Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seed lot, nursery, and bud dormancy effects on root electrolyte leakage of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings

The effects of seed lot, nursery culture, and seedling bud dormancy status on root electrolyte leakage (REL) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were assessed to determine if these factors should be considered when interpreting REL for seedling quality. The relationships of REL to survival, net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gwv), mid-day shoot water potential (Ψmid), root growth capacity (RGC), and relative height growth were determined for each factor. Nursery culture had no effect on the relationship between REL and all other measured attributes. Seed lot affected the relationship between REL and Pn, Ψmid, and survival. However, critical REL (i.e., lowest value associated with detectable root damage) and PS80 REL (i.e., level associated with an 80% probability for survival) were similar between seed lots. Bud dormancy status affected the relationship between REL and survival, RGC, and relative height growth. Control levels of REL, critical REL, and PS80 REL decre.
Reduced Fertility in Female Homozygotes for hgn (Male Hypogonadism) Selected by hgn‐Associated Hypoplastic Kidney

The male hypogonadism rat (hgn/hgn) shows a characteristic male sterility as a single autosomal recessive trait. Recently, the female homozygotes for hgn, assumed to be fertile, could be detected by a /jgji‐associated hypoplastic kidney (hpk/hpk). The present study was to investigate a possible influence of the hgn gene on female reproduction. The hgn/hgn females showed a significant growth retardation as compared with the phenotypically normal ones (+/? ; +/hgn or +/+). The litter size at birth and number of implantation traces were significantly less in the hgn/hgn than in the +/? females. The hgn/hgn females became anestrous and infertile much earlier than the +/? did. Histologically, there were a few corpora lutea, some atretic follicles at different stages of maturation and abundant abnormal interstitial cells with pyknotic or karyorexic nuclei in the ovaries of hgn/hgn females that have been infertile. The birth rate expressed by per cent litter size at birth against number of implantation traces was comparable between the hgn/hgn and the +/? female, suggesting that the small litter size of hgn/hgn female could not be due to the embryonic death in utero. Nevertheless, the number of the tubal ova at estrous was comparable in the hgn/hgn and +/? females. Therefore, it was suggested that the half of ova or embryos may be lost during the period from the fertilization to the implantation. Histological appearances of the neonatal ovary in the hgn/hgn seemed hypoplastic. The number of cells including oocytes and interstitial cells, enzymatically separated from neonatal ovary, was significantly less in the hgn/hgn than in the +/hgn. These results suggest that the gene product(s) coded by normal allele of hgn gene(s) involves normal gonadal development in both sexes; the defect may lead testicular dysmorphology in the male and reduced fertility in the female.
Origin of Veroniceae (Plantaginaceae, formerly Scrophulariaceae) on New Guinea

Abstract Members of Veroniceae are some of the most prominent members of the alpine vegetation of New Guinea. Generic classification suggests at least three origins because the endemic species of Veroniceae comprise two species of Veronica, twelve species of Parahebe, and the monotypic genus Detzneria. DNA sequence data (nr ITS region, plastid trnL-F region) have been analyzed using parsimony and maximum likelihood to test the hypothesis of three different introductions to New Guinea and their origin. The results largely confirm previous suggestions based on morphology, although lack of sufficient sequence variability in the Hebe complex does not allow definite conclusions. Veronica archboldii is closely related to the widespread V. serpyllifolia from the Northern Hemisphere. Parahebe vandewateri and P. albiflora are sisters and probably derived from New Zealand species, although not necessarily from species of Parahebe there. Finally, Detzneria tubata also belongs to the Hebe complex but has no clear affinities in this group. It may be a relict from the first immigration of Veronica species to the Southern Hemisphere. Reasons for different success of the three groups in speciating in New Guinea are discussed in the light of the known vegetation history of New Guinea.
Medich giant platelet disorder: a unique α granule deficiency I. Structural abnormalities

