Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous inversion of the northern East Shetland Basin, northern North Sea

Abstract Current research into the structural evolution of the East Shetland Basin, northern North Sea, indicates that a significant phase of structural inversion occurred during the Latest Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Structural effects of this tectonic phase include the pronounced uplift of pre- and syn-rift sequences along the western margin of the basin and the partial inversion of Mesozoic half-graben along intra-basinal NE-SW controlling faults. In addition, the localized occurrence of flower geometries and pop-ups along NE-SW trending faults suggests a component of strike-slip during the reactivation of these pre-existing structures. Work presented stresses the importance in the role of pre-existing lineaments and the effects of superimposing subsequent non-coaxial extensional events upon them. Lineaments may be prominent reactivated basement shear zones or fault systems from earlier extensional phases. Inversion will be analysed in detail with respect to two areas within the northern East Shetland Basin, the Tern sub-basin and the northern Penguin ridge. A regional tectonic model of northern North Sea rift evolution is presented and its implications to observed Latest Jurassic-Early Cretaceous structure discussed.
The physicochemical properties and antioxidative potential of raw thigh meat from broilers fed a dietary medicinal herb extract mixture

A 6-wk feeding study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative potential, indices such as quality of the thigh meat and liver of broiler chickens fed with a dietary medicinal herb extract mixture (HEM, consisting: Iranian green tea, cinnamon, garlic and chicory at a ratio of 25:15:45:15). A total of 320, one-d-old Ross (male) broiler chickens were used to investigate the effects of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/kg HEM in the diet, on aforementioned factors. The HEM supplementation did not influence the composition of raw thigh meat except for the total phenols and crude ash (P<0.05). Furthermore, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC) and acceptability of thigh meat were affecting by administration of HEM in diets (P<0.05). Meat flavor increased in the supplemented groups (P<0.05). According to our data, HEM supplementation decreased the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in various times of storage and improved the liver lipid peroxides and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities at week 6 (P<0.05), but did not influence the catalase activity. Our results reveal that the addition of 7.5 g/kg or higher HEM in diet could be sufficient to increase the antioxidative activity and 2.5 g/kg for meat taste of broilers in maximum levels.
Stakeholders: Theory and Practice

1. Introduction PART I: THEORY AND THEORETICAL ISSUES 2. History and the Nature of Stakeholder Theorising 3. Normative Stakeholder Theorising 4. Analytic Models 5. General Theoretical Stakeholder Issues PART II: PRACTICE: MANAGEMENT, STAKEHOLDERS AND INTERMEDIARIES 6. Stakeholder Management from the Perspective of the Organization 7. Stakeholder Strategies and Actions 8. Intermediaries, The Media and Stakeholder Mismanagement PART III: POLICY AND EDUCATION 9. National and International Stakeholder Policies 10. The Stakeholder Concept and Fields of Management Thought
Dispersive modeling of the 2009 Samoa tsunami

In this study, we investigate the dispersive effects in the 2009 Samoa tsunami through numerical simulations. The wave propagation is first simulated with a weakly nonlinear and dispersive Boussinesq model and a non‐dispersive shallow‐water‐equations model. Comparison of the numerical results between these models indicates that tsunami propagation is significantly affected by the frequency dispersion east of Tonga Trench. Neglecting dispersive effects results in larger wave heights and speeds. The strong frequency dispersion is primarily attributed to the dramatic variation of water surface elevations generated by the earthquake doublet, and enhanced by the uneven bathymetry in Tonga Trench. Tsunami propagation is also simulated with MOST (“Method of Splitting Tsunamis”), which is based on the shallow water equations but uses numerical dispersion to mimic physical frequency dispersion at operational resolutions. A good agreement is observed between MOST and the Boussinesq model, as well as the field measurements in the leading wave. In the shorter trailing waves, agreement becomes poorer due to the mismatch between numerical and physical dispersions.
Halogen biogeochemistry of invasive perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) in a peatland pasture

Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) is a widespread invasive plant in North America. This yearlong field study at a pasture peatland infested with L. latifolium demonstrates that these plants are large emitters, on a per area basis, of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br), compounds that contribute to the destruction of stratospheric ozone. Annually averaged net emission rates were 9.0 ± 11.8 µmol m−2 d−1 for CH3Cl and 460 ± 430 nmol m−2 d−1 for CH3Br, comparable to observed coastal salt marsh emission rates. A stable isotope tracer technique was used to distinguish between simultaneous production and consumption processes for CH3Cl and CH3Br. Over the course of the year, gross production rates for methyl halides varied widely over different life cycle stages, with the highest fluxes surprisingly occurring at senescence. Maximum emissions of CH3Cl and CH3Br occurred at midday, the time of highest solar radiation. During the growing season, methyl halide gross production rates were positively correlated with temperature and live biomass, suggesting that the production of methyl halides from L. latifolium at this time was mostly biotic. During plant senescence, the peak emissions of CH3Cl and CH3Br are unexplained but may be released from L. latifolium associated with transitions in biochemistry. Overall, these flux measurements show expected diel and growing season trends based on plant production for most of the year, overlaid by a high emission peak during senescence, suggesting that both plant biochemical shifts and varying environmental factors need to be considered as important internal and external controls on emissions.
Effect of Destructuration on the Compressibility of Perniö Clay in Incremental Loading Oedometer Tests

AbstractThe paper evaluates the destructuration and creep properties of soft sensitive Pernio clay during one-dimensional consolidation. Incremental loading oedometer tests presented herein were part of an extensive testing program performed on natural and reconstituted samples of Pernio clay. Given the experimental results, general stress–strain compression curves were investigated taking into consideration the effects of clay structure and sample quality. The effect of sample disturbance on preconsolidation pressure was quantitatively evaluated by an exponential relationship. Compression parameters accounted for the detailed stress-dependent behavior. The assumption that the Cae/Cc ratio would be constant in one-dimensional consolidation was proven wrong. Three new sensitivity approaches were developed and proved to be feasible in comparison with sensitivity determined by fall cone tests. The developed sensitivity indices were exponentially related to the initial void ratio e0. The stress–strain–strain .
Visual control of orientation behaviour in the fly: Part I. A quantitative analysis

An understanding of sensory information processing in the nervous system will probably require investigations with a variety of ‘model’ systems at different levels of complexity. Our choice of a suitable model system was constrained by two conflicting requirements: on one hand the information processing properties of the system should be rather complex, on the other hand the system should be amenable to a quantitative analysis. In this sense the fly represents a compromise. In these two papers we explore how optical information is processed by the fly's visual system. Our objective is to unravel the logical organization of the fly's visual system and its underlying functional and computational principles. Our approach is at a highly integrative level. There are different levels of analysing and ‘understanding’ complex systems, like a brain or a sophisticated computer.
Evaluation of Beach Nourishment Evolution Models Using Data from Two South Carolina, USA Beaches: Folly Beach and Hunting Island

ABSTRACT Weathers, H.D. and Voulgaris, G. , 2013. Evaluation of beach nourishment evolution models using data from two South Carolina, USA beaches: Folly Beach and Hunting Island. Beach nourishment is a common method used for mitigating coastal erosion. However, it is also a costly undertaking and requires an appropriate cost-to-benefit analysis. Although the costs can be estimated relatively easily, the benefits are directly related to the life expectancy of the proposed project. With this in mind, three existing beach replenishment time-evolution models (the Linear Erosion, the Verhagen, and the One-Line models) were compared for their ability to represent data from two beach nourishment projects that have taken place in South Carolina, USA, at Folly Beach and Hunting Island. Another newly introduced model that combines the One-Line model with elements of the Verhagen model was also tested against the data from the beach nourishment projects. In addition to hindcast evaluation, the four models were employed to predict beach fill evolution at both locations, and those results were compared using the existing fill evolution data. Although all models provided a satisfactory statistical fit, the fitted parameter values from the Linear Erosion, the Verhagen, and the combined models failed to adequately describe physical processes associated with the development of each model. On the other hand, the One-Line model was able to describe beach fill volume evolution at both locations. The discrepancy between the models was exemplified in their application without the benefit of the statistical fitting. Overall, it was found that the One-Line model represented a more versatile approach to predicting volume losses because it is based on physical concepts of wave-induced sediment transport, and as such, it was better suited for use at any location as long as accurate information about the wave climate is available. Furthermore, detailed investigation at each site indicated that both the role of barrier island processes and the role of inlet dynamics in the evolution of beaches and beach fill were not fully recognized by the models and should be considered in the cost–benefit analysis of beach nourishment projects at barrier islands adjacent to ebb tidal deltas.
Scales of temporal and spatial variability of midlatitude soil moisture

