Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating Differences in Crowdsourced News Credibility Assessment

Misinformation about critical issues such as climate change and vaccine safety is oftentimes amplified on online social and search platforms. The crowdsourcing of content credibility assessment by laypeople has been proposed as one strategy to combat misinformation by attempting to replicate the assessments of experts at scale. In this work, we investigate news credibility assessments by crowds versus experts to understand when and how ratings between them differ. We gather a dataset of over 4,000 credibility assessments taken from 2 crowd groups---journalism students and Upwork workers---as well as 2 expert groups---journalists and scientists---on a varied set of 50 news articles related to climate science, a topic with widespread disconnect between public opinion and expert consensus. Examining the ratings, we find differences in performance due to the makeup of the crowd, such as rater demographics and political leaning, as well as the scope of the tasks that the crowd is assigned to rate, such as the genre of the article and partisanship of the publication. Finally, we find differences between expert assessments due to differing expert criteria that journalism versus science experts use---differences that may contribute to crowd discrepancies, but that also suggest a way to reduce the gap by designing crowd tasks tailored to specific expert criteria. From these findings, we outline future research directions to better design crowd processes that are tailored to specific crowds and types of content.
Structure of polymer layers grafted to nanoparticles in silica-polystyrene nanocomposites

The structural features of polystyrene brushes grafted on spherical silica nanoparticles immersed in polystyrene are investigated by means of a Monte Carlo methodology based on polymer mean field theory. The nanoparticle radii (either 8 or 13 nm) are held constant, while the grafting density and the lengths of grafted and matrix chains are varied systematically in a series of simulations. The primary objective of this work is to simulate realistic nanocomposite systems of specific chemistry at experimentally accessible length scales and study the structure and scaling of the grafted brush. The profiles of polymer density around the particles are examined; based on them, the brush thickness of grafted chains is estimated and its scaling behavior is compared against theoretical models and experimental findings. Then, neutron scattering spectra are predicted both from single grafted chains and from the entire grafted corona. It is found that increasing both the grafting density and the grafted chain molar ma.
Improvement in multi‐crystalline silicon solar cell efficiency via addition of luminescent material to EVA encapsulation layer

This paper shows that an enhancement in the performance of commercial screen‐printed multi‐crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules can be achieved via luminescent down‐shifting of the incident light. Using fluorescent organic dyes dissolved in the pre‐existing poly‐ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulation layer, an increase in the short‐wavelength external quantum efficiency of over 10% absolute, which results in 0.18% absolute higher efficiency, is reported. This approach offers the opportunity for prompt application at production scale, since it neither requires any modification to the module manufacturing process nor does it add to the cost of power generation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport of Colloids and Associated Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals through a Natural Media Filter

In this project, the ability of natural media filtration (NMF) to remove colloidal particles and associated hydrophobic organic compounds from the aqueous phase was evaluated by performing sorption and transport experiments with leaf compost media. Phenanthrene sorption isotherm experiments for compost and model colloidal (latex) particles found that phenanthrene has a greater affinity for the colloidal particles than for the compost materials. In column experiments, the transport of phenanthrene through the NMF in the presence and absence of two colloidal particles with different hydrophobicities [sulfate (more hydrophobic) and carboxylate (less hydrophobic)] showed that the effluent phenanthrene concentration in the presence of colloids, particularly sulfate latex particles, is much higher than that in the absence of colloids. The results from a mathematical model used to evaluate data from the column experiments suggest that enhancement of contaminant transport can be significant under the following conditions: high colloidal concentrations, high partition coefficient between contaminant and colloids, or a slow desorption rate of contaminant from colloids.
Formation mechanism of single-wall carbon nanotubes on liquid-metal particles

In this paper, we propose a mechanism for the formation of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT's) focusing on the possible transition state when tube formation is initiated. The model explains the generation of SWCNT's from carbon-metal plasmas as well as by the chemical vapor deposition technique. The model qualitatively predicts the experimentally observed dependences of the diameters of SWCNT's on the experimental parameters. It also explains why very high yields of SWCNT's can be achieved with mixed metal catalysts.
Organic nitrogen in PM2.5 aerosol

Organic nitrogen in PM2.5 aerosol at a forest site in the Southeast US M. Lin, J. Walker, C. Geron, and A. Khlystov Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708, USA National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA Received: 31 July 2009 – Accepted: 4 August 2009 – Published: 14 August 2009 Correspondence to: A. Khlystov (andrey@duke.edu) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.
Thinned Virtual Array for Cramer Rao Bound Optimization in MIMO Radar

