Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Tree Based Multicasting Routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc Networks

: This study proposes a novel tree based multicasting routing protocol. The tree put together multicasting routing protocol performs with respect to the premise of throughput, packet loss and end to end delay. The proposed protocol has been assessed on the premise on various parameters, for example, throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay. All multicast routing protocols are different from each other on the basis of performance was measured in terms of performance metrics. Therefore, if a network designer is only interested in function of the multicast routing protocols, then he is free to choose any one of the multicast routing protocols, but good performance cannot be achieved in all respects.
The ice regime of Lake Baikal from historical and satellite data: Relationship to air temperature, dynamical, and other factors

We give an overview of the history of the ice cover studies in Lake Baikal and a detailed description of the temporal and spatial variability of Lake Baikal ice conditions based on satellite and historical data. We analyze the long‐term evolution of ice conditions using historical data and recent observations from satellite altimetry and radiometry for 1992–2004 for northern, middle, and southern Baikal. These data show a recent (since the 1990s) tendency for colder winters, with earlier ice formation, later ice break‐up, and ice duration increase. These observations are in agreement with the long‐period cycles of air temperature variability (warming between the 1970s and 1990s, with a cooling phase afterwards). We then compare air temperature data from meteorological stations to ERA‐40 reanalysis and suggest that ERA‐40 data can be used to assess seasonal and interannual changes of air temperature for Lake Baikal. The ERA‐40 data also indicate a recent tendency for colder winters and for warmer summers. We further analyze how the ice regime is influenced by air temperature and how this influence is affected by dynamic (wind field, currents) and other (bathymetry, precipitation, etc.) factors. We estimate the relationship between air temperature parameters and the timing of ice events (ice formation and fast ice duration) and show that air temperature has the strongest effect on the ice regime. Dynamic and other factors interfere with the thermal influence, resulting in a change of ice formation dates and ice duration compared to the relationship that takes into account only the influence of air temperature.
Effect of culture medium and nutrient concentration on fatty acid content of Chaetoceros muelleri

Fatty acid content in microalgae can be modified by culture conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen sources and their concentration in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) contents of cultured Chaetoceros muelleri. Chaetoceros muelleri was batch cultured at 19°C and a continuous light intensity of 150 mmol m -2 s -1 . Three different concentrations of culture medium (f, f/2 and f/4) were used. The experimental medium was
ONTOGENETIC GROWTH AND VARIATION IN THE SKELETAL STRUCTURE OF TWO LATE NEOGENE SPHAEROPYLE SPECIES (POLYCYSTINA RADIOLARIANS)

Abstract Two four-shelled species characterized by a pylome-bearing outermost shell—Sphaeropyle robusta and its descendant, Sphaeropyle langii—are selected for morphological study. Both species are morphologically identical to three-shelled Actinomma morphotypes, morphotypes A and B, respectively. Furthermore, the number of pores on half a circumference of the primary cortical shell, the distinguishing feature between Sphaeropyle robusta and Sphaeropyle langii, accounts for the same between Sphaeropyle robusta and morphotype A, and between Sphaeropyle langii and morphotype B. It suggests that the three-shelled morphotypes A and B are juvenile forms of the four-shelled Sphaeropyle robusta and Sphaeropyle langii, respectively. This is strongly supported by the same stratigraphic distributions of each pair. The quantitative analysis of morphological variations in both species also revealed that they have nearly identical morphology, except for the number of pores on half a circumference of the primary cortical shell. In addition, the size range of primary and secondary cortical shells and the range of the number of radial spines increase in Sphaeropyle langii, while the length range of radial spines decrease.
NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL REGULATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PROBLEMATIC USAGES OF MOBILE PHONES

: The current study intended to explore the impact of technology on psychological wellbeing of late adolescents. The main objective was to investigate the relationship between emotional regulation and maladaptive phone usage and to determine the extent to which problematic phone usage regresses on Emotional regulation. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from 50 first year Undergraduate students (mean age = 18 years) of the Department of Visual communication. The key variables of interest were Problematic usage of mobile phones and Negative Emotional regulation. An ex-post facto research design was used to establish the relationship between the variables. The Negative Mood regulation Scale [1] and Mobile phone problematic usage Questionnaire [2] were used to measure the variables of interest. The participants took an online survey that was designed using Google Forms and the data was analysed using SPSS 16. Pearson product Moment correlation and Simple Linear regression were used to statically analyse the data. The results revealed a significant negative relationship between Negative Mood Regulation and Problematic Usage of Mobile phones (r = -.76, p<.05). It was also found that Negative Mood Regulation accounted for 47.3% of variance in problematic usage of mobile phones (R 2 = .473, p<.01). These findings have serious implications in designing interventions for maladaptive phone usage which should not only focus on behaviour modification but also address emotional dysregulation which may be the root cause of the problem.
Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Trapped with Acetic Acid and isobutanol

