Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reproductive biology and diet of the southern fiddler ray, Trygonorrhina fasciata (Batoidea : Rhinobatidae), an important trawl bycatch species

The reproductive cycle of Trygonorrhina fasciata females in south-western Australian waters is shown to include a protracted period of embryonic diapause or delayed development. This characteristic is typically regarded as enabling young to be born when conditions are optimal. The birth of T. fasciata occurs in April/May, when water temperatures are still high and conducive to rapid growth. Furthermore, because gut fullness in this and subsequent months was similar to other times of the year, the prey of neonates, i.e. mysids, carids, pinnotherids, amphipods and isopods, were presumably abundant in that period. Ovulation occurs in April/May and embryos grow rapidly between December and birth in April/May. Females grew to greater lengths than males, i.e. 1460 v. 890 mm, and matured (L50) at larger lengths, i.e. 892 v. 678 mm respectively. As body size increased, teleosts, pilumnid and portunid crabs and molluscs became important dietary components. Overall, the diet consisted predominantly of crustaceans, fish, polychaetes and molluscs, with volumetric contributions of 73.4, 17.2, 5.3 and 2.8% respectively. Dietary composition underwent a cyclical seasonal change and differed among locations, indicating some degree of opportunistic feeding. Interspecific comparisons indicate that benthic food resources are partitioned among and within the main batoid species in south-western Australian waters.
TOWARDS PHEROMONE-BASED DETECTION OF LYMANTRIA MONACHA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA

Abstract The research objective of this study was to develop a pheromone-based detection system for the nun moth, Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus), an important defoliator of spruce, Picea A. Dietrich, and pine, Pinus Linnaeus (Pinaceae), forests in central Europe. In northeastern Germany, comparative analyses of rubber- and polyurethane-based dispensers impregnated with a 20:20:1 blend of (±)-disparlure (cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane), (±)-monachalure (cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane), and 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene revealed that polyurethane-based dispensers afforded higher captures of male L. monacha. Species specificity and optimal dose of the pheromone dispenser were tested in deciduous rather than coniferous forests in central Europe to better reflect nonhabitat settings, such as North American ports, in which detection surveys would be conducted. Baiting Unitraps with 2, 20, 200, or 2000 μg [based on (±)-disparlure] of the L. monacha volatile blend resulted in increasing, species-specific captures of male L. monacha with increasing volatile dose. (±)-Disparlure, previously used for detection of L. monacha, tested at the same four doses indiscriminately attracted male L. monacha and male Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus). Polyurethane-based dispensers loaded with at least 200 μg of the L. monacha volatile blend are recommended for sensitive detection surveys of L. monacha in North America. Résumé Au cours de cette étude, nous avions pour objectif de mettre au point un système de détection de la Nonne, Lymantria monacha (Linnée), à base de phéromones; cet insecte est un défoliateur important des forêts d’épinettes, Picea A. Dietrich et de pins, Pinus Linnée (Pinaceae), en Europe centrale. Dans le nord-est de l’Allemagne, des analyses comparatives de systèmes à base de caoutchouc ou de polyuréthane imbibés d’un mélange 20 : 20 : 1 de (±)-disparlure (cis-7,8-époxy-2-méthyloctadécane), de (±)-monachalure (cis-7,8-époxy-octadécane) et de 2-méthyl-Z7-octadécène, ont révélé que les pièges à base de polyuréthane capturaient plus de mâles de L. monacha. La spécificité du piège à phéromone et la dose optimale à utiliser ont été vérifiées dans des forêts décidues plutôt que des forêts de conifères d’Europe centrale, parce que ces forêts reflètent mieux les conditions d’habitats inusités, comme par exemple les ports nord-américains, où seront faits les repérages. À l’installation de pièges à appâts (Unitraps) garnis de 2, 20, 200 ou 2000 μg d’un extrait volatile [à base de (±)-disparlure] de L. monacha, le nombre de captures spécifiques de mâles de L. monacha augmentait en fonction de la dose du mélange. Le (±)-disparlure, utilisé précédemment pour attirer des L. monacha et testé aux quatre mêmes doses, attirait tout aussi bien des mâles de L. dispar (Linnée) que des mâles de L. monacha. Nous recommandons donc l’utilisation de pièges à base de polyuréthane imbibés d’au moins 200 μg d’extrait volatile de L. monacha pour repérer la présence de la Nonne L. monacha en Amérique du Nord. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
Phenolic Antioxidant Biosynthesis in Plants for Functional Food Application: Integration of Systems Biology and Biotechnological Approaches

