Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in Photosynthesis, Translocation and Distribution of 14C-assimilates during Leaf Development and the Rate of Contribution of Each Leaf to Fruit Growth in Tomato

Changes in rates of photosynthesis, translocation, and distribution pattern of 14C-assimilates in leaves during their development and the contribution of individual leaves to the accumulation of photosynthates in various sinks were investigated by using tomato plants.The photosynthetic rate of the 3rd and 7th leaf gradually decreased with their ages, however, the amounts of photosynthates produced per leaf gradually increased with the increase of leaf area. Therefore, the amounts of photosynthates reached maximum just before full expansion of each leaf.Most of assimilates were distributed to near sink as a main sink. Furthermore, the relationship between source and sink likely changed with the developmental stages of roots, shoot and fruits resulting in difference in sink strengths. Thus, competitiveness among sinks changed according to the relative gradients between them and the source.The contribution of each leaf to the accumulation of assimilates by each sink was calculated by the total amount of assimilates and the sum of the distribution of 14C-assimilates from each leaf. The inflorescence was supplied 60-80% of its accumulation by 2 to 4 adjacent leaves. Furthermore, the maximum contribution rate from one leaf seemed to be about 30%. The peak efficiency of a leaf to supply a sink corresponded to the time when the sink was enlarging most rapidly.
Use of the aquatic oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex for assessing the toxicity of copper and cadmium in a spiked‐artificial‐sediment toxicity test

A sediment toxicity test using the freshwater oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex was performed. We evaluated acute and chronic toxicity affects of copper and cadmium on reproduction in both species and the bioaccumulation of both metals by L. variegatus using artificial sediment. L. variegatus bioconcentrated copper 22‐fold and cadmium 16‐fold after a 14‐day exposure to spiked artificial sediments with 0.02% organic content. The EC50 for T. tubifex varied depending upon endpoint from 2.7 to 2.8 mg/L for cadmium and from 8.4 to 8.9 mg/L for copper. The EC50 for L. variegatus was 2.2 mg/L for cadmium and 3.9 mg/L for copper. Based on these results, L. variegatus appears to be more sensitive to metal toxicity in artificial sediments than T. tubifex. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 14: 271–278, 1999
An experimental study on variations in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during growth of Mysis mixta and Neomysis integer

The trophic isotope fractionation of mysids, in response to a change in the isotopic composition in their diet, was examined in the laboratory. Field-caught Mysis mixta and Neomysis integer had similar δ13C values, ranging between -23.1 and -21.5. They also had similar δ15N values, and for both species, this value increased with body size. Experimental starvation did not change the isotopic composition. To test for metabolic fractionation of isotopes, the mysids were fed different diets, newly hatched Artemia and detrital Enteromorpha. The isotopic composition was monitored in abdominal muscle tissue, exoskeleton, and feces over 12 weeks. The δ13C composition in muscle tissue had not reached an isotopic equilibrium with the diet at the end of the experiment, while the exoskeleton came into equilibrium with the food in 2-3 weeks. Muscle was enriched in 15N relatively to the food, +3.6 for Artemia and +2.7 for Enteromorpha. The isotopic composition in muscle, exuviae, and feces may form a basis for diet .
Effects of Particle Size and Starch Damage of Flour and Alkaline Reagent on Yellow Alkaline Noodle Characteristics

ABSTRACT A hard white spring wheat was milled to yield three patent flours with different starch damage levels by manipulating reduction grinding conditions, and each flour was sieved to give three different particle sizes (85–110, 110–132, 132–183 μm). Raw alkaline noodles were prepared using either 1% w/w kansui (sodium and potassium carbonates in 9:1 ratio) or 1% w/w sodium hydroxide. Noodles prepared with sodium hydroxide were significantly brighter, less red, and more yellow than those made with kansui. Differences in noodle color among flour treatments were evident but were attributable to differences in flour refinement rather to than particle size or starch damage. Noodles were rested for 1 hr after processing before cooking. Alkaline reagent was the main factor associated with cooking loss, being ≈50% greater for sodium hydroxide noodles because of higher pH compared with kansui noodles. Cooked sodium hydroxide noodles were thicker than kansui noodles, and cooked strands for both noodle types bec.
Biochemical Changes in Dressed Priacanthus hamrur (Bull’s Eye) During Frozen Storage and Its Effect on Physical and Sensory Quality of Fish Sausage

