Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Separate Universe simulations with IllustrisTNG: baryonic effects on power spectrum responses and higher-order statistics

We measure power spectrum response functions in the presence of baryonic physical processes using separate universe simulations with the IllustrisTNG galaxy formation model. The response functions describe how the small-scale power spectrum reacts to long-wavelength perturbations and they can be efficiently measured with the separate universe technique by absorbing the effects of the long modes into a modified cosmology. Specifically, we focus on the total first-order matter power spectrum response to an isotropic density fluctuation R1(k, z), which is fully determined by the logarithmic derivative of the non-linear matter power spectrum dlnPm(k, z)/dlnk and the growth-only response function G1(k, z). We find that G1(k, z) is not affected by the baryonic physical processes in the simulations at redshifts z < 3 and on all scales probed (k ≲ 15 h Mpc−1; i.e. length scales $\gtrsim 0.4\, {\rm Mpc}\,h^{-1}$). In practice, this implies that the power spectrum fully specifies the baryonic dependence of its response function. Assuming an idealized lensing survey set-up, we evaluate numerically the baryonic impact on the squeezed-lensing bispectrum and the lensing supersample power spectrum covariance, which are given in terms of responses. Our results show that these higher-order lensing statistics can display varying levels of sensitivity to baryonic effects compared to the power spectrum, with the squeezed bispectrum being the least sensitive. We also show that ignoring baryonic effects on lensing covariances slightly overestimates the error budget (and is therefore conservative from the point of view of parameter error bars) and likely has negligible impact on parameter biases in inference analyses.
Internally Connected , No Commercial , With a Touch of Open Space : The Neighborhoods of New Homes in the Portland Metropolitan Area

For many years, neighborhoods have been classified as either “suburban” or “traditional. ” But new homes today are built in many different types of neighborhoods with many different design features. In this paper, we develop a quantitative method for classifying the neighborhoods of new homes in the Portland metropolitan area. We proceed in three steps. First we measure urban form attributes of neighborhoods around newly developed homes. We then use factor analysis to identify a small set of factors that capture essential differences in urban form. Finally we use cluster analysis on these factor scores to identify distinctly different neighborhood types. Applying these methods to neighborhoods around new single family homes in the metropolitan Portland, Oregon, we are able to identify eight factors of urban form and six neighborhood types. We then show that most new single family homes in metropolitan Portland are built in new suburban neighborhoods but a substantial portion is occurring in traditional urban neighborhoods.
A GRAVIMETRIC GEOID OF TASMANIA USING THE 1-D FFT WITH A MODIFIED INTEGRATION KERNEL

A new gravimetric estimate of the separation between the GRS80 ellipsoid and the geoid over Tasmania and surrounding seas has been made. The geoid model utilised a combination of the EGM96 global geopotential model, the 1992 release of the Australian gravity database, and a nine-second digital elevation model. The computational technique used was the one-dimensional fast Fourier transform (1DFFT), which has been refined so as to include deterministically modified Stokes integration kernels. Comparisons were made among Global Positioning System heights, optical levelling on the Australian Height Datum (Tasmania) and several gravimetric geoid solutions at 14 points. This showed that the Vanicek and Kleusberg (1987) modification for a degree 20 spheroid and cap radius of 15’ gave the smallest standard deviation of 186mm, which is a slight improvement upon the 232mm achieved when using AUSGEOID93.
Sticky floors and glass ceilings in Latin America

We employ unconditional quantile-decomposition methods to analyze the gender wage gap (gwg) in the urban region of twelve Latin American countries. Using data from harmonized household surveys we decompose the gwg into an explained component (differences in human capital) and an unexplained component (different rates of return to human capital). We find evidence of sticky floors (larger gwg at the tenth percentile than at the median) and glass ceilings (larger gwg at the ninetieth percentile than at the median). The former are more frequent and their magnitude is generally larger. Working women are more educated than working men all along the wage distribution, which partially hides the ‘unexplained’ pay difference. Finally, we find that poorer countries and countries with more income inequality have higher gwg at the tenth percentile of the wage distribution. Richer countries and countries with lower inequality present larger gwg at the ninetieth percent of the wage distribution.
A New Semantic Similarity Measurement Based on HowNet Concept Tree

