Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interaction between the Himalayan and India-Afghan Collision Tectonics at the NW margin of the Indian Plate in the Kurram Region, NW Pakistan

Three tectonic blocks are in contact with each other in the Kurram-North Waziristan region; 1) Spinghar block in the north, 2) Western Samana block in the middle and the 3) Kurram-Waziristan block in the south. The northern two blocks are characterized by WNW-ESE trends, in continuation with the orographic trend of NW Himalayas, while the southern block has NNE-SSE structural trend, contrasting with the Himalayan trend but parallel to the western ophiolite belt, contiguous with the Chaman transform fault. The Spinghar Block (stranding the border area between the Kurram Agency, Pakistan and Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan) is westerly extension of the Inner Lesser Himalayas in NW Pakistan (i.e., Lower Hazara-Peshawar Basin Zone) comprising low-grade metamorphic rocks (Precambrian Landikotal-Manki-Hazara slates) overlain by a Palaeozoic sequence. The Spinghar Thrust separates the Spinghar and Samana blocks and is western equivalent of the Nathiagali-Histartang Thrust that marks the boundary fault between the Inner and Outer Lesser Himalayas and separates the Internal Himalayas from the Outer Himalayas as defined by Coward et al. (1988). The Samana Block is part of the Outer Lesser Himalayas, and comprises carbonate-dominated Jurassic-Upper Palaeocene lithologies. The Samana Block, instead of being bounded by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) at its southern margin, as is the case in the Kohat-Potwar Plateau, is abutted against the Kurram-Waziristan Block along the Kurram Fault. The Sub-Himalayas are therefore missing in the Kurram Agency. The Waziristan-Kurram Block consists of a tectonic collage of thrust sheets derived from the shelf-oceanic basin transition zone in the Neotethys at the western margin of the Indian Plate and includes 1) Tani Formation, 2) dismembered ophiolite, 3) Triassic-Palaeocene Kurram-Khaisora Group and 4) Cretaceous Kahi Group (Satara-Zakha, Shinkai Post and Khajori Post formations), with Indian Plate passive-margin inner shelf autochthonous sequence exposed in window structures beneath these thrust sheets.
Runup variability due to time dependence and stochasticity in the beach profiles: two extreme cases of the Spanish coast

ABSTRACT Díaz-Sánchez, R. , López-Gutiérrez, J.S. , Lechuga, A. , Negro, V. , 2013. Runup variability due to time dependency and stochasticity in beach profiles. In: Green, A.N. and Cooper, J.A. G. (eds.), Proceedings of the 13th International Coastal Symposium (Durban, South Africa), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 70, pp. 001-006, ISSN 0749-0208. Equations for extreme runup worked out from several experimental studies are compared. Infragraviatory oscillations dominate the swash in a dissipative state but not in intermediate reflective states. Therefore two kinds of equation depending on either significant wave height, H0, or the Iribarren number, ξ0, should be used. Through a sand bed physical model with a uniform sand bed slope, equations are proposed for both beach states, and results are compared with precedent field and physical model experiments. Once the equations are chosen, the time-longshore variability in a medium long term time scale of the foreshore slope is evaluated in two extreme cases relating to the Spanish coast. The Salinas beach on the North coast (Bay of Biscay) displayed a permanent dissipative beach state with small variations in the beach foreshore slope both along the shore and in time, so foreshore slope deviations in a medium-long term period were irrelevant and extreme runup is predicted with the wave height worked out from the design return period. Peñíscola beach on the East coast (Mediterranean sea) displayed an intermediate state. If only time variations are analysed, variations in determining extreme runup are irrelevant. In contrast, significant differences were found when the longshore variations were studied in this Mediterranean beach.
Pliocene palaeoenvironment and correlation of the Sessenheim-Auenheim floristic complex (Alsace, France)

