Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring Mastery Behaviours at Scale: The Persistence, Effort, Resilience, and Challenge-Seeking (PERC) Task

Mastery behaviours — seeking out challenging tasks and continuing to work on them despite difficulties — are integral to achievement but difficult to measure with precision. The current study reports on the development and validation of the computer-based persistence, effort, resilience, and challenge-seeking (PERC) task in two demographically diverse samples of adolescents (total N = 3,188). We present evidence for convergent validity with self-reported mastery behaviours and learning mindsets, discriminant validity from theoretically unrelated constructs, and incremental predictive validity for grade point average (GPA). Results suggest that the PERC task may be a useful tool for assessing mastery behaviours at scale.
Water Nano-Diﬀusion through the Naﬁon Fuel Cell Membrane.

Naﬁon, an amphiphilic polymer based on ﬂuorocarbon backbones and acid groups, is probably the most widely used fuel cell membranes. According to its hydration level it self-organizes leading to nano-cavities through which water diﬀuse. The diﬀusion of water that controls the protonic transport is then central in the conversion of chemical energy to the electrical one. Recently, a sub-diﬀusive and heterogeneous dynamics of water were experimentally evidenced paving the way for more eﬃcient fuel cell membranes. Fundamentally, this dynamics which occurs at the nanoscale needs to be microscopically under-stood. Molecular dynamics simulations are thus performed to locally examine the water dynamics and its relation with the water and Naﬁon structure. The sub-diﬀusive regime is numerically corroborated and two sub-diﬀusive to dif-∗ fusive transitions are found. The ﬁrst is time dependent whereas the second is rather water uptake dependent. The sub-diﬀusive regime is ascribed to the water molecules strongly anchored close to the acid groups. We show that the sub-diﬀusive to diﬀusive time transition is the result of the elapsed time before to escape from the attractive interactions of the acid groups. The diﬀusive regime is recovered far from the acid groups in a homogeneous water phase that is the result of the percolation of the hydrogen bonding network. The progressive transition between sub-diﬀusive to diﬀusive regime as a function of the hydration level is due to the respective weight of diﬀusive dynamics that increases with respect to the sub-diﬀusive regime given the increase in diﬀusive pathways as the expense of the localized dynamics. Close to the ﬂuorocarbon backbones the dynamics of water is also sub-diﬀusive but faster whereas time dynamical transition is not observed. Furthermore we highlight the existence of water corridors based on the hydrogen bonds between molecules forming single ﬁle structure in line with a sub-diﬀusive dynamics. These water corridors are thus possible conducting pathways of protons in a Grotthuss mechanism. Structurally we depict an interdigitated structure where the sulfonate are interleaved. Eventually, at high water uptake, we exhibit the self-organizing of Naﬁon leading to a phase separation between water and the Naﬁon membrane. We establish a speciﬁc interfacial organization of the hydrophilic sulfonate groups involving a water/Naﬁon interface.
Potential improvements of landslide prediction by hydro- meteorological thresholds: an investigation based on reanalysis soil moisture data and principal component analysis

In recent times, several efforts have been addressed to understand the extent to which soil moisture estimations may improve the performance of landslide early warning systems (LEWSs). These systems have been traditionally based on rainfall intensity-duration thresholds. Still a limited number of studies explore the possible enhancement of the performance of LEWSs through the identification of hydro-meteorological thresholds. In this study, we propose a methodology for developing regional hydro-meteorological landslide triggering thresholds coupling mean rainfall intensity 15 and soil moisture information. To test the potential improvements in prediction we use ERA5-Land reanalysis soil moisture data, available at four depth levels and hourly resolution. Two different instances are investigated, namely the identification of triggering thresholds using rainfall intensity and the soil moisture at each of four depth levels, and the identification of triggering thresholds using rainfall intensity and a combination of soil moisture at the four depths as obtained by principal component analysis (PCA). We propose thresholds in the form of a piece-wise linear equation. The 20 equation’s parameters are optimized in order to maximize the ROC True Skill Statistic (TSS) prediction performance metric. The proposed hydro-meteorological thresholds are tested on the case of Sicily Island (south Italy) and the performance is compared with those obtained through the traditional rainfall intensity-duration (ID) power-law thresholds. Overall, the results show that the soil moisture information adds a considerable value to the improved thresholds’ performance since the ROC True Skill Statistic increases from 0.50 to 0.71. A similar performance is obtained when the 25 first principal component derived from the PCA is used, proving PCA to be a valuable support tool for the identification of the proposed hydro-meteorological thresholds, as it allows to take into account the multi-layer information while keeping the thresholds two-dimensional. 30 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-175 Preprint. Discussion started: 4 July 2022 c © Author(s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.
An Unconditionally Stable One-Step Scheme for Gradient Systems

