Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXECUTIVE A CALIBRATION APPROACH

We use a version of the Grossman and Hart (1983) principal-agent model with 10 actions and 10 states to produce quantitative predictions for executive compensation. Performance incentives derived from the model are compared with the performance incentives of 350 firms from a survey by Michael Jensen and Kevin Murphy. The results suggest both that the model does a reasonable job of explaining the data and that actual incentives are close to the optimal incentives predicted by theory.
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: This paper offers a critique of a major recent initiative in Economics teaching: the CORE Project. CORE emerged in the wake of the global financial crisis, which was also something of a crisis for economics. The paper deploys four evaluative criteria to pose four questions of CORE which address the demands of the student movement, as expressed in Earle, et al. (2016). CORE claims to be innovative and responding to criticism. However, the paper concludes that its reforms are relatively minor and superficial. CORE, like curricula which preceded the crisis, still exhibits limited pluralism, ignores power and politics, and ignores key educational goals. Despite its opportunity to do so, CORE has not opened up space within economics for political economy.
BasiliximabSignaling by Therapeutic Antibody Structural Basis for the Blockage of IL-2

IL-2 signaling plays a central role in the initiation and activation of immune responses. Correspondingly, blockage of this pathway leads to inhibition of the immune system and would provide some therapeutic beneﬁts. Basiliximab (Simulect), a therapeutic mAb drug with speciﬁcity against IL-2R a of T cells, was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1998. It has been proven to be effective in the suppression of the IL-2 pathway and hence has been widely used to prevent allograft rejection in organ transplantation, especially in kidney transplants. In this study, we report the crystal structure of the basiliximab Fab in complex with the ectodomain of IL-2R a at 2.9 A˚ resolution. In the complex structure, the Fab interacts with IL-2R a with extensive hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, accounting for a high binding afﬁnity of 0.14 nM. The Ag binding site of basiliximab consists of all six CDR loops that form a large binding interface with a central shallow hydrophobic groove surrounded by four hydrophilic patches. The discontinuous epitope is composed of several segments from the D1 domain and a minor segment from the D2 domain that overlap with most of the regions responsible for the interactions with IL-2. Thus, basiliximab binding can completely block the interactions of IL-2 with IL-2R a and hence inhibit the activation of the IL-2 signal pathway. The structural results also provide important implications for the development of improved and new IL-2R a –targeted mAb drugs. The Journal of Immunology , 2010, 184: 1361–1368.
B k Activation of NF-Inflammatory Response through Distinct HSP60-Induced Chlamydia Potentiates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 3

Chlamydia pneumonia ( C. pneumonia ) remains one of the leading causes of bacterial pneumonia and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some inﬂammation-related diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and vascular diseases. Heat shock protein 60 is one of the pathogenic components of C. pneumonia that is closely associated with the inﬂammatory disorders. However, the molecular basis for the immunopathologic property of chlamydial heat shock protein (cHSP60) has not been elucidated. In this article, we report that MAPK kinase 3 (MKK3) is essential for cHSP60-induced lung inﬂammation, because MKK3-knockout mice displayed signiﬁcantly reduced lung neutrophil accumulation and decreased production of proinﬂammatory mediators, correlating with the alleviated inﬂammatory response in lung tissues. Mechanistically, p38 kinase was selectively activated by MKK3 in response to cHSP60 and activated NF- k B by stimulating the nuclear kinase, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1. The speciﬁc knockdown of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 in macrophages resulted in a defective phosphorylation of NF- k B/RelA at Ser 276 but had no apparent effect on RelA translocation. Furthermore, TGF- b – activated kinase 1 was found to relay the signal to MKK3 from TLR4, the major receptor that sensed cHSP60 in the initiation of the inﬂammatory response. Thus, we establish a critical role for MKK3 signaling in cHSP60 pathology and suggest a novel mechanism underlying C. pneumonia –associated inﬂammatory disorders. Journal of Immunology , 2013, 191: 000–000.
Recent extraordinary cool and hot summers in East Asia simulated by an ensemble climate experiment

