Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Getting the best response for your erg

We consider the speed scaling problem of minimizing the average response time of a collection of dynamically released jobs subject to a constraint A on energy used. We propose an algorithmic approach in which an energy optimal schedule is computed for a huge A, and then the energy optimal schedule is maintained as A decreases. We show that this approach yields an efficient algorithm for equi-work jobs. We note that the energy optimal schedule has the surprising feature that the job speeds are not monotone functions of the available energy. We then explain why this algorithmic approach is problematic for arbitrary work jobs. Finally, we explain how to use the algorithm for equi-work jobs to obtain an algorithm for arbitrary work jobs that is O(1)-approximate with respect to average response time, given an additional factor of (1 + ε) energy.
Possible Mechanisms of Ventricular Arrhythmias Elicited by Ischemia followed by Reperfusion Studies on Isolated Canine Ventricular Tissues

The purpose of this study was to develop an isolated tissue model in which arrhythmic activity could be generated in response to conditions encountered in ischemia followed by reperfusion, and in which intracellular recordings could be used to identify and study arrhythmogenic mechanisms. Isolated canine Purkinje fiber-papillary muscle preparations were superfused with modified Tyrode's solutions. Tissues were exposed to conditions observed in ischemia (hypoxia, acddosis, elevated lactate, zero substrate for 40 minutes). Supervision with Tyrode's solution of ‘normal’ composition was then reinstituted. Transmembrane recordings from Purkinje and muscle tissues were made, using standard microelectrode techniques. Ischemic conditions caused loss of membrane potential, shortened action potentials, depressed excitability, and progressive bidirectional conduction block between muscle and Purkinje tissues. Spontaneous activity, probably reentrant in origin, was observed. Return to nonischemic conditions resulted in a multiphasic sequence of responses in Purkinje fibers: prompt hyperpolarization, progressive depolarization to unresponsiveness, and final repolarization to control. The depolarization phase was accompanied by oscillatory afterpotentials which initiated extrasystoles. Final repolarization included a phase of automaticity at low membrane potentials, during which Purkinje tissue functioned as a parasystolic focus. Elevation of potassium concentration to 10 mM during the ischemic period did not alter the sequence of electrophysiological events during ischemic conditions or upon reperfusion. This study demonstrates that ischemia followed by reperfusion elicits an orderly sequence of electrophysiological events which may constitute important mechanisms of arrhythmia in vivo.
Broadband Criticality of Human Brain Network Synchronization

Self-organized criticality is an attractive model for human brain dynamics, but there has been little direct evidence for its existence in large-scale systems measured by neuroimaging. In general, critical systems are associated with fractal or power law scaling, long-range correlations in space and time, and rapid reconfiguration in response to external inputs. Here, we consider two measures of phase synchronization: the phase-lock interval, or duration of coupling between a pair of (neurophysiological) processes, and the lability of global synchronization of a (brain functional) network. Using computational simulations of two mechanistically distinct systems displaying complex dynamics, the Ising model and the Kuramoto model, we show that both synchronization metrics have power law probability distributions specifically when these systems are in a critical state. We then demonstrate power law scaling of both pairwise and global synchronization metrics in functional MRI and magnetoencephalographic data recorded from normal volunteers under resting conditions. These results strongly suggest that human brain functional systems exist in an endogenous state of dynamical criticality, characterized by a greater than random probability of both prolonged periods of phase-locking and occurrence of large rapid changes in the state of global synchronization, analogous to the neuronal “avalanches” previously described in cellular systems. Moreover, evidence for critical dynamics was identified consistently in neurophysiological systems operating at frequency intervals ranging from 0.05–0.11 to 62.5–125 Hz, confirming that criticality is a property of human brain functional network organization at all frequency intervals in the brain's physiological bandwidth.
Autoantibodies to Agrin in Myasthenia Gravis Patients

To determine if patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) have antibodies to agrin, a proteoglycan released by motor neurons and is critical for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation, we collected serum samples from 93 patients with MG with known status of antibodies to acetylcholine receptor (AChR), muscle specific kinase (MuSK) and lipoprotein-related 4 (LRP4) and samples from control subjects (healthy individuals and individuals with other diseases). Sera were assayed for antibodies to agrin. We found antibodies to agrin in 7 serum samples of MG patients. None of the 25 healthy controls and none of the 55 control neurological patients had agrin antibodies. Two of the four triple negative MG patients (i.e., no detectable AChR, MuSK or LRP4 antibodies, AChR-/MuSK-/LRP4-) had antibodies against agrin. In addition, agrin antibodies were detected in 5 out of 83 AChR+/MuSK-/LRP4- patients but were not found in the 6 patients with MuSK antibodies (AChR-/MuSK+/LRP4-). Sera from MG patients with agrin antibodies were able to recognize recombinant agrin in conditioned media and in transfected HEK293 cells. These sera also inhibited the agrin-induced MuSK phosphorylation and AChR clustering in muscle cells. Together, these observations indicate that agrin is another autoantigen in patients with MG and agrin autoantibodies may be pathogenic through inhibition of agrin/LRP4/MuSK signaling at the NMJ.
Review of CMOS Integrated Circuit Technologies for High-Speed Photo-Detection

