Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symmetry breaking and instability mechanisms in medium depth torsionally driven open cylinder flows

A numerical investigation was conducted into the different flow states, and bifurcations leading to changes of state, found in open cylinders of medium to moderate depth driven by a constant rotation of the vessel base. A combination of linear stability analysis, for cylinders of numerous height-to-radius aspect ratios (H/R), and nonlinear stability analysis and three-dimensional simulations for a cylinder of aspect ratio 1.5, has been employed. Attention is focused on the breaking of SO(2) symmetry. A comprehensive map of transition Reynolds numbers as a function of aspect ratio is presented by combining a detailed stability analysis with the limited existing data from the literature. For all aspect ratios considered, the primary instabilities are identified as symmetry-breaking Hopf bifurcations, occurring at Reynolds numbers well below those of the previously reported axisymmetric Hopf transitions. It is revealed that instability modes with azimuthal wavenumbers m = 1, 3 and 4 are the most unstable in the range 1.0 < H/R < 4, and that numerous double Hopf bifurcation points exist. Critical Reynolds numbers generally increase with cylinder aspect ratio, though a decrease in stability occurs between aspect ratios 1.5 and 2.0, where a local minimum in critical Reynolds number occurs. For H/R = 1.5, a detailed characterisation of instability modes is given. It is hypothesized that the primary instability leading to transition from steady axisymmetric flow to unsteady three-dimensional flow is related to deformation of shear layers that are present in the flow, in particular at the interfacial region between the vortex breakdown bubble and the primary recirculation.
Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetation

Vegetation is treated as a complex surface roughness to which the transfer of mass or heat encounters greater aerodynamic resistance, γP, than the transfer of momentum, γD. The excess resistance (γP – γD) is equated to B/u*, where B−1 is the non-dimensional bulk parameter introduced by Owen and Thomson (1963) and used by Chamberlain (1966, 1968). A general expression is obtained for B−1 in terms of the exchange characteristics of the individual elements of a vegetative canopy: this expression does not contain the surface roughness parameter Z0. Using exchange coefficients of individual bean leaves (Thom 1968) and the bulk momentum absorption properties of a particular bean crop (Thom 1971) the relation B−1 = (constant) u*1/3 is derived. With u* in cm s−1, the constant is 1.35 for heat exchange and transpiration, 2.18 for CO2 exchange, and 1.13 for evaporation from the crop when wet. It is suggested, partly on the basis of the lack of dependence of B−1 on z0, that the same set of equations may provide a first approximation to B−1 for many types of vegetation. Demonstrated are (i) that Monteith's (1963) method of extrapolating to zero wind speed to determine representative surface values of vapour pressure and of temperature (es and Ts) is much more rigorous if extrapolation is made to u = −B−1u* rather than to u = 0; and (ii) that the surface resistance γS, proportional to (ew(Ts) − es) (Monteith 1965) exceeds the bulk physiological, or stomatal, resistance γST of vegetation by an amount {1 − (Δ/γ). β}. B−1/u*, significant only when the Bowen ratio β is less than about 3/4(γ/Δ). (γ = 0.66 mb °C−1; Δ = dew/dT.) In particular, for B−1 = 4 and β = 0: (i) γST = 1/3 to 1/2 of γS; and (ii) use of γS with γD in the Penman equation (instead of γS, with which γD is compatible) overestimates λE by about 15 per cent.
Microphysical characterisation of West African MCS anvils

Deep convection in the Tropics is the source of large tropospheric extended clouds usually called anvils. These anvils may produce precipitation (stratiform region of deep convective storms), and also cirrus shields persisting from several hours to several days. Anvils impact the radiation budget, they induce a storage term in the whole water budget which is still relatively poorly quantified, and dynamical feedbacks may be induced in the upper troposphere. The AMMA field campaign which was held over West Africa during the 2006 wet season provided a unique opportunity to document the microphysics of these anvils from unprecedented airborne observations.
Moisture extraction pattern, phasic water use and phasic growth in groundnut(Arachis hypogaea) under varying moisture regime and groundwater table condition

