Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hazardous alcohol use among Danish adolescents during the second wave of COVID-19: Link between alcohol use and social life

Background: Adolescent drinking has historically been closely linked to social events, and across many countries, students typically increase drinking rates when they transition to upper secondary school. COVID-19-related restrictions offered a unique possibility to examine how changes in social life impact adolescent drinking in the transition to upper secondary school. Aim: The current study investigated changes in hazardous alcohol use, social life and well-being among Danish first-year students (mean age = 16.8 years) during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic when restrictions gradually became more intensified. Methods: Data were collected at two time points among 352 Danish students in the first months of upper secondary school (August and November 2020). Multilevel regression models tested changes across time on past 30 days hazardous alcohol use (dependent variables). Separate models tested whether changes in alcohol use were related to gender, social interaction, loneliness and mental health. Results: During increased COVID-19-related restrictions in the second wave, students decreased the frequency and quantity of drinking (number of drinking days and binge drinking), which was associated with attending fewer parties. Students also reported less high-intensity drinking and fewer alcohol-related consequences. Students reported better mental health, but more students were affected by loneliness. Changes in mental health or loneliness were not related to reduced hazardous alcohol use. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that alcohol use decreased among Danish students transitioning to upper secondary school during the COVID-19 pandemic when restrictions increased, thereby providing support for a close link between adolescent alcohol use and social life; this is an important frame that is relevant when designing interventions to promote healthier and less risky choices throughout the next phase(s) of the pandemic and in general.
Electro-optic signatures of turbulent electroconvection in dielectric liquids

Signatures of turbulent electroconvection in transformer oil stressed by dc and ac voltages are identified from Kerr electro-optic measurement data. When the applied dc voltage is high enough, compared with the results with no applied voltage, the optical scintillation index and image entropy exhibit substantial enhancement and reduction, respectively, which are interpreted as temporal and spatial signatures of turbulence. Under low-frequency ac high voltages, spectral and correlational analyses indicate that there exist interacting flow and charge processes in the gap. This work also clarifies the meaning of dc steady state and the requirement on ac modulation frequency in Kerr measurements.
Overtaking collision between two solitary waves

Under the assumptions of long wavelength, small amplitude, and propagation in one direction, it is well known that the water wave equations in the lowest order of approximation with slow variation in time and space can be reduced to the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. Linear inhomogeneous equations with their coefficients, as well as the inhomogeneous terms depending on the solutions of the lower‐order equations, have been obtained in the next order and the third order of approximation. An accurate numerical method is used to integrate these equations for an overtaking interaction between two solitary waves. It is found, up to the second order of approximation, that the collision is elastic, i.e., the solitary waves regain their original form without giving rise to any secondary wave. The results of second‐order solution are in good agreement with the analytic solution of Sachs [SIAM J. Math. Anal. 15, 468 (1984)]. However, the numerical computation on the third‐order equation shows a secondary wave tra.
Collective nouns, aggregate nouns, and superordinates: When 'part of' and 'kind of' meet

‘Part of’ and ‘kind of’ relations in the lexicon have been matter of some linguistic research, but strangely enough, they have only rarely been investigated together. Strangely, since ‘part of’ and ‘kind of’ appear to be similar in a number of respects, and since nouns such as furniture or betail combine both ‘part of’ and ‘kind of’ readings. As a consequence, linguistic terminology in this specific domain has been lacking in uniformity and transparency. This article aims to bring terminological clarity: it offers a rough survey of the entire ‘part of/kind of’ spectrum and pleads for an unambiguous linguistic metalanguage that distinguishes between collective nouns (e.g. team), aggregate nouns (e.g. furniture), and superordinates (e.g. vehicle). Arguments for the terminological distinctions proposed can be found in a thorough investigation of lexical form-meaning relationships.
Case Report: A Closed Loop Obstruction Secondary to Idiopathic Small Bowel Intussusception in an Elderly Woman

