Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
R E V I E W Ecological speciation

Ecological processes are central to the formation of new species when barriers to gene ﬂow (reproductive isolation) evolve between populations as a result of ecologically-based divergent selection. Although laboratory and ﬁeld studies provide evidence that (cid:1) ecological speciation (cid:2) can occur, our understanding of the details of the process is incomplete. Here we review ecological speciation by considering its constituent components: an ecological source of divergent selection, a form of reproductive isolation, and a genetic mechanism linking the two. Sources of divergent selection include differences in environment or niche, certain forms of sexual selection, and the ecological interaction of populations. We explore the evidence for the contribution of each to ecological speciation. Forms of reproductive isolation are diverse and we discuss the likelihood that each may be involved in ecological speciation. Divergent selection on genes affecting ecological traits can be transmitted directly (via pleiotropy) or indirectly (via linkage disequilibrium) to genes causing reproductive isolation and we explore the consequences of both. Along with these components, we also discuss the geography and the genetic basis of ecological speciation. Throughout, we provide examples from nature, critically evaluate their quality, and highlight areas where more work is required.
Modiﬁable Risks of Incident Functional Dependence in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Elders: The San Luis Valley Health and Aging Study

Purpose: This study identiﬁed modiﬁable risks associated with incident functional dependence, compared their effects, and estimated the percent risk attributable to each factor, by ethnicity. Design and Methods: The prospec-tive study cohort comprised 751 rural Hispanic and non-Hispanic White elders from southern Colorado who reported no dependence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs and IADLs) at baseline. Logistic regression modeled the effects of physical inactivity, nutritional risk, smoking, and falls on incident disability 22 months later, with and without adjustment for baseline ADL and IADL difﬁculty. Population attributable risk percentages assessed these modiﬁable risks by ethnicity. Results: Each risk factor multiplied the likelihood of incident dependence by 1.4 or more, adjusted for covariates. Attributable risk percentages ranged from 8% to 32% depending on risk factor, ethnicity, and baseline ADL and IADL difﬁculty status. Attributable risk was generally greater among Hispanic elders, the result of higher prevalence of most of the risk factors. Implications: Interventions targeted at inadequate nutrition, inactivity, smoking, and preventable falls offer opportunities to reduce incident functional disability, especially among Hispanic elders.
Hydrocortisone Suppresses Early Paraneoplastic In ﬂ ammation And Angiogenesis To Attenuate Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression In Rats

Background: In ﬂ ammation is implicated in both hepatic cirrhosis development and hepatocellular carcinogenesis, and treatment with long-acting glucocorticoid dexamethasone pre-vented liver carcinogenesis in mice. However, it is unclear whether glucocorticoids have anti-in ﬂ ammatory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and if short-acting glucocorticoids (with fewer adverse effects) inhibit paraneoplastic in ﬂ ammation and HCC progression. Methods: To investigate whether different types of anti-in ﬂ ammatory agents attenuate HCC progression, the current study compared effects of treatments with hydrocortisone (a short-acting glucocorticoid) or aspirin on HCC progression. HCC was induced in diethylnitrosamine-treated rats which were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8), respectively receiving orally once daily vehicle, glucuronolactone, glucuronolactone+hydrocortisone, and glucuronolactone +aspirin. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was given to rats in drinking water (100mg/L) to induce HCC. At weeks 12 and 16 post-induction, effects were compared on HCC nodule formation, microvessel density, and macrophage in ﬁ ltration, and levels of paraneoplastic protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α , p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), phosphorylated p38 (p-p38), nuclear factor (NF)- κ B, interleukin (IL)-10, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)- β 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results: Compared to the model and glucuronolactone alone groups, HCC nodule number and microvessel density in the glucuronolactone+hydrocortisone group were signi ﬁ cantly lower at week 12. At week 12 but not week 16, signi ﬁ cantly lower levels of macrophages, TNF- α , p-p38, NF- κ B, IL-10, HGF, TGF- β 1 and VEGF were observed in the paraneoplastic tissue of the glucuronolactone+hydrocortisone group when compared with the control and glucuronolactone groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that hydrocortisone treatment reduces macrophage polarization, expression of in ﬂ ammatory and anti-in ﬂ ammatory cytokines, and angiogenesis in paraneoplastic tissue, and attenuates early HCC progression. Although hydrocortisone did not have attenuation effect on advanced solid tumor, the current study shows the potential bene ﬁ ts and supports potential clinical use of hydrocortisone in attenuating early progression of HCC, which is through suppressing paraneoplastic in ﬂ ammation and angiogenesis. the chronic paraneoplastic in ﬂ ammation induced by macrophages and angiogenesis and thus attenuate the early-stage HCC progression. This study has provided evidence for the strong correlation between paraneoplastic in ﬂ ammation/ angiogenesis and HCC progression. This study shows bene ﬁ ts and supports potential clinical use of hydrocortisone in attenuating early HCC progression.
Renal Responses to AT 1 Receptor Blockade

