Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using a Multiphysics Ensemble for Exploring Diversity in Cloud–Shortwave Feedback in GCMs

AbstractThis study proposes a systematic approach to investigate cloud-radiative feedbacks to climate change induced by an increase of CO2 concentrations in global climate models (GCMs). Based on two versions of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC), which have opposite signs for cloud–shortwave feedback (ΔSWcld) and hence different equilibrium climate sensitivities (ECSs), hybrid models are constructed by replacing one or more parameterization schemes for cumulus convection, cloud, and turbulence between them. An ensemble of climate change simulations using a suite of eight models, called a multiphysics ensemble (MPE), is generated. The MPE provides a range of ECS as wide as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel ensemble and reveals a different magnitude and sign of ΔSWcld over the tropics, which is crucial for determining ECS.It is found that no single process controls ΔSWcld, but that the coupling of two processes does. Namely, changing the cloud and.
Investigation of C-band altimeter cross section dependence on wind speed and sea state

Wind and wave impacts on C-band altimeter backscatter data are presented using data collected from the TOPEX/POSEIDON platform. The compilation of a large global data set of TOPEX observations collocated with NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) wind speed estimates is used to propose an algorithm for wind speed retrieval using both cross section and significant wave height observations. Evidence of sea state impact on radar backscatter is further analyzed through comparison with National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) buoy spectral wave measurements. For wind speeds above 6 m·s‐1 and global mean sea state conditions, altimeter and buoy-derived slope variance estimates exhibit high correlation in their wind speed and sea state dependencies. Results suggest that the C-band instrument may be used to derive new data on the degree of development of the sea state.
Regional estimation of catchment‐scale soil properties by means of streamflow recession analysis for use in distributed hydrological models

The estimation of catchment‐scale soil properties, such as water storage capacity and hydraulic conductivity, is of primary interest for the implementation of distributed hydrological models at the regional scale. This estimation is generally performed on the basis of information provided by soil databases. However, such databases are often established for agronomic uses and generally do not document deep‐weathered rock horizons (i.e. pedologic horizons of type C and deeper), which can play a major role in water transfer and storages. Here, we define the Drainable Storage Capacity Index (DSCI), an indicator that relies on the comparison between cumulated streamflow and precipitation to assess catchment‐scale storage capacities. DSCI is found to be reliable to detect underestimation of soil storage capacities in soil databases. We also use the streamflow recession analysis methodology defined by Brutsaert and Nieber in 1977 to estimate water storage capacities and lateral saturated hydraulic conductivities of the nondocumented deep horizons. The analysis is applied to a sample of 23 catchments (0.2–291 km2) located in the Cévennes‐Vivarais region (south of France). For regionalization purposes, the obtained results are compared with the dominant catchment geology and present a clear hierarchy between the different geologies of the area. Hard crystalline rocks are found to be associated with the thickest and less conductive deep soil horizons. Schist rocks present intermediate values of thickness and of saturated hydraulic conductivity, whereas sedimentary rocks and alluvium are found to be less thick and most conductive. These results are of primary interest in view of the future set‐up of distributed hydrological models over the Cévennes‐Vivarais region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the effect of a freeze–thaw cycle on soil erosion: laboratory experiments

