Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Quasi-Geostrophic Coupled Model (Q-GCM)

The design and implementation of a midlatitude basin-scale coupled climate model are described. The development of the model is motivated by the clear indications of important low-frequency midlatitude ocean variability in ocean-only models and the lack of the same in coupled climate models. Currently, the best comprehensive coupled climate models run at resolutions far coarser than those needed to model intrinsic ocean variability. The model presented here is an attempt to explicitly include ocean eddies within the framework of an idealized climate setting. It is proposed that the model will help resolve how intrinsic ocean variability is altered by coupling and the extent to which such variability may force the climate. The objective of this paper is to describe the theory behind the model formulation and its implementation. The basic model consists of a quasigeostrophic channel atmosphere coupled to a simple, rectangular quasigeostrophic ocean. Heat and momentum exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere are mediated via mixed-layer models, and the system is driven by steady, latitudinally dependent incident solar radiation. Model spinup is described, some basic descriptors of the solution are discussed, and it is argued that the model exhibits skill in capturing essential features of the midlatitude climate system.
An Overview of Exertional Heat Illness in Thoroughbred Racehorses: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Rationale

Simple Summary Exertional Heat Illness (EHI) and its associated fatal form of heat injury, heat stroke (HS), is not a new disease. It has been described as the oldest known medical condition and its occurrence in humans dates back more than 2000 years. The condition occurs when an individual is unable to adequately dissipate the metabolic heat produced by physical exertion, and the resulting elevation of core body temperature can cause damage to multiple organs. EHI in human subjects is a particular threat to the health and safety of athletes, both elite and recreational, military personnel, firefighters, and outdoor labourers. Similarly, EHI/HS in horses is not new, but progress in managing the condition has languished due to the relative lack of information provided in the veterinary literature. There is, however, an important similarity between racehorses and human athletes, in that both dissipate heat chiefly by evaporative sweating. Therefore, much that has been published on EHI in the human scientific literature can also serve to enlighten us about the condition in horses. To ensure the welfare of racehorses, the authors have described EHI in detail. It is imperative that veterinarians working at the racetrack can recognize the earliest clinical signs, understand its mechanism of action and the rationale for practical treatment options Abstract Exertional heat illness (EHI) is a complex medical disease. The thoroughbred (TB) racehorse is at considerable risk because of the intensity of its exercise activity and its high rate of metabolic heat production. The pathophysiology of EHI can combine aspects of both the heat toxicity pathway and the heat sepsis or endotoxemic pathway. Treatment regimes depend upon the detection of earliest clinical signs, rapid assessment, aggressive cooling and judicious use of ancillary medications. Ice-cold water provides the most rapid cooling, consistent with the need to lower core body temperature before tissue damage occurs. Research into EHI/HS by inducing the condition experimentally is ethically unjustifiable. Consequently, leading researchers in the human field have conceded that “most of our knowledge has been gained from anecdotal incidents, gathered from military personnel and athletes who have collapsed during or following physical activity, and that retrospective and case studies have provided important evidence regarding recognition and treatment of EHI”. The authors’ review into EHI shares that perspective, and the recommendations made herein are based on observations of heat-affected racehorses at the racetrack and their response, or lack of response, to treatment. From 2014 to 2018, 73 race meetings were attended, and of the 4809 individual starters, signs of EHI were recorded in 457. That observational study formed the basis for a series of articles which have been published under the title, ‘EHI in Thoroughbred racehorses in eastern Australia’, and forms the background for this review.
Calculation of electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric cylinder using the conjugate gradient method and FFT

The scattering problem of an axially uniform dielectric cylinder is formulated in terms of the electric field integral equation, where the cylinder is of general cross-sectional shape, inhomogeneity, and anisotropy, and the incident field is arbitrary. Using the pulse-function expansion and the point-matching technique, the integral equation is reduced to a system of simultaneous equations. Then, a published procedure for solving the system using the conjugate gradient method and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is generalized to the case of oblique-incidence scattering.
Ensemble Machine Learning for Monkeypox Transmission Time Series Forecasting

