Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthesis of a Flag Leaf of Wheat under Elevated O3 Concentration

In aims to estimate stomatal O3 flux and predict the yield loss of wheat in eastern China, the focus was on developing a stomatal conductance (gs) model and a photosynthesis (P) model of a wheat flag leaf. To date, relationships between the relative yield of European spring wheat and the stomatal O3 flux of the wheat flag leaf have been presented by Pleijel et al. (2000), UNECE (2004) and many researchers with high correlations on the basis of the open-top chamber experiments.The gs and P of flag leaves and other winter wheat leaves were measured, both in the ambient field and FACE (Free Air Concentration Enrichment) field, whereby the O3 concentration ([O3]) was artificially elevated, on 6 days from before heading to before harvest, 2008. The gs model was developed by a multiplicative approach with a maximum value of gs (gsmax) multiplied by modifications of photosynthetically active radiation incident on the leaf (PARl), accumulated exposure of O3 over a threshold concentration of 40 ppb for daylight hours (AOT40) at the canopy top, phenology, VPD and the time of day. A relationship between gs/gsmax and P/Pmax (Pmax is the maximum value of P) of a flag leaf measured in PARl=2000 μmol m-2 s-1 was represented by a linear regression line with a slope of 1.0 and intercept of 0.0. Therefore, the P model was developed by the multiplicative approach with Pmax multiplied by modifications of PARl for P and the same other parameters as the gs model. The models reproduced the gs and P of a flag leaf and even those of the other leaves successfully.For the practical use of these models, [O3] at the canopy top ([O3]canopy) and PARl were also modeled. By applying the logarithmic profile of [O3] above the canopy, and modeling the roughness length for [O3] (z0O3) with the wind speed, the [O3]canopy was reproduced successfully. To model PARl, the inclination factor of a leaf (Fl) was decided so that the modeled vertical profile of shortwave radiation within the canopy could fit the measurements using the vertical two streams shortwave radiation model (e.g. Oue, 2003a; 2003b). Fl at z=0.6-0.8 m, where most flag leaves exist, was found to be from 0.4 to 0.6 for a wheat canopy of LAI=5.
An evaluation of Lohmann's foraminifera weight dissolution index

Down water column traverses of core top weights for three planktonic species confirm Lohmann's [1995] relationship between foraminifera shell weight loss and bottom water carbonate ion content. However, they also suggest that the initial shell thickness varies with growth habitat and that the offset between bottom water and pore water carbonate ion concentration varies even on small space scales.
Invisible and undervalued: Understanding the work experiences of women clerical workers in a British Columbia Cancer Centre

The purpose of this qualitative study is to understand the experiences of oncology support staff through an examination of workplace organization, patient and team relationships, and emotional impact. In-depth interviews were conducted with seven medical secretaries and five nursing unit clerks. A critical-interpretive feminist lens is adopted to facilitate focus on subjective perceptions and meanings of these work experiences. This approach allows exploration of how social identities in particular workplace settings are shaped by gender, social class, ethnocultural background, age, sex, (dis) ability, and geography. It also directs our attention to dominant discourses and inequities in the workplace that render women’s work invisible and undervalued. Indeed, key findings identify issues of powerlessness, lack of control and decision-making, self-reported stress and burnout, and the perception that the work performed is not recognized or valued. Implications for managers and those working with support staff in oncology settings are briefly highlighted.
Medical student case presentation performance and perception when using mobile learning technology in the emergency department

