Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WHO EMRO | Salt intake and its sources in children, adolescents and adults in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Background: There is little evidence about salt intake and its food sources in the Iranian population, especially in children and adolescents. Aims: To investigate salt intake and dietary sources in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014–2015. We randomly selected 1384 adults (50.3% female, 49.7% male) aged > 18 years [mean 37.9 (10.6) years], and 786 children and adolescents (50.9% male, 49.1% female) aged 618 years [mean 12.5 (3.4) years]. All participants underwent a dietary assessment for salt intake, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: The total salt intake was 10.9 (3.4) g/day in adults and 10.3 (2.9) g/day in children and adolescents. Added salt was the primary source of salt intake, followed by bread and cheese in both groups. Salt intake was related significantly to being younger, male, a smoker, less educated and physically active in the adult group. In children and adolescents, it was significantly associated with increasing age, male sex, low physical activity and parents’ education level (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Salt intake in Isfahan was more than twice that recommended by the World Health Organization. The main source of sodium was added salt, followed bread and cheese. Future national studies are warranted to assess the dietary salt intake and its main sources in different provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Factors Affecting Red Pigment Production by Local Fungal Isolate of Penicillium sp.

There are a great interest in replacing synthetic pigments with another healthier which obtained from natural sources, especially microbial pigments. In this study Penicillium sp. was isolated from soil sample and noticed its capability to produce red pigment on potato dextrose agar plates. The factors affecting pigment production in submerged culture were studied to determine the best conditions using potato dextrose broth as a basal medium. Mannitol was found to be the best carbon source which folded the production about 5 times comparing with dextrose. Nitrogen sources reduced pigment production although they increase growth yield. Biomass and red pigment production were found to be not directly associated. The highest production of red pigment (21.08 OD490) by Penicillium Sp. was obtained at 24° C, pH 6.5 with 1% (w/v) mannitol as a carbon source inoculated with 1 ml of 10 spore/ml after 6 days of incubation.
The effect of using context- based learning strategy REACT on developing secondary stage students’ achievement in grammar, motivation and the transfer of learning on their oral performance

The current study aimed to determine the effect of using contextbased strategy REACT on developing secondary stage students’ achievement in grammar, motivation and the transfer of learning on their oral performance. The grammar lessons in the first secondary grade students’ textbook for the first term were used, the teacher’s guide and the student’s worksheet were prepared. A grammar achievement test, a motivation questionnaire and an oral performance test were prepared as well. The study had two groups: one experimental group and one control group (first secondary grade students). The tools of the study were pre administrated to both the experimental group and control group. The prepared grammar lessons were introduced according to the steps of the context-based strategy REACT. The tools were post administered to the experimental group and the control group. The obtained data from the pre and post administration of the tools were analyzed. The statistical analysis of the data showed a large effect of the contextbased strategy (REACT) on developing secondary stage students’ achievement in grammar, motivation and a positive transfer of learning on the oral performance of the experimental group students.
Students’ Paraphrasing Skill in the Literature Review Section of Research Proposal

The issue of paraphrasing as textual borrowing in writing an academic paper draws the researcher’s attention to explore the paraphrasing skill of six English Department students, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, specifically in the literature review section of research proposal. In response to this concern, a qualitative research will be carried out. The finding revealed that among six students, three are able to execute moderate revision and the other three only produce near copy. This emerges from the difference of these students’ paraphrasing output regarding to the aspects in producing a qualified paraphrasing namely the sufficient knowledge of paraphrasing, the capability in analytic reading and its correlation in applying paraphrasing strategy, and also the citation mechanic. Therefore, the finding suggests the necessity to expand students’ concept about paraphrasing in reviewing literature by improving their skill with guidance from related institutions. Moreover, it is recommended to undertake further research about paraphrasing in wider scope due to investigate possible issues related to paraphrasing and the other textual borrowing mechanics.
Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Baobab, Amaranthus and Tiger Nut during a Hot-dry Season

