Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Orbital Architecture of Qatar-6: A Fully Aligned Three-body System?

The evolutionary history of an extrasolar system is, in part, fossilized through its planets’ orbital orientations relative to the host star’s spin axis. However, spin–orbit constraints for warm Jupiters—particularly in binary star systems, which are amenable to a wide range of dynamical processes—are relatively scarce. We report a measurement of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, observed with the Keck/HIRES spectrograph, across the transit of Qatar-6 A b—a warm Jupiter orbiting one star within a binary system. From this measurement, we obtain a sky-projected spin–orbit angle λ = 0. °1 ± 2. °6. Combining this new constraint with the stellar rotational velocity of Qatar-6 A that we measure from TESS photometry, we derive a true obliquity ψ=21.82−18.36+8.86° —consistent with near-exact alignment. We also leverage astrometric data from Gaia DR3 to show that the Qatar-6 binary star system is edge-on ( iB=90.17−1.06+1.07° ), such that the stellar binary and the transiting exoplanet orbit exhibit line-of-sight orbit–orbit alignment. Ultimately, we demonstrate that all current constraints for the three-body Qatar-6 system are consistent with both spin–orbit and orbit–orbit alignment. High-precision measurements of the projected stellar spin rate of the host star and the sky-plane geometry of the transit relative to the binary plane are required to conclusively verify the full 3D configuration of the system.
Emission characteristics of ZnO nanorods on nanosilicon-on-insulator: competition between exciton–phonon coupling and surface resonance effect

We investigated the optical properties of ZnO nanorods on nanosilicon-on-insulator using variable temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and explored the contribution of exciton–phonon coupling and surface resonance effect on the emission characteristics of the nanorods. The low-temperature (<100 K) PL spectra revealed different strengths of exciton–phonon interaction for nanorods of different surface structures. The exciton–phonon coupling strength was stronger for nanorods of rougher surfaces with enhanced contribution of longitudinal optical phonon replicas of free exciton. Despite exhibiting different coupling strengths of exciton–phonon interactions, the room-temperature PL showed an unchanged energy position at 3.28 eV for nanorods of different surface structures. The unchanged energy position of band-edge emission was caused by the competitive effect of the surface defects induced exciton–phonon interaction and the surface resonance effect in faceted nanorods.
Memoryless variable structure control for affine nonlinear systems using only output information

In this paper, local stabilisation is considered for a class of affine nonlinear control systems with uncertainties involving time‐varying delay. It is not assumed that either the dimension of the inputs is equal to the dimension of the outputs or that the nominal system is linearisable or partially linearisable. The bounds on both the matched and mismatched uncertainties are nonlinear and time delayed. A static output feedback variable structure control is synthesized to stabilise the system uniformly asymptotically. A control strategy to enforce exponential stability is also derived. The Lyapunov–Razumikhin approach is used to deal with the effect of the time delay, and the bounds on the uncertainties are used in the control design to enhance the robustness. The designed control does not depend on the time delay, and thus, it is not required that the time delay is known. Finally, the obtained results are tested on a simple mechanical system through simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is effective and feasible. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CDOpt: A Python Package for a Class of Riemannian Optimization

Optimization over the embedded submanifold defined by constraints $c(x) = 0$ has attracted much interest over the past few decades due to its wide applications in various areas. Plenty of related optimization packages have been developed based on Riemannian optimization approaches, which rely on some basic geometrical materials of Riemannian manifolds, including retractions, vector transports, etc. These geometrical materials can be challenging to determine in general. Existing packages only accommodate a few well-known manifolds whose geometrical materials are easily accessible. For other manifolds which are not contained in these packages, the users have to develop the geometric materials by themselves. In addition, it is not always tractable to adopt advanced features from various state-of-the-art unconstrained optimization solvers to Riemannian optimization approaches. We introduce CDOpt (available at https://cdopt.github.io/), a user-friendly Python package for a class Riemannian optimization. Based on constraint dissolving approaches, Riemannian optimization problems are transformed into their equivalent unconstrained counterparts in CDOpt. Therefore, solving Riemannian optimization problems through CDOpt directly benefits from various existing solvers and the rich expertise gained over decades for unconstrained optimization. Moreover, all the computations in CDOpt related to any manifold in question are conducted on its constraints expression, hence users can easily define new manifolds in CDOpt without any background on differential geometry. Furthermore, CDOpt extends the neural layers from PyTorch and Flax, thus allows users to train manifold constrained neural networks directly by the solvers for unconstrained optimization. Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate that CDOpt is highly efficient and robust in solving various classes of Riemannian optimization problems.
Chromatic Alpha Complexes

