Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Attack to Identification: MEMS Sensor Fingerprinting Using Acoustic Signals

A device pretending to be behaving normally can carry out malicious acts that result in the leakage of sensitive information, invasion of privacy, damage property, or even loss of life. The first step to detect these malicious acts is to identify whether a device is authorized or not. There are existing methods for identifying devices based on cryptographic schemes or physical unclonable function (PUF), but each of these methods has disadvantages in that key management costs are incurred or additional chips or circuits are required. In this article, we propose a device identification method that overcomes these shortcomings. Based on the fact that MEMS sensors are built-in to most devices due to their various applications and the property that MEMS sensors are sensitive to acoustic signals with resonant frequencies, the proposed method uses MEMS sensor readings to acoustic signals. Many attack methods have been studied using this property to disable the normal function of the sensor or eavesdrop on speech around a device. On the other hand, our method is the first to fingerprint MEMS sensors using raw sensor readings to acoustic signals from a security point of view rather than from this conventional attack point of view. Furthermore, our method is based on a challenge-response structure to be secure from replay attacks; here, a challenge is a random acoustic signal, and a response is the unique MEMS sensor reading to the challenge. In our evaluation, we use commercial MEMS sensors and a low-cost speaker that costs less than $\$ $ 1. The results show that under various conditions that may affect MEMS sensor readings, the macro F1-scores when identifying authorized devices is 1.0, and the macro accuracy of detecting attacks using devices other than authorized ones is 0.994. As a result, our method can identify devices well at a low cost.
Universality, the QCD critical and tricritical point, and the quark number susceptibility

The quark number susceptibility near the QCD critical end-point (CEP), the tricritical point (TCP) and the O(4) critical line at finite temperature and quark chemical potential is investigated. Based on the universality argument and numerical model calculations we propose a possibility that the hidden tricritical point strongly affects the critical phenomena around the critical end-point. We made a semi-quantitative study of the quark number susceptibility near CEP/TCP for several quark masses on the basis of the Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis (CJT) potential for QCD in the improved-ladder approximation. The results show that the susceptibility is enhanced in a wide region around CEP inside which the critical exponent gradually changes from that of CEP to that of TCP, indicating a crossover of different universality classes.
YOLO-Former: Marrying YOLO and Transformer for Foreign Object Detection

The automatic detection of foreign objects between platform screen doors (PSDs) and metro train doors significantly affects personnel and property safety and maintains the train’s normal operation. However, some existing works only determine the presence of foreign objects but cannot indicate their categories. Besides, although deep-learning-based object detection algorithms can indicate the presence and categories of foreign objects, most of them only harness the information in region proposals, ignoring global contextual information. Furthermore, their performance comes at the considerable cost of computational complexity, and leading cannot be well deployed in the metro environment. To address these issues and better implement foreign object detection (FOD), we present You Only Look Once-Transformer (YOLO-Former), a simple but efficient model. YOLO-Former is accomplished based on YOLOv5 through the following procedure. First, the vision transformer (ViT) is introduced for dynamic attention and global modeling, thereby solving the problem that the original YOLOv5 only utilizes information in region proposals and has insufficient ability to capture global information. Second, the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) and the stem module are used to improve feature expression ability further and reduce floating-point operations (FLOPs). Finally, we design various variants with different widths and depths to meet every need. Experiments on the FOD dataset (FODD) and the PASCAL VOC dataset demonstrate that YOLO-Former-x consistently outperforms other state of the arts with significant margins (0.5–11.3 mean average precision (mAP) on FODD and 0.6–13.6 on the PASCAL VOC dataset). Last but not least, YOLO-Former-x maintains real-time processing speed (27.32 and 28.17 frames/s (FPS) on TITAN Xp).
Two- and three-dimensional incommensurate modulation in optimally-dopedBi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ

