Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Play Calcáreo De La Cuenca Del Valle Medio Del Magdalena. ¿Un Gigante Dormido?

La Cuenca del Valle Medio del Magdalena es una de las mas prolificas del pais, con importantes descubrimientos de clase mundial como por ejemplo el campo La Cira-Infantas. Sin embargo, oportunidades de ese tamano no han sido encontradas desde su descubrimiento hace mas de 80 anos. En el pasado se han hecho algunos trabajos para identificar oportunidades exploratorias en la cuenca, en particular de las secuencias calcareas del Cretacico Inferior. Y hasta el momento este tipo de yacimientos ha sido descartado por la profundidad de los objetivos y la incertidumbre sobre la calidad del reservorio. Sin embargo, la evidencia geoquimica, la historia de enterramiento en diversos lugares de la cuenca, y los mapas estructurales regionales indican que las rocas del Cretacico Inferior son las mas maduras y probablemente mas prolificas en generacion de hidrocarburos, lo cual aunado con una importante estructuracion durante el Eoceno y la exposicion sub-aerea que esta implico, sugieren el desarrollo de puntos atractivos (sweet spots) en los que se han podido formar zonas de fracturamiento y/o dolomitizacion, que mejoren las propiedades del reservorio de los niveles calcareos de la secuencia del Cretacico Inferior, y favorezcan la acumulacion de hidrocarburos.
THE WORLD OF UNDERGROUND ICE

ABSTRACT Underground ice is restricted to permafrost areas where its distribution is sporadic and often unpredictable. A knowledge of the distribution and abundance of underground ice is essential to northern development, because a variety of man induced disturbances can cause underground ice to thaw, often with serious consequences. The criteria for a classification of the principal types of underground ice are the source of the water prior to freezing and the processes which transfer water to the freezing plane. The origin of massive icy bodies in the Western Arctic of North America is explained by a water expulsion theory. The excess water now found in the icy bodies is attributed to water expelled from coarse textured sediments by the downward growth of permafrost. The suggested mechanism is illustrated by three pingos which have grown since 1950. The role of glaciation in the formation of relic offshore permafrost in relatively shallow Arctic coastal areas is examined. The evidence suggests that offs.
Crustal and lithospheric structure of the Alborz Mountains, Iran, and surrounding areas from integrated geophysical modeling

Using gravity, geoid, topography and surface heat flow data, we have modeled the density and temperature distribution in the lithosphere along three profiles crossing Iran in SW‐NE direction from the Arabian foreland in the SW to the South Caspian Basin and the Turan Platform to the NE. We find thin lithosphere (100–120 km) underneath central Iran, whereas thick lithosphere (up to 240 km) is found underneath Arabia, the South Caspian Basin and the Turan Platform. Crustal thickening is found under the Zagros and Alborz mountains (up to 60 km) and under the Kopet‐Dagh Mountains (48 km), whereas the thin crust under the southern Caspian Sea is either an oceanic crust or a highly thinned continental one. Below the South Caspian Sea, the shape of the crust‐mantle interface and the base of the lithosphere indicate a subduction of the South Caspian block toward the N‐NW. Further east, under the Kopet‐Dagh, no evidence for active subduction is visible. This can be explained by a rheologically very strong South Caspian block, surrounded by weaker continental lithosphere.
Effects of lateral friction on the structural evolution of fold-and-thrust belts: Insights from sandbox experiments with implications for the origin of landward-vergent thrust wedges in Cascadia

