Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative Frameworks in Conceptions of Sound: A Historical Evolution

This article reviews and discusses the historical development in the scientific conceptualization. It follows key debates and conceptions of sound through an evolutionary process leading to contemporary understanding of sound related phenomena. It is notable in the article that the raging debates among scientists of ancient Greece to seventeenth century interpreted and understood sound as either a substance or a wave. Consequently, sound related phenomena were explained based on the framework in which they were formulated. However, with evidence from scientific experiments and mathematical deductions, sound was eventually understood as a wave. Moreover, the sound-as-substance framework as shown in the historical development resembles some of students’ preconceptions as demonstrated by numerous studies on conceptions of sound. It is hoped that this review of the historical development in the conception of sound can elucidate the way in which students learn and inform the nature of instructional activities that science teachers can design to promote student learning.
Genome-wide association study of personality traits in the Long Genome-wide association study of personality traits in the Long Life Family Study Life Family Study

Personality traits have been shown to be associated with longevity and healthy aging. In order to discover novel genetic modiﬁers associated with personality traits as related with longevity, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on personality factors assessed by NEO-ﬁve-factor inventory in individuals enrolled in the Long Life Family Study (LLFS), a study of 583 families ( N up to 4595) with clustering for longevity in the United States and Denmark. Three SNPs, in almost perfect LD, associated with agreeableness reached genome-wide signiﬁcance ( p < 10 − 8 ) and replicated in an additional sample of 1279 LLFS subjects, although one (rs9650241) failed to replicate and the other two were not available in two independent replication cohorts, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and the New England Centenarian Study. Based on 10,000,000 permutations, the empirical p -value of 2 × 10 − 7 was observed for the genome-wide signiﬁcant SNPs. Seventeen SNPs that reached marginal statistical signiﬁcance in the two previous GWASs ( p -value < 10 − 4 and 10 − 5 ), were also marginally signiﬁcantly associated in this study ( p -value < 0.05), although none of the associations passed the Bonferroni correction. In addition, we tested age-by-SNP interactions and found some signiﬁcant associations. Since scores of personality traits in LLFS subjects change in the oldest ages, and genetic factors outweigh environmental factors to achieve extreme ages, these age-by-SNP interactions could be a proxy for complex gene–gene interactions affecting personality traits and longevity
Water quality and trophic status in main rivers of Thailand

The water quality and trophic status monitoring in the main rivers of Thailand during all three seasons in March 2008, August 2008 and January 2009 were investigated. Water samples were collected from 6 regions in Thailand which differed in geological and useful characteristics. In northern Thailand, the Ping River was selected; in the central region, the Tha Chin River; in the northeast region, the Chi River; in the eastern region, the Chanthaburi River; in the western region, the Kwai River and in the southern region, the Tapee River. Samples were taken from the upper, middle and lower parts of each river. At each site, some physical and chemical parameters were studied and the water quality was classified based on its trophic status. It was found that the water quality at most of the sampling sites were not clearly different and could be classified as clean-moderate water quality (oligotrophicmesotrophic status). However, the water quality at some sampling sites were different, especially, upstream of the Ping and Tapee Rivers which could be classified as clean (oligotrophic status) and downstream of the Tha Chin River showed moderate to polluted water quality (mesotrophic-eutrophic status).
diagnosticados con granulomatosis con poliangitis Bronchoscopic, laboratory and anatomopathological criteria for airway disease in patients diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Introduction: patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) may present upper airway (UA) and lower airway (LA) involvement. Objectives: we describe the endoscopic manifestations of the airways, histological findings from biopsied tissue and antineutrophilic cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) in a group of patients with GPA
Building a Portfolio of Pull Financing Mechanisms for Climate and Development

Pull financing is a powerful but underused mechanism for incentivising progress on hard-to-tackle social problems for which innovation or the take-up of innovation may be part of the solution. It should become part of the ongoing landscape for climate and development work. This paper sets out the specific design features for a portfolio of pull financing mechanisms to support the accelerated development of socially valuable innovations with both climate and development implications. It considers the institutional structure required to manage such a novel mechanism, a process for finding and developing a potential application, and the objectives pull financing should pursue. It then looks in detail at seven applications of pull financing in the climate and development space, each selected to illustrate the potential and challenges of the approach. We conclude by setting out how to construct a high-ambition portfolio of pull financing projects that is both tractable and attractive to potential funders.
VALUE OF MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN-1 BETA IN DIAGNOSIS OF SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH ASCITES

: Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a popular unique feature of cirrhosis, associated with systemic and local immune impairment with exaggerated stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1β) is produced by macrophages and interacts with chemokine C-C receptor 5 (CCR5). It is recognized for its chemotactic and pro-inflammatory influences. Objective: to assess the value of MIP-1β measurement in serum and ascitic fluid for SBP diagnosis in liver cirrhosis. Subjects and methods: This study included 44 patients divided into 2 groups (22 each); SBP and non-SBP. They were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, abdomino-pelvic ultrasonography and laboratory investigations including complete blood count, liver biochemical tests, renal function tests and viral markers. Abdominal paracentesis and ascitic fluid analysis were performed. MIP-1β in serum and ascitic fluid was quantified by ELISA. Results: This study showed significant increased number of patients suffering abdominal pain (p=0.004) and jaundice (p=0.001), or those who were Child-Pugh score class C and significant increased mean levels of TLC, serum bilirubin, creatinine and ascitic fluid TLC and PMN in SBP versus non-SBP. MIP-1β was significantly elevated in SBP versus non-SBP both in serum and in ascitic fluid. The optimal cut-off point for MIP-1β was 15.21 pg / ml in serum and 31.66 pg / ml in ascitic fluid. MIP-1β in serum had 81.8% sensitivity and 72.7% specificity. MIP-1β in ascitic fluid had 86.4% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity. Serum and ascitic fluid MIP-1β were significantly positively correlated with each other both in SBP and non-SBP. In SBP, serum and ascitic MIP-1β were positively correlated with serum creatinine and the ascitic MIP-1β was positively correlated with ascitic TLC and ascitic PMN. Conclusion: MIP-1β could help diagnose SBP in cirrhotic patients. It might be of special importance in SBP patients with culture negative ascitic fluid.
M ACROECONOMIC E FFECTS OF THE G ENDER R EVOLUTION *

: Postwar U.S. labor market data feature a substantial secular decline in employment and wage gaps between males and females. We set out to identify the underlying, structural drivers of these trends, and quantify their macroeconomic effects. For this purpose, we propose a novel time series model which estimates empirical trends in macro data, and then decomposes these trends into selected (aggregate and gender-speciﬁc) structural trends. Identiﬁcation is achieved with restrictions from a neoclassical model featuring gender-speciﬁc labor. Our empirical results point to a secular rise in demand for female labor–which in the model is driven by female-biased labor productivity growth–as the dominant source of closing gender gaps in the U.S. labor market. Moreover, this structural trend has been quantitatively important for the persistent components in aggregate employment and GDP, accounting for about one-third of overall economic growth in the postwar U.S. economy. Finally, to understand gender-speciﬁc labor supply we ﬁnd it crucial to account for skills: a secular rise in the supply of skilled females has largely been counteracted by a contraction in the supply of unskilled females, thus, explaining why trends in gender-speciﬁc supply do not show up in aggregate data.
Root System Architecture from Coupling Cell Shape to Auxin Transport

Lateral organ position along roots and shoots largely determines plant architecture, and depends on auxin distribution patterns. Determination of the underlying patterning mechanisms has hitherto been complicated because they operate during growth and division. Here, we show by experiments and computational modeling that curvature of the Arabidopsis root influences cell sizes, which, together with tissue properties that determine auxin transport, induces higher auxin levels in the pericycle cells on the outside of the curve. The abundance and position of the auxin transporters restricts this response to the zone competent for lateral root formation. The auxin import facilitator, AUX1, is up-regulated by auxin, resulting in additional local auxin import, thus creating a new auxin maximum that triggers organ formation. Longitudinal spacing of lateral roots is modulated by PIN proteins that promote auxin efflux, and pin2,3,7 triple mutants show impaired lateral inhibition. Thus, lateral root patterning combines a trigger, such as cell size difference due to bending, with a self-organizing system that mediates alterations in auxin transport.
D I C A L J O U R N A L R H O D E I S L A N D

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is defined as excessive urine calcium excretion in the absence of an identifiable cause. It has been strongly associated with the risk of calcium kidney stone formation. Animal and human studies have suggested excessive bone mineral loss or increased gastrointestinal calcium absorption with abnormal renal calcium excretion may contribute to this process. In this article we will review the complex pathophysiology of idiopathic hypercalciuria and discuss clinical management and challenges.
Plant Archives

The bacterial leaf spot (BLS) is a devastating tomato disease affected by the following Xanthomonas species: X. campestris pv. Vesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans , and X. gardner . Dark lesions and yellow halos on the fruits and foliage are symptoms. The BLS pathogens are widespread in subtropical and tropical areas. Pathogens can be detected using a variety of techniques, most notably a mix of classical and molecular methodologies. Conventional techniques rely on microscopic and culture observation, but Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multilocus sequence analysis are obtainable. Control of BLS is problematic because of the infections extensive genetic variety, an absence of durable host resistance, and the ineffectiveness of chemical management. Various bicontrol agents, such as bacteriophage, bacteria and fungi have been documented. Including sustained host resistance is an essential component of continuing integrated BLS management. This review involved state of BLS in tomato comprising its prevalence, pathogen profiles, investigative tools, disease control and resistance development in plant.
Sociolinguistic change in an expanding urban context : a case study of Irbid City, Jordan