X-ray scattering measurements on optimally-doped single crystal samples of the high temperature superconductor Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$ reveal the presence of three distinct incommensurate charge modulations, each involving a roughly fivefold increase in the unit cell dimension along the {\bf b}-direction. The strongest scattering comes from the well known (H, K$\pm$ 0.21, L) modulation and its harmonics. However, we also observe broad diffraction which peak up at the L values complementary to those which characterize the known modulated structure. These diffraction features correspond to correlation lengths of roughly a unit cell dimension, $\xi_c$$\sim$20 $\AA$ in the {\bf c} direction, and of $\xi_b$$\sim$ 185 $\AA$ parallel to the incommensurate wavevector. We interpret these features as arising from three dimensional incommensurate domains and the interfaces between them, respectively. In addition we investigate the recently discovered incommensuate modulations which peak up at (1/2, K$\pm$ 0.21, L) and related wavevectors. Here we explicitly study the L-dependence of this scattering and see that these charge modulations are two dimensional in nature with weak correlations on the scale of a bilayer thickness, and that they correspond to short range, isotropic correlation lengths within the basal plane. We relate these new incommensurate modulations to the electronic nanostructure observed in Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$ using STM topography.
Geodesics and geodesic deviation in a two-dimensional black hole

We introduce an exactly solvable example of timelike geodesic motion and geodesic deviation in the background geometry of a well-known two-dimensional black hole spacetime. The effective potential for geodesic motion turns out to be either a harmonic oscillator or an inverted harmonic oscillator or a linear function of the spatial variable corresponding to the three different domains of a constant of the motion. The geodesic deviation equation also is exactly solvable. The corresponding deviation vector is obtained and the nature of the deviation is briefly discussed by highlighting a specific case.
Local circumstellar magnetic fields around evolved stars

I argue that the presence of magnetic fields around evolved stars, e.g. asymptotic giant branch stars, and in planetary nebulae, does not necessarily imply that the magnetic field plays a global dynamical role in shaping the circumstellar envelope. Instead, I favour magnetic fields with small coherence lengths, which result from stellar magnetic spots or from jets blown by an accreting companion. Although the magnetic field does not play a global role in shaping the circumstellar envelope, it may enhance local motion (turbulent) via magnetic tension and reconnection. The locally strong magnetic tension may enforce coherence flow, which may favour the masing process.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Evidence-Based Medicine among Northern Saudi Primary Care Physicians: A Cross-Sectional Study

The evidence-based practice of primary care physicians is essential because they are the first line of contact with the local community, and they cater to most of their communities’ health needs. In the current study, in which we used a cross-sectional survey in northern Saudi Arabia, we assessed primary care physicians’ knowledge, attitude, practice, and barriers regarding evidence-based medicine (EBM). Of the 300 physicians who participated, less than half had high knowledge (43.7%) and attitude (47.7%) toward EBM. The chi-square test revealed that the knowledge categories were significantly associated with the age group (p = 0.002) and EBM training received in the past five years (p < 0.001), and the attitude categories were significantly associated with nationality (p = 0.008). Of the respondents, 155 (51.7%) used EBM in their daily clinical practice. Through logistic regression analysis, we found that the identified predictors of including EBM in clinical practice were the 31–45-year-old age group (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.65–2.73) and EBM training received during last 5 years (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.35–2.94). We recommend enhancing primary care physicians’ knowledge of EBM and its importance in clinical practice through appropriate training programs. A multi-centric mixed-method survey is warranted in other provinces of the KSA to recognize region-specific training demand.
Retrospective Efficacy and Cost-Containment Assessment of 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) in Non-Surgical Refractory Back Pain Patients

