Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Timing and magnitude of the sea-level jump preluding the 8200 yr event

Evidence from terrestrial, glacial, and global climate model reconstructions suggests that a sea-level jump caused by meltwater release was associated with the triggering of the 8.2 ka cooling event. However, there has been no direct measurement of this jump using precise sea-level data. In addition, the chronology of the meltwater pulse is based on marine data with limited dating accuracy. The most plausible mechanism for triggering the cooling event is the sudden, possibly multistaged drainage of the Laurentide proglacial Lakes Agassiz and Ojibway through the Hudson Strait into the North Atlantic ca. 8470 ± 300 yr ago. Here we show with detailed sea-level data from Rotterdam, Netherlands, that the sea-level rise commenced 8450 ± 44 yr ago. Our timing considerably narrows the existing age of this drainage event and provides support for the hypothesis of a double-staged lake drainage. The jump in sea level reached a local magnitude of 2.11 ± 0.89 m within 200 yr, in addition to the ongoing background relative sea-level rise (1.95 ± 0.74 m). This magnitude, observed at considerable distance from the release site, points to a global-averaged eustatic sea-level jump that is double the size of previous estimates (3.0 ± 1.2 m versus 0.4–1.4 m). The discrepancy suggests either a coeval Antarctic contribution or, more likely, a previous underestimate of the total American lake drainage.
Generalizing the Gurson model using symbolic regression and transfer learning to relax inherent assumptions

To generate material models with fewer limiting assumptions while maintaining closed-form, interpretable solutions, we propose using genetic programming based symbolic regression (GPSR), a machine learning (ML) approach that describes data using free-form symbolic expressions. To maximize interpretability, we start from an analytical, derived material model, the Gurson model for porous ductile metals, and systematically relax inherent assumptions made in its derivation to understand each assumption’s contribution to the GPSR model forms. We incorporate transfer learning methods into the GPSR training process to increase GPSR efficiency and generate models that abide by known mechanics of the system. The results show that regularizing the GPSR fitness function is critical for generating physically valid models and illustrate how GPSR allows a high level of interpretability compared with other ML approaches. The method of systematic assumption relaxation allows the generation of models that address limiting assumptions found in the Gurson model, and the symbolic forms allow conjecture of decreased material strength due to void interaction and non-symmetric void shapes.
Mask-SL RCNN: Feature-Enhanced 3D Object Detection Network for Point Clouds

At present, with the original point cloud as input, most of the object detectors use Pointnet++ to extract features of the point cloud based on the Farthest Point Sampling (FPS). However, affected by FPS, feature extraction is incomplete and unstable. Moreover, high-level semantic features lack the internal vertex properties of Regions of Interest (RoI). In order to solve the above problems, we propose the Mask-SL RCNN (Mask-Spherical-neighborhood-global-feature-Layer Region-CNN), a feature-enhanced 3D object detection network. It improves sampling of the farthest point through point-level feature enhancement. In addition, we propose Spherical neighborhood global feature Layer (SL) to supplement the global features and improve the learning ability of network. At last, based on semantic-level feature enhancement, we design grid pooling layer based on vertex attention, which fully explores the boundary characteristics of RoI and increases ability to learn advanced features in RoI. Our network improves detection precision of small objects such as pedestrians. Compared with PointRCNN, it has improved the mAP of simple, medium, and difficult object detection in the KITTI dataset by 2.66%, 1.69%, and 0.67%, respectively.
Smart Fiber-Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (sDAS) With Multitask Learning for Time-Efficient Ground Listening Applications

