Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes of PM2.5 concentrations and their sources in the US from 1990 to 2010

<p>Quantification of the spatial and temporal variations in the sources of air pollutants, especially PM<sub>2.5</sub>, can inform control strategies and, potentially, the understanding of PM<sub>2.5 </sub>health effects. Three-dimensional chemical transport models (CTMs) are well suited to help address this problem, since they simulate all the major processes that impact PM<sub>2.5 </sub>concentrations and transport. In this study we quantify the changes in the concentration, exposure, composition, and sources of PM<sub>2.5 </sub>in the US from the early 1990s to the early 2010s. Significant reductions of emissions of SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, VOCs and primary PM have taken place in the US during the last 20 years. We evaluate our understanding of the links between these emissions and concentration changes combining a chemical transport model (PMCAMx) with the Particle Source Apportionment Algorithm (PSAT) (Skyllakou et al., 2017). Results for 1990, 2001 and 2010 are presented. The reductions in SO<sub>2</sub> emissions (64% mainly from electrical generation units) during these 20 years have dominated the reductions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> leading to a 45% reduction of the sulfate levels. The predicted sulfate reductions were in excellent agreement with the available measurements. Also, the reductions in elemental carbon (EC) emissions (mainly from transportation) have led to a 30% reduction of EC concentrations. The most important source of OA through the years according to PMCAMx is biomass burning followed by biogenic SOA. OA from on-road transport has been reduced by more than a factor of 3, on the other hand changes in biomass burning OA and biogenic SOA have been modest. In 1990 90% of the US population was exposed to PM<sub>2.5 </sub>concentrations to equal and higher than the suggested annual mean by the WHO (10 &#956;g m<sup>-3</sup>), but this reduced to 70% in 2010. Also, the predicted changes in concentrations were evaluated against the observed changes for 1990, 2001 and 2010, in order to understand if the model represents well the changes through the years. </p><p>&#160;</p><p>Skyllakou, K. , Fountoukis, C. , Charalampidis, P., and Pandis, S.N. (2017). Volatility-resolved source apportionment of primary and secondary organic aerosol over Europe, Atmos. Environ. , 167, 1&#8211;10. </p><p>&#160;</p>
Exploring the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Residents' Daily Activities Using Text-Based Social Media Data: A Case Study of Beijing, China

The use of social media data provided powerful data support to reveal the spatiotemporal characteristics and mechanisms of human activity, as it integrated rich spatiotemporal and textual semantic information. However, previous research has not fully utilized its semantic and spatiotemporal information, due to its technical and algorithmic limitations. The efficiency of the deep mining of textual semantic resources was also low. In this research, a multi-classification of text model, based on natural language processing technology and the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) framework is constructed. The residents’ activities in Beijing were then classified using the Sina Weibo data in 2019. The results showed that the accuracy of the classifications was more than 90%. The types and distribution of residents’ activities were closely related to the characteristics of the activities and holiday arrangements. From the perspective of a short timescale, the activity rhythm on weekends was delayed by one hour as compared to that on weekdays. There was a significant agglomeration of residents’ activities that presented a spatial co-location cluster pattern, but the proportion of balanced co-location cluster areas was small. The research demonstrated that location conditions, especially the microlocation condition (the distance to the nearest subway station), were the driving factors that affected the resident activity cluster patterns. In this research, the proposed framework integrates textual semantic analysis, statistical method, and spatial techniques, broadens the application areas of social media data, especially text data, and provides a new paradigm for the research of residents’ activities and spatiotemporal behavior.
Highly localized upper mantle deformation during plate
boundary initiation near the Alpine fault, New Zealand

