Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical issues in modeling thermally and hydraulically driven ice stream surge cycling

Modeling ice sheet instabilities is a numerical challenge of potentially high real-world relevance. Yet, differentiating between the impacts of model physics, numerical implementation choices, and numerical errors is not straightforward. Here we use an idealized North American geometry and climate representation (similar to the HEINO experiments, Calov et al., 2010) to examine the numerical sensitivity of ice stream surge cycling in ice ﬂow models. Through sensitivity tests, we identify some numerical requirements for a more robust model conﬁguration for such contexts. To partly address model-speciﬁc 5 dependencies, we use both the Glacial Systems Model (GSM) and Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). We show that modeled surge characteristics are resolution-dependent though converging (decreasing differences between resolutions) at higher horizontal grid resolutions. Discrepancies between high and coarse horizontal grid resolutions can be reduced by incorporating sliding at sub-freezing temperatures. The inclusion of a bed thermal model markedly reduces the ice volume lost during surges in both the GSM and PISM, as the substrate heat storage capacity dampens the change in basal temperature during surges. The 10 inclusion of basal hydrology, as well as a non-ﬂat topography, leads to an increase in the ice volume lost during surges in both models. Therefore, we conclude that these latter three components are essential to maximizing physical ﬁdelity in ice stream surge cycle modeling.
Effects of climate change on groundwater resources in Campania (southern Italy)

Abstract In order to estimate the influence of global climate change upon the hydrological regime, variations in the water budget prompted by precipitation and temperature changes were evaluated in the region of Campania (southern Italy). In many parts of the region, precipitation distribution in the last 20 years shows a marked reduction. During the same period, Campania also experienced a regional temperature increase of about 0.3°C. Water budgets, calculated in a geographical information system environment for the region's hydrogeological structures, show a mean decrease of 30% of average infiltration within the present climate scenario. The structures most affected are carbonate aquifers, with the flow of springs being significantly reduced (about 70 m3/s). The most severely affected zones are the mountainous areas in the southern and northern parts of Campania.
Contrastive Multimodal Text Generation for E-Commerce Brand Advertising

E-commerce platforms enable brands to connect with relevant on-line shoppers. While major brands are easily identifiable by shop-pers, smaller and emerging brands often lean on advertising cam-paigns in e-commerce platforms to reach a wide audience. For such advertising campaigns, brands need to come up with a leading ad creative which may be shown together with their listed products. Designing such creatives requires domain expertise in marketing; it is time-intensive as well as expensive for small businesses in particular. To assist brands with the leading ad text which goes together with the title and image of their listed products, we propose a multimodal text generation model. The multimodality stems from using both the textual and visual components of multiple product listings from a brand to generate the ad text. In addition, we introduce a brand-contrastive loss while training the multimodal text generation model. This is done to provide shoppers with an experience which is unique to a brand, while learning from data collected from multiple brands across product categories. Our experiments demonstrate the benefits of multimodal inputs for ad text generation; images are useful especially when textual information is limited. We also demonstrate how our brand contrastive loss enables unique brand advertising experiences at scale by promoting diversity in the generated ad text across brands.
Occupational Mobility Across Years, Decades and a Century

In this paper I document occupational mobility comparing the experiences of cohorts living one century apart: those captured in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1968 to 2000 and a longitudinal census sample of individuals observed between 1880 and 1930. Considering different levels of aggregation with respect to occupations, as well as different definitions of what an occupation is, I uncover several facts which are remarkably stable in time: (i) occupational mobility is higher for younger workers, (ii) it is closely related to geographical mobility and (iii) over the life-cycle, individuals tend towards occupations with high cognitive, non-routine task requirements and away from manual-heavy tasks. A major difference between cohorts is the fate of geographical movers: for the 1880 cohort, interstate migrants were characterized with worse occupational outcomes than stayers, while the opposite is true for the 1968 cohort; additionally, the data shows that routine occupations are more prominent for the 1968 cohort.
Evolution of karyotype landscapes in cancer

Background: Aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer, is the result of chromosomal instability (CIN) during mitosis. While some aneuploid cancers display stable karyotypes, other tumours display cell-to-cell karyotype variability indicative of CIN. CIN cancers are typically associated with poor clinical outcome, as they are endowed with the potential to adjust their genomes to changing conditions including therapy. To further explore this, we assessed the degree of aneuploidy and CIN in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and investigated whether the karyotypic makeup of tumours was associated with distinct transcriptional responses. Patients and Methods: Samples from 11 BCC patients were processed for single-cell whole genome sequencing (scWGS) to measure aneuploidy and karyotype heterogeneity. In parallel, samples were processed for transcriptome analysis. Results: scWGS revealed different grades of aneuploidy between BCCs, ranging from euploidy to tumours with up to 7 aneusomic chromosomes. Importantly, a subset of BCCs displayed intratumour karyotype heterogeneity, indicating that CIN can play a role in BCC. Samples were clustered into three groups based on the level of aneuploidy and intratumour karyotype heterogeneity. Karyotype-driven group classification was also reflected by the tumour transcriptomes and revealed distinct gene expression signatures related to metabolism for aneuploid BCCs and a DNA damage signature for CIN BCCs. Conclusions: While BCCs are typically classified based on histopathological features, we find that BCCs can be stratified based on karyotypic landscape. Importantly, this classification is linked to distinct molecular features and could thus be
Deformation of the continental lithosphere: Insights from brittle-ductile models

