Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Indo-Pacific Warm Pool variability during the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum

We measured oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios in the surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (white s.s.) and the thermocline dweller Pulleniatina obliquiloculata to investigate upper ocean spatial variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP). We focused on three critical time intervals: the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18-21.5 ka), the early Holocene (8-9 ka), and the late Holocene (0-2 ka). Our records from 24 stations in the South China Sea, Timor Sea, Indonesian seas, and western Pacific indicate overall dry and cool conditions in the IPWP during the LGM with a low thermal gradient between surface and thermocline waters. During the early Holocene, sea surface temperatures increased by similar to 3 degrees C over the entire region, indicating intensification of the IPWP. However, in the eastern Indian Ocean (Timor Sea), the thermocline gradually shoaled from the LGM to early Holocene, reflecting intensification of the subsurface Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Increased surface salinity in the South China Sea during the Holocene appears related to northward displacement of the monsoonal rain belt over the Asian continent together with enhanced influx of saltier Pacific surface water through the Luzon Strait and freshwater export through the Java Sea. Opening of the freshwater portal through the Java Sea in the early Holocene led to a change in the vertical structure of the ITF from surface- to thermocline-dominated flow and to substantial freshening of Timor Sea thermocline waters.
Preliminary Assessment of Sand Blows in the Southern Mississippi Embayment

Trenching of sand blows in two liquefaction fields on late- to mid-Holocene alluvium within the southern Mississippi Embayment was conducted to determine the origin of the sand blows and their possible relationship to New Madrid seismic zone events. Trench stratigraphy and crosscutting relationships show evidence of multiple events of seismically induced sand venting. These two fields of moderate to intense liquefaction are 175 km and 240 km southwest of the southern limit of similarly intense sand blows within the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) liquefaction field. The southernmost field (Ashley County, Arkansas) is ∼25 km in diameter, and sand blows are densely spaced. Sand blows are more sparsely spaced in the larger (∼30 km by 45 km) northern field (Desha County, Arkansas). Various correlations of liquefaction events between these two fields and between each of these fields and the NMSZ can be accommodated by our radiocarbon and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) ages of sediments predating and postdating vented sand deposits in our trenches. These ages show a major liquefaction event at both the Ashley and Desha County fields between 4600 and 5500 years ago and a major event at the Ashley County field approximately 700 years ago. The early venting episode is older than the documented NMSZ chronology, and so a NMSZ seismic source cannot be assessed. The age of the later venting episode falls between two postulated NMSZ events, so it may reflect seismicity from a different source zone. Our trench logs show at least three other moderate to minor sand-venting episodes at the Ashley County field and two at the Desha County field, and one may be the same event at both fields about 2200 years ago. If these sand blows formed during large NMSZ events (≥175 km northeast), the area of strong ground motion for this seismic source has been underestimated. Alternatively, if these liquefaction fields formed due to local seismicity, then additional significant seismic source zones are present in the Mississippi Embayment outside the NMSZ. Each of the two fields sits astride seismicity alignments associated with the margins of a previously identified active fault block between the Arkansas River fault zone that projects through the Desha County field and the Saline River fault zone that projects through the Ashley County field.
Gas diffusivity in undisturbed volcanic ash soils: Test of soil water characteristic based prediction models

