Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emamectin benzoate induces molting in American lobster, Homarus americanus

Emamectin benzoate (nominal dose 1 μg·g body weight1) caused female American lobster (Homarus americanus) to enter proecdysis and molt prematurely (44% vs. 0% of the control lobster, P < 0.001). Lobster bearing eggs when proecdysis was induced aborted their broods. This chemical is the active ingredient in a new feed additive being used to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus spp.) infestations on farmed salmon (predominantly Salmo salar). The response of the American lobster to emamectin benzoate was unexpected, as avermectins inhibit or delay ecdysis in insects. We hypothesize that emamectin benzoate is interfering with the neuropeptides that modulate the production of molting hormone in lobster and that the diametric response of insects and lobster to this chemical is due to the difference in the neuroendocrine control of the molting glands of these two groups of arthropods (inhibitory in crustaceans, but stimulatory in insects). This is the first report of a crustacean molting premat.
A Xanthophyll Characteristic of Deep-Water Green Algae Lacking Siphonaxanthin

Some green algae growing in deep waters or shaded sites lack siphonaxanthin despite the expectation that they contain this xanthophyll, which is an efficient photosynthetic pigment collecting the green light prevailing in deep waters and shaded sites. These algae have another xanthophyll, which has been identified äs loroxanthin, the direct precursor of siphonaxanthin. In vivo absorption spectra of those algae indicate that loroxanthin absorbs green light less efficiently than siphonaxanthin.
Laboratory Studies of Honeybee Larval Growth and Development as Affected by Systemic Insecticides at Adult-Sublethal Levels

SummaryThe effects of two systemic insecticides, carbofuran and dimethoate, at concentrations sublethal to adult worker honeybees (<1·25 μg/g food) on larval growth, pupation success and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were investigated in worker larvae reared on royal jelly (RJ) in the laboratory. Larvae initially exposed to either insecticide at 5 μg/g RJ at a late age (e.g. 96 h) gained weight more slowly than control larvae and died relatively early. Insecticide concentrations of 1·25 μg/g rarely disrupted growth of larvae first exposed at 72–96 h of age. Concentrations sublethal to adults sometimes rcduced mature weights of larvae first exposed at an early age (44 h). Rcduced numbers of potentially viable pupae resulted when these larvae were exposed to carbofuran at 1·25 μg/g or dimethoate even at 0·313 μg/g. As activity of AChE in homogenstes of untreated larvae was highly variable, AChE activity does not appear to be as reliable a criterion for detecting insecticide poisoning of larvae as red.
Genetic Structure of Native and Restored Populations of American Beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata Fern.) along the New Jersey Coast

ABSTRACT Slaymaker, D.H. ; Peek, M.S.; Wresilo, J.; Zeltner, D.C., and Saleh, Y.F. , 2015. Genetic structure of native and restored populations of American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata Fern.) along the New Jersey coast. Ammophila breviligulata Fern. (American beachgrass) is planted extensively along the Atlantic coast of North America and in the Great Lakes region to stabilize damaged and constructed coastal dunes. Most A. breviligulata restorations are planted with a single cultivar for rapid dune stabilization. Restoration practice, however, is increasingly focused on maintaining native genetic diversity and restoring ecological services and function. We used intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to characterize the genetic structure of four native and four restored A. breviligulata populations along the coast of New Jersey on the northeastern Atlantic coast of the United States. Native populations had high levels of genotypic diversity for a clonal species, whereas restored populations on constructed dunes had low diversity or were monotypic. Commercial varieties used in dune restoration were not found in native populations. Native foredune populations were composed of many small- to medium-sized clones, while a rear-dune population was dominated by a single large clone. Genetic differentiation was low among native foredune populations. These results, discussed in the context of other clonal and coastal dune species, suggest that sexual recruitment plays an important role in determining the genetic structure of A. breviligulata populations, that gene flow has occurred among populations along the New Jersey coast, and that native New Jersey populations could provide genotypically diverse plant material for local restoration efforts.
Rainbow Smelt Weaning and the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Juvenile Growth

