Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding the effects of forest management on avian species.

We reiterate the general problems of small scale and lack of rigorous experimental design that reduce the ability of wildlife studies to offer concrete recommendations for forest management. We emphasize the need to increase our understanding of mechanisms during the translation of forest structure, composition, and function into avian population abundance, distribution, and viability. Mechanistic understanding increases the manager's likelihood of correctly predicting prescription outcomes and gives him increased flexibility to balance competing demands of resource production and wildlife conservation. Until detailed mechanistic relationships are determined, we will have to manage forests with incomplete knowledge. Managers and researchers should embrace these uncertainties and form partnerships to adaptively manage forests. This relationship will likely increase the scale and relevance of research but may carry costs of reduced statistical rigor (poor replication, low power) and suboptimal short-term management. The costs of large-scale research and management are great, but partitioning large projects into small, connected ones, forming funding and research cooperatives, and developing new funding sources will help offset the costs. Researchers and managers should clearly articulate priorities. We urge scientific societies to cooperate to develop conservation priorities, encourage data collection to support prioritization, and assess progress toward meeting conservation goals. The Wildlife Society is in a unique position to take the lead in such an effort and objectively guide wildlife conservation's future direction.
Effects of Size‐Selective Predation and Food Competition on High Altitude Zooplankton Communities

Two distinct communities exist in a series of small subalpine ponds on Galena Mountain, Colorado, at 3,400 m. In the deep ponds, two predators, the culicid larva Chaoborus and the axolotl Ambystoma tigrinum, coexist with two small herbivores, the copepod Diaptomus coloradensis and the cladoceran Daphnia rosea. In the shallow ponds the predatory salamander (Ambystoma tigirinum) coexists with three large herbivores, Daphnia pulex, Diaptomus shoshone (which may be predatory as an adult), and the fairy shrimp, Branchinecta shantzi, as well as the small Diaptomus coloradensis. Despite the proximity of deep and shallow ponds, each community has remained resistant to invasion from the other for at least 5 years. To determine why, I recorded the survival of organisms placed in cages in foreign ponds alone and in combination with the native species. Results revealed that chemical or physical conditions were limiting only for Daphnia pulex, which did not survive well in deep ponds. The large Diaptomus shoshone and .
Nonlinear climate change and Andean feedbacks: an imminent turning point?

A 370 000‐year paleoecological record from Lake Titicaca provides a detailed record of past climate change in which interglacial periods are seen to have some elements of commonality, but also some key differences. We advance a conceptual feedback model to account for the observed changes that includes previously ignored lake effects. Today Lake Titicaca serves to warm the local environment by about 4–5 °C and also to increase rainfall. We observe that as water levels in the lake are drawn down due to warm, dry, interglacial conditions, there is a possible regional cooling as the lake effect on local microclimates diminishes. Positive feedback mechanisms promote drying until much of the lake basin is reduced to salt marsh. Consequently, the usual concept of upslope migration of species with warming would not be applicable in the Altiplano. If, as projected, the next century brings warmer and drier conditions than those of today, a tipping point appears to exist within ca. 1–2 °C of current temperatures, where the relatively benign agricultural conditions of the northern Altiplano would be replaced by inhospitable arid climates. Such a change would have profound implications for the citizens of the Bolivian capital, La Paz.
Canine hepatozoonosis in a 4 month old intact male german shepherd dog in Ibadan, South West Nigeria: A case report

Hepatozoonosis is caused by an apicomplexan haemoparasites of the genus Hepatozoon, which are closely related to Plasmodium spp. and piroplasms. A four month old intact male German shepherd dog was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ibadan, South west Nigeria with history of anorexia for a week and lethargy. All the necessary deworming and vaccination were up to date. Blood sample was collected for haematology and serum biochemistry as well as ticks from the body for identification. Hepatozoon canis gamonts were detected in peripheral blood smears of the dog stained with Giemsa. The tick was identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Hematology revealed moderate anaemia, leucocytosis characterized by moderate neutrophilia without left shift and a moderate lymphocytosis. Serum biochemistry showed hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and mild hyponatremia. The dog was successfully managed and recovery was completed by 4th week post treatment. The client was educated on the prevention of tick borne infections by periodic fumigation of the environment as well as regular acaricide tick bath and grooming of dog.
Inhibition of Deubiquitinase Activity and Ubiquitination of Jak2 Blocks Cytokine Signaling and Induces Tumor Cell Apoptosis

