Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Ripening of Ewes’ Milk Manchego Cheese: The Effect of Elevated Ripening Temperatures

Abstract The effect of elevated ripening temperatures on chemical, rheological, and sensory characteristics of Manchego cheese made from raw or pasteurized milk was investigated. Formation of phosphotungstic acid-soluble N was enhanced by high ripening temperatures more than pH 4.6- or TCA-soluble N in both raw and pasteurized milk cheeses. Degradation of α S1 - and β-casein was more severe in pasteurized milk cheese than in raw milk cheese. Levels of free fatty acids in cheese were adversely affected by milk pasteurization but were increased by higher temperatures and longer ripening. Pasteurized milk cheese exhibited a firmer texture than raw milk cheese. Higher temperatures and longer ripening were also responsible for a firmer texture, partly due to moisture loss. Pasteurization affected negatively cheese flavor quality and intensity. However, quality was improved by longer ripening, and intensity was improved by higher temperatures and longer ripening in both raw and pasteurized milk cheeses. Multiple linear regression equations were developed to predict chemical, rheological, and sensory characteristics of Manchego cheese.
The home range of the Sonso community of chimpanzees from the Budongo Forest, Uganda

Early studies of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, reported only rough estimates for home range size. This study aimed to quantify home range size and habitat composition for chimpanzees of the Sonso community in this forest. Home range is the habitually used portion of the total area over which an animal travels, and for chimpanzees the home range is shared by the community. From data collected in 1994 and 1995, the home range for this community was estimated to cover an area of 6.78 km 2 using the minimum convex polygon analysis technique and 6.89 km 2 using ¢xed kernel analysis. Habitat was highly heterogeneous. The small home range and consequent high local population density (approximately 6.8 individuals km � 1 ) suggests that the Sonso region is highly productive in chimpanzee foods, possibly in contrast to other parts of the forest. This estimate of home range size is among the smallest reported for habituated chimpanzees, but comparisons with other sites are confounded by methodological and analytical diierences. Future studies of chimpanzee ranging patterns should endeavour to use precise locations and the latest analytical techniques to ensure accurate estimation of range size and structure, and intersite comparability.
Rapid genetic differentiation between ex situ and their in situ source populations: an example of the endangered Silene otites (Caryophyllaceae)

Ex situ cultivation in botanic gardens could be one possibility to preserve plant species diversity and genetic variation. However, old ex situ populations are often sparsely documented. We were able to retrieve three different ex situ populations and their source in situ populations of the endangered plant species Silene otites after 20–36 years of isolation. Furthermore, three additional wild populations were included in the analysis. Population genetic diversity and differentiation were analysed using AFLP markers. Genetic variation in the ex situ populations was lower than the variation found in the in situ populations. Strong differentiation (FST = 0.21–0.36) between corresponding in situ and ex situ populations was observed. Bayesian clustering approach also showed a distinct genetic separation between in situ and ex situ populations. The high genetic differentiation and loss of genetic diversity during spatial and temporal isolation in the ex situ populations can be attributable to small population sizes and unconscious selection during cultivation. Therefore, adequate sampling prior to ex situ cultivation and large effective population sizes are important to preserve genetic diversity. Near-natural cultivation allowing for generation overlap and interspecific competition without artificial selection is recommended as being best for the maintenance of the genetic constitution. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, ••, ••–••.
Serine-Threonine Protein Kinases CK1, CK2 and GSK3 in Normal and Malignant Haematopoiesis

Abstract: Cellular protein kinases (PKs) have critical roles in regulating the hallmarks of cancer (autonomous cell growth, resistance to antigrowth signals, unlimited replication, neoangiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis). Consequently, a strong rationale drives those therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting PKs to achieve tumour regression. Haematological malignancies have been at the forefront in this field of investigation, as major successes with the use of PKs inhibitors have been obtained in the therapy of some types of leukaemia. We will herein review the established and potential roles of three serine-threonine PKs, CK1, CK2 and GSK3 in normal and malignant haematopoiesis. These PKs regulate a multitude of cellular processes, are either over-expressed or hyper-activated in leukaemia, multiple myeloma and lymphoma cells and are essential for cell survival and resistance to apoptosis through their interaction with critical signal transduction pathways. However, the knowledge of their function in normal and malignant haematopoiesis is only at the beginning. Consequently, a more precise description of these "druggable" kinases specifically in blood cells, which is a prerequisite to rationally develop targeted therapeutic approaches, will necessarily be achieved through the use of molecular, genetic and animal experimental models.
Kleptoparasitism and the distribution of unequal competitors

