Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Summer Transports of Nutrients in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Estimated by Inverse Modelling

Abstract In this paper, we use an inverse methodology to parameterize box models of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) to study carbon, oxygen and nutrient exchanges and transports during the summer period. Three models were developed and compared: a purely physical model A1 and two models including biogeochemical processes (new production, particle sedimentation, remineralization, and burial): a ‘ high-flux ’ model A2 and a ‘ low-flux ’ model A3, named in reference to shallow particle flux measurements. Even though the best fits for oxygen, phosphate, and nitrate mass balances were obtained with the low-flux model A3, our results show that a model based only on advection and diffusion fluxes gives a good representation of all the nutrient patterns in summer. However, the use of nutrient and other biogeochemical processes improved the water, heat, and salt balances relative to using only physical data. Moreover, the use of biogeochemical processes allows model A3 more flexibility to reproduce oxygen and nutrient patterns in the deep layer. Without the biogeochemical processes, the deep circulation along the Laurentian Channel and the upward fluxes into the upper layers were reduced below expected values due to the incapacity of the model to balance deep inflows of nutrients with surface outflows through Cabot Strait. The low-flux model A3 estimated higher velocities in the deep layer since the deep nutrient inflows could then be balanced by biological removal in the upper layers. The resulting flow pattern indicated that the St. Lawrence system can be characterized by two main regions: the western region (Estuary, Gaspe Current and Northwestern Gulf), where high biological production is associated with a cyclonic and upwelling circulation, and the eastern region (Laurentian Channel Central, Jacques Cartier Passage, Esquiman Channel and Cabot Strait), where low production is associated with an anticyclonic and downwelling circulation. The Southern Gulf or Magdalen Shallows is mainly influenced by the Gaspe Current, which transports nutrients and production towards Cabot Strait.
Physical Appearance and Its Effect on Trust

The first assessment of another person’s trustworthiness may depend on several factors, such as previous experiences, education, cultural context, and prejudices, but also on the physical attributes and appearance of the person. We hypothesized that different physical traits would affect teenagers’ initial trust of an unknown person and that they would give greater trust to women and people of similar ethnicity. To test this hypothesis, we developed a survey to determine the sets of physical characteristics that affect a person's trustworthiness, including gender, skin color/ethnicity, and facial expressions by asking teenagers to select pictures of young adults presented in pairs based on their physical appearance. For this, 52 teenage volunteers answered this survey in which each of the questions displayed two computer-generated images of people that represented hypothetical Uber drivers of the same age with different physical characteristics. The participants selected the person they preferred to have as an Uber driver based only on the images shown. Results indicated that female participants preferred women drivers, but male participants had no preference for the driver´s gender. Mexican drivers were selected less than white or black drivers, and participants trusted a smiling expression over neutral expressions. We concluded that gender and expression were the main physical traits associated with how trustworthy an individual looks, while ethnicity was also important.
Quantifying the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff in the water source area of Beijing, China

Abstract Quantitative assessment of the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff is very important for regional sustainable water resources adaptive management. In this study, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test is used to identify the trends in and change points of the annual runoff with the aim of analysing the changing characteristics of the hydrological cycle. The study presents the analytical derivation of a method which combines six Budyko hypothesis-based water–energy balance equations with the Penman-Monteith equation to separate the effects of climate change and human activities. The method takes several climate variables into consideration. Results based on data from the Yongding River basin, China, show that climate change is estimated to account for 10.5–12.6% of the reduction in annual runoff and human activities contribute to 87.4–89.5% of the runoff decline. The results indicate that human activities are the main driving factors for the reduction in runoff. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor C.Y. Xu
Determinant Performance of Islamic Equity Funds in Indonesia

One of the issues that have an impact on the growth of Islamic Equity Funds is financial risk tolerance. While it is a fundamental issue that is directly related to Islamic Equity Fund’s manager performance. If investment managers perform better to cultivate Islamic Equity Funds, then the intention in investing within Islamic Equity Funds will be increased. This research aims to determine and provide information about Islamic Equity Funds' performance in Indonesia. It used quantitative statistical analysis to investigate the influence of stock selection skills, market timing ability, fund size, fund age, expense ratio, and portfolio turnover towards the Islamic Equity Funds performance. This study used annual data over the periods 2015-2020 which was obtained from the prospectus of each Islamic Equity Fund, Central Bank Indonesia (BI), and Statistics Indonesia (BPS). The result indicates that stock selection skill and expense ratio have a positive significant impact on the performance of Islamic Equity Funds, while market timing ability, fund age, and fund size have not a significant impact but the result revealed positive values. Otherwise, the portfolio turnover has a negative significant impact on Islamic Equity Funds' performance. Hence, it can be inferred that the higher investment managers ability to select its portfolio stock, the better return will be obtained and it can be inferred that the expense ratio of an equity fund reflects how much it pays for portfolio management, administration, marketing, and distribution, among other things. Originality/Value: This paper focuses on the issue that occur in Islamic equity funds which are very essential as an investment portfolio, and only a few papers have conducted research in this area. Therefore, knowing the key factors that influence the performance of Islamic equity funds can optimize their function and attract investors.
Temperature tides and waves near the mesopause from lidar observations at two latitudes

