Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of In Situ Animal-Fluid Interactions on Transport and Mixing

Traditional studies of animal-fluid interactions have led to the understanding of factors that affect the distribution, ecology and energetics of swimming organisms. These interactions are commonly investigated by using quantitative flow measurement techniques, which include digital particle image velocimetry. Due to limitations in quantitative flow measurements in the natural environment, animal measurements are conducted in laboratories. Laboratory measurement techniques have been shown to have an altering impact on animal behavior and resulting flow fields. Hence, it is reasonable to question conclusions made about the impact of background flows in the natural environment from measurements conducted in the laboratory. Therefore, an apparatus that will enable the quantitative measurement of flows surrounding a swimming animal in the field is needed to accurately address the effect of background flows on animal swimming and fluid transport. We describe the development of a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus that achieves the goal of real-time, quantitative field measurements of aquatic animal-fluid interactions. Using this apparatus, we obtain measurements of flow fields surrounding animals in the field and analyze the effect of background flows on swimming animals. Using a dynamical systems technique called Lagrangian coherent structures to quantitatively compare laboratory and field-generated flows, we find that background flow structures alter fluid transport by swimming jellyfish. From these studies, we define a biologically-relevant metric for animal feeding that is based entirely on the volume of fluid that interacts with the swimming animal. The ability to quantify background flows and their influence on animal-fluid interactions will allow us to broaden our concept of animal-fluid interactions to include the effects swimming animals have on their surrounding environment. This represents a paradigm shift in the analysis of animal-fluid interactions. Recent studies have provided heated debate about whether biologically-generated (or biogenic) mixing can have an impact in the ocean. Arguments for biogenic mixing lacked an efficient mechanism for fluid transport in viscous and stratified flow environments. We present an effective mechanism for biogenic mixing called drift, which is active during swimming, and results in permanent displacement of fluid in the direction of the animal's motion (in unstratified flow). We show that unlike mechanisms that rely on turbulent mixing generated by wake structures, drift is enhanced as viscous effects are increased. While drift has been observed in jellyfish and copepods, to understand its relevance in the global ocean, the effects of stratification need to be considered. By conducting simulations of moving bodies in stratified flow, we show that at buoyancy frequencies on the order of the mean ocean, fluid transport due to drift remains a powerful mechanism through which swimming animals may provide a significant contribution to mixing in the oceans.
Atmospheric Responses to North Atlantic SST Anomalies in Idealized Experiments. Part I: Northern Hemispheric Circulation

AbstractIdealized model experiments using the NCAR CESM1.0. 5 under equinox conditions are designed and performed to address two fundamental questions about the effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) variation associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) on circulation and precipitation in North America and Europe: 1) Is the observed relationship between the AMO SST and the warm-season precipitation in North America a statistical coincidence? and 2) Why is the response of negative precipitation anomaly to warm SST in the AMO fairly uniform across most of North America, whereas the positive precipitation anomaly in the cold SST rather spotty? Model experiments are done with either a warm or cold SST anomaly in an aquaplanet, a planet with idealized continents, and a planet with both idealized continents and orography. Major results show that the atmospheric response to warm SST anomaly in the North Atlantic is fairly similar among the three sets of experiments. In the lower troposphere,.
Hydrological extremes in hyperarid regions: A diagnostic characterization of intense precipitation over the Central Arabian Peninsula

Aridity is typically associated with deep and dry daytime boundary layers, stable nighttime stratification, divergent flows, and limited large‐scale moisture advection. All these factors are paramount in regulating the hydroclimatology of hyperarid regions, resulting in extremely intermittent—and often intense—local precipitation patterns. However, the link between synoptic‐scale forcing and intense precipitation over arid regions has been scarcely investigated in the literature and still remains exceedingly unexplored. We present here a diagnostic study of intense precipitation in the Central Arabian Peninsula, based on the analysis of local extreme signatures embedded in synoptic patterns. Special emphasis is given to the genesis of winter extremes over the Peninsula, and to possible effects of synchronization between the atmospheric circulation over the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Based on composites of the tropospheric circulation for a large ensemble of intense events, we show that moisture necessary to trigger winter extremes over the Peninsula starts to build up in average 8 days before heavy rainfall occurrence, mainly as a consequence of the interplay between the Mediterranean and the Monsoonal circulation. Moisture advection is in turn associated with an upper troposphere cyclonic circulation and pronounced potential vorticity intrusions. Overall, our results demonstrate how large‐scale precursors can be effectively used to improve the predictability of rainfall extremes in hyperarid regions.
Correlation techniques for estimating pesticide volatilization flux and downwind concentrations

