Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Opportunity Cost of Resident Involvement in Adult Craniofacial Surgery: An Analysis of Relative Value Units

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Purpose: Within the academic surgical setting resident involvement may confer longer operative times. The increasing pressures to maximize clinical productivity and decreasing reimbursement rates, however, may conflict with these principles. This study calculates the opportunity cost of resident involvement in craniofacial surgery. Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted with patients who underwent craniofacial procedures from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2005 to 2012. Patients were selected based on relevant Current Procedural Terminology codes for craniofacial pathologies (ie, trauma, head and neck reconstruction, orthognathic surgery, and facial reanimation). Variables included patient demographics, operative time, and presence or absence of resident trainee. Average relative value units were calculated to determine the opportunity cost of resident involvement for each craniofacial procedure. Results: In total, 2096 patients were identified through the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2005 to 2012. Resident involvement was associated with a statistically significant higher operative time (P < 0.001) for facial reanimation, facial trauma, orthognathic surgery, and head and neck reconstruction. The opportunity costs per case associated with resident involvement were the highest for head and neck reconstruction ($1468.04), followed by orthognathic surgery ($1247.03), facial trauma ($533.03), and facial reanimation ($358.32). Resident involvement was associated with higher rate of complications for head and neck reconstruction (P < 0.043). Conclusions: Resident involvement is associated with longer operative times, higher complications, and higher re-operations, compared to attending exclusive surgical care. Future studies may consider how reimbursements should align incentives to promote resident education and training.
A spatio-temporal statistical model to analyze COVID-19 spread in the USA

Coronavirus pandemic has affected the whole world extensively and it is of immense importance to understand how the disease is spreading. In this work, we provide evidence of spatial dependence in the pandemic data and accordingly develop a new statistical technique that captures the spatio-temporal dependence pattern of the COVID-19 spread appropriately. The proposed model uses a separable Gaussian spatio-temporal process, in conjunction with an additive mean structure and a random error process. The model is implemented through a Bayesian framework, thereby providing a computational advantage over the classical way. We use state-level data from the United States of America in this study. We show that a quadratic trend pattern is most appropriate in this context. Interestingly, the population is found not to affect the numbers significantly, whereas the number of deaths in the previous week positively affects the spread of the disease. Residual diagnostics establish that the model is adequate enough to understand the spatio-temporal dependence pattern in the data. It is also shown to have superior predictive power than other spatial and temporal models. In fact, we show that the proposed approach can predict well for both short term (1 week) and long term (up to three months).
Is sustainability challenging in Indonesia’s energy provision? Fuel type vs. externalities in electricity cost analysis

This study aims to reveal the challenging sustainability within Indonesia’s energy provision by studying the electricity generating cost (GC) formation, externalities’ effect, and current Indonesia’s electricity and budget condition. In studying GC formation, two variables thought to have remarkable influence are fuel price (represented by Fuel Cost/FC) and operating time, which indicates the power plant’s type (represented by Capacity Factor/CF). The regression results indicate that CF has a greater impact on GC than FC; GC increases as FC increases but decreases as CF increases. FC contributes by 10%-86% of GC, subject to fuel prices and CF. Since coal is the cheapest, GCCoal < GCGas < GCDiesel, but internalizing the externalities triples the GCCoal and doubles the GCDiesel. However, its internalization is challenging as it affects the producers’ and consumers’ welfare. Sustainable energy provision is challenging due to two factors. First, there is a dilemma between applying sustainability principles and providing energy immediately. The fastest route, which is the lowest price orientation, is preferable, indicated by coal domination in the electricity mix. Second, sustainability is not the priority yet, indicated by the environment programs is outside the top ten priority development programs.
The effect of plant size and branch traits on rainfall interception of 10 temperate tree species

