Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contribution to the knowledge of the spruce-cone gall midge Kaltenbachiola strobi (Winn.) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) and its parasites in Wienerwald.

Information connected with biology of the Spruce-cone gall midge Kaltenbachiola strobi (Winn.), pest insect in cones of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and its parasites (Hymenoptera) viz., Torymus azureus Boh. (Torymidae), Anogmus strobilorum (Thorns.), Anogmus vala (Walk.) (Pteromalidae), Tetrastichus strobilanae (Ratz.) (Eulophidae), Hypocampsis contorticornis (Ratz.) (Platygasteridae) and Torymus caudatus Boh. , a presumptive parasite of K. strobi are presented in this paper. The insects in question were bred in the year 1979 from cones of Picea abies, originating from Wienerwald (Weidlingbach and Windisch-Hutte), in Lower Austria. Zusammenfassung Zur Kenntnis der Fichtenzapfenschuppengallmucke, Kaltenbachiola strobi (Winn.) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) und ihrer Parasiten im Wienerwald Aus Fichtenzapfen der Ernte 1978, die im Marz 1979 im Wienerwald, Niederosterreich, gesammelt wurden und von der Gallmucke Kaltenbachiola strobi befallen waren, wurden folgende Hymenopteren gezogen: Torymus azureus Boh. (Torymidae), Anogmus strobilorum (Thorns.), Anogmus vala (Walk.) (Pteromalidae), Tetrastichus strobilanae (Ratz.) (Eulophidae), Hypocampsis contorticornis (Ratz.) (Platygasteridae) (Abb. 1) und Torymus caudatus Boh. (Torymidae). Die Parasitierung von K. strobi durch die einzelnen Parasiten bewegte sich zwischen 0,5 (Anogmus strobilorum) und 37,4 % (Torymus azureus) (Tab. 1). An Hand der Analysen ergab sich, das die untersuchten Zapfen 1–34 (durchschnittlich 10,6) durch Individuen von K. strobi befallen waren. In einem Zapfen waren relativ am zahlreichsten die beiden Parasiten Torymus azureus (1 bis 32, durchschnittlich 6,4) und Hypocampsis contorticornis (1 bis 30, durchschnittlich 4,4). Es werden Flugzeit (Abb. 3), Sexualindex und Lebensdauer (Abb. 4) der Imagines der meisten Parasiten aufgezeigt. Von Torymus azureus wurde die Entwicklung von der erwachsenen Larve bis zur Imago verfolgt (Abb. 2).
Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on Bulbing of the Common Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Under Arid Tropical Conditions of the Sudan

Summary Under the arid tropical conditions of the Sudan, where seasonal variations in photoperiod are small but where temperatures are high, there is evidence from the performance of both local and introduced onion varieties that temperature has considerable influence on bulbing. The onset of bulbing does not prohibit the emergence of bladed leaves under such high temperature conditions. The size of the onion plant may be an important factor in the bulbing response under conditions of high temperature and small variations in photoperiod.
Interaction between four flavonoids and trypsin: effect on the characteristics of trypsin and antioxidant activity of flavonoids

Summary Interaction of flavonoids and enzyme may affect characteristics and physiological activities of both components. In this study, the effects of the interaction between four flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin) and trypsin were examined. At the concentration of 2.7 mm, inhibition of trypsin (1.6 U mL−1) by quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin was 46.4%, 32.6%, 26.8% and 17.7%, respectively. In the presence of trypsin, DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of flavonoids were obviously inhibited. Addition of flavonoids led to fluorescence quenching of trypsin. The decreasing order of binding force between flavonoids and trypsin was quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin. It is concluded that the interaction between flavonoids and trypsin depends on the number and position of hydroxyl group of flavonoids.
Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Channel Catfish Pond Effluents

