Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Computed Tomography Assisted 3D Cephalometric Measurements in Straight Egyptian Arabian and Thoroughbred Horses

Dental malocclusions are commonly encountered in horses. The objective of this study was to report the normal cephalometric values from skull computed tomography (CT) scans of adult Straight Egyptian Arabian (SEAR) and thoroughbred (TB) horses and to compare differences in the measurements between the two breeds. Standing skull CTs were performed on 29 clinically normal adult horses (15 SEAR; 14 TB) and cephalometric measurements were taken. All 9 cephalometric measurements, as well as the interincisal angle, were found to be significantly greater in TB than SEAR (P < 0.05). TB were found to have significantly greater facial line: mandibular length (FL/ML) ratios compared to SEAR (P = 0.002) whereas for the maxillary cheek teeth length: ethmoidal line ratio (Mxa/EtL), SEAR were found to have significantly greater values than TB (P = 0.0007). SEAR cephalometric measurements, as well as certain ratios, differ significantly from TB and could have an impact on the development of dental malocclusions in this breed. Further investigation is needed to ascertain whether these cephalometric differences between the two breeds predispose the SEAR to the development of dental malocclusions.
Flume investigations into the influence of shear stress history on a graded sediment bed

A series of flume‐based experiments was undertaken to investigate the effect of below‐threshold antecedent flow conditions on the stability of a graded sediment bed (D16 = 1.8 mm, D50 = 4.8 mm, D84 = 7.8 mm, and σg = 2.08). The experiments revealed that stability is dependent not only on the applied shear stress of the antecedent flow (1.46, 2.08, 2.19, 2.41, and 2.63 N m−2) but also on its duration (0, 15, 30, 60, 1440 and 5760 min). A new stability diagram has been developed to illustrate stress history effects for the graded substrates and hydraulic conditions used in the investigation. The diagram has implications for flume‐based experimental practice, the prediction of sediment transport rates, and sediment management in river restoration.
Denoising task‐related fMRI: Balancing noise reduction against signal loss

Preprocessing fMRI data requires striking a fine balance between conserving signals of interest and removing noise. Typical steps of preprocessing include motion correction, slice timing correction, spatial smoothing, and high‐pass filtering. However, these standard steps do not remove many sources of noise. Thus, noise‐reduction techniques, for example, CompCor, FIX, and ICA‐AROMA have been developed to further improve the ability to draw meaningful conclusions from the data. The ability of these techniques to minimize noise while conserving signals of interest has been tested almost exclusively in resting‐state fMRI and, only rarely, in task‐related fMRI. Application of noise‐reduction techniques to task‐related fMRI is particularly important given that such procedures have been shown to reduce false positive rates. Little remains known about the impact of these techniques on the retention of signal in tasks that may be associated with systemic physiological changes. In this paper, we compared two ICA‐based, that is FIX and ICA‐AROMA, two CompCor‐based noise‐reduction techniques, that is aCompCor, and tCompCor, and standard preprocessing using a large (n = 101) fMRI dataset including noxious heat and non‐noxious auditory stimulation. Results show that preprocessing using FIX performs optimally for data obtained using noxious heat, conserving more signals than CompCor‐based techniques and ICA‐AROMA, while removing only slightly less noise. Similarly, for data obtained during non‐noxious auditory stimulation, FIX noise‐reduction technique before analysis with a covariate of interest outperforms the other techniques. These results indicate that FIX might be the most appropriate technique to achieve the balance between conserving signals of interest and removing noise during task‐related fMRI.
Buoyancy-driven melt segregation in the earth's moon. I - Numerical results

