Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
E ﬃ cient and Divergent Enantioselective Syntheses of DHPVs and Anti-Inﬂammatory E ﬀ ect on IEC-6 Cells

: Despite numerous reports on the beneﬁcial e ﬀ ects of catechin or epicatechin contained in tea and cacao extract on human health, a conclusive and precise molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. Metabolism of chemical compounds in gut microbiota recently gained signiﬁcant attention, and extensive studies have been devoted in this ﬁeld. In conjunction with these results, our group focused on the anti-inﬂammatory e ﬀ ects of both enantiomers of DHPV (5-(3 (cid:48) ,4 (cid:48) -dihydroxyphenyl)- γ -valerolactone), produced in the intestine by microbiota metabolism, on IEC-6 cells. Divergent and e ﬃ cient enantioselective synthesis of ( S )- and ( R )-DHPV was e ﬃ ciently achieved by cross-metathesis and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as a key reaction for four steps in 16% and 14% overall yields, respectively. The anti-inﬂammatory e ﬀ ects of two enantiomers were tested on IEC-6 cells, and we found that ( S )-DHPV was more active than ( R )-DHPV. This result implicates that the metabolite produced in the gut has beneﬁcial e ﬀ ects on IEC-6 cells of rat intestines, and the chirality of the metabolite is important for its anti-inﬂammatory activity. This also provided information for the future discovery of novel small molecular therapeutics for the treatment of inﬂammatory bowel disease.
Volatile Organic Compounds to Identify Infectious (Bacteria/Viruses) Diseases of the Central Nervous System - A Pilot Study CURRENT STATUS: POSTED

Central nervous system (CNS) infectious diseases are common diseases in emergency rooms and neurology departments. CNS pathogen identification methods are time-consuming and expensive and have low sensitivity and poor specificity. Some studies have shown that bacteria and viruses can produce specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The aim of this study is to find potential biomarkers by VOC analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with bacterial and viral meningitis/encephalitis (ME). Methods CSF samples from 16 patients with bacterial ME and 42 patients with viral ME were collected, and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the metabolites in the CSF.
Isolation and Characterization of a Single-Stranded RNA Virus Infecting the Marine Planktonic Diatom Chaetoceros tenuissimus Meunier (cid:1)

Diatoms are important components of the biological community and food web in the aquatic environment. Here, we report the characteristics of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus (CtenRNAV01) that infects the marine diatom Chaetoceros tenuissimus Meunier (Bacillariophyceae). The ca. 31-nm virus particle is icosahe-dral and lacks a tail. CtenRNAV01 forms crystalline arrays occupying most of the infected host’s cytoplasm. By growth experiments, the lytic cycle and the burst size were estimated to be <24 h and (cid:2) 1 (cid:1) 10 4 infectious units per host cell, respectively. Stationary-phase C. tenuissimus cultures were shown to be more sensitive to CtenRNAV01 than logarithmic-phase cultures. The most noticeable feature of this virus is its exceptionally high yields of (cid:2) 10 10 infectious units ml (cid:2) 1 ; this is much higher than those of any other algal viruses previously characterized. CtenRNAV01 with
The orientation of nestboxes influences their occupation rates and the breeding success of passerine birds

Abstract Nestboxes are widely provided as nesting sites for hole-nesting birds, yet the relative contribution of nestbox characteristics and habitat quality in determining the occupancy rates and breeding success of birds remains unclear. We provided nestboxes in deciduous woodlands in England and examined if those nestboxes were erected in random orientations and whether the orientation of nestboxes and habitat quality, in the form of tree density, influenced their occupation by, and breeding success of, Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), Great Tits (Parus major) and Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). We found that first, the nestboxes were erected non-randomly orientated towards the north and east, and away from the south and west. Second, the occupation rates of none of the species was related to nestbox orientation or tree density. Third, the breeding success of neither Blue Tits nor Great Tits varied with tree density but did vary with nestbox orientation. Blue Tit hatching success and fledging success was higher in nestboxes facing south than in other directions whilst in Great Tits, clutch sizes, hatching success and fledging success was higher in nestboxes facing south than nestboxes facing other directions. Our results suggest that nestbox characteristics, such as orientation, have more influence on the reproductive success of passerines than habitat quality. This further suggests that conservationists should orientate nestboxes southwards in order to maximise their benefit to birds in temperate climates during the breeding season.
Stellarator and heliotron devices

1. Introduction 2. Design Principles of Coil Systems in Stellarator and Heliotron Devices 3. Description of Magnetically Confined Plasmas 4. MHD Equillibrium of Toroidal Plasma in Three-Dimensional Geometry 5. MHD Instabilites in Heliotrons 6. Particle Orbit in Heliotrons 7. Neoclassical Transport in Stellarator/Heliotron 8. Heating and Confinement of Heliotron Plasmas 9. Steady State Fusion Reactor
Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative for an exact heat conduction equation with delay