Abstract Water from a production pond for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Hale County, Alabama, was passed through a constructed wetland consisting of two cells, one planted with California bulrush (Scirpus californicus) and giant cutgrass (Zizaniopsis miliacea) and one planted with Halifax maidencane (Panicum hemitomon). The removal of potential pollutants from water flowing through the wetland was determined for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-d hydraulic residence times (HRTs), with hydraulic loading rates of 77–91 L/m2 of wetland per day. Concentrations of potential pollutants were much lower in effluent from the wetland than in influent from the channel catfish ponds. The following reductions in concentrations were recorded: total ammonia nitrogen, 1–81 %; nitrite-nitrogen, 43–98%; nitrate-nitrogen, 51–75%; total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 45–61%; total phosphorus, 59–84%; biochemical oxygen demand, 37–67%; suspended solids, 75–87%; volatile suspended solids, 68–91 %; and settleable solids, 57–100%. Overall perfo.
Carbamazepine‐Induced Brain Weight Reduction in Chick Embryos

Abstract The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) had been considered to be relatively safe for the fetus. We examined the teratogenicity of CBZ using chick embryos, with particular focus on the brain. A single dose of 5 mg was injected into the yolk sac of White Leghorn chick embryos at 24, 72, 120, 168 or 216 hours of incubation. On day 19 of incubation, embryos were removed, and counted and recorded as either live or dead. Each live embryo was inspected for the presence of external abnormalities, and body and brain weight were measured. There was no statistically significant difference between treated groups and control groups at all hours of incubation for mean body weight and incidence of embryo death. Mean brain weight was significantly lighter in treated groups at 120 and 168 hours of incubation. A significant difference in mean brain/body weight ratio was observed only at 120 hours of incubation. External abnormalities in treated embryos were not found with any consistency and these incidences were not significantly higher compared to those in the control groups. This experiment provides evidence regarding the risk of teratogenesis due to CBZ in the brain of chick embryo. The 120 hours of incubation in chick embryos corresponds to the 34‐36th day after conception in humans.
Influence of income and capital on reproduction in a viviparous snake: direct and indirect effects

A central issue in life-history studies is the extent to which organisms are ‘capital’ versus ‘income’ breeders (i.e. using stored resources vs. current food intake). Snakes are primarily capital breeders, but income during vitellogenesis can also contribute to reproductive output. In Manitoba, the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis has a short active season, with mating occurring upon emergence from hibernation and vitellogenesis shortly thereafter. Given the brevity of this sequence, animals in these populations should be almost exclusively capital breeders. Consistent with this prediction, in this experiment the reproductive output of recently mated snakes was influenced by mass of the mother at the time of mating but not by her food intake shortly after mating. Food eaten during pregnancy contributed significantly to postpartum mass but not to litter mass. However, the initial mass of snakes influenced both postpartum and litter mass. For snakes given a high ration of food, a female's relative mass (i.e. adjusted for body length) significantly influenced the actual amount she consumed (relatively lighter snakes ate more). Perhaps most important, among pregnant snakes, those that were initially relatively heavier gave birth substantially and significantly earlier. Thus, snakes that are relatively heavy when they mate may gain further fitness benefits following pregnancy (e.g. more time to acquire resources and for offspring to grow before winter), which can also be interpreted as indirect effects on reproduction. These life-history variations may be relevant to population dynamics.
The effect of sodium and calcium concentrations on the hatching of eggs and the survival of the yolk sac fry of brown trout, Salmo trutta L. at low pH

The effect of various external concentrations of sodium and calcium on the survival and hatching of brown trout, Salmo trutta, eggs at pH 4.5 was tested. A calcium concentration of approximately 10 ppm (500 μE l−1) enables freshly fertilized eggs to survive whereas eyed ova are tolerant of deionized water acidified by sulphuric acid with no other ions added. Concentrations of sodium and calcium of 1 ppm (44 and 50 μE l−1, respectively) are sufficient to ensure the successful hatching of eyed ova and subsequent survival of the alevins. At pH 4.5 hatching is prolonged by the alevins passing through a temporary encapsulated stage.
Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: Group Living in an Asocial Species

