Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Youth in Gangs: Who Is at Risk?

Youth gangs pose a signifi cant challenge for communities across the United States, in urban, suburban, and rural areas alike. Nationwide, 23% of students report the presence of gangs at their schools (Dinkes, Kemp, & Baum, 2009), and approximately 35% of law enforcement agencies indicate gang problems (such as gang-related crime) in their jurisdictions (Egley & O’Donnell, 2009). 1 Self-reported youth surveys show varying estimates of gang membership, from single digits among a national sample of students to about 30% among high-risk youth in large cities (Howell & Egley, 2009).
Sonar bangla? Agricultural growth and agrarian change in West Bengal and Bangladesh.

Introduction - Ben Rogaly, Barbara Harriss-White and Sugata Bose Agricultural Growth and Agrarian Change in West Bengal and Bangladesh PART ONE: AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, POVERTY AND WELL-BEING Agricultural Growth and Agrarian Structure in Bengal - Sugata Bose An Historical Overview Agricultural Growth and Recent Trends in Well-Being in Rural West Bengal - Haris Gazdar and Sunil Sengupta Slowdown in Agricultural Growth in Bangladesh - Richard Palmer-Jones Neither a Good Description nor a Description Good to Give Agricultural Growth Performance in Bangladesh - Quazi Shahabuddin A Note on the Recent Slowdown Why Is Agricultural Growth Uneven? Class and the Agrarian Surplus in Bangladesh - Ben Crow PART TWO: POLICIES AND PRACTICES Agrarian Structure and Agricultural Growth Trends in Bangladesh - Shapan Adnan The Political Economy of Technological Change and Policy Interventions Panchayati Raj and the Changing Micro-Politics of West Bengal - Glyn Williams From Untouchable to Communist - Arild Engelsen Ruud Wealth, Power and Status among Supporters of the Communist Party (Marxist) in Rural West Bengal Politics of Middleness - Dwaipayan Bhattacharyya The Changing Character of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Rural West Bengal (1977-90) PART THREE: CHANGING AGRARIAN STRUCTURES From Farms to Services - Geoffrey D Wood Agricultural Reformation in Bangladesh Institutions, Actors and Strategies in West Bengal's Rural Development - A Study on Irrigation - Neil Webster Dangerous Liaisons? Seasonal Migration and Agrarian Change in West Bengal - Ben Rogaly Agricultural Growth and the Structure and Relations of Agricultural Markets in West Bengal - Barbara Harriss-White
Morphodynamic modeling of the basal boundary of ice cover on brackish lakes

The analysis considers a cold‐region brackish lake that develops an ice cover on its surface in winter. As the ice cover thickens due to freezing, black ice grows on the bottom side. The freezing process excludes the salt from the ice, resulting in an increase in dissolved salt concentration in the lake water just below the bottom of the ice. The density profile in this type of lake is then governed by two opposing factors: the water temperature distribution generally produces a stable stratification, whereas the excess salinity produced by exclusion tends to increase the density of the upper layers of the lake, resulting in an unstable contribution to stratification. Competition between these two factors can lead to unstable density gradients, so an initially motionless lake with a slowly thickening plane ice cover develops a convective flow field. This flow field can then feed back into the evolution of the morphology of the ice cover itself, resulting in a morphodynamic interaction between water and ice. This paper aims at investigating this morphodynamic instability. A mathematical model for the stability of a lake covered with an initially plane ice cover growing in time is proposed here. The results reveal threshold values of the main dimensionless parameters, expressed in the form of Rayleigh numbers, and in particular define a ratio between buoyancy effects and diffusivity that governs neutral stability conditions. When the system is unstable, i.e., for Rayleigh numbers above ~103 depending on the values of the input parameters, the analysis predicts the growth of convective flow circulation cells responsible for the morphodynamic evolution of the ice‐water interface.
Advancing the use of radiocarbon in studies of global and regional carbon cycling with high precision measurements of 14C in CO2 from the Scripps CO2 program

