Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antecedents of Cerebral Palsy in children born at term - according to subtype, motor severity and accompanying impairments

Aims: To explore antecedents of cerebral palsy (CP) according to subtype, severity of motor impairment and accompanying impairments (epilepsy and/or cognitive impairments) in relation to neuroimaging patterns. Material and methods: Case control studies were performed in a populationbased serie of children with CP born at term (n=309), matched with a control group (n=618). The cases and the matched controls were divided into CP subtype; spastic hemiplegia, spastic diplegia or tetraplegia and dyskinetic CP and into severity of motor impairment; mild, moderate or severe. Obstetric records and the CP register of western Sweden were reviewed and 88 antecedents to CP were analyzed for their associations to different subtypes, severity of motor impairment, associated impairments in CP as well as to neuroimaging pattern. Binary logistic regression, the Cochran-Armitage Chisquared test for trends, interaction analyses and interrelationship analyses were used. Both univariable and adjusted analyzes were performed. Results: Paper I: The antecedent pattern differed by CP subtype. All subtypes shared a mix of prepartal, intrapartal and postpartal antecedents, except for dyskinetic CP, for which intraand postpartal events played a major role. Paper II: Maternal infections were associated only with the subgroup spastic hemiplegia whereas neonatal infection was associated with the subgroups of spastic diplegia or tetraplegia. Paper III: The antecedent pattern differed by severity of motor impairment in CP. Timing of antecedents corresponded to identified neuroimaging patterns. Paper IV: The accompanying impairments epilepsy and cognitive impairment in CP were associated with poor intrauterine growth, maldevelopment, and neonatal infections. Accompanying impairments in CP are more often associated with abnormal neuroimaging than motor impairment alone. Conclusions: The antecedent pattern differed by CP subtype, severity of motor impairment and by presence of accompanying impairments in CP. Our results might illustrate some of the causal pathways to CP, namely hypoxia, malformations and infection.
The Public's Ability to Recognize Mental Disorders and their Beliefs about Treatment: Changes in Australia Over 8 Years

Objective: A national survey of Australian adults in 1995 showed a low level of recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment that were often discordant with those of professionals. The present study aimed to find out whether recognition and treatment beliefs have changed over 8 years. Method: A national survey of 2001 adults in 2003–2004 included the same questions as the 1995 survey. These interview questions were based on a vignette of a person with either depression or schizophrenia. Results: Over the 8 years, the public showed better recognition of depression and schizophrenia and gave more positive ratings to a range of interventions, including help from mental health professionals, medications, psychotherapy and psychiatric ward admission. Conclusions: The Australian public’s beliefs have changed over 8 years to be more like those of mental health professionals. This change may have positive implications for helpseeking and treatment concordance.
Prevalence of falls in elderly people: a population based study.

INTRODUCTION The occurrence of falls is related to a complex interaction of risk factors, aggravated by aging. This research aimed to investigate the occurrence of falls in the elderly, as well as to identify the risk factors for this event. METHODS A cross-sectional, population-based study conducted in a municipality in the extreme south of Brasil. Probabilistic sampling was used, the sample unit being the census tracts. Data were collected through home interviews. The research was approved by the research ethics committee. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study was performed using a sample of 211 elderly individuals. The prevalence of falls was 28.9% (95% CI 22.8 to 35.0). (P = 0.01), living alone (p = 0.04), self-perception of regular or poor health (p = 0.03), and obesity (p= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We found that approximately one in three elderly individuals fell in the last year.
The costs of developing, deploying and maintaining electronic immunisation registries in Tanzania and Zambia

Objective To determine the costs to develop, roll out and maintain electronic immunisation registries (EIRs) and a related suite of data use interventions. Methods The Better Immunisation Data (BID) Initiative conducted the activities from 2013 to 2018 in three regions in Tanzania and one province in Zambia. The Initiative’s financial records were used to account for the financial costs of designing and developing the EIRs, BID staff time, expenditures for rolling out the EIR systems and the related suite of interventions to health facilities, and recurrent costs. Total financial costs, cost per facility and cost per child were calculated in 2018 US$. Findings Total expenditures were ~US$4.2 million in Tanzania and US$3.6 million in Zambia. System design and development costs accounted for ~33% and 26% of the expenditures in each country, respectively, while BID staff costs accounted for 39% and 52%, respectively. Average expenditures per health facility for rolling out the EIR system were between US$709 and US$1320 for the Tanzania regions and US$2591 for Zambia. The annualised average expenditure per child was estimated to be between US$3.30 and US$3.81 for the regions in Tanzania and US$8.46 in Zambia. Expenditures per child were higher in Zambia partly because of a much smaller birth cohort compared with Tanzania. Conclusion Other countries may benefit from the investments made and lessons learnt in Tanzania and Zambia by leveraging these now existing EIR platforms and rollout strategies, and hence may be able to implement EIRs at lower costs than reported here.
Present-day and future climate pathways affecting the harmful algal blooms species Alexandrium catenella in Puget Sound , WA , USA

