Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response to: Comment on “First-Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication with Vonoprazan, Clarithromycin, and Metronidazole in Patients Allergic to Penicillin”

We thank Dr. Kashani and Dr. Abadi [1] for their interest in our article [2]. In Japan, seven-day vonoprazan-containing triple therapy with clarithromycin and amoxicillin or vonoprazan-containing triple therapy with metronidazole and amoxicillin are approved regimens [3], but vonoprazancontaining triple therapy with clarithromycin and metronidazole is not approved and is used only in clinical trials which was approved by the ethics committee. Thus, people who cannot be given the standard triple therapy due to being allergic to penicillin are the subjects of this study. In addition, these patients cannot be covered by their medical insurance system for Helicobacter pylori eradication and related examinations, so it is difficult to add antibiotic susceptibility testing after the diagnosis of H. pylori infection for cost and ethical reason (this study was not designed to choose regimen by antibiotic resistance result). About the sample size, as we have also written the reason is the rate of patients allergic to penicillin, which makes it difficult to recruit many patients for this type of study. These are the explanations overall. We also answer each question: (i) Generalization of the finding: We think the efficacy of this regimen is influenced by metronidazole resistance rates. In Japan, the metronidazole resistance rate is not high, and it is reported that metronidazole-containing triple therapy as a firstline therapy showed high eradication rate (ER) [4]. It is an important point that the vonoprazan, clarithromycin, and metronidazole regimen demonstrated excellent ER in areas with a high rate of clarithromycin resistance in two studies [2, 5], but these were performed in a country with a low rate of metronidazole resistance compared to other countries. We hope this regimen will be useful in countries with high clarithromycin but low metronidazole resistance rates as eradication regimen for those allergic to penicillin instead of PPI-based triple therapy with clarithromycin and metronidazole.
Seismic imaging of massive sulfide deposits; Part I, Rock properties

Laboratory measurements of the density (rho ) and compressional wave velocity (v P ) of massive sulfides and host rocks at elevated pressures show that ores occupy a V P - rho field which is distinct from that of common silicate rocks and governed by simple mixing rules between the properties of host rocks and pure sulfide minerals. The velocities of the most common sulfides are extremely variable, ranging from 3.7 km/s for galena, through 4.7 km/s for pyrrhotite, 5.6 km/s for sphalerite and chalcopyrite, to 8.0 km/s for pyrite, but their densities are always high (7.6, 4.6, 4.1 - 4.2, and 5.0 g/cc, respectively), causing ores of even intermediate grade to have high acoustic impedances. This suggests that large massive sulfide bodies should make strong to spectacular seismic reflectors, depending on their grade, mineralogy, size, and setting. In principle, it should thus be possible to use high-resolution seismic reflection techniques for base metal exploration and delineation.
Cretaceous Age and Early Eocene Uplift of a Peneplain in Southern British Columbia

Statement and Solution of the Problem During a detailed geological survey of the North Thompson Valley map area 2 in south-central British Columbia, carried out for the Geological Survey of Canada during the summer of 1921, the writer was fortunate enough to encounter certain highly fossiliferous members of the early Tertiary coal-bearing beds which lie at the bottom of the North Thompson River trench from 40 to 55 miles north of the city of Kam-loops. In the hope that the topographical location, structure, and age of the beds might reveal some precise information concerning the character and date of the Laramide revolution and Tertiary faulting in the southern interior, special importance was attached to their study, and fairly complete collections of fossil plant remains were obtained. The upland surface into which the North Thompson River has cut a valley about 3,000 feet deep is, at least locally, a peneplain. The age .
Enso and Sunspot Cycles in Varved Eocene Oil Shales from Image Analysis

ABSTRACT On the premise that sequential changes in varve thickness offer a proxy for climatic variations, we investigated varve thickness in three core segments from the distal lacustrine oil shales (Tipton and Laney members) of the Green River Formation, by means of an image analysis program. Of two strong bimodal periodicities one, at 4.8-5.6 years, is interpreted as an El Nino type (ENSO) phenomenon of atmospheric dynamics, while the other, at 10.4-14.7 years, is interpreted as the sunspot cycle, originally recognized in this formation by Bradley (1929, 1931). Weaker periodicities may exist at ca. 8 and 33 years--the latter also recognized by Bradley. Taken in conjunction with the work of Bradley (1929, 1931) and of Crowley et al. (1986), this suggests that some but not all of the oil shale of the Green River Formation is truly varved and can be used to infer climatic time-series. Automated instrumental scans have greatly extended the possibilities of varve studies as approaches to climatic variations in time, but careful selection of facies in their geological framework is necessary.
On The Shear Behavior of Ballast-Geosynthetic Interfaces

