Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

The world has seen many a dangerous disease like Ebola, Swine Flu, and Plague which have catastrophic impact on demography, economy, education and cultures of different society. Likewise COVID-19 also has so much of disastrous impact on various sectors all over the world. This pandemic infectious disease was caused by SARS- COV-2 which first came to light in Wuhan in December 2019. As the positive cases of COVID-19 spread in bombarding number throughout the world WHO declared it as a pandemic. Almost all the countries of world have been put into lockdown. It has affected the lives in all sectors of our society. It has brought global recession in economy because of the lockdown. Education sector is also badly affected facing the disastrous impact of COVID-19. There is closure of educational institution through - out the world. To deal with teaching learning process the focus is drawn to online learning platform. But due to lack of resource and technically expertise people many underdeveloped and developing countries are facing problems in conducting online classes. In this time period, India is also focusing on online learning but there is a lot of disparity in accessibility to education through online platform because there are network issue, accessibility to internet, personal computer and other devices in India. Some students have accessibility to online learning platform and some are not which create new kind of digital inequality in accessing education leading to barrier in smoother teaching-learning process. This paper focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on higher education in India, where the impact of COVID-19 has been the highlight of the major issues and transition from traditional system of education i.e. face to face classroom learning and teaching to focus on online learning. It seeks to create a forum that can be referred to by the all stakeholder in education sector to give wings to young India.
Gender-preferential language use in L1 and L2 argumentative essays? Evidence against lists of ‘gendered’ language features

This study identifies and compares the gender-preferential language features present in the argumentative writing of L1 Indonesian and Indonesian L2 English learners. The data is comprised of 80 English argumentative essays sampled from the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE, Ishikawa, 2011) and a comparative corpus of 80 L1 Indonesian argumentative essays collected online from Indonesian university students, both equally divided by gender. Comparison of the data was performed through quantitative analysis of three supposed ‘male-preferential’ features and seventeen ‘female-preferential’ features between the male- and female-produced corpora in L1 and L2 writing. This study investigated (1) the extent of variation in the use of ‘gendered language features’ between male and female-produced L1 and L2 texts; (2) whether the use of male/female ‘gendered-language features’ across male/female produced L1/L2 texts match their suggested gender preference, and (3) to what extent L1’s preference for ‘gender language features’ affects male and female learners’ use of such language in L2. The results suggest the majority of supposed gender-preferential features were not significantly different across male/female produced texts, indicating that argumentative essays may be gender-neutral to a certain extent. This study also revealed that L1 preference of gendered language forms does not determine their preferences in the L2. In conclusion, male and female students adopt similar linguistic features to express their arguments. We may claim that gender language forms are not fixed and absolute in academic discourse because instructive texts tend to have a set model to fulfil the pedagogical criteria.
The challenges of livelihoods reconstruction in the context of informal settlement upgrading

Community involvement is recognized as a core condition for success in informal settlements upgrading. However, the wider ramifications of this requirement are not well understood. Mostly, community involvement has been equated with a narrow interpretation of participation, largely focusing on the elicitation of dwellers’ preferences at the planning stages. We argue that this approach overlooks the actual needs for livelihoods reconstruction in the course of upgrading. To better conceptualize these requirements, we propose to analyse the time–space configuration of practices, which we frame as constituting Oscillating Domestic Spaces. The concept illustrates the contingent nature of daily activities to meet livelihoods needs and how people navigate these conditions. Challenges associated with reconstructing new domestic spaces are illustrated using the Kenyan Slum Upgrading (Kensup) initiative in Nairobi, Kenya. The findings suggest that an inadequate understanding and consideration of livelihoods reconstruction reduced legitimacy of the initiative, resulted in rapid deterioration of physical amenities and relegated most of the alleged ‘beneficiaries’ deeper into poverty. We suggest that, for successful settlements upgrading, livelihoods reconstruction should be a core process in the planning, implementation and post-implementation stages.
Effect of diets with whey powder on growth and development of Saanen Goat kids