An ensemble of three 40-year parallel simulations was performed using a T42 AGCM version of the Japan Meteorological Agency global model to answer the question why extraordinary cool anti hot summers in East Asia, especially Japan and Korea, tend to occur very frequently in recent years from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Three independent long-term integrations from January 1955 to December 1994 were forced by the same SST boundary condition observed on the global scale. Our AGCM simulations employing prescribed observed SSTs were successful in reproducing extratropical circulation anomalies that bring about the decadal-scale amplitude modulation of interannual variations of summer mean temperatures in the vicinity of Japan. During the period from the beginning of 1980s to the early 1990s, the interannual variability of the east-west gradient of summertime SST anomalies between the South China Sea and the tropical western Pacific east of the Philippines became appreciably large, was accompanied by anomalous cumulus convection around the Philippines, and its phases coincided quite well with those of model-simulated lower-tropospheric geopotential height variations near Japan. The anomalous convective heating substantially affected summertime lower tropospheric circulation anomalies in East Asia through the dynamic process of the excitation of PJ teleconnection pattern (Nitta, 1987). The anomalous SST forcing from the tropics is crucially responsible for the frequent occurrence of extreme cool and hot summers in Japan and Korea from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. The presence of strong east-west gradient of SST anomalies across the Philippines is primarily attributed to the significant coupling of weak (strong) South Asian summer monsoon and the warm (cold) episode of ENSO. The warm episodes that occurred during the period from the late 1970s to the early 1990s are appreciably different from a typical model of El Nino event exemplified by Rasmusson and Carpenter (1982) in terms of seasonal evolution. It is anticipated that both unusually persistent ENSO signals from the preceding winter until summer and the associated South Asian summer monsoon activity strongly regulate the formation of the east-west SST gradient near the Philippines in boreal summer.
ATLAS NOTE ATLAS-CONF-2012-136 A search for t¯t resonances in the lepton plus jets ﬁnal state using 4.66 fb − 1 of pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV

A search for new particles that decay into t ¯ t pairs is performed with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC using 4 . 66 fb − 1 of data collected at √ s = 7 TeV. The t ¯ t system is reconstructed using the lepton plus jets decay channel, both with standard jets and by ex-ploiting jet substructure. No evidence for a t ¯ t resonance is observed. For a narrow Z ′ boson, the 95% credibility level cross section times branching ratio upper limits range from 3.2 pb at a resonance mass of 0.7 TeV to 0.05 pb for a mass of 2 TeV. Leptophobic topcolor Z ′ resonances are excluded for masses below 1.7 TeV and Randall–Sundrum Kaluza–Klein gluon excitations are excluded for masses below 1.9 TeV at a 95% credibility level.
The neural network approach to parton distribution functions

We introduce the neural network approach to the parametrization of parton distributions. After a general introduction, we present in detail our approach to parametrize experimental data, based on a combination of Monte Carlo methods and neural networks. We apply this strategy first in three different cases: the proton structure function, hadronic tau decays and B meson decay spectra. Finally we describe the neural network approach applied to the parametrization of parton distribution functions, and present results on the nonsinglet parton distribution.
InsulitisCostimulation and the Development of Associated with Increased T Cell Nonobese Diabetic Mouse B Cells Is Dysregulated B7-1 and B7-2 Expression on

