Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Switching Properties of 600 V Ga2O3 Diodes With Different Chip Sizes and Thicknesses

Gallium oxide (Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) devices are currently under investigation regarding their application in power electronics, but so far little research has been done on their switching properties. This article analyzes different types of new 600 V <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta$</tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Schottky diodes, including their first evaluation as freewheeling diodes in a 400 to 200 V buck converter with an output power up to 2 kW and switching frequencies up to 350 kHz, as well as double pulse tests at dc-link voltages up to 500 V, currents up to 40 A and peak voltage slew rates exceeding 100 V/ns. 600 µm thick TO247 packaged diodes with three different chip sizes are compared with commercial Si and SiC diodes of similar chip size. Furthermore, novel 200 µm thin Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> diodes with two different chip sizes are assembled on custom packages and compared with a commercial SiC diode of similar anode size assembled in the same way. The Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> diodes exhibit switching properties similar to those of the SiC counterparts. Under heavy load conditions, the buck converter efficiencies with Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> diodes exceed the efficiencies with a Si fast-recovery diode, while naturally still being lower than those with SiC diodes. Improving the tradeoff between <sc>on</sc>-resistance and capacitive charge appears to be vital for future applications.
Attenuation of In Vitro and In Vivo Virulence Is Associated with Repression of Gene Expression of AIG1 Gene in Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica virulence results from complex host–parasite interactions implicating multiple amoebic components (e.g., Gal/GalNAc lectin, cysteine proteinases, and amoebapores) and host factors (microbiota and immune response). UG10 is a strain derived from E. histolytica virulent HM-1:IMSS strain that has lost its virulence in vitro and in vivo as determined by a decrease of hemolytic, cytopathic, and cytotoxic activities, increased susceptibility to human complement, and its inability to form liver abscesses in hamsters. We compared the transcriptome of nonvirulent UG10 and its parental HM-1:IMSS strain. No differences in gene expression of the classical virulence factors were observed. Genes downregulated in the UG10 trophozoites encode for proteins that belong to small GTPases, such as Rab and AIG1. Several protein-coding genes, including iron-sulfur flavoproteins and heat shock protein 70, were also upregulated in UG10. Overexpression of the EhAIG1 gene (EHI_180390) in nonvirulent UG10 trophozoites resulted in augmented virulence in vitro and in vivo. Cocultivation of HM-1:IMSS with E. coli O55 bacteria cells reduced virulence in vitro, and the EhAIG1 gene expression was downregulated. In contrast, virulence was increased in the monoxenic strain UG10, and the EhAIG1 gene expression was upregulated. Therefore, the EhAIG1 gene (EHI_180390) represents a novel virulence determinant in E. histolytica.
Cell Proliferation, Viability, Differentiation, and Apoptosis of Iron Oxide Labeled Stem Cells Transfected with Lipofectamine Assessed by MRI

To assess in vitro and in vivo tracking of iron oxide labeled stem cells transfected by lipofectamine using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), rat dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were characterized, labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles, and then transfected with lipofectamine to facilitate the internalization of these nanoparticles. Cell proliferation, viability, differentiation, and apoptosis were investigated. Prussian blue staining and MRI were used to trace transfected labeled cells. DPSCs were a morphologically spindle shape, adherent to culture plates, and positive for adipogenic and osteogenic inductions. They expressed CD73 and CD90 markers and lacked CD34 and CD45. Iron oxide labeling and transfection with lipofectamine in DPSCs had no toxic impact on viability, proliferation, and differentiation, and did not induce any apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo internalization of iron oxide nanoparticles within DPSCs were confirmed by Prussian blue staining and MRI tracking. Prussian blue staining and MRI tracking in the absence of any toxic effects on cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis were safe and accurate to track DPSCs labeled with iron oxide and transfected with lipofectamine. MRI can be a useful imaging modality when treatment outcome is targeted.
Fire reduces Russian olive seed germination and seedling survival with increasing fuel load

Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) is an invasive tree common within riparian areas in the western United States. Control methods can be expensive and regular monitoring is necessary to control stump and root sprouts, and newly established seedlings. Studies have assessed scarification and cold treatment effects on germination and establishment of Russian olive seeds. However, fire effects on seeds and newly emerged seedlings have not been documented. Russian olive seeds were subjected to fire at three fuel loads (1,500, 3,000, and 4,500 kg/ha) and a non‐burned control. With no fire, 40% of seeds germinated and fire at any of the three fuel loads reduced germination. Germination was reduced to one‐fifth of the non‐burned level with fire at the 1,500 kg/ha fuel load and did not differ from 0% at the 4,500 kg/ha−1 fuel load. The probability of at least one seed germinating from 50‐seed lots decreased as all measures of temperature and time–temperature increased. Fire killed all but one of the 250 seedlings tested, indicating Russian olive seedlings at 10 weeks old or younger were highly susceptible to fire‐induced mortality. However, some seedlings did not die immediately following fire and produced new axillary buds. Although all but one seedling died, bud production after fire was interpreted as an indicator of potential resistance to fire. Our results indicate that fire does not enhance Russian olive seed germination and is deleterious to seed viability. Fire could potentially kill most Russian olive seedlings that are less than 1 year old.
On Differential Equations Describing Pseudo-Spherical Surfaces

Abstract We give a complete classification of the evolution equations ∂ u /∂ t = F ( u , ∂ u /∂ x , ., ∂ k u /∂ x k ) which describe pseudo-spherical surfaces, without any a priori assumptions on the presence of a spectral parameter. We also prove a local existence theorem to the effect that given two differential equations describing pseudo-spherical surfaces (not necessarily evolutionary), there exists, under a technical assumption, a smooth mapping transforming any suitably generic solution of one equation into a solution of the other.
Nonnull asymptotic distributions of the LR, Wald, score and gradient statistics in generalized linear models with dispersion covariates

The class of generalized linear models with dispersion covariates, which allows us to jointly model the mean and dispersion parameters, is a natural extension to the classical generalized linear models. In this paper, we derive the asymptotic expansions under a sequence of Pitman alternatives (up to order n −1/2) for the nonnull distribution functions of the likelihood ratio, Wald, Rao score and gradient statistics in this class of models. The asymptotic distributions of these statistics are obtained for testing a subset of regression parameters and for testing a subset of dispersion parameters. Based on these nonnull asymptotic expansions, the power of all four tests, which are equivalent to first order, are compared. Furthermore, we consider Monte Carlo simulations in order to compare the finite-sample performance of these tests in this class of models. We present two empirical applications to two real data sets for illustrative purposes.
Star formation thresholds in low surface brightness galaxies

Low Surface Brightness (LSB) galaxies appear to have low star formation rates despite their often quite normal H I contents as judged from global H I properties such as M(H I)/L and M(H I)/M(T) ratios. H I imaging with the Very Large Array of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (the NRAO is operated by Associated Universities Inc. under contract with the National Science Foundation) of eight LSB galaxies shows that the H I is extended compared with the optical size and has average surface densities which are about a factor 2 lower than in High Surface Brightness (HSB) galaxies of the same type. The resolution of the H I imaging allows a rough rotation curve analysis for evaluating the critical density for star formation as formulated by Kennicutt [ApJ, 344, 685 (1989)]. The observed H I surface densities systematically fall below this critical density for most of the galaxies in this sample, in agreement with the low current star formation rates. From the optical surface photometry we conclude that the galaxies studied are in general late-type galaxies dominated by an exponential disk with a typical scale length of a few kpc. The B-R and V-I colors of the LSB galaxies are a few tenths of a magnitude bluer than those of HSB galaxies indicating that the disks of these galaxies have a mean young age.
Placental morphological features of small for gestational age preterm neonates born to mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension

Introduction Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates are often born to mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Here, we aimed to explore the morphometric characteristics of the placenta during the perinatal period associated with SGA risk in mothers with PIH and identify the risk factors related to SGA. Methods The medical records of 134 neonates born between 28- and 32-weeks’ gestation to PIH mothers were retrospectively analyzed. Placental morphology and umbilical cord (UC) length were compared between the SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) groups. Results The placenta of the SGA group had a shorter major (15.00 vs. 18.00 cm; z = −6.04, p < 0.01) and minor placenta axes (13.00 vs. 15.00 cm; z = −4.59, p < 0.01), lower weight (300.00 vs. 420.00 g; z = −7.21, p < 0.01), smaller volume (282.00 vs. 396.00 cm3; z = −5.00, p < 0.01), and smaller area (141.00 vs. 212.00 cm2; z = −5.96, p < 0.01) than the AGA group. The UC was significantly shorter (39.00 vs. 44.00 cm; z = −3.68, p < 0.01). Short placental major axis [p = 0.03; odds ratio (OR): 2.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.84 − 2.63] and low placental weight (p < 0.01; OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 2.66 − 2.70) were independent risk factors for SGA in premature newborns of PIH mothers. Discussion A major axis shorter than 15.5 cm or placental weight lower than 347.50 g at birth was related to a greater risk of SGA infants born to PIH mothers. As a predictor in prenatal ultrasound, the major axis is more helpful for precise prenatal pre-evaluation of vulnerable SGA preterm neonates with PIH mothers.
Approximate normal forms of nonlinear systems

A method is presented to solve the approximate linearization problem of nonlinear control systems. The problem is reduced to the solution of a set of linear equations as follows. First, the generalized homological equations are derived. By introducing an appropriate basis for expressing higher degree monomials in the vector field, a set of equations linear in the coefficients of the monomials are found. An exact solution to this set of equations is not always possible. A least-squares solution is proposed that minimizes in a statistical sense the error in the approximation. <<ETX>>
Investigations on correlation between I–V characteristic and internal quantum efficiency of blue (AlGaIn)N light-emitting diodes

We have studied the electrical and optical characteristics of (AlGaIn)N multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes. Minimizing contact effects by utilizing platinum as p-contact metal, ideality factors as low as 1.1 have been achieved. In agreement with basic semiconductor theory, a correlation between ideality factor and small-current efficiency was found. We were able to emulate the experimental current-voltage characteristic over seven orders of magnitude utilizing a two diode model. This model enables a very good prediction of internal quantum efficiency at moderate current densities out of purely electrically derived parameters.
Elevated IL-6 plasma levels are associated with GAD antibodies-associated autoimmune epilepsy

Background Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) are present in multiple neurological manifestations, such as stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, limbic encephalitis, and epilepsy. Increasing data support the clinical significance of GADA as an autoimmune etiology of epilepsy, however, there is not yet definitive evidence to confirm the pathogenic link between GADA and epilepsy. Objective Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-convulsive and neurotoxic cytokine, and interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective cytokine, are crucial inflammatory mediators in the brain. Increased production of IL-6 and its association with epileptic disease profiles are well established, suggesting the presence of chronic systemic inflammation in epilepsy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the association of plasma cytokine concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 and their ratio with GADA in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Methods Interleukin-6 and IL-10 concentrations were measured by ELISA in plasma, and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio was calculated in a cross-sectional cohort of 247 patients with epilepsy who had their GADA titers measured previously for their clinical significance in epilepsy. Based on GADA titers, patients were grouped as GADA negative (n = 238), GADA low positive (antibody titers < 1,000 RU/mL, n = 5), and GADA high positive (antibody titers ≥ 1,000 RU/mL, n = 4). Results Median IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with high GADA positivity [2.86 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) = 1.90–5.34 pg/mL] than in GADA-negative patients [1.18 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) = 0.54–2.32 pg/mL; p = 0.039]. Similarly, IL-10 concentrations were also higher in GADA high-positive patients [1.45 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) = 0.53–14.32 pg/mL] than in GADA-negative patients [0.50 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) = 0.24–1.00 pg/mL], however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.110). Neither IL-6 nor IL-10 concentrations were different between GADA-negative and GADA low-positive patients (p > 0.05) or between GADA low-positive or GADA high-positive patients (p > 0.05). The IL-6/IL-10 ratio was also similar among all the study groups. Conclusion Increased circulatory concentrations of IL-6 are associated with high GADA titers in patients with epilepsy. These data provide additional pathophysiological significance of IL-6 and help to further describe the immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of GADA-associated autoimmune epilepsy.
Discovery of Two Types of Superhumps in WZ Sge-Type Dwarf Nova AL Comae Berenices

