Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent fluctuations of glaciers in the Gongga mountains

From field observations and historical information, it is found that there are generally three end moraines in front of glaciers in the Gongga mountains. These moraines were formed during the Little Ice Age and represent three glacier advances. During the last 100 years, the glaciers have been in continuous retreat except for two periods of stability or even slight advance, one in the beginning of the 20th century, up to the 1920s, and the other from the middle 1960s to the early 1980s. The amplitudes of glacier fluctuations were greater on the east slope than on the west.
Combined Marine Proxy and Pollen Analyses Reveal Rapid Iberian Vegetation Response to North Atlantic Millennial-Scale Climate Oscillations

Abstract A deep-sea sediment core from the western Portuguese margin has provided a continuous, high-resolution record of millennial-scale climatic oscillations during the interval 9000–65,000 yr B.P. Pollen analysis of the same sequence allows direct, in situ assessment of the phase relationship between the North Atlantic climate system and vegetation changes on the adjacent landmass. This demonstrates for the first time that variability in NW Iberian tree population size closely tracked millennial-scale climate variability.
Lateglacial and Holocene variation in aeolian sediment flux over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by laminated sediments of a saline meromictic lake

Predominantly laminated lake sediments from a saline closed‐basin lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using a multi‐proxy approach (14C‐accelerator mass spectrometry dating, smear‐slide analysis, loss on ignition, grain size, X‐ray diffraction, elemental concentration, ostracod assemblages, stable isotopes of ostracod shells) to trace the regional environmental and climatic history in the Lateglacial and Holocene. Before about 15 cal. ka BP, small saline water bodies probably filled the basin under unstable cold and harsh environmental conditions. Soon after about 14.9 cal. ka BP, a relatively deep saline lake was established, probably as a result of runoff from melting snow, ice and frozen ground in the lake's catchment. Large changes in flux of aeolian material to the lake were recorded during this initial period of formation of Lake Kuhai. Highest lake levels, a low sediment accumulation rate and less saline conditions were maintained between about 12.8 and 7.1 cal. ka BP when the aeolian influx diminished significantly. After about 7.1 cal. ka BP, the aeolian influx remained at a moderate level apart from a strongly increased dust delivery to the lake between about 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP and a minor short‐lived period of slightly enhanced aeolian influx at about 2.7 cal. ka BP. The strongly enhanced dust input to the lake between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP represented the largest influx of aeolian material to Lake Kuhai during the entire Holocene. However, evidence for climatic deterioration during this period is not seen at most other palaeoclimate sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but instead a significant increase in aridity has been recorded at numerous sites in the northern foreland of the Tibetan Plateau and on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The large dust input to Lake Kuhai between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP probably did not result from a severe climate deterioration on the Tibetan Plateau itself, but from the pronounced aridity in its northern and eastern foreland. In contrast, the increase in dust influx about 2.7 cal. ka BP seems to correspond to a brief warming spell recorded at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau too. A slight increase in lake level and decrease in salinity after about 0.6 cal. ka BP suggests a slightly higher effective moisture during the final lake stage, accompanied by a somewhat larger dust influx. This apparent contradiction possibly results from enhanced human activities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last 600 years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Persistence of Winter Sea Surface Temperature in the North Atlantic

Abstract The impact of the seasonal variations of the mixed-layer depth on the persistence of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is studied in the North Atlantic, using observations. A significant recurrence of winter SST anomalies during the following winter occurs in most of the basin, but not in the subtropical area of strong subduction. When taking reemergence into account, the e-folding timescale of winter SST anomalies generally exceeds 1 yr, and is about 16 months for the dominant SST anomaly tripole. The influence of advection by the mean oceanic currents is investigated by allowing for a displacement of the maximum recurrent correlation and, alternatively, by considering the SST anomaly evolution along realistic mean displacement paths. Taking into account the nonlocality of the reemergence generally increases the wintertime persistence, most notably in the northern part of the domain. The passive response of the mixed layer to the atmospheric forcing thus has a red spectrum down to near-dec.
EROSION PROCESSES AND LANDFORM EVOLUTION ON AGRICULTURAL LAND - NEW PERSPECTIVES FROM CAESIUM-137 MEASUREMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHIC-BASED EROSION MODELLING

