Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Miocene adakites and Nb-enriched basalts from Vizcaino Peninsula, Mexico: Indicators of East Pacific Rise subduction below southern Baja California?

A typical slab melt association was emplaced from 11 to 8 Ma in the Santa Clara volcanic field, Vizcaino Peninsula, Baja California Sur. It includes adakitic domes and associated pyroclastic flow deposits, together with lava flows of niobium-enriched basalts. The trace element and isotopic (Sr-Nd-Pb) signatures of adakites are consistent with melting of altered mid-ocean ridge basalts, and the sources of the Nb-enriched basalts contain an enriched mantle wedge component. Such associations commonly form at depths of 70–80 km during low-dip subduction of very young oceanic crust. However, the Santa Clara field is relatively close (100 km) to the paleotrench, which suggests that the genesis of its adakites and Nb- enriched basalts occurred in a very high thermal regime linked to the subduction of the then-active Guadalupe spreading center of the East Pacific Rise. Our data suggest that the asthenospheric window documented below northern Baja California also developed beneath the south of the peninsula during the Neogene. This hypothesis is consistent with the spatial distribution and the ages of adakites and magnesian andesites from this region.
Ordering Choropleth Map Symbols: The Effect of Background

Guidelines for choropleth map design have concentrated on printed maps. This paper examines whether the conventional use of darker symbols to mean “more” is applicable on maps presented in other media. Forty-seven subjects performed map reading tasks using slides photographed from a CRT screen. Results indicate that map readers take darker symbols for “more” in these displays. Further, the tendency for map readers to take darker symbols to represent greater magnitudes is modified by the value of a map's background. Approximately one-fifth of the experimental subjects reversed symbol order because of background value. Backgrounds of intermediate value impeded symbol ordering. This evidence suggests that for at least some subjects, a map's background anchors map symbols and influences their apparent order.
Equivalent current systems for the annual and semiannual Sq variations observed along the 210°MM CPMN stations

[1] We analyzed ground magnetometer data for the 10 International Quiet Days during 1996–2007. The data were obtained from 19 stations along 210°magnetic meridian (MM) of the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) covering both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. From the daily variations of the geomagnetic field, we deduced the latitude-local time (LAT-LT) diagram of the equivalent Sq current system, which can be regarded as the superposition of the following three current systems: Sq0, Sq1, and Sq2. The Sq0, Sq1, and Sq2 current systems are equivalent current systems for the yearly average, annual variation, and semiannual variation of the Sq field, respectively. We have examined temporal and spatial features of these current systems. The principal features are as follows: (1) The total current intensities of the Sq1 and Sq2 current systems are about 35% and 15% of that of the Sq0 current system, respectively. (2) The Sq0 and Sq2 current systems have a dayside vortex in each hemisphere, while the Sq1 current system has a single vortex centered at the equatorial region in the morning sector (∼1000 LT).
National assessment of coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise; preliminary results for the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coast

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. National Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise: Preliminary Results for the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coast By E. Robert Thieler and Erika S. Hammar-Klose
Gravity current structure of the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume

Measurements made across the edge of the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume in September 1996 are examined for evidence of the frontal head structure expected for a buoyant gravity current. Shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler and hydrographic data from two distinct, 2-hour-long sets of frontal transects are analyzed. One set of observations was acquired just south of the bay mouth (near Cape Henry, Virginia) during late flood tide in water depth of 8 m. These measurements show a nearly steady frontal structure and a frontal head that is approximately 5-m deep and 20-m wide. The second data set was acquired about 20-km southeast of the bay mouth, where the plume bulges horizontally outward over the continental shelf. These measurements show a 9-m-deep frontal head (in water depth of 18 m) that ultimately dissipates during early flood tide. In both sets of observations, relative inflow of plume water into the frontal head is confined to a shallow surface layer estimated to be no more than about 2-m deep. Referenced to this layer, frontal propagation is supercritical (Froude number greater than 1). Also measured was an expected sinking motion (of the order of 3 cm/s) along the front. Overall, the results are consistent with previous measurements made across smaller buoyant plumes and in the laboratory, and they are compatible with the use of fixed values of Froude number and entrainment parameter in two-layer plume models. Additional study of the plume front during ebb tide is recommended.
The influence of activator types on the capacitance value of carbon electrodes from coconut shell

