Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Produção de beterraba fertilizada com jitirana em diferentes doses e tempos de incorporação ao solo

This study was conducted from July to November 2009, at Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido (UFERSA), Mossoro, RN, Brazil, to assess the production of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) fertilized with scarlet starglory (Merremia aegyptia L.) at different doses and times of soil incorporation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with treatments arranged in a 4 x 4 + 1 factorial, with three replicates and 72 plants per plot, where the first factor consisted of the doses of scarlet starglory (5.4, 8.8, 12.2 and 15. 6 t ha-1 on dry basis), the second one by the times of soil incorporation (0, 10, 20, and 30 days after sowing - DAS), and additional treatment with 80 t ha-1 of cattle manure. The sugar beet cultivar grown was Early Wonder. The best productive performance for sugar beet was obtained in the dose of 15.6 t ha-1 of scarlet starglory incorporated into the soil at time 0 day. Economic indicators in the dose of scarlet starglory of 15.6 t ha-1 at time 0 day of its incorporation into the soil were higher than those obtained with the use of 80 t ha-1 of cattle manure. The cultivation of sugar beet is agro-economically viable with the use of scarlet starglory as green manure.
Regulation of growth plate and articular chondrocyte differentiation : implications for longitudinal bone growth and articular cartilage formation

Overall height and body proportions in humans are determined primarily by bone growth. Linear bone growth occurs at the growth plate, a thin layer of cartilage at the ends of long bones between the epiphysis and metaphysis. In the growth plate, resting/stem-like chondrocytes divide and give rise to proliferative chondrocytes, which, in turn, enlarge to become hypertrophic chondrocytes that ultimately undergo apoptotic cell death and are replaced by bone. Articular cartilage is an embryologically related but permanent tissue that lines the ends of long bones providing a lubricated surface for articulation and distributing loads to minimize stress on underlying subchondral bone. In both growth plate and articular cartilage, precise cell signaling mechanisms ensure normal bone growth and joint maintenance, respectively, by regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, and hypertrophy as well as matrix synthesis and turnover. A better understanding of these mechanisms has broad clinical implications for preventing, diagnosing, and treating skeletal diseases. The aim of this thesis was to study the molecular mechanisms regulating growth plate and articular chondrocyte differentiation. In this regard, similarities and differences between these structurally similar yet functionally distinct skeletal tissues were also investigated. We first explored gene expression related to the BMP signaling system in different layers of rat growth plate cartilage using manual microdissection, microarray, and real-time PCR (Paper 1). Our findings suggest a functional BMP signaling gradient across the growth plate where BMP antagonists are highly expressed in the resting and proliferative zones and BMP agonists are highly expressed in the hypertrophic zone. Gradients in BMP action may thus provide a key mechanism responsible for the spatial regulation of chondrogenesis in growth plate cartilage and thereby contribute to longitudinal bone
Changes in uranium and thorium contents in topsoil after long‐term phosphorus fertilizer application

Archived soil samples from the beginning and end of three long‐term field trials conducted in central France were analysed for total uranium (U) and thorium (Th) contents to evaluate the effect of 15–30 yr of phosphorus (P) fertilizer treatments on the accumulation of these elements in the topsoil. For comparison, the soil samples were also analysed for total P. Three treatments were compared: no P application (P0), 26 kg P/ha/yr (P26) and 52 kg P/ha/yr (P52). Significant effects of P fertilizer were observed on U content and, to a lesser extent, on Th content as a result of the P52 treatment at two of the field trials. This effect was demonstrated both in the analyses at the end of the field trials [P52–P0: +0.25 and +0.44 mg U/kg soil, +0.58 (not significant) and +1.03 mg Th/kg soil] and when considering the changes in U and Th contents between the beginning and the end of the field trials (end–start: +0.18 and +034 mg U/kg soil, +0.35 and +0.45 mg Th/kg soil). The P fertilizer effect was also supported by the correlations of U and Th with total levels of P in the soil. However, in one of the three trials, no significant accumulation of U or Th because of fertilizer could be seen, suggesting either that less U and Th were applied using a different P fertilizer and/or that soil heterogeneity masked significant effects.
Effect of humic fractions from urban wastes and other more evolved organic materials on seed germination

