Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motion of a sphere in a viscous density stratified fluid

Abstract We examine the translation of a sphere in a stratified ambient in the limit of small Reynolds numbers ($Re \ll 1$) and viscous Richardson numbers ($Ri_v \ll 1$); here, $Re = {\rho Ua}/{\mu }$ and $Ri_v = {\gamma a^3 g}/{\mu U}$, with $a$ being the sphere radius, $U$ the translation speed, $\rho$ and $\mu$ the density and viscosity of the stratified ambient, $g$ the acceleration due to gravity, and $\gamma$ the density gradient characterizing the ambient stratification. In contrast to most earlier efforts, our study considers the convection-dominant limit corresponding to $Pe = {Ua}/{D} \gg 1$, $D$ being the diffusivity of the stratifying agent. We characterize in detail the velocity and density fields around the particle in what we term the Stokes stratification regime, defined by $Re \ll Ri_v^{{1}/{3}} \ll 1$, and corresponding to the dominance of buoyancy over inertial forces. Buoyancy forces associated with the perturbed stratification fundamentally alter the viscously dominated fluid motion at large distances of order the stratification screening length that scales as $a\,Ri_v^{-{1}/{3}}$. The motion at these distances transforms from the familiar fore–aft symmetric Stokesian form to a fore–aft asymmetric pattern of recirculating cells with primarily horizontal motion within, except in the vicinity of the rear stagnation streamline. At larger distances, the motion is vanishingly small except within (a) an axisymmetric horizontal wake whose vertical extent grows as $O(r_t^{{2}/{5}})$, $r_t$ being the distance in the plane perpendicular to translation, and (b) a buoyant reverse jet behind the particle that narrows as the inverse square root of distance downstream. As a result, for $Pe = \infty$, the motion close to the rear stagnation streamline starts off pointing in the direction of translation, in the inner region, and decaying as the inverse of the downstream distance; the motion reverses beyond distance $1.15a\,Ri_v^{-{1}/{3}}$, with the eventual reverse flow in the far-field buoyant jet again decaying as the inverse of the distance downstream. For large but finite $Pe$, the narrowing jet is smeared out beyond a distance of $O(a\,Ri_v^{-{1}/{2}}\, Pe^{{1}/{2}})$, leading to an exponential decay of the aforementioned reverse flow.
Fast Scalar Quadratic Maximum Likelihood Estimators for the CMB B-mode Power Spectrum

Constructing a fast and efficient estimator for the B-mode power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is of critical importance for CMB science. For a general CMB survey, the Quadratic Maximum Likelihood (QML) estimator for CMB polarization has been proved to be the optimal estimator with minimal uncertainties, but it is computationally very expensive. In this article, we propose two new QML methods for B-mode power spectrum estimation. We use the Smith–Zaldarriaga approach to prepare the pure B-mode map and the E-mode recycling method to obtain a leakage free B-mode map. We then use the scalar QML estimator to analyze the scalar pure B map (QML-SZ) or B-mode map (QML-TC). The QML-SZ and QML-TC estimators have similar error bars as the standard QML estimators but their computational cost is nearly one order of magnitude smaller. The basic idea is that one can construct the pure B-mode CMB map by using the E–B separation method proposed by Smith & Zaldarriaga (SZ) or the one considering the template cleaning (TC) technique, then apply the QML estimator to these scalar fields. By simulating potential observations of space-based and ground-based detectors, we test the reliability of these estimators by comparing them with the corresponding results of the traditional QML estimator and the pure B-mode pseudo-C ℓ estimator.
Efficient Large-Scale Language Model Training on GPU Clusters Using Megatron-LM

Large language models have led to state-of-the-art accuracies across several tasks. However, training these models efficiently is challenging because: a) GPU memory capacity is limited, making it impossible to fit large models on even a multi-GPU server, and b) the number of compute operations required can result in unrealistically long training times. Consequently, new methods of model parallelism such as tensor and pipeline parallelism have been proposed. Unfortunately, naive usage of these methods leads to scaling issues at thousands of GPUs. In this paper, we show how tensor, pipeline, and data parallelism can be composed to scale to thousands of GPUs. We propose a novel interleaved pipelining schedule that can improve throughput by 10+% with memory footprint comparable to existing approaches. Our approach allows us to perform training iterations on a model with 1 trillion parameters at 502 petaFLOP/s on 3072 GPUs (per-GPU throughput of 52% of theoretical peak).
No-Reference Quality Assessment for 3D Colored Point Cloud and Mesh Models