Background Non-surgical refractory back pain (NSRBP) is persistent, severe back pain that is not considered surgically correctable. Published studies have demonstrated clinically important long-term improvement in pain and functional capacity when 10kHz spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is used to treat NSRBP. This study examines if real-world patients in interventional pain practice obtain the same outcomes, and have any reduction in health care utilization (HCU) following 10kHz SCS implant. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of 105 patients from two clinical sites who underwent implantation of 10kHz SCS for NSRBP. The three most frequent diagnoses were lumbosacral radiculopathy, degenerative disc disease (DDD)/discogenic back pain and foraminal stenosis. The complete set of patient-level electronic data, including clinical outcomes, HCU, and at least 12 months (12M) follow-up were available in 90 subjects. Results The 90 analyzed patients were 63.9 years old (median 67) with an average of 10.2 years since back pain diagnosis. Reported pain on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) decreased from 7.78±1.3 cm to 3.4±2.4 cm at 12M after SCS implant (p<0.001). Opioid usage (n = 65) decreased from 57.9±89.9 mg to 34.3±66.4 mg MSO4 equivalents (p = 0.004) at 12M. There were 46 patients on various doses of anticonvulsants, mostly gabapentin. The average dose decreased from 1847.91±973.6 mg at baseline to 1297.9±1184.6 mg at 12M after implant (p = 0.016). HCU was analyzed comparing the 12M before to the 12M after implant. Number of office visits decreased from 10.83±8.0 per year to 8.86±7.64 (p = 0.036), number of procedures to control chronic pain decreased from 2.2±1.9 to 0.6±1.2 (p<0.001). There was no significant change in number of imaging procedures, hospital admissions, or days spent in the hospital. Conclusion 10kHz SCS warrants consideration as a therapeutic option for NSRBP patients and appears to provide a substantial reduction in HCU in the year following implant.
A Hubble Space Telescope Search for Substellar Companions in the Young Cluster IC 348

We present the results of a search for substellar companions to members of the star-forming cluster IC 348. Using the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we have obtained deep, high-resolution images of the cluster through the F791W and F850LP filters. These data encompass 150 known members of IC 348, including 14 primaries that are likely to be substellar (M1 = 0.015-0.08 M☉). The detection limits for companions to low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the PC images are Δm791 = 0, 2.5, and 5.5 at separations of 0. ″05, 0. ″1, and 0. ″3, respectively, which correspond to M2/M1 = 1, 0.3, and 0.1 at 15, 30, and 90 AU. Meanwhile, for heavily saturated solar-mass primaries in the WFC images, the limits are Δm791 = 0 and 6 (M2/M1 = 1 and 0.04) at 0. ″2 and 0. ″4. The sky limiting magnitude of m791 ~ 26 at large separations from a primary corresponds to a mass of ~0.006 M☉ according to the evolutionary models of Chabrier and Baraffe. Point sources appearing near known and candidate cluster members are classified as either field stars or likely cluster members through their positions on the color-magnitude diagram constructed from the WFPC2 photometry. For the two faintest candidate companions appearing in these data, we have obtained 0.8-2.5 μm spectra with SpeX at the IRTF. Through a comparison to spectra of optically classified dwarfs, giants, and pre-main-sequence objects, we classify these two sources as cluster members with spectral types near M6, corresponding to masses of ~0.1 M☉ with the models of Chabrier and Baraffe. Thus, no probable substellar companions are detected in this survey. After considering all potential binaries within our WFPC2 images, we find that the frequencies of stellar and substellar companions within 0. ″4-5'' (120-1600 AU) from low-mass stars (M1 = 0.08-0.5) in IC 348 agree within the uncertainties with measurements in the field. The factor of ~3-10 deficiency in brown dwarfs relative to stars among companions at wide separations in IC 348 and across the much larger range of separations probed for field stars in previous work is equal within the uncertainties to the deficiency in brown dwarfs in measurements of mass functions of isolated objects. In other words, when defined relative to stars, the brown dwarf "desert" among companions is also present among isolated objects, which is expected if stellar and substellar companions form in the same manner as their free-floating counterparts. Meanwhile, among the 14 substellar primaries in our survey of IC 348, no companions are detected. This absence of wide binary brown dwarfs is statistically consistent with the frequency of wide binary stars in IC 348.
Radio-to-FIR Spectral Energy Distribution and Photometric Redshifts for Dusty Starburst Galaxies

