Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling In-Situ Scale Deposition: The Impact of Reservoir and Well Geometries and Kinetic Reaction Rates

Previous work has demonstrated how and where the mixing of incompatible brines occurs in waterflooded reservoirs and what the impact on scale prevention strategies is in terms of timing and placing squeeze treatments. This paper extends this work by modeling the resulting in-situ deposition process. The location of maximum scale deposition and the resulting brine compositions at the production well are calculated for a range of sensitivities, including reservoir geometry (ID, 2D areal and vertical, and 3D), well geometry (location and orientation within the field and with respect to other wells and the aquifer), and the reaction rate (ranging from no precipitation to equilibrium). In conventional systems with no aquifer, it is demonstrated that maximum scale deposition occurs in the immediate vicinity of the production wellbore; therefore, low produced-cation concentrations indicate inadequate squeeze treatments. In systems in which water injection is into the aquifer, low cation concentrations may also result from deposition deeper within the reservoir. Maximum scale dropout still occurs as the fluids approach the production well but is sufficiently far from the wellbore to be unaffected by squeeze treatments or to have any major impact on productivity. The reaction rate is critical in determining the amount of scale deposition; however, even under equilibrium conditions, sufficient concentrations of scaling ions are delivered to the production well to necessitate squeezing it but with lower inhibitor volumes. Once cation concentrations have been reduced, it is predicted that they will never increase again. This paper also discusses some of the limitations of modeling such systems, including determination of kinetic reaction rates, mixing zone size, and impact on permeability. Although the thermodynamics are fairly well understood, the kinetics are much more difficult. The size of the mixing zone is affected by numerical dispersion, and computationally intensive techniques are required to overcome this problem. Previous experience shows that formation damage factors are very difficult to extrapolate from coreflood data because there is a great difference between the dimensions of the mixing zone in the reservoir and the core plug.
Taphonomy of Lacustrine Interbeds in the Kirkpatrick Basalt (Jurassic), Antarctica

Abstract The Kirkpatrick Basalt (Jurassic) of South Victoria Land and the Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, includes sedimentary interbeds representing shallow lakes and ephemeral ponds (some with microbial mat accumulations), deep permanent lakes, and lake-margin areas, especially vegetated wetlands. Fossil assemblages in these sedimentary interbeds are dominated by spinicaudatans (conchostracans), but ostracodes, insect nymphs, actinopterygian fish, and plants are locally abundant. Similar biotas in contrasting contemporaneous deposits allow the taphonomy of these organisms to be compared across lacustrine depositional settings. Spinicaudatan carapaces and fish remains are preserved primarily in calcium phosphate, whereas ostracode carapaces are preserved in calcium carbonate, reflecting the original skeletal composition of the animals. Where microbial mats are present, silica replacement of spinicaudatan carapaces occurs more extensively than in other deposits; microbial processes may have enhanced silicification. This study is the first well-documented example of microbial mat influence on preservation in high-latitude lacustrine systems.
Operational use of RADARSAT-1 fine stereoscopy integrated with Landsat-5 thematic mapper data for cartographic application in the Brazilian Amazon

The feasibility of topographic mapping through orbital remote sensing was investigated for the Brazilian Amazon. The study area is in a region of low topographic terrain within the Tapajós National Forest. Two kinds of radargrammetric digital elevation models (DEMs), one based solely on satellite ancillary data and one calibrated with ground control points (GCPs), were produced based on a fine RADARSAT-1 stereopair (F2/F5) and evaluated regarding accurate field planialtimetric measurements. The geometric modeling for the DEM extractions was based on the RADARSAT-1 specific model from OESE software (PCI Geomatics Inc.). The planimetric features were extracted from integrated fine and Landsat thematic mapper (TM) products. Precise topographic field information from a differential global positioning system (DGPS) was used as GCPs for the modeling of the DEMs and for the orthorectification of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical data and as independent check points (ICPs) for the calculation of planialtimetric accuracies of the products. The investigation has shown that the accuracy of the topographic map met the requirements for a 1 : 100 000 scale map (class A) as requested by the Brazilian Standard for Cartographic Accuracy. The approach is a realistic alternative for topographic mapping at a semi-detailed scale in similar environments of the Amazon, where terrain information is seldom available or is of low quality.
GPR, TDR, and geochemistry measurements above an active gas vent to study near-surface gas-migration pathways

