Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Comorbidity in Individuals With Different Phenotypes of Obesity

Introduction The prevalence of obesity is steadily increasing worldwide. Obesity is one of the most potent risk factors for various diseases and is simultaneously a heterogeneous condition. Different types of obesity could be identified according to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and visceral fat level; these conditions may present individually or in combination and pose a risk of developing certain comorbidities. However, the current obesity classification systems do not allow for accurate diagnosis and prediction of the comorbidity risk of patients, which is crucial for their clinical management. This points to the importance of studying obesity phenotyping in the context of body composition. Our study aimed to determine the contribution of obesity phenotypes in forming various comorbidities. Materials and methods This case-control study was conducted at the Clinical and Diagnostic Center of the Aviastroitelny District, Kazan. Patients were selected based on BMI per inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 151 patients with a median age of 43 [34.5-50] years were included in the study. The participants were distributed into six groups according to BMI and a combination of abdominal obesity (AO) and excess visceral fat. Results The participants were distributed in the following phenogroups: The first group - normal BMI without AO and excess visceral fat (n=47; 31.1%); the second group - overweight without AO and excess visceral fat (n=26; 17.2%); the third group - normal BMI with AO and without excess visceral fat (n=11; 7.3%); fourth group - overweight with AO and without excess visceral fat (n=34; 22.5%); fifth group - general obesity with AO and without excess visceral fat (n=20; 13.2%); sixth group - general obesity with AO and excess visceral fat (n=13; 8.6%). The five most frequently observed conditions in the general cohort were dyslipidemia (71.5%; n=108), disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (53.0%; n=80), cardiovascular disease (46.4%; n=70), musculoskeletal diseases (40.4%; n=61) and impaired carbohydrate metabolism (25.2%; n=38). The median number of pathological combinations in the general cohort was 5 [IQR: 3-7]. As the group number increased, the median number of comorbidities also increased. While BMI was significantly associated only with arterial hypertension, the level of visceral fat was associated with most comorbidities (obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic pancreatitis, hypertriglyceridemia, and prediabetes), followed by abdominal obesity (gastroesophageal reflux disease, hypertriglyceridemia, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia). Conclusions In working-age people, group 1 and 4 phenotypes were more frequent than others. Abdominal obesity and visceral fat were associated with the most comorbid conditions. However, the individual types of these comorbidities were not the same.
Universality of fluctutations in the dimer model

We present a general result which shows that the winding of the branches in a uniform spanning tree on a planar graph converge in the limit of fine mesh size to a Gaussian free field. The result holds true assuming only convergence of simple random walk to Brownian motion and a Russo-Seymour-Welsh type crossing estimate. As an application, we prove universality of the fluctuations of the height function associated to the dimer model, in several situations. This includes the case of lozenge tilings with boundary conditions lying in a plane, and Temperleyan domains in isoradial graphs (recovering a recent result of Li). The robustness of our approach, which is a key novelty of this paper, comes from the fact that the exactly solvable nature of the model plays only a minor role in the analysis. Instead, we rely on a connection to imaginary geometry, where the limit of a uniform spanning tree is viewed as a set of flow lines associated to a Gaussian free field.
Factors influencing future physics teachers’ acceptance of information and communicative competence technologies: A survey study

Abstract The present study aimed to examine the factors influencing future physics teachers’ decision to accept Information and Communicative Competence (ICC) technologies. This is a quantitative exploratory study that used Partial Least Squares (PLS) based structural equation modeling to analyze the data. A questionnaire survey was administered among physics students to identify the factors that influence their acceptance of ICC technologies such as Online Learning Platforms, Collaborative Tools, and Adaptive Learning Software. The findings showed that Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Costs were the three most significant factors affecting the acceptance of ICC technologies by physics students. However, Perceived Risk and Compatibility did not have a significant impact on ICC acceptance. The study also found that ICC acceptance has a positive and significant effect on ICC adoption. The practical implications of these findings highlight the importance of designing ICC technologies that are perceived as useful, easy to use, and cost-effective for future physics teachers. The study provides important insights for both educators and technology developers in enhancing ICC adoption in physics education.
Compact Induced Representations

In [15; 16; 17], Horst Leptin introduced what he called generalized group algebras. These Banach *-algebras are formed by letting a locally compact group G act on a Banach *-algebra A both by *-automorphisms and by a cocycle with values in the multiplier algebra, M (A ), of A. We will review the precise construction later, but for now we remark that examples include the group algebra of a group extension, the covariance algebras of quantum field theory, the “projective group algebras” of a group G (that is, for each complex-valued cocycle λ, called a multiplier in the literature, the Banach *-algebra whose nondegenerate *-representations are in bijective correspondence with the λ-projective representations of G), and the twisted group algebras of Edwards and Lewis [8; 9].
Laser photomedicine