Rainfall interception by vegetation plays an important role in the hydrological cycle. Next to rainfall characteristics, interception is influenced by tree size, crown structure and bark morphology. How tree traits determine interception across functionally and morphologically wide‐ranging tree species is poorly understood. We determined interception ratios (interception:gross precipitation) and canopy storage capacities of seven temperate deciduous broadleaved (Acer pseudoplatanus L., Betula pendula Roth, Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Populus tremula L., Sorbus aucuparia L.) and three evergreen coniferous tree species (Picea abies (L.) Karsten, Pinus sylvestris L. , Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) as well as the influence of various tree traits on interception parameters. Interception was measured directly with natural rainfall by means of gravimetry on potted trees, 2–8 m tall, for seven consecutive months. Our results show that (a) the coniferous species had larger canopy storage capacities and larger interception ratios than the broadleaved species both during (summer) and outside the growing season (winter); (b) the absolute tree interception (in kg) of the broadleaved species was positively related to stem diameter at breast height, tree and crown height, maximum branch length, the total branch surface area and above ground dry weight; and (c) interception per unit crown projected area (in mm) of all species was positively related to branch length and branch surface area per unit crown projected area. These results can be used to estimate interception parameters from plant traits and to simulate interception losses of trees in a more reliable manner.
Children’s Acquisition of Morphosyntactic Variation

ABSTRACT This article presents a developmental pathway for the acquisition of morphosyntactic variation. Although there is abundant evidence that morphosyntactic variation is pervasive among adults, much less is known about how children acquire such variation. The literature thus far indicates that the pathway of development involves first producing only one of the variable forms (Step 1), producing both forms but in mutually-exclusive contexts (Step 2), then producing both forms in some overlapping linguistic contexts (Step 3), and finally producing both forms in more contexts (Step 4). The research reviewed indicates that input patterns are influential each step of the way, playing an important role in determining children’s use of forms as well as the contexts in which the forms are produced. In addition to considering input effects, we also draw on various tendencies that children evince in the face of variable input to explain the pathway of development, including regularization and assigning different meanings to different forms. The article also includes suggestions for testing the hypotheses generated by the proposed pathway of development, which we illustrate by drawing on the acquisition of variable Spanish subject pronoun expression.
Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum ?-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from poultry in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing (ESBL) and multidrug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ouagadougou in two poultry farms and two slaughterhouses. 375 cloacal swabs and 46 environment samples were collected and members of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated on EMB agar containing 4 µg/L of cefotaxime. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were identified using biochemical tests and ESBL production was confirmed by the double-disc synergy test. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method. Prevalence of faecal ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae was 12.11% (95% CI = 9.3-15.6). In sampling sites, the prevalence were 5.15% in Farm A, 2.22% in Farm B, 17.50% in slaughterhouse C, 20.59% in slaughterhouse D and 19.57% in environment. E. coli (n = 43) and K. pneumoniae (n = 13) were frequently identified. ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae MDR was 89.29% (95% CI = 78.5–95.0). Resistance to aminoglycosides was 6.25% in poultry and 10.00% in slaughterhouse, fluoroquinolones 32.5% in slaughterhouse, sulfonamides 100% in poultry and 82.50% slaughterhouse, tetracycline 100% in poultry and 95.0% in slaughterhouse. This study showed that antimicrobial resistance in poultry in Ouagadougou portends a serious problem. Key words: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), poultry, farms, slaughterhouses, Ouagadougou.
Validation of indigenously developed video for teaching tooth brushing to children with autism spectrum disorder

Aim: Validation of indigenously developed video for teaching tooth brushing to children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Methodology: This prospective pilot study was carried out in 10 participants of age 5-12 years. The developed video was taught to incorporate in the routine and transferred in parent’s smartphones after assessing their baseline descriptive, plaque index, tooth brushing efficiency and time required for perform the activity. The intention was to assess the improvement in tooth brushing technique and the ability of the child to comprehend and follow the instruction as shown in the video. Results: In first visit, most of the children with ASD were incapable of grasping the toothbrush properly and had irregular tooth brushing practices. The mean plaque score (Silness and Loe) has improved from 2.04 ± 0.65 to 2.03 ± 0.12 (p>0.05) in the second visit and significantly improved from the baseline to third visit (p<0.05). Parental perception also highlighted improved compliance towards tooth brushing than before. The children showed less reluctance for tooth brushing which was a common concern for all the 10 set of parents. Conclusion: Videos provides more comprehensible and structured way to deliver information and teach the desired action for the audience. Various tasks can be taught to children with ASD which may help children to cope better in dental environments during treatment.
Treatment of co-occurring substance abuse and suicidality among adolescents: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE This study tested a cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol for adolescents with a co-occurring alcohol or other drug use disorder (AOD) and suicidality in a randomized clinical trial. METHOD Forty adolescents (Mage = 15 years; 68% female, 89% White) and their families recruited from an inpatient psychiatric hospital were randomly assigned to an integrated outpatient cognitive-behavioral intervention for co-occurring AOD and suicidality (I-CBT) or enhanced treatment as usual (E-TAU). Primary measures include the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Suicide Ideation Questionnaire, Columbia Impairment Scale, Timeline Followback, Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index, and Rutgers Marijuana Problem Index. Assessments were completed at pretreatment as well as 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postenrollment. RESULTS In intent-to-treat analyses, I-CBT was associated with significantly fewer heavy drinking days and days of marijuana use relative to E-TAU but not with fewer drinking days. Those randomized to I-CBT in comparison to E-TAU also reported significantly less global impairment as well as fewer suicide attempts, inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and arrests. Adolescents across groups showed equivalent reductions in suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS I-CBT for adolescents with co-occurring AOD and suicidality is associated with significant improvement in both substance use and suicidal behavior, as well as markedly decreased use of additional health services including inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Further testing of integrated protocols for adolescent AOD and suicidality with larger and more diverse samples is warranted.
Investigating the Effectiveness of the Maritime Regulatory Regime to Address a Socially Responsible Shipping Industry: A Content Analysis Study

