Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representative Height of the Low-Level Water Vapor Field for Examining the Initiation of Moist Convection Leading to Heavy Rainfall in East Asia

This study investigated the representative height of low-level water vapor field that can be used to examine the occurrence possibility of heavy rainfall in East Asia. First, cloud base heights (CBHs) of moist convection were statistically examined by performing simulations with a 1-km-resolution numerical model during April–August 2008, with a focus on Kyushu and Shikoku Islands, western Japan. CBHs of moist convection with strong updrafts were simulated mainly around 500 and 300 m heights above sea level over land and over the ocean, respectively. This result indicates that low-level humid air below a height of 500 m is very important for the initiation of strong moist convection. Moreover, the equivalent potential temperature θ e at the CBHs was examined to clarify θ e values of lifted air parcels initiating cumulonimbus development. This result showed that, below the CBHs, θ e was usually around 355 K. Given these results for the CBHs, θ e at 500 m height from 10-km-resolution objective analysis data was statistically compared with θ e at various heights and pressure levels over the ocean south of 35°N in East Asia during June–September 2008. These comparisons showed that analyses at the 850-hPa level could not represent the low-level water vapor field, while the θ e field at 850 hPa in the Baiu season was strongly influenced by convective activity over the Baiu frontal zone. The θ e field at 925 hPa also could not adequately represent the low-level water vapor field, but the difference in θ e between heights of 250 and 500 m was very small. Because high θ e layers must have some thickness, data at 500 m height can be considered representative of the low-level water vapor field in analyses examining the initiation of moist convection leading to heavy rainfall.
On extensions of Moufang loops by a cyclic factor that is coprime to three

ABSTRACT Gagola’s construction of cyclic extensions of Moufang loops for orders coprime to three is investigated with the goal of describing necessary and sufficient conditions when the construction really gives a Moufang loop. This is achieved both in terms of equations and loop autotopisms. The obtained description is then specialized to Moufang loops that cyclically extend a normal subgroup G, showing the connection to Chein’s construction in case when the semiautomorphism characterizing the extension is an antiautomorphism of G. These results are then illustrated upon the case when G is a noncommutative group that possesses a cyclic subgroup of index two and has a small center (i.e.|Z(G)|∈{1,2}).
Approximate Kron Reduction Methods for Electrical Networks With Applications to Plug-and-Play Control of AC Islanded Microgrids

Kron reduction (KR) is a methodology for analyzing an electrical network by replacing it with a simpler circuit having less nodes but the same terminal behavior of voltages and currents at target vertices. Existing approaches to instantaneous KR, however, can fail in preserving the structure of transfer functions representing power lines. Therefore, even if the original lines are passive $RLC$ circuits, reduced lines might have transfer functions that do not correspond to a physically realizable passive system. To overcome this drawback, in this paper we focus on $RL$ line models and propose two approximate KR algorithms producing reduced lines with the first-order transfer functions and capable of representing exactly the asymptotic behavior of electric signals, even if they are unbalanced. Then, we show how to apply these KR methods to the design of decentralized voltage and frequency controllers for AC islanded microgrids. Notably, we focus on the plug-and-play algorithm previously proposed by some of the authors, which assumes loads connected to the inverter outputs, and generalize it to networks where loads appear in arbitrary positions. Theoretical results are validated with numerical examples and the application of KR for designing PnP controllers is assessed through a simulation on a 21-bus microgrid.
Fermi Observations of the Bright LAT GRB 160625B

GRB 160625B was detected by both the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and Large Area Telescope (LAT) instruments on board the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, launched in June 2008. This event is associated with more than 300 high-energy photons above 100 MeV with probabilities larger than 90%. The highest energy photon is detected at 346.2 seconds after the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) trigger with an energy of 15.3 GeV. The time-resolved spectral analysis of bursts has been presented using both the GBM and LAT data. At early times 2.05 seconds from the LAT trigger, the spectral analysis reveals an extra black body component which provides high-temperature kT = 92.03 $\pm$ 3.31 keV. The highest peak energy measured during this emission episode is 2201.0 $\pm$ 62.7 keV with the compatible fluence 8:38 $\pm$ 0.05$\times$10$^{-5}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ in the 10 keV - 1 MeV energy range. The result of temporal analysis for the LAT light curve coincident with the GBM and an optical afterglow of the Pi of the Sky has also been presented.
The dust distribution in edge-on galaxies

