Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Stability of Eating Quality of Strawberry Cultivars and Their Sugar and Organic Acid Contents

In 1995-1996, the eating quality based on sugar and organic acid content of 43 strawberry cultivars grown in the forcing and open cultures, were evaluated and the relationships among these characters and eating qualities and their stabilities were investigated. 1. The cultivars with excellent eating quality had significantly higher total sugar content, total sugar/organic acid ratio, sucrose/organic acid ratio, and lower total organic acid content than those with poor eating quality. 2. The cultivars which retained their eating quality throughout the harvest season had significantly lower coefficient of variation (c.v.) of total sugar content, sucrose/total sugar ratio, glucose/total sugar ratio and citric acid/organic acid ratio compared to the cultivars with variable eating quality. There was no significant difference in the sugar and organic acid contents between cultivars with stable and unstable eating quality. 3. Eating quality was highly correlated with sucrose/organic acid ratio, and c.v. of citric acid/organic acid ratio, whereas its stalility was highly correlated with c.v. of glucose/total sugar ratio, c.v. of total sugar content, and c.v. of citric acid/organic acid ratio. Therefore, it is possible to select the cultivars with excellent and stable eating quality by detarmining the high stable, total sugar/organic acid ratio, especially high sucrose/total sugar ratio.
Derivation of Symmetric PCA Learning Rules from a Novel Objective Function

Neural learning rules for principal component / subspace analysis (PCA / PSA) can be derived by maximizing an objective function (summed variance of the projection on the subspace axes) under an orthonormality constraint. For a subspace with a single axis, the optimization produces the principal eigenvector of the data covariance matrix. Hierarchical learning rules with deflation procedures can then be used to extract multiple eigenvectors. However, for a subspace with multiple axes, the optimization leads to PSA learning rules which only converge to axes spanning the principal subspace but not to the principal eigenvectors. A modified objective function with distinct weight factors had to be introduced produce PCA learning rules. Optimization of the objective function for multiple axes leads to symmetric learning rules which do not require deflation procedures. For the PCA case, the estimated principal eigenvectors are ordered (w.r.t. the corresponding eigenvalues) depending on the order of the weight factors. Here we introduce an alternative objective function where it is not necessary to introduce fixed weight factors; instead, the alternative objective function uses squared summands. Optimization leads to symmetric PCA learning rules which converge to the principal eigenvectors, but without imposing an order. In place of the diagonal matrices with fixed weight factors, variable diagonal matrices appear in the learning rules. We analyze this alternative approach by determining the fixed points of the constrained optimization. The behavior of the constrained objective function at the fixed points is analyzed which confirms both the PCA behavior and the fact that no order is imposed. Different ways to derive learning rules from the optimization of the objective function are presented. The role of the terms in the learning rules obtained from these derivations is explored.
Maximum bound principles for a class of semilinear parabolic equations and exponential time differencing schemes

The ubiquity of semilinear parabolic equations has been illustrated in their numerous applications ranging from physics, biology, to materials and social sciences. In this paper, we consider a practically desirable property for a class of semilinear parabolic equations of the abstract form $u_t=\mathcal{L}u+f[u]$ with $\mathcal{L}$ being a linear dissipative operator and $f$ being a nonlinear operator in space, namely a time-invariant maximum bound principle, in the sense that the time-dependent solution $u$ preserves for all time a uniform pointwise bound in absolute value imposed by its initial and boundary conditions. We first study an analytical framework for some sufficient conditions on $\mathcal{L}$ and $f$ that lead to such a maximum bound principle for the time-continuous dynamic system of infinite or finite dimensions. Then, we utilize a suitable exponential time differencing approach with a properly chosen generator of contraction semigroup to develop first- and second-order accurate temporal discretization schemes, that satisfy the maximum bound principle unconditionally in the time-discrete setting. Error estimates of the proposed schemes are derived along with their energy stability. Extensions to vector- and matrix-valued systems are also discussed. We demonstrate that the abstract framework and analysis techniques developed here offer an effective and unified approach to study the maximum bound principle of the abstract evolution equation that cover a wide variety of well-known models and their numerical discretization schemes. Some numerical experiments are also carried out to verify the theoretical results.
Low-dimensional fluctuations and pseudogap in Gaudin-Yang Fermi gases

