Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Analysis of a Magnetic Separator Device for Ex‐Vivo Blood Detoxification

Abstract The feasibility of a magnetic separator device for ex‐vivo blood detoxification was studied. This blood detoxification approach entails administering functionalized magnetic microspheres (FMMSs) into a patient's body by transdermal injection to capture and remove toxins from the blood using highly specific receptors attached to the surface of the FMMSs. These toxin‐loaded FMMSs are then removed from the body using extracorporeal blood circulation through a specially designed magnetic separator, based on high gradient magnetic separation principles. The performance of the magnetic separator, in terms of its collection efficiency (CE) of the FMMSs, was evaluated theoretically using a streamline analysis of a 2‐D model. The effects of blood velocity (1 to 20 cm/s), magnetic field strength (0.1 to 2.0 T), wire size (0.125 to 2.0 mm in radii), separator unit size at a fixed ratio of tube to wire diameter of one, tube length (2.0 to 20 cm), wire material (nickel, SS 430 and wairauite), and magnetic material comprising the FMMSs (iron, typical magnetite and weaker magnetite) on the CE were evaluated. Provided that the blood velocity was below 2 cm/s, CEs >80% could be attained under reasonable conditions, like when using FMMSs 400 nm in diameter and containing 60 wt% magnetite in a magnetic field of 0.5 T using a magnetic separator with 0.5 mm radii wire (at a fixed ratio of tube to wire diameter of close to one) that was 10 cm in length (same as the tube) and made of SS 430. CEs of between 30% and 80% could also be attained at blood velocities up to 20 cm/s without compromising the magnetic separator design. The magnetic separator performance improved by reducing the size of the unit with tubes and wires of equal radii, increasing the applied magnetic field strength, utilizing magnetic materials with the highest magnetizations, and increasing the length of the unit. Overall, the results from this study delineated the physically realistic conditions that make ex vivo blood detoxification possible with this magnetic separator device.
Soil and groundwater quality under a cattle feedlot in Southern Alberta

Environmental concerns related to manure often focus on land application and the negative effects on soil and water quality. However, there is also potential for contamination of soil and water directly from feedlot sites. The objective of this study was to determine if a newly constructed feedlot in southern Alberta would change soil and groundwater quality under the feedlot within the first four years of operation. A cattle feedlot was constructed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre in Lethbridge, Alberta, in 1995 and 1996. Sixteen groundwater wells were installed at the feedlot in 1996. Groundwater chemistry and microbiology were monitored from 1996 to 2000, which included a baseline period of 3 months at the start before the feedlot was stocked with cattle. Soil samples (0- to 0.15-m, 0.15- to 0.3-m, and every 0.3- to 1.5-m depth) were collected in 1996 and 1999. Mean water-table depth ranged from 1.23 to 2.50 m. Some soil chemical properties, PO4-P, NO3-N, NH4-N and K, were only significantly affected in the top 0.15-m layer. Other soil properties, EC, SAR, SO4-S, Mg, Ca and Na, increased significantly to a depth of 0.6 m. Chloride content increased significantly to a depth of 1.5 m. Groundwater analysis indicated that contaminants had leached to the water table. Chloride concentrations, E. coli counts and total coliform counts increased in the wells within the pen area, whereas there was little change in the wells outside the pen area.
Combinedheat andmass transfer in laminar #ow d i$usion nucleation chambers

