Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A verification theorem which provides a necessary and sufficient condition for optimality

A well-known sufficient condition for optimality involving the Bellman equation of dynamic programming applies only in exceptional circumstances when the Bellman equation has a smooth solution. We give a nontechnical presentation, with examples, of a refinement of this condition involving a partial differential inequality which is necessary as well as sufficient for optimality.
Impacts of wind power on air quality, premature mortality, and exposure disparities in the United States

Understanding impacts of renewable energy on air quality and associated human exposures is essential for informing future policy. We estimate the impacts of U.S. wind power on air quality and pollution exposure disparities using hourly data from 2011 to 2017 and detailed atmospheric chemistry modeling. Wind power associated with renewable portfolio standards in 2014 resulted in $2.0 billion in health benefits from improved air quality. A total of 29% and 32% of these health benefits accrued to racial/ethnic minority and low-income populations respectively, below a 2021 target by the Biden administration that 40% of the overall benefits of future federal investments flow to disadvantaged communities. Wind power worsened exposure disparities among racial and income groups in some states but improved them in others. Health benefits could be up to $8.4 billion if displacement of fossil fuel generators prioritized those with higher health damages. However, strategies that maximize total health benefits would not mitigate pollution disparities, suggesting that more targeted measures are needed.
Studies on nonlinear coherent states

Nonclassical states of light are of fundamental importance in quantum optics. The properties of these states are due to the quantal nature of the electromagnetic field. In recent years there have been many experimental demonstrations of the realizability of nonclassical states in various physical schemes such as resonance fluorescence, four-wave mixing, centre-of-mass motion of a trapped ion and manipulation of field in a cavity. It is of interest to introduce new classes of nonclassical states and investigate their properties. In this context, generalization of the concept of coherent states (CSs) has played a major role. New concepts such as the nonlinear coherent states (NCSs) and interference in phase space have emerged from such studies. In this tutorial review we are concerned with the construction of new classes of nonclassical states by generalizing the notion of CSs. Our investigations on the photon-added coherent states (PACSs) indicate that these states can be interpreted as NCSs. Also, we introduce a new class of nonclassical states related to the PACSs. Having introduced a realizable example of NCSs, we extend the notion of even and odd CSs to the case of NCSs by introducing even and odd NCSs. With this new definition we interrelate some of the well known states of light. We suggest a scheme to generate a class of even and odd NCSs in the centre-of-mass motion of a trapped, laser-cooled, two-level ion.
The phase diagrams of the mixed spin‐3/2 and spin‐5/2 Ising system on the Bethe lattice

In this paper we study the critical behaviors of the half‐integer mixed spin‐3/2 and spin‐5/2 Blume–Capel Ising ferrimagnetic system by using the exact recursion relations on the Bethe lattice for q = 4 and 6, whose real lattice correspondences are square and simple cubic lattices, respectively. We have obtained the phase diagrams in the (kTc/|J |, DA /|J |) planes for constant values of DB /|J |, the reduced crystal field of the sublattice with spin‐5/2, and in the (kTc/|J |, DB /|J |) planes for constant values of DA /|J |, the reduced crystal field of the sublattice with spin‐3/2. Even if the system presents both second‐ and first‐order phase transitions, their lines never connect to each other and end at critical points; thus, no tricritical points are observed. We have also found the existence of one or two compensation temperatures for appropriate values of the crystal fields, therefore observing reentrant behavior for some of the compensation lines. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiation from vortex filament motion near a half plane

The two-dimensional low Mach number sound field from the passage of a line vortex around the edge of a rigid half plane is calculated by singular perturbation methods. Simple exact expressions are given for the space-time variation of the acoustic field, and for the total radiated energy and its frequency spectrum. These expressions show in particular that the effect of the half plane is to increase the energy radiated by a nearby vortical flow by M−3, where M is a characteristic Mach number.
Validation of ionospheric weather predicted by Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) models

