Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2D joint inversion of dc and scalar audio-magnetotelluric data in the evaluation of low enthalpy geothermal fields

Audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) and resistivity (dc) surveys are often used in environmental, hydrological and geothermal evaluation. The separate interpretation of those geophysical data sets assuming two-dimensional models frequently produces ambiguous results. The joint inversion of AMT and dc data is advocated by several authors as an efficient method for reducing the ambiguity inherent to each of those methods. This paper presents results obtained from the two-dimensional joint inversion of dipole? dipole and scalar AMT data acquired in a low enthalpy geothermal field situated in a graben. The joint inverted models show a better definition of shallow and deep structures. The results show that the extension of the benefits using joint inversion depends on the number and spacing of the AMT sites. The models obtained from experimental data display a low resistivity zone (<20 ? m) in the central part of the graben that was correlated with the geothermal reservoir. The resistivity distribution models were used to estimate the distribution of the porosity in the geothermal reservoir applying two different approaches and considering the clay minerals effect. The results suggest that the maximum porosity of the reservoir is not uniform and might be in the range of 12% to 24%.
Soil‐vegetation relationships of three arid land plant species and their use in rehabilitating degraded sites

It is essential to consider soil characteristics when establishing vegetation in arid lands. In this study, the redundancy analysis (RDA) ordination method was used in this study to evaluate the habitats of Halocnemum strobilaceum, Limonium iranicum and Tamarix passerinoides growing in the Sejzy region, east of Isfahan. The study area was stratified into six ecologic‐floristic complexes. Stratified random sampling was then employed to collect soil and vegetation data from 1‐ha quadrats on nine sites. The soil samples were analysed to determine the characteristics of the soil in which the three species grew and to examine the soil profiles up to a depth of 2 m. Soil analyses revealed that high amounts of gypsum, silt, clay, saline, alkali and sulphate in the soil constituted a favourable habitat for Halocnemum strobilaceum. However, the per cent of silt and sulphate concentration in deep layers were negatively correlated with the growth of this species. Evaluation of the L. iranicum habitat revealed that the amounts of carbonate and CCE in the topsoil were positively correlated with the establishment and growth of the species but salinity and alkalinity were negatively correlated. The primary soil characteristics that positively influenced T. passerinoides included the presence of organic matter and bicarbonate ions in the soil layers and the total Ca and Mg content of the topsoil. However, Na was negatively correlated with Tamarix species. Determination of the soil characteristics that are associated with each of these xerophytic species can be used to determine which species is suitable for rehabilitating degraded sites in the study area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A paleoclimate rainfall reconstruction in the Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB), Australia: 2. Assessing hydroclimatic risk using paleoclimate records of wet and dry epochs

Estimates of hydrological risk are crucial to enable adequate planning and preparation for extreme events. However, the accurate estimation of hydrological risk is hampered by relatively short instrumental records in many parts of the world. Information derived from climate‐sensitive paleoclimate proxies provide an opportunity to resolve hydroclimatic variability, but many regions, such as Australia's Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB), currently lack the suitable in situ proxies necessary to do this. Here new MDB rainfall reconstructions are presented based on a novel method using paleoclimate rainfall proxies in the Australasian region spanning from 749 B.C.E. to 1980 C.E. Our results emphasize the need to develop additional reconstructions and, with the companion paper, demonstrate how this information can be used to benefit water resource management. This study shows that prior to the twentieth century, both dry and wet epochs have persisted for longer periods than observed in the instrumental record—with the probability of both dry and wet periods exceeding a decade at least 10 times more likely prior to 1883 than suggested by the instrumental records. Some reconstructed rainfalls exceeded the instrumental range (i.e., drier dry epochs and wetter wet spells) despite a systematic underestimation of extremes due to a combination of proxy quality and model bias. Importantly, the results demonstrate that the instrumental record does not cover the full range of hydroclimatic variability possible in the MDB. Therefore, hydroclimatic risk assessments based on the instrumental record likely underestimate, or at least misinterpret, the frequency, duration, and magnitude of wet and dry epochs.
The kimberlite clan: relationship with olivine and leucite lamproites, and inferences for upper-mantle metasomatism

Summary Kimberlites are rare ultrabasic potassic low-volume melts that originate in the diamond stability field of the upper mantle. They are petrographically complex, and wide mineralogical and chemical variations suggest that they should be regarded as a group or clan rather than a single narrowly-defined rock type. In S African kimberlites there is a major division between highly-micaceous (Group II) kimberlites that are mineralogically, chemically and isotopically distinct from poorly-micaceous (Group I) kimberlites. Nd and Sr isotope studies of diamondiferous olivine and leucite lamproites from NW Australia indicate that they are isotopically similar to Group II kimberlites but are distinct from Group I. New bulk rock analyses of Group II kimberlites indicate closer chemical similarities with olivine lamproites than previously supposed.
External validation of the Probability of repeated admission (Pra) risk prediction tool in older community-dwelling people attending general practice: a prospective cohort study