A semi-implicit time discretization of gradient ows is given and analyzed. It is shown that the scheme is unconditionally gradient stable and that the discrete equations are uniquely solvable for all time steps. The key feature of the method is a separation of the contractive and expansive terms of the equation across the time step. The Cahn-Hilliard equation is used as an example.
Current status of ENDF/B-VI

Version VI of the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B-VI) was released in 1990. For ENDF/B-VI major emphasis was placed on standards, isotopic evaluations, energy balance, improved resonance region representations, and improvement of neutronics files for important actinides. Data testing proceeds at a pace much slower than previous versions but more results are now being accumulated. Two versions have been released to data and a third is planned after the next meeting of the Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG), currently planned for October 1994.
Outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalised immunocompromised patients: An analysis of the WHO ISARIC CCP-UK prospective cohort study

Background Immunocompromised patients may be at higher risk of mortality if hospitalised with COVID-19 compared with immunocompetent patients. However, previous studies have been contradictory. We aimed to determine whether immunocompromised patients were at greater risk of in-hospital death, and how this risk changed over the pandemic. Methods We included patients >=19yrs with symptomatic community-acquired COVID-19 recruited to the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK. We defined immunocompromise as: immunosuppressant medication preadmission, cancer treatment, organ transplant, HIV, or congenital immunodeficiency. We used logistic regression to compare the risk of death in both groups, adjusting for age, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, vaccination and co-morbidities. We used Bayesian logistic regression to explore mortality over time. Findings Between 17/01/2020 and 28/02/2022 we recruited 156,552 eligible patients, of whom 21,954 (14%) were immunocompromised. 29% (n=6,499) of immunocompromised and 21% (n=28,608) of immunocompetent patients died in hospital. The odds of inhospital mortality were elevated for immunocompromised patients (adjOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.39-1.50, p<0.001). As the pandemic progressed, in-hospital mortality reduced more slowly for immunocompromised patients than for immunocompetent patients. This was particularly evident with increasing age: the probability of the reduction in hospital mortality being less for immunocompromised patients aged 50-69yrs was 88% for men and 83% for women, and for those >80yrs was 99% for men, and 98% for women. Conclusions Immunocompromised patients remain at elevated risk of death from COVID-19. Targeted measures such as additional vaccine doses and monoclonal antibodies should be considered for this group.
Phylodynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions in France, Europe and the world during 2020

Background: Although France was one of the most affected European countries by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions within France, Europe and worldwide remain only partially characterized during the first year of the pandemic. Methods: Here, we analyzed GISAID deposited sequences from January to December 2020 (n = 638,706 sequences). To tackle the huge number of sequences without the bias of analyzing a single sequence subset, we produced 100 independent and randomly selected sequence datasets and related phylogenetic trees for different geographic scales (worldwide, European countries and French administrative regions) and time periods (first and second half of 2020). We applied a maximum likelihood discrete trait phylogeographic method to date transmission events and to estimate the geographic spread of SARS-CoV-2 to, from and within France, Europe and worldwide. Results: The results unraveled two different patterns of inter- and intra-territory transmission events between the first and second half of 2020. Throughout the year, Europe was systematically associated with most of the intercontinental transmissions, for which France has played a pivotal role. SARS-CoV-2 transmissions with France were concentrated with North America and Europe (mainly Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium and Germany) during the first wave, and were limited to neighboring countries without strong intercontinental transmission during the second one. Regarding French administrative regions, the Paris area was the main source of transmissions during the first wave. But, for the second epidemic wave, it equally contributed to virus spread with Lyon and Marseille area, the two other most densely populated cities in France. Conclusion: By enabling the inclusion of tens of thousands of viral sequences, this original phylogenetic strategy enabled us to robustly depict SARS-CoV-2 transmissions through France, Europe and worldwide in 2020.
Numerical Modeling Investigation of Flushing Characteristics and Water Age in a Highly Stratified estuary: Mobile Bay, Alabama, U.S.A.

