Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OCTANE NUMBER AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF REGULAR, MIDGRADE, AND PREMIUM GASOLINE

The present study was conducted at Zakho City in Northern Iraq to evaluate three different types of gasoline: Regular, Midgrade, and Premium. These types of gasoline are categorized based on their octane rating, which was measured to verify their classification. The results showed that the initial classification was accurate, with respective values of 87.5, 89.8, and 91.1. The study evaluated the three grades of gasoline available at Zakho Gas Stations in Northern Iraq, including Regular, Midgrade, and Premium. The study also compared the chemical composition of the three gasoline grades in terms of aromatics, olefin, sulfur content, and oxygen content. All the three gasoline grades met the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard for chemical composition, and all had acceptable specific gravities. However, Midgrade gasoline is not recommended for use during the summer due to its high Reid vapor pressure (RVP) value, low Initial boiling point (IBP), and final boiling point( FBP). In general, the study showed that the Regular and Premium gasoline types sold in North of Iraq meet international quality standards. However, Midgrade gasoline is not recommended for use during the summer due to its high RVP value, low IBP, and FBP, which can lead to increased volatility and environmental pollution, Moreover, using this type of gasoline may cause problems with the car engine.
Firms adaptation to environmental turbulence: The case of the Libyan tourism sector

The dramatic wave of political upheaval that has swept North Africa and the Middle East in recent years has brought about great political unrest, following a noticeable decline in the tourism sectors. The 2011 Libyan civil war has halted tourism activities and blocked off the development of Libya's tourism sector. Economic, political and security problems in post-civil war Libya have created a high degree of turbulence and uncertainty among Libyan tourism firms, as their operations are dependent on national security, political stability and the confidence of international tourists and agents to travel to Libya. In an attempt to develop a theoretical understanding of tourism firms' adaptation to environmental turbulence in emerging economies, especially Libya, a theoretical framework (see Figure 1.1) was developed as a result of the literature, from the perspective of three theoretical lenses: 1) the tourism crisis and disaster perspective; 2) the dynamic capabilities perspective and 3) the emerging economies perspective. The tourism crisis management perspective served as a guide to understand how Libyan tourism firms responded to turbulent conditions during the Libyan civil war. The dynamic capabilities perspective served as a foundation to understand how Libyan tourism firms responded to environmental turbulence in the post-civil war period. Finally, the emerging economies perspective served as a foundation to understand whether post-war characteristics of emerging economies limit or enhance the abilities of tourism firms, to take advantage of available opportunities to expand their activities. This thesis sets a number of questions for determining what and how the characteristics of emerging economies and turbulent environments impact the Libyan tourism sector. The thesis also explores the impact of institutional changes on the tourism sector. Finally, it investigates how tourism firms respond to the turbulent environment in Libya. Based on a qualitative-interpretative paradigm, a qualitative methodology and multiple case study research design were adopted. Eight case studies of tourism firms were conducted. They consisted of 4 tourism and travel companies, 2 tour operators and 2 hotels. The data were collected through twenty semi-structured interviews with Libyan tourism firm managers and the interviews were supplemented with secondary data where available. The interview data were
Geometry Design for DOA Estimation in Seismic 2D-Arrays: Simulation Study

