Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response of the equatorial ionosphere at dusk to penetration electric fields during intense magnetic storms

[1] We investigate the response of the equatorial ionosphere at dusk to the intense magnetic storms of 30 October 2003 and 20 November 2003, different aspects of which have been widely studied by the community. We present here a very complete set of space and ground-based diagnostics that provide the vertical and latitudinal structures of the ionosphere within the South Atlantic magnetic anomaly (SAMA) region and the contiguous parts of South America and Africa. We show that for both storms, the dusk sector corresponding to the universal time (UT) interval between the fast decrease of the SYM-H index and minimum SYM-H value determines uniquely the longitude interval populated by equatorial plasma bubbles and depletions. Further, we find that the UT of these storms is such that the ionospheric density perturbations occur in the SAMA region, which are most extended in latitude and altitude compared with other regions of the globe. In the dusk sector, the eastward penetration electric field, associated with rapid SYM-H decrease, adds to the postsunset eastward E-field because of the F region dynamo, which may be specially enhanced in this longitude interval because of the increased zonal conductivity gradient caused by energetic particle precipitation. This enhanced E-field at dusk causes a rapid uplift of the ionosphere and sets off plasma instabilities to form bubbles or bite-outs. The decreased ion density seen in the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) in situ data at 840 km indicates that the ionospheric plasma has been lifted above the DMSP altitude and transported away from the region by diffusion along magnetic field lines. Plasma bubbles and bite-outs impact satellite communication and navigation systems by introducing scintillations and steep density gradients. This paper corroborates that intense magnetic storms follow the framework, developed by Su. Basu et al. (2001) for moderate storms, that specifies the longitude interval in which such disturbances are most likely to occur.
A stochastic model for fracture growth on a heterogeneous seismic fault

SUMMARY We present a model for the propagation of seismic fracture on a heterogeneous fault on which the strength and applied stress vary locally along the fault plane in a random fashion. The propagation of fracture is controlled by three macroscopic parameters: the average of the difference between the applied stress and fault strength, a measure of fault heterogeneity and the average coupling between elementary faults. Evolution of fracture can then be represented by an epidemics model, whose domains of slip are obtained from percolation theory. The geometry of these domains contains the principal features of both barrier and asperity models.
Scottish village plans: A preliminary analysis

Abstract First, a review of previous publications indicates the nature of research over the last fifty years. The second and third parts outline the major sources of information, such as estate papers, plans, newspapers and printed books, and the research techniques used in the study. The fourth and major section examines the plan characteristics of kirktowns, fishing settlements, planned villages, and other planned settlement forms.
Drill holes in Australian Cainozoic brachiopods

The fossil record of drill holes in marine invertebrates has received a considerable amount of interest from paleontologists, primarily due to its importance for reconstructing the history of interactions between drilling predators and their prey. Such drill holes have been described in numerous studies of Paleozoic brachiopods but rarely in those focusing on brachiopods of the post-Paleozoic, a striking pattern given that in the late Mesozoic and Cainozoic drilling gastropods diversified and frequencies of drilled molluscs increased dramatically. During the past several years, however, drilled brachiopods were reported in several studies of the Mesozoic and Cainozoic, suggesting that this phenomenon may be more common than has been previously assumed. Here we report on 10 genera of brachiopods from four Cainozoic basins in Australia of which 7 shows evidence of having been drilled by predators. Of 298 specimens examined, 38 contain a single complete hole. Drilled specimens were identified in all 4 basins and in all stratigraphic units. When considered in the context of recent reports of drilled Cainozoic brachiopods, these Australian brachiopods further imply that drilling predation on these invertebrates was geographically, taxonomically and temporally widespread.
to Leeds Beckett Repository

Previous literature reports that obese persons are discriminated in the workplace. Evidence suggests that obese people are perceived as having less leadership potential, and in comparison to normal weight peers, are expected to be less successful. This study examined whether obese people are discriminated against when applying for employment. Three hypotheses were offered in line with previous research: (1) obese people are less likely to be assessed positively on personnel suitability than normal weight people; (2) obese people in active employment are more likely to be discriminated against than people in non-active employment; and (3) obese women are more likely to be discriminated against than obese men. 181 Participants were sampled from sedentary, standing, manual and heavy manual occupations. Participants rated hypothetical candidates on their suitability for employment. Employees also completed measures of implicit and explicit attitudes toward obesity. MANOVA was conducted to examine if obese candidates were discriminated against during the recruitment procedure. Results demonstrated that participants rated obese candidates as less suitable compared with normal weight candidates and when the weight status of the candidate was not revealed for work across the four workplace groups. Participant gender and weight status also impacted perceptions of candidates’ suitability for work and discrimination toward obese candidates was higher in participants from more physically demanding occupations. The study ﬁndings contribute to evidence that obese people are discriminated against in the hiring process and support calls for policy development.
An artificial neural network model for estimating crop yields using remotely sensed information

