Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
International Joint Ventures and Internal vs. External Technology Transfer: Evidence from China

We study the economics of international joint ventures with administrative data for China exploiting the change in foreign direct investment policy as China entered the WTO in the year 2002. Accounting for a quarter of all international joint ventures worldwide, we first show that foreign investors choose Chinese partners that are relatively large, productive, and often subsidized to set up their joint venture. Second, we document benefits from foreign technology in terms of innovation and productivity that go far beyond the joint venture, not only to the Chinese joint venture parent firm but also to entrepreneurs at firms upstream from and in the same industry as the joint venture (backward and horizontal spillovers, respectively). As China has dropped joint venture requirements and shifted towards wholly foreign-owned FDI as part of becoming a member of the WTO, there have been two opposing effects. While joint venture spillovers have increased, the shift towards wholly foreign-owned FDI has reduced spillovers because we find larger industry spillovers from international joint ventures than from wholly foreign-owned FDI. The results shed new light on the efficacy of FDI performance requirements as well as on claims regarding international technology transfer that underpin the current China-U.S. trade war.
Identification of Processes Driving Low-Level Westerlies in West Equatorial Africa

AbstractThis paper investigates and characterizes the control mechanisms of the low-level circulation over west equatorial Africa (WEA) using four reanalysis datasets. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of the divergent and rotational circulation to the total flow. Additional focus is made on analyzing the zonal wind component, in order to gain insight into the processes that control the variability of the low-level westerlies (LLW) in the region. The results suggest that the control mechanisms differ north and south of 6°N. In the north, the LLW are primarily a rotational flow forming part of the cyclonic circulation driven primarily by the heat low of the West African monsoon system. This northern branch of the LLW is well developed from June to August and disappears in December–February. South of 6°N, the seasonal variability of the LLW is controlled by the heating contrast between cooling associated with subsidence over the ocean and heating over land regions largely south of the equator, where as.
A Comparative Analysis of Assessment and Evaluation Exercises Included in Geography Textbooks Written According to the 2005 Secondary Education Geography Curriculum and Textbooks of the Former Curriculum in Turkey.

This study conducts comparative analysis of the assessment and evaluation exercises in the geography textbooks written according to the Secondary Education Geography Curriculum for 2005 in Turkey with those in the former geography textbooks. In this respect, firstly, the assessment and evaluation studies included in geography textbooks written according to the former and the new geography curriculum have been analyzed in quantitative and qualitative terms then development of the new curriculum in terms of assessment and evaluation studies and their application dimension have been identified. The study has showed that assessment and evaluation studies in geography textbooks written according to secondary education 2005 geography curriculum had more effective characteristics in terms of their quality and the inclusion of different assessment and evaluation tools and methods compared to assessment and evaluation studies in the textbooks of the former program.
Is the Brazil Current eddy‐dominated to the north of 20°S?

The Brazil Current (BC) originates with the arrival and bifurcation of the southernmost branch of the South Equatorial Current (sSEC) between 10–20°S. Previous climatological studies showed a stratified sSEC bifurcation and that the resulting southern branch formed a shallow BC ‐ a weak western boundary current. The analysis of three recent synoptic surveys and global model outputs challenge the description of a continuous BC. The sSEC bifurcation signal near the continental margin was unclear in the analyses, and the velocity fields were dominated by mesoscale eddies. Recurrent anticyclones that seemed to be related to the meandering BC led us to construct a picture of a flow strongly influenced by topography and probably very unstable. Given this new emerging scenario, we hypothesize that the Brazil Current is eddy‐dominated to the north of 20°S.
The relative impact of observed change in land cover and carbon dioxide as simulated by a climate model

The relative impact on temperature of a change in land use compared to a change in carbon dioxide was investigated using the Community Climate Model. We performed two 17 year equilibrium simulations, one using an estimate of natural land use at carbon dioxide levels of 280 ppmv, and a second simulation using an estimate of current land use. An identical pair of experiments, but at 355 ppmv, were also performed. Regionally, land use change causes air temperature changes of 50% to 100% of the size induced by the carbon dioxide perturbation although globally averaged the effect of land use change is negligible. The regional impacts of land cover change provides an avenue for improving modeling efforts to simulate recent global change. Including land cover change in transitory simulations may make detecting human‐induced climate change easier by permitting a more accurate simulation of regional patterns of change across the Northern Hemisphere.
An Effective and Efficient Algorithm for Supporting the Generation of Synthetic Memory Reference Traces via Hierarchical Hidden / Non-Hidden Markov Models

