Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth and survival rate of three genetic groups fed 28% and 34% protein diets

The strain by nutrition interaction in body weight and survival rate was examined by testing three genetic groups (Selection and Control lines of the GIFT strain, and Red tilapia) at two levels of protein in the diet (28% and 34%). The GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been selected for high-breeding values for body weight, whereas the Control was contemporaneously maintained and selected for breeding values of body weight close to the population mean. The Red tilapia (Oreochromis spp) was unselected at the time of the experiment. There were a total of 6000 fish at stocking in the study (2000 fish per genetic group). During the grow-out period of 147 days, within each genetic group, the fish were randomly assigned to either a 28% or a 34% protein diet. Survival rate during grow-out averaged 72%. A total of 4335 fish were harvested, with individual body measurements and survival recorded. The effect of genetic group accounted for the largest proportion of variation in body weight and survival, followed by sex and protein level. Across the two dietary protein levels, the GIFT strain had the highest growth. The difference in body weight between the Control and Red tilapia was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Responses in growth to dietary protein levels also differed between genetic groups. No differences (P > 0.05) in body weight were found in the GIFT selection and Control fish fed 28% or 34% protein diets. However, body weight of Red tilapia was greater in the high- than in the low-protein diet. In contrast to body weight, survival rate from stocking to harvest was affected by protein level. The high-protein diet significantly improved survival rate, averaging 24% across the three strains. The overall results indicate significant effects of genetic group and dietary protein level on both body weight and survival rate; however, the interaction between strain and dietary protein levels was small and possibly unimportant for these traits. It is concluded that the 28% protein diet used in the selection programme for the GIFT strain results in the selection of genotypes that can perform well under commercial feeds.
Leaf Damage Decreases Pollen Production and Hinders Pollen Performance in Cucurbita Texana

Leaf damage is known to adversely affect reproductive output through the female (fruit and seed) function, but little is known about the effects of leaf damage on the male function of plants. This study simulates the timing, location, and pattern of natural herbivory by diabroticite beetles and shows that leaf damage reduces male reproductive success in Cucurbita texana. Partially defoliated branches of C. texana produced significantly fewer staminate flowers and fewer pollen grains per flower than undamaged branches on the same plant. Moreover, pollen from staminate flowers on partially defoliated plants was less likely to sire seeds than pollen from undamaged plants when deposited onto a stigma with pollen from a tester line, indicating that leaf damage not only decreases pollen production but also adversely affects pollen performance.
Field Assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis on Nontarget Lepidoptera

Nontarget effects of a single aerial application of Bacillus thuringiensis at 90 BIU/ha were studied on native Lepidoptera in west central Virginia in 1992 (treatment year) and in 1993 and 1994 (recovery years). Overall caterpillar abundance was lower on foliage collections from sprayed plots, but differences were modest and mostly not significant. Nineteen of 20 common species from foliage decreased in relative abundance following the application of B. thuringiensis , although we could not demonstrate a significant treatment effect for any 1 of the 19. Greatest impacts were seen in the macrolepidopteran fauna beneath burlap bands. Eleven of the 12 more frequently encountered species were significantly less common on the treatment plots in 1992. Taken collectively,4 of our species [ Phoberia atomaris Hiibner and Orthosia rubescens (Walker) (both Noctuidae), Malacosoma disstria Hubner(Lasiocampidae), and Satyrium calanus (Hubner) (Lycaenidae)] were recovered 10 times more often from our control plots following the application of B. thuringiensis . Caterpillar numbers rebounded in the 1st post-spray year (1993), with only M. disstria and P. atomaris remaining significantly less common on treatment plots; reduced abundance of the latter continued through our 2nd post-year samples.
ARACHIS HYPOGAEA. REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY

The seasonal distribution of flower production and its relation to fruiting were investigated in the Virginia variety of the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea. Flowering followed a normal frequency distribution with its mode in the third month of the growing season. Day to day flower frequencies fluctuated cyclically over periods of two to five days with marked maxima and minima. Fluctuations in flower frequency were not closely correlated with variations in factors of the external environment. Flower removal experiments demonstrated that the cyclic rhythm of flowering was not influenced by fruit development. The inhibition of fruiting by daily removal of the flowers and to a lesser degree the depression of seed development by calcium-deficiency, both resulted in increased flower production and prolongation of the flowering period. Flowering and fruiting occurred concurrently, but as fruit development continued flowering gradually decreased. Removal of the fruits resulted in a prompt resumption of flowering. A large proportion of the flowers failed to produce mature fruit although all flowers were potentially fertile. Approximately two-fifths of the flowers failed to begin fruit development; an additional two-fifths produced immature pegs which aborted before pod enlargement occurred. Only 13.5 per cent of the flowers produced mature pods. Calcium-deficiency inhibited seed development but did not increase the disparity between fruiting potential and mature pods produced.
Growth of Usnea longissima Across a Variety of Habitats in the Oregon Coast Range

Abstract The sensitive lichen Usnea longissima Ach. has a limited, patchy distribution across forested landscapes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. To gain insight into whether the current distribution within the Oregon Coast Range has resulted from a lack of suitable habitat or from dispersal limitations, we measured growth of U. longissima transplants placed in four habitats. Transplant study site locations and habitats were determined through an accompanying study that identified significant U. longissima habitat characteristics, based on the present distribution of the species, and used predictive modeling to identify areas of apparently suitable habitat within the study area. Transplants were placed in 12 sites, comprised of three replicates of the four habitats. Ninety transplants were placed in each habitat (n = 360). Growth was measured as changes in biomass and length after one year. Transplants grew in all habitats, particularly in sites where habitat was predicted to be least suitable for U. longissima. Although transplants in those sites had mean biomass increases that were 2.7 to 4.6 times greater than those of transplants placed in the other three habitats, their overall rate of attrition was 1.5 to 1.8 times higher than transplants in the other three habitats. Increases in length were also greatest in sites where habitat was predicted to be least suitable. The fact that the transplants grew well in all habitats and actually thrived in sites where habitat was predicted to be least suitable indicates that dispersal limitations may play a more significant role than the availability of suitable habitat in determining the distribution of U. longissima in the Oregon Coast Range. These findings underscore the importance of green tree retention during timber harvests. Trees containing U. longissima should be retained so that they may inoculate the regenerating stand with U. longissima fragments. It is also recommended that stands harboring significant populations of U. longissima (typically old stands) be preserved as source locations of this dispersal-limited species.
Parasitoids and parasitism rates of the horse chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimić [Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae] across four sites in south-west London

The horse chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella was discovered in the Balkans in 1986 and appeared in the UK in 2002. The aim of this study was to quantify and describe the parasitism rates and parasitoids of the moth in urban and rural stands of Aesculus hippocastanum in the UK and to compare the results with those from European studies. A maximum parasitism rate of 6.67% was obtained, and a significant difference in parasitism rate between urban and rural stands was noted. Two species Minotetrastichus frontalis and Pnigalio agraules alone were responsible for 37% of total parasitism. However, the results show no ideal candidate for use in the biological control of C. ohridella within the native UK parasitoids.
Serological Characterization of Edwardsiella ictaluri Strains Isolated from Wild Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis

The serological relationships among 13 strains of Edwardsiella ictaluri isolated from wild ayu Plecoglossus altivelis in Japan were studied, using other E. ictaluri strains isolated from catfish as references. Slide agglutination with rabbit antisera revealed that all E. ictaluri strains from ayu were antigenically homogeneous and closely related to two Vietnamese strains and three Indonesian strains from striped catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus. The type strain of E. ictaluri (JCM1680 = ATCC33202) isolated from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and one Indonesian strain from striped catfish belonged to a different serogroup. These results were corroborated by serum absorption tests with the homologous and heterologous antigens.
Impact of spacing and training on seed yield of capsicum, Capsicum annuum L under protected conditions

