Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A time series study of silica production and flux in an eastern boundary region: Santa Barbara Basin, California

A high-resolution data set describing the annual silica cycle between January 1994 and August 1999 in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) captures processes and events occurring in both surface and deep basin waters. Increases in biogenic silica (bSi) concentrations in the surface waters indicated strong bloom events in the early spring of each year and sporadic blooms during the summer and fall. Lithogenic silica (lSi) was present at elevated concentrations in surface waters in the winter and spring. At times, the siliceous biomass in the SBB is comparable to that in major global upwelling regions. However, anomalously low annual depth-integrated bSi concentrations were observed during the E1 Nino conditions of 1997–1998. A 1.5-year time series of biogenic silica production rate measurements was used to calculate the highest resolution estimate of annual silica production to date, an estimated 5.5 mol Si m −2 yr−1. This silica production rate approaches that estimated for the major global upwelling zones (8.3 mol Si m−2 yr−1). Eastem boundary regions outside of the major coastal upwelling zones would account for 30–40% of global silica production if the Santa Barbara Basin is representative of these coastal regions. Since the sediments of the SBB contain a high-resolution climate record, an understanding of the coupling between surface processes and deep basin sedimentation events is of value. Fluxes of bSi and lSi to 470 m were not strongly coupled to the seasonal cycle of particulate concentrations or production rates in surface waters. Continuous sediment trap collections of sedimenting particles indicate that both lSi and bSi tend to be exported at the highest rates during the spring and summer. As particles sink, lSi becomes enriched relative to bSi and consistently dominates the mass flux of silica at 470 m. Brief increases in the percent contribution of bSi to Si flux may create microlaminae within larger-scale laminations which are thought to be annual varves. A comparison of annual bSi sedimentation rates with annual silica production estimates reveal that ∼30% of the annual silica production is exported to a depth of 470 m. This export rate is the highest observed to date and suggests the potential for large quantities of silica burial in coastal sediments.
Prediction of rocks thermal conductivity from elastic wave velocities, mineralogy and microstructure

from Elastic Wave Velocity (EWV) new effective TC model for a typical sedimentary rock is introduced that explicitly accounts for the presence of pores, pressure-sensitive microcracks (or grain contacts) and formation ﬂuids. A model of effective elasticity is also devised for this same rock that links its microstructural characteristics to the velocity of elastic waves. The two models are based on the same effective medium approach and involve the same microstructural parameters. A workﬂow based on this explicit modelling approach is devised that allows for the prediction of the TC of a reservoir rock using (i) the elastic waves velocities, (ii) the dominant mineral content and (iii) the bulk porosity. This workﬂow is validated using experimental data reported in the literature for dry and water-saturated Fontainebleau and Berea sandstones. The datasets include measurements of TC and EWV as a function of effective pressure. In addition, it is shown that the dependence of TC on the rock microstructure is formally and practically similar to that of EWV. It is also demonstrated that the accuracy of TC predictions from EWV increases with effective pressure (burial depth). The underlying assumptions and limitations of the present approach together with the effect of burial are discussed.
Ant Community Is Not Influenced by the Addition of Olive Mill Pomace Compost in Two Different Olive Crop Managements

Simple Summary Olive oil production is the main economic interest in olive orchards, but this industrial process generates large amounts of a by-product called ‘alperujo’, which is very negative to the environment. When composted, it generates a product useful for fertilizing many crops, and the objective of the work was to evaluate its impact on the ant community in two diverse types of olive crop management: a superintensive grove (no-tillage, with a cover crop, irrigated) and a traditional grove (tillage, no cover crop, rain-fed). The main conclusion was that the addition of compost did not alter the presence of ants and the composition of the species in each grove, but the type of management could have influenced the abundance of ants (much more abundant in the superintensive than in the traditional grove) and, secondarily, the composition of the species. Abstract Industrial production of olive oil generates large amounts of solid waste called ‘alperujo’. Its compost can fertilize many crops, especially olives. Furthermore, superintensive orchards are increasing their surface globally due to higher production and savings in different costs. Ants are considered an important part of the arthropod community in olive orchards and could even play a significant role in pest control. The tree canopy and ground were sampled to compare the ant assemblage in plots fertilized with compost and mineral products in two groves with different types of crop management (superintensive and traditional) over two years. The numbers of ants in both types of fertilization in each grove were not statistically different (p > 0.05), indicating that the type of fertilization did not have a significant impact on its populations in the ground or in the canopy, but the number of individuals was significantly higher in the superintensive grove than in the traditional grove (both in the ground and in the canopy, p < 0.01). The most frequent species in the ground were Pheidole pallidula, Plagiolepis smitzii and Aphaenogaster senilis (superintensive grove) and Pheidole pallidula, Tetramorium gr semilaeve, Plagiolepis pygmaea, and Tapinoma nigerrimum (traditional grove). In the canopy, the most frequent species were Plagiolepis spp. in both groves. Differences in ant densities and species between the groves could be due to the different management, especially of the soil, but it must be confirmed using more replicas and longer periods of study.
Guide to Magellan image interpretation

