Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impersonal and reflexive uses of Middle English psych verbs under contact influence with Old French

Abstract This article discusses the relation between impersonal constructions and the reflexive use of psych verbs of the admire-type (Levin 1993) copied from Old French to Middle English. The outset of the study is an observation made by van der Gaaf (1904) which was commented on by Fischer (1992) concerning the reflexive use of verbs like remembren (Old French remembrer) in the course of the development of impersonal constructions to personal constructions. My aim is to answer the following questions: First, was the reflexive use of verbs copied from Old French new to the Middle English system? Second, what is the syntactic and semantic relation between ME impersonal and OF reflexive constructions? I will first examine the reflexive construction in Old English and Old French to answer the first question. I will then deal with the second question taking a closer look at both constructions in Middle English. Supported by lexicon-based and corpus-based small-scale studies of the psych verb remembren I will provide an analysis of the syntactic and semantic properties of the verb in both constructions and show that what they have in common is an intransitive structure where the subject is an experiencer, and middle semantics. I will finally address possible effects of language contact through translations, before I conclude.
Presentation of Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans Rashes on Lyme Disease Patients in Canada

Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) is a complex multisystem illness with varying clinical manifestations. This tick-borne zoonosis is caused by the spirochetal bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) and, worldwide, presents with at least 20 different types of rashes. Certain cutaneous rashes are inherently interconnected to various stages of Lyme disease. In this study, five Canadian Lyme disease patients from a multi-age range presented various phases of the acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) rash. In each case of ACA, the underlying etiological pathogen was the Lyme disease spirochete. Although ACA rashes are normally found on the lower extremities, this study illustrates that ACA rashes are not directly correlated with a tick bite, geographic area, age, Bbsl genospecies, exercise, or any given surface area of the body. Case 4 provides confirmation for an ACA rash and gestational Lyme disease. One patient (Case 5) puts forth a Bbsl and Bartonella sp. co-infection with a complex ACA rash. This study documents ACA rashes on Lyme disease patients for the first time in Canada.
A multi-method characterization of natural terrestrial birnessites

Abstract With a focus on a large set of natural birnessites collected from terrestrial, freshwater systems, we applied and compared the capabilities of X‑ray diffraction (XRD), extended X‑ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X‑ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize crystal structure and chemistry. Using XRD, we successfully identified 3 of the 11 natural birnessite samples as hexagonal ranciéite-like phases, but the remaining samples yielded less interpretable “3-line” diffraction patterns with broad, asymmetrical peaks at d-spacings of ~7.2, ~2.4, and ~1.4 Å. EXAFS analysis suggested that many of these samples had characteristics of both triclinic and hexagonal birnessite. However, application of EXAFS to the ranciéite-like phases yielded unreasonably high concentrations of triclinic birnessite as an intergrowth, calling into question the use of synthetic hexagonal H-birnessite as an appropriate standard in the linear combination fitting of EXAFS data for natural birnessites. FTIR spectroscopy of the “3-line” birnessite samples successfully distinguished triclinic and hexagonal constituents, and analyses of peak positions suggested that natural birnessites occur as a full spectrum of triclinic and hexagonal intergrowths. XPS analysis of these samples revealed that higher Mn3+ concentrations relative to Mn2+ and Mn4+ are correlated to increased proportions of triclinic birnessite.
Tumor Necrosis Factor- (cid:1) Prevents Desensitization of G (cid:1) s -Coupled Receptors by Regulating GRK2 Association with the Plasma Membrane

