Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONTROL OF ESTRUS AND OVULATION IN HEIFERS 1

Estrus synchronization and artificial insemination (AI) remain the most important and widely applicable reproductive biotechnologies available for cattle (Seidel, 1995). Although hormonal treatment of heifers and cows to synchronize estrous cycles has been a commercial reality now for over 30 years, beef producers have been slow to adopt this management practice. Perhaps this is because of past failures, which resulted when females that were placed on estrus synchronization treatments failed to reach puberty or to resume normal estrous cycles following calving. In addition, early estrus synchronization programs failed to manage follicular waves, resulting in more days in the synchronized period, which ultimately precluded fixed-time artificial insemination with acceptable pregnancy rates. The development of convenient and economical protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation to facilitate use of fixed-time AI (FTAI) with resulting high fertility should result in increased adoption of these important management practices (Patterson et al., 2003). Current research has focused on the development of methods that effectively synchronize estrus in replacement beef heifers and postpartum beef cows by decreasing the period of time over which estrus detection is required, thus facilitating the use of FTAI.
Phylogeny of the Palm Tribe Chamaedoreeae (Arecaceae) Based on Plastid Dna Sequences

Abstract This study presents the first phylogenetic analysis of tribe Chamaedoreeae (Arecaceae), using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of plastid DNA sequences (matK, rps16 intron, 3′ region of ndhF, and trnD-trnT). The tribe includes more than 115 species, and has a disjunct distribution with four genera in Central and South America and one genus in the Mascarene Islands. While the placement of Chamaedoreeae within Arecaceae has been controversial, the monophyly of this tribe is well supported by plastid DNA sequence data. All genera in Chamaedoreeae are resolved as monophyletic with high support, but relationships among genera are not fully resolved. The placement of Hyophorbe and the monotypic Wendlandiella as sisters to the remaining genera indicates that solitary flowers and dioecy arose at least twice within this tribe, once in Wendlandiella and once in Chamaedorea. Although a low substitution rate of palm plastid DNA has been widely noted, the results of this study show high resolution at the species level, especially within the largest genus, Chamaedorea, indicating that plastid DNA is useful for the inference of relationships at low taxonomic levels in some groups of palms.
In vitro and In vivo virulence study of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fresh water fish

The isolation, biochemical characterization, In vitro and In vivo virulence study of 12 isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila along with reference strain MTCC 646 isolated from diseased fish as rohu, catla, mrigal, cat fish, gold fish, Channa spp. , were done in the present experiment. A. hydrophila strains along with reference strain MTCC 646 produced small, round, smooth, convex and translucent, yellow colonies on Rimler Shotts medium and were Gram negative short rod, motile by polar flagella and fermentative. All strains of A. hydrophila were -haemotytic against fish and animal blood and binds to Congo red producing slime and biofilm on glass tubes stained with safranine. The in vivo pathogenicity studies of A. hydrophila (Ah1Ah12) strains were done against fries of Labeo rohita by immersion challenge and the LD50 value varied from 1.72 X 10 7
Effect of Acipure (feed acidifier) on the growth performance, mortality and gut pH of broiler chickens.

An experiment was conducted for a period of 42 days to assess the efficacy of Acipure supplementation on the performance of broiler chicken reared on deep litter. A total of 240 commercial broilers (Vencobb 400) day old chicks were divided into two groups, each group with three replicates of 40 birds per replicate. T1 group birds were fed with the control diet without any pre treatment with acidifier. T2 group birds were fed with the control diet pre treated with acidifier namely Acipure. A significant (P
Interaction Between AMF and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Two Varieties of Solanum lycopersicum L.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and bacteria can interact synergistically to stimulate plant growth, despite abundant amount of phosphorus in parent material, the soil phosphorus availability is limited for plant. This study investigated the interaction of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on two verities of Solanum lycopersicum L( Var, NS 524 and NS 585). The experimental design was split plot factorial with on a complete randomized block design. The treatments included soil: sand (v/v 3:1) two levels of phosphate solubilizing micro-organisms. The growth parameters like root length, fresh weight of root, dry weight of root, fresh weight of shoot, dry weight of shoot, percentage root colonization, spore number and number of leaves, were significantly increased by inoculating with Glomus fasciculatum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azotobacter chrococcum and enhanced tomato shoot and root biomass.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Induction of NF-κB Involves Activation of the IκB Kinase α (IKKα) and IKKβ Cellular Kinases

