Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Storage stability of cod liver oil organogels formed with beeswax and carnauba wax

Summary In this study, organogels of cod liver oil (CLO) with beeswax (BW) and carnauba wax (CW) were prepared, and compared with a commercial margarine (CM). Oil binding capacities (OBC) of BW organogels were over 99%, while CW had a maximum OBC value of 91.28%. Crystal formation time of BW was shorter. Although the highest solid fat content (SFC) was in the 10% CW containing sample (8.69%), it was 28.99% in the CM sample at 20 °C. The peak melting temperature of CM was 43.70 °C, and BW organogel at 3% addition had the closest values (45.42 °C). Firmness and stickiness values of the organogels were lower than that of CM sample. No significant change in the texture parameters during storage was detected, indicating good stability. There was no hurdle against oxidation by organogelation during storage. This study has shown that CLO organogels can be suitable spreadable products.
Impact of genotype and crop age on the breadmaking and physico-chemical properties of flour produced from cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) planted in the dry season

The breadmaking potential of cassava flour (in cassava flour/defatted soya flour/glyceryl monostearate recipes (80:20:3, w/w)) prepared from 10 IITA cassava genotypes harvested at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) at 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after planting, was investigated. Bread quality in general was much more dependent on the age of the cassava at harvest time than on the effects of genotype. Thus, the quality of the bread (judged by the regularity of the crumb) produced from flour from crops harvested 12 months after planting was the best in general, with that from flour resulting from 9-month plants superior to that resulting from 6-month plants. Harvesting at 15 or 18 months led to a reduction in bread quality although the effects varied for different genotypes. Brabender peak viscosity varied widely within each set of flour samples harvested at any particular harvest time, but also with the harvest time itself. By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (moisture: dry matter ratio 2-1 w/w), the 6-month samples were characterised by two endothermic transition peaks, one at ca 72°C and one at ca 78°C. With increasing age at harvest time (up to 15 months), the 72°C peak became relatively more important, resulting in a ‘disappearance’ of the 78°C peak in the thermogram. The 18-month samples again showed a 78°C gelatinisation peak or at least a shoulder thereof. The peak multiplicity of the 6-month samples also occurred in DSC experiments with moisture: dry matter ratio of 6-0 (w/w), showing that such samples have a unique gelatinisation pattern. Differences in the analytical values (α-amylase activity, and starch, fibre and protein content) could not explain the differences in bread-making potential.
Preparation and Optical Characterization of Hemicyanine Self-Assembled Monolayer on Au Substrate

Abstract In order to construct hemicyanine self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), we have synthesized a hemicyanine with a disulfide group. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and reflection absorption spectroscopy revealed formation of the hemicyanine monolayer array on the Au surface with simple immersion of the Au substrate in its ethanol solution. While many works have reported the association of H-aggregates in hemicyanine monolayers, we could not observe the H-aggregation in the present case.
Electron spin echo modulation studies of doxylstearic acid spin probes in frozen vesicles: Interaction of the spin probe with D sub 2 O and effects of cholesterol addition

Electron spin echo studies have been carried out for a series of x-doxylstearic acid (x = 5, 7, 10, 12 and 16) spin probes in frozen deuteriated aqueous solutions of phospholipid vesicles and cationic dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) vesicles. Modulation effects due to interactions of the nitroxide group of the spin probes with D{sub 2}O give information about the conformations of the probes and the degree of hydration of the surfactant headgroups as well as about the degree of packing of the alkyl chain. We show that DODAC headgroups are more hydrated than choline headgroups and that the doxylstearic acid probes show a larger tendency for bending in DODAC vesicles than in phospholipid vesicles. Upon addition of cholesterol into phospholipid vesicles, the headgroups are separated and their degree of hydration increases.
High‐pressure particulate expansion and minimum bubbling of fine carbon powders