The densities of lunar mare magmas have been estimated at liquidus temperatures for pressures from 0 to 47 kbar (0.4 GPa; center of the moon) using a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation and compositionally dependent parameters from Large and Carmichael (1987). Results on primary magmatic compositions represented by pristine volcanic glasses suggest that the density contrast between very-high-Ti melts and their liquidus olivines may approach zero at pressures of about 25 kbar (2.5 GPa). Since this is the pressure regime of the mantle source regions for these magmas, a compositional limit of eruptability for mare liquids may exist that is similar to the highest Ti melt yet observed among the lunar samples. Although the moon may have generated magmas having greater than 16.4 wt pct TiO2, those melts would probably not have reached the lunar surface due to their high densities, and may have even sunk deeper into the moon's interior as negatively buoyant diapirs. This process may have been important for assimilative interactions in the lunar mantle. The phenomenon of melt/solid density crossover may therefore occur not only in large terrestrial-type objects but also in small objects where, despite low pressures, the range of melt compositions is extreme.
Adult Highlights From the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry: 2017–2022

The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry captures clinical data and outcomes on patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support across the globe at participating centers. It provides a very unique opportunity to benchmark outcomes and analyze the clinical course to help identify ways of improving patient outcomes. In this review, we summarize select adult ECMO articles published using the ELSO registry over the past 5 years. These articles highlight innovative utilization of the registry data in generating hypotheses for future clinical trials. Members of the ELSO Scientific Oversight Committee can be found here: https://www.elso. org/registry/socmembers.aspx.
The Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake: source, path and site effects from spectral analysis of strong motion data

SUMMARY The strong motion data of 2009 April 6 L’Aquila (Central Italy) earthquake (Mw= 6.3) and of 12 aftershocks (4.1 ≤Mw≤ 5.6) recorded by 56 stations of the Italian strong motion network are spectrally analysed to estimate the source parameters, the seismic attenuation, and the site amplification effects. The obtained source spectra for S wave have stress drop values ranging from 2.4 to 16.8 MPa, being the stress drop of the main shock equal to 9.2 MPa. The spectral curves describing the attenuation with distance show the presence of shoulders and bumps, mainly around 50 and 150 km, as consequence of significant reflected and refracted arrivals from crustal interfaces. The attenuation in the first 50 km is well described by a quality factor equal to Q(f) = 59f0.56 obtained by fixing the geometrical spreading exponent to 1. Finally, the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio provides unreliable estimates of local site effects for those stations showing large amplifications over the vertical component of motion.
Simulating crop phenology in the Community Land Model and its impact on energy and carbon fluxes

A reasonable representation of crop phenology and biophysical processes in land surface models is necessary to accurately simulate energy, water, and carbon budgets at the field, regional, and global scales. However, the evaluation of crop models that can be coupled to Earth system models is relatively rare. Here we evaluated two such models (CLM4‐Crop and CLM3.5‐CornSoy), both implemented within the Community Land Model (CLM) framework, at two AmeriFlux corn‐soybean sites to assess their ability to simulate phenology, energy, and carbon fluxes. Our results indicated that the accuracy of net ecosystem exchange and gross primary production simulations was intimately connected to the phenology simulations. The CLM4‐Crop model consistently overestimated early growing season leaf area index, causing an overestimation of gross primary production, to such an extent that the model simulated a carbon sink instead of the measured carbon source for corn. The CLM3.5‐CornSoy‐simulated leaf area index (LAI), energy, and carbon fluxes showed stronger correlations with observations compared to CLM4‐Crop. Net radiation was biased high in both models and was especially pronounced for soybeans. This was primarily caused by the positive LAI bias, which led to a positive net long‐wave radiation bias. CLM4‐Crop underestimated soil water content during midgrowing season in all soil layers at the two sites, which caused unrealistic water stress, especially for soybean. Future work regarding the mechanisms that drive early growing season phenology and soil water dynamics is needed to better represent crops including their net radiation balance, energy partitioning, and carbon cycle processes.
Bayesian Personalized Federated Learning with Shared and Personalized Uncertainty Representations

