Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linking musical metaphors and emotions evoked by the sound of classical music

Musical meaning is often described in terms of emotions and metaphors. While many theories encapsulate one or the other, very little empirical data is available to test a possible link between the two. In this article, we examined the metaphorical and emotional contents of Western classical music using the answers of 162 participants. We calculated generalized linear mixed-effects models, correlations, and multidimensional scaling to connect emotions and metaphors. It resulted in each metaphor being associated with different specific emotions, subjective levels of entrainment, and acoustic and perceptual characteristics. How these constructs relate to one another could be based on the embodied knowledge and the perception of movement in space. For instance, metaphors that rely on movement are related to emotions associated with movement. In addition, measures in this study could also be represented by underlying dimensions such as valence and arousal. Musical writing and music education could benefit greatly from these results. Finally, we suggest that music researchers consider musical metaphors in their work as we provide an empirical method for it.
POLICE UNDERSTANDINGS OF AND RESPONSES TO A COMPLEX VIGNETTE OF “HONOUR”-BASED CRIME AND FORCED MARRIAGE

Police understandings of honour-based crimes (HBCs) and forced marriages (FMs) vary in terms of an individual officer’s level of expertise, knowledge, and experience in handling such situations. This study applied constructivist grounded theory approaches to analyze individual interviews with 32 police officers and 14 civilians in police agencies operating in urban and rural settings in Alberta, Canada. Specifically, this paper seeks to answer how police officers and civilians who work in police agencies experience, make sense of, and understand HBCs. Participants received a hypothetical vignette about a young woman who had reached out to the police. The vignette illustrated various forms of abuse by the woman’s father, the involvement of other actors (mother, brother, family friend) and the culmination in an FM. After reading the vignette, participants were asked to respond to six questions. Analysis revealed that both police and civilians recognized the need in the vignette scenario for intervention, while experiencing uncertainty about how to respond. The findings showed that not everyone in policing would be able to identify reliably the need for police intervention, and that investigations could proceed differently depending on the investigator’s level of knowledge and awareness of HBCs and FMs. Police have achieved some successful interventions, but still lack sufficient guidance on how to respond to these crimes. Clear, appropriate policies regarding which cases need to be directed to specialized domestic violence units for follow-up are needed. A significant finding points to the importance of considering cultural sensitivity discourses as well as the impact of cultural and racist stereotypes when responding to situations like the one outlined in the vignette.
Whole genome genotyping reveals discrete genetic diversity in north‐east Atlantic maerl beds

Maerl beds are vital habitats for a diverse array of marine species across trophic levels, but they are increasingly threatened by human activities and climate change. Furthermore, little is known about the genetic diversity of maerl‐forming species and the population structure of maerl beds, both of which are important for understanding the ability of these species to adapt to changing environments and for informing marine reserve planning. In this study, we used a whole genome genotyping approach to explore the population genomics of Phymatolithon calcareum, a maerl‐forming red algal species, whose geographical distribution spans the north‐east Atlantic, from Norway to Portugal. Our results, using 14,150 genome‐wide SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), showed that P. calcareum maerl beds across the north‐east Atlantic are generally structured geographically, a pattern likely explained by low dispersal potential and limited connectivity between regions. Additionally, we found that P. calcareum from the Fal Estuary, south‐west England, is genetically distinct from all other P. calcareum sampled, even from The Manacles, a site located only 13 km away. Further analysis revealed that this finding is not the result of introgression from two closely related species, Phymatolithon purpureum or Lithothamnion corallioides. Instead, this unique diversity may have been shaped over time by geographical isolation of the Fal Estuary maerl bed and a lack of gene flow with other P. calcareum populations. The genomic data presented in this study suggest that P. calcareum genetic diversity has accumulated over large temporal and spatial scales, the preservation of which will be important for maximizing the resilience of this species to changes in climate and the environment. Moreover, our findings underline the importance of managing the conservation of maerl beds across western Europe as distinct units, at a site‐by‐site level.
Receptivity to forcing disturbances in subcritical liquid sheet flows