The knowledge of timescales of flushing processes within an estuary is essential for the health, and productivity of the estuary, as well as for optimum estuarine management. The hydrodynamics, flushing times, and freshwater age within Mobile Bay were investigated using a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model, Adaptive Hydraulics. Bay flushing and freshwater times were analysed for various freshwater flow conditions, wind conditions and the influence of the Coriolis force. 10 The flushing times were directly related to the magnitude of freshwater inputs to the system, with the bay exhibiting an average flushing time of 16.5 days for average river inflows. Freshwater age in the bay was closely associated with the freshwater inflows as well as with location in the Bay and varied from 2 days in the Upper Bay to 21 days in the Lower Bay for average river inflows. Northerly, Easterly, and Westerly winds play an enabling role in the flushing process, with shorter depth-averaged flushing times compared to those without winds, with Northerly and Easterly winds being the most efficient. 15 Southerly winds increase flushing times by changing the circulation patterns in the Bay. the areas surrounding the navigation channel and < 1 day in the shallows) in all regions of the bay. During high flows, the vertical stratification is relegated to the navigation channel, with other areas of the bay being well mixed. High flow simulations show pockets of greater-aged freshwater in Weeks Bay, these are likely a result of several eddies that form in this region because the simulations do not provide any sources of mixing, such as additional freshwater input. However, this behaviour does provide an indication of Weeks Bay response in case freshwater sources to it are diverted, 450 cut-off, or reduced.
ON THE RIEMANNIAN PENROSE INEQUALITY WITH CHARGE AND THE COSMIC CENSORSHIP CONJECTURE (Geometry of Moduli Space of Low Dimensional Manifolds)

We note an area-charge inequality originally due to Gibbons: if the outermost horizon S in an asymptotically flat electrovacuum initial data set is connected then |q| � r, where q is the total charge and r = p A/4� is the area radius of S. A consequence of this inequality, in conjunction with the positive mass theorem with charge, is that for connected black holes the following lower bound on the area holds: rm p m2 q2. When combined with the upper bound rm + p m2 q2 which is expected to hold always, this implies the natural generalization of the Riemannian Penrose inequality: m � 1/2(r + q 2 /r). We also establish the same lower bound without the assumption of time symmetry.
Transmission analysis of long-period fiber grating with trapezoid index modulation

The long-period fiber grating (LPG) with trapezoid index modulation is presented as a novel grating. The influence of the difference between the top width and the bottom width (simplified to d in the following text) of the trapezoid index modulation on the transmission characteristics is analyzed. Calculated results show that the resonance location displaces to the long wavelength when the d increases. Compared with the long-period fiber grating with rectangle index modulation, the advantage of this novel grating is that it needs a smaller refractive index change. When d is zero, this model can be used to simulate the LPG with a rectangular index modulation, and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Characteristics of Fast Electric Field Generated by Negative Lightning in Northern Peninsular Malaysia.

The development and advancement of lightning locating system (LLS) reaches until 2021 and the characteristics of lightning can be studied by observing the electric field produced by lightning. There are several studies proven that preliminary breakdown pulses (PBPs) are always preceded the return stroke, the duration of the PBPs and the time for the PBPs preceded the return stroke tend to be different depends on the types of lightning, regions, and location. This paper observed and recorded the fast electric field changes of negative cloud to ground lightning (CG). Total of ten sample data was captured on 13 May 2021 and selected to be analyzed in detail. Information such as rise time to peak, duration of preliminary breakdown pulses has been recorded. The captured result is compared with the results from other papers. The results show that the PBPs duration are very similar when compared with local results which shows an average of 2.347 ms. While the average time for PBPs to precede the first return stroke is around 9.44 ms and the rise time from 10% to 90% peak of first return stroke shows an average time of 4.86 μs
Optical Efficiency Improvement of Chip-on-Board Design LEDs with TiO2/Silicone Packaging Coating

Since TiO2 nanoparticles and silicon composites include a strong scatter influence, they are well-known for improving scattered lighting in LED packets. To improve the optic quality of LEDs packaged with chip-on-board (COB), a thin layer made of high-concentration TiO2 and silicon glue is added to the primary packing layer. COB LEDs’ light extraction efficiency (LEE) rises up to 65% when the key encapsulation includes just silicone, according to the findings of experiments. As a coating of TiO2 and silicone is added, however, the increase in LEE is dependent on the TiO2 concentration. The LEE can be increased from 6% to 24% as the concentration of nanoparticles drops to 0.035 g/cm3. Furthermore, at a mean correlated color temperature (CCT) of around 8500 K, the TiO2/silicone compounds layer will assist in lowering the angular correlated color temperature (CCT) variance between 900 and 470 K within the -90° to 90° observing angle range.
Half-cell and noise voltages at a metal-electrode and dilute solution interface

The detection of bioelectric signals is usually based on an electrode-skin contact that is often mediated by a layer of conductive gel. This interface produces a DC voltage (half-cell potential) and a random noise voltage whose relationship is not well known. The first may cause amplifier saturation and the second posits a limit to the detection of small signals. This work investigates the mechanisms of generation of these two voltages in the simpler case of a metal-electrolyte junction and finds a theoretical expression for both, under a few simplifying hypotheses. An expression is found that relates the two voltages to the ionic concentration and to the parameters defining the dynamics of the adsorption–desorption phenomena taking place at the interface. A relationship is found between the two voltages that is in qualitative agreement with experimental findings reported in the literature. This theoretical background provides a basis for further investigation of the metal-gel and of the gel-skin interfaces not addressed in this work.
Monte Carlo Tree Search in the Presence of Model Uncertainty

