Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How was the carbon balance of Europe affected by the summer 2003 heat wave? A study based on the use of a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model; LPJ-GUESS

Extreme events are believed to become frequent, intense and long lasting with climate change. An example of such extreme event is the record breaking summer 2003 heat wave. The 2003 heat wave, accompanied by drought conditions, had severe impacts on the European terrestrial ecosystems. In this study we have used an ecosystem model LPJ-GUESS to investigate how the carbon balance of Europe was affected by the European summer 2003 heat wave. The model was first tested on a smaller scale and later on run for all of Europe in the domain bounded by 23.5o W - 35o E and 36o N – 70.5o N. To be able to regionally examine the changes in climate and terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes, Europe is further divided into three regions: Northern, Western and Eastern Europe. In this study, we addressed the following secondary questions: (1) How large were the 2003 European terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux anomaly relative to the reference period 1998-2002, (2) were there regional differences in climate and carbon flux anomalies during the growing season 2003, (3) how unusual was the 2003 European terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance in the context of last century, (4) which component(s) of climate (i.e. temperature or drought) played the greatest role in the 2003 terrestrial carbon flux anomalies, and (5) which ecosystem process (photosynthesis (GPP) or respiration (TER)) controlled the carbon balance anomaly of 2003 relative to the reference period (1998-2002). The results show that, at the regionally scale, Northern and Eastern European terrestrial ecosystems acted as a sink of carbon (0.01GtC and 0.01GtC respectively) while Western European terrestrial ecosystems acted as a source of carbon (0.04 GtC) to the atmosphere over the growing season of 2003 relative to the reference period. Our results also suggest that, the growing season gross primary production and terrestrial ecosystem respiration reduction in Western Europe can be explained by the extreme summer heat and drought condition while that of Eastern Europe can be explained by the drought condition. At the continental scale, LPJ-GUESS predicts a 2003 growing season carbon source anomaly of about 0.03GtC to the atmosphere in response to heat wave and drought in 2003 relative to the reference period 1998-2002. Our growing season estimates fall within the range of other previous studies. This 2003 negative carbon balance anomaly is controlled by the ecosystems experiencing reductions in both photosynthesis and terrestrial ecosystem respiration. Over the last decades (1980-2006), LPJ-GUESS predicts a net carbon uptake of about 170Tg C/yr which is equivalent to about 11% of the annual-average European (EU-27) greenhouse gas emissions between 1980 –2005.
Politicization of identity in a European borderland: Istria, Croatia, and authenticity, 1990–2003

In most studies of the Balkans and Eastern Europe, identity politics focuses on nationalism. Unfortunately, very few examine regional identities and how they too are politicized in similar ways for similar reasons. Istria provides a good example of how identity is politicized and how and why individuals adapt it to both internal and external influences. While in the past local and regional identities were politicized in response to colonization, more recently national divisions became more prominent. However, in the very recent past, Istrian identity again became politicized as many natives drew lines between themselves and what they saw as an external national influence emanating from Zagreb. In the 1990s, a renewed Croatian national movement competed with an Istrian regional movement. Istrian regionalists, seeking to justify taking and maintaining regional power and hoping to more quickly bring Croatia into the European Union, used this new political tactic against the nationalizing Croatian government. While both the nationalists and the regionalists claimed the other side's ideology was foreign to Istria, in actuality both have historical roots in the region. Though the competition was not as virulent as in past episodes of nationalist tension between Italians and Croats, it does fit a pattern of continuity in the region.
Acetone in the upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere measured by the CARIBIC passenger aircraft: Distribution, seasonal cycle, and variability

