Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Anti-inflammation Effect by Fermentation Process in Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott Extract

This study was indicated to enhance the anti-inflammation activities by the fermentation of the fruits of Aro- nia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott. The extracts by 70% ethanol (EE) showed better biological activities than those by hot water (WE) from campared result of the effect of extraction solvents. Then, the extract from 70% ethanol extraction was further fermented by lactic acid, denoted as FEE. For antioxidant activities, the FEE had showed the highest value as 0.832 of reducing powder, in comparison with those of EE and WE. Cytotoxicity of the water extraction (WE) was measured for 12.06% in addition of 1.0 ㎎/㎖ of FEE. For anti-inflammation activities, NO production from the macrophage, RAW 264.7 was observed as 7.24 μM and 8.52 μM from FEE and EE, respectively. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from human fibroblast cell, CCD-986sk, was also estimated for 152 pg/㎖ in addition of 1.0 ㎎/㎖ of the FEE. The lowest production of both IL-6 and TNF-α were 3.5 pg/㎖ and 865.5 pg/㎖, respectively in addition of 1.0 ㎎/㎖ of the FEE, whereas 74.5 pg/㎖ and 982.4 pg/㎖ in treated with same concenrations of the EE. It was also found that the FEE was higher amounts than other extracts through HPLC analysis of the anthocyanins. These results strongly indicate that fermentation process of the lactic acid could enhance anti-inflammation activities of extracts by increasing the amounts of the anthocyanins, especially cyanidin-galactoside. Our results suggest that the application of the fermentation process for other medicinal herbs can be improved their biological activities.
Feeding of Low-Fibre Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Meal as Substitute of Soybean Meal in Turkey Rations: Effects on Growth Performance and Meat Quality

Soybean meal (SBM) is the most widely and expensive protein source used in the formulation of poultry diets; however, when the price of SBM increases, poultry nutritionists seek alternative sources that are more economical in formulating least-cost rations. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of air classified sunflower meal (SFM) in diets of turkeys on their growth performance, carcass yields and meat quality. A total of 140 1-d-old female turkeys (Nicholas 500) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments which were fed from hatch to 16 wk. The birds were fed two wheat middlings-based diets comprising of a control diet which contained SBM (145 g/kg) and a test diet containing micronized-air classified SFM (172 g/kg) as the main protein source. The substitution of SBM with sunflower had no adverse effect on growth performance and dressing percentage, improving breast and thigh muscles relative weights of the turkeys. A significant effect was found for feed intake (P<0.05) which was lower in birds fed diet containing sunflower compared to those fed soybean, without however any negative effects on feed efficiency (P<0.05). Meat from turkeys fed the sunflower diet had less cholesterol (P<0.01) and higher concentrations of phospholipids (P<0.01). Our results suggest that replacing the conventional SBM as protein source, with micronized-air classified SFM in diets of turkeys can improve carcass quality and favourable lipid profile without adverse effects on growth traits, reducing also the production costs.
Environmental features influencing Carabid beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages along a recently deglaciated area in the Alpine region

Abstract 1. The spatio‐temporal approach was used to evaluate the environmental features influencing carabid beetle assemblages along a chronosequence of an Italian Alpine glacier foreland. The influence of environmental variables on species richness, morphology (wing and body length), and distribution along the chronosequence was tested.
The European Tertiary Neritiliidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neritopsina): indicators of tropical submarine cave environments and freshwater faunas

The oldest freshwater neritiliid, Neritilia bisinuata, is described from the Middle Eocene of the Loire Basin. Another European species, N. neritinoides, ranging from the Lower Oligocene to Lower Miocene (Upper Burdigalian) is recognized; its habitat appears to have been freshwater, but very close to the sea. Two new marine neritiliid species from the Aquitaine Basin are described: Bourdieria favia sp. nov. from the Upper Oligocene and Pisulinella aucoini sp. nov. from the Lower Miocene. A third undescribed species from the Lower Miocene is referred to the same family and related to Pisulinella. The Oligocene species has a strong spiral sculpture, a character completely absent in previously known neritiliid species. The genus Agapilia, founded on juvenile N. neritinoides and adult Vitta picta, appears to be a junior synonym of the genus Vitta. The associated occurrence of shells of the families Neritiliidae, Neritopsidae and Pickworthiidae (well-known inhabitants of Indo-West Pacific submarine caves) at Peyrere suggest the first occurrence of a characteristic assemblage of dark submarine caves during the Oligocene. Both factorial analysis and relative abundance show that at Peyrere these families are associated with other cryptic fossils (various gastropods, bivalves, Brachiopoda, corals, Annelida). However, there are indications of other submarine cave assemblages in various Cenozoic deposits from the Palaeocene to the middle Miocene. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 140, 447–467.
Absorção e redução de nitrato em duas cultivares de arroz na presença de alumínio

