Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Colliding Microburst Outflow Dynamics

Abstract A parameter study of colliding microburst outflows is performed using a high-resolution three-dimensional model. The colliding microburst pairs me simulated in a domain of 18 km × 16 km × 4.25 km with 50-m resolution. Microburst pairs are examined in varying space and time separations, and the authors find that for certain geometries strong elevated wind fields are generated from the interactions between outflows. For a narrow range of space-time geometries, this elevated wind field is extremely divergent. An examination of the F-factor aircraft hazard parameter reveals that both the divergent wind fields and microburst downdraft cores are regions of danger to jet aircraft. Trajectory analysis reveals that the air composing the elevated jets can be traced back to the shallow outflow formed beneath each microburst core. An analysis of the parcel kinetic energy budget indicates that the pressure domes beneath and between the microbursts are the primary mechanisms for directing energy into the eleva.
Market integration, income inequality, and kinship system among the Mosuo of China

Abstract Abstract Increased access to defensible material wealth is hypothesised to escalate inequality. Market integration, which creates novel opportunities in cash economies, provides a means of testing this hypothesis. Using demographic data collected from 505 households among the matrilineal and patrilineal Mosuo in 2017, we test whether market integration is associated with increased material wealth, whether increased material wealth is associated with wealth inequality, and whether being in a matrilineal vs. patrilineal kinship system alters the relationship between wealth and inequality. We find evidence that market integration, measured as distance to the nearest source of tourism and primary source of household income, is associated with increased household income and ‘modern’ asset value. Both village-level market integration and mean asset value were associated negatively, rather than positively, with inequality, contrary to predictions. Finally, income, modern wealth and inequality were higher in matrilineal communities that were located closer to the centre of tourism and where tourism has long provided a relatively stable source of income. However, we also observed exacerbated inequality with increasing farm animal value in patriliny. We conclude that the forces affecting wealth and inequality depend on local context and that the importance of local institutions is obscured by aggregate statistics drawn from modern nation states.
Prior mathematics achievement and mathematics self-efficacy as indicators for success in pre-service teachers’ achievement in geometry and trigonometry

This study is a quantitative research and used a correlational research design to investigate the relationship between pre-service teachers’ prior mathematics achievement (PA) at the senior high school and mathematics self-efficacy (MSEF) on learning and achievement in geometry and trigonometry in colleges of education. A sample of 449 pre-service teachers (264 males and 185 females) randomly selected from the population was used for the study. The result revealed a strong positive relationship between PA (r = 0.543), MSEf (r = 0.542), and geometry and trigonometry score. The study then concludes that the factors (PA, MSEf) have a positive relationship with geometry and trigonometry achievement. The study recommended that colleges of education should place much emphasis on pre-service teachers’ entry grade in mathematics when considering the requirement for admission.
Simulation and mapping of rice growth and yield based on remote sensing

Abstract. The GRAMI crop growth model uses remote sensing data and thus has the potential to produce maps of crop growth and yield. A pixel-based crop information delivery system (CIDS) to simulate and map rice (Oryza sativa) growth and yield was developed using GRAMI. The GRAMI-rice model was parameterized using field data obtained at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, in 2011 and 2012. The model was separately validated using field data obtained at the same research site in 2009 and 2010. The model was then integrated into the CIDS to produce two-dimensional (2-D) maps of crop growth and yield. Simulated values of rice growth and yield agreed well with the corresponding measurements in both parameterization and evaluation. The simulated yields were in statistical agreement with the corresponding measured yields according to paired t tests (p=0.415 for parameterization and p=0.939 for validation). The CIDS accurately produced 2-D maps of rice growth and yield. The GRAMI-rice CIDS has simple input requirements and will be useful for regional rice growth monitoring and yield mapping projects.
Physicochemical Quality and Health Risks Associated with Use of Water from Nyamwamba River, Kasese, Western Uganda

