Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
J un 2 01 3 Study of the cavitating instability on a grooved Venturi profile

Instabilities of a partial cavity developed on an hydrofoil , a converging-diverging step or in an inter-blade channel, have already been investigated in many previous wo rks. The aim of this study is to evaluate a passive control method of the sheet cavity. According to operating c onditions, cavitation can be described by two different regimes: an unstable regime with a cloud cavitation sheddin g a d a stable regime with only a pulsating sheet cavity. Avoiding cloud cavitation can limit structure damages sinc e this regime is less agressive. The surface condition of a converging-diverging step is here studied as a solution to control the cavitation regime. This study discusses the effect of longitudinal grooves, on the developed sheet cavi y. Analyzes conducted with Laser Doppler Velocimetry, visualisations and pressure measurements show that the gro oves geometry, and especially the groove depth, acts on the sheet cavity dynamics and can even suppress the cloud cav itation shedding. Nomenclature Cf Friction coefficient H Sheet cavity mean height H Undimensional sheet cavity mean height Hthroat Height of the section at the Venturi throat K Karman constant L Sheet cavity mean length L Undimensional sheet cavity mean length N Number of grooves P Relative pressure Q Flow rate Reythroat Reynolds number T Water temperature StL Strouhal number d Diameter blur of grooves e Width of the ridge f Shedding frequency fL Frequency of the sheet cavity closure position variation h Depth of grooves pre f Inlet pressure pvap Saturation pressure of water vre f Inlet discharge velocity vthroat Velocity measured at the Venturi throat vy Longitudinal component of flow velocity vy Flow velocity component parallel to the bottom wall Venturi slope vy∗ Undimensional flow velocity component parallel to the botto m wall Venturi slope v∞ Flow velocity component parallel to the bottom wall Venturi slope measured far from the plate wall x,y,z Cartesian coordinate system x,y,z Cartesian coordinate system inclined, parallel to the bott om wall Venturi slope x,y,z Dimensionless space variables y,z Dimensionless space variables δv Viscous sublayer thickness λ Distance between the middle of two adjacent grooves ν Water viscosity ρ Water density σ Cavitation number ∗ Symbol for undimensional variables: lengths are divided by Hthroat and velocities byv∞
Potential economic impacts of climate change on livestock: the case of Mexico

This article identifies the impacts of climate change on livestock production in Mexico. Data from 28,337 livestock production units is used to estimate a Ricardian model and simulate the effects of climate change on net income per head. The main results suggest that climate change could reduce net income between -13.42 and -16.87% in 2041-2060 and between -14.42 and -33.83% in 2081-2100. Furthermore, small, less diversified producers appear to be the most vulnerable to climate change.
Things that Travelled

The present chapter summarises the results of an ongoing research project, developed during the last decade at the University of Padova and carried out, until now, on 260 samples of Roman glass coming from various sites (Adria, Aquileia, Iulia Felix ) in north Adriatic Italy. A combined approach, geochemical and archaeological, was employed to investigate the type and the provenance of raw materials used, and to fill a gap in the knowledge of consumption of glass in an area which, thanks to its strategic position, played a central role in trade during Roman time. The majority of the samples are silica- soda-lime glass in composition and produced with natron as flux, although some soda ash glass samples here named as NE-I/Soda Ash group, all intentionally coloured, have also been identified. In the case of natron glass, five compositional groups (NE-I/ Sb-Colourless, NE-I/ Mn-Colourless, NE-I/ Sb- Mn-Colourless, NE-I/ unintent-Coloured, NE-I/ intent-Coloured) are distinguished, suggesting various sources, production technologies or degrees of recycling. The isotopic data suggest that the primary production of the Roman glasses from northern Adriatic Italy likely took place in the eastern Mediterranean, although alternative hypotheses are possible.
Land—sea linkage of Holocene paleoclimate on the Southern Bering Continental Shelf

