Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The incorporation of trace elements into pyrite during diagenesis of black shales, Yorkshire, England

Instrumental neutron activation and atomic absorption analyses for 31 elements in marine biogenic pyrite from carbonate concretions in the Upper Lias (Lower Jurassic) of Yorkshire, England, are reported. Mo, As, and, to a lesser extent, Cu are concentrated in pyrite relative to the host sediment and occur together with low concentrations (<30 ppm) of Ni and Zn and trace amounts (<5 ppm) of Mn and Co. The concentrations of all the remaining elements determined in the sulfide are at or below the detection limit of the method used and are relatively enriched in the host sediment. The difference in the levels of trace element in pyrite and host sediments means that a small amount of contamination of sulfide separates by host sediment introduces large errors in the determination of trace elements by analysis of host sediments. Statistical procedures to correct for contamination are described. The results of this preliminary study suggest various approaches by which corrected trace element data may enable biogenic sedimentary pyrite to be distinguished from other types of pyrite.The two textural forms of pyrite (framboidal and euhedral) are related to the availability of iron within the sediment, which may indirectly control trace element composition. Early framboidal pyrite formed by the redistribution of iron locally within the sediment. Once local sources are exhausted, growth of euhedral pyrite requires transportation of iron into the sediment from an external source. Trace element abundances in sedimentary pyrite can be related to the sources of iron used in pyritization.
Creating Multipoint-to-point Lsps for Traffic Engineering

— MPLS has been proposed as an efficient mechanism for traffic engineering in networks to properly account for and utilize network resources. A fundamental problem in MPLS is to reduce the label space usage by label switched paths (LSPs), while meeting the requirements of the flows traversing the network. Using multipoint-to-point LSP trees has been proposed as a technique to reduce label space usage. However, various aspects with respect to creation and maintenance of multipoint-to-point LSPs have not gained sufficient attention. In this paper, we address the problem of merging a given set of LSPs into a minimum number of multipoint-to-point trees. We show that the problem of optimal merging is NP-complete and propose a heuristic for merging. The effectiveness of the algorithm in both offline and online cases is shown by analysis and simulation on real world scenarios.
Lithostratigraphie du Quaternaire de la vallée du Saint-Laurent : méthode, cadre conceptuel et séquences sédimentaires

Les depots du Pleistocene moyen et superieur de la vallee du Saint-Laurent sont disposes selon une ordonnance caracteristique d'une vallee tectoniquement stable, periodiquement envahie par des glaces allochtones et inondee par des lacs glaciaires et des mers glacio-isostatiques. Chaque cycle climatique majeur est a l'origine d'une sequence sedimentaire composee de depots de type fluviatile, lacustre ou glaciolacustre, progression glaciaire, glaciaire, retrait glaciaire, glaciolacustre et marin. La base de chaque sequence est emboitee par erosion fluviatile dans les sequences anterieures ou leurs temoins. L'erosion resulte du relevement glacio-isostatique et de variations du niveau eustatique. Cette disposition generale explique: 1) l'homotaxie des unites laminees, des tills et des sediments fluviatiles; 2) l'affleurement approximativement aux memes altitudes des facies lamines et sableux d'âges differents; et 3) l'existence de buttes temoins d'unites plus anciennes enfouies sous les formations plus recentes. L'inventaire exhaustif des facies, l'identification des unites par des criteres intrinseques et un inventaire palynologique systematique en cours ont permis: 1) de distinguer plusieurs types de rythmites independamment de leur position stratigraphique apparente (Varves de Deschaillons, Rythmites du Saint-Maurice et rythmites de Leclercville); 2) de decouvrir une unite marine anterieure aux Sediments de Saint-Pierre (Argile de La Perade) et 3) de mettre en evidence des variations de la dynamique glaciaire pendant les phases d'englaciation et de deglaciation. D'apres ces donnees et les donnees publiees, les depots quaternaires de la vallee peuvent etre subdivises en au moins trois sequences sedimentaires majeures avec englaciation, disposees entre l'Illinoien et le Wisconsinien superieur, et d'au moins quatre unites fluviatiles et fluviolacustres representatives de l'optimum climatique de l'Interglaciaire sangamonien, de deux episodes intermediaires et de l'Holocene.
A two‐dimensional morphodynamic model of gravel‐bed river with floodplain vegetation

