Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth estimates and uniform decay for a collisionless plasma

We consider the classical Vlasov-Poisson system in three space dimensions in the electrostatic case. For smooth solutions starting from compactly supported initial data, an estimate on velocities is derived, showing an upper bound with a growth rate no larger than $(t\ln t)^{6/25}$. As a consequence, a decay estimate is obtained for the electric field in the $L^\infty$ norm.
ChatGPT and the frustrated Socrates

We present a case study of a conversation between ourselves and an artificial intelligence-based chatbot ChatGPT. We asked the chatbot to respond to a basic physics question that will be familiar to most physics teachers: ‘A teddy bear is thrown into the air. What is its acceleration in the highest point? ’ The chatbot’s responses, while linguistically quite advanced, were unreliable in their correctness and often full of contradictions. We then attempted to engage in Socratic dialogue with the chatbot to resolve the errors and contradictions, but with little success. We found that ChatGPT is not yet good enough to be used as a cheating tool for physics students or as a physics tutor. However, we found it quite reliable in generating incorrect responses on which physics teachers could train assessment of student responses.
Attenuated cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults with higher plasma adropin concentrations

Background: Increasing adropin levels in old mice improves cognition. Adropin expression in human brain samples correlates with pathways affecting cognition. Whether circulating adropin levels correlate with cognition in advanced age is not known. Methods: Plasma adropin concentrations were measured in 452 participants of the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT00672685; mean age 75.8y, SD=4.5y, 60.2% female). Cognitive ability was assessed using a composite cognitive score (CCS). Relationships between plasma adropin concentrations and changes in CCS ({Delta}CCS) were examined using regression modelling or grouping into tertiles ranked by adropin values. Results: Plasma adropin levels correlated inversely with {Delta}CCS. Between adropin tertiles, {Delta}CCS adjusted for age, time between baseline and final visit, and baseline CCS was significantly different (estimated marginal mean {+/-} SE of {Delta}CCS for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd adropin tertiles, -0.299 {+/-} 0.057; -0.252 {+/-} 0.057; -0.107 {+/-} 0.058; n=151,152, and 149, respectively; P<0.05 between 1st and 3rd adropin tertile). Controlling for years of education and medications did not affect the result, while protection was also observed in carriers of the APOE {epsilon}4 allele. Plasma A{beta}42/40 ratio also differed significantly between tertiles (P=0.012), with a higher ratio in the 3rd adropin tertile. Interpretation: This study found an inverse relationship between plasma adropin concentrations and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying causes of the relationship, and whether raising plasma adropin concentrations delays or prevents cognitive decline.
The Effects of Long-Term Self-Dosing of Cannabidiol on Drowsiness, Testosterone Levels, and Liver Function

Introduction: Previous research indicated that cannabidiol (CBD) may result in low levels of male total testosterone (TT), elevations in liver tests (LTs), and daytime drowsiness (DD). We investigated the prevalences of TT and LT in a large adult sample self-administering CBD and determined the effect self-dosing of CBD has on the severity of DD. Methods: Adult participants (18–75 years of age) who self-dose CBD orally for a minimum of 30 days were recruited for this decentralized observational study from companies that offer CBD products. Participants were sent their usual CBD regimen. A clinical study platform was used on a phone app to obtain consent and collect study data. Data included demographic information, reasons for self-dosing, dosage, current medications and dosage, medical history, adverse effects, effects on DD, and efficacy. After 30 days, LT and TT were obtained and follow-up LT was offered to participants who demonstrated elevated values of alanine transaminase (ALT). Results: A total of 28,121 individuals were contacted, 1,475 met the criteria and were enrolled, and 1,061 (female: 65.2%, male: 34.8%) completed the study. Most of the participants used full-spectrum CBD oil or CBD isolate with the mean ± SD daily dose of CBD for all users of 55.4 ± 37.8 mg. CBD use was associated with a significant decrease in DD and a decrease in the prevalence of low TT in males >40 years of age. The prevalences of elevations in ALT and aspartate aminotransferase were not significantly different from those of the general adult population, and the prevalences of elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin were less than those of a healthy adult population. There was no relationship between LT and CBD dose. Conclusions: In this large-sample study, self-dosing CBD was not associated with an increased prevalence of elevation of LT or low levels of TT in men. Furthermore, CBD administration decreased DD and was associated with a lower prevalence of low testosterone levels in older men as compared to age-adjusted population norms.
Downregulation of angulin-1/LSR induces malignancy via upregulation of EGF-dependent claudin-2 and TGF-β-dependent cell metabolism in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells

Abnormal expression of bicellular tight junction claudins, including claudin-2 are observed during carcinogenesis in human lung adenocarcinoma. However, little is known about the role of tricellular tight junction molecule angulin-1/lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR). In the lung adenocarcinoma tissues examined in the present study, expression of claudin-2 was higher than in normal lung tissues, while angulin-1/LSR was poorly or faintly expressed. We investigated how loss of angulin-1/LSR affects the malignancy of lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and normal human lung epithelial (HLE) cells. The EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 prevented the increase of claudin-2 expression induced by EGF in A549 cells. Knockdown of LSR induced expression of claudin-2 at the protein and mRNA levels and AG1478 prevented the upregulation of claudin-2 in A549 cells. Knockdown of LSR induced cell proliferation, cell migration and cell metabolism in A549 cells. Knockdown of claudin-2 inhibited the cell proliferation but did not affect the cell migration or cell metabolism of A549 cells. The TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor EW-7197 prevented the decrease of LSR and claudin-2 induced by TGF-β1 in A549 cells and 2D culture of normal HLE cells. EW-7197 prevented the increase of cell migration and cell metabolism induced by TGF-β1 in A549 cells. EW-7197 prevented the increase of epithelial permeability of FITC-4kD dextran induced by TGF-β1 in 2.5D culture of normal HLE cells. In conclusion, downregulation of angulin-1/LSR induces malignancy via EGF-dependent claudin-2 and TGF-β-dependent cell metabolism in human lung adenocarcinoma.
Efficacy of Electroconvulsive Therapy for the Treatment of Movement Disorders: A Literature Review

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective treatment modality for various psychiatric disorders. However, evidence suggests a putative role of ECT in treating movement disorders that are refractory to less invasive modalities. ECT is primarily used in treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders. However, growing evidence exists for its use in movement disorders with and without psychiatric comorbidity. The primary objective of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of ECT as a primary treatment modality for movement disorders. Relevant, peer-reviewed publications were retrieved from PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Keywords related to ECT and movement disorders were used as search phrases to identify relevant articles. A total of 90 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Core findings were subsequently appraised on the role of ECT in treating movement disorders. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to guide the search and selection process. Sources that met the inclusion criteria were those published between 2001 and January 2023. Additionally, peer-reviewed journals published in the English language covering the role of ECT in movement disorders were deemed appropriate for inclusion. Sources published before 2001, written in a non-English language, and not from peer-reviewed journals were excluded from this systematic review. The exclusion criteria also entailed eliminating duplicates from the review list. Most reviewed sources revealed that ECT improved outcomes in symptoms associated with various movement symptoms. However, ECT does not have a long-lasting impact on neuroacanthocytosis symptoms. Additionally, ECT is negatively associated with aggression and agitation, two of the most critical movement symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Evidence affirms the efficacy of ECT in providing symptomatic relief for movement disorders aside from psychiatric comorbidities. This positive association highlights the need for randomized controlled studies to identify movement disorder sub-populations that may respond to ECT.
Effect of irrigation schedule and trash mulch on growth, yield and economics of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) ratoon