[1] Daytime and nighttime temperature measurements covering several days enable the detection of tidal and wave perturbations in the mesopause region. This study presents two potassium lidar observations from 28°N and 54°N which cover more than 100 hours each. The temperature variations during this time show significant wave features, and numerical analyses allow to separate those of tidal and nontidal origin. The tidal activity under winter conditions is found to be dominated by upward propagating semidiurnal tides with amplitudes of about 10 K. Whereas a diurnal tide was also seen at 54°N, it was not detectable at 28°N. The data are discussed with respect to various available data sets and models. Comparisons with current numerical models show that especially the semidiurnal tide is clearly underestimated at both latitudes. The tidal activity exhibits a strong variability. This indicates nonlinear interactions with planetary waves, which have also been observed.
Use of phytocaps in remediation of closed landfills - correct selection of soil materials

AbstractPhytocapping is an emerging technology gaining interest as an alternate capping sys-tem in the management of closed landfills, particularly where leachate production occurs primarily through groundwater intrusion rather than surface infiltration. A field trial was undertaken at a former putrescible landfill to compare the performance of a phytocap and an engineered cap. The engineered cap comprised compacted subsoil, overlain by a gravel drainage layer, overlain by sandy clay loam topsoil. The phytocap comprised a layer of topsoil only. A range of native trees, shrubs and grasses were planted into each cap, and irrigated daily with landfill leachate of varying strength (0, 40 or 100%). Laboratory and field-testing evaluated the effect of leachate on soil physical and chemical properties. Deterioration in the topsoil’s hydraulic properties impaired lea-chate infiltration and encouraged surface erosion for both systems. Laboratory studies found that aggregate instability due to slumping was the major cause for the decline in soil hydraulic properties. The topsoil sorbed appreciable amounts of added ammonium, organic nitrogen and organic carbon, and transformed much of the added ammonium to nitrate within a 14-day period. Thus, the capping system has the potential to remove leachate contaminants if the hydraulic properties of the topsoil can be improved. The trial has shown the importance of correct testing prior to selecting soil materials for use in capping systems where infiltration of leachate and rainwater is encouraged rather than discouraged.Key words: nitrogen, carbon, phytocap, phytoremediation, landfill leachate, capping systems
An s coordinate density evolving model of the northwest European continental shelf: 2. Seasonal currents and tides

The barotropic tides and the residual currents from a year long run of a three-dimensional baroclinic model (the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Three-Dimensional Baroclinic B grid model) applied to the northwest European shelf are investigated. M2 currents and elevations differ from observations by typically 0.114 m s−1 and 0.143 m; these errors are dominated by a number of large values at the coast. The density component of the residual currents is derived from the difference between the full model and wind and tide only model runs. This demonstrates the importance of density-driven currents in a number of regions, particularly in the Norwegian Trench, around the St. George's Channel, to the east of the Shetland Isles, and in the river plumes. However, volume fluxes show the mass budget of the North Sea is primarily determined by the wind-driven circulation. Calculations of the dynamic balance in the model show the significance of friction and/or advective effects, on a timescale of days, at a number of locations (e.g., the Dover Strait and in the central North Sea). However, the monthly mean currents are in geostrophic balance over virtually the whole domain; ageostrophic components adjust the surface and isopycnal slopes to restore this balance on comparatively short timescales. Particular attention is given to the western boundary, and we demonstrate that variations in the imposed temperature and salinity here have only a limited effect on the shelf. Current meters on the Hebrides shelf show that the model produces reasonably accurate residual currents but also that this agreement is degraded by the boundary condition on Porcupine Bank.
Response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) varieties to leaf harvesting in Botswana.