This study uses a mechanistic modeling approach to evaluate the effects of various climate pathways on the toxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in Puget Sound, WA, USA. Experimentally-derived A. catenella growth responses to environmental conditions are combined with simulations of the regional climate and Salish Sea hydrology to project future
Self-Rated Oral Health Status And Social And Health Determinants Among 35-65 Year-Old Persons In One Region In Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Oral diseases may be a population health problem in Myanmar. Community-based surveys may help in the selection of risk groups that may require priority attention. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence and correlates of self-rated oral health (SROH) status in an adult community sample in Myanmar. Methods The study design was a cross-sectional household survey in the Magway region Myanmar. In all, 633 persons aged 35 to 65 years, responded to questions on the oral health status, general health status, oral health knowledge and behaviour and socio-demographic information. Results Overall, 13.6% of participants reported poor SROH, and 78.5% average or poor SROH. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, oral conditions (tooth loss, cavities, bleeding gums, and teeth that are sensitive to heat or cold), better oral health knowledge, dental care attendance, and skipping breakfast were associated with poor SROH. Conclusion A high proportion of poor or average SROH status was found and several associated variables were found that can facilitate in guiding oral health care programming in Myanmar.
Paediatric acute kidney injury hospital admissions in England 1997–2014: burden and risk factors

Paediatric acute kidney injury hospital admissions in England 1997–2014: burden and risk factors Alasdair Henderson , Masao Iwagami, Christian Bottomley, Laurie Tomlinson, Kathryn Mansfield and Dorothea Nitsch Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Trends of poisoning in rural area of South-West, Punjab.

The study consists of poisoning cases admitted in the emergency department of Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (AIMSR), Bathinda, situated in rural area of South-West Punjab. Out of all 784 medico-legal cases admitted during the study period of two years (Apr 1st, 2007 to Mar 31s1, 2009), 95 (12.1%) cases were that of poisoning. The cases were then analyzed on various parameters to find the trends and other significant feature of poisoning in this region of Punjab.
Exploring the impact of adolescent exposure to cannabinoids and nicotine on psychiatric risk: insights from translational animal models

Abstract Adolescence represents a highly sensitive period of mammalian neurodevelopment wherein critical synaptic and structural changes are taking place in brain regions involved in cognition, self-regulation and emotional processing. Importantly, neural circuits such as the mesocorticolimbic pathway, comprising the prefrontal cortex, sub-cortical mesolimbic dopamine system and their associated input/output centres, are particularly vulnerable to drug-related insults. Human adolescence represents a life-period wherein many individuals first begin to experiment with recreational drugs such as nicotine and cannabis, both of which are known to profoundly modulate neurochemical signalling within the mesocorticolimbic pathway and to influence both long-term and acute neuropsychiatric symptoms. While a vast body of epidemiological clinical research has highlighted the effects of adolescent exposure to drugs such as nicotine and cannabis on the developing adolescent brain, many of these studies are limited to correlative analyses and rely on retrospective self-reports from subjects, making causal interpretations difficult to discern. The use of pre-clinical animal studies can avoid these issues by allowing for precise temporal and dose-related experimental control over drug exposure during adolescence. In addition, such animal-based research has the added advantage of allowing for in-depth molecular, pharmacological, genetic and neuronal analyses of how recreational drug exposure may set up the brain for neuropsychiatric risk. This review will explore some of the advantages and disadvantages of these models, with a focus on the common, divergent and synergistic effects of adolescent nicotine and cannabis exposure on neuropsychiatric risk.
In vitro selection predicts malaria parasite resistance to dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors in a mouse infection model

