Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On statistical correlations between velocity increments and locally averaged dissipation in homogeneous turbulence

Kolmogorov postulated in 1962 [J. Fluid Mech. 13, 82 (1962)] that the magnitude of velocity increments δur across an inertial range distance r in high Reynolds number flows is typically (rer)1/3, where er is the locally averaged dissipation rate. This refined similarity hypothesis has been widely used in discussions of anomalous exponents of velocity structure functions in connection with the scaling exponents of er. Recently Hosokawa and Yamamoto [Phys. Fluids A 4, 457 (1992)] have presented numerical evidence from turbulence simulations that δur is uncorrelated with er in moderate Reynolds number flows. In the present paper, results of similar measurements are offered for flow fields with a wide range of Reynolds numbers obtained from high‐resolution numerical simulations of both forced and decaying isotropic turbulence. The present results show clear evidence of correlations between δur and er, irrespective of the Reynolds number. Kolmogorov’s hypothesis is verified for r somewhat larger than the visco.
Preliminary comparison of second-formant discrimination thresholds in cochlear implant users and young normal-hearing listeners

Formant discrimination thresholds (FDTs) may provide insights regarding factors limiting vowel perception by cochlear implant (CI) users, but have not been systematically studied in this population. In the present study, estimates of second-formant (F2) FDTs obtained in three CI users were compared to FDTs obtained from three young normal-hearing (YNH) listeners. Procedures and stimuli were modeled after Kewley-Port and Watson (1994, JASA 95, 485-96) but employed fewer trials and an expanded F2 frequency range. Stimuli were formant-synthesized versions of three target vowels. FDTs were estimated using an adaptive 3AFC task with feedback and based on six consecutive 80-trial stimulus blocks. FDTs for the three YNH listeners were comparable to previously reported FDTs (2.4% of reference frequency versus 1.5% in Kewley-Port and Watson). FDTs for two of the CI users were about 70% larger than the average for the YNH listeners. FDTs for the third CI user approached YNH average values in one frequency region bu.
Solving The Problem Of Local Interface Upconing In A Coastal Aquifer By The Method Of Small Perturbations

The problem of determining the shape of the rising interface is presented in connection with the withdrawal of fresh water by shallow wells operating a short distance above the freshwater salt-water interface in a coastal aquifer. The exact equations required for solving the problem of the moving interface are developed. Because of the nonlinear nature of the boundary condition along the interface, a linearized approximate solution based on the method of small perturbations is described as a tool for obtaining an analytical solution for cases involving small deviations of the interface from some initial or average steady one. Both two and three-dimensional cases are considered. The range of validity of the analytical results is verified by means of experiments in a sandbox model.
Donaldson series and (-1)-tori.

Although Donaldson invariants turned out to be very powerful invariants of smooth 4-manifolds, no systematic way of Computing them has been found yet. By recent results of Kronheimer-Mrowka and Fintushel-Stern ([KM], [FS]) however under favorable circumstances the computation of the Donaldson series can be reduced to elementary arguments. In this paper we will analyze the relationship between the Donaldson series of a manifold M containing a torus with self-intersection (square) ( — 1) and the series of a manifold A'which we got after the "blow-down" of the (— l)-torus of M (the idea came from a construction of Gompf [G]). As an application of this result we are able to determine the invariants of many interesting manifolds and reprove for example results of Lisca, Morgan-Mrowka and Stipsicz-Szabo ([L], [MM], [SSz]) concerning simply connected minimal elliptic surfaces. We also find examples for manifolds with 2, 4 and 8 "basic classes", where the new basic classes are not from blow-ups or logarithmic transformations. Let us begin with a brief review of the rudiments of Donaldson theory.
On the integration of the BBGKY equations for the development of strongly nonlinear clustering in an expanding universe

