Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Meconium-stained amniotic fluid and maternal and neonatal factors associated].

OBJECTIVE To identify the frequency and maternal and neonatal factors associated with meconium-stained amniotic fluid at birth. METHODS Cross-sectional study carried out with 2,441 births at an in-hospital birth center in the city of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) in March and April, 2005. The association between meconium-stained amniotic fluid and the independent variables (maternal age, parity, previous c-section or not, gestational age, obstetric history, oxytocin use in the labor, cervical dilation at admission, mode of current delivery, newborn weight, Apgar score at the 1st and 5th minute) was expressed as prevalence ratio (PR). RESULTS Meconium-stained amniotic fluid was verified in 11.9% of the births; 68.2% of these were normal births and 38.8% c-sections. Meconium was associated with: primiparity (PR=1.49, 95%CI 1.29; 1.73), gestational age ≥ 41 weeks (PR = 5.05, 95%CI 1.93;13.25), oxytocin in labor (PR = 1.83, 95%CI 1.60; 2.10), c- section (PR = 2.65, 95%CI 2.17; 3.24) and Apgar scores < 7 at the 5th minute (PR = 2.96, 95%CI 2,94;2,99). Neonatal mortality was 1.6/1,000 live births. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid was found in 50% of neonatal deaths and it was associated with higher rates of surgical deliveries. CONCLUSIONS Oxytocin use, worse conditions of the newborn after the delivery and increased c-section rates were factors associated with meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Routine use of oxytocin in the intrapartum period could be evaluated due to its association with meconium-stained amniotic fluid.
in the Digital Era

Surfers and logistics professionals have much in common. Both want to catch the next ‘great wave’. Surfers watch the sea surface for the next great wave that has the capacity to erode the shoreline and disturb the seabed. Logisticians track and trace social and business trends, and technological advancements that may turn into the next great wave with potential to erode prevailing bedrock business strategies. Often surfers and logisticians are frustrated when the expected wave peters out long before it gathers the requisite energy and momentum to be classified as ‘great’. Since the 1950s four ‘great’ waves have coursed through logistics: physical distribution management, business logistics, supply chain management and global logistics. Scanning the business horizon suggests that a fifth great wave — Consumer Logistics — is already gathering sufficient momentum, strength and magnitude that will turn the business world upside down and carry a reconfigured logistics system through this decade and maybe beyond. This observation raises the issue of how the forces contributing towards building this new great wave amass their strength. Three marked forces are recognized as contributing to the onset of the fifth great wave of Consumer Logistics. First, there is the changed pattern of consumption in the digital era with the lowering of search costs and faster price discovery; second, there is the movement beyond the selfservice economy to expand the role of consumers in their relations with business; and third, there is the coalescence of both business and consumers, and consumers with consumers that gives rise to Consumer Logistics. Each of these forces is examined in turn to identify the associated disruptive digital business trends underpinning Consumer Logistics that have arisen in the progressive switch from a corporate-centric to a crowd-centric economic system (Davis, 2016). Their combined impact suggests that the time is ripe for a study that explores past logistics waves and changes in logistics practices flowing from the disruptive digital trends.
Supplementary Materials for DisWOT: Student Architecture Search for Distillation WithOut Training

When the teacher model becomes larger, the fixed handdesigned model would have huge teacher-student gaps, limiting the performance gain. DisWOT aims to solve this problem by searching the suitable student architecture for different teacher models. According to the results in Table 1, the accuracy of the student network ResNet20 [9] is unable to make consistent gains as the size of the teacher network increases. Our proposed DisWOT enables a consistent increase in student network performance as the teacher network capacity increases on search space S0. In addition, DisWOT† achieves a performance gain of about 2% when stronger distillers are adopted.
AI Safety: Model Trojaning and Benchmarking

