Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Post-transcriptional control of T follicular helper cells

12 CHAPTER ONE . 13 Introduction T CELL-DEPENDENT IMMUNE RESPONSE . 15 Innate vs adaptive immune response . 15 B cell development in the bone marrow . 17 T cell development in the thymus . 17 Effector T cell subsets . 19 Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells . 19 Tfh cells and other Tfh-like cells . 20 T:B cell collaboration in humoral immunity . 21 The extrafollicular response . 23 The germinal centre response . 24 WHY TFH CELL NUMBERS MATTER? 25 Lack of Tfh cells causes abortive germinal centres and immunodeficiency . 25 Limiting Tfh cell numbers are essential for optimal germinal centre reaction . 29 Excessive Tfh cells are associated with autoimmunity . 29 MULTISTAGE PROCESS OF TFH CELL DIFFERENTIATION . 31 T cell-intrinsic mechanisms controlling Tfh cell numbers . 34 Transcriptional regulation . 34 Post-transcriptional regulation . 38 Post-translational regulation . 40 T cell-extrinsic mechanisms controlling Tfh cell numbers . 41 Regulation of Tfh cell numbers by cytokines . 41 Regulation of Tfh cell numbers by neighbouring cells in the GCs . 44 Antigen-presenting cells . 44 Apoptotic cells . 48 Regulatory T cells . 49 Plasma cells . 49 Regulation of Tfh cell numbers by antigen availability . 50 THESIS OBJECTIVES . 51 CHAPTER TWO . 53 Materials and methods Antibodies . 53 Buffers, solutions, and media . 56 Mice and immunisations . 57 Human tonsils . 58 Adoptive transfers . 58 Bone marrow chimeras . 59
Whales and Dolphins: Behavior, Biology and Distribution

Preface Cenozoic Environmental Changes & Evolution of Baleen Whales Ecological & Evolutionary Divergence in Whales & Dolphins Why We Should Care about the Parasite Fauna of Cetaceans: A Plea for Integrative Studies More than Just Old Bones: The Fossil Record Informs us About Homology, & Convergences of Anatomy, Physiology & Behavior in the Cetacea otherwise Unknown from Modern Animals Differences between Solitary & Group Time Budget in the Estuarine Dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) at Northeastern, Brazil Index.
EFFECTS OF CINNAMON (CINNAMOMUM CASSIAE) AND /OR BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L) ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN DIABETIC RATS -

: The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum cassiae ) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) in single and composite way on some physiological parameters of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-diabetic rats were fed on diet mixed with cinnamon (5%) or barley (30%) alone or with a composite for eight weeks. The levels of blood-glucose and serum insulin, the activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the concentration of urea, uric acid, and creatinine were significantly increased in serum of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. restore the changes of the measured parameters to their normal levels. The results indicated that the of barley and cinnamon , in addition to being hypoglycaemic, stress in and caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Search for Effective Chemical Controls for Lygus Bugs and Whiteflies in Arizona Cotton

