Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Anti-Malarial Activity of the Crude Root Extract and Solvent Fraction of Sesamum indicum (Fabaceae)

Background A major cumbersome factor in malaria control measure is the new coming antimalarial drug resistance strains. The increase of resistance to the available marketed antimalarial agents dictates the scientific community to search new alternative antimalarial agent from traditional plants. Therefore, our study assesses the antimalarial activity of the crude root extract and solvent fraction of Sesamum indicum in mice. Methods The roots of Sesamum indicum were extracted by 80% methanol and fractionated using three solvents with different polarities. The in vivo antimalarial activity was assessed at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of the root crude extract and solvent fraction using the 4-day suppressive test. Similarly, the n- butanol fraction extract, which showed better suppression potential in 4-day suppressive test from other fractions was also evaluated in the curative model to assess its curative potential. The % parasitemia suppression, mean survival time, body weight change, rectal temperature change, and packed cell volume change were also evaluated in both models. Results Our finding revealed that the crude extract and solvent fraction treated groups had a statistical significant parasitemia suppression and mean survival time improvement as compared to the negative control (p<0.001) in both models in a dose-dependent fashion. The higher dose n-butanol fraction treated group (600mg/kg) showed the highest suppression effect and mean survival time prolongation in both tests from the other two fractions. However, the lowest suppressive effect was observed in 200 mg/kg aqueous fraction extract-treated groups in the 4-day suppressive test. Conclusion The crude root extract and solvent fractions of Sesamum indicum possessed a dose dependent antimalarial activity and a significant change in other parameters in both models that strengthen the traditional claim.
Energy-Casimir and Energy-Lagrange Methods in the Study of Nonlinear Symmetric Stability Problems

Abstract This paper is concerned with nonlinear symmetric stability problems. For the moist, adiabatic (saturated) system, the authors utilize the ECM (energy–Casimir method) to establish nonlinear stability criteria, which extends the previous work from the dry atmosphere to the moist case and demonstrates the complexity related to the moist symmetric instability problem. For the nonhydrostatic, Boussinesq equations on an f plane with the northward component of the earth rotation f = 2Ω cosϕ, which has been utilized to show the importance of f term in the mesoscale linear symmetric instability problem, both ECM and the ELM (energy–Lagrange method) are employed to study the “zonal” and“meridional” nonlinear symmetric stability problems. In both cases, the nonlinear stability of the basic states are obtained if the potential vorticity and the vertical component of absolute vorticity of the basic state are positive (for f > 0). In the zonal case, the potential vorticity depends upon f explicitly, and this s.
Anthropogenic impact on a seacoast landscape during the last 1300 years in central Latvia, Northeastern Europe

Human‐induced activities around Lake Lilaste in the central Latvian sandy coastal area have been reconstructed over a 1300‐year period. We use a combination of well‐established geoarchaeological research methods (14C dating, pollen, nonpollen palynomorphs, REVEALS modeling, diatoms, C/N ratio, magnetic susceptibility, loss on ignition) to study the human impact on the environment. Historical context aids focus on records of resource (e.g., timber) exploitation in the area. The continuous record of human indicator pollen and agricultural landscape suggests this area was suitable for habitation well before the studied time period, likely due to the ecosystem services it provided. Our proxy‐based study, combined with historical background, reveals a significant human impact on the terrestrial environment since the 14th century. Deficiency of trees in the northern outskirts of Riga during the 17th–19th century was likely. Anthropogenic activity has led to both deforestation and change in species composition. Our paleo records indicate recognizable human‐driven legacy in current seacoast landscape.
Numerical simulation of the turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard problem using subgrid modelling

