Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Working memory training in young children with ADHD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Until now, working memory training has not reached sufficient evidence as effective treatment for ADHD core symptoms in children with ADHD; for young children with ADHD, no studies are available. To this end, a triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was designed to assess the efficacy of Cogmed Working Memory Training (CWMT) in young children with ADHD. METHODS Fifty-one children (5-7 years) with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD (without current psychotropic medication) were randomly assigned to the active (adaptive) or placebo (nonadaptive) training condition for 25 sessions during 5 weeks. The compliance criterion (>20 sessions) was met for 47 children. The primary outcome measure concerned the core behavioural symptoms of ADHD, measured with the ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS). Secondary outcome measures were neurocognitive functioning, daily executive functioning, and global clinical functioning. The influence of the increase in difficulty level (Index-Improvement) for the treatment group was also analysed. Clinical trial registration information - 'Working Memory Training in Young ADHD Children'; www.clinicaltrials. gov; NCT00819611. RESULTS A significant improvement in favour of the active condition was found on a verbal working memory task (p = .041; adapted Digit Span WISC-III, backward condition). However, it did not survive correction for multiple testing. No significant treatment effect on any of the primary or other secondary outcome measurements was found. The Index-Improvement significantly contributed to ADHD-RS and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, both rated by the teacher, but revealed no significant group difference. CONCLUSIONS This study failed to find robust evidence for benefits of CMWT over the placebo training on behavioural symptoms, neurocognitive, daily executive, and global clinical functioning in young children with ADHD.
Transition process from nucleation to high-speed rupture propagation: scaling from stick-slip experiments to natural earthquakes

SUMMARY The process of earthquake generation is governed by a coupled non-linear system consisting of the equation of motion in elastodynamics and a fault constitutive relation. On the basis of the results of stick-slip experiments we constructed a theoretical source model with a slip-dependent constitutive law. Using the theoretical source model, we simulated the transition process numerically from quasi-static nucleation to high-speed rupture propagation and succeeded in quantitatively explaining the three phases observed in stick-slip experiments, that is very slow (1 cm s’1) quasi-static nucleation preceding the onset of dynamic rupture, dynamic but slow (10 m s’1) rupture growth without seismic-wave radiation, and subsequent high-speed (2 km s’1) rupture propagation. Theoretical computation of far-field waveforms with this model shows that a slow initial phase preceding the main P phase expected from a classical source model is radiated in the accelerating stage from the slow dynamic rupture growth to the high-speed rupture propagation. On the assumption that the physical law governing rupture processes in natural earthquakes is essentially the same as that in stick-slip events, we scaled the theoretical source model explaining the stick-slip experiments to the case of natural earthquakes so that the scaled source model explains the observed average stress drop, the critical nucleation-zone size, and the duration of the slow initial phase well. The physical parameters prescribing the source model are the weakzone size L , the critical weakening displacement D9 c , the breakdown strength drop t: b , and the rigidity m of the surrounding elastic medium. In scaling these parameters, we held a non-dimensional controlling parameter mae=( mD9 c )/(t b L ) in numerical simulation constant. From the results of scaling we found the following fundamental relations between the source parameters: (1) the critical weakening displacement D9 c is in proportion to the weak-zone size L , but (2) the breakdown strength drop t b is independent of L .
Contemporary College Students’ Reflections of their High School Peer Crowds

High school peer crowds are fundamental components of adolescent development with influences on short-and long-term life trajectories. This study provides the perspectives of contemporary college students regarding their recent high school social landscapes, contributing to current research and theory on the social contexts of high school. This study also highlights the experiences of college-bound students who represent a growing segment of the adolescent population. 61 undergraduates attending universities in two states participated in 10 focus groups to reflect on their experiences with high school peer crowds during the late 2010s. Similar to seminal research on peer crowds, we examined crowds and individuals along several focal domains: popularity, extracurricular involvement, academic orientation, fringe media, illicit risk taking, and race-ethnicity. We find that names and characteristics of crowds reflect the current demographic and cultural moment (i.e., growing importance of having a college education, racial-ethnic diversity) and identify peer crowds that appear to be particularly salient for college-bound youth. Overall, this study illuminates how the retrospective accounts of college-bound students offer insight into high school social hierarchies during a time of rapid social change. study extends the literature on adolescent social contexts by providing insights from a diverse set of college students on their recent high school peer crowd landscapes. The in the of and the centrality of a to in highlight the importance of these perspectives. Our findings reveal commonality and difference in relation to seminal crowd research in terms of conventional, counterculture, and racial-ethnic crowds as well as individuals who are apart from or float across them. We group our discussion around three themes: (a) crowds identified in our study that seem especially salient to college-bound students (Good-Ats, Fine Arts), (b) other conventional and counterculture crowds, as seen through the lens of college students, and (c) the importance of in-group and out-group perspectives in discussing race-ethnicity.
Influence of Acid Blockade on the Aerodigestive Tract Microbiome in Children With Cystic Fibrosis yRacha

