Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Clay Mineralogy and Aluminum and Iron Oxides on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Clay-Sand Mixtures

Changes in hydraulic conductivity and clay dispersivity of clay-sand mixtures (four reference smectites and Fithian illite) as a function of concentration (0.01 M Cl− and distilled water) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR ≤ 30) of the percolating solution were measured. In addition, the effect of sand percentage, sand particle size, and addition of AlCl3 and FeCl3 on the hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures were measured.Clay dispersion and migration out of the 3% clay columns was substantial. The clay dispersed only in the distilled water system; dispersion increased with an increase in the percentage of exchangeable Na and was about the same for the Wyoming montmorillonite and Fithian illite. Conversely, the clay swelled in the 0.01 M Cl− solution. The swelling of the montmorillonites increased in the order: Upton, Wyoming = Belle Fourche, South Dakota > Polkville, Mississippi > Otay, California, and was higher than that of the Fithian illite. The swelling and dispersion of the clay accounted for the changes in hydraulic conductivity.Mixtures treated with FeCl3 and AlCl3 were leached with NaCl-CaCl2 solutions until the pH of the effluent exceeded 6.5. The composition of the exchangeable phase was then determined by the SAR of the leach solutions. At pH > 6.5, the polycations hydrolyzed and were present as the hydroxy-polymer species. The hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures decreased as exchangeable Na increased, but the decrease was less than in untreated mixtures, AlCl3 was more effective in maintaining hydraulic conductivity than FeCl3. In montmorillonite clay with an ESP of 20, less than 5% of a complete Al-interlayer was enough to prevent a reduction in hydraulic conductivity. Packets in the day systems tested explain the high efficiency of the Fe and Al polycations.
INDIUM/POLYPYRROLE(POLYPYRROLE DERIVATIVES) SCHOTTKY JUNCTIONS

Samples of polypyrrole, poly(N-methyl pyrrole) and their copolymer poly(N-methyl pyrrole-pyrrole) have been prepared by electrochemical polymerization technique. Their conductivity values have been optimized for fabricating indium-polymer Schottky junctions. The current-voltage characteristics of the indium-polymer Schottky junctions have been investigated. The results have been explained on the basis of thermionic emission theory.
Breit–Pauli oscillator strengths for transitions among fine-structure levels of Cl I

We have undertaken an extensive calculation to obtain the oscillator strengths for all optically allowed and intercombination E1 transitions in Cl I between the fine-structure levels of the odd-parity configurations 3s23p5, 3p4(1D)4p, 3p4(3P)np(4 ⩽ n ⩽ 5) and the even-parity configurations 3s3p6, 3p4(3P, 1D, 1S)ns(4 ⩽ n ⩽ 5), 3p4(3P)6s, 3p4(3P, 1D)3d, 3p4(3P)4d, within the Breit–Pauli approximation, using the method of interaction of configurations (CI) enveloped in the general atomic structure code CIV3. The CI wavefunctions have been constructed from a common orthogonal set of 23 one-electron functions (OEFs), which have been carefully selected to ensure that the LS dependency of the orbitals and all important correlation effects have been accurately represented. In the LS-coupling regime, the configuration state functions (CSFs) included in the atomic wavefunction expansions were obtained from all single- and double-electron replacements to the OEFs for each symmetry from the orbitals in the set of dominant configurations 3s23p5, 3s3p6, 3s23p4nl. At the LSJ stage we retain only those CSFs with eigenvector components ⩾0.0005 in magnitude. We then make a further ad hoc refinement to the calculation, whereby the diagonal Hamiltonian matrix elements are adjusted so that the theoretical energy differences coincide with the relevant experimental values. Alternative energy level classifications are proposed for a number of heavily mixed J = 5/2 and J = 3/2 levels based on our calculations, and are supported by the experimental measurements of Schectman et al (1993 Astrophys. J. 406 735). Our results are compared with experimental and available theoretical data. We observe excellent agreement in the length and velocity forms of the oscillator strengths, demonstrating a marked improvement over previous work by Ojha and Hibbert (1990 Phys. Scr. 42 424) and Singh et al (2006 Eur. Phys. J. D 38 285). We predict new oscillator strength data for transitions involving the 3p4(3P)5p, 3p4(3P)4d, 3p4(3P)6s configurations where no other theoretical values are available.
Thermophoresis of charged colloidal rods

