Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An inflow-boundary based Navier-Stokes wave tank with strategies for volume preservation and immersed boundary treatment

Development of mass-source function based numerical wave tank (NWT) algorithms in the Navier-Stokes (NSE) framework is impeded by multiple design issues such as: (a) optimization of a number of variables characterizing the source region, (b) wave-vorticity interactions (especially in near-shallow water $(kh 0.03)$ is prevented by using blended schemes for momentum advection. In addition, a mesh stair-stepping approach has been adopted for treatment of non-Cartesian immersed boundaries on a staggered variable arrangement. Proposed NWT model is benchmarked for simulation of: (a) monochromatic waves $(1.65 \leq \mathsf{Ur} \leq 27.2)$, (b) monochromatic waves superimposed with free harmonics, (c) irregular waves in deep water $(kh>10)$ and (d) wave-structure interaction occurring over a submerged trapezoidal bar $(1.65\leq \mathsf{Ur} \leq 8.61)$. Excellent agreement with analytical, numerical and experimental data is reported.
Characterising Psycho-Physiological Responses and Relationships during a Military Field Training Exercise

Over a 15-day period, that included an eight-day field trial, the aims of this study were to (1) quantify the physical workload, sleep and subjective well-being of soldiers in training; (2a) Explore relationships between workload and well-being, and (2b) sleep and well-being; (3) Explore relationships between workload, sleep, and well-being. Methods: Sixty-two Combat Engineer trainees (59 male, 3 female; age: 25.2 ± 7.2 years) wore an ActiGraph GT9X to monitor daily energy expenditure, physical activity, and sleep. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), sleep quality, and fatigue were measured daily, subjective well-being was reported days 1, 5, 9, 13 and 15. Multi-level models were used for the analysis. Results: Well-being was affected by a combination of variables including workload, subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency. RPE and subjective sleep quality were consistently significant parameters within the models of best fit. Conclusions: Perceptions of well-being were lower during the field training when physical workload increased, and sleep decreased. Energy expenditure was comparatively low, while daily sleep duration was consistent with field training literature. Subjective assessments of workload and sleep quality were consistently effective in explaining variations in well-being and represent an efficient approach to monitor training status of personnel.
Binary neutron-star mergers with Whisky and SACRA: First quantitative comparison of results from independent general-relativistic hydrodynamics codes

We present the first quantitative comparison of two independent general-relativistic hydrodynamics codes, the whisky code and the sacra code. We compare the output of simulations starting from the same initial data and carried out with the configuration (numerical methods, grid setup, resolution, gauges) which for each code has been found to give consistent and sufficiently accurate results, in particular, in terms of cleanness of gravitational waveforms. We focus on the quantities that should be conserved during the evolution (rest mass, total mass energy, and total angular momentum) and on the gravitational-wave amplitude and frequency. We find that the results produced by the two codes agree at a reasonable level, with variations in the different quantities but always at better than about 10%.
Topological field theories of 2- and 3-forms in six dimensions

We consider several diffeomorphism invariant field theories of 2- and 3-forms in six dimensions. They all share the same kinetic term $BdC$, but differ in the potential term that is added. The theory $BdC$ with no potential term is topological - it describes no propagating degrees of freedom. We show that the theory continues to remain topological when either the $BBB$ or $C\hat{C}$ potential term is added. The latter theory can be viewed as a background independent version of the 6-dimensional Hitchin theory, for its critical points are complex or para-complex 6-manifolds, but unlike in Hitchin's construction, one does not need to choose of a background cohomology class to define the theory. We also show that the dimensional reduction of the $C\hat{C}$ theory to three dimensions, when reducing on S3, gives 3D gravity.
Charged Hadrons and Nuclear Parton Distributions in p(d)A Collisions

