Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset: A New Era in Climate Change Research

A coordinated set of global coupled climate model [atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM)] experiments for twentieth- and twenty-first-century climate, as well as several climate change commitment and other experiments, was run by 16 modeling groups from 11 countries with 23 models for assessment in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Since the assessment was completed, output from another model has been added to the dataset, so the participation is now 17 groups from 12 countries with 24 models. This effort, as well as the subsequent analysis phase, was organized by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Working Group on Coupled Models (WGCM) Climate Simulation Panel, and constitutes the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). The dataset is called the WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset, and represents the largest and most comprehensive international global coupled climate model experiment and multimodel analysis effort ever attempted. As of March 2007, the Program for Climate Model Diagnostics and Intercomparison (PCMDI) has collected, archived, and served roughly 32 TB of model data. With oversight from the panel, the multimodel data were made openly available from PCMDI for analysis and academic applications. Over 171 TB of data had been downloaded among the more than 1000 registered users to date. Over 200 journal articles, based in part on the dataset, have been published so far. Though initially aimed at the IPCC AR4, this unique and valuable resource will continue to be maintained for at least the next several years. Never before has such an extensive set of climate model simulations been made available to the international climate science community for study. The ready access to the multimodel dataset opens up these types of model analyses to researchers, including students, who previously could not obtain state-of-the-art climate model output, and thus represents a new era in climate change research. As a direct consequence, these ongoing studies are increasing the body of knowledge regarding our understanding of how the climate system currently works, and how it may change in the future.
Unconstrained Structural Equation Models of Latent Interactions: Contrasting Residual- and Mean-Centered Approaches

Little, Bovaird and Widaman (2006) proposed an unconstrained approach with residual centering for estimating latent interaction effects as an alternative to the mean-centered approach proposed by Marsh, Wen, and Hau (2004, 2006). Little et al. also differed from Marsh et al. in the number of indicators used to infer the latent interaction factor and how they were represented, but this issue is separate from the mean versus residual centering distinction that was their primary focus. However, their implementation of the Marsh et al. mean-centered approach failed to incorporate the mean structure that Marsh et al. argued was necessary to obtain unbiased estimates. One might suppose that their new approach would suffer this same problem, an issue not addressed by Little et al. However, we demonstrate here why the Little et al. approach obviates this requirement that heretofore was thought to be necessary for all constrained, partially constrained, and unconstrained approaches. Both the Marsh et al. and Little et al. unconstrained approaches typically result in similar results and are much easier to implement than traditional constrained approaches. They differ primarily in that the Little et al. approach is a 2-step approach involving a potentially large number of separate analyses prior to estimating the structural equation model that apparently does not require the estimation of a mean structure, whereas the Marsh et al. approach is a 1-step approach that includes a mean structure.
The Effects of Astragalus membranaceus Active Extracts on Autophagy-Related Diseases

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved ‘self-eating’ process that maintains cellular, tissue, and organismal homeostasis. New studies on autophagy, mediated by subsets of autophagy proteins, are emerging in many physiological and pathological processes. Astragalus membranaceus (AM), also named Huangqi, is one of the fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts have been proved to possess many biological activities related to autophagy, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anticancer, anti-photoaging, and improvement of cardiomyocyte function. Evidence suggests that AM extracts can have therapeutic potential in autophagy dysregulation-associated diseases because of their biological positive effects. Here we will review the literature concerning the effects of AM extracts on autophagy dysregulation-associated diseases.
Orbital interactions - A new geometrical formalism

The geometry of encounters between two bodies on independent Keplerian orbits around a third body is considered by a novel analysis, which avoids approximations made in previous studies. For the case of most of the applications considered, the formulas for collision frequencies and orbital element rates of change due to close approaches which comprise the method agree with past results. It is shown that the method can be extended to such other applications as the consideration of oscillations in orbital elements due to secular perturbations, and the computation of probabilities of escape from the system.
Ferroelectric and electrical characterization of multiferroic BiFeO3 at the single nanoparticle level

Ferroelectric BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles deposited on epitaxial substrates of SrRuO3 (SRO) and La1−xSrxMnO3 (LSMO) were studied using band excitation piezoresponse spectroscopy (BEPS), piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). BEPS confirms that the nanoparticles are ferroelectric in nature. Switching behavior of nanoparticle clusters were studied and showed evidence for inhomogeneous switching. The dimensionality of domains within nanoparticles was found to be fractal in nature, with a dimensionality constant of ∼1.4, on par with ferroelectric BFO thin-films under 100 nm in thickness. Ferromagnetic resonance studies indicate BFO nanoparticles only weakly affect the magnetic response of LSMO.
The evolution of microstructure and photoluminescence of SiCN films with annealing temperature

