Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle following peripheral nerve injury

Sensory afferent fibers are an important component of motor nerves and compose the majority of axons in many nerves traditionally thought of as “pure” motor nerves. These sensory afferent fibers innervate special sensory end organs in muscle, including muscle spindles that respond to changes in muscle length and Golgi tendons that detect muscle tension. Both play a major role in proprioception, sensorimotor extremity control feedback, and force regulation. After peripheral nerve injury, there is histological and electrophysiological evidence that sensory afferents can reinnervate muscle, including muscle that was not the nerve's original target. Reinnervation can occur after different nerve injury and muscle models, including muscle graft, crush, and transection injuries, and occurs in a nonspecific manner, allowing for cross‐innervation to occur. Evidence of cross‐innervation includes the following: muscle spindle and Golgi tendon afferent‐receptor mismatch, vagal sensory fiber reinnervation of muscle, and cutaneous afferent reinnervation of muscle spindle or Golgi tendons. There are several notable clinical applications of sensory reinnervation and cross‐reinnervation of muscle, including restoration of optimal motor control after peripheral nerve repair, flap sensation, sensory protection of denervated muscle, neuroma treatment and prevention, and facilitation of prosthetic sensorimotor control. This review focuses on sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle, and the clinical applications of this phenomena. Understanding the physiology and limitations of sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle may ultimately facilitate improvement of its clinical applications.
The effect of air on the dose equivalent at 10 mm depth in the ICRU sphere

The effect of the air on the calculation of the ambient dose equivalent and of the dose equivalent at 10 mm depth on the principal axis of a ICRU sphere has been investigated by the Monte Carlo code FLUKA, in the case of parallel beams of monoenergetic photons from 0.5MeV to 10GeV. The influence of the air on the values of the dose equivalent depends strongly on the geometry of the irradiation. This could be a serious limitation to the introduction of the air surrounding a phantom in the calculation of the conversion coefficients from physical to operational quantities. The ambient dose equivalent is confirmed to be inappropriate as an operational quantity at photon energies higher than about 3 MeV.
Effect of intermittent access to alcohol mixed in energy drink during adolescence on alcohol self-administration, anxiety, and memory during adulthood in rats.

BACKGROUND Mixing alcohol with caffeinated energy drinks is a common practice among young people. Consumption of alcohol mixed in energy drink is associated with increased risk of binge drinking and alcohol dependence. The purpose of this study was to determine if voluntary intermittent access to alcohol mixed in energy drink in adolescent rats alters adult self-administration of alcohol, anxiety and memory. METHODS For 10 weeks in the home-cage, two groups of adolescent female Sprague-Dawley rats had intermittent access to energy drink (ED) or 10% alcohol mixed in energy drink (AmED) with water concurrently available. Other rat groups had daily continuous access to ED or AmED. Anxiety was measured with an open field test and memory was assessed with a novel place recognition test. For self-administration, rats pressed levers for 10% alcohol alone on a fixed ratio (FR1) and on a progressive ratio (PR). RESULTS Intermittent access to AmED generated greater intake during the initial 30 minutes of access (AmED 1.70 ± 0.04 g/kg vs. ED 1.01 ± 0.06 g/kg) and during the subsequent 24 hours (AmED 7.04 ± 0.25 g/kg vs. ED 5.60 ± 0.29 g/kg). Intermittent AmED caused a significant but small decrease in anxiety while neither ED nor AmED altered memory. During alcohol self-administration, group differences emerged only during PR testing; intermittent AmED rats responded more than all other groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that intermittent access to AmED generates binge-like consumption that supports human findings that AmED may generate greater alcohol consumption. Furthermore, experience with AmED may alter the motivational properties of alcohol into adulthood without necessarily causing a major impact on anxiety or memory.
Cell Cycle Regulator ING4 Is a Suppressor of Melanoma Angiogenesis that Is Regulated by the Metastasis Suppressor BRMS1

