Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generalized Characteristic Boundary Conditions for Computational Aeroacoustics, Part 2

A previous paper introduced generalized characteristic boundary conditions for computational aeroacoustics (CAA), especially in focus of far-field nonreflecting conditions. This paper develops strict wall boundary conditions on the basis of the generalized characteristics. True multidimensionality of the characteristic relations is guaranteed in the present work by maintaining entire terms of governing equations, which has been approximated virtually by local one-dimensional inviscid relations during the past two decades. Treating the transverse and viscous terms as source terms in the characteristic relations leads to an exact and simple formalism of wall boundary conditions. Any kind of extrapolation or assumption is not included in the formalism. The proposed inviscid and viscous wall boundary conditions are applied to typical CAA problems for verifying the numerical accuracy in actual implementations. The computations are performed on non-orthogonal grids to exhibit the effect of multidimensionality on the solutions in acoustic fields. It is shown that the present results are in good agreements with analytic estimations and experimental data. This demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed wall boundary conditions for further practical CAA applications.
Protective effect of CCR2-64I and not of CCR5-Δ32 and SDF1-3'A in pediatric HIV-1 infection

Summary:The effects of chemokine and chemokine receptor genetic polymorphisms such as stromal derived factor 1 (SDF1-3′A), CCR2-64I, and CCR5-Δ32 associated with HIV-1 transmission and/or rate of disease progression in infected study subjects remain highly controversial and have been analyzed primar
How should the infertility of interspecies crosses be designated

Infertility is widely used in fungi as a cri? terion for distinguishing sibling species and mating populations. Whether a cross is called fertile or sterile may depend on the frame of reference. The terms are relative rather than absolute. Failure to recognize this had led to apparent contradictions where none exist. In many situations the unqualified terms are insuffi- ciently precise and descriptive modifiers will be re? quired, for example, "highly or sparingly fertile, nearly or completely barren. " Precision is also needed in de? scribing the reduction in fertility that is characteristic of certain genotypes when crosses are made between individuals of the same species.
Deep-sea carrion feeding amphipods: Evolutionary patterns in niche adaptation

Extensive use of baited traps in deep-sea collecting during recent years has shown fishes and amphipods to be the dominant carrion-feeders in the abyssal habitat. All amphipods regularly obtained in such deep-sea traps belong to the family Lysianassidae. In the present investigation five carrion-feeding deep-sea lysianassids from the Atlantic and the Pacific have been studied with respect to possible adaptations for their particular ecological niche in the chemosensory equipment and the alimentary system. The special arrangement of chemosensory organs on the lysianassid antennulae can be seen as a general adaptation for chemosensory food localization, better developed than in most other amphipods. There is no immediately obvious difference in this respect between related deep-sea and shelf taxa. In the mandibles modification for dealing with large carrion has led to far-reaching morphological transformations away from the traditional amphipod pattern and apparently along different lines. In all species the alimentary canal is adapted for large scale food storing but along two completely different and mutually exclusive lines. In one genus a progressive intestinal adaptation for storage is suggested by a comparison between one shelf species and two deep-sea species. It is obvious that within the Lysianassidae two or more widely diverging evolutionary lines have led to successful adaptation to deep-sea carrion feeding.
The numerical simulation of turbulent jets and diffusion flames

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Effect of hyperoxia and hypoxia on leg blood flow and pulmonary and leg oxygen uptake at the onset of kicking exercise

The purpose of this study was to examine the interactions of adaptations in O2 transport and utilization under conditions of altered arterial O2 content (CaO2), during rest to exercise transitions. Simultaneous measures of alveolar (O2alv) and leg (O2mus) oxygen uptake and leg blood flow (LBF) responses were obtained in normoxic (FiO2 (inspired fraction of O2) = 0.21), hypoxic (FiO2 = 0.14), and hyperoxic (FiO2 = 0.70) gas breathing conditions. Six healthy subjects performed transitions in leg kicking exercise from rest to 48 ± 3 W. LBF was measured continuously with pulsed and echo Doppler ultrasound methods, O2alv was measured breath-by-breath at the mouth and O2mus was determined from LBF and radial artery and femoral vein blood samples. Even though hypoxia reduced CaO2 to 175.9 ± 5.0 from 193.2 ± 5.0 mL/L in normoxia, and hyperoxia increased CaO2 to 205.5 ± 4.1 mL/L, there were no differences in the absolute values of O2alv or O2mus across gas conditions at any of the rest or exercise time points. A r.
Host-Locating Behavior of Nymphal Ornithodoros Concanensis (Acarina: Argasidae)