In Botswana, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) is not only grown for grain but also the leaves are harvested and used as vegetable. The effect of leaf harvesting on grain yield under Botswana conditions is not known. This study was, therefore, undertaken to assess the response of four cowpea varieties namely Tswana, Blackeye, ER 7 and TVx 3236 to leaf harvesting. Under field experiments carried out over two growing seasons, effects of four levels of leaf harvesting (0, 25, 50 and 75%) on growth and grain yield were determined. While harvesting of up to 50% of leaves increased grain yields of Tswana and Blackeye, these were depressed when up to 75% of leaves were harvested. Also, all leaf harvesting treatments had significant negative impact on ER 7 and TVX 3236 grain yields. The results suggest that Tswana and Blackeye cowpeas could be developed for the dual purpose of leaf and grain production in Botswana and other areas where cowpea leaves are relished as a vegetable. UNISWA Jnl of Agric Vol 8 1999: pp 5-11
Chemical, spectroscopic, and biological characteristics of the organic matter in particle size fractions separated from an Aquoll

Samples from the surface horizon of a cultivated Aquoll were ultrasonically dispersed and separated into particle size fractions. Humic acids (HAs) were extracted from the whole soil and each particle size fraction. Residual humic acids (RHAs) were obtained from the residue of each HA extraction by treating with HCl-HF and reextracting. Chemical analyses showed that the fine silt fraction had the highest C and N contents. Although δ¹⁵N values and proportions of mineralizable N increased with decreasing particle size, C/N ratios decreased. Mineralizable N appeared to be related to both the total N content and the characteristics of the minerals with which the organic matter was associated. Nitrogen in sand and silt fractions was more resistant to mineralization than in clay fractions. Extractions with 0.5 M NaOH removed more of the C and N from the fine-clay fraction than from the whole soil or any of the other fractions. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra showed that HAs extracted from clays were more aliphatic than HAs extracted from larger particle sizes. The major aliphatic components in the clay size fractions appeared to be alkanoic and hydroxyalkanoic acids. Compared with HAs, RHAs, were more homogeneous, contained fewer proteinaceous materials and carbohydrates, were more aromatic, richer in phenolic OH and CO₂H groups, had higher molecular weights, and contained more free radicals.
Chemical composition and source signature of spring aerosol in Seoul, Korea

The measurement of atmospheric aerosol was made in Seoul during the spring of 1998. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol with an emphasis on the effect of Asian dust. Total suspended particles (TSP) and particles smaller than 10 mm (PM10) were collected during March-
Assessment of the Groundwater Quality in Parts of Imo River Basin, Southeastern Nigeria: The Case of Imo Shale and Ameki Formations

Hydro-geochemical survey is undertaken in parts of Imo River Basin, Southeastern Nigeria, particularly in the geologic formations of Imo Shale and Ameki, to assess the quality of groundwater. Eleven samples of groundwater are obtained from various boreholes in the study area and subjected to physico-chemical analysis using standard laboratory techniques. The study is aimed at the assessment of the groundwater quality indicators namely: pH, electrical conductivity (N), phosphate (PO4), sulphate (SO4), nitrate(NO3-) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The result shows that the water from boreholes in Umuahia has low pH, and is therefore acidic. The pH values range between 4.40 and 5.60, which is below the acceptable range of 6.5-8.5. The acidity probably results from carbonic acid derived from the solution of CO2 from both the atmosphere and the decomposition of plant materials in the soil zone. The acidity of the groundwater gives slight sour taste to drinking water, due to the mobilization of trace metals from the aquifer material into the groundwater system, because of the corrosive effect of acidic water. Since borehole supply is rarely treated, these trace metals end up in domestic supplies resulting in health implications and complaints. Acidic waters are typically low in buffering calcium minerals, but are high in dissolved carbon dioxide gas, which can cause the low pH or acidity. Calcite neutralizer tanks with natural crushed and screened pure calcium carbonate easily neutralize acidic water from 6.0 to 6.9. Below 6.0 a blend of calcite and Corosex is recommended. Common systems used to treat low pH: Calcite Neutralizer, calcite & Corosex Blend Neutralizer, pflow Neutralizer, Soda Ash Feed Pump Injection System.
Using multi-proxy palaeoecology to test a relict status of refugial populations of calcareous-fen species in the Western Carpathians

The distribution pattern of relict and specialised species in calcareous fens was revealed to be non-stochastic, with ancient fens harbouring more of these species than younger ones. This phenomenon could be caused by long-lasting in situ survivals over millennia, but direct palaeoecological evidence is lacking. We addressed the question whether at least some ancient calcareous fens indeed retained open-fen patches throughout the Holocene, using a palaeoecological approach involving proxies with different taphonomies (pollen, vascular plants, bryophytes, molluscs). We identified three old fens in the Western Carpathians, where several postglacial relict species have recently been found, and we reconstructed their histories with respect to sedimentary processes, vegetation structure and dynamics of relict species. The development at all the sites started with a (semi)-open fen community dominated by sedges and brown mosses. The site with the highest recent number of relict species was reconstructed to harbour open patches continually since the late Glacial to the present, including the middle Holocene when open-fen patches were restricted. By contrast, at the site with the lowest recent number of relict species, a large sedimentary hiatus suggested peat mineralisation or erosion that prevented the survival of light-demanding species. At all the sites, characteristic snails of European Glacial periods occurred during fen initiation, but disappeared around the early/middle Holocene transition. The probability of a relict species being present in a modern fen community increases with fen age, but it also depends on the continual existence of open-fen patches and peat accumulation throughout the middle Holocene.
Incoming Shortwave Fluxes at the Surface—A Comparison of GCM Results with Observations