Abstract 2D deformation experiments on multilayer models of a brittle-ductile lithosphere are reviewed. The experimental method consists of simulating simplified strength profiles which incorporate brittle (frictional) and ductile (viscous) rheologies with gravity forces. A selection of models built with sand and silicone putties to represent brittle and ductile lithosphere layers, respectively, is used to illustrate the effects of variations in strength profiles on deformation patterns. Models of extension first consider lithosphere necking and the development of narrow rifts, with application to continental rifts and passive margins, and, second, lithosphere spreading with application to the development of wide rifts and core complexes. Models of compression compare sandbox-type and brittle-ductile multilayer-type experiments. Results are applied to mountain belt formation and, in particular, to the Pyrenees and the western Alps. Both extensional and compressional experiments demonstrate that the presence/absence of a sub-Moho brittle mantle and the coupling/decoupling between brittle and ductile layers play a dominant role on localized versus distributed deformation, at lithosphere scale.
Effect of Sulfate Attack on Compressive Strength of Foamed Cement Paste under Static Cyclic Loading

Foamed cement paste has been increasingly used as backﬁll material in roadways and railway embankments due to its advantages of adjustable density and strength. The embankments constructed by foamed cement paste in coastal regions is subjected to both tra ﬃ c loading and chemical erosion in service life. This paper conducted a series of durability tests to investigate the reduction of static and dynamic strength of foamed cement paste after the specimens were immersed in sodium sulfate solutions. The specimens were prepared with densities of 800 and 900 kg / m 3 . The inﬂuence factors of specimen density, concentration and cation type of sulfate solution on the strength degradation of the specimens were discussed. The results showed that the corrosion resistant coe ﬃ cient of the specimens was reduced with the increase of immersion time and concentration of sodium sulfate solution. The degradation of the compressive strength under cyclic loading is more serious than that under static loading. The high-density specimens perform better durability than low-density specimens, as the specimens with 900 kg / m 3 under 28 and 56 days of sulfate attack had smaller reduction in both dynamic and static strengths than the specimens with 800 kg / m 3 .
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as an alternative energy crop in Europe Initiation of a productivity network

Establishment of switchgrass, a native species of the North American Great Plains, was evaluated under contrasting climatic conditions in Germany and Italy. The effects of drilling dates, seeding rates and weed control on growth and dry matter production of two contrasting switchgrass varieties was evaluated at two sites in Europe. The varieties were Cave-in-Rock, Alamo and Kanlow, drilling dates were April and June 1999 in Germany and April and May 1999 in Italy. Seeding densities were 200 and 400 pure live seed (PLS)/m. Plots had either no weed control or chemical control with the herbicide 2.4-D. The higher seeding rate resulted in greater plant density but did not affect dry matter yield. The early drilling date (April vs June) in Germany significantly increased dry matter yield while the late drilling date in Italy (May vs April) increased yield. Generally northern upland-ecotypes of switchgrass are more adapted to cooler northern climatic conditions. Results show that the lowland-ecotype Kanlow could overwinter and establish near Braunschweig in Germany. Weed control resulted in increased biomass yield in Italy but not in Germany Yield in Italy may have been affected by summer drought as irrigation was necessary in both years. Up to 12-16 t DM/ha were harvested in Germany compared to maximum yield of 8 t/ha in Italy. Biomass yield resulting from the different treatments ranged from 5.09-8.9 tonne DM/ha in 1999 and 10.616. 6 in 2000. In Italy, yield ranged from 1.63-15.36 tonne DM/ha.
Board composition and firm performance: evidence from Bangladesh

This study examines the influence of corporate board composition in the form of representation of outside independent directors on firm economic performance in Bangladesh. Two hypotheses are developed to examine the relationship among composition of board memberships including independent directors and firm performance. An observation of 274 Bangladeshi firm-years is used in the study. A linear regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses. Results reveal that the outside (independent) directors cannot add potential value to the firm’s economic performance in Bangladesh. The idea of the introduction of independent directors may have benefits for greater transparency, but the non-consideration of the underlying institutional and cultural differences in an emerging economy such as Bangladesh may not result in economic value addition to the firm. The findings provide an insight to the regulators in their quest for harmonization of international corporate governance practices.
Simulating maar–diatreme volcanic systems in bench-scale experiments

