Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Campaign Reduced Malaria Risk on an Individual but Not Population Level in a

Background: Further reductions in malaria incidence as more countries approach malaria elimination require the identification and treatment of asymptomatic individuals who carry mosquito-infective Plasmodium gametocytes that are responsible for furthering malaria transmission. Assessing the relationship between total parasitemia and gametocytemia in field surveys can provide insight as to whether detection of low-density, asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections using sensitive molecular methods can sufficiently detect the majority of infected individuals who are potentially capable of onward transmission. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey of 1,354 healthy children and adults in three communities in western Kenya across a gradient of malaria transmission (Ajigo, Webuye, and Kapsisywa-Kipsamoite), we screened for asymptomatic P. falciparum infections by rapid diagnostic tests, blood smear, and quantitative PCR of dried blood spots targeting the varATS gene in genomic DNA. A multiplex quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR assay targeting female and male gametocyte genes ( pfs25 , pfs230p ), a gene with a transcriptional pattern restricted to asexual blood-stages ( piesp2 ), and human GAPDH was also developed to determine total parasite and gametocyte densities among parasitemic individuals. Results: The prevalence of varATS -detectable asymptomatic infections was greatest in Ajigo (42%), followed by Webuye (10%). Only two infections were detected in Kapsisywa. No infections were detected in Kipsamoite. Across all communities, children aged 11-15 years account for the greatest proportion total and sub-microscopic asymptomatic infections. In younger age groups, the majority of infections were detectable by microscopy, while 68% of asymptomatically infected adults (>21 years old) had sub-microscopic parasitemia. Piesp2 -derived parasite densities correlated poorly with microscopy-determined parasite densities in patent infections relative to varATS -based detection. In general, both male and female gametocytemia increased with increasing varATS - derived total parasitemia. A substantial proportion (41.7%) of individuals with potential for onward transmission had qPCR-estimated parasite densities below the limit of microscopic detection but above the detectable limit of
The Darboux and Abraham-Moses transformations of the one-dimensional periodic Schrodinger equation and inverse problems

The author inserts bound states by means of the Darboux and Abraham-Moses transformations of the one-dimensional periodic Schrodinger equation outside the allowed bands of the spectrum. Transformed potentials are periodic in asymptotic regions, but their form is different at plus and minus infinity. He transfers these transformations to the modified Milne equation, which is associated with the Schrodinger equation, since it is convenient for solving inverse problems. When one reconstructs the transformed potentials corresponding to an inserted bound state, the spectral data of the primary periodic inverse problem must be completed by two constants, the energy of the added bound state and a free constant, which determines the wavefunction of this bound state.
Interface formation and energy level alignment of pentacene on SiO2

We examined the interface formed by pentacene deposition onto a SiO2 substrate. We found that upon pentacene deposition onto SiO2 the pentacene vacuum level aligns with that of SiO2. We observe the immediate appearance of a measurable pentacene highest occupied molecular orbital upon deposition of as little as 2 A of pentacene onto the SiO2 surface. This suggests that there are no chemical bonds at these interfaces. Measurements that examine the behavior of pentacene deposited onto SiO2 show ordered growth of pentacene with no sign of chemical interaction or charge transfer.
Vocal tract normalization for /s/ and /š/

The acoustic cue separating /s/ and /s/ was studied, using synthetic speech stimuli, in the context of two different following [ae]'s: one appropriate for a large vocal tract and one for a small vocal tract. For each vocal tract size, the center frequency of the frictional portion of the stimuli was varied in ten steps from 2974 to 4455 Hz. In preliminary experiments, it was found that listeners have a reasonably consistent boundary along this scale at which they stop hearing /s/ and start hearing /s/. It was hypothesized that a listener's boundary would be higher for the small‐vocal‐tract stimuli than for the large‐vocal‐tract stimuli. Nineteen subjects who were asked to identify 40 tokens of each stimulus showed an upward boundary shift of varying magnitude for the small‐vocal‐tract stimuli as compared with the large‐vocal‐tract stimuli. This result suggests the /s/‐/s/ cue is dependent on vocal tract size.
Structure of the electromagnetic field in three-dimensional Hall magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

