Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A coupled data assimilation system for climate reanalysis

A coupled data assimilation system has been developed at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which is intended to be used for the production of global reanalyses of the recent climate. The system assimilates a wide variety of ocean and atmospheric observations and produces ocean–atmosphere analyses with a coupled model. Employing the coupled‐model constraint in the analysis implies that assimilation of an ocean observation has immediate impact on the atmospheric state estimate and, conversely, assimilation of an atmospheric observation affects the ocean state. This covariance between atmosphere and ocean induced by the analysis method is illustrated with simple numerical experiments. Realistic data assimilation experiments based on the global observing system are then used to assess the quality of the assimilation method. Comparison with an uncoupled system shows a mostly neutral impact overall, with slightly improved temperature estimates in the upper ocean and lower atmosphere. These preliminary results are considered of interest for the ongoing community efforts focusing on coupled data assimilations.
Discovery of VHE γ-ray emission from the very distant BL Lac KUV 00311-1938 by H.E.S.S.

The observed spectra of very-high-energy (VHE) blazars may be deformed by γ-γ absorption onto the Extra-galactic Background Light (EBL) or, more speculatively, by photon-axion oscillations. As the resulting imprint on observed spectral characteristics may be redshift-dependent, it is important to enrich the catalogue of VHE high-redshift blazars. HESS-II [1], with its lowenergy threshold and enhanced E > 100 GeV sensitivity, will be a major instrument in this field of study. While awaiting this new phase of the experiment, H.E. S.S. observed the very distant BL Lac KUV00311-1938 in a multi-year campaign, leading to the discovery of its VHE γ-ray emission with a significance of 5.1 standard deviations. The detection of this source has been possible thanks to an enhanced low-energy sensitivity of recent-developed analysis techniques for IACTs (Paris-MVA) and a full refurbishment which markedly lowered the overall analysis threshold. The evaluation of the redshift of this source is difficult, due to the weakness of the absorption lines in the optical spectrum. A first attempt to evaluate this redshift was performed by [2], and [3], where a value of 0.61 was quoted with a question mark. More recently, [4] used the data from the X-Shooter spectrograph operating on the VLT to estimate a solid lower limit on the redshift of the source of z > 0.506, confirming that KUV00311-1938 is the farthest BL Lac ever detected at VHE.The observed spectra of very-high-energy (VHE) blazars may be deformed by γ-γ absorption onto the Extra-galactic Background Light (EBL) or, more speculatively, by photon-axion oscillations. As the resulting imprint on observed spectral characteristics may be redshift-dependent, it is important to enrich the catalogue of VHE high-redshift blazars. HESS-II [1], with its lowenergy threshold and enhanced E > 100 GeV sensitivity, will be a major instrument in this field of study. While awaiting this new phase of the experiment, H.E. S.S. observed the very distant BL Lac KUV00311-1938 in a multi-year campaign, leading to the discovery of its VHE γ-ray emission with a significance of 5.1 standard deviations. The detection of this source has been possible thanks to an enhanced low-energy sensitivity of recent-developed analysis techniques for IACTs (Paris-MVA) and a full refurbishment which markedly lowered the overall analysis threshold. The evaluation of the redshift of this source is difficult, due to the weakn.
Planetesimal dynamics in hydromagnetic turbulence

Abstract Planet formation theory is founded on the concept of dust coagulation and subsequent growth into planetesimals. This process is by no means an isolated one, but possibly happens in a turbulent nebula. It is therefore crucial to understand how particles of different sizes are affected by their gaseous environment via stochastic forcing and aerodynamic damping. We here report on the effects of magneto-rotational (MRI) turbulence in the presence of non-uniform ionisation leading to the formation of a magnetically inactive dead-zone. While we find that collisional growth is impeded by fully-active MRI, it may be possible within a dead-zone.
Dielectric Character Modified by Perpendicular Electric Field in Triglycine Sulfate