Peridotite xenoliths entrained in magmas near the Alpine fault (New Zealand) provide the first direct evidence of deformation associated with the propagation of the Australian-Pacific plate boundary through the region at ca. 25–20 Ma. Two of 11 sampled xenolith localities contain fine-grained (40–150 μm) rocks, indicating that deformation in the upper mantle was focused in highly sheared zones. To constrain the nature and conditions of deformation, we combine a flow law with a model linking recrystallized fraction to strain. Temperatures calculated from this new approach (625–970 °C) indicate that the observed deformation occurred at depths of 25–50 km. Calculated shear strains were between 1 and 100, which, given known plate offset rates (10–20 mm/yr) and an estimated interval during which deformation likely occurred (<1.8 m.y.), translate to a total shear zone width in the range 0.2–32 km. This narrow width and the position of mylonite-bearing localities amid mylonite-free sites suggest that early plate boundary deformation was distributed across at least ~60 km but localized in multiple fault strands. Such upper mantle deformation is best described by relatively rigid, plate-like domains separated by rapidly formed, narrow mylonite zones.
Effect of sulphur and zinc on yield, macronutrient content in and uptake by mustard on haplustepts

Field experiments were conducted for two years (2001–02 and 2002–03) with mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss. ] as a test crop on Haplustepts with five doses of sulphur (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg S ha−1) and zinc (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg Zn ha−1). Seed and stover yield increased significantly up to 40 kg S and 5 kg Zn ha−1 application. Application of 60 kg S ha−1 and 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 significantly increased the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur content at 30, 60 and 90 DAS and at harvest in both the years of experimentation. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur uptake increased significantly up to 60 kg S and 5.0 kg Zn ha−1 application except nitrogen and potassium uptake in seed where significant increase was recorded only up to 40 kg S ha−1.
Design and Synthesis of Porous Organic Polymeric Materials from Norbornene Derivatives

Abstract The interest in porous organic materials derived from norbornenes is driven by versatile chemistry of norbornenes, fine-tunable structure of these polymers, high accessible surface area, and large free volume of polynorbornenes for technical applications in adsorption, membrane separation, gas storage, and heterogeneous catalysis. This comprehensive review surveys recent research trends in the development of porous polynorbornenes. A rational design was achieved in metathesis, addition, and CANAL polymers as an extension of the modular strategy using norbornene motifs as building blocks. Tuning the structure of norbornene-containing monomer units allowed obtaining high-free-volume polymers with apparent Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas up to 1000 m2/g that made these materials promising for various engineering applications such as membrane gas separation, gas sorbents, CO2 capture, scaffolds to support catalysts, or reagents for catalysis. The synthesis and porous characteristics of polynorbornenes are presented along with the discussion of correlations between the chemical structure of these materials and their porous structures. Possible important applications of porous polynorbornenes are also emphasized.
A Non-Averostran Neotheropod Vertebra (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Earliest Jurassic Whitmore Point Member (Moenave Formation) in Southwestern Utah

ABSTRACT Theropod dinosaurs are minor components of Late Triassic ecosystems in North America, comprising coelophysoids and various non-neotheropods from the Chinle Formation of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico and the Dockum Group of western Texas. By the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic), the coelophysoid “Syntarsus” kayentakatae and the large-bodied non-averostran neotheropod Dilophosaurus wetherilli from the Kayenta Formation were the dominant terrestrial predators. Theropods are virtually unknown from the intervening Rhaetian–Hettangian Moenave Formation, with the exception of two partial coelophysoid pelves from somewhere within the Dinosaur Canyon Member, which includes the Triassic–Jurassic boundary and end-Triassic mass extinction. Here we describe an anterior trunk vertebra from a non-coelophysoid, non-averostran neotheropod from the uppermost Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation in southwestern Utah, which is Hettangian in age. The vertebra has prominent vertebral laminae and associated pneumatic fossae, and anterior and posterior ‘shoulders’ on the neural spine that are similar to those found in Dilophosaurus wetherilli. This vertebra belongs to a theropod that may be as many as 15 million years older than Dilophosaurus wetherilli from the middle of the Kayenta Formation in Arizona. This theropod is associated with Grallator, Eubrontes, and Characichnos theropod traces made on the shores of the Early Jurassic Lake Whitmore that are abundant in the Whitmore Point Member in southwestern Utah. Its occurrence in the Hettangian roughly coincides with the appearance of Eubrontes tracks in North America, indicating that not all contemporaneous theropod traces were made by coelophysoids.
Histopathological, histochemical and biochemical postmortem changes in induced fatal hypothermia in rats

