Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Interaction and Achievement in Cooperative Small Groups

This study investigated sex differences in interaction patterns and achievement in small groups. Seventy-seven students in two junior high school mathematics classes worked for 2 weeks in majority-female, majority-male, or groups with equal numbers of males and females. Same-sex and cross-sex interactions were analyzed for six interaction variables: giving, asking for, and receiving explanations; and giving, asking for, and receiving procedural information. Achievement and interaction results related to the ratio of females to males in a group. Females and males showed equal achievement and similar interaction patterns in groups with equal numbers of females and males. In majority-female groups, females directed most of their interaction to males and showed lower achievement than males. In majority-male groups, males tended to ignore females and showed somewhat higher achievement than did females. Explanations for these results and consequences for group composition in the classroom are discussed. The growing literature on cooperative learning in the classroom presents a consistent feature across the designs of studies: Nearly all studies use mixed-sex groups. Yet, little is known about the processes operating in mixed-sex groups in the classroom nor how these processes relate to achievement. Research on group dynamics in noneducational settings has consistently shown that males dominate the activity in mixed-sex groups (e.g., Borgatta & Stimson, 1963; Heilbrun, 1968; Strodtbeck, James & Hawkins, 1957; Strodtbeck & Mann, 1956). In a review of the recent literature on mixed-sex groups, Lockheed (in press) performed a meta-analysis of studies using collaborative tasks. Of 64 datasets that Lockheed examined, 45 showed greater male
Costotransversectomy in thoracic spinal tuberculosis.

CITATION: Botha, A. H. & Davis, J. H. 2016. Costotransversectomy in thoracic spinal tuberculosis. South African Orthopaedic Journal Orthopaedic Journal, 15(1):83-86, doi:10.17159/2309-8309/2016/v15n1a10.
Observations on the Importance of Social Context in HIV Transmission among Intravenous Drug Users

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is arguably the most significant health consequence associated with intravenous drug use. The primary mode for HIV transmission among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) is the sharing of contaminated hypodermic equipment. These activities take place under social conditions that may vary widely among different groups of IVDUs. In 1987, HIV seroprevalence among heterosexual IVDUs was approximately 15% in San Francisco and 50% in New York City. In New York City 31.6% of AIDS cases were diagnosed among heterosexual IVDUs, while 1.3% of AIDS cases fell into the same category in San Francisco. Different trajectories of HIV infection among IVDUs in San Francisco and New York are explored; possible explanations for disparities are considered; and the social contexts and conditions in which risk behavior takes place are discussed. Implications for public health policy, community-based interventions, and the efficacy of needle-exchange programs are explored.
Use of Aerosolized Antifungals for the Prophylaxis Against and Treatmentof Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Climbing it because it is there?

In 1923, English mountaineer George Mallory was asked by a reporter why he wanted to climb Mount Everest. The explorer famously replied, “Because it’s there. ” Mallory’s bravado was widely celebrated and people worldwide followed Mallory in his quest to become the first man to reach the summit of Mount Everest. On June 8, 1924 as George Mallory was approaching the summit, an observer watched him disappear into the cloudy veil that shrouded the mountain, never to be seen alive again. What cost George Mallory his life that day in 1924? Was it the mountain? Was it lack of equipment and training? Or was it that his judgment became clouded by his desire to reach the summit? Regardless, Mallory lost his life because it was there.
A Study of Clinical Practice

The following study of student development in clinical practice is based upon experience in the Royal Edinburgh Hospital, a psychiatric teaching hospital where eleven to fifteen occupational therapists, in the setting of multidisciplinary teams, are acting as clinical supervisors in their own right. As occupational therapy tutor employed by this hospital, I have had the objectivity and opportunity, to undertake this study and have been fortunate in having the full co-operation of enthusiastic and hard working clinical supervisors.
Translabyrinthine nerve section: effect on tinnitus

Abstract The effect on tinnitus in 110 patients undergoing translabyrinthine vestibular nerve section is presented. The effect on tinnitus of vestibular and cochlear nerve section (VCNS) together and vestibular nerve section (VNS) alone was studied. The number of patients improved with VCNS (61 per cent) was slightly better than with VNS alone (49 per cent). VNS alone worsened tinnitus more often than VCNS. Age, side involved, sex, etiology of vertigo, severity of tinnitus, interference with sleep and activities, slope of the pre-operative audiogram, and magnitude of the hearing loss had no value in predicting the change in tinnitus following either VNS or VCNS.
Luminal Dimensions of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in a Black Kenyan Population