The bandwidth requirement of wireline communications has increased exponentially because of the ever-increasing demand for data centers and high-performance computing systems. However, it becomes difficult to satisfy the requirement with legacy electrical links which suffer from frequency-dependent losses due to skin effects, dielectric losses, channel reflections, and crosstalk, resulting in a severe bandwidth limitation. In order to overcome this challenge, it is necessary to introduce optical communication technology, which has been mainly used for long-reach communications, such as long-haul networks and metropolitan area networks, to the medium- and short-reach communication systems. However, there still remain important issues to be resolved to facilitate the adoption of the optical technologies. The most critical challenges are the energy efficiency and the cost competitiveness as compared to the legacy copper-based electrical communications. One possible solution is silicon photonics which has long been investigated by a number of research groups. Despite inherent incompatibility of silicon with the photonic world, silicon photonics is promising and is the only solution that can leverage the mature complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies. Silicon photonics can be utilized in not only wireline communications but also countless sensor applications. This paper introduces a brief review of silicon photonics first and subsequently describes the history, overview, and categorization of the CMOS IC technology for high-speed photo-detection without enumerating the complex circuital expressions and terminologies.
Lifelong Gender Gap in Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction: The Tromsø Study.

Importance It is not clear to what extent the higher incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in men vs women is explained by differences in risk factor levels because few studies have presented adjusted risk estimates for sex. Moreover, the increase in risk of CHD in postmenopausal women, possibly hormone related, may eventually eliminate the sex contrast in risk, but age-specific risk estimates are scarce. Objective To quantify the difference in risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI) between men and women. Design, Setting and Participants Population-based prospective study from Tromsø, Norway, comprising 33 997 individuals (51% women). Median follow-up time during ages 35 to 102 years was 17.6 years. Incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs, relative risk) of MI were calculated in Poisson regression analysis of person-years at risk. The data analysis was performed in November 2015. Exposures Sex, age, birth cohort, serum lipid levels, blood pressure, lifestyle factors, diabetes. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident MI. Results A total of 2793 individuals (886 women) received a diagnosis of MI during follow-up in the period 1979 through 2012. The IR increased with age in both sexes, with lower rates for women until age 95 years. Adjusted for age and birth cohort, the overall IRR for men vs women was 2.72 (95% CI, 2.50-2.96). Adjustment for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels had the strongest impact on the risk estimate for sex, followed by diastolic blood pressure and smoking. However, the sex difference remained substantial even after adjustment for these factors (IRR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.89-2.26). Men had higher risk throughout life, but the IRRs decreased with age (3.64 [95% CI, 2.85-4.65], 2.00 [95% CI, 1.76-2.28], and 1.66 [95% CI, 1.42-1.95] for age groups 35-54, 55-74, and 75-94 years, respectively). Adjustment for systolic blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index, and physical activity had no notable impact. Conclusions and Relevance The observed sex contrast in risk of MI cannot be explained by differences in established CHD risk factors. The gender gap persisted throughout life but declined with age as a result of a more pronounced flattening of risk level changes in middle-aged men. The minor changes in IRs when moving from premenopausal to postmenopausal age in women make it unlikely that changes in female hormone levels influence the risk of MI.
System dynamics in Food Security agriculture, livestock, and imports in the Galapagos Islands