Abstract Reaching a postmortem diagnosis of hypothermia is challenging in forensic practice. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect the histopathological, histochemical and biochemical changes that occur in adult albino rats following exposure to induced fatal hypothermia. Twenty-four adult albino rats were divided into the negative control, moderate hypothermia, severe hypothermia and hypoxia groups. Rats in the control group were euthanized when those in the moderate hypothermic group died. Blood samples were collected via heart puncture, and the cerebrum, heart, suprarenal gland, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle were removed to investigate the biochemical, histochemical and histopathological changes. Postmortem assessment depicted significant changes in lipid peroxidation, represented by increased malondialdehyde levels in the studied organs of the rats in hypothermic and hypoxia groups. Histopathological examination of the rats’ organs revealed degeneration and necrosis in the hypothermia and hypoxia groups. Sections taken from the severe hypothermic rats revealed a loss of normal cardiac tissue architecture, necrotic changes in the pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, and massive necrosis, mainly in the tubules of the renal cortex and medulla. These findings suggest that histological changes might be used as biochemical markers for postmortem diagnosing of fatal hypothermia, particularly in severe hypothermic conditions. Key points Death by hypothermia is a serious public health problem worldwide. Confirming a diagnosis and determining the cause of death in cases of hypothermia are among the most difficult practices in forensic medicine. Death by hypothermia might be associated with structural abnormalities in various organs. Studies using different tissue staining techniques will enable an overall illustration of the role of histopathological changes in body organs as indicators of hypothermia.
Dynamics of Variable Dusk-Dawn Flow Associated with Magnetotail Current Sheet Flapping

Abstract. Previous observations have provided a clear indication that the dusk-dawn (v⊥y) sense of both slow (< 200 km s−1) and fast (> 200 km s−1) convective magnetotail flows is strongly governed by the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) By conditions. The related “untwisting hypothesis” of magnetotail dynamics is commonly invoked to explain this dependence, in terms of a large-scale magnetospheric asymmetry. In the current study, we present Cluster spacecraft observations from 12 October 2006 of earthward convective magnetotail plasma flows whose dusk-dawn sense disagrees with the untwisting hypothesis of IMF By control of the magnetotail flows. During this interval, observations of the upstream solar wind conditions from OMNI, and ionospheric convection data using SuperDARN, indicate a large-scale magnetospheric morphology consistent with positive IMF By penetration into the magnetotail. Inspection of the in-situ Cluster magnetic field data reveals a flapping of the magnetotail current sheet; a phenomenon known to influence dusk-dawn flow. Results from the curlometer analysis technique suggest that the dusk-dawn flow perturbations may have been driven by the J x B force associated with a dawnward-propagating flapping of the magnetotail current sheet, locally overriding the expected IMF By control of the flows. We conclude that invocation of the untwisting hypothesis may be inappropriate when interpreting intervals of dynamic magnetotail behaviour such as during current sheet flapping.
Up to No Good? Gender, Social Impact Work, and Employee Promotions