Aims. I have analyzed a sample of seven nearby edge-on galaxies observed in the V and K � -bands, in order to infer the properties of the dust distribution. Methods. A radiative transfer model, including scattering, was used to decompose each image into a stellar disk, a bulge, and a dust disk. The parameters describing the distributions were obtained through standard χ 2 minimization techniques. Results. The dust disks fitted to the V-band images are consistent with previous work in the literature: the radial scalelength of dust is larger than for stars (hd/hs ∼ 1.5); the dust disk has a smaller vertical scalelength than the stellar (zd/zs ∼ 1/3); the dust disk is almost transparent when seen face-on (central, face-on, optical depth τ0 = 0.5−1.5). Equivalent fits can be produced using faster radiative transfer models that neglect scattering. In the K � -band, no trace is found of a second, massive, dust disk, which has been invoked to explain observations of dust emission in the submillimeter. I discuss the model degeneracies and the effect of complex structures on the fitted distributions. In particular, most bulges in the sample show a box/peanuts morphology with large residuals; two lower-inclination galaxies show a dust ring distribution, which could be the cause of the large, fitted, dust scalelengths.
Computing flooding of crossroads with obstacles using a 2D numerical model

ABSTRACT Urban flood flow characteristics are usually computed using two-dimensional numerical models. How such modelling can be implemented in dense urban areas with obstacles is investigated in this paper. A strategy for representing the effect of urban obstacles in various flow conditions is proposed. The comparison between the available laboratory measurements and the model results show that if the water depth is high enough and the flow remains subcritical, two-dimensional modelling with constant eddy viscosity represents the effect of the obstacles on the flow distribution accurately, even with a coarse mesh. In contrast, if the water depth is low and/or the flow becomes supercritical, the description of the flow is not sufficient and it generates errors in the flow distribution at the crossroads.
Characterization of linear interfacial waves in a turbulent gas-liquid pipe flow

The evolution of interfacial waves on a stratified flow was investigated experimentally for air-water flow in a horizontal pipe. Waves were introduced in the liquid level of stratified flow near the pipe entrance using an oscillating plate. The mean height of liquid layer and the fluctuations superimposed on this mean level were captured using high speed cameras. Digital image processing techniques were used to detect instantaneous interfaces along the pipe. The driving signal of the oscillating plate was controlled by a D/A board that was synchronized with acquisitions. This enabled to perform phase-locked acquisitions and to use ensemble average procedures. Thereby, it was possible to measure the temporal and spatial evolution of the disturbances introduced in the flow. In addition, phase-locked measurements of the velocity field in the liquid layer were performed using standard planar Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The velocity fields were extracted at a fixed streamwise location, whereas the measur.
Aerodynamic assessment of the cycloidal rotor fan

This paper presents numerical and experimental testing of a cycloidal rotor fan (CRF). The tested cyclorotor is made of four NACA0012 profile blades. CFD calculations using the Ansys CFX® tool and the LDA measurement technique are performed to determine the fan performance for different operating parameters, i.e. rotational speed and the rotor blade maximum swing angle values. One initial position of the blades corresponding to one air-flow direction is considered only. The comparison between the numerical results and the experimental LDA measurements is satisfactory and encouraging further investigation.
Volumetric velocimetry for fluid flows

In recent years, several techniques have been introduced that are capable of extracting 3D three-component velocity fields in fluid flows. Fast-paced developments in both hardware and processing algorithms have generated a diverse set of methods, with a growing range of applications in flow diagnostics. This has been further enriched by the increasingly marked trend of hybridization, in which the differences between techniques are fading. In this review, we carry out a survey of the prominent methods, including optical techniques and approaches based on medical imaging. An overview of each is given with an example of an application from the literature, while focusing on their respective strengths and challenges. A framework for the evaluation of velocimetry performance in terms of dynamic spatial range is discussed, along with technological trends and emerging strategies to exploit 3D data. While critical challenges still exist, these observations highlight how volumetric techniques are transforming experimental fluid mechanics, and that the possibilities they offer have just begun to be explored.
Calculation of webs in non-Abelian gauge theories using unitarity cuts

When calculating scattering processes in theories involving massless gauge bosons, such as gluons in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), one encounters infrared (IR), or soft, divergences. To obtain precise predictions, it is important to have exact expressions for these IR divergences, which are present in any onshell scattering amplitude. Due to their long wavelength, soft gluons factorise with respect to short-distance, or hard, interactions and can be captured by correlators of semi-infinite Wilson lines. The latter obey a renormalisation group equation, which gives rise to exponentiation. The exponent can be represented diagrammatically in terms of weighted sums of Feynman diagrams, called webs. A web with L external legs, each with ni gluon attachments, is denoted (n1, n2, . . . , nL). In this way all soft gluon interactions can be described by a soft anomalous dimension. It is currently known at three loops with lightlike kinematics, and at two loops with general kinematics. Our work is a step towards a three-loop result in general kinematics. In recent years, much progress has been made in understanding the general physical properties of scattering amplitudes and in exploiting these properties to calculate specific amplitudes. At the same time, we have discovered a lot of structure underpinning the space of multiple polylogarithms, the functions in terms of which most known amplitudes can be written. General properties include analyticity, implying that scattering amplitudes are analytic functions except on certain branch cuts, and unitarity, or conservation of probability. These two properties are both exploited by unitarity cuts. Unitarity cuts provide a diagrammatic way of calculating the discontinuities of a Feynman diagram across its branch cuts, which is often simpler than calculating the diagram itself. From this discontinuity, the original function can be reconstructed by performing a dispersive integral. In this work, we extend the formalism of unitarity cuts to incorporate diagrams involving Wilson-line propagators, where the inverse propagator is linear in the loop momenta, rather than the quadratic case which has been studied
Turbulence kinetic energy budget in the stable boundary layer over a heterogeneous surface

