Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Rates of Fe-EDDHA and Seed Iron Concentration Suggest Partial Solutions to Iron Deficiency in Soybean

Plants require a continuous supply of iron (Fe) to maintain proper growth. Low rates of Fe chelates applied to reduce Fe deficiency in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] probably do not satisfy this requirement. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of high rates of Fe-EDDHA in reducing Fe deficiency when applied to susceptible and resistant cultivars grown on soils where soybean historically has exhibited mild to severe Fe deficiency. Four cultivars (two resistant, two susceptible) and six rates of Fe-EDDHA (0, 2.24, 4.48, 6.72, 8.96, and 11.20 kg ha -1 ) were evaluated at one location in 2002 and two locations in 2003. Severity of Fe deficiency varied markedly across environment and cultivars. Unifoliolate relative chlorophyll concentrations indicated that Fe deficiency can occur early in plant development and that planting seed Fe concentration (seed [Fe]) may be insufficient for early growth. Responses to higher rates of Fe-EDDHA were environment and cultivar specific and occurred over an extended period, manifest at maturity. At lower rates (<6.72 kg Fe-EDDHA ha -1 ), resistant cultivars exceeded susceptible cultivars in plant height, seed number, and grain yield, whereas at higher rates, susceptible cultivars often had values similar to resistant cultivars. Both resistant and susceptible cultivars exhibited linear responses to increasing rates when grown in harsh or intermediate environments, suggesting that even at very high rates of Fe-EDDHA, Fe deficiency limited plant growth and grain yield. Seed [Fe] changed very little in response to added Fe. Plotting relative grain yield versus seed [Fe] for each environment illustrated the narrow range of seed [Fe] associated with wide ranges in relative yield and the large difference between resistant and susceptible cultivars regardless of relative yield.
Survival and Production of Pink and Chum Salmon in a Coastal Stream

A study of the propagation of pink and chum salmon in the central coastal region of British Columbia was made for the years 1947 to 1956.Timing, distribution and movement of the adults and fry are discussed. The effects of temperature, stream discharge, sex ratio and population density were considered in relation to survival of egg to fry. Within the limits observed, temperature, stream discharge and sex ratio were not affecting the population perceptibly, but population density was an important factor. The density of spawners in preceding years also affected the survival in subsequent years.Predation was an important factor in keeping the fry output low: the number of fry consumed was approximately 500,000 during each migration.Ocean survival, including the effect of fishing mortality, ranged from 5.2% down to 0.7% for pink salmon, and from 2.6% to 0.85% for chum salmon. Ocean survival for pink salmon before fishing mortality occurred ranged from 10.8% down to 1.0%. Combination of freshwater and ocean sur.
Fish crackers development from minced fish and starch: an innovative approach to a traditional product

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um biscoito a base de pescado com alto valor nutricional que pudesse ser estocado em temperatura ambiente por 180 dias. Carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de pescado de baixo valor economico foi amateria-prima utilizada para produzir dois tipos de biscoito de pescado: o biscoito tradicional (keropok), o qual e expandido por fritura em oleo (BF), e um biscoito expandido em micro-ondas, com baixo teor de lipidios (BMO). O conteudo de proteinas do BF e o do BMO e alto para este tipo de produto (10,86 e 14,70%, respectivamente). Ambos os biscoitos apresentaram teores de aminoacidos essenciais acima do recomendado pela FAO para adultos, sendo o conteudo de lisina maior do que o recomendado para criancas. A analise sensorial realizada por provadores adultos mostrou alto nivel de aceitacao dos biscoitos (90% para o BMO e 97% para o BF). A estocagem em embalagem a vacuo permitiu que o produto mantivesse a qualidade microbiologica e propriedades fisico-quimicas por 180 dias em temperatura ambiente.
Diversity Analysis of Tomato Cultivars Based on Coefficient of Parentage and RAPD Molecular Markers