In this paper we quantitatively test the hypothesis that soil freeze–thaw (FT) processes significantly increase the potential for upland hillslope erosion during run‐off events that follow thaw. We selected a highly frost‐susceptible silt to obtain an upper bound on FT effects, and completed three series of six experiments each to quantify differences in soil erosion and rill development in a bare soil following a single FT cycle. Each series represented a specific soil moisture range: 16–18 per cent, 27–30 per cent and 37–40 per cent by volume, with nominal flow rates of 0·4, 1·2 and 2·4 L/min and slopes of 8° and 15°. Each experiment used two identical soil bins: one a control (C) that remained unfrozen, and another that was frozen and thawed once. Standard soil characterization tests did not detect significant differences between the FT and C bins. We measured cross‐sectional geometry of an imposed straight rectangular rill before each experiment, sediment load during and rill cross‐sections after. Changes in cross section provided detailed measures of erosion at specific locations, while sediment load from time series run‐off samples integrated the rill erosion. Several parameters, including average maximum rill width, average maximum rill depth, rill cross‐section depth measures and sediment load, all followed similar trends. Each was greater in the FT than in the C, with values that generally increased with slope and flow. However, soil moisture was the only parameter that affected the FT/C ratios. Average sediment load grouped by soil moisture provided FT/C ratios of 2·4, 3·0 and 5·0 for low, mid and high moisture, respectively. In contrast, a ‘dry’ experiment at 4–5 per cent soil moisture had FT/C of 1·02 for sediment load. These results show a dramatic increase with soil moisture in the rate and quantity of bare soil eroded due to the FT cycle. As both FT and C results were highly sensitive to initial conditions, minimum differences in soil weight, bulk density and soil moisture through each series of experiments were required to achieve consistent results, indicating that rill erosion may be chaotic. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large-scale Quaternary movements of the Beinn na Leac Fault Block, SE Raasay, Inner Hebrides

Synopsis The geological map of the southeastern part of Raasay is revised in this paper, with important consequences for the interpretation of the geological structure and history. The strike and dip of the Eyre area to the south are in line with those of the Rudha na Leac–Hallaig area to the north, indicating structural continuity as part of the main southern Raasay tilted fault block. The arcuate fault bounding the Beinn na Leac block extends further south than is shown on previous maps, with a newly recognized part extending from east of the upper part of the Allt Fearns to South Fearns, bounded by the arcuate extension of the main fault. This southern part is extensively overlain by undisturbed Devensian sediments and Pre-Devensian movements are estimated at 173 m. The northern block, forming the hill and cliffs of Beinn na Leac, is not overlain by Devensian deposits and has topographic features, including a detached scree slope, showing clear evidence of later, at least partly post-glacial, movements. The renewed movements, separating it from the southern block, resulted in further movements estimated as at least 165 m, possibly even more further north in the sector, where a total of over 450 m displacement is estimated. The Beinn na Leac Faults are not related to the major NE–SW faults in the Inner Hebrides that define the westerly-tilted fault blocks, including southern Raasay, and dated approximately to the Early Cretaceous. The Beinn na Leac Faults are interpreted as Quaternary listric faults, reflecting the collapse of the scarp of westerly tilted strata into an overdeepened trough east of Raasay formed by repeated glacial erosion. The southern section of the faulted mass was blocked from further movement by thick Devensian deposits offshore filling the southern part of the trough. The Beinn na Leac blocks differ from landslips because they remained coherent and there is no evidence of rotation.
Principles and Applications of Imaging Radar

Radar Fundamentals: Technical Perspective (R. Raney). Radar Fundamentals: The Geoscience Perspective (A. Lewis & F. Henderson). Radargrammetry (F. Leberl). Polarimetry in Radar Remote Sensing: Basic and Applied Concepts (W.-M. Boerner, et al.). Imaging Radar Interferometry (S. Madsen & H. Zebker). Agricultural Applications With Radar (B. Brisco & R. Brown). Mapping Soil Moisture Distribution With Imaging Radar (M. Dobson & F. Ulaby). Forestry Applications Using Imaging Radar (D. Leckie). Radar Geology (J. Ford). Geomorphic and Hydrologic Applications of Active Microwave Remote Sensing (A. Lewis). SAR for Oceanography (M.-C. Mouchot & R. Garello). Remote Sensing of Snow and Ice Using Imaging Radar (D. Hall). Applications of Imaging Radar to Land Use and Land Cover Mapping (C. Lo). Radar Applications in Urban Analysis, Settlement Detection and Population Estimation (F. Henderson & Z.-G. Xia). Applications of Imaging Radar to Archaeological Research (D. Holcomb). Radar Education, Data Sources and Data Collection (A. Lewis, et al.). Glossary of Selected Terms. Index. Color Illustrations.
Dissolved material transport—the flushing effect in surface and subsurface flow