The receptivity to forcing harmonic disturbances of transverse velocity in subcritical liquid sheet flows subjected to gravity is studied. The investigation is carried out both by employing the linear stability theory applied to a simplified one-dimensional inviscid model and by performing fully two-dimensional numerical simulations based on the Volume-of-Fluid technique. The computation of global sinuous eigenmodes and eigenvalues has required the removal of the singularity of the governing equation, for the first time carried out in the case of unconfined gaseous ambient. Direct numerical simulations of the unsteady sheet when continuously forced by a perturbation in lateral velocity are reported. The harmonic forcing, applied at the inlet section, basically excites sinuous modes of the system, related to the natural impulse response. The results of receptivity have been treated by employing a proper one-dimensional reduction technique to compare numerical data with the corresponding findings of the stability theory. Depending on the Reynolds number, two different behaviors are observed: at low Re the large viscous effect makes the system overdamped; as Re increases and the inviscid conditions are approaching, the frequency response exhibits a peak frequency (resonance) which closely agrees with the frequency of the least stable eigenvalue. The various stations synchronize with the critical station as Re increases, and therefore it forces the global oscillations of the flow field. This behavior of the critical station retrieves the role of wavemaker, which fails for high-frequency forcing. The resonance characteristics of the sheet have been further analyzed by inspecting the fully two-dimensional velocity fields. A major finding at low forcing frequency is the nonlinear varicose distortion of the sheet thickness that progressively envelops the basic sinuous shape when the inviscid conditions are approaching.
Complex evolutionary history of two ecologically significant grass genera, Themeda and Heteropogon (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Andropogoneae)

Themeda and Heteropogon are closely related grass genera frequently dominant in tropical C4 grasslands. Relationships between them are poorly resolved, impeding ecological study, especially of T. triandra with a broad distribution from Africa to East Asia, and H. contortus with a pantropical distribution. Our analyses of plastome and nuclear genomes with comprehensive sampling of Themeda and Heteropogon demonstrate that neither genus is monophyletic as currently circumscribed. Plastome and nuclear data place H. melanocarpus and H. ritchiei in Themeda. Nested in T. triandra are T. quadrivalvis and T. unica, demonstrating that this widespread species is more morphologically diverse than previously recognized. Heteropogon fischerianus is nested in H. contortus. The picture is more complex for H. triticeus that is sister to H. contortus in the nuclear analysis and to Cymbopogon in the plastome analysis. This incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenetic trees suggests hybridization between Cymbopogon-related genome donors and H. contortus. Plastome dating estimates the Themeda–Heteropogon crown age at c. 7.6 Myr, consistent with the Miocene C4 grassland expansion. Themeda triandra and H. contortus diversified 1–2 Mya in the Pleistocene. These results establish a foundation for studying the history of these ecologically significant widespread grasses and the ecosystems they form.
Giant pediatric intracranial tumor: Size feature and surgical strategy

Purpose: To quantify the size of the giant pediatric intracranial tumor (GPIT), analyze the character of GPIT and optimize the management of GPIT.Materials and methods: This study analyzes the clinical data of 36 cases of GPIT at a center from January 2015 to August 2020. The volume of GPITs were measured by 3D slicer software based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Result: The mean volume of GPITs is 110.7ml, with the maximum volume 619.8ml and the minimum volume 27.3ml. Hemisphere held the largest mean volume of GPIT among all locations, including 7 cases whose volume is over 100ml. There is no statistical difference in volume of GPIT between sex. The most common sites of GPITs are hemisphere and cerebellum. Other locations include ventricle, sellar-parasellar region and cerebropontine angle. Medulloblastoma is the most common postoperative histopathological type, other types contain ependymoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC), choroid plexus papilloma（CPP）, oligodendroglioma, primitive neuroectoderm tumor (PNET), immature teratoma and yolk sac tumor. 28 cases achieved total resections while 4 cases only achieved subtotal resections. The patient with giant immature teratoma died during the operation because of bleeding. High-grade malignant tumors indicate poorer prognosis.Conclusion: GPIT is a common disease in children with unfavorable prognosis, especially in high-grade malignant tumors like CPC, PNET and AR/RT. Volume measurement based on MRI is an effective approach to access and compare the sizes of GPITs. Operation can expend the survival periods of the patients. Surgical strategies should be chosen according to the location and pathological feature of the tumors.
A Foundation for Logarithmic Utility Function of Money

This paper presents a study on the optimization problem of a consumer’s choice constrained to a single time interval. In this problem, the choice is made over a set of perishable goods such that they do not retain value at the end of the period. Money has been introduced as the only means available to store that value for the future. Thus, consumer utility is measured on the possible combinations of goods consumed during the period and money held at the end of the period. Additionally, a set of simple conditions are assumed to the utility functions for goods and money given by: (1) Existence of a total utility that is additively separable with respect to the components of goods and money; (2) continuity of the derivatives of the utility functions of money and goods up to the second degree; and (3) non-uniqueness of the matrix obtained by differentiating the system of equations obtained by the condition of optimum. The article shows how the requirement of homogeneity conditions limits the possible expressions for the utility function of money. One of them is the frequently used logarithmic function.
Investigating Web-Based Sustainability Reporting in Italian Public Universities in the Era of Covid-19

