Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Living and fossil genera of the Clypeasteroida (Echinoidea, Echinodermata) : an illustrated key and annotated checklist

Mooi, Rich. Living and Fossil Genera of the Clypeasteroida (Echinoidea: Echinodermata): An Illustrated Key and Annotated Checklist. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 488, 51 pages, 34 figures, 1989. —The illustrated key allows identification of 26 living and 49 fossil clypeasteroid genera, plus the tiny fossil, Togocyamus. It incorporates internal and external characteristics of the test, Aristotle's lantern, spines, pedicellariae, and podia. Figures depict features used in the key, and provide an illustrated glossary of clypeasteroid terminology. A checklist groups the genera into three suborders (the Clypeasterina, Laganina, and Scutellina) and summarizes, for each genus, information on authorities, type species, number of included species, distribution, and stratigraphic occurrence. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mooi, Rich Living and Fossil genera of the Clypeasteroida (Echinoidea, Echinodermata). (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 488) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:488 1. Sand Dollars—Identification. I. Title. II. Series. QLl.s54 no. 488 591s [593.9' 89-600113 [QL384.E2]
Complete Genome Sequence of the RNAs 3 and 4 Segments of Rice stripe virus Isolates in Korea and their Phylogenetic Relationships with Japan and China Isolates

The complete genome sequences of RNA3 and RNA4 of the 13 different Rice stripe virus (RSV) isolates were determined and characterized in this study to address the possible causes of the recent re-emergence of RSV that affected many rice fields in Korea. The genome size of each RNA segment varied among isolates and significant differences were observed in the intergenic region. There was up to 4% average divergence in the RNA4 nucleotide sequence among 13 Korean isolates and only 1.4% in the RNA3. Phylogenetic relationships among different Korean isolates revealed that there were at least 2 types of RNA3 and 4 distinct types of RNA4 genomes present in Korea. However, Korean isolates with one type of RNA3 predominate over the other while the occurrences of the RSV Korean isolates with the 4 types of RNA4 genome were not correlated to specific geographical areas. Results further indicate that RNA4 had diverged more than RNA3 and these differences in accumulation of mutations in the individual RNA segments indicate that genetic reassortment were likely to contribute to the genetic divergence in the 13 Korean isolates. All of the Korean-RNA3 sequences except for one isolate grouped with Chinese isolates (JY and Z). In contrast, the RNA 4 sequences segregated together with either Chinese (JY and Z) and Japanese (M and T) isolates but genetic relationships of Korean isolates- RNAs 3 and 4 segments to Chinese-Y isolate were low. Altogether, these results suggest that the occurrence of mixtures of RNAs 3 and 4 genotypes in the natural population of RSV may have contributed to the sudden outbreak in Korea.
The evolution and genetics of aphid endosymbionts

O ne of the striking attribute.s of prokaryotes (boch Bacteria and Archaea) is the dlversity of thei! catabolic pathways and ehe ir biosynthetic capabilities (Brock er al. 1994). Many prnkaryores are able co L1se unusual substrates for growth and synthesize a11 of the constituenes of cells from relative! y simple compounds. In contrast, many eukaryotcs lack such capa bi litics and ha ve developed elose associations in which they take advantage of thc metabolie versatility of prokaryotes. In some of these associations, the organisms live in elose contace bm remain separate. In orher cases, called endosymbioses, the prokaryote i5 scqucstered \vithin the eukaryotic eell. The c1assicaJ eompilation of endosymbiotic assoClations is that of suchner (1965). Inseets are particularly prone ta endosymbiotic associatiom . Such associ~tions are widespread among members of the orders Homoptera (a phids, whiteflies, mealybugs, psylIid! >, and cicadas), Blattaria (cock-
Biased Confidence in Risk Assessment Studies