[1] Mass-spectrometric measurements of acetone (CH3COCH3) have been performed monthly using a Lufthansa Airbus A340-600 passenger aircraft between February 2006 and December 2008. In total, 106 measurement flights (4 per month) were conducted between Germany and South America, North America, South Asia, and East Asia. Here measurements collected between 33°N and 56°N in the upper troposphere (UT) and lowermost stratosphere (LMS) at 9–12 km altitude are analyzed. By integrating data collected at 12 ozonesonde stations, ozone concentrations measured on flight are translated into a representative (mixing-based) altitude above the thermal tropopause. A strong seasonal variation of acetone occurs at the midlatitude tropopause with maxima of ∼900 parts per 1012 vol (pptv) in summer and minima of ∼200 pptv in midwinter. This seasonality propagates into the LMS in approximately 6 weeks with rapidly decreasing concentrations and increasing phase shifts reaching 2 km above the tropopause. Throughout the year, acetone and ozone are highly negatively correlated in the LMS with a mean linear correlation coefficient (R) of −0.93. This linear relationship marks the O3–acetone-based extratropical tropopause mixing layer (exTL). A “stratospheric intrusion height of acetone” (Zacetone) is defined that concurs with the vertical depth of the O3–CO-based exTL, namely, averaging ∼2.2 km but with slightly lower values in winter. Probability density functions (PDFs) and the course of the seasonal variation of acetone relative to the tropopause are interpreted regarding the in-mixing and subsequent dispersion of acetone in the LMS.
A Gis‐Based Approach to Watershed Classification for Nebraska Reservoirs 1

Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged with establishing standards and criteria for assessing lake water quality. It is, however, increasingly evident that a single set of national water quality standards that do not take into account regional hydrogeologic and ecological differences will not be viable as lakes clearly have different inherent capacities to meet such standards. We demonstrate a GIS‐based watershed classification strategy for identifying groups of Nebraska reservoirs that have similar potential capacity to attain a certain level of water quality standard. A preliminary cluster analysis of 78 reservoirs was performed to determine the potential number of Nebraska reservoir groups. Subsequently, a Classification Trees method was used to refine number of classes, describe the structure of reservoir watershed classes, and to develop a predictive model that relates watershed conditions to reservoir classes. Results suggest that Nebraska reservoirs can be represented by nine classes and that soil organic matter content in the watershed is the most important single variable for segregating the reservoirs. The cross‐validation prediction error rate of the Classification Tree model was 26.3%. Because all geospatial data used in this work are available nationally, the method could be adopted throughout the U.S. Hence, this GIS‐based watershed classification approach could provide water resources managers an effective decision‐support tool in managing reservoir water quality.
A jawed polychaete fauna from the late Ludlow Kozlowskii event interval in the Prague Basin (Czech Republic)

This paper deals with a diverse fauna of polychaetes possessing jaws (= scolecodonts) from the late Silurian Kopanina Formation of the Prague Basin (Czech Republic). The most common genera are Kettnerites, Oenonites and Pistoprion; the entire collection contains at least 16 genera. This is in stark contrast to the four genera recorded from this region by previous authors. The fauna described shows great similarities with coeval ones reported from the Baltic area (Gotland and Estonia), Siberia, Arctic Canada and the British Isles. These new data thus extend the palaeobiogeographical and palaeolatitudinal distribution of several taxa, particularly at the genus but also the species level. The sampled interval embraces the Kozlowskii event and its effects on the polychaetes are briefly discussed. Although the collections are relatively small, particularly from post-event strata, a faunal reorganisation is apparent. The studied collection enabled the stratigraphical ranges of some taxa, including tretoprionids and possibly polychaeturids, to be extended into the late Ludlow. One new species, "Mochtyella" pragensis, is described. (Less)
Excitation of ion resonances by the Isis 2 HF transmitter

New design features of the Isis 2 satellite have made possible the detection of VLF emissions that are stimulated by the high-power pulses of the topside sounding transmitter. The wave forms of the emissions vary considerably, but the most common form is a damped oscillation near the lower hybrid resonance frequency of the plasma enveloping the spacecraft and a superimposed modulation with the proton gyroperiod. The emissions can be observed most readily when the sounding transmitter is at a frequency near 2 MHz. When the sounder is swept in frequency, the stimulated emissions occur over a sounder frequency range of a few hundred kilohertz, usually centered near twice the upper hybrid resonance frequency and twice the electron gyrofrequency. In this frequency range, emissions are found after each sounder pulse, and they normally decay in a fraction of the interpulse time. Numerous features of the emissions are illustrated and discussed, and it is suggested that they may be generated by a parametric process occurring in the plasma surrounding the spacecraft.
Fire social science research from the Pacific Southwest research station: studies supported by national fire plan funds