Maar–diatreme eruptions are incompletely understood, and explanations for the processes involved in them have been debated for decades. This study extends bench-scale analogue experiments previously conducted on maar–diatreme systems and attempts to scale the results up to both field-scale experimentation and natural volcanic systems to produce a reconstructive toolkit for maar volcanoes. These experimental runs produced via multiple mechanisms complex deposits that match many features seen in natural maar–diatreme deposits. The runs include deeper single blasts, series of descending discrete blasts, and series of ascending blasts. Debris-jet inception and diatreme formation are indicated by this study to involve multiple types of granular fountains within diatreme deposits produced under varying initial conditions. It is not possible to infer the energies of single blasts in multiple-blast series from the final deposits. The depositional record of blast sequences can be ascertained from the proportion of fallback sedimentation versus maar ejecta rim material, the final crater size and the degree of overturning or slumping of accessory strata. Quantitatively, deeper blasts involve a roughly equal partitioning of energy into crater excavation energy versus mass movement of juvenile material, whereas shallower blasts expend a much greater proportion of energy in crater excavation. Supplementary materials: Five video files, 12 figures and three tables are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18890.
General wellbore flow model for horizontal, vertical, and slanted well completions

A general wellbore flow model, which incorporates not only frictional, accelerational, and gravitational pressure drops, but also the pressure drop caused by inflow, is presented in this paper. The new wellbore model is readily applicable to different wellbore perforation patterns and well completions, and can be easily incorporated in reservoir simulators or analytical reservoir inflow models. Three dimensionless numbers, the accelerational to frictional pressure gradient ratio R{sub af}, the gravitational to frictional pressure gradient ratio R{sub gf}, and the inflow-directional to accelerational pressure gradient ratio R{sub da}, have been introduced to quantitatively describe the relative importance of different pressure gradient components. For fluid flow in a production well, it is expected that there exist three different flow regions along the wellbore, the laminar flow region, the partially-developed turbulent flow region, and the fully-developed turbulent flow region. For wellbore flow with uniform influx, R{sub af} in the laminar flow region is a constant which is only dependent on fluid properties, inflow rate and pipe ID, but independent of axial location and pipe roughness; R{sub af} in the fully-developed turbulent flow region is related to the axial location and pipe geometry (pipe ID and pipe roughness) and may be independent of themore » fluid properties and inflow rate; whereas R{sub af} in the partially- developed turbulent flow region depends on location, pipe geometry, fluid properties and inflow rate. It is found that the influence of either inflow or outflow depends on the flow regime present in the wellbore. It is recommended that the new wellbore flow model be included in wellbore-reservoir coupling models to achieve more accurate predictions of pressure drop and inflow distribution along the wellbore as well as the well production or injection rates. « less
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INFORMATIONAL RIGIDITIES AND THE STICKINESS OF TEMPORARY SALES

Frequent price changes do not imply a rapid response of prices to economic shocks if the price changes are based on old information. We study the extent of such information “stickiness” for temporary sales. Institutionally, we describe how and why temporary sales are “sticky plans” that are updated infrequently, despite the occurrence of frequent price changes. We then study the empirical characteristics of sales and regular price changes using a unique dataset from a large retailer, containing direct measures of both regular prices and sales, in addition to wholesale prices. The timing and magnitude of regular price changes respond strongly to wholesale price changes and to aggregate economic shocks, while temporary sales are unresponsive. Finally, we show that sales account for the majority of the observed cross-sectional heterogeneity in the frequency of price changes, as well as the downward sloping hazard of retail price changes. Eric Anderson Kellogg School of Management Northwestern University 2001 Sheridan Road Evanston, IL 60208-2001 eric-anderson@kellogg.northwestern. edu Emi Nakamura Columbia Business School 3022 Broadway, Uris Hall 820 New York, NY 10027 and NBER enakamura@columbia.edu Duncan Simester Sloan School of Management MIT 1 Amherst Street, Room E40-177 Cambridge, MA 02142-0679 simester@mit.edu Jón Steinsson Department of Economics Columbia University 1026 International Affairs Building 420 West 118th Street New York, NY 10027 and NBER jsteinsson@columbia.edu
Biogenic reworking of fluvial sediments by staphylinid beetles

ABSTRACT Through their burrowing activities, the staphylinid beetles Bledius pallipennis and B. bellicosus\ remove significant quantities of loose, easily eroded sand from beneath cohesive surficial layers. The combined seasonal activities of both species result in an estimated 5.1 mm new layer of reworked sand in certain exposed areas of the braided lower Platte and Loup Rivers in eastern Nebraska.
Informational Rigidities and the Stickiness of Temporary Sales