Sensor array geometry has a direct impact on the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of a seismic signal. In this paper, we design a planar array that aims to optimize the DOA estimation of a narrowband signal in the sense of the minimum mean-squared-periodic-error (MSPE) obtained by the maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimator of the DOA. We investigate the MSPE of the MAP estimator as a main design criterion and compare it with the criteria: 1) the cyclic Bayesian Cramér-Rao bound (CBCRB); and 2) the expected log-likelihood (ELL). The theoretical properties of these criteria are discussed. We show that minimizing the CBCRB is equivalent to maximizing the expected Fisher information matrix. Additionally, maximizing the ELL under a uniform prior is equivalent to minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the posterior PDF and its estimation. The criteria are compared across three different array geometries, specifically: small arrays, uniform circular arrays (UCAs), and concentric circular arrays (CCAs). Simulation results show that 1) direct MAP-MSPE optimization notably exceeds CBCRB- and ELL-based designs, especially in small arrays; 2) UCAs have suboptimal performance compared to non-circular arrays in many scenarios; 3) under the MAP-MSPE criterion, CCAs match unconstrained design performance with lower computational complexity, making them preferable for smaller arrays; 4) for CCAs and larger UCAs, CBCRB and MAP-MSPE designs yield similar results, while the ELL design excels in the case of small UCAs. Our results highlight the need for selecting suitable array geometries and design criteria in accordance with the scenario and array size in order to achieve the best DOA estimation results.
Cigarette Smoke and Oxidative Stress Indices in Male Active Smokers

Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation of biomolecules associated with cigarette smoking have been implicated in multiple organ dysfunctions among smokers. This study assessed the oxidative stress indices, including nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), ferritin, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total plasma peroxide (TPP), and oxidative stress index (OSI), as well as cotinine levels in relation to duration of smoking in male active smokers in Calabar, Nigeria. Ninety consenting male subjects aged 18‒60 years comprising 50 smokers and 40 nonsmokers were studied. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and socio-demographic information were obtained using standard methods. Oxidative stress indices; GSH, ferritin, NO, MDA, TAC, and TPP were estimated by colorimetric methods and cotinine by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, LSD post-hoc and Pearson’s correlation at p < 0.05. The results showed that the systolic blood pressure, TPP, OSI, NO, MDA, ferritin, and cotinine levels were significantly higher in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Increasing duration of smoking was associated with increased MDA and decreased GSH and NO levels, while increasing number of cigarette sticks smoked per day was associated with decreased MDA levels. Cotinine correlated positively with ferritin (r = 0.387, p = 0.005) and TPP (r = 0.377, p = 0.007) only in smokers. In conclusion, cigarette smoking results in enhanced NO, ferritin, and lipid peroxidation, with concomitant depletion of GSH which may lead to oxidative stress and smoking-related illness in cigarette smokers studied.
Exploring Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Aquatic Fauna of Lake Trasimeno (Italy): Insights from a Low-Anthropized Area

This study investigated the concentrations and profiles of 19 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the muscle and liver of four freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno (Italy): Anguilla anguilla (European eel), Carassius auratus (goldfish), Perca fluviatilis (European perch), and Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish). In livers, the amount of PFASs ranged from 3.1 to 10 µg kg−1, significantly higher than that in muscle (0.032–1.7 µg kg−1). The predominant PFASs were perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and long-chain carboxylic acids (C8–C14). Short-chain compounds (C4–C5), as well as the long-chain sulfonic acids (C9–C12), were not quantified. The contamination patterns were similar among species with few differences, suggesting the influence of species-specific accumulation. The PFAS concentrations in livers were comparable among species, while in muscle, the higher values were measured in European eel, followed by goldfish, European perch, and red swamp crayfish. The levels were generally lower than those reported for fish from Northern Italian lakes and rivers. The concentrations of regulated PFASs were lower than the maximum limits set by Regulation EU 2023/915 and did not exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (PFOS in biota). This study provides the first valuable insights on PFASs in freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno.
A geological survey of basalts in Mare Humorum, southeast Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Serenitatis

