Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feeding hotspots for four northwest Atlantic groundﬁsh species Science

We used predator distribution and stomach content data to estimate the annual per capita rate of consumption for four representative predator species from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, and considered how consumption is inﬂuenced by depth, bottom salinity, sediment grain size, location variables, and species-speciﬁc diet components. We found that geographic variables and species-speciﬁc prey resources were signiﬁcantly associated with consumption rates, a pattern consistent with predator-prey theory. Prey categories comprised of ﬁsh were particularly important for a more mobile predator (silver hake Merluccius bilinearis) , whereas benthic invertebrate prey were consistently important for a more sedentary predator (little skate Raja erinacea ). Hotspots in consumption rates that overlap with particular prey resources were highlighted by the signiﬁcance of location variables (longitude) for winter ﬂounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus , silver hake, little skate, and sea raven Hemitripterus americanu s. Depth was an important explanatory factor for consumption by little skate, but the explanatory value of abiotic habitat factors was low for the other three species. Greater emphasis on species-speciﬁc food habits, migratory patterns, and ecological interactions at the synoptic scales relevant to ﬁsheries is needed for ﬁsheries management. Gulf of Maine, Southern New England, vital rate.
On random multilinear operator inequalities

It is a well known general principle that the Fourier transform of a random measure is small, except at the zero frequency, in various senses for appropriate notions of randomness. In this note we develop analogues of this principle for two classes of random multilinear operators. Two ergodic theoretic applications, involving correlations over randomly generated sparse subsequences, are obtained as corollaries of the main results.
Acoustic flows in viscous fluid: a lattice Boltzmann study

Acoustic waves (or oscillating flows) cause both periodic flow and steady streaming around an obstacle. The nonlinear characteristic of such flows further induces acoustic radiation forces exerting on the surface of the obstacle, which is efficient to levitate or manipulate small partials. Two‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann methods are applied to simulate the flows around cylinders in acoustic standing waves with moderate viscosity. Multiple relaxation time model coupled with far‐field absorbing condition is applied. Our results show recirculating leading order flow in the Stokes layer with a characteristic velocity predicted by potential flow. The consequent Reynolds stresses induce two kinds of patterns of first‐order steady streaming, namely, single and double layer streamings, respectively, according to the strength of the viscous effects. Compared with the theoretical analysis, the lattice Boltzmann simulation is accurate for both radiation forces and flow fields. Both numerical results and scaling analysis show that the viscous drag is linearly proportional to the thickness of the penetration depth, which is coincident with the low viscous cases. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total Phenolic, Flavonoids and Ascorbic Acid contents in Baobab ( Adansonia digitata L. ) Fruit Pulp Extracts from Different locations in Sudan

: This study aimed to determine phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid contents of Sudanese baobab fruit pulp. Baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata.L) samples were collected from four locations in Sudan (El Obeid, Um Ruwaba , Niyala and Damazin). Aqueous, aqueous ethanol and aqueous methanol were used for extracts. Dichlorophenol Indophenol reagent was using of Ascorbic acid content. There were significant differences in total phenolic and flavonoids contents between the different extracts from different locations in Sudan. Total phenolics were ranged from 15.50 to 99.66 mg GA/g of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /g. Flavonoids were ranged from 1.03 to 21.53 mg of catechin (CA/g). Ascorbic acid content was 372.52, 355.97, 354.13and 345.82 mg/100g for Damazin, El Obeid, Umm Ruwaba and Niyala samples, respectively. These results indicated that baobab fruit is rich in natural antioxidants and could be used as functional foods ingredient and food supplementation.
Interstellar gas within ~10 pc of Sagittarius A∗

Aims. We seek to obtain a coherent and realistic three-dimensional picture of the interstellar gas out to about 10 pc of the dynamical center of our Galaxy, which is supposed to be at Sgr A ∗ . Methods. We review the existing observational studies on the different gaseous components that have been identified near Sgr A ∗ ,a nd retain all the information relating to their spatial configuration and/or physical state. Based on the collected information, we propose a three-dimensional representation of the interstellar gas, which describes each component in terms of both its precise location and morphology and its thermodynamic properties. Results. The interstellar gas near Sgr A ∗ can be represented by five basic components, which are, by order of increasing size: (1) a central cavity with roughly equal amounts of warm ionized and atomic gases; (2) a ring of mainly molecular gas; (3) a supernova remnant filled with hot ionized gas; (4) a radio halo of warm ionized gas and relativistic particles; and (5) a belt of massive molecular clouds. While the halo gas fills ≈80% of the studied volume, the molecular components enclose ≈98% of the interstellar mass.
Polymorphism and Divergence in the (cid:98) -Globin Replication Origin Initiation Region

