Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using RBMT Systems to Produce Bilingual Corpus for SMT

This paper proposes a method using the existing Rule-based Machine Translation (RBMT) system as a black box to produce synthetic bilingual corpus, which will be used as training data for the Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system. We use the existing RBMT system to translate the monolingual corpus into synthetic bilingual corpus. With the synthetic bilingual corpus, we can build an SMT system even if there is no real bilingual corpus. In our experiments using BLEU as a metric, the system achieves a relative improvement of 11.7% over the best RBMT system that is used to produce the synthetic bilingual corpora. We also interpolate the model trained on a real bilingual corpus and the models trained on the synthetic bilingual corpora. The interpolated model achieves an absolute improvement of 0.0245 BLEU score (13.1% relative) as compared with the individual model trained on the real bilingual corpus.
Attribute Grammars as Record Calculus - A Structure-Oriented Denotational Semantics of Attribute Grammars by Using Cardelli's Record Calculus

In this paper, we present a new denotational semantics of attribute grammars (AGs) by using Cardelli's record calculus. This new denotational semantics is simple, natural and structure-oriented. AGs have been considered useful in describing interactive programming environments as well as in specifying the semantics of programming languages. Using AGs, interactive programming environments are often described as attributed trees with several AG extensions, e.g., higher-order features, subtree replacement, and remote access. Unfortunately, it was not easy to compare various deenitions for these extensions in a formal way. One of the reasons is that previous studies for AG semantics are not structure-oriented, that is, they are based on attribute valuation, not an attributed tree itself. For example, AG semantics based on attribute valuation can not deal directly with program transformation such as a (b + c)) a b + a c. In our new semantics, an attributed tree is represented as a nested record to preserve the structural information of the attributed tree. This enables us to deal directly with attributed trees rather than attribute valuation as AG semantics. We also represent higher-order AGs, recursive AGs and OOAG as record calculus by extending the semantics to show that our semantics can formalize such AG extensions. Both of higher-order AGs and OOAG are computational models to deal with tree transformation depending on attribute values.
Effects of Breed and Frequency of Ejaculation on Semen Characteristics of Chickens

To study the effects of chicken breed and frequency of ejaculation on semen characteristics of the Nigerian indigenous (NI) and Isa White (IW) (exotic) chickens, 18 mature cocks of each of the breeds were randomly assigned to 3 ejaculation frequency groups of 6 cocks each, divided into 2 replicates of 3 cocks each, in a 2 x 3 factorial design with breed (NI and IW) and frequency of ejaculation (weekly, twice weekly and thrice weekly) as factors. Semen collected from the cocks by the lumbar massage technique was evaluated for its quality attributes. IW cocks had slightly, but significantly (P<0.05), more alkaline semen, and significantly (P<0.05) lower percent motile sperm and mass activity score than the NI cocks. Breed variations in semen volume and colour score, sperm concentration, total sperm per ejaculate, and in the proportions of live and morphologically abnormal sperm were non-significant (P>0.05). Mean sperm concentration (x10 9 /mL) and number of sperm per ejaculate (x10 9 ) were the only semen attributes affected by frequency of ejaculation, and increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in ejaculation frequency. The NI cocks had significantly (P<0.05) higher percent motility and semen colour scores than the IW cocks at one, but not at two or three ejaculations a week, and significantly (P<0.05) higher mass activity at one and three ejaculations per week. It was concluded that semen from the NI chickens compared favourably well with that of the IW cocks in their quality attributes at all ejaculation frequencies, and so can be useful in AI practices aimed at genetic improvement of the breed.
Trolox and Ascorbic Acid Reduce Direct and Indirect Oxidative Stress in the IPEC-J2 Cells, an In Vitro Model for the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract

Oxidative stress in the small intestinal epithelium is a major cause of barrier malfunction and failure to regenerate. This study presents a functional in vitro model using the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 to examine the effects of oxidative stress and to estimate the antioxidant and regenerative potential of Trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione monoethyl ester. Hydrogen peroxide and diethyl maleate affected the tight junction (zona occludens-1) distribution, significantly increased intracellular oxidative stress (CM-H2DCFDA) and decreased the monolayer integrity (transepithelial electrical resistance and FD-4 permeability), viability (neutral red) and wound healing capacity (scratch assay). Trolox (2 mM) and 1 mM ascorbic acid pre-treatment significantly reduced intracellular oxidative stress, increased wound healing capacity and reduced FD-4 permeability in oxidatively stressed IPEC-J2 cell monolayers. All antioxidant pre-treatments increased transepithelial electrical resistance and viability only in diethyl maleate-treated cells. Glutathione monoethyl ester (10 mM) pre-treatment significantly decreased intracellular oxidative stress and monolayer permeability only in diethyl maleate-treated cells. These data demonstrate that the IPEC-J2 oxidative stress model is a valuable tool to screen antioxidants before validation in piglets.
Ridge Network Detection in Crumpled Paper via Graph Density Maximization