Whiteflies and Lygus bugs continue to be key pests of Arizona cotton. Some of our most popular and time-tested chemicals are still providing efficacy toward Lygus or whiteflies when used in a timely manner. However, promising new chemicals may also become available in the near future. Through research, growers can be kept updated on options for successful IPM. An experiment was conducted in order to expand our knowledge of currently available compounds and upcoming advances in insecticide development. In this experiment, 11 different compounds were tested for efficacy and duration of activity against whiteflies, Lygus, or both. Although none were active on Lygus adults, some chemicals were very effective on all stages of nymphs. Orthene ® or Vydate ® continue to show good results against Lygus but did not yield as high as one new compound. The best performing insecticide against Lygus was flonicamid, a novel chemistry under development by FMC. This insecticide had the best control over Lygus nymphs, was the highest yielding treatment, and required one less spray than other top performing compounds. Among newer chemistries for Lygus control is fipronil (Regent ® by BASF), which performed slightly better than Vydate but not quite as effective as Orthene. Another higher-yielding regime included the use of novaluron, a novel insect growth regulator (IGR) scheduled for registration in 2005 (Diamond ® by Crompton Corporation). This IGR was tested against whiteflies and Lygus bugs, but in light of yield data, Lygus efficacy should be examined more closely. None of the neonicotinoids were effective against Lygus, but several proved to be promising for whitefly control. Of the neonicotinoids tested and sprayed on threshold, dinotefuran (under development by Valent) showed good activity. The performance of spiromesifin (Oberon ® , a new chemistry by Bayer) was similar to dinotefuran but needing one less spray. Intruder ® out-performed all whitefly treatments, requiring only two sprays to control whiteflies season-long. Both Intruder or currently used IGRs (Knack ® and Courier ® ) proved to be very effective against whiteflies. All insecticides in this test underwent very rigorous testing under extreme Lygus and whitefly pressures.
Alginate fed as a supplement to rats affects growth performance, crude protein digestibility, and caecal bacterial community.

SUMMARY We evaluated the effects of complex algal polysaccharide, alginate (Alg), on performance, crude protein digestibility, water intake, faecal ammonia concentration, organs and caecal microbial ecology when a casein-maize starch diet was fed to rats with increasing levels of Alg: 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 or 50 mg/day. A nitrogen balance study was conducted on 56 male Wistar rats. Daily weight gain was higher in the Alg5 (3.0g) and Alg10 (3.0g) and lower in the Alg50 group (2.3g) in comparison to Alg0 (2.8g). The coefficient of total tract apparent protein digestibility (CTTAPD) was lower in Alg50 (0.85) compared to Alg0 (0.87). Neither water intake nor ammonia concentration in faeces was affected by Alg. Caeca were heavier in the Alg20 (0.23 g/cm) than in the other groups (i.e. 0.15 g/cm in Alg0). Supplementation of the diet with 20 and 50mg Alg caused a shift in the universal bacterial 16S rRNA PCR-DGGE profile. Alg20 and Alg50 formed a cluster of low similarity (65 %) whereas other groups formed clusters of 87 to 90 % similarity. The results showed a beneficiary effect of low levels of Alg on weight gain of rats and a negative effect on the growth performance when 50mg/day were fed in the diet. Changes
Management of Pea powdery mildew by Fungicides, Botanicals and Bio-agents

The study was undertaken under field conditions to evaluate the efficacy of five fungicides, four botanicals and four bio-agents against powdery mildew of pea incited by Erysiphe polygoni. All the spray treatments were found effective against the disease and significantly reduced the powdery mildew intensity and thereby increased the seed yield and test weight in pea cv. Arkel over unsprayed control. The fungicides hexaconzole (0.05%) and penconazole (0.05%); botanical NSKE (5%) and bioagents Trichoderma horzianum (0.5%) were found highly effective and economical for controlling the disease and giving better seed yield.
HUBUNGAN SELF EFFICACY DENGAN PERILAKU SELF CARE PASIEN KANKER PAYUDARA DI RUMAH SAKIT ONKOLOGI SURABAYA

Pasien kanker payudara yang telah atau sedang menjalani pengobatan mengeluh lelah, lemah, kehabisan tenaga, lesu, dan mual bahkan intoleransi aktivitas sehingga mereka mengalami penurunan kemampuan untuk melakukan perawatan diri. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisa hubungan self efficacy dengan perilaku self care pasien kanker payudara di RSOS. Desain penelitian ini adalah analitik korelasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi sebesar 45 orang dan besar sampel sebesar 40 responden dengan teknik simple random sampling. Variabel independen penelitian ini adalah self efficacy dan variabel dependen adalah perilaku self care. Intrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi square dengan, nilai kemaknaan α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 40 responden sebagian besar atau 21 responden (52.5%) memiliki self efficacy baik dan sebagian besar atau 25 responden (62.5%) memiliki perilaku self care baik. Hasil uji statistik chi square ρ = 0.000 < α = 0.05 menunjukkan ada hubungan antara self efficacy dengan perilaku self care pasien kanker payudara. Semakin baik self efficacy pasien kanker payudara maka perilaku self care semakin baik. Pasien kanker payudara sebaiknya dapat mempersiapkan perilaku self care, sehingga pasien dapat kembali hidup normal di lingkungan sosial. Peran perawat dalam meningkatkan self efficacy dengan mempersiapkan keterampilan dan memberikan pendidikan kesehatan tentang self care.
Stumbling on Galectins

