Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive performance comparison for segregated algorithms of flow and heat transfer in complicated geometries

In this paper, a comprehensive performance comparison among CLEAR, SIMPLER and SIMPLEC algorithms at staggered grid system is performed for four incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems in complicated geometries. It is found that for most of the relaxation factor variation range CLEAR can appreciably enhance the convergence rate though it is slightly less robust than the other two algorithms. For the four problems tested, the ratio of iteration numbers of CLEAR over that of SIMPLER and SIMPLEC can reach as low as 0.18, 0.09 and the ratio of the CPU time as low as 0.23, 0.18, respectively.
Cyclic extensions without relative integral bases

Let K be an algebraic number field and o the ring of algebraic integers in K. If o is a principal ideal domain (p.i.d.) then any finite extension A/K has an integral basis over o (i.e., the ring of integers D = ? )(A) of A is a free o-module). The converse of this was shown by Mann [5 ]. More precisely, he proved that if o is not a p.i. d. , there is a quadratic extension A/K which has no integral basis over o. Thus o is a p.i. d. if and only if every quadratic extension of K has an integral basis. One can also show ([7] or the corollary below) that if K contains a primitive cube root of 1, then o is a p.i. d. if and only if every cyclic extension of degree 3 has an integral basis. However, the analogous theorem with 3 replaced by a prime p >3 is false. The problem considered here is the following. Given a finite group G of order n and an algebraic number field K, consider all normal extensions A/K with Galois group isomorphic to G. What are the omodule types of the Z? (A) for these extensions? In particular, when are all the Z(A) free? In Theorems 1 and 2 we answer these questions in the case that G is cyclic of order n and K contains the nth roots of unity. A finitely generated torsion free o-module M of a given o-rank is characterized by its Steinitz class C(M) = CD(M) which is an o-ideal class of K. Specifically, M-o(r-l) (DJ where r is the o-rank of M, 0(r-1) is a free o-module of rank r1, and J is any ideal in the class C(M). If A/K is a finite extension, let Z=Z(Z(A)/o) be the discriminant ideal and let A =A(A/K) be the discriminant of a basis of A/K. It was shown by Artin that the ideal (Z/(A))1I2 is an o-ideal lying in CD(Z(A)). (For proofs of the above remarks, see Artin [ ] or Fr6hlich [2] and [3].) DEFINITION. If I is an odd prime, let d(l) = (1-1)/2, and letd(2) = 1. We define, for any integer n, d(n) =g.c. d. { d(l) I I is a prime divisor of n}.
On the response of large-amplitude internal waves to upstream disturbances

Abstract Large-amplitude internal solitary waves generate shear flows that intensify from the wings of the waves to their maxima. Upstream perturbations of the hydrostatic equilibrium in the form of wave packets along the path of wave propagation are expected to trigger shear instability and ultimately generate Kelvin–Helmholtz roll-ups. In contrast, as shown here with accurate simulations of incompressible stratified Euler equations, large internal waves can act as suppressors of perturbations. The precise understanding of the mechanisms leading to different outcomes, including whether instability is excited, is the focus of this work. Under the action of shear flows, small-amplitude wave packets undergo stretching and filamentation, which lead to significant absorption of perturbation energy into the background shear. It is found that this typical behaviour is present in the self-induced shear by internal waves, regardless of whether the shear is stable or unstable, and can leave a quieter state in the wave’s wake for a wide range of perturbation parameters. In the unstable case, even once perturbations are selected to excite the instability, our results show that this absorption can act to reduce growth in the strong-shear region, effectively making roll-up development observable only downstream of the wave crest. Our approach is both analytical and numerical; a model valid for relatively thin pycnoclines and suitable for local spectral analysis is devised and used. Energy diagnostics on the simulations are implemented to validate the numerics and illustrate the energy exchanges between background wave flow and its shear. A link between the absorption mechanism and the clustering of local eigenvalues along the wave is proposed. This promotes an energetic coupling among neutral modes stronger than what may be expected to occur in slowly varying flows, and gives rise to multi-modal transient dynamics of the kind often referred to as non-normality effects. For those cases in which the wave-induced shear meets the conditions for local instability, it is found that the growth of disturbances is selective with respect to the sign of the mode excited upstream. Elements of this phenomenon are interpreted by asymptotic analysis for spatial growth in time-independent slowly varying media.
Non‐Newtonian Blood Flow in Portal Vein with Thrombosis: A Study by Computational Fluid Dynamics