We are applying a dynamic systems biology approach to the development of several phenolic phytochemicals in food-grade plants as ingredients for functional food applications. Phenolic antioxidant phytochemicals from food-grade plants will be an important part of a healthy diet in a global population that is projected to reach 9 billion in the next 50 years. Such phytochemicals are being targeted for designing conventional foods with added health benefits (functional foods). Such value-added foods are needed for dietary support to manage major oxidation-linked diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, cognition diseases and cancer. Plants produce phenolic metabolites as a part of growth, developmental and stress-adaptation response. These stress and developmental-modulated phenolic phytochemicals can be targeted for the design of functional foods. In order to design consistent food-grade phytochemical profiles for safety and clinical relevancy, novel tissue culture and bioprocessing technologies have been developed. The strategy for designing these phenolic phytochemicals is based on the model that phenolic metabolites in plants are efficiently produced through an alternative mode of metabolism that links proline synthesis to activity of the pentose–phosphate pathway. Using the proline-linked pentose–phosphate pathway model, techniques have been developed to isolate high phenolic clonal lines of food-grade plants from single heterozygous seeds. Further, using the same model, elicitation concepts and techniques have been applied to over-produce phenolic metabolites in seeds and sprouts. In both clonal and seed sprout systems, exogenous treatment of phenolic phytochemicals from a non-target species elicited endogenous stimulation of phenolic synthesis and, potentially, an antioxidant response. From these investigations, a hypothetical model has been proposed in which the proline-linked pentose–phosphate pathway is critical for modulating protective antioxidant response pathways in diverse biological systems, including humans. This model, when confirmed precisely, may provide a mechanism for understanding the mode of action of phenolic phytochemicals in modulating antioxidant pathways in relation to human health. An understanding of the interconnection of the proline-linked pentose–phosphate pathway and antioxidant response pathway can provide dietary and nutritional mechanisms as well as new strategies to manage oxidation-linked diseases through improvement of host physiological response. In this review we have focused on clonal herbs, fava bean sprouts and cranberry bioprocessing as 3 model systems for understanding biosynthesis of phenolic metabolites for functional food application.
The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in sensitivity to ozone in the field

Ozone (O3)-sensitive and tolerant clones of aspen (Populus tremuloides) were exposed to O3 at 1.0, 1.7 and 3.0 times the concentration in ambient air at Ithaca, NY, USA (×1.0, ×1.7 and ×3.0) for 3 months. Visible foliar injury occurred within a few days of the initiation of treatments and developed continuously in ×1.7 and ×3.0 treatments. Leaf senescence began earlier in trees exposed to greater-than-ambient treatments. Gas-exchange variables were measured five times over the growing season. Net photosynthesis was progressively decreased and finally reduced by 40 and 70% on tolerant and sensitive clones, respectively, but stomatal conductance was not affected by the O3 treatments. As stomatal conductance (gs) values did not differ in the two types of aspen, we conclude that this is not the defense mechanism to O3 in aspen. At the end of the season, dry weight was reduced by up to 55 and 35% in sensitive and tolerant clones, respectively. Ozone effects were significant and linear on foliar injury, biomass and growth variables such as height, diameter of stem and total leaf area. The levels of two antioxidants, ascorbic acid and glutathione, were investigated to determine if a clonal difference occurred. Concentrations of the free-radical scavengers did not differ in the clones, nor did they seem to be induced by O3. A cumulative O3 index, SUM06 (the sum of the total μl l−1 of exposure when the O3 concentration exceeded 0.06 μl l−1), was highly correlated with most foliar injury variables and gas-exchange variables except gs in higher O3 treatments. The reduction of carbon gain due to O3 is discussed with regard to foliar damage and biomass decrease.
Comparison of the protein-bound and free amino acid contents of two northern adapted soybean cultivars