The thermal diffusion behavior of dilute solutions of very long and thin, charged colloidal rods (fd-virus particles) is studied using a holographic grating technique. The Soret coefficient of the charged colloids is measured as a function of the Debye screening length, as well as the rod-concentration. The Soret coefficient of the fd-viruses increases monotonically with increasing Debye length, while there is a relatively weak dependence on the rod-concentration when the ionic strength is kept constant. An existing theory for thermal diffusion of charged spheres is extended to describe the thermal diffusion of long and thin charged rods, leading to an expression for the Soret coefficient in terms of the Debye length, the rod-core dimensions, and the surface charge density. The thermal diffusion coefficient of a charged colloidal rod is shown to be accurately represented, for arbitrary Debye lengths, by a superposition of spherical beads with the same diameter of the rod and the same surface charge density. The experimental Soret coefficients are compared with this and other theories, and are contrasted against the thermal diffusion behaviour of charged colloidal spheres.
Raman and X‐ray Studies of Uranium–Lanthanum‐Mixed Oxides Before and After Air Oxidation

UO2 samples doped with 6, 11, 22 mol% lanthanum were examined before and after air oxidation. To verify the formation of uranium–lanthanum-mixed oxide solid solutions, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the crystalline phases in the materials were carried out. The presence of oxygen vacancies in the La-doped UO2 samples was identified by Raman spectrometry. It was evidenced by changes induced in the Raman spectra by air oxidation. This latter was carried out either by increasing the Raman laser power or by thermally treating the samples at 500 K for 370 h. In addition, oxidation behavior differences of pure and La-doped UO2 samples were reported by comparing XRD and Raman results of the samples before and after air oxidation. It was shown that the concentration of the M4O9 (M: U, La) phase increased with increasing content of La, whereas inhibition for the formation of M3O8 phase was observed.
Low resolution remotely sensed images of winegrape vineyards map spatial variability in planimetric canopy area instead of leaf area index

Background and Aims: Knowledge of the spatial variability of grapevine canopy density is useful in managing the variability of grape composition and yield. Rapid assessment of the characteristics of vineyards by remote sensing offers distinct advantages over ground-based measurements. In an effort to capture such advantages, this study aimed to assess the relative contribution to LAI of grapevine canopy density and grapevine canopy area derived from high-spatial-resolution airborne digital imagery. Methods and Results: High-spatial-resolution airborne NDVI imagery of minimally pruned, unconfined (i.e. not confined by trellising) grapevines was used to partition image pixels into grapevine-only and non-grapevine groupings. An evaluation of the relative contributions of grapevine planimetric area (number of grapevine pixels across a single row) and leaf layers (NDVI of grapevine-only pixels) found that the variability observed across the vineyard was dominated by changes in canopy area rather than grapevine-only NDVI. Conclusion: The primary predictive variable of grapevine LAI is canopy area. Low-spatial-resolution NDVI imagery of minimally pruned, unconfined vineyards is therefore effective in mapping spatial variability in planimetric canopy area, rather than LAI. Significance of the Study: The process of estimating grapevine LAI from mixed pixels has incorrectly assumed that both components of LAI within a pixel's footprint, namely the number of leaf layers and planimetric canopy area, produce a consistent response in NDVI. Correlations between NDVI and LAI reported in previous studies based on low-resolution imagery most likely relied on the proxy relationship between NDVI and canopy area.
Poluição das águas por herbicidas utilizados no cultivo do arroz irrigado na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: predição teórica e monitoramento

This article presents an evaluation of the pollution of river water by herbicides used in the culture of irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Firstly, a theoretical evaluation was made using the approaches suggested by EPA-USA, the "Groundwater Ubiquity Score" index and the Goss method to estimate the pollution possibilities. Afterwards, a monitoring program was established for the rivers of the area from 2001 to 2003 to investigate the presence of herbicide residues. The results indicate that the herbicides clomazone and propanil are the ones with larger presence and frequency in the analyzed samples. The theoretical forecast was confirmed by the results of the monitoring program.
Can Synthetic Validity Methods Achieve Discriminant Validity?

