Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of the vibrational, rotational and electron temperatures in N2 and Ar–N2 rf discharge

In order to characterize a nonequilibrium molecular plasma from the point of view of translational, vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom and their interaction, the characteristic temperatures of such a plasma were measured in an ICP rf reactor. Both pure nitrogen and argon–nitrogen mixture plasmas were examined for this purpose. The experimental results of rotational (Tr), vibrational (Tv) and electron (Te) temperatures are presented. Vibrational and rotational temperatures were measured as a function of nitrogen content for both E and H modes of ICP discharge using a power range of 45–200 W and pressure range of 2.6–13.3 Pa. Additionally, the pressure dependence of electron temperature in a pure nitrogen discharge was studied. Results show that rotational temperature is ≈370 K for E mode and ≈470 K for H mode and almost does not depend on either the applied rf power or the nitrogen content in the discharge. Vibrational temperature groups in the range 5000–12 000 K increase with applied rf power and constantly decay with an increase of nitrogen content. The measured values and behaviour of electron temperature are comparable with those for the positive column of the dc glow discharge. The results also prove that these three temperatures obey the classical inequality Te > Tv > Tr, as well as clarifying the differences in both vibrational and rotational temperature for different modes of the ICP discharge.
Analysis of dielectric properties of rice vinegar and sake

The objectives of this study were to determine the dielectric properties of rice vinegar and sake (rice wine) in the 0.3 to 3 GHz frequency range at temperatures from 5 ³ C to 70 ³ C. Dielectric properties of both liquids were analyzed theoretically with the modified Cole–Cole relation including ionic conductivity effect. The important parameters, such as relaxation wavelength, static component of the dielectric constant, and ionic conductivity, were determined at various conditions using the nonlinear least squares method. Penetration depth was estimated under various conditions. The dielectric constant decreased with increasing frequency, concentration, and temperature for both liquid foods. At low frequencies, the loss factor decreased with increasing frequency, but at high frequencies, it increased with frequency. The effect of ionic loss was substantial at higher temperatures and lower frequencies for each material. Dielectric properties of rice vinegar and sake could be adequately analyzed with the modified Cole–Cole relation including ionic conductivity effect.
First-principles calculations of the electronic structure and phase stability of Ni-Mo alloys

Self-consistent local density electronic structure calculations have been carried out on various fcc-based ground-state ordered superstructures of alloys spanning the entire concentration range. Using the tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital (TB-LMTO) method, we have calculated the volume-dependent total ground-state energies, and hence the different equilibrium cohesive properties, as functions of the Mo concentration. Following the `transferability prescription' of Andersen and co-workers, we have estimated the potential parameters of the constituent atoms as embedded in the alloy and compared these with the corresponding charge-self-consistent parameters for the intermetallic compounds. The ground-state stability profile has been obtained for the first time for this family of Ni-Mo compounds. Moreover, we have tested the applicability of the cluster expansion method (CEM) for parametrizing the cohesive energies to estimate the volume-dependent effective cluster interactions (ECIs) under the octahedron-tetrahedron cluster approximation.
Abiotic and biogeochemical signals derived from the seasonal cycles of tropospheric nitrous oxide

C. D. Nevison, E. Dlugokencky, G. Dutton, J. W. Elkins, P. Fraser, B. Hall, P. B. Krummel, R. L. Langenfelds, R. G. Prinn, L. P. Steele, and R. F. Weiss University of Colorado/INSTAAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, CO 80305, USA University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research/CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria, 3195 Australia Center for Global Change Science, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Wave-Function Engineering of CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots for Enhanced Electron Transfer to a TiO2 Substrate

