Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Other People’s Money: Preferences for Equality in Groups

Economic policy decisions often involve a tradeoff between equality and efficiency implemented through income redistribution. We test whether people are more likely to purchase equality with their own money versus transferring someone else’s money to a low-income group member which reduces inequality at the cost of group efficiency. We synthesize (Andreoni & Miller 2002) and (Engellman & Strobel 2004) by using an experiment that allows us to measure willingness-to-pay for equality both with own income and other people’s money. Subjects are more likely to purchase equality with others' money at the cost of group efficiency. The average individual prefers an outcome with more own income and more inequality relative to our experimental status quo. The average willingness-to-pay for equality is positive when using others' money. However, our subjects are sensitive to prices even when making purchases with others' money. When the cost in terms of group efficiency is very high, subjects usually do not choose to reduce inequality. We find the same outcome when subjects decide as a dictator or with majority-rule decisions.
Predicting the students' learning behaviour for a technical course during Covid-19

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the learning behaviour of students towards a technical course using online mode and offline mode. Due to the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, the educational fraternity has successfully reached out to the students using the various virtual tools available. Although, the offline mode of teaching-learning i.e. the actual classroom interaction is quite important as far as a technical course is concerned, but during these tough times the online platforms like Zoom, Webex meetings, Google meet have made the teaching-learning feasible remotely at any time from any place. This paper compares the learning behaviour of students in the two modes, online mode, and offline mode. A total of 213 students studying a technical course participated in the survey and their responses based on a questionnaire were recorded. The questionnaire considered all aspects related to the delivery of contents, the evaluation method, the preferred way of clarifying students’ doubts, course difficulty level and duration of the course. The analysis suggests that 72.3% of students are in favour of learning this course using offline mode, while 27.7 % of students are comfortable with online mode. Furthermore, the present study reveals that 95.7%, 95.3%, and 75.1 % of students are congenial with the offline mode in terms of teacher competency, content delivery, and interaction possibility respectively, whereas 85%, 76.9% and 48.4% of students are congenial with the online mode in terms of same parameters. The higher magnitude of average mean value for offline mode (3.99) anticipates its dominance over online mode (3.18). More than 50% students favoured online mode along with multiple choice question papers for the evaluation process irrespective of their preference to offline mode for teaching-learning. Based on the present analysis, some recommendations are proposed as the future strategies to improve the performance of teaching-learning activities during the times of crisis.
Toxic Impact of Zinc Salt (ZnSO4) on Some Haematological Parameters in a Freshwater Mud Eel Amphipnous cuchia (Hamilton, 1822)

Background: Zinc (Zn), a heavy metal present in aquatic environment, has toxic effect on fishes. Present study was to assess toxicity of Zinc salt (ZnSO4) on total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) content (g/dl) and haematocrit value (PCV%) of blood of freshwater mud eel Amphipnous cuchia. Methods: Live fishes collected from ponds were acclimatized in laboratory. TEC, Hb content and PCV% of blood samples collected after 15, 30, 60 and 90 days, of control fishes and fishes exposed to low (0.5mg/l) and high (1mg/l) concentrations of ZnSO4, were determined by standard methods. Result: TEC, Hb content and PCV% varied respectively from 2.48 x 106/mm3 to 2.70 x 106/mm3, 12.02 g/dl to 12.30 g/dl and 28.50 % to 33.60 % in fishes in low and from 2.36 x 106/mm3 to 2.60 x 106/mm3, 11.82 g/dl to 12.20 g/dl and 26.20 % to 31.50 % in fishes in high concentration of ZnSO4 solution, showing decreasing trend in all three blood parameters vis-a-vis their control values viz. TEC (2.74 x 106/mm3), Hb content (12.60 g/dl) and PCV% (34.50 %), decrease being more prominent in fishes exposed to high than those to low concentration. The depletion in these blood parameters may be attributed to the haemotoxic characteristics of Zinc (Zn).
A conservation of resources view of the relationship between transformational leadership and emotional exhaustion: The role of extra effort and psychological detachment

ABSTRACT In this study, we draw on conservation of resources theory to suggest that transformational leaders’ encouragement of extra effort in followers might reduce or increase followers’ emotional exhaustion depending on their ability to replenish energy reserves. Specifically, we argue that the indirect relationship between transformational leadership (TFL) and followers’ emotional exhaustion via extra effort varies depending on followers’ levels of psychological detachment from work. We tested the hypothesised conditional indirect effect model using three-wave data from 214 employees working in various industries. Regression analyses showed that psychological detachment moderated the indirect relationship between TFL and emotional exhaustion through extra effort such that the indirect relationship was negative with high psychological detachment and positive with low psychological detachment. The findings of this study indicate the importance of recognising that the beneficial effects of TFL in reducing emotional exhaustion may not hold for all followers but are contingent on followers’ levels of psychological detachment. Returning to one of the original premises of the TFL model, i.e. that transformational leaders bring about extra effort from followers, contributes to further understanding that TFL might have a dark side for employee well-being.
Coverage and secrecy analysis of RF-powered Internet-of-Things

