Atmospheric chemistry and global change

PREFACE LIST OF AUTHORS LIST OF FREQUENTLY-USED SYMBOLS 1. Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth's System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Earth System Further Reading Essay: Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth System PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS 2. Atmospheric Dynamics and Transport 2,1 Introduction 2.2 The Governing Equations 2.3 Constraints on Atmospheric Motion 2.4 Zonal Means and Eddies 2.5 Atmospheric Waves 2.6 Tropospheric Circulation and Transport 2.7 Stratospheric Circulation and Transport 2.8 Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Further Reading Essay: Why Understand Dynamics - And What Is "Understanding" Anyway? 3. Chemical and Photochemical Processes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Radiation 3.3 Photophysical and Photochemical Processes 3.4 Chemical Reactions 3.5 Catalytic Cycles 3.6 Role of Excited States 3.7 Measurements of Rates Coefficients 3.8 Lifetimes in the Atmospheres 3.9 The Steady State Approximation Further Reading Essay: When Do We Know Enough about Atmospheric Chemistry? 4. Chemical and Photochemical Processes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Overview of the Atmospheric Aerosol 4.3 The Role of Clouds in Tropospheric Chemistry 4.4 Single-Particle Physical Characteristics 4.5 Gas-to-Particle Conversion 4.6 Acid-Base Reactions of Aerosol Particles 4.7 Removal of Aerosols 4.8 Solubility of Gases in Particles 4.9 Mass Transfer Rates 4.10 Aqueous Reaction Further Reading Essay: Aerosols and Clouds: A Postscript 5. Trace gas Exchanges and Biogeochemical Cycles 5.1 Introductions 5.2 Surface Exchanges 5.3 The Global Water Cycle 5.4 The Global Carbon Cycle 5.5 The Global Nitrogen Cycle 5.6 The Global Sulfur Cycle 5.7 Halogens Further Reading Essays: The View from Outside PART 2: CHEMICAL FAMILIES 6. Hydrogen Compounds 6.1 Importance of Atmospheric Hydrogen Compounds 6.2 Scope and Definitions 6.3 Sources of Hydrogen Compunds to the Atmosphere 6.4 Chemistry of Hydrogen Compounds in the Stratosphere 6.5 Chemistry of Hydrogen Compunds in the Troposphere 6.6 Concentrations of Hydrogen Compunds in the Stratosphere 6.7 Concentrations of Hydrogen Compounds in the Traposphere 6.8 Summary Further Reading Essay: Hydrogen Compounds 7. Nitrogen Compounds 7.1 Importance of Atmospheric Odd Nitrogen 7.2 Scope and Definitions 7.3 The Role of Odd Nitrogen in the Stratosphere 7.4 Odd Nitrogen in the "Contemporary" Stratosphere 7.5 Odd Nitrogen in the Troposphere 7.6 Experimental Summary of the Influence of Odd ain ogen in the Continental Boundary Layer 7.7 NO3 Chemistry 7.8 Gaseous Acid and Particulate Nitrate Formation Further Reading Essay: Time's Arrow 8. Halogen Compounds 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Scope and Definitions 8.3 Sources of Halogens 8.4 Loss Processes of Halogen Sources Gases 8.5 Inorganic Chemistry of Halogen Species 8.6 Controlling the Detrimental Effects of Halogens on the Atmosphere Further Reading Essay: CFC's and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 9. Carbon-Containing Compounds 9.2 Scope and Definition 9.3 Atmospheric Photochemistry of Hydrocarbons 9.4 Distribution of Hydrocarbons Further Reading Essay: Hydrocarbons 10. Sulfur Compunds 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Scope and Definitions 10.3 Sulfur Compounds 10.4 Tropospheric Chemistry of Sulfur 10.5 Measurements of Sulfur Gas Abundances and Distributions 10.6 SO2 and Acid Precipitation 10.7 Stratospheric Sulfur Chemistry 10.8 Gas Phase Ionic Chemistry in the Statosphere Further Reading Essay: Sulfur, Aerosols, Clouds and Rain PART 3: TOOLS 11. Observational Methods: Instruments and Platforms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Instumentation for Constitutent Measurements 11.3 Flux Measurements 11.4 Measurements of Atmospheric Radiation 11.5 Instumentation for Aerosol and Cloud Measurements 11.6 Observing Platforms Further Reading Essay: From Individual Measurements to Scale Integration Strategies 12. Modeling 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Model Equations 12.3 Modeling Chemical Processes 12.4 Modeling Atmospheric Transport 12.5 Examples and Illustrations 12.6 Modeling Global Budgets and Biogeochemical Cycles 12.7 Data Assimilation 12.8 Inverse Modeling Further Reading Essay: How Complex Do Models Need to Be? PART 4: OZONE, CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 13. Tropospheric Ozone 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Distribution and Trends 13.3 Production and Loss of ozone 13.4 major Uncertainties and Research Needs Further Reading Essay: Tropospheric Ozone 14. Middle Atmospheric Ozone 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Ozone Distribution 14.3 Ozone Production 14.4 Ozone Destruction 14.5 Transport Effects 14.6 Polar Ozone 14.7 Ozone Peturbations 14.8 Imapct of Ozone Depletion on UV Radiation Further Reading Essay: Ozone depletion: From Pole to Pole 15. Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Radiation in the Atmosphere 15.3 natural Variations: Past Climates 15.4 Impact of Anthropogenic Trace Gases on Climate 15.5 Global Warming Potentials (GWP'S) 15.6 Radiative Effects of Aerosols 15.7 Response of Climate System to Radiative Forcing Further Reading Essay: Can Climate Models be Validated? 16. Atmospheric Evolution and Global Perspective 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Atmospheric Evolution on Geological Timescales 16.3 Human Influences on the Atmosphere 16.4 Future Trends 16.5 Global Perspective Further Reading Essay: The Atmospheric Humankind: Our Related Futures APPENDICES A: Physical Constants and Other Data B: Units, Conversion factors and Multiplying Prefixes C: Atmospheric Parameters and Mixing Ratios of Chemical Constituents D: Chemical Species in the Atmosphere E: Rate Constants for Second-Order Gas Phase Reactions F: Rate Constants for Association Gas Phase Reactions G: Mass Accomidation Coefficients H: Surface Reaction Probability I: Saturation Vapor Pressure over Water and Ice J: Henry's Law Coefficients K: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants L: Rate Constants for Aqueous Phase Reaction M: Spectrum of Solar Extraterrestrial Actinic Flux (120-730 nm) N: Photolysis Frequencies SAMPLE PROBLEMS REFERENCES