Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
12.15 A Scenario Analysis of Climate Change and Ecosystem Services for the Great Barrier Reef

The extent to which nations and regions can actively shape the future or must passively respond to global forces is a topic of relevance to current discourses on climate change, ecosystems services, and human well-being. In Australia, climate change has been identified as the greatest threat to the ecological resilience of the Great Barrier Reef and the multiple ecosystem services it provides, but is exacerbated by regional and local pressures. In this chapter, we discuss previous applications of scenario analysis and describe a case study we undertook to explore how two key uncertainties may influence these threats and their impact on the Great Barrier Reef and adjacent catchment’s ecosystem services in the future. These two uncertainties were whether (1) global development and (2) Australian development are defined and pursued primarily in terms of economic growth or broader concepts of human well-being and environmental sustainability, and, in turn, how climate change is managed and mitigated. We compared the implications of four scenarios for marine and terrestrial ecosystem
Phylogeny of the spiny lobster Panulirus versicolor in Cenderawasih Bay, Papua, Indonesia

The aim of our study was to identify the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of spiny lobster Panulirus versicolor in Cendrawasih Bay, Indonesia and their relationship with P. versicolor lobsters elsewhere in several Pacific and Indian Oceans domains based on the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. We collected tissue samples from five P. versicolor individuals in Cenderawasih Bay. We detected that there were 5 haplotypes with a diversity value of haplotype (Hd) and nucletides (Pi) respectively Hd = 1.000 and nucleotides Pi = 0.00841. Our data show that some P. versicolor individuals from Cenderawasih Bay were closely related to P. versicolor lobsters in other regions of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. We observed the P. versicolor of Cenderawsih Bay form a monophyletic clade with P. versicolor in other part of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean based on the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. As well as the haplotype distribution showed no sample area genetically isolated from the others.
Abundance of waterbirds in the wintering season

This core indicator evaluates the status of abundance of wintering waterbirds in the Baltic Sea region. The wintering waterbirds are considered to reflect good status when at least 75% of the considered species deviate less than 30% downwards (species laying more than one egg per year) or 20% downwards (species laying one egg per year) from the baseline condition during the reference period 1991-2000.
Contribution of parkland agroforestry in supplying fuel wood and its main challenges in Tigray, Northern, Ethiopia

Agroforestry is an aged practice in the Ethiopian farming systems of which parkland trees comprise the large part of agricultural landscapes. It is also the most dominant agroforestry practice in the semi-arid and sub-humid zones of Ethiopia. However, there is lack of research based evidence that shows the contribution of parkland agroforestry on fulfilling households’ fuel wood demand and towards improving the smallholder farmers’ livelihood. Hence, the main objective of this study was to assess the role of parkland agroforestry practice on fulfilling households’ fuel wood demand, improving livelihood and to identify the main constraint. Primary data was collected from actual field measurement and questionnaire based face to face interview with randomly drawn 138 parkland agroforestry user and non-user. Guided field observations, interview with key informants and focused group discussion were also conducted. About 108.56 ton (79.2%) annual fuel wood consumption was harvested from the parkland trees; whereas the non-parkland agroforestry households were mainly dependent on the surrounding natural forests to meet their fuel wood demand. The Propensity Score Matching model result indicated that there was significant difference (p<0.05) among the parkland agroforestry introduced and non-introduced households on the time they spent to collect fuel wood and income. Parkland agroforestry plays a crucial role in the households’ livelihood improvement (for example, income) and also to stabilize the pressure on local forests. However, the major challenges faced to improve the parkland agroforestry practice are farmland distance, free grazing, farmland size, general prohibition of fire wood selling, lack of farmers’ awareness, lack of extension support and dry climatic condition. Therefore, to enhance the multiple benefits of the parkland agroforestry, the main constraints that hinder the sustainability of the parkland agroforestry should be addressed. Key words: Agroforestry, fuel wood, livelihood, household, local forest, parkland.
First molecular characterization of the facultative myiasis agent Eristalis tenax in Turkey using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA barcoding sequences

This report is the first molecular characterization of the facultative myiasis agent Eristalis tenax collected from cattle barns in Kayseri province of Central Anatolia, Turkey. A total of 10 adult fly specimens were included in the study. All flies were identified as female adults of E. tenax by morphologic characteristics under a stereomicroscope. The barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 CO1 gene was amplified with PCR from the genomic DNA extracts of E. tenax specimens for molecular identification and phylogenetic analyses. There was no polymorphism among the CO1 sequences of all isolates leading to the detection of a single haplotype for E. tenax. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities in the CO1 data set comprised of the sequence of the detected haplotype and the published sequences of E. tenax from different countries in GenBank were determined as 0.775 and 0.002, respectively. The newly characterized haplotype in this study clustered with the haplotypes from Australia and Canada in a monophyletic clade and exhibited a 100.0% identity to the Australian E. tenax isolate JN991985 . Interspecific genetic differences between E. tenax and other Eristalis species were in the range of 5.7% to 7.9%.
Perverse Sheaves Learning Seminar: Derived Categories and its Applications to Sheaves