We have reported previously that interleukin-1 and tumor ne- crosis factor (TNF)- (cid:1) increase expression and function of adenosine A 2A receptors (A 2A Rs), although the increased function is disproportionate to the increment in expression. We therefore studied the effect of TNF- (cid:1) on A 2A R function and desensitiza- tion in human monocytoid THP-1 cells. We observed that TNF- (cid:1) regulates activity of A 2A Rs and other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by altering their ligand-mediated desensitization. Pretreatment of resting cells with the A 2A R agonist 2-[ p -(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5 (cid:1) - N -ethylcarboxamido-adenosine (CGS 21680) or the pan-adenosine receptor agonist 5 (cid:1) - N -ethylcarboxamidoadenosine quickly desensitized cAMP responses to CGS 21680 restimulation, but TNF- (cid:1) treatment prevented A 2A R desensitization. As expected, A 2A R occupancy induced translocation of GPCR kinase-2 (GRK2) to the plasma membrane (PM). We were surprised to find that after TNF- (cid:1) treatment, A 2A R occupancy not only failed to induce GRK2 translocation to PM but also decreased GRK2 association with PM. TNF- (cid:1) altered GRK2 translocation in response to the (cid:2) -ad-renergic receptor agonist isoproterenol in a similar manner. Similar to GRK2, (cid:2) -arrestin associated with PM after A 2A R stimulation in control cells but not in TNF- (cid:1) -treated cells. C 2 - ceramide, a downstream mediator in the sphingomyelinase (SMase)-dependent pathway, mimicked the effect of TNF- (cid:1) on GRK2 translocation. Moreover, inhibitors of the SMases and an inhibitor of c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase, also a downstream effector in the SMase pathway, reversed TNF- (cid:1) -mediated effects on GRK2 translocation and A 2A R desensitization. These results suggest a novel form of cross-talk between TNF- (cid:1) receptors and GPCRs; TNF- (cid:1) enhances GPCR function by preventing agonist-induced desensitization of GPCRs by diminishing ag- onist-dependent recruitment of GRK2 and (cid:2) -arrestin to PM by a SMase pathway-mediated mechanism. this on THP-1 we determined whether TNF- (cid:1) treatment affects agonist-dependent desensitization of A 2A Rs and examined the effect of on expression and subcellular distribution of GRK2 and (cid:2) -ar-restins in response to stimulation with agonists of A 2A Rs and (cid:2) -adrenergic receptors. In addition, we examined the signaling pathways mediating TNF- (cid:1) regulation of GRK2 and A 2A R desensitization.
Reação de genótipos de feijão-caupi revela resistência às coinfecções pelo Cucumber mosaic virus, Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus e Cowpea severe mosaic virus

Many factors can affect the yield of cowpea, especially viruses. The main species of viruses infecting cowpea in Brazil are Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and Cowpea golden mosaic virus (CPGMV). This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of cowpea genotypes for resistance to CMV in single or in co-infections (CMV+CABMV, CMV+CPSMV-I and CMV+CABMV+CPSMV-I), which was accomplished in two steps. Firstly, 57 genotypes were evaluated in four evaluations: three in aphid proof cages with infection under controlled conditions, and one in field-grown plants under natural infection. To perform the second step, we selected 18 genotypes to be conducted in nine trials, with eight under aphid proof cages control infection, and one under natural infection. The qualitative and quantitative effects resulting from infections were evaluated. In the field trial, we assessed the number of asymptomatic plants, pod length, number of grains per pod, 100-grain mass and yield. Mixed infections reduced the plant height and dry weight, and premature death of some genotypes was observed in infections involving the three viruses. The genotypes BR17-Gurgueia, Epace V-96, TE97-309G-9, TE97-309G-22, TE97-309G-24 and Patativa showed the best behavior in relation to the mixed viral infections, presenting seeds with appropriate commercial standard and with potential for using in breeding programs.
Leaf Expansion Rate Effects on Yield and Yield Components in Early-Maturing Maize

Assimilate supply (source) reportedly limits grain yields of early-maturing maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. We studied combining abilities of S 2 lines with extremes in average leaf expansion rate (ALER) values to test for genetically correlated responses for grain yield, ear moisture, stalk lodging, yield components, and yield stability parameters. The S 2 hybrids ware selected to represent a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of ALER types (HER = high and LER = low ALER) (.)
A brief exploration of the Irish Government Economic and Evaluation Service’s (IGEES) outputs and its role in Department of Children and Youth Affairs policymaking

