Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Political Economy of the Three Gorges Project

This paper examines the debates over the decision to build the Three Gorges Dam, the subsequent flows of income to the firms involved in its construction, and the continuing implications of the dam for the Chinese space economy. The paper makes and justifies three claims. First, the construction project has been responsible for both dispossession and the formation of capital (primitive accumulation). But it is too simple to interpret the project as merely the face of modernity or development: proponents were reflecting traditional attitudes to bureaucracy and environmental management, whereas opponents sought liberalisation, marketisation, and opening up. It turns out that the concept of modernity, as a western programme introduced into China after the formation of the People's Republic, is of remarkably little value in understanding the construction of this dam. Secondly, the decision to build the dam reflects both structure and happenstance – particular political events and individuals were critical. Notably, the project shows few signs of having come into being to absorb over-accumulated capital: mega-projects like this do not have to satisfy any capitalist logic. Finally, I emphasise that such huge projects have long run effects on the structure of power in China – indeed, events at Three Gorges underpinned much of the later debate and struggle over dams on the Mekong, Salween, and Changjiang above Three Gorges.
The challenge to integrate nitrogen science and policies: the European Nitrogen Assessment approach

Nature of the problem • Anthropogenic releases of reactive nitrogen (N r ) can disturb natural systems and aff ect human health and welfare in many diff erent ways. Scientifi c and policy views of the nitrogen cycle have typically addressed these problems from separate perspectives, looking in each case at only part of the overall issue. • Given the multi-faceted nature of the nitrogen cycle, it is a major challenge to develop a more-integrated understanding of how diff erent areas of nitrogen science and policies fi t together.
Grain Size Patchiness as a Cause of Selective Deposition and Downstream Fining

One facet of the debate about the hypothesis of equal mobility of all grain sizes in a mixture is that equal mobility seems contrary to field evidence for selective deposition as an important mechanism of downstream fining. We argue that regardless of the ultimate outcome of the equal mobility debate, variability in local mean grain size across a reach can give rise to strong selective deposition even if locally equal mobility is satisfied exactly. We consider a system in which the sediment is arranged into locally well mixed zones (“patches”) whose mean grain size varies randomly across the reach. We assume that the shear stress is randomly distributed with a mean value near the critical value for the reach-averaged median size, that the variance in stress scales with the variance in grain size, and that the development of fine patches in areas of high shear stress is supply limited. The main controls on fining rate are then the ratio of mean stress to critical stress for the section-averaged mean grain size and the ratio of the patch standard deviation (assumed constant) to the standard deviation of patch means. In addition, in any system in which fining occurs by selective transport and deposition, the fining rate is strongly influenced by the spatial distribution of deposition rate.
The time-course of colour vision.

Four experiments are presented, each investigating temporal properties of colour vision processing in human observers. The first experiment replicates and extends an experiment by Stromeyer et al. (1991). We look for a phase difference between combined temporal modulations in orthogonal directions in colour space, which might null the often-claimed latency of signals originating from the short-wavelength sensitive cones (S-cones). We provide another estimate of the magnitude of this latency, and give evidence to suggest that it originates early in the chromatic pathway, before signals from S-cones are combined with those that receive opposed L- and M-cone input. In the second experiment we adapt observers to two stimuli that are matched in the mean and amplitude of modulation they offer to the cone classes and to the cardinal opponent mechanisms, but that differ in chromatic appearance, and hence their modulation of later colour mechanisms. Chromatic discrimination thresholds after adaptation to these two stimuli differ along intermediate directions in colour space, and we argue that these differences reveal the adaptation response of central colour mechanisms. In the third experiment we demonstrate similar adaptation using the same stimuli, measured with reaction times rather than thresholds. In the final experiment, we measure the degree to which colour constancy is achieved as a function of time in a simulated stimulus environment in which the illuminant changes periodically. We find that perfect constancy is not achieved instantaneously after an illuminant chromaticity shift and that constancy of colour appearance judgements increases over several seconds.
Measurement of vertical profiles of snow specific surface area with a 1 cm resolution using infrared reflectance: instrument description and validation