An experiment was conducted during 1998–99 and 1999–2000 at Agricultural Research Station, Rajasthan Agriculture University, Sriganganagar, to study the effect of irrigation schedule and trash mulch on ‘Co 66–17’ sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) ratoon. The cane yields of 498.6 and 499.8 q/ha recorded, respectively, at IW: CPE of 0.9 (18 irrigations) and 1.2 (23 irrigations) were at par and significantly superior to that of 0.6 ratio and irrigations applied at 21-day interval. Trash mulching at 6 tonnes/ha resulted in significantly higher cane yield (566.5 q/ha) over mulching at 3 tonnes/ha (493.8 q/ha) and no mulch control (410.8 q/ha). Irrigation scheduled at 0.9 IW:CPE along with trash mulching at 6 tonnes/ha recorded the highest cane yield (574.0 q/ha) as well as 23% saving in irrigation water. The water-use efficiency and net return per unit quantity of water applied decreased markedly with an increase of irrigation regime from IW: CPE of 0.6 to 1.2. Benefit: cost ratio, net returns, and water-use efficiency increased substantially with trash mulching.
Factors correlated with pain after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Main objective Systematically review and synthesize preoperative and intraoperative factors associated with pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with osteoarthritis. Methods Based on a peer-reviewed protocol, we searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PEDro for prospective observational studies (January 2000 to February 2023) investigating factors associated with pain after TKA. The primary outcome was pain twelve months after TKA. Pain at three and six months were secondary outcomes. Multivariate random-effects meta-analyses were used to estimate mean correlation (95% CIs) between factors and pain. Sensitivity analysis was performed for each risk of bias domain and certainty of evidence was assessed. Results Of 13,640 studies, 29 reports of 10,360 patients and 61 factors were analysed. The mean correlation between preoperative factors and more severe pain at twelve months was estimated to be 0.36 (95% CI, 0.24, 0.47; P < .000; moderate-certainty evidence) for more catastrophizing, 0.15 (95% CI; 0.08, 0.23; P < .001; moderate-certainty evidence) for more symptomatic joints, 0.13 (95% CI, 0.06, 0.19; P < .001; very low-certainty evidence) for more preoperative pain. Mean correlation between more severe radiographic osteoarthritis and less pain was -0.15 (95% CI; -0.23, -0.08; P < .001; low-certainty evidence). In sensitivity analysis, the estimated correlation coefficient for pain catastrophizing factor increased to 0.38 (95% CI 0.04, 0.64). At six and three months, more severe preoperative pain was associated with more pain. Better preoperative mental health was associated with less pain at six months. Conclusion and relevance More pain catastrophizing, more symptomatic joints and more pain preoperatively were correlated with more pain, while more severe osteoarthritis was correlated with less pain one year after TKA. More preoperative pain was correlated with more pain, and better mental health with less pain at six and three months. These findings should be further tested in predictive models to gain knowledge which may improve TKA outcomes.
Dimensions of Physical Activity Are Important in Managing Anxiety in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Physical activity (PA) is a known approach for managing anxiety symptoms in older adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis address the benefits of PA and its dimensions (frequency, session time, type, and intervention period) on anxiety symptoms in older adults aged 65 years and above. Searches covered eight databases reporting eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and five non-RCTs. Meta-analysis of RCTs (standardized mean difference = -0.41; 95% confidence interval [-0.58, -0.24]; p < .00001) and Fisher's method of combining p values for non-RCTs supported the effectiveness of PA for managing anxiety symptoms in older adults. Subgroup analysis revealed significant effects for all PA types, session times, frequency, and intervention periods compared with control groups, albeit with different magnitudes of effect. In conclusion, although some dimensions of PA contribute to its effectiveness for anxiety, PA intensity and mode required to maximize PA effects remain unclear.
Shallow flow past a cavity: Coupling with a standing gravity wave