The total protein and the protein-bound and free amino acid contents of two northern adapted soybean cultivars, Maple Arrow and AC Proteus, were compared as potentially useful and practical indices for evaluating their protein quality. As the content of total protein was increased by 10.1% in AC Proteus by breeding, the concentration of protein-bound arginine, aspartic acid, and histidine increased, while the levels of threonine, tryptophan, and methionine decreased. The free amino acid content of AC Proteus increased from 2.4 to 3.7% of the dry weight, and glutamic and aspartic acids and arginine represented 52.8% of the total. Both cultivars contained an excellent balance of essential amino acids (EAA) limited only in methionine, followed by tryptophan
Genotypic Variation for Sensitivity to High Temperature in the Tomato: Pollination and Fruit Set

High-temperature conditions (39 ± 2 C day and 22 ± 2 C night) caused deficient fruit set in tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Fruit set of 12 cultivars from divergent sources ranged from 0% to 22%, while that of `Saladette' was between 56% and 60%. The impaired fruit set of `Roma VF' was found to be associated with pollen viability, style elongation, and lack of formation of the endothecium, which is essential to stamen and pollen thecae opening. In `Saladette,' damage was slight or nonexistent, and the endothecium formed normally under high-temperature conditions. The pronounced differences in cultivar response to high temperature permit the breeding of tolerant cultivars and the study of the nature of the primary physiological processes impeding fruit set.
Fumiquinazolines A–G, novel metabolites of a fungus separated from a Pseudolabrus marine fish

Seven new fumiquinazolines (FQs) A–G have been isolated from a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus originally separated from the marine fish Pseudolabrus japonicus, and their stereostructures and conformations have been established on the basis of spectral and X-ray analyses and some chemical transformations. All the compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against cultured P388 cells.
Influence of a dorsal trash-package on interactions between larvae of Mallada signata (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Larvae of the native Australian chrysopid Mallada signata use discarded prey items and environmental debris ('trash'), carried on the dorsal abdominal segments, as camouflage. Larvae that carry trash were confirmed experimentally to experience lower rates of cannibalism, an effect attributed to the camouflage conferred by the package. Larvae preferred physically hard material over normal dietary items when constructing their trash-package. The inclusion of these materials in the package may provide both physical and chemical camouflage from predator and prey alike. When encounter rates between conspecifics were low, larvae that carried trash increased their activity rates as they aged. In contrast, trash-denuded larvae decreased activity rates as they aged. Among first-instar larvae, as the density of larvae increased and encounters became more frequent, those with trash moved further than those without. Larvae with trash packages exhibited lower cannibalism and higher activity rates, which may subsequently enhance foraging capacity.
Effects of group size on performance, health and birds’ use of facilities in furnished cages for laying hens

A total of 1584 Lohmann Selected Leghorn hens were kept in 144 modified cages furnished with—perch, nest and sandbath for 5, 6, 7 or 8 hens per cage or in 162 conventional cages for 4 hens. Cage floor area was 600 cm2 per hen excluding nest and sandbath. Doors to nests and sandbaths were time monitored. Production, mortality, exterior egg quality, health, integument and the birds use of facilities were registered from 20 until 80 weeks. No effects of group size or keeping system on production or mortality were detected, but the furnished cage gave more cracked and less dirty eggs than the conventional cage. Hens in the furnished cage had better plumage condition, less toe pad hyperkeratosis, shorter claws, less rear body wounds and stronger humerus, but dirtier feet than hens in the conventional cage. Hens in the larger group sizes had the dirtiest feet. In the furnished cage, on average, 86% of all eggs were laid in the nests and 0.6% in the sandbaths. The rolling out efficiency from nests was best in th.
Ensuring the validity of private forest owner typologies by controlling for response style bias and the robustness of statistical methods

