Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimation

Top-down methods dominate the field of 3D human pose and shape estimation, because they are decoupled from human detection and allow researchers to focus on the core problem. However, cropping, their first step, discards the location information from the very beginning, which makes themselves unable to accurately predict the global rotation in the original camera coordinate system. To address this problem, we propose to Carry Location Information in Full Frames (CLIFF) into this task. Specifically, we feed more holistic features to CLIFF by concatenating the cropped-image feature with its bounding box information. We calculate the 2D reprojection loss with a broader view of the full frame, taking a projection process similar to that of the person projected in the image. Fed and supervised by global-location-aware information, CLIFF directly predicts the global rotation along with more accurate articulated poses. Besides, we propose a pseudo-ground-truth annotator based on CLIFF, which provides high-quality 3D annotations for in-the-wild 2D datasets and offers crucial full supervision for regression-based methods. Extensive experiments on popular benchmarks show that CLIFF outperforms prior arts by a significant margin, and reaches the first place on the AGORA leaderboard (the SMPL-Algorithms track). The code and data are available at https://github.com/huawei-noah/noah-research/tree/master/CLIFF.
The Quasar Luminosity Function at z ∼ 5 via Deep Learning and Bayesian Information Criterion

Understanding the faint end of quasar luminosity function (LF) at a high redshift is important since the number density of faint quasars is a critical element in constraining ultraviolet (UV) photon budgets for ionizing the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the early universe. Here, we present quasar LF reaching M 1450 ∼ −22.0 AB mag at z ∼ 5, about 1 mag deeper than previous UV LFs. We select quasars at z ∼ 5 with a deep learning technique from deep data taken by the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program, covering a 15.5 deg2 area. Beyond the traditional color selection method, we improved the quasar selection by training an artificial neural network to distinguish z ∼ 5 quasars from nonquasar sources based on their colors and adopting the Bayesian information criterion that can further remove high-redshift galaxies from the quasar sample. When applied to a small sample of spectroscopically identified quasars and galaxies, our method is successful in selecting quasars at ∼83% efficiency (5/6) while minimizing the contamination rate of high-redshift galaxies (1/8) by up to three times compared to the selection using color selection alone (3/8). The number of our final quasar candidates with M 1450 < −22.0 mag is 35. Our quasar UV LF down to M 1450 = −22 mag or even fainter (M 1450 = −21 mag) suggests a rather low number density of faint quasars and the faint-end slope of −1.6−0.19+0.21 , favoring a scenario where quasars play a minor role in ionizing the IGM at high redshift.
Quality Evaluation of Arbitrary Style Transfer: Subjective Study and Objective Metric

Arbitrary neural style transfer is a vital topic with great research value and wide industrial application, which strives to render the structure of one image using the style of another. Recent researches have devoted great efforts on the task of arbitrary style transfer (AST) for improving the stylization quality. However, there are very few explorations about the quality evaluation of AST images, even it can potentially guide the design of different algorithms. In this paper, we first construct a new AST images quality assessment database (AST-IQAD), which consists 150 content-style image pairs and the corresponding 1200 stylized images produced by eight typical AST algorithms. Then, a subjective study is conducted on our AST-IQAD database, which obtains the subjective rating scores of all stylized images on the three subjective evaluations, i.e., content preservation (CP), style resemblance (SR), and overall vision (OV). To quantitatively measure the quality of AST image, we propose a new sparse representation-based method, which computes the quality according to the sparse feature similarity. Experimental results on our AST-IQAD have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method. The dataset and source code will be released at https://github.com/Hangwei-Chen/AST-IQAD-SRQE
Understanding Adversarial Robustness of Vision Transformers via Cauchy Problem

Recent research on the robustness of deep learning has shown that Vision Transformers (ViTs) surpass the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) under some perturbations, e.g., natural corruption, adversarial attacks, etc. Some papers argue that the superior robustness of ViT comes from the segmentation of its input images; others say that the Multi-head Self-Attention (MSA) is the key to preserving the robustness. In this paper, we aim to introduce a principled and unified theoretical framework to investigate such an argument on ViT's robustness. We first theoretically prove that, unlike Transformers in Natural Language Processing, ViTs are Lipschitz continuous. Then we theoretically analyze the adversarial robustness of ViTs from the perspective of the Cauchy Problem, via which we can quantify how the robustness propagates through layers. We demonstrate that the first and last layers are the critical factors to affect the robustness of ViTs. Furthermore, based on our theory, we empirically show that unlike the claims from existing research, MSA only contributes to the adversarial robustness of ViTs under weak adversarial attacks, e.g., FGSM, and surprisingly, MSA actually comprises the model's adversarial robustness under stronger attacks, e.g., PGD attacks.
THz quantum cascade lasers with output power over 1 W