The e$ect of mass transfer on heat transfer in laminar #ow di$usion chambers (LFDCs) is modelled as two coupled convective di$usion problems in Poiseuille #ow. The energy #ux due to mass di$usion is considered as the major coupling mechanism. Latent heat release and particle growth via condensation are neglected. A dimensionless parameteris introduced to measure the strength of the coupling e$ect. Exact analytical solutions are d two limiting cases andan approximate solution is proposedfor the general case. The approximate ansatz is validover the range −6 6 � 6 1, as determined by comparing it with accurate numerical solutions. The e$ect of the coupling on the saturation ratio is illustratedby consid ering relevant examples of LFDC systems compiledfrom the literature. It is foundsigni7cant for systems containing some organic vapours like propanol, as well as for air-water mixtures, implying that the coupling term should be incorporatedin theoretical analyses of such experiments. It is foundnegligible for n-pentanol andfor low vapour pressure species like dibutyl phthalate (DBP). A perturbative expansion is used to understand the numerical observation that the gas temperature increases for positive � , causing a signi7cant decrease in the saturation ratio anda correspond ing suppression of calculatedhomogeneous nucleation rates, whereas the opposite e$ect is notedfor negativevalues. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Distribution of blood flow and ventilation in saline-filled lung

The airways of degassed greyhound lungs were filled with saline and the lung suspended in a saline bath and perfused with blood. The distribution of blood flow was measured by injecting aggregated I131-labeled albumin into the pulmonary artery and scanning the lung from bottom to top when the particles had been trapped by the small vessels. After equilibrating the alveolar saline with more inhaled iodinated albumin and scanning again, blood flow per unit alveolar volume could be calculated. With vascular pressures which have been shown to cause great topographical inequality of blood flow in the gas-filled lung, blood flow was evenly distributed on the average in the saline-filled preparation, presumably because the hydrostatic pressures difference in the blood vessels were balanced by corresponding pressures in the airways. The topographical distribution of a single breath of iodinated albumin in saline was found to be uniform but there was striking stratified inhomogeneity along the airways. This was due to the slow diffusion rate of albumin in saline and similar effects were seen with inhaled radioactive oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in saline. The results show that when the mammalian lung breathes saline, diffusion limitations for oxygen and carbon dioxide within the airways may be an important factor. aerosols; hydrostatic pressures; increased acceleration; airways diffusion; topographical differences; gas exchange; pressure-flow relations Submitted on March 18, 1965
Intercrystalline links in polyethylene crystallized from the melt

Intercrystalline links in polyethylene have been revealed by crystallizing from the melt mixtures of fractionated polymer and the linear hydrocarbon n-C32H66, the latter constituent being removed later by washing at room temperature in an organic solvent. These fibrous links measure up to 15,000 A. in length and are 30–300 A. in thickness. Molecular chains are oriented parallel to the lengths of the links, and apparently nucleate on tie molecules formed by the simultaneous crystallization of different parts of the same molecule on the surfaces of different, and often widely separated, crystals. The maximum length of the links found in a given polymer varies as the square root of molecular weight, and there are indications that molecules in the melt are much more extended than is predicted by conventional configurational statistics. The links are under tension and presumably exert a significant influence on physical properties.
Modelling of low-pressure discharges for plasma processing

Low-pressure high density plasma processes are indispensable today for the microelectronic manufacturing industry. Classic plasma global models have been important tools for studying the properties of low pressure plasmas due to their highly computational efficiency and large chemical reaction capacity. However, the lack of detailed description of surface processes rendered these classic plasma global models incapable of predicting the surface-process-dominated phenomena such as the several times [O] (atomic oxygen density) increase in an SF6/O2 plasma compared to a pure O2 plasma when even small amount of SF6 is added to the feedstock gas composition (e.g. 5%). It seemed like global modelling in the field of low pressure plasma material processing had reached a dead end. But things were not so hopeless, to combat the challenge global modelling faces, in 2009 Kokkoris et al published an SF6 plasma global model with heterogeneous surface model. However, the details of their surface model and how it was coupled to a plasma global model was not given. In this work, I start from the detailed descriptions of a plasma global model with heterogeneous surface model and then show that my methods for modelling the surface processes of a plasma are viable. The mechanisms are then extended to the development of an SF6/O2 plasma model. I will model and give explanations on the mechanisms governing the aforementioned [O] increase in an SF6/O2 plasma, which was only reported in experimental works. The work on the fluctuations of a plasma model's outputs due to the statistical variations of the electron-involving reactions' rate coefficients is also discussed in this thesis. The current trend in the microelectronic manufacturing industry is to deploy ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) source plasmas for material processing. To follow this trend, the most crucial step of modelling an ECR discharge, namely the electron heating calculation is also given a detailed discussion in this work.
Solvolthermal Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Three Linear Trinuclear Schiff Base Complexes of Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II)

