Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMBINING ABILITY FOR SOME IMPORTANT TRAITS IN RED MAIZE USING GRIFFING'S METHOD 2 AND 4

A half diallel cross among 9 inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated under two locations (Fac. Agric. Moshtohor and Quesna menofiya Governorate) for some quantitative characters; i.e. Days to 50 % tasseling, plant height, No. of rows/ear, No of kernels/row,100-kernel weight and grain yield/plant. General and specific combining ability were estimated according to Griffings (1956) diallel cross analysis designated as method 2 and 4 model 1 for each location as well as the combined over them. Locations mean squares were significant for all studied traits, except for no. of rows/ear, in both methods, with mean values in L1 being higher than those in L2 for all traits in both methods of analysis (M4 and M2), except no. of days to 50% tasseling. In both methods, genotypes mean squares were significant for all traits in both locations as well as the combined analysis. The mean squares due to general and specific combing ability were highly significant for all studied traits in both methods and both locations as well as the combined analysis. In the method 4, high of GCA/SCA ratios which largely exceeded the unity were obtained for all studied traits in both locations as well as the combined analysis, except days to 50% tasseling at L2 only. In method 2, no. of rows/ ear at L2 had GCA/SCA ratio equal unity. High ratios which largely exceeded the unity were obtained for days to 50% tasseling, 100-kernel weight and grain yield/ plant in both locations and the combined analysis. This finding coincided with that already reached from the combining ability analysis of Griffing method-4. For the other remain cases, GCA/SCA ratios, were less than unity. The mean squares of interaction between locations and both types of combining ability were significant for all traits in both methods of analysis. The parental inbred lines no. 9, 1 and 8 seemed to be good combiners for yield and some of its components in both methods of analysis. The crosses P1xP4, P1xP8, P1xP9, P4xP7, P6xP9 and P8xP9 showed the highest values for SCA effects for grain yield and its components in both methods of analysis.
Hens' preferences for high-intensity high-pressure sodium or low-intensity incandescent lighting

Abstract High-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) are being introduced to poultry operations because of their energy efficiencies and long average life spans, but few studies have investigated the effects of this source of lighting on poultry behavior or performance. HPS sources emit a much narrower range of wavelengths than traditional incandescent lighting, resulting in light with a yellowish appearance. Because birds are sensitive to different wavelengths and intensities of light, an experiment was conducted to determine the preferences of hens for either high-pressure sodium light at an average intensity of 426 lux or standard incandescent light at 27 lux and to measure the activities that the birds performed in the two different light sources. The hens spent similar amounts of time in the two different light sources (P>.10). However, birds tended to spend more time than expected sitting and feeding in the dimmer incandescent light and more time than expected pecking, nesting, and preening in HPS (P
Composition and ecology of vascular epiphyte communities along an altitudinal gradient in central Veracruz, Mexico

Vascular epiphytes were studied in forests at alti- tudes from 720 to 2370 m on the Atlantic slope of central Veracruz, Mexico. The biomass of all trees of each species > 10 cm diameter at breast height within plots between 625 and 1500 m 2 was estimated. The number of species per plot ranged between 22 and 53, and biomass between 9 and 249 g dry weight/m 2 . The highest values, both of species and biomass, were found at an intermediate altitude (1430 m). Habitat diversity may contribute to epiphyte diversity in humid for- ests, but the importance of this effect could not be distin- guished from the influence of climate. A remarkably high number of bromeliads and orchids grew in relatively dry forests at low altitudes. In wet upper montane forests, bromeliads were replaced by ferns, while orchids were numer- ous at all sites, except for a pine forest. The number of epiphytic species and their biomass on a tree of a given site were closely related to tree size. According to Canonical Correspondence Analysis, the factor determining the compo- sition of the epiphytic vegetation of a tree was altitude and to some extent tree size, whereas tree species had practically no influence. The only trees which had an evidently negative effect on epiphytes were pines, which were particularly hostile to orchids and to a lesser degree to ferns, and Bursera simaruba, which generally had few epiphytes due to its smooth and defoliating bark.
Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) aquaculture in Bangladesh: an overview

