Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contraceptive use--United States and territories, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2002.

PROBLEM Contraceptive use is an important determinant of unintended pregnancy. In the United States, approximately half of all pregnancies are unintended. Population-based information about contraceptive use patterns is limited at the state level. Information about contraceptive use for states can be used to guide the development of state programs and policies to decrease unintended pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Information about contraceptive use for specific subpopulations can be used to further refine state efforts to improve contraceptive use and subsequently decrease the occurrence of unintended pregnancy. REPORTING PERIOD Data were collected in 2002 for men and women. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a random-digit--dialed, telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. population aged > or =18 years. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands participated in BRFSS in 2002. These data can be used to track state progress towards the national health objectives for 2010 for responsible sexual behavior. The 2002 BRFSS data represent the first time state data on contraceptive use in all 50 states will be presented and examined by selected sociodemographic characteristics. The 2002 BRFSS also, for the first time, provided an opportunity to examine state-level contraceptive use patterns among men. RESULTS Variation across states and territories was observed for the majority of contraceptive methods among the different demographics analyzed and among men and women. The percentage of men and women at risk for pregnancy who said they or their partner was using birth control was high overall and ranged from 67% (Guam) to 88% (Idaho). Oral contraceptives (i.e., the pill), vasectomy, tubal ligation, and condoms were the methods most frequently reported by both male and female respondents who said they or their partner was using birth control. Among female respondents using birth control, the pill was the most common method reported. Among men, vasectomy was the most commonly reported method. The prevalence of use for the four most commonly reported methods (pills, vasectomy, tubal ligation, condoms) varied as much as six-fold among states for vasectomy and three- to four-fold for condoms, pills, and tubal ligation. INTERPRETATION The findings in this report document substantial differences among states and sociodemographic groups within states in contraceptive method use. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION These data can help states identify populations with an unmet need for birth control, barriers to birth control use, and gaps in the range of birth control methods offered by health-care providers. An analysis of the prevalence of birth control use by state and selected population characteristics can help states target contraceptive programs to best meet the needs of their population.
Prospering in Dynamically-competitive Environments: Organisational Capability as Knowledge Creation

Unstable market conditions caused by innovation and increasing intensity and diversity of competition have resulted in organizational capabilities rather than served markets becoming the primary basis upon which firms establish their long-term strategies. If the strategically most important resource of the firm is knowledge , and if knowledge resides in specialized form among individual organizational members, then the essence of organizational capability is the integration of individuals' specialized knowledge.This paper develops a knowledge-based theory of organizational capability and draws upon research into competitive dynamics, the resource-based view of the firm, organizational capabilities, and organizational learning. Central to the theory is analysis of the mechanisms through which knowledge is integrated within firms in order to create capability. The theory is used to explore firms' potential for establishing competitive advantage in dynamic market settings, including the role of firm networks under conditions of unstable linkages between knowledge inputs and product outputs. The analysis points to the difficulties in creating the “dynamic” and “flexible-response capabilities” which have been deemed critical to success in hypercompetitive markets.
The Archaeology of Cyprus: From Earliest Prehistory through the Bronze Age

Preface and acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Chronology, current research and interpretative context 3. Early prehistoric Cyprus i: Palaeolithic - Early Aceramic Neolithic 4. Early prehistoric Cyprus ii: Late Aceramic Neolithic (LAN) and Ceramic Neolithic 5. Later prehistoric Cyprus: Chalcolithic - Late Chalcolithic 6. Prehistoric Bronze Age Cyprus (PreBA) 7. Protohistoric Bronze Age Cyprus (ProBA) 8. Conclusions: insularity, connectivity and identity on prehistoric and protohistoric Cyprus.
Addressing the Gray Zone in Affirmative Mastectomy

Background Surgical decision making in gender-affirming mastectomy (GAM) is based on a patient's classification using the Fischer scale. Fischer 1 patients are excellent candidates for periareolar (PA) approach and Fischer 3 patients almost exclusively undergo double incision with free nipple grafting (DIFNG). Fischer 2 patients are in a gray zone in which decision making is more challenging. In this patient population, periareolar approaches can lead to increased complication and revision rates but free grafting procedures seem excessive. We have created a treatment algorithm to address Fischer 2 patients and additionally developed a novel technique, the batwing, to provide patients with more options. Methods A retrospective chart review was undertaken to analyze the Fischer classification of all patients undergoing top surgery by a single surgeon at an academic institution from 2014 to 2021. The choice of surgical technique used as well as the outcomes of GAM among Fischer 2 patients was analyzed. Results Four hundred four patients underwent GAM, and 51 (11%) had Fischer 2 classification. The surgical techniques used were PA (27%), batwing (39%), nipple-sparing double incision (NSDI, 24%), and DIFNG (10%). Of those, 10% had major complications and 20% requested revision for contour irregularities. Major complication rates for PA, batwing, NSDI, and DIFNG were as follows: 2 of 14 patients (14%), 1 of 20 patients (5%), 1 of 12 patients (8%), and 1 of 5 patients (20%), respectively. The revision rate by technique was PA (36%), batwing (15%), NSDI (17%), and DIFNG (0%). Conclusions For Fischer 2 patients, batwing and NSDI techniques avoid the need for free nipple graft while providing better exposure, improved control of nipple-areolar complex position, and decreased rate of revision as compared with the PA technique. The complication rate was not significantly different. We present an algorithm accounting for Fischer grade, unique patient characteristics, and patient desires.
Synthesis and characterization of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 photoprobes selective for the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPS). photoaffinity labeling of the IGF-binding domain on IGFBP-2.

