Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel model of nonlocal thermoelasticity with time derivatives of higher order

The objective of this work is to introduce a new system of differential equations describing the nonlocal thermoelasticity theory with higher time derivatives and two‐phase lags. In order to obtain this model, we used the nonlocal continuum theory proposed by Eringen and the methodology of the Taylor series expansion of higher‐order time derivatives. Some generalized thermoelasticity theories follow as limited cases. This model is used to study the thermoelastic interaction in a nonlocal medium. The medium is exposed to an applied magnetic field and a periodic time heat source with a constant strength. Some comparisons have been displayed in figures to estimate the influences of the nonlocal parameter and magnetic field as well as the parameters of higher‐order on all the field quantities.
A molecular systematic revision of two historically problematic songbird clades: Aimophila and Pipilo

The emberizid genera Aimophila and Pipilo represent longstanding taxonomic conundrums. Each is comprised of subclades whose members appear to share diagnostic morphological and behavioral characters; however, relationships among sub-clades within each of these genera remain unclear, and numerous authors have suggested that either one or both of these genera may be polyphyletic. We addressed this taxonomic problem by sequencing and analyzing complete mitochondrial cytochrome-b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes for all members of Aimophila and Pipilo along with 33 species representing 17 additional emberizid genera. Our maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicate that both Aimophila and Pipilo are polyphyletic. Aimophila is divided into a minimum of three distinct groups. The forms notosticta, ruficeps, and rufescens are part of a well-supported clade that includes all members of Melozone and some members of Pipilo. Aimophila quinquestriata is placed within Amphispiza, and the remaining members of Aimophila are placed within a clade that includes all members of Arremonops and some members of Ammodramus. Within Pipilo, the ‘‘rufous-sided’’ and ‘‘brown’’ towhee groups do not form sister groups. Rather, the former are most closely related to the tropical genus Atlapetes whereas the latter are placed nearest Melozone and some Aimophila. Our analyses reject traditional taxonomic arrangements for both genera, and we present suggestions for a revised taxonomy for all members of Aimophila and Pipilo. These results provide further evidence of discordance among phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological and molecular characters for groups of birds with generally conserved morphology.
Morphology or molecules: How do we identify the major lineages of ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora)

The ciliated protozoa (Phylum Ciliophora) have long been recognized as a monophyletic assemblage. In the mid-1960s the identification of major lineages was based on morphostatic and morphogenetic structures revealed by silver-staining. In the late 1970s, ultrastructural research focused attention on the fibrillar patterns of the kinetid, and provided a new set of characters for phylogenetic analyses. Nevertheless, the classifications of that period still relied heavily on oral features. The structural conservatism hypothesis directed attention to the primacy of the somatic kinetid and led to a radical revision of the major lineages in the mid-1980s and 1990s. With the advent of gene sequencing techniques, ribosomal RNA genes have been used to test these classifications based on somatic kinetid patterns. The two subphyla, the Postciliodesmatophora and the Intramacronucleata, and six classes (i.e. Karyorelictea, Heterotrichea, Litostomatea, Phyllopharyngea, Nassophorea, Colpodea) are well supported by both molecules and morphology. However, the remaining five classes (i.e. Spirotrichea, Armophorea, Plagiopylea, Prostomatea, Oligohymenophorea) are not. Directions to search for new characters will be suggested.
Alfalfa maturity and cultivar effects on chemical and in situ estimates of protein degradability

The relationships among plant maturity or genotype and forage quality and ruminal in situ degradability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are inadequately understood. A 2-yr experiment was conducted to study the effects of cutting (spring or summer), plant maturity (six sampling dates), and cultivar (Vernal, Arrow, WL-320, and Target II or Legend) on chemical composition and in situ degradability of alfalfa. Plant maturity was quantified by the mean stage weight (MSW) system. Herbage cell wall, cell-wall bound N, and in situ escape protein (EP) increased significantly with MSW; crude protein (CP) and in situ dry matter degradability (ISDMD) decreased. Forage nutritive quality declined less with increasing MSW in summer than in spring cuttings. In 1991, the cultivar Target II had lower ISDMD than Vernal, Arrow, or WL-320, while summer growth of Arrow contained less EP than other cultivars [. ]
Relative Parental Expenditure, Potential Reproductive Rates, and the Control of Sexual Selection in Katydids

