Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Yield potential and tuber-size distribution using EVIKA multiplication methods

Abstract A plant-multiplication technique developed at the Department of Plant Biotechnology EVIKA of the Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture involves multiplying plantlets in plastic rolls on peat before transplanting them onto the field, where the first generation of seed tubers will be grown. Four possible multiplication methods of potato meristem plants were compared from the aspect of obtaining optimal-sized, disease-free seed tubers. The plants grown from tip- and stem-cuttings and truncated plants were considered in relation to the plants multiplied by the in vitro micro-plant cultivation in plastic rolls. The main objective of this paper is to analyse how the tubers' mass per plant and their size distribution depend on the multiplication method, experimental year, and potato variety. Two local late-maturing potato varieties, Ants and Vigri, were used in the study, carried out in 2005–2007. A significant influence of multiplication method and experimental year on tuber weight and tuber-size distribution throughout the growing period was found. While plants multiplied by in vitro micro-cuttings produced substantially lower tuber mass per plant, also their tuber-size distribution was considerably inclined towards smaller dimensions – more tubers with <30 mm diameter (Ø) and fewer tubers with >60 mm diameter were formed. Compared with plants multiplied by the in vitro micro-plants method, significantly fewer tubers within the most proper seed-tuber size range (Ø 30–60 mm) were received for plants multiplied from tip- and stem-cuttings, while the plants grown from truncated seedlings provided about the same yield as micro-plants in this size interval. All stated differences were magnified by unfavourable growing years, whereas in favourable conditions the differences were almost non-existent. The influence of potato variety on tuber mass and their size distribution was not proved. All described EVIKA multiplication methods achieve quite similar tuber yields and seed-production potential, comparable to those obtained by in vitro methods.
Body composition in vivo. VI. The composition of ewes during prolonged undernutrition

Ten Border Leicester x Merino ewes were divided into two groups on the basis of a initial calculation of their body composition. Group 1 comprised a group of six moderately fat ewes (fat content 40% body weight). The ewes were undernourished by feeding progressively diminishing quantities of a mixture of lucerne chaff and oats (1:1) until group 1 had lost 38.7 and group 2 33.7% of their initial weight in 150–200 days. Feed intakes and wool growth of the sheep were recorded and calculations were made of the body composition in terms of total body water, fat, protein, and ash as undernutrition progressed. Thiocyanate spaces, haematocrit values, and plasma, blood, and red cell volumes were also measured. Generally the ewes in group 1 exhibited a starvation syndrome which was characterized by the gradual depletion of the fat and protein reserves of the body until fat reserves had been almost completely used. Thiocyanate spaces in these ewes expanded relative to body weight, and the circulatory parameters showed a progressive shrinkage of the red cell volume while plasma volume was maintained. The ewes in group 2 differed markedly in their reaction to undernutrition in that three out of the four passed, after a time, into a phase of inappetence and died while still in a very fat condition.
Integration of Industrial Revolution 4.0 and IOTs in academia: a state-of-the-art review on the concept of Education 4.0 in Pakistan

This era is the time for upskilling and producing workforce that is capable of effectively dealing with the day-by-day increasing demand of the industry. As the world is changing, its needs are changing in the same way and at the same speed. The world has become more digitized now. Moreover, we have a dramatic shift from Education 1.0 to Education 4.0 these days. The world now is practicing the internet of things, cloud storage, cyber-physical system and artificial intelligence. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that affect the level of motivation toward the integration and implication of Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 in the education system of Pakistan by considering the Government policies. ,For analyzing these factors, 150 research articles were sought out, out of which 84 were chosen for reviewing purpose based on the authentication of and relevance to this study by considering the Pakistani context. All the research articles have been selected from reputed indexed journals from databases (Scopus and Web of Science). ,The findings of this review suggest that many factors affect the motivation toward integration and implementation of IR 4.0. These factors mainly include human factors, intrinsic values and influencing factors. Moreover, there is no such framework that provides the base to Education 4.0 in Pakistan because the things exist but are not systematic. Educators are motivated, but there are no resources; policies are there, but there is no practice or implementation. Pakistan is lacking in the latest trends related to Education 4.0 and even has no experience because people are used to doing things manually, but technology is the need of this era. Furthermore, the findings of this study will be useful for developing a systematic plan or a framework of the integration and implication of IR 4.0 that ultimately gives rise to Education 4.0 in the education system of Pakistan. ,To the authors’ knowledge, no other study has been conducted on this topic in Pakistan. Also, there is a very little work done on this topic anywhere else in the world. The world is still exploring the IR 4.0, and our topic is solemnly related to these resolutions. Thus, there is a very little amount of literature related to this study.
Butterfly assemblages in plantation forest and degraded land, and their importance to Clean Development Mechanism-Afforestation and Reforestation

