Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Riemann Problems and the WAF Method for the Two-Dimensional Shallow Water Equations

An exact Riemann solver for the shallow water equations along with several approximate Riemann solvers are presented. These solutions are used locally to compute numerically the global solution of the general initial boundary value problem for the shallow water equations. The numerical method used is the weighted average flux method (WAF) proposed by the author in Ref. 3. This is a conservative, shock capturing high resolution method. For shallow water flows where non-linear effects are important or where abrupt changes (hydraulic Jumps) are to be expected the present algorithms can be useful in practice. Starting in 1946 as the College of Aeronautics, the Cranfield Institute of Technology was granted university status in 1969. In 1993 it changed its name to Cranfield University.
Electron capture into partially stripped projectile ions

The capture of 1s electrons into partially stripped ions has been calculated rigorously within the Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers approximation taking into account both the departure from the Coulomb potential and the effect of occupied projectile states. Numerical calculations have been performed for Li/sup q/+, C/sup q/+, N/sup q/+, and O/sup q/+ colliding with H atoms. After applying a reduction factor derived from the eikonal approximation excellent agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for q = 1 and slightly decreasing agreement for q = 2. In all cases considered the partially stripped projectile behaves like a Coulomb particle with the bare charge q if q> or =3 except at very high energies. Within the present treatment it is not possible to reproduce the oscillations in the charge-state dependence of the cross section for the reaction Ta/sup q/++H. -->. H/sup +/+Ta/sup( q/-1)+ observed by Kim et al.
Novel Components of the Stress Assembly Sec Body Identified by Proximity Labeling

Sec bodies are membraneless stress-induced assemblies that form by the coalescence of endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES). Through APEX2 tagging of Sec24AB, we biotinylated and identified the full complement of Sec body proteins. In the presence of biotin-phenol and H2O2 (APEX on), APEX2 facilitates the transfer of a biotin moiety to nearby interactors of chimeric Sec24AB. Using this unbiased approach comparing APEX on and off (−H2O2) conditions, we identified 52 proteins specifically enriched in Sec bodies. These include a large proportion of ER and Golgi proteins, packaged without defined stoichiometry, which we could selectively verify by imaging. Interestingly, Sec body components are neither transcriptionally nor translationally regulated under the conditions that induce Sec body formation, suggesting that incorporation of these proteins into granules may be driven instead by the aggregation of nucleating proteins with a high content of intrinsically disordered regions. This reinforces the notion that Sec bodies may act as storage for ERES, ER and Golgi components during stress.
MODELLING OF OSCILLATIONS, BREAKUP AND COLLISIONS FOR DROPLETS: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF KERNELS FOR THE T.A.B. MODEL

In this work, we consider a spray consisting of droplets surrounded by a gas. The droplets are described by a kinetic equation and the gas verifies an equation of fluid dynamics such as Navier–Stokes. We write down the kernels corresponding to complex phenomena such as oscillations, breakup and collisions/coalescences. We use for that the T.A. B. model of oscillations introduced in particular in the KIVA code of combustion of Los Alamos, and the collision model introduced by Villedieu. We briefly explain the numerical method for solving such equations, and present results.
Immunomodulatory Aspects of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Neurological Disorders—A Pilot Study

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is used for drug-resistant neuroimmunological disorders, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. We therefore prospectively explored changes in soluble, humoral, and cellular immune components associated with TPE. We included ten patients with neurological autoimmune disorders that underwent TPE and assessed a panel of clinically relevant pathogen-specific antibodies, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6, pg/mL), C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/dL), procalcitonin (PCT, µg/L) and major lymphocyte subpopulations (cells/µL). Blood was collected prior to TPE (pre-TPE, baseline), immediately after TPE (post-TPE), as well as five weeks (follow-up1) and 130 days (follow-up2) following TPE. Pathogen-specific antibody levels were reduced by −86% (p < 0.05) post-TPE and recovered to 55% (follow-up1) and 101% (follow-up2). Ig subclasses were reduced by −70–89% (p < 0.0001) post-TPE with subsequent complete (IgM/IgA) and incomplete (IgG) recovery throughout the follow-ups. Mean IL-6 and CRP concentrations increased by a factor of 3–4 at post-TPE (p > 0.05) while PCT remained unaffected. We found no alterations in B- and T-cell populations. No adverse events related to TPE occurred. TPE induced a profound but transient reduction in circulating antibodies, while the investigated soluble immune components were not washed out. Future studies should explore the effects of TPE on particular cytokines and assess inflammatory lymphocyte lineages to illuminate the mode of action of TPE beyond autoantibody removal.
The paradigm of complex probability and Chebyshev’s inequality

