Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abundance of Invasive, Non‐Native Riparian Herbs in Relation to River Regulation

River regulation is associated with vegetation encroachment and invasions of some non‐native species in the semi‐arid west. Shifts in the abundance of native and non‐native woody riparian species are an interplay of regulation, life history traits and an array of flow and physical environmental variables. We sought to compare plant densities and per cent cover of several invasive species over two time periods in a paired river study, contrasting three different degrees of regulation along reaches of the Green and Yampa rivers in Colorado and Utah, USA. We censused patches of non‐native plants and recorded per cent cover in quadrats along 171 river km. The upper Green (10.1 patches ha−1) had the highest invasive plant patch density followed by the lower Green (4.4 per ha) and the Yampa (3.3 per ha). Invasive species were present in 23%, 19% and 4% of sample quadrats, and an average of 0.28, 0.22 and 0.04 invasive species detected per square metre was recorded along the upper Green, lower Green and Yampa Rivers, respectively. Most species had significantly (p ≤ 0.02) higher percent cover on the upper Green than either or both the lower Green and the Yampa River. Whereas the less regulated river reaches maintain lower densities of invasive species than the most regulated reach, long‐term persistence of this pattern is still in question as some species patches showed notable increases on the Yampa and lower Green Rivers from 2002–2005 to 2010–2011. Although invasion is enhanced by flow regulation, life history traits of some species suggest invasion is likely, regardless of flow regulation. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
China's Changing Population

1. Introduction 2. The quality of China's population data 3. Health and morbidity 4. Mortality 5. The setting for fertility decline 6. Late marriage and birth planning 7. The one-child family campaign 8. Fertility 9. Population distribution, internal migration, and ethnic groups 10. Review and prospect Appendixes Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index.
Estimation of Time-Averaged Surface Divergence and Vorticity from Satellite Ocean Vector Winds

AbstractTwo methods of computing the time-mean divergence and vorticity from satellite vector winds in rain-free (RF) and all-weather (AW) conditions are investigated. Consequences of removing rain-contaminated winds on the mean divergence and vorticity depend strongly on the order in which the time-average and spatial derivative operations are applied. Taking derivatives first and averages second (DFAS_RF) incorporates only those RF winds measured at the same time into the spatial derivatives. While preferable mathematically, this produces mean fields biased relative to their AW counterparts because of the exclusion of convergence and cyclonic vorticity often associated with rain. Conversely, taking averages first and derivatives second (AFDS_RF) incorporates all RF winds into the time-mean spatial derivatives, even those not measured coincidentally. While questionable, the AFDS_RF divergence and vorticity surprisingly appears qualitatively consistent with the AW means, despite using only RF winds. The a.
Controls on dissolved organic carbon quantity and chemical character in temperate rivers of North America

Understanding the processes controlling the transfer and chemical composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwater systems is crucial to understanding the carbon cycle and the effects of DOC on water quality. Previous studies have identified watershed‐scale controls on bulk DOC flux and concentration among small basins but fewer studies have explored controls among large basins or simultaneously considered the chemical composition of DOC. Because the chemical character of DOC drives riverine biogeochemical processes such as metabolism and photodegradation, accounting for chemical character in watershed‐scale studies will improve the way bulk DOC variability in rivers is interpreted. We analyzed DOC quantity and chemical character near the mouths of 17 large North American rivers, primarily between 2008 and 2010, and identified watershed characteristics that controlled variability. We quantified DOC chemical character using both specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) and XAD‐resin fractionation. Mean DOC concentration ranged from 2.1 to 47 mg C L−1 and mean SUVA254 ranged from 1.3 to 4.7 L mg C−1 m−1. We found a significant positive correlation between basin wetland cover and both bulk DOC concentration (R2 = 0.78; p < 0.0001) and SUVA254 (R2 = 0.91; p < 0.0001), while other land use characteristics were not correlated. The strong wetland relationship with bulk DOC concentration is similar to that found by others in small headwater catchments. However, two watersheds with extremely long surface water residence times, the Colorado and St. Lawrence, diverged from this wetland relationship. These results suggest that the role of riverine processes in altering the terrestrial DOC signal at the annual scale was minimal except in river systems with long surface water residence times. However, synoptic DOC sampling of both quantity and character throughout river networks will be needed to more rigorously test this finding. The inclusion of DOC chemical character will be vital to achieving a more complete understanding of bulk DOC dynamics in large river systems.
Wind-Wave Nonlinearity Observed at the Sea Floor. Part I: Forced-Wave Energy