Abstract Evidence is presented that the excess surface net radiation calculated in general circulation models at continental surfaces is mostly due to excess incoming shortwave fluxes. Based on long-term observations from 22 worldwide inland stations and results from four general circulation models the overestimate in models of 20% (11 W m−2) in net radiation on an annual basis compares with 6% (9 W m−2) for shortwave fluxes for the same 22 locations, or 9% (18 W m−2) for a larger set of 93 stations (71 having shortwave fluxes only). For annual fluxes, these differences appear to be significant.
A record of the last 460 thousand years of upper ocean stratification from the central Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic

The upper branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation predominantly enters the Atlantic Ocean through the southeast, where the subtropical gyre is exposed to the influence of the Agulhas leakage (AL). To understand how the transfer of Indian Ocean waters via the AL affected the upper water column of this region, we have generated new proxy records of planktic foraminifera from a core on the central Walvis Ridge, on the eastern flank of the South Atlantic Gyre (SAG). We analyzed the isotopic composition of subsurface dweller Globigerinoides ruber sensu lato, and thermocline Globorotalia truncatulinoides sinistral, spanning the last five Pleistocene glacial-interglacial (G-IG) cycles. The former displays a response to obliquity, suggesting connection with high latitude forcing, and a warming tendency during each glacial termination, in response to the interhemispheric seesaw. The δ18O difference between the two species, interpreted as a proxy for upper ocean stratification, reveals a remarkably regular sawtooth pattern, bound to G-IG cyclicity. It rises from interglacials until glacial terminations, with fast subsequent decrease, appearing to promptly respond to deglacial peaks of AL. Stratification, however, bears a different structure during the last cycle, being minimal at Last Glacial Maximum, and peaking at Termination I. We suggest this to be the result of the intensified glacial wind field over the SAG and/or of the invasion of the South Atlantic thermocline by Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Waters. The δ13C time series of the two species have similar G-IG pattern, whereas their difference is higher during interglacials. We propose that this may be the result of the alternation of intermediate water masses in different circulation modes, and of a regionally more efficient biological pump at times of high pCO2.
Petrology of the San Marcos gabbro, southern California

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper includes the results of a petrologic investigation of the gabbroid rocks of the San Luis Rey Quadrangle, Southern California (Fig. 1). The unusual features of these rocks were recognized by Professor E. S. Larsen during his mapping of the quadrangle, and the present study was undertaken at his suggestion for the purpose of throwing light on their origin and magmatic history. It is a pleasure for the writer to express his grateful appreciation to Professor Charles Palache and the Holden Fund of the Department of Mineralogy, Harvard University, for financial assistance in connection with both field and laboratory expenses, and to Professor Larsen for his helpful guidance and criticism throughout the investigation. The laboratory work was carried out during the year 1933–1934 while the author was holder of the Woodworth Memorial Fellowship. A composite batholith of Jurassic age forms a large part of the .
Using machine learning to develop a global coral bleaching predictor

Coral bleaching is a fatal process that reduces coral diversity, leads to habitat loss for marine organisms, and is a symptom of climate change. This process occurs when corals expel their symbiotic dinoflagellates, algae that photosynthesize within coral tissue providing corals with glucose. Restoration efforts have attempted to repair damaged reefs; however, there are over 360,000 square miles of coral reefs worldwide, making it challenging to target conservation efforts. Thus, predicting the likelihood of bleaching in a certain region would make it easier to allocate resources for conservation efforts. We developed a machine learning model to predict global locations at risk for coral bleaching. Data obtained from the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office consisted of various coral bleaching events and the parameters under which the bleaching occurred. Sea surface temperature, sea surface temperature anomalies, longitude, latitude, and coral depth below the surface were the features found to be most correlated to coral bleaching. Thirty-nine machine learning models were tested to determine which one most accurately used the parameters of interest to predict the percentage of corals that would be bleached. A random forest regressor model with an R-squared value of 0.25 and a root mean squared error value of 7.91 was determined to be the best model for predicting coral bleaching. In the end, the random model had a 96% accuracy in predicting the percentage of corals that would be bleached. This prediction system can make it easier for researchers and conservationists to identify coral bleaching hotspots and properly allocate resources to prevent or mitigate bleaching events.