Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ZPPR Benchmarks for Large LMFBR Core Physics from JUPITER Cooperative Program Between United States and Japan

Abstract Under the International Reactor Physics Experiment Evaluation Project (IRPhEP) framework, in the cooperative JUPITER program between the United States and Japan, benchmarks are established to study large fast breeder reactor (FBR) core physics utilizing nine Zero Power Plutonium Reactor (ZPPR) critical experimental cores. These benchmarks cover a wide variety of core concepts including homogeneous and heterogeneous configurations, clean and engineering mock-up cores of 600- to 1000-MW(electric)–class sizes, and various core parameters such as criticality, reaction rate, and reactivity. Recently, detailed experimental information from original documents from Argonne National Laboratory has been scrutinized very carefully to establish the benchmark model and to evaluate quantitatively the experimental uncertainty. The benchmarks supply users with heterogeneous cell models and three-dimensional (3-D) core configurations, which are simplified to a degree that preserves the important physical features of the ZPPR cores such as plate heterogeneity, different drawer types, and 3-D core arrangement. Further, the benchmark handbook includes as-built information of the ZPPR cores as a complete set of electronic form; therefore, a user can develop his or her own benchmark model if necessary. The analysis of the benchmark with the deterministic or Monte Carlo method demonstrates its usefulness both for improving analytical methods and for validating nuclear data.
Explaining Evolutionary Innovations and Novelties: Criteria of Explanatory Adequacy and Epistemological Prerequisites

It is a common complaint that antireductionist arguments are primarily negative. Here I describe an alternative nonreductionist epistemology based on considerations taken from multidisciplinary research in biology. The core of this framework consists in seeing investigation as coordinated around sets of problems (problem agendas) that have associated criteria of explanatory adequacy. These ideas are developed in a case study, the explanation of evolutionary innovations and novelties, which demonstrates the applicability and fruitfulness of this nonreductionist epistemological perspective. This account also bears on questions of conceptual change and theory structure in philosophy of science.
On the precession of a resonant cylinder

A fluid contained in a rotating cylinder has an inertial mode which is excited by forced precession of the container. Wood's (1965, 1966) early work specifically excluded resonance phenomena. Recently McEwan (1970) has discussed resonance phenomena for strong amplitude of excitation, corresponding to rapid precession in this work. In this paper the magnitude of the resonant response for small precession rate is precisely calculated by matching the Ekman layer suction to the precessional forces. The procedure is to find the resonant mode v1, compute its boundary layers, $\tilde{{\bf v}}_1$, and the associated Ekman layer suction. The second-order problem has a solvability condition which is satisfied by matching the Ekman layer suction to the precession.
Solar Convection Zone Dynamics: How Sensitive Are Inversions to Subtle Dynamo Features?

The nearly 10 year span of medium-degree helioseismic data from the Global Oscillation Network Group and the Michelson Doppler Imager has allowed us to study the evolving flows in the solar convection zone over most of solar cycle 23. Using two independent two-dimensional rotation inversion techniques and extensive studies of the resolution using artificial data from different assumed flow profiles, including those generated from sample mean field dynamo models, we attempt to assess the reality of certain features seen in the inferred rotation profiles. Our results suggest that the findings from observations of a substantial depth dependence of the phase of the zonal flow pattern in the low latitudes, and the penetration of the flows deep into the convection zone, are likely to be real rather than artifacts of the inversion process.
Study on Nano Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gate Leakage Current

This work examines different components of the leakage current in scaled N and P-metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with ultra thin gate oxide. Experimental results show that the gate tunneling leakage current through the source/drain extension region (also named edge direct tunneling, EDT) is the largest component, which dominates the maximum off-state power consumption of a nano-scaled transistor. To clarify the relationship between this largest leakage component and the size of the source/drain to gate overlap region, the proposed capacitance–ratio method (C–R method) was used to precisely extract the dimensions of the source/drain to gate overlap, Lov. To reduce the gate-tunneling leakage at the source/drain edge, a modified gate dielectric structure is proposed and verified in this work.
Implementation and application of ensemble optimal interpolation on an operational chemistry weather model for improving PM2.5 and visibility predictions

