Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements of Growth Rate of Filter Cake in Vertical Single-Pass Ultrafiltration Using Hollow Fiber Membrane Module

Vertical ultrafiltration experiments of silica colloid and bovine serum albumin solution were conducted in the single-pass mode by using a hollow fiber membrane module and beneficial in measuring the time evolution of the growth rate of the filter cake during filtration. The extremely small mass flux of the concentrate enabled us to highly concentrate the feed solution on the principle of vertical ultrafiltration in which the filter cake formed on the membrane surface is exfoliated continuously. Both growth and re-entrainment rates of the filter cake formed in vertical ultrafiltration were evaluated from the experimental data of the filtration rate and the mass fraction ratio of the concentrate on the basis of the mass balance within the hollow fiber membrane module. As a consequence, it was found that the re-entrainment rate of the filter cake increased almost linearly with the filtration time in the initial period of filtration and then tended to rapidly approach a constant value. The filter cake stopped growing under this dynamically balanced condition. The variations of the average specific resistance of the filter cake with time were also determined from the time evolutions of both the filtration rate and the growth rate of the filter cake.
Remediation of Pb and Cd Polluted Soils Using In Situ Immobilization and Phytoextraction Techniques

In situ immobilization and phytoextraction techniques have been used for remediation of Pb and Cd polluted soils. Three rates (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%) of seven immobilizing agents (cement, slag, phosphate rock, bitumen, Fe- and Al-gels, and δ-MnO2) were tested on three soils containing various levels of Pb (48–192.0 ug/g) and Cd (0.75–3.45 ug/g). All immobilizing agents reduced the plant available Pb and Cd as extracted by DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). The effectiveness of the various agents in immobilizing Pb and Cd followed the descending order: bitumen > cement > slag > Fe-gel > Al-gel > phosphate rock > δ -MnO2. Cement and phosphate rock fixed Pb and Cd mainly in the carbonate form, whereas the slag, bitumen, Fe-gel, Al-gel and δ -MnO2 fixed the metals mainly in the oxide form. The results of pot experiment proved the high ability of barnyard grass (Echinnochloa stagninum) to accumulate elevated amounts of Pb and Cd (ranging from 291–2421 and 6.1–45.9 ug metal/g dry matter, respectively). These amounts are higher than those reported for hyperaccumulators, particularly for Pb. The amounts of Pb and Cd removed by barnyard grass represent, on average, 46 and 72% of their initial total contents in the soils, respectively. These results proved that, without any other soil treatments, barnyard grass is highly efficient in removing considerable amounts of Pb and Cd from polluted soil within a reasonably short period of time. Therefore, use of barnyard grass for the phytoremediation of Pb and Cd polluted soils is feasible and recommended as an environmentally safe and cheap method. The most significant finding of this study is to name the barnyard grass as an efficient lead accumulator plant.
Project AIRSTREAM: Trace gas final report

The results of 10 years of sampling for trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are presented. These samples were collected under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and the Department of Energy (DOE). Almost 1000 whole air samples were collected during the years 1973 to 1983 under Project AIRSTREAM. Project AIRSTREAM was part of the Environmental Measurements Laboratory's (EML, at that time called the Health and Safety Laboratory/HASL) research effort to investigate the impact of the injection of radionuclides and stable compounds into the stratosphere. One or more of the following compounds were analyzed: CCl[sub 3]F, CCl[sub 2]F[sub 2], CCl[sub 4], N[sub 2]O, SF[sub 6], CO[sub 2], CH[sub 4], CH[sub 3]CCl[sub 3], and COS. Details of the Project's quality assurance program are discussed. Also included in the report are two-dimensional plots of the concentration of CCl[sub 3]F and a complete tabulation of the data.
Determination of toxic and essential elements in sunflower honey from Thrace Region, Turkey