As AI systems become more capable and widely used, a growing concern is the possibility for trojan attacks that inject deep neural networks with hidden functionality. Recent methods for detecting trojans appear highly successful. However, there is comparatively little work on whether trojans themselves could be made harder to detect. To fill this gap, we develop a general method for making trojans more evasive based on several novel techniques and observations. Our method combines distribution-matching, specificity, and randomization to eliminate distinguishing features of trojaned networks. In experiments, we find that our evasive trojans reduce the efficacy of a wide range of detectors across numerous evaluation settings while maintaining high attack success rates. Surprisingly, we also find that our evasive trojans are substantially harder to reverse-engineer. These findings underscore the importance of developing more robust monitoring mechanisms for neural networks and clarifying the offensedefense balance of trojan detection.
Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t: The Challenges of Including and Comparing the Children of Immigrants in European Survey Data

Since the 1970s, there has been an overall increase in cross-national studies in Europe covering different domains of life. The overarching idea behind this trend is that such studies would allow comparisons across countries and would lead to a better understanding of the importance of the national context in explaining crossnational differences (Breen and Jonsson 2005; Heath and Cheung 2007). In addition, it has been suggested that this would also be a good point of reference for policymakers to learn about the effectiveness of various policy measures (Thomson and
Surface rupture of the 1911 Kebin (Chon–Kemin) earthquake, Northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan

Abstract The 1911 Chon–Kemin (Kebin) earthquake culminated c. 30 years of remarkable earthquakes in the northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). Building on prior mapping of the event, we traced its rupture in the field and measured more than 50 offset landforms. Cumulative fault rupture length is >155–195 km along 13 fault patches comprising six sections. The patches are separated by changes of dip magnitude or dip direction, or by 4–10 km-wide stepovers. One <40 km section overlaps and is parallel to the main north-dipping rupture but is 7 km north and dips opposite (south). Both ends of the rupture are along mountain front thrust faults demonstrating late Quaternary activity. We computed the moment from each fault patch using the surface fault traces, dip inferred from the traces, 20 km seismogenic thickness, rigidity of 3.3×1010 N m−2 and dip slip converted from our observations of the largely reverse sense of motion vertical offsets. The discontinuous patches with c. 3–4 m average slip and peak slip of <14 m yield a seismic moment of 4.6×1020 Nm (Mw 7.78) to 7.4×1020 Nm (Mw 7.91). The majority of moment was released along the inner eastern rupture segments. This geological moment is lower by a factor of 1.5 from that determined from teleseismic data.
Preliminary stratigraphic and petrologic characterization of core samples from USW-G1, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Tuffs of the Nevada Test Site are currently under investigation to determine their potential for long-term storage of radioactive waste. As part of this program, hole USW-G1 was drilled to a depth of 6000 ft below the surface, in the central part of the Yucca Mountain area, Nevada Test Site, Nevada. Petrographic study of the USW-G1 core is presented in this report and shows the tuffs (which generally were variably welded ash flows) are partly recrystallized to a variety of secondary minerals. The important alteration products are zeolites (heulandite, clinoptilolite, mordenite and analcime), smectite clays with minor interstratified illite, albite, micas, potassium feldspar, and various forms of silica. Iijima`s zeolite zones I through IV of burial metamorphism can be recognized in the core. Zeolites are first observed at about the 1300-ft depth, and the high-temperature boundary of zeolite stability in this core occurs at about 4350 ft. Analcime persists, either metastably or as a retrograde mineral, deeper in the core. The oxidation state of Fe-Ti oxide minerals, through most of the core, increases as the degree of welding decreases, but towards the bottom of the hole, reducing conditions generally prevail. Four stratigraphic units transected by the core may be potentially favorable sites for a waste repository. These four units, in order of increasing depth in the core, are (1) the lower cooling unit of the Topopah Spring Member, (2) cooling unit II of the Bullfrog Member, (3) the upper part of the Tram tuff, and (4) the Lithic-rich tuff.
Understanding the hydrologic sources and sinks in the Nile Basin using multisource climate and remote sensing data sets