The study was conducted during Kharif 2012 to find out optimum planting density and training system for seed production of bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L under protected conditions using cultivar Solan Bharpur. The treatment combinations comprised of three planting densities (S) viz S1 (45 x 15 cm), S2 (45 x 30 cm) and S3 (45 x 45 cm) and four training levels (T) viz T1 (single shoot), T2 (two shoots), T3 (three shoots) and T4 (four shoots). The observations were recorded in the field on plant height (cm), days to ripe fruit harvest, ripe fruit weight (g), number of ripe fruits/plant, ripe fruit yield/plant (kg), number of seeds/fruit, per cent seed recovery, seed yield/plant (g), seed yield/m2 (g) and seed yield/ha (kg). Analysis of variance showed that the combination S2T2 (plants spaced at 45 x 30 cm andtrained to two shoots) was found superior over all other treatments in terms of economic characters such as total fruit yield/plant and seed yield (per plant, per m2 and per hectare).
Postharvest ethylene and 1‐MCP treatments both affect phenols, anthocyanins, and aromatic quality of Aleatico grapes and wine

Aleatico grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Aleatico) picked at 20.4-20.6°Brix were treated with air containing 500 mg/L ethylene for 15 h, or 1 mg/L 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) for 15 h, or 1 mg/L 1-MCP for 15 h + 500 mg/L ethylene for further 15 h, or air (control). All treatments were imposed at 20°C and 95-100% relative humidity. Samples undergoing treatment were then held in air at 20°C and 85% relative humidity for 13 days. Ethylene production from ethylene-treated grapes was very high (25 µL/kg.h) immediately after treatment, and declined progressively until day 6; 1-MCP-ethylene-treated grapes showed lower ethylene production (10 µL/kg.h). This high ethylene production was mainly due to in-out diffusion of ethylene absorbed during the treatment, but a potential effect of 1-MCP is postulated, since 1-MCP-treated grapes did not show ethylene production for 2 days after treatment, whereas control grapes produced constant amounts (3-4 µL/kg.h) of ethylene. After day 6, no significant difference was observed among samples. No difference in respiration was revealed. Total phenols were increased significantly by ethylene treatment from 520 mg/L up to 710, while total anthocyanins were lost in air-treated samples (from 175 mg/L to 120) and remained constant in ethylene and 1-MCP-treated grapes. HPLC analyses of anthocyanins confirmed this result: air-treated samples lost anthocyanins rapidly while this loss was delayed in gas-treated samples. Terpenols, esters, alcohols, and C6 compounds were increased by ethylene treatment. Conversely, 1-MCP-treated grapes showed a significant loss of terpenols and esters, although maintaining alcohols, especially hexan-1-ol. Berry pathology was also affected, with 1-MCP and 1-MCP-ethylene treated grapes hosting a diffuse attack of grey mould. Wine analyses revealed higher concentrations of phenols and anthocyanins in wine from ethylene-treated grapes, although aromatic compounds were lost, and thus the aroma profile of those wines was diminished.
Studies on Grain Yield, Physico-Chemical and Cooking Characters of Elite Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa L.) in Eastern India

Forty one rice varieties of different ecologies are evaluated at Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack to find out varieties having better quality characters and yield. It is revealed that hulling percentage is very good in all the genotypes and ranged from 71.0 (Vanaprava) to 81.0 (Ajay). The milling recovery varied from 62.0 (Vanaprava) to 76.0 (Radhi). The HRR% varied from 43.5 (Kalyani-2) to 68.0 (Pooja). The kernel length is highest in Geetanjali (7.54) and lowest in Nuadhusara (3.88). Kernel length after cooking is very important character and varied from 7.9 (Nuakalajeera) to 12.5 (Geetanjali). Elongation ratio is highest in Nuadhusara (2.07) and Nuakalajeera (2.0) and lowest in Chandan (1.44). Volume expansion ratio is highest in Nua kalajeera (5.25), Nuadhusara (5.15) and lowest in Udaya (3.25). Amylose content is intermediate in all the tested genotypes except Heera and Vanaprava and it ranged from 22.1 (Utkalprava) to 26.1 (Vanaprava). The yield is highest in Rajlaxmi (7100 kg ha –1 ) followed by Ajay (6400 kg ha –1 ), Satyakrishna (6300 kg ha –1 ), Vashadhan (6200 kg ha –1 ) and lowest in Kalinga-3 (3100 kg ha –1 ).
Immune Responses of Broiler Chicks Fed Chromium Picolinate in Heat Stress Condition

