Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural History of Bone Disease following Kidney Transplantation

Significance Statement The natural history of bone disease in contemporary kidney transplant recipients is not well characterized. Studies are generally limited by small samples sizes or a narrow focus on bone biopsy, imaging, or biochemistry. This prospective, observational study performed extensive bone phenotyping by histomorphometry, densitometry, and biomarkers before and after kidney transplantation in a sizable cohort. The main findings include decreasing bone turnover after kidney transplantation and, in parallel, decreasing levels of bone biomarkers. Delayed bone mineralization occurring in a subset of patients is associated with the duration and severity of hypophosphatemia. Resolution of hyperparathyroidism and high bone turnover are associated with gain in bone density. Thus, optimal control of mineral metabolism and regulation of skeletal remodeling could improve bone health in kidney transplant recipients. Visual Abstract Background Knowledge of the effect of kidney transplantation on bone is limited and fragmentary. The aim of this study was to characterize the evolution of bone disease in the first post-transplant year. Methods We performed a prospective, observational cohort study in patients referred for kidney transplantation under a steroid-sparing immunosuppressive protocol. Bone phenotyping was done before, or at the time of, kidney transplantation, and repeated at 12 months post-transplant. The phenotyping included bone histomorphometry, bone densitometry by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and biochemical parameters of bone and mineral metabolism. Results Paired data were obtained for 97 patients (median age 55 years; 72% male; 21% of patients had diabetes). Bone turnover remained normal or improved in the majority of patients (65%). Bone histomorphometry revealed decreases in bone resorption (eroded perimeter, mean 4.6% pre- to 2.3% post-transplant; P<0.001) and disordered bone formation (fibrosis, 27% pre- versus 2% post-transplant; P<0.001). Whereas bone mineralization was normal in all but one patient pretransplant, delayed mineralization was seen in 15% of patients at 1 year post-transplant. Hypophosphatemia was associated with deterioration in histomorphometric parameters of bone mineralization. Changes in bone mineral density were highly variable, ranging from –18% to +17% per year. Cumulative steroid dose was related to bone loss at the hip, whereas resolution of hyperparathyroidism was related to bone gain at both spine and hip. Conclusions Changes in bone turnover, mineralization, and volume post-transplant are related both to steroid exposure and ongoing disturbances of mineral metabolism. Optimal control of mineral metabolism may be key to improving bone quality in kidney transplant recipients. Clinical Trial registry name and registration number: Evolution of Bone Histomorphometry and Vascular Calcification Before and After Renal Transplantation, NCT01886950
An improved technique for selective etching of GaAs and Ga1−xAlxAs

An improved technique is described for selectively etching ’’windows’’ in GaAs crystals with Ga1−xAlxAs (0.30⩽x⩽ 0.80) epitaxial layers. A reduction factor of 10–50 in the sample preparation time is achieved with a good reproducibility.
Design and evaluation of omnidirectional one-dimensional photonic crystals

We have theoretically and experimentally studied a wide range of realistic fabrication parameters for the formation of omnidirectional photonic band gaps (PBGs) in one-dimensional photonic crystals (1D PCs). Photonic band structures in 1D PCs have been analyzed for the cases with and without a defect layer. It is shown that a defect state in the defect-mode PBG behaves like an electronic impurity level in the gap with a change in thickness (i.e., optical path) of the defect layer. Three types of 1D PC structures (Te/polystyrene, Si/SiO2, and ZnS/SiO2), which are designed for applications in the infrared region (especially for the wavelength of 1.55 μm) and in the visible region, are proposed and demonstrated their high reflectance (R) properties experimentally. For example, a six-pair Si/SiO2 1D PC fabricated with a structure parameter (period=388.5 nm, filling factor=0.406) exhibits a wide range omni-PBGs in the wavelength range of 1310–1742 nm. The measured R spectra are in very good agreement with calc.
CHANGE-POINTS IN NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS'

