Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seismic Hazard in Hawaii: High Rate of Large Earthquakes and Probabilistic Ground-Motion Maps

The seismic hazard and earthquake occurrence rates in Hawaii are locally as high as that near the most hazardous faults elsewhere in the United States. We have generated maps of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) (at 0.2, 0.3 and 1.0 sec, 5% critical damping) at 2% and 10% exceedance probabilities in 50 years. The highest hazard is on the south side of Hawaii Island, as indicated by the M I 7.0, M S 7.2, and M I 7.9 earthquakes, which occurred there since 1868. Probabilistic values of horizontal PGA (2% in 50 years) on Hawaii's south coast exceed 1.75 g . Because some large earthquake aftershock zones and the geometry of flank blocks slipping on subhorizontal decollement faults are known, we use a combination of spatially uniform sources in active flank blocks and smoothed seismicity in other areas to model seismicity. Rates of earthquakes are derived from magnitude distributions of the modern (1959–1997) catalog of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory's seismic network supplemented by the historic (1868–1959) catalog. Modern magnitudes are M L measured on a Wood-Anderson seismograph or M S. Historic magnitudes may add M L measured on a Milne-Shaw or Bosch-Omori seismograph or M I derived from calibrated areas of MM intensities. Active flank areas, which by far account for the highest hazard, are characterized by distributions with b slopes of about 1.0 below M 5.0 and about 0.6 above M 5.0. The kinked distribution means that large earthquake rates would be grossly underestimated by extrapolating small earthquake rates, and that longer catalogs are essential for estimating or verifying the rates of large earthquakes. Flank earthquakes thus follow a semicharacteristic model, which is a combination of background seismicity and an excess number of large earthquakes. Flank earthquakes are geometrically confined to rupture zones on the volcano flanks by barriers such as rift zones and the seaward edge of the volcano, which may be expressed by a magnitude distribution similar to that including characteristic earthquakes. The island chain northwest of Hawaii Island is seismically and volcanically much less active. We model its seismic hazard with a combination of a linearly decaying ramp fit to the cataloged seismicity and spatially smoothed seismicity with a smoothing half-width of 10 km. We use a combination of up to four attenuation relations for each map because for either PGA or SA, there is no single relation that represents ground motion for all distance and magnitude ranges. Great slumps and landslides visible on the ocean floor correspond to catastrophes with effective energy magnitudes M E above 8.0. A crude estimate of their frequency suggests that the probabilistic earthquake hazard is at least an order of magnitude higher for flank earthquakes than that from submarine slumps.
MONAS: Multi-Objective Neural Architecture Search using Reinforcement Learning

Recent studies on neural architecture search have shown that automatically designed neural networks perform as good as expert-crafted architectures. While most existing works aim at finding architectures that optimize the prediction accuracy, these architectures may have complexity and is therefore not suitable being deployed on certain computing environment (e.g., with limited power budgets). We propose MONAS, a framework for Multi-Objective Neural Architectural Search that employs reward functions considering both prediction accuracy and other important objectives (e.g., power consumption) when searching for neural network architectures. Experimental results showed that, compared to the state-ofthe-arts, models found by MONAS achieve comparable or better classification accuracy on computer vision applications, while satisfying the additional objectives such as peak power.
The Influence of Soil Cover Heterogeneity on Water Movement within Water Balance Covers on Gold Mine Tailings 1

Cover system field trials are often constructed and monitored in order to develop calibrated soil-atmosphere numerical models. A model calibrated to measured cover system field trial performance (i.e. in situ conditions) can be used to: 1) help interpret monitoring data and identify key processes controlling performance, 2) validate measured net percolation, 3) predict cover system performance under long-term climate variability , and 4) provide a tool for full- scale cover system design (i.e. compare the performance of alternative designs). In addition, the calibrated model provides credibility and confidence with respect to performance of the cover system from a closure perspective. Field trials were constructed in 2002 to evaluate the performance of two alternate cover system designs for closure of the Peak Gold Mine tailings storage facility. Simulations were used to estimate an average net percolation of 7.5 mm/yr (1.7% of average annual rainfall) for the 1.5 m cover and zero net percolation for the 2.0 m cover over a 31-year climate record. At the time of design the simulated net percolation volumes were considered to be conservative relative to anticipated measured performance. The simulation was based on the assumption that cover properties were homogeneous and consequently the moisture dynamics within the cover would be uniform across the cover. A review of monitoring data suggests that the cover is heterogeneous and that lateral movement of surface water is occurring to zones of focused recharge. Rainfall intensity, surface geometry, and material heterogeneity dictate the extent to which surface waters are redistributed. This paper illustrates how spatial heterogeneity in cover geometry and material properties would need to be incorporated into the simulation to represent the observed water movement within the cover.
Correlating simulated surface marks with near-surface tornado structure

