Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
World Journal of Gastroenterology

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a serious threat to global health for nearly 3 years. In addition to pulmonary complications, liver injury is not uncommon in patients with novel COVID-19. Although the prevalence of liver injury varies widely among COVID-19 patients, its incidence is significantly increased in severe cases. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand liver injury caused by COVID-19. Clinical features of liver injury include detectable liver function abnormalities and liver imaging changes. Liver function tests, computed tomography scans, and ultrasound can help evaluate liver injury. Risk factors for liver injury in patients with COVID-19 include male sex, preexisting liver disease including liver transplantation and chronic liver disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. To date, the mechanism of COVID-19-related liver injury is not fully understood. Its pathophysiological basis can generally be explained by systemic inflammatory response, hypoxic damage, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and drug side effects. In this review, we systematically summarize the existing literature on liver injury caused by COVID-19, including clinical features, underlying mechanisms, and potential risk factors. Finally, we discuss clinical management and provide recommendations for the care of patients with liver injury.
Diffraction contrast of electron microscope images of crystal lattice defects - II. The development of a dynamical theory

The dynamical theory of electron diffraction is developed in a form suitable for the computation of images of crystal lattice defects such as dislocations observed by transmission electron microscopy. As shown in a previous kinematical theory, the contrast arises because the waves diffracted by atoms near the defect are changed in phase as a result of the displacements of these atoms from the perfect crystal positions. The two-beam dynamical theory of diffraction in the symmetrical Laue case is derived from simple kinematical principles by methods similar to those used by Darwin in the Bragg case. Simultaneous differential equations describing the changes of incident and diffracted wave amplitudes with depth in a crystal are obtained. In a perfect crystal these equations lead to the well-known Laue solutions of the dynamical equations of electron diffraction and in a deformed crystal they reduce to the kinematical theory when the deviation from the reflecting position is large. The effects of absorption can be included phenomenologically by use of a complex atomic scattering factor (complex lattice potential). Finally it is shown that an equivalent theory may be derived directly from wave mechanics in a way which allows the effects of absorption and several diffracted beams to be included. From the formal solution of this general theory some important symmetry relations for electron microscope images of defects can be deduced.
Determination of Caffeine, Theobromine, and Theophylline by HPLC-DAD in Beverages Commonly Consumed in Lima, Peru

The purpose of this study was to determine the content of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) in beverages commonly consumed in Lima, Peru. The samples were divided into 6 groups (herbal teas, coffee powder, chocolate milks, soft drinks, sports drinks, and energy drinks) which included the five most commonly consumed beverages of the different groups. Caffeine was mainly identified in the soft drink and energy drink groups, with the latter having a more significant value (10.38 ± 0.01 vs. 95.50 ± 3.48 mg/L, respectively). In herbal teas, caffeine showed the highest content (0.47 ± 0.01 to 4.91 ± 0.05 mg/L), despite theophylline being a characteristic compound of tea leaves. Sports drinks presented very low caffeine levels (0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.05 ± 0.01 mg/L), and theobromine (0.48 ± 0.01 to 6.00 ± 0.02) was also identified. Caffeine (4.09 ± 0.01 to 5.70 ± 0.01 mg/L) and theobromine (1.70 ± 0.01 to 12.24 ± 0.01 mg/L) were found in the five commercial brands of chocolate milk evaluated. Moreover, the group of coffee powder samples had the highest level of caffeine content (49.25 ± 0.24 to 964.40 ± 4.93 mg/100 g). The results obtained in this study provide reliable information on the composition and quantification of methylxanthines in the beverages most consumed in Lima and impact consumer knowledge.
The form of Killing vectors in expanding HH spaces