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a extremely successful search-based framework for decision making. With an accurate simulator of the environment’s dynamics, it can achieve great performance in many games and non-games applications. However, without a perfect simulator, the performance degradation is so high that it can make the framework almost useless. Therefore, we propose two methods to improve the performance of MCTS in such a scenario: Deep Q-Network MCTS (DQMCTS) and Uncertainty Adapted MCTS (UAMCTS). In the former, we use the model-free algorithm DQN to evaluate the leaf nodes in the search tree. Although this approach shows promising improvement over baseline MCTS, our results show that there is still more room for improvement. In UAMCTS, we take a more fundamental approach and change the behavior of MCTS’s components to directly take the model incorrectness into account. Our results show that with an accurate measure of model incorrectness, UAMCTS can achieve the performance of MCTS with a perfect simulator in some cases. Even with a poor measure of model error, UAMCTS can still outperform plain MCTS with an imperfect simulator.
EFFECTS OF AN EDUCATION-ORIENTED INTERVENTION PROGRAM ON HIGH-RISK BEHAVIOR AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS AND THEIR SEX PARTNERS

Applying Hsiao's version of the Granger causality method, this paper reexamines the causality between nominal expenditures and revenues in the United States for the 1946-96 period in a multivariate framework. Both the Engle-Granger two-step and Johansen canonical cointegration tests are performed. This study finds that taxes, spending, and GDP are cointegrated. While this study detects no evidence of causality between revenues and expenditures, it is found that income causes both revenues and expenditures in the Granger sense in the United States.
Failing to Learn from Others∗

We provide evidence of a powerful barrier to social learning: people are much less sensitive to information others discover compared to equally-relevant information they discover themselves. In a series of incentivized lab experiments, we ask participants to guess the color composition of balls in an urn after drawing balls with replacement. Participants’ guesses are substantially less sensitive to draws made by another player compared to draws made themselves. This result holds when others’ signals must be learned through discussion, when they are perfectly communicated by the experimenter, and even when participants see their teammate drawing balls from the urn with their own eyes. We find a crucial role for taking some action to generate one’s ‘own’ information, and rule out distrust, confusion, errors in probabilistic thinking, up-front inattention and imperfect recall as channels.
Unsupervised Face Morphing Attack Detection via Self-paced Anomaly Detection

The supervised-learning-based morphing attack detection (MAD) solutions achieve outstanding success in dealing with attacks from known morphing techniques and known data sources. However, given variations in the morphing attacks, the performance of supervised MAD solutions drops significantly due to the insufficient diversity and quantity of the existing MAD datasets. To address this concern, we propose a completely unsupervised MAD solution via self-paced anomaly detection (SPL-MAD) by leveraging the existing large-scale face recognition (FR) datasets and the unsupervised nature of convolutional autoencoders. Using general FR datasets that might contain unintentionally and unlabeled manipulated samples to train an autoencoder can lead to a diverse reconstruction behavior of attack and bona fide samples. We analyze this behavior empirically to provide a solid theoretical ground for designing our unsupervised MAD solution. This also results in proposing to integrate our adapted modified self-paced learning paradigm to enhance the reconstruction error separability between the bona fide and attack samples in a completely unsupervised manner. Our experimental results on a diverse set of MAD evaluation datasets show that the proposed unsupervised SPL-MAD solution outperforms the overall performance of a wide range of supervised MAD solutions and provides higher generalizability on unknown attacks. Training codes and pre-trained models are publicly released11https://github.com/meilfang/SPL-MAD.
The emergence of division of labour through decentralized social sanctioning

Human ecological success relies on our characteristic ability to flexibly self-organize into cooperative social groups, the most successful of which employ substantial specialization and division of labour. Unlike most other animals, humans learn by trial and error during their lives what role to take on. However, when some critical roles are more attractive than others, and individuals are self-interested, then there is a social dilemma: each individual would prefer others take on the critical but unremunerative roles so they may remain free to take one that pays better. But disaster occurs if all act thus and a critical role goes unfilled. In such situations learning an optimum role distribution may not be possible. Consequently, a fundamental question is: how can division of labour emerge in groups of self-interested lifetime-learning individuals? Here, we show that by introducing a model of social norms, which we regard as emergent patterns of decentralized social sanctioning, it becomes possible for groups of self-interested individuals to learn a productive division of labour involving all critical roles. Such social norms work by redistributing rewards within the population to disincentivize antisocial roles while incentivizing prosocial roles that do not intrinsically pay as well as others.