Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study of the behaviour of the Na i/K i column density ratio in the interstellar medium using the Na ultraviolet doublet

Here we make a new study of the behaviour of the Na i/K i column density ratio in the interstellar medium, using a sample of new observations of 28 stars obtained at the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) in 1996 and 1997, and previously published observations (obtained by some of the authors) of 21 stars. The sightlines cover a range of distances and directions, including into the Galactic halo. We make use of new observations of the Na i ultraviolet (UV) doublet for some 18 stars. This doublet is much weaker than the Na i D doublet and so is less susceptible to saturation effects, and it is well known that it can be used to obtain more accurate Na i column densities with a smaller error range. We find an average N(Na i)/N(K i) ratio from the Na i UV data of about 90, which is rather higher than that found previously by Hobbs and Lequeux. The Na UV–K i ratio shows a small increase in value with increasing column density, while we also find a sample of low N(Na i)/N(K i) ratio clouds generally seen towards distant objects on high-latitude sightlines that reach into the halo, so that the ratio decreases more sharply at lower column densities. As the values of the ratio for these halo clouds (10–20) bracket the cosmic Na/K abundance ratio, we suggest that these ratios result from a harder radiation field in the lower halo, such that the ionized fractions of Na i and K i become similar. Clearly caution needs to be applied in using any kind of ‘standard value’ for the Na i/K i column density ratio.
The art of fitting financial time series with Levy stable distributions

This paper illustrates a procedure for fitting financial data with $\alpha$-stable distributions. After using all the available methods to evaluate the distribution parameters, one can qualitatively select the best estimate and run some goodness-of-fit tests on this estimate, in order to quantitatively assess its quality. It turns out that, for the two investigated data sets (MIB30 and DJIA from 2000 to present), an $\alpha$-stable fit of log-returns is reasonably good.
Deep Transfer Learning for Bearing Fault Diagnosis: A Systematic Review Since 2016

The traditional deep learning-based bearing fault diagnosis approaches assume that the training and test data follow the same distribution. This assumption, however, is not always true for the bearing data collected in practical scenarios, leading to a significant decline in fault diagnosis performance. In order to satisfy this assumption, the transfer learning concept is introduced in deep learning by transferring the knowledge learned from other data or models. Due to the excellent capability of feature learning and domain transfer, deep transfer learning methods have gained widespread attention in bearing fault diagnosis in recent years. This review presents a comprehensive review of the development of deep transfer learning-based bearing fault diagnosis approaches since 2016. In this review, a novel taxonomy of deep transfer learning-based bearing fault diagnosis methods is proposed from the perspective of target domain data properties divided by labels, machines, and faults. By covering the whole life cycle of deep transfer learning-based fault diagnosis and discussing the research challenges and opportunities, this review provides a systematic guideline for researchers and practitioners to efficiently identify suitable deep transfer learning models based on the actual problems encountered in bearing fault diagnosis.
Photometric Observations and Modeling of Asteroid 1620 Geographos

Photometric observations of 1620 Geographos in 1993 and 1994 are presented and, in combination with previously published data, are used to derive models of Geographos. We estimate that the sidereal period of rotation is 0.21763860 ± 0.00000003 days (5h13m23.975s± 0.003s). The sense of rotation is retrograde. The ecliptic coordinates of the spin angular velocity vector are estimated to λp= 56° ± 6° and βp= −47° ± 4° (equinox J2000.0). The lightcurve amplitudes are well-explained by an ellipsoidal model with axis ratiosa/b= 2.58 ± 0.16 andb/c= 1.00 ± 0.15. Models that have one or both ends more sharply pointed than the ellipsoid improve the fit to the observations. There are no significant indications of albedo variegation, but non-geometric scattering effects are tentatively suggested based on significant rotational color variation.
Some Consequences of Schanuel's Conjecture in Exponential Rings

In last years Schanuel's Conjecture has played a fundamental role in Transcendental Number Theory and in decidability issues. In this article we investigate algebraic relations among the elements of the exponential field (ℂ, e x ) modulo Schanuel's Conjecture. We prove that there are no further relations between π and i assuming Schanuel's Conjecture except the known ones, e πi = −1 and i 2 = −1. Moreover, modulo Schanuel's Conjecture we prove that the E-subring of ℝ generated by π is isomorphic to the free exponential ring on π.
Immunological role of sulfatide in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. A certain population of patients with MS present with a relapse-remitting disease course (RRMS) during the early phase and eventually advance to a progressive course (PMS). While immune modulation therapies have recently seen tremendous success in RRMS, our limited knowledge of pathogenes is hampers the development of effective treatments for PMS.
THE THERMAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OF A SIMULATED COLD NEUTRAL MEDIUM

