Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Bioeconomic Foundation for the Nutrition-based Efficiency Wage Model

Drawing on recent research on allometric scaling and energy consumption, the present paper develops a nutrition-based eﬃciency wage model from ﬁrst principles. The biologically micro-founded model allows us to address empirical criticism of the original nutrition-based eﬃciency wage model. By extending the model with respect to heterogeneity in worker body size and a physiologically founded impact of body size on productivity, we demonstrate that the nutrition-based eﬃciency wage model is compatible with the empirical regularity that taller workers simultaneously earn higher wages and are less likely to be unemployed in less developed economies. The theory also provides an answer to the question of why the height-unemployment association may disappear in the process of development.
Temperature Extremes in the Community Atmosphere Model with Stochastic Parameterizations

AbstractThis paper evaluates the performance of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model, version 4 (CAM4), in simulating observed annual extremes of near-surface temperature and provides the first assessment of the impact of stochastic parameterizations of subgrid-scale processes on such performance. Two stochastic parameterizations are examined: the stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme and the stochastically perturbed parameterization tendency scheme. Temperature extremes are described in terms of 20-yr return levels and compared to those estimated from ERA-Interim and the Hadley Centre Global Climate Extremes Index 2 (HadEX2) observational dataset. CAM4 overestimates warm and cold extremes over land regions, particularly over the Northern Hemisphere, when compared against reanalysis. Similar spatial patterns, though less spatially coherent, emerge relative to HadEX2. The addition of a stochastic parameterization generally produces a warming of both warm and cold extremes relative to the unperturbed .
Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling

Comparisons among repeated geodetic levelings have often been used for detecting and estimating residual rod scale errors in leveled heights. Individual rod-pair scale errors are estimated by a two-step procedure using a model based on either differences in heights, differences in section height differences, or differences in section tilts. It is shown that the estimated rod-pair scale errors derived from each model are identical only when the data are correctly weighted, and the mathematical correlations are accounted for in the model based on heights. Analyses based on simple regressions of changes in height versus height can easily lead to incorrect conclusions. We also show that the statistically estimated scale errors are not a simple function of height, height difference, or tilt. The models are valid only when terrain slope is constant over adjacent pairs of setups (i.e., smoothly varying terrain). In order to discriminate between rod scale errors and vertical displacements due to crustal motion, the individual rod-pairs should be used in more than one leveling, preferably in areas of contrasting tectonic activity. From an analysis of 37 separately calibrated rod-pairs used in 55 levelings in southern California, we found eight statistically significant coefficients that could be reasonably attributed to rod scale errors, only one of which was larger than the expected random error in the applied calibration-based scale correction. However, significant differences with other independent checks indicate that caution should be exercised before accepting these results as evidence of scale error. Further refinements of the technique are clearly needed if the results are to be routinely applied in practice.
Bubble Collapse Structure: A Microstructural Record of Fluids, Bubble Formation and Collapse, and Mineralization in Pseudotachylyte

A complex microstructural feature has been discovered within centimeter-scale pseudotachylyte veins and is here termed “bubble collapse structure” (BCS). Three first-order features of BCSs are (1) a central quartz–dominated monocrystal or polycrystal, (2) a light-colored reaction halo, and (3) a generally radial but commonly curving pattern of opaque seams and/or elliptical quartz amygdules. Two populations of bubbles were principally responsible for forming BCSs. One was a population of millimeter-scale bubbles, and the second involved much more numerous small bubbles (mean diameter, μm). The first population likely formed from liquid water interstitial to the precursory cataclasite or from melting of hydrous minerals, whereas the second population formed by diffusional growth. BCSs began forming as the pseudotachylyte melt cooled and the pressure inside the bubbles decreased. As the large bubbles flattened into oblate ellipsoids parallel to the vein margins, melt flowed toward each collapsing bubble, deforming the smaller bubbles into radially arranged prolate shapes. Microlites nucleated in the melt on bubble margins and grew radially, and several minerals (titanite, apatite) grew on the margins of the collapsing bubbles. The nearly solidified melt formed convex-inward bulges, marking the last viscous flow. On further cooling, fluids penetrated the pseudotachylyte vein, partly along curving paths controlled by stress fields, forming pressure solution-like seams and triggering quartz precipitation within surviving vesicles. BCSs owe their origin to changing rheology and the formation of bubbles within the pseudotachylyte melt and the subsequent transition into vesicles and amygdules. BCSs allow insights into the premelting history and nucleation of water-rich precursory fault rocks, pseudotachylyte melt formation, cooling of the melt and accompanying volume loss, and the return of fluids into the fault zone during and after cooling.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A DIVISION OF LABORERS: IDENTITY AND EFFICIENCY IN INDIA

