Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Another piece of the puzzle: The fast H I outflow in Mrk 231

We present the detection, performed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) and the Karl Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), of a fast H I 21 cm outflow in the ultra-luminous infrared galaxy Mrk 231. The outflow is observed as shallow H I absorption blueshifted ~1300 km s-1 with respect to the systemic velocity and located against the inner kpc of the radio source. The outflowing gas has an estimated column density between 5 and 15 × 1018Tspin cm-2. We derive the Tspin to lie in the range 400-2000 K and the corresponding H I densities are nHI ~ 10-100 cm-3. Our results complement previous findings and confirm the multiphase nature of the outflow in Mrk 231. Although effects of the interaction between the radio plasma and the surrounding medium cannot be ruled out, the energetics and the lack of a clear kpc-scale jet suggest that the most likely origin of the H I outflow is a wide-angle nuclear wind, as earlier proposed to explain the neutral outflow traced by Na I and molecular gas in this source. Our results suggest that an H I component is present in fast outflows regardless of the acceleration mechanism (wind vs. jet driven) and that it must be connected with common properties of the pre-interaction gas involved. Considering the observed similarity of their column densities, the H I outflow likely represents the inner part of the broad wind identified on larger scales in atomic Na I. The mass outflow rate of the H I outflow (between 8 and 18 M⊙ yr-1) does not appear to be as large as that observed in molecular gas, partly owing to the smaller sizes of the outflowing region sampled by the H I absorption. These characteristics are commonly seen in other cases of outflows driven by the active galactic nucleus (AGN) suggesting that the H I may represent a short intermediate phase in the rapid cooling of the gas. The results further confirm H I as a good tracer for AGN-driven outflows not only in powerful radio sources. We also obtained deeper continuum images than previously available. They confirm the complex structure of the radio continuum originating both from the AGN and star formation. At the resolution obtained with the VLA (~1'') we do not see a kpc-scale jet. Instead, we detect a plateau of emission, likely due to star formation, surrounding the bright nuclear region. We also detect a poorly collimated bridge which may represent the channel feeding the southern lobe. The unprecedented depth of the low-resolution WSRT image reveals radio emission extending 50'' (43 kpc) to the south and 20'' (17 kpc) to the north. The continuum images and the average spectra (FITS files) are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat? J/A+A/593/A30
Uncertainties on atomic data. A case study: N iv

We consider three recent large-scale calculations for the radiative and electron-impact excitation data of N iv, carried out with different methods and codes. The scattering calculations employed the relativistic Dirac R-matrix (DARC) method, the intermediate coupling frame transformation (ICFT) R-matrix method, and the B-spline R-matrix (BSR) method. These are all large-scale scattering calculations with well-tested and sophisticated codes, which use the same set of target states. One concern raised in previous literature is related to the increasingly large discrepancies in the effective collision strengths between the three sets of calculations for increasingly weak and/or high-lying transitions. We have built three model ions and calculated the intensities of all the main spectral lines in this ion. We have found that, despite such large differences, excellent agreement (to within ±20 per cent) exists between all the spectroscopically relevant line intensities. This provides confidence in the reliability of the calculations for plasma diagnostics. We have used the differences in the radiative and excitation rates amongst the three sets of calculations to obtain a measure of the uncertainty in each rate. Using a Monte Carlo approach, we have shown how these uncertainties affect the main theoretical ratios that are used to measure electron densities and temperatures.
Stable Food Crops Turning Into Commercial Crops: Case Studies Of Teff, Wheat And Rice In Ethiopia

