Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capturing document context inside sentence-level neural machine translation models with self-training

Neural machine translation (NMT) has arguably achieved human level parity when trained and evaluated at the sentence-level. Document-level neural machine translation has received less attention and lags behind its sentence-level counterpart. The majority of the proposed document-level approaches investigate ways of conditioning the model on several source or target sentences to capture document context. These approaches require training a specialized NMT model from scratch on parallel document-level corpora. We propose an approach that doesn’t require training a specialized model on parallel document-level corpora and is applied to a trained sentence-level NMT model at decoding time. We process the document from left to right multiple times and self-train the sentence-level model on pairs of source sentences and generated translations. Our approach reinforces the choices made by the model, thus making it more likely that the same choices will be made in other sentences in the document. We evaluate our approach on three document-level datasets: NIST Chinese-English, WMT19 Chinese-English and OpenSubtitles English-Russian. We demonstrate that our approach has higher BLEU score and higher human preference than the baseline. Qualitative analysis of our approach shows that choices made by model are consistent across the document.
Immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery in children in a government medical university in India

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the advantages and possible risks of single sitting bilateral cataract surgery over one eye at a time approach in children with developmental cataract. Settings and Design: Children (below 12 years) with bilateral developmental cataract with consenting parents were randomized to undergo either immediate sequential bilateral cataract (ISBC) surgery (both eyes at the same time) or delayed sequential bilateral cataract (DSBC) surgery (one eye at a time) over 4 years for logistics and complications. It was a prospective, randomized control trial. Methods: Two groups of patients (below 12 years) undergoing bilateral cataract surgery were compared for number of visits, duration of hospital stay, cost of procedure, duration of operating room (OR) occupancy, and refractive outcome. The first group underwent ISBC and the second group underwent DSBC surgery. A note was also made of complications related to anesthesia and/or the surgery in both the groups. Time interval between two eye surgeries and patients not returning for second eye surgery in DSBC group were also noted. Central tendency and degree of dispersion of continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation for both (ISBC and DSBC) groups. The difference between the two groups was analyzed with independent “t”-test and the level of significance taken as 95% or a P < 0.05. Results: Forty-seven patients (94 eyes) in the ISBC group and 41 (82 eyes) in the DSBC group were compared. ISBC group patients had 43.2% fewer hospital visits, 39.4% lesser duration of total hospital stay, spent 36.6% lesser, and occupied the OR for 39.0% lesser duration compared to DSBC patients. All these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The refractive outcomes in both the groups were comparable (P = 0.916 for the eye operated first andP= 0.814 for the eye operated later). There were no major complications related to anesthesia or surgery in either group. The median interval between the surgeries of the two eyes in the DSBC group was 8 weeks (range: 4–73 weeks). Besides these, 11 patients (21.1%) in the DSBC group did not return for second eye surgery. Conclusions: Bilateral single sitting cataract surgery in children seems logical, patient-friendly, cost-effective, and without any significant disadvantages when performed with adequate precautions before, during, and after the procedure.
Non-Universal Fluctuations of the Empirical Measure for Isotropic Stationary Fields on $\mathbb{S}^2 \times \mathbb{R}$

In this paper, we consider isotropic and stationary real Gaussian random fields defined on $\mathbb{S}^2\times\mathbb{R}$ and we investigate the asymptotic behavior, as $T\rightarrow +\infty$, of the empirical measure (excursion area) in $\mathbb{S}^2\times\mathbb{R}$ at any threshold, covering both cases when the field exhibits short and long memory, i.e. integrable and non-integrable temporal covariance. It turns out that the limiting distribution is not universal, depending both on the memory parameters and the threshold. In particular, in the long memory case a form of Berry's cancellation phenomenon occurs at zero-level, inducing phase transitions for both variance rates and limiting laws.
SOS: Selective Objective Switch for Rapid Immunofluorescence Whole Slide Image Classification

