Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of storage temperature on starch retrogradation of bread staling

Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires,ArgentinaThe objective of the present work was to study the effect of bread storage temperature onstarch retrogradation, using water activity measurement and X-ray diffractometry techniqueto analyse the changes produced in the crumb ﬁrmness such as recrystallization. Whenstoring bread with crust, the crust tends to trap moisture from the crumb, resulting in adehydration of the crumb with faster staling. For storage temperatures of 25 and 48C, wateractivity decreases as a function of storage time whereas at 188C it is maintained at analmostconstant levelfor23 days.Duringstorage,thestarchmolecules arereassociatedandgenerate a new crystalline order which has a typical XRD pattern: the B-type structure. Thepeakat17.48 isindicativeofthis structureandisrelatedtobreadaging.As observedwiththerecrystallization kinetics, at 188C only crystal growth may occur, whereas at 25 and 48Cthere would be not only growth but also formation of new crystals. At 48C the rate of starchretrogradation is the highest for the studied conditions.
Modification of seed germination performance through cold plasma chemistry technology

This study was conducted to determine if an alternate seed treatment approach based on plasma chemistry would offer a more viable alternative over traditional seed coating technologies. Seed germination characteristics were modified in five agricultural species by coating the surface of the seeds with macromolecules from a cold plasma process using a rotating plasma reactor. The source gas entering the plasma chamber during the reaction process determined the type of coating, and coatings were typically much less than 5.0 micrometer in thickness. To delay germination we utilized two different hydrophobic source gases, carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) or octadecafluorodecalin (ODFD). Seeds of radish (Raphanus sativus) and two pea cultivars (Pisum sativum cv. Little Marvel, P. sativum cv. Alaska) treated with CF4, resulted in a significant delay in germination compared with untreated controls. Similarly, plasma treatment with ODFD significantly delayed germination in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ], corn (Zea mays L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds. The degree of delay was dependent on the amount of coating applied, with an increased thickness of coating resulting in a greater delay in germination. To enhance germination we treated seeds with cyclohexane, or with a gas such as aniline or hydrazine. Seeds treated with cyclohexane resulted in a significant acceleration in germination percentage for soybean but not corn seeds, while hydrazine-treated corn seed showed a small acceleration over control seed. However, both aniline-treated soybean and corn seed had a significant acceleration in germination percentage. Tests of water uptake determined that the major mode of action of the plasma coatings was largely on the rate of imbibition. These results demonstrate a potentially important technique to modify seed germination characteristics in agricultural plant species.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE IPA

Shanghai Chinese (Shanghainese; ) is a Wu dialect (ISO 639-3; code: wuu) spoken in the city of Shanghai (CN-31), one of the four municipalities in the People’s Republic of China. Over the last century, the dialect has been heavily influenced by neighbouring dialects spoken in the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, such as Jianghuai Mandarin ( ), the Suzhou Wu dialect ( ), and the Ningbo Wu dialect ( ), in addition to two other, more distant dialects, Cantonese ( ) and Northern Mandarin ( ). Most native speakers of Shanghai Chinese are in fact descendants of immigrants from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces who moved to Shanghai in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. More recently, the position of Shanghai Chinese has been eroded with the influx of immigrants from other parts of the country and the widespread adoption of Standard Chinese. Today, virtually all speakers also speak (Shanghainese-accented) Standard Chinese. There has been considerable research on the synchronic and diachronic changes of the dialect. Representative works include Xu & Tang (1962) on socially stratified variation in Shanghainese; Qian (2003) and Hu (2003), which provide detailed accounts of the evolution of Shanghainese over the last century; Liu (2004), which focuses on the sound structure of Shanghainese and attempts to trace its historical development; Shi & Jiang (1987), which reports significant individual variation among speakers of broadly similar age (born between 1928 and 1948); Xu, Tang & Tang (1982) on synchronic variation in Shanghai Chinese; and Xu, Tang & Tang (1988), which investigates variation among three generations of ten families (grandparents: born between 1807 and 1915; parents: 1930–1948; and children: 1967–1968). Shanghai Chinese is generally understood to be the modern dialect spoken in the urban districts that were recognized as the city centre of Shanghai before the incorporation of various surrounding suburbs and towns into the municipality since the 1980s. The dialect is therefore also known as , the ‘Shanghai urban variety’, as opposed to , the ‘Shanghai suburban variety’ (see Xu & Tao 1997 for further details and You 2010 for a detailed survey of the sound system changes in suburban varieties). The commonly recognized first attempt at a systematic description of Shanghai Chinese is Edkins (1853). Since the beginning of the 20th century, various aspects of the sound structure of Shanghai Chinese have been investigated,
Influence of Phosphate on Corrosion Products of Iron in Chloride-Polluted-Concrete-Simulating Solutions: Ferrihydrite vs Green Rust

