Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating the uncertainty in simulating the impacts of small farm dams on streamflow regimes in South Africa

Abstract Small dams represent an important local-scale resource designed to increase water supply reliability in many parts of the world where hydrological variability is high. There is evidence that the number of farm dams has increased substantially over the last few decades. These developments can have a substantial impact on downstream flow volumes and patterns, water use and ecological functioning. The study reports on the application of a hydrological modelling approach to investigate the uncertainty associated with simulating the impacts of farm dams in several South African catchments. The focus of the study is on sensitivity analysis and the limitations of the data that would be typically available for water resources assessments. The uncertainty mainly arises from the methods and information that are available to estimate the dam properties and the water use from the dams. The impacts are not only related to the number and size of dams, but also the extent to which they are used for water supply as well as the nature of the climate and the natural hydrological regimes. The biggest source of uncertainty in South Africa appears to be associated with a lack of reliable information on volumes and patterns of water abstraction from the dams. Citation Hughes, D. A. & Mantel, S. K. (2010) Estimating the uncertainty in simulating the impacts of small farm dams on streamflow regimes in South Africa. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(4), 578–592.
Makarochkinite, Ca2Fe42+Fe3+TiSi4BeAlO20, a new beryllosilicate member of the aenigmatite-sapphirine-surinamite group from the Ilʼmen Mountains (southern Urals), Russia

Abstract Makarochkinite, [VII](Ca1.64Na0.25Mn0.11)[VI](Fe2+3.56Fe3+1.46Ti0.61Mg0.25Mn0.02Nb0.038Ta0.007)[IV](Si4.48Be0.91Al0.54Fe0.07O18)O2 (end-member Ca2Fe42+Fe3+TiSi4BeAlO20) from electron-microprobe data, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and single-crystal structure refinement, occurs in a granitic pegmatite near Lake Ishkul', Il'men Mountains (Southern Urals), Il'men State Reserve, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Russia. Associated minerals include danalite, phenakite, titanite, potassian calcic amphibole (ferro-edenite and hastingsite), biotite, ilmenite, magnetite, ferrocolumbite, fergusonite-(Y), and samarskite-(Y). Makarochkinite forms equant masses 5.50 mm across, black in hand specimen; luster vitreous; it is opaque except in slivers <1 μm thick. It is brittle; Moh's hardness 5.5. 6, and has no discernable cleavage; fracture is uneven. Twinning is absent. The measured density is 3.93(1) g/cm3; calculated density 3.933 g/cm3. It is optically biaxial, α = 1.835 ± 0.014 and γ = 1.865 ± 0.015 from reß ectance data, pleochroism marked: X = greenish brown, Y = yellowish brown, Z = reddish brown; Y ≤ X < Z. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction gives triclinic symmetry, space group P1̅ . , Z = 2, wR(F2) (all) = 0.096 for 6497 reß ections, a = 10.355(2), b = 10.751(3), and c = 8.873(2) Å, α = 105.707(8), β = 96.227(6), γ = 124.861(6)°, V = 735.7(3) Å3. The eight strongest lines in the powder pattern [d-spacing (Å),(I),(hkl)] are 7.997(57)(100), 4.779(29)(011), 3.120(32)(012), 2.924(69)(01̅3), 2.676(77)(2̅03), 2.530(100)(2̅1̅3), 2.410(28)(22̅3), 2.075(39)(41̅1). Of the aenigmatite-sapphirine-surinamite group minerals, makarochkinite is compositionally closest to rhönite and høgtuvaite. It is distinguished from rhönite by Fe2+ > Mg and by the presence of 0.91. 0.98 Be per 20 cations; Be occupies the two most polymerized T sites in roughly equal amounts. Distinction from høgtuvaite is based on occupancy of the M7 site, which is dominated by Fe3+ in høgtuvaite and by Ti in makarochkinite
Heterogeneous Firms, Productivity, and Poverty Traps ECONOMIC

