Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The generation of capillary waves by steep gravity waves

A theory is given for the non-linear transfer of energy from gravity waves on water to capillary waves. When a progressive gravity wave approaches its maximum steepness it develops a sharp crest, at which the surface tension must be locally important. This gives rise to a travelling disturbance which produces a train of capillary waves ahead of the crest, i.e. on the foward face of the gravity wave. The capillary waves, once formed, then take further energy from the gravity wave through the radiation stresses, at the same time losing energy by viscosity. The steepness of the capillary waves is calculated and found to be in substantial agreement with some observations by C. S. Cox. An approximate expression for the ripple steepness near the crest of the gravity wave is $(2 \pi|3)e^{-g|6T^\prime k^2},$ where T’ is the surface tension constant and K Is the curvature at the wave crest. The ripple steepness also varies with distance from the wave crest. Under favourable circumstances the dissipation of energy by the capillary waves can be many times the dissipation in the gravity waves. The capillary waves may therefore play a significant role in the generation of waves by wind, in that they tend to delay the onset of breaking.
Analysis of the Far-Infrared/Submillimeter Polarization Spectrum Based on Temperature Maps of Orion

We compile polarization data on Galactic molecular clouds from instruments spanning the wavelength range 60-1300 μm. The polarization spectrum in these clouds falls from 60 to 350 μm but rises from 350 to 1300 μm. To explain this spectrum, we require a model in which the emission arises from dust grains at multiple temperatures along the line of sight and in which the polarizing efficiency of these grains is correlated with their temperature. In order to test this hypothesis, we collect flux data from the literature and create spectral energy distributions (SEDs) in a region of the Orion A molecular cloud. Dust temperature distributions (DTDs) are estimated from these SEDs on a point-by-point basis within the cloud. We find cold, dense cores associated with submillimeter flux peaks and warm dust associated with the M42 H II region. The SEDs are well fitted by both one- and two-temperature components in the DTD. While the results are consistent with the multiple-temperature model, they do not provide a conclusive test. However, we show that this problem should be resolved with improved data.
Consumption patterns of social assistance (Bansos) recipients in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province

Poverty is one of the main problems in economic development, and various efforts are made to improve and expand social assistance programs (Bansos). This study aims to analyze the consumption patterns of Bansos recipients in Bangka Belitung Province. The data used are secondary data from various related agencies and primary data sourced from surveys on Bansos recipient households. The scope of the research covers two districts with the highest and lowest number of beneficiary households in the Province of Bangka Belitung Islands. The analytical method used is linear regression analysis. The results showed that Bansos significantly affected public spending, especially food spending, cellphone credit, and business capital. On the other hand, the provision of Bansos does not significantly affect expenditures such as non-food consumption, education, health, cigarettes, and debt payment
Regular flows of weakly compressible viscoelastic fluids and the incompressible limit

We consider compressible viscoelastic fluids satisfying the Oldroyd constitutive law. We prove the local existence (and uniqueness) of flows by a classical fixed point argument. We also prove some global properties of the solutions. In particular, we obtain some a priori estimates which are uniform in the Mach number and prove global existence of weakly compressible fluids flows. We show that weakly compressible flows with well-prepared initial data converge to incompressible ones when the Mach number converges to zero.
On a Simultaneous Generalization of β-Normality and Almost Normality

A new generalization of normality called almost $\beta$-normality is introduced and studied which is a simultaneous generalization of almost normality and $\beta$-normality. A topological space is called almost $\beta$-normal if for every pair of disjoint closed sets $A$ and $B$ one of which is regularly closed (Say $A$), there exist disjoint open sets $U$ and $V$ such that $\overline{U \cap V }= A $ , $\overline{U \cap V}= B$ and $\overline{U} \cap \overline{V} = \phi$.
An Efficient Description of the Dynamics of Barotropic Flow

Abstract A potentially efficient description of the atmospheric circulation is investigated in the context of a barotropic spectral model, truncated to T21. The model circulation evolves around a realistic winter climate and has a reasonable low-frequency variability. This study is motivated by the observation that the atmosphere continuously generates coherent structures, which perhaps are better represented by empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) than by spherical harmonics. Therefore, the proposition is made to project the dynamical equations onto the dominant EOFS. Ambiguities in the formulation of an EOF model are clarified. Careful attention is paid to the integral constraints of an EOF model. As a reference for the performance of the EOF models, a T20 version of the T21 model is used. The T21 model has 231 variables; the T20 version 210. Deterministic predictions of the flow of the T21 model by the EOF model truncated to only 20 EOFs turn out to be substantially better than the predictions by the .
The motion generated by a body moving along the axis of a uniformly rotating fluid

