Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preservation of the rescaled adjusted range: 3. Fractional Gaussian noise algorithms

Improved modeling procedures are available for use with a discrete time fractional Gaussian noise (FGN) model. These advancements in FGN modeling consist of an exact simulation procedure, a maximum likelihood approach to obtain efficient estimates of the model parameters, and a technique for calculating the model residuals so that they can be subjected to rigorous diagnostic checks. The computer algorithms for the aforementioned modeling improvements are available on microfiche. The intention of this article is to summarize the essential ingredients of the complete paper, which appears on microfiche. Summary and entire article are available on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W. , Washington, D.C. 20006. Document W78-004; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
The Appinite–Migmatite Complex of Sanabria, NW Iberian Massif, Spain

The Sanabria appinitic rocks and host migmatites form an unusual, non-peri-batholithic complex in which all the typical members of the appinite suite are present. It differs from most appinitic complexes in the deeper level of emplacement and the close temporal and spatial association with migmatites. Consequently, many in situ relationships that resulted from the invasion of mafic magma into a crustal anatectic zone are extremely well preserved. The complex shows unequivocal relations between members of the appinitic suite and between these and migmatites derived by anatexis of a gneissic formation (Ollo de Sapo gneiss). These relations point to derivation of monzodiorites and biotite diorites by hydrous basalt fractionation combined with fluid-assisted melting of the crustal rocks surrounding the appinitic intrusions. This hydrous basic magma may be derived from an enriched region of the mantle associated with subduction. Petrogenetic models have been tested using a combination of field relations and geochemical data. Despite the complexity of the processes involved, it is concluded that water played an important role in the petrogenesis of the intermediate and mafic magmas. Reaction between monzodiorite melts and the host migmatites was responsible for the generation of a range of intermediate rocks within the complex. The need for water to facilitate magma generation in both the mantle and the crust suggests that melting is linked with subduction. This interpretation has important implications because appinitic magmatism may be considered as indicative of subduction processes involved not only in the generation of the mafic end-members of the suite, but also in the generation of batholiths with which the appinitic rocks are spatially and temporally associated.
Impact of soil redistribution in a sloping landscape on carbon sequestration in Northeast China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) in eroded soil can be redistributed from upper slope positions and deposited and sequestered in depressional areas. However, the SOC lost from soil erosion is normally not considered when soil carbon budgets are derived and this could result in an overestimation of SOC loss from the agricultural areas. The impact of soil redistribution on the SOC budget of a sloping landscape in the Black soil region in Northeast China was studied using the presence of the 137Cs tracer which has been deposited since 1954 and the fly‐ash tracer, which was deposited in 1903. Five landscape positions (summit, shoulder‐, back‐, foot‐ and toe‐slope) were selected and included in this study. The depths of 137Cs and fly ash and the SOC content of the deposition layers were used to calculate the change in C content of the soil in the various landscape positions over the last century. We found that the most severe soil erosion occurred in soils in the shoulder‐slope position followed by the back‐slope and the summit positions. Soil deposition occurred in the toe‐slope position followed by the foot‐slope position. A total of 683 kg C was eroded from the summit, shoulder‐ and back‐slopes (in a 1 m wide strip) over the past 100 years and 418 kg C (about 61·2 per cent) was deposited in the low‐lying areas (foot‐ and toe‐slopes). Over half (61·5 per cent) of the deposition (257 kg SOC) occurred over the past 50 years. Most of the previously reported loss of C from the upper slope positions in the Black soils was in fact sequestered in the deposition areas in the landscape. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the Learning of Biomechanics and Visual Planning for Decision-Making of Motor Actions

Recent experiments showed that the bio-mechanical ease and end-point stability associated to reaching movements are predicted prior to movement onset, and that these factors exert a signiﬁcant inﬂuence on the choice of movement. As an extension of these results, here we investigate whether the knowledge about biomechanical costs and their inﬂuence on decision-making are the result of an adaptation process taking place during each experimental session or whether this knowledge was learned at an earlier stage of development. Speciﬁcally, we analysed both the pattern of decision-making and its ﬂuctuations during each session, of several human subjects making free choices between two reaching movements that varied in path distance (target relative distance), biomechanical cost, aiming accuracy and stopping requirement. Our main result shows that the eﬀect of biomechanics is well established at the start of the session, and that, consequently, the learning of biomechanical costs in decision-making occurred at an earlier stage of development. As a means to characterise the dynamics of this learning process, we also developed a model-based reinforcement learning model, which generates a possible account of how biomechanics may be incorporated into the motor plan to select between reaching movements. Results obtained in simulation showed that, after some pre-training corresponding to a motor babbling phase, the model can reproduce the subjects’ overall movement preferences. Although preliminary, this supports that the knowledge about biomechanical costs may have been learned in this manner, and supports the hypothesis that the ﬂuctuations observed in the subjects’ behaviour may adapt in a similar fashion
Design of Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up I Section Columns subjected to Interactive Buckling