To improve the viewer’s Quality of Experience (QoE) and optimize computer graphics applications, 3D model quality assessment (3D-QA) has become an important task in the multimedia area. Point cloud and mesh are the two most widely used digital representation formats of 3D models, the visual quality of which is quite sensitive to lossy operations like simplification and compression. Therefore, many related studies such as point cloud quality assessment (PCQA) and mesh quality assessment (MQA) have been carried out to measure the visual quality of distorted 3D models. However, most previous studies utilize full-reference (FR) metrics, which indicates they can not predict the quality level in the absence of the reference 3D model. Furthermore, few 3D-QA metrics consider color information, which significantly restricts their effectiveness and scope of application. In this paper, we propose a no-reference (NR) quality assessment metric for colored 3D models represented by both point cloud and mesh. First, we project the 3D models from 3D space into quality-related geometry and color feature domains. Then, the 3D natural scene statistics (3D-NSS) and entropy are utilized to extract quality-aware features. Finally, a support vector regression (SVR) model is employed to regress the quality-aware features into visual quality scores. Our method is validated on the colored point cloud quality assessment database (SJTU-PCQA), the Waterloo point cloud assessment database (WPC), and the colored mesh quality assessment database (CMDM). The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms most compared NR 3D-QA metrics with competitive computational resources and greatly reduces the performance gap with the state-of-the-art FR 3D-QA metrics. The code of the proposed model is publicly available now at https://github.com/zzc-1998/NR-3DQA.
Prophet Matching Meets Probing with Commitment

We consider the online stochastic matching problem for bipartite graphs where edges adjacent to an online node must be probed to determine if they exist, based on known edge probabilities. Our algorithms respect commitment, in that if a probed edge exists, it must be used in the matching. We study this matching problem subject to a downward-closed constraint on each online node's allowable edge probes. Our setting generalizes the commonly studied patience (or time-out) constraint which limits the number of probes that can be made to an online node's adjacent edges. We introduce a new LP that we prove is a relaxation of an optimal offline probing algorithm (the adaptive benchmark) and which overcomes the limitations of previous LP relaxations. (1) A tight $\frac{1}{2}$ ratio when the stochastic graph is generated from a known stochastic type graph where the $t^{th}$ online node is drawn independently from a known distribution $\scr{D}_{\pi(t)}$ and $\pi$ is chosen adversarially. We refer to this setting as the known i.d. stochastic matching problem with adversarial arrivals. (2) A $1-1/e$ ratio when the stochastic graph is generated from a known stochastic type graph where the $t^{th}$ online node is drawn independently from a known distribution $\scr{D}_{\pi(t)}$ and $\pi$ is a random permutation. We refer to this setting as the known i.d. stochastic matching problem with random order arrivals. Our results improve upon the previous best competitive ratio of $0.46$ in the known i.i.d. setting against the standard adaptive benchmark. Moreover, we are the first to study the prophet secretary matching problem in the context of probing, where we match the best known classical result.
Representative methods of computational socioeconomics

The increasing availability of data sources and analysis tools borrowed from computer science and physical science have sharply changed traditional methodologies of social sciences, leading to a new branch named computational socioeconomics, which studies various phenomena in socioeconomic development by using quantitative methods based on large-scale real-world data. Sited on recent publications, this perspective will introduce three representative methods: (i) natural data analyses, (ii) large-scale online experiments, and (iii) integration of big data and surveys. This perspective ends up with in-depth discussion on the limitations and challenges of the above-mentioned emerging methods.
Ethics and moral distress expressions in intensive care nursing practice

Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Escola Técnica Sandoval Soares de Azevedo, Ibirité, MG, Brazil. Confl icts of interest: nothing to declare. Abstract Objective: To understand ethics and moral distress expressions in intensive care nursing practice. Methods: This is a qualitative, descriptive, interpretive and analytical research, developed with 12 nurses working on the day shifts in a ICU of a teaching hospital in Minas Gerais. Data were collected through interviews, guided by a semi-structured script and submitted to content analysis. Results: Two thematic categories emerged: Ethics expressions: in uences of values, virtues, relationships, and work organization; Moral distress in the context of ethics expressions. Conclusion: In intensive care nursing practice, ethics is mainly related to the practice of patient advocacy. However, gaps in relationships with the team and in work organization encourage confl ict situations that generate moral distress.
Water governmentalities: The shaping of hydrosocial territories, water transfers and rural–urban subjects in Latin America

With increasing water consumption and pollution in cities and expanding urban areas, impacts on rural areas as water extraction and waste disposal zones are intensifying. To unravel these hydroterritorial dynamics, this paper studies the intersecting and overlapping Foucauldian ‘arts of government’ (‘governmentalities’) deployed to convey water from rural to urban areas in three Latin American cities: Lima (Peru), San Luis Potos ı (Mexico) and Bucaramanga (Colombia). We examine conventional (cemented) water transfers, broadly promoted payment Corresponding author: Lena Hommes, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen,
Comparison of Dental Arch Width and Length Parameters in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and a Control Group: A Pilot Study