The Killing vector structure of those spaces of complexified general relativity known as expanding hyperheavens is investigated using the methods of spinor calculus. The Killing equations for all left‐algebraically degenerate Einstein vacuum spaces are completely integrated. Using the available gauge freedom, the resulting homothetic and isometric Killing vectors are classified in an invariant way according to Petrov–Penrose type. A total of four distinct kinds of isometric Killing vectors and three distinct kinds of homothetic Killing vectors are found. A master Killing vector equation is found which gives the form that the Lie derivative of the metric potential function W must take in order that it admit a given Killing vector.
Simulation model for anomalous precession of the perihelion of mercury's orbit

The ‘anomalous perihelion precession’ of Mercury, announced by Le Verrier in 1859, was a highly controversial topic for more than half a century and invoked many alternative theories until 1916, when Einstein presented his theory of general relativity as an alternative theory of gravitation and showed perihelion precession to be one of its potential manifestations. As perihelion precession was a directly derived result of the full General Theory and not just the Equivalence Principle, Einstein viewed it as the most critical test of his theory. This paper presents the computed value of the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury's orbit using a new relativistic simulation model that employs a simple transformation factor for mass and time, proposed in an earlier paper. This computed value compares well with the prediction of general relativity and is, also, in complete agreement with the observed value within its range of uncertainty. No general relativistic equations have been used for computing the results presented in this paper.
The Myth of Low-Income Black Fathers’ Absence From the Lives of Adolescents

Low-income Black fathers have been portrayed in the media and in research as uninvolved and disengaged from their children. The current study uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study (N = 2578) to examine adolescents’ reports of relationships and interaction with their biological fathers. The results showed there were no significant differences among Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, and Other fathers for adolescents’ perceptions of closeness or interaction with fathers. After accounting for statistical controls, the association between race/ethnicity and father involvement was not significantly moderated by mother-father residential status. The results substantiate what other researchers have concluded: low-income, nonresident, and coresident Black fathers are no less involved with their children than fathers in other racial/ethnic groups.
Handheld Ultrasound or Conventional Ultrasound Devices in Patients Undergoing HCT: A Validation Study

Abdominal ultrasound exams play a major role in the diagnosis of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD). The development of portable hand-held ultrasound devices (HHUS) has been shown to facilitate the diagnosis of many diseases, but little data on the value of HHUS in the diagnosis of SOS/VOD are available. We performed a study aimed at validating portable ultrasound (US) devices in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). Sixteen evaluable patients undergoing allogeneic HCT were studied using conventional US and HHUS during the first 3 weeks after transplant. The results obtained demonstrate that there is a close correlation between conventional and handheld ultrasound examination in the measurement of the right hepatic lobe (r = 0.912, p < 0.0001), the left hepatic lobe (r = 0.843, p < 0.0001), the portal vein (PV) (r = 0.724, p < 0.0001), and the spleen (r = 0.983, p < 0.0001) based on Pearson’s correlation. The same data, analyzed through Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, evidenced a substantial level of agreement in the comparison of the spleen and right hepatic lobe, while a lower grade of agreement in the measurement of the portal vein and left hepatic lobe. Moreover, there was good agreement between results obtained by the two types of ultrasound devices in assessing ascites (p < 0.0001), gallbladder thickening (p < 0.0001), and the direction of PV flow (p < 0.0001). HHUS device allows the study of HokUs-10 parameters with an excellent agreement with conventional US, and may contribute to SOS/VOD diagnosis.
Localization of Acetylcholine, Alpha 7-NAChR and the Antimicrobial Peptide Piscidin 1 in the Macrophages of Fish Gut: Evidence for a Cholinergic System, Diverse Macrophage Populations and Polarization of Immune Responses

