Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attached eddy model revisited using a minimal quasi-linear approximation

Townsend’s model of attached eddies for boundary layers is revisited within a quasi-linear approximation. The velocity field is decomposed into a mean profile and fluctuations. While the mean is obtained from the nonlinear equations, the fluctuations are modelled by replacing the nonlinear self-interaction terms with an eddy-viscosity-based turbulent diffusion and stochastic forcing. Under this particular approximation, the resulting fluctuation equations remain linear, enabling solutions to be superposed, the same theoretical idea used in the original attached eddy model. By leveraging this feature, the stochastic forcing is determined self-consistently by solving an optimisation problem which minimises the difference between the Reynolds shear stresses from the mean and fluctuation equations, subject to a constraint that the averaged Reynolds shear-stress spectrum is sufficiently smooth in the spatial wavenumber space. The proposed quasi-linear approximation is subsequently applied to channel flow for Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ ranging from 500 to 20 000. The best result is obtained when the Reynolds stress is calculated by retaining only the two leading proper orthogonal decomposition modes, which further filters out the modelling artefact caused by the unphysical stochastic forcing. In this case, the resulting turbulence intensity profile and energy spectra exhibit the same qualitative behaviour as direct numerical simulation (DNS) data throughout the entire wall-normal domain, while reproducing the early theoretical predictions of the original attached eddy model within a controlled approximation to the Navier–Stokes equations. Finally, the proposed quasi-linear approximation reveals that the peak streamwise and spanwise turbulence intensities may deviate slightly from the logarithmic scaling with the Reynolds number for $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\gtrsim 10\,000$, and the supporting evidence is presented using the existing DNS data.
Effects of tree species heterogeneity on leaf fall in primary and logged dipterocarp forest in the Ulu Segama Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia

ABSTRACT Effects of tree species heterogeneity on leaf fall were studied in a primary (4 ha) and in a selectively logged forest plot (2.5 ha) in the Ulu Segama Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia, from April 1988 to December 1989. Leaf fall was collected at 30 sampling points in each plot, and identified to species. Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae and Meliaceae are important tree families in both plots with regard to their contribution to total basal area, tree density and annual leaf fall. The total number of tree species was higher in the primary forest plot (267) than in the logged forest plot (218), although the number of climber species was higher in the logged forest (44) than in the primary forest plot (33). The overlap in species composition between the two forest plots was relatively small (49%) compared with that in family composition (88%). In the primary forest plot, the Dipterocarpaceae contributed 29% of the total basal area and 34% of the annual leaf fall. In the logged forest plot these contributions were much lower, 11% and 15%. The contribution to annual leaf fall made by climbers and pioneer trees was higher in the logged forest plot (34%) than in the primary forest plot (8%). In the primary forest plot, leaf fall was dominated My large emergent and main canopy trees, mainly dipterocarps, and occurred as regular large peaks. In the logged forest leaf fall was dominated by climbers and many, relatively small trees of pioneer species, such as Macaranga hypoleuca, and was more evenly distributed in time.
Unstable Jobs Harm Performance: The Importance of Psychological Safety and Organizational Commitment in Employees

Although previous research has examined the influence of job insecurity on perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of employees, the literature has paid insufficient attention to the impact of job insecurity on organizational performance and the underlying mechanisms of this association. Organizational performance is one of the most critical outcomes in an organization, and studies are needed to examine the influence of job insecurity on organizational performance together with its intermediating processes. Accordingly, this study investigates the intermediating mechanisms between job insecurity and perceived organizational performance with a sequential mediation model. Specifically, this article hypothesizes that levels of employees’ psychological safety and organizational commitment sequentially mediate the job insecurity–perceived organizational performance link. Using three-wave time-lagged data from 321 employees in South Korea, this study found that psychological safety and organizational commitment were sequential mediators in the link. This finding suggests that levels of psychological safety and organizational commitment in employees function as underlying processes in explaining the job insecurity–perceived organizational performance link.
Early life history of Hemigrapsus sanguineus, a non-indigenous crab in the Middle Atlantic Bight (USA)