increases in glomerular ﬁltration rate, renal blood ﬂow and proportionately much greater increases in sodium excretion and fractional sodium excretion. Ang II blockade also markedly increases the slope of the pressure natriuresis relationship. The collective actions of Ang II blockers on tubular transport and renal hemodynamics provide long-term effects to regulate sodium balance, which contributes to the long-term control of hypertension.
Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education

positive Abstract Background: Proper knowledge, attitude and practice of contraceptives prevent occurrence of undesirable outcomes of the unintended conceptions. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the level and factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraception. An institution based cross sectional study design was conducted among 416 female clients of Ethiopian immigration and nationality affair office in Addis Ababa in 2013. Study participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Face to face interviewer administered structured questionnaire was employed to collect data on their socio-demographic and reproductive health issues. Both binary and multiple logistic regressions were done and statistical significance was considered based on 95% CI of odds ratios and P- Value <0.05. Conclusion: The level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards emergency contraceptive is very low depicting potential of emergency contraceptive to prevent unintended pregnancies and their complications is far from being realized. Hence, awareness creations accompanied by availing necessary supplies are needed to raise knowledge and practice of emergency contraceptive among female adolescents departing to different nations.
State and parameter estimation of two land surface models using the ensemble Kalman ﬁlter and the particle ﬁlter

Land surface models (LSMs) use a large cohort of parameters and state variables to simulate the water and energy balance at the soil–atmosphere interface. Many of these model parameters cannot be measured directly in the ﬁeld, and require calibration against measured ﬂuxes of carbon dioxide, sensible and/or latent heat, and/or observations of the thermal and/or moisture state of the soil. Here, we evaluate the usefulness and applicability of four different data assimilation methods for joint parameter and state estimation of the Variable Inﬁltration Capacity Model (VIC-3L) and the Community Land Model (CLM) using a 5-month calibration (assimilation) period (March–July 2012) of areal-averaged SPADE soil moisture measurements at 5, 20, and 50 cm depths in the Rollesbroich experimental test site in the Eifel mountain range in western Germany. We used the EnKF with state augmentation
Reading about us and them

Many of our everyday emotional responses are triggered by language, and a full understanding of how people use language therefore also requires an analysis of how words elicit emotion as they are heard or read. We report a facial electromyography experiment in which we recorded corrugator supercilii, or “ frowning muscle ” , activity to assess how readers processed emotion-describing language in moral and minimal in/ outgroup contexts. Participants read sentence-initial phrases like “ Mark is angry ” or “ Mark is happy ” after descriptions that de ﬁ ned the character at hand as a good person, a bad person, a member of a minimal ingroup, or a member of a minimal outgroup (realizing the latter two by classifying participants as personality “ type P ” and having them read about characters of “ type P ” or “ type O ” ). As in our earlier work, moral group status of the character clearly modulated how readers responded to descriptions of character emotions, with more frowning to “ Mark is angry ” than to “ Mark is happy ” when the character had previously been described as morally good, but not when the character had been described as morally bad. Minimal group status, however, did not matter to how the critical phrases were processed, with more frowning to “ Mark is angry ” than to “ Mark is happy ” across the board. Our morality-based ﬁ ndings are compatible with a model in which readers use their emotion systems to simultaneously simulate a character ’ s emotion and evaluate that emotion against their own social standards. The minimal-group result does not contradict this model, but also does not provide new evidence for it.
Assessment of Precipitation Error Propagation in Discharge