Copyright © ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. All ri Received June 19, 2020; accepted November 5, 2020. From the Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, the yDepartment of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, the zMucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, the §Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, the jjDepartment of Infectious Diseases, the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, and the #Department of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Racha T. Khalaf, 2 Tampa General Circle, 5th Floor, STC 5016, Tampa, FL 33606 (e-mail: khalafr@usf.edu). Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTM (www.jpgn.org). This work was supported (#Khalaf17B0, 2017– Research Award, (FIL Health Training Grant NCATS Colorado CTS
Transcriptional burst initiation and polymerase pause release are key control points of transcriptional regulation

Transcriptional regulation occurs via changes to the rates of various biochemical processes. Sequencing-based approaches that average together many cells have suggested that polymerase binding and polymerase release from promoter-proximal pausing are two key regulated steps in the transcriptional process. However, single cell studies have revealed that transcription occurs in short, discontinuous bursts, suggesting that transcriptional burst initiation and termination might also be regulated steps. Here, we develop and apply a quantitative framework to connect changes in both Pol II ChIP-seq and single cell transcriptional measurements to changes in the rates of specific steps of transcription. Using a number of global and targeted transcriptional regulatory perturbations, we show that burst initiation rate is indeed a key regulated step, demonstrating that transcriptional activity can be frequency modulated. Polymerase pause release is a second key regulated step, but the rate of polymerase binding is not changed by any of the biological perturbations we examined. Our results establish an important role for transcriptional burst regulation in the control of gene expression.
Identifying Risk Factors for Hamstring and Groin Injuries in Sport: A Daunting Task

1. Emery CA, Hagel B, Decloe M, et al. Risk factors for injury and severe injury in youth ice hockey: a systematic review of the literature. Inj Prev. 2010;16:113–118. 2. Gennarelli TA. Animate models of human head injury. J Neurotrauma. 1994;11: 357–368. 3. Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP, Shankar V, et al. Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: relationship between head impact biomechanics and acute clinical outcome after concussion. Neurosurgery. 2007; 61:1244–1253.
NADPH Oxidase-2 and Atherothrombosis Insight From Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Atherothrombosis encompasses a sequence of events whose hallmarks are atherosclerotic plaque formation and the ensuing thrombotic complications at sites of plaque rupture or erosion. Key steps in the atherosclerosis process include accumulation and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the artery wall and perpetuation of the inflammatory process via infiltration of monocyte–macrophages, which become foam cells on uptake of oxidized LDL. The atherosclerosis process eventually can result in rupture or erosion of the arterial wall with subsequent platelet aggregation locally and thrombus formation, known as atherothrombosis, resulting in occlusion of blood flow and downstream cellular damage. ROS are implicated in the process of atherothrombosis with other mechanisms including arterial dysfunction via NO inactivation or NO synthase inhibition and platelet activation via overexpression of platelet eicosanoids and platelet NO inhibition. Among the enzymatic pathways involved in ROS formation, NADPH oxidase (Nox) is among the most important cellular producers of ROS. The Nox family includes several isoforms including the phagocytic Nox2, which is a key component of the innate immune system because it greatly contributes to bacterial killing. Nox2 is a transmembrane protein whose gp91 and gp22 subunits form a membrane-bound heterodimeric flavocytochrome b558, which acts as a catalytic core. Nox2 was originally identified in phagocytes, but subsequent studies demonstrated that it is also expressed in endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, and platelets. Activation of Nox2 requires translocation of cytosolic subunits, namely, p47, p67, p40, and Rac1 to the membrane flavocytochrome b558 complex comprising gp91 and p22. Once assembled, Nox2 activation results in electron reduction of oxygen to superoxide anion O . 2 ), which rapidly dismutes to hydrogen peroxide and then is converted by neutrophil myeloperoxidase to hypochorous acid (bleach) and then to chlorine. These products are all potent antimicrobial agents. In other cells, ROS exert different activities. For example, O . 2 , with a rapid reaction, can inactivate NO thereby impairing its vasodilating property, and hydrogen peroxide reportedly possesses vasodilating and platelet-aggregating properties. Patients with the clinical syndrome resulting from loss of function of Nox2, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), have increased propensity to infection with certain bacteria. CGD is caused by mutations in any of the 4 genes encoding subunits for superoxide anion generation. Approximately 60% CGD patients have hereditary deficiency of the Nox2 subunit glycoprotein gp91 (X-linked CGD), ≈30% have autosomal recessive hereditary deficiency of the Nox2 subunit p47, and most of the remainder of patients have autosomal
Effects of mesoscale processes on phytoplankton chlorophyll off Baja California

