Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in the expression of galanin and galanin receptors in the wall of the colon in pigs experimentally infected with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Abstract The expression of galanin (GAL) and its three receptors (GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3) were studied with real-time PCR in the colonic wall of pigs suffering from experimental colitis caused by the infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The expression was studied in the muscular membrane, mucosa/submucosa layer, and in lymphocytes isolated from mucosa/submucosa. The expression levels were normalized to glyceraldehyde-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression and compared to expression levels in control animals. GAL expression was found in all three studied compartments of the colonic wall. A significant decrease in GAL expression level was found in the mucosa/submucosa and in isolated lymphocytes, whereas the decrease was much less profound in the muscular membrane. In the case of galanin receptors their expression was found in all studied compartments of the colonic wall, however at different levels, as compared to GAPDH expression. The decrease of galanin receptors expression was found in all studied compartments of the colonic wall of the sick animals.
NECTAR COMPOSITION AND MEMBRANE TRANSPORT OF SUGARS AND AMINO ACIDS : A REVIEW ON THE PRESENT STATE OF NECTAR RESEARCH

This review discusses rates of active membrane transport of sugars in nectar secretion in comparison with sugar fluxes in other plant systems. Possible mechanisms of sugar membrane transport are evaluated, namely vectorial group transfer reactions mediated by membrane bound phosphatases and chemi-osmotic coupling to H+-electro-chemical gradients. The chemical composition of nectar is discussed in relation to the secretion mechanism leading to specific sugar elimination and also in relation to the possible evolution of specific amino acid secretion mechanisms.
Ezetimibe: one step beyond in the battle against atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease, and hypercholesterolemia is a major factor. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering has become a major therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. As such, the most recent update to the guidelines strongly suggests plasma LDL-C levels of less than 70 mg/dl for very high-risk patients. Achieving this goal usually requires high statin doses. However, as this regimen significantly affects patient compliance, an alternative could be a combination therapy. One widely tested combination therapy is the coadministration of statins and the selective inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, ezetimibe. The hypolipidemic effect of ezetimibe is exerted via a selective blockade of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), the protein responsible for intestinal cholesterol uptake. Although it is effective as a monotherapy, coadministration with all available statins synergistically increases its hypolipidemic activity. This coadmi.
Does pH Affect Fish Species Richness when Lake Area is Considered

Abstract Numerous surveys have shown that fish species richness (number of species) is positively correlated with lake pH. However, species richness of fish communities is also correlated with lake size, and low-pH lakes are often small. Thus, conclusions drawn from examination of fish community structure relative to spatial (among-lake) variation in pH have been limited by uncertainties regarding the confounded effects of lake area. We used two statistical methods, analysis of covariance and a nonparametric blocked comparison test, to remove effects of lake area and compare fish species richness in low-pH and high-pH lakes. Data from six previous surveys of water chemistry and fish communities in lakes of Ontario and northern Wisconsin were examined. Lakes with low pH (≤6.0) contained significantly fewer fish species than lakes with high pH (>6.0) when the effect of lake area was considered. A simple probabilistic model showed that the ability to detect differences in species richness is low when lake ar.
The Effects of Combined Application of Cattle Manure and NP Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Potato in North-Eastern Ethiopia

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a short season crop that thrives best under sufficient nutrient supply. However, in Ethiopia the yield of potato is quite low as it is produced with little or inappropriate rates of fertilizer application. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted for two seasons (2012 and 2013) at Kobo substation of Sirinka Agricultural Research Centre to elucidate the combined effects of cattle manure (CM) and NP fertilizers on growth, yield components, yield and nutrient uptake of the crop. The treatments consisted of three rates each of CM (0, 15 and 30 t ha-1), nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) and phosphorus (0, 46 and 92 kg P2O5 ha-1), combined factorially and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth parameters (growth rate, and leaf area), average tuber weight and marketable and total tuber yield of potato were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by the interaction effects of chemical and organic fertilizers. Uptake of N and P were higher with treatments in which 30 t ha-1 CM was applied combined with 120 kg N and 92 kg P2O5 ha-1 as compared to the control treatment. Harvest index, total tuber yield, N uptake and P uptake were significantly increased by 134%, 257%, 2446% and 1186%, respectively, over the control treatment in response to the combined application of 120 kg N, 92 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 30 t ha-1 CM. In conclusion, the results revealed that integrated application of chemical and organic fertilizers could be the best strategy to restore highly depleted soils and to enhance economical production of potato in Kobo district and similar agroecologies.
Pleiotrope Wirkungen von β‐Lactoglobulin‐ und Casein‐Genotypen auf Milchinhaltsstoffe des bayerischen Fleckviehs und Braunviehs1