Abstract Background Hand-held mobile learning technology provides opportunities for clinically relevant self-instructional modules to augment traditional bedside teaching. Using this technology as a teaching tool has not been well studied. We sought to evaluate medical students’ case presentation performance and perception when viewing short, just-in-time mobile learning videos using the iPod touch prior to patient encounters. Methods Twenty-two fourth-year medical students were randomized to receive or not to receive instruction by video, using the iPod Touch, prior to patient encounters. After seeing a patient, they presented the case to their faculty, who completed a standard data collection sheet. Students were surveyed on their perceived confidence and effectiveness after using these videos. Results Twenty-two students completed a total of 67 patient encounters. There was a statistically significant improvement in presentations when the videos were viewed for the first time (p = 0.032). There was no difference when the presentations were summed for the entire rotation (p = 0.671). The reliable (alpha = 0.97) survey indicated that the videos were a useful teaching tool and gave students more confidence in their presentations. Conclusions Medical student patient presentations were improved with the use of mobile instructional videos following first time use, suggesting mobile learning videos may be useful in medical student education. If direct bedside teaching is unavailable, just-in-time iPod touch videos can be an alternative instructional strategy to improve first-time patient presentations by medical students.
The atmospheric circulation and states of maximum entropy production

Energy balance models suggest that the atmospheric circulation operates close to a state of maximum entropy production. Here we support this hypothesis with sensitivity simulations of an atmospheric general circulation model. A state of maximum entropy production is obtained by (i) adjusting boundary layer turbulence and (ii) using a sufficiently high model resolution which allows sufficient degrees of freedom for the atmospheric flow. The state of maximum entropy production is associated with the largest conversion of available potential energy into kinetic energy which is subsequently dissipated by boundary layer turbulence. It exhibits the largest eddy activity in the mid latitudes, resulting in the most effective transport of heat towards the poles and the least equator‐pole temperature difference. These results suggest that GCMs have a fundamental tendency to underestimate the magnitude of atmospheric heat transport and, therefore, overestimate the equator‐pole temperature gradient for the present‐day climate, for the response to global climatic change, and for atmospheres of other planetary bodies.
Tooth loss and associated factors in adolescents: a Brazilian population-based oral health survey.

OBJECTIVE To estimate tooth loss among adolescents and its factors associated. METHODS Data from 16,833 participants of the Brazilian Oral Health Survey 2002-2003 were analyzed. The outcome studied was tooth loss of at least one tooth. Independent variables included geographical localization, gender, skin color, per capita income, education gap, dental service utilization and fluoridated water supply at the local level. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression for each Brazilian macroregion and nationwide. RESULTS The prevalence of at least one tooth loss was 38.9% (95% CI 38.2%;39.7%). Adolescents living in localities with non-fluoridated water supply were 40% more likely to have tooth loss compared with those living in areas with fluoridated water supply. There was seen a strong association (p<0.01) between non-fluoridated water supply and tooth loss prevalence in the Northeast. In other Brazilian regions this association was confounded for distal variables, mainly socioeconomic variables, reinforcing regional inequalities. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of tooth loss among Brazilian adolescents shows a need for targeted dental actions including prevention at earlier ages, treatment of affected teeth and universal access to fluoridated water.
Reappraisal of sediment dynamics in the Lower Mekong River, Cambodia

The Mekong Basin in southeast Asia is facing rapid development, impacting its hydrology and sediment dynamics. Although the understanding of the sediment transport rates in the Mekong is gradually growing, the sediment dynamics in the lower Mekong floodplains (downstream from Kratie) are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to conduct an analysis to increase the understanding of the sediment dynamics at the Chaktomuk confluence of the Mekong River, and the Tonle Sap River in the Lower Mekong River in Cambodia. This study is based on the data from a detailed field survey over the three hydrological years (May 2008–April 2011) at the two sites (the Mekong mainstream and the Tonle Sap River) at the Chaktomuk confluence. We further compared the sediment fluxes at Chaktomuk to an upstream station (i.e. Mukdahan) with longer time series. Inflow sediment load towards the lake was lower than that of the outflow, with a ratio on average of 84%. Although annually only a small amount of sediment load from the Tonle Sap contributes to the delta (less than 15%), its share is substantial during the February–April period. The annual sediment load transport from the confluence to the delta in 2009 and 2010 accounted for 54 and 50 Mt, respectively. This was on average only 55% of the sediment fluxes measured at Mukdahan, a more upstream station. Furthermore when compared to sediment loads further downstream at the Cambodia–Vietnam border, we found that the suspended sediment flux continued to decline towards the South China Sea. Our findings thus indicate that the sediment load to the South China Sea is much lower than the previous estimate 150–160 Mt/yr. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR CLEAR WATER FISHES EXPOSED TO EXCESSIVELY CLOUDY WATER 1