This study presents turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) budget terms above tall, deciduous walnut canopy in the wintertime stable boundary layer (SBL) and makes a comparison to well‐known results of horizontally homogeneous and flat (HHF) terrain. Turbulence measurements performed at five levels above the canopy height (approximately h=18 m) enable the investigation of joint effect of the roughness sublayer (RSL) and the transition layer on the TKE budget terms. Each term of the TKE budget is investigated within the framework of local similarity theory. Kolomogorov's similarity hypothesis assumes local isotropy within the inertial subrange. Thoroughly testing the local isotropy hypothesis for the present dataset results in a ratio of the horizontal spectral densities (Sv/Su) approaching 4/3, while the ratio of the vertical to the longitudinal spectral density (Sw/Su) is less than the canonical value of 4/3 (even less than 1) for all levels indicating anisotropic turbulence even at very small scales above the canopy. As a consequence, estimated values of TKE dissipation rate (ε) from the vertical component are smaller than those obtained from the horizontal velocity components. This finding has a direct influence on the applicability of classical Kansas spectral models valid for HHF terrain as well as on the budget of wind variances. Additionally, the behavior of the non‐dimensional gradient of mean wind speed is tested with regard to conformity to z‐less scaling requirements (i.e. linear dependence on stability). It is confirmed that a stability threshold (such as Rf > 0.25, where Rf is the flux Richardson number) is a stronger determinant of z‐less behavior than the existence of a well‐defined inertial subrange ‐ opposite to observations in the SBL over ideal flat surfaces. Finally, the local equilibrium between the production and destruction of TKE within the RSL and transition layer is analyzed.
Mott Lecture: Description of Charge Transport in Disordered Organic Semiconductors: Analytical Theories and Computer Simulations

Hopping of charge carriers via randomly distributed localized states with Gaussian energy spectrum is usually considered as the dominant charge transport mechanism in disordered organic semiconductors. Although much progress has been achieved in the theoretical description of such transport processes, many researchers follow the unlucky and groundless conviction that analytical solutions of the hopping transport problem are not possible. Monte Carlo computer simulations with phenomenological fitting of numerical results are often considered as the only theoretical tool suitable to describe hopping transport in disordered materials with the Gaussian energy spectrum. In this article, the transparent closed‐form analytical solutions for the hopping transport in organic disordered semiconductors are highlighted and some shortcomings of the phenomenological fittings are analyzed.
Site-specific proximity labeling at single residue resolution for identification of protein partners in vitro and on cells

The cell surface proteome, or surfaceome, is encoded by more than 4000 genes, but we are only beginning to understand the complexes they form. Rapid proximity labeling around specific membrane targets allows for capturing weak and transient interactions expected in the crowded and dynamic environment of the surfaceome. Recently, a high-resolution approach called μMap has been described (Geri, J. B., Oakley, J. V., Reyes-Robles, T., Wang, T., McCarver, S. J., White, C. H., Rodriguez-Rivera, F. P., Parker, D. L., Hett, E. C., Fadeyi, O. O., Oslund, R. C., and MacMillan, D. W. C. (2020) Science 367, 1091–1097) in which an iridium (Ir)-based photocatalyst is attached to a specific antibody to target labeling of neighbors utilizing light-activated generation of carbenes from diazirine compounds via Dexter Energy Transfer (DET). Here we studied and optimized the spatial resolution for the method using an oncoprotein complex between the antibody drug, trastuzumab (Traz), and its target HER2. A set of eight single site-specific Ir-catalytic centers were engineered into Traz to study intra- and inter-molecular labeling in vitro and on cells by mass spectrometry. From this structurally well-characterized complex we observed a maximum distance of ∼110 Å for labeling. Labeling occurred almost uniformly over the full range of amino acids, unlike the residue specific labeling of other techniques. To examine on cell labeling that is specific to HER2 as opposed to simply being on the membrane, we compared the labeling patterns for the eight Traz-catalyst species to random labeling of membrane proteins using a metabolically integrated fatty acid catalyst. Our results identified 20 high confidence HER2 neighbors, many novel, that were more than 6-fold enriched compared to the non-specific membrane tethered catalyst. These studies define distance labeling parameters from single-site catalysts placed directly on the membrane target of interest, and more accurately compare to non-specific labeling to identify membrane complexes with higher confidence.
Production of infectious reporter murine norovirus by VP2 trans-complementation