Author(s): Graven, Heather Dawn | Abstract: Measurements of \¹\⁴C in atmospheric CO\₂ have served as a powerful geochemical tracer since the first observation programs began over 50 years ago. As the nuclear weapons tests of the 1950s and 60s caused an enormous perturbation to natural atmospheric \¹\⁴C levels, tracking the response of \¹\⁴C in CO\₂ provided a measure of exchange rates between different regions of the atmosphere and between the troposphere and the ocean surface and terrestrial biosphere. Early measurements of \¹\⁴C/\¹\²C, or [delta]\¹\⁴C, in tree rings provided clear evidence that rising CO\₂ concentrations were due to human activities by revealing the dilution of \¹\⁴C in the atmosphere by the combustion of million year old fossil carbon, a process termed the "Suess Effect". This thesis aimed to continue and expand the use of [delta]\¹\⁴C in atmospheric CO\₂ for investigating carbon cycle dynamics. Since much of the excess \¹\⁴C derived from nuclear weapons testing has been redistributed into oceanic and biospheric reservoirs, trends and gradients in [delta]\¹\⁴C of CO\₂ have diminished to levels that are nearly commensurate with measurement precision at most laboratories. Development of improved methods for [delta]\¹\⁴C analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory advanced measurement uncertainty to 1.7 permil. Application of the improved analytical procedures to an archive of CO\₂ samples from the Scripps CO\₂ Program produced 2-15 year monthly time series of [delta]\¹\⁴C at seven global sampling stations. The high precision observations show variability in the secular trend of [delta]\¹\⁴C that could enable new insights to the climatic influences on CO\₂ exchange. Measurement of a shift in the [delta]\¹\⁴C gradient between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres since the 1980s also places constraints on regional fluxes of carbon, with particular relevance to Southern Ocean dynamics. The measurements presented here contribute significantly to the amount and global coverage of recent [delta]\¹\⁴C observations available to the community. The thesis also demonstrates the application of [delta]\¹\⁴C measurements for identifying fossil fuel- derived CO\₂ in vertical profiles sampled by aircraft. Similar measurements could be used to distinguish regional sources of industrial or biospheric CO\₂ or to investigate the mixing of surface CO\₂ fluxes in the troposphere
Near-Surface Temperature Lapse Rates over Arctic Glaciers and Their Implications for Temperature Downscaling

Distributed glacier surface melt models are often forced using air temperature fields that are either downscaled from climate models or reanalysis, or extrapolated from station measurements. Typically, the downscaling and/or extrapolation are performed using a constanttemperaturelapserate, which is often taken to be the free-air moist adiabatic lapse rate (MALR: 68‐78 Ck m 21 ). To explore the validity of this approach, the authors examined altitudinal gradients in daily mean air temperature along six transects across four glaciers in the Canadian high Arctic. The dataset includes over 58 000 daily averaged temperature measurements from 69 sensors covering the period 1988‐2007. Temperature lapse rates near glacier surfaces vary on bothdailyandseasonaltimescales,areconsistentlylowerthan theMALR(ablation seasonmean:4.98Ckm 21 ), and exhibit strong regional covariance. A significant fraction of the daily variability in lapse rates is associated with changes in free-atmospheric temperatures (higher temperatures 5 lower lapse rates). The temperature fields generated by downscaling point location summit elevation temperatures to the glacier surface using temporally variable lapse rates are a substantial improvement over those generated using the static MALR. Thesefindingssuggestthatlowernear-surfacetemperaturelapseratescanbeexpectedunderawarmingclimate and that the air temperature near the glacier surface is less sensitive to changes in the temperature of the free atmosphere than is generally assumed.
Long-term sustainability of improved sanitation in rural Bangladesh

Sanitation needs are significant in Bangladesh, which is the most densely populated country in the world and one of the poorest. Adding to the challenge, about one-third of Bangladesh experiences annual floods and other parts of the country suffer seasonal water shortages. All of these factors have implications for the ability of rural Bangladeshis to construct and maintain latrines. Improving sanitation is a high priority national policy goal in Bangladesh. The goal of this study is to provide the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and it's in country partners with evidence on what makes sanitation behaviors, facilities, related benefits, and programs sustainable in the Bangladesh context. The study focused on five specific objectives: determine the current status of latrine facilities built pre-and post-(Open Defecation-Free) ODF declaration and sanitation practices; understand the perceived benefits to households and communities from community-wide ODF approaches since declaring ODF status; understand whether programmatic inputs from local and national governments and civil society sanitation programs had been sustained to support communities in maintaining their ODF status and helping the poor obtain access to latrines; understand how the growth or attrition of sanitation products and services has affected the sustainability of sanitation behaviors and facilities and ODF status; and most importantly, understand why households and communities had or had not sustained improved sanitation behaviors since ODF declaration.
Altitude resolved sprite spectra with 3 ms temporal resolution

Altitude resolved sprite spectra have been obtained with an imaging slit spectrograph with 3 ms temporal and ∼3 nm spectral resolution. Spectral coverage is from 640 to 820 nm. The slit was vertical to provide altitude resolution. The observed spectra are exclusively composed of emissions from the N2 first positive (1PG) bands. There are no obvious N2+ Meinel emissions, probably due to a combination of quenching and rapid motion of the streamer heads in which ionization is assumed to take place. The spectral analysis shows that the vibrational population in the upper state of the 1PG bands, N2 B 3Πg state, varies with altitude and is similar to that of laboratory afterglow at high pressure. This result suggests that secondary interactions among excited states created by electron impact may also play a role in exciting the B 3Πg state.
Sustainable management of private and communal lands in Northern Ethiopia.