Aim: In Kasese district of Western Uganda, farmers cultivating near Nyamwamba River (NR) experience crop wilting whenever the river banks burst. Increased cases of cancer and ulcers in the district is anecdotally blamed on ingestion of contaminated water from water resources polluted by tailings from Kilembe copper mines. Sand miners attested that mining in NR caused body irritations and itching while drinking water from the same river results in abdominal complications in infants. The aim of this study was to assess the seasonal variations in the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals (HMs) content of water from NR, and the associated health risks. Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were done at the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda from 2018 to 2019. Methodology: This study employed quantitative research design. Water was sampled from down, middle and upstream of NR and Mubuku River, Western Uganda during the dry and wet seasons. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended soils) and HMs: chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) by atomic absorption spectrometry. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target harzard quotient (THQ) and cancer risks were calculated to explore if there are any carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks that could arise from ingestion and dermal contact with water from NR. Results: Most physicochemical parameters of the water samples only met WHO guidelines for drinking water in the upstream. The mean concentration of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd and As were 0.90-29.66 mg/L, 0.21-10.74 mg/L, 0.40-8.21 mg/L, 1.10-13.47 mg/L, 0.79-13.47 mg/L, 0.05-1.40 mg/L and 0.22-4.34 mg/L, respectively. Wet season recorded higher HMs concentrations when compared to the dry season, with all its samples exceeding the WHO guidelines for drinking water. There was an extremely high concentration of HMs in the upstream samples than expected. Health risk assessment indicated that the EDI through dermal contact ranged from 0.015 to 4.150 mg/kg/day while through ingestion of contaminated water, the values ranged from 0.008 × 10-6 to 38.266 × 10-6 mg/Lday. Some of the EDI doses were higher than corresponding reference doses for ingestion and contact with the HMs in water. THQ and total THQ exceeded 1 while cancer risk values were beyond the US EPA cancer risk borderline. Conclusion: This study revealed that there are serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks that could arise from consumption and contact with water from NR. Future studies should examine the relationship between the occurrence of trace metals in food stuffs with cancer, ulcers and other associated diseases in the area.
Flow characteristics in the downstream region of a conical diffuser

Using the Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with the k-ϵ model of turbulence, the characteristics of flow in the region downstream of a conical diffuser with 5° angle of inclination are calculated. Two representative stations 1D2 and 10D2 after the diffuser exit are selected for comparison against experimental results. The calculations indicate an underestimation of mean velocity and turbulence kinetic energy at the first station, while satisfactory agreement is obtained for the mean velocity at the second station. The use of a modified k-ϵ model sensitive to adverse pressure conditions improves the predictions considerably. The effect of inlet properties and Reynolds number on the flow characteristics at the above stations is studied using various inlet profiles and a range of Reynolds numbers based on the inlet diameter from 50 000 to 280 000.
Single‐month unemployment rate estimates for the Brazilian Labour Force Survey using state‐space models

The Brazilian Labour Force Survey publishes monthly national indicators based on 3‐month rolling data. This paper presents state‐space models to produce state‐level single‐month unemployment rate estimates. The models account for sampling errors and the increased dynamics in the labour force series due to the unforeseen SARS‐COV‐2 pandemic. Bivariate time series models with claimant count auxiliary data and multivariate models combining survey data of several states are investigated. The results demonstrated the benefits of the univariate state‐space approach to produce unemployment official statistics for Brazil. Additionally, the regional multivariate model shows promising results but requires further investigation.
Toward a Dracula urbanism: Smart city building in Flint and Jakarta

We study two places experiencing the rise of both the real-estate state and smart city building, Jakarta, Indonesia and Flint, USA. Our core thesis: these real-estate states work through and make a kind of urbanism that we term Dracula urbanism. We identify Dracula urbanism as a deep-reaching, human-punishing unfolding that is simultaneously a state of mind, a mode of institutional operation, a vision of people, one gaze onto growth's true needs and a kind of growth produced. Our Dracula urbanist notion that is seen to engulf real-estate states has four central features. First, the political and economic resources to drive smart city building are secured through ever-thickening parasitic relations, particularly with upper-level sources of power and authority. Second, city building involves unrelenting drives to kill and destroy (not rehabilitate or therapeutize) supposedly deep civic ‘cancers’, such as the poor's presumed anti-civic, morally and culturally deficient dispositions and ways. Third, city building is promoted through strategically deploying the materiality and discursive terrors of decline. Fourth, local real-estate states are decisively integrated into ‘planetary urbanizations’ through circuits of smart-growth capital investment and techno-scientific claims to expertise. All of these, we chronicle, are vintage characteristics of Stoker's rendition of Dracula. The results suggest that the cultural politics of in-your-face revanchism that Neil Smith helped us to see, and is still present in cities such as Flint and Jakarta, is today accompanied by an equally punishing, complicated and adroitly adapting state politics in these places.
Mechanism of Phase Separation in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Liquid-liquid phase separation underlies the formation of membrane-less organelles inside living cells. The mechanism of this process can be examined using simple aqueous mixtures of two or more solutes, which are able to phase separate at specific concentration thresholds. This work presents the first experimental evidence that mesoscopic changes precede visually detected macroscopic phase separation in aqueous mixtures of two polymers and a single polymer and salt. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis indicates the formation of mesoscopic polymer agglomerates in these systems. These agglomerates increase in size with increasing polymer concentrations prior to visual phase separation. Such mesoscopic changes are paralleled by changes in water structure as evidenced by Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic analysis of OH-stretch bands. Through OH-stretch band analysis, we obtain quantitative estimates of the relative fractions of four subpopulations of water structures coexisting in aqueous solutions. These estimates indicate that abrupt changes in hydrogen bond arrangement take place at concentrations below the threshold of macroscopic phase separation. We used these experimental observations to develop a model of phase separation in aqueous media.
Kinetic Modelling of Esterification and Transesterification Processes for Biodiesel Production Utilising Waste-Based Resource