Detailed diatom records within surface and core sediments from the Southern Bering Continental Shelf (SBCS) reveal that the Holocene evolution of sea-ice distribution is associated with low pressure patterns. Holocene sea-ice distribution over the SBCS was mainly controlled by the location of the Aleutian Low. The corresponding paleoceanographic and paleoclimate conditions can be divided into three stages: (1) the early Holocene (before 7000 cal. yr BP) was characterized by extensive sea-ice distribution under two low-pressure cells, which covered the western Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, respectively. (2) Between 3000 and 7000 cal. yr BP, the low-pressure system over the Gulf of Alaska became weak, causing total sea-ice mass over the SBCS to retreat. (3) In the past 3000 years, prevailing southwesterly winds over the SBCS due to the developing Aleutian Low have reduced further sea-ice cover on the SBCS. These paleoclimatic changes were probably a response to ENSO variation. The timings of water mass exchanges on the SBCS coincided with sea-level change along the Alaskan Peninsula. As a result, subsequent morphologic alterations have also influenced the paleoceanographic condition of the SBCS. The effect of the surface coastal water and bottom marine water on the SBCS intensified about 6000 cal. yr BP when sea level increased.
Toward a Consequential Validity Perspective for Selecting Participant Groups in Testing and Evaluation Studies for Complex Systems

Testing and evaluation of technology design for complex systems cannot readily attain conclusive results. This is because skilled professionals are often not available for testing while non-professionals may not be capable of operating the actual systems or high-ﬁdelity simulators. Thus, practitioners and applied scientists can be challenged with decisions on selecting participant groups, which can severely constrain choices in the experimental tasks. This article presents the perspective of consequential validity, highlighting that general validity or rules to participant selection probably do not exist. Most importantly, the validity of a testing method or an empirical ﬁnding critically rests on the decisions of interest that must take into account nuances or idiosyncrasies of speciﬁc situations and desired outcomes. This perspective stands in contrast to how the literature predominantly portrays validity of testing methods or empirical ﬁndings as universal rather than focusing on outcomes within the conﬁnes of the study meth-ods. The perspective of consequential validity calls for studies on how classical metrics of reliability and validity could manifest in consequence of speciﬁc decisions informed by empirical testing.
The impact of agriculture on solute and suspended sediment load on a Mediterranean watershed after intense rainstorms

The solute and suspended‐sediment load following five rainstorms (2005–2007) with varied intensities were studied at the Vernegà experimental watershed, north‐western Spain. Two land‐use areas are located within this watershed, the upstream one (forest) with 160 ha a 100% forested area, and the downstream one (agricultural) with 97 ha being 9 ha conventional agricultural field and 88 ha forest. This study investigates the capacity of each land‐use to yield water, suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and dissolved solid concentration (DSC). The hypothesis is that DSC and SSC from the agricultural area are greater than DSC and SSC of the forest area. Results showed that the agriculture area produced significantly greater mean DSC than in the forest area, the main contribution was the Ca2+ (24·68 ± 46·52 mg l−1) ion at the agricultural area. A long‐term sediment production rate at the agricultural outlet was calculated (69·1 tonnes per 100 years) based on the total sediment discharge (TSD) and the recurrence interval of the largest event of the five rainstorms (October 2005). Geographic information system (GIS) spatial data layers of the watershed were produced to determine the relation of tracks, landforms, slopes and forest management to SSC yield in the forest outlet (133·89 ± 308·14 mg l−1) during the five rainstorms. Agriculture practices are the main cause of soil erosion at the study area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peri-saccadic visual sensitivity is higher in the upper visual field

49 50 Visual neural processing is distributed among a multitude of sensory and sensory-motor 51 brain areas exhibiting varying degrees of functional specializations and spatial 52 representational anisotropies. Such diversity raises the question of how perceptual 53 performance is determined, at any one moment in time, during natural active visual 54 behavior. Here, exploiting a known dichotomy between the primary visual cortex and 55 superior colliculus in representing either the upper or lower visual field, we asked whether 56 peri-saccadic visual sensitivity is dominated by one or the other spatial anisotropy. Humans 57 detected peri-saccadic upper visual field stimuli significantly better than lower visual field 58 stimuli, contrary to known perceptual superiority in the lower visual field during steady-59 state gaze fixation. Consistent with this, peri-saccadic superior colliculus visual responses 60 were also significantly stronger in the upper visual field than in the lower visual field. Thus, 61 peri-saccadic visual sensitivity reflects oculomotor, rather than visual, map spatial 62 anisotropies. 63
Diagnosing Land–Atmosphere Interaction from a Regional Climate Model Simulation over West Africa

