assemblages utilized unique forage bases, despite limited sample sizes. Likewise, autumn and spring differences in δ15N and δ13C values were evident in the North Edisto River, and in δ34S from dolphins sampled from all three estuarine assemblages; no seasonal differences were identified in the coastal assemblage. Results demonstrate the importance of considering spatial and temporal variation in forage base when developing local management plans for bottlenose dolphin and highlight the discriminatory power of δ34S for estuarine and coastal marine mammals. These results also suggest that stable isotopes could be developed as a complementary tool for photo-identification based partitioning of bottlenose dolphin populations.
A study of artificial fibre bag technique for determining the dig estibility of feeds in the rumen

SUMMARY The artificial fibre bag technique was evaluated for assessing the proportions of dietary D. M. and N which disappear in the rumen. The most important factor determining the variability in disappearance from bags incubated together was the sample size in relation to bag size. For incubation of 5 g air dry feed, a bag size of 17 ✗ 9 cm was found to be adequate. There were also variations in substrate disappearance between animals and between days of incubation. It was estimated that three sheep and the measurement of substrate disappearance twice were necessary in order to obtain acceptable repeatability. The technique was found to be satisfactory as a simple and rapid guide for measuring nutrients disappearance in the rumen such as protein degradation and carbohydrate fermentation. It has been used in subsequent work to measure the effect of features of the rumen environment, such as pH and NH3 concentration, on rate of fermentation.
Inheritance of RAPD molecular makers in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush

Inheritance patterns of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) phenotypes were tested in 13 full‐sib families of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. Single‐pair matings of parents with known phenotypes were made, and up to 20 progeny of each mating were used to test inheritance patterns. Seven RAPD primers amplified 13 polymorphic bands. With the exception of one family, expected segregation ratios for dominant Mendelian genetic traits were observed. Our results support previously reported findings that RAPD markers can be considered Mendelian traits and therefore could be used for analysis of genetic population structure.
Studies on Somatic Cell Counts in Milk of Swedish Dairy Cows

Abstract A program has started in Sweden to screen the udder health status of individual cows by bucket somatic cell counting. A study was undertaken to investigate the genetic variation in test-day somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk sampled at monthly intervals. The material included data from two breeds and totalled 87760 observations. The SCC were transformed to a log scale with base ten (LSCC). The heritability estimates were generally low, ranging from 0.02 to 0.15. Heritabilities increased with lactation number up to the third, while lactation no ≧4 was rater lower. Large breed differences in heritabilities were revealed in lactations 1 and ≧4, but virtually no differences were seen in lactations 2 and 3. Analyses on each lactation stage and on part-lactation gave erratic results for one breed, while the results for the other breed were more consistent, indicating higher heritability estimates in late lactation. The results indicate that a significant genetic change in LSCC can be obtained. Correct c.
Histological Studies on Bacterial Black Node of Barley and Wheat Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica

The causal bacteria of bacterial black node of barley and wheat, Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica, invaded the leaf blade, leaf sheath, internode, node, awn, palea and lemma through the stomata, multiplied in the intercellular spaces of parenchyma, but never invaded the vascular bundles of infected plants. Brownish black lesions spread widely in spite of limited location of the bacterial multiplications in the parenchyma. In case of the palea, stomata existed on both sides of them, and they were connected with each others through the intercellular space of parenchyma. Thus, in the palea tissue, bacteria are able to move from one side to another side. This infection process is regarded as a main cause of the seed-borne mechanism of this disease. The causal bacteria infected the palea and lemma at first, then invaded the caryopsis through the funiculus, and multiplied in the intercellular spaces of parenchyma of caryopsis, but no bacteria were observed in the vascular bundles.
Pollen resources partitioning of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from the southern Atlantic forest

Meliponinae eusocial bees are among the most important pollinators in the Neotropics and their beekeeping has been growing as both recreational and economic activity. Information on the pollen preferences and niche overlap among species coexisting in the same location is still scarce. This study focused on the use of pollen resources by three native species of Meliponinae in the Atlantic Forest , Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata (Lepeletier 1836), Scaptotrigona depilis (Moure 1942), and Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille 1811), at two different sites. The use of pollen resources was evaluated from reserves inside hives collected monthly between February 2015 and January 2016. It was also estimated the Mean Minimal Distance (D m ) traveled by the bees to obtain pollen. The bees differed regarding the diversity of pollen types, D m , and proportion of pollen from different plant life-form. Local factor promoted differences only for D m . M. q. quadrifasciata foraged a low diversity of pollen species and traveled greater distances with a higher proportion of trees plus palm species . Tetragonisca angustula foraged a higher diversity of pollen and flew shorter distances with a lower proportion of trees and palms. The species factor predominates over the local factor in the clustering pattern, based on pollen profile similarity.
Assessments of Pudendal Motor and Sensory Nerves in Patients with or without Fecal Incontinence after Low Anterior Resection for Lower Rectal Cancer

