Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Research Design and Approach

The following research questions are going to be answered to reveal the characteristics of TiB and their present state of sustainability and the potential for future sustainability to inform regional planning and design: What spatial structures characterise dispersed urban areas in Europe? Which morphological and functional structures of dispersed urban areas offer the potential for more sustainable development? If so, how can this potential be mapped and measured to inform regional planning and design? Are there similarities and dissimilarities concerning potentials of dispersed urban areas in different locations, planning cultures, topographies and histories? The core of the thesis at hand are four separate journal papers, see Figure 2.1. Therefore, this section presents the general approach of this research to bind the papers and their results together to provide the reader with a coherent story. Chapters three to six are predominantly composed of already published or accepted double-blind peer-reviewed journal papers. In all those papers, the specific research questions and methods and data used are explained. An atlas, complementing each chapter, presents additional maps, drawings and photos as well as statistical and analytical material and their interpretations. They were not used in the papers as such, but complete the comparative aspect of the research. Chapter 3 defines and characterises territories-in-between and thereby, what constitutes a case for the cross-case comparison. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 present methods to assess the potential and possibilities for sustainable development in territories-in-between. Chapter 7 present a meta-analysis of the earlier chapter to identify similarities among cases and outliers to be able to generalise findings. Chapter 8 summarises the key findings of the research and provide, recommendations for planning practice and research. A cross-case comparison as over aching approach was chosen in order to avoid what Geneletti et al. ( 2017) described as a setback of most studies dealing with sustainable development in peripheries, namely that they are often context-specific and solution-oriented and that it stays unclear whether the general ideas can be transferred to other geographical contexts. Therefore, after briefly introducing all chapters of the dissertation, section 2.6. 1 provides a more detailed explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of a cross-case comparison. It also presents several cross-cutting methodological considerations, like the selection of the cases, data availability, reliability and limitations as well as general considerations on transferability. Section 2.7 introduces the atlas of territories-in-between. The aim of the atlas, which is spread out between the article based chapters of the dissertation, is to provide additional information and material, which was not included in the original papers but which either provides maps for those cases the papers did not focus on, or photographic material in order to support the quantitative data with qualitative information.
Lucerne grazing management. 2. Effect of grazing duration on defoliation pattern by ewes.

Abstract Patterns of defoliation of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) by sheep were compared during 12-day and 3-day grazing durations at stocking densities calculated to consume the available herbage in the specified grazing duration. Sheep grazing for 12 days ate more of the available herbage than sheep grazing for 3 days. The difference arose in the early stages of the long grazing duration when the lower grazing pressure resulted in a higher per head allowance of the most palatable plant parts, the apices and leaves, which resulted in a 29% higher intake initially. For both grazing durations the rate of herbage consumption declined during grazing because of a decline in herbage mass and an increase in the proportion of lower digestibility stem material. The in vitro digestibility of the leaf-less stalk at the end of grazing for 12 days was equivalent to lucerne hay, herbage on offer having declined 20% in digestibility since the start of grazing. These findings suggest that high liveweight gain in animals .
Effect of Using Solar Energy and Different Ventilation Rate on Production in Poultry Houses.

*Corresponding author's Email: s_gad1244@yahoo.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-2181-1457 Received: 24 Oct. 2019 Accepted: 01 Dec. 2019 ABSTRACT The main purpose of the present study was to find an alternative source for traditional energy to provide the energy requirements in the poultry industry. The present study was conducted in four poultry houses with different heating systems (solar and conventional) and ventilation rates located in El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, during June and July 2018. In this study, it was found that productivity increased by increasing the ventilation rate, where productivity reached 2.3 kg when using a solar heating system with a ventilation rate every two minutes. Productivity decreased in poultry houses with a conventional heating system and was 2 kg in ventilation rate every 2 minutes, and 1.8 kg in the ventilation rate every four minutes. The level of ammonia was also reduced with the ventilation rate every two minutes. Concentrations of ammonia ranged from 22 ppm at ventilation rate every two minutes to 28 ppm at the ventilation rate every four minutes. In addition, solar energy provided good levels of thermal requirements. It was demonstrated that solar energy as an alternative source to the conventional energy, is very efficient and can be applied on a large scale when combined with conventional electricity as a light source and within specified limits.
Stability of Green Tea Catechins

