Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Características quantitativas da carcaça e qualitativas do músculo Longissimus dorsi de cabritos ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen confinados recebendo rações contendo grãos de oleaginosas

The quantitative characteristics of the carcass, yield of cuts, tissue proportion, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Longissimus dorsi muscle of ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen goats fed rations with linseed, sunflower and canola seeds were evaluated. Twenty-four not castrated male goats initially averaging 22.7 kg and 90 days were allotted to a completely randomized design and slaughtered at 30.9 kg of body weight and 61 days of feedlot. The rations were composed of oats hay, soybean meal, ground corn and mineral supplement with the following treatments: control treatment (n=6) and in the others treatments, linseed (n=7), sunflower (n=5) and canola (n=6) seeds were added. The intake of oilseeds grains did not affect hot carcass weight; however, the cold carcass weight was greater in animals fed control diet, which also had lower weight loss by cooling. The carcass yield was not influenced by diet. The yield of loin and discovered rib commercial cuts differs among animals fed diets with oilseeds. No treatment effect on the muscle, fat and bone percentages, as well as on the muscle:bone ratio in loin, was observed. The addition of canola grains resulted in higher levels of lipids in Longissimus dorsi muscle, but did not alter the cholesterol content. Animals fed diets with grains of canola and linseed showed a lower omega-6:omega-3 ratio. The use of oilseeds do not improve the quantitative characteristics of the carcass or the quality of the muscle on goats enough to be included in the rations.
Neothrombiidae (Acari: Trombidioroea) of the World: Systematic review with a phylogenetic analysis and descriptions of two new genera

Abstract World species of mites in the family Neothrombiidae (Acari: Trombidioidea) are reviewed. The larvae of seven genera are recognized in Neothrombiidae: Acritrombium Southcott (previously placed in Trombidiidae), Ceuthothrombium Robaux, Webb & Campbell, Dasitrombium Zhang, gen. nov., Nanotrombium Zhang, gen. nov., Neothrombium Oudemans (type genus), Paputrombidium Fain (previously placed in Trombidiidae), and Wondeclia Southcott (previously placed in Trombidiidae). The adults and deutonymphs of two genera in Neothrombiidae are recognized: Neothrombium and Falsivalgothrombium Zhang & Xin (previously placed in Trombidiidae). Synopses of the family and genera and keys to world genera and species of Neothrombiidae are proposed. Larvae of Dasitrombium arizonaicum, gen. et sp. nov. are described as ectoparasites of grasshoppers in Arizona, USA. Nanotrombium krantzi, gen. et sp. nov. is described from a larva collected in Lampang, Thailand. Larvae of Neothrombium medium Zhang, sp. nov. are described as ect.
Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples VII.—effect of applied α-farnesene, temperature and diphenylamine on scald and the concentration and oxidation of α-farnesene in the fruit†

The α-farnesene content of apples usually passed through a maximum during storage. Studies in the range 0 to 15°c indicated that the highest maximum was reached at approximately 5°c. The concentration of total lipid and fatty acids in the coating increased with temperature. Application of α-farnesene to the surface before storage inhibited further production of α-farnesene and reduced the production of total lipid and fatty acids. Application of α-farnesene by dipping in ethanolic solution caused injury to the outer cortex which differed from typical scald. Application within marked circles induced typical scald only with previously oxidised farnesene. In comparing experiments over five years, conjugated trienes gave a higher correlation with scald than α-farnesene or the peroxide value. Superficial scald is discussed in relation to the concentration of α-farnesene and its oxidation products and the concentration of natural antioxidants. Tests for artificial antioxidants are discussed.
Spatial and temporal changes of typeVI collagen expression during mouse development

