Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theory of Rectified Diffusion of Mass into Gas Bubbles

The problem considered is the behavior of a gas bubble in a liquid saturated with dissolved gas when oscillating pressures are imposed on the system. This situation is encountered in experiments on cavitation and in the propagation of sonic and ultrasonic waves in liquids. Since gas diffuses into the bubble during the expansion half-cycle in which the pressure drops below its mean value, and diffuses out of the bubble during the compression half-cycle in which the pressure rises above its mean value, there is no net transfer of mass into or out of the bubble in first order. There is, however, in second order a net inflow of gas into the bubble which is called rectified diffusion. The equations which determine the system include the equation of state of the gas in the bubble, the equation of motion for the bubble boundary in the liquid, and the equation for the diffusion of dissolved gas in the liquid. In the solution presented here, the acoustic approximation is made; that is, the amplitude of the pressure oscillation is taken to be small. It is also assumed that the gas in the bubble remains isothermal throughout the oscillations; this assumption is valid provided the oscillation frequency is not too high. Under these conditions one finds for the mean rate of gas flow into the bubble the expression (dm/dt) = (8π/3)D C_∞ R_0 (ΔP/P_0)^2 where D is the diffusivity of the dissolved gas in the liquid, C_∞ is the equilibrium dissolved gas concentration for the mean ambient pressure P_0, R_0 is the mean radius of the bubble, and ΔP is the amplitude of the acoustic pressure oscillations. It may be remarked that the most important contribution to the rectification effect comes from the convection contribution to the diffusion process.
Spectral anisotropy of solar wind turbulence in the inertial range and dissipation range

Wavelet analysis is a tool that can simultaneously analyze spacecraft data in both time and frequency. This enables the magnetic energy spectrum (trace spectrum) to be measured for different angles between the local mean magnetic field B0 and the direction of the mean flow within a single data set. Examples obtained around solar minimum using Ulysses data at high latitudes and Stereo data for high‐speed streams in the ecliptic plane show that the spectral exponent in the inertial range varies nearly monotonically from approximately 1.6 when B0 is perpendicular to the flow to 2.0 when B0 is parallel to the flow, roughly consistent with anisotropic theories of incompressible MHD turbulence. This and other new information about the 3D wavector spectrum of solar wind fluctuations in the inertial range and the dissipation range are briefly discussed.
Higher-order moments and overlaps of Cartesian beams

We introduce a closed-form expression for the overlap between two different Cartesian beams. In the course of obtaining this expression, we establish a linear relation between the overlap of circular beams with azimuthal symmetry and the overlap of Cartesian beams such that the knowledge of the former allows the latter to be calculated very easily. Our formalism can be easily applied to calculate relevant beam parameters such as the normalization constants, the M2 factors, the kurtosis parameters, the expansion coefficients of Cartesian beams, and therefore of all their relevant special cases, including the standard, elegant, and generalized Hermite–Gaussian beams, cosh-Gaussian beams, Lorentz beams, and Airy beams, among others.
Charge redistribution in piezoelectric energy harvesters

Piezoelectric energy harvesting cantilevers provide a simple, compact low cost construction method for energy harvesting from vibrational sources. Beam theory predicts a linear distribution of strain along the length of the beam, but the conversion of this strain to electrical energy is dependent on the coverage of the beam with active material. In this paper, we demonstrate how re-distribution of charge within the piezoelectric leads to losses that can be as high as 25% of the potential generated power. Reducing the area coverage of the piezoelectric is shown to significantly improve cantilever power output, with the optimum coverage being 2/3.
Comments on "Comparative Analysis of Acceleration Techniques for 2-D and 3-D Green's Functions in Periodic Structures Along One and Two Directions"

The paper by Valerio et al. (2007), contains a lot of useful information on the problem of efficient calculation of the periodic Green's function. However, making their review of the existing methods, the authors have missed one approach, which, in our opinion, deserves attention as well. That approach was originally proposed by Ivanishin (2002) for calculating the Green's function of a rectangular waveguide. Later, it was generalized and successfully applied in (Skobelev and Mukhamedov, 1993) and (Skobelev, 2002) for solving 2D and 3D problems associated with analysis of 1D- and 2D-periodic arrays, respectively.
Forecasting Energy Consumption of a Public Building Using Transformer and Support Vector Regression