Abstract The rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax is a small anadromous fish that has potential as an aquaculture species because of its value as a premium baitfish. Three studies were conducted to establish a weaning protocol for larval rainbow smelt and to define the temperature and salinity ranges that support growth during their juvenile stages. In the first study, larvae were randomly assigned to one of two five-phase weaning protocols that lasted for 2 or 3 d per phase (designated P2 and P3, respectively) and a control group that was fed Artemia metanauplii throughout the study (n = 3 tanks per treatment). In the second study, weaned juveniles (approximately 67 d posthatch) were cultured in triplicate tanks at 16, 20, and 24°C and 15 g/L salinity. In the third study, weaned juveniles (approximately 180 d posthatch) were cultured in triplicate tanks at 0, 5, and 15 g/L salinity and at 17°C. Survival in the P2 (20.3%) and P3 (28.4%) treatment groups did not differ, but survival in the P2 group was lower than .
Efficient in vitro Chrysanthemum morifolium L.) plantlets from nodal segments

Efficient plant regeneration system has been developed from the nodal segments of chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium L). Nodal segments, after being sterilized with 1.0% mercuric chloride for three minutes, were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with varied concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA), benzylaminopurine (BAP) and their combinations. Different parameters including shoot initiation percentage, average number of shoots per explant, length of shoots (cm), number of leaves per shoot and number of nodes per shoot were studied during the course of study. Intermediate level (0.3 mg/l) of IAA exceeded all the other concentrations of IAA by producing 80.0 % shoot initiation, an average of 4.0 shoots per explants, 5.1 cm long shoots, 11.3 leaves and 5.6 nodes per shoot, when used alone. Similarly, intermediate level of BAP (1.0 mg/l) showed its supremacy over all the other concentrations as it produced 100% shoot initiation, 4.9 shoots per explant, 5.8 cm long shoots, 13.4 leaves and 6.3 nodes per shoot, when used alone. When the combination of different concentrations of IAA and BAP were used, significant results regarding the regeneration of chrysanthemum plantlets were also achieved. MS media supplemented with lower concentrations of IAA (0.1 and 0.2 mg/l) along with intermediate levels of BAP (1.0 and 2.0 mg/l) had a favorable effect on the regeneration of chrysanthemum plantlets using nodal segments of chrysanthemum, as compared to other concentrations and combinations. Satisfactory rooting response was obtained in half strength MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg/l indole butyric acid (IBA), followed by 0.2 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and IAA, respectively. Key words: Chrysanthemum, Dendranthema morifolium, growth regulators, in vitro culture, nodal segments, auxins, rooting.
Environmental Physiology of the Jumbo Squid, Dosidicus gigas (d'Orbigny, 1835) (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae): Implications for Changing Climate *

