Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Data-Efficient Methods For Improving Hate Speech Detection

Scarcity of large-scale datasets, especially for resource-impoverished languages motivates exploration of data-efficient methods for hate speech detection. Hateful intents are expressed explicitly (use of cuss, swear, abusive words) and implicitly (indirect and contextual). In this work, we progress implicit and explicit hate speech detection using an input-level data augmentation technique, task reformulation using entailment and cross-learning across five languages. Our proposed data augmentation technique EasyMix, improves the performance across all english datasets by ~1{% and across multilingual datasets by ~1-9{%. We also observe substantial gains of ~2-8% by reformulating hate speech detection as entail problem. We further probe the contextual models and observe that higher layers encode implicit hate while lower layers focus on explicit hate, highlighting the importance of token-level understanding for explicit and context-level for implicit hate speech detection. Code and Dataset splits - https://anonymous.4open. science/r/data_efficient_hatedetect/
Self-Adapted Utterance Selection for Suicidal Ideation Detection in Lifeline Conversations

This paper investigates a crucial aspect of mental health by exploring the detection of suicidal ideation in spoken phone conversations between callers and counselors at a suicide prevention hotline.These conversations can be lengthy, noisy, and cover a broad range of topics, making it challenging for NLP models to accurately identify the caller’s suicidal ideation. To address these difficulties, we introduce a novel, self-adaptive approach that identifies the most critical utterances that the NLP model can more easily distinguish. The experiments use real-world Lifeline transcriptions, expertly labeled, and show that our approach outperforms the baseline models in overall performance with an F-score of 66.01%. In detecting the most dangerous cases, our approach achieves a significantly higher F-score of 65.94% compared to the baseline models, an improvement of 8.9%. The selected utterances can also provide valuable insights for suicide prevention research. Furthermore, our approach demonstrates its versatility by showing its effectiveness in sentiment analysis, making it a valuable tool for NLP applications beyond the healthcare domain.
Open Information Extraction with Entity Focused Constraints

Open Information Extraction (OIE) is the task of extracting tuples of the form (subject, predicate, object), without any knowledge of the type and lexical form of the predicate, the subject, or the object. In this work, we focus on improving OIE quality by exploiting domain knowledge about the subject and object. More precisely, knowing that the subjects and objects in sentences are oftentimes named entities, we explore how to inject constraints in the extraction through constrained inference and constraint-aware training. Our work leverages the state-of-the-art OpenIE6 platform, which we adapt to our setting. Through a carefully constructed training dataset and constrained training, we obtain a 29.17% F1-score improvement in the CaRB metric and a 24.37% F1-score improvement in the WIRe57 metric. Our technique has important applications – one of them is investigative journalism, where automatically extracting conflict-of-interest between scientists and funding organizations helps understand the type of relations companies engage with the scientists.
Does Masked Language Model Pre-training with Artificial Data Improve Low-resource Neural Machine Translation?

Pre-training masked language models (MLMs) with artificial data has been proven beneficial for several natural language processing tasks such as natural language understanding and summarization; however, it has been less explored for neural machine translation (NMT). A previous study revealed the benefit of transfer learning for NMT in a limited setup, which differs from MLM.In this study, we prepared two kinds of artificial data and compared the translation performance of NMT when pre-trained with MLM.In addition to the random sequences, we created artificial data mimicking token frequency information from the real world.Our results showed that pre-training the models with artificial data by MLM improves translation performance in low-resource situations.Additionally, we found that pre-training on artificial data created considering token frequency information facilitates improved performance.
Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins

