Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lateral, radial, and temporal variations in upper mantle viscosity and rheology under Scandinavia

The viscosity of the upper mantle has a large control on the dynamics of plate tectonic processes or the response of the Earth's crust after a period of glaciation. Temperature variations within the upper mantle, time‐dependent stress changes due to glaciations, and/or variations in the microstructural characteristics of upper mantle rocks (grain size, water content) will result in orders of magnitude variations in upper mantle viscosity. In this study we have taken a microphysical approach to determine variations in viscosity under Scandinavia. We combined experimentally determined flow laws for olivine, data on olivine grain size from Scandinavian xenoliths and peridotites, and stress changes within the upper mantle over the last glaciation period (30 kyr B.P.–present) with two data sets of the temperature distribution within the upper mantle under Europe from Goes et al. (2000) derived from seismic tomography and Artemieva (2006) derived from heat flow measurements. Modeling of olivine viscosity under Scandinavia shows large lateral, radial, and temporal variations in upper mantle viscosity. Lateral temperature variations cause up to four orders of magnitude lateral viscosity variations. Glaciation‐induced time‐dependent changes of stress cause two orders of magnitude variations in viscosity. Mean viscosity values for a dry upper mantle under Scandinavia are expected to be larger than 1022 Pa s, whereas for a wet upper mantle lower viscosity values in the range of 1019–1022 Pa s are predicted. Estimates of the upper mantle viscosity under Scandinavia from glacial isostatic adjustment studies (1020–1021 Pa s) would indicate that a wet upper mantle below Scandinavia is most likely present. The viscosity modeling furthermore shows that the type of rheology of the upper mantle (linear versus nonlinear rheology) is very sensitive to the microstructural state of the upper mantle. Both mechanisms are active in the upper mantle under Scandinavia on timescales of glacial isostatic adjustment, and their relative contribution varies radially, laterally, and temporally.
Estimating the Bowen ratio over the open and ice‐covered ocean

[1] The Bowen ratio, the ratio of the turbulent surface fluxes of sensible (Hs) and latent (HL) heat, Bo ≡ Hs/HL, occurs throughout micrometeorology. It finds application in the Bowen ratio and energy budget method, where it provides both turbulent heat fluxes when only the available energy at the surface is known. It can yield an estimate of a missing Hs or HL if the other flux is known. We also suggest that the Bowen ratio may provide the missing piece needed to infer the surface sensible heat flux from satellite data. For this study, we analyze almost 9000 eddy-covariance measurements of Hs and HL. About half were made over sea ice; the other half, over the open ocean. These are saturated surfaces where the surface specific humidity is the saturation value at the surface temperature. Surface temperatures ranged from −44°C to 32°C and predict the Bowen ratio through the Bowen ratio indicator, Bo*=cp/(Lv∂Qsat/∂Θ)|Θs. Here cp is the specific heat of air at constant pressure, Lv is the latent heat of sublimation or vaporization, and ∂Qsat/∂Θ is the derivative of the saturation specific humidity (Qsat) with temperature (Θ). All quantities are evaluated at the surface temperature, Θs. Although Hs and HL can occur in nine possible combinations, in our data set, three combinations represent over 90% of the cases: Hs > 0 and HL > 0, Hs 0. In each of these three cases, the data suggest Bo=aBo*, where a is 0.40, 3.27, and −0.65, respectively.
Diagnostic Challenges and Long-term Outcomes of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Cervix: A Case Series

Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) of the cervix are rare, aggressive malignancies that are challenging to diagnose and treat. They are high-grade lesions that often share features with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. NECs are classified into large-cell or small-cell subtypes but can often have a mixed appearance or occur concurrently with a squamous or adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is dependent on tissue sampling, histomorphology, and immunohistochemistry. Eight cases of NEC were retrieved from the Department of Pathology at our institution from 2008 to 2022. Tumor slides were reviewed and evaluated by 2 independent pathologists. Seven of 8 patients tested positive for neuroendocrine markers, including CD56, synaptophysin, and chromogranin. We discuss the diagnostic challenges, review the histopathology, and describe the treatment courses and clinical outcomes. This case series reveals that traditional markers, such as p16, p63, and p40, may be focally positive in NEC and should not be considered a confirmation of squamous cell carcinoma. Patient outcomes can be affected by delays in diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and inadequate treatment when NEC is not considered in the initial differential diagnosis.
Restoring autophagic function: a case for type 2 diabetes mellitus drug repurposing in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a predominantly idiopathic pathological condition characterized by protein aggregation phenomena, whose main component is alpha-synuclein. Although the main risk factor is ageing, numerous evidence points to the role of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as an etiological factor. Systemic alterations classically associated with T2DM like insulin resistance and hyperglycemia modify biological processes such as autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis. High glucose levels also compromise protein stability through the formation of advanced glycation end products, promoting protein aggregation processes. The ability of antidiabetic drugs to act on pathways impaired in both T2DM and PD suggests that they may represent a useful tool to counteract the neurodegeneration process. Several clinical studies now in advanced stages are looking for confirmation in this regard.
An advanced slip model for the Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence: coseismic displacements observed by SAR interferometry and model inversion