ABSTRACT The present research examined factors that influence laypeople's confidence in the results of risk assessment studies. A 2 (hazard; cell phone, base station) × 2 (study outcome; no risk, risk) × 2 (health effect; well-being, cancer) × 3 (risk perception prior to the manipulation; low, medium, high) design was used. Results showed that participants had more confidence in studies with results that were in line with their prior attitudes compared with studies that were at odds with their prior attitudes. In addition, participants had more confidence in studies showing a risk compared with studies showing no risk. Results suggest that these biases may be one of the reasons why laypeople are concerned about technological risks, even when risk assessment studies indicate that there is a low probability of adverse health effects.
Field Response of Maize to a VAM Fungus and Water Management

Mycorrhizae improve plant nutrient uptake and are known to affect the water relations of plants grown in growth chambers and greenhouses. This paper summarizes a 3-yr field study that tested the effects of mycorrhizae and water management on the growth and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). In each year, two inoculation treatments (inoculated or not with Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerdemann) and three water-management treatments (fully irrigated, moderate stress, and severe stress) were applied to fumigated and fertilized Millhopper fine sand (loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic Grossarenic Paleudult). Inoculum was placed in a furrow 10 cm deep at an average rate of 1500 propagules per meter of row []
Meta-analysis of lotic nutrient amendment experiments: detecting and quantifying subtle responses

Ecological theory predicts that multiple nutrients, added independently, could each stimulate algal community biomass. In contrast to this theoretical prediction, individual nutrient amendment experiments frequently detect significant increases in algal community biomass in response to addition of a single nutrient, whereas the independent addition of other nutrients often does not result in a statistically significant increase in biomass. However, because of the low replication and high variability typical of ecological field experiments, only large responses can be detected as statistically significant in any single experiment. It is therefore possible that smaller, yet still real and biologically important responses occur, but remain undetected because of the low statistical power of individual experiments. Meta-analysis of lotic nutrient (N and P) amendment experiments indicated that simultaneous stimulation of benthic algal community biomass by >1 nutrient was the rule, not the exception. Addition of a limiting nutrient typically doubled algal biomass, whereas addition of another nutrient generally increased algal biomass ∼1.25-fold. N was approximately equally likely as P to be limiting. The power of the typical experiment for detecting biomass stimulation resulting from limiting and “nonlimiting” nutrients was >85% and <50%, respectively. This study presents yet another line of evidence that multispecies communities are unlikely to be limited by a single nutrient, and illustrates the utility of meta-analysis for conducting statistically powerful syntheses of ecological experiments.
The population biology of the early spider orchid, Ophrys sphegodes Mill I. A demographic study from 1975 to 1984

(1) The results of a ten-year (1975-84) demographic study of a population of Ophrys sphegodes, a rare orchid with a declining distribution in the British Isles, are presented, and the methodological and interpretational difficulties in conducting demographic studies on orchids are discussed. (2) Individual plants of 0. sphegodes show irregular patterns of appearance above ground between years. Plants which fail to appear for three consecutive years can usually be considered to have died ( > 0 95 probability). (3) The number of plants emerging in different years varied over a twofold range but failed to show the dramatic yearly fluctuations said to be characteristic of some orchid species. Each year between 65 and 970% (mean 840%) of recorded plants flowered. It was estimated that no more than half of the total population was above ground when flowering occurred in May, although a higher proportion of the population may have emerged in the previous autumn. (4) The species is heavily grazed by sheep. Invertebrate grazing is low, affecting less than 50% of the emergent population each year. (5) Mean flower spike height was correlated with summed rainfall during the period of emergence (October-May), but no other measures of population performance, or recruitment, showed convincing correlations with climatic variables. (6) Few 0. sphegodes plants emerge above ground, or flower, for more than three consecutive years. Most emerge for only one year before entering a dormant phase or dying. (7) A few plants achieve life spans after first emergence of at least ten years. No information is available about the length of the subterranean phase of development prior to first emergence. Depletion and survivorship curves conform to Deevey Type III with a slightly decreasing mortality risk through time. However, half-lives, which assume a constant mortality risk, calculated for uneven-aged sets of plants from the beginning of the study, were significant (P< 0 01 to P< 0 001) and ranged from 1 5 to 2 3 years from the year of first emergence. Almost all recruitment of new plants is by seed. Vegetatively produced rosettes of 0. sphegodes were estimated to form less than 5% of the emergent population in any year. (8) Annual recruitment fell considerably, and annual mortality was high, from 1975 to 1980. Since 1980, annual recruitment has exceeded annual mortality. Over the ten years of the study there has been a net gain of thirty-two plants to the population, although from 1975 to 1980 there was a net deficit of ninety-seven plants. This recent improvement in the status of the population is believed to be directly linked to current management practice which involves winter sheep grazing to produce a short turf, and protection from grazing during flowering, seed maturation and seed dispersal.
Size-specific fish avoidance of the spined crustacean Bythotrephes: field support for laboratory predictions