ING4 has been previously shown to play important roles in regulating apoptosis, cell cycle progress, cell migration and invasion. In this study, we investigated the impact of ING4 on melanoma angiogenesis. ING4 overexpression strongly suppressed the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and their ability to form tubular structure in vitro . We also found that ING4 inhibits interleukin 6 (IL-6) at both mRNA and protein level through suppressing NF- κ B activity. Knockdown of endogenous ING4 resulted in enhanced HUVECs growth and IL-6 expression. Our in vivo studies using nude mice confirmed that ING4 inhibited blood vessel formation and the recruitment of CD31 positive cells in matrigel plugs. Furthermore, we found that expression of ING4 was induced by BRMS1, a metastasis suppressor that inhibits melanoma angiogenesis through inhibiting NF- κ B activity and IL-6 level as well. Further experiments demonstrated that ING4 knockdown abrogated the suppressive effect of BRMS1 on HUVECs growth, while ING4 overexpression inhibited BRMS1 knockdown-induced angiogenesis, indicating that ING4 is a downstream target of BRMS1 in regulating tumor angiogenesis. Collectively, our findings indicate that ING4 is induced by BRMS1 and that it inhibits melanoma angiogenesis by suppressing NF- κ B activity and IL-6 expression. Restoration of ING4 function offers a potential new strategy for the treatment of human melanoma. κ B activity in the same pathway. All these data suggested
Motivation on Programming Assignments in Materials Science and Engineering

The curriculum for many materials science and engineering (MSE) programs includes computational topics such as writing programming code or using software packages to simulate materials phenomena. Faculty agree that computational materials science and engineering (CMSE) is an essential topic for students to learn, but students’ attitudes are more varied. This paper investigates students’ CMSE motivation using the framework of expectancy-value theory. This model suggests that a persons’ motivations are influenced by both their expectancy beliefs (“Can I succeed? ”) and value beliefs (“Is it worth it? ”). Students’ value-based motivations were measured for programming and other course assignments such as homework. The survey was distributed in the same junior-year materials kinetics class in subsequent years, with differing results. In study 1, students were significantly less motivated to complete programming assignments than other course assignments. However, the following year, Study 2 found that there was no significant difference; students were equally motivated to complete programming and other course assignments. Furthermore, students articulated that programming skills are essential for engineers to be efficient at their jobs. The contrasting results are discussed, presenting several hypotheses for the dissimilar attitudes.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIVERSITY ON BOARDS ON PROFITABILITY: AN OVERVIEW ACROSS IBERIAN NON-FINANCIAL LISTED COMPANIES

with diversified corporate governance structures, and affected by macroeconomic externalities, such as sovereign debts effects. However, the null hypothesis is rejected for ROS (internal efficiency measure), BDINT, BDNEM, BDEXT, and Aud. These results can be supported by cultural issues (e.g. impact of Big 4 audit firms), and differences in the requirements stated in the national corporate governance codes (e.g. limitations in the participation in other boards and committees).
with Inhibition of Signaling through TLR3 Perspective and a New Mechanism Beginning Ethanol Administration: A Global Suppression of Innate Immunity by Acute