SUMMARY We report an improved slip model for the 1997 September‐October Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence in central Italy. The model is based on coseismic displacements estimated by differential synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) interferometry using an advanced inverse modelling approach that enables the characteristics of the SAR data, especially their dense spatial sampling, to be fully exploited. The paper first looks at DInSAR analysis using the simplest configuration, that is, a single-image pair that temporally covers the earthquake sequence. Yet, given that this DInSAR configuration is often used for coseismic studies and the limited availability of SAR data, we duly consider the limitations of the DInSAR results and discuss the rigorous DInSAR procedure carried out, highlighting key errors associated with such observations. We then focus on the inversion of the estimated DInSAR displacements and on our advanced heterogeneous slip model for this earthquake sequence’s main shocks, emphasizing its most significant features.
Being a Young Carer in Portugal: The Impact of Caring on Adolescents’ Life Satisfaction

Caring for an ill or disabled relative can present significant challenges that may exceed the personal resources of the caregiver. Young carers (YCs) often take on this role, providing support to family members or friends, which can have far-reaching effects on various aspects of their lives. This study involved 235 adolescents, 106 YCs, and 129 non-carers (NCs), who completed questionnaires assessing life satisfaction, satisfaction with social support, family functioning, academic functioning, and caregiving activities. Tests of group differences (MANOVA and MANCOVA controlling for age) showed YCs had more caregiving activities than NCs (as expected) and, critically, significantly lower life satisfaction. Hierarchical regressions with the YCS subsample showed academic functioning, social support, and the negative impact of caregiving were associated with life satisfaction, and that the negative influence of caregiving was linked to family functioning and the quantity of caregiving activities. For NCs, academic functioning, satisfaction with social support, and family functioning were associated with life satisfaction. In conclusion, caregiving in adolescents appears to be linked to lower life satisfaction, but this effect is determined by their social support, academic functioning, and negative impact of caring, which in turn depends on their family functioning and amount of caring activities.
Three‐Dimensional Particle‐In‐Cell Simulations of Electron‐Only Magnetic Reconnection Between Laser‐Produced Plasma Bubbles

Electron‐only magnetic reconnection, a novel type of reconnection where only electron dynamics is involved, has recently been observed in turbulent plasmas in the Earth's magnetosphere. In this letter, using particle‐in‐cell simulations, we demonstrate that electron‐only reconnection can be created via laser‐plasma interactions. The reconnection current sheet is carried by electrons, and its width is at the electron inertial scale. Moreover, only electron outflow is observed, while the ion outflow is negligible. The duration of the reconnection is found to be within the electron scale, thus there is no sufficient time for ions to respond. The energy conversion during electron‐only reconnection mainly occurs in the vicinity of the X‐line, and is dominated along the perpendicular direction. By analyzing the Poynting flux patterns, we find that the reconnection electric field dominates the whole energy conversion. This study advances our knowledge of the energy dissipation mechanism in the electron‐only reconnection regime.
Episodic Volcanism in the Buck Creek Complex (Central British Columbia, Canada): A History of Magmatism and Mantle Evolution from the Jurassic to the Early Tertiary

The Buck Creek volcanic complex of the Intermontane Superterrane of the Canadian Cordillera records a long history of volcanic activity from the Cretaceous through to the Eocene, when magmatic activity peaked, to the Miocene. Its basement includes primitive continental arc volcanic rocks of the Jurassic Hazelton Group (∼200 Ma; mainly basalt and andesites) emplaced prior to the accretion of Stikinia during the Mesozoic. In contrast, in the post-accretionary volcanic complex, the major pulse of volcanism started with the extrusion of continental margin calc-alkaline rocks (basaltic andesites to rhyolites) of the Cretaceous Tip Top Hill Formation (∼85 Ma). Their Nd-Sr isotopic compositions resemble those of the pre-accretionary Hazelton Group. However, this post-accretionary Cretaceous arc was more evolved and its crust was significantly thicker than the Hazelton. Mafic rocks of both the Hazelton and Tip Top Hill suites were generated from a spinel-bearing mantle source. The Eocene volcanics (∼50 Ma) evolved from typical high-K calc-alkaline mafic/intermediate rocks to flows that resemble intraplate tholeiitic basalts. Collectively, the Eocene rocks had a common (and comparatively deep) source, likely garnet-bearing subcontinental lithosphere. These compositional variations are probably related, in part, to an increase in the degree of partial melting. They record a gradual change from a compressional to an extensional tectonic environment, and overall represent an arc setting that matured and thickened over ca. 35 m.y. , culminating in Eocene extension coincident with the cessation of compression in the foreland fold-and-thrust belt. Overlying intraplate alkali basaltic rocks of Miocene age appear to represent the final stage of this transition, as subduction-modified lithospheric mantle was replaced by a new asthenospheric mantle source. The association of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene volcanic rocks in the Buck Creek complex is widespread in the region, suggesting that this model of tectono-magmatic evolution can be applied elsewhere in central British Columbia.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Concentration Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma in Patients With Glioblastoma: A Prospective, Observational, Controlled Study