To know the effect of plantation on biodiversity in a degraded land, we compared butterfly fauna between a heavily degraded area dominated by grasses, Themeda triandra and Heteropogon contortus, and a nearby plantation forest both on Lombok, Indonesia. We found that forest plantation onto the degraded land did not damage the butterfly fauna in planted area. Extrapolating the present results we discuss impacts on biodiversity that we have to consider when we are engaged in an afforestation and reforestation Clean Development Mechanism project.
Rapid cold-hardening response in Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

Abstract In China, an unintentionally introduced beetle Ophraella communa shows good control efficiency against invasive common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. With the aim of understanding the capacity of O. communa to overcome sub-zero low temperature rapidly, the longevity, survival and fecundity of the beetle adults were studied at conditions of different rapid cold-hardening in the laboratory. The results showed that approximately 20% female or male individuals still survive at −12°C for 2 h, thus the discriminating temperature for rapid cold-hardening of both female and male beetles is −12°C. The survival, longevity and fecundity of adult beetles were significantly affected by rapid cold-hardening treatments. Compared to the control, the survival rates of adult beetles experiencing 2 h of rapid cold-hardening at 2, 5 and 8°C prior to exposure to its discriminating temperature (−12°C) were significantly increased. Adult longevity and fecundity were significantly higher after pre-treatment at 2, 5 and 8°C for 2 h than those of the control. Both longest longevity and maximum fecundity of adult beetles were observed at the rapid cold-hardening of 2°C. Our experiment implies that the cold-tolerance ability of O. communa can be rapidly increased after rapid cold-hardening treatments, which reveals an important ecological significance for population establishment and expansion of O. communa in the invaded areas of common ragweed.
In Situ Conservation of Landraces in Centers of Crop Diversity

The importance of crop germplasm found in landraces is well established, and a comprehensive international program exists to conserve this resource ex situ in gene banks and botanical gardens. Landraces are still cultivated in regions of crop domestication and diversity. In situ maintenance has been neglected by genetic resource conservation programs in part because of misconceptions about farming systems that produce landraces. This paper presents three cases of on-going maintenance of landraces by farmers who have also adopted high-input technology, including high yielding crop cultivars. These cases are potatoes (Solanum spp.) in the Andes of Peru, maize (Zea mays L.) in southern Mexico, and wheat (Triticum spp.) in western Turkey. These cases suggest that on-farm conservation of landraces can be decoupled from traditional farming practices. Factors that promote in situ conservation are the fragmentation of land holdings, marginal agricultural conditions associated with hill lands and heterogeneous soils, economic isolation, and cultural values and preference for diversity. Landraces are likely to persist in patches and islands of farming systems in regions of crop domestication and diversity, and these patches provide potential sites for conservation programs. In situ conservation may be a valuable complement to ex situ methods because it can preserve the biological and social processes of crop evolution. Research is needed on the biogeography and conservation biology of remaining landrace populations in order to plan in situ conservation
Determination of Ampelographical Characters of Grape Cultivars Grown in Isparta (Atabey)

