Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Mechanistic Model of H 218 O and C 18 OO Fluxes between Ecosystems and the Atmosphere: Model Description and Sensitivity Analyses

The concentration of 18 O in atmospheric CO 2 and H 2 O is a potentially powerful tracer of ecosystem carbon and water fluxes. In this paper we describe the development of an isotope model (ISOLSM) that simulates the 18 O content of canopy water vapor, leaf water, and vertically resolved soil water; leaf photosynthetic 18 OC 16 O (hereafter C 18 OO) fluxes; CO 2 oxygen isotope exchanges with soil and leaf water; soil CO 2 and C 18 OO diffusive fluxes (including abiotic soil exchange); and ecosystem exchange of H 218 O and C 18 OO with the atmosphere. The isotope model is integrated into the land surface model LSM, but coupling with other models should be straightforward. We describe ISOLSM and apply it to evaluate (a) simplified methods of predicting the C 18 OO soil-surface flux; (b) the impacts on the C 18 OO soil-surface flux of the soil-gas diffusion coefficient formulation, soil CO 2 source distribution, and rooting distribution; (c) the impacts on the C 18 OO fluxes of carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in soil and leaves; and (d) the sensitivity of model predictions to the δ 18 O value of atmospheric water vapor and CO 2 . Previously published simplified models are unable to capture the seasonal and diurnal variations in the C 18 OO soil-surface fluxes simulated by ISOLSM. Differences in the assumed soil CO 2 production and rooting depth profiles, carbonic anhydrase activity in soil and leaves, and the δ 18 O value of atmospheric water vapor have substantial impacts on the ecosystem CO 2 flux isotopic composition. We conclude that accurate prediction of C 18 OO ecosystem fluxes requires careful representation of H 218 O and C 18 OO exchanges and transport in soils and plants. perform meaningful sensitivity studies; and test simplified models of isotopic exchange appropriate for large-scale simulations.
S1366728921000523jra 1..13

Orthography plays a crucial role in L2 learning, which generally relies on both oral and written input. We examine whether incongruencies between L1 and L2 grapheme-phoneme correspondences influence bilingual speech perception and production, even when both languages have been acquired in early childhood before reading acquisition. Spanish–Basque and Basque–Spanish early bilinguals performed an auditory lexical decision task including Basque pseudowords created by replacing Basque /s̻/ with Spanish /θ/. These distinct phonemes take the same orthographic form, <z>. Participants also completed reading-aloud tasks in Basque and Spanish to test whether speech sounds with the same orthographic form were produced similarly in the two languages. Results for both groups showed orthography had strong effects on speech perception but no effects on speech production. Taken together, these findings suggest that orthography plays a crucial role in the speech system of early bilinguals but does not automatically lead to non-native production.
Funct ional c onnectivity d ynamically e volves on multiple time - scales o ver s tatic s tructural c onnectivity : M odels and M echanisms

Over the last decade, we have observed a revolution in brain structural and functional Connectomics. On one hand, we have an ever-more detailed characterization of the brain’s white matter structural connectome. On the other, we have a repertoire of consistent functional networks that form and dissipate over time during rest. Despite the evident spatial similarities between structural and functional connectivity, understanding how different time-evolving functional networks spontaneously emerge from a single structural network requires analyzing the problem from the perspective of complex network dynamics and dynamical system’s theory. In that direction, bottom-up computational models are useful tools to test theoretical scenarios and depict the mechanisms at the genesis of resting-state activity, beyond serving as predictive tools to estimate functional connectivity. Here, we provide an overview of the different mechanistic scenarios proposed over the last decade via computational models. Importantly, we reinforce the need of implementing additional validation steps in order to refresh the list of candidate scenarios in the light of empirical evidence from MEG-based Envelope Functional Connectivity and Functional Connectivity Dynamics .
Early-career Plans in Engineering: Insights from the Theory of Planned Behavior

