Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Employment Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples in the United States: Evidence from a Field Experiment

We conducted an audit study - a resume correspondence experiment - to measure discrimination in hiring faced by Indigenous Peoples in the United States (Native Americans, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians). We sent employers 13,516 realistic resumes of Indigenous or white applications for common jobs in 11 cities. We signalled Indigenous status in one of four different ways. Interview offer rates do not differ by race, which holds after an extensive battery of robustness checks. We discuss multiple concerns such as the saliency of signals, selection of cities and occupations, and labour market tightness that could affect the results of our audit study and those of others. We also conduct decompositions of wages, unemployment rates, unemployment durations, and employment durations to explore if discrimination might exist in contexts outside our experiment. We conclude by highlighting the essential tests and considerations that are important for future audit studies, regardless of if they find discrimination or not. typos in the letter, better cover and two occupation-specific skills), gender, resume sending order, and volunteer experience. the regular controls the graduation randomize the month of the oldest job the gap (in job 3 and job 2, the gap between job 2 and 1, the duration of the volunteer experience (in months), and indicator variables for the naming structure for the resume, the version of the e-mail script, the formatting of the e-mail, the structure of the in the e-mail, the greeting the e-mail, the structure of the e-mail, the of e-mail signature, domain We tested for β 2 α ( β α (2) and found that these were not statistically different, with a p-value of 0.2830 (0.9186).
Biomass measurements and relationships with Landsat‐7/ETM+ and JERS‐1/SAR data over Canada's western sub‐arctic and low arctic

Information on biomass distribution is needed to estimate GHG emissions and removals from land use changes in Canada's north for UNFCCC reporting. This paper reports aboveground biomass measurements along the Dempster Highway transect in 2004, and around Yellowknife and the Lupin Gold Mine in 2005. The measured aboveground biomass ranges are 10–100 t ha−1 for woodlands, 1–100 t ha−1 for shrub sites, and 0.5–10 t ha−1 for grass/herbs sites. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of measurements is 21%, and the median absolute percentage error (MedAPE) is 14%. The combination of JERS backscatter and Landsat TM4/TM5 gives the best biomass equation for the Dempster Highway transect, with r 2 = 0.72 when using a one‐step approach (i.e. using all points) and 0.78 when using a two‐step approach (i.e. stratifying data into three classes: grass, shrub, and woodlands). The two‐step approach reduces the MedAPE from 53% to 33%. The validation against Yellowknife & Lupin data indicates that the equations have good transferability. The improvement of two‐step approach over the one‐step approach, however, is not significant for the validation dataset, suggesting that the one‐step approach is as good as the two‐step approach when applied over areas outside where the equations are developed. The relationships and error analysis of this study, as well as the final estimate of GHG emission/removal over Canada's north have been incorporated into Canada's 2006 UNFCCC report.
Snow and glacier melt contribution in the Beas River at Pandoh Dam, Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract The water balance approach was used to estimate the average contribution of snow- and glacier-melt runoff in the annual flow of the Beas River at Pandoh Dam. About 45% of the basin area is covered by snow during winter and about 15% remains covered by perpetual snow and glaciers. Snowand glacier-melt contribution was estimated by computing the other components, i.e. rainfall, runoff and losses through evaporation, of the water balance equation. The total water budget of the basin was calculated for a period of 15 years (1990–2004). Total rainfall input to the basin was computed using available records of rainfall. The total volume of flow for the above-mentioned period was computed using measured discharge data of the Beas River at Pandoh Dam. Evapotranspiration losses from the basin were estimated only from the snow-free area, considering evaporation losses from the snowcovered area as negligible. The results of the analysis show that the snow- and glacier-melt runoff contributes about 35% to the annual flow of the Beas River at Pandoh Dam.
Validation of optical remote sensing measurement strategies applied to industrial gas emissions