A numerical simulation of turbulent natural convection (the Rayleigh–Bénard problem) has been conducted using large-eddy-simulation (LES) methods and the results compared with several experiments. The development of the LES equation is outlined and discussed. The modelling of the small-scale turbulent motion (called subgrid modelling) is also discussed. The resulting LES equations are solved and data collected over a short period of time in a similar manner to the direct simulation of the governing conservation equations. An explicit, second-order accurate, finite-difference scheme is used to solve the equations. Various average properties of the resulting flow field are calculated from the data and compared with experimental data in the literature. The use of a subgrid model allows a higher value of Ra to be simulated than was previously possible with a direct simulation. The highest Ra successfully simulated was 2.5 × 106. The problems at higher values of Ra are discussed and suggestions for improvements made.
VLF bursts in the night ionosphere of Venus: Estimates of the Poynting flux

Even though the Pioneer Venus plasma wave instrument returns a measure of only one component of the electric field due to waves, for the 100 Hz channel it is possible to calculate an approximate Poynting flux of the waves by making several assumptions. When this is done the Poynting flux at lowest altitudes in a 30 Hz band centered on 100 Hz is found to be about 10{sup {minus}7} W m{sup {minus}2} independent of ionospheric conditions as indicated by the strength of the magnetic field. The local time variation of the approximate Poynting flux shows a maximum from about 2000 to 2200 LT in accord with inferences from the higher frequency channels. The observed wave energy flux is consistent with that expected from lightning given rates and flash strengths on Venus that are similar to or greater than that of the Earth.
Optimal policies for machine repairmen problems

n unreliable machines are maintained by m repairmen. Assuming exponentially distributed up-time and repair time we find the optimal policy to allocate the repairmen to the failed machines in order to stochastically minimize the time until all machines work. Considering only one repairman, we find the optimal policy to maximize the expected total discount time that machines work. We find the optimal policy for the cases where the up-time and repair time are exponentially distributed or identically arbitrarily distributed up-times and increasing failure rate distribution repair times.
Innovative Computerized Dystrophin Quantification Method Based on Spectral Confocal Microscopy

Several clinical trials are working on drug development for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD) treatment, and, since the expected increase in dystrophin is relatively subtle, high-sensitivity quantification methods are necessary. There is also a need to quantify dystrophin to reach a definitive diagnosis in individuals with mild BMD, and in female carriers. We developed a method for the quantification of dystrophin in DMD and BMD patients using spectral confocal microscopy. It offers the possibility to capture the whole emission spectrum for any antibody, ensuring the selection of the emission peak and allowing the detection of fluorescent emissions of very low intensities. Fluorescence was evaluated first on manually selected regions of interest (ROIs), proving the usefulness of the methodology. Later, ROI selection was automated to make it operator-independent. The proposed methodology correctly classified patients according to their diagnosis, detected even minimal traces of dystrophin, and the results obtained automatically were statistically comparable to the manual ones. Thus, spectral imaging could be implemented to measure dystrophin expression and it could pave the way for detailed analysis of how its expression relates to the clinical course. Studies could be further expanded to better understand the expression of dystrophin-associated protein complexes (DAPCs).
A Class of Cubic Trigonometric B\'ezier Curve with a Shape Parameter

A class of cubic trigonometric Bezier curve with a shape parameter analogous to the cubic polynomial Bezier curve is presented in this work. The cubic trigonometric Bezier curve inherits properties similar to those of cubic polynomial Bezier curve, and the shape of the curve can be adjusted by changing the value of the shape parameter. In proper conditions, the cubic trigonometric Bezier curve can be used to exactly represent ellipse and parabola.
Penumbral finestructure: need for larger telescopes

We obtained at the same time G-band images at the Dutch Open Telescope (DOT) on La Palma and spectropolarimetric data in the near infrared at the German Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT) on Tenerife. The spectropolarimetric data show interesting correlations. Bright filaments have a smaller magnetic field strength, and higher Evershed velocities occur in dark structures. This result is in agreement with some previous observations, but also in contradiction to others. However, we suffer from the fact that the resolution limit of the VTT at a wavelength of 1.565 μm corresponds to 400 km. Spatial power spectra derived from the DOT data indicate a typical width of 250 km for penumbral filaments. Obviously a solar telescope with an aperture of at least 1.5 m is needed to obtain sophisticated results for penumbral structures.
A PROTOTYPICAL SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT MODEL

