Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbial Population of Feedlot Waste and Associated Sites

A quantitative determination was made every 2 months for a year of the microflora of beef cattle waste and runoff at a medium-sized midwestern feedlot. Counts were obtained for selected groups of organisms in waste taken from paved areas of pens cleaned daily and, therefore, reflect the flora of raw waste. Overall, in terms of viable count per gram dry weight, the feedlot waste contained 1010 total organisms, 109 anaerobes, 108 gram-negative bacteria, 107 coliforms, 106 sporeformers, and 105 yeasts, fungi, and streptomycetes. The specific numbers and pattern of these groups of organisms varied only slightly during the study in spite of a wide variation in weather. Data indicate that little microbial growth occurs in the waste as it exists in the feedlot. Runoff from the pens contained the same general population pattern but with greater variation attributable to volume of liquid. Comparable determinations of an associated field disposal area (before and after cropping), stockpiled waste, and elevated dirt areas in the pens indicate that fungi, and especially streptomycetes, are the aerobic organisms most associated with final stabilization of the waste. Yeasts, which are the dominant type of organism in the ensiled corn fed the cattle, do not occur in large numbers in the animal waste. Large ditches receiving runoff and subsurface water from the fields have a population similar to the runoff but with fewer coliforms.
Model of System Recovery in Periodic Disaster and Reproduction

The systems of the type of "man-machineenvironment" to the protection of natural and man-made disasters with different types of intensity as a classical simple flow, and with unstable source. The process of liquidation of the accident in all models takes place in several stages, with different intensities, and the possibility of multiple repetitions of steps in the case of "multi-disaster. " The numerical and experimental results revealed that for the time dependence of the probability of states allow you to determine the time of the establishment of the dynamic processes in the HMS system with non-stationary flows of accidents and demonstrate the validity of estimation averaged probabilities of states for medium intensity events.
Retting of Flax by Aspergillus niger

In this study, retting was carried out by Aspergillus niger. The pH, galacturonic acid (GA), and total reducing sugar were determined; the end point was identified by the classic empirical processes and by the maximal GA content of the retting water. The process gave clear and resistent fibers, and the retting time was similar to that of current industrial processes with bacterial enzymes. Control of total acidity was not required, since the pH remained close to neutrality throughout the entire process.
Internally mixed nanoparticles from oscillatory spark ablation between electrodes of different materials

ABSTRACT The increasing need for engineered alloy nanoparticles (NPs) in diverse fields has spurred efforts to explore efficient/green synthesis methods. In this respect, spark ablation provides a scalable and viable way for producing widely different types of mixed NPs. Most importantly, implementation of the spark has the great advantage to combine a wider range of materials, thereby allowing the synthesis of mixed NPs with virtually unlimited combinations. Here we show that polarity reversal of spark discharges between two electrodes consisting of different materials enables synthesis of alloy NPs, while having a good potential to control the broadness of their composition distribution. A model developed in this work provides a tool for tuning the ablation ratio between the electrodes by adjusting the electric characteristics of the spark circuit. The ablation ratio is equal to the mean composition of the resulting NPs. The model predictions are in accordance with measurements obtained here and in earlier works. The unique way of producing alloy NPs by spark ablation shown in this work becomes especially useful when the starting electrode materials are immiscible at macroscopic scale. Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research
INFLUENCE OF IRRADIATION ON RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

The following tissue damage has been described after whole body X-radiation: destruction of the intestinal mucosal lining with ulceration and hemorrhage, destruction of lymphoid tissue and of bone marrow, severe leucopenia and thrombocytopenia, and damage to capillary endothelium (1, 2). The observations on germfree animals by Gordon and Scruggs at the Lobound Institute have shown that if the radiation damage is sufficiently severe death will ensue in the absence of complicating infection (3). Germfree rats, however, survive lethal doses of X-radiation significantly longer than conventional animals. Animals and men do not live in a germfree environment, and it is now well established that infection as a consequence of weakened defenses is a very frequent lethal complication of whole body X-radiation in the LD50 to LDIoo range of dosage. In atomic bomb casualties (1), after the second week, heavily infected ulcerated lesions in the skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract
Direct Bacterial Count as a Rapid Freshness Test for Fish Fillets