Luminal diameter and percent stenosis of left anterior descending coronary artery are considered indicators of early atherosclerosis, arterial occlusion, myocardial infarction, and are important in quantitative estimation of coronary disease severity. These parameters show ethnic variation but there are hardly any data from African populations. This study examined luminal diameter and percent stenosis of 108 proximal left anterior descending coronary arteries. The specimens were obtained from adult individuals [72 males, 36 females; mean age 34.8 years (range 18 – 72 years] who had died of non-cardiovascular causes. The specimens were processed for routine paraffin embedding and sectioning. Seven-micron thick sections were stained with Mason’s trichome and examined with light microscope. Luminal diameter and percent stenosis were determined on the microscopic sections using multiscan software. The dimensions were corrected for heart weight and analyzed for age and gender differences. The mean luminal diameter was 2.72 ± 0.018 mm, with insignificant age and gender difference after correcting from heart weight. It increased with number of branches of left coronary artery. Mean percent stenosis was 34.6%. Percent stenosis of over 50% was present in 25% of individuals, all males. Of these, 8% were under 20 years. There was visible and focal intimal thickening. The mean luminal diameter is comparable to those reported from Caucasian and Asian populations, and there is significant percent stenosis in a substantial number of individuals. These findings suggest comparable vulnerability to atherosclerotic occlusion of left anterior descending.
The Effects of the Washington State Education Reform on Schools and Classrooms: Initial Findings. RAND Documented Briefing.

Abstract : A number of states are implementing standards-based school accountability systems in efforts to improve student achievement. Washington state's Education Reform Act is an example of such a reform. It mandated the creation of academic standards, called the Essential Academic Learning Requirements (EALRs), a state assessment system, called the Washington Assessment of Student Learning (WASL), and an accountability mechanism, which is still under development. Researchers from RAND and the University of Colorado, Boulder are studying the implementation and impact of the Washington reforms on school and classroom practices, focusing on the subjects of writing and mathematics. The surveys revealed a picture of districts and schools in transition, with many changes occurring but not uniformly across classrooms or schools. Also, not all aspects of the reform were equally salient. Classroom changes appeared to be consistent with the EALRs, although local educators appeared to be responding most to the highly-visible WASL scores and making curriculum changes primarily in the WASL-tested subjects. Classroom-based assessment was not as widely understood or endorsed as the EALRs and WASL. Finally, the surveys paint a mixed picture about the relationship between school practices and WASL scores. On the one hand, after controlling for student background factors, WASL scores were higher in schools where teachers reported alignment between their curriculum and the EALRS and where teachers reported that they understood the EALRs and WASL. some of the responses raised questions about the meaningfulness of WASL scores and score gains as indicators of attainment of the standards. Most teachers believed that test preparation was responsible for the majority of score gains. Many teachers thought that the WASL was not appropriate for the grade levels at which it was administered. These issues deserve further scrutiny as the accountability system is developed.
Role of Three Different Laboratory Tests in Demonstrating Sensitization to Various Allergens in Common Atopic Disorders

Aim : To study the role of Serum total IgE, serum allergen-specific IgE and Absolute eosinophil count in demonstrating sensitization to various allergens in common atopic disorders. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty one cases with history of atopy in the form of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and urticaria/ dermatitis were subjected to allergy profile test during a period of one year from January 2013- January 2014. The allergy profile test included serum total IgE, serum allergen specific IgE and absolute eosinophil count. Original Research Article
American Accounting Association's Financial Accounting Standards Committee Response to FASB Invitation to Comment on the FASB Proposal for a New Agenda Project on Issues Related to the Recognition of Revenues and Liabilities

Laureen A. Maines, Chair; Eli Bartov, Patricia Fairfield, Eric Hirst, Terry Iannaconi, Russ Mallett, Catherine M. Schrand, Douglas J. Skinner, Linda Vincent April 2002 The Financial Accounting Standards Committee of the American Accounting Association (“the Committee”) is charged with responding to requests for comment from standard setters on issues related to financial reporting. The Committee is pleased to respond to the FASB’s invitation to comment on the FASB Proposal for a New Agenda Project on Issues Related to the Recognition of Revenues and Liabilities. The comments in this letter reflect the views of the individuals on the Committee and not those of the American Accounting Association. Our response is presented in four sections. The first section summarizes the Committee’s views as to the importance and structure of the project. The second section describes the approach that we recommend for proceeding with the project. The third section summarizes relevant academic accounting research findings. The fourth section contains specific responses to the request for comments at the end of the FASB’s proposal. In developing the specific responses, the Committee was guided by the discussion in the first three sections.
Influence of Xuesaitong Injection to Forming of Acute Cerebral Infarction