Green tea catechins (GTCs), which include (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), possess a variety of biological activities. We have previously studied the effect of dietary GTCs as a mixture on membrane oxidation of red blood cells and found that GTCs were partially absorbed and detected in the blood of rats given an oral ingestion of 100 mg of GTCs. To explain the partial absorption of GTCs and their varying free-radical scavenging capacity at different pH, the present paper was to study further the pH stability of these GTC isomers because there is a sharp increase in pH from the acidic stomach to the slightly alkaline intestine. Longjing GTCs as a mixture in alkaline solutions (pH > 8) were extremely unstable and degraded almost completely in a few minutes, whereas in acidic solutions (pH < 4) they were very stable. For the pH between 4 and 8, the stability of GTCs was pH-dependent, i.e., the lower the pH, the greater th.
Larval Descriptions of two Eastern North Pacific Cryptacanthodid Species: Cryptacanthodes aleutensis and Cryptacanthodes giganteus

Abstract The family Cryptacanthodidae comprises 4 species: 3 in the North Pacific Ocean and 1 in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Two species in particular, Cryptacanthodes aleutensis and C. giganteus, occur sympatrically in the eastern North Pacific from the Bering Sea to off the coast of northern California. Both species have neustonic larvae with elongate bodies and heavy pigmentation. Descriptions and illustrations of larvae for both species are provided. Meristic and pigmentation characters can be used to distinguish between the species, with C. giganteus having higher total vertebral and dorsal-fin spine counts and less overall pigmentation than C. aleutensis. Comparisons are also provided to distinguish both species from other elongate, heavily pigmented neustonic larvae that co-occur in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. In general, cryptacanthodids can be distinguished from other neustonic larvae because they have a higher total vertebral count, a long dorsal fin composed solely of spines, and an absence of pelvic fins.
Laboratory Studies on the Food of Some Coccinellids (Coleoptera) Found in Ontario Peach Orchards

Food habits and occurrence of the commoner species of coccinellids in peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, are being investigated in connection with a study of the effects of pesticides on biological control agencies. Results of a study of Stethorus punctillum Weise have already been published (Putman, 1955). The present account deals with laboratory tests of feeding, mostly during June and July from 1952 to 1955, with prey of special economic importance in peach orchards.
Scanning electron microscopy observation of host entry by two brown algae endophytic in Laminaria saccharina (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)

The germination of spores of the endophytic brown algae Laminariocolax aecidioides and Laminarionema elsbetiae (Ectocarpales sensu lato) on their host Laminaria saccharina was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Zoids were the infective units in both taxa. Despite a large difference in size between spores of the species studied, the initial steps of infection were similar. Zoids settled on the host surface, and during secretion of adhesive material from their anterior end, the spores became elongated to rod‐shaped and stood erect on the host. A single germ tube developed at the proximal end and penetrated the intact surface of the host. Sharp edges around the entrance hole and the absence of inward deformation of the host surface around the settled zoids suggest an enzymatic rather than a mechanical penetration mechanism.
Fine-tuned ability to predict future competitive environment in Ambrosia artemisiifolia seeds.

Summary Competition from native species is a key mechanism for biotic resistance to invasion. Accelerated germination to pre-empt resources or delayed germination and induced dormancy until the next growing season are two alternative strategies for annual invasive plants to avoid the drawbacks of competition at the seed stage. In Ambrosia artemisiifolia, both of these tactics could theoretically increase its long-term fitness. However, their relative importance has never been tested. We studied the germination pattern of A. artemisiifolia seeds in various competitive environments by experimentally modifying the life stage (seed, seedling, adult), density (low, high) and also the identity (intraspecific and 3 interspecific competitors) of neighbours in controlled conditions. When facing competition of seeds and seedlings at high densities or of particular identity, A. artemisiifolia accelerated its germination. In contrast, A. artemisiifolia followed a competition avoidance strategy in the presence of established adult heterospecific neighbours by delaying germination and reducing the germination fraction through induction of secondary dormancy. By testing the seedlings' performance in the same competition situations as those of seeds, we showed that the germination responses were beneficial in the case of heterospecific, but not of conspecific neighbours.
Effects of Air-Supersaturated Water on Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed to air-supersaturated water in the laboratory from July 8 to August 13, 1974, approximately the same time period that they are exposed to supersaturated water during their movement through the lower and middle sections of the Columbia River. The first mortality occurred after 77 h exposure at 120% saturation; 40% of the fish were dead after 127 h. At 115% saturation the first mortality occurred after 523 h (21 days) and 40% were dead after 835 h (35 days). No further mortality occurred at 120 or 115%. However, at 120 and 115% saturation, survivors exhibited many sublethal lesions such as hemorrhaging and emphysema (bubbles) in the mouth, on the gill arches, body surface, and fins, etc. No deaths or signs of gas bubble disease occurred in fish held at 110% saturation in water 2 ft (60 cm) deep. The lethal threshold was near 114% saturation.
Effect of disease prevalence and spatial heterogeneity on polymorphism maintenance in host-parasite interactions

