Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complex carbohydrates in Australian rice products : influence of microwave cooking and food processing

Abstract Raw and parboiled white and brown rice from three Australian cultivars (Calrose, Doongara and Waxy) were analysed for total and enzymically resistant starch (RS), and for water-soluble and water-insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Raw white and brown rice from these cultivars were also analysed for starch and RS after cooking in a microwave oven or rice cooker and cooling or freezing of the cooked rice. Generally, starch was higher in white rice samples than in the corresponding brown rice and was higher in parboiled white and brown Calrose but not Doongara or Waxy. The starch content of white and brown rice was maintained or increased by cooking in a microwave oven or rice cooker except with Waxy. In extruded and drum-dried rice flour, rice-pop and rice cakes, starch content was the same as in the corresponding raw material. RS was higher in rice products and in brown and parboiled rice than in white rice and was often increased by cooling or freezing cooked rice but it never exceeded 1.5% of total starch. Total NSP were lower in white (1.8-2.3%) than brown rice (3.1-3.5%) and were increased slightly by parboiling. The ratio soluble/insoluble NSP was higher in white rice than in brown rice. NSP sugar composition varied between the three cultivars and, in products made from Calrose, was also affected by procesing.
Sparse Representation for Target Parameter Estimation in CDR-Based Passive Radar

In the China digital radio (CDR)-based passive radar, when the range-Doppler (RD) map is generated by the classical matched filtering method, the target range profile has the mainlobe splitting phenomenon. To solve this problem, we first derive the reason for the target mainlobe splitting from the subcarrier domain. Then, we develop an effective-subcarrier-based complex fast sparse Bayesian learning (ES-CFSBL) algorithm to generate RD map. Finally, simulation and experimental results show that the developed algorithm can effectively reduce sidelobe level and make it easier to detect and track weak targets covered by strong target sidelobes. Besides, the proposed method can realize fractional delay estimation conveniently.
The Word-Problem Solving and Explanations of Students Experiencing Mathematics Difficulty: A Comparison Based on Dual-Language Status

In mathematics, the expectation to set up and solve word problems emerges as early as kindergarten; however, many students who experience mathematics difficulty (MD) and dual-language learners often present with specific challenges in this area. To investigate why these populations experience word-problem difficulty, we examined the word, problem solving and oral explanations of third-grade dual-language learners (DLLs; n = 40) and non-DLLs (n = 40), all of whom were identified as experiencing MD. Students solved five additive word problems and provided oral explanations of their work, which were transcribed and coded for the number of words in each explanation, type of mathematics vocabulary terms used, inclusion of correct numbers in explanations, and descriptions of addition or subtraction. We identified no significant differences in word-problem scores between DLLs and non-DLLs with MD. For both DLLs and non-DLLs, students who answered problems correctly used more words in each explanation and used more mathematics vocabulary terms within their explanations. For incorrectly answered problems, the most common mistake for both DLLs and non-DLLs involved using the incorrect operation to solve the problem.
Replication in the Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) as a Determinant of Hantavirus Pathogenicity

Members of different virus families including Hantaviridae cause viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). The decisive determinants of hantavirus-associated pathogenicity are still enigmatic. Pathogenic hantavirus species, such as Puumala virus (PUUV), Hantaan virus (HTNV), Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV), and Sin Nombre virus (SNV), are associated with significant case fatality rates. In contrast, Tula virus (TULV) only sporadically causes mild disease in immunocompetent humans and Prospect Hill virus (PHV) so far has not been associated with any symptoms. They are thus defined here as low pathogenic/apathogenic hantavirus species. We found that productive infection of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), correlated well with the pathogenicity of hantavirus species tested. HTNV (intermediate case fatality rates) replicated more efficiently than PUUV (low case fatality rates) in myeloid cells, whereas low pathogenic/apathogenic hantavirus species did not produce any detectable virus titers. Analysis of PHPUV, a reassortant hantavirus derived from a pathogenic (PUUV) and an apathogenic (PHV) hantavirus species, indicated that the viral glycoproteins are not decisive for replication in MPS cells. Moreover, blocking acidification of endosomes with chloroquine decreased the number of TULV genomes in myeloid cells suggesting a post-entry block for low pathogenic/apathogenic hantavirus species in myeloid cells. Intriguingly, pathogenic but not low pathogenic/apathogenic hantavirus species induced conversion of monocytes into inflammatory DCs. The proinflammatory programming of MPS cells by pathogenic hantavirus species required integrin signaling and viral replication. Our findings indicate that the capacity to replicate in MPS cells is a prominent feature of hantaviral pathogenicity.
Inventory, motion and acceleration of rock glaciers in Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, since the 1950s

