Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When to Use Provider Triage in Emergency Departments

We study triage decisions in emergency departments (EDs) and provide a general procedure for determining when to apply provider triage (PT) based on operational and financial considerations using a steady-state, many-server fluid approximation. We then apply the proposed method in the setting of a teaching hospital’s ED and obtain closed-form expressions for the range of arrival rates for which PT outperforms the traditional nurse triage economically. We show that the proposed solution methodology based on this approximation procedure is asymptotically optimal under a many-server asymptotic regime. We also demonstrate via simulation experiments that the proposed policy performs within 0.82% of the best solution obtained via a computationally intensive total enumeration method. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017. 2982. This paper was accepted by Noah Gans, stochastic models and simulation.
Characterizing Environmental Gradients and Their Influence on Vegetation Zonation in a Subtropical Coastal Sand Dune System

Abstract Subtropical coastal sand dune ecosystems have been greatly altered by agricultural use, invasive exotic encroachment, urban development, and beach raking, rendering several plant species endangered or threatened. Restoration planning of this ecosystem will benefit from a comprehensive study on how environmental variables change across the coast-to-inland gradient of this ecosystem and it is therefore presented here. We also examined the relationship between the environmental characteristics and plant species composition across the gradient. We used the two largest extents of remaining dune ecosystem on the southeastern coast of Florida, where relatively intact populations of endangered species occur. Vegetation and environmental data were collected from 97 3 × 8 m plots in two sand dune parks along the coast–inland gradient. Soil moisture, most nutrients, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter accumulation increased with distance from the coast, whereas pH and salt spray decreased. The number of species per plot was higher at further distances from the coast at one site only, and higher woody cover was associated with less species diversity at the other site. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed the importance of P, Mg, Ca, pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, estimated nitrogen release, and salt spray in affecting vegetation zonation. We conclude that soil chemistry is the most determinant factor of community zonation in these subtropical dunes. Restoration planning should be site specific because of the differences in environmental factors between the two study sites.
From structure topology to chemical composition. XXIII. Revision of the crystal structure and chemical formula of zvyaginite, Na2ZnTiNb2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4, a seidozerite-supergroup mineral from the Lovozero alkaline massif, Kola peninsula, Russia

Abstract The crystal structure and chemical formula of zvyaginite, ideally Na2ZnTiNb2(Si2O2)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4, a lamprophyllite-group mineral of the seidozerite supergroup from the type locality, Mt. Malyi Punkaruaiv, Lovozero alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia have been revised. The crystal structurewas refined with a new origin in space group C1, a = 10.769(2), b = 14.276(3), c = 12.101(2) Å, α = 105.45(3), β = 95.17(3), γ = 90.04(3)°, V = 1785.3(3.2) Å3, R1 = 9.23%. The electron-microprobe analysis gave the following empirical formula [calculated on 22 (O + F)]: (Na0.75Ca0.09K0.04□1.12)Σ2 (Na1.12Zn0.88Mn0.17Fe2+0:04□0.79)Σ3 (Nb1.68Ti1.25Al-)Σ3 (Si4.03O14)O2 [(OH)1.11F0. 89]Σ4(H2O)4, Z = 4. Electron-diffraction patterns have prominent streaking along c* and HRTEM images show an intergrowth of crystalline zvyaginite with two distinct phases, both of which are partially amorphous. The crystal structure of zvyaginite is an array of TS (Titanium-Silicate) blocks connected via hydrogen bonds between H2O groups. The TS block consists of HOH sheets (H = heteropolyhedral, O = octahedral) parallel to (001). In the O sheet, the [6]MO(1,4,5) sites are occupied mainly by Ti, Zn and Na and the [6]MO(2,3) sites are occupied by Na at less than 50%. In the H sheet, the [6]MH(1,2) sites are occupied mainly by Nb and the [8]AP(1) and [8]AP(2) sites are occupied mainly by Na and □. The MH and AP polyhedra and Si2O7 groups constitute the H sheet. The ideal structural formula is Na□Nb2NaZn□Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4. Zvyaginite is a Zn-bearing and Na-poor analogue of epistolite, ideally (Na□)Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4. Epistolite and zvyaginite are related by the following substitution in the O sheet of the TS-block: (Na+2)epi↔Zn2+ zvy +□zvy. The doubling of the t1 and t2 translations of zvyaginite relative to those of epistolite is due to the order of Zn and Na along a (t1) and b (t2) in the O sheet of zvyaginite.
Exercise and Dietary-Protein as a Countermeasure to Skeletal Muscle Weakness: Liverpool Hope University – Sarcopenia Aging Trial (LHU-SAT)

