Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A counterexample to a result concerning controlled approximation

A result of Strang and Fix states that if the order of controlled approximation from a collection of locally supported elements is k, then there is a linear combination Q of those elements and their translates such that any polynomial of degree less than k can be reproduced by Ql and its translates. This paper gives a counterexample to their result. This paper concerns the so-called controlled approximation. This concept was introduced by Strang [S] in 1970. In that paper, Strang described a systematic approach to the choice of trial functions used in finite element analysis. (Also see [FS] for some related results.) To describe his approach, we first introduce some notation. As usual, we mean by Wk? P(Rn) the usual Sobolev space with norm JJJk,p = E |D u||LP I&I? k (Here we use standard multi-index notation.) The seminorm I. Ik,p on Wk,P(Rn) iS defined to be Ulk,p= E ||DUIILP lIel=k When k = 0, Ik,p is a norm, and we write lluflp := jufo,p = IIUIILP. By WckP(Rn) we denote the space of all functions in Wk P(Rn) that have compact support. By lP(Zn) we mean the space of the mappings w from Zn to R which satisfy -\ /p llwllp:I MAW)P) 0 (i = 1, . . ., N), and translate the functions just constructed, replacing x by x jh. Thus we have a family of trial functions: hj(x) := h -n/20 (xlh j), i = 1,. , N, j E Zn. When h = 1, we omit the superscript h. Note that the coefficient h-n/2 normalizes (4 in the sense that /|/ 4jJI2 = |I'i /2. A principal question in finite element analysis is the degree of approximation which can be achieved by the span of q$i',. Concerning this problem, Strang and Fix state the following result (see [SF, Theorem II]): Received by the editors September 24, 1984 and, in revised form July 29, 1985. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 41A29. 'Sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. DAAG29-80-C-0041. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. MCS-8210950. (? )1986 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/86 $1.00 + $. 25 per page
Development of a One-Month-Long, Westward-Propagating Subtropical Low in Boreal Summer

AbstractA strong MJO event produced an upper-tropospheric jet streak in northeast Asia and repeated wave breaking in the jet exit region along 150°E during July 1988. A midlatitude low moved equatorward and intensified in the presence of bandpass-filtered (15–100 day) Q vector forcing for upward motion associated with the wave breaking. This forced ascent helped to moisten the atmosphere enough to increase the column water vapor to above 55 mm. This value was sufficiently large to support a self-sustaining low even after the upper forcing weakened. The horizontal scale of the Q vector forcing was about 1500 km, consistent with the scale of most favorable convective response to quasigeostrophic forcing in the subtropics described by Nie and Sobel. The low lasted one month as it moved southwestward, then westward, while remaining north of 20°N. Maximum precipitation along the track of the low exceeded 700 mm, with an anomaly more than 400 mm. A climatology of long-lasting lows was carried out for the monsoo.
MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF AN ALUMINUM-STRESSED RICE VARIETY ‘ LIANGYOUPEI 9 ’

This study explored the influence of aluminum (Al) stress on the growth of ‘Liangyoupei 9 (LYP9)’ rice variety. Seedlings were cultured under treatment with different concentrations of Al (0, 100, 500, and 1000 μmol/L; pH4.5) for 7 days and analyzed for their root Al accumulation, dehydrogenase activity, root H2O2 accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity, and other relevant morphological indices. Results showed no significant differences between the rice seedlings treated with different concentrations of Al and those treated with the control, but the root length and relative root growth of the former decreased. Treatment with 100 μmol/L Al significantly led to the increase of fresh/dry weight and chlorophyll content of the rice seedlings. The increase in fresh weight and dry weight positively correlated with the increase in chlorophyll content. By contrast, treatment with 500 and 1000 μmol/L Al exerted inhibitory effects at different degrees. Hematoxylin staining showed that Al mainly accumulated at the apical meristematic and maturation zones, and its accumulation increased with increasing Al concentration. Treatment with 100 μmol/L Al stress significantly increased the root dehydrogenase activity of the rice seedlings, whereas treatment with 500 and 1000 μmol/L Al significantly decreased this parameter. Diaminobenzidine staining showed that Al stress induced root H2O2 accumulation in the rice seedlings and that the output of H2O2 demonstrated a dose-effect relationship with Al concentration. The activities of root superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) initially increased and subsequently decreased. However, the activities of these enzymes significantly decreased under 1000 μmol/L Al stress. Treatment with 100 μmol/L Al did not significantly influence the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the roots, whereas treatment with 500 and 1000 μmol/L Al significantly increased this parameter. These findings show that the LYP9 rice variety has certain resistance to Al stress. However, this resistance is inhibited at Al concentrations exceeding 500 μmol/L, and the inhibitory effect increases along with the concentration.
Effects of environmental factors on anchovies Stolephorus sp. distribution in Bone Gulf, Indonesia.

