Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Relationship between Degree of Self-compatibility and Floral Traits in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. (Liliaceae)

Lilium longiflorum is endemic to the islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago in Japan and to the eastern seacoasts and satellite islands of the mainland of Taiwan. The species is an important ornamental plant, and is cultivated throughout the world. Lilium longiflorum has long been regarded as a self-incompatible species but the existence of selfing in some natural populations was suggested by isozyme analysis in a previous study. To confirm the occurrence of self-compatible individuals and to clarify the evolutionary shift of floral traits associated with degree of self-compatibility in L. longiflorum by comparative analysis, we used 17 populations of L. longiflorum, and two populations of L. formosanum, the genetically closest species of L. longiflorum, covering the entire species distribution. Artificial self-pollination revealed that not all L. longiflorum individuals are self-incompatible and there is substantial quantitative variation of self-incompatibility among L. longiflorum individuals and populations. Self-compatible dominant populations allopatrically and independently evolved at the periphery of the species distribution area, the northern Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan. Increasing degree of self-compatibility in L. longiflorum correlated with reduced corolla length, corolla width, corolla volume, and anther length for the Ryukyu Archipelago, in contrast to only reduced corolla width and volume for Taiwan. Approach between anther and stigma was not observed in any populations. Our data indicate that in the Ryukyu Archipelago increasing degree of self-compatibility evolved floral traits related to mating system evolution, to selfing, that does not depend on adjacency between anther and stigma position, but not in Taiwan.
Effects of Potassium Sorbate Application on Shelf Life and Biogenic Amines of Pearl Mullet (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pallas, 1811) Fillets Packaged With Vacuum

Research was conducted to determine the effects of potassium sorbate applications (0, 1, 3, and 5% w/v) on the shelf life of pearl mullet (İnci Kefali; Chalcalburnus tarichi) fillets packaged with vacuum. Fillets kept at 4 ± 1°C were subjected to microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, molds, and yeasts) and chemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid—TBA, total volatile base nitrogen—TVB-N, water activity, and biogenic amines) analyses on certain days (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days) of storage. It was determined that potassium sorbate had effects on total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, mold-yeast counts, TVB-N values, phenylethylamine, putrescine, tryptamine, and pH of fillets at a significant (p < 0.01) degree. Retarded bacterial growth was observed as the antimicrobial effect increased with the degree of its concentrations. Storage time had significant (p < 0.01) effects on bacteria count, TBA, TVB-N values, and biogenic amines; all of which were increased by longer storage. It was concluded that application of potassium sorbate, especially at a 5% level, and vacuum packaging helps cold stored fillets maintain their biogenic amines and microbiological and chemical qualities longer.
Optimal Control of the Secondary Drying Stage of Freeze Drying of Solutions in Vials Using Variational Calculus

Abstract: The problem of operating freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials loaded on trays of freeze dryer to obtain a desired final bound water content in minimum time is formulated as an optimal control problem. Two different types of freeze dryer designs were considered. In the type I freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled together, while in the type II freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled independently. The heat input to the material being dried and the drying chamber pressure were considered as control variables. Only the scorch temperature was considered as a constraint on the system state variables during the secondary drying stage, because all the free water content (frozen water) is removed from the solid matrix during the primary drying stage of freeze drying. Necessary conditions of optimality for the secondary drying stage of freeze drying process in vials were derived and presented by using rigorous multidimensional unsteady-state mathematical models. The theoretical approach presented in this work was applied in the freeze drying of skim milk. Significant reductions in drying times of the secondary drying stage of the freeze drying process in vials were observed and more uniform bound water and temperature distributions in the material being dried were obtained compared to the conventional operational policies.
The Primary Structure and Carbohydrate Specificity of a β-Galactosyl-binding Lectin from Toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel) Ovary Reveal Closer Similarities to the Mammalian Galectin-1 than to the Galectin from the Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis*

