Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of college educational debt on graduate school attendance and early career and lifestyle choices

This paper examines how college educational debt affects various post-baccalaureate decisions of bachelor’s degree recipients. I employ the Baccalaureate and Beyond 93/97 survey data. Using college-aid policies as instrumental variables to correct for the endogeneity of student college debt level, I find that for public college graduates, college debt has a negative and significant effect on graduate school attendance. This negative effect is concentrated on more costly programs associated with doctoral, MBA, and first professional (FP) degrees, and debt has no effect on the choice of a master’s program. For private college students, debt does not have an effect on the overall graduate school attendance, but this absence of effect conceals the differential effects of debt on different graduate programs – debt has a positive and significant effect on the choice of an MBA or an FP program, and a zero effect on other programs. For both public and private college students, debt has no effects on early career choices such as salary, sector of occupation, marital status, and homeownership.
A Virulent Cyanophage Affects the Seasonal Abundance of Cyanobacterial Picoplankton (Synechococcus sp.) in Kagoshima Bay

To understand the ecological role of cyanophage and its effect on nutrients cycling in the coastal marine environment, it is critical to understand cyanophage infectivity and the interactions that occur between the phage and its host, marine cyanobacterial picoplankton (Synechococcus sp.). We previously isolated a new virulent cyanophage (strain S-KM1), and here have investigated its seasonal infectivity of cyanophage, phycoerythrin-rich Synechococcus sp. (strain KFM001) in Kagoshima Bay. We found that the phage titers ranged from undetectable to 7.5×103/ml in autumn, and began to increase about one week after the onset of the Synechococcus autumn bloom. During the autumn months, the phage numbers oscillated in a fashion that mirrored levels of host abundance, showing a lag of about one week. We calculated that from 0.0055% to 2.1% of the host population per day was lysed by the phage during a Synechococcus bloom in autumn. This suggests that lytic phages have a noticeable effect on regulating the densities of marine Synechococcus populations.
Inheritance of reaction to soybean mosaic virus in two soybean cultivars

The data indicated that both Marshall and Kwanggyo have single dominant genes for resistance and that the genes are probably alleles at a single locus. No evidence for linkage was found between the resistance gene in Kwanggyo and the T-t gene pair, which controls pubescence color. Also, the joint segregations of the resistance gene in Marshall with the T-t and R-r gene pairs that regulate hilum color fit expected ratios for independent assortment
Variable response of coastal sharks to severe tropical storms: environmental cues and changes in space use

We thank the staff and students of the Fishing and Fisheries Research Group, including F. de Faria, A. Schlaff, J. White, O. Li, P. Yates, S. Monroe and other volunteers who assisted with fieldwork related to this project. This research was funded by the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI), under DEEDI's Marine Fish Habitat Scholarships Program, and additional funding was granted by AIMS@JCU and the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University. Environmental data within Cleveland Bay were sourced from the Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS) and the Department of Environmental and Resource Management (DERM), and data within Terra Ceia Bay were sourced from the Mote Marine Laboratory Weather Station, Florida.
Management of aggressive Australian magpies by translocation

Attacks on humans by Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) cause a significant human-wildlife conflict in suburban environments throughout Australia. Community opposition to lethal control methods generally has, in part, led to an increase in the use of translocation as an alternative. We assessed the effectiveness and implications of using this approach in the management of aggressive magpie in south-eastern Queensland during 1999 and 2000. A total of 968 (1999) and 707 (2000) magpies were reported by the public, of which 39-45% were able to be investigated by a two-person team working three days per week. A total of 141 magpies were translocated, 31.7% of all birds investigated. Of these, only five (3.5%) returned to the place of capture, and 22 (15.6%) were resighted elsewhere; there was no evidence of 'homing'. Only three translocated birds were subsequently reported as being aggressive towards humans. While extremely effective in reducing the conflict locally, we caution against the indiscriminate use of this method, and suggest that it be seen as one of many options available to wildlife managers.
Life history studies of heterophyid trematodes in the Neotropical region: Ascocotyle (Leighia) hadra sp. n.

The life cycle of Ascocotyle (Leighia) hadra n.sp. was experimentally reproduced, starting from cercariae from naturally infected Littoridina parchappei, collected from Los Ranchos stream, near Mercedes city, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Metacercariae were found encysted in the liver and mesentery of experimentally and naturally infected fishes Cnesterodon decemmaculatus and Jenynsia lineata. Adults were obtained experimentally in chicks and mice. The natural host is unknown. The new species is compared with Ascocotyle (Leighia) mcintoshi Price 1936 as described by Leigh, 1974, differing in behavior and morphology of cercarial, metacercarial and adult stages
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Helichrysum amorginum Cultivated in Greece

