Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental enrichment and social isolation modulate inhibitory transmission and plasticity in hippocampal area CA2

Environmental factors are well‐accepted to play a complex and interdependent role with genetic factors in learning and memory. The goal of this study was to examine how environmental conditions altered synaptic plasticity in hippocampal area CA2. To do this, we housed adult mice for 3 weeks in an enriched environment (EE) consisting of a larger cage with running wheel, and regularly changed toys, tunnels and treats. We then performed whole‐cell or extracellular field recordings in hippocampal area CA2 and compared the synaptic plasticity from EE‐housed mice with slices from littermate controls housed in standard environment (SE). We found that the inhibitory transmission recruited by CA3 input stimulation in CA2 was significantly less plastic in EE conditions as compared to SE following an electrical tetanus. We demonstrate that delta‐opioid receptor (DOR) mediated plasticity is reduced in EE conditions by direct application of DOR agonist. We show that in EE conditions the overall levels of GABA transmission is reduced in CA2 cells by analyzing inhibition of ErbB4 receptor, spontaneous inhibitory currents and paired‐pulse ratio. Furthermore, we report that the effect of EE of synaptic plasticity can be rapidly reversed by social isolation. These results demonstrate how the neurons in hippocampal area CA2 are sensitive to environment and may lead to promising therapeutic targets.
THE BIRTH OF A GALAXY: PRIMORDIAL METAL ENRICHMENT AND STELLAR POPULATIONS

By definition, Population III stars are metal-free, and their protostellar collapse is driven by molecular hydrogen cooling in the gas phase, leading to large characteristic masses. Population II stars with lower characteristic masses form when the star-forming gas reaches a critical metallicity of 10−6–10−3.5 Z☉. We present an adaptive mesh refinement radiation hydrodynamics simulation that follows the transition from Population III to Population II star formation. The maximum spatial resolution of 1 comoving parsec allows for individual molecular clouds to be well resolved and their stellar associations to be studied in detail. We model stellar radiative feedback with adaptive ray tracing. A top-heavy initial mass function for the Population III stars is considered, resulting in a plausible distribution of pair-instability supernovae and associated metal enrichment. We find that the gas fraction recovers from 5% to nearly the cosmic fraction in halos with merger histories rich in halos above 107 M☉. A single pair-instability supernova is sufficient to enrich the host halo to a metallicity floor of 10−3 Z☉ and to transition to Population II star formation. This provides a natural explanation for the observed floor on damped Lyα systems metallicities reported in the literature, which is of this order. We find that stellar metallicities do not necessarily trace stellar ages, as mergers of halos with established stellar populations can create superpositions of t−Z evolutionary tracks. A bimodal metallicity distribution is created after a starburst occurs when the halo can cool efficiently through atomic line cooling.
The stretching of Hercules

We present VLT/FORS2 spectroscopy of candidate blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars in the vicinity of the Hercules ultrafaint dwarf galaxy. We identi fy eight convincing Hercules BHB members, and a further five stars with similar systemic veloc ities to that of Hercules, but � 0.5 kpc from the centre of the galaxy along its major axis. It is li kely that these stars once belonged to Hercules, but have been tidally stripped and are now unbound. We emphasise the usefulness of looking for any gradient in the systemic velocity of this stretched system, which would further support our interpretation of the origi n of its elongated and distended morphology.
Proton elastic scattering on calcium isotopes from chiral nuclear optical potentials

We formulate microscopic optical potentials for nucleon-nucleus scattering from chiral two- and three-nucleon forces. The real and imaginary central terms of the optical potentials are obtained from the nucleon self-energy in infinite nuclear matter at a given density and isospin asymmetry, calculated self-consistently to second order in many-body perturbation theory. The real spin-orbit term is extracted from the same chiral potential using an improved density matrix expansion. The density-dependent optical potential is then folded with the nuclear density distributions of $^{40,42,44,48}\mathrm{Ca}$ from which we study proton-nucleus elastic scattering and total reaction cross sections using the reaction code talys. We compare the results of the microscopic calculations to those of phenomenological models and experimental data up to projectile energies of $E=180$ MeV. While overall satisfactory agreement with the available experimental data is obtained, we find that the elastic scattering and total reaction cross sections can be significantly improved with a weaker imaginary optical potential, particularly for larger projectile energies.
Extended phase space thermodynamics and P-V criticality of black holes with a nonlinear source