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of Al on the nitrate uptake and reduction in two rice cultivars, Fernandes (Al tolerant) and Maravilha (Al sensitive), exposed to 0 and 500 µM Al. After 21 days of Al treatment, growth in size and dry matter yield, Al and nitrate contents and in vitro nitrate reductase activity (NR) in the tops and roots, and the kinetic constants of root nitrate uptake were determined. Aluminum reduced the growth and dry matter yield of both plant parts only in the Maravilha cultivar. Aluminum content increased in the tops and roots of both cultivars, while nitrate content decreased only in the roots of Maravilha cultivar. Vmax did not change, while Km of the nitrate uptake decreased in Fernandes by 11% and increased about 310% in Maravilha cultivar. In the presence of Al the NR activity decreased in the roots of both cultivars, and in the leaves of Maravilha cultivar. The Al tolerant cultivar was more efficient in nitrate absorption and reduction, wich indicates that these processes could be important components of Al tolerance in rice.
Forest carbon sequestration in China and its benefits

Carbon sequestration is important in studying global carbon cycle and budget. Here, we used the National Forest Resource Inventory data for China collected from 2004 to 2008 and forest biomass and soil carbon storage data obtained from direct field measurements to estimate carbon (C) sequestration rate and benefit keeping C out of the atmosphere in forest ecosystems and their spatial distributions. Between 2004 and 2008, forests sequestered on average 0.36 Pg C yr−1 (1 Pg = 1015g), with 0.30 Pg C yr−1 in vegetation and 0.06 Pg C yr−1 in 0–1 meter soil. Under the different forest categories, total C sequestration rate ranged from 0.02 in bamboo forest to 0.11 Pg C yr−1 in broadleaf forest. The southwest region had highest C sequestration rate, 30% of total C sequestration, followed by the northeast and south central regions. The C sequestration in the forest ecosystem could offset about 21% of the annual C emissions in China over the same period, especially in provinces of Tibet, Guangxi, and Yunnan, and the benefit was similar to most Annex I countries. These results show that forests play an important role in reducing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in China, and forest C sequestration are closely related to forest area, tree species composition, and site conditions.
SEASONAL ASSESSMENT OF HYDROGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY IN THE ARABIAN SEA WATERS OF KERALA, SOUTHWEST COAST OF INDIA

Foi investigada a variacao sazonal das variaveis hidrograficas e das especies de fitoplâncton nas aguas do Mar Arabico da costa de Kerala, sul da India, em diferentes estacoes do ano. Variaveis como pH, temperatura, salinidade, turbidez e conteudo de clorofila-a das aguas mostraram-se altas durante a estacao pre-moncao enquanto o conteudo de oxigenio dissolvido foi minimo. A concentracao de nutrientes, tais como nitrato, fosfato e silicato, variaram independentemente da epoca. Foi encontrado um total de 53 especies, com picos de densidade durante a estacao pos-moncao, sendo a dominância exercida pelas diatomaceas. Em termos de frequencia e abundância, as especies mais importantes foram Biddulphia mobiliensis, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Licmophora abbreviata, Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum micans and Oscillatoria sp. Estas apresentaram correlacao significativa positiva com pH, temperatura, salinidade, nitrato, fosfato e conteudo de clorofila-a, enquanto que com turbidez, oxigenio dissolvido e silicato exibiram correlacao negativa. A Analise de Componentes Principais (ACP) mostrou que os dois primeiros eixos contem 84,74% da variacao na qualidade das aguas. O eixo I separou os periodos de pre- e pos-moncao do periodo de moncao, enquanto o eixo II separou os periodos de pre-moncao e moncao do periodo de pos-moncao.
Comparative study of pollination biology of two closely related alpine Primula species, namely Primula beesiana and P. bulleyana (Primulaceae)