Lisa Lattuca, Professor of Higher Education at the University of Michigan, studies curriculum, teaching, and learning, primarily in engineering programs in college and university settings. She examines processes of curriculum development and revision at the course, program, and institutional levels, including how faculty attitudes, beliefs, and cultures inﬂuence curricular and instructional practices and how these in affect student learning.
Study of Perceived Stress among Academicians in Higher Institutional Malaysia

encounter mental disorder to of the three to and combination of a are negative Abstract: Stress can lead to mental disorder such as post-traumatic disorder, schizophrenia and others. Nowadays stress has become concern in Malaysia due to the increasing amount of mental disorder. Teaching were one of the most stressful and challenging occupation. This study was aimed to investigate the occurrence of occupational stress and to identify the factors that contribute to stress among the academic staff in higher institutional in Malaysia. This study was using questionnaire method. The questionnaires were distributed to the academic staff. The results show that 77% of participated academic staffs were experience stress. There are three major factors that contribute to stress which is demand, relationship and role.
TGF- b Signaling Pathways in Different Compartments of the Lower Airways of Patients With Stable COPD

BACKGROUND: The expression and localization of transforming growth factor- b (TGF- b ) pathway proteins in different compartments of the lower airways of patients with stable COPD is unclear. We aimed to determine TGF- b pathway protein expression in patients with stable COPD. METHODS: The expression and localization of TGF- b pathway components was measured in the bronchial mucosa and peripheral lungs of patients with stable COPD (n ¼ 44), control smokers with normal lung function (n ¼ 24), and control nonsmoking subjects (n ¼ 11) using immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: TGF- b 1, TGF- b 3, and connective tissue growth factor expression were signi ﬁ cantly decreased in the bronchiolar epithelium, with TGF- b 1 also decreased in alveolar macrophages, in patients with stable COPD compared with control smokers with normal lung function. TGF- b 3 expression was increased in the bronchial lamina propria of both control smokers with normal lung function and smokers with mild/moderate stable COPD compared with control nonsmokers and correlated signi ﬁ cantly with pack-years of smoking. However, TGF- b 3 þ cells decreased in patients with severe/very severe COPD compared with control smokers. Latent TGF- b binding protein 1 expression was increased in the bronchial lamina propria in subjects with stable COPD of all severities compared with control smokers with normal lung function. Bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor expression (BAMBI) in the bronchial mucosa was signi ﬁ cantly increased in patients with stable COPD of all severities compared with control subjects. No other signi ﬁ cant differences were observed between groups for all the other molecules studied in the bronchial mucosa and peripheral lung. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of TGF- b s and their regulatory proteins is distinct within different lower airway compartments in stable COPD. Selective reduction in TGF- b 1 and enhanced BAMBI expression may be associated with the increase in autoimmunity in COPD.
ReviewInhaled anesthetics: environmental role

Inhaled anesthetics have been in clinical use for over 150 years and are still commonly used in daily practice. The initial view of inhaled anesthetics as indispensable for general anesthesia has evolved during the years and, currently, its general use has even been questioned. Beyond the traditional risks inherent to any drug in use, inhaled anesthetics are exceptionally strong greenhouse gases (GHG) and may pose considerable occupational risks. This emphasizes the importance of evaluating and considering its use in clinical practices. Despite the overwhelming scientific evidence of worsening climate changes, control measures are very slowly implemented. Therefore, it is the responsibility of all society sectors, including the health sector to maximally decrease GHG emissions where possible. Within the field of anesthesia, the potential to reduce GHG emissions can be briefly summarized as follows: Stop or avoid the use of nitrous oxide (N2O) and desflurane, consider the use of total intravenous or local-regional anesthesia, invest in the development of new technologies to minimize volatile anesthetics consumption, scavenging systems, and destruction of waste gas. The improved and sustained awareness of the medical community regarding the climate impact of inhaled anesthetics is mandatory to bring change in the current practice.
Study of the Experimental Probe of Inflationary Cosmology (EPIC)-Intemediate Mission for NASA's Einstein Inflation Probe

