Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural control on volcanism in intraplate post collisional settings: Late Cenozoic to Quaternary examples of Iran and Eastern Turkey

Volcanic activity focuses along plate boundaries. However, large volcanoes are also found in intraplate settings. For these volcanoes, geodynamic processes responsible for magma generation and structural controls on magma rise and extrusion need to be evaluated. We merge original (field and remote sensing) and available (geodetic, geophysical, and petrological) data to consider the tectono‐magmatic relationships of three large intraplate volcanoes in the E‐Anatolian‐Iranian plateau; Sar'akhor (NE Iran), Damavand (Central Alborz) and Ararat (E Anatolia). In NE Iran, a Miocene‐Pliocene NW‐trending compression activated E‐W dextral faults to the NW of Sar'akhor and N‐S sinistral faults to the SE, creating an extruding wedge to the west of this volcano. Since Quaternary, NE‐trending compression inverted fault movement, hindering further block extrusion and volcanism terminated. The adakitic composition of the Sar'akhor rocks suggests post‐collisional melting of oceanic slab and/or mafic lower crust, possibly triggered by an asthenospheric rise after slab break‐off or intramantle delamination. For the active Damavand and Ararat volcanoes, available data suggest magma generation due to rising hot asthenosphere, following lithospheric delamination or slab break‐off in a transtensional environment. The features common to Sar'akhor, Damavand and Ararat allow proposing a model, where transtension focuses the rise of magma in intraplate settings overlying hot asthenosphere produced by delamination or slab break‐off.
Are Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Characteristics of Acanthamoeba Species an Indicator of Pathogenicity?

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba strains with T4, T5, T11, and T12 genotypes by comparing the osmotolerance and thermotolerance characteristics of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from genotype groups, within species with the same genotype, and from environmental and keratitis cases. METHODS In this study, after axenic cultures of 22 Acanthamoeba strains with T4 (Neff, A, B, D, E), T5, T11, and T12 genotypes isolated from clinical and environmental samples, thermotolerance (37 °C, 39 °C and 41 °C) and osmotolerance (0.5 M, 1 M) tests were performed. RESULTS All strains showed growth ability at 37 °C and 0.5 M osmolarity. While all five strains isolated from patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis showed growth ability at 37 °C and 0.5 M osmolarity, no growth was detected at 41 °C and 1 M osmolarity. When the tolerance characteristics of the strains with the same genotype were evaluated, the strains with the T5 and T4E genotypes showed the same characteristics. When Acanthamoeba strains with the T4 genotype were evaluated in general, 31.25% of the strains were found to grow at 39 °C and 6.25% at 41 °C. Of the T4Neff strains, only one strain did not show the ability to reproduce at 39 °C and showed a different feature from the other strains. While the strain with the T11 genotype grew at all temperatures, the strain with the T12 genotype did not grow at 41 °C. CONCLUSION According to our research results, we believe that tolerance to 39 °C and 1 M mannitol is not an indicator of pathogenicity. More studies with Acanthamoeba strains are required to clarify this issue.
The occurrence of the dinoflagellate cyst Apectodinium (Costa & Downie 1976) Lentin & Williams 1977 in the Moray and Montrose Groups (Danian to Thanetian) of the UK central North Sea

Apectodinium (Costa & Downie 1976) Lentin & Williams 1977, a genus of wetzeliellioid dinoflagellate cyst, has been widely reported from the Upper Paleocene (Thanetian) and lowermost Eocene of the UK North Sea and from onshore UK and continental Europe. Its distinctive appearance and common occurrence have led to the selection of members of the genus as index species in a number of dinoflagellate cyst zonation schemes covering the Upper Paleocene and Lower Eocene, e.g. by Costa & Downie (1976), Heilmann-Clausen (1985), Costa & Manum (1988), Powell (1988, 1992) and Schröder (1992). Powell (1988) suggested that, when working with cuttings, the first downhole occurrence (FDO) of Apectodinium augustum (Harland 1979) Lentin & Williams 1981 can be used as a good approximation to the top of the Paleocene. The lowermost occurrence of the genus was reported by Costa & Downie (1976) as occurring at a level equivalent to the base of the late Paleocene calcareous nannoplankton biozone NP9 of Martini (1971) in NW Europe. This was referred to as the ‘Base Apectodinium Datum’ by Powell (1988). However, several authors have reported the occurrence of Apectodinium spp. at lower stratigraphic levels. Jan du Chêne et al. (1975) recorded Apectodinium spp. (as Wetzeliella) in samples assigned to biozones NP5 to NP8 from Haute-Savoie, France. Powell et al. (1993) reported an early (pre-NP9) occurrence of the Base Apectodinium Datum in Thanetian strata at Herne Bay in Kent, within the Reculver Silts Member below the Reculver Tabular Band. These beds were assigned to biozone NP8 by
Adaption and Implementation of the Engage Programme: Teaching Self Regulation Through Play, Within the Early Childhood Curriculum.