Abstract The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of the cultivated Helichrysum amorginum was investigated by GC and GC/MS. From the 29 identified constituents representing 85.0% of the total oil, spathulenol (36.6%) and β-pinene (12.5%) were the major components. Furthermore, it was found that the oil exhibited a moderate antimicrobial activity against four Gram-negative bacteria, two Gram-positive and three pathogenic fungi.
IMAGES OF AGING IN THE LYRICS OF AMERICAN COUNTRY MUSIC

This study examined the lyrics of American country music as potential sources for better understanding popular perceptions about aging and old age. Data for this study were collected from a sample of 52 country songs published between 1950 and 1995. A majority of the songs have been recorded and have received considerable public exposure. Using a content analysis approach, seven subjective themes were identified: (a) physical attributes, (b) mobility and reaction time, (c) mental health, (d) reminiscence, (e) loneliness and isolation, (f) quality of relationship, and (g) mortality. Song lyrics in each category were evaluated in terms of positive or negative image portrayal and gender differences when apparent. Conclusions drawn from this study indicate that a substantial majority of the songs evaluated present negative images of aging and old age.
Novel Cloacal Glands in Snakes: The Phylogenetic Distribution of Ventral Urodaeal Glands in Thamnophiini

Abstract: Novel ventrally positioned extra-cloacal glands were discovered through examination of cloacal histology of female thamnophiine snakes. The glands discovered, termed ventral urodeal glands, are paired and empty into the caudal extremity of the urodeum, lateral to the opening of the urodeal sphincter, through primary ducts that resemble folds of the urodeal wall. In concordance with historical literature, these glands are the first cloacal glands described in snakes that definitively empty into the urodeum from a ventral position. Ventral urodeal glands are complex, with multiple branching ducts that empty the terminal alveolar glands. The epithelial linings of the branching duct networks are stratified (primary and secondary ducts), pseudostratified (tertiary ducts), or simple (quaternary ducts and terminal alveoli). The epithelia of the terminal alveoli stain weakly with hematoxylin, and an eosinophilic secretory material is common in the lumina of alveoli. The secretion produced in the alveoli stains positive with the periodic acid-Schiff's procedure, negative with brilliant blue, and positive with fast green, indicating that the majority of the secretion is composed of a neutral carbohydrate moiety with a minor protein component. Ventral urodeal glands were observed in all taxa of Nerodia examined, except N. cyclopion, and were not observed in any other taxa of Thamnophiini. Through optimization to Thamnophiini topologies, ventral urodeal glands either evolved once on the branch leading to Nerodia and were subsequently lost on the branch leading to N. cyclopion, or they evolved independently on the branches leading to N. floridana and all other species of Nerodia. Like many of the cloacal glands in squamates, the function of ventral urodeal glands is unknown, and further investigation is needed to elucidate the function of the secretions of these glands.
Inland diatoms from the McMurdo Dry Valleys and James Ross Island, Antarctica

Diatom taxa present in the inland streams and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and James Ross Island, Antarctica, are presented in this paper. A total of nine taxa are illustrated, with descriptions of four new species (Luticola austroatlantica sp. nov., Luticola dolia sp. nov., Luticola laeta sp. nov., Muelleria supra sp. nov.). In the perennially ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, diatoms are confined to benthic mats within the photic zone. In streams, diatoms are attached to benthic surfaces and within the microbial mat matrix. One species, L. austroatlantica, is found on James Ross Island, of the southern Atlantic archipelago, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The McMurdo Dry Valley populations are at the lower range of the size spectrum for the species. Streams flow for 6–10 weeks during the austral summer, when temperatures and solar radiation allow glacial ice to melt. The diatom flora of the region is characterized by species assemblages favored under harsh conditions, with naviculoid taxa a.
Bounce

ing: academic efficacy, self-determination, behavioural self-control, teacher–student relationships, peer relationships, and home–school relationships. The reader is also provided with the appropriate tools to assess these characteristics. These have been developed by the authors and include the Class Maps Survey (CMS) and worksheets for recording “class meetings”, “making sense of classroom data”, “planning and implementing classroom changes” and an “intervention plan record”. The book also advocates the use of data based problem solving within a multi-disciplinary team through “collaborative consultation” and includes strategies for engaging classroom students so that they themselves can act as agents for change. By building on existing research the authors manage to strike a balance between more complex evidence-based interventions and much simpler micro changes that can be implemented quickly and easily in the classroom. The authors encourage practitioners to measure the success of suggested strategies through the use of preand post-data analysis and feedback from students themselves. The book is child focused and stresses the importance of classroom students being central to decision-making processes. The book is solution focused, easy to read and well written. The practical examples and strategies provided throughout the book allow some of its central ideas to be implemented immediately. Reading this book left me with a sense of empowerment, rather than the usual feelings of helplessness that can be perpetuated by individual casework that presents a problem child. “Resilient classrooms” locates the problem within the classroom context and not necessarily individual students. I am sure this alternative perspective will encourage, and inspire, more practitioners to become active participants in the collective development of “children who are successful despite the odds” (p. 1).
Vegetation and soil patterning in semi-arid mulga lands of Eastern Australia