The Galapagos Archipelago, as islands environment, have to deal with intrinsic disadvantages such as small size, remoteness, insularity, disaster proneness, and environmental fragility, which translate in limited access to natural and social resources (ONU, 1994) generating dependence on a narrow range of products and incrementing import reliance, which in turn compromise the Galapagos inhabitants´ food security. An additional characteristic of the Galapagos Islands is the high endemism ecosystems, which is under many forms of human–related pressures such as invasive species and population growth, compromising its conservation. In this context, this research applied an SD model approach in order to identify the driving forces and relationships that influence the food availability system through the analysis of its variables and interactions, to understand how population growth and food consumption in the Galapagos Islands are related to supply dynamics such as local agriculture production and food imports. Three tourism growth scenarios created in previous SD research in the Galapagos Islands (Pizzitutti et al., 2016) were used: accelerated growth, moderate growth and no growth scenario, from which different behavior of the systems were analyzed. It was observed that local production keeps a decreasing trend in the three scenarios, as well as an imports reliance increase. Also, agricultural areas in the Galapagos Islands are regulated mostly by cattle ranching activities, which present an increasing trend due to meat importation restrictions. And, that while production keeps expanding into the agricultural area, a more effective control of invasive species is possible. In this regard, Galapagos food security depends on a decreasing local farming and an increasing dependence on food imports, what in turn increases the vulnerability of the islands food security. These three growth scenarios as well as production and consumption tendencies, further proves the difficulties and limitations of the Galapagos Island´s food security. Therefore, overcome the island disadvantages towards a self-reliance in local production is a goal to pursue.
Global emission inventories in the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) – Manual (I) I. Gridding: EDGAR emissions distribution on global gridmaps

The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research EDGAR, version 4 is managed at a JRC-server and documented with an emipedia website. The final resulting datasets of sector-specific emission inventories for all world countries and the resulting gridmaps have been published for all greenhouse gases and air pollutants and PM10 particulate matter on edgar.jrc. ec.europa. eu. These are accompanied so far with a description online, which is then worked out in more detail in the EDGAR Manual series. A first part of the EDGAR Manual series is this report "Gridding: EDGAR emissions distribution on global gridmaps". The report documents all geospatial surrogates that were collected, mainly from publicly available information sources, which were manipulated to arrive to a full set of consistent proxy data with spatial resolution of 0.1degx0. 1deg. The set of a hundred proxy datasets are applied to all EDGARv4 emissions yielding the sector-specific global emission gridmaps for all substances. Except for population and the derived urban and rural population proxy datasets, the proxy do not change over time. The population proxy, taken from CIESIN is an important default for the gridding and changes over time, reflecting the migration of people. More in particular the urban population proxy, derived in-house based on a combination of population and urban settlements, the urbanisation process over the past two decades is taken up. All spatial datasets are two-dimensional, covering the globe, except for aviation. The airline distribution occurs with three distinct layers at different heights, in order to cover a minimum third dimension. The other emissions data are upon request split into two height layers, one at stack height, one at ground level, based on the type of activity. The global coverage and geospatial consistency allow to provide a consistent input to the atmospheric chemistry. In particular multipollutant sources are represented as one single point source. The usefulness of these proxy datasets is reflected by the requests for applying it on other emission inventories, such as the UNEP emissions from IIASA or the EMEP emissions at CEIP.
Impairment of Autophagic Flux Promotes Glucose Reperfusion-Induced Neuro2A Cell Death after Glucose Deprivation

Hypoglycemia-induced brain injury is a common and serious complication of intensive insulin therapy experienced by Type 1 diabetic patients. We previously reported that hypoglycemic neuronal death is triggered by glucose reperfusion after hypoglycemia rather than as a simple result of glucose deprivation. However, the precise mechanism of neuronal death initiated by glucose reperfusion is still unclear. Autophagy is a self-degradation process that acts through a lysosome-mediated trafficking pathway to degrade and recycle intracellular components, thereby regulating metabolism and energy production. Recent studies suggest that autophagic and lysosomal dysfunction leads to abnormal protein degradation and deposition that may contribute to neuronal death. Here, we focused on the relationship between autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction in hypoglycemia-induced neuronal death. In neuronal cells, glucose reperfusion after glucose deprivation resulted in inhibition of autophagy, which may promote cell death. This cell death was accompanied with activation of caspase3 and the lysosomal proteases cathepsin B and D, which indicated impairment of autophagic flux. Taken together, these results suggest that interplay of autophagy, caspase3 activation and lysosomal proteases serve as a basis for neuronal death after hypoglycemia. Thus, we provide the molecular mechanism of neuronal death by glucose reperfusion and suggest some clues for therapeutic strategies to prevent hypoglycemia-induced neuronal death.
A statistical framework for SNP calling, mutation discovery, association mapping and population genetical parameter estimation from sequencing data