Pseudogap is a ubiquitous phenomenon in strongly correlated systems such as high-$T_{\rm c}$ superconductors, ultracold atoms and nuclear physics. While pairing fluctuations inducing the pseudogap are known to be enhanced in low-dimensional systems, such effects have not been explored well in one of the most fundamental 1D models, that is, Gaudin-Yang model. In this work, we show that the pseudogap effect can be visible in the single-particle excitation in this system using a diagrammatic approach. Fermionic single-particle spectra exhibit a unique crossover from the double-particle dispersion to pseudogap state with increasing the attractive interaction and the number density at finite temperature. Surprisingly, our results of thermodynamic quantities in unpolarized and polarized gases show an excellent agreement with the recent quantum Monte Carlo and complex Langevin results, even in the region where the pseudogap appears.
Two-Person Zero-Sum Stochastic Linear-Quadratic Differential Games

The paper studies the open-loop saddle point and the open-loop lower and upper values, as well as their relationship for two-person zero-sum stochastic linear-quadratic (LQ, for short) differential games with deterministic coefficients. It derives a necessary condition for the finiteness of the open-loop lower and upper values and a sufficient condition for the existence of an open-loop saddle point. It turns out that under the sufficient condition, a strongly regular solution to the associated Riccati equation uniquely exists, in terms of which a closed-loop representation is further established for the open-loop saddle point. Examples are presented to show that the finiteness of the open-loop lower and upper values does not ensure the existence of an open-loop saddle point in general. But for the classical deterministic LQ game, these two issues are equivalent and both imply the solvability of the Riccati equation, for which an explicit representation of the solution is obtained.
Stable and expressive recurrent vision models

Primate vision depends on recurrent processing for reliable perception (Gilbert & Li, 2013). At the same time, there is a growing body of literature demonstrating that recurrent connections improve the learning efficiency and generalization of vision models on classic computer vision challenges. Why then, are current large-scale challenges dominated by feedforward networks? We posit that the effectiveness of recurrent vision models is bottlenecked by the widespread algorithm used for training them, "back-propagation through time" (BPTT), which has O(N) memory-complexity for training an N step model. Thus, recurrent vision model design is bounded by memory constraints, forcing a choice between rivaling the enormous capacity of leading feedforward models or trying to compensate for this deficit through granular and complex dynamics. Here, we develop a new learning algorithm, "contractor recurrent back-propagation" (C-RBP), which alleviates these issues by achieving constant O(1) memory-complexity with steps of recurrent processing. We demonstrate that recurrent vision models trained with C-RBP can detect long-range spatial dependencies in a synthetic contour tracing task that BPTT-trained models cannot. We further demonstrate that recurrent vision models trained with C-RBP to solve the large-scale Panoptic Segmentation MS-COCO challenge outperform the leading feedforward approach. C-RBP is a general-purpose learning algorithm for any application that can benefit from expansive recurrent dynamics. Code and data are available at this https URL.
Adversarial NLI for Factual Correctness in Text Summarisation Models

We apply the Adversarial NLI dataset to train the NLI model and show that the model has the potential to enhance factual correctness in abstract summarization. We follow the work of Falke et al. (2019), which rank multiple generated summaries based on the entailment probabilities between an source document and summaries and select the summary that has the highest entailment probability. The authors' earlier study concluded that current NLI models are not sufficiently accurate for the ranking task. We show that the Transformer models fine-tuned on the new dataset achieve significantly higher accuracy and have the potential of selecting a coherent summary.
Avoidance of the host immune response by a generalist parasitoid, Compsilura concinnata Meigen