Various factors are inferred to influence the structural evolution of fold-and-thrust belts or thrust wedges, but the effects of lateral friction (such as that exerted by the opposite block of a strike-slip fault in nature or by sidewalls in analogue models) have rarely been given sufficient attention and hence are still far from being fully understood. Up to now, seaward-vergent and dually vergent thrust wedges have been satisfactorily explained by the classic Coulomb wedge theory and can be well reproduced in analogue and numerical models. In contrast, landward-vergent thrust wedges, which are uncommon in nature (e.g., those occurring in the Cascadia subduction zone), have not yet been adequately explained by the classic Coulomb wedge theory and can only be reproduced in a few analogue models under particular conditions. In order to look closer at the effects of lateral friction on the structural evolution of fold-and-thrust belts and to explore the origin of landward-vergent thrust wedges, we conducted a series of sandbox models under different conditions of lateral friction and various ratios of initial average lateral frictional stress to basal shear stress (τ s /τ d ). Results of our models revealed that in the presence of a weak or ductile basal decollement, the direction of lateral friction can dictate not only the deformation propagation direction and the surface slope direction, but also the structural vergence of fold-and-thrust belts. Fold-and-thrust belts normally show a structural vergence in the same direction as the direction of lateral friction but a deformation propagation direction and surface slope direction opposite to the direction of lateral friction. According to the results of models and the relationships between structural vergence and lateral friction direction occurring both in Cascadia and the analogue models, we propose that an extremely high τ s /τ d ratio due to an extremely weak basal decollement and landward-directed lateral friction exerted by the opposite blocks of basement-involved strike-slip faults are probably the two key factors responsible for the origin of landward-vergent thrust wedges in Cascadia. This work illustrates that effects of lateral friction should be properly taken into account both in the kinematic analysis and designs of models to simulate fold-and-thrust belts in the presence of weak or ductile basal decollements.
The use of riparian vegetated filter strips to reduce river sediment loads: an overestimated control measure?

The spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model WATEM/SEDEM was used to simulate the impact of riparian vegetated filter strips (RVFSs) on river sediment delivery at different spatial scales. For a field plot with a straight slope, sediment reduction by the RVFSs is comparable to results obtained through experimental set‐ups elsewhere (i.e. >70%). However, at the scale of an entire catchment, sediment reduction is much less (i.e. ±20%) due to (1) overland flow convergence, which reduces the sediment trapping efficiency of an RVFS, and (2) because part of the sediment bypasses the RVFSs through ditches, sewers and road surfaces. These results suggest that, at the catchment scale, RVFSs should be accompanied with other conservation techniques that are more appropriate for reducing river sediment loads, and that also reduce on‐site soil erosion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The solar reflected component in Jupiter's 5‐μm spectra from NIMS/Galileo observations

A comparison between low-flux dayside and nightside spectra of Jupiter recorded by the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) experiment gives the first accurate estimate of the solar reflected component at 5 μm, in the equatorial zone of Jupiter. A minimum flux level of about 0.6 μ W cm−2 sr−1/μm is found on the dayside, compared with 0.1 μ W cm−2 sr−1/μm on the nightside. These fluxes are 100–800 times lower respectively than the bright 5-μm thermal emission in the north equatorial belt (NEB) hot spots. The day/night difference can be interpreted as a solar reflected component from a cloud, presumably the ammonia cloud, with an albedo of the order of 15%, located at a pressure level of 0.79 bar or at higher altitudes (corresponding to cloud temperature of 160 K or lower). Compared to the measurements in hot spots made at other wavelengths from ground-based observations and from NIMS real time spectra, they imply a high cloud opacity in cold regions at atmospheric levels where the cloud optical depth in the hot spots is very low. The residual flux on the nightside arises from (1) a very small cloud transparency giving some access to deeper thermal emission or (2) as high-resolution solid-state imaging (SSI) images of Galileo suggest, to cloud inhomogeneities, with clearer regions of medium brightness temperatures, mixed with dark regions of much lower thermal emission. If the former have the same brightness as a typical hot spot, a filling factor of a few percent is sufficient to explain the observed flux level on the nightside cold regions.
Caracterización cariotípica del Yamú(Brycon siebenthalae)