This paper explores the relationship between environmental factors and anchovies Stolephorus sp distribution obtained from experimental fishing in the gulf of bone, Indonesia. Selected environmental factors employed included sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface chlorophyll-a (SSC). Generalized additive models (GAMs) revealed that the selected environmental factors play an important role in the explanation of the anchovy distribution in the study area. Most of the anchovy schools that were catched by fishing (large liftnet) were located in the coastal area. The high anchovy concentrations corresponded well with SST of 29.5‒30.5C, and SSC of 0.5‒1.0 mg/m. We noted that anchovy migrating in the Gulf of Bone could have followed the both SST and SSC optimum during southeast season which they occupied in the warmer and high productivities waters. These preferred conditions may represent the optimal habitat of the anchovy in Bone Gulf during the southeast monsoon period.
Correction Rationality of Moduli Spaces of Stable Bundles

(n, d) = 1, n (g 1) < d < no, this invalidates the proof of the proposition of [1] and hence also that of the main theorem. There seems to be no simple way of avoiding this problem, but the methods of [1] do give some positive results, as we shall now show. We adopt the notations and conventions of [1] throughout ; in particular L is a line bundle of degree d over the complete non-singular algebraic curve X of genus g >2, and S,,L(X) is the moduli space of stable bundles of rank n and determinant L over X, Note that, up to isomorphism, S,,L(X) depends only on the residue class of d modulo n; moreover, if L* denotes the dual of L, then S,,L. (X ) is isomorphic to S,,L(X ). For any bundle E over S ×X and any seS, we write E, for the bundle overX obtained by restricting E to {s} xX.
Influence of balanced nutrients on growth performance and yield of Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)) in the midland of Bensa, Southern Ethiopia

In Ethiopia aapplication of suboptimal levels of mineral fertilizers aggravates the decline in soil fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate different blended fertilizer formulation and provide site and crop specific recommendations for teff production at Bensa in southern nation nationality and people regional state of Ethiopia. The experiment consists of five blended fertilizers (1) recommended NP (64 kg N + 30 kg P ha-1 ) (2) 150 kg NPS (63N, 25P, 10.5 S) + 34.5 kg N ha-1 (3) 150 kg NPSB (64N, 23P,10.1 S, 1.06 B) + 36.8 kg N ha1 (4) 150 kg NPKSB (64N, 18P, 18K, 7.1S, 0.75B) + 43.24 kg N ha-1 (5) 150 kg NPSZnB(63N, 15P,7.6S, 2.23Zn, 0.37B) + 36.8 kg N ha-1 and (6) 150 kg NPKSZnB(63N, 17P, 18K, 7.6S, 2.23Zn, 0.37B) + 36.8 kg N ha-1 . The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design using 4 m by 4 m plot size and replicated across five farms. Agronomic data, including plant height, tiller number, straw yield, total biomass and grain yield were measured and using the SAS statistical package program version 9.0. The least significant difference (LSD) at 5% probability level was used to establish the difference among the means. To investigate the economic feasibility of the blended fertilizers, partial budget and benefit cost ratio were used. The current experiment revealed that balanced nutrient alone without appropriate proportion could not increase teff yield in the study area to the required level. On the other hand, blended fertilizer contain apposite P rate gave highest grain yield. Application of 150 kg NPS (63:25:10.5) + 34.5 kg N ha-1 gave highest biological yield and the result was economically feasible. Therefore, application of 150 kg NPS + 34.5 kg N ha-1 is recommended to use by farmers as an alternative soil management option for teff production around Bensa.
Effects of PFA and GGBS on Early-Ages Engineering Properties of Portland Cement Systems