The introduction of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in 2015, has transformed the approach of public and private entities to address environmental, social and economic challenges. As result, new governance and management insights are sought, among them corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is increasingly seen as a self-regulating means to help organizations meet multifaceted challenges. With regard to shipping, global developments have called for a blueprint to facilitate industry’s transition to a more sustainable pathway. However, CSR applicability in the maritime business is relatively recent and has been mainly viewed as a voluntary and beyond regulatory compliance notion. Among these shifts, this study explores the effectiveness and extent to which the maritime regulatory regime has addressed CSR topics. A case study strategy and content analysis method is employed. In turn, ISO 26000 social responsibility standard employed as the guiding paradigm to identify applicability of CSR norms within selected maritime legislation. Findings revealed a satisfactory coverage by the maritime regime of CSR issues falling under the scope of human rights, labor, the environment and organizational governance subjects. Though, it seemed to lag behind in subjects situated within the array of fair operating practices, consumer treatment and community involvement.
Correlation between Age and Body Mass Index (BMI) with Histopathological Features of Breast Cancer Patients in RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan

Background: Breast cancer is influenced by various risk factors, including age and obesity. Older women who are overweighted and obese have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. This study aims to find the correlation between age and body mass index (BMI) with histopathological features of breast cancer patients in RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan.Methods: This research is an analytical study using a cross-sectional design with 103 samples obtained from medical record data by random sampling. The data obtained were then adjusted to the research criteria and grouped based on predetermined variables.Results: The majority of the age group was 41-50 years (36.9%), obesity BMI (40.8%), histopathological subtype of invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) (85.4%), and grade II (46.6%). Kruskal-Wallis test result between histopathological subtypes and breast cancer grading based on age, respectively, obtained p=0.503, r=. 325; (α>0.05), and p=0.207, r=0.393; (α>0.05), while based on BMI obtained p=0.017, r=0.021; (α<0.05), and p=0.018, r=0.018; (α<0.05). The OR value (95% CI) obtained on overweight-obese BMI with invasive carcinoma NST subtype was 7.63 (7.27–14.90) and other subtypes were 2.40 (1.14–13.75), and for grades II and III, they were respectively 3.57 (1.32–8.09) and 3.27 (1.17–9.91). Conclusions: There was a correlation between BMI with histopathological subtypes and breast cancer grading, but the correlation tended to be weak. Whereas, with age, there was no correlation. BMI overweight-obese were more likely to have invasive carcinoma NST subtype and higher-grade of breast cancer.
Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions

Ophiuroidea is the largest class among extant echinoderms, with over 2000 described species assigned to 33 families. Here, the first identification key to the recently revised classification was developed, and revised morphological descriptions were derived from it, expanding the previous short diagnoses. The key was built by analyzing internal and external skeletal characters of predominantly the type species of each family, including at least two mutually exclusive attributes per family. Various numeric and multistate characters were used to create a traditional as well as an interactive key using the DELTA and Xper software programs­. Illustrations (SEM and digital photos) are included in the key to facilitate the assessment of character states by users. Not only is it the first identification key to the families, according to the recently proposed new classification and the examined species, but this interactive key also assists users in understanding the family level taxonomy of brittle stars. The interactive key allows new characters and states to be added, when more species will have been analyzed, without the need to reconfigure the complete key (as may be necessary with conventional keys).
Effect of Profitability, Leverage, and Liquidity on Dividend Policy: Evidence from Manufacturing Companies in Indonesia