For the first time modern quantitative techniques have been employed to the Pliocene floristic complex of the Sessenheim-Auenheim area in Northern Alsace, France, in order to objectively assess vegetation reconstruction (IPR vegetation analysis) and palaeoclimatological estimates (CLAMP, CoA) based on the recently revised leaf and carpological assemblages from this area. The data have been compared to the intuitively derived models received by comparisons with analogous modern forest vegetation in East Asia and North America by former authors. The studied floristic spectra have been correlated in similar way with selected Pliocene plant assemblages of comparable age in Europe. The resulting vegetation analysis refers the studied two assemblages into the Mixed Mesophytic Forest for the lower-lying Sessenheim “Saugbagger” carpological assemblage and into the Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest in the case of the Auenheim leaf and carpological assemblage, respectively. Our data potentially suggest a slight decrease of Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) and Coldest Month Mean Temperature (CMMT) between the stratigraphically older “Saugbagger-Flora” (MAT: 15.3–15.6 °C; CMMT: 2.7 °C; both only CoA) and the Auenheim assemblage (MAT: 13.6–15.6 °C [CoA], 12.1 °C [CLAMP]; CMMT: 0.9–1.7 °C [CoA], 3.9 °C [CLAMP]). K e y w o r d s : Macroflora, IPR vegetation analysis, CoA, CLAMP, palaeoclimate, Pliocene, Alsace. Zusammenfassung Moderne quantitative Methoden werden erstmals auf den aus dem Pliozan des Elsass, Frankreich, stammenden Florenkomplex der Gegend um Sessenheim und Auenheim angewandt, mit dem Ziel einer objektiven Rekonstruktion der Vegetation (IPR Vegetationsanalyse) und der Abschatzung verschiedener Palaoklimaparameter (CLAMP, CoA). Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert dabei auf aktuellen Revisionen der Blatt- und Karpofloren des Untersuchungsgebiets. Die dabei gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden mit jenen intuitiver Ansatze fruherer Autoren verglichen, die vor allem auf Vergleichen mit modernen Analoga aus der Vegetation Ost-Asiens und Nord-Amerikas basierten. Des Weiteren werden die hier untersuchten Floren mit verschiedenen, etwa gleich alten europaischen Pliozanfloren verglichen. Die aus unseren Untersuchungen resultierende Vegetationsanalyse zeigt, dass die untersuchten Floren dem „Mixed Mesophytic Forest“ (Saugbagger-Flora von Sessenheim) und dem „Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest“ (Auenheim) zugeordnet werden konnen. Unsere Daten deuten auf einen leichten Ruckgang der Mittleren Jahrestemperatur (MAT) und der mittleren Temperatur des kaltesten Monats (CMMT) zwischen der Ablagerung der “Saugbagger-Flora” (MAT: 15,3–15,6 °C; CMMT: 2,7 °C; beide nur CoA) und der etwas jungeren Flora von Auenheim (MAT: 13,6–15,6 °C [CoA], 12,1 °C [CLAMP] und CMMT: 0,9–1,7 °C [CoA], 3,9 °C [CLAMP]) hin.
Breaking process and mechanism of coastal levees on Sendai Bay Coast hit by the 2011 mega tsunami

ABSTRACT Mano, A. , IIda, T. , Udo, K. , and Tanaka. H. , 2013. Breaking process and mechanism of coastal levees on Sendai Bay Coast hit by 2011 mega tsunami The 2011 mega tsunami induced by the East Japan Earthquake, Mw 9.0 hit the Sendai Bay Coast, overtopped the coastal levees and intruded deeply onto the Sendai and Ishinomaki plains by flushing people, houses, trees, etc. The levees with 6 to 7 m height had been constructed along 65 km-long sandy beach to protect the hinterland from the storm surges and wind waves. Eighty percent of the levees were broken by the tsunami in various degrees ranging from scatter of the surface blocks to the complete disappearance. The government decided to rebuild the levees with the target of the local major hazards as the storm surges but in a durable way even for the tsunami overtopping. Based on this background, this study aims to find the breaking process and mechanism of the coastal levees especially for the destructive cases. We conducted field survey, and collected aerial photos, tsunami records and videos, blue prints of the levees, etc. We integrated information of the tsunami records and videos, and matched the spatial information of the various data by GIS. These analyses enabled well understanding on the breaking process and mechanisms composed from two steps: (1) The impact of the leading bore with the maximum amplitude of 6 to 7m broke weaker parts like structural joints, parapets, landward soil slopes. (2) Return flow concentration to the broken parts in the first step or to the channels and swamps expanded erosion to make tsunami channels and bays and to lead levee breach.
Oil Shocks and External Adjustment ∗

