Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationships in the Wild: How Institutions Affect the Governance of Firms

We study how institutional constraints on the executive affect the governance and performance of firms. In our model, each firm can be privately or state owned, and can elicit effort from a manager and an upstream agent through incentive contracts. We show that in contrast to the conventional wisdom, private ownership and effective incentives are not always an optimal governance bundle. Under weak constraints on the executive, state-owned firms can sustain better incentives and higher output than private ones. As institutions begin to strengthen, firms are optimally privatized and yet are trapped into worse incentives and lower output than the state-owned firms they replaced. Only under strong enough institutions we see “Toyotas,” highly productive firms governed by private ownership and effective incentive contracts, optimally emerge in equilibrium. Our model sheds light on the mixed success of privatizations the slow diffusion of best management practices, and the uncertain path of political reforms in developing countries.
SUPERCONVERGENCE AND POSTPROCESSING OF EQUILIBRATED FLUXES FOR QUADRATIC FINITE ELEMENTS

A BSTRACT . In this paper we discuss some recovery of H (div) -conforming flux approximations from the equilibrated fluxes of Ainsworth and Oden for quadratic finite element methods of second-order elliptic problems. Combined with the hypercircle method of Prager and Synge, these flux approximations lead to a posteriori error estimators which provide guaranteed upper bounds on the numerical error. Furthermore, we prove some superconvergence results for the flux approximations and asymptotic exactness for the error estimator under proper conditions on the triangulation and the exact solution. The results extend those of the previous paper for linear finite element methods.
Helicobacter pylori infection in Africa: Pathology and microbiological diagnosis

Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic motile curve rod that inhabits the gastric mucosa of the human stomach. The organism chronically infects billions of people worldwide and is one of the most genetically diverse of bacterial species. Infection with the bacterium which leads to chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration, gastric cancers and gastric MALT lymphoma has been reported to follow a pattern linked to geographic and socio-demographic factors. However; the infection rate in various populations does not parallel the incidence of morbidity caused by the infection. This has been termed by a number of authors as the ‘African enigma’ based on an apparently low incidence of gastric carcinoma and other H . pylori -associated morbidities in the continent of Africa. There are various techniques employed to detect H . pylori from specimens. These tests may be invasive or non-invasive. Endoscopy and gastric mucosal biopsy, microscopic examination of histological sections, PCR and rapid urease test are forms of invasive test that could be used. Non-invasive tests such as Urea Breath Test (UBT) make use of the ability of the organism to produce urease; enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), H . pylori stool antigen test, and latex agglutination tests are important non-invasive serological approaches employed to detect the presence of antibody or antigen from a specimen. H . pylori is a very fastidious bacterium. Restraint should therefore be exercised to allow for efficient performance of some of these techniques.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PROFESIONALISM AMONG UNDERGRADUATE AND POST GRADUATE DENTAL STUDENTS

Objectives: To assess the perceptions and attitude of under and postgraduate dental students toward professionalism in Peshawar. Materials and Methods: This Descriptive cross sectional was conducted at Khyber College of Dentistry (KCD), Rehman college of Dentistry (RCD) and Sardar Begum Dental College (SBDC) Peshawar. :Third year and ﬁ nal year BDS students and postgraduate dental residents were asked to complete a specially designed proforma validated by 32 experts. Likert Scale was used for scoring the diﬀ erent domains of professionalism. The SPSS 23 was used for analyzing the data. Results: A total number of students participated in the study were158. The most appreciated and valued domain selected by the student was Honor and Integrity. Duty/Accountability was the least valued domain scored by the participants. A signiﬁ cant diﬀ erence was noted among the attitude of undergraduate and postgraduate students in the domains of Duty/Accountability, Excellence/Autonomy, Altruism and Respect. The mean score for Excellence/Autonomy domain was signiﬁ cantly higher among public sector institutes as compared to private one (p= 0.008). Conclusion: Knowledge of professionalism in most of our study participants is not optimal, reﬂ ecting lack of behavioral sciences in the undergraduate and postgraduate curricula, which recommend provision of ethics course in the dental curriculum.
in properly selected patients with differentiated thyroid cancer

