Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Family History and Attitudes toward Out-Groups: Evidence from the European Refugee Crisis

Can leveraging family history reduce xenophobia? Building on theories of group identity, we show that a family history of forced relocation leaves an imprint on future generations and can be activated to increase sympathy toward refugees. We provide evidence from Greece and Germany, two countries that vividly felt the European refugee crisis, and that witnessed large-scale forced displacement of their own populations during the twentieth century. Combining historical and survey data with an experimental manipulation, we show that mentioning the parallels between past and present differentially increases pledged monetary donations and attitudinal measures of sympathy for refugees among respondents with forcibly displaced ancestors. This differential effect is also present among respondents without a family history of forced migration who live in places with high historical concentration of refugees. Our findings highlight the role of identity and shared experience for reducing out-group discrimination.
Linguistic distancing and reappraisal strategy use across development Use of linguistic distancing and cognitive reappraisal strategies during emotion regulation in children , adolescents , and young adults

Regulating one’s emotions is an important psychological skill at all ages. Cognitive reappraisal—changing the meaning of a stimulus to alter its emotional impact—is an effective emotion regulation technique. Prior work shows that adults spontaneously reduce their use of present tense verbs and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., “I,” “me,” “mine”) when engaging in cognitive reappraisal, a linguistic shift that is thought to track increased psychological distance. Here, we investigated whether such linguistic distancing during emotion regulation varied across age. Participants aged 10 to 23 (N = 112) spoke aloud their thoughts and feelings while completing a classic cognitive reappraisal task. Participants’ verbal responses were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for linguistic distancing, compliance with reappraisal instructions, and use of 8 different reappraisal strategies identified by prior researchers. Results replicated prior work in a developmental sample: Reappraisal decreased negative affect and increased linguistic distancing, and stronger linguistic distancing during reappraisal was associated with more successful emotion regulation. Contrary to hypotheses, we found no age differences in linguistic distancing or reappraisal success, even after excluding trials on which participants did not comply with reappraisal instructions. However, reappraisal strategy use varied across age. Use of the changing circumstances and separating oneself (i.e., distancing) strategies increased across age whereas changing consequences use decreased across age. Additionally, in adolescence, challenging reality use was elevated and problem-solving use was reduced compared to other ages. Results suggest that linguistic distancing during emotion regulation is stable from age 10 to 23 but use of cognitive reappraisal strategies differs.
Anisotropic electrodynamics of type-II Weyl semimetal candidate WTe 2

We investigated the ab -plane optical properties of single crystals of WTe 2 for light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the W-chain axis over a broad range of frequency and temperature. At far-infrared frequencies, we observed a striking dependence of the reﬂectance edge on light polar-ization, corresponding to anisotropy of the carrier eﬀective masses. We quantitatively studied the temperature dependence of the plasma frequency, revealing a modest increase of the eﬀective mass anisotropy in the ab -plane upon cooling. We also found strongly anisotropic interband transitions persisting to high photon energies. These results were analyzed by comparison with ab initio calculations. The calculated and measured plasma frequencies agree to within 10% for both polarizations, while the calculated interband conductivity shows excellent agreement with experiment.
2 November 2018 Thermal transport across graphene step junctions

Step junctions are often present in layered materials, i.e. where single-layer regions meet multilayer regions, yet their effect on thermal transport is not understood to date. Here, we measure heat flow across graphene junctions (GJs) from monolayer-to-bilayer graphene, as well as bilayer to four-layer graphene for the first time, in both heat flow directions. The thermal conductance of the monolayer-bilayer GJ ranges from ~0.5 to 9.1 × 108 W m−2 K−1 between 50 K to 300 K. Atomistic simulations of such a GJ device reveal that graphene layers are relatively decoupled, and the low thermal conductance of the device is determined by the resistance between the two distinct graphene layers. In these conditions the junction plays a negligible effect. To prove that the decoupling between layers controls thermal transport in the junction, the heat flow in both directions was measured, showing no evidence of thermal asymmetry or rectification, within experimental error bars. For large-area graphene applications, this signifies that small bilayer (or multilayer) islands have little or no contribution to overall thermal transport. LETTER 2019 RECEIVED 12 August 2018 REVISED 1 October 2018 ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION 12 October 2018 PUBLISHED 2 November 2018 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aae7ea 2D Mater. 6 (2019) 011005
GLOBAL VS. GROUP-SPECIFIC BUSINESS CYCLES: THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFINING THE GROUPS