Farming of the striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, is a major aquaculture activity in Bangladesh, particularly in the district of Mymensingh. However, pangasius farm management practices and the socio-economic impacts of pangasius farming systems in Mymensingh have not yet been adequately described in the literature. This article provides an overview of the present status and characteristics of pangasius culture in Bangladesh based on data from a study conducted in Mymensingh district during 2009. The mean productivity of pangasius was 36.9 MT ha 1 , where 87.9% of the farms produced between 15 and 65 MT ha 1 of pangasius, with an additional 10–20% Indian major and Chinese carps and Nile tilapia. Pangasius aquaculture in Bangladesh has improved the economic and social status of a variety of stakeholders in communities where the fish is farmed.
Diet composition of Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) (Pisces: Belonidae) in the Aegean Sea

Summary The objective of this study was to determine the monthly dietary pattern in migratory garfish and to improve our understanding in the seasonality of prey choice. Gut contents of 597 Belone belone specimens collected from the eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) were analyzed: 79.2% contained food in their guts and 20.8% had empty guts. Crustaceans (36.7%) were the most important prey with a 36.7 index of relative importance (%IRI). Especially brachyurans (13.0%) and copepods played a major role (10.1%), followed by teleosts (26.1%) and other food categories (23.3%) (much of which was of terrestrial origin, including insects). Nannocalanus minor, Clausocalanus arcuicornis, Temora stylifera, Labidocera wollastoni and Oncea media were important copepods found in the guts of B. belone specimens. Analysis of variance of the monthly weight data indicated no significant seasonal differences, except for January and February.
Effect of flavour enhancers on the occurrence of sensory-specific satiety in humans depending on their sex and age.

The study was aimed at determining the effect of flavour enhancers on the occurrence of sensory-specific satiety (SSS) phenomenon in young and elderly people of both sexes. Investigations involved a group of 60 subjects (30 young and 30 elderly ones, 15 women and men in each group) who rated the pleasantness of instant products with various sensory properties (pasta with Bolognese sauce, lemon gelatin dessert, fruit semolina) before and after ad libitum consumption of pasta with Bolognese sauce without and with the addition of flavour enhancers (sodium monoglutamate, sodium inosinate and a mixture of sodium inosinate and sodium guanylate). A significant effect (p<0.001) of age on the development of SSS was demonstrated in the study, yet only in the case of young people. The addition of flavour enhancers to pasta with Bolognese sauce intensified the occurrence of sensory-specific satiety, however that effect appeared to depend on the sex of the examined and was distinctly higher in women than in men. It was also demonstrated that in the elderly the feeling of satiety occurred at a relatively lower intake of pasta with Bolognese sauce as compared to the young people and the addition of flavour enhancers had no significant effect on the content of energy ingested with a meal in both sex groups.
Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests

By retaining patches of trees in cut blocks, managers expect to retain some forest birds and create bird communities more similar to those found after fires. We surveyed birds from a range of patch sizes (1 to >3000 live residual trees), at four ages (2, 15, 30, 60 years), following two disturbance types (harvest, fire) in mixedwood boreal forest. Bird communities varied among patch sizes, forest ages, and disturbance types. Immediately post-disturbance, bird communities from large patches (>100 residual trees) were more similar to those from old forest than were communities from small patches (10 residual trees). Birds that nest or forage in open or riparian habitats had highest densities in small patches 2 years post-harvest, whereas birds that nest in large snags had highest densities in small patches 2 years post-fire. Throughout the chronosequence following both disturbance types, birds from small patches became more similar to those from old forest. Birds that nest and forage in small trees and shru.
Longevity of mycorrhizal roots depends on branching order and nutrient availability

