Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A low latency architecture for computing multiplicative inverses and divisions in GF(2/sup m/)

A low latency architecture to compute the multiplicative inverse and division in a finite field GF(2/sup m/) is presented. Compared to other proposals with the same complexity, this circuit has a lower latency and can be used in error-correction or cryptography to increase the system throughput. This architecture takes advantage of the simplicity to compute powers (2/sup i/) of an element in a Galois field. The inverse of an element is computed in two stages: power calculation and multiplication. A division can be performed using only one more multiplication in the inversion circuit.
Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Recombinant Human Interleukin-2 for Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Meta-Analysis

Background The results of previous clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhuIL-2) for adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis showed inconsistent results. Accordingly, a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Methods Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved by searching the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane's Library, Web of Science, Wanfang, and CNKI databases. A random-effects model was used to combine the results. Results 18 RCTs with 2630 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that adjunctive rhuIL-2 significantly increased the odds of sputum culture conversion to negative (risk ratio [RR]: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.47, p=0.002, I2 = 80%), sputum smear conversion to negative (RR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.57, p < 0.001, I2 = 83%), radiographic focus absorption (RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.30, p=0.002, I2 = 72), and cavity closure (RR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.40, p < 0.001, I2 = 23). The use of rhuIL-2 was not related to any severe adverse events which led to discontinuation of the treatment. Results showed that rhuIL-2 was related to an increased risk of fever (RR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.29 to 4.70, p=0.006, I2 = 0%). The incidence of other adverse events, such as musculoskeletal pain, hepatic injury, and renal toxicity, was not significantly different between groups (p all >0.05). Conclusions rhuIL-2 is an effective adjunctive immunotherapy for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Collapse of Magnetized Molecular Cloud Cores. II. Numerical Results

In a previous paper (Paper I) we presented a perturbative analysis of the collapse of a molecular cloud core threaded by an ordered magnetic field, obtaining a semianalytical solution applicable over a moderate range of temporal and spatial scales. In the present paper we supplement this analysis with a numerical solution of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations that include the effects of ambipolar diffusion, valid in the region where magnetic effects dominate the dynamics of the collapse. We focus on the formation of a flattened disequilibrium structure (pseudodisk) around the central protostar. The numerical solution gives dimensionless values for the radius of the pseudodisk as a function of time
The direction of Wolf-Rayet stars in a very powerful far-infrared galaxy - Direct evidence for a starburst

Spectra covering the wavelength range 4476-7610 A are presented for the powerful far-infrared galaxy IRAS 01003-2238. The broad emission band centered at a rest wavelength of roughly 4660 A, and other broad weaker features are interpreted, as arising from the combined effect of approximately 100,000 late Wolf-Rayet stars of the WN subtype. This represents perhaps the most direct evidence to date for the presence of a large number of hot massive stars in the nucleus of a very powerful far-infrared galaxy. The high number of Wolf-Rayet stars in relation to the number of O-type stars may be interpreted as arguing against continuous steady state star formation in 01003-2238, in favor of a recent burst of star formation occurring approximately 100 million yrs ago. 24 references.
𝐾-classes of Brill–Noether Loci and a Determinantal Formula

We prove a determinantal formula for the K-theory class of certain degeneracy loci, and apply it to compute the Euler characteristic of the structure sheaf of the Brill-Noether locus of linear series with special vanishing at marked points. When the Brill-Noether number $\rho$ is zero, we recover the Castelnuovo formula for the number of special linear series on a general curve; when $\rho=1$, we recover the formulas of Eisenbud-Harris, Pirola, and Chan-L\'opez-Pflueger-Teixidor for the arithmetic genus of a Brill-Noether curve of special divisors. Our degeneracy locus formula also specializes to new determinantal expressions for the double Grothendieck polynomials corresponding to 321-avoiding permutations, and gives double versions of the flagged skew Grothendieck polynomials recently introduced by Matsumura. Our result extends the formula of Billey-Jockusch-Stanley expressing Schubert polynomials for 321-avoiding permutations as generating functions for skew tableaux.
Graphical Perception: Theory, Experimentation, and Application to the Development of Graphical Methods