The migration of deep gas to the atmosphere along faults and associated structures is important in many fields, from studying the natural contribution of atmospheric greenhouse gases leaking from geothermal areas to ensuring the safety of man-made natural gas and carbon dioxide (C O2 ) geologic-storage sites. Near-surface geophysical and geochemical techniques were applied to a naturally occurring gas vent located along a deep terrestrial fault to better understand the structure and geophysical response of this gas-migration pathway. A number of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles were first conducted across the vent. Spot samples were then measured along one of these profiles for in situ apparent permittivity (using time-domain reflectometry — TDR), complex permittivity on dried samples (using a capacitivecell), soil-gas composition, and clay and bulk mineralogy. Results show how the migrating gas induces secondary effects that modify the signature of the vent as seen in the GPR profiles. In particul.
The Birth of Prehistoric Chronology: Dating Methods and Dating Systems in Nineteenth-Century Scandinavian Archaeology

The development of European archaeology as a scholarly discipline in the nineteenth century was closely connected with the appearance of systematic methods for dating archaeological materials and these methods evolved largely in Scandinavia. Professor Graslund's book is the first in-depth study of what is now recognised as a crucial stage in the history of archaeology. Beginning with an analysis of the basic elements of archaeological dating systems, he traces the origin and subsequent development of these systems, examining in detail how they were built up and refined. The Three Age System, methods of dating by find associations and the applications of typology for relative dating are themes that receive particular attention. Individuals, however, are never lost from sight. Throughout the book the author seeks to assess the contribution of the often colourful personalities involved and the volume concludes with a valuable biographical appendix. "
Generalized gamma distribution based on the Bayesian approach with application to investment modelling

The Generalized Gamma Distribution (GGD) is one of the most popular distributions in analyzing real lifetime datasets. Estimating the parameters of a high dimensional probability distribution is challenging due to the complexities associated with the resulting objectives function. When traditional estimation techniques fail due to complexity in the model objectives function, other powerful computational approaches are employed. In this study, a Bayesian approach to Generalized Gamma Distribution (GGD) based on Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) has been employed to estimate model parameters. This study considers the Bayesian approach to GGD parameters using the Adaptive Rejection Metropolis Sampling (ARMS) technique of random variable generation within the Gibbs sampler. The MCMC approach has been used for estimating the multi-dimensional objectives function distribution. The results of the ARMS were compared to the existing Simulated annealing (SA) algorithm and Method of Moment (MM) based on modified internal rate of return data (MIRR). The performances of various derived estimators were recorded using the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation technique for different sample sizes. The study reveals that ARMS's performance is marginally better than the existing SA and MA approaches. The efficiency of ARMS does not require a larger sample size as the SA does, in the case of simulated data. The performances of ARMS and SA are similar comparing them to the MM as an initial assumption in the case of real MIRR data. However, ARMS gives an acceptable estimated parameter for the different sample sizes due to its ability to evaluate the conditional distributions easily and sample from them exactly.
Weak bed control of the eastern shear margin of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica

Abstract Recent acceleration and thinning of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, motivates investigation of the controls upon, and stability of, its present ice-flow pattern. Its eastern shear margin separates Thwaites Glacier from slower-flowing ice and the southern tributaries of Pine Island Glacier. Troughs in Thwaites Glacier’s bed topography bound nearly all of its tributaries, except along this eastern shear margin, which has no clear relationship with regional bed topography along most of its length. Here we use airborne ice-penetrating radar data from the Airborne Geophysical Survey of the Amundsen Sea Embayment, Antarctica (AGASEA) to investigate the nature of the bed across this margin. Radar data reveal slightly higher and rougher bed topography on the slower-flowing side of the margin, along with lower bed reflectivity. However, the change in bed reflectivity across the margin is partially explained by a change in bed roughness. From these observations, we infer that the position of the eastern shear margin is not strongly controlled by local bed topography or other bed properties. Given the potential for future increases in ice flux farther downstream, the eastern shear margin may be vulnerable to migration. However, there is no evidence that this margin is migrating presently, despite ongoing changes farther downstream.
A radiomagnetotelluric survey on an oil‐contaminated area near the Brazi Refinery, Romania

Scalar radiomagnetotelluric measurements were carried out on a contaminated test area close to the Brazi Refinery in Romania in order to detect and to monitor a 1 m thick oil layer expected at 5 m depth. Radio transmitters broadcasting in a frequency range from 10 kHz to 300 kHz were selected to observe the apparent resistivity and the phase data associated with the E‐ and B‐polarizations. They were located parallel and perpendicular to the assumed strike direction of the contamination plume. The data were interpreted by a 2D inversion technique from which the conductivity structure of the area was derived. The 2D inversion models of all profiles on the contaminated area show a poor‐conductivity zone above the groundwater table which could be associated with the oil contamination.
Surface carbon monoxide measurements in Amazonia

