Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visualization of Ethereum P2P network topology and peer properties

Ethereum is arguably the second most popular cryptocurrency‐based network after Bitcoin. Both use the distributed ledger technology known as the blockchain, which is considered secure. However, the provided security level is proportional to the number of connected nodes, the number of influential nodes, and the supported amount of hash power. Thus, the knowledge of the network properties and nodes' behavior is helpful to protect the network from possible attacks such as double‐spending attacks, DDoS attacks, 51% attacks, and Sybil attacks. This paper proposes a node discovery mechanism, which performs a P2P link discovery on the Ethereum main network. For that, we develop Search‐node, a modified version of Ethereum client that searches for all participating nodes in the blockchain network, stores the node information in the Bucket, and then processes the peer discovery method. Based on the collected data, we first visualize the Ethereum network topology and analyze the attributes of the network such as node degree, path length, diameter, and clustering coefficient. We then analyze the node properties and provide analytical results regarding the relationship between nodes, heavily connected nodes, node geo‐distribution, security issues, and possible attacks over the influential nodes. As a result, we have identified 68,406 nodes with a total of 642,034 edges. By analyzing the collected data, we have found that the diameter in the Ethereum network is equal to 8. The node degree is over 19, which is two times higher than the default configuration.
Tourists’ motivation toward culinary destination choice: targeting Italian tourists

ABSTRACT Over the last years, social and environmental issues have played an increasingly important role both for tourists’ destination choice and for the consumption of agri-food products. However, in the literature on culinary tourists’ behavior, it is not clear whether sustainability issues also affect the configuration of specific culinary tourists’ targets. This study tries to bridge this gap by carrying out a segmentation of culinary tourists in Italy, a country known worldwide for its culinary specialties. In particular, this study aims to understand whether the growing tourists’ sensitivity toward environmental and social aspects shapes specific targets of culinary tourists. The results show that in culinary tourism, sustainability plays a key role in culinary destination choice. These findings may have a twofold purpose. On the one hand, the results enrich the literature on culinary tourism by revealing that motivations linked to food sustainability could shape a specific target of culinary tourists. On the other hand, the findings provide insight and hints to entrepreneurs and managers of the hospitality and tourism sector interested in improving their performance to fully satisfy culinary tourist expectations in terms of environmental and social concerns.
Educating young people to graduate school with the ability to protect their sexual and reproductive health: a mixed-methods study

ABSTRACT Many young people in Australia leave secondary school with little understanding of sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This study aims to describe Australian teachers’ experiences when providing SRH education, map their use of resources, and explore barriers and strategies to increase students’ skills and confidence to protect their SRH. Quantitative data were gathered via an online questionnaire (n = 189) before qualitative data were elicited via semi-structured interviews (n = 16). Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted on non-parametric data, with Mann-Whitney U tests being used to explore differences between groups. Deductive thematic analysis identified three themes and five sub-themes. Participants valued SRH education and were confident to provide it. They reported having access to a range of resources but not the time or awareness to use these resources to greatest advantage. Participants believed that barriers to providing SRH education, such as non-specialist teachers and students not choosing Health as a subject in the later years of schooling can be overcome with teacher education and training. Findings paint a somewhat positive picture of SRH education in Australia including life-changing learning experiences for students, a range of useful resources available to teachers, and the potential of SRH education when staff and school leadership recognise it as a priority.
The Changes in Lower Secondary School Students’ Interest During Collaborative Learning

ABSTRACT This study explored the situational interest and emotional valence of 13-year-old students (N = 94) participating in a five-session science course. The relationship between students’ situational interest and emotional valence and their individual interest was also studied. During each session, students participated in a collaborative learning task. Before and after each task, students’ situational interest and emotional valence were measured through a single-item self-report questionnaire. Individual interest was measured by the Task Interest Inventory scale at the beginning of the course. Students showed increasing levels of emotional valence after each collaborative learning task; however, they only reported significantly higher situational interest after the first task. Furthermore, the relationship between students’ emotional valence and their individual interest frequently decreased after collaborative learning tasks. The findings suggest that collaborative learning could be a potential factor in changing situational interest. Areas for further research are provided.
Hand trauma in English domestic professional county cricket

