Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of selected fission products in the Savannah River Site environment

Most of the radioactivity produced by the operation of a nuclear reactor results from the fission process, during which the nucleus of a fissionable atom (such as 235U) splits into two or more nuclei, which typically are radioactive. The Radionuclide Assessment Program (RAP) has reported on fission products cesium, strontium, iodine, and technetium. Many other radionuclides are produced by the fission process. Releases of several additional fission products that result in dose to the offsite population are discussed in this publication. They are 95Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru, 106Ru, 141Ce, and 144Ce. This document will discuss the production, release, migration, and dose to humans for each of these selected fission products.
EVALUATION OF WELL WATER QUALITY IN HAEL REGION OF CENTRAL OF SAUDI ARABIA

The quality of 40 wells water in selected villages in Hael Region North Central of Saudi Arabia used mainly for drinking was examined in respect to total dissolved salts, pH, total hardness, concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and bicarbonate, beside coliform bacteria as an indicator of faecal contamination. TDS varied widely from 166 to 2400 mgL -1 with an average of 557 mgL -1 . Of the 40 well water tested, 7.5, 15, 7.5, 15 and 32.5% failed to meet drinking water guidelines of SASO, GC.C.S and WHO, and USEPA respectively. Regarding nitrite concentrations, 36% of the tested water samples were above the limit set by local and international standards and guidelines (50 mgL -1 ). Fluoride levels were below 0.6 mgL -1 in 25% of examined water wells and were above 1 mgL -1 in 22.5% of these water samples, thus only 52.5% of tested samples comply with the range of fluoride concentrations set by SASO and G.C. C.S. (0.6-1 mgL -1 ). Coliform bacteria (mainly E. coli and E. aerogenes) were detected in 20% of examined well water indicating faecal contamination. Continuous assessment of well water quality on routine basis is imperative to reduce the deterioration of well water quality and eliminate health problems.
Heat transfer in the vicinity of a steady evaporating contact line

The quantitative determination of overall heat transfer in the vicinity of contact lines is crucial for many heat transfer devices such as heat pipes and boilers. In this context, a long-wave evolution equation describing the evaporation of an ultra-thin film is solved, focusing on nonlinear solutions in the form of contact lines connecting a constant slope region to an adsorbed precursor film. First, the latter film is found to be stable to hydrodynamic disturbances, via linear stability analysis. Then, the main characteristics of evaporating contact lines are analyzed, with particular attention to the sharp peak of the heat flux occurring in the transition region, which results in a microscopic (though non-negligible) contribution to the overall heat transfer. The latter is then quantified as a function of the thermal conductivity of the solid, the mass transfer resistance, the interface curvature and the Van der Waals forces, including their influence on the saturation temperature. For small superheat, a useful scaling behavior is found for the apparent contact angle and for the heat flux characteristics.
The Preparation and Evaluation of Sodium and Alkylammonium Montmorillonite and Polysaccharide Nanocomposites as Sustained Release Excipients

Nanotechnology has contributed to the creation of several products and industrial methods. Herein we tested the intercalation of biomaterials into inorganic nanolamellae as pharmaceutical excipients. These materials included sodium and alkylammonium montmorillonite, viscogel B8, ethylcellulose, and chitosan, and the intercalation results success was observed with ethylcellulose and viscogel B8. Thus this nanocomposite was tested with dapsone pills as a model in simulated gastric and enteral fluids and showed a close zero order type kinetics and a higher drug release retardation. This data suggests that this nanocomposite has potential not only for colon specific use but also for prolonged release systems coatings.
Influence of Cold Exposure on Ventilation, Respiratory Heat Loss, and Pulmonary Deposition/Clearance