The study deals with the relationship between specific conductance and water flow in a small catchment. Three flow types were studied: (a) channel flow; (b) overland flow; (c) subsurface flow. The study of the three flow types demonstrates the important role of the flushing effect in small basins. The flushing effect is seen as an increase in water conductivity in the early stage of an event. Flushing is probably a function of accumulation in the basin. Accumulation is best defined as a function of time elapsing since the last heavy rain. The study has been carried out in the School of Geography at Leeds University, Leeds LS2 9JT, England.
Development of a Basin Geomorphic Information System Using a TIN-DEM Data Structure

: To make a distributed rainfall-runoff model, it is very important to build a model of topographic surface of a basin which takes account of the direction of water flow. In this paper, a geographic information system in hydrologic modeling, the BGIS (Basin Geomorphic Information Systems) are presented for modeling a river basin using a TIN-DEM (Triangulated Irregular Network - Digital Elevation Model) data structure. The BGIS have two core systems, which are the TIN-DEM generating system and the topographic analysis system. In the TIN-DEM generating system, landscapes are modeled as a set of contiguous non-overlapping terangular facets whose vertices are made up of points on a regular grid DEM and on river segments. These triangular facets are subdivided, if needed, so that each of them has only one side through which water flows out. The TIN-DEM generating system is made up of four modules, (1) a module for generating triangles from a grid DEM, (2) a module for getting rid of pits, (3) a module for joining discontinuous valley segments to a channel network, (4) a module for subdividing triangular facets. In the topographic analysis system, using datasets processed with the TIN-DEM generating system, a watershed source area for any segments in a stream network are delineated automatically, and topographic attributes of slopes, aspects, flow path lengths and upslope contributing areas are computed.
Temporal patterns of suspended sediment yield following moderate to extreme hydrological events recorded in varved lacustrine sediments

A 487‐year annually laminated (varved) sediment record from Nicolay Lake, Cornwall Island, in the Canadian High Arctic was evaluated to determine the impact that years with high sediment yields had on sediment yields in subsequent years. All of the 40 largest years showed evidence for increased sediment yield in the subsequent 10–30 years. The positive anomalies in lagging years were approximately scaled according to the size of the initiating year, although many intermediate years (25‐ to 100‐year recurrence) showed weak or variable responses. The smallest events considered (10‐ to 25‐year recurrence) showed a consistent, but low‐amplitude response. Additionally the 10‐year events revealed frequent negative sediment yield anomalies in the preceding decade. This behaviour was interpreted as a frequent sediment activation cycle initiated by the modest year, and leading to sediment yield hysteresis lasting 15–25 years. The largest years (greater than 50‐year recurrence) showed consistently above‐average sediment yields in the preceding decade, in part due to the frequent occurrence of moderate (Q10) years. It is hypothesized that temporary storage of sediment and previous initiation of erosion sites resulted in extraordinary sediment yields during intense summer rainfall events. This study demonstrates the potential use of varved lake sediment records to improve our understanding of long‐term sediment dynamics. These records present an opportunity to further develop and test sediment dynamic and routing models to gain insight into the interaction of time and space in fluvial and sediment delivery processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of global warming on the design and performance of air-conditioned office buildings in Australia