Kleptoparasitism is an important means by which many animals obtain limited resources. The success of kleptoparasitism may be influenced by a number of factors, including competitive differences among individuals and the spatial distribution of prey and hosts. I used ideal free distribution (IFD) theory to predict the spatial distribution of kleptoparasites and their hosts between two patches differing in quality and to predict how the use of kleptoparasitism was influenced by the relative searching and fighting abilities of classes of competitors. Unlike previous IFD models incorporating kleptoparasitism, I allowed competitors to choose between attempting kleptoparasitism or searching for undefended prey. When the rates of resource inputs into the patches were high, the model predicted little use of kleptoparasitism. If competitive types were equally able to displace others from resources, then those individuals that were poorer at searching for food were more likely to kleptoparasitize. If competitive types differed in their abilities to displace others, kleptoparasites were exclusively those individuals that were best able to do so. Regardless of their competitive type, a higher proportion of individuals in the high-quality patch were kleptoparasitic, while the total density of competitors in the high-quality patch was lower than that expected based on the ratio of resource inputs. These predictions differ from previous IFD models of kleptoparasitism, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in searching for and obtaining resources can influence the spatial distribution of animals. Copyright 2002.
Postcranial skeleton of Eocene Leptictidae (Mammalia), and its implications for behavior and relationships

ABSTRACT The postcranial skeleton of early and middle Eocene leptictids is described based on several specimens from Wyoming and Colorado. Leptictids had a strongly keeled manubrium sterni, relatively short, generalized forelimbs (intermembral index ~60), a moderately robust humerus, stout metacarpals, and ungual phalanges resembling those of fossorial mammals. The femur is slender, with a narrow, elevated patellar trochlea and a posteriorly-directed lesser trochanter. The slightly longer tibia is firmly synostosed with the fibula just distal to midshaft. The fused tibiofibula forms a stable ankle joint with the deep astragalar trochlea. The astragalar neck and the metatarsals are moderately elongate, and there is a pronounced peroneal process on Mt I, probably related to pedal eversion. These traits indicate that leptictids were terrestrial mammals that progressed by quadrupedal walking, running, and hopping (possibly bipedally at high speed), and that burrowed using their forelimbs. Cladistic analysis o.
Cladistic analysis of languages: Indo‐European classification based on lexicostatistical data

The phylogeny of the Indo‐European (IE) language family is reconstructed by application of the cladistic methodology to the lexicostatistical dataset collected by Dyen (about 200 meanings, 84 speech varieties, the Hittite language used as a functional outgroup). Three different methods of character coding provide trees that show: (a) the presence of four groups, viz., Balto‐Slavonic clade, Romano‐Germano‐Celtic clade, Armenian‐Greek group, and Indo‐Iranian group (the two last groups possibly paraphyletic); (b) the unstable position of the Albanian language; (c) the unstable pattern of the basalmost IE differentiation; but (d) the probable existence of the Balto‐Slavonic–Indo‐Iranian (“satem”) and the Romano‐Germano‐Celtic (+Albanian? ) superclades. The results are compared with the phenetic approach to lexicostatistical data, the results of which are significantly less informative concerning the basal pattern. The results suggest a predominantly branching pattern of the basic vocabulary phylogeny and little borrowing of individual words. Different scenarios of IE differentiation based on archaeological and genetic information are discussed.
Phylogenetic Relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as Inferred from Chloroplast trnL Intron Sequences