The Japanese shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan) was recently introduced to the northeast coast of the USA. The crab has established intertidal populations extending throughout the Middle Atlantic Bight. This study defines early-life-history characteiistics that are germane to range extension in this species. Results of the investigation showed that the spawning season of H. sanguineus continues for at least 4 mo in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight. This is considerably longer than the spawning seasons of CO-occurring native crabs. Eggs hatch about 14 d after extrusion, and females have the potential to produce several broods each year. Zoeal larvae are tolerant of a wide range of temperature/salinity combinations, and mean duration of zoeal development ranges from approximately 16 d at 25°C to 55 d at 15OC. At 25°C zoeae are capable of development to the megalopa stage at salinities as low as 15%0. At lower temperatures the zoeae require salinities above 20%0. The megalopa stage appears to have more stringent temperature/salinity requirements, which may restrict H. sanguineus to rocky shores of the coastal ocean and the adjacent high-salinity regions of the estuary. Under these conditions nlegalopae molt to the first luvenile stage in approximately 25 d post hatching. Newly metamorphosed crabs reach the fifth juvenile instar in 35 d. Dry-weight growth of zoeal larvae and early stage juveniles is exponential at respective rates of 23 and 8% of body weight per day.
Wood properties of Eucalyptus globulus at three sites in Western Australia: effects of fertiliser and plantation stocking

Summary Wood properties of 10-year-old trees in Eucalyptus globulus plantations at three sites in Western Australia were examined. Silvicultural treatments applied at age two years were stocking (unthinned, 1250 stems ha–1; thinned to 600 stems ha–1 or 300 stems ha–1) and nitrogen fertiliser application (0 or 250 kg ha–1 elemental nitrogen) in factorial combination. The three sites differed markedly in their annual rainfall (620–1100 mm), open-pan evaporation and soil water-holding capacity. Wood cores were collected at breast height from a total of 263 trees (~15 trees for each site-by-treatment combination), and radial samples prepared for analysis by SilviScan to produce radial profiles of air-dry density and microfibril angle (MFA) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), and by radial near infrared (NIR) surface scanning to produce radial profiles of NIR-predicted Kraft pulp yield (KPY) and cellulose content (CC). Sampling interval was 0.025 mm for density and 5 mm for the other properties. For wood property mean values (i.e. wood property averages of each pith-to-cambium sample), sites differed significantly only in air-dry density. The Boyup Brook site, which had low annual rainfall, the lowest climate wetness index and soil water-storage capacity and the slowest diameter growth, had the highest mean wood density (648 kg m–3), while Scott River, with the highest rainfall, had mean density that was 10% lower. The Wellstead site (low rainfall but highest soil water-storage capacity) was intermediate for density. The only other significant differences for mean wood properties were caused by fertiliser addition, which reduced NIR-predicted KPY from 54.6% (without fertiliser) to 54.1% and predicted CC from 43.7% to 43.1%. Clear radial trends were evident for all wood properties. Density, MOE, KPY and CC all increased from pith to the cambium, while MFA declined. From the innermost (pith) 10% to the outermost (cambial) 10% of the radius, density increased on average by 21%, MOE by 103%, KPY by 9% and cellulose by 11%, while MFA declined by 47%. NIR calibrations developed using the SilviScan and NIR spectral data explained 71% of variance in MOE for an independent set of radial wood samples of E. globulus from Victoria, but less than 50% of variance for density and MFA. Implications for paper pulp and veneer manufacture are briefly considered.
Effect of Ploidy and Flowering Type of Red Clover Cultivars and of Isolate Origin on Severity of Clover Rot, Sclerotinia trifoliorum

Two complementary experiments were conducted in a controlled environment to elucidate the interactions between the fungus Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss. and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). In one of these studies, two hardened diploid red clover cultivars (cvs) were inoculated with 20 isolates of S. trifoliorum of various geographic origins. In the other study, 20 red clover cvs, diploid or tetraploid, including late and medium-late flowering types, were inoculated with two isolates of the fungus. Prior to inoculation, some plants were hardened by subjecting them to a low temperature and light treatment mimicking autumn conditions. Late flowering cvs were found more resistant than medium-late ones. Isolates collected in the northern region, where late cvs are grown, were significantly more aggressive than isolates from southern locations, where medium-late cvs are more prevalent. Such an adaptation has not previously been reported for this fungus. This is the first report concerning flowering type and resistance in red clover. Tetraploids were generally not more resistant than diploids. A hardening procedure for red clover plants was found to be a prerequisite for detecting the differences in disease resistance.
The effect of cultivar and year on yield and quality components in soybean