ABSTRACT The system of axioms for probability theory laid in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov can be extended to encompass the imaginary set of numbers and this by adding to his original five axioms an additional three axioms. Therefore, we create the complex probability set , which is the sum of the real set with its corresponding real probability, and the imaginary set with its corresponding imaginary probability. Hence, all stochastic experiments are performed now in the complex set instead of the real set . The objective is then to evaluate the complex probabilities by considering supplementary new imaginary dimensions to the event occurring in the ‘real’ laboratory. Consequently, the corresponding probability in the whole set is always equal to one and the outcome of the random experiments that follow any probability distribution in is now predicted totally in . Subsequently, it follows that, chance and luck in is replaced by total determinism in . Consequently, by subtracting the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the stochastic system, we evaluate the probability of any random phenomenon in . This novel complex probability paradigm will be applied to the established theorem of Pafnuty Chebyshev's inequality and to extend the concepts of expectation and variance to the complex probability set .
Thermal expansion of a high purity synthetic diamond single crystal at low temperatures

Measurements of lattice parameters were made for a single crystal of a high-purity synthetic diamond using the x-ray-diffraction Bond method between 4.2 and 300 K. The key features of the present measurement are as follows: (1) The lattice parameter is determined with an accuracy of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}. $ (2) A very small negative thermal expansion is detected between 30 and 90 K. (3) Thermal expansion shows a behavior of the ${T}^{4}$ law represented by the Debye theory within the measuring temperature range. By comparing the present results with the previously reported results for nitrogen-doped diamond and boron-doped diamond, it is found that diamond becomes harder following doping by nitrogen.
A Generalization of Smith's Determinant

Abstract We shall evaluate the determinants of n x n matrices of the form [f(i,j)], where f (w, r) is an even function of m (mod r). Among the examples of determinants of this kind are H. J. S. Smith's determinant det [(i,j)], where (m, r) is the greatest common divisor of m and r, and a generalization of Smith's determinant due to T. M. Apostol.
A Systematic Review of Flywheel Training Effectiveness and Application on Sport Specific Performances

The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of flywheel training, which allows for the replication of specific sports movements, overloading both the concentric and eccentric phases. Inclusion criteria were injury prevention outcomes; ability in terms of strength, power, sprinting, jumping and change of direction; competitive athletes; and RCTs. Exclusion criteria were a lack of a control group and lack of baseline and/or follow-up data. The databases used were Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Sage. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to assess the quality of the selected RCTs. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence was used. A PICOS (participants, intervention, comparators, study outcomes, and study design) approach was used to evaluate eligibility. A total of 21 RCTs with 8 to 54 participants in each study analyzed flywheel technology and its application in nine sports. The results showed that flywheel training is a good strategy to improve sports performance, providing variation in training methodologies and athletes’ adherence. Further studies are needed to define guidelines on training modality, weekly frequency, volume, and inertia load. Only a few studies have applied the flywheel device directly to overload specific multidirectional movements at different joint angles. This method is not exempt from criticalities, such as the cost and the ability to carry out only individual training.
Multi-Dimensional Antioxidant Screening of Selected Australian Native Plants and Putative Annotation of Active Compounds

Acacia implexa, Eucalyptus rossii and Exocarpos cupressiformis are native plants of Australia, which were used by the First Peoples for medicinal purposes. In this study, 70% aqueous ethanol crude extracts were prepared from A. implexa bark and leaves, E. rossii leaves and E. cupressiformis leaves, and partitioned via sequential extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and ethanol. The crude extracts and fractions were screened for antioxidant activity using a novel, high-throughput lipid-based antioxidant assay, as well as the aqueous ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu test for total phenols. In the lipid-based assay, non-polar n-hexane and DCM fractions showed higher antioxidant activity against the formation of peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than the other fractions, whereas the non-polar fractions were not effective in aqueous assays. This illustrates that the high potential of the lipid-soluble n-hexane and DCM fractions as antioxidants would have been missed if only aqueous-based assays were used. In addition, the potent antioxidant compounds were putatively annotated using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF-MS). Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin and tannins were found in most crude extracts.
Teacher's Corner: A Review of Syllabi for a Sample of Structural Equation Modeling Courses

With increases in the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) in the social sciences, graduate course offerings in this statistical technique can be expected to increase. Knowledge of the content of current SEM course offerings may provide ideas to instructors developing new courses or enhancing current courses. This article discusses results from a review of 55 SEM course syllabi, mostly from the disciplines of education and psychology. Areas that were reviewed include course content, software use, required and recommended readings, and techniques used to assess student learning. Summary descriptive statistics, examples of specific strategies, and a list of selected readings used in these courses are provided. This review is intended to provide information to instructors who are creating a new course and instructors seeking ideas to change or augment their courses.
Microturbulent velocities and abundances for A and F dwarfs in open clusters