Objective Glioblastomas (GBMs) are among the most frequent and most malignant of untreatable brain tumors. A GBM marker could accelerate diagnosis and facilitate therapeutic monitoring. This prospective, observational, controlled study compared brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma between patients with GBM and a control group. Materials and methods Patients in the observational group underwent elective GBM resection (n=24, 55.8%). Control patients (n=19, 44.2%) had elective brain surgery for an unrelated, non-neoplastic, non-traumatic pathology. We measured BDNF levels in tumors, CSF, and plasma with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peripheral blood and CSF samples were collected before surgery, and tumors were sampled intraoperatively. We analyzed correlations between BDNF levels and patient sex, age, seizures, smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), and the use of selected antiepileptic drug (AED) and antihypertensive drug groups. Results The mean CSF BDNF concentration was significantly lower in patients with GBM (6.5 pg/mL) than in controls (11.48 pg/mL) (p=0.002). Similarly, the mean plasma BDNF concentration was significantly lower in patients with GBM (288.59 pg/mL) than in controls (574.06 pg/mL) (p=0.0005). None of the examined factors influenced CSF, plasma, or tumor tissue BDNF concentrations (p>0.05). Conclusion Plasma and CSF BDNF levels were significantly lower in adults with GBM than in controls. Thus, CSF and plasma BDNF levels may aid in GBM diagnoses. Further prospective studies are required.
Differences in Faecal Nutritional Components in Three Species of Saharan Gazelles on Standard Diets in Relation to Species, Age and Sex

Simple Summary The study examines how different factors influence the nutritional content of faeces from three gazelle species, with particular interest in the inter-specific factor. Through the contents of nitrogen and fibre, faeces can tell us about their digestive process. The research focuses on 193 captive individuals of three gazelle species and applied Near InfraRed Spectroscopy technology. The results show that different species have varying faecal nutrient levels. Cuvier’s gazelle had lower nitrogen content, suggesting less efficient digestion than other gazelles. Factors like sex and age also played a role, but their effects were not the same for all species. Fibre content, related to diet quality, remained consistent. This study shows that factors affecting faecal nutrients are species-specific. Abstract Various environmental, individual, and species-specific factors may affect digestive efficiency in wild ruminants. The study of faecal nutritional components is a commonly used technique to understand these effects, assuming that faecal nitrogen and fibre contents reflect the diet’s nutritional quality and digestibility. Recent studies have highlighted the relatively high influence of factors like sex, age, weight or body condition on digestive efficiency. This manuscript is focused on the inter-specific variability in faecal nutritional components under the same feeding regime, using three captive populations of closely related gazelles as model species. Faecal samples from 193 individuals were analysed through Near InfraRed Spectroscopy. Species, sex and age influence on faecal nitrogen and fibres (ADF and NDF) were investigated. We found inter-specific differences in the faecal content of the three studied nutritional components. Cuvier’s gazelle showed lower faecal nitrogen content, suggesting lower digestive efficiency than dorcas and dama gazelles. Sex and age also had a moderate effect, especially in faecal nitrogen, but these effects were not constant across the three studied species. On the contrary, faecal fibres were highly constant (i.e., dependent on diet quality). These results confirm that individual factors affecting faecal nutritional components are also species-specific.
Comparison of temperature variability in observations and sixteen climate model simulations