Particulate expansion and minimum bubbling parameters (n, u′t, umB, emB) are measured for fine carbon powders (dp = 44 and 112 μm) fluidized with synthesis gas (H2/CO = 0.8) at pressures within the range 2,070 < P < 12,420 kPa in an industrial, pilot-scale fluidized bed. Deviations between minimum bubbling (umB and emB) and minimum fluidization (umf and emf) conditions increase with increasing pressure, P. The expansion index, n, decreases with increasing P and always exceeds values recommended by Richardson and Zaki for solid/liquid systems. Particulate bed expansion for the fine powders is well characterized by the equations of Foscolo et al. and Abrahamsen and Geldart. The theory of Foscolo and Gibilaro adequately estimates the onset of bubbling for both powders at all P, provided that experimentally determined values of n and u′t, are applied. For the dp = 112 μm powder, the theory of Foscolo and Gibilaro is applicable with calculated values of ut and experimental values of n.
Biochar as a Fuel: 1. Properties and Grindability of Biochars Produced from the Pyrolysis of Mallee Wood under Slow-Heating Conditions

Biomass as a fuel suffers from its bulky, fibrous, high moisture content and low-energy-density nature, leading to key issues including high transport cost and poor biomass grindability. This study investigates the possibility to pretreat biomass to produce biochar as a solid biofuel to address these issues. Biochars were produced from the pyrolysis of centimeter-sized particles of Western Australia (WA) mallee wood in a fixed-bed reactor at 300 to 500 °C and a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The data show that, at pyrolysis temperatures ≥320 °C, biochar as a fuel has similar fuel H/C and O/C ratios compared to Collie coal that is the only coal being mined in WA. Converting biomass to biochar leads to a substantial increase in fuel mass energy density from ∼10 GJ/ton of green biomass to ∼28 GJ/ton of biochars prepared from pyrolysis at 320 °C, in comparison to 26 GJ/ton for Collie coal. However, there is little improvement in fuel volumetric energy density, which is around 7−9 GJ/m3 in comparison to 17 GJ/m3 o.
PELTI: Measuring the Passing Efficiency of an Airborne Low Turbulence Aerosol Inlet

In an effort to improve the accuracy of airborne aerosol studies, we compared a new porous-diffuser low-turbulence inlet (LTI) with three other inlets on the NSF/NCAR C-130, using both dust and sea salt as test aerosols. Analysis of bulk filters behind the LTI and an external reference total aerosol sampler (TAS) found no significant differences, while both the NASA shrouded solid diffuser inlet (SD) and NCAR community aerosol inlet (CAI) passed smaller amounts. However, scanning electron microscopic analyses of particles behind the LTI and TAS confirmed the model prediction that the LTI porous diffuser (PD) enhanced 7 μm particle concentrations by about 60%. Aerodynamic particle size distributions behind the other inlets began to diverge from enhancement-corrected LTI values above 2 μm, with mass concentrations of larger particles lower by as much as a factor of ten behind the CAI and a factor of 2 behind the SD. We conclude that the corrected LTI distributions were closer to ambient values than those from either the CAI or the SD. Since tubing losses contributed the most uncertainty when deducing ambient supermicron size distributions from LTI data, minimizing them should be a high priority for future experiments. Measured transfer tubing losses were larger than model estimates, in part because of some complex pieces for which no suitable model exists. The LTI represents a significant advance in our ability to sample populations of large particles from aircraft. A necessary part of using an LTI is the calculation of and correction for large-particle enhancement using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. Although the solid diffuser inlet performed well under some conditions, its large-particle efficiency cannot be modeled, varies with humidity and particle morphology, and involves wall contact that has the potential to modify some particles.
Stepwise syntheses of mono- and di-nuclear ruthenium tpphz complexes [(bpy)2Ru(tpphz)]2– and [(bpy)2Ru(tpphz)Ru(bpy)2]4+{tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a: 2′,3′-c: 3″,2″-h: 2″,3‴-j]phenazine}

The complex [(bpy)2Ru(tpphz)]2+(tpphz = tetrapyridophenazine), is obtained by reaction of [(bpy)2Ru(phendione)]2+with 5,6-diamino-1,10-phenanthroline; upon reaction with [(bpy)2Ru(Me2CO)2]2+, the fully conjugated dimer [(bpy)2Ru(tpphz)Ru(bpy)2]4+ is obtained.
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis at a Low Pressure on Subnanometer Cobalt Oxide Clusters: The Effect of Cluster Size and Support on Activity and Selectivity