Three linear trinuclear Schiff base complexes, {Zn[Zn(CH3COO)(C17H16N2O2)](2)} (1), {Zn[Zn(CH3COO)-(C25H20N2O2)](2)} (2): and {Cd[Cd(CH3COO)(C18H18N2O2)](2)} (3), were synthesized for the first time under solvolthermal conditions. Their structures have been characterized by elemental analyses, Xray single crystal determinations, and infrared spectroscopy. There are three bridges across the M-M atom pairs (M is Zn for 1 and 2, or Cd for 3) in each complex, involving two O atoms of a Schiff base ligand (N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,3-propanediaminate (SALPD(2-)) for 1, N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-naphthalmethenylimino)1,3-propanediaminate (NAPTPD(2-)) for 2, and N,N'-bis- (salicylidene)-1,4-butanediaminate (SALBD(2-)) for 3), and an O-C-O moiety of a p-acetato group. In each of the complexes, the central M2+ ion is located on an inversion center and has a distorted octahedral coordination involving four bridging O atoms from two Schiff base ligands in the equatorial plane and one O atom from each bridging acetate group in the axial positions. The coordination around the terminal M2+ ions is irregular square pyramidal, with two O atoms and two N atoms of the Schiff base ligand in the basal plane and one O atom from an acetate group in the apical position. The acetate bridges linking the central and terminal M2+ ions are mutually trans. The M.M distances are 3.050(3) Angstrom in 1, 3.139(2) Angstrom in 2, and 3.287(6) Angstrom in 3.
Interconnected highly graphitic carbon nanosheets derived from wheat stalk as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Interconnected highly graphitic carbon nanosheets (HGCNS) have been successfully synthesized via a combined hydrothermal and graphitization process that uses biomass waste (wheat stalk) as the precursor. The as-obtained HGCNS show favorable features for electrochemical energy storage such as high degree of graphitization (up to 90.2%), ultrathin nanosheet frameworks (2–10 atomic layers), graphite-like interlayer spacing (0.3362 nm), and a mesoporous structure. Due to these unique features of HGCNS, they not only can supply multiple sites for the storage and insertion of Li ions, but also can facilitate rapid mass transport of electrons and Li ions. As a result, the HGCNS when used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries show high reversible capacity (502 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C), excellent rate capability (461.4, 429.3, 305.2, and 161.4 mA h g−1 at 1, 2, 5, and 10 C, respectively), and superior cycling performance (215 mA h g−1 at 5 C after 2000 cycles and 139.6 mA h g−1 at 10 C after 3000 cycles). What's more, the relatively flat voltage profiles with a negligible charge/discharge voltage hysteresis of HGCNS would be particularly meaningful for its widespread commercialized application in real lithium ion batteries.
Oxidation kinetics of graphite phase in magnesia-carbon refractories

Decarbonization of resin-bonded magnesia-graphite refractories, as one of the most important parameters for brick lining performance in service, has been studied kinetically in the temperature range from 1,000 to 1,400 C in air, where carbon burnout by oxygen is the dominant decarbonizing mechanism. The rate of carbon burnout was followed by gas analysis, measuring the amount of CO converted into CO{sub 2} as a function of reaction time. The experimental results have been rationalized using a mathematical model proposed for the oxidation kinetics, wherein the rate of inward diffusion of oxygen from the exterior atmosphere is predominant.
Proximate composition and mineral profile of eight different unstudied date ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties from Pakistan

