Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring of Closed Rearing System of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra

Sea cucumbers are an essential fishery resource. Therefore, effective aquaculture methods should be developed to achieve their optimal production. Sea cucumbers are susceptible to various environmental factors, one of which is water quality. Monitoring water quality based on physical and chemical parameters should be useful to the rearing system in aquaculture. In practical use, farmers usually monitor only temperature, salinity, and pH, neglecting the essential role of chemical parameters. This review focuses on and urges the monitoring of physical and chemical parameters. We explored the water quality parameters that may be crucial to the sea cucumber rearing system, including temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, turbidity, particulate organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, silicate, and phosphate. Furthermore, this paper presents a practical way to monitor the aquaculture or rearing system of sea cucumbers. It is suggested that temperature and salinity are the crucial physical parameters, while the essential chemical parameters are phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia.
Bots as Active News Promoters: A Digital Analysis of COVID-19 Tweets

In this study, we examined the activities of automated social media accounts or bots that tweet or retweet referencing #COVID-19 and #COVID19. From a total sample of over 50 million tweets, we used a mixed method to extract more than 185,000 messages posted by 127 bots. Our findings show that the majority of these bots tweet, retweet and mention mainstream media outlets, promote health protection and telemedicine, and disseminate breaking news on the number of casualties and deaths caused by COVID-19. We argue that some of these bots are motivated by financial incentives, while other bots actively support the survivalist movement by emphasizing the need to prepare for the pandemic and learn survival skills. We only found a few bots that showed some suspicious activity probably due to the fact that our dataset was limited to two hashtags often used by official health bodies and academic communities.
Effects of Management Practices and Topography on Ectomycorrhizal Fungi of Maritime Pine during Seedling Recruitment

Symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can be important for regeneration success. In a context of increasing regeneration failures in the coastal forest of maritime pine in Southwest France, we tried to identity whether differences in ECM communities could partly explain the variation of regeneration success and how they are influenced by forest practices and stand characteristics. In particular, we focused on the effects of harvesting methods (comparing mature forest with seed-tree regeneration and clear-cuts) and topography (bottom-, mid-, and top positions). Five field trials (two in regeneration failure areas and three in successful areas) were used to sample 450 one-year-old seedlings. Assessments of ECM of seedling nutrient concentrations and of seedling growth based on exploration types were made. ECM root colonisation was similar in all harvesting treatments, suggesting that enough inoculum remained alive after logging. Harvesting-induced effects modifying soil properties and light availability respectively impacted ECM composition and seedling growth. Topography-induced variations in water and nutrient availability led to changes in ECM composition, but had little impact on seedling growth. Contact, short-distance, and long-distance exploration types improved the nutritional status of seedlings (Ca, K, and N), showing that mycorrhization could play an important role in seedling vitality. However, neither ECM root colonisation nor exploration types could be related to regeneration failures.
Initial research of cord blood leptin, adiponectin and IGF-I with fetus growth and development

Objective: In order to reveal the relationship between cord blood leptin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and the fetus growth and development, and discuss the interaction and clinical signiﬁcance on fetus growth and development. Methods: The levels of cord blood leptin, adiponectin, IGF-I in 86 newborns were examined by radio immunoassay, according to gestation age and birth weight percentile relation, the objects were divided into the SGA group (n = 16), the AGA group (n = 41), the LGA group (n = 29), meanwhile, neonatal birth weight, body length, head circumference, foot length, and placental weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was computed. Dependability analysis was taken. Results: The levels of cord blood leptin, adiponectin and IGF-I were as follows: LGA group > AGA group > SGA group. The level of cord blood adiponectin was positively correlated with birth weight, placental weight and BMI ( p < .05). Cord blood leptin and IGF-I concentrations were positively correlated with their birth weight, body length, head circumference, foot length, placental weight and BMI, respectively ( p < .01), cord blood leptin was positively correlated with adiponectin and IGF-I ( p < .01). The levels of cord blood leptin and adiponectin had no statistical signiﬁcance with neonatal sexuality and deliver style ( p > .05); the levels of cord blood IGF-I had no statistical signiﬁcance with neonatal sexuality ( p > .05), but had statistical signiﬁcance with deliver style ( p < .05). Conclusions: Cord blood leptin, adiponectin and IGF-I played an important part in adjusting fetus growth and development as well as participating in the process of fetus growth and development, and could be regarded as one of the clinical indexes to evaluate fetus growth and development or state of nutrition. The abnormal level of cord blood leptin and IGF-I might be one of the reasons to cause intrauterine growth retardation and fetal macrosomia.
Effect of Habitat Diversity on Population Development of the Amazon River Prawn