Genetic diversity analysis provides information on the genetic base of the gene pool of released genotypes. The objectives of this study were to assess the diversity of tomato cultivars and breeding lines released from North Carolina State University based on their coefficient of parentage (COP) and RAPD markers, and to estimate the contribution of ancestors to these tomato cultivars and breeding lines. The COP analysis revealed that a single ancestor Walter constituted 25.17% of the North Carolina tomato gene pool followed by Blazer (11.57%) and Fla. 2153 (6.29%). Walter was used in developing 30 lines, whereas Blazer and Fla. 2153 were used in developing 29 lines each. The highest COP value (0.828) was between Summit and Monte Verde, indicating that they were the most similar lines. Similarity coefficients based on the RAPD molecular markers ranged from 0.461 to 0.935, with an average of 0.77. The similarity coefficient of NC3Grape with NCEBR8 was the lowest (0.461), whereas it was the highest (0.935) between NC1CS and NC946. On the basis of molecular data, first and second principal components accounted for 78% and 3.3% of the total variation, respectively. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.19, p = 0.04) existed between two similarity matrices based on the RAPD and the pedigree. This information may be useful for selecting the parents in breeding programs, particularly to widen the genetic base for designing future breeding strategies.
Senescence of immune defence in Bombus workers

Abstract 1. Senescence in workers of social insects is a particularly intriguing life‐history trait as the future fitness of workers relies primarily on age‐dependent survival rate. The pattern of senescence of immune defence traits was investigated under laboratory conditions in workers of two bumble bees: Bombus terrestris and B. lucorum.
Distribution, transformations and recovery of urinary sulphur and sources of plant-available soil sulphur in irrigated pasture soil–plant systems treated with 35sulphur-labelled urine

SUMMARY A field plot experiment of 271 days duration was conducted on New Zealand irrigated pastures, commencing in the summer (January) 1988, on a Templeton silt loam soil (Udic Ustochrept) by applying 35sulphur (35S)-labelled urine (250 μCi/g S with 1300 μg S/ml) to field plots (600 × 600 mm) at a rate equivalent to that normally occurring in sheep urine patches (150 ml/0·03 m2) to investigate the distribution, transformations and recovery of urinary S in pasture soil–plant systems and sources of plant-available soil S as influenced by the available soil moisture at the time of urine application and varying amounts of applied irrigation water. Results obtained showed that c. 55–90% of 35S-labelled urine was incorporated into soil sulphate (SO42−), ester SO42− and carbon (C)-bonded S fractions within the major plant rooting zone (0–300 mm), as early as 27 days after urine application. Hydriodic acid (Hl)-reducible and C-bonded soil S fractions showed no consistent trend of incorporation. On day 271, labelled-S was found in soil SO42−, Hl-reducible S and C-bonded S fractions to a soil depth of 500 mm, indicating that not only SO42− but also organic S fractions from soils and 35S-labelled urine were leached beyond the major rooting zone. A large proportion (c. 59–75%) of 35S-labelled urine was not recovered in pasture soil–plant systems over a 271-day period, presumably due to leaching losses beyond the 0–300 mm soil depth. This estimated leaching loss was comparable to that (75%) predicted using the S model developed by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture. The recovery of urinary S in soil–plant systems over a 271-day period was not affected by different amounts of irrigation water applied 7 days after urine application to soil at either 50 or 75% available water holding capacity (AWHC). However, significantly lower S recovery occurred when urinary S was applied to the soil at 25% AWHC than at field capacity, suggesting that urinary S applied at field capacity might not have sufficient time to be adsorbed by soil particles, enter soil micropores or be immobilized by soil micro-organisms. Both soil ester SO42− and calcium phosphate-extractable soil S in urine-treated soils were found to be major S sources for pasture S uptake. Labelled S from 35S-labelled urine accounted for c. 12–47% of total S in pasture herbage.
Distribution and Taxonomic Status of the Eastern Spiny Mouse (Acomys dimidiatus) (Rodentia: Muridae) in Iran

A total of 52 individuals of Acomys dimidiatus were collected in Bushehr Province, Minab and Geno Biosphere Reserve in Hormozgan Province, Iran for the first time during the summer of 2003 and 2005. ANOVA results revealed significant differences in all characters of these rodents between the study sites, with the exception of the length of diastema and that of anterior palatine foramen. The Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Khaeez and Jam samples (Boushehr) belonged to separate groups These samples were similar in cranial width. Minab samples had a positive association with occipitonasal, condylobasal, zygomatic and mandible lengths. Some of Geno samples were similar to Minab samples, but others differed because of the negative relationship with such characters as occipitonasal, condylobasal, zygomatic and mandible lengths. The comparison of cranial characteristics revealed the importance of occipitonasal and condylobasal lengths in distinguishing between the populations. Our results suggest .
Determination of optimal riparian forest buffer dimensions for stream biotalandscape association models using multimetric and multivariate responses

