Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electron flow and visual aurora at the Harang discontinuity

We present several examples of the ionospheric electron drift patterns and of the aurora near the Harang discontinuity. The drift patterns were detected with the Scandinavian Twin Auroral Radar Experiment, and the auroral features were determined by using all-sky camera data. We find the behavior of the discontinuity to be strongly dependent on the level of magnetic activity as measured by the Kp index. During low activity the discontinuity remains at a fairly constant latitude for a considerable length of time. Usually, one to two auroral arcs are observed within the discontinuity. With increasing magnetic activity the Harang discontinuity tends to surge rapidly equatorward with mean speeds ranging from 150 to 600 m/s. This equatorward surge is observed at earlier local times as magnetic activity increases. We have found two cases in which an arc appears in the discontinuity at some point during its equatorward surge. The equatorward surge of the essentially east-west-aligned discontinuity appears to be associated with a limited region of strong equatorward electron flow which splits up into eastward and westward flow. This region may form the eastward termination of the discontinuity. The eastward termination of the Harang discontinuity during times of low magnetic activity appears to consist of an equatorward extension of the region of eastward electron flow within a spatially limited region near local magnetic midnight. We find the equatorward surges to be terminated by the sudden activation of an arc in the discontinuity, followed by a poleward expansion. Following these substorms the Harang discontinuity disappears from the field of view. At times, we have observed arcs to brighten and surge poleward in the region equatorward of the discontinuity. The discontinuity did not appear to be strongly affected by these substorms. We find in general that auroral arcs are located in or poleward of the discontinuity, even though active arcs at times appear south of the discontinuity. Diffuse aurora have been observed only equatorward of the discontinuity.
Classroom Management and the Vital Role of the Classroom Teacher: Insights from Distance Teaching Experiences

A class is a group of pupils who need someone to lead them. The adult leader of such a group is called the class teacher. The class teacher's main responsibility is to manage the class effectively. This includes creating a positive and supportive learning environment in which pupils can develop both academically and socially. Classroom management involves setting clear expectations, establishing routines, and fostering a culture of respect and cooperation among pupils. In addition, classroom teachers are not only educators but also mentors who guide students towards personal growth and academic success. A qualified classroom teacher understands the individual needs of each student and adapts his or her teaching approach accordingly. The impact of a dedicated classroom teacher on students is remarkable. Through their consistency, responsibility, and commitment, they inspire students to become responsible and engaged learners themselves. This research was conducted at the Secondary Vocational and Technical School for Mechanical Engineering. A total of 23 classroom teachers took part in the survey. We found that during the distance learning all class teachers used the Zoom and MS Teams platforms, but they also used traditional approaches such as telephone calls. The biggest problem that arose in distance learning was the unresponsiveness of parents. In such cases, the school counsellor and relevant guidance centres can be consulted on the pupil's progress as they have more resources and information.
DGInStyle: Domain-Generalizable Semantic Segmentation with Image Diffusion Models and Stylized Semantic Control

Large, pretrained latent diffusion models (LDMs) have demonstrated an extraordinary ability to generate creative content, specialize to user data through few-shot fine-tuning, and condition their output on other modalities, such as semantic maps. However, are they usable as large-scale data generators, e.g., to improve tasks in the perception stack, like semantic segmentation? We investigate this question in the context of autonomous driving, and answer it with a resounding"yes". We propose an efficient data generation pipeline termed DGInStyle. First, we examine the problem of specializing a pretrained LDM to semantically-controlled generation within a narrow domain. Second, we design a Multi-resolution Latent Fusion technique to overcome the bias of LDMs towards dominant objects. Third, we propose a Style Swap technique to endow the rich generative prior with the learned semantic control. Using DGInStyle, we generate a diverse dataset of street scenes, train a domain-agnostic semantic segmentation model on it, and evaluate the model on multiple popular autonomous driving datasets. Our approach consistently increases the performance of several domain generalization methods, in some cases by +2.5 mIoU compared to the previous state-of-the-art method without our generative augmentation scheme. Source code and dataset are available at https://dginstyle.github. io .
Process-understanding of the impact of dust deposition on marine primary production