Soil-water-characteristic-dependent (SWC-dependent) models to predict the gas diffusion coefficient. D r , in undisturbed soil have only been tested within limited ranges of pore-size distribution and total porosity. Andisols (volcanic ash soils) exhibit unusually high porosities and water retention properties. The Campbell SWC model and two Campbell SWC-based models for predicting Dp in undisturbed soil were tested against SWC and Dp data for 18 Andisols and four Gray-lowland (paddy field) soils from Japan. The Campbell model accurately described SWC data for all 22 soils within the matric potential range from -10 to -15 000 cm H 2 O. The SWC-dependent Buckingham-Burdine-Campbell (BBC) gas diffusivity model predicted Dp data well within the same matric potential range for the 18 Andisols. The BBC model showed a minor but systematic underprediction of Dp for three out of the four Gray-lowland soils, likely due to a blocky soil structure with internal fissures. A recent Dp model that also takes into account macroporosity performed nearly as well as the BBC model. However, Dp in the macropore region (air-filled pores >30 μm) was consistently underpredicted, likely due to high continuity of the macropore system in both Andisols and Gray-lowland soils. In agreement with previous model tests for 21 European soils (representing lower porosities and water retention properties), both SWC-dependent D p models gave better predictions for the 22 Japanese soils than soil-type independent models. Combining Dp and SWC data, a so-called gas diffusion fingerprint (GDF) plot to describe soil aeration potential is proposed.
Apollo Lunar Seismic Experiment - Final Summary

Processing and initial analysis of the entire set of Apollo lunar seismic data collected continuously from 1969 through 1977 have now been completed. Recent results include: 1) better defined deep moonquake locations, which appear to be bounded rather sharply between about 800 km and 1000 km depths with concentrations near both boundaries; and 2) middle mantle (∼500 to 1000 km depth) seismic velocities of Vp, = 8.3 ± 0.4 km/sec and Vs = 4.6 ± 0.2 km/sec, which are significantly higher than previous estimates and represent an increase of velocities from the upper mantle as opposed to a decrease in previous estimates.
Aquatic vascular plants of South Brazil: checklist and a comparative floristic approach

Aquatic ecosystems support species diversity, and knowledge of plant communities is essential for wetland conservation programs. This study provides a checklist of aquatic vascular plants of South Brazil and establishes their floristic affinities with bordering South America phytogeographical domains. The checklist was based on 52 sources, including 35 floristic lists, 17 regional taxonomic studies, and information from an electronic database on wetlands of South Brazil. Floristic similarities with published checklists for neighbouring regions were assessed. A total of 780 species distributed in 277 genera and 85 families of vascular plants were reported for South Brazil. Families with higher species richness were Cyperaceae (128), Poaceae (102), Asteraceae (69), Plantaginaceae (21), Lentibulariaceae (20), and Onagraceae (20). The most represented genera were Eleocharis (41) and Cyperus (24). A cluster analysis revealed high similarity with Iberá (Argentinian Chaco), Pampa and Atlantic Forest, and low similarity with Pantanal, Caatinga and the Amazon Rainforest. The high number of aquatic plant families recorded relative to temperate and tropical climates suggests a zone of biogeographical overlap in Southern Brazil. The compiled data set reveals high biodiversity of wetlands of South Brazil, provides a baseline for future research, and highlights the need for regional conservation planning.
Interaction between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasia Plate and its Influence on the Tectonics of Eastern Asia

The present boundaries between the Philippine Sea (PH) plate and its surrounding plates are determined based on the evolution history of the Philippine Sea and the earthquake distribution around the Philippine Sea. The deformation inside the Philippine Sea plate and along the boundary of PH-Eurasia (EU) plate is studied by comparing the observisional data of geophysics, geology, and GPS with the theoretically calculated results for the Euler parameters of the Philippine Sea plate. The interaction between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasian plate is analyzed using the geophysical , geological and GPS data. It is suggested that the interaction is different in different sections of the PH-EU boundary. The PH plate produces strong compression to the Eurasian plate along the Nankai trough. There is no compression along the Ryukyu trench and probably there is an extension caused by the secondary mantle flow. The collision of two plates at the Taiwan area causes strong compression to southeast part of Chinese continent. There is a deformation belt in the Philippine islands between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasian plate, which makes interaction between the two plates be weakened and there is no influence on the southern China Sea from the Philippine Sea plate.
High‐latitude F region irregularities observed simultaneously with ISIS 1 and the Chatanika radar