Our focus is on the difficulties that synthetic validity encounters in attempting to achieve discriminant validity and the implications of these difficulties. Johnson et al. (2010) acknowledge the potential problems involved in attaining discriminant validity in synthetic validity. For example, they report that Peterson et al. (2001), Johnson (2007), and other synthetic validity studies report failure to achieve discriminant validity. What this failure means is that a synthetic validity equation developed to predict validity for Job A does as well in predicting validity for Jobs B, C, D, and so forth as it does for Job A. Johnson et al. then go on to propose that this problem might be overcome by careful attention to both the criterion and predictor sides of synthetic validity. We question whether their proposals can be made to work.
Corrections for Criterion Reliability in Validity Generalization: A False Prophet in a Land of Suspended Judgment

Abstract The results of meta-analytic (MA) and validity generalization (VG) studies continue to be impressive. In contrast to earlier findings that capped the variance accounted for in job performance at roughly 16%, many recent studies suggest that a single predictor variable can account for between 16 and 36% of the variance in some aspect of job performance. This article argues that this “enhancement” in variance accounted for is often attributable not to improvements in science but to a dumbing down of the standards for the values of statistics used in correction equations. With rare exceptions, applied researchers have suspended judgment about what is and is not an acceptable threshold for criterion reliability in their quest for higher validities. We demonstrate a statistical dysfunction that is a direct result of using low criterion reliabilities in corrections for attenuation. Corrections typically applied to a single predictor in a VG study are instead applied to multiple predictors. A multiple correlation analysis is then conducted on corrected validity coefficients. It is shown that the corrections often used in single predictor studies yield a squared multiple correlation that appears suspect. Basically, the multiple predictor study exposes the tenuous statistical foundation of using abjectly low criterion reliabilities in single predictor VG studies. Recommendations for restoring scientific integrity to the meta-analyses that permeate industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology are offered.
Leaf area index response of four obsolete and four modern cotton cultivars to two nitrogen levels

Abstract The optimal nitrogen (N) rate for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the late 20th century is greater than it was in the middle of the century (112 versus 27 kg ha‐1). Part of the reason for this difference is that modern cultivars exhibit a greater harvest index than obsolete cultivars. This greater harvest index helps to allow modern cultivars to utilize greater N rates. However, factors other than harvest index, such as the development of leaf area in response to N, may also play an important role. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize leaf area index (LAI) of four obsolete and four modern cultivars at a low and high fertilizer N level. Cotton was grown in the field for two years (1992 and 1993) with two locations each year. The locations were a Beulah fine sandy loam and a Dubbs silt loam. Two preplant fertilizer‐N rates were used, a low (22 kg N ha‐1) and a high(112 kg N ha‐1). Leaf area index was determined at three stages in each year (early, mid, and late se.
Comparative metallomics for transgenic and non-transgenic soybeans

In this work, a comparative metallomics of transgenic and non-transgenic soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was performed. Soybean proteins were extracted with a proper buffer and separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Metal ions bound to a set of eight proteins randomly selected (ranging from 13.98 to 54.87 kDa), were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry and mapped using synchrotron radiation X-ray spectrometry. The metal ions detected were: Ca(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II). Transgenic and non-transgenic soybeans proteins were found to display typical and random profiles for metal ions binding. To test the reliability of the qualitative metal ions profiles, quantification of Ca(II), Cu(II) and Fe(II) was performed via microwave-assisted decomposition in mini-vials followed by atomic absorption spectrometry determination. Qualitative and quantitative metallomics was found to be coherent and to match profiles expected from the known protein functions. The protein of spot 5, with molar mass of 37.62 kDa (amino acid sequence presented), was found to display the most characteristic change in metal ions content, with higher Ca(II), Cu(II) and Fe(II) concentrations for transgenic soybeans.
Preparation of Ultrafine Titanium Dioxide Particles Using Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions in the Inner Aqueous Phase of Reversed Micelles: Effect of Alcohol Addition