[1] Using satellite sea surface height (SSH) and chlorophyll (CHL), the year 2000 is analyzed to characterize the effects of mesoscale circulation patterns on phytoplankton spatial variability in the California Current (CC) off Baja California. Satellite data are combined with and compared to in situ field measurements (chlorophyll-a and hydrographic variables) along vertical alongshore sections located ∼130 km offshore between ∼24.5° −33°N. Monthly average maps of SSH and surface geostrophic velocities depict the characteristics of mesoscale meanders and eddies, which correspond well with the subsurface hydrographic and velocity fields. Satellite-derived pigment (CHL) represent in situ fields in the upper 0–20 m (overall r = 0.53; p < 0.05), but their representation of peak values in Deep Chlorophyll Maxima (DCM) at ∼50 m depth are inaccurate. DCM are traced in all three seasons (January–July), descending from near the surface (north of 31°N) to 50 m over a large extent of the transect to the south, approximately following the 24.7–25.1 isopycnals as they and the isotherms deepen to the south. In January, phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations in the DCM are relatively uniform, originating during upwelling events that occur farther north, then following the equatorward flow of the CC. During April and July, the discrete maxima in the DCM occur at the centers of cyclonic meanders and the chlorophyll concentrations inside these maxima are enhanced as a result of local coastal upwelling off Baja California. Phytoplankton blooms created by coastal upwelling spread offshore and subduct along the 24.7–25.1 isopycnals, creating the DCM along the inner part of the meandering jet.
Response of sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) riverine roosting habitat to changes in stage and sandbar morphology

Over the past century, flow regulation and vegetation encroachment have reduced active channel widths along the central Platte River, Nebraska. During the last two decades, an annual program of in‐channel vegetation management has been implemented to stabilize or expand active channel widths. Vegetation management practices are intended to enhance riverine habitats which include nocturnal roosting habitat for sandhill cranes. Evaluating the success of other management treatments such as streamflow modification requires an understanding of how flow shapes the sandbars in the river and how sandbar morphology interacts with flow to create crane habitat. These linkages were investigated along a 1‐km managed river reach by comparing the spatial pattern of riverine roosts and emergent sandbars identified with aerial infrared imagery to variables computed with a two‐dimensional hydraulic model. Nocturnal observations made multiple years showed that the area and patterns of riverine roosts and emergent sandbars and the densities of cranes within roosts changed with stage. Despite sandbar vegetation management, low flows were concentrated into incised channels rather than spread out over broad sandbars. The flow model was used to compute hydraulic variables for identical streamflows through two sandbar morphologies; one following a period of relatively high flow and the other following the low‐flow period. Compared with the simulation using the morphology from the antecedent high flow, the simulation using the morphology from the antecedent low flow produced a smaller quantity of available wetted area. These remote‐sensing observations and hydraulic simulations illustrate the importance of considering flow history when designing streamflows to manage in‐channel habitat for cranes. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-linear response of coupled soil-pile-structure system under sinusoidal excitations with various frequencies

The non-linear response of coupled soil-pile-structure systems to seismic loading is parametrically studied in the frequency domain using two-dimensional (2D) finite elements (FE). The soil-pile interaction in three dimensions (3D) is idealized in the 2D type using soil-pile interaction springs with non-linear hysteretic load displacement relationships. The system under investigation comprises of a single degree of freedom structure supported by an end-bearing single pile founded in a homogenous sand layer over rigid rock. Comparisons with established results from the literature suggest that the adopted FE model reasonably captures the essential features of the seismic response of the coupled soil-pile-structure system. Numerical results demonstrate the strong influence on the effective natural period of the foundation properties. The effect of non-linear soil behavior and soil profile as well as the frequency content of excitation on both kinematic and inertial interactions is illustrated. The relative contributions of kinematic and inertial interaction to the development of dynamic pile bending are clarified.
Community-based Organizations and Neighbourhood Environmental Problem Solving: A Framework for Adoption of Information Technologies

Community-based organizations (CBOs) today seek improved capacity to address environmental problems in urban neighbourhoods. Many seek access to information technologies such as the Internet and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to expand information about their neighbourhood's environmental quality to support their planning and service efforts. Experience with the Internet has been bolstered somewhat by programmesto create community networks. This experience and experience with GIS in planning at the municipal and state levels reveals a set of technical, organizational and personal prerequisites that bolster successful and effective adoption of information technologies. This paper reviews these prerequisites as they pertain to CBOs and makes recommendations for transactions that could enhance CBO adoption of the Internet and GIS to address environmental problems in urban neighbourhoods. The paper concludes that a constellation of prerequisite conditions, most predominantly data availability problems, staff skill acquisition and staff retention problems, offer the greatest challenges for CBOs seeking to adopt information technologies to manage environmental problems more effectively.
Ichnofacies: a mixture of taphofacies and biofacies