Abstract The subject of graphical methods for data analysis and for data presentation needs a scientific foundation. In this article we take a few steps in the direction of establishing such a foundation. Our approach is based on graphical perception—the visual decoding of information encoded on graphs—and it includes both theory and experimentation to test the theory. The theory deals with a small but important piece of the whole process of graphical perception. The first part is an identification of a set of elementary perceptual tasks that are carried out when people extract quantitative information from graphs. The second part is an ordering of the tasks on the basis of how accurately people perform them. Elements of the theory are tested by experimentation in which subjects record their judgments of the quantitative information on graphs. The experiments validate these elements but also suggest that the set of elementary tasks should be expanded. The theory provides a guideline for graph construction.
‘Growing from an acorn to an oak tree’: a thematic analysis of international students’ cross-cultural adjustment in the United States

ABSTRACT Embarking on an educational journey overseas can be a rewarding, yet stressful experience for many international students. The transition to their new university life, which is not always well understood and supported by host institutions, is often accompanied by unique difficulties and challenges resulting from unfamiliarity with a new academic environment, social and cultural differences, and language barriers. This study examines the cross-cultural transition experiences of international students enrolled at a mid-sized university in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States (U.S.). Using qualitative methods, we collected and analyzed data from reflection essays written by 378 international students between 2013 and 2020. This yielded experiential themes surrounding cross-cultural adaptation, adjustment, and acculturation to new local norms and values while studying in the U.S., including during an unwelcoming political climate and a global health pandemic. Drawing on Ward and Kennedy's (1999) model of sociocultural adjustment, we found that the experiences of international students were often characterized by distinctive psychological and sociocultural components. We contextualized the diverse student perspectives and relied on student voices to guide implications and offer recommendations to university staff and administrators with a goal to strengthen support services, enhance experiences, and ensure the well-being and success of this community. To our knowledge, this study represents the first time that a large data set of narratives, through reflection essays, has been analyzed to better understand the cross-cultural encounters of international students, both inside and outside of the classroom.
ANOMALOUS TRANSPORT IN RANDOM FRACTURE NETWORKS

We show that dominant aspects of contaminant (particle) transport in random fracture networks\char22{}non-Gaussian propagation\char22{}result from subtle features of the steady flow-field distribution through the network. This is an outcome of a new theory, based on a continuous time random walk formalism, structured to retain the key space-time correlations of contaminants as they are advected across each fracture segment. Particle tracking simulations on these networks exhibit the same non-Gaussian profiles, demonstrating quantitative agreement with the theory.
The interior of dynamical extremal black holes in spherical symmetry

We study the nonlinear stability of the Cauchy horizon in the interior of extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes under spherical symmetry. We consider the Einstein-Maxwell-Klein-Gordon system such that the charge of the scalar field is appropriately small in terms of the mass of the background extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black hole. Given spherically symmetric characteristic initial data which approach the event horizon of extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om sufficiently fast, we prove that the solution extends beyond the Cauchy horizon in $C^{0,\frac{1}{2}}\cap W^{1,2}_{loc}$, in contrast to the subextremal case (where generically the solution is $C^0\setminus (C^{0,\frac{1}{2}}\cap W^{1,2}_{loc}))$. In particular, there exist non-unique spherically symmetric extensions which are moreover solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell-Klein-Gordon system. Finally, in the case that the scalar field is chargeless and massless, we additionally show that the extension can be chosen so that the scalar field remains Lipschitz.
Band structure calculation of the momentum density and Compton profile of copper

Using the modified augmented plane wave (MAPW) method the momentum densities of all occupied electronic states of Cu were evaluated, even at large values of the momentum. From this information in the one-particle scheme the Compton profile is determined for different directions of the transmitted momentum and compared with recent experimental results. As these considerations are free of any adjustable parameters the limit of the independent-particle model may be studied.
Examples of growth series of torus bundle groups