Empirical work suggests that oil price increases are associated with protracted oil deficits, but that the effects on the overall trade balance are mitigated by improvements in the nonoil goods balance. We construct a two-country DSGE model that can account for this fact. Differences in wealth effects between the oil-importing and oil-exporting country are key in replicating this finding. Unless, international financial markets are incomplete and the oil price elasticity of demand is sufficiently below unity, the relative wealth effects between the two countries are small and the model fails to generate an improvements in the nonoil goods balance subsequent to an oil price increase.
INVESTIGATION OF SITE EFFECTS IN KATHMANDU BASIN FROM ARRAY MICROTREMOR OBSERVATIONS

The observed horizontal ground motions of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal, on sedimentary sites were of long-period, high-velocity type and with long shaking duration comparing with those on rock sites nearby. The effect of soil sediments on ground motion characteristics was evident but some important information such as velocity structure of deep soil strata has not been investigated. In this study, the primary objectives are to explore site characteristics of thick basin sediments by large-size, array microtremor observations and to examine the seismic amplifications using site response analysis. The Centerless Circular Array (CCA) technique was employed for array microtremor observations in Kathmandu valley close to four seismic stations, one is on a rock site and the others are on soil sites. The depths of rock-like material ranging from 10 m to 400 m could be clearly identified from the shear wave velocity profiles. Sedimentary layers from surface to deep basement rock were modelled according to the derived velocity structures for equivalent linear and nonlinear site response analyses. The calculated ground motions in horizontal components at deep sedimentary sites from analysis using the records from a rock site as input motions were compared to the records from the mainshock event. The spectral amplification at long period and suppression at short period could be predicted satisfactorily by the analysis using the derived velocity models. Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand (email: pnakhorn@engr.tu.ac.th) 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra M. Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand Professor, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand Poovarodom N, Chamlagain D, Jirasakjamroonsri A, Warnitchai P. Investigation of Site effects in Kathmandu Basin from Array Microtremor Observations. Proceedings of the 11 National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA. 2018. Eleventh U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering Integrating Science, Engineering & Policy June 25-29, 2018 Los Angeles, California Investigation of Site effects in Kathmandu Basin from Array Microtremor Observations N. Poovarodom, D. Chamlagain, A. Jirasakjamroonsri and P. Warnitchai
Geobarometry for Peridotites: Experiments in Simple and Natural Systems from 6 to 10 GPa

Experiments with peridotite minerals in simple (MgO^Al2O3^ SiO2, CaO^MgO^SiO2 and CaO^MgO^Al2O3^SiO2) and natural systems were conducted at 1300^15008Cand 6^10 GPa using a multi-anvil apparatus.The experiments in simple systems demonstrated consistency with previous lower pressure experiments in belt and piston^cylinder set-ups. The analysis of spatial variations in pyroxene compositions within experimental samples was used to demonstrate that pressure and temperature variations within the samples were less than 0 4 GPa and 508C. Olivine capsules were used in natural-system experiments with two mineral mixtures: SC1 (olivineþ high-Al orthopyroxeneþ high-Al clinopyroxeneþ spinel) and J4 (olivineþ low-Al orthopyroxeneþ low-Al clinopyroxene þ garnet). The experiments produced olivineþ orthopyroxeneþ garnet clinopyroxene assemblages, occasionally with magnesite and carbonate-rich melt. Equilibrium compositions were derived by the analysisofgrainrimsandevaluationofmineralzoning.Theywere comparedwith our previous experimentswith the same startingmixtures at 2 8^6 0 GPa and the results from simple systems.The compositions of mineralsfrom experimentswithnaturalmixturesshowsmoothpressure and temperature dependences up to a pressure of 8 GPa.The experiments at 9 and 10 GPa produced andradite-rich garnets and pyroxene compositions deviating from the trends defined by the lower pressure experiments (e.g. higherAl in orthopyroxene andCa in clinopyroxene). This discrepancy is attributed to a higher degree of oxidation in the high-pressureexperimentsandanorthopyroxene^high-P clinopyroxene phase transition at 9 GPa. Based on new and previous results in simple and natural systems, a new version of the Al-in-orthopyroxene barometer is presented. The new barometer adequately reproduces experimental pressures up to 8 GPa.
The role of the virus-phytoplankton system in marine biogeochemical cycling: possible impacts of climate change