Vegetation and soil patterns across a 200 ha semi-arid site 40 km north-west of Louth, NSW, are described using plant cover data from line transects and soils data from points, sampled systematically (50 m intervals) across the site. A patterned sequence of alternating groves and intergroves with three vegetation types was identified: an Eragrostis eriopoda savanna occurring on runoff slopes (<0.5%) from low ridges, with a Monachather paradoxa savanna occurring at the toe of these runoff slopes (intergroves), followed by an Acacia anuera woodland occurring on runon areas (groves, either as discrete islands or more continuous along drainage lines). Data on landform, micro-topography, and hydrological features indicate that the grove-intergrove pattern is maintained by differential erosion–deposition processes similar to the dynamic erosion–transfer–sink geomorphic systems described for Central Australia. This vegetation grove–intergrove patterning in Eastern Australia is similar to, but differs in detail from, such patterns reported for arid and semi-arid Western and Central Australia. Groves or ‘bands’ of A. anuera in the Centre and the West tend to occur on the downslope side of ‘risers’ or on ‘convex slope-breaks’ where in the East such groves occur in distinct 'steps’ or ‘flats’ in the landscape; there is a drop into the grove and a sharp ‘erosion-scarp’ below the grove. A prominent ‘grass band’, identified by cluster analysis as the M. paradoxa community type, occurs immediately upslope of A. anuera groves in the East. The A. anuera groves in the East are also fertile’ patches as soils data demonstrate that groves have much higher levels of organic and exchangeable nutrients (and plant cover) than soils in the intergroves. This paper demonstrates that patterning in mulga lands is more extensive geographically, and has a wider climatic range, than previously reported.
Resource partitioning in two species of vespertilionid bats (Chiroptera) occupying the same roost

Colonies of Plecotus auritus (L.) and Myotis daubentoni (Kuhl) occupying the same roost showed no interspecific interaction. They utilized separate areas of the roost, departed from and returned to it at different times and foraged in different habitats on different groups of insects. P. auritus emerged from the roost before dusk, foraged singly in woodland areas with slow, hovering flight and fed on insects commonly found flying in woodland, on insects and spiders gleaned from foliage and on insects caught inside the roost. M. daubentoni emerged from the roost after dusk, flew fast and low over water and around riparian vegetation and foraged on long, straight beats. They frequently foraged in groups, and fed opportunistically on insects which fly in swarms in riparian habitats. The diets of the two species occupying the same roost did not differ from those established in areas where each species was found alone.
Conforto térmico de búfalas em sistema silvipastoril na Amazônia Oriental

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of a silvipasture system on the thermal comfort of 20 female buffaloes, from which 10 raised in under nonshaded paddocks (SS) and 10 in paddocks shaded by Racosperma mangium (CS), in Belem county, PA, Brazil. All animals were fed in pastures with Urochloa humidicola, and had free access to drinking water and mineral salt. Every three days, measurements were made for air temperature (TA), relative humidity ( UR ), black globe temperature (TGN), rectal temperature (TR), respiratory rate (FR), heart rate (FC), and body surface temperature (TSC), in the morning (7 AM) and in the afternoon (1 PM). The values of TR, TSC, RR and FR, mainly for the SS group, were higher in the afternoon. The TR, TSC and FR showed a significant and positive correlation with TA and the temperature and humidity index (ITGU), and a negative correlation with UR . These correlations were higher for the less rainy period. The FR showed significant and positive correlations with TA and ITGU, during both the most and the less rainy seasons, and negative correlations with UR only in the rainy season. The forestation of pasture areas is efficient to increase the thermal comfort for Murrah females, especially in the afternoon.
Prediction of the nutritive value of forages by near infrared reflectance photometry

A filter-type near infrared photometer equipped with 19 filters was used to predict crude protein, in-vitro digestibility of organic matter, and in-vivo and from in-vitro predicted metabolisable energy in forages. The investigation was performed using pure species of grasses and legumes, grass/legume mixtures and grasses preserved by different methods. The need for specific calibrations is demonstrated. Results obtained using combinations of six filters selected during the calibration procedure were compared with those obtained using the six standard filters recommended for grain analysis. There were indications that selected filter combinations will only give accurate results if the composition of the test samples is very similar to that of the calibration samples, i.e. of the same species or family as the calibration samples. The correlation coefficient between manual methods and n.i. r. reflectance varied from 0.83 to 1.00 for crude protein, 0.48 to 0.91 for rumen digestible organic matter and 0.35 to 0.92 for metabolisable energy. When samples of grass silage were analysed using grass/legume mixtures for calibration of the equipment, the correlations were poor. Although the technique is satisfactory for determinating crude protein in forages utilised in practical farming, the need for specific calibrations when assessing in-vivo organic matter digestibility or in-vivo metabolisable energy renders it inferior to chemical/biological methods.
Fertilizaçao de liberação lenta no crescimento de mudas de paricá em viveiro

