Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causes of early motherhood, consequences and prevention strategies: The case of early pregnant teenagers

This paper examined root causes of early pregnant teenagers under 19 years old. We selected 30 young girls from 3 districts of the southern Rwanda, who have been pregnant between 2018, 2019 and 2020. We decided to use ―life story telling‖ methods whose analysis led us to the surprising major findings like the fact that more than 70% of our sample got pregnancy after the school abandon, 80% did not have any or false information on the sexual education and 90% of men pregnancy responsible are under 23 years old and are single. The findings showed also that more than 70% of the samples have no both parents. The findings established that negative influences from peers and environment, care free attitude of parents among others were factors that pre-dispose the girl-child to early motherhood. Also the effects include disruption of academic process, school drop-outs and poor public image. It was therefore, recommended that schools and homes should be more protective and shields the girl-child from negative influences. Education of the girl-child should be free and compulsory to enable teenage mothers go back to school after nursing her baby as many would love to do but for financial constraints The findings showed also that more than 70% of the sample have no both parents.
Theoretical calculation of plasmonic enhancement of silver nanosphere, nanocube, and nanorod embedded in organic solar cells

ABSTRACT Due to organic solar cells having metallic nanoparticle such as silver (Ag) nanoparticles incorporated into active layer exhibit significant improvement in device efficiency compared with the reference device. Therefore, the basic of optical effected, scattering and absorption efficiencies, of silver nanoparticle in different morphologies (nanosphere, nanocube and nanorod) were investigated by using Discrete Dipole Approximation. The observed silver NPs spectra showed strong interaction with electromagnetic field due to the excitation of localized surface plasmons resonance (LSPR). By varying nanosphere diameter from 10 to 50 nm, the spectra showed that the resonance peaks appeared within the interval wavelength of 400 to 600 nm. Also, the resonance peaks were shifted to longer wavelength and broadening. Silver nanocube with the side length in the range 44.20–25.21 nm, the spectra were gradually shifted to longer wavelength as the dimension increase. Moreover, the two resonance peaks were found at the wavelength around 360–380 nm and 430–470 nm. The spectra of 5 silver nanorods, which nanorod axis was aligned perpendicular with the propagation direction of light and parallel to the polarization of electric field, exhibited two resonance peaks in each dimension. The main peak appeared within the wavelength range from 600 to 900 nm. The shifting peaks were also observed for varying the dimensions of nanorod.
Variability of nitrogen oxide emission fluxes and lifetimes estimated from Sentinel-5P TROPOMI observations

Abstract. Satellite observations of the high-resolution instrument TROPOMI on Sentinel-5 Precursor can be used to observe nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at city scales, to quantify short time variability of NOx emissions and lifetime on a seasonal and daily basis. In this study, two years of TROPOMI NO2 data, having a spatial resolution of 3.5 km x 5.5 km, together with ECMWF ERA5 wind data have been analyzed. NOx lifetimes and emission fluxes are calculated for 45 different NOx sources comprising cities and power plants, distributed around the world. The retrieved emissions are lower than the bottom-up emission inventories from EDGAR v5.0 but are in good agreement with other TROPOMI based estimates. Separation into seasons shows a clear seasonal dependence of emissions with in general the highest emissions during winter, except for cities in hot dessert climates, where the opposite is found. The NOx lifetime shows a systematic latitudinal dependence with an increase in lifetime from two to eight hours with latitude but only a weak seasonal dependence. For most of the 45 sources, a clear weekly pattern of emissions is found with weekend-to-week day ratios of up to 0.5, but with a high variability for the different locations. During the Covid-19 lockdown period in 2020 strong reductions in the NOx emissions were observed for New Delhi, Buenos Aires and Madrid.
Lowcost bio-sorbent 'maize bran' for the removal of cadmium from wastewater

A novel biosorbent maize bran has been successfully utilised for the removal of cadmium(II) from wastewater. The maximum removal of cadmium(n) has been found to be 94.5% at pH 8.6, initial Cd" concentration 1.25 mg L - 1 and temperature 20°C. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, adsorbate concentration, pH of the medium and temperature have been investigated. Dynamics of the sorption process were studied and the values of rate constant of adsorption, rate constant of intraparticle diffusion and mass transfer coefficient were calculated. Various thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG o , ΔH o and ΔS o have also been evaluated and critically discussed. It has been concluded that the reaction was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The applicability of Langmuir isotherm suggests the formation of monolayer coverage of the adsorbate on the surface of adsorbents.
Broken Scale Invariance, Gravity Mass, and Dark Energy inModified Einstein Gravity with Two Measure Finsler like Variables