This symposium about galectins has given me the opportunity to look back on the early research that led to their discovery and to take pleasure in reviewing the many fascinating developments since I moved on to other things. My interest in carbohydrate-binding proteins grew out of speculations about the possible role of protein–glycoconjugate interactions in the formation of specific synaptic connections in the brain (1), which explains how I—a psychiatrist and neuroscientist—stumbled into this field. I first became aware of the potential biological importance of protein–glycoconjugate interactions in conversations with Victor Ginsburg, whom I met in 1961 at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. I was, at the time, a postdoctoral fellow inMarshall Nirenbergs’s lab and had the good fortune to participate in his studies of synthetic polynucleotides and the genetic code that soon brought him a Nobel prize. Vic, whowas in the lab next door, was convinced that the next important code to solvewas the one that determined how cells selectively adhere to each other to form complex tissues, and that protein–glycoconjugate interactions must play a role. He based his argument on the presence of complex glycoconjugates on cell surfaces and his hunch that their specific structures must have some biological significance. I found this idea very persuasive and tucked it away until I could explore it. Over the next 10 years, I completed my clinical training in psychiatry, studied axoplasmic transport and the role of brain protein synthesis in memory storage,
The vascular flora on Asamagbe stream bank, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) premises, Ibadan, Nigeria

Recent field inventory of vascular flora on both bank of the Asamagbe stream, within the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria Premises was conducted. The vegetation consists of 159 species within 151 genera and 66 families. About 40 species, including 15 cultivated plants or 25% of the flora are non-native taxa. Most of the recorded non-native species are naturalized aliens rather than casuals. Flagship species which serves as markers of the plant community identified include Christella dentata (Forsk) Holttum; Cleistopholis patens (Benth) Engl & Dalz, Bambusa vulgaris Schrade ex Wendel; Parkia bicolor A. Chev and Sparganophorus sparganophora (Linn.) C. Jeffery. The vegetation contains rich flora diversity with a need for its continual conservation to safeguard the enormous genepool
Evolution of Molecular Function in Mammalian Neurons

A common question in neuroscience is what forms the neurological basis of the variety of behaviors in mammals. While many studies have compared mammalian anatomy and evolution, few have investigated the physiologic functions of individual neurons in a comparative manner. Neurons’ ability to modify their features in response to stimuli, known as synaptic plasticity, is fundamental for learning and memory. A key feature of synaptic plasticity involves delivering mRNA to distinct domains where they are locally translated. Regulatory coordination of these events is critical for synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity as defects in these processes can lead to neurological diseases. In this work, we combine computational and experimental biology to investigate subcellular localization of mRNAs in dendrites of mouse and rat neurons. Differential subcellular localization of specific gene products may highlight differential synaptic function and allow the uncovering of evolutionary conserved as well as divergent molecular functions in neurons. First, we performed a comparative analysis of the dendritic transcriptome in mouse and rat via microarrays. We found that their dendritic transcriptome are significantly more divergent than other homologous tissues and that these evolutionarily changes could be associated with transposon activity. Second, we comprehensively determined subcellular expression patterns for neuronal genes in mice and rats via a systematic in situ survey on a curated list of dendritic mRNA from our previous microarray study. This survey highlighted that dendritic localization of specific transcripts occurs in a species-specific fashion. We uncovered species-specific cis and trans-elements with possible implications in transcript localization and gene expression regulation in neurons. The interactions between these elements might play a major role in the proper development and evolution of complex nervous systems. Our data will be publically available in a database (http://kim.bio.upenn.edu/insitu/public/), which could guide future investigations. Finally, we investigated single cell variability by combining microarrays, RNAseq and in situ experiments. Our preliminary results underlined the extent of this variability and its contributions in establishing cell’s unique identity. In conclusion, our study suggests the existence of species-specific mRNA localization mechanisms and supports the idea that evolution of phenotypes might be linked to the evolution of subcellular localization of transcripts. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biology First Advisor Junhyong Kim This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/961 Second Advisor Jim Eberwine
Brains and bravery: little evidence of a relationship between brain size and flightiness in shorebirds

