Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ranked Set Sampling and the Line Intercept Method: A More Efficient Procedure

Ranked set sampling is a method which may be used to increase the efficiency of the estimator of the mean of a population. Ranked set sampling with size biased probability of selection (i.e., the items are selected with probability proportion to its size) is combined with the line intercept method to increase the efficency of estimating cover, density and total amount of some variable of interest (e.g. biomass). A two-stage sampling plan is suggested with line intercept sampling in the first stage. Simple random sampling and ranked set sampling are compared in the second stage to show that the unbiased estimators of density, cover and total amount of some variable of interest based on ranked set sampling have smaller variances than the usual unbiased estimator based on simple random sampling. Efficiency is increased by reducing the number of items which are measured on a transect or by increasing the number of independent transects utilized in a study area. An application procedure is given for estimation of coverage, density and number of stems of mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) in a study area east of Laramie, Wyoming.
Equatorial plasma bubble rise velocities in the Indian sector determined from multistation scintillation observations

Systematic time differences observed in the onset of postsunset VHF scintillations, recorded simultaneously at a meridian chain of stations in the Indian sector, have been analyzed in order to determine the plasma bubble rise velocities over the magnetic equator. The method is based on the assumption that the postsunset scintillations up to several degrees on either side of the magnetic equator are generated by the equatorial plasma bubble and associated irregularities which are strongly field aligned. As the plasma bubble rises in the equatorial ionosphere, after its generation in the bottomside of the F layer, the low-latitude extremities of the bubble propagate away from the equator in such a way that the upper height limit of the irregularities defines the latitudinal limit of the scintillation occurrence associated with the given event. From the relative time delays observed in the onset of postsunset scintillations at a chain of different latitude stations situated nearly along a common meridian plane and the altitudinal differences over the magnetic equator between their respective field lines corresponding to the F region heights, we have determined the average bubble rise velocities between three altitudinal slabs. The velocities so determined are found to vary from about 128 to 416 m/s between the altitudes of 450 and 550 km, 38 to 327 m/s between 550 and 1140 km, and 15 to 200 m/s between 1140 and 1270 km, which shows that the bubble rise velocities decrease with altitude. The results are found to be comparable to the values measured by VHF radar and satellite techniques. The calculated values of bubble rise velocity during the early postsunset hours are found to have good correlation with the equatorial F layer vertical drift velocities. Also, as compared to the results derived by using spaced ionosondes, present results should yield the plasma bubble rise velocities with better precision because of better spatial and temporal resolution. Thus the present technique provides an effective and rather simple way of investigating the equatorial ionospheric dynamics.
Higher rates of HBsAg clearance with tenofovir-containing therapy in HBV/HIV co-infection

Introduction Achieving functional cure of chronic HBV infection (Hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] clearance, eventually followed by acquisition of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen [Anti-HBs]) in individuals with HIV and HBV infections is a rare event. In this setting, factors related to HBV cure have not yet been fully characterized. Methods HIV-infected individuals with chronic HBV infection enrolled in the French Dat’AIDS cohort (NCT02898987), who started combined antiretroviral (cART)-anti-HBV treatment were retrospectively analyzed for HBsAg loss and Anti-HBs seroconversion. Results Overall, 1419 naïve-subjects received three different cART-anti-HBV treatment schedule: (1) 3TC or FTC only (n = 150), (2) TDF with or without 3TC or FTC (n = 489) and (3) 3TC or FTC as first line followed by adding/switching to TDF as second line (n = 780). Individuals were followed-up for a median of 89 months (IQR, 56–118). HBV-DNA was < 15 IU/mL in 91% of individuals at the end of the follow-up. Overall, 97 individuals cleared HBsAg (0.7/100 patient-years), of whom, 67 seroconverted for Anti-HBs (0.5/100 patient-years). A high CD4 nadir, a short delay between HBV diagnosis and treatment, a longer time on HBV therapy, an African origin and TDF-based therapy were independent predictors of HBsAg clearance (Probability of odds ratio [OR]>1, >95%) suggested by Bayesian analysis. Also, TDF-based regimen as first line (OR, 3.03) or second line (OR, 2.95) increased rates of HBsAg clearance compared to 3TC or FTC alone, with a 99% probability. Conclusions HBsAg clearance rate was low in HIV-HBV co-infected cART-anti-HBV treated individuals, but was slightly improved on TDF-based regimen.
Cannot Target What Cannot Be Seen: Molecular Imaging of Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells are known to play a key role in tumour development, proliferation, and metastases. Their unique properties confer resistance to therapy, often leading to treatment failure. It is believed that research into the identification, targeting, and eradication of these cells can revolutionise oncological treatment. Based on the principle that what cannot be seen, cannot be targeted, a primary step in cancer management is the identification of these cells. The current review aims to encompass the state-of-the-art functional imaging techniques that enable the identification of cancer stem cells via various pathways and mechanisms. The paper presents in vivo molecular techniques that are currently available or await clinical implementation. Challenges and future prospects are highlighted to open new research avenues in cancer stem cell imaging.
Solar cycle modulation of the radiation belt proton flux

