Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING THE DECLINE OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE IN THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST

: How did human societies succeed in reducing interpersonal violence, a precondition to achieve security and prosperity? Given that homicide records are only available for the more recent period, much of human history remains virtually outside our purview. To fill this gap, a literature intersecting economics, archaeology, and anthropology has devised reliable methods for studying traumas deliberately inflicted in human skeletal remains. In this paper we reconstruct the early history of conflict by exploiting a novel dataset on weapon-related wounds from skeletons excavated across the Middle East, spanning the whole pre-Classical period (ca. 8,000-400 BCE). By documenting when and how ancient Middle Eastern populations managed to reduce intersocietal violence and achieve remarkable levels of development, we broaden historical perspectives on the structural factors driving human conflict. JEL O15, N15, N35, N45, N55, P48 Abstract: How did human societies succeed in reducing interpersonal violence, a precondition to achieve security and prosperity? Given that homicide records are only available for the more recent period, much of human history remains virtually outside our purview. To fill this gap, a literature intersecting economics, archaeology, and anthropology has devised reliable methods for studying traumas deliberately inflicted in human skeletal remains. In this paper we reconstruct the early history of conflict by exploiting a novel dataset on weapon-related wounds from skeletons excavated across the Middle East, spanning the whole pre-Classical period (ca. 8,000-400 BCE). By documenting when and how ancient Middle Eastern populations managed to reduce intersocietal violence and achieve remarkable levels of development, we broaden historical perspectives on the structural factors driving human conflict .
Higgs boson masses of the general two-Higgs-doublet model in the Minkowski-space formalism

We study the masses of the Higgs bosons in the most general two-Higgs-doublet model in a basis-independent approach. We adapt the recently developed Minkowski-space formalism to this problem and calculate traces of any power of the mass matrix in a compact and reparametrization-invariant form. Our results can be used to gain insight into the dynamics of the scalar sector of the general two-Higgs-doublet model.
Nonparametric Testing for Linearity in Cointegrated Error-Correction Models

The principal objective of this study is to explore nonparametric testing for linearity in the long-run relationship of the cointegrated vector error-correction model. We develop nonparametric tests, which are predicated on general nonlinear specification, and thus nonlinear models such as the smooth transition and threshold cointegration models are contained in our specification. The test statistics can be computed using the null model of standard error correction. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistics is based on the standard distribution, and thus the proposed tests do not involve semiparametric treatment for the resolution of inferential difficulty. The alternative distribution of the test statistics is explored under the local drift and the smooth functional form. The Monte Carlo simulation shows that the proposed tests evidence adequate finite sample performance in detecting omitted nonlinearity. An economic application to the stock price-dividend relation is also provided.
The origin of the frequency-dependent behaviour of pulsar radio profiles

We present further development of a pulsar emission model based on multiple streams diverging away from the magnetic dipole axis, and forming azimuthally-structured fan-shaped beams. It is shown that this geometry, successfully tested on profiles with bifurcated features, naturally solves several classical pulsar problems and avoids some difficulties of the traditional nested cone/core model. This is best visible for profiles with several components, such as those of class T, Q and M, because they most clearly exhibit a range of effects previously interpreted within the conal model. In particular, with no reference to the flaring boundary of the polar magnetic flux tube, the stream model explains the apparent radius-to-frequency mapping (RFM), including its reduced strength for the inner pair of components. The lag of the central component (apparent `core') with respect to the centroids of the flanking (`conal') components can also be naturally explained with no reference to emission rings located at disparate altitudes. The stream model also reveals why the millisecond pulsars, despite their more strongly flaring magnetic field lines, do not exhibit as strong RFM as the normal pulsars. The model is then successful in reproducing properties of so disparate objects as the M-class and millisecond pulsars, including some peculiarities of the latter. With no hesitation we, therefore, advance the view that pulsars have fan beams generated by outflowing streams, whereas the nested cone/core beams may well not exist at all.
Epidemic Pressure of Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases on Ten Exotic Cassava ( Cultivars in Kisangani, DRC

