Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and awareness of anabolic androgenic steroid use among male body builders in Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To examine the prevalence and awareness of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use among male bodybuilders visiting gyms in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 500 male bodybuilders visiting gyms in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Information on demographics, as well as the use of AAS, was included in a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of AAS in Jazan was 31.0 % (95 % CI, 26.9 - 49.6), and it was higher among those in the 30 - 34 years 45.3 % (95 % CI, 36.9 - 54.0). Its prevalence was also significantly higher among athletes who received higher education 37.4% (95 % CI, 31.8 - 43.4). The most common types of AAS used are Deca-Durabolin (57.6 %) and testosterone (52 %). Thirty percent of the participants who used AAS suffered from depression and aggressive behavior while 18 % of them were hypertensive. The participants were not well aware of the adverse effects of anabolic steroids use. Conclusion: The prevalence of the anabolic steroids is high among bodybuilding males visiting gyms in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Health educational programs are required to increase the awareness about the side effects of anabolic steroids among bodybuilders. Keywords: Anabolic steroids, Bodybuilders, Deca-durabolin, Testosterone
Becoming a mother-athlete: female athletes’ transition to motherhood in Slovenia

Abstract Perceptions of incompatibility of sport and motherhood still exist within both sport and family Slovene cultures. For many female athletes starting a family means an end of their athletic careers. However, some women decide to pursue their athletic life after they become mothers. While recent media interest in mother-athletes has increased significantly, scientific research focusing on this topic is still scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore the transition of Slovene female athletes into motherhood and their experiences of combining motherhood with competitive sport. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight female elite athletes, who became mothers during their elite level competitive career. The results of the study revealed that mother-athletes perceived this transition as a long-term process in which motherhood and elite sport had a reciprocal effect on each other. Three transition phases characterized by changes in the participants’ holistic development were identified: (1) pre-pregnancy and pregnancy, (2) returning to competitive sport, and (3) living the life of a mother-athlete.
Learning Compact Reward for Image Captioning

Adversarial learning has shown its advances in generating natural and diverse descriptions in image captioning. However, the learned reward of existing adversarial methods is vague and ill-defined due to the reward ambiguity problem. In this paper, we propose a refined Adversarial Inverse Reinforcement Learning (rAIRL) method to handle the reward ambiguity problem by disentangling reward for each word in a sentence, as well as achieve stable adversarial training by refining the loss function to shift the generator towards Nash equilibrium. In addition, we introduce a conditional term in the loss function to mitigate mode collapse and to increase the diversity of the generated descriptions. Our experiments on MS COCO and Flickr30K show that our method can learn compact reward for image captioning.
The Impact of Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate on Poverty in Sulawesi

This research aims to analyze several fators that may impact the provincial poverty rate in Sulawesi. Several factors considered in this research is the economic growth (growth of Gross Regional Domestic Product) and Unemployment Rate. This research uses secondary data from Central Statistics Bureau (Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS). This research uses panel data analysis on six provinces in Sulawesi during 2010-2017. This research uses Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Based on the results, it is found that economic growth and unemployment rate has significant and positive impact on poverty rate in Sulawesi. Keywords: Economic Growth; Unemployment Rate; Poverty.
Proteolytic Activation of the Epithelial Sodium Channel in Nephrotic Syndrome by Proteasuria: Concept and Therapeutic Potential

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is expressed in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, and it determines the final urinary sodium concentration. To ensure sodium preservation, ENaC-mediated sodium transport is redundantly regulated by several mechanisms. Among them, activation by proteases is a special feature that leads to the removal of inhibitory tracts from the αand γ-subunits, thus maximizing the channel open probability. Proteolytic ENaC activation by aberrantly filtered proteases or proteasuria has been implicated in the pathogenesis of edema formation and sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome. This concept was strongly supported by the finding that sodium retention in nephrotic mice could be prevented by treatment with either the ENaC blocker amiloride or the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin. In clinical practice, loop diuretics such as furosemide are most commonly used for the antiedematous treatment of patients with nephrotic syndrome. ENaC blockade using amiloride or triamterene could serve as an alternative with better efficacy; however, clinical data are scarce, and ENaC blockade poses the threat of hyperkalemia. This review starts with a case vignette that highlights the therapeutic potential of pharmacological ENaC blockade in treatment-resistant nephrotic edema and continues with discussing the concept of proteolytic ENaC activation in nephrotic syndrome and its therapeutic potential.
FNAC and histopathological correlation of salivary gland lesions: an observational study