We study new classes of generic off-diagonal and diagonal cosmological solutions for effective Einstein equations in modified gravity theories (MGTs), with modified dispersion relations (MDRs), and encoding possible violations of (local) Lorentz invariance (LIVs). Such MGTs are constructed for actions and Lagrange densities with two non-Riemannian volume forms (similar to two measure theories (TMTs)) and associated bimetric and/or biconnection geometric structures. For conventional nonholonomic 2 + 2 splitting, we can always describe such models in Finsler-like variables, which is important for elaborating geometric methods of constructing exact and parametric solutions. Examples of such Finsler two-measure formulations of general relativity (GR) and MGTs are considered for Lorentz manifolds and their (co) tangent bundles and abbreviated as FTMT. Generic off-diagonal metrics solving gravitational field equations in FTMTs are determined by generating functions, effective sources and integration constants, and characterized by nonholonomic frame torsion effects. By restricting the class of integration functions, we can extract torsionless and/or diagonal configurations and model emergent cosmological theories with square scalar curvature, R2, when the global Weyl-scale symmetry is broken via nonlinear dynamical interactions with nonholonomic constraints. In the physical Einstein–Finsler frame, the constructions involve: (i) nonlinear re-parametrization symmetries of the generating functions and effective sources; (ii) effective potentials for the scalar field with possible two flat regions, which allows for a unified description of locally anisotropic and/or isotropic early universe inflation related to acceleration cosmology and dark energy; (iii) there are “emergent universes” described by off-diagonal and diagonal solutions for certain nonholonomic phases and parametric cosmological evolution resulting in various inflationary phases; (iv) we can reproduce massive gravity effects in two-measure theories. Finally, we study a reconstructing procedure for reproducing off-diagonal FTMT and massive gravity cosmological models as effective Einstein gravity or Einstein–Finsler theories.
Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Socio-Economic Situation in Africa

This article assesses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social and economic situation in Africa. The data used in this paper was generated from online survey questionnaire, in which the participants were asked questions about how COVID-19 has affected their socio-economic lives. The questionnaire was designed to help Africa to understand COVID-19 impacts. The results reveal that COVID-19 affected Africa in the following ways: 1) 51.6% responded that coronavirus affected their job search; 2) over the past three months, 47.1% of the respondents said their private financial situation remained unchanged; 3) 61% did not trust the existence of COVID-19; 5) according to this online survey administered using Google form, 51.8% of the respondents said the services sectors are the most impacted sectors, followed by industrial sector, 31.3%, and agriculture is least affected sector at 8.4%. Policy implication is that it has serious impacts on socio-economics interactions.
Ethics of Communication as an Important Component of Teacher Self-Branding in the Settings of the Digital Environment

The purpose of the study was to identify how the Personal Branding Marathon with the involvement of the Ethics Supervisory Committee could influence the teacher self-branding in the settings of the digital environment if the ethics of communication is given paramount importance. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods such as a semi-structured indepth interview, a self-assessment checklist, and an expert assessment checklist. The Triangular Assessment Method was used to obtain participants’ judgments about the importance of every specified component of the self-branding viewed from their perspective in terms of implementation. The yielded data were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. 0.1. Software. The novelty of the study lies in the way the teacher self-branding was organised and delivered. The Marathon created a community of individuals with similar needs and the environment facilitated and assisted by the experts to put the teachers in the ‘point of no return’ situation. The Marathon with the involvement of the Ethics Supervisory Committee was found to positively influence the teacher self-branding in the settings of the digital environment if the ethics of communication is given paramount importance. The intervention raised the teachers’ awareness of self-branding, enhanced/upgraded the tools and strategies of self-branding, and improved their communication and communication ethics, particularly. The teachers became more professionally advantaged, selfefficient, and confident as individuals. The intervention was found to help the teachers built-up a strong self-brand on the Internet and at the workplace. They also improved their communication skills in terms of ethics as the participants were assisted by the communication expert.
Evaluation of the Effect of Low Soil Temperature Stress on the Land Surface Energy Fluxes Simulation in the Site and Global Offline Experiments

The root water uptake (RWU) rate of plants is influenced by various environmental factors. Low soil temperature stress can reduce RWU rate by inhibiting the growth of plant roots and increasing the hydraulic resistance of water transport among the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum. Given that low soil temperature stress is not accounted for in current land surface models (LSMs); in this study, we introduce three functions to represent low soil temperature stress, and modify the RWU scheme of the Common Land Model to quantify the role of low soil temperature stress on water and energy exchange between land and atmosphere. The simulated water and energy fluxes are evaluated using both in situ and global observational data sets. The results from in situ simulations show that ignoring effects of low soil temperature stress, latent, and sensible heat fluxes in spring are overestimated and underestimated, respectively, with the root mean square error up to 40 W/m2. By incorporating the low soil temperature stress functions into the RWU scheme, nearly 40% of the simulated errors are reduced. The global simulated results also highlight the importance of accounting for low soil temperature stress on increasing the accuracy of the modeled latent heat flux over high latitude areas. While uncertainties from related physical processes and parameters warrant further investigations, our results indicate that consideration of low soil temperature stress significantly affects water and energy transport from land to atmosphere by restricting RWU rate, emphasizing the need to integrate it in LSMs to increase the model reliability, especially over cold regions.
Hydrate nucleation kinetics and statistical analysis of experimental data

