Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interference of red rice in rice grown in Greece

Abstract Field studies were conducted in northern Greece, in 1997 and 1998, to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and red rice density on interference between red rice and two rice cultivars (Thaibonnet, Ariette). Interference between rice and red rice began 3 wk after rice emergence, but was not affected by the increasing nitrogen rate from 100 to 150 kg N ha–1. Dry weight of both rice cultivars was proportionally reduced with increasing red rice interference duration and density, but dry weight of Thaibonnet was reduced more than that of Ariette. At harvest, grain yield of Thaibonnet was reduced by 58% because of the occurrence of 40 red rice plants m–2, whereas that of Ariette was reduced by 46%. Red rice interference affected panicle number more than 1,000 grain weight in both rice cultivars. The reduction of all yield components was greater in Thaibonnet than in Ariette. Dry weight and stem or panicle number of red rice plants grown with either of the two rice cultivars increased with increasing red rice density and were greater most of the time when grown with Thaibonnet than with Ariette. Ten weeks after rice emergence, red rice plants were 14 and 35 cm taller than the Ariette and Thaibonnet plants, respectively. Shattering of red rice plants ranged from 63 to 79% and was greater grown with Thaibonnet than with Ariette, but it was not affected by nitrogen fertilization and red rice density. Nomenclature: Red rice, Oryza sativa L. ORYSA; rice, Oryza sativa L. ‘Ariette’, ‘Thaibonnet’.
The Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes Extracted from Fasciola gigantica Infecting Thin-tailed and Merino Sheep

WIEDOSARI, E. 2006. The activities of antioxidant enzymes extracted from Fasciola gigantica infecting Thin Tailed and Merino sheep. JITV 11(2): 151-156. Previous studies shown that Indonesian Thin Tailed (ITT) sheep are more resistant to Fasciola gigantica infection than Merino sheep. This difference could be mediated by intrinsic defense enzymes of the parasite. Certain enzymes are known to be crucial in parasite survival against host-derived immune responses. We measured some of them to identify if any comparative differences between the enzyme activities of the parasites from the two hosts (ITT & Merino sheep) could account for the mechanisms of parasite resistance to killing by the Merino host and susceptibility to killing by the ITT host. Parasites were extracted from the liver of infected ITT and Merino sheep and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities were assayed. SOD and GST levels were found to be higher in parasites isolated from Merino than those of ITT sheep (P<0.05), CAT activity was not detected in any of the parasites. There was significantly higher eosinophils (P<0,05) in the ITT sheep peritoneal cells. These results suggested that SOD dan GST are important molecules in determining susceptibility in Fasciola-infected Merino sheep and resistance in Fasciola-infected ITT sheep.
Morphological Plasticity in Four Larval Anurans Distributed along an Environmental Gradient

Abstract We investigated morphological plasticity to the presence of predators in the tadpoles of four ranid frog species distributed along a pond hydroperiod gradient in southeast Michigan. We first reared all four species (Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica; Leopard Frog R. pipiens; Green Frog, R. clamitans; and Bullfrog, R. catesbeiana) under identical laboratory conditions in the presence and absence of caged larval dragonflies (Anax spp.). We then reared wood frog and leopard frog in outdoor mesocosms to examine the predator-induced responses during ontogeny. Finally, we reared leopard frog with predators fed either leopard frog or wood frog larvae to determine whether prey responses depended upon predators consuming conspecific prey. All four ranids exhibited some degree of morphological change in the presence of Anax; these differences were species specific and fairly robust to different experimental conditions. The responses over ontogeny indicated that the changes were direct responses to the predator's presence and not an indirect result of the predator slowing anuran growth or development. Finally, larval leopard frog responded similarly to predators feeding on conspecifics and congenerics. Taken together, these results suggest that morphological responses to predators may be relatively common in larval anurans. Further, because many of the responses are known to be adaptive antipredator strategies, predator-induced morphological plasticity has important evolutionary and ecological implications.
Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Sexual Maturity of Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, following Chronic Exposure

Mature Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua , were exposed in an ambient flow-through sea water system to low concentrations of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of a crude oil for periods of 38-92 days to ascertain its effects on sexual maturity. Some exposed groups were depurated after exposure for 4 to 287 days. Minimal mortality but a greater percentage of skin and gill lesions and a reduction in weight gained, especially in females, occurred in the WAF-exposed cod in contrast to controls in summer-autumn. The WAFs also disrupted gonadal development and delayed spawning and spermiation although the fish were fed to satiation. Sexual development was also interrupted following exposure to the WAFs and depuration afterwards. These results suggest that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water column can potentially disrupt reproduction in Atlantic cod and eventually affect inshore populations inhabiting the cold subarctic waters in Newfoundland and Labrador in event of a major oil spill from offshore wells or supertankers.
Evolution of Concepts Associated with Soilborne Plant Pathogens