This study investigated effects of baobab pulp (Adansonia digitata), Amaranthus hybridus and tiger nut (Cyperus esculenthus) on growth performance, cost-benefit indices and nutrient retention of heat-stressed broilers. The test ingredients were crude sources of vitamins A, C and E functioning as anti-stress for broilers during a hot-dry season. A total of 240 unsexed broiler chicks were used for the study in a completely randomized design (CRD), which lasted for 8 weeks. The birds were allotted to six treatments (each contained 40 chicks) of four replicates each. Test ingredients were included in the starter and finisher diets at 1%. Diet 1 (T1) served as the control. T2, T3, T4 and T5 Original Research Article Egbewande et al.; AJRAVS, 1(1): 1-8, 2018; Article no.AJRAVS. 39587 2 contained synthetic vitamin C, baobab pulp, amaranthus and tiger nut seed respectively. T6 contained 0.3% each of baobab, amaranthus and tiger nut. Results from the study revealed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the performance indices and the nutrient retained by the birds. Broiler chickens fed baobab pulp (crude source of vitamin C, T3) had significantly more profit (P<0.05), better final body weight (P<0.05) and crude protein retention (P<0.05) than those fed amaranthus (T4), tiger nut (T5) and the mixture of the test ingredients (T6). Feed conversion ratio was at the best (1.58) in T3 while T5 gave the worst (1.64) at 4 th week. Birds fed T1 gave the best (1.07) feed conversion ratio while T4 had the worst (1.26) at 8 th week. T2, T3 and T5 had the least (10%) mortality compared with those fed control diet (T1), amaranthus (T4) and the mixture (T6). In conclusion, the study showed that baobab pulp could replace synthetic vitamin C as antioxidant based on growth performance of broilers and its accrued profitability during a hot-dry season in the tropics.
Effects of swear words in a foreign language in advertising

Today, marketers are challenged to advertise in an increasingly cluttered media space (de Pelsmacker, Geuens & van den Bergh, 2013), which means creative advertising strategies are needed to appeal to consumers. Moreover, taking into account the rise of English as a global lingua franca, marketers also need to decide whether it may be useful to use English in advertisements outside of the Anglophone market. In particular, the emotional intensity with which consumers receive English advertisements when this is not their native language should be considered (Puntoni, de Langhe & van Osselaer, 2008). The present study combined these two current issues and examined a particular shock appeal, namely swearwords, in foreign language advertisements and its effects on consumers’ attitude towards the ad, purchase intention as well as perceptions of offensiveness, credibility and honesty. An online questionnaire with fictitious advertisements was used to conduct the experiment, in which 136 native German speakers participated. The findings revealed that swearwords affected participants’ perceptions of offensiveness, irrespective of the language of the ad. Since swearwords did not appear to influence participants’ responses in any other way, the findings suggest that this shock appeal is not a particularly effective strategy for influencing consumer responses to advertisements.
Electrochemical Studies of Nitrate-Induced Pitting in Carbon Steel

The phenomenon of pitting in carbon steel exposed to alkaline solutions of nitrate and chloride was studied with the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization technique. Open-circuit and pitting potentials were measured on specimens of ASTM A537 carbon steel in pH 9.73 salt solutions at 40 degrees Celsius, with and without the inhibiting nitrite ion present. Nitrate is not so aggressive a pitting agent as is chloride. Both nitrate and chloride did induce passive breakdown and pitting in nitrite-free solutions, but the carbon steel retained passivity in solutions with 0.11-M nitrite even at a nitrate concentration of 2.2 M.
Risk Assessment of Aluminum Residue in Drinking Water of Residents in Sandakan, Sabah

Objective: To assess the risk of aluminum residue exposure in drinking water of residents of Batu 7, Sandakan. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the health risk associated with the exposure to aluminum in drinking water among population. The study population comprised of male and female respondents, aged 18 and above whom use treated water as their main source of drinking water. A total of 100 respondents were involved in this study. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results: There was significant relationship between aluminum and pH levels of drinking water samples in the study area. There was significant difference between aluminum levels in drinking water with National Standards for Drinking Water Quality. There was no health risk of aluminum exposure among respondents, with HI<1. Conclusion: The mean of aluminum concentration was 1.03 mg/L in this study exceed the national standard of 0.2 mg/L by 5 folds, leaving a significant difference between drinking water sample and the upper safe limit. However, the Hazard Index calculated from the findings did not exceed 1. This showed that the study area was considered safe from having risk related to nervous systems, even though the aluminum concentration exceeded the upper safe limit.
Evaluation of Host Stinging Behavior of the Larval Ectoparasitoid Diglyphus isaea on Some Selected Host Plants