The optical properties of human tissue are reviewed and the effects of UV and visible radiation on human tissue summarized. Therapeutic photomedicine using lamp sources is reviewed and current applications using lasers are discussed. Techniques for achieving selective thermal effects are summarized; these include the use of endogenous and exogenous chromophores as targets and the use of pulsed radiation to confine the heating effects to the targets. Future therapeutic uses of lasers may depend on these target-specific effects.
Precipitation Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Weather Systems

Abstract Precipitation from 74 mesoscale convective complexes is examined to determine the total precipitation, areal extent, and characteristic precipitation pattern of an average convective complex. The relationship between the average precipitation pattern and the track of the centroid of the satellite-observed, cold-cloud shield is determined as an aid to forecasting. The amount and spatial distribution of precipitation during each stage (i.e., initiation, maturation and dissipation) of the average convective system's life cycle are presented, as well as the precipitation patterns for systems that form in particular synoptic environments. The precipitation characteristics of MCCs are compared to those from 32 other convective weather systems that are similar to MCCs but do not meet all the MCC-definition criteria.
Dark matter and galaxies: using gravitational lensing to map their relative distributions

Cosmological constraints from galaxy surveys are as accurate as our understanding of the relative distributions of dark matter and galaxies, known as galaxy bias. Weak gravitational lensing is a powerful probe of galaxy bias, since the distortion in the shapes of distant galaxies, called shear, is directly related to the dark matter distribution, which can be compared to the galaxy field. I look at the galaxy clustering amplitude relative to the dark matter field, quantified by the galaxy bias b, as well as the cross-correlation coefficient r, which tells us how correlated the positions of galaxies are with the dark matter. In this thesis I present several techniques to constrain galaxy bias through weak lensing, using both numerical simulations and observational data. The most commonly used method, using aperture statistics, is shown to be subject to serious systematics in the presence of noisy data and scaleand time dependence in the galaxy bias. A local comparison technique is introduced, where the foreground distribution is used to predict the shear in the background, to which it is compared. The technique is tested with simulations, concluding that it requires high quality data. A model fitting approach is proposed, based on the McDonald (2006) galaxy bias model. The two parameters of this model, a large scale bias, b1, and a parameter, b2, that quantifies the scale dependence of the bias, are insufficient in the presence of stochasticity. Therefore, R is introduced as an additional parameter to take this into account. I present galaxy bias constraints for two spectroscopic galaxy samples: the Baryon Oscillations Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) and the WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey (WiggleZ), applying the traditional aperture method and the model fitting approach to the Red Sequence Cluster Lensing Survey (RCSLenS). Both techniques strongly suggest that galaxies trace mass, but in a complicated way, with differences in scaleand time dependence between the samples considered. The WiggleZ galaxy bias is found to be around b ∼ 1.2, depending on redshift
On the Relationship between Conjugate Gradient and Optimal First-Order Methods for Convex Optimization

In a series of work initiated by Nemirovsky and Yudin, and later extended by Nesterov, first-order algorithms for unconstrained minimization with optimal theoretical complexity bound have been proposed. On the other hand, conjugate gradient algorithms as one of the widely used first-order techniques su↵er from the lack of a finite complexity bound. In fact their performance can possibly be quite poor. This dissertation is partially on tightening the gap between these two classes of algorithms, namely the traditional conjugate gradient methods and optimal first-order techniques. We derive conditions under which conjugate gradient methods attain the same complexity bound as in Nemirovsky-Yudin’s and Nesterov’s methods. Moreover, we propose a conjugate gradient-type algorithm named CGSO, for Conjugate Gradient with Subspace Optimization, achieving the optimal complexity bound with the payo↵ of a little extra computational cost. We extend the theory of CGSO to convex problems with linear constraints. In particular we focus on solving l 1 -regularized least square problem, often referred to as Basis Pursuit Denoising (BPDN) problem in the optimization community. BPDN arises in many practical fields including sparse signal recovery, machine learning, and statistics. Solving BPDN is fairly challenging because the size of the involved signals can be quite large; therefore first order methods are of particular interest for these problems. We propose a quasi-Newton proximal method for solving BPDN. Our numerical results suggest that our technique is computationally e↵ective, and can compete favourably with the other state-of-the-art solvers.
Heat/mass transport in shear flow over a heterogeneous surface with first-order surface-reactive domains