Comparison of various indices of deterioration of refrigerated fish fillets showed that the direct bacterial count can be used to predict the storage life of the foodstuff. For direct counts, a thin film made from fillet surface material was spread on a microscope slide, stained, and read. Initial counts were found to correlate well with keeping quality; a period of freshness of 24 or 48 hr at 5 C could be reliably predicted. Preliminary data indicated that hypoxanthine estimation could probably also be used for the prediction of shelf life but that the relative complexity of the procedure detracted from its usefulness.
Evaluation of Methods for the Isolation of Salmonella and Arizona Organisms from Pet Turtles Treated with Antimicrobial Agents

Turtles infected with and actively excreting Salmonella-Arizona organisms were treated with various concentrations of both Neo-Terramycin (N-Te) and Terramycin (Te) (Pfizer) for various periods of time and then tested for the presence of these pathogens by two methods, excretion and blending. Turtles treated with 200 μg of Te per ml of container water for 9, 12, or 14 days did not excrete detectable numbers of Salmonella-Arizona for 6 to 8 weeks, whereas when representative turtles from treatment groups were blended 72 h post-treatment these organisms were isolated from the whole turtle homogenate. Salmonella and Arizona could be recovered from homogenate prepared from turtles treated for 7 and 14 days with 400, 800, or 1,000 μg of Te or N-Te per ml. These findings suggest that the blending method is more sensitive than the excretion method for the detection of Salmonella-Arizona in the treated turtle.
Copper Sulfate-induced Fermentation Changes in Continuous Cultures of the Rumen Microbial Ecosystem

The effect of CuSO4 on fermentation was studied in a continuously cultured rumen ecosystem. CuSO4, introduced at a level of 50 mg/500 ml of culture volume twice daily, caused a marked inhibition of fermentation of concentrates. Fermentation of alfalfa hay was not inhibited by the same CuSO4 concentration when the inoculum for the culture was obtained from a cow maintained on a normal concentrate ration. When the inoculum was from a cow on a high concentrate ration, hay fermentation was partially inhibited by CuSO4. Concentrations of CuSO4 that did not inhibit the fermentation of alfalfa hay or hay-concentrate mixtures caused preferential production of propionic acid and decreased production of methane.
Quantitative Growth of Naegleria in Axenic Culture

A strain of Naegleria gruberi, isolated from a Vero cell culture and designated TS-1, was axenically cultivated in monolayer and mass aerating suspension culture. Cultural conditions for constant growth parameters and high-exponential cell densities were defined. Serum or other supplemented fractions were found essential in both Trypticase-yeast extract-glucose (TYG) and Casitone (CAS)-based media. Monolayer cultures grown in the CAS medium required lower levels of serum to reach maximum stationary densities of amoebae than cultures grown in the TYG medium. Heat-killed (121 C, 10 min) whole cell and cell lysate bacterial fractions were capable of replacing the serum in both the TYG and CAS media. Heat-killed bacterial fractions provided the same levels of growth as attained with serum in TYG medium, whereas the bacterial lysate supported only minimal growth in the same medium. In the CAS medium, both bacterial fractions resulted in the same level of growth which was equal to that obtained in reduced serum content. Strain TS-1 was established in suspension culture with the CAS medium used in monolayer culture. The addition of sheep red blood cells (RBC) or RBC lysate greatly enhanced growth responses. Further modifications resulted in a final medium for suspension culture consisting of Casitone-yeast extract-glucose-vitamin base, supplemented with serum and RBC lysate. This medium supported growth with a mean generation time of 9 h at 30 C and a stationary phase yield of greater than 5 × 106 amoebae per ml.
Steady-State Subchannel Thermal-Hydraulic Assessment of Proposed Thorium Fuel Designs

