Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
City Police

Contemporary Sociology 3(4) (July 1974):309—311 This is a perceptive and accurate ethnography of the daily work of policemen in one of America’s inner cities and the best description of police work that I have ever read. The author, Jonathan Rubinstein, armed with a Harvard Ph.D. in history, and sociological guidance from Erving Goffman, worked for two years first as a police reporter and then as a policeman in Philadelphia. The results are a credit to the powers of human observation, an account of the experience of policing which is so true and so well written that it takes the reader inside the department and into the daily work of the ordinary patrolman in the radio cars patrolling the streets of the inner city. Within this framework Rubinstein describes the constant struggle of the department to control the conduct of the patrolmen on duty. It describes the struggle against the unpredictable emergencies of police encounters with the public, the tendency of the men to misuse their powers and of the public to buy favours, while policemen move through a world full of racial tensions, crime, shrewd political manipulations, violence, and fear, and seek ways of coping with these threats. I was particularly impressed by his descriptions of how the police radio links the men, the department, and the community; of the meaning of violence in the work of the policemen; and of the police graft. It will be useful if I review each of these. Almost all modern policework occurs in patrol cars. Men patrolling the streets in these cars report by radio what they are doing, e.g., stopping to check an open door in a warehouse. The department through the radio dispatcher gives orders to the men, and passes on to them complaints and calls for assistance received from the public. The radio is thus the lifeline of the department, protecting and supervising the patrolmen in their duties by alerting the department to what they are doing and whether they are in trouble or being troublesome. It relates the patrolmen, the dispatcher, and the supervisors in a tight network in which reciprocities are necessary and each controls the others. It is part of the essence of modern policing and the key to the way that the department maintains its internal order. All this Rubinstein shows with a convincing clarity I have never seen elsewhere. Policemen with control over the legitimate use of violence in civil societyfindthatitisbothanenduring and essential part of their work and occupational selves. Rubinstein is brilliant in his description of the meaning of violence (of the horrors and brutality of the blackjack) and of the extensive efforts of the department to control the use of violence while not discouraging their men from using it when necessary. On the most intimate level he describes how the policemen’s body is an essential occupational tool, how he must be prepared to protect it, to use it effectively, and to have it damaged when necessary. In this all men expect each other to overcome fear and act fearless. No
Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species

The following 27 strictly sympatric, new species of Manota are described from Malaysia: M. acutangula, M. angustata, M. biloba, M. calcarata, M. cerciflex, M. clausa, M. curvata, M. duplex, M. fera, M. ferrata, M. globigera, M. heptacantha, M. horrida, M. oligochaeta, M. ovata, M. pappi, M. pectinata, M. perpusilla, M. plusiochaeta, M. pollex, M. procera, M. roslii, M. simplex, M. spadix, M. transversa, M. ulu, and M. yongi. A key for the identification of all the Oriental and Palaearctic species of Manota is given.
Do Students Learn in Summer School College Majors Classes? Grade Comparison and Student Self-Assessment Indicate in the Affirmative

ABSTRACT We were interested in student learning and perceptions of their summer school experience in life sciences majors courses in a five-week format taught at a four-year institution in the United States. Students were given the opportunity to complete a post-course survey about their summer school experiences. We report that these students like summer school courses and feel they are an effective way to learn. Indeed, several students indicated that they prefer summer school learning, as then they just focus intensely on one topic at a time. Grade comparisons between students who took summer school and those who took classes in the spring semester indicate that students who take summer school classes do as well in their subsequent biology class as those who took the classes in the regular semester. This article indicates that, for many students, summer school is an effective learning environment and should be considered by faculty as a legitimate method of instruction to enhance flexibility for undergraduate students.
SWIMMING ENERGETICS AND PERFORMANCE OF INSTRUMENTED ADELIE PENGUINS (PYGOSCELIS ADELIAE)