Teff, wheat and rice are becoming important market oriented crops in Ethiopia. This study aims at measuring the level of market orientation of households in these crops, identifying the important market places and market outlets used by producers, and analyzing the determinants of market orientation in these crops. Results are based on analysis of data collected from community (peasant association) and household surveys in three districts in three regional states of the country in 2005. Analysis of descriptive information and econometric analysis are used. About 65 - 77% of households produce these market oriented commodities in the study areas, on about 27 – 44% of the total cultivated land. About 47 – 60% of the produce of these market oriented commodities is sold. The important market places for producers of these commodities are the district town markets and markets located at the peasant associations within the district. Wholesalers and retailers are the most important buyers from producers. Average distance to market places for these commodities is about two walking hours. Econometric analyses show that market orientation of households is affected by a host of factors related to household demographics, household endowments of human and physical capital, access to institutional services, and village level factors. Size of cultivable land and traction power, and household labor supply are important factors that induce households to be market oriented. While household size tends to favor food security objectives, number of dependents is associated with market orientation. Population control measures could contribute to market orientation through their effect of reducing household subsistence requirements. Our results also imply that interventions to improvements markets operations in order to benefit producers need to consider the operation of district level markets. Improving the operations of factor markets of land, traction and farm labor could contribute to enhancing market orientation of farm households. Special attention is needed to female headed households in the process of commercial transformation of subsistence agriculture. The development and institutionalization of marketing extension warrants due consideration.
Release of Pharmaceutical Peptides in an Aggregated State: Using Fibrillar Polymorphism to Modulate Release Levels

Traditional approaches to achieve sustained delivery of pharmaceutical peptides traditionally use co-excipients (e.g., microspheres and hydrogels). Here, we investigate the release of an amyloidogenic glucagon analogue (3474) from an aggregated state and the influence of surfactants on this process. The formulation of peptide 3474 in dodecyl maltoside (DDM), rhamnolipid (RL), and sophorolipid (SL) led to faster fibrillation. When the aggregates were subjected to multiple cycles of release by repeated resuspension in fresh buffer, the kinetics of the release of soluble peptide 3474 from different surfactant aggregates all followed a simple exponential decay fit, with half-lives of 5–18 min and relatively constant levels of release in each cycle. However, different amounts of peptide are released from different aggregates, ranging from 0.015 mg/mL (3475-buffer) up to 0.03 mg/mL (3474-DDM), with 3474-buffer and 3474-RL in between. In addition to higher release levels, 3474-DDM aggregates showed a different amyloid FTIR structure, compared to 3474-RL and 3474-SL aggregates and a faster rate of degradation by proteinase K. This demonstrates that the stability of organized peptide aggregates can be modulated to achieve differences in release of soluble peptides, thus coupling aggregate polymorphism to differential release profiles. We achieved aggregate polymorphism by the addition of different surfactants, but polymorphism may also be reached through other approaches, including different excipients as well as changes in pH and salinity, providing a versatile handle to control release profiles.
VILNIUS UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

In this dissertation spectral line formation in stellar atmospheres is explored, focusing on the interplay between convection, radiative transfer, and spectral line formation. For this purpose we use three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamical CO5BOLD model atmospheres, which allow to model convection in an explicit way. As a first step in this investigation, we studied the influence of convection on the asymmetries and Doppler shifts of Fe i spectral lines in the metal-poor red giant HD 122563. In general, a good agreement between the theoretically predicted and observed Doppler shifts of Fe i line cores was found, with somewhat larger discrepancies seen in the cases of weaker (equivalent width W < 5 pm) and stronger lines (W > 11 pm). Next, we investigated the influence of convection on the formation of spectral lines in the atmospheres of red giant stars. For this, we used model atmospheres with the parameters similar to red giants located at the tip and bottom of the RGB. For the giant located at the RGB tip (Teff = 3660 K, log g = 1.0, [M/H] = 0.0), we studied weak fictitious spectral lines of Li i, Na i, Mg i, Mg ii, and K i. While the 3D–1D abundance corrections for the neutral species were found to be small, at the level of ≈ ±0.1 dex, the corrections for Mg ii spanned over the range between +0.2 dex and –0.6 dex, with the extreme values corresponding to the transitions originating at the highest atomic energy levels investigated (10 eV). For giants located at the lower part of the RGB (Teff = 5000 K, log g = 2.5, [M/H] = 0.0,−1.0,−2.0,−3.0), we studied the formation of weak fictitious lines of Li i, Na i, Mg i, Mg ii, K i, Ca i, and Ca ii. At [M/H] = 0.0, 3D–1D abundance corrections for neutral species are of the same order as for the giant located at the RGB tip and do not exceed ≈ ±0.1 dex. For the ionized species 3D–1D corrections are in the same range. However, the magnitude of 3D–1D corrections for neutral species changes with metallicity and generally becomes largest (in its absolute value) at the lowest metallicity. For example, in the extreme case of Mg i, the 3D–1D abundance correction is equal to −0.7 dex at [M/H] = −3.0. We also investigated the influence of convection and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) radiative transfer on the formation of resonance Li i doublet (λ = 670.8 nm) in the atmospheres of main sequence (MS), main sequence turn-off (TO), subgiant branch (SGB), and RGB stars, all at two metallicities, [M/H] = 0.0 and −2.0. This investigation was carried out using 3D hydro-
The dynamics of microfilaraemia and its relation with development of disease in periodic Brugia malayi infection in South India