Department of Children and Youth Affairs (DCYA), Ireland. He has worked in several civil service roles over the course of his career and is undertaking the Doctorate in Governance programme at the Institute of Public Administration. The views expressed here are his own, and do not purport to represent an official DCYA perspective. Administration, vol. 68, no. 2 (2020), pp. 81–96 doi: 10.2478/admin-2020-0012
Impact of Low-Dose Municipal Sewage Sludge Compost Treatments on the Nutrient and the Heavy Metal Contents in a Chernozem Topsoil Near Újkígyós, Hungary: A 5-Year Comparison

Abstract Agriculture is one of the major fields, where sewage sludge can be used. Its high nutrient content can contribute to the improvement of important soil properties, such as nutrient content, water balance and soil structure. However, sewage sludge may contain hazardous components, such as pathogens and pollutants. Therefore, it is important to monitor the effects of its field application. In this paper, we assessed the impacts of two low-dose (2.5 m3/ha) municipal sewage sludge compost applications (in 2013 and in 2017) in a 5.6 ha arable land in southeast Hungary (near Újkígyós), located in the Hungarian Great Plain. The nutrient and the heavy metal contents in the upper soil layer (0-30 cm) of the studied Chernozem soils were compared between two sampling campaigns in 2013 (before the compost applications) and in 2018 (after the compost applications). Basic soil properties (pH, salinity, humus content, carbonate content, Arany yarn number) complemented with nutrient content (K2O, P2O5, NO2+ NO3) and heavy metal content (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) analyses were performed. The results show that no significant change can be noticed in the baseline parameters over the 5-year period. The slight increase in the P2O5, NO2+ NO3 content is closely related to the beneficial effects of the sewage sludge deposition. The soil-bound heavy metal load did not increase significantly as a result of the compost treatments, only nickel showed a slight increase in the topsoil. In all cases the heavy metal concentrations did not reach the contamination thresholds set by Hungarian standards. The results provided positive evidences proving that low dose municipal sewage sludge compost disposal on agricultural land is safe, and can be considered as a sustainable soil amendment for agriculture in compliance with legal requirements.
Site Selection and Nest Survival of the Bar-Headed Goose (Anser indicus) on the Mongolian Plateau

Abstract. Waterbirds breeding on the Mongolian Plateau in Central Asia must find suitable wetland areas for nesting in a semiarid region characterized by highly variable water conditions. The first systematic nesting study of a waterbird dependent on this region for breeding was conducted on the Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus). The purpose of this study was to document Bar-headed Goose nesting locations, characterize nests and nesting strategies, and estimate daily nest survival (n = 235 nests) from eight areas of west-central Mongolia across three summers (2009–2011) using a modified Mayfield estimator. Bar-headed Goose daily nest survival ranged from 0.94 to 0.98, with a 3-year average nest success of 42.6% during incubation. Bar-headed Geese were found to primarily nest on isolated pond and lake islands as previously reported, but were also documented regularly, though less frequently, along rocky cliffs in several regions of west-central Mongolia. Daily nest survival was higher for cliff nests than for island nests. Information-theoretic models indicated that nest survival decreased with nest age and varied annually with changing environmental conditions. Results of this study suggest that while Bar-headed Geese primarily rely on nesting island sites these sites may be more susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance and predation events influenced by seasonal variation in environmental conditions, and that higher daily nest survival values documented for the less frequent cliff nest strategy may provide an important alternative strategy during poor island nest success years. Thus, conservation efforts for this and other waterbird species in the semiarid region should be focused on conserving nesting islands and protecting them from disturbance in areas of high livestock densities experiencing a rapidly warming climate.
Considerations About the Required Volumetric Air Flow Rate Inside an Office Room with One Occupant – Case Study

Abstract In the construction process of modern buildings, the aim is to achieve maximum comfort within minimum energy consumption. One of the ways to achieve this requirement is the accurate determination of the volumetric flow rate of fresh air, necessary to ensure the required indoor air quality. This study begins with the experimental determination of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in an office room with one occupant performing three types of activities with different levels of physical intensities. Based on these measurements, a methodology for the precise determination of the volumetric air flow rate is presented. This method was compared with another one that takes into account body parameters and is considered in this study as the most accurate. The required outdoor air flow rate for the experimental room was also determined based on the present legislations of five different countries. Comparing all the studied methods and considering as refence the method based on body parameters, it was found that the accuracy of the values is influenced by the physical intensity of the activity and that most methods generally underestimate the amount of required fresh air.
The time course of early post-mortem biochemical processes in the abdominal muscle of a commercially important decapod crustacean (Nephrops norvegicus): implications for post-catch processing

