Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NIHAO project – I. Reproducing the inefficiency of galaxy formation across cosmic time with a large sample of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations

We introduce project NIHAO (Numerical Investigation of a Hundred Astrophysical Objects), a set of 100 cosmological zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations performed using the GASOLINE code, with an improved implementation of the SPH algorithm. The haloes in our study range from dwarf (M-200 similar to 5 x 10(9) M-circle dot) to Milky Way (M-200 similar to 2 x 10(12) M-circle dot) masses, and represent an unbiased sampling of merger histories, concentrations and spin parameters. The particle masses and force softenings are chosen to resolve the mass profile to below 1 per cent of the virial radius at all masses, ensuring that galaxy half-light radii are well resolved. Using the same treatment of star formation and stellar feedback for every object, the simulated galaxies reproduce the observed inefficiency of galaxy formation across cosmic time as expressed through the stellar mass versus halo mass relation, and the star formation rate versus stellar mass relation. We thus conclude that stellar feedback is the chief piece of physics required to limit the efficiency of star formation in galaxies less massive than the Milky Way.
Escape fraction of the ionizing radiation from starburst galaxies at high redshifts

Recent data indicates that the cosmic UV emissivity decreased with decreasing redshift z near the end of reionization. Lacking evidence for very massive early stars, this could signal a decline with time in the mass-averaged escape fraction of ionizing radiation from galaxies at z > 6. We calculate the evolution of ionization fronts in dark matter halos which host gas in hydrostatic equilibrium at its cooling temperature floor (T~10^4 K for atomic hydrogen). We find a high escape fraction only for the lowest mass halos (with M 10^-3. Since the low-mass galaxy population is depleted by radiative feedback, we find that indeed decreases with time during reionization.
Safe Assets: The Role of Self-Insurance*

The price of a safe asset reflects not only the expected discounted future cash flows but also future service flows, since retrading allows partial insurance of idiosyncratic risk in an incomplete markets setting. This lowers the issuers’ interest burden. As idiosyncratic risk rises during recessions, so does the value of the service flows bestowing the safe asset with a negative β. The resulting exorbitant priviledge resolves government debt valuation puzzles and allows the government to run a permanent (primary) deficit without ever paying back its debt. Nevertheless, the government faces a “Debt Laffer Curve”. The paper also has important implications for fiscal debt sustainability.
Special Issue: Nonlinear Effects and Dynamics in Close Relationships

This study demonstrates how sequence analysis, which is a method for identifying common patterns in categorical time series data, illuminates the nonlinear dynamics of dyadic conversations by describing chains of behavior that shift categorically, rather than incrementally. When applied to interpersonal interactions, sequence analysis supports the identification of conversational motifs, which can be used to test hypotheses linking patterns of interaction to conversational antecedents or outcomes. As an illustrative example, this study evaluated 285 conversations involving stranger, friend, and dating dyads in which one partner, the discloser, communicated about a source of stress to a partner in the role of listener. Using sequence analysis, we identified three five-turn supportive conversational motifs that had also emerged in a previous study of stranger dyads: discloser problem description, discloser problem processing, and listener-focused dialogue. We also observed a new, fourth motif: listener-focused, discloser questioning. Tests of hypotheses linking the prevalence and timing of particular motifs to the problem discloser’s emotional improvement and perceptions of support quality, as moderated by the discloser’s pre-interaction stress, offered a partial replication of previous findings. The discussion highlights the value of using sequence analysis to illuminate dynamic patterns in dyadic interactions. Department of Communication Arts & Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA Department of Communication Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA School of Journalism and New Media, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA Departments of Communication and Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Corresponding author: Denise Haunani Solomon, Department of Communication Arts & Sciences, Penn State University, 317 Sparks Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Email: dhs12@psu.edu
Special Issue: Nonlinear Effects and Dynamics in Close Relationships

Recent research suggests that the association between age and gratitude might be curvilinear—despite gratitude ostensibly being higher in middle-age, it might be lower in older adulthood. It is unclear if this curvilinear pattern of age differences in gratitude is found in other samples and whether its manifestation depends on contextual (i.e., national/cultural) characteristics. The current study examined cultural variation in the curvilinear effect of age on gratitude in a sample of over 4.5 million participants from 88 countries. Participants from countries with lower levels of human development, a shorter-term orientation, and higher levels of indulgence reported higher levels of gratitude. Cultural moderation effects were very small, suggesting that curvilinear effects of age on gratitude may be relatively comparable across cultures.
Interactions of Ingested Polystyrene Microplastics with Heavy Metals (Cadmium or Silver) as Environmental Pollutants: A Comprehensive In Vivo Study Using Drosophila melanogaster

