Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Executive functions in girls with ADHD followed prospectively into young adulthood.

OBJECTIVE We prospectively followed an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of girls with ADHD (n = 140) and a matched comparison group (n = 88) into young adulthood (Mage = 19.6), 10 years after childhood initial assessments, to evaluate neuropsychological functioning. We hypothesized that neuropsychological deficits would persist through young adulthood for those with ADHD, and that those with continuing ADHD symptomatology in young adulthood would show the largest impairments. METHOD Neuropsychological measures at follow-up emphasized executive functions (EF) including planning, organization, inhibitory control, sustained attention, working memory, and set shifting. RESULTS Parallel to findings from childhood and adolescence, the girls with childhood-diagnosed ADHD displayed medium to large deficits in EF relative to comparisons at follow-up, even with statistical control of baseline demographic and comorbidity variables. The addition of IQ as a covariate attenuated differences but several remained significant. Comparisons between the inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD yielded nonsignificant results with small effect sizes. EF impairments were evident in both participants whose ADHD diagnoses persisted and in those whose ADHD symptoms had remitted to a nondiagnosable level; both subgroups had more EF deficits than those who did not meet criteria for ADHD in either childhood or young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Those in both the persistent and remitted ADHD groups showed impairments in EF relative to comparisons and generally did not differ from each other. Overall, childhood ADHD in girls portends neuropsychological/EF deficits that persist for at least 10 years.
Efficacy and Safety of Rho Kinase Inhibitors vs. Beta-Blockers in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Background: In order to support the positioning of Rho kinase inhibitors (Rhokis) in the European market for the treatment of glaucoma, scientific evidence comparing the efficacy and safety of Rhokis and beta-blockers (β-βs) in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma after 3 months was assembled through a systematic review and meta-analysis (meta-A) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: Relevant articles were searched for on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Of the 251 articles found, three met all eligibility criteria. These three articles were assessed for risk of bias. Data were extracted and a random effects meta-A was performed. The studies’ methods were homogeneous but there was great heterogeneity within the data (I2 = 92–93%; p < 0.001). Results: All studies had low risk of bias. The meta-A showed statistically better efficacy of β-βs, resulting in an intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction mean difference of 1.73 (1.19–2.27) at 8 a.m., 0.66 (0.19–1.15) at 10 a.m. and 0.49 mmHg (0.001–0.98) at 4 p.m. , compared to Rhokis. This difference is not clinically significant as intra-operator variability of IOP measurements varies from ±2 to ±3 mmHg The adverse effects of Rhokis were essentially topical, whereas β-βs mainly caused systemic side effects. Conclusions: This Meta-A showed that Rhokis are clinically non-inferior to beta-blockers in reducing IOP. Rhokis have a better safety profile.
LBF-Based CS Algorithm for Multireceiver SAS

The traditional imaging algorithm of multireceiver synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) based on Loffeld’s bistatic formula (LBF) suffers from a tradeoff between focusing performance and efficiency due to the spatial variance of LBF. To improve the performance and efficiency, we develop a chirp scaling (CS) algorithm based on the reformulated LBF, which includes the range-variant and range-invariant terms. The phase error caused by LBF reformulation and range-invariant term is first compensated. Since the range-variant term used for the design of the CS algorithm is weighted by a factor, all filter functions of CS algorithm are newly deduced. Based on these improvements, the subblock width is allowed to be enlarged. Consequently, both the efficiency and performance are improved. Numerical results show that the ghost suppression performance of our method is improved nearly 10 dB compared to the traditional method. Besides, our method is more time-saving than the traditional method.
A 2.5 nJ/bit 0.65 V Pulsed UWB Receiver in 90 nm CMOS

A noncoherent 0-16.7 Mb/s ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver using 3-5 GHz subbanded pulse-position modulation (PPM) signaling is implemented in a 90 nm CMOS process. The RF and mixed-signal baseband circuits operate at 0.65 V and 0.5 V, respectively. Using duty-cycling, adjustable bandpass filters, and a relative-compare baseband, the receiver achieves 2.5 nJ/bit at 10-3 BER with -99 dBm best case sensitivity at 100 kb/s. The energy efficiency is maintained across three orders of magnitude in data rate. For data rates less than 10 kb/s, leakage power dominates energy/bit.
Window Flow Control: Macroscopic Properties from Microscopic Factors

This paper studies window flow control focusing on bridging the gap between microscopic factors such as burstiness in sub-RTT timescales, and observable macroscopic properties such as steady state bandwidth sharing and flow level stability. Using new models, we analytically capture notable effects of microscopic behavior on macroscopic quantities. For loss-based protocols, we calculate the loss synchronization rate for different flows and use it to quantitatively explain the unfair bandwidth sharing between paced and unpaced TCP flows. For delay-based protocols, we show that the ratios of round trip delays are critical to the stability of the system. These results deepen the fundamental understanding of congestion control systems. Packet level simulations are used to verify our theoretical claims.
An Investigation of Employment Hope as a Key Factor Influencing Perceptions of Subjective Recovery among Adults with Serious Mental Illness Seeking Community Work