Abstract This is Part 1 of a study of nonlinear effects on natural wind waves. Array measurements of pressure at the sea floor and middepth, collected 30 km offshore in 13-m depth, are compared to an existing theory for weakly nonlinear surface gravity waves. In this depth, free surface waves (obeying the linear dispersion relation) an weakly attenuated at the sea bed at sea and swell frequencies (0.05–0.3 Hz) but very strongly attenuated at frequencies higher than about 0.35 Hz. Only nonlinearly driven motions can reach the sea floor at these high frequencies. Nonlinear interactions between free (primary) waves of about the same frequency, travelling in nearly opposing directions, theoretically excite long-wavelength, double-frequency forced (secondary) waves that are only weakly attenuated at the sea door and form a mechanism for the generation of microseisms at great depth. In 13-m depth, wind-generated free waves and corresponding long-wavelength, high-frequency forced waves can be simultaneously obse.
Stacking defects and long-period polytypes in kaolin minerals from a hydrothermal deposit

Stacking defects in kaolin minerals (mainly dickite) from a hydrothermal deposit have been characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with sufficient image quality to determine the defect structures. A comprehensive correspondence between the stacking sequences for kaolin polytypes belonging to subfamily A and their HRTEM contrasts recorded along the hexagonal a i axes is described. Both disorder of the layer orientations (equivalent to octahedral vacancy sites) and that of the directions for interlayer shift were observed. The probability to form the stacking sequence in which the direction of the interlayer shift and layer orientation in the lower or upper layer are the same is very low but not zero. Long-period polytypic sequences with three- and five-layers periodicities were found. One MDO polytype in the trigonal system with three-layers periodicity was discovered among them. Such long-period polytypes in kaolin minerals are explained by spiral growth with a multilayered ledge, like in micas.
Floodplain evolution in a small, tectonically active basin of northern California

Sediment cores were collected along ﬂoodplains in the Navarro River basin of coastal northern California to examine the controls on ﬂoodplain evolution in a tectonically active setting. Sedimentary strata were subsampled for organic content, bulk density, and grain size measurements. Organic samples were analysed for 14C age, which yielded net‐averaged sedimentation rates for all cores. Overbank deposition rates decreased at all study sites through time and declined in the downstream direction. The ability of intermediary‐order streams to store sediment in ﬂoodplains decreased the ability of highest‐order streams to record sediment‐pulse events. The effects of anthropogenic disturbance, primarily logging, on long‐term overbank deposition rates were minimal. Climatic variability, by affecting sediment loading in the channel network, is the principal control on ﬂoodplain evolution through the Holocene. A hypothetical model is proposed to explain overbank deposition rates in the Navarro basin, which may be extrapolated to the northern‐coastal California region during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The complexities observed in sediment storage and routing in this study imply that caution should be made when extrapolating sediment‐yield measurements obtained at river mouths or coastal shelves to geomorphic events within small, tectonically active basins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Suburbanization of Water Scarcity in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region: Sociodemographic and Urban Changes Influencing Domestic Water Consumption