Study Objective: Limited data suggest a smaller, narrow maxilla can lead to a decreased oropharyngeal volume (OPV). However, past studies have used two-dimensional lateral cephalometric radiographs. The specific aim of this study is to assess how maxillary arch parameters relate to oropharyngeal volume calculated from three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. An additional aim was to compare these dimensions in a group of African-American patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with a group of healthy control patients. Methods: Sixteen full-head CBCT images in the closed-mouth anatomic position were obtained from adult male African-American patients with a diagnosis of OSA. The OPV was measured by counting corresponding voxels that are digitally isolated from the threedimensional CBCT images after segmentation. Axial plane images of the same volume were used to measure intercanine width, intermolar width, arch length, and arch perimeter. In addition, 16 CBCT images were obtained from the control group of adult male African-American patients matched for age with no prior diagnosis of OSA. Each of the maxillary arch parameters was tested for correlation with oropharyngeal volume and compared between the two groups. Results: Reliability was tested and for all parameters the intraclass correlation coefficient was greater than 0.95 (0.97-1.00). The OSA group was significantly older than control patients (41.3+11.3 and 31.9±6.9 years, respectively). After accounting for multiple comparisons, the minimum cross-sectional area was the only parameter significantly different between groups (P = 0.0014). Minimum cross-sectional area was found to be a good-excellent predictor of OSA (area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.89). A cutoff point of 111 mm was determined for minimum cross-sectional area between groups. Conclusion: The CBCT-based imaging analysis produces reliable measurements for all parameters. The current findings suggest that maxillary arch width and length do not contribute to a smaller oropharyngeal airway. Minimum cross-sectional area is a good-excellent predictor of OSA in African-American adult males.
Meat Reduction in 5 to 8 Years Old Children—A Survey to Investigate the Role of Parental Meat Attachment

It is by now well established that a plant-based and meatless or reduced-meat diet is an important contribution to a sustainability and healthy diet. This work discusses important determinants for parents of implementing a meat reduced diet for their children. A questionnaire was conducted with 90 parents of children aged 5–8 years living in Germany, where they had to choose one out of three options of a dish, namely meaty, reduced meat and no meat, for their child. The results show that the parent’s attachment to meat and the associated attitudes and habits play a crucial role in their meal choice and therefore eating behaviour, including consumed amounts of meat, of their child. Moreover, perceived tastiness, healthiness and balanced serving style, as well as the child’s preferences influences the parent’s decision. The findings of this work provide valuable insights to the food industry and food producers, health professionals and public health, as it highlights the background, as well as some drivers and barriers for parents choosing a dish with less meat for their children.
Visibility Bias in the Transmission of Consumption Norms and Undersaving

We study how bias in the social transmission process affects the spread of time preference norms. In the model, consumption is more salient than non-consumption. This visibility bias causes people to perceive that others are consuming heavily and to infer that a high discount rate is normative. The transmission of norms for high discounting increases consumption and the interest rate. Information asymmetry about the wealth of others dilutes the inference from high observed consumption that the discount rate is high. In consequence, in contrast with the Veblen wealth-signaling approach, information asymmetry about wealth reduces overconsumption.
Promising Intervention Approaches to Potentially Resolve Neuroinflammation And Steroid Hormones Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Neuropsychiatric Symptoms