Introduction: Employment is an important contributor to recovery in people with serious mental illness (SMI), yet studies have not explored how subjective elements of employment hope contribute to perceptions of global recovery in this population. Methods: The current study examined the relationship between employment hope and subjective recovery in 276 unemployed adults with SMI participating in a multi-site clinical trial of a cognitive behavioral group intervention tailored toward work and combined with vocational rehabilitation. Participants had diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, depressive, and posttraumatic stress disorders, and were receiving services at three Veterans Affairs healthcare facilities in the United States. Data were collected at study baseline. Linear regression analysis examined the relationship between employment hope (Short Employment Hope Scale; EHS-14) and subjective recovery (Recovery Assessment Scale; RAS) after controlling for psychiatric symptom severity and mental-health-related burden on daily life. Results: After accounting for covariates, employment hope significantly contributed to the regression model explaining subjective recovery. The overall model of predictor variables explained 52.5% of the variance in recovery. The results further explore the relationships between EHS-14 and RAS subscales. Conclusions: The findings suggest that employment hope is a key intervention target to bolster subjective recovery in this vulnerable population.
Constraint Satisfaction Parameterized by Solution Size

In the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) corresponding to a constraint language (i.e., a set of relations) Γ, the goal is to find an assignment of values to variables so that a given set of constraints specified by relations from Γ is satisfied. In this paper we study the fixed-parameter tractability of constraint satisfaction problems parameterized by the size of the solution in the following sense: one of the possible values, say 0, is "free," and the number of variables allowed to take other, "expensive," values is restricted. A size constraint requires that exactly k variables take nonzero values. We also study a more refined version of this restriction: a global cardinality constraint prescribes how many variables have to be assigned each particular value. We study the parameterized complexity of these types of CSPs where the parameter is the required number k of nonzero variables. As special cases, we can obtain natural and well-studied parameterized problems such as INDEPENDENT SET, VERTEX COVER, d-HITTING SET, BICLIQUE, etc. In the case of constraint languages closed under substitution of constants, we give a complete characterization of the fixed-parameter tractable cases of CSPs with size constraints, and we show that all the remaining problems are W[1]-hard. For CSPs with cardinality constraints, we obtain a similar classification, but for some of the problems we are only able to show that they are BICLIQUE-hard. The exact parameterized complexity of the BICLIQUE problem is a notorious open problem, although it is believed to be W[1]-hard.
Chandra Observations of Six QSOs at z ≈ 3

We report the results of our Chandra observations of six QSOs at z ∼ 3 from the Palomer Transit Grism Survey. Our primary goal is to investigate the possible systematic change of αox between z > 4 and z ∼ 3, between which a rapid rise of luminous QSO number density with cosmic time is observed. The summed spectrum showed a power-law spectrum with a photon index of Γ ≈ 1.9, which is similar to other unabsorbed active galactic nuclei. Combining our z ∼ 3 QSOs with X-ray observations of QSOs at z > 4 from literature or archives, we find a correlation of αox with optical luminosity. This is consistent with the fact that the luminosity function slope of the luminous end of the X-ray-selected QSOs is steeper than that of optically selected QSOs. We discuss an upper limit to the redshift dependence of αox using a Monte Carlo simulation. Within the current statistical errors, including the derived limits on the redshift dependence of αox, we found that the behaviors of the X-ray and optically selected QSO number densities are consistent with each other.
VLSI Implementation of a Scalable Pipeline MMSE MIMO Detector for a 4×4 MIMO-OFDM Receiver

MIMO-OFDM performs signal detection on a subcarrier basis which requires high speed computation in MIMO detection due to its large computational cost. Conventional designs in a MIMO detector increase processing time in proportion to the number of subcarriers and have difficulty in real-time processing for large numbers of subcarriers. A complete pipeline MMSE MIMO detector presented in our previous work can provide high speed computation. However, it tends to be excessive in a circuit scale for small numbers of subcarriers. We propose a new scalable architecture to reduce circuit scale by adjusting the number of iterative operations according to various types of OFDM system. The proposed detector has reduced circuit area to about 1/2 to 1/7 in the previous design with providing acceptable latency time.
The Krebs cycle meets the cell cycle: Mitochondria and the G1–S transition