Surfaces that include heterogeneous mass transfer at the microscale are ubiquitous in nature and engineering. Many such media are modelled via an effective surface reaction rate or mass transfer coefficient employing the conventional ansatz of kinetically limited transport at the microscale. However, this assumption is not always valid, particularly when there is strong flow. We are interested in modelling reactive and/or porous surfaces that occur in systems where the effective Damköhler number at the microscale can be $O(1)$ and the local Péclet number may be large. In order to expand the range of the effective mass transfer surface coefficient, we study transport from a uniform bath of species in an unbounded shear flow over a flat surface. This surface has a heterogeneous distribution of first-order surface-reactive circular patches (or pores). To understand the physics at the length scale of the patch size, we first analyse the flux to a single reactive patch. We use both analytic and boundary element simulations for this purpose. The shear flow induces a 3-D concentration wake structure downstream of the patch. When two patches are aligned in the shear direction, the wakes interact to reduce the per patch flux compared with the single-patch case. Having determined the length scale of the interaction between two patches, we study the transport to a periodic and disordered distribution of patches again using analytic and boundary integral techniques. We obtain, up to non-dilute patch area fraction, an effective boundary condition for the transport to the patches that depends on the local mass transfer coefficient (or reaction rate) and shear rate. We demonstrate that this boundary condition replaces the details of the heterogeneous surfaces at a wall-normal effective slip distance also determined for non-dilute patch area fractions. The slip distance again depends on the shear rate, and weakly on the reaction rate, and scales with the patch size. These effective boundary conditions can be used directly in large-scale physics simulations as long as the local shear rate, reaction rate and patch area fraction are known.
Mechanical comparison of six loop fixation methods with monofilament nylon leader line

Summary Monofilament nylon leader line (MNL) is a popular prosthetic material used by veterinary surgeons for extra-capsular cranial cruciate ligament repair. Careful examination of MNL fixation methods has been reported, but a comprehensive comparison has not been done. This study evaluated three unpublished novel methods of MNL loop fixation [Harris wire tightener (knotter), Securos® crimp clamp system, self-locking knot] to traditional methods of MNL loop fixation (clamped square knot, sliding half hitch knot). Loops (27.3 kgt and 36.4 kgt) were distracted at 500 mm/min until failure by breaking or slipping. Ultimate force, elongation and stiffness were used for comparison of loop fixation methods. All of the loops failed by breaking within 3.0 mm of knot or clamp. The Harris knotter had significantly greater elongation than all other loops, except for the self-locking knot. The self-locking knot required the most force to failure; however, it was not superior if the doublestranded configuration was considered. If the mechanical properties of the knot method is considered in light of the subjective handling characteristics, the Securos® crimp clamp system had equivalent strength measurement for the 27.3 kgt MNL loops and was stronger than traditional methods using the 36.4 kgt MNL. The Securos® system recommends use of the larger diameter MNL and it allows a surgeon to overcome potential difficult handling characteristics previously encountered with knot formation and security.
A Simple Model for the Baroclinic Life Cycle of Meridionally Elongated Eddies in Uniform Shear.

Abstract A highly simplified model for the wave–mean flow interaction in a baroclinic wave life cycle is derived from the quasigeostrophic two-layer system. The simplification is based on a sheared disturbance embedded in a zonal mean flow with uniform vertical and meridional shear. This system, referred to as the uniform shear model, can only be justified in the limit of large meridional eddy elongation. However, the model captures well-known features of baroclinic wave life cycles. These include the excitation of a baroclinic growth and a barotropic decay phase where the zonal mean flow is effectively stabilized by the barotropic governor effect. This effect is a consequence of a nonlinear tilting instability where enstrophy is driven to decreasing scales while the kinetic energy is transformed into the zonal mean barotropic shear flow. A detailed examination of the uniform shear model reveals that the wave evolution depends sensitively on the initial barotropic shear, wave amplitude, and wave tilt. The.
Threshold estimation for stochastic differential equations with jumps

In recent years, the statistical inference for discretely observed jump processes is an important issue in finance and insurance. Due to the discreteness, it is unclear that an increment of neighboring data essentially comes from continuous or discontinuous shocks, which causes some difficulties for estimating unknowns in the underlying process. Threshold Estimationis one of the useful techniques to disentangle the continuous shocks and real jumps, where if an increment of data is smaller than a predetermined threshold, then we regard the increment does not include any jump. However, the choice of the threshold has optionality in practice, and the standard way has not been established yet. In this paper, we shall propose how to select some “optimal” thresholds from given data, and study the finite-sample performance by simulations.
The effects of interaction on the kinematics and abundance of AM 2229−735