We investigate the effects on non‐Newtonian blood flow model on the wall shear stress (wss), velocity and viscosity distributions. The 3D Navier‐Stokes equations coupled with viscosity models describing the steady flow in Portal Vein have been solved numerically. Three blood viscosity models (Newtonian, Power‐law and Carreau) are used in numerical simulations. The results highlight the influence of these models on the blood flow and show that the viscosity model of blood may have significant impact on the numerical results especially in the region of the thrombosis.
The Titrated Mannitol Improved Central [99mTc] Tc TRODAT-1 Uptake in an Animal Model—A Clinically Feasible Application

[99mTc]Tc TRODAT-1 is a widely used single photon emission tomography (SPECT) radiopharmaceutical in Asian practice for early detection of central dopaminergic disorders. However, its imaging quality remains sub-optimal. To overcome this problem, mannitol, an osmotic agent was used to observe its effect on improving striatal [99mTc]Tc TRODAT-1 uptake in rat brain by titrated human dosages to investigate a clinically feasible way to improve human imaging quality. [99mTc]Tc TRODAT-1 synthesis and quality control were performed as described. Sprague–Dawley rats were used for this study. The animal in vivo nanoSPECT/CT and ex vivo autoradiography were employed to observe and verify the striatal [99mTc]Tc TRODAT-1 uptake in rat brains using clinically equivalent doses (i.e., 0, 1 and 2 mL groups, each n = 5) of mannitol (20% w/v, equivalent to 200 mg/mL) by an intravenous administration. Specific binding ratios (SBRs) were calculated to express the central striatal uptake in different experimental groups. In the NanoSPECT/CT imaging, the highest SBRs of striatal [99mTc]Tc TRODAT-1 were reached at 75–90 min post-injection. The averaged striatal SBRs were 0.85 ± 0.13 (2 mL normal saline, the control group), 0.94 ± 0.26 (1 mL mannitol group) and 1.36 ± 0.12 (2 mL mannitol group, p < 0.01 which were significantly different than the control as well as 1 mL mannitol groups (p < 0.05). The SBRs from ex vivo autoradiography also showed a comparable trend of the striatal [99mTc]Tc TRODAT-1 uptake in the 2 mL, 1 mL mannitol and the control groups (1.76 ± 0.52, 0.91 ± 0.29, and 0.21 ± 0.03, respectively, p < 0.05). No remarkable changes of vital signs were found in the mannitol groups and the controls. Pre-treated mannitol revealed a significant increase of the central striatal [99mTc]Tc TRODAT-1 uptake in a rat model which not only enabled us to perform pre-clinical studies of dopaminergic related disorders but also provided a potential way to further optimize image quality in clinical practice.
Reducing the Mismatch of Geometry Concept Definitions and Concept Images Held by Pre-Service Teachers.

Twenty-three female elementary pre-service teachers were assessed on their ability to answer questions involving geometry concepts. Despite being given the definitions of the altitude of a triangle and the diagonal of a polygon on the pretest, limited understanding of these concepts was evident. A treatment using both graphic organizer and concept attainment teaching strategies improved performance on the posttest but not to the level required for teachers to supplement textbooks that lack adequate definitions or nonprototypical examples. Careful attention to challenging geometry concepts is needed so that pre-service teachers will be able to provide their students with improved conceptual understanding.
Novel Inhibitory Role of Fenofibric Acid by Targeting Cryptic Site on the RBD of SARS-CoV-2

The emergence of the recent pandemic causing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created an alarming situation worldwide. It also prompted extensive research on drug repurposing to find a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection. An active metabolite of the hyperlipidemic drug fenofibrate (also called fenofibric acid or FA) was found to destabilize the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein and therefore inhibit its binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. Despite being considered as a potential drug candidate for SARS-CoV-2, FA’s inhibitory mechanism remains to be elucidated. We used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the binding of FA to the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and revealed a potential cryptic FA binding site. Free energy calculations were performed for different FA-bound RBD complexes. The results suggest that the interaction of FA with the cryptic binding site of RBD alters the conformation of the binding loop of RBD and effectively reduces its binding affinity towards ACE2. Our study provides new insights for the design of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors targeting cryptic sites on the RBD of SARS-CoV-2.
Psychological Factors Explaining the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Mental Health: The Role of Meaning, Beliefs, and Perceptions of Vulnerability and Mortality