Human platelet granule deficiency disorders include the gray platelet syndrome (GPS), α δ storage pool deficiency, the Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome and the White platelet syndrome. The present study describes a patient with a lifelong history of easy bleeding, thrombocytopenia and giant platelets. Her cells were found to have normal numbers of dense bodies, but a markedly decreased number of α granules. Many platelets had no α granules and resembled the gray platelets of patients with GPS. However, the empty vacuoles without granule contents that fill the cytoplasm of GPS platelets were not present in significant numbers in her platelets. In addition to the decrease in α granules the patients platelets contained membranous inclusions resembling cigars or scrolls. Usually, only one scroll open at each end was present, but many platelets contained two and some as many as five. Freeze-fracture revealed an absence of intramembranous particles in many layers of the scrolls. They occur in no other human platelet disorder, but are common in platelets from the Wistar–Furth rat. Thus, the patient is a unique variant of human platelet granule deficiency disorders unlike any described previously.
Explosive speciation in the New World Dendroica warblers

The 27 species of Dendroica wood-warblers represent North America's most spectacular avian adaptive radiation. Dendroica species exhibit high levels of local sympatry and differ in plumage and song, but the group contrasts with other well–known avian adaptive radiations such as the Hawaiian honeycreepers and Galapagos finches in that Dendroica species have differentiated modestly in morphometric traits related to foraging. Instead, sympatric Dendroica tend to partition resources behaviourally and they have become a widely cited example of competitive exclusion. We explored the temporal structure of Dendroica diversification via a phylogeny based on 3639 nucleotides of protein–coding mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The taxa sampled included 60 individuals representing 24 Dendroica species and a variety of other paruline warbler and outgroup species. Mitochondrial divergences among Dendroica species were generally large (mean pairwise interspecific distances, 10.0%) and many species were rooted in a basal polytomy. The prevalence of long terminal branches indicates that these species have evolved efficient isolating mechanisms that have prevented mtDNA introgression despite the many opportunities for hybridization resulting from local sympatry. Comparisons with a null model of random bifurcation–extinction demonstrate that cladogenesis in Dendroica has been clustered non–randomly with respect to time, with a significant burst of speciation occurring early in the history of the genus, possibly as long ago as the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene periods. Although this non–random clustering of speciation is consistent with the pattern expected of an adaptive radiation, the age of the Dendroica radiation suggests it is an ‘ancient species flock’ in which most extant species represent lineages that have long been evolutionarily independent.
Olpidiopsis sp., an oomycete from Madagascar that infects Bostrychia and other red algae: Host species susceptibility

Olpidiopsis sp. (Oomycota) was cultured with its original host Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh from Madagascar. Bean‐shaped zoospores with two heterokont flagella attached to the host cell wall surface and in 2 days host cells began collapsing and one or more syncytia developed in each infected cell. Zoospores were cleaved and an exit tube with a small plug was formed. Complete development and zoospore discharge occurred in 3 days. Infection occurred in cells of polysiphonous branches, monosiphonous branches, rhizoids and reproductive stichidia. Dead cells of plants treated with microwave were not infected. Susceptibility was variable in other Bostrychia species from different countries. Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh, and Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne from Madagascar were susceptible but one Bostrychia tenella (J. V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh isolate from Madagascar was susceptible and two were not. B. radicosa (Itono) J. A. West, G. C. Zuccarello et M. Hommersand isolates from Madagascar, Thailand, Australia and New Caledonia were susceptible but an isolate from Malaysia was not. B. radicans isolates from Mexico and Brazil were non‐susceptible as were Bostrychia flagellifera Post, Bostrychia harveyi Montagne, Bostrychia montagnei Harvey, Bostrychia simpliciuscula Harvey ex J. Agardh, Bostrychia tenuissima R. J. King et Puttock, Stictosiphonia intricata(Bory de Saint‐Vincent) P. C. Silva, Stictosiphonia kelanensis (Grunow) R. J. King et Puttock and Stictosiphonia tangatensis (Post) R. J. King et Puttock, Lophosiphonia sp. , Neosiphonia sp. and Polysiphonia spp. isolates were also non‐susceptible. Many non‐susceptible strains showed initial cell‐collapse followed by rapid wound‐repair cell formation without syncytia or sporangia developing. Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) G. Martens from Madagascar showed cell‐collapse and wound‐repair in periaxial cells, but wing cells died and became purple without wound‐repair. Caloglossa ogasawaraensis Okamura and Caloglossa postiae M. Kamiya et R. J. King had no symptoms of infection. Dasysiphonia chejuensis I. K. Lee et J. A. West was not infected. Surprisingly, the conchocelis phase but not the blade phase of Porphyra pulchella J. A.West, G. C. Zuccarello and Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman was infected. The conchocelis of Porphyra tenera Kjellman and Porphyra linearis Greville were infected but no blade stages were tested. Porphyra miniata (C. Agardh) C. Agardh and Porphyra dentata Kjellman conchocelis were not infected. Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Agardh gametophyte filaments were not infected. Other red, brown and green algae were not infected. Time lapse videomicroscopy of development and spore release was done.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE GERMINATION OF RED SPRUCE