In this study, we integrated satellite‐drived precipitation and modeled evapotranspiration data (2000–2012) to describe spatial variability of hydrologic sources and sinks in the Nile Basin. Over 2000–2012 period, 4 out of 11 countries (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda) in the Nile Basin showed a positive water balance while three downstream countries (South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt) showed a negative balance. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass deviation in storage data analysis showed that at annual timescales, the Nile Basin storage change is substantial while over longer time periods, it is minimal (<1% of basin precipitation). We also used long‐term gridded runoff and river discharge data (1869–1984) to understand the discrepancy in the observed and expected flow along the Nile River. The top three countries that contribute most to the flow are Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya. The study revealed that ∼85% of the runoff generated in the equatorial region is lost in an interstation basin that includes the Sudd wetlands in South Sudan; this proportion is higher than the literature reported loss of 50% at the Sudd wetlands alone. The loss in runoff and flow volume at different sections of the river tend to be more than what can be explained by evaporation losses, suggesting a potential recharge to deeper aquifers that are not connected to the Nile channel systems. On the other hand, we also found that the expected average annual Nile flow at Aswan is greater (97 km3) than the reported amount (84 km3). Due to the large variations of the reported Nile flow at different locations and time periods, the study results indicate the need for increased hydrometeorological instrumentation of the basin. The study also helped improve our understanding of the spatial dynamics of water sources and sinks in the Nile Basin and identified emerging hydrologic questions that require further attention.
Large Language Models for Epidemiological Research via Automated Machine Learning: Case Study Using Data From the British National Child Development Study

Background Large language models have had a huge impact on natural language processing (NLP) in recent years. However, their application in epidemiological research is still limited to the analysis of electronic health records and social media data. Objectives To demonstrate the potential of NLP beyond these domains, we aimed to develop prediction models based on texts collected from an epidemiological cohort and compare their performance to classical regression methods. Methods We used data from the British National Child Development Study, where 10,567 children aged 11 years wrote essays about how they imagined themselves as 25-year-olds. Overall, 15% of the data set was set aside as a test set for performance evaluation. Pretrained language models were fine-tuned using AutoTrain (Hugging Face) to predict current reading comprehension score (range: 0-35) and future BMI and physical activity (active vs inactive) at the age of 33 years. We then compared their predictive performance (accuracy or discrimination) with linear and logistic regression models, including demographic and lifestyle factors of the parents and children from birth to the age of 11 years as predictors. Results NLP clearly outperformed linear regression when predicting reading comprehension scores (root mean square error: 3.89, 95% CI 3.74-4.05 for NLP vs 4.14, 95% CI 3.98-4.30 and 5.41, 95% CI 5.23-5.58 for regression models with and without general ability score as a predictor, respectively). Predictive performance for physical activity was similarly poor for the 2 methods (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.55, 95% CI 0.52-0.60 for both) but was slightly better than random assignment, whereas linear regression clearly outperformed the NLP approach when predicting BMI (root mean square error: 4.38, 95% CI 4.02-4.74 for NLP vs 3.85, 95% CI 3.54-4.16 for regression). The NLP approach did not perform better than simply assigning the mean BMI from the training set as a predictor. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the potential of using large language models on text collected from epidemiological studies. The performance of the approach appeared to depend on how directly the topic of the text was related to the outcome. Open-ended questions specifically designed to capture certain health concepts and lived experiences in combination with NLP methods should receive more attention in future epidemiological studies.
Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia

[1] A cluster of exceptionally large earthquakes in the interior of Asia occurred from 1905 to 1967: the 1905 M7.9 Tsetserleg and M8.4 Bolnai earthquakes, the 1931 M8.0 Fu Yun earthquake, the 1957 M8.1 Gobi-Altai earthquake, and the 1967 M7.1 Mogod earthquake (sequence). Each of the larger (M ≥ 8) earthquakes involved strike-slip faulting averaging more than 5 m and rupture lengths of several hundred kilometers. Available geologic data indicate that recurrence intervals on the major source faults are several thousands of years and distances of about 400 km separate the respective rupture areas. We propose that the occurrences of these and many smaller earthquakes are related and controlled to a large extent by stress changes generated by the compounded static deformation of the preceding earthquakes and subsequent viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle beneath Mongolia. We employ a spherically layered viscoelastic model constrained by the 1994–2002 GPS velocity field in western Mongolia [Vergnolle et al., 2003]. Using the succession of twentieth century earthquakes as sources of deformation, we then analyze the time-dependent change in Coulomb failure stress (Δσf). At remote interaction distances, static Δσf values are small. However, modeled postseismic stress changes typically accumulate to several tenths of a bar over time intervals of decades. Almost all significant twentieth century regional earthquakes (M ≥ 6) with well-constrained fault geometry lie in positive Δσf lobes of magnitude about +0.5 bar. Our results suggest that significant stress transfer is possible among continental faults separated by hundreds of kilometers and on timescales of decades.
Langmuir Turbulence and Surface Heating in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

This study uses large-eddy simulation to investigate the structure of the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) in the presence of Langmuir turbulence and stabilizing surface heat fluxes. The OSBL consists of a weakly stratified layer, despite a surface heat flux, above a stratified thermocline. The weakly stratified (mixed) layer is maintained by a combination of a turbulent heat flux produced by the wave-driven Stokes drift and downgradient turbulent diffusion. The scaling of turbulence statistics, such as dissipation and vertical velocity variance, is only affected by the surface heat flux through changes in the mixed layer depth. Diagnostic models are proposed for the equilibrium boundary layer and mixed layer depths in the presence of surface heating. The models are a function of the initial mixed layer depth before heating is imposed and the Langmuir stability length. In the presence of radiative heating, the models are extended to account for the depth profile of the heating.
Biostratigraphic significance of lower Paleozoic microfaunas from eastern Canada

Chitinozoan studies recently carried out in the Appalachian Forelands and St. Lawrence Platform National Geoscience Mapping Program (NATMAP) project have confirmed the regional biostratigraphic value of a number of chitinozoan species and led to a better documentation of their stratigraphic and geographic distribution in eastern Canada. The typical Darriwilian microfaunas first described from the Table Head Group of western Newfoundland and containing Conochitina chydaea are now recognised in the Riviere Ouelle Formation at Les Mechins, Gaspe Peninsula. In the Upper Ordovician successions of the St. Lawrence Platform at Neuville and in the Charlevoix area, Quebec, Conochitina primitiva is indicative of the multidenspre-americanus graptolite zonal range, Hercochitina duplicitas of the americanus Zone, and Hercochitina spinetum and Acanthochitina cancellata characterize the ruedemanni  lower spiniferus zonal interval. The occurrence of Cyathochitina vaurealensis and Hercochitina crickmayi in turbidite d.
Development history and carbon accumulation of a slope bog in oceanic British Columbia, Canada

Palaeoecological techniques and radiocarbon datings were used to reconstruct the initiation and development of a sloping bog system near Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada. Peat initiation began around 12 000 cal. BP, possibly as a result of a cool, wet climate prior to the insolation maximum. A Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla-Alnus minerotrophic wet fern forest occupied the study site from 9300 to 8300 cal. BP. Between 8300 and 7500 cal. BP, cooler and wetter climatic conditions promoted increased organic matter accumulation and paludification by Sphagnum species. Subsequent lateral expansion has been very slow in the later Holocene. Paludification resulted in a shift to a scrubby, less productive Pinus contorta-T. heterophylla-Cupressaceae-Cyperaceae bog woodland around approximately 7500–3000 cal. BP. The modern Cupressaceae-Pinus contorta-T. heterophylla-Ericaceae-Cyperaceae mire was well established by 2000 cal. BP and a modern oceanic climate was predominant. The initiation and development of the studied bog corresponds to regional climatic and successional trends. However, the average long-term apparent rate of carbon accumu lation (LORCA) was low compared to rates from other northern mires, only 6.3 6 0.6 (SE) g m-2 yr-1. About 53% of the present carbon store was already accumulated by 6200 cal. BP. This study emphasizes that mire initiation and slow forest paludification in north coastal British Columbia is a multidirectional process resulting from complex interactions between climatic and autogenic factors.
Understanding the thermal evolution of earth

