Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AGRONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY OF P-FERTILIZERS APPLIED AT DIFFERENT PLANTING DENSITIES OF MAIZE IN NORTHWEST PAKISTAN

The use of appropriate source of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at different planting densities has considerable impact on growth, grain yield as well as profitability of maize (Zea mays L). Field experiment was conducted in order to investigate the impact of P sources [(S0 = P not applied, S1 = SSP (single super phosphate) S2 = NP (nitrophos), and S3 = DAP (diammonium phosphate)] on maize growth analysis, yield and economic returns planted at different planting densities (D1 = 40,000, D2 = 60,000, D3 = 80,000, and D4 = 100,000 plants ha−1) at the New Developmental Agricultural Research Farm of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, during summer 2006. This paper reports the profitability data with two objectives: 1) to compare agronomic efficiency and profitability of P-fertilizers, and 2) to know whether plant densities affect agronomic efficiency and profitability of P-fertilizers. Application of DAP and SSP resulted in higher partial factor productivity (PFP) (63.58 and 61.92 kg grains kg−1 P), agronomic efficiency (AE) (13.01 and 13.71 kg grains kg−1 P) and net returns (NR) (Rs. 16,289 and 16,204 ha−1), respectively, while NP stood at the bottom in the ranking with lower PFP (57.16 kg grains kg−1 P), AE (8.94 kg grains kg−1 P) and NR (Rs. 4,472 ha−1). Among the plant densities, D3 stood first with maximum PFP (69.60 kg grains kg−1 P), AE (18.21 kg grains kg−1 P) and NR (Rs. 21,461 ha−1) as compared to other plant densities. In conclusion, the findings suggest that growing maize at D3 applied with either SSP or DAP is more profitable in the wheat-maize cropping system in the study area.
Partitioning of Tungsten and Molybdenum Between Metallic Liquid and Silicate Melt

The “excess” of siderophile elements in Earth's mantle is a long-standing problem in understanding the evolution of Earth. Determination of the partitioning behavior of tungsten and molybdenum between liquid metal and silicate melt at high pressure and temperature shows that partition coefficients (Dmetal/silicate) vary by two orders of magnitude depending on whether metal segregated from a basaltic or peridotitic melt. This compositional dependence is likely a response to changes in the degree of polymerization of the silicate melt caused by compositional variations of the network-modifying cations Mg2+and Fe2+. Silicate melt compositional effects on partition coefficients for siderophile elements are potentially more important than the effects of high pressure and temperature.
5-Aminoisoquinolinone, a PARP-1 Inhibitor, Ameliorates Immune Abnormalities through Upregulation of Anti-Inflammatory and Downregulation of Inflammatory Parameters in T Cells of BTBR Mouse Model of Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) covers a range of neurodevelopmental disorders involving impairments in communication and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior and reciprocal social interaction. 5-Aminoisoquinolinone (5-AIQ), a PARP-1 inhibitor, has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the influence of 5-AIQ-treatment in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice as an autism model and used flow cytometry to assess the effect of 5-AIQ on FOXP3, Helios, GATA3, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-17A production by CXCR6+ and CD4+ T cells in the spleen. We also confirmed the effect of 5-AIQ treatment on expression of FOXP3, Helios, GATA3, IL-17A, IL-10, and IL-9 mRNA and protein expression levels in the brain tissue by quantitative PCR and western blotting. Our results demonstrated that 5-AIQ-treated BTBR mice had significantly increased numbers of CXCR6+FOXP3+, CXCR6+IL-10+, and CXCR6+Helios+ cells and decreased numbers of CD4+GATA3+, CD4+IL-9+, and CD4+IL-17A+ cells as compared with those in untreated BTBR mice. Our results further demonstrated that treatment with 5-AIQ in BTBR mice increased expression for FOXP3, IL-10, and Helios, and decreased expression for GATA3, IL-17A, and IL-9 mRNA. Our findings support the hypotheses that 5-AIQ has promising novel therapeutic effects on neuroimmune dysfunction in autism and is associated with modulation of Treg and Th17 cells.
The Stabilization of Aqueous PEO‐PPO‐PEO Triblock Copolymer Foam