In this study, the catalytic activity and changes in the oxidation state during the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reaction were investigated at a low pressure on oxidized subnanometer size-selected cobalt clusters deposited on oxide (Al2O3, MgO) and carbon-based (ultrananocrystalline diamond, UNCD) supports by temperature-programmed reaction (TPRx) combined with in situ grazing-incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy (GIXAS). The activity and selectivity of ultrasmall CoOx clusters exhibit a very strong dependence on cluster size and support. The evolution of the oxidation state of the clusters during the reaction reveals that cluster–support interaction plays a key role in the reaction.
Role of financial, human and social capital in survival of start-ups

In new business ventures, growth in itself is often not the main intention in the beginning, but rather a mean to ensure survivability first, follow by sustainability and secure profitability. Not all small businesses survived over time and are always confronted with the liability of newness and contending externalities such as fierce competition and internal limitations like resources to survive. Only about half of newly founded start-ups survived after 5 years. The presence or absence of resources and the critical role it plays on the effect of venture’s survival, provides substantive advancement in understanding of organisational theory and management practice specifically on privately held small business. In this study, I will explore three types of resources: (i) financial capital, (ii) human capital, and (iii) social capital, and how they influence the survivability of start-ups. Longitudinal data on 36,969 privately held new ventures confirmed the differing influences of resources on survival. Using Cox proportional hazards model with time-dependent covariates, results show that both financial capital and human capital factors positively enhances survivability, and social capital factors having mixed direction of the relationship. While results show that social resources factor like board size and ethnic diversity alone indicate a negative relationship with survivability, further study suggest that if the board size increases to sufficiently large, ethnic diversity can positively moderate the
Determination of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Crystal Growth of Nitrate Salts

In this paper, the crystal growth of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate from aqueous solutions, in a perfectly stirred batch crystallizer, has been studied considering the effect of temperature, supersaturation degree, and the size of seed crystal growth rate. The mass transfer coefficients obtained correlated with Re, Sc and NL dimensionaless numbers. Supersaturation curve determination using a 0.5 mW He-Ne laser, connected to an automated data acquisition system, was the first stage of the study. The supersaturation and saturation curves were closely parallel with average DT value of 4.1 and 6.8 °C for KNO3 and NaNO3 respectively. For the growth kinetics order, unit values were found for both salts, with diffusion as a controlling stage.
Photoelectrochemical Properties of Nanostructured Tungsten Trioxide Films

The photoelectrochemical characteristics of highly transparent nanoporous WO3 films are described. The photocurrent versus excitation wavelength spectra of these photoelectrodes exhibit a maximum close to 400 nm and a significant photoresponse to the blue part of the visible spectrum. The observed conversion efficiencies attain 75% for the photogeneration of oxygen from 1 M aq HClO4 and reach 190% in the presence of methanol in the solution, denoting in the latter case the occurrence of a perfect photocurrent doubling. Experiments conducted under simulated solar AM 1.5 illumination resulted in steady-state anodic photocurrents of the order of several mA/cm2.
Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide

Abstract. The stability of aggregates can be improved by amending the soil with charged synthetic polymers. We have evaluated the effects of addition of low rates of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) on the stability of aggregates from three predominately kaolinitic soils, and investigated whether the applied PAM penetrated into the aggregates or was adsorbed onto exterior surfaces only. Aggregates (6.3–9.5 mm) from the Ap horizons of a Cecil sandy loam and a Cecil loamy sand (Typic Kanhapludult) and from the Bt horizon of a Davidson clay (Rhodic Kandiudult) were treated with a high molecular weight(2 × 107Da), negatively charged (20% hydrolysis) PAM at rates of 0, 10 or 20 kg/ha. The treated aggregate were dried and exposed to 20 mm of high kinetic energy (23.0 kJ/m3) simulated rain. Some of the PAM‐treated Cecil loamy sand aggregates (5 or 10 kg/ha) were broken in half to expose untreated aggregate interiors to the rain. Percentage stable aggregates (weight/weight) in the PAM treatments ranged from 52 to 97%, vs. 20‐32% in the control. PAM addition significantly increased the percentage of >4 mm sized aggregates compared with the untreated aggregates. PAM was more effective at stabilization in the light to medium textured Cecil soils than in the clayey Davidson. When internal surfaces of PAM treated aggregates were exposed, the percentage of stable aggregates exceeded the amount expected if the polymer was only adsorbed on to external surfaces. This suggested that some PAM had penetrated to some degree into aggregate interiors, thereby stabilizing both external and internal aggregates surfaces. Based on these results it is envisaged that use of PAM could be a viable alternative to the commonly used soil and water conservation practices (e.g. mulching, dyking, contour tillage).
Four new podocarpane-type trinorditerpenes from Aleurites moluccana

