Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Colonial Investments

Recent literature has documented the economic and political consequences of colonialism, but we know less about the origins of colonial investments. I present evidence that they were very unequally distributed within 16 French and British African colonies, even when adjusted for population. How did colonial powers allocate their investments? Economic history emphasizes the role of natural resources while recent literature in political economy argues that settlers explain the origin of colonial institutions. I argue that observable geographic features—locational fundamentals—led some locations to become centers of pre-colonial trade, which in turn increased colonial settlement and investments not only in infrastructure but also in health and education. Disparities did not diminish during the colonial period because those locations became centers of colonial economic activity and benefited from complementarities between investments, consistent with a logic of increasing returns. JEL: F63, H50, N37, N57 ∗Department of Politics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540. Email: jricart@princeton.edu. I thank Carles Boix, Evan Lieberman, Marc Ratkovic and Leonard Wantchekon, Jennifer Widner, Tsering Wangyal Shawa, Bill Guthe, Torben Behmer, Brandon Miller de la Cuesta, Costantino Pischedda and seminar participants at the Contemporary African Political Economy Research Seminar (CAPERS), the Politics and History Network and Princeton University for useful comments. I am grateful to Elise Huillery and Bob Woodberry for sharing the relevant data. Jeremy Darrington and Elizabeth Bennett helped me locate multiple data sources. Seth Merkin Morokoff, Luise Zhong and Bruno Schaffa provided excellent research assistance.
Are there benefits of low doses of ACE inhibitors, MRAs, diuretics and statins in the treatment of heart failure?

Treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) is very controversial. The issue of optimal doses of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, aldosterone receptor antagonists, statins in patients with CHF has not been conclusively addressed. Achieving the maximum tolerated doses of drugs, though related to reduced mortality, but is accompanied by an increase in adverse drug reactions. The aim. To present and discuss our own clinical and scientific data concerning the role of beta-blockers and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, diuretics, statins in the treatment of CHF patients and optimization of dosage schemes. Material and methods. The study included 88 patients with CHF of ischemic origin, with sinus rhythm, stage II AB, NYHA FC II–IV, 58 – with reduced LV EF (HFrEF) and 30 – with preserved LV EF (HFpEF). The mean age of patients was 69.18 ± 9.97 years, men 52 % (n = 46). The median follow-up of the CHF patients was 396 days, the maximum number of follow-up days was 1302. During the observation period, 14 endpoints were registered, which accounted for 15.91 % of events: 7 deaths (8.0 %), 2 strokes (2.3 %), 2 cases of acute coronary syndrome (2.3 %), 3 progressive heart failure cases (3.4 %). Kaplan–Mayer curves were drawn to assess survival rate, and the significance of difference between groups was calculated by the criteria of Gehan–Wilcoxon, Cox–Mantel and log-rank test. Risk factors were determined, and prognostic uni- and multi-variant Cox proportional hazards regression models were used. The cut-off values of quantitative risk factors were obtained by ROC analysis. Results. The increase in the relative risk of adverse cardiovascular events in the CHF patients regardless of LV EF was associated with a daily carvedilol dose of more than 25 mg (HR = 1.05; 95 % CI 1.009–1.093; P = 0.0171); eplerenone – more than 12.5 mg (HR = 1.073; 95 % CI 1.005–1.144; P = 0.034), torasemide – more than 5 mg (HR = 1.13; 95 % CI 1.021–1.255; P = 0.019); rosuvastatin – more than 10 mg (HR = 1.107; 95 % CI 1.007–1.203; P = 0.035), and the trend in using atorvastatin at a dose of less than 10 mg (HR = 1.05; 95 % CI 0.951–1.165; P = 0.327). The use of ramipril in a daily dose of less than 2.5 mg was accompanied by a trend towards the 22 % reduced relative risk of adverse cardiovascular events (HR = 0.78; 95 % CI 0.384–1.580; P = 0.491). Conclusions. Positive treatment outcomes in the CHF patients, regardless of the phenotype, were associated with low daily doses of ramipril (<2.5 mg), eplerenone/spironolactone (<12.5 mg), torasemide (<5.0 mg), rosuvastatin (<10.0 mg), but with high doses of atorvastatin (>10.0 mg).
Comparison of Menstrual Effluent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Immunocytochemistry Expression Between Endometriosis and Non-Endometriosis Patients

