Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human impacts on suspended sediment and turbidity in the River Murray, South Eastern Australia: Multiple lines of evidence

European settlement has led to increased loads of fine suspended sediment (SS) entering the River Murray, Australia's largest, and arguably, most important river. The River Murray's anthropogenic sediment history can be divided into four periods with varying source areas, sediment loads, and seasonal patterns. The Aboriginal period (before 1840) was characterized by clear water at summer low‐flows in the River Murray and its southern tributaries, with more sediment coming from the northern catchment than the southern, and the Darling River being turbid at all flows. There is little evidence that Aboriginal burning resulted in any measurable increase in SS. SS loads peaked in the 1870s and 1880s (the gold and gully period, 1850–1930) as valley floors were incised by gullies (mostly in northern tributaries), and gold sluicing flushed huge amounts of sludge into southern tributaries. Sedimentation in wetlands and on floodplains increased by 2–10 times in this period, and the biota in wetlands switched from clear water to turbid water communities. In the hiatus period (1930–1960) sediment supply from gullies and gold mining waned and low flow SS concentrations returned to low levels. Dam construction through the 1960s and 1970s (the regulation period, 1960 on) disconnected the River Murray from catchment derived sediment. Despite this, SS levels increased again: now largely derived from instream sources including bank erosion from long duration summer irrigation flows, the spread of bottom‐feeding carp (Cyprinus carpio), and wave erosion from boats. Erosion switched from winter to summer dominated. Significant investment in securing water for the environment in the Murray‐Darling Basin could be complemented by addressing in‐channel sediment sources in the River Murray itself to reduce turbidity. Overall, European era SS concentrations remain relatively low with small sediment delivery to the ocean (0.1 Mt per annum), despite high catchment erosion rates. This is due to poor sediment delivery efficiency through the low‐gradient landscape.
Dislocation density reduction in (101 ̅1 ̅) GaN at a high temperature using tri-halide vapor phase epitaxy

The dependence of growth temperature for the epitaxial films grown by tri-halide vapor phase epitaxy (THVPE) on the crystal characteristics, such as the surface morphology, the full width at half maximum (FWHM), the threading dislocation density (TDD), the impurity concentration, and the photoluminescence (PL) was investigated. The epitaxial films grown at relatively high growth temperature of 1300-1350 °C showed that the crystal quality, such as FWHM and TDD retained that for the used substrate. The near-band-edge emission for PL for 1300-1350 °C growth showed lager intensities due to low nonradiative recombination center (NRC). Moreover, the epitaxial growth on the supercritical acidic ammonia technology (SCAAT™) substrate was demonstrated. The TDD was as low as 2 × 104 cm-2, which indicated that the epilayer grown by THVPE retained the superior crystal quality of SCAAT™.
Dominant Strategies of Patient Visiting in Selected Intensive Care Units in Iran

Background: Positive outcomes of visiting have been supported in many studies. In Iran, the results of studies showed the imple-mentationof restrictedvisitingpoliciesinmostintensivecareunits(ICUs). However,medicalstaﬀof ICUs,especiallynursesclaimed to address the needs of patients and their families. Objectives: Thisstudyaimedtoexplainthestrategiesemployedinthecontextof restrictedpoliciestoaddresstheneedsof patients and their relatives. Methods: Adescriptivequalitativestudywithanapproachof thematicanalysiswasused. Tennurses,sixheadnurses,andtwophysi-cians participated in the research through purposeful sampling. Most of the data were collected using individual semi-structured interviews,butobservationandrelateddocumentrevisionwerealsoused. ThemethodintroducedbyBraunandClarke(2006)was used to analyze the data. Results: Three categories emerged, including “visual visiting”, “mini visiting” and “individualized visiting”, which are employed with respect to the conditions of the ward and patients, staﬀ approaches and policies adopted at the hospital level. Conclusions: The dominant strategies of visiting in selected ICUs in Iran were explained. It seems that given all the situations in-cludingspecialculturaltraitsof Iranianpeople,individualizedvisitingisthemostsuitablestrategytobringaboutpositiveimpacts of visiting on the process of physical and mental recovery of ICU patients while it is necessary that decisions be made separately in each ward and for each patient.
Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing

Significance An established theoretical model, predictive coding, states that the brain is constantly building models (signifying changing predictions) of the environment. The brain does this by forming predictions and signaling sensory inputs which deviate from predictions (“prediction errors”). Various hypotheses exist about how predictive coding could be implemented in the brain. We recorded neural spiking and oscillations with laminar resolution in a network of cortical areas as monkeys performed a working memory task with changing stimulus predictability. Predictability modulated the patterns of feedforward/feedback flow, cortical layers, and oscillations used to process a visual stimulus. These data support the theory of predictive coding but suggest an alternate model for its neural implementation: predictive routing. In predictive coding, experience generates predictions that attenuate the feeding forward of predicted stimuli while passing forward unpredicted “errors. ” Different models have suggested distinct cortical layers, and rhythms implement predictive coding. We recorded spikes and local field potentials from laminar electrodes in five cortical areas (visual area 4 [V4], lateral intraparietal [LIP], posterior parietal area 7A, frontal eye field [FEF], and prefrontal cortex [PFC]) while monkeys performed a task that modulated visual stimulus predictability. During predictable blocks, there was enhanced alpha (8 to 14 Hz) or beta (15 to 30 Hz) power in all areas during stimulus processing and prestimulus beta (15 to 30 Hz) functional connectivity in deep layers of PFC to the other areas. Unpredictable stimuli were associated with increases in spiking and in gamma-band (40 to 90 Hz) power/connectivity that fed forward up the cortical hierarchy via superficial-layer cortex. Power and spiking modulation by predictability was stimulus specific. Alpha/beta power in LIP, FEF, and PFC inhibited spiking in deep layers of V4. Area 7A uniquely showed increases in high-beta (∼22 to 28 Hz) power/connectivity to unpredictable stimuli. These results motivate a conceptual model, predictive routing. It suggests that predictive coding may be implemented via lower-frequency alpha/beta rhythms that “prepare” pathways processing-predicted inputs by inhibiting feedforward gamma rhythms and associated spiking.
A Study on the Socio demographic Profile of the Attendees at the ICTC of Institute of Medical Sciences BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) counseling and testing services are a key entry point to the prevention of HIV infection and to the treatment and care of the people who are infected with HIV. The Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre (ICTC) services are a cost effective intervention in the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Aims: To study the socio demographic characteristics of the attendees at the ICTC centre. Material and Methods: Setting – ICTC of Institutes of Medical Sciences BHU, Varanasi, Study Design: A cross-sectional, record based study, Study duration: The study population included 41159 clients who attended the ICTC centres from January 2009 to December 2011. Results: An overall 12.85% of the ICTC attendees were HIV Seropositive subjects. During 2009 to 2011. i.e. during past 3 years total males tested for HIV at the ICTC were 23326, out of which 3202 were HIV+ve showing positivity rate of 13.7%, while total females tested were 16671 out of which 2063 were HIV+ve showing positivity rate of about 12.4%. Consecutively in the last three years maximum load of patients was from the age groups 35-49 years (19.13%) followed by 25-34 years (15.4%). Conclusion: People’s attitudes towards HIV are changing after the introduction of the ICTC, which plays a major role in the primary and secondary prevention of HIV. There is a more urgent need for the introduction of interventional measures like sex education and preventive education among the general population
Teacher Mentoring in Service of Preservice Teachers’ Learning to Teach: Conceptual Bases, Characteristics, and Challenges for Teacher Education Reform

Preservice teacher education programs worldwide are increasingly becoming field based with student teaching as the capstone experience for preservice teacher learning in the program. Consequently, mentor teachers at field-placement program schools are bestowed with new and unique functions to support preservice teachers’ learning to teach, which calls for new conceptualizations of teacher mentoring approaches. This article critically examines the theoretical underpinnings of four existing approaches to teacher mentoring during student teaching, analyzes the focuses and practices associated with each approach, and identifies the major challenges that each approach faces in guiding preservice teachers to learn to teach as expected by the field based teacher education reforms. Finally, it proposes an integrated approach to teacher mentoring for field-based teacher education that transcends the four existing teacher mentoring approaches.
‘Top-Down’ Pronunciation Teaching Revisited

The concept of ‘top-down’ pronunciation teaching is revisited after 30 years, when my article ‘Teaching Pronunciation from the Top Down’ was published by RELC Journal. The notion of ‘top-down’ teaching of pronunciation is reviewed as presented in the original article and then reconsidered in the light of matters of identity, multilingualism, imitation and empathy, and contextualized teaching of pronunciation.
Coordinating a Green Agri-Food Supply Chain with Revenue-Sharing Contracts Considering Retailers’ Green Marketing Efforts

