Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Case Study of Taste and Lifestyle

Sjöstrand, A. E. 2015. Origins and Adaptation in Humans. A Case Study of Taste and Lifestyle. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1295. 88 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9350-9. In this thesis, I use population genetics and statistical approaches to investigate early human demography, infer local adaptation in diverse sets of populations, and study the genetic basis for taste perception. In the first paper, I examine the genomic evidence for a severe bottleneck, which has been suggested based on paleontological and climate studies to coincide with the emergence of anatomically modern humans. Using a Bayesian approach, I evaluate the genetic evidence of a bottleneck between 190,000 and 130,000 years ago and find that the data is in favor of a model without bottleneck at this time point. I further develop a method to detect local adaptation based on frequencies of private haplotypes. I first show, using simulated data, that this method can detect local adaption. Applied to large-scale human genotype data, this method detects known signals of positive selection in human data such as the positive selection around the lactase gene in Europeans and East Africans. Also, this method permits to improve knowledge on potential adaptation events in humans as it finds several regions potentially selected that were not previously described. I further investigate patterns of adaptation in whole genome data based on a diverse set of African populations. The results from the regions potentially selected show that diet and pathogens are the common driving forces of adaptation in all studied populations. There is evidence that taste perception have evolved in concert with diet, environment, and the organismal needs in humans. For this reason, I study taste perception in populations differing on lifestyle (hunter-gatherers, farmers and nomad herders). I present taste perception phenotypes for all tastes (sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami) and relate them to high density genotype data. I show that taste and taste-involved genes have evolved with lifestyle. By performing an association study, I also show that variation in taste perception involves more genes than only the taste receptors genes. In this thesis, by analyzing human genetic data with a population genetics approaches, I covered several topics of human ancient demography and adaptation and show the utility of using large-scale genetic data to better understand human history.
Spanning forests and the vector bundle Laplacian

The classical matrix-tree theorem relates the determinant of the combinatorial Laplacian on a graph to the number of spanning trees. We generalize this result to Laplacians on one- and two-dimensional vector bundles, giving a combinatorial interpretation of their determinants in terms of so-called cycle rooted spanning forests (CRSFs). We construct natural measures on CRSFs for which the edges form a determinantal process. This theory gives a natural generalization of the spanning tree process adapted to graphs embedded on surfaces. We give a number of other applications, for example, we compute the probability that a loop-erased random walk on a planar graph between two vertices on the outer boundary passes left of two given faces. This probability cannot be computed using the standard Laplacian alone.
Diagram calculus for a type affine $C$ Temperley--Lieb algebra, I

In this paper, we present an infinite dimensional associative diagram algebra that satisfies the relations of the generalized Temperley--Lieb algebra having a basis indexed by the fully commutative elements (in the sense of Stembridge) of the Coxeter group of type affine $C$. Moreover, we provide an explicit description of a basis for the diagram algebra. In the sequel to this paper, we show that this diagrammatic representation is faithful. The results of this paper and its sequel will be used to construct a Jones-type trace on the Hecke algebra of type affine $C$, allowing us to non-recursively compute leading coefficients of certain Kazhdan--Lusztig polynomials.
Removal of Trace Olefins from Aromatics by Catalytic Alkylation Using 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromochloroaluminate Catalyst

: Removal of trace olefins from aromatic liquids had been investigated in the presence of various ionic liquids like 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromochloroaluminate (EMIMBr-AlCl 3 ), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromochloroaluminate (BMIMBr-AlCl 3 ), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromochloroaluminate (HMIMBr-AlCl 3 ), and 1-octyl-3-methylimid-azolium bromochloroaluminate (OMIMBr-AlCl 3 ). It was found that the longer the alkyl chain of ionic liquid cations was, the higher the olefins conversion would be. OMIMBr-AlCl 3 (with 0.67 molar fraction of AlCl 3 ) had an obvious performance on olefins removal. The influences of various reaction parameters such as the dosage of catalyst, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time on the reaction catalyzed by OMIMBr-AlCl 3 were investigated. Under optimum reaction conditions, a higher than 99% conversion of olefins was achieved. The preliminary results revealed that the process could save time, con-sume less energy, separate products easier, and cause less pollution to the environment.
Inhibition of CYP1B1 ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy induced by uremic toxin