3 Nergui Nanding , Huan Wu 2, 3, , Jing Tao, Viviana Maggioni, Hylke E. Beck, 4 Naijun Zhou, Maoyi Huang, Zhijun Huang 5 6 7 Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of 8 Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 9 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory, Zhuhai, China 10 Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 11 MD 20740, USA 12 Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 13 George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA 14 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 15 Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, MD 20740, 16 USA 17 Office of Science and Technology Integration, National Weather Service, National Oceanic and 18 Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20910 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Corresponding author address: Dr. Huan Wu, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun 26
Transforming Consumer Values into Eco-Friendly Purchases

Problem: Although modern people are more aware than ever about the environment and responsible sourcing of raw materials, a gap exists between consumers’ preferences on eco-friendly products and their actual purchasing behaviour. Companies operating in the electronic mobile device industry have been unable to bridge this value-action gap and relatively little research has been conducted on this industry. Topic & Purpose: This paper aims to investigate and discover the preferences and purchasing behaviour of young Swedish consumers operating in the electronic mobile device industry. This paper will focus on purchasing intentions, willingness to pay, and identify which consumption values have the highest effects on these consumers’ intent to purchase eco-friendly mobile devices. Method: A descriptive strategy and a deductive approach were applied in order to understand the impact of consumption values, CSR, brand image, and product information on young Swedish consumers. Eight hypotheses were developed to test the influence of each of these factors. The empirical study was was based on a quantitative approach and the data collection was made through an online survey and face-to-face interviews targeted towards young Swedish consumers between the ages of 18 and 28. The data analysis was conducted by using the SPSS program in order to gain numerical values which could be used to analyse the validity of each hypothesis. Main results: This study discovered two out of five consumption values to have a clearly higher impact on young Swedish consumers’ purchasing intentions towards ecofriendly mobile devices. These values were emotional and conditional value, indicating that environmental awareness and situational factors have the highest influence on shaping the consumption values of these consumers. In addition, brand image was seen to be an influential factor for these consumers, as opposed to CSR, or product information. Based on these findings, suggestions for further research were presented.
Minimizers of the Willmore functional under fixed conformal class

We consider the problem of minimizing the Willmore energy in the class of conformal immersions of a given closed, genus p Riemann surface into R^n for n=3,4. We prove existence of a smooth minimizer, provided that the infimum is below a certain bound ${\cal W}(n,p)$. For tori in R^3 we have explicitely ${\cal W}(3,1) = 8\pi$.
ENHANCING SECURITY SOLUTIONS WITH COLLABORATIVE CRYPTOGRAPHY AND DIGITAL SIGNATURE SCHEME IN CLOUD SERVICES

-The cloud computing environment provides storage spaces for the shared data operations. The cloud file storage security is provided with Hybrid Cryptography technique. The Hybrid Cryptography technique integrates the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Blowfish, Rivest Cipher 6 (RC6) and Byte rotation algorithm (BRA) based symmetric cryptography methods. The data file is divided into 8 segments and each segment is encrypted with a secret key cryptography algorithm. The encrypted file is transferred to the cloud user with reference to the request value. The image steganography is employed to transfer the key values to the cloud users. The encrypted cloud services are build with Collaborative Cryptography and digital signature techniques. The collaborative cryptography model combines the symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms. The RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithms are applied to improve the security levels. The Key Distribution Center (KDC) is build to manage the key distribution activities with image steganography technique. The digital signatures are used to verify the data transmission operations. The Message Digest 6 (MD6) Algorithm is adapted for the data integrity verification process.
Research into aesthetic appreciation of materials to valorise materials fromwaste