The effect of different amounts of humic fractions obtained from urban wastes (sewage sludge and compost) on seed germination (barley, watercress and tobacco) has been compared with that of humic derived from more evolved organic materials (leonardite and peat) and a commercial humic acid fractions. Results demonstrated that the humic fractions from urban wastes had a more irregular effect on seed germination than those proceeding from more humified organic materials. Humic substances had a more positive effect on germination than humic acids, those effects depending on the nature of the original organic materials. The stability of the original organic materials (urban wastes or evolved organic materials) was a determinant factor of the behaviour of humic fractions on the germination process.
Characterisation of weak intramolecular interactions in the topology of the experimental charge density of 2,2′-ethynylenedibenzoic acid

A multipole model of the charge density distribution in the di-substituted alkyne title compound containing weak intramolecular interactions as defined by the topology of the charge density, has been obtained from high-resolution single crystal diffraction data. Bond paths are located between formally non-bonded C and O atom pairs and also between a pair of O atoms. This observation of weak intramolecular interactions in an experimentally derived charge density proves that the multipole modeling formalism is sufficiently sensitive to detect such features which are small on an absolute scale. Evidence is presented which suggests that the cis conformation of the molecule in this particular crystalline state is due to strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Mediating Effects of Avatar Realism on Motivation inGame Based Learning - Review

: Virtual environments and digital games are being increasingly used as educational tools in current education settings. For the past few decades there were tremendous amount of studies involving digital game based learning (DGBL) in many subject matters to identify best design approach to increase its effectiveness. DGBL have been expanded in several ways by referring to digital entertainment games such as in using avatar which would assist the students to revise and learn on their own. Usage of avatars as an educator in the virtual learning environment is increasing as its importance increases where interactivity, learner engagement, cultural factors, communication, embodiment and motivation are crucial design considerations in a virtual learning environment. Nevertheless, question arises as what type of avatar whould be preferred by the learners in DGBL. There were dearth studies conducted on how the realism level of an avatar in DGBL would influence the emotions of a learner since researchers stated that emotions practiced throughout a learning method offer clues not solely to the effectiveness of a learning activity however additionally to the method of learning. Likewise, there were scarcity in identifying the relationship between level of realism with different elements of emotions (valence and arousal) and different theories of motivation. Thus, this paper, critically reviews the literature related to usage of avatar in DGBL. This paper also discusses the finding related to motivation and emotion factors in DGBL, relation between realism in avatar and emotion, relation between motivation, emotion and realism of avatar in DGBL.
Low-Frequency Raman Scattering from Water at High Pressures and High Temperatures†

Low-frequency isobaric Raman spectra were obtained from water at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kbar and temperatures from −18 to 342 °C. Peaks near ≈60 and ≈175 cm-1 were observed at −18 °C and 2.0 kbar, but only a single, asymmetric 50−60 cm-1 feature, skewed to ≈300 cm-1, remained near ≈170 °C and above. The low-temperature ≈60 and 175 cm-1 peaks arise respectively from transverse acoustic (TA) and longitudinal acoustic (LA) standing waves, whereas the skewed, high-temperature Raman feature is well-fitted by a relative kinetic energy distribution (RKED). The TA phonon and RKED peaks are coincident near 60 cm-1. Spectra taken at intermediate temperatures, e.g., 77 and 124 °C, were fitted by a combination of the appropriate RKED and the (−18 °C, 2.0 kbar) TA + LA phonon spectrum. Temperature rise breaks hydrogen bonds and the solidlike patches which support the TA and LA phonons. This continues until only the gaslike RKED remains at high temperatures. Librational spectra were also obtained isochorically. They in.
Graphic Design for Learning Chinese Characters: Opinions about Effectiveness and Aesthetics from Audience with and without Chinese Culture Backgrounds