an otherwise smooth regression model are proposed. The assumptions needed are much weaker than those made in parametric models. The proposed estimators apply as well to the detection of discontinuities in derivatives and therefore to the detection of change-points of slope and of higher order curvature. The proposed estimators are based on a comparison of left and right one-sided kernel smoothers. Weak convergence of a stochastic process in local differences to a Gaussian process is established for properly scaled versions of estimators of the location of a change-point. The continuous mapping theorem can then be invoked to obtain asymptotic distributions and corresponding rates of convergence for change-point estimators. These rates are typically faster than n- 1/2. Rates of global LP convergence of curve estimates with appropriate kernel modifications adapting to estimated change-points are derived as a consequence. It is shown that these rates of convergence are the same as if the location of the change-point was known. The methods are illustrated by means of the well known data on the annual flow volume of the Nile river between 1871 and 1970. 1. Introduction. Nonparametric regression methods are usually applied in order to obtain a smooth fit of a regression curve without having to specify a parametric class of regression functions. Sometimes a generally smooth curve might contain an isolated discontinuity or change-point in the curve or in a (possibly higher order) derivative, and in many cases interest focuses on the occurrence of such change-points. In parametric approaches to the regression change-point problem, simple linear regressions before and after a possible change-point are assumed, and then the possibility of a discontinuity in the form of a jump or of a jump in the first derivative, or, equivalently, a slope change, is incorporated into the model; see for instance Hinkley (1969) and Brown, Durbin and Evans (1975). The analysis of change-points which describe sudden, localized changes typically occurring in economics, medicine and the physical sciences has recently found increasing interest. General smoothness assumptions, allowing for a large class of regression functions to be considered, seem to be more appropriate in a variety of applied problems than parametric modelling. An
Colloidal aggregation in the presence of a gravitational field

We present the results of a computational model for colloidal aggregation that considers the Brownian motion, sedimentation and deposition experienced by the colloidal particles and clusters. Among our results, we find that for intermediate strengths of downward gravitational drift, the aggregation crosses over from diffusion-limited colloidal aggregation to another type of aggregation with a higher cluster fractal dimension, Df. We also get a critical gelation concentration that is higher by several orders of magnitude than for the non-drifting case. We also found a speeding up followed by a slowing down of the aggregation rate and an algebraically decaying cluster size distribution. As the drift strength becomes much higher, the new fractal dimension is reduced due to the anisotropy of the clusters, becoming more elongated along the vertical direction. We finally present the scaling shown by the cluster size distribution for all the drift strengths studied.
Metal abundances of RR Lyrae variables in selected galactic star fields. II. The Lick astrograph fields near the North Galactic Pole.

Revised periods, light curves, and metal abundances (Preston .delta.s's and corresponding (Fe/H) values) are given for nearly 40 RR Lyrae variables of the Lick North Galactic Pole survey. The most distant stars lie at a height z above the galactic plane of 20--25 kpc. The data give no evidence for composition gradients in the RR Lyraes apart from the composition difference between the variables in the halo ( =7.7, =-1.5) and the disk ( =5.0, =-1.0). We show from a statistical argument that the sample of stars is too small to detect an abundance gradient over the 20-kpc interval in z unless the space density of RR Lyraes in Oosterhoff group I falls off about four times faster than the RR Lyraes of group II. Difficulties in inferring the halo abundance gradient for common subdwarfs, based on studies of halo RR Lyraes, are cited. It is not clear whether the paucity of RR Lyraes with (Fe/H)< or approx. =-2.2 is related to a corresponding lack of extremely metal-poor subdwarfs or due to an effect of stellar evolution.
Predictive control of constrained nonlinear systems via LPV linear embeddings