Abstract Land–atmosphere interaction at climatological time scales in a large area that includes the West African Sahel has been explicitly explored in a regional climate model (RegCM) simulation using a range of diagnostics. First, areas and seasons of strong land–atmosphere interaction were diagnosed from the requirement of a combined significant correlation between soil moisture, evaporation, and the recycling ratio. The northern edge of the West African monsoon area during June–August (JJA) and an area just north of the equator (Central African Republic) during March–May (MAM) were identified. Further analysis in these regions focused on the seasonal cycle of the lifting condensation level (LCL) and the convective triggering potential (CTP), and the sensitivity of CTP and near-surface dewpoint depressions HIlow to anomalous soil moisture. From these analyses, it is apparent that atmospheric mechanisms impose a strong constraint on the effect of soil moisture on the regional hydrological cycle.
Hydrovolcanic processes forming basaltic tuff rings and cones on Cheju Island, Korea

Tuff rings and tuff cones are small volcanoes produced by explosive magma-water interactions and have been regarded as resulting from relatively dry and wet eruptions, respectively, which are related to low and high mixing ratios of water to magma. However, comparative work on four Pleistocene basaltic tuff rings and cones on Cheju Island, Korea, shows that there are dry and wet types in both tuff rings and tuff cones, and their variations are not satisfactorily explained by the prevailing model. Instead, it is inferred that the morphological variations are directly caused by depositional processes (pyroclastic surge–dominated in tuff rings and fallout-dominated in tuff cones), irrespective of water-magma mixing ratios. The depositional processes are interpreted to be in turn controlled by a number of fundamental controls, which include depositional settings, type, level, and lithology of aquifers, strength of country rocks, ground-water behavior, and properties and behavior of magma. These controls determine the explosion depth, conduit geometry, mode of magma-water interaction, magnitude of explosion, eruption-column behavior, and subsequent depositional processes. The Suwolbong and Songaksan tuff rings, which formed almost entirely on land above fragile and permeable sediments and granites with some aquiclude beds, were produced by contact-surface steam explosivity at depth because of the fragility of country rocks, insufficient and inhibited supply of shallow-level external water into the vents, and interaction of nonvesiculated magma with interstitial water. These conditions led to generation of buoyancy-dominated eruption columns and pyroclastic surges, resulting in tuff rings. On the other hand, the Ilchulbong and Udo tuff cones formed in shallow seas above extremely permeable but rigid basalt lavas. The explosions occurred at shallow depths mainly by bulk-interaction steam explosivity because of the rigidity of country rocks, sustained supply of shallow-level external water into the vents, and interaction of vesiculated magma with free water. This process resulted in the generation of dense, inertia-dominated jets and the formation of tuff cones mainly by fallout processes. It is thought that the morphological and sedimentological variations of these volcanoes are more successfully explained by the fundamental controls rather than solely by the water-magma ratio. It is suggested that the water-magma ratio can explain the evolution of a single volcano or a group of volcanoes under otherwise identical conditions, but cannot explain the variability of tuff rings and cones in different hydrogeologic settings because the nature of hydroeruptions is governed by a number of fundamental controls.
Palaeomagnetic dating of ancient fluid-flow events in the Arbuckle Mountains, southern Oklahoma