Abstract The corrosion of steel-reinforcing bar (rebar) in concrete induced by the diffusion of chloride ions was simulated with a-iron foils dipped in various aqueous electrolytes. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was added to saturated calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) solutions to simulate concrete polluted with chloride ions whereas solutions containing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and NaCl were used as carbonate- and chloride-containing concrete. The corrosion process was electrochemically induced by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic methods. Similar experiments were performed with solutions where various amounts of trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) were added. The galvanostatic potential dropped to ∼ −0.15 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) in the absence of phosphate, indicating that active corrosion took place, while it reached values of ∼1 VSHE with large phosphate concentrations. The corrosion products were analyzed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. They mainly consisted of iron(II) compou.
Spray characteristics of four-hole injectors used for a hydrocarbon lean nitrogen oxide catalyst system in a diesel engine

Among emission reduction technologies, a hydrocarbon lean nitrogen oxide trap is a cost-effective solution for nitrogen oxide emission control in light-duty vehicles. However, the hydrocarbon lean nitrogen oxide trap leads to high fuel consumption because diesel fuel is normally used as a reducing agent (i.e. a reductant). It is necessary to establish injection conditions corresponding to the maximum nitrogen oxide conversion in the hydrocarbon lean nitrogen oxide trap system. A uniform distribution of the reducing agent is desirable, and the spray characteristics of the reductant, such as atomization and penetration, must be well understood in order to establish a good performance of the hydrocarbon lean nitrogen oxide trap. With this goal in mind, the spray characteristics and behaviour of a port fuel injector with four holes were analysed using visualization and r.m.s. image-processing techniques. The Sauter mean diameter distribution of the injector was measured using a Malvern system. The liquid agents employed in this study were ISO 4113 and n-heptane, which have properties similar to those of diesel and gasoline fuels respectively. These results elucidated the feasibility of a secondary injection system for the hydrocarbon lean nitrogen oxide trap.
EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC STUDIES OF THE ADSORPTION OF 2,4-D AND PICLORAM ON HUMIC ACID

Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the adsorption of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) on a humic acid have been made. The equilibrium data followed the Freundlich-type isotherm. Rate constants, activation energies, heats of activation, and entropies of activation were calculated for the adsorption of the two herbicides on humic acid. The rate data indicated a physical type of adsorption. In the overall adsorption process the rate-limiting step for the initial period was shown to be the diffusion of the herbicide molecules to the surface of humic acid. However, the rate-limiting process at longer time intervals was interpreted to be intraparticle diffusion of the herbicide molecules into the interior of the humic acid particles.
Compatibility Study of Blends of Acrylic Rubber (ACM), Poly(ethyleneterephalate) (PET), and Liquid Crystalline Polymer (LCP)

The ternary blends of acrylate rubber (ACM), poly(ethyleneterephalate) (PET), and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) were prepared by varying the amount of LCP, but fixing the ratio of ACM and PET using melt mixing procedure. The compatibility behavior of these blends was investigated with infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The IR results revealed the significant interaction between the blend components. Glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) of the blends were affected depending on the LCP weight percent in the ACM/PET, respectively. This further suggests the strong interfacial interactions between the blend components. In the presence of ACM, the nucleating effect of LCP was more pronounced for the PET. The thermogravimetric (TGA) study shows the improved thermal stability of the blends.
The influence of size on the trophic interactions between juveniles of two syntopic Trachinotus species