An experiment conducted during summer 1992 and 1993 with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on moisture extraction pattern, phasic water use and growth at Chiplima showed that moisture extraction increased with lowering of groundwater table. On an average, crop extracted 18.6 cm water from 60 cm profile under 50 i 10 cm water table depth which increased to 25.2 cm and 26.7 cm at 90 i i 10 and 110 10 cm water table depth respectively. Extraction was the maximum (9.12 cm) at surface layer of 0 15 cm which accounted for 39.9% of the total extraction. It reduced to 7.31 cm (31.6%), 4.53 cm (1 8.7%) and 2.54 cm (9.8%) with increase in profile depth by 15 cm up to 60 cm profile respectively. Groundnut used the maximum water of 3.1 1 cmtday, with maximum growth in terms of crop growth rate (1 0.18 g/m2/day) and net assimilation rate (3.31 g/m2/d) during 56 90 days of its growth. Water use showed significant positive correlation with pod yield at lowest water table depth, r value of 0.994 being the maximum.
Comparative evaluation of blood based lateral flow assay for diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock species

Brucellosis is a zoonotic and economically important disease of livestock. Pen side diagnostics are the need of the hour for the rapid diagnosis of brucellosis. The present study aimed to evaluate blood based lateral flow assay (LFA) with serum based LFA and rose bengal plate test (RBPT) for diagnosis of brucellosis. Sera/blood samples [792: cattle, 153; buffalo, 55; sheep, 140; goats, 219; and pigs, 225] were collected from Karnataka, India with history of repeat breeding, retention of placenta and abortion.The seropositivity of brucellosis in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs was 7.84, 3.63, 12.85, 2.73 and 39.11% by RBPT; 5.88, 3.63, 8.57, 2.73 and 31.1% by blood-LFA; and 7.18, 3.63, 10.71, 3.19 and 32.88% by serum-LFA. Relative specificity of blood based LFA was between 98.97 to 99.53% and 97.42 to 100% in comparison to serum-LFA and RBPT, respectively in all the species. The relative sensitivity for all the species ranged from 64.29 to 83.33% by blood-LFA and 57.14 to 84.09% by serum-LFA. The diagnostic accuracy of blood-LFA to RBPT and serum- LFA ranged from 91 to 99% among the species studied. It is opined that blood based LFA can serve as diagnostic test in place of serum based LFA for brucellosis screening in multiple livestock species and suggested for adaptation on-farm, slaughter, market, clinical and prepurchase surveillance of brucellosis in the country.
Photonic local oscillator technics for large-scale interferometers

In signal transmission through optical fiber, cable length delay fluctuation accompanied by chromatic and polarization-mode dispersion affects the coherence of distributed signals. To maintain signal coherence, it is very important to generate very-high-frequency signals with minimum phase noise and transmission loss. In a photonic local signal generation/distribution system with a microwave-photonic signal generator and a real-time microwave-photonic signal phase stabilizer that we developed as an alternative photonic LO system for ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array), signals are transmitted in the form of frequency difference between two coherent light waves, effectively maintaining the coherence of distributed reference signals. Through the development of the real-time phase stabilizer, we discovered that the system would be further improved with the introduction of a post-processing scheme phase stabilizer and confirmed its effectiveness by experiments.
Enhanced terahertz third-harmonic generation by bound states in the continuum in graphene grating-like metamaterial