Abstract. Data assimilation techniques are one of the most important ways to reduce the uncertainty in atmospheric chemistry model input and improve the model forecast accuracy. In this paper, an ensemble optimal interpolation assimilation (EnOI) system for a regional online chemical weather numerical forecasting system (GRAPES_Meso5.1/CUACE) is developed for operational use and efficient updating of the initial fields of chemical components. A heavy haze episode in eastern China was selected, and the key factors affecting EnOI, such as localization length scale, ensemble size, and assimilation moment, were calibrated by sensitivity experiments. The impacts of assimilating ground-based PM2.5 observations on the model chemical initial field PM2.5 and visibility forecasts were investigated. The results show that assimilation of PM2.5 reduces the uncertainty in the initial PM2.5 field considerably. Using only 50 % of observations in the assimilation, the root mean square error (RMSE) of initial PM2.5 for independent verification sites in mainland China decreases from 73.7 to 46.4 µg m−3, and the correlation coefficient increases from 0.58 to 0.84. An even larger improvement appears in northern China. For the forecast fields, assimilation of PM2.5 improves PM2.5 and visibility forecasts throughout the time window of 24 h. The PM2.5 RMSE can be reduced by 10 %–21 % within 24 h, and the assimilation effect is the most remarkable in the first 12 h. Within the same assimilation time, the assimilation efficiency varies with the discrepancy between model forecasts and observations at the moment of assimilation, and the larger the deviation, the higher the efficiency. The assimilation of PM2.5 further contributes to the improvement of the visibility forecast. When the PM2.5 increment is negative, it corresponds to an increase in visibility, and when the PM2.5 analysis increment is positive, visibility decreases. It is worth noting that the improvement of visibility forecasting by assimilating PM2.5 is more obvious in the light-pollution period than in the heavy-pollution period. The results of this study show that EnOI may provide a practical and cost-effective alternative to the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for the applications where computational cost is the main limiting factor, especially for real-time operational forecast.
CH3CN Observations toward Southern Massive Star-forming Regions

In an effort to identify very young sites of massive star formation, we have conducted a survey for hot and dense molecular cores toward a sample of 17 southern sources. The sample consists of sources with IRAS color characteristics of ultracompact H II regions for which high-density molecular material had previously been detected. We observed the J = 5-4, 6-5, 8-7, and 12-11 rotational transitions of CH3CN and derived rotation temperatures and column densities using the population-diagram technique. We identify four sources with a high-temperature molecular component (Trot > 90 K) as new candidates for hot molecular cores. We also observed the transitions H35α, CS J = 3-2, and the continuum in the 3, 2 mm bands toward 17 sources, and the 1.3 mm continuum, H41α and 13CO J = 2-1 transitions toward 10 sources. Eight sources show blue and red wings in the CS J = 3-2 line, whereas three sources show wings in the 13CO J = 2-1 spectra, suggestive of molecular outflows. Our continuum and recombination line data show that the 91 GHz continuum emission is dominated by free-free emission from ionized regions, whereas at 147 GHz emission from dust grains contributes significantly.
High-Resolution Airborne Radar Observations of Mammatus

Abstract High-resolution Doppler radar observations of mammatus clouds coupled with soundings of the preanvil and anvil environments provide a unique opportunity to examine previously reported observations of, and evaluate various hypotheses of, mammatus formation. These observations confirm the general hypothesis for mammatus formation advanced by Ludlam and Scorer, and provide detail of the cloud interior structure. Specifically, the radar observations indicate that mammatus elements are reminiscent of eddy circulations with a weak downdraft core flanked by horizontal convergence and divergence at the top and base of the cloud, respectively. Doppler spectral width measurements, however, yielded values of only 2–3 m s−1, indicating only weak turbulent motions within individual mammatus elements. Reflectivity analyses of mammatus elements indicate a firm link to the parent anvil. A dual-Doppler analysis of the parent anvil indicates that the larger-scale environment where the mammatus exist is characteriz.
Efficient electronic cooling in heavily doped silicon by quasiparticle tunneling

