Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Figuring Things Out, Morally Speaking

Abstract The appeal of the moral principle according to which we should treat like cases alike is so great that it verges on the axiomatic, or on the platitudinous. Recently, however, the principle has been challenged in deeply interesting ways. These ways are interesting because they do not invite skepticism about morality at large, but about the specific claim that what is good (or bad) for an agent in a given situation must be good (or bad) for any other similarly situated agent. I here assess the post-challenge viability of the principle. In a sense, the principle survives, but this is neither an unqualified victory nor an inspiring result. The examination of these matters contains an important (and under-investigated) lesson about the nature of moral experience.
Maximum entropy-based forest fire likelihood mapping: analysing the trends, distribution, and drivers of forest fires in Sikkim Himalaya

ABSTRACT The recent episodes of forest fires in Brazil and Australia of 2019 are tragic reminders of the hazards of forest fire. Globally incidents of forest fire events are on the rise due to human encroachment into the wilderness and climate change. Sikkim with a forest cover of more than 47%, suffers seasonal instances of frequent forest fire during the dry winter months. To address this issue, a GIS-aided and MaxEnt machine learning-based forest fire prediction map has been prepared using a forest fire inventory database and maps of environmental features. The study indicates that amongst the environmental features, climatic conditions and proximity to roads are the major determinants of forest fire. Model validation criteria like ROC curve, correlation coefficient, and Cohen's Kappa show a good predictive ability (AUC = 0.95, COR = 0.81, κ = 0.78). The outcomes of this study in the form of a forest fire prediction map can aid the stakeholders of the forest in taking informed mitigation measures.
Exhalation Spreading During Nasal High-Flow Therapy at Different Flow Rates

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. OBJECTIVES: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is transmitted through aerosols and droplets. Nasal high-flow therapy could possibly increase the spreading of exhalates from patients. The aim of this study is to investigate whether nasal high-flow therapy affects the range of the expiratory plume compared with spontaneous breathing. DESIGN: Interventional experiment on single breaths of a healthy volunteer. SETTING: Research laboratory at the Bauhaus-University Weimar. Subjects: A male subject. INTERVENTIONS: Videos and images from a schlieren optical system were analyzed during spontaneous breathing and different nasal high-flow rates. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The maximal exhalation spread was 0.99, 2.18, 2.92, and 4.1 m during spontaneous breathing, nasal high-flow of 20 L/min, nasal high-flow of 40 L/min, and nasal high-flow of 60 L/min, respectively. Spreading of the expiratory plume in the sagittal plane can completely be blocked with a surgical mask. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal high-flow therapy increases the range of the expiratory air up to more than 4 meters. The risk to pick up infectious particles could be increased within this range. Attachment of a surgical mask over the nasal high-flow cannula blocks the expiratory airstream.
The Invisible Cage: Workers’ Reactivity to Opaque Algorithmic Evaluations

Existing research has shown that people experience third-party evaluations as a form of control because they try to align their behavior with evaluations’ criteria to secure more favorable resources, recognition, and opportunities from external audiences. Much of this research has focused on evaluations with transparent criteria, but increasingly, algorithmic evaluation systems are not transparent. Drawing on over three years of interviews, archival data, and observations as a registered user on a labor platform, I studied how freelance workers contend with an opaque third-party evaluation algorithm—and with what consequences. My findings show the platform implemented an opaque evaluation algorithm to meaningfully differentiate between freelancers’ rating scores. Freelancers experienced this evaluation as a form of control but could not align their actions with its criteria because they could not clearly identify those criteria. I found freelancers had divergent responses to this situation: some experimented with ways to improve their rating scores, and others constrained their activity on the platform. Their reactivity differed based not only on their general success on the platform—whether they were high or low performers—but also on how much they depended on the platform for work and whether they experienced setbacks in the form of decreased evaluation scores. These workers experienced what I call an “invisible cage”: a form of control in which the criteria for success and changes to those criteria are unpredictable. For gig workers who rely on labor platforms, this form of control increasingly determines their access to clients and projects while undermining their ability to understand and respond to factors that determine their success.
Yield Responses of Maize (Zea maysL.) and Successive Potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) Crops to Maize Stover co-compostedwith Calliandra CalothyrsusMeisn Green Manure

