Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A statistical continuum approach for mass transport in fractured media

The stochastic-continuum model developed by Schwartz and Smith [1988] is a new approach to the traditional continuum methods for solute transport in fractured media. Instead of trying to determine dispersion coefficients and an effective porosity for the hydraulic system, statistics on particle motion (direction, velocity and fracture length) collected from a discretely modeled sub-domain network are used to recreate particle motion in a full-domain continuum model. The discrete sub-domain must be large enough that representative statistics can be collected, yet small enough to be modeled with available resources. Statistics are collected in the discrete sub-domain model as the solute, represented by discrete particles, is moved through the network of fractures. The domain of interest, which is typically too large to be modeled discretely is represented by a continuum distribution of the hydraulic head. A particle tracking method is used to move the solute through the continuum model, sampling from the distributions for direction, velocity and fracture length. This thesis documents extensions and further testing of the stochastic-continuum two-dimensional model and initial work on a three-dimensional stochastic-continuum model. Testing of the model was done by comparing the mass distribution from the stochastic-continuum model to the mass distribution from the same domain modeled discretely. Analysis of the velocity statistics collected in the two-dimensional model suggested changes in the form of the fitted velocity distribution from a gaussian distribution to a gamma distribution, and the addition of a velocity correlation function. By adding these changes to the statistics collected, an improvement in the match of the spatial mass distribution moments between the stochastic-continuum and discrete models was effected. This extended two-dimensional model is then tested under a wide range of network conditions. The differences in the first spatial moments of the discrete and stochastic-continuum models were less than 10%, while the differences in the second spatial moments ranged from 6% to 30%. Initial results from the three-dimensional stochastic-continuum model showed that similar statistics to those used in the twodimensional stochastic-continuum model can be used to recreate the nature of threedimensional discrete particle motion.
MAXIMIZING FLOW THROUGH A NETWORK WITH NODE AND ARC CAPACITIES

In many actual network flow situations, nodes as well as arcs have limited capacities. This paper presents, for such a network, an algorithm for maximizing flow from a source node to a sink node. The algorithm allows us to treat these situations without introducing artificial arcs and nodes, as has been done in the past. Eliminating the artificial arcs and nodes simplifies network analysis since it always results in half as many nodes, as well as less than half as many arcs if the original arcs are undirected. In addition, the following generalization of Ford and Fulkerson’s max-flow, min-cut theorem is presented and proven. Consider two subsets of the nodes, X and Y, whose union is the set of all network nodes and such that the source node is a member of X, and the sink node is a member of Y. Then, forming a cut set separating the source and sink are the nodes in the intersection of X and Y, and the set of all arcs (i, j), such that i is a member of X − Y, and j is a member of Y − X. Letting a cut set's .
A Climatological Parameterization for Cumulus Clouds

Abstract A research airplane was used to study the microphysical characteristics of ice-free, nonprecipitating summertime cumulus clouds in Montana. Each cloud was penetrated at a multiplicity of levels encompassing, in general, a large fraction of the cloud depth. Similar studies covering a more limited altitude range were made in New Mexico. The clouds were substantially diluted by entrainment of environmental air, which produced great variability—at all levels and on all scales of measurement—in the liquid water content, L, and droplet number concentration, N. The effective radius, reff, at any particular level was found to be essentially independent of L or N. Consideration of this result leads to the prediction that the parameter A = reff/rad ≈ 1 everywhere within these clouds, where rad = (¾πρw)⅓ (Lad/N)⅓, Nad and Lad are the “adiabatic” values of N and L, and ρw is the density of water. Analysis of the airborne data (35 cloud penetrations) for the Montana cumuli reveals that A = 0.83 ± 0.07, while .
Multiple Solutions for Nonlinear Dirichlet Problems with Concave Terms