An overview of Magellan Mission requirements, radar system characteristics, and methods of data collection is followed by a description of the image data, mosaic formats, areal coverage, resolution, and pixel DN-to-dB conversion. The availability and sources of image data are outlined. Applications of the altimeter data to estimate relief, Fresnel reflectivity, and surface slope, and the radiometer data to derive microwave emissivity are summarized and illustrated in conjunction with corresponding SAR image data. Same-side and opposite-side stereo images provide examples of parallax differences from which to measure relief with a lateral resolution many times greater than that of the altimeter. Basic radar interactions with geologic surfaces are discussed with respect to radar-imaging geometry, surface roughness, backscatter modeling, and dielectric constant. Techniques are described for interpreting the geomorphology and surface properties of surficial features, impact craters, tectonically deformed terrain, and volcanic landforms. The morphologic characteristics that distinguish impact craters from volcanic craters are defined. Criteria for discriminating extensional and compressional origins of tectonic features are discussed. Volcanic edifices, constructs, and lava channels are readily identified from their radar outlines in images. Geologic map units are identified on the basis of surface texture, image brightness, pattern, and morphology. Superposition, cross-cutting relations, and areal distribution of the units serve to elucidate the geologic history.
Lithological and structural controls on the emplacement and morphology of sills in sedimentary basins

Abstract Three-dimensional seismic data from the NW European Atlantic margin provide detailed data on the relationships between sills, dykes, laccoliths and pre-existing basin structure. The data show that sills are predominantly concave-upwards in shape, being complete or partial versions of radially or bilaterally symmetrical forms that possess flat inner saucers connected to a flat outer rim by a steeply inclined sheet. Sills can be sourced from the steep climbing portions of deeper sills, and can be shown to exploit pre-existing faults to feed shallower sills and laccoliths. Magma flow patterns, as revealed by opacity rendering, suggest that sills propagate upwards and outwards away from the magma feeder. As an individual sill can consist of several leaves emplaced at different stratigraphic levels, and as a sill or dyke can provide magma to other sills and laccoliths, the data suggest that neutral buoyancy concepts may not provide a complete explanation for the mechanism and level of sill emplacement. Instead, the data suggest that the presence of ductile horizons such as overpressured shales may permit sill formation below the neutrally buoyant level. Emplacement below the level of neutral buoyancy would permit sill inflation, and the associated fracturing of the country rock would permit magma to exploit these pathways in order to ascend to shallower levels and feed shallower intrusions.
Ridge Subduction-Related Jurassic Plutonism in and around the Okcheon Metamorphic Belt, South Korea, and Implications for Northeast Asian Tectonics

The Okcheon metamorphic belt (OMB) in central South Korea is surrounded by Middle Jurassic granitoid batholiths that intruded South Korea extensively; the granitic bodies form a complex about 200 km long and 150 km wide as part of a Mesozoic granite belt along the East Asian continental margin. Middle Jurassic magmatism was related to ridge subduction that occurred around 200 to 166 Ma, with the main magmatic period between 175 and 166 Ma; main cooling ages range from 168 to 152 Ma. The magmatism was divided into two stages: (1) a deeper, earlier stage, which resulted in emplacement of diorite, granodiorite and granite as shown in the northeast OMB; and (2) a shallower, younger stage, which resulted in emplacement of granite and two-mica granite as shown in the southwest OMB. Most granitoids are peraluminous to metaluminous I-type granitoids that originated in a volcanic arc; an exception is an S-type two-mica granite. Inherited cores of 998 and 262 Ma U-Pb SHRIMP II zircon ages from the two-mica granite indicate that two-mica granite is reworked crustal material formed by earlier magmatism before the Middle Jurassic event. Together with previous studies on the Middle Jurassic granitoids, the present result indicates that subduction of the Farallon-Izanagi ridge beneath Asia caused widespread igneous activity throughout South Korea, especially during Middle Jurassic ridge subduction.
Blue tits are ultraviolet tits

The blue tit (Parus caeruleus) has been classified as sexually monochromatic. This classification is based on human colour perception yet, unlike humans, most birds have four spectrally distinct classes of cone and are visually sensitive to wavelengths in the near–ultraviolet (300 to 400 nm). Reflectance spectrophotometry reveals that blue tit plumage shows considerable reflection of UV light. For example, the blue crest shows peak reflectance at wavelengths around 352 nm. Furthermore, the blue tit is sexually dichromatic for multiple regions of plumage, including the crest. Choice trials performed in the laboratory indicate that females prefer males with the brightest crests. This study has implications for both intra– and interspecific studies of sexual selection, as well as future classification of dichromatism, which should not ignore the possibility of variation in reflectance in the UV.
Turmeric and Curcumin—Health-Promoting Properties in Humans versus Dogs