Non-linear metamaterials hold great promise for enhanced terahertz harmonic generation. Here, we numerically investigate enhanced terahertz third-harmonic generation (THG) by exploiting the symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BICs) in graphene grating-like metamaterial. By symmetry breaking of metamaterials, BICs transform into quasi-BICs. The high Q-factor and strong localized field enhancement is achieved at quasi-BICs, leading to a boosted THG process with low incident intensity of fundamental frequency. The THG conversion efficiency reaches 3.1% at an incident intensity of 100 kW/cm2. The remarkably enhanced non-linear optical process in the proposed non-linear metamaterial constitutes an outstanding platform for on-chip terahertz non-linear conversion applications.
Risk Factors for Persistent Anosmia and Dysgeusia in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Study

Background: Olfactory and gustative dysfunctions are two of the most common post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, which can have a negative impact on the routines of children and families. As several children have had COVID-19 since the Omicron variant, it is important to investigate if this increase in infections is reflected in higher olfactory/taste disfunctions. The primary aim of this study was to characterize the presence of olfactory/gustative problems in a cohort of children, its evolution, and its association with risk factors such as COVID-19 variant, hospitalization, presence of olfactory/gustative dysfunction during the acute phase, and vaccination. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of children with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection evaluated in person at a referral pediatric post-COVID-19 clinic in Rome, Italy. We included children younger than 19 years old, evaluated from the beginning of the pandemic up to October 2022. At specific timepoints, we investigated the presence of olfactory/taste disfunctions and evaluated them according to the SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating at the time of infection. Results: A total of 1250 children (650 females; 52.0%) with a mean age of 6.77 (±4.12) years were included in the study. At 3, 6, 12, and 18 months, 12 (9.6%), 7 (5.6%), 2 (1.6%), and 1 (0.8%) of the children reported anosmia and dysgeusia post-COVID-19 infection, respectively. The presence of anosmia and dysgeusia during the acute phase of infection and being infected with a pre-Omicron variant were found to be significant risk factors for persistent olfactory and gustatory dysfunction during all follow-up periods. Conclusions: anosmia and dysgeusia symptoms tended to decrease gradually over time, but not all children recovered quickly.
Investigation of discharge mechanisms in helium plasma jet at atmospheric pressure by laser spectroscopic measurements

We have measured spatiotemporal structures of excited species by laser spectroscopic methods in a plasma jet, which was driven by a bipolar impulse voltage pulse train of the order of kilohertz repetition rate applied across a pair of electrodes wrapped around a glass tube with a helium gas flow. We noticed the differences between the positive and the negative phases of the voltage applied to the front-side electrode placed closer to the tube exit while the back-side electrode was grounded. The experimental results showed that the radial distribution of the excited species had a hollow shape at the centre in the positive voltage phase, while it had a more uniform shape in the negative phase. The peak density of the helium metastable atom in the positive phase was almost constant irrespective of the peak applied voltage. However, it increased with the increase in the peak applied voltage in the negative phase. The mechanism causing these differences was argued from the respects of positive and negative corona discharges. We have also investigated the property of the plasma plume under conditions similar to material processing with a conductive substrate placed in front of the plasma jet. In this case, the plasma production by electron impact ionization became dominant near the substrate as was revealed from the spatiotemporal distributions of helium metastable atom and nitrogen ion densities.
Boundary layers associated with a coupled Navier-Stokes/Allem-Cahn system: The non-characteristic boundary case

Abstract. The goal of this article is to study the boundary layer of Navier-Stokes/AllenCahn system in a channel at small viscosity. We prove that there exists a boundary layer at the outlet (down-wind) of thickness ν, where ν is the kinematic viscosity. The convergence in L2 of the solutions of the Navier-Stokes/Allen-Cahn equations to that of the Euler/Allen-Cahn equations at the vanishing viscosity was established. In two dimensional case we are able to derive the physically relevant uniform in space and time estimates, which is derived by the idea of better control on the tangential derivative and the use of an anisotropic Sobolve imbedding. AMS Subject Classifications: 35Q35, 35K55, 76D05 Chinese Library Classifications: O175.29
Interaction between the W51C Supernova Remnant and a Molecular Cloud. I. H I 21 Centimeter Line Observations