We present a model of endogenous total factor productivity which generates poverty traps. We obtain multiple steady-state equilibria for an arbitrarily small degree of increasing returns to scale. While the most productive (cid:133)rms operate across all the steady states, in a poverty trap less productive (cid:133)rms operate as well. This results in lower average (cid:133)rm productivity and lower total factor productivity. In our model a growth miracle is accompanied by a shift of employment from small to large (cid:133)rms, consistent with the empirical evidence. We calibrate our model and relate entry costs to the price of investment goods. The resulting distributions of output, TFP, and capital-to-output ratio across steady states are similar to the ergodic distributions we estimate from the data.
Chemical tracers of biological processes in shallow waters of North Pacific: Preformed nitrate distributions

Distributions of nitrate and Apparent Oxygen Utilization in the upper subtropical North Pacific Ocean reveal a layer with negative values of preformed nitrate. This layer occurs at depths just below the 1% light level and above the density of sigma theta 25.6. We show that large-scale spatial patterns in the distribution of this feature are determined by an interaction between light penetration and the depth of isopycnal surfaces which are ventilated in nutrient rich surface waters. Although the data alone are insufficient to distinguish between several possible causes, we believe the geographic and depth distributions of the negative preformed nitrate feature are most readily explained by respiration of nitrogen-poor dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the surface ocean with the possible accompaniment of nitrate uptake. Dissolved organic carbon gradients and transport calculations suggest that a significant fraction of the carbon flux out of the euphotic zone may be via DOM, indicating that the processes responsible for creating the negative preformed nitrate feature could alter the metabolite stoichiometry in upper subtropical Pacific Ocean.
Arteriovenous Fistula following Angioplasty Alteration in the Venous Drainage of a Dural

Summary: The pattern of venous drainage from a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) has been shown to affect the natural history of these lesions. Angioplasty and stent placement of the dural sinuses have been described to improve outflow in venous hypertensive states and may improve the venous drainage pattern from a DAVF. We report the case of a patient with a benign but stenosed type IIa transverse sinus DAVF who underwent angioplasty to improve venous outflow. This resulted in conversion of the DAVF to a more malignant type IIb drainage pattern with reflux into the cortical venous system.
Critical Grain-Size Parameters for Predicting Framework and “Floating” Grains in Sediments

Abstract In unconsolidated sediments, some grains form a load-bearing framework while others may “float”, that is, occupy volume without contributing to mechanical strength. The latter grains affect the relationship between acoustic velocity and porosity as well as the permeability of the sediment. We propose that characteristic features of the grain-size distribution are indicators of the fraction of floating grains. The criterion for “floating” involves grain-scale geometry not accessible from macroscopic models of grain packing, so we support this proposition with an examination of computer-generated model sediments (dense, disordered packings of spheres) having two sizes of spheres. The analysis reveals two thresholds. First, the fraction of floating grains is larger when the volume fraction of small grains is below ~ 40%. In packings satisfying the first threshold, a second threshold exists: if the large-grain radius is sufficiently greater than the small-grain radius (by a factor of 3, or half a decade on a logarithmic scale), the fraction of floating grains is significantly larger. These thresholds are qualitatively consistent with field observations of anomalously slow P-wave velocities in several poorly consolidated to semiconsolidated reservoirs. The grain-size distributions in these reservoirs are sufficiently broad to satisfy the two thresholds, and the emergence of a second mode in the distribution correlates with greater anomaly in the velocity–porosity trend. The maximum fraction of floating grains in the model sediments is comparable to the value needed to explain the anomaly quantitatively. Significantly, the thresholds for floating grains are closely related to those known to affect trends of macroscopic properties of sediments (porosity, permeability). The grain-scale model can thus serve more generally as a microstructural complement to established macroscopic models.
The Omnivore and the ‘Class Defector'. Musical Taste and Social Mobility in Contemporary France