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is an emerging digital fabric that will integrate our physical world into computer networks by connecting billions of things, such as small sensors, wearables, vehicles, and actuators, to the Internet. Owing to its massive scale, it is considered highly inefﬁcient and even impractical to replace or recharge batteries of IoT devices, especially the ones that are deployed at hard-to-reach places, such as under the ground or in tunnels. This has naturally led to the consideration of energy harvesting to circumvent or supplement conventional power sources, such as replaceable batteries, in these devices. Due to its ubiquity and cost efﬁcient implementation, radio frequency (RF)-energy harvesting has quickly emerged as an appealing solution for powering IoT devices (majority of which are tiny devices, such as sensors, with very low energy requirement).
The Application of Social Marketing to Change Smoking Behavior of Students in Traditional Islamic Boarding Schools in Aceh

BACKGROUND: Smokers among students have increased from year to year. Various attempts have been made, one of which is by implementing social marketing to change the smoking behavior of students in Islamic boarding schools in Aceh. The lack of knowledge about health and the dangers of smoking is thought to shape smoking behavior among Islamic boarding school students in Aceh. AIM: To find out the perceptions of the pesantren on the use of the application of social marketing to change smoking behavior of students in traditional islamic boarding schools in Aceh. METHODS: This study uses a qualitative descriptive phenomenological method. Phenomenology studies in this research attempt to describe the relationship between the application of social marketing, social meaning, and smoking behavior among students. Data collection is done by observation, document analysis, and deep interviews. In-depth interviews were conducted on 25 informants who were selected by purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed using thematic content analysis techniques, a method to explain the content of findings in accordance with a predetermined theme. RESULTS: The results of the study show that smoking behavior among students has been carried out early on, especially in stressful conditions and having problems. The application of social marketing has not been effective because, in several Boarding Schools in Aceh, there has not been a sign of a smoking ban in Islamic Boarding Schools. Most of the students in the Islamic boarding school were not aware of the Indonesian Ulema Council fatwa and the customary rules regarding smoking bans. The Traditional Islamic Boarding Schools stated that there is no sign of a smoking ban in the Traditional Islamic Boarding Schools environment. The understanding of the MUI fatwa and qanuns regarding smoking prohibition is also lacking, and the students also do not study the Al-Qur’an and Hadith about smoking prohibition. The results of the interview also stated that the Traditional Islamic Boarding Schools agreed to intervene with the use of social marketing to Change Smoking Behaviors of Students in Traditional Islamic Boarding Schools in Aceh. CONCLUSION: The application of social marketing has not been effective in changing the smoking behavior of students in Aceh. The application of social marketing needs to be supported by internal and external Islamic Boarding Schools.
Mixing of Subtropical, Central, and Intermediate Waters Driven by Shifting and Pulsing of the Agulhas Current

The Agulhas Current, like all western boundary currents, transports salt from the subtropics toward the poles and, on average, acts as a barrier to exchange between the open ocean and continental seas. Uniquely, the Agulhas jet also feeds a leakage of relatively salty waters from the Indian Ocean into the Atlantic Ocean. Despite its significance, the signals and drivers of water mass variability within the Agulhas Current are not well known. To bridge this gap, we use 26 months of moored observations to determine how and why salinity—a water mass tracer—varies across the Agulhas Current. We find that salinity variability is driven by both shifting (i.e., changes in location) and pulsing (i.e., changes in strength) of the current. Shifting of the current causes heave and diapycnal mixing of subtropical, central, and intermediate waters. Diapycnal mixing between central and intermediate waters explains most of the variability, creating salinity anomalies between −0.4 and +0.1 psu. Pulsing of the current drives heave and, to a lesser extent, along-isopycnal mixing within the halocline. This cross-stream mixing results in salinity anomalies of up to 0.3 psu. The mean and standard deviation of Agulhas Current volume and salt transports are −76 and 22 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) and −2650 and 770 Sv psu. Transport-weighted salinity has a standard deviation of 0.05 psu. We estimate that O(1013) kg yr−1 of the salt transported southwestward leaks into the fresher Atlantic Ocean. On the basis of our observations, the variability of the Agulhas Current could alter this salt leakage by an order of magnitude.
Antiproliferative Effects of Ferula assa-foetida’s Extract on PC12 and MCF7 Cancer Cells

