Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EL GÉNERO ARMERIA (PLUMBAGINACEAE) EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA: ACLARACIONES Y NOVEDADES PARA UNA SÍNTESIS

NIETO FELINER, G. (1987). The genus Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) in the Iberian Península: comments and new data for a review. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44(2): 319-348 (in Spanish). By stating that the taxonomic difficulties of the genus Armeria are due, at least in part, to the outstanding role played by hybridization, a taxonomic treatment, which is to be adopted in "Flora iberica", is presented. Diverse information is supplied which supports the adopted decissions including the main geographical trends of variation in each case. When data are available, hypothesis about the origin of some mainly hybridogenous taxa are formulated. Three new species — A. castroviejoi, A. genesiana, A. rothmaleri — and two new Subespecies — A. villosa subsp. bernisii, A. villosa subsp. alcaracensis — are described. Two new ñames — A. linkiana, A. malacitana — are given and 16 new nomenclatura! combinations are proposed.
Regionalización y relaciones biogeográficas de la Península de Yucatán con base en los patrones de distribución de la familia Leguminosae The biogeographical regions and relationship of the Yucatán Peninsula based on distribution patterns of the Leguminosae family

In order to assess biogeographical relationship of the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), it was divided in 48 operational geographic units of 0.5 ° latitude and longitude and the distribution patterns of 224 native species of the family Leguminosae were analyzed. Biogeographic relations were determined comparing our results with legumes information of 12 neighboring areas of Central, North and South America, and the Caribbean. Three methodologies were used to analyze the information: the Jaccard's similarity coefficient, parsimony analysis of endemism (PAE), and a simple comparison of the general pattern of distribution as a simple model of the individual trace of Croizat. Published phylogenies for some genera were analyzed in order to discuss geographic patterns. The results suggest that the higher species richness found in the southern portion of the Yucatan Peninsula is associated to the north-south climatic gradient present in the peninsula. Based on our results, this area can be divided in 2 biogeographical areas (districts), a northern area with legumes associated to dry habitats and a southern zone with species that grow in more humid climates; 5 sub- districs could also be recognized. The parsimony analysis of endemism and simple comparison of the general pattern of distribution are congruent with the similarity analysis. All the evidence suggests that the Yucatan Peninsula shows more affinity with Central America, followed by North America, South America, and finally the Antilles. On the other hand, the endemic element represents 6.7 % of the legume diversity.
Genetic Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 and Immunohistochemical Expression of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)- 1, TGF- RII, p21, p16, E2F1, Thymidylate Synthase, and NF- B in Epstein-Barr Virus Encoded RNA-positive Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Gastric carcinoma is the second most frequent cause of cancerrelated death in Korea, and it is a very common cancer worldwide. Most gastric adenocarcinomas are associated with intestinalized chronic pangastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori infection; however, 5-10% of the cases are related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid-rich stroma (GCLRS) (also known as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma) is particularly associated with EBV infection. 1,2 Viral-associated tumorigenesis may be important not only for viral-targeted therapies, but also in relation to early detection and prevention in the future. In pursuit of this, EBV-associated gastric cancer must be differentiated from ordinary gastric adenocarcinoma and its pathogenic mechanisms unraveled. In most cases of GCLRS, EBV expression has been exclusively detected in the tumor cells, implicating a potential causative
Chemical constituents and biological activities of the genus Zanthoxylum : A review

Zanthoxylum known as “Timoor” is used as mouth fresh, tooth care, spice and in intoxicating of the fishes. The present study deals with documentation of isolated chemical constituents and biological activities of the genus Zanthoxylum. The chemical constituents and essential oil have been isolated and characterized by several analytical methods. Alkaloids and cumarins are the main constituents of the genus. The presence of alkaloids and essential oil, Zanthoxylum possessed several types of biological activities such as larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antibiotic, hepatoprotective, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antiproliferative, anthelminthic, antiviral and antifungal. Key words: Zanthoxylum, alkaloids, essential oil, biological activities
Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks

What led to the pervasiveness of hybrids between Cx. pipiens and Cx. molestus in North America, but not in Europe and Africa, still remains to be determined. In southernmost Europe, we identified two populations with a few hybrid individuals, as well as populations with pure Cx. pipiens signatures and populations with a mix of pure Cx. pipiens and pure Cx. molestus signatures (Fig. 2). Indeed, previous allozymebased studies indicated the existence of populations in Italy with a mix of the two forms (26) but a very low rate of hybridization (1%), probably because of their different mating behaviors (26). The rarity of southern European hybrids and our failure to find hybrids in northern Europe may be due to their low fitness and inability to diapause. Importantly, the introduction to the United States of separate populations of Cx. pipiens and Cx. molestus that later hybridized, or of
Combining remote sensing, data from earlier inventories, and geostatistical interpolation in multisource forest inventory