In May 2004 a field campaign was conducted at a power plant in Spain, aiming to validate the use of a miniaturized, fibre‐optic, ultraviolet, differential optical absorption spectrometer (mini‐DOAS) for sulfur dioxide (SO2) flux quantification. Emissions were determined by integrating the total number of molecules in a vertical cross‐section of the gas plume, and multiplying them by the wind component at plume height. Calculated wind data were compared with balloon soundings. Plume height, computed from a tomographic reconstruction of the plume, was compared with stereo‐photogrammetric methods and a plume rise model. Finally, SO2 fluxes were compared to emissions reported by the power station. Although the meteorological conditions during the field campaign were adverse, with large fluctuations in wind speed and wind direction, the optical measurements performed proved to be practically feasible and compared well with the techniques used for validation. SO2 fluxes derived by the mini‐DOAS were within 7% of those reported by the power station.
Trace element indicators of the genesis of the Rhum layered intrusion, Inner Hebrides

Synopsis Almost constant concentration of nickel in cumulus olivine crystals taken from the bases and tops of many of the macrorhythmic units of Rhum indicates that a large volume of magma, if predominantly liquid, was needed to produce each unit. Some units represent less than 2 per cent by mass of a liquid parent magma. Rare earth element concentrations in cumulus plagioclases indicate that the parent magma was enriched in the light relative to the heavy rare earths. The estimated rare earth abundance pattern of the parent magma suggests that the melt was produced from a small amount of partial melting of upper mantle material.
Osteochondritis dissecans occurring in the patella and medial femoral condyle in the same knee Ayni dizde patella ve medial femoral kondilde görülen osteokondritis dissekans

Osteokondritis dissekans (OKD) eklem kikirdaginin, al- tindaki subkondral kemikle birlikte kemikten ayrildigi bir durumdur. Klasik yerlesimi medial femoral kondil- dir. Bu yazida, ayni dizde hem medial femoral kondilde hem de patellada OKD tanisi konan 14 yasinda bir erkek hasta sunuldu. Hasta, spor yaptiktan sonra sol dizinde or- taya cikan agri, sislik ve takilma sikayetleriyle basvurdu. Manyetik rezonans goruntulemede patelladaki lezyonun parcali oldugu ve tam ayrildigi, instabiliteye neden oldugu gorulerek artroskopik cerrahi tedavi planlandi. Kondiler lezyona in situ tespit, patelladaki lezyona ise debridman uygulandi. Altinci ay kontrolunde hastanin eklem hareket acikligi tam idi, patellar ogutme testi ile bir miktar agri oldugu goruldu. Anahtar sozcukler: Artroskopi; debridman; diz eklemi/cerra- hi; osteokondritis dissekans/cerrahi; patella/cerrahi. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a condition in which a portion of articular cartilage separates from the bone to- gether with the underlying subchondral bone. Its classical localization is the medial femoral condyle. We presented a 14-year-old boy who had OCD lesions in both the me- dial femoral condyle and patella in the same knee joint. He presented with complaints of pain, swelling, and locking following sports activities. Magnetic resonance imaging showed completely detached loose bodies causing insta- bility. Arthroscopic treatment was performed including in situ fixation of the condylar lesion and debridement of patellar lesions. At six-month follow-up, he had full range of motion of the knee joint, with some pain in the patellar grind test.
Acid sulfate alteration of fluorapatite, basaltic glass and olivine by hydrothermal vapors and fluids: Implications for fumarolic activity and secondary phosphate phases in sulfate‐rich Paso Robles soil at Gusev Crater, Mars