With the aim of extending the knowledge on chemical composition of dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.), eight different sun dried date varieties; (1) Daki, (2) Aseel, (3) Coconut, (4) Khuzravi, (5) Halavi, (6) Zahidi, (7) Deglet Noor and (8) Barkavi were examined to determine their proximate composition and mineral profile. All the date varieties were found to be rich in proteins, fiber, carbohydrates and net gross energy (352.329 Kcal/100 g in Aseel to 425.147 Kcal/100 g in Khuzravi) having suitable levels of lipids and low values of ash, moisture and oxalates. Na, K and Li were found as macrominerals where as Cr, Cu, Ca, Mg, Ni, Zn and Mn were found as microminerals. The results suggest that all the studied dates serve as good source of vital nutrients and can be considered as premium quality having significantly higher energy values than the earlier reported values for dates.
Efficient and Selectable Production of Reactive Species Using a Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge in Gas Bubbles in Liquid

A plasma gas bubble-in-liquid method for high production of selectable reactive species using a nanosecond pulse generator has been developed. The gas of choice is fed through a hollow needle in a point-to-plate bubble discharge, enabling improved selection of reactive species. The increased interface reactions, between the gas-plasma and water through bubbles, give higher productivity. H2O2 was the predominant species produced using Ar plasma, while predominantly NO3- and NO2 were generated using air plasma, in good agreement with the observed emission spectra. This method has nearly 100% selectivity for H2O2, with seven times higher production, and 92% selectivity for NO3-, with nearly twice the production, compared with a plasma above the water.
The accuracy of electron‐density maps in X‐ray analysis with special reference to dibenzyl

Methods of correcting the systematic errors in electron-density maps due to using finite series of structure factors are discussed. Random errors in the maps are caused by experimental and computational rounding-off errors and by errors in the correction for finite series. Expressions are derived for the standard deviations of these random errors, which have a Gaussian probability distribution. It is shown how statistical significance tests can be used in the comparison of different bond-lengths, etc. These methods are illustrated by a detailed examination of the accuracy of the dibenzyl structure, which confirms Jeffrey's conclusions on shortened central bonds. Other topics include discussions of the shape of the atomic peaks in maps and the variation of errors with limiting reciprocal radii.
Raman Spectroscopy and Statistical Analysis of the Silicate Species and Group Connectivity in Cesium Silicate Glass Forming System

The Raman spectra of %Cs2O-(100 − x)%SiO2 (, 22, 27, 33, and 37 mol%) glasses and melts were measured in the temperature range of 293 to 1553 K. The concentrations of the species were calculated as a function of the composition and temperature based on the deconvolution analysis of the spectra. It was found that a dynamic equilibrium among structural units in the melts with mol% can be described by disproportionation reaction . The enthalpy of this reaction was found to be equal to 32 ± 6, 43 ± 8, 56 ± 10, and 52 ± 9 for , 27, 33, and 37 mol%, respectively. The nonideal entropy of mixing (Δ) depends on the melt temperature and increases almost linearly with increasing temperature. The , , and distributions with ranging from 0 to 55 mol% were modeled using experimental data for the concentrations of the units.
Acoustic behaviour of plastics for medical applications

The rectangular and square samples of bio-plastic materials namely, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene plastic (PS material), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), bakelite (G-10), nylon, Y-dent and teflon (PTFE) used for different applications in hospitals have been studied. These samples collected from different hospitals in Delhi (Safdarjang Hospital, Batra Hospital, AIIMS) have been studied for ultrasonic velocity, elasticity, acoustic impedance etc. at room temperature (24oC). The average values of ultrasonic velocity and elasticity are found to vary directly with the density. The ultrasonic parameters measured at 2.5 MHz are reported here.
Thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of biobased and biodegradable blends of poly(lactic acid) and chemically modified thermoplastic starch