Abstract The comparative pollination biology of a population of Primula beesiana, a population of P. bulleyana, and an overlapping population of these two species in Yulong Shan, Yunnan Province, China, was studied in 2004 and 2005. The results indicate that both P. beesiana and P. bulleyana are typical heterostylous and obligate outcrossing species; the main pollinators of the two species were bees and butterflies. At the sites of all three populations, the main pollinating visitors of the two species showed preference for one of the two species, resulting in the ethological isolation of the two species by the pollinators. This ethological isolation contributes to the reproductive isolation of the two species, which supports the hypothesis that P. beesiana and P. bulleyana are two distinct species. The reproductive isolation of the two species (ethological isolation) is probably an important mechanism in maintaining species boundaries in the genus and has contributed to the species diversification of Primula in the area. In addition, gene exchanges between P. beesiana and P. bulleyana has occurred to some extent in the overlapping population, but whether natural hybridization has contributed to species diversification in Primula remains to be determined.
A GENETIC MARKER TO SEPARATE EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) MORPHOTYPES 1

Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay and Mohler is a ubiquitous unicellular marine alga surrounded by an elaborate covering of calcite platelets called coccoliths. It is an important primary producer involved in oceanic biogeochemistry and climate regulation. Currently, E. huxleyi is separated into five morphotypes based on morphometric, physiological, biochemical, and immunological differences. However, a genetic marker has yet to be found to characterize these morphotypes. With the use of sequence analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, we discovered a genetic marker that correlates significantly with the separation of the most widely recognized A and B morphotypes. Furthermore, we reveal that the A morphotype is composed of a number of distinct genotypes. This marker lies within the 3′ untranslated region of a coccolith associated protein mRNA, which is implicated in regulating coccolith calcification. Consequently, we tentatively termed this marker the coccolith morphology motif.
Seasonal and interannual variability of macroinvertebrate reference communities and its influence on bioassessment in different Mediterranean stream types.

We investigated the seasonal changes in macroinvertebrate reference communities in four Mediterranean stream types (temporary, evaporite calcareous at medium altitude, siliceous headwaters at high altitude, and cal- careous headwaters at medium and high altitudes) and the interannual changes in the two headwaters stream types in Spain. Eighty-eight seasonal reference sites distributed into 23 basins were sampled on three occasions (spring, summer and autumn of 2003), and 18 interannual reference sites distributed in 6 basins were sampled in the autumn of 2003, 2004 and 2005 to examine this temporal variability. Interannual reference sites were a subset of seasonal reference sites. The analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) performed on Bray-Curtis similarity distances, using pres- ence-absence data, showed no seasonal or interannual changes in the macroinvertebrate communities. The infl uence of seasonal and interannual variability was also tested in all the stream types using 18 macroinvertebrate metrics classifi ed as richness, index, multimetric index, tolerance/intolerance and diversity. ANOVAs showed no seasonal differences in any of the studied metrics for temporary and evaporite calcareous at medium altitude and most of the metrics in the two headwaters stream types. This suggests the suitability of using a single season approach for the biomonitoring purposes of these metrics. Conversely, the seasonal differences detected in the metrics related with EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) and OCH (Odonata, Coleoptera and Heteroptera) taxa in calcareous headwaters indicate possible differences in the relative presence of macrohabitats (riffl es and pools) as a result of fl ow variation. No interannual changes were detected in any of the metrics except EPT/OCH in siliceous headwaters. However, the large variability in the annual rainfall in this study area suggests that this three-year study period may be too short to assess the effect of climatic variations on the ecological status assessment. In general, the lower temporal variability (measured as seasonal and interannual coeffi cients of variation) of the taxon richness metric (S) and the two studied indices (IBMWP and IASPT), compared with the other metrics, make them a priori robust indicators to assess ecological status in Mediterranean streams.
Validation study on urinary biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in piglets