: The use of materials derived from waste is one of the prominent ways to contribute to sustainable product design. However, there is a stark gap in literature concerning how people appraise such materials. In this paper, we present our initial attempts to understand the aesthetic appreciation of materials, in particular those derived from discarded raw materials, i.e., revived materials . Two studies were conducted for which we took the aesthetic principle unity-in-variety as the departure point. In the ﬁrst study, we explored material appraisals by testing whether different visual and tactile qualities interrelate with each other in a similar or contradictory way. Based on these ﬁndings, two revived materials were modiﬁed and our main assumptions were further explored in Study 2. We outline our ﬁndings and show that the aesthetic appreciation of a material can be inﬂuenced by the (in)congruity between visual and tactile qualities of the material.
Identiﬁcation of CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum- (cid:2) -Lactamase Genes Using Real-Time PCR and Pyrosequencing (cid:1)

CTX-M extended-spectrum (cid:1) -lactamases (ESBLs) are increasingly prevalent worldwide among Escherichia coli bacteria, mostly in community-acquired urinary tract infections. Finding a fast and reliable technique for identiﬁcation of CTX-M enzymes is becoming a challenge for the microbiology laboratory. A fast real-time PCR ampliﬁcation technique, using degenerated primers speciﬁc for all the bla CTX-M alleles, coupled to real-time pyrosequencing was developed. The ﬁve CTX-M groups were unambiguously identiﬁed by pyrosequencing a 13-bp DNA region. Further sequencing of an additional 16-bp region allowed further division into subgroups. Phylogenetic trees constructed with the entire bla CTX-M genes and with both pyrosequenced regions (29 bp) gave similar results, suggesting that this technique, termed the real-time detection and sequencing method, has a powerful discriminatory ability. This high-throughput technique has been evaluated by screening 48 ESBL- producing E. coli isolates recovered from the Biceˆtre hospital (France) in 2004. Forty-four of these strains were CTX-M positive by real-time PCR detection and direct pyrosequencing of the PCR products, which identiﬁed CTX-M-15 as the main CTX-M-type (cid:1) -lactamase. Pulsed-ﬁeld gel electrophoresis analysis of these strains revealed that several clones, of which one CTX-M-15-positive clone was predominant (60%), were identiﬁed both in nosocomial and in community-acquired isolates. The combination of real-time PCR with pyrosequencing represents a powerful tool for epidemiological studies of CTX-M producers. This assay has the potential to be used in a diagnostic laboratory since up to 96 bacterial isolates may be screened in less than 3 h.
Liquid Stock and Dividend Payment of Non-financial Quoted Companies in Nigeria

Payment of dividends among firms in Nigeria has become irregular and setting an optimal dividend policy has become an herculean issue. Studies in developed countries indicated that stock liquidity influences dividend payout and this has not been well established in Nigeria. Hence, this study examined the effect of liquid stock on dividend payment of fifty (50) non-financial quoted companies in Nigeria between 2012 and 2019. The study employed secondary source of data collection and analysis was done using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study model expressed the effect of Turnover Ratio, Firm Size, Financial Leverage, Cash Holding and Investment Opportunity on Dividend Payment Ratio using OLS Panel Regression. The results based on the random effect model showed that turnover ratio (TOR) which is a proxy for liquid stock accounts for a significant positive influence on dividend payment while other variables showed negative influence except cash and cash equivalent. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that for most of the companies operating in the non-financial sector of the Nigerian economy, the influence of liquid stock on the amount paid as dividend is positive and significant and those firms with more liquid stocks pay higher amount of dividend than those with less liquid stocks.
User Compensation as a Data Breach Recovery Action: An Investigation of the Sony PlayStation Network Breach