cardiovascular disease is the predominant compli-cation and leading cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (cKd). Previous studies have revealed that uremic toxins, including indoxyl sulfate (iS), participate in cardiac hypertrophy. as a heme-thiolate monooxygenase, cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1 (cYP1B1) is able to metabolize arachidonic acid into hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, which are thought to serve a central function in the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system. However, whether cYP1B1 is involved in cardiac hypertrophy induced by uremic toxins remains unknown. The present study revealed that the expression of the cYP1B1 gene was significantly (P<0.05, cKd or iS vs. control) upregulated by cKd serum or iS at the transcriptional and translational level. Furthermore, iS treatment resulted in the nuclear translocation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr), an endogenous ligand of iS. Binding of AhR in the promoter region of CYP1B1 was confirmed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay in the cardiomyoblast H9c2 cell line. in addition, knockdown of ahr or cYP1B1 reversed the production of cardiac hypertrophy markers. The in vivo injection of a CYP1B1 inhibitor significantly (P<0.05, inhibitor vs. control) attenuated cardiac hypertrophy in mice. The data from the present study clearly demonstrated that cYP1B1 was involved in cardiac hypertrophy induced by uremic toxins.
Une formule intégrale reliée à la conjecture locale de Gross–Prasad

Abstract Let V be a vector space over a p-adic field F, of finite dimension, let q be a non-degenerate quadratic form over V and let D be a non-isotropic line in V. Denote by W the hyperplane orthogonal to D, and by G and H the special orthogonal groups of V and W. Let π, respectively σ, be an irreducible admissible representation of G(F) , respectively H(F) . The representation σ appears as a quotient of the restriction of π to H(F) with a certain multiplicity m(π,σ) . We know that m(π,σ)≤1 . We assume that π is supercuspidal. Then we prove a formula that computes m(π,σ) as an integral of functions deduced from the characters of π and σ. Let Π, respectively Σ, be an L-packet of tempered irreducible representations of G(F) , respectively H(F) . Here we use the sophisticated notion of L-packet due to Vogan and we assume some usual conjectural properties of those packets. A weak form of the local Gross–Prasad conjecture says that there exists a unique pair (π,σ)∈Π×Σ such that m(π,σ)=1 . Assuming that the elements of Π are supercuspidal, we prove this assertion.
A continuum model of platelet aggregation: closure, computational methods and simulation

An existing continuum model of platelet aggregation in large arteries is presented. The blood and aggregating platelets are treated as a single fluid with varying material properties to account for links between platelets. There are two distinct spatial scales, the scale of the fluid and the much smaller scale of platelet-platelet interactions. Activated platelets interact to form elastic links on the smaller scale. These links influence the fluid flow by the addition of an extra stress. The presence of two spatial scales makes the problem extremely difficult to analyze or to simulate. However, under the assumptions that the links act as linear springs with zero resting length and the breaking rate of the links is independent of the strain, the equations on the platelet scale can be eliminated in favor of an evolution equation for the stress tensor. In this dissertation, a closure model is presented that allows the breaking rate of a link to depend on its length while only working with variables on the fluid length scale. The closure model is compared with the full model using asymptotic analysis and computational tests. The closure is used to explore the behavior of the model by simulating a growing aggregate on an injured vessel wall. These tests show that the model platelet aggregate is capable of covering an injury and redirecting the fluid. The results of the tests also reveal aspects of the model that need to be improved in future versions, such as the boundary condition at solid walls and the treatment of the aggregate as a single phase material. In creating these simulations, some computational challenges were encountered. The stability of an approximate projection method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a cell-centered grid is analyzed. The boundary conditions at the upstream and downstream boundaries are discussed, and a numerical method is proposed and analyzed.
Straightened law for quantum isotropic Grassmannian OGr^+(5,10)

Projective embedding of an isotropic Grassmannian (or pure spinors) OGr^+(5,10) into projective space of spinor representation S can be characterized with a help of Gamma-matrices by equations Gamma_{alpha beta}^ilambda^{alpha}lambda^{beta}=0. A polynomial function of degree N with values in S defines a map to OGr^+(5,10) if its coefficients satisfy a 2N+1 quadratic equations. Algebra generated by coefficients of such polynomials is a coordinate ring of the quantum isotropic Grassmannian. We show that this ring is based on a lattice; its defining relations satisfy straightened law. This enables us to compute Poincare series of the ring.
Buffon's needle landing near Besicovitch irregular self-similar sets

