Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Quality of Health Care in Saudi Arabian Perception to Patient Satisfaction in Makkah in 2018

Background: Access to healthcare in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has improved dramatically over the past three decades. This improvement in access has brought challenges for healthcare organizations, their staff and other stakeholders, highlighting a need to improve the quality of healthcare. These challenges include: increasing demand for healthcare services coupled with a rise in costs, changing patterns of disease, shortage of healthcare professionals, a significant annual pilgrim population, a rise in medical errors and long waiting times. A key policy being implemented as a part of the development plan in KSA of the Saudi Vision (2030), with regard to health services, is the need to adopt methods to improve quality of care, and to apply these methods across all health sectors to ensure that appropriate levels of efficiency and quality are achieved. Indeed, measurement of patient satisfaction is central to identifying areas for improvement and thus achieving optimal delivery of healthcare services. In addition to patient satisfaction, it is important to consider access to healthcare as a fundamental quality of care indicator. Aim of the study: This study aims to assess the effect of service quality of health care in Saudi Arabian on patient satisfaction with respect to primary health care services in Makkah in 2018. Method: cross-sectional study to determine the relationship between quality of health care system on the quality of services providing in primary healthcare center and the satisfaction of Saudi patient . The study was conducted at primary healthcare centers in the Saudi and more specifically in Makkah. Total of 200 eligible patients participated in this study. Results: factors entered the regression model of total attitude were: Socio demographic variables (Age, gender, occupation, education, marital status, family income) and total satisfaction level And 6 out of 7 factors had predicted total attitude of the: (Age, gender, occupation, education, marital status, family income). The 6 factors together explained 12.5% of the variation of the total attitude score of the studied patients towards primary health care services. Female, single, being older, low educational level and students, low family Income had higher total attitude score. Conclusion. This review exemplifies the need for further improvement in the quality of healthcare in primary health care in KSA and patient satisfaction was influenced by health service quality. Many of the problems identified in this review could be addressed by establishing an independent body in KSA, which could monitor healthcare services and push for improvements in efficiency and quality of care.
Relative Bitterness of Reduced and Nonreduced Iso-α-Acids in Lager Beer

The relative bitterness of reduced and nonreduced iso-α-acids in lager beer was measured using a time-intensity protocol in which a trained panel evaluated seven concentrations of each compound in an unhopped lager beer. The peak intensities were measured, and within each panelist, a nonlinear dose-response curve was fit to the data. Equal–bitter relationships over a range of concentrations were created within each panelist for each reduced iso-α-acid/iso-α-acid pair. The parameters of these models were compared statistically using a one-sample, two-sided t-test, and combined groupwise relationships were generated. Accordingly, rho-iso-α-acids were significantly less bitter than iso-α-acids, and tetrahydro- and hexahydro-iso-α-acids were approximately equal in bitterness to iso-α-acids. Results were validated by a consumer panel.
Efeitos de substratos e temperaturas na germinação de sementes de tamareira-anã (Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien)

The present research was divided in two studies using Phoenix roebelenii seeds with moisture content of 21,83%. In the first, the effects of four substrates (vermiculite, sawdust, sand and Sphagnum sp.) and five temperatures (20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C) were evaluated on the germination and SGI (Speed of Germination Index). In the second, the effects of these substrates were studied on the germination and seedlings (dry weight and length of the root and aerial part) under uncontrolled conditions with temperature between 27 and 28,5°C. The germination test under controlled temperatures was developed with 8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness, in a box (gerbox). The a complete randomized block design was used in a 5x4 factorial scheme. Under environmental conditions, the experimental design had four treatments (substrata). The data of germination percentage were transformed in arc sen √x/100. The averages were compared by the Tukey test (= 0,05). The temperatures of 25°C and 30°C resulted in larger germination percentage, regardless of the substrate, while best SGI was obtained at 30°C, with Sphagnum sp. or sand. The Sphagnun sp. is the best substrate for most of the evaluated characteristics in the seedlings. The use of vermiculite is not recommended as substrate for SGI tests of dwarf palm seeds and seedlings.
Geographical variation in reproductive capacity of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) northern peripheral populations