Objectives Emergency admission is associated with the potential for adverse events in older people and risk prediction models are available to identify those at highest risk of admission. The aim of this study was to externally validate and compare the performance of the Probability of repeated admission (Pra) risk model and a modified version (incorporating a multimorbidity measure) in predicting emergency admission in older community-dwelling people. Setting 15 general practices (GPs) in the Republic of Ireland. Participants n=862, ≥70 years, community-dwelling people prospectively followed up for 2 years (2010–2012). Exposure: Pra risk model (original and modified) calculated for baseline year where ≥0.5 denoted high risk (patient questionnaire, GP medical record review) of future emergency admission. Primary outcome Emergency admission over 1 year (GP medical record review). Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, model discrimination (c-statistic) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic). Results Of 862 patients, a total of 154 (18%) had ≥1 emergency admission(s) in the follow-up year. 63 patients (7%) were classified as high risk by the original Pra and of these 26 (41%) were admitted. The modified Pra classified 391 (45%) patients as high risk and 103 (26%) were subsequently admitted. Both models demonstrated only poor discrimination (original Pra: c-statistic 0.65 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.70); modified Pra: c-statistic 0.67 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.72)). When categorised according to risk-category model, specificity was highest for the original Pra at cut-point of ≥0.5 denoting high risk (95%), and for the modified Pra at cut-point of ≥0.7 (95%). Both models overestimated the number of admissions across all risk strata. Conclusions While the original Pra model demonstrated poor discrimination, model specificity was high and a small number of patients identified as high risk. Future validation studies should examine higher cut-points denoting high risk for the modified Pra, which has practical advantages in terms of application in GP. The original Pra tool may have a role in identifying higher-risk community-dwelling older people for inclusion in future trials aiming to reduce emergency admissions.
Rill development and soil erosion: a laboratory study of slope and rainfall intensity

A total of 15 rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in a 1 m by 2 m box varying slope (10, 20, 30%) and rainfall intensity (60, 90, 120 mm h−1). The experiments were performed to study how rill networks initiate and evolve over time under controlled conditions with regard to the treatment variables considered, and to allow for input in a computer simulation model. Runoff and sediment yield samples were collected. Digital elevation models were calculated by means of photogrammetry for several time steps of most experiments. The soil used in the experiments was a basal till derived Cambisol typical for the Swiss Plateau. While significant differences were found for sediment yield, runoff did not vary significantly with treatment combinations. Increasing rainfall intensity had a larger effect on sediment yield than increasing slope. Rill density and energy expenditure decreased with time, suggesting that energy expenditure was a useful parameter to describe the emergence of rill network at the laboratory scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
University of Birmingham A novel method of differential gene expression analysis using multiple cDNA libraries applied to the identification of tumour endothelial genes

Background: In this study, differential gene expression analysis using complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries has been improved. Firstly by the introduction of an accurate method of assigning Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) to genes and secondly, by using a novel likelihood ratio statistical scoring of differential gene expression between two pools of cDNA libraries. These methods were applied to the latest available cell line and bulk tissue cDNA libraries in a two-step screen to predict novel tumour endothelial markers. Initially, endothelial cell lines were in silico subtracted from nonendothelial cell lines to identify endothelial genes. Subsequently, a second bulk tumour versus normal tissue subtraction was employed to predict tumour endothelial markers. Results: From an endothelial cDNA library analysis, 431 genes were significantly up regulated in endothelial cells with a False Discovery Rate adjusted q-value of 0.01 or less and 104 of these were expressed only in endothelial cells. Combining the cDNA library data with the latest Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) library data derived a complete list of 459 genes preferentially expressed in endothelium. 27 genes were predicted tumour endothelial markers in multiple tissues based on the second bulk tissue screen. Conclusion: This approach represents a significant advance on earlier work in its ability to accurately assign an EST to a gene, statistically measure differential expression between two pools of cDNA libraries and predict putative tumour endothelial markers before entering the laboratory. These methods are of value and available http://www.compbio. ox.ac. uk/data/diffex.html to researchers that are interested in the analysis of transcriptomic data. Published: 7 April 2008 BMC Genomics 2008, 9:153 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-153 Received: 15 November 2007 Accepted: 7 April 2008 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2164/9/153 © 2008 Herbert et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Fragmentation, nucleation and migration of crystals and bubbles in the Bishop Tuff rhyolitic magma

