Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solar cycle variations of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly in total electron content in the Asian region

Daily equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) contour charts in total electron content (TEG) were obtained by receiving simultaneously two coherent radio signals transmitted from the U.S. Navy Navigation Satellite System satellite at Lunping Observatory (25.00°N, 121.17°E) from September 1985 to December 1994. The latitude, occurrence time, and strength of the most developed EIA crest obtained from daily TEC contour charts have been used to study the solar cycle variations of EIA in the Asian region. No significant solar cycle effect can be seen in the occurrence time and latitude of the most developed EIA crest. Seasonally, the winter crest appears larger and earlier than the summer crest, and the summer crest appears in lower latitude than other seasons. These seasonal changes are mainly accounted for by the effect of daytime meridional wind. The strength of EIA crest increases with the increasing of solar activity and exhibits winter anomaly with the winter strength larger than the summer one Positive correlation is found between the 12-month smoothed EIA crest strength and sunspot number. No saturation effect can be seen during the high solar activity period. The 12-month smoothed EIA crest strength exhibits a hysteresis variation about the solar cycle variation. Monthly mean TEC contour charts for the latitude from 15°N to 35°N are also obtained from those daily contour charts. By using linear regression analysis, the monthly mean TEC I at a given month is linearly correlated with smoothed sunspot number R by a formula I = A + BR. These results can be used to construct the monthly EIA contour chart in TEC for any given sunspot number.
Possible complexity of the climatic event around 4300—3800 cal. BP in the central and western Mediterranean

This paper presents an event stratigraphy based on data documenting lake-level changes as well as volcanic eruptions over the period 4500—3500 cal. BP from sediment sequences of Lakes Accesa in Tuscany (north-central Italy) and Maliq (Albania) in the central Mediterranean. The available data make it possible to recognise a tripartite climatic oscillation between c. 4300—3800 cal. BP. A phase characterised by drier conditions at c. 4100—3950 cal. BP appears to have been bracketed by two phases marked by wetter conditions and dated to c. 4300—4100 and 3950—3850 cal. BP, respectively. The deposition of the Avellino tephra occurred during the first humid phase, slightly before 4300 cal. BP, and that of an interplinian tephra AP2-AP4 (or Pr1) around 4050 cal. BP during the dry intermediate phase. This dry median episode may be related to the so-called ‘4.2 ka event’ observed in tropical areas as well as in northwestern Italy. A comparison of the Accesa lake-level record with palaeoclimatic terrestrial and marine records suggests that this complex climatic oscillation around 4300—3800 cal. BP affected the central and western Mediterranean area. The key position of the 4300—3800 cal. BP climatic oscillation at a crucial transition from mid to late Holocene in the Mediterranean and tropical areas, deserves major consideration in further investigations.
Evidence and mechanisms for forearc extension at the accretionary Costa Rica Convergent Margin

Seismic reflection data across the upper trench slope off the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, reveal a wide zone of nearly trench-parallel normal faults. Although work in the last decade has shown that normal faults are present at many convergent margins, most examples (e.g., Japan, Peru-Chile, and Guatemala) have been associated with margins experiencing subduction erosion or non-accretion. In contrast, extension in the Costa Rica study area apparently is coeval with frontal accretion and underplating. The normal faults across the Costa Rica forearc are striking in seismic section due to the well-layered, 2-km-thick upper slope apron. Fault plane reflections and reflector terminations show that the faults extend through the sedimentary apron and apparently into the underlying accretionary prism, indicating a deep-seated deformation process. The zone of extension is from the midslope area to within 10 km of the shelf edge, a minimum width of about 20 km; the estimated extension across the zone is at least 1.5 to 3 km. Within the apron section, spacing between the faults is generally 200–500 m, and nominal fault dip is 20°–40° and predominantly landward. Activity on the normal faults appears to have occurred over a significant period of time based on increased displacement with depth and on fault-controlled sedimentary thickening. At least some of the faults may be presently active; shallow reflectors and possibly the seafloor are displaced by faulting. Contemporary sediment accretion is documented by the same seismic reflection profiles showing offscraping and underplating near the toe of the wedge and out-of-sequence thrusting primarily below the midslope area. The consistent landward normal fault dip may be influenced by structural anisotropy in the prism and possible extensional reactivation of earlier thrust faults associated with accretion processes. With the available data it is not possible to conclusively determine the cause of the stress field leading to the upper prism and apron extension. However, the three most likely causes are underplating, changes in basal shear stress, or a brief episode of subduction erosion.
Mechanics of fluid-driven fracture growth in naturally fractured reservoirs with simple network geometries