Copyright © 2019. Copyright of this paper is the property of the author(s). Permission is granted to reproduce copies of the works for purposes relevant to the IASDR conference, provided that the author(s), source and copyright notice are included on each copy. For other uses, please contact the author(s). Graphic Design for Learning Chinese Characters: Opinions about Effectiveness and Aesthetics from Audience with and without Chinese Culture Backgrounds
Phylogenetic Relationships between Iranian Poaceae Potyviruses

Plant Protection Dept, College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch. ghasemi@iaua.ac. ir Abstract. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA or protein sequences has become an important tool for studying the evolutionary history of organisms from viruses to humans. It has been shown that the highly variable 3’ untranslated regions of potyviral genomes may be used as strainand virus-specific probes for sensitive virus detection and differentiation, while the sequences can also be used for estimating close phylogenetic relationships. The study was carried out to determine if the Iranian Poaceae potyviruses could be differentiated by comparison of their 3′-terminal sequences and comparison of these 3′-terminal sequences with other Poaceae potyvirus sequences available from the GenBank to compose a phylogenetic relationship. RNA extracts from virus preparation or infected plant tissues were conducted to amplify the approximately 700 bp nucleotide sequences, using Oligo1n/OligodT primers in RT-PCR. Each of the nucleotide sequences contained a 462 bp fragment corresponding to the C-terminal portion of the CP followed by a non-coding region of 231bp and a polyadenylated terminus. Maximum Likelhood (ML) phylogenetic analysis of the 691bp region (Capsid protein C-terminal plus 3'-UTR) of 35 potyvirus isolates was carried out using the PHYLIP DNAML program. Two Iranian sugarcane isolates (SC-Q86 and SC-CP68) together with 10 other SCMV isolates formed a major SCMV clade (84% support), with the other isolates split into four minor clades, an 8-isolate MDMV clade (100% support), a 7-isolate ZeMV clade (95% support), a 4-isolate SrMV clade (98% support), and a 2-isolate JGMV clade (100 % support), with the SrMV-CHNXi appearing to be in a clade of its own. These results showed that Iranian poaceous potyviruses could be divided into three distinct potyvirus groups: (1) SCMV-group, including SC-Q86 and SC-CP68, that are closely related to US sugarcane isolates; (2) MDMV-group, including SC-L66, JG-Sar, JG-Isf, and Mz-Isf isolates, that are closely related to European MDMV isolates, although, JG-Isf and Mz-Isf formed a significantly separate subclade; (3) ZeMV-group, including JG-Shi, JG-And, JG-Krj, JG-Ham, Sr-Khz, and Mz-Khz. This group has been previously called Iranian Johnsongrass mosaic virus group, which is more closely related to SrMV and MDMV than SCMV clade.
Studies on the use of clinoptilolite for ammonia removal from leachates

Abstract The removal of ammonia from leachates has been studied using clinoptilolite as an ion‐exchanger. The performance of the zeolite was examined under various conditions such as single column and columns in series with and without leachate recycling. The experimental results have shown that under certain conditions the ammonia removal is very effective although all the available sites of the exchanger are not covered despite the high selectivity of clinoptilolite for this particular ion.
Organic matter carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous from a single persulfate digestion

Ecological stoichiometry requires accurate measurement of carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios in organic matter. Currently, carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios are typically determined by analyzing one sample for carbon : nitrogen and another sample for percent phosphorus. Not only does this approach require multiple samples and accurate sample weights, but it also obscures natural variability. We developed a method which allows us to obtain carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios from a single, small sample of organic matter. The analysis consists of a single persulfate digestion in sealed vials that converts the organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) to carbon dioxide gas (CO2), nitrate ion, and phosphate ion. The combination of 3% persulfate in 0.15 M NaOH provides a digestion that is initially alkaline but becomes acidic after about 30 min. In the final acidic solution, CO2 is driven into the vial headspace and is measured on a gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer. Nitrate and phosphate are measured on an ion chromatograph and by using standard colorimetric methods, respectively. We assessed the method by evaluating recovery of C, N, and P from chemical standards and by comparing values obtained with this method to those obtained by current, conventional methods. We used cultured algae and pond seston on filters, leaf litter, and zooplankton samples for the method comparisons. The method is precise at low mass; we were able to confidently measure C : N : P ratios on individual Daphnia magna. The method showed high recovery for standards and produced C : N : P ratio values similar to those found by other analytical approaches and to values in the literature.
Production and refining of Dacryodes edulis native pear seeds oil