A one-dimensional model of Fe speciation and biogeochemistry, coupled with the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) and a NPZD-type ecosystem model, is applied for the Tropical Eastern North Atlantic Time-Series Observatory (TENATSO) site. Among diverse processes affecting Fe speciation, this study is focusing on investigating the role of dust particles in removing dissolved iron (DFe) by a more complex description of particle aggregation and sinking, and explaining the abundance of organic Fe-binding ligands by modelling their origin and fate. The vertical distribution of different particle classes in the model shows high sensitivity to changing aggregation rates. Using the aggregation rates from the sensitivity study in this work, modelled particle fluxes are close to observations, with dust particles dominating near the surface and aggregates deeper in the water column. POC export at 1000 m is a little higher than regional sediment trap measurements, suggesting further improvement of modelling particle aggregation, sinking or remineralisation. Modelled strong ligands have a high abundance near the surface and decline rapidly below the deep chlorophyll maximum, showing qualitative similarity to observations. Without production of strong ligands, phytoplankton concentration falls to 0 within the first 2 years in the model integration, caused by strong Fe-limitation. A nudging of total weak ligands towards a constant value is required for reproducing the observed nutrient-like profiles, assuming a decay time of 7 years for weak ligands. This indicates that weak ligands have a longer decay time and therefore cannot be modelled adequately in a one-dimensional model. The modelled DFe profile is strongly influenced by particle concentration and vertical distribution, because the most important removal of DFe in deeper waters is colloid forCorrespondence to: Y. Ye (ying.ye@awi.de) mation and aggregation. Redissolution of particulate iron is required to reproduce an observed DFe profile at TENATSO site. Assuming colloidal iron is mainly composed of inorganic colloids, the modelled colloidal to soluble iron ratio is lower that observations, indicating the importance of organic colloids.
Study of Salinization in Shallow Aquifers in the Ada East-West Districts of Ghana

The paper examines the extent and levels of groundwater salinization in shallow aquifers in the Ada East-West districts of Ghana and possible causes. The samples comprise 11 surface water samples and 37 shallow wells, which served as sources of water for the local communities. TDS values in well samples varies from 87.5 to 5,160 mg/l with mean value of 1,912 mg/l, in lagoon samples from 6,350-27,100 mg/l, with a mean of 13,506.7 mg/l, in the Volta River from 42.4-165 mg/l with a mean of 93 mg/l, and in stream samples from 38.4-669 mg/l with a mean of 217.5 mg/l. Salinity values across the area is in the range from 33.8-43,574 psu/ppm with a mean value of 2,451 psu/ppm. Among the major ions Cl values range between 2 and 46,636.9 mg/l with a mean value of 1,858 mg/l while Ca range from 5.3 -1,089.3 mg/l with a mean of 107.2 mg/l. River Angor in Dendo and the sampled stream in Kodzi have exceptionally high conductivity values compared with the other sampled rivers and streams. Groundwater salinity overall increases from north to south and away from the Volta River in the direction east toward the Songhor lagoon in the study area. Less saline groundwater and streams are recharged from the Volta River. Between the high saline and low saline groundwater is suspected mixing zone of groundwater with average salinity value of 2,451 psu/ppm. Groundwaters are generally fresh to brackish in study area using TDS as classification. The salinity in the shallow aquifers is a result of evaporation, diffusion, and mixing of coastal water.
Geochemistry of 24 Ma basalts from NE Egypt: source components and fractionation history

Abstract Subalkaline basalts from NE Egypt represent an episode of magmatism at c. 24 Ma, coincident with widespread eruptive activity in northern Africa. New geochemical data provide insight into the mineralogical and isotopic characteristics of the underlying mantle. The basalts show little geochemical variation, with incompatible trace element abundances similar to those of ocean island basalts. They display fairly smooth primitive mantle-normalized incompatible trace element patterns. Trace element abundances and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic signatures are consistent with contributions from two distinct source regions, one similar to the Afar plume and the other located within the metasomatized spinel-facies subcontinental lithosphere. Mixing of melts from these two domains was followed by minor crustal contamination during prolonged ascent or emplacement. Integrating the geochemical data with available tomographic information allows us to develop a framework for understanding mid-Tertiary magmatic activity throughout northern Africa. A model for this widespread volcanism involves ascent of upwelling mantle derived from the margins of the South African Superplume rooted at the core–mantle boundary and/or through small-scale convection at the 660 km discontinuity. Ascent of magmas to the surface was facilitated by pre-existing structures within the lithosphere, including those associated with incipient rifting of the Red Sea. Supplementary material: Mineral chemistry data are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18483.
A Study on Remote-Sensing Inversion of Aerosol Particle Size Distributions over Yongxing Island