Correlating simulated surface marks with near-surface tornado structure Michael I. Zimmerman Tornadoes often leave behind patterns of debris deposition, or “surface marks”, which provide a direct signature of their near surface winds. The intent of this thesis is to investigate what can be learned about near-surface tornado structure and intensity through the properties of surface marks generated by simulated, debris-laden tornadoes. Earlier work showed through numerical simulations that the tornado’s structure and intensity is highly sensitive to properties of the near-surface flow and can change rapidly in time for some conditions. The strongest winds often occur within tens of meters of the surface where the threat to human life and property is highest, and factors such as massive debris loadings and asymmetry of the main vortex have proven to be critical complications in some regimes. However, studying this portion of the flow in the field is problematic; while Doppler radar provides the best tornado wind field measurements, it cannot probe below about 20 m, and interpretation of Doppler data requires assumptions about tornado symmetry, steadiness in time, and correlation between scatterer and air velocities that are more uncertain near the surface. As early as 1967, Fujita proposed estimating tornado wind speeds from analysis of aerial photography and ground documentation of surface marks. A handful of studies followed but were limited by difficulties in interpreting physical origins of the marks, and little scientific attention has been paid to them since. Here, Fujita’s original idea is revisited in the context of three-dimensional, large-eddy simulations of tornadoes with fully-coupled debris. In this thesis, the origins of the most prominent simulated marks are determined and compared with historical interpretations of real marks. The earlier hypothesis that cycloidal surface marks were directly correlated with the paths of individual vortices (either the main vortex or its secondary vortices, when present) is unsupported by the simulation results. Cycloids in the simulations arise from debris deposited beneath the central annular updraft that has converged from a much larger area and are modulated by turbulent fluctuations in debris amount. Other classes of marks noted in the literature such as “lineation” and “scalloping” are also reinterpreted. Variations in the shapes, sizes, and spacings of surface marks with the most critical dimensionless parameters characterizing near-surface and debris cloud structure are explored. Analysis techniques are presented to capture the geometric properties of marks in some regimes, and possibilities for inferring near-surface vortex flow scales from mark properties are discussed. The prospects are promising enough to warrant documentation of surface marks when available (likely through aerial photography), particularly for cases where useful Doppler measurements have been gathered.
HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS COAL AND SHALE UNITS IN THE ANAMBRA BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA

The hydrocarbon potential of the Upper Cretaceous units (Maastrichtian Mamu Formation) of the Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria was assessed by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The total organic carbon (TOC) values range from 0.07 to 61.42 wt. % (averaging 8.54 wt. %). The genetic potential (GP) and hydrogen index (HI) values range from 0.05 to 332 mg HC/g rock and 40 to 771 mg HC /g respectively. These values indicate that the sediments have gas and oil generating potential. The organic matter is predominantly gas prone (mostly type III and mixed type III/II). The level of thermal maturity deduced from the production index (0.02 to 0.63), calculated vitrinite reflectance of 0.47 to 0.78 %Ro and Tmax values between 338 and 441 o C suggest that the
SeaWiFS Algorithm for the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient K(490) Using Water-Leaving Radiances at 490 and 555nm

A new algorithm has been developed using the ratio of water-leaving radiances at 490 and 555 nm to estimate K(490), the diffuse attenuation coefficient of seawater at 490 nm. The standard uncertainty of prediction for the new algorithm is statistically identical to that of the SeaWiFS prelaunch K(490) algorithm, which uses the ratio of water-leaving radiances at 443 and 490 nm. The new algorithm should be used whenever the uncertainty of the SeaWiFS determination of water-leaving radiance at 443 is larger than that at 490 nm.
Influence of the method of measurement of biological assets in the quality of earnings

The study aimed to identify the influence of the biological assets measurement method on the quality of earnings of companies that explore agricultural activities. Data from 2009 to 2017, from a sample of 228 companies listed in 39 countries, were collected on the Thomson Reuters Eikon ® platform and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The quality of earnings proxy was based on the model developed by Dechow and Dichev (2002). The main result revealed that adopting the fair value method for measuring biological assets had adverse effects on the quality of earnings in relation to the historical cost. This finding suggests that higher quality of earnings is obtained when biological assets are measured by the cost method.
Scientific Assessment of Water Resources with Broaden Thoughts: A Case Study on the Blue and Green Water Resources in the Wei River Basin