The suitability of native pear Dacryodes edulis seeds as a source of good quality vegetable oil was investigated. Oil was extracted from the dried seeds by simple solvent extraction process with hexane. Extracted oil was degummed using 0.2% H3PO4 or Na2CO3 solutions, and then bleached with activated carbon. Chemical (acid value (AV), saponification number (SN), peroxide value (PV), and iodine value (IV)) and physical (smoke point (SP), flash point (FP), melting point (MP) and freezing point) analyses were carried out on both the crude and refined oils. Results showed that the crude oil had AV of 9.6 mg KOH/g, SN of 72.8. Degumming (with 0.2%Na2CO3 and 0.2%H3PO4) and bleaching gave oils with lower AV (7.45 mgKOH/gfat) and higher acid value (9.4 mgKOH/gfat), respectively. Iodine value (48.78 ml/g) of the 0.2% Na2CO3 degummed oil was higher than that of the seed oil degummed with 0.2% H3PO4 (25.35ml/g). Bleaching of 0.2% Na2CO3 degummed oil resulted in oil with peroxide value of 20 mgEq/Kg which was higher than that of 0.2% H3PO4 degummed and bleached (19.4 mgEq/Kg) oil.
Thiocarbonylthio Compounds [SC(Ph)S−R] in Free Radical Polymerization with Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT Polymerization). Role of the Free-Radical Leaving Group (R)

Radical polymerization with reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization) can be used to synthesize a wide range of polymers of controlled architecture and narrow molecular weight distribution. The polymerizations use addition−fragmentation chain transfer agents (RAFT agents) that possess high transfer coefficients in free radical polymerization and confer living character on the polymerization. This paper explores the effect of the substituents R of dithiobenzoate RAFT agents [SC(Ph)S−R] on the outcome of polymerizations of styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl (BA) or methyl acrylate (MA). In MMA polymerization at 60 °C, effectiveness depends strongly on R decreasing in the order where R is: −C(Alkyl)2CN ∼ −C(Me)2Ar > −C(Me)2C(O)O(alkyl) > −C(Me)2C(O)NH(alkyl) > −C(Me)2CH2C(Me)3 ≥ −C(Me)HPh > −C(Me)3 ∼ −CH2Ph. Of these, only the compounds with R = −C(Me)2Ph and −C(Me)2CN provided polymers with substantially narrowed polydispersities in batch polymerization and gave molec.
Characterization of annealing effects of low temperature chemical vapor deposition oxide films as application of 4H-SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor devices

The characteristics of charge trapping and interface states for low temperature chemical vapor deposition (LTCVD) oxide formed on 4H-SiC as carbon-free gate oxide has been studied. Observation of a large flatband voltage shift indicated the presence of many negative oxide charges in the as-deposited LTCVD oxide. Heat treatment was carried out to improve the quality of the LTCVD oxide in various conditions. Interface state density, flatband voltage, and effective oxide charge were decreased with the heat treatment. The heat treatment also greatly improved charge trapping characteristics against electron injection.
Role of a Polymer Additive in Casting Solution in Preparation of Phase Inversion Polysulfone Membranes