Artificially straight river channels tend to be unstable, and ultimately develop into river meanders through bank erosion and point‐bar deposition. In this paper account is taken of the effects of riparian and floodplain vegetation on bank strength, floodplain flow resistance, shear stress partitioning, and bedload transport. This is incorporated into an existing 2D hydrodynamic‐morphological model. By applying the new model to an initially straight and single‐threaded channel, the way that its planform and cross‐sectional geometry evolve for different hydraulic and floodplain vegetation conditions is demonstrated. The results show the formation and upstream migration of gravel bars, confluence scouring and the development of meandering and braiding channel patterns. In cases where the channel becomes unstable, the instability grows out of bar formation. The resulting braiding patterns are similar to analytical results. The formation of a transition configuration requires a strong influence from vegetation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological traits of duck and geese breeds of West Bengal, India

The study pertains to phenotypic characterization of some breeds of duck (common white duck and Indian runner duck), Muscovy ducks (black and white feathered and sepia feathered) besides two breeds of geese (white and brown feathered and white feathered) reared in the state of West Bengal (India). The study was conducted at five locations of the state and comprised 1395 ducks and 600 geese. The data were analysed statistically using mainly descriptive statistics, the differences in mean were analysed using Duncan's multiple range test. Both qualitative and quantitative traits were considered in the study. The qualitative traits were shank colour, bill colour, colour of the feathers, skin colour, egg shell colour, the presence or absence of beans, body carriage, bill type and colour of the eyes, while the quantitative traits included in the study were weight of the ducks and weight of the eggs. Some production traits such as numbers of eggs laid per year and dressing percentage of the drakes and ganders of each breed too have been studied. The ducks and geese are raised under semi-intensive management system and mostly depend on scavenging for their nutritional needs. This results in poor egg production and at times loss of stock because of diseases. The study regarding average egg production indicated that the Muscovy ducks and the geese have poor egg production, whereas the Indian runner followed by the common white duck are potentially the best. The ducks are important source of earnings for the small holder farmers and are raised both for meat and eggs, while the geese are reared mostly for ornamental purpose. However, the populations of the ducks are fast dwindling because of avian influenza in the region and because restocking is mostly being carried out with less adapted Khaki Campbell ducks. This happens mainly because the government farms that were responsible for providing the ducklings for restocking maintain Khaki Campbell ducks and do not have the parental stock of the native duck breeds, while restocking of the Muscovy ducks and geese are carried out by the rearers themselves. There are also no prevailing breeding programmes to conserve, select, maintain and distribute the native breeds of duck and geese. Hence, it is of earnest importance to conserve the avian genetic resources before the population dwindles further.
Downstream changes in the lithology and grain size of fluvial gravels, the Watarase River, Japan; evidence of the role of abrasion in downstream fining

