Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extension, development, and evaluation of the representation of the OH-initiated dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation mechanism in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) v3.3.1 framework

Abstract. Understanding dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation can help us constrain its contribution to Earth's radiative balance. Following the discovery of hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF) as a DMS oxidation product, a range of new experimental chamber studies have since improved our knowledge of the oxidation mechanism of DMS and delivered detailed chemical mechanisms. However, these mechanisms have not undergone formal intercomparisons to evaluate their performance. This study aimed to synthesise the recent experimental studies and develop a new, near-explicit, DMS mechanism, through a thorough literature review. A simple box model was then used with the mechanism to simulate a series of chamber experiments and evaluated through comparison with four published mechanisms. Our modelling shows that the mechanism developed in this work outperformed the other mechanisms on average when compared to the experimental chamber data, having the lowest fractional gross error for 8 out of the 14 DMS oxidation products studied. A box model of a marine boundary layer was also run, demonstrating that the deviations in the mechanisms seen when comparing them against chamber data are also prominent under more atmospherically relevant conditions. Although this work demonstrates the need for further experimental work, the mechanism developed in this work has been evaluated against a range of experiments, which validate the mechanism and reduce the bias from individual experiments. Our mechanism provides a good basis for a near-explicit DMS oxidation mechanism that would include other initiation reactions (e.g. halogens) and can be used to compare the performance of reduced mechanisms used in global models.
Patterns of p21

Aims —To clarify p21 waf1/cip1 expression in sinonasal lesions. Methods —Archived surgical specimens from 38 patients were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry. p21 waf1/cip1 staining was evaluated in the di V erent layers of the epithelium. In addition, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and p53 protein overexpression were assessed and correlated with p21 waf1/cip1 expression. Results— p21 waf1/cip1 staining was negative in non-papillomatous nasal mucosa. HPV infection and p53 protein overexpression were not seen. Sixteen of 20 inverted pap-illomas showed p21 waf1/cip1 expression. HPV infection was found in 16 cases and p53 protein overexpression was present in 13 specimens. Expression of p21 waf1/cip1 was restricted to surface cells in ﬁve cases, but involved basal/parabasal cells in 11 specimens. Immunoreactivity for p21 waf1/cip1 in basal/parabasal cells colocalised with p53 protein overexpression. Enhanced expression rates for p21 waf1/cip1 were seen in transitional and squamous epithelium compared with columnar epithelium. p21 waf1/cip1 expression involved only surface cells in cylindrical cell papillomas. HPV infection and p53 protein overexpression were detected in all specimens. One of ﬁve squamous cell carcinomas showed p21 waf1/cip1 expression. HPV infection was seen in two cases, and all carcinomas showed p53 protein overexpression.
Dosing of U-100 insulin and associated outcomes among Medicare enrollees with type 1 or type 2 diabetes

Objective: To examine costs, resource utilization, adherence, and hypoglycemic events among various doses of U-100 insulin regimens among elderly patients (age  65 years) diagnosed with diabetes. Methods: Truven Health Analytics Medicare databases from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2011 were utilized. General linear models with a gamma distribution and log link were used to examine costs, while logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to examine resource utilization and hypoglycemic events. Analyses controlled for patient characteristics, pre-period comorbidities, general health, and use of antidiabetic medications as well as index dose of insulin. Results: All-cause inpatient, emergency room, and outpatients costs, as well as diabetes-related inpatient costs, were highest among individuals who were treated with an index dose of 10–100 units/day followed by  300 units/day, while drug costs and total costs generally increased as index dosage increased. Resource utilization generally followed the same pattern as costs, with number of office visits increasing as the dose increased and the highest hospital length of stay, number of hospitalizations, number of emergency room visits, and number of diabetes-related hospitalizations were generally highest among those in the lowest and highest index dose cohorts. Compared to patients who initiated with an index dose of 10–100 units/ day, all other patients were significantly less likely to achieve an adherence threshold of 80% based upon index dose range, and while those with an index dose of  100–150 units/day were significantly more likely to experience a hypoglycemic event. Conclusion: These results suggest that, for elderly individuals with diabetes, there is a higher patient burden among those who receive the lowest and
0968 A new species of Biclonuncaria Razowski and Becker, 1993 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Polyorthini) from Costa Rica

Biclonuncaria recurvana , new species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Polyorthini), is described and illustrated from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. It is most similar to B. conica Razowski, 1993, from Mexico, but the two are easily distinguished by features of the male genitalia. Biclo-nuncaria recurvana has been reared ( n = 12 specimens) from field-collected larvae feeding on the leaves of Dalbergia glomerata Hemsley (Fabaceae), consistent with the previously reported host plant for B. dalbergiae Razowski and Becker, 1993, which has been reared from Dalbergia in Brazil.
Chapter 9 Coral biogeography in the Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) of Laurentia