The post-mortem processes in the fast abdominal muscle of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus have been investigated by simulating the first 24-h post-harvest in a controlled experiment. Tissue pH and the concentrations of arginine phosphate, glycogen, L-lactate, ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR, and Hx were measured at the time of sacrifice and 3, 6, 12 and 24 h thereafter. Additionally from the nucleotide values the corresponding adenylate energy charge (AEC) was calculated. The results reveal that the post-mortem biochemical processes in the abdomen of the Norway lobster after sacrifice and during storage at 10°C are comparable to those of vertebrates. It was found that arginine phosphate was depleted from 38.5 ± 5.2 to 10.9 ± 2.9 µmol g−1 within 3 h, and anaerobic glycolysis was enhanced, so that glycogen was depleted and L-lactate accumulated. The muscle pH decreased significantly from 7.6 ± 0.1 to 7.0 ± 0.15 within 20 min and then continued to decrease at a slower rate. Most interestingly, the ATP concentration was maintained at approximately 3.5 ± 0.3 µmol g−1 for up to 12 h post-mortem. This is unusually long and indicates a special characteristic of this fast-type crustacean muscle. AMP accumulated to a maximum after 12 h and was then slowly transformed into IMP. The AEC fell from an initial value of 0.88 to only 0.17 after 24 h. When viewed in context with the fishing industry the results demonstrate that when the product is tailed (removal of the cephalothorax) upon catch, as is common practice in this industry, the result will always be an extensive post-mortem glycolytic response that will lead to an unavoidable and rapid depletion of the energy reserves resulting in a product of lesser quality.
The effectiveness of dicyandiamide in reducing nitrous oxide emissions from a cattle-grazed, winter forage crop in Southland, New Zealand

A study was conducted in Southland, New Zealand to: (i) measure nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3–-N) leaching losses from a cattle-grazed, winter forage crop; and (ii) quantify the effect of dicyandiamide (DCD) in reducing these losses. Drainage losses were measured for 12 months (December 2005–November 2006) from a December-sown kale crop using 12 hydrologically isolated drainage plots at the Woodlands Research Station. N2O emissions were measured for 6 months (June–November) following simulated grazing of the crop in mid-June. N2O emissions from the bare ground following grazing of the crop amounted to 3.6 kg nitrogen (N)/ha for the winter–spring period. This figure is higher than that measured for pasture on the same soil type over a similar period. DCD application significantly reduced N2O emissions for the whole crop area by 25% over this period and reduced the N2O emission factor for urine by 54%. DCD application increased the length of time mineral N (0–10 cm soil depth) was maintained in the ammonium form and significantly reduced soil NO3–-N levels for 6 weeks following the simulated grazing. Annual NO3–-N losses in drainage under this winter forage crop were relatively high at 79 kg N/ha.year, with the majority of this (67%) being lost over the wet summer months (December–January rainfall 434 mm or 200% of normal) during crop growth. The application of DCD following the grazing resulted in a 47% decrease in NO3–-N leached over the winter–spring period (26 kg N/ha v. 14 kg N/ha) with this equating to a 29% decrease over the full 12-month measurement period. This study suggested that winter forage crops are major contributors to N losses from livestock farming systems in Southland and that DCD application following the grazing of such crops by cattle can significantly reduce N2O emissions and leaching N losses.
A theory of global economic growth in the very long-run: is a grand innovation slowdown inevitable?