Several models have predicted that, with climate change, Northern Hemisphere species will migrate northwards from their present distribution ranges. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) reaches its northern continuous distributional limit in north‐eastern North America at the transition between boreal mixed‐wood and temperate deciduous forest. Our objective was to determine whether lower sugar maple recruitment potential accounts for this gradual transition between the continuous and discontinuous zones of the distribution.
Scale-dependent effects of zebra mussels on benthic invertebrates in a large eutrophic lake

We studied mechanisms by which zebra mussels may elevate densities of aquatic invertebrates at local and lake-wide spatial scales in a productive lake. Locally, zebra mussels provide structural refuge from predation and deposit organic material. An experiment demonstrated that the density of benthic invertebrates increased locally as a function of zebra mussel density in Oneida Lake, New York. On a lake-wide spatial scale, light penetration increased dramatically in response to zebra mussel invasion. Consequently, the area of lake bottom likely to support benthic primary production also increased. The maximum depth of light penetration sufficient to support benthic algal photosynthesis increased from 7.5 m in pre-invasion years (1975–1991) to 10.5 m in post-invasion years, and macrophytes extended to a greater depth in post-invasion years. Algae and macrophytes may provide food or structural refuge to invertebrates. An intensive survey of one shallow bay showed that benthic invertebrate densities were higher in 1995 than in 2 pre-invasion years (1916 and 1967), even on substrates not colonized by zebra mussels. Continuous data (1967–1997) showed that invertebrates on soft substrate in Oneida Lake have not significantly increased above peak historical levels. However, the abundance of 2 grazing taxa (Amphipoda and Gastropoda) has increased in shallow relative to deep areas, suggesting that grazing invertebrate populations have responded to modification of light penetration by zebra mussels. Phosphorus levels in the lake have declined in the past 30 y, possibly keeping the increase of benthic invertebrate populations below historical levels.
Does Species Range and Rarity Affect Population Genetics? A Case Study of Four Graptophyllum Species from Queensland, Australia

There are four species of Graptophyllum (Acanthaceae) in Australia which span a gradient in rarity and conservation status from the most endangered, Graptophyllum reticulatum (endangered), to G. ilicifolium (vulnerable), to G. excelsum (rare), to the least endangered G. spinigerum (widespread). Graptophyllum reticulatum and G. ilicifolium are each only known from three locations. All species were found to have quite high levels of genetic diversity (He, A, Ap, P) and there was no significant difference among species in genetic diversity (P > 0.05), thus, genetic diversity was unrelated to conservation status or species geographic range. All species had high allelic fixation values (F ), indicating that populations were effectively inbred regardless of conservation status and geographic range. The genetic diversity among populations (FST) was not related to rarity and contrasted among the most restricted species, where diversity among populations was twice as high among G. reticulatum populations (FST, 0.22) compared with among G. ilicifolium populations (FST, 0.11).
The value of Atriplex (Saltbush) and Kochia (Bluebush) species as food for sheep

Penned sheep were fed on species of Atriplex or Kochia, either alone or as supplements to a roughage diet. The intake and digestibility of the diets, and the weight change of the sheep were recorded. The digestible dry matter intake of A. nummularia and A. vesicaria was sufficient for maintenance of the sheep, provided that fresh water was available. There was little seasonal change in the quality of the Atriglex diets. The intake of a protein-deficient roughage was not altered by the addition of 150 g dry matter of Atriplex or Kochia as a supplement. Body weight loss was decreased or gain increased, but neither significantly, by the addition of these supplements which were high in nitrogen.
Experimental Analysis of Trout Effects on Survival, Growth, and Habitat Use of Two Species of Ambystomatid Salamanders

