Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Central Africa Energy: Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Explore Flared Gas as an Energy Source Alternative to Biomass in Central Africa

Much of Central Africa's economy is centered on oil production. Oil deposits lie below vast amounts of compressed natural gas. The latter is often flared off during oil extraction due to a lack of the infrastructure needed to utilize it for productive energy generation. Though gas flaring is discouraged by many due to its contributions to greenhouse emissions, it represents a waste process and is rarely tracked or recorded in this region. In contrast to this energy waste, roughly 80% of Africa's population lacks access to electricity and in turn uses biomass such as wood for heat and light. In addition to the dangers incurred from collecting and using biomass, the practice commonly leads to ecological change through the acquisition of wood from forests surrounding urban areas. The objective of this project was to gain insight on domestic energy usage in Central Africa, specifically Angola, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo. This was done through an analysis of deforestation, an estimation of gas flared, and a suitability study for the infrastructure needed to realize the natural gas resources. The energy from potential natural gas production was compared to the energy equivalent of the biomass being harvested. A site suitability study for natural gas pipeline routes from flare sites to populous locations was conducted to assess the feasibility of utilizing natural gas for domestic energy needs. Analyses and results were shared with project partners, as well as this project's open source approach to assessing the energy sector. Ultimately, Africa's growth demands energy for its people, and natural gas is already being produced by the flourishing petroleum industry in numerous African countries. By utilizing this gas, Africa could reduce flaring, recuperate the financial and environmental loss that flaring accounts for, and unlock a plentiful domestic energy source for its people. II. Introduction Background Africa is home to numerous burgeoning economies; a significant number rely on oil production as their primary source of revenue. Relative to its size and population density, the continent has a wealth of natural resources, including oil and natural gas deposits. The exploration of these resources is not a new endeavor, but rather one that spans decades, up to a century in some places. Their resources, if realized, could provide a great means of economic and social mobility for the people of Africa. Currently, Africa represents about 12 % of the energy market, yet at the same time, consumes only 3 % of the world's energy (Kasekende 2009). The higher
Line-of-sight MIMO for microwave links - Adaptive dual polarized and spatially separated systems

With mass uptake of mobile broadband such as HSPA, LTE and advanced LTE there will be a rapid increase of demand for capacity in the mobile backhaul. The traditional frequency bands used for mobile backhaul microwave links are narrow and may become a future capacity bottleneck. Line-of-sight MIMO is one possible technology for increasing the spectral e ciency of these links. By using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver the capacity of such systems could be multiplied using the same spectrum. Line-of-sight MIMO works by making the signal streams orthogonal to each other either by spatially separating the antennas at the transmitter and receiver or by using orthogonally polarized antennas. In this thesis both 2x2 spatially-separated and 4x4 spatially-separated and dual-polarized line-of-sight MIMO are numerically investigated. Adaptive algorithms for a space-timeequalizer are proposed and evaluated against detrimental a ects such as frequency selective channels, mast swing (antenna movement), polarization leakage and phase noise (correlated and di erential). The algorithms are either decision-directed or blind, those are LMS and WRLS and CMA, SCMA and MCMA respectively. The simulations show that line-of-sight MIMO needs higher system margins and a more complex receiver structure. Convergence of blind algorithms can be di cult to achieve for some channel conditions as well as for di erential phase noise. Mast swing will further more put higher requirements on spatially-separated MIMO systems than on its SISO counterpart.
Deployment and performance characteristics of 1.5-meter supersonic attached inflatable decelerators

Attached-inflatable-decelerator (AID) canopies fabricated from lightweight Nomex cloth and tapes were deployed in a supersonic stream from the base of a 140 deg conical aeroshell. Characteristics of the deceleration system were obtained over a wide range of Mach number, dynamic pressure, and pitch angle. All models deployed rapidly by ram air and experienced only mild deployment shock loads. Steady-state drag coefficients as high as 1.3 were obtained in the supersonic stream and were relatively insensitive to Mach number, dynamic pressure, and pitch angle. All models were free of fluttering motion. Results also showed that the AID is aerodynamically more efficient without a burble fence in a supersonic stream. Though measured meridian-tape loads were higher than those predicted by theory, the ram-air deployment rates and steady-state drag coefficients were in good agreement with theory. These results indicate that the AID is a stable, efficient decelerator in a supersonic stream and its performance is readily predictable.
Turbulent wake behind a single-element wing in ground effect