We consider a nonlinear parametric Dirichlet problem with parameter $\lambda>0$, driven by the $p$-Laplacian and with a concave term $\lambda|u|^{q-2}u$, $1 0$ of the parameter such that for $\lambda\in (0,\lambda^*)$ the problem has five nontrivial smooth solutions, four of constant sign (two positive and two negative) and the fifth nodal. In the semilinear case ($p=2$), we show that there is a sixth nontrivial smooth solution, but we cannot provide information about its sign. Finally for the critical case $\lambda=\lambda^*$, we show that the nonlinear problem ($p\ne 2$) still has two nontrivial constant sign smooth solutions and the semilinear problem ($p=2$) has three nontrivial smooth solutions, two of which have constant sign.
True equality (of pointwise sensitivity) at last: a Dirichlet alternative to Kolmogorov{Smirnov inference on distributions

We propose new methods of nonparametric inference on continuous distributions based on the nite-sample joint Dirichlet distribution of uniform order statistic spacings. The commonlyused Kolmogorov{Smirnov test is known to have low sensitivity to deviations in the tails. Weighting by the inverse pointwise asymptotic standard deviation is known to suer the opposite problem: sensitivity in the middle of the distribution is much lower than in the tails. Our Dirichlet-based test nally succeeds in having equal pointwise type I error rates across the entire distribution, even in nite samples, while maintaining exact overall size. This method may alternatively be interpreted as a family of tests (one at each order statistic) that controls the familywise error rate, or as constructing a uniform condence band for the unknown distribution function. We introduce a related two-sample test for equality of distributions, which also evaluates rst-order stochastic dominance. Simulations and empirical examples demonstrate our new one-sample and two-sample methods’ performance and favorable properties. Fully operational code is provided.
Study and simulation of skew diffusion processes

We consider the skew diffusion processes and their simulation. This study are divided into four parts and concentrate on the processes whose coefficients are piecewise constant with discontinuities along a simple hyperplane. We start by a theoretical study of the one-dimensional case when the coefficients belong to a broader class. We particularly give a result on the structure of the resolvent densities of these processes and obtain a computational method. When it is possible, we perform a Laplace inversion of these densities and provide some transition functions. Then we concentrate on the simulation of skew diffusions process. We build a numerical scheme using the resolvent density for any Feller processes. With this scheme and the resolvent densities computed in the previous part, we obtain a simulation method for the skew diffusion processes in dimension one. After that, we consider the multidimensional case. We provide a theoretical study and compute some functionals of the skew diffusions processes. This allows to obtain among others the transition function of the marginal process orthogonal to the hyperplane of discontinuity. Finally, we consider the parallelization of Monte Carlo methods. We provide a strategy which allows to simulate a large batch of skew diffusions processes sample paths on massively parallel architecture. An interesting feature is the possibility to replay some the sample paths of previous simulations.
Impulsively Started Flow in a Submarine Canyon: Comparison of Results from Laboratory and Numerical Models*

Abstract Intercomparisons have been made of results from laboratory experiments and a numerical model for the flow in the vicinity of an idealized submarine canyon located along an otherwise continuous shelf. Motion in the rotating and continuously stratified fluid was impulsively generated by suddenly changing the period of rotation, so that the resulting flow occurred with the coastline either on the left (upwelling favorable) or right (downwelling favorable) when facing downstream. A principal purpose of the study was to further develop the notion that laboratory experiments can be effectively utilized to provide datasets to benchmark the development of numerical models. Laboratory data are of two types: velocity fields on three horizontal planes at numerous times, and time series of isopycnal movement in the canyon area. Comparison of numerical and laboratory results shows that values for bottom friction and interior mixing in the numerical model are crucial. Once those friction/mixing parameters are .
Multiseason Verification of the MM5. Part I: Comparison with the Eta Model over the Central and Eastern United States and Impact of MM5 Resolution