The present investigation aimed at evaluating the effect of Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn green manure on the quality improvement of maize (Zea mays L.) stover compost. To that end, two field experiments were installed with maize (Zea mays L.) and a successive potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop, which was specifically set up to investigate the potential residual effects of tested organo-mineral fertilizers. The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop did not receive any fertilizer, either organic or mineral. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. The basic experimental plot was 1.6 m wide and 3 m long (4.8 m²). Treatments under evaluation were: T1=Control, T2=Maize stover co-composted with mineral fertilizer, T3=Maize stover co-compost with Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn green manure; T4=Farm manure+45-60-30; and T5=Maize stover co-composted with Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn green manure+45-60-30. Evaluated parameters were grain yields, root biomass, above-ground biomass, Harvest Index, and Root/Shoot ratio for maize (Zea mays L.). Potato yields were categorized into small size ( 65 mm). Significant effects (p 0.05) of fertilizer treatments could be noticed on the harvest index (HI=0.31-0.38) or R/S ratio (0.079-0.088). For the successive potato crop, a significant effect (p < 0.001) of tested treatments was only observed for the seed-oriented medium size tubers (MST) potato yield. Overall, the most relevant observation of the maize experiment is that treatments T4 and T5 gave higher and equivalent grain and biomass yields. From there, we derive that maize stover co-composted with Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn green manure could be a sound substitute to farm manure. Additionally, the potato experiment highlighted the residual effects of the T3 treatment, statistically equivalent to that of T2. Consequently, we advise that the effects of compost-based organo-mineral fertilizers on crop yields should be evaluated beyond a single seasonal crop, in order to fully catch their residual fertilizer potentials.
Fulfilment of technical and hygienic requirements among street food vendors in Slovenia

PurposeThis cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the compliance of hygienic and technical standards of street food vendors in Slovenia with the requirements of the general hygienic food principals set in the Codex Alimentarius and Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs.Design/methodology/approachFood vendors were observed directly and discretely using a semi-structured observation sheet that allowed fast evaluation. The employee's behaviour was not affected during the observations because they were not aware of being observed. Each observation lasted approximately 30 min. Food vendors were divided into groups according to their location, type of facility, number of employees and type of food sold.FindingsDepending on the type of street vendor, more inconsistencies were found amongst food stands compared to food trucks and kiosks. Most food trucks and kiosks scored very high in both personal and hygienic-technical standards. Some of the major inconsistencies were lack of suitably located washbasins, improper hand-washing technique, improper waste management, working surfaces that were inadequately separated from consumers, and inconsistent maintenance of the cold chain. Food handlers have been confirmed as a critical risk factor.Research limitations/implicationsDespite methodology validation, the data was collected by a single observer, limiting the ability to obtain a more reliable estimate of the observations. The sample was disproportionate according to the type of street food facilities.Practical implicationsThe results provide a basis for (1) national professional guidelines of good hygiene practices for food business operators, which should cover street food vendors more extensively in future updates, and (2) the development of food safety training programmes tailored for street vendors.Originality/valueThe study provides valuable insights into current hygienic-technical conditions of the street food vending sector.
Prime Time in Preschool Through Teacher-Guided Play with Rectangular Numbers

ABSTRACT In preschool, numbers and shapes typically appear as separate topics. This study explores how a game, designed as a guided play activity with figurate numbers, functions in a preschool context. The guided play involved parking Lego cars in a rectangular shape, and to find out for which number of Lego cars this is possible. Thirteen preschool children in three separate age groups, aged from four to six years, together with their teacher, participated in the study. Their communications through words and actions were recorded. The results exemplify how this guided play provides a rich context for engaging young children with mathematical activities such as counting, sorting, shaping, asking, justifying, and inferring, as well as emotional engagement with the activity.
Ophthalmic Anthropometry among Rural Dwellers in Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe

Introduction The measures of ophthalmic anthropometric parameters may vary among races and ethnic groups but are of immense importance in clinical diagnosis and management of oculo-visual defects. There is paucity of data on these measures among the Zimbabwean population. Purpose The aim was to determine ophthalmic anthropometric parameters among rural dwellers in Zimbabwe. Methods Six ophthalmic anthropometric parameters including interpupillary distance (IPD), head width (HW), temple width (TW), length to bend (LTB), and apical radius were measured using a pupillometer, PD rule, Head width calipers, Fairbank facial gauge, and ABDO frame rule. Results A total of 471 participants aged 18 to 100 years (mean age = 55.13; SD± 17.33 years). Of the 471 participants, 206 (43.7%) were males and 265 (56.3%) were females. A mean interpupillary distance at far was 65.57 ± 4.80 mm, mean temple width of 12.49 ± 1.53 cm, mean head width of 13.61 ± 1.39 cm and a side length to bend of 10.24 ± 1.20 cm and the apical radius was 9.94 ± 1.37. There was a significant (P < 0.05) difference between the ophthalmic anthropometric parameters of males and females except for temple width and apical radius. Conclusion A narrower interpupillary distance but a wider temple width was observed among adult Zimbabweans. A significant difference in ophthalmic anthropometric parameters between males and females were observed except for temple width and apical radius. This should inform eyewear manufacturers and importers of frames on the facial and ocular parameters of Zimbabweans to improve the aesthetics and ensure a comfortable vision for wearers of already-made near vision spectacles for presbyopes. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2021;4(1):99-111
The influence of social belonging and creativity on the immoral consumption behaviors of new adolescents: A cross-cultural study of 16–24 year olds

