Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High‐Resolution Sporadic E Layer Observation Based on Ionosonde Using a Cross‐Spectrum Analysis Imaging Technique

The appearance of the sporadic E (Es) layer is an occasional phenomenon in the ionosphere. Limited by range resolution, it is difficult to observe the fine structures and internal evolution processes using existing ionosonde detection techniques. In this study, by analyzing the cross‐spectrum of the echo and the modulation sequence of the transmitted signal, the coherence between frequency components in the signal bandwidth is utilized. Using the Capon spectrum estimation method in the range dimension, the range resolution and use efficiency of the ionosonde are improved. This method does not rely on the joint processing of multifrequency detection data, unlike the frequency domain interferometry technique, maintaining the resulting time resolution. Using this imaging method, observations of the Es layer show that multiple peaks within an intrinsic range bin (3.84 km) can be resolved at a range that is 10‐fold higher (384 m); the multilayer phenomenon inside the Es layer can be clearly imaged in a continuous echo. Semishading between the layers is present. In some cases, the mode of the echo traces can also be directly identified through high‐resolution imaging. Concurrently, observations show that dramatic short‐term evolution processes on the order of seconds inside the Es layer can be captured.
In-Silico and In-Vitro Analysis of the Novel Hybrid Comprehensive Stage II Operation for Single Ventricle Circulation

Single ventricle (SV) anomalies account for one-fourth of all congenital heart disease cases. The existing palliative treatment for this anomaly achieves a survival rate of only 50%. To reduce the trauma associated with surgical management, the hybrid comprehensive stage II (HCSII) operation was designed as an alternative for a select subset of SV patients with the adequate antegrade aortic flow. This study aims to provide better insight into the hemodynamics of HCSII patients utilizing a multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and a mock flow loop (MFL). Both 3D-0D loosely coupled CFD and MFL models have been tuned to match baseline hemodynamic parameters obtained from patient-specific catheterization data. The hemodynamic findings from clinical data closely match the in-vitro and in-silico measurements and show a strong correlation (r = 0.9). The geometrical modification applied to the models had little effect on the oxygen delivery. Similarly, the particle residence time study reveals that particles injected in the main pulmonary artery (MPA) have successfully ejected within one cardiac cycle, and no pathological flows were observed.
Maximizing frequency security margin via conventional generation dispatch and battery energy injection

To quantitatively evaluate the frequency stability margin during primary frequency control period following an under-frequency event, this paper presents a dynamic frequency response constrained optimal power flow (OPF) model. In this model, frequency security margin is defined and maximized by adjusting pre-disturbance generation outputs of conventional units and injections of battery energy storage system (BESS) immediately after a disturbance. Two nonlinear characteristics in speed-governing systems are considered and described as smooth and differentiable formulations to facilitate their incorporations into the proposed optimization model. A graphical tool is also provided to enable region-wise frequency security assessment based on the obtained maximum frequency security margin. Simulation results on WSCC 3-machine 9-bus system and New England 10-machine 39-bus system validate the suggested margin metric and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A CA II LAMBDA-8662 INDEX OF CHROMOSPHERIC ACTIVITY: THE CASE OF 61 CYGNI A

The stellar spectra obtained in our precise velocity program include the Ca II infrared triplet line at lambda-8662. Changes in the core flux of this line, quantified with our Delta-EW8662 index, reflect changes in stellar chromospheric activity. In our 12 years of Ca II observations for 61 Cygni A, we detect a solar-type cycle of 7.22 years and a rotational period of 36.21 days which confirm earlier results based on the H and K lines. The stability of the derived rotation period over 12 years suggests that the regions of chromospheric activity are either long-lived or formed within a limited-longitudal range.
Determination of the safest level and screw length for the proximal locking screw in retrograde femoral nailing

Objectives This study aims to identify the most reliable level for the proximal locking screw in retrograde femoral nails and to investigate the preoperative detectability of the length of the proximal locking screw by radiological measurements. Patients and methods Between April 2020 and June 2021, a total of 50 patients (42 males, 8 females; mean age: 38.1±14.3 years; range, 18 to 60 years) who were suspected of vascular injury after gunshot or stab wounds and underwent lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) from the local institutionʼs database were included in the study. The distances of the femoral neurovascular structures (FNVS) and sciatic nerve (SN) to the femur were measured in the sections determined in the anteroposterior and medial-lateral planes. The anteroposterior length of the femur was measured in selected sections to estimate the appropriate length of the proximal locking screw. Results The level at which FNVS and SN were closest to the femur in the medial-lateral plane was inferior to lesser trochanter (LT) 1 cm. The mean AP femur length at the level of the LT was 36.3±2.8 mm, at the level of inferior to LT 1 cm was 34.1±2.8 mm, at the level of superior to LT 1 cm was 38.6±3.7 mm. Conclusion In retrograde femoral nailing, the safest level in terms of screw placement is 1 cm above the LT. Additionally, the optimal screw length is 40 mm at the level of the LT and 1 cm superior it, whereas it is 35 mm at the level of the LT and 1 cm inferior to it.
Boltzmann and Fokker–Planck equations modelling opinion formation in the presence of strong leaders

