Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric dispersion of natural carbon dioxide emissions on Vulcano Island, Italy

La Fossa quiescent volcano and its surrounding area on the Island of Vulcano (Italy) are characterized by intensive, persistent degassing through both fumaroles and diffuse soil emissions. Periodic degassing crises occur, with marked increase in temperature and steam and gas output (mostly CO2) from crater fumaroles and in CO2 soil diffuse emission from the crater area as well as from the volcano flanks and base. The gas hazard of the most inhabited part of the island, Vulcano Porto, was investigated by simulating the CO2 dispersion in the atmosphere under different wind conditions. The DISGAS (DISpersion of GAS) code, an Eulerian model based on advection‐diffusion equations, was used together with the mass‐consistent Diagnostic Wind Model. Numerical simulations were validated by measurements of air CO2 concentration inside the village and along the crater's rim by means of a Soil CO2 Automatic Station and a Tunable Diode Laser device. The results show that in the village of Vulcano Porto, the CO2 air concentration is mostly due to local soil degassing, while the contribution from the crater gas emission is negligible at the breathing height for humans and always remains well below the lowest indoor CO2 concentration threshold recommended by the health authorities (1000 ppm). Outdoor excess CO2 maxima up to 200 ppm above local background CO2 air concentration are estimated in the center of the village and up to 100 ppm in other zones. However, in some ground excavations or in basements the health code threshold can be exceeded. In the crater area, because of the combined effect of fumaroles and diffuse soil emissions, CO2 air concentrations can reach 5000–7000 ppm in low‐wind conditions and pose a health hazard for visitors.
The Association Between Family Impact and Health-Related Quality of Life of Children With Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty

Idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) reduces patient health-related quality of (HRQoL). The impacts of disease and treatment on families are also an important concern. This study aimed to assess the impact of ICPP on the HRQoL of children and parents; its impact on family functioning; and to determine the association between patient HRQoL and family impact, comprising the HRQoL of parents and family functioning.
Potential output: measurement methods, "new" economy influences and scenarios for 2001-2010

This paper presents an overview of the various methodologies for estimating potential output at the macroeconomic level. Emphasis was laid on the production function approach which is used together with the univariate statistical HP filter method to produce potential output estimates for the US and the EU15 economies (as well as the individual EU Member States) from 1966-2002. The paper also assesses the role of "new" economy influences on potential growth and provides estimates of the likely contribution to past and future output capacity from this source. Finally, potential growth scenarios are given for the EU15 as a whole and the US for the period 2001-2010, with the central scenario pointing to annual average growth rates of 2 Â¾% for the EU15 and 3% for the US over the next ten years.
Functional interpretation of ATAD3A variants in neuro-mitochondrial phenotypes

Background The ATPase family AAA-domain containing protein 3A (ATAD3A) is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial membrane anchored protein involved in diverse processes including mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial DNA organization, and cholesterol metabolism. Biallelic deletions (null), recessive missense variants (hypomorph), and heterozygous missense variants or duplications (antimorph) in ATAD3A lead to neurological syndromes in humans. Objective To expand the mutational spectrum of ATAD3A variants and to provide functional interpretation of missense alleles in trans to deletion alleles. Methods Exome sequencing was used to identify single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs) in ATAD3A in individuals with neurological and mitochondrial phenotypes. A Drosophila Atad3A Gal4 trap null allele was generated using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology to aid interpretation of variants. Results We report 13 individuals from 8 unrelated families with biallelic ATAD3A variants. Four of the identified missense variants, p.(Leu77Val), p.(Phe50Leu), p.(Arg170Trp), p.(Gly236Val), were inherited in trans to loss-of-function alleles. A fifth missense variant, p.(Arg327Pro), was homozygous. Affected individuals exhibited findings previously associated with ATAD3A pathogenic variation, including developmental delay, hypotonia, congenital cataracts, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and cerebellar atrophy. Drosophila studies indicated that Phe50Leu, Gly236Val, and Arg327Pro are severe loss-of-function alleles leading to early developmental lethality and neurogenesis defects, whereas Leu77Val and Arg170Trp are partial loss of function alleles that cause progressive locomotion defects. Moreover, Leu77Val and Arg170Trp expression leads to an increase in autophagy and mitophagy in adult muscles. Conclusion Our findings expand the allelic spectrum of ATAD3A variants, and exemplify the use of a functional assay in Drosophila to aid variant interpretation.
Working over Time: Dynamic Inconsistency in Real E↵ort Tasks