Public health is now in danger because of the current monkeypox outbreak, which has spread rapidly to more than 40 countries outside of Africa. The growing monkeypox epidemic has been classified as a “public health emergency of international concern” (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Infection outcomes, risk factors, clinical presentation, and transmission are all poorly understood. Computer- and machine-learning-assisted prediction and forecasting will be useful for controlling its spread. The objective of this research is to use the historical data of all reported human monkey pox cases to predict the transmission rate of the disease. This paper proposed stacking ensemble learning and machine learning techniques to forecast the rate of transmission of monkeypox. In this work, adaptive boosting regression (Adaboost), gradient boosting regression (GBOOST), random forest regression (RFR), ordinary least square regression (OLS), least absolute shrinkage selection operator regression (LASSO), and ridge regression (RIDGE) were applied for time series forecasting of monkeypox transmission. Performance metrics considered in this study are root mean square (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean square error (MSE), which were used to evaluate the performance of the machine learning and the proposed Stacking Ensemble Learning (SEL) technique. Additionally, the monkey pox dataset was used as test data for this investigation. Experimental results revealed that SEL outperformed other machine learning approaches considered in this work with an RMSE of 33.1075; a MSE of 1096.1068; and a MAE of 22.4214. This is an indication that SEL is a better predictor than all the other models used in this study. It is hoped that this research will help government officials understand the threat of monkey pox and take the necessary mitigation actions.
H I gas near the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472

H I gas has been found between a dwarf irregular and the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472 in the Virgo Cluster. The H I deficiency of the dwarf itself suggests that the H I seen has been removed from the dwarf by either tidal stripping or the sweeping effect of the hot gaseous halo, which is known from X-ray data to be surrounding the elliptical galaxy. Hence it is possible that, in NGC 4472, it is the actual process of accretion of gas into an elliptical galaxy that may be witnessed. The small double radio source in the center of NGC 4472 may be a related phenomenon. 23 references.
Heat, Moisture, and Momentum Budgets of Isolated Deep Midlatitude and Tropical Convective Clouds as Diagnosed from Three-Dimensional Model Output. Part II: Sensitivity to Ice Phase and Small Changes in Ambient Shear Strength and Low-Level Moisture Supply

Abstract This project uses a three-dimensional anelastic cloud model with a simple ice phase parameterization to evaluate the feedback of isolated deep convective clouds over a horizontal scale comparable to one grid cell in typical mesoscale numerical weather prediction models. A more specific focus in this paper is the sensitivity of the feedback to modest changes in the initial vertical wind shear intensity and low-level moisture supply, as well as to the ice phase. Two parallel sets of comparative simulations are run for a quasi-steady severe Oklahoma supercell thunderstorm in strong vertical wind shear versus a weaker, less persistent, and narrower tropical Atlantic cumulonimbus with a slowly decaying and pulsating updraft in much weaker shear. The horizontal Reynolds averaging approach of Anthes is adopted to diagnose the budgets for heat, moisture, and horizontal momentum. Several similarities and differences between the midlatitude and tropical control experiments were delineated in Part I. The ma.
Simple model of a piano soundboard

The vibrational properties of a simple finite-element model of a piano soundboard are considered. The main focus is on the behavior of the mechanical impedance in the musically important frequency range ∼50–104 Hz. The model includes the effects of elastic anisotropy and the ribs. It is argued that the ribs are an essential ingredient for producing the behavior of the impedance which is observed experimentally.
Preservation of Membrana Testacea in titanosaurid dinosaur eggshells from the Upper Cretaceous Deccan volcano-sedimentary strata of Central India