The detailed characterization of a galectin from the toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel) ovary in its primary structure, carbohydrate specificity, and overall biochemical properties has provided novel information pertaining to structural and evolutionary aspects of the galectin family. The lectin consists of identical single-chain polypeptide subunits composed of 134 amino acids (calculated mass, 14,797 daltons), and its N-terminal residue, alanine, is N-acetylated. When compared to the sequences of known galectins, the B. arenarum galectin exhibited the highest identity (48% for the whole molecule and 77% for the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD)) with the bovine spleen galectin-1, but surprisingly less identity (38% for the whole molecule and 47% for the CRD) with a galectin from Xenopus laevis skin (Marschal, P., Herrmann, J., Leffler, H., Barondes, S. H., and Cooper, D. N. W. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12942-12949). Unlike the X. laevis galectin, the binding activity of the B. arenarum galectin for N-acetyllactosamine, the human blood group A tetrasaccharide and Galβ1,3GalNAc relative to lactose, was in agreement with that observed for the galectin-1 subgroup and those galectins having “conserved” (type I) CRDs (Ahmed, H., and Vasta, G. R. (1994) Glycobiology 4, 545-549). Moreover, the toad galectin shares three of the six cysteine residues that are conserved in all mammalian galectins-1, but not in the galectins from X. laevis, fish, and invertebrates described so far. Based on the homologies of the B. arenarum galectin with the bovine spleen galectin-1 and X. laevis skin galectin, it should be concluded that within the galectin family the correlation between conservation of primary structure and phylogenetic distances among the source species may not be a direct one as proposed elsewhere (Hirabayashi, J., and Kasai, K. (1993) Glycobiology 3, 297-304). Furthermore, galectins with conserved (type I) CRDs, represented by the B. arenarum ovary galectin, and those with “variable” (type II) CRDs, represented by the X. laevis 16-kDa galectin, clearly constitute distinct subgroups in the extant amphibian taxa and may have diverged early in the evolution of chordate lineages.
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR TRAUMATIC GRIEF

This article reviews the rationale for the development of diagnostic criteria for Traumatic Grief. Traumatic Grief is a new nosologic entity that a panel of experts recently proposed. It is a direct descendent of the concept of pathologic grief, and it has roots in attachment behavior, separation distress, and traumatic distress. We present consensus, diagnostic criteria for Traumatic Grief and discuss them in relation to another recently proposed set of criteria. In conclusion, we recommend the development of empirically tested, consensus, diagnostic criteria for Traumatic Grief. Diagnostic criteria would facilitate early detection and intervention for those bereaved persons afflicted by this disorder and lead to additional studies of the prevalence, the nature, and the treatment of the disorder.
Nitrogen fertilization rate affects feeding, larval performance, and oviposition preference of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, on cotton

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most critical chemical elements for plant and animal growth, exerting a variety of bottom‐up effects. Development and oviposition of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were studied in relation to varying N fertilization levels (42, 112, 196, and 280 p.p.m.) in cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae)]. Low N fertilization of cotton plants led to reduced plant biomass and a lower percentage of N in leaf blades and in leaf petioles. Development of S. exigua larvae fed with plants with reduced N applications (42 and 112 p.p.m.) was prolonged relative to treatments receiving higher N fertilization. Almost all larvae reared on artificial diets underwent only five instars before pupation. However, most larvae reared on cotton plants, irrespective of N levels, experienced a supernumerary sixth larval instar. Furthermore, significantly more larvae reared on lower N cotton plants underwent supernumerary development compared to larvae reared on higher N cotton plants. Life‐time feeding damage per larva ranged from 55 to 65 cm2, depending on the nutritional quality of the food plant, although the differences were not statistically significant. Larvae distinguished between cotton plants with various nutritional qualities and fed preferentially on higher N plants. Female moth oviposition choice was also affected by host plant nutritional quality: cotton plants with higher N levels were preferentially chosen by S. exigua females for oviposition. The mechanisms of these effects are unclear, but they can have important implications for population dynamics and pest status of beet armyworms in the field.
Incubation conditions as potential factors limiting the northern distribution of snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina

