Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On finite division rings

Herein it is shown that the set of right powers of a generic element of a finite division ring contains a basis of the ring as an algebra over a prime field. This result is then applied to finite flexible division rings of characteristic not 2 to obtain commutativity. A finite division ring (or semifield [4]) is a finite algebraic system containing at least two distinguished elements 0 and 1. A division ring W possesses two binary operations, addition and multiplication, designated in the usual notation and satisfying the following axioms: (i) (Wf, +) is a group with identity 0. (ii) If a, b E 9f and ab = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0. (iii) If a, b, c E 9f then a(b + c) = ab + ac and (a + b)c = ac + bc. (iv) The element 1 satisfies the relationship 1 * a = a * 1 = a for all a in W. It is seen easily that thgre are unique solutions to the equations ax = b and xa = b for every nonzero a and every b in 9f. It also follows easily that addition is commutative. In fact it can be seen that 9f is a vector space over some prime field F = GF(p) and that 9f hasp' elements where n is the dimension of Wf over F [4]. Let ul, . , un be a basis of 9f over F and let 81, . , be a set of n algebraically independent elements over F. Let K = F(61, . . ., An). As usual the algebra WK is the tensor product over F of W and K. 9K can be considered as a vector space over K with basis u, . , u,. Thus X = slul + * + SnUn is an element of 91K and is called the generic element of W [3]. For anyy in %K we shall writey' =yl.y,yO = 1 andy' =y if I > 2 for the right powers of the elementy. If R,, designates the linear transformation induced by right multiplication by y then y' = 1 *Ri. If x0 is an element of 9f and is written as x0 = sloul + * ** + ko0u,, where 6io E F we shall call x0 a specialization of x. Now Rx as a linear transformation on the vector space 9XK over K has a characteristic polynomial mx(X) of degree n. If Sx is the matrix representation of Rx with respect to the basis ul, . , u,, then mx(X) = XI Sxl. But clearly, Sx has entries that are linear over F in the variables 81, . , 6n. Thus mx(X) is a homogeneous polynomial in F[X, 81, . , 6a]. We can write mx(X) = Xo,(x)Xi where vi(x) is a homogeneous polynomial in F[81, . , 6] of degree n i. We let Rxo designate the linear transformation induced by right multiplication by x0 in Wf. Then Rxo is represented by the matrix Sxo with respect to the basis Received by the editors May 11, 1979. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 17AO1, 51A05. i 1980 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/80/0000-0253/$01.75
Nonlinear Analysis of Composite Beams with Deformable Shear Connectors

Composite floor systems, consisting of reinforced concrete slabs and steel girders, are common in buildings and bridges. Partial restraints at the interface of the concrete slab and the steel girder have significant effects on the response of the composite beam. A few analytical models capable of accounting for these effects are available; however, none can be efficiently used for the nonlinear analysis of composite beams. In this paper, the basic governing equations are presented for a composite beam with deformable shear connectors under small displacements. Based on these equations, a new composite beam element is developed using the force method of analysis. The performance of this new element is compared with that of a previously developed displacement-based composite beam element. Both elements consist of two beam components connected through a deformable interface. A distributed spring model is used to account for the shear deformation at the interface. Two numerical examples on the nonlinear behavior of composite beams are solved using both displacement- and force-based elements. Comparison of the numerical results shows the superior performance of the newly developed force-based element over the displacement-based element.
The Solar System Beyond Neptune

The aim of this research is to study the objects in the Kuiper Belt, in order to understand the nature of its origin and the evolutionary processes which have affected the Kuiper Belt. Particular science objectives include: 1) the determination of the sky-plane surface density of Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs); 2) the determination of the slope of the cumulative luminosity function (CLF); 3) the determination of the KBO size distribution; 4) the isolation of bright KBOs from which physical measurements can be secured using existing 10-meter diameter class telescopes; 5) physical measurements of bright KBOs designed to assess their composition. Major results obtained under the grant include: 1) The determination of the surface density of KBOs (objects per square degree of sky) as a function of apparent red magnitude in the range 21 less than MR less than 24.8. 2) The discovery of a new dynamical class in the Kuiper Belt, exemplified by 1996 TL66. 3) Physical observations of two bright KBOs were secured using the Keck 10-meter telescope and an infrared imager/spectrometer; 4) In support of public interest in the Kuiper Belt, we wrote a popular article for Scientific American magazine and we developed a "Kuiper Belt Home Page" on the world-wide web.
A Survey of FPGA Based CNNs Accelerators