A study was performed in order to investigate the flowfield characteristics of a wing in ground effect. A highly cambered single element wing, with the suction surface nearest to the ground, was used to research the effect of changing the operating height from the ground at a single incidence. The results are of direct relevance to both aeronautical and racing car applications. A Laser Doppler Anemometry survey has been used to investigate the ground effect on the mean flow characteristics of the wake of the wing. The size of the wake was found to increase with proximity to the ground. A downward shift of the path of the wake was also observed. Instantaneous Particle Image Velocimetry elucidates the unsteady flow features. Discrete vortex shedding was seen to occur behind the finite trailing edge of the wing (Figure 1). As the ground height is reduced, separation occurs on the suction surface of the wing and the vortex shedding is coupled with a flapping motion of the wake in the transverse direction.
A study on damage dynamics by using modal energy transfer

The growth of damage in terms of size and/or severity in structure is referred to as damage dynamics, Since conventionally defined modal parameters may not be sensitive enough to detect earlier damage, it is necessary to find a more sensitive quantity with good measurement repeatability to implement this task. In this paper, a newly defined modal parameter, the energy transfer ratio (ETR), is introduced especially for the study on damage dynamics. By testing a model bridge experimentally, the damage growth vs. the changes of modal energy is investigated. It is found that ETR has a good potential for damage growth measurement.
Clinicopathological findings in dogs with cardiac diseases

In the present study 10,921 canine clinical cases suspected for various cardiac diseases were screened. Ten apparently healthy dogs were selected as control group and twenty seven clinical cases of dogs with various cardiac diseases were examined. In the present study there was significant ( P <0.05) decrease in haemoglobin, PCV, lymphocytes and platelet count and significant ( P <0.05) increase in total leukocyte count and neutrophils in dogs with cardiac diseases. Significant ( P <0.05) increase in ALT, AST and BUN levels and significant ( P <0.05) decrease in total protein values were noticed in dogs with cardiac diseases. Non-significant decrease in albumin levels and no significant change in creatinine levels were observed between healthy dogs and dogs with cardiac diseases. It was concluded in initial stages of cardiac diseases till cardiac renal syndrome gets deeply involved, there won’t be any clinicopathological changes like haemogram, leukogram and routine biochemical changes significant for cardiac involvement.
The Bioproductive Effect of Broiler Lighting Program

The aim of the study was to evaluate the productive performances of the ROSS 308 broiler exposed to the alternative lighting program, starting from the third week: the control group C with nearly continuous program (23L:1D), the experimental group E1 with intermittent program of 16 h light (2L:1D) and the experimental group E2 with combined program of 16 h light (6L and six period 2L:1D). Three groups of 35000 chickens – one day old were experimented on. The chickens were raised in intensive system. The experimental period was 35 days. Compared with the control group, at the experimental groups the daily gain was less up to 4.6%, but the differences were not significant; the feed intake was significantly less up to 7% (p≤0.05), as a consequence of reducing the time of feeding. The viability was 95.8% at E1, 96.6% at E2 and 93.2% at the control group, the differences being insignificant. At the experimental group E2, the incidence of leg problems was significantly less. By applying the combined lighting program, the chickens have manifested the natural behaviour of feeding, resting and physical activity; they have allowed a higher capitalization of the nutrients and have ensured a better uniformity.
MODELAÇÃO NUMÉRICA DA CIRCULAÇÃO DA ÁGUA NO SOLO. O MODELO MOHID.

SUMMARY The most popular simulation models (e.g. HYDRUS, MODFLOW, RZWQM, MACRO) were basically disseminated in the nineties. However their development started earlier, when the compute capacity was insignificant when compared with nowadays. For this reason these models were made for specific applications. The water circulation in the soil obeys the general laws of fluid mechanics (mass conservation, momentum conservation and energy conservation). That is why a model like MOHID that originally simulated marine processes, now allows the simulation of water flow and quality processes in reservoirs and water flow in unsaturated media. The strategy used in the development of this model aims the development of a “numerical laboratory” which allows simulating the major processes, which regulate the water flow and quality from the top of the hydrographic basins up to the Oceans. It is presented in this paper a qualitative validation of the model MOHID by comparing its results with results of HYDRUS2D in case of the experiment presented by Jury et al. (1991).
Measurement of Aerodynamic Heating over a Protuberance in Hypersonic Flow of Mach 7

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High Precision Surfaces Generation: Modelling, Simulation and Machining Verification