Background: To clarify the pudendal motor (PMN) and sensory (PSN) nerves play in preventing fecal incontinence (FI) after low anterior resection (LAR) for lower rectal cancer, the PMN and PSN functions were studied. Methods: Sixty patients were divided into groups A (n = 20, FI) and B (n = 40, continence). These were compared with group C (n = 30, control subjects). PMN latency (PMNL) (right, left, and posterior sides of the anal canal) was studied by sacral magnetic stimulation. Anal mucosal electric sensitivity (AMES) was measured at the lower, dentate line (DL), and upper zones. Results: The distance of anastomosis from anal verge (DAAV) in group A was significantly shorter than in group B (p value p value p value p value Conclusion: FI after LAR with a short DAAV may lead to external anal sphincter dysfunction due to damage of both PMN and PSN.
The effect of sunlight on allergen release from spores of the fungus Alternaria

Airborne fungal spores are known carriers of allergen. Correlations between spore counts and allergen concentrations are poor. It is known that germination increases allergen release, implicating spore viability as a determinant of allergen release. During aerial dispersal, spores can be exposed to prolonged periods of ultraviolet (UV) light which can reduce viability of spores. We examined the relation between spore viability and allergen release in two experiments: firstly spores from culture were treated with a UV wavelength of 254 nm (not present in sunlight reaching the earth's surface) or autoclaved, and secondly, spores were exposed to simulated sunlight over three days. In both studies viability was measured (by germination on agar and by metabolic activity with nitro-blue tetrazolium vital stain) and allergen release by the Halogen immunoassay. The UV light reduced the proportion of spores able to germinate but did not affect metabolic activity or allergen release. Autoclaving reduced the proportion of spores releasing allergen by half (p<0.0001). Three days' exposure to simulated sunlight correlated negatively with spore germination and metabolic activity (p<0.0001), but did not affect allergen release (p=0.799). In conclusion, simulated sunlight reduced the metabolic activity and germinability of spores however the proportion releasing allergen remained unaffected. These findings suggest that spore counts may reflect allergen concentrations in the air if spores are dead or dormant. The contribution of viable spores to concentrations of airborne allergen, as well as the role of germination in allergen delivery to the respiratory tract, remains to be resolved.
Activities and sequences of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides obtained from the digested lentil (Lens culinaris) globulins

Summary The aim of this study was the identification of potentially bioaccessible ACE-inhibitory peptides obtained by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of lentil globulins. ACE-inhibitory peptides were purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. After the first step of purification, three peptide fractions with potential antihypertensive properties were obtained and the highest inhibitory activity was determined for the fraction 5 (IC50 = 0.02 mg mL−1). This fraction was separated on Sephadex G10, and six peptide fractions were obtained. The peptides of fraction (5-F) with the highest potential antihypertensive activity (IC50 = 0.13 mg mL−1) were identified using ESI-MS/MS. The sequences of peptides were KLRT, TLHGMV and VNRLM. Based on Lineweaver–Burk plots for the fraction 5-F, the kinetic parameters as Km (1.24 mm), Vmax (0.012 U min−1), Ki (0.12 mg mL−1) and mode of inhibition were determined.
The significance of antioxidants in the aphid‐plant interaction: the redox hypothesis

The hypothesis is advanced that a redox system controls oxidation rates during the responses of plants to attack by sucking insects, that soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbate and glutathione, enhance the effectiveness of the plant's defensive system, and that oxidising enzymes in the saliva of aphids (and other phytophagous sucking insects) serve to counter it.
Discrimination of song dialects in relation to song similarity and geographical distance in a rainforest passerine

Abstract Whether or not songbirds recognise geographical variation in song is thought to depend on the perception of threat of neighbours versus strangers or the geographical scale at which song changes in relation to an individual's dispersal distance, or both of these combined. We aimed to test the perception of different song-variants in the Chowchilla (Orthonyx spaldingii), a rainforest-restricted Australian songbird that shows strong geographical variation in song, thus providing an ideal system to test for the function of such variation. We measured the ability of Chowchillas to recognise increasingly distant and dissimilar dialects using playback experiments in order to determine whether the ‘relative threat’ (small scale) and ‘recognition’ (large scale) hypotheses best explain our findings. Chowchillas recognised and approached all song dialects tested. However, they engaged in territorial song the quickest and most often upon hearing local song, with progressively fewer responses and increasing song latencies with increasingly distant and dissimilar dialects. Our results are best explained by the ‘relative threat hypothesis’, suggesting that the main function of dialects in this species is efficient territorial defence, with neighbours posing the greatest threat, explaining the declining singing response to more distant song. Our findings extend the generality of this pattern to tropical, group-living songbirds in which both males and females sing.
SEASONAL LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE INTERACTION EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT OF LAMINARIA SACCHARINA (PHAEOPHYTA) GAMETOPHYTES AND JUVENILE SPOROPHYTES 1