This paper presents the results of a two-year trial of yield, protein and oil content NS soybean cultivars of 0 and I maturity group. Average yield for all tested cultivars was 3,657 kg ha-1. Significantly higher yield was recorded in 2010 as compared to the 2009. Soybean cultivars Sava and Valjevka had the highest yield per unit area as compared to other tested cultivars. The protein content of all soybean cultivars was 38.04% on average. The 2010 protein content was significantly higher than the 2009. Cultivar Proteinka had significantly higher two-year average protein content (39.29%) as compared to the tested cultivars. Average oil content for all tested cultivars was 20.55%. Cultivars Valjevka and Sava had the highest average oil content, 20.88% and 20.87% respectively. The 2009 oil content was significantly higher than the 2010. Cultivar Sava had the highest protein and oil yield (1,445 kg ha-1 and 789 kg ha-1 respectively) as compared to other tested cultivars. There were statistically significant differences in yields, and protein and oil content and yield depending on cultivars and testing year. Environmental factors influenced the correlation between yield and protein oil and content.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF SIMULIUM (NEVERMANNIA) (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) FROM NORTHERN THAILAND

Two new species of black flies, Simulium (Nevermannia) fruticosum sp. nov. and S. (N.) chiangklangense sp. nov. are described on the basis of samples collected in northern Thailand. These new species are assigned to the feuerborni species-group of the subgenus Simulium (Nevermannia), and are easily distinguished from S. (N.) feuerborni Edwards, the only species of the same group known thus far in Thailand, by their simple cocoon without any anterodorsal projection.
Spatial Autocorrelation in California Land Birds

Asynchrony in recruitment and survivorship in populations located within the potential range of dispersal generally facilitates metapopulation processes’ playing an important role in the demographic “rescue” of populations. Conversely, populations that are demographically synchronous over large geographic areas may be particularly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of habitat fragmentation because such synchrony is probably maintained largely by dispersal. To examine the potential generality of such processes, I investigated spatial autocorrelation in annual relative density of California land birds using data from the Breeding Bird Survey and the Christmas Bird Count. Of 88 species I examined using Breeding Bird Survey data, 87 (99%) exhibited no significant spatial autocorrelation at any distance category. Of 79 species I examined using Christmas Bird Count data, 66% exhibited no significant spatial autocorrelation. These results suggest that demographic processes are often asynchronous over relatively short geographical distances and thus that metapopulation processes may be significant for a large fraction of terrestrial bird species. No species during the breeding season, but a small proportion during the winter, were significantly spatially autocorrelated at all geographic scales up to the statewide level (500–1200 km). There was no significant relationship between spatial autocorrelation during the winter and either body size, clutch size, or diet, but migratory species were more spatially autocorrelated than resident species. Spatial autocorrelation in the winter was also related to breeding habitat preferences, with species inhabiting savanna and woodlands (especially oak woodlands) exhibiting lower spatial autocorrelation and those inhabiting subalpine forest exhibiting greater spatial autocorrelation than other species.
The influence of growing temperature on photosynthesis and respiration of Pinus radiata seedlings

Summary Rates of photosynthesis at five light intensities and rates of respiration at four temperatures, 9°, 16°, 24° and 30°C were measured in three P. radiata seedlings from each of the growing conditions 15°/10°, 24°/19°, and 33°/28°C day/night temperatures. Net photosynthesis at 30° and 9°C was reduced in seedlings grown under the cold and the two warmer preconditioning treatments respectively. Sixteen degrees appeared to be the optimum temperature for net photosynthesis in seedlings grown at 15°/10° and 24°/19°C, with 24°C being the optimum for the plants raised at 33°/28°C. Photosynthesis per seedling increased by almost 35% and rates of respiration were approximately halved within two days of the seedlings being transferred from 15°/10° to 33°/28°C. In that transfer (and also the reverse of it, i.e. 33°/28° to 15°/10°C in which photosynthesis dropped by some 25%) most of the adaptation of each seedling occurred within two days, and within a few days more the seedlings were similar in behaviour to s.
Control of porina caterpillar (Wiseana spp.) in pasture by the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae

Abstract Chipped wheat bait inoculated with Metarhizium anisopliae (Met.) Sor. was used to control porina caterpillar in pastures at 2 sites in North Island hill country. Caterpillars became infected after feeding on bait laid on the ground when they emerged from their subterranean burrows at night to forage. Porina populations were monitored by counting live larvae and dead, fungus-infected larvae in soil samples. Many larvae were killed by fungus in trials using 9.7-38.5 kg/ha bait (at 38.5 kg/ha 90% of larvae died from fungus infection). Greatest larval mortality was recorded when soil temperatures were high. Optimum temperature for growth of M. anisopliae was 17-20°C, and, in the laboratory, infected larvae died most rapidly at 19-25°C. M. anisopliae inoculated wheat baits show promise for controlling porina and other insects which will also accept these baits.
A review of the bacterial flora of teleosts and elasmobranchs, including methods for its analysis