Summary The aim of this study was to determine the levels of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and selenium (Se) in sunflower honeys obtained from Thrace Region of Turkey. Trace and toxic element determination was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion. The accuracy of the method was checked by the standard reference material, NIST-SRM 1515 Apple leaves. The maximum contents of trace and toxic elements in honey samples from Kesan (polluted area) were found as 0.46, 0.82, 1.98, 14.0, 9.86 μg kg−1, 0.48 mg kg−1, 137, 115 and 290 μg kg−1 for Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni and Se, respectively.
Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: II. Factors Related to the Extractability and Plant Uptake of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils

Abstract Eighty four soil samples collected from southeastern Norway were analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH4OAc, DTPA, NH4OAc-EDTA, NH4NO3, HCl and CaCl2. The total Cd, pH, exchangeable K and Ca, dithionite-extractable Mn, available P and fine sand (0.2–0.02 mm) contents were the principal factors related to the extractable Cd, with some inter-extractant variations. Cadmium extracted by NH4NO3, NH4OAc, HCl and CaCl2 decreased with increasing soil pH, but the Cd extracted by all the extractants increased with increasing total Cd, exchangeable K and Ca, available P, and Mn-oxide contents in the soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were significantly related to the extractable Cd, exchangeable Ca and Mg, pH, Mn-oxides and organic matter content.
Response of lowland rice to addition of organics and mineral N grown on Typic Haplusterts soil.

Field experiments w ere conducted during Kharif 2006 and 2007 in Typic Haplusterts soil to study the response of l owland rice to organics a nd mineral N tested at N equivalence. T he treatments consisted of addition of different organics vi z. , composted coir pi th (C CP), green manures (GM), sugarcane trash compost ( STC), vermicompost (VC), poultry manure ( PM) and FY M applied at 100% N and combination of a bove organics @ 50% N and urea@50%N besides 1 00% N as u rea and control. The results revealed that ad dition of o rganics o r m ineral N or b oth sig nificantly improved growths, yi eld characters and rice yield over control in both years. The highest grain yield (4942, 5332 kg ha ) and straw -1
Low dissolved DMSP concentrations in seawater revealed by small‐volume gravity filtration and dialysis sampling

A variety of filtration and passive dialysis protocols were tested with seawater for determination of the dissolved concentrations of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPd), a compound originating in the cytosol of many marine phytoplankton. Commonly used sampling procedures, such as in‐line filtration, syringe pressure filtration, and gravity filtration of relatively large‐volume samples (5‐50 mL) through glass fiber filters, caused release of DMSPd from particulate material as evidenced by increasing DMSPd concentrations with volume filtered. Exposure of filters to air at the end of filtration caused particularly severe DMSPd release. Dialysis bags or Slide‐A‐Lyzer dialysis cassettes equilibrated with seawater DMSPd within 4 h, even in polar waters (−1.8 °C), and appeared to give accurate DMSPd concentrations in some circumstances. However, incubation of seawater in laboratory containers (e.g., glass jars) during dialysis sometimes caused artifactual release of DMSPd. We therefore adopted a small‐volume gravity drip filtration (SVDF) procedure, the essential elements of which were: (i) collection of 20 to 50 mL seawater directly from the primary sample container (e.g., Niskin bottle) into a dry, all‐plastic filtration tower; (ii) use of a 47‐mm‐diameter Whatman GF/F filter; (iii) rapid (< 3 min) filtration by gravity (hydrostatic) pressure; (iv) collection of only the first 3.5 mL filtrate for DMSPd analysis; and (v) never exposing the filtered plankton to air. The SVDF procedure appeared to yield the same low DMSPd concentrations as dialysis samplers incubated in the ocean water column. Using the SVDF procedure, DMSPd was found to be < 2.8 nM over a broad range of ocean water types and particulate DMSP concentrations. The maximum DMSPd concentration observed in our study (2.8 nM) was far lower than the reported worldwide average DMSPd concentration of 16.9 nM, raising the possibility that past data collections may have been influenced by filtration artifacts.
Effects of Hardness and drying air temperature on breakage susceptibility and Dry-Milling characteristics of yellow dent corn