The metropolitan region of Barcelona is facing change in urban development patterns, sociodemographic structures, and domestic water use and management. In recent years, several drought alerts have been enacted and water restrictions applied, uncovering the fragile equilibrium between the demand and the supply of this resource. We find the literature on determinants of domestic water consumption to be strongly biased toward the effects of economic instruments in the suburban Anglo-American world. Therefore, we widen the scope of determinants by including sociodemographic and territorial variables for the mixed urban model of the metropolitan region of Barcelona. Our results show the relevance of residential land uses for water consumption and can be taken as a guide for developing different urban water policies for different urban forms.
Sea level changes from Topex‐Poseidon altimetry and tide gauges, and vertical crustal motions from DORIS

Sea level difference (Topex‐Poseidon minus tide gauge) time series have been computed over 1993–1997 at 53 selected gauges sites. Comparison of these sea level differences with vertical crustal motions derived from the DORIS space geodesy system at 6 colocated sites shows good consistency. At one site (the Socorro volcanic island), a striking correlation is reported between sea level differences and DORIS height time series. The observed trend likely reflects a post eruptive deformation associated with a volcanic eruption that occurred in early 1993. At several other gauge sites, the sea level differences present large linear trends possibly bearing evidence of land motion. This may be the case at Rabaul (Papua New Guinea) where a volcanic eruption took place in autumn of 1994. The sea level differences at Rabaul show a negative trend from this date, likely related to the volcanic event.
Paleomagnetism of the Tertiary Clarno Formation of central Oregon and its significance for the tectonic history of the Pacific Northwest

The Clarno Formation, a mostly Eocene and partly early Oligocene sequence of andesitic lavas and volcaniclastic rocks, is the oldest Tertiary formation exposed in north central Oregon. Remanent magnetization directions at 46 sites in the lavas provide a paleomagnetic pole at 84°N, 278°E with a 95% confidence cone of 7°. Comparison of this pole with the North American reference pole for Eocene time indicates that the Clarno Formation has rotated 16° clockwise with an uncertainty of 10° but has undergone no significant latitudinal displacement. Further comparison with paleomagnetic data from the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group and Steens Basalt shows that large-scale block rotations in the eastern Columbia Embayment ceased sometime between 38 m.y. and 15 m.y. A paleogeographic reconstruction for 38 m.y. is offered which is consistent with the observed rotation of the Clarno and with the other paleomagnetic data from the Pacific Northwest, which are briefly reviewed. This reconstruction shows that it is possible to account for virtually all of the paleomagnetically indicated rotations in pre-Miocene Tertiary rocks of the Pacific Northwest by an extensional tectonic model. As a consequence, only part of the rotations in the pre-Tertiary rocks of the eastern Columbia Embayment need to be the result of accretionary tectonics. The initiation of magmatism in the eastern Columbia Embayment that is represented by the Clarno Formation itself may have been contemporaneous with the beginning of crustal extension in the Pacific Northwest.
Equinoideos y asteroideos de la colección del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de San Pablo: primera contribución

Se describen las siguientes especies de Equinoideos: Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck), Arbacia lixula (Linneo), Cent rostephanus besnardi Bernasconi, Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck), Echinometra lucunter (Linneo), Mellita quinquiesperforata latiambulacra H.L. Clark, Encope emargina ta (Leske) y Moira atropos (Lamarck). Ademas las siguientes especies de Asteroideos: Astropecten marginatus Gray, Linckia guildingii Gray, Enoplopatiria marginata (Hupe) y Echinaster antonioensis de Loriol. La autora refiere con particular interes, la distribucion geografica de estas especies que proceden del litoral Paulista (Ubatuba, S.Sebastian, Santos, Cananeia) e Isla Trindade. Trata la igualdad o afinidad con aquellas de la costa africana. Describe a continuacion una nueva especie Centrostephanus besnardi, cuya procedencia, Isla Trindade (20o 30' S - 29o 22' W) presenta un problema interesante en cuanto a su distribucion pues es muy afin a C. longispinus (Philippi), especie tipioa del Atlantico Este (costas de Guinea, I. Cabo Verde, I. Azores, Marruecos). Se incluye al final, la Bibliografia y laminas correspondientes.
Expansión de la soja y diversidad de la agricultura argentina