Summary • The effects are reported of branching order and nitrogen fertilization on the longevity of mycorrhizal short roots at a Norway spruce (Picea abies) stand in south-west Sweden. • A 4-yr qualitative analysis was made, using minirhizotrons, of the emergence frequency and life span of individual mycorrhizal roots of three root orders (unbranched, main axes of branched and side branches of branched short roots, orders 1, 2 and 3, respectively). • Longevity of mycorrhizal roots varied with branching order and soil depth, being greatest in unbranched (order 1) roots and those at the greatest soil depth (40–85 cm). Nitrogen addition decreased the proportion of higher mycorrhizal root orders (a fivefold reduction in order 3 compared with controls), while increasing the median longevity. Seasonal effects were recorded; mycorrhizal roots produced in spring and summer remained unsuberized during the winter. • Mycorrhizal root longevity depends on the branching order of mycorrhizal roots and nitrogen addition decreases branching density while increasing longevity. The survival of mycorrhizal roots, which remain vital and unsuberized over winter, enhances water and nutrient efficiency of Norway spruce.
Social rank and antipredator behaviour of Willow Tits Parus montanus in winter flocks

Field experiments on three free-ranging Willow Tit winter flocks, each consisting of one adult pair and two male and two female juveniles (first-year birds), were performed to examine whether preferences for feeding site and antipredator behaviour are related to social rank. The dominance structure was the same in all flocks; adult male > juvenile male 1 > juvenile male 2 > adult female > juvenile female 1 > juvenile female 2. The proportion of time spent scanning for predators was positively correlated with distance from cover, and adults scanned relatively more than juveniles at the same controlled distance from cover, especially in the afternoon. Given a choice between feeders placed 1 m, 3 m, 5 m, 10 m and 20 m from the forest edge, the tits preferred feeders close to cover. Low-ranking individuals used feeders farther from cover indicating that higher ranked tits prevented them from using the feeders close to cover by means of social dominance. When only the 10m and 20 m feeders were baited, only low-ranked juveniles visited the feeders, subordinate females slightly more than males. The subordinate juveniles increased their use of exposed feeders at low ambient temperature, suggesting that they are prepared to take greater risks during cold periods. The sequence of return to a feeder, after a life-like stuffed predator model mounted 1 m from a feeder opening was removed, was positively correlated with dominance status, revealing that subordinates take the greatest predation risks.
Rapid gall midge adaptation to a resistant willow genotype

Abstract 1 We conducted two experiments to investigate why a basket willow Salix viminalis L. genotype, known to be highly resistant to the leaf‐roller gall midge Dasineura marginemtorquens (Bremi), should support very high gall densities in a field plantation at Tälle, south Sweden.
Níveis de lisina mantendo a relação aminoacídica para frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, em diferentes ambientes térmicos

Four hundred and eighty Ross broiler male, with initial weight of 43 ± 0.2 g, from 1 to 21 days of age, were allotted to an experimental design in 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, two environments (high temperature and thermal comfort) and four levels of total lysine (1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4%) with six replicates and ten birds/experimental unity. Feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) were higher in the thermoneutral environment, while the feed: gain ratio (F/G) and the efficiency of utilization of lysine were better at the high environmental temperature. At the thermal comfort environment, the WG and lysine intake increased with the dietary lysine levels in the diet and the efficiency of lysine utilization for WG linearly improved. At the high temperature environment, the lysine levels influenced the WG and lysine intake, which linearly increased, and also improved, in a linear response, the efficiency of lysine utilization for WG. The feed: gain ratio improved in a quadratic way up to the level of 1.29% of lysine. Despite of the linear response, the LRP model was the one that better fitted the WG data, estimating the lysine level in 1.24%, the plateau point. The high temperature environment negatively influenced WG and FI, even so improved the FC. Broilers from 1 to 21 days of age need 1.4 and 1.29% of total lysine, in thermal comfort and high temperature environments, respectively.
A New Basal Hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Turonian of New Mexico

