Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TOXICITY OF SOME CONVENTIONAL INSECTICIDES AGAINST MANGO MEALYBUGS, DROSICHA MANGIFERAE

ABSTRACT: Mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae) is a polyphagous insect, which has been recorded to feed on large number of plant species. Insecticides are considered to be the rapid method for the control of insect pests to overcome losses. In the current study, five different insecticides i-e Chlorpyriphos, Lambda cyalothrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin and profenophos were evaluated against adult female of mango mealy bug using a leaf dip method. The data were recorded after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120h. The Results indicated that profenophos was the most effective insecticide against adult female mealybug. Chloropyrifos was least effective among all the tested insecticides in the laboratory. INTRODUCTION Mango, Mangifera indica L. , is one of the most important fruit trees in Pakistan and is now eaten worldwide. It is also known as “king of fruits” [1]. It is rich source of carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals [2]. It is the 2 nd major fruit crop of Pakistan and stands at 5 th place in the world’s mango production [3]. In 2013, the total mango production in Pakistan was 1680 thousand tons with the export of 718 thousands tons [4]. This production is 50% of the potential yield. The main reasons for this low yield are diseases and insect pest attack. The mango tree is attacked by a number of insect pests [5-9] among them mango mealy (Drosicha mangiferae Green) is the most destructive pest. Mangomealy bugs belong to family Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera) is the most important pest of mango in Indo-Pak [2,10,11]. It is a polyphagous insect feed on many plant species [1]. Female lays eggs in the soils around the infested plant. Both nymph and adult female suck the cell sap from the plant as a result the affected inflorescence shriveled and ultimately dried [2]. They also secretes the honey dew that causes the sooty mould to develop which affecting photosynthetic activity of the plant. Ants feed on honey dew protect the mealybug from predator and parasitoids. Insecticides are considered to be the rapid method for the control of insect pests to overcome losses. Insecticides are always in ready form, easily accessible and a wide range of insecticides are available in the market for the control of insect pest. Intensive, high agricultural production systems have traditionally used synthetic pesticides to eliminate pests as the main tool and sustain the lowest amount of economic damage to the crop. In the advanced countries, three percent of the market value of crops is spent on insecticides and in Pakistan chemicals worth more than 10 billion rupees are imported to control the insect pests [12]. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the efficacy of the conventional insecticides against mango mealybug for better control.
Effects of packaging material and seed treatment on Weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus (F) Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infestation and quality of cowpea seeds

This study was conducted to determine the effects of seed treatments using Neem leaf powder, pepper fruit powder, camphor, groundnut oil and wood ash in combination with five different packaging materials (cloth bag, paper bag, glass bottle, polythene bags and plastic container) on the viability and germination vigor of cowpea seeds. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design in a 5 by 6 factorial with three replications. 1 kg of dried cowpea seeds with a uniform moisture content of 11% were stored for 6 months in different packaging materials in combination with six different seed treatments: No treatment (control), Camphor (Chemical treatment) -4 g/kg of seeds, Neem (Azadirachta indica L.) leaf powder (Botanical) -10 g/kg of seeds, Groundnut Oil / Palm oil - 5 ml/kg seeds, Powdered Dry pepper (Capsicum spp) -10 g/kg of seeds and wood ash 1 kg/kg of seeds. Indoor temperatures were between 25.3 and 30.7°C, outdoor temperatures between 26.1 and 31.1°C and relative humidity between 61.0 and 82%. Results obtained from the study showed that packaging material and seed treatment had high significant effect on the vigor and germination percentage of cowpea seeds. Germination of seeds treated with powdered pepper (73%) and neem leaf powder (72.5%) were significantly higher than other treatments. Seeds stored in plastic containers had the highest vigor and germination percentages (61.1 and 77.1% respectively) followed by glass bottle (60.3 and 72.2% respectively) after 6 months storage period. It seems that for better storage of cowpea seeds for a period not exceeding 6 months it is preferable to use plastic containers and glass bottles in combination with dry powdered pepper or neem leaf powder to maintain seed vigor and viability. Key words: Cowpea, germination, packaging material, seed treatment, vigor.
Implementation of the Use of Project Based Learning Model in Making Organic Pesticides to Improve Creativity and Learning Outcomes of Students