The dielectric dispersion of a triglycine sulfate single crystal has been measured after a prolonged application of the electric field perpendicular to the ferroelectric b axis. As the perpendicular electric field dwarfs the dielectric dispersion, the influence on the dielectric permittivity by the perpendicular electric field looks like the influence by the DC bias electric field parallel to the ferroelectric axis. It is concluded that the perpendicular electric field robustly immobilizes motion of the domain walls which contribute to the dielectric permittivity.
Orderly structure in jet turbulence

Past evidence suggests that a large-scale orderly pattern may exist in the noiseproducing region of a jet. Using several methods to visualize the flow of round subsonic jets, we watched the evolution of orderly flow with advancing Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number increases from order 102 to 103, the instability of the jet evolves from a sinusoid to a helix, and finally to a train of axisymmetric waves. At a Reynolds number around 104, the boundary layer of the jet is thin, and two kinds of axisymmetric structure can be discerned: surface ripples on the jet column, thoroughly studied by previous workers, and a more tenuous train of large-scale vortex puffs. The surface ripples scale on the boundary-layer thickness and shorten as the Reynolds number increases toward 105. The structure of the puffs, by contrast, remains much the same: they form at an average Strouhal number of about 0·3 based on frequency, exit speed, and diameter. To isolate the large-scale pattern at Reynolds numbers around 105, we destroyed the surface ripples by tripping the boundary layer inside the nozzle. We imposed a periodic surging of controllable frequency and amplitude at the jet exit, and studied the response downstream by hot-wire anemometry and schlieren photography. The forcing generates a fundamental wave, whose phase velocity accords with the linear theory of temporally growing instabilities. The fundamental grows in amplitude downstream until non-linearity generates a harmonic. The harmonic retards the growth of the fundamental, and the two attain saturation intensities roughly independent of forcing amplitude. The saturation amplitude depends on the Strouhal number of the imposed surging and reaches a maximum at a Strouhal number of 0·30. A root-mean-square sinusoidal surging only 2% of the mean exit speed brings the preferred mode to saturation four diameters downstream from the nozzle, at which point the entrained volume flow has increased 32% over the unforced case. When forced at a Strouhal number of 0·60, the jet seems to act as a compound amplifier, forming a violent 0·30 subharmonic and suffering a large increase of spreading angle. We conclude with the conjecture that the preferred mode having a Strouhal number of 0·30 is in some sense the most dispersive wave on a jet column, the wave least capable of generating a harmonic, and therefore the wave most capable of reaching a large amplitude before saturating.
Response of Lime and Phosphorus Application on Groundnut Growth, Yield and Soil Enzyme Activities in Acidic Soil of North Eastern India