The paper analyses unobserved-components modelling and estimation for the simplest ARIMA process that accepts a full decomposition into trend, seasonal and irregular components. This prototypical model exemplifies many features of and issues arising in model-based seasonal adjustment that are less transparent in more complex seasonal time series models. In particular the analysis illuminates the major issues surrounding the specification of the component models and the identification of a unique structure for them. In so doing, the relationship between reduced- and structural-form approaches to unobserved components estimation is illustrated within an ARIMA-modelling framework. Finally, the properties of the minimum mean-squared-error estimators of the unobserved components are examined and the two main types of estimation error, revisions in the preliminary estimator and error in the final estimator, are analysed.
Vibrations of elastically restrained non-uniform Timoshenko beams

The free vibration of an elastically restrained symmetric non-uniform Timoshenko beam resting on a non-uniform elastic foundation and subjected to an axial load is studied. The two coupled governing characteristic differential equations are reduced into two separate fourth order ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients in the angle of rotation due to bending and the flexural displacement. The frequency equation is expressed in terms of the four normalized fundamental solutions of the associated differential equation. A simple and efficient algorithm is developed to find the approximate fundamental solutions of the governing characteristic differential equation. The relation between problems with elastically restrained boundary conditions and those with tip-mass boundary conditions is explored. Finally, several limiting cases are examined and examples are given to illustrate the validity and accuracy of the analysis. It is noted that the proposed analysis can also be applied to stepped beam problems.
Linear biglobal analysis of Rayleigh–Bénard instabilities in binary fluids with and without throughflow

Abstract Three-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard instabilities in binary fluids with Soret effect are studied by linear biglobal stability analysis. The fluid is confined transversally in a duct and a longitudinal throughflow may exist or not. A negative separation factor $\psi = \ensuremath{-} 0. 01$ , giving rise to oscillatory transitions, has been considered. The numerical dispersion relation associated with this stability problem is obtained with a two-dimensional Chebyshev collocation method. Symmetry considerations are used in the analysis of the results, which allow the classification of the perturbation modes as ${S}_{l} $ modes (those which keep the left–right symmetry) or ${R}_{x} $ modes (those which keep the symmetry of rotation of $\lrm{\pi} $ about the longitudinal mid-axis). Without throughflow, four dominant pairs of travelling transverse modes with finite wavenumbers $k$ have been found. Each pair corresponds to two symmetry degenerate left and right travelling modes which have the same critical Rayleigh number ${\mathit{Ra}}_{c} $ . With the increase of the duct aspect ratio $A$ , the critical Rayleigh numbers for these four pairs of modes decrease and closely approach the critical value ${\mathit{Ra}}_{c} = 1743. 894$ obtained in a two-dimensional situation, one of the mode (a ${S}_{l} $ mode called mode A) always remaining the dominant mode. Oscillatory longitudinal instabilities ( $k\approx 0$ ) corresponding to either ${S}_{l} $ or ${R}_{x} $ modes have also been found. Their critical curves, globally decreasing, present oscillatory variations when the duct aspect ratio $A$ is increased, associated with an increasing number of longitudinal rolls. When a throughflow is applied, the symmetry degeneracy of the pairs of travelling transverse modes is broken, giving distinct upstream and downstream modes. For small and moderate aspect ratios $A$ , the overall critical Rayleigh number in the small Reynolds number range studied is only determined by the upstream transverse mode A. In contrast, for larger aspect ratios as $A= 7$ , different modes are successively dominant as the Reynolds number is increased, involving both upstream and downstream transverse modes A and even the longitudinal mode.
Amygdala-related electrical fingerprint is modulated with neurofeedback training and correlates with deep-brain activation: Proof-of-concept in borderline personality disorder

