Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal Migration of Grasshopper(Acrididae:Oedaleus asiaticus )

Grasshopper( Oedaleus asiaticus )is a vicious pest both to the grass and crops of northern China. During the first half of July 2002, throngs of the insects successively swarmed into Chifeng, Duolun, Zhangjiakou, Chengde, and Beijing. Analysing the exact time grasshoppers appeared at each city or courty, the female insects' reproductive status, the throngs' process of migrating and lighting, and the insects caught and then fed in the laboratory, we realize that the insects often take long-distant migration during the night, and tend to gather around the glowing lamplights of the city due to their characteristics of phototaxis.
ECBILT: a dynamic alternative to mixed boundary conditions in ocean models

As an alternative to the frequently used mixed boundary conditions in ocean GCM’s, we presenta dynamic atmospheric model (ECBILT) that is simple and yet describes the relevant dynamicand thermodynamic feedback processes to the ocean. This provides the possibility of studyingatmosphere/ocean dynamics on very long time-scales of the order of a thousand years. Themodel is two orders of magnitude faster than AGCMs. We have been running ECBILT withprescribed SSTs for a period of 500 years with seasonal cycle included both in the solar forcingand in the climatological SSTs. The mean state and the variability properties of ECBILT arereasonably realistic. The simulation of the surface fluxes is quite realistic and justifies couplingECBILT to an ocean GCM. We have done two SST anomaly experiments, one with a tropicalSST anomaly as observed during January 1983 and one with an SST anomaly in the northernextra-tropical Atlantic ocean. For the tropical SST anomaly experiment the amount of anomalousprecipitation agrees well with what has been found with atmospheric GCM’s, but theresulting extra-tropical teleconnection pattern is very weak. The atmospheric response patternto extra-tropical SST anomalies agrees well with similar SST anomaly experiments performedwith atmospheric GCM’s. We have tested the performance of ECBILT in coupled mode bycoupling it to a simple ocean GCM and thermodynamic sea-ice model and integrating thecoupled system for a period of thousand years after a spin up of 6000 years. The simulation ofthe mean water mass distribution and the mean circulation of the ocean resembles the observedocean circulation. It has a warm and fresh bias and the circulation and associated transportsare too diffuse and too weak. The ocean’s variability is realistic, considering the simplicity ofthe ocean model, although a bit too weak. We have explored the covariability between theatmosphere and ocean over the Northern Atlantic ocean by performing a singular value decompositionof SST anomalies and 800 hPa geopotential height anomalies. The 2nd mode showsa peak in both spectra at a timescale of about 18 years. The time scale of this mode is set bythe ocean but the physical mechanisms that are operating are not yet unambiguously identified.The simulation of this coupled extra tropical decadal mode of variability, which also shows upin the observations and in much more complex coupled models provides strong evidence forthe potential usefullness of ECBILT when studying atmosphere/ocean interaction and the associatedocean variability on time scales ranging from decades to many thousands of years. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1998. t01-1-00007.x
Scarcity of haematozoa in birds breeding on the arctic Tundra of North America

eaters (Meropidae) and cooperative breeding in hot-climate birds. Ibis 114:1-14. GIROUX, J. F. 1985. Nest sites and superclutches of American Avocets on artificial islands. Can. J. Zool. 63:1302-1305. GROVES, S. 1984. Chick growth, sibling rivalry, and chick production in American Black Oystercatchers. Auk 101:525-531. LAURO, B. , AND J. BURGER. 1989. Nest-site selection of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in salt-marshes. Auk 106:185-192. MAYR, E. 1939. The sex ratio in wild birds. Am. Nat. 73:156-179. NOL, E. 1985. Sex roles in the American Oystercatcher. Behaviour 95:232-260. NOL, E. 1989. Food supply and reproductive performance of the American Oystercatcher in Virginia. Condor 91:429-435. NOL, E. , A. J. BAKER, AND M. D. CADMAN. 1984. Clutch initiation dates, clutch size, and egg size of the American Oystercatcher in Virginia. Auk 101:855-867.
Evaluating Outcomes by Means of the Fair Process Effect: Evidence for Different Processes in Fairness and Satisfaction Judgments