Motivated by applications in the medical sciences, we study finite chromatic sets in Euclidean space from a topological perspective. Based on the persistent homology for images, kernels and cokernels, we design provably stable homological quantifiers that describe the geometric micro- and macro-structure of how the color classes mingle. These can be efficiently computed using chromatic variants of Delaunay and alpha complexes, and code that does these computations is provided.
Preserving the woody plant tree of life in China under future climate and land-cover changes

The tree of life (TOL) is severely threatened by climate and land-cover changes. Preserving the TOL is urgent, but has not been included in the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Protected areas (PAs) are fundamental for biological conservation. However, we know little about the effectiveness of existing PAs in preserving the TOL of plants and how to prioritize PA expansion for better TOL preservation under future climate and land-cover changes. Here, using high-resolution distribution maps of 8732 woody species in China and phylogeny-based Zonation, we find that current PAs perform poorly in preserving the TOL both at present and in 2070s. The geographical coverage of TOL branches by current PAs is approx. 9%, and less than 3% of the identified priority areas for preserving the TOL are currently protected. Interestingly, the geographical coverage of TOL branches by PAs will be improved from 9% to 52–79% by the identified priority areas for PA expansion. Human pressures in the identified priority areas are high, leading to high cost for future PA expansion. We thus suggest that besides nature reserves and national parks, other effective area-based conservation measures should be considered. Our study argues for the inclusion of preserving the TOL in the post-2020 conservation framework, and provides references for decision-makers to preserve the Earth's evolutionary history.
Many-to-one function of cat-like mandibles highlights a continuum of sabre-tooth adaptations

Cat-like carnivorans are a textbook example of convergent evolution, with distinct morphological differences between taxa with short or elongated upper canines, the latter often being interpreted as an adaptation to bite at large angles and subdue large prey. This interpretation of the sabre-tooth condition is reinforced by a reduced taxonomic sampling in some studies, often focusing on highly derived taxa or using simplified morphological models. Moreover, most biomechanical analyses focus on biting scenarios at small gapes, ideal for modern carnivora but ill-suited to test for subduction of large prey by sabre-toothed taxa. In this contribution, we present the largest three-dimensional collection-based muscle-induced biting simulations on cat-like carnivorans by running a total of 1074 analyses on 17 different taxa at three different biting angles (30°, 60° and 90°) including both morphologies. While our results show a clear adaptation of extreme sabre-toothed taxa to bite at larger angles in terms of stress distribution, other performance variables display surprising similarities between all forms at the different angles tested, highlighting a continuous rather than bipolar spectrum of hunting methods in cat-like carnivorans and demonstrating a wide functional disparity and nuances of the sabre-tooth condition that cannot simply be characterized by specialized feeding biomechanics.
Predator discrimination of prey promotes the predator-mediated coexistence of prey species

The predator discrimination of prey can affect predation intensity and the prey density dependence of predators, which has the potential to alter the coexistence of prey species. We used a predator–prey population dynamics model accounting for the predator's adaptive diet choice and predator discrimination of prey to investigate how the latter influences prey coexistence. The model revealed that (i) prey species that are perceived as belonging to the same species by a predator are attacked in the same manner, and it is more difficult for them to coexist than those that are recognized as different prey species, and (ii) prey species that are not discriminated by a predator—and therefore cannot coexist—may coexist in the presence of an alternative predator that does discriminate between them. These results suggest that prey diversity, which favours the predator discrimination of prey, and the different capabilities of predators to identify prey species both enhance prey coexistence.
Skill and self-knowledge: empirical refutation of the dual-burden account of the Dunning–Kruger effect

For many intellectual tasks, the people with the least skill overestimate themselves the most, a pattern popularly known as the Dunning–Kruger effect (DKE). The dominant account of this effect depends on the idea that assessing the quality of one's performance (metacognition) requires the same mental resources as task performance itself (cognition). Unskilled people are said to suffer a dual burden: they lack the cognitive resources to perform well, and this deprives them of metacognitive insight into their failings. In this Registered Report, we applied recently developed methods for the measurement of metacognition to a matrix reasoning task, to test the dual-burden account. Metacognitive sensitivity (information exploited by metacognition) tracked performance closely, so less information was exploited by the metacognitive judgements of poor performers; but metacognitive efficiency (quality of metacognitive processing itself) was unrelated to performance. Metacognitive bias (overall tendency towards high or low confidence) was positively associated with performance, so poor performers were appropriately less confident—not more confident—than good performers. Crucially, these metacognitive factors did not cause the DKE pattern, which was driven overwhelmingly by performance scores. These results refute the dual-burden account and suggest that the classic DKE is a statistical regression artefact that tells us nothing much about metacognition.
The problematic Cambrian arthropod Tuzoia and the origin of mandibulates revisited