Background: The modulation of brain circuits of emotion is a promising pathway to treat Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Precise and scalable approaches have yet to be established. Two studies investigating the Amygdala Electrical Fingerprint (Amyg-EFP) in BPD are presented: One study addressing the deep-brain correlates of Amyg-EFP, and a second study investigating neurofeedback (NF) as a means to improve brain self-regulation. Methods: Study 1 combined EEG and simultaneous fMRI to investigate the replicability of Amyg-EFP-related brain activation found in the reference dataset (N=24 healthy subjects, 8 female; re-analysis of published data) in the replication dataset (N=16 female individuals with BPD). In the replication dataset, we additionally explored how the Amyg-EFP would map to neural circuits defined by the Research Domain Criteria. Study 2 investigated a 10-session Amyg-EFP NF training in parallel to a 12-weeks residential Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) program. N=15 patients with BPD completed the training, N=15 matched patients served as DBT-only controls. Results: Study 1 replicated previous findings and showed significant amygdala BOLD-activation in a whole-brain regression analysis with the Amyg-EFP. Neurocircuitry activation (negative affect, salience, and cognitive control) was correlated with the Amyg-EFP signal. Study 2 showed significant learning of Amyg-EFP modulation with NF training. No clinical benefits of NF beyond DBT-only were observed. Conclusions: Recorded via scalp EEG, the Amyg-EFP picks up brain activation of high relevance for emotion. Administering Amyg-EFP NF in addition to standardized BPD treatment was shown to be feasible. Clinical utility remains to be investigated.
First-principles studies of oxygen interstitial dopants in RbPbI3 halide for perovskite solar cells

Recently perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have caught much attention. Oxygen atom (O1) and molecule (O2) are important dopants to influence the stability of the structural, electronic and optical properties, thus the performance of PSCs. RbPbX3-type perovskites have fantastic chemical stability and good power conversion efficiency. Here we have studied the effects of interstitial O1 and O2 on the structural properties, and hence the electronic structure of RbPbI3 from first principles. We have included the van der Waals (vdW) forces into our density-functional-theory calculations. The formation of dopant level within the pristine band gap has been found when incorporating oxygen. The defect level, dominated by oxygen and iodine, is above the valence band maximum by 0.5–1.3 eV, depending on the location of the defects in the bulk. In addition, we can see the bandwidths of the defect levels are very narrow, which could trap the electron and affect the transport properties. In addition, a metallic state has been found in our calculations for interstitial oxygen molecule when there are strong O–O, O–Pb, and O–I bonds, indicating the complex nature of oxygen-doped PSCs. The comparison between the defect formation energies when doping oxygen atom and molecules is consistent with the previous report about oxygen-molecule passivation of PSCs. Our work has therefore provided important theoretical insight to the effect of oxygen dopants on the electronic structure of RbPbI3.
Evolutionary models of halo stars with rotation. II: Effects of metallicity on lithium depletion and possible implications for the primordial lithium abundance

Models of metal-poor stars with rotation were computed and their lithium depletion was compared with observations of halo stars. The models that have turn-off ages compatible with the observations have a nearly flat Li-T(eff) relationship in the region of the Spite lithium 'plateau'. Depending on the initial angular momentum, the models have a depletion factor ranging between a factor of 5 and a factor of 10 at fixed T(eff), implying a maximum initial lithium abundance of 3.1. Both the dispersion and the overall depletion factor are much smaller for metal-poor models than for solar metallicity ones. The factors that determine lithium depletion in rotational models are discussed and the different depletion patterns in solar metallicity and metal-poor models are traced to differences in their structure and evolution. The dependence of the lithium depletion on age, mass, initial angular momentum, and metallicity is also discussed. The dispersion predicted from these models is not inconsistent with the observations.
Exact thermodynamics and transport in the classical sine-Gordon model