Abstract The paper shows how the original semi endogenous and balanced growth model of Phelps (1966), and my extended version of it (Gomulka, 1990), could be useful in explaining the key ‘stylized facts’ of global long-term growth so far, and in predicting its dynamics in the future. During the last two centuries the sector of R&D and education, producing qualitative changes, has been expanding in the world’s most developed countries much faster than the sector producing conventional goods. The extended model is used to explore and evaluate. the consequences for the global long-term growth of the end of this unbalanced growth, of the completion of the catching up by most of the world’s less developed countries, and of the expected eventual stabilization of the size of the world population. The theory yields a thesis, new in the literature, that the rate of global per capita GDP growth will eventually return to the historically standard very low level, thus implying that the world’s technological revolution is going to be an innovation super-fluctuation.
Systematics of H2 and H2O evolved from chlorites during oxidative dehydrogenation

Abstract Thermally induced dehydroxylation and oxidative dehydrogenation drive the thermal decomposition of all Fe2+-containing phyllosilicates. Whereas the former produces H2O gas, the latter results in H2 evolution. Six chlorites representing the Mg-Fe2+ series from clinochlore to chamosite and biotite (as an analog of the 2:1 layer in chlorite) were investigated using thermogravimetry coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (TG-MS). A fast-ramp heating protocol was applied to identify if and how hydrogen gas was released from the crystal structure and whether it was quantitatively related to structural Fe2+ content. Dehydroxylation and oxidative dehydrogenation were tested under inert and oxidizing conditions. H2 liberation confirmed the H2 gas production by oxidative dehydrogenation, as shown by an evolution of the m/z = 2 signal for chamosites, Fe-rich clinochlores, and biotite heated under nitrogen gas atmosphere. Along with H2 evolution, H2O (m/z = 18) was released, suggesting that dehydroxylation is a trigger for dehydrogenation. The higher the Fe2+ content in the studied chlorites, the more intense the H2 evolution, thus the higher the H2/H2O ratios. The products of ramp-heating to 1000 °C resulted in varying amounts of newly formed Fe3+ (from 7 to 22%), however, biotite that converted into oxybiotite underwent almost complete oxidation, indicating a stronger tendency of 2:1 layer to dehydrogenation. The observed concurrent, but independent mechanisms of H2 and H2O evolution produced a feasible model of the thermal decomposition of chlorites. Despite O2 availability under oxidizing condition, the Fe2+ oxidation was not driven by attaching oxygen anions to the phyllosilicate structure, but also by dehydrogenation. Hydrogen was not detected using MS for any tested sample heated in synthetic air because any H2 if released was instantaneously combined with external O2, which resulted in an excess H2O MS signal not matched by mass loss on the TG profiles of chamosite and biotite. Without coupling of the evolved gas analysis with TG, the excess H2O produced by dehydrogenation in the O2-bearing carrier gas would result in misleading interpretations of dehydroxylation. Methodological and geological implications of the TG-MS experiments are discussed. The oxidation of Fe2+ in all Fe2+-containing phyllosilicates proceeds with simultaneous H2 gas release that is not dependent on oxygen fugacity nor temperature during the mineral formation. Therefore, the correlation between Fe3+/Fe2+ and remaining hydrogen in the structure must be considered during modeling the conditions that involve chlorite as geothermobarometer. H2 release during heating is proposed as an indicator of oxidative dehydrogenation of Fe2+-bearing minerals on Mars.
Recruitment, Dispersal, and Group Fusion in a Declining Population of the Plains Vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus; Chinchillidae)

Patterns of emigration, immigration, and colony composition during a population crash are described for the plains vizcacha ( Lagostomus maximus ) in La Pampa, Argentina. The sex ratio of young-of-the-year was slightly male-biased and significantly different from the female-biased sex ratio of adults. Each social group lived in a communal burrow system. Females were recruited into their natal burrow system. Males remained in their natal burrow system up to 27 months, but did not breed there. Tenure of adult females within a social group was longer than tenure of adult males. Females and young moved to other burrow systems as a group, and only when the number of animals became low in their own social group. In contrast, solitary adult males moved into and out of social groups, even when the number of animals in the group was high. Adult males never were present in a social group for more than one breeding season. Inter-group movements occurred in all seasons except winter in both sexes. Dispersal patterns during a population decline, particularly the delay in dispersal of young males and high turnover of individuals within social groups, may differ from movement patterns in habitats with more abundant and stable resources.