Excessive consumption of ethanol (EtOH) suppresses innate immunity, but the mechanisms have not been fully delineated. The present study was conducted to determine whether EtOH suppresses TLR signaling in vivo in mice and to characterize the downstream effects of such suppression. Degradation of IL-1R-associated kinase 1 induced by a TLR3 ligand in peritoneal cells ( (cid:1) 90% macrophages) was suppressed by EtOH. Phosphorylation of p38 kinase in peritoneal macrophages (F4/80 (cid:1) ) was suppressed, as was nuclear translocation of p-c-Jun and p65 in peritoneal cells. EtOH decreased IL-6 and IL-12 (p40), but did not signiﬁcantly affect IL-10 in peritoneal lavage ﬂuid or in lysates of peritoneal cells. Changes in cytokine mRNAs (by RNase protection assay) in macrophages isolated by cell sorting or using Ficoll were generally consistent with changes in protein levels in cell lysates and peritoneal lavage ﬂuid. Thus, suppression of TLR signaling and cytokine mRNA occurred in the same cells, and this suppression generally corresponded to changes in i.p. and intracellular cytokine concentrations. DNA microarray analysis revealed the suppression of an IFN-related ampliﬁcation loop in peritoneal macrophages, associated with decreased expression of numerous innate immune effector genes (including cytokines and a chemokine also suppressed at the protein level). These results indicate that EtOH suppresses innate immunity at least in part by suppressing TLR3 signaling, suppressing an IFN-related ampliﬁcation loop, and suppressing the induction of a wide range of innate effector molecules in addition to proinﬂammatory cytokines and chemokines. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 173: 2715–2724. changes in gene expression in peritoneal macrophages. The results indicate that signaling through TLR3; induction of IL-6, IL-12 (p40), and CXCL9 mRNA and protein; induction of an IFN-related signal ampliﬁcation loop; and induction of mRNAs for a wide range of innate immune effector proteins (many of which are known to be induced by IFNs) are suppressed in an immunologically relevant cell type by EtOH.
Framing and Context of the Report Chapter 1 1 75 Executive Summary

Contributing Authors: Nathaniel Bindoff (Australia), Sinead Collins (UK), Rebecca Colvin (Australia), Daniel Farinotti (Switzerland), Nathalie Hilmi (France/Monaco), Jochen Hinkel (Germany), Regine Hock (USA), Alexandre Magnan (France), Michael Meredith (UK), Avash Pandey (Nepal), Mandira Singh Shrestha (Nepal), Anna Sinisalo (Nepal/Finland), Catherine Sutherland (South Africa), Phillip Williamson (UK)
Language-Particular processes and the earliness principle

1.1 Economy of Derivation In a recent paper, Chomsky (1989) has proposed two principles which choose among competing transformational derivations. He calls them principles of “Economy of Derivation”. These are the Least Effort principle and the Last Resort principle, seen in (1a-b). (The _________ _________ _ nomenclature is partially my own: Chomsky uses the term “Principle of Least Effort” for (1a-b) together. )
Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Stimulated Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Continuous Time Stochastic Volatility Models

In this paper we develop and implement a method for maximum simulated likelihood estimation of the continuous time stochastic volatility model with the constant elasticity of volatility. The approach do not require observations on option prices nor volatility. To integrate out latent volatility from the joint density of return and volatility, a modiﬁed eﬃcient importance sampling technique is used after the continuous time model is approximated using the Euler-Maruyama scheme. The Monte Carlo studies show that the method works well and the empirical applications illustrate usefulness of the method. Empirical results provide strong evidence against the Heston model. JEL classiﬁcation: C11, C15, G12
Malayalam Retroflexes: markedness in Consonant Distribution

Retroflex sounds are said to be universally marked. The current paper takes up the problem of phonological and non-phonological methods that determine ‘markedness’ on the basis of distribution and phonotactic restrictions in Malayalam which have 9 retroflex sounds. It is widely accepted that the unmarked segment is more widely distributed than its marked segment (Battisteela 1990, Rice 1999). Further studies also suggest that the unmarked component of the inventory is identified by looking at the structural asymmetries in the phoneme inventories (Rice and Avery 1993, Rice and Causely 1998). The paper argues that the markedness of retroflex in relative to alveolar sound is problematic, for in Malayalam the retroflex sounds are more productive in terms of distribution and phonotactic restrictions in Malayalam than alveolar sound. The database suggest that the universally accepted dominance hierarchy (DH) between alveolar and retroflex sound, i. e. , *retroflex >> *alveolar cannot account for the markedness relation of the retroflex and alveolar sounds in Malayalam. In other words, the dominance hierarchy between retroflex and alveolar sound in Malayalam is characterised in the reversal order.
Agronomic Performance and Genetic Fidelity of the Selected Elite Cocoa Clones Derived from Somatic Embryogenesis Culture