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik karbon aktif dalam aplikasi elektroda karbon dari tempurung kelapa serta pengaruh jenis dari aktivator yang digunakan terhadap kapasitansi elektroda karbon dari tempurung kelapa. Karbon yang telah diperoleh dari tempurung kelapa diproses hingga mencapai ukuran 300 mesh. Karbon tersebut kemudian diaktivasi dengan beberapa aktivator seperti HCl, NaOH dan K2CO3 dengan perbandingan 1:1. Karbon yang telah diaktivasi selanjutnya dikeringkan dengan oven kemudian dilakukan pencucian hingga netral. Karbon aktif kemudian dipelet menjadi elektroda dalam tekanan 8 ton lalu selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran dimensi dan densitas serta pengujian Cyclic Voltametry. Hasil pengukuran dimensi diperoleh nilai densitas dari CSC, AC1, AC2 dan AC3 masing-masing 0,794 g/cm3, 0,610 g/cm3, 0,649 g/cm3 dan 0,731 g/cm3. Selanjutnya hasil pengujian Cyclic Voltametry diperoleh data kapasitansi spesifik, energi spesifik dan daya spesifik. Nilai kapasitansi spesifik dari CSC, AC1, AC2 dan AC3 adalah masing-masing 0,361011 F/g, 0,33898 F/g, 3,38583 F/g dan 4,461538 F/g. Lalu nilai rapat energi dari CSC, AC1, AC2 dan AC3 adalah masing-masing 0,045126 Wh/kg, 0,042373 Wh/kg, 0,423228 Wh/kg dan 0,557692 Wh/kg. Kemudian nilai rapat daya dari CSC, AC1, AC2 dan AC3 adalah masing-masing 0,216606 W/kg, 0,196721 W/kg, 2,186441 W/kg dan 2,676923 W/kg. Abstract. This study aims to determine the characteristics of activated carbon in the application of carbon electrodes from coconut shells and the influence of the type of activator used on the capacitance of carbon electrodes from the coconut shell. The carbon that has been obtained from the coconut shell is processed up to 300 mesh in size. The carbon is then activated with several activators such as HCl, NaOH and K2CO3 with a ratio of 1:1. Activated carbon is then dried in an oven then washed to neutral. Activated carbon is then pelleted into electrodes under a pressure of 8 tons, which is then tested by Cyclic Voltametry. Activated carbon is then pelleting be electrodes under a pressure of 8 tons and then measurements of dimensions densities and done testing by Cyclic Voltammetry. Dimension measurement results obtained density values from CSC, AC1, AC2 and AC3 are 0,794 g/cm3, 0,610 g/cm3, 0,649 g/cm3 dan 0,731 g/cm3 respectively. Furthermore, the results of the Cyclic Voltametry test obtained data on specific capacitance, specific energy and specific power. Specific capacitance values of CSC, AC1, AC2 and AC3 are respectively 0.361011 F/g, 0.33898 F/g, 3.38583 F/g and 4.461538 F/g. Afterwards the energy density values of CSC, AC1, AC2 and AC3 are respectively 0.045126 Wh/kg, 0.042373 Wh/kg, 0.423228 Wh/kg and 0.557692 Wh/kg. Then the power density values of CSC, AC1, AC2 and AC3 are respectively 0.216606 W/kg, 0.203390 W/kg, 2.031496 W/kg and 2.676923 W/kg.
Measured effects of new lake surfaces on regional precipitation