Elevated insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels are prognostic for the development of prostate and breast cancers and exacerbate the complications of diabetes. In each case, perturbation of the balance between IGF-1/2, the IGF-1 receptor, and the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) leads to elevated IGF-1 sensitivity. Blockade of IGF action in these diseases would be clinically significant. Unfortunately, effective IGF antagonists are currently unavailable. The IGFBPs exhibit high affinity and specificity for the IGFs and serve as natural IGF antagonists, limiting their mitogenic/anti-apoptotic effects. As an initial step in designing IGFBP-based agents that antagonize IGF action, we have begun to analyze the structure of the IGF-binding site on IGFBP-2. To this end, two IGF-1 photoprobes, N(alphaGly1)-(4-azidobenzoyl)-IGF-1 (abG(1)IGF-1) and N(alphaGly1)-([2-6-(biotinamido)-2(p-azidobenzamido)hexanoamido]ethyl-1,3'-dithiopropionoyl)-IGF-1 (bedG(1)IGF-1), selective for the IGFBPs were synthesized by derivatization of the alpha-amino group of Gly(1), known to be part of the IGFBP-binding domain. Mass spectrometric analysis of the reduced, alkylated, and trypsin-digested abG(1)IGF-1.recombinant human IGFBP-2 (rhIGFBP-2) complex indicated photoincorporation near the carboxyl terminus of rhIGFBP-2, between residues 266 and 287. Mass spectrometric analysis of avidin-purified tryptic peptides of the bedG(1)IGF-1.rhIGFBP-2 complex revealed photoincorporation within residues 212-227. Taken together, these data indicate that the IGFBP-binding domain on IGF-1 contacts the distal third of IGFBP-2, providing evidence that the IGF-1-binding domain is located within the C terminus of IGFBP-2.
Influence of predation risk and food supply on nocturnal fish foraging distributions along a mangrove–seagrass ecotone

Diverse taxa from many systems must make tradeoffs between food and safety. How- ever, few studies have examined the response of multiple fish species to food and predation risk at night across their foraging landscape. In Biscayne Bay, Florida (USA), we investigated the influences of food and predation risk on nocturnal habitat use of gray snapper, bluestriped grunt and seabream along a distance gradient spanning from the mangrove-seagrass ecotone to 120 m offshore. Seine and submerged vegetation sampling were used to determine the distribution of fishes and their food resources. Tethering experiments were used to explore gradients in predator encounter rates. We used these data to test the following a priori predictions of fish distributions relative to food and risk as generated from foraging theory: (1) fishes will be distributed in proportion to their food supply (i.e. ideal free distribution, IFD); or (2) fishes will avoid high-risk areas such that their abundances will be lower than predicted by food resources in high-risk habitats (i.e. food-risk tradeoff). Results indi- cated that none of the fishes were distributed according to IFD. Seabream and gray snapper avoided foraging close to shore, where their food was abundant, but risk was highest. Bluestriped grunt responses to spatial variation in food supply and risk were less clear; they appeared to forage randomly across the distance gradient. Our results suggest that fish generally avoid the risky man- grove-seagrass ecotone, but responses to variation in food and risk are species-specific and may be dependent on specific anti-predator tactics or influenced by factors we did not measure.
Leveraging the Physics of AC Power Flow in Support Vector Regression to Identify Power System Topology

Understanding an electric power system's topology, including both its nodal connectivity and physical parameters, is critically important to the reliable operation and control of the power grid. In cases where this power system topology may be unavailable, due to data collection deficiencies, real-time line switching, or intentional cyberattacks, it is important to be able to estimate the real power system topology with high accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new data-driven constrained support vector regression (SVR) method that aims to map voltage data collected from phasor measurement units (PMUs) to data collected by Supervisory Data Acquisition and Control (SCADA) systems. We show that the dual of the constrained SVR model can be formulated as a quadratic program (QP) and solved efficiently with off-the-shelf solvers. Testing our method on standard IEEE test cases, we demonstrate that our proposed method significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art SVR methods in learning the true network topology, even in the presence of measurement noise, outliers, and missing data.
Short-term response of benthic foraminifera to fine-sediment depositional events simulated in microcosm