Research objectives: analyze the feasibility, increase creativity, learning outcomes and student responses to project based learning (PjBL) learning models in making organic pesticides. This type of research is quasi-experimental, with non equivalent control group design. The population is class VII students of SMP 5 Brebes Academic Year 2017/2018. The sample is class VIIA as an experimental class with the learning of the PjBL model and the VIID class as a control by learning the scientific approach. The results of the study were analyzed with the SPSS application
Spurious Replication in Analysis: Making 2 × 2 Tables out of Paired Data

Abstract An example is cited from a published study of forceps (cerci) asymmetry and copulatory success in earwigs (Forficula auricularia). Its authors scored eight pairs of male earwigs—one with symmetric and one with asymmetric forceps—according to which male first succeeded in mating with a female earwig enclosed with them in a petri dish. Their categories “symmetric males successful” (seven observed among the eight pairs) and “asymmetric males unsuccessful” (the seven pairmates of the successful males) were thereby locked together like the observations “seven Heads up” and “seven Tails down” in tosses of eight coins. The authors assumed, however, that their eight petri dishes were providing two independent observations per dish. They analyzed this assumed total of 16 observations by the Fisher exact test of a 2 × 2 table, obtaining an apparent two-sided probability of 0.01. In fact, the study provided only eight independent observations, correctly testable by a binomial exact test of the 7:1 ratio. By this appropriate analysis, observed counts of 7 to 1 fail to achieve conventional significance (0.05) at a two-sided probability of 0.07.
A Comprehensive Survey of Databases and Deep Learning Methods for Cybersecurity and Intrusion Detection Systems

This survey presents a comprehensive overview of machine learning methods for cybersecurity intrusion detection systems, with a specific focus on recent approaches based on deep learning (DL). The review analyzes recent methods with respect to their intrusion detection mechanisms, performance results, and limitations as well as whether they use benchmark databases to ensure a fair evaluation. In addition, a detailed investigation of benchmark datasets for cybersecurity is presented. This article is intended to provide a road map for readers who would like to understand the potential of DL methods for cybersecurity and intrusion detection systems, along with a detailed analysis of the benchmark datasets used in the literature to train DL models.
Some effects of temperature, meal size and body weight on gastric evacuation time in the dab Limanda limanda (L)

Gastric emptying time in the dab, Limanda limanda, has been studied using an X-ray technique. The addition of 25 % barium sulphate to a test meal did not significantly affect the transit time. Lowering the experimental temperature from 16.4 to 8.5°C markedly decreased gastric evacuation time. An increase in ration size led to an increase in the time required to empty the stomach and also to increase the amount of food digested per unit of time. For any given ration size, expressed as per cent body weight, the larger the animal the longer is the time required for evacuation of that meal. We suggest that the food intake per day, as a percentage of live body weight, will be smaller for larger L. limanda in the wild.
PRODUCTIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF GOLDEN MONTAZAH MALE CHICKENS AS AFFECTED BY FEED RESTRICTION AND ANIZYME SUPPLEMENTATION By