Most of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) models currently used in energy forecasting are traditional and deterministic. Recently, a novel deep learning paradigm, called ‘transformer’, has been developed, which adopts the mechanism of self-attention. Transformers are designed to better process and predict sequential data sets (i.e., historical time records) as well as to track any relationship in the sequential data. So far, a few transformer-based applications have been established, but no industry-scale application exists to build energy forecasts. Accordingly, this study is the world’s first to establish a transformer-based model to estimate the energy consumption of a real-scale university library and benchmark with a baseline model (Support Vector Regression) SVR. With a large dataset from 1 September 2017 to 13 November 2021 with 30 min granularity, the results using four historical electricity readings to estimate one future reading demonstrate that the SVR (an R2 of 0.92) presents superior performance than the transformer-based model (an R2 of 0.82). Across the sensitivity analysis, the SVR model is more sensitive to the input close to the output. These findings provide new insights into the research area of energy forecasting in either a specific building or a building cluster in a city. The influences of the number of inputs and outputs related to the transformer-based model will be investigated in the future.
Bifurcation and Chaos of a Nonlinear Discrete-Time Predator-Prey Model Involving the Nonlinear Allee Effect

The complex dynamics of a nonlinear discretized predator-prey model with the nonlinear Allee effect in prey and both populations are investigated. First, the rigorous results are derived from the existence and stability of the fixed points of the model. Second, we establish a model with the Allee effect in prey undergoing codimension-one bifurcations (flip bifurcation and Neimark–Sacker bifurcation) and codimension-two bifurcation associated with 1 : 2 strong resonance by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory, and the direction of bifurcations is also evaluated. In particular, chaos in the sense of Marotto is proved at some certain conditions. Third, numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results and other complex dynamical behaviors, such as the period-3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 30, and 43 orbits, attracting invariant cycles, coexisting chaotic sets, and so forth. Of most interest is the finding of coexisting attractors and multistability. Moreover, a moderate Allee effect in predators can stabilize the dynamical behavior. Finally, the hybrid feedback control strategy is implemented to stabilize chaotic orbits existing in the model.
On the validity of the Navier-Stokes equations for nanoscale liquid flows: The role of channel size

In this work, we investigate the validity of the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations for nanoscale liquid flows through molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on the role of channel size by considering the fluid-wall interaction. Liquid flows between two planar parallel walls driven by an external force with channel size ranging from 2 to 80 nm are studied. The volumetric flux is computed and the dependence of the volumetric flux on the channel size is explained both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is found that the flow is sensitive to the fluid-wall binding energy and the classical fluid mechanics falls apart in small nanochannels. However, the wall effects become insignificant and the NS equations are valid when the channel size is larger than about 150 molecular diameters (∼ 50 nm).
CDW theory of ionization by ion impact with a Hartree-Fock-Slater description of the target

We have carried out a generalization of the continuum-distorted-wave (CDW) model for single ionization of atoms by ion impact where the interaction of the active electron with the target is represented by a model potential. We apply this model to the ionization of He by proton and highly charged bare-ion impact. Doubly differential cross sections are calculated and compared with the available experimental data at high impact energy. Very good agreement is obtained for emission in the forward direction.
Effects of ethanol pretreatment on drying kinetics and quality attributes of scallop adductors during heat pump drying

Abstract Scallop adductors were pretreated with different ethanol concentration, viz., 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% (coded as CK, E-25, E-50, E-75, and E-100, respectively) to enhance drying efficiency and quality of heat pump dried products. The drying time of scallop adductors was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 13.3% for E-100 in comparison to CK at the end of drying process. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that the immobilized water (T 22) was the predominant water status in scallop adductors. With drying proceeding, T 22 decreased by more than 60% from initial values in all samples and tended to convert to bound water and/or free water. The Weibull model and Dincer model were well fitted to describe the drying behavior of scallop adductors with high R 2 and low RMSE values. The effective moisture diffusivity calculated by Fick’s diffusion model, Weibull model, and Dincer model ranged 9.345 − 9.948 × 10−11, 2.453–2.670 × 10−9, and 9.68–11.45 × 10−9m2 s−1, respectively. The total color difference, shrinkage rate and hardness of dried samples with suitable ethanol concentration pretreatment were lower, and rehydration ratio was higher than those of CK. Ethanol pretreatment could be a promising method to effectively enhance drying efficiency and improve product quality of scallop adductors.
Simulation of a Mach 3 24-Degree Compression-Ramp Interaction using LES/RANS Models

Two large-eddy simulation / Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (LES/RANS) models are applied to a shock / boundary interaction generated by a 24-degree compression corner. The models are designed to transition from unsteady RANS to LES as the boundary layer shifts from its logarithmic behavior to its wake-like response, but differ in that one model requires a pre-selection of a model constant for each problem, while the other computes this constant as a function of local and ensemble-averaged turbulence properties. Predictions are compared with mean-flow and second-moment experimental data obtained at Princeton University. In general, calculated mean-flow velocity, surface pressure, and surface skin friction distributions agree well with experiment, with the most noticeable discrepancy being an over-prediction of the level of upstream influence induced by the shock wave. Comparisons with mass-flux fluctuation intensity distributions show good agreement with experimental trends relating to fluctuation amplification throughout the interaction. Comparisons with experimental Reynolds axial stress distributions are less favorable. The calculations also predict the existence of a low-frequency motion of the separation shock that is probably associated with the motion of the separation region. A frequency associated with the most probable residence time for fluid entering and leaving the recirculation region is well-correlated with the dominant low-frequency signal obtained from the spectral analysis. This observation may make it possible to predict a dominant low-frequency mode through examination of the mean structure of a shock / boundary layer interaction.
Emerging Paradigms in Quantum Error Correction and Quantum Cryptography