Numerical simulations of freely evolving three-dimensional compressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are performed, with and without the Hall term in Ohm’s law. The parameter controlling the presence of the Hall term is the ratio of the ion skin depth to the macroscopic scale of the turbulence. The ion skin depth is set to be slightly larger than the dissipation length scale (controlled by the resistivity) for the Hall MHD simulations, while it is set to zero for non-Hall MHD simulations. Small initial cross helicity, hybrid helicity, and magnetic helicity are considered. The system is left to evolve for a few turbulent characteristic times and the magnetic field and electric field are analyzed in real and wavenumber space. Distributions (histograms) of the fields are also computed. It is found that the turbulent magnetic field (as well as the velocity field) is almost unaffected by the presence of the Hall term, while the electric field is affected at scales smaller than the ion skin depth, that is, close .
Helioseismic measurement of the extent of overshoot below the solar convection zone

The discontinuity in the derivatives of the sound speed at the base of the overshoot layer below the solar convection zone introduces a characteristic oscillatory component in the frequencies of solar p-modes as a function of the radial order n. The amplitude of this oscillatory part is calibrated as a function of the extent of overshoot using a sequence of solar models constructed with varying extent of overshoot. Using this calibration, an attempt is made to measure the extent of overshoot below the solar convection zone using the available frequencies of the p-modes. It is found that the observed frequencies are consistent with a solar model without overshoot. Further, taking account of the errors in observations, it is possible to put a 2-σ upper limit of 0.1 H p on the extent of overshoot.
Linear transformations on matrices: The invariance of commuting pairs of matrices

Let L be a linear transformation on the set of all n×n matrices over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. It is shown that if AB=BA implies L(A)L(B)=L(B)L(A) and if either L is nonsingular or the implication in the hypothesis can also be reversed, then L is a sum of a scalar multiple of a similarity transformation and a linear functional times the identity transformation.
Improved Hipparcos Parallaxes of Coma Berenices and NGC 6231

A method to reprocess the Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometry Data that reduces the propagation of the along-scan spacecraft attitude errors was developed and successfully used to obtain a more consistent parallax of the Pleiades (Makarov, published in 2002). The same technique is used now to correct the Hipparcos parallaxes of the Coma Berenices and NGC 6231 open clusters, which are also in error. The new mean parallax of Coma is 12.40 ± 0.17 mas (against previously 11.43 mas) and of NGC 6231 1.7 ± 0.4 mas (against previously -0.8 mas). The new data for Coma are in excellent agreement with the pre-Hipparcos main-sequence fitting estimates. All six members of NGC 6231 that have negative parallaxes in Hipparcos obtain positive parallaxes. These results suggest that the main source of astrometric error has been correctly identified, and that a more accurate Hipparcos catalog can be computed.
Computer Simulation of Two-Dimensional Continuum Flows by the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method

Abstract Computer simulations using particles are an attractive method to extract microscopic information of flow phenomena [1]. The molecular dynamics (MD) method, in which Newton's equations of motions are integrated, gives the temporal development of the system. In the MD simulation of fluid flows, the computational region is limited to atomistic scales [2]. On the other hand, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, in which collisions of particles are made on a probabilistic basis, has a potential of treating a realistic system with a macroscopic scale length retaining the atomistic details. The DSMC method provides an efficient way to integrate the Boltzmann equation from the rarefied gas to the near-continuum region. Bird clarified the validity of the DSMC method in the near-continuum flow region [3]. However, the DSMC method has not been applied to the continuum region and compared with the continuum hydrodynamics.
Efficient Bayesian inference for Gaussian copula regression models