Little is known about the pathogenic role of B cell dysfunction in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. We previously reported that B cell hyper-responsiveness, resistance to apoptosis, and accumulation in islets occur during the onset of insulitis, but not in type 1 diabetes (T1D), in NOD mice. In this study we extended these studies to further determine how islet-inﬁltrated B cells contribute to this inﬂammatory insulitis. We demonstrate the presence of an increased percentage of B7-1 (cid:1) and a decreased percentage of B7-2 (cid:1) B cells in the spleen of autoimmune disease-prone NOD and nonobese diabetes-resistant mice compared with the spleen of nonautoimmune disease-prone C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. An age-dependent differential expression of B7-1 and B7-2 was associated with the development of insulitis and CD4 (cid:1) CD25 (cid:1) T cell deﬁciency in autoimmune disease-prone mice. Whereas BCR and LPS stimulation increased B7-2 expression on B cells from autoimmune disease-prone and nonautoimmune disease-prone mice, LPS-induced B7-1 expression was higher on NOD than C57BL/6 B cells. Interestingly, increased expression of B7-1 and B7-2 was found on islet-inﬁltrated B cells, and this increase was associated with enhanced T cell costimulation. Islet-inﬁltrated B cells were shown to be a source of TNF- (cid:2) production in islets. B7 blockade of BCR-stimulated NOD B cells by anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 mAbs during coadoptive transfer with diabetogenic T cells into NOD. scid mice protected these recipients from T1D. These results suggest that increased B7-1 and B7-2 expression on islet-inﬁltrated in the pathogenesis of T1D, information regarding the precise role of B7-1 and B7-2 expression by B cells in T1D is lacking. In this study we report that before the onset of destructive insulitis, a higher percentage of B7-1 (cid:1) B cells and a decreased percentage of B7-2 (cid:1) B cells are present in the spleens of autoimmune disease-prone, T1D-susceptible NOD and T1D-resistant nonobese diabe-tes-resistant (NOR) mice compared with nonautoimmune disease-prone C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mice. Islet-inﬁltrated B cells produce TNF- (cid:3) and show elevated levels of B7-1 and B7-2 expression. The latter increase in B7-1 and B7-2 was associated with enhanced T cell costimulation, as detected by the ability of B7 blockade of BCR-stimulated B cells to inhibit the transfer of T1D by diabetogenic T cells into NOD. scid mice. Our results suggest that the presence of an increased percentage of B7-1 (cid:1) B cells in the spleen and of B7-1 (cid:1) and B7-2 (cid:1) B cells in the islets of NOD mice, particularly TNF- (cid:3) -producing islet B cells, may be important in the development of inﬂammatory insulitis and the expansion of autoreactive T cells in the islets of autoimmune disease-prone mice.
Termination of Pregnancy Due to COVID-19 Induced Damage to the Placenta: A Case Report

Background: The effects of COVID-19 and its connection with pregnant women and infants have received growing attention of neonatal specialists and gynecologists. COVID-19 causes mild upper respiratory infections, leading to severe illness in patients with defective immune systems. In pregnant women with COVID-19 due to the adverse effects of this disease maintaining maternal health and preventing fetal death is essential and vital. The aim of this study is to report an unusual observation of Termination of pregnancy due to COVID-19 induced damage to the placenta. Case presentation: A 33-year-old female patient with a gestational age of 33 weeks. The main symptoms and main concerns of the patient were shortness of breath and cough. Following positive PCR test results and CT, the COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed. Due to the positive OCT and fetal heart failure, it was decided to terminate pregnancy and thus the patient underwent emergency Cesarean section and the infant was born weighing 2700 g and Apgar 10. Conclusion: Common manifestations of COVID-19 in pregnant women include fever, cough, and muscle pain. The most common laboratory results are decreased blood lymphocytes and increased blood CRP. Pregnancy and childbirth complications in pregnant women with COVID-19 included elevated preterm delivery, increased Cesarean section rate, and infant mortality. As a result, pregnant women with COVID-19 should immediately have an ultrasound to diagnose placental thrombosis.
Atazanavir versus lopinavir on Covid-19 infection: A retrospective protease inhibitors comparative study 2020