Phosphate‐rich rocks and a nearby phosphate‐rich soil, Paso Robles, were analyzed in Gusev Crater, Mars, by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and interpreted to be highly altered, possibly by hydrothermal or fumarolic alteration of primary, phosphate‐rich material. To test mineral phases resulting from such alteration, we performed hydrothermal acid‐vapor and acid‐fluid experiments on olivine (Ol), fluorapatite (Ap), and basaltic glass (Gl) as single phases and a mixture of phases. Minerals formed include Ca‐, Al‐, Fe‐ and Mg‐sulfates with different hydration states (anhydrite, bassanite, gypsum; alunogen; hexahydrite, and pentahydrite). Phosphate‐bearing minerals formed included monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) (acid‐vapor and acid‐fluid alteration of fluorapatite only) and ferrian giniite (acid‐fluid alteration of the Ol + Gl + Ap mixture). MCP is likely present in Paso Robles if primary Ca‐phosphate minerals reacted with sulfuric acid with little transport of phosphate. Under fluid:rock ratios allowing transport of phosphate, a ferric phosphate phase such as ferrian giniite might form instead. Mössbauer measurements of ferrian giniite‐bearing alteration products and synthetic ferrian giniite are consistent with Spirit's Mössbauer measurements of the ferric‐bearing phase in Paso Robes soil, but are also consistent with ferric sulfate phases in the low‐P soil Arad_Samra. Therefore, Mössbauer data alone do not constrain the fluid:rock ratio. However, the excess iron (hematite) in Paso Robles soil, which implies aqueous transport, combined with our laboratory experiments, suggest acid‐sulfate alteration in a hydrothermal (fumarolic) environment at fluid:rock ratios sufficient to allow dissolution, transport, and precipitation of secondary chemical components including a ferric phosphate such as ferrian giniite.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage

The method of washing out whole lungs with physiologic saline under general anesthesia to remove accumulated material from the air spaces has been used as a therapeutic procedure for many years, for example, in cases of alveolar proteinosis, cystic fibrosis, and asthma. When it was recognized that the wash fluids also contain many cells presumably from the air spaces, a small volume lavage modification was developed for use with fiberoptic bronchoscopy, namely, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). This has provided a minimally invasive, safe procedure conducted under local anesthesia to investigate these free cells from the lungs and the changes that occur with inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage has been widely applied to study the interstitial lung diseases. It provides information on inflammatory cells which complements that given by lung biopsy, because it can be safely repeated at reasonable intervals and the viable cells obtained can be studied functionally as well as morphologically. The method has proved to be one of the most important new advances in studies of pulmonary inflammation. The purpose of this article is to give an outline review of the technique, the range of cells in BAL, and the current place of BAL in the clinical investigation, diagnosis, and management of interstitial lung diseases. The research value of BAL to explore pathogenetic mechanisms is unquestionable but will be mentioned only briefly, since it is covered in detail in other articles in this issue.
The Pacific Exploratory Mission‐West Phase B: February‐March, 1994

The NASA Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West) is a major component of the East Asia/North Pacific Regional Study (APARE), a project within the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Program. The broad objectives of the PEM-West/APARE initiative are to study chemical processes and long-range transport of atmospheric trace species over the north-west Pacific Ocean and to estimate the magnitude of the human impact on these species over this region. The first phase of PEM-West (PEM-West A) was conducted in September-October 1991, a period characterized by minimum outflow from the Asian continent. The second phase of this mission, PEM-West B, was conducted during February-March 1994, a period characterized by enhanced outflow from the Asian continent. Both field campaigns of PEM-West included intensive airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosols from the NASA DC-8 aircraft coordinated with measurements at surface sites. This paper reports the experimental design for PEM-West B and provides a brief summary of the salient results of the PEM-West B campaign with particular emphases on the difference/similarities between phases A and B. Results from the two campaigns clearly quantify, from a trace gas perspective, the seasonal differences in the continental outflow that were qualitatively anticipated based upon meteorological considerations, and show the impact of major meteorological features within the region on the quality of tropospheric air over the North Pacific Ocean regions. The PEM-West database provides a “baseline” tool by which future assessments of a continuing impact of Asian emissions on remote Pacific regions can be judged. [These data are currently available through the Global Troposhperic Experiment Data Archive at NASA's Langley Research Center (http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov) and the Langley Distributed Archive Center (http://eosdis.larc.nasa.gov)].
Variations in tropical cyclone precipitation in Texas (1950 to 2009)