A Gaussian copula regression model gives a tractable way of handling a multivariate regression when some of the marginal distributions are non-Gaussian. Our paper presents a general Bayesian approach for estimating a Gaussian copula model that can handle any combination of discrete and continuous marginals, and generalises Gaussian graphical models to the Gaussian copula framework. Posterior inference is carried out using a novel and efficient simulation method. The methods in the paper are applied to simulated and real data. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
The formation and evolution of galaxies within merging dark matter haloes

We construct semi-analytic models for galaxy formation within the framework of a hierarchical clustering scenario for structure formation in the Universe. We use the algorithm of Kauffmann & White to generate ensembles of merging histories for present-day dark matter haloes with a wide range of circular velocities. A galaxy is assumed to form from gas which cools and turns into stars at the centre of a halo until that halo merges with a more massive object. At this time the galaxy loses its source of new gas and becomes a non-dominant object within a larger group or cluster. Our methods thus enable us tolook insidepresent dark matter haloes and investigate the formation, evolution and merging of the galaxies that they contain
On the existence and iterative approximation problems of solutions for set-valued variational inclusions in Banach spaces

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study a class of set-valued variational inclusions in Banach spaces. By using Michael's selection theorem and Nadler's theorem, some existence theorems and iterative algorithms for solving this kind of set-valued variational inclusion in Banach spaces are established and suggested.
Stability properties of Potts neural networks with biased patterns and low loading

The q-state Potts glass model of neural networks is extended to include biased patterns. For a finite number of such patterns, the existence and stability properties of the Mattis states and symmetric states are discussed in detail as a function of the bias. Analytic results are presented for all q at zero temperature. For finite temperatures numerical results are obtained for q=3 and two classes of representative bias parameters. A comparison is made with the Hopfield model.
Nonlocal behaviour of zonal flows in tokamak plasmas

Oscillatory zonal flows called geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) appearing in a high safety factor region of tokamak plasmas show nonlocal behaviour in their frequency. The frequency of the GAMs is unchanged over a certain radial region and the radial variation of the frequency is step-like. The effects of ρ* = ρi/a on the nonlocal behaviour of the GAMs are investigated by global ion temperature gradient driven turbulence simulations, where ρi is an ion Larmor radius and a is a minor radius of a torus. It is found that the radial width in which the GAMs have the same frequency is almost proportional to , while the radial wavelength of the GAMs is proportional to ρi. As for turbulent transport, the boundary between a high transport region where the GAMs are dominant and a low transport region becomes clearer for smaller ρ*.
The GEDI Simulator: A Large‐Footprint Waveform Lidar Simulator for Calibration and Validation of Spaceborne Missions

NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) is a spaceborne lidar mission which will produce near global (51.6°S to 51.6°N) maps of forest structure and above‐ground biomass density during its 2‐year mission. GEDI uses a waveform simulator for calibration of algorithms and assessing mission accuracy. This paper implements a waveform simulator, using the method proposed in Blair and Hofton (1999; https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010484), and builds upon that work by adding instrument noise and by validating simulated waveforms across a range of forest types, airborne laser scanning (ALS) instruments, and survey configurations. The simulator was validated by comparing waveform metrics derived from simulated waveforms against those derived from observed large‐footprint, full‐waveform lidar data from NASA's airborne Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor (LVIS). The simulator was found to produce waveform metrics with a mean bias of less than 0.22 m and a root‐mean‐square error of less than 5.7 m, as long as the ALS data had sufficient pulse density. The minimum pulse density required depended upon the instrument. Measurement errors due to instrument noise predicted by the simulator were within 1.5 m of those from observed waveforms and 70–85% of variance in measurement error was explained. Changing the ALS survey configuration had no significant impact on simulated metrics, suggesting that the ALS pulse density is a sufficient metric of simulator accuracy across the range of conditions and instruments tested. These results give confidence in the use of the simulator for the pre‐launch calibration and performance assessment of the GEDI mission.
Localization for Some Continuous, Random Hamiltonians in d-Dimensions

