Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Average-Case Compilability in Knowledge Representation

Compilability is a fundamental property of knowledge representation formalisms which captures how succinctly information can be expressed. A l though many results concerning compilability have been obtained, they are all "worst-case" results. We develop a theory of average-case compilability which allows for the formal comparison and classification of knowledge representation formalisms "on average. "
Classifier-Guided Topical Crawler: A Novel Method of Automatically Labeling the Positive URLs

It is a key factor for classifier-guided topical crawler to obtain labeled training samples. Recently, many such classifiers are trained with WebPages which are labeled manually or extracted from the Open Directory Project (ODP), and then the classifiers judge the topical relevance of WebPages pointed to by hyperlinks in the crawler frontier. Though one can obtain labeled WebPages with comparative ease, however, training the classifiers with WebPages violates the overall hypothesis of machine learning about i.i. d (Independent and Identical Distribution) between training and testing sets because the classification instances are hyperlinks (URLs) instead of WebPages. For the reason, this paper investigates and proposes a novel method based on templates for automatically labeling the positive URLs to develop classifier-guided topical crawlers. A series of off-line and on-line experiments are performed extensively. The results demonstrate that the classifier-guided topical crawler trained with labeled URLs has higher recall than the one trained with labeled WebPages. The results also prove that the classifier using immediate vicinity of hyperlinks and the corresponding anchor texts leads the crawler to attain harvest rate of about 95%.
Adaptive EKF-Based Vehicle State Estimation With Online Assessment of Local Observability

In this paper, an extended Kalman filter-based estimator adopting a dynamic vehicle model for determining the vehicle's longitudinal and lateral velocity as well as the yaw rate is proposed. Two additional adaptation states are introduced to scale longitudinal and lateral tire forces if necessary to account for uncertainties in the tire/road contact. As excitation plays a vital role as far as observability is concerned, the suggested approach assesses local observability online and keeps an unobservable adaptation state constant by introducing the respective state as a virtual measurement variable when losing local observability. Furthermore, the filter is part of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based estimation framework. It exploits the availability of a GNSS-based horizontal velocity estimate instead of wheel speeds as aiding measurement, thus being independent of wheel slip. Experimental results for scenarios with different kinds of excitation show the effectiveness of the proposed estimator in the nominal as well as in the perturbed vehicle parameter case requiring filter adaptation.
A Change Metamodel for the Evolution of MOF-Based Metamodels

The evolution of software systems often produces incompatibilities with existing data and applications. To prevent incompatibilities, changes have to be wellplanned, and developers should know the impact of changes on a software system. This consideration also applies to the field of model-driven development, where changes occur with the modification of the underlying metamodels. Models that are instantiated from an earlier metamodel version may not be valid instances of the new version of a metamodel. In contrast to other metamodeling standards like the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF), no classification of metamodel changes has been performed yet for the Meta Object Facility (MOF). The contribution of this paper is the evaluation of the impact of metamodel changes on models. For the formalisation of changes to MOF-based metamodels, a Change Metamodel is introduced to describe the transformation of one version of a metamodel to another. The changes are then classifed by their impact on the compatibility to existing model data. The classification is formalised using OCL constraints. The Change Metamodel and the change classifications presented in this paper lay the foundation for the implemention of a mechanism that allows metamodel editors to estimate the impact of metamodel changes semi-automatically.
Discharge Current From Coated Wire to GMR Head

The giant magnetoresistive (GMR) head used in magnetic recording is an extremely sensitive device that is sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). A generally available coated wire that is electrified on its surface can increase the potential of the copper core. When the wire is touched to the GMR head terminal, the discharge current can damage the sensor of the GMR head. Four types of wires were measured for three lengths each. Resin-coated wires were electrified from 20 V to more than 1 kV. The peak current discharging to the GMR head ranged from 100 mA to more than 1000 mA. A resin-coated wire as short as 5 cm was found to damage the GMR head. Among the wires examined herein, only the enameled wire is recommended to connect the GMR head because no charge or discharge currents were observed for this wire. When an ionizer is used to neutralize the tribocharge on the surface of the wire, the remaining charge in the copper core depends on the effectiveness of the neutralization process. A wire with an antistatic coating is required in order to reduce the ESD threat to sensitive devices such as the GMR head
Ultraviolet vision in lacertid lizards: evidence from retinal structure, eye transmittance, SWS1 visual pigment genes and behaviour