: A large part of current research in cultural sociology highlights the so-called ‘omnivorous’ paradigm. According to this now well-established paradigm, social differentiation of cultural tastes and practices could no longer be addressed in terms of mass vs. elite culture but rather in terms of eclecticism and openness to diversity. Based on French data on musical tastes, this paper first argues that, provided the use of an adequate categorization of genres, the highbrow/lowbrow divide remains highly pertinent in contemporary France. The additional contribution of the paper relates to the way social mobility affects the formation of people tastes. Making use of a class of statistical models specifically designed for the analysis of mobility effects – the so-called diagonal mobility models -, the paper shows that mobile people’s taste results from an unbalanced mixing influence of their class of origin and of their class of destination, where the latter tends to prevail, though. In addition, the analysis set out in the paper does not support the common assumption of a positive correlation between mobility and taste eclecticism. Socially mobiles and especially upwardly mobiles are more likely to display highbrow rather than eclectic musical tastes. Finally, the stronger attraction exerted by the highbrow pattern on the upwardly mobiles’ taste illustrates the symbolic power that the traditional notion of cultural legitimacy still exerts on people beliefs and practices.
Instability in Channels and Floodplains in Southeast Australia : Natural Processes and Human Activity Impacts / L'instabilité des chenaux fluviaux et des plaines alluviales dans le sud-est de l'Australie : processus naturels et impacts des activités humaines

Les recherches ont montre que les chenaux et les plaines alluviales des cours d'eau des Nouvelles Galles du sud sont tres instables. La cause en etait initialement attribuee a l'impact des activites humaines recentes et a des crues catastrophiques. Il est cependant clair aujourd'hui que des regimes hydrologiques alternes ont eu des effets encore plus destabilisateurs. Les problemes associes aux impacts des variations de regime et des activites humaines sont presentes dans quatre breves etudes de cas: le bassin de l'Hawkesbury-Nepean caracterise par des changements de regime marques et par l'impact de grands barrages, par une industrie extractrice intense et par une forte population urbaine; le bassin de la Snowy avec deux grands barrages construits pour deriver l'eau vers des bassins hydrographiques occidentaux plus secs et pour produire de l'energie electrique; le bassin de la Clarence, vaste et non amenage, dans lequel l'impact des variations de regime n'est pas marque; et enfin le bassin de la Bellinger, petit bassin non amenage dans lequel les changements de regime ont fortement modifie le chenal et la plaine alluviale.
Three-dimensional frequency-domain modeling of airborne electromagnetic responses

A novel three-dimensional (3D) frequency-domain modeling code has been implemented for airborne electromagnetic (AEM) simulations. The code is based on the volume integral equation (IE) solution to Maxwell's equations. To verify the code we consider three earth models of practical interest: (1) a 3D elongated body (dyke) residing in a layered earth; (2) faulted half-space (vertical contact) without, and, (3) with topography. Comparison of the code with a staggered-grid finite-difference solution for these models produces results in excellent agreement. In addition we have simulated responses that were previously numerically intractable, such as anisotropic and high-contrast 3D targets. We believe that our code is an efficient tool for AEM applications; as an example, for a model of a 1 Wm body in a 100 Wm half-space the code takes 8 minutes on 100HHz Pentium PC per AEM system position when the body is discretised into 1500 cells.
(2017). Characterisation of a Wheat Breeders’ Array suitable for high throughput SNP genotyping of global accessions of hexaploid bread wheat

crucially resilience pressures. the development of molecular for use in the assessment and utilization of genetic diversity in with a large collection of 819 571 previously characterized wheat markers, we describe the identiﬁcation of 35 143 single nucleotide polymorphism-based markers, which are highly suited to the genotyping of elite hexaploid wheat accessions. To assess their suitability, the markers have been validated using a commercial high-density Affymetrix Axiom (cid:1) genotyping array (the Wheat Breeders’ Array), in a high-throughput 384 microplate conﬁguration, to characterize a diverse global collection of wheat accessions including landraces and elite lines derived from commercial breeding communities. We demonstrate that the Wheat Breeders’ Array is also suitable for generating high-density genetic maps of previously uncharacterized populations and for characterizing novel genetic diversity produced by mutagenesis. To facilitate the use of the array by the wheat community, the markers, the associated sequence and the genotype information have been made available through the interactive web site ‘CerealsDB’.
University of Memphis Digital Commons University of Memphis Digital Commons