The use of slow release fertilizer (SRF) can contribute to obtain better seedlings before an industry accustomed to the use of commercial fertilizers. This work aimed to evaluate doses of SRF on the growth of parica tree seedlings and to compare the cost of conventional fertilizer use in relation to the cost involved in producing with SRF. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments and 4 replications of 40 plants, with one control and the other treatments with the addition of different doses of SRF per m³ of substrate used for seedlings production . After 81 days of sowing, it was analyzed total height, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weights, root dry weight, total biomass and maximum level of technical efficiency. Parica tree seedlings responded positively to the use of SRF, presenting best results in parameters at doses ranging from 8.65 to 12.07 kg m -3 compared to control without SRF. Acquisition costs were higher when compared to conventional fertilization, requiring an economical and forestry analysis to infer on the feasibility of its use in the production and establishment of stands.
Human Capital in Republican and New China: Regional and Long-Term Trends

ABSTRACT In recent decades it has been debated whether China’s growth performance is primarily driven by capital accumulation (more inputs) or rather by an increase in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth (better technology and institutions). The answer to this question may offer a glimpse into the future trends of China’s economic growth. If the perspiration factors are dominant, one should expect a slowdown in the growth of the Chinese economy in accordance with the traditional Solow model. If, however, TFP growth drives per capita GDP growth, one can expect a strong convergence of China toward the technological frontier. In this paper we combine historical, long-term analysis with quantitative methods to find out whether the effect of (both human- and physical) capital and TFP on growth changed over the last 90 years. While partly relying on existing data, lack of information required us to estimate a new dataset on human capital for the provinces of China between 1922 and 2010 which allows us to decompose the observed economic growth into accumulation driven and TFP driven parts. We find that general technological development improved steadily over the course of the 1990s and 2000s.
Social Order and Fear of Crime in Contemporary Times, Stephen Farrall, Jonathan Jackson and Emily Gray

In their new book Social Order and the Fear of Crime in Contemporary Times, Stephen Farrall, Jonathan Jackson and Emily Gray have taken on a monumental task. Aggregating, as they do, data from a range of qualitative and quantitative research projects over a number of years, data from the British Crime Survey and a local crime survey, and a gamut of theoretical approaches, their book attempts to bring the field of fear of crime research up to date and to articulate a new conceptual framework for our comprehension of the issue. Central to their conceptual task is the attempt to distinguish between experiential and expressive fear.
STEROLS OF 14 SPECIES OF MARINE DIATOMS (BACILLARIOPHYTA) 1

The sterol compositions of 14 species of marine diatoms were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A variety of sterol profiles were found. The sterols 24‐methylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol, cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol, and 24‐methylcholesta‐5,24(28)‐dien‐3β‐ol, previously described as the most common sterols found in diatoms, were major sterols in only a few of the species. In light of this and other recent data, it is clear that these three sterols are not typical constituents of many diatom species. Most of the centric species examined had 24‐methylcholesta‐5,24(28)‐dien‐3β‐ol and 24‐methylcholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol as two of their major sterols. The exception was Rhizosolenia setigera, which possessed cholesta‐5,24‐dien‐3β‐ol as its single major sterol. In contrast to the centric species, the pennate diatoms examined did not have any particular sterols common to most species. Minor levels ofΔ7‐sterols, rarely found in large amounts in diatoms, were found in four species. C29sterols were found in many species; seven contained 24‐ethylcholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol and three contained 24‐ethylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol, reinforcing previous suggestions that C29 sterols are not restricted to higher plants and macroalgae. 24‐Ethylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol may prove to be useful for taxonomy of the genus Amphora and the order Thalassiophysales. A major sterol of Fragilaria pinnata was the uncommon algal sterol 23,24‐dimethylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol. Cholesta‐5,24‐dien‐3β‐ol was the only sterol found in the culture of Nitzschia closterium. This differed from previous reports of 24‐methylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol as the single major sterol in N. closterium. Two C28 sterols possessing an unusual side chain were found in Thalassi‐onema nitzschioides, a C28:2 sterol (16%) and a C28:1 sterol in lower abundance (2.5%), which may be 23‐methylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol and 23‐methyl‐5α‐cholest‐22E‐en‐3β‐ol, respectively. The species Cylindrotheca fusiformis, T. nitzschioides, and Skeletonema sp. may be useful as direct sources of cholesterol in mariculture feeds due to their moderate to high content of this sterol.