Simultaneous measurements of the high-latitude ionosphere were made by the Chatanika radar and the ISIS 1 topside sounder and cylindrical electrostatic probe (CEP) when the satellite was at a height of about 700 km. The variation of enhancements and valleys of electron density with invariant latitude at the satellite on the scale of a few hundred kilometers agrees reasonably well with the radar results. These density enhancements comprise a collection of large-scale (tens of kilometers) irregularities or 'blobs. ' Evidence for the formation of these blobs was obtained from the sounder. Natural, intense radio noise (Hiss) was observed on the sounder ionograms recorded on the poleward side of the auroral zone, indicating the presence of precipitating kiloelectron volt electrons. A few minutes after these ionograms were recorded the radar scanned the same invariant latitude region and a large-scale ionization enhancement, or 'blob,' not present 3 minutes earlier, had developed in the bottomside F layer. ISIS 1 telemetry dropouts resulting from medium-scale irregularities, and enhanced irregularities down to about 200 m, observed with the CEP, are observed in association with blobs. Scatter signatures observed on the ISIS ionograms may be associated with large-scale irregularities that can be identified in the radar data.more » The scattering detected by the sounder is caused by 30- to 60-m wavelength irregularities (small-scale) that presumably are created by instabilities operating on the edges of the large-scale irregularities. The small-scale irregularities, however, are observed on both poleward and equatorward directed gradients. If the gradient-drift instability is responsible for these irregularities, then they either convect to the point of observation, are due to zonal gradients, or are field-aligned extensions of irregularities generated at lower heights. « less
Palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironmental responses in the western Mediterranean over the last 140 ka: evidence from Mallorca, Spain

Climatic change in the western Mediterranean basin over the last 140 ka has been investigated from sediment and soil sequences along the coast of the northeastern part of Mallorca, Spain. Palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironments are reconstructed from sediment and soil structures, marine and terrestrial molluscan fauna, grain size distributions, mineral magnetics, sediment and soil chemistry, SEM and oxygen isotope values. Dating is by OSL and amino acid geochronometry along with marine molluscan faunal assemblages. All Oxygen Isotope stages and substages from OIS 6 to 1 are recorded. Mean annual temperatures (m.a.t.) of c. 19.2°C for the climatic optimum of the Last Interglacial compare with c. 17.3°C for the present, and are associated with high sea level, extensive woodland and stable soils, although wide temperature ranges are detected during this stage with values as low as c. 10.3°C. Through OIS 5d to 5a m.a.t. fluctuated from 8.2°C to 17.9°C. Low sea level, open vegetation, effective river activity and aeolian sand and dust deposition characterize 5d and 5b while relatively high sea-level and soil development on stable landscapes dominate OIS 5c and 5a. OIS 4 is represented by m.a.t. of c. 4.9°C with aeolian sand and loess deposition, limited river activity and weak soil development. Loess deposition persisted into OIS 3, but at this time the m.a.t. was c. 13°C and with higher humidity and vegetation growth. During the LGM (OIS 2) m.a.t. was c. 8.1°C and effective river, slope and aeolian processes, along with associated with limited vegetation cover, were responsible for the most extensive changes in the landscape. Major rates of change occur during periods of climatic deterioration when the high levels of geomorphic energy were imposed on a landscape undergoing a breakdown of vegetation cover.
Seasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol size distributions (10 < D < 750 nm) at a high-alpine site (Jungfraujoch 3580 m asl)