Multisource forest inventory with two-phase sampling offers several advantages in the forest management planning when compared with the traditional visual inventory by stands. For example, by combining data from remote sensing imagery with field measurements, it is possible to estimate the forest characteristics of large areas at a more reasonable cost than by using the traditional visual inventory by stands. In this study, the k-nearest-neighbours estimation (k-nn), stand inventory data, and geostatistical interpolation were combined for estimation of five forest variables (mean diameter, mean height, mean age, basal area, and volume) per sample plot and stand. Digitized aerial photograph features, visually interpreted aerial photograph features, and updated stand inventory data were used as the auxiliary data sources in the estimation of forest variables. The results show that, at the sample plot level, the k-nn estimates based on the auxiliary data sources were more accurate than the updated stand inve.
Evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity of Foeniculum, Achillea, Satureja, Cinnamomum and Artemisia against Saprolegnia parasitica

Background: Saprolegniasis is an important aquatic fungal disease that causes severe damages at different growth stages of aquatic animals. Saprolegnia parasitica has been identified as an important pathogen in aquaculture. This study was investigated the activity of antifungal methanolic extracts of Foeniculum vulgare, Achillea millefolium, Satureja hortensis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, as well as Artemisia annua essential oil against S. parasitica in comparison with formalin. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, Saprolegnia parasitica originated from rainbow trout’s farm effluent. Phenotypic identification was performed and amplification of ITS rDNA region was adjusted by using of two general primers like ITS1 and ITS4, subsequently sequencing by use of internal primer were performed. The antifungal effects of the plants were investigated based on broth microdilution method and compared by formalin. Results: The results of sequencing verified the obtained fungus is S. parasitica. In broth microdilution method, the essential herb Artemisia inhibited the growth of S. parasitica at a concentration of 128 µg/ml (MIC = 128 µg/ml). At the same concentration, however, it did not show any fungicidal activity (MFC ≥ 2048 µg/ml). Methanolic extracts of the plants fennel, yarrow, Savory, and cinnamon displayed no direct effects on S. parasitica Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the present study, Artemisia can be classified as a powerful antifungal essential plant. The essence of Artemisia performed more effectively compared to formalin for the growth inhibition of S. parasitica.
Seed germination and viability of Salsola imbricata Forssk

Salsola imbricata is a halophytic shrub widely distributed in the coastal and inland regions of Kuwait. The effect of light, temperature, salinity, storage temperature and water potential on germination was conducted in the laboratory experiments. S. imbricata seeds germinated well under wide range of temperatures and in both light and dark conditions; the higher the salinity, the lower the percentage of germination. Ungerminated seeds when transferred to distilled water recovered completely. In the water potential experiment, maximum germination was obtained in distilled water (99%) and decreasing water potential inhibited seed germination, less than 15% of the seeds germinated at -2.4 MPa. Seeds stored at -18 and 4°C for 24 months had 80 ‐ 100% germination rate compared with 0% for those stored at ambient temperature and at 50°C. Based on this result, it is concluded that S. imbricata seeds could establish in wide range of environmental conditions. However the water stress may reduce the establishment of seedlings in the natural population. The seeds are short lived and should be stored at lower temperatures (-18 and 4°C) to maintain viability.
Effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratios on growth performance, body composition and glucose metabolism of fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala

This study aimed to investigate the optimum dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO/L) ratio for fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala (average initial weight: 6.61 ± 0.03 g). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain various CHO/L ratios ranging from 1.62 to 24.20. Each diet was tested in four replicates for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio and nitrogen and energy retention all improved significantly (P 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios ranged from 2.45 to 5.64. Hepatosomatic index increased significantly (P 0.05) among all the treatments, while liver glycogen content increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing CHO/L ratios. High dietary carbohydrate enhanced the activities of liver hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase but did not induce hyperglycaemia. Based on the second-order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, the optimal dietary carbohydrate and lipid contents for fingerling blunt snout bream were 291.7 and 81.4 g kg−1, respectively, with a corresponding dietary CHO/L ratio of 3.58.
Bird Conservation in Brazil

Abstract: Brazil has one of the richest avifaunas in the world, with recent estimates varying from 1696 to 1731 species. About 10% (193 taxa) of these are threatened. The Amazon has the highest number of species, followed by the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado; most of Brazil's endemic birds, however, are in the Atlantic Forest. Brazil's threatened species occur mostly in the Atlantic Forest, especially in the southeast lowlands and the northeast. The Cerrado has the second highest number of threatened species. The two major threats to Brazilian birds are habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation and hunting, most especially for illegal commerce. A number of conservation and research initiatives over the last 20 years have significantly improved our capacity to address and resolve major issues for bird conservation. Brazil requires a National Bird Conservation Plan to draw up priorities for research and conservation over the next decade.
Effects of water deficit and rehydration on the polar lipid and membranes resistance leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pérola

Bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Perola were used to evaluate the water deficit effects in polar lipids composition and in the electric conductivity. The results showed that the water deficiency a effected in the electrolytes loss which increased gradually in response to water deficit. This suggested a compartimentalization loss, due to the structural cellular membranes elements degradation. Total lipids contents decreased by reason of the water stress action. The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (linoleic and linolenic acids) suffered a decrease while saturated fatty acid (palmitic and stearic acids) increased. The imbalance in the fatty saturated/unsaturated acid relation led to a reduction in the unsaturation index. The electrolytes loss increase related whith the to polyunsaturated fatty acid contents reduction suggested a larger dehydrated plants vulnerability, leading to a consequent loss in the productivity.
Correlations of biotic and abiotic variables with ground surface temperature: An ectothermic perspective

Abstract Temperature is often an important determinant of species presence and activity patterns, but observations of temperature at fine resolution and broad extents—scales relevant to individual organisms—are rare. We analyzed how biotic and abiotic variables influence ground surface temperature (GST) using high-resolution thermal data for a 1900-ha area of forest and field near Wasaga Beach, Ontario, Canada. Temperature was recorded at 2-h intervals from May to October, 2004 and 2005, from data loggers approximately 300 m apart. At the same sites, we recorded overstory and understory vegetation, elevation, and distances to the nearest road and urban infrastructure. Correspondence Analysis (CA) indicated that thermal conditions varied most strongly seasonally and diurnally. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) pinpointed which biotic and abiotic variables were related to surface temperature. Canopy cover and leaf litter cover were positively related to cool sites during both cool and warm periods. Sites close to urban areas and roads were warmer than those further away from these features. As thermally variable environments affect the physiology, behaviour, and ecology of ectothermic species, determination of variables that affect GST provides a more comprehensive depiction of habitat for these species.
Avian leukosis virus – new mutations: a threat for the upcoming century

New strains of avian leukosis virus (ALV) and new threats to the poultry industry such as the appearance of subgroup J ALV arise as a result of virus mutation. Avian retroviruses are classified as exogenous (transmitted as infectious virus) and endogenous (transmitted genetically). Exogenous species are the avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses, reticuloendotheliosis virus, and lymphoproliferative disease virus of turkeys. Endogenous virus families include the ev loci, EAV, ART-CH and CR 1. Evolutionary relationships between different species of retrovirus are determined from their nucleotide sequences and construction of phylogenetic trees. Similar analyses are conducted to determine the relationships between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses and the various retroelements from which retroviruses are believed to have evolved. Retroviruses are subject to several types of mutation. Point mutations are the most common and occur mainly because of errors during reverse transcription. The frequency of point mutations is of the order of one mutation per virion per replicative cycle. Point mutations occur most frequently in the env gene of ALVs resulting in changes in antigenicity and host range. Antigenic variation enables mutant viruses to avoid the host immune response. Mutation also occurs from genetic recombination among exogenous and endogenous ALVs, and between exogenous ALVs and non-retroviral host genes such as cellular oncogenes, giving rise to acute avian leukaemia and sarcoma viruses. Thus, continuing viral mutation will result in the appearance of ALVs with new disease producing properties.
Confirmation of European snow vole Chionomys nivalis (Mammalia: Rodentia: Cricetidae) occurrence in Portugal

Abstract The European snow vole (Chionomys nivalis) is a microtine rodent with a highly fragmented distribution range, mostly associated with the main mountain systems from southern Europe to Turkmenistan. In this paper we confirm the occurrence of the snow vole in Portugal, based on morphological characteristics, biometrics and genetic analysis of two individuals captured in the Montesinho Mountain range (northeastern Portugal). Both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers were used to confirm the species identity. The analysis of cytochrome b supports previous conclusions on the phylogeographic structure of the species, revealing the existence of several distinct lineages. Moreover, it shows that the Portuguese specimens are closely related to the other Iberian populations. This finding is of great interest as it adds new information regarding the spatial distribution of the snow vole, by redefining the southwestern limits of the species’ range, and it highlights the need for accurate assessment of regional small mammal population trends and conservation status.
Effects of potential trap crops and planting date on soil infestation with potato cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes

Summary In 1997 and 1998 the stimulation of hatch of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) by a trap crop was studied at various times during the growing season in a container and a field experiment. Solanum nigrum‘90-4750-188’was used as the trap crop in both experiments and was sown on 1 May, 16 June or 1 August in two successive years on different plots. Neither experiment revealed much seasonal variation in hatchability of PCN juveniles under a trap crop. In the container experiment, the hatch of the Globodera pallida Pa3 population was equally and strongly stimulated (89%) at all sowing dates in both years, except for the 1 August sowing in 1998 (when the hatch was 77% under extremely wet soil conditions). In the control treatment with non-hosts (flax followed by barley) the total spontaneous hatch was 50% over 2 yr. In the field experiment, the hatch of PCN, averaged over the four populations, was also equally stimulated (71%) at all sowing dates in both years. In the control treatment with non-hosts (flax-barley) the total spontaneous hatch was 36% over 2 yr. Total hatch under the trap crop over 2 yr varied between the four PCN populations from 63% to 80%. In 1998 and 1999, control of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) by the potential trap crops Solanum sisymbriifolium and S. nigrum‘90-4750-188’was studied in the field. Potato was also included as a trap crop. In the 1998 experiment, potato, S. sisymbriifolium and S. nigrum strongly stimulated the hatch of PCN compared with the non-host white mustard (Sinapis alba). Roots of potato and white mustard were mainly found in the top 10 cm of soil, whereas roots of S. sisymbriifolium and S. nigrum were also abundant at depths of 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm. In the 1999 experiment, soil infestation with PCN decreased markedly with potato and S. sisymbriifolium as trap crops. In plots moderately to severely infested with 2-yr old cysts (2–29 juveniles ml−1 air dried soil), potato reduced soil infestation by 87% and S. sisymbriifolium by 77%. In plots moderately to severely infested with 1-yr old cysts the reductions were 74% and 60%, respectively. The reduction was least on plots very severely infested with PCN (110–242 juveniles ml−1 soil): 69% and 52% for potato and S. sisymbriifolium, respectively. Soil infestations of plots that were initially slightly to severely infested with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla were greatly reduced under fallow and S. sisymbriifolium but increased under potato. From these and previous experiments it was concluded that, for several reasons, S. sisymbriifolium is a promising trap crop.
DNA polymorphism of the α4-globin gene in domestic pigeon.

The study aimed at identifying the polymorphism of domestic pigeon αA-globin gene which can be a potential homing marker in selection of racing pigeons. A total of 329 domestic pigeons were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method. The PCR products were digested with 17 restriction endonucleases. One RFLP – detected with HphI – was found in intron 1 and represented a C/T mutation. The second RFLP – detected with BseLI – was a point mutation in the 3’UTR region of the gene (C/T mutation). The polymorphism in the 3’UTR region of the pigeon αA-globin gene can potentially affect the stability of mRNA and modify the gene expression. The mechanisms of haemoglobin function reflecting variants of the αA-globin gene remain unknown.
THE INORGANIC AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF SOME LAMELLIBRANCH MUSCLES

1. Measurements have been made of the inorganic ion and free amino acid content of a number of lamellibranch muscles. The volumes of extracellular fluid in the muscles have also been determined so that the intracellular concentrations can be calculated. 2. The fast portion of the adductor muscle of Pecten contains about 160 mM. K/kg. fibre water and only 43 mM. Na/kg. fibre water and 34 mM. Cl/kg. fibre water. The potassium and chloride are approximately in a Donnan equilibrium with the potassium and chloride in the blood. 3. In the slow portion of the adductor muscle of Pecten and in the two parts of the adductor and in the byssus retractor of Mytilus , the concentrations of potassium in the fibres are from 150 to 160 mM. /kg fibre water, of sodium 73 to 95 mM. /kg. fibre water and chloride 94 to 152 mM. /kg. fibre water. The potassium and chloride in the fibres are not in a Donnan equilibrium with the potassium and chloride in the blood. 4. The fast and slow fibres of the adductor muscles of Anodonta contain 21 and 17 mM. /kg. fibre water of potassium respectively, 5·3 and 7·2 mM. /kg. fibre water of sodium, and 2·4 and 5·4 mM. /kg. fibre water of chloride. The potassium and chloride in the fibres is not in a Donnan equilibrium with the potassium and chloride in the blood. 5. The fast fibres of Mytilus adductor contain 295 mM. /kg. fibre water of free amino acids and 39 mM. /kg. fibre water of acid-soluble phosphate compounds. The fast fibres of Anodonta adductor contain only 11 mM. /kg. fibre water of amino acids and 19·8 mM. /kg. fibre water of phosphate compounds. 6. Mytilus muscles fibres adapt to a reduced blood concentration, partly by an increase in water content and partly by a reduction in the sodium, chloride and free amino acid content. 7. Anodonta muscle fibres adapt to an increased blood concentration, partly by a reduction in the water content and partly by an increased sodium and chloride content. 8. The significance of these results is discussed. It is concluded that the ionic contents of the lamellibranch smooth muscles are consistent with equilibria systems in which the permeability to sodium is significant compared with the permeability to potassium and in which both a sodium and a potassium pump operate.