SUMMARY Rates of acquisition and loss of Brugia malayi microfilaraemia were estimated using the parasitological data of a cohort of population in Shertallai, South India. The rate of acquisition of microfilaraemia was found to be dependent on age but not gender. The decline in the rate of acquisition of microfilaraemia in adults above 35 years could be due to the development of acquired immunity. The mean reproductive lifespan for the periodic Brugia malayi adult female worm was estimated to be 34 years and it was independent of host age and gender. The age-specific estimated proportion of population at risk (microfilaria carriers who lost their microfilaria in course of time) of developing lymphoedema approximately mirrored the observed age specific prevalence of lymphoedema in the study population. On an average. 99% of population at risk developed manifestations of disease. The estimated population at risk of developing disease in different endemic areas is compared and its epidemiological significance is discussed.
Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity in Brazil: Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of Italian Questionnaire

This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, validate, and apply a questionnaire to the Brazilian non-celiac gluten sensitive (NCGS) population. We also aimed to estimate the prevalence of symptoms which affect Brazilian NCGS. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the NCGS questionnaire was developed according to revised international guidelines. Five-hundred-and-fourty-three participants responded the NCGS questionnaire. We evaluated the reproducibility and validity of the questionnaire which presents valid measures of reproducibility. This is the first specific self-reported validated questionnaire for NCGS patients in Brazilian Portuguese, and the first nationwide characterization of self-reported NCGS in Brazilian adults. Most respondents were female (92.3%), and the main intestinal symptoms reported were bloating and abdominal pain. The most frequent extraintestinal symptoms were lack of wellbeing, tiredness, and depression. We expect that the present study will provide a picture of Brazilian individuals with suspected NCGS, which could help health professionals and governmental institutions in developing effective strategies to improve the treatment and diagnosis of Brazilian NCGS.
HIGH-ORDER MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION AT METAL SURFACES BY LASER FIELDS OF MODERATE POWER

By considering a laser-induced dipole layer along the surface of a metal and its action on an electron of the metal, it is shown that at moderate laser field intensities of some 10 W cm energetic electrons of a few 100 eV can be produced, which explains recent observations of Farkas et al. @Phys. Rev. A 41, 4123 ~1990! ; Opt. Eng. 32, 2476 ~1993! # without necessarily resorting to the mechanism of Coulomb explosion, taking place after the completion of the ionization process. @S1050-2947~98! 00601-5#
EFFECT OF INTRODUCING OZONE PRIOR TO ELEMENTAL CHLORINE FREE BLEACHING OF WHEAT STRAW PULP ON PULP, PAPER AND EFFLUENT PROPERTIES