ABSTRACT Tax corresponds to a 40-kDa transforming protein from the pathogenic retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that activates nuclear expression of the NF-κB/Rel family of transcription factors by an unknown mechanism. Tax expression promotes N-terminal phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, a principal cytoplasmic inhibitor of NF-κB. Our studies now demonstrate that HTLV-1 Tax activates the recently identified cellular kinases IκB kinase α (IKKα) and IKKβ, which normally phosphorylate IκBα on both of its N-terminal regulatory serines in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) stimulation. In contrast, a mutant of Tax termed M22, which does not induce NF-κB, fails to activate either IKKα or IKKβ. Furthermore, endogenous IKK enzymatic activity was significantly elevated in HTLV-1-infected and Tax-expressing T-cell lines. Transfection of kinase-deficient mutants of IKKα and IKKβ into either human Jurkat T or 293 cells also inhibits NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression induced by Tax. Similarly, a kinase-deficient mutant of NIK (NF-κB-inducing kinase), which represents an upstream kinase in the TNF-α and IL-1 signaling pathways leading to IKKα and IKKβ activation, blocks Tax induction of NF-κB. However, plasma membrane-proximal elements in these proinflammatory cytokine pathways are apparently not involved since dominant negative mutants of the TRAF2 and TRAF6 adaptors, which effectively block signaling through the cytoplasmic tails of the TNF-α and IL-1 receptors, respectively, do not inhibit Tax induction of NF-κB. Together, these studies demonstrate that HTLV-1 Tax exploits a distal part of the proinflammatory cytokine signaling cascade leading to induction of NF-κB. The pathological alteration of this cytokine pathway leading to NF-κB activation by Tax may play a central role in HTLV-1-mediated transformation of human T cells, clinically manifested as the adult T-cell leukemia.
Optimising goat's milk and cheese fatty acid composition

Publisher Summary Lipid composition is one of the most important components of the technological and nutritional quality of goat milk. Besides their quantitative contribution to the amount of dietary energy, the different lipid and Fatty Acid [“FA”] compounds (cholesterol, short and medium chain saturated, branched, mono- and polyunsaturated, cis and trans , conjugated FA, etc.) are potentially involved as positive or negative predisposing factors for the health of human consumers. The FA composition of caprine dairy products depends largely on animal factors, although the effect of technological factors is very low. It is clear that the plasticity of milk fat composition is very large, with numerous interactions between forage, concentrates, oils and vitamins, on almost all major and minor FAs. It is highlighted that the addition of vegetable oils to maize silage diets increases sharply the trans FAs other than rumenic and vaccenic acids. The aim of future research is to better understand the effects of using grass-based diets, new combinations of feedstuffs and nutrients in concentrates, and oilseed technology and processing, in order to increase more selectively FAs of interest for human nutrition, without increasing less desired FAs and without decreasing the sensory quality of dairy products.
Calling Behavior and the Capacity for Sustained Locomotory Exercise in the Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor)

Abstract Vocal advertisement by male anurans can make considerable demands on an individual's energetic reserves and innate physiological resources. In this study, we tested for a relationship between calling and locomotory performance in male Gray Treefrogs, Hyla versicolor. Male vocal activity was monitored in choruses assembled in an artificial pond and call duration and pulse effort used as calling performance metrics. Swimming distance served as our measure of locomotory performance. When males were compared within experimental choruses, there was no tendency for the male that produced the longest calls to swim further than the male that produced the shortest calls. Rather, the opposite was true. When these same males were ranked based on their pulse effort, we found that the male with superior calling performance also performed better in the swimming test than the male that gave fewer total pulses. There was no significant relationship between male condition (weight relative to length) and either calling or swimming performance. We hypothesize that pulse effort, which shows more stability within males under dynamic acoustic situations in choruses than call duration, may better reflect limitations of the cardiovascular and respiratory system than does call duration.
Callus Induction and Antimicrobial Activity of Seed and Callus Extracts of Clitoria ternatea L.