This study was conducted to compare the agronomic performance of four elite cocoa clones (MCBC1, KKM22, KKM4 and PBC230) regenerated from staminode and immature zygotic embryo culture with conventional grafted cocoa clones. From the results, it was found that the KKM4 clone propagated from immature zygotic embryo culture exhibited variations in the fresh pod weight (339.6 g), fresh individual seed weight (4.13 g) and number of flat beans per pod (4 beans) compared with the rest of the regenerated clones. The genetic stability of the somatic embryogenesis cultured clones and the donor clones was then tested using fragment analysis with five SSR primers, i.e. mTcCIR7, mTcCIR18, mTcCIR22, mTcCIR33 and mTcCIR40. Four of these primers identified variations in the allele size and allele addition in KKM4 clone from immature zygotic embryo. Molecular analysis validated that the difference in agronomic performance of the KKM4 clone from immature zygotic embryo culture was due to genetic mutation created during the immature zygotic embryo culture process.
Characterization of Monocarboxylate Transporter 6: Expression in Human Intestine and Transport of the Antidiabetic Drug Nateglinide

Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 6, encoded by SLC16A5 , is a member of the monocarboxylate transporter family. Nateglinide, an oral hypoglycemic agent, quickly reaches the maximal serum concentration after its premeal administration. Although the functional existence of uptake systems for nateglinide in the intestine has been demonstrated, these transport systems have not yet been identified at the molecular level. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the localization of MCT6 in the human small intestine and characterize the transport properties of nateglinide via MCT6. Immunohistochemical analysis of the human small intestine revealed that anti-MCT6 antiserum stained the luminal side of the epithelial cells. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, MCT6-mediated uptake of [ 14 C]nateglinide was sensitive to extracellular pH and membrane potential. Furthermore, the K t value of nateglinide (45.9 m M) for MCT6 was lower than those previously reported in Caco-2 cells and rat intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. In addition, probenecid, fluorescein, valproic acid, and salicylic acid, which are inhibitors of nateglinide uptake in Caco-2 cells and rat intestine, did not inhibit the uptake of nateglinide via MCT6. These results suggest that MCT6 may play a role in the intestinal absorption of nateglinide, although other transporters are also likely involved.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CLINICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS OF COMMUNITY ACQUIRED LRTI OF LESS THAN 2 WEEKS DURATION AND ASSESSING THE RESPONSE TO STANDARD TREATMENT GUIDELINES AMONG HIV-INFECTED AND HIV-NON INFECTED ADULTS ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN KOLKATA

RTI are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in young children and the elderly. Every year RTI in young children is responsible for an estimated 3.9 million deaths worldwide. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) may cause inflammations anywhere in the respiratory tract from nose to alveoli with a wide range of combinations of symptoms and signs. In India, during the year 2011, about 26.3 million cases ARI were reported. During 2011 about 2492 people died of ARI and 2770 died of pneumonia. Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally per year, (seven per cent of population) and results in about 4million deaths mostly in the third world countries. A reasonable number of LRTI patients require in-patient treatment. Our study revealed increased age is a significant risk factor for morbidity in LRTI. Our study also showed LRTI in HIV-R group is more common in younger age group as compared to HIV-NR group in which it is more common after 50 years of age with male preponderance in both the groups. It also proved that the severity criteria given by BTS guideline i.e. CURB-65 is pretty useful in a set up like us. It helps to recognize the severely ill patients early. CD4 level has a good predictive value in determination of causative organisms, outcome and prognosis in the HIV reactive group. The most common single organism found in sputum culture of patients of LRTI in HIV-R group is Staphylococcus aureus whereas in HIV-NR group it is Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Algebraic independence measures of the values of Mahler functions.

