Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parkinson's Disease in Patients with Essential Tremor: A Prospective Clinical and Functional Neuroimaging Assessment

Patients with essential tremor (ET) have 3.5 times greater risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) throughout their lives, also known as PD with antecedent ET (ET-PD). Single photon emission computed tomography with radiotracer imaging of dopamine transporters (TRODAT-SPECT) can help differentiate these two diseases. Relate the results of TRODAT-SPECT imaging in patients with ET to potential progress to ET-PD. Thirty-six patients with ET were evaluated by neurological examination, the Archimedes spiral, and the MDS-UPDRS III scale on two occasions, after a mean interval of three years. SPECT was performed on all patients after the first visit. Overall, six patients (16.6%) progressed clinically to ET-PD. Patients with ET-PD were older, and the age of tremor onset was later. The ET-PD group scored higher on the MDS-UPDRS III scale, especially for the presence of bradykinesia. SPECT imaging was altered in 83.3% of the ET-PD patients compared to 33% of the ET patients (p=0.034). Changes on the SPECT with asymmetrical hypouptake suggested progress to ET-PD (p=0.025). Advanced age at the onset of tremor, the presence of bradykinesia, and asymmetrical alterations in SPECT may be related to progression to PD in patients with ET. Changes in neuroimaging suggest that SPECT-TRODAT can be used to predict progression to PD in selected patients.
Axion stars and fast radio bursts

We show that fast radio bursts arise from collisions between axion stars and neutron stars. The bursts are emitted in the atmosphere of the neutron stars. The observed frequencies of the bursts are given by the axion mass $m_a$ such as $m_a/2\pi\simeq 1.4\,\mbox{GHz}\,\big(m_a/(6\times 10^{-6}\mbox{eV})\big)$. From the event rate $\sim 10^{-3}$ per year in a galaxy, we can determine the mass $\sim 10^{-11}M_{\odot}$ of the axion stars. Using these values we can explain short durations ( $\sim $ms ) and amount of radiation energies ( $\sim 10^{43}$GeV ) of the bursts.
Multiple Timescale Dynamic Analysis of Functionally-Impairing Mutations in Human Ileal Bile Acid-Binding Protein

Human ileal bile acid-binding protein (hI-BABP) has a key role in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Its two internal binding sites exhibit positive cooperativity accompanied by a site-selectivity of glycocholate (GCA) and glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDA), the two most abundant bile salts in humans. To improve our understanding of the role of dynamics in ligand binding, we introduced functionally impairing single-residue mutations at two key regions of the protein and subjected the mutants to NMR relaxation analysis and MD simulations. According to our results, mutation in both the vicinity of the C/D (Q51A) and the G/H (Q99A) turns results in a redistribution of motional freedom in apo hI-BABP. Mutation Q51A, deteriorating the site-selectivity of GCA and GCDA, results in the channeling of ms fluctuations into faster motions in the binding pocket hampering the realization of key side chain interactions. Mutation Q99A, abolishing positive binding cooperativity for GCDA, leaves ms motions in the C-terminal half unchanged but by decoupling βD from a dynamic cluster of the N-terminal half displays an increased flexibility in the vicinity of site 1. MD simulations of the variants indicate structural differences in the portal region and mutation-induced changes in dynamics, which depend on the protonation state of histidines. A dynamic coupling between the EFGH portal, the C/D-region, and the helical cap is evidenced highlighting the interplay of structural and dynamic effects in bile salt recognition in hI-BABP.
Role of Cell-Cell Junctions in Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cell–cell junctions comprise various structures, including adherens junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. They link cells to each other in tissues and regulate tissue homeostasis in critical cellular processes. Recent advances in cell–cell junction research have led to critical discoveries. Cell–cell adhesion components are important for the invasion and metastasis of tumour cells, which are not only related to cell–cell adhesion changes, but they are also involved in critical molecular signal pathways. They are of great significance, especially given that relevant molecular mechanisms are being discovered, there are an increasing number of emerging biomarkers, targeted therapies are becoming a future therapeutic concern, and there is an increased number of therapeutic agents undergoing clinical trials. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the most common histological subtype of oesophageal cancer, is one of the most common cancers to affect epithelial tissue. ESCC progression is accompanied by the abnormal expression or localisation of components at cell–cell junctions. This review will discuss the recent scientific developments related to the molecules at cell–cell junctions and their role in ESCC to offer valuable insights for readers, provide a global view of the relationships between position, construction, and function, and give a reference for future mechanistic studies, diagnoses, and therapeutic developments.
Students’ self-directed learning readiness, perception toward student-centered learning and predisposition towards student-centered behaviour