Abstract Palaeomagnetic and geochemical data, and petrographic observations from Palaeozoic rocks in the Arbuckle Mountains provide data on the timing and pathways of fluid flow events. The lower part of the Upper Cambrian Reagan Sandstone, the basal palaeoaquifer in the Palaeozoic section, and the upper part of underlying 525 Ma Colbert Rhyolite are geochemically altered and contain two late Palaeozoic secondary magnetizations. The rhyolite as well as the overlying strata contain apparent primary Cambrian magnetizations. One of the secondary magnetizations (D = 150°, I = 5°, α95 = 5°, 45% tilt corrected) resides in hematite and is interpreted to be a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) that formed due to hematite authigenesis as a result of fluid migration. The other secondary magnetization (D = 146°, I = 17°, α95 = 4°, 80% tilt corrected) resides in magnetite and is older than the CRM in hematite on the basis of the pole positions. The origin of this magnetization is more ambiguous and could have been caused by hot fluids resetting previously formed magnetite. Evidence for alteration by fluids includes secondary mineralization of calcite, hematite and quartz in veins, depletion/enrichment of elements in the rhyolite, and authigenic hematite cement in the lower Reagan Sandstone. Fluids also migrated along fractures during multiple episodes in the late Palaeozoic, locally remagnetizing and altering younger Palaeozoic strata in the Arbuckle Mountains.
The SGLT-2 inhibitor empagli�ozin improves myocardial strain, reduces cardiac �brosis and pro-inammatory cytokines in non-diabetic mice treated with doxorubicin

Background Empagli�ozin, a selective inhibitor of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2, reduced the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetic patients in the EMPA ‐ REG OUTCOME trial. Recent trials evidenced several cardio-renal bene�ts of empagli�ozin in non-diabetic patients through the involvement of biochemical pathways that are still to be deeply analyzed . We aimed to evaluate the effects of empagli�ozin on myocardial strain of non-diabetic mice treated with doxorubicin (DOXO) through the analysis of NLRP3 in�ammasome and Myd88-related pathways resulting in anti-apoptotic and anti-brotic effects. Methods Preliminary cellular studies were
Climatology of the Residual Mean Circulation of the Martian Atmosphere and Contributions of Resolved and Unresolved Waves Based on EMARS

The objective of this study was to examine both the climatology of the residual mean circulation, and the roles of resolved wave (RW) and unresolved wave (UW) forcings over four Mars years, based on the transformed Eulerian mean equation system using the EMARS reanalysis dataset. While RW forcing was estimated directly as Eliassen–Palm ﬂux divergence, the forcing by UWs, including subgrid-scale gravity waves, was estimated indirectly using the zonal momentum equation. This indirect method, devised originally for study of Earth’s middle atmosphere, is applicable to latitudinal regions having angular momentum isopleths connected from the surface to the top of the atmosphere, which are usually mid-and high-latitude regions. In low latitudes of the winter hemisphere, a strong residual mean poleward ﬂow is observed at an altitude range of 40–80 km, where the latitudinal gradient of the absolute angular momentum is small. The strong poleward ﬂow crosses the isopleths of angular momentum in the regions of its northern and southern ends, indicating the necessity of the wave forcing. Our results suggest that the structure of the residual mean circulation at mid-and high-latitude regions is largely determined by UW forcing, particularly above the altitude of 60 km, whereas the RW contribution is also large below the altitude of 60 km.
The importance of independence in unmarked spatial capture–recapture analysis

Wildlife populations can be unmarked, meaning individuals lack distinguishing features for individual identification. Populations may also exhibit non‐independent movements, meaning individuals move together. For populations of either unmarked or non‐independent individuals, models based on spatial capture–recapture (SCR) approaches can be used to estimate abundance, density, and other parameters critical for monitoring, management, and conservation. However, when individuals are both unmarked and non‐independent, few model options are available. One approach has been to apply unmarked models and not address the non‐independence despite unquantified impacts on bias, precision, and the ability to make robust ecological inferences. We conducted a simulation study to quantify the impact of non‐independence on the performance of spatial count (SC) and spatial partial identity models (SPIM) – two SCR‐based unmarked modeling approaches – and used the performance of fully marked and independent SCR as a reference. We varied the levels of non‐independence (aggregation and cohesion), detection probability, and the number of partial identity covariates used to resolve identities in SPIM estimation. We expected abundance estimates to be increasingly biased and precise as aggregation and cohesion increased. Results showed that models indeed became less robust to increasing non‐independence, but importantly suggested that only SPIM could be reliably applied under low levels of cohesion when sufficient partial identity covariates are available. SC yielded consistently biased estimates with poor precision. SCR was consistently robust across combinations of aggregation and cohesion, as expected. We therefore advise against the use of SC models for estimating population parameters when individuals are known to be non‐independent, caution that SPIM may be used under narrow ecological conditions, and encourage continued investigations into sampling design and methods development for estimating populations of unmarked and non‐independent individuals.
Precision Management Systems for Conservation and Profitability