Ultraviolet (UV) vision and UV colour patches have been reported in a wide range of taxa and are increasingly appreciated as an integral part of vertebrate visual perception and communication systems. Previous studies with Lacertidae, a lizard family with diverse and complex coloration, have revealed the existence of UV-reflecting patches that may function as social signals. However, confirmation of the signalling role of UV coloration requires demonstrating that the lizards are capable of vision in the UV waveband. Here we use a multidisciplinary approach to characterize the visual sensitivity of a diverse sample of lacertid species. Spectral transmission measurements of the ocular media show that wavelengths down to 300 nm are transmitted in all the species sampled. Four retinal oil droplet types can be identified in the lacertid retina. Two types are pigmented and two are colourless. Fluorescence microscopy reveals that a type of colourless droplet is UV-transmitting and may thus be associated with UV-sensitive cones. DNA sequencing shows that lacertids have a functional SWS1 opsin, very similar at 13 critical sites to that in the presumed ancestral vertebrate (which was UV sensitive) and other UV-sensitive lizards. Finally, males of Podarcis muralis are capable of discriminating between two views of the same stimulus that differ only in the presence/absence of UV radiance. Taken together, these results provide convergent evidence of UV vision in lacertids, very likely by means of an independent photopigment. Moreover, the presence of four oil droplet types suggests that lacertids have a four-cone colour vision system.
Succinctness of the Complement and Intersection of Regular Expressions

We study the succinctness of the complement and intersection of regular expressions. In particular, we show that when constructing a regular expression defining the complement of a given regular expression, a double exponential size increase cannot be avoided. Similarly, when constructing a regular expression defining the intersection of a fixed and an arbitrary number of regular expressions, an exponential and double exponential size increase, respectively, cannot be avoided. All mentioned lower bounds improve the existing ones by one exponential and are tight in the sense that the target expression can be constructed in the corresponding time class, that is, exponential or double exponential time. As a by-product, we generalize a theorem by Ehrenfeucht and Zeiger stating that there is a class of DFAs which are exponentially more succinct than regular expressions, to a fixed alphabet. When the given regular expressions are one-unambiguous, as for instance required by the XML Schema specification, the complement can be computed in polynomial time whereas the bounds concerning intersection continue to hold. For the subclass of single-occurrence regular expressions, we prove a tight exponential lower bound for intersection.
A Conserved Inhibitory Mechanism of a Lycorine Derivative against Enterovirus and Hepatitis C Virus

ABSTRACT Enterovirus 71 (EV71) (Picornaviridae family) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Flaviviridae family) are the causative agents of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and hepatitis C, resulting in a severe pandemic involving millions of infections in the Asia-Pacific region and worldwide. The great impact of EV71 and HCV on public health highlights the need to further our understanding of the biology of these two viruses and develop effective therapeutic antivirals. Here, we evaluated a total of 32 lycorine derivatives and demonstrated that 1-acetyllycorine suppressed the proliferation of multiple strains of EV71 in various cells. The results of the drug resistance analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine targeted a phenylalanine (F76) in EV71 2A protease (2Apro) to stabilize the conformation of a unique zinc finger. Most interestingly, the zinc binding site in EV71 2Apro is the exclusive homolog of HCV NS3 among all viruses. Further analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine also inhibits HCV with high efficacy, and the mutation on R118 in HCV NS3, which corresponds to F76 in EV71 2Apro, confers the resistance of HCV to 1-acetyllycorine. These results revealed a conserved mechanism of 1-acetyllycorine against EV71 and HCV through targeting viral proteases. We also documented the significant synergistic anti-EV71 and anti-HCV effects of 1-acetyllycorine with reported inhibitors, supporting potential combination therapy for the treatment of EV71 and HCV infections.
Attentional orienting to graspable objects: what triggers the response?

We used event-related potentials to determine whether attentional orienting to graspable objects depends on the type of motor representation they implicitly activate – object and/or hand specific. Our paradigm was based on varying the visual hemifield location (left vs. right) of a task-irrelevant ‘tool’. As our left-handed participants had object and hand-specific motor representations lateralized to their left and right cerebral hemispheres, respectively, the motor representation activated on each trial thus varied with the tool's hemifield. In question was whether attentional orienting would also vary with the tool's hemifield. Our ERP data, however, indicated that attention was drawn to the tool's location regardless of hemifield, suggesting that graspable objects can trigger attentional orienting via either an object or hand-specific motor representation.
Approaches to T–S Fuzzy-Affine-Model-Based Reliable Output Feedback Control for Nonlinear Itô Stochastic Systems