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum readily develops resistance to dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors in vitro and in a mouse model of infection. Understanding drug resistance Drug resistance threatens control of malaria and elimination efforts worldwide, necessitating the discovery and development of new antimalarial therapies. Mandt et al. now show that in vitro resistance to a next-generation antimalarial drug, DSM265, could be readily selected in vitro and then mimicked in vivo in a mouse infection model. An understanding of how malaria parasites develop resistance to new classes of drugs both in vitro and in vivo is an important consideration when evaluating the drug development pipeline. Resistance has developed in Plasmodium malaria parasites to every antimalarial drug in clinical use, prompting the need to characterize the pathways mediating resistance. Here, we report a framework for assessing development of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to new antimalarial therapeutics. We investigated development of resistance by P. falciparum to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors DSM265 and DSM267 in tissue culture and in a mouse model of P. falciparum infection. We found that resistance to these drugs arose rapidly both in vitro and in vivo. We identified 13 point mutations mediating resistance in the parasite DHODH in vitro that overlapped with the DHODH mutations that arose in the mouse infection model. Mutations in DHODH conferred increased resistance (ranging from 2- to ~400-fold) to DHODH inhibitors in P. falciparum in vitro and in vivo. We further demonstrated that the drug-resistant parasites carrying the C276Y mutation had mitochondrial energetics comparable to the wild-type parasite and also retained their fitness in competitive growth experiments. Our data suggest that in vitro selection of drug-resistant P. falciparum can predict development of resistance in a mouse model of malaria infection.
Modeling other minds: Bayesian inference explains human choices in group decision-making

A Bayesian model suggests that when interacting with a group, humans simulate the “mind of the group” to choose an action. To make decisions in a social context, humans have to predict the behavior of others, an ability that is thought to rely on having a model of other minds known as “theory of mind. ” Such a model becomes especially complex when the number of people one simultaneously interacts with is large and actions are anonymous. Here, we present results from a group decision-making task known as the volunteer’s dilemma and demonstrate that a Bayesian model based on partially observable Markov decision processes outperforms existing models in quantitatively predicting human behavior and outcomes of group interactions. Our results suggest that in decision-making tasks involving large groups with anonymous members, humans use Bayesian inference to model the “mind of the group,” making predictions of others’ decisions while also simulating the effects of their own actions on the group’s dynamics in the future.
Older People’s Attitudes And Perspectives Of Welfare Technology In Norway

Background In Norway, as in other European countries, the ageing population is increasing rapidly. Governments seek to enable older people stay in their homes for as long as possible, and welfare technology (WT) has been proposed as a possible solution. Human behaviour modelling (HBM) is a welfare technology that identifies an individual’s behaviour patterns and detects abnormal behaviours, including falls and early signs of dementia. However, the successful development of HBM WT requires the consideration of the older people’s attitudes on this. Aim The present study sought to explore attitudes and perspectives about welfare technology among older people living alone in Norway. Methods We used an exploratory, qualitative approach in which semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with five women and four men between the ages of 79 and 91. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results Two categories and four subcategories were identified: 1) preferences and concerns of welfare technology (i) feeling confident-proactive approach of future technology, (ii) concerns and dilemmas, and 2) reflections of today and tomorrow- awareness of own health (i) feeling healthy, independent, self-sufficient and safe, (ii) facing own ageing- preparedness on unpredictable scenarios. The main theme, welfare technology - a valuable addition to tomorrow’s homes, represents how the participants held positive and proactive attitudes towards the use of WT in their homes. Conclusion Participants trusted the Norwegian healthcare system and did not rely on their families for care. Independence, autonomy, and feeling safe were essential for all participants, and most participants regarded welfare technology as empowering them to remain in their homes for as long as possible. Participants already confidently used various technologies in their daily lives. Surprisingly, they expressed no concerns about privacy, but some mention concerns about loss of autonomy and dignity. We conclude that a person-centred approach to integrating new WT is necessary.
Factors Associated With Adherence To Immunosuppressive Therapy And Barriers In Asian Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background Medication non-adherence is the major risk factor for rejection episodes. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with adherence to immunosuppressive regimen and its barriers among kidney transplant (KT) recipients. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in two outpatient post-transplant clinics in Mashhad, northeast of Iran. All patients who attended the clinics from August to October 2017 were included. Patients’s knowledge, adherence to immunosuppressive regimen, and quality of life were measured using the Kidney Transplant Understanding Tool, Basel Assessment of Adherence to Immunosuppressive Medications Scale (BAASIS), and SF-12V2 questionnaire, respectively. The barriers in adhering immunosuppressive regimen were investigated by Immunosuppressive Therapy Barriers Scale. Logistic regression was used to screen the significant risk factors of medication non-adherence. Results In this study, 244 KT recipients were included with a mean age of 39.6±12.5 years. Based on the BAASIS score, 111 (45.5%) patients were adherent to immunosuppressive regimen. Female patients were more likely to be adherent (OR=0.48, p<0.01). The patients with higher level of quality of life were more likely to follow immunosuppressive medications (OR=1.078, p<0.05). The main barriers were as follows: concurrent use of many immunosuppressants, lack of knowledge about the usefulness of immunosuppressive medications, confusion in medication taking, and difficulty in remembering medication taking. Conclusion More than half of the KT recipients were non-adherence to immunosuppressive regimen. These findings highlight the need for designing interventions in order to reduce or eliminate these barriers and consequently increase medication adherence among KT recipients.
A Study on Breast Reconstruction in a Developing Country

