Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developing high-order weighted compact nonlinear schemes

Abstract The weighted technique is introduced in the compact high-order nonlinear schemes (CNS) and three fourth- and fifth-order weighted compact nonlinear schemes (WCNS) are developed in this paper. By Fourier analysis, the dissipative and dispersive features of WCNS are discussed. In view of the modified wave number, the WCNS are equivalent to fifth-order upwind biased explicit schemes in smooth regions and the interpolations at cell-edges dominate the properties of WCNS. Both flux difference splitting and flux vector splitting methods can be applied in WCNS, though they are finite difference schemes. Boundary and near boundary schemes are developed and the asymptotic stability of WCNS is analyzed. Several numerical results are given which show the good performances of WCNS for discontinuity capture high accuracy for boundary layer calculation, and good convergent rate. We also compare WCNS with MUSCL scheme and spectral solutions. WCNS are more accurate than MUSCL, as expected, especially for heat transfer calculations.
Synthesis of interstellar CH+ without OH

Both CH+ and OH can be produced in warm gas via endothermic reactions, yet recent observations by Federman, Weber & Lambert indicate little correspondence between the abundances for these molecules. A non-thermal origin for CH+ production is therefore suggested. Chemical models of diffuse cloud envelopes that include the presence of Alfven waves are shown to be consistent with the new observations. In these models, CH+ is formed as a result of the streaming of C+ ions, which are influenced by the passage of Alfven waves, relative to the cold background gas. Since the background gas is cold, OH production arises solely from ion-molecule reactions initiated by cosmic ray ionization.
A hyperelliptic realization of the horseshoe and baker maps

We present a generalization of the functional equation for the Weierstrassk $\wp$-function for hyperelliptic surfaces of infinite genus arising from iteration of the horseshoe and baker maps. The ramified cover of these infinite genus surfaces over the complex plane are associated to a quadratic differential of finite norm with simple poles accumulating to infinity. We study the geometry of its critical trajectories emanating from these poles and their rate of accumulation.
X Rays From Normal Galaxies

The Einstein Observatory, Exosat, and Ginga observations of X-rays from normal galaxies are reviewed. Local spirals and bright spiral galaxies are discussed, emphasizing the nature of the X-ray sources and addressing average sample properties and correlation with other wavebands. Starburst activity and low-activity nuclei are examined. The hot ISM, halos, and cooling flows in elliptical galaxies are addressed, and what X-ray observations reveal about the mass of early-type galaxies is considered. The relationship between radio sources and gaseous halos and between galaxies and the X-ray background is discussed.
Effective-medium theory of a heterogeneous medium with individual grains having a nonlocal dielectric function

A formulation is given to obtain the effective dielectric function e(ω) of a heterogeneous medium in which nonlocality due to the spatial dispersion of the individual grains is important. The formulation is then applied to the calculation of the e(ω) of a medium consisting of spherical metallic grains. A very general method of solving the boundary-value problems involving a nonlocal e is presented. The results are presented in both the average-T-matrix approximation and the coherent-potential approximation. Numerical results are obtained with a hydrodynamic model of the metallic dielectric function although in principle other nonlocal dielectric functions could also be used. Finally the optical absorption by dye molecules adsorbed on metallic spheres is calculated, and the results are compared to those obtained by using the local-dielectric-function model for the metal. The important effects of the nonlocality manifest themselves in the characteristic shifts of the resonances and in the decrease in the peak heights.
Elekta Unity MR-linac commissioning: mechanical and dosimetry tests

Abstract We report the commissioning results of Elekta Unity for the dosimetric performance and mechanical quality assurance (QA), and propose additional commissioning procedures. Mechanical tests included multi-leaf collimator (MLC) positional accuracy, radiation isocenter diameter at the center and off-center position, and coincidence between the magnetic resonance (MR) image center and radiation isocenter. Comparisons between the measurements and calculations of the simple irradiated field, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) commissioning, MLC output factor ratio, validation of independent dose calculation software and end-to-end testing were performed to evaluate dosimetric performance. The average values of the MLC positional accuracy for film- and imaging device-based analysis were −0.1 and 0.3 mm, respectively. The measured radiation isocenter size was 0.41 mm, and the off-center results were within 1 mm. The coincidence was −0.21, −1.19 and 0.49 mm along the x-, y- and z-axes, respectively. The calculated percent depth doses (PDD) and profiles agreed with the measurements. The results of independent dose calculation were within the action level recommended by American Associations of Physicist in Medicine. The gamma passing rate (GPR) for IMRT commissioning was 98.6 ± 0.9%, and end-to-end testing of adapted plans showed agreement within 2% between the measurement and calculation. We reported the results of mechanical and dosimetric performances of Elekta Unity, and proposed novel commissioning procedures. Our results should provide knowledge to the physics community for enhancing the QA programs.
Second‐order analysis of inhomogeneous spatio‐temporal point process data