This paper puts forward a new depth & path-based semantic similarity method to improve the existing meaning-based approaches in HowNet. Firstly, a complete concept tree is constructed on the sememe tree according to the concept definitions in HowNet. Then an improved depth & path algorithm was put forward, in which five adjustable parameters are used to compute the depth and path of concept in concept tree. This method avoids the computation process of complicated meaning similarity and is more intuitive and efficient. The experiment shows that proposed algorithm has achieved an excellent level comparing with the existing word similarity algorithms.
Regeneration of Treeline Birch (Betula utilis D. Don) Forest in a Trans-Himalayan Dry Valley in Central Nepal

Abstract Distribution and community structure of treeline birch (Betula utilis D. Don) forest in a trans-Himalayan dry valley was studied in Manang (central Nepal) with the major focus on regeneration. Along 5 vertical transects, a total of 41 square quadrats (10 m x 10 m) were sampled to determine the importance value index (IVI) of tree species, distribution pattern of seedlings and saplings, and soil attributes. Regeneration was assessed by a density–diameter curve. Moisture plays an important role in spatial (horizontal) distribution of Betula utilis. Pure Betula forest forming the treeline was mature, with high basal area (2.3%), but mixed Betula forest at lower elevations was young. This might have developed after large-scale clear cutting of Abies spectabilis. If not severely disturbed, mixed Betula forest may be replaced by Abies spectabilis. In general, Betula utilis was regenerating, as evident from a reverse J-shaped density–diameter curve for both forests. However, the distribution of seedlings and saplings was spatially heterogeneous and appeared to depend on canopy cover. The stands with highest seedling and sapling densities of Betula utilis had no trees. Betula seedlings were absent where the tree density and basal area (BA) exceeded 20 stems/100 m2 and 1.0% respectively. It was apparent that Betula seedlings could not establish under their own closed canopy even if they produced viable seeds. Partial canopy opening may induce seedling establishment and hence continuous regeneration of Betula utilis at mature stands. The tree-line formed by Betula utilis was abrupt—the anthropo-zoogenic type—without the krummholz zone.
Difficult Intravenous Access and Its Management

Difficult intravenous access (DIVA) may occur due to several factors, such as the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients (age, sex, height, weight, ethnicity, IV drugs history, and medical history), health professional’s experience, device characteristics, site of insertion, and vein characteristics. Difficult intravenous access leads to repeated insertion attempts that might prove to be uncomfortable for the patients, frustrating and challenging for the health professionals, and expensive for the health institutions. The practitioners must develop the awareness of the factors capable of increasing the difficulty of defining the appropriate vein for cannulation through their varied experiences with vein location and vascular access.
Opportunism and cognition in birds