ABSTRACT MSM P4166, a specimen from the Moreno Hill Formation (middle Turonian) of New Mexico, is described as the holotype of a new genus and species of hadrosauroid dinosaur. Jeyawati rugoculus, gen. et sp. nov., is diagnosed by a rugose texture that covers the entire lateral surface of the postorbital and the presence of a large neurovascular foramen at the base of the jugal process of the postorbital, as well as a unique combination of characters. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis reveals that Jeyawati is a basal hadrosauroid more derived than Probactrosaurus, Eolambia, and Protohadros, but more basal than Shuangmiaosaurus, Bactrosaurus, and Telmatosaurus. Assessment of ontogenetic criteria indicates that MSM P4166 represents a subadult or adult individual. Even with the recognition of Jeyawati, Late Cretaceous hadrosauroid biogeography remains somewhat ambiguous because of the lack of material from the late Turonian—early Santonian in western North America.
Larval Stages of Northeastern Atlantic Crabs: An illustrated key

Review of studies in the North Eastern Atlantic area review of rearing methods previous methods methods used in present study preparatory methods for the study of larvae the prezoea the zoea the megalopa gill development in zoeal stages and the megalopa setal morphology of larvae development North Eastern Atlantic reptantia - identification of zoeal stages summary classification keys to zoeal sages of reptant genera diagnostic zoeal features classification of the larval brachyuran crab species keys to the larval stages of North Eastern Atlantic brachyurans references and diagnoses dromiacea archaeobrachyura parthenopina oxyrhyncha key to larval stages of genera and species of Majidae cancridae brachyrhyncha key to larval stages of family pinnotheridae oxystomata.
Combined application of biophysical habitat mapping and systematic conservation planning to assess efficiency and representativeness of the existing High Seas MPA network in the Northeast Atlantic

The High Seas are increasingly the subject of exploitation. Although Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are seen as a useful tool in the sustainable management of the oceans, progress in the implementation of MPA networks in areas beyond national jurisdiction has been limited. Specifically, the criteria of “representativeness” has received little consideration. This study uses the systematic conservation planning software Marxan coupled with a biologically meaningful biophysical habitat map to investigate representative MPA network scenarios and to assess the efficiency and representativeness of the existing High Seas MPA network in the Northeast Atlantic. Habitat maps were created based on the layers of water mass structure and seabed topography resulting in 30 different habitats, in six distinct regions. Conservation targets were set at 10 and 30% representation of each habitat within the final network. Two portfolios were created. The first portfolio (P1) ignored the presence of the existing MPA network within the study area allowing a non-biased selection of planning units (PUs) or sites to be chosen. The second (P2) enforced the selection of areas within the existing MPA network. Efficiency was measured as the difference in the percentage area contained within the “best scenario”MPAs from the un-bias run (P1) compared with (P2). Representativety of the existing network was assessed through the investigation of the properties of PUs included withinMPAs in the “best scenario” Marxan output of P2. The results suggest that the current MPA network is neither efficient nor representative. There were clear differences in the spatial distribution of PUs selected in P1 compared with P2. The area required to be protected to achieve that the representation of 10 and 30% of each habitat was 8–10 and 1–4% higher, respectively, in P2 compared with P1. Abyssal areas in all regions are underrepresented within the current MPA network.
Relationships among Pratylenchus jaehni and P. coffeae populations from Brazil.