Despite growing interest in soil erosion on agricultural land, relatively little attention has been paid to the influence of erosion processes on the pattern of contemporary landform evolution. This in part reflects the problems associated with upscaling the results of short-term process studies to temporal and spatial scales relevant to the study of landform evolution. This paper presents a new approach to examining the influence of erosion processes on landform evolution on agricultural land which employs: caesium-137 (Cs-137) measurements to provide medium-term (c.40 years) estimates of rates of landform change; experimental data and a topographic-based model to simulate soil redistribution by tillage; a mass-balance model of Cs-137 redistribution to separate the water erosion and tillage components of the Cs-137 'signatures'; and field observations of water erosion for validation. This approach is used to examine the relative importance of water erosion and tillage processes for contemporary landform evolution at contrasting sites near Leuven, in Belgium, and near Yanan, in Shaanxi Province, China. This application of the approach provides good agreement between the derived water erosion rates and field observations, and hitherto unobtainable insights into medium-term patterns and rates of contemporary landform evolution, At Huldenberg in Belgium, despite rill incision of slope concavities and ephemeral gully incision of the valley floor, contemporary landform evolution is dominated by infilling of slope and valley concavities (rates >0.5 mm a(-1)) and gradual lowering of slope angles as a result of tillage. In contrast, at Ansai (near Yanan) the slope is characterized by increase in slope angle over most of the length, recession of the steepest section at a rate >5 mm a(-1) and by increasing planform curvature, At this site, contemporary landform evolution is dominated by water erosion. The constraints on the approach are examined, with particular attention being given to limitations on extrapolation of the results and to the sensitivity of the models to parameter variation. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linker histone H1.8 inhibits chromatin-binding of condensins and DNA topoisomerase II to tune chromosome compaction and individualization

Linker histone H1.8 inhibits chromatin-binding of condensins and DNA topoisomerase II to tune chromosome compaction and individualization Pavan Choppakatla, Bastiaan Dekker, Erin E. Cutts, Alessandro Vannini, Job Dekker and Hironori Funabiki * Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK. Fondazione Human Technopole, Structural Biology Research Centre, 20157 Milan, Italy Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA. *Correspondence: funabih@rockefeller.edu
Violations of physical and psychological expectations in the human adult brain

Abstract After seeing one solid object apparently passing through another, or a person taking the long route to a destination when a shortcut was available, human adults classify those events as surprising. When tested on these events in violation-of-expectation (VOE) experiments, infants look longer at the same outcomes, relative to similar but expected outcomes. What cognitive processes underlie these judgments from adults, and perhaps infants’ sustained attention to these events? As one approach to test this question, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan the brains of human adults (total N = 49, 22 female, mean age of 26 years) while they viewed stimuli that were originally designed to test for physical and psychological expectations in infants. We examined non-mutually exclusive candidates for the processes underlying the VOE effect, including domain-general processes, like visual prediction error and curiosity, and domain-specific processes, like prediction error with respect to distinctively physical and psychological expectations (objects are solid; agents behave rationally). Early visual regions did not distinguish between expected and unexpected events from either domain. By contrast, multiple demand regions, involved in goal-directed attention, responded more to unexpected events in both domains, providing evidence for domain-general goal-directed attention as a mechanism for VOE. Left supramarginal gyrus (LSMG) was engaged during physical prediction and responded preferentially to unexpected events from the physical domain, providing evidence for domain-specific physical prediction error. Thus, in adult brains, violations of physical and psychological expectations involve domain-specific, and domain-general, though not purely visual, computations.
Well-being and ill-being on campus

Enquiries into the low mental health of university students are exposing the relative merits of competing theoretical and empirical models. The debate is important because the models used to characterise the problem imply alternative causations, consequences, and possible interventions. The purpose of our study is to highlight the value of recognising the presence of both well-being and ill-being within individual students (the dual continua model) as opposed to viewing their well-being and ill-being as opposite ends of a single continuum of mental health (the bipolar model). Using a baseline survey completed by 1,581 first year undergraduate students who enrolled in a New Zealand university at the beginning of 2019, we document the inverse correlation between their scores on the WHO-5 measure of psychological well-being and the PHQ-9 measure of psychological distress or ill-being. Contrary to the assumption of the bipolar model we find their inverse correlation is not strong and that many students are located off the diagonal, some reporting both high well-being and high ill-being over the two-week reference period and many more recording low scores on both screening instruments. We represent this heterogeneity in terms of six clusters of students based on a latent profile analysis of their two scores. We also find that students’ well-being and ill-being respond differently to variations in their physical and financial health both in cross-section and over time, confirming that well-being and ill-being can also be functionally independent. The results are important both diagnostically and in terms of the interventions they suggest.
Model for calculating potassium requirements for grazed pastures

Abstract A model has been developed for calculating the potassium (K) requirements of grazed pastures. It assesses K losses in animal products, in transfer from the grazing area, and in drainage, using knowledge of the type of stock, stocking rate, land slope, and mean annual rainfall. Potassium supplied by the soil from residual fertiliser K and through weathering of clay minerals is then subtracted from these losses to give the fertiliser required. An adjustment can be made for those areas which lose or receive extra K in hay or silage.
Structure of the Kuril Trench from seismic reflection records

