Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conservação pós-colheita de frutos de amoreira-preta

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de frutos de amoreira-preta (Rubus spp.) conservados em diferentes ambientes e periodos de armazenamento. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com tres repeticoes e 18 frutos por parcela, em esquema fatorial 2x2x5 (cultivares: Brazos e Comanche; ambientes: 2oC e 20±2oC; periodos de armazenamento: 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias). As caracteristicas avaliadas foram perda de massa, vitamina C total, solidos soluveis totais, pH e acidez titulavel total (porcentagem de acido citrico). Com o aumento do periodo de armazenamento houve perdas significativas de massa, principalmente nos frutos que permaneceram a 20oC. Houve aumento do pH e reducao do porcentual de acidez total titulavel e solidos soluveis totais. A cultivar Comanche apresentou maiores teores de vitamina C e solidos soluveis totais em relacao a 'Brazos'. Ambas cultivares conservam-se melhor a 2oC, podendo ser armazenadas ate nove dias depois de colhidas, quando se inicia o processo de deterioracao.
Effect of Soil Salinity on Germination and Survival of Some Steppe Plants in Washington

Salt tolerance at germination and the capacity of the established plants to endure gradual salinization of the soil were studied in Agropyron spicatum, Artemesia tridentata, Elymus cinereus (from saline and non—saline habitats), Lepidium perfoliatum (from saline and non—saline habitats), and Typha latifolia. Percentage germination decreased with increasing salinity. All species were less tolerant of salinity at germination than they were at the seedling stage, if salinization of the culture medium was gradual. An abrupt rise in salinity resulted in death of all species. Of all the species tested Lepidium perfoliatum demonstrated the greatest potential for ontogenetic osmoregulation. In general, the response of the established plants corresponds well with the species behavior in the field. Adverse environmental factors, such as a predominance of Na2CO3, probably results in restricted distribution of Typha latifolia and also keeps Agropyron spicatum from colonizing saline areas. Seeds of Lepidium perfoliatum from saline habitats were more tolerant of salinity than those from non—saline habitats, indicating an ecotypic specialization in this species. Populations of Elymus cinereus from saline and non—saline habitats did not differ in this respect.
EFFECTS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE ON BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY AND ULTRASTRURAL ORGANIZATION OF PINE NEEDLED CHOROPLASTS

SUMMARY The effects of aqueous SO2 on the ultrastructural organization of pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) chloroplasts and on their photosynthetic activity were determined under laboratory conditions. At aqueous concentrations of 100 and 500 ppm, SO2 caused swelling of thylakoid discs and disintegrated other intrachloroplast membranes, resulting in the formation of small vesicles (in older, matured tissues). Chloroplast structural injury was more pronounced in old tissues than in younger and more metabolically active tissues. The biochemical observations (Hill reaction activity) made on chloroplasts isolated from SO2-treated pine needle segments are in good agreement with the cytological observations.
Recovery growth following periods of restricted rations and starvation in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Fingerling rainbow trout (6.9 to 11.6 cm fork length) maintained at 12° C were either: fed restricted rations (3% of dry body weight/day) for 16 weeks, or starved for 3 weeks (14.5% weight loss), or for 13 weeks (32.5% weight loss). Whole body wet weights and dry weights (as % of wet weight), and wet and dry weights of tissues (heart, spleen, liver, skin, gonad, gut, visceral fat, and ‘carcase’) resulting from these treatments were compared to corresponding weights of an ‘initial sample’. Visceral fat was completely utilized during both short and long-term starvation and gut was significantly reduced in the extended starvation group. During subsequent recovery growth on full rations, following food deprivation, fish grew at approximately the same rate as fully-fed controls, which had not suffered food deprivation, as regards body wet weight and condition (K), but tended to surpass controls in % dry weight. Heart, liver, gonad, gut and visceral fat also increased during recovery growth in a manner suggestive of overcompensation in response to former food deprivation. Gut, skin and carcase dry weights were less in the control, and in the 14.5% weight loss groups following recovery growth than in those in 3% rations and in the severely starved group, indicating that the effects of slow growth resulting from limited rations resemble those of severe starvation more than those of limited starvation.
Characteristics of Lipolytic System in Goat Milk

