Effect of dawn and dusk on the diversity and abundance of arthropods in agroecosystem.

Diversity in living organisms constitutes at all levels of an ecosystem, species, population, and individual (Cardinale et al., 2006; Ercan et al., 2018). Arthropods play a significant role in ecosystem sustainability as it is the base of all ecological services (Rathore and Jasrai, 2013). Theyare the major part of the species and most successful phylum on earth representing 1,302,809 species, or about 78.5% of the total living species (Addenda, 2013). They overcome every single slot, with the exception of the oceanic benthic zone (Grimaldi and Engel, 2005). Order Hemiptera are in majority of habitats, generally terrestrial. Coleoptera is the biggest order ranging 350,000400,000 species, that comprises 30% of all the animals and 40% of class insecta. They are found in all-natural environments where vegetation is found (Foottit et al., 2009). Lepidoptera is the wide-ranging order of class Insecta in natural ecosystems from the majority of the worldly associated species (Zhang, 2011). Arthropods emulate eminent role in sustaining agriculture ecological systems e.g. crop pollination (AAFC, 2001), which roughly pollinates 75% of crop species worldwide (Klein et al., 2013). Their participation makes them functional bioindicators for determining agro-ecosystem stability and are very functional biological indicators to measure the consequences of different agricultural landscapes (Wallace and Sanders, 1991). The use of biological control helps to eliminate pesticide practices (Purslow, 2004). Over 50% of the human population occupies agriculture as a profession. Therefore, the arthropod's role in agro-ecosystem is significant to humans. Several arthropods cause severe harm to agricultural crops and reduces the crop yield. Natural enemies regulate their population by eating their hosts/prey. Agricultural crops fulfill the needs for food, fibers and other products. It has also start out to increase knowledge and understanding the biodiversity and to find a source of action to minimize the unfavorable impacts of practices. Agroindustries considers for about 2/3 of total industrial output, the agricultural sector accounted for 22% of gross domestic product (GDP) and employed 45% percent of the labor force (Alam and Naqvi, 2003). In Asia, the average production of vegetables contributes approximately 218 million tones, the maximum of which is produced in Pakistan, China and India (Ali, 2015). Additionally, for the purpose of providing economic benefits in the system of agriculture, the arthropod fauna satisfies a diversity of environmental factors inside the natural ecosystems (Isaacs et al., 2009). Farmers usually depend on the honey bee to contribute roughly $200 billion to the food production (Gallai et al., 2009). However, due to loss in the domain of diversity and abundance (i.e., flowering plants), exposure to parasites and pesticides (e.g., Varroa mites in honey bees), a reduction in the population has occurred(Goulson et al., 2015). Due to adaptability in all types of environments grasshoppers are Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 57(4), 975-980; 2020 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/20.5 http://www.pakjas. com.pk