Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A two-thermocouple probe technique for estimating thermocouple time constants in flows with combusti

A two-thermocouple probe, composed of two fine-wire thermocouples of unequal diameters, is a novel technique for estimating thermocouple time constants without any dynamic calibration of the thermocouple response. This technique is most suitable for measuring fluctuating temperatures in turbulent combustion. In the present study, the reliability and applicability of this technique are appraised in a turbulent wake of a heated cylinder (without combustion). A fine-wire resistance thermometer (cold wire) of fast response is simultaneously used to provide a reference temperature. A quantitative and detailed comparison between the cold-wire measurement and the compensated thermocouple ones shows that a previous estimation scheme gives thermocouple time constants smaller than appropriate values, unless the noise in the thermocouple signals is negligible and/or the spatial resolution of the two-thermocouple probe is sufficiently high. The scheme has been improved so as to maximize the correlation coefficient be.
Flavonoid extraction from Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt et Smith leaves using different techniques and solvents

The current study aims to verify the best method for a rapid and efficient extraction of flavonoids from Alpinia zerumbet. Dried leaves were extracted using distillated water and ethanol 70% by extraction methods of shaking maceration, ultrasonic, microwave and stirring. By the application of TLC and reversed-phase HPLC techniques the rutin and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide were detected. Ethanol 70% was more efficient for flavonoids extraction than water. No significant yielding variation was verified for ultrasonic, microwave and stirring methods using ethanol 70% (11 to 14%). The relative concentration of rutin and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, respectively, was higher by ultrasonic (1.5 and 5.62 mg g-1 dried leaves, respectively) and by microwave (1.0 and 6.64 mg g-1 dried leaves) methods using ethanol. Rapid and simplified extraction proceeding optimize phytochemical work and acquisition of secondary metabolites.
evaluation of pH and ammonia for controlling bromate during Cryptosporidium disinfection

This research evaluated pH suppression and/or ammonia addition for controlling bromate formation under disinfection conditions for Cryptosporidium. Lowering pH before ozonation substantially reduced bromate formation over a range of inactivation levels and bromide concentrations in two different source waters. Although pH suppression was an effective bromate control strategy, the cost of adjusting pH—in moderate‐ and high‐alkalinity waters and for high inactivation levels—may be from two to nine times greater than the cost of generating the ozone. The efficacy of ammonia was highly dependent on the source water. Adding ammonia was an effective bromate control strategy for one of the source waters tested; however, adding aqueous ammonia increased pH and exerted an additional ozone demand, thus lowering the disinfection credit.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Pongamia Pinnata Seed

The present study explored the adsorption of Methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from the shell of Pongamia Pinnata seed. Batch experimental studies were carried out by Pongamia Pinnata Seed Shell Carbon (PPSSC) to determine the influence of various adsorption parameters like adsorbent dose (m), initial pH (pHo), contact time (t) and initial concentration (Co) on the removal of MB. The optimum conditions were found to be: m = 4 g/l, pHo = 7.2 and t= 90 min. The kinetic study shows that, the second-order kinetic model represented the adsorption kinetics of MB onto PPSSC.
Phenol Gasification in Supercritical Water: Chemistry, Byproducts, and Toxic Impacts

Phenol Gasification in Supercritical Water: Chemistry, Byproducts, and Toxic Impacts by Chad Michael Huelsman Chair: Phillip E. Savage In order to better understand the chemistry underlying supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass, phenol was processed with supercritical water in quartz reactors while systematically varying the temperature, water density, reactant concentration, and reaction time. Both the gas and liquid phases were analyzed post-reaction to identify and quantify the reaction intermediates and products, including H2, CO, CH4, and CO2 in the gas phase and many different compounds—mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—in the liquid phase. Higher temperatures promoted gasification and resulted in a product gas rich in H2 and CH4 (33% and 29%, respectively, at 700 ◦C), but char yields increased as well. Dibenzofuran and other identified phenolic dimers were implicated as precursor molecules for char formation pathways, which can be driven by free radical polymerization at high temperatures. Two different reaction pathways emerged from the kinetic modeling of phenol conversion: a water-inhibited
Optimizing Fast Dissolving Dosage From Of Diclofenac Sodium By Rapidly Disintegrating Agents