We report the results of high-resolution H I 21 cm line observations of the shocked interstellar gas in the W51 complex. The shocked H I gas has been detected between vLSR ≃ +85 and +180 km s-1, which is much greater than the maximum velocity (~60 km s-1) permitted by the Galactic rotation toward this direction (l = 49°). The H I gas is distributed along a looplike filamentary structure of ~20' × ~3' size (or ~35 pc × ~5 pc at a distance of 6 kpc). The velocity structure indicates that the H I gas is a portion of an expanding, concave shell. By comparing with the X-ray/CO distributions, we have found that the shocked H I gas is located at an interface between the X-ray-bright central region of the W51C supernova remnant (SNR) and a large molecular cloud. The correlation between the X-ray, CO, and H I emissions strongly suggests that a shock driven by the SNR is propagating into the molecular cloud. The large amount (>1200 M☉) of fast-moving H I gas indicates that the shock is a fast, radiative, J-type shock. The VLA line profiles yield a maximum line-of-sight shock velocity of ≃70 km s-1. A simple model in which a hemispherical H I shell is expanding into a cylindrical cloud from the side could explain the observed morphology and velocity structure of the H I gas. The shock velocity corrected for the projection is ~100 km s-1. We derive the shock parameters and discuss the implications for the SNR W51C.
Acacia nicholsonensis (Fabaceae), a new ‘Minni Ritchi’-barked species of Acacia sect. Juliflorae from the Gulf of Carpentaria region of Northern Australia

Cuff, N.J. & Cowie, I.D. Acacia nicholsonensis (Fabaceae), a new ‘Minni Ritchi’-barked species of Acacia sect. Juliflorae from the Gulf of Carpentaria region of Northern Australia. Nuytsia 28: 147–158 (2017). Acacia nicholsonensis Cuff is described as a new species of Acacia Mill. sect. Juliflorae (Benth.) Maiden & Betche. Acacia nicholsonensis is currently only known from the upper Nicholson River catchment in the far east of the Northern Territory where it is restricted to the levees and banks of major river channels. A key to the ‘Minni Ritchi’-barked Acacia species of the Top End of the Northern Territory and adjacent regions of tropical northern Australia is presented. The conservation status and ecology of the new species are discussed.
Clickbait Detection in Indonesian News Title with Gray Unbalanced Class Based on BERT

—Bahasa Indonesia is used by about 263 million people in the world but it is classified as an under-resourced language. The problem of clickbait in news analysis has gained attention in recent years. However, for Indonesian, there is still a lack of resources for clickbait tasks. Clickbait attracts the attention of readers, even though the content is not informative and misleading. The imbalance of the clickbait dataset means unequal distribution of classes within the dataset which affects the classification result. In this research, focal loss is proposed to improve classification accuracy without reducing the number of original data. Normally, clickbait data are separated into two classes, namely clickbait, and non-clickbait. However, some titles are difficult to categorize, even by humans. Therefore, this study categorizes the titles into three categories, namely clickbait, non-clickbait, and gray-clickbait. The proposed method achieves an accuracy of 93.4% in the classification of two classes, which is better than previous studies. However, the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 73.3% in the classification of three classes. Our research shows a high similarity between gray-clickbait and clickbait data, making classification more challenging. On the other hand, the use of titles on three categorizations in clickbait is not enough to provide better classification performance.
Vision–Language Model for Visual Question Answering in Medical Imagery