A dwarf nova, AL Com, was photometrically observed during an outburst in 1995 April, which occurred for the first time since 1975. The star showed two distinct types of periodic variation: (1) a 0.05666-day variation with decaying amplitudes during the earliest stage of the outburst, and (2) 0.0572-day superhumps which grew ~ 11 d after the onset of the outburst. The present observations are the one first to clearly established the SU UMa-type nature of AL Com. Furthermore, the appearance of these two periods, together with the whole course of the superoutburst, makes AL Com an almost perfect twin of an enigmatic dwarf nova, WZ Sge. We attributed the former period to be the orbital period of this cataclysmic binary. The double-humped profile of this variation seems to preclude an explantion based on an enhanced hot spot by a mass-transfer burst from the secondary, which has been believed to be the best observational evidence of a mass-transfer burst in WZ Sge obtained during its 1978 outburst.
The Numerical Method of Lines: Integration of Partial Differential Equations

What Is the Numerical Method of Lines? Some Applications of the Numerical Method of Lines. Spatial Differentiation. Initial Value Integration. Stability of Numerical Method of Lines Approximations. Additional Applications: Multidimensional Pdes and Adaptive Grids. Appendix A: The Laplacian Operator in Various Coordinate Systems. Appendix B: Spatial Differentiation Routines. Appendix C: Library of ODE and ODE/PDE Applications. Index.
The Comparison Of The Comorbidities Of Patients With Peritoneal Dialysis And Hemodialysis With The Charlson Comorbidity Index

Aim: Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are renal replacement treatment options in patients with chronic renal failure. Mortality and morbidity rates are higher in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients when compared to the healthy population. Comorbidities of the patients play roles in the high mortality and morbidity rates. In the present study, the comorbidities of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients were evaluated; and the Charlson Comorbidity Index, whose reliability was proven in many studies before, was compared and discussed. Materials and Method: A total of 154 patients (78 hemodialysis and 76 peritoneal dialysis patients), who were followed up for end-stage renal disease, were included in the study. The Charlson Comorbidity Index scores of the patients were calculated. The Charlson Comorbidity Index score and parameters were compared between patient groups on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Results: The Charlson Comorbidity Index was found to be significantly higher in peritoneal dialysis patients than in hemodialysis patients (p=0.001). It was also found that the frequency of congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, and connective tissue, which are the parameters of the Charlson Comorbidity Index, were significantly different between the groups (p
Rumen biogeographical regions and their impact on microbial and metabolome variation