A total number of 288 one - day old Golden Montazah males were used to study the effect of daily feeding time restriction and added enzyme preparation (Avizyme) on some productive and physiological traits, as well as the economic efficiency. The chicks were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups. Each group included 4 replicates of 12 chicks. Group 1: the birds were fed ad libitum or full-fed (FF) Group 2: FF+0.05% avizyme ( FFE ). Group 3: the birds were subjected to 4 hours feed restriction per day ( 4 FR ). Group 4: 4 FR+0.05% avizyme ( 4 FRE ). Group 5: the birds were subjected to 6 hours feed restriction per day (6 FR). Group 6: 6 FR +0.05% avizyme (6 FRE). The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. The results obtained could be summarized as follows: At 4 wks of age there was significant increase in live body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and significant improvement in feed conversion (FCON) in feed restriction groups as compared to the full - fed group, while feed consumption ( FC ) was not affected. At 8 and 12 wks of age there were no significant differences in BW and BWG while FC was significantly decreased and FCON was significantly improved in groups of feed restriction comparing with that fed ad libitum. Regardless feed restriction, addition of avizyme significantly increased BW at 4 , 8 and 12 wks, BWG at periods of (0 - 4), (4 - 8) and cumulative( 0 - 12) but, FC and FCON were not affected. Regarding the interaction between feeding regimen and avizyme addition, it can observed that. At 4 wks of age the highest BW and BWG and the best FCON were recorded for birds of 4FR and 4FRE treatments, while the lowest BW and BWG and the poorest FCON were recorded for birds of FF treatment. At 12 and 0 - 12 wks of age the highest BW and BWG were recorded for 6FRE and FFE treatments. All treatments of feed restriction either with or without added avizyme had recorded significantly less amounts of FC and the best
Evidence of a complex phylogeographic structure in the common dormouse, Muscardinus avellanarius (Rodentia: Gliridae)

This is the first mitochondrial phylogeography of the common dormouse, Muscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758), a hibernating rodent strictly protected in Europe (Habitat Directive, annex IV; Bern Convention, annex III). The 84 individuals of M. avellanarius, sampled throughout the distributional range of the species, have been sequenced at the mitochondrial DNA gene (cytochrome b, 704 base pairs). The results revealed two highly divergent lineages, with an ancient separation around 7.7 Mya and a genetic divergence of 7.7%. Lineage 1 occurs in Western Europe (France, Belgium, and Switzerland) and Italy, and lineage 2 occurs in Central–Northern Europe (Poland, Germany, Latvia, and Lithuania), on the Balkan Peninsula, and in Turkey. Furthermore, these two lineages are subdivided into five sublineages genetically isolated with a strong geographical association. Therefore, lineage 1 branches into two further sublineages (Western European and Italian), whereas lineage 2 contained three sublineages (Central–Northern European, Turkish, and Balkan). We observed low genetic diversity within the sublineages, in contrast to the significant level of genetic differentiation between them. The understanding of genetic population structure is essential for identifying units to be conserved. Therefore, these results may have important implications for M. avellanarius conservation. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 648–664.
Surrogate Models for Studying the Wettability of Nanoscale Natural Rough Surfaces Using Molecular Dynamics

A molecular modeling methodology is presented to analyze the wetting behavior of natural surfaces exhibiting roughness at the nanoscale. Using atomic force microscopy, the surface topology of a Ketton carbonate is measured with a nanometer resolution, and a mapped model is constructed with the aid of coarse-grained beads. A surrogate model is presented in which surfaces are represented by two-dimensional sinusoidal functions defined by both an amplitude and a wavelength. The wetting of the reconstructed surface by a fluid, obtained through equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, is compared to that observed by the different realizations of the surrogate model. A least-squares fitting method is implemented to identify the apparent static contact angle, and the droplet curvature, relative to the effective plane of the solid surface. The apparent contact angle and curvature of the droplet are then used as wetting metrics. The nanoscale contact angle is seen to vary significantly with the surface roughness. In the particular case studied, a variation of over 65° is observed between the contact angle on a flat surface and on a highly spiked (Cassie–Baxter) limit. This work proposes a strategy for systematically studying the influence of nanoscale topography and, eventually, chemical heterogeneity on the wettability of surfaces.
Sensory characteristics and tenderness of meat from Ankole bulls: Influence of crossbreeding and feeding system