Annelids are a broadly distributed, highly diverse, economically and environmentally important group of animals. Most species can regenerate missing body parts, and many are able to reproduce asexually. Therefore, many annelids can generate all adult cell types in adult stages. However, the putative adult stem cell populations involved in these processes, as well as the diversity of adult cell types generated by them, are still unknown. Here, we recover 75,218 single cell transcriptomes of Pristina leidyi, a highly regenerative and asexually-reproducing freshwater annelid. We characterise all major annelid adult cell types, and validate many of our observations by HCR in situ hybridisation. Our results uncover complex patterns of regionally expressed genes in the annelid gut, as well as neuronal, muscle and epidermal specific genes. We also characterise annelid-specific cell types such as the chaetal sacs and globin+ cells, and novel cell types of enigmatic affinity, including a vigilin+ cell type, a lumbrokinase+ cell type, and a diverse set of metabolic cells. Moreover, we characterise transcription factors and gene networks that are expressed specifically in these populations. Finally, we uncover a broadly abundant cluster of putative stem cells with a pluripotent signature. This population expresses well-known stem cell markers such as vasa, piwi and nanos homologues, but also shows heterogeneous expression of differentiated cell markers and their transcription factors. In these piwi+ cells, we also find conserved expression of pluripotency regulators, including multiple chromatin remodelling and epigenetic factors. Finally, lineage reconstruction analyses reveal the existence of differentiation trajectories from piwi+ cells to diverse adult types. Our data reveal the cell type diversity of adult annelids for the first time and serve as a resource for studying annelid cell types and their evolution. On the other hand, our characterisation of a piwi+ cell population with a pluripotent stem cell signature will serve as a platform for the study of annelid stem cells and their role in regeneration.
Generation Z’s perspective on restaurant service quality

ABSTRACT When it comes to dining, Generation Z (Gen Z) consumers bring their own set of expectations that challenge conventional perspectives of restaurant service quality. The purpose of this research was to explore the relevance of DINESERV to the evaluation of Gen Z’s dining experience in the Netherlands. A qualitative multi-case study using semi-structured interviews (N = 7) was conducted. Two rounds of coding and a thematic analysis were performed, using DINESERV as a theoretical framework. Fifteen newly identified factors were added to the 13 existing DINESERV factors that shape Gen Z diners’ expectations and perceptions of restaurants, leading to a total of 28 factors. In addition to the five DINESERV dimensions of “Tangibles”, “Reliability”, “Responsiveness”, “Assurance” and “Empathy”, three new dimensions emerged: “Offer”, “Ambience” and “Image”. By bridging the gap in the literature and proposing a revised DINESERV, the findings provide the foundation for developing a more relevant tool for hospitality practitioners to better understand, attract and engage with Gen Z diners.
The ortholog of human REEP1-4 is required for autophagosomal enclosure of ER-phagy/nucleophagy cargos in fission yeast

Selective macroautophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nucleus, known as ER-phagy and nucleophagy respectively, are processes whose mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Through an imaging-based screen, we find that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yep1 (also known as Hva22 or Rop1), the ortholog of human REEP1-4, is essential for ER-phagy and nucleophagy, but not for bulk autophagy. In the absence of Yep1, the initial phase of ER-phagy and nucleophagy proceeds normally, with the ER-phagy/nucleophagy receptor Epr1 co-assembling with Atg8. However, ER-phagy/nucleophagy cargos fail to reach the vacuole. Instead, nucleus- and cortical-ER-derived membrane structures not enclosed within autophagosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm. Intriguingly, the outer membranes of nucleus-derived structures remain continuous with the nuclear envelope-ER network, suggesting a possible outer membrane fission defect during cargo separation from source compartments. We find that the ER-phagy role of Yep1 relies on its abilities to self-interact and shape membranes, and requires its C-terminal amphipathic helices. Moreover, we show that human REEP1-4 and budding yeast Atg40 can functionally substitute for Yep1 in ER-phagy, and Atg40 is a divergent ortholog of Yep1 and REEP1-4. Our findings uncover an unexpected mechanism governing the autophagosomal enclosure of ER-phagy/nucleophagy cargos and shed new light on the functions and evolution of REEP family proteins.
Microgrants as a pathway for community development: A case study exploring impacts, implementation and context