Abstract Syntopic species with similar anatomic configuration may face strong competition for trophic resources, thus relying on developed mechanisms to ensure coexistence. The present study investigated the influence of body size on trophic interactions between juveniles of two closely related fish species at three sandy beaches in south-eastern Brazil. A total of 150 fish were sampled, where 103 were identified as Trachinotus carolinus (mean ± SE: weight = 9 g ± 1.13) and 47 as Trachinotus goodei (weight = 46.7 g ± 3.34). A significant size-difference between juvenile Trachinotus was detected by a null-model analysis (P = 0.04), with T. carolinus (TL = 79.6 mm ± 2.4) presenting a smaller body size than T. goodei (TL = 147.7 mm ± 4.2). The main prey items consumed by T. carolinus were Perna perna (IAi = 0.76) and Emerita brasiliensis (IAi = 0.18), whereas the latter was the major T. goodei dietary prey (IAi = 0.71). Both prey were correlated with larger-sized juveniles of each pompano species, whereas smaller fish shared non-preferred trophic items. Such opportunistic behaviour of smaller juveniles may account for the dietary overlap detected between the Trachinotus species (P = 0.09). Size-related dietary partitioning was observed for the largest T. goodei juveniles, which displayed only a slight overlap with T. carolinus, and between juveniles belonging to the small and medium size groups of each pompano species. Therefore, food partitioning related to pompano body size seems to be especially important for the smallest juveniles, as they present the highest vacuity (particularly T. carolinus) in the sampled beaches, suggesting that these individuals are under intra- and interspecific competitive pressure, which may affect local coexistence.
Low loss EEL spectroscopy performed on InxAl1‐xN layers grown by MOVPE: comparison between experiment and ab‐initio calculations

We present Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) studies of InxAl1-xN MOVPE epilayers containing 16-28 at% of indium. EELS investigations show a significant change of the plasmon energy (Ep) with the indium concentration. In the case of these compounds, the results have been compared for the first time with ab-initio calculations performed with Wien2k and present a good agreement. Ep follows a linear relation with respect to composition allowing the correct identification of the spectra features. The acquisitions of the low-loss EELS spectra have been performed in the homogeneous area for all the InxAl1-xN samples. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Research Article: Dietary administration of aqueous Zingiber officinale extract on growth performance, antioxidant activity and resistance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against Photobacterium damselae

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale extract (ZE) on growth performance, antioxidant activity and resistance of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Photobacterium damselae bacteria. A total of 600 post larvae shrimps (initial weight, 1.06 ± 0.7 g) were randomly distributed into 12 fiberglass tanks representing four treatments at a rate of 50 shrimp in each tank. The control shrimp group (ZE0) was fed a ZE free basal diet. Other shrimp groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5 (ZE 0.5), 1.0 (ZE1) and 1.5 (ZE 1.5) g kg-1 diet. Diets were offered to shrimp at a feeding rate of 10% of live body weight for 8 weeks. After 8 week experimental trial 30 shrimp from each group was infected with LD70 bacteria P. damselae over 10 days to evaluated disease resistance of infected shrimp. Results revealed that growth performance (WG, SGR, FW and PER), the antioxidant activity (SOD, PO, GPx, CAT) and cumulative mortality percentage of the shrimp have significantly increased (p <0.05) in the ZE1 group compared with the other groups. Meanwhile, the lowest FCR and MDA value observed in shrimp fed ZE1 supplemented diet. It can be concluded that Z. officinale extract at 1g kg-1(ZE1) diet seems to be the most appropriate level for increasing growth performance antioxidant activity and disease resistance of L. vannamei
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE IPA