Fast dissolving tablets of diclofenac sodium were prepared using direct compression after incorporating superdisintegrants such as cross linked carboxymethylcellulose, sodium starch glycolate and cross linked povidone in different concentrations. All the formulations were evaluated for the influence of disintegrants and their concentrations on the characteristics of fast dissolving tablet mainly in terms of disintegration time and dissolution rate. Tablets containing cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose showed better disintegrating character along with rapid release (90% drug release in 10 min.). No appreciable difference was found between the formulations containing other two superdisintegrants. The concentration of the superdisintegrants had also an effect on disintegration time and in vitro dissolution. There seems to be a trend towards use of higher level of disintegrants producing rapid disintegration and faster dissolution. The resulting tablets were also evaluated for its hardness and friability and were found to be independent of disintegrant concentration.
Thermoelectric and electrochemical self-potential anomalies induced by water injection into hydrocarbon reservoirs

Our results imply that measurements of the spontaneous potential at a production well will combine contributions from both streaming and electrochemical effects, and may be used to detect an advancing waterfront some time before water breakthrough occurs at the well. Moreover, inversion of the measured signals could be used to determine the water saturation in the vicinity of the well, and to regulate flow into the well using control valves in order to maintain or increase oil production.
USE OF ORGANOCLAY AS SECONDARY CONTAINMENT FOR GASOLINE STORAGE TANKS

Conventional clay liners, which are widely used as hydraulic barriers to water, have been shown to be adversely affected by organic fluids. However, the addition of quaternary amines into bentonite greatly enhances its compatibility with organic fluids and thus allows the clay barrier technology to be extended to the treatment of organic contaminants. In this study, an organically modified clay was studied for use as a secondary containment for gasoline underground storage tanks. Free swelling and hydraulic conductivity tests were performed on organoclay, pure bentonite, and natural soils. Results show that organoclay has a large swelling capacity in gasoline, whereas bentonite and natural soils shrink when immersed in gasoline. The hydraulic conductivities of bentonite and natural soils to gasoline are 2–5 orders of magnitude higher than that to water. In contrast, the hydraulic conductivity decreases by 2 orders of magnitude for organoclay and this low value can be maintained even under freeze-thaw and .
Raman phonons and Raman Jahn–Teller bands in perovskite‐like manganites

The perovskite-like manganites RAMnO, where R is a trivalent rare earth or Y and A is a divalent alkaline earth element, are characterized by a strong interplay of magnetism, electric transport and crystallographic distortion. At doping levels 0.15 < x < 0.45 the materials exhibit colossal magnetoresistance near the concomitant ferromagnetic and insulator-metal transitions. At a fractional doping level, such as x = 0.5, the crystallographic and magnetic environment is strongly modified and charge ordering between Mn and Mn or phase separation takes place. In this work, the polarized Raman spectra of the orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases of parent RMnO compound were analyzed in close comparison with results of lattice dynamic calculations. We argue that the strong high-wavenumber bands between 400 and 700 cm, which dominate the Raman spectra of rhombohedral RMnO and magnetoresistive LaAMnO are not proper Raman modes for the R3c or Pnma structures. Rather, the bands are of phonon density-of-states origin and correspond to oxygen phonon branches activated by the non-coherent Jahn-Teller distortions of the MnO octahedra. The reduction of these bands upon doping of LaAMnO and their disappearance in the ferromagnetic metallic phase support the model. The variation with temperature of the Raman spectra of LaCaMnO is also discussed. The results give a strong indication for charge and orbital ordering and formation of superstructure at low temperatures.
Influence of process conditions on the physicochemical characteristics of cumaru (Amburana cearensis) powder produced by spray drying

