Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The combined effects of material creep and mechanical loads on the extension of thermally grown oxide instability

The instability of the thermally grown oxide is the fundamental source leading to failure relevant to spallation and delamination of top coat. A finite element model is developed to understand failure mechanism of thermal barrier coating systems. Lateral and normal growth strains are stimulated by ABAQUS field variable expansion. Our results show that the valley region of top coat/thermally grown oxide interface and the peak region of thermally grown oxide/bond coat interface are the initiation locations of cracks. The creep can suppress downward displacement at the valley and promote the upward displacement at the periphery. Large material creep induced by further enhanced residual stress can restrain the increasing trend of the tensile stress within top coat and contribute to changes of thermally grown oxide morphology. Conversely, the applied load can promote the downward displacement at the valley and suppress the upward displacement at the periphery. The larger mechanical loads enhance the displacement rate toward bond coat layer, implying that the larger extension rate of thermally grown oxide instability accelerates the coating failure.
Solar flux emergence : a three-dimensional numerical study

Flux is continually emerging on the Sun, making its way from the solar interior up into the atmosphere. Emergence occurs on small-scales in the quiet Sun where magnetic fragments emerge, interact and cancel and on large-scales in active regions where magnetic fields emerge and concentrate to form sunspots. This thesis has been concerned with the large-scale emergence process and in particular the results from previous solar flux emergence modelling endeavours. Modelling uses numerical methods to evolve a domain representing simplified layers of the Sun’s atmosphere, within which the subsurface layer contains magnetic flux. The flux is initialised such that it will rises towards the surface at the start of the simulation. Once the flux reaches the solar surface, it can only emerge into the atmosphere if a magnetic buoyancy instability occurs, after which it expands rapidly both vertically and horizontally. The aim of this thesis is to test the robustness of these general findings from simulations to date upon the seed magnetic field. More explicitly, we have used three-dimensional numerical simulations to investigate how variations in the subsurface magnetic field modify the emergence process and the resulting atmospheric field. We initially consider a simple constant twist flux tube for the seed field and vary the tube’s magnetic field strength and degree of twist. Additionally, we have examined the effects of using non-constant twist flux tubes as the seed field by choosing two different profiles for the twist that are functions of the tube’s radius. Finally, we have investigated the effects of increasing the complexity of the seed field by positioning two flux tubes below the solar surface and testing two different configurations for the tubes. In both cases, the magnetic fields of the two tubes are such that, once the tubes come into contact with each other, reconnection occurs and a combined flux system is formed. From our investigations, we conclude that the general emergence results given by previous simulations are robust. However, for constant twist tubes with low field strength and twist, the buoyancy instability fails to be launched when the tubes reach the photosphere and they remain trapped in the low atmosphere. Similarly, when the non-constant twist profile results in a low tension force throughout the tube, we find that the buoyancy instability is not initialised.
Non Ruminant Nutrition Trace amounts of antibiotic exacerbated diarrhea and systemic inflammation of weaned pigs infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of trace amounts of antibiotic on growth performance, diarrhea, systemic immunity, and intestinal health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . Weaned pigs ( n = 34, 6.88 ± 1.03 kg body weight [ BW ]) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of the three dietary treatments: nursery basal diet ( CON ) and two additional diets supplemented with 0.5 or 50 mg/kg carbadox to the nursery basal diet ( TRA or REC ), respectively. The experiment lasted 18 d with 7 d before and 11 d after the first E. coli inoculation. The E. coli F18 inoculum was orally provided to all pigs with a dose of 10 10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/3 mL for three consecutive days. Fecal and blood samples were collected on day 0 before inoculation
OSA and Neurocognitive Impairment in Children With Congenital Heart Disease

BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have an increased risk of neurocognitive impairment. No prior studies have evaluated the role of OSA, which is associated with neurocognitive impairment in children without CHD. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is OSA is associated with neurocognitive impairment in children with CHD? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Children aged 6 to 17 years with corrected moderate to complex CHD without syndromes that may affect neurocognition were recruited from the pediatric cardiology clinic. Participants underwent home sleep testing and neurocognitive testing, including a validated Intellectual Quotient (IQ) test as well as validated tests of memory (Paired Associates Learning test), executive function (Intra-Extra Dimensional set shift test), and attention (Simple Reaction Test) from the CANTAB neurocognitive testing battery. RESULTS: Complete results were available for 30 children. Seventeen children (57%) were found to have OSA. Total IQ was markedly lower in children with CHD and comorbid OSA compared with children with CHD without comorbid OSA (mean, 86 (cid:1) 12 vs 98 (cid:1) 11; P ¼ . 01). Children with CHD and OSA did signi ﬁ cantly worse on the Paired Associates Learning test, with a median of eight total errors (interquartile range [IQR], 2.25-15) compared with children with CHD without OSA (median total errors, 2, IQR, 1-8; P ¼ .02). INTERPRETATION: Children with CHD and comorbid OSA have impaired neurocognition compared with children with CHD without comorbid OSA. OSA may be a reversible cause of neurocognitive impairment in children with CHD. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of OSA treatment on neurocognitive impairment in children with CHD. # 90%) reduction in air ﬂ ow for at least two breaths ’ duration associated with a 3% desaturation as well as one of the following: persistent or increased respiratory effort, increased inspiratory ﬂ attening of the air ﬂ ow signal, or snoring. A central hypopnea was scored if there were a 30% or more (but # 90%) reduction in air ﬂ ow for at least two breaths ’ duration associated with a 3% desaturation and none of the following: persistent or increased respiratory effort, increased inspiratory ﬂ attening of the air ﬂ ow signal, or snoring. In keeping with previous pediatric literature 12-15 and to improve interpretability, results are reported using apnea-hypopnea index rather than respiratory event index. An obstructive apnea-hypopnea index $ 1 was considered diagnostic for OSA, a central apnea-hypopnea index $ 5 was diagnostic of central sleep apnea, and oxygen saturation < 90% for greater than 5 minutes independent of respiratory events was tests categorical continuous sum-rank test
Validation of a Finite Element Human Model Throw Distance in Pedestrian Accident Scenarios

Increasing number of hit and run pedestrian accidents highlights the importance of accident reconstruction tools used in forensic investigations. The tools used nowadays are based on simplified assumption of particle to particle interactions (Searle’s model), or real life accidents (Happer’s model) which enable for prediction of collision velocity based on pedestrian throw distance evidence obtained at the scene of the accident. Unfortunately, vehicle impact speeds can only be estimated as a range of velocities, as the Searle’s model forms a velocity corridor which widens with the increase of measured throw distance giving a large number of predictions. Development of computing architecture together with the advancement in computer human modelling opens the opportunity for bringing accident reconstruction studies to the next level and reducing the predicted velocities range. Nevertheless, to achieve this, the computer human models need to be reliable and robust. In this study, the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) was validated against analytical pedestrian throw distance models. The validation studies were performed with THUMS 4.01 using 5 different stances, namely: two standing, two walking and one running pedestrian as well as 3 different vehicle impact velocities (20, 30 and 40). Analyses results were validated against Searle’s and Happer’s throw distance models. THUMS kinematics agreed well with the current accident reconstruction tools in terms of model behaviour and predicted throw distance. The behaviour of the THUMS model is different for low and high velocity impacts showing good agreement to the field data in terms of body kinematics. In particular, low impact velocities cause wrap projection of the human body, while high impact velocities are characterised by the somersault and fender vaults trajectories of the THUMS model.
Treatment Patterns and Outcomes of Women with Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Breast Cancer Brain Metastases: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Background. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and the second leading cause of brain metastases (BrM). We assessed the treatment patterns and outcomes of women treated for breast cancer BrM at our institution in the modern era of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Materials and Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of women (≥18 years of age) with metastatic breast cancer who were treated with surgery, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), or SRS to the brain at the Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada, between 2008 and 2018. Patients with a history of other malignancies and those with an uncertain date of diagnosis of BrM were excluded. Descriptive statistics were generated and survival analyses were performed with subgroup analyses by breast cancer subtype. Results. Among 683 eligible patients, 153 (22.4%) had triple-negative breast cancer, 188 (27.5%) had HER2+, 246 (36.0%) had hormone receptor (HR)+/HER2 , and 61 (13.3%) had breast cancer of an unknown subtype. The majority of patients received first-line WBRT (n = 459, 67.2%) or SRS (n = 126, 18.4%). The median brain-specific progression-free survival and median overall survival (OS) were 4.1 months (interquartile range [IQR] 1.0–9.6 months) and 5.1 months (IQR 2.0–11.7 months) in the overall patent population, respectively. Age >60 years, presence of neurological symptoms at BrM diagnosis, first-line WBRT, and HER2 subtype were independently prognostic for shorter OS. Conclusion. Despite the use of SRS, outcomes among patients with breast cancer BrM remain poor. Strategies for early detection of BrM and central nervous system–active systemic therapies warrant further investigation. The Oncologist 2021;26:e1951–e1961 Implications for Practice: Although triple-negative breast cancer and HER2+ breast cancer have a predilection for metastasis to the central nervous system (CNS), patients with hormone receptor–positive/HER2 breast cancer represent a high proportion of patients with breast cancer brain metastases (BrM). Hence, clinical trials should include patients with BrM and evaluate CNS-specific activity of novel systemic therapies when feasible, irrespective of breast cancer subtype. In addition, given that symptomatic BrM are associated with shorter survival, this study suggests that screening programs for the early detection and treatment of breast cancer BrM warrant further investigation in an era of minimally toxic stereotactic radiosurgery.
Optimizing duration and sampling times for iohexol plasma disappearance curves to measure glomerular filtration rate in children with chronic kidney disease

