Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of dissipative fluid flows with imposed helicity conservation

Abstract We propose the helicity-conserved Navier–Stokes (HCNS) equation by modifying the non-ideal force term in the Navier–Stokes (NS) equation. The corresponding HCNS flow has strict helicity conservation, and retains major NS dynamics with finite dissipation. Using the helical wave decomposition, we show that the pentadic interaction of Fourier helical modes in the HCNS dynamics is more complex than the triadic interaction in the NS dynamics, and enhanced variations for left- and right-handed helicity components cancel each other in the HCNS flow to keep the invariant helicity. A comparative study of HCNS and NS flow evolutions with direct numerical simulation elucidates the influence of the helicity conservation on flow structures and statistics in the vortex reconnection and isotropic turbulence. First, the HCNS flow evolves towards a Beltrami state with a $-4$ scaling law of the energy spectrum at high wavenumbers at long times. Second, large-scale flow structures are almost identical during the viscous reconnection of vortex tubes in the two flows, whereas many more small-scale helical structures are generated via the pentadic mode interaction in the HCNS flow than in the NS flow. Moreover, we demonstrate that parity breaking at small scales can trigger a notable helicity variation in the NS flow. These findings hint that the helicity may not be conserved in the inviscid limit of the NS flow.
Large eddy simulations of the accumulation of buoyant material in oceanic wind-driven and convective turbulence

Abstract Buoyant material such as microplastics accumulate near the ocean surface in regions with convergent surface currents where they can be harmful to marine life. Here, we use large eddy simulations to investigate the transport and accumulation of buoyant material in a turbulent ocean mixed layer under combined wind and convection forcing. We model non-inertial buoyant particles with a combination of buoyant tracers and Lagrangian surface particles, which allows us to explore a wide range of particle buoyancies. Surface cooling drives convection, and under this regime persistent convective vortices form that trap buoyant particles, leading to large concentrations. Despite their small size, the convective vortices exhibit a bias towards cyclonic vorticity that has not been reported previously. Based on an analysis of Lagrangian trajectories, the average time that a particle spends inside a convective vortex is long enough for planetary vorticity to become important and further vortex stretching causes an exponential increase in vorticity. When wind forcing is included, there is a transition from convective cells to longitudinal wind rolls with three distinct flow patterns observed under weak, moderate and strong wind forcing. For sufficiently weak winds, convective vortices survive but are less effective at trapping buoyant material. Under strong wind forcing, convective vortices no longer exist, but some clustering occurs in regions of high speed associated with longitudinal wind rolls. We quantify the degree of clustering using the Gini coefficient and find that clustering is strongly influenced by the relative size of the friction and convective velocities and the particle buoyancy.
Acoustic cues to stop coda voicing contrasts in 1 to 2‐year‐olds’ American English.

One limitation in understanding the mechanisms underlying children’s variable productions has been the reliance on perception‐based segmental transcription. This raises the possibility that children may make covert, acoustic distinctions that are not perceived by the transcriber. Shattuck‐Hufnagel et al. [S. Shattuck‐Hufnagel, K. Demuth, H. Hanson & S. Stevens, submitted] investigated this issue employing Stevens’ [K. N. Stevens, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 1872–1891 (2002)] feature‐based acoustic model of perception/production. They found that 2,6–3,6‐year‐olds exhibited systematic acoustic cues to coda voicing contrasts (e.g., dog versus duck): voice‐bar was more likely to precede voiced codas, whereas vowel glottalization was more likely to precede voiceless codas. The present study extended this investigation to velar codas in three 1,6–2,6‐year‐olds and their mothers, showing similar results: both exhibited more use of voice‐bar before voiced compared to voiceless codas. For mothers, the duration of voi.
Ecology of Powdery Mildews – Influence of Abiotic Factors on their Development and Epidemiology