In the clinical and healthcare domains, medical images play a critical role. A mature medical visual question answering system (VQA) can improve diagnosis by answering clinical questions presented with a medical image. Despite its enormous potential in the healthcare industry and services, this technology is still in its infancy and is far from practical use. This paper introduces an approach based on a transformer encoder–decoder architecture. Specifically, we extract image features using the vision transformer (ViT) model, and we embed the question using a textual encoder transformer. Then, we concatenate the resulting visual and textual representations and feed them into a multi-modal decoder for generating the answer in an autoregressive way. In the experiments, we validate the proposed model on two VQA datasets for radiology images termed VQA-RAD and PathVQA. The model shows promising results compared to existing solutions. It yields closed and open accuracies of 84.99% and 72.97%, respectively, for VQA-RAD, and 83.86% and 62.37%, respectively, for PathVQA. Other metrics such as the BLUE score showing the alignment between the predicted and true answer sentences are also reported.
Uranium–lead geochronology applied to pyrope garnet with very low concentrations of uranium

Abstract We present U–Pb dates from peridotitic pyrope-rich garnet from four mantle xenoliths entrained in a kimberlite from Bultfontein, South Africa. Garnet dates magmatic emplacement due to the high mantle residence temperatures of the source material prior to eruption, which were most likely above the closure temperature for the pyrope U–Pb system. We determine a U–Pb date of 84.0 ± 8.1 Ma for the emplacement of the Bultfontein kimberlite from garnet in our four xenolith samples. The date reproduces previous dates obtained from other mineral-isotope systems (chiefly Rb–Sr in phlogopite). Garnet can be dated despite extremely low concentrations of U (median ∼0.05 μg/g), because concentrations of common Pb are often low or non-detectable. This means that sub-concordant garnets can be dated with moderate precision using very large laser-ablation spots (130 μm) measured by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-Q-ICP-MS). Our strategy demonstrates successful U–Pb dating of a U-poor mineral due to high initial ratios of U to common Pb in some grains, and the wide spread of isotopic compositions of grains on a concordia diagram. In addition, the analytical protocol is not complex and uses widely available analytical methods and strategies. This new methodology has some advantages and disadvantages for dating kimberlite emplacement versus established methods (U-based decay systems in perovskite and zircon, or Rb- or K-based systems in phlogopite). However, this method has unique promise for its potential application to detrital diamond prospecting and, more speculatively, to the dating of pyrope inclusions in diamond.
Stochastic Backscatter for Cloud-Resolving Models. Part I: Implementation and Testing in a Dry Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract In simulations of deep convection with cloud-resolving models the turbulence is often rather poorly resolved, and the influence of the subfilter-scale parameterization used in such circumstances is probably greater than in better-resolved simulations. Therefore a study to investigate the influence of stochastic backscatter was performed and presented in two papers. This first paper focuses on a description of the stochastic backscatter model and its effect on a neutral and a dry convective boundary layer. The second paper then deals with two cases of deep convection. The dry convective boundary layer is typical of the subcloud layer in deep convection and this study allows for influences on this layer to be investigated separately. As a simple case of convection it also allows for general effects to be identified. The implementation of stochastic backscatter was improved to ensure an appropriate scale of backscatter that is independent of any mesh refinements and always spatially isotropic. It ca.
Patellar segmentation from 3D magnetic resonance images using guided recursive ray-tracing for edge pattern detection

The paper presents an automatic segmentation methodology for the patellar bone, based on 3D gradient recalled echo and gradient recalled echo with fat suppression magnetic resonance images. Constricted search space outlines are incorporated into recursive ray-tracing to segment the outer cortical bone. A statistical analysis based on the dependence of information in adjacent slices is used to limit the search in each image to between an outer and inner search region. A section based recursive ray-tracing mechanism is used to skip inner noise regions and detect the edge boundary. The proposed method achieves higher segmentation accuracy (0.23mm) than the current state-of-the-art methods with the average dice similarity coefficient of 96.0% (SD 1.3%) agreement between the auto-segmentation and ground truth surfaces.
Incidence of asymptomatic SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children undergoing elective otolaryngologic surgery throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic

Children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) are less clinically affected than adults, with most cases presenting as asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. However, true rates of asymptomatic SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children remain unclear. We sought to examine rates of SARS‐CoV‐2 in asymptomatic children and the role of children in transmission.