Abstract The Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) is developing the technologies to enable the use of thorium-based fuels in pressure tube–heavy water reactors (PT-HWRs). One of the key stages in developing the thorium-based fuels for PT-HWRs is the reactor core configuration. Currently at CNL there are 20 core configurations under investigation, which involve several types of thorium-based fuels that could be implemented in a 700-MW(electric)-class PT-HWR. Among these core configurations, four fuel bundle concepts are being considered: (1) the reference (or nominal) 37-element bundle; (2) a 37-element modified bundle, with the center element using a different fuel material; (3) a 35-element bundle; and (4) an 18-element internally cooled annular fuel bundle. This study presents the steady-state subchannel thermal-hydraulic assessment of the 20 core configurations under investigation. The hottest channel approach is used in this study, as it represents the upper limit of a feasible design. The axial and element power distributions used in the analysis correspond to those of the discharge burnup. Three mass flows are considered in this study: 13.5, 21, and 24 kg/s. Five parameters are used to evaluate the fuel channel/bundle performance, namely, minimum critical heat flux ratio, channel pressure drop, enthalpy distribution, void fraction, and core power.
Synergistic Combination of a Novel Metal-Free Mesoporous Band-Gap-Modified Carbon Nitride Grafted Polyaniline Nanocomposite for Decontamination of Refractory Pollutant

A synthesis of novel sulfur and phosphorous co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (SP-g-C3N4) covalently grafted polyaniline (PANI) metal-free nanocomposite via an in situ oxidative polymerization is reported here. The nanocomposite was characterized by various instrumentation techniques such as UV-DRS, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and SEM mapping analysis. The as-prepared SP-g-C3N4-PANI metal-free nanocomposite shows an outstanding photocatalytic activity for the dedyeing of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The nanocomposite catalyst greatly promotes the charge separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes compared to its single counterpart, viz., PANI, S-g-C3N4, P-g-C3N4, and SP-g-C3N4, for catalytic degradation. The present novel approach provides a new insight into the design and development of nanocomposite materials for the removal of toxic contaminants for public safety and security. Also, study of this kind will undoubtedly expedite new research on solar-driven water.
Angular dependence of coercivity derived from alignment dependence of coercivity in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets

Experimental results of the alignment dependence of the coercivity in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets showed that the angle of magnetization reversal for anisotropically aligned magnets was bigger than that obtained from the theoretical results calculated using the postulation that every grain independently reverses its magnetization direction following the 1/cos θ law. The angles of reversed magnetization (θ1) for Nd13.48Co0. 55B5.76Febal. with alignment α=0.95 and for Nd12.75Dy0. 84B5.81Co0. 55Febal. with α=0.96 were 30° and 36°, respectively, which were very similar to that of an ideal magnet with a Gaussian distribution (σ=31° and 44°, respectively) of the grain alignment. In this model, we postulated that every grain independently reversed according to the 1/cos θ law. The calculation results for the angular dependence of the coercivity using the values θ1=ω1(0°)=30°, σ=31° and θ1=ω1(0°)=36°, σ=44° could qualitatively and convincingly explain the observed angular dependence of the coercivity of Nd14.2B6. 2Co1.0.
Environmental heat stress enhances crystallization in urine

Over the past several decades, agriculture and plantations have been used as the main livelihood of most of the Karanganyar residents. However, these two sources of living are now replaced by industrial areas that employ thousands of people in that district. The development of this industry triggers multiple environmental impacts, including ecosystem and temperature changes. In consequence, there is an increase in air temperature that can cause a variety of diseases, especially in the workplace. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) data in 2013, one worker dies every 15 second due to a work accident and 160 workers are suffering from the occupational disease. In Indonesia, the incidence of crystallization in urine is actually still unknown, but it is estimated that there are 170,000 cases annually. A high temperature or called heat stress is one among many factors causing this disease to appear. The workers in the textile industry, especially in the Finishing Department Kusumahadi Co. Ltd that exposed heat stress from the finishing machines and inadequate ventilation. This hot working climate causes the human body to adapt in the form of body cooling mechanism or called sweating This adaptation can cause an increase in sweat production and decrease the production of urine. If it is not followed by consuming the recommended amount of water intake, it can result in the precipitation of body salts that, in a long time, will cause crystallization in urine. The research used the analytic observational designs for a cross-sectional study. There were 34 samples collected from 57 finishing workers. The data were analyzed using Spearman correlation test. The results showed that heat stress (p=0,015) and water intake (p=0,034) has a significant correlation with crystallization in urine.
Frequency of R Factor-mediated Multiple Drug Resistance in Klebsiella and Aerobacter