In survey-based segmentation of forest owners, two threats to the validity of results have largely been ignored: (1) response style bias and (2) the robustness of the statistical methods. This study demonstrates response style bias detection, presents an approach for correcting for acquiescence – the systematic tendency to agree with survey items, and explores the sensitivity of a probabilistic clustering algorithm to requirements for the validity of the typology. Structural equation modeling and Monte Carlo data generation techniques were employed to detect acquiescence and estimate its effect on construct validity. A survey of the relevance of management information for private forest owners (N = 364) was used as an example. Although acquiescence was confirmed, it had minor effect on the results and no effect on the substantive construct. Uncertainty about the number of forest owner types and membership can be reduced by using probabilistic clustering and observing the number of clusters while changing the requirements for the validity of clusters. The expectation maximization algorithm proved to be robust even to stringent requirements for the validity of clusters. By controlling for response style and the robustness of statistical methods, the validity of private forest owner typologies can be better ensured.
Emulsification Properties of Succinylated Canola Protein Isolate

Emulsification properties of unmodified and succinylated canola (rapeseed) protein isolate (54 and 84% modification of free amino groups) were examined over a wide range of pH values (pH 3.5–11.0) and sodium chloride concentrations (0.0–0.70M). Both emulsification activity and emulsion stability were increased by succinylation, but extensive succinylation was not required to significantly improve these properties. Multiple regression analyses indicated that emulsification activity was related to protein solubility, hydrophobicity, zeta potential and flow behavior of aqueous dispersions of the proteins. Emulsion stability was affected by protein solubility, zeta potential, apparent viscosity of protein dispersions and difference in density between the aqueous and oil phase.
Development of yellow seeded BRASSICA NAPUS L., through interspecific crosses

Yellow seeded Brassica napus was developed through interspecific crosses with the two mustard species, B. juncea and B. carinata. The objective of these two interspecific crosses was the introgression of genes for yellow seed colour from the A genome of B. juncea and C genome of B. carinata into the A and C genomes of B. napus, respectively. The interspecific F1 generations were backcrossed to B. napus in an attempt to eliminate B genome chromosomes and to improve fertility. Backcross F2 plants of the (B. napus×B. juncea) ×B. napus cross were then crossed with backcross F2 plants of the (B. napus×B. carinata) ×B. napus cross. The objective of this intercrossing was to combine the A and C genome yellow seeded characteristics of the two backcross populations into one genotype. The F2 generation of the backcross F2 intercrosses was grown in the field, plants were individually harvested and visually rated for seed colour. Ninety-one yellow seeded plants were identified among the 4858 plants inspected. This result indicated that the interspecific crossing scheme was successful in developing yellow seeded B. napus.
Types of Muscle Fibres in Toad Skeletal Muscle

An attempt has been made to define the types of muscle fibres present in the iliofibularis muscle of Xenopus laevis. Histochemical studies were carried out on cross sections of the muscle. The variation between cells in the content of lipids, DPN-diaphorase and succinic dehydrogenase was noted, and on this basis the fibres were classified into three main groups. Single, living fibres representing the histochemical groups were selected and their contractile behaviour in response to electrical stimulation and the application of ACh was studied. The findings indicated a relationship between the histochemical and functional properties of the muscle fibres. Fibres with a moderate content of lipid and enzymes (pale fibres) were fast fibres which fatigued rapidly on maintained stimulation. Fibres with a high content of lipid and enzymes (dark fibres) were fast fibres which did not fatigue rapidly. Fibres containing no lipid and no DPN-diaphorase or succinic dehydrogenase (clear fibres) were slow fibres. Staining of the end-plates on the fibres showed that fast fibres had end-plates of varying gross morphology and with high cholinesterase activity, whereas slow fibres had ‘en grappe’ end-plates with very low cholinesterase activity.
Some Observations on the Wound Reactions of Ankyropteris corrugata.