Abstract Intussusception is primarily a disease of children and is the primary cause of intestinal obstruction in the pediatric age group. It accounts for around 5–16% of cases of intestinal obstruction in adults of the western population. Most cases of adult intussusception (up to 90%) are secondary to an identified structural lesion or a lead point contrary to pediatric intussusception. Adults with intussusception present with subacute or chronic symptoms of partial obstruction. CT is the best imaging to make a preoperative diagnosis of adult intussusception. The standard treatment for adult intussusception is surgery, and non-operative reduction should not be attempted. Here, we present a rare case of idiopathic small bowel intussusception in a 50-year-old woman. She presented with crampy abdominal pain for one-week duration. It was associated with frequent vomiting of bilious matter. She claimed to have had similar symptoms for the past 2 months and had repeatedly visited nearby health facilities. She had an abdominal CT, which suggested a complicated small bowel intussusception. Exploratory laparotomy was done, and there was a small bowel intussusception and an inflammatory stricture at the end of the intussusceptum, which is believed to form a closed-loop like obstruction. The intussusceptum was resected en-bloc then end-to-end jejuno-jejunal anastomosis was performed. This case report makes physicians aware of this rare condition in adults. So that they have a high index of suspicion when a patient presents with symptoms of subacute or chronic intestinal obstruction and inform that abdominal CT should be done in these circumstances and surgery is the mainstay of treatment. Our case is unique, and there is no report in the literature similar to ours.
Large eddy simulation of controlled transition to turbulence

Large eddy simulation of H- and K-type transitions in a spatially developing zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer at Ma∞ = 0.2 is investigated using several subgrid scale (SGS) models including constant coefficient Smagorinsky and Vreman models and their dynamic extensions, dynamic mixed scale-similarity, dynamic one-equation kinetic energy model, and global coefficient Vreman models. A key objective of this study is to assess the capability of SGS models to predict the location of transition and the skin friction throughout the transition process. The constant coefficient models fail to detect transition, but the dynamic procedure allows for a negligible turbulent viscosity in the early transition region. As a result, the “point” of transition is estimated correctly. However, after secondary instabilities set in and result in the overshoot in the skin friction profile, all models fail to produce sufficient subgrid scale shear stress required for the correct prediction of skin friction and the mean veloc.
Timing accuracy and capabilities of XMM-Newton

Since December 1999, ESA's large X-ray space observatory XMM-Newton operates in a highly eccentric 48-h orbit which allows for long uninterrupted exposure times. The three payload instruments EPIC, RGS, and OM yield scientific data of high quality and sensitivity. We report here on the current timing capabilities of all three instruments by showing results from analyses on relative and absolute timing. In this context we discuss the process of correlating local onboard event arrival times to terrestrial time frames and present some detailed results from time correlation analyses. This involves investigations on the performance of the onboard quartz oscillator that have been performed. In addition we describe problematic timing data anomalies in the EPIC-pn data and their treatment by the SAS. We show recent examples of timing analyses.
The Relationship Between College Students’ Interpersonal Relationship and Mental Health: Multiple Mediating Effect of Safety Awareness and College Planning

Purpose The research intends to find the internal influence mechanism of interpersonal relationship on college students’ mental health. College students have many mental health problems, which can easily lead to extreme events. It is of great research value to explore the relationship among interpersonal relationship, safety awareness, college planning, and mental health. Participants and Methods GHQ, WHOQOL-BREF, SWBS-CC, LSIB, and TSCS scales were used, revised questionnaire for cluster sampling of college students, 1661 valid samples. SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS V4.1 were used for analysis, and nonparametric Bootstrap method was used to test the significance level of the mediating effect. Results There are significant differences in interpersonal relationship, safety awareness, and college planning between high mental health group and low mental health group. There are differences in safety awareness between genders. There is a positive correlation among interpersonal relationship, safety awareness, college planning, and mental health. Interpersonal relationship has a positive predictive effect on mental health. There are three mediating pathways of interpersonal relationship on mental health: independent mediating effect pathway of safety awareness, independent mediating effect pathway of college planning, and chain mediating effect pathway through safety awareness and college planning. Conclusion This study reveals the Influence mechanism of interpersonal relationships on college students’ mental health. The relationship between interpersonal relationship and mental health is affected by the multiple mediating effects of safety awareness and college planning. It provides a new perspective for preventing and intervening mental health problems. College students’ personality has plasticity, which can be interfered by mediating mechanism. The present findings could help college students actively participate in interpersonal communication, improve safety awareness, and make a good college planning, so as to enhance the mental health level of college students.
On the Quasi-linear Transport of Magnetic Field Lines