Abstract During the Late Ordovician, Cincinnatian, the epicontinental seas and continental margin of Laurentia provided habitats that were suitable for corals. Biogeographical differentiation occurred within this equatorially placed continent, when corals were introduced to areas that had fundamentally different environments. There were four biogeographical divisions, characterized by distinctive faunas that included some endemic taxa: the Red River–Stony Mountain Province, Richmond Province, Edgewood Province and the less well understood, informal ‘Continental Margin’ Area. In each division, the potential for diversification and the capacity for diversity were determined by factors such as the duration and size of the division, the amount of immigration, the extent of evolution and biogeographical differentiation, faunal responses to changes in sea-level and climate, and the complexity of the ecological structure. The development of multiple biogeographical divisions, each contributing to overall diversity, enhanced the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’. During the latest Ordovician mass extinction, there was a reduction of diversity and loss of biogeographical divisions within Laurentia. The divisions were terminated when their characteristic taxa disappeared, in response to major environmental changes associated with glaciation in Gondwana and subsequent global warming.
Comparative immunohistochemical characteristic of expression levels of Ki-67 , p 53 , caspase 3 in non-invasive and invasive intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma

Aim. Comparison analysis of expression levels of Ki-67, p53, and caspase 3 was performed between the tumor cells and the stromal cells of non-invasive intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma on the one hand and the tumor cells and the stromal cells of invasive intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma on the other hand. Materials and methods. For this purpose, pathohistological and immunohistochemical studies were used. The surgical material of 10 patients with non-invasive (pTis, pT1) intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma and 10 patients with invasive (pT2, pT3, pT4) intestinaltype gastric adenocarcinoma were analyzed. Results. It was established that intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma is characterized by the medium Ki-67 labeling index, the low expression level of p53, the low expression level of caspase 3 in the tumor cells, and also the low Ki-67 labeling index and the extremely low expression level of caspase 3 in the stromal cells. The tumor cells of invasive intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma are characterized by the 2 times higher expression level of p53, than the tumor cells of non-invasive intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma. Moreover, direct correlation between the medium Ki-67 labeling index of the tumor cells and the low Ki-67 labeling index of the stromal cells, and also direct correlation between the medium Ki-67 labeling index in the tumor cells of intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma and the low expression level of p53 in these cells were identifi ed. Conclusions. These data demonstrate a signifi cantly more activity of proliferation and apoptosis in the tumor cells of intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma, in comparison with the stromal cells of this tumor. Invasive intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma differs by the 2 times higher expression level of p53, in comparison with the same index for non-invasive carcinoma. Furthermore, a tight association between proliferative processes in the tumor cells and in the stromal cells of intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma, and also an association between proliferative processes and accumulation of mutant protein p53 in the tumor cells of intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma were identifi ed.
Improving Regulatory Effectiveness through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA †

We study how a regulator can best target inspections. Our case study is a US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) program that randomly allocated some inspections. On average, each inspection led to 2.4 (9 percent) fewer serious injuries over the next 5 years. Using new machine learning methods, we find that OSHA could have averted as much as twice as many injuries by targeting inspections to workplaces with the highest expected averted injuries and nearly as many by targeting the highest expected level of injuries. Either approach would have generated up to $850 million in social value over the decade we examine. ( JEL C63, J28, J81, K32, L51 )
Interactions Between Agricultural Export and Growth in Southern African Countries: Evidence from Panel Co-Integration

Background and Objective: The low drive of agricultural export in most African countries has a serious implication for agricultural growth in these countries. This study investigated the relationship and drivers of agricultural growth. Materials and Methods: The study adopted the proposition of the Breusch and Pagan LM test to perform the cross-sectional dependency test and the Pedroni residual co-integration test was used to establish co-integration. The study analyzed the second-generation unit root. All the variables except agricultural labor were stationary after the first difference. Results: The result obtained from Kao residual co-integration test was statistically significant at a 1% level of confidence therefore, the study failed to accept the null hypothesis and concluded that there is a long-run relationship among the variables. Also, growth and import showed a uni-directional relationship, likewise agricultural land and agricultural import. A long-run Granger causality was affirmed by agricultural growth and agricultural import. Conclusion: It is evident that agricultural import-controlled policies will have less effect on the agricultural growth in Southern African countries. Also, negative shocks to agricultural labor will negatively affect agricultural capital and agricultural growth.
Spring tropical cyclones modulate near-surface isotopic compositions of atmospheric water vapour in Kathmandu, Nepal