Abstract This paper describes the multiseason verification of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Eta Model over the eastern two-thirds of the United States and surrounding coastal waters during the cool (1 November–31 March) and warm (1 May–30 September) seasons from the autumn of 1999 through the summer of 2001. Verification statistics are calculated by interpolating model forecasts to the observation sites. The horizontal and vertical distributions of model errors are presented as are the diurnal and intraseasonal trends. During the cool season, both the MM5 and Eta have a low-level cool and moist bias over land, a significant surface warm bias over water, and surface winds that are too strong over land to the east of the Rockies and too weak over water. The low-level cool and moist bias is maximized during the day, and the cool bias is largest during late winter. D.
The Largest Double-Axis Sun Tracking PV Systems with Electronic Control and Photosensors in Turkey

In the present study, the largest double axis sun tracking PV systems in Turkey with one electronic control and one photo sensors are described. The systems are installed at Mugla University campus. Totally 168 Sunset AS HPC100 back contact single crystalline silicon modules and 84 of them are used in each tracking system. And 21 modules are connected series to obtain 453.6V at open circuit and two series string is plugged one single phase grid connected inverter. One tracker has 4 strings and 2 inverters. Measured data of the PV systems are compared with each other and also measured data is compared with the calculated data. The performance measurements of the PV systems were carried out first when the PV systems were in a fixed position and then the PV systems were controlled while tracking the sun in two axis (on azimuth and solar altitude angles) and the necessary measurements were performed. It was observed that the sun tracking system with electronic control always track the sun but the sun tracking system with photo sensors has some unstable states under overcast and partly cloudy weather conditions when the photo sensors do not see the sun. Yearly energy is calculated to be about 11,94MWh with 0.772 performance ratio (PR) and 1512kWh/kWp energy rating for 28°C fixed tilt angle for each system. It is calculated that 33.8% more energy will be obtained in the double-axis sun-tracking system when compared to the fixed system. The yearly energy fed to grid will be about 15.98MWh with 0.787 PR and 2023 kWh/kWp for each system.
Submesoscale, coherent vortices in the ocean

A variety of observations of intense, long-lived oceanic vortices are interpreted as examples of a distinct phenomenon, which is given the name Submesoscale, Coherent Vortices (SCV's). The distinguishing characteristics of SCV's are defined and illustrated by example, and a survey is made of the different SCV types presently known. On the basis of extant theoretical and modeling solutions, interpretations are made of the dynamics associated with SCV existence, movement, endurance, interactions with other currents, generation, and contributions to the transport of chemical properties in the ocean.
Micro-Brillouin Scattering Study on Composition Gradient Li Doped KTa1-xNbxO3 Wafer

The composition gradient Li doped KTa1-xNbxO3 wafer was investigated by micro-Brillouin scattering method. The positional dependence of elastic constants was clearly observed. The origin of positional dependence was discussed by the comparison with the temperature variation of elastic constants of the homogeneous crystal. The difference of elastic constants between high and low defect density regions was also studied.
Shared thoughts and practices on some modifiable cancer risk factors.

OBJECTIVE Numerous cancer-causing factors are inversely correlated with health literacy. The current study's objective was to evaluate the Saudi community's knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding certain carcinogens. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To perform this descriptive study, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in Hail City, Northern Saudi Arabia, between September 2020 and November 2020. In the city of Hail, about 450 volunteers have expressed interest in taking part in the study. RESULTS A total of 165 individuals smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol, respectively (67%) and 42 (9%). Negative attitudes toward cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, radiation exposure, genetic predisposition, some viruses, some bacterial infection, some parasites, and fungi were 85/450 (19%), 209/450 (46.4%), 206/450 (45.8%), 322/450 (71.6%), 297/450 (66%), 375/450 (83.3%), 403/450 (89.6%), and 405/450 (90%), in that order. CONCLUSIONS Some cancer-causing substances are widely used in the Saudi community. Lack of understanding and a negative attitude toward some carcinogens are widespread, necessitating immediate interventions at the community and health affairs levels.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients Exposed to OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment

Background and Objectives A previous publication of pregnancy outcomes in onabotulinumtoxinA-exposed mothers demonstrated that the prevalence of major fetal defects (0.9%, 1/110) was comparable with background rates in the general population. There is continued interest to better understand the safety of onabotulinumtoxinA during pregnancy. This analysis evaluated pregnancy outcomes after onabotulinumtoxinA exposure to provide a cumulative 29-year update. Methods The Allergan Global Safety Database was searched from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2018. Data from women (younger than 65 years or unknown) during pregnancy or ≤3 months before conception treated with onabotulinumtoxinA were assessed to estimate birth defect prevalence rates of live births only from prospective pregnancies. Results Of 913 pregnancies, 397 (43.5%) were eligible with known outcomes. Maternal age was known in 215 pregnancies: 45.6% were 35 years or older. Indication was known in 340 pregnancies: most frequent were aesthetic (35.3%) and migraine/headache (30.3%). The timing of exposure was known in 318 pregnancies: 94.6% were before conception or during the first trimester. OnabotulinumtoxinA dose information was known in 242 pregnancies; most (83.5%) were exposed to <200 U. Of 195 prospective pregnancies with 197 fetuses, there were 152 (77.2%) live births and 45 (22.8%) fetal losses (32 spontaneous, 13 elective). Of 152 live births, 148 (97.4%) had normal outcomes and 4 had abnormal outcomes. Among the 4 abnormal outcomes, there were 1 major birth defect, 2 minor fetal defects, and 1 birth complication. The prevalence rate for overall fetal defects was 2.6% (4/152, 95% CI 1.0%–6.6%) and 0.7% (1/152, 95% CI 0.1%–3.6%) for major fetal defects (3%–6% in the general population). Among cases of live births and known determinable exposure times, there was 1 birth defect with preconception exposure and 2 with first-trimester exposure. Discussion Although subject to reporting bias due to the nature of the postmarketing database review, this 29-year retrospective analysis of safety data in pregnant women exposed to onabotulinumtoxinA demonstrates that the prevalence rate of major fetal defects among live births is consistent with the rates reported in the general population. Although there are limited data available for second-trimester and third-trimester exposure, this updated and expanded safety analysis provides important real-world evidence to health care providers and their patients. Classification of Evidence This analysis provides Class III data that demonstrate that the prevalence rate of major fetal defects among live births subsequent to in utero onabotulinumtoxinA exposure is comparable with the reported background rates.
Tuning of optical bandgap and magnetization of C-implanted ZnO thin films

The present study demonstrates that one can tune the bandgap and ferromagnetism in ZnO thin films by carbon implantation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study infers that at lower concentration, C ions prefer to occupy substitutional sites whereas at higher concentration it occupies partially interstitial sites. Combined with ferromagnetic behaviour, the results demonstrate that lower bandgap induces stronger magnetization and reverse in the case of wider bandgap. The optical and magnetic results are well supported by XRD and XPS measurements. These experimental results provide new evidence that ferromagnetic behaviour in these systems is closely related with the distribution of carbon ions in the host lattice.
Genomic Loss and Epigenetic Silencing of the FOSL1 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Radiation-induced Neoplastic Transformation of Human CGL1 Cells Alters the Tumorigenic Phenotype In Vitro and In Vivo