Stomach contents of juvenile fish and zooplankton samples taken simultaneously with fish were analyzed to determine whether young fish in Lake Superior utilize Bythotrephes (cederstroemi form), a spined crustacean present in the Great Lakes since the 1980s. Bythotrephes made up approximately 11% of the zooplankton samples on our sampling date; however, it comprised approximately 0.3% of the fish diet (N = 358 fish, 2.8–23.9 cm in total length). No fish < 7.0 cm in length (N = 208) contained Bythotrephes. According to the Manly–Chesson selectivity index, fish negatively selected or avoided the spined zooplankter. A Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that although the number of Bythotrephes in the gut significantly increased with fish length, preference did not. These field results support predictions derived from laboratory experiments that (1) Bythotrephes is not a preferred prey item for young fish, (2) there is a threshold size of fish that can utilize Bythotrephes as a food source, and (3) as.
Survival and Growth of Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) Postlarvae Under Different Static and Flow Conditions

ABSTRACT The effect of different strategies of opening water flow on the survival and growth of Haliotis rufescens 9-d postlarvae was evaluated using a randomized block design with 3 replicates for 63 days. Larvae were settled (1.5 µM gamma-aminobutyric acid) in 2-L plastic vessels (total area, 701 cm2) and were subjected to the following treatments: static conditions, static conditions with aeration (NF + A), flow opened after 10 d, flow opened after 17 d, and flow opened after 24 d. The experiment was conducted at constant temperature (17.5 ± 0.5°C) and light intensity (∼750 lux). Water was changed daily in static treatments, and flow treatments received filtered seawater at ∼60 mL/min. Postlarvae were fed the benthic diatom Navicula incerta per standardized protocols. Every week, all organisms in each experimental unit were counted to estimate survival, and samples of 15 postlarvae were recorded under an inverted microscope and measured using digital image analysis. At the end of the experiment, greater survival occurred in treatment NF + A (68.2%) and was the lowest in the treatment in which flow was opened after 10 days (26.9%); however, no significant differences were found (P > 0.37). The greatest growth rate was observed in the treatment in which flow was opened after 24 days (61.6 µm/d), and the lowest was seen in static conditions (47.6 µm/d and 44.6 µm/d for static conditions and NF + A treatments, respectively). An inverse relationship between final growth rates and postlarval densities was found. Our results suggest that abalone postlarvae can be cultured successfully in static conditions with aeration, but feeding routines should be improved to allow high growth rates at high stocking densities.
Vaccine preparations used for immunization of eel Anguilla japonica against Edwardsiella tarda infection

To clarify the protective properties of Edwardsiella tarda polysaccharide reported previously, and to confirm the supposition that the elimination of lipid A from the immunogen can increase the immune protection of the preparation in the eels against experimental challenge with E. tarda EF-1, crude lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified polysaccharide and whole cell without lipid were injected intramuscularly in the eels. The highest survival was recorded in eels immunized with crude LPS preparation and good resistance was shown also in the eels immunized with the whole cell without lipid Eels immunized with purified polysaccharide did not show protection after challenge. Chemical analysis showed a high degree of purification for the polysaccharide preparation and perhaps this was the reason for the loss of immunogenicity and effectiveness of the preparation. This may have shown the im portance of protein and nucleic acid as haptenes or carriers in the preparations. The results also suggested that the elimination of the lipidic part from the whole cell may be an easy way to obtain an effective vaccine preparation against E. tarda infection.
Modest reductions in face skin temperature do not improve tolerance to a simulated hemorrhagic challenge in exercise heat stressed individuals.