Firms increasingly offer employees the opportunity to participate in firm-sponsored social impact initiatives expected to benefit the firm and employees. We argue that participation in such initiatives hinders employees’ advancement in their firms by reducing others’ perceptions of their fit and commitment. Because social impact work is more congruent with female than male gender role stereotypes, promotion rates will be lower for participating men, and male evaluators will be less likely than female evaluators to recommend promotion for male participants. Using panel data on 1,379 employees of a consulting firm, we find significantly lower promotion rates for male participants relative to female participants, female non-participants, and male non-participants. A vignette experiment involving 893 managers shows that lower promotion rates are due to lower perceptions of fit, but not commitment, and greater bias against male participants by male evaluators. Taken together, the results of the two studies suggest that the negative effect of participation on promotion is conditional upon participant and evaluator gender, underscoring the role of gender in evaluation of social impact work. In settings in which decision makers are predominately male, gender beliefs may limit male employees’ latitude to contribute to the firm’s social impact agenda.
Safety Testing of Cosmetic Products: Overview of Established Methods and New Approach Methodologies (NAMs)

Cosmetic products need to have a proven efficacy combined with a comprehensive toxicological assessment. Before the current Cosmetic regulation N°1223/2009, the 7th Amendment to the European Cosmetics Directive has banned animal testing for cosmetic products and for cosmetic ingredients in 2004 and 2009, respectively. An increasing number of alternatives to animal testing has been developed and validated for safety and efficacy testing of cosmetic products and cosmetic ingredients. For example, 2D cell culture models derived from human skin can be used to evaluate anti-inflammatory properties, or to predict skin sensitization potential; 3D human skin equivalent models are used to evaluate skin irritation potential; and excised human skin is used as the gold standard for the evaluation of dermal absorption. The aim of this manuscript is to give an overview of the main in vitro and ex vivo alternative models used in the safety testing of cosmetic products with a focus on regulatory requirements, genotoxicity potential, skin sensitization potential, skin and eye irritation, endocrine properties, and dermal absorption. Advantages and limitations of each model in safety testing of cosmetic products are discussed and novel technologies capable of addressing these limitations are presented.
Polymerization of Isobutylene by GaCl3 or FeCl3/Ether Complexes in Nonpolar Solvents

The carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB), co-initiated by GaCl3 or FeCl3·dialkyl ether 1:1 complexes has been investigated in hexanes in the −20 to 10 °C temperature range. In contrast to AlCl3·diisopropyl ether (AlCl3·i-Pr2O) complexes,(1) GaCl3·i-Pr2O and FeCl3·i-Pr2O readily co-initiate polymerization with 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl) or tert-butyl chloride (t-BuCl) in the presence or absence of proton trap. In the absence of proton trap, chain transfer to monomer readily proceeded, resulting in close to complete monomer conversion and up to 85% exo-olefinic end group content. Diisopropyl ether complexes gave the highest polymerization rates, while nonbranched alkyl ether complexes were completely inactive. A polymerization mechanism is proposed to involve ether-assisted proton elimination to yield PIB exo-olefin, and the abstracted proton can subsequently start a new polymer chain by protonation of IB. Alternatively PIB+ may be deactivated by ion collapse to yield PIBCl, which c.
Effect of Salinity Stress on Physiological Changes in Winter and Spring Wheat

Salinity is a leading threat to crop growth throughout the world. Salt stress induces altered physiological processes and several inhibitory effects on the growth of cereals, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we determined the effects of salinity on five spring and five winter wheat genotypes seedlings. We evaluated the salt stress on root and shoot growth attributes, i.e., root length (RL), shoot length (SL), the relative growth rate of root length (RGR-RL), and shoot length (RGR-SL). The ionic content of the leaves was also measured. Physiological traits were also assessed, including stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll content index (CCI), and light-adapted leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, i.e., the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv′/Fm′) and instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence (Ft). Physiological and growth performance under salt stress (0, 100, and 200 mol/L) were explored at the seedling stage. The analysis showed that spring wheat accumulated low Na+ and high K+ in leaf blades compared with winter wheat. Among the genotypes, Sakha 8, S-24, W4909, and W4910 performed better and had improved physiological attributes (gs, Fv′/Fm′, and Ft) and seedling growth traits (RL, SL, RGR-SL, and RGR-RL), which were strongly linked with proper Na+ and K+ discrimination in leaves and the CCI in leaves. The identified genotypes could represent valuable resources for genetic improvement programs to provide a greater understanding of plant tolerance to salt stress.
FINE-TUNING DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR PEDESTRIAN DETECTION