Understanding how much, if any, of observed climate changes are anthropogenic depends upon understanding the magnitude and spatial patterns of natural climate variability. We have compared simulated surface air temperature (SAT) variability in 16 coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐sea ice climate model simulations to observed temperature variability. The majority of the simulations exhibit excessive air temperature variability over land while simulated temperature variability over oceans is generally too low. The ratio of variability over land to over oceans is too high in all the simulations, relative to observations. We have identified several factors which may contribute to the differences in temperature variability. In particular, many of the models use ”bucket” land surface schemes which produce greater temperature variability over land, due to lower levels of soil moisture, than more realistic land surface schemes produce.
Lipids, Gut Microbiota, and the Complex Relationship with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, and chronic neurodegenerative disorder associated with the aging process. Memory deficits, cognitive impairment, and motor dysfunction are characteristics of AD. It is estimated that, by 2050, 131.5 million people will have AD. There is evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome and diet may contribute to the development of AD or act preventively. Communication between the brain and the intestine occurs through immune cells in the mucosa and endocrine cells, or via the vagus nerve. Aging promotes intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory pathogenic bacteria and a reduction in anti-inflammatory response-mediating bacteria, thus contributing to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage, ultimately leading to cognitive decline. Therefore, the microbiota–gut–brain axis has a significant impact on neurodegenerative disorders. Lipids may play a preventive or contributory role in the development of AD. High consumption of saturated and trans fats can increase cortisol release and lead to other chronic diseases associated with AD. Conversely, low levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Unlike other studies, this review aims to describe, in an integrative way, the interaction between the gastrointestinal microbiome, lipids, and AD, providing valuable insights into how the relationship between these factors affects disease progression, contributing to prevention and treatment strategies.
SHRIMP U–Pb and REE data pertaining to the origins of xenotime in Belt Supergroup rocks: evidence for ages of deposition, hydrothermal alteration, and metamorphism

The Belt–Purcell Supergroup, northern Idaho, western Montana, and southern British Columbia, is a thick succession of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks with an age range of about 1470–1400 Ma. Stratigraphic layers within several sedimentary units were sampled to apply the new technique of U–Pb dating of xenotime that sometimes forms as rims on detrital zircon during burial diagenesis; xenotime also can form epitaxial overgrowths on zircon during hydrothermal and metamorphic events. Belt Supergroup units sampled are the Prichard and Revett Formations in the lower Belt, and the McNamara and Garnet Range Formations and Pilcher Quartzite in the upper Belt. Additionally, all samples that yielded xenotime were also processed for detrital zircon to provide maximum age constraints for the time of deposition and information about provenances; the sample of Prichard Formation yielded monazite that was also analyzed. Ten xenotime overgrowths from the Prichard Formation yielded a U–Pb age of 1458 ± 4 Ma. However, bec.
Antioxidant Activities, Total Polyphenol Profile and Anticancer Activity, of Leaf, Bulb and Root Extracts of Tulbaghia violacea from Bloemfontein

In this study, the effects of the home remedy herb Tulbaghia violacea on antioxidants, total polyphenol activity, and cancer were investigated. Using methanol/dichloromethane and aqueous solvents, the extracts were produced. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, and their phenol content by the gallic acid method. The extracts were found to be inactive or weak against the HeLa (cervix), human cancer cell lines TK-10 (renal), and PC3 (prostate). It is suggested that these three human cell lines be tested against extracts of water and methanol/ dichloromethane at higher concentrations. The plant's leaf extract would also be the best substance to test against the human cell lines TK-10, PC-3, and HeLa. The IC50 values for two to three cell lines show that T. violacea plant extracts (>100 g/ml) have no effect on cells. T. violacea extract has greater antioxidant activity than the control. A thorough phenolic analysis showed that water leaf extract had the highest quantity of phenolics whereas bulb methanol/dichloromethane extract had the lowest. Both the methanol/dichloromethane and the aqueous extracts have the same characteristics for antioxidant activity. In order to enhance food's nutritional content and quality while also supporting excellent health, it has been found that phenolic compounds alter the color, flavor, and other sensory characteristics of the meal. Additionally, they help plants defend themselves against harm from ROS, molecular damage
The Effectiveness of Autogenous Dentin Graft as a Biomaterial in Optimizing the Esthetic Outcomes of Immediate Dental Implants: A Prospective Clinical Study

Background: Immediate implant placement in the maxillary anterior region was challenging, especially with the jumping gap and limited primary implant stability. Objective: To assess the autogenous dentin graft biomaterial's ability to improve the esthetic outcomes of an immediately inserted implant. Methods: Twenty patients with non-restorable retained roots in the maxillary non-molar region surrounded by natural sound teeth were included in this study after a complete clinical and radiological examination, including patient health and clinical fitness for the immediate dental implant procedure. A single dental implant was inserted for each patient, and the resulting jump distance was filled with the mineralized dentin graft and covered by gel foam with the figure of eight suturing. The Pink Esthetic Score index of the implant-supported prostheses was evaluated six months after the initial surgery. Results: Twenty eligible patients were included in this study. The assessment of the clinical measurements of the alveolar ridge width and gingival biotype before surgical intervention and after 6 months showed no significant differences between them. The mean Pink Esthetic Score (PES) was 7.75. Only two patients achieved a total esthetic score of 10; another three patients had a score of 8, four with a score of 7, and the rest with a score of 6. Conclusion: An autogenous dentine graft effectively achieves acceptable esthetic results with an isolated immediate dental implant inserted in the anterior maxillary area.