As a logical next step in improving the radio-to-submm spectral index as a redshift indicator (Carilli & Yun 1999), we have investigated a technique of using the entire radio-to-FIR spectral energy distribution (SED) for deriving photometric redshifts for dusty starburst galaxies at high redshift. A dusty starburst SED template is developed from theoretical understanding on various emission mechanisms related to massive star formation process, and the template parameters are selected by examining the observed properties of 23 IR selected starburst galaxies: $T_d=58$ K, $\beta=1.35$, and $f_{nth}=1$. The major improvement in using this template SED for deriving photometric redshifts is the significant reduction in redshift uncertainty over the spectral index technique, particularly at higher redshifts. Intrinsic dispersion in the radio and FIR SEDs as well as absolute calibration and measurement errors contribute to the overall uncertainty of the technique. The derived photometric redshifts for five submm galaxies with known redshifts agree well with their spectroscopic redshifts within the estimated uncertainty. Photometric redshifts for seven submm galaxies without known spectroscopic redshifts (HDF850.1, CUDSS14.1, Lockman850.1, SMM J00266+1708, SMM J09429+4658, SMM J14009+0252, FIRBACK J1608+5418) are derived.
Clinical Dilemmas in the Treatment of Elderly Patients Suffering from Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Review

Elderly patients make up a significant number of cases of newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma. However, unlike in young patients, the outcomes of elderly patients are poor, and they are under-represented in phase III trials. Prior to treatment initiation, geriatric assessment should ideally be performed to address the patient’s fitness and decide whether to pursue a curative or palliative approach. The ABVD regimen is poorly tolerated in unfit patients, with high treatment-related mortality. Alternative chemotherapy approaches have been explored, with mixed results obtained concerning their feasibility and toxicity in phase II trials. The introduction of brentuximab vedotin-based regimens led to a paradigm shift in first- and further-line treatment of elderly Hodgkin lymphoma patients, providing adequate disease control within a broader patient population. As far as checkpoint inhibitors are concerned, we are only just beginning to understand the role in the treatment of this population. In relapsed/refractory settings there are few options, ranging from autologous stem cell transplantation in selected patients to pembrolizumab, but unfortunately, palliative care is the most common modality. Importantly, published studies are frequently burdened with numerous biases (such as low numbers of patients, selection bias and lack of geriatric assessment), leading to low level of evidence. Furthermore, there are few ongoing studies on this topic. Thus, elderly Hodgkin lymphoma patients are hard to treat and represent an unmet need in hematologic oncology. In conclusion, treatment needs to be personalized and tailored on a case-by-case basis. In this article, we outline treatment options for elderly Hodgkin lymphoma patients.
Three-Boson Spectrum in the Presence of 1D Spin-Orbit Coupling: Efimov’s Generalized Radial Scaling Law

Spin-orbit coupled cold atom systems, governed by Hamiltonians that contain quadratic kinetic energy terms typical for a particle's motion in the usual Schr\"odinger equation and linear kinetic energy terms typical for a particle's motion in the usual Dirac equation, have attracted a great deal of attention recently since they provide an alternative route for realizing fractional quantum Hall physics, topological insulators, and spintronics physics. The present work focuses on the three-boson system in the presence of 1D spin-orbit coupling, which is most relevant to ongoing cold atom experiments. In the absence of spin-orbit coupling terms, the three-boson system exibits the Efimov effect: the entire energy spectrum is uniquely determined by the $s$-wave scattering length and a single three-body parameter, i.e., using one of the energy levels as input, the other energy levels can be obtained via Efimov's radial scaling law, which is intimately tied to a discrete scaling symmetry. It is demonstrated that the discrete scaling symmetry persists in the presence of 1D spin-orbit coupling, implying the validity of a generalized radial scaling law in five-dimensional space. The dependence of the energy levels on the scattering length, spin-orbit coupling parameters, and center-of-mass momentum is discussed. It is conjectured that three-body systems with other types of spin-orbit coupling terms are also governed by generalized radial scaling laws, provided the system exhibits the Efimov effect in the absence of spin-orbit coupling.
Braiding errors in interacting Majorana quantum wires

