Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinematic Analysis of Lateral Meniscal Oblique Radial Tears in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Deficient Knee

Background: Lateral meniscal oblique radial tears (LMORT) occur frequently in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) disruption and are anatomically distinct from meniscus root tears. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of LMORT types 3 (LMORT3) and 4 (LMORT4) lesions on joint stability and meniscal extrusion in ACL-deficient knees. Our hypothesis was that both lesions would promote significant increases in anterior translation and meniscal extrusion, with the LMORT4 lesion having a greater effect. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Two matched pairs of cadaveric knees (n = 4) were used to optimize the testing sequence. Additional cadaveric knees with LMORT3 (n = 8) and LMORT4 (n = 8) lesions created after ACL transection underwent robotic kinematic testing for anterior drawer and pivot-shift simulations with associated ultrasound-measured meniscal extrusion at clinically relevant knee flexion angles. Results: Optimization testing showed no differences on the effect of LMORT4 lesions for anterior translation and lateral meniscal extrusion with ACL-intact versus ACL-deficient knees. ACL deficiency and LMORT3 and LMORT4 lesions with ACL deficiency were associated with significantly greater anterior translation compared with ACL-intact state for both anterior drawer and pivot-shift testing at all flexion angles (P < .001). ACL deficiency with either LMORT3 or LMORT4 lesion was associated with significantly greater anterior translation than was ACL deficiency only (P < .005) for anterior drawer testing at 90° of flexion. Meniscal extrusion was greater with LMORT3 and LMORT4 lesions compared with ACL deficiency only (P < .05) for anterior drawer at 60° of flexion and for pivot shift at 15° of flexion. The LMORT4 lesion demonstrated increased anterior translation for anterior drawer (P = .003) at 60° of flexion (12%) as well as for pivot shift at 15° of flexion (7%) and 30° of flexion (13%) (P < .005) compared with ACL deficiency only. Conclusion: In this cadaveric model, the addition of an LMORT3 or LMORT4 lesion increased anterior laxity for both the anterior drawer and the pivot shift when compared with an isolated ACL tear. Lateral meniscal extrusion was also exacerbated by these LMORT lesions. Clinical Relevance: LMORT lesions, distinct from meniscus root tears, occur frequently in conjunction with ACL tears. This study characterized the biomechanical consequences of LMORT3 and LMORT4 lesions on joint stability and meniscal function, highlighting the importance of diagnosing and treating LMORT lesions at the time of ACL reconstruction.
Effects of 31 recombinant CYP2C19 variants on clomipramine metabolism in vitro

Background: CYP2C19 is an important member of the cytochrome P450 enzyme superfamily. We recently identified 31CYP2C19 alleles in the Han Chinese population; studying the effects of CYP2C19 on drug metabolism can help reduce adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failure. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the catalytic activities of 31 allelic isoforms and their effects on the metabolism of clomipramine in vitro. Methods: The wild-type and 30 CYP2C19 variants were expressed in insect cells, and each variant was characterized using clomipramine as the substrate. Reactions were performed at 37°C with 5–150 μmol/L substrate for 30 min. By using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect the products, the kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, and intrinsic clearance (Vmax/Km) of N-desmethyl clomipramine were determined. Results: Among the CYP2C19 variants tested, CYP2C19*29, L16F, and T130M showed extremely increased intrinsic clearance of clomipramine, CYP2C19*3C, and N277K showed similar intrinsic clearance (Vmax/Km) values with CYP2C19*1, while the intrinsic clearance values of other variants were significantly decreased (from 0.65% to 63.28%). In addition, CYP2C19*3 and 35FS could not be detected because they have no detectable enzyme activity. Conclusions: As the first report of 31 CYP2C19 alleles for clomipramine metabolism, our study could provide corresponding reference for clomipramine for further studies in vivo and offer valuable information relevant to the personalized medicine for CYP2C19-metabolized drug.
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition‐related serum markers ET‐1, IL‐8 and TGF‐β2 are elevated in a Finnish wet age‐related macular degeneration cohort

It has been hypothesized that epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) may occur in the retinal pigment epithelium of advanced stage age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Various serum and plasma growth factors and inflammatory mediators have been linked to AMD. We were interested in finding out whether systemic levels of EMT‐associated markers were altered in the serum of wet AMD patients. Serum biomarkers associated with the various pathological processes of AMD may present an avenue towards identifying and characterizing the birth mechanisms of wet AMD, its progression and severity, paving the way towards the application of precision medicine.
The effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation at individual time-to-peak blood bicarbonate on 4-km cycling time trial performance in the heat