A comparative study was done on the transfer frequency of R factors from 90 strains of multiple drug-resistant Aerobacter and 81 strains of Klebsiella to Escherichia coli CSH-2 (F-, met-, pro-, Nal-r). The most common resistance patterns for the Aerobacter isolants were ampicillin streptomycin chloramphenicol tetracycline and ampicillin streptomycin chloramphenicol tetracycline kanamycin neomycin; for the Klebsiella isolants, the most common resistance pattern was ampicillin kanamycin streptomycin tetracycline chloramphenicol neomycin. R factors were isolated from 14.1% of the Aerobacter strains; 61.5% of these R factors harbored R determinants for ampicillin streptomycin tetracycline. R factors were isolated from 79.1% of the Klebsiella strains; four R factors were isolated with significant frequency; streptomycin chloramphenicol kanamycin neomycin, 37.5%; ampicillin streptomycin tetracycline kanamycin neomycin, 14.1%; ampicillin streptomycin tetracycline, 12.5%; and streptomycin chloramphenicol tetracycline, 12.5%. Chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and neomycin resistance was rarely transferred from the Aerobacter strains, although over 50% of the clinical isolants possessed resistance to these antibiotics. In contrast, over 75% of the Klebsiella strains transferred resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin. Highest frequency of transferred resistance to individual drugs in the Aerobacter strains was to streptomycin (14.8%), whereas in the Klebsiella group resistance to four drugs was transferred at a very high frequency: streptomycin (80.8%), chloramphenicol (78.5%), kanamycin (76.4%), and neomycin (75.9%).
Antibodies Against Enteric Bacteria in Brown Bullhead Catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus, LeSueur) Inhabiting Contaminated Waters

Brown bullhead catfish were collected from sewage- and acid mine waste-polluted waters in an attempt to detect antibodies against human enteric bacteria in their sera and to investigate the association of antibody response with environmental conditions. Agglutination antigens prepared from isolates obtained from water collected at the same locations as the fish habitats were used to demonstrate such antibodies. The results showed large percentages of reactive sera for common isolates such as Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae as well as lesser incidences of antibodies to other, less common isolates. In general, fish with the highest titers were collected from habitats with higher coliform counts. Acid mine drainage reduced the total coliform counts, but did not appear to affect the titers of sera from fish collected from water so affected. It was concluded that the bottom-feeding catfish might be a better subject for the study of fish as an ecological indicator of fecal pollution in acid-polluted waters.
Chemical markers of transplantation individuality solubilized with sonic energy

Transplantation antigens are allotypic cell surface markers which stimulate an immune response by the host following grafting of foreign tissues. The specific accelerated rejection of repeat (second-set) tissue grafts derived from the original donor is the foundation of Medawar's hypothesis that transplants are destroyed by an immunologic reaction (86). Accelerated rejection signifies that the experience with the first graft induced a durable response expressed as resistance to the survival of a second transplant derived from the same donor or from an individual of similar genetic constitution. Thus, allografting induces the host to recognize a set of cellular antigens which distinguish him from the graft donor. These antigens constitute an allotypic system, i.e., a group of polymorphic specificities distributed among members of the same species. The recognition phenom-
Survival of Bifid Bacteria in Water as Compared with That of Coliform Bacteria and Enterococci

It has been suggested recently (Mossel, 1958) that the bifid bacteria (usually referred to as Lactobacillus bifidus in the literature) may be suitable indicators of fecal contamination of foods and/or waters. The feces of man and certain animals are rich sources of these organisms (Haenel, 1956; Haenel and Miller-Beuthow, 1956) which, so far as is known, do not grow in other natural environments. The specificity of the bifid bacteria as indicators of fecal pollution, and, accordingly, the significance of their occurrence and numbers in foods and waters may depend largely upon their extraenteral survival, particularly as compared with the survival of other bacteria of intestinal origin, for example, coliforms and enterococci. In the study reported here such a comparison was made with regard to the survival in water under different conditions, and the data may thus provide information relevant to the evaluation of the suitability of the bifid bacteria as indicators of fecal pollution in water.
Symposium on in vitro studies of the immune response. 3. Biochemical agents affecting the inductive phase of the secondary antibody respose initiated in vitro

