Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of Phentolamine Mesylate in Implant Surgery: Analysis of Adverse Effects and Haemodynamic Changes

The clinical application of phentolamine mesylate (PM) as an anaesthetic reversal agent has been documented in the paediatric population and in conservative dentistry, but no studies have been conducted regarding dental implant surgery. A prospective randomised study was conducted on 60 patients eligible for mandibular implant treatment, randomly divided between a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG), to whom PM was administered. Haemodynamic changes, adverse effects and patient satisfaction were assessed. No statistically significant differences in haemodynamic changes and postoperative pain were found between CG and EG (p < 0.05), except for systolic blood pressure (SBP), which increased slightly in EG, without posing a risk to patients. There were no differences in the occurrence of adverse effects between the two groups, except for greater difficulty in chewing and biting (p < 0.05) in CG and greater pain in the injection area (p = 0.043) in EG. Among EG patients, 83.3% reported that they would request PM again for future dental treatment. The use of PM offers an alternative to implant surgery, thereby increasing patients’ quality of life without increasing the risks.
New Environmental Protection Taxes in China from the Perspective of Environmental Economics

In recent decades, most countries have implemented environmental protection by formulating relevant environmental regulations to reduce environmental pollution and improve environmental quality. China enacted new Environmental Protection Tax Law in 2018 and abolished the old system of pollution discharge fees. -is paper analyzes and predicts the effectiveness of these new environmental tax policies within the framework of a macroeconometric dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Bayesian estimation is applied to estimate dynamic parameters based on China’s macroeconomic data from 1978 to 2018. We find that the implementation of China’s new environmental tax will lead to a significant increase in environmental quality through a reduction in the amount of pollution. However, the study reveals that new environmental taxes may have certain negative influences on economic growth. Consumption, output, wages, and capital could fall by 1.26%, 0.34%, 1.16%, and 1.12%, respectively, which may slow the pace of China’s development.
The role of ion and electron-scale turbulence in setting heat and particle transport in the DIII-D ITER baseline scenario

The heat and particle transport in a DIII-D ITER baseline scenario discharge has been investigated using both linear and nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations performed with the CGYRO code [Candy et al J. Comput. Phys. 2016]. These simulations were used to investigate the role that ion-scale (k θ ρ s < 1.0) and electron-scale (k θ ρ s > 1.0) turbulence play in determining heat and particle transport in the core of conditions believed to directly extrapolate to ITER operation. This investigation spans over nearly half of the plasma minor radius, from ρ = 0.45–0.85. To probe the nature of the transport and turbulence in these conditions and to validate the model against experimental fluxes, scans of a/LTi , a/LTe , and a/L n were performed at all radial locations. Long wavelength turbulence is found to be dominated by ITG modes with strong non-adiabatic electron effects and appears unable to reproduce ion and electron heat fluxes and electron particle fluxes simultaneously at most radial positions when single parameter scans are performed. To investigate the potential role of short wavelength turbulence, a series of electron-scale simulations are performed that indicate that experimentally relevant levels of electron heat flux could arise at sub-ion scales. Quantitative comparison of the simulated fluxes obtained from ion and electron-scale simulations with experimental levels along with the sensitivity of simulations results to changes in inputs is presented. Through extensive sensitivity scans and comparison with multiple transport channels, this work demonstrates a clear need for self-consistent modification of multiple inputs and suggests multi-scale interactions play a significant role at many of the radial locations studied. The results of this analysis help shape our understanding of the model fidelity needed to predict turbulence and transport reactor-relevant conditions and have important implications for the prediction of future fusion devices.
Surface charge behavior and flashover performance on epoxy-based spacers by graded conductivity coatings subjected to DC voltages

Surface charge accumulation subjected to direct current (DC) voltages poses hazardous effects on the surface insulation performance of the involved insulators. It is of great significance to investigate surface charge regulation methods applicable to industrialized spacers. In this study, we propose a graded conductivity coating method, with excellent adhesion strength consisting of TiO2/epoxy composites with different TiO2 contents, realizing a gradually decreased conductivity distribution on the spacer surface from high voltage (HV) to grounded (GND) electrodes. Surface charging behavior and flashover performance under DC voltages on this kind of spacer is obtained. A simulation model for surface charge computation is constructed for the sake of better understanding the surface charging mechanism on spacers with graded conductivity coating. The results indicate that the randomly distributed surface charges are obviously suppressed by this coating manner and the ring-shaped homo-charges adjacent to HV and GND electrode dominate surface charge patterns. The main cause lies in the fact that surface charge dominant mechanism changes from the bulk conductivity model to the surface conductivity model, where surface leakage current becomes the primary sources of surface charges, with the increase in coating conductivity. DC flashover performance is enhanced as well due to the improvement of surface charge accumulation and electric field distribution. This study supplies an important reference for designing DC gas insulated transmission line spacers of high reliability as well as inspires novel ideas in surface charge regulation.
Future climate change significantly alters interannual wheat yield variability over half of harvested areas

