Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Saltation of snow

Saltation of snow, the transport of snow in periodic contact with and directly above the snow surface, is governed by the atmospheric shear forces applied to the erodible snow surface, the nonerodible surface, and the moving snow particles. Empirical data measured over a snow-covered plain suggest functions for parameters important to the apportionment of atmospheric shear forces; the aerodynamic roughness height during saltation, the mean horizontal velocity of saltating particles, and the efficiency of the saltation process. The resulting mass transport expression shows an approximately linear increase in snow saltation transport rate with friction velocity, in agreement with the measurements presented. The expression is sensitive to the cohesion of the snow surface, as indexed by the threshold wind speed, that wind speed at which transport ceases; for wind speeds well above the threshold condition, higher threshold wind speeds correspond to higher transport rates. An adaptation of the expression allows calculation of the mass concentration of saltating snow from measured data and the transport rate of saltating snow from the mean wind speed at 10 m height. Application of the transport rate expression using measured wind speeds, directions, and weather observations demonstrates that the directional component of annual saltating snow transport does not always correspond with wind direction frequency.
An experimental investigation into the mechanical behaviour of a structured stiff clay

In recent years, fundamental research has been carried out into the properties of some natural stiff clays and the corresponding reconstituted materials, highlighting the role of microstructural features in the observed differences. In this paper the results of an experimental investigation into the mechanical behaviour of an Italian stiff clay of marine origin are presented. Medium-pressure and high-pressure stress-controlled triaxial cells were used in which natural samples underwent isotropic and anisotropic compression and swelling before drained or undrained shearing. Comparison of soil behaviour observed after different compression histories up to different values of maximum effective stress allowed the following aspects to be discussed: the effects of the initially structured state on the medium to large strain response and shear strength characteristics of the soil; the relevance of volumetric and deviatoric plastic strain to the structure degradation; the role and implications of the imposed non-.
NDVI‐indicated long‐term vegetation dynamics in Mongolia and their response to climate change at biome scale

Based on the vegetation map of Mongolia, Global Inventory Monitoring and Modelling Studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (1982–2006), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) NDVI (2000–2010), and temperature and precipitation data derived from 60 meteorological stations, this study has thoroughly examined vegetation dynamics in Mongolia and their responses to regional climate change at biome scale. To ensure continuity and consistency between the two NDVI datasets, the MODIS NDVI was first calibrated to the GIMMS NDVI based on the overlapping period of 2000–2006. Good calibration results with R2 values of 0.86–0.98 between the two NDVI datasets were obtained and can detect subtle trends in the long‐term vegetation dynamics of Mongolia. The results indicated that for various biomes, although NDVI changes during 1982–2010 showed great variation, vegetation greening for all biomes in Mongolia seem to have stalled or even decreased since 1991–1994, particularly for meadow steppe (0.0015 year−1), typical steppe (−0.0010 year−1), and desert steppe (−0.0008 year−1), which is an apparent turning point (TP) of the vegetation growth trend in Mongolia. A pronounced drying trend (from −4.399 mm year−1 in meadow steppe since 1990 to −2.445 mm year−1 in alpine steppe since 1993) occurred between 1990 and 1994, and persistently warming temperatures (0.015 °C year−1 in alpine steppe to 0.070 °C year−1 in forest and meadow steppe) until recently have likely played a major role in this NDVI trend reversal. However, the NDVI TP varied by biome, month, and climate and was not coupled exactly with climatic variables. The impact on climate of both same‐time and lagged‐time temperature and precipitation effects also varied strongly across biomes and months. On the whole, climate‐related vegetation decline and associated potential desertification trends will likely be among the major sources of ecological pressure for each biome in Mongolia, which could intensify environmental problems like sandstorms in other East Asian regions.
Analysis of water flow under trickle irrigation. I. Theory and numerical solution

Etimating the size of the ponded surface area is a major source of error in modeling water movement under trickle irrigation. After reviewing available approaches and models for simulating water flow under trickle irrigation, we present a new numerical solution of the governing partial differential equations that improves the prediction of the size of the ponded area at the soil surface. A common formulation could be used for both Cartesian and axicylindrical flow geometries (…)
Lower crustal rejuvenation and growth during post-thickening collapse: Insights from a crustal cross section through a Variscan metamorphic core complex

The Variscan lower crust of Europe acquired its main features (seismic layering, intrusion of mantle-derived magmas, granulite-grade metamorphism) when the upper crust underwent post-thickening extension through gravitational collapse. We suggest that post-thickening collapse is a geodynamic process that contributes to the growth and differentiation of continental lithosphere in collapsed mountain belts.
Algunas características físicas y químicas del fruto de cuatro especies de passiflora

Physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of four Passiflora species Seventy hundred sixty fruits of Passijlora cincinata Mast, P. edulis f. flavicarpa Deg. , P. giberti and P. foetida were harvested in February and March 2002 to determine their physical and chemical characteristics. The acceptance of P. giberti was evaluated as well. It was found great fresh fruit mass variation among alI species. The largest fresh mass corresponded to P. edulis, continuing in decreasing order by the fruits of P. cincinata, P. giberti and P. foetida. Ihe peel, seed and juice percentages varied in smaller intensity that the fresh fruit mass. The highest yield in juice corresponded to P. edulis and P. giberti, followed by P. cincinata and P. foetida. The highest content of total soluble solids and a lower acidity was found in the juice of the fruits of P. giberti and P. foetida, being both attractive for fresh consumption. The smallest contents of total soluble solids and the highest total acidity were found in the P. edulis and P. cincinata fruits; these characteristics are indicative of their aptitude for processing consumption. The acceptance of the P. giberti fruit for fresh consumption was moderate.
Self‐Boring Pressuremeter Tests In Soft Clay

The basic objective of a self-boring pressuremeter (SBPM) test is to insert a cylindrical probe into the ground with a minimum of disturbance and expand the membrane covering the probe so as to load the soil to failure. The test data from the expansion phase allows the determination of lateral earth pressure, shear strength, stress-strain behavior, and, in some cases, coefficient of consolidation. In spite of its considerable potential, as more investigators have utilized the SBPM, inconsistencies have been reported in the test results. To help resolve some of the uncertainties, 32 SBPM tests were conducted in soft San Francisco Bay mud wherein key parameters were varied one at a time to isolate their influence. The parameters considered included: expansion rate, cutter position, cutting rate, and cutting shoe dimension. Furthermore, a micro-computer data acquisition system and loading technique were developed that allowed the test to be carried out automatically while recording a high density of data. The results of this study indicate that disturbance is the factor that has the greatest influence on the interpreted results from the SBPM test.
Safe Navigation of a Wall-Climbing Robot - Risk Assessment and Control Methods

Safe navigation on vertical concrete structures is still a great challenge for mobile climbing robots. Although there is a large field of application for such systems (e. g. inspection tasks, maintenance or construction) there are still no commercial robots available. The main problem is to find the optimum of applicability and safety. Applicability comes with demands for fast navigation speed, high maneuverability, easy handling by the user and high payload in terms of inspection sensors or tools for maintenance. In contrast to that, safety requires a more defensive system behavior to ensure the adhesion even under worst conditions to avoid injuries of the technical staff or damages at the system. This thesis addresses the problem of safe navigation in the range of wall-climbing robots using negative pressure adhesion in combination with a drive system. Although such systems need to be equipped with low-level control elements for balancing the adhesion force, these closed-loop controllers are not sufficient to avoid a drop-off in certain situations. Therefore, additional measures are needed to improve the system’s safety. First of all, the different hazards affecting the robot have to be examined. Especially robot tilt and robot slip need to be handled since they are the most dangerous incidents. Based on a fault tree analysis several points of action are identified to increase the robot’s safety. The existing control components of a prototypic climbing robot are extended by additional safety measures to enhance locomotion, to ensure adhesion and to reduce risks. An advanced motion control system has been developed combining several innovative methods in the range of climbing robots such as a traction control system or a closed-loop control to minimize shear forces. These measures significantly improve robot safety during locomotion. The basis of safe adhesion lies in the control elements of the negative pressure system. In contrast to known climbing robots a novel behavior-based network has been developed combining closed-loop control behaviors and deliberative components. After all, the structure and meta values of this adhesion control network are used to analyze the current state of the system. An evaluation function, which is optimized via a genetic algorithm based on training examples, allows an online prediction of upcoming risks leading to a drop-off. These risks can be caused by small surface irregularities and rough patches of the concrete ground and can neither be described sufficiently nor detected beforehand since there exists no suitable sensor system for this special application. Finally, corresponding counteractive measures are applied to prevent the robot from a drop-off. The functionality of the developed approaches and the benefit for safety is proven in real-world experiments as well as in a simulated environment. It is shown that the prototypic robot is able to detect and avoid risky patches and obstacles and that navigation safety could be improved tremendously.
River flow forecasting using wavelet and cross‐wavelet transform models

In this study, short‐term river flood forecasting models based on wavelet and cross‐wavelet constituent components were developed and evaluated for forecasting daily stream flows with lead times equal to 1, 3, and 7 days. These wavelet and cross‐wavelet models were compared with artificial neural network models and simple perseverance models. This was done using data from the Skrwa Prawa River watershed in Poland. Numerical analysis was performed on daily maximum stream flow data from the Parzen station and on meteorological data from the Plock weather station in Poland. Data from 1951 to 1979 was used to train the models while data from 1980 to 1983 was used to test the models. The study showed that forecasting models based on wavelet and cross‐wavelet constituent components can be used with great accuracy as a stand‐alone forecasting method for 1 and 3 days lead time river flood forecasting, assuming that there are no significant trends in the amplitude for the same Julian day year‐to‐year, and that there is a relatively stable phase shift between the flow and meteorological time series. It was also shown that forecasting models based on wavelet and cross‐wavelet constituent components for forecasting river floods are not accurate for longer lead time forecasting such as 7 days, with the artificial neural network models providing more accurate results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the local‐scale uncertainty of estimated actual evapotranspiration