The difficulty of processing gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) in clinical microscopy has been a long-standing barrier to implementing computer aided diagnostic systems. Since modern computing resources are unable to perform computations at this extremely large scale, current state of the art methods utilize patch-based processing to preserve the resolution of WSIs. However, these methods are often resource intensive and make significant compromises on processing time. In this paper, we demonstrate that conventional patch-based processing is redundant for certain WSI classification tasks where high resolution is only required in a minority of cases. This reflects what is observed in clinical practice; where a pathologist may screen slides using a low power objective and only switch to a high power in cases where they are uncertain about their findings. To eliminate these redundancies, we propose a method for the selective use of high resolution processing based on the confidence of predictions on downscaled WSIs --- we call this the Selective Objective Switch (SOS). Our method is validated on a novel dataset of 684 Liver-Kidney-Stomach immunofluorescence WSIs routinely used in the investigation of autoimmune liver disease. By limiting high resolution processing to cases which cannot be classified confidently at low resolution, we maintain the accuracy of patch-level analysis whilst reducing the inference time by a factor of 7.74.
Association of Plasma Transferrin With Cognitive Decline in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine whether plasma transferrin levels are associated with longitudinal changes in cognitive performance in older individuals with normal cognition (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: At baseline, there were a total of 358 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort, including 58 older individuals with CN, 198 older individuals with MCI, and 102 patients with AD. Linear mixed models were utilized to examine the associations of plasma transferrin levels with changes in cognitive performance over time after adjustment of several potential covariates. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) were used to examine the global cognition of participants. Results: First, no significant differences in the plasma transferrin levels were observed across three diagnostic groups. Second, in the cross-sectional analyses, the baseline plasma transferrin levels were negatively associated with the MMSE scores in the CN group, but not in the MCI or the AD group. Third, in the longitudinal analyses, we found that a higher plasma transferrin was associated with a steeper cognitive decline in the MCI and AD groups, but not in the CN group. Conclusion: Higher plasma transferrin levels were associated with a steeper cognitive decline in participants with MCI and AD.
Comparative Analysis of Rhizosphere Microbiomes of Southern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), Darrow’s Blueberry (V. darrowii Camp), and Rabbiteye Blueberry (V. virgatum Aiton)

Plants are inhabited by millions of parasitic, commensal, and mutualistic microorganisms that coexist in complex ecological communities, and profoundly affect the plant’s productivity, health, and capacity to cope with environmental stress. Therefore, a better understanding of the rhizosphere microbiome may open a yet untapped avenue for the rational exploitation of beneficial plant–microbe interactions in modern agriculture. Blueberries encompass several wild and cultivated species of shrubs of the genus Vaccinium that are native to North America. They are grown commercially for the production of fruits, which are considered a health food due to the rich content of minerals, trace elements, and phenolic compounds with antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite a long history of breeding and extensive commercial use, remarkably little is known about the composition and function of the blueberry root microbiome. To address this gap, we employed molecular approaches to characterize and compare microbial communities inhabiting the roots of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum), Darrow’s blueberry (Vaccinium darrowii), and southern highbush blueberry (SHB; an interspecific hybrid of Vaccinium corymbosum and V. darrowii). Our results revealed that these plant species share a common core rhizobiome, but at the same time differ significantly in the diversity, relative abundance, richness, and evenness of multiple groups of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Although the host signature effects were especially pronounced at the plant species level, we also observed genotype-level variations in the distribution of specific microbial taxa, which suggests that the assembly of the blueberry microbiome is shaped by the plant genotype and modifications associated with the domestication and breeding of members of the Vaccinium genus. We also demonstrated that the studied Vaccinium species differ in the abundance of beneficial rhizobacteria and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, which play a vital role in their adaptation to soils with low pH and slow turnover of organic matter.
Progress and Challenges in Precise Treatment of Tumors With PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade

Immune checkpoint inhibitors target the inhibitory receptors on T cells to reinstate their antitumor ability and have shown significant efficacy in treating various cancers. However, because of tumor heterogeneity and many other uncover reasons, the objective response rate for programmed death 1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade is only 20 to 30%; its response rate in solid tumors is relatively low, and different degrees of side effects have occurred. There are still many unknown factors affecting the therapeutic effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Additionally, screening the responding tumor patients accurately and improving the response rate and efficacy are huge challenges for tumor precise treatment. Here, we attempt to summarize the recent progress in response prediction and combined application of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and briefly discuss the methods and evaluations combined with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade to improve the implementation of precision immunotherapy.
Unsupervised Word Embedding Learning by Incorporating Local and Global Contexts