This study tested an expanded version of the explanatory model of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health proposed by Milman and colleagues. Participants (N = 680) completed an online survey on demographic variables associated with poor pandemic mental health, COVID-19 stressors, mental health symptoms, and pandemic-related psychological processes we hypothesized as mediating mechanisms explaining the negative mental health effects of the COVID-19 stressors. Results indicated that these psychological processes (core belief violation, meaning made of the pandemic, vulnerability, and mortality perception) explained the severity of mental health symptoms to a far greater extent than COVID-19 stressors and demographics combined. In addition, these psychological processes mediated the impact of COVID-19 stressors on all mental health outcomes. Specifically, COVID-19 stressors were associated with increased core belief violation, decreased meaning making, and more intense perceived vulnerability and mortality. In turn, those whose core beliefs were more violated by the pandemic, who made less meaning of the pandemic, and who perceived a more pronounced vulnerability and mortality experienced a worse mental health condition. This study’s results suggest some possible ways of intervention in pandemic-like events useful for limiting such impact at the individual, group, social and political levels.
Numerical evaluation of seismically retrofitted bridge concrete column under extreme loading

Columns have the most important role for overall stability of bridges and these elements are the most vulnerable structural components under extreme loading too. Therefore, studying and improving the performance of these elements under such loads has attracted widespread attention among researchers. The main objective of this paper is investigating the performance of bridge reinforced concrete columns which seismically retrofitted by steel or CFRP jacketing under blast load via finite element method. The finite element models' assumptions in Abaqus FE software are verified using the correlated experimental data from literature and good agreements have been obtained. Parametric studies are conducted to cover a wide range of factors including transverse and longitudinal reinforcement ratios, blast load intensity, type and thickness of conventional seismic retrofitting jacket. The results reveal that the longitudinal reinforcement ratio presents more effects on decreasing extreme loading demands than the transverse reinforcing. Moreover, utilizing seismically retrofitting jacket, especially CFRP jacket, tend to be an effective way to reduce demands of reinforced concrete column under extreme loading, where its effectiveness increases, in case of more severe events. Also, the current seismic damage state and performance level, can predict the damage level of columns in good agreement with the design specifications.
Clustering Properties of Low-Redshift QSO Absorption Systems Toward the Galactic Poles

We examine the clustering properties of low-redshift Lyα and heavy-element QSO absorption line systems seen in the spectra of 13 QSOs at the Galactic poles. This is the densest sample of ~1° separated QSOs observed spectroscopically with the Hubble Space Telescope to date. At the median redshift of the Lyα sample (z ≈ 0.7), the QSO lines of sight are separated on transverse scales from about 15 to 200 h-1 Mpc (q0=0.5, H=100 h km s-1 Mpc-1), allowing the three-dimensional clustering of the absorbers to be examined on those scales. The Galactic poles are also regions where relatively deep and wide-field galaxy redshift surveys have taken place, so the distributions of galaxies and Lyα systems can be compared within the same volume of space. There are 545 total absorption lines detected in the complete sample from 13 QSOs. We identify 307 Lyα systems, of which 18 contain heavy-element lines. We confirm the relatively slow redshift number density evolution for Lyα systems at z≲1. There are also five likely C IV doublets in our sample, for which the Lyα line is not accessible. The main results are summarized as follows: 1. Most, but not all, of the very low-z (z<0.2) Lyα systems appear to be associated with large-scale structures traced by luminous galaxies, based upon the spectrum of the low-redshift QSO PG 1309+355. 2. On scales of 2.5 to 5 h-1 Mpc, the line-of-sight correlation function shows a positive and significant clustering amplitude, ξ=0.95±0.28, for systems with rest equivalent width, W, exceeding 0.24 Å. Most of this signal can be accounted for by a small number of Lyα "clumps," which typically contain about five systems spanning ~20 h-1 Mpc. There is qualitative evidence that the strength of the correlation function rises with the limiting Lyα rest equivalent width. 3. Over half of the heavy-element systems are either in groups or have a nearby "clump" of Lyα lines. However, there is only weak evidence for a significant heavy-element/Lyα cross-correlation function. 4. There is no clear evidence that the Lyα systems are distributed in redshift "peaks" and "voids" as is characteristic for the galaxies. In particular, there is no significant periodicity detected on the scale of 128 h-1 Mpc, which had been detected for the galaxies located in the same direction of the sky. There is marginal evidence for a 41.5 h-1 Mpc "periodicity" in the distribution, which is seen for all equivalent width-limited samples. 5. The three-dimensional Lyα radial correlation function shows no significant departures from a random sample at any scale or using any limiting equivalent width. This indicates that if there are sheetlike structures spanning separations on the order of 30 h-1 Mpc or more, they are not clearly traced by Lyα systems. 6. The fraction of Lyα lines with W>0.24 Å, which may be clustered in the same way as the heavy-element systems detected mostly at higher redshifts, is about 39%±6%. This value is likely to depend on the limiting equivalent width and redshift of the sample.
Prehospital emergency medicine for children receiving palliative home care in Germany—a cross-sectional, exploratory study of EMS providers