Abstract The current status of microturbulent velocity and abundance determinations for A and F dwarfs in open clusters is reviewed. A programme to observe several tens of A and F dwarfs in open clusters of various ages was initiated several years ago. We have performed high resolution high signal-to-noise spectroscopy of stars well distributed in mass along the Main Sequence. Microturbulent velocities and abundances of several chemical elements have been derived iteratively by fitting grids of synthetic spectra calculated in LTE to the observed spectra. Curve of growths were used in a few instances as well. The results obtained are reviewed for Coma Berenices, the Pleiades, Alpha Persei and the Ursa Major moving group. The microturbulent velocities exhibit a broad maximum in the range A5V to about F0V as indicated in Smalley (2004).
Analysis of lattice strains measured under nonhydrostatic pressure

The equations for the lattice strains produced by nonhydrostatic compression are presented for all seven crystal systems in a form convenient for analyzing x-ray diffraction data obtained by newly developed methods. These equations have been used to analyze the data on cubic (bcc α-Fe) and hexagonal (hcp e-Fe) systems. The analysis gives information on the strain produced by the hydrostatic stress component. A new method of estimating the uniaxial stress component from diffraction data is presented. Most importantly, the present analysis provides a general method of determining single crystal elastic constants to ultrahigh pressures.
Evaluating the Nephrotoxicity of Area-under-the-Curve-Based Dosing of Vancomycin with Concomitant Antipseudomonal Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives: Vancomycin combined with piperacillin/tazobactam (vancomycin + piperacillin/tazobactam) has a higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) than vancomycin combined with cefepime or meropenem. However, it is uncertain if applying area under the curve (AUC)-based vancomycin dosing has less nephrotoxicity than trough-based dosing in these combinations. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to December 2022. We examined the odds ratio (OR) of AKI between vancomycin + piperacillin/tazobactam and the control group. The control group was defined as vancomycin combined with antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics, except for piperacillin-tazobactam. Results: The OR for AKI is significantly higher in vancomycin + piperacillin/tazobactam compared with the control group (3 studies, 866 patients, OR of 3.861, 95% confidence interval of 2.165 to 6.887, p < 0.05). In the sample population of patients who received vancomycin + piperacillin/tazobactam (2 studies, 536 patients), the risk of AKI (OR of 0.715, 95% CI of 0.439 to 1.163, p = 0.177) and daily vancomycin dose (standard mean difference—0.139, 95% CI—0.458 to 0.179; p = 0.392) are lower by AUC-based dosing than trough-based dosing, although it is not statistically significant. Conclusions: Nephrotoxicity is higher when combined with piperacillin/tazobactam than other antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics (cefepime or meropenem) using the AUC-based dosing. However, applying the AUC-based dosing did not eliminate the risk of AKI or significantly reduce thedaily vancomycin dose compared with the trough-based dosing in the available literature.
On generalised convex multi-objective nonsmooth programming

Abstract We extend the concept of V-pseudo-invexity and V-quasi-invexity of multi-objective programming to the case of nonsmooth multi-objective programming problems. The generalised subgradient Kuhn-Tucker conditions are shown to be sufficient for a weak minimum of a multi-objective programming problem under certain assumptions. Duality results are also obtained.
Support Vector Regression for Determination of Minimum Zone

Probe-type Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) rely on the measurement of several discrete points to capture the geometry of part features. The sampled points are then fit to verify a specified geometry. The most widely used fitting method, the least squares fit (LSQ), occasionally overestimates the tolerance zone. This could lead to the economical disadvantage of rejecting some good parts and the statistical disadvantage of normal (Gaussian) distribution assumption. Support vector machines (SVMs) represent a relatively new revolutionary approach for determining the approximating function in regression problems. Its upside is that the normal distribution assumption is not required. In this research, support vector regression (SVR), a new data fitting procedure, is introduced as an accurate method for finding the minimum zone straightness and flatness tolerances. Numerical tests are conducted with previously published data and the results are found to be comparable to the published results, illustrating its potential for application in precision data analysis such as used in minimum zone estimation.
Relationship between anal swab PCR for SARS-CoV-2 with gastrointestinal clinical manifestations and severity of COVID-19 infection in Indonesia

