Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spread of resistance in spatially extended regions of transgenic cotton : Implications for management of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Through the use of a stochastic, spatially explicit, simulation model, we explored factors that may influence the regional development of resistance in Heliothis virescens (F.) to a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) δ-endotoxin in transgenic cotton. The model represents the age structure of adults and larvae, plant to plant movement of larvae within a field, migration of adults among fields, plant type-genotype specific selection, and development time. We find that the spatial scale and the temporal pattern of refuges can have a strong effect on the development of resistance to B. thuringiensis in transgenic cotton. The time to resistance was in general significantly longer in regions where the same fields were used as a refuge year after year, compared with regions where the refuge fields are changed randomly from year to year. Spring movement of emerging adults onto wild hosts delays resistance if the movement is far enough from the field in which pupae overwintered. Increases in the summer migration rate and the distance moved delayed resistance development up to a point at which higher rates do not further delay resistance. Refuges were an effective strategy for delaying resistance. We found that delays in larval development time on Bt cotton may either increase or decrease the rate of resistance development, depending on complex interactions with the length of the growing season. Larval movement between Bt and non-Bt plants was found to increase the rate at which resistance developed, but this may be ameliorated with increasing mortality costs associated with larval movement.
A technique for detection of larval fish in the digestive tract of predators by otolith marking

The aim of the present study was to develop a method to unequivocally detect pre-flexion fish larvae in the digestive tracts of fish predators, even several hours after their ingestion. For this purpose, we evaluated larval mortality and the quality of the marks generated in sagitta otoliths after 0.5- or 2-h immersion in 50–800mg L–1 alizarin red S stain. The optimal condition (2h, 200mg L–1) was chosen to stain Prochilodus lineatus larvae, which were offered to single predators at 5 or 12 days after marking (DAM). The otoliths were searched in the digestive tract of predators killed 1–17h after ingestion of the prey, and were then examined for mark presence. Otolith recovery rates were high (>70%) and mark detection was above 80% up to 3h after ingestion, but even after 9h, 20–40% of the otoliths were recovered, with mark detection levels of 65%. A higher number of DAM was associated with a higher success in otolith recovery and mark detection. Otolith marking constitutes a single and inexpensive technique that could be applied in both laboratory and field experimental studies of predator–prey interactions.
Definition of subgenera and a reassessment of species groups of Torymus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), based on Palearctic material

Five subgenera, Callimomus Thomson, Lioterphus Thomson, Arctorymus subgen. n. , Aretorymus subgen. nov., and Torymus s. str. are recognized for Palaearctic species of the genus Torymus Dalman. Concepts of Callimomus and Lioterphus are revised and extended against previously adopted concepts of these taxa as separate genera. Several uncertain placements of recently described species in Graham's species groups are corrected. These groups are reassessed and those preserved are provided with updated descriptions. A key is given to subgenera and species groups. One species (T. drewseni Zavada) is synonymized. Samenvatting. Definitie van subgenera en vaststelling van soortengroepen in Torymus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), gebaseerd op Palaearctisch materiaal In het genus Torymus Dalman worden vijf subgenera onderscheiden voor de Palaearctische soorten: Callimomus Thomson, Lioterphus Thomson, Arctorymus subgen. n. , Aretorymus subgen. nov., en Torymus s. str. Opvattingen over Callimomus en Lioterphus worden herbekeken en uitgebreid tegenover eerder aangekomen concepten van deze taxa als afzonderlijke genera. Verschillende onzekere plaatsingen van recent beschreven soorten in de soortengroepen volgens Graham worden verbeterd. Deze groepen worden opnieuw ingedeeld en de behouden groepen worden herbeschreven. Een determineersleutel wordt gegeven voor de subgenera en de soortengroepen. Een soort (T. drewseni Zavada) wordt gesynonymiseerd. Resume. Definition des sous-genres et definition des groupes d'especes de Torymus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), base sur du materiel palearctique Dans le genre Torymus Dalman, cinq sous-genres pour les especes palearctiques sont acceptes: Callimomus Thomson, Lioterphus Thomson, Arctorymus subgen. n. , Aretorymus subgen. nov., et Torymus s. str. Les concepts de Callimomus et Lioterphus sont revises et changes contre des concepts auparavant acceptes pour ces taxa comme genres separes. Le placement de plusieurs especes, mises avec incertitude dans les groupes d'especes de Graham, est correcte. Ces groupes sont revises et les groupes preserves sont decrits a nouveau. Une cle de determination est donnee pour les sous-genres et les groupes d'especes. Une espece (T. drewseni Zavada) est mise en synonymie.
Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition on Photosynthesis by Leaf Pieces of C3 and C4 Plants

