Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
University of Birmingham Practitioner Review

Background: Self-injurious behaviour is shown by a significant minority of children with developmental delay and has a substantial impact on child and carer wellbeing. Characteristics such as a greater degree of intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, some genetic syndromes and repetitive and impulsive behaviours are positively associated with self-injury. Prevalence generally increases with age into mid-adulthood and the behaviour is notably persistent. Scope: In this review we discuss the dominant causal theory of self-injury which draws on the principles of operant learning. We evaluate the utility of this theory to account for all empirical observations of self-injury. Findings: A model of self-injury is presented that extends a previous model described by Guess and Carr. The new model integrates child characteristics and operant learning principles in a phenotype x environment paradigm to explain the variance in developmental trajectory of the severity of self-injury. Conclusions: Behaviour dysregulation, as evidenced by the associations between self-injury, self-restraint, repetitive and impulsive behaviours, is identified as potentially influencing the severity and persistence of self-injury. Risk markers for self-injury are identified and the extended model indicates points of intervention and highlights the possibility of risk related, targeted early intervention. The need for increased training of practitioners in the delivery of demonstrably effective interventions for self-injury is identified.
Meta-Ethnography: Synthesizing Qualitative

This article draws upon six social research studies completed by members of the Dementia and Ageing Research Team at The University of Manchester and their associated networks over an eight-year period [2011-2019] with the aim of constructing a definition of ‘being in the moment’ and situating it within a continuum of moments that could be used to contextualise and frame the lived experience of dementia. Using the approach formulated by Pound et al. (2005) to synthesising qualitative studies, we identified this continuum of moments as comprising four sequential and inter-linked steps: i) ‘Creating the moment’, defined as the processes and procedures necessary to enable being in the moment to take place. The time necessary for this to occur can range from fleeting to prolonged; ii) ‘Being in the moment’, which refers to the multi-sensory processes involved in a personal or relational interaction and embodied engagement. Being in the moment can be sustained through creativity and flow; iii) ‘Ending the moment’, defined as when a specific moment is disengaged. This can be triggered by the person(s) involved consciously or subconsciously, or caused by a distraction in the environment or suchlike; and iv) ‘Reliving the moment’, which refers to the opportunity for the experience(s) involved in ‘being in the moment’ to be later remembered and shared, however fragmentary, supported or full the recall.
Leadership in Innovation: Lessons from Malaysia's Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC)

Abstract This paper reports the preliminary findings of a study examining the impact of leadership on innovation among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within Malaysia’s Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC). Leadership style has a profound impact on how an organization adapts to the changes in its environment. The ability of the leader to select the best strategy suited to his or her style will enhance the innovativeness of the organization. This paper discusses the findings from a pilot study that provides insights and lessons for both enhancing our understanding of the managerial task environment of innovation intensive SME, as well as possible implications effecting the future development of the MSC and similar initiatives like it. Keywords: Innovation, Leadership, Small and Medium Enterprises, Strategy. INTRODUCTION Innovation is a multidimensional construct that can involve new or significant improvements to products or processes, and can be technological or administrative in nature (Cooper, 1998). Innovation has been identified as either radical or disruptive and discontinuous in nature, or incremental imitative and evolutionary (Garcia & Calantone, 2002). Due to its multidimensional characteristics, innovation can include a new product or service, a new production process technology, a new structure or administrative system, or a new program (Damanpour, 1991). For the purposes of this study innovation can be defined as the development and successful implementation of a new or improved product, service, and technology and work process or market condition, directed towards gaining a competitive advantage (De Jong and Brouwer, 1999). Innovation is recognised as having a positive impact on the productivity of a country. Crosby (2000) for example found evidence to suggest that a partial decline in Australia‟s productivity in the 1970s could be attributed to declines in innovation in the late 1960s. It is also generally accepted that innovation is an important factor in the growth and prosperity of firms (Janszen, 2000). Th
Oxide Synthase Gene Upon Disruption of the Inducible Nitric Mycobacterium avium Improved Clearance of