Under the assumption that a finite correlation length, Lc, exists and is much smaller than the size of the system, the quasi-linear theory for weak magnetic turbulence predicts, beyond Lc, a linear spreading of the magnetic field lines, ⟨Δr⟩, as a function of the elapsed distance z along the main magnetic field, B0. When the power spectrum of the turbulence flattens at low wavenumbers, as was deduced from early observations of the interplanetary turbulence and is expected for an isotropic turbulence, the correlation length can be estimated as the Alfvén speed times the reciprocal of the upper frequency in the flat spectrum. However, more recent measurements of the solar wind magnetic power spectrum indicate a more complex spectrum at low frequencies. The field-lines' spreading in the quasi-linear regime of turbulence is derived here as a function of z for a general power spectrum. The transport exponent α, defined by ⟨Δr⟩ ∝ zα, can be deduced from the projection along B0 of the spectrum. Normal (α = 1), supradiffusive (α > 1), and subdiffusive (α < 1) predictions are made, depending on the shape at low wavenumbers assumed for the projected spectrum, which is related to the anisotropy and ||-form of the three-dimensional spectrum.
Condition of bob veal calves on arrival at an abattoir in Ohio

Previous research has shown surplus dairy calves arrive at ‘formula-fed’ veal operations in North America in sub-optimal condition; however, little is known about the condition of ‘bob’ veal calves on arrival at abattoirs. The objectives of this study were to assess the condition of bob veal calves on arrival at an abattoir in Ohio and determine risk factors for poor health outcomes. On arrival, 35 calves in each of 12 cohorts (n = 420 calves) were assessed using a standardised health examination. A blood sample was also collected to assess failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and hypoglycaemia. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the prevalence of poor health outcomes. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to identify if calf breed, sex, or source were risk factors for poor health outcomes. The most common physical health concern observed on arrival at the abattoir was dehydration (mean: 68.6%), followed by thin body condition (39.8%), and navel inflammation (25.7%). Approximately one-quarter (23.4%) of calves had FTPI and 73.4% were hypoglycaemic. Male calves were more likely than females to arrive hypoglycaemic. Hydration status was associated with breed; Jersey and crossbreed calves were less likely to be dehydrated than Holstein-Friesian calves. Buying station tended to be associated with FTPI. These results underline the need for more studies investigating morbidity, mortality, and their underlying risk factors to promote calf welfare prior to slaughter in each stage of the production chain: on the dairy farm of birth, during marketing, and in transit.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease incidence among male patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A single‐center cross‐sectional study in southern Iran

Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are among the most common gastrointestinal disorders in which the overlap of these diseases and their syndromes has been frequently reported. In this study, we aimed to evaluate GERD incidence among IBS patients and the related risk factors.
Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Effects of the Monoterpene β-Ocimene

Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious-parasitic diseases with high mortality rates, and endemic in many regions of the globe. The currently available drugs present serious problems such as high toxicity, costs, and the emergence of drug resistance. This has stimulated research into new antileishmania drugs based on natural products and their derivatives. β-Ocimene is a monoterpene found naturally in the essential oils of many plant species which presents antileishmanial activity, and which has not yet been evaluated for its potential to inhibit the etiological agent of leishmaniasis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the activity of β-ocimene against Leishmania amazonensis, its cytotoxicity, and potential mechanisms of action. β-Ocimene presented direct activity against the parasite, with excellent growth inhibition of promastigotes (IC50 = 2.78 μM) and axenic amastigotes (EC50 = 1.12 μM) at concentrations non-toxic to RAW 264.7 macrophages (CC50 = 114.5 µM). The effect is related to changes in membrane permeability and resulting abnormalities in the parasitic cell shape. These were, respectively, observed in membrane integrity and atomic force microscopy assays. β-Ocimene was also shown to act indirectly, with greater activity against intra-macrophagic amastigotes (EC50 = 0.89 μM), increasing TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), with lysosomal effects, as well as promoting decreases in IL-10 and IL-6. Against intra-macrophagic amastigote forms the selectivity index was higher than the reference drugs, being 469.52 times more selective than meglumine antimoniate, and 42.88 times more selective than amphotericin B. Our results suggest that β-ocimene possesses promising in vitro antileishmania activity and is a potential candidate for investigation in in vivo assays.
How Do Politicians Bargain? Evidence from Ultimatum Games with Legislators in Five Countries

oliticians regularly bargain with colleagues and other actors. Bargaining dynamics are central to theories of legislative politics and representative democracy, bearing directly on the substance and success of legislation, policy, and on politicians ’ careers. Yet, controlled evidence on how legislators bargain is scarce. Do they apply different strategies when engaging different actors? If so, what are they, and why? To study these questions, we field an ultimatum game bargaining experiment to 1,100 sitting politicians in Belgium, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States. We find that politicians exhibit a strong partisan bias when bargaining, a pattern that we document across all of our cases. The size of the partisan bias in bargaining is about double the size when politicians engage citizens than when they face colleagues. We discuss implications for existing models of bargaining and outline future research directions.
Predictive Biomarkers for Response to Immunotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Promises and Challenges