The authors refine and extend their explanation of the psychology of the fair process effect (the positive influence of procedural fairness on outcome evaluations). On the basis of fairness heuristic theory's substitutability proposition, the authors predicted and found that outcome evaluations show strong effects of procedural fairness when outcomes are better or worse than expected, whereas less strong fair process effects appear when outcomes are equal to or differ from the outcome of a comparison other. This finding suggests some important differences in how people use expectations versus social comparisons as reference points for evaluating outcomes. Findings also revealed that fairness judgments do not always show the same effects as do satisfaction judgments, indicating differences in the way people form judgments on these two dimensions of outcome evaluation.
Influences of past application rates of nitrogen and a catch crop on soil microbial communities between an intensive rotation

The aim of this study was to investigate influences of six-year past application rates of nitrogen and a catch crop, sweet corn (Zea mays L. ssp. Saccharata Sturt), on soil microbial community and diversity in a greenhouse-based intensive vegetable soil in eastern China. Soil electrical conductivity, pH, mineral nitrogen, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles and carbon source utilization patterns under five annually past nitrogen rates (0, 348, 522, 696 and 870 kg nitrogen ha−1) were evaluated after the establishment of sweet corn during 1–1.5-month fallow period over three-year tomato/cucumber/celery rotations. The past nitrogen application rates exerted significant effects on soil electrical conductivity, pH, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and carbon source utilization patterns, but not on PLFAs profiles. The sweet corn had a significant effect on soil chemical properties, total and actinobacterial PLFAs, but not on carbon source utilization patterns. Soil electrical conductivity, nitrate-nitrogen and the total PLFAs decreased whilst soil organic carbon, pH and the actinobacterial PLFAs increased after the establishment of sweet corn. Soil microbial functional diversity from carbon source utilization patterns and actinobacterial PLFAs were greatest after the establishment of sweet corn at a 60% of the conventional nitrogen rate (i.e. 522 kg nitrogen ha−1). Soil electrical conductivity and ammonium-nitrogen were two key factors to determine carbon source utilization patterns, whilst soil pH was the key factor to determine PLFAs profiles. A combination of the catch crop sweet corn during summer fallow and a 60% of the conventional nitrogen rate is a sustainable pathway of utilizing greenhouse-based intensive vegetable soils in eastern China.
Reply: Part I

We first thank Tolman et al. (1998) for creating the opportunity for us to explain some technical details of our new waves model (Lin and Huang 1996a and 1996b, hereafter LHI and LHII), which were not included in our published papers. Of course, we also greatly welcome comments designed to improve the science of wave modeling. Unfortunately, as with their comments on LHI, Tolman et al.’s comments on LHII indicate that they either completely misunderstand very important fundamental concepts or they misinterpret the essential meaning of our paper. Specifically, their comments suggest that they do not appreciate nonlinear kinematics, or the importance of the terms that are missing from their c u and cv expressions. Moreover, while Tolman (1991b) uses an action conservation equation, their model implements the refraction terms that are appropriate for the WAM energy transport equation. This represents an inconsistency because the wave–current interactions and frequency shifting due to kinematics are already included in the propagation of the action conservation equation. In this Reply (II) we consider six comments from Tolman et al. on LHII. As in LHI, we offer a pointby-point refutation of these six comments based on the relevant mathematics and physics. We first address Tolman et al.’s comments on LHII in four broad categories: 1) those concerning Tolman et al.’s group velocity, 2) those concerning Tolman et al.’s refraction and frequency shift, 3) those concerning Tolman et al.’s previous models and test cases, and 4) those concerning Tolman et al.’s discussion and conclusions. We then provide an overview in the conclusions.
Protective Effects of a Water-soluble Extract from Culture Medium of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelia against Neuronal Damage after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Diabetic Rats