Experimental tests of dynamically inconsistent time preferences have largely relied on choices over time-dated monetary rewards. Several recent studies have failed to find the standard patterns of time inconsistency. However, such monetary studies contain often-discussed confounds. In this paper, we sidestep these confounds and investigate choices over consumption (real e↵ort) in a longitudinal experiment. We pair those e↵ort choices with a companion monetary discounting study. We confirm very limited time inconsistency in monetary choices. However, subjects show considerably more present bias in e↵ort. Furthermore, present bias in the allocation of work has predictive power for demand of a meaningfully binding commitment device. Therefore our findings validate a key implication of models of dynamic inconsistency, with corresponding policy implications. ⇤ We are grateful for many helpful discussions including those of and participants at the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Economics. We thank Wei Wu for helpful research assistance and technological expertise .
Strength of Models of Rock with Intermittent Joints

A series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on five sample types containing various patterns of preformed intermittent jointing. The 4-in. square by 8-in. high samples were built up from parallelepipedal and hexagonal blocks of high strength gypsum plaster exhibiting rock-like mechanical properties. Tests were carried out at confining pressures in the range 0 psi to 2000 psi. The seven modes of failure observed include axial cleavage and a dilational mode at low confining pressures, shear failure through the plaster, planar and non-planar shear failures partly through plaster and partly along the joints, and the formation of multiple conjugate shear planes at the higher confining pressures, either exclusively through the plaster or partly through plaster and partly along joints, the averaging process for calculating shear strength first proposed by the Austrian School of rock mechanics.
Physical constraints for temperature biases in climate models

In general, biases of climate models depend upon the climate state (i.e., are nonstationary). Recent studies have shown that the adoption of a stationary temperature bias can lead to an overestimation of projected summer warming in southern Europe. It has also been proposed to use a bias correction that increases linearly with temperature. While such an assumption is well‐justified for near‐term projections, one wonders whether and at what temperature this relation levels off if it does. Here we show, using regional climate model simulations of the ENSEMBLES project and from a single‐model perturbed physics ensemble, that the linear bias assumption breaks down at high model temperatures, followed by a transition to a constant bias relation. This transition is apparent in strongly biased model simulations and supported using a pseudo‐reality approach. We show that soil moisture scarcity explains a large degree of summer temperature biases across both ensembles and that the limits of soil moisture depletion are responsible for the transition. A linear temperature bias correction therefore potentially over‐corrects summer warming, and implicitly assumes unphysical relations between soil moisture and temperature, in particular when considering high‐emission scenarios. We conclude that a physically consistent and time‐dependent temperature bias correction considering the state of the soil would increase the robustness of bias correction and reduce the uncertainty of 21st century summer warming.
Identification of molecules derived from human fibroblast feeder cells that support the proliferation of human embryonic stem cells

The majority of human embryonic stem cell lines depend on a feeder cell layer for continuous growth in vitro, so that they can remain in an undifferentiated state. Limited knowledge is available concerning the molecular mechanisms that underlie the capacity of feeder cells to support both the proliferation and pluripotency of these cells. Importantly, feeder cells generally lose their capacity to support human embryonic stem cell proliferation in vitro following long-term culture. In this study, we performed large-scale gene expression profiles of human foreskin fibroblasts during early, intermediate and late passages using a custom DNA microarray platform (NeuroStem 2.0 Chip). The microarray data was validated using RT-PCR and virtual SAGE analysis. Our comparative gene expression study identified a limited number of molecular targets potentially involved in the ability of human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts to serve as feeder cells for human embryonic stem cell cultures. Among these, the C-KIT, leptin and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) genes were the most interesting candidates.
Poleward Atmospheric Energy Transports and Their Variability as Evaluated from ECMWF Reanalysis Data