This article reviews the development of major concepts in the field of soilborne plant pathogens. In a previous essay (113), I emphasized rela­ tionships among components within, and interconnections between, concepts and theorems, whereas in this article I place greater emphasis on their development. The four major concepts that provide the framework for this review are: (a) that there exist in soil different ecological groups of root­ infecting fungi, designated as soil invaders and soil inhabitants; (b) inoculum potential, which includes as a component the stimulation of plant pathogens by root exudates; (c) that hosts may be predisposed to infection and disease by environmental stresses; and (d) that soil microorganisms can influence pathogen survival and development.
The Effect of Homogenization, CaCl2 Addition and Pasteurization on White Cheese and Whey Composition

Bu calismada, Beyaz Peynir ve peyniralti suyu bilesimine farkli homojenizasyon basincinin, pastorizasyon isleminin ve CaCl ilavesinin etkisi incelenmeye calisilmistir. Pastorizasyon islemi, peynirlerin kul ve kalsiyum icerigini artirmis, bunlarin aksine peyniralti suyunun kuru madde, kul, kuru madde de kul ve kalsiyum icerigi pastorizasyona bagli olarak azalmistir. Cig sutten yapilan peynirlerde suyun ayrilmasi sirasinda pH degeri daha dusuk oldugundan bu orneklerde peynir pihtisindan cok fazla kalsiyum ayrilmasina sebep olmustur. Peynirlerin duzeltilmis randimani homojenize edilmis, pastorize edilmis ve CaCl eklenmis orneklerde artmistir. Homojenize edilmis peynir orneklerinde yag icerigi daha yuksek iken, bu orneklere ait peyniralti sularinda kurumadde, pH ve kalsiyum daha dusuk bulunmustur. Sonuc olarak, pastorizasyon ve homojenizasyon islemi ile CaClilavesinin Beyaz peynirlerin verimi ve kompozisyonu uzerine olumlu etkileri oldugu soylenebilir.
The rate of development in isolated halves of sea urchin embryos

Abstract Sea urchin larvae were at the 16-cell stage incised through the meridional or equatorial plane. The rate of development of the divided embryos was studied and compared with that of control larvae. It was found that the animal half develops faster than the vegetal half. Sea urchin larvae divided through the meridional plane display the same rate of development as control larvae.
The role of metacommunity processes in shaping invertebrate rock pool communities along a dispersal gradient

Explaining the variance of local communities in a spatial-environmental matrix is one of the core interests of ecology today. Recent progress in metacommunity theory has made a substantial contribution to this field, however good empirical data in support of available theories are still relatively scarce. In this study we sampled a cluster of 36 temporary rock pools four times during one season to assess invertebrate metacommunity structure and dynamics and to search for steering processes and variables. Both Mantel tests and redundancy models indicate that local abiotic factors were dominant over spatial factors in explaining community structure and both were acting independently. Spatial variables were only important for passive dispersers and significantly explained 11% of variation in this community component. Pools connected by temporary overflows hosted more similar communities of passive dispersers than unconnected ones while community dissimilarity significantly increased with inter-pool distance. A negative curvilinear relation was discovered between taxon richness and isolation in passive dispersers, providing some support for existing theoretical models of Mouquet and Loreau. Of different metacommunity perspectives, a combination of species sorting and mass effects best explains the observed patterns. Additionally, priority effects and monopolization may buffer against the homogenising effects of dispersal and contribute to the distinctness of isolated communities. This is one of the first studies to present evidence for spatial patterns in aquatic communities on such a small spatial scale (a rock ledge of 99000 m 2 ). Bridging the gap between theory and observed patterns in natural systems is one of the main challenges for future metacommunity research. Small aquatic habitats such as pitcher plants and freshwater rock pools may well have an important role to play as model systems to study ecological processes in a natural spatially explicit environment.
EFECTO DEL ÁCIDO SALICÍLICO EN LA BIOPRODUCTIVIDAD DE LA FRESA (Fragaria ananassa) cv Aromosa* EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID IN BIOPRODUCTIVITY OF STRAWBERRY (Fragaria ananassa) cv Aromosa

An experiment was set to evaluate effect of salicylic acid (SA) in strawberry bioproductivity (Fragaria ananassa) variety Aromosa of day short. Seedlings of 20 days of cultivation were aspersed in greenhouse once per week in eight occasions, with prepared solutions of salicylic acid: 1, 0.01, 0.0001 µM or water as control. Recorded results after 40 days of treatment demonstrated that aspersed seedlings at tested concentrations increased height of strawberry plant, as well as number of leaves, flowers and fruits. The treatment of 0.0001 µM of SA increased in 23% the number of fruits in comparison with control.
Microbial Enrichment of Vermicompost