Profitability (ROA) and leverage (DER) have a favorable and material impact on the dividend policies of food and beverage manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. That is, if profitability and leverage continue to improve, so will the dividend policy. In comparison to liquidity (current ratio), which has a positive but negligible effect on the dividend policy of food and beverage manufacturing companies that are listed on the IDX. It may be concluded that while liquidity owned by the company can help enhance dividends, it cannot have a major impact on dividend policy reform. Increased dividend policy will entice investors. Thus, dividend policy can be improved by this research by optimizing asset utilization (ROA) and lowering the danger of debt relief (DER).
Social and Economic Determinants of Support for a Strong Non-Democratic Leader in Democracies Differ From Non-Democracies

A growing body of evidence suggests that support for a strong non-democratic leader is driven, in part, by low economic development and economic inequality at the country level, and low income and interpersonal trust at the individual level. In the current research, we tested the hypothesis that although such a pattern predicts support for a strong non-democratic leader in democracies, it should produce decreased support for a strong non-democratic leader in non-democracies (where the presence of such leaders is the political status quo). Using three waves of World Values Survey data (2005-2020), as predicted, we found that in democracies, low economic development, high inequality, and low interpersonal trust predicted support for a strong non-democratic leader. However, in non-democracies, support for a strong non-democratic leader was higher in more economically developed countries and among individuals with higher social trust. These results contradict modernization theory’s proposition that development promotes support for democratic rule and suggest that economic development reinforces support for the existing political system.
Modeling Vapor Migration for Estimating the Time to Reach Steady State Conditions

The design and planning of soil vapor sampling for vapor intrusion assessment require an estimate of the time for vapor migration from the contamination source to reach steady state prior to vapor sampling and analysis for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study presents the model derivation, analytical solutions, as well as the assumptions and limitations of a one‐dimensional VOC vapor transport model based on diffusion in porous media and equilibrium partitioning of VOCs in solid, aqueous, and vapor phases. The model assumes a finite domain with boundary conditions that represent the scenarios of vapor migration in the real environment. The derivation of the conceptual model is presented along with its practical use and implications as illustrated through case examples. Consideration of the upper (or exit) boundary condition along with the distance between the source and the applicable boundary, rather than the distance from the source to the measurement point, are shown to be critical in the time estimates as compared to an expression typically used and cited in guidance documents. The study reveals the importance of defining a conceptual model and relevant boundaries in assessing near steady state conditions, and suggests a tiered approach in refining the estimate with increasing level of effort for practical applications in vapor assessment.
Motivasi Memoderasi Pengaruh Pertimbangan Pasar Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja, Personalitas terhadap Minat Mahasiswa Menjadi Akuntan Publik

The current phenomenon in Indonesia in the accounting sector is the lack of public accountants based on a statement from the Indonesian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (IAPI). The lack of interest in accounting students towards the public accounting profession is one of the results of the lack of accounting graduates becoming public accountants. Considerations of the labor market, work environment, personality and motivation are factors that influence student interest. This study will take a population, namely accounting students class 2017, Faculty of Economics, Udayana University. The samples obtained after using the Slovin method were 168 students. Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) was used as the analysis technique for this study. The results of this study prove that considerations of the job market, work environment, personality and motivation affect the interest of accounting students to become public accountants. Keywords: Considerations Labor Market; Work Environment; Personality, Motivation; Interests.
Application of the Risk Principle in the Supervision and Treatment of Individuals Who Have Sexually Offended: Does “Oversupervision” Matter?

Individuals who sexually offend are commonly misunderstood as being high risk. According to the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) principles, treatment and supervision levels should be determined by actuarial risk for the best outcomes. To date, no studies have examined these principles with individuals on supervision for a sexual offense. This study applies the RNR principles to a sample of 133 men and women serving probated sentences for a sexual offense and mandated to specialized treatment. Results indicate low-risk individuals convicted of a sexual offense were more likely to be compliant with probation and treatment than moderate-risk individuals. An analysis of risk level and supervision overrides (N = 75) provides support for the prediction that low-risk individuals supervised at high levels may be more likely to have compliance problems. Results suggest similar outcomes when violating the risk principle for individuals who have sexually offended to the findings among general justice-involved people.