Crop yield forecasting is a very important task for researchers in remote sensing. Problems exist with traditional statistical modelling (especially regression models) of nonlinear functions with multiple factors in the cropland ecosystem. This paper describes the successful application of an artificial neural network in developing a model for crop yield forecasting using back-propagation algorithms. The model has been adapted and calibrated using on the ground survey and statistical data, and it has proven to be stable and highly accurate.
Validation of sub‐grid‐scale mixing schemes using CFCs in a global ocean model

Three sub-grid-scale mixing parameterizations (lateral/vertical; isopycnal; Gent and McWilliams, 1990) are used in a global ocean model in an attempt to determine which yields the best ocean climate. Observed CFC-11 distributions, in both the North and South Atlantic, are used in evaluating the model results. While the isopycnal mixing scheme does improve the deep ocean potential temperature and salinity distributions, when compared to results from the traditional lateral/vertical mixing scheme, the CFC-11 distribution is worse in the upper ocean due to too much mixing. The Gent and McWilliams (1990) parameterization significantly improves the CFC-11 distributions when compared to both of the other schemes. The main improvement comes from a reduction of CFC uptake in the southern ocean where the ‘bolus’ transport cancels the mean advection of tracers and hence causes the Deacon Cell to disappear. These results suggest that the asymmetric response found in CO2-increase experiments, whereby the climate over the southern ocean does not warm as much as in the northern hemisphere, may be due to the particular mixing schemes used.
Evidence for late Hesperian lacustrine activity in Shalbatana Vallis, Mars

[1] An intravalley paleolake (more than 400 m deep) was detected along the course of Shalbatana Vallis from the evidence of shorelines and the occurrence of a few fan-delta deposits (including a Gilbert-type delta). The fronts of all the sedimentary deposits strikingly match the same topographic contours (2800 and 3000 m below the Martian datum), indicating the paleolake water levels under which they formed. Also, the corresponding shorelines are visible along the Shalbatana Vallis walls. The peculiar settings of the lake suggest that Shalbatana Vallis was impounded during its final hydrological activity and that ponding of water lasted enough time to allow the formation and evolution of the lacustrine system. Water source is uncertain, but a composite sapping mechanism is hypothesized in order to take into account the amount of water required to excavate, transport, and deposit the materials found in the deposits. Previous works and new crater counting computations indicate that the paleolake was active during the Hesperian epoch; therefore, at that time, surface conditions were different from those of modern Mars and supportive of flow and ponding of water. It is unclear whether the hydrological activity was sustained entirely by a favorable climatic regime and secondary regional factors like volcanism, impact cratering, and tectonism could have also triggered/accelerated the local groundwater activity, implying that the system could have evolved relatively independent from climatic conditions. The latter eventuality and the regional importance of this research advised against an extrapolation of its results to the overall debate about Martian climatic-geomorphological evolution.
Understanding projections of sea level rise in a Hadley Centre coupled climate model

[1] Sea level changes resulting from CO2-induced climate changes in ocean density and circulation have been investigated in a series of idealised experiments with the Hadley Centre HadCM3 AOGCM. Changes in the mass of the ocean were not included. In the global mean, salinity changes have a negligible effect compared with the thermal expansion of the ocean. Regionally, sea level changes are projected to deviate greatly from the global mean (standard deviation is 40% of the mean). Changes in surface fluxes of heat, freshwater and wind stress are all found to produce significant and distinct regional sea level changes, wind stress changes being the most important and the cause of several pronounced local features, while heat and freshwater flux changes affect large parts of the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Regional change is related mainly to density changes, with a relatively small contribution in mid and high latitudes from change in the barotropic circulation. Regional density change has an important contribution from redistribution of ocean heat content. In general, unlike in the global mean, the regional pattern of sea level change due to density change appears to be influenced almost as much by salinity changes as by temperature changes, often in opposition. Such compensation is particularly marked in the North Atlantic, where it is consistent with recent observed changes. We suggest that density compensation is not a property of climate change specifically, but a general behavior of the ocean.
A detailed geophysical study in the Canary Basin (eastern Atlantic): implications for the internal structure of 130 Ma oceanic crust