2 Mice genetically deﬁcient in the inducible NO synthase gene (iNOS 2 / 2 ) were used to study the role played by NO during infection by Mycobacterium avium . iNOS 2 / 2 macrophages were equally able to restrict M. avium growth in vitro following stimulation by IFN- g and TNF- a as macrophages from wild-type mice. In vivo, the infection progressed at similar rates in wild-type and NO-deﬁcient mice during the ﬁrst 2 mo of infection, but the latter mice were subsequently more efﬁcient in clearing the mycobacteria than the former. The increased resistance of iNOS 2 / 2 mice was associated with higher IFN- g levels in the serum and following in vitro restimulation of spleen cells with speciﬁc Ag, increased formation of granulomas and increased survival of CD4 1 T cells. We show that NO is not involved in the antimycobacterial mechanisms of M. avium -infected macrophages and, further-more, that it exacerbates the infection by causing the suppression of the immune response to the pathogen. The Journal of Immunology, 1999, 162: 6734–6739.
Roadblocks to Integrating Technology and Reading Pedagogy in Teacher Education

Major findings regarding the roadblocks to the integration of technology with reading pedagogy in teacher education programs are presented. A multiple case study of four education professors over one academic year indicates that roadblocks to integrating technology into reading pedagogy revolve around the following themes: Reading competency is driven by intrinsic motivation. Current practices which neglect “real-world” reading are producing students who know how to read, but do not have the desire to read. The pressures to conform to educational mandates has created a disconnect between “good teaching” strategies and mandated school district requirements. The use of updated practices utilizing digital media is tempered by the current knowledge and self-efficacy of professors of reading education, and the inconsistent availability and/or limited technological accessibility. The overarching theme indicated that meeting the needs of today’s students by looking at education through a new lens and gaining tools and strategies for the 21 st century is imperative.
The Implementation Analysist Of Entrepreneurial Orientation

The purpose of this study is to analyze and figure out deeply about what can entrepreneurial orientation form the competitive advantage and the company performance, also what is more dominant than entrepreneurial orientation that can shape the competitive advantage and the company performance. The method of this study is descriptive qualitative. The result of this study shows that: First, proactive is appeared by identifying a market opportunity and take care of the client relationship. The innovation is less applied with the purpose of effective and efficient. The next one is risk-taking even though with limited human resource and lack of verified product. Besides that, the competitive aggressiveness is shown by the pricing strategy but giving optimal services. The last one is autonomy with the legality of the company and poor in administration. Second, the dominant aspect of entrepreneurial orientation so that forming the attempt performance and competitive advantage is dominated by the first dimension that consists of proactive, in the second dominant aspect is competitive aggressiveness. The third aspect is the courage dimension in taking the risk and the fourth and fifth aspects are autonomy and innovative dimension.
LYMPHOID NEOPLASIA BRAF inhibitors reverse the unique molecular signature and phenotype of hairy cell leukemia and exert potent antileukemic activity

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) shows unique clinicopathological and biological features. HCL responds well to purine analogs but relapses are frequent and novel therapies are required. BRAF-V600E is the key driver mutation in HCL and distinguishes it from other B-cell lymphomas, including HCL-like leukemias/lymphomas (HCL-variant and splenic marginal zone lymphoma). The kinase-activating BRAF-V600E mutation also represents an ideal therapeutic target in HCL. Here, we investigated the biological and therapeutic importance of the activated BRAF–mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)– extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in HCL by exposing in vitro primary leukemic cells purified from 26 patients to clinically available BRAF (vemurafenib; dabrafenib)orMEK(trametinib)inhibitors.Resultswerevalidatedinvivoinsamplesfrom vemurafenib-treatedHCLpatientswithinaphase2clinicaltrial.BRAFandMEKinhibitors caused,specificallyinHCL(butnotHCL-like)cells,markedMEK/ERKdephosphorylation, silencingoftheBRAF-MEK-ERK pathwaytranscriptionaloutput, lossoftheHCL-specific gene expression signature, downregulation of the HCL markers CD25, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cyclin D1, smoothening ofleukemiccells’hairysurface,and,eventually,apoptosis.Apoptosiswaspartiallybluntedbycoculturewithbonemarrowstromalcells antagonizing MEK-ERK dephosphorylation. This protective effect could be counteracted by combined BRAF and MEK inhibition. Our results strongly support and inform the clinical use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors in HCL. ( Blood . 2015;125(8):1207-1216)
SGLT2 inhibition mitigates perturbations in nephron segment-specific metabolic transcripts and mTOR pathway activity in kidneys of young persons with type 2 diabetes