Measurements of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy have served as the best experimental probe of the early universe to date. The inflationary paradigm, inspired in part by the extreme isotropy of the CMB, is now a cornerstone in modern cosmology. Inflation has passed a series of rigorous experimental tests, but we still do not understand the physical mechanism or energy scale behind inflation. A general prediction of inflation and one that can provide certain insights into inflationary physics is a background of primordial gravitational waves. These perturbations leave a distinct signature in the CMB B-modes of polarization. The EPIC (Experimental Probe of Inflationary Cosmology) study team has investigated several CMB polarization mission concepts to carry out a definitive measurement of the inflationary B-mode polarization spectrum. In this report we study a mission with an aperture intermediate between the two missions discussed in our previous report. EPIC-IM's increased aperture allows access to a broader science case than the small EPIC-Low Cost mission. In addition to the search for inflationary gravitational waves, the increase aperture allows us to mine the scale polarization and lensing shear polarization signals down to cosmological limits, so that we extract virtually all the cosmological information available from the CMB. In addition, a modest number of channels operating at higher frequencies allows for an all-sky measurement of polarized Galactic dust, which will provide a rich dataset for Galactic science related to magnetic fields. Using a combination of a large sensitivity focal plane with a new optical design, and an efficient 4K mechanical cooler, EPIC-IM realizes higher sensitivity than EPIC-Comprehensive Science mission.
RMHP_A_308691 2527..2536

1CHINTA Research Bangladesh, (Centre for Health Innovation, Networking, Training, Action and Research – Bangladesh), Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh; 2Department of Public Health, Global Communicable Disease, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA; 3Department of Epidemiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518060, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
Nutritional Epidemiology Tobacco Use and Associations of -Carotene and Vitamin Intakes with Colorectal Adenoma Risk

The effects of vitamins and -carotene on the risk of colorectal adenomas have not been fully investigated. Recent data suggest that smoking could modulate the effect of -carotene supplements on adenoma recurrence. We investigated the effect of dietary vitamins and -carotene on the risk of adenomas, and a potential interaction with smoking status as part of a case-control study of environmental factors associated with the risk of colorectal adenomas and cancers. We compared nutrient intakes in polyp-free controls (n 427) and adenoma cases (n 362) globally and using models stratified by smoking status, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and energy and alcohol intakes. Folate and vitamins C and B-6 were inversely related to adenoma risk (P for trend 0.005, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively), whereas vitamin D tended to be inversely associated with risk (P for trend 0.05). There was a significant interaction between -carotene and smoking (P interaction 0.04). In nonsmokers, -carotene was inversely associated with adenoma risk, especially that of colon adenomas [odds ratios (ORs) in low vs. high consumers and 95% CI 0.4 (0.2–0.9)], whereas in past or current smokers, -carotene was associated with a nonsignificant (P for trend 0.19) increase in the risk of colon adenomas [corresponding OR 1.9 (95% CI 0.9–4.1)]. Our findings support a protective effect of folate and vitamins C and B-6 irrespective of smoking habits, and a protective effect of -carotene in nonsmokers only. They suggest an adverse effect of -carotene in smokers, who should be cautious about taking high doses of this micronutrient. J. Nutr. 135: 2468–2472,
‘Point’ Centromeres of Saccharomyces harbor single CenH3 nucleosomes

The ‘point’ centromere of budding yeast is genetically defined by an ~125-bp sequence. Recent fluorescence measurements of kinetochore clusters have suggested that this sequence specifies multiple centromere-specific (CenH3) nucleosomes. However, high-resolution mapping demonstrates that there is only one CenH3 nucleosome per centromere, providing biochemical confirmation of the point centromere model. base-pair resolution
Spatial Heterogeneity in the Swedish Municipal Housing Prices