Abstract The specific surface area (SSA), defined as the surface area of ice per unit mass, is an important variable characterizing the complex microstructure of snow. Its application range covers the physical evolution of snow (metamorphism), photochemistry and optical and microwave remote sensing. This paper presents a new device, POSSSUM (Profiler Of Snow Specific Surface area Using SWIR reflectance Measurement), designed to allow the rapid acquisition of SSA profiles down to ∼20 m depth and with an effective vertical resolution of 10–20 mm. POSSSUM is based on the infrared (IR) reflectance technique: A laser diode operating at 1310 nm illuminates the snow at nadir incidence angle along the face of a drilled hole. The reflected radiance is measured at three zenith angles (20°, 40° and 60°) each for two azimuth angles (0° and 180°). A second laser operating at a shorter wavelength (635 nm), which is almost insensitive to SSA, allows the distance to the snow face to be estimated. The reflected IR radiance and the distance are combined to estimate bidirectional reflectances. These reflectances are converted into hemispherical reflectances and in turn into SSA using a theoretical formulation based on an asymptotic solution of the radiative transfer equation. The evaluation and validation of POSSSUM’s SSA measurements took place in spring 2009 in the French Alps. The new method was compared with the methane adsorption technique and DUFISSS, another well-validated instrument based on the IR technique. The overall measurement error is in the range 10–15%.
Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Sebelum dan Sesudah Akuisisi

This research is to analyze the company's financial performance comparison before and after and acquisition. is there a significant difference or not, and te he difference is increased or decreased. financial performance here is measuremend bt the ratio of ROI, ROE, DER, TATO, CR and EPS. this study takes population from all company that acquisition activy
Modeling Unsaturated Flow and Transport Processes in Fractured Tuffs of Yucca Mountain

This paper presents a field modeling study characterizing fluid flow and tracer transport in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a proposed underground repository for storing high-level radioactive waste. The 500 to 700 meter thick unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain consists of highly heterogeneous layers of anisotropic, fractured ash flow and air fall tuffs. Characterization of fluid flow and heat transfer through such a system has been a challenge due to the heterogeneities prevalent on various scales. Quantitative evaluation of water, gas, and heat flow by means of numerical simulation is essential for design and performance assessment of the repository. A three-dimensional numerical flow and transport model will be discussed. The model has been calibrated against field-measured data and takes into account the coupled processes of unsaturated flow and tracer transport in the highly heterogeneous, unsaturated fractured porous rock. The modeling approach of the model is based on a dual-continuum formulation of coupled multiphase fluid and tracer transport through fractured porous rock. As application examples, effects of current and future climates on the unsaturated zone processes are evaluated to aid in the assessment of the proposed repository's system performance.
Productividad y calidad de los cuerpos fructíferos de los hongos comestibles Pleurotus pulmonarius RN2 y P. djamor RN81 y RN82 cultivados sobre sustratos lignocelulósicos

Parameters such as biological efficiency (BE), productivity rate (TP), size of fruiting bodies, fat, fiber, total carbohydrate, energy value and total protein, were determined and analyzed for edible mushrooms, Pleurotus pulmonarius RN2, a foreign strain and two native strains of Panama: P. djamor RN81 and RN82 , all grown on rice straw (Oryza sativa L.), corn stubble and husk (Zea maize L.). The objective was to establish if there were significant statistical differences in these parameters due to strain, type of substrate or their interaction. Over 50% of the harvested mushrooms showed sizes between 5 and 10 cm. Outstanding results were the high protein content for fungus P. djamor RN82 grown on corn husk (43.07%) and high biological efficiency for P. pulmonarius RN2 (75.65%). Significant differences were obtained for biological efficiency, proteins, carbohydrates and fiber due to the strain-substrate interaction.
Timing of events during the late Proterozoic Beardmore Orogeny, Antarctica: Geological evidence from the La Gorce Mountains

