Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INTERVENTION BY GIBBERELLIN AND CYTOKININ IN THE RELEASE OF APPLE EMBRYOS FROM DORMANCY: A REAPPRAISAL

Summary Embryos of Pyrus malus L. cv. Golden delicious, were isolated from the fruits and cultivated in aseptic conditions on solid media. Rate of cotyledon greening, evolution of germination percentage and growth of organs after germination were used to determine the extent of dormancy. Treatment with gibberellins and by chilling both induced an increase in the rate of cotyledon greening, in germination percentage as well as stimulating root growth. However, even the most active gibberellins, GA4, GA7, GA9, applied simultaneously at high concentration (5 mg l−1), could not completely reproduce the effects of optimum chilling treatment (9 to 12 weeks at 5 °C). While progressive increases in germination percentages were found with duration (chilling) or concentration (gibberellins), there was no direct relationship between concentration and response in the case of kinetin. Low concentrations (10 or 100 ug l−1) were inactive, whereas concentrations equal to or greater than 1 mg l−1 induced large increases in germination percentage. The concentrations which stimulated germination also inhibited growth, especially of the root.
Experimental Investigation on the Failure Mechanism of Bovine Bone by Three-point Bending Tests

Bone damage is a common type of sport injury. The loading rate affects the type of fracture and the degree of soft tissue injury. In view of the problem of whole bone bending damage and failure, this paper introduces the test method of bovine bone bending and the mechanism of bending failure under different loading rates is analyzed through experimental research and theoretical analysis. The results of three-point bending failure test of bovine bone are given and the influence of loading rate on bending failure is discussed. The results show that there are three main deformation and failure modes of bovine bone under different loading rates, namely the mode of fracture failure under high loading rate, the mode of shear failure under medium loading rate and the mode of local wedge failure under low loading rate. With the increase of loading rate, the greater the failure force is applied on the bone, the smaller the destructive deflection of the bone will be. The maximum strain of bone decreases with the increase of loading rate, while the flexural modulus of bone increases gradually, which indicates that the loading rate has an effect on the brittleness of the whole bone. For the bending model of the whole bovine bone, the prediction result of elliptical cross-section method is more in accordance with the actual situation than that of circular cross-section method.
Curcumin entrapped folic acid conjugated PLGA–PEG nanoparticles exhibit enhanced anticancer activity by site specific delivery

Herein we report curcumin entrapped nanoparticles of PLGA–PEG copolymer which were conjugated with folic acid (PPF copolymer) for site specific targeting since many cancer cells exhibit external folic acid binding receptors. The PPF copolymer was synthesised by two steps using DCC/NHS chemistry and characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR techniques. The curcumin was encapsulated in PPF by single emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The nanoparticles were characterised by TEM and DLS for their size and morphology. The thermal properties were assessed by DSC data. In vitro release kinetics measurements of the drug from the nanoparticles showed a controlled release pattern over a period of time. The MTT assay depicted a high amount of cytotoxicity of PPF nanocurcumin in HeLa cells. Cellular uptake studies demonstrated the efficacy of surface engineering with folate over free nanoparticles. Furthermore, the biological evaluations, for example AO/EB staining, DAPI staining, and clonogenic assay of the nanoparticles confirm the efficacy and mechanism by which the cytotoxicity was induced.
Allometric growth in two species of Ectobius (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

Allometric growth of the postembryonic stages of Ectobius lapponicus (Linn.) and E. panzeri Stephens is described and analysed. Alternative methods of computing the allometric growth equation are discussed and applied, with the necessary significance tests, to a large number of skeletal structures in all developmental stages of each sex. The validity of Dyar's Law and its modifications are assessed quantitatively. Summary: The growth in linear dimensions of 74 exosketetal structures has been studied quantitatively in all instars of both sexes of Ectobius lapponicus and E. panzeri. Almost all the investigated structures show some statistically significant degree of allometric growth, but relatively few of them grow by simple allometry. Some possible reasons for this are indicated. Well-defined growth gradients exist in the appendages and along the main axis of the body. Allometric growth contours, showing sexual and specific differences, express the temporal and spatial variations in the allometric growth ratio. The limitations of Dyar's Law and Przibram's Rule are discussed and it is shown that conformity with Dyar's Law is not improved by allowing for differences in the duration of the instars. It is emphasized that allometric growth studies should involve the choice of a suitable reference dimension and the selection of an appropriate statistical model to which the growth data are fitted. The estimation of the allometry parameters a and b, as well as the appropriate significance tests, depend on the model chosen, though the two models compared in this study do not yield appreciably different estimates.
The pelagic copepods in the Strait of Dover (Eastern English Channel). A commented inventory 120 years after Eugene Canu

Les copepodes pelagiques du detroit du Pas de Calais (Manche orientale). Un inventaire commente 120 ans apres Eugene Canu. Ce papier presente une liste commentee des especes de copepodes preleves au filet (WP2 - 200 μm) dans le detroit du Pas de Calais, au cours de nombreuses campagnes oceanologiques (1975-2008). Ces travaux font suite aux premiers travaux historiques du copepodologiste francais Eugene Canu en 1888 et mettent a jour la derniere liste publiee par Glacon (1975). Un total de 35 especes a ete releve, dont certaines tres rares pour la region, ce qui correspond a une diversite faible. La forme meroplanctonique «Saphirella» (Scott, 1894) est mentionnee et decrite pour la Manche orientale et la baie sud de la Mer du Nord, ainsi que la presence de Eurytemora americana (Williams, 1906) dans le port de Dunkerque. De breves indications ecologiques sont donnees pour chaque espece.
Salt tolerance in Rhizobium: A possible role for betaines

Rhizobium cells have evolved a variety of adaptative mechanisms to salt stress, such as accumulation of inorganic and organic solutes. A better understanding of the biochemical basis of osmoregulation in Rhizobium is of cardinal importance since the deleterious effect of salt stress on the survival and multiplication of these bacteria is well established. Current knowledge is briefly reviewed and experimental evidence on the beneficial effect of betaines on several Rhizobium strains is summarized. This information may help to shed light on similar adaptations in legumes of agricultural and economic importance.
Linguistic Inclusion: Challenging Implicit Classed Communication Bias in Interview Methods

Social class influences communication behaviors in a variety of ways, including, for example, norms regarding volume, silence, and language use. Communication typical of white-collar backgrounds is often privileged in social life, while communication common to blue-collar backgrounds is marginalized. However, organizational scholars rarely discuss such tendencies and their impact on research methods and findings. Indeed, as scholars, we are often trained that verbose, rich interview data is ideal for all qualitative organizational communication research, even as these standards implicitly privilege white-collar communication norms. In this study, scholars are called to reimagine the most commonly used method of qualitative data collection, interviews, in order to address implicit classed communication biases in qualitative organizational communication scholarship. As knowledge about discourse, materiality, and organizing continues to evolve in organizational communication, it is imperative that scholars develop more inclusive methods. We propose and discuss more inclusive methods of data collection that can involve unlearning biased approaches to methods, and consider specific techniques such as photovoice, linguistic pilot tests, and conscientious fieldwork.
Antagonistic indirect interactions between large and small conspecific prey via a heterospecific predator

Intrapopulation size variation strongly influences ecological interactions because individuals belonging to different size groups have distinct functions. Most demonstrations of the impacts of size variation in trophic systems have focused on size variation in predator species, and the consequences of size variation in prey species are less well understood. We investigated how prey size structure shapes intra- and interspecific interactions in experiments with a gape-limited predator (larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus) and its heterospecific prey (frog tadpoles, Rana pirica). We found that large and small tadpole size groups each increased mortality in the other group by intensifying salamander predation; this type of indirect interactions is called apparent competition. The antagonistic impacts on the prey size groups were caused by different size-specific mechanisms. By consuming small tadpoles, the salamanders grew large enough to consume large tadpoles. The activity of large tadpoles, by increasing the activity of the small tadpoles, may increase the number of encounters with the predator and thus small tadpole mortality. These results suggest that the magnitude of a predator's ecological role, such as whether a top–down trophic cascade is initiated, depends on size variation in its heterospecific prey.
Rumen bacterial diversity as determined by sequence analysis of 16S rDNA libraries

Molecular diversity of rumen bacteria was analyzed by PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA clone libraries prepared from the rumen content of Holstein cows fasted for 16 h. A total of 84 clones, containing almost full size 16S rDNA sequences (about 1.5 kb long), were completely sequenced and subjected to an on line similarity search. Four sequences from the 84 clones closely resembled that of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and one clone was found to be related to Treponema bryantii. For 38% of the sequences, the similarity with database sequences was in the range of 90%–98% and for the remaining 56% the similarity was less than 90%. The bacterial community structure was also revealed by phylogenetic placement of sequences in relation to different fractions of rumen content. In the library from the rumen fluid, the sequences were affiliated with the following major phyla: low G+C Gram-positive bacteria (52.4%), Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides (38.1%), Proteobacteria (4.7%) and Spirochaetes (2.4%). 2.4% had an uncertain affiliation. The vast majority of sequences from the rumen solids were found to be related to low G+C Gram-positive bacteria (71.4%) and the remaining sequences were placed within the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides (26.2%) and Spirochaetes (2.4%) phyla.
Comparing Global Positioning System and Very High Frequency Telemetry Home Ranges of White-Tailed Deer

Abstract Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on free-ranging ungulates overcomes many limitations of conventional very high frequency (VHF) telemetry and offers a practical means of studying space use and home range estimation. To better understand winter home ranges of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), we evaluated GPS collar performance, and we compared GPS- and VHF-derived diurnal home ranges (for the same animals) and GPS-derived home range estimates for diurnal and nocturnal locations. Overall, the mean fix success rate of our GPS collars was 85% (range = 14–99%). Kernel density estimates of home range (using the 95% probability contour) derived from GPS and VHF locations were generally similar, as were GPS-derived diurnal and nocturnal home ranges. Overlap indices between GPS and VHF utilization distributions (UDs) ranged from 0.49 to 0.78 for the volume of intersection (VI) index and from 0.67 to 0.94 for Bhattacharyya's affinity (BA); overlap indices for GPS-diurnal and nocturnal UDs ranged from 0.29 to 0.81 for VI and from 0.56 to 0.94 for BA. Despite similarities of home ranges estimated from GPS versus VHF locations and GPS-diurnal versus nocturnal locations, our data also indicate that differences may have important implications for studies focused on deer use of space, habitat, and resources at a finer scale.
A Study of Manifest Anxiety among Blind Residential School Students

Blindness imposes certain limitations upon what might be termed normal human functioning. Long range effects of such limitations have long been topics of concern. The person with a serious visual defect has unique experiences which often seem to result in anxious feelings, and these feelings, in turn, may substantially affect adjustment to life situations. Nationwide support for rehabilitation programs indicate that Americans are accepting the responsibility for assuring that mentally, physically, emotionally, and culturally handicapped persons are allowed opportunities for the full development of their capabilities. As a corollary, psychologists feel the responsibility to learn more about their clients in order to help them toward the fullest development of their potentialities. In order to do this, of course, they must depend to some extent upon valid and reliable tests and measurements. Unfortunately, few tests and measurements have been developed specifically for the blind, and no measure has been constructed of anxiety related to blindness. D Research material on anxiety among blind persons is almost nonexistent. Bauman (1:) and co-workers claim the first scientific writing on adjustment problems of the blind as recently as 1:9501-. In 1:957, Dean (4) reported on the evaluation of various tests, including Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) for use with the blind. He concluded that the blind seemed to differ from both normal and clinical groups on the MAS, and they tend to defend themselves by response distortion. He was unable to differentiate groups of blind persons according to visual acuity, duration of handicap, or adjustment. Zarlock (1:0) found that scores of blind persons on a social adjustment scale were related to high ego stren~, low manifest anxiety, and a positive attitude toward blindness. His study concerned magical thinking and associated psychological reactions to total blindness. The most comprehensive narrative coverage of anxiety as it relates to blindness is offered by Bauman and Yoder (2) in a recent publication which includes an up-dating of Bauman's original adjustment to blindness study. The authors have discussed various definitions of anxiety as well as certain research findings and related them to blindness. The purpose of the research described in this article was the construction and evaluation of an experimental instrument (a scale of manifest anxiety) designed especially for the blind (the partially sighted and the totally blind) and the study of anxiety levels in relation to a blind person's age, amount of vision,"
Systems level engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum – Reprogramming translational efficiency for superior production

In this study, we replaced the natural start codons of different enzymes in the central carbon metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum to influence their activity toward improved production of the feed amino acid lysine. It was found that the translational start codon directly affects the intracellular activity of the encoded enzyme, whereby the common ATG generally led to higher values as compared with the rare variant GTG. This could be exploited to specifically amplify or attenuate enzyme activities in order to redirect carbon flux from undesired, competing pathways toward reactions supporting lysine formation. Replacement of the natural ATG codon by GTG reduced the specific enzyme activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and phosphoglucoisomerase by 60 and 40%, respectively. Vice versa, the activity of glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase was increased by 40% by the substitution GTG‐>ATG. Implementation of the attenuated pyruvate dehydrogenase in the background of lysine producing C. glutamicum increased product yield by 17%. This was related to a redirection of the metabolic flux toward the supply of the lysine precursor oxaloacetate. The amplified expression of glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase by the start codon exchange increased lysine yield by 10%, linked to an increased flux toward NADPH supply in the pentose phosphate pathway.
Evolutionary aspects of Anopheles-Plasmodium interactions

Interactions between Plasmodium parasites and their Anopheles vectors are central to the epidemiology of human malaria. This chapter highlights how an evolutionary perspective on Anopheles-Plasmodium interactions can provide important insights into the history, distribution and dynamics of malaria transmission. It focuses on three aspects: (1) the macro-evolutionary history of malaria parasites in relation with their vectors, (2) the micro-evolutionary mechanisms shaping mosquito-parasite interactions and their impact on malaria transmission, and (3) the contribution of evolutionary concepts in the assessment of novel strategies to control malaria. The geographical distribution of diverse anopheline species and populations has played an important role in the past and present distribution of malaria. In particular, speciation processes and genetic differentiation of vectors may have been important drivers of the evolution of human malaria parasites. A full understanding of the epidemiology of malaria also requires careful consideration of the micro-evolutionary relationships between mosquitoes and malaria parasites. Malaria parasites have evolved, for example, to manipulate several parameters of the vector biology that are expected to increase their transmission. Finally, an evolutionary approach is useful for assessing the feasibility of innovative malaria control strategies such as the release of transgenic mosquitoes. Considering the epidemiological feedback and the evolutionary response of wild mosquito and parasite populations is crucial for predicting the evolutionary trajectory of such a control measure. A major challenge for future research is to obtain quantitative, epidemiologically relevant estimates of the critical parameters underlying Anopheles-Plasmodium interactions in natural systems.
Detection of a Toxic Phenolic Compound in Cottonseed Extract and its Products

2 Abstract: Cottonseed is a good source of high quality meal and edible oil. However, it contains a toxi c phenolic compound called gossypol. Gossypol is an anti-nutritious factor that limits the use of cottonseed and its products due to its toxicity associated to its reactions with amino acids and minerals. This is the first study on gossypol ever conducted in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to estimate the level of gossypol in oil and ghee (Hydrogenated oil) samples from local markets so that awareness can be created regarding maintenance of minimum gossypol level in edible oils. During this study gossypol was extracted from cottonseeds and cotton seed cake using different organic solvents. The compound was detected in extracts by applying Chromatographic technique as well as chemical tests with SbCl3, Pb(CH3COO)2 and SnCl3. Spectrophotometric techniques were also employed for quantitative analysis by measurin g absorbance of samples at wavelength of 290 nm. It was found that overall the contents of gossypol were higher in cottonseed oils as compared to Ghee (hydrogenated oil).
REGULATION OF AUTOSENSITIZATION

We studied the mechanisms underlying the natural tolerance of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes for self-antigens. Lymphocytes from the thymus or lymph nodes of inbred rats were autosensitized in vitro against monolayers of autochthonous thymus reticulum cells or syngeneic fibroblasts. Receptors for self-antigens were detected by the specific adherence of normal lymphocytes to syngeneic cells. The achievement of active cell-mediated autosensitization was assayed by measuring the immunospecific lysis of syngeneic target cells in vitro, or graft-versus-host (GvH) reactions in vivo. The following observations were made using these systems. (a) A fraction of normal lymphocytes was found to have specific surface receptors that are able to recognize self-antigens which seem to be accessible in vivo. These potentially self-reactive lymphocytes were activated by incubation with syngeneic or autochthonous cells in vitro. Hence, the elimination of potentially self-reactive lymphocytes cannot be the only basis for natural self-tolerance. Therefore, the maintenance of self-tolerance in vivo appears to involve suppression of the immune reactivity of such self-tolerant lymphocytes. (b) We found that control of autosensitization depends upon the inhibition of the recognition of self-antigens. A GvH reaction in vivo could not be suppressed once recognition of self-antigens had occurred in vitro. Moreover, studies of the kinetics of antigen recognition indicated that several hours of incubation in vitro were needed for the inactivation of factors specifically inhibiting self-recognition. (c) We found that factors which inhibit self-recognition are present in fresh autologous serum. Treatment of the lymphocytes, but not syngeneic adsorbing cells, with autologous serum prevented recognition of syngeneic antigens. Allogeneic serum did not prevent self-recognition, and autologous serum did not inhibit the recognition of foreign antigens. These findings indicate that natural tolerance of T lymphocytes to self-antigens can be regulated by serum factors which act on the lymphocytes. The immunospecificity of the inhibitory effect suggests that these factors may be soluble self-antigens in a tolerogenic form.
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS LEAF AND BARK EXTRACTS OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS, EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA HOOK AND PINUS ROXBURGHII SARG. ON LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO

Aqueous extracts of sundried powder of leaves and bark of three test plants Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. , Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Pinus roxburghii Sarg. were evaluated for their efficacy on epidemiological components (disease severity, lesion size and area under disease progress curve) of late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in pot culture during 2008. Among the tested plants, aqueous extracts of A. indica and P. roxburghii significantly contributed in reduction of disease severity, lesion size and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) after potato leaves were inoculated with P. infestans . Extracts of E. citriodora had no effect on the studied epidemiological parameters of late blight disease comparative to control. Results demonstrated that extracts of A. indica were more effective than P. roxburghii in controlling late blight disease. Similarly, leaf extracts were found to be more effective in minimizing disease severity, lesion size and AUDPC than bark extracts. Further research is needed as to whether these extracts can be used as commercial formulations for management of late blight disease.