We study two novel paradigms in quantum error correction and quantum cryptography — approximate quantum error correction and noisy-storage cryptography — which explore alternate approaches for dealing with quantum noise. Approximate quantum error correction seeks to relax the constraint of perfect error correction and construct codes that might be better adapted to correct for specific noise models. Noisy-storage cryptography relies on the power of quantum noise to execute two-party cryptographic tasks securely. Motivated by examples of approximately correcting codes, which make use of fewer physical resources than perfect codes and still obtain comparable levels of fidelity, we study the problem of finding and characterizing such codes in general. We construct for the first time a universal, near-optimal recovery map for approximate quantum error correction (AQEC), with optimality defined in terms of worst-case fidelity. Using the analytical form of this recovery, we also obtain easily verifiable conditions for AQEC. This in turn leads to a simple algorithm for identifying good approximate codes, without having to perform a difficult optimization over all recovery maps for every possible encoding. Noisy-storage cryptography envisions a setting where two-party cryptographic protocols can be securely implemented based solely on the assumption that the quantum storage device possessed by either party is noisy and bounded. Here, we construct two-party protocols (using higher-dimensional states) that are secure even when a dishonest player can store all but a small fraction of the information transmitted during the protocol, in his noiseless quantum memory. We also show that when his memory is noisy, security can be extended to a larger class of noisy quantum memories. Our result demonstrates that the physical limits of the quantum noisy-storage model are indeed achievable, albeit asymptotically. We also describe our investigations on obtaining strong entropic uncertainty relations using symmetric complementary bases. Uncertainty relations are an important and useful resource in analyzing the security of quantum cryptographic protocols, in addition to being of interest from a foundational standpoint. We present a novel construction of sets of symmetric, complementary bases in dimension d = 2^n, which are cyclically permuted under the action of a unitary transformation. We also obtain new lower bounds for uncertainty relations in terms of the min-entropy, which are tight for specific instances of our construction.
The effect of background noise on the ability to perceive and remember unrelated words in nonnative listeners

Nonnative listeners find it more difficult to meet the challenges presented by additional background noise than do native listeners [Ezzatian et al., Speech Commun. 52, 919–929 (2010)], but it is not known whether it is more difficult for them to remember what was said in noisy situations than it is for native listeners. Previous studies have acknowledged that the effect of background noise on the ability to perceive and remember unrelated words is greater in older adults than younger adults. The present study investigates auditory memory performance in nonnative younger adults, using a paired-associate paradigm in three conditions: quiet, continuous babble and babble during word presentation only. Noise levels were adjusted to equate for individual differences in the ability to identify single words in noise. The initial results suggest that nonnative listeners perform similarly to native young adults in the quiet and continuous conditions but worse in the babble during the word-presentation-only conditi.
Addressing the Continuum of Dysglycaemia and Vascular Complications in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Need for Early and Intensive Treatment

Abstract The onset of type 2 diabetes increases the risk of vascular complications and death. We know now that that this risk begins long before the diabetes diagnosis. Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are not separate entities in practice and exist within a continuum of dysglycaemia and vascular risk that increases in severity over time. This excess risk requires early intervention with lifestyle therapy supported with pharmacologic antidiabetic therapy, intensified promptly where necessary throughout the duration of the diabetes continuum. Metformin is an evidence-based treatment for preventing prediabetes and improves cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes from diagnosis onwards. Newer agents (SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists) are appropriate for people presenting with type 2 diabetes and significant cardiovascular comorbidity. Additional therapies should be used without delay to achieve patients’ individualised HbA1c goals and to minimise cardiovascular risk.
Triacylglycerol Composition and Chemical-Physical Properties of Cocoa Butter and Its Derivatives: NMR, DSC, X-ray, Rheological Investigation

