Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Features across Subtypes of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) features across categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all patients were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination including disease assessment parameters and laboratory investigations. In addition, all children were examined by both grayscale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) MSUS images. Results: By MSUS, the number of joints with synovial effusion was 697 of a total 2400 examined joints (29%) and joints with synovial thickening counted 673 (28%). The number of joints with positive PD signals was 446 (18.6%). There was a significant difference among JIA subtypes as regards different MSUS features. Moreover, there was a discrepancy regarding synovial effusion (p = 0.018), hypertrophy scores (p = 0.013), and the total US severity score (p = 0.026). This divergence was attributed to the significant difference between systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and other categories. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of MSUS in JIA and its subtypes were calculated. Conclusion: MSUS is a highly sensitive method for detecting synovitis, tenosynovitis, and erosive bone disease, and it helps to make proper therapeutic decisions. There was a significant difference among JIA subtypes regarding MSUS features.
Local Community Composition Drives Avian Borrelia burgdorferi Infection and Tick Infestation

Globally, zoonotic vector-borne diseases are on the rise and understanding their complex transmission cycles is pertinent to mitigating disease risk. In North America, Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease and is caused by transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) from Ixodes spp. ticks to a diverse group of vertebrate hosts. Small mammal reservoir hosts are primarily responsible for maintenance of B. burgdorferi s.l. across the United States. Nevertheless, birds can also be parasitized by ticks and are capable of infection with B. burgdorferi s.l. but their role in B. burgdorferi s.l. transmission dynamics is understudied. Birds could be important in both the maintenance and spread of B. burgdorferi s.l. and ticks because of their high mobility and shared habitat with important mammalian reservoir hosts. This study aims to better understand the role of avian hosts in tick-borne zoonotic disease transmission cycles in the western United States. We surveyed birds, mammals, and ticks at nine sites in northern California for B. burgdorferi s.l. infection and collected data on other metrics of host community composition such as abundance and diversity of birds, small mammals, lizards, predators, and ticks. We found 22.8% of birds infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. and that the likelihood of avian B. burgdorferi s.l. infection was significantly associated with local host community composition and pathogen prevalence in California. Additionally, we found an average tick burden of 0.22 ticks per bird across all species. Predator and lizard abundances were significant predictors of avian tick infestation. These results indicate that birds are relevant hosts in the local B. burgdorferi s.l. transmission cycle in the western United States and quantifying their role in the spread and maintenance of Lyme disease requires further research.
Coupling Complementary Strategy to U-Net Based Convolution Neural Network for Detecting Lunar Impact Craters

Lunar crater detection plays an important role in lunar exploration, while machine learning (ML) exhibits promising advantages in the field. However, previous ML works almost all used a single type of lunar map, such as an elevation map (DEM) or orthographic projection map (WAC), to extract crater features; the two types of images have individual limitations on reflecting the crater features, which lead to insufficient feature information, in turn influencing the detection performance. To address this limitation, we, in this work, propose feature complementary of the two types of images and accordingly explore an advanced dual-path convolutional neural network (Dual-Path) based on a U-NET structure to effectively conduct feature integration. Dual-Path consists of a contracting path, bridging path, and expanding path. The contracting path separately extracts features from DEM and WAC images by means of two independent input branches, while the bridging layer integrates the two types of features by 1 × 1 convolution. Finally, the expanding path, coupled with the attention mechanism, further learns and optimizes the feature information. In addition, a special deep convolution block with a residual module is introduced to avoid network degradation and gradient disappearance. The ablation experiment and the comparison of four competitive models only using DEM features confirm that the feature complementary can effectively improve the detection performance and speed. Our model is further verified by different regions of the whole moon, exhibiting high robustness and potential in practical applications.
A Phylogeographical Analysis of the Beetle Pest Species Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) in China