Abstract Powdery mildews are some of the most common and dangerous biotrophic plant pathogens. They attack more than 10, 000 plant species, and can be found mainly in temperate and sub-tropical zones. This review evaluates the effects of most important abiotic conditions on powdery mildew namely temperature, humidity, light quality, air composition (mainly CO2 and ozone concentration) and movement. With the most intensively studied factors, temperature and humidity, powdery mildew species vary in their requirements, this variation occurring in different phases of their life cycle. Generally, temperatures between 13 and 30 °C were optimal for their development, with conidial germination being the least and sporulation the most affected part of the life cycle and lower marginal temperatures only prolonging the latent period. The role of moisture in their development is more elusive; free moisture inhibits dispersal and germination of conidia and extension of hyphae of most powdery mildews. However, for further development high relative humidity is preferred and free water is required for release and dispersal of ascospores. Light most affects the pathogen indirectly through its effect on the host. Although germination and appressorial maturation is possible under low illumination and darkness, light is needed for completion of the disease cycle. A suitable photoperiod (alternating day and night) favors optimal development, e.g., continuous light reduces infection. The effect of CO2 concentration is complex; sometimes an increased concentration of CO2 causes more intensive disease, sometimes less or no effect at all. Most environmental factors also affect the host thus affecting the pathogen indirectly; other factors (e.g. UV or CO2) mainly directly affect the pathogen. Hypotheses on the possible effect of predicted climate change on pathosystems are discussed.
Understanding the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of bioactive compounds in Taraxacum species (dandelions), a model system for natural rubber, food, and medicinal plant biology

Abstract Plants that belong to the genus Taraxacum are commonly referred to as dandelions; these are some of the most evolved plants in the Asteraceae, with more than 2000 species distributed worldwide. Dandelions not only include medicinal plants but also rubber-producing plants. Recent advances in biotechnology and the growing demand for dandelions have increased research attention toward dandelions. Owing to the availability of the whole genome sequence of Taraxacum kok-saghyz, and Taraxacum mongolicum (accession no. GWHBCHF00000000 and GWHAAAA00000000), and large transcriptome and metabolome databases for T. kok-saghyz, Taraxacum officinale, T. mongolicum, and Taraxacum antungense (accession no. PRJNA378120, PRJEB48186, PRJNA897666, and PRJNA578773), significant progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, rubber, and other bioactive compounds. This review focuses on Taraxacum spp. ; specifically, We describe the following: (1) the recent results of genetic transformation systems, (2) biosynthetic pathways of bioactive compounds and natural rubber, (3) cross-talk in the biosynthesis of different secondary metabolites, (4) the relevance of the environment and the reproductive mode of dandelions in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and (5) future research directives for dandelions. This review also lays the foundation for further research on other medicinal and edible plants.
The nuclear monopole Hamiltonian

The monopole Hamiltonian ${H}_{m}$ is defined as the part of the interaction that reproduces the average energies of configurations. After separating the bulk contributions, we propose a minimal form for ${H}_{m}$ containing six parameters adjusted to reproduce the spectra of particle and hole states on doubly magic cores. The mechanism of shell formation is then explained. The reliability of the parametrization is checked by showing that the predicted particle-hole gaps are consistent with experimental data, and that the monopole matrix elements obtained provide the phenomenological cure made necessary by the bad saturation and shell properties of the realistic $\mathrm{NN}$ interaction. Predictions are made for the yet unobserved levels around ${}^{132}\mathrm{Sn},$ ${}^{22}\mathrm{O},$ ${}^{34,42}\mathrm{Si},$ ${}^{68,78}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i},$ and ${}^{100}\mathrm{Sn}$ and for the particle-hole gaps in these nuclei.
Developmentalism With Chinese Characteristics