The present study has been conducted to explore the possibility of enrichment of vermicompost with microbial inoculants (i.e., biofertilizer organisms), Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium leguminosarum, optimization of inoculum level, and time of inoculation during vermicomposting. The survival rate of each microbial inoculant, total microbial population in vermicompost, and their correlation with the microbial inoculants during the storage period (180 days) were assessed. The change in population of A. brasilense and R. leguminosarum in vermicompost (at 30, 35, and 40 mL/175 g substrates) with reference to storage period showed highly significant negative correlation (𝑃<0.001). The total microbial population in A. brasilense and R. leguminosarum inoculated vermicompost was high during initial phases of storage and then total microbial population declined towards the end. The inoculum level of A. brasilense and R. leguminosarum at 35 mL per 175 g vermibed substrate is sufficient to maintain 1×107 viable cells up to 160 days after ther harvesting of vermicompost. The inoculum of these two biofertilizer organisms into vermibed on the 30th day showed increased survival rate and, hence, the optimized inoculation of 35 mL of inoculum per 175 g substrate on the 30th day of vermicomposting is helpful for the maintenance of sufficient viable population for more than five months in the enriched vermicompost.
NEW POPULATIONS AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF THE GEOMYID RODENTS LIGNIMUS AND MOJAVEMYS FROM THE BARSTOVIAN OF WESTERN MONTANA

Abstract New dental specimens described here from the Barstovian CC South and Flint Creek localities of western Montana are determined to be of two geomyid rodent species, Lignimus transversus and Mojavemys sp. These species were known previously from sparse material and the new samples aid the clarification of their biogeography and evolution. The presence of Lignimus transversus at both localities extends the range of that species to the north. In Mojavemys, a cline of increasing tooth size from south to north is analogous to clines in extant geomyids that correlate with nutritional or climatic gradients. Comparisons of various dental morphologic features of the new material and of the previously described populations of both genera reveal that the examined traits as well as the populations themselves were not genetically linked, and suggest mosaic evolution operated in these species. The differences in dental morphology between the various depositional basins are consistent with the idea of a tectonic influence on mammalian evolution.
Changes in the Use of Extrafloral Nectaries of Vicia faba (Leguminosae) and Honeydew of Aphids by Ants with Increasing Aphid Density

Abstract To elucidate how ants use two simultaneously present food resources, honeydew and extrafloral nectary (EFN), in relation to aphid density, we first examined ant recruitment patterns with different densities of aphids on Vicia faba L. (Leguminosae) with EFN in two field sites with different species composition of ants. Three species of ants visited plants of V. faba at each site, but two different species, Tetramorium caespitum Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Lasius niger L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were the main visitors on plants of V. faba at the different sites. The numbers of ants of T. caespitum and L. niger visiting a plant increased as the density of Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) per plant increased. The correlation between the numbers of L. niger and Aphis craccivora was higher than that between the numbers of T. caespitum and A. craccivora. Second, we examined in a laboratory how two ant species, T. caespitum and L. niger, use the honeydew of A. craccivora and V. faba’s EFN. As the aphid density per plant increased, the numbers of ants of T. caespitum and L. niger using honeydew increased, and conversely, those using extrafloral nectar decreased. This study showed that ants shifted their collection pattern from extrafloral nectar to honeydew at higher density of aphids per plant, and it may be considered that honeydew is more attractive for ants than EFN at higher aphid density, because ants react sensitively to differences in the quality and/or quantity of both extrafloral nectar and honeydew.
The lice of the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago

Summary All the louse species reported in the literature from the Tristan da Cunha archipelago have been compiled, listed and discussed, including five additional species records based on material recently collected or identified in previous collections. A total of 54 louse species (including 6 records identified at the generic or subgeneric level only), belonging to 21 genera, have been listed together with their hosts: 20 bird species and one mammal. A brief discussion on the history of louse collections made on and around the archipelago, and detailed louse records from the four main islands are also given. Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit sind alle bisher in der Literatur erwahnten und funf neu gesammelte bzw. in Sammlungen nachgewiesene Laus-Arten der Tristan da Cunha Inseln aufgelisted und diskutiert. Die Liste umfasst 54 Laus-Arten aus 21 Gattungen mit ihren Wirten, namlich 20 Vogel-Arten und einem Saugetier und Angaben zu den vier Hauptinseln. Dabei konnten 6 Funde nur bis zur Art bzw. Unterart bestimmt werden. Die Geschichte der Sammlungen auf dem Archipel und der umgebenden Region ist ebenfalls aufgefuhrt.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MIGRATORY TREE BATS (LASIURUS AND LASIONYCTERIS) IN NORTH AMERICA

