Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peace and Prosecution: An Analysis of Perceptions Towards the International Criminal Court Intervention’s in Northern Uganda

This paper evaluates the International Criminal Court’s impact in Northern Uganda through the lens of the affected community. It seeks a nuanced assessment of the Court by contextualizing the communities’ perceptions within their temporal context. Fluctuations in local perceptions of the Court in relation to developments on the ground identify peace as a local priority. The ICC must not simply behave in a static and rigid time-logic, but rather respond to shifting priorities and circumstances. It is this temporal consciousness that will make the ICC relevant both in context and in support.
Seasonal trends of NH + 4 and NO - 3 nitrogen isotope composition in rain collected at Jülich, Germany

Data are presented on nitrogen isotope composition in ammonium and nitrate from rain-water collected over 2 years in an interior area at Julich, Germany. The seasonal trends in these data are discussed relative to natural and anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen compounds which additionally have been measured or estimated in their isotope composition, e.g. ammonia from animal urine, fuel combustion, fertilizer use and organic soil nitrogen, and natural and anthropogenic nitric oxides from automobile exhausts as well. The 15 N content of Julich rain ammonium is found to be different from values of Hoering (1957) and Moore (1974) and from other rain samples collected in coastal areas. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978. tb00820.x
Attribution of the accelerating increase in atmospheric methane during 2010–2018 by inverse analysis of GOSAT observations

Abstract. We conduct a global inverse analysis of 2010–2018 GOSAT observations to better understand the factors controlling atmospheric methane and its accelerating increase over the 2010–2018 period. The inversion optimizes anthropogenic methane emissions and their 2010–2018 trends on a 4∘×5∘ grid, monthly regional wetland emissions, and annual hemispheric concentrations of tropospheric OH (the main sink of methane). We use an analytical solution to the Bayesian optimization problem that provides closed-form estimates of error covariances and information content for the solution. We verify our inversion results with independent methane observations from the TCCON and NOAA networks. Our inversion successfully reproduces the interannual variability of the methane growth rate inferred from NOAA background sites. We find that prior estimates of fuel-related emissions reported by individual countries to the United Nations are too high for China (coal) and Russia (oil and gas) and too low for Venezuela (oil and gas) and the US (oil and gas). We show large 2010–2018 increases in anthropogenic methane emissions over South Asia, tropical Africa, and Brazil, coincident with rapidly growing livestock populations in these regions. We do not find a significant trend in anthropogenic emissions over regions with high rates of production or use of fossil methane, including the US, Russia, and Europe. Our results indicate that the peak methane growth rates in 2014–2015 are driven by low OH concentrations (2014) and high fire emissions (2015), while strong emissions from tropical (Amazon and tropical Africa) and boreal (Eurasia) wetlands combined with increasing anthropogenic emissions drive high growth rates in 2016–2018. Our best estimate is that OH did not contribute significantly to the 2010–2018 methane trend other than the 2014 spike, though error correlation with global anthropogenic emissions limits confidence in this result.
The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing

Significance Language is a quintessentially human ability. Research has long probed the functional architecture of language in the mind and brain using diverse neuroimaging, behavioral, and computational modeling approaches. However, adequate neurally-mechanistic accounts of how meaning might be extracted from language are sorely lacking. Here, we report a first step toward addressing this gap by connecting recent artificial neural networks from machine learning to human recordings during language processing. We find that the most powerful models predict neural and behavioral responses across different datasets up to noise levels. Models that perform better at predicting the next word in a sequence also better predict brain measurements—providing computationally explicit evidence that predictive processing fundamentally shapes the language comprehension mechanisms in the brain. The neuroscience of perception has recently been revolutionized with an integrative modeling approach in which computation, brain function, and behavior are linked across many datasets and many computational models. By revealing trends across models, this approach yields novel insights into cognitive and neural mechanisms in the target domain. We here present a systematic study taking this approach to higher-level cognition: human language processing, our species’ signature cognitive skill. We find that the most powerful “transformer” models predict nearly 100% of explainable variance in neural responses to sentences and generalize across different datasets and imaging modalities (functional MRI and electrocorticography). Models’ neural fits (“brain score”) and fits to behavioral responses are both strongly correlated with model accuracy on the next-word prediction task (but not other language tasks). Model architecture appears to substantially contribute to neural fit. These results provide computationally explicit evidence that predictive processing fundamentally shapes the language comprehension mechanisms in the human brain.
Effect of organic acids on inorganic phosphorus transformation in soils and its readily available phosphate