Silicon carbonitride (SiCN) films were deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering and then annealed at different temperatures from 1100to1300°C in hydrogen atmosphere. The as-deposited films and films annealed at 1100°C did not show photoluminescence (PL), whereas strong PL peaks appeared at 355 and 469nm after annealing at 1200 and 1300°C. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer results show that the enhancement of PL properties is due to the change of microstructure and composition.
Nonparametric spline regression with prior information

SUMMARY By using prior information about the regression curve we propose new nonparametric regression estimates. We incorporate two types of information. First, we suppose that the regression curve is similar in shape to a family of parametric curves characterized as the solution to a linear differential equation. The regression curve is estimated by penalized least squares with the differential operator defining the smoothness penalty. We discuss in particular growth and decay curves and take a time transformation to obtain a tractable solution. The second type of prior information is linear equality constraints. We estimate unknown parameters by generalized cross-validation or maximum likelihood and obtain efficient 0(n) algorithms to compute the estimate of the regression curve and the cross-validation and maximum likelihood criterion functions.
Ab initio phonon dispersions of face centered cubic Pb: effects of spin?orbit coupling

I present the ab initio phonon dispersions of face centered cubic Pb calculated within the framework of density functional perturbation theory, with plane waves and a fully relativistic ultrasoft pseudopotential which includes spin–orbit coupling effects. I find that, within the local density approximation, the theory gives phonon frequencies close to the experimental inelastic neutron scattering data. Many of the anomalies present in these dispersions are well reproduced by the fully relativistic pseudopotential theory and can be shown to appear only for small values of the smearing parameter that controls the sharpness of the Fermi surface.
Transformation Having Applications in Quantum Mechanics

By properly ordering functions of noncommuting operators, a one‐to‐one transformation between operator functions and corresponding functions of commuting algebraic variables can be made. With this transformation, boson operator equations such as the Schrodinger equation can be converted to differential equations for the transformed functions, the resulting equations containing solely commuting variables. Once the solution to the transformed equation is obtained, the inverse transformation may be applied to yield the solution to the original operator equation. The method is extended to include angular momentum operators.
Drop impact on a liquid–liquid interface

The effects of Reynolds number (Re) on the gravity-driven impact of a single drop onto a liquid–liquid interface were studied experimentally using the particle image velocimetry method. The liquid beneath the interface was identical to the drop liquid. Two liquids with different viscosities were used as the ambient above the interface resulting in viscosity ratios (drop to ambient) of 0.14 and 0.33. Index matching and a slight camera inclination were employed to eliminate optical distortion. Image planes were captured at a rate of 500 Hz, and velocity fields were determined from consecutive images. The flow Reynolds numbers based on drop impact velocity and ambient viscosity were 20 and 68 for the lower and higher viscosity ratios, respectively. During the approach toward the interface, the drop shape was more oblate for the higher Re case. At the same time, viscous stresses generated a vortex ring inside each drop and a wake behind it. Each wake contained a detached ring of similar sign to the ring insid.
Rapid distortion analysis of high Mach number homogeneous shear flows: Characterization of flow-thermodynamics interaction regimes

In high-speed shear flows the nature of flow-thermodynamics interactions, and consequently the character of transition/turbulence, changes markedly with Mach number. We identify and characterize three different regimes of interactions in terms of acoustic frequency-to-shear magnitude ratio employing the linear rapid distortion analysis. We begin with an analysis of the pressure equation and demonstrate that acoustic frequency grows monotonically with time in this initial value problem whereas the shear magnitude is imposed to be constant. Initially when acoustic frequency is smaller than shear magnitude, fluctuations grow rapidly as the velocity field evolves unrestrained by pressure. This corresponds to Regime 1 wherein there is no significant flow-thermodynamics interaction. Flow-thermodynamics interactions commence in Regime 2 as acoustic frequency grows to the level of imposed shear rate. Dilatational velocity and pressure fields in the flow-normal direction are generated. The two fields are coupled a.
Wake mechanics for thrust generation in oscillating foils

Foils oscillating transversely to an oncoming uniform flow produce, under certain conditions, thrust. It is shown through experimental data from flapping foils and data from fish observation that thrust develops through the formation of a reverse von Karman street whose preferred Strouhal number is between 0.25 and 0.35, and that optimal foil efficiency is achieved within this Strouhal range.
Failure Analysis of Initially Cracked Concrete Structures