The rumen microbiome is a complex microbial network critical to the health and nutrition of its host, due to their inherent ability to convert low-quality feedstuffs into energy. In rumen microbiome studies, samples from the ventral sac are most often collected because of the ease of access and repeatability. However, anatomical musculature demarcates the rumen into five sacs (biogeographical regions), which may support distinct microbial communities. The distinction among the microbes may generate functional variation among the rumen microbiome, thus, specialized tasks within different sacs. The objective of this study was to determine the rumen liquid metabolome and epimural, planktonic, and fiber-adherent bacterial communities among each rumen biogeographical region. It was hypothesized that differences in bacterial species and metabolome would occur due to differing anatomy and physiology associated with the respective regions. To assess this variation, epithelial and content microbial-associated communities were evaluated, as well as the metabolites among various rumen biogeographical regions. A total of 17 cannulated Angus cows were utilized to examine the fiber-adherent (solid fraction), planktonic (liquid fraction), and epimural microbial communities from the cranial, dorsal, caudodorsal blind, caudoventral blind, and ventral sacs. Metagenomic DNA was extracted and sequenced from the hypervariable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Reads were processed using packages ‘phyloseq’ and ‘dada2’ in R. Untargeted metabolomics were conducted on rumen liquid from each sac using UHPLC-HRMS and analyzed in MetaboAnalyst 5.0. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed 13 significant differentially abundant metabolites with pairwise comparisons against the five rumen sacs (P < 0.05). Within the bacterial communities, neither alpha nor beta diversity determined significance against the rumen sacs (P > 0.05), although there was significance against the fraction types (P < 0.05). Utilizing multivariable association analysis with MaAslin2, there were significant differential abundances found in fraction type × location (P < 0.05). Knowledge of similarities among fiber-adherent microbial communities provides evidence that single sac sampling is sufficient for this fraction. However, future projects focusing on either planktonic or epimural fractions may need to consider multiple rumen sac sampling to obtain the most comprehensive analysis of the rumen. Defining these variabilities, especially among the rumen epimural microbiome, are critical to define host-microbiome interactions.
Optimal observer maneuver for bearings-only tracking

In bearings-only tracking, observer maneuver is critical to ensure observability and to obtain an accurate target localization. Here, optimal control theory is applied to the determination of the course of a constant speed observer that minimizes an accuracy criterion deduced from the Fisher information matrix (FIM). Necessary conditions for optimal maneuver (Euler equations) are established and resolved, partly by analytical means and partly by an iterative numerical procedure. Examples of optimal observer maneuvers are presented and discussed.
Proportional Reasoning: How do the 4th Graders Use Their Intuitive Understanding?

In Indonesia, the proportion is being taught formally in Grade 5 (10-11 years old). However, the existing learning approach does not support the development of the students’ proportional reasoning. The way to teach proportion by giving cross multiplication is not meaningful for the students. They just memorize the procedure without understanding how it works. Within a design research, a learning sequence was developed for Grade 4 students (9-10 years old) in order to develop their proportional reasoning as well as their ability to solve the proportional problem before they learned more formally in Grade 5. The students of Grade 4 might have an intuitive understanding about proportionality and they might be able to deal with the comparison problem. How do they use this intuitive understanding to solve the comparison problem and what kind of difficulties that they faced? These questions were addressed through the analyzing of the students’ work on the pretest and the video of students’ interview. The result shows that the students’ intuitive understanding, in principle, can help them to deal with the comparison problem. The students’ experience may lead them to use the concept of proportionality instead of the absolute value in simple comparison problem.
A Simple and Systematic Approach for Implementing Boundary Conditions in the Differential Quadrature Free and Forced Vibration Analysis of Beams and Rectangular Plates

This paper presents a simple and systematic way for imposing boundary conditions in the differential quadrature free and forced vibration analysis of beams and rectangular plates. First, the Dirichlet- and Neumann-type boundary conditions of the beam (or plate) are expressed as differential quadrature analog equations at the grid points on or near the boundaries. Then, similar to CBCGE (direct Coupling the Boundary Conditions with the discrete Governing Equations) approach, the resulting analog equations are used to replace the differential quadrature analog equations of the governing differential equations at these points in order to solve the problem. But, unlike the CBCGE approach, the grid points near the boundaries are not treated as boundary points in the proposed approach. In other words, the degrees of freedom related to Dirichlet-type boundary conditions are only eliminated from the original discrete equations. This simplifies significantly the solution procedure and its programming. A comparison of the proposed approach with other existing methodologies such as the CBCGE approach and MWCM (modifying weighting coefficient matrices) method is presented by their application to the vibration analysis of beams and rectangular plates with general boundary conditions to highlight the advantages of the new approach. © 2015 IAU, Arak Branch.All rights reserved.