In this paper, we consider the solutions of Einstein gravity in the presence of a generalized Maxwell theory, namely power Maxwell invariant. First, we investigate the analogy of nonlinear charged black hole solutions with the Van der Waals liquid–gas system in the extended phase space where the cosmological constant appear as pressure. Then, we plot isotherm P-V diagram and study the thermodynamics of AdS black hole in the (grand canonical) canonical ensemble in which (potential) charge is fixed at infinity. Interestingly, we find the phase transition occurs in the both of canonical and grand canonical ensembles in contrast to Reissner-Nordstrom black hole in Maxwell theory which only admits canonical ensemble phase transition. Moreover, we calculate the critical exponents and find their values are the same as those in mean field theory. Besides, we find in the grand canonical ensembles universal ratio PcvcTc is independent of spacetime dimensions.
Thermal Mass Spectra of Scalar and Pseudo-Scalar Mesons in Ir-Improved Soft-Wall AdS/QCD Model with Finite Chemical Potential

The thermal mass spectra of scalar and pseudo-scalar mesons are studied in an IR-improved soft-wall AdS/QCD model. The Reissner-Nordstrom Ads black hole metric is introduced to describe both the finite temperature and density effects. The thermal spectral function is computed, which shows that the position of peak moves toward a smaller value and the width of peak also broadens to a larger value as the temperature increases. The critical temperature at which the peaks are completely dissolved has been found to be around T-c similar or equal to 160 similar to 200 MeV. The effect of chemical potential is shown to be the same as the one caused by the temperature. It is found that when the temperature approaches to zero T-c approximate to 0, the melting down of mesons occurs at the scaled critical chemical potential mu(0)/kappa, approximate to 2.2 similar to 2.4 GeV.
Prevalence and Psychosocial Impacts of Stalking on Mental Health Professionals: A Systematic Review

Research examining the prevalence and impacts of stalking on mental health professionals (MHPs) has grown over the last two decades. Yet only one previous review has been undertaken examining impacts on staff and focusing on clients as stalkers, with prevalence estimated between 10% and 13%. This systematic review sought to assess prevalence of stalking, and associated impacts and methods of coping reported by MHPs, irrespective of perpetrator type. The search included all healthcare professional groups working in a mental health setting, reported in English or with available translation. Secondary searches were conducted through references cited in primary papers. Of the 7,060 papers identified in five databases, 11 peer-reviewed papers met rigorous inclusion criteria and were quality appraised. Reviewed studies reported prevalence rates between 10.2% and 50%, with higher quality papers reporting a narrower band, 13.9% and 14.3%. However, substantial variability in stalking definitions, and quality of methodology precluded precise prevalence estimation. Participants within the included studies disclosed significant adverse impacts on confidence and competence at work as a consequence of their experiences. Staff invoked substantial workplace and lifestyle changes to mitigate impacts of stalking. However, studies revealed staff disclosed stalking by perpetrators other than clients, notably colleagues and intimate partners, as often or more frequently than by clients. Limitations of the included research and future directions are discussed.
MATTER MIXING IN ASPHERICAL CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE: A SEARCH FOR POSSIBLE CONDITIONS FOR CONVEYING 56Ni INTO HIGH VELOCITY REGIONS