The multi-biomarker approach was used to validate urinary biomarkers in piglets administered boluses contaminated with mixtures of deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) at different concentrations. Boluses contaminated with mycotoxins were prepared by slurrying and freezedrying feed material fortified with culture extracts of selected toxigenic fungi. Piglets were individually placed in metabolic cages to collect urine before gavage and 24 h post dose. Urine samples were hydrolysed with β-glucuronidase and analysed by a multi-biomarker LC-MS/MS method developed and validated to identify and measure biomarkers of FB1, OTA, DON, ZEA and AFB1. Urinary levels of FB1, OTA, DON + de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol, ZEA + alphazearalenol and aflatoxin M1 were selected as biomarkers of FB1, OTA, DON, ZEA and AFB1, respectively. Mean percentages of dietary mycotoxins excreted as biomarkers in 24 h post dose urine were 36.8% for ZEA, 28.5% for DON, 2.6% FB1, 2.
Origins and processing of organic matter in the Amazon River as indicated by carbohydrates and amino acids

Aldose, amino acid, and elemental compositions were determined for flux-weighted samples of coarse (> 63 pm) and fine ( 1,000 Daltons) dissolved organic matter collected at three sites along the Brazilian Amazon River and six of its major tributaries. Concentrations of total organic C (TOC) were relatively uniform (55Ok 100 PM) at all sites, with DOC comprising the major (50-100%) component. An average of 77% of the total DOC was isolated by ultrafiltration. The greatest compositional differences observed in the Amazon River system were among the coarse, fine, and dissolved organic fractions. All coarse particulate fractions were nitrogen-poor (atomic C : N = 21) and exhibited stable carbon isotope, aldose, and amino acid compositions similar to those of angiosperm tree leaves. Coarse particulate organic materials, although the least degraded of the three fractions, had lost appreciable carbohydrate and had immobilized excess nitrogen of apparent bacterial origin. Fine particulate materials were more nitrogen-rich (C : N = 9) than coarse counterparts and had lower total aldose yields and glucose percentages. Fine particles gave greater total yields of amino acids, characterized by high ratios of basic vs. acidic components. Coexisting dissolved organic materials recovered by ultrafiltration were nitrogen-poor (C: N = 27-52) and yielded the lowest amounts of aldoses, among which deoxy sugars were concentrated. Dissolved fractions gave extremely low yields of amino acids in mixtures that were enriched in nonprotein components and in acidic vs. basic molecules. These yield and composition patterns are consistent with a “regional chromatography” model in which highly degraded leaf material is solubilized and then partitioned between soil minerals and water during transport to the river, resulting in suspended fine particulate organic materials of soil origin that are nitrogen-rich and coexisting dissolved organic substances that are nitrogen-poor. l To whom correspondence should be addressed. Michael Peterson, Matt McCarthy, Michael McClain, and 2 Present address: Department of Oceanography, Unitwo anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on this versity of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T IZ4. manuscript. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation (BSR 87-18423, BSR 89-10766, and DEB 91Acknowledgments 20038). We thank the captain and crew of the LM Amanai for Contribution 1976 from the School of Oceanography, sampling support and Elizabeth Tsamakis and Rick Keil University of Washington, and 64 from the CAMREX for help in sample analysis. We acknowledge Rick Keil, Project.
Influence of Temperature and Light Conditions on Germination, Growth and Conidiation of Oidium neolycopersici