Universities are increasingly called to demonstrate to stakeholders their active commitment to responding to social and environmental issues through comprehensive reporting practices. Such expectations were further enhanced by the recent pandemic outbreak unleashed by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has bolstered social pressures on universities to demonstrate their active engagement in supporting health systems in fighting against the virus as well as in ensuring adequate e-learning paths for students. Therefore, this study aims to investigate to what extent Italian public universities disclose sustainability information on their websites. The study is based on a well-established framework adapted from the literature. The category “Sustainability and COVID-19” has been added to also examine the extent to which universities disclose information regarding policies and strategies adopted to cope with the ongoing pandemic crisis. Results evidence that most of the sampled universities devote a specific section of their websites to disclose information on sustainability issues. Results also highlight a strong commitment to the disclosure of social issues. Particular attention is devoted to disclosing information about “Social Performance”; “Sustainability and COVID-19” and “Society Issues”. The results may be beneficial to both policymakers and university governors in gaining awareness about the potential of websites in engendering insights into the social issues that involve a university and a wider range of stakeholders.
Economics of capital adjustment in the US commercial banks: empirical analysis

ABSTRACT Using GMM framework on the data of the US commercial banks spanning over 2002 to 2018, this study shows that banks adjust their regulatory capital ratios faster than traditional capital ratios. Our results show that the speed of adjustment of regulatory capital ratios and traditional capital ratios increases in bank capital adequacy and bank liquidity, respectively. We also find that the speed of adjustment of regulatory capital ratios of too-big-to-fail banks is lower than well-capitalized, adequately-capitalized, nationally-chartered, and state-chartered banks. In addition, the speed of adjustment of regulatory capital ratios of commercial banks is higher in the post-crisis period than the pre-crisis era. Although scholars suggest that adjustment of capital ratios through rebalancing liabilities is more beneficial to the banks, our findings show that banks also use their assets side of balance sheet to rebalance their capital ratios.
Modeling and Parametric-Sensitivity Analysis of Nonisothermal Reactive Absorption

We address the uniqueness and multiplicity of the equilibrium solutions in a specific class of chemically reactive system involving nonisothermal reactive gas absorption. A film model that is not restricted to a particular reaction regime is developed for (m,n)th-order irreversible reactions. Lower and upper bounds for the interfacial temperature rise are proposed, and tested by application to real systems, including the chlorination of n-decane, chlorination of toluene, and sulfonation of dodecylbenzene (DDB). We further develop a categorization of the possible bifurcation parameters, and propose lower and upper bounds for each of the new parameters in the generalized model. A parametric-sensitivity analysis in the kinetic- and reactor-parameter spaces is presented. It is shown that the steady-state multiplicity behavior of the system is more sensitive to the kinetic parameters, whereas a few of the new reactor parameters are of significant impact.
Regional ethnic concentrations and ethnic discrimination in hiring: field experimental evidence from the Netherlands

ABSTRACT As a result of global migration processes, Western societies have become increasingly ethnically diverse. Yet not all regions are equally affected by these immigration processes. The current study investigates whether and how ethnic discrimination in hiring is linked with the regional concentration of ethnic minorities, using original data of a large-scale field experiment on ethnic discrimination (N = 4.211) and detailed regional data in the Netherlands. The results show that greater exposure to ethnic minorities in a region is not clearly related with decreased (indicative of positive intergroup contact) or increased (indicative of group threat) ethnic discrimination in hiring. Rather, the findings provide more support for the familiarisation hypothesis: regional concentrations of ethnic minorities are positively associated with ethnic discrimination, however, this effect levels off and turns negative at high concentrations of ethnic minorities. This result holds particularly for minorities with non-Western migrant origins and minorities with Muslim migrant origins.
Large Eddy Simulation of three‐dimensional flow structures over wave‐generated ripples

We performed a three‐dimensional high‐resolution Large Eddy Simulation using a sinusoidal ripple‐like bedform geometry with spacing and amplitude consistent with equilibrium conditions under the prescribed oscillatory forcing. The simulation results are validated qualitatively and quantitatively with previous laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Our numerical simulations allow to analyze the presence of “ribs”, strong flow rotational features in the spanwise direction developing perpendicular to the ripple crest. We show that ribs tend to appear on the upslope and crest of ripples and display a dominant spacing, ranging from 0. 5λ to λ, during wave phases associated to flow acceleration. When the vortex is transported over the downstream ripple during the flow deceleration, ribs appear for the second time over the upslope of the downstream ripple, with the dominant spacing about 1/8 ripple wavelength. The presence of flow three‐dimensionality corresponds to a large variability of the shear stress over ripples in the spanwise direction, which could ultimately favor the development of three‐dimensional geometry. The three‐dimensional vortex dynamics are evaluated using the concept of vortex strength. Peak vortex strength is observed at the maximum free stream velocity, but the largest variation of the vortex strength and vortex size in the spanwise direction occurs prior to the flow reversal. The variability of the vortex structures might provide a favorable setting for the development of ribs and might relate to the spacing of ribs.
Corrigendum to: A Thermodynamic Model for the Subsolidus Evolution and Melting of Peridotite

