Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphological and morphometric analysis of mental foramen utilizing various assessment parameters in dry human mandibles

Introduction: The mental foramen (MF) is a strategically important landmark during surgical interventions and anaesthetic blockage procedures involving the mental nerve. The purpose of this study was to assess various parameters pertaining to the morphology and morphometry of the mental foramen in 93 dry human mandibles. Methodology: Measurements were taken as the distance between alveolar margin and MF, distance between MF and base of the mandible, distance between symphysis menti and MF and distance between MF and posterior border of the ramus of the mandible. The study also included the relation of MF with the lower teeth (the position of the MF was recorded as lying in line with the long axis of a tooth or interdental space in one of the six types, 1 to 6). Results: The most common shape of the foramen was oval (70%). The most common position of the MF as related to the lower set of teeth was in line with the second premolar. The mean distance between symphysis menti and anterior margin of MF was 18.8mm (SD= 12.02) and 19.6mm (SD= 12.18), on the right and left sides respectively. Mean distance between posterior margin of MF and posterior border of ramus was 48.8 mm (SD=28.6) on the right side and 47.9 mm (SD=28.1) on the left side. Mean distance between alveolar crest and superior margin of MF was 10.2 mm (SD= 5.4) on right side and 10 mm (SD=5.2) on the left side. Mean distance between inferior margin of MF and lower border of the body of mandible was 9.9 mm (SD= 5.12) on the right side and 10.1 mm (SD= 5.2) on the left side. Conclusion: The study carries clinical credibility in ascertaining the accurate location of the MF and thus avoiding any unforeseen injury related to anaesthesia or dental surgeries.
Palaeobiogeography and evolutionary patterns of the larger foraminifer Borelis de Montfort (Borelidae)

The palaeobiogeography of the alveolinoid Borelis species reveals the evolutionary patterns leading to the two extant representatives, which occur in shallow‐water tropical carbonate, coral reef‐related settings. Type material and new material of fossil Borelis species, along with Recent specimens were studied to assess their taxonomic status, species circumscriptions (based on proloculus size, occurrence of Y‐shaped septula, and the index of elongation), palaeobiogeography and evolutionary dynamics. The species dealt with here are known from exclusively fossil (B. pygmaea, B. inflata, B. philippinensis, B. melo, B. curdica), and from fossil and modern (B. pulchra, B. schlumbergeri) specimens. For the first time, fossil and Recent Borelis specimens are illustrated via micro‐computed tomography scanning images. Depending on the occurrence of Y‐shaped septula, two lineages are distinguished. Deriving from the middle–upper Eocene Borelis vonderschmitti, the first lineage includes B. inflata, B. pulchra and B. pygmaea, lacking Y‐shaped septula. The first species bearing Y‐shaped septula is the Rupelian B. philippinensis of the western Indo‐Pacific. The westward migrants of B. philippinensis into the Mediterranean gave rise to B. melo (Aquitanian–Messinian) and B. curdica (Burdigalian–Tortonian). These two species became isolated from the Indo‐Pacific by the Langhian eastern closure of the Mediterranean basin and disappeared during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Since the Tortonian, B. schlumbergeri, which descended from B. philippinensis, has inhabited the Indo‐Pacific along with B. pulchra. From the central Pacific Ocean, B. pulchra reached the Caribbean area before the early Piacenzian closure of the Central America seaway.
Yellowstone Plume Conduit Tilt Caused by Large‐Scale Mantle Flow