Cereal Chem. 67(6):523-528 Kernel density, test weight, Stein and Wisconsin breakage suscepti- bility was primarily influenced by hardness, whereas Wisconsin breakage bilities, stress cracking, and Stenvert hardness were determined for three susceptibility was correlated with stress cracking. Milling quality, as meacorn hybrids that were classified as soft, hard, and of intermediate hard- sured by a milling evaluation factor (MEF), decreased linearly with inness. A stress crack index was developed for quantifying degree of stress creasing drying temperature. For all drying temperatures, the hard hybrid cracking. Severity of stress cracking was directly related to hardness with had the highest MEF and the soft hybrid had the lowest MEF. Kernel the hardest hybrid showing the most severe cracking. Surprisingly, stress density was the best single predictor of MEF (R 2 = 0.773). A two-variable cracking was most severe at the intermediate (600C) drying temperature. model that combined test weight and kernel density improved the predicStein breakage was greatest for the soft hybrid and least for the hard tion of MEF (R 2 = 0.907). Incorporation of additional variables into hybrid, whereas Wisconsin breakage was greatest for the hard hybrid the model did not significantly improve the two-variable MEF prediction and least for the hybrid of intermediate hardness. Stein breakage suscepti- model.
Long‐term kinetics of uranyl desorption from sediments under advective conditions

Long‐term (>4 months) column experiments were performed to investigate the kinetics of uranyl (U(VI)) desorption in sediments collected from the Integrated Field Research Challenge site at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford 300 Area. The experimental results were used to evaluate alternative multirate surface complexation reaction (MRSCR) approaches to describe the short and long‐term kinetics of U(VI) desorption under flow conditions. The surface complexation reaction (SCR) stoichiometry and equilibrium constants and multirate parameters in the MRSCR models were independently characterized in batch and stirred flow‐cell reactors. MRSCR models that were either additively constructed using the MRSCRs for individual size fractions, or composite in nature, could effectively describe short‐term U(VI) desorption under flow conditions. The long‐term desorption results, however, revealed that using the labile U concentration measured by carbonate extraction underestimated desorbable U(VI) and the long‐term rate of U(VI) desorption. This study also found that the gravel size fraction (2–8 mm), which is typically treated as nonreactive in modeling U(VI) reactive transport because of low external surface area, can have an important effect on the U(VI) desorption in the sediment. This study demonstrates an approach to effectively extrapolate U(VI) desorption kinetics for field‐scale application and identifies important parameters and uncertainties affecting model predictions.
HFIR HEAT-TRANSFER STUDIES OF TURBULENT WATER FLOW IN THIN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS

In support of the High Flux Isotope Reactor program, experimental determinations were made of friction factors, burnout heat fluxes, and average and local nonboiling heattransfer coefficients for forced-convection flow of water through this aluminum and nickel rectangular channels under the following conditions: heat flux = 0.1 x 10/sup 6/ to 7.4 x 10/sup 6/ Btu/hr - ft/sup 2/, velocity = 10 to 85 fps, Reynolds number = 9,000 to 270,000, pressure = 1 to 39 atmospheres absolute, flow gap = 0.043 to 0.057 in. , and heated length = 12 and 18 in. A few tests were made to ascertain the effect of an axially oriented cylindrical spacer strip on surface temperature distribution and burnout heat flux. The results of these studies, are in reasonably good agreement with accepted ccrrelations. The friction factors are in satisfactory agreement with the Moody chart for the relative roughness of the test sections used, the burnout heat fluxes are well reproduced by the Soviet Zenkevich-Subbotin correlation, and the local and average heat-transfer coefficients are slightly larger than values predicted by the Hausen and Sieder-Tate equations. Miscellaneous experimental and analytical HFIR heat-transfer studies are included. (auth)
Properties of soil humic substances in fractions obtained by sequential extraction with pyrophosphate solutions at different pHs. II. Elemental composition and UV-VIS spectra of humic acids