： With the rapid development of deep learning, neural network and deep learning algorithms play a significant role in various practical applications. Especially, the high accuracy and good performance of CNNs has become a research hot spot in research organizations for the past few years. However, the size of the networks becomes increasingly large scale due to the demands of the practical applications, which poses a significant challenge to construct a high-performance implementation of deep learning neural networks. Meanwhile, many of these application scenarios also have strict requirements on the performance and low-power consumption of hardware devices. Therefore, it is particularly critical to choose a moderate computing platform for hardware acceleration of CNNs. This article is aimed to survey the recent advance in FPGA-based acceleration of CNNs. Various designs and implementations of the accelerator based on FPGA under different devices and network models are overviewed, and the versions of GPUs, ASICs and DSPs are compared, which is to present our own critical analysis and comments. Finally, we give a discussion on different perspectives of these acceleration and optimization methods on FPGA platforms and to further explore the opportunities and challenges for future research. More helpfully, we give a prospect for future development of FPGA-based accelerator.
Balanced thermal structure of an intensifying tropical cyclone

ABSTRACT This study tests the hypothesis that the formation of a virtual potential temperature dipole in a developing tropical cyclone is a balanced response to the growth of an associated mid-level vortex. The dipole is collocated with the vortex and consists of a warm anomaly in the upper troposphere and a cool anomaly in the lower troposphere. An axisymmetric approximation to the observed potential vorticity distribution is inverted subject to non-linear balance for two successive days during the formation of typhoon Nuri in 2008. Good agreement is found between the area-averaged actual and balanced virtual temperature dipoles in these two cases. Furthermore, a strong correlation exists between the degree of bottom-heaviness of convective mass flux profiles and the strength of the balanced virtual potential temperature dipole. Since the dipole is balanced, it cannot be an immediate artefact of the existing convection, but rather is an inherent feature of the developing cyclone. Cloud resolving numerical modelling suggests that the dipole temperature anomaly actually promotes more bottom-heavy convective mass flux profiles, as observed. Such profiles are associated with low-level mass and vorticity convergence via mass continuity and the circulation theorem, resulting in low-level spin-up. The present work thus supports the hypothesis that the low-level spin-up associated with tropical cyclogenesis is made possible by the thermodynamic environment created by a strong mid-level vortex.
CEO compensation, firm performance and operational characteristics

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the impact on executive compensation (both cash and in total) of regulation, size of sales and number of employees, and nature of the business in terms of new-economy vs traditional. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses the ExecuComp database as the information source. Regression analysis is used to test hypotheses that focus on firm size in terms of sales, market and accounting returns, and the number of firm employees. The sample consists of 455 US firms from 25 industries, and covers the period 1996-2002. Findings - Firm size and market-based return are the most significant explanatory variables in affecting executive compensation. More limited support was found for accounting-based returns, as was changes in the number of employees. Research limitations/implications - Findings of this study may be limited by the temporal context. Around the turn of this century may have been an unusual time in America's corporate history. The economic outlook of the late 1990s may be fundamentally different from the one facing firms now or in the future. Consequently, future research will be needed to determine to what extent these results can be generalized to periods of different economic prospects. Originality/value - This study examines the impact of firms' operational characteristic on Chief Executive Officer (CEO) compensation.
Trade credit and bank relationships: evidence from pre-World War I Belgium

We investigate the determinants of trade credit granted by suppliers in a historical environment which was characterized by high-information asymmetries and strong banks, focusing on the role of bank–firm relationships. Our results, which are based on a unique sample of 535 firm-year observations for 125 listed Belgian firms in four dominant industries in the period 1905 to 1909, are generally consistent with the financing role of trade credit. They suggest that trade credit was a tool for channelling funds from firms with close bank ties to other firms, which is consistent with findings for contemporary developing countries.
Influence of Uncertain Source Parameters on Strong Ground Motion Simulation with the Empirical Green's Function Method

A combined stochastic and Green's function approach was developed to simulate strong ground motions in Southwest Western Australia (SWWA) in a previous study. Although it was demonstrated that adopting the source parameters derived from other regions yielded reasonable simulation of ground motions in SWWA as compared with a few available strong motion records, the effect of source parameter variations on simulated ground motions was not known. This article performs a statistical study of the effects of random fluctuations of the seismic source parameters on simulated strong ground motions. The uncertain source parameters, i.e., stress drop ratio, rupture velocity, and rise time corresponding to the empirical source models are assumed to be the respective mean value of the parameter and normally distributed with an assumed coefficient of variation. The Rosenblueth's point estimate method [Rosenblueth, 1981] is used to calculate the statistics of the simulate ground motion parameters corresponding to different magnitudes and epicentral distances. The accuracy of the Rosenblueth's point estimate method in estimating the mean and standard deviation of ground motion PGA, PGV, and response spectrum is proven by simulating the ground motions from an ML6.0 and epicentral distance 100 km event with both the Rosenblueth's point estimate method and the Monte Carlo simulation method. A sensitivity analysis is preformed to investigate the effect of random fluctuations of each source parameters on strong ground motion simulation. A coefficient of variation model for ground motion parameters is developed based on the simulated data as a function of the variations of the three source parameters and earthquake magnitude, which can be used in probabilistic predictions of earthquake ground motions with uncertain source parameters.
An exploratory study of the efficacy of a Cognitive–Behavioral Treatment for hypochondriasis using different measures of change