Second‐order methods provide a natural starting point for the analysis of spatial point process data. In this note we extend to the spatio‐temporal setting a method proposed by Baddeley et al. [Statistica Neerlandica (2000) Vol. 54, pp. 329–350 ] for inhomogeneous spatial point process data, and apply the resulting estimator to data on the spatio‐temporal distribution of human Campylobacter infections in an area of north‐west England.
A State Transition of GX 339–4 Observed with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer

We report the results of observations with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer of the black hole candidate GX 339-4 during the state transition of 1998. We find that both the X-ray spectrum and the characteristics of the time variability after the transition are typical of a high/soft state. We cannot exclude that the source went through an intermediate state before entering the high state. We discuss the results and compare them with other known black hole candidates.
Asymptotic Least-Squares Estimation Efficiency Considerations and Applications

This paper is concerned with the large sample efficiency of the asymptotic least-squares (ALS) estimators introduced by Gourieroux, Monfort, and Trognon (1982, 1985) and Chamberlain (1982, 1984). We show how the efficiency of these estimators is affected when additional information is incorporated into the estimation procedure. The relationship between ALS and maximum likelihood is discussed. It is shown that ALS can be used to obtain asymptotically efficient estimates for a large range of econometric models. Many results from the literature on estimation are special cases of the framework adopted in this paper. An application of ALS to a dynamic rational expectation factor demand model in the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands demonstrates the potential of the method in the estimation of the parameters in models which are subject to nonlinear cross-equation restrictions. Copyright 1990 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex angular momentum approach to black-hole scattering

A description of scalar waves scattered off a Schwarzschild black hole is discussed in terms of complex angular momenta. In the new picture the scattering amplitude is split into a supposedly smooth background integral and a sum over the so-called Regge poles. It is proved that all the relevant Regge poles (the singularities of the S-matrix) must be situated in the first quadrant of the complex -plane. We also show that the S-matrix possesses a global symmetry relation , which makes it possible to simplify considerably the background integral. Finally, a formal basis for actual computations of Regge poles and the associated residues is outlined.
On ‘spot’ evolution under an adverse pressure gradient

The unsteady travelling ‘spots’ or spot-like disturbances are produced, in an otherwise planar boundary layer, by an initial impulse/blip, from wall forcing or from nearby external forcing. Theory and computations are described for the evolving spot-like structure, yielding initial-value problems for inviscid spot-like disturbances, commencing near the onset of an adverse pressure gradient. A transient stage incorporates the initial conditions, following which adverse pressure gradient effects become significant. Leading and trailing critical layers then form, which confine and define the spot-like disturbance, and these depart from the wall downstream accompanied by disturbance amplification and mean flow distortion. The interplay of adverse pressure gradient effects with three-dimensionality, nonlinearity and non-parallelism is considered in turn. Three-dimensional effects provoke a universal closed planform of spot-like disturbance, which has a different side behaviour from the zero-gradient case. Nonlinear interactions eventually change the internal structure, particularly at the spot-like disturbance leading edge, while pointing to the mean-flow alteration underhanging the spot-like disturbance and to a pressure-feedback alteration for the region behind the spot-like disturbance. These two alterations offer complementary mechanisms for describing the calmed region trailing a spot-like disturbance, in which an attached thinned wall layer is identified. Non-parallel effects lead to enhanced spot-like disturbance growth and larger-scale/shorter-scale interactive behaviour downstream. The approach to separation is also considered, yielding maximal growth for small spot-like disturbances at 5/6 of the way from the minimum pressure position to the separation position. Links with recent experiments on adverse-gradient spot-like disturbances and with findings on calmed region properties are investigated, as well as the unsteady forcing effects from an incident relatively thick vortical wake outside the boundary layer.
SOLVING NONLINEAR TWO POINT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM USING TWO STEP DIRECT METHOD (Menyelesaikan Masalah Nilai Sempadan Dua Titik Tak Linear Menggunakan Kaedah Langsung Dua Langkah)

In this paper, we present two step direct method of Adams Moulton type (2PDAM4 and 2PDAM5) for solving nonlinear two point boundary value problems (BVPs) directly. The two step direct method will be utilised to obtain a series solution of the initial value problems at two steps simultaneously. These methods will solve the nonlinear second order BVPs by shooting technique using constant step size. Three step iterative method is considered as a procedure for solving the nonlinear equations and the convergence of the shooting technique. Numerical results are given to illustrate the efficiency and performance of the direct method by the shooting technique with root finding via three-step iterative method for solving boundary value problems. The results clearly show that the two step direct method is able to produce good results compared to the existing method.
Encouraging inflated reports of posttraumatic growth: the presence of a wording effect on self-reports of posttraumatic growth