Background: Sultan Agung Islamic Medical School implements a student-centered learning strategy for all its learning activities, as a consequence of applying a student-centered, problem-based, integrated, community-based, early clinical exposure/elective, and systematic (SPICES) approach since the year 2005. As student-centered learning is a new culture for most students, a study was conducted to explore factors which may influence student-centered behaviour. Method: Study population consisted of 205 students from the 2005 and 2006 academic years. Students’ perception toward student-centered learning and reported behaviour were identified using questionnaires which was based on the Principles of Adult Learning questionnaire. Self-directed learning readiness scores were calculated. Relative Risks (RR) were calculated using Cox regression analysis in order to identify the factors predisposing towards student-centered behaviour. Results: The results indicate that 123 (60%) subjects practise student-centered behaviour. The students’ self-directed learning readiness score (RR adjusted (RRa)=1.76, CI=1.39–2.22), positive perception toward student-centered learning (RRa=1.51, CI=1.26–1.82) together with students’ area of residence (RRa=5.96, CI=1.75–2.22) are dominant factors which influence the student-centered behaviour. Gender, age and year of entry do not seem to affect the student-centered behaviour. Conclusion: In order to improve the practice of student-centered behaviour, self-directed learning readiness and a positive perception toward student-centered learning should encouraged. Students from outside Java Island should be given major attention and guidance to go through student-centered learning atmosphere.
Conjugate Gradient Iterative Hard Thresholding for Structured Sparsity

Greedy sparse recovery algorithms are studied in the structured sparsity (sparsity in levels) framework. Recovery guarantees are provided for Normalized Iterative Hard Thresholding and Conjugate Gradient Iterative Hard Thresholding in the form of restricted isometry properties for sparsity in levels. Empirical results indicate that CGIHT is comparable to CoSaMP in recovery capability in the structured setting, while maintaining the computational complexity of NIHT. While exploiting structured sparsity improves recovery performance, pessimistic theoretical guarantees mask when practitioners should use these algorithms; the empirical results offer guidance for using the original greedy algorithms over CGIHT in Levels.
Formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs

These lectures attempt to expose the most important ideas, which have been proposed to explain the formation of stars with particular emphasis on the formation of brown dwarfs and low-mass stars. We first describe the important physical processes which trigger the collapse of a self-gravitating piece of fluid and regulate the star formation rate in molecular clouds. Then we review the various theories which have been proposed along the years to explain the origin of the stellar initial mass function paying particular attention to four models, namely the competitive accretion and the theories based respectively on stopped accretion, MHD shocks and turbulent dispersion. As it is yet unsettled whether the brown dwarfs form as low-mass stars, we present the theory of brown dwarfs based on disk fragmentation stressing all the uncertainties due to the radiative feedback and magnetic field. Finally, we describe the results of large scale simulations performed to explain the collapse and fragmentation of molecular clouds.
Human Symmetry Perception and Its Computational Analysis