Objectives: This study aimed to measure the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in menstrual effluent from patients with endometriosis compared to non-endometriosis through immunocytochemical methods. We also measured the degree of pain level, endometrioma cyst size, and infertility status whether it is affected by VEGF expression. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was conducted in Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung. Thirty productive-age women diagnosed with endometrioma and 30 productive-age women without endometriosis as the control group were included in this study. Menstrual effluent was taken from the posterior fornix on the second day of menstruation and stained using immunocytochemistry staining for VEGF. Results: The results demonstrated a significant difference between the two study groups in terms of VEGF intensity and histoscore although no difference was found in VEGF distributions between the study groups. The subjects in the endometriosis group had significantly higher VEGF intensity and significantly higher VEGF histoscore compared to the control group. Women with VEGF histoscore more than 6 has 9.33 times risk of developing endometriosis compared to those with lower histoscore. There were no significant correlations between VEGF and pain scale, infertility, and the cyst size. Finally, the cyst size was proportionally related to pain. Conclusions: VEGF distribution and expression in endometriosis women were significantly higher than VEGF levels in non-endometriosis women. Women with menstrual effluent containing higher VEGF levels had more chances of developing endometriosis compared to those with lower VEGF levels. Eventually, larger endometrioma size was proportionally related to higher pain levels in subjects with endometrioma.
Determinants of CEO Compensation: An Empirical Study of the FTSE 100 companies

Chief executive officer (CEO) compensation is a sensitive area and a controversial issue in corporate governance; as critics assert CEOs are paid excessively and thus they maintain strategies to maximize selfreturns rather than the interests of shareholders. This paper will investigate the major determinants of variations in CEO compensation among FTSE 100 companies. Amongst the determinants board structure is revealed to be the most power determinant in the variation of the CEO pay whereas, firm performance as a determinant has shown almost no relation to the CEO compensation with significance levels of at least 2% (tstat).
Modeling and design of an adaptive control for VSC-HVDC system under parameters uncertainties

The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Nonlinear and linear analysis of Direct Yellow 50 adsorption onto modified graphene oxide: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies

The present work describes the removal of Direct Yellow 50 from an aqueous solution by graphene oxide modified with 4-aminodiphenylamine (GO-A). The final adsorbent was characterized by carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller technique, Fourier transform– infrared resonance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Batch studies were carried out to investigate the effect of experimental factors such as contact time (5–120 min), initial dye concentration (10–80 mg/L), and temperature (25°C, 35°C, and 45°C) on the GO-A adsorption of dye. The linear and non-linear forms of kinetic and isotherm models were also investigated. The isotherm and kinetic data of dye were correlated reasonably well by non-linear Freundlich and Elovich models, respectively. The thermodynamic studies showed that the dye adsorption onto GO-A is a spontaneous, favorable, and exothermic process. Additionally, dye isotherm studies revealed that maximum dye adsorption capacities of 10.71, 8.03, and 5.71 mg/g were achieved for 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C temperatures, respectively. It can be collected that GO-A could be applied as an effective adsorbent for the removal of dye.
The Impact of Text-Messaging on EFL Freshmen's Vocabulary Learning

The present research investigates the effectiveness of text-message vocabulary learning on EFL freshmen. The results of the pretreatment interview with EFL learners showed that many of them have difficulty learning vocabulary through the traditional paperand-pencil way; therefore, text-message vocabulary learning was hypothesized to be a potential way to help EFL learners consolidate their vocabulary knowledge. To this end, 43 participants from among 85 freshmen studying in Torbat-e-Heydarieh Azad University participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups of 21 and 22 on the basis of their proficiency. The book Check Your Vocabulary for Academic English by David Porter (2001) was taught to both groups, and they were told to make some sentences in the class to become familiar with these words; they were requested to work cooperatively in small groups of 3 or 4 in order to have the opportunity to talk more about these words. Fifteen to 20 words were introduced and taught to these students on each session. Then, the participants in the experimental group sent the researcher one text-message containing an original sentence for each word covered in the class. They were also asked to send a text-message containing a sentence to their three predetermined partners. The participants in the control group wrote one sentence using each covered word, and they were also asked to write one sentence to exchange with their three partners and bring their assignments to the class next session. The results of independent samples t-test for the post-test and the delayed post-test showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the initial vocabulary learning and the retention of the vocabulary between the two groups.
Remodelling the role of facilitating conditions for Google Classroom acceptance: A revision of UTAUT2