Shallow, fully turbulent inflow past a cavity can give rise to highly organized oscillations, due to coupling between: (i) the inherent instability of the separated turbulent layer along the opening of the cavity, and (ii) a gravity standing wave within the cavity. Techniques of particle image velocimetry and pressure measurements are employed to characterize the occurrence of the fully coupled state of the oscillation, relative to its uncoupled state. At a threshold value of inflow velocity, the frequency of the inherent instability of the turbulent separated shear layer locks-on to the frequency of the gravity standing wave. Moreover, the amplitude of the spectral peak of the pressure fluctuation, both at the impingement corner of the cavity and within the cavity, attains maximum values when lock-on occurs. Occurrence of a fully coupled or locked-on state substantially alters the time-averaged flow structure. Enhanced magnitudes of patterns of Reynolds stress and transverse velocity fluctuation occur al.
Sources of funding for research articles in medical education journals from 1999 to 2019

Abstract Background Prior studies report that most published medical education research is unfunded. We sought to determine the extent and sources of funding for medical education research articles published in leading journals, and how these have changed in the last two decades. Methods All research articles published in Academic Medicine, Advances in Health Sciences Education, Medical Education and Medical Teacher in 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014, and 2019 were reviewed for funding declarations. Funding sources were categorised as: government; university; healthcare organisation; private not-for-profit organisation; and for-profit company. Time trends were analysed using the Cochran-Armitage test. Results 1822 articles were analysed. Over the aggregate 20-year period, 44% of all articles reported funding, with the proportion increasing from 30% in 1999 to 50% in 2019 (p < .001). The proportion of articles with government (10% to 16%, p = .049), university (6% to 17% p < .001), and not-for-profit funding sources (15% to 20%, p = .04) increased. Proportions of healthcare (3% to 4%, p = .45) and for-profit funding (2% to 1%, p = .25) did not significantly change with time. Conclusions Over the last 20 years, the proportion of funded published medical education research has significantly increased, as has funding from government, universities, and not-for-profit sources. This may assist researchers in identifying funders with a track record of supporting medical education research, and enhances transparency of where research funding in the field originates.
EMS Care of Adult Hospice Patients– a Position Statement and Resource Document of NAEMSP and AAHPM

Abstract Emergency medical services (EMS) systems are designed to provide care in the field and while transporting patients to a hospital; however, patients enrolled in hospice may not want invasive therapies nor benefit from hospitalization. For many reasons, encounters with hospice patients can be challenging for EMS systems, EMS clinicians, hospice clinicians, hospice patients, and their families. NAEMSP Recommends EMS clinicians should receive hospice-focused education that fosters a basic understanding of hospice, palliative therapies, and advance care planning documents (e.g., Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment). This education should emphasize the ongoing development of end-of-life communication skills. EMS medical directors and local hospice organizations should collaborate to develop hospice patient-centered EMS protocols that address symptom management and delineate appropriate and goal concordant clinical interventions, and that are within the agency-level scope of practice for local EMS clinicians. Partnerships between EMS and hospice organizations can facilitate access to hospice teams who can provide clear guidance on whether to treat-in-place with follow-up care or to transport hospice patients to the hospital. EMS medical directors and local hospice organizations should collaborate to perform needs assessments of hospice patient EMS utilization. EMS medical directors should consider including a focus on EMS care of hospice patients as part of their overall quality management program(s). Ideally these efforts should be collaborative with local hospice agencies in order to facilitate meaningful process improvement strategies that include both EMS and hospice stakeholders. Reimbursement programs should reasonably compensate EMS agencies for scene treatment in place, as well as transport to alternative destinations such as in-patient hospice facilities.
Mental-health profiling with person-centred analysis: A study of adolescents in Sweden