The effect on accuracy of reducing the number of experiments in the series has been investigated on isochoric, constant temperature nucleation experiments. In addition, data from two other nucleation studies have been analyzed. The experiments were conducted in two autoclave high pressure cells with similar construction but different overall dimensions. Two different gas mixtures were used: SNG-2 and SNG-7. Experimental conditions such as pressure (90 bar) and cooling rate (6.0 °C/h) were kept constant for all the experiments. Three experimental series at different temperatures have been conducted on each cell, which allowed estimation of activation energy of gas hydrate nucleation by means of the Arrhenius equation through the Arrhenius plot. The radius of the critical size nuclei was determined once the activation energy was estimated. Two different techniques were utilized in order to estimate nucleation rate of hydrate nucleation, namely a best-fit method included in the graphical program tool KaleidaGraph® and penalized Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) for two-parameter exponential distribution. Two maximum deviation levels of 20% and 30% from estimated value obtained with the maximum number of parallels included were set as test criteria evaluating the minimum number of parallels required to determine particular parameter. Based on the results of statistical analysis of the experimental data in the present study the minimum number of experiments to obtain a representative value of nucleation rate estimate can be proposed to be not less than several tens to provide accuracy within 20-30%. To make some conclusions about the exact number, analysis of a series with more parallels is required. For the conducted experiments acceptable accuracies were obtained for estimation of nuclei size even though the number of parallels was reduced to 6 for the large cell experiments. However, there was not found clear relationship between number of parallels and fit of Ln J as function of 1/T to a straight line. The set accuracy limit that determines maximum acceptable deviation in a parameter estimate showed great influence on the required number of parallels.
Defect-nucleated phase transition in atomically-thin WS2

Precise control of phase transitions in polymorphic 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is expected to play a key role in modern intelligent devices. However, an atomic-scale understanding and thus control of the phase transitions in the atomically-thin TMDs have not been reached, especially in some metastable phases. Here, in metastable monolayer 1T′ WS2, we demonstrate the dynamics of a phase transition nucleated from atomic defects by the means of time-resolved annular dark-field imaging and atomic-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It is found that the atomic and electronic structure of the 1T′ phase is inhomogeneous, which is decided by zone-dependent W–S bond strengths due to a Peierls-like structure distortion. Meanwhile, the W–S bonding is flexible to allow large nonequilibrium atom shifts for phase transition. Thus, just a few atomic defects can stabilize the atomic-scale nucleus of the new phase to initialize the phase transition from 1T′ to 1H locally. Our finding reveals the possibility of controlling the phase transitions in 2D materials by defect engineering.
Predictive Effect of Adolescents' Body Cathexis on General Self-efficacy and The Use of Instagram

This research aims to investigate whether adolescents' body-cathexis predicted general self-efficacy by using Instagram. The study employs correlational research model and was conducted with a total of 790 students, including 503 women and 207 men. Body-Cathexis Scale and General Self-efficacy Scale were used to collect data. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and item analysis (item total correlation and Cronbach Alpha) were conducted for the reliability and validity of the scales. Data were analysed utilizing Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. The findings show that initiating and resilience sub-scales of the general self-efficacy scores are at a good level. Persuasion subscale is at medium level and the participants have positive body-cathexis. The relationship between adolescents' body-cathexis and general self-efficacy was positive and body-cathexis and the use of Instagram together explained 12% of the change in general self-efficacy. Accordingly, while body-cathexis has a positive and significant effect on general self-efficacy, the use of Instagram has no significant effect on general self-efficacy alone. According to the hierarchical regression analysis, the use of Instagram has no moderator role in the relationship between body-cathexis and general self-efficacy. As a result, it is important for adolescents to develop the body-cathexis and general for personality, self-confidence as well as to cope with negative emotions.
Características das soluções drenadas na recuperação de solos salino-sódicos com lixiviações parceladas

The characteristics ofsolutions drained from soil columns in response to parcelled leaching requirements, were studied in four saline sodic materials. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Vicosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the period March to September, 1991. The PVC columns, 15 cm diameter and 50 cm length, were filled to 45 cm. A quantity of the corrective agent, gypsum, equivalent to 100% of need for the total amount of soil in the column, was mixed with the top 15 cm layer Six leachings were performed, with 22 days intervals, using half the pore volume ofa CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 solution. The electrical conductivity diminished with leachings, showing that most soluble salts, mainly sodic salts, were leached out with the application of a pore volume solution. Intermediate leachings evidenced calcium and magnesium adsorption by the exchange complex. In the final leachings, the pronounced decrease in soluble salts concentration promoted gypsum dissolution. The application of a fractionated one pore volume leaching solution was sufficient to resolve salinity problems in the studied soils. However the reduction of exchangeable sodium percentage requires a careful dosage of the corrective agent and leaching requirement.
Maggot Therapy in Chronic Wounds: New Approaches to Historical Practices