Online learning environments have become a contemporary component of global tertiary education due to their affordances. These environments are hinged on internet-based learning management systems and one such tool is Google Classroom. However, empirical studies have indicated that gaps exist in determining how Google Classroom influences students’ behavioural intention to use it for online learning. Accordingly, this study defines a model based on the unified theory of acceptance and technology 2 (UTAUT2) to examine the relationship between facilitating conditions and other variables towards intention formation for Google Classroom usage. Based on a mixed method using the explanatory sequential design, survey data from 163 students were initially analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling followed by a qualitative approach based on open-ended questions for thematic analysis. Results from the partial least squares structural equation modelling approach validated the hypothesised model confirming the significant predictive relationship of facilitating conditions with effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, habit and social influence but had an insignificant relationship with behavioural intention. Furthermore, hedonic motivation and habit were the main predictors of behavioural intention by masking the role of facilitating conditions. Subsequently, the qualitative outcome indicated that habit and perceived control of using Google applications influence hedonic motivation. Finally, recommendations were made to universities towards policy formation and practice of virtual learning using Google Classroom. Implications for practice or policy: Higher education institutions should create an environment for students to be motivated and enjoy Google Classroom use. Universities should provide Internet, technical and pedagogical support for students’ Google Classroom use. Universities should explain to students the affordances of using Google Classroom. Universities should encourage students to acquire access gadgets (smartphones or tablets) for Google Classroom use.
How do Indigenous and local knowledge systems respond to climate change?

Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) systems are critical for achieving biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, and other environmental goals. However, ILK systems around the world are increasingly threatened by multiple stressors. Our study assesses the effect of climate change on ILK held by crop farmers in Peru’s Colca Valley. We collected qualitative data on farmers’ ILK through semi-structured interviews, which we supplemented with climatological trend analysis in four Colca Valley districts. We found that shifts in the rainy season together with warmer weather affected farmers’ ILK, which was less effective for informing crop planting and irrigation practices in the context of climate uncertainty and unpredictability. Changing and uncertain ILK poses obstacles to adaptation strategies that require long-term institution building from local resource users, who may prioritize short-term solutions addressing urgent needs.
Effects of remifentanil PCIA with multiple acupoint stimulation on labor analgesia and maternal and infant outcomes

Objective: This study aimed to observe the effect of remifentanil PCIA with multiple acupoint stimulation on labor analgesia and maternal and infant outcomes. Method: A total of 177 parturients from March 2017 to May 2019 were selected and grouped according to the analgesic method. The control group (CG) (81 cases) received no labor analgesia, and the research group (RG) (96 cases) received remifentanil PCIA with multiple acupoint stimulation. The labor process, postpartum hemorrhage and hospital stay in the two groups were observed. The VAS score, Ramsay score, stress-related hormone levels before analgesia (T0), 30 min after analgesia (T1), 1 h after analgesia (T2), at the opening of the birth canal (T3) and at delivery (T4), and the adverse events were compared between the CG and the RG. Apgar score and NBNA score were compared between the CG and the RG. Results: The duration of the first stage of labor, the second stage of labor and total labor, as well as postpartum hemorrhage and hospital stay in the RG were all lower than those in the CG (P<0.05). The VAS scores of the RG were lower than those of the CG at T1, T2, T3 and T4, and the Ramsay scores of the RG were higher than those of the CG. The incidence of maternal adverse events and maternal and infant outcomes in the RG were better than those in the CG, while there was no evident difference in Apgar score and NBNA score between the two groups. The levels of ACTH, Cor, NE and E in the RG were lower than those in the CG after delivery. Conclusion: Remifentanil PCIA combined with multiple acupoint stimulation can reduce maternal pain, shorten labor time, reduce stress reactions and improve maternal and infant outcomes.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension among Adults (40 Years and Above) in the Tano North District of the Ahafo Region, Ghana