Objective To investigate the effects of a 16-week concurrent exercise regimen [resistance exercise (RE) + functional exercise (FE)] in combination with, or without, a leucine-enriched whey protein isolate supplement on muscle strength, physical functioning, aerobic capacity, and cardiometabolic health in older adults (≥60 years). Physical activity levels were also evaluated 6 months post-cessation of the intervention. Methods Forty-six, community-dwelling, previously untrained males, and females [age: 68 ± 5 years (mean ± SD); BMI: 27.8 ± 6.2 kg/m2] who completed the trial were initially randomized to one of two independent arms [Exercise n = 24 (E); Exercise+Protein n = 22 (EP)]. Both arms completed 16 weeks of RE (performed to fatigue) (2 times/week) with FE (1 time/week) on non-consecutive days. Additionally, EP were administered a leucine-enriched whey protein supplement (3 times/day) for 16 weeks based on individual body-weight (1.5 g/kg/day). Results As a result of dietary supplementation, protein intake increased in EP (∼1.2 ± 0.4 to 1.5 ± 0.7 g/kg/day) during the intervention. Maximal strength (1RM) values for leg press (E: +39 ± 7 kg, p = 0.006; EP: +63 ± 7 kg, p < 0.001), chest press (E: +22 ± 4 kg, p < 0.001; EP: +21 ± 6 kg, p < 0.001), and bicep curl (E: +7 ± 0 kg, p = 0.002; EP: +6 ± 1 kg, p = 0.008) significantly increased in E and EP respectively, with no differences between arms (p > 0.05). Physical functioning in the obstacle course (E: -5.1 ± 6.8 s, p < 0.001; EP: -2.8 ± 0.8 s, p < 0.001) and short-physical performance battery scores (E: +0.5 ± 0.5, p = <0.001; EP: +0.4 ± 0.5, p = 0.038), and aerobic capacity in the 6-min walk test (E: +37 ± 24 m, p = 0.014; EP: +36 ± 3 m, p = 0.005) improved in E and EP respectively, with no differences between arms (p > 0.05). No significant change was observed for markers of cardiometabolic health (glycaemic control or blood pressure) (p > 0.05). At follow-up, 86% of older adults reported to performing physical activity ≥1 per week. Of those, 61% were still participating in strength- and cardiovascular- based exercise. Conclusion Concurrent exercise (RE + FE) offers a potent method to combat age-related muscle weakness, and our results suggest a high proportion of older adults may continue to exercise unsupervised. However, leucine-enriched whey protein isolate supplementation did not confer any additional benefit in those already consuming ample amounts of dietary protein at trial enrolment. Future trials should utilize a whole-foods approach and investigate the effects in frail and non-frail older adults habitually consuming the RDA of protein, to assess if a higher intake of protein is needed to delay the onset of muscle weakness. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02912130.
Upper limits on very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from core-collapse supernovae observed with H.E.S.S.

