Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurohormonal regulation of feed intake and response to nutrients in fish: aspects of feeding rhythm and stress.

The regulation of feed intake is very complex and involves interaction among the circadian and homeostatic control systems within the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract and the environment. The hypothalamus, which receives, integrates and transmits relevant internal and external signals, is recognized as the primary centre of regulation of feed intake. The neuroendocrine factors that originate from the hypothalamus either stimulate or inhibit feed intake so that nutritional demands of the organism can be ful¢lled and energy balance can be achieved. Appetite regulation is a physiological mechanism in which a variety of neurohormones interact and ¢sh show diierent feeding behaviour (e.g. diurnal, nocturnal). This complicated system is very sensitive to any disturbance. Fish in farms and ¢sh in a natural environment are equipped with the same combination of neurohormones to regulate feed intake, but they meet diierent challenges, particularly with regard to the type of feed and feeding schedule. In this review, the neurohormonal regulation of feed intake is analysed in ¢sh in terms of entrainment of their circadian feeding rhythms and while exposed to diierent stressors in captivity.
History and Current Status of Psychotherapy Case Formulation

Recognition of the central role that case formulation plays in psychotherapy planning and intervention has increased since the first edition of this handbook. Evidence for this claim includes the publication of several books that focus exclusively or primarily on case formulation, including those by Bruch and Bond (1998), Horowitz (1997, 2005), Hersen and Porzelius (2002), Meier (2003), Needleman (1999), and Nezu, Nezu, and Lombardo (2004), as well as the publication of several books on methods of psychotherapy that include chapters on formulation as a key step in the method (e.g., Benjamin, 2003; Binder, 2004; Silberschatz, 2005). In addition, significant research and methodological/theoretical articles on the topic of case formulation have been published (Bieling & Kuyken, 2003; Eells, Lombart, Kendjelic, Turner, & Lucas, 2005; Caspar, Berger, & Hautle, 2004; Eells & Lombart, 2003; Tarrier & Calam, 2002; Westmeyer, 2003), and two peerreviewed journals focusing on case presentations and review have started (Fishman, 2000; Hersen, 2002). Both involve the presentation of cases in a standard format that includes a section on case formulation. With these developments in mind, my task in this chapter is to trace the history of the concept of formulation in psychotherapy. My primary goal is to provide a context in which to better understand the chapters on specific case formulation methods that follow. I begin with a working definition and then review major historical and contemporary influences on the form and content of a psychotherapy case formulation. Next, I propose five tensions that influence the psychotherapy case formulation process. Finally,
REEXAMINATION OF WOOD ANATOMICAL FEATURES IN PINUS KREMPFII (PINACEAE)

SUMMARY Wood anatomy of Pinus krempfii Lecomte, a pine endemic to Vietnam, is described using twig and mature wood collections made in 1995. Characteristics of Pinus krempfii wood include axial and radial resin canals with 6–8 thin-walled epithelial cells; latewood tracheids with tangential wall pitting; lignified ray parenchyma with 2–5 pinoid pits per cross-field; and few to no ray tracheids. Longitudinal tracheid di ameter and ray height are smaller in the twig wood than in the mature wood. These features, especially the near absence of ray tracheids, suggest a relationship with Pinus subgenus Strobus section Parrya subsection Balfourianae, which includes P. aristata Engelm. and P. longaeva D. Bailey.
Gender-Specific Personality Traits and Their Effects on the Gender Wage Gap: A Correlated Random Effects Approach using SOEP Data

Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this article examines whether gender wage differentials occur due to differences in prototypical personality traits of women and men and provides the first application of a gender wage gap decomposition on the basis of a correlated random effects model. Main results show that agreeableness and openness are the most important personality traits in explaining wages and wage differentials. Openness has a positive effect and agreeableness has a negative effect on earnings for men, while the opposite effects are found for women. Concerning the gender wage gap, analyses show that although gender differences in openness and agreeableness explain small parts of the gap, gender differences in the returns of agreeableness and openness are larger.
Review. Supporting problem structuring with computer-based tools in participatory forest planning