ABSTRACT: A new type of empirical model described here enables real time assessment of impacts caused by excessive water cloudiness as a function of (a) reduced visual clarity (excessive cloudiness) and (b) duration of exposure to cloudy conditions, in fisheries or fish life stages adapted to life in clear water ecosystems. This model takes the familiar form used in earlier suspended sediment dose effect models
Analysis of a zebrafish dync1h1 mutant reveals multiple functions for cytoplasmic dynein 1 during retinal photore-Insinna

Background: Photoreceptors of the retina are highly compartmentalized cells that function as the primary sensory neurons for receiving and initiating transmission of visual information. Proper morphogenesis of photoreceptor neurons is essential for their normal function and survival. We have characterized a zebrafish mutation, cannonball , that completely disrupts photoreceptor morphogenesis. Results: Analysis revealed a non-sense mutation in cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 ( dync1h1 ), a critical subunit in Dynein1, to underlie the cannonball phenotypes. Dynein1 is a large minus-end directed, microtubule motor protein complex that has been implicated in multiple, essential cellular processes. In photoreceptors, Dynein1 is thought to mediate post-Golgi vesicle trafficking, while Dynein2 is thought to be responsible for outer segment maintenance. Surprisingly, cannonball embryos survive until larval stages, owing to wild-type maternal protein stores. Retinal photoreceptor neurons, however, are significantly affected by loss of Dync1h1, as transmission electron microscopy and marker analyses demonstrated defects in organelle positioning and outer segment morphogenesis and suggested defects in post-Golgi vesicle trafficking. Furthermore, dosage-dependent antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of dync1h1 revealed outer segment abnormalities in the outer segments, well organized connecting cilium and basal body, tightly packed mitochondria in the ellipsoid region, Golgi apparatus just api- cal to the nucleus in the myoid region, and numerous inputs and floating ribbons in the synaptic region. Photoreceptors of dync1h1 morphants and cnb mutants showed a spectrum of phenotypes with the most normal photoreceptors positioned in the central retina and more severely affected photoreceptors at the periphery. Cellular defects included increased incidence of outer segment vesiculation, varying degrees of organelle dispersion and depolarization, and un-der-development of the synaptic region. OS, outer segment; IS, inner segment; CB cell body; SR, synaptic region; E, ellipsoid region; M, myoid region.
Subsurface geological setting in the Skagerrak area : suitability for storage of carbon dioxide

As a part of a global attempt to mitigate impending climate change owing to increasing atmospheric CO₂levels unconventional methods which may reduce CO₂ emissions are extensively researched. Carbon Capture and Storage,(CCS) is considered to be a promising method for this purpose. As a consequence, worldwide prospection of geological sites in which CO₂ may be stored is currently underway. This thesis will based on information from litterature give a general introduction to CCS and thereafter present the geology in Skagerrak and thereafter evaluate the possibility for CO₂ storage in deep geological formations in the above mentioned area. A CCS infrastructure in the Skagerrak area could potentially be supplied with 14 MtCO₂, if storage of such volumes is possible it would greatly help the Scandinavian countries fulfill the climate goals regarding CO₂ emission reductions. The Skagerrak area is characterized by thick sedimentary sequences of Cambrian – Cretaceous age of which the Paleozoic sequences are severely faulted following Variscan orogeny related tectonism. Gently sloping undeformed sandstones and mudstones of Late Triassic – Middle Jurassic age inherit properties which are well suited for CO₂ storage. Results from models show that an injection of in total 250 MtCO₂ over 25 years is possible to attain without leakage in the Skagerrak Graben. Further studies are required to confirm that this area is suitable for storage of CO₂.
Variability in the O2/N2 ratio of southern hemisphere air, 1991–1994: Implications for the carbon cycle