V TABLE OF CONTENT VI ILLUSTRATIONS AND FIGURES VIII A. INTRODUCTION 1 A1. SUB-SECTION: JAK-STAT SIGNALING 1 (A1-1) Structure of Jak family proteins 1 (A1-2) Jak-Stat Signal Transduction 4 (A1-3) Negative-Regulation of the Jak-Stat Pathway 6 (A1-4) Deregulation of the Jak-Stat pathway in Cancer 9 (A1-5) Small molecule inhibitors of Jak2-Stat3 Signaling 11 A2. SUB-SECTION: PROTEIN-UBIQUITINATION PATHWAY 14 (A2-1) Protein Ubiquitination System 14 (A2-2) Types of Protein Ubiquitination 16 (A2-3) Enzymes of the Ubiquitination Pathway 21 (A2-4) Targeting the ubiquitination pathway for therapeutic 25 B. MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 B1. CELL CULTURE, CHEMICAL REAGENTS AND ENZYMES 31 B2. PLASMIDS AND SIRNA TRANSFECTION 32 B3. LYSATE PREPARATION, IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND WESTERN BLOTTING 32 B4. ANTIBODIES 34 B5. 20S PROTEASOME ACTIVITY ASSAY 34 B6. CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY 35 B7. SUB-CELLULAR FRACTIONATION 35 B8. IN VITRO DEUBIQUITINATION ASSAYS 35
Responses of winter wheat and diclofop-methyl–sensitive and –resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) to AE F130060 03

Abstract Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the response of winter wheat, and two diclofop-methyl–sensitive (OR and KG) and four diclofop-methyl–resistant (EP, GT, RBG, and JB) Italian ryegrass biotypes to the experimental herbicide mixture AE F130060 03 (an 8.3:1.7 mixture of the experimental sulfonylurea herbicides AE F130060 00 and AE F115008 00). AE F130060 03 at 15 or 18 g ha−1 without the safener AE F107892 reduced biomass of winter wheat 10 to 14%, whereas applications made with AE F107892 did not reduce wheat biomass. AE F130060 03 at 15 or 18 g ai ha−1 was more effective than diclofop-methyl in reducing biomass of one diclofop-methyl–sensitive Italian ryegrass biotype and all four diclofop-methyl–resistant biotypes. However, differential responses to AE F130060 03 at 15 and 18 g ha−1 occurred among diclofop-methyl–resistant biotypes. AE F130060 03 at 15 or 18 g ha−1 reduced biomass of OR, KG, EP, and GT from 61 to 84% but reduced biomass of RBG and JB biotypes only 35 to 52%. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism experiments were conducted to further investigate differential response of diclofop-methyl–sensitive KG and diclofop-methyl–resistant JB to AE F130060 00. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of AE F130060 00 in winter wheat treated with or without the herbicide safener AE F107892 were also included for comparison. Foliar absorption of [14C]AE F130060 00 was influenced only by plant species because Italian ryegrass biotypes absorbed at least three times more AE F130060 00 than did wheat 12, 36, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). No more than 9% of absorbed radioactivity translocated into shoots and roots of either species during the experiment. Greatest overall metabolism occurred in winter wheat treated with the safener AE F107892. Seventy-two HAT, relative amounts of parent AE F130060 00 in Italian ryegrass biotypes were nearly 1.8 times greater than that in wheat that received AE F107892 and nearly 1.5 times greater than that in unsafened wheat. However, obvious differences in herbicide metabolism between diclofop-methyl–sensitive KG and diclofop-methyl–resistant JB were not evident. We hypothesize that differential sensitivity to AE F130060 00 in these biotypes is most likely due to a less sensitive acetolactate synthase, although further research is required to confirm this hypothesis. Nomenclature: AE F130060 03, 8.3:1.7 mixture of AE F130060 00, proposed common name mesosulfuron-methyl, 2-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl carbamoyl)sulfamoyl]-4-methanesulfonamido-p-toluic acid, and AE F115008 00, proposed common name iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, 4-iodo-2-[3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)ureidosulfonyl]benzoic acid); AE F107892, proposed common name mefenpyr-diethyl, 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid; diclofop-methyl; Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. LOLMU; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Pioneer 26R24’.
sex determination regulatory hierarchy