The molecular mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) remain incompletely understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing and morphometrics data were collected from research kidney biopsies donated by participants with youth onset type 2 diabetes (T2D), aged 12-21 years of age, and healthy controls (HC) to study the effects of SGLT2i on kidney transcriptomics. Participants with T2D were more obese, had higher glomerular filtration rate, mesangial and glomerular volumes than HC. There were no clinically significant differences between participants prescribed SGLT2i (T2Di(+), n=10) and other T2D (T2Di(-), n=6). Transcriptional profiles showed SGLT2 expression exclusively in the proximal tubular (PT) cluster. Transcriptional alterations in T2Di(+) compared to T2Di(-) were seen across most nephron segments, most prominently in the distal nephron. SGLT2i treatment was associated with suppression of genes in the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways in PT, but enhanced expression in thick ascending limb. The energy sensitive mTOR signaling pathway transcripts were suppressed towards HC level in all nephron segments in T2Di(+). These transcriptional changes were confirmed in a diabetes mouse model treated with SGLT2i. Therefore, the beneficial effects of SGLT2i treatment to the kidneys might be from mitigating diabetes-induced metabolic perturbations via suppression of mTORC1 signaling across nephron segments, including those not expressing SGLT2.
GENDER AND LEVELS OF ATTAINMENT OF SCIENTIFIC LITERACY AMONG SCIENCE STUDENTS UNDER CONSTRUCTIVIST INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL

The study investigated levels of attainment of scientific literacy by junior secondary (8th grade) male and female students. Quasi-experiment of non- equivalent control group design was used. A total of 162 students were selected by purposive sampling of four coeducational schools out of twenty three in Ohafia Local Government Area, Abia state, Nigeria. In each of the four schools, an intact class was randomly selected. These were randomly assigned, two to experimental and control groups. Research questions were answered using mean and standard deviations and the hypotheses tested using ANCOVA. TOSL instrument for data collection had parts A and B. Reliability Coefficient of part A was established using Spearman rank order correlation and B using Kuder-Richardson formula 20(K-R). The internal consistencies were 0.69 and 0.72. The findings showed that constructivist instruction enhanced students’ attainment of scientific literacy irrespective of their sexes. Based on the findings recommendations were made.
Mediators of treatment outcome in the PACE trial of rehabilitative therapies for chronic fatigue syndrome

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) added to specialist medical care (SMC), or graded exercise therapy (GET) added to SMC, are more effective in reducing fatigue and improving physical function than both adaptive pacing therapy (APT) plus SMC and SMC alone for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This paper investigates putative treatment mechanisms. Mediation was assessed using the product of coefficients method with the 12 week measure of the mediators and the 52 week measure of the outcomes. Confounder covariates were included and treatment by mediator interaction terms were used to examine differences in mediator-outcome relationships by treatment group.
STAR F R M A I ON VI