Abstract In the last 40 years, “developmentalism with Chinese characteristics” has creatively combined the main dimensions that in the postwar era spurred the industrialization process in East Asia, where the State, through planning and control mechanisms, governed the markets, leading economic growth, and the process of structural change. The main characteristic that distinguishes the Chinese experience is the structure of its political power formed by a party-state that has great political autonomy and strong penetration in economic power. This power structure helped China to persevere its state-led national development strategy at a time when most national economies adhered to global neoliberalism, giving up such coordination in favor of an accumulation regime led by private corporations.
Experience of School Nurses During Public Health Crises: From 2009 H1N1 Influenza to the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT Purpose To elucidate the experiences of school nurses when responding to public health crises in Korea. Design Phenomenological research. Methods One-on-one online in-depth interviews were conducted (N = 10). Findings Major public health crises considerably affected schools, school nurses, and the revision of the School Health Act. Conclusions The experiences of school nurses in responding to periodic public health crises over the few decades have contributed to the advancement of an infectious disease response system in schools. Clinical Evidence The activities of school nurses during public health crises could serve as a foundation to improve the system.
Experiments on the Duration of Impacts, Mainly of Bars with Rounded Ends, in Elucidation of the Elastic Theory

The general theory of impact enunciated by Newton divides bodies into two classes, "perfectly elastic" and "imperfectly elastic. " In the former class, no sensible dissipation of energy occurs during impact, while in the latter a certain proportion of the energy of the relative motion is always dissipated ultimately into heat. Many actual bodies are not far from being perfectly elastic in the Newtonian sense. For the theoretical discussion of the problem, we have at our disposal two distinct mathematical theories applicable mainly under different conditions, due to Hertz and St. Venant. The Hertz theory, which regards impact as a statical effect, rests on the foundation that when two bodies are pressed steadily together, they come into contact over a small area and that intense stress is developed in the bodies locally around it, rapidly falling off at a distance. The creation of a state of strain is accomplished by wave propagation, but each stage of the compression is so slow that infinitesimal waves have time to adjust it locally without drawing away any sensible fraction of the energy.
A deep learning method for creating globally applicable population estimates from sentinel data

Recent research has shown promising results for estimating structural area, volume, and population from Sentinel 1 and 2 data at a 10 by 10‐m spatial resolution. These studies were, however, conducted in homogeneous countries in Northern Europe. This study presents a deep learning methodology for population estimation in areas geographically distinct from Northern Europe. The two case study areas are Ghana and Egypt's Mediterranean coast, with supplementary ground truth data collected from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Palestine, and Israel. This study aims to answer the question: How can we use Deep Learning to map structural area and type to derive population estimates for Ghana and Egypt based on Sentinel data? At 10 by 10‐m resolution, the accuracy of the presented area predictions is similar to the Google Open Buildings dataset. An intercomparison of the presented population predictions is made with global state‐of‐the‐art spatial population estimates, and the results are promising, with the proposed methodology showing comparable or better results than the state‐of‐the‐art for the study areas.
A relativistic cut-off for classical electrodynamics

Ordinarily it is assumed that interaction between charges occurs along light cones, that is, only where the four-dimensional interval s2=t2-r2 is exactly zero. We discuss the modifications produced if, as in the theory of F. Bopp, substantial interaction is assumed to occur over a narrow range of s2 around zero. This has no practical effect on the interaction of charges which are distant from one another by several electron radii. The action of a charge on itself is finite and behaves as electromagnetic mass for accelerations which are not excessive. There also results a classical representation of the phenomena of pair production in sufficiently strong fields.
p38γMAPK delays myelination and remyelination and is abundant in multiple sclerosis lesions

