Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Nitrogen Concentration of Strawberry Plants from Its Spectral Response

Abstract Estimating the nitrogen (N) status of plants as a function of their spectral response is a promising technique to diagnose and optimize N fertilization. An experiment was conducted in Jiquilpan (Michoacán, México) in which three N levels (0.3, 3, and 20 mM of NO3 − in the irrigation water) were applied to strawberry (Fragaria vesca) in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The spectral response of strawberry was measured at both the canopy and leaf level using individual wavebands as well as vegetation indices. Individual leaves were separated into three strata (young, mature, and old) and leaf dry matter, leaf area, and N content (% dry matter) were measured in each stratum. Leaf area, biomass, and N content differed significantly between strata. Leaf area, biomass, and N content in all strata were affected by N fertilization. At the canopy level, N content was highly correlated with green reflectance (R550) (r2=0.50) and red reflectance (R680) (r2=0.60) as well as the vegetation indices simple ratio (SR) (r2=0.56), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (r2=0.56), and hyperspectral NDVI (HNDVI) (r2=0.56). For individual leaves, significant differences between strata were found with normalized total pigment to chlorophyll a ratio index (NPCI) and MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI) (p<0.001) as well as R550, photochemical reflectance index (PRI), red edge position (REP), and REP calculated using the MERIS satelite wavelengths (p<0.01). Relationships between spectral indices and N content at the leaf level were found with the youngest leaves only, with NPCI (p<0.01) and MTCI (p<0.05), whereas only R550 responded to N fertilization (p<0.05).
Thermal Studies on Granular Maize Starch and its Graft Copolymers with Vinyl Monomers

The graft copolymers of pure granular maize starch with acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylic acid and methacrylonitrile were synthesized using ceric ammonium nitrate as an initiator. The formation of graft copolymer was confirmed by gravimetric measurement, acid hydrolysis and IR spectroscopy. The thermal analysis of the pure granular maize starch and graft copolymers was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and isothermal analysis. In order to determine the mechanism of decomposition of these polymers, the isothermal analysis was coupled with IR spectroscopy. The activation energies at every stage of decomposition for all the polymer samples were determined from their primary thermograms. The glass transition temperatures (T g ) for pure granular maize starch and all the graft copolymers have been reported. Except starch-graft-acrylic acid, all other graft copolymers showed enhanced thermal stability over pure starch. T g of pure starch was observed as 91 °C. All the graft copolymers showed lower values of T g with a minimum of 57 °C for starch-graft-methacrylonitrile. DTA studies indicated a delayed oxidative degradation of graft copolymers.
The effects of Southeast Asia fire activities on tropospheric ozone, trace gases and aerosols at a remote site over the Tibetan Plateau of Southwest China

Tropospheric ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), total reactive nitrogen (NOy) and aerosols (PM2.5 and PM10) were measured on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau at Tengchong (25.01◦N, 98.3◦E, 1960 m a.s.l.) in Southwest China, where observational data is scarce, during a field campaign of the TAPTO-China (Transport of Air Pollutants and Tropospheric O3 over China) in the spring of 2004. Fire maps derived from satellite data and backward air trajectories were used to trace the source regions and transport pathways of pollution. Ozone, CO, NOy, PM10 and PM2.5 had average concentrations of 26 ± 8 ppb, 179 ± 91 ppb, 2.7 ± 1.2 ppb and 34 ± 23 and 28 ± 19 μg/m3, respectively. The measured O3 level is low when compared with those reported for similar longitudinal sites in Southeast (SE) Asia and northeastern Tibetan Plateau in Northwest China suggesting that there exist complex O3 variations in the Tibetan Plateau and its neighbouring SE Asian region. High levels of pollution with hourly averages of O3, CO, NOy, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations up to 59, 678 and 7.7 ppb and 158 and 137 μg/m-3, respectively, were observed. The increase of pollutants in the lower troposphere was caused by regional built-up and transport of pollution from active fire regions of the SE Asia subcontinent and from northern South Asia. Our results showed that pollution transport from SE Asia and South Asia had relatively stronger impacts than that from Central and South China on the abundance of O3, trace gases and aerosols in the background atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau of Southwest China.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Solid Solution of HCl in Ice