Avenues of Majorana bound states (MBSs) have become one of the primary directions towards a possible realization of topological quantum computation. For a Y-junction of Kitaev quantum wires, we numerically investigate the braiding of MBSs while considering the full quasi-particle background. The two central sources of braiding errors are found to be the fidelity loss due to the incomplete adiabaticity of the braiding operation as well as the hybridization of the MBS. The explicit extraction of the braiding phase in the low-energy Majorana sector from the full many-particle Hilbert space allows us to analyze the breakdown of the independent-particle picture of Majorana braiding. Furthermore, we find nearest-neighbor interactions to significantly affect the braiding performance to the better or worse, depending on the sign and magnitude of the coupling.
EVIDENCE FOR FIELD-INDUCED EXCITATIONS IN LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BI2SR2CACU2O8

The thermal conductivity ,$\kappa$, of Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_8 was studied as a function of magnetic field. Above 5 K, after an initial decrease, $\kappa(H)$ presents a kink followed by a plateau, as recently reported by Krishana et al. By contrast, below 1K, the thermal conductivity was found to \emph{increase} with increasing field. This behavior is indicative of a finite density of states and is not compatible with the existence of a field-induced fully gapped $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}+id_{xy}$ state which was recently proposed to describe the plateau regime. Our low-temperature results are in agreement with recent works predicting a field-induced enhancement of thermal conductivity by Doppler shift of quasi-particle spectrum.
Who discovered positron annihilation

In the early 1930s, the positron, pair production, and, at last, positron annihilation were discovered. Over the years, several scientists have been credited with the discovery of the annihilation radiation. Commonly, Thibaud and Joliot have received credit for the discovery of positron annihilation. A conversation between Werner Heisenberg and Theodor Heiting prompted me to examine relevant publications, when these were submitted and published, and how experimental results were interpreted in the relevant articles. I argue that it was Theodor Heiting - usually not mentioned at all in relevant publications - who discovered positron annihilation, and that he should receive proper credit.
EVIDENCE FOR A BOUNDARY OF THE COSMOLOGICAL STRÖMGREN SPHERAND FOR SIGNIFICANT NEUTRAL HYDROGEN SURROUNDING THE QUASAR SDSS J 1030+0524 ANDREI MESINGER, ZOLTÁN HAIMAN

A bright quasar residing in a dense and largely neutral inter galactic medium (IGM) at high redshifts ( z ∼ > 6) will be surrounded by a large cosmological Strömgren sphere . The quasar’s spectrum will then show a sharp increase in resonant Lyman line absorption at wavelengths a ppro ching and shorter than that corresponding to the Strömgren sphere’s boundary along the line of sight. We show here that simultaneously considering the measured absorption in two or more hydrogen Lyman lines can provide th e dynamical range to detect this feature. We model broad and robust features of the Lyman α and Lymanβ regions of the spectrum of the z = 6.28 quasar SDSS J1030+0524, using a hydrodynamical simulation. From t he s eep wavelength–dependence of the inferred absorption opacity, we detect the boundary of the Strömgren sphere at a proper distance of 6 . 0±0.2 Mpc away from the source redshift. From the spectrum alone, we also fin d that beyond this distance, cosmic hydrogen turns nearly neutral, withxHI ≡ nHI/(nHI + nHII ) ∼ > 0.2, and that the ionizing luminosity of this quasar is in the range (5.2±2.5)×1056 photons sec −1. The method presented here, when applied to future quasars, can probe the complex topology of overlapping ionized regions, and can be used to study the details of the reionization process.
Isospin transport at Fermi energies

(Dated: February 9, 2008)In this paper we investigate isospin transport mechanisms in semi-peripheral collisions at Fermienergies. The eﬀectsof the formation of a low densityregion (neck) between the tworeaction partnersand of pre-equilibrium emission on the dynamics of isospin equilibration are carefully analyzed. Weclearly identify two main contributions to the isospin transport: isospin diﬀusion due to the N/Zratio and isospin drift due to the density gradients. Both eﬀects are sensitive to the symmetrypart of the nuclear Equation of State (EOS), in particular to the value and slope around saturationdensity.