Background: Evaluation of protease inhibitors (PIs) is important in terms of prescribing an effective regimen for reducing mortality and hospitalization in Covid-19. Therefore, follow-up of patients better determines the characteristics of existing regimens. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the demographic, co-morbidities, gastrointestinal (GI) and liver complications of patients at two teaching hospitals from the first of March to the end of July 2020. All patients received one of two recommended regimens including hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (400 mg BD on the first day and then 200 mg BD) plus atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV) (300/100 mg daily) or HCQ with the same dose plus lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) (400/100 mg BD) for 5-7 days. Results: We chose 170 cases that received 2 different regimens. In group one, 85(57.6% males) patients received Kaletra and HCQ and group two, 85 (55.3% males) patients received ATV and HCQ. The study of hospitalization in both groups showed no difference in more or less than 5 days hospitalization. (P=0.757) Comparison of mortality rates has not shown a significant difference including 19 (22.4%) deaths in group 1 and 15(17.6%) deaths in group 2 (P=0.443). Nausea followed by diarrhea was the most common side effects in group 1. But no side effects were reported in group 2 (P=0.000). Abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) were seen in both groups. Conclusion: Comparison of hospitalization and mortality were not statistically significant. It seems that a respect to similar effect on mortality and hospitalization. ATV regimen is superior to Kaletra especially for better GI tolerance and less daily pills.
Lactate production in -- tissue: a regulated function with extra-c

Estimates of the quantitative contribution of adipose tissue to whole-body glucose metabolism, pre-viously reported as 1-3%, have been revised to be on the order of 10-30%. These revised estimates come, in part, from a recognition that adipose tissue uses glucose to produce lactate and pyruvate, in addition to CO2 and triglyc- erides. Lactate production by adipose tissue is modulated in vitro by changes in glucose, insulin, and epinephrine concentrations. In vivo, lactate production is regulated acutely by the animal’s nutritional state (fed or fasted) and chronically by the degree of obesity. A strong positive correlation exists between rat fat cell size and relative conversion of glucose to lactate (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). Diabetes is also associated with markedly increased lactate production in adipocytes. Fat cells from obese or diabetic rats (or humans) can metabolize to lactate as much as 50-70% of the glucose taken up. From these recent studies, a picture is emerging in which the adipose organ may provide lactate for hepatic gluconeogenesis during fasting, and also lactate for hepatic glycogen synthesis after food ingestion.
An unsteady pressure probe for the 1 measurement of ﬂow unsteadiness in tidal 2 channels

An unsteady ﬁve-hole probe has been developed for the measurement of turbulent ﬂow in tidal 19 channels. Such measurements are vital for accurate prediction of unsteady loads on tidal turbines. Existing ﬁeld-based velocimeters are either unable to capture the required range of frequencies or are 21 too expensive to proﬁle the variation of turbulence across a typical tidal power site, and thus the available 22 data is inadequate for turbine design. 23 This work adapts the traditional ﬁve-hole wind tunnel probe to achieve a low cost device with 24 sufﬁcient frequency range for tidal turbine applications. The main issue in the marine environment is 25 that the ambient hydrostatic pressure is much higher than the dynamic pressure. This has been overcome 26 by using novel calibration coefﬁcients and differential transducers. In ﬂume tank tests against LDV measurements, the frequency response of the probe has been shown 28 to be sufﬁcient to capture all the frequencies necessary for tidal turbine design.
of DRAK2 during T Cell DevelopmentExpression Autoimmunity Caused by Ectopic Altered Thymic Selection and Increased

3 Negative regulation of TCR signaling is an important mechanism enforcing immunological self-tolerance to prevent inap-propriate activation of T cells and thus the development of autoimmune diseases. The lymphoid-restricted serine/threonine kinase death-associated protein-related apoptotic kinase-2 (DRAK2) raises the TCR activation threshold by targeting TCR-induced calcium mobilization in thymocytes and peripheral T cells and regulates positive thymic selection and peripheral T cell activation. Despite a hypersensitivity of peripheral drak2 -deﬁcient T cells, drak2 -deﬁcient mice are enigmatically resis-tant to induced autoimmunity in the model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. To further evaluate the differential role of DRAK2 in central vs peripheral tolerance and to assess its impact on the development of autoimmune diseases, we have generated a transgenic (Tg) mouse strain ectopically expressing DRAK2 via the lck proximal promoter (1017-DRAK2 Tg mice). This transgene led to highest expression levels in double-positive thymocytes that are normally devoid of DRAK2. 1017-DRAK2 Tg mice displayed a reduction of single-positive CD4 (cid:1) and CD8 (cid:1) thymocytes in context with diminished negative selection in male HY TCR (cid:2) 1017-DRAK2 Tg mice as well as peripheral T cell hypersensitivity, enhanced susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and spontaneous autoimmunity. These ﬁndings suggest that alteration in thymocyte signaling thresholds impacts the sensitivity of peripheral T cell pools. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 183: 285–297.
prophylactic use of in the population.