Abstract We prove the existence with probability one of an interval of pure point spectrum for some families of continuous random Schrodinger operators in d -dimensions. For Anderson-like models with positive, short-range, single-site potentials, we also prove that the corresponding eigenfunctions decay exponentially and that the integrated density of states is Lipschitz continuous. For the other families of random potentials that we study, we show that the corresponding eigenfunctions decay faster than an inverse power of x , which depends upon the decay rate of the single-site potential. To obtain these results, we develop an extension of the classical Aronszajn-Donoghue theory for a class of relatively compact perturbations and a spectral averaging method which extends Kotani′s trick to these more general families of operators.
Ferrous Iron Under Oxygen‐Rich Conditions in the Deep Mantle

Recent experiments have demonstrated the existence of previously unknown iron oxides at high pressure and temperature including newly discovered pyrite‐type FeO2 and FeO2Hx phases stable at deep terrestrial lower mantle pressures and temperatures. In the present study, we probed the iron oxidation state in high‐pressure transformation products of Fe3+OOH goethite by in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell. At pressures and temperatures of ~91 GPa and 1,500–2,350 K, respectively, that is, in the previously reported stability field of FeO2Hx, a measured shift of −3.3 ± 0.1 eV of the Fe K‐edge demonstrates that iron has turned from Fe3+ to Fe2+. We interpret this reductive valence change of iron by a concomitant oxidation of oxygen atoms from O2− to O−, in agreement with previous suggestions based on the structures of pyrite‐type FeO2 and FeO2Hx phases. Such peculiar chemistry could drastically change our view of crystal chemistry in deep planetary interiors.
Conformal geometry and complete minimal surfaces

1. Introduction. This note applies new ideas from conformai geometry to the study of complete minimal surfaces of finite total curvature in R 3. The two main results illustrate this in complementary ways. Theorem A implies several uniqueness or nonexistence corollaries, while Theorem B constructs new examples, including the first complete immersed nonorientable minimal surfaces with finite total curvature and embedded ends. This construction is based upon the close relationship between these minimal surfaces and certain compact immersed surfaces minimizing the conformally invariant functional W = fH 2 da (Theorems C and D).
Joint source and channel coding of embedded wavelet-based coded images using LDPC codes

The transmission of images over heterogeneous networks to a large variety of terminals induces the need for efficient scalable image coding, and adapted error control mechanisms to protect the compressed bit stream against degradations caused by packet losses. In this context, we propose an optimal joint source channel coding (JSCC) approach combined with unequal error protection (UEP) of the transmitted data packets enabling an error-resilient transmission of embedded wavelet-based coded images over binary erasure channels. We theoretically show that the average expected rate-distortion function of the separately encoded subbands is convex with monotonically decreasing slopes and prove that a similar conclusion with bounds on the allowable code rates can be drawn when transmitting an increasing number of fixed-length packets. Based on these proofs we conclude that the developed JSCC-allocation process can rely on a Lagrangian-multiplier method. In order to reduce the computational complexity of the allocation mechanism, we propose a novel Viterbi-based search-algorithm, which determines for every subband the near-optimum number of packets and their corresponding code-rates. We show that our proposed solution results in significant complexity reductions while providing very near-to-optimal performance. The experimental results show that when the channel estimation matches the real channel that the use of UEP can deliver significantly better results than the use of EEP.
A parallelisation concept for a multi-physics lattice Boltzmann prototype based on hierarchical grids

This paper introduces a generalised parallelisation concept for lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations. Our main goal was to combine two approaches to speed up LB computations: parallelisation combined with an efficient implementation and utilisation of non uniform tree-type Cartesian grids. A clear separation of data with different semantics (i.e., topology, geometry, physical quantities) to facilitate expandability for multi-physics applications is another key aspect of this work. In addition, an abstract rule set was developed which can handle e.g., specific user definable discretisation stencils. Finally we simulated a tandem cylinder flow to validate the method as well as the implementation in 2D.
Another Search for Maia Variable Stars