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of individualised sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation according to a pre-established individual time-to-peak (TTP) blood bicarbonate (HCO3 −) on 4-km cycling time trial (TT) performance in the heat. Eleven recreationally trained male cyclists (age: 28 ± 6 years, height: 180 ± 6 cm, body mass: 80.5 ± 8.4 kg) volunteered for this study in a randomised, crossover, triple-blind, placebo-controlled design. An initial visit was conducted to determine TTP HCO3 − following 0.2 g.kg−1 body mass (BM) NaHCO3 ingestion. Subsequently, on three separate occasions, participants completed a 4-km cycling TT in the heat (30 degrees centigrade; °C) (relative humidity ∼40%) following ingestion of either NaHCO3 (0.2 g.kg−1 body mass), a sodium chloride placebo (0.2 g.kg−1 BM; PLA) at the predetermined individual TTP HCO3 −, or no supplementation (control; CON) . Absolute peak [HCO3 −] prior to the 4-km cycling TT's was elevated for NaHCO3 compared to PLA (+2.8 mmol.l−1; p = 0.002; g = 2.2) and CON (+2.5 mmol.l−1; p < 0.001; g = 2.1). Completion time following NaHCO3 was 5.6 ± 3.2 s faster than PLA (1.6%; CI: 2.8, 8.3; p = 0.001; g = 0.2) and 4.7 ± 2.8 s faster than CON (1.3%; CI: 2.3, 7.1; p = 0.001; g = 0.2). These results demonstrate that NaHCO3 ingestion at a pre-established individual TTP HCO3 − improves 4-km cycling TT performance in the heat, likely through enhancing buffering capacity. Highlights This is the first time NaHCO3 ingestion has been shown to improve 4-km cycling TT performance in conditions of high ambient heat. A smaller dose of NaHCO3 (0.2 g.kg−1 BM) is ergogenic in the heat, which is smaller than the dose typically ingested for sports performance (0.3 g.kg−1 BM). This is important, as gastrointestinal discomfort is typically lower as the dose reduces. This study suggests that the individualised time-to-peak HCO3 − ingestion strategy with lower doses of NaHCO3 is an ergogenic strategy in conditions of high ambient heat.
Music-induced emotions influence intertemporal decision making

ABSTRACT People tend to choose smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards. This phenomenon is thought to be associated with emotional engagement. However, few studies have demonstrated the real-time impact of incidental emotions on intertemporal choices. This research investigated the effects of music-induced incidental emotions on intertemporal choices, during which happy or sad music was played simultaneously. We found that music-induced happiness made participants prefer smaller-but-sooner rewards (SS), whereas music-induced sadness made participants prefer larger-but-later rewards (LL). Time perception partially mediated this effect: the greater the perceived temporal difference, the more likely they were to prefer SS. Tempo and mode were then manipulated to disentangle the effects of arousal and mood on intertemporal choices. Only tempo-induced arousal, but not mode-induced mood, affected intertemporal choices. These results suggest the role of arousal in intertemporal decision making and provide evidence in support of equate-to-differentiate theory with regard to the non-compensatory mechanism in intertemporal choices.
The Value of Clock Drawing Process Assessment in Screening for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Dementia

Many clock drawing test (CDT) scoring systems focus on drawing results and lack drawing process assessments. This study created a CDT scoring procedure with drawing process assessment and explored its diagnostic value in screening for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from normal control (NC). We used logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to determine a new, sensitive scoring system for AD and MCI patients in a derivation cohort. The new scoring method was then compared to two common scoring systems and externally validated in a second cohort. We developed a new scoring system named CDT5, which contained one process assessment item: remember setting time without asking. Compared with two published scoring systems, CDT5 had better discriminatory power in distinguishing AD patients from NCs in derivation (area under the ROC curve [area under the curve, AUC] = .890) and validation (AUC = .867) cohorts. Three scoring systems had poor diagnostic accuracy at discriminating MCI patients from controls, with CDT5 being the most sensitive (78.57%). Adding the drawing process in CDT helps accurately detect patients with early AD, but its role in identifying patients with MCI needs to be further explored.
Normalized vertebral-level specific range of motion corridors for female spines in rear impact