Abstract The caprine milk lipolytic system was characterized to explain the higher correlation in the goat, as opposed to the cow, between lipoprotein lipase activity and spontaneous lipolysis. Goat milk lipoprotein lipase was distributed primarily in cream (46%) and serum (46%), but little activity was in caseins (8%). In direct comparison, the quantitative distribution in cow milk lipoprotein lipase was different (6, 17, and 78%). This probably reflects species differences in properties of milk caseins and fat globules. Spontaneous lipolysis in goat milk was activated as in the cow by addition of blood serum, but only if the total lipoprotein lipase activity of goat milk was higher than 4 μ eq free fatty acids/h per ml. Although heparin had no effect on goat milk lipolysis, it affected cow milk lipolysis and stimulated goat and cow milk lipoprotein lipase activity on an artificial substrate in vitro. Some heated (60°C for 30min) normal milks showed an inhibitory effect on lipolysis in fresh susceptible goat milks. This inhibitory effect was recovered in caseins and primarily in serum and proteose-peptones but not in cream. However, heated susceptible milks did not appear to have had any activating effect on lipolysis in fresh normal goat milks. Possible effects in farm bulk milk also are discussed.
Nest Attendance does not Predict Offspring Desertion by Eurasian Penduline Tit Parents

Parental care is costly, and in many organisms, the male or the female parent benefits from reducing its own care which may be compensated for by its mate. One of the parents may even face all costs of parental care if its mate deserts and leaves him/her to care for the offspring alone. Theoretical models have generated contrasting predictions as to how parents negotiate a resolution of this sexual conflict over care, although empirical tests are largely lacking. We investigated pre-desertion behaviour (nest attendance) of a highly polygamous passerine, the Eurasian penduline tit (Remiz pendulinus) that exhibits intense sexual conflict over care culminating in clutch desertion by the male, by the female or by both parents. We conjectured that nest attendance of parents should predict desertion, so that the lack of care provided by the deserting parent may be compensated for. By analysing over 200 000 video frames (2.50 ± 1.36 d per pair, 302 ± 170 min/d) of 20 pairs, we show that nest desertion is not a gradual process and cannot be predicted by nest attendance. These results are consistent with the argument that the predictable desertion may not be evolutionarily stable, and suggest that male and female penduline tits do not negotiate clutch desertion.
p38 MAPK and NF-κB Collaborate to Induce Interleukin-6 Gene Expression and Release

In cardiac myocytes, the stimulation of p38 MAPK by the MAPKK, MKK6, activates the transcription factor, NF-κB, and protects cells from apoptosis. In the present study in primary neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, constitutively active MKK6, MKK6(Glu), bound to IκB kinase (IKK)-β and stimulated its abilities to phosphorylate IκB and to activate NF-κB. MKK6(Glu) induced NF-κB-dependent interleukin (IL)-6 transcription and IL-6 release in a p38-dependent manner. IL-6 protected myocardial cells against apoptosis. Like IL-6, TNF-α, which activates both NF-κB and p38, also induced p38-dependent IL-6 expression and release and protected myocytes from apoptotis. While TNF-α was relatively ineffective, IL-6 activated myocardial cell STAT3 by about 8-fold, indicating a probable role for this transcription factor in IL-6-mediated protection from apoptosis. TNF-α-mediated IL-6 induction was inhibited by a kinase-inactive form of the MAPKKK, TGF-β activated protein kinase (Tak1), which is known to activate p38 and NF-κB in other cell types. Thus, by stimulating both p38 and NF-κB, Tak1-activating cytokines, like TNF-α, can induce IL-6 expression and release. Moreover, the myocyte-derived IL-6 may then function in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to augment myocardial cell survival during stresses that activate p38.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthes of Dogs That Have Been Disposed Off At Non-Descript Abattoirs in Zaria, Nigeria