Abstract The authors analyzed the efficacy of a cognitive–behavioral treatment applied to 12 patients diagnosed as suffering from hypochondriasis. The therapeutic procedure used was an adaptation of the program developed by Salkovskis and Warwick (Salkovskis, 1989; Salkovskis & Warwick, 1986; Warwick, 1989; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1989 1990). Several methods of assessment (statistical significance and clinical significance) were used to evaluate changes. As a group, the patients in the posttreatment phase showed significant improvement both statistically and clinically, and this was maintained at 2- and 6-month follow-up. Likewise, normalization of the scores was achieved in several of the measures. At an individual level and according to the Reliable Change Index (Jacobson & Truax, 1991), 75% of the patients showed noticeable improvements in hypochondriacal attitudes. Future lines of investigation in the evaluation of change in hypochondriacal preoccupations are suggested.
Agronomic characteristics, silage quality, intake and digestibility of five new Brazilian sorghum cultivars

SUMMARY Forage sorghum (FS) (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a key feed source for ruminants owing to its high yield and drought tolerance. The present paper assessed the agronomic characteristics, silage quality, intake and digestibility of five new Brazilian sorghum cultivars (BRS Ponta Negra variety, BRS 655 hybrid, BR 601 hybrid, BRS 506 variety and BRS 610 hybrid). Forages were grown (randomized complete block design) in a typical Brazilian north-eastern semi-arid climate, irrigated with 267 mm water, harvested as plants reached the soft dough stage of grain maturity and ensiled under laboratory and farm conditions. Apparent digestibility of the silages was determined using 25 Santa Inês lambs. BRS 506 outperformed the other cultivars in dry matter (DM) and digestible DM yields/ha. BRS 506 exhibited the lowest neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents and the highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the cultivars examined. BRS 655 produced the lowest level of lactic acid and the highest pH and ammonia-N concentration. There was no difference in intake or digestibility of DM among cultivars. Silages produced from BRS Ponta Negra resulted in higher crude protein (CP) intake than BRS 655. Silages made from BRS 506 and BRS Ponta Negra resulted in a greater digestibility of CP than those produced from BRS 655. Intake of NDF in silages generated from BRS Ponta Negra and BRS 610 was higher than that found in other cultivars. Although an average Brazilian North-eastern FS exhibited similar characteristics to other cultivars grown in dry regions around the world, the results indicated that BRS 506 had a yield advantage and higher nutritive value under Brazilian semi-arid conditions as compared to the other cultivars examined.
Overcoming the Upfront Investment Barrier — Comparing the German Co2 Building Rehabilitation Programme and the British Green Deal

This paper compares two flagship policies in the area of energy efficient building refurbishment, the German CO2-Building Rehabilitation Programme and the Green Deal in the UK. Although both policies are essentially loan programmes to finance energy efficiency measures, the nature of the two policies is very different regarding scope, financial architecture, integration with other policies, and carbon reductions. The paper draws out the main differences of the programmes as well as similarities.
Dielectric relaxation in carbon black-epoxy composite materials

Filled polymers have been a fertile area for modeling studies of microwave dynamics, percolation, and elasticity network formation to mention but a few. To better understand the basic concepts relevant to wave transport in filled polymers, an experimental validation is paramount for theories that predict the dielectric response and, hence, the polarization mechanisms of these heterostructures. Reproducible measurements of the effective complex permittivity, at ambient temperature, are reported in the frequency range of 200 Hz–15 MHz for series of carbon black (CB)-epoxy composites that provide a detailed and quantitative characterization of the dielectric relaxation behavior. We provide observational evidence showing that dipolar relaxation and anomalous low-frequency dispersion are likely the transport mechanisms in these samples below and above percolation, respectively. The various fractional exponents of the power-law decay of these spectral models are analyzed, and Hill plots can be used to rationali.
Whom Are We Serving? An Exploration of Student Demographics in a Large Engineering Design Projects Ecosystem