Background Hand trauma is a frequent and disabling injury in cricket. However, there is limited published data on its impact on the sport at the elite level. Objectives This study investigated the incidence and mechanism of hand injuries in professional cricket over a decade and the impact of these injuries upon player availability. Methods A retrospective hand injury review at Northampton County Cricket Club (NCCC) over 10 years (2009–2018) was performed. All hand injuries had been contemporaneously documented. They were analysed for cause of injury, treatment, and time away from competitive play. Results There were 45 hand injuries in total. Eleven percent needed surgical intervention. These hand injuries required a total recovery time of 1561 days, and in-season 1416 days were lost from competitive play. The injuries requiring surgery were unavailable for 229 total days during the season. A player had an annual 18% risk of sustaining a hand injury requiring time away from the sport and resulting in a 4% reduction in playing resources during a season. Conclusion Hand injuries have major implications for player selection during the cricket season and place a potential burden upon the entire squad and the team’s success.
Shrub influence on soil carbon and nitrogen in a semi-arid grassland is mediated by precipitation and largely insensitive to livestock grazing

Abstract Dryland (arid and semi-arid) ecosystems globally provide more than half of livestock production and store roughly one-third of soil organic carbon (SOC). Biogeochemical pools are changing due to shrub encroachment, livestock grazing, and climate change. We assessed how vegetation microsite, grazing, and precipitation interacted to affect SOC and total nitrogen (TN) at a site with long-term grazing manipulations and well-described patterns of shrub encroachment across elevation and mean annual precipitation (MAP) gradients. We analyzed SOC and TN in the context of vegetation cover at ungrazed locations within livestock exclosures, high-intensity grazing locations near water sources, and moderate-intensity grazing locations away from water. SOC was enhanced by MAP (p < 0.0001), but grazing intensity had little effect regardless of MAP (p = 0.12). Shrubs enhanced SOC (300–1279 g C m−2) and TN (27–122 g N m−2), except at high MAP where the contribution or stabilization of shrub inputs relative to grassland inputs was likely diminished. Cover of perennial herbaceous plants and litter were significant predictors of SOC (r 2 = 0.63 and 0.34, respectively) and TN (r 2 = 0.64 and 0.30, respectively). Our results suggest that continued shrub encroachment in drylands can increase SOC storage when grass production remains high, although this response may saturate with higher MAP. In contrast, grazing – at least at the intensities of our sites – has a lesser effect. These effects underscore the need to understand how future climate and grazing may interact to influence dryland biogeochemical cycling.
From the Concept of Being “the Boss” to the Idea of Being “a Team”: The Adaptive Co-Pilot as the Enabler for a New Cooperative Framework

The “classical” SAE LoA for automated driving can present several drawbacks, and the SAE-L2 and SAE-L3, in particular, can lead to the so-called “irony of automation”, where the driver is substituted by the artificial system, but is still regarded as a “supervisor” or as a “fallback mechanism”. To overcome this problem, while taking advantage of the latest technology, we regard both human and machine as members of a unique team that share the driving task. Depending on the available resources (in terms of driver’s status, system state, and environment conditions) and considering that they are very dynamic, an adaptive assignment of authority for each member of the team is needed. This is achieved by designing a technology enabler, constituted by the intelligent and adaptive co-pilot. It comprises (1) a lateral shared controller based on NMPC, which applies the authority, (2) an arbitration module based on FIS, which calculates the authority, and (3) a visual HMI, as an enabler of trust in automation decisions and actions. The benefits of such a system are shown in this paper through a comparison of the shared control driving mode, with manual driving (as a baseline) and lane-keeping and lane-centering (as two commercial ADAS). Tests are performed in a use case where support for a distracted driver is given. Quantitative and qualitative results confirm the hypothesis that shared control offers the best balance between performance, safety, and comfort during the driving task.
A Comparison Assessment of Measuring Evapotranspiration in Egypt تقييم مقارن لقياس البخرنتح في مصر

Scarce water resources management makes accurate measurements of different parameters of water requirements very critical. Therefore, the values for crop evapotranspiration and crop water requirement are identical. Crop water requirements refer to the amount of water that is needed to be supplied efficiently. Therefore, there are many models and tools which were used in this study are used in this study as a practical tool to calculate actual evapotranspiration such as the CROPWAT model. Moreover, Eddy Covariance and ET-Watch model are methods used to estimate evapotranspiration. The main goal of the study was to assess daily and decadal actual evapotranspiration using Eddy covariance and ET-Watch model under arid land conditions then compare results with CROPWAT model result. Egypt was used as an example. Results showed that Eddy covariance ETa values for both crops were lower than ETa values from CROPWAT, while ET-Watch values were somewhat close to CROPWAT values. For cotton, the intercept of the linear relationship for daily ETa were 1.737 and 2.15, respectively between Eddy covariance and CROPWAT. For decadal ETa were 1.91, 2.039 ETWatch and CROPWAT. While for wheat crop, the intercept of the linear relationship for daily ETa were 1.09 and 0.663, respectively between Eddy covariance and CROPWAT, ETWatch and CROPWAT. For decadal ETa were 1.101 and 0.69. Its highly recommended to use ETWatch when predicting daily ETa, while for decadal ETa both Eddy covariance and ETWatch could be used with no big differences.
Child Development and Nutritional Status of Children Under Five: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Fishermen Community in Terengganu, Malaysia