We numerically study the thermal pressure distribution in a gas with thermal properties similar to those of the cold neutral interstellar gas by analyzing three-dimensional hydrodynamic models in boxes with sides of 100 pc with turbulent compressible forcing at 50 pc and different Mach numbers. We find that at high pressures and for large Mach numbers, both the volume-weighted and the density-weighted distributions can be appropriately described by a log-normal distribution, whereas for small Mach numbers they are better described by a power law. Thermal pressure distributions resulting from similar simulations but with self-gravity differ only for low Mach numbers; in this case, they develop a high pressure tail.
The theory of optimum noise immunity

In undergoing this life, many people always try to do and get the best. New knowledge, experience, lesson, and everything that can improve the life will be done. However, many people sometimes feel confused to get those things. Feeling the limited of experience and sources to be better is one of the lacks to own. However, there is a very simple thing that can be done. This is what your teacher always manoeuvres you to do this one. Yeah, reading is the answer. Reading a book as this theory of optimum noise immunity and other references can enrich your life quality. How can it be?
Principal Modes of Atmospheric Variability in Model Atmospheres with and without Anomalous Sea Surface Temperature Forcing in the Tropical Pacific

Abstract Principal modes of low-frequency atmospheric variability and the influence of sea surface temperature anomalies on such modes are investigated by examining the output from two general circulation model experiments. In the first experiment (the “control run”), all boundary forcings were constrained to evolve through 15 identical annual cycles. In the second experiment (the “SST runs”), the sea surface temperature conditions in the tropical Pacific Basin were prescribed to follow the actual month-to-month changes observed during the period 1962–76, which encompasses several El Nino events. The analysis tools employed here include empirical orthogonal functions, teleconnections and composite charts. Two prominent modes of variability have been identified in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere eddy streamfunction of the SST experiment. The first mode bears a strong spatial resemblance to the observed characteristic circulation pattern over the North Pacific–North American sector. It is demonstrated th.
Spline smoothing and nonparametric regression

A wheeled toy vehicle including a drive assembly which comprises a monofilament line having one extremity connected to a manually operable control means and the opposite end connected to the running gear of the vehicle. The dimensions and configuration of the monofilament line is such as to transmit rotation of the line about its own longitudinal axis, caused by activation of the control means, directly to the running gear which may comprise a drive axle and/or one or more drive wheels. Connecting means may attach the one extremity of the line to a predetermined outer portion of an axle or wheel by means of forming a socket therein correspondingly shaped to at least partially enclose a finger attached to the extremity of the line means cooperating therewith. Alternately, a finger can be connected to the extremity of the drive axle and be disposed so as to be enclosed within a socket formed within a sleeve which is connected to the extremity of the line and comprises another embodiment of the connecting means.
On two summability methods

Let Σan be a given infinite series with partial sums sn, and rn = nan. By and we denote the nth Cesáro means of order α (α –1) of the sequences (sn) and (rn), respectively. The series Σan is said to be absolutely summable (C, a) with index k, or simply summable |C, α|k, k ≥ 1, if
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a wavy wall

The Navier–Stokes equations have been solved, by a pseudospectral method, for pressure-driven flows between a no-slip wavy wall and a slip flat wall. Periodic boundary conditions were used in the streamwise and spanwise directions. The physical domain is mapped into a computational domain that is a rectangular parallelepiped using a nonorthogonal transformation. The pseudospectral solution procedure employed in previous studies, for example, Lam and Banerjee [Phys. Fluids A 4, 306 (1992)], eliminated the pressure and solved for the wall–normal velocity and vorticity. The other velocity components were calculated using the definition of vorticity, and the continuity equation. This procedure leads to oscillations in the pressure field when solutions were attempted in the mapped computational domain. To overcome the problem, the procedure had to be modified and the pressure solved for directly using a fractional time step technique. For the cases examined here, these modifications resulted in spectral accuracy being maintained. Flow over sinusoidal wave trains has been simulated and the results compare well with available experiments. The simulations show significant effects of the wavy boundary on the mean flow and the turbulence statistics. The mean velocity profile differs substantially from the profile for the flat-wall case, particularly in the buffer region where the fluid is under the influence of both the wavy wall and the slip boundary. The velocity fluctuations in the streamwise direction decrease in the buffer region. This effect becomes more pronounced when the wave amplitude increases. Most of the redistribution of energy, from the streamwise direction to the spanwise and wall–normal directions, occurs in a thin layer close to the boundary, downstream of the wave troughs. The energy primarily redistributes into spanwise fluctuations. High shear stress regions form downstream of the wave troughs, and streaky structures and quasi-streamwise vortices are also seen to initiate in these regions. The length of the streaks, and the extent of the quasi-streamwise vortices, scale with wave length for the two cases investigated.
Humor Coping Reduces the Positive Relationship between Avoidance Coping Strategies and Perceived Stress: A Moderation Analysis

