Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of the production of small eddies from large ones

The connexion between the statistical representation of turbulence and dissipation of energy has been discussed in relation to the decay of the isotropic turbulence which is produced in a wind tunnel by means of regular grids. It was shown that a length λ can be defined which may be taken as a measure of the scale of the small eddies which are responsible for dissipation. This λ can be found by measuring the correlation R y between the indications of two hot wire anemometers set at a distance y apart on a line perpendicular to the axis of the tunnel. Then 1/ λ 2 = Lt y→0 1 - R y / y 2, and the mean rate of dissipation of energy per unit volume is W¯ = 15 μ u 2¯/ λ 2, (1) where u2¯ is the mean of the square of one component of velocity. When turbulence is generated in a wind stream by a grid of regularly spaced bars it may be expected to possess a definite scale proportional to the linear dimensions of the grid. In any complete statistical description of turbulence this scale must be implicitly or explicitly involved. One way in which the scale can be defined is to measure the distance y apart by which the two hot wires must be separated before the correlation between the indications disappears. Another way is to define the scale as l 2 = ∫ y R y d y . (2)
Deconvolution of SWIR reflectance spectra for automatic mineral identification in hyperspectral imaging

ABSTRACT Hyperspectral sensors generally acquire images in the spectral range in more than one hundred contiguous narrow channels with a (deca)metric spatial resolution. Each pixel of the image is thus associated with a continuous spectrum which can be used to identify or map surface minerals. The most powerful algorithms (e.g., USGS (United States Geological Survey) Tetracorder) run with a standardized spectral library, are often supervised and require some expert knowledge. In this paper, we present an original method for mineral identification and mapping. Its originality lies in its fully automatic functioning for the full spectral range, from initialization using spectral derivatives, to spectral deconvolution and mineral identification, with a global approach. The modelling combines exponential Gaussians, a continuum including the fundamental water absorption at and deals with overfitting to keep only the relevant Gaussians. We tested the method in the SWIR (Short-Wave InfraRed, ) and for 14 minerals representative of industrial environments (e.g., quarries, mines, industries). More than 98% of the simulated spectra were correctly identified. When applied to two AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer) images, results were consistent with ground truth data. The method could be improved by extending it to the VNIR (Visible and Near-InfraRed, ) spectral range to include iron oxides and by managing spectral mixtures.
The binding of negative emotional stimuli with spatial information in working memory: A possible role for the episodic buffer

Introduction Remembering where negative events occur has undeniable adaptive value, however, how these memories are formed remains elusive. We investigated the role of working memory subcomponents in binding emotional and visuo-spatial information using an emotional version of the object relocation task (EORT). Methods After displaying black rectangles simultaneously, emotional pictures (from the International Affective Pictures System) appeared sequentially over each rectangle. Participants repositioned the rectangles as accurately as possible after all stimuli had disappeared. During the EORT encoding phase, a verbal trail task was administered concurrently to selectively interfere with the central executive (CE). The immediate post-encoding administration of an object feature-report task was used to interfere with the episodic buffer (EB). Results Only the EB-interfering task prevented the emotion-enhancing effect of negative pictures. The latter effect was not observed with a concurrent executive task. Discussion Overall, our findings suggest that pre-attentive automatic processes are primarily involved in binding emotional and visuo-spatial information in the EB.
Retro-modelling of a dual resonant applicator and accurate dielectric properties of liquid water from −20 °C to +100 °C

A critical analysis is made of literature reports on the dielectric properties of pure water from liquid water supercooled at −20 °C, to +100 °C, in principle in the frequency range 0 to 3 GHz. Measurements using complete multi-step numerical modelling of a dual resonant cavity at about 920 MHz and 2230 MHz are presented. The measured data at about +20 °C are used as reference for the calculation of data at other temperatures. Due to the high resolution and considerations of various error sources, the resulting accuracy becomes high and allows the construction of improved empirical formulae for the Debye relaxation behaviour.
Genetic Determinants of Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium and Their Prevalence in Moscow, Russia