The aim of the work was to study the spray-drying of ethanolic extract from Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A.C. Sm. , Fabaceae, in order to obtain powders with better pharmacological and technological properties for herbal medicine. A 23 fractional factorial statistical design was used to find adequate spray-drying operating conditions (inlet air temperature; feed flow rate and air flow rate) to produce A. cearensis powder with adequate concentration of active principles (amburoside and coumarin), low moisture content and high process yield. The HPLC analyses showed that the spray-drying powder of A. cearensis production did not cause alterations in the chromatographic profile when related to the fluid extract. The most significant factor that affected the amburoside concentration was air flow rate, while the concentration of coumarin, a thermolabile molecule, was influenced mainly by inlet air temperature. The moisture content of the spray-drying powder of A. cearensis varied from 3.72 to 5.85% (w/w), while the maximal process yield was 41.1% (w/w). The present study demonstrates for the first time the best operating conditions to produce A. cearensis extract powder that were adequate when related to the coumarin and amburoside concentrations and moisture content. However, additional studies are still needed to improve mainly it technological characteristics.
THE ANNAPOLIS ACCORDS ON THE USE OF TOXICOLOGY IN RISK ASSESSMENT AND DECISION-MAKING: AN ANNAPOLIS CENTER WORKSHOP REPORT

The Annapolis Center, in partnership with the Society of Toxicology and the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, convened a workshop to draft a series of accords (or principles) to help guide the interpretation and use of data from toxicology studies in human health-risk assessment and risk management. Workshop participants included 12 toxicologists from the fields of environmental health assessment, food safety, and pharmaceutical development. The participants hope that the accords set forth here will serve as guideposts for the purposes of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of past risk analyses, and of improving the quality of future analyses. The accords are the product of the workshop participants' consensus and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the participants' employers.
Mammalian Toxicity of Munitions Compounds. Phase I. Acute Oral Toxicity, Primary Skin and Eye Irritation, Dermal Sensitization, Disposition and Metabolism and Ames Tests of Additional Compounds

Abstract : Tests indicated that 3,5-Dinitrotoluene (3,5-DNT) was the most potent of all DNT isomers in oral acute doses to rats and mice. 2-Amino-4, 6-DNT (2- ADNT) and its isomer, 4-ADNT, were the least potent in rats and female mice, and comparable to 2,3-DNT and 2,4-DNT in male mice. 3.5-DNT and 4-ADNT were not irritating to rabbit skin; 2-ADNT was a mild irritant. All three compounds were not irritating to rabbit eyes and not sensitizing to guinea pigs. 3,5-DNT and 4- ADNT were absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized and excreted in the urine. In the Ames test, 1,3-dinitroglycerin (1,3-DNG), 1-mononitroglycerin (1-MNG), nitrocellulose and white phosphorus were not mutagenic. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 2,4-DNT, 2,5-DNT, tetranitromethane (TNM) and 1,2-DNG were mutagenic at 10 to 30 microgram/plate in one or more strains. TNM was bactericidal without activation. 1,2-DNG was nonmutagenic with activation. 2,3-DNT, 2,6-DNT, 3,5-DNT, trinitroglycerin and 2-MNG were weakly mutagenic, with mutagenic results at 100 or 1,000 microgram/plate in one or more strains.
Structure and thermo-mechanical properties of CTBN-grafted-GO modified epoxy/DDS composites