Three multichannel seismic reflection records across the Kuril convergent margin provide the first deep data in this area. The records are located across the southern tip of Kamchatka, the central Kuril arc, and the northern extension of Hokkaido Island platform which show three distinct tectonic regimes. The lower slope contains a wedge-shaped buttress surrounded by low velocity sediments. Underplating sediment uplifts the buttress, as indicated by faults that displace its upper surface. The middle slope is a block of acoustic basement, which has a rough surface with significant arcward dipping faults. The middle slope is separated from the upper slope along a steep arcward dipping reflection, the “middle-slope boundary. ” The upper slope structure off Kamchatka is different from that off Hokkaido. Off Kamchatka a regular stratified sediment section has been uplifted, tilted, and dips seaward. Off Hokkaido, stronger uplift has tilted regional blocks seaward and arcward. Along the southern line north of Hokkaido, well-studied nonthrust earthquakes with lateral motions occur beneath the middle slope boundary and on the boundary of the subducting plate. Thrust earthquakes occur under the middle and upper slope, whereas tsunami earthquakes occur under the lower slope. High-amplitude reflections along the lower boundary of the wedge-shaped buttress and along the active decollement, indicate high fluid concentrations which reduce the friction along the tectonic units so that through the weak coupling, slow rupture may extend up to the seafloor from a tsunami earthquake.
Arctic lower tropospheric aerosol trends and composition at Alert, Canada: 1980–1995

Fifteen years (1980 to 1995) of observations of weekly mean concentrations of 18 constituents in the aerosol of the lower Arctic troposphere at Alert, Canada, have been analyzed by time series analysis for seasonal and long-term trends and by positive matrix factorization for aerosol components. The dominant anthropogenic constituent measured is SO42− which is composed of two major components: a neutralized ammonium sulphate salt and a highly acidic sulphate salt. The latter component becomes increasingly prominent as the Arctic atmosphere goes from complete darkness in January to complete sunlight in April and SO2 is oxidized to sulphuric acid in the northern troposphere. In winter/spring the 18 observed constituents are associated with 10 distinct aerosol factors (components). They are as follows: PHOTO-S (i.e., anthropogenic sulphur from oxidation of SO2 in the Arctic), ANTHRO-S, MIXED PHOTO-S/SEA-SALT, MSA (i.e., biogenic sulphur), SEA-SALT, SMELTER, SOIL, NITRATE, BROMINE, and IODINE. Most winter/spring pollution comes to Alert from Eurasia. In the 1980s, trends in the winter/spring levels of anthropogenic constituents are evident for some (Pb, Zn, Cu, xV, and xMn) but not for SO42−. The lack of trend in SO42− is consistent with no change in emissions in the former Soviet Union between 1985 and 1990. However, since 1991, all of these constituents show a marked decrease suggesting that the collapse of industry in the early years of the new Eurasian republics has left its mark in the Arctic. The exception to this explanation is Pb which has clearly seen a major decline (70%) due to decreased use of Pb additives in automobile fuel in western Europe. Natural aerosol components are SEA-SALT, SOIL, MSA, BROMINE, and IODINE. The first two are related to mechanical generation of aerosols and long-range transport. SEA-SALT peaks in late autumn and winter due to highest winds in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean source regions. SOIL is composed of a local component and a long-range Asian dust component that peaks in spring. MSA is a product of marine biogenic production and shows two peaks: one in May due to long-range transport from the North Atlantic and one in summer due to more local sources in the Arctic Ocean. BROMINE and IODINE aerosol components are associated with lower tropospheric ozone depletion at polar sunrise. In autumn, aerosol iodine but not bromine has a secondary peak.
The Characteristic Variability of Boreal Wintertime Atmospheric Circulation in El Niño Events

Abstract The influence of the Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) on the characteristic variability of boreal wintertime atmospheric circulation among El Nino events is investigated by carrying out singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis and general circulation model (GCM) experiments. From the SVD analysis of SST and 300-hPa streamfunction in the El Nino winter, the first mode associated with the strength of the El Nino mode itself has a positive trend in its time series and the second mode associated with the North Pacific SST variation includes substantial event-to-event variability. The second mode is thus important for explaining the inter–El Nino variability in atmospheric circulation. Four El Ninos among 15 El Nino events from 1950 to 1998 have a mainly positively contribution from the first SVD mode, and the other four events are influenced by the second mode as well as the first mode. The atmospheric responses related to the latter four events show the weakening of the Aleutian low and an e.
Glaciological characteristics of the ablation zone of Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan

Abstract Baltoro glacier in the Karakoram, Pakistan, is one of the world’s largest valley glaciers. It drains an area of about 1500 km2 and is >60km long. In 2004 an Italian/German expedition carried out a glaciological field program on the ablation zone of the glacier, focusing on the ablation conditions and the dynamic state of the glacier. As Baltoro glacier is a debris-covered glacier, ice ablation also depends on the debris properties. Stake measurements of ice ablation and debris cover in combination with meteorological data from automatic weather stations close by have been used to determine the local melt conditions. Results from these calculations have been combined with an analysis of different classes of surface cover and information about precipitation, using remote-sensing techniques, in order to calculate mass fluxes for the upper part of Baltoro glacier. The dynamic state of the glacier has been investigated by GPS-based surface velocity measurements along the stake network. A comparison of these short-term measurements during the melt season with surface velocities computed from feature tracking of satellite images shows a high seasonal variability of the ice motion. We have shown that this variability is up to 100% of the annual mean velocity. On the basis of these investigations, the mass fluxes at the Concordia cross-section have been quantified. This approach can now be used together with the ablation calculations to reconstruct the variability of glacier extent and volume in the past using available climate data from the central Karakoram. From the comparison of historical measurements and photographs it is shown that the snout of Baltoro glacier is oscillating back and forth a couple of hundred metres. Otherwise it seems not to react with the same magnitude as other glaciers to the climatic change. Elevation changes at Concordia are a few tens of metres at the most.
Role of the plasmapause in dictating the ground accessibility of ELF/VLF chorus

This study explores the manner in which the plasmapause is responsible for dictating which magnetospheric source regions of ELF/VLF chorus are able to propagate to and be received by midlatitude stations on the ground. First, we explore the effects of plasmapause extent on ground‐based observations of chorus via a 3 month study of ground‐based measurements of chorus at Palmer Station, Antarctica (L = 2.4, 50°S geomagnetic latitude), and data on the plasmapause extent from the IMAGE EUV instrument. It is found that chorus normalized occurrence peaks when the plasmapause is at L ∼ 2.6, somewhat higher than Palmer's L shell, and that this occurrence peak persists across a range of observed chorus frequencies. Next, reverse ray tracing is employed to evaluate the portion of the equatorial chorus source region, distributed in radial distance and wave normal, from which chorus is able to reach Palmer Station via propagation in a nonducted mode. The results of ray tracing are similar to those of observations, with a peak of expected occurrence when the plasmapause is at L ∼ 3. The exact location of the peak is frequency dependent. This supports the conclusion that the ability of chorus to propagate to low altitudes and the ground is a strong function of instantaneous plasmapause extent and that peak occurrence of chorus at a given ground station may occur when the L shell of the plasmapause is somewhat beyond that of the observing station. These results also suggest that chorus observed on the ground at midlatitude stations propagates predominantly in the nonducted mode.
Edinburgh Research Explorer From logic acceptance to logic rejection

We study the introduction of the private logic into a mature Italian hospital that was governed previously as a hybrid of professional and public logics. Intriguingly, the reconstituted hospital was for several years widely praised for its strong clinical and financial performance, but quickly and with little warning became riven by political differences that led to its demise. Through our case analysis, we develop a multi-level model that reveals the destabilizing process that can unfold when a new logic enters an established organization. We contribute to the hybrids literature by explaining the puzzle of how a new logic can become accepted and then rejected in organizations, emphasizing the critical importance of the interaction between the audience, organization, and practice levels. Crucially, we reveal that positive feedback from multiple audiences may be a mixed blessing for hybrids: while it offers resource and legitimacy advantages, it can induce internal tensions with severe destabilizing consequences. Our findings and model also run counter to two core assumptions within the institutional literature: that social endorsement is advantageous, and that alignment with institutional expectations results in stabilization. We qualify these assumptions and indicate the circumstances under which they are unlikely to hold.
Mechanistic Detachment Rate Model to Predict Soil Erodibility Due to Fluvial and Seepage Forces

AbstractThe erosion rate of cohesive soils is typically computed using an excess shear stress model based on the applied fluvial shear stress. However, no mechanistic approaches are available for incorporating additional forces, such as groundwater seepage into the excess shear stress model parameters. Seepage forces are known to be significant contributors to streambank erosion and failure. The objective of this research was to incorporate seepage forces into a mechanistic fundamental detachment rate model to improve the predictions of the erosion rate of cohesive soils. The new detachment model, which is referred to as the modified Wilson model, was based on two modified dimensional soil parameters (b0 and b1) that included seepage forces due to localized groundwater flow. The proposed model provided a general framework for studying the impact of soil properties, fluid characteristics, and seepage forces on cohesive soil erodibility. Equations were presented for deriving the material parameters from bot.