Traditional theory predicts that relative parental investment controls the ratio of fertilizable females to sexually active males-the operational sex ratio-and thereby determines which sex engages in mating competition. Because both parental investment and the operational sex ratio can be difficult to measure, the maximum number of independent offspring that can be produced per unit time-the potential reproductive rate-has been advocated as a general measure for predicting the direction of mating competition. Katydids show reversals in the pattern of mating competition that are associated with reversals in relative parental expenditure. Here I show that relative parental expenditure and relative mating rates, equivalent to the operational sex ratio, are negatively correlated, as predicted by classical parental investment theory. However, I show that the control of sexual selection is independent of the maximum number of offspring produced per unit time. Sperm competition is shown to reduce realized male reproductive rate relative to females and could have an indirect effect on the operational sex ratio if males adjust their investment in accord with their confidence of paternity.
Approaching risk assessment of complex disease development in horse chestnut trees: a chemical ecologist’s perspective

Abstract The chemo‐ecological predispositions were investigated for the development of a complex disease on the basis of an insect–fungus mutualism using the system of horse chestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum and Aesculus x carnea), the horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) and the biotrophic powdery mildew (Erysiphe flexuosa). Both C. ohridella and E. flexuosa can appear on the same horse chestnut leaf tissue simultaneously. The olfactory detection of fungal infection by the insect, its ability to discriminate the potentially mutualistic fungus from other fungi and the impact of fungal infection on insect oviposition were examined. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopic and electroantennographic detection by C. ohridella (GC‐MS/EAD) was used to assess the olfactory detection of fungal‐infected A. hippocastanum and A. x carnea leaves by C. ohridella. Infection‐related compounds, such as benzyl alcohol, dodecane, tridecane and methyl salicylate as well as fungus‐related C8 compounds, are perceived by C. ohridella. The discrimination of E. flexuosa from another phytopathogenic fungus, such as Guignardia aesculi, is based primarily on the differing pattern of C8 compounds of these fungi. Oviposition on fungal‐infected leaves of A. hippocastanum and leaves treated with fungal‐related compounds showed that C. ohridella is able to respond to the modifications in the leaf volatile profiles of horse chestnuts caused by the different fungal infections. Thus, from the perception point of view, the necessary predispositions for the development of a close insect–fungus relation between the biotrophic fungus E. flexuosa and the leaf‐mining insect C. ohridella are fulfilled. However, decreased oviposition on infected leaves does not enhance the selective contact between the species. As a consequence, an important predisposition for forming an insect–fungus mutualism is not fulfilled by these two species and, according to this approach, the risk of forming a complex disease can be assessed as low.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Hyderabad, Sindh

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are important clinical problems and among the commonest infectious diseases throughout the world. Several factors including gender, age and season have been shown to influence the prevalence rates of RTIs. The current study aimed to isolate and identify bacteria causing of upper respiratory tract (URT) infections and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria. A total of 201 sputum and swab samples were collected from patients from August 2015 to March 2016 and investigated for Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The antibiotic sensitivity of isolated bacteria was performed using Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method. Isolation and identification of the bacteria were carried out using conventional methods including microscopic, cultural and biochemical testing. Out of 201 samples, 29.85% (n=60) yielded bacterial growth in which 20.9% (n=42) belonged to male while 8.96% (n=18) were from female patients. Among the isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent bacteria accounting 48.33% (n=29), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 45% (n=27) and E. coli 6.67% (n=04). The data of antibiotic susceptibility profiling demonstrated that Cefoperazone sulbactam, Meropenem, Piperacillin Tazobactam and Amikacin were highly effective against all isolated bacteria. However, Ampicillin, Cephradine, Ofloxacin and Co-trimoxazole were found the least effective antibiotics against all isolated bacteria. In summary, an increasing trend in the resistance against antibiotics which are more frequently prescribed, such as Cephradine, Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazole was observed. Therefore, a continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance trends of pathogens is needed to ensure appropriate recommendations for the treatment of the URTIs.
Influência do processamento da dieta no desempenho produtivo do acará bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare)