Large-scale direct shear tests were performed to explore the behavior of rail ballast-geogrid interfaces and establish the role of geogrid aperture size on the interface shear strength. Fresh latite ballast with an average particle size (D50) of 35 mm, and seven geogrids with equivalent aperture sizes ranging from 20.8 to 88 mm were used for this current study. The laboratory experimental results confirm that the interface shear strength is influenced by the geogrid aperture size. The interface efficiency factor (α), defined as the ratio of the shear strength of the interface to the internal shear strength of the ballast varies from 0.8 to 1.16, and the ballast-geosynthetic interface friction angles vary from 52 to 67°. Moreover, a criterion to determine the minimum and maximum aperture sizes required to generate the beneficial effects of the geogrid has been identified in this study.
A method for the calculation of the impact parameters of dilute pyroclastic density currents based on deposit particle characteristics

[1] A new method for the reconstruction of the physical characteristics of dilute pyroclastic density currents is introduced. The velocity, density and particle volumetric concentration profiles of the stratified current are calculated, together with the profile of dynamic pressure, which is a useful parameter for checking resistance of buildings. The model links turbulent boundary layer shear flow theory with particle coupling to gas turbulence. The working procedure starts with the recognition in the field of the fining upward sequence of layers formed during the time integrated depositional history of an individual current. Distinct processes of particle transportation and deposition are associated with the different particle modes composing the bedset. The system of equations for the solution of the fluid-dynamic parameters is implemented in two alternative ways. The first one uses data of particles coming from both the basal coarse layer and the overlying laminated layer of the bedset. The second uses features of two distinct components of the laminated layer. A statistical test is performed for checking model results against experimental data of actual particles. Model calculations give the average solution, as well as solutions corresponding to a range of 68% of probability around the average value. The maximum solution can be considered as a safety value for impact parameters. The methodology is applied to deposits of recent eruptions of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei in Italy, and results are discussed in terms of hazard and expected damage.
Gaseous and particulate bromine in the marine atmosphere

Sixty gaseous bromine samples collected from a 20-meter tower on the windward shore of Oahu, Hawaii, showed an average gaseous bromine concentration of approximately 50 ng/m3 as determined by neutron activation analysis. Particulate bromine samples collected simultaneously with the gaseous samples indicated that the gaseous bromine concentration in marine air is 4–10 times the particulate bromine concentration. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that, at the concentrations of gaseous and particulate bromine found in this work, sea salt particles should be the source of gaseous bromine in the marine atmosphere. Thermodynamic calculations also suggest that the Br/Cl ratio normally measured in oceanic rain can be explained by the dissolution of gaseous bromine in rain and cloud water and that it is not necessary to use some type of enrichment mechanism at the sea-air interface to explain bromine concentrations normally measured in the marine environment. The U-shaped dependence of bromine concentration on particle size normally observed in the marine atmosphere may possibly be explained by the existence of nonmarine bromine-containing particles and by the fact that in relation to particle lifetimes in the atmosphere the volatilization of bromine from sea salt particles proceeds slowly. Calculations indicate that gaseous bromine will have a residence time in the marine atmosphere of a few weeks, or approximately 7 times that of particulate bromine.
Calculation of wastewater effluent leakage to pristine water sources by the weighted average of multiple tracer approach

A methodology used to estimate the percentage of wastewater effluent in an otherwise pristine water site is proposed on the basis of the weighted mean of the level of a consortium of indicator pollutants. This method considers the levels of uncertainty in the evaluation of each of the indicators in the site, potential effluent sources, and uncontaminated surroundings. A detailed demonstrative study was conducted on a site that is potentially subject to wastewater leakage. The research concentrated on several perched springs that are influenced to an unknown extent by agricultural communities. A comparison was made to a heavily contaminated site receiving wastewater effluent and surface water runoff. We investigated six springs in two nearby ridges where fecal contamination was detected in the past; the major sources of pollution in the area have since been diverted to a wastewater treatment system. We used chloride, acesulfame, and carbamazepine as domestic pollution tracers. Good correlation (R2 > 0.86) was observed between the mixing ratio predictions based on the two organic tracers (the slope of the linear regression was 1.05), whereas the chloride predictions differed considerably. This methodology is potentially useful, particularly for cases in which detailed hydrological modeling is unavailable but in which quantification of wastewater penetration is required. We demonstrate that the use of more than one tracer for estimation of the mixing ratio reduces the combined uncertainty level associated with the estimate and can also help to disqualify biased tracers.
On the electric field control of the MF radar scatterers in the lower E region over the magnetic equator