The crucial obstacle to cassava production in most of African countries is the diseases and pests. The present study assessed in field the epidemic pressure of Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) on 10 exotic cassava genotypes in Kisangani. To assess the disease impact, trials were established in two sites in Kisangani, Tshopo Province in DRC. The experiment was laid out in randomized completed block design and thrice replicated. Sixty stem cuttings per variety were planted in a plot of 7 rows each measuring 25 m long. Results showed a relatively important CBSD pressure on all the ten exotic cassava genotypes tested (incidence close 60%, severity score 2 and 3.5 whiteflies/plant) and low CMD pressure (incidence 3.3%, severity score 2 and 3.5 whiteflies/plant). CMD remained relatively negligible depending on low symptom manifestation of the tested genotypes. Whitefly population varied according to the genotype and the crop age. The most abundant population was recorded on cultivar ‘Mayombe’ (17 whiteflies/plant). A negative relationship was statistically established between the abundance of whiteflies and the incidence and severity as well as for CBSD and for CMD. The production in terms of percentage of marketable tubers was (74.9%) for cultivar ‘Mayombe’, (70.3%) for ‘Obama 1’, (69.9%) for ‘Obama 2’ and (65.3%) for ‘Ngandajika’. CBSD resulted in variable yield loss on all cultivars tested. The cultivar ‘Butamu’ (85%) recorded the highest loss rate, followed by the cultivar ‘Mvuama’ (70.8%) and ‘Muzuri’ (64.3%). The yield in cassava tubers was destroyed ( ˂ 5 t/ha) by large necrotic spots of the brown streak in the pulp. This loss is due to the depressive of viral pandemia pressure on the output of ten exotic cassava cultivars studied in Kisangani. Our study highlighted that the best moment of harvesting cassava in Kisangani is 9 MAP, this moment would be ideal to minimize harvesting losses due to CBSD root necrosis. Our results show that CBSD and CMD incidences were highly ( p ˂0.0001) positive (R² = 0.83 and R² = 0.96) correlated to CBSD and CMD severities on leaves. This relationship was also observed between CBSD incidence and CBSD severity (R² = 0.83) on roots. Whereas, fairly positive relationship was obtained between the CBSD incidence on roots and CBSD severity on leaves (r = 0.13 to r = 0.52). Moreover, negative correlations were obtained between the CBSD and CMD incidences and severities on leaves and the abundance of whitefly per plant (r = -0.13 and r = -0.19) and (r = -0.06 and r = -0.06) correspondingly
Conserving Client Portfolios Du ' ring Retirement , Part III by

T his article presents new findings in the author's ongoing research into asset allocation and withdrawal rates during retirement. The goal, as before, is determining how much money clients can extract from their portfolio annually without running out. This article explores the effects of adding smallcap stocks and Treasury bills to the asset mix. Retirement scenarios are expanded to include retirement beginning on the first day of any quarter, rather than just on January 1, as in earlier research. Refined advice is given on the selection of stock allocation within the "recommended" range, and earlier use of the term "risk tolerance" is corrected to "volatility tolerance. " "Post-crash" planning issues, including "Black Hole" clients and "Withdrawal Envy," are examined. Finally, some corrections are made to earlier conclusions on planning for taxable portfolios.
Comparison Demonstrates Factor of Three Improvement in Gas Flow Measurements

A comparison of seven gas flow calibration laboratories piloted by NIST used four laminar flow meters as the transfer standards for nine nitrogen gas flows ranging from 1 sccm to 10 slm. † The comparison reference value was calculated from the uncertainty weighted average of the three participants with independent flow traceability chains. The 63 comparison results were evaluated by the traditional criterion (normalized degree of equivalence, | E n | ≤ 1) and also by a probabilistic criterion that allows the possibility of inconclusive results. The | E n | ≤ 1 criterion determined that 2 of the 63 results were outside of uncertainty expectations. The probability-based criterion found the same 2 results were outside of uncertainty expectations and 3 results were inconclusive. Based on these results and other evidence, all participants were found proficient over the range of flows they tested. A comparison of the present results to those from a similar comparison between four of the same participants conducted in 2003 shows that the labs have improved their flow measurement capabilities by a factor of three.
TRANSIT MODEL OF PLANETS WITH MOON AND RING SYSTEMS

Since the discovery of the first exoplanets, those most adequate for life to begin and evolve have been sought. Due to observational bias, however, most of the discovered planets so far are gas giants, precluding their habitability. However, if these hot Jupiters are located in the habitable zones of their host stars, and if rocky moons orbit them, then these moons may be habitable. In this work, we present a model for planetary transit simulation considering the presence of moons and planetary rings around a planet. The moon's orbit is considered to be circular and coplanar with the planetary orbit. The other physical and orbital parameters of the star, planet, moon, and rings can be adjusted in each simulation. It is possible to simulate as many successive transits as desired. Since the presence of spots on the surface of the star may produce a signal similar to that of the presence of a moon, our model also allows for the inclusion of starspots. The result of the simulation is a light curve with a planetary transit. White noise may also be added to the light curves to produce curves similar to those obtained by the CoRoT and Kepler space telescopes. The goal is to determine the criteria for detectability of moons and/or ring systems using photometry. The results show that it is possible to detect moons with radii as little as 1.3 R⊕ with CoRoT and 0.3 R⊕ with Kepler.
Comparing Nursing Interventions Delivered With Risk Factors Of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease? A Retrospective Study Within Teaching Hospital In China.