This paper deals with the problem of reliable and robust <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathscr {H}_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> static output feedback (SOF) controller synthesis for continuous-time nonlinear stochastic systems with actuator faults. The nonlinear stochastic plant is expressed by an Itô-type Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy-affine model with parametric uncertainties, and a Markov process is employed to model the occurrence of actuator fault. The purpose is to design an admissible piecewise SOF controller, such that the resulting closed-loop system is stochastically stable with a prescribed disturbance attenuation level in an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathscr {H}_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> sense. Specifically, based on a Markovian Lyapunov function combined with Itô differential formula, S-procedure, and some matrix inequality convexification procedures, two new approaches to the reliable SOF controller analysis and synthesis are proposed for the underlying stochastic fuzzy-affine systems. It is shown that the existence of desired reliable controllers is fully characterized in terms of strict linear matrix inequalities. Finally, simulation examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of the developed methods.
Clinical characteristics in patients with non-cardiac chest pain could favor gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosis

Background In patients with non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is thought to be the commonest cause. Ambulatory pH monitoring and/or endoscopy are usually performed in order to confirm GERD diagnosis. At present, clinical diagnosis of reflux in patients with NCCP is uncertain.The aim of the study was to determine clinical characteristics that could identify GERD in patients with NCCP. Methods A total of 52 (age 52.8±1.8 yrs, 29 women) patients with NCCP underwent combined impedance-pH monitoring and gastroscopy. GERD diagnosis was based on the presence of esophagitis and/or a positive impedance-pH study (symptom index >50% and/or esophageal acid exposure time >4.0%). Patients were then divided into 2 groups: GERD- and non-GERD-related NCCP. Demographic and clinical parameters were compared between these two groups. Results GERD-related NCCP was found in 30 (58%) patients. Demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Chest pain showed no difference in severity, radiation, relation to exercise and relation to sleep between the two groups. In the GERD-related NCCP group, chest pain was more prevalent during the postprandial period (P<0.05) and was relieved by spontaneous use of antireflux drugs (P<0.05). The presence of typical reflux symptoms favored a GERD diagnosis (P<0.05). Conclusions A proportion of patients with NCCP showed clinical characteristics suggesting a GERD diagnosis. Typical reflux symptoms, postprandial chest pain and use of anti-reflux drugs for pain relief were the best predictors for GERD-related NCCP.
Preliminary determination of geothermal working area based on Thermal Infrared and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing

Remote sensing is one of the methods for geothermal exploration. This method can be used to map the geological structures, manifestations, and predict the geothermal potential area. The results from remote sensing were used as guidance for the next step exploration. Analysis of target in remote sensing is an efficient method to delineate geothermal surface manifestation without direct contact to the object. The study took a place in District Merangin, Jambi Province, Indonesia. The area was selected due to existing of Merangin volcanic complex composed by Mounts Sumbing and Hulunilo with surface geothermal manifestations presented by hot springs and hot pools. The location of surface manifestations could be related with local and regional structures of Great Sumatra Fault. The methods used in this study were included identification of volcanic products, lineament extraction, and lineament density quantification. The objective of this study is to delineate the potential zones for sitting the geothermal working site based on Thermal Infrared and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors. The lineament-related to geological structures, was aimed for high lineament density, is using ALOS - PALSAR (Advanced Land Observing Satellite - The Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) level 1.1. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis was used to predict the vegetation condition using Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS (The Operational Land Imager – Thermal Infrared Sensor). The brightness temperature was extracted from TIR band to estimate the surface temperature. Geothermal working area identified based on index overlay method from extracted parameter of remote sensing data was located at the western part of study area (Graho Nyabu area). This location was identified because of the existence of high surface temperature about 30°C, high lineament density about 4 - 4.5 km/km2 and low NDVI values less than 0.3.
Dissociating dynamic probability and predictability in observed actions—an fMRI study