Abstract: Dosidicus gigas (d'Orbigny, 1835) is a large, active squid that undergoes a diel vertical migration in the Eastern Tropical and Temperate Pacific. It is a voracious predator on zooplankton and micronekton and supports a large fishery. It is further preyed upon by large vertebrate predators, including whales. Its horizontal distribution is closely tied to productive upwelling regions that are characterized by strong oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). The apparent association with extreme hypoxia is surprising given its large size and high oxygen demand. As part of its daily vertical migration, D. gigas experiences daily temperature changes of 15–20°C, oxygen partial pressures ranging from near anoxia (< 0.8 kPa) to air-saturation (21 kPa) and pH changes from ∼8.1 to < 7.6 at depth. Oxygen minimum zones are believed to be expanding due to climate change, with minimum oxygen levels in the core of the OMZ declining and the low oxygen horizon shoaling. Simultaneously, surface waters are becoming more acidic and temperatures are rising. Here I review the extensive studies of this species that have been conducted over the past decade. D. gigas has a high affinity respiratory protein in the blood that supports a low critical oxygen partial pressure (3.8 kPa at 20 °C) and aerobic survival at night in the upper 200 meters of the water column. A pronounced pH- and temperature sensitivity of oxygen binding promotes oxygen transport across a depth range and in support of high rates of oxygen utilization but may impose constraints on high-temperature and CO2 tolerance. At its deeper, colder daytime habitat depth, D. gigas undergoes a pronounced metabolic suppression. Reduced activity levels and an apparent suspension of transcription and translation contribute to a ∼80% reduction in oxygen demand under 1% oxygen (0.8 kPa at 10 °C). Anaerobic metabolic pathways contribute some energy under these conditions. This metabolic suppression likely limits feeding at depth. Sub-critical oxygen levels, rather than temperature, predator avoidance or prey availability, appear to set the daytime depth distribution. Thus, expanding oxygen minimum zones will alter the daytime depth of peak abundance for these squids while ocean acidification and warming may impose a shallow ceiling above which squid performance is limited. The role of climate change in setting the vertical and horizontal distribution of the species is discussed.
Large eggs and ploidy of green frog populations in Central Europe

Green frogs of Central Europe consist of three taxa: Pelophylax ridibundus, P. lessonae and their natural hybridogenetic hybrid, P. esculentus, which forms as a rule mixed populations with its parental species. We examined 659 095 eggs from P. ridibundus (48 females), P. lessonae (133 females) and P. esculentus (170 females) originating from 39 populations in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Poland. Some females of each taxon laid eggs that fell into discrete size classes (small, medium and large). Large eggs were mostly diploid gametes from which triploids developed. They were found in P. esculentus (25 233 large eggs in 152 spawns), P. lessonae (81 in 10 spawns) andP. ridibundus (7 in 3 spawns). The main purpose of the paper was to demonstrate that the numbers of large eggs were clearly associated with triploid P. esculentus frogs. In pure hybrid (esculentus) populations large eggs comprised between 2.44-40.96% of all ova, while triploid adult frogs constituted between 13.9-73.2% of all individuals, in mixed ridibundus-esculentus populations the large eggs and triploid frogs ranged between 0.85-36.6% and 9.2-56.2%, respectively. However, in mixed lessonae-esculentus populations large eggs comprised only 1.74% of the spawns, whereas triploid frogs represented 2.1% of the adults in the population.
Can rehabilitation in boreal forests help recovery from exhaustion disorder? The randomised clinical trial ForRest

Modern society is faced with increasing incidence of mental and behavioural disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether visits to boreal forests can be utilised for rehabilitation from exhaustion disorder (ED). This randomised controlled trial comprised of a forest rehabilitation group (n = 35) and a waiting list group (control group) (n = 43) with subsequent cognitive behavioural rehabilitation (CBR) for all participants in both groups. The recovery from ED was compared between the forest rehabilitation and the control group at baseline, after the forest rehabilitation (3 months), and at the end of the CBR (1 year). Both groups had enhanced recovery from ED after the 3-month intervention period and at the end of the CBR (1 year), and there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of psychological health measures. Mental state, attention capacity and preferences for different forest environments were studied during the forest visits. Mental state was improved, but it showed some seasonal differences. A significant effect on attention capacity was found for single forest visits, but there was no effect found for the rehabilitation period as a whole. The most popular forest environments contained easily accessible, open and bright settings with visible water and/or shelter. Forest rehabilitation did not enhance the recovery from ED compared to the control group, but the participants’ well-being was improved after single forest visits.
Susceptibility of five species of fish to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Five species of fingerling fish, channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, tilapia, Sarotherodon aureus, golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides and bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis, were tested to determine their susceptibility to the bacterium, Edwardsiella ictaluri, at 26°C, Channel catfish demonstrated high susceptibility to E. ictaluri as 100% of those fish injected with 1.5 × 103 cells died within 10 days. Tilapia demonstrated slight susceptibility to the pathogen while golden shiner, bighead carp and largemouth bass were not susceptible. E. ictaluri was isolated from a higher percentage of peritoneal cavities, livers and kidneys of channel catfish than of other species. Sequential growth of E. ictaluri in the liver of channel catfish is described.
Modification of photosystem II photochemistry in nitrogen deficient maize and wheat plants