Simple Summary Living organisms are now constantly exposed to PSMPLs, and besides their huge toxic potential, they can also act as carriers of various hazardous elements such as heavy metals. As a novelty, we managed to visualize the biodistribution of ingested PSMPLs throughout the fly’s body, observing the interactions of such plastics with Drosophila intestinal lumen, and cellular uptake by hemocytes. This study is the first investigation to investigate the various biological effects of the interactions between ingested PSMPLs and heavy metals in Drosophila. Abstract Living organisms are now constantly exposed to microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs), and besides their toxic potential, they can also act as carriers of various hazardous elements such as heavy metals. Therefore, this study explored possible interactions between polystyrene microplastics (PSMPLs) and two metal pollutants: cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). To better understand the extent of biological effects caused by different sizes of PSMPLs, we conducted in vivo experiments with five doses (from 0.01 to 10 mM) that contained polystyrene particles measuring 4, 10, and 20 µm in size on Drosophila larvae. Additional experiments were performed by exposing larvae to two individual metals, CdCl2 (0.5 mM) and AgNO3 (0.5 mM), as well as combined exposure to PSMPLs (0.01 and 10 mM) and these metals, in an attempt to gain new insight into health risks of such co-exposure. Using transmission electron microscopy imaging, we managed to visualize the biodistribution of ingested PSMPLs throughout the fly’s body, observing the interactions of such plastics with Drosophila intestinal lumen, cellular uptake by gut enterocytes, the passage of plastic particles through the intestinal barrier to leak into the hemolymph, and cellular uptake by hemocytes. Observations detected size and shape changes in the ingested PSMPLs. Egg-to-adult viability screening revealed no significant toxicity upon exposure to individual doses of tested materials; however, the combined exposure to plastic and metal particles induced aggravated genotoxic effects, including intestinal damage, genetic damage, and intracellular oxidative stress (ROS generation), with smaller sized plastic particles + metals (cadmium and silver) causing greater damage.
A dynamic neural field model of phonetic trace effects in speech errors

Speech errors are often perceived as categorical substitutions of one sound for another, but phonetic analyses have consistently revealed that errorful productions retain a phonetic trace of the target category. These trace effects have been taken as evidence for the simultaneous activation of multiple categories, both exerting influence on speech production. We develop a dynamic neural field model of voice onset time (VOT) planning, showing how multiple activated categories can be resolved in the field to show trace effects. We evaluate model predictions against measurements of VOT for voiced and voiceless stops in speech error experiments and naturalistic corpora.
A Monadic Framework for Subcontinuations

Functional and delimited continuations are more expressive than traditional abortive continuations and they apparently seem to require a framework beyond traditional continuation or monadic semantics. We show that this is not the case: standard continuation semantics is sufficient to explain directly the common control operators for delimited continuations. This implies a monadic framework for typed and encapsulated functional and delimited continuations which we design and implement as a Haskell library.
TORUS PACKINGS AND SELF-JOININGS OF KLEINIAN GROUPS

For any d ≥ 1, we obtain counting and equdistribution results for tori with small voume for a class of d -dimensional torus packings, invariant under a self-joining Γ ρ < (cid:81) di =1 PSL 2 ( C ) of a Kleinian group Γ formed by a d -tuple of convex cocompact representations ρ = ( ρ 1 , · · · , ρ d ). More precisely, if P is a Γ ρ -admissible d -dimensional torus packing, then for any bounded subset E ⊂ C d = R 2 d with boundary contained in a proper real algebraic subvariety, we have Here 0 < δ L 1 ( ρ ) ≤ 2 / √ d is the critical exponent of Γ ρ with respect to the L 1 -metric on the product (cid:81) di =1 H 3 , Λ ρ ⊂ ( C ∪{∞} ) d is the limit set of Γ ρ , and ω Γ ρ is a locally finite Borel measure on C d ∩ Λ ρ which can be explicitly described. The class of admissible torus packings we consider arises naturally from the Teichm¨uller theory of Kleinian groups. Our work extends previous results of Oh-Shah [21] on circle packings (i.e. one-dimensional torus packings) to d -torus packings.
GRB 110205A: ANATOMY OF A LONG GAMMA-RAY BURST