Abstract. In this study, the effect of the diets enriched nutritionally with whey powder (WP) on the growth and development of weaned Saanen Goat kids was investigated. For the purpose, 24 kids born in March 2017 and weaned after 5 months and reared for 8 weeks in Adnan Menderes University Agricultural Faculty Research and Application Farm were used. The kids were divided into three groups according to the content of the ration. The kids whose beginning weights were recorded were distributed homogeneously to each group. These groups were labeled as the control group (CG) and the experimental groups which were formed by adding 5% (5%WP) and 10% whey powder (10%WP) to the ration by removing the same amount of feed. The following parameters of the experimental kids were controlled: live weight, body condition score (BCS), body length, chest girth, the height at the withers, and some blood serum indices (total protein, cholesterol, glucose and urea). The differences between the initial and final values of the growth performance parameters in the groups with the best improvement according to the results obtained from the experiment were found to be 2.57 kg in body weight and 6.25 cm in body length in 10%WP group and the body condition score was 0.26 points, wither height 6.06 cm, and chest girth 6.75 cm in the 5%WP group. When the groups in which the best results are observed in blood parameters are considered; in the 5% WP group, the difference between the initial and final values were found to be 4.19 mg/dL in glucose and 1.22 g/dL in total protein, while urea 41.06 mg/L and cholesterol were determined to be 58.53 mg/dL in the 10%WP group. In the light of the results obtained, it has been determined that the addition of WP in a certain amount to the ration has a positive effect on the growth and development of the kids. As a result of the study, the addition of 5%WP was recommended in the ration to be given during the kid growing period.
Do High-Voltage Power Transmission Lines Affect Forest Landscape and Vegetation Growth: Evidence from a Case for Southeastern of China

The rapid growth of the network of high-voltage power transmission lines (HVPTLs) is inevitably covering more forest domains. However, no direct quantitative measurements have been reported of the effects of HVPTLs on vegetation growth. Thus, the impacts of HVPTLs on vegetation growth are uncertain. Taking one of the areas with the highest forest coverage in China as an example, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in Fujian Province, we quantitatively analyzed the effect of HVPTLs on forest landscape fragmentation and vegetation growth using Landsat imageries and forest inventory datasets. The results revealed that 0.9% of the forests became edge habitats assuming a 150 m depth-of-edge-influence by HVPTLs, and the forest plantations were the most exposed to HVPTLs among all the forest landscape types. Habitat fragmentation was the main consequence of HVPTL installation, which can be reduced by an increase in the patch density and a decrease in the mean patch area (MA), largest patch index (LPI), and effective mesh size (MESH). In all the landscape types, the forest plantation and the non-forest land were most affected by HVPTLs, with the LPI values decreasing by 44.1 and 20.8%, respectively. The values of MESH decreased by 44.2 and 32.2%, respectively. We found an obvious increasing trend in the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in 2016 and NDVI growth during the period of 2007 to 2016 with an increase in the distance from HVPTL. The turning points of stability were 60 to 90 meters for HVPTL corridors and 90 to 150 meters for HVPTL pylons, which indicates that the pylons have a much greater impact on NDVI and its growth than the lines. Our research provides valuable suggestions for vegetation protection, restoration, and wildfire management after the construction of HVPTLs.
Characterization of indigenous chicken production system in Sheka zone, south western Ethiopia

The survey was conducted in Sheka Zone to characterize production system of indigenous chicken populations. Purposive random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Indigenous chicken production system data were assessed through semi-structured questionnaire survey. Households who rear only indigenous chicken were considered in this study. The findings revealed that mean flock size in the study area was 13.2 per household. This study revealed that the main source of stock to start chicken production was purchasing and gift. The culling practice, and disease and predation incidence in the area forces the activity of flock replacement which was 38.3 and 61.7% of respondents replaces their flock through buying from market and from hatched, respectively. The primary purpose of egg production in the study zone was for income generation (80.4%) and rear chickens mainly for breeding purpose to produce birds for flock replacement (50.4%). The study indicated that indigenous chicken production system in study area is characterized by scavenging with seasonal feed supplemented system. The most common supplementary feed was Enset Ventricosum (processed enset) (64.9%) in the study zone. The 52.5% of respondents keep their chickens in a separate house while the rest (47.5%) used different types of night sheltering systems. Newcastle disease (NCD) (40.5%) was the main devastating diseases in the study area. The mean age of maturity at first egg laying for pullets and sexual maturity for cockerels was 6.3 and 5.6 months, respectively. The result showed that the total number of 13.6 eggs per clutch and 3.0 clutches per year resulting in 40.8 eggs per year. The 8.7 eggs were incubated per clutch from which 74.1% hatched while survival rate was 59.3 %. Therefore, the present study suggests that indigenous chicken populations might possess useful genetic potentials for improved productivity under scavenging feed resource-based production systems.
Tip rates, phylogenies and diversification: What are we estimating, and how good are the estimates?