The evolution of density correlations in an expanding universe can be described by the BBGKY equations. This approach has been the subject of several previous studies, but always under the assumption of small-amplitude fluctuations, where the hierarchy of equations has a natural truncation. Reslts of these studies cannot be compared to the present universe because the galaxy two-point correlation function xi (r) is much greater than unity at r9 or approx. =1h/sup -1/ Mpc, and the three-point function zeta is on the order of xi (r)/sup 2/. In this strongly nonlinear situation the hierarchy is dominated by terms ignored in the linear analysis. Our method of truncating the hierarchy is based on the empirical result that zeta can be represented to good accuracy as a simple function of xi. We solve the equations via the velocity-moment method, and we truncate the resulting velocity-moment hierarchy for the two-point function by assuming that the distribution in the relative velocity of particle pairs has zero skewness about the mean. The second equation in this velocity-moment hierarchy is our main equation for xi. It involves the three-point spatial correlation function zeta, which we write as a function of xi following the empirical result. Themore » third equation involves the first velocity moment of the three-point position and velocity correlation function. We model this term in a way consistent with our model for zeta and with a constraint equation that expresses conservation of triplets.The equations admit a similarity transformation if (1) the effects of the discreteness of particles can be ignored, (2) the initial spectrum of density perturbations assumes a power law shape, and (3) the universe is described by an Einstein-de Sitter model (.cap omega.approx. =1). The numerical results presented here are based on this similarity solution. « less
Assessment study of the SPICA telescope assembly

The paper provides a summary of the results of the assessment study conducted on the SPICA Telescope Assembly (STA). SPICA (SPace Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics) was selected for study as a mission of opportunity within the science programme Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 of the European Space Agency, with a planned launch in 2017. Observing in the 5 - 210 micron waveband, one of its major goals is the discovery of the origins of planets and galaxies. ESA's main contribution is the provision of the SPICA Telescope Assembly (STA) featuring a 3.5 m primary mirror cooled to < 6K. A nationally funded European FIR instrument (SAFARI) would also be part of SPICA's payload. Following an internal ESA study carried out in Q1 and Q2 2008, a parallel competitive industrial study (phase A level) has been performed. The main results achieved during this study are summarised.
A comparison of partial profile designs for discrete choice experiments with an application in software development

In a discrete choice experiment, each respondent chooses the best product or service sequentially from many groups or choice sets of alternative goods. The alternatives, called profiles, are described by level combinations from a set of predefined attributes. Respondents sometimes make their choices on the basis of only one dominant attribute rather than making trade-offs among all the attributes. For example, in studies involving price as an attribute, respondents may always choose the profile with the lowest price. Also, a choice task including many attributes may encourage respondent decisions that are not fully compensatory. To thwart these behaviors, the investigator can hold the levels of some of the attributes constant in every choice set. The resulting designs are called partial profile designs. In this paper, we construct D-optimal partial profile designs for estimating main-effects models. We use a Bayesian design algorithm that integrates the D-optimality criterion over a prior distribution of likely parameter values. To determine the constant attributes in each choice set, we provide three alternative generalizations of an approach that makes use of balanced incomplete block designs. Each of our three generalizations constructs partial profile designs accommodating attributes with any number of levels and allowing flexibility in the numbers of choice sets and constant attributes. We show results from an actual experiment in software development performed using one of these algorithms. Finally, we compare the algorithms with respect to their statistical efficiency and ability to avoid failures due to the presence of a dominant attribute.
Bifurcation of periodic responses in forced dynamic nonlinear circuits: Computation of bifurcation values of the system parameters

In the computer-aided experimental analysis of dynamic nonlinear circuits, the determination of the bifurcation value of system parameters for various types of periodic response is one of the central problems. A bifurcation diagram composed by the sets of bifurcation values exhibits various nonlinear phenomena, such as the coexistence of several periodic responses which are correlated with the jump and hysteresis behaviors, the frequency entrainment, the appearance of quasi-periodic responses and chaotic states, etc. In engineering application the bifurcation diagram can be used for designing dynamic nonlinear circuit with prescribed characteristics. In this paper, we present some computational algorithms which determine the bifurcation values of periodic responses. Our algorithms are based on the geometric approach of ordinary differential equations. Newton's method is effectively used for finding the bifurcation value. The Jacobian matrix is evaluated by the solutions of variational equations. Numerical examples for the second-order systems are illustrated. Some global properties of bifurcation sets of periodic responses are discussed.
Likelihood Methods in Statistics