Fire events often have a large impact on recreation and tourism, yet these issues had not been addressed from a social science perspective. To address his, the Wildland Recreation and Urban Cultures Research Work Unit (RWU) of the Pacific Southwest Research Station acquired funding through the National Fire Plan within the community assistance topic area. The three RWU scientists have developed some distinct lines of research to address the research objectives identified when acquiring the funding: examine values/attitudes and behaviors of recreation residence owners and year-round residents in the wildland-urban interface, examine recreationists’ perceptions about fire suppression and postfire forest health issues, and examine perceptions and beliefs about recreation activities and impacts to fire-prone ecosystems in the wildland-urban interface. We report 17 of these studies grouped into four major topical headings: recreation use research, communication research, program evaluation and interface residents research, and trust research.
The Survival of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Eggs During Dewatering in a River Subjected to Hydropeaking

Hydropeaking in regulated rivers is likely to become more frequent with increasing demands for renewable energy. Sudden fluctuations affect surface and subsurface flow regimes and change hydrological interactions occurring in the hyporheic zone. The hyporheic zone plays an important role for salmon embryonic development, and groundwater influx may create refuges for egg survival during low flow in hydropeaking regulated rivers. The links between salmon embryo survival and hyporheic hydrological processes during hydropeaking have hardly been investigated.
Analysis of low‐frequency seismic signals generated during a multiple‐iceberg calving event at Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland

[1] We investigated seismic signals generated during a large-scale, multiple iceberg calving event that occurred at Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland, on 21 August 2009. The event was recorded by a high-rate time-lapse camera and five broadband seismic stations located within a few hundred kilometers of the terminus. During the event two full-glacier-thickness icebergs calved from the grounded (or nearly grounded) terminus and immediately capsized; the second iceberg to calve was two to three times smaller than the first. The individual calving and capsize events were well-correlated with the radiation of low-frequency seismic signals (<0.1 Hz) dominated by Love and Rayleigh waves. In agreement with regional records from previously published ‘glacial earthquakes’, these low-frequency seismic signals had maximum power and/or signal-to-noise ratios in the 0.05–0.1 Hz band. Similarly, full waveform inversions indicate that these signals were also generated by horizontal single forces acting at the glacier terminus. The signals therefore appear to be local manifestations of glacial earthquakes, although the magnitudes of the signals (twice-time integrated force histories) were considerably smaller than previously reported glacial earthquakes. We thus speculate that such earthquakes may be a common, if not pervasive, feature of all full-glacier-thickness calving events from grounded termini. Finally, a key result from our study is that waveform inversions performed on low-frequency, calving-generated seismic signals may have only limited ability to quantitatively estimate mass losses from calving. In particular, the choice of source time function has little impact on the inversion but dramatically changes the earthquake magnitude. Accordingly, in our analysis, it is unclear whether the smaller or larger of the two calving icebergs generated a larger seismic signal.
Initial radiocesium deposition on forest ecosystems surrounding the Tokyo metropolitan area due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

: The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011 resulted in releases of enormous amounts of radionuclides into the atmosphere. The radionuclides were deposited over a large forested area in the Tohoku and Kanto regions. There were few reports about the initial depositions of radionuclides on forest ecosystems during the main emission period. We investigated the initial radiocesium deposition at various forest sites. The deposition of radiocesium by bulk precipitation during the initial few months (approxi-mately until the end of May just after the accident) ranged from 4.4–42.1 kBq m - 2 while that by throughfall ranged from 2.1–36.6 kBq m - 2 . The ratio of radiocesium deposition by throughfall to that by bulk precipitation (D TF /D BP ) ranged from 0.13–0.66 during the first sampling period (approxi-mately until the end of March just after the accident). In the following sampling periods, the radiocesium input by bulk precipitation decreased rapidly and became undetectable. The D TF /D BP ratios in these periods increased and then gener-ally exceeded 1.0, meaning that the forest canopies gradually released the entrapped radiocesium. Atmospheric radiocesium inputs to forest ecosystems were strongly influenced by the forest canopy interception and temporal retention.
Metalloprotease meprin beta in rat kidney: glomerular localization and differential expression in glomerulonephritis