Animals vary in their response to the distribution of resources in time and space. Opportunistic foraging is evident in many species and has indirectly been shown to be linked to measures of cognition such as innovation and problem solving. However, in the field of cognitive ecology, the operationalization and empirical use of opportunism is problematic. In chapter 1, I review the concept of opportunism in the zoological literature and propose an operational definition. The review suggests that many definitions of the concept are not useful, in particular those that equate it with generalism or use it to describe random choice in foraging. With the operational definition I propose ('latency to switch to a new, abundant, food source'), the relationship between ecological flexibility and cognition is then addressed through a small-scale comparative study in chapter 2. Here, the purpose is to determine if an opportunistic species will perform better at problem solving, and have lower neophobic tendencies, than a less opportunistic species. The study compares two sister species of Thraupidae with different foraging strategies: the Barbados bullfinch (Loxigilla barbadensis), an opportunistic forager, and the black-faced grassquit (Tiaris bicolor), a conservative forager. In the field, I carried out focal observations along with opportunism and neophobia experiments. In captivity, wild-caught individuals were run through a set of behavioural and cognitive tests, which included a neophobia test and a problem-solving obstacle removal task. Results show that although both species share overlapping foraging modes, territorial habits and neophobic tendencies, the Barbados bullfinch is much more opportunistic, bolder and better at problem-solving than the black-faced grassquit. %%%%Les animaux different dans leurs reponses a la distribution spatiale et temporelle des ressources. Plusieurs especes manifestent un mode opportuniste de quete alimentaire et des preuves indirectes suggerent que l'opportunisme est associe a des mesures de cognition telles que l'innovation et la resolution de problemes. Toutefois, dans le domaine de l'ecologie cognitive, la definition et l'operationalisation de l'opportunisme pose probleme. Dans le premier chapitre de ce memoire, je fais une revue de litterature du concept d'opportunisme et j'en propose une definition operationelle. La revue suggere que plusieurs acceptions du concept sont peu utiles, en particulier celles qui le confondent avec le concept de 'generalisme' et celles qui lui donnent le sens de 'capture au hasard' de proies. A partir de la definition operationelle que je propose ('la latence d'exploitation d'une nouvelle et abondate source de nourriture'), la relation entre l'opportunisme et la cognition est testee au chapitre 2 dans une etude comparative a petite echelle. Je predis qu'une espece opportuniste sera plus rapide a resoudre un probleme alimentaire et sera moins neophobe qu'une espece conservatrice. L'etude compare deux especes genetiquement tres proches, le sporophile de la…
The Effect of Job Training Satisfaction on Career Attitude Maturity in Vocational College Youth: Mediating Effects of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy

This study is to examine whether the satisfaction of youths in job training is effective in career attitude maturity mediated with career decision-making self-efficacy, The subjects of this study were 386 students who were sampled from four vocational schools in Seoul and SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical process. The results of this study are as follows: First, job training satisfaction showed a positive correlation with career attitude maturity. Second, career decision-making self-efficacy showed a positive correlation with career attitude maturity. Third, in the relationship between job training satisfaction and career attitude maturity of youths, the mediating effect of career decision-making self-efficacy had a statistically significant positive effect and had a partial mediating effect, Therefore, it is suggested that the higher the satisfaction of vocational training in vocational schools, the higher the career decision-making self-efficacy and also the higher the career decision-making self-efficacy, the higher the career attitude maturity.
Singularities generated by the triple interaction of semilinear conormal waves

We study the local propagation of conormal singularities for solutions of semilinear wave equations $\square u = P(y, u)$, where $P(y, u)$ is a polynomial of degree $N \geq 3$ in $u$ with $C^\infty(\mathbb{R}^3_y)$ coefficients. We know from the work of Melrose & Ritter and Bony that if u is conormal to three waves which intersect transversally at point $q$, then after the triple interaction $u(y)$ is a conormal distribution with respect to the three waves and the characteristic cone $Q$ with vertex at $q$. We compute the principal symbol of $u$ at the cone and away from the hypersurfaces. We show that if $\partial_u^3 P (q, u(q)) \neq 0$, $u$ is an ellipitic conormal distribution.
What factors counteract mid-term survival following endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms?