Nuclear gluon modifications are the least constrained component of current global fits to nuclear parton distributions, due to the inadequate constraining power of presently available experimental data from nuclear deep inelastic scattering and nuclear Drell-Yan lepton-pair production. A recent advance is the use of observables from relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions to supplement the data pool for global fits. It is thus of interest to investigate the sensitivity of various experimental observables to different strengths of nuclear gluon modifications from large to small Bjorken $x$. In this work we utilize three recent global fits with different gluon strengths to investigate the sensitivity of three observables: nuclear modification factor, pseudorapidity asymmetry, and charge ratio. We observe that both nuclear modification factor and pseudorapidity asymmetry are quite sensitive to the strength of gluon modifications in a wide pseudorapidity interval. The sensitivity is greatly enhanced at LHC (Large Hadron Collider) energies relative to that at RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider). The charge ratio is mildly sensitive only at large Bjorken x. Thus measurement of these observables in proton-lead collisions at the LHC affords the potential to further constrain gluon modifications in global fits.
Exclusion processes on networks as models for cytoskeletal transport

We present a study of exclusion processes on networks as models for complex transport phenomena, and in particular for active transport of motor proteins along the cytoskeleton. Specifically, we focus on the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) as well as its generalizations including backstepping (partially asymmetric simple exclusion process (PASEP)) and exchange with a bulk concentration (TASEP with Langmuir kinetics (TASEP-LK)). We build on the previously used effective rate approach to establish a general methodology in terms of effective rate diagrams, which allows for a simple classification of the stationary transport state of the total network. This approach is general and reveals generic features of exclusion processes on networks. Based on the three examples considered here, we show that the classification can be made in terms of three qualitative different network regimes: a homogeneous regime, a heterogeneous network regime and a heterogeneous segment regime. Using parameters representative of real motor proteins, we show how the transitions between these regimes can be regulated through a variety of multi-scale factors, such as the interplay of exclusion interactions, the non-equilibrium nature of the transport process, motor processivity and the network topology. Using the equilibrium limits of PASEP and TASEP-LK, we also shed further light on the emergence of density heterogeneities in active transport phenomena.
EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SIMULATED TWO-PLANET MICROLENSING EVENTS

We undertake the first study of two-planet microlensing models recovered from simulations of microlensing events generated by realistic multiplanet systems in which 292 planetary events, including 16 two-planet events, were detected from 6690 simulated light curves. We find that when two planets are recovered, their parameters are usually close to those of the two planets in the system most responsible for the perturbations. However, in 1 of the 16 examples, the apparent mass of both detected planets was more than doubled by the unmodeled influence of a third, massive planet. This fraction is larger than but statistically consistent with the roughly 1.5% rate of serious mass errors due to unmodeled planetary companions for the 274 cases from the same simulation in which a single planet is recovered. We conjecture that an analogous effect due to unmodeled stellar companions may occur more frequently. For 7 out of 23 cases in which two planets in the system would have been detected separately, only one planet was recovered because the perturbations due to the two planets had similar forms. This is a small fraction (7/274) of all recovered single-planet models, but almost a third of all events that might plausibly have led to two-planet models. Still, in these cases, the recovered planet tends to have parameters similar to one of the two real planets most responsible for the anomaly.
Circumnuclear and infalling H I gas in a merging galaxy pair at z = 0.123