: Background: Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality Worldwide. Previous reviews pointed that nursing interventions are beneficial for coronary artery patients. However, most interventions focused on education and counselling, but not consistent with the outcome set; still did not consider patient’s coronary artery disease risky characteristics. Related studies in China also difficult to find. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate kinds of nursing interventions delivered to coronary artery patients and match them with patient’s risk factors of coronary artery disease. Results of this study were expected to add new knowledge that will alert nurses to consider coronary artery risk factors which in turn might enable the development of appropriate approaches to improve patient’s wellbeing hence reduce frequent coronary artery morbidity and mortality. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective design using clinical case notes was employed. Study was undertaken in coronary care wards at the teaching hospital in China from November 2017 to September 2018. Structured-literature supported self-designed questionnaire was utilized for data collection. Chi square (χ 2 ) test and multivariate logistic regression for adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to compare the relationship among independent (patient’s risk coronary artery disease factors) and dependent (nursing interventions) categorical variables. Ethical permission was granted accordingly. Results: A total of 300 coronary artery patients’ case notes were audited with mean age 63±11.2 years. Of these 175 (58.3%) were males. 126(42%) were smoking and 224(74.7%) were hypertensive. More evidence based nursing interventions than education and counselling were found to be delivered to these patients. “Administer coronary artery disease medication and their instructions” was mostly delivered to many patients 291(97%) while “counsel to cope with stress” was the least one 60 (20.0%). Three of eight nursing interventions delivered significantly matched with three or all of these patient’s coronary artery risk variables (age, smoking, hypertension and diabetes) (p < 0.05 and/or < 0.01) with Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) within their significant ranges. Conclusion: This study delivers valuable insight that, nurses in the studied teaching hospital delivered beneficial evidence based nursing interventions to patients with coronary artery disease which significantly matched with their risk factors of coronary artery illness. However, care for stress was low hence needs improvement. Furthermore, research is needed to get consistency of nursing interventions with patient’s end point clinical outcomes for further appraisal of nursing efforts in caring CAD patients .
Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Adversity Quotient and Management Competence of School Heads in Region XI: A Convergent Design

This study utilized mixed methods approach, specifically convergent design to determine the influence of organizational citizenship behavior and adversity quotient on the manage ment competence of the school heads in Region XI. The participants of the study were the school heads in public secondary schools in Region XI. The data were gathered from the participants who were chosen purposively to participate both in the quantitative and qual - itative phase of this study. Sets of adapted survey tools with a five-point Likert scale and an interview guide were used to extract data relative to the research questions. The mean, standard deviation, and linear regression were used as statistical tools. In the qualitative phase, thematic analysis in phenomenology was employed. Results showed that the status of organizational citizenship behavior, adversity quotient and management competence of the school heads were rated very high. Further, results showed that there was a significant re - lationship between organizational citizenship behavior, adversity quotient and management competence. In the qualitative phase of the study, four essential themes emerged as regards the lived experiences of school heads and these were: integral duties and responsibilities of school heads, leadership skills through commitment and dedication to service, a proactive leader, and leadership capabilities. Further, the nature of data integration revealed merging converging.
Open Research Online The attention-grammar interface: eye-gaze cues structural choice in children and adults

We investigated whether children (3- and 4-year-olds) and adults can use the active passive alternation – essentially a choice of subject– in a way that is consistent with the eye-gaze of the speaker. Previous work suggests the function of the subject position can be grounded in attentional mechanisms (Tomlin, 1995; 1997). Eye-gaze is one powerful source of directing attention that we know adults and young children are sensitive to; furthermore, we know adults are more likely to look at the subject of their sentence than any other character (Gleitman, January, Nappa & Trueswell, 2007; Griffin & Bock, 2000). We demonstrate that older children and adults are able to use speaker-gaze to choose a felicitous subject when describing a scene with both agent-focused and patient focused cues. Integrating attentional and grammatical information in this way allows children to limit the degrees of freedom on what the function of certain linguistic constructions might be.
Relativistic Fe Kα line revealed in the composite X-ray spectrum of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies - do their black holes have averagely low or intermediate spins?

While a broad profile of the Fe K$\alpha$ emission line is frequently found in the X-ray spectra of typical Seyfert galaxies, the situation is unclear in the case of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s)---an extreme subset which are generally thought to harbor less massive black holes with higher accretion rates. In this paper, the ensemble property of the Fe K$\alpha$ line in NLS1s is investigated by stacking the X-ray spectra of a large sample of 51 NLS1s observed with {\it XMM-Newton}. The composite X-ray spectrum reveals a prominent, broad emission feature over 4--7 keV, characteristic of the broad Fe K$\alpha$ line. In addition, there is an indication for a possible superimposing narrow (unresolved) line, either emission or absorption, corresponding to Fe XXVI or Fe XXV, respectively. The profile of the broad emission feature can well be fitted with relativistic broad-line models, with the line energy consistent either with 6.4 keV (i.e., neutral Fe) or with 6.67 keV (i.e., highly ionized Fe), in the case of the narrow line being emission and absorption, respectively. Interestingly, there are tentative indications for low or intermediate values of the average spins of the black holes ($a<0.84$), as inferred from the profile of the composite broad line. If the observed feature is indeed a broad line rather than resulting from partial covering absorption, our results suggest that a relativistic Fe line may in fact be common in NLS1s; and there are tentative indications that black holes in NLS1s may not spin very fast in general.
Evaluating Riociguat in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Real-World Perspective