Because of growing concerns over the potential risks from exposure to airborne pesticides that have acute and chronic human and ecological health impacts, information on concentrations in air downwind of emission sources is being increasingly required, especially in populated areas. A simple and cost-effective approach to estimating downwind air concentrations from emissions was developed by relating physicochemical properties of various pesticides and other organics with their published volatilization rates (flux) from treated soil, plant foliage, and water. The resulting set of ln−ln correlations was used to estimate flux for pesticides with known physicochemical properties. These estimated flux values were used as source strengths in the EPA's SCREEN-2 dispersion model to calculate downwind concentrations near treated fields for time periods soon after application. Using estimated flux values for carbofuran, oxydemeton-methyl, methidathion, azinphos-methyl, and molinate, downwind concentrations were ca.
Micro‐seismicity around the seaward updip limit of the 1946 Nankai Earthquake dislocation area

We observed micro‐seismicity around the seaward updip limit of the 1946 Nankai earthquake dislocation area by using pop‐up type ocean bottom seismographs deployed for three months in 1998. At the subduction zone, we must consider strong lateral heterogeneity of the seismic velocity structure to locate earthquakes precisely. We constructed 3‐D P‐ and S‐wave velocity structure models based on the results of airgun‐OBS seismic surveys along the Nankai Trough. We located 83 earthquakes using these 3‐D models. These hypocenters show two groups of seismicity. One seismicity group locates in oceanic layer 3 within a subducting seamount. These earthquakes may reflect the deformation of the seamount caused by its subduction. The other seismicity group locates near the updip limit of the thermally modeled locked zone. These hypocenters are determined to be near the boundary between the accretionary prism and the subducting oceanic crust.
Abundance, distribution, and isotopic composition of particulate black carbon in the northern Gulf of Mexico

There exists increasing evidence supporting the important role of black carbon in global carbon cycles. Particulate black carbon (PBC) is allochthonous and has distinct reactivities compared to the bulk particulate organic carbon (tot‐POC) in marine environments. However, the abundance, geochemical behavior of PBC and its importance in oceanic carbon budget remain poorly understood. Here we report the abundance, distribution, and stable isotopic signatures of BC derived from the chemo‐thermal oxidation (CTO‐375) method (BCCTO) in the Gulf of Mexico. Our results show that BCCTO abundance decreased from shelf to basin, and more than a half of riverine BCCTO could be removed over the shelf. Moreover, BCCTO is much more refractory compared to the tot‐POC and has δ13C values lower than those of BC‐excluded POC. These results highlight the significance of PBC in marine carbon cycles and potentially suggest the need for a new end‐member term in quantifying POC sources in the ocean.
The influence of micrometeorological factors on the calling activity of the frog Crinia signifera (Anura: Myobatrachidae)

I recorded the calling activity of the males of a population of the common eastern froglet Crinia signifera during 1988 to determine the seasonal and temporal patterns of calling activity and the influence of micrometeorological variables on calling. The patterns of calling were recorded using an automated cassette recorder switched on for 10 seconds approximately every 15 minutes. To assess the effects of micrometeorology on calling I compared the mean hourly calling activity with air temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, rainfall and wind intensity with time of day as a co-variable. This comparison was undertaken for data from three separate two-month periods of the year, as well as with the data from the three periods combined, to determine if there were seasonal differences in the effects of micrometeorology. For the analysis I used a forward stepwise Generalised Linear Model. Chorusing was recorded in every month of the year. Time of day was highly significant as a predictor of hourly calling a.
Moving-on From a Rural Parish: a Multidisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Population Trends and Migration in an Area of the English-Welsh Borderland.

This study is about migration and aims to analyse the complexities which underlie the movement of people in time and space. There are three major interdependent elements essential to such a study – data, a context and longitudinal time scale. The study commences with a discussion of various approaches which have been taken by scholars to the study of migration, drawing particular attention to the behavioural or decision making perspective. This is followed by an assessment of relevant data sources, including census enumerators’ books, parish registers and oral accounts. This piece of research has been structured to use these sources for an analysis of a study area in the middle English /Welsh Borderland, concentrating on the neighbourhood of the parish of Little Hereford. The salient geographical characteristics of the area and family structure are highlighted in Chapter 4, before an examination is made of its culture, ways of life and changing demographic profile in Chapters 5 and 6. The remainder of the study homes in on the details of migration, first looking at the pattern of movement in the decade 1871 to 1881 and then charting the movements of three core families (Bennett, Rowbury and Maund), with a particular focus on the last of these. It is these three families which give the longitudinal dimension to the study. An assessment of the role of place in migration decisions is attempted but even at this micro scale of analysis it proves difficult to get really close to the decisions made over a long time period. i
Glacier Changes in the Lancang River Basin, China, between 1968–1975 and 2005–2010