Using long-slit optical spectra obtained with the 2-m telescope at IUCAA Girawali Observatory, we show that the radio source J094221.98+062335.2 (z = 0.123) is associated with a galaxy pair undergoing a major merger. Its companion is a normal star-forming galaxy infalling with a velocity of 185 km s 1 at a projected separation of 4.8kpc. Using the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) we detect a strong H i 21-cm absorption at the systemic redshift of the radio galaxy with N(H i)� 9 × 10 21 cm 2 for an assumed spin-temperature of 100 K. Such a strong H i 21-cm absorption is rare and has been seen only in a few compact radio sources associated with similar merging galaxy pairs. Milliarcsecond resolution Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations resolve the radio source into a compact symmetric object with the hotspot separation of 89pc. The 21-cm absorption is detected in the VLBA spectra towards both the radio lobes albeit with a strong optical depth gradient. We show that the strong 21-cm absorption is consistent with it being arising from a clumpy circumnuclear disk/torus. We also detect two weaker absorption lines redshifted with respect to the radio source in the WSRT/GMRT spectrum. They probably represent cold (i.e. T 6 10 4 K) H i gas falling into the radio source. The presence of high concentration of H i gas in the circumnuclear regions and signature of infalling cold gas allows us to conjecture that the young radio source may have been triggered by the gas infall due to the ongoing merger.
Large-scale bias and efficient generation of initial conditions for nonlocal primordial non-Gaussianity

We study the scale-dependence of halo bias in generic (non-local) primordial non-Gaussian (PNG) initial conditions of the type motivated by inflation, parametrized by an arbitrary quadratic kernel. We first show how to generate non-local PNG initial conditions with minimal overhead compared to local PNG models for a general class of primordial bispectra that can be written as linear combinations of separable templates. We run cosmological simulations for the local, and non-local equilateral and orthogonal models and present results on the scale-dependence of halo bias. We also derive a general formula for the Fourier-space bias using the peak-background split (PBS) in the context of the excursion set approach to halos and discuss the difference and similarities with the known corresponding result from local bias models. Our PBS bias formula generalizes previous results in the literature to include non-Markovian effects and non-universality of the mass function and are in better agreement with measurements in numerical simulations than previous results for a variety of halo masses, redshifts and halo definitions. We also derive for the first time quadratic bias results for arbitrary non-local PNG, and show that non-linear bias loops give small corrections at large-scales. The resulting well-behaved perturbation theory paves the way to constrain non-local PNG from measurements of the power spectrum and bispectrum in galaxy redshift surveys.
Community biomass is driven by dominants and their characteristics – The insight from a field biodiversity experiment with realistic species loss scenario

Revealing the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning (BEF) has been a major focus of ecological research over recent decades. In general, results from artificially assembled communities point to the important role of biodiversity showing that loss of species has a negative effect on various ecosystem functions (mostly assessed by above‐ground peak biomass). However, the evidence from manipulations of natural communities is scarce, and results are often contradictory between these two approaches. In particular, the importance of species dominance for ecosystem functioning remains poorly understood. We created a gradient of plant species richness in a meadow community following a realistic species loss scenario (removal of less abundant species) to test the effect of diversity on community biomass and assess the importance of subordinate species compared with dominants in a 5‐year experiment. Contrasting with results of BEF experiments with artificial assembly, we did not find any relationship between plant species diversity and above‐ground biomass across the timeframe of the experiment. We provide evidence that dominant species' identity and traits are the main drivers of community biomass because dominant species were able to maintain biomass production after substantial species loss. Furthermore, dominants prevented community biomass from declining and biomass was indirectly influenced not by species richness but through differences in functional diversity. Our results support the mass ratio hypothesis, showing much bigger effect of dominant species on community biomass production and hints to the rather minor importance of the complementarity effect between species. We emphasize that BEF research should more focus on the role of dominant species in maintaining various ecosystem functions. Synthesis. Species diversity is a poor predictor of community above‐ground biomass production and dominant species can effectively compensate the total production after substantial loss of other species in a grassland community.
Semiclassical rigid strings with two spins in AdS{sub 5}