We propose a mathematical model for opinion formation in a society that is built of two groups, one group of ‘ordinary’ people and one group of ‘strong opinion leaders’. Our approach is based on an opinion formation model introduced in Toscani (Toscani 2006 Commun. Math. Sci.4, 481–496) and borrows ideas from the kinetic theory of mixtures of rarefied gases. Starting from microscopic interactions among individuals, we arrive at a macroscopic description of the opinion formation process that is characterized by a system of Fokker–Planck-type equations. We discuss the steady states of this system, extend it to incorporate emergence and decline of opinion leaders and present numerical results.
Role of Dietary Methyl Sulfonyl Methane in Poultry

Simple Summary Commercial poultry production is linked to a variety of stresses that arise from the environment, nutrition, and metabolism of the host. These stressors may result in metabolic disorders and oxidative stress. It is pertinent to recognize and prevent signs of stress to minimize production loss and improve the health and well-being of chickens. The use of in-feed anti-oxidants to eliminate oxidative stress is a successful method of preventing tissue damage and augmenting the performance, health, and well-being of chickens. The burgeoning demand for in-feed anti-oxidants has spurred a review of the role of methyl sulfonyl methane as a dietary anti-oxidant in poultry. Abstract Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants within biological systems, leading to tissue damage and compromising the health of afflicted animals. The incorporation of dietary anti-oxidants into chicken diets has been a common practice to improve the performance, health, and welfare of the host by protecting against oxidative stress-induced damage. Methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM), a naturally occurring organosulfur compound found in various plant sources, has demonstrated various beneficial biological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties in both in vitro and in vivo studies. MSM has been utilized as a dietary supplement for humans for its anti-oxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has also been administered to domestic animals, including cattle, pigs, and chickens, owing to its recognized anti-oxidant effect. This review summarizes the biological and physiological functions of dietary MSM in poultry.
Consequences of corruption: determinants of public servants’ job satisfaction and performance

Abstract Little research has focused on the consequences of corruption on civil servants’ performance outside OECD countries. Yet, corruption is endemic in many countries, and it is unclear how it affects performance and how can organizations use HRM practices to tackle the issue. While most research remains at the national level, we explored corruption’s impact at the individual level of performance. To test these issues, we obtained a unique data set from 1,344 civil servants in Bhutan via a random sampling of the entire civil servants’ population. We contribute to the theory of planned-action/behavior by testing empirically a model linking corruption, job-satisfaction, selected HRM practices and performance. The findings support the ‘sand in the wheel’ theoretical perspective of corruption. The results of SEM analysis reveal that job-satisfaction mediates the relationship between corruption and individual performance. Corruption exhibits an indirect negative one performance via job-satisfaction. Moreover, autonomy, performance-management and promotion opportunities improve job-satisfaction. The lack of linkage between some HRM practices and performance calls into question the contextual application of HRM practices. We offer practical insights into how civil servants’ job-satisfaction and performance can be improved by promoting ethical, anti-corruption policies along with contextualized HRM policies to enhance job-satisfaction.
Microstructural Changes in the Corpus Callosum in Systemic Lupus Erythematous