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine if the Amazon river prawn [Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862)] population structure is affected by habitat heterogeneity. An experiment was conducted in mesocosms to emulate conditions from a natural aquatic environment. Twelve rectangular earthen ponds of ∼100 m2 each were used as mesocosms. Each mesocosm was stocked with 22 juveniles/m2 of Amazon river prawn in three different treatments: GB: mesocosm with substrate made of geotextile blanket, BB: mesocosm with substrate made from bamboo, and WS: mesocosm without substrate. The prawns were sampled monthly for 5 mo to analyze the male morphotypes, incidence of eggs in female pleopods, ovarian stage, body mass, and sex ratio. Both geotextile blanket (GB) and bamboo (BB) substrates increased frequency of the Cinnamon Claw morphotype, accelerated the appearance of Green Claw 1 and 2 morphotypes, and decreased the frequency of the Translucent Claw morphotype at the 5th mo. The substrates also increased the size of both sexes of prawn and increased the frequency of ovigerous females and females with ovarian stages IV and V. The effect was more pronounced with the presence of the GB, which imitates natural substrates with large and flat surfaces such as leaves and stones. Sex ratio did not differ significantly between treatments. Data showed that the presence and the type of substrate in the environment can play an important role in M. amazonicum population development, supporting the hypothesis that the population structure of M. amazonicum depends on the habitat characteristics.
Prediction of slamming pressure considering fluid-structure interaction. Part I: numerical simulations

ABSTRACT Marine structures are subjected to slamming loads characterised by high hydrodynamic pressure within short time durations. Such loads can cause local and global damages to structures. This paper, which is Part I in a series, reports a numerical investigation of slamming loads acting on flat stiffened plates and their dynamic response. The nonlinear explicit finite element code LS-Dyna with the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MMALE) solver was adopted to simulate the slamming impact on marine structures. The numerical method was validated by the relevant experimental data from the open literature in a comparison of slamming pressure and deflection data, as well as existing formulations. The Eulerian formulation was applied to describe the fluid flow, and a Lagrange formulation was employed to model flat stiffened plates. A penalty coupling algorithm was utilised to realise the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) between the plate and the fluid. Bilinear strain hardening with no strain-rate hardening and effect of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) were considered for the numerical simulation of the aluminum model, while nonlinear strain hardening and strain-rate hardening were adopted to verify the steel models. Effects of key influenced parameters such as water impact velocity, material behaviour, and air cushion on the slamming response were addressed accordingly. Additionally, a simulation of water hitting structure was proposed to investigate the slamming load characteristics acting on the bottom decks of offshore structures. As the next paper in this continuing series, Part II will present empirically derived formulations for prediction of slamming loads based on extensive parametric studies of actual scantlings of offshore structures, using the simulation methodology of water hitting proposed herein in Part I.
Observer‐based sliding mode control for state‐saturated systems under weighted try‐once‐discard protocol

In this article, the sliding mode control (SMC) problem is investigated for a class of networked state‐saturated systems. In the underlying system, the system states are saturated and unmeasured, and the communication along the sensor‐to‐controller channel is regulated by the weighted try‐once‐discard protocol under which only one sensor node is permitted to transmit data at each instant. The key issue of the addressed problem is how to design both the state observer and the observer‐based sliding mode controller in the presence of protocol scheduling and state saturation. A token‐dependent state‐saturated observer is first constructed, and a desired SMC law is then designed with aid of the updating rule for the actually received measurement. Sufficient conditions are established to guarantee both the asymptotic stability of the SMC system and the reachability of the specified sliding surface. The algorithm for acquiring the desired controller gain matrices is proposed in terms of a convex optimization problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed observer‐based SMC design scheme is verified by a simulation example.
Subjective confidence reveals the hierarchical nature of learning under uncertainty

Hierarchical processing is pervasive in the brain, but its computational significance for learning in real-world conditions, with uncertainty and changes, is disputed. We show that previously proposed qualitative signatures which relied on reports of learned quantities or choices in simple experiments are insufficient to categorically distinguish hierarchical from non-hierarchical models of learning under uncertainty. Instead, we present a novel test which leverages a more complex task, whose hierarchical structure allows generalization between different statistics tracked in parallel. We use reports of confidence to quantitatively and qualitatively arbitrate between the two accounts of learning. Our results indicate that human subjects can track multiple, interdependent levels of uncertainty, and provide clear evidence for hierarchical processing, thereby challenging some influential neurocomputational accounts of learning.
Organizational Learning and Operational Performance of Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC), Rwanda