Background: Ferula assa-foetida is a herbaceous plant of the Umbelliferae family having a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-inflammation, and, anti-tumor activity against a wide range of cancers. Among these features, antitumor activity has become more important in recent years and it still demands more investigations to address the underlying mechanisms. Purpose: This current study was conducted to evaluate the anti-proliferative effect of Ferula assa-foetida on PC12 and MCF7 cells as well as examining its mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Cells were cultured in DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin. Cells incubated with different concentrations of the ethanolic extract of Ferula assa-foetida. Notably, cytotoxicity and apoptosis assay were measured by MTT and PI staining, respectively. Results: The MTT results showed that the ethanolic extract of Ferula assa-foetida in concentrations of 10, 7, 5, and 2.5 μM on both PC12 and MCF7 cells had a significant effect in cell viability and apoptosis induction in comparison to control group. Conclusion: In this study, it was determined that Ferula assa-fetida through the induction of apoptosis prevented the growth of PC12 and MCF7 cells and made a reduction in cell viability with different concentrations in a time- and dose-dependent manner. However, more studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms of Ferula assa-foetida’s extract in apoptosis induction.
ZAKAT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN INDONESIA: A PANEL ANALYSIS AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL

As a pillar of Islam and an instrument for poverty alleviation, zakat is perceived as an effective tool for tackling the problem of poverty in the Muslim world. However, whether zakat is effective in improving indicators of both quantity and quality of poverty is still a question requiring empirical investigation. This study is aims to empirically investigate the role of impactful zakat in poverty alleviation as indicated by the BAZNAS prosperity index (Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS or IKB), at provincial level in Indonesia. This study covers annual data from 28 provinces in Indonesia for the years 2017 and 2018. Data analysis uses a panel-data approach, with three indicators of poverty – the poverty headcount ratio (P0), poverty gap index (P1), and poverty severity index (P2) – as dependent variables. The study finds that higher BAZNAS IKB, used as a sign of impactful zakat, significantly reduces P0 but has insignificant effect on P1 and P2. The results of this study imply that zakat managers should put emphasis on the poorest section of the poor population to enable improvements in poverty indicators through zakat utilization.
Oxycodone versus morphine for titration analgesia after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery in postanesthesia care unit: A prospective, randomized trial

We want to compare the efficacy and side effects of oxycodone and morphine in the management of postoperative pain by titration in patients who underwent laparoscopic gynecologic surgery because of neglect of postoperative analgesia and rare literature of intravenous oxycodone used in PACU, China. Thirty adult female patients were scheduled for elective laparoscopic gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia. The patients were randomly assigned to either morphine sulfate injection group (Group M, n = 15 cases) or oxycodone hydrochloride injection group (Group O, n = 15 cases). All the patients were given an intravenous PEG nanometer drug delivery system. Furthermore, when they arrived at the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate postoperative pain. Also, the patients were given 3 mg oxycodone or morphine for titration when the pain VAS score was more than 30 mm, and the pain and sedation scores were re-evaluated after 5 minutes. The titration stopped if the VAS score was ≤ 30 mm otherwise the titration continued as per the above method until the VAS score was less than 30 mm. The required titration dosage, times, and time of oxycodone titration were noted and they were all remarkably lower than those of morphine titration group (P < 0.05). The incidence of side effects in Group M was statistically significantly higher in Group O (P < 0.05). More so, oxycodone titration showed faster analgesic effects, less analgesic drug consumption, and lower incidence of adverse complications during postoperative pain management when compared to morphine titration. The reliability and effectiveness of the PEG nanometer drug delivery system were simultaneously proved.
Sputtered Iridium Oxide Films as Charge Injection Material for Functional Electrostimulation

The paper reports on the deposition of iridium oxide thin films by dc reactive magnetron sputtering and their characterization by surface analysis methods (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic square waves). The sputtering process was investigated by applying the method of generic curves. An optimal combination of sputtering parameters has been established [40 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) argon/8-12 sccm oxygen/40% effective pump power/100 W dc power/cold sputtering] that yields stable microporous amorphous films with a highly extended surface. These films have shown an excellent electrochemical reversibility in physiological saline solution with a safe potential range of -1.2 to 1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a charge delivery capacity of 90-95 mC/cm 2 , a constant impedance of 70-80 Ω in the frequency range of 100 kHz down to 0.5-1.0 Hz, and a quick response to bipolar current pulses with a safe charge per phase of 2 mC/cm 2 /ph. The demonstrated remarkable electrochemical characteristics combined with their established long-term mechanical stability and corrosion resistance allow one to recommend the use of sputtered iridium oxide films as an ideal electrode material for neural stimulation.
COVID-19 Is Not the Flu: Four Graphs From Four Countries