Serious environmental issues have drawn the attention of the agricultural sector. Consumers’ concerns about their personal health and food safety have stimulated the demand for green agri-food, which has also made it important to focus on the green agri-food supply chain to improve the food quality and reduce the associated environmental concerns. This paper discusses coordination issues of the green agri-food supply chain under the background of farmers’ green farming and retailers’ green marketing, and the impact of a revenue-sharing contract on key decisions of supply chain participants. On the basis of the two-echelon green agri-food supply chain composed of a farmer and a retailer, a revenue-sharing contract was established that takes the cost of farmer’s green farming and retailer’s green marketing into account. Through the comparison of the model results, it is concluded that the revenue-sharing contract is beneficial to not only increase the greening level, but also improve both the farmer’s profit and the retailer’s profit. Moreover, the effectiveness of the revenue-sharing contract is positively correlated with consumers’ sensitivity to the greening level. Finally, the conclusion is verified by numerical simulation and some management suggestions are given.
Does board gender diversity influence dividend policy? Evidence from France

Prior research shows that board gender diversity helps improve board quality and effectiveness. Using a sample of French companies, we find that board gender diversity leads to a stronger probability for firm to pay dividends as well as to larger dividends. Our results are consistent with the notion that female directors improve the monitoring function of the board, thereby forcing managers to disgorge more cash out in the form of larger dividends. The free cash flow problem is mitigated as larger dividends reduce the free cash flow left inside the firm that could be exploited by opportunistic managers.
An Experimental Study of Longitudinal Incisional Grooves in a Mixed Bedrock–Alluvial Channel

Natural bedrock rivers have various bedforms created by erosion. Flow‐parallel incisional grooves formed longitudinally in bedrock are one common example of such bedforms. Although several studies have been conducted regarding these grooves, their formation processes are not well understood. In this study, we conducted a flume experiment to investigate the relationship between the flow structure and longitudinal grooves. The experimental results strongly suggest that longitudinal grooves are formed by moving sediment concentrated in multiple longitudinal pathways by turbulence‐driven secondary flows. The sediment preferentially abrades the bedrock along these flow‐parallel pathways resulting in longitudinal grooves in the bedrock. Measurements of the flow velocity distribution show that the positions of secondary flow cells producing the initial formation of the grooves are altered by the formation of those grooves. Because displaced secondary flows tend to make the sediment collide with the sidewalls of the longitudinal grooves, the grooves grow wider over time and some grooves partially combine with other adjacent grooves. The initial maximum number of longitudinal grooves Nmax strongly depends on the river width‐depth ratio B/D, which defines the number of secondary flow cells, and can be expressed as Nmax = 0.5B/D. However, because some grooves coalesce with other grooves due to the effects of the displacement of secondary flows, the average number of grooves showed a relationship that can be expressed as N = 0.41B/D. Based on this relationship, we inversely estimated the flow discharge of the Abashiri River using the number of longitudinal grooves observed in the river. The result was consistent with the observed annual maximum flow discharge of the river. This suggests that the number of longitudinal grooves can be used as an indicator for estimation of the formative flow discharge in bedrock rivers.
Hypoxia and thermal tolerance in New Zealand triplefin fishes

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Evaluation of the Benefits of Parametric Human Body Model Morphing for Prediction of Injury to Elderly Occupants in Side Impact

Recently developed Human Body Model (HBM) morphing methods using parametric representative target geometries have enabled morphing of a baseline HBM to many anthropometries, including elderly females. This study investigated the potential benefits for thoracic injury risk prediction of parametric morphing of a HBM. A baseline HBM was morphed to match the subject-specific geometry of two elderly female post mortem human subjects (PMHS) in two steps. First, parametric morphing was performed using target geometries representative of the PMHS’s sex, age, stature and mass. In the second step, the parametrically morphed models were further personalized by morphing to subject-specific skeletal geometry and external torso shape. Side-impact sled tests conducted with these PMHS were recreated by means of simulations with the baseline and morphed HBMs. Results showed that the parametrically morphed models showed improved correlation with PMHS kinematics compared with the baseline HBM predictions and performed as well as the further personalized models. Both parametric and personalized HBMs failed to predict the PMHS chestband deflection magnitudes and predicted no risk for rib fractures. In contrast, both PMHS sustained multiple fractured ribs during testing. In conclusion, parametric HBM morphing alone improved prediction of individual kinematics, but neither morphing method improved individual injury risk prediction.
Competition, Competitiveness and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

Does greater product market competition improve external competitiveness and growth? This paper examines this question by using country-and firm-level data for a sample of 39 sub-Saharan African countries over 2000–17, as well as other emerging market economies and developing countries, and finds that an improvement in domestic competition is associated with a signficant increase in real GDP per capita growth rate, achieved mainly through an improvement in export competitiveness and productivity growth. Price levels, including of essential items, are also generally lowered with an increase in competition. Moreover, at the firm-level, evidence shows that greater competition—proxied through a decline in corporate market power—is associated with an increase in firm’s investment and the labor’s share in output. These effects are more pronounced in the manufacturing sector and among domestic firms compared to foreign firms.
Somatic and Physical Characteristics of Adolescent Female Volleyball Teams at Different Success Levels

Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare anthropometric characteristics and physical performance of girl volleyball players who are adolescent girls aged around 14 years old, and participated in national championships with different success levels. The subjects of the study consisted of 60 volunteering girl volleyball players. Anthropometric measures were used for anthropometric and somatotype characteristics. Hand strength test, leg and back strength test, flexibility, knee-bend sit-up, vertical jump test, 20,-meter sprint test and bruce test for maximal oxygen consumption were used for measuring physical performance. As a result, the endomorphy values of the 2nd group’s players were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the 1st group’s volleyball players. The new regression formula developed from this study is as follows: % fat=0.126(thight skf.) + 0.626(triceps skf.) – 0.637(biceps skf.) + 0.955(BMI) – 13.144 (R=0.836 and SEE=1.33%). Successful girl volleyball players had a dominant somatotype profile, ectomorph structure, and lower ratio of body fat.
Social Media and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from Chinese Time-Use Survey

Social media has profoundly reshaped the way people obtain and exchange information. Recently, concerns have been raised on its adverse impacts on people’s subjective well-being. Using a large and representative sample of Chinese individuals, we explore the effects of social media browsing and social media communication on users' life satisfaction. The results show that while social media browsing has a strong negative impact on users’ subjective well-being, there is no significant impact generated by social media communication. The relative income and social comparison mainly drive the result. The negative impact of social media browsing is more pronounced for low-income people than for high-income people. The latter is influenced more by updates shared by their friends, while the former is influenced more by news from public sources. Our results do not support other possible mechanisms like information cocoons or information fragmentation.
Using HCAHPS data to model correlates of medication understanding at hospital discharge

Background: Hospitals are challenged to improve hospital transitions to home and are held accountable through public reporting. Design: This cross-sectional study used patients’ self-reported experience data from the publicly reported Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey to describe correlates of medication understanding at hospital discharge, using data collected from adult patients discharged from one Midwestern community hospital (N = 154). Results: The final logistic regression model included four correlates of medication understanding: 1) nurse always communicates well, 2) physician always communicates well, 3) new prescriptions during hospital stay, and 4) very good or better mental health, and these classified 72.6% of the cases. Significant correlates of the patient strongly agreeing that they understood discharge medications were the “nurse always communicates well” (odds ratio = 3.10, 95% confidence interval: 1.25, 7.66) and “very good or better self-perceived mental health” (odds ratio = 2.17, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 4.64). Conclusion: HCAHPS data can be used to model correlates of medication understanding, which are then useful for evaluating intervention effects following quality improvement.
EFFECTS OF CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM BARK EXTRACT ON NOCICEPTION AND ANXIETY LIKE BEHAVIOR IN MICE

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ) bark in the experimental models of pain and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Methods: The extract of CZ bark was administered at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, per orally (p.o) and morphine used as a positive control for pain models, was administered at the dose of 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.). Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using three experimental animal models of pain, namely, tail flick, hot plate, and formalin test. Elevated plus maze test was used to assess the effect on anxiety-like behavior. Rotarod apparatus and actophotometer were used to test muscle coordination and locomotor activity, respectively. Results: Administration of CZ bark extract in the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significantly increased in the tail-flick latency and latency to reaction time in hot plate test as compared to the control group. In the first phase (0–5 min) of the formalin test, a significant reduction in the pain response was found in CZ (200 and 400 mg/kg) and morphine-treated groups, however during the second phase (30–35 min) significant reduction in formalin-induced pain response was observed in 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg CZ extract-treated group when compared to control group. CZ extract administration at 200 and 400 mg/kg dose caused a significant increase in the percentage of time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Results suggest that CZ bark extract possesses the antinociceptive activity and modulates anxiety-like behavior.
CEO Turnover, Network Effects, and Firm Performance

This study applies network and organizational theory to examine the effect of CEO turnover on firms’ accounting performance and market performance in both the short-term and the long-term. In addition, this study investigates the moderating role of network effects using cluster analysis.Using a system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation of panel data obtained from Compustat and S&P’s Execucomp database, this study finds that firms with frequent CEO turnover are less likely to have superior performance, in the long-term. This study also finds that firms that have CEO turnover are more likely to have better accounting performance over the short-term, but less likely to have superior market performance. In addition, this study found that network effects moderate the relationship between CEO turnover and firm performance, and generally play an opposite moderating role between the long-term and the short-term.This study contributes to the research by providing new insights of CEO turnover effects on firm performance and investigating the moderation effects of network structure on firm performance. The findings in this study also provide practical suggestions for firms that have frequent changes of CEO.