This text provides a comprehensive account of carnivore social behaviour. Synthesizing more than a decade of research in the wild, it offers a detailed account of the behaviour and ecology of cheetahs. Compared with other large cats, and other mammals, cheetahs have an unusual breeding system; whereas lions live in prides and tigers are solitary, some cheetahs live in groups while others live by themselves. Tim Caro explores group and solitary living among cheetahs and discovers that the causes of social behaviour vary dramatically, even within a single species. Why do cheetah cubs stay with their mother for a full year after weaning? Why do adolescents remain in groups? Why do adult males live in permanent associations with each other? Why do adult females live alone? Through observations on the costs and benefits of group living, Caro offers new insight into the complex behaviour of this species. For example, contrary to common belief about co-operative hunting in large carnivores, he shows that neither adolescents nor adult males benefit from hunting in groups. With many surprising findings, and through comparisons with other cat species, Caro aims to enrich our understanding of the evolution of social behaviour and offer new perspectives on conservation efforts to save this endangered carnivore.
Consequences of forest fragmentation for juvenile survival in spotted (Ambystoma maculatum) and marbled (Ambystoma opacum) salamanders

We compared demographic traits of postmetamorphic salamanders among old fields, forest interior, and edge habitats over 2 years. Recently metamorphosed spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802)) and marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807)) were individually marked, added to terrestrial enclosures, and recaptured in pitfall traps. Proportion known alive in the fields was <5% by the first fall and declined to 0% for both species in the 2nd year. In forested enclosures, significantly more A. opacum (mean 38.5%) and A. maculatum (mean 16.7%) survived until the first fall and several individuals of each species attained sexual maturity. Mean proportion known alive was approximately two times higher in A. opacum than in A. maculatum, perhaps because of an advantage of earlier metamorphosis in A. opacum. Our results indicate that the first few months in the terrestrial environment is a critical period which determines survival between metamorphosis and first reproduction. Juveniles .
Enhancement of nitrate uptake and reduction by treatment with mixed amino acids in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Abstract The objective of the present work was to determine the corresponding uptake and assimilation of in roots and leaves by the application of mixed amino acids in red pepper. The amino acids used in this experiment were alanine, β-alanine, aspartic acid, asparagines, glutamic acid, glutamine, and glycine. The 42-day-old seedlings were treated with 0, 0.3, and 3.0 mM of mixed amino acids containing 10 mM in growth medium. Nitrate uptake was determined by following depletion from the uptake solution. The activity of the enzymes related to the process of reduction and the content of , , and the end-products of this process (amino acids and proteins) were analyzsed in leaves and roots. The results of this study indicate that the application of mixed amino acids increased uptake in red pepper, and the highest uptake was found in the treatment with 3.0 mM mixed amino acids that was nearly seven times higher than the control. In addition, the enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were positively affected by the treatments of mixed amino acids in the roots. The results presented here are in contrast to recent studies, which have shown that the single amino acid treatments inhibited uptake and nitrate reductase activity. Finally, the content was decreased both in leaves and roots by the mixed amino acids treatments.
Sexual Differences in Aggressive Behaviour of the Apennine Chamois

The aggressive behaviour of female and male Apennine chamois has been compared quantitatively. As opposed to what males did, females significantly attacked each other less often; preferred to gore body regions with a low risk of lethal injury, made a greater use of direct forms of aggression; seldom interacted with the opponent before attacking and gored it more often. Front clashing and fighting were very rare in both sexes. Females live in resident kin-groups, while young males disperse and adults are solitary. To a large extent habitat separation occurs between the sexes. Sexual differences in patterns of aggressive behaviour may be related to the different gregariousness of females and males, probably influenced by resource availability in the habitats they use. Chamois sexes are nearly monomorphic, females bearing slightly less hooked horns than males. This species may have evolved strongly hooked weapons as a first step to advanced wrestling or butting type horns from the ancestral stiletto shape, as goats and sheep, as well as deer, have done.
A comparison of diel nest temperature and nest site selection for two sympatric species of freshwater turtles

Diel nest temperature profiles were recorded form natural nests of eastern mud turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum) and Florida cooters (Pseudemys floridana) to determine whether nest microhabitat selection compensates for the effect of interspecific differences in nest depth on nest temperature. Kinosternon subrubrum nest depths were significantly shallower than those of P. floridana (t = 2.93, P < 0.01). We predicted that differences in nest depth would result in K. subrubrum nests being cooler at night and warmer during daylight than the deeper P. floridana nests. Diel temperature patterns agreed with out predictions at night, but P. floridana nest temperatures were not lower than K. subrubrum nest temperatures during the day. Soil composition, slope and soil moisture were similar for the nest of both species. However, the amount of sunlight reaching the soil above K. subrubrum nest sites was substantially less than the amount above P. floridana nest sites. We suggest that these species select habitats for oviposition that differ in the amount and types of vegetative cover, which in turn affect exposure to sunlight and ultimately nest temperature. 27 refs., 2 figs.
Protective mechanisms in the Eolidacea (Mollusca Nudibranchia)