Parasitological investigation of dogs disposed off in non-descript abattoirs was carried out in two communities (Basawa and Angwagodo) in Zaria. Intestines from seventy (70) adult dogs were collected, and standard procedures were followed to determine their parasite loads. A total of sixty-three dogs (90.00%) were positive for different species of helminthes. The helminthes recovered were Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp, Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis. D. caninum was present in thirty five dogs (50.00%), Taenia spp in twenty dogs (28.57%). Ancylostoma caninum in twenty five dogs (35.71%) and Toxocara canis in four dogs (5.71%). There were no statistically significant associations between the location of study and frequency of recovery of each helminthes (P>0.05). Toxocara canis was only detected at Angwagodo. The mean worm load by location was higher at Angwagodo (24.59+55.03) than Basawa (8.66+9.44). The sex of the dog had no significant effect on the recovery of each helminthes (P>0.05). However, female dogs had a higher worm load (22.14+57.41) than the male dogs (12.12+18.44). The result of this study suggests that about 90% of the dog population in Zaria may be contributing to the contamination of the environment with eggs of zoonotic helminthes. Key words: Intestinal helminthes, Dogs, Non-descript Abattoirs, Zaria.
PRODUCTION OF EPIBENTHIC DIATOMS IN A SOUTHERN CALLIPORNIA IMPOUNDED ESTUARY 1, 2

In situ epibenthic diatom productio was determined for four sites within Bolsa Bay (Orange Coutry), California, to assess the effect of estuative impoundment by a tidal gate. Mean annual values of 26 and 41 mg C m−2 h−1 were found in the finner sediment of the outer bay whereas mean annual values of 41 and 59 mg C m−2 h −1 were found in the coarser, more stable sediment of the inner bay. Low production in the vicinity of the mouth of a flood control channel is thought to be caused by heavy metal inhibition in conjuction with sediment instability, a shl/allow photic zone and heavy grazing pressure. Seasonal production peaks in spring and falll were found to be closely correlated with the concentration of nitrate and silicate but not with phosphate. This study shows that even though Bolsa Bay has been cut off from the sea, drained and subjected to fill, it is as productive as other coastal wetlands throughout the world.
A new genus Globulidrilus and three new enchytraeid species (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) from Seoraksan National Park (Korea)

From the Seoraksan National Park, Korea, a new enchytraeid genus, Globulidrilus gen. nov., is defined and three new species, Globulidrilus helgei sp. nov., Fridericia seoraksani sp. nov. and Mesenchytraeus longiductus sp. nov., are described. Globulidrilus also includes Marionina riparia Bretscher, 1899 augm. Černosvitov 1928, a globally distributed species with a complicated taxonomic history. Pending a revision of Marionina riparia sensu latu (auct.), we retain the species name riparia for a variant of common occurrence in Europe.
Variation in Fitness among Geographically Isolated Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations

ABSTRACT Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is a major pest of potatoes in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. It adapts quickly to adverse environments, thereby limiting the longevity of control strategies. Better understanding of variability among geographically isolated populations of this insect might create an opportunity to customize control techniques for local conditions. We investigated insecticide resistance, heat tolerance, and growth potential in six beetle populations collected from different locations in the United States. Significant differences were detected in insecticide resistance, egg mass size, and egg hatchability among the tested populations. Large egg mass size appeared to be offset by lower egg hatchability. We also observed a female-biased sex ratio at least in one of the strains. Population growth rates were different among the strains, but this parameter was not correlated to insecticide resistance. This suggests that using allopatric populations in comparative studies of insecticide resistance might result in confusing effects of geographic isolation with the effects of selection toward resistance.
Expression of the Lactate Dehydrogenase Gene from Eptatretus okinoseanus in Escherichia coli

Amplified Eptatretus okinoseanus cDNA was digested with NdeI and EcoRI, cloned into pCold trigger factor (TF), and transformed with Escherichia coli strain BL 21 in which a csp A promoter was introduced to inhibit the expression of foreign peptides. Recombinant lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was obtained in the soluble fraction after sonication of the cells. The protein was digested by HRC 3C protease, thrombin, and factor Xa. The specific activity of TF-tagged protein and tagless protein were 0.646×106 mIU/mg and 3.56×106 mIU/mg, respectively. The deletion of the TF tag enhanced the activity compared with the native protein to 13.4×106 mIU/mg, showing that this expression method is effective for the mass production of the protein to allow further study of the structure of LDH.
Effects of Environmental Conditions during Stream, Estuary, and Ocean Residency on Chinook Salmon Return Rates in the Skagit River, Washington