Abstract Blowfly larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are well established as debridement agents in nonhealing wounds. Maggot therapy (MT) experienced reduced application following adoption of Penicillin and other antibiotics, but the advent of antibiotic resistance and the growing global wound burden have boosted demand for new therapies. The mechanisms of action are well accepted, with debridement, disinfection, biofilm destruction, and inhibition, as well as the stimulation of tissue growth uniformly acknowledged as a remarkable biotherapy. The mechanisms of action, while well-recognized, are still being examined. The efforts to understand isolated aspects of a complex system, have resulted in a tendency to approach the field from simplified viewpoints that remove the holistic system of the larvae. Furthermore, clinical studies have conflated wound debridement and healing in definitions of ‘success'. Thus, both in vitro and clinical studies have reported mixed results, presenting some uncertainty regarding the utility of MT that prohibits routine clinical adoption. This review builds from the generally accepted basic mechanisms to justify a future for MT that encompasses larval-bacterial symbioses as the basis to a holistic system. Symbioses are well documented in the Insecta, and literature in MT supports the existence of established symbiotic associations that provide enhanced debridement action. The future of MT requires consideration of a biological system that confers enhanced antimicrobial action on larvae when selective pre-exposure to carefully selected symbionts is adopted. In treating contemporary infections, there is much to be gained from reflecting on the natural biology of the organism, as MT was used with success long before we sterilized the system.
Can Anthropographics Promote Prosociality?A Review and Large-Sample Study

Visualizations designed to make readers compassionate with the persons whose data is represented have been called anthropographics and are commonly employed by practitioners. Empirical studies have recently examined whether anthropographics indeed promote empathy, compassion, or the likelihood of prosocial behavior, but findings have been inconclusive so far. This work contributes a detailed overview of past experiments, and two new experiments that use large samples and a combination of design strategies to maximize the possibility of finding an effect. We tested an information-rich anthropographic against a simple bar chart, asking participants to allocate hypothetical money in a crowdsourcing study. We found that the anthropographic had, at best, a small effect on money allocation. Such a small effect may be relevant for large-scale donation campaigns, but the large sample sizes required to observe an effect and the noise involved in measuring it make it very difficult to study in more depth. Data and code are available at https://osf.io/xqae2/.
Utilization of slurry and mushroom baglog to improve growth and yield on strawberry on degraded volcanic soils

Utilization of slurry under the combination with mushroom baglog could be used a potential source for replacing nitrogen fertilizer and improve soil fertility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the different combination and the level of slurry application combining with mushroom baglog on total soil nitrogen and organic contents, total soil bacteria and fungi, along with the improvement of growth and yield of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). The experiment used a complete randomized design with five treatments and five replications. The treatments were A1 (100% inorganic fertilizer application as control), A2 (50% composted slurry and mushroom baglog + 50% in-organic fertilizer), A3 (100% composted slurry and mushroom baglog), A4 (150% composted slurry and mushroom baglog), A5 (50% composted slurry and mushroom baglog + 50% in-organic fertilizer), A6 (100% fresh slurry (uncomposted)), and A7 (150% uncomposted fresh slurry). Results showed that the treatments significantly affected total soil nitrogen, total soil bacteria and fungi, along with the growth and yield of strawberry. The A6 treatment which used 100% uncomposted fresh slurry, showed the highest total nitrogen in the soil (0.23%) and total population of bacteria (7.1 log CFU/g) and the greatest number of strawberry stolons. In term of the number of leaves and total soil fungi, the A3 treatment was the greatest, resulted in number of leaves and total soil fungi at 19.7 per plant and 4.8 log cfu/g x 104. However, the best yield was obtained from the A7 treatment (150% of fresh slurry) at 15.1 kg/ha.
The Real Effects of Banks' Corporate Credit Supply: A Literature Review

In this paper, we review the rapidly growing literature on the real effects of banks’corporate credit supply. We cover recent methodological advances and provide anin-depth survey of the existing evidence. The literature consistently shows that creditsupply contractions lead to adverse real outcomes, but economic magnitudes vary acrosssamples and identification strategies. This variation has become smaller in more recentwork, using highly granular data. We further document heterogeneity in firm outcomesand show that the evidence is more ambiguous for expansionary shocks. Our analysisallows us to identify current knowledge gaps and worthwhile avenues for future research.