This book provides an introduction to the modern theory of likelihood-based statistical inference. This theory is characterized by several important features. One is the recognition that it is desirable to condition on relevant ancillary statistics. Another is that probability approximations are based on saddlepoint and closely related approximations that generally have very high accuracy. A third aspect is that, for models with nuisance parameters, inference is often based on marginal or conditional likelihoods, or approximations to these likelihoods. These methods have been shown often to yield substantial improvements over classical methods. The book also provides an up-to-date account of recent results in the field, which has been undergoing rapid development.
Reconceptualizing Social Bonds for Emerging Adults

Social bond theory argues that weak bonds (e.g., relationships, values, activities) with society facilitate engagement in crime and deviance. As these bonds are strengthened, young people grow out of deviance and into prosocial adulthood roles. Social bond theory has four classic components: Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief. While these components are significant for adolescents and youth, research has yet to examine how social bonds function for young and emerging adults (ages 18–29). This article examines how emerging adults identify and define which social bonds are essential in their transition into prosocial adulthood. Life story interviews were conducted with emerging adults (n = 30), approximately half of whom have histories of justice system involvement. Themes from interviews inform a reconceptualization of social bond theory for emerging adults focusing on two key elements: (a) Attachment and (b) Commitment Through Involvement.
A concept of generalized absolute continuity for the ℱ-integral

We deﬁne a concept of generalized absolute continuity for additive functions of ﬁgures. This makes it possible to give a descriptive deﬁnition of the F -integral introduced in [6]. Finally, we discuss a possible extension to additive functions of sets of bounded variation. Two deﬁnitions of multidimensional generalized Riemann integral were introduced in [6] and [5], mainly in order to integrate the divergence of vector ﬁelds with singularities. We will call these integrals the F -integral and BV-integral respectively. Their deﬁnitions are closely related. In fact, they diﬀer only by the class of domains allowed: for the F -integral this is the class of all ﬁgures in R N (i.e. ﬁnite unions of nondegenerate intervals), while the BV-integral integrates functions deﬁned on sets of bounded variation in De Giorgi’s sense. In order to provide descriptive deﬁnitions for both integrals, a concept of derivability of continuous additive functions of the domains charges) was introduced. Together with a notion of “good behavior on sets of measure zero”, the derivability almost everywhere ensures that a charge is an indeﬁnite integral (see Theorem 12.3.4] the F -integral the BV-integral).
Local ordering in Ge/Ge–Sn semiconductor alloy core/shell nanowires revealed by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)

Short-range atomic order in semiconductor alloys is a relatively unexplored topic that may promote design of new materials with unexpected properties. Here, local atomic ordering is investigated in Ge–Sn alloys, a group-IV system that is attractive for its enhanced optoelectronic properties achievable via a direct gap for Sn concentrations exceeding ≈10 at. %. The substantial misfit strain imposed on Ge–Sn thin films during growth on bulk Si or Ge substrates can induce defect formation; however, misfit strain can be accommodated by growing Ge–Sn alloy films on Ge nanowires, which effectively act as elastically compliant substrates. In this work, Ge core/Ge1−xSnx ( x ≈ 0.1) shell nanowires were characterized with extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) to elucidate their local atomic environment. Simultaneous fitting of high-quality EXAFS data collected at both the Ge K-edge and the Sn K-edge reveals a large (≈ 40%) deficiency of Sn in the first coordination shell around a Sn atom relative to a random alloy, thereby providing the first direct experimental evidence of significant short-range order in this semiconductor alloy system. Comparison of path length data from the EXAFS measurements with density functional theory simulations provides alloy atomic structures consistent with this conclusion.
The shape functions of certain exactly solvable inhomogeneous planar corner growth models