Fracture mechanics is very often employed in analyses of cracked structural components for civil engineering structures such as bridges, dams, and cooling towers. An alternate technique is presented that is based on the equivalence between a crack, its process zone, and a distribution of damage. It is a simplified method aimed at approximating the distribution of damage around an existing crack. This approximation is based on the analysis of localization with a nonlocal damage model. Finite-element calculations on a compact tension concrete specimen for several initial crack lengths are presented and compared with experiments. The method is shown to yield errors less than 20% on the prediction of the load reduction factor as a function of the initial crack length. The method is also extended to the prediction of the response of fiber-reinforced components with initial damage. The response of cracked fiber-reinforced concrete beams is computed and compared with the results of original experiments, where the loading conditions that created the initial crack are different from those leading to failure.
Nonlinear quantum tunneling effects in nanoplasmonic environments: two-photon absorption and harmonic generation

We use a quantum mechanical approach to derive a set of linear and nonlinear quantum conductivity coefficients for metal–insulator–metal structures with nanometer sized gaps. The immediate proximity of metallic objects generates a tunneling AC current density that endows the gap region with additional linear and nonlinear coefficients that in turn trigger linear and nonlinear absorption, and second- and third-harmonic generation. For example, a vacuum gap approximately 0.8 nm thick displays an effective |χ(2)|∼0.1 pm/V for adjacent objects composed of dissimilar metals and an effective |χ(3)|∼10−20 m2/V2 for either similar or dissimilar metals, increasing exponentially for smaller gaps. Field localization inside the gap ensures that harmonic generation arising from the gap region overwhelms intrinsic metal second- and third-order nonlinearities.
Incipient torsional stall flutter aerodynamic experiments on a swept three-dimensional wing

The aerodynamics of small amplitude pitching motions near stall have been studied experimentally in order to improve understanding of the torsional stall flutter problem for propeller blades. A model wing was oscillated in pitch at several small amplitudes over a wide and representative range of conditions. Unsteady surface pressures were measured and integrated to determine the aerodynamic damping at five spanwise stations. Strong negative damping was found for motions centered near static stall for all studied reduced frequencies, Mach numbers, and sweep angles. The 30-deg sweptback configuration was found to become negatively damped over the entire span nearly simultaneously, while the unswept model exhibited local regions of negative damping that moved toward the wing tip as the mean angle of attack was increased.
Direct numerical simulation of a 30R long turbulent pipe flow at R + = 685: large- and very large-scale motions

Abstract Fully developed incompressible turbulent pipe flow at Reynolds number ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} = 24\hspace{0.167em} 580$ (based on bulk velocity) and Kármán number ${R}^{+ } = 684. 8$ is simulated in a periodic domain with a length of $30$ pipe radii $R$. While single-point statistics match closely with experimental measurements, questions have been raised of whether streamwise energy spectra calculated from spatial data agree with the well-known bimodal spectrum shape in premultiplied spectra produced by experiments using Taylor’s hypothesis. The simulation supports the importance of large- and very large-scale motions (VLSMs, with streamwise wavelengths exceeding $3R$). Wavenumber spectral analysis shows evidence of a weak peak or flat region associated with VLSMs, independent of Taylor’s hypothesis, and comparisons with experimental spectra are consistent with recent findings (del Álamo & Jiménez, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 640, 2009, pp. 5–26) that the long-wavelength streamwise velocity energy peak is overestimated when Taylor’s hypothesis is used. Yet, the spectrum behaviour retains otherwise similar properties to those documented based on experiment. The spectra also reveal the importance of motions of long streamwise length to the $uu$ energy and $uv$ Reynolds stress and support the general conclusions regarding these quantities formed using experimental measurements. Space–time correlations demonstrate that low-level correlations involving very large scales persist over $40R/ {U}_{\mathit{bulk}} $ in time and indicate that these motions convect at approximately the bulk velocity, including within the region approaching the wall. These very large streamwise motions are also observed to accelerate the flow near the wall based on force spectra, whereas smaller scales tend to decelerate the mean streamwise flow profile, in accordance with the behaviour observed in net force spectra of prior experiments. Net force spectra are resolved for the first time in the buffer layer and reveal an unexpectedly complex structure.
Nanosecond-laser plasma-assisted ultradeep microdrilling of optically opaque and transparent solids

A mechanism of ultradeep (up to tens of microns per pulse, submillimeter total hole depths) plasma-assisted ablative drilling of optically opaque and transparent materials by high-power nanosecond lasers has been proposed and verified experimentally using optical transmission and contact photoacoustic techniques to measure average drilling rates per laser shot versus laser intensity at constant focusing conditions. The plots of average drilling rates versus laser intensity exhibit slopes which are in good agreement with those predicted by the proposed model and also with other experimental studies. The proposed ultradeep drilling mechanism consists of a number of stages, including ultradeep “nonthermal” energy delivery into bulk solids by the short-wavelength radiation of the hot ablative plasma, bulk heating and melting, accompanied by subsurface boiling in the melt pool, and resulting melt expulsion from the target.
The Variability and Spectrum of NGC 5548 in the Extreme Ultraviolet