Background Breast cancer, with an incidence of 33.2 per 100,000 in Iranian population, is considered as the most common cancer in Iranian women. Nowadays, with the increasing survival rates, breast reconstruction has been integrated into surgical techniques of breast cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current status of breast reconstruction in Iranian population. Patients and Methods This retrospective study was conducted in Imam Hospital between January 2008 and June 2018. All the patients underwent breast reconstruction surgery. The trend of reconstruction and complication rates were 2 major outcomes. Logistic regression model was used to predict complications. Student t test was used to compare means. Results Fifty-five patients underwent 60 autologous breast reconstruction surgeries and 152 patients underwent 193 prosthesis-based reconstruction surgeries. Most of cases were invasive ductal carcinoma ± ductal carcinoma in situ (126 cases, 68%). Among 253 surgeries in 207 patients, 98 cases (38.7%) were 2-stage implant, 91 (36.0%) were 1-stage implant, 3 (1.2%) were acellular dermal matrix + prosthesis, 31 (12.2%) were pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, 25 (9.8%) were latissimus dorsi flap ± prosthesis, and 4 (15.8%) were latissimus dorsi flap. Among prosthesis-based reconstructions, chemotherapy could predict the occurrence of complications (odds ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.07–7.68), whereas none of these factors could predict the occurrence of complications in autologous reconstructions. The most prevalent complication was seroma formation (48.5% of all complications). Overall complication rates (including major and minor) were higher among autologous reconstructions compared with prosthesis-based reconstructions (45.8% and 21.1%, respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusions The trend of breast reconstruction is changing in Islamic Republic of Iran as a developing country. Implant-based reconstruction has surpassed autologous reconstructions in recent years. In terms of complications, we observed higher rates among autologous reconstructions.
A systematic review of the Australian food retail environment: Characteristics, variation by geographic area, socioeconomic position and associations with diet and obesity

There is strong support across multiple sectors for the implementation of policies to create healthier food environments as part of comprehensive strategies to address obesity and improve population diets. The existing evidence base describing food retail environments and their relationship with health outcomes is limited in several respects. This systematic review examines the current evidence regarding food retail environments in Australia, including associations with diet and people with obesity, and socioeconomic and geographic disparities. Three databases were searched and independently screened. Studies were included if they were undertaken in Australia and objectively measured the food retail environment. Sixty papers were included. The broad range of methodological approaches used across studies limited the ability to synthesize the evidence and draw conclusions. Results indicated that there is some evidence that disparities exist in food retail environments across measures of socioeconomic position and geographic area in parts of Australia. Overall, there were inconsistent findings regarding the association between the healthiness of food retail environments and diet or people with obesity. Findings support previous calls for standardized tools and measures for monitoring the healthiness of food retail environments. This is imperative to inform evidence‐based policy and evaluation in this critical component of recommended obesity prevention strategies.
Teaching an Old Molecule New Tricks: Drug Repositioning for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most severe forms of inherited muscular dystrophies. The disease is caused by the lack of dystrophin, a structurally essential protein; hence, a definitive cure would necessarily have to pass through some form of gene and/or cell therapy. Cell- and genetic-based therapeutics for DMD have been explored since the 1990s; recently, two of the latter have been approved for clinical use, but their efficacy is still very low. In parallel, there have been great ongoing efforts aimed at targeting the downstream pathogenic effects of dystrophin deficiency using classical pharmacological approaches, with synthetic or biological molecules. However, as it is always the case with rare diseases, R&D costs for new drugs can represent a major hurdle for researchers and patients alike. This problem can be greatly alleviated by experimenting the use of molecules that had originally been developed for different conditions, a process known as drug repurposing or drug repositioning. In this review, we will describe the state of the art of such an approach for DMD, both in the context of clinical trials and pre-clinical studies.
Cardiovascular events associate with diabetes status rather than with early basal insulin treatment for the prevention of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus

David Topitz, Elisabeth Schwaiger, Florian Frommlet, Johannes Werzowa and Manfred Hecking Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Department of Internal Medicine II, Kepler University Hospital, Med Campus III, Linz, Austria, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Ludwig, Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Vienna, Austria