The environmental significance of individual ichnofacies has become a point of debate, and the Scoyenia ichnofacies is not clearly defined. Removal of the marine/non-marine boundary from ichnofacies definitions, as well as the bathymetry control, would render the Scoyenia ichnofacies unnecessary and would consolidate the definitions of the remaining ichnofacies. The constitution of the remainder is far from uniform. In some, the characteristic features are influenced by taphonomic bias more than by ecological factors, and thus these ichnofacies are in effect taphofacies (Skolithos, Cruziana and, especially, Zoophycos and Nereites). Others, on the other hand, have a primarily ecological definition and function as biofacies (Glossifungites, Trypanites, Teredolites and Psilonichnus), taphonomic bias playing a relatively minor role. Opportunistic occurrences of Skolithos in storm deposits do not fall within the Skolithos ichnofacies sensu stricto, and may be regarded as a separate Arenicolites ichnofacies, having an ecological character. □Trace fossils, ichnofacies, salinity.
Ecosystem respiration, vegetation development and soil nitrogen in relation to breeding density of seagulls on a pristine volcanic island, Surtsey, Iceland

Abstract Since its birth in 1963 by volcanic eruption in the North Atlantic Ocean oﬀ Iceland,Surtsey has been a unique natural laboratory on how organisms colonize volcanicislands and form ecosystems with contrasting structure and function. In July, 2004, 5 ecosystem respiration rate, soil properties and surface cover of vascular plants weremeasured on 21 plots distributed among the main plant communities found 40 yearsafter the primary succession started. The plots could be divided into two groups, insideand outside seagull ( Larus sp.) colonies found on the island. Vegetation cover of theplots was strongly related to the density of seagull nests within and around them. The 10 occurrence of seagull nests and increased vegetation also coincided with signiﬁcantincrease in ecosystem respiration, soil carbon and nitrogen, and with signiﬁcantly lowersoil pH and soil temperatures. The ecosystem respiration was high inside the gullcolonies, similar to the highest ﬂuxes measured in drained wetlands or agriculturalﬁelds in Iceland. The most important factor for vegetation succession and ecosystem
The advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) on the meteorological operational (MetOp) platform: A follow on for European wind scatterometers

The scatterometers on board the European remote sensing (ERS) satellites have proven their usefulness for weather analyses and forecasting, and operational programmes are being developed to provide routine scatterometer observations. The advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) on board the meteorological operational (MetOp) platforms is the follow on for European scatterometers. This paper describes the ASCAT system and its capabilities, including the instrument, calibration, ground processing, and products, and reviews the science associated with scatterometer measurements.
Compaction of basin sediments: Modeling based on time‐temperature history

Porosity decrease of sandstones, carbonates, and shales during burial is modeled here in terms of time-temperature exposure rather than in terms of depth. Loss of porosity (ϕ) in the subsurface is represented by a power function, ϕ = A(M)B, where A and B are constants and M is a measure of integrated time-temperature history. Regression lines of carbonate and sandstone porosity upon Lopatin's time-temperature index of thermal maturity (TTI) generally fall within a rather narrow envelope whose axis is approximated by ϕ = 30(TTI)−0.33. This equation is useful for regional modeling of carbonate and sandstone compaction. Dependence of porosity upon integrated time-temperature history implies that basin sediments are not in equilibrium but compact through geologic time. Calculations show that subsidence resulting from the loss of porosity with increasing time-temperature exposure (as opposed to deeper burial) can produce a second-stage, passively formed basin containing many hundreds of meters of sediments.
A millennial-scale reconstruction of spruce budworm abundance in Saguenay, Quéebec, Canada

A high-resolution macrofossil analysis was conducted to reconstruct spruce budworm abundance in an 8600-year-old mire in Saguenay, Québec, Canada. Abundant spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) faeces recovered in the peat profile suggested endemic and epidemic presence of the insect in the study site since 8240 cal. BP. Important variations in the abundance of faeces were observed, and two exceptional periods of insect activity were delineated, from 6815 to 6480 cal. BP and during the twentieth century. Lepidoptera head capsules were also found in the Lac des Îlets peat profile. They were less abundant and more altered than spruce budworm faeces, but they offered complementary information on insect activity. The long-term perspective achieved with this macrofossil analysis strongly suggests that intense periods of spruce budworm activity were rare events during the Holocene.