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Structure of Chlorosomes from the Green Filamentous Bacterium Chloroﬂexus aurantiacus (cid:1) †

The green ﬁlamentous bacterium Chloroﬂexus aurantiacus employs chlorosomes as photosynthetic antennae. Chlorosomes contain bacteriochlorophyll aggregates and are attached to the inner side of a plasma membrane via a protein baseplate. The structure of chlorosomes from C. aurantiacus was investigated by using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction and compared with that of Chlorobi species. Cryo-electron tomography revealed thin chlorosomes for which a distinct crystalline baseplate lattice was visualized in high-resolution projections. The baseplate is present only on one side of the chlorosome, and the lattice dimensions suggest that a dimer of the CsmA protein is the building block. The bacteriochlorophyll aggregates inside the chlorosome are arranged in lamellae, but the spacing is much greater than that in Chlorobi species. A comparison of chlorosomes from different species suggested that the lamellar spacing is proportional to the chain length of the esterifying alcohols. C . aurantiacus chlorosomes accumulate larger quantities of carotenoids under high-light conditions, presumably to provide photoprotection. The wider lamellae allow accommodation of the additional carotenoids and lead to increased disorder within the lamellae.
International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research

The main aim of this review paper is to synthesize all the knowledge and information that have been generated through years of research and organized study in the field of seed invigoration techniques by various authors. Tremendous efforts were made in order to derive the successful results for seed quality enhancement through seed invigoration techniques. This paper summarizes all the possible research outputs and information derived in seed invigoration of different crops. Thus seed invigoration is physiological and biochemical changes related to synchronous germination, velocity, and increased seed germination. Priming is an invigoration technique that enhances the physiological and biochemical events in seeds during suspension of germination by low osmotic potential and negligible matric potential of the imbibing medium. Seed priming has emerged as an effective approach for increasing seed vigor and germination synchronization, as well as, seedling growth and field establishment under adverse environmental conditions. Various seed priming techniques have been developed, including hydro-priming (soaking in water), halo-priming (soaking in inorganic salt solutions eg. NaCl, CaCl2, KNO3), osmo-priming (soaking in solutions of different organic osmotica), thermopriming (treatment of seeds with low or high temperatures), solid matrix priming (treatment of seed with solid matrices placing seeds between saturated jute mat layers), hardening (alternate soaking of seeds in tap water and drying before sowing) and bio-priming (hydration with biological compounds). In addition to these, seed pelleting, seed coating, physical methods such as magneto-priming, magnetic resonance invigoration, ionizing radiations are vital techniques for seed quality enhancement. All of these techniques have been increasingly used in various crops in different countries. Most recently very efficient and eco-friendly and economical approaches of seed invigoration have been emerging in the field of seed science and technology.
Socioeconomic Position and Survival After Stroke in Denmark 2003 to 2012 Nationwide Hospital-Based

Organization criteria. 26 We included only patients with no record of previous stroke. For all people in the study population, we obtained information on highest level of attained education and disposable income from national registries. 27 Information on education and disposable in- come of the study cohort was obtained by data linkage to the pop-ulation-based Integrated Database for Labor Market Research in Statistics Denmark, which contains yearly data for the study period. Background and Purpose —The risk for stroke is higher in low-income groups. It is not clear whether these groups also have a higher risk for death after a stroke. Methods —We studied survival in relation to income and level of education in all patients aged >40 years admitted to hospital for stroke in Denmark in 2003 to 2012. All Danish hospitals report data to the Danish Stroke Register for all patients admitted for acute stroke, including age, sex, stroke severity, subtype, and a cardiovascular risk profile. Information on income and education was obtained from Statistics Denmark; deaths from all causes from the Civil Registration Registry. Results —Information on education and disposable income was available for 56 581 Danes hospitalized for strok e during the 9.5-year study period. Median length of follow-up was 3.1 years. For the entire follow-up period, there was a significant, stepwise, independent relation between income and risk for death after stroke, which was 30% higher for the lowest than for the highest quintile income group (relative risk, 0.70, 95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.74). People aged <65 years with basic education had a slightly higher risk for death than those with the longest (relative risk, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.30). Death within 1 month was not associated with income or education. Conclusions —The survival of patients with low income was reduced by 30% as compared with those with high income. Education had only a modest effect and only in patients aged <65 years. The impact of socioeconomic position was on late but not on early poststroke death. ( Stroke . 2014;45:3556-3560.)
coatings A Note on the Inﬂuence of Smectite Coating on the Coefﬁcient of Restitution of Natural Sand Particles Impacting Granitic Blocks