Plants and their parasites co-evolve at key genes of interactions following the so-called gene-for-gene (GFG) relationship. Previous models of co-evolution assume (i) single infinitely large populations of hosts and parasites and (ii) costs of resistance and infectivity. The effects of three biologically realistic characteristics of plant and parasite populations on polymorphism maintenance at GFG loci were investigated. First, two components of the cost of resistance were disentangled: the cost of harbouring the resistance allele itself, and the cost of triggering resistance when encountering a parasite. Secondly, it was assumed that plants encounter parasites depending on fixed disease prevalence in time. Thirdly, finite sizes of host and parasite populations were introduced, assuming genetic drift and mutation. In a single population, statistical polymorphism in either host or parasite can be obtained in the finite population size model if there is no cost of harbouring the resistance allele and disease prevalence is low. On the other hand, long-term polymorphism can be maintained by heterogeneity in disease prevalence and costs of resistance in a spatially structured population with two demes linked by migration. More precisely, the trench warfare co-evolutionary dynamics occurs when assuming large host and parasite population sizes, and large differences between demes for disease prevalence or costs of triggering resistance. Moreover, the resistance allele does not need to harbour a fitness cost in itself for long-term stable polymorphism to occur in the co-evolutionary models. This observation may explain the lack of empirical evidence of high costs of carrying resistance alleles.
Estudo dos efeitos de ambiente sobre as características lineares de tipo em rebanhos bovinos da raça Holandesa

Stage of lactation, classification age and herd-year-season contemporary group effects were considered in the analyses of 21 linear type traits, in addition to final score using 2,122 Brazilian Holstein cows, from 83 herds and daughters of 178 sires. Least square methodology was applied in the analyses of variance. With the exception of fore udder attachment, udder texture and fore teat length, the effect of stage of lactation was important ((P<.05) for all other mammary system traits, indicating that there were morphological changes during lactation. All traits related to conformation/body capacity were influenced by classification age. Among these traits, body deep was the one affected by stage of lactation, followed by body size, chest width and loin strength. Among traits related to feet and legs, the effect of age of the animal on side view of rear legs was important (P<.05). The effect of age on traits related to rump was variable, being important (P<.05) only for rump width. Final score and angularity were also influenced by age (P<.05). This study revealed the importance of environment type trait effects on linear type trait evaluations.
Year‐to‐year variation in the topology of a plant–pollinator interaction network

Vigorous discussion of the degree of specialization in pollination interactions, combined with advances in the analysis of complex networks, has revitalized the study of entire plantpollinator communities. Noticeably rare, however, are attempts to quantify temporal variation in the structure of plantpollinator networks, and to determine whether the status of species as specialists or generalists is stable. Here we show that network structure varied through time in a montane meadow community from southern California, USA, in that pollinator species did not form the same links with plant species across years. Furthermore, composition of the generalized core group of species in the network varied among summers, as did the identity of those species involved in relationships that appeared to be reciprocally specialized within any one summer. These differences appear to be related to severe drought conditions experienced in the second summer of the 3 year study. In contrast to this variation, the pollinator community remained similarly highly nested in all three summers, even though species were packed into the nested matrix differently from year to year. These results suggest that plantpollinator networks vary in detail through time, while retaining some basic topological properties. This dynamic aspect of community-scale interactions has implications for both ecological and evolutionary inferences about pollination mutualisms.
Phylogeny and Morphology of Leptosphaerulina saccharicola sp. nov. and Pleosphaerulina oryzae and Relationships with Pithomyces

Abstract A Dothideomycete species, associated with leaf spots of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), was collected from Nakhonratchasima Province, Thailand. A single ascospore isolate was obtained and formed the asexual morph in culture. ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1&agr; gene regions were sequenced and analyzed with molecular data from related taxa. In a phylogenetic analysis the new isolate clustered with Leptosphaerulina americana, L. arachidicola, L. australis and L. trifolii (Didymellaceae) and the morphology was also comparable with Leptosphaerulina species. Leptosphaerulina saccharicola is introduced to accommodate this new collection which is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from other species of Leptosphaerulina. A detailed description and illustration is provided for the new species, which is compared with similar taxa. The type specimen of Pleosphaerulina oryzae, is transferred to Leptosphaerulina. It is redescribed and is a distinct species from L. australis, with which it was formerly synonymized. Leptosphaerulina species have been linked to Pithomyces but the lack of phylogenetic support for this link is discussed. The character of the asexual morph of Leptosphaerulina, which is similar to Pithomyces, may to have evolved on separate occasions.
Photosynthesis and Productivity of Old and Modern Durum Wheats in a Mediterranean Environment