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a sensitive and specific and yet an economically effective technique for diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. FNAC of salivary glands has achieved a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of salivary gland lesions since its induction by Stewart et al in 1933. However, it has always been under scrutiny when compared to histopathology. Histopathology of salivary gland lesions is still the final method to establish diagnosis and predicting prognosis in these lesions. Methods: A prospective observational study of 50 patients with salivary gland lesions was done at Gauhati Medical College and hospital from June 2011 to May 2012. 39 patients underwent histopathological confirmation. Cases with histopathological correlation were included in calculating diagnostic accuracy. The cytological findings were correlated with that of the histopathological diagnosis to obtain the accuracy of the cytological diagnosis. The parameters of diagnostic validity of the cytological technique in terms of sensitivity, specificity and predictive value were evaluated. Results: Study population included patients of age group ranging from 13-70 years with median age group being 3140 years (30%). 54% of the affected patients were male with the parotid being the most commonly involved gland (62%). Neoplastic lesions constituted the major bulk of the lesions (39 cases, 78%) with benign tumours constituting 54%. The most commonly involved benign neoplastic lesion was pleomorphic adenoma (22cases, 44%). Among the non-neoplastic lesions (22%), the acute sialadenitis was frequently noted. Histopathological correlations were available in 39 cases with 11 cases being the malignant lesions. The acute sialadenitis lesions did not undergo histological examination. 28 cases of non-malignant lesions underwent the histological confirmation. In the present study, the specificity and the sensitivity were found to be 96.42% and 90.91% respectively. The predictive value of salivary gland cytology was 90.91% and diagnostic accuracy was 94.87%. Conclusions: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology is thus a safe, reliable, quick, convenient and accurate method of diagnosis and should be considered as one of the first line of investigations in the evaluation of salivary gland lesions.
Fabricating and Evaluating Performance of a Planter Prototype for Planting Chinese Garlic Cloves

The present study aimed to fabricate a two rows planter prototype with a new feeding device with a chain and spoons for planting Chinese garlic cloves. The performance of the planter prototype was evaluated under four levels of planting forward speeds of 1.2, 1.7, 2.2 and 2.9 km/h and two sizes of Chinese garlic cloves big and small. The results showed that the best forward speed about 1.7 km/h giving the actual field capacity of 0.19 and 0.2 fed. /h, the field efficiency of 78 and 82 %, the specific energy requirement of 22.4 and 21.3 kW. h/fed. , operating cost of 385 and 366.5 EGP/fed. , the missing hills of 8 and 6 %, longitudinal scattering of 13.3 and 11.7 %, transverse scattering of 3.9 and 3.3 %, the double hills of 8 and 13 % by using big and small Chinese garlic cloves, respectively. It turns out that this prototype does not cause significant damage to the garlic cloves because it quietly and smoothly picks garlic from the bottom to up in the cloves hopper, does not exceed the damage rate 0.8 and 0.4 % when the size of cloves was big and small, respectively. The prototype saves about 81 % of cost compared with manual planting and saves the time of planting.
Antibiotic use among Medical students in a tertiary care hospital: a cross-sectional study

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent and serious global health problem demanding considerable attention from healthcare professionals all over the world. Objective: To evaluate knowledge and attitude regarding antibiotic resistance as well as the practice of self medication of antibiotics among second year medical students. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire based study conducted by the staff of the Department of Pharmacology at Dr B R Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore during April- May 2018.70 second year MBBS students participated in this study. Results: 92.8% (n = 65) of respondents agreed that antibiotic resistance is an important and serious public health issue in the hospital. 31.42% (n = 22) were of the opinion that antibiotic abuse was the main cause for bacterial resistance.30% (n=21) never preferred to take antibiotics for cough and sore throat. The number of respondents who completed the full course of treatment with antibiotics were 55.7% (n=39). Conclusion: In our study, most of the students had good knowledge and aware of the problem of antimicrobial resistance, but still used antibiotics for self medication. This shows inadequate adherence to antibiotic policies among the study population warranting periodic training and the need for an effective antibiotic stewardship in medical colleges. Keywords: Antibiotics, Self medication, Antibiotic resistance, Knowledge, Practice.
Market reaction before and after stipulation of presidential regulation point 55 in 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the capital market reaction to the adoption of Perpres no. 55 2019 with abnormal return and trading volume activity as indicators. This study uses 10 companies listed in the automotive subsector and components in the Indonesia stock exchange in the period of 5 days before and after the adoption of Presidential Decree No. 55 of 2019. The analysis technique used in this study is the Wilcoxone Signed Rank Test and the Paried Sample t-test test. Wilcoxone Signed Rank Test results prove that there are differences in the average negative abnormal return before and after the stipulation of Presidential Regulation no. 55 2019 based on the results of these tests it can be concluded that investors consider the information as bad news (bad news). Paried Test Results in The t-test sample proves that there is no difference in the average trading volume activity before and after the stipulation of Presidential Regulation no. 555 in 2019 based on these tests it was concluded that it did not trigger stock movements in the capital market that affect the supply and demand of existing shares in the automotive and component sub sector shares.
In Situ Pavement Monitoring: A Review

