Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent extremes in total ozone content over the northern parts of India in view of the Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer entered into force on 1 January 1989. One of the major questions is whether or not the atmosphere is on the path to ozone recovery due to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments. In view of this, the frequency of the low/high ozone days and lowest /highest total ozone content (TOC) values have been analysed over the northern parts of India in the winter season for the time periods 1979–1988 and 1997–2005. Daily station total ozone data from TOMS on the Nimbus-7 (1979–1988) and Earth Probe (1997–2005) satellites of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) during the period 1979–2005 are used in the present analysis. Stations located to the north of 20°N latitude regions of India have been chosen for the study. To compare the recent changes with extremes prior to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, statistical percentile thresholds are computed based on the daily ozone data during winter months (January and February) for the period 1979–1988, and using these percentile threshold values extremes in TOC are computed for both time periods (1979–1988 and 1997–2005) to determine whether the day is a low, high or normal ozone day. Trends in extremes in TOC over northern India during the recent period (1997–2005) compared to the period prior to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol (1979–1988) in general indicate recovery of TOC either in terms of opposite trends or similar trends that are less in magnitude. However, most of the trends are statistically insignificant, probably due to the dynamic variability of the atmosphere.
Variable characteristics of the wintertime net heat flux along the Kuroshio system and its association with climate in China

On the basis of the datasets obtained for the monthly turbulent heat flux (1984–2009) from the Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Heat Flux (OAFlux), the radiation flux from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), the variability characteristics of the net heat flux (Qnet) over the Kuroshio System (KS) and its relationship with the climate in China were studied. The results reveal that except for a steady enhancement in the period 1984–2009, the boreal winter Qnet over the KS is characterized by obvious interannual variation of the period quasi‐5 year as well as decadal variability shifting from negative to positive anomalies in the mid‐1990s. In the wintertime, the increasing KS Qnet is primarily responsible for the intensification of the East Asia winter monsoon (EAWM) via a deepening of the Aleutian low and an enhancement of the Siberia high and has a correlation coefficient of 0.72 with a 1‐month delay. The enhanced‐EAWM induces colder winters in Northeast China and higher Qnet over the KS by carrying significantly greater amounts of cold air mass. During the low Qnet winter, the EAWM is weakened, and the southwesterly wind that contains abundant water vapour enhances and pushes toward southern China, thereby bringing heavier rainfall. The anomalous Qnet over the KS in the wintertime lasts until the following spring with a weaker relative intensity. In the spring after the low KS Qnet winter, the anomalous easterly wind transfers colder air masses from the Sea of Japan to the North China and Yellow–Huaihe regions and then cools these regions. The warmer and wetter southwesterlies along the northwestern flank of the anomalous anticyclone east of Taiwan Island meet these colder easterlies accompanied by an anomalous upward motion, thereby inducing an anomalous northwest–southeast precipitation band in the central and eastern region of China, especially in the Yangtze‐Huaihe region.
Initial effects of thinning on soil carbon storage and base cations in a naturally regenerated Quercus spp. forest in Hongcheon, Korea

Thinning can affect soil carbon (C) and base cation balances by reducing tree density and altering microclimate and organic matter budget; however, the subsequent changes in soil C and base cation contents after thinning are not well elucidated. Thus, this study investigated the effects of thinning on C storages in soil (at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm depths) and forest floor and concentrations of soil exchangeable base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+). Thinning treatments of different intensities based on the removed basal area (no thinning: control, 15% thinning: T15, and 30% thinning: T30) were applied to a naturally regenerated 31 to 40-year-old Quercus spp. forest. Soil C concentrations at 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm depths were significantly higher in T15 and T30 than in the control after 39 months, but not after 4 months. T15 and T30 treatments seemed to increase soil C storage at 0–30 cm after 39 months, but did not significantly change forest floor C storage after 4 and 39 months. Concentrations of exchangeable K+ of T15 and exchangeable base cations except for Ca2+ of T30 depth were significantly lower than those of the control at 0–10 cm after 4 months, but not after 39 months. This study shows that thinning treatments on a naturally regenerated Quercus spp. forest could increase soil C concentration after a few years but temporally decrease concentrations of soil exchangeable base cations.
MORE THAN LOCAL IMPACTS: AGGREGATE QUARRYING IN THE NATIONAL PARKS OF ENGLAND AND WALES

Aggregate quarrying plays an important role in the local economy of the UK's national parks, providing local jobs and expenditure on local services. There are also adverse local impacts from traffic, dust, noise and blasting. However, it is the status of the parks as crucial features of the nation's landscape capital that increases the significance of localised landscape impacts to a level which outweighs any benefits that quarrying provides. This article is based upon commissioned research into the impact of quarrying on the national parks and assesses those impacts against the functions of the parks as nationally important designated landscapes.
Pooled analysis of safety for micafungin