Experiments have been made to investigate the motion generated by a body moving along the axis of a uniformly rotating fluid. Part of the investigation concerns the motion generated in a cylinder whose radial dimensions are much greater than those of the body. Measurements have been made of the velocities of particles on the axis of rotation both ahead of and behind the body, and the results indicate that there is a significant axial motion generated by the body over a wide range of Rossby numbers. A measurement of the instantaneous velocity profile ahead of the body, determined as a function of the radius, agrees fairly well with a low Rossby number calculation of the flow due to a circular disk (Morgan 1951). In addition, the forward influence of the body has been measured as a function of the Rossby number and from these results it is suggested that the body has a finite influence far upstream at all Rossby numbers and that the blocking phenomenon first reported by Taylor (1922) probably occurs for all values of the Rossby number (UΩa) less than a critical value which is about 0·7. Experiments have also been made in a long cylindrical tube which acts as a wave guide. At large distances from the body the separate effects of the various modes can be observed and hence it is possible to measure the flow corresponding to an individual wave-number: these measurements show that, as a result of the Doppler effect, the motion a large distance ahead of the body is different from that far behind (see Lighthill 1967). Moreover, the experiments indicate that no disturbances propagate ahead of the body when its velocity exceeds the maximum group velocity in the fluid, but that disturbances trail behind the body when its velocity is far in excess of the maximum group velocity. Measurements of the maximum group velocity are in good agreement with the theoretical value.
Does a Past Category’s Success Influence Existing Entrepreneurial Fundraising?: A Legitimacy Spillover Perspective

Research on entrepreneurial crowdfunding has focused limited attention to the role of category in investors’ decisions. We examine the legitimacy spillover effect of projects within the same category of industry on the focal project’s fundraising. We decompose category legitimacy into two types—stable versus transient—and investigate their distinct effects on fundraising. Our dataset, derived from 31,767 projects on Kickstarter from 2010 to 2020, confirms the spillover effect of category legitimacy on entrepreneurial fundraising. Furthermore, the spillover effect of stable legitimacy is much stronger than that of transient legitimacy, and this effect weakens when entrepreneurs have greater past successes.
Comparing convection in the Sun with Procyon A

Abstract As well as reproducing observable features like solar granulation, 3D simulations can provide useful information for local or non-local stellar modeling. Examples include testing out the mixing length theory in the surface layers, providing the turbulent correction for stellar models of p-mode frequencies, testing eddy viscocity prescriptions used in tidal dissipation models and comparing different closures of higher order moments. Having validated the 3D code with the sun we applied it to other stars. For Procyon A the turbulence is about twice as strong as it is in the Sun (estimated by the peak root mean square vertical velocity which is about 6.5 km/s) and the granules are nearly an order of magnitude larger, with plumes regularly extending down 2-3 pressure scale heights below the surface of Procyon A. An interesting feature of the Procyon simulation is that the horizontal layers in the vicinity of the granules appear to radially pulsate in a quasi-periodic manner. This makes the superadiabatic layer move in and out over a distance of about half a pressure scale height in a time of about 20-30 minutes. This motion appears to be tied to the granulation but there may be other phenomena involved such as some kind of local kappa-mechanism confined to the granulation surface layers. We find similar behaviour in a simulation of an 11 Gyr subgiant sun. As the velocities are more like the sun (about 3km/s), the time period of the pulsation in the subgiant is 2-3 times longer than in Procyon A.
Geographic Variation in Influenza Vaccination Disparities Between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White US Nursing Home Residents

Abstract Background Disparities in influenza vaccination exist between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White US nursing home (NH) residents, but the geographic areas with the largest disparities remain unknown. We examined how these racial/ethnic disparities differ across states and hospital referral regions (HRRs). Methods This retrospective cohort study included >14 million short-stay and long-stay US NH resident-seasons over 7 influenza seasons from October 1, 2011, to March 31, 2018, where residents could contribute to 1 or more seasons. Residents were aged ≥65 years and enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service. We used the Medicare Beneficiary Summary File to ascertain race/ethnicity and Minimum Data Set assessments for influenza vaccination. We calculated age- and sex-standardized percentage point (pp) differences in the proportions vaccinated between non-Hispanic White and Hispanic (any race) resident-seasons. Positive pp differences were considered disparities, where the proportion of non-Hispanic White residents vaccinated was greater than the proportion of Hispanic residents vaccinated. States and HRRs with ≥100 resident-seasons per age–sex stratum per racial/ethnic group were included in analyses. Results Among 7 442 241 short-stay resident-seasons (94.1% non-Hispanic White, 5.9% Hispanic), the median standardized disparities in influenza vaccination were 4.3 pp (minimum, maximum: 0.3, 19.2; n = 22 states) and 2.8 pp (minimum, maximum: −3.6, 10.3; n = 49 HRRs). Among 6 758 616 long-stay resident-seasons (93.7% non-Hispanic White, 6.5% Hispanic), the median standardized differences were −0.1 pp (minimum, maximum: −4.1, 11.4; n = 18 states) and −1.8 pp (minimum, maximum: −6.5, 7.6; n = 34 HRRs). Conclusions Wide geographic variation in influenza vaccination disparities existed across US states and HRRs. Localized interventions targeted toward areas with high disparities may be a more effective strategy to promote health equity than one-size-fits-all national interventions.
Exact controllability and stability of the Sixth Order Boussinesq equation