Low of available phosphorous is one of the major limitations to crop production.Mobilization of insoluble phosphates by root exudates plays an important role in improving P nutrition of crops.Three types of soils collected from Hubei province were tested to analyze the changes of inorganic phosphorus fractions and available phosphorous after incubated with addition of various organic acids and different phosphorus sources.The results indicated that P added as fertilizer increased available phosphorous in all soils.On soils of pH4.6 and pH6.8 the fertilized phosphorus was transformed into Fe-P and Al-P mainly.However,on soil of pH8.3 the fertilized phosphorus significant increased content of Ca-P.Organic acids had significant influence on available phosphorous except malic acid.Application of organic acids decreased the content of Al-P and increased the content of Ca-P in neutral soil,in the order of Oxalic acid Citric acid Malic acid.Phosphorus was activated by organic acid mostly from the fractions of Al-P and Fe-P in acid soil and neutral soil,but fractions of Ca-P in alkali soil,at the same time,organic acid accelerated formation and accumulation of O-P in the three soils.
Childhood respiratory risk factor profiles, their interactions and mediators, and middle- age lung function: a prospective cohort study from the 1st to 6th decade

Dinh S. Bui1, Haydn E. Walters1, John A. Burgess1, Jennifer L. Perret1,2, Minh Q. Bui1, Gayan Bowatte1, Adrian J. Lowe1, Melissa A. Russell1, Bruce R. Thompson3, Garun S. Hamilton4, Alan L. James5, Graham G. Giles6, Paul S. Thomas7, Debbie Jarvis8, Cecilie Svanes9, Judith Garcia-Aymerich10, Bircan Erbas11, Peter A. Frith12, Katrina J. Allen13, Michael J. Abramson14, Caroline J. Lodge1*, Shyamali C. Dharmage1 *
Complex Twisted Knots of Umbilical Cord in a Monochorionic-Diamniotic Twin Gestation: A Case Report

Background: True knots and tight loops of umbilical cord can cause serious fetal complications in monochorionic-monoamniotic twins but are usually unexpected in Monochorionic-diamniotic twins because of the presence of the intertwin membrane. This report presents a case of monochorionic-diamniotic twin gestation with a complex cord knots. Case report: A 31-year-old G2Ab1 with monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancy in the gestational age of 30 weeks presented with ruptured membrane since 3weeks before delivery. At the delivery time, multiple umbilical cord knots was found. Conclusion: Premature ruptured membrane can cause septostomy of the intertwin membrane, multiple umbilical cord knots and its complications. Therefore, these cases should be considered for evaluation of the presence of intertwin membrane and umbilical cord knots in each sonography examination.
PREDICTING CADMIUM CONCENTRATION IN NEW ZEALAND AGRICULTURAL SOIL USING MID-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