By transmitting multiple independent waveforms at the transmit side and processing echoes of spatial targets at the receive side, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar enjoys virtual array aperture expansion and more degree of freedom (DOF), both of which favors the application of direction finding or estimation of direction of arrival (DOA). The expanded virtual aperture provides higher angular resolution which also promotes the precision of DOA estimation, and the extra DOF brought by waveform diversity can be leveraged to focus energy in certain spatial region for better direction-finding capacity. However, beamspace methods which match certain beampatterns suffer from deteriorated performance and complexity in implementation, and the advantage of virtual array aperture is limited by its virtual element redundancy. As an important performance indicator of DOA estimation, Cramer–Rao Bound (CRB) is closely connected to the array configuration of the system. To reduce the complexity of the system and improve CRB performance at the same time, in this paper, the virtual array of MIMO radar is designed directly by selecting outputs from matched filters at the receive side. For the sake of fair comparison, both scenarios with and without priori directions are considered to obtain optimized virtual array configuration, respectively. The original combinatorial problems are approximated by sequential convex approximations methods which produce solutions with efficiency. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide thinned virtual arrays with excellent CRB performance.
Explaining Neural Network Decisions Is Hard

We connect the widespread idea of interpreting classiﬁer decisions to probabilistic prime impli-cants. A set of input features is deemed relevant for a classiﬁcation decision if the classiﬁer score remains nearly constant when randomising the remaining features. This introduces a rate-distortion trade-off between the set size and the deviation of the score. We explain how relevance maps can be interpreted as a greedy strategy to calculate the rate-distortion function. For neural networks we show that approximating this function even in a single point up to any non-trivial approximation factor is NP -hard. Thus, no algorithm will provably ﬁnd small relevant sets of input features even if they exist. Finally, as a numerical comparison we express a Boolean function, for which the prime implicant sets are known, as a neural network and investigate which relevance mapping methods are able to highlight them.
Metal extraction by N,N′-dialkyl-N,N′-diaryl-dipicolinamides from nitric acid solutions

A study of americium, uranium and europium extraction by various dialkyl-diarylamides of 2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic (dipicolinic) acid has shown that maximum extractability is achieved by using polar fluorine-substituted diluents. Generally, the diamide extractability is found to increase with the alkyl radical length. We have demonstrated the possibility to separate Am and Eu in solutions with a nitric acid concentration of 0.5–2 mol/l. The extractability of these diamides with respect to the three metals rises with the acid concentration increase to 6 mol/l.
Central Auditory Tests to Track Cognitive Function in People With HIV: Longitudinal Cohort Study (Preprint)

BACKGROUND The development of neurocognitive deficits in people infected with HIV is a significant public health problem. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that performance on central auditory tests (CATs) correlates with cognitive test results in those with HIV, but no longitudinal data exist for confirmation. We have been performing longitudinal assessments of central auditory and cognitive function on a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania to understand how the central auditory system could be used to study and track the progress of central nervous system dysfunction. OBJECTIVE The goal of the project was to determine if CATs can track the trajectory of cognitive function over time in people diagnosed with HIV. METHODS Tests of peripheral and central auditory function as well as cognitive performance were performed on 382 individuals over the course of 3.5 years. Visits were scheduled every 6 months. CATs included tests of auditory temporal processing (gap detection) and speech perception in noise (Hearing in Noise Test and Triple Digit Test). Cognitive tests included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), and subtests from the Cogstate battery. HIV-positive subjects were divided into groups based on their CAT results at their final visit (bottom 20%, top 20%, middle 60%). Primary analyses focused on the comparison between HIV-positive individuals that performed worse on CATs (bottom 20%) and the overall HIV-positive group (middle 60%). Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models with time as the main fixed effect. RESULTS The group with the worst (bottom 20%) CAT performance showed a difference in trajectory for the MoCA (P=.003), TOVA (P<.048), and Cogstate (P<.046) over the course of the study period compared to the overall HIV-positive group. A battery of three CATs showed a significant difference in cognitive trajectory over a relatively short study period of 3.5 years independent of age (bottom 20% vs HIV-positive group). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the ability for CATs to track cognitive function over time, suggesting that central auditory processing can provide a window into central nervous system performance. CATs can be simple to perform, and are relatively insensitive to education and socioeconomic status because they only require repeating sentences, numbers, or detecting gaps in noise. These tests could potentially provide a time-efficient, low-cost method to screen for and monitor cognitive decline in patients with HIV, making them a useful surveillance tool for this major public health problem.
Explain and Improve: Cross-Domain Few-Shot-Learning Using Explanations