Abstract We predicted 22 years of return rates for wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha as a function of environmental conditions experienced during residency in freshwater, tidal delta, bay, and ocean habitats as well as as an indicator of density dependence (based on egg production) across life stages. The best predictors of return rate included the magnitude of floods experienced during incubation, a principal components factor describing environmental conditions during bay residency, a similar factor describing conditions experienced during the third ocean year, and an estimate of egg production. Our models explained up to 90% of the variation in return rate and had a very high forecasting precision, yet environmental conditions experienced during ocean residency explained only 5% of the variation. Our results suggest that returns of wild Chinook salmon can be predicted with high precision by incorporating habitat residency and that freshwater and nearshore environmental conditions strongly in.
Spatial and temporal changes of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in acidified streams in the Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic)

Outflows from two atmospherically acidified lakes in the Bohemian Forest were studied in 2005 and 2007. While Lake Čertovo has been strongly acidified (∼pH 4.6), Lake Laka was only slightly acidified in the past and is recovering now (∼pH 5.2). The water chemistry and macrozoobenthos composition were analysed along longitudinal gradients of both lake outflows to determine the present status of their streams. A certain progression in stream chemistry to more neutral conditions was observed along the longitudinal gradients of both streams. However, a possible recovery of macrozoobenthos was evident only in the Lake Laka outflow, mainly via an increasing number of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera taxa, and an increasing number of Gammarus fossarum, both along the longitudinal gradient and during the period of study. In contrast, no considerable changes were observed in the macrozoobenthos composition of the Lake Čertovo outflow, presumably because its chemistry was harmful for acidosensitive taxa such as Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Plecoptera and Chironomidae were the most numerous groups in this stream. The biological recovery of both streams will depend on further chemical improvement in their catchments as well as on the dispersal ability of benthic organisms.
Comparative seedling growth of five endemic New Zealand podocarp species under different light regimes

Abstract The comparative growth of seedlings of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Podocarpus totara, Dacrydium cupressinum, Prumnopitys ferruginea, and P. taxifolia was investigated at different light levels. Five light regimes were achieved using shade cloth for glasshouse seedlings (2–25% of full sunlight) and under different canopy vegetation types (5–30% of full sunlight) in dense lowland podocarp forest at Whirinaki Forest Sanctuary, Central North Island, New Zealand. Height growth, stem diameter growth, and dry weight increase were measured for a 15 month period over two spring seasons in both glasshouse and forest environments. The five podocarp species show significant differences in height growth, stem diameter growth, and dry weight increase under the different light regimes of both glasshouse and forest environments. Seasonal height growth rates were examined in the forest, and species exhibited different responses to the climatic parameters of rainfall, humidity, temperature, and solar radiation. Comp.
The effect of plant size and developmental stage on summer survival of some perennial grasses

Observations on summer survival in sown swards of a number of cultivars of Phalaris tuberosa L. , P. coerulescens L. , Dactylis glomerata L. , and Hordeum bulbosum L. were made at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, in two consecutive years with widely different rainfall patterns. In both years survival was higher among reproductive plants than among vegetative plants, and in both types of plants the largest individuals had the highest survival rates. In the abnormally dry year 1965 only a number of cultivars of cocksfoot had adequate survival rates. Some agronomic practices aimed at maximum survival over the first summer are discussed.
Muscle fibre types in the myotome of stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.; a histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study

In myotomes of the stickleback three main complexes of muscle fibres were present. They comprised dwarf, intermediate and white fibres, which differed in regard to histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features. In addition, dwarf fibres were divided into two categories on the basis of myofibrillar ATPase activity and cross-reactions with specific antisera. Among intermediate muscle fibres it was possible to observe some ‘aberrant fibres’, which were characterized by low reactivity with and P-myosin serum.
Efeito de Inseticidas no Controle de Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) e de Nematóides Fitoparasitos na Qualidade Tecnológica e na Produtividade da Cana-de-Açúcar