The Swift burst GRB 110205A was a very bright burst visible in the Northern Hemisphere. GRB 110205A was intrinsically long and very energetic and it occurred in a low-density interstellar medium environment, leading to delayed afterglow emission and a clear temporal separation of the main emitting components: prompt emission, reverse shock, and forward shock. Our observations show several remarkable features of GRB 110205A: the detection of prompt optical emission strongly correlated with the Burst Alert Telescope light curve, with no temporal lag between the two; the absence of correlation of the X-ray emission compared to the optical and high-energy gamma-ray ones during the prompt phase; and a large optical re-brightening after the end of the prompt phase, that we interpret as a signature of the reverse shock. Beyond the pedagogical value offered by the excellent multi-wavelength coverage of a gamma-ray burst with temporally separated radiating components, we discuss several questions raised by our observations: the nature of the prompt optical emission and the spectral evolution of the prompt emission at high energies (from 0.5 keV to 150 keV); the origin of an X-ray flare at the beginning of the forward shock; and the modeling of the afterglow, including the reverse shock, in the framework of the classical fireball model.
A NEW APPROACH TO LIOUVILLE THEOREMS FOR ELLIPTIC INEQUALITIES (Progress in Variational Problems : New Trends of Geometric Gradient Flow and Critical Point Theory)

In this article we review a new method for proving the nonexistence of positive solutions of elliptic inequalities in unbounded domains in $\rn$, which was recently introduced by the authors. We expose our method and new results on the two most frequently encountered cases: inequalities involving the p-Laplacian or the Pucci extremal operator.
Kondo effect in alkaline-earth-metal atomic gases with confinement-induced resonances

Alkaline-earth-metal atoms have a long-lived electronic excited state, and when atoms in this excited state are localized in the Fermi sea of ground-state atoms by an external potential, they serve as magnetic impurities, due to the spin-exchange interaction between the excited- and the ground-state atoms. This can give rise to the Kondo effect. However, in order to achieve this effect in current atomic gas experiments, it requires the Kondo temperature to be increased to a sizable portion of the Fermi temperature. In this paper we calculate the confinement-induced resonance (CIR) for the spin-exchanging interaction between the ground and the excited states of the alkaline-earth-metal atoms and propose that the spin-exchange interaction can be strongly enhanced by utilizing the CIR. We analyze this system by the renormalization-group approach and show that near a CIR, the Kondo temperature can be significantly enhanced.
Becoming More Resilient during COVID-19: Insights from a Process Evaluation of Digital Resilience Training

Resilience training is gaining attention as a strategy to build students’ resistance to adversity and promote their mental well-being. However, owing to inconsistencies and variations in the content and delivery of resilience training, more work is needed to examine students’ experiences and preferences to address issues relating to intervention fidelity. This study adopted a qualitative approach in exploring students’ experience of synchronous and asynchronous versions of a digital resilience training program. Seventeen students were interviewed using a semi-structured virtual face-to-face interview via Zoom. The thematic analyses unveiled four themes: embarking on a journey toward resilience, discovering strategies to develop resilience, finding a balance to benefit from resilience skill enhancement, and instilling resilience in the everyday. Future resilience training should consider students’ workload and interactivity to enhance their engagement. As being resilient is associated with better mental well-being, the findings of this study may support the development of future wellness programs.
Impact of recycling policies on plastic waste aimed at municipalities: Evidence from Japan

This study investigates the impact of the central government's policy designed to encourage municipalities to recycle plastic waste in Japan. Using an instrumental variable approach, we examine whether the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (CPRL), which includes policies such as subsidising recycling for municipalities and providing municipalities with recyclers, increases the volume of plastic waste recycling in these municipalities. The results show that CPRL increases the recycling volume of plastic packaging waste, post collection, by approximately 3.1–3.9 kg per capita and that of plastic bottles by 0.4–0.5 kg per capita. We also find evidence that these estimated impacts of CPRL are larger than those of recycling policies that target inhabitants such as unit-based pricing and door-to-door collection. In contrast to previous studies, our results suggest that, in addition to policies for promoting recycling behaviour among inhabitants, policies designed to encourage municipalities play an important role in increasing the volume of plastic recycling. year fixed effects. There are a total of 17,180 observations (which correspond to all 1,718 municipalities over ten years) in this analysis because the subsidy policy for municipalities on the amount of recycling began in 2008. The control variables include the population density, the share of older people, and the average income per inhabitant.
Robustness to Adversarial Gradients: A Glimpse Into the Loss Landscape of Contrastive Pre-training

An in-depth understanding of deep neural network generalization can allow machine learning practitioners to design systems more robust to class balance shift, adversarial attacks, and data drift. However, the reasons for better generalization are not fully understood. Recent works provide empirical arguments suggesting flat minima generalize better. While recently proposed contrastive pre-training methods have also been shown to improve generalization, there is also an incomplete understanding of the loss landscape of these models and why they generalize well. In this work, we analyze the loss landscape of contrastive trained models on the CIFAR-10 dataset by looking at three sharpness measures: (1) the approximate eigen-spectrum of the Hessian, (2) ( C ϵ , A ) -sharpness, and (3) robustness to adversarial gradients (RAG), a new efficient measure of sharpness. Our findings suggest models fine-tuned after contrastive training favor flatter solutions relative to base-line classifiers trained with a supervised objective. In addition, our proposed metric yields findings consistent with existing works, demonstrating impacts of learning rate and batch size on minima sharpness.
Explainable Career Path Predictions using Neural Models