Workers’ social identity affects their occupation, and therefore the structure and prosperity of the aggregate economy. We estimate a general equilibrium Roy model of this phenomenon in the Indian caste system, where work and identity are particularly intertwined. New data on occupation, wages, and caste’s traditional occupations and social status show that workers are over-represented in their traditional occupations and under-represented in socially higher or lower occupations. We consider counterfactuals removing castes’ hierarchical and occupational links. Despite more efficient human capital allocation, aggregate output gains are small–in some counterfactuals negative–due to weaker caste networks and reduced learning across generations. Guilhem Cassan University of Namur, CRED 8 rue du Rempart de la Vierge, 5000, Namur, Belgium and CEPR guilhem.cassan@fundp.ac. be Daniel Keniston Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and NBER dkeniston@lsu.edu Tatjana Kleineberg The World Bank tkleineberg@worldbank.org “. the Caste System is not merely a division of labour. It is also a division of labourers. ” “. the Caste System [. ] involves an attempt to appoint tasks to individuals in advance, selected not on the basis of trained original capacities, but on that of the social status of the parents. ” The Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar (1936)
Aboriginal Family Services Agencies in High Poverty Urban Neighborhoods: Challenges Experienced by Local Staff

The purpose of the study was to describe the challenges of working in the community from the perspective of staff hired locally by culturally-based Aboriginal organizations in high-poverty urban neighborhoods. Locally staffed and culturally based Aboriginal family service agencies operating communities with high levels of poverty have emerged in large cities. Efforts of these agencies are consistent with community economic development practice aiming to improve local quality of life and skill development and promote economic capacity. There has been little research to date exploring the challenges faced by staff working in these organizations. Participants were residents of the local geographic community and staff of one of three Aboriginal family services agencies in a large Canadian city. They were asked “What are the challenges of working in your own community? ” and their responses were analyzed using concept mapping methodology. Twelve concepts emerged from the analysis including: lack of privacy, being personally affected outside of work, keeping healthy boundaries, and knowing how to help. In addition participants described the high local need and meeting the range of needs given limited funding and influence of government on operations. As well, participants identified dealing with broader structural issues, such as substance abuse and gang problems. The results indicate that staff in Aboriginal family services agencies in high poverty communities experience living in the same community as service recipients, management of personal relationships with them, diversity of need within their service area, as well as potential for traumatic experiences as particularly challenging. Staff preparation, training and support for these issues are important for funders and administrators to attend to.
Soil disturbance from pile driving in sensitive clay

Soil disturbance due to the driving of two groups of 116 concrete piles each in sensitive marine clay was studied on a construction project in eastern Canada. Pore-water pressures, heave, and lateral movement of soil and piles, and tests of strength, compressibility, and consistency limits of the soil were observed prior to and up to 3 months after pile driving whereas observations of pore-water pressures were continued for an additional 5 months. Driving of the piles had little effect on the compressibility and consistency limits of the marine clay, but the in situ shear strength and cone penetration resistance were reduced by about 15 and 30%, respectively. Soil heave within the group of piles decreased linearly with depth from a maximum of 450 mm (18 in.) at the ground surface to about zero at the pile tips, and in volume amounted to approximately 55% of the soil displaced by the piles. The vertical heave outside the pile group was confined to a horizontal distance of 12 m (39 pile diameters). During p.
REVIEW INFORMATION THAT ADRESSES THE TOPIC OF ANGLOPHONE CULTURE LITERATURE AND READING COMPREHENSION IN THE EFL CLASSES