The growing popularity of the use of nutraceuticals in the prevention and alleviation of symptoms of many diseases in humans and dogs means that they are increasingly the subject of research. A representative of the nutraceutical that deserves special attention is turmeric. Turmeric belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and is grown extensively in Asia. It is a plant used as a spice and food coloring, and it is also used in traditional medicine. The biologically active factors that give turmeric its unusual properties and color are curcuminoids. It is a group of substances that includes curcumin, de-methoxycurcumin, and bis-demethoxycurcumin. Curcumin is used as a yellow-orange food coloring. The most important pro-health effects observed after taking curcuminoids include anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to characterize turmeric and its main substance, curcumin, in terms of their properties, advantages, and disadvantages, based on literature data.
Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Signatures in Ozone and Temperature Observed by Lidar at Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

Using nearly 6 years of nighttime differential absorption lidar ozone and Rayleigh/Raman lidar temperature measurements obtained by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) signatures (15–55 km) in ozone and temperature are revealed. Several clear QBO signatures have been observed in both temperature and ozone. The QBO signature in temperature maximizes at 35 km (5 K amplitude) and is seasonally synchronized (winter) and out of phase with the expected signature at the equator. Also, for the periods 1994–1996 and 1998–2000 the QBO is observable above 45 km, and near 24 km, with opposite phase to that observed at 35 km. The clearest QBO signature in stratospheric ozone maximizes near 31 km and is also seasonally synchronized in late winter-early spring and is out of phase with the expected equatorial ozone QBO anomaly. Other signatures are observed in winter-spring near 47 km, in summer near 26 km, and in winter-spring near 22 km, in phase, and out of phase, respectively, with the expected equatorial ozone QBO. These QBO anomalies identified in ozone and temperature are highly consistent with the previously observed and modeled QBO anomalies assuming that Hawaii is located in the subtropical branch of the asymmetrical QBO-induced meridional circulation. The observed temperature and ozone QBO were both strongly disturbed by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation below 25–27 km in 1997–1998.
Electrophysiological basis of cardiac arrhythmia in a mouse model of myotonic dystrophy type 1

Introduction: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic genetic disorder caused by the increased number of CTG repeats in 3′ UTR of Dystrophia Myotonia Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene. DM1 patients experience conduction abnormalities as well as atrial and ventricular arrhythmias with increased susceptibility to sudden cardiac death. The ionic basis of these electrical abnormalities is poorly understood. Methods: We evaluated the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and key ion currents underlying the action potential (AP) in a mouse model of DM1, DMSXL, which express over 1000 CTG repeats. Sodium current (INa), L-type calcium current (ICaL), transient outward potassium current (Ito), and APs were recorded using the patch-clamp technique. Results: Arrhythmic events on the ECG including sinus bradycardia, conduction defects, and premature ventricular and atrial arrhythmias were observed in DMSXL homozygous mice but not in WT mice. PR interval shortening was observed in homozygous mice while ECG parameters such as QRS duration, and QTc did not change. Further, flecainide prolonged PR, QRS, and QTc visually in DMSXL homozygous mice. At the single ventricular myocyte level, we observed a reduced current density for Ito and ICaL with a positive shift in steady state activation of L-type calcium channels carrying ICaL in DMSXL homozygous mice compared with WT mice. INa densities and action potential duration did not change between DMSXL and WT mice. Conclusion: The reduced current densities of Ito, and ICaL and alterations in gating properties in L-type calcium channels may contribute to the ECG abnormalities in the DMSXL mouse model of DM1. These findings open new avenues for novel targeted therapeutics.
Socio-political barriers to sustainable urban water governance: the case of Cartagena, Colombia

ABSTRACT Socio-political factors shape urban water insecurity, yet are often not incorporated into urban water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) planning. WASH service coverage rates in Cartagena, Colombia, suggest high water security, yet the history of water policy and governance in the city from 1991 to 2019 reveals a more complex reality of water insecurity that is not reflected in service coverage indicators. This case study bridges scientific enquiry with policy to demonstrate how weak institutions and governance at municipal levels undermine local water security and the implementation of national sustainable development policy.
Tick Size and Earnings Guidance in Small-Cap Firms: Evidence from the SEC’s Tick Size Pilot Program