Simple Summary Callosobruchus chinensis, a stored product pest, is difficult to control. In the study, the goal was to explore the causes of the demographic history, dispersal path and genetic variations underlying the spatial and temporal distribution of C. chinensis in China. The phylogeography of C. chinensis was analyzed by distribution modelling (SDM) under six periods and the least-cost path (LCP) based on combined mitochondrial DNA. Our data showed that the geographical isolation of the genetic lineages and the distribution range of C. chinensis were restricted by climate in different times. The landscape structure had influence on the genetic differentiation of C. chinensis. Although the migration ability of C. chinensis is limited, the development of transportation and trade is helping the insect spread, along with the beans of its host. Abstract Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera Bruchidae), is a pest of different varieties of legumes. In this paper, a phylogeographical analysis of C. chinensis was conducted to provide knowledge for the prevention and control of C. chinensis. A total of 224 concatenated mitochondrial sequences were obtained from 273 individuals. Suitable habitat shifts were predicted by the distribution modelling (SDM). Phylogeny, genetic structure and population demographic history were analyzed using multiple software. Finally, the least-cost path (LCP) method was used to identify possible dispersal corridors and genetic connectivity. The SDM results suggested that the distribution of C. chinensis experienced expansion and contraction with changing climate. Spatial distribution of mtDNA haplotypes showed there was partial continuity among different geographical populations of C. chinensis, except for the Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) population. Bayesian skyline plots showed that the population had a recent expansion during 0.0125 Ma and 0.025 Ma. The expansion and divergent events were traced back to Quaternary glaciations. The LCP method confirmed that there were no clear dispersal routes. Our findings indicated that climatic cycles of the Pleistocene glaciations, unsuitable climate and geographic isolation played important roles in the genetic differentiation of C. chinensis. Human activities weaken the genetic differentiation between populations. With the change in climate, the suitable areas of C. chinensis will disperse greatly in the future.
Procedural justice, neighbourhood context, and domestic violence reporting intention among subgroups of immigrants

ABSTRACT Although research shows immigrants are less likely to report crimes to the police than native-born individuals, few studies have examined domestic violence reporting behaviours among immigrant subgroups. Empirical studies have examined the role of procedural justice and neighbourhood factors on citizens’ satisfaction and willingness to cooperate with the police. However, these studies have often ignored immigrants’ willingness to report domestic violence in their neighbourhoods. To address the research gap in the crime reporting literature, this study uses a representative sample from a major US city with high concentrations of immigrants to examine whether there are differences in reporting domestic violence across various subgroups taking into account procedural justice and neighbourhood characteristics. We found that differences between subgroups of immigrants are reduced when procedural justice is included in the multilevel models. The study highlights the importance of procedural justice in understanding immigrants’ willingness to report domestic violence to the police.
Role of Threaded Tool Pin Profile and Rotational Speed on Generation of Defect Free Friction Stir AA 2014 Aluminium Alloy Welds

Influence of threads on tool pin and rotational speeds on defect occurrence in friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy AA 2014 T6 plates has been studied. The effect of FSW forces on the evolution of mechanistic defects, caused in turn through a variation in heat generation during the process has also been examined. In case of conical tool pin, relatively lower rotational speeds resulted in unbounded zones and micro defects while high speeds caused excessive flash, thereby resulting in surface defects and voids inside the weld. The FSW joints were defect-free at moderate speeds, hinting an optimum heat generation and flow. Reaction forces on the tool pin, in the welding direction, were correlated with the defect formation. Tools equipped with a threaded conical pin profile resulted in sound welds, irrespective of the tool rotational speeds in the entire range of 400 rpm - 2400 rpm. The threaded conical pin, with a relatively larger frictional area, may be contributing to higher levels of heat generation compared to a plain conical pin. Further, positive displacement of the hot plasticised material by the threads will carry away excess heat from the advancing-to-the-retracting side and simultaneously downwards, thus confining all heat within the weld zone.
CD73 and PD-L1 as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Gallbladder Cancer

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most common and aggressive biliary tract cancers with a dismal prognosis. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating a few selected immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as monotherapy for the treatment of GBC patients. However, only a subset of patients benefits from these treatments. To improve ICI therapy response, molecular mechanisms that confer resistance to immune checkpoint (IC) blockade needs to be explored. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program and cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated as key processes that confer ICI treatment resistance. However, in GBC the EMT-CSC-IC axis has not yet been clearly elucidated. This study aims to examine the aberrant expression of ICs associated with CSC and EMT. We successfully enriched CSCs by utilizing a 3-dimensional culture system and established a reversible EMT model with human GBC NOZ cell line. Notably, ICs CD73 and PD-L1 were closely associated with both CSC and EMT phenotypes. Knockdown of CD73 or PD-L1 reduced the proliferative and motile abilities of both adherent monolayers and anchorage-free spheroids. In conclusion, blocking CD73 and PD-L1 offer a promising therapeutic strategy for targeting highly aggressive populations with CSC and EMT phenotype to improve GBC patient prognosis.
Instagram Use and Body Dissatisfaction: The Mediating Role of Upward Social Comparison with Peers and Influencers among Young Females