In the present investigation, biochemical changes in dressed and frozen stored Priacanthus hamrur and their influence on quality of fish sausage have been studied. During the frozen storage period of five months, moisture content decreased and led to the increment on other proximate constituents due to percentage balance. Quality indices such as total volatile base nitrogen and trimethyl amine nitrogen increased significantly (P < 0.05) and reached 44.80 mg N/100 g and 22.00 mg N/100 g of meat, respectively. Non-protein nitrogenous contents were found to decrease due to the loss in thaw drip. Lipid freshness parameters such as peroxide value and free fatty acid value increased and resulted in reduced extractability of salt soluble proteins. Gel strength of fish sausage decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during the storage period and this was also supported by the folding test. Increments in the expressible moisture content clearly indicated the loss of protein functionality, like water holding ability, due to denaturation during frozen storage. From the sensory evaluation, dressed P. hamrur can be stored frozen without any cryoprotective and preservative agents up to four months when it is intended for the preparation of fish sausage and this was also evidence from the changes in biochemical constituents.
The Importance of Algae in a Shaded Headwater Stream as Food for an Abundant Caddisfly (Trichoptera)

Benthic algae are an important component of the diet of an abundant grazing insect, larval Neophylax aniqua (Trichoptera), in Bear Brook, New Hampshire, even though algal production represents an extremely small portion of the energy entering the stream. Analysis of larval gut contents showed that algae made up half of the food consumed by N. aniqua and supported an estimated 75% of their growth. The average density of algae in this shaded stream between mid-April and mid-July was approximately 4.6 ± 0.6 mg chlorophyll-a/m2 (±1 SE). Algae were more abundant in gravel-covered areas (particle sizes -1 to -4 on phi scale) of stream bottom than in rock-covered areas (particle sizes -5 to -8 on phi scale).
Effect of gonadotropin releasing‐hormone analogue and human chorionic gonadotropin on milt characteristics and gonadal steroids in yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Sparidae)

Abstract Adult yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis) were captured from the wild and maintained in outdoor tanks until the onset of the natural spawning season (May ‐ June). Three replicate trials were conducted to examine the effects of gonadotropin releasing‐hormone analogue (GnRHa) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on milt characteristics and gonadal steroid levels. Spermiating males were injected intraperitoneally with either saline solution (control) or a single dose of GnRHa (25, 50, 75, 100 μg kg−1) or hCG (250, 500, 750, 1000 IU kg−1). Milt and blood samples were collected before hormone administration (0 h) to examine initial reproductive status, and at 6, 24, and 48 h post injection (p.i.) to assess the effects of hormone treatment. There was a progressive increase in the reproductive condition of fish held throughout the experimental period, with increases in milt volume and sperm concentration over time, and a corresponding fall in the duration of sperm activity. Treatment with saline solution or hCG did not significantly alter reproductive parameters. Treatment with GnRHa at a dose of 100 μg kg−1 significantly increased milt volume and reduced sperm concentration at 48 h p.i. The cumulative number of sperm collected over the 48 h sample period was also elevated. The duration of sperm activity was unaffected by hormone dose or type. All GnRHa treatment groups had elevated levels of 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) at 24 and 48 hp.i. Plasma testosterone levels did not change with treatment. The increase in milt volume and cumulative sperm number in the 100 μg kg−1 group coupled with the elevated levels of 11‐KT throughout this period suggest gonadotropin‐dependent production of 11‐KT as a mediator of spermiogenesis, but not spermiation in yellowfin bream. The lack of response to hCG may be explained by low potency of the hormone in yellowfin bream during the early spawning season.
Does increased habitat complexity reduce predation and competition in coral reef fish assemblages