Background: Accumulating evidence supports an effect of aspirin in reducing overall cancer incidence and mortality in the general population. We reviewed current data and assessed the bene ﬁ ts and harms of prophylactic use of aspirin in the general population. Methods: The effect of aspirin for site-speci ﬁ c cancer incidence and mortality, cardiovascular events was collated from the most recent systematic reviews. Studies identi ﬁ ed through systematic Medline search provided data regarding harmful effects of aspirin and baseline rates of harms like gastrointestinal bleeding and peptic ulcer. Results: The effects of aspirin on cancer are not apparent until at least 3 years after the start of use, and some bene ﬁ ts are sustained for several years after cessation in long-term users. No differences between low and standard doses of aspirin are observed, but there were no direct comparisons. Higher doses do not appear to confer additional bene ﬁ t but increase toxicities. Excess bleeding is the most important harm associated with aspirin use, and its risk and fatality rate increases with age. For average-risk individuals aged 50 – 65 years taking aspirin for 10 years, there would be a relative reduction of between 7% (women) and 9% (men) in the number of cancer, myocardial infarction or stroke events over a 15-year period and an overall 4% relative reduction in all deaths over a 20-year period. Conclusions: Prophylactic aspirin use for a minimum of 5 years at doses between 75 and 325 mg/day appears to have favourable bene ﬁ t – harm pro ﬁ le; longer use is likely to have greater bene ﬁ ts. Further research is needed to determine the optimum dose and duration of use, to identify individuals at increased risk of bleeding, and to test effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening – eradication before starting aspirin prophylaxis.
Circadian adaptations to environmental gradients

41 42 In plants, the circadian system controls a plethora of processes, many with agronomic importance such as photosynthesis, photoprotection, stomatal opening, and photoperiodic development, as well as molecular processes such as gene expression. It has been suggested that modifying circadian rhythms may be a means to manipulate crops to develop 46 “improved” plants for agriculture. However, there is very little information on how the clock influences the performance of crop plants. We have used a non-invasive, high- 48 throughput technique, based on prompt chlorophyll fluorescence (F), for measuring 49 circadian rhythms and demonstrated that the technique works in a range of plants. Using F we have analyzed circadian rhythms in populations of wild barley from a 51 widely different eco-geographical locations in the Southern Levant part of the Fertile 52 Crescent, an area with a high proportion of the total genetic variation of wild barley. Our results show that there is variability for circadian traits in the wild barley lines. We observed that circadian period lengths were correlated with temperature and 55 aspect at the sites of origin of the plants while the amplitudes of the rhythms were 56 correlated with soil composition. Thus different environmental parameters may exert 57 selection on circadian rhythms.
Early Detection of Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Infection Using HIV RNA Amplification and Detection City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study* of perinatally transmitted human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection

Early diagnosis virus type 1 can guide early interventions. HIV coculture and DNA polymerase chain reaction (DNA-PCR) detect few HIV-infected infants at birth and 90%-100% by age 3 months. Because extracellular HIV RNA may appear soon after infection, a plasma HIV RNA assay was compared with DNA PCR for early detection of perinatally infected infants. Blood-draw specimens (108) obtained at the same time from 49 HIV-infected infants and 10 specimens from 8 uninfected infants were tested. HIV RNA and DNA-PCR positivity rates were 56% and 33%, respectively, in 36 specimens from 36 infants <28 days of age (binomial test, P = .001). Among 81 specimens obtained after age 14 days, 79 (98%) were positive by HIV RNA testing. No HIV-infected infant specimens were DNA PCR-positive and HIV RNA-negative. All specimens from 8 uninfected infants were HIV RNA negative. These results suggest that plasma HIV RNA was detectable earlier and more reliably than HIV DNA in perinatal infection.