The present fMRI study investigated whether human observers spontaneously exploit the statistical structure underlying continuous action sequences. In particular, we tested whether two different statistical properties can be distinguished with regard to their neural correlates: an action step's predictability and its probability. To assess these properties we used measures from information theory. Predictability of action steps was operationalized by its inverse, conditional entropy, which combines the number of possible action steps with their respective probabilities. Probability of action steps was assessed using conditional surprisal, which increases with decreasing probability. Participants were trained in an action observation paradigm with video clips showing sequences of 9–33 s length with varying numbers of action steps that were statistically structured according to a Markov chain. Behavioral tests revealed that participants implicitly learned this statistical structure, showing that humans are sensitive toward these probabilistic regularities. Surprisal (lower probability) enhanced the BOLD signal in the anterior intraparietal sulcus. In contrast, high conditional entropy, i.e., low predictability, was correlated with higher activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal gyrus, and posterior intraparietal sulcus. Furthermore, we found a correlation between the anterior hippocampus' response to conditional entropy with the extent of learning, such that the more participants had learnt the structure, the greater the magnitude of hippocampus activation in response to conditional entropy. Findings show that two aspects of predictions can be dissociated: an action's predictability is reflected in a top-down modulation of attentional focus, evident in increased fronto-parietal activation. In contrast, an action's probability depends on the identity of the stimulus itself, resulting in bottom-up driven processing costs in the parietal cortex.
Coordination-based distributed constraint solving in DICE

DICE (Distributed Constraint Environment) is a framework for the construction of distributed constraint solvers from software components in a number of predefined categories. The framework is implemented using the Manifold coordination language, and delivers coordination services to these components. The coordination services implement existing protocols for constraint propagation, termination detection and splitting of constraint satisfaction problems. DICE combines these protocols with support for parallel search and the grouping of closely related components into cooperating solvers. In addition to these facilities, the paper describes the DICE framework architecture, and gives a report on its implementation.
Bio-inspired Promoters and Inhibitors for Self-Organized Network Security Facilities

Self-organization techniques based on promoters and inhibitors has been intensively studied in biological systems. Promoters enable an on-demand amplification of reactions to a particular cause. This allows to react quickly with appropriate countermeasures. On the other hand, inhibitors are capable of regulating this uncontrolled amplification by suppressing the reaction. In this paper, we demonstrate the applicability of these mechanisms in a network security scenario consisting of network monitoring elements, attack detection, and firewall devices. Previous work identified most existing detection approaches as not suitable for high-speed networks. This problem can be alleviated by separating the methodologies for network monitoring and for subsequent data analysis. In this paper, we present an adaptation algorithm that allows to manage the individual configuration parameters in order to optimize the overall system. We show the advantages of self-regulating techniques based on promoters and inhibitors that lead to maximized security and that gracefully degradate in case of overload situations. We created a simulation model to verify the algorithms. The results of the conducted simulations encourage further studies in this field
The impact of recent population history on the deleterious mutation load in humans and close evolutionary relatives

Over the past decade, there has been both great interest and confusion about whether recent demographic events—notably the Out-of-Africa-bottleneck and recent population growth—have led to differences in mutation load among human populations. The confusion can be traced to the use of different summary statistics to measure load, which lead to apparently conflicting results. We argue, however, that when statistics more directly related to load are used, the results of different studies and data sets consistently reveal little or no difference in the load of non-synonymous mutations among human populations. Theory helps to understand why no such differences are seen, as well as to predict in what settings they are to be expected. In particular, as predicted by modeling, there is evidence for changes in the load of recessive loss of function mutations in founder and inbred human populations. Also as predicted, eastern subspecies of gorilla, Neanderthals and Denisovans, who are thought to have undergone reductions in population sizes that exceed the human Out-of-Africa bottleneck in duration and severity, show evidence for increased load of non-synonymous mutations (relative to western subspecies of gorillas and modern humans, respectively). A coherent picture is thus starting to emerge about the effects of demographic history on the mutation load in populations of humans and close evolutionary relatives.
Parallel matrix multiplication on a linear array with a reconfigurable pipelined bus system

The known fast sequential algorithms for multiplying two N/spl times/N matrices (over an arbitrary ring) have time complexity O(N/sup /spl alpha//), where 2</spl alpha/<3. The current best value of /spl alpha/ is less than 2.3755. We show that for all 1/spl les/p/spl les/N/sup /spl alpha//, multiplying two N/spl times/N matrices can be performed on a p-processor linear array with a reconfigurable pipelined bus system (LARPBS) in O(N/sup /spl alpha///p+(N/sup 2//p/sup 2//spl alpha//)log p) time. This is currently the fastest parallelization of the best known sequential matrix multiplication algorithm on a distributed memory parallel system.
Pain recognition using spatiotemporal oriented energy of facial muscles

Pain is a critical sign in many medical situations and its automatic detection and recognition using computer vision techniques is of great importance. Utilizes this fact that pain is a spatiotemporal process, the proposed system in this paper employs steerable and separable filters to measures energies released by the facial muscles during the pain process. The proposed system not only detects the pain but recognizes its level. Experimental results on the publicly available pain database of UNBC show promising outcome for automatic pain detection and recognition.