MOTIVATION Most existing methods for DNA sequence analysis rely on accurate sequences or genotypes. However, in applications of the next-generation sequencing (NGS), accurate genotypes may not be easily obtained (e.g. multi-sample low-coverage sequencing or somatic mutation discovery). These applications press for the development of new methods for analyzing sequence data with uncertainty. RESULTS We present a statistical framework for calling SNPs, discovering somatic mutations, inferring population genetical parameters and performing association tests directly based on sequencing data without explicit genotyping or linkage-based imputation. On real data, we demonstrate that our method achieves comparable accuracy to alternative methods for estimating site allele count, for inferring allele frequency spectrum and for association mapping. We also highlight the necessity of using symmetric datasets for finding somatic mutations and confirm that for discovering rare events, mismapping is frequently the leading source of errors. AVAILABILITY http://samtools.sourceforge. net. CONTACT hengli@broadinstitute.org.
Semantically enhanced browsing for blind people in the WWW

The WWW is today the biggest source of information and an essential tool for many activities of daily life. Unfortunately, information seeking in this complex hypermedia environment is generally not an easy task. The potentially complex task of information seeking in the WWW is further complicated when the end-user is blind or visually impaired (VI). Usually, web pages are created without taken accessibility into account and without using HTML markup correctly to express the functional structure of documents. Both facts pose a lot of problems to VI during information seeking in the web. In this paper we discuss problems related to this issue and how the information seeking process in the WWW could become more effective and efficient for the VI. We also present an ongoing research effort, inspired from the idea of Semantic Web, aiming to enhance browsing efficiency as a result of rationalizing the way VI browse the WWW.
Average effect of training programs on the time needed to find a job: the case of the training schools program in the south of Spain (Seville, 1997-1999)

This paper estimes the average effect of a binary treatment on a scalar outcome. Such a treatment is the training schools program implemented in the South of Spain (Seville) between 1997 and 1999. Speciffically, the paper estimes the average effect of this training program on the time needed to find a job. Difficulty in accesing microdata has obstructed in Spain this type of evaluation, largely developed in France, Germany, United Kingdom and USA. For our purpose, two methods based on the previous estimation of the propensity score are applied: weighting observations by the inverse of the propensity score and Heckman’s “twostage” estimator -Heckman (1979)-. The average effect estimed by weighting observations by the inverse of a nonparametric estime of the propensity score let us to conclude that, for treated, the time needed to find a job is reduced in 471 days. With the second method authors conclude that the estimator of ATET ( ATET α̂ ) takes a positive value -446 days -although minor than the previous one.
The Cytotoxic Lipid Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal Covalently Modifies a Selective Range of Proteins Linked to Respiratory Function in Plant Mitochondria*

Plants encounter a variety of environmental stresses that affect their cellular machinery and that they adapt to on a daily basis. Lipid peroxidation is one consequence, at the cellular level, of such stresses and yields cytotoxic lipid aldehydes, including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), that react with specific sites in proteins, leading to diverse changes in protein function and/or stability. We have assessed the sensitivity of plant mitochondrial proteins to HNE modification, using one-dimensional and two-dimensional denaturing PAGE and blue native-PAGE coupled to immunological detection and tandem mass spectrometry identification. A select range of proteins was modified by exogenous application of HNE to mitochondria isolated from Arabidopsis cell cultures. These included a number of proteins that directly interact with the ubiquinone pool, as well as a number of soluble matrix proteins. Mitochondria isolated from cell cultures following hydrogen peroxide, antimycin A, or menadione treatment had significantly reduced respiratory capacity and elevated levels of HNE adduction to specific subsets of proteins. Targets identified included the proteins affected by direct application of HNE but also some new proteins, including a number of matrix dehydrogenases, the inner membrane adenine nucleotide translocator, and the outer membrane voltage-dependent anion channel. Degradation products of some proteins were also found to be HNE adducted, suggesting a link between HNE adduction and protein turnover. Some of the major enzyme complexes that were HNE adducted did not show demonstrable changes in their maximal activity measured with artificial acceptors, but changes did occur in associations between respiratory chain complexes following stress treatments.
Capacity of MIMO-OFDM with Pilot-Aided Channel Estimation

An analytical framework is established to dimension the pilot grid for MIMO-OFDM operating in time-variant frequency selective channels. The optimum placement of pilot symbols in terms of overhead and power allocation is identified that maximizes the training-based capacity for MIMO-OFDM schemes without channel knowledge at the transmitter. For pilot-aided channel estimation (PACE) with perfect interpolation, we show that the maximum capacity is achieved by placing pilots with maximum equidistant spacing given by the sampling theorem, if pilots are appropriately boosted. Allowing for realizable and possibly suboptimum estimators where interpolation is not perfect, we present a semianalytical method which finds the best pilot allocation strategy for the particular estimator.