contendo 28% de PB e 4000 kcal kg -1 de EB. Avaliou-se o peso final medio, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento especifico, consumo de racao e conversao alimentar. Ao final de oito semanas, nao houve diferenca significativa no desenvolvimento dos peixes alimentados com dietas extrusada e peletizada. Os alimentados , e ntretanto, com dieta farelada apresentaram baixa taxa de crescimento especifico. A taxa de conversao alimentar foi melhor em individuos alimentados com dieta extrusada. Nas condicoes presentes neste estudo dietas extrusadas e peletizadas sao adequadas para o crescimento e manutencao do acara. Palavras-chave: processamento de racao, acara bandeira, Pterophyllum scalare, desempenho produtivo.
Genetic Characterization of the Northern Shrimp, Pandalus borealis in the Northwest Atlantic Using Electrophoresis of Enzymes

The genetic variability of the northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, collected in the Saguenay Fjord, in six areas of the Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in two areas off the Labrador-Newfoundland coast was assessed using eight enzymatic loci. Males, primiparous and multiparous females were sampled at all but the Rimouski site in order to determine if gene frequencies within these regions of the Northwest Atlantic are temporally stable. For this species, variation of the genetic characteristics on a geographic scale and among maturity stages was largely determined by the variation occurring at the EST*, HEX-1* and to a lesser extent at the HEX-2* loci. The other loci did not vary significantly either on a geographic or temporal scales. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, all of them due to deficits in heterozygotes, were observed mainly at the same three loci and the number of deviations increases when males, primiparous and multiparous females were pooled. A cluster analysis of genetic distance did not reveal geographic patterns in the clustering of the samples. Although some rare private alleles were detected in the Gulf of St. Lawrence samples, the data suggest that gene flow is extensive across the study area.
Tree shelters facilitate brown oak seedling survival and establishment in a grazing‐dominant forest of Bhutan, Eastern Himalaya

Brown oak (Quercus semecarpifolia) forest is essential for ecological and socioeconomic functions, mainly grazing in the Himalayas. The tree has failed to regenerate naturally and is a threatened species. Restoration of brown oaks is crucial to ensure sustainability while maintaining livestock grazing in these habitats. Achieving this requires cost‐effective restoration techniques that are practicable and sympathetic to the multiple uses of the forest. We assessed the combined effect of grazing (control) and three tree shelters (Protex tubes, mesh wires, and wooden frames) on the field performance of oak seedlings in a forest with heavy grazing pressure. Seedling survival and morphological indicators, including seedling height, collar diameter, sturdiness quotient (SQ), and leaf mass per area (LMA) indices, were measured. More than 90% of control seedlings without protective shelters suffered severe browsing and demonstrated significantly lower survival rates compared to tree shelter seedlings, indicating that grazing was the primary factor governing regeneration success. Seedling survival in tree shelters was three times higher, while the height increase was two times higher than the control. Additionally, locally made mesh wire and wooden tree shelters were more effective than Protex and control in producing quality seedlings reflected by the SQ and LMA values. We suggest that tree shelter is a promising option to restore brown oaks due to its efficacy to defend grazing and support the local community's rights to forest grazing. Our finding is expected to support Bhutan's forest policy of incorporating grazing and tree regeneration into forest management.
Biochemical Basis of Bitterness in Citrus Fruit Juices and Biotech Approaches for Debittering

AbstractThis review discusses different facets of the subject of bitterness in, and debittering of, citrus juices. For this purpose, the tone is set up by giving an account of the biochemical properties of naringin, responsible for “immediate” bitterness, and of limonin, responsible for “delayed” bitterness. Their structures are ellucidated, and enzymes participating in their catabolic pathways are assigned. Thereafter, methods used to determine bitterness, based on the principles of colorimetry, chromatography, and biochemistry, are discussed, including their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, different physicochemical and biotechnological approaches for debittering are discussed.
Radiation Doses and Risks in Breast Screening.