News media is constantly reporting about record high house prices in Sweden and about the danger that follows if the house prices are too overvalued. The view that the house prices are overvalued is often just based on the fact that prices have increased a lot the last decades. The purpose of this paper is to shed some new light upon this issue and examine if there exist spatial heterogeneity in the overvaluation of Swedish municipal housing prices. To achieve this goal, we apply a definition that have divided the Swedish municipalities into eight different groups based on spatial heterogeneity in factors such as population, economic activity and localization. A fixed effects regression model that include economic determinants is estimated for each of the eight municipal groups. These economic determinants are thought to drive house prices. The model described above enables the analysis to predict the house price that would be justified given these economic determinants. By comparing market house prices with our estimated house prices, we are able to observe if the municipal housing prices are overvalued or not. The results show that the municipal housing markets are overvalued but not at alarmingly high levels and that there are significant spatial heterogeneity in the incidence of overvaluation across Swedish municipalities.
L aboratory and field efficacy of Pedalium murex and predatory copepod, M esocyclops longisetus on rural malaria vector, A nopheles culicifacies

Objective: T o test the potentiality of the leaf extract of Pedalium murex ( P. murex ) and predatory copepod Mesocyclops longisetus ( M. longisetus ) in individual and combination in controlling the rural malarial vector, Anopheles culicifacies ( An. culicifacies ) in laboratory and field studies. Methods: P. murex leaves were collected from in and around E rode, T amilnadu, I ndia. T he active compounds were extracted with 300 m L of methanol for 8 h in a S oxhlet apparatus. L aboratory studies on larvicidal and pupicidal effects of methanolic extract of P. murex tested against the rural malarial vector, An. culicifacies were significant. Results: E valuated lethal concentrations ( LC 50 ) of P. murex extract were 2 . 68 , 3 . 60 , 4 . 50 , 6 . 44 and 7 . 60 mg/ L for I , II , III , IV and pupae of An. culicifacies , respectively. P redatory copepod, M. longisetus was examined for their predatory efficacy against the malarial vector, An. culicifacies . M. longisetus showed effective predation on the early instar ( 47 % and 36 % on I and II instar ) when compared with the later ones ( 3 % and 1 % on III and IV instar ) . P redatory efficacy of M. longisetus was increased ( 70 % and 45 % on I and II instar ) when the application was along with the P. murex extract. Conclusions: P redator survival test showed that the methanolic extract of P. murex is non-toxic to the predatory copepod, M. longisetus . E xperiments were also conducted to evaluate the efficacy of methanolic extract of P. murex and M. longisetus in the direct breeding sites ( paddy fields ) of An. culicifacies . R eduction in larval density was very high and sustained for a long time in combined treatment of P. murex and M. longisetus .
Automated surveillance for adverse drug events at a community hospital and an academic medical center.

OBJECTIVES To compare the rates and nature of ADEs at an academic medical center and a community hospital using a single computerized ADE surveillance system. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of patients admitted to two tertiary care hospitals. Outcome Measure Adverse drug events identified by automated surveillance and voluntary reporting. METHODS We implemented an automated surveillance system across an academic medical center and a community hospital. Potential events identified by the computer were reviewed in detail by medication safety pharmacists and scored for causality and severity. Findings were compared between the two hospitals, and with voluntary reports from nurses and pharmacists. RESULTS Over the 8 month study period, 25,177 patients were admitted to the university hospital and 8,029 to the community hospital. There were 1,116 ADEs in 900 patients at the university hospital for an overall rate of 4.4 ADEs per 100 admissions. At the community hospital, 399 patients experienced 501 ADEs for a rate of 6.2 events per 100 admissions. Rates of antibiotic-associated colitis, drug-induced hypoglycemia, and anticoagulation-related ADEs were significantly higher at the community hospital compared with the university hospital. Computerized surveillance detected ADEs at a rate 3.6 times that of voluntary reporting at the university hospital and 12.3 times that at the community hospital. CONCLUSIONS Operation of a common automated ADE surveillance system across hospitals permits meaningful comparison of ADE rates in different inpatient settings. Automated surveillance detects ADEs at rates far higher than voluntary reporting, and the difference may be greater in the community hospital setting. Community hospitals may experience higher rates of certain types of ADEs compared with academic medical centers.
A of Phase I trials of Ebola virus vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel vaccines?