Macrolide (MLR) and fluoroquinolone (FQR) resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) has recently become a major problem worldwide. The available data on the prevalence of MLR and FQR in MG in Russia are limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of mutations in 213 MG-positive urogenital swabs from patients in Moscow between March 2021 and March 2022. MLR- and FQR-associated mutations were searched in 23S rRNA as well as in the parC and gyrA genes using Sanger sequencing. The prevalence of MLR was 55/213 (26%), with A2059G and A2058G substitutions being the two most common variants (36/55, 65%, and 19/55, 35%, respectively). FQR detection showed 17% (37/213); two major variants were D84N (20/37, 54%) and S80I (12/37, 32.4%) and three minor variants were S80N (3/37, 8.1%), D84G (1/37, 2.7%), and D84Y (1/37, 2.7%). Fifteen of the fifty-five MLR cases (27%) simultaneously harbored FQR. This study revealed the high frequency of MLR and FQR. We conclude that the improvement of patient examination algorithms and therapeutic approaches should be combined with the routine monitoring of antibiotic resistance based on the sensitivity profiles presented. Such a complex approach will be essential for restraining the development of treatment resistance in MG.
Persistence of a Wild-Type Virulent Aeromonas hydrophila Isolate in Pond Sediments from Commercial Catfish Ponds: A Laboratory Study

Simple Summary In western Alabama, channel and hybrid catfish farmers must constantly deal with disease outbreaks. Virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh) is a bacterial pathogen responsible for causing high mortality events in farmed catfish. In recent years, vAh outbreaks have become more chronic and recurring. The main topic of this research project is to determine if vAh can persist within a pond environment. An experimental trial was conducted in the laboratory using glass tanks containing submerged sediments from commercial catfish ponds inoculated with live vAh colonies. Over time, the vAh concentration in the sediments was tracked. It was determined that vAh can persist within the sediments for several weeks. This information will be highly important to catfish producers and will hopefully be used to better our understanding of how and why vAh outbreaks occur. Abstract Virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh) is a major bacterial pathogen in the U.S. catfish industry and is responsible for large-scale losses within commercial ponds. Administering antibiotic feeds can effectively treat vAh infections, but it is imperative to discern new approaches and better understand the mechanics of infection for this bacterium. As such, the persistence of vAh in pond sediments was determined by conducting laboratory trials using sediment from four commercial catfish ponds. Twelve chambers contained sterilized sediment, vAh isolate ML-09-119, and 8 L of water maintained at 28 °C and were aerated daily. At 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, and every 7th day post-inoculation for 28 days, 1 g of sediment was removed, and vAh colony forming units (CFU) were enumerated on ampicillin dextrin agar. Viable vAh colonies were present in all sediments at all sampling periods. The vAh growth curve peaked (1.33 ± 0.26 × 109 CFU g−1) at 96 h post-inoculation. The population plateaued between days 14 and 28. No correlations were found between CFU g−1 and physiochemical sediment variables. This study validated the ability of vAh to persist within pond sediments in a laboratory setting. Further research on environmental factors influencing vAh survivability and population dynamics in ponds is needed.
The threshold of effective damping for semilinear wave equations

In this paper, we obtain the global existence of small data solutions to the Cauchy problem utt−Δu+μ1+tut=|u|pu(0,x)=u0(x),ut(0,x)=u1(x) in space dimension n ≥ 1, for p > 1 + 2 ∕ n, where μ is sufficiently large. We obtain estimates for the solution and its energy with the same decay rate of the linear problem. In particular, for μ ≥ 2 + n, the damping term is effective with respect to the L1 − L2 low‐frequency estimates for the solution and its energy. In this case, we may prove global existence in any space dimension n ≥ 3, by assuming smallness of the initial data in some weighted energy space. In space dimension n = 1,2, we only assume smallness of the data in some Sobolev spaces, and we introduce an approach based on fractional Sobolev embedding to improve the threshold for global existence to μ ≥ 5 ∕ 3 in space dimension n = 1 and to μ ≥ 3 in space dimension n = 2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Studies of Scalar Transport and Mixing in a Turbulent Shear Flow

High resolution, multi-sensor, hot/cold-wire measurements were made in passively heated, uniformly sheared turbulence in a wind-tunnel. Measurements were focused on terms that are important for modelling of the scalar probability density function (PDF) equation. Unlike previous studies, which considered a single combination of velocity and scalar fields at a time, in this study three different scalar fields were investigated in the same nearly homogeneous turbulence with three passively superimposed temperature fields, namely a transversely homogeneous temperature field with a uniform mean gradient, and two inhomogeneous temperature fields, the plume of a heated line source and a thermal mixing layer. The use of the same uniformly sheared flow allowed the isolation of the effects of scalar inhomogeneity and initial conditions by evaluating the results in the three scalar fields. Thus, the measurements covered a wide range of scalar field conditions and set the ground for a conclusive comparison. For the homogeneous scalar field, results conformed with the literature: the scalar PDF was essentially Gaussian; the conditional expectations of velocities upon the scalar value were approximately linear; and the conditional expectation of the scalar dissipation rate upon the scalar value was mildly anisotropic and had a shape that was similar to those of any of its three parts, which justifies the use of the streamwise part as a surrogate for the total. All these properties behaved very differently in two inhomogeneous scalar fields, the thermal mixing layer and the plume of a heated line source: the scalar PDFs were distinctly sub-Gaussian; the conditional velocity expectations were non-linear functions of the scalar value; and the conditional scalar dissipation rates were very strongly anisotropic, as well as depending on the scalar value in fashions that differed strongly from those of any of their three parts.
Teacher Reports of Secondary Writing Instruction with Deaf Students