The equilibrium solubility of HCl in ice Ih has been measured as a function of temperature and HCl partial pressure, between −8 and −35 °C by doping large ice single crystals with gaseous HCl for several weeks. Results indicate that the solubility of HCl in ice is very low, much less than found in many previous studies. Its temperature and HCl partial pressure dependences are found to be XHCl = 6.13 × 10-10e2806.5/T (PHCl)1/2.73 where XHCl is the solubility in mole fraction, PHCl is the HCl partial pressure in Pa, and T is the temperature in kelvin. The diffusion coefficient of HCl in ice is also found to be very low, about 10-12 cm2/s at −15 °C. Extrapolations of these data yield the solidus in the temperature−composition phase diagram. The determination of the solid phase composition in equilibrium with a given gas phase composition allows the calculation of the partial enthalpy of sublimation of HCl from ice, Δ = 63.7 ± 7.6 kJ/mol, and of the activity of HCl in ice. Possible mechanisms of HCl incorpora.
Analysis of DCM extractable components from hot-pressed hybrid poplar

Abstract The effects of thermal compression on the organic-soluble material of a uniform wood substrate, hybrid poplar (clone OP-367), has been studied. Poplar veneers were preconditioned to 0% or 8% moisture content and subsequently hot pressed at 150°C, 200°C, and 250°C. The dichloromethane (DCM) extracts were characterized by various hyphenated analyses [gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC)]. The yields and composition of extractable compounds were markedly influenced by treatment at 250°C compared to those obtained at lower temperatures. Most importantly, the organic extracts contained a significant portion of lignin-derived compounds after treatment at 250°C.
Microwave Absorption and Molecular Structure in Liquids. XXV. Measurements of Dielectric Constant and Loss at 3.1‐mm Wavelength by an Interferometric Method

The theory and apparatus for an interferometric method for the measurement of the dielectric constant and loss of a liquid at 3.1‐mm wavelength are described. The 3.1‐mm wave is obtained as the fourth harmonic from a K‐band reflex klystron. The probable error of the dielectric constant measurements is 0.5%, while that of the loss measurements is 2–5% for high loss liquids. For very low losses, only an upper limit can be obtained because of the small amount of harmonic energy obtainable.Four tetrahalogenated methanes, three substituted benzenes, two methylquinolines, three alcohols, and water have been measured and the results examined in the light of measurements at lower frequencies. All of the liquids but the three alcohols give 3‐mm points lying satisfactorily on Cole‐Cole arc plots drawn through points previously obtained at lower frequencies. The losses observed at 3 mm are, however, some‐what higher than the calculated indicating the probable presence of overlapping absorption regions at still highe.
EROD and metallothionein in Limnodrilus profundicola (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) as an indicator of pollution exposure in the Curuksu stream of Menderes river, Denizli-Turkey

In this study, pollution in Curuksu Stream of Menderes River has been followed by measuring the chemical and biological parameters on five predetermined stations for about 20 mon. Our previous studies have shown that Limnodrilus profundicola, Eristalis sp. and Chironomus thummi taxa are valuable bioindicators for the Curuksu stream and Limnodrilus profundicola Metallo-Thionein (MT) and EthoxyResorufi n-O-deEthylase (EROD) levels are valuable and useful biomarkers for biomonitoring heavy metals and PAHs pollutions, respectively. Cu-, Cr-, Cd- and Pb-type pollution was detected in all sediment samples taken from all of the stations, including reference station. Pollution source of these heavy metals are considered to be industrial wastewater, atmosphere and soil. Similarly, PAHs level was found to be considerably higher for Curuksu and Guzelkoy stations than other stations. These heavy metal- and PAHs-pollution were also confirmed with elevated MT and EROD levels measured with Limnodrilus profundicola sampl.
Responses of physiochemical attributes of kinnow budded on Jatti Khatti to triazole treatment under salinity