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Indonesia remain high. The virus can bind with ACE2 receptor which is not only found in the lungs, but also in the digestive tract. Thus, it allows SARS-CoV-2 infection in the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal manifestations, and detection of viral RNA on anal swab using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There hasn’t been similar study about the role of anal swab in Indonesia yet. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between SARS-COV-2 anal swab PCR with gastrointestinal clinical manifestations, and the severity of COVID-19 in Indonesia. Methods: This is an analytical study with cross-sectional design. Samples were obtained from hospitalized COVID-19 patients from July 2020 to January 2021. Demographic data, clinical manifestations, severity, and SARS-CoV-2 anal swabs PCR were collected using case report form. Results: A total of136 patients were analyzed. 52 patients (38.2%) had positive SARS-CoV-2 anal swabs PCR and 84 patients (61.8%) had negative results. The most common gastrointestinal clinical manifestations were nausea and vomiting in 69 patients (50.7%), anorexia in 62 patients (45.6%), and abdominal pain in 31 patients (22.8%). There were 114 patients (83,8%) classified as mild-moderate symptoms and 22 patients (16,2%) classified as severe-critical symptoms. There was a statistically significant relationship between the gastrointestinal tract SARS-CoV-2 infection and gastrointestinal clinical manifestations (P=0.031). There was no statistically significant relationship between the gastrointestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of COVID-19 infection (P = 0.844). Conclusions: This study showed there is a significant relationship between SARS-CoV-2 anal swab PCR with gastrointestinal clinical manifestations. There is no significant relationship between anal swab PCR with the severity of COVID-19 infection.
AFFINE HYPERSPHERES ASSOCIATED TO SPECIAL PARA-KÄHLER MANIFOLDS

We prove that any special para-Kahler manifold is intrinsically an improper affine hypersphere. As a corollary, any para-holomorphic function F of n para-complex variables satisfying a non-degeneracy condition defines an improper affine hypersphere, which is the graph of a real function f of 2n variables. We give an explicit formula for the function f in terms of the para-holomorphic function F. Necessary and sufficient conditions for an affine hypersphere to admit the structure of a special para-Kahler manifold are given. Finally, it is shown that conical special para-Kahler manifolds are foliated by proper affine hyperspheres of constant mean curvature.
Relationships between interannual anomalies of sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean and tropical boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations:Observations and simulations

Relationships between the interannual anomaly of sea surface temperature(SST) in the tropical Indian Ocean and the different propagation modes of tropical boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations(BSISO) as well as their physical processes are analyzed by using the observational data and long-term(70-year) simulation outputs based on the SINTEX-F ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation model.The results show that interannual SST anomaly over the Indian Ocean may significantly influence both the northward and eastward propagation of BSISO.The northward propagating BSISO over the central and eastern Indian Ocean weakens(strengthens) during the positive(negative) phase of the Indian Ocean dipole.The eastward propagating BSISO over the equatorial Indian Ocean and western Pacific(40°E- 180°) strenthens(weakens) during the positive(negative) basin wide anomaly(BWA) condition.The interannual variations of SST in the tropical Indian Ocean affect the variation of the intensity of the different propagating BSISO modes by modulating the atmospheric background circulation and structure of BSISO. During negative(positive) dipole summers,the increasing(decreasing) of easterly vertical shear in atmospheric troposphere reinforces(reduces) the barotropic vorticity and moisture convergence in the boundary layer at the northern side of the convection distrubance,resulting in a strong(week) meridional asymmetry of BSISO and thus in a stronger(weeker) northward -propagating BSISO.The different BWA modes in the Indian Ocean impact the background of equatorial westerlies and thermodynamic exchanges across the air-sea interface,causing changes in the intensity of equatorial eastward-propagating BSISO. During the positive BWA summer,equatorial westerlies are stronger than the climatological mean.Under this stronger westerlies background,the weakening(strengthening) of wind speed east(west) of the disturbance center is distinct,and so is the evaporation,resulting in larger amplitude of SST increasing(decreasing) to the east(west). The larger amplitude of SST increasing(decreasing) leads to the stronger convergence(divergence) and much more(little) water vapor to the east(west). As a result,the equatorial eastward propagating BSISO is stronger during the positive BWA condition.During the negative BWA summer,equatorial westerlies are weaker than the climatological mean since the above physical process is weakened with the equatorial eastward propagating BSISO weaker.
Empirical calibrations of the uvby, beta systems. II. The B-type stars.

Photoelectric photometric four-color and H.beta. indices have been calibrated for A-type stars (stars with 2.890 >.beta.>2.720 and deltac/sub 1/<0.28 that are not B-type stars) in terms of intrinsic color and absolute magnitude by using data for bright stars and stars in several open clusters. Intrinsic color indices should be predictable to about +- 0.01 mag and absolute magnitude to +- 0.3 mag. Systematic effects can exist in the absolute magnitude calibration due to rotational velocity. Am-type stars appear to fit the calibration well. There is quite a good agreement between the photometric classification and MK spectral classification.
Two Teaching Methods and Students' Understanding of Sound

The purpose of this study was to examine fifth grade students' ideas related to sound and to compare the Learning Cycle teaching approach with a textbook/demonstration method of instruction to determine whether one method is more effective in facilitating conceptual change. Thirty-four fifth grade students were randomly selected and assigned to the two treatment groups. To assess the students' understanding of specific sound concepts, an interview protocol was administered to both groups before and immediately after instruction. Students were given a numerical rating corresponding to their levels of understanding. The numerical values for both groups at the pre- and post-interview assessments were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Students who were taught using the Learning Cycle had a significantly better understanding.