The article studies the exact controllability and the stability of the sixth order Boussinesq equation \[ u_{tt}-u_{xx}+\beta u_{xxxx}-u_{xxxxxx}+(u^2)_{xx}=f, \quad \beta=\pm1, \] on the interval $S:=[0,2\pi]$ with periodic boundary conditions. It is shown that the system is locally exactly controllable in the classic Sobolev space, $H^{s+3}(S)\times H^s(S)$ for $s\geq 0$, for "small" initial and terminal states. It is also shown that if $f$ is assigned as an internal linear feedback, the solution of the system is uniformly exponential decay to a constant state in $H^{s+3}(S)\times H^s(S)$ for $s\geq 0$ with "small" initial data assumption.
Indentation-based methods to assess fracture toughness for thin coatings

There are many techniques to determine fracture toughness. Experimental simplicity and amenability to materials evaluation are features of general indentation testing. Sometimes indentation is the only practical means of obtaining fundamental information on critical lifetime-limiting damage modes in some ceramics and coatings. Fracture patterns are dependent on the indenter geometry and material properties. The analysis of interfacial toughness by indentation has been well documented. However, no such comprehensive review is available for the analysis of fracture toughness for thin coatings based on (nano)indentation. Therefore, this paper tends to fill this gap. The mechanisms of various crack patterns and existing models used to determine the fracture toughness have been discussed in this study.
On Bi-R-Diagonal Pairs of Operators

We study the properties of the analogue of R-diagonal operators in the setting of bi-free probability. Products of bi-R-diagonal pairs of operators that are $*$-bi-free are studied and powers of such pairs are found to also be bi-R-diagonal. It is moreover shown that the joint $*$-distribution of a bi-R-diagonal pair of operators remains invariant under the multiplication by a $*$-bi-free bi-Haar unitary pair and equivalent characterizations of the condition of bi-R-diagonality are developed.
Buoyancy and Pressure Perturbations Derived from Dual-Doppler Radar Observations of the Planetary Boundary Layer: Applications for Matching Models with Observations

Abstract The technique developed by Gal-Chen in 1978 is used to derive vertical velocities, buoyancy, and pressure perturbations from dual-Doppler radar observations of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Several approaches to verification are pursued. They include: (a) scan-to-scan temporal continuity of the derived fields; (b) an objective test to find out how well the derived pressure perturbations balance the dynamical equations; (c) comparison of dual-Doppler derived, horizontally averaged fluxes of heat versus in situ measurements and other data sets; and (d) a noteworthy improvement in the quality of the retrieved pressure when tendencies are included. Previous studies indicate that in order for the method to be viable the radars have to resolve the PBL with at least ten vertical levels. One such event occurred on 27 September 1978 during project PHOENIX, conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) 300 m tower. An inversion above a shallow boundary layer of height around 800 m was eroded.
The elastic-plastic response of aluminum films to ultrafast laser-generated shocks

We present the free surface response of 2, 5, and 8 μm aluminum films to shocks generated from chirped ultrafast lasers. We find two distinct steps to the measured free surface velocity that indicate a separation of the faster elastic wave from the slower plastic wave. We resolve the separation of the two waves to times as short as 20 ps. We measured peak elastic free surface velocities as high as 1.4 km/s corresponding to elastic stresses of 12 GPa. The elastic waves rapidly decay with increasing sample thickness. The magnitude of both the elastic wave and the plastic wave and the temporal separation between them was strongly dependent on the incident laser drive energy.We present the free surface response of 2, 5, and 8 μm aluminum films to shocks generated from chirped ultrafast lasers. We find two distinct steps to the measured free surface velocity that indicate a separation of the faster elastic wave from the slower plastic wave. We resolve the separation of the two waves to times as short as 20 ps. We measured peak elastic free surface velocities as high as 1.4 km/s corresponding to elastic stresses of 12 GPa. The elastic waves rapidly decay with increasing sample thickness. The magnitude of both the elastic wave and the plastic wave and the temporal separation between them was strongly dependent on the incident laser drive energy.
A density theorem for weighted Fekete sets