Four new podocarpane-type trinorditerpenenes, (5 beta,10 alpha)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one (1), (5 beta,10 alpha)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one (2), (5 beta,10 alpha)-13-hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one (3), and (3 alpha,5 beta,10 alpha)-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-3,12-diol (4), together with four known diterpenes, 12-hydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one (5), spruceanol (6), ent-3 alpha-hydroxypimara-8(14),15-dien-12-one (7), and ent-3 beta,14 alpha-hydroxypimara-7,9(11),15-triene-12-one (8), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Aleurites moluccana. Their structures were elucidated by means of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including NMR and MS. Except 8, all compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity; compound 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against Raji cells with an IC50 value of 4.24 mu g/ml.
Non‐homogeneity of variance components from spatially nested sampling of the soil

Spatially nested sampling and the associated nested analysis of variance by spatial scale is a well‐established methodology for the exploratory investigation of soil variation over multiple, disparate scales. The variance components that can be estimated this way can be accumulated to approximate the variogram. This allows us to identify the important scales of variation, and the general form of the spatial dependence, in order to plan more detailed sampling by design‐based or model‐based methods. Implicit in the standard analyses of nested sample data is the assumption of homogeneity in the variance, i.e. that all variations from sub‐station means at some scale represent a random variable of uniform variance. If this assumption fails then the comparable assumption of stationarity in the variance, which is an important assumption in geostatistics, will also be implausible. However, data from nested sampling may be analysed with a linear mixed model in which the variance components are parameters which can be estimated by residual maximum likelihood (REML). Within this framework it is possible to propose an alternative variance parameterization in which the variance depends on some auxiliary variable, and so is not generally homogeneous. In this paper we demonstrate this approach, using data from nested sampling of chemical and biogeochemical soil properties across a region in central England, and use land use as our auxiliary variable to model non‐homogeneous variance components. We show how the REML analysis allows us to make inferences about the need for a non‐homogeneous model. Variances of soil pH and cation exchange capacity at different scales differ between these land uses, but a homogeneous variance model is preferable to such non‐homogeneous models for the variance of soil urease activity at standard concentrations of urea.
Size Distribution and Sources of Trace Metals in Ultrafine/Fine/Coarse Airborne Particles in the Atmosphere of Shanghai

Airborne particulate matter (PM) samples in 13 different size-fractions from 0.0283 to 9.92 μm were collected in winter of 2007 at three sites in Shanghai, China. The PM exhibited a bimodal distribution with a major mode in the fine particle size range (Dp = 0.2–1 μm) and a minor mode in the coarse range (Dp = 1–10 μm), suggesting that fine particle pollution is dominant in the Shanghai atmosphere. Trace metals in PM exhibited the following distribution patterns: (1) unimodal distribution in the fine fraction (Pb, Cd, Se, Sn, Bi, and Zn), (2) unimodal distribution in the coarse fraction (Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ge, Zr, U, and rare earth elements), (3) bimodal distribution, with one mode in the fine fraction and one in the coarse fraction (Cu, Mn, K, Ga, V, Rb, and Cs), and (4) multimodal distribution (Na, Ti, Cr, Co, As, Ni, Mo, Ag, W, Pt, Au, S, and Cl) throughout the entire aerosol size spectrum. In addition to these size distributions, Aitken modes due to local origins were also evident for Se, Sn, Cu, V, Ti, Cr, Co, As, Ag, Mo, and Pt, whose respective mass in the ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm) was 10, 23, 13, 19, 23, 14, 67, 32, 79, 40, and 21%, with submicron mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) in PM0.02-9.92 (except Pt). In particular, the MMADs for Co and Ag were <0.1 μm, which increase potential health issues. The measured distributions are believed to result from a combination of processes including local anthropogenic and natural sources, such as traffic, coal combustion, and the steel industry.
Studies of benzidine‐based dyes in sediment‐water systems