In this paper,the concepts of blue water and green water were reviewed and their assessment methods were analyzed comprehensively,which concluded that the hydrological model approach is considered as an effective solution to assess the characteristics of spatial and temporal variations of blue and green water resources.In order to quantify the available water resources in the Wei River Basin(WRB),a distributed hydrological model was developed using SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool),and calibrated and validated using SUFI-2(Sequential Uncertainty Fitting program) based on the river discharge in the WRB.Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also performed to investigate the model performance.The blue water resources,green water resources,and green water storage were evaluated at the scales of Hydrological Response Unit(HRU),river catchment,and city/region in the WRB during the past 50 years.The evaluation results can provide a scientific basis for the planning and management of water resources and optimal utilization of water resources in the water scarce region in the Northwest of China.
Pharyngeal and Cervical Cancer Incidences Significantly Correlate Pharyngeal and Cervical Cancer Incidences Significantly Correlate with Personal UV Doses Among Whites in the United States with Personal UV Doses Among Whites in the United States

Because we found UV-exposed oral tissue cells have reduced DNA repair and apoptotic cell death compared with skin tissue cells, we asked if a correlation existed between personal UV dose and the incidences of oral and pharyngeal cancer in the United States. We analyzed the International Agency for Research on Cancer’s incidence data for oral and pharyngeal cancers by race (white and black) and sex using each state’s average annual personal UV dose. We refer to our data as ‘white’ rather than ‘Caucasian,’ which is a specific subgroup of whites, and ‘black’ rather than African-American because blacks from other countries around the world reside in the U.S. Most oropharyngeal carcinomas harboured human papilloma virus (HPV), so we included cervical cancer as a control for direct UV activation. We found significant correlations between increasing UV dose and pharyngeal cancer in white males (p=0.000808) and females (p=0.0031) but not in blacks. Shockingly, we also found cervical cancer in whites to significantly correlate with increasing UV dose (p=0.0154). Thus, because pharyngeal and cervical cancer correlate significantly with increasing personal UV dose in only the white population, both direct (DNA damage) and indirect (soluble factors) effects may increase the risk of HPV-associated cancer.
North border local infrastructure financing and fiscal institutions: validating the northern border effect Financiamiento local de infraestructura en la frontera norte e instituciones fiscales: validación del efecto frontera norte

The objective is to acknowledge local fiscal revenue as a tool to finance infrastructure, by estimating the border effect on the collection of the property tax. A panel data set (2010-2019) of the Mexican municipalities is used to estimate different models by fixed effects. The results show that border municipalities collect $69 to $75 Mexican pesos per capita more than non-bor-der municipalities. We argue about the use of local sources to finance infrastructure on the north border region of Mexico. In the estimation of the border effect, compared to previous studies, a broader database is used, that includes all Mexican municipalities. We conclude that institutional differences are important for explaining differences and evolution in the collection of property tax. Local sources of funding, in the face of the need for infrastructure, can be exploited if there is an adequate institutional framework.
Species Richness and Diversity of Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau: Effects of Grazing Exclusion and Growing Season Precipitation.

Abstract: Species richness and diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson dominance index and Pielou evenness index) in alpine grassland ecosystems (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and desert steppe) under grazing—excluded and freely grazed sites were investigated along the Northern Tibetan Plateau Alpine Grassland Transect during summer 2009 and 2010. We found that species richness and diversity have not been significantly altered by short—term grazing exclusion since 2006 at vegetation and regional scales. Species richness and diversity were mainly driven by growing season precipitation (GSP), which accounted for over 87 % of the total variation observed. Species richness and diversity at grazingexcluded and freely grazed sites appear to respond to growing season precipitation in parallel. Species richness exponentially increased with GSP while diversity indices showed positively linear relationships with GSP. This indicates that GSP on the Northern Tibetan Plateau is crucial in regulating species richness and diversity and should be taken into account in future studies on alpine grassland conservation.
Quantiﬁ cation of minor, trace and toxic elements in stems of Santalum album (L.), Mangiferra indica (L.) and Tinospora cordifolia by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Stems of Santalum album (Sandalwood), Mangiferra indica (Mango wood), and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) are widely used in the preparation of herbal medicines and formulations in the traditional Indian health care system called Ayurveda. These were analyzed for 4 minor (K, Ca, Cl, Mg) and 13 traces (As, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, La, Mn, Na, Se, V, and Zn) including toxic elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Samples in powder form along with reference materials (NIST SRM 1547 and INCT MPH-2) as comparators were irradiated for 1 min/6 h in Dhruva/CIRUS reactors at BARC, Mumbai. Gamma activity was measured by high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. In general, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn contents are very high in all the samples but Santalum album , widely used as a perfume, is more enriched in K, Ca, Cr, Zn, and Se. The concentration of Ca is always high as a major constituent (> 10 mg/g) in all the stem/bark of plant species. A strong inverse correlation (R 2 = 0.9999) was observed between Fe and Zn in all three samples and that may be useful in drug manufacturing.
Effects of Visitors Experience on Satisfaction and Intentions to Recommend in Malaysian Museum