The present study was conducted with two hundreds and forty male broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of chromium (Cr) from Cr picolinate on immune responses of heat-stressed broiler chicks. In a completely randomized design, diets were supplemented with 0 (control), 500, 1000 and 1500ppb Cr. Antibody titers against Newcastle and Influenza virus at 18 and 30d, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, albumin to globulin ratios and concentration of immunoglobulin G in serum were measured at 21 and 42d. On day 42, thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were collected, weighed and expressed as a percentage of live body weight. Antibody titers against Newcastle and Influenza virus were elevated at 30d of age in broiler chicks fed supplemental Cr. Heterophil to lymphocyte ratios decreased in broiler chicks fed 1000 and 1500ppb supplemental Cr. Concentration of immunoglobulin G in serum was increased by Cr supplementation especially at level of 1500ppb. Albumin to globulin ratios and weights of lymphoid organs were not affected by supplemental Cr. The results suggest that Cr supplementation improves some immune responses of heat-stressed broiler chicks.
Photoreceptors of Lumbricus terrestris, with special reference to their distribution, structure, and function

A special type of cell, called ‘Lichtzellen’ by Hesse, was found in the photosensitive regions of the earthworm. Wherever the epidermis is most sensitive to light these cells are most abundant. They are found in the epidermis of all segments of the body and also in nerve enlargements of the prostomium and the caudal segment, but the intersegmental and ventral regions of the different segments, except the more distal ones, contain none of them. They are supplied by nerves and each contains a characteristic inner structure, the optic organelle, composed of a large central hyaline structure, the lens, which is surrounded by a dense network of nerve fibrillae, the retinella. In hanging drops the lens was found to focus light in the region of the retinella irrespective of the direction of the rays.
The decline in elephant numbers in Rwenzori and Kabalega Falls National Parks, Uganda

Summary The present work was initiated to determine the status of the elephant in Uganda following reports of overpopulation in the national parks. Aerial counts were carried out each September from 1973 to 1976 in Rwenzori National Park and in Kabalega Falls National Park, including the contiguous game reserves to the south. The results showed a significant decline in elephant numbers between 1973 and 1976. By 1976 the populations in Rwenzori and Kabalega had fallen to about 26% and 17% respectively of the 1973 level. The decline is attributed to a massive increase in poaching within the parks. These findings necessitate a completely new assessment of the elephant problem in Uganda and published recommendations to cull are obviously no longer relevant. Resume La presente etude a ete entreprise pour determiner la situation de I'elephant en Ouganda en fonction des rapports de surpopulation dans les parcs nationaux. Des mois de septembre entre 1973 et 1976 au Parc National du Rwenzori et au Parc National de Kabalega Falls, y compris les reserves de chasse contigues au sud. Les resultats montrent une diminution significative du nombre d'elephants entre ces deux annees. En 1976, les populations au Rwenzori et au Kabalega sont tombees respectivement a 26 et 17% des effectifs de 1973. Le declin est attribuea une augmentation massive du braconnage a l'interieur des parcs. Ces decouvertes necessitent une approche entierement nouvelle du probleme des elephants en Ouganda et les publications anterieures recommandant un prelevement ne sont manifestement plus appropriees.
Composição Florística do Estrato Arbóreo na RPPN Porangaba em Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

