Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laccase-catalyzed decolorization of the synthetic azo-dye diamond black PV 200 and of some structurally related derivatives

The kinetics of laccase-catalyzed transformation of the azo-dye Diamond Black PV 200 (CI Mordant Black 9) and various related synthesized derivatives were analyzed for dependence on pH and substrate structure. The reaction mixture of Diamond Black PV 200 was analyzed by HPLC/MS–MS and it was shown that upon laccase oxidation, reactive chinoid fragments of lower molecular weight were formed. These may further oligomerize as indicated by the appearance of a number of compounds with increased molecular weight. The pH optimum for the decolorization was pH 5 for Diamond Black PV 200 which did not change significantly when the substitution pattern of its basic structure was varied. Biodegradability, however, was strongly dependent on the structure of the dyes.
Temporal and spatial variability in the aviation NOx-related O3 impact

Aviation NOx emissions promote tropospheric ozone formation, which is linked to climate warming and adverse health effects. Modeling studies have quantified the relative impact of aviation NOx on O3 in large geographic regions. As these studies have applied forward modeling techniques, it has not been possible to attribute O3 formation to individual flights. Here we apply the adjoint of the global chemistry–transport model GEOS-Chem to assess the temporal and spatial variability in O3 production due to aviation NOx emissions, which is the first application of an adjoint to this problem. We find that total aviation NOx emitted in October causes 40% more O3 than in April and that Pacific aviation emissions could cause 4–5 times more tropospheric O3 per unit NOx than European or North American emissions. Using this sensitivity approach, the O3 burden attributable to 83 000 unique scheduled civil flights is computed individually. We find that the ten highest total O3-producing flights have origins or destinations in New Zealand or Australia. The top ranked O3-producing flights normalized by fuel burn cause 157 times more normalized O3 formation than the bottom ranked ones. These results show significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental impacts of aviation NOx emissions.
Virus incidence in Australian hop (Humulus lupulus L.) gardens and cultivar differences in susceptibility to infection

0uo;Victoria’ (98%) was significantlyhigher than in ‘T11’ (58%), which was higher than‘Opal’ (31%). Results suggested that ‘Victoria’was more susceptible to infection by all 3 viruses than traditionally growncultivars and recently released or experimental cultivars. Planting with elitematerial and roguing of infected plants has been ineffective as a viruscontrol strategy with this cultivar.
Genetic variation and heritability estimation in Jatropha curcas L. population for seed yield and vegetative traits

An evaluation of six Jatropha curcas L. accessions was carried out at Field 10, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. The aim of this study was to determine the seed yield and vegetative traits of the accessions, to estimate the genetic variability and heritability of the population and to study the relationships that exist among these traits. The experiment was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three blocks, six accessions per block and 16 plants per plot. Most of the vegetative and yield traits showed no significant variation among the accessions except in plant height, seed thickness, seed breadth, and total seed per accession. The heritability study showed that the broad sense heritability values ranged from 0 to 23.04%, the highest value was at plant height. This study indicated that environmental factors played an important role than the genetic factor. The correlation study showed that seed length had positive correlation with seed thickness, seed breadth and seed weight. From this study, Accession V5 and V2 showed high potential for future breeding program. Key words: Jatropha curcas L. , genetic variation, heritability, seed yield, environmental factor, medicinal value.
Convexity, Desert Lizards, and Spatial Heterogeneity

The number of lizard species in the flatland desert habitat is correlated with several different structural attributes of the vegetation. It is shown that both the horizontal and vertical components of spatial heterogeneity are correlated with the number of lizard species. The habits of the twelve component species are considered briefly as they relate to the partitioning of the biotope space. Three species are food specialists, eight display various substrate specificities, and only one species appears to be truly convex. Two tests of the present interpretation of these results are proposed, and some speculations concerning Australian flatland desert lizards are made. See full-text article at JSTOR
Bleeding-Heart Liberals and Hard-Hearted Conservatives: Subtle Political Dehumanization Through Differential Attributions of Human Nature and Human Uniqueness Traits