: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a broad term describing the mean pulmonary artery pressure, as measured by right heart catheterization, exceeds 20mmHg. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) exists when PH is accompanied by a normal wedge pressure and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. PAH is typified by dysmorphic and dysfunctional pulmonary arterial vasculature. Attempting to restore the functionality of the pulmonary artery is a hallmark of care to the PAH patient. Riociguat is a powerful stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase and increases blood flow through the pulmonary arteries by dilating vascular smooth muscle cells. This review examines the pharmacology of riociguat, the fundamental clinical trials applying it to PAH patients, practical aspects when selecting its use, and future directions for its utilization. did not negatively impact markers of cardiac function. 45,46 Vericiguat is a sGC stimulator related – but distinct – to riociguat. Its use in patients with progressive HFrEF despite background therapy showed benefit in reducing death and hospitalization despite increased rates of anemia. 47 These results are provocative and lay the groundwork for conversations and investigations into the use of the sGC stimulators to treat heart failure patients.
THE CORE–CUSP PROBLEM IN COLD DARK MATTER HALOS AND SUPERNOVA FEEDBACK: EFFECTS OF MASS LOSS

The core–cusp problem remains as one of the unsolved discrepancies between observations and theories predicted by the standard paradigm of cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology. To solve this problem, we perform N-body simulations to study the nonlinear response of CDM halos to the variance of the gravitational potential induced by gas removal from galaxy centers. In this study, we focus on the timescale of the gas ejection, which is strongly correlated with stellar activities, and demonstrate that it is one of the key factors in determining the dynamical response of CDM halos. The results of simulations show that the power-law index of the mass–density profile of the dark matter (DM) halo is correlated with the timescale of the mass loss and it is flatter when the mass loss occurs over a short time than when it occurs over a long time. However, it is still larger than typical observational values; in other words, the central cusp remains in the simulations for any mass-loss model. Moreover, for the slow mass-loss case, the final density profile of the DM halo recovers the universal density profiles predicted by the CDM cosmology. Therefore, the mass loss driven by stellar feedback may not be an effective mechanism to flatten the central cusp.
Exact inference from ﬁnite market data 1

We derive conditions under which individual choices can be inferred from ﬁnite market data. First, we consider market data that consist of individual demands as prices and incomes change. We show that for any two consumption bundles, strict preference is revealed by ﬁnitely many observations of demand. Second, we show that ﬁnitely many observations of individual endowments and associated Walrasian equilibrium prices, and only prices, reveal all individuals’ strict preferences between two consumption bundles. We explore the implications for forecasting both individual demand and equilibrium prices.
Revisiting the Triangulation Method for Pointing to Supernova and Failed Supernova with Neutrinos

In view of the advent of large-scale neutrino detectors such as IceCube, the future Hyper-Kamiokande and the ones proposed for the Laguna project in Europe, we re-examine the determination of the directional position of a Galactic supernova by means of its neutrinos using the triangulation method. We study the dependence of the pointing accuracy on the arrival time resolution of supernova neutrinos at different detectors. For a failed supernova, we expect better results due to the abrupt termination of the neutrino emission which allows one to measure the arrival time with higher precision. We found that for the time resolution of $\pm$ 2 (4) ms, the supernova can be located with a precision of $\sim$ 5 (10)$^\circ$ on the declination and of $\sim$ 8 (15)$^\circ$ on the right ascension angle, if we combine the observations from detectors at four different sites.
Re-Analysis of the Marinov Light-Speed Anisotropy Experiment

The anisotropy of the speed of light at 1 part in 10^3 has been detected by Michelson and Morley (1887), Miller (1925/26), Illingworth (1927), Joos (1930), Jaseja et al. (1964), Torr and Kolen (1984), De Witte (1991) and Cahill (2006) using a variety of experimental techniques, from gas-mode Michelson interferometers (with the relativistic theory for these only determined in 2002) to one-way RF coaxial cable propagation timing. All agree on the speed, right ascension and declination of the anisotropy velocity. The Stephan Marinov experiment (1984) detected a light speed anisotropy using a mechanical coupled shutters technique which has holes in co-rotating disks, essentially a one-way version of the Fizeau mechanical round-trip speed-of-light experiment. The Marinov data is re-analysed herein because the velocity vector he determined is in a very different direction to that from the above experiments. No explanation for this difference has been uncovered.