In this study, we quantified the local‐scale uncertainty of the actual evapotranspiration estimated from a water balance approach combining two soil‐water‐content measurement techniques (time‐domain reflectometry and neutron probe sounding). The local‐scale uncertainty was quantified for 28 sampling points located within a small maize cropped field. This was done by determining progressively the expected value and uncertainty on soil‐water content, soil‐water storage, soil‐water storage variation and on bottom flux. This latter term was quantified using two different hydraulic conductivity curves (HCC), derived from a pedotransfer function (PTF) and from field measurements. Results show that uncertainty on a soil water storage estimate for the considered experimental measurements in terms of standard deviation range between 9·72 and 10·37 mm. This uncertainty is related mainly to the calibration of the soil‐water content measurement instruments. For a soil‐water storage variation estimate, the uncertainty is smaller, with values ranging between 3·48 and 5·42 mm. In this case, the main component of the total variance is the instrumental variance and the variance resulting from the technique used to integrate soil‐water‐content measurements. The expected values and uncertainties for the bottom fluxes were significantly different for the two different HCC characterization techniques in some places in the field. For estimated ET fluxes with in situ estimated HCC results show that the uncertainty ranges in terms of standard deviation between 3·82 and 5·97 mm. It should be stressed that these values can be considered as very low and that a better precision is probably very difficult to obtain as all sensitive factors contributing to the ET variance have been determined in a consistent and optimal way. Finally, it is shown that the uncertainties in estimated HCC with PTFs may result in large uncertainties in estimated ET, questioning thereby the use of PTFs in characterizing the field water balance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeled Summer Background Concentration of Nutrients and Suspended Sediment in the Mid‐Continent (USA) Great Rivers 1

Angradi, Ted R. , David W. Bolgrien, Matt A. Starry, and Brian H. Hill, 2012. Modeled Summer Background Concentration of Nutrients and Suspended Sediment in the Mid‐Continent (USA) Great Rivers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1054‐1070. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012. 00669.x
Electrical properties of porphyry mineralisation at the Cadia Ridgeway gold-copper deposit, NSW - implications for exploration

The Cadia Ridgeway Au-Cu deposit is a deep (> 500 m) gold-rich porphyry copper system located in central NSW. A chargeability anomaly, recognised within a prospective NW-SE mineralised corridor motivated the drilling program which led to the discovery of the deposit. In-situ and laboratory electrical tests were conducted to characterise the petrophysical properties of the deposit and host sequences. The ore is both chargeable and relatively conductive, although not sufficiently conductive for EM methods. Significant scale variation of apparent resistivity was observed with in-situ measurements using electrode spacing of one metre or more up to two orders of magnitude lower than values determined from laboratory measurements. Forward modelling of measured induced polarisation and apparent resistivity data was conducted using petrophysical properties determined primarily from in-situ testing. The chargeability anomaly identified over the Ridgeway ore body is due largely to disontinuous halos of pyrite alteration above the economic mineralisation, but a highly chargeable source component associated with the economic mineralisation at Ridgeway is also inferred. The contrast in conductivity between ore and host rocks suggests that Ridgeway-style mineralisation may represent a target for magnetometric resistivity (MMR) surveying. Three-dimensional numerical modelling of the expected MMR response indicates that the Ridgeway deposit would be detectable by both surface and down hole MMR surveys.
Modeling hydraulic redistribution and ecosystem response to droughts over the Amazon basin using Community Land Model 4.0 (CLM4)

Hydraulic redistribution is the process of soil water transport through the low‐resistance pathway provided by plant roots. It has been observed in field studies and proposed to be one of the processes that enable the Amazon rainforest to resist periodical dry spells without experiencing water limitations. How and to what extent hydraulic redistribution may increase vegetation resistance to longer or more severe droughts than seasonal dryness have not been investigated yet, which is the focus of this study. The artificially prolonged drought produced by the rainfall exclusion experiment is used as an example of long drought, and the 2005 drought is used as a severe drought. The parameterization of hydraulic redistribution proposed by Ryel et al. (2002) was incorporated into the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4). Three paired numerical experiments were conducted, one set using the default model (CTL) and the other using the model with considerations of hydraulic redistribution (HR). Results show that the vegetation response (including evapotranspiration, biomass, and leaf area index (LAI)) to dryness of all the three types is better captured with hydraulic redistribution incorporated. Plants are more resistant to dryness when hydraulic redistribution increases plant water availability and thus facilitates their growth. When a drought is long lasting, the vegetation response is delayed by hydraulic redistribution. Therefore, if a drought ends earlier than permanent damage is made, the magnitude of vegetation response will be lowered by this mechanism, i.e., the vegetation will be more resistant to dryness.
Response of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean to the 1983–1984 wind from the Programme Français Océan et Climat Dans l'Atlantique equatorial cruise data set