Summary Modification of PSII photochemistry in nitrogen deficient maize and wheat plants was investigated. Fluorescence quenching analyses showed that nitrogen deficiency induced decreases in the quantum yield of PSII electron transport, the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers, and the photochemical quenching, but an increase in the non-photochemical quenching. The analyses of the polyphasic rise of fluorescence transients demonstrated that nitrogen deficiency decreased the efficiency with which a trapped exciton can move an electron into the electron transport chain further than QA and the quantum yield of electron transport beyond QA, while it increased the absorption and trapping fluxes per PSII reaction center. Nitrogen deficiency also resulted in a decrease in the absorption, trapping and electron transport fluxes per leaf cross section as well as a decrease in the concentration of active PSII reaction centers. The comparisons between fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and growth rates suggest that fluorescence quenching analysis and the JIP test derived from the polyphasic rise of fluorescence transient can be a useful tool for assessing the physiological effects of N deficiency on plants.
Microflora and Chemical Assessment of an Indonesian Traditional Fermented Fish Sauce "Bakasang"

インドネシアの北セレベス地方で造られている、伝統的魚醤の微生物相と化学的性質について検討した。 好気性菌、嫌気性菌、乳酸菌、大腸菌群、胞子形成菌、ブドウ球菌についてそれぞれの菌数を調べた。 そして、分離菌株についで同定を行った。 その結果、大腸菌群は何れの試料からも見い出せなかった。 しかし、ブドウ球菌は全ての試料から多く見い出された。 その菌数は4. 70～5.69(log cfu/ml)であった。 また、主として、Staphylococcus 属及び Lactobacillus 属の細菌が存在していた。 一般に伝統的な方法で造られたバカサンのpHは低く、グルタミン酸、フェニールアラニン、イソロイシンなどのアミノ酸が多く存在していた。
PARENTING STYLES AND ACADEMIC SUCCESS

The present study aims to probe into various parenting styles that aid academic success. It was carried out by survey method. The population for the investigation is the students studying in Hyderabad District, Telangana State. India. The investigator selected one hundred students (five each from twenty schools) from Class X in Government funded Institutions by the simple random sampling technique. The tool containing ten statements each for parenting styles as well as academic success was served to the sample. For analyzing the data percentile analysis was used as the statistical techniques in the SPSS package. It was found that uninvolved parenting style followed by permissive was the dominant parenting style. Moreover, parenting style has its manifold impacts on child outcome indirectly. Interestingly, parent involvement in a child's education is consistently found to be positively associated with a child's academic success. It has drawn implication for teachers, students as well as parents with directions for future research.
Carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum grown in chemostat culture on glycerol and on glucose.

The metabolism of Clostridium butyricum DSM 5431 was studied in chemostat culture under carbon limitation using either glucose or glycerol. On glycerol, the enzymes glycerol dehydrogenase, diol dehydratase and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) dehydrogenase constitute the branch point that partitions the carbon flux between the competing pathways, i.e. formation of either 1,3-PD or acetate and butyrate. The increasing levels of these enzyme activities with increasing dilution rates (D) explained the constant proportion of glycerol conversion into 1,3-PD. The production of acetate or butyrate constitutes another important branch point and when D increased (i) large amounts of intracellular acetyl-CoA accumulated, (ii) the carbon flux switched from butyric acid to acetic acid, (iii) the specific activity of thiolase was not affected, suggesting this enzyme may be the bottleneck for carbon flux to butyrate biosynthesis providing an explanation for the accumulation of large amounts of intracellular acetyl-CoA, and (iv) high levels of NADH were found in the cell. Oxidation of NADH by 1,3-PD dehydrogenase was linked to the production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) by glycerol dehydratase. The fact that high intracellular concentrations of NADH were found means that diol dehydratase activity is the rate-limiting step in 1,3-PD formation, avoiding the accumulation of 3-HPA which is a very toxic compound. The specific rate of glucose catabolism (q glucose = 11.1 mmol h-1 g-1) was around four times lower than the specific rate of glycerol catabolism (q glucose = 57.4 mmol h-1 g-1). On glucose-grown cells, reducing equivalents which are released in the glycolytic pathway were reoxidized by the butyric pathway and the low specific formation rate of butyric acid led to an increase in the intracellular level of acetyl-CoA and NADH. Carbon flow was higher on glycerol due to the reoxidation of NADH by both butyric and PD pathways.
Population structure of the invasive bivalve Isognomon bicolor on rocky shores of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil)