The role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the photosynthesis of C3 and C4 plants was investigated by use of the effects of the CA inhibitor ethoxyzolamide on peeled and vacuum infiltrated leaf pieces. Two C4(Zea mays and Amaranthus edulis) and three C3 (Spinacea oleracea, Nicotiana rustica and Hordeum vulgare) species were studied. The results clearly showed that photosynthesis at limiting inorganic carbon was more severely inhibited in the C4 species compared with the C3 species. However, the degree of inhibition in the C4 species was less than might have been expected based on the rate limitation which the conversion of CO2 to HCO3- would impose on the provision of substrate to PEP carboxylase. The reasons for this lower than expected inhibition is discussed in terms of the lack of penetration of ethoxyzolamide, the diffusion of HCO3- through plasmodesmata and the possible existence of a plasma membrane CA activity.
Derivation of Metabolic Faecal Nitrogen Excretion in Murrah Buffalo Calves Fed Graded Levels of Protein in the Diet

The objective of this study was to determine metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) content in Murrah buffalo calves using recoveries of faecal nitrogen from appropriate linear regression models involving total nitrogen intake, nitrogen balance and DM intake. Fifteen Murrah buffalo male calves were divided into 5 groups (BW=171 kg) and fed total mixed rations containing wheat straw, berseem and concentrate mixture in different proportions so that the dietary CP level was 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% in groups T1,T2,T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The trial lasted for 75 days. Mean DMI was found to be 63.66±5.16, 93.32±2.30, 95.20±1.88, 105.45±0.90, 111.80±4.04 g/kg W0.75 in groups T1, T2,T3,T4 and T5 groups, respectively. ADG (g/kg W0.75) was (P<0.05) -2.21, 2.79, 6.82, 7.66, 7.95 in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups, respectively. DM digestibility increased (P<0.05) from 49.98 to 64.63 with increase in protein level. Nitrogen balance (g/day) was -3.84±0.49, 29.31±2.43, 68.49±9.06, 45.96±10.76 and 82.05±11.07 in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups, respectively. There was increase (P<0.05) in nitrogen balance from T1 to T5 (−0.13 to 0.92 g/100g DMI). MFN excretion from growing buffalo calves determined using regression of total nitrogen intake and N balance on faecal nitrogen outgo separately accounted for 0.33–0.35 g/100g DM intake.
Residents' attitudes toward reintroduced sika deer in Kenting National Park, Taiwan

Hunting and habitat loss led to the extinction of the Formosan sika deer Cervus nippon taiouanus population in the wild in 1969. A sika deer restoration program has been in place in Kenting National Park (KTNP), Taiwan since 1984. Human—deer conflicts have increased following wild deer population growth. Understanding residents' attitudes toward reintroduced sika deer is vital to management policies. To investigate the local residents' attitudes, we collected 228 questionnaires through personal interviews in 2010. A majority of the respondents agreed that they would be happy to encounter a wild sika deer (78.1%), and a majority supported the restoration program in the KTNP (75.4%). However, 59.1% of the respondents knew little concerning the restoration program. Approximately half of the respondents (47.8%) thought that sika deer caused damages to crops, and 18.4% of the respondents actually suffered crop damages from deer. The farmers and people living within the deer's range were more vulnerable to deer damage; therefore, they were more aware of deer damage to their crops and livelihoods than non-farmers and people living outside of the deer's range. In addition, most respondents (87.2%) considered sika deer as an attractive tourism resource and were supportive of the development of ecotourism (87.3%). We recommend that the KTNP should improve public participation, environmental education, and communication with the local people. The development of community-based ecotourism would increase the benefits of the reintroduction of sika deer and would help to mitigate human—deer conflicts.
Lotus International