This observational study is about the effects of interaction on the kinematics and chemical abundance of the component galaxies of AM 2229 − 735. This system is formed by a disc galaxy, NED01, and a compact perturbed Sb(s)-like galaxy, NED02, the latter showing a tail and counter-tail arc-shaped feature. This system could be a progenitor of a polar ring galaxy. The sky-projected tail is very luminous and seems to connect the galaxies. Our study was based on BVRI broad-band imagery as well as long-slit spectroscopy in the wavelength range 4240–8700 Å. We estimated heliocentric radial velocities of 17 518 ± 25 km s − 1 (NED01) and 17 326 ± 27 km s − 1 (NED02). Standard diagnostic diagrams were used to classify the main ionizing source of selected emission-line regions. It turns out that all regions are mainly ionized by massive stars. Using two empirical methods, we found that the H II regions in AM 2229 − 735 have high metallicity: 12 + log(O/H) = 8.3–8.6 dex.
Geometry of Roofs from the View Point of Graph Theory

Roofs discussed in this article are deflned as polyhedral surfaces on the basis of two assumptions: (1) all eaves of a roof form a planar (simply connected or k-connected) polygon called the base of the roof, (2) every hipped roof end makes the same angle with the (horizontal) plane which contains the base. Thus every roof, and equivalently the orthographic projection of this roof onto a plane, is uniquely deflned by its base. Namely, each ridge of a roof can be ob- tained as a line segment of the bisectrix of the angle formed by two appropriate edges of the base; if these axes are parallel, then the ridge is the axis of symmetry. Disregarding the metric properties of a roof, we can treat such roofs as planar graphs. Usually, i.e., if the vertices of the base of a given roof are in general po- sition, these are 3-regular graphs. For such graphs (with a simply connected or k-connected base of the roof) we formulate and prove a new Euler formula (Euler formula for regular roofs), and the so-called equations of a regular roof.
Mathematical Intuition, with Special Reference to Limiting Processes

paper we build on suggestions of Hebb and others as to how the brain functions and develop these ideas to give a description of mathematical intuition in cognitive terms. In the particular case of limiting processes we summarize various results which demonstrate the manner in which such processes can be naturally extrapolated to give intuitions of infinity quite different from cardinal infinity. In the choice of an appropriate terminology to describe the cognitive aspects I have been fortunate to be able to work with Dr S. Vinner and to develop a model of conceptual thinking including some of his ideas. This puts forward possible reasons why an individual can on different occasions have apparently conflicting intuitions and yet sense no cognitive conflict, yet on other occasions cognitive conflict can occur without any explicit reasons being apparent. The various intuitions of infinity are rich in such conflicts. In the first section of the paper I concentrate on cognitive ideas, introducing the formulation developed with Vinner in §2. Then there follows a section which briefly describes a formal notion of infinity quite different from cardinal infinity. In §4 we will consider various examples of infinite processes and indicate how conflicting intuitions of infinity can arise. All of these intuitions are natural extrapolations of certain parts of finite experience and some of them include a reciprocal idea of the infinitesimally small. The threads are drawn together in the final section when we review the general notion of intuition in the light of the particular examples described in the paper.
OPTIMAL SEQUENTIAL TESTS FOR TWO SIMPLE HYPOTHESES BASED ON INDEPENDENT OBSERVATIONS

In this work, we consider a general problem of testing two simple hypotheses about the distribution of a discrete-time stochastic process with in- dependent values. The structure of optimal sequential tests is characterized. As a criterion of optimization the average sample number under a third hypothesis is taken, which does not necessarily match one of the two hypotheses under consideration (a version of the modified Kiefer-Weiss problem). In the particular case of independent and identically distributed observa- tions, we describe the class of all sequential hypotheses tests which share the optimality property with the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), as well as characterize the class of optimal sequential tests in the modified Kiefer-Weiss problem. As an illustration of the general results, we characterize the structure of the optimal sequential tests for processes with independent values which are stationary beginning from some fixed time on.
Quantum Optics in Information and Control

The field of Quantum Optics has transitioned from the original study of the coherences of light, to its present day focus on the treatment of the interactions of matter with various quantum states of lights. This transition was spurred, in part, by the predicted potential of Quantum Information Processing protocols. These protocols take advantage of the coherent nature of quantum states and have been shown to be useful in numerous settings. However, the delicate nature of these coherences make scalability a real concern in realistic systems. Quantum Control is one particular tool to address this facet of Quantum Information Processing and has been used in experiments to great effect. In this thesis, we present our study of the use of Quantum Optics in Quantum Information and Quantum Control. We first introduce some results of InputOutput Theory, which is an elegant formalism to treat open quantum systems. Following which, we expound on work done in collaboration with colleagues from Brazil on a proposal for a loophole-free Bell test. This builds on the results derived using Input-Output theory and includes a semi-analytical formalism to perform the optimization of the Bell inequality. The treatment of this problem is then used to show that with existing optical cavity setups, one is able to produce the required states with a fidelity sufficient to violate a Bell inequality. Next, we present a description of an experiment to produce entangled photon pairs using four-wave mixing, done in collaboration with the experimental group in CQT. Finally, we present a study of quantum optimal control which highlights non-intuitive concepts of Optimal Control Theory.