Soil moisture observations from direct gravimetric measurements in Russia are used to study the relationship between soil moisture, runoff, and water table depth for catchments with different vegetation types, and to estimate the spatial and temporal correlation functions of soil moisture for different soil layers. For three catchments at Valdai, Russia, one with a grassland, one with an old forest, and one with a growing forest, the interannual soil moisture variations are virtually the same for the 31-year period, 1960–1990. The runoff is higher for the grassland than for the old forest, and the water table depth is not as deep. The runoff and water table for the growing forest vary from grassland-like during the first decade, when the trees are small, to old forest-like at the end of the period. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture is similar at all three catchments, but the snowmelt and summer drying begin a month earlier at the grassland than in the forests. A statistical model of both temporal and spatial variations in soil moisture is developed that partitions the variations into red noise and white noise components. For flat homogeneous plots, the white noise component is relatively small and represents solely random errors of measurement. For natural landscapes with variable vegetation and soil types, and complicated topography, this component is responsible for most of the temporal or spatial variance. The red noise component of temporal variability is in good agreement with theory. The timescale of this component is equal to the ratio of field capacity of soil to potential evapotranspiration, approximately 3 months. The red noise component of spatial variability reflects the statistical properties of the monthly averaged precipitation field. The scale of spatial correlation of this component is about 500 km. The estimates of scales of temporal and spatial correlation do not differ significantly for water content in the top 20-cm and 1-m layers of soil. These results have important implications for both remote sensing of soil moisture and soil moisture parameterization in climate models.
Upper mantle anisotropy in the New Zealand Region

Shear‐wave splitting parameters of fast polarization direction (Φ) and delay time (δt) are determined using data from the Southern Alps Passive Seismic Experiment (SAPSE), on the South Island of New Zealand and in the surrounding region. Our results clearly show that Φ are subparallel to trends of the Alpine and Marlborough Faults, and to the Pacific‐Australian plate boundary. The δt values range from 0.6–2.2 s with an average value of 1.6 s; the largest values are from the central South Island. The main source of the observed shear‐wave splitting is an anisotropic region between 40–400 km. The width of the zone is approximately 200 km. We attribute the coincidence of surface structural trends with the measured Φ, and the large δt values, to significant shear deformation in a 200 km thick zone along the plate boundary extending from the surface to deep within the upper mantle.
Tillage erosion, water erosion and soil quality on cultivated terraces near Xifeng in the Loess Plateau, China

This study sought to contribute to the understanding of soil redistribution by tillage on terraces and the extent and causes of within-field variation in soil properties by examining the spatial distributions of soil redistribution rates, derived using caesium-137, and of total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations, within a ribbon and a shoulder terrace in a yuan area of the Loess Plateau of China. Additional water erosion rate data were obtained for nine other terraces. Water erosion rates on the ribbon terraces were low ( A statistically significant regression relationship between water erosion rates and the USLE length and slope factor was used in conjunction with the simulation of tillage erosion rates to evaluate a range of terrace designs. It is suggested that off-site impacts of erosion could be further reduced by ensuring that the slope tangents are kept below 0·06 and lengths below 30 m, especially on the shoulder terraces. Tillage erosion and the systematic redistribution of soil nutrients could be reduced by modification of the contour-cultivation technique to turn soil in opposing directions in alternate years.
Vegetated filter effects on sedimentological connectivity of agricultural catchments in erosion modelling: a review