Spectroscopy based soil analysis have gained popularity over traditional wet chemistry methods in the recent years. Wet chemistry techniques are precise, but highly technical and expensive while being time consuming. Spectroscopy based analysis techniques are cheap, fast and easy to use while maintaining reasonable accuracy. In the context of increased concern of soil cadmium (Cd) level in New Zealand agricultural soil requiring regular monitoring, this research used mid-infrared (MIR: 7498 to 600 cm) spectroscopy to develop a robust statistical model to accurately predict agricultural soil Cd concentration. Eighty-seven topsoil (0-15 cm depth) samples obtained from 30 dairy farms were scanned using MIR spectroscopy; soil characterisation was also done through traditional wet chemistry methods. Data were used to develop spectroscopy based statistical models to predict soil total Cd concentration. Two spectroscopic data pre-processing techniques including first derivative with Savitzky-Golay smoothing and continuum removal, and two machine learning algorithms including partial least square (PLS) and random forest (RF) regression were tested to generate meaningful calibration and validation models. Soil total Cd concentration ranged between 0.10 and 2.03 mg Cd/ kg soil, and higher Cd values were characteristically found in Allophanic soils (0.76 mg Cd/kg) than non-allophanic soils (0.35 mg Cd/kg). Soil total Cd was significantly positive in correlation (r = 0.77) with total phosphorus (P). Spectral data pre-processing using first derivative transformation with Savitzky-Golay smoothing improved the outcome of both regression models than continuum removal. PLS regression validation model predicted soil total Cd variations with relatively high coefficient of determination (RVal=0.72) and ratio of performance to deviation (RPDVal = 1.82) and relatively low root mean square error (RMSEVal=0.12 mg Cd/kg). RF-based validation model showed less ideal performance (RVal=0.64, RPD = 1.60, and RMSEVal= 0.14 mg Cd/kg). These results indicated that MIR spectroscopy based soil Cd dry analysis can help agricultural soil Cd monitoring cheap and fast contributing to the effective management.
Preliminary screening of okra genotypes for leafhopper resistance Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

The study was conducted for preliminary screening of 23 okra genotypes for relative susceptibility/resistance against leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) during 2018. The genotypes were raised in Completely Randomized Design layout and each genotype was replicated thrice. From this screening result, each genotype was categorized under moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible grades. No genotype showed complete immune to leafhopper incidence. Leafhopper population was maximum in genotypes AE 26, Pusa Sawani, AE 64 and AE 15 with leafhopper population of 16.83, 16.42, 15.17 and 14.00/plant. The damage grade index was maximum in AE 26 (3.50) and Pusa sawani (3.35). Hence, it is evident from the present result that, AE 26 and Pusa Sawani was highly susceptible while, AE 65 and AE 23 are moderately resistance which can be used for further studies.
Unemployment and Income Distribution: Some Extensions of Shaikh’s Analysis

After the 1980s, advanced capitalist economies witnessed a significant decline of the labor share in income. Along with the conventional view, which ascribed this decline to technological factors and international trade, another line of enquiry has endorsed a `Political Economy` approach to identifying several drivers of the labor share erosion. Among the latter, the role of persistent labor market slack has remained relatively unexplored. We try to fill this gap moving from a recent contribution by Anwar Shaikh, who elaborated on the relation between unemployment and changes in income distribution and in the US economy. We study this relationship by adopting a long-term approach, using two alternative measures of labor market slack (namely, the unemployment rate and the unemployment intensity, an index that incorporates the duration of unemployment). We first extend Shaikh`s method of analysis to eight mature countries, and subsequently we approach the relationship between changes in labor market slack and the (adjusted) wage share in the private sector of the economy from 1960 to 2017 with other econometric techniques. Our findings confirm the existence of a negative relationship between labor market slack and the wage share, and we find no tendency to return to a `normal` unemployment rate associated with a stable wage share.
Tribological behavior of electroless Ni-B-Mo coatings under dry and lubricated conditions and corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution

Electroless Ni-B-Mo Wear rate COF Lubricated condition Corrosion resistance The present work investigates the deposition and tribological behavior of electroless Ni-B-Mo coatings under dry and lubricated conditions. The effect of heat treatment (350°C, 400°C and 450°C for 1 hour) on the coating microstructure and tribological behavior is observed. In as-deposited condition the coatings are amorphous and present a nodulated surface morphology. Heat treatment results in crystallization of the coatings. Vicker’s micro-indentation tests indicate the coatings have high thermal stability. In comparison with asdeposited condition, heat treatment at 350°C results in an improvement in wear resistance and coefficient of friction (COF) of the coatings under dry as well as lubricated condition. Heat treating at 400°C or 450°C does not cause a significant improvement in wear rate of the coatings. In fact, lubrication results in a significant improvement in tribological behavior of the coatings. Heat treatment results in degradation of corrosion resistance of the deposits in 3.5% NaCl solution. An effort has been also made to correlate the microstructure and tribological behavior / corrosion resistance of Ni-B-Mo coatings.
Influence of Plant Densities Interacted with Boron Foliar spraying on sunflower
productivity