The CGL1 human hybrid cell system has been utilized for many decades as an excellent cellular tool for investigating neoplastic transformation. Substantial work has been done previously implicating genetic factors related to chromosome 11 to the alteration of tumorigenic phenotype in CGL1 cells. This includes candidate tumor suppressor gene FOSL1, a member of the AP-1 transcription factor complex which encodes for protein FRA1. Here we present novel evidence supporting the role of FOSL1 in the suppression of tumorigenicity in segregants of the CGL1 system. Gamma-induced mutant (GIM) and control (CON) cells were isolated from 7 Gy gamma-irradiated CGL1s. Western, Southern and Northern blot analysis were utilized to assess FOSL1/FRA1 expression as well as methylation studies. GIMs were transfected to re-express FRA1 and in vivo tumorigenicity studies were conducted. Global transcriptomic microarray and RT-qPCR analysis were used to further characterize these unique cell segregants. GIMs were found to be tumorigenic in vivo when injected into nude mice whereas CON cells were not. GIMs show loss of Fosl/FRA1 expression as confirmed by Western blot. Southern and Northern blot analysis further reveals that FRA1 reduction in tumorigenic CGL1 segregants is likely due to transcriptional suppression. Results suggest that radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of CGL1 is in part due to silencing of the FOSL1 tumor suppressor gene promoter by methylation. The radiation-induced tumorigenic GIMs transfected to re-express FRA1 resulted in suppression of subcutaneous tumor growth in nude mice in vivo. Global microarray analysis and RT-qPCR validation elucidated several hundred differentially expressed genes. Downstream analysis reveals a significant number of altered pathways and enriched Gene Ontology terms genes related to cellular adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Together these findings provide strong evidence that FRA1 is a tumor suppressor gene deleted and epigenetically silenced after ionizing radiation-induced neoplastic transformation in the CGL1 human hybrid cell system.
The effect of financial structure, financial leverage, and profitability on value of shares of industrial companies: Applied study on a sample of Saudi Industrial Companies

Findings: The results confirm that there is statistically significant direct relationship between two independent variables: return on equity and capital structure and the dependent variable represented by stock market price. However, there is weak and inverse relationship between financial leverage and stock value, and this relationship is not significant, so there is no statistically significant relationship between financial leverage and company’s value.
A Runge-Kutta Type Scheme to Solve Under Commutative Noise

First, we give a finite-dif ference scheme of global order in the meansquare sense to solve numerically certain stochastic differential equations (SDEs), which is inspired on Runge-Kutta methods of order 4 in the case of deterministic ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This scheme depends only on increments of the Wiener processes evaluated at the partition points. We found a class of SDEs for which the scheme works and give its order of convergence. Finally some computational results are given. Second, we study the efficienc y of this scheme when computing weak approximations of the solutions,in other words, we are interested in quantities of the form where is a sufficiently smooth function and is the solution of a SDE at time . In this case, we proved that our scheme has global order of convergence whereas other known schemes given in [19],[24],[25] and [28] while having order for the weak convergence have global order in the mean-square sense. Therefore, for this class of SDEs our scheme gives order of convergence in both situations, mean-square as well as for weak convergence and does not involve neither derivatives nor stochastic integrals.
The Statistical Evaluation of a Binary Test Based on Combined Samples

The statistical evaluation of the reliability of binary tests and inspections is a challenging endeavor. In this paper, we propose an approach for the common situation where the true condition of the inspected items is unobservable (“gold-standard unavailable”), the probabilities of false acceptance and false rejection vary across items, and rejections are relatively rare. Our approach fits a latent-variable model, where the variability in misclassification probabilities is driven by a continuous property of a part. To deal with the low prevalence of rejections, we propose sampling items from multiple sources. The performance and properties of the estimators are assessed using simulation, asymptotic approximations, and a real-life case at a car-parts manufacturer.
Bell's Theorem and Hidden Variable Theories

Although standard quantum mechanics is compatible with experiments, it could not clarify some important unsolved problems like quantum reality and measurement process. Hidden variable theories provide solutions to these conceptual problems of standard quantum mechanics. We examine Bell’s theorem, one of the most essential theorems about foundations of quantum mechanics, and Bell-test experiments which empirically rules out local hidden variable theories. Then we discuss pilot wave theory which is a non-local hidden variable theory and one of the most signicant possible successors of standard quantum mechanics. Moreover, by touching upon also philosophical issues, we give the shape of the possible interpretation of quantum mechanics.