Climate change affects the spatial and temporal distribution of crop yields, which can critically impair food security across scales. A number of previous studies have assessed the impact of climate change on mean crop yield and future food availability, but much less is known about potential future changes in interannual yield variability. Here, we evaluate future changes in relative interannual global wheat yield variability (the coefficient of variation (CV)) at 0.25° spatial resolution for two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). A multi-model ensemble of crop model emulators based on global process-based models is used to evaluate responses to changes in temperature, precipitation, and CO2. The results indicate that over 60% of harvested areas could experience significant changes in interannual yield variability under a high-emission scenario by the end of the 21st century (2066–2095). About 31% and 44% of harvested areas are projected to undergo significant reductions of relative yield variability under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. In turn, wheat yield is projected to become more unstable across 23% (RCP4.5) and 18% (RCP8.5) of global harvested areas—mostly in hot or low fertilizer input regions, including some of the major breadbasket countries. The major driver of increasing yield CV change is the increase in yield standard deviation, whereas declining yield CV is mostly caused by stronger increases in mean yield than in the standard deviation. Changes in temperature are the dominant cause of change in wheat yield CVs, having a greater influence than changes in precipitation in 53% and 72% of global harvested areas by the end of the century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. This research highlights the potential challenges posed by increased yield variability and the need for tailored regional adaptation strategies.
An Optical Imaging System for Capturing Images in Low-Light Aquatic Habitats Using Only Ambient Light.

S1. DEPLOYMENT AND UNDERWATER OPERATION The optical imaging system (OIS) was deployed in the kelp forests on the northern edge of the South La Jolla State Marine Reserve (SMR; 32.8263°N, 117.2901°W) in approximately 14 m water depth from July 10 to 23, 2018 (Figure S1a). It captured 24 images every 12 minutes between 05:00 and 21:00 (i.e., at least one hour before sunrise and after sunset) to ensure that no potentially usable light conditions were missed for image acquisition. Images were captured under aperture priority mode (aperture: f2.8) as uncompressed, raw image files with a 16:9 aspect ratio. The focusing distance of the lens was set at 0.3 m in air so that a fish one meter away from the camera in water would be in focus. This was determined using equations in Jenkins and White (2001) to compute the focusing distance for thick lenses, and we have included a MATLAB R2016b (MathWorks, Natick, MA) script to calculate this in the GitHub repository (https://github.com/cpagniel/FishOASIS/blob/master/hardware/FishOASIS_lens_ focusing_dist_code.m). The ISO (International Standards Organization) sensitivity of each image was automatically set by the camera between 50 and 409,600. The white balance was also automatically set by the camera. The OIS was mounted by divers to an L-bracket (for landscape images) on a 1 m tall u-post set in a 50 × 50 × 10 cm concrete block (Figure S1b). It could also be mounted directly to the stand for portrait images. The battery pack was placed on the concrete block and cable-tied to two eyebolts set in the concrete block. A HOBO Pendant temperature/light 8K data logger (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA) was attached to the camera housing to measure seawater temperature (in °C) and ambient light (in lux). To correct for the ambient light spectra, a DGK Color Tools WDKK Waterproof Color Chart was deployed in the field of view of the camera at a distance of 2 m. To approximate the distance of fishes from the camera, distances to various stationary objects always visible in the images (e.g., rocks, kelp holdfasts, cinderblocks) from the camera were measured using a transect tape. To demonstrate the OIS’s ability to synchronize its clock with that of a passive acoustic recorder, the OIS was deployed alongside a SoundTrap ST4300 (Ocean Instruments, Auckland, NZ) four-channel acoustic recorder equipped An Optical Imaging System for Capturing Images in Low-Light Aquatic Habitats Using Only Ambient Light
DMSO_A_293259 399..408

1Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People’s Republic of China; 2Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People’s Republic of China Objective: Obesity and metabolic syndrome have been reported to exert an impact on the male reproductive system with decreasing levels of serum total testosterone (TT); however, the effect of different metabolic obesity phenotypes on testosterone has been poorly studied. We aimed to evaluate the association of metabolic obesity phenotypes and total testosterone levels in a Chinese male population. Methods: We performed a retrospective study based on an epidemiological investigation, a total of 4,081 male individuals aged from 40–75 years old were recruited. The population was classified as metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO) according to normal weight (BMI<25.0) and overweight/obesity (BMI≥25.0) with or without metabolic syndrome. Results: We collected 563 hypotestosteronemia among 4,081 male individuals. The odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) of hypotestosteronemia in obesity and metabolic syndrome were 3.072 (2.414–3.911) and 3.294 (2.631–4.125), respectively, after adjusting for age, luteinizing hormone, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Compared to the MHNW group, male subjects in MHO, MUNW, and MUO groups had decreased serum TT levels. Additionally, the MUO group had a lowest concentration of serum TT and a highest proportion of hypotestosteronemia. There was no significant difference of TT levels between the MHO and MUNW groups. Conclusion: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are independent risk factors of hypotestosteronemia in Chinese male populations. Our study also suggested that individuals with MHO, MUNW, and MUO have a higher risk of developing hypotestosteronemia.
Developing microencapsulated 12‐hydroxystearic acid (HSA) for phase change material use

Phase change materials (PCM) have an increasingly more important role as a thermal energy storage (TES) media. However, leakage problem of PCM causes limitation during their integration in TES systems. Therefore, the encapsulation of PCMs is attracting research interest to extend usage of PCMs in real TES applications in recent years. In this study, hydroxystearic acid (HSA) was encapsulated with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and different PMMA comonomer shells via emulsion polymerization method for the first time in literature. HSA with high melting temperature range (74–78°C) can widen the scope of using PCMs, and the encapsulated form can make it more versatile. The chemical structures, morphologies, and thermophysical properties of capsules were determined by FT‐IR, SEM, DSC, TGA, and thermal infrared camera. Among the produced HSA capsule candidates, PMMA‐HEMA is the most promising with latent heat of 48.5 J/g with melting range of 47 to 85°C. SEM analysis indicated that the capsules have spherical shape with compact surface at nano‐micro (100–440 nm) size range; however, some capsules exhibited agglomeration.
Effects of cultivar resistance and fungicide application on stem canker of oilseed rape (
 Brassica napus
 ) and potential interseasonal transmission of
 Leptosphaeria
 spp. inoculum

Phoma stem canker (also known as blackleg) is caused by two closely related coexisting ascomycete fungal pathogens, Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa (Fitt et al., 2006a; Shoemaker & Brun, 2001). This disease causes damage to oilseed rape worldwide (Fitt et al., 2006b) and accounts for annual yield losses to UK oilseed rape growers worth approximately £100 million, despite the use of fungicides and resistant cultivars (www.cropm onitor.co.uk) (Zhang et al., 2014). In the UK, phoma stem canker is a monocyclic disease that is initiated by ascospores as primary inoculum in autumn or winter. These ascospores are released from pseudothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) that mature after harvest on infected stem debris, such as stubble left in fields from the previous cropping season. Once mature, ascospores Received: 18 April 2021 | Accepted: 25 July 2021 DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13453
The role of tropopause polar vortices in the intensification of Summer Arctic cyclones

<p>Human activity in the Arctic is expected to increase as new regions become accessible, with a consequent need for reliable forecasts of hazardous weather. Arctic cyclones are synoptic-scale cyclones developing within or moving into the Arctic region. Meso- to synoptic-scale tropopause-based coherent vortices called tropopause polar vortices (TPVs) are frequently observed in polar regions and are a proposed mechanism for Arctic cyclone genesis and intensification. While the importance of pre-existing tropopause-level features for cyclone development, and their existence as part of the three-dimensional mature cyclone structure, is well established in the mid-latitudes, evidence of the importance of pre-existing TPVs for Arctic cyclone development is more limited. Here we present a climatology and characteristics of summer Arctic cyclones and TPVs, produced by tracking them in the latest global ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5), and determine the role of pre-existing TPVs in the initiation and intensification of these cyclones. </p>
Should You Open-Source Your Model? Ethical questions for open-sourcing Machine Learning models