Trace-driven simulation is a popular technique useful in many applications, as for example analysis of memory hierarchies or internet subsystems, and to evaluate the performance of computer systems. Normally, traces should be gathered from really working systems. However, real traces require enormous memory space and time. An alternative is to generate Synthetic traces using suitable algorithms. In this paper we describe an algorithm for the synthetic generation of memory references which behave as those generated by given running programs. Our approach is based on a novel Machine Learning algorithm we called Hierarchical Hidden/non Hidden Markov Model (HHnHMM). Short chunks of memory references from a running program are classified as Sequential, Periodic, Random, Jump or Other. Such execution classes are used to train an HHnHMM for that program. Trained HHnHMM are used as stochastic generators of memory reference addresses. In this way we can generate in real time memory reference streams of any length, wich mimic the behaviour of given programs without the need to store anything. It is worth noting that our approach can be extended to other applications, for example network or data storage systems. In this paper we address only the generation of synthetic memory references generated by instruction fetches. Experimental results and a case study conclude this paper.
Snow mass in boreal forests derived from a modified passive microwave algorithm

With passive microwave snow data the most prominent error feature is the underestimation of snow mass during the winter, especially for North America. The reason why the microwave data underestimates snow mass primarily has to do with the effects of vegetation above snow fields. With the microwave data the emissivity of trees, especially dense conifers, can overwhelm the scattering signal which results when upwelling microwave energy is redistributed by snow crystals. The boreal forests which stretch across the northern tier of North America are perhaps the physiographic region where most of the difference occurs between the snow depth measurements based on climatological data and those based on microwave observations. Forests not only absorb some of the radiation scattered by snow crystals, but trees are also emitters of microwave radiation. So in forested areas the signal received by a radiometer on-board a satellite is produced by a combination of media. Generally, the denser the forest, the higher the microwave brightness temperature despite the type and condition of the media underlying the forest canopy. Furthermore, because the canopy shields the snow from direct solar radiation the deepest snow accumulates in the densest forests. However, if the fractional forest cover of a given microwave pixel can be accounted for in some way then microwave algorithms can be modified by including a forest cover parameter and estimates of snow depth will be improved. In this study we have used a vegetation index, derived from satellite brightness data, as an indicator of forest cover, and preliminary results show that this refined algorithm compares more favorably with climatological snow depths.
Early to middle Tertiary foreland basin development and the history of Andean crustal shortening in Bolivia

A >2.5-km-thick succession of Tertiary strata in the Eastern Cordillera of southern central Bolivia consists of predominantly fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The age of the base of the succession is middle Paleocene, and its upper part (which is erosionally truncated) is probably late Oligocene-early Miocene. The lower 50-130 m of the succession consists of interbedded fluvial sandstone and mudstone (including minor paleosols) of the Santa Lucia Formation. These strata are overlain by up to 50 m of pervasively pedogenically altered mudstone and sandstone in the upper part of the Santa Lucia Formation and lower part of the Impora Formation that may represent much of late Paleocene-Eocene time. Above the paleosol zone is a thin zone (∼10 m) of lacustrine carbonate and clastic rocks in the uppermost Impora Formation, and this in turn is overlain by a >2000-m-thick, upward-coarsening succession of clastic fluvial deposits in the Cayara, Camargo, and Suticollo Formations. Paleocurrent data indicate that fluvial channels that deposited the Santa Lucia, Impora, and Cayara Formations flowed mainly westward, whereas channels responsible for the Camargo and Suticollo Formations flowed generally eastward. Modal sandstone petrographic data show a long-term evolution from subarkosic (during Santa Lucia deposition) to quartz-arenitic (during Impora and Cayara deposition) to sublitharenitic (during Camargo and Suticollo deposition) compositions. We argue that the lithofacies and sediment-accumulation history of this succession are most consistent with deposition in an eastward-migrating foreland basin system. E -mail: decelles@geo.arizona. edu. Critical to this interpretation is the zone of extreme stratigraphic condensation in the lower Impora Formation, the inferred upper Paleocene-Eocene part of the succession. The abrupt decrease in sediment accumulation represented by this zone is difficult to reconcile with the leading alternative model in which continuous, postrift thermal subsidence resulted in a gradual, continuous decay of early Tertiary sediment-accumulation rates. Stratigraphic condensation is, however, consistent with passage of the forebulge through the region, an interpretation that also can be reconciled with the record of foreland basin development in the Altiplano to the west and gross sediment accumulation patterns in the Subandean zone and modern foreland basin to the east. Simple flexural modeling and palinspastic reconstruction of the complete Cenozoic migration history of the foreland basin system suggest that ∼1000 km of foreland lithosphere has been underthrust westward beneath the Andean orogenic belt at the latitude of southern Bolivia. The amount of middle and lower crust that would have been added to the Andean infrastructure is sufficient to explain the present crustal thicknesses in Bolivia.
The Piltdown forgery: a re‐statement of the case against Hinton