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiencia de inseticidas no controle da cigarrinha das raizes e de nematoides fitoparasitos e seus reflexos sobre a qualidade tecnologica e a produtividade da cana-de-acucar, conduziram-se dois experimentos, na regiao canavieira de Piracicaba, SP, aplicando-se diversos inseticidas em uma ou em duas ocasioes, ao longo do periodo de ataque da cigarrinha. Aldicarbe 150G 12 kg/ha, tiametoxam 10GR 30 kg/ha e carbofuram 100G 40 kg/ha, aplicados no inicio do periodo de infestacao da cigarrinha (outubro) e aldicarbe 150G 6+6 kg/ha e tiametoxam 10GR 15+15 kg/ha, com a primeira metade da dose aplicada no inicio do periodo de infestacao (outubro) e a outra no meio do periodo (janeiro), foram os produtos mais eficientes no controle da cigarrinha-das-raizes, contribuindo para incrementos na pol%cana, na pureza do caldo e na produtividade de acucar (ate 6,12 t ATR/ha). No experimento 1 foram observadas populacoes elevadas de Pratylenchus zeae Grahan, sendo o aldicarbe 150G a 12 e 6+6 kg/ha e o carbofuram 100G a 40 kg/ha os nematicidas mais eficientes, reduzindo as populacoes do nematoide pelo menos ate tres meses apos aplicacao. No experimento 2 foram detectadas populacoes baixas de P. zeae e Meloidogyne javanica Grahan foi encontrada nas areas do ensaio 1 e P. zeae e Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood. O parcelamento da dose dos inseticidas para aplicacao em duas epocas nao resultou em incrementos significativos de produtividade, quando comparada com os resultados obtidos com uma so aplicacao.
Reactions of adult female parasitoids, particularly Aphidius rhopalosiphi, to volatile chemical cues from the host plants of their aphid prey

Abstract. In Y‐tube olfactometer tests, Aphidius ervi Hal. , Trioxyssp. , Praon sp. , Aphelinus flavus (Nees), Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marsh.) and Aphidius rophalosiphi De Stef. responded positively to the odour of the plant on which aphid mummies containing them had been collected. The response to host plant odour was greater than the response to the odour of host aphids, their honeydew or a combination of the two. The strongest response was to a combination of plant and host aphids. A. rhopalosiphi showed a strong positive response to three wheat volatiles (cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol and trans‐2‐hexenal) as well as to indole‐3‐acetaldehyde (a breakdown product of tryptophan in aphid honeydew). In both olfactometer tests with odours and choice trials with whole plants, newly emerged A. rhopalosiphidistinguished and preferred the variety of wheat on which their development had occurred to other wheat varieties.
The combined effects of scale and productivity on species richness

1 Although species–area curves are well documented, we know little about how they vary along productivity gradients, nor do we have a firm understanding of whether the richness–productivity relationship is independent of scale. In order to investigate these relationships, 10 species–area curves were constructed for 10 sets of nested quadrats (from 0.25 m2 to 150 m2) in herbaceous marshes where biomass ranged from 128 g m–2 to 1050 g m–2.
A correlative scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the pecten oculi of Japanese quail

A correlative morphological study of the pecten oculi of Japanese quail was performed by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. A three-dimensional profile was obtained by preparing solid resin corrosion casts. SEM examination revealed its trapezoidal shape and a laminar surface that is thrown into 18 vertical pleats. A surface view of the tips of pleats and transverse sections demonstrated a close continuity between all pectineal folds. The folded vascular membrane is arranged such that the base of each fold is attached to the retina, while the other end is embedded in a bridge, the whole organ protruding into vitreous body. The vascular supply to the pecten pursues a slightly tortuous course along its attached border and a complete system of vascular branches was demonstrated; terminal arterioles form a dense capillary network. The pectineal laminae consist predominantly of modified blood capillaries and interstitial pigment cells. Both basal and luminal surfaces of the endothelial c.