We have measured the light curve and spectrum of NGC 5548 obtained with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) during a period when the galaxy was also intensively monitored with the Hubble Space Telescope, the International Ultraviolet Explorer, and ground-based telescopes. NGC 5548 was observed with EUVE for a total of about 20 days spread over a period of 2 months. The broadband extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light curve showed several factor of 2 variations on 0.5 day timescales and one factor of 4 decrease over 2 days. The normalized variability index was smaller than in the EUVE observation of Mrk 478. Cross-correlation of the EUV light curve with the contemporaneous ultraviolet light curve indicates that the EUV and UV/optical variations are, to within the limitations of these data, simultaneous, although the amplitude in the EUV is twice that in the UV. The shape of the EUVE spectrum is consistent with a gradual steepening from the UV through the soft X-rays. Contrary to reports by others, we do not detect any emission lines in the EUV spectrum that would arise in optically thin spectral models. We believe that the reported line detections were, in fact, due to a low-level fixed pattern in the detector background. Models of the spectrum may be constrained by the time-averaged flux in the broadband detector combined with the weakly constrained spectral shape. A thermal model best describes the EUVE spectrum and its variations.
MAGNETIC FIELD TOPOLOGY AND THE THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE CORONA OVER SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS

Solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) images of quiescent active-region coronae are characterized by ensembles of bright 1–2 MK loops that fan out from select locations. We investigate the conditions associated with the formation of these persistent, relatively cool, loop fans within and surrounding the otherwise 3–5 MK coronal environment by combining EUV observations of active regions made with TRACE with global source-surface potential-field models based on the full-sphere photospheric field from the assimilation of magnetograms that are obtained by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on SOHO. We find that in the selected active regions with largely potential-field configurations these fans are associated with (quasi-)separatrix layers (QSLs) within the strong-field regions of magnetic plage. Based on the empirical evidence, we argue that persistent active-region cool-loop fans are primarily related to the pronounced change in connectivity across a QSL to widely separated clusters of magnetic flux, and confirm earlier work that suggested that neither a change in loop length nor in base field strengths across such topological features are of prime importance to the formation of the cool-loop fans. We discuss the hypothesis that a change in the distribution of coronal heating with height may be involved in the phenomenon of relatively cool coronal loop fans in quiescent active regions.
Comparison of Column Water Vapor Measurements Using Downward-looking Near-Infrared and Infrared Imaging Systems and Upward-looking Microwave Radiometers

Abstract Remote soundings of precipitable water vapor from three systems are compared with each other and with ground truth from radiosondes. Ancillary data from a mesoscale network of surface observing stations and from wind-profiling radars are also used in the analysis. The three remote-sounding techniques are: (a) a reflectance technique using spectral data collected by the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS); (b) an emission technique using Visible-Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data acquired from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES); and (c) a microwave technique using data from a limited network of three ground-based dual-channel microwave radiometers. The data were taken over the Front Range of eastern Colorado on 22–23 March 1990. The generally small differences between the three types of rernote-sounding measurements are consistent with the horizontal and temporal.
Circulating obesity-driven biomarkers are associated with risk of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a two-stage, case-control study.

Obesity is one of modifiable risk factors for clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC). We aim to identify the association between obesity-driven biomarkers and ccRCC risk. This is a retrospective, two-phases, case-control study involving 682 cases and 733 controls. Obesity-driven biomarkers (GIP, C-peptide, Insulin, Resistin, Adipsin, PYY, PPY, IL-6, TNF-α, PAI1, MCP1, Lipocalin2, Leptin, Adiponectin) were measured using the Milliplex method. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the associations between biomarkers and ccRCC risk. Results revealed GIP, C-peptide, IL6, and TNF-α levels were consistently distinct between cases and controls. These markers were significantly associated with ccRCC risk in both phases (except C-peptide). In the combined population, compared to individuals with low levels of the biomarkers, individuals with high level of GIP (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.40-0.67) had lower risk, whereas individuals with high levels of C-peptide (OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.15-1.87), IL-6 (OR=2.20, 95% CI: 1.50-3.22), TNF-α (OR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.49-2.43) had significantly higher risk. Stratified analysis showed consistent associations with ccRCC risk in most subgroups (P <0.05). The risk score based on the IL-6, TNF-α and GIP was positively associated with ccRCC risk in a dose-response manner (P for trend=2.18E-13). Data from TCGA indicates that insulin signaling, IL-6 signaling and TNF-α signaling were enhanced in tumors. Collectively, our study demonstrates the integrative effect of insulin resistance and inflammation in ccRCC development, which may elucidate the basis of association between obesity and carcinogenesis. Further confirmation in prospective cohort studies are warranted for clinical applications in prevention and precision medicine of ccRCC.