Zusammenfassung An zwei umfangreichen Stichproben der bayerischen Fleckvieh- und Braunviehpopulation mit jeweils etwa 2000 Tieren wurden bei den Merkmalen Milchserumeiweisgehalt, Caseingehalt, Gesamteiweisgehalt und Fettgehalt pleiotrope Wirkungen von β-Lactoglobulin- und Casein-Genotypen geschatzt. Alle Genotypen zeigten bei allen Eigenschaften und bei beiden Rassen Einflusse, wobei zwischen den Wirkungen der Fleckvieh- und Braunviehpopulation eine gute Ubereinstimmung deutlich wird. Die deutlichsten Effekte zeigten sich bei den Teilmerkmalen Milchserumeiweisgehalt und Caseingehalt. Ein betrachtlicher Teil der Genotypeneffekte verhalt sich antagonistisch, so das Kompensation bei den Hauptmerkmalen vorliegt. Summary Pleiotropy of β-lactoglobulin und casein genotypes on milk composition in Bavarian Fleckvieh and Braunvieh The effects of β-lactoglobulin and casein alleles on milk content of whey protein, casein, total protein and fat were estimated on some 2000 cows each of Bavarian Fleckvieh and Braunvieh. The effects of the alleles appeared to be similar in the two populations. The effects were most prominent on whey protein and casein content. Quite a number of alleles affect the contents of the different proteins antagonistically. Therefore the effects on the components of the total milk protein compensate each other. Resume Effets pleiotropiques des genotypes β-lactoglobuline et caseine dans la composition du lait du Fleckvieh bavarois et Braunvieh Les effets des alleles lactoglobuline et caseine de la teneur en lait de proteine du petit-lait, caseine, proteine totale et teneur en graisse ont ete estimes a environ 2000 vaches respectives des races Fleckvieh bavorois et Braunvieh. Les effets des alleles semblaient etre similaires dans les deux populations. Les effets les plus proeminents se montraient pour proteine du petit-lait et teneur en caseine. Un antagonisme fut observe pour un nombre considerable d'effets genotypiques, de sorte qu'il existe compensation pour les caracteristiques principales. Resumen Efectos pleiotropicos de β-Lactoglobulina y Caseina genotipos sobre los componentes de la leche en ganado manchado y pardo bavarico Los efectos de los alelos de β-Lactoglobulina y Caseina sobre los componentes de la leche, como protein serica de la leche, caseina, proteina y grasa total fueron estimados en las mismas 2000 vacas, en cada poblacion de ganado manchado y pardo bavarico. Todos genotipos mostraron para todas las propiedades y en ambas razas influencias, donde una buena concordancia pudo ser obtenida entre los efectos de ambas poblaciones. Los efectos mas claros se mostraron en el contenido de proteina serica de la leche y contenido de caseina. Una considerable parte de los efectos genotipicos se portaron antagonicamente, pero mostraron compensacion en las caracteristicas principales.
PALYNOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF CUPHEA (LYTHRACEAE). II. POLLEN MORPHOLOGY AND INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION

Present taxonomic studies in Cuphea (Lythraceae) reveal that a broad spectrum of biosystematic data is required for an understanding of evolutionary relationships among this large and complex group of species. As part of these studies pollen data have proven to be of greater pragmatic value than is frequently true for more stenopalynous taxa. A survey is made of pollen types in 160 species of Cuphea with special reference to specific taxonomic problems, and a summary presented of points at which pollen data can profitably contribute to taxonomic revision of the genus. IN AN EARLIER PAPER (Graham, Graham, and Geer, 1968) the pollen of Cuphea was shown to be eurypalynous and of practical importance to taxonomic studies in the genus. The aim of the present investigation is to consider pollen morphology within the framework of the stanidard taxonomic treatment (Koehne, 1903). Suggestions for altering infrageneric categories are presented, but formal taxonomic changes are deferred until revisions synthesizing all available morphological and biosystematic information are prepared. Table 1 summarizes Koehne's infrageneric classification and includes species referred to in this
The effect of cattle dung patches on pasture growth, botanical composition, and pasture utilisation

Abstract The effect of cattle dung patches on pasture growth, botanical composition, and pasture utilisation was studied over a period of five years. The rate of disappearance of the dung varied with the seasons. The bulk of the dung disappeared in one-two months in autumn and four-six months in Jalte spring and summer, although extremes ranged from half a month to 17 months. The effect of dung patches on pasture growth was generally fairly small. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) was more prevalent on dung patches than in the remainder of the trial area and often remained so for one to one-and-a-half years. Grazing was most uneven in spring, when herbage around dung patches was left 2–3 in. higher than unaffected pasilure. Chain-harrowing after each grazing depressed pasture growth but improved pasture utilisation in spring by grazing steers.
Exploitation Ecosystems in Gradients of Primary Productivity