Plant densities and born fertilizer had a great importance among the agronomic factors that have a strong effect on plant productivity. For this reason, two experiments were performed at Kafralgraidh Village, Kafrelshiekh Governorate, Egypt, during 2018 and 2019 summer seasons using a strip-plot design with four replicates to investigate the effects of four plant densities (23333, 28000, 35000 and 46666 plant/fed) resulted from four hill spacing (30, 25, 20 and 15 cm), respectively and five boron foliar application i.e. without foliar spraying as control treatment, foliar spraying with water and three levels of boron foliar fertilizer (100, 150 and 200 ppm), on growth parameters, yield, its attributes, seeds oil content and its qualities of sunflower. The obtained results declared that plant densities significantly affected plant growth characters, yield, and its attributes and oil content as well as oil qualities. Results indicated that the maximum averages of total chlorophyll content, stem height, stem diameter, head diameter, 1000-achenes weight and achenes weight/head were resulted from the lowest plant density 23333 plants/fed. While, the highest averages of leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), achenes yield/fed and oil, oleic and linoleic contents were recorded with a plant density of 35000 plants/fed. Otherwise, increasing plant density from 23333 to 46666 plant/fed caused a gradual increased in palmitic and stearic contents. Data also declared that the foliar spraying with boron significantly influenced all studied characters. The maximum averages of all studied characters were recorded from foliar spraying with 200 ppm of boron. Therefore, for maximizing the achenes yield oil content of sunflower plants it could be recommended to sowing at a plant density of 35000 plants/fed resulted from hill spacing 20 cm, also spraying plants with 200 ppm of boron under the ecological conditions of the experiment area.
ASSESSMENT OF OFFSHORE SAND RESOURCES FOR BEACH NOURISHMENT ALONG THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF FLORIDA

Regional sand resource investigations along the west coast of Florida (from Pinellas County to Collier County) identify types of primary depositional settings that are commonly explored for beach nourishment projects and indicate future availability of sand for beach restoration. Because the nature of sedimentary deposits determines sand quality and its potential use for beach nourishment, it is necessary to understand the occurrence and evolution of depositional environments on the continental shelf. The distribution of beach-quality sands on the seabed is not random, but spatially well defined in terms of stratigraphy, grain size and composition, age of materials, and erosional-depositional events. Offshore sand resources along the West Florida Shelf (WFS) fall into three broad categories: (1) sand ridges; (2) ebb-tidal shoals, and (3) shoreface sands. Sand ridges generally occur in water depths from 4 to 30 m and are associated with modern shelf processes and relict geological and geomorphological controls (e.g. bedrock slope). Ebb-tidal shoals have been exploited for decades as sand sources (borrows) for beach nourishment projects in the region. Shoreface sands, which occur at relatively shallow depths (i.e. 2 to 6 m), are generally thin and discontinuous along this coast.
Moisture stress induced changes in root anatomy and antioxidants level in maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is a drought sensitive crop whose growth and yield is seriously affected by this stress. Development of drought tolerant genotypes is the need of the hour and the only alternative to increase maize yield. In the present research, some biochemical and anatomical indices have been identified which can be used to screen the tolerant genotypes from a large population pool. The results obtained from the present study revealed that tolerant genotypes (LM 16, CM 140) as well as check (PMH 2) showed higher carotenoids, chlorophylls, proline and activities of SOD and POX enzymes, whereas, accumulation of H2O2 was lower than sensitive genotypes (LM 13, LM 20). Some morphological and anatomical changes were also induced in roots due to moisture stress. The number of metaxylem elements increased in both sensitive and tolerant genotypes. Diameter of metaxylem was reduced in tolerant genotype (CM 140) while number of root hairs increased in tolerant genotype (LM 16) with drought stress. Consequently, all these modifications in the root anatomy, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters could provide a useful tool to breeders for identification of moisture tolerant genotypes.
Fracture Toughness of Ice: A Preliminary Account of Some New Experiments