Crumpled sheets of paper tend to exhibit a specific and complex structure, which is described by physicists as ridge networks. Existing literature shows that the automation of ridge network detection in crumpled paper is very challenging because of its complex structure and measuring distortion. In this paper, we propose to model the ridge network as a weighted graph and formulate the ridge network detection as an optimization problem in terms of the graph density. First, we detect a set of graph nodes and then determine the edge weight between each pair of nodes to construct a complete graph. Next, we define a graph density criterion and formulate the detection problem to determine a subgraph with maximal graph density. Further, we also propose to refine the graph density by including a pairwise connectivity into the criterion to improve the connectivity of the detected ridge network. Our experimental results show that, with the density criterion, our proposed method effectively automates the ridge network detection.
Unitary signal constellations for differential space--Time modulation with two transmit antennas: Parametric codes, optimal designs, and bounds

We focus on the design of unitary signal constellations for differential space-time modulation with double transmit antennas. By using the parametric form of a two-by-two unitary matrix, we present a class of unitary space-time codes called parametric codes and show that this class of unitary space-time codes leads to a five-signal constellation with the largest possible diversity product and a 16-signal constellation with the largest known diversity product. Although the parametric code of size 16 is not a group by itself, we show that it is a subset of a group of order 32. Furthermore, the unitary signal constellations of sizes 32, 64, 128, and 256 obtained by taking the subsets of the parametric codes of sizes 37, 75, 135, and 273, respectively, have the largest known diversity products. We also use large diversity sum of unitary space-time signal constellations as another significant property for the signal constellations to have good performance in low-SNR scenarios. The newly introduced unitary space-time codes can lead to signal constellations with sizes of 5 and 9 through 16 that have the largest possible diversity sums. Subsequently, we construct a few sporadic unitary signal constellations with the largest possible diversity product or diversity sum. A four-signal constellation which has both the largest possible diversity product and the largest possible diversity sum and three unitary signal constellations with the largest possible diversity sums for sizes of 6, 7, and 8 are constructed, respectively. Furthermore, by making use of the existing results in sphere packing and spherical codes, we provide several upper and lower bounds on the largest possible diversity product and the largest possible diversity sum that unitary signal constellations of any size can achieve.
INTERACTING with sketched interface designs: an evaluation study

Digital hand-drawn sketches provide a new and unique way of interacting with a prototype user interface design while it is still rendered as a sketch. The successful use of prototypes and scenarios for exploring design ideas is well documented. Hand-sketched designs have also been found preferable to formal diagrams during early design. The study reported here shows that interacting with digital sketches adds an exciting new dimension to the interface design process, we found that people do more revisions and more accurate revisions with digital sketches.
Drawing Large Weighted Graphs Using Clustered Force-Directed Algorithm

Clustered graph drawing is widely considered as a good method to overcome the scalability problem when visualizing large (or huge) graphs. Force-directed algorithm is a popular approach for laying graphs yet small to medium size datasets due to its slow convergence time. This paper proposes a new method which combines clustering and a force-directed algorithm, to reduce the computational complexity and time. It works by dividing a Long Convergence: LC into two Short Convergences: SC1, SC2, where SC1+SC2 <; LC. We also apply our work on weighted graphs. Our experiments show that the new method improves the aesthetics in graph visualization by providing clearer views for connectivity and edge weights.
Leveraging face recognition technology to find and organize photos

With digital still cameras, users can easily collect thousands of photos. We have created a photo management application with the goal of making photo organization and browsing simple and quick, even for very large collections. A particular concern is the manage-ment of photos depicting people. We present a semi-automatic approach designed to facilitate the task of labeling photos with people that opportunistically takes advantage of the strengths of current state-of-the-art technology in face detection and recognition. In particular, an accurate face detector is used to automatically extract faces from photos while the less accurate face recog-nizer is used not to classify the detected faces, but to sort faces by their similarity to a chosen model. The sorted faces are presented as candidates within a user interface designed for quick and easy face labeling. We present results of a simulation of the usage model that demonstrate the improved ease that is achieved by our method
Social welfare maximization by optimal locating and sizing of TCSC for congestion management in deregulated power markets