Factors analyzed to determine the stimuli important to Ornithodoros concanensis nymphs in host detection included carbon dioxide, tick odor, host odor, contact, gravity, light, and heat. Tick odors and host-level concentrations of carbon dioxide did not elicit responses. Significantly reduced kinetic activity in response 10 increasing dorsoventral contact stimuli was observed in recently fed ticks followed by a progressive increase in activity through a period of 1–24 weeks, indicating that the longer nymphal O. concanensis remain unfed the more likely they are to become active and more sensitive to host-associated stimuli. Unfed ticks were negatively geotaxic and positively responsive to host-produced sounds. These traits are responsible for movement toward potential hosts situated in nests or roosts above their harborages and are doubtless the primary cues used by O. concanensis for long-distance host orientation and location. Heat (40°C) seems to be the stimulus for host procurement within 1 to 2 cm and contact with the skin elicits the feeding response. After engorging, ticks detach and exit the hosts' nest onto the cliff face where they display positive geotaxis, which apparently ensures movement down the cliff to suitable hiding sites. Entrance into and restriction to available refuges are evidently determined by the fed ticks' strong negative photokinetic and thigmokinetic responses.
Large Scaphitid Ammonites (Hoploscaphites) from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian) of North America: Endless Variation on a Single Theme

ABSTRACT We describe three species of large scaphitid ammonites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior of North America. Each species occurs as two dimorphs, referred to as macroconch and microconch. All three species share a similar pattern of ornamentation consisting of long, thin, nonbifurcating ribs on the adoral part of the phragmocone, suggesting that they constitute a single monophyletic clade. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites crassus (Coryell and Salmon, 1934) are characterized by a globose whorl section, with closely spaced ventrolateral tubercles on the body chamber, usually persisting to the aperture. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites plenus (Meek and Hayden, 1860) differ from those of H. crassus in having a more subquadrate whorl section with flatter flanks, and fewer, larger, and more widely spaced ventrolateral tubercles. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites peterseni, n. sp. , closely resemble those of H. crassus, but differ in being nearly circular in side view with a more compressed whorl section. All three species lived at approximately the same time in the same general area and depositional environment. They are abundant in the Baculites baculus Zone but also occasionally occur in the B. eliasi Zone and possibly lower part of the B. grandis Zone. They are present in the Pierre Shale of east-central Montana and east-central Wyoming, the Lewis Shale of south-central Wyoming, and the Bearpaw Shale of northeast Montana. It is possible that these three species represent subspecies within a single species or a “flock” of very closely related species, similar to the “species flocks” observed in modern cichlid fishes.
Effect of aluminum chelating agent on liver zymogram and on essential elements of rats induced by aluminum

Objective To inquire into the effects of 1,2-dimethyl-3hydroxypyrid-4-pyridine(DHPO) on alanine aminotransferase(ALT),glutamic oxalacetic transaminase(AST),and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in serum and elements aluminum(Al),zinc(Zn),copper(Cu),iron(Fe),calcium(Ca) and magnesium(Mg) in liver of rats induced by aluminum.Methods Wistar rats were administered with aluminum chloride for 3 weeks.Then they were treated with different doses of DHPO.The activity of ALT,AST and ALP in serum was detected,and the concentrations of Al,Zn,Cu,Fe,Ca and Mg in liver tissue were measured.Results The result of ALT activity demonstrated that there was no statistical significance among all the groups(P0.05). The AST activity of low,moderate and high DHPO dose groups was lower than the positive control(P0.01). The result of ALP activity indicated that the low DHPO dose group was significantly different from the positive control(P0.01). The aluminum concentration of the three different dose groups was significantly lower than the positive control(P0,01). Compared with the negative control,the Zn,Cu,Fe,Ca,Mg concentrations of the moderate and high DHPO dose groups were not significantly different(P0.05). Conclusions DHPO could effectively enhance the elimination of Al in liver,but dose not affect the excretion of Zn,Cu,Fe,Ca and Mg.DHPO can recover the activity of AST and ALP in serum being damaged by aluminum in some degree.
Native and Introduced Trypanosome Parasites in Endemic and Introduced Murine Rodents of Sulawesi