Spatial and temporal variations of tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) in Texas are examined using 60 years of precipitation data from Cooperative Observing Network gages (1950 to 2009). An automated extraction method is used to identify TCP. Texas receives an average of 123.5 mm of TCP/year, which is ~13% of the state's mean annual precipitation. September is the month with the most TCP with an average of 18.5 mm. As expected, TCP generally deceases as you move inland. Long‐term trends (>50 years) in TCP are evident at some locations, but there are no statistically significant long‐term trends in aggregated annual TCP metrics for Texas. Despite the lack of long‐term trends, TCP metrics show some spectral power at periodicities of ~2‐3 years, ~5‐8 years, and >10 years. Areas within 400 km of the coast have higher risk of extreme daily TCP (>100 mm), but inland Texas can also occasionally experience extreme TCP. In some areas in southeastern Texas the probability of receiving >100 mm of daily TCP in any given year is ~0.30 (i.e., daily TCP exceeds 100 mm, on average, 1 out every 3 years).
Demografia y cambio social en Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina) 700-1535 d. C.

Based on the consideration ofchanges in land use and seítlement structure, this paper discusses demographic, economic, and political changcs that took place, in Quebrada de Humahuaca and its área ofinfluence between ca. 7000 and ¡535 A.D. The analysis of the relationship among dimensions of change indicates that and adaptationist argument cannot explain the evolutionary trajectory during this period. It Is suggested that a progressive developmení of an endemic state of warfare throughout the period could explain the process. (*) CON1CET Instituto Intcrdisciplinario Tilcara (UBA). Universidad Nacional de Jujuy.
River-Forced Estuarine Plumes

Abstract The development, maintenance, and dissipation of river-forced estuarine plumes with and without seaward sloping bottom are studied by use of a three-dimensional, primitive-equation model. Inside the estuary, discussion is focused on how the Coriolis force induces lateral asymmetries in the circulation. Four physical processes dictate the transient as well as the quasi-steady circulation in moderately stratified estuaries: 1) upper-layer convergence during the transient spinup phase, 2) upward entrainment leading to the two-layer steady circulation pattern, 3) upward stretching of the lower-layer vortex during the spindown period, and 4) in the presence of a seaward bottom slope, the left-bounded tendency of the landward undercurrent for all phases of development. Deviations from the laterally averaged circulation pattern caused by these processes are discussed. Over the shelf, various types of plumes are defined according to the visual appearance of the surface salinity field. The four types of p.
Fire and mud: eruptions and lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines

Fire and Mud is a comprehensive document of the awakening of a volcano after a 500-year sleep. Its 62 technical papers tell the scientific and human story of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo and the events surrounding it.Second in size this century only to an eruption in Katmai, Alaska, in 1912, and ten times larger than the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980, Pinatubo's eruption threatened the lives of a million people. A giant ash cloud rose 35 kilometers into the sky and hot blasts seared the countryside, a more serious disaster was averted by timely, accurate warnings. Philippine authorities were able to evacuate 60,000 people from the slopes and valleys, and the American military evacuated 18,000 personnel and their dependents from Clark Air Base below the mountain -- thus saving many thousands of lives and an estimated billion dollars in property and making this the most successful case of volcanic hazards mitigation in history.In this impressive volume, volcanologists and other experts from 10 countries explore the precursors, processes, and products of the eruption, as well as record-setting erosion and lahars (volcanic mudflows) that followed. Nearly half of what the eruption deposited on Pinatubo's slopes has now been eroded and dumped, in repeated rounds of terror, on villages at the foot or the volcano. The eruption also injected so much sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere that the global climate was cooled for about two years.Volcanologists and civil defense officials will consult this book for years to come as they seek to understand large eruptions and to protect communities at risk from long-dormant volcanoes. Scholars and students will find here aninterdisciplinary view of a fascinating, incredibly dynamic geologic system. Others with a modest technical background and interest in volcanoes will find many individual essays of interest.
Effective electro-optic modulation in low-loss graphene-plasmonic slot waveguides