Ozone has been considered for the development of greener processes for hardwood and softwood pulps. This paper summarizes the results obtained using ozone bleaching on wheat straw pulp, followed by elemental chlorine free bleaching. This work evaluated the effect of introducing ozone bleaching on the optical properties of wheat straw pulp, along with the content of metal ions and hexenuronic acid in the pulp, pulp strength and morphological properties, as well as effluent properties. Introducing an ozone stage into the ECF bleaching sequence of wheat straw pulp improved pulp brightness by 2.5 units, pulp whiteness – by 4.0 units, while reducing the hexenuronic acid content by 21.6% and brightness reversion – by 34.8%, and allowed attaining physical strength and morphological properties comparable to those of the control. The introduction of the ozone treatment reduced the Fe, Cu and Mn content in the pulp by 6%, 11% and 31%, respectively. It also significantly reduced the COD in the bleaching filtrate by 41.2%, BOD – by 39.6%, colour level – by 57.9% and AOX – by 47.3%, compared to the control. The introduction of ozone prior to elemental chlorine free bleaching of wheat straw pulp was demonstrated to improve effluent quality, while yielding comparable pulp and paper properties.
Carbonatite and Alkaline Magmatism in Taourirt (Morocco): Petrological, Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotope Characteristics

Alkaline lamprophyre dykes from Taourirt (North Morocco) contain numerous xenoliths, ranging from alkaline pyroxenites, kaersutitites, gabbros and nepheline syenites to a calcite carbonatite. The silicate xenoliths and the host rocks consist of Aland Ti-rich diopside±salite, mica or kaersutitite, nepheline, plagioclase and K-feldspar, and ubiquitous apatite. Both the xenoliths and the lamprophyres are enriched in incompatible elements. The chemical composition of the lamprophyres cannot be accounted for by fractional crystallization alone. Moreover, the clinopyroxenes exhibit complex zoning, which requires repeated mixing of pulses of more or less fractionated melts. The carbonatite is a soEvite cumulate with Sr-rich calcite, pyrochlore, fluorapatite, and rare salite. The Sr±Nd isotopic compositions of the Taourirt rocks indicate a depleted mantle source, the carbonatite having the most depleted composition, and define a linear trend similar to that of the East African carbonatites. The different rocks thus represent unrelated magmas, and the trend is interpreted as mixing between two components with HIMU and EM1 mantle end-member signatures. An EM2 mantle component could also be involved for a few samples; it may correspond to hydrous metasomatized mantle of the PP± PKP (phlogopite and phlogopite K-richterite peridotite) and MARID (mica, amphibole, rutile, ilmenite and diopside) type.
Loop groups and twisted $K$-theory II

Elliptic operators appear in different guises in the representation theory of compact Lie groups. The Borel-Weil construction [BW], phrased in terms of holomorphic functions, has at its heart the ∂̄ operator on Kähler manifolds. The ∂̄ operator and differential geometric vanishing theorems figure prominently in the subsequent generalization by Bott [B]. An alternative approach using an algebraic Laplace operator was given by Kostant [K3]. The Atiyah-Bott proof [AB] of Weyl’s character formula uses a fixed point theorem for the ∂̄ complex. On a spin Kähler manifold ∂̄ can be expressed in terms of the Dirac operator. This involves a shift, in this context the ρ-shift whose analog for loop groups appears in our main theorem. Dirac operators may be used instead of ∂̄ in these applications to representation theory, and indeed they often appear explicitly. In this paper we introduce a new construction: the Dirac family attached to a representation of a Lie group G which is either compact or the loop group of a compact Lie group; in the latter case the representation is restricted to having positive energy. The Dirac family is a collection of Fredholm operators parametrized by an affine space, equivariant for an affine action of a central extension of G by the circle group T. For an irreducible representation the support of the family is the coadjoint orbit given by the Kirillov correspondence, and the entire construction is reminiscent of the Fourier transform of the character [K2, Rule 6]. The Dirac family represents a class in twisted equivariant K-theory, so we obtain a map from representations to K-theory. For compact Lie groups it is a nonstandard realization of the twisted equivariant Thom homomorphism, which was proved long ago to be an isomorphism. Our main result, Theorem 3.44, is that this map from representations to K-theory is an isomorphism when G is a loop group. The existence of a construction along these lines was first suggested by Graeme Segal; cf. [AS, §5].
Anaerobic treatment of real textile wastewater with a fluidized bed reactor

