Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Outdoor Recreational Activities in France : Comparative Analysis of Territorial Resources

Abstract Outdoor recreational and leisure activities are practiced at a variety of scales throughout much of today’s world. The spatial organization of these practices nevertheless demonstrates very striking geographic disparities. The territory in which outdoor activities take place is far more than a mere framework or an inert support for these activities. It is instead a factor in their coproduction. Thus, the key actors in each territory mobilize the local resources differently. This study is situated within the theoretical framework of the territorial economy, according to which each territory is responsible for finding its own means of development. From this perspective, we analyzed and compared the territorial resources mobilized by the actors in each of France’s 96 continental departments (the department being the territorial unit defined for this research) in their quest to develop an outdoor recreation area. In our typological approach, four variables (further broken down into secondary criteria) were assessed : public sector input, the capacity of the economic structure to support the outdoor recreation sector, the presence of an outdoor culture and appropriate social networks, and natural and environmental resources. Correlations and regularities were observed, which are discussed in terms of the differentiated expansion of these activities in France.
A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE PROPAGATION OF INTERACTING CRACKS

SUMMARY We propose a scheme to compute interaction effects between two randomly oriented cracks under compressive stresses and we discuss the role crack interactions play in the crack coalescence process. Stress intensity factors are computed by using an iterative technique based on the method of successive approximations. Once crack propagation occurs, curved wing cracks grow from the initial crack tips. The stress intensity factors at the wing crack tips are calculated as the sum of two terms: a component for a single wing crack subjected to both the applied stresses and the interaction effect, and a component due to the sliding of the initial crack. We have applied our procedure to various crack geometries. Our results show that interaction effects act on the crack propagation path. For cracks under tension, our approach correctly predicts the curving, hook-shaped paths of interacting cracks that have been observed in various materials. For en echelon compressive cracks, interaction effects depend on the geometry of stepping. For right-stepping cracks, no mode I crack coalescence occurs. A mixedmode propagation criterion may be introduced to check whether coalescing secondary shear fractures initiate. For left-stepping cracks, depending on whether or not there is overlapping, crack coalescence is achieved by tension wing cracks at the inner crack tips. Without overlapping, the growing wing cracks delimit a region where a tensile secondary fracture may develop and lead to coalescence. These results are consistent with previous work and show that our procedure may be now extended to a population of cracks.
Development of composite biscuits incorporated with pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel powder and evaluation of their quality characters

Pineapple peel is packed with essential nutrients, antioxidants and other healthy compounds; however, their popularity and empirical evidence related to health benefits are limited. Therefore, this study is designed to formulate pineapple peel powder incorporated composite biscuits and evaluate their quality characteristics. Initially, pineapple peel powder was prepared and its functional, chemical and nutritional evaluation were analyzed. Then biscuits were formulated by various ratios of pineapple peel powder (0%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 12%) and organoleptic evaluation was conducted. Based on the findings from sensory evaluation studies 7% and 10% pineapple peel powder incorporated biscuits were selected for further studies: physical, chemical and nutritional evaluation, along with control. According to the findings, biscuits formulated with pineapple peel powder had better antioxidant properties and higher crude fiber, ash, sugar, potassium and ascorbic acid contents than control biscuits. Moreover, 10% peel powder incorporated biscuit was selected as the best blend ratio using results obtained by nutritional and sensory analysis. Additionally, storage studies showed that these biscuits can be stored for 60 days without microbial spoilage. The present study recommended pineapple peel powder enriched biscuits may be a better alternative product based on the results.
Equatorial subthermocline currents across the Pacific

Recent sections crossing the equator at nine longitudes from 146°E to 86°W show zonal currents below 400 m similar to those found in a 16-month mean section on 159°W from the Pacific Equatorial Ocean Dynamics (PEQUOD) program in 1982–1983. Most of the new measurements were made with a lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler. Eastward current extrema (North and South Intermediate Countercurrents) are found in all sections about 2° from the equator in the depth range 500–1500 m, with the possible exceptions of 146°E, where topography complicates the picture south of the equator, and 150°E, where the sections extend only from 1°S to 2°N. Poleward of the intermediate countercurrents, westward flow is found near 3° from the equator in most of the sections. On the equator, from 250–500 m depth, a westward Equatorial Intermediate Current is found in many but not all of the sections. Similarly, it is present in the PEQUOD mean but not in all synoptic sections. Below the intermediate currents and countercurrents, an eastward current near 3000 m was found at and south of the equator in the PEQUOD mean and in the new sections from 150°E to 110°W. Near 4000 m there is westward flow south of the equator in the PEQUOD mean and near the equator in the new sections from 179°E to 135°W. Geostrophic currents calculated from an 8-year mean hydrographic section at 165°E also resemble the PEQUOD mean. Although not conclusive, the evidence presented here indicates that these currents are basin-scale components of the general circulation, perhaps involving vigorous horizontal recirculation in a set of basin-wide elongated gyres within a few degrees of the equator.
Immature event-related alpha dynamics in children compared with the young adults during inhibition shown by day-night stroop task