The combination of acetic acid and isobutanol is attractive to different species of Vespidae in different areas of the United States. In Washington, the blend was attractive to workers and queens of Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure), Vespula germanica (F.), and workers of Dolichovespula maculata (L.). In Maryland, these chemicals were attractive to worker Vespula maculifrons (Buysson), worker V. germanica, worker Vespula squamosa (Drury), worker D. maculata, worker Vespa crabro L. , and female Polistes dominulus F. In Oklahoma, the blend was attractive to worker V. maculifrons, worker V. squamosa, female Polistes fuscatus (F.), and Polistes annularis (L.). Several species were weakly attracted to acetic acid alone; V. maculifrons and D. maculata in Maryland, and V. squamosa, V. maculifrons, P. fuscatus, P. perplexus, and P. annularis in Oklahoma. Queens of V. germanica in Washington, workers of V. maculifrons in Maryland, as well as workers of V. squamosa and V. maculifrons in Oklahoma were weakly attracted to isobutanol alone.
Fungi occurring on Colorado blue spruce [Picea pungens Engelm.] in the Cracow Botanic Garden

The aim of the study was to determine the causes of dying down of sprout and needles of Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) and its cultivar 'Glauca' in the park collection of the Botanic Garden of Jagiellonian University in Cracow. For several years, the disease symptoms described in the article have led to the loss of decorative val- ues of these trees. The study was conducted in the years 2002 and 2003 by means of the control of plant healthfulness, phytopathological diagnostics, isolation of microorganisms from tissues exhibiting diseases symptoms, as well as the culture and identification of the isolated fungi. Both, the control of tree healthfulness, and specialized laboratory tech- niques proved that the symptoms diagnosed in plants had an infectious character, and that the fungi might be the main causing agents. The analysis of the fungal populations iso- lated from the affected tissues indicates the combined occurrence of fungi in tissues of the studied plants and the domination of the following species: Alternaria consortiale, Aure- obasidium pullulans, Penicillium canescens, Phoma pomorum, Ulocladium consortiale, Zythiostroma pinastri.
Space use of sympatric deer in a riparian ecosystem in an area where chronic wasting disease is endemic

Abstract Knowledge of movements, range size and spatial overlap of sympatric deer is integral to understanding chronic wasting disease (CWD) in endemic areas and can assist resource managers in modeling the spread of the disease. We radio-collared 70 deer (30 mule deer Odocoileus hemionus and 40 white-tailed deer O. virginianus) in the North Platte River Valley in western Nebraska, USA, from 2004 to 2007 to document movements, size and spatial overlap of home range and resource selection of these sympatric species of deer. We compared home-range size and overlap and resource selection among male and female mule deer and white-tailed deer to examine relative use of space in order to understand the potential for indirect spread of CWD better. We identified forested, riparian habitats as high selection of use and these habitats could likely contribute to the potential spreading of CWD between sympatric deer that concentrate in these areas. We found that migration, size of home range of female mule deer, and similarities in resource selection could contribute to sustaining or spreading CWD in Nebraska. The role of female mule deer in the spread of CWD coupled with selection for riparian corridors by both species should be investigated further, because these factors may be a primary determinant of disease spread in the historical range of mule deer.
Interactions between Beauveria bassiana and Trichogramma pretiosum under laboratory conditions

Knowledge about interactions among biological control agents, used in sequence or simultaneously, may help to increase their efficiency, or in the case of conservation biological control, to avoid the impairment of efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Hypocreales) (Unioeste 47 and Unioeste 57) and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), varying the timing of sprays of the fungus. Isolates were sprayed at 109 conidia ml−1 upon cards (1 × 5 cm; i.e., 2 × 105 conidia mm−2) with eggs of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the control group was sprayed with sterile distilled water with Tween® 80 (0.01%). First, the percentage of parasitized eggs was assessed in a choice test: females of T. pretiosum were confined with two cards, one of them treated with either of the fungus isolates, the other a water‐treated control. Second, parasitism was compared on cards sprayed at various time intervals pre‐ vs. post‐parasitism: the number of parasitized eggs was assessed, as well as the parasitoid's emergence percentage, egg‐adult period, offspring sex ratio, and the longevity of parasitizing females. Trichogramma pretiosum preferred to parasitize control eggs (65 and 72%) and parasitization of the treated eggs did not differ between fungus isolates: 35% (Unioeste 47) vs. 28% (Unioeste 57). Spraying before or after parasitizing did not affect the number of parasitized eggs, nor offspring sex ratio; however, both treatments affected the percentage of emerged adults, egg‐adult period, and longevity. These findings suggested that isolates did not interfere in the longevity of parasitizing females. When the fungus was sprayed on the various development stages of the parasitoid within the host egg, or when it was offered to the parasitoid at different times after spraying, differences in adults' longevity, parasitism, emergency period from egg to adult, and sex ratio were observed. Beauveria bassiana may be used in conjunction with this parasitoid in a program of pest control.
PSEUDO-STATIC ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE RETAINING STRUCTURES INCLUDING SEISMIC THRUST DEPENDENCY ON WALL DEFORMATION