Foam generated by sparging of aqueous solutions of the block copolymers P85 (PEO26‐PPO39‐PEO26), F88 (PEO103‐PPO40‐PEO103), F127 (PEO99‐PPO65‐PEO99), and L64 (PEO13‐PPO30‐PEO13), has been characterized by foam volume measurements. Uniform wet foam formed, which, after drainage of the major part of the liquid, transformed to polyhedral dry foam. Conductance jumps across the foam column indicated that structural changes occur at a certain liquid fraction. The dry foams of P85 were less stable than those of F88 and F127. The latter copolymers showed similar foam stability over a period of one hour. The L64 foam was very unstable. It is suggested that the stability of the dry foams is determined by the resistance to rupture of the foam films. Foam stability is discussed in relation to earlier studies on surface rheology and to the thickness of thin foam films. A general relationship for all PEOx‐PPOy‐PEOx block copolymers between the dilatational modulus and the foam stability could not be found. However, the ability to form thick adsorption layers, accompanied by steric repulsive forces across foam films, appears to be a general foam‐stabilizing factor. Surface diffusion coefficients of a fluorescent probe in single‐block copolymers foam films are also reported for a brief discussion on Gibbs‐Marangoni stabilization.
Characterization of humic and fulvic acids extracted with NaOH and NaOH‐Na‐pyrophosphate mixture from soils of arid and subhumid regions 2. Spectroscopic properties

Abstract The humic substances extracted with a mixture containing 0.1 M each of NaOH and Na4P2O7 were more polymeric, aromatic, and complex than those extracted with 0.1 M aqueous NaOH. Mixture‐extracted substances had higher values of extinction coefficients and ‐COOH contents, but lower values of E 4/E 6 ratios. Humic acids from Aridic Ustochrept of Hisar had larger particle size and were more aromatic than those from Ustifluvent soils of Morni Hills. The E 4/E 6 ratio was inversely related with particle weight and volume. The absorption bands of Eis at 1720 and 1280 cm‐1 in the IR spectra were sharper than that of HAs, showing that FAs contained more ‐COOH than HAs. The absorption of light varied in intensity and frequency with the source of humic substances and method of extraction. X‐ray diffraction patterns of HAs from three soils showed peaks at 0.75, 0.35, and 0.21 nm owing to their crystalline structures.
Theoretical calculation of rovibronic energy levels and anharmonic resonances in the ground X 2Π state of HCP+ and DCP+

The spin–rovibronic levels of the HCP+ radical cation and its deuteriated isotopomer in the ground X2Π state have been studied using high-level ab initio methods followed by variational calculations on the computed potential energy surfaces. All experimental levels are reproduced within 8 cm−1 and predictions of the rovibronic levels (K≤3) for energies up to 4500 cm−1 for HCP+ and 4000 cm−1 for DCP+ are provided. Anharmonic resonances are analyzed in detail and found to be more complex than previously thought.
Influence of ozone on N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNT) were selectively grown on oxidised silicon substrate by means of catalytic chemical vapour deposition with decomposition of acetonitrile in the presence of ferrocene (FeCp2) at 900°C. The synthesised N-MWCNT film was initially treated with continuous ozone flow for various time periods and characterised by means of scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical response of ozone-treated N-MWCNT film towards ferrocyanide/ferricyanide, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox couple was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results were compared with those obtained for untreated N-MWCNT film. The findings reveal the occurrence of structural defects on surface of ozone-treated N-MWCNT film due to oxidation of nanotubes. Furthermore, the handling of N-MWCNT film with ozone increases the barrier for interfacial electron transfer and slows down the kinetics of redox reaction occurring on this particular electrode.
A study of antioxidant properties from Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract

The present work was undertaken to assess the radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp extracts obtained by various solvents and its mixtures of different polarity. The extracts were evaluated by FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power), ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- -6-sulfonicacid) diammonium salt], DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), reducing power and chelating ability on ferrous ion. Among the different extracts studied, ethyl acetate and acetone extract were observed to have good antioxidant activity. The FRAP values for ethyl acetate and acetone extract were 1.30 and 1.01 mM TEAC respectively at 1 mg/ml. The TEAC values for ABTS assay were 38.21 and 38.15 μM respectively at 100 μg/ml. The IC50 values to quench the DPPH free radicals of these two extracts were 30.01 μg/ml and 33.32 μg/ml, but the chelating assay was observed to be better in aqueous fractions of Acetone: water (80:20) at 12 mg/ml. From the above results it can be inferred that ethyl acetate and acetone were suitable solvent to extract the antioxidant compounds form mangosteen.
Characterization of Asphaltene Aggregates Using X-ray Diffraction and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were made on asphaltenes and vacuum residua (denoted by the prefixes As and VR, respectively) isolated from three different crude oilsMaya (MY), Khafji (KF), and Iranian Light (IL)to characterize the petroleum asphaltene aggregates present under various conditions. In the XRD experiments, the samples were loaded on a small plate sample holder that was kept horizontal while measurements were made at 30, 150, and 300 °C. The layer distances between aromatic sheets of asphaltenes were ∼3.6 A, and the number of aromatic sheets in a stacked cluster decreased from eight to five as the temperature increased from 30 °C to 300 °C. The different crystallite parameters varied little between the three asphaltenes, although maltenes in the vacuum residua interacted with the asphaltenes and loosened their stacking by a small amount. In SAXS experiments, scattering patterns were obtained on the dry asphaltenes at room temperature in a flowing n.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Photoluminescence of a Series of Zinc(II) Coordination Polymers with 1,4-Di(1H imidazol-4-yl)benzene and Varied Carboxylate Ligands

Six new coordination polymers [Zn2(L)(OX)2] (1), [Zn2(L)(1,2-BDC)2]·2H2O (2), [Zn2(L)(1,3-BDC)2(H2O)] (3), [Zn(L)(1,4-BDC)] (4), [Zn2(L)(BPDA)2]·2.68H2O (5), and [Zn3(L)2(BTC)2(H2O)2]·3H2O (6) were obtained by hydrothermal reactions of zinc(II) sulfate heptahydrate with rigid ditopic ligand 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (L), sodium hydroxide, or tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and the corresponding carboxylic acid, namely, oxalic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid, or 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, respectively. The complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR, thermogravimetric, and elemental analyses. Complexes 1 and 2 are three-dimensional (3D) frameworks with infinite two-dimensional (2D) networks pillared by L ligands, and 1 possesses rare self-penetrating mab topology, while 2 shows ins topology. Complex 3 is a 2D bilayer network with infinite one-dimensional double Zn(II)-1,3-BDC2− c.
Characteristics of Rubber/Sodium Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Prepared by a Novel Method

In order to enhance the fine dispersion of hydrophilic sodium montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) in the matrix of hydrophobic rubber, the hydrophobic modification of Na‐MMT was carried out via an in situ method in the melt compounding process using the modifiers poly(ethylene glycol) monooleate or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, both of which have a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segment and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon segment. The X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that the interlayer distance of Na‐MMT was expanded by the intercalation of these modifiers. The morphology observed by scanning electron microscopy as well as the cure characteristics and tensile modulus showed that this organic modification effectively enhanced the fine dispersion of Na‐MMT in the rubber matrix.
Secondary Students’ Self-Perceptions of School Climate and Subjective Well-Being: Invitational Education Meets Positive Psychology

This study investigated the relationship between secondary students’ self-perceptions of school climate and subjective well-being based upon the tenets of Invitational Education Theory and Positive Psychology. The present study not only examined the relationship between the two constructs but also, if Gender and Year Level mediate such a relationship. School climate was operationally defined according to Invitational Educational Theory while student well-being was defined according to positive psychology’s PERMA model of well-being. The participants included 120 students from a large high school in the state of New York. Findings indicated evidence for a significant relationship between students’ self-perceptions of school climate and subjective well-being and insignificant mediation by various demographic factors. Implications for practice include providing a method for educational administrators to evaluate and improve their school climate for the promotion of student well-being. Further research on a larger sample is recommended to understand the relationships between student well-being and perceptions of school climate in various contexts.
Grafting of Paper by Silane Coupling Agents Using Cold‐Plasma Discharges