Young core-collapse supernovae with dense-wind progenitors may be able to accelerate cosmic-ray hadrons beyond the knee of the cosmic-ray spectrum, and this may result in measurable gamma-ray emission. We searched for gamma-ray emission from ten supernovae observed with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) within a year of the supernova event. Nine supernovae were observed serendipitously in the H.E. S.S. data collected between December 2003 and December 2014, with exposure times ranging from 1.4 to 53 h. In addition we observed SN 2016adj as a target of opportunity in February 2016 for 13 h. No significant gamma-ray emission has been detected for any of the objects, and upper limits on the >1 TeV gamma-ray flux of the order of ~10−13 cm−2s−1 are established, corresponding to upper limits on the luminosities in the range ~2 × 1039 to ~1 × 1042 erg s−1. These values are used to place model-dependent constraints on the mass-loss rates of the progenitor stars, implying upper limits between ~2 × 10−5 and ~2 × 10−3 M⊙ yr−1 under reasonable assumptions on the particle acceleration parameters.
Common components of risk and uncertainty attitudes across contexts and domains: evidence from 30 countries

Attitudes towards risk and uncertainty have been indicated to be highly context-dependent, and to be sensitive to the measurement technique employed. We present data collected in controlled experiments with 2,939 subjects in 30 countries measuring risk and uncertainty attitudes through incentivized measures as well as survey questions. Our data show clearly that measures correlate not only within decision contexts or measurement methods, but also across contexts and methods. This points to the existence of one underlying “risk preference”, which influences attitudes independently of the measurement method or choice domain. We furthermore find that answers to a general and a financial survey question correlate with incentivized lottery choices in most countries. Incentivized and survey measures also correlate significantly between countries. This opens the possibility to conduct cultural comparisons on risk attitudes using survey instruments.
Subionospheric early VLF signal perturbations observed in one‐to‐one association with sprites

[1] Observations on the night of 21 July 2003 of the ionospheric effects of a thunderstorm in central France are reported. From 0200 to 0315 UT, a camera system in the Pyrenees Mountains captured 28 sprites, triggered by +CG lightning as observed by the French METEORAGE lightning detection system. A narrowband VLF receiver located on Crete, at ∼2200 km southeast of the storm, observed subionospheric VLF signals from six ground-based transmitters. The amplitude of one of the VLF signals, originating at a transmitter located ∼150 km west of the storm and passing through the storm region, exhibited rapid onset perturbations occurring in a nearly one-to-one relationship with the optical sprites. These “early” VLF events are consistent with a process of narrow-angle forward scattering from a volume of enhanced ionization above the storm with lateral sizes larger than the VLF radio wavelength. The many +CG and −CG discharges that did not produce sprites were also found to not be associated with detectable VLF amplitude perturbations, even though some of these discharges reached relatively large peak currents. The rapid onsets of several of the sprite-related VLF perturbations were followed by relatively long onset durations, ranging from ∼0.5 to 2.5 s, indicating that these events were early but not “fast. ” These “early/slow” events may suggest a slow process of ionization build-up in the lower ionosphere, following intense lightning discharges that also lead to sprites. A limited number of early VLF perturbation events were also associated with whistler-induced electron precipitation events, or classic Trimpi perturbations, undoubtedly produced by the precipitation of electrons due to whistler-mode waves injected into the magnetosphere by the same lightning flash that led to the production of the sprite.
A box model for non-entraining, suspension-driven gravity surges on horizontal surfaces

The propagation of and the deposition from a turbulent gravity current generated by the release of a finite volume of a dense particle suspension is described by a box model. The approximate model consists of a set of simple equations, a predetermined, depth-dependent leading boundary condition and one experimentally determined parameter describing the trailing boundary condition. It yields predictions that agree well with existing laboratory observations and more complex theoretical models of non-eroding, non-entraining, suspension-driven flows on horizontal surfaces. The essential features of gravity-surge behaviour have been observed and are captured accurately by the box model. These include the increased rate of downstream loss of flow momentum with increased particle setting velocity, the existence of maxima in the thickness of proximal deposits, and the downstream thinning of distal deposits. Our approximation for the final run-out distance, xr, of a surge in deep water is given by xr3(g'oq3o/w2s)1/5, where g'o is the initial reduced gravity of the surge, qo the initial two-dimensional volume, and ws the average settling velocity of the particles in the suspension. A characteristic thickness of the resulting deposit is given by φoqo/xr'where oo is the initial volumetric fraction of sediment suspended in the surge. Our analysis provides additional insight into other features of gravity-surge dynamics and deposits, including the potential for the thickening of currents with time, the maintenance of inertial conditions and the potential for strong feedback in the sorting of particle sizes in the downstream direction at travel distances approaching xr. Box-model approximations for the evolution of gravity surges thus provide a useful starting point for analyses of some naturally occurring turbidity surges and their deposits.
Zircon record of the igneous and metamorphic history of the Fiskenaesset anorthosite complex in southern West Greenland