糖尿病は体内の酸化ストレスを増大させ，一過性脳虚血による脳障害を増悪させることが報告されている。 本研究では，ストレプトゾトシン糖尿病態（DM）ラットを用い，一過性脳虚血処置による脳障害に対する霊芝菌糸体培養培地抽出物（WER）の効果を検討した。 正常血糖（non-DM）およびDMラットに，WER（1 g/kg）または蒸留水を1日1回2週間経口投与した後，体内の酸化ストレス度，脳組織中の過酸化脂質含量および抗酸化酵素活性を測定した。 また，ラットに中大脳動脈閉塞/再潅流（MCAO/Re）処置を行い，神経症状の評価および脳梗塞巣体積の測定を行った。 その結果，DMラットでは体内の酸化ストレス度の上昇，脳組織中の過酸化脂質含量の増加および抗酸化酵素活性の低下がみられた。 WERを投与したDMラットでは，これらの値が正常レベルに維持されていた。 さらに，DMラットでは，non-DM群と比較し，MCAO/Re後の神経症状の悪化および脳梗塞巣体積の顕著な増大が認められたが，WERの投与により，脳障害の増悪がほぼ完全に抑制された。 以上の結果から，WERは糖尿病における酸化ストレス状態を改善し，一過性脳虚血に対して強い脳保護効果を示すことが明らかになった。
A partial test of the psychosomatic family model: Marital interaction patterns in asthma and nonasthma families

The psychosomatic family model (PFM) implicates marital quality in childhood asthma chronicity and exacerbation. The PFM posits that the child's symptomatology varies in relation to parent interaction patterns characterized by conflict avoidance and brief intradyadic engagement. This investigation of 40 families sought to determine if marital dyads show differential conditional likelihoods for these behavioral characterizations as a function of having an asthmatic or nonasthmatic child. Using observational data collected in the home, a series of logit models examined the likelihood of extended dyadic engagement, disagreement, and child solicitation. As predicted, nonasthma couples were more likely to disagree and had longer intradyadic engagements, whereas asthma family couples were more solicitous. Contrary to expectation, marital quality was not a significant predictor of child solicitation in the asthma family couples.
Fur seal diving behaviour in relation to vertical distribution of krill

(1) Quantitative studies of predator-prey interactions depend on a knowledge of their spatial dynamics and behaviour. Studies on marine vertebrates have hitherto been precluded by the difficulty of acquiring the relevant data. (2) Continuous records of diving depths of female Antarctic fur seals on 3-8 day feeding trips to sea from South Georgia were analysed in conjunction with data on diel changes in the abundance and distribution of their main prey, krill. (3) In 36 complete days foraging by seven seals, 75% of 4273 dives were at night. Dives then were consistently shallower (dive depth < 30 m) than in daytime (mostly 40-75 m). (4) This closely matched changes in the vertical distribution of krill, nearly all of which was below a depth of 50 m from 09.00-15.00 h, with substantial quantities above 40 m only between 21.00-06.00 h. (5) Although over 40% of krill in the water column at any time of day was below 75 m, only 3% of dives exceeded this depth. We suggest that because krill migrate vertically fur seals are able to exploit them most efficiently during shallow dives at night.
Body Fluid Partitioning in Reptilia

The total body water and its apportionment among the major fluid compartments was studied in fifteen species or subspecies of reptiles, representing four orders and seven families. Five were freshwater forms, five marine, four terrestrial, and one brackish water. No parameter appeared to be related to size of animals employed. Hematocrit as well as specific gravity of both plasma and whole blood were lower in freshwater forms than in marine or terrestrial ones. Body water content of marine and terrestrial species was lower than that of freshwater forms. Extracellular fluid volume was higher in both marine and terrestrial than in freshwater forms, and this pattern was reflected in both sub-compartments, plasma and interstitial fluid, as well as in whole blood volume. Elevation of extracellular fluid volume was entirely at the expense of the intracellular compartment. The departure of marine and terrestrial forms from the pattern of freshwater species was in every case more pronounced in marine than in terrestrial reptiles. The body fluid apportionment of the brackish water diamondback terrapin resembled that of the marine species. However, intracellular water was the lowest of any species studied, and extracellular volume was the highest. The latter was accounted for entirely by an elevated interstitial fluid volume. The total body water and its apportionment among the major fluid compartments was studied in fifteen species or subspecies of reptiles, representing four orders and seven families. Five were freshwater forms, five marine, four terrestrial, and one brackish water. No parameter appeared to be related to size of animals employed. Hematocrit as well as specific gravity of both plasma and whole blood were lower in freshwater forms than in marine or terrestrial ones. Body water content of marine and terrestrial species was lower than that of freshwater forms. Extracellular fluid volume was higher in both marine and terrestrial than in freshwater forms, and this pattern was reflected in both sub-compartments, plasma and interstitial fluid, as well as in whole blood volume. Elevation of extracellular fluid volume was entirely at the expense of the intracellular compartment. The departure of marine and terrestrial forms from the pattern of freshwater species was in every case more pronounced in marine than in terrestrial reptiles. The body fluid apportionment of the brackish water diamondback terrapin resembled that of the marine species. However, intracellular water was the lowest of any species studied, and extracellular volume was the highest. The latter was accounted for entirely by an elevated interstitial fluid volume.
Combining Abilities of Leaf Parameters in Burley Tobacco