In this paper we get an estimate of Favard length of an arbitrary neighbourhood of an arbitrary self-similar Cantor set. Consider $L$ closed disjoint discs of radius $1/L$ inside the unit disc. By using linear maps of smaller disc onto the unit disc we can generate a self-similar Cantor set $G$. Then $\G=\bigcap_n\G_n$. One may then ask the rate at which the Favard length - the average over all directions of the length of the orthogonal projection onto a line in that direction - of these sets $\G_n$ decays to zero as a function of $n$. The quantitative results for the Favard length problem were obtained by Peres-Solomyak and Tao; in the latter paper a general way of making a quantitative statement from the Besicovitch theorem is considered. But being rather general, this method does not give a good estimate for self-similar structures such as $\G_n$. Indeed, vastly improved estimates have been proven in these cases: in the paper of Nazarov-Peres-Volberg, it was shown that for 1/4 corner Cantor set one has $p 0$. In the present work we give an estimate that works for {\it any} Besicovitch set which is self-similar. However estimate is worse than the power one. The power estimate still appears to be related to a certain regularity property of zeros of a corresponding linear combination of exponents (we call this property {\it analytic tiling}).
Enhancement of Hydroxyapatite Dissolution through Krypton Ion Irradiation

Hydroxyapatite (HA) synthesized by a wet chemical route was subjected to heavy ion irradiation, using 4 MeV Krypton ions (Kr) with ion fluence ranging from 1×10 to 1×10 ions/cm. Glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) results confirmed the phase purity of irradiated HA with a moderate contraction in lattice parameters, and further indicated irradiation-induced structural disorder, evident by a broadening of diffraction peaks. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations indicated that the applied Kr irradiation induced significant damage in the hydroxyapatite lattice. Specifically, cavities were observed with their diameter and density varying with irradiation fluences while a radiationinduced crystalline-to-amorphous transition with increasing ion dose was identified. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis further indicated the presence of irradiation-induced defects. Compositional analysis of pristine and irradiated materials following immersion in Tris (pH 7.4, 37°C) buffer showed that dissolution in vitro was enhanced by irradiation, reaching a peak for 0.1dpa. We examined the effects of irradiation on the early stages of the mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E) response. A cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8 test) was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity of samples, and viable cells can be observed on the irradiated materials.
Two-track categories

We describe a 2-dimensional analogue of track categories, called two-track categories, and show that it can be used to model categories enriched in 2-type mapping spaces. We also define a Baues-Wirsching type cohomology theory for track categories, and explain how it can be used to classify two-track extensions of a track category D by a module over D.
Stability properties of divergence-free vector fields

A divergence-free vector field satisfies the star property if any divergence-free vector field in some C 1-neighbourhood has all singularities and all closed orbits hyperbolic. In this article, we prove that any divergence-free vector field defined on a Riemannian manifold and satisfying the star property is Anosov. It is also shown that a C 1-structurally stable divergence-free vector field is Anosov. Moreover, we prove that any divergence-free vector field can be C 1-approximated by an Anosov divergence-free vector field, or else by a divergence-free vector field exhibiting a heterodimensional cycle.
The complexity of the audit process: Judgment and decision making

This paper explains what recognition the auditor has of theoretical judgment and decision making subjects surrounding the audit process. The auditors’ judgment and decision making skills seem to be more challenged when it comes to estimating their clients’ valuations . Therefore, the audit process of fair value measures (FVM) is used to charterer the recognition more clearly. Attention to this topic is warranted for several reasons. First, FVM was implemented on the Swedish market in 2005 and is relatively recent to Swedish auditors. Second, to our knowledge no similar study, regarding the Swedish audit firms, has been conducted within this area. Third, the evidence, drawn from previous research, of what recognition the auditors have of the theoretical judgment and decision making subjects seem to be more indirect than direct and we also extend the previous research. We find, through semi-structured interviews with employees of the ‘Big four’, that both judgment and decision making are acknowledged as possible issues. However, we also find that certain areas within these two categories are unrecognized to be of immediate concern.
OP-BRAI140300 3339..3354

1 Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA 2 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA 3 Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA 4 Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA 5 Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA 6 Brain MRI 3T Mondino Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy 7 Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy 8 Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA 9 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Residual properties of 1-relator groups

This is a survey of two papers joint with A. Borisov and a paper joint with I. Spakulova. It is based on my lectures at the conference "Groups St. Andrews 2009", Bath (August 2009). We prove that almost all 1-related groups with at least 3 generators are virtually residually (finite p-)groups for almost all primes p, and coherent. The proof involves methods from combinatorial group theory (the congruence extension property of certain subgroups of free groups) algebraic geometry (dynamics of polynomial maps over finite and p-adic fields) and probability theory (convex hulls of Brownian bridges).
Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) cultivated in Brazil on acute liver disease in dogs