Self-regulation is essential for successful human functioning across the lifespan. Di�culties in self-regulation early in life have been associated with a wide array of adverse outcomes including di�culties with school transition, educational attainment, and social functioning in childhood, as well as employment, mental health, physical health, relationships, and criminal activity in adulthood. ENGAGE (Enhancing Neurobehavioural Gains with the Aid of Games and Exercise) is a play-based intervention fostering the development of self-regulation in pre-schoolers and has led to improvements when used within the home setting. Given that most children attend some form of early childhood education setting, this is an ideal environment in which to teach self-regulation. The aim for this study was to ascertain whether ENGAGE can be implemented within an ECE group setting and whether this also leads to improved self-regulation. This trial has been registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR); trial number ACTRN12622000364774; trial web address: https://www
Towards the use of catchment geomorphology in flood frequency predictions

A further development of a topography-based model of catchment hydrology (TOPMODEL) is described and applied to the problem of predicting flood frequency characteristics. The model can simulate infiltration excess, saturation excess, and subsurface runoff contributions to peak flows. Catchment geomorphology plays a central role in predicting the nature of the hydrological response. Using stochastic rainfall and initial condition inputs based on measured data, the model satisfactorily reproduces the mean hourly flow flood frequency growth curve for the Wye catchment, but not the mean number of peaks greater than 3mm h−1 each year. Suggestions for further improvements are made.
Overview of the radiometric calibration of MOBY

The Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) provides values of water- leaving radiance for the calibration and validation of satellite ocean color instruments. Located in clear, deep ocean waters near the Hawaiian Island of Lanai, MOBY measures the upwelling radiance and downwelling irradiance at three levels below the ocean surface plus the incident solar irradiance just above the surface. The radiance standards for MOBY are two integrating spheres with calibrations based on standards traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). For irradiance, the MOBY project uses standard lamps that are routinely calibrated at NIST. Wavelength calibrations are conducted with a series of emission lines observed from a set of low pressure lamps. Each MOBY instrument views these standards before and after its deployment to provide system responses (calibration coefficients). During each deployment, the stability of the MOBY spectrographs and internal optics are monitored using three internal reference sources. In addition, the collection optics for the instrument are cleaned and checked on a monthly basis while the buoy is deployed. Divers place lamps over the optics before and after each cleaning to monitor changes at the system level. As a hyperspectral instrument, MOBY uses absorption lines in the solar spectrum to monitor its wavelength stability. When logistically feasible during each deployment, coincident measurements are made with the predecessor buoy before that buoy's recovery. Measurements of the underwater light fields from the deployment vessel are compared with those from the buoy. Based on this set of absolute calibrations and the suite of stability reference measurements, a calibration history is created for each buoy. These calibration histories link the measurement time series from the set of MOBY buoys. In general, the differences between the pre- and post-deployment radiance calibrations of the buoys range from +1% to -6% with a definitive bias to a negative difference for the post- deployment values. This trend is to be expected after a deployment of 3 months. To date, only the pre-deployment calibration measurements have been used to adjust the system responses for the MOBY time series. Based on these results, the estimated radiometric uncertainty for MOBY in-water ocean color measurements is estimated to be about 4% to 8% (kequals1). As part of a collaboration with NIST, annual radiometric comparisons are made at the MOBY calibration facility. NIST personnel use transfer radiometers and integrating spheres to validate (verify) the accuracy of the MOBY calibration sources. Recently, we began a study of the stray light contribution to the radiometric uncertainty in the MOBY systems. A complete reprocessing of the MOBY data set, including the changes within each MOBY deployment, will commence upon the completion of the stray light characterization, which is scheduled for the fall of 2001. It is anticipated that this reprocessing will reduce the overall radiometric uncertainty to less than 5% (kequals1).
A STUDY ON SKS WAVE SPLITTING BENEATH THE CHINA MAINLAND AND ADJACENT REGIONS

SKS wave splitting measurement is a powerful tool to characterize mantle deformation and study the dynamics and evolution of continents. We have made measurements of SKS wave splitting beneath the China mainland and adjacent regions. Our goal is to obtain the magnitude and orientation of upper mantle anisotropy and provide constraints for the evolution model of the crust and mantle. We use the technique of Silver and Chan to determine SKS wave splitting parameters at more than 80 three-component broadband stations in China and neighboring regions, including the azimuths of fast polarization direction (ϕ) and delay times of split shear wave (δt). The fast wave polarization directions at most stations share a common preferred orientation in a same tectonic block. The fast axes show good correlation with the past and present-day tectonic movement. Delay times range from 0.4s to 2.4s with an average about 1.2s. According to the splitting parameters of SKS wave, anisotropic characteristics in the study region are analyzed to investigate the dynamic process in the Earth.
Intercomparison of summer rainfall diurnal features between station rain gauge data and TRMM 3B42 product over central eastern China