Aim of study: This review presents the state-of-art of using computerized techniques for problem structuring (PS) in participatory forest planning. Frequency and modes of using different computerized tool types and their contribution for planning processes as well as critical observations are described, followed by recommendations on how to better integrate PS with the use of forest decision support systems. Area of study: The reviewed research cases are from Asia, Europe, North-America, Africa and Australia. Material and methods: Via Scopus search and screening of abstracts, 32 research articles from years 2002-2011 were selected for review. Explicit and implicit evidence of using computerized tools for PS was recorded and assessed with content-driven qualitative analysis. Main results: GIS and forest-specific simulation tools were the most prevalent software types whereas cognitive modelling software and spreadsheet and calculation tools were less frequently used, followed by multi-criteria and interactive tools. The typical use type was to provide outputs of simulation‐optimization or spatial analysis to negotiation situations or to compile summaries or illustrations afterwards; using software during group negotiation to foster interaction was observed only in a few cases. Research highlights: Expertise in both decision support systems and group learning is needed to better integrate PS and computerized decision analysis. From the knowledge management perspective, it is recommended to consider how the results of PS —e.g. conceptual models— could be stored into a problem perception database, and how PS and
IT Competency in Accounting: A Conceptual Study

Information technology (IT) has inspired new ways of doing business and changed the way data is gathered, prepared, stored and disseminated within organisations and business stakeholders. The role of accounting practitioners is also influenced by the elements of technology where IT has become an essential element of the day-to-day accounting process. Therefore, competency in using IT among accounting practitioners to perform their tasks is vital. The main purpose of this research is to review the relevant literature on the concept of IT competency and the importance of such competency for accounting practitioners. This study culminates with opportunities for future research work, particularly in IT skills and competencies development.
Investigations into the phylogenetic position of Micrognathozoa using four molecular loci

Micrognathozoa is the most recently discovered higher metazoan lineage. The sole known species of the group, Limnognathia maerski, was originally reported from running freshwater in Disko Island (Greenland), and has recently been recorded from the subantarctic region. Because of the presence of a particular type of jaws formed of special cuticularized rods, similar to those of gnathostomulids and rotifers, the three metazoan lineages were considered closely related, and assigned to the clade Gnathifera. A phylogenetic comparison of four molecular loci for Limnognathia maerski and other newly generated sequences of mainly acoelomate animals showed that Micrognathozoa may constitute an independent lineage from those of Gnathostomulida and Rotifera. However, the exact position of Micrognathozoa could not be determined due to the lack of support for any given relationships and due to the lack of stability in the position of Limnognathia maerski under analysis of different loci and of different parameter sets for sequence comparison. Nuclear loci tend to place Micrognathozoa with the syndermatan/cycliophoran taxa, but the addition of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I favors a relationship of Micrognathozoa to Entoprocta.
Intercohort competition effects on survival, movement, and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Swedish streams

The effects of density-dependent intercohort competition on growth and mortality in stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) were tested by experimentally reducing the densities of age-1 fish and fish older than age 1 in six small streams. When densities of age-1 fish were reduced, abundance of age-0 and age-1 fish increased the following year, while age-1 fish experienced a reduced mean size. Reduced densities of fish older than age 1 resulted in increased apparent survival of age-0, age-1, and age-2 fish in the subsequent year. Mean size of age-2 fish increased as well. Many older immigrants (age >2) were found in the treatment sections where densities previously had been reduced. Data from the Swedish Electrofishing RegiSter (SERS) showed that mean body size of age-0 brown trout was negatively related to both age-0 and age >0 densities. The database also verified the inverse relationship between age-0 abundance and abundance of older cohorts. Our results indicate that intercohort competition regulate.
Response of Wolves to Experimental Disturbance at Homesites

Abstract Events during the denning period (parturition to first autumn) often determine the reproductive success of wolves (Canis lupus). Consequently, there is concern about the potential adverse effects of human-caused disturbance at wolf den and rendezvous sites (homesites), but relatively little information on this subject is available. We conducted standardized experimental disturbance treatments at 12 unique wolf homesites in the Northwest Territories, Canada, during summers 2002 and 2003. The treatment consisted of an intruder approaching a homesite once per day for 3 consecutive days and recording behavioral responses, response distance, and response intensity of wolves. We counted pups and estimated their ages prior to the initial treatment at each site. Adult wolves moved pups at 3 of 6 treated homesites in each year. The amount and type of known human activity within a pack's home range did not influence whether adults moved pups in response to the treatment. The response intensity of wolves to the treatment was inversely related to the amount of human activity near a homesite. There was no relationship between the distance at which wolves responded to the intruder and the amount or type of human activity. There was a positive relationship between increasing age of pups and their relocation in response to the treatment. Reproductive success was not influenced by the treatment or by the amount and type of human activity. Treated sites were used by wolves the following year in the same proportion as untreated sites. It appears that pups are most vulnerable early in the year when less mobile; therefore, managers should consider age of pups before human activity at or near wolf homesites occurs.
Adaptive superparasitism and patch time allocation in solitary parasitoids: an ESS model.