This paper analyzes the applicability of convex MPC schemes, synthesized for LPV polytopic systems, to nonlinear plants. The nonlinear systems under consideration are those whose trajectories can be embedded within those of a polytopic LPV discrete‐time system. It is postulated that the latter belongs to a polytopic family of linear systems, each member of which is parameterized by the value that a parameter vector assumes in the unit simplex. Such a parameter can be measured on‐line and exploited for feedback while a bound on its rate of change is known and exploited for predictions. Different customizations and improvements of a recently introduced MPC scheme for LPV systems are presented and contrasted in terms of their numerical burdens and control performance. The proposed predictive controllers are proved to quadratically stabilize LPV polytopic systems, as well as any other embedded non‐linear system, in the presence of input and state constraints. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling of Kelvin‐Helmholtz and current sheet instabilities to the ionosphere: A dynamic theory of auroral spirals

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability has often been invoked to describe transport at the magnetopause. However, recent observations of vortices in the postnoon sector of the auroral zone [Elphinstone et al., 1993] have indicated that structure of these vortices is inconsistent with the evolution of the standard Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and is instead consistent with the theory of auroral spirals proposed by Hallinan [1976]. Models of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability coupled to the ionosphere have generally neglected the effect of the field-aligned current which is generated by the velocity shear. This current must close in the ionosphere, and leads to the presence of a magnetic shear in addition to the velocity shear. This magnetic shear is susceptible to a dynamic current sheet instability, which has many of the same properties as the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability but produces vortices which are wound in a sense consistent with spiral observations. This instability, which may grow much faster than Kelvin-Helmholtz, may provide a basis for a dynamic theory of auroral spirals.
Modelling suppressed and active convection: Comparisons between three global atmospheric models

The Met Office Unified Model, the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model 3 were used to compare simulations of suppressed and active convection by global atmospheric models (GAMs) in the Tropical West Pacific. The case used a three‐week period selected from the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere‐Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA‐COARE). The global models were initialized from ERA‐40 on each day of the case and the 12‐36 h forecasts were concatenated together to create a continuous sequence of forecasts. One active and two suppressed subperiods were identified and used to examine the behaviour of the models within different convective regimes. All the GAMs were able to clearly distinguish between the suppressed and active regimes in terms of precipitation rate, precipitable water and radiative fluxes, and they all produced strong deep convection during the most active period. However, there were significant differences in the behaviour of the GAMs convection parametrizations during the most suppressed period. There was good agreement in the long‐wave radiative fluxes where the GAMs were in good agreement in terms of convective activity, but there was less agreement in the short‐wave fluxes, with the biggest differences being in the most active period. Throughout, there were large differences in the relative proportion of convective and large‐scale precipitation produced by the GAMs. By making comparisons with reference data in the form of observations, reanalyses and cloud‐resolving models, several issues that were specific to individual GAMs are identified and discussed. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright, 2008
The radius of convexity of certain analytic functions II

In [2], MacGregor found the radius of convexity of the functions f ( z ) = z + a 2 z 2 + a 3 z 3 + … , analytic and univalent such that | f ′ ( z ) − 1 | 1 . This paper generalized MacGregor's theorem, by considering another univalent function g ( z ) = z + b 2 z 2 + b 3 z 3 + … such that | f ′ ( z ) g ′ ( z ) − 1 | 1 for | z | 1 . Several theorems are proved with sharp results for the radius of convexity of the subfamilies of functions associated with the cases: g ( z ) is starlike for | z | 1 , g ( z ) is convex for | z | 1 , \alpha $" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML"> Re { g ′ ( z ) } > α ( α = 0 , 1 / 2 ) .
Transient Simulation of the Aerodynamic Response of a Double-Deck Bus in Gusty Winds