To those of us who grew up in the 1950s, life used to be simple. Weaned on Leave it to Beaver and Ozzie and Harriet, it seemed that everyone had a prespecified job: Dad went to the office, Mom baked cookies, and the kids went to school. Surprisingly, although most cell biologists view themselves as relatively enlightened, many still continue to view the role of the mitochondria within the framework of a very 1950s paradigm. Yes, it is argued, the mitochondria have a job to do in the cell, but that job merely involves generating the ATP required to power various complex cellular processes such as growth and differentiation. Thankfully, this antiquated notion of mitochondria is slowly giving way to a more nuanced, some would say modern, point of view. The latest impetus for this scientific update is provided by the work of Lippincott-Schwartz and her colleagues in this issue of PNAS (1). Their observations demonstrate a fascinating new role for the mitochondria in the G1–S transition. These results suggest that in the complicated and highly choreographed events surrounding cell-cycle progression mitochondria are not simple bystanders but instead full-fledged participants.
Modeling of video objects in a video databases

In this paper, we present an efficient video data model to represent moving trajectories of video objects and spatiotemporal relationships among the video objects. A video clip is segmented into a set of common appearance intervals (CAIs). A CAI is a time interval that video objects appear together. Transitions among CAIs record the appearance/disappearance of video objects. Depending on the properties of video objects, they are classified as foreground and background video objects. Foreground video objects are further divided into moving video objects and static video objects. Different models are designed to capture these video objects and spatio-temporal relationships among foreground video objects.
Impact of adaptive voltage scaling on aging-aware signoff

Transistor aging due to bias temperature instability (BTI) is a major reliability concern in sub-32nm technology. Aging decreases performance of digital circuits over the entire IC lifetime. To compensate for aging, designs now typically apply adaptive voltage scaling (AVS) to mitigate performance degradation by elevating supply voltage. Varying the supply voltage of a circuit using AVS also causes the BTI degradation to vary over lifetime. This presents a new challenge for margin reduction in conventional signoff methodology, which characterizes timing libraries based on transistor models with pre-calculated BTI degradations for a given IC lifetime. Many works have separately addressed predictive models of BTI and the analysis of AVS, but there is no published work that considers BTI-aware signoff that accounts for the use of AVS during IC lifetime. This motivates us to study how the presence of AVS should affect aging-aware signoff. In this paper, we first simulate and analyze circuit performance degradation due to BTI in the presence of AVS. Based on our observations, we propose a rule-of-thumb for chip designers to characterize an aging-derated standard-cell timing library that accounts for the impact of AVS. According to our experimental results, this aging-aware signoff approach avoids both overestimation and underestimation of aging - either of which results in power or area penalty - in AVS enabled systems.
Atg16l1 is required for autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and protection of mice from Salmonella infection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal epithelial cells aid in mucosal defense by providing a physical barrier against entry of pathogenic bacteria and secreting antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Autophagy is an important component of immune homeostasis. However, little is known about its role in specific cell types during bacterial infection in vivo. We investigated the role of autophagy in the response of intestinal epithelial and antigen-presenting cells to Salmonella infection in mice. METHODS We generated mice deficient in Atg16l1 in epithelial cells (Atg16l1(f/f) × Villin-cre) or CD11c(+) cells (Atg16l1(f/f) × CD11c-cre); these mice were used to assess cell type-specific antibacterial autophagy. All responses were compared with Atg16l1(f/f) mice (controls). Mice were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium; cecum and small-intestine tissues were collected for immunofluorescence, histology, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses of cytokines and AMPs. Modulators of autophagy were screened to evaluate their effects on antibacterial responses in human epithelial cells. RESULTS Autophagy was induced in small intestine and cecum after infection with S typhimurium, and required Atg16l1. S typhimurium colocalized with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (Map1lc3b or LC3) in the intestinal epithelium of control mice but not in Atg16l1(f/f) × Villin-cre mice. Atg16l1(f/f) × Villin-cre mice also had fewer Paneth cells and abnormal granule morphology, leading to reduced expression of AMPs. Consistent with these defective immune responses, Atg16l1(f/f) × Villin-cre mice had increased inflammation and systemic translocation of bacteria compared with control mice. In contrast, we observed few differences between Atg16l1(f/f) × CD11c-cre and control mice. Trifluoperazine promoted autophagy and bacterial clearance in HeLa cells; these effects were reduced upon knockdown of ATG16L1. CONCLUSIONS Atg16l1 regulates autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and is required for bacterial clearance. It also is required to prevent systemic infection of mice with enteric bacteria.
Robust markov decision processes with uncertain transition matrices