An experimental investigation into the behaviour of cold-formed steel (CFS) built-up I column assembly compressed between fixed ends is presented. To study the interactive buckling mode of failures, the built-up column assembly is designed to be doubly symmetric and locally slender. A total of forty-one columns were tested including different cross-section dimensions, lengths, intermediate connection spacing, and slendernesses. It is experimentally shown that the local buckling deformations caused the built-up cross-section assembly columns to fail predominantly in interactive local and flexural-torsional buckling. The influence of intermediate fastener spacing was also prevalent in the failure modes. The appropriateness of the AISI’s maximum intermediate connection spacing limitation is verified to prevent global instability failures. The test and design results comparison indicated that the current AISI’s DSM design curve for interactive buckling is unconservative for the CFS built-up columns with predominant interactive local-global failure mode vulnerability. Therefore, a modified design curve for interactive local-global buckling is proposed.
U-Pb dating of Mesozoic igneous rocks from Hong Kong

Twenty-two new zircon and monazite U-Pb ages have been obtained for Mesozoic plutonic and volcanic rocks of Hong Kong. These have revealed the existence of four distinct periods of Mid-Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous volcano-plutonism: 164.6 ±0.2 to 159.3 ±0.3 Ma, 146.6 ±0.2 to 146.2 ±0.2 Ma, 143.7 ±0.3 to 142.5 ±0.3 Ma, and 140.9 ±0.2 to 140.4 ±0.2 Ma. A concordant monazite age of 236.3 ± 0.8 Ma has also been obtained from one intrusive body representing the first known occurrence of a Mid-Triassic granitoid in the Territory. Among these rocks, discordant U-Pb data projected to the concordia curve have given a broad range of inheritance ages from early Phanerozoic to late Archaean. A xenocrystic zircon from one sample has yielded a concordant age of 1872 ±3 Ma. The new U-Pb ages have refined the results of recent Rb-Sr whole-rock age dating of the granitoid rocks and have considerably improved correlation between intrusive and extrusive units. The occurrence of inherited components in many of the analysed rocks indicates that they were derived from, or erupted through, older crust containing a wide variety of age components, either as primary igneous or detrital material.
Numerical Simulations of Waves over Large Crater Topography in the Atmosphere

AbstractNumerical simulations are used to investigate waves generated by flow over crater topography of diameter 100 km in an idealized atmosphere. The atmosphere is stratified with a constant buoyancy frequency profile and the background wind is constant. This study describes the development of a low-level jet along the upstream crater slope and its interaction with the cooler air within the crater valley. This interaction results in a hydraulic jump–like structure that acts as a modified topography, forcing a beam of secondary waves. The hydraulic jump is formed by a retreating gravity current as the cool air within the crater readjusts after the initial tilting of potential temperature contours. A two-dimensional simulation is used to compare features such as wave overturning in two and three dimensions. Several variations on the atmosphere’s profile are considered, including an atmosphere with reduced constant stratification and an atmosphere that is unstratified within the crater. These results indic.
Chronic Diarrhoea in IBS

1 Management of Chronic Diarrhoea Chronic diarrhoea is a common symptomatic complaint of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Patients may define chronic diarrhoea as loose stools, increased stool frequency and/or urgency, hence it is important to take a history to clarify what the patient means by “diarrhoea”. Functional causes of chronic diarrhoea include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional diarrhoea. IBS is characterised by the presence of abdominal pain, which is often relieved by defaecation. When abdominal pain is absent, the patient is considered to have functional diarrhoea.
IMPLEMENTATION OF TARGÎB AND TARHÎB METHODS TO TEACH AQIDAH AND AKHLAQ SUBJECT IN MADRASAH