We consider two kinds of inhomogeneous corner growth models with independent waiting times {W(i, j): i, j positive integers}: (1) W(i, j) is distributed exponentially with parameter a_i+b_j for each i, j. (2) W(i, j) is distributed geometrically with fail parameter a_ib_j for each i, j. The parameters (a_n) and (b_n) are randomly chosen at the outset from a joint distribution that is stationary with respect to the nonnegative shifts and ergodic (separately) with respect to the positive shifts of the indices. Let P and Q denote the marginal distributions of (a_n) and (b_n), respectively. We obtain variational formulas in terms of P and Q for the shape functions of models (1) and (2) for typical realizations of (a_n) and (b_n). We identify certain choices of P and Q for which these formulas yield closed-form expressions for the shape function.
A Pilot Study on Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Medication Dysphagia via Asynchronous Online Focus Group Discussion

Medication dysphagia (MD) refers to difficulty swallowing oral medications. To cope, patients may inappropriately modify or skip medications, leading to poorer outcomes. Little is known about healthcare professionals’ (HCPs’) perspectives in managing MD. This study investigated pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in caring for patients with MD. An asynchronous online focus group was pilot tested in seven pharmacists, with up to two questions posted daily on an online platform over 15 days. Thematic analysis of the transcripts revealed five interrelated themes: (1) knowledge about MD; (2) management of MD; (3) expectations of patient proactivity; (4) desire for objectivity; (5) professional roles. The findings provided insight into pharmacists’ KAP and may be incorporated into a full-scale study involving various HCPs.
Analytical magnetic torque calculations and experimental testing of radial flux permanent magnet-type eddy current brakes

This paper reports on analytical magnetic torque calculations and experimental tests of a radial flux permanent magnet (RFPM)-type eddy current brake (ECB). Analytical solutions for permanent magnet-generated magnetic fields that consider the eddy current reaction are obtained by using a magnetic vector potential and a two dimensional (2D) polar coordinate system. On the basis of these solutions, the analytical expressions for a magnetic torque are also derived. All analytical results are validated extensively by non-linear finite element calculations. In particular, magnetic torque measurements are obtained in tests to confirm the analyses. Finally, practical issues related to the analytical study of RFPM-type ECBs are fully discussed.
Pair production of W bosons in electron positron annihilation

In the last decade, the precision of the Standard Model has increased dramatically, due to studies of electroweak physics at the LEP collider. From the beginning of 1996, the LEP collider has operated at or above the threshold for W boson pair production, providing a new set of tests for the Standard Model. The L3 detector collected 21 pb-1 of data at center of mass energies of 161 and 172 GeV in 1996, which is analyzed to measure the W-pair production cross sections, the W branching ratios, and the W mass, with the results: aww(/ = 161 GeV) = 2.870. 80 0.08 pb aww (v = 172 GeV) 12.121 ± 0.18 pb B(W qq) = 63.6 + 3 + 0.4 % B(W -+ fv) = 12. _1+1-3 t 0.2 % Mw = 80.75 + 0.29 GeV all of which are consistent with the Standard Model. In particular, the mass measurement agrees with Mw = 80.352 ± 0.033, the W mass from a determination [1] using the precise predictions of the Standard Model. Thesis Supervisor: Peter H Fisher Title: Professor of Physics
Continuous THz-wave generation using antenna-integrated uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes

Photonic generation of continuous millimetre- and sub-millimetre waves up to the THz range using antenna-integrated uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes is described. A device integrating a wideband log-periodic antenna exhibits a maximum output power of 2.6 µW at 1.04 THz with good linearity. A module with a quasi-optical output port fabricated for practical use generates almost the same output power as the chip at around 1 THz and operates at frequencies of up to 1.5 THz. The output power level and the operation frequency are records for wideband photodiodes operating at 1.55 µm. Devices integrating resonant narrowband dipole antennae have also been fabricated and the output power increases at resonant peak frequencies confirmed. The device having a peak at 1.04 THz exhibits a maximum (detected) output power of 10.9 µW at 1.04 THz with good linearity. This output power is the highest value ever directly generated from a photodiode in the THz range, and several times higher than the maximum value reported by the low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductive switch at around 1 THz.
Higher atmospheric evapotranspiration demand intensified drought in semi‐arid sandy lands, northern China

Drought seriously endangers the development of agro‐pastoral ecotone in arid and semi‐arid regions. However, drought evolution characteristics of semi‐arid sandy grassland and its drivers are not well understood in the complex climate change context. Thus, in this paper, the revised standardized precipitation evaporation indices on one‐month (SPEI‐1) and growing‐season (SPEI‐6) scale, flash drought and dry spells (DS) were calculated as drought indicators, and the temporal variabilities and meteorological drivers of drought in Horqin Sandy Land during the growing period (April–September) from 2007 to 2021 were studied. The results showed that SPEI‐1 and SPEI‐6 exhibited negative trends and periodic change. This drought aggravation was manifested in increased grades and numbers of drought months. Flash droughts can occur every month during the growing season. And its occurrence was not only positively correlated with all drought events in frequency but also synchronized in time. The increased number of DS showed an asymmetrical shift towards 7‐day‐and‐longer DS. SPEI sensitivity to precipitation (P) was noticeably higher than to atmospheric evapotranspiration demand (AED) at both monthly and growing season scales. SPEI sensitivity to AED was modulated by P amounts, which was higher during low P period. Apart from the amounts of P and AED, their temporal variability also strongly determined how they affect the drought severity. P was also the main driver for flash drought and long DS, but AED with larger amount and higher variability is the reason for their aggravation. Our results demonstrate the complexity of drought intensification in semi‐arid sandy grasslands and highlight the important role of AED anomalies in it.
Incomplete resection rates of 4- to 20-mm non-pedunculated colorectal polyps when using wide-field cold snare resection with routine submucosal injection

Abstract Background and study aims Incomplete resection of 4- to 20-mm colorectal polyps occur frequently (> 10 %), putting patients at risk for post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer. We hypothesized that routine use of wide-field cold snare resection with submucosal injection (CSP-SI) might reduce incomplete resection rates (IRRs). Patients and methods Patients aged 45 to 80 years undergoing elective colonoscopies were enrolled in a prospective clinical study. All 4- to 20-mm non-pedunculated polyps were resected using CSP-SI. Post-polypectomy margin biopsies were obtained to determine IRRs through histopathology assessment. The primary outcome was IRR, defined as remnant polyp tissue found on margin biopsies. Secondary outcomes included technical success and complication rates. Results A total of 429 patients (median age 65 years, 47.1 % female, adenoma detection rate 40 %) with 204 non-pedunculated colorectal polyps 4 to 20 mm removed using CSP-SI were included in the final analysis. CSP-SI was technical successful in 97.5 % (199/204) of cases (5 conversion to hot snare polypectomy). IRR for CSP-SI was 3.8 % (7/183) (95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.7 %-5.5 %). IRR was 1.6 % (2/129), 16 % (4/25), and 3.4 % (1/29) for adenomas, serrated lesions, and hyperplastic polyps respectively. IRR was 2.3 % (2/87), 6.3 % (4/64), 4.0 % (6/151), and 3.1 % (1/32) for polyps 4 to 5 mm, 6 to 9 mm, < 10 mm, and 10 to 20 mm, respectively. There were no CSP-SI-related serious adverse events. Conclusions Use of CSP-SI results in lower IRRs compared to what has previously been reported in the literature for hot or cold snare polypectomy when not using wide-field cold snare resection with submucosal injection. CSP-SI showed an excellent safety and efficacy profile, however comparative studies to CSP without SI are required to confirm these results.