Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HUMAN AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE GRAFTING: A BOON IN OCULAR CHEMICAL INJURIES

INTRODUCTION: Amniotic membrane is the innermost layer of the fetal membranes. It has a stromal matrix, a collagen layer, and an overlying basement membrane with a single layer of epithelium. (1) Amniotic membrane has unique properties including anti-adhesive effects, bacterio-static properties, wound protection, pain reduction, and epithelialisation effects. Another characteristic of amniotic membrane is the lack of imunogenicity. (2) Amniotic membranes have been used as a dressing to promote healing of chronic ulcers of the leg and as a biological dressing for burned skin and skin wounds. (3, 4) It has also been used in surgical reconstruction of artificial vagina, for repairing omphaloceles, and to prevent tissue adhesion in surgeries of the abdomen, head, or pelvis. (5, 6) Amniotic membrane has been successfully used in ocular conditions like persistent epithelial defects (7), pterygium, (8) Symblepharon (9) and for ocular surface reconstruction. (10, 11) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of cryopreserved Human amniotic membrane graft( HAMT), with or without limbal autograft transplantation (LAT) in patients with previous and fresh chemical eye injuries respectively. Institutional ethical committee approval was obtained.
Water Vapour Measurements in the Canadian High Arctic

This thesis provides an evaluation of atmospheric H2O measurements at the high Arctic site in Eureka, Nunavut made using ground-based and satellite instruments. The focus is on measurements acquired using a solar absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (the 125HR) located at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), as part of
An analysis of indications of caesarean sections at Tezpur medical college and hospital, Tezpur (a government hospital) -

Background: The main objective of this study is to analyze the indications of caesarean section so as to find out what measures should be taken to bring down the rate without hampering maternal and foetal outcome. Methods: It is an observational study which was carried out at the obstetrics & gynaecological department of TMCH from 01.01. 2015 to 31.12. 2015. All antenatal cases attending both OPD and the emergency services during the above period who finally delivered via caesarean section were taken up for this study. There were no exclusion criteria. Data were collected from hospital records for the study. Results: There were a total of 8255 deliveries during the study period out of which, 2278 had delivered via Caesarean Section. So, the rate of caesarean section in the study was found to be 27.60%. Conclusions: Caesarean Section is one of the most widely performed surgical procedures in obstetrics worldwide. It is undoubtedly a lifesaving surgical method both for the mother and the child. In present study also a high rate of Caesarean deliveries was observed in a tertiary care centre in rural Assam namely Tezpur Medical College and Hospital. The rate can be brought down by reducing the incidence of primary caesarean section and also by practising VBAC (Vaginal Birth after Caesarean).
Reply to Comment by Robock et al. on “Climate Impact of a Regional Nuclear Weapon Exchange: An Improved Assessment Based on Detailed Source Calculations”

Robock Robock contend that the reasons for Reisner et (2018, Reisner et al.) simulations not producing enough black carbon (BC) in the upper atmosphere are as follows: (1) low fuel loads, (2) high surface winds, (3) omission of latent heat release by cloud formation, and (4) short simulation. We resolve (1) with additional simulations over a range of fuel loads, clarify (2) by noting that our surface winds of 2.4 m/s are below the ﬁ restorm threshold, agree that addressing (3) requires more research, and (4) short simulations are appropriate since this is when most of the BC emissions that can reach the upper atmosphere occur. While we agree with their assessment that a ﬁ restorm was not produced, we demonstrate here why a ﬁ restorm is unlikely in dense population centers found in India and Pakistan where concrete structures dominate. Our conversion of all fuel to BC is an upper bound and was the basis of the assertion on maximum global impacts. Our study is the ﬁ rst to treat BC generation and lofting with physics ‐ based models underscoring the need to initialize BC in global simulations properly. Reisner et al. and the responses identify critical gaps that must be ﬁ lled to make any meaningful assessment of the probability of global nuclear winter. We report
Internal variability in a changing climate: A large ensemble perspective on tropical Atlantic rainfall