Carboxyl terminated poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) (CTBN) is grafted on to graphite oxide (GO) to prepare GCTBN in order to improve the dispersion and interfacial bonding between GO and epoxy resin in an epoxy/DDS system. GCTBN was characterized by FTIR, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, TOM (morphology) and TGA. All these studies reveal the grafting of CTBN with GO. The thermal stability of GCTBN was found to improve considerably. The TEM micrograph of epoxy/GCTBN reveals an excellent dispersion of GCTBN in the epoxy matrix. Tensile strength (ca. 25%), tensile modulus (ca. 34%), tensile elongation (ca. 10%), and fracture toughness (ca. 128%) improved remarkably for GCTBN modified epoxy matrix. SEM micrographs reveal no sheet pull out for GCTBN modified epoxy, due to the complete wetting of GCTBN by the epoxy matrix. This confirms effective sheet/matrix interfacial bonding for the GCTBN modified epoxy matrix. Moreover, the viscoelastic properties reveal a very high modulus and improved Tg for the epoxy/GCTBN when compared with the neat crosslinked epoxy.
Pathways to a Metallic Hydrogen

The primary subject of this thesis is the study of warm dense hydrogen by means of pulsed laser heating in the pressure region 1 to 2 Mbar and temperatures above the melting line, where a liquid-liquid phase transition from the insulating molecular fluid to a conducting atomic hydrogen fluid, so called plasma phase transition (PPT), was predicted to take place. The first evidence of the PPT under static compression is reported. The observations are in agreement with the negative slope phase line predicted by ab initio methods. The second subject of this thesis is the development of instrumentation and pulsed laser heating measurement techniques necessary for studying hydrogen under these high pressure and temperature conditions. This includes a design of a cryogen-free optical cryostat with a short optical distance suitable for high pressure studies; a technique of a controlled preparation (indentation) of a gasket, which is a vital part of any high pressure experiment inside a diamond anvil cell; and an in-depth discussion of spectral data reduction methods for pyrometry in the case of pulsed laser heating. The third part of this thesis, closely related to the second, is the demonstration of a successful application of the measurement techniques for a control system: study of the behavior of platinum under pulsed laser irradiation. A surface reconstruction of platinum is reported at temperatures well below the bulk melting temperature of platinum. The last subject of this thesis is a report of observation of pressure induced metallization of amorphous germanium monoxide. The transition to the amorphous metallic state is observed at 12 GPa. The resulting metallic phase is metastable: GeO stays metallic upon releasing the pressure to zero. This
Entrainment-flotation activity of quartz in the presence of selected frothers

Flotation is used for separating mineral particles. Flotation is accompanied by entrainment of hydrophilic particles which is an undesirable process. Flotation and entrainment depend on numerous parameters, among them the presence and concentration of frother. This work was devoted to investigate the borderline between entrainment and flotation of quartz particles in the so-called monobubble Hallimond tube in the presence of varying concentrations of selected frothers. The following frothers were used: octyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, α-terpineol, tricosene-ethyleneglycol 1-hexadecanoic ether and corflot (a mixture of butyl ethers of di-, triand tetraethylene glycols). Entrainment of the quartz particles in pure water has also been conducted as a reference test. The work has confirmed that entrainment depends on particle size. It also confirmed the role of the frother used. Two of the frothers: tricosene-ethylene glycol 1-hexadecanoic ether and octyl alcohol have exhibited both frothing and collecting properties.
Measurements of Octanol−Air Partition Coefficients (KOA) for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs): Predicting Partitioning in the Environment

Octanol−air partition coefficients (KOA) are reported for 13 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) over the temperature range (15−45) °C. KOA exhibited a log−linear relationship with inverse absolute temperature, and values at 25 °C range from 9.3 (PBDE-17) to 12.0 (PBDE-126). These are approximately 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater than those measured for the counterpart polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PBDEs also showed a strong temperature dependence. The enthalpy of phase change from octanol to air, ΔHOA, was (≈70 to ≈120) kJ mol-1. This corresponds to a 20−100 times higher KOA value at 5 °C versus 35 °C. A method is presented for estimating KOA at any temperature for additional PBDEs using relative retention times. Log KOA values were compared against two sets of recently published subcooled liquid vapor pressures (poL) that show significant discrepancies. Activity coefficients in octanol (γO) for PBDEs ranged from 1 to 10 when one set of vapor pressures was used. This was consistent with other c.
Solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cells