Career path prediction aims to determine a potential employee’s next job, based on the jobs they have had until now. While good performance on this task has been achieved in recent years, the models making career predictions often function as black boxes. By integrating components of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), this paper aims to make these predictions explainable and understandable. To study the effects of explainability on performance, three non-explainable baselines were compared to three similar, but explainable, alternatives. Furthermore, user testing was performed with recruiters in order to determine the sensibility of the explanations generated by the models. Results show that the explainable alternatives perform on-par with their non-explainable counterparts. In addition, the explainable models were determined to provide understandable and useful explanations by recruiters.
Longitudinal Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Enterococcus Species Isolated from Australian Beef Cattle Faeces at Feedlot Entry and Exit

Simple Summary The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) enterococci is a global public and animal health concern. Due to a fear of their spread to humans, the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) in enterococci in agricultural production creates controversy between the producers and consumers. The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci isolated from beef cattle in South Australia at two time points, the entry and the exit (at slaughter). Overall, the AMR prevalence remained largely static between the entry and the exit except for the increased resistance to nitrofurantoin and quinupristin/dalfopristin in the absence of antimicrobial selection pressure. Therefore, regular monitoring of AMR is essential to monitor resistance trends in beef cattle. Abstract Enterococcus faecium are commensal bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans and an important cause of drug-resistant nosocomial infections. This longitudinal study aimed to determine whether changes in the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotype and genotype occurred among Enterococcus spp. isolated from cattle rectal samples obtained at the entry to and exit from an Australian feedlot. The samples obtained at the feedlot induction yielded enterococci (104/150; 69.3%), speciated as E. hirae (90/104; 86.5%), E. faecium (9/104; 8.7%), E. mundtii (3/104; 2.9%), E. durans, and E. casseliflavus (1/104; 1.0% each). AMR was observed to lincomycin (63/104; 60.6%), daptomycin (26/104; 25.0%), nitrofurantoin (9/104; 8.7%), ciprofloxacin (7/104; 6.7%), tetracycline (5/104; 4.8%), tigecycline (4/104; 3.9%), and quinupristin/dalfopristin (3/104; 2.9%). From the rectal swab samples collected at the abattoir from the same animals (i.e., the feedlot exit), the enterococci recovery was significantly higher (144/150; 96.0%), with a marked shift in species distribution dominated by E. faecium (117/144; 81.3%). However, the prevalence of AMR to individual antimicrobials remained largely static between the entry and exit except for the increased resistance to nitrofurantoin (77/144; 53.5%) and quinupristin/dalfopristin (26/144; 18.1%). Overall, 13 AMR genes were observed among the 62 E. faecium isolates. These included aac(6′)Ii, aac(6′)-Iid, and ant(6)-Ia (aminoglycosides); eatAv, lnu(G), vat(E), msr(C), and erm(B) (macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins); efmA (fluoroquinolones); and tet(45), tet(L), tet(M), and tet(S) (tetracyclines). The results confirm the presence of fluoroquinolone- and streptogramin-resistant enterococci in cattle faeces at the feedlot entry in the absence of antimicrobial selection pressure. E. faecium, exhibiting increased nitrofurantoin resistance, became the dominant Enterococcus spp. during the feeding period.
Observing a light dark matter beam with neutrino experiments

We consider the sensitivity of fixed-target neutrino experiments at the luminosity frontier to light stable states, such as those present in models of MeV-scale dark matter. To ensure the correct thermal relic abundance, such states must annihilate via light mediators, which in turn provide an access portal for direct production in colliders or fixed targets. Indeed, this framework endows the neutrino beams produced at fixed-target facilities with a companion 'dark matter beam', which may be detected via an excess of elastic scattering events off electrons or nuclei in the (near-)detector. We study the high-luminosity proton fixed-target experiments at LSND and MiniBooNE, and determine that the ensuing sensitivity to light dark matter generally surpasses that of other direct probes. For scenarios with a kinetically-mixed U(1){sup '} vector mediator of mass m{sub V}, we find that a large volume of parameter space is excluded for m{sub DM}{approx}1-5 MeV, covering vector masses 2m{sub DM} < or approx. m{sub V} < or approx. m{sub {eta}} and a range of kinetic mixing parameters reaching as low as {kappa}{approx}10{sup -5}. The corresponding MeV-scale dark matter scenarios motivated by an explanation of the galactic 511 keV line are thus strongly constrained.