Based on the assumption that each trophic level acts as a single exploitative population, a model relating the trophic structure of ecosystems to their potential primary productivity is developed. According to the model, herbivory pressure should be most severe in relatively unproductive environments. With increased potential productivity, the role of predation in herbivore regulation should become more important and the impact of herbivory upon plant communities should decrease. In very productive environments, increase in herbivory pressure is again probable, at least in aquatic ecosystems. The predicted pattern of phytomass and predicted results of manipulations are compared with available data. A reasonable fit between predictions and observations is found, although the sparsity of data and methodological uncertainties weaken the corroboration in several cases. In terrestrial ecosystems, the present version of the model seems best applicable to the vertebrate branch of the grazing chain, whereas the arthropod branch may be more sensitive to temperature than to average annual productivity.
Rapid detection of fungal endophytes in grasses for large-scale studies

Summary 1Standard visual screening methods for determining the qualitative and quantitative presence of fungal endophytes are too time-consuming for large-scale ecological studies. 2We investigated whether commercially available immunoblot kits, using monoclonal antibody techniques and designed for rapid-screening of the presence of Neotyphodium endophytes in fresh samples of the pasture grasses Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne, could be used for Neotyphodium detection using other grasses and preserved samples. We also determined whether immunoblot kits could provide quantitative information about the amount of Neotyphodium in the grass. 3The kits accurately detected endophyte presence in F. rubra, F. ovina, F. pratensis and F. altaica, in both preserved samples (dried and fixed), including 12-year-old stored, dried samples of F. rubra. 4Endophytes were detected in 7-day-old seedlings of Lolium perenne, 3 days (30%) earlier than previously recognized. 5The intensity of the coloured tissue prints on scanned immunoblot cards was significantly positively correlated with hyphal density, demonstrating a previously unrecognized accurate quantitative application. 6These findings greatly reduce logistical barriers to large-scale field research into the broader ecological significance of Neotyphodium in temperate and arctic grasses in non-agricultural ecosystems (particularly in remote areas) and suggest potential for estimating historical infection rates using stored and herbarium specimens.
THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCI IN CONDENSED SKIMMILK

Summary The following variables were studied from the standpoint of their effect on growth of staphylococci in condensed milk: (a) precondensing heat treatments, (b) milk solids concentrations, and (c) growth temperatures. Growth also was studied under conditions simulating vacuum-condensing operations. Preheat treatment of skimmilk at 165 or 185° F. for 30min. before condensing did not affect the growth of two cultures studied. However, growth of one of these cultures was retarded somewhat when the preheat treatment was 150° F. for 30min. ; growth of the other culture was not retarded. Cultures of staphylococci grew optimally, or nearly so, at temperatures ranging from 90 to 113° F. in condensed skimmilks having solids concentrations ranging from approximately 30 to 50%. Three of six cultures grew, although slowly, in 40% milk solids at 116° F. and one grew under similar conditions at 118° F. Under conditions of simulated vacuum condensing, growth was less extensive than under normal atmospheric pressure. However, growth was sufficiently rapid to exclude the possibility that subatmospheric pressures, likely to prevail in a vacuum-condensing operation, would afford sufficient retardation of growth to be of any practical significance in controlling growth of staphylococci.
HEADS AND TAILS: A CHORDATE PHYLOGENY

Abstract— A cladistic analysis of chordates is presented, based on some 320 nested characters. All the principal higher taxa are defined by synapomorphies, including extinct acanthodians and placoderms. The data base draws broadly from adult anatomy (including osteological data for Recent and fossil taxa), embryology, physiology, and biochemistry. A conventional sequence of chordate higher taxa is generated (hemichordates, urochordates, cephalochordates, craniates). Among the craniates, cyclostomes are considered paraphyletic. Gnathostomes are monophyletic, but two fossil “agnathan” groups (galeaspids, osteostracans) are regarded as stem gnathostomes. Chondrichthyans and osteichthyans are monophyletic. New arguments for osteichthyan affinity of acanthodians are presented. The phylogenetic position of placoderms is still problematic, but they can no longer be perceived as stem chondrichthyans or even as “elasmobranchiomorphs. ” Recent dipnoans and tetrapods are sister groups, but new paleontological discoveries refute many of their supposed osteological synapomorphies, thereby reopening the possibility of a closer relationship between tetrapods and osteolepiform rhipidistians.
Reaction of three veld grasses to different schedules of grazing and resting. 2. Residual effects on vigour

