Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic modulation of short wind‐wave spectra by long waves and its measurement using microwave backscatter

In this paper we use results of microwave backscattering experiments over the past decade to attempt to present a coherent picture of the ocean wave-radar modulation transfer function (MTF) based on composite surface theory, short-wave modulation, and modulated wind stress. A simplified relaxation model is proposed for the modulation of the gravity-capillary wavenumber spectrum by long waves. The model is based on the relaxation rate and the equilibrium gravity-capillary wavenumber spectrum. It differs from previous models by including all airflow modulation effects in the response of the equilibrium spectrum to changes in the airflow. Thus the explicit modulation of individual source functions such as wind input, short-wave dissipation, and nonlinear interactions need not be known in order to calculate the hydrodynainic MTF. By combining this new model of the hydrodynamic MTF with microwave measurements, we attempt to determine wind shear stress modulation caused by the long waves. In order to extract the hydrodynamic MTF from the microwave data, we remove tilt and range change effects from the measured MTFs using the published analytical forms for these effects. Our results show that the inferred hydrodynamic MTF is higher for II polarization scattering than for V polarization. Since this is impossible if we have obtained the true hydrodynamic MTF, these results strongly indicate a problem with composite scattering theory as it has been traditionally applied. One explanation for this result may be the effects of intermediate-scale waves suggested by Romeiser et al. (1993). Since these effects are much stronger for H polarization than for V polarization, they may explain our observed discrepancy and, if so, imply that V polarization return should yield an acceptable upper limit for the true hydrodynamic MTF. Thus we incorporate our V polarization results into the proposed model to estimate an upper limit for the wind shear stress modulation along the long-wave profile. We infer that the primary source of modulation of Bragg resonant waves depends strongly on Bragg wavenumber and windspeed. For low values of these quantities, straining by long-wave orbital velocities dominates the modulation process, while for higher values modulated wind stress becomes increasingly important. Our calculations indicate that wind stress modulation dominates the process for 3 cm Bragg waves at moderate to high wind speeds.
Meteorites from the Sahara: Find locations, shock classification, degree of weathering and pairing

— The Sahara is an extraordinary area for recovering meteorites. Between 1989 and 1993, 471 meteorites were collected in Algeria and Libya. Studies of 465 samples have been done. In addition to the classifications of the meteorites that were published in various “Meteoritical Bulletins” in past years, we present here the results on the determination of the shock metamorphism and the degree of weathering. Also, we have tried to solve the pairing problem by considering the find locations, the degree of shock metamorphism, the degree of weathering, and the mineral compositions of olivine and pyroxene. A comprehensive table listing all samples contains references about previous work on these meteorites.
Nutrient Patterns and Their Association with Socio-Demographic, Lifestyle Factors and Obesity Risk in Rural South African Adolescents

The aim of this study was to identify and describe the diversity of nutrient patterns and how they associate with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors including body mass index in rural black South African adolescents. Nutrient patterns were identified from quantified food frequency questionnaires (QFFQ) in 388 rural South African adolescents between the ages of 11–15 years from the Agincourt Health and Socio-demographic Surveillance System (AHDSS). Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to 25 nutrients derived from QFFQs. Multiple linear regression and partial R2 models were fitted and computed respectively for each of the retained principal component (PC) scores on socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics including body mass index (BMI) for age Z scores. Four nutrient patterns explaining 79% of the total variance were identified: PCI (26%) was characterized by animal derived nutrients; PC2 (21%) by vitamins, fibre and vegetable oil nutrients; PC3 (19%) by both animal and plant derived nutrients (mixed diet driven nutrients); and PC4 (13%) by starch and folate. A positive and significant association was observed with BMI for age Z scores per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in PC1 (0.13 (0.02; 0.24); p = 0.02) and PC4 (0.10 (−0.01; 0.21); p = 0.05) scores only. We confirmed variability in nutrient patterns that were significantly associated with various lifestyle factors including obesity.
Deposits of flows transitional between turbidity current and debris flow