In recent years, the food industry has become increasingly involved in researching vegetable fats and oils with appropriate mechanical properties (ease of transport, processing, and storage) and a specific lipidic composition to ensure healthy products for consumers. The chemical–physical behavior of these matrices depends on their composition in terms of single fatty acids (FA). However, as we demonstrate in this work, these properties, as well as the absorption, digestion and uptake in humans of specific FAs, are also largely determined by their regiosomerism within the TriAcylGlycerols (TAG) moieties (sn-1,2,3 positions). The goal of this work is to study for the first time vegetable fats obtained directly from a sample of natural cocoa butter (CB) through a process that manipulates the distribution of FAs but not their nature. Even if the initial percentage of each FA in the mixture remains the same, CB derivatives seem to show improved chemical–physical features. In order to understand which factors account for their physical and chemical characteristics, and to check whether or not the obtained new matrices could be considered as valid alternatives to other vegetable fats (e.g., palm oil (PO)), we carried out an experimental investigation at both the macroscopic and molecular level including: (i) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses to examine thermal features; (ii) rheological testing to explore mechanical properties; (iii) powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to evaluate the solid-state phases of the obtained fats; and (iv) 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR, 1D and 2D) spectroscopy to rapidly analyze fatty acid composition including regioisomeric distribution on the glycerol backbone. These last results open up the possibility of using NMR spectroscopy as an alternative to the chromatographic techniques routinely employed for the investigation of similar matrices.
The correlation between solar and geomagnetic activity - Part 2: Long-term trends

Abstract. Using lag-correlation function analysis, the correlation coefficient at zero lag (r0), the maximum (rm) and the corresponding lag time (Lm) between solar (Rz) and geomagnetic (aa) activity for a 528-month (44-year) running time window are shown to vary in a declining, declining and rising secular trend, respectively, before 1958. However, these trends changed since 1958 with a rising secular trend in both r0 and rm and without a significant trend in Lm, probably related to a periodicity longer than 140 years. An odd-numbered solar cycle tends to show a higher correlation and a shorter lag time between Rz and aa than the previous even-numbered one, suggesting a 2-cycle periodicity superimposed on secular trends. An even-numbered Hale cycle tends to show a higher correlation and a shorter lag time between Rz and aa than the previous odd-numbered one, suggesting a 4-cycle periodicity superimposed on secular trends. The variations in the correlations may be related to the non-linearity between Rz and aa, and the decreasing trend in the correlation (r0) is not exclusively caused by the increasing trend in the lag time of aa to Rz. These results represent an observational constraint on solar-dynamo models and can help us gain a better understanding of the long-term evolution of solar activities. In applications, therefore, cautions must be taken when using the correlation for molding the dynamical process of the Sun and for predicting solar activities.
Clinical-Radiological Mismatch in Multiple Sclerosis Patients during Acute Relapse: Discrepancy between Clinical Symptoms and Active, Topographically Fitting MRI Lesions

Background: Relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are usually defined as subacute clinical symptoms that last for at least 24 h. To validate a clinical relapse on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an anatomically fitting lesion with gadolinium enhancement in the central nervous system (CNS) would be mandatory. The aim of this study was to validate clinical relapses in regard to the concomitant detection of active, anatomically fitting MRI lesions. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 199 MS patients with acute relapse who had received an MRI scan before the initiation of methylprednisolone (MPS) therapy. Clinical data and MRIs were systematically reanalyzed by correlating clinical symptoms with their anatomical representation in the CNS. Patients were then categorized into subgroups with a clinical-radiological match (group 1) or clinical-radiological mismatch (group 2) between symptoms and active, topographically fitting lesions and further analyzed in regard to clinical characteristics. Results: In 43% of our patients, we observed a clinical-radiological mismatch (group 2). Further analysis of patient characteristics showed that these patients were significantly older at the time of relapse. MS patients in group 2 also showed a significantly longer disease duration and significantly more previous relapses when compared to group 1. Comparing symptom clusters, the appearance of motor dysfunction during the current relapse was significantly more frequent in group 2 than in group 1. The overall dose of MPS treatment was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1 with a similar treatment response in both groups. Conclusions: The substantial clinical-radiological mismatch during acute relapse in our study could be explained by several factors, including a psychosomatic component or disturbance of network connectivity. Alternatively, secondary progression or a diffuse neuro-inflammatory process might cause clinical symptoms, especially in older patients with a longer disease duration. As a consequence, treatment of clinical relapses and the definition of breakthrough disease should be reconsidered in regard to combined clinical and MRI criteria and/or additional biomarkers. Further studies are necessary to address the contribution of diffuse neuro-inflammation to the clinical presentation of symptoms.
Higher-Order Asymptotic Approximation: Laplace, Saddlepoint, and Related Methods

measured at central sites). The fact that measurement erlihood Estimator in the Presence of Infinitelv Manv Incidental Parameror affects variable selection and model building is not in dispute, although the severity of its effect in multivariable models is not known. Model building and variable selection in the presence of measurement error is a potentially interesting and useful topic of study.