Abstract 1. Ecological interactions between parasitoids and their hosts are extremely strong as parasitoid offspring rely entirely on an individual host to complete development. The ability of a parasitoid to use a host is influenced directly by the degree to which the parasitoid can overcome host defences and grow within the host.
The distribution of a transposase sequence in Moniliophthora perniciosa confirms the occurrence of two genotypes in Bahia, Brazil

Transposase sequence analysis is an important technique used to detect the presence of transposable elements in a genome. Putative transposase sequence was analyzed in the genome of the phytopathogenic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa. Sequence comparisons of the predicted transposase peptide indicate a close relationship with the transposases from the elements of the Tc1-Mariner superfamily. The analysis of the distribution of transposase sequence was done by means of PCR and Southern blot techniques in different isolates of the fungus belonging to C-, L-, and S-biotypes and collected from various geographical areas. The distribution profile of the putative transposase sequence suggests the presence of polymorphic copies among the isolates from C-biotypes. The total DNA hybridization profile of each isolate was used to calculate genetic distance and group by the UPGMA method. C-biotype isolates colleted from of the Bahia showed two hybridization profiles for the transposase sequence. Thus the two different fingerprinting profiles for transposase sequence reported here by Southern analysis could also be correlated to the presence of two different genotypes in Bahia, Brazil.
The Influence of Mutation Induction in Normal Human Fibroblasts Irradiated with X Rays and Iron Ions

We investigated the influence of mutation induction on the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus in normal human fibroblasts irradiated with X rays or accelerated iron ions with LET ranging from 200 to 400 keV/μm. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the mutation frequency per total number of surviving cells for iron ions with comparatively lower LET values (200 and 260 keV/μm) in this study was higher than 1, and the RBE for the 300 keV/μm, 350 keV/μm and 400 keV/μm ions was nearly 1. These results indicated that the mutation induction for iron ions decreased with increasing LET, and these of high-LET regions (over 300 keV/μm) and X rays were similar. The deletion spectrum of exons in hprt locus for X rays and 260 keV/μm-iron ions were analyzed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). About 70% of mutant induced by iron ions showed deletion of the entire exons (total deletion), while mutant induced by X rays showed partial deletion, which one or more exons are missing, of about 70%. The results indicated that iron-ion induced mutants sustained severer damage than X-ray induced mutants even if the dose-response curves for mutation induction were similar between X rays and iron ions.
Diet of the squirrel glider in a fragmented landscape near Mackay, central Queensland

We investigated the diet of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) from within a highly fragmented landscape in the northern (tropical) part of its geographic range where information was absent. We analysed 86 faecal samples of 53 gliders from 11 locations and obtained 97 observations of 10 gliders feeding at two locations. Pollen of Eucalyptus/Corymbia was present in 70% and Melaleuca in 20% of faecal samples. Indicators of sap feeding were present in 44% of samples and seeds were present in 14% of samples. Invertebrates, mostly moth larvae, were present in 54% of samples. Observations of gliders feeding revealed that the main food types were invertebrates (36% of observations), nectar and pollen (27% of observations) and sap (26% of observations) of five tree species. Differences in the use of the major food types revealed by the two methods of diet analysis partly reflect site-based differences. Qualitatively, the diet was similar to that described in southern Australia, with confirmation that sap may be important at some locations. Our results reveal the contribution that different tree species make to the diet, which should be used to guide habitat restoration for the squirrel glider in this fragmented landscape.
Grain-filling patterns and nitrogen utilization efficiency of spelt (Triticum spelta) under Mediterranean conditions