Clementine multi-spectral data have been used to investigate the geological history of lunar basalts in Mare Humorum, southeast Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Serenitatis. These data have enabled 109 discrete basaltic units to be identified in Mare Humorum and southeast Oceanus Procellarum, while 48 units have been identified in and around Mare Serenitatis. The ages of a number of these units have been inferred by correlating their crater densities with the densities of units from which returned radiometrically-dated samples were collected. Histograms are presented showing that the most extensive volcanic activity in these areas occurred in the Upper Imbrian Period. The depth of basalt has been estimated at locations where an impact has penetrated through to the underlying highland material. The minimum depth of basalt has been inferred from the depth/diameter relationship for a number of impacts which have only penetrated the basalt. These actual and minimum depths have been used to infer the cross sections of Mare Humorum and Mare Serenitatis. These profiles have been used to estimate the minimum volume of basalt in each basin. Evidence is presented from Clementine TiO2 wt% data that vertical, rather than lateral transport of ejecta, is a more efficient method of contaminating basalts with highland material. It is suggested that vertical contamination produces a coarse correlation between the depth of basalt and TiO2 wt%. The possibility of using TiO2 wt% data to imply the depth of a sequence of basaltic lava flows is examined. The extent of lava flows from a number vents in the Herigonius region has been investigated using variations in TiO2 wt% on the walls of rilles. It is also shown that particular sections of the rilles were probably fed from separate sources and these have been identified.
Influence of N-Acetylglucosamine and Melatonin Interaction in Modeling the Photosynthetic Component and Metabolomics of Cucumber under Salinity Stress

The application of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and melatonin (Mel) in agriculture could be a promising avenue for improving crop resilience and productivity, especially under challenging environmental conditions. In the current study, we treated the cucumber plant with GlcNAc and Mel solely and combinedly under salt stress (150 mM) then studied photosynthetic attributes using the transient OJIP fluorescence method. The results showed that the combination of GlcNAc × Mel significantly improved the plant morphological attributes, such as root and shoot biomass, and also improved chlorophyll and photosynthetic components. The mineral elements such as K, Mg, Ca, and P were significantly elevated, whereas a lower influx of Na was observed in GlcNAc × Mel treated cucumber shoots. A significant reduction in abscisic acid was observed, which was validated by the reduction in proline content and the increase in stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci). Furthermore, the activities of antioxidants such as polyphenol and flavonoid were considerably improved, resulting in a decrease in SOD and CAT with GlcNAc × Mel treatment. In addition, GlcNAc × Mel treatment dropped levels of the toxic radical Malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevated amino acids in cucumber shoots. These findings suggest that the combination of GlcNAc × Mel could be an effective elicitor for modeling plant metabolism to confer stress tolerance in crops.
Prevention and Co-Management of Breast Cancer-Related Osteoporosis Using Resveratrol

Breast cancer (BC) is currently one of the most common cancers in women worldwide with a rising tendency. Epigenetics, generally inherited variations in gene expression that occur independently of changes in DNA sequence, and their disruption could be one of the main causes of BC due to inflammatory processes often associated with different lifestyle habits. In particular, hormone therapies are often indicated for hormone-positive BC, which accounts for more than 50–80% of all BC subtypes. Although the cure rate in the early stage is more than 70%, serious negative side effects such as secondary osteoporosis (OP) due to induced estrogen deficiency and chemotherapy are increasingly reported. Approaches to the management of secondary OP in BC patients comprise adjunctive therapy with bisphosphonates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and cortisone, which partially reduce bone resorption and musculoskeletal pain but which are not capable of stimulating the necessary intrinsic bone regeneration. Therefore, there is a great therapeutic need for novel multitarget treatment strategies for BC which hold back the risk of secondary OP. In this review, resveratrol, a multitargeting polyphenol that has been discussed as a phytoestrogen with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects at the epigenetic level, is presented as a potential adjunct to both support BC therapy and prevent osteoporotic risks by positively promoting intrinsic regeneration. In this context, resveratrol is also known for its unique role as an epigenetic modifier in the regulation of essential signaling processes—both due to its catabolic effect on BC and its anabolic effect on bone tissue.
Patient’s Perception of Outcome after Extracapsular Fractures of the Mandibular Condyle Differs from Objective Evaluation—Experience of a Third-Level Hospital