Abstract The calcitic eggshell units of amniote eggs are underlain by a soft organic layer, the Membrana Testacea (MT), which has a mesh-like texture consisting of fibrils of organic material. Because of its soft anatomy, the MT is rarely preserved in fossils and only a few fossil reports of MT are known so far. Here we report the preservation of a mineralized MT layer in titanosaur eggshells recovered from a marlstone facies interbedded with the Deccan lava flows exposed near Piplanarayanwar village of Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh state in Central India. The MT layer is mesh-like, resembling protein membranes of extant reptiles and the MT reported in titanosaurid eggshells of the Upper Cretaceous Anacleto Formation at Auca Mahuevo, Argentina. The presence of tendrils and fibres of calcite in the MT layer testifies to the fact that the calcium layer represents the original fibrous MT. It also supports the view that fossilization of soft tissues like MT is possible because of the inferred anaerobic conditions that prevailed during the deposition of Piplanarayanwar intertrappean sediments in lacustrine or paludal bodies in a coastal-plain setting.
Reconciling Bayesian and Frequentist Evidence in the One-Sided Scale Parameter Testing Problem

An interesting but controversial problem arises when Bayesian as well as frequentist methodologies very often suggest similar solutions, thus creating a problem for the experimenter who wishes to make the best possible decision. For over a decade, there has been an effort by several authors to assess when Bayesian and frequentist methods provide exactly the same answers when employed. We encounter this situation in the problem of hypothesis testing, where Bayesian evidence, such as Bayes factors and prior or posterior predictive p-values are set against the classical p-values. All these measures provide a basis for rejection of a hypothesis or a model, but the selection of one over the other never comes without severe criticism. In this article, we develop prior predictive and posterior predictive p-values for one sided hypothesis testing for scale parameter problems. We reconcile Bayesian and frequentist evidence by showing that for many classes of prior distributions, the infimum of the prior predictive and posterior predictive p-values are equal to the classical p-value, for very general classes of distributions. The results are illustrated through examples relating to the one-sided testing problem for scale parameter.
Synthesis and Characterization of Double Hydrogen Bonded Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Exhibiting Reentrant Smectic Ordering

A novel series of chiral hydrogen bonded liquid crystals have been isolated. Hydrogen bond was formed between chiral non mesogen ingredient levo tartaric acid and mesogenic p-n alkoxy benzoic acids. Phase diagram was constructed from the transition temperatures obtained by DSC and polarizing optical microscopic (POM) studies. Thermal and electrical properties exhibited by three complexes namely LTA+8BA, LTA+7BA and LTA+5BA were discussed. Salient feature of the present work was observation of a reentrant smectic C* ordering in LTA+8BA complex. This reentrant phenomenon was confirmed by DSC thermograms, optical textures of POM and temperature variation of capacitance and dielectric loss studies. Tilt angle was measured in Smectic C* and reentrant smectic Cr* phases. Goldstone mode which is manifestation of ferroelectric ordering was detected in smectic C* phase of these hydrogen bonded complexes. Two types of relaxation named as type I and type II were observed in smectic C* and smectic G phases of the present hydrogen bonded complexes respectively and a theoretical modeling was presented towards the origination of various types of relaxation mechanisms.
Low-Grade Inflammation Is Associated with Apathy Indirectly via Deep White Matter Lesions in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Sefuri Study

Low-grade inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, and apathy as a form of vascular depression. We analyzed the brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in 259 community-dwelling older adults (122 men and 137 women, with a mean age of 68.4 years). The serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the log10 hsCRP value and the presence of a metabolic syndrome were independently associated with confluent but not punctate deep white matter lesions (DWMLs). Path analysis based on structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that the direct path from the log10 hsCRP to the DWMLs was significant (β = 0.119, p = 0.039). The direct paths from the metabolic syndrome to the log10 hsCRP and to the DWMLs were also significant. The direct path from the DWMLs to apathy (β = −0.165, p = 0.007) was significant, but the direct path from the log10 hsCRP to apathy was not significant. Inflammation (i.e., elevated serum hsCRP levels) was associated with DWMLs independent of common vascular risk factors, while DWMLs were associated with apathy. The present analysis with SEM revealed the more realistic scheme that low-grade inflammation was associated with apathy indirectly via DWMLs in community-dwelling older adults.
Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. VI. Genetic (Reproductive) Selection: Inheritance of Fertility in Man, and of Fecundity in Thoroughbred Racehorses