The expression of type VI collagen has been studied in mouse tissues. By Northern blotting, the mRNA for the α1(VI) chain was detectable in whole embryos at 10.5 days postcoitum and steeply increased afterward. The messenger levels were high at birth, but decreased rapidly in the following days, reaching low levels in adult animals. In 2‐month‐old mice, lung, skin, adrenal gland, heart, skeletal muscle and tail and fat were among the most active producers of α1(VI) mRNA. In situ hybridization first identified mRNA for α1(VI) collagen in mesenchymal cells of 10.5‐day embryos in various locations, including serosae, branchial arches, large blood vessels and the cephalic mesenchyme. Staining increased at later stages of development and most connective tissues were positive at 16.5 days and later. Strongly staining tissues were joints, intervertebral disks, perichondrium, periostium, dermis, skeletal muscle and heart valves, whereas cartilage and bone were very poorly labelled. Epithelia and the central nervous system were completely negative. In several organs, notably lung, salivary glands and the digestive tract, staining was concentrated underneath epithelia. This staining pattern was different from that for collagen type I, which was evenly distributed in the subepithelial mesenchyme. The pattern of distribution of the protein, revealed by immunocytochemistry, was coincident with that of the α1(VI) mRNA. In addition, the results confirmed that type VI collagen is preferentially deposited in the pericellular environment. This was particularly evident in skeletal muscle. The data show that type VI collagen is mainly produced by mesenchymal cells and suggest a role for the protein in delineating the boundary of distinct domains in connective tissue. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus from diets containing white cheeses supplemented with prebiotics in rats

The intake of food products containing prebiotics has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and may also contribute to increased mineral absorption from a diet. In the food industry prebiotics (inulins and maltodextrins) are also used because of their functional properties such as stabilizing emulsions. A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of inulin HPX and maltodextrin, applied in the production of white soft cheese as stabilizers, at a dose of 2.5%, on the bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus in rats. In the study, Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) were fed diets composed of cheese without prebiotic (control) or cheeses containing either 2.5% of inulin or maltodextrin, for 10 days. The bioavailability of the minerals was expressed by means of apparent absorption (A) and retention (R) coefficients (mg/5 days,%). The apparent Ca absorption and retention (mg/5 days) were the highest in the control group (p <0.05), whereas the A (%) and R (%) coefficients did not differ significantly between the groups. Also, the apparent absorption of P (mg/5 days) was the highest (p<0.05) in the control group and no differences in A (%), R (mg/5 days), R (%) coefficients were noted among the groups. Inulin HPX and maltodextrin used in white cheese production do not increase Ca nor P bioavailability, which suggests that the technologically-justified 2.5% dose is too low to exert a positive effect on mineral balance.
Chromosome counts of some Cirsium (Asteraceae, Cardueae) taxa from Turkey

Abstract Mitotic chromosome numbers are reported of 16 populations representing 12 taxa of the genus Cirsium Miller from Turkey. Six counts are new to science (C. pseudopersonata Boiss & Bal. subsp. pseudopersonata (2n=34), C. simplex subsp. armenum (DC.) Petrak (2n=34), C. munitum (Bieb.) Fischer (2n=32, 34), C. macrobotrys (C. Koch) Boiss. (2n=34), C. sommieri Petrak (2n=34), and C. trachylepis Boiss. (2n=34)). One count (C. ciliatum subsp. szovitsii (C. Koch) Petrak (2n=34) is not consistent with previous record. The remainder confirm the very limited previous data. All counts are reported here for the first time from Turkey.
Interlaminar connections and pyramidal neuron organisation in the visual cortex, area 17, of the Macaque monkey

The patterns of arborisation of apical dendrites of different varieties of pyramidal neurons in area 17 differ and are characteristic for each cell type. They appear to serve as a means of collating within one neuron information derived directly from several different laminae. These different patterns of apical dendrite arborisation provide dendritic links which relate closely to the laminar distribution of axons of the spiny stellate neurons as well as the pyramidal neurons themselves. The axons of spiny stellate neurons lying in laminae IVCβ and IVA (Lund, '73)—Which receive information from parvocellular geniculate layers — project heavily to the lower half of lamina III (IIIB) and to a narrow zone at the top of lamina V (VA); laminae IIIB and VA are in turn linked by a specific variety of pyramidal neuron, with basal dendritic field in lamina VI, whose apical dendrite has marked lateral branching only in laminae VA and IIIB (where it terminates). Pyramidal neurons with basal dendritic field in laminae VA (with vestigial apical dendrite) or in IIIB have recurrent axon projections to lamina IIIA and above (the descending axon projection of lamina IIIB pyramids is principally to lamina VA itself). The pyramidal neurons of laminae IIIA and above have axons which distribute in the same upper laminae as their dendtritic fields and a descending axon projection to lamina VB. Pyramidal neurons with basal dendritic field on lamina VB have an apical dendrite which, if not vestigal, arborises in IIIA or above; their axons in some cases project to the superior colliculus or may be exclusively, or in addition, recurrent, distributing collaterals within laminae VB, VI and in IIIA or above; one variety of pyramidal neuron with basal dentritic field in lamina VI makes a dentritic link with these same regions, its apical dendrite arborising first within lamina VB and then in lamina IIIA and above.
Modelling the target strength of Trachurus symmetricus murphyi based on high-resolution swimbladder morphometry using an MRI scanner