The effects of implanted and of externally attached instruments (1.8% of body cross-sectional area) were studied on Ade1ie penguins ( Pygoscelis adeliae ) using a 21 m long canal in conjunction with respirometry at Esperanza Bay, Antarctica. Penguins in both groups covered the same mean distance (173 m in 5 min) as controls. Implanted birds preferred to swim at slower speeds (1.3-1.7 ms −1 ) than did the controls (1.9-2.1 ms −1 ), whereas penguins with external instruments had a bimodal speed distribution with maxima at 1.7-1.9 and 2.3-2.5 ms −1 . Power input during swimming averaged 20% less in implanted penguins (12.7 W kg −1 ) and 42% more in penguins fitted with external instruments (22.5 W kg −1 ) compared with controls (15.8 W kg −1 ). Similarly, cost of transport was 23% lower in implanted penguins (7.0 J kg −1 m −1 ) and 25% higher in externally instrumented birds (11.3 J kg −1 m −1 ) compared with controls (9.0 J kg −1 m −1 ). Possible reasons for the effects caused by the devices are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of implanted and externally fitted devices are compared.
β‐Actin is not a reliable loading control in Western blot analysis

β‐Actin is often used as a loading control in Western blot analysis. We analyzed the ability of β‐actin‐specific antibodies to recognize differences in protein loading. We found that, at higher total protein loads as required for the detection of low‐abundance proteins, β‐actin‐specific antibodies failed to distinguish differences in actin protein levels. Diluting the antibody working solution or changing the incubation time had little effect on this phenomenon. This shows that β‐Actin is not a reliable loading control in Western blot analysis. In general, it appeared that, at longer incubation times, antibodies seem to be less able to pick up differences in the level of its target protein.
Reduction of dimethylsulfoxide to dimethylsulfide by marine phytoplankton

Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is an abundant but poorly understood methylated sulfur compound in the marine environment. One potentially significant loss pathway for DMSO is through its biological reduction to dimethylsulfide (DMS), which has been documented in a number of organisms, most notably bacteria. Here we present the first detailed study of DMSO reduction by several marine phytoplankton in axenic cultures. Reduction of DMSO was observed in four algal classes, with in vivo reduction rates ranging from 0.006 to 1.5 µmol [L cell volume]‐1 s‐1 at 1.0 mmol L‐1 DMSO. Corresponding turnover times for measured intracellular DMSO pools varied from hours to days. Michaelis‐Menton kinetic parameters were estimated for Isochrysis galbana, Thalassiosira pseudonana, and Amphidinium carterae. The half‐saturation constant (Km) and maximal rate (Vmax) for DMSO reduction ranged between 0.96 and 2.7 mmol [L cell volume]‐1 and 17‐118 nmol [L cell volume]‐1 s‐1, respectively. Our results suggest that DMSO reduction is a universal activity in marine phytoplankton, even in algae with no detectable dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Although reduction of DMSO by marine eukaryotes may not contribute significantly to removal of DMSO from the dissolved phase, this reduction is likely to be a major source of DMS in species lacking detectable DMSP lyase activity. The ability of marine phytoplankton to reduce DMSO to DMS should allow algae to cycle these compounds as part of an antioxidant system.
Spatial patterns of acorn dispersal by rodents: do acorn crop size and ungulate presence matter?

Seed dispersal is qualitatively effective when it increases recruitment probability. A poorly studied factor likely affecting recruitment is the spatial distribution of dispersed seeds. Seed-caching animals are thought to disperse seeds in a way that reduces clumping and density to impede cache pilfering. Furthermore, dispersal might differ depending on whether the seed is immediately consumed versus cached for later consumption, and might differ depending on the ecological context. The main objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the spatial pattern of seed dispersal by rodents in a heterogeneous environment; 2) whether the patterns differ among years and among acorn competitor exclosure treatments, and 3) whether rodents create different spatial patterns of dispersal for acorns that are cached versus consumed immediately following dispersal. We studied the degree of spatial aggregation of acorn dispersal by rodents using two different estimators derived from the Ripley K and the Diggle G functions. We also analyzed various metrics of dispersal distances. For both analyses we used observed acorn dispersal patterns in two years differing in crop size and inside versus outside exclosures restricting access to acorn-consuming ungulates. During 2003, a year with a larger crop size, maximum seed dispersal distances were less, and the pattern of dispersed seeds was more clumped, than in 2004, a year with a smaller crop size. Median dispersal distances did not differ between years. In the presence of ungulates, seed dispersal was marginally sparser than in their absence. Cached acorns were dispersed more sparsely than acorns eaten immediately. These results have important implications for the quality of seed dispersal for oak recruitment that are likely relevant to other systems as well.
Molecular resistance mechanisms to older antimicrobial agents in Eschericia coli isolates

Resistance rate of uropathogenic Escherichia coli against different antimicrobial agents is currently a matter of concern. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 100 uropathogenicE. coli isolated from Saudi Arabia was conducted by broth microdilution method. The resistance genes for chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole and streptomycinwere checked by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall resistance for sulphamethoxazole and streptomycin was 100%. However, the resistance rates for ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, amoxicillin/clavulanate, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, cefepime and nitrofurantoin were 90, 85, 83, 70, 62, 60, 42, 29, 24, 22, 21, 20, 17 and 5% respectively. All isolates were sensitive to imipenem, tigecycline and cefoxitin. The prevalence of the antibiotic resistance genes for strA + strB, tet(B), catI, sul2, aadA, sul1, cmlA, tet(D) and sul3 were 100, 94.5, 89.5, 86.36, 77.3, 68.18, 45, 13.6 and 5.5% respectively. The catI, tet(B), and sul2 genes were the most prevalent resistance genes. The prevalence of class 1 integrase was 95.45%. The present study gives baseline data on molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in uropathogenic E. coli from Riyadh. In the majority of cases, resistance to a given antimicrobial was caused by more than single gene. Keywords: Escherichia coli, urinary tract infections, antimicrobial resistances, Saudi Arabia.
Risk‐Sensitive Foraging Strategies of Two Spider Populations

We found that foraging mode differed between habitats in the long-jawed orb-weaving spider Tetragnatha elongata. In a creek habitat, where relatively few prey (on average) were captured over extended intervals, spiders remained at the same foraging site for long periods. In a lake habitat, where average prey availability was relatively high, spiders changed web sites frequently. We first compared models differing in assumptions about a spider's ability to rank sites by their long-term average prey densities when prey availability varied through time at each site. When temporal variation in prey availability within foraging sites constrains a spider's ability to respond to spatial variation among sites, choice of foraging mode can be analyzed as a simple problem involving risk-sensitive decision making. The correspond- ing model associates the fixed-site strategy with risk-proneness, and associates the mobile strategy with risk-aversion. When average prey availability is less than the spider's re- quirement for successful reproduction, the fixed-site strategy induces the lower probability of a reproductive failure. When average prey availability exceeds the requirement, the mobile strategy induces the lower probability of a reproductive failure. In the laboratory, we estimated the prey biomass a female must consume in order to produce an egg sac. Given this estimate, a subsequent field experiment indicated that the risk-sensitive model adequately predicted observed variation in foraging behavior. The other two models we examined did not assume that a spider's response to spatial heter- ogeneity was inhibited by temporal variation; these models did not predict observed be- havior.
SEASONAL SURVIVAL AND CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY OF URBAN AND RURAL STRIPED SKUNKS IN THE ABSENCE OF RABIES

Abstract Identifying factors that are limiting to populations is fundamental to understanding population dynamics of wildlife, and such knowledge is important for conservation and management. I compared survival and cause-specific mortality patterns between urban and rural populations of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in northeastern Illinois. Rabies, an important mortality factor for skunks, was absent from the study populations. Body weights of skunks declined during winter in both areas, but there was a slightly greater decline for rural skunks. Estimates of annual survival were similar (P > 0.1) between areas, as were seasonal patterns of survival. Disease or poor physical condition was the greatest cause of mortality at the urban site throughout the year, whereas it was the most common mortality factor at the rural site only during winter and spring; vehicle collision was the most common cause of death at the rural site during summer and autumn. I found little evidence that body weight or condition before winter denning, sex, or age were related to survival during winter; however, relationships between these covariates and survival may have been obfuscated by parasites. Results from this study suggest that the winter season is a critical period for survival for skunks from rural and urban areas at temperate climates, anthropogenic factors associated with urban landscapes have minimal effects on skunk survival distributions, and disease is a major cause of mortality even in the absence of rabies.
In vitro propagation of Hoya wightii ssp. palniensis K.T. Mathew, a highly vulnerable and endemic species of Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India