Abstract Despite evidence of migration in North American tree bats (genera Lasiurus and Lasionycteris), details regarding seasonal movements in these widely distributed species are few. This study attempted to clarify patterns of seasonal distribution by mapping museum occurrence records by month. Monthly changes in the distribution of records indicate seasonal movements of tree bats. Northward migration during spring by Lasiurus cinereus appears to stem from wintering grounds in California and Mexico. During summer, male L. cinereus is mainly distributed in western North America, whereas females dominate samples from eastern regions. Lasiurus borealis winters in southeastern areas and expands its range into more northern regions during warmer months. Seasonal dispersal of Lasiurus blossevillii from California is apparently limited, and it is unclear if this group mixes with others to the south and east. Lasionycteris noctivagans also shows movement at the continental scale, although movements may differ between western and eastern groups. Museum records provide little evidence of major movement by any species between North and South America. Despite inherent biases, museum records are a viable means of investigating bat migration.
Taxonomy of chain Danio, an Indo-Myanmar species assemblage, with descriptions of four new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Danio dangila is widely distributed in the Ganga and lower Brahmaputra basins of India, Nepal and Bangladesh and distinguished by the cleithral spot in the shape of a short vertical stripe (vs. a round spot in all similar species). Four new species are described, similar to D. dangila but with round cleithral spot and each diagnosed by species specific colour pattern. Danio assamila, new species, is reported from the upper and middle Brahmaputra drainage in India. Danio catenatus, new species, and D. concatenatus, new species, occur in rivers of the western slope of the Rakhine Yoma, Myanmar. Danio sysphigmatus, new species, occurs in the Sittaung drainage and small coastal drainages in southeastern Myanmar. Those five species, collectively referred to as chain danios, make up a distinctive group within Danio, diagnosed by elevated number of unbranched dorsal-fin rays, long rostral and maxillary barbels, complete lateral line, presence of a prominent cleithral spot, horizontal stripes modified into series of rings formed by vertical bars between horizontal dark stripes, and pectoral and pelvic fins each with the unbranched first ray prolonged and reaching well beyond the rest of the fin. Danio meghalayensis is resurrected from the synonymy of D. dangila, with D. deyi as a probable junior synonym. Danio meghalayensis has a colour pattern similar to that of chain danios with vertical bars bridging parallel horizontal stripes but usually predominantly stripes instead of series of rings, a smaller cleithral spot and shorter barbels, and the unbranched ray in the pectoral and pelvic fins is not prolonged. Danio meghalayensis is known only from the Brahmaputra drainage in Meghalaya, India. The geographical distribution of the chain danios represents a unique pattern for the region, and may be explained by different climate and river drainage systems during the latest glacial period.
Heritability, genetic variability correlation and non-hierarchial euclidean cluster analysis of different almond (Prunus dulcis) genotypes.

Field trials were conducted during 2006-08 to study the genetic variability, heritability, correlation and cluster analysis of different almond [Prunus dulcis Miller (D.A.Webb)] genotypes. The study showed wide range of variation for various morphological, phenological and yield-contributing attributes. High co-efficient of variation was observed for tree height (27.15%), tree spread (45.61%) and yield/tree (43.85%) which indicate that a fair amount of variability exists for these traits. High heritability was recorded for kernel weight (93.08%), followed by kernel length (92.98%), tree spread (91.45%) and nut length (91.02%) shows that these characters can be improved upon by selection. Correlation studies significantly showed a positive correlation of yield with plant height, spread, nut length and kernel length. Thirteen almond genotypes under study were classified into 5 similar groups based on multivariate analysis of morphological traits. Maximum genotypes were placed in cluster IV and V and minimum in cluster I. Maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster III and minimum in cluster I. Maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between clusters II and V and minimum for II and IV.
Landscape effects on diets of two canids in northwestern Texas: a multinomial modeling approach

Abstract Analyses of feces, stomach contents, and regurgitated pellets are common techniques for assessing diets of vertebrates and typically contain more than 1 food item per sampling unit. When analyzed, these individual food items have traditionally been treated as independent, which represents pseudoreplication. When food types are recorded as present or absent, these samples can be treated as multinomial vectors of food items, with each vector representing 1 realization of a possible diet. We suggest such data have a similar structure to capture histories for closed-capture, capture–mark–recapture data. To assess the effects of landscapes and presence of a potential competitor, we used closed-capture models implemented in program MARK into analyze diet data generated from feces of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) and coyotes (Canis latrans) in northwestern Texas. The best models of diet contained season and location for both swift foxes and coyotes, but year accounted for less variation, suggesting that landscape type is an important predictor of diets of both species. Models containing the effect of coyote reduction were not competitive (ΔQAICc = 53.6685), consistent with the hypothesis that presence of coyotes did not influence diet of swift foxes. Our findings suggest that landscape type may have important influences on diets of both species. We believe that multinomial models represent an effective approach to assess hypotheses when diet studies have a data structure similar to ours.