Abstract : Possible thermoregulatory benefits of cold-induced changes in breathing pattern (hypoventilation) and the mechanism(s) by which cold stimulates a change in breathing pattern were investigated in male Holstein calves 1-3 months old. Effects of ambient temperatures (Ta) between 4 and 18 C on ventilatory parameters and respiratory heat loss were determined in 4 calves. As Ta decreased, respiratory frequency decreased 29% while tidal volume increased 35%. Total ventilation (VE) did not change significantly, but the ventilatory equivalent for O2 decreased with decreasing Ta. Calves were capable of conserving respiratory heat during cold exposure by decreasing expired air temperature and by decreasing dead space ventilation while increasing O2 extraction. hypoventilation is suggested as a mode of heat conservation in cold environments in animals which use panting as a means of increasing evaporative heat loss. The effect of cold-induced hypoventilation on pulmonary particle deposition was investigated in 10 calves. Deposition of nasally-instilled fluorescent Pasteurella haemolytica was significantly higher for cold-exposed calves. It is speculated that the cold-induced respiratory pattern change was responsible. Nasal mucus velocity (NMV) was measured in four unanesthetized calves at Ta = 2-4 C and Ta = 16-18 C, using a radiographic tracking technique. NMV was 24% lower during cold exposure. It is possible that cold-exposure decreases tracheal mucociliary clearance rate. It is speculated that mucociliary clearance rate may be partially genetically determined. Cold-induced decreases in particle clearance, and increases in deposition, may predispose calves to respiratory infection. Keyword: Dissertations.
Effect of Irrigation Water Quality on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

The effect of irrigation water quality on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (HC) of undisturbed soil in field was studied. Results show that within the operating soil suction range (0-1.6 KPa) of disc permeameters. the higher the electric conductivity (EC) of irrigation water, the higher the soil HC became. The soil HC doubled when EC increased from 0.1 to 6.0 ds m-1. High sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation water would have an unfavorable effect on soil HC. Soil HC decreased with the increasing of SAR, especially in the case of higher soil suction. An interaction existed between the effects of EC and SAR of irrigation water on soil HC. The HC of unsaturated soil dependent upon the macropores in surface soil decreased by one order of magnitude with 1 KPa increase of soil suction. In the study on the effect of very low soluble salt concentration (EC =0.1 ds m-1 of irrigation water on soil HC, soil HC was found to be lowered by 30% as a consequence of blocking up of some continuous pores by the dispersed and migrated clay particles. Nonlinear successive regression analysis and significance test show that the effects of EC and SAR of irrigation water on soil HC reached the extremely significant level.
How to Estimate Recoverable Heat Energy in Wood or Bark Fuels.

Abstract : A reference source is provided for estimating the amount of heat energy that may be recovered using wood or bark fuel in typical furnace and boiler or hot air combustion heat recovery systems. A survey of reported data on higher heating values for various species of wood and bark fuels is provided. A set of formulas of a type commonly used by combustion technologists is also provided for estimating combustion system heat losses and net recoverable heat energy per pound of fuel as-fired, based on fuel higher heating value, moisture content, and excess air, stack gas temperature, and ambient temperature assumptions. (Author)
Deformation and Structural Re-formation of Lyotropic Cholesteric Liquid Crystal of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose + Water System

Abstract Flow properties and optical properties in applying and stopping shear on a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystalline system of concentrated aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl cellulose have been studied. The wave length dependence of transmitted light intensity through a sample subjected to steady shear have been measured quantitatively at various shear rates. The spectra of absorbance after the sudden cessation of steady shear flow are also observed as function of time. The shape of the spectrum at a steady state changes very much with shear rate. The shape of spectrum after the sudden cessation of steady shear always recovers quickly. A theoretical model including orientation distribution of Bragg reflection elements is proposed, which is useful to interpret observed spectra-data. Flow situations and also structural formation processes change markedly above and below a certain critical shear rate.
Physical chemistry of foods

Introduction Aspects of Thermodynamics Bonds and Interaction Forces Reaction Kinetics Transport Phenomena Polymers Proteins Water Relations Dispersed Systems Surface Phenomena Formation of Emulsions and Foams Colloidal Interactions Changes in Dispersity Nucleation Crystallization Glass Transitions And Freezing Soft Solids APPENDIX A: Frequently Used Symbols for Physical Quantities APPENDIX B: Some Frequently Used Abbreviations APPENDIX C: Some Mathematical Symbols APPENDIX D: SI Rules for Notation APPENDIX E: The SI Units System APPENDIX F: Some Conversion Factors APPENDIX G: Recalculation of Concentrations APPENDIX H: Physical Properties of Water at 0-100 C APPENDIX I: Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Water and Ice APPENDIX J: Some Values of the Error Function Index
Biophotonics of Photosynthesis