Introduction Inhibitory control develops gradually from infancy to childhood and improves further during adolescence as the brain matures. Related previous studies showed the indispensable role of task-related alpha power during inhibition both in children and young adults. Nonetheless, none of the studies have been able to investigate the direct differences in brain responses between children and young adults when confronted with a stimulus that should be inhibited. Because, unlike event-related designs, task-related designs involve continuous tasks over a certain period, which precludes the possibility of making such a comparison. Accordingly, by employing event-related design, the present study first time in the literature, aimed to analyze the event-related alpha phase locking and event-related alpha synchronization/ desynchronization to differentiate the inhibitory processes in children compared to young adults. Methods Twenty children between the ages of 6 to 7 years and 20 healthy young adult subjects between the ages of 18 to 30 years were included in the study. Day-night Stroop task was applied to all subjects during 18-channel EEG recordings. Event-related time-frequency analysis was performed with the complex Morlet Wavelet Transform for the alpha frequency band (8–13 Hz). Event related spectral perturbation (ERSP) in three different time windows (0–200 ms, 200–400 ms, 400–600 ms) and Event-related phase locking in the early time window (0–400 ms) was calculated. Results The children had increased alpha power in early and late time windows but decreased alpha phase locking in the early time windows compared to young adults. There were also topological differences between groups; while young adults had increased alpha phase-locking in frontal and parietal electrode sites, children had increased occipital alpha power and phase locking. Discussion The shift in event-related alpha power observed from posterior to anterior regions with age may suggest a progressive maturation of the frontal areas involved in inhibitory processes from childhood to adulthood. The results of the present study showed that children and young adults had different EEG oscillatory dynamics during inhibitory processes at alpha frequency range.
Trends in upwelling and downwelling winds along the British Columbia shelf

[1] Fifty-year time series combining observed and estimated winds at six buoys off the British Columbia coast are examined for trends in the timing and cumulative intensity of upwelling and downwelling. As with a similar analysis to the south, the onset of upwelling and the upwelling season duration are generally found to be arriving later in the year and becoming shorter, respectively. However, statistically significant trends toward increased cumulative upwelling and downwelling are found at most buoys and this is related to previous findings of trends in sea level pressure and winter mixed-layer depth in the northeast Pacific. Impacts on past and future local marine ecosystems are briefly discussed.
Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on the Microtensile Bond Strength of Flowable Resin Composite and Glass Ionomer Cement to Carious Primary Dentin (An-In Vitro Study)

Purpose: This in vitro research examined how silver diamine fluoride (SDF) affects flowable resin composite (FRC) and glass ionomer cement (GIC) microtensile bond strength to carious primary dentin. Materials & Methods: Twenty extracted carious primary molars were used in this study, and their sound proximal surfaces were reduced occluso-gingivally using a diamond bur in a high-speed hand piece, and then polished using 600-grit silicon carbide paper. Artificial decay were created by placing the teeth in a demineralizing solution for 96 hours, then rinsing with deionized water for 30 seconds. Each set of teeth was randomly assigned to one of four categories (group size = 5 teeth): The experimental group I (FRCa) included SDF38%+FRC, the control group II (FRCb) included FRC alone, the experimental group III (GICa) included SDF38%+GIC, and the control group IV (GICb) included GIC alone. With an Instron Universal Testing Machine and a stress rate of 1 mm/ min until bond failure, the microtensile bond strength was calculated. The failure load, in newtons, was divided by the bonding area in cross section, also in newtons. Megapascal (MPa) readings were taken. Results: In terms of microtensile bond strength test, there was no statistical significant difference between Group I (FRCa) & Group II (FRCb) and Group III (GICa) & Group IV (GICb), (p>0.05). Conclusion: The microtensile bond strength of FRC and GIC to carious primary teeth wasn’t impacted by SDF, according to this study.
Lateglacial oceanographic conditions off Southwest Iceland inferred from shallow‐marine deposits in Reykjavík and Seltjarnarnes Peninsula