This study investigated relationship between organizational learning and operational performance of Water and Sanitation Corporation. In Rwanda. Specifically, the study examined the influence of knowledge acquisition, information distribution, and organizational memory on organizational performance. The study was correlational by relating predicator (operational performance) with its criteria variables (organizational learning). It was conducted on a sample size of 239 respondents. The study used structured questionnaires and interview guides and analyzed data using SPSS version 23. A multiple regression analysis indicated that that knowledge acquisition was positive and significantly related to operational performance (B=0.168, p value=0.002). The study indicated that information distribution was also positively and significantly related to operational performance (B=0.257, p value=0.001). This implies that an improvement in information distribution by one unit leads to an increase in business operations’ performance by 0.257 units. Information distribution positively correlated to operational performance (B=0.372, p value=0.000). The study recommended that Water and Sanitation Corporation should ensure that employees are empowered on methods of retrieving data for different purposes as per their needs, in order to enhance the decision-making process.
Effect of substrate during early rearing on floor- and feather fecking behaviour in young and adult laying hens

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that providing adequate substrate to laying hens during early rearing stimulates pecking to the floor and reduces featherpecking when adult. Laying hens were either provided withwood shavings or sand from day 1 onwards or from day 21 onwards. Chicks without substrate were either reared on mesh matting or chick paper until day 21. Behaviour was observed during rearing and the production period. Moreover, feather damage was scored at the end of rearing and at 40 weeks of age. Results showed that providing substratein early rearing indeed stimulated floor pecking. At four weeks of age, more gentle feather pecking was observed when previously housed on chick paper or mesh matting as compared to continuous housing on sand or wood shavings. However, initial differences in floor- and feather peckingdisappeared with age and only some minor effects were observed at the end of rearing and during production. Atthe end of the rearing period, only the groups that were firsthoused on mesh matting and from three weeks of agehoused on sand, showed significantly more feather damage.No differences in feather damage between the treatmentswere found at 40 weeks of age. This experiment showed thatfloor pecking was stimulated in early rearing when providing substrate. Although the absence of substrate at an early age seems to stimulate gentle feather pecking in early rearing, these effects were not clearly visible at a later age. It is suggested that hens may redirect their early pecking preferenceswhen adequate pecking substrate is provided atthree weeks of age.
Implementation of the Health System Reform Plan in Hospital Emergencies of Iran: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Health and efforts to maintain and promote it have always been an essential priority in various countries. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the health system reform plan in emergency departments in Iran. Methods: This qualitative study evaluated five dimensions (finance, social responsibility, growth and learning, service recipients, and internal processes) through examining 70 indicators in 400 healthcare service providers and 300 healthcare recipients after the implementation of reform plan in ten emergency departments affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences using the balanced scorecard based on comprehensive evaluation model for the health system reform plan in Iran (CEHSRP-IR), from 2018 to 2019. Results: From the perspective of 51% of service providers and 55% of service recipients, the health system reform plan has achieved its goals in hospital emergencies. Significant gap between the ideal effectiveness and the current situation in health services in hospital emergencies was observed, especially in the educational and financial dimension. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, adaptation of activities and programs to the model proposed for emergency departments in Health Reform Plan is essential for improving its effectiveness.
Possible negative effects of big data on decision quality in firms: The role of knowledge hiding behaviours

While common wisdom suggests that big data facilitates better decisions, we posit that it may not always be the case, as big data aspects can also afford and motivate knowledge hiding. To examine this possibility, we integrate adaptive cost theory with the resource‐based view of the firm. This integration suggests that the effect of big data characteristics (i.e., data variety, volume, and velocity) on firm decision quality can be explained, in part, by data analysts' perceived knowledge hiding behaviours, including evasive hiding, playing dumb, and rationalized hiding. We examined this model with survey data from 149 data analysts in firms that use big data to varying degrees. The findings show that big data characteristics have distinct effects on knowledge hiding behaviours. While data volume and velocity enhance knowledge hiding, data variety reduces it. Moreover, evasive hiding, playing dumb, and rationalized hiding have varying effects on firm decision quality. Whereas evasive hiding reduces firm decision‐making quality, playing dumb does not affect it, and rationalized hiding improves it. These results are further validated with applicability checks. Ultimately, these results can explain inconsistent past findings regarding the return on investment in big data and provide a unique look into the potential “dark sides” of big data.
Seed Oil Accumulation and Yield of Safflower Affected by Water Supply and Harvest Time