Abstract. Spatio-temporal patterns of rock glacier creep have rarely been studied outside the densely populated European Alps. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of rock glacier motion in the Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too mountain ranges, northern Tien Shan. Over the study region of more than 3000 km2, an inventory of slope movements is constructed using a large number of radar interferograms and high-resolution optical imagery. The inventory includes more than 900 landforms, of which around 550 are interpreted as rock glaciers. Out of the active rock glaciers, 45 are characterised by a rate of motion exceeding 1 m/a. From these fast rock glaciers we select six and study them in more detail (Gorodetzky, Morenny, Archaly, Ordzhonikidze, Karakoram and Kugalan Tash rock glaciers) using offset tracking between airphotos, and historical and modern very high resolution optical satellite data. Most of them show an overall increase of decadal surface velocities from the 1950s onwards with speeds being roughly two to three times higher in recent years compared to the 1950s and 1960s. This development indicates a possible significant increase in sediment and ice fluxes through rock glaciers and implies that – when compared to glacier shrinkage – periglacial sediment transport in the region seems to gain importance relative to glacial sediment transport. Those rock glacier fronts reaching the valley floors show a strongly compressive flow regime, and changes in speeds further upstream affect them only in a damped way. The only rock glacier investigated in detail that does not exhibit an overall increase in speed since the 1950s is Gorodetsky where glacier retreat and dead-ice degradation seem to have decoupled the rock glacier from its supply by glacial sediments and ice.
Progeny Production and Parasitism by Campoletis flavicincta (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) as Affected by Female Ageing

ABSTRACT Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) is a solitary larval endoparasitoid with potential to control Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lep.: Noctuidae). The effect of female parasitoid age (days after emergence) and number of days before receipt of the host larvae (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after emergence of C. flavicincta) on progeny production and parasitism rate were studied. Twenty-four larvae of S. frugiperda were supplied daily for each parasitoid pair until female death. The total number of males produced was similar regardless of when host larvae were supplied but daily male production decreased with female age (p < 0.05). The daily and total number of females produced during the lifespan of female C. flavicincta and the sex ratio were higher when host supply began three to four days after the emergence of adult parasitoids (p < 0.05) than in the other treatments. The daily production of females and the sex ratio (females/females + males) increased with female age to a maximum at 8.5 and 9.3 days and then decreased (p < 0.05). Parasitism rate was already high (< 60%) at the beginning of host supply, reached a peak for six-day old females and declined afterwards. Mortality of S. frugiperda larvae and viability of C. flavicinctapupae were not affected by female age and delay in supplying host larvae. Longevity of C. flavicincta females receiving hosts at a younger age was shorter (p < 0.05). It is recommended to start supplying larvae of S. frugiperda after three to four days of emergence of C. flavicincta females to maximise female production of this parasitoid.
Changes in Cell Number, Osmotic Potential and Concentrations of Carbohydrates and Inorganic Ions in Tweedia caerulea during Flower Opening

The number of epidermal cells, osmotic potential, and carbohydrate and inorganic ion concentrations in petals during development and opening of Tweedia caerulea D. Don flowers was studied. The number of adaxial epidermal cells was greater than that of abaxial epidermal cells at all stages. The increase in cell number stopped at the stage just before flower opening. The size of adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells increased during flower development and opening. The results indicate that petal growth before flower opening depended on cell division and expansion, and petal growth during flower opening was attributable to petal cell expansion. Osmotic potential decreased and fructose, glucose and sucrose concentrations in the petals gradually increased during flower opening. Starch content and total inorganic ion concentration were almost constant during flower opening. Decreased osmotic potential is mainly attributed to increased glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations. It is concluded that an increase in these sugar concentrations largely contributes to the decrease in osmotic potential. This decrease may facilitate water influx to cells, thereby maintaining pressure potential, which is apparently involved in petal cell expansion associated with flower opening.
Transcriptomics of Mature Rice (Oryza Sativa L. Koshihikari) Seed under Hot Conditions by DNA Microarray Analyses