Ground-based remote sensing can directly get the radiation characteristics of atmospheric aerosol,which can be used in the study of aerosol particle size distribution. Atmospheric monitoring experiment was carried out on the roof of Marine Station by using ASD spectrometer and the solar radiation was measured. Based on obtained data,this paper applies Monte Carlo to randomly generate the proportions of four aerosol components which are used to approximately solve the extinction equation to retrieve aerosol particle size distribution. The result shows that during the period of experiment the aerosol type of Yongxing Island is similar to the marine aerosol defined by the standard radiative atmosphere; the volume size distribution is bimodal distribution with the peaks at 0. 01 ~ 0. 1 and 1 ~ 10 μm respectively; the number concentration distribution is unimodal distribution with the peak at 0. 001 ~ 0. 01μm; the change rule of aerosol number concentration and volume concentration is relevant to both the movement of sea water and the deposition of aerosol particle; the correlation coefficients for number concentration and turbidity index,volume concentration and turbidity index are above 98%,which means that number and volume concentrations can be used to represent the atmospheric turbidity.
Wave Forces on Submerged Structures

Magnitude and characteristics of forces resulting from oscillatory waves on submerged barge-like structures; wave profiles and variation with time of resulting horizontal and vertical forces for various wave heights, wave periods, and locations of barge with respect to water surface; effects of rounding sides and of inclusion of slot in one end of barge; horizontal force measurements for flat plate.
Littoral gammaridean Amphipoda from the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Islands

Barnard, J. Laurens. Littoral Gammaridean Amphipoda from the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 271, 149 pages, 74 figures, 11 tables, 1979. —Less than 40 percent of the Galapagan littoral Gammaridea are endemic and almost all affinity lies with the eastern Pacific continental fauna. The strictly littoral Gammaridea of the Galapagos Islands and the Gulf of California are impoverished of specific diversity in comparison with the richer shores of California and Australia. Evolutionary events at high level are few in the entire eastern Padfic Ocean. Only one family, Bateidae, is endemic to American waters and the majority of species belong to "invasive" cosmopolitan genera. Newly described genera are Anchialella, Posophotis, Varohios, and Zoedeutopus, and new species are described in the following genera: Ampithoe, Anchialella, Dulzura, Elasmopus, Gitanopsis, Heterophlias, Hyale, Lembos, Maera, Microjassa, Najna, Pontogeneia, Posophotis, Varohios, Zoedeutopus. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavemosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Barnard, Jerry Laurens, 1928Littoral gammaridean Amphipoda from the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Islands. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 271) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 157:271 1. Amphipoda—California, Gulf of. 2. Amphipoda—Galapagos Islands. 3. Crustacea—California, Gulf of. 4. Crustacea—Galapagos Islands. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 271. QL1.S54 no. 271 [QL444.M315] 59l'. O8s [595'. 37l'O9l64l] 78-606012
A Game-Enabled Blockchain Consensus and Incentive Mechanism for Secure and Efficient Mobile Crowdsensing

In recent years, mobile crowdsensing has emerged as a key technology for digital city construction, which acquires sensing data and mining data values with low cost and high flexibility. However, limited by the centrality of the sensing system, the complexity of the sensing process, and the uncertainty of sensing users, mobile crowdsensing has been severely suffering downgrading problems of security reliability and quality of service (QoS). In this study, a two-stage game involving blockchain technique is proposed to deal with security and QoS problems in mobile crowdsensing. First, a blockchain-based mobile crowdsensing system with a dual currency mechanism is established in a distributed manner to ensure the reliability of the sensing system. Second, a consensus protocol is designed to strengthen the security of sensing data based on a credit-based verifiers declaration game. Third, a quality rating mechanism based on the workers attitude game is established to improve the service quality of sensing tasks. Finally, some numerical results demonstrate the secure and efficient performances of mobile crowdsensing with the proposed framework.
Integrability, multifractality, and two-photon dynamics in disordered Tavis-Cummings models

The Tavis-Cummings model is a paradigmatic central-mode model where a set of two-level quantum emitters (spins) are coupled to a collective cavity mode. Here we study the eigenstate spectrum, its localization properties and the effect on dynamics, focusing on the two-excitation sector relevant for nonlinear photonics. These models admit two sources of disorder: in the coupling between the spins and the cavity and in the energy shifts of the individual spins. While this model was known to be exactly solvable in the limit of a homogeneous coupling and inhomogeneous energy shifts, we here establish the solvability in the opposite limit of a homogeneous energy shift and inhomogeneous coupling, presenting the exact solution and corresponding conserved quantities. We identify three different classes of eigenstates, exhibiting different degrees of multifractality and semilocalization closely tied to the integrable points, and study their stability to perturbations away from these solvable points. The dynamics of the cavity occupation number away from equilibrium, exhibiting boson bunching and a two-photon blockade, is explicitly related to the localization properties of the eigenstates and illustrates how these models support a collective spin description despite the presence of disorder.
Mobile-Based Application Interventions to Enhance Cancer Control and Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Objective: To identify and appraise mobile-based application (mAPP) interventions that have been used to support cancer control and care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: Four electronic databases were systematically searched for studies that reported primary research findings related to mAPP interventions applied in oncology settings in LMICs. A narrative synthesis was performed using the Mhealth Index and Navigation Database as an analytical framework. Results: Twenty studies reporting 18 cancer control and care mAPPs were included in this review. Among these mAPPs, ten focused on prevention, screening and early detection of cancer, five provided information to optimise supportive and palliative care, two provided support to assist treatment-shared decision-making and one covered information for follow-up and survivorship care. Conclusion: Cancer mAPP interventions are gradually gaining attention in LMICs as they provide unique resources for empowering and strengthening the role of people with cancer in their own care. To enhance cancer control, a focus on prevention and early detection is important; however, more mAPP interventions related to cancer treatment, follow-up and survivorship are also needed to enable more cost-effective cancer care.
Exploring the Relationship between Emotional Valence and Prospective Memory Metamemory in Younger and Older Adults