There has been an increase in worldwide interest in ultra precision machining research over the last decade. Drastic international competition has addressed the underlying necessities for predictability, repeatability and productivity in manufacturing with high accuracy. This book describes an approach for investigation of the generation of high precision surfaces in relation to the affecting factors from the machine tool, cutting tool, workpiece material and operation conditions in precision manufacturing. It also presents application of the cutting edge molecular dynamics simulation approach in the study of material removals mechanism in nanometer level. The book will of interest to senior undergraduate students, graduate students and researches in the field of precision, micro & nano machining.
Neutron beam monitoring for single-event effects testing

The research described in this thesis aims to develop a neutron beam monitoring system using silicon photodiodes as the detecting elements for accelerated testing of electronics against neutron-induced single event effects (SEEs). The system can measure the transmission along the neutron beam line where several devices are tested simultaneously, allowing beam degradation by upstream experiments to be taken into account. In signal processing, the pulse events from the output of the sensor are extracted by using a matched filter. This technique allows the pulse events to be detected effectively at a low false event rate. The pulse arrival times are acquired using the nonparalyzable counting system, which allows the interaction rates to be determined either indirectly based on the decay constant of the pulse interval distributions or directly on the basis of detection rates and sensor pulse widths. The optimum of sensor pulse width has been investigated in order to achieve the maximum of probability of detection with adequate energy resolution. A series of calculations have been undertaken to verify the correct operation of the detection software and to investigate system performance variations. Results from irradiations at various neutron facilities where SEEs experiments can be carried out, such as Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), Tri-University Meson Facility (TRIUMF) and The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) neutron beam, are presented and analyzed. The measurement of transmission in the neutron beam can be made via the measured pulse height spectra, pulse interval distributions and responses of the sensor irradiated. As the beam can be scattered, absorbed or enhanced by upstream devices, there are likely to be fluctuations in the transmission along the neutron beam, which can also be characterized by the beam monitoring system. The recommended protocols for beam monitoring used at each neutron facility are investigated. At a low interaction rate, the protocols depend on the neutron fluence provided by the facility and the response of the sensor. At a high interaction rate, the probability of detection of the sensor should be determined first, and then the protocols are based on the probability of detection, neutron fluence and the response. In this thesis, the protocols of the beam monitoring system for use at ISIS ChipIr are also predicted on the basis of the pulse interval distributions and the mean of detected energy. Based on the work undertaken in the project and presented in this thesis, suggestions are put forward for improving the monitoring system. Geant4 techniques can be used to model pulse height spectra so as to enable direct comparisons between theoretical simulations and experimental results. Furthermore, the protocols for beam monitoring for use at ChipIr as recommended in this thesis will be verified when neutron beams become available in the future.
Prediction of flow and its resistance in compound open channel

Flooding situation in rivers is a complex phenomenon and affects the livelihood and economic condition of the region. This complex condition has long been identified and intensive research work has been carried out to find out its remedial solution. During flood, river overtops its banks and spreads to flood plains, called compound channel. It has been observed that the flow velocity in flood plain subsection is slower than the velocity of its course. Due to this difference in velocities between main channel and flood plain, a large shear layer produces.This large shear layer retains complex turbulent structures of different scales within it. These turbulent structures produce extra resistance to flow, which induces uncertainty in predictions of flow and its resistance. It has been also observed that, numerical turbulence models can be used to find the point to point information. Hence the analysis of turbulent structures is prevalent in this situation. Earlier, researchers have adopted various numerical, analytical and empirical models to analyze turbulent flow in compound channels, generally for low development length. Therefore, in this study an effort is made to analyze the turbulent structure by Large Eddy Simulation method (LES) to predict the flow and its resistance involved in it. The LES is carried out taking sufficient development length so that uniform turbulent flow is developed. The development length is incorporated in the computational domain. However, it is a fact that numerical simulation of compound channels with different hydraulic conditions are computationally very expensive and arduous. Therefore,this analysis is further done by using adaptive approaches such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Artificial Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). These models are used to predict flow and its resistanceof a compound channel for different hydraulic conditions.All the proposed models are compared well with the standard modes previously developed.The proposed models are found to give better results compared to other models when applied to globa data sets.
Outstanding Topics in Ocean Optics