Introduction Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is increasingly used, and has become the standard treatment option for AAA. Aim To evaluate the outcomes and predictors of survival of endovascular treatment of AAA in the short- and medium-term. Material and methods A total of 222 patients having endovascular AAA repair between January 2013 and December 2019 by the same surgical team were included in the study. Patient demographics, perioperative and follow-up data including mortality, complications, and need for secondary intervention were collected. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted for survival and Cox regression models were assessed for predictors of survival. Results The median age was 70 years, with male predominance (202 patients, 91%). Thirty-day mortality was 1.8%. Median follow-up to the primary endpoint was 20 months (range: 1–80 months). Survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 93.5%, 81.4%, and 62.2%, respectively. Freedom from secondary intervention rates were 95.5% at 1 year, 88.7% at 3 years, and 82.1% at 5 years. Cox proportional hazard models showed that preoperative creatinine levels ≥ 1.8 mg/dl (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.21–6.42, p = 0.027), haemoglobin levels < 10 gr/dl (HR = 3.38, 95% CI: 1.16–9.90, p = 0.026), ejection fraction < 30% (HR = 5.67, 95% CI: 1.29–24.86, p = 0.021), and AAA diameter ≥ 6.0 cm (HR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.01–4.81, p = 0.049) were independently associated with mid-term survival. Conclusions EVAR is a safe procedure with low postoperative morbidity and mortality. This study confirms that the mid-term survival and results are favourable. However, the analysed factors in this study that predict reduced survival (high preoperative creatinine, low haemoglobin, low ejection fraction and larger aneurysms) should be judged when planning endovascular repair of AAA.
Effects of States’ Laws on Youth Physical Activity Participation and Obesity Prevalence

The alarming prevalence of obesity and lack of physical activity among adolescents led to immediate policy action to address these concerns. Accordingly, many states introduced and enacted their own legislation to encourage physical activity in schools. Few studies have explored the effectiveness of the new legislation, however, especially at the state level. To answer the fundamental question of whether policy is effective and to describe the varying effects of state obesity policies, this study analyzed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System from 2007 to 2017. Using the difference-in-differences method, this study found that legislative efforts to encourage physical activity had a significant and substantial effect on enhancing physical-activity participation and reducing adolescent obesity; however, subgroup analyses revealed that the effect was concentrated on female and white adolescents only. Additionally, the subsequent sensitivity analysis revealed that since 2015, when national attention started to divert to new health concerns (opioid abuse, for example), physical activity levels pulled back to 2009 levels. Rates of obesity and overweight have been on a sharp rise again since 2015. Lawmakers should reconsider changes in the law merging physical environments with digital environments, particularly for members of Generation Alpha, who will have ever more enticements for screen time.
Investigation of the multiplet structures and crystal field effects of a TiO6 3d1 cluster based on configuration interaction calculations

Configuration interaction cluster calculation can effectively reproduce the experimentally measured Ti L23-edge absorption spectrum for the TiO6 cluster LaTiO3. A further investigation of the hybridization strength and charge-transfer energy effects on the multiplet structures suggests that LaTiO3 should be classified as an intermediate state between the charge-transfer and Mott–Hubbard regimes. Detailed temperature-dependent simulations of absorption spectra support the lifting of Ti t2g orbital degeneracy and crystal field splitting. The spin–orbit coupling scenario is ruled out, even though 3d spin–orbit coupling can reproduce the experimental spectrum without including temperature. A combined polarization- and crystal-field-splitting-dependent analysis indicates asymmetric ΔCF–orbital interactions for the TiO6 cluster [Ti3+:3d1(t2g1)], different from the orbital–lattice interactions reported for the NiO6 cluster [Ni3+:3d7(t2g6eg1)]. The orbital polarization is defined in terms of the normalized electron occupancies in orbitals with xy and xz(yz) symmetries, and nearly complete orbital polarization (more than 75%) is observed, indicating strongly reduced orbital fluctuations due to the correlation effects. This is consistent with the density of states for titanates based on local density approximation plus dynamical mean-field theory calculations.
Re-examining the Dimensionality of Leisure Motivation and Leisure Satisfaction in a Multicultural Context: Evidence from Macau

The present study calls for attention to the utility of leisure motivation and leisure satisfaction scales by examining the commonalities and differences of the factor structure in a multicultural context. Both the different number of factors extracted and the different patterns of items loaded on the factors indicate that the dimensionality of leisure motivation and leisure satisfaction proposed by Beard and Ragheb needs to be cautiously treated when adapted to a different cultural setting.
Effect of Piracetam on Brain Oxidative Stress and Tissue Damage Following Toluene Exposure in Rats