Cross-domain few-shot learning (CD-FSL) has attracted much interest recently. In CD-FSL, we need to address not only the issue of limited labeled data in each class but also the domain shift between training and test domains. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for CD-FSL by leveraging the explanations of the FSL models. First, we tailor the layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) method to explain the FSL models. Second, we develop a model-agnostic explanation-guided training strategy that dynamically ﬁnds and emphasizes the features that are important to the predictions. We show that, without introducing more parameters, explanation-guided training effectively improves the model generality under the cross-domain setting. We observe improved accuracy of two FSL models: Relation-Net (Sung et al., 2018), and cross attention net (CAN) (Hou et al., 2019), on ﬁve few-shot learning datasets: miniImagenet, CUB, Cars, Places, and Plantae, which are introduced by (Tseng et al., 2020).
A High Temperature(1200 °C) Probe for NMR Experiments and Its Application to Silicate Melts

A high temperature NMR probe was developed and applied to the measurement of 29Si nucleus in sodium silicate glasses and melts. The highest temperature attained was 1200 °C. The observed 29Si NMR spectra show narrowing above the glass transition temperature, due to the increase of the rate for exchange reaction among various structural species constructing the network structure.
Accelerated transformation of the fumigant methyl isothiocyanate in soil after repeated application of metham‐sodium

Abstract The transformation of metham‐sodium into methyl isothiocyanate and the further transformation of the latter active compound were measured in incubation studies with moist soils in gastight flasks at 15°C. Soils were collected from seven “problem” fields, from six frequently fumigated glasshouses and from nine trials with plots treated annually and plots left untreated. Metham‐sodium was transformed to methyl isothiocyanate to a high extent (more than 90 %) in all soils tested, and the maximum amounts of methyl isothiocyanate were measured within 0.1 to 1 day after addition of metham‐sodium. The transformation rate of methyl isothiocyanate varied considerably: the time for 50 % transformation ranged from 0.5 to 50 d. In general, methyl isothiocyanate was transformed appreciably faster in soils that had previously been treated frequently. However, in soils from two trial plots, that had been treated 13 times or more, no clearly enhanced rate of transformation was measured. Poor nematode control on .
*Au REVIEW FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE -SUBUNIT FOR HETERODIMERIC P-TYPE ATPases

We have reviewed the structural and functional role of the -subunit in a subfamily of the P-ATPases known as the / -heterodimeric, cation-exchange ATPases. The subfamily consists of the various isoforms of Na+/K+ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase, both of which pump a cation out of the cell (Na+ or H+, respectively) in recycle exchange for K+. Much of the earlier work has emphasized the functional activities of the -subunit, which shares many characteristics with the broader P-ATPase family. It is now clear that the glycosylated -subunit is an essential component of the cation-exchange ATPase subfamily. All -subunit isoforms have three highly conserved disulfide bonds within the extracellular domain that serve to stabilize the -subunit, / interaction and functional activity of the holoenzyme. Evidence strongly suggests that the -subunit is involved in the K+-dependent reactions of the enzymes, such as the E1–E2 transition and K+ occlusion, and that the extracellular domain of the -subunit plays an important role in determining the kinetics of K+ interaction. In most vertebrate cells, the unassociated subunit is restricted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and assembly of the / complex occurs within the ER. Signals for exiting the ER and directing the correct intracellular trafficking are primarily determined by the subunit; Na+/K+-ATPase typically terminates in the plasma membrane facing the basolateral membrane, whereas all isoforms of H+/K+-ATPase terminate in the apical membrane. The C-terminal extracellular domain of the subunit is important for proper interaction with the subunit and for correct intracellular trafficking. Oligosaccharides on the -subunit are not essential for enzyme function, but do serve to enhance the efficiency of / association by increasing the lifetime of the unassociated -subunit and the stability of the / complex to tryptic attack. We propose that highly specialized glycosylation on the -subunit of the gastric H+/K+-ATPase may help to protect that enzyme from the harsh extracellular environment of the stomach.
THE DEVOLATILIZATION STEP DURING THE FLUIDIZED BED CONVERSION OF A BIOMASS

A bubbling fluidized bed reactor (BFB) was batchwise operated under inert conditions to investigate phenomena occurring during the devolatilization of a biomass fuel, hazelnut shells coming from the food industry. A simple mathematical model was derived on the basis of some simplifying hypotheses suggested by the experimental evidence. The comparison between calculated and experimental values of devolatilization times and mass losses further support the assumptions made and the theoretical approach proposed.
Generalized negative bulk viscosity in liquids

Expressions for the wave number dependent shear viscosity and longitudinal viscosity are obtained using generalized hydrodynamics and Mori formalism. The results obtained for shear viscosity and longitudinal viscosity have been used to calculate the wave number dependent bulk viscosity for the Lennard-Jones potential near its triple point. It has been found that the bulk viscosity becomes negative for wave numbers greater than 0.8 AA-1.
E�cient Deep Learning Model for COVID-19 Detection in large CT images datasets: A cross-dataset analysis