Abstract The basal subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the Leguminosae generally is subdivided into four or five tribes, but their monophyly remains questionable. Recent cladistic analyses based on morphological characters and chloroplast rbcL sequences suggest conflicting hypotheses of relationships among tribes and subtribal groupings and of the identification of the basal Caesalpinioideae. Our phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast trnL intron for 223 Caesalpinioideae, representing 112 genera, plus four Papilionoideae, 12 Mimosoideae and three outgroup taxa, provides some well-supported hypotheses of relationships for the subfamily. Our analysis concurs with the rbcL studies in suggesting that a monophyletic Cercideae is sister to the remainder of the Leguminosae. Among the other tribes of Caesalpinioideae, only the broadly circumscribed Detarieae (including Amherstieae or Macrolobieae) is also supported as monophyletic. The Detarieae s.l. occurs as sister to all Leguminosae, excluding Cercideae. Cassieae subtribes Dialiinae and Labicheinae together are sister to the remaining Leguminosae, which includes a monophyletic Papilionoideae, a paraphyletic Mimosoideae, and several monophyletic groups that correspond to previously defined generic groups or subtribes in the Caesalpinioideae. The trnL intron analysis suggests that basal legumes are extremely diverse in their floral morphology, and that presence of simple, actinomorphic flowers may be a derived feature in a number of lineages in the family. Communicating Editor: Matt Lavin
Phenotypic characterization of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes in relation to prediction of chemical quality constituents by NIRS equations

With 5 figures and 3 tables Abstract This study evaluates the potential of NIRS (near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy) to predict the major constituents (starch, sugars, cellulose, proteins and minerals) of the sweet potato root. Overall, 240 accessions were morphologically described, chemically analysed and their NIR spectra recorded. No correlations were observed between aerial and underground traits, and between morphological traits and major constituents. Calibration equations, developed on 190 accessions, showed high explained variances in cross-validation (r2cv) for starch (0.82), sugars (0.91), proteins (0.89) and minerals (0.74) but no response for cellulose (0.21). The predictions were tested on an independent set of 50 randomly selected accessions. The r2pred values for starch, sugars and proteins were, respectively, of 0.71, 0.82 and 0.87 with ratios of performance to deviation (RPD) of 2.11, 2.29 and 2.93. New calibration equations developed on 240 accessions showed improved RPD values for starch (2.65), sugars (2.75), cellulose (1.58), proteins (3.47) and minerals (2.34), indicating that larger sets could improve prediction. NIRS could be used in sweet potato breeding programmes to predict starch, sugars and proteins contents in the roots.
Drought Effect on Grain Number and Grain Weight at Spike and Spikelet Level in Six-Row Spring Barley

Water is the primary regulator of yield formation in cereals. The effect of water limitation and its timing on development of yield components were studied in detail at spike and spikelet level in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). An experiment with three watering treatments (control watering, CONT; drought prior to pollination, DR1 and terminal drought, DR2) was set up in a large greenhouse (20 x 30 m). In addition to watering treatments, two NPK fertilizer application rates (0 and 120 kg N ha ―1 ) were used to investigate the fertilizer effect. The drought effect exceeded the effect of fertilizer application for grain number and single grain weight (SGW). DR1 reduced the number of grains, whereas DR2 reduced both SGW and the number of grains. Resuming the watering at pollination (DR1) restored photosynthesis and enhanced grain filling, resulting in almost similar SGW in DR1 and CONT plants. Spikelets in the upper mid-section of the spike dominated yield formation in all treatments. This was particularly emphasised in DR1 plants as 58 % of the grain yield was produced in spikelets 3―5, whereas in DR2 and CONT plants it was 39 % and 36 %, respectively. Hence, drought prior pollination strongly reduced yielding capacity (=grain number) in apical and basal spikelets. DR1 and DR2 reduced substantially grain yield and grain N yield resulting in low nitrogen use efficiency.
Stimulating effects of different basal media and cytokinine types on regeneration of endemic and endangered Muscari aucheri