Process optimisation and reaction kinetic model development were carried out for two-stage esterification-transesterification reactions of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel. This study focused on these traditional processes due to their techno-economic feasibility, which is an important factor before deciding on a type of feedstock for industrialisation. Four-factor and two-level face-centred central composite design (CCD) models were used to optimise the process. The kinetic parameters for the esterification and transesterification processes were determined by considering both pseudo-homogeneous irreversible and pseudo-homogeneous first-order irreversible processes. For the esterification process, the optimal conditions were found to be an 8.12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1.9 wt. % of WCO for H2SO4, and 60 °C reaction temperature for a period of 90 min. The optimal process conditions for the transesterification process were a 6.1:1 methanol to esterified oil molar ratio, 1.2 wt. % of esterified oil of KOH, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and a reaction time of 110 min in a batch reactor system; the optimal yield was 99.77%. The overall process conversion efficiency was found to be 97.44%. Further research into reaction kinetics will aid in determining the precise reaction process kinetic analysis in future.
A Model for the 35 Day Variations in the Pulse Profile of Hercules X-1

The substantial differences between the X-ray pulse profiles seen during the «long-on» and the «short-on» stages in the 35 day cycle of Hercules X-1 are explained by a model that contains a tilted, twisted, precessing accretion disk, and an obliquely magnetized, nonprecessing neutron star which rapidly rotates about a fixed axis, perpendicular to the binary plane. The novel aspect of this model is a raised portion of the inner edge of the accretion disk that rotates synchronously with the neutron star. This additional component modulates the relative intensities of the main pulse and interpulse by attenuation of the emergent flux.
Geometric law for multiple returns until a hazard

For a -mixing stationary process we consider the number of multiple recurrencies to a set for n until the moment (which we call a hazard) when another multiple recurrence takes place for the first time where and are nonnegative increasing functions taking on integer values on integers. It turns out that if and decay in N with the same speed then converges weakly to a geometrically distributed random variable. We obtain also a similar result in the dynamical systems setup considering a -mixing shift T on a sequence space and study the number of multiple recurrencies until the first occurence of another multiple recurrence where are cylinder sets of length m and n constructed by sequences , respectively, and chosen so that their probabilities have the same order. This work is motivated by a number of papers on asymptotics of numbers of single and multiple returns to shrinking sets, as well as by the papers on open systems studying their behavior until an exit through a ‘hole’.
Nonasymptotic convergence of stochastic proximal point algorithms for constrained convex optimization

A very popular approach for solving stochastic optimization problems is the stochastic gradient descent method (SGD). Although the SGD iteration is computationally cheap and the practical performance of this method may be satisfactory under certain circumstances, there is recent evidence of its convergence difficulties and instability for unappropriate parameters choice. To avoid these drawbacks naturally introduced by the SGD scheme, the stochastic proximal point algorithms have been recently considered in the literature. We introduce a new variant of the stochastic proximal point method (SPP) for solving stochastic convex optimization problems subject to (in)finite intersection of constraints satisfying a linear regularity type condition. For the newly introduced SPP scheme we prove new nonasymptotic convergence results. In particular, for convex and Lipschitz continuous objective functions, we prove nonasymptotic estimates for the rate of convergence in terms of the expected value function gap of order $\mathcal{O}(1/k^{1/2})$, where $k$ is the iteration counter. We also derive better nonasymptotic bounds for the rate of convergence in terms of expected quadratic distance from the iterates to the optimal solution for smooth strongly convex objective functions, which in the best case is of order $\mathcal{O}(1/k)$. Since these convergence rates can be attained by our SPP algorithm only under some natural restrictions on the stepsize, we also introduce a restarting variant of SPP method that overcomes these difficulties and derive the corresponding nonasymptotic convergence rates. Numerical evidence supports the effectiveness of our methods in real-world problems.
TOXICITY STUDY OF URENA LOBATA USING ALLIUM SATIVUM: A NEW EUKARYOTIC BIOMONITORING TEST SYSTEM