Face cooling is associated with autonomic and cardiovascular alterations that accompany an increased blood pressure. Following an exercise heat stress, even minor increases in heart rate and vascular resistance may permit an improved blood pressure control during a simulated hemorrhagic challenge (Lower Body Negative Pressure, LBNP) and improve tolerance. Our aim was to examine whether modest reductions in face skin temperature would improve LBNP tolerance in exercise heat stressed individuals. Ten healthy subjects (Age: 29 ± 13 yrs; Ht: 177 ± 9 cm; Wt: 72.4 ± 8.0 kg) completed two counterbalanced trials (Trial A and Trial B) cycling at 63 ± 6% of their predetermined VO2Max whilst wearing a warm water perfused suit and face mask until core temperature had increased 1.5°C. Participants then underwent LBNP to pre syncope. LBNP tolerance was quantified as cumulative stress index (CSI; mmHg*min). Face skin temperature represents the average of forehead, cheek and chin skin temperatures. Face skin temperature was maintained at exercise heat stress values throughout LBNP in Trial A but was reduced via facial fanning in Trial B after 1 minute of LBNP. Arterial blood pressure (MAP, Penaz method), heart rate (HR, ECG), stroke volume (SV, Pulse Contour Analysis) were continuously measured and total peripheral resistance (TPR) was calculated. Following exercise heat stress, core (38.6 ± 0.2 °C), mean skin (38.2 ± 0.6 °C) and face skin (36.4 ± 0.5 °C) temperatures were elevated relative to baseline (all P < 0.05) and not different between trials (all P > 0.05). Face skin temperature remained elevated throughout LBNP in Trial A (36.1 ± 0.5 °C) but was reduced in Trial B (31.3 ± 1.6°C, P = 0.0001 between trials). Following exercise and prior to LBNP, HR was increased (63 ± 8 to 121 ±15 BPM) while MAP (86 ± 7 to 70 ± 6 mmHg) and TPR (12.5 ± 2.0 to 7.7 ± 1.6 mmHg/L/min) were similarly lowered relative to baseline in both trials (all P < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was similarly reduced at pre syncope in both trials (54 ± 11 and 57 ± 5 mmHg; P < 0.0001 relative to prior to LBNP). TPR and HR increased during LBNP in both trials relative to baseline (both P < 0.05) but were not different between trials 2 minutes after the onset of LBNP (TPR: 7.8 ± 1.7 vs. 7.8 ± 1.8 mmHg/L/min and HR: 131 ± 17 vs. 137 ± 22 BPM, main effect of trial both P > 0.05). CSI was not different between trials (Trial A: 332 ± 176 vs. Trial B: 393 ± 261 mmHg*min; P = 0.482). LBNP tolerance was not improved by face skin cooling in exercise heat stressed individuals. These results suggest that modest reductions in face skin temperature are not accompanied by an improved blood pressure control during a simulated hemorrhagic challenge in exercise heat stressed individuals.
IKKγ Mediates the Interaction of Cellular IκB Kinases with the Tax Transforming Protein of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1*

The Tax oncoprotein of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 constitutively activates transcription factor NF-κB by a mechanism involving Tax-induced phosphorylation of IκBα, a labile cytoplasmic inhibitor of NF-κB. To trigger this signaling cascade, Tax associates stably with and persistently activates a cellular IκB kinase (IKK) containing both catalytic (IKKα and IKKβ) and noncatalytic (IKKγ) subunits. We now demonstrate that IKKγ enables Tax to dock with the IKKβ catalytic subunit, resulting in chronic IκB kinase activation. Mutations in either IKKγ or Tax that prevent formation of these higher order Tax·IKK complexes also interfere with the ability of Tax to induce IKKβ catalytic function in vivo. Deletion mapping studies indicate that amino acids 1–100 of IKKγ are required for this Tax targeting function. Together, these findings identify IKKγ as an adaptor protein that directs the stable formation of pathologic Tax·IKK complexes in virally infected T cells.
Antioxidant capacity of bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus asper) flour produced under fermentation process by lactic acid bacteria