In recent years, fiber-optical distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has been applied to various large-scale infrastructure monitoring areas in smart cities, leading to a new generation of fiber-optic IoT for ground listening. However, its single-task-focused postprocessing methods cannot achieve real-time efficient ground event recognition and localization concurrently. In this article, a two-level multitask learning (MTL) enhanced smart fiber-optical DAS (sDAS) system is proposed, for the first time, to simultaneously realize ground event recognition and localization. Performances and efficiency of both tasks are significantly improved by sharing knowledge across them. Besides, the imbalanced incremental learning ability for new events is also enhanced in the proposed MTL network. The total computation time for the two tasks is greatly shortened to 0.3 ms for a spatial-temporal sample with 129-m fiber length and 5-s time frame, which equals to a processing time of 0.04 s over a total fiber length of 18.7-km with a spatial sampling interval of 1.29 m, and is even better than the fastest single recognition reported to date. In the field test, such an MTL-enhanced sDAS system indicates excellent feature extraction performance with classification accuracy of up to 99.46% for five events and location error of ±1 m for two core-events at 8/16 different radial distances, which are much better than the DAS systems with multiclassifier and the combined single-task learning methods. Also, the MTL-enhanced sDAS shows strong robustness against environmental noises. Hence, it provides a breakthrough technology for time-efficient multitask processing in smart distributed sensors.
Dynamic change of CO2 flux over bare soil field and its relationship with remotely sensed surface temperature

This study investigated the potential of thermal remote sensing for estimating ecosystem surface CO2 flux. Ecosystem surface CO2 flux was measured by an eddy covariance method for more than 3 years, in conjunction with thermal and optical remote sensing measurements as well as micrometeorological, soil and plant measurements. The soil was Andisol (Hydric Hapludands), a humic volcanic ash soil, which is the major cultivated soil for upland crops in Japan. The soil surface CO2 flux under bare soil conditions was best correlated with the remotely sensed surface temperature, while air temperature was less well correlated and soil temperature and soil water content were poorly correlated. The relationship was well expressed by an exponential Q 10 function (r 2=0.66, RMSE=0.098). The value of Q 10 and the threshold temperature at which the CO2 flux approached zero were estimated to be 1.47 and 10.0°C, respectively. Results suggested that the soil surface temperature had the dominant effect on the microbial respiration as well as on the physical processes determining the CO2 gas transfer at the soil–atmosphere interface. Remotely sensed surface temperature will provide useful information for investigation of CO2 transfer processes near the soil surface, as well as for quantitative assessment of ecosystem surface CO2 flux.
A Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Analysis of Mesiobuccal Root Canals of Maxillary First Molars

Introduction: The maxillary first molar is crucial for proper bite formation and jaw positioning in adulthood. The prevalence of dental caries in the study's sample population suggests it is a common candidate for endodontic therapy. Multiple studies have shown that the canal and root morphology of the maxillary first molar are abnormal. Materials and methods:The distobuccal and palatal roots of 286 maxillary first molars were removed at the furcation. The mesiobuccal roots were then imaged using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) on all specimens. The specimens were analyzed in comparison with one another. The following factors were studied. The number and arrangement of canals, as described by Vertucci; the presence or absence of an isthmus, as described by Kim; the canal curvature angle, as measured by the Schneider method; characteristics such as calcified segments, lateral canals, and an apical delta. For the flow analysis, CBCT was utilized to examine the root channel architecture of 286 mesiobuccal (MB) permanent maxillary first molar. Results: Type I canal arrangement was found in 51.6% of teeth, Type II in 33.3%, Type III in 4.6%, Type IV in 4.2%, Type V in 2.5%, and Type VII in 1.5%. Type I, II, III, and V isthmus were each present in 26%, 6.7%, 9.5%, and 10.2% of the samples, respectively. Teeth with MB1 canal angulations of 0-20 degrees, 21-40 degrees, and more than 40 degrees were found in 56, 188, and 41 teeth, respectively. From 0 to 20 degrees, 21 to 40 degrees, and more than 40 degrees, 15 teeth, 88 teeth, and 25 teeth, respectively, had angulations in their MB2 canals. Only 9.8% of the samples had lateral canals, while 16.1% had both accessory canals and apical deltas. There were 19 cases with calcified segments in the coronal third of the MB1 canal and 13 cases in the middle third. There were no calcifications at the distal end of the MB1 canal. Thirteen of the specimens showed calcification only in the most caudal third of the MB2 canal, whereas the middle and distal thirds were uncalcified. Conclusion: Utilizing a noninvasive approach, a CBCT scan has the capacity to provide valuable insights into the root canal configuration.
Regolith profile, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Weipa Bauxite, northern Australia