ABSTRACT The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is a globally significant biodiversity hotspot with substantial undescribed biota, particularly blood-borne parasites of endemic wildlife. Documenting the blood parasites of Sulawesi's murine rodents is the first fundamental step towards the discovery of pathogens likely to be of concern for the health and conservation of Sulawesi's endemic murines. We screened liver samples from 441 specimens belonging to 20 different species of murine rodents from 2 mountain ranges on Sulawesi, using polymerase chin reaction (PCR) primers targeting the conserved 18S rDNA region across the protozoan class Kinetoplastea. We detected infections in 156 specimens (10 host species) with a mean prevalence of 35.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.9–39.8%). Sequences from these samples identified 4 infections to the genus Parabodo, 1 to Blechomonas, and the remaining 151 to the genus Trypanosoma. Within Trypanosoma, we recovered 17 haplotypes nested within the Trypanosoma theileri clade infecting 117 specimens (8 host species) and 4 haplotypes nested within the Trypanosoma lewisi clade infecting 34 specimens (6 host species). Haplotypes within the T. theileri clade were related to regional Indo-Australian endemic trypanosomes, displayed geographic structuring but with evidence of long-term connectivity between mountains, and had substantial phylogenetic diversity. These results suggest T. theileri clade parasites are native to Sulawesi. Conversely, T. lewisi clade haplotypes were recovered from both endemic and introduced rodents, demonstrated complete geographic separation between clades, and had low genetic diversity. These results suggest that the T. lewisi clade parasites invaded Sulawesi recently and likely in 2 separate invasion events. Our results provide the first records of metakinetoplastids in Sulawesi's rodents and highlight the need for more extensive sampling for pathogens in this biodiversity hotspot.
A Geometric Theory Integrating Human Binocular Vision With Eye Movement

A theory of the binocular system with asymmetric eyes (AEs) is developed in the framework of bicentric perspective projections. The AE accounts for the eyeball’s global asymmetry produced by the foveal displacement from the posterior pole, the main source of the eye’s optical aberrations, and the crystalline lens’ tilt countering some of these aberrations. In this theory, the horopter curves, which specify retinal correspondence of binocular single vision, are conic sections resembling empirical horopters. This advances the classic model of empirical horopters as conic sections introduced in an ad hoc way by Ogle in 1932. In contrast to Ogle’s theory, here, anatomically supported horopteric conics vary with the AEs’ position in the visual plane of bifoveal fixations and their transformations are visualized in a computer simulation. Integrating horopteric conics with eye movements can help design algorithms for maintaining a stable perceptual world from visual information captured by a mobile robot’s camera-head. Further, this paper proposes a neurophysiologically meaningful definition for the eyes’ primary position, a concept which has remained elusive despite its theoretical importance to oculomotor research. Finally, because the horopteric conic’s shape is dependent on the AE’s parameters, this theory allows for changes in retinal correspondence which is usually considered preformed and stable.
Rare sightings of white-beaked dolphins ( Lagenorhynchus albirostris ) off south-eastern Baffin Island, Canada

We report two opportunistic and unusual observations of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in the Canadian Arctic that are outside the known range of this species. Sightings occurred off the south-east coast of Baffin Island (Nunavut, Canada) in Frobisher Bay (September 2004) and Cumberland Sound (August 2013). Despite dedicated, multi-year marine mammal surveys in the region (boat-based and aerial), white-beaked dolphins have not previously been reported in the eastern Davis Strait. Our sightings suggest that white-beaked dolphins may infrequently inhabit coastal waters off south-eastern Baffin Island, and furthermore, that their habitat use may correspond with recent changes in prey distribution and availability.
The microbiome affects liver sphingolipids and plasma fatty acids in a murine model of the Western diet based on soybean oil

Studies in mice using germfree animals as controls for microbial colonization have shown that the gut microbiome mediates diet-induced obesity. Such studies use diets rich in saturated fat, however, Western diets in the USA are enriched in soybean oil, composed of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), either linoleic or oleic acid. Here we addressed whether the microbiome is a variable in fat metabolism in mice on a soybean oil diet. We used conventionally-raised, low-germ, and germfree mice fed for 10 weeks diets either high (HF) or low (LF) in high-linoleic-acid soybean oil as the sole source of fat. All mice, including germfree, gained relative fat weight and consumed more calories on the HF versus LF soybean oil diet. Plasma fatty acid levels were generally dependent on diet, with microbial colonization status affecting iso-C18:0, C20:3n-6, C14:0, and C15:0 levels. Colonization status, but not diet, impacted levels of liver sphingolipids including ceramides, sphingomyelins, and sphinganine. Our results confirm that absorbed fatty acids are mainly a reflection of the diet, and show that microbial colonization influences liver sphingolipid pools.
Cumulative degradation in estuaries: contribution of individual species to community recovery