Objective: Discussing curative effect of Xuesaitong injection on acute cerebral,the influence to thrombosis and mechanism of action. Method: Sixty three cases with acute cerebral infarction randomly divided into control group(30 cases) and observation group(33 cases). Both groups' patients received medical treatment refer to ‘Chinese Cerebral Ischemic Stroke Treatment Guidelines in 2010 '. Anticoagulant use worship aspirin enteric-coated tablets,100 mg/time,1 time/day,taken orally after dinner. Based on treatment of the control group,patients in the observation group added Xuesaitong injection,0. 4 g/time,intravenous drip,1 time/day. Course of treatment in two groups was 14 days. Severity degree of neurologic impairment by national institutes of health stroke scale(NIHSS). In 7,the 14 day evaluation,detecting the change of antithrombase(AT Ⅲ),fibrinogen(FIB),given D-dimer(D-D),blood platelet count,platelet volume distribution width(PDW),mean platelet volume(MPV),large platelet ratio(P-LCR),platelet aggregation rate(MPAR),thromboxance B2(TXB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F_la(6-Keto-PGF_la) before and after treatment. Result: Analyzed by ridit,clinical curative effect in the observation group was superior to the control group(P 0. 05). At the seventh day after treatment,NIHSS scores in the two groups decreased(P 0. 01). At the fourteenth day after treatment,NIHSS scores in the two groups sequentially decreased(P 0. 01),and NIHSS score in the observation group was lower than the control group(P 0. 01). After treatment,FIB,D-D and MPAR in the observation group were all lower than the control group(P 0. 01),ATⅢ was higher than the control group(P 0. 01). Compared with the time before treatment,PDW,MPV and P-LCR in the observation group reduced,and compared with the control group after treatment,which also meant a statistical significance from the differences between two groups(P 0. 05 or P 0. 01). The level of TXB2in the observation group was lower than the control group,and 6-Keto-PGF_la was higher than the control group(P 0. 01). Conclusion: Xuesaitong injection can antiplatelet aggregative,restrain forming thrombosis by several routes,ameliorated acute cerebral infarction region and blood supplying of penumbra around,and improve the recovery of nerve function.
Focusing on College Students' Instagram Use and Body Image

Years of research has demonstrated that mainstream media negatively impacts women’s body image; however, less is known about the role social media plays. Social media is a newer type of media and is becoming increasingly popular among younger women. The purpose of the study is to gain an increased understanding of how female college students use Instagram and how using Instagram in different ways may influence their body image. This descriptive exploratory qualitative study used focus groups to explore 27 female college students’ experiences with Instagram. The data were analyzed using content analysis to identify frequencies, patterns, and themes. The findings highlight that female college students mainly use Instagram for following others or viewing others, and posting their own photos. Three major themes related to Instagram use emerged: (1) effortful posting, (2) promotion of self and (3) seeking engagement. That is, female students seemed to put a lot of effort into what they were going to post, they were careful to select the best images of themselves to display, and they placed a lot of importance on engagement by others as they hoped to receive likes and comments on their images. The findings also offer insight into Instagram’s role in female’s body image, Three themes surfaced pertaining to participants body image: (1) Internalization of beauty standards, (2) social comparison behavior, and (3) self-objectification. Participants were aware of a variety of beauty standards on social media to include different standards for different races and ethnicities, and they seemed to internalize the different standards by putting effort into adhering to them; some participants discussed experiencing body dissatisfaction as a result of trying to measure up to these “unrealistic” standards. Moreover, participants frequently made comparisons with others on social media such as comparing their looks to others or to the number of likes/comments on someone else’s photo. Lastly, participants took on an audience perspective: they were concerned with how others would perceive their content and if they would get desired responses from their audience. Findings also highlight that individuals who were able to recognize that beauty standards seemed unreal and practiced self-acceptance seemed less affected. Thus, further research should examine the effects of prevention programs like social media literacy programs or mindfulness practices (e.g., self-compassion). Clinicians and educators should provide psychoeducation to those who are heavily involved with social media, or those about to open an Instagram account. Helping to increase individuals’ awareness that photos on Instagram are often doctored and display unrealistic ideals may help prevent them from striving to meet these standards and developing body image related issues.
Dysphagia, Esophagitis, and Lung Disease

Esophageal dysmotility and esophagitis often resulting in symptoms of dysphagia are associated with pulmonary conditions such as asthma, chronic cough, and aspiration. This is commonly seen with peptic esophagitis caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease, but also includes conditions such as eosinophilic esophagitis, ineffective esophageal peristalsis, and achalasia. Demonstrating a correlation between esophageal and pulmonary disease relies on accurate and thorough clinical assessment complimented by diagnostic technology such as esophageal pH/impedance monitoring, esophageal manometry, bronchoalveolar lavage, and pepsin analysis. Validation of current and new innovative technology to assess the esophagus is critical in order to correctly define causes of pulmonary disease and focus appropriate treatment. This review will summarize key disorders of the esophagus as they relate to chronic lung disease emphasizing both inflammatory and non-inflammatory esophageal pathology. We will also provide a description along with the limitations of both available and evolving diagnostic tests used to evaluate dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux.
Complete Non-fusion of the Sacral Spines: A Rare Phenomenon

Complete non-fusion of sacral spines is simply an incomplete vertebra. It is a type of medical condition in which the spinal cord, brain or meninges are under developed in a child at birth. The condition also termed as Spina bifida occulta can affect any level of the spine, but is usually found in the lower part of the back. Out of 137 dried sacrum, we noticed total spina bifida occulta in one case. Presence of this abnormality can lead to accidental injury of neural structures which are normally covered by the sacral canal.
The Inequitable Treatment of English Learners in California's Public Schools. Working Paper 2003-01.