Measurement of iohexol plasma disappearance GFR in children require optimization of duration and sampling times Shortening the plasma disappearance study may overestimate GFR. We examined iohexol plasma disappearance curves in 27 children to determine the degree of overestimation in GFR due to shortening studies from 6 to 5 and to 4 hours. GFR measured after 5 hours was comparable to that after 6 hours, but shortening to 4 hours resulted in a 3% (p< 0.01) overestimation of GFR. Another simplification would be reducing the number of blood samples used to determine GFR. We followed the lead of Brochner-Mortensen and derived the relationship between a single compartment (slowGFR) disappearance curve and that from a double exponential analysis (two compartments sampled at 10, 30, 120, and 300 minutes), using 489 GFR measurements (median= 44 ml/min per1.73m 2 ) in visit 1 of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study. Using polynomial regression methods, we developed coefficients to accurately measure GFR from a single compartment: GFR2 = K1*slowGFR + K2*(slowGFR) 2 . The coefficients (K1=1.0019 ; K2=-0.001258) were then used to generate GFR2 to be compared with 361 four point GFRs in visit 2. There was excellent correlation (r=0.999) and no bias or change in between-individuals’ dispersion. Conclusion: GFR can be accurately measured in children with CKD using the slow component of the iohexol plasma disappearance curve, provided the duration of study is study with iohexol (Omnipaque™) for the GFR measurements. We are indebted Maier for coordinating the central laboratory's preparation of GFR kits and tracking the blood samples, to Brian Erway and Dr. Tai for skillfully developing and maintaining the iohexol HPLC assay at the University of Rochester Medical
Acoustic Cell Separation Based on Density and Mechanical Properties

Density and mechanical properties (e.g., compressibility or bulk modulus) are important cellular biophysical markers. As such, developing a method to separate cells directly based on these properties can beneﬁt various applications including biological research, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. As a potential solution, surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based cell separation has demonstrated advantages in terms of biocompatibility and compact device size. However, most SAW-reliant cell separations are achieved using an entangled effect of density, various mechanical properties, and size. In this work, we demonstrate SAW-based separation of cells/particles based on their density and compressibility, irrespective of their sizes, by manipulating the acoustic properties of the ﬂuidic medium. Using our platform, SAW-based separation is achieved by varying the dimensions of the microﬂuidic channels, the wavelengths of acoustic signals, and the properties of the ﬂuid media. Our method was applied to separate paraformaldehyde-treated and fresh Hela cells based on differences in mechanical properties; a recovery rate of 85 % for ﬁxed cells was achieved. It was also applied to separate red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) which have different densities. A recovery rate of 80.5 % for WBCs was achieved. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4046180]
Maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy and offspring’s risk of psychoses: variation by severity of infection and offspring sex

Objective— Previous studies suggest that prenatal immune challenges may elevate offspring’s risk of schizophrenia and related psychoses, yet there has been limited research focused on bacterial infection. Method— This study analyzes prospectively collected data of 15,421 pregnancies enrolled between 1959 and 1966 in the study sites in Boston, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island through the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The sample included 116 offspring with confirmed psychoses. We estimated associations between maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy and psychosis risk over the subsequent 40 years, stratified by offspring sex and presence of reported parental mental illness, with adjustment for covariates. Results— Maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy was strongly associated with psychosis in offspring (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–2.7, p=0.002), which varied by severity of infection and offspring sex. The effect of multi-systemic bacterial infection (aOR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3–5.9, p exact =0.01) was nearly twice the effect of less severe localized bacterial infection (aOR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.3, p=0.03). Males were significantly more likely to develop psychosis following maternal exposure to any bacterial infection during pregnancy than females (p=0.02). Conclusions— This study suggests that maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk for psychoses in offspring—an association that also varies by infection severity and offspring sex. These findings call for additional investigation and, if replicated, potentially public health and clinical efforts that focus on preventing and managing bacterial infection among pregnant women. considerable evidence that gestational viral infections during pregnancy have adverse consequences in offspring (1). Our study was consistent with this and extended previous work by demonstrating significant impact of maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy on later risk for schizophrenia and related psychoses, which was particularly dependent on the severity of infection and offspring sex. These findings could be an important first step to motivating large-scale national register investigation of this type of research question. Larger samples would provide opportunities to address some of the crucial components on the etiologic pathway from prenatal bacterial infection and psychosis, such as gestational timing of exposure, sex-specific transmission of psychotic illness, specific subtypes of psychosis, and finer categorization of infectious exposure. If replicated,
Testing fractal and Markov models of ion channel kinetics