The assessment of pavement conditions and their evolution with time is a crucial component for the establishment of pavement quality management (QM) plans and the implementation of QM practices. An effective pavement management system (PMS) is based on pavement conditions data continuously collected along the lifetime of a road. These data are used to model the pavement response, evaluate its performances, and trigger the necessary maintenance actions when they do not meet previously defined performance indicators. In the last decades, pavement monitoring via embedded sensing technologies has attracted more and more attention. Indeed, the integration of sensors in the road pavement allows the assessment of the complete history of pavement conditions, starting from sensor installation. Once the technologies are stabilized, collecting this information is expected to help road managers to define more effective asset management plans. This paper first proposes an overview of the most used devices for pavement instrumentation, categorized according to the measured parameters. Then a review of some prominent instrumented sections is presented by focusing on the methodology used for data interpretation.
Police reform in Scotland: What can we learn from the experiences of front-line officers?

Little is known about how front-line police officers navigate major structural reforms within their organization. The findings presented in this paper were collected as part of the first ever empirical study of the newly created Police Service of Scotland between October 2013 and June 2014. The findings discussed here are pertinent to the wider academic literature in that they fill the current gap in knowledge on how front-line police officers experience major structural reforms at a police operational level; by exploring the ways, if any, reform impacted on the routine delivery of local policing. This paper focuses on three main themes which emerged from the analysis of 68 interviews conducted with a stratified sample of serving police officers; front-line police officers, their supervisors and managers across two geographically distinct case study areas in Scotland. The paper highlights police officers’ concerns around a lack of front-line involvement in either the planning or implementation of reform, the pace at which the changes associated with reform were rolled out and the internal communication processes adopted throughout the reform journey, all of which they claim impacted negatively on their daily routines. This unique data was collected using a variety of qualitative and ethnographic research approaches including non-participant observations, walking interviews, documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews at the precise time major structural reform was being implemented across Scotland.
Global determinants of sustaining and developing family enterprises in Slovakia

Family enterprises play an important role in global economies and in national economies of all developed countries. Creating new, and maintaining the existing family enterprises, combined with their continuous development should be the key priority of all countries. Based on the evaluation of the current state of family business in Slovak micro, small, and medium enterprises, the main objective of this paper is to identify the key determinants which affect its development. At the same time, the authors propose such measures the implementation of which into business practice will lead to sustainability of the existing, as well as the support of the newly established family enterprises in Slovakia. The research has been evaluated with the use of methods of testing the statistical hypothesis and methods of descriptive statistics. As the conducted research has proved, at the external environment, the most negative determinant that limits the activities of family enterprises is strong competition of other enterprises operating in the Slovak market. The biggest problem related to internal environment of family enterprises is obtaining a stable qualified. The results led to conclusions and recommendations, the implementation of which into practice will help to support family business in Slovakia.
Electrocortical correlates of value-based decisions