The ability of the Utah State University (USU) Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model to specify the day‐to‐day variability of the ionosphere is assessed by comparison of specified hourly values of foF2 with observations that were not assimilated by the model. If the specifications are to be an improvement over a climatological model with zero average error, the interdecile width of errors of the specifications at each hour must be less than the interdecile width of the observations. It has been found that the median specified values of foF2 for undisturbed days are quite accurate, and that the interdecile width of errors of the specifications is less than that of the observations most of the time for midlatitude sites, provided there is a GPS TEC site sufficiently close to the ionosonde site. The errors in GAIM values of foF2 for Australian locations tend to be larger for larger distances from a GPS site, and for low latitudes. GAIM also tracks the values of foF2 on disturbed days, but tends to be conservative, not reproducing the full extent of the departures of the disturbed values from the background values.
A comprehensive aerological reference data set (CARDS): Rough and systematic errors

The possibility of anthropogenic climate change and the possible problems associated with it are of great interest. However, one cannot study climate change without climate data. The Comprehensive Aerological Reference Data Set (CARDS) project will produce high-quality, daily upper-air data for the research community and for policy makers. CARDS intends to produce a dataset consisting of radiosonde and pibal data that is easy to use, as complete as possible, and as free of errors as possible. An attempt will be made to identify and correct biases in upper-air data whenever possible. This paper presents the progress made to date in achieving this goal. An advanced quality control procedure has been tested and implemented. It is capable of detecting and often correcting errors in geopotential height, temperature, humidity, and wind. This unique quality control method uses simultaneous vertical and horizontal checks of several meteorological variables. It can detect errors that other methods cannot. Research is being supported in the statistical detection of sudden changes in time series data. The resulting statistical technique has detected a known humidity bias in the U.S. data. The methods should detect unknown changes in instrumentation, station location, and data-reduction techniques. Software has been developed that correctsmore » radisonde temperatures, using a physical model of the temperature sensor and its changing environment. An algorithm for determining cloud cover for this physical model has been developed. A numerical check for station elevation based on the hydrostatic equations has been developed, which has identified documented and undocumented station moves. Considerable progress has been made toward the development of algorithms to eliminate a known bias in the U.S. humidity data. 38 refs., 12 figs., 7 tabs. « less
X-rays from RS Canum Venaticorum systems - A HEAO 1 survey and the development of a coronal model

The paper presents HEAO 1 low-energy X-ray observations of 59 known or suspected RS CVn systems cited in the lists of Hall (1976), Eggen (1978), and the circulars of the Working Group on RS CVn systems of IAU Commission 42. The data are used to argue against the validity of the minimum flux coronal models. A coronal loop model is used to derive expressions for the loop parameters in terms of observable quantities, and find acceptable solutions for RS CVn systems. It is concluded that the difference between solar activity and that observed in RS CVn systems may be merely a matter of scale.
Effective parameters of elastic composites

In this paper we present a simple and rigorous scheme for the derivation of accurate asymptotic expansions of the effective elastic parameters of periodic dilute two-phase composites in terms of the elastic moment tensor and the volume fraction occupied by the elastic inclusions. Our derivations are based on layer potential techniques, and valid for inclusions with Lipschitz boundaries and even when the phase moduli differ significantly.
Vertical Scales, Deceleration, and Empirical Benchmarks for Growth

Empirical growth benchmarks, as introduced by Hill, Bloom, Black, and Lipsey (2008), are a well-known way to contextualize effect sizes in education research. Past work on these benchmarks, both positive and negative, has largely avoided confronting the role of vertical scales, yet technical issues with vertical scales trouble the use of such benchmarks. This article introduces vertical scales and outlines their role in the creation of empirical benchmarks for growth. I then outline three strands of recent vertical scale research that call into question the grounds for relying on these benchmarks. I conclude with recommendations for researchers looking to contextualize observed effects of educational interventions without confounding their effects with vertical scaling artifacts.
Spall fracture in aluminum monocrystals: a dislocation‐dynamics approach