Two processes have been considered to explain downstream grain-size reduction in gravel-bed rivers: hydraulic sorting, by which finer grains are transported faster and farther than coarse grains, and abrasion, by which individual particles are diminished in size. Most studies on the cause of downstream fining in rivers emphasize hydraulic sorting as the dominant fining mechanism. However, broken boulders are often observed in the bed material of Japanese Rivers. Also, grain-size changes may be correlated with the difference in resistance to breakdown among lithologies. The purpose of this study is to use the lithologic composition of bed material on the Watarase River to demonstrate that some downstream fining cannot be explained by hydraulic sorting alone. The study reach on the Watarase River flows on a dissected alluvial fan, which means that the river is no longer aggrading. The study reach is influenced only slightly by input of gravel from tributaries. Bed gravel in the study reach consists of several lithologies: andesite, quartz porphyry, sandstone, hornfels, and chert. The grain-size distribution and lithology of the river-bed material were examined at nine sites. There are two principal results. (1) Size distribution of the gravel is strongly related to lithology. Andesite boulders or large cobbles make up the framework sizes in the upstream part of the study reach, while chert pebbles make up the framework sizes in the downstream part. There are few andesite pebbles or chert boulders in the river bed. (2) Longitudinal changes in the composition of each size class show selective transportation by lithology in every gravel size. Because the mobility of gravel depends mainly on its size, hydraulic sorting by lithology does not occur within the same size class. These results indicate clearly that particle abrasion occurs in the Watarase River and is responsible, at least in part, for the downstream decrease in particle size of bed material.
Indosinian tectonics and mineral systems in China: an introduction

YAN-JING CHEN*, M. SANTOSH, IAN SOMERVILLE and HUA-YONG CHEN Key Laboratory of Orogen and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing, China School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), Beijing, China UCD School of Geological Sciences, University College Dublin, Science Centre West, Dublin, Ireland Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
The pagan tribes of Borneo

Reissued for the first time since it was originally published in 1912, this magnum opus of Charles Hose is considered by many as a classic of Bornean ethnography. The richly detailed text, photography, and sketches vividly document a way of life that has practically disappeared. Unlike casual observances of visitors, this work contains the observations of someone who had lived in Borneo for over twenty years. This work will continue to be an indispensable source for the cultures of Central Borneo.
Transitions of cloud‐topped marine boundary layers characterized by AIRS, MODIS, and a large eddy simulation model

Cloud top entrainment instability (CTEI) is a hypothesized positive feedback between entrainment mixing and evaporative cooling near the cloud top. Previous theoretical and numerical modeling studies have shown that the persistence or breakup of marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds may be sensitive to the CTEI parameter. Collocated thermodynamic profile and cloud observations obtained from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments are used to quantify the relationship between the CTEI parameter and the cloud‐topped MBL transition from stratocumulus to trade cumulus in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Results derived from AIRS and MODIS are compared with numerical results from the UCLA large eddy simulation (LES) model for both well‐mixed and decoupled MBLs. The satellite and model results both demonstrate a clear correlation between the CTEI parameter and MBL cloud fraction. Despite fundamental differences between LES steady state results and the instantaneous snapshot type of observations from satellites, significant correlations for both the instantaneous pixel‐scale observations and the long‐term averaged spatial patterns between the CTEI parameter and MBL cloud fraction are found from the satellite observations and are consistent with LES results. This suggests the potential of using AIRS and MODIS to quantify global and temporal characteristics of the cloud‐topped MBL transition.
Stable isotope evidence for foraminiferal habitats during the during of the Cenomanian/Turonian ocean anoxic event

Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of several species of size-controlled planktonic and benthic foraminifera from the Plenus Marls of Dover (Kent, England) show a clear separation in oxygen and carbon isotope ratios consistent with different habitats; the analyses indicate the existence of vertical gradients of temperature and 13 C in dissolved CO 2 in the Chalk Sea. Whereas sequential ontogenetic stages of planktonic foraminifera do not show systematic variations in δ 18 O or δ 13 C values (implying no systematic change in depth habitat during the growth of individual species), species of the genera Hedbergella and Dicarinella are interpreted to have lived nearer to the surface than Rotalipora . Because vertical 13 C gradients in the Chalk Sea remained stable during the late Cenomanian, the oxygen-minimum zone is unlikely to have impinged on this area.
Effectiveness of vetiver root in embankment slope protection: Bangladesh perspective