Pena, H. , and Foote, K. G. 2008. Modelling the target strength of Trachurus symmetricus murphyi based on high-resolution swimbladder morphometry using an MRI scanner. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1751-1761.The acoustic target strength (TS) of Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus murphyi) was computed from three-dimensional reconstructions of the swimbladder form. The primary morphometric data were derived from high-resolution images made with a clinical whole-body 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The fish were obtained from a commercial purse-seiner operating off Chile during 2003. Transverse MRI sequences of 18 fish were performed with a volumetric pixel 0.5 × 0.5 mm in cross section and 0.7 mm in the axial direction. From each transverse section, the swimbladder contour was traced manually using a digital pen tablet and smoothed using an automatic interpolation routine. The digital contours were used to build a triangular mesh spanning the swimbladder surface. The high-resolution swimbladder models revealed details such as undulations in the dorsal surface of the swimbladder caused by the backbone, and holes where the haemal spines penetrate the posterior end of the swimbladder. The Kirchhoff approximation was used to compute TS as a function of fish orientation at 38 kHz. The mean dorsal-aspect TS was computed for several orientation patterns and regressed on the logarithm of total fish length to derive operationally simple formulae.
The enigmatic mating behaviour and reproduction of a simultaneous hermaphrodite, the nudibranch Aeolidiella glauca (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)

Hermaphroditic mating behaviour is poorly investigated and understood, especially in internally fertilized species. This study describes the mating behaviour and reproduction of the simultaneous hermaphrodite Aeolidiella glauca. Unlike other nudibranchs, A. glauca was found to transfer sperm via external spermatophores that were attached to the partner's back. Despite an elaborate courtship, the actual spermatophore transfer, which always involved two animals only, was of short duration. In most matings (88%) spermatophores were reciprocally exchanged. Shortly after transfer the ventral spermatophore cover dissolved and some sperm gathered on the epidermis. A few even penetrated epidermal cells, occasionally causing considerable damage. Most sperm, however, migrated along the body surface towards the gonopore. Migrating sperm needed 45 h to reach and enter the gonopore, but sperm consumption by the recipient sometimes delayed this process. Almost 30% of spermatophores fell off soon after transfer, but sp.
Response of Alfalfa and Sorghum to Lime and P on Highly Weathered Soils1

On highly weathered soils, crop response to low levels of lime is usually positive, corresponding to the neutralization of exchangeable Al and Mn, but response at high levels often becomes negative. Because the reasons for depressed yields when highly weathered soils are limed to near-neutral pH values have not been adequately elucidated, two Oxisols (Typic, Umbriorthox) having similar properties but responding differently to lime were used to further probe the mechanisms involved. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum sudanense) were used as test crops in greenhouse experiments in which the levels of P and lime were varied. The depressive effect of high rates of lime appears to be linked with the presence of toxic levels of exchangeable Al before liming. Although this depressive effect can be overcome by the application of large quantities of P, it is not proposed that the effect is due primarily to exchangeable Al. Rather the level of exchangeable A1 at a given pH reflects the reactivity of the aluminous surfaces which, in turn, govern the solubility of P
Assessing effects of organophosphates on songbirds: Comparison of a captive and a free-living population