Contents: Part I:Introduction. C.W. Tyler, Human Symmetry Perception. Part II:Empirical Evaluation of Symmetry Perception. J. Wagemans, Detection of Visual Symmetries. P. Wenderoth, The Role of Pattern Outline in Bilateral Symmetry Detection With Briefly Flashed Dot Patterns. K.E. Higgins, A. Arditi, K. Knoblauch, Detection and Identification of Mirror-Image Letter Pairs in Central and Peripheral Vision. P.T. Quinlan, Evidence for the Use of Scene-Based Frames of Reference in Two-Dimensional Shape Recognition. G. Leone, M. Lipshits, J. McIntyre, V. Gurfinkel, Independence of Bilateral Symmetry Detection From a Gravitational Reference Frame. J.P. Szlyk, I. Rock, C.B. Fisher, Level of Processing in the Perception of Symmetrical Forms Viewed From Different Angles. S. Hong, M. Pavel, Determinants of Symmetry Perception. C.W. Tyler, L. Hardage, Mirror Symmetry Detection: Predominance of Second-Order Pattern Processing Throughout the Visual Field. P.J. Passmore, A. Johnston, Human Discrimination of Surface Slant in Fractal and Related Textured Images. Part III:Theoretical Issues in Symmetry Analysis. S.C. Dakin, R.J. Watt, Detection of Bilateral Symmetry Using Spatial Filters. C. Latimer, W. Joung, C. Stevens, Modelling Symmetry Detection With Back-Propagation Networks. M.A. Kurbat, A Network Model for Generating Differential Symmetry Axes of Shapes Via Receptive Fields. I. Rentschler, E. Barth, T. Caelli, C. Zetzsche, M. Juttner, On the Generalization of Symmetry Relations in Visual Pattern Classification. F. Labonte, Y. Shapira, P. Cohen, J. Faubert, A Model for Global Symmetry Detection in Dense Images. H. Zabrodsky, D. Algom, Continuous Symmetry: A Model for Human Figural Perception. Y. Bonneh, D. Reisfeld, Y. Yeshurun, Quantification of Local Symmetry: Application to Texture Discrimination. J.S. Joseph, J.D. Victor, A Continuum of Non-Gaussian Self-Similar Image Ensembles With White Power Spectra. L.L. Kontsevich, Symmetry as a Depth Cue. T. Vetter, T. Poggio, Symmetric 3D Objects Are an Easy Case for 2D Object Recognition. L. Matin, W. Li, Mirror Symmetry and Parallelism: Two Opposite Rules for the Identity Transform in Space Perception and Their Unified Treatment by the Great Circle Model. J.R. Pani, The Generalized Cone in Human Spatial Organization.
The Piecewise-Parabolic Boltzmann Advection Scheme (PPB) Applied to Multifluid Hydrodynamics

A new and powerful approach to multifluid hydrodynamics has been developed and applied over the last few years to a variety of problems involving the development of turbulent mixing of different fluids at unstable multifluid interfaces. As in the traditional volume of fluid techniques, a specially adapted advection scheme is applied within the context of a gas dynamics method, in this case the Piecewise-Parabolic Method (PPM). The multifluid fractional volume variable is advected using the PiecewiseParabolic Boltzmann (PPB) scheme, which is an extension to 3-D constrained advection of van Leer’s Scheme VI advection scheme for 1-D. Ten moments of the fractional volume in each grid cell are updated by PPB in a strictly conserving formulation. Unlike the recent Moment of Fluid method, which dates from around the same time as our initial work with PPB in PPM, we demand that if the fractional volume is non-vanishing anywhere in a grid cell, it must be so at all points inside the cell. This forces the representation of a sharp multifluid interface to be smeared out over at least one cell. Nevertheless, the subcell information maintained by the scheme, plus judicious handling of constraints that the fractional volume cannot be negative nor can it exceed unity, result in very sharp interface representations when this is appropriate. The advantages of this approach and the results it delivers on multiple applications are discussed.
Strategies for Recruiting Migrants to Participate in a Sexual Health Survey: Methods, Results, and Lessons