Cooling of electrons in a heavily doped silicon by quasiparticle tunneling using a superconductor–semiconductor–superconductor double-Schottky-junction structure is demonstrated at low temperatures. In this work, we use Al as the superconductor and thin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) film as the semiconductor. The electron–phonon coupling is measured for the SOI film and the low value of the coupling is shown to be the origin of the observed significant cooling effect.
Efficient p‐multigrid discontinuous Galerkin solver for complex viscous flows on stretched grids

Discontinuous Galerkin methods are very well suited for the construction of very high‐order approximations of the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured and possibly nonconforming grids but are rather demanding in terms of computational resources. In order to improve their computational efficiency, a p‐multigrid solution strategy is here considered for the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. In particular, a line smoother will be used to alleviate the effect of stretched grids on the convergence rate. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach in the solution of compressible shockless flow problems is demonstrated on the following 3D viscous test cases: a Delta Wing and a 3D streamlined body. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical stablity with respect to time-varying sets for stochastic differential systems

In this paper the almost sure practical stability with respect to some given continuous time-varying sets of the state space for Ito stochastic differential systems (SDS) is studied by means of Lyapunov-like functions and Comparison Method The comparative criteria of a.s. practical stability, a.s. practical and uniform stability, a.s. practical unstability as well as a.s. practical asymptotic stability are established. Using these criteria, with respect to time-varying sets, we can reduce the judgement of the a.s. practical stability for a general n-dimensional its SDS to that for a concomitant deterministic 1-dimensional ordinary differential auxiliary system (ODAS)
Data assimilation sensitivity experiments in the East Auckland Current system using 4D-Var

Abstract. This study analyses data assimilative numerical simulations in an eddy-dominated western boundary current: the East Auckland Current (EAuC). The goal is to assess the impact of assimilating surface and subsurface data into a model of the EAuC via running observing system experiments (OSEs). We used the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) in conjunction with the 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation scheme to incorporate sea surface height (SSH) and temperature (SST), as well as subsurface temperature, salinity and velocity from three moorings located at the upper, mid and lower continental slope using a 7 d assimilation window. Assimilation of surface fields (SSH and SST) reduced SSH root mean square deviation (RMSD) by 25 % in relation to the non-assimilative (NoDA) run. The inclusion of velocity subsurface data further reduced SSH RMSD up- and downstream the moorings by 18 %–25 %. By improving the representation of the mesoscale eddy field, data assimilation increased complex correlation between modelled and observed velocity in all experiments by at least three times. However, the inclusion of temperature and salinity slightly decreased the velocity complex correlation. The assimilative experiments reduced the SST RMSD by 36 % in comparison to the NoDA run. The lack of subsurface temperature for assimilation led to larger RMSD (>1 ∘C) around 100 m in relation to the NoDA run. Comparisons to independent Argo data also showed larger errors at 100 m in experiments that did not assimilate subsurface temperature data. Withholding subsurface temperature forces near-surface average negative temperature increments to the initial conditions that are corrected by increased net heat flux at the surface, but this had limited or no effect on water temperature at 100 m depth. Assimilation of mooring temperature generates mean positive increments to the initial conditions that reduces 100 m water temperature RMSD. In addition, negative heat flux and positive wind stress curl were generated near the moorings in experiments that assimilated subsurface temperature data. Positive wind stress curl generates convergence and downwelling that can correct interior temperature but might also be responsible for decreased velocity correlations. The few moored CTDs (eight) had little impact in correcting salinity in comparison to independent Argo data. However, using doubled decorrelation length scales of tracers and a 2 d assimilation window improved model salinity and temperature in comparison to Argo profiles throughout the domain. This assimilation configuration, however, led to large errors when subsurface temperature data were not assimilated due to incorrect increments to the subsurface. As all reanalyses show improved model-observation skill relative to HYCOM–NCODA (the model boundary conditions), these results highlight the benefit of numerical downscaling to a regional model of the EAuC.
Qualitative Properties of Solutions to Systems of Fokker‐Planck Equations for Multilane Traffic Flow