Word embedding has benefited a broad spectrum of text analysis tasks by learning distributed word representations to encode word semantics. Word representations are typically learned by modeling local contexts of words, assuming that words sharing similar surrounding words are semantically close. We argue that local contexts can only partially define word semantics in the unsupervised word embedding learning. Global contexts, referring to the broader semantic units, such as the document or paragraph where the word appears, can capture different aspects of word semantics and complement local contexts. We propose two simple yet effective unsupervised word embedding models that jointly model both local and global contexts to learn word representations. We provide theoretical interpretations of the proposed models to demonstrate how local and global contexts are jointly modeled, assuming a generative relationship between words and contexts. We conduct a thorough evaluation on a wide range of benchmark datasets. Our quantitative analysis and case study show that despite their simplicity, our two proposed models achieve superior performance on word similarity and text classification tasks.
Neonatal sepsis: Aetiological agents and risk factors

Introduction: India accounts for 30% of neonatal deaths globally. Bacterial sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Prompt detection of microorganisms and early institution of therapy are of paramount importance. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology over a period of one year. Two samples of blood were collected under aseptic precautions, 1 ml each was added to conventional blood culture bottle with biphasic media and paediatric BacT/ALERT bottle. Microorganisms were identified by Gram staining, standard biochemical tests and appropriate antibiograms. The common microorganisms responsible for early- and late-onset neonatal sepsis were identified, and the resistant strains were studied in detail. The main clinical presentations and maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with neonatal sepsis were identified and statistically correlated. Results: Of the 233 newborns, 44 (18.9%) were culture positive, with higher incidence of sepsis in low birthweight male babies. Of the 44 isolates, 31 (70.5%) were Gram-negative organisms, with Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies pneumoniae (45.5%) being the most common isolate. The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in this study was 54.8%. Screening for AmpC production showed that 25.8% of the isolates were positive. The maternal risk factor of premature rupture of membrane of more than 18 h was seen in the case of 74 babies (31.8%), and 138 (59.2%) babies had prematurity as neonatal risk factor leading to sepsis. Conclusion: As the aetiological agents in neonatal sepsis vary in different circumstances and antimicrobial resistance due to different mechanisms is prevalent, antibiotic usage should be based on culture and sensitivity results.
Multi-session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Primary Motor Cortex Facilitates Sequence Learning, Chunking, and One Year Retention

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) can facilitate motor learning, but it has not been established how stimulation to other brain regions impacts online and offline motor sequence learning, as well as long-term retention. Here, we completed three experiments comparing the effects of tDCS and sham stimulation to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), M1, and the supplementary motor area complex to understand the contributions of these brain regions to motor sequence learning. In Experiment 1, we found that both left and right PFC tDCS groups displayed a slowing in learning in both reaction time and number of chunks, whereas stimulation over M1 improved both metrics over the course of three sessions. To better understand the sequence learning impairment of left PFC anodal stimulation, we tested a left PFC cathodal tDCS group in Experiment 2. The cathodal group demonstrated learning impairments similar to the left PFC anodal stimulation group. In Experiment 3, a subset of participants from the left PFC, M1, and sham tDCS groups of Experiment 1 returned to complete a single session without tDCS on the same sequences assigned to them 1 year previously. We found that the M1 tDCS group reduced reaction time at a faster rate relative to the sham and left PFC groups, demonstrating faster relearning after a one-year delay. Thus, our findings suggest that, regardless of the polarity of stimulation, tDCS to PFC impairs sequence learning, whereas stimulation to M1 facilitates learning and relearning, especially in terms of chunk formation.
Anatomy, Classification, and Management of Ankle Fractures Involving the Posterior Malleolar Fragment: A Literature Review

The posterior malleolar fragment is frequently involved in rotational ankle fractures, but diagnosis and definitive management remains controversial. Ankle fractures with a posterior malleolar component that are not identified and treated in a timely manner may contribute significantly to future comorbidities, including continued pain, instability, and the development of arthritis. This article highlights the anatomic features of posterior malleolar ankle fractures, the classification schemes used, and discusses the various nonsurgical and surgical methods currently used. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
The Framework of Consensus Equilibria for Mining-Pool Games in Blockchain Ecosystems