To investigate the influence of macrofaunal species on recovery in soft-sediment habitats, a multi-site defaunation experiment was conducted in intertidal sandflats in Mahurangi Harbour, New Zealand. Paired treatment and control plots were monitored for 394 d after defaunation, and the recovery trajectories of individual species and their relationships with environmental factors were evaluated over time. Recruitment events were not apparent drivers of recovery, as we observed a massive recruitment of some species by Day 203, but the abundance of these individuals largely decreased by the end of the experiment, regardless of location in the estuary or hydrodynamics. Multiple regression models revealed highly variable responses, but suggested that several factors including sediment type and post-settlement species interactions contributed to species persistence in recovering plots. Juveniles generally settled at sites where adults from the same taxa occurred in the ambient community, suggesting local settlement patterns. Populations of functionally important surface deposit feeders and suspension feeders, including the large bivalves Austrovenus stutchburyi and Macomona liliana, failed to recover at most sites. The latter is likely one of the major drivers of divergence between disturbed and control plots in this experiment. The generally slow recovery dynamics, the degree of divergence of recovering communities and the failure of some key functions to recover have important implications for the response trajectories of coastal benthic communities subjected to increasingly frequent disturbance.
Editorial Essay: Introduction to a Special Collection on European Labor Markets in Flux: The German Experience

German labor market regulation and institutions have been a focal point of labor economics and industrial relations research for decades. Their unique features have allowed companies to be internationally competitive and workers to prosper as well. But radical disruptions—from the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990 to the European impact of the 2008 financial crisis—have challenged the stability of these institutions. Germany has responded by passing a series of policy actions, such as establishing the minimum wage and reforming systems of unemployment insurance, retirement benefits, and ongoing training, which the articles in this collection examine. The lessons of these articles have important implications for most European and advanced economies in which similar policy changes have been adopted. In addition to being the most populous country with the largest economy in the European Union, Germany has a distinctive set of labor market institutions and history that make it an important country to study. Germany’s labor market institutions include not only collective bargaining but also a system of Works Councils that allows for direct worker participation in industrial decision-making. This two-tiered system of negotiation and consultation has provided a mechanism for addressing distributional issues regarding wages and benefits as well as improving productivity and the quality of jobs (Addison, Schank, Schnabel, and Wagner 2007; Addison, Teixeira, and Zwick 2010).
Diversity and Distribution of Avian Lice on Greater Flamingo Chicks (Phoenicopterus Roseus) in Algeria

The ecological diversity and distribution of ectoparasites on Greater Flamingo chicks (Phoenicopterus roseus) were investigated in Algeria at two distinct sites: Ezzemoul (Hauts Plateaux) and Safioune (Sahara) at the end of the breeding seasons of 2009 and 2011. Results from the first records for the Greater Flamingo in North Africa, indicate that they were infested by the following louse species: Colpocephalum heterosoma Piaget and Triniton femoratum Piaget (Menoponidae); Anaticola phoenicopteri (Coinde) and Anatoecus pygaspis Nitzsch (Philopteridae). These data support the hypothesis of a connectivity of the Greater Flamingo metapopulation across the Mediterranean region. The results also suggest that there was a spatial segregation in the distribution of the various louse species across distinct body parts of their hosts. Adaptive explanations for this niche partitioning are suggested.
Seed dormancy mechanisms in diploid wheat (Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmalh.)

Wheat is the world’s third largest food crop, and is relied upon as a food source by millions of people. Securing the supply of wheat is a problem because it is susceptible to many biotic and abiotic factors that limit production. One such factor, sprouting of the grain in the head, because of untimely rainfall prior to harvest, is a substantial problem worldwide. Pre-harvest sprouting has a significant impact on wheat growers, who suffer considerable economic hardship as a result of yield loss during harvesting and subsequent downgrading of their sprouted crops. Wheat processors are also affected by this problem, because sprouted grain has significantly altered chemical properties, making it unsuitable for its intended purpose, and often rendering it suitable for animal consumption only. This study investigated mechanisms of dormancy, in the diploid wheat Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmalh. , to assess their suitability for use in hexaploid (bread) wheat to prevent pre-harvest sprouting. A soluble germination inhibitor was found in the bracts (palea, lemma and glumes) surrounding the grain of T. tauschii. Fractionation of an aqueous extract from the bracts, by HPLC, identified vanillic acid as being likely to be involved in this inhibition. Further analysis of the extract also identified a strong anti-oxidant capacity, indicating that part of the inhibition of germination may arise from the prevention of oxygen reaching the embryo. An investigation of moisture uptake by the grain of T. tauschii and hexaploid wheat found that it was unlikely that any significant dormancy resulted from physical prevention of water movement into the grain, because hexaploid wheat was already found to have a largely impermeable barrier over most of the grain, causing moisture to enter the grain via the micropyle. Grain redness of different T. tauschii accessions was measured electronically and suggested the presence of two alleles for this character among the accessions tested. However, no relationship was found between grain redness and dormancy, like that know to exist in hexaploid wheat.