The concentration of atmospheric carbon monoxide, CO, was measured in the Amazonian rain forest. Air samples were collected at least three times a day during a continuous sequence of 36 days, from a height of 1.5 m above the ground. These surface CO measurements were part of a large binational field expedition to the Brazilian Amazon region, the ABLE 2B mission, a joint American-Brazilian effort to measure local concentrations of several species relevant to atmospheric chemistry. The time period of this experiment was April–May of 1987, in the local wet season. The measurement technique used was Chromatographic separation followed by mercury vapor detection. The surface CO measurements obtained represent a comprehensive CO data set, unique in that the concentrations were measured immediately after collection, by a measurement system installed next to the sampling sites. The CO lab was set up at Ducke Forest Reserve, some 30 km north of the city of Manaus (3°S, 60°W). The results show a small but consistant diurnal variation of the CO concentration, with a maximum around noon. The average CO mixing ratio for the period was 102.9±11.4 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), with most samples giving concentrations between 95 and 105 ppbv. On six occasions in April, large CO concentrations were observed during relatively short periods, and these were classified as pollution episodes associated with unusual wind conditions which probably brought air into the forest that had contact with the city of Manaus. No such episodes were seen during May. Simultaneous sampling inside the forest, under the canopy, and in the Ducke Forest clearing, show larger concentrations in the forest, by a few ppbv. This result is consistent with the direct measurement of the CO profile below the forest canopy, which gave a concentration gradient consistent with an upward flux of 4×1011 CO molecules cm−2 s−1.
Seal bypass systems

We present an interpretational framework for the analysis of a diverse set of geological structures that breach sealing sequences and allow fluids to flow vertically or subvertically across the seal. In so doing, they act as seal bypass systems (SBS). We define SBS as seismically resolvable geological features embedded within sealing sequences that promote cross-stratal fluid migration and allow fluids to bypass the pore network. If such bypass systems exist within a given seal sequence, then predictions of sealing capacity based exclusively on the flow properties (capillary entry pressure and hydraulic conductivity) of the bulk rock can potentially be negated by the capacity of the bypass system to breach the grain and pore network. We present a range of examples of SBS affecting contrasting types of sealing sequences using three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data. These examples show direct evidence of highly focused vertical or subvertical fluid flow from subsurface reservoirs up through the seal sequence, with leakage internally at higher levels or to the surface as seeps.We classify SBS into three main groups based on seismic interpretational criteria: (1) fault related, (2) intrusion related, and (3) pipe related. We show how each group exhibits different modes of behavior with different scaling relationships between flux and dimensions and different short- and long-term impacts on seal behavior.
Seasonal and diurnal variations of black carbon and organic carbon aerosols in Bangkok

[1] Measurements of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) were conducted in Bangkok during 2007–2008. Annual trends of BC and OC show strong seasonality with lower and higher concentrations during wet and dry seasons, respectively. Flow of cleaner air, wet removal, and negligible biomass burning resulted in the lowest concentrations of aerosols in the wet season. In addition to anthropogenic sources, long-range transport and biomass burning caused higher concentrations in the dry and hot seasons, respectively. Despite extensive biomass burning in the hot season, moderate levels of aerosols were due to the mixing with air masses from the Pacific Ocean. Diurnal distributions exhibit peaks during rush hour marked by minima in the OC/BC ratio and stagnant wind flow. The lowest concentrations in the afternoon hours could be due to deeper planetary boundary layer and reduced traffic. Overall, the concentrations of both BC and OC decrease with the increase in wind speed. The weekend effects, due to reduced emission during weekends, in the concentrations of both BC and OC were significant. Therefore, stricter abatement in vehicular emissions could substantially reduce pollution. A slope of ΔBC/ΔCO of 9.8 ngm−3 ppbv−1 for the wet season represents the emission ratio from vehicular sources. The highest of ΔOC/ΔBC (3 μg μg−1) in the hot season was due to the predominant influence of biomass burning and significant formation of secondary OC. The levels of BC and OC in Bangkok fall within the ranges of their concentrations measured in the major cities of East Asia.
Are asperity patterns persistent? Implication from large earthquakes in Papua New Guinea

[1] We studied the distribution of asperities for large recent earthquakes along the New Britain trench, Papua New Guinea, to investigate if they are the same for repeated ruptures of the subduction boundary. We determined the slip distributions of two earthquakes (Mw ∼ 8) in 1971 using Pdiff waveforms, and an earthquake (Mw 7.9) in 1995 using direct teleseismic P waves. Combining these findings with previous results for two earthquakes (Mw ∼ 7.5) in 2000, we compared the source areas and asperity distributions for this region of the New Britain Trench. Our results show that the locations of the asperities for the individual earthquakes did not significantly overlap, although the same portion of the subduction zone seems to have reruptured. This fact supports the idea that asperities are not persistent features when portions of the New Britain subduction zone slip in large earthquakes.
Should we turn the tent? Inuit women and climate change