Anaerobic treatability of a real cotton textile wastewater was investigated in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) with pumice as the support material. The immobilized biomass or attached volatile solids level on the support material was 0.073 g VSS/g support material at the end of the 128-d start-up period. During the operation period, real cotton textile wastewater was fed to the anaerobic FBR both unsupplemented (in Stages 1 and 2) and supplemented (with synthetic municipal wastewater in Stage 3 and glucose in Stages 4–6). The effect of operational conditions such as organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT), influent glucose concentration as the co-substrate, etc. was investigated to achieve the maximum color removal efficiency in the reactor. Results indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater studied was possible with the supplementation of an external carbon source in the form of glucose (about 2 g/l). The corresponding maximum COD, BOD5 and color removals were found to be around 82%, 94% and 59%, respectively, for HRT of around 24 h and OLR of 3 kg COD/m/d. Further increase in external carbon source added to real textile wastewater did not improve the color removal efficiency of the anaerobic FBR reactor. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Theoretical and numerical study of a symmetrical triple flame using the parabolic flame path approximation

In non-premixed turbulent combustion the reactive zone is localized at the stoichiometric surfaces of the mixture and may be locally approximated by a diffusion flame. Experiments and numerical simulations reveal a characteristic structure at the edge of such a two-dimensional diffusion flame. This ‘triple flame’ or ‘edge flame’ consists of a curved flame front followed by a trailing edge that constitutes the body of the diffusion flame. Triple flames are also observed at the edge of a lifted laminar diffusion flame near the exit of burners. The speed of propagation of the triple flame determines such important properties as the rate of increase of the flame surface in non-premixed combustion and the lift-off distance in lifted flames at burners. This paper presents an approximate theory of triple flames based on an approximation of the flame shape by a parabolic profile, for large activation energy and low but finite heat release. The parabolic flame path approximation is a heuristic approximation motivated by physical considerations and is independent of the large activation energy and low heat release assumptions which are incorporated through asymptotic expansions. Therefore, what is presented here is not a truly asymptotic theory of triple flames, but an asymptotic solution of a model problem in which the flame shape is assumed parabolic. Only the symmetrical flame is considered and Lewis numbers are taken to be unity. The principal results are analytical formulas for the speed and curvature of triple flames as a function of the upstream mixture fraction gradient in the limit of infinitesimal heat release as well as small but finite heat release. For given chemistry, the solution provides a complete description of the triple flame in terms of the upstream mixture fraction gradient. The theory is validated by comparison with numerical simulation of the primitive equations.
THE CRISPR/CAS9-CREATED MDM2 T309G ENHANCES VITREOUS-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF MDM2 AND PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL OF CELLS

The 309G allele of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mouse double minute ( MDM2) promoter locus is associated with a higher risk of cancer and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), but as to whether this SNP G309 contributes to the pathogenesis of PVR is to-date unknown. The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease (Cas)9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) can be harnessed to manipulate a single or multiple nucleotides in mammalian cells.
Associative algebras and broken lines

Inspired by Morse theory, we introduce a topological stack Broken, which we refer to as the moduli stack of broken lines. We show that Broken can be presented as a Lie groupoid with corners and provide a combinatorial description of sheaves on Broken with values in any compactly generated infinity-category C. Moreover, we show that factorizable C-valued sheaves (with respect to a natural semigroup structure on the stack Broken) can be identified with nonunital A-infinity-algebras in C. This is a first step in a program whose goal is to present an `equation-free' construction of the Morse complex associated to a compact Riemannian manifold.
THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF A NON-IDEAL FERMI GAS

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