Mantle plumes are hot upwellings of rock thought to originate at the core‐mantle boundary. As they rise through the mantle, their conduits may become tilted due to lateral large‐scale mantle flow. Recent tomographic images have revealed a strongly tilted plume conduit starting at the core‐mantle boundary beneath northern Baja California rising toward the Yellowstone hot spot from the southwest. Here we perform numerical computations of plumes deflected in large‐scale mantle flow with the aim of finding if realistic model parameter ranges exist that yield a good fit with the tomographically observed conduit. We restrict ourselves to models that yield reasonable results for plume conduit tilt and hot spot motion globally. These models require high viscosity ≈1023 Pa s at some lower mantle depths. For a plume head reaching the surface 17 Ma, corresponding to the start of the Columbia River Basalts, our models require rise times ≈80 Myr or longer to match the tilt of the conduit observed by tomography. We used several tomography models to determine mantle density with almost all models predicting southwestward flow in the lowermost mantle beneath the western United States. Exact details of the shape of the predicted conduit's southwesterly tilt vary, depending on the density and viscosity structures we used. In many cases we find comparatively strong tilts in two depth ranges, in the upper and lower portions of the mantle, which is also a characteristic of the tomographically observed conduit. We expect that future models may help to constrain large‐scale flow by matching these corresponding depth ranges.
Determining Characteristic Relative Permeability From Coreflooding Experiments: A Simplified Model Approach

Relative permeability measurements from drainage coreflooding experiments are effective properties that vary with injection rate when capillary heterogeneity effects are present. It is therefore important to estimate the fine‐scale characteristic relative permeability ( krchar ), which is independent of flow rate and can be used for accurate reservoir simulation and numerical modeling of coreflooding. Previous methods for krchar estimation are based on two‐phase flow simulations with fine‐scale heterogeneous permeability and capillary pressure. These are computationally complex and prone to error. This work presents a reduced method, based on a simplified model, requiring only solutions of steady state single‐phase flow equations. The simplified model is used to study a number of synthetic 2‐D permeability realizations and 3‐D core models constructed based on experimental data from previous literature. The krchar estimation method is tested on these examples and shown to be generally accurate. Cases where estimation error is significant are characterized by low injection rates, large nonwetting phase fractional flow, strong capillary heterogeneity, and small capillary number (ratio between core average pressure drop and capillary pressure drop). The estimation error is believed to be related to errors in the full‐model (two‐phase flow) simulations; that is, we find that for low injection rates, our simulator presents significantly different results compared to a commercial simulator. This could explain the source of mismatch between full and simplified methods and calls for further investigation of inaccuracy in numerical simulations at low flow rates, which could have implications for coreflood modeling and low rate reservoir simulation.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Paratuberculosis in Cattle and Sheep in Kericho County and Konoin Sub-County, Kenya

A study was carried out to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices towards bovine and ovine paratuberculosis by farmers in Kericho County, Kenya. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 423 randomly selected households. Veterinary, medical and veterinary laboratory personnel in the County, and the national Director of Veterinary Services (DVS) were interviewed. Data was also obtained from seven Focus Group Discussion (FGD) conducted in the study area. The data was managed in such a way as to segregate the information on the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards paratuberculosis. The results were presented descriptively. The residents were predominantly of the Kipsigis community (96.1%) who practised mixed subsistence farming. Most (98.6%) of the cattle were reared for milk whereas the sheep (77.7%) were bred for sale. Resulst from the FGD and farmers revealed lack of knowledge of paratuberculosis as a disease of cattle or sheep and there was no local name for it. The veterinary personnel based diagnosis of the disease on laboratory examination, clinical and post mortem signs. The medical personnel did not associate the Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis with any human disease and paratuberculosis was not among the top ten most reported diseases in Kenya by the DVS, due to unreliable diagnosis. Most farmers (55.7%) did nothing to their animals which had diarrhoea and only 3.7% sought assistance from veterinary personnel. Most farmers (98.6%) fed their animals on grass pastures and 72.8% left faecal materials from the livestock in the pastures. All lambs suckled their dams and during milking, 91.6% of the farmers allowed the calves to suckle. The key result of this study show that paratuberculosis is a poorly known disease in Kericho County and the farmers inadvertently exacerbate infection and spread of the disease by their attitude and practices. Definitive diagnosis should be carried out and extension services, together with best practices, implemented in order to manage paratuberculosis.
REVISION TAXONOMICA DE LOS MURCIELAGOS MAGUEYEROS DEL GENERO LEPTONYCTERIS (CHIROPTERA: PHYLLOSTOMIDAE)