DNA sequence polymorphism and divergence was examined in the vicinity of the human (cid:98) -globin gene cluster origin of replication initiation region (IR), a 1.3-kb genomic region located immediately 5 (cid:57) of the adult-expressed (cid:98) -globin gene. DNA sequence variation in the replication origin IR and 5 kb of ﬂanking DNA was surveyed in samples drawn from two populations, one African (from the Gambia, West Africa) and the other European (from Oxford, England). In these samples, levels of nucleotide and length polymorphism in the IR were found to be more than two times as high as adjacent non-IR-associated regions (estimates of per-nucleotide heterozygosity were 0.30% and 0.12%, respectively). Most polymorphic positions identiﬁed in the origin IR fall within or just adjacent to a 52-bp alternating purine-pyrimidine ((RY) n ) sequence repeat. Within- and between-population divergence is highest in this portion of the IR, and interspeciﬁc divergence in the same region, determined by comparison with an orthologous sequence from the chimpanzee, is also pronounced. Higher levels of diversity in this subregion are not, however, primarily attributable to slippage-mediated repeat unit changes, as nucleotide substitution contributes dis-proportionately to allelic heterogeneity. An estimate of helical stability in the sequenced region suggests that the hypervariable (RY) n constitutes the major DNA unwinding element (DUE) of the replication origin IR, the location at which the DNA duplex ﬁrst unwinds and new strand synthesis begins. These ﬁndings suggest that the (cid:98) -globin IR experiences a higher underlying rate of neutral mutation than do adjacent genomic regions and that enzyme ﬁdelity associated with the initiation of DNA replication at this origin may be compromised. The signiﬁcance of these ﬁndings for our understanding of eukaryotic replication origin biology is discussed.
Tau-function for Analytic Curves

We review the concept of $\tau$-function for simple analytic curves. The $\tau$-function gives a formal solution to the 2D inverse potential problem and appears as the $\tau$-function of the integrable hierarchy which describes conformal maps of simply-connected domains bounded by analytic curves to the unit disk. The $\tau$-function also emerges in the context of topological gravity and enjoys an interpretation as a large $N$ limit of the normal matrix model.
Tomato Breeding for Insect-Pest Resistance Tomato Breeding for Insect-Pest Resistance

The tomato is susceptible to pest attacks that can lead to damages throughout the crop cycle. Pest control is carried out, mainly, by insecticide and chemical acaricide spraying. However, the use of chemical pest control can cause severe damage to the environment, biological imbalances and deleterious effects on farmers and consumer health, as well as increased production costs. An interesting alternative to minimizing the problems arising from the agrochemical application and maintaining pest populations below the economic damage level is the development of tomato plants displaying resistance to insect and arachnid pests. In this context, the main purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of the techniques applied in this regard, major progresses to date and future prospects for tomato pest-resistance breeding. This chapter is divided into five sections: (1) wild pest-resistant tomato species, (2) allelochemicals that confer pest resistance, (3) techniques used for the introgression of pest resistance genes (4) overview, challenges and prospects for pest-resistant tomato breeding and (5) final considerations.
GUEST COMMENTARY Sequence-Based Identiﬁcation of Aspergillus , Fusarium , and Mucorales Species in the Clinical Mycology Laboratory: Where Are We and Where Should We Go from Here? (cid:1)

The identiﬁcation of fungal species and determination of their signiﬁcance in the clinical laboratory are complex prac-tices that help establish or exclude a fungal cause of disease. In the past, the clinical mycologist utilized a limited array of phenotypic measurements for categorizing isolates to the species level. This scenario is shifting in favor of molecular identiﬁcation strategies largely due to a combination of several factors: (i) the changing landscape of epidemiology of medically important fungi, in which novel organisms never before implicated in human infection are being reported from clinical samples (10, 41); (ii) reports of species-speciﬁc differences in antifungal susceptibilities of these newly recognized fungi (4, 10, 41); (iii) numerous studies demonstrating that morphology alone may not be a sufﬁciently objective method for species determination (7, 8, 10, 23, 41); and (iv) a growing scarcity of bench scientists and microbiologists trained in traditional mycology. With the increasing incidence of fungal infections and reports of invasive fungal infections in nontraditional populations, such as patients with critical illnesses, the onus is on the clinical microbiologist/mycologist to return a timely and accurate identiﬁcation. Molecular methods are rapid with a turn-around time of about 24 h from the time of DNA extraction, yield results that are objective with data portable between labs, and could be more economical in the long run. Few topics are more controversial or evoke such a passion-ate response as the term “species” to a mycologist. Molecular studies have demonstrated that a strategy where multiple genes (or portions thereof) are sequenced and the resultant data are analyzed by phylogenetic methods
Egg masses of some stream-dwelling caddisflies (Hydrobiosidae, Trichoptera) from Victoria, Australia