Mahmoud Abed Ahmad Al-Khatib. Sociolinguistic change in an expanding urban context : a case study of Irbid City, Jordan. Ph.D. 1988. University of Durham. This thesis represents the beginning of an attempt at a sociolinguistic study of phonological variables in Jordanian Arabic as it is spoken in Irbid City, Jordan. It is based on the speech of 38 informants from two rural groups (the Horaniis and the Fellahiin). The Horaniis are those people who have come to the city from the surrounding rural areas during the last five decades, and the Fellahiin are those who arrived from the rural areas of the West Bank of Jordan after the two Arab-Israeli wars in 1948 and 1967. The following were among the many goals which provided motivation for the present study (1) to find what effect city life has left on the speech of these two rural groups; (2) to discover what phonological variables may convey social meaning; and (3) to investigate the range of linguistic variation as it is revealed in a number of phonological alternates used by socially divergent groups of speakers, in order to determine whether or not such variation is rule-governed. Linguistic variation was investigated according to two major devices i.e., standardization and levelling. In the former device, the speakers tend to standardize their speech by utilizing more standard forms; in the latter they tend to accommodate their speech by using colloquial features other than their own. In order to obtain a better understanding of stylistic variation, a linguistic self-analysis was carried out by the researcher (the interviewer) to test the hypothesis that a speaker accommodates his speech style toward his interlocutors in order to gain their social approval (Giles and Smith 1979). The variables studied were (Q), (d3), (D), (th), (K) and (a)#. The data was collected from three age groups, three educational groups, two sex groups and two origin groups. The study employed the sociolinguistic quantitative paradigm initiated by Labov (1963, 1966, 1972a) and developed by others (e.g. Trudgill 1974; Milroy 1980). A close examination of the data reveals that linguistic variation is for the most part systematic and rule-governed. Only one linguistic variable (d3) was found to be phonetically conditioned, and most of the others were found to be lexically conditioned. Furthermore, all linguistic variables were found to correlate closely with the social factors investigated, albeit to varying degrees. In all cases it was found that social motivation is an element that influences variation. The results also show that the sex of the speaker is the factor which most often influences the linguistic behaviour of the Jordanian speaker. Men and women were both found in most cases, however, to innovate in different directions. Finally, criteria, relating to group identity or origin were also found to be important, the Fellahi group favouring innovation more often than the Horaniis, who, in a sense, appeared to be more faithful to their linguistic norms.
Research methods for exploring the links between climate change and conflict

The potential links between climate change and conflict have received much attention in recent years, but there is little consensus on the issue in the relevant literature. So far, few methodological reflections exist in climate–conflict research. This is unfortunate given the tremendous innovations in methods the research field has experienced in recent years and the potential of diverse methods to shed light on different aspects of the subject matter, thereby increasing our understanding of potential climate–conflict links. In order to counteract this shortcoming, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the developments and innovations in methods in climate–conflict research. It first identifies and discusses the most common methods in the research field: large‐N statistical analysis and qualitative case study. The study goes on to evaluate four new methods that have emerged particularly since 2012: integration of statistical techniques and qualitative case studies; field experiment; risk analysis based on geographical information systems (GIS); and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The review provides an overview of these methods and their potentials and pitfalls when used to study climate–conflict links. It also discusses how future research can deal with a pluralism of methods in order to gain deeper insights into the relationship between climate change and conflict. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e456. doi: 10.1002/wcc.456
The eﬀects of green growth, environmental-related tax, and eco-innovation towards carbon neutrality target in the US economy

This study aims to examine the nexus between green growth and carbon neutrality targets in the context of the USA while observing the role of ecological innovation, environmental taxes, and green energy. For this purpose, data were collected from 1970 to 2015 for all the variables of interest. This research utilized the quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) method due to its various benefits, such as depicting the causality patterns based on different quantiles for different variables like green growth, ecological innovation, environmental taxes, and renewable energy. The findings through the QARDL method showed that the error correction coefficient was significant and negative with the expected negative sign for the different quantiles. The findings showed a significant and negative impact of green growth, square of green growth, ecological innovation, and environmental taxes in determining the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions for the USA ’ s economy under the long-run estimation. Meanwhile, the outcome for the short-term estimation confirmed that the past and lagged values of CO 2 emission were significantly and negatively linked with the current and lagged values of CO 2 emission. On the other hand, it was found that green growth and square of green growth, ecological innovation, environmental taxes, and renewable energy played their vital role in reducing haze pollution like PM2.5. Besides, this research also covers the limitations and policy implications.
Exposure of market gardeners during pesticide application in the western highlands of Cameroon