We present a record of variations in the O2/N2 ratio of air at 41°S latitude from 1991–1994 based on the mass spectrometric analysis of flask samples from Cape Grim, Tasmania, and Baring Head, New Zealand. Results for Cape Grim for the period from June 1991 to February 1992 are in good agreement with previously published data of Keeling and Shertz [1992]. Plotted versus time, O2/N2 ratios show the expected annual cycles. O2/N2 increases in austral spring and summer (caused mainly by net oceanic production) and decreases in fall and winter (caused by ventilation of the seasonal and main thermoclines). The average amplitude of the seasonal cycle implies net oceanic production of about 5 mol C m−2 yr−1 with considerable interannual variability. The O2/N2 ratio of air decreased at the rate of 12±4 per meg/yr (0.012 ‰/yr) between winter 1991 and winter 1993. This value is considerably less than the O2 consumption rate associated with fossil fuel burning (about 20 per meg/yr), suggesting that the land biosphere was an O2 source and an important CO2 sink during this period. Alternatively, the oceans may have been a transient O2 sink during 1991–1993, most likely caused by an enhanced rate of thermocline ventilation with respect to the steady-state value.
Handaxe industries in Israel and the Near East

An outtine is given of the development of the handaxe industry (of Israel particularly) through the Early Acheulian to the late Achaelian where basalt is used as the tool making medium. Handaxe sites follow the expected favorable zones of habitation close to water sources and along river valleys. The distribution of industry constructions in the uplands of Judea, Samaria, Carmel, Gallee, Lebanon and Syria link closely to intermontaine plains and plateaux in geological regions of basalt and Eocene limestone. These features are suggested to favor the herbivorous animals upon which Acheulian man is presumed to have depended for food. -- AATA
Economic Policy Uncertainty and Unemployment in the United States: A Nonlinear Approach

We model US post-WWII monthly data with a Smooth Transition VAR model and study the effects of an unanticipated increase in economic policy uncertainty on unemployment in recessions and expansions. We find the response of unemployment to be statistically and economically larger in recessions. A state-contingent forecast error variance decomposition analysis confirms that the contribution of EPU shocks to the volatility of unemployment at business cycle frequencies is markedly larger in recessions.
On blindness, centrepieces and and complementarity in gentrification theory

The recent article by Chris Hamnett in this journal on 'The blind men and the elephant: the explanation of gentrification' (Hamnett 1991) and the ensuing discussion with Neil Smith (Smith 1992; Hamnett 1992) left at least this reader with a mixture of disappointment over blindness, frustration over centrepieces and encouragement over the common interest to consider the notion of complementarity in approaches to gentrification. That we are in a sense blind men groping around and feeling different parts of the gentrification elephant is to a certain extent unavoidable we have no foolproof holistic theory of or methodology for the study of gentrification, and it would be presumptuous to think we ever will. We specialize to some degree in a division of labour which bears various forms of fruit. But if there is one thing Aesop's fable can teach us, it is the importance of communication, which not only requires the tedious task of concisely formulating our thoughts, our research findings and our interpretations of them, but also entails the challenge of listening without reflexive categorization. The focus of my concern here is, as the title suggests, firstly what I perceive as disturbing instances of blindness which I hope some communication can alleviate; secondly, the problem of centrepieces as exemplified in the Hamnett-Smith debate; and thirdly the need for careful consideration of the notion of complementarity, both in general and specifically in the context of gentrification theories.
Over the Borderline: A Critical Inquiry into the Geography of Territorial Excision and the Securitisation of the Australian Border