Moodily, Kapoor went inside and retired to bed with his Wodehouse omnibus. He opened the book and glanced at the first page. "I was a bit perturbed. Nothing to signify, really, but still a spot concerned . you could not have said that the brow was actually furrowed, and yet, on the other hand, you couldn't have stated absolutely that it was not. Perhaps, the pensive about covers it. " He felt a new reverence for his favourite author. In young Bertram Woostor, Kapoor had found his kindred soul.
I Book Review: Understanding Human Rights Violations; New Systematic Studies

Understanding Human Rights Violations is a very interesting book by political scientists, bringing together recent empirical research. Testing hypotheses with statistical material and comparing these findings with previous results is challenging for those who are interested in the progress of the discipline of social sciences in the field of human rights. Moreover, the references to the relevant literature are fine and help the reader to get a good overview of the state of the art with regard to this terrain of empirical research based on statistical data. All 14 chapters are brief, about 20 pages each, and all are quite clear in their research plan which are well structured and the reader is able to evaluate the results of each study with all data and correlations that are given. The results are often disappointing, because no correlations are found where they were expected. In my opinion this is too an interesting outcome and falsifies the prejudice against social sciences that they only prove what everyone already knows. On the contrary, the most obvious conclusions were not affirmed. Although this is interesting as such, the researchers do not go beyond. Their premises and other prepositions were for instance not critically scrutinised.
The Life History of Bryopsis Hypnoides Lamour. from Anglesey, North Wales and from the Caribbean

Heteromorphic life histories are now known for a number of species of Bryopsis, B. halymeniae Berth. (Hustede, 1964), B. monoica Funk (Rietema, 1971a), B. plumosa (Huds.) C.Ag. (Rietema, 1969, 1970) and B. hypnoides Lamour. (Rietema, 1971; Bartlett & South, 1973). Further it has been shown by Rietema (1970, 19716) that for both B. plumosa and B. hypnoides the life history changes with latitude.
Pipe-model ratio distributions and branch foliage biomass: differences between two sympatric spruce species

The foliage biomass–sapwood relationship (the pipe model) is critical for tree growth and is used in tree growth models for understanding the implications of this structural relationship on the allocation of resources. In this research, we compared this relationship for two commercially important and sympatric species, black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). At locations in eastern Canada, 57 black and 50 white spruce trees were destructively sampled to obtain foliage biomass, crown structure, and tree stem measures. Using a model-based approach, we compared foliage biomass–branch basal area and foliage biomass–sapwood relationships at the tree and disk (i.e. along the tree stem) levels (i.e. pipe-model ratios) between these two species. We found that (i) branch foliage biomass–branch basal area was greater for black spruce than white spruce and (ii) pipe-model ratios along the tree stem given tree size were greater for black spruce than for white spruce. We attributed these differences to: (i) greater shade tolerance and leaf longevity of black spruce; (ii) slower growth rates of black spruce; and (iii) differing hydraulic strategies and mechanical requirements.
Evaluation of antioxidant potential and antimicrobial studies of bark of medicinal plant, Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz.