The literature on international business cycles has employed dynamic factor models (DFMs) to disentangle global from group-specific and national factors in countries’ macroeconomic aggregates. Therefore, the countries have simply been classified ex ante as belonging to the same region or the same level of development. This paper estimates a DFM for a sample of 106 countries and three variables (output, consumption, investment) over the period 1960–2014, in which the countries are classified according to the outcome of a cluster analysis. By comparing the results with those obtained by the previous grouping approaches, we show substantial deviations in the importance of global and group-specific factors. Remarkably, when the groups are defined properly, the “global business cycle” accounts for only a very small fraction of macroeconomic fluctuations, most evidently in the industrialized world. The group-specific factors, on the other hand, play a much greater role for national business cycles than previously thought—also in the pre-globalization period.
Making Productive Use of Four Models of School English: A Case Study Revisited

At a time when political leaders and media pundits seek to narrow the English curriculum and reduce its knowledge structure to the 'basics', it is helpful to revisit the potential of different approaches to learning in English that have evolved over time. In this paper I reflect on the semantic features of personal growth, cultural heritage, skills and cultural analysis models of English and exemplify their uses for engaging students with challenging texts like Macbeth. Following this, I return to case study material collected during the classroom work of one teacher and his Year 9 students, and reinterpret their texts in the light of these four models of the discipline. The development of students' work over time reveals how this teacher drew on the meaning potential of each model and demonstrates the power of a principled and recursive use of these in classroom teaching.
The police code of silence and different paths towards democratic policing

We study the contours of the code of silence among the police in two Eastern-European countries (the Czech Republic (CR) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)). These two countries have experienced relatively recent, but dramatically different paths towards democratisation of the police. We surveyed 604 Czech police officers and 451 officers in BiH regarding their willingness to report misconduct and expectations about the willingness of fellow officers to report misconduct. The results indicate that, although the code of silence is present among supervisors and line officers in both countries, the code is stronger among line officers than among supervisors. In addition, it appears that officers and supervisors in both countries have a good grasp of the extent of protection the code will actually provide. We also report that the code is more homogeneous among the line officers and supervisors in BiH than in the CR, and that tolerance of the use of excessive force is stronger in Bi than in the CR. Both of these findings may be explained by the recent war in BiH that created unique challenges for democratisation of the police.
Possible eigenmode trapping in density enhancements in Saturn's inner magnetosphere

We report a re‐examination of observations of radio waves and banded fine structure observed by Cassini in the Saturn inner magnetosphere. These emissions have been identified in the past as Z‐mode emission from possible density cavities along the inner edge of the Saturn plasma torus. A careful examination of the emission fine structure in a region where the ratio of plasma to cyclotron frequency fp/fce < 1 suggests that the emission bands may be due to eigenmode trapping from density enhancement source regions. The observations are similar to those made at both the Earth and Jupiter and suggest that radio emission fine structure is a remote diagnostic of density fluctuations in planetary magnetospheres.
Oxygen, facies, and secular controls on the appearance of Cryogenian and Ediacaran body and trace fossils in the Mackenzie Mountains of northwestern Canada

The causes behind the appearance of abundant macroscopic body and trace fossils at the end of the Neoproterozoic Era remain debated. Iron geochemical data from fossiliferous Ediacaran successions in Newfoundland suggested that the first appearances correlated with an oxygenation event. A similar relationship was claimed to exist in the Mackenzie Mountains, Canada, although later stratigraphic studies indicated that the sections analyzed for geochemistry were incorrectly correlated with those hosting the fossils. To directly connect fossil occurrences with geochemistry in the Mackenzie Mountains, we conducted a multiproxy iron, carbon, sulfur, and trace-element geochemical analysis of stratigraphic sections hosting both the Cryogenian “Twitya discs” at Bluefish Creek as well as Ediacaran fossils and simple bilaterian traces at Sekwi Brook. There is no clear oxygenation event correlated with the appearance of macroscopic body fossils or simple bilaterian burrows; however, some change in environment—a potential partial oxygenation—is correlated with increasing burrow width higher in the Blueflower Formation. Data from Sekwi Brook suggest that these organisms were periodically colonizing a predominantly anoxic and ferruginous basin. This seemingly incongruent observation is accommodated through accounting for differing time scales between the characteristic response time of sedimentary redox proxies versus that for ecological change. Thus, hypotheses directly connecting ocean oxygenation with the appearance of macrofossils need not apply to all areas of a heterogeneous Ediacaran ocean, and stably oxygenated conditions on geological time scales were not required for the appearance of these Avalon-assemblage Ediacaran organisms. At least in the Mackenzie Mountains, the appropriate facies for fossil preservation appears to be the strongest control on the stratigraphic distribution of macrofossils.
Using Remote Sensing and a Cellular Automata-Markov Chains-GEOMOD model for the Quantification of the Future Spread of an Invasive Plant: A Case Study of Psidium guajava in Isabela Island, Galapagos