trials assessing various strategies, which rapidly advanced through clinical trials in health Careful consideration of immunogenicity is essential been in the numerous We the different aspects of the assays currentlyused Phase Iclinical trials for Ebola vaccines, and draw comparisons across the immune outputs where various trials have examined both cellular and humoral immunity in outputs and the ease of field deployment for the various vaccine modalities will help both the scientific community and policy-makers prioritize and potentially license vaccine candidates. If this can be achieved, the next outbreak of Ebola virus, or other emerging pathogen, can be more readily contained and will not have such widespread and devastating consequences. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.
Inﬂuenza Virion-Derived Viral Ribonucleoproteins Synthesize both mRNA and cRNA In Vitro (cid:1)

The mechanisms regulating the synthesis of mRNA, cRNA, and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) by the inﬂuenza A virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are not fully understood. Early results suggested that the RNA polymerase “switched” from a transcriptase to a replicase during the viral life cycle in response to the expression of viral proteins. However, recently an alternative model suggesting that replication of inﬂuenza virus is regulated by stabilization of the replicative intermediates was proposed. According to this model, the virion-associated polymerase is capable of synthesizing both mRNA and cRNA. We now demonstrate that virion-derived viral ribonucleoproteins (vvRNPs) synthesize both mRNA and cRNA in vitro in the absence of non-virion-associated RNA polymerase or nucleoproteins. The authenticity of the in vitro-transcribed mRNA and cRNA was conﬁrmed by terminal sequence analysis. The addition of non-virion-associated polymerase or NP had no effect on vvRNP activity. De novo synthesis of cRNA was found to be more sensitive than the capped primer-dependent synthesis of mRNA to the concentration of ATP, CTP, and GTP. We conclude that vvRNPs intrinsically possess both transcriptase and replicase activities and that there is no switch in the synthesis of mRNA to cRNA during the inﬂuenza virus life cycle. The
Benchmarking Progress to Infant-Level Physical Reasoning in AI

To what extent do modern AI systems comprehend the physical world? We introduce the open-access Infant-Level Physical Reasoning Benchmark ( InfLevel ) to gain insight into this question. We evaluate ten neural-network architectures developed for video understanding on tasks designed to test these models’ ability to reason about three essential physical principles which researchers have shown to guide human infants’ physical understanding. We explore the sensitivity of each AI system to the continuity of objects as they travel through space and time, to the solidity of objects, and to gravity. We find strikingly consistent results across 60 experiments with multiple systems, training regimes, and evaluation metrics: current popular visual-understanding systems are at or near chance on all three principles of physical reasoning. We close by suggesting some potential ways forward.
of Pharmacology and Improving the Efficacy of Cisplatin in Colon Cancer HT29 Cells via Combination Therapy with Selenium

Monolayer culture was used to establish IC 50 , to give a starting dose for agarose experimentation, and to expand the cell line. Abstract Cis-platinum is generally not effective against slow growing colon cancer. Glutathione peroxidase is a seleno-enzyme that inactivates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Research suggests that high levels of ROS may alter cis- platinum efficacy. The effect of selenite supplementation during cis-platinum treatment in HT-29 colon cancer cells was explored. Agarose culture allowed cells to grow in 3D, form colonies, as well as allow independent analysis of mitosis, cell viability, and ROS breakdown. Single cells were suspended in agarose and grown 7 days. Cultures were un- or pre- treated with selenite at day 0. On day 4, cultures were treated with cis-platinum alone or in conjunction with selenite. At 7 days, cell viability and mitotic activity were evaluated. ROS breakdown was quantified using an assay of glutathione peroxidase activity. Selenite at low doses did not affect cell viability or mitosis. Cultures treated with the selenite / cis-platinum combination exhibited higher ROS breakdown and increased cis-platinum efficacy. Where colonies are already formed, cis-platinum alone was not as effective as the cis-platinum / selenite combination. Additionally, ROS breakdown was increased in cells treated with the cis-platinum / selenite combination suggesting a link between ROS levels and cis- platinum efficacy.