In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was blended with chemically modified thermoplastic starch (CMPS) in a twin-screw extruder. The characteristic properties of PLA/CMPS blends were investigated by observing the morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the PLA/CMPS were thermodynamically immiscible. However, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared studies revealed that the interfacial adhesion was improved by the PLA-g-starch copolymers that were formed at the interface through a transesterification reaction between PLA and CMPS. The crystallinity of the PLA component in the blend was increased by the addition of the CMPS and was highly affected by the morphology of the blend. The tensile strength and elongation were found to decrease in a linear trend with increasing CMPS content. The biodegradability of the blends increased with increasing CMPS content, while initial time lag decreased. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
(Meta‐)stable phases and pre‐Guinier–Preston zones in AlCu alloys constructed from ab initio relaxed atomic positions – Comparison to experimental methods

Vacancies on different sublattices in the stable and meta‐stable Al2Cu phases Θ and Θ′ have been studied by ab initio calculations. We calculate their formation energies and relaxation features. These phases exist in over‐aged dilute AlCu alloys and have to grow under Al‐rich conditions. Our calculations show that the preferred site for structural vacancies is on the Cu sublattice. Characteristic for early stages of aging dilute AlCu alloys are pre‐Guinier–Preston (GP) zones. Here, we calculated the atomic arrangements of small clusters of Cu atoms in the aluminum matrix (Cu platelets on the {100}‐planes of Al). Strong – energy lowering – relaxations of Al atoms toward the habit plane of Cu atoms possibly explain the stability of these planar configurations favored over three‐dimensional agglomerations in real materials. The ab initio atomic positions for Θ‐ and Θ′‐phases as well as for pre‐GP zones have been finally used to calculate both X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra and positron annihilation data – namely positron lifetimes and momentum distributions. Comparisons to the few existing experimental data are discussed and suggestions for further experiments are given.
Controlled-release fertilizer of zinc encapsulated by a manganese hollow core shell

Abstract A laboratory study was undertaken to regulate the release of zinc (Zn) to the soil–plant system using a nano-sized manganese hollow core shell. The manganese carbonate core was used as a template to produce hollow shells like capsules, using cationic and anionic charged polymer electrolytes through electrostatic interaction. After achieving the nano-dimension hollow shell, Zn was fortified by loading zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). The hollow core shell was characterized using a particle size analyzer, Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) before and after loading of Zn. The characterization studies clearly indicated that the hollow core shell was successfully loaded with Zn to a level of 10%, and the presence of Zn was confirmed using Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The sorption and desorption pattern of the Zn-loaded hollow core shell was examined using a percolation reactor. The results showed that the Zn-fortified core shell released Zn for more than 696 h while Zn release ceased after 408 h in ZnSO4-fertilized soil. These data indicated that the hollow core shell can be used to regulate Zn release. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants fertilized with a Zn-fortified core shell had a higher Zn uptake of 5.66 and 3.47 mg hill−1 under submerged and aerobic moisture regimes, respectively. The data suggest that the encapsulation of Zn using a manganese hollow core shell improves Zn use efficiency by rice while reducing the loss of nutrients and minimizing environmental pollution.
Hydrotreatment of Fast Pyrolysis Oil Using Heterogeneous Noble-Metal Catalysts

Fast pyrolysis oils from lignocellulosic biomass are promising second-generation biofuels. Unfortunately, the application range for such oils is limited because of the high acidity (pH∼2.5) and the presence of oxygen in a variety of chemical functionalities, and upgrading of the oils is required for most applications. Herein, we report an experimental study on the upgrading of fast pyrolysis oil by catalytic hydrotreatment. A variety of heterogeneous noble-metal catalysts were tested for this purpose (Ru/C, Ru/TiO2, Ru/Al2O3, Pt/C, and Pd/C), and the results were compared to those obtained with typical hydrotreatment catalysts (sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3). The reactions were carried out at temperatures of 250 and 350 °C and pressures of 100 and 200 bar. The Ru/C catalyst was found to be superior to the classical hydrotreating catalysts with respect to oil yield (up to 60 wt %) and deoxygenation level (up to 90 wt %). The upgraded products were less acidic and contained less water than the original.