De nition 1.1. Let Ch(A ) be the category of chain complexes in A . Objects in this category are chain complexes A•, which is a sequence of objects and morphisms in A of the form · · · −→ Ai−1 d i−1 −→ A d i −→ A −→ · · · satisfying d ◦ di−1 = 0 for every i ∈ Z. A morphism f : A• → B• between two complexes is a collection of morphisms f = (f i : A → B)i∈Z in A such that f i+1 ◦ dA = dB ◦ f i for every i ∈ Z. De nition 1.2. A chain complex A• is said to be bounded above if there is an integer N such that A = 0 for all i > N . Similarly, A• is said to be bounded below if there is an integer N such that A = 0 for all i < N . A• is said to be bounded if it is bounded above and bounded below. Let Ch−(A ) (resp. Ch(A ), Ch(A )) denote the full subcategory of Ch(A ) consisting of boundedabove (resp. bounded-below, bounded) complexes. Let Ch◦(A ) denote any of the four categories above. For a complex A•, let [1] : Ch(A ) → Ch(A ) denote the shift functor where A[1] = Ai−1. De nition 1.3. A quasi-isomorphism in Ch(A ) is a chain map f : A• → B• such that the induced maps H(f) : H(A)→ H(B) are isomorphisms for all n.
The Time Diversification Puzzle: A Survey

Since Samuelson’s (1969) theoretical proof that risk and time are unrelated, a half century of debate and controversy has ensued, leaving time diversification as one of the most enduring puzzles of modern finance. The most conspicuous aspect of the debate is the questionable assumptions that underlie much of the analysis. Thus we are left with an unsatisfying debate conducted in a paradigm where terminal wealth is usually a function only of returns, and where time-weighted measures are assumed to adequately evaluate performance. This paper reviews the major streams in the time diversification literature and argues that more realistic analysis using defensible assumptions is likely to lead to better prescriptions for improved retirement investing.
Clinicopathological and immunohistological profile of infiltrating ductal carcinoma breast in a tertiary care centre of western UP- A study of 100 cases

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cause of death of women worldwide and it is the most common malignancy in Indian females followed by carcinoma cervix. Diagnosis involves various modalities like clinical examination, radiological investigations, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathological examination. Recently, immunohistochemistry (IHC), is becoming a standard methodology in pathology laboratories worldwide. IHC provides substantial information with regard to diagnosis, therapeutic prediction and prognosis of breast cancer. Therefore, hormonal studies evaluating the status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Human epidermal growth factor-2 (Her2 neu) have become a part and parcel of the histopathology reporting. Materials and Methods: Present study included 100 cases of Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) breast diagnosed in mastectomy specimens received in department to Pathology, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly between July 2014 to June 2017. Other histological variants were excluded from the study. Various parameters including age, site, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, histopathological grading, hormone receptor status namely ER, PR and Her2 neu were studied. The histological grade was correlated with the hormone receptor status. Results: Majority patients belonged to the age group of 41-50 years (34%). Most of the carcinomas were of Bloom Richardson grade II (73%). In terms of the IHC profile, majority were ER/PR negative and Her2 neu positive (45%). Conclusion: Breast carcinoma should be studied in all respects in order to understand its behaviour. Additionally, immunohistopathological studies should be carried out in all cases in order to obtain predictive and prognostic information. Keywords: Breast Carcinoma, Grade, Hormone receptor, Bloom Richardson.
Magnitude And Associated Factors Of Induced Abortion Among Regular Undergraduate Students Of Dilla University

Abortion is a major public health problem of the world. Sub Saharan Africa specifically suffers 14 % of maternal death due to unsafe abortion. Ethiopia as part of this region, estimated to have 3.27 million pregnancies every year, of which approximately 500,000 end in either spontaneous or unsafely induced abortion. Youth are among the segment of the population with large burden of induced abortion which is unsafe one. Having this fact in mind this study aims measuring the magnitude and identifying associated factors of induced abortion in Dilla university regular female undergraduate students and tries to fill the gap of scarcity of up-to-date and reliable information on induced abortion magnitude and associated factors.
The effects of orientation and attention during surround suppression of small image features: A 7 Tesla fMRI study