Abstract. A microcosm experiment was designed to describe how benthic foraminifera react to fine-sediment deposits varying in frequency and intensity as they may occur regularly or occasionally in coastal benthic environments, caused by discharges from (e.g.) river flooding, tidewater glacier melting in polar regions, or diverse anthropic activities linked to harbour or watershed management. The influence of seabed burial resulting from these events on the ecology of benthic ecosystems is often overlooked, and the resilience of benthic communities is poorly known. During a 51 d long experiment, a typical northeastern Atlantic intertidal foraminiferal community, mainly represented by Ammonia confertitesta and Haynesina germanica species, was subjected to two kinds of sedimentary disturbance: (1) a one-time high-volume (OHV) deposit, i.e. sediment about 3 cm thick was added at one time at the beginning of the experiment; and (2) frequent low-volume (FLV) deposits, i.e. sediment about 0.5 cm thick was added each week for 4 weeks. The geochemical environment (e.g. dissolved oxygen penetration in the sediment, salinity, temperature, and nutrient content in the supernatant water) was monitored to follow the microcosm steady state before and during the experiment. In both disturbed microcosms, H. germanica showed a significant linear decrease in abundance during the experiment, while the total abundance of foraminifera was significantly affected only by the OHV treatment, suggesting a stronger effect of a single thick deposit on standing stocks and biodiversity compared to frequent low-volume sediment supplies. Concerning the vertical migration of foraminifera after sedimentary disturbances, the two dominant species moved upwards to the water–sediment interface with migration speeds estimated to be 0.41 and 0.47 mm h−1 respectively for A. confertitesta and H. germanica. In the FLV treatment, the resilient state was already reached within 1 d following a low-thickness burial, while in the OHV, it was achieved between 1 and 7 d after the 3 cm thick deposit. These results suggest that foraminifera can migrate rapidly after a sedimentary burial to recover their preferential life position under the new sediment–water interface, but in the case of an abrupt thick burial, several days are needed to reach a resilient state.
Micromechanical analysis of sand production

We present a micromechanical approach based on zero‐thickness interface elements for modelling advanced localization and cracking states of cemented granular materials, such as reservoir sandstones. The proposed methodology is capable of reproducing the complex behaviour of intergranular and intragranular localization, cracking, and fracturing of rock formation that leads to sanding in hydrocarbon production. The model is calibrated at the macroscale, using only a few physical parameters, by reproducing the typical behaviour of compression element tests. The model exhibits clear transition behaviour from brittle dilatant to ductile compactant behaviour with increasing confining stress. The methodology is implemented for sand production prediction analysis based on the simulation of 2D micromechanical models of hollow cylinder cross sections. The obtained results are compared well with published experimental data from hollow cylinder tests characterized by strong scale effect in the range of small perforations.
Learning Belief Representations for Partially Observable Deep RL

Many important real-world Reinforcement Learning (RL) problems involve partial observability and require policies with memory. Unfortunately, standard deep RL algorithms for partially observable settings typically condition on the full history of interactions and are notoriously difficult to train. We propose a novel deep, partially observable RL algorithm based on modelling belief states — a technique typically used when solving tabular POMDPs, but that has traditionally been difficult to apply to more complex environments. Our approach simplifies policy learning by leveraging state information at training time, that may not be available at deployment time. We do so in two ways: first, we decouple belief state modelling (via unsupervised learning) from policy optimization (via RL); and second, we propose a representation learning approach to capture a compact set of reward-relevant features of the state. Experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on partially observable domains requiring information seeking and long-term memory.
Update on imatinib for gastrointestinal stromal tumors: duration of treatment

: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract, with transformation typically driven by activating mutations of c-KIT and less commonly platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha ( PDGFRA ). Successful targeting of c-KIT and PDGFRA with imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has had a major impact in advanced GIST and as an adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment. If treatment with imatinib fails, further lines of TKI therapy have a role, but disease response is usually only measured in months, so strategies to maximize the benefit from imatinib are paramount. Here, we provide an overview of the structure and signaling of c-KIT coupled with a review of the clinical trials of imatinib in GIST. In doing so, we make recommendations about the duration of imatinib therapy and suggest how best to utilize imatinib in order to improve patient outcomes in the future.
Adult Neurogenesis : From Precursors to Network and Physiology

[PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , October 11, 2006; 26 (41): 10508-10513. J. Neurosci. M. Alonso, C. Viollet, M. -M. Gabellec, V. Meas-Yedid, J.-C. Olivo-Marin and P.-M. Lledo Olfactory Bulb Olfactory Discrimination Learning Increases the Survival of Adult-Born Neurons in the [PDF] [Abstract] , December 1, 2006; 12 (6): 463-468. Neuroscientist V. C. Piatti, M. S. Esposito and A. F. Schinder The Timing of Neuronal Development in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , January 30, 2007; 104 (5): 1691-1696. PNAS M. Becker, V. Lavie and B. Solomon mouse model of Alzheimer's disease Stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis by anti-EFRH immunization in a transgenic [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , May 1, 2007; 32 (4): 385-395. Chem Senses M. Cayre, S. Scotto-Lomassese, J. Malaterre, C. Strambi and A. Strambi an Insect Model, the House Cricket Understanding the Regulation and Function of Adult Neurogenesis: Contribution from [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , May 30, 2007; 27 (22): 6037-6044. J. Neurosci. E. Drapeau, M. -F. Montaron, S. Aguerre and D. N. Abrous Rats Learning-Induced Survival of New Neurons Depends on the Cognitive Status of Aged
Entity-Controlled Synthetic Text Generation using Contextual Question and Answering with Pre-trained Language Models

Recent advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms have resulted in state-of-the-art performance on Named Entity Recognition (NER) tasks. These algorithms typically require high-quality labeled datasets for training models. However, training NLP models effectively can suffer from issues such as scarcity of labeled data, data bias and under-representation, and privacy concerns with using sensitive data for training. Generating synthetic data to train models is a promising solution to mitigate these problems. We propose a contextual question and answering approach using pre-trained language models to synthetically generate entity-controlled text. Entity-controlled text generation is then used to augment small labeled datasets for downstream NER tasks. We evaluate this proposed method on two publicly available datasets, and measure the quality of generated texts quantitatively. We find that the model is capable of producing full text samples with the desired entities appearing in a stochastically controllable way, while retaining sentence coherence closest to the real world data. Evaluations on downstream NER tasks show significant improvements in low-labeled data regime, and in using purely synthetic data for NER to alleviate privacy concerns.
Histological and Immunological Evaluation of the Osteogenic Effects of Compact Bone–Delivered Stem Cell on Spongiosis Bone in the Rat Zygomatic Arch Defect Model

Background In stem cell applications, apart from bone marrow and adipose tissue, compact bone is also used as an alternative. However, studies on this subject are limited. In our study, we investigated the effect of stem cell derived from compact bone on rat zygomatic arch defect. Methods Fifteen rats were included in the study. Five rats were killed to obtain stem cells before the experiment. The rats were divided into 2 groups with 5 rats each. In group 1, compact bone–derived stem cell was applied. In group 2, adipose tissue–derived stem cell was applied. Right zygomatic arch defect was created in rats in both groups. Zygomatic bones were decellularized by cryosurgery. Stem cells were transferred to zygomatic bones. The number of stem cells, stem cell differentiation, and superficial markers obtained from the groups were examined. Histologically, cell structure, osteocyte count and osteopontin scores, elemental composition of the groups, percentages of resemblance to intact bone, osteocytes numbers, and cells were examined by electron microscopy of the bones in the groups after killing. Results The number of stem cells administered to the groups was 5 × 107 and 3.2 × 107 for group 1 and group 2, respectively (P > 0.05). Histologically, the morphology of the cells in group 1 was found to be healthier than group 2. The number of osteocytes was 97.56 ± 15.4 and 132.93 ± 10.8 in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P < 0.05). The osteopontin score was 3.47 ± 0.73 and 65 ± 0.64 in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P < 0.05). In the electron microscope examination, the morphologies of the cells in group 1 were seen more normal. The Ca/P ratio of the groups was 1.51 and 1.59 in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P > 0.05). Osteocyte counts were 10.7 ± 2.8 and 6.1 ± 1.2 in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P < 0.05). Morphological similarity percentages to normal bone were 88.4% and 79.6% in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P > 0.05). Conclusion Stem cells obtained from compact bone gave positive results in zygomatic arch defect. This method can also be used as an alternative in stem cell applications.
Survey mode and satisfaction with democracy

A growing body of evidence indicates the public is less committed to democracy than conventional wisdom long held. One possibility is that many in the public have internalized the norm that democracy is “good” but that such support is not firmly held. An implication of this reasoning is that because there is an expectation to express support for democracy, responses will be influenced by the presence of an interviewer due to social desirability effects. In this note, we examine the 2012 and 2016 American National Election Studies—in each year, a portion of respondents were interviewed via the internet while others were interviewed face-to-face. We identify a politically relevant difference between the two survey modes: those interviewed face-to-face express greater satisfaction with democracy. Indeed, the difference we identify is similar in magnitude to the difference typically observed between electoral winners and electoral losers. Our result is robust to different measurement and estimation strategies. While levels of satisfaction are influenced by the presence of an interviewer, a followup analysis indicates that the relationship between satisfaction and winner–loser status is similar across modes.