Current evidence suggests that the stellar initial mass function has the same basic form everywhere, and that its fundamental features are (1) the existence of a characteristic stellar mass of order one solar mass, and (2) the existence of an apparently universal power-law form for the mass spectrum of the more massive stars. The characteristic stellar mass may be determined in part by the typical mass scale for the fragmentation of star forming clouds, which is predicted to be of the order of one solar mass. The power-law extension of the mass spectrum toward higher masses may result from the continuing accretional growth of some stars to much larger masses; the fact that the most massive stars appear to form preferentially in cluster cores suggests that such continuing accretion may be particularly important at the centers of clusters. Numerical simulations suggest that forming systems of stars may tend to develop a hierarchical structure, possibly self-similar in nature. If most stars form in such hierarchically structured systems, and if the mass of the most massive star that forms in each subcluster increases as a power of the mass of the subcluster, then a mass spectrum of power-law form is predicted. Some possible physical effects that could lead to such a relation are briefly discussed, and some observational tests of the ideas discussed here are proposed.
Immunopathology Induced Corneal - Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mediated Suppression of - Galectin-1

Corneal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa leads to a severe immunoinﬂammatory lesion, often causing vision impairment and blindness. Although past studies have indicated a critical role for CD4 + T cells, particularly Th1 cells, in corneal immunopathology, the relative contribution of recently discovered Th17 and regulatory T cells is undeﬁned. In this study, we demonstrate that after corneal P. aeruginosa infection, both Th1 and Th17 cells inﬁltrate the cornea with increased representation of Th17 cells. In addition to Th1 and Th17 cells, regulatory T cells also migrate into the cornea during early as well as late stages of corneal pathology. Moreover, using galectin-1 (Gal-1), an immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding molecule, we investigated whether shifting the balance among various CD4 + T cell subsets can modulate P. aeruginosa –induced corneal immunopathology. We demonstrate in this study that local recombinant Gal-1 (rGal-1) treatment by subconjunctival injections signiﬁcantly diminishes P. aeruginosa –mediated corneal inﬂammation through multiple mechanisms. Speciﬁcally, in our study, rGal-1 treatment signif-icantly diminished corneal inﬁltration of total CD45 + T cells, neutrophils, and CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, rGal-1 treatment signiﬁcantly reduced proinﬂammatory Th17 cell response in the cornea as well as local draining lymph nodes. Also, rGal-1 therapy promoted anti-inﬂammatory Th2 and IL-10 response in secondary lymphoid organs. Collectively, our results indicate that corneal P. aeruginosa infection induces a strong Th17-mediated corneal
Style investing The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters

We study asset prices in an economy where some investors classify risky assets into di(cid:11)erent styles and move funds back and forth between these styles depending on their relative performance. Our assumptions imply that news about one style can a(cid:11)ect the prices of other apparently unrelated styles, that assets in the same style will comove too much while assets in di(cid:11)erent styles comove too little, and that high average returns on a style will be associated with common factors for reasons unrelated to risk. They also lead to a rich pattern of own- and cross- autocorrelations, sample premia that can be very di(cid:11)erent from true premia, and imply that style momentum strategies will be pro(cid:12)table. We use our model to shed light on many puzzling features of the data.
Minimally Informative Prior Distributions for PSA

A salient feature of Bayesian inference is its ability to incorporate information from a variety of sources into the inference model, via the prior distribution (hereafter simply “the prior”). However, over-reliance on old information can lead to priors that dominate new data. Some analysts seek to avoid this by trying to work with a minimally informative prior distribution. Another reason for choosing a minimally informative prior is to avoid the often-voiced criticism of subjectivity in the choice of prior. Minimally informative priors fall into two broad classes: 1) so-called noninformative priors, which attempt to be completely objective, in that the posterior distribution is determined as completely as possible by the observed data, the most well known example in this class being the Jeffreys prior, and 2) priors that are diffuse over the region where the likelihood function is nonnegligible, but that incorporate some information about the parameters being estimated, such as a mean value. In this paper, we compare four approaches in the second class, with respect to their practical implications for Bayesian inference in Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA). The most commonly used such prior, the so-called constrained noninformative prior, is a special case of the maximum entropy prior. Thismore » is formulated as a conjugate distribution for the most commonly encountered aleatory models in PSA, and is correspondingly mathematically convenient; however, it has a relatively light tail and this can cause the posterior mean to be overly influenced by the prior in updates with sparse data. A more informative prior that is capable, in principle, of dealing more effectively with sparse data is a mixture of conjugate priors. A particular diffuse nonconjugate prior, the logistic-normal, is shown to behave similarly for some purposes. Finally, we review the so-called robust prior. Rather than relying on the mathematical abstraction of entropy, as does the constrained noninformative prior, the robust prior places a heavy-tailed Cauchy prior on the canonical parameter of the aleatory model. « less
(2016) Monitoring costs, credit constraints and entrepreneurship. Manchester School, 84 (5). 573-599.

