Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Study of an Adult Human Temporomandibular Joint in Iraq

Temporomandibular articulation is the highest feature that outlines the class of the mammalian and divorces mammals from further vertebra, it allows normal parting and departing of the jawbone and is needed for purposes such as mastication and speaking. Com ponents of this synovial joint between the condyle process of mandible and glenoid cavity of the temporal bone has been studied anatomically and histologically in 25 autopsies of adult males and female were examined at different Iraqi cities. Descriptions of TMJ related structures skin, parotid gland with its traversed facial nerve, all are related laterally the capsule of the joint, the fibrous connective tissue sac and lines with synovial membrane, containing synovial fluid, capsule is supported anteriorly by the fibers of the sphenomandibular ligaments and to the facial fibers of the masseter muscle . Also present study descri be rectangular masseter muscle with its dimensions (70±12mm) x (50 ±14) mm; contemporary no readings were recorded. In addition dimensions of the ovoid condyle process were 15 to 20 mm from side to side and 8to 10 mm from front to back Current study mentioned dimensions of the mandibular foss a which has been delimited by the attachment of joint capsule antereoposterior dimension was range from 24 – 38 mm and its lateral dimension from side to side was ranging from 19- 33mm, these differences between the condyle process and glenoid fossa inform us the free movement of the small condyle process within the fossa were it glide anteriorly furing protraction of the mandible and then its retraction. Measurements of different bones at different sex depict that the thickest trabeculae by its mean & standard deviation is founded in male in condyle process, 13.03+1.54, though the thinnest trabeculae is founded in female within the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, 11.23 +0.90. Despite the fact for recorded algebraic data of the gaps, spaces were occupied by the tr abeculae displays that the widest gaps in dimension were seen in female mandibular fossa, 36.20 +0.71. While the narrowest spaces were seen between the trabeculae of condyle process bone of the mandible in male, 23.25+0.93. From current study anatomical features are grossly in agree with other anatomist descriptions, but dimensions of fossa and condyle are greater than other studies.
Brain Noradrenergic Innervation Supports the Development of Parkinson’s Tremor: A Study in a Reserpinized Rat Model

The pathophysiology of tremor in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is evolving towards a complex alteration to monoaminergic innervation, and increasing evidence suggests a key role of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system (LC-NA). However, the difficulties in imaging LC-NA in patients challenge its direct investigation. To this end, we studied the development of tremor in a reserpinized rat model of PD, with or without a selective lesioning of LC-NA innervation with the neurotoxin DSP-4. Eight male rats (Sprague Dawley) received DSP-4 (50 mg/kg) two weeks prior to reserpine injection (10 mg/kg) (DR-group), while seven male animals received only reserpine treatment (R-group). Tremor, rigidity, hypokinesia, postural flexion and postural immobility were scored before and after 20, 40, 60, 80, 120 and 180 min of reserpine injection. Tremor was assessed visually and with accelerometers. The injection of DSP-4 induced a severe reduction in LC-NA terminal axons (DR-group: 0.024 ± 0.01 vs. R-group: 0.27 ± 0.04 axons/um2, p < 0.001) and was associated with significantly less tremor, as compared to the R-group (peak tremor score, DR-group: 0.5 ± 0.8 vs. R-group: 1.6 ± 0.5; p < 0.01). Kinematic measurement confirmed the clinical data (tremor consistency (% of tremor during 180 s recording), DR-group: 37.9 ± 35.8 vs. R-group: 69.3 ± 29.6; p < 0.05). Akinetic–rigid symptoms did not differ between the DR- and R-groups. Our results provide preliminary causal evidence for a critical role of LC-NA innervation in the development of PD tremor and foster the development of targeted therapies for PD patients.
Risks of passive use of social network sites in youth athletes: a moderated mediation analysis

Background With the popularity of social media platforms, the use of social networks challenges the well-being and mental health of athletes. Motivation Despite ongoing scholarly discussions about the effects of passive use of social network sites, few studies have examined the relationship between the passive use of social network sites and mental health in young athletes from a social comparison perspective. Hypothesis To address this research gap, we draw on the social comparison and developmental systems theories to explore the mediating effect of upward social comparison on passive social network site use and mental health, as well as the moderating effects of positive psychological capital. Methods We analyzed data about 350 young athletes from professional Chinese sports universities. Results As predicted, passive use of social network sites by young athletes increased anxiety (β = 0.26, p < 0.001) and decreased subjective well-being (β = −0.35, p < 0.001). Upward social comparisons had positive (β = 0.22, p < 0.001) and negative (β = −0.34, p < 0.001) mediating effects in passive social network site use and anxiety/subjective well-being. Positive psychological capital played a moderating effect between upward social comparison and anxiety (β = −0.28, p < 0.001), and subjective well-being (β = 0.24, p < 0.001); the moderated mediation effect was also supported. Conclusion Our study informs the current research by highlighting the importance of upward social comparison as a critical mechanism and positive psychological capital as a boundary condition. We suggest actively maintaining and enhancing positive psychological capital to mitigate the adverse effects of upward social comparison.
Believe it or not. The role of ideology as a predictor of trust in mainstream and social media during COVID-19