Implementing anglophone culture literature in classrooms can be useful for EFL students to enhance their reading strategies and expand their cultural knowledge while they connect their own life experiences with the content provided in the different types of literature materials. This monograph is a qualitative study since it seeks to analyze different results once learners prove their reading comprehension development process through anglophone culture reading exercises. This study is also a bibliometric analysis because of the usage of qualitative methods used to analyze content, references, citations, and authorships of different publications. Based on this, there are no research questions or participants. Regarding Diodato (2012), the technique to be followed in this research, to gather information, is setting up the premises as explained as follows: The regarded topic for this study is to review anglophone culture literature to improve reading skills; this study is taking into consideration two key languages to find information such as English and Spanish; Some academic journal sources such as Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura, and Revista Colombiana de Educación will be considered to establish the search of information. Other techniques used to collect information are searching, evaluating, and analyzing the criteria and results. With this monograph, I expect to stimulate research regarding the usage of anglophone culture literature in EFL classrooms to improve students’ reading skills.
Adult mortality surveillance by routine health workers using a short verbal autopsy tool in rural north India

Background Most of the standard verbal autopsy tools are long and are used in a research setting. This study aims to compare a short verbal autopsy (VA) tool developed at Ballabgarh, India to be used by health workers for routine mortality surveillance with a standard tool. Methods A short VA tool was developed which was used by health workers during their routine house visits while a standard International Network of Field Sites with continuous Demographic Evaluation (INDEPTH) VA tool was ﬁlled by trained research workers for all adult deaths that occurred in 2008. The cause-speciﬁc mortality fraction using two tools, validity of the Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project (CRHSP) VA tool with INDEPTH VA tool as reference and agreement between the two tools, was compared. Results The cause-speciﬁc mortality fraction was 11.6% and 12% for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 10.6% and 11.8% for chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD), and 9.4% and 7.3% for tuberculosis, using the INDEPTH and CRHSP VA tool, respectively. 16% and 21% of the deaths could not be classiﬁed using the INDEPTH and CRHSP VA tool respectively. The sensitivity of the CRHSP VA tool was 78.5% for IHD, 80% for COPD, 58.3% for tuberculosis, 92.8% for malignant neoplasm and 97.2% for intentional self harm. The kappa between two tools for IHD, COPD, tuberculosis, malignant neoplasm and intentional self harm was 0.754, 0.711, 0.628, 0.876 and 0.892 respectively. Conclusion The short VA tool had a good sensitivity and fair to excellent agreement with the standard tool in different age groups across the major causes of death. It can be used within the routine healthcare delivery framework and can ﬁll the gap in mortality surveillance.
Evaluating Gaia performances on eclipsing binaries

This is the fourth in a series of papers that aim both to provide reasonable orbits for a number of eclipsing binaries and to evaluate the expected performance of Gaia of these objects and the accuracy that is achievable in the determination of such fundamental stellar parameters as mass and radius. In this paper, we attempt to derive the orbits and physical parameters for three eclipsing binaries in the mid-F to mid-G spectral range. As for previous papers, only the Hp, Vt, Bt photometry from the Hipparcos/Tycho mission and ground-based radial velocities from spectroscopy in the region 8480-8740 A are used in the analyses. These data sets simulate the photometric and spectroscopic data that are expected to be obtained by Gaia, the approved ESA Cornerstone mission to be launched in 2011. The systems targeted in this paper are SV Cam, BS Dra and HP Dra. SV Cam and BS Dra have been studied previously, allowing comparisons of the derived parameters with those from full scale and devoted ground-based investigations. HP Dra has no published orbital solution. SV Cam has a beta Lyrae type light curve and the others have Algol-like light curves. SV Cam has the complication of light curve anomalies, usually attributed to spots; BS Dra has non-solar metallicity, and HP Dra appears to have a small eccentricity and a sizeable time derivative in the argument of the periastron. Thus all three provide interesting and different test cases.
Palmitoylation and Plasma Membrane Targeting of RGS7 Are Promoted by (cid:1) o