Gandara and Rumberger investigate the extent to which California’s English Learners—one-fourth of the state’s public school population—have access to the teachers, instructional materials, and facilities that will enable them to succeed in an English-only, standards-based policy system in which they must learn and compete for grade-to-grade promotion and high school graduation along side (and on the same terms as) their English speaking peers. Gandara and Rumberger conclude that that these students receive a substantially inequitable education vis-a-vis their English-speaking peers, even when those peers are similarly economically disadvantaged. They demonstrate that California has failed in its duty to guarantee that EL students have the teachers, the curriculum, the instruction, the assessment, and the support services they need to achieve meaningful access to the same academic content as native English speaking students. Furthermore, when the state has become aware of specific substandard learning conditions for English Learners it has failed to act effectively to correct these problems. Furthermore, with an ill planned class size reduction program and the poorly articulated implementation of Proposition 227, the state has worsened the learning conditions for these students.
Explanation of Birth Rate Changes over Space and Time: A Study of Taiwan

A number of recent empirical investigations have concluded that economic variables account for a statistically significant share of cross-sectional variation in aggregate and individual fertility. Though the models underlying these studies differ in terms of analytical complexion and econometric complexity, their empirical findings are nonetheless similar. ' Theories of household behavior derived from generally accepted economic tenets alone, however, do not yield many refutable propositions with regard to fertility, unless additional constraints are imposed. The choice of a formulation to the economic theory of fertility may therefore have to rely more heavily on the weight of empirical evidence as to how this decision-making process is constrained than other fields of applied economics, where joint production is less essential and consumption and production are more readily dis-
Professional Learning and Knowledge Transfer to Practice in Unregulated Care Provider Training in Resident-Centred Care

Ongoing training for unregulated care providers (UCPs) in Ontario is required to meet the care needs of the aging population. Inconsistencies in standards and options for formal training for UCPs as well as the evolving complex needs of the aging population are factors contributing to needing training programs for UCPs in the workforce. This thesis examined the delivery and transfer of professional learning for UCP training in resident centred care. Increasing residentcentred care behaviours and knowledge were the primary aims of the training. One 128-bed long-term care home in southwestern Ontario volunteered to participate in this study while providing the Excellence in Resident Centred Care (ERCC) program for the UCPs in their home. A total of six participants completed the ERCC program during the study while six control participants were also involved in completing the evaluation measures. In self-evaluations, participants ranked themselves on a scale of how often they demonstrated resident-centred care behaviours. Observations from the researcher also provided further evidence of implementation of behaviours. Knowledge was evaluated through mid-course and final course tests and the ERCC program was evaluated through participant surveys related to content, delivery method, and the peer facilitator model of the program. Though there was limited data in the course delivery evaluation, results from self-evaluations and observations indicated that UCPs were indeed implementing resident-centred care behaviours in practice. Quantitative data indicated differences in participant self-evaluated behaviours between control and intervention groups. Conclusions guide the direction for future research and development of ongoing UCP training in
Working Paper 14. The Interaction of Public Assets, Private Assets and Community Characteristics and its Effect on Early Childhood Height-for-Age in Peru.

Child health, particularly long-term nutritional status, is closely related to the characteristics of families, communities and children, including level of education and access to public services,. Public policy has a crucial role in increasing the likelihood that a child can access high quality health-care and other services that affect health status. Access to these public services, however, may have different effects depending on community and family characteristics, particularly the education level of the mother or caregiver. In Peru, despite a dramatic increase in investment in health during the last decade, there is still a large degree of inequality of access. This paper uses Young Lives data to explore the interaction of private assets, such as education, with public services, provided at the community and household level. The authors explore the ways in which maternal education levels interact with access to clean water and sewage, availability and quality of health facilities, proximity to paved or engineered roads, and access to electricity. The authors also focus on the direct and indirect impact of maternal education levels on height-for-age measurements. Their results clearly establish that the level of maternal education is an important determining factor of child nutritional status. Only in the case of those mothers who are more educated does access to services not make a significant difference to nutritional status. These findings thus endorse the argument investment in public services is even more necessary in areas of low maternal education levels.