Abstract. While westerlies are recognized as a significant moisture transport in Nepal during the pre-monsoon season, precipitation is also attributed to moisture from cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) or the Arabian Sea (AS). Tropical cyclones exhibit negative isotopic values in both precipitation and atmospheric water vapour; however, the factors influencing isotopic fractionation during tropical cyclones remain poorly understood. We present the results of continuous measurements of the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapour (δ18Ov, δDv, and d-excessv) in Kathmandu from 7 May to 7 June 2021 during two pre-monsoon cyclones: cyclone Tauktae, formed over the Arabian Sea, and cyclone Yaas, formed over the Bay of Bengal. Our study reveals that tropical cyclones originating from the BoB and the AS during the pre-monsoon season modulate isotopic signals of near-surface atmospheric water vapour in Nepal. Comparing conditions before and after, we observed a significant depletion of δ18Ov and δDv during both cyclones, attributed to changes in moisture sources (local vs. marine). Convective activity plays a pivotal role in the variability of δ18Ov and δDv during both cyclones, confirmed by the spatial variations of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and regional precipitation during both cyclones. We also found a significant negative correlation between δ18Ov and/or δDv and rainfall amount along the trajectories during cyclone Tauktae, probably resulting from integrated upstream processes linked to the earlier Rayleigh distillation of water vapour via rainfall rather than local rainfall. The decrease in δ18Ov and/or δDv during cyclone Yaas is associated with the intensified convection and moisture convergence at the measurement site, while the lower cloud top temperatures (CTTs) and lower cloud top pressure (CTP) during intense convection contribute to higher d-excessv values during the final stage of cyclone Yaas. This characteristic is missing during cyclone Tauktae. Our results shed light on key processes governing the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapour in Kathmandu with implications for the monsoon moisture transport and paleoclimate reconstructions of tropical cyclone activity.
Effect of Classroom Learning Environment on Basic Science Students' Academic Achievement and Retention at Upper Basic Education Level

: The study investigated the effect of classroom environment on student’s academic achievement and retention in Basic Science at the upper education level. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design of pretest-posttest, and posttest non-equivalent control group design. Four research questions and four corresponding null hypothesis guided the study. The population of the study was all the upper basic two students in public secondary schools in Enugu State, Nigeria. Two intact classes of Upper Basic Two (JSS2) students were purposively assigned to experimental and control groups. A sample size of 72 upper basic two students was used for the study. A 25-item Basic Science Test (BSAT) was designed by the researchers and used for data collection. Face and content validation were carried out by experts in Basic Science and Measurement and Evaluation. The instrument was trial tested using Kuder-Richardson reliability formula 20 (K-R 20) to determine the reliability coefficient index of 0.85 for the instrument. Mean and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study shows that students exposed to treatment achieved and retain greater knowledge than their counterparts that were denied treatment. It was recommended that low achievers in Basic Science need to be involved more through increased interaction with teachers in the form of makeup classes, tutorial classes, or special coaching.
Evolution and Genesis of Magmas from Vico Volcano, Central Italy: Multiple Differentiation Pathways and Variable Parental Magmas

Vico volcano has erupted potassic and ultrapotassic magmas, ranging from silica-saturated to silica-undersaturated types, in three distinct volcanic periods over the past 0 5Myr. During Period I magma compositions changed from latite to trachyte and rhyolite, with minor phono-tephrite; during Periods II and III the erupted magmas were primarly phono-tephrite to tephriphonolite and phonolite; however, magmatic episodes involving leucite-free eruptives with latitic, trachytic and olivine latitic compositions also occurred. In Period II, leucite-bearing magmas (Sr/Srinitial  0 71037---0 71115) were derived from a primitive tephrite parental magma. Modelling of phonolites with different modal plagioclase and Sr contents indicates that low-Sr phonolitic lavas differentiated from tephri-phonolite by fractional crystallization of 7% olivine 27% clinopyroxene 54% plagioclase  10% Fe---Ti oxides  4% apatite at low pressure, whereas high-Sr phonolitic lavas were generated by fractional crystallization at higher pressure. More differentiated phonolites were generated from the parental magma of the high-Sr phonolitic tephra by fractional crystallization of 10---29% clinopyroxene  12---15% plagioclase  44---67% sanidine  2---4% phlogopite  1---3% apatite  7---10% Fe---Ti oxides. In contrast, leucite-bearing rocks of Period III (Sr/Srinitial  0 70812---0 70948) were derived from a potassic trachybasalt by assimilation---fractional crystallization with 20---40% of solid removed and r  0 4---0 5 (where r is assimilation rate/crystallization rate) at different pressures. Silica-saturated magmas of Period II (Sr/Srinitial  0 71044---0 71052) appear to have been generated from an olivine latite similar to some of the youngest erupted products. A primitive tephrite, a potassic trachybasalt and an olivine latite are inferred to be the parental magmas at Vico. These magmas were generated by partial melting of a veined lithospheric mantle sources with different vein---peridotite/wall-rock proportions, amount of residual apatite and distinct isolation times for the veins.
children's understanding of emotions: desires take precedence