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate G protein signaling by acting as GTPase-activating proteins for G protein (cid:1) -subunits. RGS7 belongs to a subfamily of RGS proteins that exist as dimers with the G protein (cid:2) 5 -subunit. In this report, we addressed the mechanisms of plasma membrane localization of (cid:2) 5 RGS7. When expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, (cid:2) 5 RGS7 was found to be cytoplasmic and soluble. Expression of (cid:1) o promoted a strong redistribution of (cid:2) 5 RGS7 to the plasma membrane. Expression of (cid:1) q , however, failed to affect the subcellular localization of (cid:2) 5 RGS7. The constitutively active mutant (cid:1) o R179C, like wild-type (cid:1) o , strongly recruited (cid:2) 5 RGS7 to plasma membranes; however, inactive (cid:1) o G204A, RGS-insensitive (cid:1) o G184S, and lipidation- deficient (cid:1) o G2A were all defective in the ability to promote plasma membrane localization of (cid:2) 5 RGS7. In addition, palmitoylation of RGS7 was demonstrated, and palmitoylation re- quired expression of (cid:1) o or (cid:1) o R179C. To examine potential palmitoylation sites of RGS7, several cysteines were substi- tuted with serines. (cid:2) 5 RGS7C133S failed to localize to plasma membranes when coexpressed with (cid:1) o , suggesting cysteine 133 of RGS7 as a putative palmitoylation site. Finally, deletion of amino acids 76 to 128 of RGS7, which includes part of the disheveled, EGL-10, pleckstrin (DEP) domain, prevented (cid:1) o mediated plasma membrane recruitment of (cid:2) 5 RGS7. These findings are the first to demonstrate G (cid:1) -regulated plasma membrane localization and palmitoylation of (cid:2) 5 RGS7 and sug- gest that membrane targeting of (cid:2) 5 RGS7 is a complex process requiring at least RGS domain-mediated interaction with (cid:1) o and RGS7 palmitoylation.
Exact controllability of infinite dimensional systems with controls of minimal norm

The paper deals with the exact controllability of a semilinear system in a separable Hilbert space. A bounded linear part is considered and a linear control introduced. The state space is compactly embedded in a Banach space and the nonlinear term is continuous in its state variable in the norm of the Banach space. An infinite sequence of finite dimensional controllability problems is introduced and the solution is obtained by a limiting procedure. To the best of our knowledge, the method is new in controllability theory. An application to an integro-differential system in euclidean spaces completes the discussion.
Subdivision of Glacial Deposits in Southeastern Peru Based on Pedogenic Development and Radiometric Ages

Abstract The Cordillera Vilcanota and Quelccaya Ice Cap region of southern Peru (13°30′–14°00′S; 70°40′–71°25′W) contains a detailed record of late Quaternary glaciation in the tropical Andes. Quantification of soil development on 19 moraine crests and radiocarbon ages are used to reconstruct the glacial history. Secondary iron and clay increase linearly in Quelccaya soils and clay accumulates at a linear rate in Vilcanota soils, which may reflect the semicontinuous addition of eolian dust enriched in secondary iron to all soils. In contrast, logarithmic rates of iron buildup in soils in the Cordillera Vilcanota reflect chemical weathering; high concentrations of secondary iron in Vilcanota tills may mask the role of eolian input to these soils. Soil-age estimates from extrapolation of field and laboratory data suggest that the most extensive late Quaternary glaciation occurred >70,000 yr B.P. This provides one of the first semiquantitative age estimates for maximum ice extent in southern Peru and is supported by a minimum-limiting age of ∼41,520 14C yr B.P. A late glacial readvance culminated ∼16,650 cal yr B.P. in the Cordillera Vilcanota. Following rapid deglaciation of unknown extent, an advance of the Quelccaya Ice Cap occurred between ∼13,090 and 12,800 cal yr B.P., which coincides approximately with the onset of the Younger Dryas cooling in the North Atlantic region. Moraines deposited <394 cal yr B.P. in the Cordillera Vilcanota and <300 cal yr B.P. on the west side of the Quelccaya Ice Cap correlate with Little Ice Age moraines of other regions.
Vegetation changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene in Lebanon: a pollen record from the Bekaa Valley