Since students’ writing skills are largely shaped by the quality of instruction they receive, we can learn from what teachers report about their beliefs and approaches to the teaching and learning of writing. This study explores the state of writing instruction at secondary levels with deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students through a mixed-methods approach using a sequential explanatory design. Two hundred and twenty-two teachers responded to a survey about writing instruction, and 10 teachers participated in follow-up focus groups. The findings indicate that the primary difference between the hearing middle and high school student population and the DHH population is experiences of language deprivation, which impact the preparedness of teachers of DHH students, as well as the time and focus of their writing instruction. Teachers reported that American Sign Language/English bilingual instruction was the greatest area of need in research.
Analysis of chaotic mixing in two model systems

We study the chaotic mixing in two periodic model flows, the ‘tendril–whorl’ flow and the ‘Aref-blinking-vortex’ flow, with the objective of supplying evidence for the primary mechanisms responsible for mixing in two-dimensional deterministic flows. The analysis is based on tools of dynamical systems theory but it is clear that the mixing problem generates several questions of its own: low periodic points and horseshoes dominate the picture, since we want to achieve mixing quickly; Poincaré sections, popular in dynamical systems analyses, might give misleading information with regard to dispersion at short times. Our analysis shows that both flows are able to stretch and fold material lines well below the lengthscale of the flows themselves. The inner workings of the two systems are revealed by studying the local and global bifurcations. Computations for the blinking-vortex system indicate the existence of an optimum period at which the average efficiency is maximized, whereas the intensity of segregation – a classical parameter in mixing studies – decays rapidly to an asymptotic value in the globally chaotic region. Even though our flows are not turbulent the results might have some implications for pointing to the limits of similar studies in actual turbulent flows (e.g. line stretching).
Exploring senses of place and belonging in the Finnish, Italian and U.S. craft beer industry: a multiple case study

ABSTRACT This paper explores how microbreweries are engaged within the local communities they serve. It investigates whether the relationship between microbreweries and their home localities is driven by microbreweries’ senses of place and belonging or by market-driven rationales instrumentally promoted through territorial branding strategies. Drawing from earlier literature the paper proposes a typology of microbreweries’ senses of place and belonging based on their place embeddedness and community engagement that functions as the analytical framework for this study. The feasibility of the framework is tested drawing on qualitative data collected via in-depth interviews with representatives of microbreweries in North American and European regions. The data shows that the framework allows for distinguishing between those microbreweries that are highly place embedded and community engaged from those that are not.
Activist Pressure and Firm Compliance with ESG Disclosure Policy: Experimental Evidence from the U.K. Modern Slavery Act

Many corporate ESG disclosure regulations rely on private activist pressure to enforce compliance, but relatively little is known about its effectiveness. We present results from a field experiment testing the effect of various types of pressure from a leading human rights NGO on subsequent corporate compliance with the U.K. Modern Slavery Act of 2015, a law requiring disclosure of actions taken to address human rights issues. Sending firms a letter describing their legal ESG disclosure obligations had an unexpected effect of reducing rather than increasing compliance. This effect was partly mitigated for firms whose letter additionally included a list of already compliant firms, the mitigating effect being greatest when this list of peers was drawn from the same geographic location as the targeted firm.
Does Length of Study Abroad Impact Cultural Intelligence of Dietetics Students?