Biophotonics (an extension of photonics), in a broad sense, refers to techniques and phenomena related to interaction between biological matter and light (i.e., photons). For example, Nature uses biophotonics to harvest photons to achieve photosynthesis and to create vision. Light-absorbing pigments in various biological systems initiate a highly complex series of photoinitiated processes. Photosynthesis is likely the best-known and most widespread process involving interaction between light and biological entities. In photosynthesis, light is harvested and its energy is used to drive chemical reactions that support nearly all life on Earth. Photosynthetic organisms possess a large variety of pigment–protein complexes (which perform as either lightharvesting antennae or as reaction centers (RCs) where primary photochemistry takes place), containing dense networks of chlorophylls (Chls) and other pigments. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, these proteins are grouped into Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II) that work together as parts of the electron transfer chain [1, 2]. Other organisms, incapable of oxygenic photosynthesis, have various dissimilar antenna arrangements, but, interestingly, the RC design is similar for all known photosynthesizing species (see below). Detailed information on structures of various photosynthetic proteins was obtained by X-ray crystallography [3–10].
Effect of methods of drying on seed quality in okra

Treatments Germinalion Speed of Vigour Electrical per cent gennination index conductivity (dSrn' l ) FD, 66.06 19.65 1321. (,S 0188 (0.735) FD, 64.71 18.79 1275.91 0.168 (0.717) FD, 68.90 20.73 139117 0165 (0736) SD, 65.55 19.01 1309.22 0.161 (0.729) S0 2 71.46 21.37 1432.88 0.167 (0.816) SD, 61.66 1847 1232.55 0.176 (0.677) SD( 67.22 2048 134('.01 0163 (0.763) COat 1%. NS 1.07 8310 NS (Fruit drying)
Removing Natural Organic Matter by Conventional Slow Sand Filtration

This article evaluates the capacity of slow sand filters to remove natural organic matter (NOM) and organic precursor materials as quantified by dissolved organic carbon, UV absorbance, and trihalomethane formation potential from source waters with varying levels of NOM. Municipal facilities were sampled to provide baseline data and to evaluate the effects of two ditTerent filter cleaning techniques, normal scraping and harrowing, on NOM and particulate removal. Pilot-scale filter studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of two different flow rates on NOM removal, particulate removal, and filter biomass development. A persistent misconception in the percolation of water through the porous water industry is that slow sand filtration sand media providing the only treatment. is an old-fashioned technology that has The filter bed consists of an underdrain been rendered obsolete by advances in system to collect filtered water, a layer of high-rate filtration techniques. Slow sand graded support gravel, and a thick layer or biological filtration has been in contin- of tine sand, which is usually 1 m deep in uous use since the 1800s and has proved a new filter bed. Filters in northern clieffective under widely varying circum- mates are usually covered for protection stances. According to the World Health against freezing; filters in southern cliOrganization,’ slow sand filtration is sim- mates are sometimes covered to prevent ple, inexpensive, and reliable and is still algal blooms and contamination by water the chosen method of treating water sup- fowl. ‘,’ An outlet control structure is replies for many major European cities. quired to control flow rates and to mainA conventional slow sand filter lacks tain submergence of the sand media to pretreatment of any sort, with the slow minimize air-binding problems. Slow sand filtration is an ideal treatment technology for developing countries and rural communities where low cost, ease of operation and maintenance, and removal of pathogenic microorganisms are primary considerations. ‘-’
Perchlorate induced low temperature carbonate decomposition in the Mars Phoenix Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA)