: The study of the collision behavior of solid objects has received a signiﬁcant amount of research in various ﬁelds such as industrial applications of powders and grains, impacts of proppants and between proppant and rocks during hydraulic fracturing, and the study of debris ﬂows and avalanches and the interactions of landslide materials with protective barriers. This problem has predominantly been studied through the coefﬁcient of restitution ( COR ), which is computed from the dropping and rebound paths of particles; its value corresponds to 1 for perfectly elastic impacts and 0 for perfectly plastic impacts (i.e., at the collision there is no rebound of the particle). Often, the colliding particles (or particle–block systems) are not perfectly clean, and there is debris (or dust) on their surfaces, forming a coating, which is a highly possible scenario in the debris ﬂows of natural particles and fragments; however, the topic of the inﬂuence of natural coatings on the surfaces of particles on the collision behavior of particle–block systems has been largely overlooked. Thus, the present study attempts to provide preliminary results with respect to the inﬂuence of natural coating on the surfaces of sand grains in the COR values of grain–block systems using a stiff granitic block as an analogue wall. Montmorillonite powder, which belongs to the smectite clay group, was used and a sample preparation method was standardized to provide a speciﬁc amount of clay coating on the surfaces of the sand grains. The results from the study showed a signiﬁcant inﬂuence of the smectite coating in the COR values of the grain–block systems, which was predominantly attributed to the dissipation of energy at the collision moment because of the compression of the soft coating of microparticles. Additionally, the method of analysis for calculating the COR values based on one and two high-speed cameras was explored, as the impacts of natural grains involve deviations from the vertical, which inﬂuences the rebound paths. Thus, a sensitivity analysis was performed investigating the differences in the COR values in two-dimensional and three-dimensional analysis of the impact tests. L.L. ; investigation, L.L. , resources, curation, L.L. ; writing—original preparation, L.L. ; writing—review and editing, L.L. , J.R. , S.S. K. , K.S. ; visualization, L.L. , J.R. , S.S. K. , K.S. ; supervision, S.S. K. , K.S. ; project administration, K.S. ;
OAS_A_264176 61..64

1Department of Surgery, University of Dodoma, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Dodoma, Tanzania; 2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Aim: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and characterize accessory maxillary sinus ostium (AMO) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis at a private health facility which serves the largest number of patients seeking treatment under private practice in Tanzania’s largest city. Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common condition in otorhinolaryngology practice. It has been postulated in the available literature that accessory maxillary ostium may play a role in the development of chronic maxillary sinusitis. AMO has been frequently identified during routine nasal endoscopy. Its found in the medial wall of the maxillary sinus and located in the lateral wall of the nose. There is no study to date that has been conducted in Tanzania to characterize AMO in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis when seen at the clinic despite the growing use of endoscopy on an outpatient basis. Methods: Fifty adult patients with symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis attending the ENT clinic on an outpatient basis were selected and then computerized tomography scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses (CT scan PNS) was performed. Nasal endoscopy was done to all patients to determine the presence and location of AMO. Results: Of all the 50 studied patients, CT scan PNS depicted positive signs of rhinosinusitis in 35 patients (70%). Upon nasal endoscopy of the 35 patients, AMO was found in 25 patients (71.4%). Of the 15 patients with no depicted CRS upon CT scan, AMO was found in 4 (26.7%) patients. Conclusion: Nasal endoscopy provides additional evidence of obstruction of natural sinus ostia thus leading to chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis apart from CT PNS. Such observation is of importance to clinicians who are to execute management of these patients.
ANTIEPILEPTIC ACTIVITY OF VISCUM ARTICULATUM BURM AND ITS ISOLATED BIOACTIVE COMPOUND IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CONVULSIONS IN RATS AND MICE