This study aims to determine child development, nutritional status and the association between child development and nutritional status. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 fishermen’s children under five years old in selected districts in Terengganu. All respondents were assisted by their mothers during the assessment. Child development was evaluated through the Denver II Development Screening Test. Nutritional status was determined via the anthropometry assessment (BMI-for-age and height-for-age). Preponderantly, the prevalence of suspected development delay of children under-five in Terengganu was 31.7%. The prevalence of suspected delay for language, fine motor-adaptive, and personal-social skills were 15.0%, 1.7%, and 16.7%, respectively. BMI-for-age z-score and height for age z-score of these children were -1.62±1.23 and -0.27±1.41, respectively, indicating a normal range; nonetheless, there were still children that were wasted (23.3%), severely wasted (13.3%), stunted (5.0%), severely stunted (1.7%), and at risk of being overweight (1.7%). However, the chi square test showed there was no association found between child development and nutritional status, BMI-for-age and height-for-age (p>0.001), among fishermen’s children under-five in this study. The nutritional status had no effect on the development of these fishermen's children, but may have been influenced by other factors such as stimulating surroundings, parenting abilities, and culture.
Productivity Growth of Urban Transit Agencies in the U.S.

ABSTRACT This article assesses the productivity of US urban public transit using data of 45 largest bus agencies and 32 rail agencies from years 2007 through 2017. The study shows that both bus and rail transit agencies have experienced declining cumulative productivity growth during the study period. The Malmquist productivity index was decomposed into technical efficiency change and technological change components and the findings indicate that, for bus transit agencies, outsourcing or purchased transportation is associated with negative efficiency change. Although purchased transportation has a positive effect on technological change for bus transit, the effect is not significant. The results suggest that transit agencies that seek to partner with shared-mobility service providers or to integrate shared-mobility with transit service must address challenges that hinder transit efficiency, and that transit technology has yet to keep up with technological progress in urban mobility.
You Don’t Fool Me: On Scams, Scambaiting, Deception, and Epistemological Ambiguity at R/scambait on Reddit

With a focus on the online phenomena of scamming and scambaiting, this article explores users’ communicative activities on Reddit’s r/scambait subreddit. Drawing on a representative corpus viewed through grounded theory, we establish the basic categories of posts and then unpack those further to reveal the deceptive practices being undertaken by both scammers and scambaiters, as well as Redditors’ untruthfulness in their fabricated posts. The analysis reveals that the r/scambait subreddit exists as a site of humorous entertainment arising from various forms of deception. Scammers’ deceptive strategies are depicted as amusingly naïve and inefficient, while scambaiters’ deceptive messages targeted at scammers demonstrate great creativity and wittiness. In both cases, scammer-victims are disparaged for being immensely gullible or downright stupid; and Redditors earn online plaudits for submitting the most upvoted posts. Our significant finding is that posts such as those at r/scambait should never be taken at face value due to their inherent epistemological ambiguity, to which the users choose to remain oblivious or indifferent. Furthermore, on a general plane, this study indicates a potential shift in the emic understanding of the concept of “scambaiting” from a punitive measure and an educational instrument to a creative practice geared toward posters’ kudos and users’ joint humorous experience through “baitertainment” and “scamusement. ”
An isotropic elasto-damage-plastic micromechanical framework of innovative pothole patching materials featuring high-toughness, low-viscosity nanomolecular resin

In a recent companion paper, a three-dimensional isotropic elastic micromechanical framework was developed to predict the mechanical behaviors of the innovative asphalt patching materials reinforced with a high-toughness, low-viscosity nanomolecular resin, dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), under the splitting tension test (ASTM D6931). By taking advantage of the previously proposed isotropic elastic-damage framework and considering the plastic behaviors of asphalt mastic, a class of elasto-damage-plastic model, based on a continuum thermodynamic framework, is proposed within an initial elastic strain energy-based formulation to predict the behaviors of the innovative materials more accurately. Specifically, the governing damage evolution is characterized through the effective stress concept in conjunction with the hypothesis of strain equivalence; the plastic flow is introduced by means of an additive split of the stress tensor. Corresponding computational algorithms are implemented into three-dimensional finite elements numerical simulations, and the outcomes are systemically compared with suitably designed experimental results.
Retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet During the Last Interglaciation and Implications for Future Change