Abstract The Lancang River Basin (LRB) crosses from the higher inland Tibet Plateau to lower south Asia. Glaciers in upper reaches of the basin are significant reservoirs of freshwater and are considered to contribute substantially to the runoff of the Lancang River. In this study, we present the results of glacier inventories of the LRB and demonstrate its changes during the past 40 years, based on investigations conducted during two periods: the first (1968–1975) and the second (2005–2010) glacier inventory of China. Total area of the 423 measured glaciers in the LRB decreased by 98.50 ± 26.61 km2 from 328.16 ± 20.29 km2 in 1968–1975 to 229.66 ± 16.48 km2 in 2005–2010, indicating a loss in total glacier area of about 30% ± 8% during the past 40 years (at a mean area loss rate of 0.75% ± 0.2% a-1), which is comparable to glacier changes in other regions of high Asia. Southern glaciers in the LRB have experienced greater area loss than the northern inland Tibet regions, indicating more sensitivity of temperate glaciers to climate warming. The general warming trend but with less significant precipitation changes during the past 50 years (1960–2010), which has been confirmed by the observation of several meteorological stations across from the south to the north of the basin, could be one of the main causes accounting for the overall glacier recessions in the LRB.
Using palm‐mat geotextiles on an arable soil for water erosion control in the UK

To date, most studies of the effectiveness of geotextiles on soil erosion rates and processes have been conducted in laboratory experiments for less than 1 h. Hence, at Hilton (52°33′ N, 2°19′ W), UK, the effectiveness of employing palm‐mat geotextiles for soil erosion control under field conditions on arable loamy sands was investigated. Geotextile‐mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Duplicate runoff plots (10 m × 1 m on a 15° slope) had five treatments (bare, permanent grass, Borassus total plot cover, Borassus buffer strip and Buriti buffer strip). Borassus covered plots had about 72% ground cover and to differentiate between this treatment and Borassus buffer strips, the former treatment is termed Borassus completely‐covered. Runoff and eroded soil were collected from each bounded plot in a concrete gutter, leading to a receptacle. Results from 08/01/2007–23/01/2009 (total precipitation = 1776·5 mm; n = 53 time intervals) show that using Borassus buffer strips (area coverage ∼10%) on bare soil decreased runoff volume by about 71% (P > 0·05) and soil erosion by 92% (P < 0·001). Bare plots had nearly 29·1 L m−2 runoff and 2·36 kg m−2 soil erosion during that period. Borassus buffer strip, Buriti buffer strip and Borassus completely‐covered plots had similar effects in decreasing runoff volume and soil erosion. Runoff volumes largely explain the variability in soil erosion rates. Although buffer strips of Borassus mats were as effective as whole plot cover of the same mats, the longevity of Borassus mats was nearly twice that of Buriti mats. Thus, use of Borassus mats as buffer strips on bare plots is highly effective for soil erosion control. The mechanisms explaining the effectiveness of buffer strips require further studies under varied pedo‐climatic conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A physical analysis of the severe 2013/2014 cold winter in North America

The severe 2013/2014 cold winter has been examined in the context of the previous 55 winters using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data for the period 1960–2014. North America is dominated by pronounced cold anomalies over the Great Plains and Great Lakes in December 2013 and February 2014 but exhibits an east‐west contrast pattern with warm anomalies over most of the North American West in January 2014. A relevant temperature index, defined as land surface temperature anomalies averaged over (40°–60°N, 105°–80°W), reveals a warming trend as well as interannual variability with a significant power peak of 6.0 years. While 2013/2014 was the second coldest winter during 1960–2014, it is the coldest one in the linearly detrended series, with a negative anomaly of 2.63 standard deviations. This indicates that the long‐term warming has made the 2013/2014 winter less severe than it could have been. The temperature and circulation variability in association with the zonally symmetric variability of the polar vortex projects weakly on the corresponding anomalies in the 2013/2014 winter, whereas the variability associated with the principal mode of North American surface temperature projects strongly on the corresponding anomalies in the winter. This mode is associated with a sea surface temperature (SST) pattern of significant anomalies over the North Pacific and North Atlantic middle and high latitudes. The anomalous atmospheric circulation shows an anticyclonic anomaly over the Gulf of Alaska‐Bering Sea and a cyclonic anomaly downstream over North America. It bears resemblance to the North Pacific Oscillation/Western Pacific pattern and drives the SST in the North Pacific. Over western‐central Canada and the northern U.S., below‐average heights are associated with above‐normal precipitation, implying enhanced upward vertical motion and variation of local cloud forcing, leading to a variation of the surface energy budget dominated by surface longwave radiation anomalies. Over North America, there is less downwelling longwave radiation at the surface when the atmosphere is cold, which is offset by the corresponding reduction in outgoing longwave radiation.
Diversity of organic livestock systems in Europe