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) occurs in more than 50% of patients. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has identified global cerebral atrophy, as well as the involvement of the corpus callosum and hippocampus, which is associated with cognitive impairment. In this cross-sectional study we included 71 cSLE (mean age 24.7 years (SD 4.6) patients and a disease duration of 11.8 years (SD 4.8) and two control groups: (1) 49 adult-onset SLE (aSLE) patients (mean age of 33.2 (SD 3.7) with a similar disease duration and (2) 58 healthy control patients (mean age of 29.9 years (DP 4.1)) of a similar age. All of the individuals were evaluated on the day of the MRI scan (Phillips 3T scanner). We reviewed medical charts to obtain the clinical and immunological features and treatment history of the SLE patients. Segmentation of the corpus callosum was performed through an automated segmentation method. Patients with cSLE had a similar mid-sagittal area of the corpus callosum in comparison to the aSLE patients. When compared to the control groups, cSLE and aSLE had a significant reduction in the mid-sagittal area in the posterior region of the corpus callosum. We observed significantly lower FA values and significantly higher MD, RD, and AD values in the total area of the corpus callosum and in the parcels B, C, D, and E in cSLE patients when compared to the aSLE patients. Low complement, the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies, and cognitive impairment were associated with microstructural changes. In conclusion, we observed greater microstructural changes in the corpus callosum in adults with cSLE when compared to those with aSLE. Longitudinal studies are necessary to follow these changes, however they may explain the worse cognitive function and disability observed in adults with cSLE when compared to aSLE.
Helium induced nanoscopic morphology on tungsten under fusion relevant plasma conditions

Polished W discs exposed to pure He plasma in the PISCES-B linear-divertor-plasma simulator at 1120 and 1320 K are found to develop deeply nanostructured surface layers consisting of a conglomerate of amorphous ‘nanorods’. The growth of the thickness of the nanostructured layer is explored for exposure times spanning 300–(2.2 × 104) s in He plasmas of density ne ∼ 4 × 1018 m−3 and temperature Te ∼ 6–8 eV where the average He-ion surface-impact energy is ∼60 eV, below the threshold for physical sputtering. A nanostructured layer in excess of 5 µm thick is observed for the longest exposure time explored. The kinetics of the layer growth are found to follow Fick's law, characterized by an effective diffusive mechanism with coefficients of diffusion: D1120 K = 6.6 ± 0.4 × 10−12 cm2 s−1 and D1320 K = 2.0± 0.5 × 10−11 cm2 s−1. The diffusion of He atoms in W is considered too rapid to explain the observed growth of surface modification and points to the interplay of other mechanisms, such as the availability of thermal vacancies and/or the slower diffusion of He through the forming nanostructured layer.
Does writing a business plan still matter for searching and obtaining external equity finance?

ABSTRACT This study analyses the importance of business plans for founders and professional equity investors in the process of acquiring venture capital. How do the founders’ efforts spent on writing a business plan relate to obtaining the equity funding asked for? Based on a sample of 301 nascent ventures, we first ran a two-step selection model. This quantitative analysis shows that, while a founder’s effort to write a business plan positively correlates with the likelihood of the founding team seeking external financing, business plans are no longer a determining factor for actually obtaining external equity funding. Through additional qualitative analysis, we shed light on this finding and point to other tools venture capitalists increasingly use to forecast venture performance, thereby substituting business plans as core documents of venture assessment. Our study thus contributes to a better understanding of new matching tools between entrepreneurs and investors, thereby adding new knowledge to entrepreneurship scholars and policy-makers alike.
Spatial Dynamics of Election Violence: How Repression Spreads Dissent around Elections

How does political violence spread around election times within countries? Although election times are periods possibly most vulnerable to the contagion of violence, we know very little about how election violence spreads spatially. We argue that government-sponsored election violence in one area will increase the levels of election violence inflicted by antisystemic actors in another area with similar political or socioeconomic characteristics. Government violence in one area increases the expectation that repression would soon start in another area that looks similar to the targeted area, prompting opposition groups in these areas to take action preemptively. We test our arguments using subnational data on India’s election violence from 1991 to 2009, finding that government election violence in one state increases opposition-led election violence in another state with similar political and socioeconomic characteristics in India. Our results are robust when using a stationary causal directed acyclic graph approach and recover the bias-corrected spatial effects.
A POSSIBLE NEW GALACTIC CLUSTER INVOLVING Δ LYRAE