Species‐specific diversification rates, or ‘tip rates’, can be computed quickly from phylogenies and are widely used to study diversification rate variation in relation to geography, ecology and phenotypes. These tip rates provide a number of theoretical and practical advantages, such as the relaxation of assumptions of rate homogeneity in trait‐dependent diversification studies. However, there is substantial confusion in the literature regarding whether these metrics estimate speciation or net diversification rates. Additionally, no study has yet compared the relative performance and accuracy of tip rate metrics across simulated diversification scenarios. We compared the statistical performance of three model‐free rate metrics (inverse terminal branch lengths; node density metric; DR statistic) and a model‐based approach (Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures [BAMM]). We applied each method to a large set of simulated phylogenies that had been generated under different diversification processes. We summarized performance in relation to the type of rate variation, the magnitude of rate heterogeneity and rate regime size. We also compared the ability of the metrics to estimate both speciation and net diversification rates. We show decisively that model‐free tip rate metrics provide a better estimate of the rate of speciation than of net diversification. Error in net diversification rate estimates increases as a function of the relative extinction rate. In contrast, error in speciation rate estimates is low and relatively insensitive to extinction. Overall, and in particular when relative extinction was high, BAMM inferred the most accurate tip rates and exhibited lower error than non‐model‐based approaches. DR was highly correlated with true speciation rates but exhibited high error variance, and was the best metric for very small rate regimes. We found that, of the metrics tested, DR and BAMM are the most useful metrics for studying speciation rate dynamics and trait‐dependent diversification. Although BAMM was more accurate than DR overall, the two approaches have complementary strengths. Because tip rate metrics are more reliable estimators of speciation rate, we recommend that empirical studies using these metrics exercise caution when drawing biological interpretations in any situation where the distinction between speciation and net diversification is important.
Identification and functional analysis of three new anthocyanin R2R3‐MYB genes in Petunia

Abstract We identified three novel members of the R2R3‐MYB clade of anthocyanin regulators in the genome of the purple flowering Petunia inflata S6 wild accession, and we called them ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS REGULATOR (ASR). Two of these genes, ASR1 and ASR2, are inactivated by two different single base mutations in their coding sequence. All three of these genes are absent in the white flowering species P. axillaris N and P. parodii, in the red flowering P. exserta, and in several Petunia hybrida lines, including R27 and W115. P. violacea and other P. hybrida lines (M1, V30, and W59) instead harbor functional copies of the ASR genes. Comparative, functional and phylogenic analysis of anthocyanin R2R3‐MYB genes strongly suggest that the ASR genes cluster is a duplication of the genomic fragment containing the other three R2R3‐MYB genes with roles in pigmentation that were previously defined, the ANTHOCYANIN4‐DEEP PURPLE‐PURPLE HAZE (AN4‐DPL‐PHZ) cluster. An investigation of the genomic fragments containing anthocyanin MYBs in different Petunia accessions reveals that massive rearrangements have taken place, resulting in large differences in the regions surrounding these genes, even in closely related species. Yeast two‐hybrid assays showed that the ASR proteins can participate in the WMBW (WRKY, MYB, B‐HLH, and WDR) anthocyanin regulatory complex by interacting with the transcription factors AN1 and AN11. All three ASRs can induce anthocyanin synthesis when ectopically expressed in P. hybrida lines, but ASR1 appeared to be the most effective. The expression patterns of ASR1 and ASR2 cover several different petunia tissues with higher expression at early stages of bud development. In contrast, ASR3 is only weakly expressed in the stigma, ovary, and anther filaments. The characterization of these novel ASR MYB genes completes the picture of the MYB members of the petunia anthocyanin regulatory MBW complex and suggests possible mechanisms of the diversification of pigmentation patterns during plant evolution.
A North-South monetary model of endogenous growth with international trade

We devise a North-South endogenous growth model with international trade and money to study the effects of inflation (and monetary policy) on wage inequality, specialization, and growth. The relationship between monetary policy and wage inequality depends on the fact that skilled-production firms are less credit constrained than unskilled-production firms. Interestingly, inflation affects the structure of production by increasing the production share made by skilled-intensive firms, and decreases economic growth. Furthermore, inflation decreases the difference of wage inequality between countries; shrinking the skill premia difference. Moreover, inflation and trade have opposite effects on wage inequality and on specialization: while trade tends to decrease intra-South wage inequality, inflation tends to increase it; while trade tends to increase the number of different intermediate goods produced with unskilled technology in the South; inflation acts the other way around. Results are confirmed quantitatively.
Directed vapor deposition of lithium manganese oxide films

Solid state thin film batteries based upon the lithium ion system are beginning to be used in medical devices, microelectro mechanical machines, smart cards, and more widely as on-chip power sources due to their high specific energy storage density. Electron beam evaporation and sputtering techniques are usually used to fabricate these multilayered thin film structures. However, these techniques suffer several drawbacks resulting from (i) the complex chemistries of the lithiated oxide layers used for the cathode and electrolyte, (ii) the need for precise microstructure control in systems with many metastable phases, and (iii) the low deposition rate and poor material utilization efficiency, which slows the application of this energy storage approach. This dissertation has investigated the use of a novel electron-beam directed vapor deposition (EB-DVD) method for the synthesis of thin film batteries. The dissertation focuses upon the cathode layer of a representative Li-ion thin film battery system and investigates in detail the deposition of lithium manganese oxide films. Many phases with offering various electrochemical performance exist in the Li-Mn-O system and the thesis also investigates the use of processing conditions to control the structure and composition of these cathode layers. In the EB-DVD approach, a high voltage electron beam is used to evaporate a source material in the throat of a nozzle that forms a coaxial transonic gas jet around the vapor. The gas jet entrains and transports the vapor to a substrate where the deposition occurs. Directed simulation of Monte Carlo (DSMC) methods indicated that the vapor plume could be matched to a substrate diameter, and the deposition rate (and vapor utilization efficiency) therefore controlled by adjusting the pressure ratio up and downstream of the
An analysis of the audit expectation gap in the Maltese central government