ABSTRACT Human norovirus (HuNoV) causes gastroenteritis, a disease with no effective therapy or vaccine, and does not grow well in culture. Murine norovirus (MNV) easily replicates in cell cultures and small animals and has often been used as a model to elucidate the structural and functional characteristics of HuNoV. An MNV plasmid-based reverse genetics system was developed to produce the modified recombinant virus. In this study, we attempted to construct the recombinant virus by integrating a foreign gene into MNV ORF3, which encodes the minor structural protein VP2. Deletion of VP2 expression abolished infectious particles from MNV cDNA clones, and supplying exogenous VP2 to the cells rescued the infectivity of cDNA clones without VP2 expression. In addition, the coding sequence of C-terminal ORF3 was essential for cDNA clones compensated with VP2 to produce infectious particles. Furthermore, the recombinant virus with exogenous reporter genes in place of the dispensable region of ORF3 was propagated when VP2 was constitutively supplied. Our findings indicate that foreign genes can be transduced into the norovirus ORF3 region when VP2 is supplied and that successive propagation of modified recombinant norovirus could lead to the development of norovirus-based vaccines or therapeutics. IMPORTANCE In this study, we revealed that some of the coding regions of ORF3 could be replaced by a foreign gene and infectious virus could be produced when VP2 was supplied. Propagation of this virus depended on VP2 being supplied in trans, indicating that this virus could infect only once. Our findings help to elucidate the functions of VP2 in the virus lifecycle and to develop other caliciviral vectors for recombinant attenuated live enteric virus vaccines or therapeutics tools. In this study, we revealed that some of the coding regions of ORF3 could be replaced by a foreign gene and infectious virus could be produced when VP2 was supplied. Propagation of this virus depended on VP2 being supplied in trans, indicating that this virus could infect only once. Our findings help to elucidate the functions of VP2 in the virus lifecycle and to develop other caliciviral vectors for recombinant attenuated live enteric virus vaccines or therapeutics tools.
A comparison of convolutional neural networks and few-shot learning in classifying long-tailed distributed tropical bird songs

Biodiversity monitoring depends on reliable species identification, but it can often be difficult due to detectability or survey constraints, especially for rare and endangered species. Advances in bioacoustic monitoring and AI-assisted classification are improving our ability to carry out long-term studies, of a large proportion of the fauna, even in challenging environments, such as remote tropical rainforests. AI classifiers need training data, and this can be a challenge when working with tropical animal communities, which are characterized by high species richness but only a few common species and a long tail of rare species. Here we compare species identification results using two approaches: convolutional neural networks (CNN) and Siamese Neural Networks (SNN), a few-shot learning approach. The goal is to develop methodology that accurately identifies both common and rare species. To do this we collected more than 600 hours of audio recordings from Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama and we manually annotated calls from 101 bird species to create the training data set. More than 40% of the species had less than 100 annotated calls and some species had less than 10. The results showed that Siamese Networks outperformed the more widely used convolutional neural networks (CNN), especially when the number of annotated calls is low.
DKK1, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling, is a novel inducer of neuroblastoma differentiation

Background This study aimed to analyze the role of Dickopff1 [DKK1] as a potential differentiating agent for the neuroblastoma cell line SHSY5Y and neurospheres derived from it. Materials and Methods SHSY5Y neurospheres were formed from undifferentiated adherent cultures. The cellular properties and gene expression were used to study the effect of DKK1 on SHSY5Y-formed neurospheres. Its effect on SHSY5Y neuronal differentiation was also studied. Results SHSY5Y adherent undifferentiated cells were grown as neurospheres. Treatment of neurospheres resulted in their fragmentation. It also resulted in reduced mRNA expression of markers of cancer stem cells, pluripotency, and proliferation [p≤0.05]. DKK1 treatment also resulted in reduced mRNA expression of β-catenin and TCF genes. There was significantly higher expression of neuronal differentiation genes in SHSY5Y adherent cells grown in complete DMEM media containing DKK1 as compared to cells grown without DKK1. We also found DKK1 synergized with retinoic acid-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Conclusion DKK1 was able to convincingly abrogate neurosphere formation and promote neuronal differentiation of SHSY5Y cells, including synergy with retinoic acid. This was accompanied by corresponding changes in mRNA markers of cancer stem cells, pluripotency and proliferation. These results may have implications for neuroblastoma stemness and differentiation.