We present a structural update to the thermodynamic model for calculating peridotite phase relations and melt compositions at 0·01 to 60 kbar and from 600 °C to the peridotite liquidus in the system K2O–Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2–Fe2O3–Cr2O3 (KNCFMASTOCr), based on the model of Holland et al., 2018 [Melting of Peridotites through to Granites: A Simple Thermodynamic Model in the System KNCFMASHTOCr. Journal of Petrology 59, 881–900]. The new model is better able to predict the phase relations and melting of ultramafic rocks, in particular the abundance of orthopyroxene in the residue and the concentration of silica in the melt. In addition, improvements in modelling Cr-spinels mean that the model is now able to reproduce Cr-content of garnet and spinel above and below the solidus without modification to the knorringite free energy. Model calculations indicate that, for peridotite composition KR4003, the spinel to garnet transition intersects the solidus at 22·1–24·8 kbar and orthopyroxene disappears from the solidus at 29·1 kbar. Below the solidus, the model is able to reproduce the abundances and compositions of phases in experimental studies and natural samples spanning a range of compositions, allowing it to be used for investigating subsolidus equilibration during mantle cooling and pressurisation/decompression. The liquid model provides a good fit to experimental data and is able to replicate the position of the solidus and the composition of both melt and residue at and above the solidus for a range of peridotite compositions. The model may, therefore, be used to investigate fractional mantle melting and basalt generation in modern geodynamic regimes, and also to explore equilibrium mantle melting in the early Earth. The model can also be used to explore liquid and residue compositions for melting of non-pyrolitic mantle, for which there is a paucity of experimental data. We demonstrate the scope of the model using two case studies investigating the subsolidus evolution and melting of a silica-rich cratonic peridotite from the Kaapvaal craton.
The influence of a teachers’ professional development programme on primary school pupils’ understanding of and attitudes towards sustainability

Abstract Transformative teacher education can support educational experiences which provide the opportunity for pupils to develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to contribute towards tackling the significant sustainability issues with which we are faced. It is argued that for professional development programmes to be effective they need to improve pupil learning as well as transform teachers’ classroom practice. This paper utilises a mixed-methods design to investigate the influence of an innovative sustainability and science education focused programme of professional development, on primary pupils’ (ages 8 − 11 years) understanding of and attitudes towards sustainability. The findings reveal that primary teachers’ participation in the programme and implementation of the associated pedagogies afforded pupils the opportunity to: deepen their understanding of key sustainability issues and the potential actions that may be undertaken; further develop positive attitudes towards sustainability albeit alongside understanding the magnitude of the challenge that presents; begin the early development of particular sustainability competencies.
Leader Effects in Competition Among Teams: Evidence from a Field Intervention

This paper investigates whether leadership style moderates the effect of leader incentives on the performance of teams. In collaboration with a Latin-American bank, we engineered a field experiment by designing a series of contests among the bank branches with varying prize structures. We find evidence that providing explicit incentives to team leaders has a positive effect on team performance. However, the effect of incentives differs based on the manager's leadership style and team characteristics. Leader incentives are less effective for managers who inspire their team by appealing to higher values than for managers who motivate performance through rewards and penalties.
Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Primary Amines under Air: A Flexible Route to Benzimidazole Derivatives

Benzimidazoles are of fundamental importance in chemistry and biology, and the development of efficient, environmentally benign methods for their preparation remains a key challenge for organic chemists. In a biomimetic approach inspired by copper amine oxidases, we disclose herein the scope and factors influencing the success of the cooperative action of CuBr2 as electron-transfer mediator and a topaquinone-like substrate-selective catalyst in the oxidative cyclocondensation of primary amines with o-aminoanilines. This one-pot atom-economic multistep process, which works under green conditions with ambient air as the terminal oxidant, low loadings of catalyst, and equimolar amounts of commercially available amine substrates, is particularly suitable for the preparation of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles. Furthermore, it allows the functionalization of nonactivated primary aliphatic amines, which are known to be challenging substrates for non-enzymatic catalytic aerobic systems.