Four parent burley tobacco cultivars and their 6F 1 hybrids were included in diallel crosses in a 4-year trial. The trial was set up according to RCBD in 4 replication. Seven leaf parameters, depending on their position on stalk, were used to study the manner of inheritance by means of the general and specific combining abilities. Significant general and specific combining abilities were estimated for all traits, but not for all investigation years, independently of their position on stalk. From the GCA/SCA ratio, a higher GCA values were estimated for all studied traits, and for most investigation years. The genotypes TN 86 and Poseydon were the best general combiners, while Hy 71xBL1 and PoseydonxBL1 were the best specific combinations.
Comparison of Fretting Fatigue Crack Nucleation Experiments to Multiaxial Fatigue Theory Life Predictions

Fretting is associated with microslip at the interface of contacts experiencing oscillatory loads. One consequence of fretting is the formation and subsequent growth of cracks at the edge of contact, a phenomenon known as fretting fatigue. Fretting fatigue is an important high cycle fatigue failure mechanism in aircraft structural lap joints and turbine blade/disk contacts. A well-characterized, integrated fretting test system has been developed in which both normal and cyclic tangential fretting loads are applied and monitored in conjunction with a bulk load on the specimen. The experimental data includes histories of the three applied forces and a detailed record of the evolution of interfacial friction coefficient, as driven by the surface microslip. The experimental system has been exercised to observe fretting crack nucleation and growth under a wide range of loading conditions in the context of a statistically-designed test matrix. An extensive multiaxial fatigue analysis based on the stress-strain cycle experienced by each point of the bodies subjected to the fretting loads reveals that the critical location for crack formation is the trailing edge of contact, consistent with observations made in the laboratory. The resulting stress-strain cycles are coupled with strain-life theory and literature values of uniaxial fatigue constants to predict fretting fatigue crack nucleation. The data collected for 2024-T351 aluminum alloy correlates very well with this prediction.
Estudio de los principales cambios quimicos y microestructurales ocurridos en el queso de burgos durante su vida util

Se estudia la evolucion de algunos parametros quimicos, de la textura y de la sineresis del queso de Burgos comercial durante 1 mes de almacenamiento en refrigeracion. Durante el periodo de vida util (14 dias) no se observan diferencias significativas en pH, acidez y textura, pero si en sineresis y proteina soluble en agua. Tambien se realiza una caracterizacion de la microestructura de este queso por las tecnicas de SEM, Cryo-SEM y TEM. Se caracterizan las caseinas, la fraccion de proteina soluble en agua, se detecta proteolisis de la beta caseina durante la vida util. Por ultimo se lleva a cabo una aportacion tecnologica en la elaboracion del queso que consiste en la adicion de hidrocoloides: se obtienen productos lacteos diferentes como queso para untar, postres lacteos, queso fresco de elevado rendimiento.
Recent price trends for non-timber forest products in the Pacific Northwest

Many of the industries that comprise the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) market in the Pacific Northwest have existed since the early 1900s. NTFPs have recently been receiving more attention from land managers and researchers. There is very little information about year-to-year prices for products within the different industries, so although large general trends can be discussed, specific prices and industry trends are not well understood. This paper defines the NTFP industry segments, discusses some of the history and markets in the various industries, and presents a price series dating back to 1989.
Seasonality of algal communities in small streams and ditches in temperate regions using delayed fluorescence