I understand by a factor of evolution any source of progressive change in the constants—mean values, variabilities, correlations—which suffice to define an organ or character, or the interrelations of a group of organs or characters, at any stage in any form of life. To demonstrate the existence of such a factor we require to show more than the plausibility of its effectiveness, we need that a numerical measure of the changes in the organic constants shall be obtained from actual statistical data. These data must be of sufficient extent to render the numerical determinations large as compared with their probable errors. In a “Note on Reproductive Selection,” published in the ‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ vol. 59, p. 301, I have pointed out that if fertility be inherited or if it be correlated with any inherited character—those who are thoroughly conversant with the theory of correlation will recognise that these two things are not the same—then we have a source of progressive change, a vera causa of evolution. I then termed this factor of evolution Reproductive Selection . As the term lias been objected to, I have adopted Genetic Selection as an alternative. I mean by this term the influence of different grades of reproductivity in producing change in the predominant type.
Epidemiology of Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwing Versus Contact Athletes of the National Collegiate Athletic Association: Analysis of the 2009-2010 to 2013-2014 Seasons

Background: The management and outcomes of elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in throwing athletes have been well investigated. However, less is known regarding the management, severity, and outcomes of such injuries in contact athletes. Purpose: To compare the incidence, severity, and outcomes of elbow UCL injuries between throwing and contact athletes in collegiate sports. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Elbow UCL injuries were queried from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program between the seasons of 2009-2010 and 2013-2014 in 25 varsity sports. The rates and distribution of injuries by mechanism, participation restriction time, and outcomes (eg, season-ending injury, surgery) were examined. A severe injury was defined as loss of ≥21 days from participation, a season-ending injury, or requiring a surgical intervention. The injury frequency, incidence per 10,000 athlete-exposures (AEs), and injury proportion ratio comparing throwing and contact athletes were calculated with 95% CIs. Results: Over the course of 5 seasons, 109 UCL injuries were recorded, for an overall injury rate of 0.29 per 10,000 AEs. Of these injuries, 83 (76.1%) were a result of contact and 26 (23.9%) from throwing. Men’s wrestling (1.78 per 10,000 AEs) and men’s baseball (1.12 per 10,000 AEs) sustained the highest injury rates. A larger proportion of throwing (n = 8; 36.4%) compared with contact (n = –7; 9.1%) (P < 0.01) injuries results in >21 days of time loss. Additionally, more throwing-related UCL injuries required surgery (n = 2; 11.1%) compared with contact-related injuries (n = 1; 1.3%) (P < 0.01). As a result, throwing athletes demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of severe injuries than contact athletes (injury proportion ratio, 4.62 [95% CI, 1.72-12.40]). Conclusion: The evaluation of athletes in 25 collegiate varsity sports across 5 seasons found over 3 times more elbow UCL injuries in contact versus throwing athletes. However, the number of severe injuries in throwing athletes was significantly higher than in contact athletes. These findings demonstrate that although elbow UCL injuries are prone to occur in both contact and throwing athletes, their prevention, management, and outcomes must be framed on a sport-by-sport basis.
The GEM-T2 Gravitational Model