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives Posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive psychological changes that result from a traumatic experience. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and the Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS) are the two most commonly used measures of PTG. One criticism of these measures is that all their items are positively worded (for example, “I have a greater feeling of self-reliance”). Design and Methods In the current paper, we conducted two studies that examined a possible wording effect in these two measures. Results In Study 1, we found that positively worded items on the PTGI are positively correlated with the negatively worded version of the same items. Additionally, the positively and negatively worded versions of these items formed two separate factors, further suggesting a wording effect. In Study 2, we conducted an experimental design by comparing self-reports of PTG when randomly assigned to complete either positively- or neutrally worded versions of the items. We found that participants reported 27% less PTG when given neutrally worded items. Conclusions The combined results strongly suggest a wording effect that encourages overreporting of self-reports of PTG.
Indoor exposure assessment for levels of dust mite and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in living houses

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to measure the levels of dust mites (Dermatophagoides farina group 1 [Der f1] and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1 [Der p1]) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in the resident environments with living conditions such as the number of ventilation; the number of window, floor, and temperature; and relative humidity (RH) from vulnerable class in South Korea. Information on residents is designed to be prepared by residents on their general characteristics (daily residence time, heating and cooking type, and cleaning on the day of sampling). Dust mites levels ranged from 24.0 to 1087.5 ng/g with a mean of 215.4 ng/g for Der f1 and from 0.6 to 489.9 ng/g with a mean of 489.9 ng/g for Der p1. Total TVOC levels ranged from 15.3 to 1642.1 μg/m3 with a mean of 219.7 μg/m3. The correlation analysis showed a positive association between Der f1 levels and xylene levels in fall (r = 0.49, r < 0.05) of this study.
Cryo-EM structure of the whole photosynthetic reaction center apparatus from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum

Significance Photosynthesis is the fundamental process that maintains life on Earth. The photosynthetic apparatus of green sulfur bacteria exhibits an unusual organization of their intermediate light-harvesting complexes. The energy absorbed by the chlorosome is transferred through Fenna–Matthews–Olson proteins to the reaction center (RC) to initiate charge separation and electron transfer. Here, we determined the cryo-EM structure of the whole photosynthetic RC apparatus from Chlorobaculum tepidum at 2.5 Å resolution. The structure of this photosynthetic RC complex, which exhibits features of both type I and II RCs, fills an important gap in our understanding of photosynthetic complex function and provides a basis for a more comprehensive examination of its energy and electron transfer functions through both experimental and theoretical approaches.
Detecting Local Community Structures in Networks Based on Boundary Identification

Detecting communities within networks is of great importance to understand the structure and organizations of real-world systems. To this end, one of the major challenges is to find the local community from a given node with limited knowledge of the global network. Most of the existing methods largely depend on the starting node and require predefined parameters to control the agglomeration procedure, which may cause disturbing inference to the results of local community detection. In this work, we propose a parameter-free local community detecting algorithm, which uses two self-adaptive phases in detecting the local community, thus comprehensively considering the external and internal link similarity of neighborhood nodes in each clustering iteration. Based on boundary nodes identification, our self-adaptive method can effectively control the scale and scope of the local community. Experimental results show that our algorithm is efficient and well-behaved in both computer-generated and real-world networks, greatly improving the performance of local community detection in terms of stability and accuracy.
An Analysis of the Nonstationarity in the Bias of Sea Surface Temperature Forecasts for the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) Version 2

AbstractFor long-range predictions (e.g., seasonal), it is a common practice for retrospective forecasts (also referred to as the hindcasts) to accompany real-time predictions. The necessity for the hindcasts stems from the fact that real-time predictions need to be calibrated in an attempt to remove the influence of model biases on the predicted anomalies. A fundamental assumption behind forecast calibration is the long-term stationarity of forecast bias that is derived based on hindcasts.Hindcasts require specification of initial conditions for various components of the prediction system (e.g., ocean, atmosphere) that are generally taken from a long reanalysis. Trends and discontinuities in the reanalysis that are either real or spurious can arise due to several reasons, for example, the changing observing system. If changes in initial conditions were to persist during the forecast, there is a potential for forecast bias to depend over the period it is computed, making calibration even more of a challen.
Constructing the school paradox in the lives of children living with parental mental illness