In [7] Nesterenko gave a very good algebraic independence measure of the values of Mahler functions at an algebraic point. But his measure was not effective in the degree of the polynomials. Using the zero estimate of Mahler functions which is proved in Nishioka [8], Becker [2] found effective algebraic independence measures of those numbers (see also Becker and Nishioka [3]) and gave examples of fields of transcendence degree m with transcendence type ^ 2m + 2 + s (cf. Waldschmidt [11]), where ε is an arbitrary small positive number. Here we shall improve the measures in [2] and show that the transcendence types of the above fields are not greater than m 42 + ε. If a field of transcendence degree m has transcendence type g τ, τ must be greater than or equal to m + l . Therefore our measure is fairly good. In the case m = l, our measures coincide with the transcendence measures in Becker-Landeck [1] and Miller [5].
Life : " Being Connected . . . A Key to My Survival " Self-care of Physicians Caring for Patients at the End of Supplementary material

Supplementary material http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/301/11/1155/DC1 Author in the Room" Teleconference Correction Contact me if this article is corrected. Citations Contact me when this article is cited. This article has been cited 3 times. Topic collections Contact me when new articles are published in these topic areas. End-of-life Care/ Palliative Medicine; Perspectives on Care at the Close of Life Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Patient-Physician Relationship/ Care;
E pidemiology of intestinal schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis among primary school children in G orgora, N orthwest E thiopia

Objective: T o assess the prevalence and intensity of intestinal schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis among primary school children in G orgora, N orthwest E thiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in G orgora primary school in N orthwest E thiopia from N ovember to D ecember 2010 . S tool sample was collected from 326 children ( 170 male and 156 female ) and examined by K ato- K atz technique for intestinal schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminth infection. Results: A total of 120 children ( 56 males and 64 females ) were positive for single or multiple parasitic infection. F our helminth parasite species were identified and the most prevalent was Ascaris lumbricoides ( A. lumbricoides ) ( 16 . 60 %) , followed by Schistosoma mansoni ( S. mansoni ) ( 10 . 10 %) , hookworm ( 5 . 50 %) and Trichuris trichiura ( T. trichiura ) ( 4 . 60 %) . F urthermore, 1 . 84 % , 2 . 76 % and 2 . 45 % of the study participants were co-infected with H ookworm & A. lumbricoides, A. lumbricoides & S. mansoni and A. lumbricoides & T. trichiura , respectively. Conclusions: T he high prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis observed in the study area shows the need of integrated control programme including periodic deworming, improving sanitation and access to clean water, appropriate health education and environmental measures to have a lasting impact on transmission.
Human Gut Microbiota and Obesity During Development Human Gut Microbiota and Obesity During Development

Obesity, particularly in children and adolescents, has become a significant public health problem that has reached “epidemic” status worldwide. The etiology of obesity is complex and involves lifestyle factors that are challenging to modify. The intestinal micro- biota contribute to protection against pathogens, maturation of the immune system, and metabolic welfare of the host but, under some circumstances, can contribute to the patho- genesis of certain diseases. Over the last decade, novel evidence from animal and human studies has identified associations between human intestinal bacteria and host metabo - lism and obesity. Infancy is a critical period in the development of the gut microbiota: initial colonization is influenced not only by a number of early-life exposures, including birth mode, infant nutrition, or antibiotic use, but also by maternal factors during pregnancy, including maternal BMI, nutrition, gut microbial composition, and drug expo- sure, among others. Thus, an adequate nutritional and microbial environment during the perinatal period and early life may provide windows of opportunity to reduce the risk of obesity and overweight in our children by using targeted strategies aimed to modulate the gut microbiota during early life.
University of Birmingham Online fashion shopping paradox

The paper aims to investigate the relevance of social media marketing, particularly customer reviews and Facebook pages in online fashion shopping. This qualitative study adopts Personal Construct Theory and employs the repertory grid to investigate the question: ‘how do online fashion shoppers construct the relevance of social media marketing activities in their online shopping experience? Analysis of 25 repertory grid interviews reveal insights that challenge current understanding of the role and relevance of customer reviews and Facebook pages in online fashion shopping. The research contributes novel insights into the rising desire of individuality and the increasing lack of sociality on social media.