: Meprin (EC 3.4.24.18) is an oligomeric metalloendopeptidase found in microvillar membranes of kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells. Here, we present the first report on the expression of meprin beta in rat glomerular epithelial cells and suggest a potential involvement in experimental glomerular disease. We detected meprin beta in glomeruli of immunostained rat kidney sections on the protein level and by quantitative RT-PCR of laser-capture microdissected glomeruli on the mRNA level. Using immuno-gold staining we identified the membrane of podocyte foot processes as the main site of meprin beta expression. The glomerular meprin beta expression pattern was altered in anti-Thy 1.1 and passive Heymann nephritis (PHN). In addition, the meprin beta staining pattern in the latter was reminiscent of immunostaining with the sheep anti-Fx1A antiserum, commonly used in PHN induction. Using Western blot and immunoprecipitation assays we demonstrated that meprin beta is recognized by Fx1A antiserum and may therefore represent an auto-antigen in PHN. In anti-Thy 1.1 glomerulonephritis we observed a striking redistribution of meprin beta in tubular epithelial cells from the apical to the basolateral side and the cytosol. This might point to an involvement of meprin beta in this form of glomerulonephritis. Abstract Meprin (EC 3.4.24.18) is an oligomeric metalloendopeptidase found in microvillar membranes of kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells. Here, we present the first report on the expression of meprin b in rat glomerular epithelial cells and suggest a potential involvement in experimental glomerular disease. We detected meprin b in glomeruli of immunostained rat kidney sections on the protein level and by quantitative RT-PCR of laser-capture microdissected glomeruli on the mRNA level. Using immuno-gold staining we identified the membrane of podocyte foot processes as the main site of meprin b expression. The glomerular meprin b expression pattern was altered in anti-Thy 1.1 and passive Heymann nephritis (PHN). In addition, the meprin b staining pattern in the latter was reminiscent of immunostaining with the sheep anti-Fx1A antiserum, commonly used in PHN induction. Using Western blot and immunoprecipitation assays we demonstrated that meprin b is recognized by Fx1A antiserum and may therefore represent an auto-antigen in PHN. In anti-Thy 1.1 glomerulonephritis we observed a striking redistribution of meprin b in tubular epithelial cells from the apical to the basolateral side and the cytosol. This might point to an involvement of meprin b in this form of glomerulonephritis.
AMORPHOUS AND CRYSTALLINE CLAYS IN VOLCANIC ASH SOILS OF INDONESIA AND COSTA RICA

Clay mineralogy of soils derived from volcanic ash under tropical conditions was studied by differential dissolution, x-ray diffraction, DTA, infrared analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Andepts and oxisols of the mountains and lowlands of Indonesia and Costa Rica were used. The results showed the presence of substantial amounts of amorphous material mixed with crystalline clay. The amorphous fraction in andepts, with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 0.6, contained allophane as was indicated by scanning electron micrographs. Although the oxisols had amorphous substances with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 1.0, which were in the range of allophane, scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of a dispersed and fine-grained compound different from allophane. The crystalline clay in the andepts and oxisols was identified by DTA and scanning electron analysis as kaolinite. X-ray diffraction did not reveal 1:1 lattice type of clay in andepts and exhibited only very weak peaks at 7.10–7.24 A in oxisols for halloysite and kaolinite. Data indicated that in Indonesia and Costa Rica gibbsite formation was greater in mountain than in lowland soils.
High Frequency Cortical Processing of Continuous Speech in Younger and Older Listeners