High‐purity monocrystalline aluminum disks of three crystallographic orientations were subjected to carefully controlled planar impact producing low levels of spall damage. This damage was observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy of sections through the recovered disks, and was found to consist of voids of essentially octahedral form having {111} planes as faces. To describe the growth of these voids we propose a kinematical model based on the motion of edge dislocations. Dynamical equations describing the rate of growth of an individual void are obtained by applying established concepts of dislocation mechanics to the kinematical model. Finally, the dynamical void growth model is combined with an empirically established nucleation model to yield equations for calculating the total volume growth rate in a spalling sample. Extension of these results to other ductile fracture phenomena is suggested.
Log-Normal Versus Gamma Models for Analyzing Data from Quality-Improvement Experiments

ABSTRACT Recently, log-normal and gamma models are of interest in fitting data arising from quality-improvement experiments. It is known that the gamma model with the constant coefficient of variation and the log-normal model with constant variance often give similar analyzes. However, in the analysis of data from quality improvement experiments, neither the coefficient of variation nor the variance needs to be constant, so that the two models do not necessarily give similar results. A choice needs to be made between the gamma and the log-normal models.
The evolution of whole-brain turbulent dynamics during recovery from traumatic brain injury

It has been previously shown that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with reductions in metastability in large-scale networks in resting state fMRI. However, little is known about how TBI affects the local level of synchronization and how this evolves during the recovery trajectory. Here, we applied a novel turbulent dynamics framework to investigate the temporal evolution in whole-brain dynamics using an open access resting state fMRI dataset from a cohort of moderate-to-severe TBI patients and healthy controls (HCs). We first examined how several measures related to turbulent dynamics differ between HCs and TBI patients at 3-, 6- and 12-months post-injury. We found a significant reduction in these empirical measures after TBI, with the largest change at 6-months post-injury. Next, we built a Hopf whole-brain model with coupled oscillators and conducted in silico perturbations to investigate the mechanistic principles underlying the reduced turbulent dynamics found in the empirical data. A simulated attack was used to account for the effect of focal lesions. This revealed a shift to lower coupling parameters in the TBI dataset and, critically, decreased susceptibility and information encoding capability. These findings confirm the potential of the turbulent framework to characterize whole-brain dynamics after TBI and validates the use of whole-brain models to monitor longitudinal changes in the reactivity to external perturbations. Highlights Whole-brain turbulent dynamics capture longitudinal changes after TBI during one-year recovery period TBI patients show partial recovery of resting state network dynamics at large spatial scales Whole-brain computational models indicate less reactivity to in silico perturbations after TBI
Goal-directed modulation of stretch reflex gains is reduced in the non-dominant upper limb

Most individuals experience their dominant arm as being more dexterous than the non-dominant arm, but the neural mechanisms underlying this asymmetry in motor behaviour are unclear. Using a delayed reach task, we have recently demonstrated strong goal-directed tuning of stretch reflex gains in the dominant upper limb of human participants. Here, we used an equivalent experimental paradigm to address the neural mechanisms that underlie the preparation for reaching movements with the non-dominant upper limb. We found only minor goal-directed differences in the short latency stretch reflex of the non-dominant limb. There were consistent effects of load, preparatory delay duration and target direction on the long latency stretch reflex. However, by comparing stretch reflex responses in the non-dominant arm with those previously documented in the dominant arm, we demonstrate that goal-directed tuning of short and long latency stretch reflexes is markedly weaker in the non-dominant limb. The results indicate that the motor performance asymmetries across the two upper limbs is partly due to the more sophisticated control of reflexive stiffness in the dominant limb, likely facilitated by the superior goal-directed control of muscle spindle receptors. Our findings therefore suggest that independent fusimotor control plays a role in determining performance of complex motor behaviours and support existing proposals that the dominant arm is better supplied for executing more complex tasks, such as trajectory control. Key points Most of us routinely rely on the dominant arm to perform more complex and demanding motor tasks, but the mechanisms enabling the superior motor performance of the dominant limb are unclear. A better understanding of the motor asymmetry across the two arms might provide key insight into core sensorimotor principles. This study shows that goal-directed tuning of short and long latency stretch reflexes in the non-dominant arm is markedly weaker than in the dominant arm. Our results suggest that the more sophisticated control of reflexive stiffness in the dominant limb, likely facilitated by superior fusimotor control, partly underpins the laterality of motor performance.
Orthogonal neural encoding of targets and distractors supports multivariate cognitive control