Models of particle density and of organic carbon and chlorophyll-a intraparticle concentration were applied to particle size distributions and particle real refractive index distributions determined from flow cytometry measurements of natural seawater samples from a range of UK coastal waters. The models allowed for the estimation of suspended particulate matter, organic suspended matter, inorganic suspended matter, particulate organic carbon, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. These were then compared with independent measurements of each of these parameters. Particle density models were initially applied to a simple spherical model of particle volume, but generally overestimated independently measured values, sometimes by over two orders of magnitude. However, when the same density models were applied to a fractal model of particle volume, successful agreement was reached for suspended particulate matter and both inorganic and organic suspended matter values (RMS%E: 57.4%, 148.5%, and 83.1% respectively). Non-linear organic carbon and chlorophyll-a volume scaling models were also applied to a spherical model of particle volume, and after an optimization procedure achieved successful agreement with independent measurements of particulate organic carbon and chlorophyll-a concentrations (RMS%E: 45.6% and 51.8% respectively). Refractive index-based models of carbon and chlorophyll-a intraparticle concentration were similarly tested, and were also found to require a fractal model of particle volume to achieve successful agreement with independent measurements, producing RMS%E values of 50.2% and 45.2% respectively after an optimization procedure. It is further shown that the non-linear exponents of the volume scaling models are mathematically equivalent to the fractal dimensionality coefficients that link cell volume to mass concentration, reflecting the impact of non-uniform distribution of intracellular carbon within cells. Fractal models of particle volume are thus found to be essential to successful closure between results provided by models of particle mass, intraparticle carbon and chlorophyll content, and bulk measurements of suspended mass and total particulate carbon and chlorophyll when natural mixed particle populations are concerned. The results also further confirm the value of determining both size and refractive index distributions of natural particle populations using flow cytometry.
Readout Chain for the PANDA EMC

The developed Front End Board with optical link EXtension (FEBEX) is designed for parallel analogue signal readout. The input stage of the board consists of 12 bit sampling ADCs. With the implemented FPGA a pulseshape analyse is destined. The FEBEX board is used for a matrix readout of the preamplifier shaper ASICs (APD PANDA Front End Link (APFEL)) which are developed by the EE ASIC group for the electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC) of the PANDA experiment[1].
A software receiver phase lock loop analysis and design to implement adaptive phase tracking using a finite impulse response loop filter

In this paper we analyze the design of a digital PLL for a GNSS software receiver. Even if the topic of phase tracking has been widely studied, we found it useful to provide a short walkthrough for the design of a PLL in a real software receiver, avoiding to introduce the common theoretical phase-based model and aiming to the practical implementation of a system that deals with frequencies. Nonetheless, our analysis and design will grow away from the canonical approach, in the way that we will not resort to analog filter theory. The result is a PLL which is more reactive than the ones usually found in literature and that implements a simple method to make its bandwidth adaptive with respect to the noise that affects the signal
Step by step analysis of bicycle mounting and dismounting : strategies and kinematics

2 Summary In The Netherlands, famous for its bicycles and cycling lanes, every year 18000 older cyclists get into a single-bicycle accident severe enough to require medical attention. A considerable part of these accidents happen at low velocities or when mounting and dismounting the bicycle. Contrary to the normal cycling movements, only little is known about the mounting and dismounting of a bicycle and the risks involved for elderly cyclists. This study aims to describe and categorize the various ways a bicycle can be mounted and dismounted and the effects of age and gender are assessed. This is also done for the kinematics and physical and cognitive abilities of the participants. The participants are split in 2 groups, based on their age: 13 between the age of 18 to 40 years old and 33 above 65 years old. Of the group of older subjects 13 had a bicycle fall history and were considered to be the fall risk group. The kinematic and video data was used from a previous study, which was also part of the SOFIE project at RRD, where the subjects wore 10 wireless inertial measurement units while mounting, cycling and dismounting a bicycle. From these mounting and dismounting phases the video data was used to describe and categorize the various methods used by the subjects. After this a quantitative assessment was made to find a relationship between the kinematic parameters and age, gender and fall risk as well as their cognitive and physical abilities. From the videos 2 mounting, 3 dismounting, and 2 waiting categories where identified. The largest difference between the mounting and dismounting categories could be seen in which foot was first placed on or removed from the pedal. The older cyclists as well as the female subjects prefer other strategies than the young or male subjects. This can best be seen during mounting where 70% of the young cyclists lift their inner foot through the frame and place it on the outside pedal while 80% of the older cyclists prefer to put their outer foot on the inside pedal which is on the same side of the bicycle as they are. They gain speed by stepping with their inner foot, while the young subjects gain speed by stepping with their outside foot or by pushing their inside foot hard down onto the pedal. Additionally bicycle and cyclist kinematics could be related to age, gender and fall risk, as well as cognitive and physical abilities and the properties of the bicycle itself. The differences and effects found in this study are a start in explaining the high injury risk for older and female cyclists in single-bicycle accidents.