Techniques for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the commensal bacterial flora of fish are reviewed. The literature concerning the commensal bacterial flora of fish indicates that teleost skin often features 102–07 organisms per cm2 of skin, representing the following taxa, in descending numerical order, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavo-bacterium and Cytophaga species also coryneform organisms. Actively feeding teleosts appear to have an alimentary canal bacterial flora similar to that of the skin and gills, often there are from 103–108 organisms per 1.0 g, wet weight, of tissue. According to the limited data available for elasmobranchs Gram–positive bacteria are the predominant component of the bacterial flora on the skin of sharks, though the bacterial flora of North Sea skate (Raja spp.) is reported as being similar to that of teleosts. The commensal flora of fish, particularly of teleosts, is related to their environment and is influenced by environmental changes that affect the quality of the water. Regular monitoring of the water of commercial fish ponds and aquaria for bacterial quality, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH, combined with a base–line knowledge of the water's quality, may provide an advanced indication of the presence of bacteria potentially able to produce diseased conditions, and factors that will enhance their growth.
Myological adaptations to fast enduring flight in European free-tailed bats, Tadarida teniotis (Molossidae, Chiroptera)

Abstract Molossid bats are considered as morphologically specialized for fast enduring flights within obstacle-free environments. The only European species of the family, the European free-tailed bat Tadarida teniotis, exhibits a similar flight behavior and is thus expected to demonstrate analogous morphological adaptations. The present report investigates external and muscular forelimb features that could be associated with open air high-speed flight patterns. For the scope of the study, we calculated standard external ecomorphological indices and carried out gross anatomical dissections on six adult specimens of T. teniotis from northern Greece. In this way, we qualitatively and quantitatively examined patterns of relative mass and strength in selected muscles. In terms of external morphology, T. teniotis possessed long and narrow wings with slightly pointed tips. Regarding forelimb muscular anatomy, the species is characterized by powerful wing adductors (e.g. pectorales), an enlargement of the coracoid head of biceps brachii, and equal mass of elbow joint flexors and extensors. These characteristics, partly shared by other molossids, may correlate to a powerful, controlled downstroke and a semi-extended elbow for fast enduring non-maneuverable flight.
What is the strategy for strategic arch resection in acute proximal aortic dissection?

J Thorac Dis 2020;12(6):3418-3421 | http://dx.doi. org/10.21037/jtd.2020. 01.63 Type A aortic dissections are one of the major surgical challenges cardiac surgeons are faced with in their day to day practice. Repair of acute Type A dissections are technically challenging and time consuming and to make it even worse, for unknown reasons, in most cases, happen at night while lasting into the early hours of the new day. It is common practice that these complex operations are performed by the surgical on-call team under sub-optimal conditions at night and not by trained specialist Aortic Surgeons during daytime. As a result of this dilemma the usual approach to the repair of an acute Type A dissection is to get the patient alive out of theatre and do the minimum repair that is required, which in most cases is a supracommissural replacement of the ascending aorta with an open anastomosis to the proximal aortic arch (often called hemi-arch replacement). It is well established that this surgical approach, while being a rescue undertaking in the acute setting of Type A aortic dissection, leaves a large number of patients with dissected aortic arches, descending and abdominal aortas necessitating further future interventions. As a result the extent of surgery with regards to the aim of a definitive repair involving arch reconstruction/replacement versus a “lifesaving” limited approach, possibly at the expense of a later need for a second intervention such as extensive reconstructive surgery of the arch and adjacent vascular structures is still subject to ongoing debate. To make their point, the authors present data from a retrospective cohort analysis on outcomes of different surgical strategies for acute type A aortic dissection over a time period of 21 years in a single centre. The authors report that the comparison of a cohort of 322 cases undergoing ascending/hemi-arch replacement (a so-called limited surgical approach) with another cohort of 150 cases undergoing aggressive aortic arch replacement with arch expansion or nonresectable tears—collected from 1996 to 2017—revealed no significant differences in perioperative outcomes and showed a 30-day mortality of 5.3% versus 7.3%, P=0.38, and a intra/post-operative stroke rate of 7% each (1). Even at long-term over 5 years the estimated survival was similar with between the limited resection at 70% and the more aggressive arch repair at 72% (1). Similarly, the annual incidence rate of reoperations over 15 years was 2.1% and 2.0%, P=1.0, and the 10 years cumulative rate of reoperations was 14% versus 12%, P=0.89, without any difference. Hence, based on those figures the authors concluded that ascending/hemi-arch and aggressive total arch replacement are both appropriate in patients in the acute setting of proximal aortic dissection. Subsequently, extended surgery or aggressive arch replacement should be considered in the setting of an aortic arch with a diameter >4 cm or an intimal tear not resected Editorial Commentary