Land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa reduces the land's potential productivity through soil erosion, nutrient depletion, soil moisture stress, deforestation and overgrazing. Efforts to reverse land degradation require an understanding of why it takes place and what factors govern farmers' willingness to invest in land conservation. These factors differ importantly between private and public lands. This study synthesizes results from analyses of the technological and institutional factors determining the adoption of natural resource conservation at both the household and the community levels in the northern Ethiopian region of Tigray. Using 1995-96 data from 250 Tigray farm household interviews, it first examines private land management, focusing on 1) What factors determine farmer perceptions of the severity and yield impact of soil erosion? 2) Is soil conservation profitable, and if so, then under what conditions? 3) What determines farmers' illingness to invest in soil conservation? Using 1998-99 data from a survey of 100 Tigray villages, it proceeds to examine the management of communal lands (grazing lands and woodlots), focusing on 4) What makes communities engage in collective NRM activities? 5) What determines the ffectiveness of collective NRM? At the household level, results highlight the importance of (1) the physical characteristics of plots and villages in shaping farmer perceptions, (2) the land tenure horizon and access to capital in determining willingness to invest in soil conservation. At the community level, they highlight the importance of population density, agricultural potential, as well as access to markets and external rganizations in determining community collective action and its effectiveness in establishing and managing protected grazing areas and woodlots.
Land use change in a 200‐year period and its effect on blue and green water flow in two Slovenian Mediterranean catchments—lessons for the future

The overexploitation and impairment of our freshwater resources require land management strategies that support the preservation of green and blue water flow and various ecosystem services. Historical landscape analysis and the influential driving factors of landscape development provide an essential basis for tackling current environmental questions in land and water management. Hence, this article investigates the influence of historical land use pattern on the hydrological processes and provision of blue and green water flow and storage for man and ecosystems under current climate conditions. Moreover, we discuss in how far these findings could be used to predict or optimise future land management options or as a reference for future land and water management. We used digitalized historical land use maps from 1787, 1827, 1940 and 1984 and a digital land use map of present situation from 2009 for our study areas, which are two small scale Slovenian catchments (Reka and Dragonja). The integrated river basin model soil and water assessment tool was used to simulate the land use change effects on blue and green water flow. The results showed for both catchments that the influence of land use change on total and green water quantity would be statistically insignificant but would have considerable effects on the seasonal flows. In the Reka catchment, historical situations indicate effects on spring and summer blue and green water flow due to a decreased percentage of forest and an increased percentage of grassland and vineyards in the past. Results for the Dragonja catchment indicate past shift from arable land use to forest as decrease in summer green water flow and increase in blue water flow. Possible effects are also increased levels of blue water flow and decreased levels of green water flow during the growing period of the year. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEASUREMENTS OF TURBULENCE GENERATED BY OSCILLATING GRID

Turbulence generated by a vertically oscillating grid in a water tank was investigated using the digital particle image velocimetry technique. The statistical turbulence characteristics computed based on the experimental data agree well with the two main findings reported in the literature: (1) The turbulence decays following the power law; and (2) the integral length scale increases linearly with the distance from the grid. In addition, the flow structure near the grid was observed in detail with the advantage of the planar measurements. It was found that the velocity fluctuations in the region near the grid vary depending on the grid geometry. The fluctuations immediately over the bar position are significantly different from those over the grid openings. Turbulence with the highest intensity occurs above the intersection of the square bars that constitute the grid. The results imply that shear flow clearly exists near the grid and homogeneity of the turbulence can only be achieved at a distance from the grid greater than about three mesh sizes. In addition, it was found that at least 400 vector maps should be taken to ensure the accuracy of the measured velocity fluctuations.
Observed and modelled record ozone decline over the Arctic during winter/spring 2011