In this dissertation I investigate the temporal development of internal variability under global warming. Understanding internal variability is essential to understand the past and possible future trajectories of our climate, yet it is often assumed to be a property of the climate system that does not change under global warming. I use a novel large ensemble, the Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble, to introduce a new perspective on internal variability. Internal variability can be described as the seemingly random fluctuations of the climate system over time. Due to nonlinearity in the climate system, small perturbations may grow to large anomalies over time that are associated with anomalous or even extreme events. In my first chapter, I quantify internal variability and investigate whether it changes under global warming. The change in the external forcing is the same for all of these realisations, the initial conditions are different for each realisation. Thus, each realisation follows its own, unique trajectory. For each time step, the distribution of all realisations provides an estimate of the possible states of the climate system. I develop an analysis framework based on a large ensemble to detect, quantify and attribute changes in internal variability in a transient climate. Rather than analysing variability over time, I use the ensemble dimension of a large ensemble to quantify internal variability. This approach allows a clean separation of the forced signal from internal variability and ensures stationarity of the statistics even when the forcing is changing with time. My non-parametric approach provides an objective quantification of changes in internal variability and their robustness. In my second chapter I apply this analysis framework to investigate rainfall in the tropical Atlantic region in the past and its possible future trajectories. I can show that simulated internal variability in the Sahel encompasses all observed values for the 20th century. The model suggests an externally forced increase in rainfall towards the end of the 20th century. However, due to large internal variability, it is not possible to detect this forced change in a single realisation. In future projections, I find an increase in the mean rainfall over the Sahel, accompanied by an increase in the variability. This implies that the average rainfall will increase, but individual years may show deviations from this mean value that are larger than under present-day conditions. In the tropical Atlantic region, most state-of-the-art coupled climate models show large biases in the simulated sea surface temperature and rainfall when compared to observations. These model errors
Effects of Comorbid Opiate Dependency on Patients Admitted for Alcohol detoxification: Retrospective Chart Review and 2 Year Outcome

Background: Alcohol abuse is an important cause of medical complications in patients receiving opiate replacement therapy (ORT) and is associated with increased mortality rates. We aimed to compare the outcomes of patients receiving alcohol detoxification and were on ORT to those who were not on ORT over a 2 year period. Method: A retrospective study assigning clinical global impression (CGI) severity and improvement subscales at the time of initial detoxification and after 2 years. The data was collected over a 2 year period from the index episode of inpatient alcohol detoxification. Results: Individuals on ORT requiring alcohol detoxification had high CGI severity and low improvement scores, and were not discharged on a planned basis at the end of two years period compared to those who were not receiving ORT. Males were over represented in former group and they were significantly younger. Conclusion: Our study showed that male gender and young age were poor prognostic factors and individuals on ORT who required alcohol detoxification had a worse prognosis. This might reflect adverse social circumstances, increased physical and psychiatric co-morbidity in this group. This patient group requires additional support and treatment to meet their complex needs.
Economic Contribution of Southern West Java Province Marine Fisheries

Economic development has negative impacts on the environment and spurs an upward trend of environmental degradation and resource depletion. However, as incomes increase, the structure of the economy may change, shifting from a resource-intensive economy to a serviceand knowledge-based technology-intensive economy. Marine Fisheries development is one of the economic’s sector that contribute on regional economic growth in west java province. This paper present the Input Output Analysis to show economic contribution of Marine fisheries of southern west java province. Total contribution (direct and indirect effect) of marine fisheries in the Southern West Java economy range from 12.7%, 13.1% to 14.6% in terms of value added, employment and production value. The direct economic contribution in 2017 for the first two measures is 5.5% and 7.3%. Recommendation as consequences of this finding are investment should be alocated to fish culture on high value fish species. Concerning investment on marine fisheries resources, it needs increasing financial institution supporting. Keyword: Economic, Marine, Fisheries, Input-Output, Southern West Java Province
Profile of Chest Trauma in a Referral Hospital: A Five-Year Experience

From April 1993 to March 1998, 90 patients with chest injuries were retrospectively assessed for the incidence, presentation, and outcome of thoracic trauma. The majority (55.6%) were less than 40 years of age and 83 (92%) were male. The mode and extent of injury, specific intrathoracic organ injuries, associated injuries, flail chest, ventilatory requirements, management, morbidity, and mortality were analyzed. Blunt injuries were seen in 56 (62.2%) and penetrating injuries in 34 (37.7%). Multiple rib fractures with hemopneumothorax was the most frequent presentation with orthopedic and head injuries being most commonly associated. Patients with tachypnea, cyanosis, lung contusion, partial pressure of aterial oxygen less than 60 mm Hg, and those with more than 6 rib fractures most often required ventilation but the majority (54.4%) were treated with a chest drain only. Emergency or delayed thoracotomy was required in 24.4%. The mortality rate was 6.7%, mainly due to respiratory insufficiency. Subcutaneous emphysema requiring releasing incisions accounted for most of the morbidity. Mean hospital stay was 9.5 days. Chest injuries were of major concern in multisystem trauma patients and early planned management is recommended in a mostly vulnerable section of our population in an age of violence and vehicular accidents.
Intense Hurricane Activity Over the Past 1500 Years at South Andros Island, The Bahamas

