Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the structure and dynamics of the Martian middle atmosphere

ON THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE MARTIAN MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE by Tamara Lea McDunn Chair: Stephen W. Bougher The martian middle atmosphere (∼50-130 km altitude) is notoriously understudied, yet important for several reasons. It passes upward propagating planetary waves, gravity waves, and thermal tides from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere. It also communicates the seasonal and dust-heating driven expansion and contraction of the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere. The middle atmosphere itself can be affected by and affect these dynamical processes. Characterization of this coupling region is therefore necessary if we are to fully understand the lower and upper atmospheres. It is also important for ensuring the safety of spacecraft that pass through this region. In part one of this thesis we characterize the nightside density and thermal structure in the 80-130 km altitude region as observed by stellar occultations. The nightside mesopause ranges from warm and high (115 K at 118 km) over the tropics during southern summer to cool and low (105 K at 103 km) over middle-southern winter latitudes. Using a general circulation model we find that the temperature and density of the 80-130 km region is significantly affected by even short-term increases in lower
The Amphibian visual system : a multidisciplinary approach

Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.
Use of mental health services among disaster survivors

Purpose of review A sizable proportion of individuals following a disaster develop mental health problems. The consequences of these disorders can be long lasting. Only recently has research focused on mental health service delivery following disasters. This review examines the rates, predictors, and barriers to mental health service utilization following a disaster. Recent findings Most of the data on mental health service delivery come from three sources: a fireworks disaster in The Netherlands, the September 11, 2001, attack on New York City, and hurricane Katrina. Most survivors of disasters are reluctant to utilize mental health services and face barriers to accessing care. Even among disaster victims who are severely mentally ill, only a minority receive treatment. Among those who do receive assistance, more than half drop out shortly thereafter. Mental health service utilization following a disaster is influenced by a set of predisposing characteristics, enabling resources, and perceived need. The model for mental healthcare delivery following a disaster that has gained acceptance is Psychological First Aid. Summary Research is evolving on mental health service utilization. It is limited however to developed countries, although most disasters occur in developing countries. More research is needed, particularly among populations with scarce resources.
Venture Capital in Europe and the Financing of Innovative Companies

Venture capital is considered to be the most appropriate form of financing for innovative firms in high-tech sectors. Venture capital has greatly developed over the last three decades in the United States, but much less so in Europe, where policy-makers are striving to help channel more funds into this form of financial intermediation. In this paper we provide the first assessment of venture capital in Europe. We document its development in the 1990s and compare it with that of American venture capital. We find the wedge between them to be large and growing. We then look at the involvement of venture capital with some of Europe's most innovative and successful companies, those listed on Europe's 'new' stock markets. Venture capital is effective in helping these firms overcome credit constraints, and thus to be born in the first place. Using a unique, hand collected data set from the listing prospectuses and annual reports of these companies, we find European venture capital to have a limited effect on their ability to raise equity capital, grow, and create jobs. We conclude that public support of the European venture capital industry should look at both its growth and at its maturation. Copyright (c) CEPR, CES, MSH, 2002.
Photoproduction of Etas and N$^*$(1535) Electrostrong Properties

From the new Mainz data of eta photoproduction off protons\cite{ref1} and deuterons\cite{ref2}, we can extract, via the effective Lagrangian approach (ELA)\cite{ref3}, the electrostrong parameters $\xi_{p}$ and $\xi_{n}$ for the N$^*$(1535) excitation. These parameters are, in units of $10^{-4} MeV^{-1}$, $(2.20\pm 0.15)$ and $(-1.86\pm 0.20)$ respectively. They yield the ratio of the helicity amplitudes for the excitation of N$^*$(1535) by photons off neutrons and protons to be $A^{n}_{1/2}/A^{p}_{1/2}=-0.84\pm 0.15$, a quantity of fundamental importance in the baryon structure. Best estimates in the quark model are close to this ratio.
In the Shadow of Melting Glaciers: Climate Change and Andean Society

La moderna ciencia ambiental ha logrado ejercer un profundo impacto en la cultura popular contemporanea, mediante la difusion de algunas ideas de indole catastrofista que cuestionan la tradicional nocion ilustrada del progreso humano ad-infinitum. Una de las mas afortunadas es sin lugar a dudas la teoria del “calentamiento global”, la cual sugiere la existencia de una conexion entre el rapido aumento de la temperatura de la atmosfera y la accion humana. El exito del concepto se ha traducido en una gigantesca produccion cientifica relacionada al tema y financiada por multitud de instituciones academicas, estatales y privadas.
STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association studies (STREGA) – an extension of the STROBE statement