The whole plant of Viscum articulatum Burm has been traditionally used in India for the treatment of neurological disorders including epilepsy. The study was planned to establish the antiepileptic potential of two fractions of the extracts of Viscum articulatum in experimental animals and to identify and characterize the antiepileptic active principles in the extracts. The chloroform and the methanolic extracts of Viscum articulatum and their isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiepileptic potential in Picrotoxin and N-methyl- D -aspartic acid (NMDA) induced convulsion models. Estimation of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid was carried out to investigate the mechanism of action of the extracts and the isolated compounds. The extracts and one of the isolated compounds from the methanolic fraction, Syringaresinol, exhibited a dose-dependent protection against picrotoxin and NMDA induced convulsions in rats and mice respectively. However, the chloroform fraction did not prevent NMDA induced convulsions in mice. The findings of the experiments on various animal models clearly demonstrated that the extracts and one of the isolated compounds possess antiepileptic activity, possibly by enhancing inhibitory GABAminergic neurotransmission. The results indicate that the chloroform and the methanolic extracts of Viscum articulatum and one of the isolated compounds from the methanolic fraction, Syringaresinol, showed protection against picrotoxin and NMDA induced convulsions in rats and mice respectively.
WORSE PROGNOSIS WITH HIGHER SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE AND LACTATEDEHYDROGENASE LEVELS IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA PATIENTS TREATING WITH BOTREZOMIB-DEXAMETHASONE REGIMEN: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY Prognosis with Higher Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase and Lactatedehydrogenase Levels in Multiple Myeloma P

: Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) is normally present in red blood cells, liver, heart, muscle tissue, pancreas and kidneys. So, the amount of AST in the blood is directly related to the extent of the tissue damage. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that transfer a hydride from one molecule to another. Lactate dehydrogenase is of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissue, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Bortezomib has recommended as novel approach to the treatment of multiple myeloma producing rapid control. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of serum Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level with prognosis of multiple myeloma treated with bortezomib-dexamethasone regimen. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 30 newly diagnosed cases multiple myeloma treated with bortezomib (1.3 mg/m 2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle) and dexamethasone 40 mg once in a week. RESULTS: We observed high levels of AST and LDH during the treatment period in maximum number of patients of multiple myeloma with ISS stage II & III. The present study suggests that the possibility that the prognosis of patients with high levels of AST and LDH might be worse. CONCLUSION: From the study we observed an association between worse prognosis of multiple myeloma treated with Bortezomib-dexamethasone regimen and corresponding high level of serum LDH and AST during the treatment period. The choice of initial therapy is often dictated by availability of drugs, age and co morbidities of the patient, and assessment of prognosis and disease aggressiveness. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed the association of serum LDH and AST with prognosis of multiple myeloma patients treated with Bortezomib – dexamethasone regimen. In addition, the current status of studies aimed at understanding these results was also reviewed. We conducted a retrospective study of 30 patients of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with bortezomib-dexamethasone regimen 2013. All patients who had received at least one cycle of bortezomib-dexamethasone regimen that were analyzed in this retrospective study. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma was confirmed using the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) criteria for diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathies. 4 The clinical stage and prognosis was determined by the International Staging System (ISS, Table-1). 5,6 The median age was 65 years old (43–87 years old), with 19 males and 11 females. Most (70.2%) had IgG or IgA myeloma. and in with All patients received 40 each next delayed neutrophils cases neuropathic pain peripheral neuropathy, the dose of bortezomib would also be reduced. median duration of follow-up 9 months (range 6-12 months) the median number of treatment cycles
selection in six Mammalian genomes.

Genome-wide scans for positively selected genes (PSGs) in mammals have provided insight into the dynamics of genome evolution, the genetic basis of differences between species, and the functions of individual genes. However, previous scans have been limited in power and accuracy owing to small numbers of available genomes. Here we present the most comprehensive examination of mammalian PSGs to date, using the six high-coverage genome assemblies now available for eutherian mammals. The increased phylogenetic depth of this dataset results in substantially improved statistical power, and permits several new lineage- and clade-specific tests to be applied. Of , 16,500 human genes with high-confidence orthologs in at least two other species, 400 genes showed significant evidence of positive selection (FDR , 0.05), according to a standard likelihood ratio test. An additional 144 genes showed evidence of positive selection on particular lineages or clades. As in previous studies, the identified PSGs were enriched for roles in defense/immunity, chemosensory perception, and reproduction, but enrichments were also evident for more specific functions, such as complement-mediated immunity and taste perception. Several pathways were strongly enriched for PSGs, suggesting possible co-evolution of interacting genes. A novel Bayesian analysis of the possible ‘‘selection histories’’ of each gene indicated that most PSGs have switched multiple times between positive selection and nonselection, suggesting that positive selection is often episodic. A detailed analysis of Affymetrix exon array data indicated that PSGs are expressed at significantly lower levels, and in a more tissue-specific manner, than non-PSGs. Genes that are specifically expressed in the spleen, testes, liver, and breast are significantly enriched for PSGs, but no evidence was found for an enrichment for PSGs among brain-specific genes. This study provides additional evidence for widespread positive selection in mammalian evolution and