The effects of economic crisis that hit Cameroon in the late 1980s made the state to stop the direct subvention of farmers by buying, distributing and following up of farmers in the use of pesticides. Farmers turned from the use of pesticides on conventional crops such as coffee and cocoa to the spray of vegetables without a strict follow up by the state. This study was carried out in Galim, Bamboutous Division in the West Region of Cameroon. Primary data was obtained from farmers, SubDivisional Delegate of Agriculture and Rural Development, Zonal Extension Worker, Representatives of Common Initiative Groups as well as Chiefs of agricultural posts. This study revealed that market gardeners in Galim were highly exposed to pesticides showed by the negligent use of personal protective equipment where only 2.1% used appropriate coveralls; up to 76.6 % of farmers do not respect pesticide instructions and consequently do not know the risk of pesticide and high level of acute toxicities of 61.7%, due to the use of large quantities of toxic pesticides (WHO Class II). Farmers should be trained on pesticide safety precaution scheme, covering safety to operators, consumers, wildlife and the environment as a whole and carry out the same study in other vegetable production basins of the country.
Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa : Policy, people and practice, M.J. Lawes, H.A.C. Eeeley, C.M. Shackleton and B.G.S. Geach, eds. : book review

Extracted from text . INDIGENOUS FORESTS AND WOODLANDS IN SOUTH AFRICA: POLICY, PEOPLE AND PRACTICE M. J. Lawes, H. A. C. Eeeley, C. M. Shackleton and B. G. S. Geach, eds Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2004, 863 pp., ISBN 1-86914-050-8 What should a historian do if this 1, 6 kg, 900- page monster, written by 84 environmental experts comes thumping down on your desk? Do not try to read it all ? unlike this reviewer you do not have to ? but recommend it for the library and consider it as a source that you could mine in imaginative ways. Of course, if .
Coronavirus Pandemic Clinico-demographic profile of COVID-19 positive patients – first wave versus second wave – an experience in north-east India

Introduction: India witnessed two distinct COVID-19 waves. We evaluated the clinico-demographic profile of patients infected during first wave (FW) and second wave (SW) in a hospital in north-east India. Methodology: Patients who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 specific gene by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction across FW and SW were diagnosed as COVID-19 positive. The clinico-demographic data of these positive patients were retrieved from the specimen-referral-form. Vital parameters including respiratory rate, SpO 2 , data on COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM), COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) were obtained from hospital records for in-patients. Patients were categorized based on disease severity. The data obtained in both waves were analyzed comparatively. Results: Out of a total of 119,016 samples tested, 10,164 (8.5%) were SARS-CoV-2 positive (2907 during FW, 7257 during SW). Male predominance was seen across both waves (FW: 68.4%; SW:58.4%), with more children infected during SW. Patients with travel history (24%) and contact with laboratory confirmed cases (61%) were significantly higher during SW relative to FW (10.9% and 42.1% respectively). Healthcare worker infection was higher in SW (5.3%). Symptoms like vomiting [14.8%], diarrhea [10.5%], anosmia [10.4%] and aguesia [9.4%] were more in SW. More patients developed CARDS in SW (6.7%) compared to FW (3.4%) with 85% and 70% patients expiring across FW and SW respectively. No case of CAM is documented in our study. Conclusions: This was probably the most comprehensive study from north-east India. Industrial oxygen cylinder usage may have been the source of CAM in the rest of the country.
Epidemiological survey on the benefit of neuraminidase inhibitors on severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19

Background and objectives : The COVID-19 pandemic and its consequent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have taken the lives of millions since 2020. The use of neuraminidase inhibitors is a promising alternative in treating this disease, with several studies on off-label use being conducted since the beginning of the pandemic, but none of them have a large sample size and analyze multiple risk factors. The purpose of this article is to identify possible associations between various factors and risk of hospitalization, need for ventilation and death, as well as the influence of the prescription of Zanamivir and Oseltamivir on these same indicators. Methods : In this transversal study, approximately 900,000 medical records from all regions of Brazil were collected from the Ministry of Health database, and after that, proper statistical analysis of the variables was performed. Results: Hospitalization was associated with gender, ethnicity, education, local urbanization, State, and its percentage of elderly, as well as the climate. The prescription of Zanamivir and Oseltamivir was associated with higher incidence of symptoms, lower hospitalization and death rate, and lower need for invasive and non-invasive ventilation. Medical records from146,160 patients were excluded due to SARS not caused by COVID-19. Conclusion: From this data, it is possible to draw a risk profile for hospitalization by SARS and consider the use of Zanamivir and Oseltamivir as a treatment for these patients.