M#1 suggest that maternal herfunction is needed for Sxlinitiation. When mothers are defective for herfunction, their daughters fail to activate a reporter gene for the Sxlearly promoter and are deficient in Sxl protein expression. Dosage compensation is misregulated in the moribund daughters: some salivary gland cells show binding of the maleless (mle)dosage compensation regulatory protein to the X chromosome, a binding pattern normally seen only in males. Thus maternal herfunction is needed early in the hierarchy as a positive regulator of Sxl, and the maternal effects of heron female viability probably reflect Sxl’s role in regulating dosage compensation. In contrast to her’s maternal function, her’szygotic function in sex determination acts at the end of the hierarchy. This zygotic effect is not rescued by constitutive Sxlexpression, nor by constitutive transformer (tra)expression. Moreover, the expression of doublesex (dsx) transcripts appears normal in hermutant females. We conclude that the maternal and zygotic functions of herare needed at two distinctly different levels of the sex determination regulatory hierarchy. SUMMARY The dual role of
Blind, flightless termitophiles of the genus Termitotrox in East Africa: three new species with a generic review (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Termitotroginae)

Since their discovery in India during the years 1897-1898 (first formal description not until 1915) roughly every one or two decades a new species, always one at a time, has been added to the group of minute, blind, flightless scarabs called Termitotroginae Wasmann, 1918 (= Aphodiocoprinae Arrow, 1920). In this paper three new species of Termitotrox Reichensperger, 1915 are described from Kenya and Tanzania. They were found in the fungus gardens of termite colonies, as were most of the seven species described previously. Paulian (1985) is the only one to have reviewed the genus, recognizing five African species, and commenting on the two species in their Indian counterpart genus Aphodiocopris Arrow, 1920. He reinstated Aphodiocopris, which had been merged with Termitotrox since Boucomont (1927); the two genera were accepted in the catalogue compiled by Dellacasa (1988). Termitotrogines are real scarab oddities: apart from Blind, flightless termitophiles of the genus Termitotrox in East Africa: three new species with a generic review (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Termitotroginae)
Susceptibility of Dennettia tripetala (Bak.) F. seeds to crude oil

The effects of crude oil levels (0.00, 2.65, 5.31, 7.96 and 10.61%) on germination and seedling growth of Dennettia tripetala were studied in 2004 in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. The soil mixture used was a 2:1 ratio of topsoil to well decomposed organic manure. The experimental design adopted was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that oil concentrations of 5.31 and 7.96% significantly (p<0.05) affected percentage germination of this indigenous forest fruit tree species (59.14 and 34.01%, respectively) compared to the control (100%). No germination was recorded in D. tripetala seeds grown in soil treated with 10.61% (w/w) oil. A negative interaction was observed between the performance of D. tripetala seedlings (in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and collar girth) and the concentration of crude oil applied to the soil. The present study demonstrated that soil pollution by crude oil has a highly significant effect on the growth of D. tripetala. The study also indicate that D. tripetala has a remediation potential in crude oil- contaminated sites.
SYNOPTIC TINKERING: INTEGRATING STRATEGIES FOR LARGE-SCALE CONSERVATION