A comprehensive study is presented on the effects of pulverised fly ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on early-age engineering properties of Portland cement (PC) systems. It has been found that partially replacing PC by PFA or GGBS resulted in longer setting times but better workability with PFA exhibiting more prominent effect than GGBS. As the replacement level increased, the setting of both PFA and GGBS pastes further delayed but workability of concrete was enhanced. PFA concretes exhibited consistently lower compression and splitting tensile strengths than PC ones. As the replacement level increased, strengths decreased. At the replacement level up to 30% by mass, GGBS concrete exhibited higher splitting tensile strength than PC concrete. However, as the replacement level further increased, it developed lower strength than PC concrete up to 21 days. Then, it managed to gain higher splitting tensile strength than PC concrete at the replacement levels up to 70% by mass at 28 days. Both PFA and GGBS can reduce drying shrinkage and the reduction effects became more significant as replacement level increased with GGBS performing better than PFA. Adding fibres into PFA concrete increased its splitting tensile strength and further reduced its drying shrinkage.
New insights into the environmental factors controlling the ground thermal regime across the Northern Hemisphere

The thermal state of permafrost affects Earth surface systems and human activity in the Arctic and has implications to global climate. Improved understanding of the local-scale variability in the global ground thermal regime is required to 10 account for its sensitivity to changing climatic and geoecological conditions. Here, we statistically related observations of mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) and active-layer thickness (ALT) to high-resolution (~1 km) geospatial data of climatic and local environmental conditions across the Northern Hemisphere. The aim was to characterize the relative importance of key environmental factors and the magnitude and shape of their effects. The multivariate models fitted well to MAGT and ALT observations with average R values being ~0.94 and 0.78, respectively. Corresponding predictive 15 performances in terms of root mean square error were ~1.31 °C and 87 cm. Freezing (FDD) and thawing (TDD) degree-days were key factors for MAGT inside and outside the permafrost domain with average effect sizes of 6.7 °C and 13.6 °C, respectively. Soil properties had marginal effect on MAGT (effect size = 0.4–0.7 °C). For ALT rainfall (effect size = 181 cm) and solar radiation (161 cm) were most influential. Variable importance analysis further underlined the dominance of climate for MAGT and highlighted the role of solar radiation for ALT. Most response shapes for MAGT≤0 °C and ALT were non-linear 20 indicating thresholds for the covariation. It is suggested that the factors with large global variation (i.e. climate) suppressed the effect of local-scale factors (i.e. soil properties and vegetation) owing to the extensive study area and limited representation of soil organic matter. Our approach facilitates hemispheric-scale cryospheric studies by offering new insights into the factors affecting the ground thermal regime at a 1-km scale.
pen-path eddy covariance measurements of ammonia fluxes from a eef cattle feedlot

Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of NH3 fluxes from a cattle feedlot were made with a high-precision, fast-response (20 Hz) open-path laser-based sensor. The sensor employed a continuous wave, quantum cascade (QC) laser and targeted an isolated absorption feature of NH3 at 9.06 m. It was deployed on a 5-m tall flux tower beside a 22,000-animal cattle feedlot in Colorado, USA for two weeks. Sensible heat, latent heat, CO2, and CH4 EC fluxes were measured concurrently on the tower. The open-path NH3 sensor showed a comparable time response to well-established commercial open-path sensors for CO2 and H2O. The average high-frequency flux loss over the measurement period was 6.6%, mainly resulting from sample path averaging. The sensor showed significant improvement over NH3 EC fluxes measured by closed-path sensors. The measured NH3 EC fluxes were well-correlated with latent heat EC fluxes. −1 −1 During the measurement period, the average daily NH3 EC flux was 31.7 kg ha d . The flux-variance relationship was used to further validate the performance of the NH3 EC flux measurement. A 1 detection limit of 1.3 ± 0.5 ng m−2 s−1 for NH3 fluxes measured in 30-min intervals was achieved in this field test. This suite of measurements enabled the evaluation of livestock NH3 emissions at unprecedented temporal resolution and accuracy in the context of other important agricultural trace gases. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A randomized controlled pilot study into the effects of a restricted elimination diet on family structure in families with <fc>ADHD</fc> and <fc>ODD</fc>