Abstract Objective It is well known that the biomechanical responses of female and male spines are different in rear impacts. Female-specific finite element models are being developed as improvements over generic models. Such advancements need female-specific segmental responses for validation. The objectives of the study were to develop vertebral level-specific range of motion corridors from female human cadaver head-neck complexes exposed to rear impact loading. Methods Previously conducted experiments from five human cadaver head-neck complexes were used in this analysis-based study. Briefly, the female head-neck complexes were isolated at the second thoracic vertebral level from the whole body such that the skin and the surrounding tissues of the osteoligamentous complex were intact. The distal end was fixed to the platform of a min-sled testing device. The anterior angulation of T1 was at 25 degrees with respect to the horizontal axis to simulate the normal driver posture. The occipital condyles were directly superior to the T1 body, and the Frankfort plane was horizontal. Rear impact loading were applied at a velocity of 2.6 m/s. The range of motion was defined as the inter-segmental angle at each level of the subaxial spinal column, and it was obtained by tracking the motion of the retroreflective targets that were secured on vertebral bodies and lateral masses of C2 through C7 vertebrae. Data were normalized with respect to the fifth percentile female total body mass, and corridors were developed using the equal stress equal velocity approach and expressed as mean ± 1 standard deviation corridors for each segment. Results The segmental motions of the subaxial cervical spinal column were such that the upper regions responded with flexion while the lower regions responded with extension during the initial accelerative loading phase of the impact, resulting in a non-physiological curvature. During the later phase, all segments were in extension. individual corridors are presented as temporal responses in the body of the manuscript. A comparison of the mean temporal responses at each segment are presented to depict the angulation motion differences within the spinal column. Conclusions The present corridors are unique to the female spines. Because female spines have significantly (p < 0.05) different biomechanical responses when compared to male spines, local anatomical differences exist between male and female spines, and field data and clinical studies show female bias to whiplash associated disorders under the rear impact of loading, the present set of corridors serve as a fundamental dataset for the validation of female-specific finite element models. Current computational models can also use these corridors for improved validation to add confidence in their outputs.
A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Psychometric Properties of the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and the Visual Analog Scale for Use in People With Neck Pain

Objectives: To conduct a systematic search and synthesis of evidence about the measurement properties of the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as patient-reported outcome measures in neck pain research. Methods and Materials: CINAHL, Embase, PsychInfo, and MedLine databases were searched to identify studies evaluating the psychometric properties of the NPRS and the VAS used in samples of which >50% of participants were people with neck pain. Quality and consistency of findings were synthesized to arrive at recommendations. Results: A total of 46 manuscripts were included. Syntheses indicated high-to-moderate-quality evidence of good-to-excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.58 to 0.93) test-retest reliability over an interval of 7 hours to 4 weeks. Moderate evidence of a clinically important difference of 1.5 to 2.5 points was found, while minimum detectable change ranged from 2.6 to 4.1 points. Moderate evidence of a moderate association (r=0.48 to 0.54) between the NPRS or VAS and the Neck Disability Index. Findings from other patient-reported outcomes indicated stronger associations with ratings of physical function than emotional status. There is limited research addressing the extent that these measures reflect outcomes that are important to patients. Discussion: It is clear NPRS and the VAS ratings are feasible to implement, provide reliable scores and relate to multi-item patient-reported outcome measures. Responsiveness (meaningful change) of the scales and interpretation of change scores requires further refinement. The NPRS can be a useful single-item assessment complimenting more comprehensive multi-item patient-reported outcome measures in neck pain research and practice.
Screening strategy for islet autoantibodies in diabetes patients of different ages.

Background The detection of islet autoantibodies is essential for the accurate classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM). The islet autoantibody distribution varies by age. However, screening strategies for DM patients with different onset ages remain lacking. Methods This cross-sectional study included 17 536 DM patients from 46 medical centers across China. The seroprevalence of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA), insulinoma-associated-2 autoantibody (IA-2A), zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8A) and insulin autoantibody (IAA) was determined in younger and older patients with type 1 DM (T1DM) (n=287 and 285, respectively), younger and older patients with latent autoimmune diabetes (LAD) (n=140 and 121, respectively), and younger and older patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) (n=200 in each group). Results The cutoff age between younger and older patients was 35 years using restricted cubic spline method (n = 17 536, adjusted R2 = 0.97, residual standard error = 1.32; P < 0.001). The seroprevalence rates of four islet autoantibodies were higher in patients aged 15-35 years than in those ≥ 35 years (GADA: 17% vs. 5.6%, IA-2A: 8.5% vs. 1.3%, ZnT8A: 6.3% vs. 2.3%, IAA: 2.2% vs. 1.0%). The prevalence of ZnT8A was higher in LAD patients than in T1DM patients, especially in older LAD patients. The results indicated that ZnT8A detection can increase the detection rate of older LAD patients from 70.2% (based on GADA detection alone) to 91.7%. Conclusions In patients stratified according to the cutoff age of 35 years, the optimal detection sequence should be GADA, IA-2A, and ZnT8A in younger patients and GADA, ZnT8A, and IA-2A in older patients, so as to reduce the screening cost while improving the detection rate. Particularly, the ZnT8A test is recommended in older patients to avoid a missed LAD diagnosis.
Social distancing during COVID-19: threat and efficacy among university students in seven nations