It has frequently been observed that seeds germinate best in the early spring. In most cases this is doubtless due to the influence of the spring sun, longer daylight, and higher temperature on the seedbed. In some cases, however, better germination has been noted at this season under controlled conditions where external seasonal changes in environment could not have been a factor. Thus Schmidt (I929b, 193oa, 1930b) has observed a certain periodicity in the germination of Scotch pine (Pinus silvestris L.) when the same lot of seed was tested under uniform conditions month after month for several years. He also noted an increase of catalase activity each spring (I929a). Similar cases of periodicity of germination have been reported by Ebner
Egg hatching patterns within and among populations of a damselfly occupying permanent and temporary ponds

Although opposing selection forces cause drastic differences in community structure between temporary and permanent ponds, some species are able to persist in both pond types. Little is known about the underlying life history strategies that enable species to do so. This is especially true for embryonic development times. Here, we describe within and among population variation in natural egg hatching patterns of the damselfly Lestes viridis that occurs in both pond types. In general, egg hatching was synchronous both within and among populations. A two-year field monitoring study showed consistent regional differences in egg hatching and earlier egg hatching in temporary ponds. A common garden and two full-sib experiments suggested that differences in hatching dates among populations and families were not completely driven by differences in environmental conditions, but may have a genetic basis. Although the pattern of earlier egg hatching in temporary ponds, as observed in the field monitoring, is adaptive, it was not fully repeatable in the common garden experiment. This suggests that this pattern is caused by more benign environmental conditions at the temporary ponds relative to the permanent ponds, and not an adaptation to pond type.
Effects of temperature and humidity on the rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), in wheat grain.

Rates of survival and development of the immature stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) were determined in wheat grain at constant temperatures from 20 to 37.5°C and constant relative humidities from 25 to 65%. The rates for eggs and pupae were similar to those previously published for T. castaneum in flour, but larval development was slower and mortality greater, except at low temperature and high humidity. The effect of temperature and humidity on rates of fertility and oviposition in young adults were also determined in wheat grain. The patterns of effects of temperature and humidity on oviposition were similar to those previously published for T. castaneum in flour, but the maximum observed oviposition rate was lower. Fertility was significantly reduced when densities of adults were greater than one pair per 250 g. Mathematical functions were fitted to data from the present and previous studies on age-specific survival and fecundity of adults; population growth rate statistics were calculated from life-table parameters defined by these functions. Under optimal conditions within the range of the present study (35°C, 65% RH), the innate capacity for increase rm was 0.84 per week. The limits for population increase, where rm is zero, were largely determined by.the limits for larval survival, which were approximately 35% RH, and 20-22°C at the lower limit and 40°C at the upper limit.
QTL Detection of Internode Length and Its Component Index in Wheat Using Two Related RIL Populations