The purpose of this paper is to predict in an exhaustive way the solar cycle time variations to be expected in the trapped radiation belt proton flux on the assumption of a neutron decay source. By ‘exhaustive’ we mean that, once the interested reader decides on suitable models for the earth's atmosphere and magnetic field (we will recommend some), he should, by reading this paper, be able to predict the time variations expected for protons of any energy and pitch angle at any point in space. We have also devoted considerable attention to a derivation from the Boltzmann equation of the simplified proton transport equation commonly used in discussing energetic protons at low L values. Emphasis is given to the various approximations involved.
Presupernova Evolution in Massive Interacting Binaries

The way in which binary interaction affects the presupernova evolution of massive close binaries and the resulting supernova explosions is investigated systematically by means of a Henyey-type stellar evolution code that was modified to allow its application to binary stellar evolution calculations. The code makes it possible to trace the effects of mass and angular momentum loss from the binary, as well as mass transfer within the binary system. It is found that a large number of binary scenarios can be distinguished, depending on the type of binary interaction and the evolutionary stage of the supernova progenitor at the time of the interaction. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to estimate the frequencies of the occurrence of various scenarios. It is found that, because of a previous binary interaction, 15-30 percent of all massive stars (with initial masses greater than about 8 solar masses) become helium stars, and another 5 percent of all massive stars end their lives as blue supergiants rather than as red supergiants.
State Causality and Adaptive Covariance Decomposition Based Time Series Forecasting

Time series forecasting is a very vital research topic. The scale of time series in numerous industries has risen considerably in recent years as a result of the advancement of information technology. However, the existing algorithms pay little attention to generating large-scale time series. This article designs a state causality and adaptive covariance decomposition-based time series forecasting method (SCACD). As an observation sequence, the majority of time series is generated under the influence of hidden states. First, SCACD builds neural networks to adaptively estimate the mean and covariance matrix of latent variables; Then, SCACD employs causal convolution to forecast the distribution of future latent variables; Lastly, to avoid loss of information, SCACD applies a sampling approach based on Cholesky decomposition to generate latent variables and observation sequences. Compared to existing outstanding time series prediction models on six real datasets, the model can achieve long-term forecasting while also being lighter, and the forecasting accuracy is improved in the great majority of the prediction tasks.
MASS TRANSFER IN BINARY STARS USING SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS. I. NUMERICAL METHOD

Close interactions and mass transfer in binary stars can lead to the formation of many different exotic stellar populations, but detailed modeling of mass transfer is a computationally challenging problem. Here, we present an alternate smoothed particle hydrodynamics approach to the modeling of mass transfer in binary systems that allows a better resolution of the flow of matter between main-sequence stars. Our approach consists of modeling only the outermost layers of the stars using appropriate boundary conditions and ghost particles. We arbitrarily set the radius of the boundary and find that our boundary treatment behaves physically and conserves energy well. In particular, when used with our binary relaxation procedure, our treatment of boundary conditions is also shown to evolve circular binaries properly for many orbits. The results of our first simulation of mass transfer are also discussed and used to assess the strengths and limitations of our method. We conclude that it is well suited for the modeling of interacting binary stars. The method presented here represents a convenient alternative to previous hydrodynamical techniques aimed at modeling mass transfer in binary systems since it can be used to model both the donor and the accretor while maintaining the density profiles taken from realistic stellar models.
Two-Step Enzymolysis of Antarctic Krill for Simultaneous Preparation of Value-Added Oil and Enzymolysate