1. The adaptive value of superparasitism (oviposition in a previously parasitized host) when solitary parasitoids deplete a patch simultaneously is investigated, using a deterministic game theoretical model in which encounter rates with host types, which differ in the number of parasitoid eggs they contain, change over time due to depletion. 2. Parasitoids should never superparasitize when they search a patch alone. 3. When parasitoids search in the presence of conspecifics, the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is to reject parasitized hosts at first but later, after a threshold has been reached, to accept them. Different thresholds exist for hosts containing different numbers of eggs. 4. The thresholds are expressed in gross rate of offspring gain. 5. With an increasing number of parasitoids per patch, females should begin to superparasitize at higher rates of gain. 6. The gross rate of gain at which a parasitoid leaves the patch (the leaving threshold) influences the threshold rate at which they should begin to superparasitize. Patch time allocation and host acceptance decisions are interdependent. 7. Both the handling time and the pay-off from an egg laid in a parasitized host strongly influence the threshold rate at which parasitoids should begin to superparasitize. This threshold is only weakly influenced by the number of hosts in the patch. 8. The model predicts that patch time per female and degree of superparasitism are influenced by the number of females in a patch. 9. The total number of offspring gained per unit time in the patch decreases with the number of females, even when the patch area per female and the number of hosts per female are kept constant; thus, superparasitism leads to interference. 10. Experimental evidence is in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the model.
INFORMAL SECTOR MISALLOCATION

A quantitative framework of firm dynamics is developed where the size of the informal sector is determined by financial constraints and the burden of taxation. Improving access to credit for formal sector firms increases aggregate total factor productivity and output while reducing the size of the informal sector. Introducing size-dependent taxes reduces the gains from financial development as they incentivize firms to produce at a relatively limited scale. The aggregate effects of eliminating formal sector registration costs are positive but modest relative to previous theoretical models and the gains generated by financial development, and consistent with empirical evidence based on micro-level data.
Salinity Tolerance of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) with Reference to Endogenous and Exogenous Abscisic Acid

Experiments conducted in a phytotron on three rice varieties of different salinity tolerance revealed an increase in the content of endogenous abscisic acid (CBC) with increasing NaCl salinity in IR20 (semi salt-tolerant), but in Pokkali (salt-tolerant) and IR28 (salt-sensitive) the increase in CBC content was marginal. Under salinity stress, in general, 5 weekly spravings of CBC (10 -4 mol L -1 ) decreased Na and K concentrations in the shoot to the extent of 29.5% and 3.3%, respectively. However, CBC application significantly improved the K/Na ratio as well as the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd, indicator for potential photosynthetic activity), the number of green leaves per plant and the shoot dry weight. The response of IR20 and IR28 to CBC application was significantly better than that of Pokkali. Increasing salinity caused marked nutrient imbalances, decreased Rfd values and shoot dry weight. The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanism of salinity tolerance
Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and NADP-Malate Dehydrogenase in C4 Photosynthesis: Properties and Mechanism of Light/Dark Regulation

[Extract] C4 Cycle and its Significance in Photosynthesis This review considers two key enzymes of the C4 pathway of photosynthesis, pyruvate,Pi dikinase (PPDK) and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADPMDH). I Besides their critical roles in C4 photosynthesis, these enzymes also share in common the fact that their activity is rapidly modulated by changes in light intensity. We will describe the radically different mechanisms by which this light-mediated modulation of activity is achieved . The kinetic and physical properties of these enzymes, and other mechanisms by which they are regulated, will also be reviewed. There have been recent reviews of the biochemistry of C4 photosynthesis (28, 31) and the light modulation of other photosynthetic enzymes, particularly in C3 plants (1-3, 16-18), so these areas will not be covered here.
Energy efficiency gains from trade in intermediate inputs: Firm-level evidence from Indonesia

This paper investigates whether importing intermediate goods improves firm-level environmental performance in a developing country, using data from the Indonesian manufacturing sector. We build a simple theoretical model showing that trade integration of input markets entails energy efficiency improvements within importers relative to nonimporters. To empirically isolate the impact of firm participation in foreign intermediate input markets we use ‘nearest neighbour’ propensity score matching and difference-in-difference techniques. Covering the period 1991-2005, we find evidence that becoming an importer of foreign intermediates boosts energy efficiency, implying beneficial effects for the environment. JEL: F12, F14, F18, Q56
Multiscale topoedaphic heterogeneity increases resilience and resistance of a dominant grassland species to extreme drought and climate change