Urena lobata (L.) has diverse biological activities. A recent study suggests that its leaf extract exerts acute toxicity on three different phases of Zebra fish, where the authors calculated the median lethal concentration (LC50) value ranges between 2,548 and 8,748 g/L. This study aims to re-check its toxic effects on a new eukaryotic test model named the Allium sativum toxicity test model. For this, the ethanolic leaf extract of Urena lobata (ELEUL) was tested at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/mL on the cloves of A. sativum at 24, 48, and 72 h exposure times (ET) using copper sulphate (CuSO4) as a reference standard. Manual observation of root number and length profiles was considered in this study. The results suggest that ELEUL significantly (p< 0.05) and concentration-dependently reduced the number and length of roots of the test system in comparison to the control group. However, the ELEUL exerted more toxic effects at 72 h ET on the test system, and it showed an adaptive capacity at 48 h inspect of 24 h ET. The LC50 value was obtained between 4 and 8 mg/mL. Taken together, the ELEUL exerted toxic effects on the root meristems of A. sativum cloves, and this new model was sensitive like other popularly used toxicogenetic biomonitoring systems, like the A. cepa test model. Therefore, A. sativum might be another hopeful plant-based toxicogenetic test model.
A Multiplicity Survey of Chromospherically Active and Inactive Stars

Surveys of three samples of solar-type stars, segregated by chromospheric emission level, were made to determine their multiplicity fractions and to investigate the evolution of multiplicity with age. In total, 245 stars were searched for companions with ΔV ≤ 3.0 and separations of 0. ″035 to 1. ″08 using optical speckle interferometry. By incorporating the visual micrometer survey for duplicity of the LamontHussey Observatory, the angular coverage was extended to 5. ″0 with no change in the ΔV limit. This magnitude difference allows mass ratios of 0.63 and larger to be detected throughout a search region of 2–127 AU for the stars observed. The 84 primaries observed in the chromospherically active sample are presumably part of a young population and are found to have a multiplicity fraction of 17.9% ± 4.6%. The sample of 118 inactive, presumably older, primaries were selected and observed using identical methods and are found to have a multiplicity fraction of only 8.5% ± 2.7%. Given the known link between chromospheric activity and age, these results tentatively imply a decreasing stellar multiplicity fraction from 1 to 4 Gyr, the approximate ages of the two samples. Finally, only two of the 14 very active primaries observed were found to have a companion meeting the survey detection parameters. In this case, many of the systems are either very young, or close, RS CVn type multiples that are unresolvable using the techniques employed here.
An Explicit Bound for the Log-Canonical Degree of Curves on Open Surfaces

Let $X$, $D$ be a smooth projective surface and a simple normal crossing divisor on $X$, respectively. Suppose $\kappa (X, K_X + D)\ge 0$, let $C$ be an irreducible curve on $X$ whose support is not contained in $D$ and $\alpha$ a rational number in $ [ 0, 1 ]$. Following Miyaoka, we define an orbibundle $\mathcal{E}_\alpha$ as a suitable free subsheaf of log differentials on a Galois cover of $X$. Making use of $\mathcal{E}_\alpha$ we prove a Bogomolov-Miyaoka-Yau inequality for the couple $(X, D+\alpha C)$. Suppose moreover that $K_X+D$ is big and nef and $(K_X+D)^2 $ is greater than $e_{X\setminus D}$, namely the topological Euler number of the open surface $X\setminus D$. As a consequence of the inequality, by varying $\alpha$, we deduce a bound for $(K_X+D)\cdot C)$ by an explicit function of the invariants: $(K_X+D)^2$, $e_{X\setminus D}$ and $e_{C \setminus D} $, namely the topological Euler number of the normalization of $C$ minus the points in the set theoretic counterimage of $D$. We finally deduce that on such surfaces curves with $- e_{C\setminus D}$ bounded form a bounded family, in particular there are only a finite number of curves $C$ on $X$ such that $- e_{C\setminus D}\le 0$.
Results of CRESST phase I

Results of the CRESST experiment at Gran Sasso using 262 g sapphire calorimeters with tungsten phase transition thermometers are presented. Calibration and analysis methods are described. Data taken in 2000 have been used to place limits on WIMP dark matter particles in the galactic halo. The sapphire detectors are especially sensitive for low-mass WIMPS with spin-dependent interaction and improve on existing limits in this region.
The Bayesian Analysis of Contingency Tables

Summary. This paper describes how data from a multinomial distribution, and in particular data in the form of a contingency table, may be studied by using a prior distribution of the parameters and expressing the results in the form of a posterior distribution, or some aspects thereof, of the parameters. The analysis used must depend on the prior distribution and the form described here only applies to a certain type of prior knowledge but, for reasons given below, it is believed that this type is of frequent occurrence. The binomial situation is first considered and the results obtained there suggest a general result for the multinomial distribution, which is then established. A few remarks on Bayesian analysis in general enable the result to be applied, first to certain multinomial problems and then, with the aid of another general result, to contingency tables. The method used there has close connections with the Analysis of Variance and these connections are examined, particularly with a view to simplifying the analysis of contingency tables involving three or more factors. 1. Binomial distributions. Although it will appear as a special case of results to be established for the general multinomial situation, it is instructive to begin with the binomial distribution which suggested the generalizations. Let N independent trials with constant probability 0 of success result in n successes and (N - n) failures. The likelihood is