Semiclassical spinning string states in AdS{sub 5} are, in general, characterized by the three SO(2,4) conserved charges: the energy E and the two spins S{sub 1} and S{sub 2}. We discuss several examples of explicit classical solutions for rigid closed strings of (bended) circular shape with two nonzero spins. In particular, we identify a solution that should represent a state that has minimal energy for large values of the two equal spins. Similarly to the spiky string in AdS{sub 3}, in the large-spin limit this string develops long 'arcs' that stretch towards the boundary of AdS{sub 5}. This allows the string to increase the spin while having the energy growing only logarithmically with S=S{sub 1}+S{sub 2}. The large-spin asymptotics of such solutions is effectively controlled by their near-boundary parts which, as in the spiky string case, happen to be SO(2,4) equivalent to segments of the straight folded spinning string. As a result, the coefficient of the logS term in the string energy should be given, up to an overall 3/2 coefficient, by the same universal scaling function (cusp anomaly) as in the folded string case, to all orders in the inverse string tension or strong-coupling expansion.
An Ecological Approach to Control Pathogens of Lycopersicon esculentum L. by Slow Release of Mancozeb from Biopolymeric Conjugated Nanoparticles

To control insects, weeds, and infections in crops, old-fashioned pesticide formulations (with massive quantities of heavy metals and a variety of chemicals) are used. By biological amplification via the food chain, many of these established pesticide formulations have accumulated in living systems and caused environmental pollution. To form a nanoparticulate matrix with a diameter ranging from 322.2 ± 0.9 to 403.7 ± 0.7 nm, mancozeb was embedded in chitosan–gum acacia (CSGA) biopolymers and loadings were confirmed via TEM and FTIR. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses were carried out as part of the investigation. Inhibition of Alternaria alternata by nanoparticles (NPs) with 1.0 mg/mL mancozeb (CSGA-1.0) was 85.2 ± 0.7 % at 0.5 ppm, whereas for Stemphylium lycopersici it was 62.1 ± 0.7% in the mycelium inhibition method. NPs demonstrated antimicrobial action in pot house environments. After ten hours, the mancozeb was liberated from the nanoformulations due to polymer matrix diffusion and relaxation, compared to 2 h for commercial mancozeb. Even while drug-loaded conjugated nanoparticles have equivalent antifungal activities, they have a lower release rate and, hence, reduced toxicology compared to commercial mancozeb. Therefore, this method can be employed to implement sustainable farming techniques in the future.
Lyα-emitting galaxies as a probe of reionization: large-scale bubble morphology and small-scale absorbers

The visibility of LyA emitting galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization is controlled by both diffuse HI patches in large-scale bubble morphology and small-scale absorbers. To investigate the impact on LyA photons, we apply a novel combination of analytic and numerical calculations to three scenarios: (i) the `bubble' model, where only diffuse HI outside ionized bubbles is present; (ii) the `web' model, where HI exists only in overdense self-shielded gas; and (iii) the more realistic 'web-bubble' model, which contains both. Our analysis confirms that there is a degeneracy between the ionization structure of the intergalactic medium (IGM) and the HI fraction inferred from LyA surveys, as the three models suppress LyA flux equally with very different HI fractions. We argue that a joint analysis of the LyA luminosity function and the rest-frame equivalent width distribution/LyA fraction can break this degeneracy and provide constraints on the reionization history and its topology. We further show that constraints can improve if we consider the full shape of the M_UV-dependent redshift evolution of the LyA fraction of Lyman break galaxies. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that (i) a drop of LyA fraction larger for UV-faint than for UV-bright galaxies can be reproduced with web and web-bubble models and therefore does not provide exclusive evidence of patchy reionization, and (ii) the IGM-transmission PDF is unimodal for bubble models and bimodal in web models. We further highlight the importance of galaxy-absorber cross-correlation. Comparing our models to observations, the neutral fraction at z~7 is likely to be of order of tens of per cent when interpreted with bubble or web-bubble models. Alternatively, we obtain a conservative lower limit ~1% in the web models, if we allow for a drop in the photoionization rate by a factor of ~100 from the post-reionized universe. [abridged]
Search for a simultaneous signal from small transient events in the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Tupi muon telescopes