Prospective memory (PM) plays a crucial role in daily autonomy. Metamemory and emotional valence have both been shown to influence PM performance in younger and older adults. However, when considered together, the relationship between emotional valence, metamemory, and PM has not been examined yet, especially whether metamemory PM representations develop with task experience (i.e., before versus after performing a task). We collected data from 25 younger and 19 older adults using an event-based PM task with emotional cues (positive, negative, or neutral). Results revealed that younger adults’ predictions underestimated performance for neutral and negative cues. After performing the task, they showed more accurate representations for neutral cues, indicating that they monitored their representations. Older adults’ predictions overestimated performance for negative PM cues, and they did not modify representations after performing the task. Thus, we do not find evidence that older adults are able to coherently monitor their PM representations. These findings highlight the importance of understanding PM representations, especially in older adults, as they may lead to less strategy use and more impaired PM performance in negative everyday situations.
The ECDIS Paradox: A Controversial View on Navigation, Freedom and Safety at Sea

The unexpected commercial success of electronic charting systems has put an unusual pressure on the regulatory organizations to come up with some accepted international standard for this new technology. Unfortunately, the scope of this issue is far-reaching and touches the most sensitive nerves of maritime tradition and culture. This cumbersome legacy was noticeable from the very first US RTCM meetings on the subject and has conditioned the development of recommendations ever since. This paper, written by an outsider, tries to look at the whole issue with an unprejudiced eye, arriving at a conclusion which casts heavy doubts on the wisdom of the current course and which advocates a different approach to take advantage of the incredibly powerful potential of this new technology – a technology which could radically change the rules and laws of commercial navigation to the benefit of safety and economy.
Small but mighty: High-resolution spectroscopy of ultra-hot Jupiter atmospheres with compact telescopes. KELT-9 b's transmission spectrum with Wendelstein's FOCES Spectrograph

When observing transmission spectra produced by atmospheres of ultra-hot Jupiters, large telescopes are typically the instrument of choice due to the very weak signal of the planet's atmosphere. This study aims to alleviate the desire for large telescopes by illustrating that the same science is possible with smaller telescope classes. We use the cross-correlation technique to showcase the potential of the high-resolution spectrograph FOCES at Wendelstein Observatory and demonstrate its potential to resolve the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter, KELT-9 b. A performance comparison is conducted between FOCES and HARPS-N spectrographs, considering both single transit and combined observations over three nights. With FOCES, we have detected seven species in KELT-9 b's atmosphere: Ti II, Fe I, Fe II, Na I, Mg I, Na II, Cr II, Sc II. Although HARPS-N surpasses FOCES in performance, our results reveal that smaller telescope classes are capable of resolving ultra-hot Jupiter atmospheres. This broadens the scope of potential studies, allowing for investigations into phenomena like temporal variations in atmospheric signals and the atmospheric loss characteristics of these close-in planets.
The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to Egypt

: This paper studies the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Egypt. Africa is the world’s poorest continent and often regarded as the ‘lost continent. ’ Nevertheless, North and East Africa are strategically significant for competing global actors. The Middle East remains a primary incubator for socioeconomic discontent and a source of global instability. Thus, FDI to the region is critical for development but has lagged in the relative share of global FDI for decades. The significant population and geographic location between Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, the development and stability of Egypt, is critical for many reasons. FDI is an important pillar for such stability. A framework of reference is required for local policymakers and corporate management to understand the actual determinants of FDI and possible misconceptions relative to the empirical reality of actual FDI flows. The study presents the empirical reality to provide a basis for public and corporate decision-makers in Egypt to focus on specific policies to attract a much higher share of global FDI.