We revisit the exact thermodynamic description of the classical sine-Gordon field theory, a well-known integrable model. We found that existing results in the literature based on the soliton-gas picture did not correctly take into account light, but extended, solitons and thus led to incorrect results. This issue is regularized upon requantization: we derive the correct thermodynamics by taking the semiclassical limit of the quantum model. Our results are then extended to transport settings by means of Generalized Hydrodynamics.
Are Neural Architecture Search Benchmarks Well Designed? A Deeper Look Into Operation Importance

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) benchmarks significantly improved the capability of developing and comparing NAS methods while at the same time drastically reduced the computational overhead by providing meta-information about thousands of trained neural networks. However, tabular benchmarks have several drawbacks that can hinder fair comparisons and provide unreliable results. These usually focus on providing a small pool of operations in heavily constrained search spaces -- usually cell-based neural networks with pre-defined outer-skeletons. In this work, we conducted an empirical analysis of the widely used NAS-Bench-101, NAS-Bench-201 and TransNAS-Bench-101 benchmarks in terms of their generability and how different operations influence the performance of the generated architectures. We found that only a subset of the operation pool is required to generate architectures close to the upper-bound of the performance range. Also, the performance distribution is negatively skewed, having a higher density of architectures in the upper-bound range. We consistently found convolution layers to have the highest impact on the architecture's performance, and that specific combination of operations favors top-scoring architectures. These findings shed insights on the correct evaluation and comparison of NAS methods using NAS benchmarks, showing that directly searching on NAS-Bench-201, ImageNet16-120 and TransNAS-Bench-101 produces more reliable results than searching only on CIFAR-10. Furthermore, with this work we provide suggestions for future benchmark evaluations and design. The code used to conduct the evaluations is available at https://github.com/VascoLopes/NAS-Benchmark-Evaluation.
Sublinear Convergence Rates of Extragradient-Type Methods: A Survey on Classical and Recent Developments

The extragradient (EG), introduced by G. M. Korpelevich in 1976, is a well-known method to approximate solutions of saddle-point problems and their extensions such as variational inequalities and monotone inclusions. Over the years, numerous variants of EG have been proposed and studied in the literature. Recently, these methods have gained popularity due to new applications in machine learning and robust optimization. In this work, we survey the latest developments in the EG method and its variants for approximating solutions of nonlinear equations and inclusions, with a focus on the monotonicity and co-hypomonotonicity settings. We provide a unified convergence analysis for different classes of algorithms, with an emphasis on sublinear best-iterate and last-iterate convergence rates. We also discuss recent accelerated variants of EG based on both Halpern fixed-point iteration and Nesterov's accelerated techniques. Our approach uses simple arguments and basic mathematical tools to make the proofs as elementary as possible, while maintaining generality to cover a broad range of problems.
Liquidity Constraints, Cash Windfalls, and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Administrative Data on Lottery Winners

Using administrative data on Taiwanese lottery winners, this paper examines the effects of cash windfalls on entrepreneurship. We compare the start-up decisions of households winning more than 1.5 million NTD (50,000 USD) in the lottery in a particular year with those of households winning less than 15,000 NTD (500 USD). Our results suggest that a substantial windfall increases the likelihood of starting a business by 1.5 percentage points (125% from the baseline mean). Startup wealth elasticity is 0.25 to 0.36. Moreover, households who tend to be liquidity-constrained drive the windfall-induced entrepreneurial response. Finally, we examine how households with a business react to a cash windfall and find that serial entrepreneurs are more likely to start a new business but do not change their decision to continue the current business.
A direct method for the calculation of the edge capacitance of thick electrodes

A new method is presented for the evaluation of the edge-capacitance correction for electrodes of finite thickness. The corrections are divided into three separate components: electrode thickness, the lower edge of the electrodes, and the back of the electrodes. Simple correction formulae are derived for the first two components and a set of curves is provided which enables the direct evaluation of the third component from an equally simple formula. Numerical results show excellent agreement with those obtained by more tedious graphical methods.