We perform two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrodynamic simulations of matter mixing in aspherical core-collapse supernova explosions of a 16.3 M☉ star with a compact hydrogen envelope. Observations of SN 1987A have provided evidence that 56Ni synthesized by explosive nucleosynthesis is mixed into fast moving matter (≳3500 km s−1) in the exploding star. In order to clarify the key conditions for reproducing such high velocity of 56Ni, we revisit matter mixing in aspherical core-collapse supernova explosions. Explosions are initiated artificially by injecting thermal and kinetic energies around the interface between the iron core and the silicon-rich layer. Perturbations of 5% or 30% amplitude in the radial velocities are introduced at several points in time. We find that no high velocity 56Ni can be obtained if we consider bipolar explosions with perturbations (5% amplitude) of pre-supernova origins. If large perturbations (30% amplitude) are introduced or exist due to some unknown mechanism in a later phase just before the shock wave reaches the hydrogen envelope, 56Ni with a velocity of 3000 km s−1 can be obtained. Aspherical explosions that are asymmetric across the equatorial plane with clumpy structures in the initial shock waves are investigated. We find that the clump sizes affect the penetration of 56Ni. Finally, we report that an aspherical explosion model that is asymmetric across the equatorial plane with multiple perturbations of pre-supernova origins can cause the penetration of 56Ni clumps into fast moving matter of 3000 km s−1. We show that both aspherical explosions with clumpy structures and perturbations of pre-supernova origins may be necessary to reproduce the observed high velocity of 56Ni. To confirm this, more robust three-dimensional simulations are required.
Einstein Modes in the Phonon Density of States of the Single-filled Skutterudite Yb0.2Co4Sb12

Measurements of the phonon density of states by inelastic neutron time-of-flight scattering and specific-heat measurements along with first-principles calculations, provide compelling evidence for the existence of an Einstein oscillator (rattler) at {omega}{sub E1} {approx} 5.0 meV in the filled skutterudite Yb{sub 0.2}Co{sub 4}Sb{sub 12}. Multiple dispersionless modes in the measured density of states of Yb{sub 0.2}Co{sub 4}Sb{sub 12} at intermediate transfer energies (14 {le} {omega} {le} 20 meV) are exhibited in both the experimental and theoretical density of states of the Yb-filled specimen. A peak at 12.4 meV is shown to coincide with a second Einstein mode at {omega}{sub E2} {approx} 12.8 meV obtained from heat-capacity data. The local modes at intermediate transfer energies are attributed to altered properties of the host CoSb{sub 3} cage as a result of Yb filling. It is suggested that these modes are owed to a complementary mechanism for the scattering of heat-carrying phonons in addition to the mode observed at {omega}{sub E1} {approx} 5.0 meV. Our observations offer a plausible explanation for the significantly higher dimensionless figures of merit of filled skutterudites, compared to their parent compounds.
Polarimetric tomography of blazar jets

Abstract In this talk we present a novel way to use optical polarimetric observations to provide independent constraints and guide to the modelling of the spectral energy distribution (SED) of blazars. The approach is particularly useful to judge when a two-zone model description of the SED of the source is required and is able to provide with extra information that helps breaking some of the degeneracies on the fit parameters of the two SSC model components. The method will be presented in some detail and will be subsequently applied to the 2008 multi-wavelength campaign of PKS 2155-304 as an illustration of its potential.
COMPLETING THE CENSUS OF Lyα EMITTERS AT THE REIONIZATION EPOCH

We carried out extended spectroscopic confirmations of Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z = 6.5 and 5.7 in the Subaru Deep Field. Now, the total number of spectroscopically confirmed LAEs is 45 and 54 at z = 6.5 and 5.7, respectively, and at least 81% (70%) of our photometric candidates at z = 6.5 (5.7) have been spectroscopically identified as real LAEs. We made careful measurements of the Lyα luminosity, both photometrically and spectroscopically, to accurately determine the Lyα and rest-UV luminosity functions (LFs). The substantially improved evaluation of the Lyα LF at z = 6.5 shows an apparent deficit from z = 5.7 at least at the bright end, and a possible decline even at the faint end, though small uncertainties remain. The rest-UV LFs at z = 6.5 and 5.7 are in good agreement, at least at the bright end, in clear contrast to the differences seen in the Lyα LF. These results imply an increase in the neutral fraction of the intergalactic medium from z = 5.7 to 6.5. The rest-frame equivalent width (EW0) distribution at z = 6.5 seems to be systematically smaller than z = 5.7, and it shows an extended tail toward larger EW0. The bright end of the rest-UV LF can be reproduced from the observed Lyα LF and a reasonable EW0–UV luminosity relation. Integrating this rest-UV LF provides the first measurement of the contribution of LAEs to the photon budget required for reionization. The derived UV LF suggests that the fractional contribution of LAEs to the photon budget among Lyman break galaxies significantly increases toward faint magnitudes. Low-luminosity LAEs could dominate the ionizing photon budget, though this inference depends strongly on the uncertain faint-end slope of the Lyα LF.
Popescu-Rohrlich correlations imply efficient instantaneous nonlocal quantum computation