Background: Instagram is one of the most popular social media platforms among young females. Idealized body images shared on the platform have been associated with lower levels of body satisfaction in this population, likely due to social comparison processes. In the present study, we tested a mediation model linking Instagram use (i.e., browsing through others’ profiles, commenting on others’ looks, posting one’s own photos or stories) to body dissatisfaction (i.e., body image discrepancy and lack of body appreciation), mediated by upward social comparison with close peers, distant peers, and social media influencers. Methods: We applied structural equation modeling to self-report cross-sectional data collected from 291 female adolescents and young women (Mage = 19.8, SD = 4.6; 94.8% Italian). Results: Our final model results show that browsing on Instagram was associated with lower levels of body appreciation, fully mediated by upward social comparison with social media influencers, not close or distant peers. Commenting on others’ looks and posting own content were not associated with body dissatisfaction. Being an adolescent female (compared to a young woman) and having a higher BMI were associated with worse body appreciation. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the need for public health interventions to raise awareness about the posting practices of social media influencers and to strengthen a positive body image among young females susceptible to social comparison processes.
Evaluation of preoperative predictive factors that determine difficult laparoscopic interval appendectomy

Background: Appendicitis is one of the most widely recognised causes of acute abdominal pain. A wide range of treatment from medical management using antibiotics to a minimal invasive surgery can be done for appendicitis. The usual classical open approach of appendectomy is time tested treatment. However laparoscopic appendectomy is being increasingly preferred these days over classical open approach in majority of patients suffering from appendicitis. This study was undertaken to evaluate preoperative data that can serve as predictors of difficult laparoscopic appendectomy and help in planning of surgery.Methods: This was a prospective observational study that was done at department of surgery, government medical college, Srinagar for a period of three years. A total of 50 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic interval appendectomy were enrolled in this study. Various preoperative factors such as age, gender, body mass index, history of recurrent episodes, history of previous surgery, ultrasonographic findings and a few investigation results were studied to find their association with the difficulty in performing laparoscopic appendectomy and results were tabulated and analysed.Results: This study found a significant relation between body mass index, history of previous surgery, history of multiple episodes, C reactive proteins and difficulty in doing a laparoscopic interval appendectomy. However, we didn’t find any significant relationship between age, gender, ultrasonographic findings, serum bilirubin, transaminase levels, WBC counts and difficult laparoscopic interval appendectomy.Conclusions: Knowledge of these positive factors for difficult laparoscopic appendectomy could help surgeons during pre-operative assessment and take necessary precautions during laparoscopic appendectomy.
PENELITIAN SIFAT FISIS DAN MEKANIS BAJA KARBON RENDAH AKIBAT PENGARUH PROSES PENGARBONAN DARI ARANG KAYU JATI

ABSTRAK Pada penelitian ini, proses pengarbonan (carburising) yang dilakukan adalah dengan menambahkan kandungan unsur karbon (C) ke dalam permukaan baja. Sumber karbon diperoleh dari arang kayu jati yang telah ditumbuk halus. Temperatur yang digunakan selama proses pengarbonan adalah 900°C, dengan variasi waktu penahanannya 2 jam, 4 jam, dan 6 jam. Setelah itu didinginkan dengan air (quench). Pembuatan benda uji dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sampel dan supaya memudahkan dalam pelaksanaan penelitian. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian struktur mikro, pengujian kekerasan dan pengujian impact.Pengujian kekerasan yang telah dilakukan terhadap material pengarbonan menghasilkan distribusi kekerasan dari permukaan menuju inti, untuk masing-masing waktu penahanan yang berbeda. Untuk waktu penahanan 2 jam mulai HVN 257,5 Kg/mm2 sampai 205,3 Kg/mm2 menuju inti ; 4 jam mulai HVN 273,1 Kg/mm2 sampai 204,4 Kg/mm2 menuju inti ; 6 jam mulai HVN 274,6 Kg/mm2 sampai 204,4 Kg/mm2 menuju inti.Hasil pengamatan foto struktur mikro melalui microscope olympus photomicrographic system dihasilkan foto struktur mikro untuk raw material dan carburising sama terdapat ferit dan perlit, untuk yang dikarburising struktur mikronya, yaitu ferit dan perlit. Semakin lama proses karburising, semakin banyak pula kandungan perlitnya yang mengakibatkan semakin tingginya tingkat kekerasan. Hasil pengujian impak menunjukkan rata-rata harga impak untuk spesimen raw material = 0,350 J/mm, waktu penahanan 2 jam = 1,013 J/mm , spesimen waktu penahanan 4 jam = 0,600 J/mm, spesimen waktu penahanan 6 jam = 1,590 J/mm.
Rational use of medicines among resident doctors: A cross-sectional study