In this article, we describe the approaches taken to recruit adult migrants living in Australia for a sexual health and blood-borne virus survey (paper and online) and present data detailing the outcomes of these approaches. The purpose was to offer guidance to redress the under-representation of migrants in public health research. Methods of recruitment included directly contacting people in individual/organizational networks, social media posts/advertising, promotion on websites, and face-to-face recruitment at public events/venues. Search query strings were used to provide information about an online referral source, and project officers kept records of activities and outcomes. Descriptive statistical analyses were used to determine respondent demographic characteristics, proportions recruited to complete the paper and online surveys, and sources of referral. Logistic regression analyses were run to predict online participation according to demographic characteristics. The total sample comprised 1454 African and Asian migrants, with 59% identifying as female. Most respondents (72%) were recruited to complete the paper version of the survey. Face-to-face invitations resulted in the highest number of completions. Facebook advertising did not recruit large numbers of respondents. Same-sex attraction and age (40–49 years) were statistically significant predictors of online completion. We encourage more researchers to build the evidence base on ways to produce research that reflects the needs and perspectives of minority populations who often bear the greatest burden of disease.
La estructura "estar de + N" en el marco general de las construcciones copulativas del español

This article analyses, from a functional perspective, the Spanish sentences characterized by the presence of the syntactic sequence 'Estar de + N'. This pattern appears in at least two different grammatical constructions. In one of them, the noun head of the prepositional phrase designates entities of the first order (concrete entities or objects: N1); in the other, the noun head designates entities of the second order (events: n2). I will put forward arguments to support the idea that both categories originally come from copulative predications expressing locative content. For this reason the notion of location is still very important in the functioning and the correct interpretation of such constructions. On the other hand, the notion of 'provisional state', which has frequently been considered as an essential element of these constructions, is understood here as a pragmatic and not a semantic feature. From this point of view, it would be a generalized implicature that arises as a specification of sense derived from the idea of location. Finally, I will try to demonstrate how the functional characterization of the structure 'Estar de + N' fits in exactly with certain predictions of the linguistic typology with regard to the evolutionary process by which the verb estar has progressively broadened its copulative uses.
THE ROLE OF THE MAGNETOROTATIONAL INSTABILITY IN THE SUN

We calculate growth rates for nonaxisymmetric instabilities including the magnetorotational instability (MRI) throughout the Sun. We first derive a dispersion relation for nonaxisymmetric instability including the effects of shear, convective buoyancy, and three diffusivities (thermal conductivity, resistivity, and viscosity). We then use a solar model evolved with the stellar evolution code MESA and angular velocity profiles determined by Global Oscillations Network Group helioseismology to determine the unstable modes present at each location in the Sun and the associated growth rates. The overall instability has unstable modes throughout the convection zone and also slightly below it at middle and high latitudes. It contains three classes of modes: large-scale hydrodynamic convective modes, large-scale hydrodynamic shear modes, and small-scale magnetohydrodynamic shear modes, which may be properly called MRI modes. While large-scale convective modes are the most rapidly growing modes in most of the convective zone, MRI modes are important in both stably stratified and convectively unstable locations near the tachocline at colatitudes θ < 53°. Nonaxisymmetric MRI modes grow faster than the corresponding axisymmetric modes; for some poloidal magnetic fields, the nonaxisymmetric MRI growth rates are similar to the angular rotation frequency Ω, while axisymmetric modes are stabilized. We briefly discuss the saturation of the field produced by MRI modes, finding that the implied field at the base of the convective zone in the Sun is comparable to that derived based on dynamos active in the tachocline and that the saturation of field resulting from the MRI may be of importance even in the upper convection zone.
Linear Quantum State Observers

This article considers the use of linear state observers to infer the unknown state (density matrix) of a closed quantum system using generalized quantum measurement—positive operator-valued measures (POVMs). An efficient test for observability is described in terms of two quantum observability matrices. The main contribution of this work is the development of a canonical quantum state observer, which may be utilized to estimate the state of any closed quantum system using POVM measurements. The observer ensures that the state estimation error tends to the unobservable space of the system, which is exactly zero when the system is observable. The space of Hermitian matrices is shown to be invariant with respect to the dynamics of the canonical observer, which allows one to project the observer's state onto the space of valid quantum density operators while retaining convergence to the true state.
Correction of Substrate Spectral Distortion in Hyper-Spectral Imaging by Neural Network for Blood Stain Characterization