The Fiskenaesset complex in southern West Greenland is part of the North Atlantic craton and is a layered intrusion consisting of gabbro, ultramafic and anorthositic rocks that was deformed during multiple episodes of folding and metamorphism (Myers 1985). We collected late-stage magmatic hornblenditic dykes and adjacent anorthosites and studied these samples integratively with several in situ techniques to determine the igneous and metamorphic history of the Fiskenaesset complex. The work presented here is part of an ongoing joint project between the Greenland Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum and the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Here we report on new radiometric ages and mineral chemistry data from anorthosites from the North Atlantic craton in southern West Greenland (Fig. 1).
Extensional fault control on the sedimentation patterns in a continental rift basin: El Castellar Formation, Galve sub-basin, Spain

In the Galve sub-basin, the sedimentary record of the Upper Hauterivian–Lower Barremian El Castellar Formation is divided into two stages by a marlstone interval with gypsum. Stage 1 shows a great variety of subenvironments and facies (alluvial, palustrine and lacustrine) whereas in stage 2 an extensive, shallow carbonate lake developed. Sedimentation was controlled by a system of south-dipping, ENE–WSW listric normal faults, laterally bounded by NNW–SSE steeper transfer faults. Faults controlled sedimentation from a basin scale (basin margins and main characteristics and evolution of sediments) to a regional and a local scale (thickness and facies distribution of the synrift series as well as the location and evolution of lakes and minor alluvial fans). The changes between stages 1 and 2 are related to the passing from an independent movement of faults to the movement of all the extensional faults as a whole, at a sole detachment level. The interval with gypsum was caused by underground water flow changes associated with the interrelation and connection of the faults in the transition period. These changes have been correlated with the transition from the rift initial stage to the rift climax stage, which took place in the Hauterivian–Barremian transition.
Shallow lithological structure across the Dead Sea Transform derived from geophysical experiments

In the framework of the DEad SEa Rift Transect (DESERT) project a 150 km magnetotelluric profile consisting of 154 sites was carried out across the Dead Sea Transform. The resistivity model presented shows conductive structures in the western section of the study area terminating abruptly at the Arava Fault. For a more detailed analysis we performed a joint interpretation of the resistivity model with a P wave velocity model from a partially coincident seismic experiment. The technique used is a statistical correlation of resistivity and velocity values in parameter space. Regions of high probability of a coexisting pair of values for the two parameters are mapped back into the spatial domain, illustrating the geographical location of lithological classes. In this study, four regions of enhanced probability have been identified, and are remapped as four lithological classes. This technique confirms the Arava Fault marks the boundary of a highly conductive lithological class down to a depth of ∼3 km. That the fault acts as an impermeable barrier to fluid flow is unusual for large fault zone, which often exhibit a fault zone characterized by high conductivity and low seismic velocity. At greater depths it is possible to resolve the Precambrian basement into two classes characterized by vastly different resistivity values but similar seismic velocities. The boundary between these classes is approximately coincident with the Al Quweira Fault, with higher resistivities observed east of the fault. This is interpreted as evidence for the original deformation along the DST originally taking place at the Al Quweira Fault, before being shifted to the Arava Fault.
Measuring Vulnerability of Marine and Coastal Habitats’ Potential to Deliver Ecosystem Services: Complex Atlantic Region as Case Study