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous disease with a poor prognosis and a paucity of therapeutic options. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a new treatment option for patients with TNBC. However, this therapeutic evolution is paralleled by a growing need for biomarkers which allow for a better selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from this immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimen. These biomarkers will not only facilitate a better optimization of treatment strategies, but they will also avoid unnecessary side effects in non-responders, and limit the increasing financial toxicity linked to the use of these agents. Huge efforts have been deployed to identify predictive biomarkers for the ICI, but until now, the fruits of this labor remained largely unsatisfactory. Among clinically validated biomarkers, only programmed death-ligand 1 protein (PD-L1) expression has been prospectively assessed in TNBC trials. In addition to this, microsatellite instability and a high tumor mutational burden are approved as tumor agnostic biomarkers, but only a small percentage of TNBC fits this category. Furthermore, TNBC should no longer be approached as a single biological entity, but rather as a complex disease with different molecular, clinicopathological, and tumor microenvironment subgroups. This review provides an overview of the validated and evolving predictive biomarkers for a response to ICI in TNBC.
The Impact of Pharmaceutical Electronic Bidding Procurement on Prices of Medicines: A Systematic Review

An electronic bidding system promises to save resources in procurement procedures for many industries. While the results of previous studies in several countries sounded promising, it is concerning that more evidence would be needed to support changes in practice for the pharmaceutical sector. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of price saving in bidding-based electronic procurement setting and to clarify the main factors contributing to drug price changes. A comprehensive literature search was retrieved from five databases (Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Medline) to identify articles that studied the prices of medicines as a case study before and after the implementation of the electronic bidding system. Articles that were published in English from January 2012 to December 2021 were eligible for inclusion. The result showed that a total of 3214 records articles were identified in the electronic databases after the exclusion of duplicate articles. After the initial review, we found 13 studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The review presented the important information suggesting that the use of the electronic bidding system likely results in a reduction in procurement prices of medicines. The prevalence of price saving for pharmaceutical procurement ranged from 7.24 % to 40 %. Additionally, the following factors were indirectly associated with drug price changes; bid volume, procurement location, contract characteristics, level of competitiveness and procurement organization. Further research may need to examine the functioning of e-bidding policies to address problems like supply disruptions to preserve the integrity of bidding-based pharmaceutical systems.
Biodiversity, Biochemical Profiling, and Pharmaco-Commercial Applications of Withania somnifera: A Review

Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Ashwagandha), a key medicinal plant native to India, is used globally to manage various ailments. This review focuses on the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological advances of its plant-derived constituents. It has been reported that at least 62 crucial and 48 inferior primary and secondary metabolites are present in the W. somnifera leaves, and 29 among these found in its roots and leaves are chiefly steroidal compounds, steroidal lactones, alkaloids, amino acids, etc. In addition, the whole shrub parts possess various medicinal activities such as anti-leukotriene, antineoplastic, analgesic, anti-oxidant, immunostimulatory, and rejuvenating properties, mainly observed by in vitro demonstration. However, the course of its medical use remains unknown. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of W. somnifera, which will be useful for mechanism studies and potential medical applications of W. somnifera, as well as for the development of a rational quality control system for W. somnifera as a therapeutic material in the future.
Risk Factors for Injury in CrossFit®—A Retrospective Analysis

CrossFit® is a physical activity program and sport which is based on functional movements performed at high intensity and with high variability of exercises. It develops all motor skills. The study included 424 athletes (266 men and 158 women) from twelve centers in Poland, actively practicing CrossFit® between 18 and 60 years of age. A questionnaire consisting of 25 questions was used, which was divided into four subsections concerning the characteristics of the sample, training routine, injuries, and information about environment. In total, 48% of respondents participating in the study suffered at least one injury during their entire training history. The injuries suffered most often involved shoulder joint and lumbar spine. Men were found to face a higher risk of injury than women, at 32.78% vs. 15.33% (p = 0.027). The shorter the training period, the smaller the number of injuries observed among the trainees. It was also noted that the shorter the training period, the lower the number of injuries that occurred (p = 0.041). An increase in the number of training sessions per week did not increase the incidence of injuries (p > 0.05). Performing isometric exercises during warm-up reduced the likelihood of injury during CrossFit® training itself (p = 0.012). Training despite of concomitant acute pain had a significant adverse effect on the incidence of injuries (p = 0.002). The most common risk factors for injury in the CrossFit® training process include, in particular: gender, training experience, and length of training sessions. Proper warm-up including isometric exercises and training conducted without accompanying pain symptoms reduces the risk of injury.