This article describes radiation doses and cancer risks of digital breast imaging technologies used for breast cancer detection. These include digital mammography (DM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and newer technologies such as contrast-enhanced digital or spectral mammography (CEM), whole-breast computed tomography, breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI), molecular breast imaging (MBI), and positron emission mammography (PEM). This article describes the basis for radiation risk estimates, compares radiation doses and risks, and provides benefit-to-radiation-risk ratios for different breast imaging modalities that use ionizing radiation. Current x-ray-based screening modalities such as DM and DBT have small to negligible risks of causing radiation-induced cancers in women of normal screening age. Possible new screening modalities such as CEM have similar small cancer risks. Potential screening modalities that involve radionuclide injection such as BSGI, MBI, and PEM have significantly higher cancer risks unless efficient detection systems and reduced administered doses are used. Benefit-to-radiation-risk estimates are highly favorable for screening with DM and other modalities having comparable (or higher) cancer detection rates and comparably low radiation doses.
Dynamics of Content and Authorship Patterns in The Wildlife Society Journals (1937–2007)

Abstract A previous analysis of the content of articles published in The Wildlife Society (TWS) journals from 1937 to 1989 concluded that TWS should strive to publish more articles on nongame and endangered species, ecosystems, habitat fragmentation, and human dimensions. We revisited this analysis and included the years 1990–2007 to determine whether, and how, TWS journals have addressed previous concerns. We also analyzed changes in subject content for TWS journals from 1937 to 2007 using selected terms that we considered indicative of emerging trends within the wildlife profession and society by documenting patterns of use of these terms as key words. Additionally, we evaluated authorship patterns for all TWS journals during 1937–2007 to determine trends in both numbers of authors per article and author affiliations. Our analysis demonstrated that the content of TWS journals has changed over time, and the changes reflected emerging themes in TWS, the wildlife profession, and society. We documented increases in published studies of nongame species and multiple species and articles with multiple authorships representing diverse affiliations. We argue that these patterns reflect a TWS response to shifts in public opinion, policy developments, advances in technology, and changes in university curricula. Although the number of studies published on human dimensions and conservation education has increased over time, these disciplines remained underrepresented.
Características de carcaça e peso de vísceras em suínos alimentados com rações contendo baixos teores de proteína bruta

One experiment was conducted in the Animal Science Department of University of Lavras (UFLA) to evaluate the effects of rations with low crude protein, supplemented with essential and non essential amino acids, in carcass characteristics and weight visceral organs of swine of the 32 to the 57kg. Thirty crossbred barrows were divided in five treatments that had consisted of rations with different crude protein (CP) levels (10; 12; 14; and 16%). A fifth treatment added to non essential aminoacid in the ration with less CP level (10+NNE) was included. After it slaughter visceral organs had been removed, emptied and weighed. The nitrogen consumption did not influence (P>0.05) the weight of the liver, pancreas, kidneys and heart. The weight of the total gastrointestinal tract and the weights of the TGI plus organs have been bigger (P<0.05) in treatments 14 and 16 in comparison with treatments 10+NNE and 10. It is concluded that crude protein level does not has effect in the weight of viscera intestines, but modifies the weight of the gastrointestinal tract of growing swine.
EFFECT OF LOW DIETARY ZINC DURING LATE GESTATION AND EARLY LACTATION ON THE SOW AND NEONATAL PIGLETS