ABSTRACT Microgrant schemes are used in many contexts relevant to community development, but there are few detailed accounts of their operation and effects. This study explored a four-year microgrant scheme in Bristol, UK. The research analyzed 141 awards and collected qualitative and quantitative data on 233 individuals. The research found that the diversity of activities, local embeddedness, skills and capacity development, social connection and volunteering features of the scheme offered routes to community development goals. Microgrant schemes are likely to benefit from designated staff to conduct outreach work, facilitate stakeholder engagement, and provide ongoing support. Coordination with other community development activities enhanced the scheme’s impact while weaknesses in local infrastructure, caused by funding cuts, impeded delivery. Microgrant schemes should be understood as an intervention that complements and works alongside other community development activities. To enhance their role in community development, attention needs to be paid to scheme design, implementation and integration.
Steady separated flow past a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers

The steady two-dimensional laminar flow around a stationary circular cylinder has been investigated via a stabilized finite-element method. The Reynolds number Re is based on the cylinder diameter and free-stream speed. The results have been presented for 6 ≤ Re ≤ 40 and the blockages between 0.000125 and 0.80. The blockage B is the ratio of the cylinder diameter to the domain width. There is large scatter in the value of Res, reported in the literature, marking the onset of the flow separation. From the present study the Res is found to be 6.29, approximately for B = 0.005. The effect of the blockage on the characteristic flow parameters is found to be insignificant for B ≤ 0.01. The bubble length, separation angle and Res exhibit non-monotonic variation with the blockage. It is for the first time that such a behaviour for the separation angle and Res is being reported. Two types of boundary conditions at the lateral walls have been studied: the slip wall and towing tank. In general for high blockage, the results from the slip boundary condition are closer to the ones for the unbounded flow. In that sense, the use of the slip boundary condition as opposed to the towing tank boundary condition on the lateral walls is advocated. The bubble length, separation angle, base suction, total drag, pressure drag, viscous drag and maximum vorticity on the cylinder surface for the steady flow are found to vary as Re, Re−0.5, Re−1, Re−0.5, Re−0.64, Re−0.60 and Re0.5, respectively. The extrapolated results for the steady flow, for higher Re, are found to match quite well with the other results from the literature.
The business value of social media: A dynamic managerial capabilities perspective

In the last decade and a half, social media usage has become ubiquitous in the workplace. Prior research has noted both the benefits as well as the potential pitfalls of allowing employees to use social media during work hours. In this research-in-progress paper, we propose a conceptual model that shows how the use of social media may help in the enablement of dynamic managerial capabilities by enhancing the managerial social capital. Thus, this paper adds to the literature on the business value of social media. This paper also shows how two distinct types of social media (i.e., public social media and enterprise social media) play complementary roles in the enhancement of managerial social capital, and consequently, in the enablement of dynamic managerial capabilities. Managerial implications are also discussed.
A Photometric and Spectroscopic Study of Dwarf and Giant Galaxies in the Coma Cluster. I. Wide-Area Photometric Survey: Observation and Data Analysis

We carried out a deep photometric and spectroscopic survey of wide areas in the Coma cluster, aiming to investigate the properties of galaxy population in different environments within the cluster. We present the results in a series of papers. This paper, the first of the series, describes the imaging observations and photometric data reduction. Imaging data were taken with the wide-field mosaic CCD camera, which was attached to the prime focus of the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope at La Palma, Canary Islands. Our observations covered a large field of view (2.22 deg2) from the cluster center to the outskirts, and our photometry is complete to a limiting magnitude of R ≃ 23 mag. The limit of secure star-galaxy discrimination is, however, brighter at R = 20 mag. We identified 3147 galaxies down to this limit in the part (1.32 deg2) of the survey area, together with 662 galaxies identified in the control field SA 57. We measured surface photometric parameters and compiled a photometric catalog for these galaxies. Statistical properties of the catalog are shown in this paper, while the catalog itself is given in a forthcoming paper in the series.
MRI Reconstruction Based on Transfer Learning Dynamic Dictionary Algorithm