A review of the evidence supports the conclusion reached by Gardiner and Currant in 1996 that the hoaxer was Martin Hinton, who worked in the Geology and Zoology Departments of the Natural History Museum throughout the Piltdown affair. This was based primarily on the discovery in 1978 of a cabin trunk in the loft space immediately above what had been the office of the Keeper of Zoology − which post Hinton occupied between 1936 and 1945. This contained material similarly stained to that discovered at Piltdown, while several of the pieces had also been whittled in an identical fashion to the last find at Piltdown – the notorious ‘cricket bat’. Additional proof came from Hinton's executor who discovered eight human teeth varyingly stained in a tobacco tin of Hinton’s. These revealed that the forger used two methods for staining his material, one of which involved decalcification, a process which converted apatite into gypsum, the other of which did not. The material in the trunk was stained using the first method, the teeth obtained from his executor, the second. The analyses of the contents of the trunk (carried out in 1995−6) and of the tobacco tin (1997−8) are reported for the first time. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 139, 315−335.
The Sea Peoples and Their World : A Reassessment

This volume presents the results of the 1995 international seminar on the history and archaeology of the Sea Peoples. The 17 comprehensive articles, written by leading scholars in the fields of Egyptology, Hittitology, biblical studies, and Aegean, Anatolian, and Near Eastern archaeology, examine current methodologies and interpretations concerning the origin, migration, and settlement of the Sea Peoples against the overwhelming new archaeological record from sites throughout the Mediterranean basin and the Levant. Symposium Series 11 University Museum Monograph, 108
Rinconsaurus caudamirus gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina

Rinconsaurus caudamirus gen et sp. nov. (Dinosauria, Saurpoda) es un nuevo y esbelto Titanosauridae proveniente de la Formacion Rio Neuquen, Cretacico Superior de Rincon de los Sauces, Provincia de Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Sus restos estan integrados por 13 vertebras caudales articuladas y materiales craneales, cervicales, dorsales y apendiculares desarticulados, que pertenecen a tres individuos, dos adultos y un juvenil. Este nuevo taxon se caracteriza por la siguiente asociacion de autapomorfias: (1) vertebras dorsales medioanteriores con espinas neurales inclinadas posteriormente mas de 60 grados con respecto a la vertical, (2) vertebras caudales medias con procesos oseos que sostienen las carillas articulares de las poszigapofisis y (3) vertebras caudales procelicas con intercalaciones de series con centros anficelicos y bioconvexos, o con centros anficelicos, opistocelicos y biconvexos. Un analisis filogenetico cladista permite incluir a Rinconsaurus en la familia Titanosauridae. Dentro de Titanosauridae (Rinconsaurus +Aeolosaurus) es considerado un grupo hermano del clado (Opisthocoelicaudia + (Alamosaurus + (Neuquensaurus + Saltasaurus))). Rinconsaurus caudamirus presenta dos cortas secuencias caudales posteriores articuladas con centros anficelicos, opistocelicos y biconvexos. Esta inusual morfologia se registra por primera vez en dinosaurios sauropodos. Es importante desde el punto de vista sistematico, ya que Titanosauridae ha sido tradicionalmente definido, entre otros caracteres, por la presencia de fuerte procelia en sus vertebras caudales.
Rare earth element geochemistry of dolomites in the Middle Devonian Presqu'ile barrier, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: implications for fluid-rock ratios during dolomitization

Rare earth elements (REE) were determined in fine, medium and coarse crystalline replacement dolomites, and for saddle dolomite cements from the Middle Devonian Presqu'ile barrier from Pine Point and the subsurface of the Northwest Territories and north-eastern British Columbia. REE patterns of the fine crystalline dolomite are similar to those of Middle Devonian limestones from the Presqu'ile barrier. Fine crystalline dolomite occurs in the back-barrier facies and may represent penecontemporaneous dolomitization at, or just below, the sea floor. Medium crystalline dolomite is widespread in the lower southern and lower central barrier. Medium crystalline dolomite is slightly depleted in heavy REE compared with Devonian marine limestones and fine crystalline dolomite, and has negative Ce and Eu anomalies. Medium crystalline dolomites replaced pre-existing limestones or were recrystallized from earlier fine crystalline dolomites. During these processes, the REE patterns of their precursors were modified. Late stage, coarse crystalline replacement dolomite and saddle dolomite cements occur together in the upper barrier and have similar geochemical signatures. Coarse crystalline dolomites have negative Eu anomalies, and those from the Pine Point area also have positive La anomalies. Saddle dolomites are enriched in light REE and have positive La anomalies. The REE patterns of coarse crystalline dolomite and saddle dolomite differ from those of marine limestones and fine and medium crystalline dolomites, suggesting that different diagenetic fluids were responsible for these later dolomites. Although massive dolomitization requires relatively large volumes of fluids in order to provide the necessary amounts of Mg2-. dolomitization and subsequent recrystallization may not necessarily modify the REE signatures of the precursor limestones because of the low concentrations of REE in most natural fluids. Thus, relative fluid-rock ratios during diagenesis may be estimated from REE patterns in the diagenetic and precursor minerals. Fine crystalline dolomites retain the REE patterns of their limestone precursors. In the medium and coarse crystalline dolomites the precursor REE patterns were apparently altered by large volumes of fluids involved during dolomitization. This study suggests that REE compositions of dolomites and their limestone precursors may provide important information about the relative amounts of fluids involved during diagenetic processes, such as dolomitization.
Alcohol restrictions and drink driving in remote Indigenous communities in Queensland, Australia