The treatment of cellulose with cold plasma in the presence of two silanes is found to be efficient in the grafting of cellulose macromolecules. The occurrence of the grafting is proven by contact angle measurement, ESCA, and SEM. Thus, after plasma treatment the polar component of the surface energy of the treated samples decreases from 23 mJ·m 2 to practically zero. The ESCA spectra showed the appearance of two new peaks at 102 and 150 eV, relative to the presence of Si atoms and a substantial increase in Cl signal, attributed to the enrichment of the surface by C-H moieties borne by the silanes. SEM confirms the presence of the silane, both in the bulk and at the surface of the treated samples.
Three Fresh Plant Seeds as Natural Dye Sensitizers for Titanium Dioxide Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

In this paper, we used the extracts of three fresh plant seeds as photosensitizers for DSSCs based on TiO 2 nanopowder as a semiconducting material. Ethanol was used to extract the dyes from the seeds. The fill factors of the cells sensitized with the seeds of Raphanus raphanistrum , Lepidium sativum and Dianthus barbatus were 0.45, 0.40, and 0.48, respectively, whereas the efficiencies were 0.05, 0.03, and 0.15. The performance of the DSSC sensitized with Dianthus barbatus was investigated at various pH values of the dye solution and found to have a considerable effect of the cell efficiency.
In Situ Synthesis of Bipyramidal Sulfur with 3D Carbon Nanotube Framework for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

A one‐pot synthesis of three‐dimensional carbon nanotube frameworks with bipyramidal sulfur particles and the application of these materials for a cathode in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery are reported. By simple mixing of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), sulfur powder, and capping agents in water/tetrahydrofuran, micrometer bipyramidal sulfur particles enclosed with MWCNTs are synthesized. The MWCNTs spontaneously form a 3D conducting network inside and outside the sulfur particle. Along the edge of MWCNT framework, a sulfur particle‐free region is present, which comprises ≈35 vol% based on the total volume. These sulfur‐MWCNT bipyramidal particles are mixed with conductive carbon additive to prepare binder‐free cathode for Li–S cells. The Li–S cells deliver a specific discharge capacity of ≈1600 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C on the first cycle. In particular, these Li–S cells show high rate stability and Coulombic efficiency with deep discharge and charge (1.0–3.0 V vs Li/Li+). This resultant performance can arise from 1) homogeneous distribution of the conducting MWCNT framework and the carbon additive coating layer on the sulfur particle, which allow rapid Li+ ion/electrolyte diffusion and mitigation of polysulfide shuttle, respectively, and 2) the sulfur‐free buffer space accommodating volume expansion. It is expected that this new cathode design with the simple synthetic process can reduce the number of preparation steps, thus allowing the construction of a low‐cost Li–S battery.
Critical angles and low-energy limits to ion channeling in silicon

Abstract Channeling theory is reviewed and some improvements are presented. Several models for the calculation of critical approach distances, critical angles, and minimum energies for channeling are compared. While the influence of the choice of the interatomic potential is small, existing models of the critical approach distance yield rather different results particularly in the case of planar channeling. An improved model is proposed based on binary collision simulations. A low-energy limit to ion channeling along a given axis or plane is defined by equating the critical approach distance with the channel radius. Minimum energies for channeling and critical angles as a function of energy are presented for B, P, and As in Si along the major channels. In the case of B in Si from these data channeling maps are constructed and compared with channeling maps obtained from binary collision simulations. The predicted minimum energies for channeling are shown to agree well with a large number of experimental da.
Transient and steady-state currents in epoxy resin