Drought stress significantly declines crop yield. Efficient soil moisture management and its consequent effects on metabolic changes which happen in response to drought stress are important in dry regions agriculture. This research was performed to evaluate yield, yield components, and oil accumulation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars seed in response to water deficit conditions. A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, Tabriz University during two growing seasons of 2014 and 2015. The treatments were arranged as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Irrigation treatments (irrigation after 70, 100, 130, and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan) were assigned to the main plots and spring safflower cultivars (Faraman, Goldasht, Sina, and Soffeh) were allocated to the subplots. Safflower seeds were harvested in 5-d intervals at seven stages during development and maturity period. The result showed that Sina cultivar had the highest seed yield per unit area. Maximum oil percentage of safflower seeds was obtained at 1 to 12 d after plant physiological maturity. Water stress caused seed oil percentage decline across all cultivars. Sina and Faraman cultivars had higher oil percentage across all irrigation treatments. The highest oil and seed yield per unit area under both full and limited irrigation conditions was produced by Sina cultivar. Drought stress decreased seed yield, yield components, and oil content across all safflower cultivars, however, the extent of the damage was limited due to cultivar genetic characteristics and ecological origin.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde COVID-19 Korkusu ve Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük

The coronavirus, known as COVID-19, has spread rapidly to China and many other countries, causing an acute infectious outbreak. This epidemic has also reached our country quickly. Thus many measures have been taken to prevent the spread of the virus, and people’s daily lives have changed suddenly and unexpectedly. Regarding preventive measures against coronavirus, universities were closed and switched to online learning. This change made university students one of the groups most affected by the pandemic. This study was based on investigating the level of university students' COVID-19 fear and intolerance of uncertainty. For this purpose, “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S)” and “Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12)” were applied to 100 university students. The results revealed that students were afraid of COVID-19 in moderate level (16,87±6,69). They were intolerant (38,79±8,81) to uncertainty in moderate level as well. It was determined that COVID-19 fear and intolerance to uncertainty did not differ significantly according to gender. COVID-19 fear levels of students who lost a relative due to coronavirus were found to be significantly higher than students who did not experience any loss. A positive, moderate, and highly significant correlational relationship was observed between COVID-19 fear and intolerance to uncertainty. Fear of COVID-19 also significantly predicts the level of intolerance to uncertainty.
Ecosystem services provided by beaversCastorspp.

Stella THOMPSON* Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. Email: stella.thompson@helsinki.fi Mia VEHKAOJA Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. Email: mia.vehkaoja@helsinki.fi Jani PELLIKKA Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. Email: jani.pellikka@luke.fi Petri NUMMI Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. Email: petri.nummi@helsinki.fi
Long-term effects of inoculating lodgepole pine seedlings with plant growth-promoting bacteria originating from a disturbed gravel mining ecosystem

Gravel mining is prevalent in forest landscapes across Canada, typically resulting in complete loss of vegetation and topsoil. Despite such extreme disturbance, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees are thriving at unreclaimed gravel pits located in central-interior British Columbia, possibly owing to, at least in part, the association of pine trees with their endophytic bacteria. To test this possibility, several bacterial strains were previously isolated from pine trees growing at these pits; of the strains isolated, 14 were identified as effective nitrogen fixers. In this study, we evaluated the inoculation effect of these 14 strains on lodgepole pine growth under nitrogen-poor conditions. Eighteen months after sowing and inoculation, each strain had colonized the rhizosphere and internal tissues of pine seedlings and had significantly enhanced their length (24%–65%) and biomass (100%–300%). Notably, three Pseudomonas strains increased pine seedling length by 1.6-fold and biomass by 4-fold. Most strains also demonstrated substantial potential to promote plant growth via phosphorus solubilization, siderophore production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, indole-3-acetic acid production, lytic enzyme activity, and catalase activity. Our results suggest that such nitrogen-fixing bacteria could be sustaining pine growth on bare gravel, indicating a possible ecological association that may explain natural tree regeneration in such a disturbed ecosystem.