Making sense of rapidly evolving evidence on genetic associations is crucial to making genuine advances in human genomics and the eventual integration of this information in the practice of medicine and public health. Assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this evidence, and hence the ability to synthesize it, has been limited by inadequate reporting of results. The STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association studies (STREGA) initiative builds on the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement and provides additions to 12 of the 22 items on the STROBE checklist. The additions concern population stratification, genotyping errors, modelling haplotype variation, Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, replication, selection of participants, rationale for choice of genes and variants, treatment effects in studying quantitative traits, statistical methods, relatedness, reporting of descriptive and outcome data, and the volume of data issues that are important to consider in genetic association studies. The STREGA recommendations do not prescribe or dictate how a genetic association study should be designed but seek to enhance the transparency of its reporting, regardless of choices made during design, conduct, or analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 33:581–598, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global sourcing: insights from the global clothing industry—the case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer

Until recently, Zara, a major international clothing retailer and pioneer of fast fashion principles, kept almost half of its production in Spain and Portugal, earning the reputation of being one of the exceptions to globalization. Since the 1980s, the existence of such exceptions has been fueling an expectation that the production of high-quality fashion garments and tailored suits would remain in the industrialized core. Here I revisit this expectation in the light of the current seminal change in the culture of fashion from ready-to-wear to fast fashion, and report that the increased variety and fashionability associated with fast fashion, represented by Zara, have tilted the balance of competitive advantage towards, rather than away from, firms in partially industrialized countries. As a number of supplier firms in countries such as Morocco, India and Turkey have gained the competence to manufacture intricately worked high-quality garments with the required flexibility and speed, Zara has turned to sourcing from these countries. It appears that instead of Zara changing the geography of jobs, the geography of competencies and jobs has changed Zara.
Estimated flows of suspended solids by the statistical analysis of outfall drainage basin of Tafna (Algeria)

The solids transport is a complex phenomenon; the intensity of these phenomena varies greatly with the general environment: geology, degree of rock alteration, hydrology, vegetation, climate, etc. The extent of the phenomenon is out of proportion in semi-arid areas or areas with temperate climates. So Algeria is one of the countries most affected by this phenomenon and its consequences. To enable a rapid response to demands from engineers for the quantification of bed load transport at the outlet of a catchment area, a simple tool easy to implement has been developed. The principle adopted is based on hydrometric data from gauging stations, and seasonal and annual analyses have defined an appropriate method for estimating the sediment yield. The study was conducted by analysis of average flows. The Pierre de Chat Station at the outlet of the Tafna watershed was used for application. The results obtained were quite satisfactory because the correlation coefficients of the model: Q S = f (Q) are between 87 and 96%. This method once refined can be generalized to all the watersheds of northern Algeria.
Majority Rule: better patching via Self-Consistency

—Large Language models (LLMs) can be induced to solve non-trivial problems with “few-shot” prompts including illustrative problem-solution examples. Now if the few-shots also include “chain of thought” ( C oT ) explanations, which are of the form problem-explanation-solution , LLMs will generate a “explained” solution, and perform even better. Recently an exciting, substantially better technique, self-consistency [1] ( S - C ) has emerged, based on the intuition that there are many plausible explanations for the right solution; when the LLM is sampled repeatedly to generate a pool of explanation-solution pairs, for a given problem, the most frequently occurring solutions in the pool (ignoring the explanations ) tend to be even more likely to be correct! Unfortunately, the use of this highly-performant S - C (or even C oT ) approach in software engineering settings is hampered by the lack of explanations ; most software datasets lack explanations. In this paper, we describe an application of the S - C approach to program repair, using the commit log on the fix as the explanation, only in the illustrative few-shots. We achieve state-of-the art results, beating previous approaches to prompting-based program repair, on the MODIT dataset; we also find evidence suggesting that the correct commit messages are helping the LLM learn to produce better patches.
Dental Practice, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission and Occupational Risks: Views from a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria

Background: More than 40 oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been recorded and between 70% and 90% of persons with HIV infection will have at least one oral manifestation at some time during the course of their disease. Oral health-care workers (OHCWs) are therefore, key players in the prevention and management of HIV-infection. Aim: The aim of this study was toassess the perceptions of the OHCWs from a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria toward HIV transmission in dental practice and occupational risk. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. A total of 113 OHCWs comprising students, house officers, resident doctors, dental nurses and consultants participated. Analysis was by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data analysis included descriptive statistics (frequency distribution and cross tabulation). Results: More than half 64/113 (56%) of the respondents were in the age group 20-30 years and females 68/113 (60%). Though 88% (100/113) of the respondents demonstrated a good knowledge about HIV transmission, 82/113 respondents (72%) disagreed that the risk of HIV transmission in the dental clinic was very low. 82.4% (93/113) did not know that saliva contains anti-HIV activity while 46% (52/113) agreed that pure saliva does not contain the virus except when contaminated by blood. 86.7% (98/113) of the OHCWs disagreed that dental professionals have a lower risk of being infected with HIV compared with other health-care providers. Conclusion: The OHCWs studied manifested some inaccurate perception of occupational risks as regards HIV transmission in dental practice. This could lead to potential stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and thus hindering efforts geared at curtailing the spread of the virus.
DETERMINATIONS OF CORRELATION RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRENGTH AND SOME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS

EQUATIONS DESCRIBING CORRELATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOME TYPES OF ROCK AND THEIR DENSITY AND POROSITY ARE GIVEN. THESE EQUATIONS PERMIT EVALUATING THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF ROCKS WITHOUT SAMPLING. THE VALUES OF ROCK DENSITY NEEDED FOR CALCULATIONS CAN BE DETERMINED BY USE OF SUBSURFACE NUCLEAR DEVICES DURING THE ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS. /AUTHOR/
Coulomb Collisions as a Candidate for Temperature Anisotropy Constraints in the Solar Wind

Many solar wind observations at 1 au indicate that the proton (as well as electron) temperature anisotropy is limited. The data distribution in the (Aa, βa,∥)-plane have a rhombic-shaped form around βa,∥ ∼ 1. The boundaries of the temperature anisotropy at βa,∥ > 1 can be well explained by the threshold conditions of the mirror (whistler) and oblique proton (electron) firehose instabilities in a bi-Maxwellian plasma, whereas the physical mechanism of the similar restriction at βa,∥ < 1 is still under debate. One possible option is Coulomb collisions, which we revisit in the current work. We derive the relaxation rate of the temperature anisotropy in a bi-Maxwellian plasma that we then study analytically and by observed proton data from WIND. We found that increases toward small βp,∥ < 1. We matched the data distribution in the (Ap, βp,∥)-plane with the constant contour s−1, corresponding to the minimum value for collisions to play a role. This contour fits rather well the left boundary of the rhombic-shaped data distribution in the (Ap, βp,∥)-plane. Thus, Coulomb collisions are an interesting candidate for explaining the limitations of the temperature anisotropy in the solar wind with small βa,∥ < 1 at 1 au.
Preference for Human Male Body Hair Changes across the Menstrual Cycle and Menopause

It has commonly been considered that women's preference with regard to male body hair changes over the years according to fashion and is influenced by the media. Experimental evidence, however, is currently lacking. We examined the effect of male torso hairiness on Finnish women's attractiveness ratings by presenting pictures of male torsos before and after the removal of body hair. We found that the women's preferences correlated strongly with the hairiness of their current partners, suggesting that body hair may play a role in actual mate choice. We also found that when the women's fertility was at its highest, they preferred males with less body hair and that postmenopausal wosmen demonstrated stronger preferences relating to male body hair than did premenopausal women. Our study suggest that in the fertile period of their cycle, Finnish women prefer more the trait that is the current Western ideal of male beauty (hairlessness) than the trait that is traditionally (albeit incorrectly) seen as a symbol of high testosterone levels and masculinity. Thus, it seems that the phase of the menstrual cycle may affect the strength and direction of female preference even for traits that are not ''good genes'' indicators and whose preference may be culturally based. Interestingly, the hairiness of the women's fathers correlated positively with that of their current mates. This suggests that women's preferences as to male hairiness may be partly the result of sexual imprinting on paternal body hair and/or that this preference is heritable. Key words: body hairs, homo sapiens, mate choice, sexual selection. R ecent studies testing sexual preferences in women have found that women's preferences for male traits change across the menstrual cycle (reviewed in Gangestad and Thornhill 2008). In the fertile (late follicular) phase of the menstrual cycle, women have been found to have an increased preference for facial masculinity dominant behavior (Gangestad et al. 2004), and for both taller and more masculine male bodies (Pawlowski and Jasienska 2005; Little et al. 2007). During this phase of the cycle, women rate a male pheromone (Grammer 1993) and the scent of dominance as more attractive (Havlicek et al. 2005). This cyclic shift in preferences toward more masculine male traits has been suggested to be potentially adaptive (e.g., Penton-Voak et al. 1999). Masculinity in males is thought to be a reliable indicator of heritable components of male quality because testosterone reduces the strength of immune defense , so that …
Selection Bias, Demographic Effects and Ability Effects in Common Value Auction Experiments