Higher temperature conditions during the final stages of rice seed development (seed filling and maturation) are known to cause damage to both rice yield and rice kernel quality. The western and central parts of Japan especially have seen record high temperatures during the past decade, resulting in the decrease of rice kernel quality. In this study, we looked at the rice harvested from a town in the central Kanto-plains (Japan) in 2010. The daytime temperatures were above the critical limits ranging from 34 to 38 °C at the final stages of seed development and maturity allowing us to investigate high-temperature effects in the actual field condition. Three sets of dry mature rice seeds (commercial), each with specific quality standards, were obtained from Japan Agriculture (JA Zen-Noh) branch in Ami-town of Ibaraki Prefecture in September 2010: grade 1 (top quality, labeled as Y1), grade 2 (medium quality, labeled as Y2), and grade 3 (out-of-grade or low quality, labeled as Y3). The research objective was to examine particular alterations in genome-wide gene expression in grade 2 (Y2) and grade 3 (Y3) seeds compared to grade 1 (Y1). We followed the high-temperature spike using a high-throughput omics-approach DNA microarray (Agilent 4 × 44 K rice oligo DNA chip) in conjunction with MapMan bioinformatics analysis. As expected, rice seed quality analysis revealed low quality in Y3 > Y2 over Y1 in taste, amylose, protein, and fatty acid degree, but not in water content. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis from the transcriptomic profiling data revealed that there are more than one hundred upregulated (124 and 373) and downregulated (106 and 129) genes in Y2 (grade 2 rice seed) and Y3 (grade 3 rice seed), respectively. Bioinformatic analysis of DEGs selected as highly regulated differentially expressed (HRDE) genes revealed changes in function of genes related to metabolism, defense/stress response, fatty acid biosynthesis, and hormones. This research provides, for the first time, the seed transcriptome profile for the classified low grades (grade 2, and out-of-grade; i.e., grade 3) of rice under high-temperature stress condition.
Multistage Multirate Transfer Function Automated Synthesis Using Hybrid Sampling Strategy-Based Differential Evolution

Modern digital systems require one or more frequency shaping modules that realize certain transfer functions, usually in the form of digital filters. Breaking up the design into multiple stages results in reducing the implementation area and power consumption. However, there is no well-defined automation methodology to design an optimum multistage multirate filter. This article proposes a new design flow automation tool using a hybrid sampling strategy-based differential evolution (HSS-DE). The user specifies the inputs and outputs of the system, including the input spectrum, the sample rate change, the magnitude and phase responses, and the required signal-to-noise ratio. The tool uses this information to generate a solution indicating the number of stages and the filters’ specifications for each stage such that the generated architecture satisfies the user requirements. We compared the proposed tool to subsystems designed by experts in the ASIC industry. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the proposed tool’s efficiency in different design problems. The case studies include decimation filters for sigma–delta ( $\Sigma \Delta $ ) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and interpolation filters for wideband transmitters such as wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA). The case studies’ results indicate that the proposed design automation flow reduces the design time remarkably, in addition to reducing the implementation in all cases.
Multigenic control of drug response and regulatory decision-making in pharmacogenomics: The need for an upper-bound estimate of genetic contributions

Nature or nurture? To what extent genetics play a role in drug efficacy and safety? These questions are not new. They are however gaining increasing prominence with the implementation of pharmacogenomics in various facets of medicine ranging from therapeutics, drug development and regulatory science to research funding decisions. For predisposition to common complex diseases, twin and family studies have been the mainstay for estimating genetic components of the attendant risk. On the other hand, the rapid pace of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry and the need for faster regulatory decisions call for an approach of higher throughput to identify the compounds for which heritability is likely to play a significant role in their pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics. A second predicament related to multifactorial nature of drug effects is that one typically observes a considerable overlap in the distribution of drug response phenotypes among subpopulations identified by each pharmacogenomic biomarker. This is in sharp contrast to monogenic pharmacological traits wherein it is feasible to partition the patient populations into discrete subgroups by analysis of a single gene. Hence, as pharmacogenom ic investigation s progress from monogenic to increasingly multigenic or multifactoria l drug response phenotypes, the regulatory decision-makers are faced with a dilemma: How can a reviewer or a clinician determine if a given separation of a drug response profile by a pharmacogenomic biomarker is worthwhile for clinical implementation? The present manuscript makes an attempt to address these broad and emerging issues in pharmacogenomics and regulatory science. We propose that a comparison of inter- versus intra-subject variability in drug response under minimal environmental exposure may provide an upper- bound estimate of heritability of drug efficacy and safety. It is also argued that seemingly modest changes in population averages may underestimate the dramatic impact of a genetic biomarker at the tails of a population. To this end, a conceptual framework for graded risk assessment among subpopulations with overlapping quantitative phenotypes is presented. We conclude with a broader discussion of the evolution of genetic biomarkers from monogenic to multigenic traits in pharmacology, the associated ethical, social and therapeutic policy corollaries and the challenges lying ahead.
Pollen exine ornamentation in the F2 generation of an interspecific hybrid of Chorisia (Bombacoideae, Malvaceae) in relation to inheritance pattern

Pollen morphology in ten plants of F2 progeny of an interspecific tree hybrid, Chorisia insignis H. B. & K. ×C. speciosa St. Hil (Bombacoideae, Malvaceae) has been studied with a view to have an insight in to the effect of hybridization on the pollen morphological features in F2 generation. The study is a sequel to an earlier study on the pollen morphology of Chorisia species and their F1 hybrid, in which case the hybrid pollen uniformly exhibited the apertural features of the male parent and exine features of the female parent. In the F2 progeny the pollen grains display the apertural feature of the male parent in all the plants. However, with regard to exine ornamentation, variability has been observed. Of the ten plants, two plants exhibit the exine features of the male parent showing empty lumina (without bacula), five plants have their pollen exactly like that of the F1 plant (showing prominent columellar heads in the lumina of the apocolpium region) and the remaining three plants showing columellae in lumina of both apocolpium and mesocolpium region being different from the above types. It has been inferred that the variability in the exine pattern in F2 pollen indicates that the pollen exine pattern in hybrids, perhaps, is not unequivocally controlled by sporophytic or gametophytic genomes.
Alternativas de aplicação do "dris" à cultura de café conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre)