Bayesian personalized federated learning (BPFL) addresses challenges in existing personalized FL (PFL). BPFL aims to quantify the uncertainty and heterogeneity within and across clients towards uncertainty representations by addressing the statistical heterogeneity of client data. In PFL, some recent preliminary work proposes to decompose hidden neural representations into shared and local components and demonstrates interesting results. However, most of them do not address client uncertainty and heterogeneity in FL systems, while appropriately decoupling neural representations is challenging and often ad hoc. In this paper, we make the first attempt to introduce a general BPFL framework to decompose and jointly learn shared and personalized uncertainty representations on statistically heterogeneous client data over time. A Bayesian federated neural network BPFed instantiates BPFL by jointly learning cross-client shared uncertainty and client-specific personalized uncertainty over statistically heterogeneous and randomly participating clients. We further involve continual updating of prior distribution in BPFed to speed up the convergence and avoid catastrophic forgetting. Theoretical analysis and guarantees are provided in addition to the experimental evaluation of BPFed against the diversified baselines.
An 800‐year ultraviolet radiation record inferred from sedimentary pigments in the Ross Sea area, East Antarctica

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyse deposited pigments (including chlorophyll a, phaeophytin a, canthaxanthin, echinenone, zeaxanthin, scytonemin and mycosporine‐like amino acids) from two sediment profiles of ponds in the Ross Sea area, East Antarctica. We explored the sources and characteristics of each pigment, reconstructed an 800‐year record of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and total incoming light intensity, and identified the possible factors that may have influenced historical UVR changes in this region. The results indicated at least four UVR peaks during the past 800 years, corresponding to c. AD 1950–2000, 1720–1790, 1560–1630 and 1350–1480, with the intensity from the most recent sediments being the highest. A comparison between the changes in UVR and total incoming light intensity showed similar patterns between AD 1720 and 1830, suggesting that factors controlling the UVR intensity in the Ross Sea area may be related to insolation fluctuation at that time. The two proxies are, however, weakly correlated during other periods. Historically, there is a relationship between the reconstructed UVR and solar activity, but this natural process may be strongly affected by multiple factors, including climate parameter change and anthropogenic activities during the modern times.
A continuation criterion for the Landau equation with very soft and Coulomb potentials

We consider the spatially inhomogeneous Landau equation in the case of very soft and Coulomb potentials, $\gamma \in [-3,-2]$. We show that solutions can be continued as long as the following three quantities remain finite, uniformly in $t$ and $x$: (1) the mass density, (2) the velocity moment of order $s$ for any small $s>0$, and (3) the $L^p_v$ norm for any $p>3/(5+\gamma)$. In particular, we do not require a bound on the energy density. If we specialize our result to the spatially homogeneous case, we recover the best known continuation criterion in that regime.
Platinum-Decorated Graphene: Experimental Insight into Growth Mechanisms and Hydrogen Adsorption Properties

The potential of graphene for hydrogen storage, coupled with the established role of Platinum as a catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction and the spillover effect, makes Pt-functionalized graphene a promising candidate for near-ambient hydrogen storage. This paper focuses on examining the process of Pt cluster formation on epitaxial graphene and assesses the suitability of the system as hydrogen storage material. Scanning tunneling microscopy unveils two primary pathways for Pt cluster growth. In the initial phase, up to ~1 ML of Pt coverage, Pt tends to randomly disperse and cover the graphene surface, while the cluster height remains essentially unchanged. Beyond a coverage of 3 ML, the nucleation of new layers on existing clusters becomes predominant. Then, the clusters mainly grow in height. Thermal desorption spectroscopy on hydrogenated Pt-decorated graphene reveals the presence of multiple hydrogen adsorption mechanisms, manifested as two Gaussian peaks superimposed on a linearly increasing background. We attribute the first peak at 150{\deg}C to hydrogen physisorbed on the surface of Pt clusters. The second peak at 430{\deg}C is attributed to chemisorption of hydrogen on the surface of the clusters, while the linearly increasing background is assigned to hydrogen bonded in the bulk of the Pt clusters. These measurements demonstrate the ability of Pt-functionalized graphene to store molecular hydrogen at temperatures that are high enough for stable hydrogen binding at room temperature.
What and When to Explain?