The ability of birds to perceive, assess and appropriately respond to the presence of relatively novel threats is important to their survival. We hypothesized that the cognitive capacity of birds will influence their ability for accurate response to novelty. We used brain volume as a surrogate for cognitive capacity and postulated that larger brained birds would moderate their responses when presented with a benign, frequently occurring stimulus, such as a person, because they would habituate more readily. We conducted phylogenetic generalized least square regression to investigate the relationship between brain volume and flight initiation distance (FID; the distance to which a bird can be approached before initiating escape behaviour), while controlling for confounding factors including body size (body mass and wing length) and migration status. We compared seven different models using combinations of these parameters using Akaike's information criterion to determine the best approximating model(s) explaining FID. The two best-supported models included only wing length and only body mass with Akaike weights of 0.396 and 0.311 respectively. No model including brain volume had an Akaike weight greater than 0.083 and brain volume was poorly correlated with FID in models after controlling for body mass. Thus, brain volume does not appear to strongly relate to bravery among these shorebirds.
Modelling L-glutamic acid production with Corynebacterium glutamicum under biotin limitation

The production of L-glutamic acid with Corynebacterium glutamicum under biotin limitation was studied. Assuming a formal type of cell maturation, an adequate formal kinetic model was developed. This model includes growth, dependent on biotin, and uses the same retention term for describing the lag phase and cell maturation. Special attention was paid to the graphical interpretation of the performance between the variables, which is relevant for kinetics. Comparison between experiments and the model resulted in different degrees of agreement. However, the main trend of the experimental patterns of the complex bioprocess can clearly be mirrored in this model.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE VEGETATION IN MIDDLE-SIZED STREAMS IN LATVIA

In this study the species diversity and distribution of macrophytes in 131 surveyed sites of middle-sized streams of Latvia were investigated. The aim of the study was to determine the composition of macrophyte vegetation in Latvian streams in relation to the environmental factors (stream width, water depth, substrate type, shading and flow velocity). On the basis of these factors, five major groups of streams were distinguished representing mutually different typical macrophyte communities – (1) fast flowing streams on gravelly and stony substrate, (2) slow flowing streams on gravelly and stony substrate, (3) fast flowing streams on sandy substrate, (4) slow flowing streams on sandy substrate, and (5) streams with soft, silty substrate. Totally, 47 macrophyte taxa were found in the streams. The most common macrophyte species were Nuphar lutea found in 65% of all sites, followed by Sparganium emersum (64%), S. erectum s.l. (48%), Phalaris arundinacea (50%), Alisma plantago-aquatica (54%) and Lemna minor (41%). The highest species richness (22) was found in slow flowing streams with gravelly substrate. Species-poor macrophyte communities were characteristic for fast flowing streams on sandy substrate.
Taking up an Event: Brand Image Transfer during the FIFA World Cup

A real-life study (N = 1299) into brand images during and after the 2006 FIFA World Cup football tournament showed that the event was a good platform for the creation of brand images through ‘take-up’ advertising in which the brand was associated with the event. Exposure level and involvement with the event had a positive effect on image transfer from event to brand. A measurement of brand images three months post-tournament showed that the positive effects had endured.
Molecular phylogeny, larval case architecture, host–plant associations and classification of European Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera)