In this paper, we have synthesized a series of core/shell quantum dots (QDs) for the purpose of enhancing the electron transfer from the dots to a TiO2 substrate. We make use of the fact that CdSe is a small-bandgap material compared with CdS; therefore, in a common CdSe/CdS core/shell QD, the photo-excited electron is confined deeply in the CdSe core. By special construction of the CdS/CdSe core/shell QDs, referred as reversed type-I, the electron wave function will distribute largely in the shell region. This facilitates the transfer of the electron from the QD to the TiO2 substrate, resulting in significantly improved electron-injection efficiency. Such an enhanced electron-injection efficiency was confirmed by fluorescence lifetime decay measurements, showing the largest lifetime reduction after that the QDs were adsorbed on the TiO2 surface. The reversed type-I CdS/CdSe QDs show a much higher photon-to-current conversion efficiency than type-I CdSe/CdS and CdSe QDs without shell. Furthermore, by chem.
The Oxygen Index on Soot Production in Propane Diffusion Flames

An experimental study of the effect of oxygen index (OI) on soot formation in laminar coflow propane diffusion flames is presented. The OI was defined as the oxygen volumetric concentration in the oxidizer flow, O2/(O2+N2), which was varied from 21% to 37%. The influence of the OI was quantified by means of three variables: the flame height, the soot volume fraction, and the vertical distribution of radiative heat flux. The flame height was based on CH* spontaneous emission and found to vary inversely with the OI, following the classical theory of Roper. As the OI increases, the rates of soot growth and soot oxidation are enhanced, and the maximum soot volume fraction and the peak of integrated soot volume fraction also increase. Moreover, the evolution of the peak of radiative heat flux and the maximum soot volume fraction are found to follow the same evolution with the OI.
Physical properties and compression loading behaviour of corn seed

Abstract The aim of this study was to acquire data on the physical properties and compression loading behaviour of seed of six corn hybrid varieties. The mean values of length, width, thickness, geometric diameter, surface area, porosity, single kernel mass, sphericity, bulk and true density, 1 000 kernelmass and coefficient of friction were studied at single level of corn seed moisture content. The calculated secant modulus of elasticity during compressive loading for dent corn was 0.995 times that of the semi-flint type; there were no significant differences in the value of this mechanical property between semi-flint and dent corn varieties. The linear model showed a decreasing tendency of secant modulus of elasticity for all hybrids as the moisture content of seeds increased.
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient of Selected Herbicides: Determination Using Shake-Flask Method and Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

For some triazines and phenylurea derivatives no reliable KOW values were available from literature. The log KOW values were determined directly with the shake-flask procedure and also indirectly using the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method in the isocratic and gradient elution mode, respectively. Atrazine, as a well-investigated substance, and two herbicides of different chemical structures (acid amides) were included in this study. Both RP-HPLC methods yield log KOW values comparable among themselves and identical with the shake-flask results for methabenzthiazuron (2.5), chloroxuron (3.8), sebutylazine (3.2), and atrazine (2.6). For the atrazine metabolites investigated, the RP-HPLC-derived log KOW values are significantly less than those directly measured (1.0 for desethylatrazine and 1.5 for desisopropylatrazine). In contrast to these findings, considerably higher log KOW values were obtained for the two acid amides propachlor and metazachlor with both RP-HPLC meth.
Identification of Colonic Dysplasia and Neoplasia by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy and Pattern Recognition Techniques

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of colonic tissue was employed to determine whether the spectra can be used to distinguish between neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissue in vivo. A total of 224 spectra were obtained in the wavelength range of 350–800 nm from 107 non-neoplastic tissue samples (84 normal mucosa, 23 hyperplastic polyps) and 53 neoplastic tissue samples (44 adenomatous polyps, 9 adenocarcinomas). Pattern recognition algorithms including multiple linear regression (MLR), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and backpropagating neural network (BNN) were used to distinguish between the two tissue classes. The spectra were randomly separated into training and prediction sets for data analyses. The mean predictive accuracies of distinguishing neoplastic tissue from non-neoplastic tissue with MLR, LDA, and BNN were 85, 82, and 85%, respectively. In a similar fashion, the more clinically relevant problem of distinguishing adenomatous polyps from hyperplastic polyps was assessed. The mean predictive accuracies of distinguishing adenomatous polyps from hyperplastic polyps with MLR, LDA, and BNN were 85, 81, and 82%, respectively. The major spectral differences between tissues were attributed to changes in blood volume, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, mean vessel depth within tissue, and tissue scattering.
Theoretical Mechanistic Study of Rhodium(I) Phosphine-Catalyzed H/D Exchange Processes in Aqueous Solutions