As the U.S. population becomes more diverse, employers are seeking individuals who can work with people of various cultures. This study sought to answer if international travel, and more specifically study abroad, impacted dietetic students’ cultural intelligence. Over 400 responses from dietetic undergraduate and graduate students were analyzed with hierarchical regression and results showed that traveling abroad, as well as length of study abroad were significantly related to the cultural intelligence of students. The lack of diversity in the profession of dietetics, coupled with our growing global world, demonstrates the need for educators and administrators to ensure dietetic professionals are positioned to meet the diverse needs of their patients and clients. Abstract in Spanish A medida que la población de los Estados Unidos se vuelve más diversa, los empleadores buscan personas que puedan trabajar con personas de diversas culturas. Este estudio buscó responder si los viajes internacionales, y más específicamente los estudios en el extranjero, impactaron en la inteligencia cultural de los estudiantes de dietética. Se analizaron más de 400 respuestas de estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado en dietética con regresión jerárquica y los resultados mostraron que viajar al extranjero, así como la duración de los estudios en el extranjero, estaban significativamente relacionados con la inteligencia cultural de los estudiantes. La falta de diversidad en la profesión de la dietética, junto con nuestro creciente mundo global, demuestra la necesidad de que los educadores y administradores garanticen que los profesionales de la dietética estén posicionados para satisfacer las diversas necesidades de sus pacientes y clientes.
Autonomous Vehicle’s Impact on Traffic: Empirical Evidence From Waymo Open Dataset and Implications From Modelling

Previous empirical behavior analysis on Autonomous Vehicles (AV) mainly focused on vehicles with Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system due to the lack of high-level AV dataset. Recently released SAE Level-4 AV datasets such as the Waymo Open Dataset provide great opportunities to evaluate their behavioral impact on traffic flow. In this study, we aim to characterize the empirical Car Following (CF) behaviors of the Waymo autonomous vehicle and compare its feature with human-driven Vehicles (HV), and capture such behavioral differences using the IDM CF model. Our main findings include: (a) AV is much safer than HV, based on our analysis using surrogate safety measures, as time headways and jam spacings of the AV are significantly larger than HV; (b) the response time of AV is also significantly larger than that of HV in response to various types of stimuli; (c) despite the short length of trajectories in the Waymo Open Dataset, we have confirmed that these trajectories are suitable for calibrating some of the IDM parameters; and the calibration results of IDM are consistent with our empirical analysis. Moreover, the modelling results, reveal that the proportion of string unstable behavior of AV is less than that of HV; and (d) for HV, there is generally no significant difference between following AV and following HV except a smaller jam spacing when following AV. Overall, we conclude that currently AV behaves in a conservative way to ensure its safety at the cost of traffic efficiency.
Can the late bird catch the worm? Ultimate attainment in L2 syntax

According to the Critical Period Hypothesis for second language acquisition a native-like level of proficiency should not be attainable after puberty due to maturational changes in the brain that make people less sensitive to language input. In this dissertation this hypothesis is tested and related to the typological distance between the languages involved. A study is presented in which 43 native speakers of German, French and Turkish participated. They arrived in the Netherlands after the age of twelve and were highly proficient in Dutch. Their performance on a sentence preference test and a sentence imitation task containing dummy subject constructions was compared to that of native speakers of Dutch. The results on these tasks show that there are L2 learners in each L1 group who have reached a native level in L2 grammar after puberty. A comparison of the learners who fell within the native speakers range on the sentence preference task according to our (strict) criteria with the other L2 learners suggests that the role of factors such as input, attending Dutch classes and age of arrival (after puberty) were rather limited. At the same time, there did seem to be a meaningful relation with level of education, proficiency in some other language and pleasure in learning languages. On the basis of these results it was concluded that reaching a native level of proficiency after puberty is possible for constructions that are difficult to learn and for which no explicit knowledge is available. The results thus falsify the CPH. Finally, it was argued that the results with respect to the background characteristics of the L2 learners suggest that factors on which learners can exert most influence seem to play a rather limited role, while something like language aptitude or language awareness seems to play a more important role
Haptic Communication of Language

In this review, the development of communication systems and devices that convey language tactually is examined, first from an historical perspective focusing on the communities who use the tactile modality to substitute for impairments in vision and/or hearing. Then, the more recent developments in wearable tactile communication systems for conveying text and speech to those without sensory impairments are reviewed. The performance of tactile display technology developed for these user communities is discussed in the context of the proficiency achieved by skilled users of natural methods of tactile communication. In tracing the history of tactile devices used to convey language, it is evident that technological advances in other domains, such as screen readers and speech synthesizers for the visually impaired and cochlear implants for those with hearing loss, have had a profound impact on the requirements for effective tactile language systems. For some communities, such as the Deafblind, it is essential that the tactile communication platform is bi-directional so that the user can both send and receive language. Devices developed to address such needs have yet to achieve commercial success. Recent research on wearable tactile displays has highlighted the importance of extensive training for learning and retaining languages presented tactually.