Studying the thermal history of Earth's mantle can provide a better understanding of Earth's evolution on a planetary scale. In this work, several mechanisms affecting the thermal evolution of Earth's mantle are investigated. The Nusselt-Rayleigh power law relationship (Nu(Ra)) was calculated from the results of a series of models with three dimensional spherical geometry and free slip boundary conditions. Basally and internally heated convection was examined. For Nu(Ra) = aRaP, (5 was found to be 0.294 0.004 for basally heated systems and 0.337 0.009 for internally heated systems. Model cases were extended to Rayleigh numbers higher than any previous study (109). 0 was not observed to reduce at high Rayleigh number, therefore, as this mechanism cannot be invoked to moderate thermal flux in the past, the influence of time dependent layering on thermal evolution was considered. A parameter space exploration of Rayleigh number and 660 km phase change Clapeyron slope demonstrates that present day Earth could have a partially layered mantle and that full two layer convection is possible in the past at higher Rayleigh numbers. Evolution of mantle temperature was modelled, with the models cooling from an initially layered state. As layering breaks down at high Rayleigh numbers, the mantle passes through a wide domain of partial layering before achieving whole mantle convection. The partially layered regime is characterised by a series of avalanches from the upper into the lower mantle. When an avalanche reaches the core mantle boundary it triggers a pulse of plume-like instabilities in the opposing hemisphere, producing a pulse in global surface heat flux. As the mantle cools, the avalanche-pulse events evolve towards higher frequency and lower magnitude. If this mechanism occurs within Earth, the gradualist view of Earth's thermal evolution may need to yield to a more event-driven model. The mechanics of avalanche-pulse events could also provide an explanation for geochemical observations of periodic maxima in melt extraction from the mantle. The modelling of Earth's mantle produces large data volumes. A distributed computing solution to the data storage problem was investigated. The system, MantleStor, is based on Peer-to-Peer technology and intended to operate over hundreds of standard workstations. A trial implementation demonstrates that MantleStor is able to safely store data in a challenging network environment. Data integrity was maintained with over 30% loss of storage machines. MantleStor is an example of an e-Science project, a discussion of e-Science and its implications is presented.
Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere

[1] We present water vapor measurements made by the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III instrument since May 1998 in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere. While POAM III is primarily a stratospheric instrument, many of the POAM III occultation measurements allow for the retrieval of water vapor in the upper troposphere. The Measurements of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) instruments provide a large number of coincident measurements and thus offer the best opportunity to validate POAM measurements in the highly spatially variable regions of the upper troposphere-lowermost stratosphere, where the mixing ratios are much larger than those found throughout most of the stratosphere. The comparison shows that there is no statistically significant difference in the response of the two instruments to changes in water vapor and that in the regime where the MOZAIC measurements are thought to be most accurate, the water vapor mixing ratios measured by POAM are 10% higher. The POAM III Northern Hemisphere measurements are taken from 55° to 71° and show a qualitatively reasonable seasonal variation, with high mixing ratios in the upper troposphere in the summer and low mixing ratios in the winter. Comparisons of the seasonal variations of the POAM measurements with those from the upper tropospheric Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements from the early 1990s show qualitative similarities. The ∼1 km vertical resolution of POAM measurements allows us to study in greater detail than other satellite instruments the complex variations in water vapor that occur in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere. Among the interesting features observed is a rise in the level of the high-latitude hygropause from April through September.