LidyM Pelsser, Daphne J van Steijn, Klaas Frankena, Jan Toorman, Jan K Buitelaar & Nanda N Rommelse ADHD Research Centre, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. E-mail: lmjpelsser@adhdresearchcentre.nl Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Wageningen University, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University NijmegenMedical Centre, The Netherlands
Chapter 6 Ambient Noise in the Canadian Arctic

Numerous studies of ocean ambient noise and under-ice acoustic propagation and reverberation in the Canadian Arctic have been carried out since the 1960s. These studies, largely led by scientists at the Defence Research Establishment Pacific and Defence Research and Development Canada, have been motivated by the need to improve sonar performance prediction in the Arctic over the wide range of seasonal ice, oceanographic, and meteorological conditions at high latitudes. Aside from the valuable insight into the physics of noise generation by sea ice and sound propagation under sea ice, they provide a historical baseline for Arctic ambient noise against which modern measurements can be compared. In 2017, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans added passive acoustic monitoring to their Barrow Strait Real Time Observatory, reporting power spectral density over the acoustic band of 10–800 Hz in 2017–2018 and 10–6400 Hz in 2018–2019. Co-located measurements of ice draft, salinity, temperature, and current profiles, along with nearby meteorological measurements, provide time series of environmental forcing and conditions. An updated seasonal baseline for ambient noise in Barrow Strait is calculated and compared against historical measurements, along with a review of noise-generating mechanisms and transmission loss models in the Arctic.
The Role of Knowledge Management (KM) Strategies in Enhancing Non- Governmental Organizations’ (NGOs’) Performance: A Case Study in Palestine Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının (STK) Performans Gelişiminde Bilgi Yönetimi (BY)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Knowledge Management (KM) strategies in enhancing Non-Governmental Organizations’ (NGOs’) performance. Descriptive research method is followed in this study as well as a quantitative research technique based on an electronic questionnaire survey to collect data. The research population consists of a total of 1.200 local and international NGOs that are active throughout the Palestinian Territories. A total number of 291 questionnaires (sample) were distributed to managers of NGOs or their representatives, and a total of 228 responses were received. The validity and reliability of the collected data were evaluated which were used for statistical analysis. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.00 to test the hypotheses. Two main hypotheses tested were “There is a positive relationship between the codification strategy of KM and NGOs’ performance” and “There is a positive relationship between the personalization strategy of KM and NGOs’ performance”. The research results demonstrate the KM strategies of codification and personalization are significantly affecting the NGOs’ performance in Palestine in terms of three selected dependent variables namely financial sustainability, organization process/function, and program/project performances. However, the sub-hypothesis of the impact of the codification strategy on financial sustainability was dropped from the model due to a lack of significance. All other sub-hypotheses that express the positive effects of both KM strategies were proved. According to the research findings the study recommends that decision-makers in NGOs in Palestine should apply the KM strategies as a means of increasing organizational performance.  This study is derived from a part of master thesis submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences Innovation and Knowledge Management Master Programme at the Near East University. Bu çalışma, Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İnovasyon ve Bilgi Yönetimi Yüksek Lisans Programına sunulan yüksek lisans tezinin bir bölümünden türetilmiştir.  PhD Student. Near East University, North Cyprus. E-mail: natshehamani@gmail.com Doktora Öğrencisi. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti  Prof. Dr. Near East University, North Cyprus. E-mail: mustafa.sagsan@neu.edu. tr Prof. Dr. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti  Assoc. Prof. Dr. Near East University, North Cyprus. E-mail: behiye.cavusoglu@neu.edu. tr Doç. Dr. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Geliş Tarihi Received: 25.09. 2020 Kabul Tarihi Accepted: 22.12. 2020 724 Araştırma Makaleleri / Research Articles Alnatsheh, Sağsan and Çavuşoğlu
Tissue-specific expression and post-translational modifications of plant-and bacterial-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isozymes of the castor oil plant , Ricinus communis