The goal of this paper is to establish the general framework of consensus equilibria for Mining-Pool Games in Blockchain Ecosystems, and with the explanation for the stability of in terms of the existence of consensus equilibria related to mining gap game's behaviors by using one new concept called consensus games in Blockchain Ecosystems, here, the Blockchain ecosystem mainly means the economic activities by taking into the account of three types of different factors which are expenses, reward mechanism and mining power for the work on blockschain by applying the key consensus called Proof of Work due to Nakamoto in 2008. In order to do so, we first give an outline how the general existence of consensus equilibria for Mining Pool Games is formulated, and then used to explain the stable for Gap Games for Bitcoin in the sense by the existence of consensus equilibria under the framework of Blockchain consensus, we then establish a general existence result for consensus equilibria of general mining gap games by using the profit functions for miners as the payoffs in game theory. As applications, the general existence results for consensus equilibria of Gap games are established, which not only help us to claim the existence for the general stability for Gap games under the general framework of Blockchain ecosystems, but also allow us to illustrate a number of different phenomenon on the study of mining-pool games with possible impacts due to miners's gap behaviors with scenarios embedded n Bitcoin economics. Our study on the explanation for the stability of mining gap game for Blockchain ecosystems shows that the concept of consensus equilibria may play a important role for the development of fundamental theory for consensus economics.
Exercise electrocardiogram testing in asymptomatic patient with type 2 diabetes and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular events and the development of congestive heart failure (HF). Diastolic dysfunction is considered a precursor of HF and may be diagnosed noninvasively by echocardiography. Diastolic dysfunction is common in well-controlled type 2 diabetic patients without clinically detectable heart disease. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction represents the earliest preclinical dysfunction and that it can progress to asymptomatic HF. Aim of the Work: The aim of the study is to evaluate if diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients is due to silent ischemia. Methods: This study included 80 asymptomatic patients with type 2 DM. Echocardiography was done to all patients to assess systolic and diastolic functions. Exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) was done for all patients to detect ischemic heart disease. Coronary angiography was done to patients with positive exercise ECG test. Results: The incidence of diastolic dysfunction was 75%; among the studied groups. Impaired relaxation was detected in 87 % and pseudo normal pattern was detected in 13 % of subjects with diastolic dysfunction. Patients with normal diastolic function had negative stress exercise test, while those with diastolic dysfunction, 12 patients had positive exercise stress ECG (40%) and 18 patients had negative exercise stress ECG (60%). Conclusion: These findings indicate that coronary artery disease is not uncommon in diabetic patients with diastolic dysfunction and increase markedly in patients with positive stress exercise electrocardiography.
Molecular identification and expression patterns of odorant binding protein and chemosensory protein genes in [i]Athetis lepigone [i](Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1 College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China 2 Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China 3 Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China 4 Anhui Vocational & Technical College of Forestry, Hefei, China 5 Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
A retrospective comparative study of feto-maternal outcome in first and second stage caesarean section -

Background: The incidence of caesarean section has increased tremendously over the recent years. The most common indications of caesarean section are fetal distress and previous caesarean section during first stage caesarean section and cephalo-pelvic disproportion and fetal distress during second stage caesarean section. The objective of this study was to compare maternal and fetal outcomes between first and second stage caesarean section. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at a tertiary hospital over a period of 6 months. Comparison was done between two groups, women who underwent caesarean section during first stage (group I) and during second stage (group II). Data was collected and compared on basis of maternal and fetal outcomes. Results: Among maternal complications, PPH occurred in significantly higher number of women in group II (21%) than in group I (9%). 21% of women in group II required blood transfusion and 7% admitted to ICU. Bladder injury and uterine incision extension was seen in more number of cases in group II (6% and 7% respectively), difference being statistically insignificant. Neonatal complications were significantly higher in group II. Conclusions: Second stage caesarean sections are associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidities, thus necessitating presence of senior obstetrician at time of decision and conductance of procedure.