The recognition and elimination of invading pathogens are vital for host survival. Macrophages play a central role in host protection and cells functionally reminiscent of vertebrate macrophages are present in all multicellular organisms. A pattern responsible for bacterial recognition found on the surface of macrophages is CD14. These cells possess a repertoire of antimicrobial molecules stored in their granules and lysosomes. Polarization states observed in mammalian macrophages termed M1 and M2 also likely exist in fish macrophages. Markers for macrophage subtypes are slowly but definitively emerging in fish species. In the present study cell markers such as CD14, acetylcholine, alpha 7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (nAChR) subtype, the inducible nitric oxidase synthase (iNOS), and the antimicrobial peptide piscidin 1 are reported for the first time in the intestinal macrophages of both catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) and the African bonytongue Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) along the anterior and the posterior axis and the concentric muscle layers. Many antimicrobial effector responses of vertebrate macrophages including respiratory burst and NO induction are similar across the diverse animal taxa. Antibodies against calbindin coupled with ones to VAChT and tubulin revealed the localization of myenteric and submucosal plexuses, which are made up of enteric neurons, glial cells, and nerves near macrophages. Current studies allow for the elucidation of multiple roles of macrophages in disease models providing an insight into their in vivo function in fish.
Mechanical properties of bilayer graphene with twist and grain boundaries

We report the mechanical properties (including intrinsic strength, critical failure strain, and Young's modulus) of bilayer graphene with twist or grain boundaries from first-principles calculations. We find that the intrinsic strength and critical failure strain of a bilayer graphene are governed by the twist angle. If a bilayer graphene is formed by one perfect graphene sheet and another graphene monolayer with grain boundaries, its overall mechanical properties are dominated by the layer with grain boundaries. The larger grain boundary angle in bilayer graphene, the higher intrinsic strength it would possess because of the lower energy and shorter C-C bond lengths on the boundary. Owing to the interlayer van de Waals interaction, bilayer graphene with small grain boundary angle presents different behavior from monolayer graphene grain boundaries.
Turbulence-interface interactions in a two-fluid homogeneous flow

The two-way interactions between the turbulent velocity field and the interface in an incompressible two-fluid homogeneous turbulent flow are studied with a recently developed Lagrangian–Eulerian interfacial particle level-set method. The numerical results confirm that the rate of change of the interface area is directly related to the work done by the surface tension force. While the surface tension damps the surrounding turbulence in the “interface stretching period” to oppose the increase in interface area, it is shown to actually increase the turbulent kinetic energy when the interface experiences compression. Additionally, the surface tension force is found to generate strong vortical motions close to the interface through the baroclinic torque effects. There is also an increase in strain rate and the viscous dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy in the interface region. The effect of interface on the surrounding turbulence appears primarily in the direction perpendicular to the interface. Ana.
Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiological trends and outcomes of gastrointestinal bleeding: a nationwide study

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic altered healthcare delivery in the United States. This study examined the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiological trends and outcomes of gastrointestinal bleeding. We compared the admission rate, in-hospital mortality rate, and mean length of hospital stay between 2019 and 2020 to estimate the pandemic effect. The study highlighted disparities in outcomes of gastrointestinal bleeding hospitalizations stratified by sex and race. We noted a 9.5% reduction in the total number of hospitalizations in 2020. We also observed a 13% increase in overall mortality during the pandemic (P < 0.001). There was a 15.8% increase in mortality among men (P = 0.007), compared to a 4.7% increase among women (P = 0.059). There was a significant increase in mortality among Whites in 2020 compared to Black and Hispanic populations. On multivariable logistic regression, admission during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increased length of stay when adjusted for age, sex, and race. Despite the direct COVID-19–related morbidity and mortality, the so-called indirect effect of the pandemic cannot be overlooked. For the remainder of the pandemic and future health emergencies, it is critical to balance mitigation of the spread of the contagion with clear public health messages to not neglect other life-threatening emergencies.
Invariant measures for set-valued maps

1. Let Ω be a space equipped with a σ-algebra of measurable sets, let R be a measurable set-valued self-map of Ω, and let ΓR be the graph of R. A measure μ on Ω× Ω is said to be R-invariant if μ(Ω× Ω \ ΓR) = 0 and the actions of the horizontal and vertical projections (the maps π1, π2 : Ω × Ω → Ω, π1(t1, t2) = t1, π2(t1, t2) = t2) on the measure μ coincide (see [1]). In other words, μ(π −1 1 A ∩ ΓR) = μ(π−1 2 A ∩ ΓR) for any measurable set A ⊂ Ω. We say that a set-valued self-map R of Ω is parametrized by measurable single-valued maps r1, r2 : Ω → Ω if ΓR = (r1(t), r2(t)), t ∈ Ω.
Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF21 Enhances the Phosphorylation of MEK and the Infectivity of Progeny Virus