Abstract Although often modelled, empirical evidence for regional water balance shifts, due to local land-use changes, is rare. The same holds for the quantification of such effects by measurement. The flooding of former open-cast mining areas in Lusatia, eastern Germany, delivers a unique opportunity to address this topic in a well-gauged region. During two decades, flooding changed about 60 km2 of lignite pits to lake surfaces. To quantify possible shifts in the regional precipitation pattern, the background of general precipitation dynamics within the research area was separated from all raingauge records using principal component analysis (PCA). Linear models with the dominating PCA component as independent variable were fitted to the single station records. The residuals of these fits represent the local deviations from the general dynamics, and they contain the signals of climate alterations within the region. The analysis of these residuals revealed a shifting precipitation pattern with significant increases (up to 10% of the former mean annual precipitation, which is approximately 650 mm) on the lee side of the developing lake area. Further analysis showed that most of the observed changes are due to more frequent and intense convective storms. Water balance estimations indicate that the additional evaporation approximately equals the precipitation increase.
Evolution of chlorine and nitrogen species in the lower stratosphere during Antarctic spring: Use of tracers to determine chemical change

Observations of O 3 , HCl, NO, and NO 2 from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) provide a means to investigate chemical change in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica during the first 23 days of October 1992. Two long-lived species also observed by HALOE, HF and CH 4 , are used as tracers to identify a series of air parcels having similar Cl y and NO y abundances. The set of parcels chosen using tracer analysis show uniformly low O 3 mixing ratios, less than 1 ppm on the 480 K surface (about 18-20 km). HCl mixing ratios for those parcels with less than 1 ppm of ozone nearly tripled during the time period, and NO + NO 2 abundances rose sharply, by a factor of 6 or 7. These trends in HCl, NO, and NO 2 agree qualitatively with model calculations which show that the formation of HCl proceeds quickly when O 3 levels fall so low that (1) the rate of the reaction Cl + O 3 → ClO + O 2 slows and (2) the rate of the reaction NO + ClO → NO 2 + Cl becomes faster than the rate of the competing reaction NO + O 3 → NO 2 + O 2 . Under these conditions, Cl increases at the expense of ClO, and HCl is formed via the reaction Cl + CH 4 → HCl + CH 3 . Stratospheric chlorine is thus shifted from reactive species to the long-lived, reservoir molecule HCl. The repartitioning of the active chlorine family in favor of HCl halts the processes that destroy ozone and makes available active nitrogen in the form of NO and NO 2 . The investigation confirms earlier results and validates tracer analysis as a reliable method to probe chemical change in the stratosphere.
Characterization of a coastal aquifer using seismic and geoelectric borehole methods

To characterize a coastal aquifer in southern Mallorca (Spain), we have acquired geoelectric and seismic data. The area of investigation lies within a Miocene reefal carbonate platform consisting of lagoon sediments, reef cores and talus sediments. Since the groundwater table was at about 40 m depth (~1 m a.s.l.), the delineation of small-scale structural features (1–2 m) within the aquifer required the use of borehole methods. Geoelectric single-hole tomography was performed in six ~100 m deep boreholes. This fast and inexpensive technique provided horizontal resolution well beyond the limits of traditional logging techniques. Furthermore, the tomographic inversion results remained virtually unaffected by the insertion of slotted PVC casing tubes and comparisons with electromagnetic induction logs showed an excellent match of resistivities in regions near to the boreholes. In addition to the single-hole measurements, geoelectric and seismic cross-hole data were acquired. Combined analyses of all data sets showed the reef core to be particularly susceptible to karstification and recrystallization. These two processes have caused substantial variations in the porosity. Comparison of fluid logs and electrical resistivity versus depth and seismic velocity versus depth functions along all boreholes revealed a surprisingly high correspondence. This unexpected correlation of electrical resistivity (governed by the fluid salinity) and seismic velocities can be explained by geochemical processes occurring in the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone and/or near the groundwater table. Such processes need to be considered for establishing reliable groundwater flow models.
Quantifying reflectance anisotropy of photosynthetically active radiation in grasslands