Abstract Bangladesh, a country of many rivers and a very long coastline, is frequented by natural disasters due to its unique geological location. As the embankments, river banks, and other hydraulic structures act as the first line of defense against storm surges and floods, they experience the most severe damage. Protection of these embankments is, therefore, of paramount importance. Recently, many countries are effectively using naturally grown vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) to protect the embankment slopes. In this paper, the effectiveness of vetiver root in stabilizing embankment slopes in the context of Bangladesh has been explored. A device has been developed to determine in situ shear strength of the vetiver rooted soil matrix. It is found that the shear strength of vetiver rooted soil matrix is about 2·0 times higher at the same time sustaining almost eightfold larger deformation than that of the unreinforced soil. Again, the effective soil cohesion of vetiver rooted soil matrix is 2·1 times higher than that of the unreinforced soil. Direct shear tests conducted on both reconstituted rooted and unrooted soil samples showed that soil samples containing 9% root have maximum strength and deformation capacity. All the results indicate that vetiver grass plantation enhances the safety of embankment slopes against natural forces such as raincut erosion, flood, and cyclonic storm surge.
Seismic wave attenuation in methane hydrate‐bearing sediments: Vertical seismic profiling data from the Nankai Trough exploratory well, offshore Tokai, central Japan

[1] Data from two vertical seismic profiles (VSPs) from the Nankai Trough exploratory well, offshore Tokai, central Japan, are used to estimate compressional attenuation in methane hydrate (MH)-bearing sediments at seismic frequencies of 30-110 Hz. We compare spectral ratio and centroid frequency shift methods for measuring attenuation. To isolate intrinsic attenuation from total attenuation, attenuation is computed from multiples using one-dimensional synthetic VSP data from sonic and density logs. The use of two different measurement methods and two VSPs recorded at just 100 m separation provides an opportunity to validate the attenuation measurements. No significant compressional attenuation was observed in MH-bearing sediments at seismic frequencies. Macroscopically, the peaks of highest attenuation in the seismic frequency range correspond to low-saturation gas zones. In contrast, high compressional attenuation zones in the sonic frequency range (10-20 kHz) are affected by the presence of methane hydrates in the same well locations. Thus this study demonstrated the frequency dependence of attenuation in MH-bearing sediments; MH-bearing sediments cause attenuation in the sonic frequency range rather than the seismic frequency range.
Place Attachment and Perceptions of Benefits Generated by the Future Tioughnioga River Trail Project

This study examined the relationship between place attachment and residency, past trail usage behavior, and perception of the benefits of a proposed river trail in upstate New York. A telephone or door-to-door survey was administered to 527 residents. Results showed that overall, residents felt a sense of place attachment with the Tioughnioga River (mean=8.7 out of 12), and perceived positive recreational and environmental benefits to the proposed river trail (mean=3.27 and 3.20 respectively, on a 4-point scale), but less economic benefits (mean=2.72). Miles residing from the river and past trail usage were significantly related to a sense of place attachment. However, years of residency was not related to place attachment. Lastly, there was a relationship between place attachment and perceived benefits of the proposed river trail, with those who perceived the highest benefits scoring highest in place attachment. Managers can use these results as they plan new recreation resource developments. 1.0 introduction 1.1 Background According to Kyle, Graefe, Manning, and Bacon (2003), place attachment is defined as “the extent to which an individual values or identifies with a particular environmental setting” (p. 250). Williams and Vaske (2003) further define place attachment as consisting of place dependence, or functional attachment, and place identity, or emotional attachment, to specific natural resources. According to Williams and Vaske (2003), place dependence reflects the importance of an environment to help one meet goals or pursue a particular activity. Place identity reflects the symbolic importance of a place in one’s self-identity and affective valuing. Stokowski (2002) further asserts that place
Interannual variability of mesopause zonal winds over Ascension Island: Coupling to the stratospheric QBO