Introduced fish have been implicated as reducing abundance or eliminating ambystomatid salamanders from montane lakes in wester North America. We tested the null hypotheses that survivorship, growth, and refuge use of larvae reared for 30 d did not differ between artificial ponds with trout and without trout Larval survivorship for both A. macrodactylum and A. gracile was significantly lower in ponds with trout than in fishless ponds. Both species had significantly lower snout-vent lengths in ponds with trout than in fishless ponds at the conclusion of the experiments. Only A. gracile had significantly lower body weight in ponds with trout than in ponds without trout For both species, substrate locations of larvae were significantly influenced by trout at the conclusion of the experiments. Larvae of both species were found in a narrower range of substrates in ponds with fish than in control ponds. Our findings support inferences from field studies that the presence of trout have negative impacts on larval A. macrodactylum and A. gracile.
Breeding potential of the backcross progenies of a hybrid between Trifolium medium × T. pratense to T. pratense

In this study, T. medium (zigzag clover, 2n = 80 and T. pratense (red clover, 2n = 28) were hybridized and backcrossed four times to T. pratense (BC1, BC2, BC3and BC4), and the seed production and vigor of the backcross progenies were assessed under field conditions. Both female and pollen fertility of the backcross progenies increased as the backcross generations advanced. Female and pollen fertility of BC4 were 21.3 and 65.3%, respectively. When honeybees were used as pollinators, almost all BC4 plants produced mature seeds in the field. Most of the BC1, BC2, and BC3 plants died by the end of the fourth year in the field, whereas 61% of the BC4 plants survived for 4 yr. The number of chromosomes in 79% of the BC4 plants was more than 28, which is greater than that of T. pratense. Differences in leaflet size and shape between BC4 plants and T. pratense suggest that genes from T. medium were expressed in the BC4 plants. These results indicate that BC4 plants may be useful for the improvement of the persis.
INFLUENCE OF BREED, AGE, AND EJACULATION FREQUENCY ON BOAR SEMEN COMPOSITION

Seven semen characteristics were studied in two ejaculates collected at 24-h intervals from each of 41 Yorkshire (body weight 86 ± 6 kg) and 54 Lacombe (body weight 95 ± 8 kg) boars between 21 and 26 wk of age (group 1), and from each of 56 Yorkshire (body weight 94 ± 7 kg) and 47 Lacombe (body weight 107 ± 10 kg) boars between 27 and 31 wk of age (group 2). Means for certain semen criteria of the Yorkshire and Lacombe boars in group 1 were, respectively: semen volume 180 ml, 184 ml; sperm per ml 111 × 106, 104 × 106; total sperm per ejaculate 15.9 × 109, 13.9 × 109; motility 58%, 53%. Means for these criteria of group 2 Yorkshire and Lacombe boars were, respectively: semen volume 194 ml, 199 ml; sperm per ml 202 × 106, 126 × 106; total sperm per ejaculate 29.5 × 109, 17.8 × 109; motility 66%, 55%. Group 1 boars had fewer sperm per ml (P < 0.01), fewer total and motile sperm per ejaculate (P < 0.01), and fewer progressively motile sperm (P < 0.05) than group 2 boars. First ejaculates differed (P < 0.01) f.
THE LARVAE OF AUSTRALIAN IXODIDAE (ACARINA: IXODOIDEA)

These studies are based on the larvae of 29 of the 52 species of Ixodidae recorded from Australia. The 29 species comprise 13 species of Ixodes, 6 species of Haemaphysalis, 1 species of Boophilus, 1 species of Rhipicephalus, 5 species of Amblyomma, and 3 species of Aponomma; larvae of 11 species are described for the first time.
Changes in physical condition of male mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) during moult