This research demonstrated that human nature (HN) and human uniqueness (HU) traits capture the content of people’s stereotypes about liberals and conservatives, respectively. Consistent with expectations derived from dehumanization theory, people more strongly associated HN traits with liberals than with conservatives, and more strongly associated HU traits with conservatives than with liberals. A trait × target ideology × perceiver ideology × trait valence interaction suggested that both liberals and conservatives more strongly associated their in-group with stereotype-consistent positive qualities, and their out-group with stereotype-consistent negative qualities. Mediation analyses revealed that out-group antipathy, but not in-group liking, explained the relationship between ideology and political out-group dehumanization. Finally, humanness traits captured subtle differences in political stereotype content not captured with the warmth and competence ratings derived from the stereotype content model. Together, these results indicate that differential attributions of HN and HU traits capture political stereotype content and function to subtly dehumanize one’s political opponents.
Character association and path analysis for yield components in turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.)

Correlation and path analys is of 11 characters of turmeric (Curcuma longa) were carried out using 22 genotypes at Raigarh (Chhattisgarh). Plant height, leaf length, thickness of primary and secondary rhizomes and number of secondary rhizomes revealed significant positive associations with rhizome yield. Path analysis showed positive direct effect of plant height, leaf length and thickness of primary and secondary rhizomes on rhizome yield. These traits may be given due e,,'phasis while making selections for improvement in rhizome yield of turmeric.
Interactions between limiting nutrients: Consequences for somatic and population growth of Daphnia magna

To assess the significance of nutrient interactions on animal performance, life‐history experiments were conducted with the freshwater herbivore Daphnia magna in a system with two limiting nutrients (i.e., sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]). By experimentally increasing the availability of dietary cholesterol either in the absence or in the presence of different dietary PUFAs we investigated whether dietary PUFAs differ in their potential to affect the sterol‐limited growth kinetics of the herbivore. Sterol‐limited growth responses of D. magna were characterized by a higher initial slope of the saturation curves and lower threshold concentrations in the presence of dietary PUFAs. This suggests significant interactions between limiting nutrients and lower dietary sterol requirements in the presence of dietary PUFAs. In contrast to somatic growth rates, which were significantly increased only by additional supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), population growth rates were significantly affected by additional supplementation with linoleic acid, α‐linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and in particular EPA and arachidonic acid. The fatty acid composition of D. magna reflected that of their diet. However, animals fed the DHA supplemented diet contained considerable amounts of EPA, indicating a retro‐conversion of DHA into EPA within their metabolism. The fitness of resource‐limited consumers is strongly affected by complex interactions between limiting nutrients and this topic has to be considered in experimental and theoretical studies investigating nutrient‐limited growth responses of animals to accurately assess consequences for population dynamics.
An Examination of the Medicinal Potential of Pittosporum phylliraeoides: Toxicity, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities

Introduction: Pittosporum phylliraeoides is an endemic Australian plant historically used as a medicinal agent by indigenous Australians. P. phylliraeoides solvent extracts were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities and toxicity in vitro. Results: All extracts displayed antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay. The methanol and hexane extracts demonstrated the broadest specificity, inhibiting the growth of 4 of the 14 bacteria tested (28.6%). The water, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts inhibited the growth of 2 (14.3%), 3 (21.4%), and 3 (21.4%) of the 14 bacteria tested respectively. P. phylliraeoides methanolic extract was also effective as an antifungal agent, inhibiting the growth of a nystatin resistant strain of Aspergillus niger. It did not affect the growth of Candida albicans. All extracts were more effective at inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. Indeed, only the methanol and hexane extracts were capable of inhibiting the growth of any of the Gram- positive bacteria, inhibiting the growth of only 1 of the 4 (25%) Gram-positive bacteria tested each. All P. phylliraeoides extracts displayed low toxicity in the Artemia franciscana bioassay. The only significant increase in mortality above that of the control was seen for the ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts, although even these extracts displayed low toxicity, inducing less than 50% mortality at 72 h. Conclusions: The low toxicity of the P. phylliraeoides extracts and their inhibitory bioactivity against bacteria and fungi validate Australian Aboriginal usage of P. phylliraeoides and indicates its medicinal potential.
Habitat selection by Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli): maternal trade‐offs