The Securities and Exchange Commission’s 2016 Tick Size Pilot Program was a natural experiment that imposed increases in tick size for randomly selected small-cap firms. Using a difference-in-differences research design, we examine the effect of this increase in tick size on earnings guidance. We find that after initiation of the program, treatment firms provide significantly less earnings guidance. We provide further evidence that this decrease is driven by increases in investors’ fundamental information acquisition and in firms’ financial reporting quality, consistent with firms reducing earnings guidance when investors are already more informed. The decrease is stronger for firms with higher proprietary costs of disclosure, consistent with firms being more likely to reduce costly disclosure when investors are more informed. In contrast, the decrease is weaker for firms with greater external financing needs, consistent with these firms continuing to seek the benefits of disclosure, even when investors are more informed. Taken together, our results suggest that an increase in tick size makes investors more informed, which, in turn, reduces the need for firms to provide earnings guidance, though the extent of the reduction depends on the costs and benefits of providing earnings guidance. This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023. 4930 .
Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles

Diversity is one of the major current themes in the field of immigrant and ethnic studies. Scholars are increasingly attentive to national-origin diversity among groups such as Hispanics in the United States (Portes and Truelove 1987;Nelson and Tienda 1985). They argue that differences in group characteristics, migration histories, and reception contexts affect the adaptation of immigrant groups. In some cases, however, ethnic diversity does not stop at the nationality level,and may take different forms. For instance, Iranians consist of ethno-religious subgroups (Armenians, Bahais, Jews, and Muslims), whereas Vietnamese include ethnic Chinese from Vietnam (Bozorgmehr 1990; Desbarats 1986; Sabagh et al. 1989). Armenians have co-ethnic counterparts of different national origins such as Iran, Lebanon, or the Soviet Union. The aim of this paper is document internal diversity among Armenians and thus demonstrate the need for taking into account subethnicity among Armenians.
On the use of digital elevation model data for Hortonian and fractal analyses of channel networks

A common method of channel network extraction from digital elevation model (DEM) data is based on specification of a threshold area Ath, that is, the minimum support area required to drain to a point for a channel to form. Current efforts to predict Ath from DEM data are inconclusive, and usually an arbitrary constant Ath value is chosen for channel network extraction. In this paper, we study the effects of threshold area selection on the morphometric properties (such as drainage density, length of drainage paths, and external and internal links) and scaling properties (such as Horton's laws and fractal dimension) of a channel network. We also study the related problem of DEM data resolution and its effect on estimation of scaling properties. The results indicate that morphometric properties vary considerably with Ath, and thus values reported without their associated Ath are meaningless and should be used in hydrologic analysis with caution. Also, the “completeness” of a channel network (in terms of having the outlet stream flowing directly into a higher-order stream) is found to depend on Ath in a random unpredictable way. Even if only the complete channel networks are used in the analysis, the statistical variability of scaling properties estimates due to Ath selection is significant and can be of comparable size to the variability due to DEM resolution and variability between estimates of different river networks. Our analysis highlights the need to carefully study the problem of network source representation or channel initiation scale from DEMs which will point to an appropriate Ath for channel network extraction and estimation of morphometric properties.
Halogen and 129I systematics in gas hydrate fields at the northern Cascadia margin (IODP Expedition 311): Insights from numerical modeling

We measured halogen concentrations and 129I/I ratios in five drilling sites of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311 (offshore Vancouver Island, Canada) in order to identify potential sources of fluids and methane in gas hydrate fields. Iodine is dominated by organic decomposition and transports with fluids in reducing environments and the presence of the cosmogenic radioisotope 129I (T1/2 = 15.7 Ma) allows the age determination of organic sources for iodine. Here we report halogen concentrations in 135 pore water samples, I concentrations in 48 sediment samples, and 129I/I ratios measured in a subset of 20 pore water samples. Most 129I/I ratios fall into a range around 500 × 10−15, corresponding to a minimum age of 25 Ma and the lowest ratio of 188 × 10−15 (Tmin = 47 Ma) was observed at 208 m below sea floor (mbsf) in Site 1326. These ages are considerably older than that of the local sediments in the gas hydrate fields and that of the subducting sediments on the Juan de Fuca plate, indicating that old, accreted sediments in the accretionary wedge contribute a significant amount of iodide and, by association, of methane to the gas hydrate occurrences. A geochemical transport‐reaction model was applied to simulate the advection of deeply sourced fluids and the release of iodide, bromide, and ammonia in the host sediments due to organic matter degradation. The model was first tested with data from two well studied areas, Ocean Drilling Program Site 1230 (Peru margin) and Site 1245 (Hydrate Ridge). The model results for the Expedition 311 sites indicate that the in situ release of young iodine is relatively minor in comparison to the contribution of migrating fluids, carrying large amounts of old iodine from deep sources. The comparison between the sites demonstrates that the total organic content has a strong effect on the rate of in situ iodine release and that lateral flows along fractures can have a significant influence on pore water chemistry, especially at the Cascadia margin. The iodine results indicate that mobilization and transport of methane from sources in the upper plate of active margins is an important process which can also play a substantial role in the formation of gas hydrate fields.