En este trabajo revisamos la clasificación y la nomenclatura de los murciélagos magueyeros del género leptonycterís. Utilizando una muestra de 1 951 ejemplares de museo, analizamos las variaciones geográfica y no geográfica de las poblaciones. Demostramos que el género leptonycterís está constituido por dos especies. leptonycterís nivalis (Saussure) es el nombre correcto para los murciélagos magueyeros de talla mayor; esta especie es monotípica. El nombre adecuado para la segunda especie es leptonycterís curasoae Miller, e incluye dos subespecies, l. c. curasoae Miller y l. c. yerbabuenae Martínez y Villa. En esta revisión designamos un neotipo para el nombre yerbabuenae y explicamos porqué éste es el nombre correcto para la subespecie norteamericana de l. curasoae. Un gran número de los reportes sobre l. nívalís corresponden en realidad a l. curasoae, y la distribución de la primera especie es más restringida de lo que se pensaba hasta ahora.
Responses of the Hadley Circulation to Regional Sea Surface Temperature Changes

Idealized experiments performed with the Community Atmospheric Model 5.3 indicate that the width and strength of the Hadley circulation (HC) are sensitive to the location of sea surface temperature (SST) increases. The HC edge shifts poleward in response to SST increases over the subtropical regions near and on the equatorward flank of the HC edge, and shifts equatorward in response to warming over the tropical area except for the western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. The HC is strengthened in response to SST increases over the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and is weakened in response to SST increases over the subsidence branch of the HC in the subtropics. Tropical SST increases off the ITCZ tend to weaken the HC in the corresponding hemisphere and strengthen the HC in the opposite hemisphere. These results could be used to explain the simulated HC changes induced by recent SST variations, and it is estimated that more than half of the SST-induced HC widening in 1980–2014 is caused by changes in the spatial pattern of SST.
Exercise Game Exhilarates the Elderly: A Challenge to Traditional Training

Aging is an inevitable process and has been attracting attention from the public health sectors. It is estimated that aging population in U.S will reach 88.5 million by 2050 and the healthcare costs would be enormous due to various adverse health outcomes such as loss of muscle mass and decline in muscle functioning and balance ability . These may affect elderly’s daily activities such as dressing, standing and locomotion.
The Effects of Shear Strain, Fabric, and Porosity Evolution on Elastic and Mechanical Properties of Clay‐Rich Fault Gouge

The elastic and mechanical properties of fault gouge are key controls on fault zone stiffness, strength, damage, healing, and sliding stability. Clay minerals are prevalent in fault zones and have significant effects on friction, porosity, elastic properties, and shear fabric development. Although clay‐rich gouges are well studied, the roles of porosity evolution and fabric formation in modulating elastic and mechanical properties are unclear. We have found that with progressive shear, the role of strain localization and fabric development may compete with densification to control the evolution of friction and elastic moduli. We report on a suite of double‐direct shear experiments on synthetic gouge composed of 50% Ca‐montmorillonite and 50% granular quartz at a normal stress of 25 MPa. We measure the coefficient of friction, porosity, P and S wave speeds, and bulk and shear moduli, and their evolution with shearing, to shear strains up to ~25. We find that the evolution of Vp, Vs, and elastic moduli are controlled by the interplay of porosity loss, shear fabric development, and particle contact stiffness. In general, Vp, Vs, and elastic moduli increase with shear strain and are accompanied by gradual densification and porosity loss. However, at intermediate shear strains (~2–8) a decrease in Vp, Vs, and elastic moduli is superimposed on this overall trend. Based on previous microstructural studies, we hypothesize that fabrics develop parallel to shear direction (perpendicular to wave propagation) over this range of strains, leading to reduced fault stiffness and competing with porosity loss as the dominant control on elastic properties.
Splash of Solid Particles as a Stochastic Point Process