ABSTRACT Soils in the north east Indian region are acidic in nature due to high rainfall and proper soil management is required where the common deficiencies like P, Ca and Mg have to be alleviated for a successful groundnut production. To test the effect of lime and phosphorus on groundnut yield and soil health, we conducted a field experiment during kharif season of 2014 and 2015 in ICAR RC NEH, Mizoram center farm (soil pH 5.1) using three levels of lime (0, 500 and 1000 kg CaCO3 ha‒ 1) and phosphorus (0, 25 and 50 kg ha‒ 1). Pooled data of lime and P application significantly improved the plant height and dry matter production per plant. Lime application improved number of pods by 14.8% and 26.1%, weight of pods by 19% and 30%, test weight by 5%, 8.7%, shelling percentage by 6.1%, 13% and pod yield by 26.5% and 63%. Lime application significantly raised the soil pH from 5.17 to 5.26 (L500) and 5.4 (L1000), subsequently increasing available nutrients like N, P and K whereas P @ 50 kg ha‒ 1 improved the available P status. Lime application negatively affect acid phosphatase activity while increasing the activity alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase, β‒glucosidase and dehydrogenase by 14.4% and 21%, 4% and 21%, 18.25% and 20.4% and 43.2% while P application decrease the acid phosphatase enzyme activity by 3 and 4.4%. Overall, multivariate PCA analysis suggests that liming has a significant role in improving soil health and groundnut productivity in acidic soil of Mizoram.
Patient Perceptions of a Decision Support Tool for Men with Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose. To evaluate patient perceptions of a Web-based decision aid for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Methods. We assessed patient perceptions of a multicomponent, Web-based decision aid with a preference elicitation/values clarification exercise using adaptive conjoint analysis, the generation of a summary report, and provision of information about localized prostate cancer treatment options. Using a think-aloud approach, we conducted 21 cognitive interviews with prostate cancer patients presented with the decision aid prior to seeing their urologist. Thematic content analysis was used to examine patient perceptions of the tool’s components and content prior to engaging in shared decision making with their clinician. Results. Five themes were identified: 1) patients had some negative emotional reactions to the tool, pointing out what they perceived to be unnecessarily negative framing and language used; 2) patients were forced to stop and think about preferences while going through the tool and found this deliberation to be useful; 3) patients were confused by the tool; 4) patients tried to discern the intent of the conjoint analysis questions; and 5) there was a disconnect between patients’ negative reactions while using the tool and a contrasting general satisfaction with the final “values profile” created by the tool. Conclusions. Studies are needed to explore the disconnect between patients’ expressing negative reactions while going through some components of decision aids but satisfaction with the final output. In particular, we hypothesize that this effect might be explained by cognitive biases such as choice-supportive bias, hindsight bias, and the “IKEA effect. ” This is one of the first projects to elicit patient reactions while they were completing a decision aid, and we recommend further similar, qualitative postprocess evaluation studies. Highlights We explored perceptions of a decision aid with education about localized prostate cancer treatment and preference elicitation using adaptive conjoint analysis. Patients found the tool useful but were also confused by it, tried to discern the intent of the questions, and expressed negative emotional reactions. In particular, there was a disconnect between patients’ negative reactions while using the tool and general satisfaction with the final values profile generated by the tool, which is an area for future research.
INFRARED STUDIES OF PEROVSKITE TITANATES

Abstract : The infrared reflection and transmission spectra of CaTiO3, SrTiO3, and PbTiO3 have been measured from 1/4000 to 1/30 cm at room temperature. The reflection data have been analyzed by means of a Kramers-Kronig method, from which the frequencies of the normal optically active vibrations were derived in agreement with data obtained from transmission spectra. Three infrared active vibrations were observed for cubic SrTiO3 as required by group theory. However, in the case of CaTiO3 and PbTiO3 which crystallize as slightly distorted perovskite structures to become orthorhombic and tetragonal, respectively, additional bands were found which had not been observed previously. These distortions from ideal cubic symmetry would split degenerate modes to possibly give additional frequencies. The results are compared with those of other workers. (Author)
Comparison of localized basis and plane-wave basis for density-functional calculations of organic molecules on metals

Kyuho Lee,1,2 Jaejun Yu,3 and Yoshitada Morikawa1,2,4,* 1The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan 2CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitawa 332-0012, Japan 3Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, School of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea 4Research Institute for Computational Science (RICS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan Received 13 June 2006; revised manuscript received 25 October 2006; published 3 January 2007
Incoherent scatter experiments at Jicamarca using alternating codes

An incoherent scatter experiment using alternating coded pulses has been implemented at Jicamarca. The experiment is intended to facilitate aeronomy research in the topside and protonosphere. By virtue of utilizing the full duty cycle capabilities of the radar transmitter, the experiment has improved sensitivity over the conventional double pulse experiment and permits multiple parameter estimation at protonospheric altitudes. Error analysis, including the estimation of the complete error covariance matrix for the alternating coded pulses, is discussed. Example density, temperature, and composition data illustrate the capabilities of the new experiment.
Establishment of rice yield prediction model using soil compaction