The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to investigate the aerod ynamic response of a double-deck bus in gusty winds using a Detached-Eddy Simula tion (DES). The bus was subjected to three different scenarios of wind gusts: g ust in a wind tunnel, gust in a natural wind and gust behind the exit of a tunne l. The proposed scenarios of gusts are in the time domain and take into account the dynamic behavior of natural winds. The Reynolds number of the flow, based on the time-averaged speed of the side wind and a reference length of squre root of 0.1 [m], was 1300000. Detailed transient responses of the aerodynamic coe fficients and flow structures were investigated. Good agreement was found betwe en the DES results and the available experimental data. A comparison between the influence of the different gust scenarios on the aerodynamic coefficients shows that the gust behind the exit from a tunnel has a stronger influence on the aer odynamics than the other gust scenarios. Moreover, the influence of the gusts o n the time history of aerodynamics coefficients is found to be limited to the pe riod of the gust.
Strong perpendicular anisotropy in Fe 1 − x Co x alloy films epitaxially grown on mismatching Pd(001), Ir(001), and Rh(001) substrates

In tetragonally distorted Fe1−xCox alloy films grown epitaxially on Pd 001 , Ir 001 , and Rh 001 substrates, a strong uniaxial anisotropy and an easy-magnetization axis perpendicular to the film plane are observed. The strongest perpendicular anisotropy is achieved when the Fe0.5Co0.5 films are grown on Rh 001 c /a=1.24 and it systematically decreases for Ir 001 c /a=1.18 and Pd 001 c /a=1.13 substrates in agreement with the theoretical predictions. For the Fe1−xCox films grown on Rh 001 the easy-magnetization axis remains perpendicular up to 15 ML in a broad composition range even at room temperature, which is different from the Fe1−xCox films grown on Pd 001 showing a perpendicular easy-magnetization axis only for x=0.5 and only at low temperature. By growing a pseudomorphic buffer layer of Pd on Rh 001 it is shown that the substrate lattice constant and the resulting film distortion are the factors which are decisive for the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of the Fe1−xCox films of the same composition.
Active and passive behaviors of soft tissues: Pelvic floor muscles

A new active‐contraction visco‐elastic numerical model of the pelvic floor (skeletal) muscle is presented. Our model includes all elements that represent the muscle constitutive behavior, contraction and relaxation. In contrast with the previous models, the activation function can be null. The complete equations are shown and exactly linearized. Small verification and validation tests are performed and the pelvis is modeled using the data from the intra‐abdominal pressure tests. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel tolerance interval model for the estimation of the shelf life of pharmaceutical products

The main objective of the stability study of pharmaceutical products is to estimate the shelf life indicated on the container label. For the determination of the label shelf life the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Guideline recommends the confidence interval approach, but its adequacy is questionable. Instead of the current regulation, several proposals are known in the literature applying the tolerance interval approach. The aim of our paper is to extend the tolerance interval model assuming two distinct influence sources, namely the tablet‐to‐tablet variability and the analytical measurement error. Another main concept in the paper is that the tolerance interval is constructed for the true (and not for the measured) assay content. Investigating the influence of several factors on the width of the tolerance interval, a simulation is performed applying different number of samples and repeated analysis, as well as different variance components regarding the tablet‐to‐tablet variability and the analytical measurement error. An example is also given to illustrate the difference between the former and the proposed tolerance interval models and to compare them with the present regulation of the ICH. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Focusing properties of curved x‐ray diffractors

Calculations are described and results are given for the focusing properties of six curved x‐ray diffractors for Bragg angles ranging from 15° to 75°. The geometries considered include cylindrical, spherical, and toroidal cases. The type of slit necessary to eliminate stray radiation in applications of doubly curved diffractors to scanning monochromators is discussed. Three of the most efficient diffractors are compared with respect to the solid angle for collection of x rays and the possible spectral resolution. A diffractor with spherically curved planes and toroidally curved surface is shown to be superior to the Johansson geometry and the spherically curved plate.
Phase and Amplitude Distortion in Linear Networks