Eating-quality attributes of meat from Ankole cattle and their Friesian and Boran crossbreds finished in different feeding systems were evaluated. Seventy two 8-month-old bulls (24 each of pure Ankole (A), Ankole x Boran (B) and Ankole x Friesian (F) (191 ± 9.6 kg average weight) were allotted to three feeding systems in a completely randomized design with a 3 x 3 factorial treatment, and were slaughtered after 120 days. The longissimus dorsi muscle was excised from the carcasses and divided into five samples for sensory and shear force analysis. Samples aged 2, 7, 14 and 21days were subjected to the Warner Braztler shear force (WBSF) machine for textural tenderness determination. Steaks from Ankole and Friesian crossbreds attained WBSF values below 55N within 7 days of post mortem storage, whereas Boran crossbreds attained a similar level of tenderness at 14 days. Steaks from Ankole and Friesian crossbreds were rated more tender, juicy and acceptable than Boran crossbreds by panelists. Steaks from grazed bulls were rated less tender, juicy and palatable than steaks from supplemented and feedlot finished bulls. It was concluded that when grazed and supplemented or finished in a feedlot and meat aged for 7 days, Ankole bulls produce tender meat of an as high eating-quality as their Ankole x Friesian crossbreds. Keywords: Ankole cattle, crossbreds, feeding system, sensory scores, meat tenderness
Tamanho de amostra para caracteres morfológicos de feijão guandu

The objectives of this study were to determine the sample size (i.e., number of plants) required to accurately estimate the average of morphological traits of pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L.) and to check for variability in sample size between evaluation periods and seasons. Two uniformity trials (i.e., experiments without treatment) were conducted for two growing seasons. In the first season (2011/2012), the seeds were sown by broadcast seeding, and in the second season (2012/2013), the seeds were sown in rows spaced 0.50 m apart. The ground area in each experiment was 1,848 m2, and 360 plants were marked in the central area, in a 2 m × 2 m grid. Three morphological traits (e.g., number of nodes, plant height and stem diameter) were evaluated 13 times during the first season and 22 times in the second season. Measurements for all three morphological traits were normally distributed and confirmed through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Randomness was confirmed using the Run Test , and the descriptive statistics were calculated. For each trait, the sample size (n) was calculated for the semiamplitudes of the confidence interval (i.e., estimation error) equal to 2, 4, 6, . , 20% of the estimated mean with a confidence coefficient (1-? ) of 95%. Subsequently, n was fixed at 360 plants, and the estimation error of the estimated percentage of the average for each trait was calculated. Variability of the sample size for the pigeonpea culture was observed between the morphological traits evaluated, among the evaluation periods and between seasons. Therefore, to assess with an accuracy of 6% of the estimated average, at least 136 plants must be evaluated throughout the pigeonpea crop cycle to determine the sample size for the traits (e.g., number of nodes, plant height and stem diameter) in the different evaluation periods and between seasons.
Like it acid and poor: a study of abiotic factors influencing Streptococcus bovis HC5 growth and bacteriocin production.

anaerobic conditions, but greater bacteriocin yields were recovered from anaerobic cultures. Lactate production and glucose consumption increased if S. bovis HC5 cells were cultivated at pH 7.0 and at 45 ºC, but higher bovicin HC5 activity was recovered from cells grown in acidic conditions and at lower temperatures (39 ºC). Cultures maintained under continuous CO 2 flow showed faster growth rates in basal media, but bacteriocin production was always higher if S. bovis was cultivated in anaerobic sealed tubes. These results suggest that acidic pH and anoxic conditions favor bovicin HC5 production by S. bovis HC5. S. bovis HC5 is a unique lactic acid bacterium in its ability to grow and produce high amounts of a potentially useful bacteriocin in simple media. Considering the constrains for bacteriocin production at commercial scale, it appears that bovicin HC5 production could be achieved at lower costs compared to other bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria. and growth time of in exponential phase. specific growth rate (h estimated from the differences between the natural logarithm of optical density and final pH cultures also determined. bovis HC5 in basal media under three different conditions: 1) continuous CO 2 flux (CCF), 2) sealed anaerobic tubes (SAT) and aerobic conditions. The changes in optical density and bacteriocin production were monitored S. bovis HC5 growth as
On the performance of US fiscal forecasts: government vs. private information