The effect of temperature and light conditions (spectral quality, intensity and photoperiod) on germination, development and conidiation of tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) on the highly susceptible tomato cv. Amateur were studied. Conidia germinated across the whole range of tested temperatures (10-35°C) ; however, at the end-point temperatures, germination was strongly limited. At temperatures slightly lower than optimum (20-25°C), mycelial development and time of appearance of the first conidiophores was delayed. Conidiation occurred within the range of 15-25°C, however was most intense between 20-25°C. Pathogen development was also markedly influenced by the light conditions. Conidiation and mycelium development was greatest at light intensities of approximately 60 μmol/m 2 per second. At lower intensities, pathogen development was delayed, and in the dark, conidiation was completely inhibited. A dark period of 24 h after inoculation had no stimulatory effect on later mycelium development. However, 12 h of light after inoculation, followed by continuous dark, resulted in delayed mycelium development and total restriction of pathogen conidiation (evaluated 8 days postinoculation). When a longer dark period (4 days) was followed by normal photoperiod (12h/12h light/dark), mycelium development accelerated and the pathogen sporulated normally. When only inoculated leaf was covered with aluminium foil while whole plant was placed in photoperiod 12 h/12 h, the intensive mycelium development and slight subsequent sporulation on covered leaf was recorded.
Occurrence of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Guiana dolphins ( Sotalia guianensis ) from Ubatuba and Baixada Santista, São Paulo, Brazil

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the blubber of six Guiana dolphins ( Sotalia guianensis ) from the coast of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. PCBs were at the highest levels on a lipid-weight basis (25.87 to 66.03μg g -1 ), followed by DDTs (16.91 to 55.91μg g -1 ), mirex (0.24 to 1.87μg g -1 ), chlordanes (0.11 to 0.49μg g -1 ), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (0.07 to 0.17μg g -1 ), heptachlor epoxide (0.05 to 0.16μg g -1 ) and hexachlorociclohexane (HCHs) (0.03 to 0.21μg g -1 ). The presence of PCBs in Guiana dolphins suggests input from the Cubatao industrial complex – the largest in Brazil. The mean p,p’ -DDE/3DDT ratio was approximately 0.8 and is indicative of previous DDT application in the study area. The occurrence of HCB and HCHs can be attributed to industrial effluents and dumping on the borders of the Santos-Sao Vicente estuarine complex.
Fungicidas foliares e a doença ferrugem asiática na produção e na qualidade de sementes de soja

Unfavorable weather conditions during late soybean maturation have caused problems in seed quality due to "forced maturation" or premature plant death, which can result in green seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fungicides and rust disease on soybean seed yield and quality, focusing on the occurrence of green seeds. The treatments included a control and fungicide applications of flutriafol + thiophanate- methyl, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole and metconazole, in the R2 and R5.1 growth stages, individually and also in combined applications. The experiments were carried out in the field at Londrina-PR, during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 crop cycles with the Coodetec 206 cultivar. The following evaluations were made: rust disease severity using a diagrammatic scale, productivity, seed weight and visual assessment of the percentage of green seed. Seed quality was evaluated from germination, tetrazolium, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests. Analyses were performed immediately after harvest and after six months of storage. The fluorescence chlorophyll test was carried out in the second crop seeds. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four blocks for each crop. Means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The fungicide, that efficiently controlled soybean rust did not affect production and seed quality or the occurrence of green seed. Under favorable weather conditions for seed maturation, the severity of soybean Asiatic rust interferes with production but does not influence seed physiological potential. Soybean rust associated with unfavorable weather conditions during the final stage of maturation results in green soybean seeds that reduce vigor after storage.
Critical phosphorus levels for corn and cowpea in a Brazilian amazon oxisol

(.) Fertilizer P required to raise the initial Mehlich 1 soil P to the critical levels were 41 and 60 kg P ha −1 for corn and cowpea, respectively. Higher amounts of P were extracted by Bray 1 than by Mehlich 1, but both extractants were effective in relating available soil P to yield and applied fertilizer P. Critical foliar P concentrations for corn and cowpea were 1.6 and 1.8 g kg −1 , respectively. Higher soil and leaf P critical levels for cowpea relative to corn were attributed to greater P requirements for plants depending on symbiotic N 2 fixation for their N supply
Micromorfologia do solo e sua relação com atributos físicos e hídricos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between soil micromorphological and physical attributes in an Oxisol (Rhodic Eutrudox) under sugarcane. Soil samples were collected at the intersection points of a regular grid, with 10 m intervals, comprising a total of 100 points, in the horizons A1 and AB. The higher values for bulk density, microporosity and soil penetration resistance and lower values for macroporosity, total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity mainly in the AB horizon, indicated compaction in this horizon, confirmed by image analysis (micromorphology).