All practical communication networks exhibit distortions from the ideal linear phase and flat amplitude (all-pass) characteristics. When linear phase together with finite amplitude bandwidth prevail, the build-up time of the step transient response equals the reciprocal of twice the amplitude bandwidth. However, when phase distortion together with all-pass amplitude characteristics prevail, the finite (rather than zero) step-response build-up time is ascribed to the concept of phase bandwidth. Certain relations between phase and amplitude bandwidths are shown necessary to avoid step and impulse transient response overshoot arising from excessive phase distortion. In particular, attention is confined to networks comprising identical sections in cascade. For most cases of practical interest, it is shown that, as the number of sections increases, cascaded networks have a transmission characteristic approaching that of three networks in cascade. The first network is distortionless and accounts for the pure delay in the system. The other two networks, which account for the distortion in the system, are of two basic species: (1) all-pass networks with a monotonic phase distortion proportional to ωn, and (2) zero-phase-shift networks with a monotonic attenuation proportional to ωm. Graphs are given of the impulse and step transient responses for such networks with monotonic phase and attenuation distortion. From these are obtained important design data such as the phase bandwidth, the overshoot in the transient responses, the narrowing in effective bandwidth obtained on cascading, etc. An important design parameter determining the transient behavior is the phase distortion at the frequency of amplitude cutoff.
Temporal, spectral, and spatial study of the automated vicarious calibration test site at Railroad Valley, Nevada

The Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has developed an automated methodology and instrument suite to measure the surface reflectance of the vicarious calibration test site at Railroad Valley, Nevada. Surface reflectance is a critical variable used as one of the inputs into a radiative transfer code to predict the top-of-atmosphere radiance, and inexpensive and robust ground-viewing radiometers have been present at the site since 2004. The goal of the automated approach is to retain RSG's current 2-3% level of uncertainty while increasing the number of data sets collected throughout the year without the need for on-site personnel. A previous study was completed to determine if the number and positions of the four radiometers were adequate to spatially sample the 1-km2 large-footprint site at Railroad Valley. The preliminary study utilized one set of panchromatic data from Digital Globe's QuickBird satellite. Results from this one day showed that the positions of the four ground-viewing radiometers adequately sample the site. The work presented here expands in a spectral and temporal sense by using high-spatial-resolution data from Ikonos, QuickBird, and Landsat-7 ETM+ to determine if the locations of the ground-viewing radiometers correctly sample the site. The multispectral capability of these sensors is used to establish if there are any spectral effects, which will also help RSG to determine what spectral bands should be chosen for the new ground-viewing radiometers that are currently in development for the automated test site at Railroad Valley.
An Electrically Small Planar Loop Antenna with High Efficiency for Mobile Terminal Applications

Abstract An electrically small loop antenna with complete planar configuration is proposed. The radiator is directly connected with a 50-Ohm coaxial line when it is coupled-fed by a tiny feeding loop. The interdigital capacitor loaded loop has a size of only 0. 116λ 0, where λ 0 is its operating wavelength, and the measured results show that it can have good radiation efficiency and gain. As the loop is placed coplanar with the ground plane, it has higher radiation efficiency and the impedance bandwidth is nearly doubled compared to its vertical counterpart. Other characteristics of such an electrically small loop like the reduced current on the ground plane, the tunable operating frequency, and potential pattern diversity for MIMO applications implies its promising use in mobile terminal applications. The working mechanism of the antenna is illustrated, with the help of an equivalent circuit and some key parameter study is also given.
The near-infrared spectrum of the FeH molecule.

The rotational analysis has been carried out on seven bands of the 4 Delta-4 Delta system of the FeH molecule. In order of wavelength of the heads they are (2-0) at 7786 A, (1-0) at 8692 A, (2-1) at 9020 A, (0-0) at 9896 A, (1-1) at 10253 A, (0-1) at 11939 A, and (1-2) at 12389 A. Molecular constants, term values, spin splittings, and Lambda-type doublings have been derived. Calculated wavelengths and wavenumbers are presented for the (2-2) and (0-2) bands with heads at 10639 and 14927 A, respectively. Finding lists of lines in the observed bands are provided to aid in astronomical applications. 19 references.