Se ha propuesto que el incremento en el cultivo de soja (Glycine max) que ha ocurrido en la Argentina durante las ultimas dos decadas esta asociado a un empobrecimiento de la diversidad de la agricultura. En este trabajo evaluamos esta hipotesis a traves de estimar los cambios en la superficie cultivada, en la identidad y magnitud de la dominancia en terminos de la proporcion del area sembrada con el cultivo principal, y en la diversidad de cultivos a lo largo del periodo 1961-2006. La superficie total cultivada de nuestro pais se ha incrementado aproximadamente 45% desde 1990 hasta 2006, en coincidencia con la gran expansion del cultivo de soja, que ha reemplazado al trigo (Triticum spp.) como cultivo dominante. En 2006, la soja represento alrededor de 50% de la superficie cultivada en la Argentina. Ningun otro cultivo alcanzo en las ultimas cinco decadas semejante dominancia. Distintos estimadores indican que, asociado a este incremento de la dominancia de la soja, la diversidad de cultivos del campo argentino ha decrecido >20% durante el periodo 1990-2006. Ademas de la expansion de la frontera agricola y de la perdida de biodiversidad por destruccion de ecosistemas naturales, nuestros resultados ponen en evidencia una tendencia hacia la homogeneizacion del paisaje agricola. De continuarse un aumento en la dominancia del cultivo de soja es probable que se profundicen los multiples costos ambientales, sociales y economicos asociados a una menor diversidad de cultivos en nuestro pais.
Supercritical and subcritical turbidity currents and their deposits - a synthesis

Common facies models of turbidite deposits are based on idealized sequences of turbidite units, which are assumed to reflect the depositional processes of a decelerating turbidity current. We show how suites of turbidite units, i.e., distinct turbidite facies associations that are easily described from core and outcrop, may characterize the entire range of large-scale dynamics of turbidity currents, enabling estimates of their densimetric Froude number (Fr; subcritical versus supercritical) and suspension fall-out rate (stratified versus nonstratified flows). The linking of facies associations with large-scale flow dynamics resolves process-facies links that were hitherto unresolved by the common turbidite facies models.
Factors affecting rice adoption in the Solomon Islands : a case study of Fiu village, central Kwara'ae constituency, Malaita province : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agri-Commerce at Massey University

In 2006, the Solomon Islands (SI) Government implemented the National Rural Rice Development Programme (NRRDP) through the Rice Section of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, aimed at promoting the adoption of rice growing by SI farmers. However, the low level of rice adoption raised questions relating to the successful implementation of this programme. To investigate the factors that have contributed to farmers‘ decision to adopt or not to adopt the rice technology, a single case study was used involving farmers of Fiu village, in Malaita Province. Data was collected between June and July 2010 through semi-structured interviews with selected farmers who adopted the rice technology including those that did not; FCRP leaders; and government officers (extension and the rice official). The findings of this study revealed that several factors influenced the adoption decisions of farmers and these were the characteristics of technology, internal factors, and external factors. The characteristic of the technology that influenced farmers‘ decision to adopt is relative advantage.The internal factors include personal characteristics of the farmer such as previous experience, proximity of the farm, land free of dispute, availability of a water source and cultural factors whereas external factors identified include government policy, infrastructure development in the area, agro-climatic condition, access to extension service and market. It was found that in late 2010, the adopters discontinued the use of the technology and their decisions were mainly influenced by factors such as poor leadership, poor implementation of the rice policy, and poor extension service. The results also revealed that many farmers did not adopt the rice technology in 2007 and their decisions were influenced by factors such as: relative disadvantage, complexity and incompatibility of the technology, input and labour intensive, land using, and risk. The study also shows that observability, poor leadership and the government‘s failure to implement the rice policy post 2007 influenced the non-adopters decision to continue with the non-adoption of the technology. This research suggests that for a community rice project such as the FCRP to be successful, the government should facilitate the availability of funds to the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock to ensure that the ministry is able to provide the necessary support to the farmers thus promoting their confidence in government‘s ability to support the implementation of the project. In addition, the selection of leaders who have the right skills, knowledge, and attitudes to manage and drive the project was integral in ensuring the success of the project. i
Changes in Water Levels and Storage in the High Plains Aquifer, Predevelopment to 2007