The present study was aimed to investigate the total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of the bark extract of Mallotus tetracoccus(Roxb.) Kurz. Total phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids in the extract were found to be 55.35 ± 0.13 mg GAE, 260.3053 ± 1.413 mg QE and 0.182 ± 0.005 mg/g, respectively. The reducing power and metal chelating activity of the bark extract was said to be increasing with increasing concentration. The metal chelating activity (IC50) of the M. tetracoccus bark extract was found to be 647.4 ± 0.321 µg/ml, which was higher compared to the standard, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; 1.89 ± 0.03 µg/ml). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate (FTC) andthiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The antioxidant activity (IC50) of the bark extract was said to be 0.504 ± 0.002 µg/ml by (DPPH) method. The total antioxidant activity of M. tetracoccus ethanolic bark extract was found to be 275.21 ± 0.21 mg equivalent of ascorbic acid/100 g of plant extract as determined by phosphomolybdenum method. The antibacterial studies of the ethanolic bark extract was also tested at different concentration of extracts, where 250 mg/ml concentration of extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the clinically important disease pathogens compared with standard antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin. The highest inhibition was noted in order of Klebsiella pneumonia (25.33 ± 0.37 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (22.83 ± 0.31 mm), Vibrio cholerae(20.00 ± 0.31 mm) and Escherichia coli (20.22 ± 0.26 mm). Thus, the bark extract of M. tetracoccus was said to possess significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, which suggests its use in traditional medicine. Key words: Mallotus tetracoccus, antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, phenols, phosphomolybdenum activity, ferric thiocyanate (FTC),thiobarbituric acid (TBA), biological activity.
Isolation and characterization of rock phosphate solubilizing actinobacteria from a Togolese phosphate mine

A phosphate mine from Togo, an original biotope rich in insoluble rock phosphate (RP), was explored for the presence of RP solubilizing actinobacteria. One hundred and fifty actinobacteria isolates originating from this mine was tested for their ability to grow on a synthetic minimum medium (SMM) containing insoluble RP as unique phosphate source. Only 29 isolates (19%) were able to weather RP in SMM medium. Five isolates showed the most active growth and solubilization capability. These isolates were shown to be able to solubilize RP in liquid cultures. The study of mechanisms involved in these weathering processes indicated that the isolates produce siderophores but not organic acids. Four of these strains were shown to belong to the genus Micromonospora and one, to the genus Streptomyces. Key words: Actinobacteria, isolation, characterization, Togolese phosphate mine, rock phosphate solubilization.
The effect of feed supplementation with dietary sources of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, flaxseed and algae Schizochytrium sp., on their incorporation into lipid fractions of Japanese quail eggs

Summary The influence of feed supplemented with dietary sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely flaxseed and algae Schizochytrium sp. , on the fatty acid composition of lipids from Japanese quail eggs was studied. Two groups of quails were fed for 19 weeks, starting from 6th week of life. Lipid fractions from dried egg mass of total of 4300 eggs of control and experimental group were analysed. The fatty acid profile was affected in both triacylglycerols and phospholipids. The significant (P < 0.05) increase in n-3 PUFAs up to 7.33% in the total lipids, α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3) up to 4.57% in triacylglycerols, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, DHA) up to 23.91% in phosphatidylethanolamine and up to 4.35% in phosphatidylcholine as well as the significant (P < 0.05) reduction in n-6/n-3 ratio in the lipid fractions to the range of 0.9–3.7 was observed in experimental group. The incorporation of different n-3 into lipids was selective: ALA was found in the triacylglycerol fraction, whereas EPA, DPA and DHA were detected in the phospholipid fractions, exclusively at sn-2 position. The studies showed that the feeding quails with modified diets is effective way of biofortifying the eggs with nutritionally desired n-3 PUFAs.
Mountain big sagebrush browse decreases dry matter intake, digestibility, and nutritive quality of sheep diets

A metabolism study evaluated the influence of increasing quantities (0-30% dry matter basis) of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana Rydb. Beetle) on dry matter intake and in vivo digestibility of wether diets. Diets consisted of hand-harvested, coarse-ground and frozen current year's growth of mountain big sagebrush leaves and twig tips mixed with chopped native grass hay. Dry matter intake decreased from 93 to 23 g dry matter day-1 kg metabolic weight-1 and in vivo dry matter digestibility from 59 to 0% with increasing levels of sagebrush in the diet. With increasing levels of sagebrush in the diet, water, lignin, and nitrogen contents increased in the diet, but decreased in the dung, while fiber components decreased in both the diet and dung. Total nitrogen intake decreased from 1.58+/-0.041 to 0.406+/-0.070 g day-1 kg metabolic weight-1, and nitrogen retention decreased from 0.80 g day-1 kg metabolic weight-1 with no sagebrush to a slight loss of nitrogen with 30% sagebrush in the diet. Mountain big sagebrush was not readily consumed by wethers when fed together with grass; as low as 10% sagebrush in the diet seems to adversely influence intake and digestibility. Therefore, when other more favorable forages are not available, sheep and other ruminants with similar physiological responses to mountain big sagebrush may not meet their nutrient requirements through increased sagebrush consumption.
Prey attraction as a possible function of the silk decoration of the uloborid spider Octonoba sybotides