Callus induction from leaf derived explant of C. ternatea was achieved with 100% frequency on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium fortified with 2 μM 2 4- D and 18 μM kinetin. Callus grew in sizeand weight till 6th week in culture as measured by an increase in both fresh and dry weights. Aqueous extracts of both seed and callus were prepared for evaluating the antimicrobial activity against selected pathogenic fungi and bacteria using the agar well diffusion technique. Seeds and leaf delivered calli of C. ternatea were extracted using standardized laboratory protocol. The seed extract of C. ternatea showed maximum zone of inhibition (22 ± 0.5 mm) against Escherichia coli (NCIM 2645) at 0.75 mg concentration and minimum (14 ± 1.0 mm) with Micrococcus flavus (NCIM 2376). The callus extract showed maximum zone of inhibition (16 ± 2.0 mm) against Salmonella typhi, the minimum was against Escherichia coli (NCIM 2645) and Staphylococcus aureus (12 ± 1.0 mm and 12 ± 0.9 mm, respectively). The seed extract of C. ternatea showed strong antifungal activity on all the tested fungi but the callus extract exhibited marginal antifungal activity.
A NATURAL HYBRID MUD CRAB (DECAPODA, PORTUNIDAE) FROM JAPAN

Abstract A presumed hybrid mud crab of the genus Scylla was examined. The presumed hybrid could not be easily separated morphologically from the three Japanese Scylla species, S. serrata, S. paramamosain, and S. olivacea. An analysis of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of the nuclear DNA revealed that the hybrid carried genomic DNA from both S. serrata and S. olivacea. Analysis of the maternally inherited 16S rDNA of the mitochondrial DNA demonstrated that the presumed hybrid carried S. olivacea mtDNA. Based on these results, we conclude that the examined animal is indeed the hybrid offspring of a female S. olivacea and a male S. serrata. The degree of genetic isolation among these species, and the possible causes of hybridization are discussed.
GLOBAL ECOLOGY OF THE GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS : FROM ECOTYPES TO ECOSYSTEMS

The giant kelp Macrocystis is the world's largest benthic organism and most widely distributed kelp taxon, serving as the foundation for diverse and energy-rich habitats that are of great ecological and economical importance. Although the basic and applied literature on Macro- cystis is extensive and multinational, studies of large Macrocystis forests in the northeastern Pacific have received the greatest attention. This review synthesises the existing Macrocystis literature into a more global perspective. During the last 20 yr, the primary literature has shifted from descriptive and experimental studies of local Macrocystis distribution, abundance and population and commu- nity structure (e.g., competition and herbivory) to comprehensive investigations of Macrocystis life history, dispersal, recruitment, physiology and broad-scale variability in population and community processes. Ample evidence now suggests that the genus is monospecific. Due to its highly variable physiology and life history, Macrocystis occupies a wide variety of environments (intertidal to 60+ m, boreal to warm temperate) and sporophytes take on a variety of morphological forms. Macrocystis sporophytes are highly responsive to environmental variability, resulting in differential population dynamics and effects of Macrocystis on its local environment. Within the large subtidal giant kelp forests of southern California, Macrocystis sporophytes live long, form extensive surface canopies that shade the substratum and dampen currents, and produce and retain copious amounts of reproductive propagules. The majority of subtidal Macrocystis populations worldwide, however, are small, narrow, fringing forests that are productive and modify environmental resources (e.g., light), yet are more dynamic than their large southern California counterparts with local recruitment probably resulting from remote propagule production. When intertidal, Macrocystis populations exhibit vegetative propagation. Growth of high-latitude Macrocystis sporophytes is seasonal, coin- cident with temporal variability in solar insolation, whereas growth at low latitudes tracks more episodic variability in nutrient delivery. Although Macrocystis habitat and energy provision varies with such ecotypic variability in morphology and productivity, the few available studies indicate that Macrocystis -associated communities are universally diverse and productive. Furthermore, tem- poral and spatial variability in the structure and dynamics of these systems appears to be driven by processes that regulate Macrocystis distribution, abundance and productivity, rather than the consumptive processes that make some other kelp systems vulnerable to overexploitation. This global synthesis suggests that the great plasticity in Macrocystis form and function is a key determinant of the great global ecological success of Macrocystis .
Detection of cereal viruses in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) by serological and molecular methods