Background: The aim of this study is to assess patients’ subjective perception of treatment outcome after extracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle. Methods: A questionnaire survey regarding facial nerve palsy (FNP), malocclusion, pain, reduction in maximum mouth opening (MMO) and further discomfort after 3, 6, and 12 months was carried out. Patients aged 18 or more presenting with an extracapsular condylar fracture between 2006 and 2020 were identified by purposive sampling Questionnaires were received from 115 patients. Fractures were classified on the basis of the pre-treatment imaging, the way of treatment was obtained from patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed using Pearsons’ chi-square-test, descriptive statistics and Student’s t-test. Results: 93.0% of the fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). MMO reduction was the most common post-treatment complication (55.6%). ORIF was associated with less pain after 3 months (p = 0.048) and lower VAS scores compared to conservative treatment (p = 0.039). Comminuted fractures were more frequently associated with post-treatment malocclusion (p = 0.048), FNP (p = 0.016) and MMO reduction (p = 0.001). Bilateral fractures were significantly accompanied by malocclusion (p = 0.029), MMO reduction (p = 0.038) and pain occurrence (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients report less pain after ORIF. Comminuted and bilateral fractures seem to be major risk factors for complications. Subjective perception of complications after extracapsular condylar fractures differs from objectively assessed data.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Atrial Fibrillation in Chronic Heart Failure Patients: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Colombian Heart Failure Registry

Background Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) represent conditions that commonly coexist. The impact of AF in HF has yet to be well studied in Latin America. This study aimed to characterize the sociodemographic and clinical features, along with patients’ outcomes with AF and HF from the Colombian Heart Failure Registry (RECOLFACA). Methods Patients with ambulatory HF and AF were included in RECOLFACA, mainly with persistent or permanent AF. A 6-month follow-up was performed. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. To assess the impact of AF on mortality, we used a logistic regression model. A P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. All statistical tests were two-tailed. Results Of 2,528 patients with HF in the registry, 2,514 records included information regarding AF diagnosis. Five hundred sixty (22.3%) were in AF (mean age 73 ± 11, 56% men), while 1,954 had no AF (mean age 66 ± 14 years, 58% men). Patients with AF were significantly older and had a different profile of comorbidities and implanted devices compared to non-AF patients. Moreover, AF diagnosis was associated with lower quality of life score (EuroQol-5D), mainly in mobility, personal care, and daily activity. AF was prevalent in patients with preserved ejection fraction (EF), while no significant differences in N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were observed. Although higher mortality was observed in the AF group compared to individuals without AF (8.9% vs. 6.1%, respectively; P = 0.016), this association lost statistical significance after adjusting by age in a multivariate regression model (odds ratio (OR): 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95 - 1.92). Conclusions AF is more prevalent in HF patients with higher EF, lower quality of life and different clinical profiles. Similar HF severity and non-independent association with mortality were observed in our cohort. These results emphasize the need for an improved understanding of the AF and HF coexistence phenomenon.
A Comprehensive Computational Insight into the PD-L1 Binding to PD-1 and Small Molecules

Immunotherapy has marked a revolution in cancer therapy. The most extensively studied target in this field is represented by the protein–protein interaction between PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1. The promising results obtained with the clinical use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against both PD-1 and PD-L1 have prompted the search for small-molecule binders capable of disrupting the protein–protein contact and overcoming the limitations presented by mAbs. The disclosure of the first X-ray complexes of PD-L1 with BMS ligands showed the protein in dimeric form, with the ligand in a symmetrical hydrophobic tunnel. These findings paved the way for the discovery of new ligands. To this end, and to understand the binding mechanism of small molecules to PD-L1 along with the dimerization process, many structure-based computational studies have been applied. In the present review, we examined the most relevant articles presenting computational analyses aimed at elucidating the binding mechanism of PD-L1 with PD-1 and small molecule ligands. Additionally, virtual screening studies that identified validated PD-L1 ligands were included. The relevance of the reported studies highlights the increasingly prominent role that these techniques can play in chemical biology and drug discovery.
Depth‐Resolved Physicochemical Characteristics of Active Layer and Permafrost Soils in an Arctic Polygonal Tundra Region