Background: COVID-19 has caused a global public health emergency. Government mitigation strategies included a series of behavior-based prevention policies that had a likely impact on the spread of other contagious respiratory illnesses, such as seasonal influenza. Our aim was to explore how 2019–2020 influenza tracked onto COVID-19 pandemic and its mitigation methods. Materials and Methods: We linked the WHO FluNet database and COVID-19 confirmed cases (Johns Hopkins University) for four countries across the northern (Canada, the United States) and southern hemispheres (Australia, Brazil) for the period 2016–2020. Graphical presentations of longitudinal data were provided. Results: There was a notable reduction in influenza cases for the 2019–2020 season. Northern hemisphere countries experienced a quicker ending to the 2019–2020 seasonal influenza cases (shortened by 4–7 weeks) and virtually no 2020 fall influenza season. Countries from the southern hemisphere experienced drastically low levels of seasonal influenza, with consistent trends that were approaching zero cases after the introduction of COVID-19 measures. Conclusions: It is likely that the COVID-19 mitigation measures played a notable role in the marked decrease in influenza, with little to no influenza activity in both the northern and southern hemispheres. In spite of this reduction in influenza cases, there was still community spread of COVID-19, highlighting the contagiousness of SARS-CoV-2 compared to influenza. These results, together with the higher mortality rate from SARS-CoV-2 compared to influenza, highlight that COVID-19 is a far greater health threat than influenza.
A Theoretical Study of the Liquid Bridge Forces between Two Rigid Spherical Bodies

Abstract This paper is concerned with liquid bridges between two spherical rigid bodies of equal radii under conditions where the effects of gravity are negligible. Previous work on the necessary condition for the stability of such bridges is examined and the minimum free-energy formulation applicable to any contact angle is proven. It is shown that this formulation is a more fundamental criterion for specifying the stable numerical solutions of the Laplace-Young equation, although equivalent to previous conjectures based on the liquid bridge neck diameter and filling angle. At relatively low contact angles, say
Hidden Casualties: The Links between Armed Conflict and Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia

Abstract The Colombian peace process was internationally celebrated for its unprecedented focus on women's experiences of war, but the everyday violence women that may face in their homes was not acknowledged. This article explores the links between exposure to local armed conflict violence and individual women's experiences of intimate partner violence. I combine pooled nationally representative data on individual women's experiences of intimate partner violence with information about the intensity of conflict during 2004–16. Results of fixed-effects linear probability models show that conflict was generally linked to a slightly elevated risk of women experiencing emotional, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated by their partner. Among women who had experienced intimate partner violence, conflict was related to an increased probability of being partnered at interview, which could reflect women staying in abusive relationships because conflict normalizes violence or increases women's reluctance to leave those relationships.
A Transitional Year Level to Higher Education: Challenges, Experiences and Self-regulatory Strategies during the Final Year of the University Preparatory Level

Final Year level of the University Preparatory cycle (FYUP) –in Spanish 2o Bachillerato– is one of the most challenging academic courses. It is extremely demanding academically in itself and by the end of it students must also pass the university entry exam. Yet research has not investigated how students experience this year. We thus explored, using in-depth interviews with 75 students from two public high schools, their attitudes toward this academic year. Our results showed that (a) the participants struggled greatly during FYUP, experiencing high levels of academic stress (that affects their general well-being, mostly because of the high academic demands); (b) students were looking forward to their university experience but were concerned about failing or not finding their place; and (c) they reported a narrow range of learning, motivational, and emotional strategies. This study shows that students face significant learning and academic challenges during FYUP. A clear educational implication is that interventions should be implemented in earlier years to help the students be better prepared.
Worker Ownership, COVID-19, and the Future of the Gig Economy

Author(s): Herrera, Lucero; Justie, Brian; Koonse, Tia; Waheed, Saba | Abstract: Based on a summer 2020 survey with 302 workers for app-based gig companies in California, this report presents the impact of COVID-19 on those workers and their reactions to new models of worker ownership in the gig economy. We also draw from in-depth interviews with 15 workers and 9 experts on labor issues and worker-owned and labor contracting cooperative models, along with an extensive literature review.The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the precarity of gig work, exacerbating its well-documented exploitative conditions, including wage theft and routine violations of laws designed to protect workers’ health and safety. These conditions are enabled in app-based gig work by the lack of control, transparency, and stability experienced by this workforce. Misclassified gig workers—without access to paid sick leave, Unemployment Insurance, workers’ compensation, company-provided personal protective equipment (PPE), or income predictability—face a heightened risk of COVID-19 infection, food insecurity, and homelessness.The report is presented in three parts: (1) findings from survey responses regarding working conditions during COVID-19, (2) feedback from gig workers on a cooperative contracting model for the sector, and (3) case studies of cooperative and contracting models from other sectors.