During an extended field campaign at a high-alpine site (Jungfraujoch; 3580 m asl, Switzerland) from March 1997 to May 1998, the particle number size distribution (diameter D = 18-750 nm) and number concentration N (D > 10 nm) were measured on a continuous basis. The number size distribution was dominated by particles with D < 100 nm, while most of the surface area was in the accumulation mode size range (0.1-1 μm). Average size distributions exhibited a distinct bimodal shape which is generated and maintained by cloud processes and is less distinct in the free troposphere. Fitted modal diameters and standard deviations σ of the Aitken (20-100 nm) and accumulation modes were surprisingly constant throughout the year (D Ait = 43 ± 3 nm; D Acc = 140 ± 6 nm; σ Ait = 2.13 ± 0.11; σ Acc = 1.61 ± 0.03). The relative number concentrations in both modes are responsible for the seasonality observed in the shape of the size distribution. The high seasonality of N Acc with summer and winter values of∼260 and ∼40 cm -3 , respectively, is mainly due to transport of planetary boundary layer air to the station. In contrast, new particle formation is responsible for the high concentrations of nucleation mode particles (D < 20 nm) which exhibited a maximum during the winter months. The relatively low seasonality found for N Ait (summer, winter values: ∼530,∼310 cm -3 ) is due to gas-to-particle conversion as well as transport processes. An analysis showed that a significant fraction of nucleation mode particles were formed by photochemical reactions.
Runoff Volume Reduction by a Level Spreader-Vegetated Filter Strip System in Suburban Charlotte, N.C.

The premise of low impact development (LID) is to reduce runoff volumes while simultaneously matching target (often predevelopment) infiltration and evapotranspiration volumes. Many structural practices used in LID, such as bioretention, infiltration trenches, and permeable pavement, require a seasonally high water table (SHWT) to be 1–2 m from the surface. Conversely, level spreader–vegetated filter strip systems can be implemented in locations where a SHWT would restrict the use of other practices. A 19.4 m long reinforced concrete level spreader upslope of a 900 m2 mixed grass/weed vegetated filter strip was monitored for runoff reduction for 23 precipitation events from November 2005 to January 2007 in Charlotte, N.C. The practice treated runoff from a 0.87 ha (2.15 acre) residential watershed. Of the 23 monitored events, only 3 produced outflow. All events which produced outflow exceeded 40 mm (1.6 in.) of precipitation. Cumulative volume reduction associated with the events was 85%, which compares .
Magnetism of Pillow Basalts and Their Petrology

The average intensity of magnetization of a layer of pillow basalt depends on (l) variations in the intensity of the earth's field as the lava is formed, (2) variations in the direction of magnetization within the layer, (3) the percent of nonmagnetic pore space between pillows, and (4) variations in the thermoremanence of the basalt due to variations in composition and in the degree of crystallization. To evaluate (4) we made a centimeter-by-centimeter examination of submarine pillow fragments and found that the remanence increases from almost zero in the glassy crust to high values of . 04 emu/cc in the interior. The main control on remanence is the degree of crystallization. In very large pillows the remanence reaches a peak and decreases toward the center, the decrease apparently being due to an increase in grain size. The magnetization of the basalts resides in titanomagnetite grains possessing natural remanences in the range 1 to 2 emu/cc. The variation of natural remanence with grain size in the range 3 to 6 microns suggests pseudo-single domain behavior. Our best estimate of the average magnetization of a layer of submarine pillow basalt is . 014 emu/cc. A layer less than 1 km thick with a value of remanence this high is adequate to account for most marine magnetic anomalies.
Uncertainty evaluation of ozone production and its sensitivity to emission changes over the Ile‐de‐France region during summer periods

[1] The approach of Bayesian Monte Carlo analysis has been used for evaluating model uncertainty in ozone production and its sensitivity to emission changes. This approach has been applied to the ozone fields calculated by the CHIMERE regional model in the Ile-de-France area during the 1998 and 1999 summer seasons. The AIRPARIF network measurements of urban NO and O3 concentrations and rural O3 over the Ile-de-France region have been used for constraining the Monte Carlo simulations. Our results yield the following major conclusions: (1) The simulated formation of O3 plumes are mainly located in southwestern to southeastern directions downwind the Paris area. (2) Uncertainties on simulated ozone concentrations and several derived quantities are evaluated and reduced using the BMC approach; simulated urban and plume ozone concentrations are enhanced through the observational constraint as compared to those obtained from the unconstrained model. (3) The chemical regime over the urban area of Paris and within plumes is clearly VOC sensitive on the average over two summers. This statement is robust with respect to the BMC uncertainty analysis.
Detrital chromian spinels from beach placers of Andaman Islands, India: A perspective view of petrological characteristics and variations of the Andaman ophiolite