The complex challenges of our mental life require us to coordinate multiple forms of neural information processing. Recent behavioral studies have found that people can coordinate multiple forms of attention, but the underlying neural control process remains obscure. We hypothesized that the brain implements multivariate control by independently monitoring feature-specific difficulty and independently prioritizing feature-specific processing. During fMRI, participants performed a parametric conflict task that separately tags target and distractor processing. Consistent with feature-specific monitoring, univariate analyses revealed spatially segregated encoding of target and distractor difficulty in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Consistent with feature-specific attentional priority, a novel multivariate analysis (Encoding Geometry Analysis) revealed overlapping, but orthogonal, representations of target and distractor coherence in intraparietal sulcus. Coherence representations were mediated by control demands and aligned with both performance and frontoparietal activity, consistent with top-down attention. Together, these findings provide evidence for the neural geometry necessary to coordinate multivariate cognitive control.
Neutron diffraction studies on the multiferroic conical magnet Ba 2 Mg 2 Fe 12 O 22

Magnetic structure of a multiferroic Y-type hexaferrite ${\text{Ba}}_{2}{\text{Mg}}_{2}{\text{Fe}}_{12}{\text{O}}_{22}$ with helical-spin structures propagating along [001] below 195 K has been extensively studied, using polarized and unpolarized neutron diffractions under transverse magnetic fields $B$ $(\ensuremath{\perp}[001])$ up to 4.5 T. At zero magnetic field, a longitudinal-conical spin state was found to emerge below about 50 K, which enables the low-$B$ control of electric polarization $P$. The magnetic phase diagram was investigated as a function of transverse $B$ and coexistence of several phases with different helical-spin periodicity was confirmed at low-$B$ region. Furthermore, by using the polarized neutron diffraction under transverse $B$, we verified that the ferroelectric phase with the largest $P$ value with a commensurate ${\mathbit{k}}_{0}$ vector of (0, 0, 3/2) has a transverse-conical spin structure, in which the spin component perpendicular to $B$ shows every $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ rotation with translation along the ${\mathbit{k}}_{0}$ direction. The relation between the transverse-conical spin structure and $P$ as a function of the transverse $B$ was discussed in terms of the inverse Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya model.
Mechanisms and neuroanatomy of response selection in tool and non-tool action tasks: Evidence from left-hemisphere stroke

The ability to select between potential actions is central to the complex process of tool use. After left hemisphere stroke, individuals with limb apraxia make more hand action errors when gesturing the use of tools with conflicting hand actions for grasping-to-move and use (e.g., screwdriver) relative to tools that are grasped-to-move and used with the same hand action (e.g., hammer). Prior research indicates that this grasp-use interference effect is driven by abnormalities in the competitive action selection process. The goal of this project was to determine whether common mechanisms and neural substrates support the competitive selection of task-appropriate responses in both tool and non-tool domains. If so, the grasp-use interference effect in a tool use gesturing task should be correlated with response interference effects in the classic Eriksen flanker and Simon tasks, and at least partly overlapping neural regions should subserve the 3 tasks. Sixty-four left hemisphere stroke survivors (33 with apraxia) participated in the tool- and non-tool interference tasks and underwent T1 anatomical MRI. There were robust grasp-use interference effects (grasp-use conflict test) and response interference effects (Eriksen flanker and Simon tasks), but these effects were not correlated. Lesion-symptom mapping analyses showed that lesions to the left inferior parietal lobule, ventral premotor cortex, and insula were associated with grasp-use interference. Lesions to the left inferior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus, insula, caudate, and putamen were associated with response interference in the Eriksen flanker task. Lesions to the left caudate and putamen were also associated with response interference in the Simon task. Our results suggest that the selection of hand posture for tool use is mediated by distinct cognitive mechanisms and partly distinct neuroanatomic substrates from those mapping a stimulus to an appropriate motor response in non-tool domains.
Characterization of measures associated with orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle

Measures with almost everywhere positive absolutely continuous components are described in terms of certain integrals involving the corresponding orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. 1. The results. Let dß be a finite positive Borei measure on the interval [0,27T) such that its support is an infinite set. Let {^pn(dß)} (n G N) be the unique system of orthonormal polynomials associated with dß, that is, the polynomials ipn(dß, z) = Knz n H (KU = nn(dß) > 0) satisfy (27T)/ ipm{d^e )^n{d^e )dfi(e) = 6mn (meN,ne N). Jo In what follows (f)n(dß) denotes the monic orthogonal polynomial, that is, (f)n(dfi) = K~ (pn(dß). The reverse polynomial II* of a polynomial Il of degree n is given by U*(z) = z n n ( z 1 ) . The recurrence formula ( 1 . 1 ) 4>n{dfl,z) = Z</>n-i{dn,z) + <l>n(dp,0)<l>n_l(dll,z), |0n(d/*,O)| < 1, n = 1,2,. , (cf. [19, formula (11.4.7), p. 293]) plays an essential role in the theory of orthogonal polynomials and its applications (cf. [13, 15]). This recurrence formula fully characterizes the orthogonal polynomials and the associated measures which is the Recieved by the editor on September 3, 1986. 1980 Subject Classification: 42C05.
A two-dimensional acoustic sediment flux profiler

Instantaneous sediment flux measurement is important for the study of the detailed effects of turbulent currents and their relation to the transport of sedimentary materials. This paper presents a novel acoustic sediment flux profiler which is able to measure the instantaneous sediment flux profile directly. Three 1 MHz ultrasonic transducers are employed to measure the instantaneous concentration profile and the corresponding 2D velocity profile simultaneously. The principle of operation of the system and its realization are discussed. Experimental results obtained in an open-channel sediment-laden flow are reported.
Determination of α s ( m Z ) by the non-perturbative decoupling method

We present the details and ﬁrst results of a new strategy for the determination of α s ( m Z ) (ALPHA Collaboration et al. in Phys. Lett. B 807:135571, 2020). By simultaneously decoupling 3 ﬁctitious heavy quarks we establish a relation between the (cid:3) -parameters of three-ﬂavor QCD and pure gauge theory. Very precise recent results in the pure gauge theory (Dalla Brida and Ramos in Eur. Phys. J. C 79(8):720, 2019; Nada and Ramos in Eur Phys J C 81(1):1, 2021) can thus be leveraged to obtain the three-ﬂavour (cid:3) -parameter in units of a common decoupling
Artículos Exploring the Rural Tourism Perception of Local People and Farmers: The Case Study of Mordogan in İ zmir, Turkey*

: This study aims to examine rural tourism perception of local people and farmers living in Mordo ğ an, Izmir, Turkey. Main material of this study was obtained from surveys conducted with 103 local people and 65 farmers. In this study, factor analysis was used to determine rural tourism perceptions of local people and farmers. According to the analysis result, s ix main factors related to rural tourism perceptions of local people and farmers, which can be measured by nineteen statements, were determined. These factors were named as economic, socio-cultural, environmental, interaction, awareness and local development factors. Cronbach alpha coefficient of factors was calculated as 0.840 and it explained 73.29 % of total variance. The economic factor was found to be the most important explanatory factor.