The ampelographic characters of the Burdur dimriti, Siyah dimrit, Ak dimrit, Pembe gemre, Siyah gemre, Razaki, Danagozu, Acikara, Kadinparmagi, Sariemin, Tilki kuyrugu, Arap buzgulu and Siyah buzgulu grape cultivars which are grown in the Atabey district of the Isparta Province, were determined in accordance with the international norms.
AGRONOMIC AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF UREA TREATED WITH N-(nbutyl) thiophosphoric triamide APPLIED IN MAIZE CULTIVATION TOP-DRESSING

Addition of NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) to the urea granule has been one of the alternatives to increase nitrogen fertilizer efficiency, but there are still doubts about the stability of its treatment after storage and influence on culture yield. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic and economic efficiency of urea treated with NBPT in maize culture due to different rates of N. The test was conducted in the experimental area of Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Campus of Chapadao do Sul, MS, using the experimental design of randomized blocks in factorial 4 x 3, consisting of four rates (0 , 60, 120, 180 Kg ha-1) and three sources of nitrogen (convencional urea, urea + Just treated with NBPT, urea + NBPT treated and stored for a year) with four repetitions. The use of Just treated urea with NBPT for top-dressing in maize culture presented more productive and economic efficiency than using conventional urea. The rate of 180 kg ha-1 of N applied in maize culture top-dressing has improved yield in 3,000 kg ha-1 and may be used by conventional urea treated with NBPT.
Effect of water content and molecular weight on the moisture isotherms and glass transition properties of inulin

Abstract Inulin is being used more and more in foods due to its ability to add functionality either as a sweetener or fat replacer and also for its nutritional benefits. In this research, moisture sorption isotherms and glass transition temperature (Tg) as a function of moisture content and molecular weight for four inulins were determined. The Tg of the inulins was related to moisture content and also molecular weight. As with maltodextrins, the extent of lowering Tg was directly related to the average chain length (lower Tg with lower chain length). The sorption properties are also similar to maltodextrins, thus inulin may be useful in providing similar functionality as maltodextrins with almost no calories (1.5 kcal/g).
Effect of Rust Infection on Cell Walls of Barley and Wheat; Immunocytochemistry Using Anti-Barley Thionin as a Probe

Polyclonal antiserum prepared against barley cell wall thionin was used to localize and quantitate immunoreactive material on the cellular level in healthy and rust-infected leaves of barley and wheat. Three types of sites were used for the immunocytochemical analysis: as control sites, mesophyll cell walls were selected in uninoculated leaves, and in leaves that were inoculated with rust but where the sites were not in contact with the pathogen: these were compared with mesophyll cell walls that were in contact with intercellular rust hyphae in inoculated leaves. Similar amounts of cell wall thionin were detected in all 3 barley cultivars before inoculation. At sites where intercellular hyphae of Puccinia hordei had made contact with mesophyll cell walls, less thionin was found in the compatible host cv. Larker, but in incompatible hosts (cvs. Gold and Bolivia) the thionin concentration did not differ from that of the controls. Two cultivars of wheat were studied with respect to immunoreactive material in their mesophyll cell walls, the universal rust suscept cv. Little Club and the highly rust-resistant cv. Khapli. Before inoculation, leaves of cv. Khapli contained about twice the amount of immunoreactive material in mesophyll cell walls than those of cv. Little Club. This relation was unchanged in walls that had made contact with P. graminis tritici, but in non-contacted walls of infected cv. Little Club leavest, he concentration of this material had risen to levels typical for those of cv. Khapli. Tests for immunoreactive material with pre-embedding cytochemistry yielded negative results, indicating that it is not exposed on the surface of mesophyll walls in barley and wheat.
Osteoprogenitor cell differentiation to mature bone‐forming osteoblasts