The geographical distribution of endangered species and threatened habitats should provide useful information for identifying areas in need of special protection. It is naive, however, to assume that the identification of endangered species “hot spots” will lead to the development of a system of reserves that most efficiently protects a maximum amount of biodiversity. To achieve this also requires information on the underlying pattern of species diversity, the distribution of threats to diversity (such as relative rates of habitat loss), and the value of land in different areas. Here we focus on information for five U.S. states for which data are available on the underlying pattern of overall species diversity in one or more taxa, human population density, and land value. We analyze data for plants in California and Texas, birds in Oregon and Iowa, and “herptiles” in Florida. Our analysis indicates that the observed distribution of endangered species reflects the modification of the underlying pattern of .
Phenotypic Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Nut Yield and Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Abstract Relationships between cashew nut yield and nine agronomic traits comprising seven reproductive (nut and floral) and two vegetative characters were studied in 59 selected cashew genotypes over three production seasons. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that nuts per panicle (r = 0.844), number of nuts per tree (r = 0.988) and number of hermaphrodite flowers per panicle (r = 0.863) were positively correlated with nut yield and could be used as primary components for improving yield. Although correlation analysis showed insignificant association between nut weight and nut yield, path analysis revealed that the trait had significant positive direct effect (0.317) on nut yield. The subtle indirect effects of nut weight and leaf size on nut yield were more important than their direct effects and could be classified as secondary components. Both the direct and indirect effects of weight of the whole fruit and tree canopy on nut yield were negative and appeared detrimental.
Dietary studies of toothed whales: A review of technical issues and new topics

Understanding the feeding habits of toothed whales is important in studies of cetacean ecology. The techniques of stomach content analysis have become more refined, and it is now possible to identify a lots of fishes and cephalopods using hard parts such as otoliths and beaks. These hard parts can also provide estimations of the body sizes of several hundred prey species. The prey selectivity of toothed whales has been summarily dismissed as being "opportunistic" and there has been little discussion about the mechanisms of prey switching. Recent detailed information on prey items has enabled researchers to consider prey selectivity when data of prey abundance are available. The detection of selection criteria may be an interesting topic in future studies concerning behavioral ecology. The ecological importance of cetaceans has been considered recently, and their prey consumption has been discussed as a matter of concern about competition with fisheries. Some toothed whales in coastal areas consume many prey species that are commercially caught. However, the competitive status may not only depend on the overlapping of prey, but also on the prey abundance and the ecological response of prey to predation and harvesting pressures.
Isothiocyanate metabolism in generalist lepidopteran herbivores

Lepidopterans specialised on brassicaceous plants have been shown to possess biochemical adaptations preventing the formation of isothiocyanates. In faeces of generalist lepidopteran larvae glutathione (GSH) and cysteineglycine conjugates of plant-derived isothiocyanates were detected. The presence of GSH conjugates in larval faeces after consumption of crucifers suggests isothiocyanate-detoxification via GST (glutathione-S-transferase) activity in caterpillars. Active native GSTs were purified from midguts of Spodoptera littoralis larvae.It was shown that under conditions widely used for GST characterisation, S. littoralis-GSTs are capable of catalysing the conjugation reaction of GSH with isothiocyanates of different structures.
Passionflower supplementation in diets of Japanese qualis at rearing and laying periods

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusao de passiflora na racao sobre o desempenho, o comportamento, a relacao heterofilo/linfocito, a concentracao plasmatica de corticosterona e a imunidade de codornas. Foram utilizadas 192 aves, distribuidas em blocos casualizados com 4 dietas (0, 125, 250 e 375, e 0, 250, 500 e 750 mg de passiflora/kg de racao nas fases de recria e postura, respectivamente), 8 repeticoes e 6 aves por parcela. A fase de recria iniciou-se aos 28 dias de idade das aves e teve duracao de 15 dias. Nesta fase foram avaliados o consumo diario de racao, o ganho diario de peso, a conversao alimentar, a viabilidade, o tempo em imobilidade tonica, a intensidade de ferimentos, o comportamento, a relacao heterofilo/linfocito e concentracao plasmatica de corticosterona. A fase de postura teve inicio quando as aves atingiram 43 dias de idade e seu termino encerrou-se aos 140 dias de idade das aves; foi constituida de seis ciclos de 14 dias, nos quais foram avaliados o consumo de racao, a conversao alimentar, a producao e qualidade de ovos, a viabilidade, o tempo em imobilidade tonica, a intensidade de ferimentos, o comportamento, a relacao herofilo/linfocito, a concentracao plasmatica de corticosterona e a resposta imunologica. Na fase de recria, o uso de passiflora na dieta de codornas influenciou os parâmetros comportamentais, tornando as aves mais calmas, principalmente na dosagem de 375 mg/kg de racao. Ja na fase de postura, foi eficaz na reducao do estresse das codornas, e os resultados mais promissores foram observados quando aplicadas as maiores dosagens do fitoterapico. A dosagem de 750 mg/kg de racao, no entanto, diminui a producao de ovos, embora nao tenha influencia na qualidade dos ovos nem a resposta imunologica das aves.
Improving the Quality of Tapioca By-Products (Onggok) as Poultry Feed Through Fermentation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