Abstract This paper describes the first results from an experiment to measure the fracture toughness of ice. Two experimental techniques have been used; fracture of pre-notched rectangular specimens in three- and four-point bending, and from the observation of the cracks which form underneath an indenter forced into the ice surface. In the latter test the indenter behaves like a wedge. We have observed that for indenters with large interior angles the plastic zone beneath the indenter may itself behave like a wedge. Data obtained over a range of temperatures has been compared with the little other data available. We find a decrease of fracture toughness as the temperature is lowered, which is the reverse of that observed by H. W. Liu and L. W. Loop.
Artículo de Revisión EMBRYO TRANSFER IN CAMELIDS Transferencia de embriones en camélidos

La ventaja de la transferencia de embriones (ET) y las técnicas asociadas es el mejoramiento genético a través de la selección de las hembras, y reducción del intervalo entre generaciones (Nagy et al., 2013; Tibary, 2001; Tibary y Anouassi, 1997; Tibary et al., 2013). Además, estas técnicas son utilizadas para prologar la vida reproductiva de hembras genéticamente superiores con problemas de fertilidad o incapaces de llevar a término la gestación. El desarrollo de técnicas de ovulación múltiple, transferencia de embriones (MOET) y producción de embriones in vitro viables son muy importantes para el movimiento de genética a nivel internacional y la conservación de especies en peligro o raros, tales como vicuñas, guanacos y camellos bactrianos silvestres (Tibary et al., 2005). Asimismo, estas biotecnologías ofrecen una herramienta para el estudio de los mecanismos de fecundación, desarrollo embrionario e interacción embrión-útero (Huanca, 2015).
Rail corrugation: ”one hundred years of solitude”?

Rail corrugation has been noticed at least for 100 years, but (particularly short pitch one in the range 20÷ 80 mm) has been considered an enigma because measured corrugation wavelength did not relate well with wearinstability models. We suggest this is mainly due to the intrinsic large number of parameters which has resulted in many independent efforts to generate models, many false beleives, the difficulty to collect experimental evidence, and the lack of sufficient comparisons between models which has quite clearly not permitted to elucidate the main ingredients of the problem. In particular, while very complex models have been generated, often they are quite naive in one or more assumptions. Recently, we have shown a satisfactory explanation of short pitch corrugation can be achieved with quite simple models, which we improve here to consider transient contact dynamic effects in partial slip and 3D configurations. It is found that for nearly circular contact, a closed form simple solution that corrugation is possible in the range 300 ÷ 600 Hz, in agreement with experiments, depending on normal load, creepage ratio, shape of the contact area. There is no need therefore to call for effects of discrete supports and the associated pinned-pinned resonance, in generating corrugation, as this is not supported by many experimental data. We prefer to keep a prudent and agnostic view on it, because most models in support of its importance do not correctly model its effect, which is extremely difficult to deal with.
COVID-19 triggering homecare professionals’ change of attitudes towards e-Welfare

During 2020, the COVID-19 crisis expanded the use of digital tools in public health and social care. The aim of this qualitative, single-case study was to scrutinize how homecare professionals experienced meaningfulness in their work in the midst of a crisis and with the utilization of the videophone in long-term homecare service provision. The empirical data consisted of 20 thematic interviews carried out among homecare professionals and their managers in the city of Tampere, Finland. The results indicated that the videophone can generate significance, self-realization and broader purposes among homecare professionals, thus providing meaningfulness for work in the midst of a crisis and continuous work-related changes. In addition, a crisis may support change in the meaningfulness of e-welfare in work-related tasks and aid in overcoming reluctance amongst public-sector social care (homecare) professionals towards an e-welfare initiative: the videophone (VideoVisit).