ABSTRACT Bidens pilosa L. is a medicinal plant popularly used for treatment of liver diseases. In this study, the dry extract of aerial parts of Bidens pilosa and Silymarin, a phytocomplex obtained from the Silybum marianum fruits and marketed as hepatoprotective, were tested in dogs experimentally acutely intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. The liver activity was evaluated by hematological and biochemical profiles, and histological and ultrasound analyzes. It was observed that the lowest serum activities of ALT and serum concentrations of total bilirubin occurred in the groups treated with the dry extract of Bidens pilosa, while only decreased serum concentrations of total bilirubin occurred in the group treated with Silymarin. Best liver recovery was also observed for the dry extract of B. pilosa at a 400mg/Kg dose by ultrasonography. This study showed that the dry extract of Bidens pilosa acted more efficiently in the treatment of acute toxic hepatitis induced in dogs than Silymarin.
Unique Bernoulli g-measures

We improve and subsume the conditions of Johansson and Oberg and Berbee for uniqueness of a g-measure, i.e., a stationary distribution for chains with complete connections. In addition, we prove that these unique g-measures have Bernoulli natural extensions. We also conclude that we have convergence in the Wasserstein metric of the iterates of the adjoint transfer operator to the g-measure.
Middle Campanian Euselachian Diversity of the Southern Region

Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology is an open access journal http://ejournals.library. ualberta.ca/index.php/VAMP Article copyright by the author(s). This open access work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC By 4.0) License, meaning you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. INTRODUCTION
Non-commutative flux representation for loop quantum gravity

The Hilbert space of loop quantum gravity is usually described in terms of cylindrical functionals of the gauge connection, the electric fluxes acting as non-commuting derivation operators. It has long been believed that this non-commutativity prevents a dual flux (or triad) representation of loop quantum gravity to exist. We show here, instead, that such a representation can be explicitly defined, by means of a non-commutative Fourier transform defined on the loop gravity state space. In this dual representation, flux operators act by ⋆-multiplication and holonomy operators act by translation. We describe the gauge invariant dual states and discuss their geometrical meaning. Finally, we apply the construction to the simpler case of a U(1) gauge group and compare the resulting flux representation with the triad representation used in loop quantum cosmology.
Equivariant basic cohomology of Riemannian foliations

Abstract The basic cohomology of a complete Riemannian foliation with all leaves closed is the cohomology of the leaf space. In this paper we introduce various methods to compute the basic cohomology in the presence of both closed and non-closed leaves in the simply-connected case (or more generally for Killing foliations): We show that the total basic Betti number of the union C of the closed leaves is smaller than or equal to the total basic Betti number of the foliated manifold, and we give sufficient conditions for equality. If there is a basic Morse–Bott function with critical set equal to C, we can compute the basic cohomology explicitly. Another case in which the basic cohomology can be determined is if the space of leaf closures is a simple, convex polytope. Our results are based on Molino’s observation that the existence of non-closed leaves yields a distinguished transverse action on the foliated manifold with fixed point set C. We introduce equivariant basic cohomology of transverse actions in analogy to equivariant cohomology of Lie group actions enabling us to transfer many results from the theory of Lie group actions to Riemannian foliations. The prominent role of the fixed point set in the theory of torus actions explains the relevance of the set C in the basic setting.
Perfect Retroreflectors and Billiard Dynamics

We construct semi-infinite billiard domains which reverse the direction of most incoming particles. We prove that almost all particles will leave the open billiard domain after a finite number of reflections. Moreover, with high probability the exit velocity is exactly opposite to the entrance velocity, and the particle's exit point is arbitrarily close to its initial position. The method is based on asymptotic analysis of statistics of entrance times to a small interval for irrational circle rotations. The rescaled entrance times have a limiting distribution in a limit when the number of iterates tends to infinity and the length of the interval vanishes. The proof of the main results follows from the study of related limiting distributions and their regularity properties.
A generalization of Abel's Theorem and the Abel--Jacobi map

We generalize Abel's classical theorem on linear equivalence of divisors on a Riemann surface. For every closed submanifold $M^d \subset X^n$ in a compact oriented Riemannian $n$--manifold, or more generally for any $d$--cycle $Z$ relative to a triangulation of $X$, we define a (simplicial) $(n-d-1)$--gerbe $\Lambda_{Z}$, the Abel gerbe determined by $Z$, whose vanishing as a Deligne cohomology class generalizes the notion of `linear equivalence to zero'. In this setting, Abel's theorem remains valid. Moreover we generalize the classical Inversion Theorem for the Abel--Jacobi map, thereby proving that the moduli space of Abel gerbes is isomorphic to the harmonic Deligne cohomology; that is, gerbes with harmonic curvature.