Osteoblasts are the skeletal cells responsible for synthesis, deposition and mineralization of the extracellular matrix of bone. By mechanisms that are only beginning to be understood, stem cells, primitive osteoprogenitors and related mesenchymal precursors arise in the embryo where they participate in development of the skeleton; at least some persist in the adult organism, where they contribute to replacement of osteoblasts in bone turnover and in fracture healing. However, many questions remain as to the nature of these precursor cell pools, including which cells constitute a stem cell pool vs. a committed progenitor pool, which pools persist in adult life and which constitute targets for hormones, cytokines, and growth factors during bone formation, turnover, and repair. During osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation, a series of cellular and molecular events occur that are characterized by sequential up‐ and downregulation of osteoblast‐associated genes, including those for specific transcription factors, cell cycle‐related proteins, adhesion molecules, and matrix proteins; together these result in a mature matrix‐synthesizing osteoblast. However, the mature osteoblast phenotype is itself heterogeneous, with subpopulations of osteoblasts expressing only subsets of the known osteoblast markers, raising intriguing questions, including how different pools of osteoblasts or their precursors may respond to therapeutic agents. Drug Dev. Res. 49:206–215, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspects of the biology of the burrowing shrimp Alpheus glaber (Olivi) (decapoda: caridea: alpheidae) from the Central Adriatic

Abstract The burrowing behaviour and burrows of the snapping shrimp Alpheus glaber are described from laboratory observations of animals collected by trawl at 72 m depth off Ancona, Central Adriatic. Resin casts of burrows were taken in laboratory aquaria. At depths of 35–78 m off Ancona, burrows consistent with those seen in aquaria were observed using underwater television. A single specimen of A. glaber was seen retreating into a burrow. A morphometric analysis demonstrated differences in relative growth between the sexes that may be related to reproductive biology of A. glaber. Analysis of stomach contents of several demersal fish and large decapod Crustacea provided evidence of the role of A. glaber in the food-web of the muddy trawling grounds exploited by the local fishing fleet.
The Subject of Subjectivity: Preparing Teachers with the Knowledge, Skills, and Dispositions Needed for Empowering Emergent Bilingual Students

It is estimated by the year 2030, over 40% of the K-12 population in U.S. schools will be children whose rst language is not English (Shin & Ortman, 2011; U.S. Census Bureau, 2007;). This shift has negative academic consequences for emergent bilingual students (EBS). Schools (K-12) unable to meet the needs of EBS contribute to these consequences and the social and cultural cycle of oppression for this marginalized group. Thus, integrating knowledge, skills, and dispositions (KSDs) bene cial for meeting the needs of EBS becomes imperative for pre-service program models, though often blocked by subjective thinking. This article presents the learning opportunities offered by three distinct pre-service program coursework models. Differences coursework models shaped pre-service teachers’ ability to acquire KSDs required for working with EBS, which in turn, informed what they enacted in classrooms. This nding provides evidence and rationale for pre-service programs to develop and integrate KSDs bene cial to EBS.
Biologia reprodutiva de Tyrannus savana (Aves, Tyrannidae) em cerrado do Brasil Central

MARINI, M. Â. , LOBO, Y. , LOPES, L.E. , FRANCA, L.F. & PAIVA, L.V. 2009. Breeding biology of Tyrannus savana (Aves, Tyrannidae) in cerrado of Central Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 9(1): http://www. biotaneotropica.org. br/v9n1/en/abstract? article+bn01009012009. Abstract: The Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana (Tyrannidae) is a migratory passerine that occurs in central Brazil between August and February. Its breeding biology is still little known, and this study reports data on breeding season, incubation and nestling periods, nest and egg characteristics, nest success and predation rate. We searched for nests at "Estacao Ecologica de Aguas Emendadas" (ESECAE) and its surroundings, Distrito Federal, Brazil, in the breeding seasons of 2002 to 2007. We monitored 78 nests each 2-4 days. Breeding season started in late September and lasted until mid December. Incubation lasted 13.6 ± 0.4 days (n = 21) (mean ± SE) and nestling period lasted 15 ± 0.4 days (n = 27). Most nests (n = 39) were found in "cerrado ralo" vegetation and were built on plants of the genus Kielmeyera. Clutch size ranged from 1 to 3 eggs, with an average of 2.5 ± 0.3 eggs. Egg length and width averaged 22.2 ± 0.2 mm and 15.8 ± 0.1 mm (n = 6), respectively, and the average weight was 3.0 ± 0.2 g (n = 5). Thirty (52.5%) nests were successful, 24 (43.9%) were predated and only two (3.7%) were abandoned. Egg success was 39.2 ± 1.4% and mean hatching rate was 0.6 ± 0.2 fledglings/egg. Overall productivity was 1.0 ± 0.3 fledglings per nest, and fecundity rate was 1.4 ± 0.4 fledglings per female. Nest success (Mayfield method) was 45.9% ± 1.1, with no significant difference between the average daily survival rate between egg and nestling periods. Several of the estimated parameters for T. savana revealed to be different than expected for a tropical flycatcher.
Factors Associated with 5-Year Costs of Care among a Cohort of Alcohol Use Disorder Patients: A Bayesian Network Model