Zonal‐wind measurements obtained between October 2001 and July 2011 with the SKiYMET meteor radar located at Ascension Island (8°S, 14°W) have been used to study the interannual variability at meteor ablation altitudes (approximately 78–100 km) and its coupling to the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO). An upper mesospheric QBO (MQBO) with a period of 27.5 months has been detected throughout the observational period. The MQBO is found to be out‐of‐phase with the stratospheric QBO (SQBO) at 15–20 hPa and in‐phase compared to 70 hPa, whereas no significant zero time‐lag correlation exists between the long‐term mesospheric zonal winds and the SQBO at 40–50 hPa. The MQBO magnitude is found to be 4.1±0.7 m/s at 88 km. No significant change in MQBO magnitude is found throughout the altitude range under consideration. It was found that the MQBO signal is mainly carried around the March equinox, although the MQBO signal is present throughout most of the year, although less pronounced, at the lower altitudes as well. No observational evidence was found that the MQBO, between approximately 78–100 km, plays a role in the interhemispheric ducting of the quasi‐16 day wave.
Experimental Study and 3D Numerical Simulations for a Free-Overflow Spillway

The main objectives of the present work were to investigate the flow field over a spillway and to simulate the flow by means of a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model. Depending on the wall curvature, the boundary layer parameters decreased or increased with increasing distance along the spillway. The growth of the boundary layer along the spillway is better described as a function of Reynolds number than the normalized streamwise length. A simplified form of the 3D momentum equation can be used to obtain a rough estimate of the skin friction. The velocity profile in the boundary layer along the spillway is described by a velocity-defect relationship. Numerical models provide a cost-effective means of simulating spillway flows. In this study, the water surface profiles and the discharge coefficients for a laboratory spillway were predicted within an accuracy range of 1.5-2.9%. The simulations were sensitive to the choice of the wall function, grid spacing, and Reynolds number. A nonequilibrium wall function with a grid spacing equal to a distance of 30 wall units gave good results.
Tourism TV Commercials: A Delicate Balance Between Aural and Visual Information Load

ABSTRACT This article content analyzes music in tourism TV commercials from 95 regions and countries to identify their general acoustic characteristics. The objective is to offer a general guideline in the postproduction of tourism TV commercials. It is found that tourism TV commercials tend to be produced in a faster tempo with beats per minute close to 120, which is rare to be found in general TV commercials. To compensate for the faster tempo (increased aural information load), less scenes (longer duration per scene) were edited into the footage. Production recommendations and future research are presented.
Living in Two Worlds: Multi-Locational Household Arrangements among Migrant Workers in China

In the past, the concept of multi-locality has hardly been applied to the study of livelihood strategies of migrant workers in China. The authors of this article present the findings of a research project in five selected rural-urban migration corridors in different parts of China. On the basis of qualitative interviews at both ends of the multi-locational households’ activity spaces, they were able to establish economic reciprocity, strategies for caring and the transfer of knowledge, values and beliefs at the household level. The multi-locational households – defined as units of joint planning – were found to be firmly embedded in informal social networks.
Fertilization of Trifolium Subterraneum L. Growing on Serpentine Soils1

Serpentine-derived Henneke soil from 23 sites was tested in greenhouse studies to determine nutrient deficiencies for subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), and to evaluate for soil Ca status. The soils (pH 6.3-6.9) were generally very deficient in P and S. When P and S were supplied, Ca increased subclover yields on 17 of the 23 soils, K on 10 soils, and Mo on 14 soils. Applications of P and S increased these two elements in clover tops from below critical levels to adequate. Yields were correlated with Ca and Mg in the plant and soil by the equation: where y = relative yield, X = the variable under study, and a, b, and c are coefficients which determine the characteristics of the curve. The R values which are a measure of goodness of fit, occurred in descending order as follows: Percentage of Ca in clover tops > exchangeable Ca expressed as a percentage of the cation exchange capacity > exchangeable soil Ca > ratio of Ca/Mg in clover tops = ratio of exchangeable Ca/Mg in the soil > exchangeable Ca expressed as a percentage of the sum of the exchangeable cations. The R values were significant at the 1% level. Additional Index Words: phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, molybdenum. Fertilization of Trifolium Subterraneum L. Growing on Serpentine Soils View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 4 then click button8