RESUMEN: El yamu (Brycon siebenthalae) es un pez de escama, nativo de la Orinoquia Colombiana, con alto potencial para acuicultura. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre su biologia es aun muy limitado. En consecuencia, para determinar el numero de cromosomas de esta especie, linfocitos de individuos juveniles y adultos fueron cultivados, empleando protocolos y tecnicas utilizadas con exito en otras especies de peces nativos. El numero cromosomico revelado fue 2n=50(24m(metacentricos), 26sm/st(sububmetacentricos/subtelocentricos) el cual es similar al de otros bryconidos de la cuenca amazonica. Palabras Claves : Brycon siebenthalae, yamu, numero cromosomico. ABSTRACT: The yamu (Brycon siebenthalae) it is a flake fish, native of the Colombian Orinoquia, with high potential for continental aquaculture. However, the knowledge on its biology is even very limited. In consequence, to determine the number of chromosomes of the this species, lymphocytes from juvenile and adults individuals were cultivated, using protocols and techniques used with success in other species of native fish. The chromosomal number was 2n=50(24m (metacentric) and 26sm/st (sububmetacentricos/subtelocentricos), which is similar to that of other bryconidos of the Amazon basin. Key Words : Yamu, Brycon siebenthalae, chromosomal number.
Binational ecological risk assessment of bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) for the Great Lakes Basin.

v RÉSUMÉ. vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION.1 1.1 THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS . 4 2.0 PROBABILITY OF INTRODUCTION.7 2.1 LIKELIHOOD OF ARRIVAL.7 2.1.1 Physical Connections.7 2.1. 2 Human-mediated Release . 13 2.1. 3 Summary of Likelihood of Arrival . 19 2.2 LIKELIHOOD OF SURVIVAL . 21 2.2.1 Food Resources.21 2.2.2 Thermal Tolerance . 22 2.2.3 Summary of Likelihood of Survival.22 2.3 LIKELIHOOD OF ESTABLISHMENT . 23 2.3.1 Spawning and Nursery Habitat . 24 2.3.2 Estimated Spawning Population Needed for Establishment . 25 2.3.3 Survival of Early Life Stages . 26 2.3.4 Stock Required for Effective Recruitment . 27 2.3.5 Positive Population Growth . 29 2.3.6 Summary of Likelihood of Establishment . 29 2.4 LIKELIHOOD OF SPREAD . 30 2.4. 1 Dispersal . 30 2.4. 2 Human-mediated Dispersal.32 2.4. 3 Lake Superior.35 2.4. 4 Lake Michigan . 36 2.4. 5 Lake Huron.37 2.4. 6 Lake Erie . 38 2.4. 7 Lake Ontario.39 2.4. 8 Summary of Likelihood of Spread . 40 2.5 SUMMARY OF PROBABILITY OF INTRODUCTION . 40 3.0 MAGNITUDE OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES . 41 3.1 LAKE SUPERIOR . 42 3.2 LAKE MICHIGAN . 42 3.3 LAKE HURON . 43 3.4 LAKE ERIE (INCLUDING LAKE ST. CLAIR) . 43 3.5 LAKE ONTARIO.44 3.6 SUMMARY OF MAGNITUDE OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES . 44 4.0 OVERALL RISK ASSESSMENT . 45 5.0 CONSIDERATIONS.45 6.0 TARGETTED MANAGEMENT QUESTIONS . 47 7.0 REFERENCES . 50
Tributary confluences and discontinuities in channel form and sediment texture: Rio Chama, NM

Numerous morphological changes can occur where two channels of distinct sediment and flow regimes meet, including abrupt shifts in channel slope, cross‐sectional area, planform style, and bed sediment size along the receiving channel. Along the Rio Chama between El Vado and Abiquiu Dams, northern New Mexico, arroyo tributaries intermittently deliver sediment from erodible sandstone and shale canyon walls to the mainstem channel. Much of the tributary activity occurs in flash floods and debris flows during summer thunderstorms, which often load the channel with sand and deposit coarser material at the mainstem confluence. In contrast, mainstem channel flow is dominated by snowmelt runoff. To examine tributary controls, we systematically collected cross‐section elevation and bed sediment data upstream and downstream of 26 tributary confluences along a 17 km reach. Data from 203 cross‐sections were used to build a one‐dimensional hydraulic model for comparing estimated channel parameters at bankfull and low‐flow conditions at these sites As compared to intermediate reaches, confluences primarily impact gradient and bed sediment size, reducing both parameters upstream of confluences and increasing them downstream. Cross‐section area is also slightly elevated above tributary confluences and reduced below. Major shifts in slope and bed sediment size at confluences appear to drive variations in sediment entrainment and transport capacity and the relative storage of sand along the channel bed. The data were analyzed and compared to models of channel organization based on lateral inputs, such as the Network Variance Model and the Sediment Link Concept. At a larger scale, hillslope − channel coupling increases in the downstream third of the study reach, where the canyon narrows, resulting in steeper slopes and more continuous coarse bed material along the mainstem, and thus, limiting the contrast with tributary confluences. However, channel form and sediment characteristics are highly variable along the study reach, reflecting variations in the size and volume of sediment inputs related to the surface geology in tributary watersheds, morphology of the Rio Chama at the junction (i.e. bends, confinement), and the relative magnitude and location of past depositional events. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data‐based metrics

New radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon‐11 data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are used to assess a suite of 19 ocean carbon cycle models. We use the distributions and inventories of these tracers as quantitative metrics of model skill and find that only about a quarter of the suite is consistent with the new data‐based metrics. This should serve as a warning bell to the larger community that not all is well with current generation of ocean carbon cycle models. At the same time, this highlights the danger in simply using the available models to represent the state‐of‐the‐art modeling without considering the credibility of each model.
The Effects of Crop Type and Production Systems on the Activity of Beneficial Invertebrates

Beneficial invertebrate activity (13 groups) was assessed in five crop types on a split-plot experimental system in northern England using pitfall trapping and suction sampling in May-October 2005. Very significant differences were detected in activity between crop type, and in the preference of groups for individual crops. Within crop types, differences in fertiliser and crop protection approaches appeared to significantly affect activity, with preferences for either organic or conventional management differing between groups. In general, inorganic fertiliser application had more effect on activity than pesticide, herbicide and fungicide use.
Evaluation of Microphysics Parameterization for Convective Clouds in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM5

AbstractA physically based two-moment microphysics parameterization scheme for convective clouds is implemented in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) to improve the representation of convective clouds and their interaction with large-scale clouds and aerosols. The explicit treatment of mass mixing ratio and number concentration of cloud and precipitation particles enables the scheme to account for the impact of aerosols on convection. The scheme is linked to aerosols through cloud droplet activation and ice nucleation processes and to stratiform cloud parameterization through convective detrainment of cloud liquid/ice water content (LWC/IWC) and droplet/crystal number concentration (DNC/CNC). A 5-yr simulation with the new convective microphysics scheme shows that both cloud LWC/IWC and DNC/CNC are in good agreement with observations, indicating the scheme describes microphysical processes in convection well. Moreover, the microphysics scheme is able to represent the aerosol effects on c.
A Study of a Multi-Level Bottom Trawl for Species Separation Using Direct 0 bservation Techniques

Introduction I t is generally believed that size selection during trawling i s controlled by the cod-end mesh size, which allows small fish to escape from the net. Recent direct observations have shown firstly that many small roundfish succeed in escaping before entering the cod-end, for example through the meshes in the batings and extension piece, and secondly that, of those juvenile fish that do enter the cod-end, many are in fact capable of passing through the cod-end meshes, but are prevented from doing so by other fish (especially flatfish) masking these meshes (Main and Sangster, 1981a and Plate I). I t has been
The actor and the act: categories of prestation in South India

Etude des conceptions des prestations intercastes dans trois villages Tamil (Kovilpatti Taluk, District de Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, Inde). Ces conceptions, qui s'appliquent egalement aux relations intracaste et a tous les contextes interpersonnels, remettent en question les notions etablies sur les "systemes jajmani".
Studies on integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of banana cv. Ardhapuri (Musa AAA)

A field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications consisting of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and RDF was combined with organic manures and biofertilizers [Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), azotobacter, and Phosphate solubilising bacterial (PSB)] at different combinations to know their effect on growth and yield of banana. The vegetative growth parameters which are, plant height, plant girth, number of leaves per plant, leaf area and crop duration were influenced significantly due to different treatments. The maximum plant height (190.84 cm) and plant girth (81.34 cm) were recorded in treatment 50% RDF + FYM + Azotobacter (50 g/plant) + PSB (50 g/plant) + VAM Glomus fasciculatum (250 g/plant) while the maximum leaves (32.30) per plant and leaf area (17.93 m2) were recorded in Treatment T3. The minimum number of days (211.03) for shooting after planting and number of days for harvesting after shooting (117.46) were recorded with 50% RDF + FYM +Azotobacter (50 g/plant) + PSB (50 g/plant) + VAM G. fasciculatum (250 g/plant). Similarly, the yield parameters that is, bunch weight (19.31 kg) and per hectare (85.80 t/ha) were recorded in Treatment T3. The application of 50% RDF + FYM +Azotobacter (50 g/plant) + PSB (50 g/plant) + VAM G. fasciculatum (250 g/plant) was found beneficial for growth and yield of banana cv. Ardhapuri. Key words: Banana, organic manures, shooting, biofertilizers.
Agriculture, malaria, and water-associated diseases: understanding the links between agriculture and health