Soil compaction has a real effect on rice yield in the Mekong Delta. Two field experiments were carried out during 2019 Summer-Autumn and 2020 Summer-Autumn in An Giang Province (Mekong Delta). OM18 rice was cultivated in the plots which were laid out in a randomized complete block design measuring 0.5 × 0.5 m with 5 and 6 m alley between blocks and between plots. The Pearson's correlation test was applied to compare the mean and standard deviation of the soil layers and evaluate the correlation between soil compaction and rice yield in both crops. The present research results showed that the value of soil compaction increased with depth and differed among locations in the rice field. Soil compaction at 10 cm from the surface had a positive correlation with rice yield. Therefore, the prediction model of rice yield is able to build up due to soil compaction at 10 cm from the surface. Moreover, this study provides that the value of 10 cm soil layer compaction ranging between 165 and 190 kPa can be the optimal value of soil tillage for paddy rice cultivation with the highest yield in the Summer-Autumn crop.
MODELING OF COMBINED RADIATIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN AN ENCLOSURE WITH A HEAT-GENERATING CONDUCTING BODY

In this paper, we present a numerical study of the radiation-natural convection interactions in a differentially heated enclosure, within which a centered, squared, heat-conducting body generates heat. A specifically developed numerical model based on the finite-volume method and the SIMPLER algorithm is used for the solution of the governing equations. The working fluid (air) is perfectly transparent to the radiation. The Rayleigh number Ra and the temperature-difference ratio ΔT* were varied parametrically. For Pr = 0.71, the results obtained show that: (i) The isotherms and streamlines are strongly affected by the radiation exchange at high Rayleigh numbers (Ra ≥ 106), (ii) the temperature of the inner body decreases under the radiation exchange effect, (iii) for a constant Ra, the average Nusselt number at the hot and cold walls (Nuh and Nuc) vary linearly with increasing ΔT*: Nuh decreases with ΔT* while Nuc increases with ΔT*. Furthermore, the radiation exchange increases both average Nusselt numbers Nuh and Nuc, especially at Ra ≥ 105, and consequently, increases.
The Walls Have Ears: Gauging Security Awareness in a Home Workspace

— The pandemic changed the global enterprise working model. Work from home became the norm and so did the associated security risks. The new workspace posed new dangers such as insecure network and lack of organizational supervisions at home. Failing to adhere to strict security practices in the comfort of home could result in the leakage of confidential information. So, employees’ security awareness plays a major role in this new setting. In this paper, we present ‘Secure Workspace’, a serious game set in a simulated home workspace, that we used to gauge the awareness levels of enterprise employees on secure practices. Our game was well received and played by over 36,000 participants. Based on the participants’ performance, we present insights on their awareness, and an advisory to help reduce the number of security violations while working from home.
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics stability analysis

Abstract SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) is a gridless Lagrangian technique which is appealing as a possible alternative to numerical techniques currently used to analyze large deformation events. Recent tests of the standard SPH method using the cubic B-spline kernel indicated the possibility of an instability in the tensile regime, even though no such difficulties were observed in compression. A von Neumann stability analysis of the SPH algorithm has been carried out which identifies the criterion for stability or instability in terms of the stress state and the second derivative of the kernel function. The analysis explains the observation that the method is unstable in tension while apparently stable in compression but shows that it is possible to construct kernel functions which are stable in tension and unstable in compression. The instability is shown to result from an effective stress with a negative modulus (imaginary sound speed) being produced by the interaction between the constitutive relation and the kernel function and is not caused by the numerical time integration algorithm. That is, changes in the effective stress act to amplify, rather than reduce, perturbations in the strain. The analysis and the stability criterion provide insight into possible methods for removing the instability.
Vortex–vortex interaction between Hurricane Nadine (2012) and an Atlantic cut‐off dropping the predictability over the Mediterranean