Both laboratory experiments and field observations were used to examine the prey-attraction hypothesis for the function of the silk decoration on the orb web of Octonoba sybotides. The reflectance spectrum of the decorative silk showed that the decorations reflect relatively more ultraviolet (UV) light. Choice experiments were conducted using Drosophila melanogaster, a common prey species of the spider, to determine whether webs with silk decoration attract more flies than undecorated webs. The choice experiment showed that webs with silk decoration attract more flies in light that includes UV rays. However, flies choose their flight direction randomly in light without UV rays. This suggests that the silk decoration might attract prey insects that tend to fly toward UV-reflecting objects. Field observations comparing the prey capture rate between webs with and without a silk decoration showed that more prey are caught in decorated webs. In this study, no difference between the two forms of silk decoration, linear and spiral, was detected either in prey attraction in the choice experiment or in the prey capture rate in the field observations. Key words: choice experiment, Octonoba sybotides, prey attraction, prey capture rate, silk decoration, ultraviolet light. [Behav Ecol 10:607‐611 (1999)]
Distributing Computing Devices in Classrooms: Hedonic and Utilitarian Influences on Science and Technology Attitudes

While extensive efforts have been made to harness benefit of computing technologies in education, little attention focuses on how such efforts lead to students’ positive attitudes toward science and technology. Building on the technology acceptance model and motivation literature, the current study proposed that hands-on experiences with computing devices allow students to perceive their technology use as being useful and enjoyable, which in turn leads to positive attitudes toward science and technology in general. Data collected from a pedagogical intervention support our predictions regarding the role of utility perception and enjoyment. Furthermore, it is suggested that students’ prior attitudes toward science and technology and the type of device used in the intervention influence perceived usefulness and enjoyment of classroom computing. When using education-specific devices, students’ prior attitudes were positively associated with postintervention attitudes as well as with utility perception and enjoyment. When using general-purpose devices, however, students’ prior attitudes were not related to those outcomes. These results imply that distribution of technologies to schools may improve attitudes toward science and technology, particularly in populations that have been underrepresented in the fields of science and technology thus far.
Total Antioxidant Capacity in Aqueous Extracts of Some Common Vegetables

This study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract of ten different vegetables namely Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Lycopersicon esculentum, Daucus carota, Raphanus sativus, Momordica charantia, Allium cepa, Amorphophallus Campanulatus, Brassica oleracea var. , Luffa acutangula and Benincasa hispida.The antioxidative effects of extracts from different vegetables, were studied in vitro using total antioxidant capacity. The total antioxidant capacity was found to be varied in different vegetables wherein high activity was noted in Lycopersicon esculentum antioxidant activity, vegetables
The Effect of High Temperatures on Breeding and Survival of Japanese Quails That Are Bred under Different Temperatures

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of higher temperatures on the weight, feed consumption, capacity of benefiting from feed, some carcass features and the survival rates of the Japanese quails placed in different ambiences. Two groups were arranged in this research according to temperature as the control (18-24 C) and trial (35 C) groups, and the quails were placed close together in 120, 90 and o o 72 cm cages for each temperature group. It was observed that the values of the live weight, feed 2 consumption, capacity of benefiting from the feed, and carcass features decreased due to the increase in placement temperature under higher temperatures. In order to minimize the stress that might occur related to the quails under higher temperatures and to ensure the growth performance not to be reduced, it should considered not to place more than 3 quails in an area of 120 cm . 2