Bamboo shoot is part of the shoots of bamboo plants that can be consumed. Bamboo shoots can be processed by fermentation. The treatment of fermentation has many advantages such as increasing the fiber content and antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation treatment on antioxidant activity, morphological structure of starch, elemental mineral content and spectrum of functional groups of bamboo shoots flour. The treatments carried out in this study were bamboo shoot flour treated with fermentation for 24 and 48 hours spontaneously and using lactic acid bacteria, viz., Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei. Antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids, SEM, and FTIR were analyzed. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of bamboo shoot flour which experienced 48 hours fermentation had lower antioxidant activity than 24 hours, this was in line with the results of analysis of total phenol and total flavonoids. The morphological form of starch which has been fermented for 48 hours has a smaller granule shape and size and more was broken than 24 hours of fermentation. The elements contained in fermented bamboo shoot flour include carbon, oxygen, potassium and calcium. FTIR results of fermented bamboo shoot flour showed the same spectrum pattern but different absorbance values.
Field efficacy of newer insecticides against onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman

Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons (kharif and rabi) during 2017-18 to evaluate the efficacy of three newer insecticides, including cyantraniliprole (@ 90 & 120 gm ai/ha), emamectin benzoate (@ 11 & 22 gm ai/ha), tolfenpyrad @ 125 ai/ha along with a conventional insecticide, profenofos @ 160 ai/ha. A total of seven treatments, including untreated control, were imposed with a randomized block design having three replications. All the insecticides have been considerably effective against thrips over control. Profenofos @ 160 ai/ha was the most effective insecticide that produced an average reduction of 86.8-90% of population of thrips, low leaf curing and a maximum bulb yield (20.8-24.2 t/ha). Cyantraniliprole @ 120 gm ai/ha was next better insecticide with 73.8-79% decrease of thrips population, low leaf curling index and higher bulb yield (20.9-22.1 t/ha) and was on par with profenofos. From the study, it is recommended that new chemistry insecticide, cyantraniliprole may be used or rotated as alternative insecticide and may be integrated into insecticide schedule of the thrips management programme in onion.
Anogenital Human Papillomavirus and HIV Infection in Rwandan Men Who Have Sex With Men

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a high prevalence of anal and penile human papillomavirus (HPV) infections with MSM living with HIV (MSMLH) bearing the highest rates. Data on anogenital high-risk HPV (hrHPV) among MSM in Rwanda and the associated risk factors are scant. Methods: We recruited 350 self-identified MSM aged 18 years living in Kigali, Rwanda, with 300 recruited from the community and 50 from partner clinics. Anal and penile specimens from all participants were analyzed for hrHPV using the AmpFire platform. Logistic regression was used to calculate crude odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) as a measure of association between various factors and anal and penile hrHPV infection prevalence. Results: Anal hrHPV prevalence was 20.1%, was positively associated with having receptive anal sex with more partners (aOR: 9.21, 95% CI: 3.66 to 23.14), and was negatively associated with having insertive anal sex with more partners (aOR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.66). Penile hrHPV prevalence was 35.0%, was negatively associated with having receptive anal sex with more partners (aOR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.66), and differed significantly by HIV status, with 55.2% and 29.7% for MSMLH and HIV-negative MSM, respectively (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Penile hrHPV prevalence was higher than that of anal hrHPV and it was significantly higher in Rwandan MSMLH than in HIV-negative MSM. The prevalence of anal and penile HPV infections is likely variable at different locations in Africa, according to a number of factors including HIV status and sexual practices.