Objective:Almost half of the patients with septic shock develop acute lung injury (ALI). The understanding why some patients do and others do not develop ALI is limited. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that delayed treatment of septic shock is associated with the development of ALI. Design:Observational cohort study. Setting:Medical intensive care unit in a tertiary medical center. Patients:Prospectively identified patients with septic shock who did not have ALI at the outset, excluding those who denied research authorization. Measurements and Main Results:High frequency cardio-respiratory monitoring, arterial gas analysis, and portable chest radiographs were reviewed to identify the timing of ALI development. Risk factors present before ALI development were identified by review of electronic medical records and analyzed in univariate and multivariate analyses. Seventy-one of 160 patients (44%) developed ALI at a median of 5 (range 2–94) hours after the onset of septic shock. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following predictors of ALI development: delayed goal-directed resuscitation (odds ratio [OR] 3.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.52–8.63, p = .004), delayed antibiotics (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.06 −5.59, p = .039), transfusion (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.22–6.37, p = .016), alcohol abuse (OR 2.09, 95% CI .88−5.10, p = 0.098), recent chemotherapy (OR 6.47, 95% CI 1.99−24.9, p = 0.003), diabetes mellitus (OR .44, 95% CI .17−1.07, p = .076), and baseline respiratory rate (OR 2.03 per sd, 95% CI 1.38−3.08, p < .001). Conclusion:When adjusted for known modifiers of ALI expression, delayed treatment of shock and infection were associated with development of ALI.
Hemispheric Surface Air Temperature Variations: A Reanalysis and an Update to 1993.

Abstract Land-based compilations of gridded monthly surface air temperature anomalies, averaged into hemispheric values for the last 140 years, have been available for climatological analyses for the last 10 years or so. The analysis techniques used in their construction, particularly the need for a common reference period, mean that it is difficult to include, retrospectively, any of the new temperature datasets now available for some countries. So, despite data availability improvements in some areas, the number of stations used has fallen since 1970, both in the hemispheric averages and in their constituent grid-box datasets. The present study is a reanalysis of both the existing and the newly available temperature datasets to produce a grid-box dataset of 5°×5° temperature anomalies. The reanalysis not only uses over 1000 more stations (2961 in total), principally covering the period from the 1920s to about 1990, but also arrests the decline of stations incorporated in real time for the latest years.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in suspended particulate matter and sediments from the Langat River, Peninsular Malaysia.

The Langat River basin has seen rapid developments in industrialization, urbanization and dramatic population increases during the past two decades. The composition and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-alkanes) concentrations were determined in surface sediments (SS) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from six locations in the Langat River. The total n-alkanes concentrations (6HC) ranged from 5900 to 23000 Pg/g in SPM and 1700 to 8600 Pg/g in SS samples. Total PAHs concentrations varied from 306 to 7968 ng/g in SPM and 558 to 980 ng/g in SS. PAHs and n-alkanes were dominated by higher molecular weight compounds in SS and low-medium molecular weight compounds in SPM. Carbon preference index (CPI) values for n- alkanes in ranges C25-33, C15-35 and C25-35 varied from 0.95 to 2.49 in SS and close to unity in SPM. The CPIs values indicated multiple n-alkanes sources (petrogenic and natural). PAHs isomer pairs ratios indicated multiple (petrogenic and pyrogenic) with predominance of pyrogenic PAH sources. Analysis of the possible source of PAHs and n- alkanes indicated a complicated, combined PAHs and n-alkanes source in the Langat River.
Lake abundance, potential water storage, and habitat distribution in the Mackenzie River Delta, western Canadian Arctic

The complete landscape surface of the active Mackenzie River Delta (13,135 km2) was manually partitioned into discrete lakes (3331 km2), channels (1744 km2), wetlands (1614 km2), and dry floodplain area (6446 km2) via GIS analysis of digital topographic maps recently available for the system. The census total of lakes (49,046) is almost twice as large as prior estimates. Using this new information, total lake volume in the delta during the post river flooding period is estimated as 5.4 km3. Total floodwater storage in the delta lakes and floodplain at peak water levels is estimated at 25.8 km3 and thus is equivalent to about 47% of Mackenzie River flow (55.4 km3 yr−1) during the high‐discharge period of delta breakup. During this period the stored river water can be envisioned in the form of a thin layer of water (2.3 m thick on average) spread out over 11,200 km2 of lakes and flooded vegetation and exposed to 24 h d−1 solar irradiance. Consequently, this temporarily stored water has significant potential to affect the composition of river water flowing to the Beaufort Shelf as it recedes to the river channels after the flood peak.
Bone and Tooth Mineralization: Why Apatite?