Tianjin Mandarin is a member of the northern Mandarin Chinese family (ISO 693-3: [cmn]). It is spoken in the urban areas of the Tianjin Municipality (CN-12) in the People’s Republic of China, which is about 120 kilometers to the southeast of Beijing. Existing studies on Tianjin Mandarin have focused mainly on its tonal aspects, especially its intriguing tone sandhi system, with few studies examining the segmental aspects (on tone, see e.g. Li & Liu 1985, Shi 1986, Liu 1993, Lu 1997, Wang & Jiang 1997, Chen 2000, Liu & Gao 2003, Ma 2005, Ma & Jia 2006, Zhang & Liu 2011, Li & Chen 2016; on segmental aspects, see e.g. Han 1993a, b; Wee, Yan & Chen 2005). As also noted in Wee et al. (2005), this is probably due to the similarity in segmental structures between Tianjin Mandarin and Standard Chinese, especially among speakers of the younger generation, and what differentiates the two Mandarin varieties is most notably their tonal systems. The aim of the present description is therefore to provide a systematic phonetic description of both segmental and tonal aspects of Tianjin Mandarin, with main focus on the tonal aspects. The sound files illustrated in the present description were produced by a male speaker born in the 1980s. The speaker grew up in the Nankai District of Tianjin, one of the oldest urban districts of Tianjin. He had lived mostly in Tianjin with the exception of a four-year stay in Shanghai for university education. He speaks exclusively Tianjin Mandarin both at home and at work. While the current illustration is based on data from the younger generation, variation between our speaker’s generation and older speakers is noted where appropriate. For further details on the generational differences in Tianjin Mandarin, readers are referred to Lu (2004). Note that lexical tones are marked with superscript numbers throughout the paper, i.e. 1 for Tone 1, 2 for Tone 2, 3 for Tone 3 and 4 for Tone 4. (See section ‘Lexical tones’ for more details on lexical tones in Tianjin Mandarin.)
Characterization and Evaluation of Compost Utilized as Ornamental Plant Substrate

Two composts produced at different times of the year from garden waste, sewage sludge and wood ash were evaluated for use as ornamental plant substrates. The maturity and lack of phytotoxicity of both composts, as well as the absence of E. coli, were first confirmed by use of laboratory procedures and rapid test kits. A greenhouse experiment was then carried out with two ornamental species, Petunia sp. and Tagetes sp. , to evaluate the suitability of the composts as plant substrates. The performance of the composts as well as mixtures of each with 25, 50 and 75% acid peat moss was compared with that of a commercial universal substrate. Addition of the peat to the composts improved some of the physical and chemical properties. However, the results of the pot experiments indicated that under the experimental conditions used, the compost produced from green waste was suitable for use as a plant substrate, without the need for addition of other components; this appears to be an effective way of utilizing the type of urban waste considered in the study.
Characterization of pesticide sorption and degradation in macropore linings and soil horizons of thatuna silt loam

The effect of changes in soil characteristics with depth because of soil horizonation and macroporosity on fate of pesticides is poorly understood. Soil from the surface A horizons (0-0.65 m), albic E horizons (1.05-1.35 m), argillic Bt horizons (1.4-3.5 m), and surface linings of macropores in the argillic horizons (Bt-M, 1.4-3.5 m) of a Thatuna silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Xeric Argialbolls) were characterized for their physical, chemical, and microbiological effects on adsorption, desorption, and mineralization of 2,4-D, carbofuran, and metribuzin. Organic carbon (OC) contents decreased for soil materials in the order A (1.22%) > Bt-M (0.36%) > Bt (0.25%) = E (0.20%), and were correlated with the number of soil microbial colony forming units (log CFU) that decreased in the order A (7.4) > Bt-M (6.1) > E (5.6) = Bt (5.4). Percent macroporosity (pores 2-5 mm diam.) decreased in the order Bt (1.1%) > A (0.7%) > E (0.6%), which is the same order for decreases in saturated hydraulic conductivity (log m s -1 ), namely ; Bt (-6) > A (-6.2) > E (-7.0). Freundlich adsorption partition coefficients (K f - L kg -1 ) for A horizon soil with 2,4-D (1.1), carbofuran (1.0), and metribuzin (1.6) were significantly greater than in subsurface E or Bt matrix material. Sorption K f values in macropore linings with carbofuran (1.1) and metribuzin (2.0) were comparable to or greater than their respective values of 1.0 and 1.6 in A horizon material. Percent mineralization in the A horizon after 139 d for [U- 14 C] 2,4-D (81.8%) and carbofuran (14.7%) was significantly greater than in all subsurface soil materials. Mineralization in Bt macropore linings for 2,4-D (17.0%) and carbofuran (8.4%) was significantly greater than in other subsurface soil materials. Mineralization of [U- 14 C] metribuzin was negligible (<3%) in all soil materials after 139 d.
The Effect of MR Head Geometry on Playback Pulse