Deaf children frequently have trouble understanding other people’s emotions. It has been suggested that an impaired theory of mind can account for this. This research focused on the spontaneous use of mental states in explaining other people’s emotions by 6-and 10-year-old deaf children as compared to their hearing peers. Within both age-groups deaf children referred to others’ beliefs as often as their hearing peers and their references to desires even exceeded those of hearing children. This relative priority for the expression of desires is discussed in terms of possible communicative patterns of deaf children. The speciﬁc problemsthatdeafchildrenmeetintheirdailycommunicationmightexplaintheirabundanceofdesire-references:plausibly,theygiveahighprioritytostresstheirowndesiresandneeds unambiguously.
fragilis Bacteroides Large-Capsule Phenotype to Extracellular Polysaccharide Confers a Expression of a Uniquely Regulated

Bacteroides fragilis synthesizes eight distinct capsular polysaccharides, more than any described bacterium outside the order Bacteroidales . Here, we show that this organism also produces a high-molecular-weight extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). Expression of the EPS results in the formation of a large polysaccharide layer around the bacteria which prevents them from forming a tight pellet upon centrifugation and from entering a Percoll density gradient. Like expression of the capsular polysaccharides, expression of the EPS is phase variable and dictated by DNA inversion of its promoter. EPS expression is regulated at one level by the DNA invertase Tsr19, which is encoded by a gene immediately upstream of the EPS locus and inverts the EPS promoter, causing an on or off phenotype. Expression of the EPS is also regulated at another level, which dictates the amount of EPS produced. By analyzing a panel of tsr19 deletion mutants, we found that the number of inverted repeats (IRs) ﬂanking the promoter is variable. Transcription into the EPS genes is greater in mutants with a single IR between the promoter and the downstream EPS genes than in mutants with more than one IR in this region, correlating with the synthesis of more EPS. By analyzing the relative orientations of the EPS promoter of bacteria obtained from human fecal samples, we showed that both DNA inversion and variation in the number of IRs are active processes of B. fragilis in
Coronary spasms after coronary artery bypass surgery: a case report and concise review of the literature

Coronary artery spasms may occur as a serious complication during trans-operative and immediate postoperative periods of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS). The small number of cases reported is responsible for making it difficult not only to choose an adequate treatment but also to determine risk factors that might be responsible for its incidence. Coronary artery spasms have a multifactorial character, sudden appearance and must be part of the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and low output syndrome among patients submitted to heart surgery. We describe a case of a patient submitted to CABS with extracorporeal circulation who presented electrocardiographic alterations suggesting acute myocardial infarction during the immediate postoperative period but was diagnosed as having coronary artery spasms shown by a coronary catheterism performed afterwards. The patient was treated successfully with intracoronary vasodilators with good evolution over short and medium terms.
II.—The Moinian and Dalradian Rocks between Glen Roy and the Monadhliath Mountains, Inverness-shire

Synopsis The paper provides the first detailed geological description of a portion of the Grampian Highlands between Glen Roy in the west and the Monadhliath Mountains in the east. Moinian metasediments comprising thick granulites (Eilde Flags = Central Highland Psammitic Group) followed by a variable series of pelites and impersistent quartzites (Monadhliath Schists = Transition Group) are succeeded by Dalradian Limestone (Kinlochlaggan or Ballachulish Limestone = Basal Calcareous Group). The Monadhliath Schists are shown to be stratigraphically equivalent to those of Lochaber below the Ballachulish Limestone. Structurally the area consists of north-easterly anticlines and synclines which are generally isoclinal and often overturned. Many formational junctions are clearly stratigraphical, but the point is discussed whether tectonic contacts (slides) may also be present. Most of the metasediments are of garnet grade, but in the east there is a poorly-developed kyanite zone, and a well-developed sillimanite zone. The high-grade zones are related to a major migmatite and pegmatite belt (the Strathspey Complex); another pegmatite belt occurs farther west around Loch Laggan. Post-tectonic granite, quartz-diorite, diorite and appinite intrusions are also present. The district is traversed by several important north-easterly faults which are later than both the metasediments and the intrusions.
Networks of desire The Specter of aids and the Use of Digital Media in the Quest for Secret Same-Sex Relations in São Paulo

This article seeks to analyze the emergence of an on-line market for love and sex partners in São Paulo, as of 1997, when the internet became commercially available in Brazil. Focusing on the first generation of digital media users, my field research looks at men who entered adolescence or adulthood during the AIDS epidemic. I analyze how the use of digital media has been molded by people’s desire to dissociate themselves from the image that homosexu-ality acquired during the sex panic. In Brazil’s largest metropolis, this use of digital media is linked to historical and cultural transformations within the realm of homosexualities, as they move under the aegis of an erotic regime based on the desire for social adjustment.