Greater habitat complexity is often associated with a greater abundance and diversity of organisms. High complexity habitats may reduce predation and competition, thereby allowing more individuals to occupy a given area. Using 16 spatially isolated reefs in the Bahamas, I tested whether increased habitat complexity reduced the negative effects of resident predators and competitors on recruitment and survival of a common damselfish. Two levels of habitat complexity were cross-factored with the presence or absence of two guilds of resident fishes: predators (sea basses and moray eels) and interference competitors (large territorial damselfishes). I monitored subsequent recruitment and recruit mortality for 60 days. Residents had strong negative effects on recruitment regardless of habitat complexity. In the presence of residents, recruits suffered high mortality immediately after settlement that was similar on low and high complexity reefs, although high complexity reduced mortality of recruits that survived this early postsettlement period. Comparisons between shelter hole diameters and the sizes of residents suggest that territorial damselfishes and small resident predators could access most shelter holes, whereas large resident predators were excluded from many shelter holes. This study demonstrates that whether habitat complexity reduces predation and competition may depend on several key factors, such as the availability of appropriate shelter, behavioral attributes of interactors, and developmental stage of prey/inferior competitors.
Control of anthracnose in lentil using partial resistance and fungicide applications

Abstract Partial resistance and fungicide applications were evaluated in 1995 and 1996 for control of anthracnose in lentil (Lens culinaris) caused by Colletotrichum truncatum. Line 458-57 (partially resistant) and cv. Eston (susceptible) were planted in fields with a history of low, partial, and high anthracnose pressures. Unsprayed plots were compared with plots receiving a single application of either I or 2 kg a. i. /ha of chlorothalonil at the 10- to 12-node stage, and two applications of 1 kg a.i./ha at the 10- to 12-node stage and to days later. Anthracnose severity in unsprayed plots was highest (78% for cv. Eston and 62% for 458-57) at high disease pressure, intermediate (62% for cv. Eston and 46% for 458-57) at partial disease pressure, and lowest (26% for cv. Eston and 15% for 458-57) at low disease pressure. Yield losses in unsprayed plots ranged from 26 to 57% in cv. Eston and 20 to 28% in 458-57, with the most significant losses occurring in cv. Eston at high disease pressure. Applications of.
Variation in the feeding success of sperm whales: Temporal scale, spatial scale and relationship to migrations

Variability in a measure of the feeding success of sperm whales, defecation rate, was calculated over temporal scales ranging from 5h to 4 years, and spatial scales ranging from 100 to 5000 km. Sperm whale feeding success was not obviously linked to any sub-annual environmental cycles, with the possible exception of time of day. Variability in feeding success over temporal scales of 1-64 days, and spatial scales of 100 km, was about 60% of the long-term mean, but reached 130% of the long-term mean over time intervals of 2-4 years and distance intervals greater than 500 km. During periods of days characterized by low feeding success groups of sperm whales moved greater distances. Migration over ranges of about 300-1000 km allows sperm whales to maintain high biomass and low reproductive rates in an environment which, at any location, contains long, unpredictable periods of food shortage.
Dissociation of phagocytosis from stimulation of the oxidative metabolic burst in macrophages