The policy of territorial excision is a foundational and extraordinary aspect of Australian refugee and immigration policy. First introduced in Australia over 12 years ago in 2001, it essentially designates certain parts of Australian territory to be ‘excised’ from Australia’s migration zone. As a result of the policy, any person who reaches an ‘excised offshore place’ by sea without authorisation is classified as an ‘unauthorised maritime arrival’. Unauthorised maritime arrivals are held to be outside Australia’s migration zone and may not apply for a visa under Australia’s existing onshore visa application process, as set out in the Migration Act 1958 (Cth). This paper explores the history, logic and geography of territorial excision in Australia. While there has been voluminous discussion regarding the legality of and motivations for Australia’s offshore processing regime, remarkably little attention has been paid to the significance of territorial excision. This is the case despite the progressive expansion of excision, and its centrality in a regime that seeks to control and deter ‘unauthorised’ boat arrivals. This paper argues that although excision is frequently described in passing, as a building block in a policy regime that aims to limit onshore asylum seekers’ access to Australian territory, the policy does more than provide a means of excluding ‘unauthorised’ boat arrivals from Australian migration law. It produces and relies upon conflicting conceptions of Australia’s territorial borders, and uses geographic redefinitions to achieve particular goals relating to national security. In Parts 1 and 2, an examination of the literature that describe and critiques the securitisation of migration, and an outline of the history of territorial excision demonstrates that securitised discourses of migration were at the centre of justifications for the policy. This is done with reference to Australian Parliamentary debates surrounding the policy. Then, in Part 3 I argue that the geography of excision undermines both the logic of territoriality and the construction of territorial borders as fixed sites delimiting the safety of the state, upon which the securitisation of migration and the policy itself relies.
Polar survey of magnetic field in near tail: Reconnection rare inside 9 RE

We have examined the magnetic field at the apogee of the Polar spacecraft for three seasons during which time apogee was close to the equatorial plane and within 2 hours of midnight. The magnetic field magnitude in this region is rarely below 5 nT. However, when it is low, the magnetic field is very dynamic, with current sheet thinnings, plasma sheet expansions, and magnetic field dipolarizations. At times of low magnetic field strength we have examined the component normal to the magnetospheric equator for the presence of southward magnetic fields. However, in the period studied only northward fields were present in this region with one brief exception due to a bent current layer and not due to local reconnection. Thus it is very rare that the neutral point is as close as 9 RE.
Interpretation of the Shape of Mineral Grains in Metamorphic Rocks

Grain boundary angles at junctions of three scapolite grains in a scapolite-pyroxene-sphene rock measure 120 degrees with a standard deviation of 7.5 degrees. These data are comparable to those obtained from annealed metals, and indicate a close approach to static equilibrium of interfacial tensions.An examination of hornblende-hornblende and biotite-biotite interfaces in gneisses has shown that for certain angles of misorientation, the interface lies parallel to a plane of low indices in one of the adjacent grains. These interfaces are considered to possess lower free energy than those of different orientations.An examination of inclusions of quartz in grains of hornblende, biotite, and garnet has revealed a tendency for hornblende to impose its {110} form, biotite its {001} form, and garnet its {110} form on the inclusions, regardless of the crystallographic orientation of the inclusions relative to the host. The faces of these forms, when in contact with quartz, are considered to be interface of relatively low specific interfacial free energy, and the particular forms are considered to be present in the equilibrium shapes of the corresponding minerals.The shape and dimensions of phlogopite and pyroxene grains in marble have been examined and measured. Although ratios of dimensions are not constant, as demanded by the Wulff theorem, the presence of a degree of regularity in the shape of the phlogopite and pyroxene grains is taken to indicate that interfacial energy is relatively low.Consideration is given to the forms displayed by various metamorphic minerals, when grains of these are embedded in a quartz-feldspar grain aggregate. An attempt is made to assess the effect of temperature, adsorption, and composition on interfacial energy in metamorphic rocks. The Becke crystalloblastic series of minerals can be refined by application of the principles of interfacial energy.It is concluded that several aspects of the shape of mineral grains in metamorphic rocks can be attributed to a local reduction or minimization of interfacial free energy.