Before his death, Gordon Grant had begun an investigation of a clustering of early type stars noticed in the vicinity of b and ôLyrae on a Case four-degree objective-prism blue plate. On the basis of rough apparent distance moduli, he had concluded that Ô and Ô Lyrae belong to the cluster, whose members he had sought within a circular area some 40' in diameter. The physical association of ô Lyrae with ô Lyrae was suggested by the nearequality of their radial velocities, —25.8 km/sec and —26.6 km/sec respectively; their possible membership in the cluster is of particular interest since ô Lyrae is an M-type star. The writer has repeated and extended Grant's work, and has concluded that the cluster is probably real. The cluster is not conspicuous as such on the BD chart, nor is it very obvious on the Palomar Sky Atlas plates, although it is noticeable on the blue plate. It is quite conspicuous when spectral types are taken into account, since the surface density of A and B stars among the stars in the BD catalogue in the vicinity of ô Lyrae is more than five times as large as in the surrounding area. Unfortunately, the suspected cluster members have proper motions so small that they can serve only to reject an occasionally obvious nonmember. The writer has used the Case plates to classify the spectra of all stars brighter than photographic magnitude 11.5 to 12.0 within 20' of BD +36°3314, and has derived spectral types for all stars brighter than photographic magnitude 10.0 to 10.5 within 80' of +36°3314. These data are listed in Table I and plotted in Figure 1, from both of which we have omitted nine stars having published annual proper motions greater than 0'. '050. These nine stars are the following, where the numbers are either HD or BD numbers : 173416,174622,175425,175442, +37°3279, +37°3284, +37°3301, +36°3310 (No. 15 in Plate I), and +36°3328 (No. 25). All but one of these stars (+36°3328, spec-
Measurement of the neutral-current interactions of high-energy neutrinos and antineutrinos

Measurements of the . nu. and nu-bar weak hadronic neutral-current total cross sections and hadron energy distributions are consistent with a V - A form for this current. They are three standard deviations from pure V, pure A, or a pure T form and unambiguously exclude V + A and any linear combination of S and P.
Development and validation of nomogram models to discriminate between acute aortic syndromes and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction during troponin-blind period

Background Blood-test-based methods of distinguishing between acute aortic syndromes (AASs) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) during the troponin-blind period of <2–3 h of symptom onset have not been studied previously. We aimed to explore whether routine biomarkers might facilitate differential diagnosis. Methods Data were retrospectively collected from 178 patients with AASs and 460 patients with NSTEMI within 3 h of onset. Differential risk factors related to AASs were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses for patients with onset <2 h and onset ≥2 h, respectively, in the cardiac troponin (cTn) cohort. Nomograms were established in the cTn cohort as a training set and validated in the high-sensitivity cTn cohort. To assess the utility of the models in clinical practice, decision curve analyses were performed. Results D-dimer, fibrinogen, and age were identified as differential risk factors for AASs with the onset of <2 h. D-dimer at an optimal cutoff level of 281 ng/mL for AASs had a sensitivity of 86.4% and a specificity of 91.3%. A nomogram was developed and validated with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.934 (95% CI: 0.880–0.988) and 0.952 (95% CI: 0.874–1.000), respectively. D-dimer, neutrophil, bilirubin, and platelet were the differential risk factors for AASs with the onset of ≥2 h. D-dimer at an optimal cutoff level of 385 ng/mL has a sensitivity of 91.8% and a specificity of 91.3%. The AUC of the second nomogram in the training set and the validation set were 0.965 (95% CI: 0.942–0.988) and 0.974 (95% CI: 0.944–1.000), respectively. Conclusion Time-dependent quality of D-dimer should be considered for discriminating AASs from NSTEMI. Both nomogram models may have a clinical utility for evaluating the probability of AASs.
Distinguishing between trend-break models: method and empirical evidence

We demonstrate that in time trend models, the likelihood-based tests of partial parameter stability have size distortions and cannot be applied to detect the changing pa-rameter. A two-step procedure is then proposed to distinguish between different trend-break models. This procedure involves consistent estimation of break dates and properly-sized tests for changing coefficient. In the empirical study of the Nelson­Plosser data set, we find that the estimated change points and trend-break specifications resulting from the proposed procedure are quite different from those of Perron (1989, 1997), Chu and White (1992), and Zivot and Andrews (1992). In another application, our procedure provides formal support for the con-clusion of Ben-David and Papell (1995) that real per capita GDPs of most OECD countries exhibit a slope change in trend.
Structural studies of bacteriorhodopsin in BC era

It marked half a century since the discovery of bacteriorhodopsin two years ago. On this occasion, I have revisited historically important diffraction studies of this membrane protein, based on my recollections. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction, and electron microscopy, described the low-resolution structure of bacteriorhodopsin within the purple membrane. Neutron diffraction was effective to assign the helical regions in the primary structure with 7 rods revealed by low-resolution structure as well as to describe the retinal position. Substantial conformational changes upon light illumination were clarified by the structures of various photointermediates. Early trials of time-resolved studies were also introduced. Models for the mechanism of light-driven proton pump based on the low-resolution structural studies are also described. Significantly, they are not far from the today’s understanding. I believe that the spirit of the early research scientists in this field and the essence of their studies, which constitute the foundations of the field, still actively fertilizes current membrane protein research.