In the recent past, hyper-spectral imaging has found widespread application in forensic science, performing both geometric characterization of biological traces and trace classification by exploiting their spectral emission. Methods proposed in the literature for blood stain analysis have been shown to be effectively limited to collaborative surfaces. This proves to be restrictive in real-case scenarios. The problem of the substrate material and color is then still an open issue for blood stain analysis. This paper presents a novel method for blood spectra correction when contaminated by the influence of the substrate, exploiting a neural network-based approach. Blood stains hyper-spectral images deposited on 12 different substrates for 12 days at regular intervals were acquired via a hyper-spectral camera. The data collected were used to train and test the developed neural network model. Starting from the spectra of a blood stain deposited in a generic substrate, the algorithm at first recognizes whether it is blood or not, then allows to obtain the spectra that the same blood stain, at the same time, would have on a reference white substrate with a mean absolute percentage error of 1.11%. Uncertainty analysis has also been performed by comparing the ground truth reflectance spectra with the predicted ones by the neural model.
Relativistic configuration-interaction calculation of Kα transition energies in beryllium-like argon

Relativistic configuration-interaction calculations have been performed for energy levels of the low-lying and core-excited states of beryllium-like argon, Ar14+. These calculations include the one-loop quantum electrodynamics (QED) effects as obtained by two different methods: the screening-potential approach and the model QED operator approach. The calculations are supplemented by a systematic estimation of the uncertainties of the theoretical predictions.
Hadron Collider Production of Massive Color-Octet Vector Bosons at Next-to-Leading Order

Author(s): Chivukula, RS; Simmons, EH; Farzinnia, A; Ren, J | Abstract: This paper completes the study of the next-to-leading-order QCD corrections to massive color-octet vector boson production at the LHC and Tevatron. The massive color-octet vector bosons are generically referred to as colorons. Building on our previous calculation of quark-initiated coloron production at next-to-leading order, we use the pinch technique to investigate coloron production via gluon fusion. We demonstrate that this one-loop production amplitude is finite and find that its numerical contribution to coloron production is typically 4 orders of magnitude smaller than the contribution from quark annihilation. Coloron production via gluon fusion is therefore relevant only if the colorons are (nearly) fermiophobic. We then present extensive plots and tables of our full results for next-to-leading-order coloron production at the Tevatron and the LHC. © 2013 American Physical Society.
STOCHASTIC MODELING OF THE FERMI/LAT γ-RAY BLAZAR VARIABILITY

We study the γ-ray variability of 13 blazars observed with the Fermi/Large Area Telescope (LAT). These blazars have the most complete light curves collected during the first four years of the Fermi sky survey. We model them with the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process or a mixture of the OU processes. The OU process has power spectral density (PSD) proportional to 1/fα with α changing at a characteristic timescale, τ0, from 0 (τ ≫ τ0) to 2 (τ ≪ τ0). The PSD of the mixed OU process has two characteristic timescales and an additional intermediate region with 0 < α < 2. We show that the OU model provides a good description of the Fermi/LAT light curves of three blazars in our sample. For the first time, we constrain a characteristic γ-ray timescale of variability in two BL Lac sources, 3C 66A and PKS 2155-304 (τ0 ≃ 25 days and τ0 ≃ 43 days, respectively, in the observer's frame), which are longer than the soft X-ray timescales detected in blazars and Seyfert galaxies. We find that the mixed OU process approximates the light curves of the remaining 10 blazars better than the OU process. We derive limits on their long and short characteristic timescales, and infer that their Fermi/LAT PSD resemble power-law functions. We constrain the PSD slopes for all but one source in the sample. We find hints for sub-hour Fermi/LAT variability in four flat spectrum radio quasars. We discuss the implications of our results for theoretical models of blazar variability.