Polymeric membranes were prepared from homogeneous solutions of two different mixtures: polysulfone (PSF)/dimethylformamide (DMF) and PSF/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/DMF. PSF solutions of 15 wt%, after cast on glass plates, were solidified either by direct immersion into distilled water or by 5-hr exposure under an environment of 72.5% relative humidity followed by immersion in a water bath. The prepared membranes are compared to each other on morphological and functional characteristics. In the vapor exposure process, the demixing rate of a cast solution film is enhanced with the addition of a polymer additive, PVP, in a casting solution. However, the enhancement of demixing rate did not result in an increase in water permeability or a significant morphology variation of the prepared membranes. On the contrary, when a cast film is coagulated by direct immersion into a water bath, the PVP in a solution film worked as a significant flux enhancer. It is concluded that at the specific concentration of 15 wt% polymer, PVP addition induces an increase in demixing rate of a casting solution, which results in an increase in permeability of the prepared membranes, only if the coagulation of a cast film is carried out in a nonequilibrium state.
Trading Volume and Exchange Rate Volatility: Evidence for the Sequential Arrival of Information Hypothesis

The relationship between trading volume and volatility in foreign exchange markets continues to be of much interest, especially given the higher than expected volatility of returns. Allowing for nonlinearities, this paper tests competing hypotheses on the possible relationship between volatility and trading volume using data for three major currency futures contracts denominated in US dollars, namely the British pound, the Canadian dollar and the Japanese yen. We find that trading volumes and return volatility are negatively correlated, implying a lack of support for the mixture of distributions hypothesis (MDH). Using linear and nonlinear Granger causality tests, we document significant lead-lag relations between trading volumes and return volatility consistent with the sequential arrival of information (SAI) hypothesis. These findings are robust and not sample-dependent or due to heterogeneity of beliefs as proxied by open interest. Furthermore, our results are insensitive to the modeling approach used to recover volatility measures. Overall, our findings support the contention that short- to medium-term currency relationships may be dominated by trading dynamics and not by fundamentals.
Corona treatment of isotactic polypropylene in nitrogen and carbondioxide

Corona discharge treatment of isotactic polypropylene surfaces in N2 and CO2 was investigated by contact angle measurements and ESCA. The electrical characteristics of the discharges as well as the influence of indirect parameters (moment of air contact and ageing time) and direct parameters (applied charge, electrical field strength and film temperature) on the surface modification were determined. These investigations showed that electrons, emitted by photo effect are the dominant charge carriers and the main cause of surface activation. The active species in the surfaces (presumably radicals) can either perform crosslinking and H-abstraction or react with the discharge gas. In the N2-discharge the polymer radicals can only react with atomic or excited nitrogen whereas in CO2 they also react with ground state molecules. If the samples are brought into air contact after discharge leftover radicals are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. In addition a UV-radiation causing activation in a surface layer was found. The bulk of the polymer is not influenced by corona discharge. Die Behandlung von isotaktischem Polypropylen mit Corona-Entladung in N2 und CO2 wurde mit Hilfe von Kontaktwinkel-Messungen und ESCA untersucht. Die elektrischen Charakteristika der Entladung sowie der Einflus indirekter Parameter (Zeitpunkt des Luftzutritts und Alterung) und direkter Parameter (applizierte Ladung, elektrische Feldstarke und Folientemperatur) auf die Oberflachenmodifizierung wurden bestimmt. Diese Untersuchungen zeigten, das durch Photoeffekt abgeloste Elektronen die Hauptladungstrager und wesentliche Ursache der Oberflachenaktivierung sind. Die aktiven Spezies in der Oberflache (vermutlich Radikale) fahren entweder zu Vernetzung und H-Abstraktion oder reagieren mit dem Entladungsgas. In der N2-Entladung konnen die Polymerradikale nur mit atomarem oder angeregtem Stickstoff reagieren, wahrend sie in CO2 auch mit Molekeln im Grundzustand reagieren. Werden die Proben nach der Entladung mit Luft in Beruhrung gebracht, werden ubriggebliebene Radikale durch Luftsauerstoff oxidiert. Zusatzlich wurde gefunden, das eine UV-Strahlung in einer oberflachennahen Schicht aktiviert. Die Masse des Polymeren wird nicht durch die Corona-Entladung beeinflust.