Objectives To examine the direct effects of risk factors associated with the 5-year costs of care in persons with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and to examine whether remission decreases the costs of care. Methods Based on Electronic Health Record data collected in the North Karelia region in Finland from 2012 to 2016, we built a non-causal augmented naïve Bayesian (ANB) network model to examine the directional relationship between 16 risk factors and the costs of care for a random cohort of 363 AUD patients. Jouffe’s proprietary likelihood matching algorithm and van der Weele’s disjunctive confounder criteria (DCC) were used to calculate the direct effects of the variables, and sensitivity analysis with tornado diagrams and analysis maximizing/minimizing the total cost of care were conducted. Results The highest direct effect on the total cost of care was observed for a number of chronic conditions, indicating on average more than a €26,000 increase in the 5-year mean cost for individuals with multiple ICD-10 diagnoses compared to individuals with less than two chronic conditions. Remission had a decreasing effect on the total cost accumulation during the 5-year follow-up period; the percentage of the lowest cost quartile (42.9% vs. 23.9%) increased among remitters, and that of the highest cost quartile (10.71% vs. 26.27%) decreased compared with current drinkers. Conclusions The ANB model with application of DCC identified that remission has a favorable causal effect on the total cost accumulation. A high number of chronic conditions was the main contributor to excess cost of care, indicating that comorbidity is an essential mediator of cost accumulation in AUD patients.
Peces de la fauna de acompañamiento en la pesca industrial de camarón en el Golfo de California, México

Bycatch fish species from shrimp industrial fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The shrimp fishery in the Gulf of California is one the most important activities of revenue and employment for communi- ties. Nevertheless, this fishery has also created a large bycatch problem, principally fish. To asses this issue, a group of observers were placed on board the industrial shrimp fleet and evaluated the Eastern side of the Gulf during 2004 and 2005. Studies consisted on 20kg samples of the capture for each trawl, and made possible a sys- tematic list of species for this geographic area. Fish represented 70% of the capture. A total of 51 101 fish were collected, belonging to two classes, 20 orders, 65 families, 127 genera, and 241 species. The order Perciformes was the most diverse with 31 families, 78 genera, and 158 species. The best represented families by number of species were: Sciaenidae (34) and Paralichthyidae (18) and Haemulidae and Carangidae (16 each). The best represented genera in number of species were Symphurus (nine) and Diplectrum and Cynoscion (six); other important genera were Larimus and Porichthys with five species each. The best represented species in number were Syacium ovale, Pseudupeneus grandisquamis, Haemulopsis nitidos, Diplectrum pacificum, Synodus sci- tuliceps, Balistes polylepis, Eucinostomus currani, Eucinostomus gracilis, Porichthys analis, Chloroscombrus orqueta, Selene peruviana, Orthopristis reddingi, Etropus crossotus, Scorpaena sonorae and Urobatis halleri. The number of recorded species is notably high, compared with demersal fauna of other areas of the Mexican Pacific, such as Gulf of Tehuantepec (178), Nayarit, Michoacan, Guerrero (174, 120 and 166), Jalisco and Colima (161 species), and those of the Western coast of the Baja California Peninsula (220 species). Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 925-942. Epub 2010 September 01.