Summary We report the results of a detailed geophysical survey sited on two previously imaged dipping reflectors, one dipping towards and the other away from the present-day Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis, within Mesozoic-aged crust of the east Atlantic. The new data include gravity, magnetic and seismic refraction and reflection profiles collected in a grid that constrain the crustal structure as well as the reflector geometry. A second-order axial discontinuity, which is associated with anomalous crustal structure, is located within the survey area. The westward-dipping reflector can be traced from the Moho to the top of the igneous crust, where it coincides with a step of 800 m in the basement. This reflector is approximately planar, with a dip of 28°± 2° W and occurs ∼ 8 km north of the axial discontinuity. We interpret this reflector as being a whole-crustal normal fault that was generated within the median valley. The eastward-dipping reflector cannot be traced across seismic layer 2 and does not correlate with any feature of the basement. It penetrates 2–3 km into the upper mantle. Its reflection strength is about twice that of the Moho reflection. This reflector, which is approximately planar, strikes parallel to the isochrons, has a length of 18 ± 2 km and a dip of 28°± 2° E. We speculate that this reflector is also a fault that was generated on the western wall of the median valley but was ‘captured’ from the North American Plate by a lateral shift in the axis of spreading, possibly associated with a major change in plate motion.
A numerical study of the long- and short-term temperature variability and thermal circulation in the North Sea

A three-dimensional numerical study is presented of the seasonal, semimonthly, and tidal-inertial cycles of temperature and density-driven circulation within the North Sea. The simulations are conducted using realistic forcing data and are compared with the 1989 data of the North Sea Project. Sensitivity experiments are performed to test the physical and numerical impact of the heat flux parameterizations, turbulence scheme, and advective transport. Parameterizations of the surface fluxes with the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory provide a relaxation mechanism and can partially explain the previously obtained overestimate of the depth mean temperatures in summer. Temperature stratification and thermocline depth are reasonably predicted using a variant of the Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure with limiting conditions for turbulence variables. The results question the common view to adopt a tuned background scheme for internal wave mixing. Two mechanisms are discussed that describe the feedback of the turbulence scheme on the surface forcing and the baroclinic circulation, generated at the tidal mixing fronts. First, an increased vertical mixing increases the depth mean temperature in summer through the surface heat flux, with a restoring mechanism acting during autumn. Second, the magnitude and horizontal shear of the density flow are reduced in response to a higher mixing rate. Thermal and salinity fronts generate a seasonal circulation pattern in the North Sea. Their impact on the horizontal temperature distributions is found to be in good agreement with the observations. It is shown that, in the absence of strong wind forcing, both the vertical temperature distribution and the thermal circulation experience semimonthly variations in response to the spring-neap cycle in tidal mixing. At spring tides, the surface mixed layers are shallower, in agreement with observations at two mooring stations, and the baroclinic circulation intensifies, whereas the opposite occurs at neaps.
Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment

The problem of multiprogram scheduling on a single processor is studied from the viewpoint of the characteristics peculiar to the program functions that need guaranteed service. It is shown that an optimum fixed priority scheduler possesses an upper bound to processor utilization which may be as low as 70 percent for large task sets. It is also shown that full processor utilization can be achieved by dynamically assigning priorities on the basis of their current deadlines. A combination of these two scheduling techniques is also discussed.
The ultrasonic response of North Sea shale to undrained loading

A kaolinite-rich shale core from the North Sea was characterized in terms of mineralogical composition and physical properties. Subsampled plugs were then subjected to undrained multi-stage triaxial tests close to failure in order to determine the shear failure envelope. During undrained loading, ultrasonic waveforms were recorded parallel to, perpendicular to and at off-axis angles to bedding, such that the evolution of the full elastic tensor could be monitored with increasing stress anisotropy. Results indicate the importance of fabric elements and their orientation with respect to the prevailing stress field.
Searching for trust: blockchain technology in an age of disinformation

scholars researching the topic in depth, or for inclusion in a reference library, especially due to the somewhat lofty price which would preclude readers prone to making a snap purchase. My mild criticism rests solely on the format rather than content or quality of information contained therein. Overall, Scragg’s text offers a comprehensive list which shows the scale of literacy in England during the period and would prove to be a very useful starting point for those studying manuscripts and palaeography. For Scragg to have returned to this book to update at the end of his career would surely mark it out as rather a labour of love, and for that, for those with more than a passing interest in the subject matter, it is worth a read. The book is simply dedicated to the author’s son, ‘For Tim. ’
UPPER ORDOVICIAN BRYOZOANS OF THE PIN FORMATION (SPITI VALLEY, NORTHERN INDIA)

Abstract: Twenty‐nine species of bryozoans from the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian Pin Formation (Spiti, India) have been identified. Eight of these are new: Trematopora minima, Ulrichostylus bhargavai, Ptilodictya exiliformis, Phaenopora ordinarius, Oanduellina himalayaica, Pesnastylus? vesiculosum, Ralfina? originalis and Pinocladia triangulata. The fossil record and facies analyses of the area investigated indicate shallow‐water conditions within the subtropical–tropical realm. The distribution pattern of fossils among the Ordovician/Silurian succession on the Northern Gondwana shelf and the influence of the Late Ordovician cooling phases on marine organisms are distinctive owing to a dramatic reduction in diversity globally. As far as the bryozoan taxa of Spiti are concerned, only one (Helopora fragilis) of the 29 species was recorded above the Ordovician/Silurian boundary. Observed bryozoan communities are very similar to faunas of Laurentia, the Baltic, Siberia and southern China of early–late Ordovician age.
Sequence stratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy of an Aptian mixed carbonate-siliciclastic platform to basin transition (Galve sub-basin, NE Spain)