Surface plasmon polaritons enable light concentration within subwavelength regions, opening thereby new avenues for miniaturizing the device and strengthening light-matter interactions. Here we realize effective electro-optic modulation in low-loss plasmonic waveguides with the aid of graphene, and the devices are fully integrated in the silicon-on-insulator platform. By advantageously exploiting low-loss plasmonic slot-waveguide modes, which weakly leak into a substrate while feature strong fields within the two-layer-graphene covered slots in metal, we successfully achieve a tunability of 0.13 dB/um for our fabricated graphene-plasmonic waveguide devices with extremely low insertion loss, which outperforms previously reported graphene-plasmonic devices. Our results highlight the potential of graphene plasmonic leaky-mode hybrid waveguides to realized active ultra-compact devices for optoelectronic applications.
Measuring and modeling thermal conductivity of gas hydrate‐bearing sand

[1] Effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of both tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methane hydrate-bearing sandy porous media was measured by the Hot Disk Thermal Constant Analyser. Thermal conductivity of methane hydrate is 0.575 W m−1 K−1 at 0°C and 6.6 MPa (methane gas pressure), which is close to THF hydrate's 0.51 W m−1 K−1 at 0°C and 0.1 MPa (atmosphere pressure). However, the measured 1 W m−1 K−1 ETC of methane hydrate-bearing sand is significantly lower than that of THF hydrate-bearing sand at ∼2 W m−1 K−1. This is because the methane hydrate formed with a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution in sand at our laboratory has a “wall creeping” growth characteristic and consequently a large part of the pores were filled with methane free gas. ETCs of sand containing gas hydrates were also calculated using a renormalization method. The process involves sample partitioning, labeling, initial value assignments, and renormalization calculations. A Monte Carlo analysis was applied to sample laboratory-scale gas hydrate-bearing sand assemblies. We found that the renormalization modeling results agreed well with measured ETCs when each photo of a 1.3 mm × 1.3 mm subsample was divided into 16 or more blocks.
Blade technology in the Aurignacian and Gravettian of Geissenklosterle Cave, Southwest Germany

Abstract This cave has produced a series of Aurignacian and Gravettian levels. In each case, numerous artefact refits between different archaeological layers indicate that strong post‐depositional disturbances took place, whose exact nature is as yet unexplored. The technological information provided by the refits points to marked differences in both the raw material selection and the blade production processes for the two technocomplexes, Aurignacian and Gravettian, and these are enumerated and discussed. Other Upper Palaeolithic sites where artefact refits have been extensively studied are briefly considered, and certain refinements in blade technology introduced by the Magdalenians, both in the Paris basin and in Southwest Germany, are noted.
Stratigraphic and structural connectivity

Abstract The connectivity of a reservoir to a well-bore represents a fundamental initial condition for drainage of an oil or gas field. The size of the static connected volume is a function of the stratigraphic and structural architecture of the reservoir. The most important stratigraphic factor affecting connectivity is a net-to-gross threshold which determines whether a reservoir is highly or poorly connected. Other stratigraphic factors affecting connectivity are those that impact the reservoir dimensionality (for example, compartmentalizing continuous mudstones or parallel channel deposits) and the size of geobodies relative to the total reservoir size. Structural compartmentalization may cause fault compartments that are too small in volume to support reservoir connectivity: as the size of the geobodies approaches compartment size, connectivity is typically less predictable. Static connected volumes alone do not predict flow performance, but are a component in predicting flow performance. To more completely address predictions of flow performance, dynamic connectivity is sometimes considered. However, dynamic connectivity, which is dependent on fluid type, permeability heterogeneity, time and other factors, confuses connectivity with tortuosity and sweep- and displacement-efficiency and is probably best avoided. Finally a connectivity flow diagram is proposed as a guide to help formulate key questions concerning uncertain reservoir parameters affecting reservoir connectivity.