Why do adolescents engage in immoral consumer behavior, like changing a price or lying for a discount? Based on the theory of the need for social belonging, a study of 1,326 Brazilian, Chinese, American, and French adolescents aged 16–24 demonstrates the coexistence of two opposing relationships between belonging to a peer group and judgment of immoral consumption behavior: a direct relationship in which adolescents who feel most integrated are those whose judgment is the most severe, but also an indirect relationship, in which social belonging increases creative self-efficacy, which in turn makes the subject more forgiving of immoral behavior. The respective weights of direct and indirect paths vary with national culture, here the country of residence, and the value of individualism/collectivism. In Brazil and China, which have collectivist cultures, the direct path dominates. In the United States and France, which are more individualistic, the path is indirect.
Seismic Visibility of Eclogite in the Earth’s Upper Mantle—Implications From High Pressure‐Temperature Single‐Crystal Elastic Properties of Omphacite

Identifying and locating the geochemical and geophysical heterogeneities in the Earth’s interior is one of the most important and challenging tasks for the deep Earth scientists. Subducted oceanic crust metamorphizes into the dense eclogite in the upper mantle and is considered as a major cause of geochemical and geophysical heterogeneities in the deep Earth. In order to detect eclogitic materials inside the Earth, precise measurements of the high pressure‐temperature single‐crystal elasticity of major minerals in eclogite are thus exceedingly important. Omphacite, a Na,Al‐bearing clinopyroxene, constitutes up to 75 vol% of eclogite. In the present study, we performed the first high pressure‐temperature single‐crystal elasticity measurements of omphacite using Brillouin spectroscopy. Utilizing the finite‐strain approach, we obtained the following thermoelastic parameters for omphacite: KS0’ = 4.5(1), G0’ = 1.53(5), ∂KS0/∂T = −0.029(5) GPa/K, ∂G0/∂T = −0.013(5) GPa/K, with KS0 = 123(3) GPa, G0 = 74(2) GPa, and ρ0 = 3.34(1) g/cm3. We found that the seismic velocities of undeformed eclogite are similar to pyrolite at the depths of 200–300 and 410–500 km, thus eclogite is seismically invisible at these depths. Combined with the lattice‐preferred orientations of the omphacite in naturally deformed eclogites, we also modeled seismic anisotropy of eclogite at various pressure‐temperature conditions. A 10 km thick subducted eclogitic crust can result in ∼0.2 s shear wave splitting in the Earth’s upper mantle.
Taxation of Land and Economic Growth

In this paper, we theoretically analyze the effects of three types of land taxes on economic growth using an overlapping generation model in which land can be used for production or consumption (housing) purposes. Based on the analyses in which land is used as a factor of production, we can confirm that the taxation of land will lead to an increase in the growth rate of the economy. Particularly, we show that the introduction of a tax on land rents, a tax on the value of land or a stamp duty will cause the net price of land to decline. Further, we show that the nationalization of land and the redistribution of the land rents to the young generation will maximize the growth rate of the economy.
Highly stable and printable Ag NWs/GO/PVP composite ink for flexible electronics

Silver nanowire (Ag NW) ink has attracted significant attention due to its excellent conductivity for flexible electronics. However, the junctions of Ag NWs are unstable without a post-treatment process. In this paper, high-dispersibility Ag NWs/graphene oxide (GO)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) composite ink has been synthesized. The mixing of PVP can improve the dispersibility of Ag NWs in water, and the GO is employed to enhance the connection between Ag NWs. Finally, The Ag NWs/GO/PVP composite ink-based flexible electrode (FE) reaches a resistivity of 8.6 mΩ cm after sintering at 100 °C for 15 min and shows superior reliability even after 6000 bending cycles. Moreover, the FE coated with composite ink shows a better performance than pure Ag NWs under high temperature and humidity conditions (70 °C, 75% Relative Humidity (RH)). The thermal stability of Ag NWs is also improved by GO, as the morphology nearly maintains their initial structure under 240 °C, indicating their potential applications in high-reliability flexible electronics.
Experiencing Algorithms: How Young People Understand, Feel About, and Engage With Algorithmic News Selection on Social Media