The playback properties and spectra of a shielded magnetoresistive head are examined utilizing a Fourier series method. Semi-analytic solutions are given for the magnetic sca- lar potential and spectra in terms of coefficients which have been numerically determined for common geometries. Voltage pulses are generated by convolving the potential with the de- rivative of a tanh longitudinal magnetization transition. Expressions for the PW, versus flying height are obtained by fitting the widths of the theoretically determined playback pulses. It is found that the playback properties of a shielded magnetoresistive head depend strongly on the geometry.
Development of MgAl2O4-stabilized, Cu-doped, Fe2O3-based oxygen carriers for thermochemical water-splitting

The commercially dominating technology for hydrogen production (i.e. steam methane reforming) emits large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere. On the other hand, emerging thermochemical water splitting cycles allow the production of a pure stream of H2 while simultaneously capturing CO2. From a thermodynamic point of view, the Fe2O3–Fe couple is arguably the most attractive candidate for thermochemical water splitting owing to its high H2 yield and H2 equilibrium partial pressure. However, the low reactivity of Fe2O3 with methane and the high activity of Fe for methane decomposition (leading to carbon deposition and in turn COx poisoning of the H2 stream) are major drawbacks. Here, we report the development of MgAl2O4-stabilized, Cu-modified, Fe2O3-based redox materials for thermochemical water-splitting that show a high reactivity towards CH4 and low rates of carbon deposition. To elucidate the effect of Cu doping on reducing significantly the rate of carbon deposition (while not affecting negatively the high redox activity of the material) extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was employed.
Synthesis of Hafnium and Zirconium Imino−Amido Complexes from Bis-imine Ligands. A New Family of Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

The reaction of 2,6-diisopropylaniline-based bis-imine ligands (4, 9) with M(CH2Ph)4 (M = Hf, Zr) led to formation of novel imino−amido tribenzyl complexes via migratory insertion of a benzyl group.
First accurate location of two proton sites in tourmaline: A single-crystal neutron diffraction study of oxy-dravite

Abstract A single-crystal neutron diffraction study of oxy-dravite from Osarara (Narok district, Kenya) was performed. Intensity data were collected in Laue geometry at 10 K and anisotropic-structure refinement was undertaken. For the first time, two independent H sites were refined unambiguously for a mineral belonging to the tourmaline supergroup and located at 0.26, 0.13, 0.38 (labelled as H3, site occupancy ~98%) and at 0, 0, 0.9 (labelled as H1, site occupancy ~25%). The H-bonding scheme can thus be defined as follows: (1) the O at the O3 site acts as a ‘donor’ and the O at the O5 site as ‘acceptor’, the refined O3-H3 bond distance is 0.972(2) Å (and 0.9946 Å corrected for ‘‘riding motion’’), H3···O5 = 2.263(2) Å, O3···O5 = 3.179(1) Å and O3-H3···O5 = 156.6(1)°; (2) the oxygen at the O1 site acts as a ‘donor’ and the O atoms at O4 and O5 as ‘acceptors’, the refined O1-H1 bond distance is 0.958(8) Å (and 0.9833 Å corrected for ‘‘riding motion’’), H1···O4 = 2.858(6) Å, O1···O4 = 3.378(1) Å and O1···H1-O4 = 115.12(1)°, whereas H1···O5 = 2.886(6) Å, O1···O5 = 3.444(1) Å and O1-H1···O5 = 118.23(1)°. A further test refinement was performed with the H1 site out of the three-fold axis (at 0.02, 0.01, 0.90); this leads to O1-H1 = 0.995(8) Å (and 1.0112 Å corrected for ‘‘riding motion’’), H1···O4 = 2.747(6) Å and O1-H1···O4 = 121.7(4)°, whereas H1···O5 = 2.654(9) Å and O1-H1···O5 = 136.5(6)°. Bond-valence analysis shows that the H-bonding strength involving O3 is stronger than that involving O1: ~0.11 and <0.05 valence units, respectively. The refined angle between the O3-H3 vector and [0001] is 3.40(9)°. Such a small angle is in line with a pleochroic scheme for the OH-stretching absorption bands measured by infrared spectroscopy.