Bauer, F. , Stübner, A. , Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2012). Molecular phylogeny, larval case architecture, host–plant associations and classification of European Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera). —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 248–265.
Araceae : pars generalis et index familiae generalis

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Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects by melamine and cyanuric acid co-exposure in human embryonic kidney 293 cells

The melamine and cyanuric acid (CA) complex has been suggested to cause the toxic effects observed in melamine-contaminated food or milk. However, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of co-exposure to melamine and CA are not fully clear. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of melamine and CA were first examined by co‐exposure in human kidney 293 cells using the MTT assay. During a 24-h period for the three concentrations tested (0.5, 1, and 5 mg/mL), neither melamine nor CA alone showed significant toxic effects on 293 cells at 0.5 mg/mL, while higher concentrations led to decreased in cell viability. However, co-exposure to several combinations of melamine and CA [100:1, 10:1, 1:10, and 1:100 (v:v), at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL] did cause cytotoxicity with higher levels of CA leading to higher cytotoxicity. By contrast, while neither melamine nor CA alone induced phosphorylated-H2AX (γH2AX) foci formation, melamine and CA at a 100:1 ratio induced γH2AX foci 24 h post-treatment. The alkaline comet assay also revealed the presence of DNA damage following melamine and CA co-exposure. In vivo assay also revealed the presence of melamine-CA complex in the kidney. These data indicated that the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of melamine and CA co-exposure differ from those of melamine or CA alone.
Rethinking Executive Function and Its Development

Research on executive function in early childhood has flourished in recent years. Much of this work is premised on a view of development of executive function as the emergence of a set of domain-general component processes (e.g., working memory updating, inhibitory control, shifting). This view has shaped how we think about relations between executive function and other aspects of development, the role of the environment in executive-function development, and how best to improve executive function in children who struggle with it. However, there are conceptual and empirical reasons to doubt that executive function should be defined in this way. I argue that the development of executive function is better understood as the emergence of skills in using control in the service of specific goals. Such goals activate and are influenced by mental content such as knowledge, beliefs, norms, values, and preferences that are acquired with development and are important to consider in understanding children’s performance on measures of executive function. This account better explains empirical findings than the component-process view; leads to specific, testable hypotheses; and has implications for theory, measurement, and interventions.
Coulomb Blockade Effect in Well-Arranged 2D Arrays of Palladium Nano-Islands for Hydrogen Detection at Room Temperature: A Modeling Study

The fast growth of hydrogen usage as a clean fuel in civil applications such as transportation, space technology, etc. highlights the importance of the reliable detection of its leakage and accumulation under explosion limit by sensors with a low power consumption at times when there is no accumulation of hydrogen in the environment. In this research, a new and efficient mechanism is presented for hydrogen detection—using the Coulomb blockade effect in a well-arranged 2D array of palladium nano-islands—which can operate at room temperature. We demonstrated that under certain conditions of size distribution and the regularity of palladium nano-islands, with selected sizes of 1.7, 3 and 6.1 nm, the blockade threshold will appear in current-voltage (IV) characteristics. In reality, it will be achieved by the inherent uncertainty in the size of the islands in nano-scale fabrication or by controlling the size of nanoparticles from 1.7 to 6.1 nm, considering a regular arrangement of nanoparticles that satisfies single-electron tunneling requirements. Based on the simulation results, the threshold voltage is shifted towards lower ones due to the expansion of Pd nanoparticles exposed to the environment with hydrogen concentrations lower than 2.6%. Also, exploring the features of the presented structure as a gas sensor, provides robustness against the Gaussian variation in nano-islands sizes and temperature variations. Remarkably, the existence of the threshold voltage in the IV curve and adjusting the bias voltage below this threshold leads to a drastic reduction in power consumption. There is also an improvement in the minimum detectable hydrogen concentration as well as the sensor response.