Although V1 responses are driven primarily by elements within a neuron's receptive field, which subtends about 1° visual angle in parafoveal regions, previous work has shown that localized fMRI responses to visual elements reflect not only local feature encoding but also long-range pattern attributes. However, separating the response to an image feature from the response to the surrounding stimulus and studying the interactions between these two responses demands both spatial precision and signal independence, which may be challenging to attain with fMRI. The present study used 7 Tesla fMRI with 1.2-mm resolution to measure the interactions between small sinusoidal grating patches (targets) at 3° eccentricity and surrounds of various sizes and orientations to test the conditions under which localized, context-dependent fMRI responses could be predicted from either psychophysical or electrophysiological data. Targets were presented at 8%, 16%, and 32% contrast while manipulating (a) spatial extent of parallel (strongly suppressive) or orthogonal (weakly suppressive) surrounds, (b) locus of attention, (c) stimulus onset asynchrony between target and surround, and (d) blocked versus event-related design. In all experiments, the V1 fMRI signal was lower when target stimuli were flanked by parallel versus orthogonal context. Attention amplified fMRI responses to all stimuli but did not show a selective effect on central target responses or a measurable effect on orientation-dependent surround suppression. Suppression of the V1 fMRI response by parallel surrounds was stronger than predicted from psychophysics but showed a better match to previous electrophysiological reports.
PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASE

Introduction In 2019, an outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury (EVALI) occurred in the US. We used Nielsen retail sales data to assess trends in sales of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products before, during, and after the EVALI outbreak. Methods Monthly unit sales of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and NRT products overall and by product type were assessed during January 2019 through June 2020 by using an interrupted time series model. Two time points were specified at the period ending July 13, 2019, and the period ending February 22, 2020, to partition before, during, and after the outbreak period. Sales trends by aggregated statelevel EVALI case prevalence (low, medium, and high) were assessed to investigate interstate variations in changes of sales coinciding with the EVALI outbreak. Results Monthly e-cigarette sales increased 3.5% (P < .001) before the outbreak and decreased 3.1% (P < .001) during the outbreak, with no significant changes after the outbreak. Monthly cigarette sales increased 1.6% (P < .001) before the outbreak, decreased 1.8% (P < .001) during the outbreak, and increased 2.7% (P < .001) after the outbreak. NRT sales did not change significantly before or during the outbreak but decreased (2.8%, P = .01) after the outbreak. Sales trends by state-level EVALI case prevalence were similar to national-level sales trends. Conclusion Cigarette and e-cigarette sales decreased during the EVALI outbreak, but no changes in overall NRT sales were observed until after the outbreak. Continued monitoring of tobacco sales data can provide insight into potential changes in use patterns and inform tobacco prevention and control efforts.
A β-Blocker may be Effective on Ventricular Contractile Mechanisms in Atrial Fibrillation Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved, but not Reduced, Ejection Fraction

Background: Ventricular contractile responses to β-blockers remain largely unknown in patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Heart Failure (HF), despite the recommended use of β-blockers as first-line pharmacotherapy for these patients. This study investigated β-blocker effects on ventricular contractile mechanisms, namely the Frank-Starling Mechanism (FSM), Mechanical Restitution (MR), and Postextrasystolic Potentiation (PESP), which are closely associated with ventricular contractile function, in AF patients with HF with preserved (HFpEF) versus reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF). Methods: Twenty AF patients were divided into two groups based on EF: the HFpEF group (EF ≥ 50%, n=14) and the HFrEF group (EF<40%, n=6). Using impedance cardiography, an FSM-MR graph and a PESP graph were created by applying (dZ/dt) min values representing the peak velocity of aortic blood flow on the y-axis against preceding RR interval (RR1) or RR1/pre-preceding RR interval (RR2) ratio values on the x-axis at baseline and after administration of a β-blocker in AF patients with HFpEF versus HFrEF. Results: With the β-blocker administration, rates of increase in median (dZ/dt) min values showed a significant positive correlation with the rates of increase in median RR1 values as the functions of the FSM-MR in AF patients with HFpEF (ρ=0.88, P<0.001), in contrast to those with HFrEF (ρ=−0.43, P=0.40). PESP index values representing the extent of the effect of PESP were similarly and significantly decreased after administration of the β-blocker in both groups: AF patients with HFpEF (baseline: median 5.9 [Interquartile Range (IQR) 2.0-16.9] vs. after β-blocker: median 1.6 [IQR 0.62-7.2]; P=0.023), and AF patients with HFrEF (baseline: median 6.6 [IQR 0.66-22.6] vs. after βblocker: median 1.2 [IQR 0.06-15.1]; P=0.028). Conclusions: From the perspective of ventricular contractile mechanisms in AF, the β-blocker may be effective on the Frank-Starling mechanism and mechanical restitution in AF patients with HFpEF, but not HFrEF.
Characterizing the Social Media News Sphere through User Co-Sharing Practices