A sediment core retrieved from Quaternary deposits from the Aammiq wetland (Bekaa Valley, Lebanon) provided a pollen record carrying valuable information which allowed reconstruction of past vegetation dynamics in relation to climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Core stratigraphy and microfossil data helped interpret the depositional settings of the sequence. Before c. 12.2 kyr cal. BP, an expansion of cedars (Cedrus libani) and deciduous oaks (Quercus cerris-type) is observed. The Younger Dryas is marked by the spread of a Chenopodiaceae steppe and a regression of cedars and deciduous oaks. During the early Holocene, an open oak forest expanded concomitantly with the development of a marsh in the Bekaa Valley. Between c. 6.0 and c. 3.4 kyr cal. BP, major disturbances in the sedimentation process are recorded, leading to some dissimilarities with other palaeobotanical records from the Eastern Mediterranean region. After c. 3.4 kyr cal. BP, the pollen data reveal that agriculture in the Bekaa Valley was mainly oriented towards livestock rearing since there is very little record of cultivated plants. In this regard, the results conflict somewhat with other studies carried out in the Eastern Mediterranean region, where intensive cultures have been observed since the early Holocene. Cultures might have been present in other regions in Lebanon but apparently not in this part of the Bekaa Valley.
A re-appraisal of the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Ordovician Fishguard Volcanic Group, SW Wales

Abstract The Fishguard Volcanic Group represents an excellently preserved example of a volcanic sequence linked to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean. This study re-examines the petrogenesis and proposed tectonic setting for the Llanvirn (467–458 Ma) Fishguard Volcanic Group, South Wales, UK. New major and trace element geochemical data and petrographic observations are used to re-evaluate the magma chamber processes, mantle melting and source region. The new data reveal that the Fishguard Volcanic Group represents a closely related series of basalts, basaltic andesites, dacites and rhyolites originating from a spinel lherzolite source which had been modified by subduction components. The rocks of the Fishguard Volcanic Group are co-genetic and the felsic members are related to the more primitive basalts mainly by low-pressure fractional crystallization. The geochemistry of the lavas was significantly influenced by subduction processes associated with a coeval arc, while significant amounts of assimilation of continental crust along with fractional crystallization appear to have contributed to the compositions of the most evolved lavas. The Fishguard Volcanic Group was erupted into a back-arc basin where extensive rifting but no true seafloor spreading had occurred.
Long‐term variability in precipitation and streamflow in Iceland and relations to atmospheric circulation

How the variability of the atmospheric circulation affects precipitation in Iceland is not completely understood. Also, the sea surface temperature (SST) has a strong influence on the temperature over the country, and thereby, snow and glacial melt. This study, therefore, aims at explaining how atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature influence seasonal and annual precipitation, and, consequently, runoff in Iceland.
A statistical study of UHF auroral backscatter at large magnetic aspect angle: A reanalysis of unpublished results from 1968

In 1968 a joint study of radar-auroral backscatter was carried out by Bell Laboratories, Western Electric, and Lincoln Laboratory using the 448-MHz radar of the Prince Albert Radar Laboratory. They made observations covering a range of magnetic aspect angles from 4.5° to 16°, but the results were not published in the open literature. These data have been reanalyzed and used to obtain results on the aspect sensitivity, flow angle dependence, absolute scattering cross section, Doppler velocity distributions, and the azimuthal variation of Doppler velocity for large aspect angle auroral backscatter. The average aspect sensitivity was found to be independent of aspect angle and to decrease with increasing backscatter power. Estimates of the largest absolute scattering cross sections were much greater than previous estimates at the same aspect angles, but these cross sections appear to be consistent with previous values once the long duration of the experiment is taken into account. Backscatter power was found to be essentially independent of flow angle.