of environmental pollutants on passerine birds (George and Mitchell 1947; Dittrich 1966; Mehrotra et al. 1967; Hill 1971, 1972; Jefferies 1971; Pope and Ward 1972). However, the validity of extrapolating results from studies of confined animals to naturally occurring populations has not been confirmed by simultaneous comparisons of the responses of captive and free-living individuals. Our objective was to conduct such a comparison for 2 physiological responses, brain cholinesterase activity and body weight, in captive and free-living starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) exposed to the organophosphate pesticide dicrotophos (3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-cis-crotonamide dimethyl phosphate, purity = 85%). Organophosphate (OP) pesticides act by inhibiting cholinesterase (ChE) activity that causes accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve endings and consequent disruption of nerve function (O'Brien 1967:55).
Predation by brown trout (Salmo trutta) along a diversifying prey community gradient

Predation has a fundamental role in aquatic ecosystems, but the relative importance of factors governing prey selection by predators remains controversial. In this study, we contrast five lakes of a subarctic watershed to explore how prey community characteristics affect prey selection and growth rate of the common top predator, brown trout (Salmo trutta). The lakes constitute a distinct gradient of different coregonid prey fish, ranging from monomorphic common whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) to polymorphic whitefish co-occurring with vendace (Coregonus albula). The brown trout was a morph–species- and size-specific pelagic predator, selecting the small-sized, pelagic whitefish morph or vendace over the benthic whitefish morphs. In all lakes, the average prey size increased with predator size, but small-sized prey were also included in the diet of large predators. The selection of small-sized, pelagic prey fish appeared to be a favourable foraging strategy for the brown trout, yielding higher growth rates.
Counter-Regulation of Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in Murine Keratinocytes

Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine constitutively expressed by keratinocytes, which also synthesize a specific inhibitor of IL-1 activity, intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Although homeostatic regulation of the IL-1 system in keratinocytes has long been suspected, there is currently little evidence for this. To explore this issue, the PAM212 murine keratinocyte cell line was exposed to increasing concentrations of either IL-1α or IL-1ra and the opposing ligand was assessed by ELISA. Release of IL-1ra was induced following stimulation by murine IL-1α in a concentration-dependent manner and, conversely, IL-1ra stimulation increased IL-1α release. To determine whether a similar homeostatic circuit operates in vivo , epidermis from transgenic mice in which overexpression of IL-1α or IL-1ra was targeted to keratinocytes was analyzed. Epidermal sheets derived from IL-1α transgenic mice released eight times more IL-1ra than those from wild-type mice following ex vivo culture and similarly, IL-1α release was increased 3–4-fold in epidermal sheets derived from IL-1ra transgenic epidermis, Use of specific neutralizing antibodies against type I and type II IL-1 receptors indicated that the counter-regulation mechanism is mediated extracellularly through the type I IL-1 receptor alone. Taken together, these observations provide the first demonstration of mutual counter-regulation of IL-1 receptor ligands in keratinocytes.
Root respiration and associated costs in deciduous and evergreen species of Quercus

Root construction and maintenance costs were estimated in four evergreen and three deciduous Quercus species that are typical in the landscape of southern Spain. The cost quantification was based on analysis of the growth‐ respiration ratio. Values observed for both construction cost (ranging from 1·17 to 1·29 g glucose g − − − 1 dry weight) and maintenance cost (ranging from 6·22 to 11·71 mg glucose g − 1 dry weight d − 1 ) were generally lower than those reported in other studies. The results showed non-significant differences between deciduous and evergreen species. The lack of significant differences between species appeared to be due to the homogeneity of growth conditions. Hydroponic culture, with unrestricted nutrient and water supply, would lead to low tissue carbon content and low respiration rates, leading to the low costs observed. Furthermore, the fact that root organs are clearly importers of organic molecules inevitably entails some underestimation of the respiration associated with growth and, to a lesser extent, with maintenance respiration. This leads in turn to underestimation of the corresponding construction and maintenance costs. All this raises doubts as to the suitability of this method for studying root systems.
Diurnal and seasonal soil CO2 flux patterns in spring maize fields on the Loess Plateau, China