Seven defoliation treatments involving grazing at intervals with sheep until mid-January or mid-March, or for the whole growing season at each of two stocking intensities, or resting for the whole growing season (control treatment) were applied on veld during the 1985–86 growing season. Residual effects of the treatments on root mass and the mass of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the roots of populations of the three most abundant grass species, Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra and Trachypogon spicatus were determined in the winter of 1986. Shoot yields in the 1986–87 growing season were measured by harvesting species separately on both a tuft basal area and quadrat basis. In general, the defoliation treatments resulted in marked reductions in root and NSC mass in all species as compared with the control. Residual effects on shoot yields were relatively small, and, in sharp contrast to previous findings, correlations between effects on roots and on shoot yields were, except in the case of Tr.
Demonstration of an interferon γ-dependent tumor surveillance system in immunocompetent mice

This study demonstrates that endogenously produced interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) forms the basis of a tumor surveillance system that controls development of both chemically induced and spontaneously arising tumors in mice. Compared with wild-type mice, mice lacking sensitivity to either IFN-gamma (i.e., IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice) or all IFN family members (i.e., Stat1-deficient mice) developed tumors more rapidly and with greater frequency when challenged with different doses of the chemical carcinogen methylcholanthrene. In addition, IFN-gamma-insensitive mice developed tumors more rapidly than wild-type mice when bred onto a background deficient in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. IFN-gamma-insensitive p53(-/-) mice also developed a broader spectrum of tumors compared with mice lacking p53 alone. Using tumor cells derived from methylcholanthrene-treated IFN-gamma-insensitive mice, we found IFN-gamma's actions to be mediated at least partly through its direct effects on the tumor cell leading to enhanced tumor cell immunogenicity. The importance and generality of this system is evidenced by the finding that certain types of human tumors become selectively unresponsive to IFN-gamma. Thus, IFN-gamma forms the basis of an extrinsic tumor-suppressor mechanism in immunocompetent hosts.
Selection for sugar yield in sugar beet, Beta vulgaris, using different selection indices

In sugar beet breeding, sugar yield is mainly influenced by root yield and sugar content. In this short communication several indices to select for both traits simultaneously are compared in order to find the best one. The indices are correlated with the base index of Williams (1962) from independent experiments. The indices differ in the amount of information necessary for the calculation of their weights. Three different series of each eight sites gave similar results. The optimum index using all information from phenotypic and genotypic variances and covariances, did not perform best. Sugar content with its higher herit ability must have a larger weight than root yield. Heritabilities as index weights performed best, but two other indices using heritabilities and phenotypic but no genetic covariances also performed well.
Latitudinal patterns in the phenological responses of leaf colouring and leaf fall to climate change in Japan

Aim To estimate the potential effect of global climate change on the phenological responses of plants it is necessary to estimate spatial variations at larger scales. However, previous studies have not estimated latitudinal patterns in the phenological response directly. We hypothesized that the phenological response of plants varies with latitude, and estimated the phenological response to long-term climate change using autumn phenological events that have been delayed by recent climate change. Location Japan. Methods We used a 53-year data set to document the latitudinal patterns in the climate responses of the timing of autumn leaf colouring and fall for two tree species over a wide range of latitudes in Japan (31 to 44° N). We calculated single regression slopes for leaf phenological timing and air temperature across Japan and tested their latitudinal patterns using regression models. The effects of latitude, time and their interaction on the responses of the phenological timings were also estimated using generalized linear mixed models. Results Our results showed that single regression slopes of leaf phenological timing and air temperature in autumn were positive at most stations. Higher temperatures can delay the timing of leaf phenology. Negative relationships were found between the phenological response of leaves to temperature and latitude. Single regression slopes of the phenological responses at lower latitudes were larger than those at higher latitudes. Main conclusions We found negative relationships between leaf phenological responsiveness and latitude. These findings will be important for predicting phenological timing with global climate change.
Ecomorphological comparisons of sagittae in Mullus barbatus and M. surmuletus

This work was supported by EC project MED92/009. The authors thank P. Sa´nchez, P. Abello and D. Lloris for their comments on the manuscript; E. Isla, M. Margolles and R. N. Gibson for help with English corrections; CONACyT Mexico for the scholarship; and R. W. Gauldie for guidance and a critical review of the manuscript.
Application of ectomycorrhizal fungi in rooting of Scots pine fascicular shoots

The ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch and three Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. strains, were used to enhance in vivo rooting in fascicular shoots of 49 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genotypes representing seed families from southern and northern Finland. Inoculation with specific fungi either increased the rooting percentage or accelerated root formation expressed as an increased number of adventitious roots per cutting. Only one of the six seed families gave no positive response. The relationship between the in vitro production of free and conjugated forms of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by the fungi and rooting was also investigated. Pisolithus tinctorius was the only significant producer of IAA in the absence of exogenous tryptophan. All the Paxillus involutus strains also synthesized both free and conjugated IAA but did that actively only from exogenous tryptophan. In vitro production of IAA did not correlate with root induction in vivo, but the rooting responses dep.