A review of recently introduced Fokker‐Planck‐type systems of partial differential equations as kinetic models of multilane traffic flow is given, and we present a series of analytical and numerical studies for these models. In particular, we present the convergence to equilibria, explain why equilibria of the present models may show jump discontinuities at the average speed, and explore synchronization on adjacent lanes from both an analytical and numerical point of view. Finally, we present numerical studies that explain the formation and propagation of stop‐and‐go waves.
Infinite Patterns that can be Avoided by Measure

A set A of real numbers is called universal (in measure) if every measurable set of positive measure necessarily contains an affine copy of A. All finite sets are universal, but no infinite universal sets are known. Here we prove some results related to a conjecture of Erdős that there is no infinite universal set. For every infinite set A, there is a set E of positive measure such that (x + tA)⊆E fails for almost all (Lebesgue) pairs (x, t). Also, the exceptional set of pairs (x, t) (for which (x + tA)⊆E) can be taken to project to a null set on the t‐axis. Finally, if the set A contains large subsets whose minimum gap is large (in a scale‐invariant way), then there is E⊆R of positive measure which contains no affine copy of A. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 28A12.
Localization, time histories, and energy spectra of a new type of recurrent high-energy transient source

The detection of a recurrent high-energy transient source which is neither a classical X-ray nor a gamma-ray burster, but whose properties are intermediate between the two, is reported. The energy spectra of 12 recurrent events are found to be soft, characterized by kT's of 34-56 keV. The time histories are short with rise and fall times as fast as about 10 ms. The source location is a 0.12 sq deg region about 10 deg from the Galactic center. 21 references.
Effect of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide on wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity with and without weed interaction

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop is one of the most valuable crops, and further boost in wheat yields is essential to meet the food demand of the emerging world population. It is therefore necessary to know the influence of future climate change on wheat yields. Present investigation was conducted in temperature gradient tunnel (TGTs) to evaluate the effects of elevated temperature, CO2 concentration,weed and their interactions on grain, biological yield and other yield attributes (number of spikes/m2, number of spikelets/spike, number of grains/spike and 1000-grain weight, harvest index) of wheat. Wheat crop was grown in TGT at three different temperature levels, i.e. T1 ambient, T2 ambient+1. 5Â°C, T3 ambient+3Â°C and two levels of carbon dioxide, i.e. ambient (ACO2) 400 ppm and elevated (ECO2) 550Â±50 ppm with and without weed interaction.The study revealed that yield and yield attributes of subsequent wheat crop increased due to ECO2. Mean individual effect of ECO2 increased grain yield of wheat by 14% and biological yield by 12% compared to ACO2. On the contrary, the yield was decreased with elevated temperature where a decrease in the grain yield from Ë—12% to Ë—20% and biological yield from Ë—11% to Ë—18% was observed at 1. 5Â°C and 3Â°C, respectively. Similarly the interaction of weeds in wheat crop, reduced the grain yield by 8% and biological yield of wheat by 6%, irrespective of CO2 and temperature levels.The statistical analysis (P<0.05) revealed significant effect of the interactions (CÃ—T, CÃ—W, WÃ—T, and CÃ—TÃ—W) on yield. Overall results the study proposal to adapt an effective weeds management strategy to controlled conditions of yield of wheat crop under the controlled conditions of CO2 and temperature.
Evaluation of cell collection efficiency in non‐mobilized adult donors for autologous chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell manufacturing