The design of flexible retaining structures is very frequently conducted using simplified soilstructure interaction schemes such as the well known non-linear spring method. With this method, several distinguishing aspects of flexible wall behaviour can be usually captured with reasonable accuracy with regards to construction stages and static conditions. Seismic design, however, still represents a challenging aspect. In this paper some common issues of seismic analysis with the spring method are addressed and a proposal to include seismic effects within a pseudo-static framework is presented. Some examples analyzed with the proposed approach are finally discussed.
Breeding Habitat Preferences of the New Zealand Fur Seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) on Banks Peninsula

Colonies of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, were surveyed between March and August 1993 to compare breeding and non-breeding habitat features. Breeding habitat was characterised by large angular boulders, beaches that were steeper than those of non-breeding habitat, and numerous escape zones, crevices and ledges. Non-breeding habitat was less steep, had smaller rounder boulders and was less exposed to the sun. Multivariate analyses confirmed that overall habitat differences were statistically significant (P < 0·05). A linear discriminant function was calculated for the two habitat types. The resulting classification rule suggested that crevices, ledges and slope were particularly useful predictors of breeding status. The rule had 96% success in classifying the original sites as breeding or non-breeding and now requires validation by further field surveys in areas with different climate, geology and latitude. If establishment of breeding colonies at sites currently used only by non- breeding seals can be predicted from habitat features, this could provide useful information for managers of coastal sanctuaries.
Optimization Theory Of Stomatal Behaviour - Ii. Stomatal Responses Of Several Tree Species Of North Australia To Changes In Light, Soil And Atmospheric Water Content And Temperature

In a companion paper several methods of calculating the marginal unit water cost of plant carbon gain (∂E/∂A) were tested to determine whether stomata were behaving optimally in relation to regulating leaf gas exchange. In this paper one method is applied to several tropical tree species when leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference (D), photosynthetic photon flux density, leaf temperature, and atmospheric soil water availability were manipulated. The response of leaves that had expanded during the dry season were also compared to that of leaves that had expanded in the wet season. Few differences in absolute value of ∂E/∂A, or the form of the relationship, were observed between species or between seasons. In the majority of species, ∂E/∂A increased significantly as either leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference increased, at a leaf temperature of either 33°C or 38°C, or as photosynthetic photon flux density increased. In contrast, as leaf temperature increased at constant D, ∂E/∂A was generally constant. As pre-dawn water potential declined, ∂E/∂A declined, indicating increased efficiency of stomatal behaviour. The relationship between ∂E/∂A and D did not differ whether internal or ambient carbon dioxide concentration were kept constant. It is concluded that stomata are only behaving optimally over a very small range of D. If a larger range of D is used, to incorporate values that more closely reflect those experienced by tropical trees in a savanna environment, optimization is incomplete.
Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone induces G2/M phase arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells

Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the Saussurea lappa possesses potent anticancer properties. In this study, for the first time we investigated the effects of costunolide on the cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells. The results showed that costunolide induced morphological changes and decreased the cell viability of SGC-7901 cells. Meanwhile, the parallel treatment of the costunolide to a normal splenocytes showed less strong effects. Deoxyribonucleic aci d (DNA) flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that costunolide markedly induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells and arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase in a time-dependent manner. Costunolide-induced apoptosis was regulated by activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of Bcl-2. Furthermore, costunolide significantly induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. It indicated that costunolide-induced apoptosis involved the mitochondria-dependent pathway in SGC-7901 cells. These in vitro results suggested that Costunolide should be further examined for in vivo activity and molecular mechanism in human gastric cancer. Key words:
INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON POSTMETAMORPHIC BODY SIZE OF PLAYA LAKE AMPHIBIANS