SUMMARY The protective system of eolid nudibranchs consists of crypsis, defensive behaviour patterns, autotomy of cerata, exudation of glandular secretions, ejection of nematocysts, and the structure of the epidermis. The existence of warning colouration has not been established. Different protective mechanisms are adapted to perform different functions. Epidermal vesicles probably protect the animal from explosions of nematocysts whilst feeding, and many mucous glands perform a cleansing function. Other types of gland, nematocysts, autotomy of cerata, crypsis and behaviour are all mechanisms which are directed against predators and can therefore be regarded as defensive mechanisms. Concentrated batteries of glands are described from the ceras tips of species of Catriona and of the Eubranchidae. Some of these are mucous glands, others contain protein secretions. There is evidence that these glands are important in the defence of the eolid. Nematocysts and the various types of defensive gland are probably adapted towards certain specific predators since a single mechanism is unlikely to be effective against all predators. Since the predators of different species of eolids vary, there is variation in the development of certain defensive mechanisms in these eolids. In the Aeolidiidae, Tergipes despedus, Selva rubra, Palisa papillata and perhaps in some other cleioprocts, particular types of nematocysts are stored in large numbers and these explode readily when ejected. Species of Catriona and the Eubranchidae also use nematocysts, but in most of them the concentrated batteries of glands at the ceras tip are of more importance than are the nematocysts. In Calma glaucoides nematocysts are absent, and similar batteries of glands are concentrated towards the ceras tip. In Catriona aurantia, and probably in all eolids, exudation of defensive glands and ejection of nematocysts is caused by stimulation of special neurosensory cilia which are concentrated at the tips of the cerata. Nematocysts are ejected by contraction of muscles in the cnidosac wall, and some of the defensive glands in the Eubranchidae and in Catriona species are muscle-operated. The defensive mechanisms of eolids are concentrated in the cerata. The colour of the cerata is largely responsible for crypsis; defensive behaviour and autotomy both involve the cerata; and defensive glands and nematocysts are concentrated at the tips of the cerata. It is therefore probable that the most important function of the cerata is that of protecting the eolid against predation.
THE GENETICS OF HOST SELECTION AND ITS BEARING ON SYMPATRIC SPECIATION IN PROCECIDOCHARES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

The genetics of host selection, in terms of oviposition behavior, was investigated in two species of monophagous gall‐forming flies. The existence of a single major allele difference in the genetic basis of host selection was established by a series of hybrid crosses between these flies. The complimentary role of conditioning was also investigated. The apparently simple genetic change required to produce a change in host selection suggests a mechanism of sympatric speciation applicable to these insects.
In vitro Inhibition of Fungi Isolated from 'Pastilla' Papers by Organic Acids and Cinnamon

Abstract Sorbic acid, calcium propionate, benzoic acid as well as cinnamon powder and cinnamon water extract were tested in vitro separately or associated by pairs against 151 fungi isolated from 'Pastilla' papers and belonging to 26 mould and eight yeast species. Apart from sorbic acid, the chemical antifungals were unable to inhibit all the isolates even at the highest concentrations allowed. Cinnamon powder, even though very efficient, could not be recommended because of the dark colour that it would give to the 'Pastilla' papers. Cinnamon water extract was unable to stop completely the fungal growth up to the concentration of 80 g/kg in cinnamon equivalent. The best results were observed with the combination of sorbic acid (0.75 g/kg) with cinnamon water extract (20 g/kg cinnamon equivalent) which led to the inhibition of all isolates investigated. This might be of great practical interest in preserving 'Pastilla' papers in spite of cinnamon odour since these products are mainly used in pastries and culinary preparations that contain this spice.
Nutrient recycling of sorghum straw and soil biological attributes in Eastern Amazon