In instantaneous nonlocal quantum computation, two parties cooperate in order to perform a quantum computation on their joint inputs, while being restricted to a single round of simultaneous communication. Previous results showed that instantaneous nonlocal quantum computation is possible, at the cost of an exponential amount of prior shared entanglement (in the size of the input). Here, we show that a linear amount of entanglement suffices, (in the size of the computation), as long as the parties share nonlocal correlations as given by the Popescu-Rohrlich box. This means that communication is not required for efficient instantaneous nonlocal quantum computation. Exploiting the well-known relation to position-based cryptography, our result also implies the impossibility of secure position-based cryptography against adversaries with nonsignaling correlations. Furthermore, our construction establishes a quantum analog of the classical communication complexity collapse under nonsignaling correlations.
The Effect of Schedule Thinning on Student Behavior During the Caught Being Good Game

The Caught Being Good Game (CBGG) is a classroom management intervention which is described as a variation of the classic Good Behavior Game (GBG). It is based on the principle of positive reinforcement, such that teams of students can earn points for following the class rules during the game. Points are awarded by the teacher at different intervals during the game and these intervals were the focus of the current study. We aimed to determine if the CBGG is effective with an initially dense schedule of reinforcement which is progressively thinned. The efficacy of the CBGG in targeting academic engagement and disruptive behavior was demonstrated for one primary school class and for two target students in that class. The game remained effective when the reinforcement schedule was thinned from 2 minutes, up to 5 minutes. This has potential implications for teacher time saving while playing the game.
[CII] gas in IC 342

We used the dual-band receiver GREAT on board the SOFIA airborne telescope to perform observations of the [C II] 158 μ mfi nestructure line at the postitions of two giant molecular clouds (GMC) in the center of IC 342 (GMCs C and E) and compared the spectra with corresponding ground-based data for low- and mid-J CO and [C I]. We performed model calculations assuming a clumpy photodissociation region (PDR) environment using the KOSMA-τ PDR model code to derive physical parameters of the local medium. The [C II] 158 μm emission resembles the spectral signature of ground-based atomic and molecular lines, which indicates a common origin. The emission from GMC E can be decomposed into a cool, molecular component with weak far-ultraviolet (FUV) fields and low, mean densities of 10 3 cm −3 and a strongly excited starburst/PDR region with higher densities of 10 4 cm −3 and FUV intensities of 250–300 Draine fields. The emission from GMC C is consistent with gas densities of 5000 cm −3 , FUV intensities of a few Draine fields and total gas masses of 20 × 10 6 M� . The high spectral resolution of the GREAT receiver allowed us to decompose the [C II] emission of the GMC E into a strongly excited gas component resembling a PDR/starburst environment and a quieter, less excited gas component and to analyze the different components within a single beam individually.
Topology Change and the Emergence of Geometry in Two Dimensional Causal Quantum Gravity