In previous studies, Laminaria saccharina L. (Lamour.) sporophytes were found to exhibit two major peaks of sporogenesis and an annual life cycle in Long Island Sound, New York. Young sporophytes were observed shortly after the sporogenesis peaks in early autumn and spring, but most of the mature sporophytes decayed during summer. A new study was conducted to determine if the spring sporogenesis activity contributed to the recruitment observed in autumn through oversummering of gametophytic and juvenile sporophytic stages, as previously suggested. Reproduction and growth in gametophytes and growth in juvenile sporophytes were studied under crossed gradients of light and temperature. Periodic outplantings of substrata seeded with gametophytic and sporophytic stages to the field were conducted to assess actual survival.
Landscape Evaluation of Grizzly Bear Habitat in Western Montana

Abstract: We present a method for evaluating the cumulative effects of human activity on grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos) habitat in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem of western Montana. Using logistic regression, we modeled the relative probabilities of female grizzly bear resource selection from telemetry data, TM satellite imagery (greenness), elevation, human activity points, roads, and trails. During spring, adult female grizzly bears were positively associated with low‐ and mid‐elevation habitats. Logistic regression coefficients were negative for all road and human activity variables. Summer and fall coefficients were also negative for road, human activity, and trail variables. During summer and fall, females were positively associated with mid to high elevations. Coefficients were positive for greenness during all seasons. Extrapolations of seasonal potential and realized habitat models were made to other areas on the western side of the region where no telemetry data existed. During spring, much of the Bob Marshall Wilderness exhibited a relatively low probability of use by female grizzly bears, but the converse was observed during summer and fall. The mapping and extrapolation process highlighted areas where habitat restoration would have the greatest benefit. These areas were typically low‐elevation spring habitats with high road densities and private lands where urbanization occurred. We recommend that habitat management agencies implement reductions in road densities in seasonal habitat and implement methods to maintain habitat function on private lands.
Activity of fungal phytases stored in two ways in response to the period of storage at room temperature

Two distinct experiments were conducted simultaneously with phytases of Aspergillus oryzae and A. niger for determining enzyme activity in response to storage period (up to 180 days at room temperature - RT). In the first experiment, enzymes were stored as they were acquired (pure form) and the activity was measured periodically during 180 days of storage at RT. In the second experiment, the phytases were incorporated to a supplement containing vitamins, minerals, and amino acids; and then this supplement was stored at RT up to 180 days, so that every 30 days of storage was collected one aliquot from each replicate for determining enzymatic activity. In conclusion, the phytase activity is affected by storage duration. To ensure 80% of the initial activity, the phytases of A. oryzae and A. niger can be stored in the pure forms for up to 53 and 135 days at RT, respectively. However, if the phytases of A. oryzae and A. niger are incorporated to a supplement containing vitamins, minerals, and amino acids then the storage period at RT should not exceed 67 and 77 days, respectively.
Bhai Vir Singh (1872–1957): Rethinking literary modernity in Colonial Punjab

This special issue of Sikh Formations developed out of a scholarly workshop entitled Bhai Vir Singh (1872–1957): Rethinking Literary Modernity in Colonial Punjab, that was held at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in August 2017 and organized by the issue coeditors, Anshu Malhotra and Anne Murphy. It marked an important milestone. The workshop program included both prominent and emerging scholars from the following institutions: in India, Ambedkar University Delhi, Punjabi University Patiala, Guru Kashi University, and Delhi University; in the United States, from Trinity College, University of Mississippi, and the University of Michigan; and from the University of British Columbia (where the workshop took place), three graduate students and one faculty member; the Director of the National Institute of Panjab Studies and the Bhai Vir Singh Sahitya Sadan in New Delhi also attended. Three recent graduates from UBC and Kwantlen Polytechnic University (Surrey, BC, Canada) with Bachelor’s of Arts degrees also participated in a special student panel. The workshop thus represented a crosssection of the new work that has been undertaken in Sikh and Punjab Studies in North America and in India.
Variation in cellular nutrient status within a population of Dinophysis norvegica (Dinophyceae) growing in situ: Singleߚcell elemental analysis by use of a nuclear microprobe

Elemental analysis (C, N, and P) of single cells of Dinophysis norvegica collected from the Baltic Sea was performed by use of a nuclear microprobe (NMP). For each cell, elemental maps were created and the cellular C, N, and P content was obtained. Concentrates of D. norvegica cells were collected simultaneously for measurement of particulate C, N, and P content by traditional methods for comparison. The traditional measurements of C, N, and P yielded 2.2–2.5 times higher values per cell than the ones obtained by the NMP method. Nevertheless, the averages for the elemental ratios were very similar for the traditional measurements and NMP. All the analyzed cells were deficient in both N and P, compared with the Redfield ratio. The data show that cellular nutrient status, especially cell quotas of N, can vary considerably within a population of one algal species growing under the same environmental conditions in situ.