Introduction: Increased prevalence of hypertension (HTN) has been attributed to commonly known risk factors such as obesity, low level of nutritional knowledge, lack of exercise, alcohol intake, and tobacco use. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence, and associated risk factors of hypertension among residents of the Yamfo community in the Ahafo Region of Ghana. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study of 174 participants aged ≥40 years were enrolled using simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on sociodemographic characteristics, behavioural/lifestyle risk factors and knowledge of hypertension. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23. Results: Prevalence of hypertension was 63.2% (95% CI: 55.7–70.1) in adults 40 years and above. Risk factors that were significantly associated with hypertension were lack of physical activity (p=0.030), alcohol consumption (p=0.001), consumption of meals prepared with oil (p=0.016), reduced frequency of fruit consumption (p=0.008) and reduced frequency of vegetable consumption (p<0.001). Increasing age (aOR,1.9; 95%CI (1.3-2.4); p=. 049), physical activity (cOR,2.12, 95% CI (1.07-4.21), p=. 032), alcohol consumption (aOR, 57.03; 95% C1 (4.48-726.59); p=. 002), and knowledge on the cause of hypeternsion (aOR, 3.41; 95% CI (1.93-5.17); p=. 032) were observed as determinants of hypertension. Conclusion: Majority of the study participants were hypertensive, with the majority of them having knowledge on risk factors of hypertension. Majority of participants had the opinion that hypertension is inevitable, because it comes with old age. Enough (Intensive) education concerning hypertension could be extended to the community, about the different, but equally relevant risk factors of hypertension, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, reduced fruit and vegetable consumption and inappropriate diet. This could be achieved by organizing outreach programs by the community health workers in places like markets and churches in order to remit the elderly that they can still be healthy in old age, and at schools and on social media to inculcate positive health behavior in the youth.
Investigation on the Cytotoxic Activity of Alcoholic Extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on Breast Cancer Cell Line

The spread of different types of cancer has been increasing in the recent centry. The use of chemical drugs, in addition to the development of drug resistance, also cause serious side effects. Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) is one of the most famous herbal remedies considered owing to its anti-inflammatory and boosting the intimate immune system, and has some anti-proliferative effects on cancerous cell lines. In the current study the cytotoxic activity of alcoholic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) at different concentrations 6.125, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL was investigated on breast cancer cell line MCF-7. To study the antioxidant efficieny of ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)) analysis were used. By FTIR analysis and Phytochemical screening, the results showed many active compounds found in this extract like Tannins, Saponins, Phenolic compounds, Reducing sugar, Terpenoids, Steroids, Glucosides, Alkaloids and Flavonoids. Also the results were demonstrated that this extract significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cell line in a concentration dependent manner in comparions to the control, and the cytotoxic activity of this extract increase with the increase of the concentration. The results indicate that E. camaldulensis can be considered as a particularly valuable source of effective antiproliferative and cytotoxic agents. The experimental findings demonstrated that E. camaldulensis extract possessed significant antioxidant efficiency and anti-proliferative effects on cancerous cell lines.
Migrant Workers Empowerment through Productive Migrant Village Programs in Banyumas, Indonesia

This study explains empowering Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMW) through Productive Migrant Village Programs (PMVP) in the Banyumas Regency. PMVP is a program of the Ministry of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia held since 2016. The program aims are to empower, improve services and protection for IMWs starting from the village. The paradigm of the study is a constructivist paradigm by using a critical model. The research method used is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, which explores data to get the meaning of the basic and essential things of the empirical phenomena experienced by the research subject. The results of the research are 1). In providing information about the process of migrant workers faced with challenges from recruitment agencies/recruitment companies (Private Indonesian Migrant Worker Placement Agency). 2). In the stage of the production process, there are obstacles that the equipment provided by the Ministry cannot use. 3). The care of children of migrant workers is still individual only to their families. The community even still stigmatizes them as children who deserve problems since their parents abandoned them. 4). Late initiation of the migrant workers’ cooperatives. Procedures for establishing migrant workers cooperatives, mentoring, and guidance specifically related to migrant workers are needed.
The Effect of Authentic Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Mediated by Trust in Leaders

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of authentic leadership on OCB mediated by trust in leaders at Royal Tulip Springhill Resort Jimbaran. This research was conducted at the Royal Tulip Springhill Resort Jimbaran, the number of samples used was 65 employees using nonprobability sampling with saturated sampling technique. The data were analyzed using path analysis techniques. Collecting data through interviews and distributing questionnaires. The results showed that authentic leadership had a positive and significant effect on OCB at the Royal Tulip Springhill Resort Jimbaran. Authentic leadership has a significant positive effect on trust in leaders of Royal Tulip Springhill Resort Jimbaran. Trust in leaders have a significant positive effect on OCB at Royal Tulip Springhill Resort Jimbaran. Trust in leaders partially mediate the influence of authentic leadership on OCB at Royal Tulip Springhill Resort Jimbaran. The implication of this research is that with the existence of trust in leaders, authentic leadership can have an effect on OCB. Therefore, with better authentic leadership, trust in leaders will increase and will also increase employee OCB.