New palaeoenvironmental data from the Lateglacial in Southwest Iceland add to the record of climatic events during deglaciation of the region. Recently exposed sediments on the north coast of Seltjarnarnes Peninsula in the Reykjavik area, Southwest Iceland, contain evidence of marine deposition during the Bølling Interstadial. The glaciomarine sediments contain both slightly reworked marine macrofossils and microfossils indicating normal marine salinity and subarctic climate conditions. Previous sedimentological studies and radiocarbon dating of the sporadic sediments covering the lava bedrock in Reykjavik have revealed lateglacial marine units from the Allerød, the Allerød—Younger Dryas transition, the Younger Dryas and from the Preboreal. Until now, the only Bølling evidence has consisted of scattered radiocarbon‐dated redeposited shell fragments. From the Bollagardar deposits we report the first faunas dated to the Bølling chronozone preserved in marine sediments in the Reykjavik area. Recently published work in Hvalfjördur and Borgarfjördur, West Iceland, has shown that sea level was relatively high during the Bølling and that deglaciation was rapid. Bølling, Allerød and Younger Dryas deposits in the coastal areas of the Reykjavík region accumulated in a relatively open marine environment in oceanographic conditions similar to the present ones. Combined previous and present results indicate that several episodes of glaciomarine deposition occurred.
and Uniform

Subjects exposed to uniform environments were polled for their local and overall (whole-body) thermal sensation and comfort. Sensation and comfort for local body parts vary greatly. In cool environments, hands and feet feel colder than other body parts. The head, insensitive to cold but sensitive to warm, feels warmer than the rest of the body in warm environments. Overall sensation and comfort follow the warmest local sensation (head) in warm environments and the coldest (hands and feet) in cool environments. Subjects evaluate neutral conditions as “comfortable”, never “very comfortable”, and overshoot of sensation and comfort during whole-body step-changes is small. models This two-part paper describes the intra-personal differences we observed in sensation and comfort, both among the local body parts, and between the local parts and the perceived whole body sensation and comfort . The paper also describes sensation and comfort response patterns seen during rapid changes in the environment. These observations may have application in future environmental control of buildings and vehicles. Part I covers spatially uniform environmental conditions (both stable and transient). Part II covers spatially and temporally non-uniform environmental conditions in which body segments were individually heated and cooled. (head, neck, and face) and (inexplicably) the hand. The overall comfort follows the worst local discomfort votes as seen in the cool environments; in this case, the worst votes are shared by the head and hand. The results were not statistically significant because of the small sample size.
Quantitative paleoenvironmental analysis of carbonate platform sediments on the Marion Plateau (NE Australia, ODP Leg 194)

The Marion Plateau is a carbonate-platform complex on the passive northeast Australian margin. During ODP Leg 194, a series of eight sites, on two transects, was drilled through Oligocene to Holocene mixed carbonate and siliciclastic sediments that record the depositional history of the Marion Plateau. Major sediment constituents, including benthic foraminifers, were counted from thin sections made from samples taken from three drilling sites: bryozoan-dominated northern highstand platform site 1193 and northern lowstand ramp site 1194, and coralline red algae-dominated southern platform site 1196. Quantitative multivariate analysis of benthic foraminiferal assemblages revealed three paleoenvironmentally relevant groups of taxa. The first group, dominated by Amphistegina and Lepidocyclina, was found at all three sites and is interpreted to be representative of euphotic open-shelf deposition in less than 50 m water depth. The second group was dominated by Cycloclypeus, Operculina and planktonic foraminifers. This group was found at all three sites, but was more common from sites on the northern platform and is interpreted to represent deposition in deep, oligophotic water, in greater vi than 50 m water depth. The third group, consisting of soritids, alveolinids, Austrotrillina and Flosculinella, was found only in sediments from the southern platform and is interpreted to represent deposition in a restricted, shallow-marine environment, in less than 20 m water depth, consistent with a sea-grass meadow. These three groups of taxa record changing paleoenvironments on the Marion Plateau, and reveal the depositional histories of the Marion Plateau’s carbonate platforms.
Physical properties of shocked and thermally altered nontronite: Implications for the Martian surface

Both shock recovery and thermal annealing experiments have been carried out on Riverside nontronite, an iron-rich smectite clay that closely matches the composition, but neither the color nor magnetic properties, of the Martian fines. Nontronite was recovered from peak shock pressures between 7 and 32 GPa, with calculated peak mean bulk temperatures ranging from 125° to 1100°C. Other nontronite samples were heated in air for one hour at temperatures ranging from 400° to 1000°C at 100°C increments. Both shocked and heat-treated samples were analyzed by magnetic measurements, X ray diffraction, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Nontronite powders shock-loaded to peak calculated temperatures of 650°C to 750°C show a dramatic increase in ferromagnetic saturation magnetization (Ms). A similar increase in magnetization in the same temperature range is observed in isothermally annealed powders at atmospheric pressure. The X ray diffraction and Mossbauer studies show, however, that for samples that experienced temperatures of 600°C or more, the shocked material has little structural similarity to the isothermally annealed nontronite. This suggests that the ferromagnetic properties may be due to a minor phase. There is evidence from Mossbauer spectra for metallic iron in the shocked samples and for superparamagnetic Fe2O3 in the annealed samples. In addition to magnetic and structural changes, the shock and heating experiments altered the color of the nontronite from olive-yellow toward reddish-brown, yielding material that matches the observed properties of the Martian fines much more closely than the starting material does. If nontronite is the major component of the Martian fines as some workers suggest, some mechanism for altering its properties is necessary, the most likely being repeated impacts onto the surface of Mars.
Atmospheric program on the Arctic Ocean Expedition 1996 (AOE-96) : An overview of scientific goals, experimental approach, and instruments