Series FACTS devices such as TCSC, with its ability to directly control the power flow can be very effective to improve the operation of transmission network In this paper, a corrective solution for congestion management by using TCSC has been reviewed. A genetic algorithm for finding the optimal location and size of this device is proposed for congestion management with the aim of increasing social welfare while cost of TCSC was incorporated. The simulation results were successfully tested on the IEEE 30-bus system. Analyzing the results with and without TCSC confirms that this device is an appropriate for a long time congestion management.
Joint Embedding of Hierarchical Categories and Entities for Concept Categorization and Dataless Classification

Existing work learning distributed representations of knowledge base entities has largely failed to incorporate rich categorical structure, and is unable to induce category representations. We propose a new framework that embeds entities and categories jointly into a semantic space, by integrating structured knowledge and taxonomy hierarchy from large knowledge bases. Our framework enables to compute meaningful semantic relatedness between entities and categories in a principled way, and can handle both single-word and multiple-word concepts. Our method shows significant improvement on the tasks of concept categorization and dataless hierarchical classification.
Region selectable auto-focusing system by digital PSF estimation

A region-selectable fully digital auto-focusing system is proposed. After a region of interest is selected, the amount of out-of-focus in the region is estimated, and then the focused image is made by using a digital image restoration technique. If the selected region does not have valid step-edge, the system does not perform restoration. The proposed system can provide a convenient human interface for a digital auto-focusing system.
Overview of Mask Metrology

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is the successor to optical lithography and will enable advanced patterning in semiconductor manufacturing processes down to the 8 nm half pitch technology node and beyond. However, before EUV can successfully be inserted into high volume manufacturing a few challenges must be overcome. Central among these remaining challenges is the requirement to produce “defect free” EUV masks. Mask blank defects have been one of the top challenges in the commercialization of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. To determine defect sources and devise mitigation solutions, detailed characterization of defects is critical. However, small defects pose challenges in metrology scale‐up. SEMATECH has a comprehensive metrology strategy to address any defect larger than a 20 nm core size to obtain solutions for defect‐free EUV mask blanks. SEMATECH's Mask Blank Development Center has been working since 2003 to develop the technology to support defect free EUV mask blanks. Since 2003, EUV.
Use of Elaborative Encoding To Facilitate Verbal Learning after Adolescent Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness of elaborative encoding in learning and remembering word definitions after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design:Two case studies. Setting:University outpatient clinic. Participants:Two adolescents with severe memory impairments after TBI who needed specific vocabulary for school. Interventions:A series of individual speech-language therapy sessions incorporating clinician- and subject-generated strategies to facilitate elaborative encoding. Target words were based on school requirements and pretreatment test results and were assigned randomly to treatment or control groups. Main Outcome Measure:Accuracy of free-recalled definitions at the conclusion of therapy and after 1 month with no therapy. Results:Significant improvement in expressed word knowledge at the conclusion of therapy, with improvement on treated words maintained at 1 month for both subjects. Conclusions:Elaborative encoding was an effective tool for teaching specific information required for school. Patterns of response differed substantially from those of normally developing children. Generalization to classroom use was planned for and should be measured in future research
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF JET CAVITATION INCEPTION USING A PHASE ANALYSIS

Cavitation inception in the near-field of high Reynolds number axisymmetric jets is analyzed using a simplified computa tional model. The model combines an axisymmetric vorticity streamfunction finite-difference scheme for the simulatio n of the unsteady flow field. Using a simplified representation, micro scopic bubbles are injected at the jet inlet. The motion of th ese bubbles is tracked in a Lagrangian reference frame by integr a ing a semi-empirical dynamical equation which accounts for ine rt al, pressure, drag, and lift forces. Extended calculations are performed for a jet at Reynolds number Re = 2 105 and a ratio of jet shear layer thickness δ to jet radiusRequal toδ=R= 0:2. Cavitation inception rates are estimated by extending the anal ysis in Gopalanet al.(1999), which suggests that the rates may be computed based on the pressure and bubble distributions measur ed at a constant phase. The computed dependence of the normalized cavitation event rates on cavitation index is consiste nt with experimental observations. Effects of bubble injection ra te nd bubble diameter are also examined.
A Trust-Aware, P2P-Based Overlay for Intrusion Detection

Collaborative intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have a great potential for addressing the challenges posed by the increasing aggressiveness of current Internet attacks. However, one of the major concerns with the proposed collaborative IDSs is their vulnerability to the insider threat. Malicious intruders, infiltrating such a system, could poison the collaborative detectors with false alarms, disrupting the intrusion detection functionality and placing at risk the whole system. In this paper, we propose a P2P-based overlay for intrusion detection (overlay IDS) that addresses the insider threat by means of a trust-aware engine for correlating alerts and an adaptive scheme for managing trust. We have implemented our system using JXTA framework and we have evaluated its effectiveness for preventing the spread of a real Internet worm over an emulated network. The evaluation results show that our overlay IDS significantly increases the overall survival rate of the network
Camera-sampling field and its applications