Antarctic krill is a crucial marine resource containing plenty of high-valued nutrients. However, krill oil as a single product has been developed by the current solvent extraction with high cost. From the perspective of comprehensive utilization of Antarctic krill, this study proposed a novel two-step enzymolysis-assisted extraction in attempt to produce value-added oil and enzymolysate simultaneously. After two-step chitinase/protease hydrolysis, the lipid yield increased from 2.09% to 4.18%, reaching 112% of Soxhlet extraction. The method greatly improved the yields of main components while reducing the impurity content without further refining. After optimization, the oil contained 246.05 mg/g of phospholipid, 80.96 mg/g of free eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 0.82 mg/g of astaxanthin. The by-product enzymolysate was abundant in water-soluble proteins (34.35 mg/g), oligopeptides (13.92 mg/g), amino acids (34.24 mg/g), and carbohydrates (5.79 mg/g), which was a good source of functional nutrients. In addition, both oil and enzymolysate showed high antioxidant capacity. This novel method could simultaneously provide oil and enzymolysate amounting for 58.61% of dried krill.
Comprehensive convergence study of TCAO close-coupling method for the excitation and ionization in keV collisions

Convergence of the two-centre atomic orbital (TCAO) close-coupling calculations for the excitation and ionization of atomic hydrogen by keV proton impact is carefully examined using various large basis sets on each centre. It is shown that reliable cross sections for the weak channels can only be obtained with a large number of basis states on the target and a limited number of bound states on the projectile. Cross sections for excitation to , , and states and for ionization are presented and compared to available experimental data and to other theoretical calculations.
Antimicrobial use among paediatric inpatients in a Nigerian tertiary hospital: A three-year point prevalence survey

Aim Antimicrobials are among the most widely prescribed therapeutic agents among paediatric population. Irrational use of these agents increases the risk of antimicrobial resistance. We described the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial use among paediatric inpatients from 2017 to 2019. Subject and Method The study was a repeated point prevalence survey over a 3-year period using the global point prevalence standardized tools among all paediatric inpatients. The prevalence of antimicrobial use, the prescription indicators and patterns of antimicrobial use were estimated. Result Among 191 paediatric inpatients assessed, the 3-year period prevalence antimicrobial use was 85.9% (164/191) with prevalence of 80.6% in 2017, 94.6% in 2018, and 83.6% in 2019. Antimicrobial agents used ranged from one agent (20.1%) to five different agents (5.5%). Parenteral route (66.6%) was the preferred route of administration. The reason for the use of antimicrobial agents (92.6%) and the stop/review date (99.5%) were mostly well documented. Only 4.5% of the antimicrobial use were targeted. There were no antimicrobial guidelines or policy guiding the use of antimicrobial agents, except the national guideline on the treatment of malaria and tuberculosis. Ceftriaxone, a third generation cephalosporin was the most commonly used agent across the period under review. Community-acquired infection was the commonest indication for antimicrobial use. Conclusion Our findings of high antimicrobial prevalence has raised the attention for the need to develop hospital-based antimicrobial guideline and antimicrobial stewardship program to protect the vulnerable children, their contacts and the environment from the impact of antimicrobial resistance.
Subcritical flow with a stagnation point due to a source beneath a free surface

Two‐dimensional free‐surface flows produced by a submerged source in a fluid of finite depth are considered. Subcritical solutions are calculated numerically by a boundary‐integral equation method. The solutions depend continuously on two parameters: the Froude number F and the dimensionless elevation b of the source above the bottom wall. It is found that there is a train of waves in the far field. For each value of b, solutions exist only for values of F smaller than a critical value at which the waves break. It is shown that the amplitude of the waves is exponentially small as F tends to zero.
Serotonergic and dopaminergic control of impulsivity in gambling disorder

Gambling disorder (GD) is major public health issue. The disorder is often characterized by elevated impulsivity with evidence from analogous substance use disorders underlining prominent roles of brain monoamines in addiction susceptibility and outcome. Critically, GD allows the study of addiction mechanisms without the confounder of the effects of chronic substances. Here, we assessed the roles of striatal dopamine transporter binding and extrastriatal serotonin transporter binding in GD as a function of impulsivity using [123I]FP‐CIT SPECT imaging in 20 older adults with GD (DSM‐5 criteria; mean age 64 years) and 40 non‐GD age‐ and sex‐matched controls. We focused on GD in older individuals because there are prominent age‐related changes in neurotransmitter function and because there are no reported neuroimaging studies of GD in older adults. Volume‐of‐interest‐based and voxelwise analyses were performed. GD patients scored clearly higher on impulsivity and had higher tracer binding in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex than controls (p < 0.001), likely reflecting serotonin transporter activity. The binding in the medial prefrontal cortex positively correlated with impulsivity over the whole sample (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) as well as separately in GD patients (r = 0.46, p = 0.04) and controls (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). Striatal tracer binding, reflecting dopamine transporter activity was also positively correlated with impulsivity but showed no group differences. These findings highlight the role of prefrontal serotonergic function in GD and impulsivity. They identify cerebral coordinates of a potential target for neuromodulation for both GD and high impulsivity, a core phenotypic dimensional cognitive marker in addictions.
Advances in research on coaching outcomes