We explored the relationship between phagocytosis and the triggering of oxidative metabolism using resident, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited, and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-activated murine peritoneal macrophages. Sheep erythrocytes (E) coated with IgG [E(IgG)], E coated with IgM and complement [E(IgM)C], and E treated with 1% glutaraldehyde (GE) were used as stimuli. All three types of macrophages released superoxide anion (O2-) during phagocytosis of E(IgG). All macrophage types phagocytosed E(IgM)C and GE but none were stimulated to release O2- during phagocytosis of these particles. Vigorous consumption of oxygen was also stimulated by the ingestion of E(IgG) but not by ingestion of E(IgM)C or GE. E(IgM)C did not scavenge the O2- released from macrophages during phagocytosis of E(IgG) or during exposure to phorbol myristate acetate, and further addition of IgG anti-E antibody to E(IgM)C or GE permitted optimal stimulation of macrophage O2- release by these particles. The capacity of macrophages to ingest E(IgM)C and GE without stimulating the respiratory burst raises the possibility that clearance of particulate matter not opsonized with specific IgG might be achieved without stimulation of the release of toxic oxygen metabolites, and, therefore, without the risk of oxidative damage to the phagocytic cell or surrounding tissue.
Temporal Variation in Adult Survival Rates of Roseate Terns During Periods of Increasing and Declining Populations

Abstract We used 19 years of mark-recapture/resighting data collected on 11,020 birds from 1988-2006 at five colony sites in Massachusetts, New York, and Connecticut, USA, to examine temporal variation in the survival rates of adult Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) during periods of overall population increase (1988-2000) and decline (2000-2006). Roseate Terns nested at only one colony site in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts at the start of this period, but two more sites in this area were recolonized as the study progressed. Adult survival rates varied temporally in different ways at the different colony sites, but for the five sites combined they did not differ between the period of overall population increase (0.835 ± 0.006 SE) and the period of population decline (0.835 ± 0.008 SE). As expected based on previous work, adult survival from 1991 to 1992 was lowered as a result of a severe hurricane in August 1991. An oil spill in Buzzards Bay in April 2003 did not appear to result in lower survival of the birds nesting at the sites in this area compared to those nesting at the other two study sites in New York and Connecticut. Temporal variation in other vital rates of this species (such as postfledging survival) needs to be examined to determine the likely cause(s) of the recent population decline.
Allelopathic potential of Datura stramonium L. (Thorn-apple)

Summary: The effects of different concentrations of aqueous leachate of Datura stramonium seeds and leaves on germination and radicle elongation of Linum usitatissimum were examined. Germination and radicle elongation of L. usitatissimum were depressed at high leachate concentrations. Radicle elongation usually appeared more sensitive to the effects of the leachate than did germination. Preliminary investigations showed that D. stramonium leaf leachate had similar effects to those of seed leachate. Chemical analysis of the leachates by spot-tests and by high-voltage electrophoresis indicated the presence of tropane alkaloids, in particular scopolamine. The presence of both scopolamine and hyoscyamine was confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was shown that varying concentrations of pure scopolamine and scopolamine plus hyoscyamine solutions had effects similar to those of seed and leaf leachates on germination and radicle elongation of L. usitatissimum.
The karyotype of the critically endangered Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte 1856 (Aves, Psittaciformes)

We used conventional chromosomal staining to describe the karyotype of the critically endangered Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte 1856. A diploid number of 2n = 70 and a karyotype similar to that of its congener Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus suggests that chromosomal rearrangements were not the main evolutionary mechanism in the genus.
Impaired β‐cell regeneration in perinatally malnourished rats: a study with STZ

We investigated the mechanisms implicated in β‐cell mass reduction observed during late fetal and early postnatal malnutrition in the rat. Beta‐cell regeneration, including proliferation and neogenesis, was studied after neonatal β‐cell destruction by streptozotocin (STZ). STZ was injected at birth and maternal food restriction was continued until weaning. Beta‐cell mass, proliferation, and islet number were quantified by morphometrical measurements on pancreatic sections in STZ‐injected normal (C‐STZ) and malnourished (R‐STZ) rats, with noninjected C and R rats as controls. At day 4, only 20% of the β cell‐mass remained in C‐STZ rats. It regenerated to 50% that of noninjected controls, mainly through active neogenesis, as shown by the entire recovery of islet number/cm2, and also through moderately increased β‐cell proliferation. In contrast, β ‐cell mass from R‐STZ animals poorly regenerated, despite a dramatic increase of β ‐cell proliferation, because islet number/cm2 recovered insufficiently. In conclusion, perinatal malnutrition impairs neogenesis and the capacity of β ‐cell regeneration by neogenesis but preserves β‐cell proliferation, which remains the elective choice to increase β ‐cell mass. These results provide an explanation for the impaired capacity of malnourished animals to adapt their β ‐cell mass during aging or pregnancy, which aggravate glucose tolerance. —Garofano, A. , Czernichow, P., and Breant, B. Impaired β‐cell regeneration in perinatally malnourished rats: a study with STZ. FASEB J. 14, 2611–2617 (2000)
Effect of phytohormones on absorption and distribution of ions in salt-stressed bean plants