Background: Irrational use of prescribing medicines is on the rise due to many factors. The Resident doctors are exposed to variety of prescribing patterns in their daily clinical practice. Aim and Objectives: The study was planned to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of rational use of medicine among Resident doctors in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among Resident doctors at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Permission was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The participants were explained about the study and consent was taken. Identity of the residents was kept confidential. Questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Rational Use of Medicines (RUM). The data were recorded and analyzed, and the results are explained in frequency and percentage. Results: About 98% were aware about the term RUM and 96% practiced it, only 9% had National List of Essential Medicines of India available at their work place and 68% were able to correctly name the parts of the prescription slip. 88% respondents were aware about Essential Medicines (EM) and 86% prescribed them. Conclusion: In our study, majority of the Resident doctors were aware about EM and their importance. However, the level of understanding related to P-drug concept and existence of Essential Medicine List was limited. Thus, it is necessary to implement institutional guidelines to achieve more appropriate prescribing patterns, to promote prescription based on the list of EM.
Substance abuse among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates.

Background Drug abuse is a global challenge with harmful effects on health, wealth and wellbeing of nations. University students report more habitual use of marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens and illicit drugs than noncollege students report. Aims To identify the prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol and drug abuse and to identify some factors associated with drug abuse. Methods A cross-sectional study recruiting 2552 students from all faculties hosted by Kafr El-Sheikh University during the academic year 2018-2019. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Results The prevalence of current drug abuse was 8.9% for cigarette smoking, followed by tranquilizers (4.3%), hashish (3.6%), alcohol (2.7%), bhang (1.4%) and tramadol (1.0%). Men reported significantly greater use of cigarettes, alcohol, tramadol, hashish and bhang than women. Students of practical colleges were found to smoke cigarettes and abuse hashish significantly more than their peers in other colleges. Risk factors associated with drug abuse were mainly related to gender and college type. Conclusion There is a need to design and implement programmes to raise awareness and provide supportive services for prevention and management of drug abuse among university students tailored according to their needs.
Algorithm Design for a Cytokine Release Assay of Antigen-Specific In Vitro Stimuli of Circulating Leukocytes to Classify Leprosy Patients and Household Contacts

Abstract Background Immunological biomarkers have often been used as a complementary approach to support clinical diagnosis in several infectious diseases. The lack of commercially available laboratory tests for conclusive early diagnosis of leprosy has motivated the search for novel methods for accurate diagnosis. In the present study, we describe an integrated analysis of a cytokine release assay using a machine learning approach to create a decision tree algorithm. This algorithm was used to classify leprosy clinical forms and monitor household contacts. Methods A model of Mycobacterium leprae antigen-specific in vitro assay with subsequent cytokine measurements by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-γ, interleukin 4, and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in culture supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with leprosy, healthy controls, and household contacts. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was carried out to define each cytokine’s global accuracy and performance indices to identify clinical subgroups. Results Data demonstrated that TNF (control culture [CC]: AUC = 0.72; antigen-stimulated culture [Ml]: AUC = 0.80) and IL-10 (CC: AUC = 0.77; Ml: AUC = 0.71) were the most accurate biomarkers to classify subgroups of household contacts and patients with leprosy, respectively. Decision tree classifier algorithms for TNF analysis categorized subgroups of household contacts according to the operational classification with moderate accuracy (CC: 79% [48/61]; Ml: 84% [51/61]). Additionally, IL-10 analysis categorized leprosy patients’ subgroups with moderate accuracy (CC: 73% [22/30] and Ml: 70% [21/30]). Conclusions Together, our findings demonstrated that a cytokine release assay is a promising method to complement clinical diagnosis, ultimately contributing to effective control of the disease.
Steric height trends at Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract We estimate secular changes in steric sea level in the northeast Pacific Ocean using the 27‐year time series of monthly hydrographic observations for Station PAPA (50°N, 145°W). Linear trends based on the entire data record suggest that steric heights relative to 1000 db are increasing at a rate of 0.93 mm/yr and that 67% of this increase is due to thermosteric changes at depths below 100 m; the smaller halosteric contribution to the steric trend appears to be confined to the upper 100 m. A trend of 0(1 mm/yr) is consistent with estimates of sea level rise based on coastal tide gauge records. However, a critical examination of the results indicates that sea level changes of such small magnitude would be masked by the large (1–10 cm) interannual variability of open ocean steric height. This is verified by recalculation of trends using abridged versions of the data set. We conclude that our trend estimates are still open to question and that the present 27‐year time series is too short to permit ac.