[1] A numerical model has been developed for fluid-driven opening mode fracture growth in a naturally fractured formation. The rock formation contains discrete deformable fractures, which are initially closed but conductive because of their preexisting apertures. Fluid flow that develops along fractures depends on fracture geometry defined by preexisting aperture distribution, offsets along a fracture path, and intersections of two or more fractures. The model couples fluid flow, elastic deformation, and frictional sliding to obtain the solution, which depends on the competition between fractures for permeability enhancement. The fractures can be opened by fluid pressure that exceeds the normal stress acting on them and by interactions with intersecting closed fractures experiencing Coulomb-type frictional slip. The Newtonian fluid is assumed to flow through the conductive fractures according to a lubrication equation that relates the cube of an equivalent hydraulic aperture to fracture conductivity. The rock material is assumed to be impermeable and elastic. This paper provides the governing equations for the multiple fracture systems and the solution methods used. Flow distribution and fracture growth in conductive fracture sets are simulated for a range of geometric arrangements and hydraulic properties. Numerical results show that elastic interaction between fracture branches plays a controlling role in fluid migration, although initial apertures can give rise to a preferential fluid flow direction during the early stage. In the presence of offsets, fracture segments subject to strong compression are difficult to open hydraulically, and their resulting smaller permeability can increase overall upstream fracture pressure and opening. The patterns of fluid flow become more complicated if fractures intersect each other. A portion of injected fluid is lost into closed empty fractures that cut across the main hydraulic fracture, and this delays the pressure increases required for fracture growth past the crosscutting fracture. The nonlinear fluid loss rate depends on the geometric complexities of the fracture sets and on the fluid viscosity. Sometimes fracture growth can be accelerated by the fast fluid transport along an intersected, relatively conductive natural fracture.
Faith-based Ethnic Residential Communities and Neighbourliness in Canada

Faith-based ethnic neighbourhoods are growing rapidly across the Greater Toronto Area and other metropolitan areas of Canada. These residential communities are a type of enclave that develops around places of worship, and are inhabited predominantly by congregants of one faith who may or may not be of a single ethnic origin. Although still in existence across North America, such religious residential communities were more common around Catholic and Protestant churches up until the first half of the last century. In the past 50 years or so, improved transportation and greater freedom of choice in religious matters led to the decline in faith-based communities. Recently, however, we have seen their resurgence, mainly among ethnic groups and the followers of non-Christian religions such as Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism. The implication of religion as an idiom of the formation of new neighbourhoods and the social connectedness within these neighbourhoods has never been studied in planning and geography. Many of these religious communities grow organically while some are planned. Planned faith communities are those that are planned and built near a religious institution, usually by the religious institution by itself or in concert with a builder with the intention to house its congregants. Concentrations that grow organically include a few new or existing homes or even as large as a subdivision around places of worship, where people of corresponding faith may incrementally move in and build up to form the majority. The rise of faith-based communities has raised issues of integration and isolation. Haroon Siddiqui (1998) describes the increase in places of worship in Canada as ‘religious pluralism’ and argues that it does not create conflict but it promotes inter-faith understanding among citizens of a civil society. However, some argue that ‘communities [growing up around these places of worship] would be too homogeneous within Canada’s heterogeneous culture, and that they would
Influence of plants and cropping on microbiological characteristics of some New Caledonian ultramafic soils