We propose a novel vector field, called a camera-sampling field, to represent the sampling density distribution of a pinhole camera. We give the derivation and discuss some essential properties of the camera-sampling field, including flux, divergence, curl, gradient, level surface, and sampling patterns. This vector field reveals camera-sampling concisely and facilitates camera sampling analysis. The usage for this vector field in several computer graphics applications is introduced, such as determining the splat kernel for image-based rendering, texture filtering, mipmap level selection, level transition criteria for LOD, and LDI-construction.
Analysis of reproductive patterns of fishes from three Large Marine Ecosystems

Fish reproductive biology plays an important role for fishery management, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to compile all available information and analyze reproduction patterns of marine fishes in three Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs): North, East, and South Brazil Shelves. We tested the hypothesis that the onset and duration of spawning season differ among these three LMEs; compared the ratio between length at first maturity and asymptotic length with the global trend observed; analyzed sex ratios; and tested whether females allocate more energy into reproduction than males. The following data were compiled from published sources and ‘grey’ literature: sex ratio, spawning season, gonadosomatic indices (GSI), and length at first maturity (Lm). The reproductive load was estimated as Lm/L∞. The median extension of the spawning season in the North, East, and South Brazil Shelves were 6.5, 6.0 and 5.0 months, respectively, with higher frequency during austral summer in South Brazil. Marine fishes from these three LMEs can be grouped in summer and non-summer spawners. About ninety six percent of the cases the reproductive load was between 0.3 and 0.8, which is slightly shifted toward smaller values, compared with the global range of 0.4-0.9. Gonadosomatic indices for females were higher. Contrary to some expectations, there is seasonality in the reproduction of tropical fishes. However, seasonality is stronger in southern populations. Size at first maturity is not efficiently used as a tool for fisheries management in the ecosystems analyzed.
Evaluation of Detection Methods for Genetically Modified Traits in Genotypes Resistant to European Corn Borer and Herbicides

Abstract Detection of genetically modified (GM) traits in corn (Zea mays L.) is urgently needed for preservation of genetic identity and marketing GM products. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of different analytical methods to detect GM traits in corn. Samples with known fractions of GM concentrations (Bacillus thuringiensis [Bt], Liberty Link [LL] and stacked [Bt/LL] genes) from commercial seed companies and those derived from yellow kernels in a white corn ear, outcrossed by pollen of neighboring Bt hybrid, were tested by lateral flow quick test kits and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based test strips purchased from different companies. Liberty Link hybrids are resistant to glufosinate (Liberty or Basta) herbicides, whereas Bt corn is developed for the control of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Selected samples of GM concentrations were also tested in a commercial laboratory using DNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The results demonstrated that qualitative lateral flow quick tests could detect samples containing 1% or higher Bt and 2% or higher LL concentrations within the recommended time limit of the test. Faint test lines for samples containing 0.5 to 1% Bt or 1 to 2% LL concentrations appeared if samples remained in the test cup overnight. ELISA test strips detected the Bt content semiquantitatively in the range of 0.5 to 2.0%. Grain samples derived from non-Bt corn outcrossed by neighboring Bt pollen had usually lower GM concentrations than commercial GM seed samples. Both ELISA- and DNA-based PCR tests distinguished samples with GM concentrations between 0.1 to 0.5%, but the precision of quantification at this range was very low and results were highly inconsistent.
The state-of-"cultural validity" of self-report pain assessment tools in diverse older adults.

BACKGROUND Pain continues to be a significant problem for older adults worldwide and a challenge for health care clinicians and researchers in assuring accurate identification and tailored treatment approaches. Attention has been devoted in recent years to development of pain assessment tools that are reliable and valid for use with older adults, including self-report scales and pain observation tools. METHODS AND DESIGN This integrative review examines face, content, and construct validity relative to the research development, linguistic translation, and clinical implementation of self-report pain assessment tools in culturally diverse older adults. RESULTS Many self-report pain assessment tools have not been tested and validated in many older adults of diverse cultures. As a result, self-report tools are limited in their accuracy and ability to capture the cultural distinctions that impact pain intensity ratings. CONCLUSION The multiculturalism of health care and the use of existing pain assessment tools globally require that clinicians and researchers consider tool validity that incorporates the individual's cultural system in order to provide quality pain assessment. This article addresses one aspect of tool development and application across populations, the validation of self-report pain assessment tools for culturally diverse older adults. Recommendations for each the research and clinician are provided to assist in development, translation, and use of various self-report pain assessment tools.