Simulated Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) analyses have shown that a CO2 release detected between 400°C and 680°C by the Phoenix Lander's TEGA instrument may have been caused by a reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrated magnesium perchlorate. In our experiments a CO2release beginning at 385 ± 12°C was attributed to calcite reacting with water vapor and HCl gas from the dehydration and thermal decomposition of Mg‐perchlorate. The release of CO2 is consistent with the TEGA detection of CO2 released between 400 and 680°C, with the amount of CO2increasing linearly with added perchlorate. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) experiments confirmed CaCl2 formation from the reaction between calcite and HCl. These results have important implications for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. Heating soils may cause inorganic release of CO2; therefore, detection of organic fragments, not CO2 alone, should be used as definitive evidence for organics in Martian soils.
Determination of thymol using HPLC-ED with glassy carbon paste electrode

The use of glassy carbon electrodes (CPE) for the determination of tymol was studied. The amperometric detection with prior separation oftymol by HPLC is proposed. The optimum conditions have been found. The HPLC-ED limit of detection oftymol at +1.1 V vs Ag/AgCI/3 mol L -1 KCl in the mobile phase consisting of diluted Britton-Robinson buffer pH 7-methanol 1:9 (v/v) was 2.9 × 10 -7 mol L -1 which was lower than that with UV detection at 276 nm. The repeatability of the new method for the determination ofthymol using HPLC with amperometric detection, expressed as the relative standard deviation, was below 2 % when the areas of the peaks were evaluated and below 5% when the peak heights were measured. The practial application of newly developed method of HPLC-ED determination was tested on samples ofSeptolete pastilles and thyme sirup.
Triblock Copolymers in a Selective Solvent. 2. Semidilute Solutions

Triblock copolymers polystyrene−polyisoprene−polystyrene are studied in semidilute solutions (1 < C/C* < 8), in a selective solvent, i.e., a nonsolvent for polystyrene and a good solvent for polyisoprene. The mass of the copolymer is equal to 1.6 × 105 g/mol and it contains 70% of polyisoprene. Static light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, viscoelastic, and quasi-elastic light scattering experiments are reported as a function of the concentration and of the temperature. Rheological properties argue in favor of a network made of end-linked copolymers, the cross-link dynamics being governed by the glass transition of the polystyrene terminal blocks. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments reveal that this network is well ordered and has a cubic structure as up to five Bragg peaks are observed. The relaxation function of concentration fluctuations measured by quasi-elastic light scattering is somewhat reminiscent of supercooled liquid and colloids near the glass transition. It is interpreted in.
Characterization of the Surface Stickiness of Fructose–Maltodextrin Solutions During Drying

Abstract A probe tack test has been used for the in situ characterization of the surface stickiness of hemispherical drops with an initial radius of 3.5 mm while drying. Surface stickiness of drops of fructose and maltodextrin solutions dried at 63°C and 95°C was determined. The effect of addition of maltodextrin on fructose solution was studied with fructose/maltodextrin solid mass ratios of 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4. Pure fructose solutions remained completely sticky and failed cohesively even when their moisture approached zero. Shortly after the start of drying, the surface of the maltodextrin drops formed a skin, which rapidly grew in thickness. Subsequently the drop surface became completely nonsticky probably due to transformation of outer layers into a glassy material. Addition of maltodextrin significantly altered the surface stickiness of drops of fructose solutions, demonstrating its use as an effective drying aid.
Enhanced Chemiluminescence Cannot Predict the Presence of Cryptosporidium parvum When Applied to Water‐Quality Monitoring in an Agricultural Environment

Adaptation of the enhanced chemiluminescent reaction (ECLOX test) to water‐quality monitoring revealed that pollutants in industrial and domestic effluent and farmyard and dairy washings may suppress or completely inhibit enhanced chemiluminescent light emission. Inhibition or changes in the kinetics of light emission occur in the presence of a wide range of extraneous substances. Interaction of such substances with ECLOX reaction components or reaction intermediates can produce changes in light emission, allowing detection of a broad range of chemical pollutants. This work examined the suitability of the ECLOX test to differentiate between water quality at various points along a rural stream. In addition, the study was used to measure whether changes in water quality detected by the ECLOX test were consistent with measured levels of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Seven locations along a stream and a farmyard drainage ditch were sampled on the basis of position, continuity of flow, permanence, and evidence of fecal contamination. The stream frequently contained C. parvum (75% of occasions tested), although according to the ECLOX test and other standard parameters (suspended solids and pH), it seemed relatively uncontaminated. The ECLOX test did, however, distinguish among a range of water qualities. The ECLOX test can be considered as a useful qualitative indicator of differing water qualities, but C. parvum can be present in water of any quality; therefore, ECLOX is not an appropriate method for detecting the presence of this parasite
The Seafood Industry: Species, Products, Processing, and Safety