We describe the landscape of news sources which share social media audience. We focus on 639 news sources, both credible and questionable, and characterize them according to the audience that shares their articles on Twitter. Based on user co-sharing practices, what communities of news sources emerge? We find four groups: one is home to mainstream, high-circulation sources from all sides of the political spectrum; one to satirical, left-leaning sources; one to bipartisan conspiratorial, pseudo-scientific sources; and one to right-leaning, deliberate misinformation sources. Next, we measure which assessments of credibility, impartiality, and journalistic integrity correspond to social media readers' choices of news sources, and uncover the multifaceted structure of the social news sphere. We show how news articles shared on Twitter differ across the four groups along linguistic and psycholinguistics measures. Further, we find that with a high degree of accuracy (∼80%), we can classify in what news community an article belongs to. Our data-driven categorization of news sources will help to navigate the complex landscape of online news and has implications for social media platform maintainers to reliably triage questionable outlets.
Evidence for unlimited capacity processing of simple features in visual cortex

Performance in many visual tasks is impaired when observers attempt to divide spatial attention across multiple visual field locations. Correspondingly, neuronal response magnitudes in visual cortex are often reduced during divided compared with focused spatial attention. This suggests that early visual cortex is the site of capacity limits, where finite processing resources must be divided among attended stimuli. However, behavioral research demonstrates that not all visual tasks suffer such capacity limits: The costs of divided attention are minimal when the task and stimulus are simple, such as when searching for a target defined by orientation or contrast. To date, however, every neuroimaging study of divided attention has used more complex tasks and found large reductions in response magnitude. We bridged that gap by using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure responses in the human visual cortex during simple feature detection. The first experiment used a visual search task: Observers detected a low-contrast Gabor patch within one or four potentially relevant locations. The second experiment used a dual-task design, in which observers made independent judgments of Gabor presence in patches of dynamic noise at two locations. In both experiments, blood-oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signals in the retinotopic cortex were significantly lower for ignored than attended stimuli. However, when observers divided attention between multiple stimuli, BOLD signals were not reliably reduced and behavioral performance was unimpaired. These results suggest that processing of simple features in early visual cortex has unlimited capacity.
An Integrated Neuroevolutionary Approach to Reactive Control and High-Level Strategy

One promising approach to general-purpose artificial intelligence is neuroevolution, which has worked well on a number of problems from resource optimization to robot control. However, state-of-the-art neuroevolution algorithms like neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT) have surprising difficulty on problems that are fractured, i.e., where the desired actions change abruptly and frequently. Previous work demonstrated that bias and constraint (e.g., RBF-NEAT and Cascade-NEAT algorithms) can improve learning significantly on such problems. However, experiments in this paper show that relatively unrestricted algorithms (e.g., NEAT) still yield the best performance on problems requiring reactive control. Ideally, a single algorithm would be able to perform well on both fractured and unfractured problems. This paper introduces such an algorithm called SNAP-NEAT that uses adaptive operator selection to integrate strengths of NEAT, RBF-NEAT, and Cascade-NEAT. SNAP-NEAT is evaluated empirically on a set of problems ranging from reactive control to high-level strategy. The results show that SNAP-NEAT can adapt intelligently to the type of problem that it faces, thus laying the groundwork for learning algorithms that can be applied to a wide variety of problems.
General Sports Participation rather than Amount or Intensity is Related to Body Composition among Healthy Adolescents

Cross sectional and cohort studies on the relationship between physical activity (PA) and body composition reveal conflicting results that range from “no” to “moderate” effects. However, randomized trial studies show that PA affects body composition with relevant effect sizes if a) energy intake is controlled or b) amount of PA is very high. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PA and body composition in a cross sectional sample by differentiating across general sports participation, amount, intensity and types of PA. 148 young adults (44 females, 104 males; age: 23.5 years) from a German student population completed a testing battery involving a standardized physical activity questionnaire and anthropometric measurements to assess BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and body fat percentage (BF%) using air-displacement plethysmography. Active subjects revealed a lower BF% (p part =.54) and had to be excluded from total PA to uncover a significant negative correlation between total PA and BF% (r part =-.21). The results indicate the necessity to assess the type of PA in order to find small to moderate effects on body composition in collectives. We suggest that the expected negative correlation between PA and body fat only occurs if PA is linked to other factors regarding a healthy lifestyle like a balanced diet or performance and/or weight-loss oriented exercise. This could be the missing link between effect sizes in observational studies among broad collectives and performance and/or weight-loss oriented randomized trial experiments.