There is significant diversity in livestock production across Europe, as a consequence of a range of climatic, historic and economic factors. Yet there are common standards and goals. Enlargement of the European Union has added emphasis to the importance of this diversity. Statistics representing the recent development of organic farming illustrates the considerable variation across the continent in relation to land use and the main animal species farmed. This paper examines some of the climatic and historical impacts of a diverse Europe and recom-mends a degree of flexibility in the adoption of or-ganic standards.
Influence of permafrost distribution on groundwater flow in the context of climate‐driven permafrost thaw: Example from Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska, United States

Understanding the role of permafrost in controlling groundwater flow paths and fluxes is central in studies aimed at assessing potential climate change impacts on vegetation, species habitat, biogeochemical cycling, and biodiversity. Recent field studies in interior Alaska show evidence of hydrologic changes hypothesized to result from permafrost degradation. This study assesses the hydrologic control exerted by permafrost, elucidates modes of regional groundwater flow for various spatial permafrost patterns, and evaluates potential hydrologic consequences of permafrost degradation. The Yukon Flats Basin (YFB), a large (118,340 km2) subbasin within the Yukon River Basin, provides the basis for this investigation. Model simulations that represent an assumed permafrost thaw sequence reveal the following trends with decreasing permafrost coverage: (1) increased groundwater discharge to rivers, consistent with historical trends in base flow observations in the Yukon River Basin, (2) potential for increased overall groundwater flux, (3) increased spatial extent of groundwater discharge in lowlands, and (4) decreased proportion of suprapermafrost (shallow) groundwater contribution to total base flow. These trends directly affect the chemical composition and residence time of riverine exports, the state of groundwater‐influenced lakes and wetlands, seasonal river‐ice thickness, and stream temperatures. Presently, the YFB is coarsely mapped as spanning the continuous‐discontinuous permafrost transition that model analysis shows to be a critical threshold; thus, the YFB may be on the verge of major hydrologic change should the current permafrost extent decrease. This possibility underscores the need for improved characterization of permafrost and other hydrogeologic information in the region via geophysical techniques, remote sensing, and ground‐based observations.
Simulation of bioaugmentation involving exogenous bacteria injection

The degradation of organic hydrocarbons through microbial reactions in subsurface environments has been widely studied in the literature. Most studies, however, have focused on biostimulation, which aims to enhance biodegradation by indigenous bacteria. This study presents a mathematical model to simulate the fate and transport of a reactive contaminant degraded through cometabolism during the in situ bioaugmentations involving the injection of nutrients and/or exogenous bacteria. We incorporate hydrogeologic factors affecting the transport of contaminant as well as microbial metabolic reactions into the model. Modified Monod kinetics and a microcolony concept are used to investigate the effects of mobile bacteria in the aqueous phase and bacteria attached on solid surfaces on the transport and biodegradation of an organic contaminant. Permeability reduction due to microbial accumulation in pore spaces and its effect on the biodegradation processes are examined by performing a numerical experiment involving in situ biodegradations by exogenous bacteria. The effect of bacteria as biosorbents is also considered in model formulations to investigate the biocolloid‐facilitated transport of a contaminant. The two‐dimensional governing equations are solved numerically using a fully implicit finite difference method with an alternating direction implicit scheme. For model evaluation purposes, a model comparison is performed against an independently developed biodegradation model and showed remarkably close matches in the concentration profiles. The model is applied to a case study to demonstrate its behavior. The results of simulations show significant effects of bioaugmentative operations on the fate and distribution of all the chemical species and biomass and their interactions. In addition to the enhanced efficiency caused by the operation, operation‐induced limitations such as permeability reduction is also demonstrated. Factors determining the overall biodegradation rate include the bioavailability of the contaminant and the distribution of biomass and relevant chemical species. The overall results implied that the success of in situ bioaugmentation depends on how to control the contact of biodegrading microbes with contaminants and how to supply enough nutrients into the contaminated zone and stimulate microbial activities.
Gunshot Abdominal Injuries: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature

Abdominal injuries in children caused by guns are a rare clinical entity globally. But, in countries with undefined legal regulations and in war zones, urban violence is a tremendous social problem among older children and adolescents. This manuscript provides details regarding two cases of severe gunshot injuries in young children. The injuries were very complicated and included damage to the parenchymatous and hollow organs and major blood vessels. The clinical presentation on admission was severe and dramatic, but the patients survived. However, one patient developed numerous complications that required repeated surgical interventions and long treatment. This article provides a detailed description of injuries and how to treat them. Patient care requires a multidisciplinary approach, and the initial decision on further treatment depends on the patient’s hemodynamic stability.