The relationships among Pratyleuchus jaehni (C 1 ) and six amphimitic Pratylenchus populations from Brazil (three from banana, PcB 1 , PcB 2 , and PcB 3 ; one from Aglaonema sp., M 2 ; one from coffee, K 5 ; and one from citrus, C 2 ) were studied through morphological and molecular analysis, and pathogenicity test. The analysis of morphometric characteristics of PcB 1 , M 2 , C 2 and K 5 , compared with P. jaehni and P. coffeae (K 6 ) data obtained from literature, delineated three groups: P. coffeae (K 6 ), PcB 1 and M 2 ; P. jaehni (C 1 ) and C 2 ; and K 5 . RAPD analysis of PcB 1 , PcB 2 , PcB 3 , M 2 , C 2 , K 5 and P. jaehni (C 1 ) demonstrated that these populations form three distinct genetic groups: PcB 1 , PcB 2 , PcB 3 and M 2 ; P jaehni and C 2 ; and K 5 . In pathogenicity test, K 5 reproduced well on coffee and caused extensive root necrosis, but C 2 did not. Population C 2 reproduced well on Rangpur lime, which was previously rated as poor host to K 5 . Therefore, the results demonstrated that C 2 is P.jaehni, K 5 is an undescribed species of Pratylenchus, and PcB 1 , PcB 2 and PcB 3 are P. coffeae. The taxonomic status of M 2 remains inconclusive.
An improved protocol for rapid and efficient Agrobacterium mediated transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Transformation of tomato with heterologous genes requires rapid and effi cient transformation protocols. Agrobacterium mediated transformation protocol of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. ‘Arka Vikas’ using dreb1A gene under Rd29A promoter in pCAMBIA 2301 binary vector was optimized by varying parameters such as type of explant, type and concentrations of hormones. Hypocotyls were found to be the best explants for shoot regeneration in tomato compared to cotyledons with 53.2 and 22.8% shoot regeneration, respectively. In the shoot regeneration medium, 0.1 mgL-l IBA as a source of auxin gave nearly 50% higher shoot regeneration than IAA at similar concentration. With this protocol it was possible to obtain transformed plants within a period of 77 days with a high regeneration and transformation effi ciency (34%) compared to over 120 days using earlier published protocols. The T1 generation plants segregated in a 3:1 ratio for the transgene and Southern blot analysis of the selected plants had shown the transgene integration was at a single locus. With this method it is possible to rapidly and effi ciently generate transgenic tomato plants.
Throughfall, stemflow, overland flow and throughflow in the Ulu Segama rain forest, Sabah, Malaysia

On an annual basis 80.7% of the 3627 mm precipitation at a site of the East Ridge at Danum Valley, September 1989 to September 1990, reached the forest floor as throughfall and 1.9% as stemflow, giving an interception loss of 17.4%. The proportion of total rainfall intercepted decreases with storm magnitude. Stemflow amounts vary greatly from tree to tree. Under forest, removal of the ground cover and understorey vegetation led to changes in runoff and soil loss; soil faunal activity under natural forest produced higher soil loss from undisturbed natural plots, than from adjacent, partly cleared plots. Between 2.0 and 2.5% of the rain reaching the ground forms overland flow, the remainder infiltrates and much may be evacuated by pipeflow. Storms of 35 mm or more, which accounted for less than 35% of all rain events, produced 70% of the runoff and soil loss.
Effects of PGPR and antagonistic fungi on the growth, enzyme activity and Fusarium root-rot of pea

The effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas putida) and antagonistic fungi (Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum) were studied alone and in combination in glasshouse experiments on the growth, chlorophyll catalase and peroxidase activity and on the Fusarium root-rot of pea caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. Application of PGPR and antagonistic fungi caused a significant increase in growth, chlorophyll, catalase and peroxidase activities of both root-rot fungus inoculated and un-inoculated pea plants. Use of P. putida was more effective in reducing disease severity and improving the growth of root-rot fungus-inoculated plants than A. niger and T. harzianum. The greatest increase in growth, chlorophyll, catalase and peroxidase activities of root-rot fungus-inoculated plants and reduction in disease severity was achieved when A. awamori or B. pumilus was used with P. putida compared to other tested combinations.
Factors affecting anvils utilization by Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major

Three factors which are assumed to influence the frequency of anvil utilization by Great Spotted Woodpecker were studied. They were: (I) microhabitat characteristic, (2) seasonal changes in the cones' availability and (3) size of hammered cones. Anvil location and number of pines Pinus silvestris in 10 m radius (as food resource availability) were described. Hammered cones were collected, counted and measured (length, width). Number of pines didn't influence the intensity of anvil utilization. Particular groups of anvils (main, secondary and ancillary) were exploited throughout the winter ~n similar way, although in main and secondary anvils there was decrease in the average length of the hammered cones. In particular anvils cones in different sizes were hammered, and intensity of utilization was correlated with the average length and range of length of opened cones. We argue that ancillary anvils are used for opening the cones of specific shape.