Medium frequency (MF) spaced antenna radar observations from Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E, geographic; 1.4°N magnetic dip) are used to examine the characteristics of lower E‐region echoes and their possible association with the electrodynamical processes that drive the equatorial electrojet (EEJ). For the period (January 2006) under study, intense echoes were observed at 90 km and above at times of strong EEJ, indicating a possible electric field control of the radar scatterers. Under strong EEJ conditions, smaller pattern lifetimes, larger pattern scale sizes and axial ratios and strong pattern alignment along the geomagnetic field are routinely observed during this period. During the afternoon counter electrojet conditions, the electric field control of radar scatterers appears to weaken and the echo intensities are diminished. The work presented here calls for a detailed investigation that should address fundamental issues like the nature of the scatterers responsible for the MF radar echoes and their underlying generation mechanisms.
Demystifying Batch Normalization in ReLU Networks: Equivalent Convex Optimization Models and Implicit Regularization

Batch Normalization (BN) is a commonly used technique to accelerate and stabilize training of deep neural networks. Despite its empirical success, a full theoretical understanding of BN is yet to be developed. In this work, we analyze BN through the lens of convex optimization. We introduce an analytic framework based on convex duality to obtain exact convex representations of weight-decay regularized ReLU networks with BN, which can be trained in polynomial-time. Our analyses also show that optimal layer weights can be obtained as simple closed-form formulas in the high-dimensional and/or overparameterized regimes. Furthermore, we find that Gradient Descent provides an algorithmic bias effect on the standard non-convex BN network, and we design an approach to explicitly encode this implicit regularization into the convex objective. Experiments with CIFAR image classification highlight the effectiveness of this explicit regularization for mimicking and substantially improving the performance of standard BN networks.
A tectonic model for hyperextension at magma-poor rifted margins: an example from the West Iberia–Newfoundland conjugate margins

Abstract Hyperextended, magma-poor margins are characterized by a wide continent–ocean transition and anomalously small fractions of magmatism during mantle exhumation prior to oceanic spreading. Here, I bring together several aspects of their rift to drift transition and give a coherent picture of their evolution from platform to deep-sea environments. I focus mainly on the West Iberia Margin (WIM)–Newfoundland (NF) conjugates in the North Atlantic Ocean. The architectural evolution of these margins is characterized by upper-crustal faulting and lower-crustal deformation that are tightly coupled, resulting in fault displacement that is accompanied by underlying, equal and coeval crustal thinning. Lower crust deforms first ductilely, but then progressively switches to brittle due to enhanced conductive cooling at very slow extension velocities (<c. 6 mm a−1 half-rate). The switch from ductile to progressively brittle lower crust is accompanied by the emergence of a dominant basinwards fault dip and oceanwards younging of fault activity. It is shown that these processes, acting in concert: (1) reconcile the horizontal extension on faults with crustal thinning without the need of lower-crustal flow; (2) explain, within one common Andersonian framework (faults active at 65°–30°), the change in fault geometry from planar to listric to detachment-like with increasing extension; and (3) generate the tectonic asymmetry observed between conjugate pairs. This work also discusses a high-resolution seismic section of the WIM showing that the ‘detachment-like’ fault S is truncated prior to the peridotite ridge where mantle exhumation first takes place. This suggests that serpentinized mantle rises due to its own buoyancy, separating and pulling the thinned crustal blocks apart. Once the crust has been separated, further mantle exhumation takes place by magma-poor extension of the underlying mantle. I show with numerical models that either a small reduction of mantle potential temperature (c. 25–50 °C), a mantle depletion of more than 10% or very slow half-extension velocities (c. 6 mm a−1) are required to reproduce the small amount of magmatism inferred. Available observations support either a very slow extension velocity or a smaller than normal mantle temperature; however, estimation errors may be large. Ultimately, unravelling which of these factors most contribute to magma-poor mantle exhumation will provide an improved understanding of the mantle lateral homogeneity and the three-dimensional nature of the rifting to drifting process.
Contrasting metamorphic terranes in northwest Wales

Abstract The oldest rocks exposed in northwest Wales crop out as a series of fault-bounded slices. Whereas some of these fault-bounded units are clearly part of the same stratigraphic package (e.g. those belonging to the Monian Supergroup), others show little or no affinity with contiguous areas. Three suspect terranes are identified on Anglesey: (1) the Monian Supergroup; (2) the gneisses and granitic rocks of central Anglesey; (3) the Monian blueschists. The metamorphic histories of these terranes are markedly different and PT conditions vary from anchizonal/lower greenschist (1) to sillimanite grade (2) to epidote- or lawsonite-bearing blueschists (3). Each terrane has been juxtaposed by faults, the earliest movements along which (where not obscured by brittle reactivation) can often be shown to have been ductile and accompanied by dynamic recrystallization. The most prominent of these ductile fault boundaries occur between terranes 1 and 3 in Anglesey (Berw Shear Zone), and between terrane 1 and the Sarn Complex (terrane 4) in the Llŷn peninsula (Llŷn Shear Zone). A similar ductile mylonite zone exists between the Cullenstown Group (terrane 1? ) and the Rosslare gneisses (terrane 2? ) in SE Eire. All these shear zones are steep, and kinematic indicators indicate oblique sinistral shear. Radiometric, lithostratigraphic and palaeontological data constrain the ductile fault movement to c. 550–540 Ma. This latter event is interpreted as recording an important phase of terrane dispersion and subsequent assembly that occurred along the Avalonian margin immediately prior to marine transgression over southern Britain. It is likely that this transcurrent event is recorded inboard from the Monian area by shear zones within the late Precambrian (Avalonian/Cadomian) basement in southern Britain and northwest France.
Sensitivity of Landsat‐Scale Energy Balance to Aerodynamic Variability in Mountains and Complex Terrain