Humor is considered an adaptive coping strategy as it could reduce the burden of perceived stress and increase positive emotional states when dealing with stressful situations. Humor has been reported in several models as a rather independent strategy that can be correlated with both approach-based coping strategies and avoidance-based coping strategies. Humor can be defined as a hedonistic escapism strategy that would work better in the presence of unpredictable or uncontrollable stressors, such as the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related confinement measures. Therefore, during such a stressful event, humor would have increased the positive effect of the approach coping style on mental health and reduced the negative effect of the avoidance coping style. Based on this hypothesis, we conducted a cross-sectional study with a moderation analysis in which we assessed the interaction of humor with both approach-based and avoidance-based coping styles on perceived stress in a large sample of Italian participants collected in April and May 2021. Despite some limitations related to sampling and study design, the results obtained partially support our hypothesis, as we observed that humor had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between avoidance coping and psychological distress, with a reduction of perceived stress while using such a coping style in the presence of a medium to high level of humor. On the other hand, we did not observe a significant moderating effect of humor on the relationship between the approach coping style and perceived stress. In general, our results support the beneficial effect of humor on mental health and highlight a special role for humor as a moderator of other coping strategies.
Higher-Order Item Response Models for Hierarchical Latent Traits

Many latent traits in the human sciences have a hierarchical structure. This study aimed to develop a new class of higher order item response theory models for hierarchical latent traits that are flexible in accommodating both dichotomous and polytomous items, to estimate both item and person parameters jointly, to allow users to specify customized item response functions, and to go beyond two orders of latent traits and the linear relationship between latent traits. Parameters of the new class of models can be estimated using the Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Through a series of simulations, the authors demonstrated that the parameters in the new class of models can be well recovered with the computer software WinBUGS, and the joint estimation approach was more efficient than multistaged or consecutive approaches. Two empirical examples of achievement and personality assessments were given to demonstrate applications and implications of the new models.
A Dunnett-Type Procedure for Multiple Endpoints

This paper describes a method for comparisons of several treatments with a control, simultaneously for multiple endpoints. These endpoints are assumed to be normally distributed with different scales and variances. An approximate multivariate t-distribution is used to obtain quantiles for test decisions, multiplicity-adjusted p-values, and simultaneous confidence intervals. Simulation results show that this approach controls the family-wise error type I over both the comparisons and the endpoints in an admissible range. The approach will be applied to a randomized clinical trial comparing two new sets of extracorporeal circulations with a standard for three primary endpoints. A related R package is available.
Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer adjacent to a stretching vertical sheet in a micropolar fluid

An analysis is carried out for the steady 2-D mixed convection flow adjacent to a stretching vertical sheet immersed in an incompressible electrically conducting micropolar fluid. The stretching velocity and the surface temperature are assumed to vary linearly with the distance from the leading edge. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations, which is then solved numerically using a finite difference scheme known as the Keller box method. The effects of magnetic and material parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are discussed. It is found that the magnetic field reduces both the skin friction coefficient and the heat transfer rate at the surface for any given K and l. Conversely, both of them increase as the material parameter increases for fixed values of M and l.
Probing the Dust Obscuration in Seyferts using Infrared Spectroscopy

We present near infrared spectroscopy of 4 Seyfert 1 galaxies, 1 Seyfert 1.9 galaxy, and 1 Seyfert 2 galaxy, obtained using the Gemini infrared camera at the Lick Observatory 3m Shane telescope. With the unique design of the Gemini camera, full J and K band spectra were taken simultaneously through the same slit. This produced a more accurate comparison of hydro­ gen recombination line fluxes than previous infrared studies. We have also used template galaxies to remove stellar features from the infrared spectra, and produced more accurate measurements of the weak Br')' feature. We concentrate on the velocity resolved ratio of Pa,B fBr')' and its implication for dust within the central AGN. For our Seyfert l's, the line ratios of Pa,BfBry are not only comparable in both broad and narrow line regions but also con­ sistent with case B recombination confirming that the ratio Pa,B fBr')' is less affected by collisional effects than optical lines and is a good indicator of dust extinction up to Av 10 in AGN. Using the same diagnostic the Seyfert 1.9 f'. J galaxy, NGC 2992, has an extinction of Av =: 4.03±0.20 to the broad line region while the narrow line region is unobscured. Assuming that Seyfert 1.9 galaxy has the same broad line region that Seyfert 1 galaxies have, we con­ clude that the obscuring dust is located between the broad line regions and the narrow line regions, consistent with the AGN unification model. The Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 5929, consistent with dust being present on larger scales shows significant obscuration to the narrow line region. This data is part of a larger program to measure many spectral properties of Seyfert galaxies.
Analysis of conical quasi-TEM horn with a hard corrugated section