To comprehensively understand the genetic basis of plant height (PH), quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for internode lengths, internode component indices and plant height component index (PHCI) were firstly conducted in the present study. Two related F8:9 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations comprising 485 and 229 lines were used. Two hundred and nine putative additive QTL for the eight traits were identified, 35 of which showed significance in at least three trials. Of these, at least 11 pairwise QTL were common to the two populations. PH components at the QTL level had different effects on PH, confirming our previous multivariate conditional analysis (Cui et al. 2011). Eleven major QTL that showed consistency in expression across environments should be of great value in the genetic improvement of PH in wheat. The results above will enhance the understanding of the genetic basis of PH in wheat.
The Theory and Application of a New Method of Detecting Chromosomal Rearrangements in Drosophila melanogaster

A new type of position effect called the "trans-vection effect" permits rapid and highly efficient detection of chromosomal rearrangements in the first generation following an induction treatment. Several unique features are involved: (1) the position effect extends over vastly greater distances than heretofore demonstrated (over 500 discs of the salivary gland chromosomes); (2) wholly euchromatic as well as euchromatic-heterochromatic rearrangements are efficiently detected; and (3) the position effect is detectable only in a double heterozygote between pseudoallelic mutant genes, the arrangement of which must be of the trans-type (a +/+ b). Interference in somatic pairing exerted by structural heterozygosity is postulated to reduce the transport of an essential gene product from one chromosome of this heterozygote to the other. By the use of this new method fast (pile) neutrons have been found to be more effective than X-rays or gamma rays in producing rearrangements in Drosophila, and estimates of the dose of fast neutrons at different stations during a nuclear detonation have been derived.
Community structure and pigment organisation of cyanobacteria-dominated microbial mats in Antarctica

Benthic microbial mat communities were sampled from 20 lakes, ponds and streams of the McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica. At least five distinct assemblages could be differentiated by their cyanobacterial species composition, pigment content and vertical structure. The most widely occurring freshwater communities were dominated by thin-trichome (0·5–3 µm) oscillatoriacean species that formed benthic films up to several millimetres thick. ‘Lift-off mats’ produced mucilaginous mats 1–5 cm thick at the surface and edge of certain ponds. Another group of oscillatoriacean communities was characteristic of hypersaline pond environments; these communities were dominated by species with thicker trichomes such as Oscillatoria priestleyi. Black mucilaginous layers of Nostoc commune were widely distributed in aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats. Dark brown sheath pigmentation was also characteristic of less cohesive mats and crusts dominated by Pleurocapsa, Gloeocapsa and Calothrix. High performance liquid chromatograp.
Effect of plant density on stolon growth and development of contrasting white clover (Trifolium repens) varieties and its influence on the components of seed yield

Plants of two contrasting white clover varieties (cv. Aberystwyth S184 and Olwen) were planted in the field in spring in each of 2 years at four densities (9, 25, 49 and 100 plants m−2) in 1-m2 plots. The effect of plant density on stolon growth and development and the components of seed yield was subsequently measured. Stolon growth and development was influenced by plant density, variety and year. At low plant densities both white clover varieties produced longer primary stolons than at higher densities. Plant density, however, had no significant effect on the number of inflorescences at harvest. At the high stolon densities there were significantly fewer reproductive nodes per primary stolon than at the lower plant densities. Plant density did not significantly affect any other seed yield components, but the number of inflorescences at harvest, florets per inflorescence, seed set per floret and 1000-seed weight were all significantly influenced by both variety and year. The relationship between the vegetative and reproductive growth of white clover is discussed in relation to plant density, variety and climate and the possible role of defoliation managements on inflorescence development.
Nutrient Composition of Bee Brood and its Potential as Human Food