COVID-19 has been spreading fast worldwide, and until effective and safe vaccines have been widely adopted, preventive measures such as social distancing are crucial to keep the pandemic under control. The study’s research questions asked which psychosocial factors predict social distancing behavior and whether there are country-level differences in social distancing? Using the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) as a theoretical lens, we examined the predictive effects of threat and efficacy and demographic variables on adherence to the COVID-19 preventive behavior of social distancing using a survey among an international sample of university students. Using path modeling and analysis of covariance, we confirmed the predictive effects of the EPPM on social distancing behavior. Our final model showed that perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 was both directly and indirectly (through response efficacy) associated with social distancing behavior; that perceived severity of COVID-19 yielded a significant indirect effect on social distancing behavior through both self-efficacy and response efficacy; that perceived susceptibility is indirectly and positively associated with social distancing behavior through response efficacy; and that self-efficacy and response efficacy were directly associated with social distancing behavior. Additionally, there were country-level differences in social distancing. Possible explanations for and implications of these findings are discussed.
Extended High-frequency Hearing Impairment Despite a Normal Audiogram: Relation to Early Aging, Speech-in-noise Perception, Cochlear Function, and Routine Earphone Use

Objectives: Humans can hear up to 20 kHz. Emerging evidence suggests that hearing in the extended high frequencies (EHFs; >8 kHz) contributes to speech perception in noise. The objective of the present study was to describe the features of EHF hearing impairment in young adults with normal standard audiograms (0.25–8 kHz). Specifically, the study goals were to: (1) characterize the EHF hearing impairment and identify potential risk factors; (2) elucidate the age-related changes in EHF hearing; (3) determine the effect of EHF hearing impairment on speech-in-noise recognition; and (4) examine the extent to which EHF hearing impairment influences cochlear functioning in the standard frequencies. Design: Hearing thresholds at standard frequencies and EHFs (10, 12.5, 14, and 16 kHz), and speech recognition thresholds (SRTs) using digit triplets in multi-talker babble were measured in both ears from 222 participants (19–38 years; n = 444 ears) with normal audiograms (≤20 dB HL at standard frequencies). Test–retest measurement of hearing thresholds was obtained in a subset of 50 participants (100 ears), and clinical distortion product otoacoustic emissions (f2 frequency = 2, 3, 4, and 5 kHz) were recorded in 49 participants (98 ears). Results: Forty-two of 222 participants had EHF hearing impairment (>20 dB HL for at least one EHF in either ear). Only seven individuals with EHF impairment had significant case history and/or listening-in-noise complaints. A breakpoint in the threshold-age function was observed for the EHFs for males but not for females. Linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of age, pure-tone averages for speech frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz), and EHFs and group (NH versus EHF hearing impairment) independent of each other on the SRTs. Individuals with EHF hearing impairment had less measurable emissions and when present, had a lower magnitude of otoacoustic emissions relative to NH controls. There was no difference in hearing thresholds, SRTs, or otoacoustic emissions between earphone users and nonusers. Conclusions: The hearing thresholds for the EHFs exhibit signs of early auditory aging. Age-related deterioration in auditory function can be observed in the third decade of human life. A breakpoint in the threshold-age function suggests that rapid aging processes are operational at a relatively younger age (21 years) for males. The audibility of EHFs contributes to speech-in-noise recognition. EHF hearing impairment independent of age and speech frequencies can affect speech-in-noise recognition. Reduced distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the standard frequencies may suggest preclinical cochlear degeneration in individuals with EHF hearing impairment.
Disentangled Representations for Short-Term and Long-Term Person Re-Identification

We address the problem of person re-identification (reID), that is, retrieving person images from a large dataset, given a query image of the person of interest. A key challenge is to learn person representations robust to intra-class variations, as different persons could have the same attribute, and persons’ appearances look different, e.g., with viewpoint changes. Recent reID methods focus on learning person features discriminative only for a particular factor of variations (e.g., human pose), which also requires corresponding supervisory signals (e.g., pose annotations). To tackle this problem, we propose to factorize person images into identity-related and -unrelated features. Identity-related features contain information useful for specifying a particular person (e.g., clothing), while identity-unrelated ones hold other factors (e.g., human pose). To this end, we propose a new generative adversarial network, dubbed identity shuffle GAN (IS-GAN). It disentangles identity-related and -unrelated features from person images through an identity-shuffling technique that exploits identification labels alone without any auxiliary supervisory signals. We restrict the distribution of identity-unrelated features, or encourage the identity-related and -unrelated features to be uncorrelated, facilitating the disentanglement process. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of IS-GAN, showing state-of-the-art performance on standard reID benchmarks, including Market-1501, CUHK03 and DukeMTMC-reID. We further demonstrate the advantages of disentangling person representations on a long-term reID task, setting a new state of the art on a Celeb-reID dataset. Our code and models are available online: https://cvlab-yonsei.github. io/projects/ISGAN/.