The review gives a theoretically grounded overview over new advances of research oncoaching outcomes. In the first part general standard outcome measures and different specific methodsare presented. The second part summarises studies that investigate coaching outcomes asthe result of changes in pre-requisites or pre-conditions for coaching (e.g. change readinessand persistence of the client) and success factors in the coaching sessions, (e.g. esteem and emotional support the coach, clarification of the goals). The third part describes eight experimental and quasi-experimental studies, with and without random assignments. particularly individual coaching by external coaches, peer-coaching, self-coaching programmes and control groups. The results show that the different coaching interventions produce significant and sometimesstrong but not always expected and consistent effects. A discussion of perspectives of theory andresearch and an orientation model for future outcome studies close the contribution.
The impact of user-generated content in the fashion industry: A case study of SHEIN and PrettyLittleThing

The rise of online shopping has encouraged online retailers to discover new ways to ensure consumers have a positive experience when searching for information within the competitive landscape. User-generated content (UGC) can be conveyed in a variety of formats and contexts, such as reviews, photos, forum posts, testimonials, and much more (Fader & Winer, 2012). The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare SHEIN , which hosts the functionality to post UGC in the form of reviews with photos, and PrettyLittleThing , which does not allow the functionality for UGC in any form. Very limited literature explores UGC in the fashion clothing industry amongst the young, upcoming generations. To address this, a sample of 12 females aged 18 to 26-years-old participated in semi in-depth interviews to discover the impact of user-generated content on the information search stage of the consumer decision-making process. This research adds to the current UGC body of knowledge in the form of photos with reviews in the fashion industry via a case study context. The findings emphasize the positive influence UGC (in the form of reviews with photos) has on the information search stage of the consumer decision-making process.
Study of the first productive active region in solar cycle 24

Context. The Sun is very quiet with less sunspots and activity since the beginning of solar cycle 24. However, the active region (AR) 11045 emerged on February 5, 2010, is associated with 43 (8 M- and 35 C-class) flares, 53 coronal mass ejections (CMEs), 29 filament eruptions, 19 extreme ultraviolet (EUV) waves and abundant jets, indicating that this AR is the first productive one of solar cycle 24. Aims. We study the AR evolution and its associated activities, and also their relationships, to understand this productive AR. Methods. We used SOHO/MDI magnetograms to study the magnetic fields, STEREO/SECCHI images to explore the activities, and GOES measurements to investigate the soft X-ray flux of the AR. Results. During the AR evolution, six pairs of main magnetic fields emerged, and 93.1% flares and 82.75% filament eruption occurred in the emergence and stable phases of the magnetic flux. However, 43.4% CMEs occurred in the decaying phase, even though there were lessflares. An example isgiven to show that an event isrelated to aflare, afilament eruption, a CME and an EUV wave from inner corona to outer corona in space, and the filament eruption and EUV wave occur near the peak time of the flare. Among the 29 filament eruptions, 79.3% are associated with CMEs, as well as 58.6%, associated with flares, and 34.5%, associated with EUV waves. During the 12-day active phase, 575 jets are detected with a daily occurrence rate of 49.3. This is the first time that so many jets have been identified in one AR, implying at least 575 lower magnetic reconnection processes during the AR evolution. We statistically studied these jets along with the AR evolution, and noticed that the jets mostly occurred surrounding the emerging flux. We also investigated the spatio-temporal relationships between the jets and the flares, and find that the jets are usually rooted around the flare cores, and the soft X-ray flux is inverse correlated with the number of the jets, especially during the beginning 9 days since the AR emergence. In comparison with AR 11045, we studied the other newly emerging AR 11045, and obtained similar results. The relationships between the jets and the flares may well represent a scenario of two-step magnetic reconnection. Using schematic diagrams, we explain the remarkable magnetic field emergence, cancelation and shear motion of AR 11045, and its associated activities.