The relationship between moult and physical condition was studied in adult male mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) collected between May and October on the Canadian Prairies in 1976. Body weight did not change significantly while birds were moulting. During the flightless period, however, there was a significant decrease in flight muscle weight, whereas leg muscle weight increased. Subcutaneous lipid depots, smallest in breeding birds, increased significantly during the prebasic body moult and decreased temporarily during the flightless period. Carcass lipid depots and total protein remained relatively constant throughout the moult. These data suggest that moulting male mallards did not encounter nutritional stress in south central Canada in 1976.
Density‐dependent physiological phase in a non‐migratory grasshopper Aiolopus thalassinus

Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is a non‐migratory grasshopper of widespread geographical distribution, also endemic in the Tel‐Arad region of the Northern Negev of Israel, where it is liable to sporadically damage agricultural crops. Periodic sampling in uncultivated ‘batha’ and agricultural fields, conducted during 1990/1991, indicate that A. thalassinus populations exhibit seasonal fluctuations in density. Local spatial and temporal distribution, within this region, are dependent on food availability. Field observations and laboratory studies suggest that the local population of A. thalassinus exhibits genetic heterochromy unaffected by density. The duration of nymphal developmental is 34 days for nymphs reared in isolation, whereas crowded nymphs complete their development within only 21 days. No striking density related changes in gross morphometric features are evident, but, in adults from isolated culture, an increased abundance of sensilla coeloconica, presumably involved in olfactory chemoreception, may be functionally related to enhanced (23.6‐fold higher) activity of nymphs reared under crowded conditions. This higher level of activity is correlated to higher levels of energy reserves in the haemolymph ‐ lipids and carbohydrates ‐ and to increased respiration. Finally, the individual food consumption of nymphs from crowded culture is almost 5‐fold higher than that of isolated nymphs and may increase the potential for crop damage. These results are similar to those obtained with the migratory locust Locusta migratoria and support the hypothesis that non‐migratory grasshoppers exhibit some density‐dependent physiological characteristics of locusts, but do not exhibit overt chromatic or morphometric phase characteristics.
Response to “Lateral Meningocele Syndrome and Hajdu–Cheney Syndrome: Different Disorders With Overlapping Phenotypes” by Gripp

We are grateful for the important correspondence by Dr. Karen W. Gripp [2011]. The findings in our patient indeed closely resemble those reported in lateral meningocele syndrome. As Dr. Gripp states acro-osteolysis has not been reported in the lateral meningocele syndrome. The distal phalanges of the first toes in our patient were suggestive of acro-osteolysis and also the bone resorption marker urine N-telopeptide of type I collagen (U-NTx) was significantly elevated suggesting increased osteolysis. Our patient’s facial appearance resembles that of patients with lateral meningocele syndrome, but they are also similar to the Hajdu–Cheney syndrome patients reported by Ad es et al. [1993] and Tanimoto et al. [1996]. Both of these patients presented with acro-osteolysis but did not have lateral meningocele or dural ectasia. The full phenotype of the Hajdu–Cheney syndrome typically presents in adulthood with relatively subtle facial changes [Brennan and Pauli, 2001]. One may wonder whether there actually exist two subtypes of the syndrome: the more common adult-onset form with subtle facial findings [Brennan and Pauli, 2001] in addition to the typical Hajdu–Cheney skeleton, and a rare congenital form with major malformations and a distinctive facial appearance [Ad es et al., 1993; Tanimoto et al., 1996; Avela et al., 2011]. Our patient presents with manifestations of lateral meningocele syndrome and Hajdu–Cheney syndrome. We agree with Dr. Gripp that these conditions may be due to mutations in genes whose products interact with each other, or affect the same pathway.
Organic Farmer Knowledge and Perceptions are Associated with On-Farm Weed Seedbank Densities in Northern New England