The relationship between submarine sediment gravity flows and the character of their deposits is poorly understood. Annular flume experiments were used to investigate the depositional dynamics and deposits of waning sediment-laden flows. Decelerating fast (>3 m/s) flows with fixed sand content (10 vol%) and variable mud content (0–17 vol%) resulted in only four deposit types. Clean sand with a mud cap that resembled a turbidity current deposit (turbidite) formed if the flow was turbulent when deposition began, or if the muddy fluid had insufficient strength to suspend the sand. The clean sand could contain structures if mud content was low ( 300 s. Ungraded muddy sand with a mud cap that resembled a debris-flow deposit (debrite) formed if the flow became laminar before sand could deposit. Clean sand overlain by ungraded muddy sand and a mud cap formed either from a transitional flow or by late-stage settling of sand from a muddy suspension. These deposits resemble enigmatic submarine flow deposits called linked debrite-turbidites. The experiments provide a basis for inferring flow type from deposit character for submarine sediment-laden flows.
Late quaternary chronology of the riverine plain of southeastern Australia

Abstract Studies of the Murray River have revealed that its ancestral river system is the result of three separate phases of river activity, each consisting of a degradational and aggradational sub‐phase. To illustrate the relations, certain sections of the rivers were mapped in detail revealing characteristic terrace levels for the various phases. The regional pattern shows that immediately upstream from the Cadell Fault, and for a distance of 100 miles (160 km.) downstream, tectonically induced topographical changes have separated the individual ancestral rivers representative of each phase. Elsewhere, the three rivers are superimposed and follow the same general course. This pattern of separation by diversion also applies to the present rivers so that, in the diverted sector of the river system, old floodplains occur which were deserted by the present river. Initial water logging and salting problems were restricted to these deserted floodplains where they occur in the Irrigation Districts. A relative .
Effect of rainfall on pedogenesis in a climosequence of soils near Lake Pukaki, New Zealand

Abstract Four soils were sampled along a 42 km transect near Lake Pukaki, South Island, New Zealand, to study the physical, chemical, and mineralogical changes that have occurred under mean annual rainfalls of 640 mm at profile 1 to 2000 mm at profile 4. Sampling sites were chosen to minimise difference in soil-forming factors other than rainfall. All soils were formed in loess, ranging in thickness from 40 to 76 cm, over till. The marked differences found in soil properties of the four profiles illustrated the major effect rainfall has in determining the rates of leaching, weathering, and podzolisation. Leaching of bases, acidity, and exchangeable aluminium were found to increase markedly with rainfall. The main differences occurred between profiles 1 and 2, which reflected the marked soil moisture deficit and low soil water surplus characteristic of profile 1. A progressive increase in weathering was shown by increasing profile development and clay content with rainfall, by increasing conversion of tota.
Photobleaching of aquatic dissolved materials: Absorption removal, spectral alteration, and their interrelationship

[1] Changes in visible region (400–700 nm) absorption spectra of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) resulting from natural photobleaching have not been well characterized in aquatic systems. Photobleaching of CDOM absorption and the resultant changes in the exponential spectral slope in the visible domain are documented in a coastal fjord. Measurements of spectral CDOM absorption were made with a WET Labs ac-9 in situ and in surface water incubated in UV-transparent Tedlar bags at 1 m for 6 days. The exponential slope of the absorption spectrum between 412–560 nm increased as a function of radiation dosage in the first 72 h of the incubations. Higher spectral slope values were observed in surface waters relative to bottom waters, in agreement with our experimental results. The extent to which a CDOM absorption spectrum altered by photobleaching can serve as a signature of the process itself, containing information about absorption loss, was investigated. From these observations, we propose that higher spectral slopes typically associated with oceanic CDOM relative to coastal CDOM may be due to increased cumulative photobleaching as opposed to a shift in the spectral signature of CDOM sources as has been hypothesized.
Rapid atrazine mineralization under denitrifying conditions by Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP in aquifer sediments