Drawing on expectation confirmation research, we develop hypotheses regarding the effect of compensation on key customer outcomes following a major data breach and consequent service recovery effort. Data were collected in a longitudinal field study of Sony customers during their data breach in 2011. One hundred forty-four customers participated in the two-phase data collection that began when the breach was announced and concluded after reparations were made. Using polynomial modeling and response surface analysis, we demonstrate that a modified assimilation-contrast model explained perceptions of service quality and continuance intention and a generalized negativity model explained repurchase intention. The results of our work contribute to research on data breaches and service failure by demonstrating the impacts of compensation on customer outcomes. We discuss theoretical and practical implications.
Location of static var compensator in a multi-bus power system using unique network equivalent

This paper presents a new approach to identify the suitable location for static var compensator in a multi-bus power system for voltage stability enhancement using a unique two-bus π -network equivalent derived with optimal power flow solution of the actual system at different operating conditions. An index named equivalent network based index (ENBI), derived from the parameters of two-bus equivalent of the multi-bus power system is used for positioning the static var compensator. The proposed approach has been tested under simulated condition on a practical power system (203-bus Indian Eastern Grid) for illustration purpose. Simulation results obtained with the proposed approach are compared with the results of well-established L -index method. Improvement in voltage stability margin using static var compensator is also investigated for the test system considered.
Sex differences in inﬂammatory markers: what is the contribution of visceral adiposity? 1–3

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations have been found to be higher in premenopausal women than in men, whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor- a (TNF- a ) concentrations have been reported to be lower in women than in men. Objective: The objective was to determine whether the sex difference in body fat distribution accounts for the observed sex differences in inﬂammatory markers. Design: Plasma CRP, IL-6, and TNF- a concentrations were measured in 208 healthy men (age: 42.2 6 15.2 y) and in 145 healthy women (age: 36.8 6 11.1 y). Results: Compared with men, premenopausal women had higher CRP concentrations [1.24 (25th percentile: 0.54; 75th percentile: 3.04) compared with 0.94 (0.51, 2.40) mg/L; P , 0.05] and lower plasma TNF- a concentrations [1.50 (25th percentile: 1.23; 75th percentile: 1.82) compared with 1.71 (1.40, 2.05) pg/mL; P , 0.001]. No sex difference in IL-6 concentrations was noted. Regression analyses indicated that the relation between CRP or IL-6 and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous AT (SAT) was sex-speciﬁc; a signiﬁcantly steeper slope was observed in women than in men ( P , 0.05). Sex differences in CRP concentrations were abolished after SAT was adjusted for. In a multivariate model of the whole sample, we found that both SAT and VAT and the sex 3 SAT interaction term were signiﬁcant correlates of CRP and IL-6 concentrations. Finally, whereas CRP concentrations were largely inﬂuenced by visceral adiposity in men, subcutaneous adiposity was the key correlate of CRP in women. Conclusion: The higher CRP concentrations found in women ap-pear to be due to their greater accumulation of subcutaneous fat than that observed in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1307–14.
Modiﬁcation of One Epitope-Flanking Amino Acid Allows for the Induction of Friend Retrovirus-Speciﬁc CD8 (cid:1) T Cells by Adenovirus-Based Immunization

While Friend retrovirus-infected mice readily mount a vigorous CD8 (cid:1) T cell response to the leader-gag-derived peptide GagL 85–93 , no GagL 85–93 -speciﬁc T cells were detectable in mice immunized against Friend virus (FV) with viral vectors or DNA vaccines. By exchanging one epitope-ﬂanking amino acid or using a scaffold protein we were able to demonstrate for the ﬁrst time the induction of GagL 85–93 -speciﬁc CD8 (cid:1) T cells by genetic vaccination and show their high protective effect against FV challenge infection.