ABSTRACT The Bishop Tuff (USA) is a large-volume, high-silica pyroclastic rhyolite. Five pumice clasts from three early stratigraphic units were studied. Size distributions were obtained using three approaches: (1) crushing, sieving and winnowing (reliable for crystals >100 μm); (2) microscopy of ∼1 mm3 fragments (preferable for crystals <100 μm); and (3) computerised X-ray microtomography of ∼1 cm3 pumice pieces. Phenocryst fragments coated with glass are common, and the size distributions for all crystals are concave-upward, indicating that crystal fragmentation is an important magmatic process. Three groups are recognised, characterised by: (1) high-density (0·759–0·902 g cm−3), high-crystal content (14·4–15·3 wt.%) and abundant large crystals (>800 μm); concave-downward size distributions for whole crystals indicate late-stage growth with limited nucleation, compatible with the slow cooling of a large, gas-saturated, stably stratified magma body; (2) low-density (0·499 g cm −3), low-crystal content (6·63 wt.%) and few large crystals; the approximately linear size distribution reveals that nucleation was locally important, perhaps close to the walls; and (3) intermediate characteristics in all respects. The volumetric fraction of bubbles inversely correlates with the number of large crystals. This is incompatible with isobaric closed-system crystallisation, but can be explained by sinking of large crystals and rise of bubbles in the magma
Large‐scale sea ice drift and deformation: Comparison between models and observations in the western Weddell Sea during 1992

Statistical comparisons between numerical sea ice models and an observed large-scale strain array in the western Weddell Sea during 1992 are used to evaluate the performance of three of the more generally utilized sea ice rheology formulations. Results show that sea ice velocity is reproduced with relatively high accuracy (90% coherence, >80% normalized cross correlation) in models having high-quality atmospheric forcing fields (e.g., the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). On the other hand, temporal and spatial variability of the velocity field, as exemplified by progressive vector plots and ice deformation, respectively, are reproduced less accurately (coherence and normalized cross correlation <50%). In terms of model sensitivity, this means that deformation and temporal variability are more discriminating in terms of elucidating specifics about the constitutive relation and mechanical properties of sea ice on a large scale. For example, inclusion of both compressive and shear stresses is important in attaining a proper probability distribution of deformation relative to observations. Additional analysis shows that adjustments to specific model parameters improve the model results for either drift or select deformation components, but no best solution could be found, given the models examined here. Results suggest that inclusion of more physically based processes, such as subdaily tidal and inertial oscillations, reconsideration of the boundary layer formulation, and consideration of anisotropy, may be necessary to include in next-generation sea ice models, especially those that are intended for coupling with high-resolution (eddy resolving) ocean models.
Dynamic perennial firn aquifer on an Arctic glacier

Ice‐penetrating radar and GPS observations reveal a perennial firn aquifer (PFA) on a Svalbard ice field, similar to those recently discovered in southeastern Greenland. A bright, widespread radar reflector separates relatively dry and water‐saturated firn. This surface, the phreatic firn water table, is deeper beneath local surface elevation maxima, shallower in surface lows, and steeper where the surface is steep. The reflector crosscuts snow stratigraphy; we use the apparent deflection of accumulation layers due to the higher dielectric permittivity below the water table to infer that the firn pore space becomes progressively more saturated as depth increases. Our observations indicate that PFAs respond rapidly (subannually) to surface forcing, and are capable of providing significant input to the englacial hydrology system.
Storm track signature in total ozone during northern hemisphere winter

Total ozone has long been known to correlate with tropospheric synoptic eddy activity, with low total ozone associated with anticyclonic conditions. Synoptic eddy activity is particularly intense in the storm track regions over the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans during boreal winter. An Eulerian diagnostic was introduced by Blackmon et al. [1977] to investigate storm tracks, based on band‐pass filtering the 500 mb geopotential height for synoptic time scales. Wintertime daily satellite observations of total ozone have been analyzed using a similar Eulerian approach. Storm track signatures in total ozone, referred to as ozone tracks, can be discerned. However, the North Atlantic ozone track is stronger than the North Pacific one, and this asymmetry is in part due to intense ozone mini‐hole events in the Atlantic sector, causing extreme total ozone variations. During winter 1996/97, this asymmetry was particularly marked. Furthermore, the Atlantic storm track and the corresponding ozone track were confined to the western Atlantic, due to persistent anticyclonic conditions over western Europe in late winter and spring. Several intense mini‐hole events occurred in the Atlantic sector, with the strongest event in mid‐March 1997.
Relationship of new zealand daily and monthly weather patterns to synoptic weather types