It is of great medical value and application prospect to reconstruct clear and high-quality MR images for medical diagnosis by using a small amount of magnetic resonance data combined with compressed sensing(CS) theory. In this paper, a dynamic dictionary learning algorithm based on transfer learning is proposed, which transfers the existing sample information to the unknown sample dictionary learning process, and accurately reconstructs the image with a small number of training samples and unknown signal prior knowledge. The feasibility and effectiveness of this algorithm are also verified through experimental comparison and analysis.
Using UTAUT Model to Examine Acceptance of Online Interpreting Learning in China

Online learning, a mode of E-learning, has been widely applied in higher education with the help of video conferencing platforms. Interpreting programs are no exception. This study focuses on the students' acceptance of learning practice of interpreting in a distance mode in China by using the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. To explore the relationship between the factors proposed in the extended UTAUT model, this study proposes 6 hypotheses. The research findings show that the video conferencing platform is moderately accepted and among factors proposed on the basis of the extended UTAUT model, performance expectancy, facilitating conditions and system quality have significant impact on behavior intention.
Effect of Acoustic Oscillation on Flow Development in a Simulated Nozzleless Rocket Motor

Nomenclature A = chamber cross section c = speed of sound cs = Smagorinsky constant D = near-wall damping function e = filtered total specific energy per unit volume E = turbulence energy / = frequency, Hz G = spatial filter function Gk,u = amplification factor per time step h = chamber half-height, m / = turbulence intensity, \Ju'u' + v'v' IT = number of time steps required for one eddy lifetime k = wave number, 1/m L = chamber length, m I = turbulence length scale, m m" = injection mass flux, kg/ms M = mean Mach number averaged over a given cross section Mc = mean Mach number at centerline p = pressure, Pa Pr = Prandtl number q = large-scale velocity, m/s Re = Reynolds number Stj = strain-rate tensor, ((dut/dxj) + (duj/3xi))/2 8ij(duk/dxk)/3
Theoretical Assumptions in Conductivity and Dielectric Properties Assessment of Biological Tissues - Errors and Resulting Consequences

Knowing the dielectric parameters of human tissue is a matter of fundamental importance for a correct medical diagnosis, considering that these values differ from a healthy tissue/organ to an affected one.The mathematical apparatus that ensures the operation of these working models is accompanied by a set of necessary conditions (assumptions about mathematical spaces and operators, their conditions of existence, initial conditions, etc.), which should not be violated. In this paper, we will analyze the circumstances in which the theoretical conditions could be violated and the consequences of their violation concerning recording the electrical properties of human tissue, and particularly the effects of the layers of tissues that cover the human brain, in the process of calculating their dielectric parameters. This is still an open issue with major implications for medical diagnosis. We analyze the local and global hypothesis of tissue isotropy, the errors that occur when these hypotheses are ignored and how these errors affect the medical diagnosis. We also make a flash on the results and the most inspired solutions found in the field; finally, we discuss our answer to this problem.
Comparison of Soil Hydraulic Parameterizations for Mesoscale Meteorological Models

Abstract Soil water contents, calculated with seven soil hydraulic parameterizations, that is, soil hydraulic functions together with the corresponding parameter sets, are compared with observational data. The parameterizations include the Campbell/Clapp–Hornberger parameterization that is often used by meteorologists and the van Genuchten/Rawls–Brakensiek parameterization that is widespread among hydrologists. The observations include soil water contents at several soil depths and atmospheric surface data; they were obtained within the Regio Klima Projekt (REKLIP) at three sites in the Rhine Valley in southern Germany and cover up to 3 yr with 10-min temporal resolution. Simulations of 48-h episodes, as well as series of daily simulations initialized anew every 24 h and covering several years, were performed with the “VEG3D” soil–vegetation model in stand-alone mode; furthermore, 48-h episodes were simulated with the model coupled to a one-dimensional atmospheric model. For the cases and soil types consi.
Analysis on the working state of a ground-based microwave radiometer based on radiative transfer model and meteorological data variation features