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8, is the causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma, Castleman’s disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Although the functions of the viral thymidine kinases (vTK) of herpes simplex virus-1/2 are well understood, that of KSHV ORF21 (an ortholog of vTK) is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of ORF21 in lytic replication and infection by generating two ORF21-mutated KSHV BAC clones: ORF21-kinase activity deficient KSHV (21KD) and stop codon-induced ORF21-deleted KSHV (21del). The results showed that both ORF21 mutations did not affect viral genome replication, lytic gene transcription, or the production of viral genome-encapsidated particles. The ORF21 molecule-dependent function, other than the kinase function of ORF21, was involved in the infectivity of the progeny virus. ORF21 was expressed 36 h after the induction of lytic replication, and endogenously expressed ORF21 was localized in the whole cytoplasm. Moreover, ORF21 upregulated the MEK phosphorylation and anchorage-independent cell growth. The inhibition of MEK signaling by U0126 in recipient target cells suppressed the number of progeny virus-infected cells. These suggest that ORF21 transmitted as a tegument protein in the progeny virus enhances the new infection through MEK up-regulation in the recipient cell. Our findings indicate that ORF21 plays key roles in the infection of KSHV through the manipulation of the cellular function.
Investigation of cladding effects on optical guidance of microstructured holey fibres based on FDM and FDTD methods

Effects of the hexagonal air-hole cladding layer of a microstructured holey fibre on propagation characteristics are investigated based on the two-dimensional (2D) finite difference method and the 2D finite-difference time-domain technique. A holey fibre with parameters of r = 0.6 µm and Λ = 2.0 µm is designed and analyzed numerically by changing the number of hexagonal cladding layers. It is found that the layers beyond which fields become sufficiently small in the transverse plane (air-hole layers out of the fifth hexagonal cladding layer in the designed holey fibre) have little influence on propagation characteristics around the wavelength range of 1.3 and 1.55 µm for general optical communications, which means the air-hole layers close to the core region play an important role on its performance. Chromatic dispersion of the holey fibre with five cladding layers of air holes is approaching zero around 0.9 µm wavelength.
Test of a sequential mediation model of green management innovation

ABSTRACT Drawing from servant leadership, organizational support, and conservation of resources theories, our paper tests a sequential model of green management innovation (GMI). Specifically, our paper assesses: (a) the effect of green servant leadership (GSL) on GMI; (b) perceived organizational support for the environment (OSE) as a mediator between GSL and GMI; (c) green knowledge sharing as a mediator of the link between GSL and GMI; and (d) perceived OSE and green knowledge sharing as the sequential mediators linking GSL to GMI. Data were collected in different service settings. The results from structural equation modeling reveal that perceived OSE and green knowledge sharing serially and completely mediate the effect of GSL on GMI. In an environment where there are GSL practices, employees have favorable perceptions of OSE and display green knowledge sharing behaviors to boost GMI. The authors discuss the aforesaid findings and offer implications for managers and future research.
Orthomodularity and the direct sum of division subrings of the quaternions

Let D be any division subring of the real quaternions H. Let ? D denote the linear space of all finitely nonzero sequences from D and let L denote the lattice of all " I-closed" subspaces of ? D, where " L" denotes the orthogonality relation derived from the H-valued form (a, b) = Y (a b* i= 1, 2,) where a, b e @ D, a= (al,a2, ,a,,0,0,O) and b=(bl,b2, , bm,, )0, and b* is the quaternionic conjugate of bi. Then, the lattice L is complete and orthocomplemented, but is not orthomodular.
High-Resolution Imaging of the Galactic Cloud Monoceros R2