In this study a simple protocol has been developed for the endemic and endangered Muscari aucheri plant. 2-4 bulb scale explants of M. aucheri were cultured in different basal media (Nitsch mineral salts and vitamins, Orchimax Medium mineral salts and vitamins) supplemented with 2 mgL-1 2,4-D, 20 mgL-1 mannitol, 20 mgL-1 sucrose, 0.5 mgL-1 NAA and different concentrations of BAP, KIN, 2iP and TDZ. The medium was solidified with 2 mgL-1 Gelrite. The Orchimax and Nitsch & Nitsch medium promoted shoot and bulblet regeneration. BAP, KIN and 2-iP were suitable for induction of the bulblet for 2-4 bulb scales of Maucheri. The highest number of bulblets per explant for 2 and 4 scales was achieved on the Orchimax medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 KIN and 2 mgL-1 KIN, respectively. Whereas, the maximum number of bulblets per explant for 4 scales was recorded on the Nitsch medium supplemented with 2 mgL-1 BAP. However, the Nitsch medium containing 10 mgL-1 2-iP gave the best number of bulblets per explant for 2 scales. Bulblets acclimatized very well under greenhouse and garden conditions.
Vegetation dynamics in the northern French Alps

The palaeobotanical study of 17 lakes and peat‐bogs situated in the different vegetation belts of three adjoining mountains in the northern French Alps provide the basis for a scenario of vegetational development over the last 15 millennia. The main events of this vegetational history are described, particular emphasis given to the importance of altitude and continentality in the establishment of the major species involved in the present vegetation belts. The novel features of this history are: — the large and diachronic development of Betula — the early and important role of Alnus — the predominance of Abies throughout the Atlantic and the Subboreal between 1000 m and 2000 m altitude — the fluctuating role of Pinus during the Holocene: modest or transitory role in the outer zone, except above 2000 m, where Pinus was abundant during the Subboreal; more important role in the inner zone. — the recent dominance of Larix and Picea.
A new species of Phoxocephalidae and some other records of sand-burrowing Amphipoda (Crustacea) from Argentina

A new species from the Argentine Sea, Metharpinia iado (Phoxocephalidae), is described. It is distinguished by many morphological character states from Metharpinia longirostris Schellenberg, 1931, found in South America for Argentina and Chile; primarily, they differ in numbers of spines and setae on mouthparts and appendages, and shape of epimeron plate 3. The new species is recorded in Buenos Aires and Chubut provinces. Two other Phoxocephalidae, Microphoxus cornutus (Schellenberg, 1931) and Fuegiphoxus fuegiensis (Schellenberg, 1931), partially illustrated, are compared in different populations, and some variations in number of spines and setae on mouthparts and appendages are noted. Microphoxus cornutus, known in Chile (Punta Arenas) and Argentina (Ushuaia), extends its geographical distribution towards the north of Argentina, in Buenos Aires and Chubut. Fuegiphoxus fuegiensis, known in the austral part of South America (Punta Arenas and Ushuaia) and in Chubut (Puerto Madryn), expands its geographical.
Survival and Growth of Transplanted Large-And Small-Caliper Red Oaks

Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) of 2 caliper sizes, 8.4 and 3.6 cm (3.3 and 1.4 in.), and 2 vigor classes (high and low) within the small-caliper trees, were transplanted to compare growth and establishment over a 4-year period. Possible confounding factors such as pre-transplant vigor, genetics, relative root-ball to backfill volume, and relative canopy to root-ball volume were controlled to determine whether small-caliper trees establish more rapidly than large-caliper trees. Large-caliper trees had high mortality, 58%, while no small-caliper trees died. Based on trunk caliper and height growth after transplanting, surviving large-caliper trees established faster than small-caliper trees—demonstrating that transplanted large-caliper red oaks can establish as rapidly as small-caliper red oaks.
Prevention of traffic-induced subsoil compaction in Sweden: Experiences from wheeling experiments