We prove a result concerning the spreading of weighted Fekete points in the plane. Consider a system {ζj}1 of identical point-charges in the complex plane C, subject to an external field nQ, where Q is a suitable real-valued function, which we call the "external potential”. The energy of the system is taken to be (0.1) Hn(ζ1, . . . , ζn) = ∑ j 6=k log 1 | ζj − ζk | + n n ∑
Hybrid Evolutionary Metaheuristics for Multiobjective Decision Support. (Métaheuristiques hybrides évolutionnaires pour l'aide à la décision multi-objectifs)

Many real-world decision making problems consist of several conflicting objectives, the solutions of which is called the Pareto-optimal set. Hybrid metaheuristics proved their efficiency in solving these problems. They tend to enhance search capabilities by incorporating different metaheuristics. Thus, we are concerned with developing new hybrid schemes by incorporating different strategies with exploiting the pros and avoiding the drawback of the original ones. First, HEMH is proposed in which the search process includes two phases DMGRASP obtains an initial set of efficient solutions in the 1st phase. Then, greedy randomized path-relinking with local search or reproduction operators explore the non-visited regions. The efficient solutions explored over the search are collected. Second, a comparative study is developed to study the hybridization of different metaheuristics with MOEA/D. The 1st proposal combines adaptive discrete differential Evolution with MOEA/D. The 2nd combines greedy path-relinking with MOEA/D. The 3rd and the 4th proposals combine both of them in MOEA/D. Third, an improved version of HEMH is presented. HEMH2 uses inverse greedy to build its initial population. Then, differential evolution and path-relink improves these solutions by investigating the non-visited regions in the search space. Also, Pareto adaptive epsilon concept controls the archiving process. Motivated by the obtained results, HESSA is proposed to solve continuous problems. It adopts a pool of search strategies, each of which has a specified success ratio. A new offspring is generated using a randomly selected one. Then, the success ratios are adapted according to the success of the generated offspring. The efficient solutions are collected to act as global guides. The proposed algorithms are verified against the state of the art MOEAs using a set of instances from literature. Results indicate that all proposals are competitive and represent viable alternatives
W-algebras and Whittaker categories

Affine W-algebras are a somewhat complicated family of (topological) associative algebras associated with a semisimple Lie algebra, quantizing functions on the algebraic loop space of Kostant's slice. They have attracted a great deal of attention in geometric representation theory because of Feigin-Frenkel's duality theorem for them, which identifies W-algebras for a Lie algebra and its Langlands dual through a subtle construction. The main result of this paper is an affine version of Skryabin's theorem, describing the category of modules over the W-algebra in simpler categorical terms. But unlike the classical story, it is essential to work with derived categories in the affine setting. One novel feature is the use of geometric techniques to study W-algebras: the theory of D-modules on the loop group and the geometry of the affine Grassmannian are indispensable tools. These are used to give an infinite family of affine analogues of the Bezrukavnikov-Braverman-Mirkovic theorem, providing a geometric version of Rodier's compact approximation to the Whittaker model from the arithmetic setting. We also use these methods to generalize Beraldo's theorem identifying Whittaker invariants and Whittaker coinvariants, extending his result from GL_n to a general reductive group. At integral level, these methods seem to have deep intrinsic meaning in the local geometric Langlands program. The theory developed here provides systematic proofs of many classical results in the subject. In particular, we clarify the exactness properties of the quantum Drinfeld-Sokolov functor.
Representation Theory of W-Algebras

This paper is the detailed version of math.QA/0403477 (T. Arakawa, Quantized Reductions and Irreducible Representations of W-Algebras) with extended results; We study the representation theory of the W-algebra $W_k(g)$ associated with a simple Lie algebra $g$ (and its principle nilpotent element) at level k. We show that the "-" reduction functor is exact and sends an irreducible module to zero or an irreducible module at any level k. Moreover, we show that the character of each irreducible highest weight representation of $W_k(g)$ is completely determined by that of the corresponding irreducible highest weight representation of affine Lie algebra of $g$.
Does Adult-Directed Early Behavioral Intervention Improve Family Quality of Life? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

For decades, researchers and providers of adult-directed early behavioral intervention services have made conceptual arguments linking the receipt of such services to improvements in family and family member quality of life. To date, there has not been a review of the literature to empirically evaluate this claim. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and identified 15 studies contributing 40 effect sizes to evaluate the relationship between the receipt of early behavioral intervention and family quality of life. Our analyses did not detect that there was a robust and meaningful difference in the quality of life of families with a child that did and did not receive early behavioral intervention. Considerations to inform future research are presented; and implications are discussed with respect to parents, pediatricians, providers, and those involved in the public dissemination of evidence-based treatments for individuals with autism.
Construction of $\Phi^4_3$ diagrams for pedestrians

We aim to give a pedagogic and essentially self-contained presentation of the construction of various stochastic objects appearing in the dynamical $\Phi^4_3$ model. The construction presented here is based on the use of paraproducts. The emphasis is on describing the stochastic objects themselves rather than introducing a solution theory for the equation.