This study is aimed at investigating targîb and tarhîb method in terms of planning, implementation, supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation, evaluation and success rate of application. This research applied qualitative method using descriptive analytic. The data were collected using observation, interviews, and documentation. Data were analysed by selecting, sorting data obtained, analysing and drawing conclusions. The findings show that the planning was designed in terms of learning strategies, techniques and tactics in the document of lesson plan. The implementation was in accordance with the planning written in the learning steps in the document of lesson plan. The supporting factors included innovative and competent teachers in their fields, full support from the principal, support from the teacher council and school staff, and the availability of facilities and infrastructure. The inhibiting factors covered the differences in the students’ background and the location of the classrooms which is next to public roads and residents' houses. The evaluation was done by observing students’ attitudes and administering the oral tests in learning. The success rate of implementation can be seen from the increase in the students’ awareness to behave akhlak karimah in everyday life.
REVIEW OF HYDROCLIMATIC TELECONNECTION BETWEEN HYDROLOGIC VARIABLES AND LARGE-SCALE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS WITH INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT Hydroclimatic teleconnection between hydrologic variables and large-scale atmospheric circulation phenomena is being studied worldwide and gaining more and more interest in recent years due to its potential use in hydrologic time series analysis and forecasting. In this paper a review of such related work is presented. First, characteristics of major large-scale atmospheric circulation phenomena from tropical Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean region are explained. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode from tropical Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean respectively are selected and their global influences on hydrologic variables through hydroclimatic teleconnection are elaborated. Potential predictive power of such large-scale indices for hydrologic variables is explained based on the established research work across the world. Research opportunities, in this direction, are then explained in Indian perspective. A preliminary analysis is also presented in this regard. Predictive potential of such large-scale indices is of immense use to water resources community.
Professionals as knowledge brokers: The limits of authority in healthcare collaboration

Professionals with managerial responsibilities are often seen as natural boundary spanners, brokering knowledge between the professional and managerial domains. However, the tensions implicit in their knowledge brokering activities, especially when the latter are formalized, remain under-researched. Using interviews and observational data, we examine the case of an inter-organizational collaborative research partnership that deployed clinical professionals as designated knowledge brokers across multiple sites. We identify three strategies that such hybrid professionals utilized to surmount challenges associated with knowledge brokering in the fragmented healthcare context: (1) relying on additional boundary ‘bridges’; (2) conforming to existing ways of doing things; and (3) shifting from ‘facilitating’ to ‘doing’. An analysis of these strategies highlights the tensions between different dimensions of brokering reinforced by macro-level institutional arrangements, the intertwining of formalized and emergent elements of brokering as a collectively-enacted phenomenon, and the limitations of knowledge brokering professionals arising from their professional expertise and authority.
CUSTOMERS’ SATISFACTION TOWARDS CLAIM SETTLEMENT OF LIFE INSURANCE POLICIES IN NEPAL

Claims Settlement is considered to be one of the most valuable possessions of any insurer. It is one aspect of insurance practice, the handling claims, which can make the image of insurance company by satisfying customers. This study seeks to examine the claim settlement of claimants and its impact on customer satisfaction. In specific, the study investigates clarity of settlement advice, claim procedure and payment of claim of the claim clients. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 270 claimants selected from two life insurance companies of Kathmandu valley. The descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that claimants are having payment of claim have low significant but clarity of settlement advice and claim procedure are found to be significant in predicting customer customers' satisfaction. However, payment of claim is found to be insignificant in predicting customers' satisfaction. The results also confirm that there is significant impact of claim settlement on customers' satisfaction. Claim settlement starts with delivering transparent information without any loopholes (clarity of settlement advice), then understanding the right, short and simple approach (claim procedure), to pay benefited interest amount to clients (payment of claim). This whole sequential series are effectively performed to best explain claim settlement and ultimately to meet customer satisfaction. The result of this study has helped to identify the role of clarity of settlement advice, claim procedure, and payment of claim in claim settlement of life insurance companies. It becomes even more important for the insurance companies to properly balance the cycle of claim settlement and serve best customer satisfaction. As well as the customers can get detailed information for the future to get insurance policy. The concept can be explored and examined more deeply in the future with the consideration of several other variables affecting customer satisfaction.
A comparative study of resolution merge techniques and their efficiency in processing images of urban areas

In this paper, the efficiency of four different merging techniques is examined, in order to improve the spatial resolution of a Landsat 7 ETM image of the city of Pyrgos, western Peloponnese, Greece. The general conclusion is that the PCA merging technique is preferable if the user wants to maintain the natural colors in the 321 merged RGB image. Applying the IHS merging technique, an optimum result in the texture of the urban area may be achieved and its elements, like blocks or streets, are more clearly discerned.
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A review of dietary studies with emphasis on methodologic aspects.