Charging and discharging currents have been measured in a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin with and without silica fillers, below and above its glass transition temperature Tg = 65 °C. Both transient and steady-state current densities have been analysed. The average applied fields ranged from 3 to 35 kV mm−1 with a sample thickness of 0.5 mm. Above Tg, transient currents suggested a phenomenon of charge injection forming trapped space charges even at low fields. Steady-state currents confirmed that the behaviour was not Ohmic and suggested Schottky-type injection. Below Tg, the current is not controlled by the metal–dielectric interface but by the conduction in the volume: the current is Ohmic at low fields and both transient and steady-state currents suggest a phenomenon of space-charge limited currents at high fields. The field threshold is similar in the filler-free and the filled resin. Values in the range 12–17 kV mm−1 have been measured.
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHGRASS CHARACTERISTICS USING NEAR INFRARED TECHNIQUES

Switchgrass varieties grown under various environments were investigated by dispersive and Fourier Transform Near-Infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The collected NIR spectra were analyzed using multivariate approaches. More specifically, principal component analysis (PCA) and projection to latent structure (PLS) regression techniques were employed to classify and predict characteristics of the switchgrass samples. The multivariate results were compared to reflectance indices that are commonly used to study the physiological performance of plants. From near infrared spectra, discrimination between the two growth locations was successfully achieved by PCA. Separation based on the ecotype and the rate of fertilizer applied to the field was also possible by the multivariable analysis of the spectral data. For the classification/discrimination of the switchgrass samples, the near infrared spectra collected by the dispersive and the Fourier Transform spectrometers provided similar results. From the two near infrared data sets strong models were developed to predict non-structural carbohydrates content and the rate of nitrogen applied to the field. However, the spectra collected by the dispersive spectrometer resulted in more accurate models for these samples.
Rarefied gas flow through a long tube of variable radius

A method to calculate a mass flow rate of rarefied gas through a long tube of variable radius subject to arbitrary drops of pressure and temperature is proposed. The method is based on the results obtained previously on the basis of the kinetic equation and it requires very modest computational efforts. As a demonstration of its application some examples of isothermal and nonisothermal flows are given. The thermomolecular pressure difference for a variable radius tube is also considered.
The quasicrystal-to-crystal transformation. I. Geometrical principles

A geometrical model of the quasicrystal-to-crystal transformation is discussed on atomic scale. The central idea is to describe a quasiperiodic structure as a special type of incommensurately modulated structure. As a consequence thereof, the periodic average structure of a quasicrystal is also the average structure of all its rational and irrational approximants. Then, quasicrystals can formally be transformed to approximants by atomic displacements smaller than any interatomic distance. This transformation, however, leads to chemically partially disordered resultants, and in the case of two- and three-dimensional quasiperiodic structures also to a certain amount of positional disorder. Fully ordered approximant structures can only be obtained by atomic diffusion. One of the advantages of the present approach is that tools can be used that were developed for the description of phase transitions of incommensurately modulated phases. Examples for one- and three-dimensional quasiperiodic structures are discussed in detail.
Hot Zones Formation During Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Filters

Kai Chen, Karen S. Martirosyan, and Dan LussDept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77024DOI 10.1002/aic.12266Published online May 20, 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). A diesel particulate ﬁlter (DPF) is used to remove particulate matter (PM) from thediesel engine exhaust. The accumulated PM is periodically removed by combustion,which sometimes leads to excessive temperature excursions that melt the ceramic ﬁlter. This behavior cannot be explained by operation under stationary feed conditions. Wepropose that these temperature excursions are a dynamic effect following a rapidchange in the driving mode while the DPF is being regenerated. Speciﬁcally, a rapiddecrease in the exhaust temperature can lead to a counterintuitive large transient tem-perature rise above that which would exist under a higher stationary feed temperature.This unexpected behavior is similar to the well-known wrong-way behavior in packed-bed reactors, even though the axial-dependent ﬂow through the ﬁlter in a DPF israther different from the constant axial ﬂow through a packed bed. We present simula-tions that provide insight about the dependence of the amplitude of this wrong-waytemperature rise on the ﬁltration velocity, the PM loading, dimensions of the DPF,and the amplitude of the rapid temperature decrease and when it occurs after the startof the regeneration. The insight provided by these simulations will help develop opera-tion and control protocols that circumvent or at least decrease the probability of theoccurrence of the destructive melting of the DPF.