The origin of mandibulates, the hyperdiverse arthropod group that includes pancrustaceans and myriapods, dates back to the Cambrian. Bivalved arthropod groups such as hymenocarines have been argued to be early mandibulates, but many species are still poorly known, and their affinities remain uncertain. One of the most common and globally distributed Cambrian bivalved arthropods is Tuzoia. Originally described in 1912 from the Burgess Shale based on isolated carapaces, its full anatomy has remained largely unknown. Here, we describe new specimens of Tuzoia from the Canadian Burgess Shale (Wuliuan, Cambrian) showcasing exceptionally preserved soft tissues, allowing for the first comprehensive reconstruction of its anatomy, ecology and evolutionary affinities. The head bears antennae and differentiated cephalic appendages. The body is divided into a cephalothorax, a homonomous trunk bearing ca 10 pairs of legs with heptopodomerous endopods and enlarged basipods, and a tail fan with two pairs of caudal rami. These traits suggest that Tuzoia swam along the seafloor and used its spinose legs for predation or scavenging. Tuzoia is retrieved by a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis as an early mandibulate hymenocarine lineage, exemplifying the rapid diversification of this group in open marine environments during the Cambrian Explosion.
Understanding a Chinese new teacher’s workplace relationships with Kelchtermans and Ballet’s professional interests framework

ABSTRACT Kelchtermans and Ballet in their article entitled The micropolitics of teacher induction: A narrative-biographical study on teacher socialisation revealed five categories of professional interests for beginning teachers. Their professional interests framework is adopted to study a Chinese new teacher’s workplace relationships. The research relies primarily on an in-depth interview and observations to collect data. It is found that self-interests, organisational interests, cultural-ideological interests and social-professional interests are the most prominent interests that undergird the teacher’s relationships with principals, colleagues, and parents. Based on these intertwining interests, she has generally positive (i.e. friendly, cooperative, supportive, etc.) relationships with the principals and most colleagues while negative (i.e. conflicting, competitive, etc.) relationships with parents and novice colleagues. The research has implications for building more constructive relationships from the professional interests perspective.
A systematic review and empirical investigation: bullying victimisation and anxiety subtypes among adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective Bullying victimisation is well known to be associated with social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder among adolescents. Study 1 reports on a systematic review to examine these relationships. Study 2 employed a survey to investigate the relationship between overt, reputational, and relational bullying with self-endorsement of social anxiety disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method Study 1 consists of a systematic review of the literature published between 2011 and 2021. Multiple sources were used to identify potentially eligible studies using keywords in varying combinations and the PRISMA guidelines were followed. The quality of included studies was assessed using a critical appraisal tool. Study 2 collected data through an online questionnaire completed by 338 high-school students aged 12–18 years. Results Study 1 demonstrated that bullying victimisation research limits anxiety outcomes to social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Results also demonstrated that overt and covert bullying types are typically not defined. Study 2 found that covert bullying types (reputational and relational) uniquely predicted increased levels of all anxiety subtypes, while overt bullying did not. Relational bullying was the best predictor of all anxiety subtypes, except obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion These results suggest the need to consider different types of bullying and the need to assess anxiety subtype symptoms more broadly. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic: Bullying-victimisation is associated with social anxiety disorder and general anxiety disorder among adolescents. Previous research has identified three bullying victimisation subtypes; overt, and two covert types being reputational and relational. Covert bullying victimisation is more strongly related to depression and social anxiety symptomology than overt. What this topic adds: Overt bullying victimisation does not predict self-endorsement of generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Covert bullying victimisation predicts separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Subtypes of bullying victimisation demonstrate unique relationships with a range of anxiety disorder symptomology beyond that of generalised anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder.
Significance tests with restricted randomization design