Abstract Carbon dioxide flux from the soil to the atmosphere is an important component of terrestrial C cycling, and accurate estimates of CO2-C fluxes are crucial for estimating C budgets. A field study was conducted (i) to examine the diurnal and seasonal soil CO2 flux pattern in spring maize fields on the Loess Plateau, and (ii) to determine the effects of soil characteristics affected by various cultivation practices on CO2 flux from the soil surface to the atmosphere. Soil surface CO2 flux was determined with an LI-8100 Automated Soil Flux System, and related environmental factors were also measured, including near-ground air temperature and relative humidity, soil moisture (0–15 cm), soil temperature (at depths of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm), and leaf area index. Diurnal soil CO2 flux showed a single peak between 12-00 h and 16-00 h, and reached a minimum in the early morning, at about 4-00 h. During the crop's growing season, soil CO2 flux increased during the rapid vegetative growth stages, reached its maximum during the peak reproductive stages, and then declined as the plants senesced. Time series analysis showed that the temporal dynamics of the CO2 flux were more closely related to air temperature than to soil temperature; this may be because a substantial portion of the CO2 originated from surface residues. The time-averaged mean soil CO2 flux for different cultivation practices over the growing season was ranked as follows: plastic film mulching (3.980 µmol m−2s−1) > corn straw mulching (3.464 µmol m−2s−1) > supplementary irrigating (3.157 µmol m−2s−1) > rain-fed (2.371 µmol m−2s−1) > bare ground (1.934 µmol m−2s−1). Different cultivation practices affected plant and microbial activities, and soil hydrothermal conditions, and caused different patterns of soil surface CO2 flux in spring maize fields on the Loess Plateau.
The aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera of Jamaica

The aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera of Jamaica were surveyed between April 2004 and February 2005 by sampling 60 freshwater and saline aquatic habitats throughout the island. A total of 39 species was found, confirming the presence of 31 previously known hemipteran species in the island, and adding eight additional species. This gives an overall total of 49 species occurring in Jamaica, including those that have been previously recorded but not found during this study.
Comparative analysis of microspore size variability in the genus Aesculus (Hippocastanaceae)

Pollen size varies extensively among angiosperm species and partially reflects evolutionary adaptation of each species to the pollination and fertilization environment. Size of uninuclear microspores in Aesculus parviflora was analyzed and compared with the size of microspores in Aesculus hippocastanum, Aesculus carnea, and Aesculus flava. The microspores came from closed flower buds of different size (3, 4, and 5 mm) isolated from lower (female flowers), middle (bisexual flowers), and upper (male flowers) segments of inflorescences. Aesculus parviflora had smaller microspores than Aesculus carnea and Aesculus flava, but larger microspores than Aesculus hippocastanum. All analyzed microspores showed bimodal distribution in all investigated species of the genus Aesculus.
Biomass accumulation in mombasa guineagrass plants under different levels of nitrogen supply and plant densities

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen supply and plants densities in the productivity of mombasa guineagrass (Panicum maximum) in the period of establishment. The design was of completely randomized blocks, with 12 treatments and three repetitions, with four nitrogen supplies (absence of application, 80, 160 and 320 kg/ha.year) and three plant densities (9, 25 and 49 plants/m²). The plot was cut at 30 cm from the ground when the sward high intercepted 95% of light. The following items were evaluated: sward height at 95% light interception, interval and number of cuts, dry mass production, total dry mass of leaves, stems and dead material and the morphologic composition. Nitrogen increased the dry mass production and the dry mass of stem in winter and summer, and decreased in the fall. The total dry mass of leaf presented decrease of 19% in the summer between the smallest and biggest densities in the 320 kg/ha. The dry mass of dead material had negative effect of the density in the fall. The leaf percentage increased 88% between the smallest and largest nitrogen level at the plant density of 49 plants/m2. Only density influenced the sward height in the condition of 95% of light interception. The number of cuts increased with nitrogen levels in the fall, spring and summer, while the interval of cuts decreased with fertilization in the spring and summer. Nitrogen increases the production of mombasa guineagrass in each cycle.