Plant invasive species are one of the most important threats to the ecological stability of the Galapagos Islands and Psidium guajava is one of the most aggressive invasive plants: it currently occupies large areas in the middle and upper zones of some of the islands. This study measures the future spread of Psidium guajava in the south-east area of Isabela Island, Galapagos. Satellite image processing was used to calculate the area of occupation in the years 1980, 2001 and 2009. Then, a Cellular Automata-Markov chains-GEOMOD (CA_Markov_GEOMOD) model was made in order to represent a possible area of future occupancy of Psidium guajava. Results show a continuous invasion of this species in the entire study area and the model of future spread predicts a greater extension of occupation areas in 2030: a spreading rate of 108, 64 Ha / year between 2009 and 2030 was calculated. These results provide a better understanding of the spreading situation of this invasive species, which would support decision making processes to control the invasion.
Trade and Currency Weapons * No 2018-08 – June Working Paper

The debate on trade wars and currency wars has re-emerged since the Great recession of 2009. We study the two forms of non-cooperative policies within a single framework. First, we compare the elasticity of trade flows to import tariffs and to the real exchange rate, based on product level data for 110 countries over the 1989-2013 period. We find that a 1 percent depreciation of the importer's currency reduces imports by around 0.5 percent in current dollar, whereas an increase in import tariffs by 1 percentage point reduces imports by around 1.4 percent. Hence the two instruments are not equivalent. Second, we build a stylized short-term macroeconomic model where the government aims at internal and external balance. We find that, in this setting, monetary policy is more stabilizing for the economy than trade policy, except when the internal transmission channel of monetary policy is muted (at the zero-lower bound). One implication is that, in normal times, a country will more likely react to a trade "aggression" through monetary easing rather than through a tariff increase. The result is reversed at the ZLB.
Women's Participation in Local Union Leadership: The Massachusetts Experience

A 1989 survey of leaders of a sample of Massachusetts AFL-CIO-affiliated union locals indicates that although women are represented in these union locals' leadership in numbers nearly proportional to the female percentage of membership, they are under-represented in the most influential positions. Women are over-represented as secretaries and seriously under-represented as presidents; they chair many committees, but rarely the key grievance or negotiations committees. Minority women appear to be even more under-represented in leadership positions than are white women. Both male and female union leaders said they would like to see more women in leadership, but most of the men did not seem to view the need for more female leaders as urgent, since they indicated that women's issues were adequately represented by male leaders.
A model of acceptance factors for business intelligence in manufacturing using theoretical models

Manufacturing organizations implemented Business Intelligence (BI) due to many advantages offered by it. The lack of research on the acceptance of BI in manufacturing motivates the initiative in this study to have an understanding of the factors that influence the acceptance of BI in manufacturing sector. Therefore, the research proposes a model which indicates the acceptance factors of BI in manufacturing. An integrated model consisting of underlying models of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT) and Task-Technology Fit (TTF) will be developed. The new model will formulate 19 hypotheses and 11 factors contributing to the continuance and acceptance of BI. The model will be tested using quantitative and qualitative survey conducted to Malaysian manufacturing companies and validated using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to investigate the causal and mediating relationships between the factors. The expected result is hoping to suggest that selected factors in the model are positively related towards the acceptance of BI in manufacturing. The results are also hoping to guide future initiatives by industrial practitioners to develop and distribute BI to the manufacturing market.
Effect of Low Light Intensity on Longevity of Flowering on Bedding Plants Targeted for Indoor Use