A transport model for polymer electrolytes is presented, based on concentrated solution theory and irreversible thermodynamics. Thermodynamic driving forces are developed, transport properties are identified and experiments devised. Transport number of water in Nafion 117 membrane is determined using a concentration cell. It is 1.4 for a membrane equilibrated with saturated water vapor at 25{degrees}C, decreases slowly as the membrane is dehydrated, and falls sharply toward zero as the water content approaches zero. The relation between transference number, transport number, and electroosmotic drag coefficient is presented, and their relevance to water-management is discussed. A mathematical model of transport in a solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cell is presented. A two-dimensional membrane-electrode assembly is considered. Water management, thermal management, and utilization of fuel are examined in detail. The membrane separators of these fuel cells require sorbed water to maintain conductivity; therefore it is necessary to manage the water content in membranes to ensure efficient operation. Water and thermal management are interrelated. Rate of heat removal is shown to be a critical parameter in the operation of these fuel cells. Current-voltage curves are presented for operation on air and reformed methanol. Equations for convective diffusion to a rotating disk are solved numerically for a consolutemore » point between the bulk concentration and the surface. A singular-perturbation expansion is presented for the condition where the bulk concentration is nearly equal to the consolute-point composition. Results are compared to Levich's solution and analysis. « less
Soil water erosion under different cultivation systems and different fertilization rates and forms over 10 years

The action of rain and surface runoff together are the active agents of water erosion, and further influences are the soil type, terrain, soil cover, soil management, and conservation practices. Soil water erosion is low in the no-tillage management system, being influenced by the amount and form of lime and fertilizer application to the soil, among other factors. The aim was to evaluate the effect of the form of liming, the quantity and management of fertilizer application on the soil and water losses by erosion under natural rainfall. The study was carried out between 2003 and 2013 on a Humic Dystrupept soil, with the following treatments: T1 - cultivation with liming and corrective fertilizer incorporated into the soil in the first year, and with 100 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T2 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over five years, and with 75 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T3 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over three years, and with 50 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T4 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over two years, and with 25 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T5 - fallow soil, without liming or fertilization. In the rotation the crops black oat (Avena strigosa ), soybean (Glycine max ), common vetch (Vicia sativa ), maize (Zea mays ), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus ), and black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris ). The split application of lime and mineral fertilizer to the soil surface in a no-tillage system over three and five years, results in better control of soil losses than when split in two years. The increase in the amount of fertilizer applied to the soil surface under no-tillage cultivation increases phytomass production and reduces soil loss by water erosion. Water losses in treatments under no-tillage cultivation were low in all crop cycles, with a similar behavior as soil losses.
A STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY OF AIR CELLS IN THE MIDDLE TURBINATE AND IT’S RELATIONSHIP WITH SINUSITIS AND DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM

Study of Morphology of Air Cells in the Turbinate and it’s Relationship with Sinusitis and Deviated Septum”. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Concha bullosa, the pneumatisation of the middle turbinate is commonly found as an anatomical variation and is said to be usually associated with deviated nasal septum. It is classified into bulbous, lamellar and extensive variety. METHODS: 100 coronal CT images of chronic sinusitis patients of both sexes were studied for the 3 varieties of concha bullosa and its association with deviated nasal septum and sinusitis. RESULTS: The concha bullosa found was classified into lamellar (23%), bulbous (3%) and extensive (16%) variety based on the definitions and compared. The results obtained shows that in southern Tamil Nadu population the lamellar variety of concha bullosa was more prevalent than the other two varieties. Also a significant relationship was found to exist between concha bullosa, deviated nasal septum and sinusitis (19%). Similarly, the association of concha bullosa and deviated nasal septum and with sinusitis was seen in 16% and 4% respectively. CONCLUSION: Hence the study suggests that the otolaryngologists should be aware of the prevalence of lamellar variety of concha bullosa and familiar with the co- existence of concha bullosa, deviated nasal septum and sinusitis for proper interpretation and diagnosis.