Phytoplankton is the main driver of ocean net primary production (Falkowski et al., 1998) and a dominant force behind biogeochemical cycling in the ocean. It is a component of one of the oldest and best described virus-host relationships (e.g. Suttle et al., 1990). Viruses have typically been viewed as pathogens of marine organisms but it has become clear that they also play a critical role in biogeochemical processes in marine systems, themselves falling into the category of dissolved organic matter (DOM) (Wilhelm & Suttle, 1999). Viruses play a large part in carbon (Middelboe & Lyck, 2002), sulphur (Hill et al., 1998) and iron cycling (Poorvin et al., 2004) in the world‟s oceans. Earth‟s climate has warmed by approximately 0.6°C during the last 100 years. The rate of warming has doubled in the second half of the century (Houghton, 2001). This rapid change has been attributed to the impact of anthropogenic activities on the atmosphere. Climate change is already affecting marine ecosystems and more extreme changes are predicted for the future (Walther et al., 2002). Whilst a number of studies have examined the effects of climate variables on phytoplankton, it is unclear how marine viruses are affected by these changes. This is important because of the close relationship between viruses and their phytoplankton host. This review will outline the nature of phytoplankton and marine viruses, with a virocentric bias. Relevant biogeochemical cycles and the impact of climate change are described and the possible effects of the altered environment on the phytoplankton-virus system are considered.
Hospital Preparedness in Facing COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review

During the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, the number of cases continues to increase and leads to a surge of patients who need treatment. However, many hospitals are not ready to deal with this type of emergency. This study aimed to review previous studies on Hospital preparedness in facing COVID-19 disaster. This is a Systematic Literature Review on articles collected from 4 databases, i.e., PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Crossref by applying the inclusion criterion of articles published in English and Indonesian on qualitative and quantitative studies related to hospital preparedness. PRISMA Guideline was used for this review. Based on the application of the inclusion criterion, eight articles were considered to be appropriate for the review. Three of these articles presented good hospital preparedness, while the other five demonstrated the presence of gaps in terms of facilities, staff training, and coordination. The instruments used in the study presented in these articles were adapted from CDC and WHO and were modified to adjust them with the local condition. A comprehensive assessment on hospital preparedness is needed. Health care worker training is an important step in hospital preparedness.
Incentives in Teams

This paper analyzes the problem of inducing the members of an organization to behave as if they formed a team. Considered is a conglomerate-type organization consisting of a set of semi-autonomous subunits that are coordinated by the organization's head. The head's incentive problem is to choose a set of employee compensation rules that will induce his subunit managers to communicate accurate information and take optimal decisions. The main result exhibits a particular set of compensation rules, an optimal incentive structure, that leads to team behavior. Particular attention is directed to the informational aspects of the problem. An extended example of a resource allocation model is discussed and the optimal incentive structure is interpreted in terms of prices charged by the head for resources allocated to the subunits.
Cambrian Burgess Shale–type deposits share a common mode of fossilization