Twelve pregnant sows were fed semi-purified diets containing either 13 or 63 mg/kg zinc (Zn). The animals were fed the diets during the last 4 wk of pregnancy (2 kg/day) and the two first weeks of lactation (ad libitum). Reduced level of dietary Zn did not affect (P > 0.05) weight changes of sows and no difference (P > 0.05) in food intake occurred during the ad libitum phase of the experiment. Low Zn sows showed lower plasma Zn at 100 (125 vs. 157 g/dL) and 113 (93 vs. 127 g/dL) days of gestation and at 7 (65 vs. 133 g/dL)) and 14 (59 vs. 99 g/dL) days of lactation. The differences were significant (P < 0.01) only during lactation. Copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations in plasma and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) of plasma were not affected by treatment. Parturition lasted 2.08 h in control and 4.54 h in low Zn sows (P < 0.1). Zinc, Cu and protein content of colostrum and milk were similar between groups. Low dietary Zn had no effect on litter size, birth weight, number of stillbir.
Overview of density pedestal structure: role of fueling versus transport

How much of the density pedestal structure is determined by fueling versus transport is still an open question. In most current tokamaks, the scrape-off layer is not opaque enough to screen the neutrals and limit their penetration past the separatrix. As such, recycled neutrals and additional gas puffing can directly affect the pedestal structure through ionization. However, in ITER and other future burning plasma magnetic confinement devices, the ionization source will be pushed further out into the scrape-off layer. This poses the question: how much of the density pedestal structure is governed by this edge ionization source versus plasma transport effects? Theoretically, several turbulent modes have been identified which could provide a ‘pinch-like’ up-gradient transport mechanism. Up-gradient transport is necessary in a source-free region to obtain a peaked density profile, which is often observed in the core of tokamaks. In an opaque scrape-off layer, without the existence of such a pinch, the density pedestal structure would eventually disappear. Not only would this limit our ability to fuel a fusion reactor, it would also affect the pedestal stability. In this paper we will give an overview of the state-of-the-art on what sets the density pedestal structure based on experimental observations as well as theoretical models. We will complement these studies with new results from Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D where the opaqueness is increased to reach values similar to those in ITER.
Chloroquine, arbidol (umifenovir) or lopinavir/ritonavir as the antiviral monotherapy for COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 outbreak was identified in China in December 2019 and spread worldwide, reaching the pandemic levels. However, a specific, effective and proven therapy for the patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains elusive. We aim to compare the efficacy and the safety of three antiviral monotherapies (chloroquine phosphate, arbidol (Umifenovir) or lopinavir/ritonavir) in non-severe, hospitalised COVID-19 patients.Methods: We retrospectively analysed the hospitalised, laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, treated with antiviral monotherapies at Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital between Jan 19 and Mar 16, 2020. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records. The primary outcome of the study was the viral shedding interval.Results: Twenty-seven patients with COVID-19 were included in the study with 10 receiving chloroquine phosphate, 11 receiving arbidol and 6 receiving lopinavir/ritonavir. Baseline demographics and clinical data were similar between groups. The median viral shedding interval in the lopinavir/ritonavir group was 13.0 days (95% CI: 12.2-23.8), while significantly shorter in the chloroquine group at 5.0 days (95% CI: 0.4-9.6) (p=0.003). A reduced median interval was also observed in the arbidol group, with 8.0 days (95%CI: 4.9-11.1) (p=0.008). Moreover, the hospitalisation duration was shorter in the chloroquine (9.3 ± 1.8 days, p<0.001) and arbidol groups (11.7 ± 3.7 days, p<0.001), and the hospitalisation costs were significantly reduced in the chloroquine (USD 1327 ± 566, p=0.001) and arbidol groups (USD 1167 ± 434, p<0.001), when compared with the lopinavir/ritonavir group (hospitalisation length and costs: 19.7 ± 4.4 days and USD 3806 ± 2262, respectively). Conclusions: Chloroquine and arbidol could not only shorten the viral shedding interval but also decreased the hospitalisation duration and hospitalisation expenses.Trial registration: The ethics committee of the Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital approved this study, and the trial was registered with www.chictr. org.cn (ChiCTR2000030931).