AbstractThe vertically integrated global energy budget is evaluated with a direct and an indirect method (both corrected for mass inconsistencies of the forecast model), mainly using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim) data. A new estimate for the net poleward total energy transport is given. Comparison to satellite-derived radiation data proves that ERA-Interim is better suited for investigation of interannual variations of the global energy budget than available satellite data since these either cover a relatively short period of time or are too inhomogeneous in time. While much improved compared to the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), regionally averaged energy budgets of ERA-Interim show that strong anomalies of forecasted vertical fluxes tend to be partly compensated by unrealistically large forecasted energy storage rates. Discrepancies between observed and forecasted monthly mean tendencies can be taken as rough measure for the uncertain.
A subduction zone reference frame based on slab geometry and subduction partitioning of plate motion and trench migration

The geometry of subducted slabs that interact with the transition zone depends critically on the partitioning of the subduction velocity (vS⊥) at the surface into its subducting plate motion component (vSP⊥) and trench migration component (vT⊥). Geodynamic models of progressive subduction demonstrate such dependence with five distinct slab geometries and corresponding partitioning ratios (vSP⊥/vS⊥): slab draping (vSP⊥/vS⊥ ≤ 0.5), slab draping with recumbent folds (0.5 < vSP⊥/vS⊥ < ∼0.8), slab piling (∼0.8 ≤ vSP⊥/vS⊥ ≤ ∼1.2), slab roll‐over with recumbent folds (∼1.2 < vSP⊥/vS⊥ < ∼1.5) and slab roll‐over (vSP⊥/vS⊥ ≥ ∼1.5). The model findings have been applied to subduction zones in nature with well‐resolved slab geometries, for which subduction partitioning ratios have been calculated during the last 20 million years in two global reference frames: the Indo‐Atlantic and Pacific hotspot reference frames. The model‐nature comparison determines in which reference frame subduction partitioning ratios are most in agreement with observed slab geometries. In the Indo‐Atlantic frame, five (out of five) selected subduction zone segments with well‐resolved slab geometries, plate velocities and trench velocities (Japan, Izu‐Bonin, Mariana, Tonga, Kermadec) agree with the geodynamic model predictions, as calculated subduction partitioning ratios match the observed slab geometries. In the Pacific frame the partitioning ratio of only one subduction zone segment (Izu‐Bonin) matches observations. It is thus concluded that the Indo‐Atlantic hotspot reference frame is preferred over the Pacific one as a subduction zone reference frame in which to describe plate motions, subduction kinematics and mantle flow.
68 Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 in the evaluation of gastric carcinomas: comparison with 18 F-FDG PET/CT