This paper covers a set of ethical guidelines to help data scientists decide whether to open-source their Machine Learning models. Many questions are existing ones related to open-source data while some are new questions that are speciﬁc to Machine Learning. Examples are drawn from real uses of open data and Machine Learning in disaster response and healthcare over the last decade, sharing lessons learned. A set of questions are provided that data scientists should ask when deciding whether or not to open-source a model. It is recommended that data scientists create a “Model State-ment” to be explicit about a model’s capabilities and to help with the decision.
Production and Inventory Dynamics Under Ambiguity Aversion

We propose a production-cost smoothing model with Knightian uncertainty and ambiguity aversion to study the joint behavior of production, inventories, and sales. Our model can explain four facts that previous studies find difficult to account for simultaneously: (i) the high volatility of production relative to sales, (ii) the low ratio of inventory-investment volatility to sales volatility, (iii) the positive correlation between sales and inventories, and (iv) the negative correlation between the inventory-to- sales ratio and sales. We find that the stock-out avoidance
Teaching novices design history via worked examples

Art appreciation and criticism in the classroom is usually taught using problemsolving strategies that require the student to provide their own solution to openended questions on specific art examples, with little guidance or input from the teacher during this process. There are a number of advocates in art education who support the theory that discovery learning is an effective learning strategy (Dorn, 1998; Jausovec, 1994). Discovery learning in art and design education can be an effective learning strategy for students who have domain specific knowledge, however for students without such knowledge, supplying appropriate worked examples as suggested in this paper, should be a more effective method. Supported by Cognitive load theory and the visual literacy literature this theoretical paper argues that the use of effectively designed worked examples can assist first year university students to acquire domain specific schemas for identifying distinctive characteristics of a designer’s work.
Carbon Emissions and the Bank-Lending Channel

We study how firm-level carbon emissions affect bank lending and, through this channel, real decisions in a sample of global firms with syndicated loans. Using bank-level commitments to carbon neutrality to measure changes in banks’ green preferences, we show that firms with higher (lower) scope-1 emission levels borrowing from banks making commitments subsequently receive less (more) bank credit, even controlling for differences in their fundamentals. The bank decisions to reallocate credit more likely reflect their preferences for green rather than their differential response to an increased business risk. The reduction in bank lending to a brown sector lowers this sector’s real investments but even then, these firms do not improve their environmental scores.
National Economic and Health Recovery in the Disruptive Pandemic: A Proposal for Indonesia

The government’s rhetoric of Indonesian resurgence is one of economic and health recovery from the current disruptive pandemic. However, this rhetoric has not been matched in reality, as the recovery focus and fulfillment have been heavily slanted towards the economic sphere. There is a need for a policy which could sustainably alleviate both economic and health sufferings among the Indonesian population. We propose for this policy to be Job Guarantee (JG), in which the government provides a job for Indonesians who are able and willing to work, yet unable to find a job in the labor market. This would help solve the major problem of unemployment, especially involuntary ones, which has been exacerbated by the twin supply and demand shock caused by the pandemic. Based on implementation in other countries, a JG policy need not cost very much, especially when compared to its benefits. This article highlights not only JG’s economic benefits, but offers a novel understanding into JG’s health benefits, especially mentally. An explicit name of National Economic and Health Recovery policy is thus recommended, to reflect better the understanding presented in this article.
Generation Stupid or Generation Smart? An Analysis of Young Investors in Germany and Austria

Using data from a European app-based investment funds aiming at younger and first-time investors, we find that this group acts surprisingly “smart” when it comes to investing: The analyzed group of mostly under-30 German and Austrian investors clearly prefers a long-term continuous buy-and-hold approach paired with relatively high monthly savings contributions; the market downturn in 2020 was used to even increase investments, which led to a significant outperformance (13.7% p.a. from 2017-2021) compared to the underlying funds (4.6% p.a.). At the same time these investors seem to prefer a high frequency of almost daily interaction with their investments through small-sized news, which seems however to be used rather for entertainment or long-term evaluations rather than short-term trading.
Misalignment between Test Scores and Colleges' Preferences: Chinese College Admission Reconsidered

Each year, millions of high school graduates in China take a standardized test and compete for college seats. Unlike other countries, college admissions in China have a distinct feature: both test scores and colleges’ preferences coexist in the market. To alleviate the misalignment problem between test scores and colleges’ preferences, the government implements a so-called “dummy quota policy”. The Chinese parallel (CP) mechanism, based on this policy, is a variant of the serial dictatorship (SD) mechanism but has various drawbacks. In this paper, we consider two scenarios depending on whether the dummy quota policy is maintained or abandoned. For each scenario, we propose a modified parallel mechanism to improve the allocation outcome of the CP mechanism.