Abstract Let Γ be a group which is an extension of ℤ2 by ℤ, where the action of ℤ on ℤ2 is given by a structure matrix of the form for some integer k ≥ 2. The group Γ is generated by the set S which consists of the standard basis of ℤ2 together with a generator of ℤ. We prove that the growth series of Γ with respect to the generating set S is a rational function and we explicitly compute it in terms of k.
Flutter-Boundary Prediction of a Morphing Wing in the Process of Adaptation

DOI: 10.2514/1.J051202 This paper presents a numerical simulation analysis of flutter-boundary prediction of a two-dimensional morphing wing, which starts to flutter in the process of structural adaptation, although the flight speed is kept constant.Thestructuraladaptationisexpressedrepresentativelybyacontinuouschangeinthenaturalfrequencyof the heaving or the pitching motion of the wing, which induces the closeness and coalescence of the two frequencies of the aeroelastic modes. The dynamic characteristics of the wing are evaluated by applying a digital estimation techniquetoasequenceofdigitalizednonstationaryresponsesofthewingexcitedbystationaryairturbulencein flow during the ongoing adaptation. The critical boundary of the wing is predicted by the flutter margin for digitalized systems based on Jury’s stability criterion, which is mathematically equivalent to Routh-Hurwitz’s criterion. Numericalresultsshowthatthispredictionapproachbasedonthe fluttermarginfordiscrete-timesystems,whichthe authorsproposedoriginallyforordinarynonmorphingwings,isalsoveryeffectiveinpredictingthe flutterboundary of the morphing wing in the process of adaptation.
Free transport for convex potentials

We construct non-commutative analogs of transport maps among free Gibbs state satisfying a certain convexity condition. Unlike previous constructions, our approach is non-perturbative in nature and thus can be used to construct transport maps between free Gibbs states associated to potentials which are far from quadratic, i.e., states which are far from the semicircle law. An essential technical ingredient in our approach is the extension of free stochastic analysis to non-commutative spaces of functions based on the Haagerup tensor product.
Diffusion approximation and entropy-based moment closure for kinetic equations

It is a well-known fact that, in small mean free path regimes, kinetic equations can lead to diffusion equations. Besides, kinetic equations can be approached by a closed system of moments equations. In this paper, we are interested in a special closure based on an entropy minimization principle, as introduced earlier by Levermore. We investigate the behavior of the resulting nonlinear hyperbolic system in the diffusive scaling. We first establish various fundamental facts on this system, then we show that the hyperbolic system admits global smooth solutions, and is consistent with the diffusion limit. Similar features are also discussed for a simpler limited flux equation.
Regular arrangement of nanoparticles from the gas phase on bacterial surface-protein layers

FePt nanoparticles from the gas phase are deposited onto the two-dimensional crystalline surface layer protein from the bacterium Bacillus sphaericus NCTC 9602. The potential of this protein layer to facilitate the ordered spatial arrangement of the otherwise statistically distributed nanoparticles on the substrate is studied. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the particles positions to be directed by the regular protein template.
Partitions with fixed differences between largest and smallest parts

We study the number p(n, t) of partitions of n with difference t between largest and smallest parts. Our main result is an explicit formula for the generating function Pt(q) := ∑ n≥1 p(n, t) q . Somewhat surprisingly, Pt(q) is a rational function for t > 1; equivalently, p(n, t) is a quasipolynomial in n for fixed t > 1. Our result generalizes to partitions with an arbitrary number of specified distances. Enumeration results on integer partitions form a classic body of mathematics going back to at least Euler, including numerous applications throughout mathematics and some areas of physics; see, e.g., [2]. A partition of a positive integer n is, as usual, an integer k-tuple λ1 ≥ λ2 ≥ · · · ≥ λk > 0, for some k, such that n = λ1 + λ2 + · · ·+ λk . The integers λ1, λ2, . , λk are the parts of the partition. We are interested in the counting function p(n, t) := #partitions of n with difference t between largest and smallest parts. It is immediate that p(n, 0) = d(n) where d(n) denotes the number of divisors of n. Charmingly, p(n, 1) equals the number of nondivisors of n: p(n, 1) = n− d(n) , which can be explained bijectively by the fact that the partitions counted by p(n, 0)+p(n, 1) contain exactly one sample with k parts, for each k = 1, 2, . , n [1, Sequence A049820], or by the generating function identity∑ n≥1 p(n, 1) q = ∑ m≥1 qm 1− qm qm+1 1− qm+1 = q (1− q)2 − ∑ m≥1 qm 1− qm . (The last equation follows from a few elementary operations on rational functions). An even less obvious instance of our partition counting function is (1) p(n, 2) = (⌊n 2 ⌋ 2 ) , as observed by Reinhard Zumkeller in 2004 [1, Sequence A008805]. (It is not clear to us where in the literature this formula first appeared, though specific values of p(n, k) are well represented in Date: 14 July 2014. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11P84; Secondary 05A17.
Curvature densities of self-similar sets