This study examines the differences in diurnal variations of summer (June–August) rainfall recorded in the station rain gauge data (Gdata) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 product (Tdata) over central eastern China during 1998–2006. For the diurnal variations, rainfall amount and frequency in Tdata get the maximum in the afternoon, against the double diurnal peaks in the morning and afternoon of Gdata. For the intensity, the principal morning peak in Tdata contrasts with the dominated afternoon peak in Gdata. It is found that the massive morning light rainfall, which is missed by Tdata, greatly contributes to the weakened morning diurnal peaks of amount and frequency and the stronger morning intensity in Tdata. The overestimated afternoon rainfall in Tdata, including the light rainfall detected only by Tdata and the enhanced rainfall in Tdata when both datasets measure the rainfall, strengthens the afternoon peak of rainfall amount and frequency. In addition, the light rainfall in the morning missed by Tdata is more prevalent in plains than in mountains, whereas the overestimation of afternoon rainfall is more significant in mountain regions. For the diurnal rainfall amount, the afternoon peak in Tdata differs from the morning peak in Gdata in plains and the afternoon peak of Tdata is enhanced in mountain regions. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
YouTube versus the National Film and Sound Archive: Which Is the More Useful Resource for Historians of Australian Television?

This article compares YouTube and the National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA) as resources for television historians interested in viewing old Australian television programs. The author searched for seventeen important television programs, identified in a previous research project, to compare what was available in the two archives and how easy it was to find. The analysis focused on differences in curatorial practices of accessioning and cataloguing. NFSA is stronger in current affairs and older programs, while YouTube is stronger in game shows and lifestyle programs. YouTube is stronger than the NFSA on “human interest” material—births, marriages, and deaths. YouTube accessioning more strongly accords with popular histories of Australian television. Both NFSA and YouTube offer complete episodes of programs, while YouTube also offers many short clips of “moments. ” YouTube has more surprising pieces of rare ephemera. YouTube cataloguing is more reliable than that of the NFSA, with fewer broken links. The YouTube metadata can be searched more intuitively. The NFSA generally provides more useful reference information about production and broadcast dates.
Climate trends in the South-west Pacific

Temperature and precipitation trends are described for newly homogenized historical climate data sets for the South-west Pacific. Regions that exhibit similar temperature and precipitation trends and variability are defined, and the temperature and precipitation time series aggregated according to these regions. Four temperature regions show distinctive trends: two regions south-west of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), which display steady climate warming; two regions north-east of the SPCZ, which cooled during the 1970s, and warmed in the 1980s. Annual anomalies differ in response to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena, depending on the region's position with respect to a pivotal line along the SPCZ. The climate warming apparent throughout much of the south-west Pacific comes from sites where there can be no question of any urban influence. Five main South-west Pacific precipitation regions show distinctive trends that are connected to the main climatological features. Four New Zealand precipitation subregions relate to the interaction of the main climatological features with local orography. Annual precipitation anomalies show marked variability and are also affected by ENSO in most regions. The pivotal line for the response of precipitation regions lies just to the north-east of the SPCZ. The ENSO relationships with precipitation appear consistent on both annual and interdecadal time-scales. From these climatic trends four climatic response regions are recognized in the South-west Pacific.
Mixture of Virtual Prompts: Efficient Fine-tuning with Virtual Prompts for Natural Language Understanding

Fine-tuning large-scale pre-trained language models tasks has become the de facto standard for downstream NLP tasks. However, fine-tuning all parameters of these large models brings expensive computation and storage cost. In this work, inspired by model prompting, we propose Mixture of Virtual Prompts adaptation (MVP adaptation). We first learn virtual prompts downstream tasks to inject task or language specific knowledge, while the pre-trained models are frozen to provide general knowledge. We extend virtual prompting to deal with varying complexity inputs, learning a set of virtual prompts with distinct capacities to learn different levels of knowledge, and dynamically aggregating them to adapt for each individual sequence. Experiments conducted on 5 natural language understanding tasks demonstrate that our methods could achieve comparable performances relative to the full model. Importantly, we show the superiority of MVP in terms of linguistic variation settings which allows efficient adaption to different dialects. We outperform strong efficient finetuning base-lines using only 0.03% of its parameters.
How gable roofs change the mechanisms of vertical 1 momentum transfer: a LES study on two-dimensional urban 2 canyons 3