1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA 2Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA 3Audiology and Speech Pathology Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 4Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA 5Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
Pelvic injury prognosis is more closely related to vascular injury severity than 1 anatomical fracture complexity : The WSES classification for pelvic trauma makes sense 2 3

Background: The most common cause of death in cases of pelvic trauma is exsanguination ICU stay compared to those with simple pelvic fractures (LC I, APC I and ischium fracture), 39 but they had a longer total hospital stay (13.6 vs. 10.3 days, p=0.034). These findings were similar even if only patients with an ISS >=16 were considered. Conclusions: Our results indicate that even in patients with relatively isolated pelvic injuries, 42 the vascular injury severity is more closely correlated to the outcome than the type of 43 anatomical fracture. Therefore, a more balanced classification of pelvic injury that takes both the fracture pattern and hemodynamic status into consideration, such as the WSES 45 classification, seems to have better utility for clinical practice.
Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To investigate how risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among patients with type 1 diabetes has changed over time and further how the risk is affected by age, sex, and time period of diagnosis of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cohort including all patients <30 years old diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in Finland in 1965–2011 was followed until start of renal replacement therapy, death, or end of follow-up at the end of 2013. Altogether, 29,906 patients were included. The main outcome was cumulative risk of ESRD, accounting for death as a competing risk. RESULTS The patients were followed up for a median of 20 years. During 616,403 patient-years, 1,543 ESRD cases and 4,185 deaths were recorded. The cumulative risk of ESRD was 2.2% after 20 years and 7.0% after 30 years from the diabetes diagnosis. The relative risk of ESRD was 0.13 (95% CI 0.08–0.22) among patients diagnosed in 1995–2011 compared with those diagnosed in 1965–1979. Patients <5 years old at the time of diagnosis had the lowest risk of ESRD after diagnosis. With the cumulative risk of ESRD estimated from time of birth, the patients aged 5–9 years at diabetes diagnosis were at highest risk. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative risk of ESRD has decreased markedly during the past five decades. This highlights the importance of modern treatment of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
Technical Studies on the Bronze Age Metal Artefacts from the Graveyard of Deh Dumen, South‐Western Iran (Third Millennium BC)

During the excavations of the graveyard at the site of Deh Dumen in south-western Iran, 15 graves from the Early/Middle Bronze Age were uncovered that contained a variety of metallic artefacts. This paper reports on the analysis of nine metal artefacts, including eight broken vessels and a decorative strip that covered the handle of a dagger. The ICP–MS results showed that the bodies of the vessels are made of tin bronze alloy with variable amounts of tin, while the internal piece of the base of one vessel is made from an arsenical copper alloy. Further, the metallic strip is a thin sheet manufactured with partially pure silver. Microanalytical and microstructural information yielded by SEM–EDS revealed elongated Cu–S inclusions and lead globules as various phases formed in bronze solid solution. This study presents some information about the transition from arsenical copper to bronze metallurgy in the third millennium bc in south-western Iran.
Proterozoic microfossils from the Amelia Dolomite, McArthur Basin, Northern Territory

Nineteen species and eight genera of microfossils in the Amelia Dolomite microflora (ca 1.5 × 109 years old) are described and named. Of these, two genera (Ameliaphycus, Myxomorpha) and eleven species (Gunflintia oehlerae, Huroniospora ornata, Sphaerophycus reticulatum, S. tetragonalis, Myxococcoides reniformis, M. minutus, M. kingii, M. konzalovae, Palaeoanacystis plumbii, Ameliaphycus croxfordii, Myxomorpha janecekii) are new. Most of the micro-fossils are interpreted as being the remains of blue-green algae and the assemblage is compared with older and younger microfloras, as well as the Paradise Creek and Bungle Bungle Dolomite assemblages which are of similar age. In addition, mucilaginous moulds of both coccoid and filamentous micro-organisms are described, and some indirect evidence for the activity of sulphate reducing bacteria is presented.