The paper proposes to judge the working condition of a ground-based microwave radiometer for atmospheric remote sensing by observing the brightness temperature( TB) at 08: 00 BST on clear days according to atmospheric temperature seasonal variation features. Radiative transfer theory was briefly introduced and the data of temperature at 08: 00 BST observed at Nanjing during the period of November 27, 2010 to May 29,2011 were used to make a statistical comparison between the observed TB with a groundbased microwave radiometer and the simulated TB with radiosonde profiles as input to radiative transfer calculation in order to judge the working condition of the radiometer. The radiometer has 12 channels including 5 channels at 22. 235,23. 035,23. 835,26. 235 and 30. 000 GHz for sensing humidity and liquid water content and 7 channels at 51. 25,52. 28,53. 85,54. 94,56. 66,57. 29 and 58. 80 GHz for sensing temperature profiles. The results showed that the former 5 channels worked well in the period while the latter 7 did not. The methodology may be applied to radiometers' working condition monitoring as well as observation data quality control.
Thermal Influence of a Variable Temperature Insert on The High-Temperature Superconductor Coils of a Conduction Cooled High Magnetic Field Generator

This paper presents the numerical modeling results of the temperature for a YBCO-type high-temperature superconducting (HTS) winding of an electromagnet that generates a magnetic field with a maximum magnetic flux density of 5 T. The electromagnet is made in a Helmholtz configuration, with circular double pancake-type coils. Inside the central area of the electromagnet is placed a measuring cell with the sample exposed to the magnetic field, which has a variable temperature in the range of 4.2 to 300 K. The change in the temperature of the HTS winding due to the radiative thermal heat absorbed from the cell, is studied as a function of the temperature of the measuring cell, which can vary between 4.2 K and 300 K. The modeling results shows a maximum value of 0.334 W which give rise of the temperature of the HTS coils to 5 K.
Analysis of trans-Neptunian objects and a proposed theory to explain their origin

Current theories cannot explain how trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) either formed in situ or how ultrawide trans-Neptunian binaries (TNBs) exist if they were formed closer to the Sun and were later dispersed during Neptune’s migration. Furthermore, no theory can adequately explain the documented clustering of ω near 0 ◦ for TNOs with a > 150 au. Here, we show that not only is ω clustered for the nine long-period TNOs (LPTNOs) with a > 200 au, but (cid:3) is also grouped almost as closely. Neither of these orbital elements is randomly distributed for any collection of TNOs investigated, including those that are not in resonance with Neptune, those with q > 30 au, q > 44 au, and LPTNOs. Every frequency distribution of ω and (cid:3) indicates that many TNOs were recently affected by Neptune. Based on this study, we propose that TNOs were inside Neptune’s orbit in the last few Myr. The TNOs then migrated outwards in a relatively short time period. Ultrawide TNBs never came close to Neptune during this migration, allowing these fragile pairs to remain intact. However, many other TNOs were perturbed as they passed Neptune, resulting in the distribution of orbital elements we see today for all TNOs, including those in the Kuiper belt and the LPTNOs.
Scientific Disagreements and the Diagnosticity of Evidence: How Too Much Data May Lead to Polarization

: Scienti ﬁ c disagreements sometimes persist even if scientists fully share results of their research. In this paper we develop an agent-based model to study the impact of diverging diagnostic values scientists may assign to the evidence, given their di ff erent background assumptions, on the emergence of polarization in the scienti ﬁ c community. Scientists are represented as Bayesian updaters for whom the diagnosticity of evidence is given by the Bayes factor. Our results suggest that an initial disagreement on the diagnostic value of evidence can, but does not necessarily, lead to polarization, depending on the sample size of the performed studies and thecon ﬁ denceintervalwithinwhichscientistssharetheiropinions. Inparticular,themoredatascientistsshare, the more likely it is that the community will end up polarized.