The reliable monitoring of field virus infections of crop species is important for both farmers and plant breeders. The aim of this study was to detect virus infections of winter wheat in the 2006/2007 season. Twelve well-known winter wheat varieties were sown on two different dates (11 th of October and 3 rd of November 2006). Leaves of two individuals from each genotype were collected on 23rd of April 2007 to detect the virus infections ( Barley stripe mosaic virus — BSMV, Barley yellow dwarf virus — BYDV-PAV, Wheat dwarf virus — WDV and Wheat streak mosaic virus — WSMV) after an extra mild autumn- and wintertime. Virus infections were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aphid-transmitted BYDV-PAV was found frequently whereas other viruses were presented very rarely or were not detected. Forty-six per cent of the tested wheat plants proved to be infected by BYDV-PAV in ELISA, while using PCR, the virus infections with BYDV-PAV was found in 58% o.
Genetics and Inheritance of Nontarget-Site Resistances to Atrazine and Mesotrione in a Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Population from Illinois

Abstract A waterhemp population (McLean County resistant, MCR) from McLean County, Illinois is resistant to both mesotrione and atrazine by elevated rates of herbicide metabolism. Research was conducted to investigate the inheritance of these resistance traits. Resistant and sensitive plants were crossed to obtain reciprocal F1 populations, which were then used to create pseudo-F2 and backcross (to sensitive parent; BCS) populations. The various populations were evaluated with whole-plant herbicide efficacy studies in a greenhouse. The responses of the F1 populations to both mesotrione and atrazine were intermediate when compared with parental populations. In the case of atrazine, BCS and F2 populations segregated 1 : 1 and 1 : 3, respectively, for susceptibility (S) : resistance (R), at a dose that controlled the sensitive parent but not the F1 or resistant parent. For mesotrione, variability was observed within the F1 populations, suggesting that mesotrione resistance is multigenic and the resistant parents used in the cross were not homozygous at the resistance loci. Furthermore, at low mesotrione doses, more F2 plants survived than expected on the basis of a single-gene trait, whereas at high doses, fewer F2 plants survived than expected. Dry weight data confirmed the conclusions obtained from survival data. Specifically, atrazine responses segregated into two discrete classes (R and S) in both the F2 and BCS populations, whereas mesotrione responses showed continuous distributions of phenotypes in F2 and BCS populations. We conclude that metabolism-based atrazine resistance in MCR is conferred by a single major gene, whereas inheritance of mesotrione resistance in this population is complex. Nomenclature: Atrazine; mesotrione; common waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer var. rudis (Sauer) Costea and Tardif AMATU.
Reproductive patterns of gammaridean amphipods