Introduction: The goal of this article is to analyze the extent to which ideology intervenes in citizens' trust in the news that appears in traditional and social media during COVID-19. Methodology: To do this, a quantitative approach based on the online survey technique is used. The questionnaire was launched in July 2021 through the Qualtrics platform and was answered by 2,803 citizens residing in Brazil (726), Spain (682), the United States (694), and India (702). Results: We found a connection between ideology and confidence in traditional media, strongly conditioned by the socio-political context. In addition, right-wing citizens tend to trust the information they receive from digital platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or WhatsApp better than left-wing citizens. This uneven impact of trust in the media could result in a heterogeneous effect of fake news, with right-wing citizens most likely believing political news appearing on social media Discussion and Conclusions: This article contributes to expanding prior knowledge about the trust in mainstream and social media, with considerable emphasis on the factors that have a predominant influence in four countries with different social and political structures and media systems: Spain, United States, India, and Brazil. In this context, it has been observed how ideology is an essential factor in all of them. When this relevant variable is controlled for, and despite what previous studies had determined (Newman et al., 2021), factors such as educational or income level do not seem to play a significant role.
Apolipoprotein D as a Potential Biomarker in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Neuropsychiatric disorders (NDs) are a diverse group of pathologies, including schizophrenia or bipolar disorders, that directly affect the mental and physical health of those who suffer from them, with an incidence that is increasing worldwide. Most NDs result from a complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors such as stress or traumatic events, including the recent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition to diverse clinical presentations, these diseases are heterogeneous in their pathogenesis, brain regions affected, and clinical symptoms, making diagnosis difficult. Therefore, finding new biomarkers is essential for the detection, prognosis, response prediction, and development of new treatments for NDs. Among the most promising candidates is the apolipoprotein D (Apo D), a component of lipoproteins implicated in lipid metabolism. Evidence suggests an increase in Apo D expression in association with aging and in the presence of neuropathological processes. As a part of the cellular neuroprotective defense machinery against oxidative stress and inflammation, changes in Apo D levels have been demonstrated in neuropsychiatric conditions like schizophrenia (SZ) or bipolar disorders (BPD), not only in some brain areas but in corporal fluids, i.e., blood or serum of patients. What is not clear is whether variation in Apo D quantity could be used as an indicator to detect NDs and their progression. This review aims to provide an updated view of the clinical potential of Apo D as a possible biomarker for NDs.
The ecology of epipelic diatoms in Loch Goil

OF THESIS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MARINE EPIPELON A GENERAL REVIEW 2 1.1.1 Vertical migratory rhythms 3 1.1.2 Patterns of distribution 4 1.1.3 Effects of pullution 7 1.1. 4 Effects of grazing 7 1.1. 5 Subtidal marine epipelon 8 1.2 SCOTTISH SEALOCHS A REVIEW OF PREVIOUS MARINE BIOLOGICAL STUDIES 9 1.3 AIMS OF MY RESEARCH 13
Analysis of The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior to Optimize Work Discipline

This study aims to determine the effect of Public Service Motivation on Work Discipline through strengthening Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The population in this study were all teachers who worked at Purwantoro Elementary School, Malang City. The sampling technique used in this research is Nonprobability Sampling with a total of 91 respondents. And the data is processed through Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) software. The results of this study indicate that public service motivation, which is still low, has not been able to contribute to improving teacher performance at SDN Purwantoro, Malang City. Likewise, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is getting better, it will be able to contribute to teacher work discipline. It was also found in this study that the better the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), the more it would contribute to the teacher's work discipline. As well as high or increasing public service motivation, accompanied by a good role of organizational citizenship behavior, then work discipline will be better.
Specifying and Generating Abstract Models for Formal Security Analysis