The sorption and degradation of several benzidine-based dyes were studied in sedimentwater systems. Studies in resaturated sediment demonstrated that sorption was strongly dependent on pH and the nature and concentration of the inorganic salt in solution. Degradation of the dyes in anaerobic pond sediment followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with half-lives ranging from 2 to 16 d. Product studies indicated that the amount of recovered benzidine accounted for only 2 to 5% of lost Direct Red 28. Studies in pH-amended pond sediment demonstrated that degradation is inhibited when the dyes are strongly sorbed to the sediment.
Improvement of Cr dry etching characteristics with the MERIE system

Dry etching characteristics of Cr films were investigated and some improvements have ben done with magnetically enhanced reactive ion etching (MERIE) system. Clear field patterns and ark field ones exposed on thin EB resists, whose thickness was less than 300 nm, were etched. Although there had been some difficulties in etching of clear-field pattens with SAL-601, these situations were much improved with an appropriate etching condition of magnetic field. It was found that magnetic field intensity affected Cr etching distributions very much. In marked contrast to the above results, MFI condition showed little contributions to the etching distribution of dark field patterns exposed on ZEP- 7000. It was shown that some waveforms of magnetic field could be effective to improve the etching characteristics for the plate whose etching area was extremely small. Etching characteristics for these extremely varied Cr-loaded are considered through the above etching results. Discussions about more useful dry etching process with MERIE system are also described.
Geometrische und chemische Koordination

Two geometrical concepts of coordination (Frank and Kasper 1958 and Ruban 1985) are identical with Niggli's (1927) concept of «Wirkungsbereich». The geometrical coordination number can be reduced to a chemical coordination number which includes the number of weak bonds in the case of irregular coordinations or molecular compounds. Bond lengths in solid CO 2 , calcite, magnesite, rhodochrosite, siderite, smithonite and dolomite are discussed. Exceptionally short C―0-bonds in calcite are due to the large distance between carbonate layers which is caused by the larger ionic radius of Ca 2+
The Changes in the Acoustic Properties of Western Red Cedar due to Methanol Extraction

The changes in acoustic properties of the heartwood portion of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) due to methanol extraction were investigated. Longitudinal strips were cut from heartwood and adjacent sapwood parts of 4 different Western red cedar trees, and the Young's modulus per specific gravity (E/γ) and values of loss tangent (tan δ) were measured by the free-free flexural vibration method before and after methanol extraction. Tha angular distribution of microfibrils in the cell walls of both heartwood and sapwood portions for each tree were measured using an X-ray diffractometer (.)
Effect of non‐exponential and multi‐exponential decay behavior on the performance of the direct exponential curve resolution algorithm (DECRA) in NMR investigations

The effect of non‐exponential and multi‐exponential decay or relaxation behavior on the performance of the direct exponential curve resolution algorithm (DECRA) is investigated through a series of numerical simulations. Three different combinations of decay or relaxation behavior were investigated through DECRA analysis of simulated pulse gradient spin echo (PGSE) NMR diffusion spectra that contained the combination of two individual components. The diffusion decay behavior of one component was described by a single‐exponential decay, while the second component was described by either (1) a multi‐exponential decay, (2) a decay behavior described by the empirical Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) relation or (3) a multi‐exponential decay behavior correlated with variations in the NMR spectral line shape. The magnitudes and types of errors produced during the DECRA analysis of spectral data with deviations from a pure single‐exponential decay behavior are presented. It is demonstrated that the deviation from single‐exponential decay impacts the resulting calculated line shapes, the calculated relative concentrations and the quantitative estimation of the decay or relaxation time constants of both components present in the NMR spectra. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.