Abstract Weed management remains a high priority for organic farmers, whose fields generally have higher weed density and species diversity than those of their conventional counterparts. We explored whether variability in farmer knowledge and perceptions of weeds and weed management practices were predictive of variability in on-farm weed seedbanks on 23 organic farms in northern New England. We interviewed farmers and transcribed and coded interviews to quantify their emphasis on concepts regarding knowledge of ecological weed management, the perceived risks and benefits of weeds, and the perceived risks and benefits of weed management practices. To characterize on-farm weed seedbanks, we collected soil samples from five fields at each farm (115 fields total) and measured germinable weed seed density. Mean weed seed density per farm ranged from 2,775 seeds m−2 to 24,678 seeds m−2 to a soil depth of 10 cm. Farmers most often reported hairy galinsoga and crabgrass species (Digitaria spp.) as their most problematic weeds. The proportion of the sum of these two most problematic weeds in each farm's seedbank ranged from 1 to 73% of total weed seed density. Farmer knowledge and perceptions were predictive of total seed density, species richness, and proportion of hairy galinsoga and crabgrass species. Low seed densities were associated with farmers who most often discussed risks of weeds, benefits of critical weed-free management practices, and learning from their own experience. These farmers also exhibited greater knowledge of managing the weed seedbank and greater understanding of the importance of a long-term strategy. Targeted education focusing on this set of knowledge and beliefs could potentially lead to improved application and success of ecological weed management in the future, thus decreasing labor costs and time necessary for farmers to manage weeds. Nomenclature: Large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA; smooth crabgrass, Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. DIGIS; hairy galinsoga, Galinsoga quadriradiata Cav. GAQU.
X-ray studies on changes in embryo and endosperm morphology during priming and imbibition of tomato seeds

Abstract Morphological changes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker) seed during osmopriming and imbibition (‘hydropriming’) were followed using X-ray photographs. Embryo, endosperm and free space areas were measured. Both osmopriming and hydropriming resulted in free space development (+ 8.1% and + 10.8% of the whole seed planar area, respectively), almost all at the cost of the endosperm area. Planar dimensions of whole seeds were relatively constant and the dimension perpendicular to the planar surface, the thickness, could account for the volume increase of primed seeds reported in the literature. In dead seeds, only a small amount of free space developed while the planar area of the seed remained the same. In the imbibing viable seeds no deterioration of endosperm could be detected until the moment of root protrusion. Seeds which were osmoprimed directly after harvest, i.e. in the fresh state, did not showthe induction of any free space, while free space developed normally after dehydration and a second priming treatment. Apparently, a dehydration step prior to the priming treatments is required for the development of free space in osmo- or hydroprimed seed. X-ray photographs of hydroprimed seeds showed that the radicle tip adhered tightly to theendosperm cap. This results in various forms of damage to the root tips upon redrying. Priming did not introduce cotyledon abnormalities.
A STUDY OF THE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND DETERMINATION OF MATING TYPE OF GYMNODINIUM NOLLERI (DINOPHYCEAE) IN CULTURE 1

Sexual reproduction of Gymnodinium nolleri ( Ellegaard & Moestrup 1999 ) was studied by intercrossing experiments in all combinations of six clonal strains and backcrossing of five clonal F1 offspring. The results indicated that the conjugation of G. nolleri responded to the existence of more than two sexual types (complex heterothallism) and that compatibility between progeny of one cyst (inbreeding) was the rule. Sexual fusion, planozygote formation and development, cyst formation, and germination and planomeiocyte division were followed using time‐lapse photography. This study revealed many similarities between the sexual stages and life cycle pattern of G. nolleri and the related G. catenatum and the existence under culture conditions of an alternative cycle between vegetative cells and zygotes without a hypnozygote stage. The fate of zygotes, division or encystment, was influenced by the nutritional status of the external medium. The division of G. nolleri planozygotes was promoted by high levels of external nutrients, whereas the maximum percentage of encystment was recorded when phosphates were reduced in the isolation medium. The division of zygotes might be different from both vegetative and planomeiocyte division because it resulted in two‐cell chains with the cells not oriented in parallel.