Optimal solutions to Markov decision problems may be very sensitive with respect to the state transition probabilities. In many practical problems, the estimation of these probabilities is far from accurate. Hence, estimation errors are limiting factors in applying Markov decision processes to real-world problems. We consider a robust control problem for a finite-state, finite-action Markov decision process, where uncertainty on the transition matrices is described in terms of possibly non-convex sets. We show that perfect duality holds for this problem, and that as a consequence, it can be solved with a variant of the classical dynamic programming algorithm, the “robust dynamic programming” algorithm. We show that a particular choice of the uncertainty sets, involving likelihood regions or entropy bounds, leads to both a statistically accurate representation of uncertainty, and a complexity of the robust recursion that is almost the same as that of the classical recursion. Hence, robustness can be added at practically no extra computing cost. We derive similar results for other uncertainty sets, including one with a finite number of possible values for the transition matrices. We describe in a practical path planning example the benefits of using a robust strategy instead of the classical optimal strategy; even if the uncertainty level is only crudely guessed, the robust strategy yields a much better worst-case expected travel time.
Models for Epilepsy and Epileptogenesis: Report from the NIH Workshop, Bethesda, Maryland

Summary: Purpose: The workshop explored the current problems, needs, and potential usefulness of existing methods of discovery of new therapies to treat epilepsy patients. Resistance to medical therapy (pharmacoresistance) and the development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) are recognized as two of the major problems in epilepsy treatment today. At the same time, there is growing awareness that the development of new therapies has slowed, a trend that has economic and scientific roots. To move toward new and more effective therapies, novel approaches to therapy discovery are needed.
Self-training Algorithm for Channel Selection in P 300-Based BCI Speller

In this paper, we address the important problem of channel selection for a P300-based brain computer interface (BCI) speller system in the situation of insufficient training data with labels. An iterative semi-supervised support vector machine (SVM) is proposed for time segment selection as well as classification, in which both labeled training data and unlabeled test data are utilized. The performance of our algorithm has been evaluated through the analysis of a P300 dataset provided by BCI Competition 2005. The results show that our algorithm for channel selection and classification achieves satisfactory performance, meanwhile it can significantly reduce the training effort of the system.
A Novel Approach to Design a 4-Bit Binary Comparator Circuit with Reversible Logic using CDSM Gate

In the recent scenario of microelectronic industry, the reversible logic is considered as the burgeonic technology for digital circuit designing. It deals with the aim to generate digital circuits with zero power loss characteristics. Optical computing, Nanotechnology, Low power CMOS design and Digital Signal Processing DSP processors are leading areas of development with the concept of reversible logic. Researchers have already proposed various subsystems of the computer for the creation of low power loss devices with the help of numerous available reversible logic gates. Here in this paper, the authors have proposed a new reversible gate named as CDSM gate with 4×4 size. This CDSM gate is used to design optimized 4-bit binary comparator. The optimization is improved as compared to the existing designs based on some significant performance parameters such as total number of gates, garbage outputs generated, constant inputs and quantum cost. Comparators are widely used in various computing applications such as counters, convertor, Central Processing Unit CPU and control circuits etc. The comparator circuits using reversible logic can be visualized as a low power loss subsystem for the development of improved digital systems.
The Selective Pressures That Led to the Rarity of Venomous Mammals

Mammals are not typically thought of as being venomous, yet venom is present in four orders: Monotremata (platypuses and echidnas), Eulipotyphla (shrews and solenodons), Chiroptera (bats), and Primates. Of the monotremes, only the male platypus is venomous, and unlike the other three orders, it envenomates through a hindlimb spur. The other three orders have venoms carried in salivary or other oral secretions and deliver them by biting or licking. Some Eulipotyphlans possess grooved teeth for venom delivery, which helps venom evolution be traced across their phylogeny. In Chiroptera, venom is restricted to the vampire bats for use in feeding, and in primates only certain lorises are venomous. Given the distant relationships in species between the orders, and the variety of environments each lives in, it is highly unlikely venom evolved only once. Instead, it is far more likely that venom evolved multiple times, with each order having its own specific reason. The emergence and retention of venom in mammals have a variety of hypotheses which are discussed and debated below. A particularly interesting case is that of the slow loris, which may have evolved venom for Müllerian mimicry with the spectacled cobra, a venomous species of snake.
Identifying the Communities in the Metabolic Network Using 'Component' Definition and Girvan-Newman Algorithm

Modularization on the metabolic network can help to determine the relationship between community in network and network stability and evolutionary process. In this paper, we selected seven kinds of thermophiles and 7 kinds of mesophiles as the research objects, and constructed their metabolic networks using Pajek algorithm. Next, "component" definition and Girvan-Newman algorithm are used to identify the communities in the metabolic networks. The results showed that ratios of module number to node number are 15.71% and 16.90% respectively in thermophiles metabolic networks, while ratios of module number to node number are 17.61% and 19.79% respectively in mesophiles metabolic networks. The effects of these two methods of modularization show that modular degree in thermophiles is higher than in mesophiles. The minimum of Q function is 0.88, which means the performance of Girvan-Newman algorithm is better to identify communities. In addition, from the number of nodes in communities, we can deduce that the density in thermophilic bacteria metabolic network is larger than in mesophilic bacteria metabolic network.