Bean plant seedlings grown in water culture were treated for 5 days either with NaCl or with 7-times concentrated nutrient solution (diminished water potential by 3-10 3 hPa in both cases). Control and stressed plants were treated for 24 hrs with zeatin and GA,. NaCl-stress reduced distinctly ion absorption rate (K, Ca and P). Zeatin and GA 3 promoted potassium uptake, but only in NaCI-treated plants. These hormones diminished Na accumulation in metabolically active organs but increased P- and Ca-content. In plants grown under both kind of stresses zeatin and GA 3 partially reestablished the ratio of the main mono- to divalent cations, which increased in the leaves and apical part of the stressed plants. ABA introduced into the nutrient solution caused inhibition of the ion uptake (K, Ca, Mg and P). similar to that caused by NaCl-stress. The above reported results seem to confirm the supposition, that hormones act as an important factor contributing to regulation of both uptake and distribution of ions. In this way growth substances may also participate in the regulation of transport of various substances (among others - assimilates) in the whole plant.
Sample acidification effects on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of macrofauna from a Zostera noltii bed

Acidificationtreatmenthasbeenusedinmoststableisotopestudiestoeliminateinorganicnon-dietarycarbon, allowing d 13 C measurement of organic carbon needed for trophic studies. Because only limited information about the acidification effects on isotopic ratios exists in the literature, we provide an assessment of such effects for a wide range of benthic macroinvertebrates from estuarine intertidal sediments with sparseZostera noltiiHornem. vegetation. Our results revealed only few significantd 13 C shifts for macrobenthos; however,d 13 C decrease after acidification was substantial for several species. We conclude that acidification is not necessary for removing calcium carbonate in a majority of macrobenthos, but we alsosuggest preliminary testing before deciding it can be omitted.The magnitude of thed 15 N shifts was substantial for some species and variability in d 15 N values of replicate acidified samples exceeded that of non- acidified samples. Therefore, sample acidification should be avoided for d 15 N determination. Moreover, acidification effects vary considerably among species belonging to a single class, rendering generalisations from single-species information potentially spurious. Additional keywords: decarbonation, inorganic carbon, macrobenthos, sample treatment, seagrass.
Role of fermentative and antioxidant metabolisms in the induction of core browning in controlled‐atmosphere stored pears

Pears (Pyrus communis L cv Blanquilla) were stored at various CO2 concentrations to induce core browning. The severity of core browning and the products and enzymes associated with fermentative and antioxidant metabolisms were determined immediately after harvest and in healthy and damaged fruits after storage. The incidence and severity of brown core increased with CO2 concentration. Acetaldehyde and ethanol concentrations and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) activity increased in all fruits during storage, but more in fruits with brown core than in healthy fruits. Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC, EC 4.1.1.1) activity decreased slightly during this time. Ascorbate contents decreased whereas glutathione concentrations increased during storage in fruits with brown core compared to the same fruits at harvest. Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.11) activity increased during storage but was not affected by brown core. In contrast, a significant increase in both ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities and a significant decrease in catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) activity were found in damaged fruits. Malonaldehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenal (4-HNE) contents increased significantly in the damaged fruits as a result of peroxidation. Collectively, our results suggest that brown core in pears is indirectly correlated with fermentation and involves oxidative damage which may be a causal factor in brown core development. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry