Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Higher level domain specific skills in mathematics; The relationship between algebra, geometry, executive function skills and mathematics achievement

Algebra and geometry are important components of mathematics that are often considered gatekeepers for future success. However, most studies that have researched the cognitive skills required for success in mathematics have only considered the domain of arithmetic. We extended models of mathematical skills to consider how executive function skills play both a direct role in secondary-school-level mathematical achievement as well as an indirect role via algebra and geometry, alongside arithmetic. We found that verbal and visuospatial working memory were indirectly associated with mathematical achievement via number fact knowledge, calculation skills, algebra and geometry. Inhibition was also indirectly associated with mathematical achievement via number fact knowledge and calculation skills. These findings highlight that there are multiple mechanisms by which executive function skills may be involved in mathematics outcomes. Therefore, using specific measures of mathematical processes as well as context-rich assessments of mathematical achievement is important to understand these mechanisms.
M L ] 1 5 D ec 2 01 5 Feature-Level Domain Adaptation

Domain adaptation is the supervised learning setting in which the training and test data originate from different domains: the so-called source and target domains. In this paper, we propose and study a domain adaption approach, called feature-level domain adaptation (flda), that models the dependence between two domains by means of a feature-level transfer distribution. The domain adapted classifier is trained by minimizing the expected loss under this transfer distribution. Our empirical evaluation of flda focuses on problems with binary and count features in which the domain adaptation can be naturally modeled via a dropout distribution, which allows the final classifier to adapt to the importance of specific features in the target data. Our experimental evaluation suggests that under certain conditions, flda converges to the classifier trained on the target distribution. Experiments with our domain adaptation approach on several real-world problems show that flda performs on par with state-of-the-art techniques in domain adaptation.
Reversal of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease among Korean

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. However, the association between changes in NAFLD status and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains uncertain. Starting January 1, 2013, participants were followed until the occurrence of CVD event, death, or December 31, 2020. This was a population-based cohort study that included data from adults aged ≥ 20, who underwent 2 consecutive health screenings from 2009 to 2012. NAFLD was defined as a Fatty Liver Index ≥ 60 at each screening. The primary endpoint was a CVD event, which encompassed ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The association between changes in NAFLD status and the risk of CVD was determined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. This cohort comprised 4656,305 adults with a median age of 53 years. During 36,396,968 person-years of follow-up, 238,933 (5.1%) CVD events were observed. Compared to patients with no NAFLD at both screenings, patients who developed NAFLD at the second screening exhibited an increased risk of CVD (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.17). In contrast, individuals who recovered from NAFLD at the second screening demonstrated a reduced CVD risk compared to those with persistent NAFLD (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.90–0.92). The reversal of NAFLD is associated with a reduced risk of CVD. Therefore, focusing on NAFLD treatment could serve as a clinical target for lowering CVD risk.
Why and When Can Deep -- but Not Shallow -- Networks Avoid the Curse of Dimensionality

The paper reviews an emerging body of theoretical results on deep learning including the conditions under which it can be exponentially better than shallow learning. Deep convolutional networks represent an important special case of these conditions, though weight sharing is not the main reason for their exponential advantage. Explanation of a few key theorems is provided together with new results, open problems and conjectures. This work was supported by the Center for Brains, Minds and Machines (CBMM), funded by NSF STC award CCF 1231216. H.M. is supported in part by ARO Grant W911NF-15-10385. 1 ar X iv :1 61 1. 00 74 0v 1 [ cs . L G ] 2 N ov 2 01 6 Why and When Can Deep – but Not Shallow – Networks Avoid the Curse of Dimensionality Tomaso Poggio Hrushikesh Mhaskar Lorenzo Rosasco Brando Miranda Qianli Liao Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139. Department of Mathematics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA 91711 Abstract: The paper reviews an emerging body of theoretical results on deep learning including the conditions under which it can be exponentially better than shallow learning. Deep convolutional networks represent an important special case of these conditions, though weight sharing is not the main reason for their exponential advantage. Explanation of a few key theorems is provided together with new results, open problems and conjectures. The paper reviews an emerging body of theoretical results on deep learning including the conditions under which it can be exponentially better than shallow learning. Deep convolutional networks represent an important special case of these conditions, though weight sharing is not the main reason for their exponential advantage. Explanation of a few key theorems is provided together with new results, open problems and conjectures.
Origin of ice-rafted debris: Pleistocene paleoceanography in the western Arctic Ocean

The composition of Pleistocene ice-rafted debris (IRD) >250 gm was analyzed quantitatively by grain counting in five sediment cores t¾om the western central Arctic Ocean and compared with the composition of till clasts from NW Canada in order to determine the dropstone origin and to reconstruct the Pleistocene ice drillways and surface currents. The IRD composition alternates repeatedly between carbonate- and quartz-dominated assemblages, along with metamorphic and igneous rocks, clastic rocks, and some chert. The highest quartz content is found on the Alpha Ridge, while carbonate percentages are highest on the Northwind Ridge (NWR) and the Chukchi Cap. The source for the carbonates is the area around Banks and Victoria Islands and parts of northern Canada. Quartz most likely originated from the central Queen Elizabeth Islands. IRD on the southeastern Alpha Ridge is dominated by mafic crystalline rocks from northern Ellesmere Island and northern Greenland. At least six major glacial intervals are identified within the last 1 million years, during which icebergs drifted toward the west in the Beaufort Sea, straight northward in the central Arctic Ocean, and northeastward on the SE Alpha Ridge.
Interleaved Text/Image Deep Mining on a Large-Scale Radiology Database for Automated Image Interpretation

Despite tremendous progress in computer vision, there has not been an attempt for machine learning on very large-scale medical image databases. We present an interleaved text/image deep learning system to extract and mine the semantic interactions of radiology images and reports from a national research hospital's Picture Archiving and Communication System. With natural language processing, we mine a collection of representative ~216K two-dimensional key images selected by clinicians for diagnostic reference, and match the images with their descriptions in an automated manner. Our system interleaves between unsupervised learning and supervised learning on document- and sentence-level text collections, to generate semantic labels and to predict them given an image. Given an image of a patient scan, semantic topics in radiology levels are predicted, and associated key-words are generated. Also, a number of frequent disease types are detected as present or absent, to provide more specific interpretation of a patient scan. This shows the potential of large-scale learning and prediction in electronic patient records available in most modern clinical institutions.
Análisis de cambio del uso del suelo en el Estado de México mediante sistemas de información geográfica y técnicas de regresión multivariantes. Una aproximación a los procesos de deforestación

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir los cambios en la cobertura y uso del suelo sucedidos en el Estado de Mexico en el periodo 1993-2002. Se calculan los cambios, intercambios y transiciones sistematicas que afectan la perdida de la cobertura forestal, se aplican metodos de regresion multivariantes para explicar las posibles causas que provocan este proceso de deforestacion regional. Una descripcion detallada demuestra que las categorias de bosque tienen cambios netos bajos, pero valores de intercambio altos. Las transiciones sistematicas entre categorias revelan una dinamica de perturbacion–recuperacion forestal. Los modelos de regresion lineal multiple senalan que los factores demograficos a nivel municipal son los que mas inciden en la perdida del bosque. A nivel de pixel los modelos de regresion logistica explican que la mayor perdida ocurre en zonas boscosas mas proximas a las zonas agricolas. Asimismo, las zonas con alta fragilidad ecologica son las que presentan mayor susceptibilidad a ser deforestadas.
A precipitous decline of the Algerian Newt Pleurodeles poireti Gervais, 1835 and other changes in the status of amphibians ofNumidia, North-Eastern Algeria

La crise aigue que traverse la biodiversite a l'echelle planetaire n'a pas epargne les amphibiens qui figurent parmi les taxons les plus touches, illustres par le declin prononce ou la disparition de plusieurs especes. Notre connaissance du statut et de l'ecologie des amphibiens d'Algerie reste limitee alors que les milieux naturels locaux subissent une pression anthropique intense qui ne fait que s'accroitre et qui risque de s'exacerber sous l'effet du rechauffement climatique. Dans le but d'inventorier et d'evaluer le statut du peuplement d'amphibiens du complexe de zones humides de la Numidie, «point chaud» pour de nombreux taxons aquatiques et poche relictuelle afrotropicale, nous avons echantillonne 82 sites entre 1996 et 2010. Un total de neuf especes dont trois Urodeles (Pleurodeles poireti Gervais, 1835, Pleurodeles nebulosus (Guichenot, 1850) et Salamandra algira Bedriaga, 1883) et six Anoures (Bufo bufo spinosus, Bufo mauritanicus Schlegel, 1841, Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768, Discoglossus picrus Otth, 1837, HYla meridionalis Boettger, 1874 et Pelophylax saharicus Boulanger in Hartert, 1913) ont ete inventoriees. Un fait marquant est le declin net, rapide et inexplique du Triton de Poiret Pleurodeles poireti, espece endemique a une region limitee au Djebel Edough et ses environs, au cours des dernieres annees. Le statut de trois especes (S. algira, P. nebulosus and B. bufo spinosus) semble preoccupant au vu des pressions anthropogeniques qui s'exercent sur la Numidie qui abrite 82% des amphibiens d'Algerie.
Preference‐based patient participation in intermediate care: Translation, validation and piloting of the 4Ps in Norway

Abstract Introduction The implementation and evaluation of patient participation to obtain high‐quality transitional care for older people is an international priority. Intermediate care (IC) services are regarded as an important part of the patient's pathway from the specialist to the primary care levels, bridging the gap between the hospital and the home. Patients may experience varying capacities and conditions for patient participation. Yet, few tools for evaluating patients' preferences for patient participation within IC services are at hand. Accordingly, further knowledge is needed to understand and scaffold processes for patient participation in IC. Therefore, the aim of this project was to translate, validate and pilot test the Patient Preferences for Patient Participation (the 4Ps) with patients in IC services in Norway. Methods This project comprised two phases: (1) a careful translation and cultural adaptation process, followed by a content validity trial among 15 patients and staff in Norwegian IC and (2) a cross‐sectional survey of the instrument with 60 patients admitted to IC. Results The translation between Swedish and Norwegian required no conceptual or contextual adaptations. The subsequent cross‐sectional study, designed as a dialogue between the patients and staff, revealed that only 50% of the participants received a sufficient level of patient participation based on their preferences, mostly indicating that patients were receiving less‐than‐preferred conditions for engaging in their health and healthcare issues. Conclusion The 4Ps instrument was deemed suitable for measuring patient participation based on patient preferences in the IC context and was feasible for both healthcare professionals and patients to complete in an interview when arriving at and leaving services. This may support person‐centred communication and collaboration, calling for further research on what facilitates patient participation and the implementation of person‐centred services for patients in IC. Patient or Public Contribution First, the current paper is part of the IPIC study (i.e., the implementation of patient participation in IC). Influenced by a James Lind Alliance process, the study addresses research uncertainties identified by patients, next of kin, staff and researchers in the cocreation process. Second, cognitive interviewing was conducted with 15 representatives of the target population: seven patients receiving IC services, one home‐dwelling previous IC patient (altogether four women and four men, most of them 80 years or older) and seven healthcare staff working in IC services. The interviews determined the relevance, comprehensiveness and clarity of the 4Ps. Finally, 60 patients admitted to IC took part in the cross‐sectional study.
Guanine-containing ssDNA and RNA induce dimeric and tetrameric structural forms of SAMHD1

Abstract The dNTPase activity of tetrameric SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) plays a critical role in cellular dNTP regulation. SAMHD1 also associates with stalled DNA replication forks, DNA repair foci, ssRNA and telomeres. The above functions require nucleic acid binding by SAMHD1, which may be modulated by its oligomeric state. Here we establish in cryo-EM and biochemical studies that the guanine-specific A1 activator site of each SAMHD1 monomer is used to target the enzyme to guanine nucleotides within single-stranded (ss) DNA and RNA. Remarkably, nucleic acid strands containing a single guanine base induce dimeric SAMHD1, while two or more guanines with ∼20 nucleotide spacing induce a tetrameric form. A cryo-EM structure of ssRNA-bound tetrameric SAMHD1 shows how ssRNA strands bridge two SAMHD1 dimers and stabilize the structure. This ssRNA-bound tetramer is inactive with respect to dNTPase and RNase activity.
Tillering and forage accumulation in Marandu grass under different grazing intensities

Studies of plant responses to defoliation are important to develop pasture management strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population density of basal, aerial and reproductive tillers, tiller appearance and mortality rates, forage accumulation and sward structure in Marandu grass pastures under different grazing intensities. The experimental period was from January to June 2006, divided in three seasons: summer, autumn and winter. The pastures were continuously grazed using variable stocking rates. The grazing intensities corresponded to 15, 30 and 45 cm of sward height. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design with three treatments and two replicates. The sward heights were measured twice a week. The response variables were: forage accumulation, forage mass and its morphological components; and population densities of basal (TPDb), aerial (TPDa) and reproductive (TPDr) tillers. The highest TPDb (P > 0.05) was recorded for the shortest sward pasture, and the highest TPDr (P 0.05) among the grazing intensities. Pasture with a sward height of 35 cm had 94% of sun light interception. The highest variations in forage accumulation and sward structure were more influenced by seasonal differences than by grazing intensities. Pastures of Marandu grass showed large flexibility in grazing management, which allowed it to be maintained at sward heights between 15 and 35 cm.
Magnetic chitin beads (MCB) coated with Vibrio cholerae reveals transcriptome dynamics in adult mice with a complex gut microbiota