There is an interest in using electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) surfaces to realize quasi-TEM waveguides and horns. TEM horns will have a uniform aperture distribution and a corresponding high aperture efficiency and low cross polarization. In the present paper a conical quasi-TEM horn with a hard-walled section excited in the TE/sub 11/ mode from a regular waveguide is analyzed. The hard wall is formed by longitudinal dielectric-filled corrugations. The analysis is based on a stepwise cylindrical approximation of the conical surfaces with subsequent application of the mode-matching method in combination with the method of factorization. The modal field expansion of the longitudinally corrugated cylindrical sections is found by using the asymptotic boundary condition of the corrugated surface when the corrugation period approaches zero. The indicated approach refines the data for the limiting aperture efficiency corresponding to the open-ended waveguide, and reveals strong influence of the hard section length as well as the interaction between the aperture and throat on the horn performance. It is shown that in the preferable case when the corrugations occupy the whole inner horn surface, it is possible to provide the crosspolar level below -30 dB and aperture efficiency from 85% to 95% in some frequency band up to 20% depending on the horn parameters.
An embedded approach for immiscible multi‐fluid problems

An embedded formulation for the simulation of immiscible multi‐fluid problems is proposed. The method is particularly designed for handling gas–liquid systems. Gas and liquid are modeled using the Eulerian and the Lagrangian formulation, respectively. The Lagrangian domain (liquid) moves on top of the fixed Eulerian mesh. The location of the material interface is exactly defined by the position of the boundary mesh of the Lagrangian domain. The individual fluid problems are solved in a partitioned fashion and are coupled using a Dirichlet–Neumann algorithm. Representation of the pressure discontinuity across the interface does not require any additional techniques being an intrinsic feature of the method. The proposed formulation is validated, and its potential applications are shown. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A kinetic model of plasma turbulence

A Hybrid Vlasov–Maxwell (HVM) model is presented and recent results about the link between kinetic effects and turbulence are reviewed. Using five-dimensional (2D in space and 3D in the velocity space) simulations of plasma turbulence, it is found that kinetic effects (or non-fluid effects) manifest through the deformation of the proton velocity distribution function (DF), with patterns of non-Maxwellian features being concentrated near regions of strong magnetic gradients. The direction of the proper temperature anisotropy, calculated in the main reference frame of the distribution itself, has a finite probability of being along or across the ambient magnetic field, in general agreement with the classical definition of anisotropy T ⊥/T ∥ (where subscripts refer to the magnetic field direction). Adopting the latter conventional definition, by varying the global plasma beta (β) and fluctuation level, simulations explore distinct regions of the space given by T ⊥/T ∥ and β∥, recovering solar wind observations. Moreover, as in the solar wind, HVM simulations suggest that proton anisotropy is not only associated with magnetic intermittent events, but also with gradient-type structures in the flow and in the density. The role of alpha particles is reviewed using multi-ion kinetic simulations, revealing a similarity between proton and helium non-Maxwellian effects. The techniques presented here are applied to 1D spacecraft-like analysis, establishing a link between non-fluid phenomena and solar wind magnetic discontinuities. Finally, the dimensionality of turbulence is investigated, for the first time, via 6D HVM simulations (3D in both spaces). These preliminary results provide support for several previously reported studies based on 2.5D simulations, confirming several basic conclusions. This connection between kinetic features and turbulence open a new path on the study of processes such as heating, particle acceleration, and temperature-anisotropy, commonly observed in space plasmas.
The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is described. The detector operates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It was conceived to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at luminosities up to 1034 cm-2 s-1 (1027 cm-2 s-1). At the core of the CMS detector sits a high-magnetic-field and large-bore superconducting solenoid surrounding an all-silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead-tungstate scintillating-crystals electromagnetic calorimeter, and a brass-scintillator sampling hadron calorimeter. The iron yoke of the flux-return is instrumented with four stations of muon detectors covering most of the 4π solid angle. Forward sampling calorimeters extend the pseudorapidity coverage to high values (|η| ≤ 5) assuring very good hermeticity. The overall dimensions of the CMS detector are a length of 21.6 m, a diameter of 14.6 m and a total weight of 12500 t.
On the Fredholm alternative for the Fučík spectrum.

We consider resonance problems for the one-dimensional p-Laplacian assuming Dirichlet boundary conditions. In particular, we consider resonance problems associated with the first three curves of the Fucik Spectrum. Using variational arguments based on linking theorems, we prove sufficient conditions for the existence of at least one solution. Our results are related to the classical Fredholm Alternative for linear operators. We also provide a new variational characterization for points on the third Fucik curve.