Data about collection efficiency 1 (CE1), which takes into account blood cell counts before and after collection, thus providing a more accurate estimate, in the collection of autologous T lymphocytes by apheresis for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cells remain scarce. We evaluated donor‐ and procedure‐related characteristics that might influence the CE1 of lymphocytes.
Interpretation and consequences of large-scale magnetic variances observed at high heliographic latitude

We consider recent Ulysses observations of the large-scale variances in the transverse components of the interplanetary magnetic field. A previously-suggested theory is shown to provide a good fit to the observed spatial variation and level of the fluctuations. The transport of cosmic rays in the heliosphere will be significantly affected by these fluctuations. In addition to impeding the inward, radial diffusive and drift access of cosmic rays over the poles, the magnetic fluctuations imply a large latitudinal diffusion, caused primarily by the field-line mixing, or random walk.
Applications of statistical methods to nondestructive evaluation

Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are used widely in many manufacturing and operational areas of industry. NDE is a highly statistical science that has developed rapidly over the past decade with relatively little input from individuals with forma1 training in statistics. This review article describes some of the many methods and applications of NDE, including eddy-current methods for detecting fatigue in jet-engine turbine disks, ultrasonic methods for detecting flaws in forged titanium, and radiographic methods for detecting out-of-control conditions in a casting process. We will also outline the important potential for increased use of modern methods of statistics to improve the practice of nondestructive evaluation. Areas of statistics important in NDE include data analysis and signal processing, decision theory, screening and calibration, the assessment of measurement capability, and the use of designed experiments for improvement of measurement/detection processes.
Dual antibody inhibition of KLK5 and KLK7 for Netherton syndrome and atopic dermatitis

The epidermis is a barrier that prevents water loss while keeping harmful substances from penetrating the host. The impermeable cornified layer of the stratum corneum is maintained by balancing continuous turnover driven by epidermal basal cell proliferation, suprabasal cell differentiation, and corneal shedding. The epidermal desquamation process is tightly regulated by balance of the activities of serine proteases of the Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) family and their cognate inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal type–related inhibitor (LEKTI), which is encoded by the serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5 gene. Imbalance of proteolytic activity caused by a deficiency of LEKTI leads to excessive desquamation due to increased activities of KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and results in Netherton syndrome (NS), a debilitating condition with an unmet clinical need. Increased activity of KLKs may also be pathological in other dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Here, we describe the discovery of inhibitory antibodies against murine KLK5 and KLK7 that could compensate for the deficiency of LEKTI in NS. These antibodies are protective in mouse models of NS and AD and, when combined, promote improved skin barrier integrity and reduced inflammation. To translate these findings, we engineered a humanized bispecific antibody capable of potent inhibition of human KLK5 and KLK7. A crystal structure of KLK5 bound to the inhibitory Fab revealed that the antibody binds distal to its active site and uses a relatively unappreciated allosteric inhibition mechanism. Treatment with the bispecific anti-KLK5/7 antibody represents a promising therapy for clinical development in NS and other inflammatory dermatoses. Description We develop a bispecific inhibitory antibody against KLK5 and KLK7 for treatment of Netherton Syndrome and atopic dermatitis. Subduing skin inflammation Subduing skin inflammationThe integrity of the epidermis is maintained through a continuous turnover process and involves members of the Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family and their cognate inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI). Netherton Syndrome (NS) is a debilitating skin condition caused by a LEKTI deficiency that results in unregulated activity of KLK5, KLK7 and KLK14. Chavarria-Smith et al. characterized two monoclonal antibodies that inhibited murine KLK5 and KLK7, which improved skin barrier function and reduced inflammation in a mouse model of NS as well as a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. They engineered a bispecific human anti-KLK5/KLK7 that displayed inhibitory activity by targeting an allosteric site in KLK5 distal from the active site. These findings suggest anti-KLK5/7 antibodies may be a potential strategy for treating NS and other inflammatory skin disorders.