We present high-resolution images (9.8 arcsec x 8.5 arcsec beam size) of HCO(+) J = 1-0 emission from the Galactic cloud Mon R2 obtained using the Hat Creek millimeter interferometer and the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory 14 m antenna. The HCO(+) emission comes from small optically thick clumps as well as from an extended component. We discuss the relationship between the H II region, as traced by the continuum emission, molecular outflows, as traced by CO emission, and the dense molecular cloud, as traced by the HCO(+) emission. The abundance of HCO(+) in the most massive part of the cloud is consistent with values derived from recent molecular line surveys, but it is relatively enhanced in the less massive regions.
pH and Nitrate Drive Bacterial Diversity in Oil Reservoirs at a Localized Geographic Scale

Oil reservoirs are one of the most important deep subsurface biospheres. They are inhabited by diverse microorganisms including bacteria and archaea with diverse metabolic activities. Although recent studies have investigated the microbial communities in oil reservoirs at large geographic scales, it is still not clear how the microbial communities assemble, as the variation in the environment may be confounded with geographic distance. In this work, the microbial communities in oil reservoirs from the same oil field were identified at a localized geographic scale. We found that although the injected water contained diverse exogenous microorganisms, this had little effect on the microbial composition of the produced water. The Neutral Community Model analysis showed that both bacterial and archaeal communities are dispersal limited even at a localized scale. Further analysis showed that both pH and nitrate concentrations drive the assembly of bacterial communities, of which nitrate negatively correlated with bacterial alpha diversity and pH differences positively correlated with the dissimilarity of bacterial communities. In contrast, the physiochemical parameters had little effect on archaeal communities at the localized scale. Our results suggest that the assembly of microbial communities in oil reservoirs is scale- and taxonomy-dependent. Our work provides a comprehensive analysis of microbial communities in oil reservoirs at a localized geographic scale, which improves the understanding of the assembly of the microbial communities in oil reservoirs.
The neoclassical “Electron Root” feature in the Wendelstein-7-AS stellarator

The neoclassical prediction of the “electron root,” i.e., a strongly positive radial electric field, Er (being the solution of the ambipolarity condition of the particle fluxes), is analyzed for low-density discharges in Wendelstein-7-AS [G. Grieger, W. Lotz, P. Merkel, et al., Phys. Fluids B 4, 2081 (1992)]. In these electron cyclotron resonance heated (ECRH) discharges with highly localized central power deposition, peaked Te profiles [with Te(0) up to 6 keV and with Ti≪Te] and strongly positive Er in the central region are measured. It is shown that this “electron root” feature at W7-AS is driven by ripple-trapped suprathermal electrons generated by the ECRH. The fraction of ripple-trapped particles in the ECRH launching plane, which can be varied at W7-AS, is found to be the most important. After switching off the heating the “electron root” feature disappears nearly immediately, i.e., two different time scales for the electron temperature decay in the central region are observed. Monte Carlo simulati.
The Relationship between Radar Reflectivities and Clouds Associated with Horizontal Roll Convection on 8 August 1982

Abstract Horizontal convective rolls (HCRs) and cloudstreets that occurred in northeastern Colorado are studied using Doppler radar data, cloud photography, and vertical soundings. Examination of the environment in which the HCRs form indicates a boundary layer wind speed that is much lower than those measured in previous studies. Evidence shows that the HCRs form in a well-defined boundary layer, yet the cloudstreets that develop seem to exist within a stable layer above. A relationship between the radar reflectivity echoes and the cloudstreets is firmly established. The echoes are aligned directly under the cloudstreets. The echoes at lower-levels are shown to be caused by convergence of particulate matter into updraft portions of the HCR circulation, yet evidence indicates the cloud-level echoes are due to backscatter from refractive index inhomogeneities at the surfaces of rising thermals. Examination of the echoes show that the strongest and tallest echoes are associated with cloud formation, and tha.