We find clear demographic and ability effects on bidding in common value auctions: inexperienced women are much more susceptible to the winner's curse than men, controlling for SAT/ACT scores and college major; economics and business majors substantially overbid relative to other majors; and those with superior SAT/ACT scores are much less susceptible to the winner's curse, with the primary effect coming from those with below median scores doing worse, as opposed to those with very high scores doing substantially better, and with composite SAT/ACT score being a more reliable predictor than either math or verbal scores by themselves. There are strong selection effects in bid estimates for both inexperienced and experienced subjects that are not identified using standard econometric techniques but rather through our experimental design effects. Ignoring these selection effects is most misleading for inexperienced bidders, as the unbiased estimates of the bid function indicate much faster learning and adjustment to the winner's curse for individual bidders than do the biased estimates.
SELECTION BIAS, DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS AND ABILITY EFFECTS IN COMMON VALUE AUCTION EXPERIMENTS

Inexperienced women, along with economics and business majors, are much more susceptible to the winner’s curse, as are subjects with lower SAT/ACT scores. There are strong selection effects in bid function estimates for inexperienced and experienced subjects due to bankruptcies and bidders who have lower earnings returning less frequently as experienced subjects. These selection effects are not identified using standard econometric techniques but are identified through experimental treatment effects. Ignoring these selection effects leads to misleading estimates of learning. JEL classification: C9, D44, C24, J16.
INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE FINE GRAINED LAMINAE, STREAMBED, AND STREAMBANK PROCESSES USING A WATERSHED SCALE HYDROLOGIC AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODEL

OF THESIS INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE FINE GRAINED LAMINAE, STREAMBED, AND STREAMBANK PROCESSES USING A WATERSHED SCALE HYDROLOGIC AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODEL Sediment transport at the watershed scale in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky is dominated by surface fine grained laminae, streambed, and streambank erosion; high instream sediment storage; and surface erosion processes. All these processes can be impacted by agricultural, urban, and suburban land-uses as well as hydrologic forcing. Understanding sediment transport processes at the watershed scale is a need for budgeting and controlling sediment pollution, and watershed modeling enables investigation of the cumulative effect of sediment processes and the parameters controlling these processes upon the entire sediment budget for a watershed. Sediment transport is being modeled by coupling the hydrologic model Hydrologic Simulations Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) with an in-house conceptually based hydraulic and sediment transport model. The total yield at the watershed outlet as well as the source fractions from surface fine grained lamina, streambed, and streambank sources; deposition; and biological generation within the streambed are predicted with the sediment transport model. Urbanization scenarios are then run on the calibrated model so as to predict the sediment budget for the South Elkhorn watershed for present and future conditions.
Metric Learning : A Survey By

The metric learning problem is concerned with learning a distance function tuned to a particular task, and has been shown to be useful when used in conjunction with nearest-neighbor methods and other techniques that rely on distances or similarities. This survey presents an overview of existing research in metric learning, including recent progress on scaling to high-dimensional feature spaces and to data sets with an extremely large number of data points. A goal of the survey is to present as unified as possible a framework under which existing research on metric learning can be cast. The first part of the survey focuses on linear metric learning approaches, mainly concentrating on the class of Mahalanobis distance learning methods. We then discuss nonlinear metric learning approaches, focusing on the connections between the nonlinear and linear approaches. Finally, we discuss extensions of metric learning, as well as applications to a variety of problems in computer vision, text analysis, program analysis, and multimedia.
Abondance et diversité de la faune culicidienne à Yaoundé, Cameroun

Cette etude sur la diversite et les variations saisonnieres des Culicidae a ete menee pendant 12 mois (de janvier a decembre 2004) a Yaounde, grâce a des recoltes bimensuelles de larves dans la riviere Mefou et dans le lac de Nkolbisson. Durant l’etude, 6725 larves de Culicidae ont ete recoltees; apres elevage 5541 adultes ont ete obtenus. Les etudes taxonomiques nous ont permis d’identifier 11 especes dans les deux sites. Il s’agit d'Anopheles funestus Giles (36,22%), A. gambiae Giles (15,09%), A. nili Theobald (12,72%), A. ziemanni Gruenberg (3,83%), Aedes albopictus Skuse (8,66%), Ae. aegypti Linne (3,81%), Culex poicilipes Theobald (10,86 %), Cx tigripes Charmoy (4,58%), Cx zombaensis Theobald (3,21%), Cx duttoni Theobald (0,69%) et Cx perfuscus Edwards (0,33%). L’indice de Sorensen (30, 76%) montre que les especes identifiees dans les deux sites n’appartiennent pas a la meme communaute. La richesse specifique et l’abondance ont ete plus fortes dans le lac (9 especes et 5279 individus) que dans la riviere (4 especes et 1446 individus). La riviere n’heberge que les Anophelinae alors que le lac heberge toutes les especes citees sauf A. nili et A. ziemanni. Le lac produit les larves de moustique en grande majorite pendant les saisons des pluies, tandis que dans la riviere, c’est pendant les saisons seches que l’abondance larvaire est la plus forte. Les differences notees entre les deux communautes seraient liees aux differences de conditions chimico-physiques et botaniques.