GEM-T2 is the latest in a series of Goddard Earth models of the terrestrial gravitational field. It is the second in a planned sequence of gravity models designed to improve both the modeling capabilities for determining the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite's radial position to an accuracy of 10-cm RMS and for defining the long-wavelength geoid to support many oceanographic and geophysical applications. GEM-T2 includes more than 6OU coefficients above degree 36, the limit for GEM-T1, and provides a dynamically determined model of the major tidal components which contains 90 terms. Like GEM-T1, it was produced entirely from satellite tracking data. GEM-T2 however, now uses nearly twice as many satellites (31 versus 17), contains 3 times the number of observations (2.4 million), and has twice the number of data arcs (1130). GEM-T2 utilizes laser tracking from 11 satellites, Doppler data from four satellites, two- and three-way range rate data from Landsat-1, satellite-to-satellite tracking data between the geosynchronous ATS 6 and GEOS 3, and optical observations on 20 different orbits. This observation set effectively exhausts the inclination distribution available for gravitational field development from our historical data base. The recovery of the higher degree and order coefficients in GEM-T2 was made possible through the application of a constrained least squares technique using the known spectrum of the Earth's gravity field as a priori information. The error calibration of the model was performed concurrently with its generation by comparing the complete model against test solutions which omit each individually identifiable data set in turn. The differences between the solutions isolate the contribution of a given data set, and the magnitudes of these differences are compared for consistency against their expected values from the respective solution covariances. The process yields near optimal data weights and assures that the model will be both self-consistent and well calibrated. GEM-T2 has benefitted by its application as demonstrated through comparisons using independently derived gravity anomalies from altimelry. Results for the GEM-T2 error calibration indicate significant improvement over previous satellite-only GEM models. The accuracy assessment of the lower degree and order coefficients of GEM-T2 shows that their uncertainties have been reduced by 20% compared to GEM-T1. The commission error of the geoid has been reduced from 160 cm for GEM-T1 to 130 cm for GEM-T2 for the 36 × 36 portion of the field. The orbital accuracies achieved using GEM-T2 are likewise improved. This is especially true for the Starlette and GEOS 3 orbits where higher-order resonance terms not present in GEM-T1 (e.g., terms with m = 42,43) are now well represented in GEM-T2. The improvement in orbital accuracy of GEM-T2 over GEM-T1 extends across all orbit inclinations. This confirms our conclusion that GEM-T2 offers a significant advance in knowledge of the Earth's gravity field.
An Efficient Image Retrieval Based on Combined Features

An efficient image retrieval scheme to retrieve images is proposed based on the issue of texture and color space features extractions. The algorithm for an effective image retrieval scheme to retrieve images is presented. We propose a scheme using color and texture features and address the unique algorithm to extract the color pixel features by the HSV color space and the texture features of Homogeneous Texture Descriptor (HTD). The proposed scheme transfers each image to a quantized color code using the regulations of the properties in compliance with HSV color space model and then employing the quantized color code along with the texture feature of Homogeneous Texture Descriptor (HTD) to compare the images of database. Experimental of the proposed scheme performed on SIMPLIcity image database to demonstrate more efficient and effective than the conventional schemes.
Characterization of the phosphotransacetylase-acetate kinase pathway for ATP production in Porphyromonas gingivalis

ABSTRACT Acetyl phosphate (AcP) is generally produced from acetyl coenzyme A by phosphotransacetylase (Pta), and subsequent reaction with ADP, catalyzed by acetate kinase (Ack), produces ATP. The mechanism of ATP production in Porphyromonas gingivalis is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular basis of the Pta-Ack pathway in this microorganism. Pta and Ack from P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 were enzymatically and structurally characterized. Structural and mutational analyses suggest that Pta is a dimer with two substrate-binding sites in each subunit. Ack is also dimeric, with a catalytic cleft in each subunit, and structural analysis indicates a dramatic domain motion that opens and closes the cleft during catalysis. ATP formation by Ack proceeds via a sequential mechanism. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis demonstrated that the pta (PGN_1179) and ack (PGN_1178) genes, tandemly located in the genome, are cotranscribed as an operon. Inactivation of pta or ack in P. gingivalis by homologous recombination was successful only when the inactivated gene was expressed in trans. Therefore, both pta and ack genes are essential for this microorganism. Insights into the Pta-Ack pathway reported herein would be helpful to understand the energy acquisition in P. gingivalis.