The mechanism of hydrogen isotope exchange between a catalytically active rhodium dihydride ([RhH2Cl(PR3)3]) and acidic water has been investigated by means of density functional calculations carried out for model complexes interacting with protonated water clusters. The protonation of hydride ligands by hydrated H3O+ is shown to occur via dihydrogen-bonded adducts, which can easily transform to cationic hydrido-dihydrogen species ([RhH(H2)Cl(PR3)3]+). The structure and possible internal rearrangements of this intermediate are characterized, and a low barrier (∼3 kcal/mol) for η2-H2 rotation is found. The energy gap for the protonation/deprotonation process is estimated to be in the same range. The structures and the relative stabilities of the involved species suggest that the leaving proton in the deprotonation step may either shift back to the original water molecule or alternatively transfer to another H2O.
Capture of electrons and holes in quantum wells

The capture of electrons and holes by quantum wells in multiple quantum well samples of InGaAs/InP is investigated using subpicosecond luminescence spectroscopy. For samples with thin barriers, quantum capture or carrier thermalization dominates. For thicker barriers (>500 A), transport of carriers to the well dominates. We show that quantum capture time is <0.3 ps for holes and <1 ps for electrons. No significant dependence on well thickness is observed. Finally, Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes is shown to ‘‘trap’’ the electrons in unbound states in InGaAs before they are captured by the well.
Etch pit studies in CdTe crystals

Etch pit formation has been studied on (111)A, (111)B, and (100)CdTe surfaces using a nitric acid/potassium bichromate etch with varying Ag+ ion concentrations. The results can best be explained using an adsorption poisoning model originally proposed to explain etch pit formation in InSb, with modifications to take into account the higher ionicity of CdTe. Although the results were fairly reproducible, the etch pit density was consistently lower than that obtained with the Nakagawa etch. Aβ dislocation pits were seen for the first time in CdTe.
47.2: Stable Deposition of Organic Materials for Ir‐Based Red OLEDs using Organic Vapor Phase Deposition

We present data on the deposition of various organic materials using Organic Vapor Phase Deposition (OVPD®) for use in efficient red OLEDs. The long term stability of the OVPD process has been investigated, showing reproducibility of deposition rates to be better than ± 1.5% for a period of up to 30 days. Due to the highly reproducible process the knowledge of the sublimation behaviour of organic materials allows precise determination of OVPD process parameters from single calibration curves as well as process transfer from R&D and Pilot Production equipment to Production equipment. A red phosphorescent OLED employing Iridium(III)bis(2‐(2′‐benzothienyl)pyridinato‐N,C3′)(acetylacetonate)(Btp2Ir(acac)) was fabricated with OVPD yielding high efficiencies.
Hydrogen adsorption in the NaA zeolite: A comparison between numerical simulations and experiments

At room temperature and high pressures between 10 MPa and 140 MPa, hydrogen adsorption in the NaA zeolite was studied by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation. The computed values of the average number of hydrogen molecules adsorbed in a crystal unit were compared to those measured at the same temperature and pressures between 10 MPa and 70 MPa. A quantitative agreement between the two sets of values was obtained by using, in the simulations, a model of zeolite crystal where the Al, Si, O, and Na atoms, disposed in accordance with the crystallographic structure of the NaA zeolite determined by x-ray diffraction, had effective electric charges and were sources of a van der Waals interaction. The adsorption of hydrogen molecules in the NaA zeolite resulted from the combined effects of van der Waals interactions and polarization of hydrogen molecules induced by the electric field of the effective charges.
Amino sugars in soils of the North American cultivated prairie