Hurricanes cause substantial loss of life and resources in coastal areas. Unfortunately, historical hurricane records are too short and incomplete to capture hurricane‐climate interactions on multi‐decadal and longer timescales. Coarse‐grained, hurricane‐induced deposits preserved in blue holes in the Caribbean can provide records of past hurricane activity extending back thousands of years. Here we present a high resolution record of intense hurricane events over the past 1500 years from a blue hole on South Andros Island on the Great Bahama Bank. This record is corroborated by shorter reconstructions from cores collected at two nearby blue holes. The record contains coarse‐grained event deposits attributable to known historical hurricane strikes within age uncertainties. Over the past 1500 years, South Andros shows evidence of four active periods of hurricane activity. None of these active intervals occurred in the past 163 years. We suggest that Intertropical Convergence Zone position modulates hurricane activity on the island based on a correlation with Cariaco Basin titanium concentrations. An anomalous gap in activity on South Andros Island in the early 13th century corresponds to a period of increased volcanism. The patterns of hurricane activity reconstructed from South Andros Island closely match those from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico but are anti‐phased with records from New England. We suggest that either changes in local environmental conditions (e.g., SSTs) or a northeastward shift in storm tracks can account for the increased activity in the western North Atlantic when the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Caribbean are less active.
Sub‐ion‐scale Dynamics of the Ion Diffusion Region in the Magnetotail: MMS Observations

This paper reports magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) observations of the sub‐ion‐scale dynamics within the ion diffusion region (IDR) in the Earth's magnetotail. MMS crossed the IDR from the southern to the northern hemisphere, at about two ion inertial length earthward of the X line with a small guide field. Electrons were anisotropic in the inflow region of the IDR and turned into isotropic within the IDR. The isotropization of the electrons was probably due to the pitch angle scattering in highly curved magnetic field lines. We suggest that the thickness of the electron isotropic region strongly depends on the horizontal distance to the X line. The out‐of‐plane current bifurcated in the IDR. It peaked at the boundaries between the inflow and outflow electrons around the separatrices. Magnetic energy conversion and dissipation predominantly occurred at the peak of the out‐of‐plane current instead of at the neutral sheet center where BL = 0. Both the energy dissipation and normal electric field EN exhibited evident asymmetry with respect to the neutral sheet. The energy dissipation was larger around the northern separatrix than around the southern separatrix. The electric field EN showed a tripolar variation across the neutral sheet, that is, a unipolar EN around the southern separatrix and a bipolar EN around the northern separatrix. The reasons and implications of these asymmetries are discussed.
A Classification Method for Fish Swimming Behaviors under Incremental Water Velocity for Fishway Hydraulic Design

In fishway design, the combination of fish swimming behaviors and suitable fishway hydraulic characteristics increases the fish passage efficiency. In this study, the most representative grass carp among the “four major Chinese carps” was selected. Under conditions similar to the time period for feeding migration, juvenile grass carps were targeted to study the swimming characteristic indicators (i.e., critical and burst swimming speeds) and swimming behaviors that were closely associated with fishway hydraulic design using the incremental water velocity method in a homemade test water tank. (1) The study results reveal that both the absolute critical (Ucrit) and burst (Uburst) swimming speeds increased linearly with increasing body length and both the relative critical (U’crit) and burst (U′burst) swimming speeds decreased linearly with increasing body length. There existed a quantitative relationship between Uburst and Ucrit, which could facilitate the fishway hydraulic design. (2) This study analyzed the effects of water velocity changes on fish swimming behaviors and proposed a classification method for four fish swimming behaviors—swimming freely, staying, dashing at a long distance, and dashing at a short distance—of tested fish during the process of adapting to water velocity changes interspersed with one another. The entire swimming process under the incremental water velocity was divided into four stages. (3) This study suggests that the maximum water velocity of the mainstream in a fishway using grass carp as the major passage fish should not exceed 52–60% Uburst at stage 1. For the high-water velocity areas of a fishway, such as vertical slots and orifices, the optimal water velocity should not be higher than 76–79% Uburst at stage 2 and should absolutely not exceed 90–96% Uburst at stage 3.
Boys versus girls’ educational performance: Empirical evidences from global north and global south

Young girls have been dominating boys in terms of educational performance across the globe. This is a very interesting and remarkable shift observed in the global north as well as in the global south. This review paper seeks to give a succinct picture of gender differences in educational performance in the sociocultural context of various societies across the globe. Thus, the paper is based on the key findings of different studies, both from global north and global south. The study findings highlight the gender reverse change in education across the world. It also highlights the reasons of boys’ underperformance and girls’ outperformance in different societies. Skimming a number studies, attests that boys are being dominated by girls in educational performance, both in the developed as well as developing countries.
Cretaceous Episodic Extension in the South China Block, East Asia: Evidence From the Yuechengling Massif of Central South China