— Hardware execution attacks exploit subtle microarchitectural interactions to leak secret data. While checking programs for the existence of such attacks is essential, verification of software against the full hardware implementation does not scale. Verification using abstract formal models of the hardware can help provide strong security guarantees while leveraging abstraction to achieve scalability. However, hand-writing accurate abstract models is tedious and error-prone. Hence, we need techniques to automatically generate models which enable sound yet scalable security analysis. In this work, we propose micro-update models as a modelling framework that enables sound and abstract modelling of microarchitectural features. We also develop algorithms to semi-automatically generate micro-update models from RTL. We implement our modelling and generation framework in a prototype tool. We evaluate our approach and tool by synthesizing micro-update models for the Sodor5Stage processor and components from the cva6 (Ariane) processor. We demonstrate how these models can be generated hierarchically, thus increasing scalability to larger designs. We observe up to 8 × improvement in run time when performing analysis with the generated models as compared to the source RTL.
Particle shape: a review and new methods of characterization and classification

Shape is a fundamental property of all objects, including sedimentary particles, but it remains one of the most difficult to characterize and quantify for all but the simplest of shapes. Despite a large literature on the subject, there remains widespread confusion regarding the meaning and relative value of different measures of particle shape. This paper re‐examines the basic concepts of particle shape and suggests a number of new and modified methods which are widely applicable to a range of sedimentological problems; it is shown that the most important aspects of particle form are represented by the I/L ratio (elongation ratio) and S/I ratio (flatness ratio). A combination of these two ratios can be used to classify particles in terms of 25 form classes. A method of obtaining a quantitative measure of particle roundness using simple image analysis software is described, and a new visual roundness comparator is presented. It is recommended that measurements of both roundness and circularity (a proxy measure of sphericity) are made on grain images in three orthogonal orientations and average values calculated for each particle. A further shape property, irregularity, is defined and a classification scheme proposed for use in describing and comparing irregular or branching sedimentary particles such as chert and coral.
Simultaneous regional elections during the Covid-19 pandemic: Confrontation between democracy and religion in Indonesia

Abstract Several developed countries opposed general elections due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in decreases in voter turnout from 66–73.8%. Similarly, simultaneous regional elections in Indonesia during the COVID-19 period were opposed by several Muslim religious leaders placing the election at odds with the democratic process. However, concerns over COVID-19 safety results in an increase in voter participation by 79.13%. The purpose of this study is to find a harmonious model whereby upholding democracy and fulfilling Muslim religious teachings of respecting human life (Khifdzul Nafs) are both achieved when conducting simultaneous regional elections. This model was expected to increase voter participation and the control further spread of Covid-19. This research focuses on legal and policy issues namely, the Regional Election regulations and COVID-19 prevention policies in three districts (Sleman, Bantul and Gunungkidul), Special Region of Yogyakarta. Data were collected from legal document reviews and survey results from respondents involving 43 election organizers and 200 voters. The results show that the simultaneous regional election model in Indonesia is not only a democratic event but is also an avenue through which the government campaigns the prevention of COVID-19 which adheres to the idea of Khifdzul Nafs. Thus, the simultaneous regional election model applied during the COVID-19 pandemic can be used as a model for the 2027 Indonesian national simultaneous regional elections and even for general elections in other countries. Although the COVID-19 pandemic will cease, the best practices for simultaneous regional elections during it can be used to subsequent infectious disease outbreaks such as tuberculosis (TBC) and HIV.
Sage Scrub Revolution? Property Rights, Political Fragmentation, and Conservation Planning in Southern California under the Federal Endangered Species Act

In the U.S., conservation planning under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) has increasingly applied to species and habitats located on private property in urbanizing regions. Under the ESAs Section 10(a), habitat conservation plans (HCPs) provide mechanisms for local governments, private landowners, and other stakeholders to proceed with development plans while at the same time undertaking conservation measures for federally listed species. Using a “reconstructed urban regime theory” approach to local policymaking, this paper examines the development of a subregional HCP for the protection of the federally listed Stephens’ Kangaroo Rat (SKR) in western Riverside County, Southern California. Empirically, we demonstrate problems of incorporating property externalities into a subregional planning process and the various ways in which landowners and local progrowth interests have mobilized in response to HCPs developed within the federal ESA framework. Theoretically, we emphasize uneven development within Southern California's suburban-oriented mode of social regulation, which also provides a structural context for evaluating recent moves toward multispecies and ecosystem planning under the State of California’s Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) framework. A pilot NCCP program for the coastal sage scrub ecosystem is fragmenting into a loosely coordinated amalgam of subregional HCPs developed under diverse local policy regimes. The paper critically discusses the extent to which ecosystem planning in Southern California represents a revolution in the role of the U.S. government in managing conflicts arising from conservation measures on private property in urbanizing regions.
Incidental Observations of Birds in the Vicinity of Hell Gate Polynya, Nunavut: Species, Timing, and Diversity