The uses of site-specific information (e.g., yield maps, soil sampling) can extend beyond variable-rate management of inputs to managing parts of a field in completely different ways (e.g., cropping system, conservation measures). In this paper, we discuss the development and initial evaluation of such a precision management system for a typical claypan-soil field in Missouri. For more than a decade (1991-2003), we intensively monitored crop, soil, and water quality information on this field, finding considerable spatial variation in crop yield and many other properties. We used maps of these properties to develop a crop management plan addressing site-specific problems. In 2004, we implemented the Precision Agriculture System (PAS) plan, using precision information to determine what production and conservation measures were needed, and where they should be placed. For example, shallow topsoil areas of the field were no longer planted to corn receiving soil-applied herbicides. Instead, these areas were planted to wheat and a cover crop, usually without herbicides. The goal of PAS is to improve profitability and protect soil and water resources through management of sub-field areas based on multiple spatial datasets. Preliminary results after three years of implementation show progress toward this goal, such as a reduction in soil loss from erosive sideslope areas. Although definitive results will depend on more years of data collection, it appears that the PAS approach may help producers to improve both profitability and conservation.
Subsurface Occurrence of Natural Gas Hydrate in the Nankai Trough Area: Implication for Gas Hydrate Concentration

Abstract. The Nankai Trough runs along the Japanese Islands, where extensive BSRs have been recognized in its forearc basins. High resolution seismic surveys and site‐survey wells undertaken by the MITI have revealed the gas hydrate distribution at a depth of about 290 mbsf. The MITI Nankai Trough wells were drilled in late 1999 and early 2000. The highlights were successful retrievals of abundant gas hydrate‐bearing cores in a variety of sediments from the main hole and the post survey well‐2, keeping the cored gas hydrate stable, and the obtaining of continuous well log data in the gas hydrate‐dominant intervals from the main hole, the post survey well‐1 and the post survey well‐3. Gas‐hydrate dominant layers were identified at the depth interval from 205 to 268 mbsf. Pore‐space hydrate, very small in size, was recognized mostly filling intergranular pores of sandy sediments. Anomalous chloride contents in extracted pore water, core temperature depression, core observations as well as visible gas hydrates confirmed the presence of pore‐space hydrates within moderate to thick sand layers. Gas hydrate‐bearing sandy strata typically were 10 cm to a meter thick with porosities of about 40 %. Gas hydrate saturations in most hydrate‐dominant layers were quite high, up to 90 % pore saturation.
Adding machine learning to the MIP toolkit: Predictor importance for hydrological ﬂuxes of Global Hydrological and Land Surface Models

Global Hydrological and Land Surface Models (GHM/LSMs) embody numerous interacting predictors and equations, complicating the diagnosis of primary hydrological relationships. We propose a model diagnostic approach based on Random Forest feature importance to detect the input variables that most inﬂuence simulated hydrological processes. We analyzed the JULES, ORCHIDEE, HTESSEL, SURFEX and PCR-GLOBWB models for the relative importance of precipitation, climate, soil, land cover and topographic slope as predictors of simulated average evaporation, runoﬀ, and surface and subsurface runoﬀs. The machine learning model could reproduce GHM/LSMs outputs with a coeﬃcient of determination over 0.85 in all cases and often considerably better. The GHM/LSMs agreed precipitation, climate and land cover share equal importance for evaporation prediction, and mean precipitation is the most important predictor of runoﬀ. However, the GHM/LSMs disagreed on which features determine surface and subsurface runoﬀ processes, especially with regards to the relative importance of soil texture and topographic slope.