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.
Enforcement of Fairness Norms by Punishment: A Comparison of Gains and Losses

Although in everyday life decisions about losses are prevalent (e.g., the climate crisis and the COVID-19 crisis), there is hardly any research on decisions in the loss domain. Therefore, we conducted online experiments with a sample of 672 participants (mostly students), using third-party punishment dictator games (DGs) in the loss domain to explore the impact of losses and punishment threats on the conformity to the fairness norm. Subjects in the treatment condition have to divide a loss of −10 € with the threat of a third-party punishment with different strengths (control: gains, no punishment). Overall, the statistical evidence seems rather weak, but when it comes to losses, subjects are more rational and straightforward with their words and deeds than with gains. Therefore, in the loss domain, subjects are more likely to believe that the fairness norm should be followed, and they subjectively perceive that the others do as well. Furthermore, although dictators’ decisions are more selfish in the loss domain, dictators there react more strongly to the punishment threat by reducing their demands than in the gains domain. This holds as long as the punishment threat is strong enough, as judged from a rational perspective.
Surface Shortwave Net Radiation Estimation From Space: Emphasizing the Effects of Aerosol, Solar Zenith Angles, and DEM

Shortwave net radiation (SWNR) plays an important role in the surface radiation balance and serves as the primary driving force for the exchange of surface and atmospheric materials. Although numerous algorithms exist for estimating SWNR, most of them tend to ignore the influence of aerosols and digital elevation model (DEM) on SWNR. Specifically, the impact of different aerosol types on SWNR can vary significantly, and the SWNR also exhibits considerable variations at different altitudes. It is true that many algorithms demonstrate higher accuracy in low-altitude regions with less polluted rural aerosol (nonabsorbent aerosol) areas. However, their accuracy tends to decrease when applied to high-altitude areas and heavily polluted urban aerosol (absorbent aerosol) regions. In this study, an improved all-sky parameterized algorithm is proposed to estimate SWNR by fully considering solar zenith angle (SZA), DEM, and different aerosol types, and rural and urban aerosol types are distinguished by a random forest (RF) method. The new algorithm is verified versus surface radiation budget network (SURFRAD) and baseline surface radiation network (BSRN) observations and compared with the traditional algorithms (Tang-2006 and Li-1993) and Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) products. The results reveal that the new algorithm exhibits excellent accuracy at both instantaneous and hourly scales. For rural and urban aerosol types under all-sky conditions, the bias and root mean square error (RMSE) of the new algorithm are both less than 3.5 and 106.5 W/m on the instantaneous scale and less than 12 and 77 W/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> on hourly scale, respectively. However, the existing algorithms show a significant overestimation (bias > 50 W/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for the urban aerosol type under various atmospheres conditions. For the CERES single scanner footprint (SSF) (instantaneous) and CERES SYNergy (CERES SYN, 1-hourly) products, the overestimation phenomenon is also detected under urban aerosol type, with bias greater than 40 and 15 W/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. Compared with the existing algorithms, the new algorithm demonstrates superior applicability under larger SZA conditions. When the SZA exceeds 70°, the rate of estimated effective value can be increased by up to 14%. In addition, the new algorithm can effectively solve the problem of underestimation in high-altitude areas, which frequently occurs in most existing algorithms (bias <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$< -16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> W/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The improved accuracy and applicability of the new algorithm, along with its strategy of distinguishing aerosol types, can provide valuable insights for the SWNR estimation from space.
Analysis of Wheat Grain Infection by Fusarium Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi Using an Electronic Nose, GC-MS, and qPCR

Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum are considered some of the most dangerous pathogens of plant diseases. They are also considerably dangerous to humans as they contaminate stored grain, causing a reduction in yield and deterioration in grain quality by producing mycotoxins. Detecting Fusarium fungi is possible using various diagnostic methods. In the manuscript, qPCR tests were used to determine the level of wheat grain spoilage by estimating the amount of DNA present. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to determine the concentration of DON and ZEA mycotoxins produced by the fungi. GC-MS analysis was used to identify volatile organic components produced by two studied species of Fusarium. A custom-made, low-cost, electronic nose was used for measurements of three categories of samples, and Random Forests machine learning models were trained for classification between healthy and infected samples. A detection performance with recall in the range of 88–94%, precision in the range of 90–96%, and accuracy in the range of 85–93% was achieved for various models. Two methods of data collection during electronic nose measurements were tested and compared: sensor response to immersion in the odor and response to sensor temperature modulation. An improvement in the detection performance was achieved when the temperature modulation profile with short rectangular steps of heater voltage change was applied.
Mental Health Disturber: Heteronormativity and LGBTQ+ Students in Mainland China

—This study examined the relationship between heteronormative school environment and mental health of Chinese LGBTQ+ teenagers. An online questionnaire with 116 valid responses was used to compare mental health condition of LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ students, and one-on-one qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 LGBTQ+ participants on their school experiences. The results of the questionnaire data showed no significant difference between mental health of LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ respondents. For interviews, heteronormativity was showed to be present in various aspects at school, including peer interactions, sexuality education, textbook and teaching, school-based counseling services, dress code, school policies, and infrastructure. Both interviewees from traditional Chinese schools and international schools in China were involved, and a series of differences were found between the two types of schools. This study also provides suggestions for schools and policy makers to create a more inclusive school environment. Future research can further investigate the influence of different school types on heteronormativity.
Online Group Consultation on Labor Analgesia for Pregnant Women: Is It Feasible?

Introduction: Our department of anesthesiology has been conducting weekly, for several years, a group consultation to educate childbearing people about labor analgesia. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic forced an adaptation to a virtual consultation format. Since there are no studies about online group consultation on labor analgesia in order to understand its role, an anonymous questionnaire was created and applied. The objective was to evaluate this new consultation format, namely the ease of access, usefulness of the content provided, and its impact on the satisfaction and experience of childbirth. Materials and methods: An observational prospective study was conducted. A questionnaire was sent by e-mail after childbirth to all childbearing people participating in the online consultation from January 20, 2021, to March 2, 2022. SPSS Statistics version 28.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) was used for statistical analysis. Internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: A total of 563 participants were eligible, and 404 (71.8%) completed questionnaires were analyzed. A few technical problems were reported. The participants considered their privacy respected, and more than 90% were satisfied with the content of the online consultation, the opportunity to pose questions, and the help managing expectations. Considering face-to-face consultation, 89.6% of patients considered the online format an effective alternative, 63.2% believed it could replace the old model, and 96.3% would recommend it. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that online consultation on labor analgesia was a good strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic and has the potential to be used in this format in the future.
Overview of Financial Inclusion, Regulation, and Education

Financial inclusion is receiving increasing attention as having the potential to contribute to economic and financial development while at the same time fostering more inclusive growth and greater income equality. However, although substantial progress has been made, there is still much to achieve. East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia combined account for 55% of the world’s unbanked adults, mainly in India and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). This paper surveys the experience of a number of advanced and Asian emerging economies to assess factors affecting the ability of low-income households and small firms to access financial services, including financial literacy, financial education programs and financial regulatory frameworks, and identify policies that can improve their financial access while maintaining financial stability. It aims to identify successful experiences and important lessons that can be adopted by other emerging economies. This analysis is based on studies of the experiences of Germany, the United Kingdom, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The study aims to take a practical and holistic approach to issues related to financial inclusion. For example, innovative methods of promoting financial access, such as mobile phone banking and micro-finance, require corresponding innovations in regulatory frameworks, perimeters and capacity. Moreover, programs in the areas of financial education and consumer protection are needed to enable households and small firms to take full advantage of improvements in financial access.
The Effect of Service Quality and Perceived Value on Brand Loyalty Mediated by Customer Satisfaction at Mie Gacoan Yogyakarta