Operational ensemble forecasts for the western Mediterranean exhibited high uncertainty while Hurricane Nadine was moving slowly over the eastern North Atlantic in September 2012. The forecasts showed a bifurcation in the track of Nadine—a significant fraction predicting its landfall over the Iberian Peninsula—and a high spread in the synoptic conditions downstream. The forecast uncertainty was a major issue for planning observations during the first special observation period (SOP1) of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment (HyMeX). Clustering the ensemble forecast of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reveals two scenarios for interaction between Nadine and an Atlantic cut‐off, which controls both the track of Nadine and the synoptic conditions downstream. The observed scenario of weak interaction is characterized by Nadine moving westward and the cut‐off moving eastward. The cut‐off then triggers precipitation over the Cévennes in southeastern France. The contrasting scenario of strong interaction is characterized by Nadine and the cut‐off rotating around each other over the Atlantic. Nadine then either merges with the cut‐off or makes landfall over the Iberian Peninsula. The interaction between Nadine and the cut‐off mimics the vortex–vortex interaction previously observed between two tropical cyclones or two upper‐level vortices. It differs from the usual interaction between a tropical cyclone and a larger trough during extratropical transition. A critical distance of about 1000 km between Nadine and the cut‐off distinguishes between the cases of weak and strong interaction in the ensemble forecast. Shifting the initial position of Nadine in Meso‐NH numerical experiments confirms the critical distance and suggests a bifurcation point in the relative position of Nadine and the cut‐off. The high forecast sensitivity to the vortex–vortex interaction resulted in the lowest predictability over the Mediterranean during the whole HyMeX SOP1.
A note on a pair of integral operators involving Whittaker functions

In recent years various authors have studied integral operators involving confluent hypergeometric functions Mκ,μ and Wκ,μ. Using the method devised by Fox [2], Saxena [5] obtained the inverse of an integral operator with kernel (xt) μ− ½e− ½xtWκ,μ (xt). Singh [6] derived the solution of an integral equation of convolution type with kernel
Effects of strain on electronic and optic properties of holey two-dimensional C2N crystals

A two-dimensional (2D) material, the holey 2D C2N (h2D-C2N) crystal, has recently been synthesized. Here, we investigate the strain effects on the properties of this material by first-principles calculations. We show that the material is quite soft with a small stiffness constant and can sustain large strains ≥12%. It remains a direct gap semiconductor under strain, and the bandgap size can be tuned in a wide range as large as 1 eV. Interestingly, for biaxial strain, a band crossing effect occurs at the valence band maximum close to a 8% strain, leading to a dramatic increase of the hole effective mass. Strong optical absorption can be achieved by strain tuning with absorption coefficient ∼106 cm−1 covering a wide spectrum. Our findings suggest the great potential of strain-engineered h2D-C2N in electronic and optoelectronic device applications.
Morphology, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of Pasteurella multocida Causing Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Indonesia

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) in buffaloes and cattle. The disease causes serious problems in Indonesian livestock and is classified as a serious transmissible animal disease. Previous research has determined the diversity of P. multocida using a serotyping method based on the antigenic properties of capsule polysaccharides. An alternative method for analysis utilizes sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). This study aimed to characterize and determine P. multocida diversity in several regions of Indonesia based on phenotypic character, protein profile, and the band pattern of RAPD results. Bacterial identification was performed using traditional biochemical techniques and API® 20NE systems and then confirmed molecularly using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The freeze-thawing technique was performed to obtain the bacterial protein extract, and DNA extraction was executed using DNAzol. The extracted protein and RAPD product were then electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gel and 1.5% agarose gel, respectively. The results indicate that the molecular weight range of the protein bands is 12–209 kDa, and the band pattern of the RAPD results ranged from 307–3,100 bp. Based on phenotypical analysis, P. multocida from South Sulawesi Province exhibited a variety of growth characteristics in MacConkey agar media. Using the hierarchical clustering analysis of the band patterns of RAPD and the whole-cell protein profiles, four and five clusters were formed, respectively. These results indicate molecular diversity among P. multocida from several regions of Indonesia.