The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) response to past warming consistent with the 1.5–2°C “safe limit” of the United Nations Paris Agreement is currently not well known. Empirical evidence from the most recent comparable period, the Last Interglaciation, is sparse, and transient ice‐sheet experiments are few and inconsistent. Here, we present new, transient, GCM‐forced ice‐sheet simulations validated against proxy reconstructions. This is the first time such an evaluation has been attempted. Our empirically constrained simulations indicate that the AIS contributed 4 m to global mean sea level by 126 ka BP, with ice lost primarily from the Amundsen, but not Ross or Weddell Sea, sectors. We resolve the conflict between previous work and show that the AIS thinned in the Wilkes Subglacial Basin but did not retreat. We also find that the West AIS may be predisposed to future collapse even in the absence of further environmental change, consistent with previous studies.
Ecological Influences on the Formation of the Hiring Network in the Communication Job Market, 2015 to 2019

This study investigates ecological factors that drive hiring decisions in the academic marketplace. Faculty hires between institutions are conceptualized as interorganizational network ties. Drawing on theoretical insights from network inertia and niche processes in organizational ecology, the current study builds an ecological framework to explain the formation mechanisms of the faculty hiring network among 81 U.S. institutions granting PhDs in communication. Consistent with the predictions of the ecological model of hiring decisions, the empirical results of exponential random graph models (ERGMs) revealed that past behavior (or the presence of previous ties), niche width (or the number of research specializations), and niche overlap (or the degree of shared research specializations) significantly constrained the likelihood of tie creation during the 2015 to 2019 period. These effects held true even when traditional explanations such as network self-organization and status-based hiring patterns were taken into account. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Splash detachment of sand particles under varying contact stress field of wind‐driven raindrop impact

The effects of wind‐driven rain (WDR) on sand detachment were studied under various raindrop obliquities. Results suggested a significant reduction in compressive stress on sand surfaces for a two‐dimensional experimental set‐up in a wind tunnel. During experiments, sand particles in splash cups were exposed to both wind‐free rain (WFR) and WDR driven by horizontal winds of 6.4, 8.9 and 12.8 m s−1 and rainfall intensities of 50, 60, 75 and 90‐mm h−1 to assess the sand detachment rate (D, in g m−2 s−1). The effects of sand moisture state (dry and wet) on the detachment of different‐sized particles (0.20–0.50 and 0.50–2.00 mm, respectively) were also tested. Factorial analysis of variance showed that shear and compressive stress components evaluated by horizontal and vertical kinetic energy flux terms (KEx and KEy, respectively, in J m−2 s−1) along with their vector sum (KEr, in J m−2 s−1) explained the variation in D. Neither sand size nor sand moisture was statistically significant alone although binary interactions of KEr, KEx and KEy with the sand size and three‐way interaction of KEx, sand size and moisture were statistically significant. These results can be explained by size‐dependent variation in sand compressibility and surface friction related to the total stress field developed by a given partition of shear and compressive stresses of wind‐driven oblique raindrops (KEx/KEy). Further analysis of the variation of the unit sand detachment rate (Du = D/KEr = g J−1) with rain inclination (α, in degrees) better revealed the effect of WDR obliquity on Du that further changed with sand size class and moisture state. Finally, the difference in the resulting stress field differentiable by the oblique raindrop trajectories of the experiment over sand surface significantly affected the non‐cohesive particle detachment rates, to some extent interacted with size‐dependent compressibility and interface shear strength of sand grains.
Appraisal of Dietary Prebiotic Supplementation on Meat Properties and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens After Experimental Infection with Eimeria Species

BACKGROUND: Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that improve the immune system. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess the changes caused by the addition of prebiotics to the feed on carcass characteristics and also chemical composition, physical characteristics, color, texture, and fatty acid profile of chicken pectoral muscles containing Eimeria species. METHODS: Forty-one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatments, including nega-tive control (NC), positive control (PC), positive medicated with coxidine (COX), and positive medicated with prebiotics (PRE). After 42 days, carcass characteristics of the chickens were recorded, and also physical character-istics, chemical composition, color, texture, and fatty acid analysis of breast meat were determined. RESULTS: Infection with Eimeria species diminished carcass characteristics. PRE had higher final body weight, hot carcass weight, and breast and thigh muscle weights. Drip loss, pH, cooking loss, fat, ash, dry matter, and texture properties of broilers’ breast meat did not show any significant differences among the experimental groups. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics increased the crude protein content of breast meat. Infection with Eimeria species decreased the a-value of breast meat. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics decreased the amount of fatty acids 16:1 and 18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared to NC. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with prebiotics is a promising strategy with the potential to compensate for the negative effects of infection with Eimeria spp. on carcass characteristics, protein content, and color of breast meat of broiler chickens.