Characterizing amino sugar dynamics in cultivated soils helps to further understand the influence of cultivation on soil organic matter turnover. This study was designed to evaluate accumulations and patterns of four amino sugars in 17 surface (0–10 cm) soil samples along a climosequence in the North American long-term cultivated prairie from Saskatoon, Candada, to Texas, USA. Mean annual temperature (MAT) ranged from 0.9 to 22.2°C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 300 to 1308 mm. Samples were analyzed for glucosamine, mannosamine, galactosamine, and muramic acid. Amino sugar contents (mg kg−1 soil) varied markedly among the 17 sites and were controlled by mean annual temperature (MAT) and clay and silt contents, mainly. The relationship between amino sugar-N proportions to total N (%) and MAT followed parabolic regression models. Compared with native sites, amino sugars were depleted by 53% and the amino sugar-N by 18% of the total, on average, after long-term cropping. The intensity of amino sugar-N depletion correlated positively with MAT (r = 0.77***). Bacterially-derived galactosamine and muramic acid declined preferentially to mainly chitin-derived glucosamine after long-term cropping. The glucosamine-to-galactosamine and glucosamine-to-muramic acid ratios can be used, therefore, as indicators for the identification of land use effects on microbially-derived SOM residues. Aminozucker in Boden der kultivierten Prarie Nordamerikas Die Kennzeichnung der Aminozucker hilft, Einflusse der Ackernutzung auf die Dynamik der organischen Bodensubstanz zu verstehen. In dieser Untersuchung sollte die Verteilung von vier Aminozuckern in 17 kultivierten Oberboden (0–10 cm) der kultivierten nordamerikanischen Prarie ermittelt werden, und zwar entlang einer Klimasequenz von Saskatoon, Kanada, bis Sud-Texas, USA. Die mittleren Jahrestemperaturen (MAT) variieren von 0,9 bis 22,2°C, die mittleren Jahresniederschlagsmengen von 300 bis 1308 mm. In den Proben wurden Glucosamin, Galactosamin, Muraminsaure und Mannosamin bestimmt. Die Aminozucker-Gehalte (mg kg−1 Boden) schwanken erheblich und folgen v. a. Anderungen der MAT sowie des Ton- und Schluffgehaltes. Die Beziehung zwischen den Aminozucker-N-Anteilen und der MAT ergab einen parabolischen Zusammenhang. Die Aminozukker-Gehalte sind im Vergleich zu Standorten der naturbelassenen Prarie um 53%, die Aminozucker-N-Konzentrationen um 18% erniedrigt. Das Ausmas dieser Konzentrations-Abnahme hangt wiederum positiv mit der MAT zusammen (r = 0.77**). Die Konzentration bakterienburtiger Aminozucker, wie Galactosamin und Muraminsaure, sinkt gegenuber den v. a. chitinburtigen, wie Glucosamin, starker infolge Ackernutzung ab. Die Verhaltnisse von Glucosamin zu Galactosamin und von Glucosamin zu Muraminsaure zeigen demnach Einflusse der Landnutzung auf mikrobielle Stoffwechselruckstande im Boden an.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Applications in Food Science and Processing

Low-field bench top H nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry instruments have been increasingly popular as analytical tools for engineering research. Magnetic resonance imaging, which is a more advanced approach to NMR technology, provides the researcher with images of the internal structure without any disruption to the sample and has been commonly used in medical applications in analysis of soft tissue. The noninvasive and non-destructive nature coupled with the high discriminative power of LF-NMR and MRI, makes them invaluable tools of analysis for a wide range of applications in food science. This review covers the basic concept behind NMR/MRI technology and discusses some of its most commonly used food applications. The review addresses the food scientist with no prior knowledge of NMR/MRI and aims to supply the reader with both the theory of the method and its fundamentals, as well as the practical uses in scientific research and industrial applications.
Electrophoresis of DNA. III. The effect of several univalent electrolytes on the mobility of DNA