Background: Studies that have examined time trends in adolescents’ mental health have frequently been based on analyses of adolescents’ psychosomatic symptoms. Adolescents’ reports of psychosomatic complaints need to be seen in the light of their overall evaluations of their health. The objectives of this study were to apply a person-centred approach to identifying adolescents’ mental-health profiles based on evaluations of their overall health and psychosomatic complaints. The relationships between these mental-health profiles and indicators of positive mental health and psychological and social-adjustment problems are examined. Methods: A dual-factor approach was used for nationally representative adolescent samples and examined adolescents’ self-rated psychosomatic complaints and perceived overall health simultaneously. Cluster analyses of data from the Swedish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) 2017/18 survey, including 3222 children aged 11, 13 and 15, were used to identify mental-health profiles. Results: Four mental-health profiles were identified by cluster analyses in all age groups. The profiles showed good construct validity in relation to mental well-being, life satisfaction and self-esteem. The poorest psychological adjustment was found among the adolescents with high levels of psychosomatic symptoms together with low levels of perceived overall health. Adolescents with high levels of psychosomatic symptoms only or with low levels of overall health only showed considerably better psychological adjustment. Conclusions: Cluster analyses identified distinct, valid and consistent mental-health profiles based on differing levels of perceived health and psychosomatic complaints. The dual-factor model in population health research may increase our potential to understand the mental health of adolescents better.
ITER L mode confinement database

This special topic describes the contents of an L mode database that has been compiled with data from Alcator C-Mod, ASDEX, DIII, DIII-D, FTU, JET, JFT-2M, JT-60, PBX-M, PDX, T-10, TEXTOR, TFTR and Tore Supra. The database consists of a total of 2938 entries, 1881 of which are in the L phase while 922 are ohmically heated only (ohmic). Each entry contains up to 95 descriptive parameters, including global and kinetic information, machine conditioning and configuration. The special topic presents a description of the database and the variables contained therein, and it also presents global and thermal scalings along with predictions for ITER. The L mode thermal confinement time scaling, determined from a subset of 1312 entries for which the τE,th are provided, is τE,th = 0.023Ip0. 96BT0.03R1. 83(R/a)0.06 κ0. 64ne0.40Meff0. 20P-0.73 in units of seconds, megamps, teslas, metres, -, -, 10-9 m-1
Auditory nerve responses to combined optogenetic and electrical stimulation in chronically deaf mice

Objective. Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory nerve offers the ability to overcome the limitations of cochlear implants through spatially precise stimulation, but cannot achieve the temporal precision nor temporal fidelity required for good hearing outcomes. Auditory midbrain recordings have indicated a combined (hybrid) stimulation approach may permit improvements in the temporal precision without sacrificing spatial precision by facilitating electrical activation thresholds. However, previous research has been conducted in undeafened or acutely deafened animal models, and the impact of chronic deafness remains unclear. Our study aims to compare the temporal precision of auditory nerve responses to optogenetic, electrical, and combined stimulation in acutely and chronically deafened animals. Methods. We directly compare the temporal fidelity (measured as percentage of elicited responses) and precision (i.e. stability of response size and timing) of electrical, optogenetic, and hybrid stimulation (varying sub-threshold or supra-threshold optogenetic power levels combined with electrical stimuli) through compound action potential and single-unit recordings of the auditory nerve in transgenic mice expressing the opsin ChR2-H134R in auditory neurons. Recordings were conducted immediately or 2–3 weeks following aminoglycoside deafening when there was evidence of auditory nerve degeneration. Main results. Results showed that responses to electrical stimulation had significantly greater temporal precision than optogenetic stimulation (p < 0.001 for measures of response size and timing). This temporal precision could be maintained with hybrid stimulation, but only when the optogenetic stimulation power used was below or near activation threshold and worsened with increasing optical power. Chronically deafened mice showed poorer facilitation of electrical activation thresholds with concurrent optogenetic stimulation than acutely deafened mice. Additionally, responses in chronically deafened mice showed poorer temporal fidelity, but improved temporal precision to optogenetic and hybrid stimulation compared to acutely deafened mice. Significance. These findings show that the improvement to temporal fidelity and temporal precision provided by a hybrid stimulation paradigm can also be achieved in chronically deafened animals, albeit at higher levels of concurrent optogenetic stimulation levels.