Along the east coast of the Andaman Islands, abundant detrital chromian spinels frequently occur in black sands at the confluence of streams meeting the Andaman Sea. The mineral chemistry of these detrital chromian spinels has been used in reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Andaman ophiolite. The chromian spinels show wide variation in compositional parameters such as Cr# [= Cr/(Cr + A1) atomic ratio] (0.13–0.91), Mg# [= Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) atomic ratio] (0.23–0.76), and TiO2 (<0.05–3.9 wt%). The YFe3+[= 100Fe3+/(Cr + A1 + Fe3+) atomic ratio] is remarkably low (usually <10 except for south Andaman). The ranges of chemical composition of chromian spinels are different in each locality. The spinel compositions show very depleted signatures over the entire island, which suggests that all massifs in the Andaman ophiolite were affected under island‐arc conditions. Although the degree of depletion varies in different parts of the island, a directional change in composition of the detrital chromian spinels from south to north is evident. Towards the north the detrital chromian spinels point to less‐depleted source rocks in contrast to relatively more depleted towards the south. The possibilities to explain this directional change are critically discussed in the context of the evolution of Andaman ophiolite.
Channel Changes Over 12 Years on Grazed and Ungrazed Reaches of Wickiup Creek in Eastern Oregon

Stream channel cross sections were first compared in 1986 in grazed reaches and inside a 47-yr. -old grazing exclosure along Wickiup Creek in eastern Oregon. Significant differences between grazed and ungrazed channels were found at that time. In 1998, we measured 49 cross sections placed at a similar spacing inside the exclosure and in three grazed reaches in order to examine changes over 12 yr. Although the grazed channels were still significantly different than the ungrazed, in two out of three grazed reaches, the channels showed improvement in all parameters since 1985 although not all of these were statistically significant at the 90% level. Since 1990, the Wickiup riparian pasture has been managed more cautiously than many other streamside pastures in eastern Oregon and our results indicate that under careful grazing management, stream channels may show improvement from destructive past grazing without complete exclusion of livestock. As an alternative to the intensive method of measuring channel cross sections that was used in this study, we propose a rapid method of measuring stream channels that might be more useful in future studies of riparian grazing impacts.
Dynamic Modulation of Local Population Activity by Rhythm Phase in Human Occipital Cortex During a Visual Search Task

Brain rhythms are more than just passive phenomena in visual cortex. For the first time, we show that the physiology underlying brain rhythms actively suppresses and releases cortical areas on a second-to-second basis during visual processing. Furthermore, their influence is specific at the scale of individual gyri. We quantified the interaction between broadband spectral change and brain rhythms on a second-to-second basis in electrocorticographic (ECoG) measurement of brain surface potentials in five human subjects during a visual search task. Comparison of visual search epochs with a blank screen baseline revealed changes in the raw potential, the amplitude of rhythmic activity, and in the decoupled broadband spectral amplitude. We present new methods to characterize the intensity and preferred phase of coupling between broadband power and band-limited rhythms, and to estimate the magnitude of rhythm-to-broadband modulation on a trial-by-trial basis. These tools revealed numerous coupling motifs between the phase of low-frequency (δ, θ, α, β, and γ band) rhythms and the amplitude of broadband spectral change. In the θ and β ranges, the coupling of phase to broadband change is dynamic during visual processing, decreasing in some occipital areas and increasing in others, in a gyrally specific pattern. Finally, we demonstrate that the rhythms interact with one another across frequency ranges, and across cortical sites.