For a large class of self-similar sets F in R^d analogues of the higher order mean curvatures of differentiable submanifolds are introduced, in particular, the fractal Gauss-type curvature. They are shown to be the densities of associated fractal curvature measures, which are all multiples of the corresponding Hausdorff measures on F, due to its self-similarity. This local approach based on ergodic theory for an associated dynamical system enables us to extend former global curvature results.
Morse Indices of Multiple Blow-Up Solutions to the Two-Dimensional Gel'fand Problem

Blow-up solutions to the two-dimensional Gel'fand problem are studied. It is known that the location of the blow-up points of these solutions is related to a Hamiltonian function involving the Green function of the domain. We show that this implies an equivalence between the Morse indices of the solutions and the associated critical points of the Hamiltonian.
The Discrete-Dual Minimal-Residual Method (DDMRes) for Weak Advection-Reaction Problems in Banach Spaces

Abstract We propose and analyze a minimal-residual method in discrete dual norms for approximating the solution of the advection-reaction equation in a weak Banach-space setting. The weak formulation allows for the direct approximation of solutions in the Lebesgue Lp{L^{p}}-space, 1<p<∞{1<p<\infty}. The greater generality of this weak setting is natural when dealing with rough data and highly irregular solutions, and when enhanced qualitative features of the approximations are needed. We first present a rigorous analysis of the well-posedness of the underlying continuous weak formulation, under natural assumptions on the advection-reaction coefficients. The main contribution is the study of several discrete subspace pairs guaranteeing the discrete stability of the method and quasi-optimality in Lp{L^{p}}, and providing numerical illustrations of these findings, including the elimination of Gibbs phenomena, computation of optimal test spaces, and application to 2-D advection.
Phase transitions in graphs on orientable surfaces

Let Sg be the orientable surface of genus g and denote by 𝒮g(n,m) the class of all graphs on vertex set [n]={1,…,n} with m edges embeddable on Sg . We prove that the component structure of a graph chosen uniformly at random from 𝒮g(n,m) features two phase transitions. The first phase transition mirrors the classical phase transition in the Erdős‐Rényi random graph G(n,m) chosen uniformly at random from all graphs with vertex set [n] and m edges. It takes place at m=n2+O(n2/3) , when the giant component emerges. The second phase transition occurs at m=n+O(n3/5) , when the giant component covers almost all vertices of the graph. This kind of phenomenon is strikingly different from G(n,m) and has only been observed for graphs on surfaces.
The Ratio of α-Elements to Iron in Early-Type Galaxies from TiO and Mg2

In order to derive the ratio of α-elements to iron in galaxies, we have observed the strongest TiO band heads of the γ and γ′ systems at 7000–7500 Å in a sample of a dozen early-type galaxies. The equivalent widths of the TiO bands are compared with synthetic spectra for single-aged stellar populations and composite galaxy models, all computed with [α/Fe] = 0.0 and +0.3. The same method is also applied to the ⟨Fe⟩ and Mg2 Lick indices for the sample galaxies. The results obtained are [Ti/Fe] ≈ [Mg/Fe] ≈ +0.3, indicating a clear enhancement of the α-elements–to–iron ratio for our sample of early-type galaxies.
A Solution of the Alekseevski-Tate Penetration Equations