It is argued that the inclusion of spatially heterogeneous environments in biodiversity reserves will be an effective means of encouraging ecosystem resilience and plant community conservation under climate change. However, the resilience and resistance of plant populations to global change, the specific life‐history traits involved and the spatial scale at which environmentally driven demographic variation is expressed remains largely unknown for most plant groups. Here we address these questions by reporting an empirical investigation into the impacts of an unprecedented 3‐year drought on the demography, population growth rates (λ) and biogeographical distribution of core populations of the perennial grassland species Austrostipa aristiglumis in semiarid Australia. We use life‐history analysis and periodic matrix population models to specifically test the hypothesis that patch‐ and habitat‐scale variation in vital life‐history parameters result in spatial differences in the resilience and resistance of A. aristiglumis populations to extreme drought. We show that the development of critical soil water deficits during drought resulted in collapse of adult A. aristiglumis populations (λ≪1), rapid interhabitat phytosociological change and overall contraction towards mesic refugia where populations were both more resistant and resilient to perturbation. Population models, combined with climatic niche analysis, suggest that, even in core areas, a significant reduction in size and habitat range of A. aristiglumis populations is likely under climate change expected this century. Remarkably, however, we show that even minor topographic variation (0.2–3 m) can generate significant variation in demographic parameters that confer population‐level resilience and resistance to drought. Our findings support the hypothesis that extreme climatic events have the capacity to induce rapid, landscape‐level shifts in core plant populations, but that the protection of topographically heterogeneous environments, even at small spatial scales, may play a key role in conserving biodiversity under climate change in the coming century.
2,4-D and Phoma herbarum to control dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Abstract Biological agents, including fungal pathogens, are being considered to control weeds such as dandelion. Compatibility of a fungal pathogen, Phoma herbarum, with nonformulated 2,4-D was tested in vitro. Moderate to high concentrations (828 to 2,451 ppm) of 2,4-D reduced fungal colony diameter by 50% or less, suggesting that practical concentrations may be chosen for tank mixes. Under growth room and field conditions, integration of 2,4-D and P. herbarum produced enhanced control of dandelion. In general, synergistic responses to sublethal doses of 2,4-D followed 4, 8, or 16 d later by P. herbarum inoculation were found. Synergistic interactions, as determined by the Colby method, ranged as high as 62% greater than expected for an additive interaction. In general, dandelion response was reduced under field conditions, suggesting that environmental conditions or other factors play a role in efficacy. Integration of chemical and biological agents shows potential for enhanced weed control. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; dandelion, Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers TAROF; Phoma herbarum.
Spanish Moss, the Unfinished Chigger Story

Abstract There is a widespread belief in the southern parts of the United States that Trombiculidae (Chiggers) are common in Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish Moss) (Bromeliaceae). However, no chiggers were found among the 3297 organisms collected from T. usneoides and T. recurvata (Ball Moss) in trees and from the ground on Cumberland Island, GA. The organisms included 1721 Acari (mites), and in order of decreasing abundance were Psocoptera (barklice), Collembola (springtails), Araneae (spiders), Coccidae (scales), Thysanoptera (thrips), Formicidae (ants), Isopoda (sowbugs), Diplopoda (millipedes), Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera larvae. The millipede Polyxenus fascicularis (Polyxenidae) and the ensign scale insect Orthezia tillandsia (Ortheziidae) were of particular interest because of their rarity and host specificity, respectively.
Comparison of Ultrastructure among Sibling Species of Ostrinia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from China

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy on the ultrastructure of scales on the forewings and labial palpi suggests species-diagnostic differences among six sibling species of the genus Ostrinia Hübner. Among four species with small mid-tibiae, O. furnacalis (Guenée) and O. nubilalis (Hübner) show similar ultrastructure of the distal forewing scales, which is distinctly different from that of O. orientalis Mutuura and Munroe and O. dorsivittata (Moore). The diameter of windows between longitudinal ridges and cross ribs of forewing scales in O. dorsivittata is the largest among examined species, and clearly different from that in the other three small midtibiae species. Scales of the labial palpi of O. orientalis have indistinct vestigial windows; windows of O. nubilalis are more numerous and larger than in the other three small mid-tibiae species. Among two species with massive mid-tibiae, window diameter of forewing scales is larger in O. zealis (Guenée) than in O. scapulalis (Walker). Moreover, the number and diameter of windows in scales of the labial palpi differs between these two species. In addition to other known morphological differences, these ultrastructural differences provide further evidence that closely related Ostrinia species are distinct.