In an experiment comparing the effectiveness of two treatments, A and B, subjects arrive at an experimental site sequentially and must be assigned immediately to one of the two treatment groups. The complete randomization scheme, tossing a fair coin each time independently to decide which treatment will be used for the next subject, has been widely employed because this scheme is free of different kinds of experimental bias (Efron, 1971) and it also provides a basis for statistical inference (Lehmann, 1975, Chapter 1). But in a small experiment complete randomization may result in a severe imbalance between the numbers of subjects assigned to the different treatment groups. A simple way to attain a perfectly balanced experiment is to use the systematic design ABAB. However, this plan can easily bias the results of the experiment in a number of ways. For example, if the experimenter is predisposed toward treatment A and if he knows or guesses that treatment A will be the next assignment, then he may tend to choose a subject with a high expected response. Because of this bias, at the end of the experiment treatment A might appear to be significantly better than treatment B even if there is in fact no difference between the two. Obviously, the systematic design maximizes this kind of bias. Several compromises between a perfectly balanced assignment scheme and a completely randomized one have been proposed, for example, the permuted block design, the biased coin design (Efron, 1971), the urn design (Wei, 1977, 1978a), the adaptive biased coin design (Wei, 1978b) and the random allocation design (Stigler, 1969; Wei, 1978c). Simon (1979) has given an excellent review. In particular, the urn and adaptive biased coin designs force a small experiment to be balanced, but they tend to the complete randomization scheme as the size of the experiment increases. Recently, a specific urn design has been shown to be D-optimal by Atkinson (1982). Sometimes it may be inappropriate to postulate a population from which the subjects in the experiment have been obtained by random sampling. Instead a randomization model (Lehmann, 1975, Chapter 1) is utilized when the data are analysed. With this approach, the significance tests used for testing the null hypothesis Ho that there is no difference between A and B must be only those tests generated by the experimental randomization design actually employed. For any given sequence of responses from the subjects, one can tabulate all possible patterns of treatment assignments to subjects using the restricted randomization rule and calculate the corresponding treatment
Two-dimensional Monte Carlo/Fokker-Planck Simulations of Flares in Accretion Disk Corona Models

We present and discuss first results of space- and time-dependent Monte Carlo/Fokker-Planck radiation transport/electron dynamics simulations of flares in accretion disk corona systems in two-dimensional, cylindrical geometry. Following a brief, general description of the code, two fundamentally different flaring mechanisms will be considered: (1) flares originating in the optically thick, geometrically thin accretion disk, whose radiation is subsequently processed through a hot, optically thin corona sandwiching the accretion disk; and (2) flares originating in the corona (e.g., magnetic flares), leading to enhanced energy release in a small portion of the corona over a short period of time. We present energy- and angle-dependent light curves, angle- and time-dependent photon spectra, and time and phase lag spectra for both classes of flaring scenarios. We also illustrate the detailed, time-dependent effect of both types of flares on the electron temperature distribution in the corona, which is calculated self-consistently, including both thermal and nonthermal heating and cooling mechanisms. Whereas for the disk-flaring scenario, the flaring is mostly restricted to X-rays below ~10 keV, accompanied by spectral softening during the flare, the coronal flaring scenario produces predominantly hard X-ray flares (restricted to E ≳ 10 keV) with spectral hardening during the flare. Both hard and soft lags may result in the disk-flaring scenario, which predicts a slight hardening of the high-frequency power spectra with increasing photon energy. In the coronal-flaring scenario, the variability around ~10 keV leads variations at other photon energies, and no dependence of the power spectra on photon energy is found.
HF excited instabilities in space plasmas

Radio waves delivering sufficiently strong electric field strengths to a plasma can excite parametric instabilities in the plasma for properly matched conditions. Technology had advanced by 1970 to the stage where this could be effected in the ionospheric plasma by ground-based installations. High-power HF transmitters, in the nominal 3–12 MHz range, deposited substantial energy in the ionospheric plasma, raising thermal plasma temperatures, exciting a rich spectrum of waves and irregularities in the plasma, and leading to extrathermal electron fluxes sensible to energies of the order of 10 eV. The results of experiments utilizing such controlled effects on the ionospheric plasma as diagnosed by remote sensors in a very broad RF band as well as in the optical band, have been followed with great interest by workers in fields as diverse as nuclear fusion, plasma physics, communications, and aeronomy from ionospheric thermal balance to spread-F. Significant checks on and advances in relevant theory have already accrued, but much of the potential is yet untapped. Experiments of this nature can also be performed from space vehicles. These could not only supplement studies possible from ground-based sites, but also permit some qualitative advances by virtue of the spacial trajectory and in situ nature unique to the vehicle. A number of specific features of the phenomena bear importantly on the practicality of such an experiment, including: instability rise times and decay times, irregularity scale sizes, power dependence, frequency spectra and implied physics, thermal plasma time constants, and field geometry dependences. The results of ground-based “HF heating experiments,” particularly as diagnosed by incoherent scatter techniques, are reviewed with this in mind.
Regularization of hyperbolic integrodifferential identification problems

We regularize a (mild) ill-posed identification problem related to an abstract hyperbolic integrodifferential equation, whose data are known with a <5-error, by a family of well-posed identification problems depending on a small parameter ε. We prove that, as δ and ε tend accordingly to 0, the regularized solution converges to the exact one. We also compute the conditioned convergence rate.