The regolith profile at Weipa is of two types. At Andoom, to the north of Weipa township, a 30 m profile overprints and overlies sediments of the Rolling Downs Group. At a depth of 23 m saprolite gives way to a Plasmic (pallid) Zone of kaolinite + quartz, which becomes mottled above 12 m. The degree of induration of the Mottled Zone increases upward to form a discontinuous and irregular Transition Zone about 1 m thick at the top of the wet season water-table and at a depth of about 4 m. In many places the Transition Zone is sufficiently indurated by goethite and hematite to be termed a Ferricrete. Above this is pisolithic bauxite and soil. On the Weipa Peninsula, Rolling Downs Group saprolite and Plasmic Zone terminate in a weak paleosol at 18 m, and this is unconformably overlain by sands and clays of the Paleogene Bulimba Formation. A quartz–kaolin Plasmic Zone developed in the clay and sandy clay units of the Bulimba Formation becomes mottled at about 5 m, with a Ferricrete or Transition Zone at around 4 m. Above this is pisolithic bauxite and soil. At both East Weipa and Andoom the Ferricrete is highly irregular, having an undulating surface at a wavelength of the order of 50 m or more and an amplitude of 2–3 m. Locally the surface is interrupted by depressions and holes ranging from 50 cm to 2 m in diameter and penetrating through the Ferricrete, and in places metre high pinnacles extend into the bauxite. The chemical and mineralogical changes that ultimately produce the bauxite pisoliths occur in the Transition Zone. At the base of the Transition Zone, kaolinite comprises 80% of the regolith. At the top of the Transition Zone, the composition is more than 75% Al(OH)3 in the form of gibbsite and ‘amorphous’ gibbsite. In the Transition Zone, goethite and hematite increase from 1–2% below to 15–25%. Over this 1 m interval, the fabric changes from 30–40 mm peds and nodules of generally massive kaolinite to 15 mm nodules of oolithic and sporadically pisolithic bauxite. The bauxites of Weipa and Andoom can be distinguished on the basis of higher Fe at Andoom, and higher quartz + kaolinite at East Weipa. Titanium, Zr, As, Nb and Sc also provide a basis for discrimination. Geochemical profiling of samples from two 30 m drillholes through each deposit shows strong coherence from the fresh Rolling Downs Group rocks to the bauxite at Andoom, and up to the unconformity at East Weipa, indicating these are in situ weathering profiles. The 30 m Andoom profile formed from an initial thickness of about 50 m of sediment. The variable substrate of the Bulimba Formation does not allow such conclusions to be reached for the East Weipa profile. These profiles have been developing, probably, over the last 50 Ma, and they are still forming, and/or changing, today.
Evaluating Cloud Contamination in Clear-Sky MODIS Terra Daytime Land Surface Temperatures Using Ground-Based Meteorology Station Observations

AbstractEnvironment Canada meteorological station hourly sampled air temperatures Tair at four stations in the southwest Yukon were used to identify cloud contamination in the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra clear-sky daytime land surface temperature (LST) and emissivity daily level-3 global 1-km grid product (MOD11A1, Collection 5) that is not flagged by the MODIS quality algorithm as contaminated. The additional cloud masking used qualitative ground-based sky condition observations, collected at two of the four stations, and coincident MODIS quality flag information. The results indicate that air temperature observed at a variety of discrete spatial locations having different land cover is highly correlated with MODIS LST collected at 1-km grid spacing. Quadratic relationships between LST and air temperature, constrained by ground observations of “clear” sky conditions, show less variability than relationships found under “mainly clear” and “mostly cloudy” sky conditions, and.
Seasonal and latitudinal distributions of the dominant light ions at 600 km topside ionosphere from 1999 to 2002