We have performed a floristic inventory of the tree layer at RPPN Porangaba (Itaguai, RJ). We have sampled 50 plots of 100m2 where all individual trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm were measured. We have sampled 943 individual trees (877 births), distributed in 36 families, 66 genera and 105 species. The species with higher VI were Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer, Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr, Casearia sylvestris Sw. and Bathysa gymnocarpa K. Schum. The most representative families were Fabaceae (S = 14), Myrtaceae (S = 11) and Moraceae (S = 6). The area holds a representative diversity of submontane forest, but studies are needed on the dynamics of plant community of RPPN Porangaba.
Untersuchungen über Cadmiumgehalte in Leinsaat (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Im Erntegut eines Ollein-Modellanbauversuches und eines Sortenversuches mit 16 Genotypen auf 5 Standorten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wurden die Cadmiumgehalte analysiert. Bei insgesamt 118 Mustern aus dem Modellanbauversuch, die zu etwa gleichen Teilen auf die Sorten Antares und Atalante entfielen, wurde eine Variationsbreite der Cadmiumgehalte von 0.1 bis 1.7 mg Cd pro kg Leinsaat (100 bis 1700 ppb) ermittelt. Hierbei sind Sortenunterschiede erkennbar, indem bei der Sorte Atalante ca. 50% der Proben unterhalb des vom Bundesgesundheitsamt (BGA) herausgegebenen Grenzwertes von 300 ppb liegen, wahrend bei der Sorte Antares dieser Anteil nur ca. 23% betragt. In dem Sortenversuch bestatigte sich, das es offensichtlich genotypische Unterschiede in der Aufnahme und Akkumulation des Cadmiums bei Lein gibt. Der Sortenversuch zeigt auch eindeutig, das die Wahl des Anbauortes eine geeignete Masnahme ist, gering mit Cadmium belastete Leinsaat zu produzieren. Investigations on Cadmium Contents of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Cadmium contents have been analyzed in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) material derived from a country-wide model-trial and with 16 genotypes grown at 5 locations in the Federal Republic of Germany. Among 118 samples out of the model-trial, which are devided in nearly equal parts of the cultivars Antares and Atalante, a range of cadmium contents between 0.1 and 1.7 mg/kg (100 and 1700 ppb) were found. Here, a general difference between these two cultivars was obvious, in that half of the samples of Atalante were below the threshold value of 300 ppb; in Antares only about a quarter of the samples were below this level. This finding was confirmed by the results of the trial with 16 different genotypes, which indicates that genotypic differences in uptake and accumulation of cadmium really do exist in linseed. The results of the trials also demonstrate, that linseed low in Cd-content can be produced only at suitable locations.
Selection and performance of bacterial strains for biologically controlling Fusarium dry rot of potatoes incited by Gibberella pulicaris.

The microbiota from 29 different agricultural soils were individually transferred to separate samples of γ irradiation-sterilized field soil enriched with potato periderm. After incubation, the samples (chemically, physically, and nutritionally similar but microbiologically dissimilar) were assayed for biological suppressiveness to Fusarium dry rot using a whole-tuber/infested-soil assay. Over 350 isolates of bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes were recovered from tubers and soil associated with the five most suppressive soil samples. In three of four soils assayed, periderm amendment increased suppressiveness over that in the same soil without the amendment
A New Age of Discovery

streams that temporarily dry up are found in all climates and across all continents. A dry river channel carves through the Zagros Mountains in southern Iran and spreads out across the valley floor in a silvery fan. A broad belt of lush agricultural land follows the curve of the alluvial fan. Tsauchab River and Sossus Vlei Lakebed, Namibia A pale, dry riverbed cuts through the red dunes of the Namib Sand Sea.
Effect of plant density on yield and quality of different cultivars of sweet pepper

An experiment was conducted on effect of plant density on yield and quality of different cultivars of sweet pepper at Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad during the year 2009-2010. The experiment was laid out in 3×5 Factorial Randomized Block Design having 15 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment T 8 (variety Lucky star-165 with spacing 60×45cm) was found to be superior and statically significant over other treatment combinations, which recorded highest plant height (34.50cm), plant spread (60.66cm), number of leaves/plant (137.00), number branches/plant (9.57), time of flower bud initiation (52.41 day after transplanting), number of flower buds/plant (74.66), number of flowers/plant (51.20), number of fruits/plant (4.25), fruit length (4.91 cm), fruit yield (916.33g/plant), fruit yield (33.93t/ha), vitamin-C (130mg/100g) and T.S. S (17.26 %).