The editors illustrate and effectively detail all aspects of contemporary commercial fish and shellfish industries from harvest through consumption and most facets in between. The focus is U.S. operations, but incorporation of many pertinent and contemporary international examples, advances, and references address the world audience. “The Second Edition” completely and comprehensively updates the original classic text published in 1990. It includes new sections covering high pressure processing; the addition of major commercial crustacean species, fishery centers and development programs; and handling methods on fishing vessels. New chapters cover allergies, sensitivities, seafood toxins, composition and quality, risk management and HACCP, and processing finfish. The processor, wholesale buyer, retailer, regulator, or enlightened consumer can readily understand and enjoy the volume and apply the information to practical day-to-day needs and operations. The valuable information presented in the text combined with the wealth of references including the “webliography” and suggested further readings found at the end of each chapter greatly enhance the book’s value and utility for students, seafood technologists, regulators, or industry professionals. The following 29 chapters comprise the book. 1. A History of the Seafood Industry. Roy E. Martin. Frequently reading like a historical novel, the author skillfully weaves a fact-filled journey from the earliest North American fish curing industry, born in 1500, through the development, evolution, and decline of the country’s major fisheries. The chapter highlights the development of fish canning beginning with Daggert and Kensett’s (1815) salmon canning efforts; lobster and oyster canning in New York City; and the true birth of commercial salmon canning in California. Coastal Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina birthed the shrimp fishery in 1915. Further canning efforts included oysters on the east and west coasts; the first clam cannery at Pine Point, ME (1878); minced razor clam and blue crab canning operations in Oregon (1900 by Halferty) and Norfolk, VA (1878 by McMenamin); followed by the debut of the Harris Machine, a mechanized crab meat extraction machine, in 1938. A further examination of U.S. fish canning efforts include tuna, mackerel, and the huge California sardine fishery that began in 1900 and went bust by 1950. The haddock fishery, early Pacific fisheries, the menhaden fishery, the whaling industry, and an overview of the nation’s fishing heritage including a historical list of the nation’s fishing companies complete the chapter. 2. Harvesting Techniques. George J. Flick, Jr. A tool called a gorge, used to catch fish 500,000 years ago, led to the Neolithic development of the basic fishing gear (around 10,000 BC) that modern anglers employ. Seven categories of modern fishing gear are detailed including brief histories of their development. Discussions of nets in
Maladaptive and Adaptive Perfectionism and Nonsuicidal Self-injury

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), which refers to direct and deliberate alteration or damage to bodily tissue without lethal intent, is a prevalent mental health concern among emerging adults. Recent research and theory suggest that perfectionism, particularly a consistent perceived discrepancy between one’s exacting personal standards and reality (i.e., maladaptive perfectionism), may be an important predictor of NSSI engagement. The current study investigated the associations between maladaptive perfectionism, adaptive perfectionism, and NSSI, and explored two mechanisms through which maladaptive perfectionism may lead to NSSI engagement (via self-criticism and depressive symptoms) longitudinally. A sample of 732 emerging adults (70% female) completed an online survey annually over three years. Path analyses demonstrated a significant direct effect from maladaptive perfectionism to NSSI. Depressive symptoms and self-criticism did not mediate the link between maladaptive perfectionism and NSSI. In a secondary analysis, maladaptive perfectionism predicted selfpunishment motivations for NSSI over time.
Photogalvanic effect in riboflavin—ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid system

The photogalvanic cell making use of the photoreduction of riboflavin with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid has been examined. Appreciable photoinduced voltage has been observed. the photoinduced current is, however, low. the estimated sunlight engineering efficiency has been estimated to be ∼0.018 per cent.