Abstract The FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra of humic acids, which were obtained from four soils of different types (a Fibric Histosol, Dystric Cambisol, Umbric Andosol, and buried Umbric Andosol) by sequential extraction with pyrophosphate solutions at different pH values (i.e. at pH 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13), were measured. The shape of the IR spectra for each humic acid depended on the differences in the soil origin rather than the pH values. The IR spectra of humic acids in the Histosol and Cambisol showed typical absorption associated with lignin. The humic acids in the Andosol and buried Andosol were characterized by the disappearance of the absorption assigned to aliphatic C-H and the prominence of the absorption attributed to aromatic C=C and COOH groups. The humic acids in the Histosol and Cambisol showed aliphatic properties compared with those in the Andosol and buried Andosol. As the pH values of tile extractant increased, the absorption strength of the bands attributed to aliphatic and amide groups in.
Influence of the soft segment length on the properties of water‐cured poly(carbonate‐urethane‐urea)s

Poly(carbonate-urethane-urea)s (PCUU) based on oligocarbonate diols (Mn ≈ 2000) with different length of the hydrocarbon chain as soft segments were synthesized and investigated. Carbonate oligomerols were obtained in a two-step method from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and linear α,ω-diols (1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-dekanediol and 1,12-dodecanediol). Oligo(trimethylene carbonate) diol was synthesized using ring-opening polymerization of trimethylence carbonate. PCUUs were obtained by prepolymer method using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and water as a chain extender. Changes in polymers properties with increase of methylene group number between carbonate linkages were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), tensile strength and hardness measurements. The thermal stability was also analyzed by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on FTIR analysis influence of methylene groups number between carbonate linkages on phase separation and concentration of allophanate and biuret groups in the samples were investigated. The obtained poly(carbonate-urethane-urea)s exhibited very good mechanical properties. Tensile strength and elongation at break were 40 MPa and 400–600%, respectively, depending on the oligocarbonate used. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship Between Ignition Processes and the Lift-Off Length of Diesel Fuel Jets

The reaction zone of a diesel fuel jet stabilizes at a location downstream of the fuel injector once the initial autoignition phase is over. This distance is referred to as flame lift-off length. Recent investigations have examined the effects of a wide range of parameters (injection pressure, orifice diameter, and ambient gas temperature, density and oxygen concentration) on lift-off length under quiescent diesel conditions. Many of the experimental trends in lift-off length were in agreement with scaling laws developed for turbulent, premixed flame propagation in gas-jet lifted flames at atmospheric conditions. However, several effects did not correlate with the gas-jet scaling laws, suggesting that other mechanisms could be important to lift-off stabilization at diesel conditions. This paper shows experimental evidence that ignition processes affect diesel lift-off stabilization. Experiments were performed in the same optically-accessible combustion vessel as the previous lift-off research. The experimental results show that the ignition quality of a fuel affects lift-off. Fuels with shorter ignition delays generally produce shorter lift-off lengths. In addition, a cool flame is found upstream of, or near the same axial location as, the quasi-steady lift-off length, indicating that first-stage ignition processes affect lift-off. High-speed chemiluminescence imaging also shows that high-temperature self-ignition occasionallymore » occurs in kernels that are upstream of, and detached from, the high-temperature reaction zone downstream, suggesting that the lift-off stabilization is not by flame propagation into upstream reactants in this instance. Finally, analysis of the previous lift-off length database shows that the time-scale for jet mixing from injector-tip orifice to lift-off length collapses to an Arrhenius-type expression, a common method for describing ignition delay in diesel sprays. This Arrhenius-based lift-off length correlation shows comparable accuracy as a previous power-law fit of the No.2 diesel lift-off length database. « less
Dielectric Properties of Pumpable Food Materials at 915 MHz