A splash experiment was carried out on a model soil–glass beads with a diameter of 425–600 μm using high‐speed cameras and sticky paper. Two different types of particles were involved in the process: droplets of water and glass beads. We argue that the result of splash of solid particles is best modeled as a stochastic point process, that is, a random number of randomly distributed points (beads) on a plane, and provide basic physical and statistical evidence that, in medium distance range (i.e., for our experiment, in the ranges of 29–64 mm), the splash may be modeled as the Poisson point process. We also argue that, in the range between 15 and 29 mm, a distribution different than Poisson is closer to reality. These two radically different types of distributions of numbers of beads in two regions reflect the fact that the solid phase of the splash involves two types of beads: those ejected in the early stage, traveling larger distances, and those ejected later, traveling shorter distances. Information on the distributions of and relations between the numbers of splashed particles in different regions may be instrumental in understanding mechanics and scale of the spread of pollutants/pathogens and plant diseases as a result of splash. Meanwhile, we describe the distributions of the total number of beads, the maximum range, and the average distance beads particles travel in a single experiment and discuss effectiveness of detection of beads by the cameras.
Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots

Africa is one of the three key regions of deep convection in the global tropics. There is a wealth of information on the intensity, variability, and change of convection and associated rainfall in regions across the continent but almost all of this literature is regionally focused and confined to specific seasons. This fragmented approach precludes a continent-wide view of deep convection leaving the following key issues unanswered: When is deep convection the most widespread across Africa? Where on the continent is deep convection most active? Where does widespread convection have the most interannual variability? This paper confronts these questions using a satellite-derived integral of deep convection. At the continental scale, March exhibits the most extensive deep convection whereas the West African monsoon during June–July exhibits the least. El Niño generally suppresses pan-African convective activity while La Niña enhances this activity. These pan-African signals are largely determined by regional hotspots: the eastern Congo hosts the most persistent widespread deep convection, southeastern southern Africa displays the highest interannual variability, and regional highlands maintain local convective activity hotspots. Furthermore, pan-African annual mean convective activity has increased ~10% between 1983 and 2015 with increases of >20% recorded in local hotspots. Results in this study provide a climatological baseline for both observational and model-based studies of African climates and offer insights into when African convection has the greatest potential impact on the general circulation.
Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Dextran Sulfate Sodium Induce Periodontitis Through the Disruption of Physical Barriers in Mice

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the interaction of plaque-associated bacteria with host cells. Gingival epithelial barriers provide the first line of defense against plaque-associated bacteria, the primary cause of periodontitis. To investigate the role of physical barriers in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), a tight junction (TJ)-disrupting chemical, was applied onto the gingival mucosa of mice in the absence or presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, and alveolar bone loss was measured. The levels of the TJ proteins ZO-1 and JAM-1, the number of T cells, and the presence of bacteria within gingival tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. In addition, oral bacterial communities were analyzed by pyrosequencing. Here, we show that both DSS and P. gingivalis induced alveolar bone loss accompanied by the reduced ZO-1 expression in the junctional epithelia. This reduction in ZO-1 expression was associated with increased levels of bacteria and T cells within the gingival tissues. Furthermore, bacterial invasion was strongly correlated with T-cell infiltration, which was associated with alveolar bone loss. Interestingly, both DSS and P. gingivalis shifted oral flora from Proteus-dominant community to Escherichia-dominant ones. Collectively, these findings suggest that a barrier-disrupting periodontal pathogen or chemical can induce periodontitis by facilitating bacterial invasion into tissues, leading to a subsequent inflammatory response. The association between compromised physical barriers and periodontitis was further supported by the reduction of ZO-1 expression in the periodontal lesions of patients with chronic periodontitis. Therefore, physical barriers may be a promising future target for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis.
Oestrogens and overactive bladder