This paper contributes to shed light on the quality and performance of US fiscal forecasts. The first part inspects the causes of official (CBO) fiscal forecasts revisions between 1984 and 2016 that are due to technical, economic or policy reasons. Both individual and cumulative means of forecast errors are relatively close to zero, particularly in the case of expenditures. CBO averages indicate net average downward revenue and expenditure revisions and net average upward deficit revisions. Focusing on the causes of the technical component, we uncover that its revisions are quite unpredictable which casts doubts on inferences about fiscal policy sustainability that rely on point estimates. Comparing official with private-sector (Consensus) forecasts, despite the informational advantages CBO might have, one cannot unequivocally say that one or the other is more accurate. Evidence also seems to suggest that CBO forecasts are consistently heavily biased towards optimism while this is less the case for Consensus forecasts. Not only is the extent of information rigidity is more prevalent in CBO forecasts, but evidence also seems to indicate that Consensus forecasts dominate CBO’s in terms of information content.
Analytical characteristics of crude and refined palm oil and fractions

Palm oil provides significantly higher amounts of oil/ha than any other commercial oil crop. Palm oil can be physically refined and fractionated into various fractions, ranging from very hard palm stearin with iodine values below 10 to palm superolein with iodine values as high as 72. Palm mid fractions consisting of symmetrical triacylglycerols provide sharp-melting fats for niche applications. The wide range of palm oil fractions provides versatility for different food applications, with the additional advantage that natural palm oil is trans free and genetic modification free. Palm oil and its fractions are widely used for direct blending with other oils or are interesterified with other oils to meet the trans-free fat requirements of the food industry. The sn-2 position of palm oil triacylglycerols is mainly esterified with oleic and linoleic acid. This provides better bioavailability of oleic acid as monounsaturated fatty acid and linoleic acid as an essential fatty acid, as compared to oils or fats with similar composition but with randomized fatty acid distribution. Crude palm oil also contains highly valuable minor components, including carotenoids and tocotrienols, which are potent fat-soluble antioxidants. Recent research findings on potential chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic roles of tocotrienols are extremely encouraging.
Reproductive cycle and size at first sexual maturity of Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the Gulf of Gabès (southern Tunisia)

Abstract The reproductive cycle and size at first sexual maturity of the banded murex (Hexaplex trunculus) from the tidal areas of the Gulf of Gabès (southern Tunisia) were investigated from June 2007 to May 2008 through macroscopic analysis of the gonads and monthly variations in the general condition (K) and gonadosomatic indices (GSI). This muricid gastropod is gonochoristic (separate sexes throughout life) and lacks external sexual dimorphism. The overall sex-ratio of the population was significantly unbalanced, with a predominance of females (M:F = 1:1.6). The monthly variation in the gonad maturation stages, K and GSI revealed that H. trunculus has a yearly reproductive cycle, with both sexes showing a long period of gonadal activity and slightly asynchronous gametogenic cycle. Gametogenesis occurred during most of the year (11 out of 12 months examined) and almost every gametogenic stage was observed throughout the study period. Ripe males were found mainly from November to January, preceding the main period of gametic emission (between January and May). Ripe females occurred mainly from February to April, preceding the main spawning season (between April and May), apparently triggered by the increasing daylength and seawater temperature during this period (from 13.2 to 14.2 h and from 19.3 to 23.4°C, respectively). Both sexes displayed a relatively short resting phase (males: June—July; females: June—September), coincident with the highest daylength and seawater temperature during summer in the Gulf of Gabès. The first sexual maturity was reached at a smaller size in males (SL50 = 36.9 mm SL) than in females (SL50 = 50 50 40.3 mm SL). The information gathered in this study allowed preliminary management measures for the fishery to be proposed, including a closed season during the main spawning season (April—May) and the establishment of a minimum landing size (of at least 40 mm SL) for H. trunculus from the Gulf of Gabès.
The Influence of Labor and Investment in Small Scale Industry to the GDRP in South Sumatra Province

This study discusses the influence of labor and investment in Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) in 17 districts or cities in South Sumatra Province during the years 2016-2018. Secondary data were obtained from the published South Sumatra province and the Department of Industry, South Sumatra Province. Analysis of data using panel data regression with the help of an application program using the E-views 8.0. Fixed Effect Model regression method was chosen. The results of this study indicate that the variable labor is significant positive effect and investment variable is significant positive to the GDRP of South Sumatra. The determinant coefficient value indicates that the proportion of variable influence of labor and investment to the GDP is 99.69 percent variable.