Eggs are a largely neglected life stage in most ecological studies of aquatic insects, despite the importance of oviposition behaviour and fecundity estimates for many research questions. Incorporating egg stages into ecological research requires that ecologists can identify and quantify eggs, but descriptions of eggs and egg masses are scarce for many groups and particularly for Australian taxa. This paper focusses on stream-dwelling caddisflies in the family Hydrobiosidae and provides species-level identifications, morphological descriptions and images of egg masses of some species that commonly occur in south-eastern Australia. All the species we identified laid plaque-shaped egg masses attached to the underside of river rocks that protrude above the water surface. These egg masses can be identified in the field with the naked eye or the aid of a low-magnification hand lens. Interspecific variations in egg mass morphology were primarily thickness and firmness of the spumaline layer, egg mass size and arrangement of eggs within the mass. We also provide some ecological information on clutch sizes and the physical characteristics of oviposition sites, and we discuss various ways in which these taxa could be exploited as model systems for ecological research.
How does teacher-perceived principal leadership affect teacher self-efficacy between different teaching experiences through collaboration in China? A multilevel structural equation model analysis based on threshold

Teacher self-efficacy is one of the most critical factors influencing Students’ learning outcomes. Studies have shown that teacher-perceived principal leadership, teacher collaboration, and teaching experience are the critical factor that affects teacher self-efficacy. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind this relationship. This study examined whether teacher collaboration would mediate the relationship between teacher-perceived principal leadership and teacher self-efficacy, and the moderating role of teaching experience in the mediating process. With an analysis of a dataset from 14,121 middle school teachers in China, this study first testified to the positive role that teacher-perceived principal leadership played in teacher self-efficacy. Furthermore, it revealed that teacher collaboration mediates this relationship and the mediated path was moderated by teaching experience. Finally, it also indicated that the threshold of teaching experience linking the teacher-perceived leadership with teacher self-efficacy was approximately in the third year, and their relationship was stronger when teaching experience was below the threshold. This study highlighted the mediating and moderating mechanisms linking the teacher-perceived principal leadership and teacher self-efficacy, which has important theoretical and practical implications for intervention and enhancement of teacher self-efficacy.
Synchrony During Online Encounters Affects Social Affiliation and Theory of Mind but Not Empathy

Moving together in time affects human social affiliation and cognition. However, it is unclear whether these effects hold for on-line video meetings and whether they extend to empathy (understanding or sharing others' emotions) and theory of mind (ToM; attribution of mental states to others). 126 young adult participants met through online video in unacquainted pairs. Participants either performed 3 min of synchronous arm movements paced by sounds (n = 40), asynchronous movements (n = 46) or a small talk condition (n = 40). In a subsequent empathy task, participants engaged in a conversation. A video recording of this conversation was played back, and each participant rated, at predetermined time points, how they felt and how they thought their partner felt. From this we calculated empathic accuracy (accuracy of the estimation of the other's emotions) and emotional congruence (emotion sharing). ToM was measured by showing videos of geometrical shapes interacting and asking the participants to describe what happened, measuring the amount of intentionality. We found that participants in the synchrony condition rated feeling greater closeness and similarity to their partners relative to the asynchronous condition. Further, participants in the synchrony group tended to ascribe more intentionality to the abstract shapes than participants in asynchrony condition, suggesting greater ToM. Synchrony and asynchrony groups did not reliably differ in empathic accuracy nor emotional congruence. These results suggest that moving in synchrony has effects on social affiliation measures even in online encounters. These effects extend to ToM tendencies but not empathic accuracy or emotion sharing. These results highlight the potential of synchronous movement in online encounters to affect a subset of social cognition and affiliation measures.
Adherence to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Preventive Measures in a Representative Sample of the Population of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland

Objectives: We quantified adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures and explored associated factors, after the first and during the second Swiss epidemic waves. Methods: With an observational cohort study in a representative sample of individuals aged 15 years and more, we analysed the association between self-reported adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures (respect of simple hygiene rules; respect of social distancing rules; wearing a mask) and socio-demographic factors, the existence of a chronic disease, and the existence of a previous confirmed COVID-19 episode. Results: Highest adherence was to simple hygiene rules, followed by social distancing rules and mask wearing, with a slight decrease for simple hygiene rules and a strong increase for mask wearing between visits. Men were significantly less likely to respect simple hygiene rules and wear a mask in public. Participants aged 65 years and more (versus 25–64 years) and those with at least one chronic disease (versus none) were two times more likely to respect social distancing rules and wear a mask. Conclusion: Adherence to social distancing rules and mask wearing was rather poor, especially compared to other countries.
Teaching in the time of COVID-19: A biological systems theory approach

In 2020, schools around the United States and globally closed to in-person instruction in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study, embedded in ongoing research supported by a United States Department of Education Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Education Award, investigated changes in roles, relationships, and educational activities resulting from the pandemic as perceived by educators in one rural and low SES Appalachian primary school. Using Bronfenbrenner’s (1977; 1979; 2001) Bioecological Theory of Human Development, this study examined instructional modifications (proximal processes) resulting from the pandemic (chronosystem) in the school and home (microsystem context) and the development of teachers, parents, and students (persons) in response to those changes. Survey data were collected pre- and post-pandemic onset. Results of this mixed-methods study indicated teachers perceived the pandemic as influencing what they taught, how they taught, and the roles of and relationships between teachers, parents, and students. Teachers adapted to the changing educational environment developing proficiency in online tools and skills to enhance communication. Parents assumed a more prominent role in their K-2 student’s schooling to ensure students logged in and were active online, paid attention while in class, and completed their assignments at home. These remote learning environments, which naturally distanced teachers from their students, coupled with uncertain parental involvement, challenged teachers in their formative assessments of student knowledge. While some students thrived with increased support from attentive parents—many students, particularly those already at-risk or in homes where internet or parental support were lacking—were adversely affected, thus widening the achievement gap.
Examining virtual driving test performance and its relationship to individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

Significance Existing screening tools for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are often clinically impractical for detecting milder forms of impairment. The formal diagnosis of HAND requires an assessment of both cognition and impairment in activities of daily living (ADL). To address the critical need for identifying patients who may have disability associated with HAND, we implemented a low-cost screening tool, the Virtual Driving Test (VDT) platform, in a vulnerable cohort of people with HIV (PWH). The VDT presents an opportunity to cost-effectively screen for milder forms of impairment while providing practical guidance for a cognitively demanding ADL. Objectives We aimed to: (1) evaluate whether VDT performance variables were associated with a HAND diagnosis and if so; (2) systematically identify a manageable subset of variables for use in a future screening model for HAND. As a secondary objective, we examined the relative associations of identified variables with impairment within the individual domains used to diagnose HAND. Methods In a cross-sectional design, 62 PWH were recruited from an established HIV cohort and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment (CNPA), followed by a self-directed VDT. Dichotomized diagnoses of HAND-specific impairment and impairment within each of the seven CNPA domains were ascertained. A systematic variable selection process was used to reduce the large amount of VDT data generated, to a smaller subset of VDT variables, estimated to be associated with HAND. In addition, we examined associations between the identified variables and impairment within each of the CNPA domains. Results More than half of the participants (N = 35) had a confirmed presence of HAND. A subset of twenty VDT performance variables was isolated and then ranked by the strength of its estimated associations with HAND. In addition, several variables within the final subset had statistically significant associations with impairment in motor function, executive function, and attention and working memory, consistent with previous research. Conclusion We identified a subset of VDT performance variables that are associated with HAND and assess relevant functional abilities among individuals with HAND. Additional research is required to develop and validate a predictive HAND screening model incorporating this subset.
Psychosocial health and psychological adjustment in adolescents and young adults with congenital melanocytic nevi: Analysis of self-reports

This study assessed self-reported health-related quality of life and psychological adjustment in 43 adolescents and young adults (ages in years: 14–24, M = 17.6, SD = 2.2) with congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) and examined associations with sociodemographic variables, characteristics of the CMN, perceived social reactions, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Outcome measures included the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Findings suggest impaired psychosocial health and psychological adjustment in youth with CMN compared to community norms. Impairments were associated with higher age of participants, lower socioeconomic status, visibility of the skin lesion, perceived stigmatization, poorer perceived social support, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (self-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing), but not with sex of participants, extent of the skin lesion, and surgical removal of the nevus. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.