The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (λ = 0.4–0.7 μm) absorbed (FAPAR) is a critical parameter in canopy processes arid in land surface-atmosphere interactions. FAPAR is typically inferred indirectly through empirical relationships established between hemispheric measurements of PAR and either (1) canopy bidirectional, usually nadir, reflectances in the visible wavelengths or (2) spectral vegetation indices. However, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of vegetated surfaces has been shown to exhibit angular and spectral anisotropy, complicating the estimation of average surface reflectances, including that of PAR, from remote observations. Quantifying the surface's reflectance anisotropy was an important element of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE), since its major objectives focused on retrieval of surface parameters from satellite-derived reflectances. Prior to the experiment reported here, the explicit remote measurements for approximating the BRDF of PAR had not been undertaken. The proper expression of reflectance for BRDFs for retrieval of canopy parameters is assessed. A rationale is given for the expression of reflectances as bidirectional reflectance fractions (RFRs), instead of the conventional bidirectional reflectance factors (RFs), when relating spectral data to canopy states or processes. The characterization of the grassland anisotropy in the solar principal plane is markedly different when expressed as RFRs versus RFs. Whereas RFs are extremely useful in addressing important “remote sensing” issues, the “surface only” BRDF is obscured by pixel-size effects since the projected viewing area increases by a factor of cos(θV)−1 with view angle (θV) for off-nadir views. The BRDF for RFRs exhibited increased absorption by the canopy in the forward scatter directions; the anisotropy is most pronounced at midday, and more isotropic at intermediate sun angles, at which time the nadir observation was adequate for estimating the mean surface PAR reflectance.
Exchange between the upper tropical troposphere and the lower stratosphere studied with aircraft observations

Exchange between the upper tropical troposphere and the lower stratosphere is considered by examining WB57F and ER-2 aircraft observations of water, ozone, wind, and temperature in the potential temperature range 360 < θ < 420 K. These processes are examined in part by using the technique of unified scale invariance on the airborne data, as has been done previously for the lower stratospheric polar vortex. Scale invariance is found, on scales from a few hundred meters to the maximum flown, 2700 km (25 great circle degrees). The results apply both to vertical exchange at the tropical tropopause and to isentropic exchange at the subtropical jet stream. All scales participate in the maintenance of the mean state, with substantial contributions from relatively infrequent but intense events in the long tails of the probability distributions. Past data are examined and found to fit this general framework. A unique mapping of tropical tropopause temperature to the total hydrogen content of the middleworld and overworld should not be expected; the head of the tape recorder is at 50-60 hPa rather than 90-100 hPa. The tropical tropopause is observed at potential temperatures θ T greater than the maximum moist static surface values θ W , such that θ T - θ W varies between 10 K in fall and up to 40 K in spring. The meridional gradient of θ T is directed from the subtropical jet stream to the inner tropics, with θ T declining by approximately 10 K from near 30°N to near 10°N in the vicinity of 95°W. The maintenance of these θ T values is discussed. Total water (measured as the sum of vapor and vaporized ice) and ozone, major absorbers of solar radiation and emitters/ absorbers of terrestrial infrared radiation, show scale invariance in the upper tropical troposphere. The implications of this result for the notion of a conservative cascade of energy via fluid dynamics from the largest to the smallest scales are discussed. The scaling exponents H z for total water and ozone in the upper tropical troposphere are not the value, 5/9, expected for a passive scalar, probably indicating the presence of sources and/or sinks operating faster than mixing.
Optimization of Growth Conditions of Serratia marcescens for Prodigiosin production