"Malaria, schistosomiasis (bilharzia), and Japanese encephalitis are the major vector-borne diseases whose increase or decrease can be attributed to agricultural water development (see table). Others include dengue fever, yellow fever, and filariasis. Young children in poor communities are particularly affected: malaria is among the top five causes of death among under-fives in Sub-Saharan Africa; schistosomiasis among children affects growth, nutritional status, and cognitive development; and encephalitis occurs mainly in young children. Water development projects bring important benefits locally and globally. Yet it is often assumed that irrigation will bring health benefits to all, regardless of their socioeconomic standing within a community. In reality, the economic and social impacts of irrigation are diverse and widespread, and neither costs nor benefits are evenly distributed among community members. In Sub-Saharan Africa, as elsewhere in the world, there is increasing recognition of the need to reduce the negative impacts of agricultural development on ecosystems and peoples' health. Unless well-targeted interventions are made, the most vulnerable—notably poor children and their mothers—will continue to benefit least from the promise of irrigation and suffer most from the adverse health impacts. " From text
Nanocoatings of clay and creep of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California

Mudrock samples were investigated from two fault zones at ∼3066 m and ∼3296 m measured depth (MD) located outside and within the main damage zone of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drillhole at Parkfield, California. All studied fault rocks show features typical of those reported across creep zones with variably spaced and interconnected networks of polished displacement surfaces coated by abundant polished films and occasional striations. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction study of the surfaces reveal the occurrence of neocrystallized thin film clay coatings containing illite-smectite (I-S) and chlorite-smectite (C-S) minerals. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of the illitic mix-layered coatings demonstrated Miocene to Pliocene crystallization and revealed an older fault strand (8 ± 1.3 Ma) at 3066 m MD, and a probably younger fault strand (4 ± 4.9 Ma) at 3296 m MD. Today, the younger strand is the site of active creep behavior, reflecting a possible (re)activation of these clay-weakened zones. We propose that the majority of slow fault creep is controlled by the high density of thin (
Rip channel migration in the nearshore

Abstract : Video imaging data generated from the Naval Postgraduate School Imaging System (NAPSIS) during November 2004 to June 2006 was analyzed to determine the location of rip channels and track their morphology. During the study period, the rip fields constantly changed in shape, size, and location. Rip channels were found to have a mean migration southward at a rate of 0.16 meters per day with a standard deviation of 7.6 meters per day and maximum rates varying between approximately 30 meters per day north and 30 meters per day south. The migration exhibited a strong seasonal variation with southerly shifts in the fall and winter months, northerly shifts in the late winter and early spring months, and no significant shift in the late spring and summer months. Directional wave spectra measured every hour at the offshore NOAA buoy were refracted to the 10 meter depth contour at Marina and Sand City and compared with measured spectra at these locations. The significant wave heights at both locations exhibited a correlation of 0.94. Mean wave directions for Marina and Sand City were found to have correlations of 0.83 and 0.34, respectively. These refracted data were then used to calculate sediment transport rates at Stillwell Hall, Fort Ord. Rip channel migration and calculated sediment transport rates were correlated at 0.8, qualitatively confirming the hypothesis that the migration rate of rip channels is a function of modeled alongshore sediment transport. The sometimes rapid migration of these large scale morphological features is critical to the successful planning and execution of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps beach assaults and the operation of mine warfare. Because amphibious and special forces operate mainly in shallow areas, the modeling of rip current direction and magnitude contributes greatly to effective mission organization and accomplishment.