In this paper we investigate the spatial behavior of the solutions for a theory for the heat conduction with one delay term. We obtain a Phragmen-Lindelof type alternative. That is, the solutions either decay in an exponential way or blow-up at infinity in an exponential way. We also show how to obtain an upper bound for the amplitude term. Later we point out how to extend the results to a thermoelastic problem. We finish the paper by considering the equation obtained by the Taylor approximation to the delay term. A Phragmen-Lindelof type alternative is obtained for the forward and backward in time equations.
Carsharing and the Built Environment: Geographic-Information System-Based Study of One U.S Operator

The use of carsharing vehicles over a period of 16 months in 2006-07 was compared to built environment and demographic factors in this GIS-based multivariate regression study of an urban U.S. carsharing operator. Carsharing is a relatively new transportation industry in which companies provide members with short-term vehicle access from distributed neighborhood locations. The number of registered carsharing members in North America has doubled every year or two to a current level of approximately 320,000. Researchers have long supposed that public transit access is a key factor driving demand for carsharing. The results of this study, however, find an ambiguous relationship between the activity at carsharing locations and public transit access. Light rail availability is found to have a significant and positive relationship to carsharing demand. Regional rail availability is found to be weakly and negatively associated with carsharing demand, although limitations in the available data make it impossible to ascribe the observed difference to user demand, random variation, or other factors specific to the industry.
Continuum Mechanics for Engineers

Continuum Theory Continuum Mechanics Starting Over Notation Essential Mathematics Scalars, Vectors and Cartesian Tensors Tensor Algebra in Symbolic Notation - Summation Convention Indicial Notation Matrices and Determinants Transformations of Cartesian Tensors Principal Values and Principal Directions Tensor Fields, Tensor Calculus Integral Theorems of Gauss and Stokes Stress Principles Body and Surface Forces, Mass Density Cauchy Stress Principle The Stress Tensor Force and Moment Equilibrium Stress Tensor Symmetry Stress Transformation Laws Principal Stresses Principal Stress Directions Maximum and Minimum Stress Values Mohr's Circles For Stress Plane Stress Deviator and Spherical Stress States Octahedral Shear Stress Kinematics of Deformation and Motion Particles, Configurations, Deformations and Motion Material and Spatial Coordinates Langrangian and Eulerian Descriptions The Displacement Field The Material Derivative Deformation Gradients, Finite Strain Tensors Infinitesimal Deformation Theory Compatibility Equations Stretch Ratios Rotation Tensor, Stretch Tensors Velocity Gradient, Rate of Deformation, Vorticity Material Derivative of Line Elements, Areas, Volumes Fundamental Laws and Equations Material Derivatives of Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals Conservation of Mass, Continuity Equation Linear Momentum Principle, Equations of Motion Piola-Kirchhoff Stress Tensors, Lagrangian Equations of Motion Moment of Momentum (Angular Momentum) Principle Law of Conservation of Energy, The Energy Equation Entropy and the Clausius-Duhem Equation The General Balance Law Restrictions on Elastic Materials by the Second Law of Thermodynamics Invariance Restrictions on Constitutive Equations from Invariance Constitutive Equations Linear Elasticity Elasticity, Hooke's Law, Strain Energy Hooke's Law for Isotropic Media, Elastic Constants Elastic Symmetry Hooke's Law for Anisotropic Media Isotropic Elastostatics and Elastodynamics, Superposition Principle Saint-Venant Problem Plane Elasticity Airy Stress Function Linear Thermoelasticity Three-Dimensional Elasticity Classical Fluids Viscous Stress Tensor, Stokesian, and Newtonian Fluids Basic Equations of Viscous Flow, Navier-Stokes Equations Specialized Fluids Steady Flow, Irrotational Flow, Potential Flow The Bernoulli Equation, Kelvin's Theorem Nonlinear Elasticity Molecular Approach to Rubber Elasticity A Strain Energy Theory for Nonlinear Elasticity Specific Forms of the Strain Energy Exact Solution for an Incompressible, Neo-Hookean Material Linear Viscoelasticity Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations in Linear Differential Operator Form One-Dimensional Theory, Mechanical Models Creep and Relaxation Superposition Principle, Hereditary Integrals Harmonic Loadings, Complex Modulus, and Complex Compliance Three-Dimensional Problems, The Correspondence Principle Appendices Index
Solvability of an elastic beam equation in presence of a sign-type Nagumo control