We sought to evaluate the performance of 68 Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 ( 68 Ga-FAPI) PET/MR for the diagnosis of primary tumor and metastatic lesions in patients with gastric carcinomas and to compare the results with those of 18 F-FDG PET/CT. Methods: Twenty patients with histologically proven gastric carcinomas were recruited, and each patient underwent both 18 F-FDG PET/CT and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/MR. A visual scoring system was established to compare the detectability of primary tumors and metastases in different organs/regions (the peritoneum, abdominal lymph nodes, supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes, liver, ovary, bone, and other tissues). The original maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ) and normalized SUV max (calculated by dividing a lesion’s original SUV max with the mean SUV of the descending aorta) of selected lesions on both 18 F-FDG PET/CT and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/MR were measured. Original/normalized SUV max-FAPI and SUV max-FDG were compared for patient-based (including a single lesion with the highest activity uptake in each organ/region) and lesion-based (including all lesions [ ≤ 5] or the 5 lesions with highest activity [> 5]) analyses, respectively. Results: The 20 recruited patients (median age: 56.0 y; range: 29–70 y) included 9 men and 11 women, 14 patients for initial staging and 6 for recurrence detection. 68 Ga-FAPI PET was superior to 18 F-FDG PET for primary tumor detection (100.00% [14/14] vs 71.43% [10/14], p = 0.034), and the former had higher tracer uptake levels ( p < 0.05). 68 Ga-FAPI PET was superior to 18 F-FDG PET in both patient-based and lesion-based evaluation except for the metastatic lesions in supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes and ovaries. Additionally, multiple sequences of MR images were beneficial for the interpretation of hepatic metastases in 3 patients, uterine and rectal metastases in 1 patient, ovarian lesions in 7 patients, and osseous metastases in 2 patients. Conclusion: 68 Ga-FAPI PET/MR outperformed 18 F-FDG PET/CT in visualizing the primary and most metastatic lesions of gastric cancer, and might be a promising method with the potential of replacing 18 F-FDG PET/CT.
Catchment microbial dynamics: the emergence of a research agenda

Parallel policy developments driven in the USA by the Clean Water Act and in Europe by the Water Framework Directive have focused attention on the need for quantitative information on the fluxes of faecal indicator bacteria in catchment systems. Data are required on point and diffuse source loadings, fate and transport of these non-conservative parameters, on the land surface, within soil systems, in groundwater, streams, impoundments and nearshore waters. This new information is needed by regulators to inform Total Maximum Daily Load estimates in the USA and Programmes of Measures in Europe both designed to prevent impairment of water quality at locations where compliance is assessed against health-based standards for drinking, bathing or shellfish harvesting. In the UK, the majority of catchment-scale activity in this field has been undertaken by physical geographers although microbial flux analysis and modelling has received much less attention from the research and policy communities than, for example, the nutrient parameters. This paper charts the policy drivers now operative and assesses the evidence base to support current policy questions. Finally, gaps and priority research questions are identified.
Location of seismic events and eruptive fissures on the Piton de la Fournaise volcano using seismic amplitudes

[1] We present a method for locating the source of seismic events on Piton de la Fournaise. The method is based on seismic amplitudes corrected for station site effects using coda site amplification factors. Once corrected, the spatial distribution of amplitudes shows smooth and simple contours for many types of events, including rockfalls, long-period events and eruption tremor. On the basis of the simplicity of these distributions we develop inversion methods for locating their origins. To achieve this, the decrease of the amplitude as a function of the distance to the source is approximated by the decay either of surface or body waves in a homogeneous medium. The method is effective for locating rockfalls, long-period events, and eruption tremor sources. The sources of eruption tremor are usually found to be located at shallow depth and close to the eruptive fissures. Because of this, our method is a useful tool for locating fissures at the beginning of eruptions.
Late Miocene surface uplift of the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Central Taurides, Turkey

The timing and pattern of surface uplift of Miocene marine sediments capping the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau in southern Turkey provide a first-order constraint on possible mechanisms of regional uplift. Nannofossil, ostracod, and planktic foraminifera biostratigraphy of the Basyayla section (Mut-Ermenek Basin) within the Mut and Koselerli Formations suggests a Tortonian age for marine sediments unconformably capping basement rocks at ∼2 km elevation. The identification of biozone MMi 12a (7.81–8.35 Ma) from planktic foraminifera in the upper part of the section provides the tightest constraint on the age, which is further limited to 8.35–8.108 Ma as a result of the reverse polarity of the collected samples (chron 4r.1r or 4r.2r). This provides a limiting age for the onset of surface uplift at the margin of one of the world’s major orogenic plateaus, from which an average uplift rate of 0.24–0.25 mm/yr can be calculated. Subhorizontal beds of the uppermost marine sediments exposed throughout the Mut-Ermenek Basin suggest minimal localized deformation, with just minor faulting at the basin margin and broad antiformal deformation across the basin. This implies that the post–8 Ma uplift mechanism must be rooted deep within the crust or in the upper mantle. Published Pn-wave velocity data for the region are compatible with topography compensated by asthenosphere across the southern margin of the plateau, showing a close match to the highest topography when elevations are filtered with a 100-km-wide smoothing window. Uplift along the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau is also reflected by the pattern of Miocene marine sediments capping the margin, which form an asymmetric drape fold over the topography. These observations, together with tomographic evidence for slab steepening and break-off beneath the Eastern Anatolian Plateau, suggest that at least some of the ∼2 km of post–8 Ma uplift of the southern Central Anatolian Plateau margin is compensated by low-density asthenospheric mantle that upwelled following slab break-off.
Modeling cloud fraction and horizontal variability in marine boundary layer clouds