The response given by the photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity and nutrient accumulation of kinnow (Citrus nobilis × C. deliciosa) budded on Citrus jambhiri Lush rootstocks (var. Jatti Khatti) to triazole compounds was studied under NaCl stress. Eighteen-month-old budded kinnow plants were irrigated with 0 or 50 mM NaCl with or without triazole compounds. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) at 100 mg 1−1 and triazole (TRZ), triadimefon (TDM) and hexaconazole (HEX) at 20 mg l−1 were applied by drenching the soil one week prior to NaCl application. PBZ, TRZ and TDM were equally effective in preventing chlorophyll degradation under NaCl stress. The improvement in catalase (CAT) activity was greater in TRZ- and TDM-treated plants under stress, while for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, TRZ, PBZ and TDM were found to be equally effective. The peroxidase (POX) activity increased more in TDM-treated plants. The application of TDM and HEX had a more pronounced effect on the upregulation of proline content und.
Isolation of chlorophyll a from spinach leaves

An efficient method for separating chlorophyll a from spinach leaves by column chromatography and solvent extraction techniques has been developed. The purity and identity of the chlorophyll a have been confirmed by UV-Vis, IR and mass spectrometry. Yields from 100 g of freeze-dried spinach were 23 – 24 mg of chlorophyll a . KEY WORDS: Chlorophyll a , Spinach leaves, Separation, Column chromatography, Solvent extraction, Pheophytin a Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2008 , 22(2), 301-304.
Fragmentation reactions of protonated α-amino acids

The metastable ion fragmentation reactions of protonated α-amino acids were recorded. In addition, the low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) reactions were studied as a function of collision energy and breakdown graphs, expressing the energy dependence of the fragmentation reactions, were established for a variety of protonated amino acids. The fragmentation reactions observed depend strongly on the identity of the R group in H 2 NCH(R)COOH. Protonated amino acids containing only alkyl groups in the side-chain fragment primarily by elimination of (H 2 O + CO) in both metastable and CID reactions. Hydroxylic and acidic amino acids show loss of H 2 O and loss of (H 2 O + CO) from MH + with the H 2 O loss occurring from the side-chain and (H 2 O + CO) loss occurring from the α-carbohydroxy group. Amidic amino acids show NH 3 loss from the side-chain and (H 2 O + CO) loss from the carbohydroxy group. Aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids show loss of NH 3 from MH + , as does lysine. Protonated arginine shows a variety of fragmentation pathways, including elimination of NH 3 , elimination of neutral guanidine and formation of protonated guanidine. The energy-dependent breakdown graphs elucidate a variety of secondary fragmentation reactions of the primary fragment ions
Adsorption of uranium and thorium from aqueous solutions by the clay minerals montmorillonite and vermiculite

Abstract The adsorption of uranium and thorium from aqueous solutions by montomorillonite and vermiculite has been studied. The uranium and thorium concentration of the solutions varied between 100 and 2000 ppm. The behaviour of vermiculite as adsorbent of uranyl ions was found to be identical to montmorillonite, whereas the quantity of the adsorbed hydroxy‐Th ions was much lower than its theoretical cation exchange capacity. The later is attributable to a blocking of vermiculite's cation exchange capacity by hydroxy‐Th islands adsorbed in interlayer. The adsorption phenomena studied by these two minerals appear to be of the Langmuir type. Similar studies were also performed using a synthetic ettringite (calcium aluminum sulphate mineral) and a synthetic aluminosilicate zeolite of the faujasite type. The short‐time behaviour of the ettringite and faujasite seems to be very similar to montmorillonite and vermiculite and also obeys to the Langmuir equation. On the other hand ettringite and faujasite were fo.
Gravity Wave Breaking and Vortex Ring Formation Observed by PMC Turbo

Polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) imaging and lidar profiling performed aboard the 5.9‐day PMC Turbo balloon flight from Sweden to northern Canada in July 2018 revealed a wide variety of gravity wave (GW) and instability events occurring nearly continuously at approximately 82 km. We describe one event exhibiting GW breaking and associated vortex rings driven by apparent convective instability. Using PMC Turbo imaging with spatial and temporal resolution of 20 m and 2 s, respectively, we quantify the GW horizontal wavelength, propagation direction, and apparent phase speed. We identify vortex rings with diameters of 2–5 km and horizontal spacing comparable to their size. Lidar data show GW vertical displacements of ±0.3 km. From the data, we find a GW intrinsic frequency and vertical wavelength of 0.009 ± 0.003 rad s−1 and 9 ± 4 km, respectively. We show that these values are consistent with the predictions of numerical simulations of idealized GW breaking. We estimate the momentum deposition rate per unit mass during this event to be 0.04 ± 0.02 m s−2 and show that this value is consistent with the observed GW. Comparison to simulation gives a mean energy dissipation rate for this event of 0.05–0.4 W kg−1, which is consistent with other reported in situ measurements at the Arctic summer mesopause.
Composition of Nonpolar Extractives in Bark of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine

Abstract The composition of nonvolatile extractives soluble in petroleum ether was investigated separately for inner and outer bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus silvestris (L.)). The bark extractives of one spruce and one pine tree were prefractionated by thin-layer chromatography and the detailed composition of free and esterified fatty acids, free and esterified sterols, triterpenoid alcohols and fatty alcohols, resin acids and diterpene aldehydes was determined by gas chromatography. Bark of four other trees was analysed by a routine method based on direct gas chromatography of the extracts. Fatty acids, resin acids and sterols accounted for ca 80% of extractives in inner bark and for 50% in outer bark. Qualitative differences between the extractives in inner and outer bark were noticed. The total amount of fatty and resin acids was about 1.54 of spruce and pine bark dry weight and the amount of sterols was 0.2–0.5%. These levels are low considering possible technical.
Multipoint Conjugate Observations of Dayside ULF Waves During an Extended Period of Radial IMF

Long‐lasting Pc5 ultralow frequency (ULF) waves spanning the dayside and extending from L ∼ 5.5 into the polar cap region were observed by conjugate ground magnetometers. Observations from MMS satellites in the magnetosphere and magnetometers on the ground confirmed that the ULF waves on closed field lines were due to fundamental toroidal standing Alfvén waves. Monochromatic waves at lower latitudes tended to maximize their power away from noon in both the morning and afternoon sectors, while more broadband waves at higher latitudes tended to have a wave power maximum near noon. The wave power distribution and MMS satellite observations during the magnetopause crossing indicate surface waves on a Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) unstable magnetopause coupled with standing Alfvén waves. The more turbulent ion foreshock during an extended period of radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) likely plays an important role in providing seed perturbations for the growth of the KH waves. These results indicate that the Pc5 waves observed on closed field lines and on the open field lines of the polar cap were from the same source.
Kinetic model for osmotic dehydration and its relationship with Fick's second law

Summary A two-parameter equation was developed from mass balance considerations and used to predict the kinetics of osmotic dehydration and the final equilibrium point. The model was tested using kinetic data from ten different experiments and was able to predict water loss and solids gained over long periods of drying. The final equilibrium point was estimated using data obtained during a relatively short period of time. Simple equations were obtained when the model was related to Fick's second law for non-steady one-dimensional diffusion through a thin slab, and apparent diffusion coefficients were readily estimated from these equations.
Methane decomposition and active nitrogen in a N2-CH4 glow discharge at low pressures

Mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy are used in a N2-xCH4 glow discharge with x = 0.5-2%, at low pressures (1-2 Torr) and small flow rates (6 sccm), in order to determine the CH4 and H2 absolute concentrations and the N2(B 3g) and N2(C 3u) relative concentrations. A kinetic model is developed based on the steady-state solutions to the homogeneous electron Boltzmann equation coupled to a system of rate balance equations for the most populated neutral and ionic species produced, either from active nitrogen and CH4 dissociation or as a result of reactions between radicals from N2 and CH4. It is observed that CH4 is very efficiently decomposed through a sequence of reactions in which at the end HCN and H2 appear as the most abundant products in the discharge. A brown deposition on the tube walls has been detected which is attributed to HCN, in agreement with other investigations of Titan's atmosphere, since this species is poorly destroyed in volume. The accordance between theory and experiment is very satisfactory allowing an insight to be obtained into the basic elementary mechanisms in these discharges.
Decomposition Chemistry of TAGN

Triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) is a unique energetic material which produces relatively low molecular weight combustion products. TAGN is characterized by the oxidizer fragment “HNO3” that is attached by an ionic bond in the molecular structure. In this study, various types of experiments were conducted in order to elucidate the physicochemical decomposition process of TAGN. The exothermic rapid reaction observed at the early stage of the decomposition is the process representing the nature of energetics of TAGN. This exothermic reaction occurs immediately after the endothermic phase change from solid to liquid. Since the weakest chemical bond consisting in the TAGN molecule is the NN bond (159 kJ/mol), the initial bond breakage should be the amino groups and the NH2 radicals split off. The energy released by the dissociation of the NH2 radicals (104.3 kJ/mol) is the heat produced at the early stage decomposition of TAGN. Thus, the burning rate of TAGN is considered to be dominated by the dissociation of the NH2 radicals. It must be noted that the burning rate of TAGN is almost double that of HMX even though the energy contained in the unit mass of TAGN is less than that of HMX. The HNO3 attached to the molecular structure of TAGN is not the fragment to produce the exothermic rapid reaction observed at the early stage decomposition process.
Thermodynamic performance assessment of an indirect intercooled reheat regenerative gas turbine cycle with inlet air cooling and evaporative aftercooling of the compressor discharge

This study provides a computational analysis to investigate the effects of cycle pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature (TIT), and ambient relative humidity (φ) on the thermodynamic performance of an indirect intercooled reheat regenerative gas turbine cycle with indirect evaporative cooling of the inlet air and evaporative aftercooling of the compressor discharge. Combined first and second‐law analysis indicates that the exergy destruction in various components of gas turbine cycles is significantly affected by compressor pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature, and is not at all affected by ambient relative humidity. It also indicates that the maximum exergy is destroyed in the combustion chamber; which represents over 60% of the total exergy destruction in the overall system. The net work output, first‐law efficiency, and the second‐law efficiency of the cycle significantly varies with the change in the pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and ambient relative humidity. Results clearly shows that performance evaluation based on first‐law analysis alone is not adequate, and hence more meaningful evaluation must include second‐law analysis. Decision makers should find the methodology contained in this paper useful in the comparison and selection of gas turbine systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of organizational culture, personality, job satisfaction, and trust on school supervisor performance

Received Apr 16, 2020 Revised Jun 16, 2020 Accepted Jul 30, 2020 This research was about school supervisors who play a strategic role in the management of human resources in the school environment. The study aims to determine the direct and indirect influences of organizational culture, personality, job satisfaction, and trust on the school supervisor's performance. The research samples were 180 supervisors of the school Education Office Special capital Jakarta. Data collection using questionnaires with a Likert scale, before analyzed the obtained data will be validated and reliably in respondents outside of the research sample. Data were analyzed through path analysis, as data analysis requirements were tests of normality, homogeneity, and linearity. Research results there was a direct influence of organizational culture, and personality on job satisfaction; Organizational culture, and personality on trust; Organizational culture, and personality on performance; Job satisfaction, and trust on performance, then there was an indirect influence of organizational culture through job satisfaction on the performance of school supervisor. The conclusion that the performance of the school supervisor at the Education Office of Jakarta was influenced by variations level of organizational culture, personality, and Trust, but the personality of school supervisors should have a priority attention to improving their performance.