Children living with parental mental illness are referred to as an invisible population because mental health services rarely target them, as the focus is often on the parent who is ill mentally. The same situation occurs even in school where they are unnoticed. This study conducted in Ghana creates awareness about what these children think about their interactions at school in the context of parental mental illness. Data was collected through interviews and diaries with 13 children living with parental mental illness and analysed to attain the essential features through Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology. The children find the school as a happy space where they do not have to be worried about the parent’s mental illness. Ultimately, though, even at school, most of the children become concerned about the mental wellbeing of the parent due to their loyalty towards them. This results in the school paradox where the children are torn between having their own time at school and being worried about the parent’s condition back home, wanting to be there for the parent. The school paradox is an unhealthy cycle that could be addressed with coordinated efforts from mental health professionals, social workers, psychologists and teachers.
In vivo serotonin 1A receptor hippocampal binding potential in depression and reported childhood adversity

Abstract Background Reported childhood adversity (CA) is associated with development of depression in adulthood and predicts a more severe course of illness. Although elevated serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) binding potential, especially in the raphe nuclei, has been shown to be a trait associated with major depression, we did not replicate this finding in an independent sample using the partial agonist positron emission tomography tracer [11C]CUMI-101. Evidence suggests that CA can induce long-lasting changes in expression of 5-HT1AR, and thus, a history of CA may explain the disparate findings. Methods Following up on our initial report, 28 unmedicated participants in a current depressive episode (bipolar n = 16, unipolar n = 12) and 19 non-depressed healthy volunteers (HVs) underwent [11C]CUMI-101 imaging to quantify 5-HT1AR binding potential. Participants in a depressive episode were stratified into mild/moderate and severe CA groups via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. We hypothesized higher hippocampal and raphe nuclei 5-HT1AR with severe CA compared with mild/moderate CA and HVs. Results There was a group-by-region effect (p = 0.011) when considering HV, depressive episode mild/moderate CA, and depressive episode severe CA groups, driven by significantly higher hippocampal 5-HT1AR binding potential in participants in a depressive episode with severe CA relative to HVs (p = 0.019). Contrary to our hypothesis, no significant binding potential differences were detected in the raphe nuclei (p -value s > 0.05). Conclusions With replication in larger samples, elevated hippocampal 5-HT1AR binding potential may serve as a promising biomarker through which to investigate the neurobiological link between CA and depression.
Causal effect of gut‐microbiota‐derived metabolite trimethylamine N‐oxide on Parkinson's disease: A Mendelian randomization study

It has been suggested that trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) is related to Parkinson's disease (PD) in observational studies. However, the direction of this association is inconsistent. An exploratory Mendelian randomization study was conducted to investigate whether TMAO and its precursors have a causal relationship with PD.
Deep Convection Triggering by Boundary Layer Thermals. Part I: LES Analysis and Stochastic Triggering Formulation

This paper proposes a new formulation of the deep convection triggering for general circulation model convective parameterizations. This triggering is driven by evolving properties of the strongest boundary layer thermals. To investigate this, a statistical analysis of large-eddy simulation cloud fields in a case of transition from shallow to deep convection over a semiarid land is carried out at different stages of the transition from shallow to deep convection. Based on the dynamical and geometrical properties at cloud base, a new computation of the triggering is first proposed. The analysis of the distribution law of the maximum size of the thermals suggeststhat, in addition to this necessary condition, anothertriggeringcondition is required, that is, that this maximum horizontal size should exceed a certain threshold. This is explicitly represented stochastically. Therefore, the new formulation integrates the whole transition process from the first cloud to the first deep convective cell and can be decomposed into three steps: (i) the appearance of clouds, (ii) crossing of the inhibition layer, and (iii) deep convection triggering.
Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Gene Variants in Patients with 46,XY Disorder of Sex Development

Introduction: Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are congenital abnormalities in which chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sex development are atypical. One of these disorders, 46,XY DSD, is particularly difficult to diagnose and manage because its etiology and clinical phenotypes are highly heterogeneous. Methods: We used a gene panel containing 141 genes implicated in DSDs to perform targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 50 patients with 46,XY DSD. Results: Gene variants were detected in 23 patients (46%). Among them, 13 patients had previously reported pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, 9 patients had novel variants, and 1 patient had a previously reported variant of uncertain significance. Three of the novel variants were pathogenic, and the remaining were variants of uncertain significance; therefore, 16 patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants according to ACMG guidelines, and the overall diagnostic rate of 46,XY DSD was 32%. The most common gene variants were SRD5A2 variants, followed by the AR variant. In addition, we analyzed the association between gene variants and clinical phenotypes. Most patients presented with multiple DSD phenotypes (i.e., two or more DSD phenotypes were observed, such as micropenis, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism), but the phenotype with the highest diagnostic rate was micropenis. Conclusion: Our results indicate that targeted NGS can effectively detect pathogenic gene variants in patients with 46,XY DSD.