Through evolution, vertebrates have “chosen” the calcium phosphate mineral apatite to mineralize their teeth and bones. This article describes the key characteristics of apatite in biological mineralization and explores how the apatite structure allows biology to control mineral composition and functionality. Through the synthesis and testing of calcium phosphates for biomaterials applications, we have gained further understanding of how sensitive the chemical and physical properties of apatite are to its growth conditions.
Flore foliaire pliocène des argiles de Reuver et des gisements synchroniques voisins (Limbourg hollandais)

of tuff-volcanoes. (5) A pause, followed by (6) the uprise of a phonolitic magma in the form of a number of volcanic plugs. The author discusses at length the relation of the several volcanic episodes to the tectonics of the area, but his exposition is too detailed to admit of a brief recapitulation. The memoir concludes with an appendix on the petrographical, and especially the chemical, characters of the volcanic rocks. A. H.
Diffusion of HNO3 in ice

We designed a series of experiments to verify the value of the diffusion coefficient of HNO3 in ice at −15° C using a serial sectioning technique. Our first series of experiments with diffusion times of 70 to 100 h gave an average value of about 1.7 × 10−11 cm² s−1 (StD 0.8 × 10−11) and a second set of experiments at 1000 h resulted in an apparent diffusion coefficient of 10−12 cm² s−1. Our conclusion is that the observed gradients of HNO3 in ice were spurious and the result of serial contamination of the surfaces during sectioning of the ice. We call the diffusion coefficients “apparent” because in the present experiment we could not distinguish between an undetectable diffusion coefficient and undetectable solubility. In either case, the validity of the previously published results is questionable.
Axonal Regeneration: Underlying Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Axons in the peripheral nervous system have the ability to repair themselves after damage, whereas axons in the central nervous system are unable to do so. A common and important characteristic of damage to the spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nerves is the disruption of axonal regrowth. Interestingly, intrinsic growth factors play a significant role in the axonal regeneration of injured nerves. Various factors such as proteomic profile, microtubule stability, ribosomal location, and signalling pathways mark a line between the central and peripheral axons’ capacity for self-renewal. Unfortunately, glial scar development, myelin-associated inhibitor molecules, lack of neurotrophic factors, and inflammatory reactions are among the factors that restrict axonal regeneration. Molecular pathways such as cAMP, MAPK, JAK/STAT, ATF3/CREB, BMP/SMAD, AKT/mTORC1/p70S6K, PI3K/AKT, GSK-3β/CLASP, BDNF/Trk, Ras/ERK, integrin/FAK, RhoA/ROCK/LIMK, and POSTN/integrin are activated after nerve injury and are considered significant players in axonal regeneration. In addition to the aforementioned pathways, growth factors, microRNAs, and astrocytes are also commendable participants in regeneration. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanism of each pathway along with key players that can be potentially valuable targets to help achieve quick axonal healing. We also identify the prospective targets that could help close knowledge gaps in the molecular pathways underlying regeneration and shed light on the creation of more powerful strategies to encourage axonal regeneration after nervous system injury.
A Comprehensive Review on Neuroimmunology: Insights from Multiple Sclerosis to Future Therapeutic Developments

This review delves into neuroimmunology, focusing on its relevance to multiple sclerosis (MS) and potential treatment advancements. Neuroimmunology explores the intricate relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding these mechanisms is vital for grasping the pathophysiology of diseases like MS and for devising innovative treatments. This review introduces foundational neuroimmunology concepts, emphasizing the role of immune cells, cytokines, and blood–brain barrier in CNS stability. It highlights how their dysregulation can contribute to MS and discusses genetic and environmental factors influencing MS susceptibility. Cutting-edge research methods, from omics techniques to advanced imaging, have revolutionized our understanding of MS, offering valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools. This review also touches on the intriguing gut–brain axis, examining how gut microbiota impacts neuroimmunological processes and its potential therapeutic implications. Current MS treatments, from immunomodulatory drugs to disease-modifying therapies, are discussed alongside promising experimental approaches. The potential of personalized medicine, cell-based treatments, and gene therapy in MS management is also explored. In conclusion, this review underscores neuroimmunology’s significance in MS research, suggesting that a deeper understanding could pave the way for more tailored and effective treatments for MS and similar conditions. Continued research and collaboration in neuroimmunology are essential for enhancing patient outcomes.
Denali Fault System of southern Alaska: An interior strike‐slip structure responding to dextral and sinistral shear coupling