SUMMARY The identification of factors determining the adaptation and nitrogen (N) utilization of spelt wheat is important for the successful introduction of the crop to a new environment. The present study was carried out to investigate the relative importance of grain-filling rate and duration of grain growth and to analyse the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) and biomass production efficiency of spelt under Mediterranean conditions. The performance of spelt was evaluated in relation to a well-adapted bread wheat cultivar. Three spelt cultivars (Ressac, Poème and Cosmos) and one bread wheat cultivar (Centauro) were grown for two growing seasons on a silty clay soil under two N levels (0 and 100 kg N/ha). Grain-filling parameters were estimated using the cubic polynomial model. This model provided good fit to the grain-filling data of spelt cultivars, with high coefficients of determination (R2) that ranged from 0·868 to 0·999. Cultivar differences were found for all grain-filling parameters studied, and these differences accounted for most of the variation observed within each particular grain-filling component in both years. Grain filling of spelt plants took place under adverse environmental conditions, mainly high temperatures, which led to a shortening of the grain-filling period. This fact was not fully compensated by the increase in the grain-filling rate, and eventually resulted in a reduction of the final spelt grain weight. Selection for early-flowering cultivars could be a successful strategy to moderate the influence of the environment on grain filling and improve the adaptation of spelt under Mediterranean conditions. The mean grain-filling rate was positively correlated with dry matter translocation, suggesting the crucial role of reserve assimilates in the vegetative tissues for the grain growth of spelt. The efficiency of N utilization to produce biomass was greater during the grain-filling period than the vegetative period. Averaged across N application rates, NUtE in spelt ranged from 20·1 to 29·5 g grain/g plant N. Cultivar differences in NUtE were observed in both years. Grain yield per unit grain N (grain DM/grain total N at maturity) contributed more to the total variation in NUtE among spelt cultivars compared with N harvest index (NHI). Spelt showed lower NUtE values, probably due to its higher grain N concentration and lower NHI compared with wheat. Low straw N concentration at maturity may be an indicator of improved NUtE in spelt, as evidenced by the negative relationship detected between the two variables. These results provide a better understanding of factors related with the adaptation and N utilization of spelt under Mediterranean conditions.
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Germination and Seedling Establishment of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

ABSTRACT Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is usually propagated from seed, but establishment of the plant is sometimes difficult as seed germination and seedling emergence may be limited under saline and unfavorable temperature conditions. In this study, salt and temperature tolerance of green and purple types of basil were investigated by subjecting both green and purple basil to selected levels of salinity (0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS/m) and temperature regimes (15, 25, and 35°C). Germination and seedling emergence in a saline environment were higher at 25°C than at the other tested temperatures, indicating a temperature stress made sweet basil more susceptible to salt stress. Although seed germination and seedling development were similar to controls at low salinity levels and 25°C, abnormal seedling development was increased and germination reduced at salinity levels of ≥ 12 dS/m for both the green and purple type of sweet basil. Sweet basil can be classified as moderately tolerant to salt stress during seed germination and seedling emergence.
Caracterização parcial de frações obtidas de extratos de Cymbopogon nardus com atividade elicitora de fitoalexinas em sorgo e soja e efeito sobre Colletotrichum lagenarium

Medicinal plants present potential to control phytopathogens due to the direct effect or by the activation of defense mechanisms like phytoalexins. Then, the present work had the objective to verify the antifungal and elicitor effect of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) obtained from methanolic and ethanolic extracts. It was studied the accumulation of phytoalexins in the mesocotyls of sorghum and in cotyledon of soybean, in response to application of fractions from crude extracts methanolic (EME) and ethanolic extracts (EET) of citronella. The EME and EET extracts were fractioned by gel filtration chromatography (CFG) and three fractions were obtained from the methanolic extract (FMI, FMII and FMIII), and two fractions from the ethanolic extract (FEI and FEII). The molecular weight for the FMI, FMII, FMIII, FEI and FEII were 69.29, 40.51, 18.72, 65.89 and 24.11 kDa, respectively. The fractions obtained from the CFG were used in a bioassay of germination of C. lagenarium spores and of induction of phytoalexins in the mesocotyls of sorghum and cotyledon of soybean. There was no significative effect of the fractions EME and EET on germination and appressorium formation by the pathogen. In the accumulation of phytoalexins in soybean cotyledons there was no significant effect of the fractions FMI, FMII, FMIII, FEI and FEII. However, it was detected a significative effect of fractions obtained by CFG on the production of phytoalexins in mesocotyls of sorghum. The highest accumulation of phytoalexin in mesocotyls of sorghum was obtained in the FMI and FMIII fractions, which differed significantly to the control. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that fractions partially purified obtained from EME of C. nardus present potential to induce phytoalexins in sorghum mesocotyls.
BAsIC QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS OF COW COLOSTRUM AND THEIR DEPENDENCE ON SEASON AND POST PARTUM TIME