An accurate model of building interiors with detailed annotations is critical to protecting ﬁrst responders and building occupants during emergencies. First responders and building occupants can use these 3D building models to navigate indoor environments or to vacate the building safely. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a commonly used remote sensing method that uses light (laser) to create a 3D map. However, it provides a low-resolution point cloud, which makes it difﬁcult for ﬁrst responders to identify objects of interest directly in the point cloud. More speciﬁcally, small safety objects do not have a clear presence in the point cloud, and some safety objects are differentiable only by color. In this project, we apply instance segmentation on RGB images of buildings instead of segmenting the 3D point clouds directly to locate these objects and create detailed annotations. There has been extensive research related to object detection and segmentation. However, the segmentation of public safety objects in an indoor scene is not studied widely. This task can be challenging due to the insufﬁciency of natural light, irregularity of ambient light, and deﬁciency of a relevant training dataset. Our research creates a labeling system for the environments inside and adjacent to buildings. Firstly, we collected 360-degree panoramic videos and sampled them into an equirectangular projection image frame. Later, we created a manually labeled equirectangular image dataset for indoor public safety objects and used them to train machine learning models. Finally, we utilized machine learning models to locate and classify those objects in the equirectangular video frames. Our results show that the deep neural network Mask RCNN with classiﬁcation architecture such as Inception-ResNet-V2 and ResNet-101 performs well in labeling public safety objects in our image dataset, especially for large objects. We reported the
PREVALENCE OF HYDATID CYSTS IN LIVER AND LUNGS OF CATTLE SLAUGHTERED IN SELECTED ABATTOIRS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and fertility of Hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in Cattle slaughtered in selected abattoirs in Northern Nigeria and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) from February to December, 2022. Gross examination was carried out by visual inspection and palpation of lungs and liver of 1,881 Cattle in order to determine the availability and organ localization of hydatid cysts. A total of 95(5.1%) of the study population harboured one or more cysts in liver and lungs. Highest prevalence was recorded in cattle slaughtered in Gombe State (10.9%) followed by Kaduna (6.2%) the least was in Kogi State (1.9%). The difference of prevalence among the states was statistically significant (p<0.05). There was association of prevalence of hydatid cysts with location in Gombe (OR=2.637, 95% CI=1.570-4.431) which was significant and Kaduna states (OR=1.451, 95% CI=0.957-2.200) but not significant. There was no association of hydatid cyst infection with location in cattle slaughtered in FCT, Kogi and Plateau States (OR<1.0). Overall age-specific prevalence of cysts in cattle was directly proportional with age; the 5 years and above age group had highest prevalence (6.2%) while the least was in 1-2 years age group (1.2%). Prevalence was significantly associated only with cattle in 5 years and above age group (OR=2.141, 95% CI=1.295-2.538). Difference in prevalence of hydatid cysts among the age groups in all locations was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Overall prevalence of hydatid cysts was higher in females (5.7%) than males (4.0%) the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05); .
Formation of shear bands in sand bodies as a bifurcation problem

The paper reports on the results of theoretical and experimental investigations on the spontaneous formation of shear bands in sand bodies. The phenomenon is considered as a bifurcation problem. Consequently, material response and configuration-dependent loading determine the bifurcation mode. Both Coulomb's and Roscoe's solutions of inclination of the shear band can be correct theoretically and experimentally. The first one holds for non-rotating stress axes, the second one for co-rotating stress and strain increment axes during failure. Values in between can occur if the rotation of principal stress axes is not equal to one of these limits. If Coulomb's inclination of shear band occurs, there is a thin deforming material layer separating rigid bodies. Inside the shear band non-coaxiality of strain increment and stress holds from the beginning. If Roscoe's inclination of shear band occurs, it is separating two deforming bodies. Inside the shear band strain increment and stress are coaxial at peak.
Extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs around AF-type stars - IX. The HARPS southern sample