We have used the Hipparcos epoch photometry database, and autocorrelation analysis, to search for the elusive Maia variables—short‐period B7–A3 near–main‐sequence pulsating variable stars. Of several hundred stars considered, and several dozen stars studied in detail, only a handful are possible variables: three are possible shallow eclipsing variables; three have possible periods in the range 0.25–0.5 day, but their amplitudes are so low that they are probably nonvariable. The most promising are HD 29573, with a period of 1.6 days (but possibly a rotating variable), and γ CrB, with a period of 0.9 day—a period also found spectroscopically by Lehmann and coworkers. Sirius shows variations which are probably instrumental. Two previously suspected Maia stars—Maia and γ UMi—are photometrically constant. The Maia variables—if they exist—are very rare and very elusive.
Nonlinear equatorial spread F

A numerical simulation of the non-linear evolution of the collisional Rayleigh-Taylor instability using a set of equations appropriate for the equatorial F region ionosphere has been performed. Our results show that the irregularities produced by the instability grow on the bottomside of the F region peak, as predicted by linear theory, and then the irregularities nonlinearly bubble through to the topside, where linear theory predicts no irregularities. Fourier analysis of the irregularities show one dimensional power law power spectrum for both the vertical and horizontal directions.
Measurements of the growth rate and structure in plane turbulent mixing layers

Mean velocity and turbulent intensity measurements are reported for five different plane turbulent mixing layers, each with a different velocity ratio. These experiments confirm that increasing free-stream turbulence causes increases in the growth rate and in the Reynolds stresses. Cross-correlation measurements with time delay made in the mixing layer with the lowest free-stream turbulence level show that the large-eddy structure had length scales in the two cross-stream directions which were roughly equal, unlike the results reported by Brown & Roshko (1974) and others. Further measurements showed that a vortex-street wake existed immediately downstream of the splitter plate and that transition occurred in the wake flow rather than in a normal laminar mixing layer. This is thought to have prevented the Brown–Roshko structures from forming. Comparison of the growth rate observed in this case with other measured results suggests that the essential or effective turbulent structure in mixing layers is independent both of velocity ratio and of the degree of two-dimensionality which exists in the largest scales of turbulence.
Diagonally implicit runge-kutta methods for stiff odes

To be A-stable, and possibly useful for stiff systems, a Runge–Kutta formula must be implicit. There is a significant computational advantage in diagonally implicit formulae, whose coefficient matrix is lower triangular with all diagonal elements equal. We derive new, strongly S-stable diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta formulae of order 2 in 2 stages and of order 3 in 3 stages, and show that it is impossible for a strongly S-stable diagonally implicit method to attain order 4 in 4 stages. Merely A-stable diagonally implicit formulae, of order 3 in 2 stages and of order 4 in 3 stages, were previously known; we prove that no 4-stage method of this type has order 5. We describe a computer program for stiff differential equations which uses these methods, and compare them to each other and to the GEAR package.
The Functional Law of the Iterated Logarithm for Stationary Strongly Mixing Sequences

Let (X i ) i ∈ Z be a strictly stationary and strongly mixing sequence of real-valued mean zero random variables. Let (a n ) n>0 be the sequence of strong mixing coefficients. We define the strong mixing function α(.) by α(t) = α [t] and we denote by Q the quantile function of |X 0 |. Assume that (*) ∫ 0 1 α -1 (t)Q 2 (t)dt < ∞, where f -1 denotes the inverse of the monotonic function f. The main result of this paper is that the functional law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) holds whenever (X i ) i ∈ Z satisfies (*). Moreover, it follows from Doukhan, Massart and Rio that for any positive α there exists a stationary sequence (X i ) i ∈ Z with strong mixing coefficients α n of the order of n -α such that the bounded LIL does not hold if condition (*) is violated. The proof of the functional LIL is mainly based on new maximal exponential inequalities for strongly mixing processes, which are of independent interest.