Atrazine mineralization was studied in sediments takenfrom a shallow aquifer underlying a cornfield continuouslyreceiving atrazine and terbuthylazine. In contrast toprevious publications indicating slow or nonexistingmineralizationratesunderdenitrifyingconditionsinsediments,we hereby report on the ability of the bacterium Pseudo-monassp. strain ADP to rapidly mineralize atrazine inaquifer sediments under nitrate reducing conditions. Whenatrazine was present in low concentrations (relevant tononpoint sources such as agricultural application),the bacterium mineralized 55% and 75% of the atrazine in2 and 4 days, respectively. When atrazine was presentin high concentrations (relevant to spill sites), P. ADPmineralized 48% and 78% in 4 and 15 days, respectively.The present study indicates that bioaugmantation with aneffective atrazine mineralizing bacterium such as P. ADPcouldyieldhighmineralizationratesevenunderoxygenlimitedconditions and have a significant implication for biore-mediation of atrazine in contaminated aquifers.
Plateau icefields as contributing areas to valley glaciers and the potential impact on reconstructed ELAs: a case study from the Lyngen Alps, North Norway

Abstract Plateau icefields occur commonly in glacierized areas and not uncommonly in glaciated mountains. We report on a glacierized area of plateaux and valleys centred round the highest peak Jiehkkevárri (1833 m) in the maritime Lyngen Alps, North Norway. Some valley glaciers are fed by steep, narrow plateau glacier outlets and/or ice avalanching from the plateaux over precipitous cliffs. Plateaux must therefore be considered as “contributing areas”, if they supply ice to valley systems below. Equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) are calculated for the valley glaciers during the Little Ice Age (LIA), accounting for both input and no input of ice from plateaux above. The results show that ELAs may be at significantly higher altitudes when plateau/x are contributing ice mass. The response of plateau glaciers to climate amelioration since the end of the LIA is somewhat different to that of valley glaciers, which appear to be retreating markedly. These findings have significant implications for the interpretation of moraine systems, glacier dynamics, the construction and reconstruction of present and former ELAs, and palaeoclimates in glacierized and glaciated mountain plateau areas.
Preliminary study on the preservation of giant clam (Tridacnidae) shells from the Balobok Rockshelter archaeological site, south Philippines

Tridacnidae shells, a valuable archive of past environments, are common in the Balobok Rockshelter archaeological site on Sanga‐Sanga Island in the south Philippines. This site was occupied during the mid‐Holocene (ca. 5000–8800 14C yr B.P.), a period of Neolithic cultural expansion in the Philippines. This paper focuses on the preservation of two shell specimens, Hippopus hippopus and Tridacna maxima, unearthed from two mid‐Holocene layers within the rockshelter. The shells' mineralogy and microstructure (prismatic and crossed‐lamellar) were studied using micro‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine if the samples were suitable as paleoenvironmental records. Both shells are still aragonitic but aragonite crystals of both microstructure types are partly dissolved. This dissolution, characteristic of meteoric water alteration, precludes their utility in paleoenvironmental geochemical studies. Nevertheless, these shells are abundant in archaeological sites in the region and may be better preserved in other depositional contexts; more studies on Philippine Tridacnidae shell diagenesis are needed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
India's silent revolution : the rise of the lower castes in North Indian politics

Part One 1. Congress Domination and Conservative Democracy2. The Ideological Roots of Indian Democracy's Social Deficit3. Discourses and Practices4. Congress: Party of the Intelligentsia or of the Notables? 5. The Co-option of Scheduled Caste Leaders and the 'Coalition of Extremes'6. Indira Gandhi and the Aborted Reform of CongressPart Two 1. The Second Age of Indian Democracy2. From Reluctant to Compelling Cast-Based Affirmative Action3. Two Strategies: Quota Politics and Kisan Politics4. The Janata Dal and the Empowerment of the Low Castes5. The BSP: Not Just a Dalit Party6. The Upper Castes' Political Resilience: Congress and the BJP Coping with the Manda Commission
Application of predictive regional ionosphere model to medium range RTK positioning

Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS positioning over longer distances requires a support of atmospheric (ionospheric and tropospheric) corrections, since the atmospheric errors decorrelate with the growing distances and cannot be completely eliminated by double differencing of the satellite observations. Currently, the most commonly used approach is to derive the atmospheric corrections at the reference station network and provide them in real time to the roving receiver. Another solution, proposed here, is to use predictive atmospheric models in order to derive the atmospheric corrections. This paper presents the test results of the performance assessment of the predictive ionosphere model (UWM-IPM) application to medium-range RTK positioning. The rover data collected within 25 to 67 km from the closest reference station were processed in the kinematic mode with the support of the ionospheric corrections derived from the UWM-IPM model. The RTK solution was derived in both single-and multi-baseline modes, and compared to the two reference solutions obtained without the ionospheric corrections. All numerical tests were carried out using the MPGPS software developed in cooperation with The Ohio State University; a recent extension to the software, developed at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, introduces the predictive ionosphere model to the RTK solution. The test results are very promising, and indicate that predicted ionosphere corrections can effectively support medium-range RTK positioning, and allow for fast ambiguity resolution over distances of several tens of kilometers under moderate ionospheric conditions.
Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Density Is Associated With Viral Activity but Not With Use of Improved Stoves Among Young Andean Children

Abstract Background Indoor smoke exposure is common in developing countries and may influence nasopharyngeal (NP) pneumococcal colonization density and risk of acute respiratory illness. We compared colonization density among Andean children living in households previously enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of a home intervention package including improved stoves to reduce smoke, kitchen sinks, and water disinfection. Methods We enrolled 260 children aged <3 years and made weekly household visits to assess for acute respiratory illness (ARI) and collect nasal swabs for respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing during ARI. At monthly intervals, NP swabs were collected to determine pneumococcal colonization density through quantitative lytA PCR. We used linear quantile mixed-effects models to compare median log-transformed colonization densities among children in households randomized to the control (n = 129) versus intervention (n = 131) in sequential time points, accounting for random effects of multiple samples from individual children. Other covariates included age, sex, month, antibiotic exposure, and timing of sample collection relative to ARI with and without viral detection. Results Age and sociodemographic characteristics were similar between groups. Although no differences were observed in densities between groups, colonization density varied significantly over time in both groups, with highest densities coinciding with spring months. Time during and after virus-associated ARI was also associated with higher pneumococcal colonization density than time remote from ARIs. Conclusions A home intervention package, including improved stoves, was not associated with changes in pneumococcal densities in young Andean children. However, increasing pneumococcal density was observed with spring season and viral-associated ARIs.
A validation of the fractal dimension of cloud boundaries

In this paper the problem of the fractal dimension of the perimeter of self‐organized vortices is investigated. Results from two numerical models (using the quasi geostrophic vorticity equation and the system of barotropic primitive equations, respectively) with initial fields where the total number of initial small‐scale vortices is 72, and their intensities and locations are determined stochastically, indicate that the quasi‐final kinetic energy fields have a power spectrum of the form E (k) ∼ k−β, β ≈ 1.0, and the fractal dimension of the perimeter of self‐organized vortices falls near 4/3. An estimation of the fractal dimension using 77 cloud samples from cloud picture data is shown to be 1.30. The simulated fractal dimension here validates results previously computed based on satellite images (1.35), and is similar to results previously modeled by Large‐Eddy‐Simulation and indicated by the theory of relative turbulent diffusion.
Lichenometric dating in southeast iceland: the size–frequency approach