As global warming entails new conditions for the built environment, the thermal behavior of existing air conditioned office buildings, which are typically designed based on current weather data, may also change. Through building computer simulations, this paper evaluates the impact of global warming on the design and performance of air-conditioned office buildings in Australia, including the increased cooling loads imposed by potential global warming and probable indoor temperature increases due to possible undersized air-conditioning system, as well as the possible change in energy use and CO2 emission of Australian office buildings. It is found that the existing office buildings would generally be able to adapt to the increasing warmth of 2030 year Low and High scenarios projections and 2070 year Low scenario projection. However, for the 2070 year High scenario, the study indicates that the existing office buildings, in all capital cities except for Hobart, will suffer from overheating problems. If the energy source is assumed to be the electricity, it is found that in comparison with current weather scenario, the increased energy uses would translate into the increase of CO2 emissions by 0 to 34.6 kg CO2 equivalent/m2, varying with different future weather scenarios and with different locations.
Structural features and structural styles from the Five Countries Area of the North Sea Central Graben

The Central Graben of the Five Countries Area (Fig. I) has been extensively studied and is a major hydrocarbon province of the North Sea. However, geological reviews have tended to be confined to one particular country. This articIe, derived from an integrated geophysical/geological study (Count Geophysics Ltd & Halliburton RDS 1993), is a brief review of the structural styles and features, disregarding national boundaries.
Prediction of channel degradation rates in urbanizing watersheds

Abstract In urbanizing watersheds, as land use changes, and storm sewers and impervious surfaces are increased, both the frequency and magnitude of discharge increase, resulting in stream channel down-cutting and widening and related loss of structures and engineering works. A simple model for assessing the time rate of degradation in watersheds is given. The model relies on a continuous simulation of watershed discharge based on local climate (SWAT-DEG) instead of a dominant discharge approach. Unique to this approach is the use of in situ erosion parameters derived from submerged jet tests, which give both the allowable tractive force as well as erodibility coefficients. The model is used in concert with the Watson-Harvey analysis of channel evolution. Four methods were used to verify and validate the model for estimating rates of degradation. A case study of channel stability assessment using this tool was made in north central Texas (USA). Rates of incision were nonlinear and ranged from 0–76 mm/year.
Characterization of Rill and Interrill Eroded Soil

ABSTRACT THREE soils were subjected to simulated rainfall to induce runoff and soil loss from 1.52- by 4.52-m laboratory plots with preformed rills. Soil loss was separated into that originating in the rill and interrill areas. The relative amounts of rill- and interrill-eroded soil were related to soil aggregation, aggregate stability, soil organic matter content, and particle-size distri-bution. Soil with a high degree of aggregation and relatively water-stable aggregates was less susceptible to interrill erosion (erosion by raindrop) than was more poorly aggregated soil. However, soil low in organic matter was much more susceptible to rill erosion (erosion from flowing water). Also, the degree of slope tended to affect the source of the eroded material with the interrill areas providing an increasingly larger per-centage of the total soil loss as the degree of slope increased.
Surface currents in British Columbia coastal waters: Comparison of observations and model predictions

Abstract Observations of the motion of ocean surface drifters are used to evaluate numerical simulations of surface currents in the region of Queen Charlotte Sound on the West Coast of Canada. More than 30 surface Argos drifters were deployed in the spring and summer of 1995, revealing daily average currents of 10 to 40 cm s–1 near the coast of Vancouver Island in summer, and less than 10 cm s–1 in mid‐sound. Wind observations in this region are provided by a network of weather buoys. Comparison of daily average drifter velocities and winds shows that the drifters moved at 2 to 3% of the wind speed, and at about 30 degrees to the right of the wind. A complex transfer function is computed between daily wind and drifter vectors using least squares techniques. The ratio of variance in the least squares residual currents to the variance of observed drifter currents is denoted γ2. A percent goodness‐of‐fit is defined as g(γ2) = 100(1 – γ2), and is 42% for the case of daily winds and drifter currents. Drifter‐m.
Inertial Navigation in Relation to Animal Navigation