In the Cretaceous, the subduction of the Izanagi/Paleo‐Pacific plates beneath the South China Block (SCB) created a wide back‐arc domain characterized by numerous extensional basins coeval with voluminous magmatism. The SCB witnessed the whole evolution by records of widespread extensional structures to accommodate the lithospheric stretching. In the interior of the SCB, the Yuechengling (YCL) Massif preserves a large, low‐angle detachment fault, the Ziyuan Detachment (ZYD) at the western margin, and a high‐angle ductile normal fault, the Tianhu Fault (THF), in the middle of the massif. Both faults display ductile shearing with top‐to‐the west kinematics but play different roles in two stages of extension. In the early stage at 140–120 Ma, the THF deformed the eastern YCL pluton at a temperature of ~350 °C, but the ZYD shows limited movement at this time. On the contrary, the later stage (100–85 Ma) is characterized by pervasive middle‐ to high‐temperature deformation (~400–500 °C) and rapid exhumation along the ZYD, but the THF only underwent a near‐surface brittle overprint. Across the SCB, the two‐phase extension is widely recorded in other extensional structures and coincides with magmatic flare‐ups at its eastern margin, suggesting episodic changes in the subduction dip. Combined with two compressional events that took place between the intervals of extension, the SCB experienced two cycles of compression‐extension at 155–120 and 120–85 Ma. This periodicity is tentatively interpreted as a combined effect from the Izanagi/Paleo‐Pacific subduction angle change and a thickening‐foundering process in the arc region.
Reconstructing the Ocean Interior from High-Resolution Sea Surface Information

When evaluated against the 1/30°-resolution, submesoscale-resolving OFES model outputs, the previously published “interior + surface quasigeostrophic” method (from the 2013 study by Wang et al., denoted W13) for reconstructing the ocean interior from sea surface information is found to perform improperly in depicting smaller-scale oceanic motions (associated with horizontal scales smaller than about 150 km). This could be attributed to the fact that the W13 method uses only the barotropic and first baroclinic modes for the downward projection of sea surface height (SSH), while SSH at smaller scales significantly reflects other higher-order modes. To overcome this limitation of W13, an extended method (denoted L19) is proposed by employing a scale-dependent vertical projection of SSH. Specifically, the L19 method makes the projection via two gravest modes as proposed in the W13 method only for larger-scale (>150 km) signals, but for smaller scales (≤150 km) it exploits the framework of the “effective” surface quasigeostrophic (eSQG) method. Evaluation of the W13, eSQG, and L19 methods shows that the proposed L19 method can achieve the most satisfactory subsurface reconstruction in terms of both the flow and density fields in the upper 1000 m. Our encouraging results highlight the potential applicability of L19 method to the high-resolution SSH data from the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission.
Land-cover composition, water resources and land management in the watersheds of the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico.

An important element of the wise use of water-related ecosystem services provided by El Yunque National Forest, located in the Luquillo Mountains in northeastern Puerto Rico, is the facilitation of a clear understanding about the composition of land cover and its relation to water resources at different scales of analysis, management, and decision making. In this study we present the results of a site-specific analysis that identify and quantify the land cover of the watersheds of the main rivers that have their headwaters in El Yunque National Forest and relate land-cover data to three water-quality parameters. Based on the results, we identify watersheds where opportunities are present to engage in immediate actions to sustain water-related ecosystem services.To promote and facilitate knowledge and understanding about land-cover dynamics, watershed-related processes, and water conditions, we present our findings and analyses in a way that can be communicated to a broad range of stakeholders, highlighting the implications of land cover to ecosystem processes and water resources.
Dry eye in post-menopausal Asian women on hormone replacement therapy

AIM:To compare the occurrence of dry eye in post-menopausal women between those taking hormone replacement therapy and those not on hormone replacement therapy(HRT) . METHODS:A comparative cross sectional study was carried out to determine the occurrence of dry eye in control subjects and those on HRT.Schirmer's test,tear film break-up time and Rose Bengal staining were performed on all participants.RESULTS:Fifty-four women were examined.Among them 30(55.6%) were on hormone replacement therapy(Group 2) ,while the control group consists of 24(44.4%) women not on any hormone replacement therapy(Group 1) . In Group 2(HRT) ,11 patients were on estrogen(Group 2A) and 19 patients were on combined estrogen and progesterone(Group 2B) . Dry eye was found in 29.2% of patients in Group 1(Control) and in 70.0% of patients in Group 2(HRT) (P =0.003) . In Group 2(HRT) ,dry eye was more common in Group 2B,84.2% compared to Group 2A,45.5%(P =0.042) . CONCLUSION:Dry eye was found more commonly in post-menopausal women who took HRT in our study population.Our finding has negated the previous assumption that HRT is a protective factor against dry eye.
Correlation of Cytokines withOutcome in Children with Dengueand Septic Shock

Correlation of Cytokines with Outcome in Children with Dengue and Septic Shock Cytokines are inflammatory mediators responsible for diffuse tissue injury associated with infections. Of the numerous mediators implicated in the development of sepsis syndrome, evidence suggests that cytokines are decisive factors in determining the pathobiology of septic shock.