The aim of this work is to establish an existence and localization result for the fourth order two-point boundary value problem \begin{equation*} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} u^{(iv)}=f\left( x,u,u^{\prime },u^{\prime \prime },u^{\prime \prime \prime }\right) ,\quad 0<x<1,\medskip \\ u\left( 0\right) =u^{\prime }\left( 1\right) =u^{\prime \prime }\left( 0\right) =u^{\prime \prime \prime }\left( 1\right) =0, \end{array} \right. \end{equation*} related to elastic beam models. It is assumed that $f:\left[ 0,1 \right] \times \mathbb{R}^{4}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is a continuous function\ satisfying a sign-type Nagumo growth condition which allows an asymmetric unbounded behavior\ on the nonlinearity. The arguments make use of the lower and upper solution method and degree theory.
A Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical, Proximate Composition and Microbiological Muscle Properties, in Two Species Shrimps of the Pacific Tropical Coast

Physicochemical, proximate composition and microbiological analysis of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and blue shrimp (L. stylirostris) tissues were compared. The wild shrimp were collected off the coasts of Sinaloa, Mexico (in front Navachiste Bay, Guasave) and of Nayarit (in front Boca de Cuautla-Novilleros, Tecuala), Mexico. The results of our study suggested that meats of white and blue shrimp are a good source of protein and lipids. The blue shrimp tend to have better protein content than white shrimp, and white shrimp tend to have better lipid content than blue shrimp.
Factors Influencing the Responsiveness of Textbooks and Course Readings

The paper is aimed at identifying the factors influencing the responsiveness of textbooks and course readings at an academic library in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Using a quantitative approach, online survey was undertaken with 444 participants (370 undergraduates, 66 Master students and 8 PhD candidates). The findings from the study show that five groups of factors influenced the responsiveness of textbooks and course readings. They include textbook features, the publisher and author, the learner, library policy, and the teacher. Technology and Library staff had no influence on the responsiveness of textbooks and course readings. The learner was identified as the group with the strongest and positive influence whereas library policy was found to be the weakest and least positive influence on the responsiveness. The paper concludes by making recommendations to improve the responsiveness of textbooks and course readings for academic libraries.
Power and Public Goods to the People A cross-national study on the effect of democracy on climate change policy output

This thesis investigates in what way democracy affect climate change policy output. The aim of the study is to test the positive correlation between democracy and climate change policy output that Bättig and Bernauer (2009) found. A contribution is made in the form of a new database including 193 countries and a newly constructed climate change policy index. The method of regression analysis using ordinary least squares is utilized. The results confirm a significant and substantial positive relation between democracy and climate change policy output. Furthermore, the effect of civil liberties on climate change policy output seem to be stronger than the effect of political rights. The results underline the instrumental value of democracy for sustainable development. To protect and enforce democratic institutions in high emission countries is important to avoid interruption of social and economic development all over the world, due to the consequences of climate change. Additionally, the results speak in favour of democratization aid to avoid a development of carbon dependent economies. Finally, they underline the importance of analysing the possible environmental impact of different kinds of aid. In sum the thesis shows that, democracy can affect the likelihood of collective action and increase the provision of public goods in the form of ambitious climate change policies.
invited review Molecular basis of hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction: role of voltage-gated K 1 channels

Molecular basis of hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction: role of voltage-gated K 1 channels. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281: L1–L12, 2001. —The hypoxia-induced membrane depolar- ization and subsequent constriction of small resistance pulmonary arteries occurs, in part, via inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell voltage-gated K 1 (K V ) channels open at the resting membrane potential. Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell K V channel expression, antibody- based dissection of the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell K 1 current, and the O 2 sensitivity of cloned K V channels expressed in het- erologous expression systems have all been examined to identify the molecular components of the pulmonary arterial O 2 -sensitive K V cur- rent. Likely components include Kv2.1/Kv9.3 and Kv1.2/Kv1.5 heteromeric channels and the Kv3.1b a -subunit. Although the mechanism of K V channel inhibition by hypoxia is unknown, it appears that K V a -sub- units do not sense O 2 directly. Rather, they are most likely inhibited through interaction with an unidentiﬁed O 2 sensor and/or b -subunit. This review summarizes the role of K V channels in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, the recent progress toward the identiﬁcation of K V channel subunits involved in this response, and the possible mechanisms of K V channel regulation by hypoxia.
Value functions and Dubrovin valuation rings on simple algebras