The speed and direction of air flow through complex terrain are difficult to define. Both impact sensible and latent heat flux exchanges at the surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) models such as Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC™) estimate ET as a residual of the surface energy process and are thus sensitive to aerodynamics, including terrain‐induced impacts on roughness governing convective heat transfer (H). There is a need to explore the sensitivities of H estimation and thereby ET estimation to wind speed and terrain roughness in mountainous areas and to determine the merit of operating complex mesoscale wind field models in conjunction with the energy balance process. A sensitivity analysis is explored in METRIC where we increased wind speed in proportion to a relative elevation parameter and we increased aerodynamic roughness to assimilate impacts of relative terrain roughness, estimated in proportion to standard deviation of elevation within a 3 km locality. These aerodynamic modifications increased convective heat transfer in complex terrain and reduced estimated ET. In other sensitivity runs, we reduced estimated wind speed on estimated leeward slopes. Estimated ET with and without these sensitivity adjustments is shown for mountainous areas of Montana and Nevada. Changes in ET ranged from little change (<5%) for lower slopes to about 30% reductions on windward slopes and 25% increases on leeward slopes for some mid to high elevations in the Montana application.
The Effects of Optic Flow, Proprioception, and Texture on Novice Locomotion in Virtual Environments

The ability of a user to move to different locations within a virtual environment (VE) is a fundamental action that subserves the activities of exploration and manipulation. By empirical analogy, the perceptual information used to locomote to a target within a virtual environment is compared to the perceptual information used to walk to a location in the real world. An experiment is reported that had participants move to a location as accurately as possible within a VE where a target object was presented. The amount of visual feedback available to participants was manipulated. Three conditions were compared: static viewing of the target and virtual environment before locomotion, the disappearance of the target object as movement to the object was initiated, and locomotion to the target while both object and environment were present. In addition, the composition of virtual environments was either textured or polygonal. Error measures indicated that users locomote within VE's with less accuracy than those that walk blindfolded in the real world. Texture had its largest effect on the accuracy of movement when optic flow was not available, that is, static estimates of distance. Discussions center on the relative contribution of visual, cognitive, and proprioceptive information to VE user movement accuracy.
Replicating and Adapting an Index of Social Vulnerability to a New Context: A Comparison Study for Norway

In this article, we first replicate and then adapt an existing index of social vulnerability to hazard developed for the United States to a non-U.S. context. We construct indexes for Norwegian municipalities, describe the adjustment process, and compare the replicated and adapted assessments. Our results indicate only a moderate correlation between the replicated and adapted vulnerability indexes and for several municipalities the difference between the indexes is considerable. This demonstrates that context matters and that indexes of vulnerability need to be adapted rather than replicated. To facilitate such adaption processes, we identify three types of accommodation: conceptual, technical, and geographic.
Evaluation of Maternal Urinary Tract Infection as a Potential Risk Factor for Neonatal Urinary Tract Infection

Objective To assess the relationship between maternal UTI during pregnancy and neonatal UTI. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study included eighty neonates referred to Ali-e-Asghar Hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 2011. The participants were divided into the study (with diagnosis of UTI; n = 40) and the control (without this type of infection; n = 40) groups. The mothers were asked about the history of UTI during pregnancy, and if the response was positive, the trimester in which UTI had occurred. Urinalysis and urine culture were carried out for all neonates. Results Overall, 14.9% of neonates had mothers with a positive history of UTI during their pregnancy (4.4%, 6.1%, and 4.4% during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters, respectively). A significant relationship was detected between the occurrence of UTI in neonates and maternal UTI, so that the overall prevalence of UTI among neonates of affected mothers was significantly higher than that observed among non-infected mothers (30.0% versus 6.8%; p = 0.001). Maternal UTI resulted in 5.9-fold increased risk of neonatal UTI. In UTI group, the most common bacterial etiologies of UTI were Escherichia coli (65.9%), followed by Klebsiella (14.6%) and Staphylococci (9.8%). Conclusion Our findings confirmed the association between the history of UTI in mother and occurrence of UTI in neonate, emphasizing to pay more attention for assessing and managing UTI in neonates in order to reduce the related complications.