Context. Massive, main-sequence (MS) AF-type stars have so far remained unexplored in past radial velocities (RV) surveys due to their small number of spectral lines and high rotational velocities that prevent the classic RV computation method. Aims. Our aim is to search for giant planets (GPs) around AF MS stars, to get primary statistical information on their occurrence rate and to compare the results with evolved stars and lower-mass MS stars. Methods. We used the HARPS spectrograph located on the 3.6 m telescope at ESO La Silla Observatory to observe 108 AF MS stars with B − V in the range −0.04 to 0.58 and masses in the range 1.1 to 3.6 M ⊙ . We used our SAFIR software developed to compute the RV and other spectroscopic observables of these early-type stars. We characterized the detected companions as well as the intrinsic stellar variability. We computed the detection limits and used them as well as the detected companions to derive the first estimates of the close-in brown dwarf (BD) and GP frequencies around AF stars. Results. We report the detection of a m p sin i = 4.51 M Jup planetary companion with an ~826-day period to the F6V dwarf HD 111998. We also present new data on the two-planet system around the F6IV-V dwarf HD 60532. We also report the detections of 14 binaries with long-term RV trends and/or high-amplitude RV variations combined to a flat RV-bisector span diagram. We constrain the minimal masses and semi-major axes of these companions and check that these constraints are compatible with the stellar companions previously detected by direct imaging or astrometry for six of these targets. We get detection limits deep into the planetary domain with 70% of our targets showing detection limits between 0.1 and 10 M Jup at all orbital periods in the 1- to 10 3 -day range. We derive BD (13 ≤ m p sin i ≤ 80 M Jup ) occurrence rates in the 1- to 10 3 -day period range of 2 -2 +5 % and 2.6 -2.6 +6.7 % for stars with M ⋆ in the ranges 1.1 to 1.5 and 1.5 to 3 M ⊙ , respectively. As for Jupiter-mass companions (1 ≤ m p sin i ≤ 13 M Jup ), we get occurrence rates in the 1- to 10 3 -day period range of 4 -0.9 +5.9 % and 6.3 -6.3 +15.9 % respectively for the same M ⋆ ranges. When considering the same Jupiter-mass companions but periods in the 1- to 100-day range only, we get occurrence rates of 2 -2 +5.2 % and 3.9 -3.9 +9.9 %. Given the present error bars, these results do not show a significant difference from companion frequencies derived in the same domains for solar-like MS stars.
Evaluating TerraSAR-X for the identification of tillage occurrence over an agricultural area in Canada

Tillage practices can affect the long term sustainability of agricultural soils as well as a variety of soil processes that impact the environment. The benefits of reduced tillage and no-till practices over agriculture fields are well documented and include: (1) significant reductions in wind and water erosion mitigating nutrient and pesticide runoff into waterways; (2) increasing and/or maintaining soil organic matter; (3) increasing biological activity and improving soil structure; and (4) increasing soil carbon and its sequestration. Information on tillage activities assists in implementing policies and programs to promote beneficial management practices (BMPs), and in monitoring the success of these initiatives. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada supports environmentally responsible agriculture and has identified this as one of their priorities. Thus, tillage information requirements have become increasingly important to a number of programs and policies within the department. Rapid, accurate and objective methods are required to map and monitor tillage activities. Earth observing satellites can assist with targeting and monitoring land management activities. For the last decade, research has clearly demonstrated that complementary information provided by both optical and radar satellite sensors are fundamental in developing an agricultural land management monitoring system. Launched in June 2007, the TerraSAR-X is a radar satellite acquiring data at the X-band frequency (9.6 GHz). The application of TerraSAR-X data for conservation tillage mapping has been somewhat limited, and thus this study investigates its use in determining tillage occurrence. An HH-HV TerraSAR-X image was acquired on November 4, 2009 and ground data were also collected characterizing tillage conditions at the time of acquisition. Backscatter responses were analyzed to identify tillage occurrence and to differentiate between untilled, chiseled and moldboard ploughed fields. Preliminary analysis showed that HH polarization can better contribute to tillage discrimination than compared to HV polarization and that the backscatter response can be used to discriminate untilled fields from ones that are moldboard ploughed. However, chiseled fields were often confused with highroughness (rms height~1.30 cm) untilled fields and moldboard ploughed fields. Fully polarimetric X-band radar datasets could potentially contribute more information to mapping tillage conditions.