— We present results of a search for a possible signal from small scale solar transient events (such as flares and interplanetary shocks) as well as possible counterparts to Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) observed simultaneously by the Tupi muon telescope (Niterói-Brazil, 22.9 0 S, 43.2 0 W, 3 m above sea level) and the Pierre Auger Observatory surface detectors (Malargue-Argentina, 69.3 0 S, 35.3 0 W, altitude 1400 m). Both cosmic ray experiments are located inside the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region. Our analysis of several examples shows similarities in the behavior of the counting rate of low energy (above 100 MeV) particles in association with the solar activity (solar flares and interplanetary shocks). We also report an observation by the Tupi experiment of the enhancement of muons at ground level with a significance higher than 8 s in the 1-sec binning counting rate (raw data) in close time coincidence (T-184 sec) with the Swift-BAT GRB110928B (trigger=504307). The GRB 110928B coordinates are in the field of view of the vertical Tupi telescope, and the burst was close to the MAXI source J1836-194. The 5-min muon counting rate in the vertical Tupi telescope as well as publicly available data from Auger (15 minutes averages of the scaler rates) show small peaks above the background fluctuations at the time following the Swift-BAT GRB 110928B trigger. In accordance with the long duration trigger, this signal can possibly suggest a long GRB, with a precursor narrow peak at T-184 sec.
Multidimensional Frailty and Lifestyles of Community-Dwelling Older Portuguese Adults

(1) Background: Lifestyles are referred to as conditioning factors for the frailty of older adults. However, there are few studies that explore its association. The objective of the present study is to analyze the association between sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors of older adults people with multidimensional frailty. (2) Methods: Descriptive and correlational study carried out with older adults people registered in a Health Unit in Portugal. Data were collected through a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and application of the Individual Lifestyle Profile and Tilburg Frailty Index to assess the lifestyles and multidimensional frailty of older adults, respectively. This last instrument, being of a multidimensional nature, assesses not only physical, but also psychological and social frailty, with a cut-off point of 6. (3) Results: Of the 300 older adults who participated, most were female (60.3%) and had a mean age of 81.34 ± 6.75 years. Moreover, 60.3% of the sample were frail older adults. Gender, marital status, number of household members, number of chronic diseases, number of daily medications, self-perception of health status and lifestyle and use of a walking device were associated with multidimensional frailty (p ≤ 0.001). Healthy eating habits, physical activity, relational behaviour, preventive behaviour, and stress management were significantly associated with lower physical, psychological, and social frailty (p ≤ 0.001). (4) Conclusions: When community health workers are aware of multidimensional frailty predictors and their components, they can intervene early and, consequently, delay the onset and progression of frailty in older adults.
Constraints on cosmological models from strong gravitational lensing systems

Strong lensing has developed into an important astrophysical tool for probing both cosmology and galaxies (their structure, formation, and evolution). Using the gravitational lensing theory and cluster mass distribution model, we try to collect a relatively complete observational data concerning the Hubble constant independent ratio between two angular diameter distances Dds/Ds from various large systematic gravitational lens surveys and lensing by galaxy clusters combined with X-ray observations, and check the possibility to use it in the future as complementary to other cosmological probes. On one hand, strongly gravitationally lensed quasar-galaxy systems create such a new opportunity by combining stellar kinematics (central velocity dispersion measurements) with lensing geometry (Einstein radius determination from position of images). We apply such a method to a combined gravitational lens data set including 70 data points from Sloan Lens ACS (SLACS) and Lens Structure and Dynamics survey (LSD). On the other hand, a new sample of 10 lensing galaxy clusters with redshifts ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 carefully selected from strong gravitational lensing systems with both X-ray satellite observations and optical giant luminous arcs, is also used to constrain three dark energy models (ΛCDM, constant w and CPL) under a flat universe assumption. For the full sample (n = 80) and the restricted sample (n = 46) including 36 two-image lenses and 10 strong lensing arcs, we obtain relatively good fitting values of basic cosmological parameters, which generally agree with the results already known in the literature. This results encourages further development of this method and its use on larger samples obtained in the future.