: Museums are an integral tourist destination across the globe because it is not only playing as a strategic role in education but indirectly, it exposed visitors to real-life experiences. Museums are also now shifted from the collection centered towards visitors centered. Hence, understand the visitors’ experience is crucial as it will help museum to enhance their performance in the future and increase the visitors’ level of satisfaction ultimately lead to behavioral intention. Experience economy is a conceptual model proposed by Pine and Gilmore (1998) to capture tourism experience gained by the stakeholder that enable the organization or practitioner to identify their strength and weaknesses. From the result, the organizations strive in adding value or craft new strategies in order to gain high revenue. This paper seeks to provide a deeper understanding about the four realms of experience economy in the context of museum visitors’ experience towards their satisfaction and intention to recommend the destination to other prospect visitors.
Experiments on the production of transverse grain alignment in a sheared dispersion

A series of experiments was designed to investigate grain orientation in flows with concentrations of granular solids in the range from 0.5 to 15%. Fourteen experiments were carried out in which sand-sized material was dispersed in liquid plaster of paris and the dispersion allowed to flow down a slope until it came to rest. The preferred orientation of the grains was then estimated by measuring the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of specimens cut from the solidified flows. Five of the experiments showed signs of deformation, both in the gross characteristics of the flow and in the grain alignment. The remaining nine had grain alignment dependent on grain concentration. At concentrations of 1.2% and less and 11.1% and more, by volume, alignment of long axes was parallel to flow. These observations were consistent with the existing theories for low concentrations, in which preferred alignment is shown to result from the varying rate of rotation of grains in a shearing flow, and for high concentrations, in which preferred alignment results from the transfer of angular momentum between colliding grains. At some intermediate concentrations transverse alignment was observed. A theoretical explanation combining the theories of the extreme cases is suggested. The observation of transverse alignment is compared with a similar observation in some turbidites.
of Birmingham Impaired neutrophil extracellular trap formation : a novel defect in the innate immune system of aged individuals

and older patients with chronic periodontitis to generate NETs in response to PMA and hypochlorous acid (HOCL). Neutrophil extracellular trap generation to HOCL, but not PMA, was lower in olderperiodontitispatientsbutnotincomparisonwithage-matched controls. Impaired NET formation is thus a novel defect of innate immunity in older adults but does not appear to contribute to the increased incidence of periodontitis in older adults.
Snow depth as a function of canopy cover and other site attributes in a forested ungulate winter range in southeast British Columbia

Snow depth is considered a major influence on deer (Odocoileus spp.) winter distribution and abundance in northern parts of their range. Overstorey canopy cover is often considered a principal variable governing snow depths in forests and has implications for managers who wish to achieve reduced snow depths by manipulating canopy closure in forests. I used three years of snow-depth data collected in forested ungulate winter range in southeast British Columbia to determine the relative influence of canopy closure and other site attributes on snow depth. Although canopy closure was a major factor in determining snow depth, it was outweighed by elevation and aspect. I found a close relationship between canopy closure and snow depth at low-elevation sites, but this relationship diminished or disappeared at higher elevations and on cooler aspects supporting the hypothesis that the influence of canopy closure depends on overall snow accumulation. At low elevations, forest managers could use canopy closure to influence snow depths. I offer the generalization that, on similar sites, maintaining 50% canopy closure will reduce snow depths by approximately 20%; 100% canopy closure will reduce snow depths by up to 40%.
Effects of alternative forages on nitrate leaching under intensive sheep grazing

There is increasing interest in the use of alternative forages to improve animal performance and reduce nitrogen (N) leaching on farms. A system-scale field trial, which included 20 hydrologically isolated drainage plots (800 m 2 /plot) was carried out at Massey University’s ‘Keeble’ farm to investigate the effects of forage type on ewe and lamb performance and the quantity of N lost in drainage. Four forage types (treatments) were studied: perennial ryegrass/white clover (RGWC), plantain/WC (PWC), Italian ryegrass/WC (IRWC) and swedes (Brassica). The forage types were included as ~24% area of a self-contained farmlet, with the remaining area (~76%) being RGWC. Ewes were weighed at mating, pre-lambing and weaning, and lambs were weighed at weaning. Drainage (mm) from each plot was measured using a tipping-bucket flow meter and sub-samples of water were analysed for nitrate-N, ammonium-N and total-N losses. The forage types had no effect (P>0.05) on ewe or lamb live weight at any occasion. The average nitrate-N losses for RGWC (0.77 kg N ha -1 ), PWC (0.45 kg N ha -1 ) and IRWC (0.56 kg N ha -1 ) treatments did not differ (P>0.05) and was lower than the brassica treatment (6.36 kg N ha -1 ).