Background: In parasitoid insects, beside parasitism, there are two other behaviors that may increase leaf miner mortality: Feeding on the host (host feeding) and, host penalization without oviposition or feeding (host stinging). Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate (host stinging) behavior of the larval ectoparasitoid D. isaea in field on some selected host plants. Methods: The present study was carried out in Alejelat region. Four selected host plants were studied, chick pea (Cicer arietinum) and broad bean (Vecia faba) as a Winter host plants and, Cow pea (Vigna unguiculate) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were selected as summer host plants during the growing seasons 2018 and 2019. Samples were kept in plastic bags and transferred to be examined in the laboratory. Number of living L. trifolii larvae, and number of killed larvae according to feeding (no oviposition) by D. isaea were counted and recorded. Results: On cow pea host stung larvae recorded (156 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets) occurred in 10 of August, with (r = +0.69**) between host stung larvae and the population of L. trifolii Original Research Article Elkhouly et al.; AJAAR, 14(3): 27-33, 2020; Article no.AJAAR. 62346 28 recorded). On kidney bean host stung larvae recorded (101 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets) occurred in 24 th of August, with (r = + 0.85**) value between host stung larvae and the population of L. trifolii recorded. On the other hand, the percentage of host stung larvae ranged between (5.67% and 28.22%) and (15.88% and 42.30%) for cow pea and kidney bean respectively. On broad bean host stung larvae recorded (159 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets), with (r = +0.59*) between host stung larvae and the population of L. trifolii . On chick pea host stung larvae recorded (82 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets) with (r = +0.20 ns ) between host stung larvae and the population of L. trifolii. On the other hand, percentages of host stung larvae ranged between (8.45% and 36.60%) and (21.80% and 87.65%) for broad bean and chick pea respectively. Conclusion: The highest percentage of host stung larvae recorded on chick pea 44.65% followed by kidney bean 24.21%, broad bean 18.45% and cow pea 12.97% respectively. On the other hand, the correlation coefficient value (r) between numbers of L. trifolii larvae and, host stung larvae recorded the highest on kidney bean +0.85** followed by cow pea +0.69**, Broad bean +0.59* and Chick pea +0.20 ns respectively.
ST. MARY’S UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF TRADE OPENNESS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EAST AFRICA: PANNAL DATA ANALYSIS BY FETENE SHIMELIS MAMO

v CHAPTER ONE . 1 1.1 Background of the Study . 1 1.2. Statement of the problem . 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study . 4 1.3. 1. General objective . 4 1.3. 2 Specific Objectives . 4 1.4 Research Questions . 4 1.5 Hypothesis. 4 1.6 Significance of the Study . 5 1.7 The Scope and Limitation of the Study . 5 1.8 Organization of the Study . 6 CHAPTER TWO . 7 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE’S . 7 2.1Introduction . 7 2.2 Conceptual Definition of trade openness . 7 2.3 Economic growth theories . 8 2.3. 1 Classical Theory of Economic Growth . 8 2.3. 2Keynessian Theory of Economic Growth . 8 2.3. 3Neoclassical Growth Theory . 9
Theory of Mind, Executive Functions, and Syntax in Bilingual Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Impairments in Theory of Mind (ToM) are a core feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ToM may be enhanced by various factors, including bilingualism, executive functions (EF), and complex syntax. This work investigates the language-cognition interface in ASD by exploring whether ToM can be enhanced by bilingualism, whether such ToM boosts would be due to EF or syntax, and whether routes to mentalizing would differ between bilinguals and monolinguals on the spectrum. Twenty-seven monolingual Greek-speaking and twenty-nine bilingual Albanian-Greek children with ASD were tested on ToM reasoning in verbal and low-verbal ToM tasks, an executive function 2-back task, and a sentence repetition task. Results revealed that bilingual children with ASD performed better than monolinguals with ASD in the low-verbal ToM and the 2-back tasks. In the sentence repetition task, bilinguals scored higher than monolinguals in complex sentences, and specifically in adverbials and relatives. Regarding the relations between ToM, EF, and sentence repetition, the monolingual group’s performance in the verbal ToM tasks was associated with complement syntax, whereas, for the bilingual children with ASD, performance in both verbal and low-verbal ToM tasks was associated with EF and adverbial clause repetition. The overall pattern of results suggests that mentalizing may follow distinct pathways across the two groups.
COMPARISON OF THE ROLE OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND ITS IMPACT ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF RICE UNDER SALINE STRESS

A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Jadriya in the summer season of 2018, with the aim of comparing the role of growth regulators in reducing the effect of irrigation with salt water on yield and yield component of rice (Anbar 33). A Randomized Complete Block design was used in the arrangement of split plot distribution with three replicates. The main plots occupied the salinity concentrations of irrigation water (irrigation with river water, 4, 6, and 8 dis m), which is symbolized by S0, S1, S2, and S3 respectively, while growth regulators operated the sub-plots (Naphthalene acetic acid, kinetin, Abscisic acid, Brassinolide, and distilled water) symbolized as NAA, KIN, ABA, BR, and C respectively). All soil and crop management operations have been performed according to the approved scientific recommendations. Results showed the effects of salinity levels are significantly reduce yield trait and its components. The treatment of saline water at salinity level of 8 dis m (S3) did not give the plant any output in the traits of yield and its components, while the salinity level of 6 dis m (S2) significantly affect in decrease the number of active tillers by 44.01%, number of grains per panicle by 29.12%, 1000 grains weight by 39.30%, and total yield by 60.61% compared to the control treatment (S0). Application of growth regulators reduced the negative effect of irrigation water salinity of on yield trait and all yields components of the rice crop. Spraying with NAA growth regulator outperformed the number of active tillers, number of grain in panicles, weight of 1000 seeds, and paddy rice yield increased by 56.59%, 27.36%, 35.47% and 42.25%, respectively. The growth regulators however had a significant effect in reducing the damage of saline water on the studied characteristics, especially in the low salinity levels. Thus, it can be recommended to add NAA to the rice subject to salt stress to improve its yield and its components.
Kitsune