Most of the climate change literature for Arctic Canada in the social sciences has focused on men’s knowledge and experiences. Drawing on research from Qikiqtarjuaq and Clyde River, Nunavut, we explore Inuit women’s perspectives on recent environmental changes, many of which are often attributed to climate change by Inuit or others. We divide issues resulting from environmental change into primary and secondary effects. Primary effects are changes in environmental features that affect, for example, hunting, fishing, and travelling. Secondary effects occur in the community as a result of environmental change. These include changes in the use and condition of country products like seal skins, and the psychological and social impact of environmental changes, such as going out on the land less often due to fear of dangerous conditions. We also offer a preliminary discussion on women’s role in responses to climate change, through their often dominant economic and political roles in their communities, the territory, and various wider global governance fora. Our research indicates that gender helps shape Inuit knowledge of environmental change, as well as social responses to perceptions of change. By examining women’s perceptions of environmental change, we draw attention to the social aspects and also highlight how women can contribute to adaptation, not only to physical changes but also to the resulting social changes.
Microspatial variation in carbohydrate concentrations with depth in the upper millimetres of intertidal cohesive sediments

The carbohydrates present in surface sediments represent a readily available carbon source and their polymeric components increase sediment stability. Information regarding the occurrence of these carbohydrates is therefore important in the consideration of biogeochemical cycling, heterotrophic metabolism and sediment transport. The distributions of carbohydrates within the surface sediments of three intertidal mud flats were examined on a microscale (200 μm). The carbohydrates were operationally separated into two fractions and these differed in their distribution with depth. Dry mass concentration increased significantly with depth in the upper 2 mm and the structure of surface sediment changed visibly within a short distance of the surface. The upper 300 μm of the sediment was highly porous but became compact by 4 mm. Epipelic diatoms and cyanobacteria were observed at high densities in the upper 300 μm. In addition, the concentration of colloidal carbohydrates increased significantly in a landwards direction along a short transect. Furthermore, the distribution of sediment carbohydrates was apparently influenced by sediment bed morphology and these findings are discussed.
A New Method for Attributing Changes in Life Expectancy to Various Causes of Death, with Application to the United States

This article focuses on decomposition of changes in life expectancy by cause of death. We propose an alternative to Arriaga's (1984) method for performing such decompositions. We apply our method to changes in life expectancy in the United States between 1970 and 2000 and compare results to those produced using Arriaga's formulation. The major difference between the approaches pertains to diseases prominent at older ages such as cardiovascular disease. For applications where causes of death are the central focus, our technique appears to have a modest advantage because of its conceptual clarity and attractive byproducts in the form of cause-deleted life tables.
Scholarlycommons Psc Working Paper Series Population Studies Center Technology and the Changing Family: a Unified Model of Marriage, Divorce, Educational Attainment and Married Female Labor-force Participation Technology and the Changing Family: a Unified Model of Marriage, Divorce, Educational Atta

Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being bigger for non-college educated individuals versus college educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the non-college educated visa -vis the college educated. Additionally, assortative mating has risen; i.e., people are more likely to marry someone of the same educational level today than in the past. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to fit the postwar U.S. data. The role of technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure for explaining these facts is gauged. Abstract Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being bigger for non-college educated individuals versus college educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the non-college educated vis-à-vis the college educated. Additionally, assortative mating has risen; i.e., people are more likely to marry someone of the same educational level today than in the past. A uni…ed model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to …t the postwar U.S. data. The role of technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure for explaining these facts is gauged.
Global ozone trends in potential vorticity coordinates using TOMS and GOME intercompared against the

Global total column ozone trends were calculated by applying a least squares regression model to five homogenized satellite data sets from November 1978 to December 1998. Drifts and offsets in the satellite data were removed through comparisons of coincident satellite overpass and ground-based Dobson spectrophotometer measurements and through intersatellite comparisons. The satellite data were remapped into a potential vorticity coordinate (equivalent latitude) before zonal means were calculated. This remapping preserves steep meridional gradients in ozone and ozone trends across the winter polar vortex boundary and thereby reveals statistically significant negative trends just poleward of the Antarctic vortex boundary (∼70°S equivalent latitude) during May (−0.51±0.42% yr−1 (2σ)), June (−0.65±0.44% yr−1) and July (−0.85±0.44% yr−1). This feature is indistinct in trends derived as a function of geographic latitude most likely as a result of the smoothing by zonal averaging across steep ozone gradients. Comparison with similar earlier analysis (November 1978 to May 1991) indicates that Antarctic ozone trends have weakened (from −3.71±1.80% yr−1 to −2.95±0.40% yr−1), most likely as a result of saturation, while Arctic ozone trends are now much larger (from −1.05±0.96%yr−1 to −1.93±0.40% yr−1) following severe wintertime Arctic ozone depletion in recent years. Midlatitude negative trends calculated over the longer time period are also slightly reduced.