Les etudes revues ne font apparaitre que quelques facteurs de risque alimentaires pour ces 2 maladies. Deux explications possibles: 1) les facteurs alimentaires etudies ne sont pas des facteurs de risque pour ces maladies; 2) les differences reelles entre malades et temoins ne sont pas detectees en raison d'un biais. Plusieurs raisons sont avancees en faveur de cette derniere explication
The REVEALS model, a new tool to estimate past regional plant abundance from pollen data in large lakes: validation in southern Sweden

The REVEALS model was developed to reconstruct quantitatively regional vegetation abundance (in a 104–105 km2 area) from pollen assemblages in large lakes (≥100–500 ha). This model corrects for biases in pollen percentages caused by inter‐taxonomic differences in pollen productivity and dispersal. This paper presents the first case study to validate REVEALS, using empirical data from southern Sweden. Percentage cover of modern regional vegetation in Skåne and Småland, two contrasting vegetation regions, was predicted with REVEALS for 26 key taxa, using pollen assemblages from surface sediments in 10 large lakes, and compared to the actual vegetation within 104 km2 compiled from satellite data, forestry inventories, crop statistics, aerial photographs, and vegetation inventories. REVEALS works well in predicting the percentage cover of large vegetation units such as total trees (wooded land), total herbs (open land), total conifers and total broad‐leaved trees, and it provides reasonable estimates for individual taxa, including Pinus, Picea, Betula, Corylus, Alnus, Tilia, Salix spp. , Juniperus, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Cerealia and Secale. The results show great potential for REVEALS applications, including (1) quantitative reconstructions of past regional land cover important for palaeoclimatology and nature conservation, and (2) local‐scale reconstruction of vegetation (<1 km2 up to ∼ 5 km2 area) relevant for palaeoecology and archaeology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ observation and determination of liquid immiscibility in the Fe‐O‐S melt at 3 GPa using a synchrotron X‐ray radiographic technique

We have performed in situ experiments on liquid immiscibility in Fe‐O‐S melts at 3 GPa and up to 2203 K using a synchrotron X‐ray radiographic technique. The difference between immiscible melts and a miscible melt can be clearly observed in radiographs. The immiscibility gap of the Fe‐O‐S melt shrinks with increasing temperature at 3 GPa. Two separated phases appeared from a miscible melt during quenching. Without in situ observations, the two phases observed in quench textures would be interpreted as either quench products from primary immiscible melts at high temperature, or those exsolved from a homogeneous melt to immiscible melts passing through the stability field of immiscible melts during quenching. In situ measurements are required in order to determine the immiscibility gap of the liquid Fe with light element(s). Our results have important implications for the formation and chemical composition of the cores of Earth and Mars.
Equatorial Kelvin wave signatures in ozone profile measurements from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME)

This study investigates the ability to derive height-resolved information on equatorial Kelvin wave activity from three different Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) ozone profile data sets. The ozone profiles derived using the Ozone Profile Retrieval Algorithm (OPERA) based on optimal estimation and the Neural Network Ozone Retrieval System (NNORSY) both show Kelvin wave signals in agreement with previously identified signals in the GOME total ozone columns. However, because of the inadequate vertical resolution, these two data sets are not able to resolve the vertical structure of the Kelvin wave activity. The third data set, consisting of assimilated OPERA ozone profiles, does provide height-resolved information on Kelvin wave activity that is consistent with results from the analysis of GOME total ozone columns and ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) temperature data. Largest Kelvin-wave-induced perturbations of up to 0.69 DU/km coincide with the maximum vertical gradient in ozone around 35 hPa and show an in-phase relationship with temperature perturbations in ERA-40 as expected from theoretical considerations. These results indicate that the ozone perturbations in the lower stratosphere and in the total column of ozone are transport related. Between 10 and 1 hPa, large Kelvin-wave-induced fluctuations in ozone mixing ratio are present that, however, because of their small contribution to the total column, do not constitute a large contribution to the total ozone column perturbations. The ozone perturbations between 10 and 1 hPa show an out-of-phase relationship with temperature perturbations in ERA-40, indicating that the perturbations can either be caused by transport effects or photochemical influences. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.