This study employs transcript profiling together with immunoblotting and co-immunopurification to assess the tissue-specific expression, protein:protein interactions, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of plantand bacterial-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) isozymes (PTPC and BTPC, respectively) in the castor plant, Ricinus communis. Previous studies established that the Class-1 PEPC (PTPC homotetramer) of castor oil seeds (COS) is activated by phosphorylation at Ser-11 and inhibited by monoubiquitination at Lys-628 during endosperm development and germination, respectively. Elimination of photosynthate supply to developing COS by depodding caused the PTPC of the endosperm and cotyledon to be dephosphorylated, and then subsequently monoubiquitinated in vivo. PTPC monoubiquitination rather than phosphorylation is widespread throughout the castor plant and appears to be the predominant PTM of Class-1 PEPC that occurs in planta. The distinctive developmental patterns of PTPC phosphorylation versus monoubiquitination indicates that these two PTMs are mutually exclusive. By contrast, the BTPC: (i) is abundant in the inner integument, cotyledon, and endosperm of developing COS, but occurs at low levels in roots and cotyledons of germinated COS, (ii) shows a unique developmental pattern in leaves such that it is present in leaf buds and young expanding leaves, but undetectable in fully expanded leaves, and (iii) tightly interacts with co-expressed PTPC to form the novel and allostericallydesensitized Class-2 PEPC heteromeric complex. BTPC and thus Class-2 PEPC up-regulation appears to be a distinctive feature of rapidly growing and/or biosynthetically active tissues that require a large anaplerotic flux from phosphoenolpyruvate to replenish tricarboxylic acid cycle C-skeletons being withdrawn for anabolism.
Early Season Mapping of Sugarcane by Applying Machine Learning Algorithms to Sentinel-1A/2 Time Series Data: A Case Study in Zhanjiang City, China

More than 90% of the sugar production in China comes from sugarcane, which is widely grown in South China. Optical image time series have proven to be efficient for sugarcane mapping. There are, however, two limitations associated with previous research: one is that the critical observations during the sugarcane growing season are limited due to frequent cloudy weather in South China; the other is that the classification method requires imagery time series covering the entire growing season, which reduces the time efficiency. The Sentinel-1A (S1A) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data featuring relatively high spatial-temporal resolution provides an ideal data source for all-weather observations. In this study, we attempted to develop a method for the early season mapping of sugarcane. First, we proposed a framework consisting of two procedures: initial sugarcane mapping using the S1A SAR imagery time series, followed by non-vegetation removal using Sentinel-2 optical imagery. Second, we tested the framework using an incremental classification strategy based on S1A imagery covering the entire 2017–2018 sugarcane season. The study area was in Suixi and Leizhou counties of Zhanjiang city, China. Results indicated that an acceptable accuracy, in terms of Kappa coefficient, can be achieved to a level above 0.902 using time series three months before sugarcane harvest. In general, sugarcane mapping utilizing the combination of VH + VV as well as VH polarization alone outperformed mapping using VV alone. Although the XGBoost classifier with VH + VV polarization achieved a maximum accuracy that was slightly lower than the random forest (RF) classifier, the XGBoost shows promising performance in that it was more robust to overfitting with noisy VV time series and the computation speed was 7.7 times faster than RF classifier. The total sugarcane areas in Suixi and Leizhou for the 2017–2018 harvest year estimated by this study were approximately 598.95 km2 and 497.65 km2, respectively. The relative accuracy of the total sugarcane mapping area was approximately 86.3%.