Data taken by the Republic of China satellite (ROCSAT-1) during moderate to high solar activity years from 1999 to 2002 have been studied for the statistical distribution of the dominant light ion species, either hydrogen or helium ions, at 600 km topside ionosphere. The results indicate some interesting seasonal and longitudinal/latitudinal distributions of the dominant light ions in the topside ionosphere during the magnetic quiet periods. Each light ion species can become the dominant ion species at 600 km topside ionosphere but only at night when the ion temperature is cooler than during the day. More cases of H + dominance have been observed than those of He + dominance. Except for the March equinox the distribution of dominant H + shows a strong hemispheric asymmetry for the other three seasons. When H + dominance is observed in one hemisphere during the solstice season, the low latitude limit of this transition region is a constant dip latitude in the winter hemisphere. This statistical minimum of the transition latitude shows little dependence on the seasonal averaged solar flux intensity. Similar hemispherically asymmetric distribution for dominant He + in the winter hemisphere during the solstice season has also been noted except that the asymmetrical pattern is not as prominent as in the dominant H + case because much fewer cases have been observed for dominant He + . The asymmetrical distribution of the dominant light ions seems to be related to the observed hemispheric field-aligned ion flow pattern. Thus it is concluded that the downward field-aligned ion flow together with the nighttime lower ion temperature in the winter hemisphere compose a possible cause for the occurrence distribution of the hemispheric asymmetry in the dominant light ion species. This can be understood from the fact that the field-aligned flow is related to the hemispheric asymmetry of the ionospheric F peaks and serves to enhance or retard the nocturnal redistribution of the light ions along the field line.
Fine scale variability in soil frost dynamics surrounding cushions of the dominant vascular plant species (azorella selago) on sub‐antarctic marion island

Abstract. Through changing soil thermal regimes, soil moisture and affecting weathering and erosion processes plants can have an important effect on the physical properties and structure of soils. Such physical soil changes can in turn lead to biological facilitation, such as vegetation‐banked terrace formation or differential seedling establishment. We studied the fine scale variability in soil temperature and moisture parameters, specifically focusing on frost cycle characteristics around cushions of the dominant, vascular plant species, Azorella selago, on sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. The frost season was characterised by numerous low intensity and very shallow frost cycles. Soils on eastern cushion sides were found to have lower mean and maximum temperatures in winterthan soils on western cushion sides. In addition, lower variability in temperature was found on eastern cushion sides in winterthan on western cushion sides, probably as a result of higher wind speeds on western cushion sides and/or eastern, lee‐side snow accumulation. Despite the mild frost climate, extensive frost heave occurred in the study area, indicating that needle ice forms at temperatures above −2°C. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of frost pull as a heave mechanism under shallow frost conditions. The results highlight the importance of Azorella cushions in modifying site microclimates and of understanding the consequences of these modifications, such as potentially providing microhabitats. Such potential microhabitats are particularly important in light of current climate change trends on the island, as continued warming and drying will undoubtedly increase the need for thermal and moisture refugia.
Silurian and Lower Devonian plant assemblages from the Anglo‐Welsh Basin: a palaeobotanical and palynological synthesis