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which disability results from the disruption of myelin and axons. During the initial stages of the disease, injured myelin is replaced by mature myelinating oligodendrocytes that differentiate from oligodendrocyte precursor cells. However, myelin repair fails in secondary and chronic progressive stages of the disease and with aging, as the environment becomes progressively more hostile. This may be attributable to inhibitory molecules in the multiple sclerosis environment including activation of the p38MAPK family of kinases. We explored oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and myelin repair using animals with conditional ablation of p38MAPKγ from oligodendrocyte precursors. We found that p38γMAPK ablation accelerated oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and myelination. This resulted in an increase in both the total number of oligodendrocytes and the migration of progenitors ex vivo and faster remyelination in the cuprizone model of demyelination/remyelination. Consistent with its role as an inhibitor of myelination, p38γMAPK was significantly downregulated as oligodendrocyte precursor cells matured into oligodendrocytes. Notably, p38γMAPK was enriched in samples of leukocortical multiple sclerosis lesions from patients, which represent areas of failed remyelination. Our data suggest that p38γ could be targeted to improve myelin repair in multiple sclerosis.
NAOS on-line characterization of turbulence parameters and adaptive optics performance

An on-line estimation of turbulence parameters (r0, L0 and wind speed) and adaptive optics (AO) performance is presented. The method is based on the reconstruction of open-loop data from deformable mirror voltages and residual wavefront sensor slopes obtained in closed loop. This dedicated tool implemented in the real time computer of the NAOS (Nasmyth adaptive optics system) system (first AO of the very large telescope) allows us without any loop opening to automatically monitor and display (every 15 s) both the atmospheric conditions and the system performance. We have validated the algorithm and tested its robustness on simulated and experimental data (both in the laboratory and on sky). Using data obtained over more than one year (from January 2002 to June 2003), a statistical study on NAOS performance and turbulence characteristics is proposed.
Foraging guild modulates insectivorous bat responses to habitat loss and insular fragmentation in peninsular Malaysia

Despite mounting evidence on the ecological impacts of damming for biodiversity, little is known regarding its consequences in the hyper-diverse Southeast Asian tropical forests. Here we assess the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the diversity and activity of insectivorous bats within the hydroelectric Kenyir Lake in peninsular Malaysia. We surveyed bat assemblages on 26 islands and two mainland continuous forest sites using passive acoustic monitoring. Echolocation calls were classified into sonotypes, each corresponding to either one or multiple species, and grouped into foraging guilds. We then examined bat overall assemblage (sonotype richness, activity, and composition), guild- and sonotype-specific activity. From 9360 hours of recordings, we identified 16 bat sonotypes, including 10 forest (2854 bat passes), three edge (13 703) and three open-space foragers (3651). Sonotype richness increased towards denser forest structures (higher Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI), while species composition varied across the gradient of forest area. Forest foragers were positively affected by NDVI and negatively affected by distance to the closest neighbour, whereas edge foragers’ activity increased in smaller islands. Of the six sonotypes analysed, the activity of one forest sonotype increased with forest area, while that of one edge sonotype decreased. Ensuring habitat quality within insular forest remnants, in addition to their functional connectivity, maximises bat diversity, including the persistence of forest foraging species. Future hydropower development should therefore avoid the creation of a myriad of small, isolated, and habitat-degraded islands further characterised by altered levels of bat diversity and guild-level activity. Highlights We assessed the diversity of insectivorous bats in dam-induced islands in Malaysia Species persistence was modulated by island size and habitat quality Forest foragers were negatively affected by island isolation and degradation Edge foragers benefited from fragmentation, increasing in activity on smaller islands By creating multiple small, isolated, degraded islands, damming erodes bat diversity
mRNA delivery of dimeric human IgA protects mucosal tissues from bacterial infection

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is a promising infectious disease intervention strategy but is limited to IgG1 isotypes that have restricted access to mucosal sites. IgA is well-established as the predominant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions but is clinically underutilized. To enable development of IgA-based mAbs, we exploited mRNA platform technology and demonstrated expression of functional, antigen-specific IgA (IgAmRNA) that can limit bacterial invasion in the intestine and prevent colonization in the lung. Moreover, in vivo IgAmRNA had enhanced serum half-life and a greater degree of sialylation than a recombinantly produced IgA. The results underscore the potential of mRNA-based platforms to deliver protective human mAbs to mucosal surfaces and open new avenues to combat infectious diseases in the face of pervasive antibiotic resistance. One Sentence Summary mRNA-encoded human monoclonal IgA traffics to mucosal tissues and provides protection against bacterial challenge
Structure of pre-miR-31 reveals an active role in Dicer processing