The Denali fault system (DFS) extends for ∼1200 km, from southeast to south central Alaska. The DFS has been generally regarded as a right-lateral strike-slip fault, along which post late Mesozoic offsets of up to 400 km have been suggested. The offset history of the DFS is relatively unconstrained, particularly at its western end. For this study we calculated relative motion vectors at discrete points along the length of the DFS, based on the well-understood kinematic interaction between the North American, Pacific, and Kula plates, and the following assumptions: (1) The arcuate geometry of the DFS has existed essentially unchanged since the Late Cretaceous; (2) The Yukon-Tanana terrane and other terranes north of the DFS were fixed, in situ, prior to the accretion of the southern Alaskan terranes; and (3) Tangential and normal relative motion vector components calculated for points along the DFS using the plate model of Kelley [1993] describe the plate kinematics of the DFS since the Late Cretaceous. The consequent kinematic model for the DFS predicts that left-lateral stresses have acted upon the western end of the DFS for much of its history, and conflicting senses of shear exist between the eastern and western ends of the system. The offset history of the western end of the Denali fault system should be significantly different than the history of the central and eastern sections; consequently, individual crustal blocks in southeast and southwest Alaska may have undergone, respectively, clockwise and counterclockwise rotations. The sense of rotation predicted by our model is in agreement with rotations determined by paleomagnetic studies and provides an alternative model to the “Alaskan orocline” hypotheses.
Ground-water data for the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington

This report presents well and spring data that were collected and compiled during 1986-89 as part of a study of the ground-water resources of the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington. Included in this report are maps showing the distribution of more than 15,000 wells and springs within the Portland Basin, tabulated data for 1,586 wells and 42 springs that were field located during the study, and hydrographs for selected wells throughout the study area.
Soil Erosion by a Continuous Water Jet

ABSTRACT This article presents an experimental investigation on the erosion of soils using a continuous water jet. The experimental work shows the erosive behavior of the water jet and studies the different effects of its impact on the soil. The study presents empirical relations for the volume of soil cut, the jet diameter and its expansion with the distance, and also relations for the variation of the penetration rate and the eroded soil mass with varying water jet parameters. The results of the experiment show a critical velocity below which no penetration or erosion occurs. This critical velocity fundamentally depends on the soil properties and has been related to the resistance of the soils tested.
Evaluation of streamflow simulation by SWAT model for two small watersheds under snowmelt and rainfall

Abstract The degradation of the river water quality in Canadian rural catchments is of concern. In these catchments, the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model can help better understand the problems related to diffuse pollution. The numerous documented applications of SWAT have been dominated by areas uniquely driven by rainfall. Given that Canadian hydroclimatic conditions differ due to the presence of a seasonal snowpack of long duration, evaluation of the hydrological performance needs to be performed prior to attempting any water quality simulations. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the hydrological behaviour of the SWAT model under snowmelt and rainfall for two small watersheds located in southeastern Canada. Different calibration schemes are evaluated including seasonal effects. One-year calibration gave satisfactory daily performances measured with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS) ranging between 61 and 83% and deviations of volume (Dv ) between −10 and 1%, while in validation, NS was 40–73% and Dv between −20 and −3%. The SWAT model has difficulties in reconciling both seasons. When winter and summer data are used separately to calibrate the model, the model performance is still much better for the winter season than for the summer one. However, the latter is considerably improved when only summer observations are provided for calibration. Conversely, calibration based strictly on the winter observations provides no real advantage over that based on all available data. A two-step composite calibration, which optimizes the SWAT snow accumulation and melt-related parameters on the winter data, after all other model parameters have been optimized on the summer data, provides a compromise.
Quantifying ecosystem-atmosphere carbon exchange with a 14C label

The role of terrestrial ecosystems as sources or sinks for carbon to the atmosphere and their contribution to inter-annual variations in atmospheric CO2 remain hotly-debated topics. Carbon enters terrestrial ecosystems through a single process, photosynthesis, but it is returned to the atmosphere by the combined metabolic activity of plants, animals, and microbes (Figure l). The largest uncertainties in our understanding of terrestrial carbon cycling are in these return processes, especially how CO2 losses from ecosystems are divided among respiration by living plants—termed autotrophic respiration—versus microbial and faunal decomposition of plant residues—termed heterotrophic respiration (Figure 1); and how seasonal and climatic factors that change plant physiological status and soil conditions influence that partitioning.