Dynamic software updating (DSU) systems facilitate software updates to running programs, thereby permitting developers to add features and fix bugs without downtime. This article introduces Kitsune, a DSU system for C. Kitsune’s design has three notable features. First, Kitsune updates the whole program, rather than individual functions, using a mechanism that places no restrictions on data representations or allowed compiler optimizations. Second, Kitsune makes the important aspects of updating explicit in the program text, making the program’s semantics easy to understand while minimizing programmer effort. Finally, the programmer can write simple specifications to direct Kitsune to generate code that traverses and transforms old-version state for use by new code; such state transformation is often necessary and is significantly more difficult in prior DSU systems. We have used Kitsune to update six popular, open-source, single- and multithreaded programs and find that few program changes are required to use Kitsune, that it incurs essentially no performance overhead, and that update times are fast.
Genetic diversity of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races based on ITS-rDNA regions

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is the causal agent of anthracnose in common bean. Favorable conditions for this disease might result in up to 100% yield losses. One of the main challenges for common bean producers and breeders still remains the management disease, since this pathogen exhibits a wide genetic variability probably due to its recombination sexual reproduction. The 5·8S gene and the flanking internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of 40 different isolates of C. lindemuthianum collected in Brazil were amplified by PCR, and sequenced in order to determine genetic variability. The results revealed that 46.88% of SNPs were detected in the ITS1 region, while 53.12% of them were located in the ITS2 region. The genetic distance ranged from 0.000 to 0.169 between races. The greatest distance was observed between the races 10 and 73 with a value of 0.169, indicating a wide genetic variability between them. The phylogenetic tree was composed of three groups. Group I had five subgroups. Similar results were also observed through population structure analysis, which revealed the presence of three clusters. These results suggest that sequence analysis of ITS rDNA regions of C. lindemuthianum may be a valuable tool to identify this pathogen through design of specific primers.
Heart Rate Reactivity to Mental Stress in Athlete and Non-Athlete Children

Background. Research suggests that exercise training and/or physical fitness may be associated with lower heart rate reactivity and faster recovery from psychosocial stress. This relationship was rarely studied in children despite the potential protective role of physical activity in stress that may start in early life stages. Methods. In this laboratory investigation we examined 18 athlete and non-athlete children before, during and following exposure to mental stress which consisted of the Stroop Color Word Task and a mental arithmetic task, both distracted by classical music, in a counterbalanced research design. Results. The results based on absolute heart rate measures suggested that athletes exhibited lower heart rates in the stress-anticipation period as well as during the stress period than non-athletes. However, based on relative measures these differences vanished. The two groups of children did not differ in perceived arousal, perceived stressfulness of the mental tasks, and the self-reported feeling states before and after stress. Further, they did not differ in their performance on the two stress-eliciting active-coping tasks as indicated by the number of correct answers. Conclusion. These results appear to suggest that athletic status in children is unrelated to heart rate reactivity and other subjective psychological experiences before, during and after acute psychosocial stress.
ASSESSMENT OF TRAMADOL BLOOD CONCENTRATION IN CASES OF ACUTE TRAMADOL OVERDOSE

Background: Tramadol is a synthetic analgesic drug that has been used for acute and chronic pain. It has a potential risk of addiction and overdoses due to its common illegal abuse. The analgesic effect of tramadol is dose dependent and in medical literature no study evaluates its blood concentrations in overdose and its relation to outcome. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between tramadol blood Level and the different severity grade and outcome in tramadol overdose. Methodology: this study included patients admitted to poisoning control centre Ain Shams University hospitals with tramadol overdose from January 2016 to July 2016. All patients subjected to demographic, clinical, and laboratory evaluation including estimation of tramadol blood level at admission. Results: 91patients included in the study, 67% were due to drug abuse, 39 % of the patients had minor manifestation, 21% had moderate manifestation and 32% had major manifestation. The mortality rate was 8% and all died patients were male and due to abuse. Statistical analysis revealed no relation between tramadol blood Level and severity grade or mortality. Conclusion: the study concluded that tramadol blood level is not a marker for evaluation of severity or the outcome of tramadol overdose and no role for assessment of tramadol blood Level in tramadol overdose.