The adaptability of nine bedding plants to low light intensity was evaluated for their indoor use. Based on the duration of flowering under indoor low light intensity [1,000 lx, 16.8 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)], the plants’ adaptability was classified into three groups. In group 1, the effect of low light intensity was unclear due to short flowering longevity irrespective of light intensity; this group included Helianthus. Group 2 included species not adaptable to indoor low light intensity, under which the duration of flowering indoors was less than three weeks; this group included Petunia Salvia, and Verbena. Group 3 included species adaptable to indoor conditions, under which the duration of flowering was longer than three weeks; this group included Catharanthus, Impatiens, Tagetes, Torenia and Zinnia. The effect of low light intensity on shoot growth did not appear as a reduction in plant width, but did appear in plant height and length of the longest lateral stem. The leaf color of most species was darkened by low light intensity. Even Catharanthus, Torenia and Zinnia, which showed the highest adaptability to low light intensity, could not maintain sufficient ornamental quality under 8.4 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD. The duration of flowering became longer as light intensity increased, although the response differed among species. In Torenia and Zinnia, the duration of flowering was extended under 2,500 lx (42.0 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD), indicating that longterm use was possible under bright indoor conditions, including at such locations as windowsills and showcases. Discipline: Horticulture Additional key words: flower diameter, indoor environment, number of flowers, weak light
The Relative Influence of Formal Learning Opportunities versus Indicators of Professional Community on Changes in Science Teaching in Urban Schools.

Previous research has shown that professional communities have the potential to be a powerful lever for continuous improvement in school settings. This research seeks to extend previous research by investigating the indicators of professional community that influence science teaching practice. This study took place in a network of urban neighborhood high schools, where low student achievement and high teacher turnover present barriers to professional community. Science teachers were surveyed on the extent to which they participated in a variety of formal learning opportunities and engaged in collaborative practices that are indicative of professional community over the course of a school year. The teachers also indicated the extent to which they changed their teaching practices during the same time frame. The results indicate that teachers engaged in a variety of collaborative activities such as advice seeking and collaborative discussions about curricula and student work. These conversations were associated with changes in teaching practice.
Information Frictions and Learning Dynamics: Evidence from Tax Avoidance in Ecuador

We show how experience and dynamic learning processes reduce the obstacles to optimization imposed by information frictions when individuals newly enter the formal sector economy. Most importantly, we provide causal evidence on the exact mechanisms through which individuals learn about the functioning of government programs. To this aim, we exploit novel and rich administrative data on the universe of taxpayers in Ecuador and the introduction of generous tax deduction policies. Key to the identification of information transmission is exogenous worker mobility between firms. We find that the spread of information is driven by mobility of managers and tax experts.
Asymptotic Expansions for Resonances in the Presence of Small Anisotropic Imperfections

We provide a rigorous derivation of an asymptotic formula for perturbations in the resonance values caused by the presence of finite number of anisotropic imperfections of small shapes with constitutive parameters different from the background conductivity. The asymptotic expansion is carried out with respect to the size of the imperfections. The main feature of the method is to yield a robust procedure making it possible to recover information about the location, shape, and material properties of the anisotropic imperfections.
Plasma wave evidence for reflected ions in front of subcritical shocks: ISEE 1 and 2 observations

Plasma wave profiles of bow shock crossings at ion acoustic frequencies exhibit “feet” or “pedestals,” just as magnetic field profiles do. These ion acoustic feet, consisting of increases in ion wave amplitude over background, are observed in front of virtually all quasi-perpendicular shocks, regardless of Mach number, but are closely associated with magnetic feet and reflected ions circulating around the ambient upstream field at supercritical shocks. Observed gyroradii of the reflected ions have been found to be commensurate with the thicknesses of the magnetic feet, which consist of increases in average field magnitude just outside the main shock ramps in front of supercritical shocks. We now find that estimated scale lengths, that is, gyroradii, of reflected protons are proportional to the thicknesses of acoustic wave feet in all cases, indicating that such protons are probably universally present at subcritical as well as supercritical shocks, although the protons are observed only sporadically because of instrumental limitations. The mere presence or absence of reflected ions in front of a shock may therefore be an insufficient diagnostic of the shock's status with respect to criticality and ion dissipation.
Ten simple rules for the computational modeling of behavioral data

Computational modeling of behavior has revolutionized psychology and neuroscience. By fitting models to experimental data we can probe the algorithms underlying behavior, find neural correlates of computational variables and better understand the effects of drugs, illness and interventions. But with great power comes great responsibility. Here, we offer ten simple rules to ensure that computational modeling is used with care and yields meaningful insights. In particular, we present a beginner-friendly, pragmatic and details-oriented introduction on how to relate models to data. What, exactly, can a model tell us about the mind? To answer this, we apply our rules to the simplest modeling techniques most accessible to beginning modelers and illustrate them with examples and code available online. However, most rules apply to more advanced techniques. Our hope is that by following our guidelines, researchers will avoid many pitfalls and unleash the power of computational modeling on their own data.