Five New Caledonian ultramafic soils were compared for their bacterial and fungal population densities and for their microbial activity estimated by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis. The low microbial numbers and activities were related to the organic matter content and to metallic toxicity. Actinomycetes were found to be dominant among bacterial populations. The effect of soil colonisation by plants on the microflora was studied and appeared to be very favourable. The rhizosphere effect of 2 plant species (Grevillea gillivrayi and Costularia comosa) was estimated. The influence of cropping on the development of microflora in one soil was also investigated and a qualitative study of the fungal populations and their variation in relation to the cropping was reported. The fungal flora was dominated by Moniliaceae, and Tuberculariaceaeand Dematiaceae were absent in natural ultramafic soils. Cropping enhanced the diversity of these fungal populations.
Impact of changes in atmospheric conditions in modulating summer dust concentration at Barbados: A back‐trajectory analysis

[1] Atmospheric dust concentrations have been measured continuously since 1965 at Barbados providing one of the longest records of modern atmospheric dust downwind the dust transport route from North Africa toward the Caribbean. The Barbados dust concentration (BDC) record shows a high variability on daily to decadal timescales. This study aims to assess the importance of four processes that have the potential to contribute to the observed day-to-day variability: (1) changes in the transport pathways, (2) changes in atmospheric transport time, (3) changes in the atmospheric dust loadings in the source regions in North Africa, and (4) changes in rainfall. Back-trajectories are calculated for low and high dust days in June (peak month in annual cycle) and analyzed with respect to these four processes. The results show that statistically significant differences exist between low and high BDC days for all four processes. For high BDC days we observe (1) an increase in the number of trajectories (especially at 100 and 150 hPa above the surface) which originated over the North African continent due to differences in the transport pathways, (2) a faster trans-Atlantic transport at the height of the SAL by up to 0.87 days which would mean less dust being removed as a result of dry deposition and less diffusion, (3) increased dust loadings over West Africa and the tropical North Atlantic, and (4) less rainfall in ITCZ region which may have a minor impact of dust loadings due to wet deposition. Our results support the findings of previous studies that changes in dust emission and rainfall impact dust variability over the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean. In addition to these two processes, our findings suggest that also changes in the synoptic meteorology over the North Atlantic and varying transport speed can affect BDC variability by modulating dust transport pattern.
The evolution of the southern margin of Eastern Europe (Eastern European and Scythian platforms) from the Latest Precambrian- Early Palaeozoic to the Early Cretaceous

Abstract The southern part of the Eastern European continental landmass consists mainly of a thick platform of Vendian and younger sediments overlying Precambrian basement, referred to as the East European and Scythian platforms (EEP and SP). Some specific geological features, such as the Late Devonian Pripyat-Dniepr-Donets rift basin, the Karpinsky Swell, the Permo(? )-Triassic troughs of the SP, and the deformed belt running from Dobrogea to Crimea and the Greater Caucasus, in which rocks as old as Palaeozoic crop out, form a record of the geodynamic processes affecting this part of the European lithosphere. Hard constraints on the Palaeozoic history of the SP are very sparse. The conventional view has been that the SP is a Late Palaeozoic orogenic belt. However, it is shown that the few available data are also consistent with an alternative interpretation in which it is the thinned margin of the Precambrian continent, reworked by Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic rifting events. The geodynamic setting of the margin is classically reported as one of active convergence throughout the Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic, with subduction of the Palaeotethys Ocean beneath Europe. Actually, there are no direct observations constraining the polarity of Palaeotethys subduction in this area although indirect evidence is not inconsistent with the conventional model. In such a case, the sedimentary-tectonic record of the SP suggests that convergence during the Permo-Triassic(? ) and certainly during the Early and Mid-Jurassic was oblique. An Eo-Cimmerian (Late Triassic-Early Jurassic) event is widespread and implies a tectonic compressional regime with systematic inversion of most sedimentary basins. There is also a widespread unconformity at the end of the Mid-Jurassic and in the Late Jurassic. These can be interpreted as indicators of compressional tectonics; however, nowhere is there evidence of intense shortening or other orogenic processes. A revised tectonic model is proposed for the area but, given the degree of uncertainty characterizing the geology of this area, it is best considered as a basis for further discussion.
Solitary Waves on a Cretan Beach