Boundary layer clouds play an important role in the global energy budget. The radiative properties of these clouds depend upon the cloud fraction and the horizontal variability of liquid water path within patches of unbroken cloud. A simple statistical model for describing the probability distributions of liquid water path and cloud fraction in low clouds has been developed. The model is shown to reproduce realistically the diurnal cycle in the cloud fraction and horizontal inhomogeneity of marine stratocumulus. Further, the model produces realistic statistics for the horizontal variability of liquid water path within boundary layer clouds. The modeled distributions of cloud liquid water path depend upon the cloud fraction, similar to Landsat retrievals. The results are discussed in the context of improving the representation of boundary layer clouds in large-scale models.
Photoinduced electron transfer from a fundamental understanding to potential applications

Although the transfer of an electron from a donor to an acceptor after one of them has been electronically excited by the absorption of light appears to be a very simple reaction, there are still many open questions concerning the detailed mechanism of photoinduced electron transfer. It is nevertheless a fascinating and very important reaction, given its key importance in photosynthesis and many modern approaches to solar energy conversion. The objective of this PhD thesis was thus to use ultrafast, femtosecond-resolved spectroscopy in order to gain a better insight to photoinduced electron transfer occuring for closed-shell organic molecules in liquid solution, in particular where the relative geometry of the reaction partners is concerned. The investigations span a large variety of electron donor-acceptor systems, ranging from the intramolecular to the bimolecular case and from simple model systems to complex architectures with potential apllications in solar energy coversion.
Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Drug-resistant Tuberculosis receiving Bedaquiline or Delamanid Containing Regimens.

BACKGROUND Bedaquiline and delamanid are newly available drugs for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB); however, there is limited data guiding their use and no comparison studies. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study among patients with MDR TB in Georgia receiving a bedaquiline or delamanid-based treatment regimen. Monthly sputum cultures, minimal inhibitory concentration testing, and adverse event monitoring were performed. Primary outcomes were culture conversion rates and clinical outcomes. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) and superlearning were utilized to produce a covariate-adjusted proportion of outcomes for each regimen. RESULTS Among 156 patients with MDR TB, 100 were enrolled and 95 were receiving a bedaquiline (n=64) or delamanid (n=31) based regimen. Most were male (82%) and the median age was 38 years. Rates of previous treatment (56%) and cavitary disease (61%) were high. The most common companion drugs included linezolid, clofazimine, cycloserine and a fluoroquinolone. Median effective drugs received among patients on bedaquiline (4, IQR 4-4) and delamanid (4, IQR 3.5-5) based regimens were similar. Rates of acquired drug resistance were significantly higher among patients receiving delamanid versus bedaquiline (36% vs. 10%, p <0.01). Adjusted rates of sputum culture conversion at two months (67 vs. 47%, p=0.10) and six months (95 vs. 74%, p<0.01) and favorable clinical outcomes (96 vs. 72%, p<0.01) were higher among patients receiving bedaquiline versus delamanid. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with MDR TB, bedaquiline-based regimens were associated with higher rates of sputum culture conversion and favorable outcomes and a lower rate of acquired drug resistance versus delamanid-based regimens.