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) study on the presence of gable roofs in urban 10 canyons is presented: two canyon aspect ratios, AR C = 1, 2, ( 𝐴𝑅 𝐶 = 𝑊/𝐻 corresponding 11 to the ratio of the canyon width, W, to the eaves’ height, H) and variable roof slope, 𝛼 12 ( 𝛼 = 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°) in a periodic configuration are considered. The vertical 13 turbulent momentum flux is analysed by means of the quadrant analysis both in terms of 14 spatial maps and mean vertical profiles in order to assess how the presence of a gable 15 roof and its slope affects the mechanisms of mixing in the roughness sublayer. A gradual 16 modification with increasing roof slope is apparent for the mean flow patterns as well as 17 for the shear layer thickness. On the contrary, the contribution of ejections and sweeps at 18 the rooftop goes through an abrupt change when passing from flat-to gable-roof 19 buildings. This behaviour arises for both the investigated flow regimes. We observed that 20 with gable roofs the imbalance between sweeps and ejections is monotonically increasing 21 with 𝛼 . However, the case of flat roof is not in continuity with the small pitch ones, as it 22 gives much higher values of imbalance, comparable to what was observed for the largest 23 analysed pitches (45°).
Relationship between the Tibetan Plateau heating and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall

This study reveals the close correspondence between the interannual variability of the dominant East Asian summer rainfall pattern and the diabatic heating over the Tibetan Plateau in both spring and summer. The heating fluctuation over the Tibetan Plateau is associated with two wave‐like circulation patterns, which bear the characteristics of forced Rossby wave emanating away from the deep heating. The wave‐like pattern in turn affects the East Asian summer rainfall. Because of the persistent heating over the Tibetan Plateau from spring to summer and its possible effect on the surrounding areas, the heating index defined in this study can be used as a good predictor for the JJA heating and precipitation distributions. Evidences shown suggest that external conditions other than the SST anomaly must be considered to understand the interannual variability of the East Asian summer rainfall.
Classification of the Sibumasu and Paleo‐Tethys tectonic division in Thailand using chert lithofacies

Two types of chert are defined in Thailand based on lithology, faunal content, and stratigraphy. ‘Pelagic chert’ consists of densely packed radiolarian tests in a microcrystalline quartz matrix with no terrigenous material and is found as blocks embedded within sheared matrix. ‘Hemipelagic chert’ also has a microcrystalline quartz matrix, and contains not only scattered radiolarian tests, but also calcareous organisms such as foraminifers. The pelagic cherts range in age from Devonian to Middle Triassic, whereas hemipelagic chert is only from the Early to the Late Triassic. Lithological and stratigraphic characteristics indicate that the pelagic chert originated in the Paleo‐Tethys, whereas the hemipelagic chert accumulated on the eastern margin of the Sibumasu Block. The hemipelagic and pelagic chert are exposed in two north‐trending belt‐like zones. The western zone includes the hemipelagic chert, as well as glaciomarine and other Paleozoic to Mesozoic successions, overlying a Precambrian basement that consists exclusively of Sibumasu elements. The eastern zone contains pelagic chert and limestone and should be correlated to the Inthanon Zone. The Inthanon Zone is characterized by the presence not only of Paleo‐Tethyan sedimentary rocks, but also of Sibumasu Block elements that structurally underlie the Paleo‐Tethyan rocks. The boundary between the Sibumasu and Paleo‐Tethys zones is a north‐trending, low‐angle thrust that resulted from the collision of the Sibumasu and Indochina blocks.
Crust generated above the Iceland mantle plume: From continental rift to oceanic spreading center

Since the North Atlantic continental breakup in the early Tertiary, the process of rifting above a mantle plume has produced large thicknesses of igneous crust. We report results of an integrated offshore-onshore seismic study of the crust and upper mantle along a transect of the aseismic Faroe-Iceland Ridge, between the continental fragment beneath the Faroe Islands and the present-day spreading center in northeast Iceland. Normal-incidence seismic data provide an image of the uppermost crust, which is complemented by a velocity model from streamer refraction analyses. These data together image four sedimentary basins, up to 400 m deep, along the crest of the ridge. The streamer refraction velocity model in turn forms the uppermost section of a full crustal velocity model derived from travel time modeling of air gun and explosive data. The compressional to shear wave velocity ratio in the crust of the Faroe-Iceland Ridge is 1.77 ± 0.02, similar to that of eastern Iceland. The Moho beneath the Faroe-Iceland Ridge lies at a depth of 25–30 km. Crust of 25–30 km thickness requires an upper mantle potential temperature elevated 200–250°C above normal if formed by passive adiabatic decompression melting of the mantle or a somewhat less elevated temperature if, as is likely, there is a component of active convection in the underlying mantle plume core.
Organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol yield from NO 3 oxidation of β-pinene evaluated using a gas-phase kinetics/aerosol partitioning model

Abstract. The yields of organic nitrates and of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particle formation were measured for the reaction NO3+β-pinene under dry and humid conditions in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at Research Center Julich. These experiments were conducted at low concentrations of NO3 (NO3+N2O5