Genetic variability of leaf net photosynthesis rate (An) and its relation to productivity in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is not well defined. Two field experiments were conducted at the experimental area of the Faculty of Agriculture, in the University of Cukurova, Turkey, to evaluate the differences between old and modern cultivars in A n and productivity. Experiments with sowing dates in November 1996 and February 1997 were performed under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. Measurements included leaf gas exchange and agronomic traits. Old cultivars (OC) were later flowering and taller than modern cultivars (MC) and their harvest indexes were lower. Before the onset of leaf senescence, most of the OC exhibited higher A n values than most of the MC, but the extent of variability was not great. High An was correlated with high stomatal conductance (g s ), but no overall correlation between An and the ratio of internal [CO 2 ] to [CO 2 ] in the air was observed. In spite of higher An, OC showed no superiority in grain yield. The results indicate that mesophyll conductance rather than g, has an effect on variation in A n , and that preanthesis dry matter distribution and total flag leaf photosynthesis and its duration appear to be more relevant than A n for grain yield, especially under drought.
γH2AX as a molecular marker of aging and disease

Double-strand breaks are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to cell-death and preservation of genomic integrity. Rapid phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX at Ser-139 to form γH2AX is an early cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. Visualization of discrete γH2AX foci using immunofluorescence-based assays has provided a sensitive and effective method for detecting DSBs which may be implicated in various pathologies including cancer, age-related diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, the potential utility and significance of γH2AX as a molecular marker of aging and disease is analyzed.
Time of Day Does Not Affect Detection in Visual-Encounter Surveys of a Spring-Dwelling Salamander, Eurycea naufragia

Abstract During 10-weeks, visual-encounter surveys were conducted on the Georgetown salamander Eurycea naufragia at a spring pool in Williamson County, Texas. There was no significant difference in number of salamanders observed or percentage of objects used as cover between surveys in mornings and afternoons. Number of salamanders detected and percentage of objects used as cover were not correlated significantly with any environmental variable that was assessed. These results suggest that visual-encounter surveys conducted during daylight hours are not biased by time of day. Resumen Durante un periodo de 10 semanas se realizaron muestreos visuales de la salamandra de Georgetown, Eurycea naufragia, en un manantial en el condado de Williamson, Texas. No hubo diferencias significativas en el número de salamandras observadas o el porcentaje de objetos utilizados como escondite entre los muestreos realizados durante las mañanas o las tardes. No existió ninguna correlación entre el número de salamandras encontradas ni el porcentaje de objetos utilizados como escondite con las otras variables ambientales que fueron medidas. Estos resultados sugieren que los muestreos visuales realizados durante el día no están sesgados entre las diferentes horas del día.
Valores Energéticos do Milheto, do Milho e Subprodutos do Milho, Determinados com Frangos de Corte e Galos Adultos

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar os valores de energia metabolizavel aparente (EMA) e verdadeira (EMV) de 11 alimentos (amostras de milho e seus subprodutos e de milheto), utilizando o metodo tradicional de coleta total de excretas, com pintos em crescimento e o metodo da alimentacao forcada, com galos adultos (metodo Sibbald). No exp. I, 540 pintos Hubbard machos receberam as racoes experimentais em quatro repeticoes de 10 aves cada, exceto a racao referencia, a qual foi fornecida a seis repeticoes. No exp. II, cada um dos 11 alimentos foram fornecidos a 6 galos, os quais receberam 15 g do alimento pela manha (8 h) e 15 g a tarde (16 h), apos terem sofrido um periodo de jejum de 24 horas. Simultaneamente, seis galos foram mantidos em jejum, para determinacao das perdas endogenas e metabolicas. Apos determinados os valores de EMAn com pintos e EMVn com galos, estabeleceram-se equacoes para predizer os valores energeticos dos alimentos do grupo do milho e seus subprodutos, em funcao de sua composicao quimica. As EMAn e EMVn dos alimentos testados variaram de 1937 a 4108 e de 2246 a 4248 kcal/kg de materia seca, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o milheto podera constituir-se em um alimento alternativo ao milho, porem com valores energeticos pouco inferiores ao milho. As equacoes de predicao ajustadas com as variaveis fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) ou fibra bruta (FB) e materia mineral (MM) podem ser utilizadas para predizer os valores energeticos do milho e de seus subprodutos, sendo EMAn = 4281,6 - 39,97FDN - 72,90MM (R2 = 0,96) ou EMAn = 4354,8 - 112,05FB ¾ 151,74MM (R2 = 0,95) e EMVn = 4485,1 - 34,20FDN - 83,83MM (R2 = 0,94) ou EMVn = 4250,22 - 136,60FB - 120,48MM (R2 = 0,91).