In this paper, we describe experiments and computer simulations of the run-up and return of a solitary wave traveling over shallowing water and then onto a dry beach backed by a vertical wall. This topography is similar to that of beaches on the north coast of Crete, where narrow coastal plains are backed by steeply rising mountains. The experiments show that the solitary wave collapses onto the dry beach without curling over. It then flows to the vertical wall where it rises up, splashes, curls over, and finally returns as a turbulent bore. On reaching the original water's edge, the bore produces a zig-zag surface perturbation. The simulations reproduce the experiments accurately.
Suckling Dome and the Australian–Woodlark plate boundary in eastern Papua: the geology of the Keveri and Ada'u Valleys

The Owen Stanley Fault Zone (OSFZ) is the low-angle thrust boundary between the Australian and Woodlark plates. The eastern extension of the OSFZ links with the Woodlark Basin spreading centre. Recent tectonic models of eastern Papua depict the OSFZ boundary passing through the Mt Suckling district, with the Keveri Fault a key component. Gravity data clearly show that the OSFZ and the Papuan Ultramafic Belt (PUB) pass north of Mt Suckling. Tectonised mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Mt Suckling district, previously referred to the PUB, are reassigned to the Awariobo Range Complex (new name). Extensive pillow basalts previously referred to the middle Eocene part of the Kutu Volcanics at the top of the PUB sequence are, in the map area, reassigned on lithological and biostratigraphic grounds to the late Oligocene–middle Miocene Wavera Volcanics. The detailed work reported here indicates that the Keveri Fault is unrelated to the OSFZ with no evidence for thrusting along the structure. The area's tectonic history has been dominated by large vertical displacements along the Keveri Fault. The commencement of late Miocene buoyant uplift of the Suckling Dome (new name), related to granite intrusion into thick crust of the eastern Papua region, marks the inception of the Keveri Fault and coincides with the initiation of Woodlark rifting. The fault facilitated much of the rapid vertical movement of the dome, with an estimated 8000 m of uplift (2.5 m/103 a) since the late Miocene. Movement on the Keveri Fault is notably different from structures flanking other metamorphic core complexes in eastern Papua. There is no field evidence for the development of a low-angle, south-dipping detachment fault along the southern margin of the Suckling Dome. The Suckling Dome is the westernmost of the eastern Papua domes, localised within a broad extensional zone that continues to propagate westward along the OSFZ plate boundary.
Origin of the South Pacific Convergence Zone

Abstract The importance of the presence of South America and Australia to the existence and orientation of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) during January is explored using the ECMWF T21 model. Each of the continents is removed from the model and replaced with an ocean surface, and the resulting precipitation and circulation associated with the SPCZ are then compared to a perpetual January control run. Results show that the presence of South America and the equatorial Pacific upwelling zone does not appear to be crucial to the SPCZ, but that the removal of Australia destroys the southern monsoon and substantially weakens the western part of the SPCZ. This suggests that the northwest-southeast orientation of the SPCZ during southern summer is more dependent on interactions with the midlatitude westerlies over the South Pacific than on the distribution of sea surface temperature and land over the Southern Hemisphere.
Long-term Nutrient Balances in the Eutrophication of the Himmerfjärden Estuary