Variations of the zonal pressure gradient (ZPG) and the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) are described in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (between 34° 30′W and 6°30′E) as observed during eight pairs of Programme Francais Ocean et Climate dans l'Atlantique Equatorial cruises between October 1982 and August 1984. In 1982 and 1983 the annual cycle of weak trades early in the year, followed by comparatively strong and sustained trades, were relatively normal. In the boreal winter of 1984, the extent of the collapse of the trade winds was exceptional, and consequences were observed in the upper layers of the ocean along the equator. The 20°C isotherm depth, representative of the thermocline depth, was unusually deep along the equator in the Gulf of Guinea. A near-zero value of the ZPG was observed from the Greenwich meridian westward. An eastward surface current, separated from the EUC by a layer of reduced velocity, was observed over much the same fetch. West of 10°W the maximum velocity of the EUC showed very little seasonal variation, usually between 70 and 80 cm s−1, except in the boreal fall of 1983 when it exceeded 100 cm s−1. During this period (in both 1983 and 1984) the EUC transport at 23°W reached 25 × 106 m3 s−1, or twice its annual average, which derived not only from the increase in speed but also for a deepening of the current to below 100 m. It was also the season when the ZPG was strongest and has a similar amplitude at both the surface and 50 dbar relative to 500 dbar. The seasonal variations of the EUC in the Gulf of Guinea were even more pronounced. During the boreal summer and fall, the current weakened, while the local ZPG reversed direction compared to the west. The stronger penetration of the EUC into the gulf occurred in the alternate seasons when there was no local reversal in the eastward acting ZPG force. The large changes in the oceanic and atmospheric circulation during the 1983–1984 period are hypothesized to be related to the suppression of the coastal period are hypothesized to be related to the suppression of the coastal Benguela upwelling along the Namibia coast. This Atlantic equivalent to El Nino occurred 1 year after the exceptionally strong event in the Pacific.
Thermobarometry of phengite‐bearing eclogites in the Dabie Mountains of central China

Pressure–temperature conditions for formation of the peak metamorphic mineral assemblages in phengite‐bearing eclogites from Dabieshan have been assessed through a consideration of Fe2+–Mg2+ partitioning between garnet–omphacite and garnet–phengite pairs and of the reaction equilibrium celadonite+pyrope+grossular=muscovite+diopside, which incorporates an evaluation of the extent of the strongly pressure‐dependent inverse Tschermak's molecule substitution in the phengites. For the latter equilibrium, the calibration and recommended activity–composition models indicated by Waters & Martin (1993 ) have been employed and importantly yield results consistent with petrographic evidence for the stability at peak conditions of coesite in certain samples and quartz in others.
Differences in treatment patterns among patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer treated by oncologists versus urologists in a Us managed care population

Objective: Differences in treatment patterns, health care resource utilization, and costs between patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treated by oncologists and those treated by urologists were examined. Methods: Patients aged $ 40 with CRPC were identified using claims from a large US managed health care plan between July 2001 and December 2007. A 6-month baseline period was used to assess patient characteristics. Patients with visits to an urologist, without visits to an oncologist, were assigned to the urology cohort, and patients with visits to an oncologist, with or without visits to an urologist, were assigned to the oncology cohort. Treatment patterns, health care resource utilization, and costs during a variable follow-up period were compared between cohorts using descriptive statistics and Lin’s regression. Results: The urology cohort had fewer comorbid illnesses ( P , 0.001) and patients were less likely to have other cancers during baseline ( P , 0.001) or to die during follow-up ( P = 0.004) compared with the oncology cohort. The oncology cohort patients were significantly more likely to have a claim for hormones (74.5% vs 61.1%; P , 0.001), chemotherapy (46.9% vs 10.2%, P , 0.001), and radiation (22.3% vs 3.7%, P , 0.0001) over follow-up. Mean unadjusted health care costs were higher in the oncology vs the urology cohort (US$31,896 vs US$15,318, respectively; P , 0.001). At 6 years follow-up, cumulative adjusted CRPC-specific costs were significantly higher among patients treated by oncologists with chemotherapy than among patients treated by urologists. Conclusion: CRPC patients treated by oncologists had greater use of hormones, chemotherapy, and radiation; higher percentages of patients with inpatient stays, emergency room, and ambulatory visits; and higher health care costs, than patients treated by urologists.