As an essential post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression, microRNA (miR) levels must be strictly maintained. The biogenesis of many, but not all, miRs is mediated by trans-acting protein partners through a variety of mechanisms, including remodeling of the RNA structure. miR-31 functions as an oncogene in numerous cancers and interestingly, its biogenesis is not known to be regulated by protein binding partners. Therefore, the intrinsic structural properties of pre-miR-31 can provide a mechanism by which its biogenesis is regulated. We determined the solution structure of the precursor element of miR-31 (pre-miR-31) to investigate the role of distinct structural elements in regulating Dicer processing. We found that the presence or absence of mismatches within the helical stem do not strongly influence Dicer processing of the pre-miR. However, both the apical loop size and structure at the Dicing site are key elements for discrimination by Dicer. Interestingly, our NMR-derived structure reveals the presence of a triplet of base pairs that link the Dicer cleavage site and the apical loop. Mutational analysis in this region suggests that the stability of the junction region strongly influence both Dicer binding and processing. Our results enrich our understanding of the active role that RNA structure plays in regulating Dicer processing which has direct implications for control of gene expression.
Circuit to target approach defines an autocrine myofibroblast loop that drives cardiac fibrosis

Fibrosis is a broad pathology of excessive scarring with substantial medical implications. The fibrotic scar is produced by myofibroblasts that interact with macrophages. Fibrosis is a complex process involving thousands of factors, therefore, to better understand fibrosis and develop new therapeutic approaches, it is necessary to simplify and clarify the underlying concepts. Recently, we described a mathematical model for a macrophage-myofibroblast cell circuit, predicting two types of fibrosis - hot fibrosis with abundant macrophages and myofibroblasts, and cold fibrosis dominated by myofibroblasts alone. To test these concepts and intervention strategies in a medically relevant system, we use a widely studied in-vivo injury model for fibrosis, myocardial infarction (MI). We show that cold fibrosis is the final outcome of MI in both mice and pigs and demonstrate that fibrosis can shift toward healing in regenerative settings. MI begind with an increase of myofibroblasts and macrophages, followed by macrophage decline leading to persistent cold fibrosis (only myofibroblasts). During this process, fibroblasts, unlike macrophages, acquire distinct fate changes. Using mathematical modeling we predict that targeting of the autocrine signal for myofibroblast division could block cold fibrosis. We identify TIMP1 as an autocrine cardiac myofibroblast growth factor in-vitro. Treatment of adult mice after MI with anti-TIMP1 antibodies reduces fibrosis in-vivo. This study shows the utility of the concepts of hot and cold fibrosis and the feasibility of our circuit-to-target approach to reduce fibrosis after acute cardiac injury by inhibiting the myofibroblast autocrine loop.
Aging Decreases the Precision of Visual Working Memory

Objectives Working memory (WM) is a cognitive ability that enables us to hold information temporarily. As age increases during life, cognitive abilities such as WM performance decrease. Errors in WM tasks arise from different sources, such as decreasing precision and random response. In the current study, we investigated the effect of age on WM and elucidated sources of errors. Method A total of 102 healthy individuals aged 18 to 71, participated in the study. A face-based visual WM task was designed and performed. Responses were collected using a graded scale in a delayed match-to-sample reproduction task. Results The error of participants increased significantly as they aged. According to our analysis of the source of error, the standard deviation of error distribution increased considerably with age. However, there was no significant change in uniform probability with age. These observations were similar between male and female participants. Conclusion We found that WM performance declines through the lifespan. Investigating the sources of error, we found that the precision of WM decreased with age. This decline was monotonous without any particular age at which a significant drop-off occurred. The results also indicated that the probability of guessing the response as a measure of random response is not affected by age.