Abstract A 380 m thick Aptian platform to basin transition has been studied along a 16 km long transect of excellent and continuous outcrops in NE Spain. The series has been dated using biostratigraphy (foraminifera and ammonites) and carbon-isotope stratigraphy, and has been subdivided at four scales of depositional sequences. The Aptian marine succession is subdivided into two-large scale sequences separated by a middle Aptian sub-aerial exposure surface. A characteristic trend of the floral-faunal fossil assemblages is present, which evolves from orbitolinid-ooid dominated ramps in Sequence I-1, to a coral-stromatoporoid-microbialite dominated platform in Sequence I-2, to a rudist-dominated platform top in Sequence II-1, and finally to a second episode of orbitolinid-ooid dominated ramp system in Sequence II-2. There was an influx of siliciclastic sediments at the base and at the top of this succession. The detailed carbon-isotope curve measured along the Miravete section and covering almost the complete Aptian succession, is compared with published Aptian curves recorded in both basinal and carbonate platform settings along the northern and southern NeoTethys margins. It shows that the Galve sub-basin curve represents all the major isotope excursions of the lower and upper Aptian, in a dominantly shallow-water succession.
Using MODIS data to analyse post-fire vegetation recovery in Australian eucalypt forests

Remote sensing observations provide useful spatially explicit and temporally dense information for monitoring post-fire vegetation recovery patterns over large areas. Although large fires are common in Australian eucalypt forests, research on remote sensing of post-fire vegetation recovery in this ecosystem has been limited. In this study, time series (2000–2012) of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, Enhanced Vegetation Index and Normalised Differenced Infrared Index derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to analyse post-fire vegetation recovery in eucalypt forests in Australia. The analysis focused on 11 sites which burned during 2001/02 and 2002/03 fire seasons. Results indicated that spectral recovery in Australian eucalypt forests is particularly rapid after fire as spectral indices values returned to pre-fire levels three to six years after fire. Spectral recovery was particularly rapid during the first year following fire and the influence of severity was limited to the first two years after fire.
La denudation tectonique de la zone ultradauphinoise et l'inversion du front brianconnais au sud-est du Pelvoux (Alpes occidentales); une dynamique miocene a actuelle

In the western Alps, to the southeast of the Pelvoux massif (Champsaur-Embrunais-Brianconnais-Queyras transect), the Brianconnais zone consists of the southern tip of the Zone Houillere and small nappes of Mesozoic sediments, emplaced during the Eocene in HP-LT metamorphic conditions. During the Oligocene this tectonic pile was thrusted onto a late Eocene to early Oligocene flexural basin, deformed in low grade metamorphic conditions and belonging to the Ultradauphine zone. This major thrust, called here CBF [Chevauchement Brianconnais Frontal: Tricart 1986] represents the boundary between the external and the internal zones of the western Alps. It contains thin tectonic lenses of Subbrianconnais origin, so that the Brianconnais Front and the Penninic Front almost merge. Late Alpine extension. - We have recently discovered that the CBF was subsequently reactivated as an extensional detachment. This major negative inversion is associated with widespread extension in the internal (Brianconnais and Piemont) zones, resulting in multiscale normal faulting. Current field work in the Queyras area shows that this brittle multitrend extension is a continuation of the ductile extension that accompanied the exhumation of blue-schist bearing metamorphic units. Along the same transect, the external (Ultradauphine) zone was not affected by late-Alpine extension. This is still the present situation: to the east of the aseismic Pelvoux massif, the CBF bounds the Brianconnais seismic arc, the activity of which may be the continuation of the late-Alpine extension. At the scale of the western Alpine arc, active extensional-transtensional tectonics dominate in the internal zones while compressional uplift affects the external zone. In this contrasted stress field, the thrust-fault zone between internal and external arcs plays a major role of decoupling that can be demonstrated in several sites between the area analysed here and the Central Alps, including along the Ecors profile. Contribution of thermochronology. - In this paper, we compare apatite fission track (FT) ages from both sides of the inverted CBF to the southeast of the Pelvoux massif. In the hangingwall of the CBF, two ages were obtained from magmatic intrusions within the Zone houillere, close to Briancon. They are compared to recently published ages from the Champsaur Sandstones unit in the footwall of the CBF, along the same transect.