The Beardmore Orogeny previously has been designated for deformational and magmatic activity that occurred during the late Proterozoic in the central Transantarctic Mountains. It is recognized in folding of Beardmore Group turbidites, unconformably overlain by Cambrian limestones, and by silicic magmatism dated ∼650 Ma. Until this study, the relationship between the deformation and the magmatism had not been known. In the La Gorce Mountains, La Gorce Formation (Beardmore Group) was tightly folded during a regional metamorphic event producing biotite and limited axial-plane cleavage. The late Precambrian Wyatt Formation is a silicic porphyry with both volcanic and hypabyssal phases, possibly representing the eroded roots of a caldera complex. Wyatt Formation is conformably overlain by Ackerman Formation, a sequence of interbedded volcanics and shallow-marine sedimentary rocks. At a newly discovered locality, Wyatt Formation intrudes folded La Gorce Formation. This relationship demonstrates that the episode of folding and low-grade regional metamorphism was completed prior to the silicic magmatism of the Wyatt and Ackerman Formations. A contact between Ackerman and La Gorce Formations, which previously had been interpreted as conformable, has been shown by this study to be a fault. We advocate that the usage of the term “Beardmore Orogeny” be restricted to the deformational and metamorphic event and that the late Proterozoic magmatism be viewed as the initial stage in an episode of widespread silicic volcanism that continued during the Early and Middle Cambrian in the central Transantarctic Mountains.
δ18O variations in snow on the Devon Island ice cap, Northwest Territories, Canada

A study of δ18O variations of snow samples taken on traverses across the Devon Island ice cap in June 1971, 1972, and 1973 has shown a difference between the accumulation conditions on the southeast and northwest sides of the ice cap. On the southeast side there is an increasing depletion of 18O in the snow with increasing elevation. This pattern is attributed to the effect of orographic uplift of air masses moving over the ice cap from the southeast, which promotes condensation and precipitation due to adiabatic cooling. On the northwest side of the ice cap there is no evidence of any further depletion of 18O in snow, neither with increasing distance from the possible moisture source in Baffin Bay to the southeast nor with increasing elevation if the air mass comes from the northwest. In this case condensation is due to isobaric cooling so that precipitation is generally from level cloud bases. The changes inferred for the isotopic composition of the water vapour as it rises up the southeast slope are fo.
Miocene deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep (according to results of oil and gas prospecting)

The geology of the Miocene deposits in the central part of the Carpathian Foredeep is examined. The Neogene deposits from this area were subdivided into two units - the inner unit and the outer one. Between them the Zglobice Unit was distinguished (J. Kottarczyk, 1988), overthrusted onto the parautochthonous unit in the western part of the foredeep. The litostratigraphic units of the Miocene formation, distinguished here, are correlatable with Miocene lithofacies from the northern margin of the Carpathian Foredeep. The problems of gas occurrences in the Miocene deposits of the autochthonous unit and sulphur findings in the Lower Badenian (Middle Miocene) series are discussed.
Intravitreal injection analysis at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute: evaluation of clinical indications for the treatment and incidence rates of endophthalmitis

Objective To report the incidence of endophthalmitis, in addition to its clinical and microbiological aspects, after intravitreal injection of vascular-targeting agents. Methods A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 10,142 intravitreal injections of vascular targeting agents (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, triamcinolone acetonide, and preservative-free triamcinolone acetonide) between June 1, 2007 and January 31, 2010, performed by a single service (TGM) at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Results One case of clinically-suspected endophthalmitis was identified out of a total of 10,142 injections (0.009%), presenting within three days of injection of bevacizumab. The case was culture-positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Final visual acuity was 20/40 after pars plana vitrectomy surgery. Conclusions In this series, the incidence of culture-positive endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of vascular agents in an outpatient setting was very low. We believe that following a standardized injection protocol, adherence to sterile techniques and proper patient follow-up are determining factors for low incidence rates.
Regional distribution of deep clouds and cloud top altitudes over the Indian subcontinent and the surrounding oceans