Abstract Patterns of reproductive parameters found among the gammaridean amphipod crustaceans were examined quantitatively. Highly significant positive correlations were found in pairwise comparisons of brood size, egg size, minimum size of reproductive females, and mean size of reproductive females. Significantly higher values of minimum and mean size of reproductive females and brood size were found for comparisons of: 1) winter versus summer populations of the same amphipod species, 2) brackish-water versus freshwater and marine species, 3) species of the family Gammaridae versus the families AmpeUscidae and Haustoriidae, 4) single-brooded versus multiple-brooded species (brood size only), and 5) infaunal versus epifaunal species. Reproductive patterns appear to be more specific within amphipod family groupings than is true for some other organisms, potentially because of the habitat Specificity of the gammaridean families examined.
Survey of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Yams in Ogun and Osun States of Nigeria

A survey was conducted to determine the types, frequency and population of plant para- sitic nematodes associated with the soils and roots of Yam (Dioscorea species) in all the Local Govern- ment Areas of Ogun and Osun States of Nigeria using random sampling soil and root and pie pan modification of Baerman funnel for plant parasitic nematode extraction. Ten and nine genera of plant parasitic nematodes were encountered both from the soils and root samples from the two States. Plant parasitic nematodes recovered included Scutellonema spp. , Meloidogyne spp. , Pratylenchus spp. , Trichodorus spp. , Helicotylenchus spp. , Radopholus spp. , Longidorus spp. , Xiphinema spp. , Rotylenchulus spp and Aphelenchoides species. Scutellonema spp. , Meloidogyne spp. , and Pratylenchus spp were most widely distributed with frequency ratings of 70, 65 and 60% respectively in soil samples from Ogun State and in the root samples the three genera predominated with 60, 55 and 45% frequency ratings respectively. Meloidogyne spp. , Scutellonema spp. , and Pratylenchus spp were most widely distributed with frequency ratings of 65, 45 and 35% respectively in soil samples from Osun State and in the root samples the three genera predominated with 55, 35 and 35% frequency ratings respectively.
Impact of summer drought on forest biodiversity: what do we know?

On connait mal les consequences des secheresses sur la biodiversite et le fonctionnement des ecosystemes forestiers. La productivite des ecosystemes semble diminuer et s'accompagne d'une mortalite accrue. Les especes competitives, liees a des habitats frais ou humides, avec un faible taux de reproduction et/ou une mobilite reduite semblent les plus sensibles a la secheresse. La reponse specifique depend egalement des mecanismes de resistance a la secheresse. Les consequences a court terme dependent de la capacite des especes a resister et a se retablir de la secheresse, et de leurs interactions. Un nombre consequent de taxons peuvent etre plus abondants en periode de secheresse ou peu de temps apres. Les effets de secheresses recurrentes sont a replacer dans le cadre du changement climatique global et des modifications d'habitats. Sachant que la frequence et l'intensite des secheresses devraient croitre dans l'avenir, il est urgent de lancer des recherches interdisciplinaires sur le sujet.
Avaliação de clones de Eucalyptus em diferentes locais visando à produção de carvão vegetal

Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar a qualidade da madeira e do carvao vegetal de tres clones de Eucalyptus plantados em diferentes locais e verificar a relacao funcional existente entre a densidade basica e a profundidade de penetracao do pino do Pilodyn. Foram avaliados tres clones de Eucalyptus e amostradas quatro arvores por clone em cada local. Determinou-se a profundidade de penetracao de um pino de aco do Pilodyn a 1,30 m de altura do solo (DAP), a densidade basica media (DBm), a densidade basica no DAP, o poder calorifico superior e os teores de lignina, extrativos totais, cinzas, holocelulose e a analise quimica elementar (C, H, N e O). A madeira foi carbonizada e o carvao produzido foi avaliado quantitativamente e qualitativamente. Na avaliacao das caracteristicas da madeira, utilizou-se um DIC em um esquema fatorial 3 x 2. Foi ajustado um modelo linear entre a DBm e a profundidade de penetracao do pino do Pilodyn. Foi possivel concluir que os clones apresentaram potencial para o uso energetico. O carvao vegetal produzido pode ser utilizado na siderurgia. O modelo linear ajustado entre a DBm e a penetracao do pino do Pilodyn mostrou-se satisfatorio. doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb. 31.68. 319