Klimes J., P. Jagos, J. Bouda, S. Gajdusek: Basic Qualitative Parameters of Cow Colostrum and their Dependence on Season and Post ParIum Time. Acta vet. Hrno, 55,1986: 23-39. Under conditions of large scale' dairy unit for 2144 cows 19 physicoche­ mical and biochemical parameters of cow colostrum and the influence of season and time after parturition on these parameters have been studied. Average samples of colostrum from the first milking, on the 3rd and 5th day post parturition were collected from cows - cross-breds of Bohemian Pied x Black Pied Lowland breeds. In summer (June) and winter (February) season colostrum of 13 and 24 cows, resp. was examined. In most parameters the highest values were found in colostrum from the first milking, the most pronounced decrease being observed for the first three days after parturition. Only the pH and lactose values were found to be lowest in co­ lostrum from the first milking. The fat content, rennet coagulation time of colostrum and potassium concentration varied without a marked dependence upon the time elapsed after parturition. In summer season, significantly higher values of vita­ min A, buffer capacity and dry matter were ob'served in at least two out of three investigated milkings; in winter, significantly higher phosphorus levels were found. • Approximately 1000 times higher GMT activity when compared with that in cow blood plasma was demonstrated in colostral whey. Higher titratable acidity, higher levels of protein, gamma globulins, sodium, GMT activity and lower lactose concentration were determined in colostrum samples from the first milking with a concentration of total protein in whey over 120 gil, when compared with colostrum with a decreased total protein content in whey. The determination of total protein concentration in colostral whey from the first milking could be regarded as a decisive criterion of the evaluation of colostrum quality. On the basis of colostrum quality the level of nutrition, maintenance, and health condition of mother in the last gravidity trimester may be assessed together with other factors which will influence further development of the calves. Cow, calf, colostrum, protein, total protein, gamma globulin! >, GMT, fat, lactose, vitamin A and E, titratable acidity, pH, buffer capacity, coagulability, dry matter, ash, macroelements.
THE BIOPRODUCTION OF INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN ROOT NODULES AND ROOTS OF LUPINUS LUTEUS L. AND BY ITS RHIZOBIAL SYMBIONT

SUMMARY The bioproduction of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) from L-tryptophan in root nodules and roots of Lupinus luteus and by the symbiotic Rhizobium lupini was studied in vitro, and IAA degradation and the conversion of a number of related indole derivatives were also investigated. The results permit the conclusion that at least a substantial part of the large amounts of IAA present in the root nodules is produced via plant enzymes as a result of a metabolic alteration induced by the rhizobial infection. Young roots appeared to possess a high activity of IAA production from L-tryptophan, but most of this production is masked by enzymatic degradation of IAA. According to the results of the IAA destruction experiments, cell-free enzyme extracts of mature roots show the lowest activity, and the non-dialyzed young root enzyme extract exhibits significantly greater activity than the dialyzed preparations. For the root nodule enzyme preparations this situation was found to be reversed, suggesting that the balance between promoting and inhibiting substances influencing enzymatic IAA degradation in nodule tissue is changed in favour of inhibition as a result of the rhizobial infection. Some interesting data concerning differences in IAA destruction behaviour between different strains of Rh. lupini were also obtained. The results of the comparative investigations concerning the conversion of a number of related indole derivatives indicated that there are some significant differences with respect to the conversion capacities of the different incubation systems.