Project-based learning is a popular way for students to gain hands-on experience in engineering curriculums. Curriculum in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of California, Irvine, allows students to participate in a variety of engineering design projects as early as the second quarter of their freshman year through their senior year. The projects ecosystem typically serves around 400 students, with the majority in mechanical engineering. These projects are largely student organized and run with the support of faculty advisors, and the number of students on each project varies from three students to over 100. With so much variability in the projects, we aim to better understand the differences in student experiences in our projects ecosystem. In particular, we comparatively study the experiences of low income, first generation, transfer, female, and underrepresented minority students. We similarly study the experiences of students on teams that have the goal of participating in a national or international competition versus those of students on non-competition teams. Using survey data from students in the project ecosystem, paired with institutional data on student demographics, we conduct an exploratory analysis to understand whom our projects ecosystem is serving.
Arctic Ocean freshwater composition, pathways and transformations from a passive tracer simulation

Freshwater (FW) induced transformations in the upper Arctic Ocean were studied using a coupled regional sea ice-ocean model driven by winds and thermodynamic forcing from a reanalysis of data during the period 1948–2011, focusing on the mean state during 1968–2011. Using passive tracers to mark a number of FW sources and sinks, their mean composition, pathways and export were examined. The distribution of the simulated FW height reproduced the known features of the Arctic Ocean and volume-integrated FW content matched climatological estimates reasonably well. Input from Eurasian rivers and extraction by sea-ice formation dominate the composition of the Arctic FW content whilst Pacific water increases in importance in the Canadian Basin. Though pathways generally agreed with previous studies the locus of the Eurasian runoff shelf-basin transport centred at the Alpha-Mendeleyev ridge, shifting the Pacific–Atlantic front eastwards. A strong coupling between tracers representing Eurasian runoff and sea-ice formation showed how water modified on the shelf spreads across the Arctic and mainly exits through the Fram Strait. Transformation to salinity dependent coordinates showed how Atlantic water is modified by both low-salinity shelf and Pacific waters in an estuary-like overturning producing water masses of intermediate salinity that are exported to the Nordic Seas. A total halocline renewal rate of 1.0 Sv, including both shelf-basin exchange and cross-isohaline flux, was estimated from the transports: both components were of equal magnitude. The model's halocline shelf-basin exchange is dominated by runoff and sea-ice processes at the western shelves (the Barents and Kara seas) and Pacific water at the eastern shelves (the Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas).
Radioactive 85Kr and CO2 Balance for Ventilation Rate Measurements and Gaseous Emissions Quantification through Naturally Ventilated Barns

Animal housing is a major source of gaseous emissions, such as ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Ammonia is an atmospheric pollutant and responsible for eutrophication and soil acidification, while CO2, CH4, and N2O are greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute to global warming. The quantification of gaseous emissions from livestock buildings with natural ventilation systems is a particularly difficult task and is associated with uncertainties that are largely unknown. One key issue is to measure the ventilation rate and then to quantify the gaseous emissions. Therefore, in this study, the ventilation rate was determined by three different methods simultaneously. Field experiments were carried out to study the ventilation rate in a naturally ventilated dairy barn located in northern Germany during the summer seasons from 2006 to 2010. The air exchange rates (AER) as well as the ventilation rates were determined by the decay of the radioactive tracer krypton-85, the carbon dioxide (CO2) balance, which was used as the reference method in this study, and the combined effects of wind pressure and temperature difference forces (WT method). Subsequently, the results were compared with each other by carrying out Pearson correlation analysis and developing a regression model. During each field experiment, continuous measurements of gas concentrations (NH3, CO2, CH4, and N2O) inside and outside the building and 85Kr tracer gas experiments were carried out. Meanwhile, the temperature was measured and recorded inside and outside the barn. Furthermore, the wind velocity was measured. Although the WT method showed minor overestimation by about 1.11 (p < 0.05) times the reference method, it is not reliable because it showed no linear correlation (0.05; p = 0.88) with the reference method. This was due to large fluctuations in the wind velocity (direction and speed), which negatively affected the WT method, which is basically dependent on wind velocity. In contrast, the 85Kr tracer gas technique showed a good linear correlation (0.82; p < 0.05) with the reference method, which accentuates that the 85Kr tracer gas technique is a promising method. However, this technique overestimated the air exchange rate by about 2.05 (p < 0.05) times the reference method. Therefore, the 85Kr tracer gas technique should be further developed to produce values consistent with those estimated by the reference method. The emissions factors, subject to the reference method, were 32, 157.7, 13736, and 7.9 kg year-1 AU-1 for NH3, CH4, CO2, and N2O, respectively.