Early detection and diagnosis are critical factors to control the COVID-19 spreading. A number of deep learning-based methodologies have been recently proposed for COVID-19 screening in CT scans as a tool to automate and help with the diagnosis. To achieve these goals, in this work, we propose a slice voting-based approach extending the E�cientNet Family of deep arti�cial neural networks. We also design a speci�c data augmentation process and transfer learning for such task. Moreover, a cross-dataset study is performed into the two largest datasets to date. The proposed method presents comparable results to the state-of-the-art methods and the highest accuracy to date on both datasets (accuracy of 87.60\% for the COVID-CT dataset and accuracy of 98.99% for the SARS-CoV-2 CT-scan dataset). The cross-dataset analysis showed that the generalization power of deep learning models is far from acceptable for the task since accuracy drops from 87.68% to 56.16% on the best evaluation scenario. These results highlighted that the methods that aim at COVID-19 detection in CT-images have to improve signi�cantly to be considered as a clinical option and larger and more diverse datasets are needed to evaluate the methods in a realistic scenario.
Pregnancy-related Anxiety Scale (The PrAS): Validity and Reliability Study of its Turkish Version

Amac: Kadinlarin hamilelik sirasinda endiseleri olabilir. Bu kaygi hem kadinlar hem de bebekleri icin olumsuz sonuclara neden olabilir. Hamilelik sirasinda ortaya cikan bu kaygiyi psikometrik olarak belirlemek icin bir olcek gereklidir. Bu calisma, Turk toplumunda PrAS'in guvenilirlik ve gecerlilik calismasini yurutmeyi amaclamaktadir. Materyal ve metod: Calisma metodolojik olarak tasarlanmistir. Calismanin verileri Istanbul'da bulunan ozel bir hastanenin Kadin Hastaliklari Polikliniginde toplandi. Katilimcilar 495 gebeden (primiparous ve multiparous) olustu. Bulgular ve tartisma: PrAS'in Turkce versiyonunun ic tutarliligi (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85), maddelerin korelasyon katsayisi (0.27 ve 0.57) ve dogrulayici faktor analizi (CFA = 0.35 ve 0.98) yuksek bulunmustur. Pras'in PRAQ-R2 ile yuksek korelasyonu vardi (cok sayida gebe kadin r = 0.60, ilkel gebe kadin r = 0.65, p = 0.000) Sonuc: PrAS'in Turkce versiyonunun gebelik sirasinda yasanan kaygi duzeyini degerlendirmek icin guvenilir ve gecerli bir arac oldugu gosterilmistir ve bu arac diger dillere kolayca uyarlanabilir.
Radial Distribution of Liquid Velocity in a Liquid-Solids Circulating Fluidized Bed

Local liquid velocity was measured in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed, with a Plexiglas riser column of 7.62 cm ID and 3.0 m in height, by a dual conductivity probe, with 508 micron glass beads. The results show that radial distribution of local liquid velocity in the LSCFB is nonuniform with higher liquid velocity at the axis and lower near the wall, compared to the more uniform radial profiles in both the conventional fluidization and the dilute liquid transport regimes. The radial nonuniformity increases with increasing liquid velocity and solids circulation rate in the LSCFB. A radial nonuniformity index, proposed by Zhu and Manyele (2001), was used to quantify the extent of the radial nonuniformity under different solids circulation rates and liquid flow rates. The radial nonuniformity index is used to qualify the radial distribution of liquid velocity. RNI values in the liquid-solid circulating fluidization regime are seen to be much higher than those in both the particulate fluidization regime and the dilute liquid transport regime, indicating the nonuniform radial distribution of local liquid velocity in the LSCFB. This illustrates the use of RNI as an effective measurement of the radial distribution of liquid velocity.
A Novel Nano Tomography Setup for Material Science and Engineering Applications

In a comprehensive study on several samples we demonstrate for our laboratory-based computed tomography system resolutions down to 150nm. The achieved resolution is validated by imaging common test structures in 2D and Fourier Shell Correlation of 3D volumes. As representative application examples from nowadays material research, we show metallization processes in multilayer integrated circuits, ageing in lithium battery electrodes, and volumetric of metallic sub-micrometer fillers of composites. Thus, our laboratory system provides the unique possibility to image non-destructively structures in the range of hundred nanometers, even for high density materials.
Distributed Source Coding with Encryption Using Correlated Keys

—We pose and investigate the distributed secure source coding based on the common key cryptosystem. This cryptosystem includes the secrecy ampliﬁcation problem for distributed encrypted sources with correlated keys using post-encryption-compression, which was posed investigated by Santoso and Oohama. In this paper we propose another new security criterion which is generally more strict compared to the commonly used security criterion which is based on the upper-bound of mutual information between the plaintext and the ciphertext. Under this criterion, we establish the necessary and sufﬁcient condition for the secure transmission of correlated sources.