Choice behaviour is characterised by a calculation of subjective value of all choice options followed by the selection of the most subjectively valuable option. Neuroeconomics was developed to unify the fields of economics, psychology and neuroscience to describe neurobiological processes underpinning observed preferences. However, many aspects of the neural computations required to compute subjective value are yet to be illuminated. The current thesis aimed to describe the spatiotemporal dynamics of subjective valuation within the context of an auction paradigm. Brain processes related to subjective valuation were investigated using the incentive compatible Becker-DeGroot-Marschak auction task, revealing willingness-to-pay values for a variety of stimuli. Brain responses in response to stimulus onset and eye-fixations were extracted to highlight the electrophysiological response during value-based decisions, revealing the temporal evolution of brain processes on a scale of milliseconds. Analyses were accompanied by source dipole localisation methods to identify possible neural generators of observed responses. Data from four experimental chapters implicated the automatic encoding of various magnitudes of subjective willingness-to-pay within multiple cortical activation patterns during value-relevant and value-irrelevant contexts. Low value items were encoded most prominently by a brain activation component represented over the right frontal scalp region, possibly originating from the insula. In contrast, a cortical activation pattern with a spatial maximum over the left hemisphere was strongest for high value items. Brain components specific to value were present immediately following stimulus presentation and persisted throughout an extended time interval during free viewing. Further to this, value encoding brain responses were observed for both products and product bundles. The current thesis demonstrated the explicit representation of willingness-to-pay within neural activity recorded by means of EEG. Moreover, low and high subjective value was encoded by separate and lateralised brain responses in a coarse manner, in contrast to the linear encoding of subjective value within a single brain response. The early representation of value within EEG signals, prior to conscious deliberation, reiterates the automaticity of the initial valuation process.
Cryo-EM Structures and Regulation of Arabinofuranosyltransferase AftD from Mycobacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a disease that kills over one million people each year. Its cell envelope is a common antibiotic target and has a unique structure due, in part, to two lipidated polysaccharides – arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan. Arabinofuranosyltransferase D (AftD) is an essential enzyme involved in assembling these glycolipids. We present the 2.9 Å resolution structure of M. abscessus AftD determined by single particle cryo-electron microscopy. AftD has a conserved GT-C glycosyltransferase fold and three carbohydrate binding modules. Glycan array analysis shows that AftD binds complex arabinose glycans. Additionally, AftD is non-covalently complexed with an acyl carrier protein (ACP). 3.4 and 3.5 Å structures of a mutant with impaired ACP binding reveal a conformational change that suggests the ACP may regulate AftD function. Using a conditional knock-out constructed in M. smegmatis, mutagenesis experiments confirm the essentiality of the putative active site and the ACP binding for AftD function.
Efficacy and safety of TNF antagonists in ocular sarcoidosis: data from the French registry STAT

Backgroung: This study investigated the efficacy and safety of TNF antagonists in sarcoid uveitis in unselected cases. Design: This is a multicentre study on patients with sarcoidosis who received TNF antagonists in pneumology and internal medicine departments in France. We present here the subgroup of patients with biopsy-proven sarcoid uveitis included in the nationwide registry STAT (Sarcoidosis treated with TNF AnTagonists). Results: Among the 132 patients included in this multicenter study, 18 patients with refractory uveitis were treated as a first-line TNF antagonist with infliximab (n=14), adalimumab (n=3) and certolizumab (n=1). Before anti-TNF initiation, the median duration of sarcoidosis was 42 months and 83% of the patients have been treated with at least one immunosuppressive drug. Six patients switched for a second-line TNF antagonist. After a mean time under treatment of 29 months, the treatment resulted in a significant decrease of the ophthalmic extrapulmonary Physician Organ Severity Tool (ePOST) (mean score: 4.2 vs. 2.6) scores and a steroid sparing effect (29.4±20.7 vs. 6.2±5.2 mg/d). Overall, the ophthalmic response, either complete or partial, was 67%. Nine patients (50%) presented adverse events, including severe infectious complications in 5 patients, which required anti-TNF treatment interruption in 6 cases (33%). Among the 7 responder patients who discontinued anti-TNF therapy, 71% relapsed. Finally, 12 patients (67%) could continue TNF antagonist treatment. Conclusions: TNF antagonists were efficient in 67% of biopsy-proven refractory sarcoid uveitis. Severe adverse events, mainly infectious complications, were frequent. The high frequency of relapses after anti-TNF-α discontinuation requires a close patient follow-up thereafter. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2017; 34: 74-80)
The interaction of administrative tradition and organisational characteristics: the case of agency personnel management autonomy

Comparative scholars emphasise that public administration should be understood in terms of context-bound patterns of organising and decision-making. Agencies in the same context will display more commonalities than those in another. At the same time, there is good empirical evidence for organisational-level variation in decision-making. For instance, not all agencies in one country are delegated similar levels of personnel management autonomy. This article develops a theoretical argument about how administrative tradition moderates the effect of organisational drivers of personnel management autonomy. We identify the degree of uniformity embedded in administrative tradition as a key explanatory factor for this relationship. In empirical terms, the article compares the perceived personnel management autonomy of agencies in 10 European countries nested in three country clusters (Scandinavian, Latin-Napoleonic and Continental). The analysis confirms theoretical expectations about the context-specific effects of organisational characteristics on personnel management autonomy in agencies. Points for practitioners This article explains why agency managers’ perceived degree of personnel management autonomy varies between different administrative traditions. It shows that some contexts display a greater heterogeneity of delegating personnel management autonomy to agency managers, whereas other contexts are characterised by homogeneous practices of delegation to agencies of the same legal type. This finding suggests that changes in agencies’ legal type are important instruments of effective reform in high-uniformity contexts, whereas they will have only a limited effect in low-uniformity contexts.