INTRODUCTION . 408 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES. 409 MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT OF TITRATION DATA. 409 EVIDENCE FOR DE Novo SYNTHESIS OF ANTIBODY . 410 Inhibition by Puromycin anid Incorporation2of Labeled Amino Acids . 410 INHIBITION BY CHLORAMPHENICOL AND ACTINOMYCIN D. 410 INHIBITION BY SALICYLATE. 413 REQUIREMENT FOR CORTICOSTEROIDS. 415 INHIBITION BY OTHER STEROID HORMONES. 416 LITERATURE CITED. 417
Application of the support sensory system and principal component analysis to compare meat of chickens of two genotypes

ABSTRACT Sensory quality of roasted breast muscles of two genotypes of chickens kept for 9 weeks of life in an outdoor or indoor system was tested by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). After roasting in a convective-steam oven, 72 individual pectoral muscles of cocks (36 from each genetic group, 18 from outdoor and 18 from indoor system) were subjected to the sensory evaluation. There was a significant effect of genotype on fat odor (fatty flavor, P = 0.007), color (P = 0.007), and texture parameters: juiciness (P = 0.046) and greasy feel (P = 0.027). The rearing system had a significant effect only on meat juiciness (P = 0.015). Significant genotype × rearing system interactions were found for juiciness (P = 0.015) and different taste (P = 0.05). Principal component analysis showed distinct differences in the sensory traits of roasted breast muscle of two chicken genotypes produced in different rearing systems.
Physical properties of membrane lipids: biological relevance and regulation

Introduction. 232 Pertinent Properties of the Cell Envelope . 233 E. coli Fatty Acid Auxotrophs . 233 Specific inhibitors of Fatty Acid Synthesis . 234 LIPID BILAYER PHASE PROPERTIES . 234 Empirical Rules Deduced from Model Systems . 234 Physical Properties of the E. coli Membrane Lipids . 236 Phase transitions. 236 (i) X-ray diffraction . 236 (ii) DSC . 237 (iii) Fluorescent probes . 237 (iv) Spin labeling . 237 Phase separations. (i) Physical studies . 237 (ii) Freeze-fracture electron microscopy . 239 Lateral movement of lipids . 240 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED PHYSIOLOGY AND LIPID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . 240 General Physiology . 240 Lactose Transport System . 240 Relevant properties of lactose transport system . 240 Transport system induction and lipid synthesis . 241 Transport and lipid phase changes . 241 Other Transport Systems . 243 Sugar transport systems . 243 Amino acid transport systems . 243 Other Physiological Processes . 243 Lipid requirement for alkaline phosphatase derepression . 243 Chemotaxis . 244 Initiation of DNA synthesis . 244 Methylgalactoside permease induction . 244 Cell integrity . 244 Enzymatic activity . 244 Requirement for Lipids with Specific Physical Properties . 245 Requirement for membrane liquidity . 245 Minimum UFA content. 246 Minimum saturated fatty acid content . 246 Significance of temperature-induced alterations in fatty acids . 247 REGULATION OF LIPID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . 247 Possible Lipid Alterations Producing Altered Phase Transitions . 247 Sites of Control . 247 In Vitro Studies . 247 (i) Acyltransferase specificity . 248 (ii) Fatty acid synthetase . 249 In Vivo Studies . 249 (i) Determination of fatty acid chain length . 249 (ii) Regulation of the saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acid ratio . 250 (iii) Temperature control of fatty acid composition . 250 CONCLUSION. 251 LITERATURE CITED . 252
Formation and mode of action of algal toxins

INTRODUCTION. 180 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 180 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN ALGAL TOXINS. 182 ACTION OF ALGAL TOXINS IN NATURE.182 PRYMNESIUM PAR VUM, A MODEL FOR STUDY OF TOXIGENIC ALGAE.183 Spectrum of Biological Activities of P. parvum Toxins.185 Toxin Formation and Stability Under Different Growth Conditions.186 Mode of Action of Ichthyotoxin.187 Lysis of P. parvum by Weak Electrolytes.189 SUMMARY. 190 LITERATURE CITED. 191