Although Cambrian Burgess Shale–type (BST) biotas are fundamental to understanding the radiation of metazoans, the nature of their extraordinary preservation remains controversial. There remains disagreement about the importance of the role of early mineral replication of soft tissues versus the conservation of primary organic remains. Most prior work focused on soft-bodied fossils from the two most important BST biotas, those of the Burgess Shale (Canada) and Maotianshan Shale (Chengjiang, China). Fossils from these two deposits do not provide ideal candidates for specimen-level taphonomic study because they have been altered: the Burgess Shale by greenschist facies metamorphism and the Maotianshan Shale by intensive subsurface weathering. Elemental mapping of soft-bodied fossils from 11 other BST deposits worldwide demonstrates that BST preservation represents a single major taphonomic pathway that may share a common cause wherever it occurs. The conservation of organic tissues, and not early authigenic mineralization, is the primary mechanism responsible for the preservation of BST assemblages. Early authigenic mineral replacement preserves certain anatomical features of some specimens, but the preservation of non-biomineralized BST fossils requires suppression of the processes that normally lead to the degradation of organic remains in marine environments.
Aerosol optical properties over east Asia determined from ground‐based sky radiation measurements

measurements of sky radiation at Mandalgovi, Dunhuang, Yinchuan, and Sri-Samrong sites of the Skyradiometer Network (SKYNET). Also included were sky radiation measurements at Anmyon, Gosan in Korea, and Amami-Oshima in Japan during April for examining optical properties of Asian dust. Results show that the seasonal average of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) generally exhibits a maximum in spring and a minimum in autumn over east Asia. At Sri-Samrong and Yinchuan, relatively distinct seasonal cycles are noted, in comparison to the arid desert regions of Dunhuang and Mandalgovi. In general, aerosol size distributions are characterized by a bimodal pattern, with a fine mode around 0.2 mm and a coarse mode around 2� 5 mm. Similar to AOT and a, volume spectra are also much dependent on geographical location and season. Dunhuang mostly shows coarse mode particles in all seasons, while Mandalgovi and Sri-Samrong show large seasonal variations in the total volume of fine mode particles. The single scattering albedos of dust particles over east Asia are around 0.9 at 0.5 mm, which are larger than the previously known values of 0.63‐0.89 but similar to those found in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) analysis. It is noted that the optical properties of Asian dust around Korea and Japan are quite similar to those found in dust source regions such as Dunhuang and Mandalgovi. However, the single scattering albedo appears to be smaller than those observed in Dunhuang and Mandalgovi. Furthermore, single scattering albedo tends to become smaller during the dust outbreak period. Considering that aerosols in Korean and Japanese areas are much influenced by anthropogenic aerosols emitted in China particularly under the westerly conditions, the mixing processes between different aerosol species may be the cause of the different optical properties of Asian dust. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 3309 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology (1620); 3359 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Radiative processes; KEYWORDS: aerosol optical property, sky radiation measurements, Asian dust Citation: Kim, D. -H. , B. -J. Sohn, T. Nakajima, T. Takamura, T. Takemura, B. -C. Choi, and S. -C. Yoon (2004), Aerosol optical properties over east Asia determined from ground-based sky radiation measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02209,
The Practice of International Labor Solidarity and the Geography of the Global Economy

Economic geographers have neglected the international activities of workers and working class organizations. Worker invisibility has been particularly evident in explanations of the geography of foreign direct investment. Yet for over a century workers have built international labor organizations which have shaped economic and political geographies. This paper examines an international campaign waged on behalf of some 1,700 members of United Steelworkers of America Local 5668 who were locked out of an aluminum smelter in Ravenswood, West Virginia on expiration of their contract in November 1990. The lockout was part of a company plan to break the local union and operate the smelter with a non-union work force. The paper analyzes how Local 5668 and its supporters built a global solidarity network which successfully forced a multibillion-dollar transnational metals trading corporation to reinstate the locked out union workers and sign a new contract. As the paper shows, workers clearly make economic geographies through their actions. Economic geographers should pay greater empirical and theoretical attention to this fact.
‘Real-world’ atrial ﬁbrillation management in Europe: observations from the 2-year follow-up of the EURObservational Research Programme-Atrial Fibrillation General Registry Pilot Phase

Atrial ﬁbrillation (AF) is commonly associated with a high risk of stroke, thromboembolism, and mortality. The 1-year follow-up of the EURObservational Research Programme-Atrial Fibrillation (EORP-AF) Pilot Registry demonstrated a high mortality but good outcomes with European Society of Cardiology guideline-adherent therapy. Whether these