A comprehensive survey of plant assemblages from Upper Silurian (Gorstian–Přídolí) and Lower Devonian (Lochkovian–Pragian) localities in South Wales and the Welsh Borderland is presented, together with some comments on recent improvements in dating and correlation. Spore assemblages provide a stratigraphic framework for plant evolutionary studies and, along with microvertebrates, enable correlation from continental to marine rocks, i.e. near‐shore to shelf deposits. While it is recognized that the assemblages provide the most complete and extensive record of the history of vascular plants in a restricted geographical area during the time interval, it seems likely that major evolutionary innovation occurred elsewhere. The plants themselves display a number of types of fossilization. Particularly important are the pyrite permineralizations which have helped in the elucidation of the ultrastructure of tracheids in early vascular plants. Minute, coalified, relatively uncompressed fossils (mesofossils) from the Přídolí Lochkovian of the Welsh Borderland are hypothesized to be the products of wildfire, the earliest records to date. In addition to displaying often exquisite anatomical detail, the sporangia contain spores which have been linked to those in dispersed assemblages. Such relationships are helpful in the reconstruction of local and regional vegetation, even in the absence of meso‐ and megafossils. However, because these fossils are allochthonous and preserved in fluvial sediments, the habitats of the plants remain uncertain. A new hypothesis suggests that interfluvial areas, where calcretes are interpreted as relicts of vertisols and a seasonally dry climate, provided refugia in the Lower Devonian for the cryptospore‐producing plants which dominated Ordovician and Lower Silurian land vegetation, while vascular plants colonized areas in the immediate vicinity of rivers. Variation in regional vegetation is explored via comparisons of composition of spore assemblages in southern Britain and Scotland and timing of appearances of derived taxa, integrated with limited information on the spore producers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Fracture Patterns, Pinning Configuration, Surgeon Experience and Subspecialty on Short-Term Radiological Outcomes of Pediatric Supracondylar Humeral Fractures Treated in the Prone Position: A Case-Series

Background: The most common treatment modality for supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHFs) in children is closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP). Nonetheless, debate persists regarding the optimal technique used. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the impact of surgeon experience, surgeon subspecialty and pin configuration on short-term radiological outcomes following CRPP of displaced SCHFs. Methods: Patients less than 14 years of age who underwent CRPP for displaced SCHFs in the prone position between January 2018 and December 2022 were analyzed. Patients were separated into subgroups based on fracture type (low vs. high sagittal), pin configuration (lateral, cross, other), number and configuration of K-wires and first operator surgical experience. The following outcome measurements were collected: postoperative Baumann angle (BA), Shaft-Condylar angle (SCA), surgical duration (SD), duration of radiation exposure (DRE) and number of clinical and radiological follow-ups (FU). Results: A total of 44 patients with a mean age of 6 ± 2.5 years were included in the final analysis. The mean post-operative BA and SCA were 74.8° ± 4.9° and 37.7° ± 10.2°, respectively. No significant differences were found in the post-operative Baumann’s angle or SCA among the subgroups. Regarding secondary outcomes, no differences were found among each subgroup regarding SD, DRE and FUs. Conclusion: Short-term radiological outcomes following the treatment of SCHFs treated in the prone position are not affected by fracture patterns and pinning configuration, regardless of the surgeon’s years of experience or subspecialty.
BEARING CAPACITY OF FOOTINGS ADJACENT TO SLOPES

In this paper, analytical solutions have been developed for obtaining ultimate bearing capacity of footings adjacent to slopes using limit equilibrium and limit analysis approaches. One‐sided rupture failure on the side of slope was assumed and partial mobilization was considered on the side of flat ground. Results have been presented in the form of nondimensional parameters Nc, Nq and Nr for different values of ϕ, slope angle and distance of footing from slope edge. Analytical results were compared to carefully conducted model test data and the work of previous investigators.
Roles of bilingualism and musicianship in resisting semantic or prosodic interference while recognizing emotion in sentences

Listeners can use the way people speak (prosody) or what people say (semantics) to infer vocal emotions. It can be speculated that bilinguals and musicians can better use the former rather than the latter compared to monolinguals and non-musicians. However, the literature to date has offered mixed evidence for this prosodic bias. Bilinguals and musicians are also arguably known for their ability to ignore distractors and can outperform monolinguals and non-musicians when prosodic and semantic cues conflict. In two online experiments, 1041 young adults listened to sentences with either matching or mismatching semantic and prosodic cues to emotions. 526 participants were asked to identify the emotion using the prosody and 515 using the semantics. In both experiments, performance suffered when cues conflicted, and in such conflicts, musicians outperformed non-musicians among bilinguals, but not among monolinguals. This finding supports an increased ability of bilingual musicians to inhibit irrelevant information in speech.