Abstract Agricultural land use may indirectly affect the body size of amphibians by altering the hydroperiods of nearby wetlands and influencing amphibian densities—both factors which can limit the larval and postmetamorphic growth rates of amphibians. We measured postmetamorphic body size for 4 species (Spea multiplicata, S. bombifrons, Bufo cognatus, Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium) and 3 age classes (metamorph, subadult, adult) of amphibians captured at playa wetlands surrounded by one of 2 general land-use types (cultivation, grassland) in the Southern High Plains. Sixteen playas (4 per land-use type in 1999 and 2000) were partially enclosed with drift fence and pitfall traps, and mass and snout-vent length (SVL) were measured from a subsample of captured individuals. Mass and SVL were 10–148% greater for amphibians captured at grassland wetlands than at cropland wetlands for most species and age classes. Mass and SVL also were 3–124% greater in 1999 than in 2000 for most species and age classes. We attribute differences in body size between land-use types to differences in the hydroperiods of the associated wetlands, and potentially to variation in the density of terrestrial conspecifics and aquatic predators. We attribute differences in body size between years to differences in rainfall. Body size is positively related to the probability of survival, reproduction, and evolutionary fitness in amphibians. Thus, if cultivation of landscapes surrounding wetlands negatively influences postmetamorphic body size of amphibians, restoration of native grasslands surrounding playa wetlands may help prevent local amphibian declines.
Quantifying Disturbance in Terrestrial Communities: Abundance–Biomass Comparisons of Herpetofauna Closely Track Forest Succession

Herpetofauna are frequently cited as ideal indicators for environmental and restoration monitoring due to their importance to ecological functioning, dominance of vertebrate biomass, and sensitivity to environmental change. Despite this relevance, herpetofauna have yet to be fully integrated into comprehensive, community‐scale restoration monitoring methodologies. We tested the applicability of one such method, abundance–biomass comparisons (ABCs), to monitoring restoration success in a longleaf pine ecosystem currently undergoing restoration via prescribed burning. W statistics (a metric of environmental perturbation) for herpetofaunal assemblages in longleaf pine stands managed under varying fire intervals closely tracked forest succession from recently burned longleaf pine stands to those characterized by longer times since last burn and high levels of hardwood encroachment. Our results suggest that ABCs may be an applicable method for terrestrial restoration monitoring that encompasses entire faunal assemblages and allows for generality in restoration or disturbance response. We emphasize, however, that applications of this method and others need to take into account the specific ecological characteristics of study organisms and the natural history of study sites to avoid incorrect interpretations of disturbance response and inappropriate management recommendations.
Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Althaea officinalis. and Althaea cannabina. from Turkey

Abstract The crude methanol and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Althaea officinalis. L. and Althaea cannabina. L. (Malvaceae) have been investigated for their antibacterial activity by using disk diffusion assays against 137 strains belonging to 52 bacteria species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of single compounds were determined by the microbroth dilution method. The results showed that the aqueous extracts from aerial parts of both species had no antibacterial effects against the test microorganisms, whereas the methanol extracts of both species tested exhibited significant antibacterial activity, especially against Acidovorax facilis. , Bacillus. sp. , Enterobacter hormachei. , and Kocuria rosea. In comparison with each other, Althaea officinalis. was the most effective against the bacteria used in this study. This is the first report of the antibacterial potency of Althaea officinalis. and Althaea cannabina. on a range of food-borne bacteria. The results provide evidence that Althaea officinalis. and Althaea cannabina. might indeed be potential sources of new antibacterial agents.
Mate finding, mating, and population dynamics in a planktonic copepod Oithona davisae: There are too few males

Three‐dimensional (3D) video observations of free‐swimming copepods revealed the mechanisms of mate finding in the cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae (cephalothorax length 0.33 mm). The females are ambush feeders and spend almost all of their time sinking slowly through the water, interrupted by 0.5–1‐mm‐long jumps every few seconds. The sink—jump behavior distributes produced pheromones along an intermittent trail. Males spend about half of their time ambush feeding, and half of their time cruising rapidly (50 body lengths s−1), searching for female signals. On encountering a pheromone patch, the male starts circling rapidly (up to >100 body lengths s−1) around the patch, apparently to find subsequent patches and, eventually, the female. The pursuit may last several tens of seconds, and ends by the male capturing the female or losing the track. Observed reaction distances and male motility patterns were combined with a simple encounter model to estimate a matesearch volume rate of 4.4 L d−1. The males have a rather limited mating capacity, 0.9 females male−1 d−1, even when mate‐encounter rate is not limiting. Field observations of abundances, combined with estimates of mortality and mate‐search and mating capacities, predict that only approximately one‐third of the females should be fertilized. This is consistent with field observations, and suggests that population growth in this species is severely constrained by fertilization limitation. Fertilization limitation may apply more generally to populations of pelagic copepods, and may partly account for the frequent observation that female copepods produce sterile eggs, even during periods of a plentiful food supply.