Permafrost physicochemical parameters play a key role in controlling the response of permafrost carbon to climate change. We studied the physicochemical parameters of permafrost in an Arctic tundra region to evaluate (1) how soil parameters vary with depth and whether and how they are interrelated, (2) whether and how permafrost soil differs from its overlaying active layer, and (3) whether soil property‐depth relationships are different across geomorphic features (e.g., low, flat, and high centered polygons). We also explored the possible biogeochemical processes that led to these soil characteristics and how they may affect biogeochemical reactions upon permafrost thaw. We observed (1) consistent relationships between soil property and depth and between major parameters, (2) large contrasts of key soil parameters between active layer and permafrost, indicative of potentially different response of the permafrost carbon to warming when compared to the active layer, and (3) a correlation between soil hydraulic conductivity and topographic features that impacts soil hydrologic processes. Our analysis suggests that the permafrost has a marine‐derived chemical signature that differs from the active layer and shapes the physicochemical fingerprints of the different geomorphic features. Specifically, we revealed the unique signatures of the high center polygons, indicative of possible microbial activity at depth (>1 m). Our study suggested consistent key soil parameter‐depth correlations while demonstrating complex lateral and vertical variabilities. These results are valuable for identifying approaches to upscale point‐based measurements and for improving model parameterization to predict permafrost carbon behavior and feedback under future climate.
Transcriptome Responses to Different Salinity Conditions in Litoditis marina, Revealed by Long-Read Sequencing

The marine nematode Litoditis marina is widely distributed in intertidal zones around the globe, yet the mechanisms underlying its broad adaptation to salinity remain elusive. In this study, we applied ONT long-read sequencing technology to unravel the transcriptome responses to different salinity conditions in L. marina. Through ONT sequencing under 3‰, 30‰ and 60‰ salinity environments, we obtained 131.78 G clean data and 26,647 non-redundant long-read transcripts, including 6464 novel transcripts. The DEGs obtained from the current ONT lrRNA-seq were highly correlated with those identified in our previously reported Illumina short-read RNA sequencing data. When we compared the 30‰ to the 3‰ salinity condition, we found that GO terms such as oxidoreductase activity, cation transmembrane transport and ion transmembrane transport were shared between the ONT lrRNA-seq and Illumina data. Similarly, GO terms including extracellular space, structural constituents of cuticle, substrate-specific channel activity, ion transport and substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity were shared between the ONT and Illumina data under 60‰ compared to 30‰ salinity. In addition, we found that 79 genes significantly increased, while 119 genes significantly decreased, as the salinity increased. Furthermore, through the GO enrichment analysis of 214 genes containing DAS, in 30‰ compared to 3‰ salinity, we found that GO terms such as cellular component assembly and coenzyme biosynthetic process were enriched. Additionally, we observed that GO terms such as cellular component assembly and coenzyme biosynthetic process were also enriched in 60‰ compared to 30‰ salinity. Moreover, we found that 86, 125, and 81 genes that contained DAS were also DEGs, in comparisons between 30‰ and 3‰, 60‰ and 30‰, and 60‰ and 3‰ salinity, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated the landscape of alternative polyadenylation in marine nematode under different salinity conditions This report provides several novel insights for the further study of the mechanisms by which euryhalinity formed and evolved, and it might also contribute to the investigation of salinity dynamics induced by global climate change.
Especie nueva de anfípodo del género Photis (Gammaridea: Photidae) del archipiélago cubano

A new species of amphipod crustacean of the genus Photis collected at the North Eastern waters of the Cuban Archipelago is described. The main differences among this new species and those two most similar recorded in the area (Photis sp. F. LeCroy, 2000 and P. sarae Souza-Filho y Serejo, 2010) are presented. This is the third species of Photis recorded for Cuban waters.