Abstract The Himmerfjarden estuary interfaces to the Baltic proper and has served as a receiving area of a sewage treatment plant since 1974. Based on water turnover estimates for 12 consecutive years (1978–89), long-term material balances have been computed for the total mass of the nutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen. In these computations, the estuary was partitioned into four basins with an upper and a lower section. The estimated water exchange ranges from 50 m 3 s −1 between the two innermost basins to 750 m 3 s −1 between the outermost basin and the Baltic Sea. Together with the measured nutrient profiles, horizontal transports are produced that, combined with the loadings [total yearly averages are 1·3 · 10 3 metric tonnes total nitrogen (TN) and 44 metric tonnes total phosphorus (TP)], give nutrient balances for TN and TP that are consistent with material conservation in all four basins. These budgets entail rates of measured net sedimentation and computed denitrification and remobilization of phosphorus under anoxic conditions. For the primary receiving basin of the sewage treatment plant discharge, the denitrification rate was found to be 16 gN m −2 year −1 .
AN EARLY HERBIVOROUS LIZARD FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF JAPAN

Abstract: The Lower Cretaceous Tetori Group of Japan has yielded diverse freshwater and terrestrial vertebrate assemblages. The most productive small vertebrate locality is the ‘Kaseki‐Kabe’ or ‘fossil‐bluff’ at Kuwajima, Hakusan City, Ishikawa Prefecture. These deposits have produced at least six distinct lizard taxa of which one, described and named here as Kuwajimalla kagaensis, has lanceolate denticulate teeth convergent on those of the living Iguana. This type of dentition is rare among living lizards and is usually considered indicative of herbivory and, more specifically, folivory. Kuwajimalla kagaensis provides the earliest unambiguous record of squamate herbivory. Comparisons with modern and fossil lizards suggest that Kuwajimalla may be an early relative of the macrocephalosaurines, a group of large herbivores well represented in the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia.
Comparison of primary production and pelagic community respiration rates in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk

The organic matter production/respiration balance in the coastal water column was examined, both the primary production and community respiration being measured with the oxygen light-and-dark bottle method. Community respiration (CR) was always lower than the gross primary production (GPP) measured at a standard light intensity of 390 μE m−2 s−1, which amounted, on average, to 30% of GPP. During most of the in situ sampling period, the coastal system (6–7 m depth) was found to be autotrophic, with depth-integrated GPP ranging from 6.7 mmoles O2 m−2 d−1 in December to 214.2 mmoles O2 m−2 d−1 in August, and CR ranging correspondingly from 6.0 to 177.7 mmoles O2 m−2 d−1. However, on some occasions heterotrophic conditions were recorded: depth-integrated GPP<CR. In summer (August) this was caused mainly by low water transparency, which repressed photosynthesis, while in winter (December) it was due to the short period of daylight. 366 J. K. York, Z. Witek, S. Labudda, S. Ochocki
Analysis of the EARLINET correlative measurements for CALIPSO

Lidar techniques represent the most suitable tool to obtain information on the aerosol vertical distribution and therefore to close this kind of observational gap. Lidar networks are fundamental to study aerosol on large spatial scale and to investigate transport and modification phenomena. These are the motivations why EARLINET, the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network, was established in 2000. At present, EARLINET consists of 25 lidar stations: 7 single backscatter lidar stations, 9 Raman lidar stations with the UV Raman channel for independent measurements of aerosol extinction and backscatter, and 9 multiwavelength Raman lidar stations (elastic channel at 1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm, Raman channels at 532 nm and 355 nm, plus depolarization channel at 532 nm) for the retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties. EARLINET data can significantly contribute to the quantification of aerosol concentrations, radiative properties, long-range transport and budget, and prediction of future trends on European and global scale. It can also contribute to improve model treatment on a wide range of scales and to a better exploitation of present and future satellite data. EARLINET is playing an important role in the validation and in the full exploitation of the CALIPSO mission. EARLINET started correlative measurements for CALIPSO since June 2006. A strategy for correlative measurements has been defined on the base of the analysis of the high resolution ground track data provided by NASA. Results in terms of comparisons between EARLINET and available CALIPSO products, both level 1 and level 2 data, are presented.