Dielectric properties of pumpable food materials having a potential to be processed using a continuous flow microwave heating system were measured at 915 MHz and in the temperature range of 10–90°C. The products considered in this study were milk and dairy products (ϵ′: 70.0 to 50.8 and ϵ″: 14.7 to 41.3), ready to eat puddings (ϵ′: 69.4 to 52.1 and ϵ″: 17.2 to 23.8), soy beverages (ϵ′: 75.4 to 60.8 and ϵ″: 9.0 to 19.8), and avocado products (ϵ′: 51.6 to 39.0 and ϵ″: 17.7 to 67.5). The results showed that the dielectric constant decreased with an increase in temperature and the dielectric loss factor increased with an increase in temperature. Polynomial correlations for the dependence of dielectric properties on temperature were developed. The dielectric properties measured in this study are important parameters for designing a continuous flow microwave heating system for processing pumpable food materials.
Propuesta de un procedimiento para el reciclado del polietileno de alta densidad

The investigation deals with the recycling of high density polyethylene, due to its great use for the state sector and private sector in the municipality of Holguin. The study yielded the difficulties in the processing methods, and that the obtained products show diminished properties and shorter useful life. As results of the investigation, a procedure for the plastic waste management is proposed, which has been experimentally validated. The recycled material obtained by the use of the proposal shows acceptable quality, and it is suita ble for different uses, what was demonstrated by means of its characterization. Keywords: recycling; plastic waste; structural characterization, thermal and mechanics characterization.
How the components of bioenergy and technological traits are affected by water deficit in sugarcane

Para estudar os efeitos do deficit hidrico na producao de bioenergia e nos parâmetros biometricos e tecnologicos da cana-de-acucar, foi estudado dois tratamentos: 100% da reposicao da evapotranspiracao (controle) e 20% de reposicao da evapotranspiracao (deficit hidrico), com 10 repeticoes para cada tratamento. Foram realizadas e avaliadas analises biometricas, tecnologicas e calorimetrica. Sob deficit hidrico as plantas de cana-de-acucar tiveram reducao na biomassa e nos components avaliados (ATR, Pol, Brix e Fibra). A bioenergia total do sistema foi reduzida na mesma proporcao da biomassa, apresentando mudancas em sua composicao. Ja os acucares simples (glucose e fructose) tiveram menor reducao do que os componentes bioenergeticos.
Zirconium doped zinc oxide thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition

Doped zinc oxide is of interest as a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), due to the abundance of its major constituents, its low resistivity, high transparency and wide bandgap. The current work focuses on the properties required for TCO applications including resistivity of ≤10-3 Ω•cm, carrier density of ≥1020 cm-3, and transparency >80% in the visible light. Zirconium (Zr4+) was chosen as the dopant in the current work due to its abundance, comparable ionic size to Zn and because it can act as a double donor providing up to two extra free electrons per ion when substituted for Zn2+. The doping process can be controlled using atomic layer deposition (ALD), with the doped films resulting in an increased conductivity. The films in the current work resulted in a minimum resistivity of 1.44×10-3 Ω•cm and maximum carrier density of 3.81×1020 cm-3 for films <100 nm thickness, having 4.8 at. % Zr concentration. The resistivity was further reduced after reducing the interfacial and grain boundary scattering (i.e. increase grain size), by increasing the overall film thickness. The resistivity of 7.5×10-4 Ω•cm, carrier mobility of 19.6 cm2V‒1s-1 and carrier density of 4.2×1020 cm-3 were measured for a 250 nm thick film with 4.8 at. % doping. The tuning of the carrier density via doping offers control over the optical gap due to the net effect of Burstein-Moss effect and bandgap renormalisation. This resulted to an increase of the optical gap from 3.2 eV for the un-doped ZnO to 3.5 eV for 4.8 at. % Zr-doped films. The average optical transparency in the visible/near IR range was as high as 91% for 4.8 at. % doped films. The thickness increase also resulted in a grain orientation shift from perpendicular to the substrate (i.e. polar c-plane orientation) to parallel (i.e. non-polar m-plane) due to the strain increase that forced the films to grow at a low strain energy direction. This offers the possibility of growing non-polarised films that show no piezoelectric field charge observed in polar oriented films. Therefore, controlling the grain size through the number of ALD cycles can effectively result in mobility and preferred orientation control, while the doping concentration controls the resistivity, optical bandgap and transparency of the films.