[1] The Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the east equatorial Indian Ocean are among the most intense deep convective regions over the tropics. Long-term monthly mean distributions of deep clouds and the regional differences in the cloud top brightness temperature (CTBT) over the Indian subcontinent and the surrounding oceanic regions (the northern and eastern BoB, the southeast Arabian Sea, and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean) are derived using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data for a period of 10 years and are compared with the direct observations of cloud top altitude (CTA) using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO). The deepest clouds are found to occur over the northern BoB (NBoB) during the June–August period. The most probable CTBT in this region is ∼12 K lower than that over the other deep convective regions. CALIPSO observations also show that the frequency of occurrence of CTA peaks at an altitude of ∼16.5 km over the NBoB, which is ∼1 km higher than that over the other regions. Strong convergence of horizontal wind between the surface and ∼200 hpa level and large divergence above, combined with the most favorable sea surface temperature (>28°C), might be mainly responsible for the highest CTA being observed over the NBoB. The annual variation of the base altitude and thickness of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and the upper tropospheric temperature are closely associated with the corresponding variations in the deep cloud fraction. Considerable fraction of deep clouds occurs within the TTL over the BoB during the June–August period.
Borehole Flowmeter Application in Fluvial Sediments: Methodology, Results, and Assessment

In many situations, inadequate design or performance of ground‐water remediation systems is the result of underestimation of aquifer hydraulic heterogeneity, and in particular, the vertical variation of hydraulic conductivity which plays an important role in contaminant migration. Described herein are applications of the electromagnetic (EM) borehole flowmeter to fluvial sediments in Louisiana and South Carolina. The direction of natural vertical flow in the test aquifers was defined easily, and short pumping tests enabled the calculation of hydraulic conductivity profiles for each test well. The results correlated well with other information obtained independently, including natural gamma logs, driller's logs and a hydraulic conductivity profile based on grain size analysis. Large variations in hydraulic conductivity over short vertical and horizontal distances were documented. Tests in gravel‐packed wells suggested that flowmeters produce misleading data for a variety of reasons in such situations. Among other things, an annulus of high permeability around a well screen allows flow to bypass the meter, and the phenomenon is amplified by high pumping rates. The resulting error is displayed as an erroneous high permeability zone at the top of the well screen. This observation deserves further study. In its present form the EM flowmeter is awkward to handle on a routine basis. However, none of the present design flaws preclude its effective use.
Palaeoproterozoic high‐T, low‐P metamorphism and dehydration melting in metapelites from the Mopunga Range, Arunta Inlier, central Australia