Abstract In this paper we describe the susceptibility of Swedish subsoils to compaction and discuss strategies for prevention of traffic-induced subsoil compaction against the background of experiences from wheeling experiments conducted in Sweden during recent years. The susceptibility of Swedish subsoils to compaction must be considered high because subsoils are often wet during field operations and machinery with high wheel loads is used. The risk of subsoil compaction could be reduced by technical solutions, such as the use of dual and tandem wheels instead of single wheels, low tyre inflation pressure or tracks. However, each of these solutions has its limitations. Results from several wheeling experiments on different soils indicate that residual deformations occur even when the applied stress is lower than the precompression stress. Hence, soil compaction could not be avoided completely by limiting the applied stress to the precompression stress.
Potentiation of light-induced phase shifts by 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in Pygmy field mice: a preliminary report

Serotonergic agents usually attenuate light-induced phase shifts in nocturnal species. L-5-Hydroytrytptophan (5-HTP) is a non-specific serotonergic agonist and the natural precursor of serotonin. We investigated the ability of 5-HTP to potentiate or attenuate light-induced phase shifts using a comparatively lower intensity of light (∼70 lux). Mice free-running in DD were given either light exposure at circadian times (CTs) 15 and 21 with saline (light-exposed control) or 50 mg/kg of 5-HTP (Himedia) at 0.5 circadian h prior to light exposure. L-5-Hydroytrytptophan potentiated the phase advance of the rhythm caused by light at CT 21; however, 5-HTP fails to significantly attenuate/potentiate phase delays. Total activity increased during phase advance potentiation, compared to control, indicating that this phenomenon may possibly be at least partially behavioral arousal-dependent. These preliminary findings are interesting and unexpected; further experimentation is necessary, and the results indicate possible scope for use of 5-HTP in chronotherapy.
Factors Influencing the Enumeration of Channel Catfish Eggs

Abstract The effects of maternal weight, egg mass weight, and age of egg mass on the number of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) eggs per gram of egg mass were evaluated. The relationship of female weight to size of egg mass produced was also considered. There was not a strong correlation between female weight and weight of egg mass produced (r = 0.38). Mean number of eggs spawned per kilogram of female ranged from 677 to 12,321. The mean number of eggs per gram of egg mass ranged from 11 to 42 for egg masses collected at 2–3-d intervals. Younger egg masses had fewer eggs per gram than older masses. The percentage of matrix in an egg mass declined as the age of the egg mass increased (r 2 = 0.69, P < 0.01).
Effect of growing environment and rooting hormone on root and shoot characters of hibiscus.

A study was conducted in hibiscus in order to find out the favourable growing environment with or without rooting hormone, after four and six months of planting of cuttings. Cuttings planted under shade-net house exhibited significantly early sprouting, maximum number of primary roots per cutting, mean root length, leaf size and plant height. However, fresh and dry weights of roots, number of secondary roots per cutting, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of leaves per shoot and number of shoots per cutting were significantly higher under open conditions. At the same time, rooting hormone failed to exert any significant effect on rooting parameters but improved the growth characters of cuttings. Cent percent rooting of cuttings and significantly improved shoot and root characters after six months of planting were recorded in all the treatment combinations. Among the various treatment combinations, significant increase for the most of root parameters were recorded under open conditions without hormonal treatment, while open conditions with hormonal treatment for the most of shoot parameters. Maximum variation was observed for number of primary roots per cutting and minimum for number of leaves per shoot.
SURVEY OF PATHOGENS IN THE LARGE ASPEN TORTRIX, CHORISTONEURA CONFLICTANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN ONTARIO AND BRITISH COLUMBIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO GRANULOSIS VIRUS

The large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana Wlk. , occurs throughout the range of trembling aspen, Populus trernuloides Michx. , in Canada and the eastern United States (Baker 1972). Outbreaks of the insect occur over large areas, but these outbreaks generally collapse in 2 to 3 years. The principal effect of this pest is to reduce growth of aspen, but it causes little tree mortality (Batzer 1972). Prentice (1955) reviewed the history of outbreaks of C. conflictana in Canada from 1912 to 1953 and the natural control factors of the insect. He reported an extensive parasite complement. Dead and apparently diseased insects were examined, but the only pathogen noted was infection of overwintering larvae by the fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals .) Vuill.