Bee brood serves as a food source to humans in many countries although limited data exists concerning its nutrient composition. Bee brood (pupae and larvae) were analyzed for moisture, protein, fat, ash, fiber, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Bee brood was high in protein, fat, and carbohydrate. While low in calcium, bee brood was a good source of phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and the trace minerals iron, zinc, copper, and selenium. In addition, bee brood was a good source of essential amino acids with methionine being first limiting. While bee brood contained none of the fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, and E) it was a good source of most of the B-vitamins as well as vitamin C and choline. The fat was composed mostly of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with only 2.0% being polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The Agonistic Behaviour of the Three Male Morphotypes of the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (Crustacea, Palaemonidae)

The agonistic behaviour of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was studied in the laboratory. One hour long contests were conducted between prawns matched to size in each of the three sexually mature male morphotypes of this species; Small Males, Orange Clawed males and Blue Clawed males. An agonistic ethogram was established, consisting of 18 different acts. These acts were classified into indicators of dominance or subordinance following the application of cluster analysis. Prawns contests consisted usually of 3 phases: pre-escalated fighting phase, escalated fighting phase and post-escalated fighting phase. Contest phases differed both in the frequency of several acts and in the distribution of acts between the eventual winner and loser. In addition, the relative orientation and elevation of the opponents changed across phases. The inter and intra-individual sequences of acts of the winner and loser during the escalated fight were studied. Despite the similarity found in the behaviour of the two opponents during the escalated fighting, the eventual winner could be predicted by the relative number and duration of nips or by the relative number of times in which Complete and Incomplete-Lifting (two major displays of fight) were performed simultaneously with the snapping of the claws. Differences found among morphotypes pointed out a tendency of shifting from interactions with physical contact towards ritualized interactions without physical contact. This was correlated with the morphotypic developmental pathway and the concomitant increase of claw size.
Response of irrigated soybeans (Glycine max) to phosphorus on an alkaline cracking clay in semi-arid tropical Australia

The primary and residual effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on soybeans (Glycine max cv. Buchanan) were studied at one site for three seasons on Cununurra clay in the Ord Irrigation Area. Grain yield increased (P< 0.01) with both primary and residual P in all seasons. When grain yields over the 3 years were standardized to eliminate seasonal effects, relative grain yield (RGY) was positively related to each of bicarbonate-extractable soil P (EP), applied fertilizer P (FP) and fertilizer P applied to the previous crop (PFP). Seventy-three per cent of the variation in relative yield within years could be explained by the equation: RGY = 45.44 + 0.64FP + l.84EP + 0.197PFP R 2 = 0 . 7 3 , P < 0.01 Increasing P status was associated with increased plant height, dry matter production and weight of 100 seeds and increased the number of main-stem nodes, nodules, pods per plant and days to maturity, but had no effect on number of seeds per pod and number of days until commencement and completion of flowering. Concentrations of P in the whole tops and uppermost leaf increased with increasing rate of P application. However, there was a significant P x growth stage interaction on nitrogen concentrations in whole tops and upper-most leaf, these being lower in the high-P plots early in the season. Grain protein content increased with increasing P status while oil content was reduced. The results show that rates of P application higher than those being currently used are required to maximize soybean yield on Cununurra clay.
The Hamburg Tree Pruning System - A framework for pruning of individual trees

Abstract Trees in urban areas are pruned for several reasons. Each pruning cut causes a wound, which leads at least in the exposed wood at the wound surface to discoloration and decay. The extension of the resulting defect depends on wound diameter, tree species, time of wounding, wound treatment, and last but not least the attachment of the branch to the stem. The effects of different pruning cuts on urban trees has been investigated in Hamburg, Germany, since 1985. The study of 750 different pruning wounds on typical urban tree species lead to the Hamburg Tree Pruning System (Hamburger Schnittmethode). The system is described in this paper and answers the following questions: How should branches with and without a branch collar be removed? How should dead branches be removed? How should branches with included bark or codominant stems be removed? What are the differences between tree species in wound response? What is the maximum wound size which will be effectively compartmentalised by the tree?