The news that young people consume is increasingly subject to algorithmic curation. Yet, while numerous studies explore how algorithms exert power in citizens’ everyday life, little is known about how young people themselves perceive, learn about, and deal with news personalization. Considering the interactions between algorithms and users from an user-centric perspective, this article explores how young people make sense of, feel about, and engage with algorithmic news curation on social media and when such everyday experiences contribute to their algorithmic literacy. Employing in-depth interviews in combination with the walk-through method and think-aloud protocols with a diverse group of 22 young people aged 16–26 years, it addresses three current methodological challenges to studying algorithmic literacy: first, the lack of an established baseline about how algorithms operate; second, the opacity of algorithms within everyday media use; and third, limitations in technological vocabularies that hinder young people in articulating their algorithmic encounters. It finds that users’ sense-making strategies of algorithms are context-specific, triggered by expectancy violations and explicit personalization cues. However, young people’s intuitive and experience-based insights into news personalization do not automatically enable young people to verbalize these, nor does having knowledge about algorithms necessarily stimulate users to intervene in algorithmic decisions.
Flume tests on the hydraulic/mechanical behavior of the Tangjiashan landslide dam considering the influences of the different debris materials in heterogeneous strata

Landslide dams (LDs) usually form from natural debris materials and exhibit heterogeneous strata along both the depth and run-out directions. In addition, an LD usually has a weaker structure than that of undisturbed ground and is more vulnerable to seepage loading. Considering that the surface layer of naturally packed LD materials is generally in an unsaturated state, it is undoubtedly important to investigate the stability of the unsaturated debris materials in the heterogeneous strata of LDs. In this paper, a systematic flume test program was first conducted, in which the Tangjiashan LD was carefully referenced for model design. Three water level rising rates and two stratal arrangements were considered in the flume tests. Then, soil-water-air coupled finite element analyses were conducted to simulate the flume tests, and all the material parameters of the LD materials were carefully determined based on the results of the element tests. A comparison of the test and calculated results shows the possibility of using the proposed numerical method to estimate the occurrence of dam breaching and the risk of LD failure. Moreover, the hydraulic/mechanical behaviors of the LD materials and the heterogeneous strata of the LD were very important to the stability of the Tangjiashan LD. Finally, from an engineering viewpoint, the possibility of utilizing a naturally formed LD and thus not destroying it when it forms is also discussed, e.g., dam breaching risk can be reduced by excavation of a drainage tunnel, and the dam stability can be carefully estimated based on accurate geological data.
What Impacts Socially Responsible Consumption?

This study examines factors related to socially responsible consumption based on a sample of 636 Spanish consumers. The results indicate that socio-demographic factors such as sex, age, education level, and economic activity affect responsible consumption. In addition, it was found that in order to assess the antecedents of socially responsible consumption it is necessary to specify the type of consumer behavior (for example, purchasing specific products or initiatives against the purchase of certain products). It is found that perceived efficacy, affective commitment, and materialism explain different levels of variance in socially responsible consumption. Purchasing cause-related products is most influenced by affective commitment and perceived efficacy. Materialism affects purchasing motivated by firm behavior and the volume of consumption. The study finds that the referents to the responsibility that consumers adopt can be explained independently. In conclusion, with the aim of supporting a more sustainable society, the need for studies on anti-consumption behaviors as an instrument for sustainability is stressed.
Population Structures and Levels of Connectivity for Scyphozoan and Cubozoan Jellyfish

Understanding the hierarchy of populations from the scale of metapopulations to mesopopulations and member local populations is fundamental to understanding the population dynamics of any species. Jellyfish by definition are planktonic and it would be assumed that connectivity would be high among local populations, and that populations would minimally vary in both ecological and genetic clade-level differences over broad spatial scales (i.e., hundreds to thousands of km). Although data exists on the connectivity of scyphozoan jellyfish, there are few data on cubozoans. Cubozoans are capable swimmers and have more complex and sophisticated visual abilities than scyphozoans. We predict, therefore, that cubozoans have the potential to have finer spatial scale differences in population structure than their relatives, the scyphozoans. Here we review the data available on the population structures of scyphozoans and what is known about cubozoans. The evidence from realized connectivity and estimates of potential connectivity for scyphozoans indicates the following. Some jellyfish taxa have a large metapopulation and very large stocks (>1000 s of km), while others have clade-level differences on the scale of tens of km. Data on distributions, genetics of medusa and polyps, statolith shape, elemental chemistry of statoliths and biophysical modelling of connectivity suggest that some of the ~50 species of cubozoans have populations of surprisingly small spatial scales and low levels of connectivity. Despite their classification as plankton, therefore, some scyphozoans and cubozoans have stocks of small spatial scales. Causal factors that influence the population structure in many taxa include the distribution of polyps, behavior of medusa, local geomorphology and hydrodynamics. Finally, the resolution of patterns of connectivity and population structures will be greatest when multiple methods are used.