An attempt was made to prepare ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in the nanometer range by making use of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraisopropylorthotitanate (TTIP) in the inner aqueous phase of Aerosol OT reversed micelles formed in cyclohexane. Addition of linear alcohols (C2 to C6) to TTIP was found to affect the size of the titanium dioxide particles formed. The particle size was strongly dependent on the alkyl chain length and the amount of the alcohols. Addition of alcohols with the alkyl chain length smaller than 1-butanol increased the size of the particles over that prepared without alcohol addition, while addition of alcohols with a moderately long alkyl chain, like 1-pentanol and 1-hexanol, caused a decrease in the particle size. In particular, addition of 1-hexanol was found to yield TiO2 particles with a best dispersibility and sizes of around 10 nm.
The Determinants of Constitutional Amendability: amendment models or amendment culture?

This essay discusses the use of culture in comparative constitutional amendment theory. In particular it assesses the use of culture in normative-culturalist as opposed to empirical approaches of constitutional amendment. It discusses the notion of 'amendment culture' put forth by Ginsburg and Melton, delineating how this represents a shift compared to their earlier work (Elkins, Ginsburg and Melton). Moreover, it probes their idea of a measurable amendment culture in light of the recent work by L. Epstein and A.D. Martin on empirical methodology on one hand, and as regards our own approach to constitutional change through amendment models on the other. This essay examines these approaches to explore their possible contribution to the design of formal amendment rules.
Evidence of crystallization in residual, Cl–F-rich, agpaitic, trachyphonolitic magmas and primitive Mg-rich basalt–trachyphonolite interaction in the lava domes of the Phlegrean Fields (Italy)

Abstract The lava domes in the northwestern (Cuma), northern (Punta Marmolite) and central (Accademia) parts of the Phlegrean Fields are the subject of this study. The Cuma and Punta Marmolite trachyphonolitic lava domes are among the oldest Phlegrean products cropping out. The Cuma rocks have an agpaitic groundmass, with early alkali feldspar, Fe-rich clinopyroxene, Fe-edenite and sodalite and late rosenbuschite, fluorite, baddeleyite, pyrochlore, britholite, monazite, aegirine (often Zr-rich) and exceptionally Fe–Mn-rich olivine. The bulk-rock compositions at Cuma have some of the highest concentrations of Zn, Mn, Zr, Nb, Th, U and lanthanides among the Phlegrean Fields rocks, and some of the lowest MgO, P2O5, Sr, Eu and Ba. The Punta Marmolite dome is chemically less evolved, and lacks characteristic agpaitic minerals, but features alkali feldspar, sodalite, nepheline and relatively Na-poor, Fe-rich hedenbergite, with rare Ca-rich plagioclase xenocryst cores. The Accademia dome, belonging to the recent activity, is latitic to trachytic in composition, has highly forsteritic olivine (with chromiferous spinel inclusions), calcic plagioclase and Mg-rich diopside (± phlogopite) xenocrysts in an evolved host rock (with phenocrysts and microlites of alkali feldspar, Fe-rich clinopyroxene, Fe-rich amphibole, magnetite, Fe-rich olivine and accessory baddeleyite, zirconolite and fluorite). There is clear evidence of open-system magma crystallization in the form of interaction between a crystallizing, primitive shoshonitic basalt in a reservoir already filled by rather evolved trachytic magma. The magmatic evolution towards the evolved compositions is dominated by crystallization of more and more Na-rich alkali feldspar in a Cl-, F-rich and relatively H2O-poor environment. Input of mafic magma is evident in many trachytic eruptions of the Phlegrean Fields and even in the products of the Campanian Ignimbrite, but eruptions having mineral assemblages rich in xenocryst phases as well as eruptions virtually free of mafic magma input are also frequently observed throughout the history. This suggests a variable pattern of open- and closed-system crystallization, which may or may not be linked to explosive activity, and that can be caused by intermittent supply of basaltic magma from depth.
EFFECT OF SIRE TYPE AND PLANE OF NUTRITION ON LAMB LOIN SHEAR FORCE, MYOFIBRILLAR FRAGMENTATION INDEX AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATION

The tenderness, myofibrillar fragmentation (MF) and calcium concentration of 140 female lambs sired by Poll Dorset sires of 3 sire types (3 selected for growth, 3 selected for muscling and 3 control) and fed either a low or high plane of nutrition from birth to slaughter was examined. Carcasses were electrically stimulated and portions of m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (loin) aged for 1,3 or 5 days. Sire type had no effect on shear force values or MF values. Low plane animals produced tougher loins at each aging period with a greater reduction in shear force during aging in low plane animals. MF values increased with aging indicative of increased degradation, but were lower in low plane animals consistent with the increased toughness in this group. There was no effect of sire type on ‘free‘ calcium concentration in loin muscle, but low plane lambs had a higher calcium concentration. The concentration of free calcium increased with aging. The findings suggest that plane of nutrition can influence loin tenderness and this is reflected in reduced myofibril degradation, but sire type effects are not important as tested in this work.
Stentor coeruleus SHOWS POSITIVE PHOTOKINESIS

Abstract— Stentor coeruleus responds to a sudden increase in light intensity with a step‐up photophobic response (avoiding reaction), and to collimated light with negative phototaxis. The peaks of the action spectra for the photophobic response and for the phototaxis are in common, 610 nm.
Efficient mixing by swirling electrovortex flows in liquid metal batteries

Abstract Using direct numerical simulations, we show that swirling electrovortex flows significantly enhance the mixing of the bottom layer alloy in liquid metal batteries during discharge. By studying the flow in various parameter regimes, we identify and explain a novel scaling law for the intensity of these swirling electrovortex flows. Using this scaling law and the model described in Herreman et al. (Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 5, 2020, 074501), we estimate the minimal intensity of the external magnetic field that is needed for the swirling electrovortex to enhance the mixing of the alloys in the bottom electrode of arbitrary liquid metal batteries.
Mercury content on hair as an indication of mercury exposure on gold miners in Tambang Sawah Village, Lebong Regency

Background: The gold mine located at Tambang Sawah Village, Lebong Regency, has been in existence since the Dutch colonial era. The mine is currently managed independently by the local populace using the amalgamation method, which causes environmental pollution and health problems to the miners and surrounding communities. Aims: This study aims to determine the effect of mercury exposure on miners.Settings and Design: The purposive sampling method was used to obtain information and research data needed on illegal gold miners. Methods and Material: Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation. Statistical analysis used: The interview results were analyzed and further examined using a descriptive statistical test. Results: The result showed that the amalgamation activity is carried out from 7:00 a.m.7:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. , thereby culminating in 9 hours per day. Furthermore, the highest, lowest, and average mercury level obtained from a miner's hair sample was 8.72 mg/kg, 1.42 mg/kg, and 3.06 mg/kg. Conclusions: The high levels of mercury in the hair samples of miners were influenced by the length of exposure affected by the working periods and work difficulty level.
Transactions between Big‐5 personality traits and job characteristics across 20 years

Although understanding the relationship between the individual and work environment is a core concern of organizational research, few studies have examined longitudinal transactions between Big-5 personality traits and job characteristics. Building on research in personality and job design we develop hypotheses detailing transactions between Big-5 personality traits (i.e., openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) and two key job characteristics (i.e., job discretion and workload). Specifically, we hypothesize and test transactions with regard to the effects of job characteristics on personality, the effects of personality on job characteristics, and the reciprocal effects between these constructs. Our findings, based on a latent change score analysis of data collected over three waves across 20 years, show strongest support for the effects of job characteristics on personality, particularly the effects of workload on personality change in openness, extraversion, and agreeableness. We found no effects of job discretion on personality, limited support for the effects of personality on job characteristics (except a positive effect of neuroticismon job discretion), and no evidence of reciprocal effects.