Access to finance is seen as a binding constraint on the growth of household enterprises in developing countries. We develop a principal-agent model of a household enterprise and show that limited access to finance and monitoring costs constrain the firm size via both a direct and indirect effect. While greater access to finance has a positive direct effect on the hiring of paid labour, firms may not choose to expand and use paid labour, via an indirect route which operates through the monitoring costs of employing paid workers. We use large nationally representative surveys of household enterprises in Indian manufacturing and find support for the predictions of our theory.
A study of the polarimetric lightcurve of the asteroid 16 Psyche

A search for rotational modulation of the linear polarization of 16 Psyche is presented. This object has been found to show a polarimetric variation with rotation, suggesting that the surface of the asteroid is variegated. A period P = 0.1753 ± 0.0004 d and a total amplitude of 0.12% for the polarization change were derived
Reactivity of Different Veto Cells Relative TCR Transgenic 2C Mouse Model. I. Tolerance Induction by Veto CTLs in the

Several bone marrow cells and lymphocyte subpopulations, known as veto cells, were shown to induce transplantation tolerance across major histocompatibility Ags. Due to the low frequency of the effector T cells against which the veto cells inhibitory activity is aimed, the fate of the effector cells was traditionally followed indirectly by functional limiting dilution assays, which are cumbersome and depend on numerous parameters. In the present study the fate of the effector T cells was monitored directly by FACS, using TCR transgenic mouse CD8 (cid:1) T cells in which the transgene is directed against H-2 d (the 2C model). This assay is validated by demonstrating the potency, selectivity, radiation sensitivity, and contact dependency of anti-third-party CTLs previously demonstrated by the limiting dilution assay. In contrast to veto CTLs, nonactivated CD8 (cid:1) T cells lack veto activity. Comparison by FACS in the 2C model revealed a hierarchy of veto cells, in the order of veto CTLs activated NK cells, activated CD4 (cid:1) T cells, and activated B cells. The latter cells as well as nonactivated CD4 (cid:1) or NK cells were shown to be completely devoid of veto activity. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 173: 6654–6659.
Co-Design in co-production processes: jointly articulating and appropriating infrastructuring and commoning with civil servants

Abstract The public sector, increasingly acknowledging a need for change but strongly influenced by market logics, is experimenting with new forms of co-production of public services based on collaborations between public providers, citizens and societal actors. At the same time, Co-design researchers, are using approaches of infrastructuring and commoning to navigate questions of participation and collaboration in co-production. By discussing the case of ReTuren, a co-produced service for waste handling and prevention, this article presents how infrastructuring and commoning can offer guidance to civil servants engaging in co-production. In the case, civil servants on an operational level and an ‘embedded’ Co-Design researcher worked side-by-side in the co-production of the service, jointly articulating and appropriating approaches of infrastructuring and commoning. The case reveals that the joint appropriation and articulation of these Co-Design approaches can lead to the development of new ways of operating and perspectives in the public sector. However, it also highlights that this joint effort needs to involve people across organisational levels in order to minimise possible contextual and worldview breakdowns within public organisations.