A sequence of psammitic and pelitic metasedimentary rocks from the Mopunga Range region of the Arunta Inlier, central Australia, preserves evidence for unusually low pressure (c. 3 kbar), regional‐scale, upper amphibolite and granulite facies metamorphism and partial melting. Upper amphibolite facies metapelites of the Cackleberry Metamorphics are characterised by cordierite‐andalusite‐K‐feldspar assemblages and cordierite‐bearing leucosomes with biotite‐andalusite selvages, reflecting P–T conditions of c. 3 kbar and c. 650–680 °C. Late development of a sillimanite fabric is interpreted to reflect either an anticlockwise P–T evolution, or a later independent higher‐P thermal event. Coexistence of andalusite with sillimanite in these rocks appears to reflect the sluggish kinematics of the Al2SiO5 polymorphic inversion. In the Deep Bore Metamorphics, 20 km to the east, dehydration melting reactions in granulite facies metapelites have produced migmatites with quartz‐absent sillimanite‐spinel‐cordierite melanosomes, whilst in semipelitic migmatites, discontinuous leucosomes enclose cordierite‐spinel intergrowths. Metapsammitic rocks are not migmatised, and contain garnet–orthopyroxene–cordierite–biotite–quartz assemblages. Reaction textures in the Deep Bore Metamorphics are consistent with a near‐isobaric heating‐cooling path, with peak metamorphism occurring at 2.6–4.0 kbar and c. 750–800 °C. SHRIMP U–Pb dating of metamorphic zircon rims in a cordierite‐orthopyroxene migmatite from the Deep Bore Metamorphics yielded an age of 1730 ± 7 Ma, whilst detrital zircon cores define a homogeneous population at 1805 ± 7 Ma. The 1730 Ma age is interpreted to reflect the timing of high‐T, low‐P metamorphism, synchronous with the regional Late Strangways Event, whereas the 1805 Ma age provides a maximum age of deposition for the sedimentary precursor. The Mopunga Range region forms part of a more extensive low‐pressure metamorphic terrane in which lateral temperature gradients are likely to have been induced by localised advection of heat by granitic and mafic intrusions. The near‐isobaric Palaeoproterozoic P–T–t evolution of the Mopunga Range region is consistent with a relatively transient thermal event, due to advective processes that occurred synchronous with the regional Late Strangways tectonothermal event.
Prevalence of Teething Symptoms in Primary Teeth and Associated Factors: Cross-Sectional Study in Children aged 12-23 months in Pelotas, Brazil

Objective: To identify the main teething symptoms reported by mothers and associated factors. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with mothers of children aged 12-23 months visiting 12 public health care centers during National Children Vaccination day in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2011. Mothers were interviewed and information on teething symptoms and socioeconomic (family structure, income, maternal schooling and child skin color) and demographic variables (maternal age and child sex) was collected. Chi-square, Fisher exact test and Poisson regression analyses were performed (P 0.05). Conclusion: Most mothers linked children symptoms with primary teeth eruption. Excessive salivation and irritability were the symptoms most reported by mothers. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were not statistically associated with maternal report of teething symptoms in their children. Dentists should provide adequate orientation to mothers and follow up their children. Dentists should refer to medical care services if symptoms persist, once these symptoms can be attributed to other causes.
Reading remittance landscapes: Female migration and agricultural transition in the Philippines

Abstract Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 105(1):89–99, 2005 In the Philippines, female migration for overseas contract work is transforming local agricultural landscapes. Yet the changes in land, labour, crops and cropping patterns that are occurring may not reflect local ecology or economic opportunity as much as they represent gendered versions of local modernity, envisioned at a new global scale. This study links local agricultural change to local interests in global migration and reads local landscapes as reflecting those links. Drawing on interviews and observations from a case study of a community in the northern Philippine province of Ifugao, this paper suggests how women s migration is both a cause and a result of a transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Migrating for waged work overseas, women withdraw their labour and knowledge from agriculture. At home, solo fathers usually choose to plant new, in-put intensive crops with the cash remittances they receive from their absent wives. Men s interests in ‘modern’ commercial crops may overdetermine their wives ‘preferences for more secure and ecologically sustainable cropping patterns. Tracing migrants’ remittances into investment in crops and labour, the analysis ties female migration to household land-use decisions, suggesting how such decisions may undermine or enhance longterm agricultural sustainability.
A geomorphoclimatic theory of the instantaneous unit hydrograph

The instantaneous unit hydrograph is conceived as a random function of climate and geomorphology varying with the characteristics of the rainfall excess. The probability density functions of the peak and time to peak of the IUH are analytically derived as functions of the rainfall characteristics and the basin geomorphological parameters. The main characteristics of these pdf's are studied, and a new approach to hydrologic similarity is initiated under the concept of the geomorphoclimatic IUH. For a given set of geomorphologic characteristics and a particular intensity and duration of rainfall, the peak and time to peak of the IUH corresponding to those values can be easily estimated.