Abstract : The Alekseevski-Tate equations have been used for five decades to predict the penetration, penetration velocity, rod velocity, and rod length of long-rod penetrators and similar projectiles. These nonlinear equations were originally solved numerically and more recently by the exact analytical solution of Walters and Segletes. However, due to the nonlinear nature of the equations, penetration was obtained implicitly as a function of time. The current report obtains the velocities, length, and penetration as an explicit function of time by employing a perturbation solution of the nondimensional Alekseevski-Tate equations. Explicit analytical solutions are advantageous in that they clearly reveal the interplay of the various parameters on the solution of the equations. Perturbation solutions of these equations were first undertaken by Forrestal et al., up to the first order, and good agreement with the exact solutions was shown for relatively short times. The current study obtains a third-order perturbation solution and includes both penetrator and target strength terms. This report compares the exact solution to the perturbation solution, and a typical comparison between the exact and approximate solution for a tungsten rod impacting a steel armor target is shown. Also, alternate ways are investigated to normalize the governing equations in order to obtain an optimum perturbation parameter. In most cases, the third-order perturbation solution shows near perfect agreement with the exact solutions of the Alekseevski-Tate equations. This report compares the exact solution to the perturbation solution, and comments are made regarding the range of validity of the explicit solution.
Structural and optical properties of laser deposited ferroelectric (Sr0.2Ba0.8)TiO3 thin films

Laser deposition technique has been applied to synthesize (Sr0.2Ba0.8)TiO3 thin films. The crystal structure of the films and the effect of deposition parameters on them have been systematically examined. Among the important deposition parameters, the substrate temperature and the chamber oxygen pressure affect the characteristics of the films most prominently. The crystalline phase of (Sr0.2Ba0.8)TiO3 films can only be obtained when the substrate temperature is higher than 550 °C. Furthermore, both the low deposition oxygen pressure and the high substrate temperature during deposition facilitate the formation of (100) grains. The metal‐insulator‐metal structure of the films deposited on Pt‐coated Si substrates, possesses good ferroelectric properties, which are indicated by butterfly‐shaped capacitance‐voltage characteristics and demonstrated by hysteresis loop of remanence Pr=1.56 μC/cm2 and coercivity Ec=13.5 kV/cm. The charge‐discharge test reveals that the effective dielectric constant can reach a va.
The Effects of Nonindependent Rater Sets in Multilevel–Multitrait–Multimethod Models

Multiple ratings are becoming increasingly popular for the assessment of a wide range of behaviors. Teaching evaluation designs and 360-degree feedback often use multiple raters alongside self-ratings. Eid and colleagues (2008) proposed a multilevel structural equation model for the analysis of data stemming from such designs that assumes that raters stem from independent populations of raters. However, it is quite common for raters to rate multiple targets, thus implying a cross-classified data structure. A simulation study was conducted to assess the effects of this rater nonindependence on parameter and standard error estimates in multilevel structural equation models. Results show parameter estimation biases to be small, whereas standard errors pertaining to the Level 1 covariance matrices as well as the mean structure on Level 2 are underestimated.
The Granular Magnetic Fields of the Quiet Sun

We report new observations that combine high-precision infrared polarimetry and high-resolution imagery in the visible to demonstrate that most of the quiet solar surface contains a measurable magnetic field. We found that when observed at 1 arcsec2 resolution, 68% of the observed area contains magnetic flux higher than 5×1015 Mx (corresponding to an apparent average field of 1 G). The majority of these magnetic features have magnetic flux below 5×1016 Mx. Their magnetic field strengths range from below 200 to 1000 G, which means that their filling factors are on the order of 1%. The spatial distribution and time evolution of these magnetic features are closely associated with the solar granulation. The properties of these weak granular magnetic features we observed differ from those of the intranetwork fields described in earlier observations. We also observed the formation and disappearance of a kilogauss magnetic feature associated with the development of intergranular lanes, which may be evidence of convective collapse.