Estrogens are known to have a major role in the function of the lower urinary tract although the role of exogenous estrogen replacement therapy in the management of women with lower urinary tract dysfunction remains controversial. Whilst for many years systemic and vaginal estrogen therapy was felt to be beneficial in the treatment of lower urinary and genital tract symptoms this evidence has recently been challenged by large epidemiological studies investigating the use of systemic hormone replacement therapy. Consequently the role of estrogen in the management of postmenopausal women with Overactive Bladder (OAB) remains uncertain. In addition the evidence base regarding the use of exogenous estrogen therapy has changed significantly over the last decade and has led to a major changes in current clinical practice. The aim of this article is to review the evidence for the role of estrogen therapy in the management of OAB focusing on current knowledge with regard to both systemic and local estrogen therapy as well as investigating the emerging role of combination therapy with antimuscarinic agents. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1086–1091, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ovarian Function and Reproductive Outcomes of the Female Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Strategies to Preserve their Fertility

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic auto-immune systemic disease that mainly affects women at reproductive age. Unfortunately, reproductive function of the young female patients suffering from this disease is commonly compromised by different etiologies. First, ovarian reserve is diminished even in the presence of mild disease suggesting a direct impact of the disease itself on ovarian function possibly due to ovarian involvement in the form of autoimmune oophoritis. Second, SLE patients with severe manifestations of the disease are treated with alkylating chemotherapy agent cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide and other drugs of alkylating category have the highest gonadotoxicity. Therefore SLE patients exposed to cyclophosphamide have a much higher risk of developing infertility and premature ovarian failure than do the counterparts who are treated with other less toxic treatments. Third, the functions of the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis are pertubed by chronic inflammatory state. And finally adverse pregnancy outcomes are more commonly observed in SLE patients such as fetal loss, preterm birth, intrauterine fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia-eclampsia and fetal congenital heart blocks. We aimed in this review article to provide an update on the ovarian function and other reproductive outcomes in SLE patients, and the current strategies to preserve their fertility in the lights of the most recent guidelines of fertility preservation.
Combination of geo-magnetic jerks with updated ESMGFZ effective angular momentum functions for the modelling of polar motion excitation

We use numerical integration of Brzeziński’s broad-band Liouville equations with the new atmospheric/oceanic excitations provided by GFZ Potsdam to calculate their effect on polar motion. There exist several studies hinting that geomagnetic jerks, sudden changes of intensity of geomagnetic field, can also affect polar motion. We concentrate our efforts to study possible influence of geomagnetic jerks on temporal changes of polar motion. We demonstrate that the fit between integrated and polar motion observed by space geodesy improves substantially, if the influence of geomagnetic jerks is added to excitations by geophysical fluids. We also applied additional excitations due to the continental hydrosphere and barystatic sea-level variations. Although these effects complete the geophysical fluids system, their adding could not improve the agreement between integrated and observed polar motion. ARTICLE INFO
The Indian Ocean Deep Meridional Overturning Circulation in Three Ocean Reanalysis Products

The time mean Indian Ocean (IO) deep meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is compared across three ocean reanalysis products (ORAS4, GECCO2, and GFDL). The MOC stream functions obtained by vertically integrating the mass flux across a latitude‐depth section in three products are found to be significantly different from each other. Detailed analysis suggests that ORAS4 delivers the best depiction of IO MOC. The inferred IO deep MOC consists of two deep and strong counterclockwise cells located south of 30°S and around 10°S, respectively. The geostrophic component along with the barotropic or external mode dominates the former, and a combination of Ekman and geostrophic components dominates the latter. GECCO2 depicts a steady decline in the northward meridional transport in the bottom layer and a consequent reduction in the MOC strength. The tropical thermocline in GECCO2 responds to this MOC variability leading to rapid and monotonic warming of the tropical IO.