The effectiveness of the classification of daily mean sea-level pressure patterns over New Zealand into 13 synoptic types by Kidson (1994) has been tested through their relationship with daily and monthly variations in temperature, precipitation, sunshine, and daily wind run over the period 1980–1990. The mean anomalies of these weather elements for each synoptic class often showed spatially consistent patterns, with departures falling in the second and fourth (below normal and above normal) quintiles. These were readily interpretable in terms of the effects of advection, differences in static stability, and the influence of mountain ranges on the low-level circulation. On a monthly basis, 60 per cent of the variance in the frequencies of occurrence of the 13 synoptic types was found to be due to three significant EOFs. These formed the basis of an iterative clustering process to group the flow patterns for the 11-year period into eight sets of monthly analogues or “regimes”, for which the composite patterns of the weather element were obtained. Overall, the results suggest that the synoptic classifications are likely to be helpful in specifying daily values of weather elements, and in interpreting the monthly departures of the New Zealand climate. They should also prove useful in validating climate model performance for the New Zealand region and in providing better detail of the regional climate changes likely to result from the greenhouse effect.
Middle Miocene to Pleistocene radiolarian biostratigraphy in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, ODP Leg 186

Abstract The Upper Cenozoic sedimentary sequences drilled at Sites 1150 and 1151, Ocean Drilling Program Leg 186, enabled establishment of radiolarian zonation and calibration of the age of bioevents in the forearc area of the northern Japan Islands. The sequences were divided into nine zones from the Pleistocene Botryostrobus aquilonaris Zone to the Upper Miocene Lipmanella redondoensis Zone at Site 1150, and 11 zones from the Pleistocene Stylatractus universus Zone to the Middle Miocene Dendrospyris? sakaii Zone at Site 1151. These zones correlate successfully with the studied sequences of many of deep‐sea cores in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and with some sections of onshore Japan. Of 67 important radiolarian bioevents recognized during the study, 29 Pleistocene to Upper Miocene events were directly tied to the geomagnetic polarity time scale through the well‐defined paleomagnetic polarity records, and 21 Upper Miocene events were calibrated based on the diatom biostratigraphy. Of these events, 24 geographically widespread events were selected to test synchroneity and usefulness as time‐horizons within the mid‐to‐high latitude of the Northwest Pacific, involving eight other offshore and onshore sections. Examination showed that most of the zonal boundary events are synchronous within the considered region, and that many diachronous events, most of which are eliminated from the zonal scheme, are unreliable events linked to rare and sporadic occurrences of the species. Radiolarian biostratigraphy of the studied cores clearly indicates three major hiatuses in the Middle Pleistocene, Late Miocene and late Middle Miocene. The latter two hiatuses can be correlated to two global oceanic hiatuses, NH6 and NH3, respectively.
Observations of the Earth's magnetic field made in Edinburgh from 1670 to the present day

Abstract Magnetic observations made at the same site give valuable information about the time changes (the secular variation) of the geomagnetic field. This paper gives details of all known measurements of the geomagnetic field in and around Edinburgh since the earliest observation of magnetic declination (the difference between true and magnetic north) by George Sinclair in 1670. Early observations of the strength of the field were only relative measurements. Approximate conversion factors are derived to enable these data to be expressed in modern absolute units (nanoteslas). Observed values of declination, inclination and the horizontal intensity of the geomagnetic field are plotted and compared with values computed from mathematical models of the field covering the interval 1690 to 1990, inclusive. The earlier observations were not corrected for the effects of the rapidly varying magnetic fields caused by electric currents in the upper atmosphere. The consequences of this are estimated.
Large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channels promote secretagogue‐induced transition from spiking to bursting in murine anterior pituitary corticotrophs

Corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary are electrically excitable and are an integral component of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis which governs the neuroendocrine response to stress. Corticotrophs display predominantly single spike activity under basal conditions that transition to complex bursting behaviours upon stimulation by the hypothalamic secretagogues corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP); however, the underlying mechanisms controlling bursting are unknown. In this study, we show that CRH and AVP induce different patterns of corticotroph electrical activity, and we use an electrophysiological approach combined with mathematical modelling to show the ionic mechanisms for these differential effects. The data reveal that secretagogue‐induced bursting is dependent on large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channels and is driven primarily by CRH whereas AVP promotes an increase in single‐spike frequency through BK‐independent pathways involving activation of non‐selective cation conductances. As corticotroph excitability is differentially regulated by CRH and AVP this may allow corticotrophs to respond appropriately to different stressors.