In this study, the effect of the nootropic drug piracetam on brain oxidative stress and histopathological changes in brain, liver and kidney following exposure to toluene in rats was examined. Piracetam (150 or 300 mg/kg, subcutaneously, daily) was given along with toluene (500 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, daily) for one week. The brain content of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in brain homogenates were determined. Histopathology of the brain, liver and kidney and brain Bax immunohistochemistry were performed. Results showed that exposure to toluene resulted in increased brain lipid peroxidation (MDA) and NO along with decreased reduced glutathione. Toluene also inhibited PON-1, and BChE activities. The administration of piracetam had no significant effect on brain lipid peroxidation. The level of reduced glutathione was unchanged by piracetam but PON1 activity was increased by the lower dose of the drug. Piracetam showed no significant effect on BChE activity in toluene treated rats. Histopathological examination of the brain of toluene only treated rats showed degenerated neurons in cerebral cortex, marked neuronal vacuolation in hippocampus and focal hemorrhage. Bax 3 immunohistochemical staining showed cytoplasmic reactivity in degenerated neurons. Rats given piracetam showed decreased cortical cellularity, increased number of degenerated neurons and increased BAX staining. The higher dose of the drug caused sinusoidal hemorrhage and intertubular hemorrhage in kidney. Collectively, these results indicate that treatment with piracetam wan not able to decrease neuronal damage in rats exposed to toluene.
Effect of Pre-admission Hydroxychloroquine Treatment on COVID-19-related Intensive Care Follow-up in Geriatric Patients

Objective: The admission rates to intensive care units and mortalities in geriatric patients are higher than the rest of the population with COVID-19 infection. Although the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine sulfate has been recognized, especially when started early during infection, its effectiveness at these early time points in geriatric patients has not been investigated. In this study, our primary aim was to investigate the effects of early treatment of hydroxychloroquine sulfate on COVID-19 positive geriatric patients, according to their clinical symptoms, situation before the intensive care, and patient survival.
The GALAH survey: An abundance, age, and kinematic inventory of the solar neighbourhood made with TGAS

The overlap between the spectroscopic Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) survey and Gaia provides a high-dimensional chemodynamical space of unprecedented size. We present a first analysis of a subset of this overlap, of 7066 dwarf, turn-off, and sub-giant stars. These stars have spectra from the GALAH survey and high parallax precision from the Gaia DR1 Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution. We investigate correlations between chemical compositions, ages, and kinematics for this sample. Stellar parameters and elemental abundances are derived from the GALAH spectra with the spectral synthesis code SPECTROSCOPY MADE EASY. We determine kinematics and dynamics, including action angles, from the Gaia astrometry and GALAH radial velocities. Stellar masses and ages are determined with Bayesian isochrone matching, using our derived stellar parameters and absolute magnitudes. We report measurements of Li, C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, as well as Ba and we note that we have employed non-LTE calculations for Li, O, Al, and Fe. We show that the use of astrometric and photometric data improves the accuracy of the derived spectroscopic parameters, especially log g. Focusing our investigation on the correlations between stellar age, iron abundance [Fe/H], and mean alpha-enhancement [α/Fe] of the magnitude-selected sample, we recover the result that stars of the high-α sequence are typically older than stars in the low-α sequence, the latter spanning iron abundances of −0.7 < [Fe/H] < +0.5. While these two sequences become indistinguishable in [α/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] at the metal-rich regime, we find that age can be used to separate stars from the extended high-α and the low-α sequence even in this regime. When dissecting the sample by stellar age, we find that the old stars (>8 Gyr) have lower angular momenta Lz than the Sun, which implies that they are on eccentric orbits and originate from the inner disc. Contrary to some previous smaller scale studies we find a continuous evolution in the high-α-sequence up to super-solar [Fe/H] rather than a gap, which has been interpreted as a separate “high-α metal-rich” population. Stars in our sample that are younger than 10 Gyr, are mainly found on the low α-sequence and show a gradient in Lz from low [Fe/H] (Lz > Lz, ⊙) towards higher [Fe/H] (Lz < Lz, ⊙), which implies that the stars at the ends of this sequence are likely not originating from the close solar vicinity.