The electrophoretic mobility of DNA in the presence of tetramethylammonium and alkali metal ion chlorides has been studied as a function of ionic strength. Each cation exhibits a characteristic behavior in accord with the idea that the order of inter‐action with DNA is Li+ > Na+ > K+ > TMA+. The application of theories of the electrophoresis of polyelectrolytes is discussed, leading to an attempt to calculate the fractional charge per DNA phosphorus from the mobility data. Over the range 0.05–0.4M a constant and unique value of the DNA charge is obtained in the presence of each cation. Values of the zeta potential and of the friction factor per monomer unit are also calculated.
Vitrification of aqueous suspensions from a controlled environment for electron microscopy: An improved plunge‐cooling device

In the process of vitrifying aqueous suspensions for cryotransmission electron microscopy, water is solidified without crystallization. Vitrification can be achieved by rapidly plunging an aqueous thin film into a liquid cryogen. The preparation of aqueous thin films prior to vitrification must be performed in an environmental cabinet at controlled temperature and humidity in order to prevent evaporation and temperature‐induced phase changes in the thin film. The device described here incorporates several important features which make the apparatus simpler and more convenient to use than similar devices described in the literature. One of these features includes the use of a totally enclosed environmental cabinet in which the grid, sample, micropipette and absorbent paper are equilibrated before thin‐film preparation. Other features include a cryogen dewar on a swing arm for easy refilling, a guillotine shutter which is used to trigger the plunger electrically and a semiautomatic system which facilitates rapid transfer of the vitrified specimen from liquid propane to liquid nitrogen for storage and reduces handling of the specimen. To demonstrate the utility of the device, results showing the influence of temperature on the morphology of phospholipid vesicles are presented. A commercial cryotransfer apparatus (which is used for transportation of the vitrified specimen to the electron microscope cold‐stage) has been modified to reduce the possibility of reversion of the vitreous phase to the crystalline ice phases.
Influence of High Organic Loading Rates on COD Removal and Sludge Production in Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor

A moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), where biomass is attached to small carrier elements that move freely along with the water in the reactor, has been tested for organic matter removal at five different organic loading rates. A lab-scale reactor with a volume of 2L was built and fed continuously with synthetic wastewater. The reactor was filled with the Kaldnes biomedia K1 which is used in the patented Kaldnes Moving Bed™ biofilm process at 50% of the volume of empty reactor. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) in the reactor and in the settler were adjusted to between 8 and 4 hours, respectively. A start-up period of about 4 weeks for biofilm growth on the carrier was followed by 10 weeks of testing period. By changing the wastewater composition, the operation of the system was adjusted, one after the other, to five different organic loading rates: 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 g COD/m2 . d. Organic removal efficiency decreased with increasing organic loading rate, ranging from 95.1%, 94.9%, 89.3%, 68.7% and 45.2% as.
The Flow of Highly Rarefied Gases through Tubes of Arbitrary Length

Editor's Note: Translated from the German [Ann. Physik (5) 12, 961 (1932)]. Since this classic paper is referred to so frequently by workers in vacuum technology, it has been decided to publish an English translation. The translation was made available through the courtesy of Veeco Instruments, Inc., who also supported its publication.
Kinetics of Phase Change. I General Theory

The theory of the kinetics of phase change is developed with the experimentally supported assumptions that the new phase is nucleated by germ nuclei which already exist in the old phase, and whose number can be altered by previous treatment. The density of germ nuclei diminishes through activation of some of them to become growth nuclei for grains of the new phase, and ingestion of others by these growing grains. The quantitative relations between the density of germ nuclei, growth nuclei, and transformed volume are derived and expressed in terms of a characteristic time scale for any given substance and process. The geometry and kinetics of a crystal aggregate are studied from this point of view, and it is shown that there is strong evidence of the existence, for any given substance, of an isokinetic range of temperatures and concentrations in which the characteristic kinetics of phase change remains the same. The determination of phase reaction kinetics is shown to depend upon the solution of a function.