ever, supported by the patch clamp data, and consistent with protein biophysical measurements and molecular dynamics simulations, we proposed (4-8) that channels have (a) a large number of states and (b) that the kinetic rates connecting these states were linked, and were not independent. Since the data suggested that this linkage has fractal properties, we called our model a fractal model. Korn and Horn (1) and McManus et al. (2) conclude that the few state exponential models fit the data better than the simplest fractal model and therefore imply that ion channels do indeed have a few states connected by independent, exponential kinetic rates. Such a conclusion is not supported by the evidence they present. First, they have ignored the extensive experimental and theoretical work over the last decade (9-20) that shows that proteins have a large number of conformational states and can have non-exponential dynamics; this contradicts their assumption of a small number of exponential time processes. Second, the few state exponential models fit the data not necessarily because they have any physical meaning, but simply because they have a large enough number of adjustable parameters, up to 15 in the paper by McManus and Magleby (21). Korn, Horn, McManus, Weiss, Spivak, Blatz, and Magleby have provided new evidence for the old adage that any model with enough adjustable parameters can fit anything. It is not as simple as "Markov vs. Fractal. " There are really two separate issues: (a) are there a small number or a large number (a continuum) of channel states, and (b) are the kinetic rates between these states independent or connected by a simple relationship, fractal or otherwise. All four combinations are possible. An exponential model with a few discrete states may have independent rates, or it may have a set of kinetic rates with
γ c-signaling cytokines induce a regulatory T cell (Treg) phenotype in malignant CD4+ T lymphocytes

Here we demonstrate that malignant mature CD4+ T lymphocytes derived from cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) variably display some aspects of the Tregulatory (Treg) phenotype. Whereas seven cell lines representing a spectrum of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders expressed CD25 and TGF- β , the expression of FOXP3 and, to a lesser degree, IL-10 was restricted to two CTCL cell lines that are dependent on exogeneous IL-2. IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21, all of which signals through receptors containing the common γ ( γ c) chain, induced expression of IL-10 in the IL-2-dependent cell lines as well as primary leukemic CTCL cells. However, only IL-2 and IL-15, but not IL-21, induced expression of FOXP3. The IL-2-triggered induction of IL-10 and FOXP3 expression occurred by signaling through STAT3 and STAT5, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of the CTCL tissues revealed that FOXP3-expressing cells were common among the CD7-negative enlarged atypical and small lymphocytes at the early, skin patch and plaque stages. Their frequency was profoundly diminished at the tumor stage and in the CTCL lymph node lesions with or without large cell transformation. These results indicate that the Treg cell features are induced in CTCL T cells by γ c signaling cytokines such as IL-2 and do not represent a fully pre-determined, constitutive phenotype independent of the local environmental stimuli to which these malignant mature CD4+ T cells become exposed.
BTK Inhibitors: present and future

Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase which plays a central role in the signal transduction of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and other cell surface receptors, both in normal and malignant B lymphocytes. BCR signaling is activated in secondary lymphatic organs and drives the proliferation of malignant B cells, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. During the last ten years, BTK inhibitors (BTKi) are increasingly replacing chemotherapy-based regimen, especially in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). BTKi are particularly active in patients with CLL and MCL, but also received approval for Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and chronic graft versus host disease. Current clinical practice is continuous long-term administration of BTKi, which can be complicated by side effects or the development of drug resistance. Alternatives to long-term use of BTKi are being developed, such as combination therapies, permitting for limited duration therapy. Second generation BTKi are under development, which differ from ibrutinib, the first in class BTKi, in their specificity for BTK, and therefore may differentiate themselves from ibrutinib in terms of side effects or efficacy.