We incubated snapping turtle eggs at extreme levels of temperature and moisture to test the hypothesis that incubation conditions limit the species' range by affecting hatching success and posthatching survival and growth. We also tested for local adaptations to cold incubation conditions by comparing the responses of embryos and hatchlings from a population near the northern limit of the species' range with those from a population farther south. Eggs of 20 clutches from two Ontario populations were incubated at 21.1 or 25.3 °C at one of three substrate moisture levels (−150, −300, −800 kPa), and hatchling survival and growth were monitored in the laboratory for 23 months. Hatching success, hatchling survival, and posthatching growth were lowest among turtles from eggs incubated at 21.1 °C. They were also uncoordinated and had poor control of their buoyancy. Hatching success was reduced in the drier substrates, but posthatching survival and growth were not affected by substrate moisture. Embryo and hatchl.
Influence of culture conditions on exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain C83

The influence of culture conditions on growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain C83 was investigated using fermentor batch cultures. A temperature shift (from 37 to 25 °C) at the beginning of the exponential growth phase (0–5 h) enhanced EPS production. Furthermore, an optimal environmental pH of 6·2–7·2 improved the performance of strain C83 and partially anaerobic culture conditions (pO2 from 0 to 10%) triggered EPS over‐production by the cells. The sugar composition of this polymer was independent of culture conditions, such as carbon source, medium composition, temperature, pH, pO2 and growth phases. In all cases, galactose and glucose were the principal components.
Heterogeneous Growth of Marginal Teeth in the Black Iguana Ctenosaura Similis (Squamata: Iguania)

Abstract Marginal teeth of iguanine lizards have been studied to some extent, but some aspects of tooth growth remain poorly known. Growth of marginal teeth in Ctenosaura similis is described based on examination of 22 dry skulls. The number of premaxillary teeth remains constant; the number of maxillary and mandibular teeth increases allometrically; and there is no correlation between number of pterygoid teeth and size. Ontogenetic changes in tooth morphology probably are related to ontogenetic shifts in diet. Larger individuals have large fanglike anterior marginal teeth, which might represent an adaptation for consumption of fleshy plant material and occasional carnivory. Other genera of iguanine lizards are primarily herbivorous throughout life; thus, carnivory and the related ontogenetic changes in tooth morphology are derived features within the iguanine clade.
Change in the starch granules of tuber parts of "Kangba" and "Krenglè" (Dioscorea cayenenesis-rotundata complex) during post-harvest storage.

The aim of the study was to monitor variations of starch granules in two varieties of yam tuber parts during post-harvest storage. The morphological properties of yam part starches isolated from two cultivars ("Kangba" and "Krengle") belonging to Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata complex species were evaluated. The shapes of starch granules from yam tuber parts of each cultivar were similar and these shapes were the same from one cultivar to another. They appeared polyhedral, ovo-triangular, oval and some oblong. As for the granulesf size, it appeared significant (P.0.05) and ranging from 5.8 ƒEm to 61.8 ƒEm in the proximal tuber parts and 5.4 ƒEm to 53.8 ƒEm in distal tuber parts during the post-harvest storage. The proximal tuber parts had the highest size of granules (O = 26.8-36.6 ƒEm). Moreover, the different tuber parts of "Kangba" cultivar presented the highest size of starch granules (O = 27.5-36.3 ƒEm).
Study on Occurrence Characteristics of Sessile Animals and Classification of Eutrophic Level in Dokai Bay.

Quantitative sampling of sessile animals and monitoring of water quality in Dokai Bay, northern Kyushu, Japan, were carried out from 1991 to '92 for four times to evaluate the water condition in the bay, Kitakyushu heavy and chemical industry area.In this study, seventy four species of sessile animals ware collected, which include Mytilus galloprovincialis, Limnoperna fortunei, Crassostrea gigas, Mytilopsis sallei, Balanus amphitrite, Balanus trigonus, Balanus eburneus, Ciona intestinalis, and Styela plicata. These nine reprentative species in the bay showed characteristic distribution and seasonal occurrence patterns. We noted eight immigrated species of sessile animals including an ascidian Polyandrocarpa zorritensis recorded first in Japanese coastal water.Eutrophic level of water in Dokai Bay was classified according to the occurrence of the sessile animals in the bay. Water conditions of the inner most and central parts of the bay were classified as hyper eutrophic level, and those of the bay mouth were at intemediate one between hyper eutrophic and eutrophic levels. We suggest that six dominant species, including a mussel M. galloprovincialis, are useful as biological indicator organisms of hyper eutrophic level of coastal water.
The anatomy of the head and mouth‐parts of Orthoptera and Euplexoptera