Our knowledge of the distribution of Arctic birds and how their ranges may be responding to environmental changes in the Canadian Arctic is limited. We gathered five years of species observation data from three sites in the Hell Gate – Cardigan Strait Polynya (Cape Vera, St. Helena Island, and Devil Island) to create an inventory of avian species observed in the polynya, and we compared it to previous observations made at our sites and other sites throughout the Arctic. We examined species diversity measurements over time to suggest possible effects of the polynya on the timing of spring arrival of breeding and migrant species. Of the 39 species observed during our study, 12 were local breeders. Our records provide the northernmost observations for eight species. Species diversity index values at St. Helena Island peaked quickly in mid-June and stabilized by late June, reflecting the arrival and dispersal of migrating species relatively early in the season. These data highlight the importance of the open-water feeding habitat of the polynya not only for breeding birds, but also for migrants.
Parameterization of Estuarine Mixing Processes in the San Francisco Estuary Based on Analysis of Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Simulations

The purpose of this analysis is to develop a dispersive mixing parameterization method and specific dispersion coefficients used to predict salinity in a one-dimensional tidally-averaged transport model. Longitudinal dispersive mixing is parameterized based on the analysis of three-dimensional simulations spanning a range of freshwater inflows in the San Francisco Estuary. The three-dimensional simulation results were analyzed at 28 cross-sections in the San Francisco Estuary to calculate salt fluxes, salinity gradients and other information required for the parameterization method. This method represents the spatial variability of dispersion and includes dependence on horizontal Richardson Number, Delta outflow and other environmental variability. These parameterizations are incorporated into a tidally-averaged one-dimensional model for predicting salinity in Central San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Suisun Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. This simplified model was developed for the Delta Risk Management Strategy (DRMS) project, funded by the California Department of Water Resources, in order to simulate thousands of levee failure scenarios. The dispersion coefficients are currently applied in the simplified model to represent all dispersive transport in most of the model domain. The resulting simplified model accurately predicts observed monthly-averaged salinity through the San Francisco Estuary for a 15 year simulation period.
Rain-generated overland flow as a factor in the development of some stratified slope deposits: A case study from the Pays du Buëch (Préalpes, France)

A large exposure of stratified slope deposits, and a partly vegetated active talus, both situated near Veynes (Prealpes du Sud, France) were studied. On the active slope, dry grain flows, erosion by rain-generated overland flow, and 'aggregate' flows caused by high-intensity rainstorms are most typical. The term 'aggregate' flow was chosen because of the abundant presence of silty aggregates (diameter 0.5-3 mm) within these deposits which closely resemble small debris flows. These three processes operate in a fixed sequence thus producing a characteristic stratification pattern. Forms and sediments caused by the processes mentioned are described in detail. Subsequently, the results are applied in the interpretation of the sections of the relict deposits. The correlation and the interpretation problems with regard to processes involved between deposits on the active slope and within the relict sediment mass are discussed, together with the traces of other processes recognised within the latter. The results are placed in a wider context of stratified slope deposits and their palaeoclimatic significance.
A Bimodal Alkalic Shield Volcano on Skiff Bank: its Place in the Evolution of the Kerguelen Plateau

A bimodal volcanic sequence of 230 m thickness on Skiff Bank, a western salient of the northern Kerguelen Plateau, was drilled during ODP Leg 183. The sequence comprises three main units: a mafic unit of trachybasalt flows sandwiched between two units of trachytic or rhyolitic flows and volcaniclastic rocks. Although interpretation is complicated by moderate to strong alteration of the rocks, their original chemical character can be established using the least mobile major and trace elements (Al, Th, high field strength elements and rare earth elements). High concentrations of alkalis and incompatible trace elements indicate that both mafic and felsic rocks are alkalic. The felsic rocks may have been derived by partial melting of mafic rocks, followed by fractionation of feldspar, clinopyroxene, Fe Ti oxides and apatite. The mafic and felsic rocks have similar Nd and Pb isotopic compositions; 204Pb/104Pb ratios are low (17.5 18.0) but, like the 111Nd/144Nd ratios (0.5125 0.5126), they are comparable with those basalts from the central and southern Kerguelen Plateau (e.g. Sites 747, 749, 750). The Sr isotopic system is perturbed by later alteration. There is no chemical or isotopic evidence for a continental crustal component. The bimodal alkalic character and the presence of quartz-phyric rhyolites is interpreted to indicate that the sequence forms part of a shield volcano built upon the volcanic plateau. The age of 68 Ma, obtained on Site 1139 rocks by Duncan (A time frame for construction of the Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge, Journal of Petrology 43, 1109 1119, 2002), provides only a minimum age for the underlying flood volcanic rocks. The high age indicates none the less that Skiff Bank is not the present location of the Kerguelen plume.