A atividade e biomassa microbiana sao indicadores biologicos sensiveis a alteracoes ambientais decorrentes do uso agricola, podendo fornecer informacoes importantes para o uso adequado do solo. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a ciclagem de nutrientes, atributos biologicos e a persistencia da palhada de sorgo em um Latossolo Amarelo distrofico, em funcao de sistemas de manejo do solo. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com fatorial 3 x 2 e quatro repeticoes. Os fatores foram: tres hibridos de sorgo e dois sistemas de manejo do solo, para avaliar a decomposicao da palhada. Para avaliar os atributos biologicos, um experimento com fatorial 2 x 2, foram feitas, com quatro repeticoes, sendo dois fatoresos sistemas de manejo do solo e os outros dois as datas de amostragem. O carbono orgânico total (COT), o carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (CBM), a relacao CBM/COT, a respiracao basal e o quociente metabolico foram analisados. O hibrido Qualimax obteve a maior relacao C/N (55) e maior persistencia da palhada no solo, apos 120 dias de manejo (35%). No periodo mais chuvoso e no sistema de plantio direto, observaram-se maiores valores de COT, CBM, relacao CBM/COT, respiracao basal e menor qCO2.
Influence of Ambient Salinity on Osmoregulation and Cortisol Concentration in Yearling Coho Salmon during Stress

Abstract Yearling coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch acclimated to fresh water or seawater were subjected to severe chronic confinement stress in fresh water, seawater, or a medium (one-third-strength seawater) that was approximately isosmotic to the fish's blood. Plasma osmolarity, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and cortisol and blood hematocrit were measured in fish sampled at 1, 7, 24, and 48 hours after stress began. Plasma osmolarity and electrolyte concentrations increased during stress in seawater, but generally decreased during stress in fresh water. Osmotic imbalance did not occur in fish that were stressed in one-third seawater. Hematocrit increased in fish stressed in fresh water and decreased in fish stressed in seawater. Fish acclimated to fresh water tended to regain osmotic balance within 48 hours when stressed in fresh water, but in seawater they died. Fish acclimated to seawater tended to regain osmotic balance within 48 hours when stressed in seawater, but in fresh water a compensatory trend was not evide.
Antibiotic curing of parthenogenesis in Eretmocerus mundus (Australian parthenogenic form)

The thelytokous parasitoid, Eretmocerus mundus (Australian parthenogenetic form) was infected with a species of Group B Wolbachia. Antibiotic treatment of the parasitoid cured parthenogenesis and lead to male production and reduced egg hatching by virgin females. For each generation infected females produced more progeny than cured females. The descendants of individuals treated with antibiotic were in most cases free of a detectable infection. Both treated females and descendant females mated and received sperm, but these were not used as mated and unmated cured females produced offspring with a similar sex ratio. Males produced as a result of the antibiotic treatment were at least partially functional as they produced sperm and copulated with and inseminated females. However, no sexual line could be established.
Revision of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876. Remaining species.

The present paper deals with the taxonomy of five species belonging to the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876. Two of them are prodelphic: T. stecki Steiner, 1914 and T. vulvulatus Rahman, Jairajpuri, Ahmad & Ahmad, 1987; they are characterized by having perioral region not disc-like, anterior part of the pharynx expanding gradually to the basal bulb, and posterior genital branch more than two body widths long. The other three species are opisthodelphic: T. intermedius n. sp. , T. gertii Kruger, 1965 and T. pakistanensis Timm, 1964. These five species are described and illustrated. Moreover, T. rossi Yeates, 1979 is transferred to Tantunema Siddiqi, 1979 as Tantunema rossi (Yeates, 1979) n. comb. Several species recently described or transferred to Tylencholaimus, and others considered species inquirendae are briefly discussed.
Autoradiographic studies of the commissural and ipsilateral association connections of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. I. The commissural connections

The commissural connections of the two major cytoarchitectonic fields of the hippocampus (fields CA1 and CA3) and of the dentate gyrus of the rat have been studied autoradiographically following injections of 3H‐leucine into the contralateral hippocampal formation.