Abstract: Object detection in high resolution images is a new challenge that the remote sensing community is facing thanks to introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles and monitoring cameras. One of the interests is to detect and trace persons in the images. Different from general objects, pedestrians can have different poses and are undergoing constant morphological changes while moving, this task needs an intelligent solution. Fine-tuning has woken up great interest among researchers due to its relevance for retraining convolutional networks for many and interesting applications. For object classification, detection, and segmentation fine-tuned models have shown state-of-the-art performance. In the present work, we evaluate the performance of fine-tuned models with a variation of training data by comparing Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) Inception v2, Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) Inception v2, and SSD Mobilenet v2. To achieve the goal, the effect of varying training data on performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, F1-score, and recall are taken into account. After testing the detectors, it was identified that the precision and recall are more sensitive on the variation of the amount of training data. Under five variation of the amount of training data, we observe that the proportion of 60%-80% consistently achieve highly comparable performance, whereas in all variation of training data Faster R-CNN Inception v2 outperforms SSD Inception v2 and SSD Mobilenet v2 in evaluated metrics, but the SSD converges relatively quickly during the training phase. Overall, partitioning 80% of total data for fine-tuning trained models produces efficient detectors even with only 700 data samples.
Pharmacological Actions of Ananas comosus L. Merril: Revision of the Works Published from 1966 to 2020

Juliana Azevedo da Paixão1,2,*, José Fernando de Araújo Neto1, Bruna Oliveira do Nascimento1, Diego Mota da Costa2, Hugo Neves Brandão2, Fernanda Vidigal Duarte Souza3, Everton Hilo de Souza4, Quiara Lovatti Alves5, Samile Barreto Lima Erling6, Juceni Pereira de Lima David1 1Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Salvador, BRAZIL. 2UEFS, Km 03, Br 116, s/n, Feira de Santana, BRAZIL. 3EMBRAPA, Rua Embrapa, s/n, Chapadinha, Cruz das Almas, BRAZIL. 4Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro, Cruz das Almas, BRAZIL. 5FIOCRUZ. Rua Waldemar Falcão, Candeal, Salvador-Bahia, BRAZIL. 6UNIJORGE, Av. Luis Viana Filho, São Marcos, Salvador-Bahia, BRAZIL.
Umbrella reviews (systematic review of reviews)

ABSTRACT With a ‘downpour’ of studies being published there is an increasing need to synthesize existing research to inform policy, practice and research. Umbrella reviews adopt explicit and systematic methods to search for, and identify, multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses to compare and contrast findings of individual reviews, and provide an overall picture of findings for a particular research question. Using research on physical activity and mental health as a test case, we identified and assessed 11 umbrella reviews using recommended criteria from the Cochrane collaboration (Pollock et al., 2020). Our findings suggest that many methodological components of umbrella reviews were done well by the included reviews and are in line with best practice in conducting systematic reviews. Some issues, specific to umbrella review methodology, need further attention in future reviews. These include dealing explicitly with potential primary study overlap, using MeSH terms in search strategies, detailing the data extraction process and presenting all necessary information from primary studies and included systematic reviews. Opening an umbrella with these considerations in mind will help sport and exercise psychology researchers conduct such reviews in the future.
Weak consistency for the estimators in a semiparametric regression model based on negatively associated random errors

In this article, we consider the semiparametric regression model: , which is an important and very useful statistical model. We investigate the parametric component and nonparametric component estimators in a semiparametric regression model based on negatively associated random errors. The weak consistency for the estimators and of and respectively are established under some suitable conditions. In addition, a simulation to study the numerical performance of the consistency for the nearest neighbor weight function estimators is provided and a real data application is then presented.