Abstract The age of recent deposits can be determined using an intrinsic characteristic of the lichen ‘population’ growing on their surface. This paper presents a calibrated dating curve based on the gradient of the size‐frequency distribution of yellow‐green Rhizocarpon lichens. The dating potential of this new curve is tested on surfaces of known age in southeast Iceland. This particular size—frequency technique is also compared with the more traditional largest‐lichen approach. The results are very encouraging and suggest that the gradient can be used as an age indicator, at least on deposits formed within the last c. 150 years – and probably within the last c. 400 years – in the maritime subpolar climate of southeast Iceland. Using both lichenometric techniques, revised dates for moraines on two glacier forelands are presented which shed new light on the exact timing of the Little Ice Age glacier maximum in Iceland.
Aerosol radiative forcing during dust events over New Delhi, India

[1] We present results from sun/sky radiometer measurements of aerosol optical characteristics carried out in New Delhi during March–June, 2006, as part of the Indian Space Research Organization's Integrated Campaign for Aerosol Radiation Budget. For the first time at this site, derived are parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), single scattering albedo (SSA), asymmetry parameter, Angstrom exponent, and real and imaginary refractive indices in five spectral channels. During the campaign, a consistent increase in aerosol loading from March to June with monthly average AOD values at 0.5μm of 0.55, 0.75, 1.22 and 1.18, respectively, was observed. Angstrom exponent gradually decreases from 1.28 (March) to 0.47 (June), indicating an increased abundance of coarse particles due to dust storms that transport desert dust from the Thar desert and adjoining regions. SSA at 0.5 μm is found to be in the range of 0.84 to 0.74 from March to June, indicating an increasing contribution from the mixture of anthropogenic and desert dust absorbing aerosols. Optical properties derived during the campaign are used in a radiative-transfer model to estimate aerosol radiative forcing at the surface and at the top-of-the atmosphere. A consistent increase in surface cooling is evident, ranging from −39 W m−2 (March) to −99 W m−2 (June) and an increase in heating of the atmosphere from 27 W m−2 (March) to 123 W m−2 (June). Heating rates in the lower atmosphere (up to 5 km) are 0.6, 1.3, 2.1, and 2.5K/d from March, April, May, and June 2006, respectively. Higher aerosol induced heating in the premonsoon period has been shown to have an impact on the regional monsoon climate.
Electromagnetic wave surface velocimetry

Electromagnetic wave surface velocimeters ESVs measure the Doppler shift in electromagnetic waves reflected from the water surface. They provide nonintrusive water surface velocity measurements from bridges and river banks. Comparisons with laboratory and field tests show very good agreement over a wide range of elevation and planview angles. Laboratory testing shows comparable results between ESV and other measurement techniques when 0.4V1. 6 m/s and 15 45°. Field testing at three different locations shows that the optimal operation conditions are at an elevation angle 30°, planview angle 13°, and 0.30V2. 00 m/s. The ratio of cross-section-averaged velocity to mean free surface velocity is approximately CFDAV0.88 for high flow velocities during floods. The standard deviation of the field measurement for these three streams was less than 15% of the mean value.
Preferential flow variability in a well-structured soil.

A series of preferential flow experiments were conducted to investigate the temporal and spatial variability in a large block (5.4 by 3.4 by 1.2 m) of undisturbed soil (Dystric Eutracrept) situated in mid-Devon, UK. Chloride and nitrate tracers were applied using rainfall sprinklers and the soil water was sampled continuously using 54 ceramic suction samplers installed throughout the block. Two main types of breakthrough curve occurred, a rapid response with a high peak concentration and a slower response with a lower peak concentration. Analysis of the spatial patterns of these characteristics confirmed the importance of the horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of flow. Peak concentration and time to peak concentration were related to depth in one quadrant but no relationship was found when the entire block was considered. Preferential flow paths occurred at intensities above 2 mm h -1 and were less important for intensities of 1 mm h -1 . A delayed leaching experiment was conducted in which a nitrate tracer remained in the soil for 10 d before leaching commenced. The pattern of response to the 5-mm h -1 rainfall application was similar to the earlier experiments. Analysis of the shape of the breakthrough curves and time to peak suggested that nitrate movement was minimal in the wet soil during the intervening period. The spatial variability, noted even at this limited block scale, suggests that simplified approaches to understanding water and chemical transport are unable adequately to describe field behavior.