The dimensions of riparian buffers selected for stream biotalandscape association models determine correlation strength and subsequent model interpretation. Efforts have been made to optimize buffer dimensions incorporated into models, but none has explicitly determined a single optimum based on both longitudinal and lateral buffer dimensions. We applied partial correlation and multivariate linear regression on functional fish community response attributes and the index of biotic integrity using stream samples (N = 107) from the Eastern Corn Belt Plain Ecoregion of Indiana, USA. Land-cover data in digital format were processed in geographic information systems for an area covering 300 m on either side of selected streams and within 2000 m longitudinally. The optimal buffer dimension for the study area was 30 m laterally and 600 m longitudinally, with a partial correlation of 0.29 (P = 0.002), and there was agreement in the partial correlation and multiple regression models. The longitudinal dimension was.
Effects of environmental warming and drought on size-structured soil food webs

Soil systems maintain important ecosystem processes crucial for plant life and food production. Especially agricultural systems are strongly affected by climate change due to low vegetation cover associated with high temperatures and drought. Nevertheless, the response of soil systems to climate change is little explored. We used microcosms with a simplified soil community to address effects of climate change using independent temperature and dryness gradients and addressed their effects on top–down control and litter decomposition. The community consisted of maize litter as a basal resource, fungi, springtails and as top predators mites and centipedes. As the body-size structure is of high importance for communities, we included differently-sized springtails and predator species. After seven weeks, the experiment was terminated, and the impact of climate change on direct feeding interactions and indirect effects across trophic levels was analysed. With increasing temperature and dryness, consumption rates increased, thereby amplifying the negative influence of consumer populations on their resources. Hence, these climate-change variables increased the top–down control of 1) predators (mainly mites) on springtails and 2) fungi on litter decomposition. In addition, we found that the climate-change variables strengthened trophic cascades from predators on fungi whose density was thus increasingly decoupled from top–down control by their springtail consumers. Their increased decomposition rates are of high importance for carbon cycling and may result in accelerated nutrient turnover. In conclusion, our results suggest that climate change may strongly influence the structure and functioning of soil systems by strengthening consumption rates and trophic cascades, which will have far reaching consequences for the nutrient turnover and productivity of agricultural ecosystems.
Influence of nitrogen on the interference of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) with fine grain aromatic rice

Barnyard grass interference with rice is one of the major causes of low yield. In a field experiment influence of different nitrogen levels – 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha−1 – on barnyard grass density – 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 plants m−2 – was evaluated to quantify the effect of barnyard grass on rice performance at different nitrogen levels. Rice-barnyard grass competition and N application significantly effected growth, yield and quality of rice. Increase in barnyard grass density resulted in corresponding decrease in the growth, yield and quality of rice; nevertheless, increase in N application improved the growth, yield and quality. Maximum spikelets, kernel weight, yield, harvest index, normal kernels, amylose contents, kernel water absorption ratio, and minimum sterile spikelets, abortive and opaque kernels were obtained with 120 kg N ha−1 and zero barnyard grass density m−2, while maximum tillers number, productive tillers, straw yield, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and kernel protein contents were recorded from 180 kg N ha−1 with 0 or 4 barnyard grass plants m−2. In nutshell, 120 kg N ha−1 was adequate and four barnyard grass plants had non-significant effect on rice grain yield, and excessive N application reduced kernel quality.
Effects of light quality and intensity on diapause induction in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae

It has been known that diapause is not induced in populations of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, under continuous darkness (DD). When the light intensity was changed under LD 8:16 at 18°C, the threshold intensity for blue light (475 nm) to induce 50% of diapause was below 50 mW/m2; and the blue light was most effective in photoperiodic induction of diapause. The threshold intensities for green (572 nm) and orange (612 nm) light were 50–500 and 500–2,500 mW/m2, respectively. T. urticae showed no sensitivity to red light (658 nm) even at 2,500 mW/m2 intensity. Low diapause incidence under long wavelengths was probably due to the absence of photoreception by photoreceptor pigments for photoperiodic time measurement, or for circadian entrainment required for photoperiodic induction.
Application of Farmyard Manure Improved the Chemical and Physical Properties of the Soil in a Semi-Arid Area in Ethiopia

ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of the integrated use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on soil chemical properties in a semi-arid area in NE Ethiopia. Twelve treatments comprising factorial combinations of four levels of FYM (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha 1 annum 1) and three levels of inorganic fertilizers (0, 50 and 100% of the recommended rate) were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications over a period of 6 years. The results revealed substantial increases in total N, available P, exchangeable K and organic carbon contents of the soil with the application of 5 to 15 t FYM ha 1. NPK content of the soil increased with the level of FYM application. The inorganic fertilizer treatments had no effect on soil fertility. The application of FYM and inorganic fertilizer did not affect exchangeable Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, cation exchange capacity, base saturation or soil pH. Significant increases in soil N balance and soil water content were observed with FYM application. It can be concluded that with the application FYM at 5, 10 and 15 t ha 1 soil degradation under continuous cultivation can be reversed within a relatively short period of time.
Agonistic behaviour in grouped sows. II. How social rank affects feeding and drinking behaviour.

Abstract Groups of sows housed in pens with concrete floor were observed to detect differences in feeding and drinking behaviour between animals of high‐ and low‐rank. Dominant individuals remained at the centre of the mash pile defending the food against other animals. The total time spent feeding was similar in high‐ and low‐ranking sows. However, the high ranking sows interrupted feeding more often; subordinates stopped feeding for longer periods because they retreated from attacks. As the mash began to disappear the low‐ranking sows resisted the dominants’ attacks and refused to leave the feeding area. Drinking behaviour was very frequent in subordinate sows in the early minutes of the meal; this is probably a redirected behaviour resulting from the frustration of being not able to feed continuously.
Evaluation of Benzoic Acid Level of Fermented Dairy Products during Fermentation

본 연구는 발효과정 중 생성되는 발효유제품의 안식향산을 조사함으로써 축산식품관리 정책의 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 실시하였다. 축산물의 가공기준 및 성분규격의 축산물 시험법 중 전처리 방법인 Sep-Pak을 이용한 분석방법과 자동증류장치를 이용한 분석방법 중 1개를 택일하기 위하여 유제품의 회수율을 측정한 결과 커다란 차이가 없음에 따라 전처리 시간이 짧은 Sep-Pak을 이용한 분석방법을 선정하였다. Sep-Pak법의 유효성 검증으로 안식향산의 검량선은 $R^2$ = 0.9 0.999로 양호한 직선성을 나타냈으며, 검출한계는 0.058 mg/kg, 정량한계는 0.176 mg/kg을 보였다. 완제품에서 검출된 발효유를 대상으로 공정 단계별로 안식향산을 분석한 결과 스타터를 첨가한 이후 단계에서 2.28-10.48 mg/kg 수준이었고 첨가제(시럽)에서는 검출되지 않았으며, 시중 유통 중인 발효유는 0-16.5 mg/kg으로 나타났다. 치즈의 경우 카멤베르 치즈는 커드형성 후, 가공치즈는 원료치즈에서 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났고, 시중 유통 중인 자연치즈는 0-4.2 mg/kg, 가공치즈는 0-20.8 mg/kg으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 원료, 제조과정 중 및 완제품 전과정에서 발생될 수 있는 자연유래 안식향산을 일관성 있고 체계적으로 관리할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용할 것으로 사료된다. 【The purpose of this study was to utilize the results as a basic data of benzoic acids in animal products that didn't mention in the quality standard of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS) to solve the conflict of international trade and administration. Set-Pak method listed in the quality standard of NVRQS, faster than auto distillation methods with same recovery selected as a pre treatment for the determination of benzoic acid. The regression curve of benzoic acid with Sep-Pak method was linear with the $R^2$ value of 0.999 and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.058 mg/kg and 0.176 mg/kg, respectively. The benzoic acid in the fermented milk was detected after the fermentation stage by addition of starter culture with the level of 2.28~10.48 mg/kg and 0~16.5 mg/kg in the commercial fermented milk products without detection by the addition of syrup. In case of cheese products, the benzoic acids level was influenced by the curd formation (Camembert cheese) and the quality of natural cheese (processed cheese), by the way, the benzoic acid level of commercial natural cheese was 0~4.2 mg/kg, processed cheese was 0~20.8 mg/kg, respectively. Based on this result, it may be possible to utilize as a basic data for the systematic control the level of natural benzoic acids in raw material, processing and final products of animal origin. 】
The extent to which students participate in school governance at two senior secondary schools in the Kgalagadi and southern regions of Botswana