The main objective of this work is to promote Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) using a complex Atlantic region to demonstrate how InVEST model tool and associated methods can be applied to calculate benthic habitats cumulative risk and create a vulnerability index of the potential of these habitats to deliver ecosystem services (ES). The study area, in the Western-Atlantic coast of Portugal, includes the Nazare Canyon (> 3000m depth within the study region), Obidos Lagoon (transitional waters), Sao Martinho do Porto bay (marine inlet), and Berlengas Archipelago (UNESCO world biosphere reserve). The ES delivered by this complex coastal region support the main regional/local socio-economic activities (e.g. fisheries and tourism activities). The approach combined the InVEST habitat risk assessment tool with the identified ES to create a proxy for the habitats’ vulnerability to deliver ES. Within the region twenty eight marine benthic habitats were identified and combined with twelve classes of ES (Common International Classification of ES), and two prospective scenarios were analysed (a potential socio-economic scenario for 2025 and a climate change scenario for the end of the century). The results show that the applied vulnerability approach enables the combination of information from different sources, including local knowledge, and the translation of the generated information into 2D spatial explicit maps that can support management strategic options, namely in the context of maritime spatial planning and ‘Blue Growth’. The interpretation of the habitat vulnerability approach requires taking into account data spatial resolution, its quality and the impact of associated pressures. However, despite the limitations and assumptions (e.g. all ES classes are equally important), models such asthis have opened new avenues contributing to improve EBM, by combining spatial explicit GIS tools with supply and demand of marine ES, human activities and their related positive and negative impacts.
From cradle to grave... and then what? The role of environmental factors in the distribution of pollutants around the city of Gweru's dumpsite.

Little has been documented on the hidden relationship between environmental factors and pollutants spreading from municipal dumpsites in Zimbabwe (DNR, 1993; Chenje et al, 1998; Masocha, 2004), yet such information can be useful for urban land use planning purposes to safeguard both people and the environment against pollution and its related effects. This study aims to evaluate the role of environmental factors in the distribution of pollutants around Gweru dumpsite. It also determined whether there is a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the concentration levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and sulphides (SO2) and environmental factors - specifically slope, soil bulk density, stream flow direction, soil infiltration rate, and distance from the dumpsite. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was used to input process and analyze both spatial and attribute data. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) revealed that there is a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the concentration levels of Pb and SO2 and Principal Component 2 (PC2) consisting of slope and infiltration rate. This means that the spread of pollutants (Pb and SO2) around the dumpsite can be traced back to the dump and is directly linked to both slope and soil infiltration rate. It is recommended that further research be done to find possible factors responsible for the spread of cadmium, which could not be explained by the Principal Components Analysis for city planners to get a fuller picture of the situation.
GeoS: A Service for the Management of Geo-Social Information in a Distributed System

v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 2 1.2 Solution, Thesis Contribution, and Roadmap 3 Chapter 2: Target Applications and Motivating Scenarios 5 Chapter 3: GeoS 8 3.1 Design Objectives and Performance Requirements 8 3.1.1 Social Sensors 8 3.1.2 Decentralization of Social Data 10 3.1. 3 Management of Social Data 10 3.1. 4 Social Inference Requests 11 3.2 Architecture 11 3.2. 1 Overall Architecture of Prometheus and GeoS as a Component 11 3.2. 2 Communication Between GeoS and Other Components 13 3.2. 3 GeoS Design 15 3.2. 3.1 Data Structure 15 3.2. 3.2 Updates 17 3.2. 3.3 Adaptive Threshold Function 18 3.2. 3.4 Example Social Input 20 3.2. 3.5 Aging 20 3.2. 3.6 Message Formats 21 3.3 Social Inference Algorithms 21 3.3.1 Friend Test 22 3.3.2 Top Friends 23 3.3.3 Neighborhood 23 3.3.4 Social Strength 24 Chapter 4: Implementation 28 Chapter 5: Experimental Setup 30 5.1 Social Graph Generation 30 5.1.1 Synthetic Graphs 30 5.1.2 NJIT Social Graph 31 5.2 Generation of Workloads 32 5.2. 1 Input Based on Facebook 32 5.2. 2 Requests Based on Twitter 34 5.2. 3 Requests Based on BitTorrent 35