IMPACT The authors looked at changes in the audit expectation gap (AEG) within the Maltese central government over six years (2012 to 2018). Some important discrepancies in expectations were found and this paper makes recommendations for change. The findings will be of value to public sector auditors, government departments and politicians and policy-makers in Malta, as well as in a number of other countries. For instance, the findings emphasise the importance of more education and awareness about the auditor’s role and responsibilities in order to remove any over-expectations which the users might have. ABSTRACT This paper analyses the audit expectation gap (AEG) in the Maltese central government. Interviews were conducted with NAO Malta auditors and with users, while questionnaires were distributed to additional NAO Malta auditors and to members of parliament. The authors found some important gaps between NAO Malta and the users of its reports in terms of auditor’s responsibility, materiality, fraud detection, audit reports and audit judgement. This paper contributes to the literature by identifying successful practices that have been implemented to reduce the AEG and proposing recommendations on how to further diminish the gap.
Alfalfa and Timothy Nutritive Value in Contrasting Agroclimatic Regions

1371 Nutritive attributes of cool-season forage species are known to be influenced by air temperature. Several studies, conducted mostly under controlled conditions, have shown a positive effect of cool temperatures on forage digestibility along with a reduction in fiber concentration. Under controlled conditions, the digestibility of timothy decreased for each degree increase in growth temperature (Thorvaldsson, 1992). Cool temperatures were associated with lower forage fiber concentration and increased digestibility of forage grasses, due to a lower degree of lignification (Thorvaldsson et al., 2007; Bertrand et al., 2008). With increasing temperature, the IVTD of seven grass species declined faster and the neutral detergent fiber concentration increased faster during the growth cycle (Thorvaldsson et al., 2007). In alfalfa, studies under controlled conditions showed an increased rate of maturation, negatively associated with nutritive value, with increasing growth temperature (Marten et al., 1988). Vough and Marten (1971) reported that alfalfa grown at high temperatures had lower digestibility and higher acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin concentrations than that grown at lower temperatures. Along with affecting forage digestibility and fiber concentration, temperature is also expected to affect other nutritive attributes such as NSC and total N concentrations. The NSC of forages is another determinant of nutritive value that affects the N utilization by ruminants. Photosynthesis is less sensitive to temperature than growth (Buxton and O’Kiely, 2003). Therefore, at temperatures below the optimum for growth, plants accumulate higher concentration of soluble sugars in their tissues (Buxton and O’Kiely, 2003). The NSC concentration of cool-season grasses is usually greater when they are grown at cool (5–10°C) than at warm (15–25°C) temperatures (Deinum et al., 1968). Alfalfa was higher in NSC concentration at day/night temperatures of 18/10°C than of 32/24°C (Smith, 1970). In timothy, however, NSC concentrations at day/night Alfalfa and Timothy Nutritive Value in Contrasting Agroclimatic Regions
ICT Usage and E-Courses Development by Faculty Staff in Healthcare Majors at Medical University – Plovdiv

The aims of this study were to investigate the extent and benefits of ICT usage; barriers to learning content management systems (LCMS) deployment; perception and attitude to e-learning of the academic staff in the healthcare majors at the Medical University – Plovdiv. The results indicated that the educators use technologies extensively, they are experienced with computers but this is not a predisposition for teaching in the LCMS. Staff demonstrates acceptance of e-learning and critical attitude to its implementation, but the activity in the LCMS is low. Leading barriers in e-course creation are the heavy workload and the need for support in creating interactive learning content. A training course framework is proposed.
Some Physical Properties of Chitosan in Propionic Acid Solutions

Surface tensions, contact angles and conductivities of propionic acid solutions containing different amounts of chitosan were measured at a room temperature to a temperature accuracy of ± 0.20 o . The value of critical coagulation concentration (CCC) was then obtained from the plots of contact angle and conductivity versus concentration. Viscosity of the solutions with different concentrations was also measured in this work at the same temperature and from the plot of viscosity against concentration, the intrinsic viscosity was determined by extrapolation.