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae adapts to the host environment by altering gene expression. Because of the complexity of the gut microbiome, current in vivo V. cholerae transcriptome studies have focused on microbiota-undeveloped conditions, neglecting the interaction between the host’s commensal gut microbiota and V. cholerae. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of fully colonized adult mice in vivo using V. cholerae coated-magnetic chitin beads (vcMCB). This provides a simple yet powerful method for obtaining high-quality RNA from V. cholerae during colonization in mice. The transcriptome of V. cholerae recovered from adult mice infected with vcMCB shows differential expression of several genes when compared to V. cholerae recovered from the infant mouse and infant rabbit model. Some of these genes were also observed to be differentially expressed in previous studies of V. cholerae recovered from human infection when compared to V. cholerae grown in vitro. In particular, we confirmed that V. cholerae resists the inhibitory effects of low pH and formic acid from gut microbiota, such as Anaerostipes caccae and Dorea formicigenerans, by downregulating vc1080. We propose that the vc1080 product may protect V. cholerae from formic acid stress through a novel acid tolerance response mechanism. Transcriptomic data obtained using the vcMCB system provide new perspectives on the interaction between V. cholerae and the gut microbiota, and this approach can also be applied to studies of other pathogenic bacteria. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Demographic Forces and Turning Points in the American City, 1950-2040

The effects of two major demographic forces are traced between 1950 and 2040: the formation and aging of the baby boom generation and the reduction and subsequent return of large-scale immigration. These forces combine to mark several major turning points essential for understanding the changing urban condition. These include the depopulation of “gray areas” that spurred urban renewal in the 1950s, the gentrification initiated in the 1970s, and the collapse of apartment construction in the 1990s followed by its recovery in the 2000s. Looking forward, the authors address the substantial impact of settled immigrants who are now upwardly mobile. Finally, the authors consider the impacts of the sell-off of housing by the aging of the massive baby boom generation that is anticipated to take place beginning in 2020 and discuss whether the expected housing glut can be absorbed by a relatively smaller and less advantaged younger generation in the 2040s.
CHALLENGES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DISPLACEMENT AND SQUATTING: THE CASE OF KORE AREA IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

This paper attempts to explore the compelling causes, processes, and consequences of displacement from Eritrea in 1991 into Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The model of migration, theories of Aided Self Help Housing, and Empowerment Approaches of Alternative Development were employed as a guiding framework for the research. Triangulation method has been used to generate the necessary data. The findings identified that the defeat of the Derge government and shift of political power into the hands of Shabia in Eritrea played the vital factors for the displacement of Ethiopians into a number of countries. Along the arduous journey and refugee life, displaced Ethiopians came across the mistreatment of the Shabia forces and severe shortage of basic needs for survival. The study proved that 92.3% of the sample respondents of Kore community depend on informal sector as the sole means of earning their livelihood. However, the repatriates at Kore benefited in accessing temporary shelter in Addis Ababa, base of organized negotiation, and social services though they were marginalized. The lack of open discussion widened the demand of the community against rehabilitation capacity of the government agencies. The delay of appropriate rehabilitation measures by the concerned government institutions as well led the repatriates to be opportunity seekers. Thus, the Kore squatters demanded the government with provision of either urban land or public houses and other benefits in Addis Ababa. Such escalated demand of the community mostly ended up with frequent contradiction on the claim of urban landholding. The rehabilitation measures have to find ways that incorporate the demand of the community and capacity of the government through open discussion. Such participatory discussions can resolve the conflict and lay down bases, which improve the living standard of the people.
Myelin abnormalities in merosin‐deficient congenital muscular dystrophy

Merosin is a protein complex located in the basement membrane of skeletal muscles and laminin α2‐containing regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, because of the prominence of muscle‐related symptoms, peripheral neuropathy associated with merosin‐deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) has received little clinical attention. This study aimed to present pathological changes in intramuscular nerves of three patients with MDC1A and discuss their relationship with electrophysiological findings to provide new evidence of peripheral nerve involvement in MDC1A.
A laboratory study of the interaction between supercritical, shallow flows and dams

We report on a series of laboratory experiments to study the deflecting and retarding effect of avalanche defence measures. We find that incompressible, shallow-layer shock dynamics can be used to describe the interaction of high Froude number, steady, dense, granular flows with obstacles, such as deflecting and catching dams. Stationary, oblique shocks are formed in the interaction of the flows with deflecting dams, while a travelling bore is formed upstream of a catching dam when none of the flow over-tops the dam. As the height of the dam is lowered compared with the depth of the approaching flow, the bore slows down and finally the flow jumps ballistically over the dam and a shock is not formed upstream of the dam.