This work describes observational and modelling results of the ozone depletion which took place during the winter/spring of 2011 in the Arctic stratosphere. Assimilated total ozone data from GOME‐2 were used to estimate the integrated ozone mass deficit at polar latitudes and the Oslo CTM2 model calculated low winter/spring ozone values over the Arctic, which compare well with the satellite observations. Model runs with and without chemistry in the Arctic during the winter/spring of 2011 show that the very low Arctic stratospheric air temperatures led to significant chemical ozone loss. The calculated winter/spring ozone mass deficit (O3MD) reached extreme high values in 2011 (2700 Mt) and the seasonal zonal mean total ozone extreme low values of 333DU. Dynamics have set up the conditions for cold temperatures in the lower stratosphere in winter/spring of 2011. Comparison of ozone columns with the previous 13 years shows record low ozone column values during winter/spring in the Arctic in 2011. A comparison is also given with similar model studies for the overall warmer winter/spring of 2010 which show higher ozone column values and significantly less chemical ozone loss. The interannual variability of column ozone over the northern polar region is, as expected, highly correlated with the corresponding year‐to‐year variability of the seasonally‐averaged temperatures in the lower stratosphere.
High dose of green tea infusion normalized spiral artery density in rats treated with the depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea (GT) on the spiral artery density and endometrial thickness in female rats treated with the depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Material and Methods: A total of 24 female rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 each): The control group (no treatment), the DMPA-treated group, treated with DMPA and GT doses of 165 mg/kg of body weight/day, and treated with DMPA and GT doses of 330 mg/kg of body weight/day. Spiral artery density and endometrial thickness were subjected to histopathological analysis. Results: Spiral artery density decreased in the DMPA-treated group, despite the insignificant difference (P > 0.05). With regard to the administration of GT at doses of 165 and 330 mg/g of body weight/day, only GT at the high dose was capable of significantly preventing a decrease in spiral artery density (P < 0.05). At this dose, the spiral arteries achieved a density comparable to that of the control group (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, the administration of DMPA and/or DMPA with GT did not cause significant changes in endometrial thickness relative to the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusions: DMPA induced a decrease in spiral artery density, despite the insignificant differences, and these changes could be normalized by the administration of high doses of GT. Therefore, GT could be a candidate herb to prevent the adverse effects of the contraceptive DMPA.
North Pacific Blue shark stock assessment

The mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment and to conserve and manage coastal and oceanic marine resources and habitats to help meet our Nations economic, social, and environmental needs. As a branch of NOAA, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) conducts or sponsors research and monitoring programs to improve the scientific basis for conservation and management decisions. NMFS strives to make information about the purpose, methods, and results of its scientific studies widely available. NMFS Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS series to achieve timely dissemination of scientific and technical information that is of high quality but inappropriate for publication in the formal peer-reviewed literature. The contents are of broad scope, including technical workshop proceedings, large data compilations, status reports and reviews, lengthy scientific or statistical monographs, and more. NOAA Technical Memoranda published by the PIFSC, although informal, are subjected to extensive review and editing and reflect sound professional work. Accordingly, they may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. ABSTRACT A stock assessment of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) population in the North Pacific was conducted using catch and effort data from commercial longline and large mesh driftnet fisheries from the years 1971 through 2002 as well as small mesh driftnet fisheries operating primarily in the 1980s. Because reporting of shark catch has not been required in these fisheries, which target primarily tunas, a system for identifying the more reliable longline catch reports was utilized. Two different assessment models were utilized, a surplus production model, and an integrated age and spatial structured model tested with a variety of structural assumptions. The two models were found to be in general agreement. The trends in abundance in the production model and all alternate runs of the integrated model show the same pattern of decline in the 1980s followed by recovery to above the level at the start of the time series. The integrated model analyses indicated some probability (around 30%) that biomass at the end of the time series was less than B MSY (overfished) and that there was a lesser probability at that time that fishing mortality was greater than F MSY (overfishing occurring). There was an increasing trend in total effort expended by longline fisheries toward the end of the time series, and this trend may have continued …
Comparison of NCEP/NCAR and ERA‐40 total cloud cover with surface observations over the Tibetan Plateau

The annual and seasonal total cloud cover (TCC) variations in the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau (TP) during 1961–2005 are analysed using 71 surface observational stations. The mean TCC decreases from the southeastern to the northwestern TP, consistent with the patterns of atmospheric moisture in the region. The annual mean TCC shows a significant decreasing trend of −0.09 percent decade−1, mainly contributed by winter. About 65% of the stations show significant downward trends on the annual basis with large trend magnitudes occurring in the central TP. The seasonal patterns confirm the annual patterns in most cases. Compared with the surface observations, both National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis (NCEP/NCAR) (1961–2005) and ERA‐40 (1961–2001) can reproduce the decreasing TCC trends. The shift of TCC before and after the mid‐1980s is obvious in observations and both reanalyses, reflecting the changes of large‐scale atmospheric circulation. However, NCEP/NCAR underestimates and ERA‐40 overestimates observations on the annual and seasonal basis, presumably caused by the different cloud parameterization schemes. A Taylor diagram diagnose summarizes the discrepancies between observations and reanalyses.