A dissertation submitted to the Dept. of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Botswana in partial fulfillment of the degree of Masters of Education in Educational Management. Citation: Mothoteng, O. (2016) The extent to which students participate in school governance at two senior secondary schools in the Kgalagadi and Southern regions of Botswana.
Mapping of pachytene bivalents of female codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lep., Tortricidae)

Spread pachytene nuclei of codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lep., Tortricidae) females of a Syrian strain (SY) were used to investigate chromomere patterns of chromosome bivalents and determine their length. The karyotype of female codling moths consists of 28 chromosome bivalents, of which seven are clearly distinguishable using chromosome length and the number and size of the chromomeres in the pachytene stage. One autosome bivalent has two nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) that are located at the opposite ends of the chromosome and appear as distinct structural landmarks. In female codling moths, the WZ sex chromosome bivalent was easily identified in pachytene oocytes according to the heterochromatic thread of the W chromosome. This study contributed to the knowledge and identification of pachytene chromosomes of female codling moths.
Characteristics of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT Hong Kong has a native angiosperm flora of approximately 1800 species, of which 27% (482 spp.) bear fleshy, presumably vertebrate-dispersed fruits, including 76% of the 337 tree and shrub species and 70% of the 103 climber species. Morphological characteristics were determined for 255 species and nutritional characteristics of the fruit pulp for 153 species. Most fruit species were black (45.1%) or red (24.3%) and 85.9% had a mean diameter <13 mm. Nutritional characteristics varied widely between species with ranges and median values as follows: pulp percentage (range 10.0–99.2%, median 69.2%), water content of pulp (11.1–94.0%, 78%), lipid (0–84.0%, 2.0%), soluble carbohydrate (4–88%, 53%), nitrogen (0.2–3.4%, 0.86%), neutral detergent fibre (1–44%, 14.3%). Fruit development time (50–360 d, 156 d) showed a negative correlation with lipid content, but no significant correlation with fruit or seed size. Principal components analysis of fruit characteristics was dominated by a trend from single-seeded fruits with a thin, lipid-rich pulp layer to multiple-seeded fruits with much, watery, carbohydrate-rich pulp. Birddispersed species cover the full range of fruit characteristics except those too large to swallow and too hard to peck bits from. Mammals (bats, civets and/or macaques) are known or suspected to consume most of the fruits too large for birds as well as many bird fruits but none with high-lipid content. Summer fruits (May—September) were significantly larger and had significantly higher seed size and carbohydrate content than winter fruits (November-March). Winter fruits took more than twice as long to develop as summer fruits.
Degradação da palhada de cana-de-açúcar

Avaliou-se a influencia da aplicacao de ureia e vinhaca na degradacao da lignocelulose e na liberacao dos nutrientes da palhada de cana-de-acucar. Os tratamentos foram: vinhaca (dose equivalente a 100 m3 ha-1) aplicada sobre a palhada, combinada com ureia (dose equivalente a 100 kg ha-1) aplicada sobre a palhada ou enterrada no solo; mistura de cloreto de potassio (dose equivalente a 120 kg ha-1 de K2O) com ureia (dose equivalente a 100 kg ha-1) aplicada sobre a palhada ou enterrada no solo. Durante o periodo experimental, janeiro a novembro de 1997, a palhada recebeu uma lâmina de agua de 1.839 mm, sendo 923 mm de precipitacoes e 916 mm de irrigacoes. As medias das temperaturas maximas e minimas foram 28,4 e 15,5°C, respectivamente. Nao houve efeito dos tratamentos na degradacao da lignocelulose da palhada e na liberacao de nutrientes, verificando-se diferencas estatisticamente significativas apenas entre os resultados da palhada da cana recem colhida e os das remanescentes. Ocorreu reducao de massa de aproximadamente 80% para a hemicelulose e para o conteudo celular, e de 30 e 50% para a lignina e celulose, respectivamente. A porcentagem media de liberacao dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, em relacao ao total contido na palhada da cana recem colhida, foi de 18, 67, 93, 57, 68 e 68%, respectivamente.