Neuroinflammation is a biological process by which the central nervous system responds to stimuli/injuries affecting its homeostasis. So far as this reactive response becomes exacerbated and uncontrolled, it can lead to neurodegeneration, compromising the cognitive and neuropsychiatric domains. Parallelly, modifications in the hypothalamic signaling of neuroprotective hormones linked also to the inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes can exacerbate these processes. To complicate the picture, modulations in the gut microbiota (GM) can induce changes in neuroinflammation, altering cognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning. We conducted a web-based search on PubMed. We described studies regarding the cross-talk among microglia and astrocytes in the neuroinflammation processes, along with the role played by the steroid hormones, and how this can reflect on cognitive decline/neurodegeneration, in particular on Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and its neuropsychiatric manifestations. We propose and support the huge literature showing the potentiality of complementary/alternative therapeutic approaches (nutraceuticals) targeting the sustained inflammatory response, the dysregulation of hypothalamic system and the GM composition. NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 are the main molecular targets on which a list of nutraceuticals can modulate the altered processes. Since there are some limitations, we propose a new intervention natural treatment in terms of Oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) therapy that could be potentially used for AD pathology. Through a meta-analytic approach, we found a significant modulation of O3 on inflammation-NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Interleukin IL-17α signalling, reducing mRNA (p<0.00001 Odd Ratio (OR)=-5.25 95% CI:-7.04/-3.46) and protein (p<0.00001 OR=-4.85 95%CI:-6.89/-2.81) levels, as well as on Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Through anti-inflammatory, immune, and steroid hormones modulation and anti-microbial activities, O3 at mild therapeutic concentrations potentiated with nutraceuticals and GM regulators could determine combinatorial effects impacting on cognitive and neurodegenerative domains, neuroinflammation and neuroendocrine signalling, directly or indirectly through the mediation of GM.
Systematic Review of Studies on Telomere Length in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Telomeres are protective cap structures at the end of chromosomes that are essential for maintaining genomic stability. Accelerated telomere shortening is related to premature cellular senescence. Shortened telomere lengths (TL) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various chronic immune-mediated and neurological diseases. We aimed to systematically review the current literature on the association of TL as a measure of biological age and multiple sclerosis (MS). A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify original studies that presented data on TL in samples from persons with MS. Quantitative and qualitative information was extracted from the articles to summarize and compare the studies. A total of 51 articles were screened, and 7 of them were included in this review. In 6 studies, average TL were analyzed in peripheral blood cells, whereas in one study, bone marrow-derived cells were used. Four of the studies reported significantly shorter leukocyte TL in at least one MS subtype in comparison to healthy controls (p=0.003 in meta-analysis). Shorter telomeres in patients with MS were found to be associated, independently of age, with greater disability, lower brain volume, increased relapse rate and more rapid conversion from relapsing to progressive MS. However, it remains unclear how telomere attrition in MS may be linked to oxidative stress, inflammation and age-related disease processes. Despite few studies in this field, there is substantial evidence on the association of TL and MS. Variability in TL appears to reflect heterogeneity in clinical presentation and course. Further investigations in large and well-characterized cohorts are warranted. More detailed studies on TL of individual chromosomes in specific cell types may help to gain new insights into the pathomechanisms of MS.
Disparate Recruitment and Retention of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells to The Small Intestinal Mucosa between Young and Aged Mice

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), a highly specialized class of innate immune cells that serve as rapid sensors of danger signals in circulation or in lymphoid tissue are well studied. However, there remains knowledge gaps about age-dependent changes of pDC function in the intestinal mucosa. Here, we report that under homeostatic conditions, the proportion of pDC expressing C-C chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) in the intestinal intraepithelial cell (iIEC) population is comparable between young (2-4 months) and aged (18-24 months) mice, but the absolute numbers of iIEC and pDC are significantly lower in aged mice. Employing the classic model of acute endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found a decrease in the proportion and absolute number of intraepithelial pDC in both young and aged mice despite the LPS-induced increased expression of the chemokine C-C ligand 25 (CCL25), the ligand of CCR9, in the intestinal mucosa of young mice. In adoptive transfer experiments, a significantly lower number of pDC was retained into the intestinal layer of aged host mice after LPS administration. This was associated with recoverable pDC numbers in the intestinal lumen. Furthermore, co-adoptive transfer of young and aged pDC into young hosts also showed significantly lower retention of aged pDC in the epithelial layer compared to the co-transferred young pDC. Collectively, these data show age-associated changes in mucosal CCL25 gene expression and in pDC number. These may underlie the reported inadequate responses to gastrointestinal pathogens during chronologic aging.
The effect of bariatric surgery on periodontal health: systematic review and meta-analyses

Introduction We aimed to determine whether periodontal health deteriorates after bariatric surgery (BS). Methods A search was performed in Medline and Embase, for prospective cohort studies with data on change in periodontal parameters after BS. Meta-analysis was performed with available data. Results The results of 4 included studies consistently show significant (p < 0.05) worsening of bleeding on probing (4.21% (95% CI: 0.32, 8.11)), clinical attachment loss (0.16 mm (95% CI: 0.05, 0.27)), periodontal pocket depth (PPD) (0.14 mm (95% CI: 0.06, 0.23)) and percentage of PPD 4–5 mm: 1.72% (95% CI: 0.11, 3.34) 6 months after BS, but no change after 12 months. Conclusions BS may have a transient negative effect on periodontal health.
Correlation Analysis between Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Children with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune-mediated diffuse connective tissue disease characterized by immune inflammation with an unclear aetiology and pathogenesis. This work profiled the intestinal flora and faecal metabolome of patients with SLE using 16S RNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We identified unchanged alpha diversity and partially altered beta diversity of the intestinal flora. Another important finding was the increase in Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriales and the decrease in Ruminococcaceae among SLE patients. For metabolites, amino acids and short-chain fatty acids were enriched when long-chain fatty acids were downregulated in SLE faecal samples. KEGG analysis showed the significance of the protein digestion and absorption pathway, and association analysis revealed the key role of 3-phenylpropanoic acid and Sphingomonas. Sphingomonas were reported to be less abundant in healthy periodontal sites of SLE patients than in those of HCs, indicating transmission of oral species to the gut. This study contributes to the understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE disease from the perspective of intestinal microorganisms, explains the pathogenesis of SLE, and serves as a basis for exploring potential treatments for the disease.