Explanations in automated vehicles help passengers understand the vehicle's state and capabilities, leading to increased trust in the technology. Specifically, for passengers of SAE Level 4 and 5 vehicles who are not engaged in the driving process, the enhanced sense of control provided by explanations reduces potential anxieties, enabling them to fully leverage the benefits of automation. To construct explanations that enhance trust and situational awareness without disturbing passengers, we suggest testing with people who ultimately employ such explanations, ideally under real-world driving conditions. In this study, we examined the impact of various visual explanation types (perception, attention, perception+attention) and timing mechanisms (constantly provided or only under risky scenarios) on passenger experience under naturalistic driving scenarios using actual vehicles with mixed-reality support. Our findings indicate that visualizing the vehicle's perception state improves the perceived usability, trust, safety, and situational awareness without adding cognitive burden, even without explaining the underlying causes. We also demonstrate that the traffic risk probability could be used to control the timing of an explanation delivery, particularly when passengers are overwhelmed with information. Our study's on-road evaluation method offers a safe and reliable testing environment and can be easily customized for other AI models and explanation modalities.
XBP1 promotes NRASG12D pre‐B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia through IL‐7 receptor signalling and provides a therapeutic vulnerability for oncogenic RAS

Activating point mutations of the RAS gene act as driver mutations for a subset of precursor‐B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (pre‐B ALL) and represent an ambitious target for therapeutic approaches. The X box‐binding protein 1 (XBP1), a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), is critical for pre‐B ALL cell survival, and high expression of XBP1 confers poor prognosis in ALL patients. However, the mechanism of XBP1 activation has not yet been elucidated in RAS mutated pre‐B ALL. Here, we demonstrate that XBP1 acts as a downstream linchpin of the IL‐7 receptor signalling pathway and that pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of XBP1 selectively abrogates IL‐7 receptor signalling via inhibition of its downstream effectors, JAK1 and STAT5. We show that XBP1 supports malignant cell growth of pre‐B NRASG12D ALL cells and that genetic loss of XBP1 consequently leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our findings reveal that active XBP1 prevents the cytotoxic effects of a dual PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitor (BEZ235) in pre‐B NRASG12D ALL cells. This implies targeting XBP1 in combination with BEZ235 as a promising new targeted strategy against the oncogenic RAS in NRASG12D‐mutated pre‐B ALL.
Maximum Diffusion Reinforcement Learning

The assumption that data are independent and identically distributed underpins all machine learning. When data are collected sequentially from agent experiences this assumption does not generally hold, as in reinforcement learning. Here, we derive a method that overcomes these limitations by exploiting the statistical mechanics of ergodic processes, which we term maximum diffusion reinforcement learning. By decorrelating agent experiences, our approach provably enables single-shot learning in continuous deployments over the course of individual task attempts. Moreover, we prove our approach generalizes well-known maximum entropy techniques, and robustly exceeds state-of-the-art performance across popular benchmarks. Our results at the nexus of physics, learning, and control pave the way towards more transparent and reliable decision-making in reinforcement learning agents, such as locomoting robots and self-driving cars.
Affinity-Based Groups in Secondary Education: Increased Stability at the Expense of Collaboration

Group configurations play a pivotal role in shaping social skills and learning outcomes by fostering student interaction and collaboration. Yet, the factors influencing group formation, social cohesion, and group stability remain understudied. Here, we examine these factors in a cohort of 90 students from 9th and 10th grades at a private school in Chile. Students were either randomly assigned to groups (control) or allowed to choose their own groups (experimental) for a semester-long project. Our results show that self-selected groups had stronger friendship ties by the end of the semester. In contrast, randomly assigned groups exhibited higher levels of cooperation and more frequent membership changes, indicating weaker social cohesion. Additionally, 10th-grade students were more likely to stay in their original groups, possibly suggesting increased social maturity. These findings underscore the ongoing challenge in education of balancing student choice in group formation with the need for diverse group compositions that enhance learning. The study provides actionable insights for educators.
Schizotypy and Schizophrenia: The View from Experimental Psychopathology