4 Abstract: An experiment was conducted to improve the nutrient content of tapioca by-products (onggok) through fermentation by using cellulolytic bacteria (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) as inoculums. The experiment was determination of the optimum conditions (dosage of inoculums, fermentation length and temperature) for tapioca by-products (onggok) fermentation based on nutrient quality and quantity of these fermented products. The study was conducted in experimental methods, using the completely randomize design in factorial with 3 treatment were: 1) A factor (Dosage of inoculums: A1 = 2%, A2 = 6%, A3 = ! 0%), 2) B factor (Fermentation length: B1 = 3 days, B2 = 6 days, B3 = 9 days) and 3) C factor (Temperature: C1 = 30 C, C2 = 40 C, C3 = 50 C). Results of study showed that optimum conditions of the fermentation of tapioca o o o This conditions can decrease 32% of crude fiber and increase 360% of crude protein which made the nutritional value of the product based on dry-substance was 7.9% crude protein, 2.75% crude fat, 11.55% crude fiber, 0.26% calcium, 0.17% phosphor, 2190 Kcal/kg metabolic energy and 65.95% nitrogen retention.
The economic costs of wildlife predation on livestock in Gokwe communal land, Zimbabwe.

In areas bordering wildlife reserves in Zimbabwe, agro-pastoralists suffer livestock depredation by wild carnivores. However, the economic value of these losses, and therefore the levels of compensation required has never been calculated. Between January 1993 and June 1996 in a 33-km2 area of Gokwe communal land bordering the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, 241 livestock were killed by wild carnivores. Baboons (Papio ursinus Kerr), lions (Panthera leo Linnaeus) and leopards (P. pardus Linnaeus) were the most serious predators, contributing 52%, 34% and 12% of kills, respectively. Baboons only killed young goats (Capra hircus Linnaeus) and sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus) by day, while lions and leopards jumped into fortified kraals at night and killed cattle (Bos indicus Linnaeus), donkeys (Equus asinus Linnaeus) and smallstock. In 1995, predators killed 5% of livestock holdings, double that recorded by other African studies. The annual total value of losses depended upon the degree of lion predation on the most valuable species, cattle and donkeys. The average annual loss per livestock-owning household was US$13, or 12% of each household's net annual income. Losses could be reduced by improving kraal defences against lion and leopard predation in the dry season, when attacks were most common.
Morphological characterization of the pollens of the selected species of Genus Prunus Linn. from Northern Pakistan

A total of 6 species of Prunus were studied for the morphological characterization of the pollens through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The species were collected from various parts of Northern Pakistan. The species included Prunus armeniaca L. , Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C.K. Schn , Prunus avium L. , Prunus persica (L.) Batsch , Prunus domestica L. and Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex. Royle) Steudel. In the SEM of the pollens, variations were found in the shape and exine sculpturing. The pollen class ranged from trizonocolpate to obtus-triangular, and the exine sculpturing varies from striate-scabrate-reticulate. The pollen shape varied from triangular-acute-convex to triangular-obtuseconvex to circular in polar view and elliptic-acuminate-acute to elliptic-acuminate-obtuse in the equatorial view. All these variations were very useful in the identification of the species with respect to their pollen shape and class.
Chance and determinism in the development of isolated communities

1 In the colonization of an island by potentially interacting species both the severity of the competition between them and the length of the interval between their arrivals should affect the likelihood of the second species becoming established. Between-island variation in priority and the interval between colonizations will depend on the dispersal rates of the two species. 2 We predict that early colonization should be relatively deterministic, whereas later in the colonization process both the sequence of arrivals and the interval between them will be more variable. 3 Possible instances of both deterministic and stochastic stages in community development are identified in the colonization of the Krakatau islands by zoochorous forest trees and large zoochorous lianes.