Printed on recycled paper The High Plains aquifer underlies 111.6 million acres (174,000 square miles) in parts of eight States—Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The area overlying the High Plains aquifer is one of the primary agricultural regions in the Nation. Water-level declines began in parts of the High Plains aquifer soon after the beginning of substantial irrigation with ground water in the aquifer area. By 1980, water levels in the High Plains aquifer in parts of Texas, Oklahoma, and southwestern Kansas had declined more than 100 feet (Luckey and others, 1981). In response to these water-level declines, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with numerous Federal, State, and local water-resources agencies, began monitoring more than 7,000 wells in 1988 to assess annual water-level changes in the aquifer. This fact sheet summarizes changes in water levels and drainable water in storage in the High Plains aquifer from predevelopment (before about 1950) to 2007 and serves as a companion product to a USGS report that presents more detailed and technical information about water-level and storage changes in the High Plains aquifer during this period (McGuire, 2009). The areas of water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer from the time before substantial ground-water irrigation development (predevelopment) to 2007 are shown in figure 1. Drainable water in storage is the fraction of water in the aquifer that will drain by gravity and can be withdrawn by wells. The remaining water in the aquifer is held in the aquifer material by capillary forces, and generally cannot be withdrawn by wells. Drainable water in storage is termed “water in storage” in this fact sheet (McGuire, 2009). In parts of the area that overlie the High Plains aquifer, farmers and ranchers began using ground water for irrigation extensively in the 1930s and 1940s. Estimated irrigated acreage in the area overlying the High Plains aquifer increased from 1940 to 1980 and changed slightly from 1980 to 2005: 1949—2.1 million acres, 1980—13.7 million acres, 1997—13.9 million acres, 2002—12.7 million acres, 2005—15.5 million acres. In 2005, irrigated acres overlaid 14 percent of Figure 1. Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer, predevelopment to 2007 (modified from Gutentag and others, 1984; Lowry and others, 1967; Luckey and others, 1981; and Burbach, 2007). U U U
Reforesting severely degraded grassland in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal: Effects on soil hydraulic conductivity and overland flow production

Severely degraded hillslopes in the Lesser Himalaya challenge local communities as a result of the frequent occurrence of overland flow and erosion during the rainy season and water shortages during the dry season. Reforestation is often perceived as an effective way of restoring predisturbance hydrological conditions but heavy usage of reforested land in the region has been shown to hamper full recovery of soil hydraulic properties. This paper investigates the effect of reforestation and forest usage on field‐saturated soil hydraulic conductivities (Kfs) near Dhulikhel, Central Nepal, by comparing degraded pasture, a footpath within the pasture, a 25 year old pine reforestation, and little disturbed natural forest. The hillslope hydrological implications of changes in Kfs with land‐cover change were assessed via comparisons with measured rainfall intensities over different durations. High surface and near‐surface Kfs in natural forest (82–232 mm h−1) rule out overland flow occurrence and favor vertical percolation. Conversely, corresponding Kfs for degraded pasture (18–39 mm h−1) and footpath (12–26 mm h−1) were conducive to overland flow generation during medium‐ to high‐intensity storms and thus to local flash flooding. Pertinently, surface and near‐surface Kfs in the heavily used pine forest remained similar to those for degraded pasture. Estimated monsoonal overland flow totals for degraded pasture, pine forest, and natural forest were 21.3%, 15.5%, and 2.5% of incident rainfall, respectively, reflecting the relative ranking of surface Kfs. Along with high water use by the pines, this lack of recovery of soil hydraulic properties under pine reforestation is shown to be a critical factor in the regionally observed decline in base flows following large‐scale planting of pines and has important implications for regional forest management.