We use unique price data to study how retailers react to underlying cost changes. Temporary sales account for 95% of price changes in our data. Simple models would, therefore, suggest that temporary sales play a central role in price responses to cost shocks. We find, however, that, in response to a wholesale cost increase, the entire increase in retail prices comes through regular price increases. Sales actually respond temporarily in the opposite direction from regular prices, as though to conceal the price hike. Additional evidence from responses to commodity cost and local unemployment shocks, as well as broader evidence from BLS data reinforces these findings. We present institutional evidence that sales are complex contingent contracts, determined substantially in advance. We show theoretically that these institutional practices leave little money “on the table”: in a price-discrimination model of sales, dynamically adjusting the size of sales yields only a tiny increase in profits.
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MILAN – BICOCCA

Autocratic policy-making processes have been under studied both theoretically and empirically, while most literature on autocracies has assumed them to have a monolithic and top-down nature. This paper seeks to remedy this deficiency by focusing on logrolling among interest groups in fragmented autocracies, and tries to pick apart the black-box of decision making in autocracies. In particular, we focus on China where decision making exemplifies a process of logrolling among key actors in the political system. The key question in this paper is: what are the effects of the logrolling of parochial interest groups on state policies and social welfare in autocracies?
Lunar cycle of zooplankton biomass in subtropical waters: biogeochemical implications

The relationship between zooplankton biomass and moon illumination has been studied north of the Canary Islands. Biomass was significantly greater during the second quarter of the moon's cycle, and decreased dramatically after the full moon in all the size classes of mesozooplankton. The pattern was similar to that described in lakes and confirms the existence of this phenomenon in the sea. This lunar cycle in zooplankton could account for a rather large percentage of the gravitational flux and may help to explain the periodicity in the sinking flux observed in sediment traps in subtropical waters.
The Timing and Formation of Platinum-Group Minerals from the Creighton Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element Sulfide Deposit, Sudbury, Canada: Early Crystallization of PGE-Rich Sulfarsenides

Platinum-group elements (PGE) are typically hosted in base metal sulfides and by platinum-group minerals (PGM) in Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits. At Sudbury, it appears that the majority of PGE are hosted in PGM. In order to understand why this is the case we have investigated the origin of PGM from the 402 trough ore-bodies of the Creighton deposit located on the South Range of Sudbury. These predominantly pyrrhotite-rich sulfides, with low (Pt + Pd)/(Os + Ir + Ru + Rh) whole-rock ratios, represent cumulates of monosulfide solid solution (MSS) that crystallized early from the sulfide melt, collected in troughs and embayments at the base of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, and formed small pendants of ore in the footwall country rock. The majority of PGE (Ir, Rh, Pt ± Os, Ru) show a stronger affinity for the sulfarsenide phases than the cocrystallizing sulfide phases which are strongly depleted in these PGE. The precious metal mineralogy is dominated by PGE sulfarsenides (86%) with subordinate sperrylite (PtAs2: 9%), michenerite (PdBiTe: 5%), and electrum (AgAu2: 0.1%). These discrete minerals are predominantly hosted within pyrrhotite and pentlandite except, however, a large proportion of michenerite is hosted either entirely by silicates and/or juxtaposed against silicates. The PGE sulfarsenides are euhedrally zoned with an irarsite (IrAsS) core, an outer layer of hollingworthite (RhAsS), and a PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rim (CoAsS). Rhenium sulfides, some of which are Os bearing, are documented for the first time at Sudbury. Platinum-group minerals may crystallize directly from sulfide melt, form by exsolution during cooling of the base metal sulfides or recrystallize from them during metamorphism. We propose that zoned PGE sulfarsenides and sperrylite crystallized from a sulfide melt at high temperatures (1,200°–900°C) and were subsequently surrounded by MSS cumulates, even by disseminated sulfides, that crystallized from the now Ir, Rh, Pt ± Os, Ru-depleted immiscible sulfide liquid. The base metal sulfides recrystallized with secondary hydrosilicates at a late magmatic and/or hydrothermal stage (<540°C) at which time michenerite formed. The magmatic zoning of the PGE sulfarsenides was preserved during later deformation in shear zones but these PGM were corroded, fractured, and juxtaposed against silicates.
Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade

List of Figures List of Tables Preface Acknowledgements 1. Themes in the Historical Geography of Viticulture 2. Viticulture and Vinification 3. The Origins of Viticulture Symbols and Mysteries 4. Wine in the Graeco-Roman Economy 5. Viticulture and Wine in the Early Middle Ages 6. Medieval Viticulture and the Wine Trade 7. Wine in the Age of Discovery 8. Capital in the Sphere of Production 9. Crises and Expansion: The Restructuring of Viticulture in the 19th Century 10. The Dominance of Capital in the 20th Century: Demarcation, Sectoral Integration and the Creation of Fashion Conclusion Appendix: Historic Wine Measures Bibliography