Introduction. Material and methods. 253 Observations. 253 A. Fixed parts of the head. 253 B. Movable parts of t he head . 264 Summary . 284
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the harbour porpoise, (Phocoena phocoena), subpopulations in North American waters

Le marsouin commun, Phocoena phocoena, subit une forte exploitation dans les prises accessoires des peches commerciales de l'Amerique du Nord. Pour aborder efficacement ce probleme, il est indispensable d'avoir de l'information sur la structure de la population. Nous avons analyse l'ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt) de 204 marsouins communs des eaux de l'Amerique du Nord, pour evaluer avant tout la structure de la population et la diversite genetique. Neuf enzymes de restriction ont servi a examiner en moyenne 588 paires de bases (soit 3,6%) de la taille estimee de l'ADNmt du marsouin commun (16 346 ± 524 (ET) paires de bases). L'analyse de la distribution de frequence des haplotypes confirme une hypothese anterieure sur l'existence de sous-populations dans l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest, et permet de penser que les femelles sont plus philopatriques que les mâles. La forte diversite des estimations indique que la sous-population de l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest n'est pas gravement affaiblie sur le plan de la variation genetique. Notre etude a aussi montre que les populations du Pacifique Nord-Est et de l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest de differents lignages ont des haplotypes fixes, dont la divergence moyenne est estimee a 2,3%. D'apres les taux signales d'evolution de l'ADNmt, soit 0,5-2,0%/million d'annees, l'ampleur de cette divergence dans les estimations ne concorde pas avec l'hypothese selon laquelle la divergence des marsouins du Pacifique Nord-Est et de l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest daterait seulement du Pleistocene. Certaines suggestions recentes sur la separation des sous-especes de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique sont aussi etayees.
Echolocation Calls of Bats from Madeira Island: Acoustic Characterization and Implications for Surveys

Acoustic surveys represent a powerful tool to assess bat distribution and habitat preferences and are widely applicable to monitoring and conservation schemes. However, their correct application requires the development of robust and reliable identification procedures. Little information is available on the bats of Madeira Island (Portugal), particularly their ecological requirements, distribution and population trends, and proper guidelines for their monitoring and conservation have yet to be defined. In this study, we present the first analysis of echolocation calls from species occurring on the island to provide a tool for bat identification during acoustic surveys. Seven hundred and ninety one time-expanded recordings of search phase echolocation calls in cluttered and uncluttered habitats of the Macaronesia endemic pipistrelle Pipistrellus maderensis, Madeira Leisler's bat Nyctalus leisleri verrucosus and grey long-eared bat Plecotus austriacus were analysed and an acoustic repertoire with their temporal and spectral features is described. Pipistrellus maderensis was easily identified based only on peak frequency while Plecotus austriacus and N. leisleri verrucosus showed frequency overlap in cluttered backgrounds. Discriminant function analysis was applied to calls of Plecotus austriacus and N. l. verrucosus resulting in a correct overall classification of 96.7% of calls, with a function based on start frequency, end frequency, duration and interpulse interval. This work provides the first description of Pipistrellus maderensis and N. l. verrucosus echolocation calls and offers a basis for future bat surveys in order to encourage the development of locally customized conservation strategies.
EFFECT OF ROW WIDTH AND POPULATION ON SOYBEAN YIELD IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO

The effect of seeding rate (seeds per hectare) and row width (distance between rows) was examined for various adapted soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) cultivars in southwestern Ontario. Maple Arrow, Harosoy 63 and Harcor cultivars were grown in 18-, 35-, 53-, 71-, and 89-cm row widths seeded at 198 000, 395 000, and 593 000 seeds/ha during 1978 and 1979. The greatest yields were associated with the two narrowest row widths and the two highest seeding rates. Plant height, lodging, and bottom pod height varied mainly with seeding rate and cultivar. In another 2-yr study (1980 and 1981) Maple Arrow, Evans, S1346, Hodgson, A2575, and Harcor were grown at four row widths (18, 35, 53, and 71 cm) and two seeding rates (395 000 and 593 000 seeds/ha). A significant cultivar × row width interaction for yield occurred with Maple Arrow and Harcor showing the greatest yield response. Although a small seeding rate × cultivar interaction occurred, generally, seeding rates between 395 000 and 593 000 seeds/ha were adequa.
Life History Characteristics of the Wood River Sculpin, Cottus leiopomus (Cottidae), in Idaho

Abstract The Wood River Sculpin, Cottus leiopomus, is endemic to the Wood River basin in Idaho and is a nongame species of concern because of its limited distribution, but the status and biological characteristics of this species were previously unknown. We collected 716 C. leiopomus from ten populations across the Wood River basin from streams with a variety of physiochemical conditions to estimate length and age at sexual maturity and other demographic characteristics. Most C. leiopomus were estimated to be age-1 (16%), age-2 (33%), age-3 (30%), and age-4 (12%); the oldest was estimated to be eight years old. Estimated total annual survival rate was consistent across all study sites, averaging 66% and ranging from 56 to 70%. Survival was positively correlated with mean stream width and negatively correlated with stream gradient, although sample sizes for these comparisons were small and we are cautious in asserting a causative effect. Sculpin reached 60 mm total length by age-2 and reached 100 mm at around age-4; the largest C. leiopomus captured was 121 mm. Sex ratio was near 50:50 for most populations and averaged 51% female across all populations. Fecundity ranged from 38 to 314 eggs and formed a linear relationship with fish length (r2 = 0.67). At the two sites where sampling occurred in the spring and maturity could be more definitively determined, almost all C. leiopomus age-3 and older were mature, regardless of gender. No age-1 fish were mature, and no age-2 males were mature, but 83% of age-2 females were mature. We estimated that females transitioned from immature to mature at about 55 mm and males at about 60 mm. These results are the first published data on the life history characteristics of C. leiopomus and provide useful information for the management and preservation of this species.
Mainstreaming community based rehabilitation in primary health care in Bosnia‐Herzegovina

There are over 600 million disabled people and over 20% of the world population is impacted by disability. However, the strategies for including disabled people in the process of reform of developing countries have been rarely considered. The paucity of research is striking. Mainstreaming Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) in Bosnia‐Herzegovina is one example where the needs of disabled people were a development priority and research was conducted to evaluate this experience. The research demonstrated that unlike the pre‐war environment, disabled people are increasingly active members of the community. The significance is that the needs of disabled people were ‘targeted’ and CBR was ‘mainstreamed’ in the primary health care system creating opportunities for sustained development. CBR is contributing to the citizenship of disabled people. This partnership project set the stage for the continued development of disability policies. These are important lessons.
Electoral malpractice

tion websites incorporating a variety of campaign media (e.g. YouChoose) and the candidates’ own websites. Together, it is argued that they created ‘unparalleled opportunities for interaction and information acquisition’, helping to make 2008 a ‘watershed year’ (p. 3). Indeed, Marcela Garcia-Castanon et al. use some interesting statistical evidence to support their claim that the ‘Internet as a source of political information is statistically significant and positively related to political participation’ (p. 219), allowing numerous opportunities for voters to participate, express ideas and acquire information. However, as they concede, much more work needs to be done on understanding the role the ‘Internet plays in the mobilization and engagement of voters’ (p. 225). This is a valuable collection of essays offering some interesting insights into a tremendously important election. Many of the authors concede that much more work needs to be done on presidential elections in the USA, an admission that makes this text all the more worthwhile.