ABSTRACT Because of their high ecological relevance, algae are often used in environmental monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. They are used to assess the state of the environment, and can be used to estimate the diversity and productivity of the ecosystem. Chlorophyll a is the most commonly used indicator where no taxonomic information is obtained. In this two-year study, algae were monitored in small lotic waterbodies using a high precision method of evaluating algal pigments: delayed fluorescence (DF). The method allows quantifying algae and differentiating algal groups using pigments unique to each algal group. DF correlated strongly with biovolume (derived from cell count) data (r2 = 0.94) and could therefore be recommended as a biomonitoring tool. In addition, seasonal dynamics in both the attached and suspended algal communities were studied. Both algal fractions displayed seasonal variations with either a single peak in biomass in summer (type 1), or with two peaks in biomass in spring and fall (type 2). Green algae dominated type 1 patterned communities whereas diatoms dominated type 2 patterned communities. Spatial synchronicity between sampling sites and waterbodies was observed within the studied watershed. Sampling time rather than spatial site selection was found to be a key factor in the study of algal communities in lotic bodies of water.
Hibernacula of the Copperbelly Water Snake (Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) in Southern Indiana and Kentucky

The copperbelly water snake, Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta, is the midwestern representative of the redbellied water snake (Conant, 1934; Conant and Collins, 1991). At the state level, the copperbelly is listed as Endangered by the states of Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan, and conferred special protected status in Illinois and Kentucky. At the federal level, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) lists the northern populations (in southern Michigan, northeastern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio) as Threatened. The southern populations (in southeastern Illinois, southern Indiana, and northwestern Kentucky) are protected by the Copperbelly Water Snake Conservation Agreement. A poorly understood aspect of the natural history of copperbellies is where they hibernate, both in terms of the structure of the hibernacola and location within the habitat. Understanding copperbelly hibernation has important implications for their conservation, impacting decisions concerning those human activities which remove suitable habitat, as well as governing recommendations for habitat reclamation and resto-
Vitamin studies. X. Feeding technique in vitamin studies.∗

The work described in this paper is presented with the view of re-emphasizing the importance of the use of false screen bottomed cages in vitamin studies when rats are used as the experimental animals. Steenbock, Sell and Nelson 1 have pointed out that rats which do not have access to their own feces require a larger proportion of vitamin B in the basal ration than those rats which ingest variable amounts of excretory material daily. In our studies of vitamin B in the past (using diets deficient in this vitamin), we have often been unable to account for the lack of uniformity in the development of animals from the same litters on identical diets. In fact certain animals grew satisfactorily for many weeks on a vitamin B deficient ration. In watching the animals over relatively long periods it was observed that those animals whose food intakes and growth curves were most satisfactory were in the habit of ingesting relatively large amounts of excretory material; for example we have noted a few animals which would consume as many as 15 to 20 pieces of feces in the space of eight or ten hours. In order to study the matter more thoroughly 63 rats were placed on experiment in individual cages. All animals received a basal ration consisting of casein 18, salts 3, agar 2, dextrin 77 and 5 drops of cod liver oil daily. Iodine was furnished in the drinking water. A number of the animals were placed in cages without screens while the remainder were distributed in cages containing false bottoms made of galvanized wire screens (3 meshes to the inch). The false bottoms were constructed about 1 1/4 inches above the cage pans in order that the particles of feces would fall through the screens to the pans below where the rats could not reach them.
Targeting of HER Family Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignant disease and the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide [1]. In 2008, an estimated 989,000 new cases were reported according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer [1,2]. Unfortunately, due to the vague and unspecific symptoms of this malignancy, many patients do not present for evaluation in its early stages. At time of diagnosis, most gastric cancer patients present with metastatic disease, and the median survival is eight to ten months [3]. Gastric cancer, although a disease of the developing countries, has become one of the most rapid growing cancers in many parts of the world, with incidence rising fiveto six-fold over the past 30 years in developed nations [4-10]. As this malignancy has a high mortality rate, large efforts are underway to investigate targeted therapies that slow progression, metastasis, and decrease mortality. Biomarker directed therapies have made great strides in cancers such as melanoma, colorectal and breast cancer, and there is an urgent need to examine the utility of biomarkers in the treatment of gastric cancer.