Background The prevalence of children with life-limiting conditions is rising, and since the amendment of the social insurance code in Germany, palliative home care teams have treated an increasing number of children. These teams provide 24/7 readiness, yet some parents still call the general emergency medical service (EMS) for various reasons. EMS is exposed to complex medical problems in rare diseases. Questions arose about the experiences of EMS and whether they felt prepared for emergencies involving children treated by a palliative care team. Methods This study used a mixed methods approach to focus on the interface between palliative care and EMS. First, open interviews were conducted, and a questionnaire was developed based on the results. The variables included demographic items and individual experiences with patients. Second, a case report of a child with respiratory insufficiency was presented to assess the spontaneous treatment intentions of EMS providers. Finally, the need, relevant topics, and duration of specific training in palliative care for EMS providers were evaluated. Results In total, 1,005 EMS providers responded to the questionnaire. The average age was 34.5 years (±10.94SD), 74.6% were male. The average work experience was 11.8 years (±9.7), 21.4% were medical doctors. Experience with a call of a life-threatening emergency involving a child was reported by 61.5% and severe psychological distress during such a call was reported by 60.4%. The equivalent distress frequency for adult patient calls was 38.3%. (p < 0.001). After review of the case report, the EMS respondents suggested invasive treatment options and rapid transport to the hospital. Most (93.7%) respondents welcomed the consideration of special training in pediatric palliative care. This training should include basic information about palliative care, an analysis of cases involving palliatively treated children, an ethical perspective, practical recommendations, and available (24/7) local contact for further guidance and support. Conclusion Emergencies in pediatric palliatively treated patients were more common than expected. EMS providers perceived the situations as stressful, and there is a need for specific training with practical aspects.
Off-track spacing loss of shielded MR heads

The side-reading of a finite track-width shielded MR head is investigated both analytically and numerically. The head field (potential) utilized in a reciprocity calculation is obtained, and its Fourier transform is derived in semi-analytic forms. The off-track MR head response to a longitudinally magnetized micro-track and finite-width track is calculated from these results. Estimations on off-track spacing loss are undertaken for two types of shielded MR heads: finite track-width flush MR sensor and shields, and finite-width MR sensor with infinitely wide shields. >
On the homogenization of piezoelectric metamaterials via the strong-property-fluctuation theory: a numerical study

By coupling together anisotropic electromagnetic and elastodynamic properties, piezoelectric composite materials have much to offer as multifunctional metamaterials. The linear strong-property-fluctuation theory (SPFT) may be implemented to estimate the effective constitutive parameters of certain piezoelectric composite materials in the long-wavelength regime. A key feature of the SPFT homogenization approach - which distinguishes it from other more conventional homogenization approaches-is the accommodation of higher-order characterizations of the distributional statistics of the component materials. We used the SPFT to investigate homogenized composite materials (HCMs) which arose from component materials that were generally orthorhombic mm2 piezoelectric materials and were randomly distributed as oriented ellipsoidal particles. Based on our representative numerical calculations, we concluded that: (i) the lowest-order SPFT estimates are qualitatively similar to those provided by the corresponding Mori-Tanaka homogenization formalism, but certain differences between the two estimates become more pronounced as the component particles become more eccentric in shape; and (ii) the second-order SPFT estimate provides a significant correction to the lowest-order estimate, which reflects dissipative losses due to scattering. '
Atomically sharp silicon and metal field emitters

A method is described for forming atomically sharp silicon tips of less than 10-15 degrees half-angle by utilizing a known oxidation inhibition at regions of high curvature; equally sharp silicon wedges are now made in a similar fashion. The sharp silicon tips serve as the starting point for forming sharp tips of W, beta -W and gold. Field emission data from silicon emitters are compared with Fowler-Nordheim modelling and emission as a function of emitter-anode distance is described. >
Chiral metasurface refractive index sensor with a large figure of merit

Metasurface refractive index ( n) sensors aim to detect the ambient n by monitoring their spectral shifts, which have found many applications in biosensing, environmental monitoring, and so on. Traditionally, a resonance peak/valley is used as a sensing signal to track the spectral shifts. To track the spectra with higher accuracy, a larger figure of merit (FoM) is desirable; however, whose values are essentially limited by the finite resonance bandwidth. Here, we demonstrate an approach to radically improve the FoM by exploiting the 90°-crossing point of the optical rotation spectral curve as the sensing signal. Benefitting from the infinitesimal linewidth of spectral curves, we deliver a theoretically unlimited value to the FoM. Our method enables tracking the spectral shifts with explicit convenience and high precision from the raw data without any fitting procedures. The n difference on the level of 10−3 RIU was steadily distinguished in experiments. Our study provides a way for constructing the metasurface refractive index sensors.