Despite many attempts, gravity has vigorously resisted a unification with the laws of quantum mechanics. Besides a plethora of technical issues, one is also faced with many interesting conceptual problems. The study of quantum gravity in lower dimensional models ameliorates the technical difficulties while still preserving some of the conceptually fascinating characteristics of quantum gravity. In this thesis we analyze a very simple model of two dimensional quantum gravity. Although a rather extreme simplification of four dimensional quantum gravity, many of the fundamental issues are still relevant. The first fundamental aspect where we make a contribution is the problem of topology change of space. Particularly, we present an exactly solvable model which shows that it is possible to incorporate spatial topology changes in the path integral rigorously. We show that if the change in topology is accompanied by a coupling constant it is possible to evaluate the path integral to all orders in the coupling and that the result can be viewed as a hybrid between causal and Euclidian dynamical triangulation models. The second conceptual topic we cover is the emergence of geometry from a background independent formulation of quantum gravity. We show that a classical geometry with constant negative curvature emerges from a path integral over noncompact manifolds. No initial singularity is present, so the model naturally is naturally compatible with the Hartle Hawking boundary condition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that under certain conditions the superimposed quantum fluctuations are small! The model is an interesting example where a classical background emerges from background independent quantum gravity. To conclude, we tackle the problem of spacetime topology change. Although we are not able to completely solve the path integral over all manifolds with arbitrary topology, we do obtain some results that indicate that such a path integral might be consistent, provided suitable causality restrictions are imposed. As a first step we extend the existing formalism of causal dynamical triangulations by a perturbative computation of amplitudes that include manifolds up to genus two. Further a toy model is presented where we make the approximation that the holes in the manifold are infinitesimally small. This simplification allows us perform an explicit sum over all genera and analyze the continuum limit exactly. Remarkably, the presence of the infinitesimal wormholes leads to a decrease in the effective cosmological constant, reminiscent of the suppression mechanism considered by Coleman and others in the four-dimensional Euclidean path integral.
Explicit error bounds for Markov chain Monte Carlo

Wir beweisen explizite, d.h. , nicht-asymptotische Fehlerabschatzungen fur Markov-Ketten-Monte-Carlo-Methoden. Ziel ist es, den Erwartungswert einer Funktion f bzgl. eines Mases π zu berechnen. Verschiedene Konvergenzeigenschaften von Markov-Ketten implizieren verschiedene Fehlerabschatzungen. Fur gleichmasig ergodische und reversible Markov-Ketten beweisen wir eine untere und eine obere Fehlerschranke bzgl. der L2-Norm von f. Wenn eine L2-Spektrallucke existiert, die eine schwachere Konvergenzeigenschaft als die gleichmasige Ergodizitat darstellt, dann zeigen wir eine obere Fehlerschranke bzgl. der Lp-Norm fur p>2. Das so genannte Aufwarmen ist ein gebrauchliches Mittel um den Algorithmus abzustimmen. Wir schlagen ein Rezept fur die Wahl der Aufarmzeit vor und begrunden dieses ausfuhrlich. Die Fehlerabschatzungen werden anschliesend auf das Problem der Integration bzgl. einer nicht normierten Dichte angewendet. Genauer gesagt betrachten wir die Integration bzgl. log-konkaver Dichtefunktionen und die Integration uber konvexe Korper. Durch die Verwendung des Metropolis-Algorithmus und des Hit-and-run-Algorithmus zeigen wir, dass diese beiden Probleme "polynomial tractable" sind.
Cognitive Status is Better in Older Adults under Colchicine Treatment: A Case-Control Study

ABSTRACT Purpose We aimed to investigate the effects of colchicine, an important anti-inflammatory agent, on cognitive functions in a geriatric population diagnosed with gout or osteoarthritis by comparing it to non-colchicine users. Methods 138 geriatric patients (67 colchicine users and 71 non-users) were enrolled. Within comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), cognitive status assessment via Mini-Mental State Examination test (MMSE), Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screening test (Qmci), clock drowning test (CDT), and digit span tests were performed. Results Median age was 68 (65–72), and there were 82 female (59.4%) patients. The scores of CDT, Backward Digit Span Test, MMSE-Total, MMSE-Attention, MMSE-Motor Function, Qmci-Total Score, Qmci-Clock drawing, and Qmci-Logical Memory were significantly higher in the colchicine user group (p < .005), showing better cognitive function. Adjusted model analysis showed that colchicine usage is independently correlated with higher Qmci-Total Score and Qmci-Logical Memory Score (For Qmci total score β = 7.87 95%CI = 5.48–10.27, p = <0.0001, and for Qmci Logical memory score β = 3.52, 95%CI = 2.12–4.91, p = <0.0001). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing that colchicine usage is associated with better cognitive performance in older adults. Further investigations with a prospective, larger-sampled and randomized design are needed to show the causal relationship between colchicine and cognition.