This study aims to determine the effect of service quality and perceived value on brand loyalty mediated by customer satisfaction at Mie Gacoan restaurants in all areas in Yogyakarta. This research is explanatory research with survey method. The population in this study were all consumers of Mie Gacoan in the Yogyakarta branch. Sampling using purposive sampling method. This type of statistical analysis uses PLS 3.0. And the results showed that directly all independent variables have a significant positive effect on brand loyalty. Indirectly service quality, perceived value has a significant positive effect on brand loyalty which is mediated by customer satisfaction.
Vocational Life Skills Students With Disabilities Through Experiential Learning

Finding out how important experiential learning is for students with disabilities (SwD)'s vocational skills is the primary goal of this study. The purpose of this study is to examine how experiential learning influences students with disabilities' career and occupational capabilities. The professional abilities of a SwD are significantly impacted by this study. The research method is pre experiments and conducted in Surabaya Inclusive Vocational School with subject tens of SwD. The data collection used tes and anlyzed used Wilcoxon test. The result showing Zcount 2.80 > Ztable 1.9 means EL increases VLS SwD results. With the help of the VLS program, effective ELs can easily help teachers, parents, students, and the community. It builds awareness about promoting social skill acquisition for individuals with disabilities, appropriate career, and vocational education. This research result also implication to driving VLF through EL to determine need for futher program to ensure SwD gain success. It builds awareness about promoting social skill acquisition for individuals with disabilities, appropriate career, and vocational education.
Concentration Level and Market Power of Islamic Bank Industry: Analysis of Pre and Post Bank Syariah Indonesia Merger

This paper attempted to examine the concentration and the degree of market power in the Indonesian Islamic Bank Industry during the pre and post-Bank Syariah Indonesia mega-merger. However, using the Strategic Tripod concept, this paper explored the response of the competitor pursuant to the merger. This paper used two main secondary data sources, which were 2 quarterly financial reports before the merger and 1 quarterly financial report after the merger of 34 Islamic bank data, and applied the Herfindhal-Hircsmann Index and Concentration Ratio of the top 5 Islamic banks. This paper discovered that the concentration ratio was at a moderate level. Moreover, based on the CR5 calculation result, Islamic banks have an oligopoly market structure. As for the response to the mega-merger, this paper divides 34 islamic banks into 3 clusters which are full-fledged Islamic banks (Bank Umum Syariah), Private Owned Islamic Subsidiary (Unit Usaha Syariah), Province Owned Islamic Subsidiary (Unit Usaha Syariah Bank BPD). Based on the strategic tripod, the strategy of the Islamic full-fledged bank orchestrates resources to win the competition. The privately owned Islamic Subsidiaries are taking advantage of their resource sharing with their parents. Meanwhile, the Province Islamic subsidiary's strategy relies on the regulations determined by the bank shareholders, who, in this case, are the government province.
Red Onion Peel Powder as a Functional Ingredient for Manufacturing Ricotta Cheese

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a vegetable widely cultivated and consumed due to its rich content in bioactive compounds. Red onion peel (ROP) powder, which is a by-product derived from the onion industry, has been attracting significant interest as a potential functional ingredient for improving the overall quality of foods. The present study explores the potential of ROP powder as a functional ingredient to improve the quality and nutritional value of whey cheese. Despite being frequently viewed as a food processing waste byproduct, ROP is a rich source of bioactive substances, including antioxidants, flavonoids, and dietary fiber, having antioxidant and antibacterial effects. The ROP extract exhibited high amounts of total polyphenols (119.69 ± 2.71 mg GAE/g dw) and antioxidant activity (82.35 ± 1.05%). Different quantities (1 and 3%) of ROP powder were added to cheese formulations, and the subsequent impact on the texture characteristics, sensory attributes, and phytochemical composition of the value-added cheeses was evaluated. The findings show that the addition of ROP powder improved the texture and the color of the cheeses, providing a visually appealing product. Additionally, adding the ROP powder significantly raised the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity (17.08 ± 0.78 µmol TE/g dw for RCROP1, 24.55 ± 0.67 µmol TE/g dw for RCROP2) in the final product’s formulation. Moreover, adding powder to cheese is an effective way to increase the value of onion by-products and produce polyphenol-enriched cheese.