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) has been indicated as an alternative method for the evaluation of the nutritional status of plants, in substitution to the traditional criterium of interpretation of the critical levels of nutrients. In this study, it was tested the application of different DRIS methods (Jones, Elwali & Gascho, and Rathfon & Burger) in coffee crop data, grown in the Espirito Santo state, for three seasonal years. The calculation of the DRIS indices and the use of the F-test for the selection of the ratios between nutrients were tested during the diagnosis. The use of the F-test was shown to be a potential alternative, since it improves the capacity of discriminating nutritionally balanced plantations from the unbalanced. Even though there were differences among the DRIS indices, the diagnoses was consistent and adequate to differentiate crops according to their nutritional status. Additionally, the results suggest that the use of nitrogen fertilizers was adequate, since no nitrogen deficiency was detected. However, for P, Ca, B, and K, there were indications that their levels could be limiting the productivity of coffee.
Life Cycle and Host Plants of Mechanitis menapis doryssus 1 (Danainae: Ithomiini) in Mexico

Abstract. Immature stages of the tigerwing butterfly, Mechanitis menapis doryssus Bates (1864), were collected during 10 days of fieldwork southwest of the city of Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Three species of host plants were identified as belonging to the genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae), all of them new records for Ithomiini host plants in Mexico, and two of them were new reports for the species. The life cycle of the tigerwing is described and observations were made of its immature stages and adult morphology. The morphological data collected provide evidence that verifies the taxonomic status of the subspecies and adds useful characteristics for phylogenetic analysis of the genus Mechanitis.
Resistance to ship‐induced waves of benthic invertebrates in various littoral habitats

Summary 1. Ship-induced waves disturb benthic invertebrate assemblages colonizing littoral zones of lakes and rivers. However, the impact of ship-induced waves on invertebrates has rarely been quantified, and the influencing factors have not been addressed. 2. In an experimental wave tank, five benthic invertebrate species, Bithynia tentaculata, Calopteryx splendens, Dikerogammarus villosus, Gammarus roeseli and Laccophilus hyalinus, were exposed to waves of increasing shear stress (0.43–2.19 N m−2). Mean number of detached individuals was recorded for five littoral habitats [coarse woody debris (CWD), reeds, sand, stones and tree roots], representing different levels of structural complexity as quantified by their fractal dimensions (FD). 3. Results showed that detachment of invertebrates was significantly related to shear stress in all habitats except tree roots. Detachments averaged for the five species were significantly lower in habitats with a high degree of structural complexity, decreasing in the habitat sequence: sand, CWD, stones, reeds and tree roots. 4. Consistent with their different morphologies and methods of attachment to substrates, the five species displayed differences in their response to hydraulic stress that were dependent on habitat. 5. The increasing sheltering effect of structural habitat complexity was mirrored by increasing dissipation of the kinetic energy of waves; i.e. the FD of the habitat was positively correlated with shear stress reduction due to the flow resistance of the habitat. 6. Network habitats such as tree roots provided the best sheltering conditions against hydraulic disturbance, because they combined good refuge availability for all studied invertebrate species and maximal dissipation of kinetic wave energy. Consequently, persistent anthropogenic impacts, such as lakeshore modification or long-term exposure to ship-induced waves, which cause disappearance of complex littoral habitats such as tree roots or dense reed belts, will drastically increase the adverse effects of boating and ship traffic on littoral invertebrate assemblages.
Avaliação da infestação e diversidade de Teredinidae (Mollusca - Bivalvia) ao longo da costa do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

In order to evaluate the diversity and infestation level of Teredinidae wood-boring molluscs, ten satations were chosen along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State. Using five pine-wood panels in each station, it was possible to distinguish five areas according to species dominance. Ilha Grande Bay is characterized by the dominance of Lyrodus floridanus (Bartsch, 1922); Sepetiba Bay, by Bankia fimbriatula Moll & Roch, 1931, Tijuca Lagoon by Teredo navalis Linnaeus, 1758; Guanabara Bay by Notoredo knoxi (Bartsch, 1917) and Araruama Lagoon by Teredo furcifera Martens, 1894. Specific composition and dominance of these species were due mainly to abiotic factors such as salinity whereas infestation level was associated not only to salinity but also to other factors such as the quantity and quality of fouling, the presence of larval dispersion focus and the wood supply in each area.