The aim of this study was to compare the population structure of the invasive bivalve Isognomon bicolor in three different areas on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State and to verify its temporal variation. All the areas presented high densities, reaching more than 1000 live individuals per 100 cm2. The number of dead individuals and recruits was higher in Ilha do Brandão (Angra dos Reis) than in the other areas. The individuals sampled at Praia Vermelha (Rio de Janeiro) presented the highest maximum and mean sizes, compared to those found at Ilha do Brandão. In this area, vermetid molluscs are dominant and build a complex reef structure where only a few individuals of I. bicolor can really grow.
Cannibalism in prehistoric Europe

The key argument for the identification of prehistoric cannibalism is provided by analysis of close similarities in the treatment of human and animal remains. Such analysis requires precise data on depositional context, meticulous excavation records, detailed bone modification studies, a relatively large sample of human and animal postcranial bones, and data on local mortuary practices. With the exception of Fontbrégoua Cave, these necessary conditions are lacking at all Stone Age European sites where it has been hypothesized that cannibalism occurred. The alternative hypothesis of secondary burial practices has been proposed informally for some sites and, in a more formal and detailed way, for Krapina and Fontbrégoua. However, this hypothesis does not have a higher probability, is not justified by current data, and uses ethnographic analogies to prop up interpretations of materials for which contextual data are missing or have been neglected. At Fontbrégoua, cannibalism remains the simplest and most plausible explanation of the evidence; at Krapina and other sites the available evidence is insufficient to prove either secondary burial or cannibalism.
Effect of Salt Stress on the Salicylic Acid Synthesis in Young Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants

The effect of salt stress on salicylic acid (SA) synthesis was investigated parallel with the induction of antioxidant enzymes in young maize plants. Two-week-old maize plants grown in hydroponic solution were treated with 50 or 100 mM NaCl for 7 days. Antioxidant enzyme activities, and the SA and o-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (oHCA) levels were measured on the 3rd and 7th day of treatment and after 4 days of recovery. Ascorbate peroxidase activity increased in the leaves, but changes in guaiacol peroxidase activity only could be detected in the roots after 7 days. Glutathione reductase activity increased both in the leaves and in the roots after the 3rd day of 100 mM NaCl treatment. Free SA only increased during recovery in the leaves and roots. In the leaves of plants treated with 100 mM NaCl, a slight increase was observed in the free oHCA level, which rose dramatically after recovery, while in the roots an increase could only be seen after recovery. These results suggest that oHCA may serve not only as a precursor of SA but may also have an antioxidant role during salt stress and recovery.
Contributing Factors to Student Success in Anatomy & Physiology: Lower Outside Workload & Better Preparation

Physiology are requirements of virtually all undergraduate programs in the health sciences including those in nursing. There is ample evidence that success in these courses correlates both with success later in the program (Henderson & Orr, 1989; Neuman, 1991) and with passing state licensure examinations (Bello et al., 1977; Dean & Fisher, 1992). However, little is known about the factors that correlate with success and failure of students in undergraduate Anatomy & Physiology.