In this paper we prove relationships between two generalizations of commutative valuation theory for noncommutative central simple algebras: (1) Dubrovin valuation rings; and (2) the value functions called gauges introduced by Tignol and Wadsworth in [TW1] and [TW2]. We show that if v is a valuation on a field F with associated valuation ring V and v is defectless in a central simple F-algebra A, and C is a subring of A, then the following are equivalent: (a) C is the gauge ring of some minimal v-gauge on A, i.e., a gauge with the minimal number of simple components of C/J(C); (b) C is integral over V with C = B_1 \cap . \cap B_xi$ where each B_i is a Dubrovin valuation ring of A with center V, and the B_i satisfy Graeter's Intersection Property. Along the way we prove the existence of minimal gauges whenever possible and we show how gauges on simple algebras are built from gauges on central simple algebras.
SYNCHRONY INCREASES PROSOCIALITY Running head: S ynchrony increases prosociality Collective synchrony increases prosociality towards non-performers and out-group members

Previous research has found that behavioural synchrony between people leads to greater prosocial tendencies towards co-performers. In this study we investigated the scope of this prosocial effect: does it extend beyond the performance group to an extended in-group ( extended parochial prosociality) or even to other people in general ( generalized prosociality )? Participants performed a simple rhythmic movement either in time (synchrony condition) or out of time (asynchrony condition) with each other. Before and during the rhythmic movement, participants were exposed to a prime that made salient an extended ingroup identity. After the task, half the participants had the opportunity to help an extended ingroup member; the other half had the opportunity to help an out-group member. We found a main effect of our synchrony manipulation across both help targets suggesting that the prosocial effects of synchrony extend to non-performers. Furthermore, there was a significantly higher proportion of participants willing to help an out-group member after moving collectively in synchrony. This study shows that under certain intergroup contexts synchrony can lead to generalized prosociality with performers displaying greater prosociality even towards out-group members.
R ESEARCH A RTICLES Knowledge alters visual contrast sensitivity

Research has shown that the visual system’s sensitivity to variations in luminance ( visual contrast ) within a particular area of the retina is affected in a bottom-up fashion by the ambient contrast levels in nearby regions. Spe-cifically, changes in the ambient contrast in areas surrounding the target area alter the sensitivity to visual contrast within the target area. More recent research has shown that paying attention to the target or target area modulates contrast sensitivity, suggesting a top-down influence over contrast sensitivity that is mediated by attention. Here we report another form of top-down influence over contrast sensitivity that is unlikely to be mediated by attention. In particular, we show that knowledge and/or expectations about the levels of visual contrast that may appear in upcoming targets also affect how sensitive the observer is to the contrast in the target. This sort of knowledge-driven, top-down contrast sensitivity control could be used to preset the visual system’s contrast sensitivity to maximize discriminability and to protect contrast-sensitive processes from a contrast overload. Overall, our results suggest that existing models of contrast sensitivity might benefit from the inclusion of top-down control mechanisms.
Fluoride PET/MR for Bone-Cartilage in Hip A Feasibility Study.

: This study characterized the distribution of [ 18 F] ‐ sodium fluoride (NaF) uptake and blood flow in the femur and acetabulum in hip osteoarthritis (OA) patients to find associations between bone remodeling and cartilage composition in the presence of morpho- logical abnormalities using simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MR), quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and femur shape modeling. Ten patients underwent a [ 18 F] ‐ NaF PET/MR dynamic scan of the hip simultaneously with: (i) fast spin ‐ echo CUBE for morphology grading and (ii) T 1 ρ / T 2 magnetization ‐ prepared angle ‐ modulated parti- tioned k ‐ space spoiled gradient echo snapshots for cartilage, bone segmentation, bone shape modeling, and T 1 ρ / T 2 quantification. The standardized uptake values (SUVs) and Patlak kinetic parameter ( K pat ) were calculated for each patient as PET outcomes, using an automated post ‐ processing pipeline. Shape modeling was performed to extract the variations in bone shapes in the patients. Pearson ’ s correlation coefficients were used to study the associations between bone shapes, PET outcomes, and patient reported pain. Direct associations between quantitative MR and PET evidence of bone remodeling were established in the acetabulum and femur. Associations of shaft thickness with SUV in the femur ( p = 0.07) and K pat in the acetabulum ( p = 0.02), cam deformity with acetabular score ( p = 0.09), osteophytic growth on the femur head with K pat ( p = 0.01) were observed. Pain had increased correlations with SUV in the acetabulum ( p = 0.14) and femur ( p = 0.09) when shaft thickness was accounted for. This study demonstrated the ability of [ 18 F] ‐ NaF PET ‐ MRI, 3D shape modeling, and quantitative MRI to investigate cartilage ‐ bone interactions and bone shape features in hip OA, providing potential investigative tools to diagnose OA. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research ® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:2671 – 2680, 2019 mean estimate of interactions between cartilage degeneration and bone remodeling and