The sedimentological connectivity of agricultural catchments may be affected by anthropogenic structures (land management practices) established to reduce sediment exportation from agricultural plots to water streams. Distributed erosion models may in theory provide information about where and how these structures should be installed in catchments to reduce sediment exportation. The interaction between sediment exportation and land management practices is very complex from both theoretical and experimental points of view. Vegetated filters are a widely used land management practice. They interact with water flow, change turbulence conditions, and ultimately affect sediment transport and deposition processes. Experimental results have shown that the efficiency of sediment trapping in vegetated filters is influenced by flow characteristics, sediment size, and vegetation type, as well as by the slope and width of the filter in the streamwise direction. At the catchment scale, the spatial organisation of management practices is crucial for the global sedimentological connectivity. Present‐day erosion models propose different approaches to simulate the influence of management practices on soil loss and sediment export for agricultural catchments. Some of them use the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) or P‐factor to describe sediment transport from source to sink areas. Others, such as in the TRAVA and VSFMOD, rely on process‐based descriptions involving changes in roughness and infiltrability along flow paths to study the effect of management practices. From the literature review conducted herein, we identified the lack of an approach of intermediate complexity, that would be more physically relevant than SDR and P‐factor approaches, but simpler and easier to spatialise than TRAVA and VSFMOD‐type models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Middle Atlantic Continental Slope of United States: Deposition and Erosion

Continuous seismic reflection profiles across outer continental terrace (outer continental shelf and slope) show that directly off Cape Hatteras reflection interfaces (sedimentary strata) with low seaward inclination ( The stratal terminations were produced primarily by erosional processes, on scales ranging from erosion of individual strata ( The association of erosional and depositional features is consistent with a model of continental terrace development in which strata accumulate on the continental shelf by upbuilding and on the continental slope by outbuilding while basement subsides during seaward tilting. At the continental slope, strata are terminated primarily by erosional processes. Periodically, rotational slumping at the continental slope occurs, causing strata from the slope and outer shelf to shift to the continental rise and exposing shelf strata at the edge of the continental terrace.
Mechanism for generating the anomalous uplift of oceanic core complexes: Atlantis Bank, southwest Indian Ridge

Atlantis Bank is an anomalously uplifted oceanic core complex adjacent to the Atlantis II transform, on the southwest Indian Ridge, that rises >3 km above normal seafloor of the same age. Models of flexural uplift due to detachment faulting can account for ∼1 km of this uplift. Postdetachment normal faults have been observed during submersible dives and on swath bathymetry. Two transform-parallel, large-offset (hundreds of meters) normal faults are identified on the eastern flank of Atlantis Bank, with numerous smaller faults (tens of meters) on the western flank. Flexural uplift associated with this transform-parallel normal faulting is consistent with gravity data and can account for the remaining anomalous uplift of Atlantis Bank. Extension normal to the Atlantis II transform may have occurred during a 12 m.y. period of transtension initiated by a 10° change in spreading direction ca. 19.5 Ma. This extension may have produced the 120-km-long transverse ridge of which Atlantis Bank is a part, and is consistent with stress reorientation about a weak transform fault.
Carbon cycling in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay sediments 1: POC deposition rates and mineralization pathways

Organic carbon cycling in sediments at two locations in the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay was analyzed using available data on sediment sulfate reduction, sediment oxygen consumption, and particulate organic carbon (POC) deposition and burial. Estimates of POC deposition based on the sum of integrated sediment metabolism and POC burial compared well with direct estimates derived from chlorophyll-a collection rates in mid-water column sediment traps. The range of POC deposition estimates (15-31 mol C m -2 yr -1 ) accounted for a large fraction (36-74%) of average annual net primary production in the mesohaline Bay. The difference between rates of POC deposition and permanent burial indicated that 70-85% of deposited carbon is mineralized on the time scale of a year. Carbon mineralization through sulfate reduction accounted for 30-35% of average net primary production, and was likely responsible for 60-80% of total sediment carbon metabolism. Oxidation of reduced sulfur accounted for a large but quantitatively uncertain portion of SOC in mid-Bay sediments. Our results highlight the quantitative significance of organic carbon sedimentation and attendant anaerobic sediment metabolism in the carbon cycle of a shallow, highly productive estuary.
Regulation and estimation of crop load on ‘Gala’ apple trees

Abstract Two sampling methods for estimating fruit number per tree were assessed on ‘Gala’ apple after the imposition of different crop levels by hand thinning. A multiple linear regression equation was developed for one of the sampling techniques relating the sample estimate and trunk cross-sectional area to the total fruit number per tree. Strong positive relationships were found between fruit numbers per tree and total yield, and the total weight of small fruit. These two relationships were similar over two seasons and two orchard sites. Weak relationships were found between fruit number per tree and average fruit weight and the total weight of medium or large fruit. These relationships varied between seasons and orchards.