In vitro propagation of Hoya wightii ssp. palniensis (Asclepiadaceae), a highly vulnerable and endemic plant species of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India was carried out. Shoot tip explants were cultured on MS medium fortified with cytokinins (KN, BA, 2-iP and TDZ) in various concentrations and in combination with auxins (IBA, IAA and NAA). High frequency of shoot bud proliferation and multiplication was observed on KN (4.65 iM) + IBA (1.47 iM). Multiple shoot induction efficiency was increased on ascorbic acid (100 mg/l) supplemented medium along with KN (4.65 iM) +IBA (1.47 iM). Rhizogenesis was observed on MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.98 iM), plantlets produced through micropropagation were hardened with the survival success of 56%. The efficient plantlet regeneration protocol developed would aid ex situ conservation of this vulnerable species.
Cutting Edge: Essential Role of Phospholipase C-γ2 in B Cell Development and Function1

Cross-linking of the B cell Ag receptor (BCR) induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular substrates, including phospholipase C (PLC)-γ2, which is involved in the activation of the phosphatidylinositol pathway. To assess the importance of PLC-γ2 in murine lymphopoiesis, the PLC-γ2 gene was inducibly ablated by using IFN-regulated Cre recombinase. Mice with a neonatally induced loss of PLC-γ2 function displayed reduced numbers of mature conventional B cells and peritoneal B1 cells and defective responses in vitro to BCR stimulation and in vivo to immunization with thymus-independent type II Ags. In contrast, T cell development and TCR-mediated proliferation were normal. Taken together, PLC-γ2 is a critical component of BCR signaling pathways and is required to promote B cell development.
Long-distance downstream movements by homing adult chinook salmon

Unusually long downstream movements totalling several hundred kilometres to >1100 km were observed during upstream homing migrations of radio-tagged spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Columbia and Snake Rivers, U.S.A. Downstream migrants, identified by their repeated ascension and fallback over a series of large hydroelectric dams within the migration corridor, were primarily hatchery-origin males.
Food Habits of Sika Deer at Otome Highland, Yamanashi, with Reference to Sasa nipponica

For the last two decades, sika deer in Japan have expanded their range. The Otome Highland in Yamanashi Prefecture, central Japan, is no exception, as the abundance of sika deer has increased in this region, particularly over the last decade. Because many populations of sika deer inhabiting the central or northern Pacific region of Japan are dependent on Sasa nipponica, a dwarf bamboo growing in the understory of deciduous broad-leaved forests, as a food plant (Takatsuki 1983, 1986; Ueda et al. 2002; Kobayashi and Takatsuki 2012), the deer population of Otome Highland, which belongs to the same climatic zone, is also expected to depend on this species. The forest of Otome Highland was once a montane forest of Fagus crenata, but was logged to become a secondary oak forest, which is common to other places. A unique point of this highland is that it was logged for skiing in 1951, and subsequently, a grassland composed of grasses and various forbs developed. Thus, sika deer would utilize both forest and grassland. In many habitats of sika deer, Sasa nipponica is an important food for the deer during the winter because other forbs and grasses senesce and trees and shrubs lose their leaves; thus, S. nipponica is the almost only evergreen forage plant. Therefore, documenting the extent of deer grazing on S. nipponica during winter is important. Thus, the objectives of this study were to quantitatively analyze the food habits of sika deer in the Otome Highland and to determine their grazing intensity on S. nipponica.
Seasonal Physical, Chemical and Algal Changes in Five Rivers Flowing Through the Oil Sands Region of Alberta, Canada