Alcohol restrictions have been implemented in many Indigenous communities internationally, with the aim to reduce alcohol-related harm. Whilst a range of reviews have evaluated such restrictions using different measures, drink driving has been described in several reviews as increasing. Presently, this remains anecdotal; with limited empirical evidence to corroborate these reports. In Australia, the Queensland government introduced alcohol management plans in remote Indigenous communities, during 2002-2003, with total alcohol prohibition commencing in 2008 in some communities. Given road crashes are one of the leading causes of injuries for Indigenous peoples, this study aims to identify if the restrictions have been successful in reducing drink driving or have increased such behaviour. We examine this by reviewing changes in conviction rates and in offender and offence characteristics following the 2008 restrictions. Using de-identified Queensland court drink driving conviction data (2006-2011), from four Indigenous communities, Robust Poisson regression models compared counts of drink driving convictions pre (2006-2008) versus post SRS (2009-2011). Changes in offender characteristics and conviction details (blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and sentencing severity), were examined using chi-squares. Results indicate a decline in convictions after the 2008 SRS in three communities. However, a significant increase in convictions was identified in one study community. Community-level disparity included significant decline in BAC in one community (χ 2=5.58, p=0.02) compared with the three other communities that did not indicate change and a significant increase the number of women convicted in two communities (χ 2=17.36, p<0.01; χ 2=5.79, p=0.04). Alcohol restrictions may have important implications in road safety with these reductions in convictions and BAC in some communities. However, an increase in the number of women convicted and limited changes in BAC for other communities demonstrate the complex relationship between alcohol use, remoteness and driving. Greater focus on demand reduction strategies may be necessary to address alcohol misuse.
Soil loss estimation

Soil is one of the most widespread of the earth’s natural resources and is essential for many human activities. As we approach the 1990s, however, there is an increasing awareness of the degradation of this resource brought about by human activities. This degradation takes many forms, for example the pollution resulting from the application of toxic materials, the destruction of the structural framework of the soil by ill-timed or inappropriate cultivations, and the salinity and sodicity problems which often result in irrigation schemes particularly within the arid and seasonally arid regions of the world. The most serious form of soil degradation, however, is from accelerated soil erosion chiefly by water. With most of the other forms of degradation there is some prospect of reclamation, albeit often on a long-term basis, but once the soil is removed by erosional processes reclamation is impossible. The often quoted maxim ’prevention is better than cure’ certainly holds for soil erosion, for attempting to cure soil erosion is generally impossible and the best that can be done is to slow down the rate of erosion. The loss of soil by erosion can bring about many changes in the system of which soil is a major component. Such changes may include modifications of the hydrological response of the system, often the removal of the soil cover may give rise to
Fracture aperture reconstruction and determination of hydrological properties: a case study at Draix (French Alps)

We propose two techniques for fracture aperture reconstruction. The first one is a correlation technique that estimates the normal aperture or the tangential shift across a discontinuity whose sides present geometrical similarities. The only required material is a pair of appropriately controlled images of each side. Here, the images are maps of the corresponding side topography, obtained from laser profilometry. Assuming a purely normal opening, it is possible, from two corresponding sides of a given discontinuity in a core log, to infer the precise geometry of the in situ aperture. The second technique allows to retrieve the three‐dimensional geometry of a sealed discontinuity from non‐independent topography measurements of both sides. Both techniques are applied to discontinuities extracted from a core drilled down to 20 m in a fractured marl formation at Draix (French Alps). The probability density functions of the aperture of the sealed and open discontinuities are shown to be Gaussian. At the sample scale, the sealed fracture aperture is self‐affine, while the open one shows a cross‐over from a self‐affine regime at very small scales to an uncorrelated regime at largest scales. After extrapolating those scaling laws at the scale of the whole formation, we discuss when the aperture roughness affects the hydraulic properties of the Draix fractured bedrock. The overall estimated permeability is significant (10−9 − 10−8 m2), consistently with some previous indirect inferences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.