The broad aim of the atmospheric program on an expedition to the central Arctic Ocean during July-September 1996 (AOE-96) was to improve the accuracy of models predicting climatic change by reducing uncertainties associated with the indirect climate effect of aerosols. A major part of this aim was to assess what feedback processes might be involved and their implications for both regional and global radiative forcing. An immediate objective therefore was to study the biogeochemical sources that were thought to lead to aerosol formation and possible growth processes as well as the characterization of the aerosol that actually influences cloud properties in a region where natural processes prevailed. The program was designed as an integrated package to study processes from the sea-ice/air interface to the top of the Arctic boundary layer and involved the contribution from about 25 participating scientists from 8 countries. The results from a previous expedition to the same area were used to specify the research topics from which new or improved information was needed to achieve the objectives. The instruments, techniques, and models developed and deployed to provide the answers are described. The relevant properties of the region, the route of the expedition, the conditions encountered, and the special circumstances of measurements made on an ice floe are also discussed.
Development of Framboidal Pyrite During Diagenesis, Low-Grade Regional Metamorphism, and Hydrothermal Alteration

Distribution patterns, microstructural relationships, and compositional variations for framboidal pyrite in the Paleozoic sedimentary host rocks to gold deposits on the northern Carlin trend, Nevada, and at Fosterville in central Victoria, collectively demonstrate that it is not all of synsedimentary-early diagenetic origin. Framboidal pyrite also nucleated in hydrothermal veins formed at several kilometers depth and along dissolution surfaces (stylolites and crenulation cleavages) formed during metamorphism at up to anchizonal grade (i.e., prehnitepumpellyite facies). There are no obvious differences in either the size range or internal morphology of framboids formed in these various settings, suggesting that a single, relatively simple crystallization path may operate over a wide depth range in the upper crust. At Fosterville, anomalously metal-rich (including Au) framboidal pyrite is most abundant adjacent to laminated shear veins that developed by slip along bedding surfaces during folding of the sedimentary host rocks. Microstructural relationships and Pb isotope compositions for the framboidal pyrite, and other similarly distributed, early-formed sulfides, support development in response to the localized, episodic influx of metal-enriched H 2S-bearing hydrothermal fluids during regional deformation between 440 and 400 Ma. These findings may have implications for other similarly deformed metasedimentary successions, where the discovery of Au-bearing framboidal pyrite has recently been cited as evidence for significant Au enrichment during sedimentation. © 2009 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
The Research Advances in G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor

Estrogen binds to the typical estrogen receptor (ER) ERα or ERβ and is translocated to the nucleus, where it binds directly to the estrogen response element of the target gene to induce transcription and regulate gene expression, and the whole process is completed in several hours to several days. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a type that is structurally distinct from typical ERα and ERβ, rapidly induces most non-genomic effects within seconds to minutes. GPER regulates cell growth, migration, and programmed cell death in a variety of tissues and has been associated with the progression of estrogen-associated cancers. Here, the characteristics, cell signal transduction, and the latest research progress of GPER in estrogen-associated tumors and retinal diseases are reviewed.
Speeds of coronal mass ejections: SMM observations from 1980 and 1984‐1989

The speeds of 936 features in 673 coronal mass ejections have been determined from trajectories observed with the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) coronagraph in 1980 and 1984-1989. The distribution of observed speeds has a range (from 5th to 95th percentile) of 35 to 911 km s−1; the average and median speeds are 349 and 285 km s−1. The speed distributions of some selected classes of mass ejections are significantly different. For example, the speeds of 331 “outer loops” range from 80 to 1042 km s−1; the average and median speeds for this class of ejections are 445 and 372 km s−1. The speed distributions from each year of SMM observations show significant changes, with the annual average speeds varying from 157 (1984) to 458 km s−1 (1985). These variations are not simply related to the solar activity cycle; the annual averages from years near the sunspot maxima and minimum are not significantly different. The widths, latitudes, and speeds of mass ejections determined from the SMM observations are only weakly correlated. In particular, mass ejection speeds vary only slightly with the heliographic latitudes of the ejection. High-latitude ejections, which occur well poleward of the active latitudes, have speeds similar to active latitude ejections.