Summary. 1 The tissues of the fossil fern Ankyropteris corrugata show well-marked reactions to wounding. 2 In the root these, which consist of irregularly disposed wedges of meristematic tissue, are confined to the cortical parenchyma and may extend for some distance beyond the actual wound area. 3 In the stem the wounds generally take the form of irregular cortical fissures. These are bordered on either side by a strip of meristem four to eight cells in depth. 4 Anomalous secondary xylem which occurs in a stem in the neighbourhood of a bifurcation is also considered to be due probably to traumatic stimulus. 5 In the petiole the wound reaction varies. 6 Where the wound is superficial a pad of healing meristem is developed from the cortical cells. The parenchymatous cells are most active, but the sclerenchymatous cells may also undergo division. Exceptionally the superficial cells may be modified in a similar way to those of the normal epidermis, thus providing an example of “restitution. ” 7 Other wounds, termed “crush” wounds, are characterised by irregular cortical fissures. These become bordered or surrounded by a strip of meristematic cambiform cells. 8 Where the wounds are deep-seated the vascular tissues may be involved in the reaction. 9 The reaction in such cases takes the form of the development of secondary tracheids, usually short and of small calibre, which vary in position with that of the wound. 10 There is some evidence that the phloem or phloem-parenchyma may also become meristematic under these conditions.
Effects of different temperatures on seed germination of garden ornamentals in Allium

This study was carried out to ascertain the effects of different temperature on seed germination of 21 species of garden ornamentals in Allium. The results are summarized as follows:1. Weight of 100 seeds varied depending on the species, from 69 to 856mg (Table 1). However, there was no relation between the weight of seed and percentage of germination.2. Percentage of germination of seed in ornamental Alliums was observed at 5°, 13° and 20°C. Based on the results showed in Table 2, it seemed that the optimum temperature for seed germination varied in the species.3. From the results obtained above, species of Allium are classified into the following four types:a. Germination occurs under warm conditions (20°C)b. Germination occurs under cool conditions (5-13°C)c. Germination occurs under cold conditions(2-7°C)d. Germination occurs at wide range of temperature (5-25°C)4. The genus Allium, containing 500 or more species, is divided into six sections taxonomically. Based on the results observed, it is likely that section I corresponds to b type and section III corresponds to a type and section V to b or c type respectively. The species belonging to d type have had long history as vegetables.5. It seems that the optimum temperature for seed germination is closely related with the climate of native land of the species, i.e. the species distributed in Mediterranean, steppe and continental climate zone corresponds to cool, cold and warm germinating type respectively.6. Since most of garden ornamentals of Allium have not been bred until today, it seems that they continue to have character adapted to climatic conditions of their native land.
The relationships of the Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae).

The Euphorbieae and Hippomaneae, though both usually placed in subfamily Euphorbioideae, differ in many inflorescence details and can be linked unambiguously only by one cryptic character: the rod-shaped starch grains in the latex. While the Hippomaneae have inflorescences very similar to those of many other members of the Euphorbiaceae, the Euphorbieae have an inflorescence so specialized that one seems to be forced to relate it to other members of the family througb a hypothetical ancestor with a synflorescence of axillary bisexual cymes more primitive than most extant taxa possiblv other thari Jatropha.
Exigência de lisina para codornas japonesas em postura

Three hundred 49-days old Japanese female quails, averaging 138.0g, were used to estimate the requirement of digestible lysine level for Japanese quail in completely randomized block design with five replicates of ten females per experimental unit. The treatment consisted six levels of digestible lysine (0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20 and 1.30%) and the analyzed traits were rate of egg production (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g of eggs/quail/day), feed intake (g), feed consumption: weight gain ratio (g of diet/g of eggs), final body weight (g) and shell percentage (%). No signicant effect of treatments on final body weight (g) was observed, but there was quadratic effect for egg production (%), egg mass (g of eggs/quail/day) and feed consumption: gain diet (g of diet/g of eggs) and linear effect on shell egg (%) and feed intake (g). The estimated requirements of digestible lysine for laying Japanese quail was 1.117% of the diet, corresponding to a daily intake of 254 mg of digestible lysine.