Part I: Schizotypes and Schizotypy. "Welcome to the Machine. " Part II: The Experimental Psychopathologist's Toolbox. Reliability, Validity, and How We Collect Data. Practical Tools and Pragmatic Issues. Analytic Heuristics, Caveats, and Soapbox Moments. Part III: Schizotypy Viewed from the Laboratory. Recognizing the Schizotype. Begin with a Model. Genetics, Genomics, Phenotypes, and Endophenotypes: The Challenge of Complex Disease. Probing Critical Neurocognitive Endophenotypes: Attentional Dysfunction, Executive and Working Memory Functioning, Eye-movement Dysfunction, and Thought Disorder. Motion and Touch: Simpler May Be Better. The Schizotype through Time. Now, Just What about This "Type" Business in "Schizotype"? Part IV: Reactions, Reflections, Projections. Thoughts on Impediments, Imaging, Environment, Intervention, and Innovation. Appendix A: Summary Rating Sheet from Manual for Use with Checklist of Schizotypic Signs. Appendix B: Selected Quantitative Measures of Schizotypy. Appendix C: Getting Started: A Provisional Reading List.
Non-Hermitian two-dimensional harmonic oscillator in noncommutative phase-space

In this paper, we extend the result of [Andreas Fring et al J. Phys. A 43, 345401 (2010)] in noncommutative phase-space (NCPS). We compute the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian of a harmonic oscillator in NCPS. We construct a new P T-symmetry in noncommutative phase-space and prove that the system does not possess a broken P T-regime. We then compute the eigenvalue spectrum of the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian of the system.
Polyphyllin I, a strong antifungal compound against Candida albicans

This study was performed to explore the antifungal and antibiofilm effects of polyphyllin I (PPI) on Candida albicans. Microdilution assay was performed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of PPI against Candida species. Adhesion assay, hyphal growth assay, biofilm formation, and development were used to test the impacts of PPI on C. albicans virulence factors. Propidium iodide staining was performed to test whether the permeability of cell membrane was influenced by PPI. PPI showed significant antifungal activities against several Candida species, with MIC below or equal to 6.25 μM. PPI also inhibited the adhesion to polystyrene surfaces, hyphal growth, and biofilm formation. PPI significantly increased the permeability of C. albicans cell membrane. In sum, PPI can suppress the planktonic growth and biofilm of C. albicans and its mechanism involves the increased permeability of cell membrane.
Effectiveness of chlorhexidine versus povidone‐iodine for preventing surgical site wound infection: A meta‐analysis

Abstract A systematic evaluation was conducted to assess the efficacy of two disinfectants, chlorhexidine and povidone‐iodine, as primary components in preventing surgical site infection (SSI). A comprehensive computerised search was performed in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI and Wanfang databases for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on chlorhexidine and povidone‐iodine disinfection for the prevention of SSI from inception until July 2023. Two independent researchers completed literature screening, data extraction and quality assessment of the included studies. The meta‐analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 software. Ultimately, 20 RCTs were included, which included 13 133 patients, with 6460 patients in the chlorhexidine group and 6673 patients in the povidone‐iodine group. The meta‐analysis results revealed that the incidence rate of surgical site wound infections [odds ratio (OR): 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58–0.78, p < 0.001)], superficial SSI rate (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.46–0.75, p < 0.001) and deep SSI rate (OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.31–0.79, p = 0.003) were all lower in patients subjected to chlorhexidine disinfection compared to those patients receiving povidone‐iodine disinfection. Existing evidence suggests that chlorhexidine is more effective than povidone‐iodine at preventing SSI. However, owing to the potential quality limitations of the included studies, further validation through high‐quality large‐scale RCTs is warranted.