Seasonal studies concentrating upon physical and chemical parameters and the epilithic algal community were conducted at specific sites in five tributary rivers flowing through the oil sands region of northeastern Alberta, Canada into the Athabasca River. Numerically cyanophycean algae (Lyngbya aerugineo-caerulea, Phormidium sp., Calothrix braunii, Nostoc spp. and Anabaena affinis) dominated followed by diatoms (Achnanthes lanceolata, Cocconeis pediculus, Cocconeis placentula, Epithemia sorex, Epithemia turgida, Gomphonema acuminatum, Gomphonema longiceps v. subclavata, Gomphonema olivaceum, Nitzschia fonticola, Nitzschia palea, Synedra rumpens, and Synedra ulna). One exception was the Hangingstone River where chlorophycean algae (Stigeoclonium pachydermum and Cladophora glomerata) were next in importance to the cyanophytes. Seasonal fluctuations in algal species and numbers were influenced by a myriad of interacting parameters. Physically disruptive forces (current velocity and discharge) appeared more important than dissolved nutrients. They were also responsible for affecting the chemical composition of the water itself.
Cacopsylla costalis (Flor 1861), as a Vector of Apple Proliferation in Trentino

Recently, a epidemic of apple proliferation (AP) in an orchard area of Trentino (North Italy) occurred. The most affected cultivars were Golden Delicious, Florina and Renetta Canada grafted on different rootstocks. In this area the known or supposed vectors of the disease were not present. At the same time as the AP symptoms appeared, a notable increase of the presence of psyllids was observed on apple trees so a correlation between these insects and the AP was hypothesized. Four different psyllid species were found in the orchard: Cacopsylla melanoneura (Forster 1848), Cacopsylla costalis (Flor 1861), Cacopsylla mali (Schmidberber 1836) and Trioza urticae (Linnaeus 1758). The first two were more frequent in spring at the adult stage. In 1997 C. costalis was particularly numerous and was used to plan AP transmission trials. The transmission from infected AP apple trees to the insect in field and from the psyllids to non-infected Golden Delicious and Florina plants in the greenhouse were conducted. For the control of phytoplasma presence in the psyllids and in the apple plants polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were used. In autumn 1997, some inoculated plants showed symptoms of AP. Molecular results were consistent with the presence of phytoplasma in C. costalis and in inoculated apple cultivars. Zusammenfassung In der letzten Zeit gab es eine Epidemie des apple proliferation (AP) in dem Apfelanbaugebiet von Trentino, Norditalien. Die wichtigsten befallenen Sorten waren Golden Delicious, Florina und Renetta Canada, die auf unterschiedlichen Wurzelstucken gepfropft waren. In diesem Anbaugebiet sind die bekannten bzw. die angenommen Vektoren der Krankheit nicht vorhanden. Mit dem Auftreten der AP-Symptome wurde gleichzeitig eine signifikant hohe Anzahl von Blattflohen beobachtet. Eine Korrelation zwischen den Blattflohen und dem AP wurde als Hypothese aufgestellt. Es wurden vier verschiedene Blattfloharten in den Obstgarten nachgewiesen: Cacopsylla melanoneura (Forster, 1848), Cacopsylla costalis (Flor, 1861), Cacopsylla mali (Schmidberber, 1836) sowie Trioza urticae (Linnaeus, 1758). Die ersten zwei genannten Arten waren am haufigsten im Fruhjahr im Adultenstadium aufzufinden. 1997 wurde C. costalis besonders haufig beobachtet und von daher bei der Planung von AP-Ubertragungsversuchen miteinbezogen. Versuche, die die Ubertragung des AP von befallenen Baumen zu den Insekten unter Freilandbedingungen sowie von den Blattflohen zu nicht befallenen Golden Delicious- und Florina-Pflanzen unter Gewachshausbedingungen untersuchen sollten, wurden durchgefuhrt. Die Nachweis eines vorhandenen Phytoplasmas in den Blattflohen und in den Apfelpflanzen wurde mit Hilfe der PCR der nested PCR sowie RFLP-Analysen vorgenommen. Im Herbst 1997 zeigten einige Pflanzen AP-Symptome. Die molekularen Ergebnisse bestatigten das Vorhandensein von Phytoplasma sowohl in C. costalis als auch in den inokulierten Apfelsorten.