This study examined the optimization of growth conditions of Serratia marcescens isolated from a loamy soil of the Federal University Technology Minna Nigeria, for prodigiosin production. The different optimized conditions examined were extraction solvents, incubation time, pH, temperature, carbon sources, organic nitrogen sources, inorganic nitrogen sources and agitation levels. The result reveals that methanol is an ideal solvent recording absorbance of 0.69nm, which is slightly followed by ethanol and acetone with absorbance of 0.4nm and 0.3nm respectively. The bacterium produced maximum level of pigment after 36 hours of incubation (22.20µg/L), although pigment production was observed from 12 hours of incubation onwards (7.40µg/L). The pigment production declined after 36 hours of incubation. The results also revealed that pigment production by S. marcescens was maximum at 25°C (25.10µg/L) followed by 30 o C (22.50µg/L). The optimal production was obtained at pH 7 (25.00mg/ml) with dextrose as optimal source of carbon (22.40mg/ml). There was no pigment production at static condition but maximum pigment production was recorded at 150 rpm (22.50µg/L). All the inorganic nitrogen sources caused a reduced biomass production. Among the organic nitrogen sources tested, yeast extract supported maximum pigment (26.75µg/L) but peptone led to a decreased pigment production (9.15µg/L) compared to other organic sources. Addition of urea did not support pigment as well as biomass production. Statistical analysis shows significant differences (p<0.05) in prodigiosin productions with different substrates, temperature and agitation levels. The study revealed that the production of prodigiosin was significantly influenced by the extraction solvents, incubation time
The Effect of Clean Water Facilities and Household Food Sanitation Hygiene on Stunting in Toddlers

Stunting is a linear growth disorder of a child's body that becomes short or short based on height for age with a Z-score threshold of < -2 standard deviations. Multi-dimensional factors, including environmental factors, cause stunting. Environmental factors that cause stunting are the mother's personal hygiene, sanitation, clean water and drinking water sources. This study aimed to determine the effect of clean water sanitation facilities and household food sanitation hygiene on stunting in toddlers. Observational study with a case-control design in children aged 0-59 months in Silahisabung District, Dairi Regency. The population used in this research is 453 toddlers aged 0-59 months. Case sampling technique using total sampling. All stunting toddlers were taken as cases of 78 toddlers and 78 as controls. Using weight scales and body length measuring instruments, research data was collected using questionnaires and tools to determine the nutritional status of babies under two years old. Data processing and analysis included univariate and bivariate using the chi-square test. The results showed that there were stunted toddlers, namely 61.5% did not have access to water facilities that met the requirements, and 44.9% of toddlers who suffered from stunting were in the age range of 21-40 months. Bivariate analysis using the chi-square test showed an effect of clean water sanitation (p=0.002, OR=2.764) and household food sanitation hygiene (p=0.004, OR=2.562) on the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Management of stunting events requires good coordination and collaboration between health workers, the government and the community in reducing risk factors. Personal hygiene will be further improved in preparing and processing food by practising the principles of food sanitation hygiene.Keywords: Food Hygiene, Sanitation, Stunting, Toddlers
How Nitric Oxide Hindered the Search for Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Human Blood Substitutes

The search for a clinically affordable substitute of human blood for transfusion is still an unmet need of modern society. More than 50 years of research on acellular hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) have not yet produced a single formulation able to carry oxygen to hemorrhage-challenged tissues without compromising the body’s functions. Of the several bottlenecks encountered, the high reactivity of acellular Hb with circulating nitric oxide (NO) is particularly arduous to overcome because of the NO-scavenging effect, which causes life-threatening side effects as vasoconstriction, inflammation, coagulopathies, and redox imbalance. The purpose of this manuscript is not to add a review of candidate HBOC formulations but to focus on the biochemical and physiological events that underly NO scavenging by acellular Hb. To this purpose, we examine the differential chemistry of the reaction of NO with erythrocyte and acellular Hb, the NO signaling paths in physiological and HBOC-challenged situations, and the protein engineering tools that are predicted to modulate the NO-scavenging effect. A better understanding of two mechanisms linked to the NO reactivity of acellular Hb, the nitrosylated Hb and the nitrite reductase hypotheses, may become essential to focus HBOC research toward clinical targets.