The remarkably successful development in recent years of inertial navigation systems suggests a reconsideration in this light of the phenomenon of animal navigation, the physiological basis of which has not been fully established. Some of the aspects of inertial navigation which may be particularly relevant to possible biological analogues are considered. Aspects of animal navigation and orientation that are particularly suggestive of inertial navigation are also treated. The physiology of the biological sensory mechanisms that could form the sensing elements of the biological inertial systems are outlined. Some suggestions are advanced for further investigations.
A FIELD EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF ANISOTROPY PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM RESISTIVITY SOUNDINGS

In areas where steep dips are encountered conventional practice in resistivity work has involved orienting arrays favourably in relation to the geological strike. In concealed conditions, however, the geological strike may not be known; moreover, strike may change with depth. Considerable advantage is to be gained, in such circumstances, by the use of crossed square arrays in that these yield orientationally insensitive resistivity measurements and also allow strike determinations and measurements of the effective vertical anisotropy. Two traverses of crossed square array observations are presented, together with one deeper sounding. The results show that, in favourable circumstances, reliable data on concealed strike directions can be obtained, and that the anisotropy findings greatly assist the subsequent interpretation. Model results pertinent to the field material are presented and discussed.
Long-term Abundance Patterns of Barren-ground Caribou Using Trampling Scars on Roots of Picea Mariana in the Northwest Territories, Canada

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to reconstruct population dynamics of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) herds from the frequency of trampling scars on tree roots of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) in the forest-tundra of central Northwest Territories, Canada. Two groups of sites were sampled that roughly corresponded with the migration routes of the Bathurst and Beverly caribou herds. The caribou migrate annually for long distances from the forest to the open tundra in late spring, and return to the forest in the autumn. The scar frequency distribution was determined by careful crossdating and the influence of root age was assessed to account for the increasing underestimation of caribou abundance with the increasing age of the roots. The scar frequency distributions (dated from A.D. 1760 to 2000) from both groups of sites showed similar abundance patterns through time. Caribou numbers were high during the mid-1940s, and 1990s, and were very low during the 1920s, 1950s–1970s, and at the turn of the 21st century. These abundance patterns determined from scar frequencies correlate strongly with data obtained from traditional knowledge of Dogrib elders in the region and animal counts based on aerial photography. The scar frequency distribution developed in this study is the longest proxy record of caribou abundance to date.
Structure of the EU28 plus ukraine economic region from the growth pole theory perspective

Abstract Economic and debt crisis in Europe has brought along the question which member states could become a source of future economic growth of EU28 region. With respect to this question, this paper aims to contribute to this debate by identifying possible economic growth poles within the EU28 economic region. In light of recent debate centered on the future of the Ukraine we use a broad definition of the European economic space with EU28 as well as the Ukraine included. Our results show that the dominance of the United Kingdom has been successfully challenged by Germany and Poland represents the only country from the “new” EU countries that can be labeled as a European growth pole. Additionally, the heterogeneous distribution of growth pole potential partially resembles the distribution based on Zipf’s law but with a growth potential concentrated more in the upper part than in the case of Zipf’s law benchmark.
New pleistocene (Rancholabrean) vertebrate faunas from coastal Georgia

ABSTRACT Four new late Pleistocene faunas have been collected in Chatham County, Georgia, in the vicinity of Savannah. Together they have produced 103 vertebrate taxa (12 chondrichthyans, 25 actinopterygians, 7 amphibians, 20 reptiles, 4 birds, and 35 mammals), of which at least 14 are extinct. About 75 percent of these taxa are reported for the first time as fossils from coastal Georgia. The Isle of Hope, Mayfair, and Jones Girls sites are numerically dominated by neritic marine fossils, both vertebrate and invertebrate, implying that their original depositional environment was estuarine or nearshore marine. The less common, terrestrial component of these faunas was either brought in by fluvial and tidal current transport or introduced by reworking of underlying continental sediments. These sites apparently date to the last interglacial (oxygen isotope Stage 5), at a time when relative sea level was close to or slightly above current values. This age assignment is supported by the composition of the faun.