Habitat selection by female Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) during lambing was studied in interior Alaska, U.S.A. , in 1988 and 1989. Selection of habitat changed with the chronology of lambing. During the pre-lambing period, maternal females selected sites with forage and avoided snow-covered areas. During peak lambing, food and steep slopes continued to be selected. Distance to escape terrain was a critical component of habitat selection by females throughout lambing. Maternal bands that ventured farther from escape terrain were in larger groups. Abundance of forage also increased in areas that were farther from this terrain. Habitat selection by females also differed between years. In 1989, a late spring storm resulted in deep snow and delayed phenology of plants; forage was of lower quality, and the growing season was much shorter in 1989 than in 1988. Births of lambs also occurred later and less synchronously in the second year. Females selected terrain characteristics that were related to avoiding predators in 1988 when forage was more plentiful, but selected sites with forage in 1989 when food was less abundant. Group size of maternal bands was larger in 1988 than in 1989, and females foraged most efficiently during 1988. Large groups may not have occurred in 1989 because lambs were born asynchronously, preventing cohesive movements of maternal bands with lambs of differing ages. Both the chronology of lambing and a variable environment affected habitat selection by females. Maternal females made trade-offs between the requirements for forage to meet the high energetic costs of lactation and the risk of predation.
Maturity Acceleration of Italian Dried Sausage by Staphylococcus carnosus—Relationship Between Maturity and Flavor Compounds

ABSTRACT: The mature flavor of Salame Milano, an Italian dried sausage, was increased in two ways: by increasing maturation time or with a strain of Staphylococcus carnosus. The sensory and volatile profiles of the sausages were determined and the data analyzed by analysis of variance and chemometrics. Sausages with S. carnosus 833 matured more than 2 wk faster than control sausages. Maturity correlated significantly with higher amounts of branched-chain aldehydes and alcohols and both branched- and straight-chain methyl ketones—compounds arising from the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, or from microbial β-oxidation of fatty acids. Also, sulfur compounds arising from added garlic correlated positively with mature flavor.
GALE SIG: Learning and teaching gender and sexuality issues in the EFL classroom: Where students and teachers stand

This paper explores the gap between teachers and students’ attitudes toward learning about domestic violence and gay/lesbian issues in the EFL classrooms in a Japanese university. Results showed that students had positive feelings toward learning about domestic violence and gay/lesbian issues, whereas college instructors were sometimes hesitant or disliked teaching about these issues. Students had an intellectual curiosity toward these issues and indicated the connection between learning about these issues and personal growth. On the other hand, instructors showed a lack of confidence or anxiety about discussing these issues in their classrooms.
Conspecificity of Liolaemus isabelae Navarro & Núñez, 1993 and Liolaemus nigroventrolateralis Ortiz, 1994 (Iguania: Tropiduridae: Liolaeminae) from Northern Chile

The conspecificity of the Chilean Liolaeminae lizards Liolaemus isabelae Navarro & Nunez, 1993 and Liolaemus nigroventrolateralis Ortiz, 1994 is discussed. A careful comparison of the holotype and paratypes of L. nigroventrolateralis with the type series and additional topotype specimens of L. isabelae indicate the conspecificity of the two forms. Furthermore, the characters studied by Ortiz (1994) to diagnose L. nigroventrolateris do not distinguish this species from L. isabelae. There are no distributional or ecological differences between the two species. Therefore, we consider that L. nigroventrolateralis is a synonym of L. isabelae.
Effect of processing on the levels of some antinutritional factors in Mucuna utilis

The effect of boiling and autoclaving on the levels of some antinutritional factors (trypsin inhibitor, phytate, haemaglutinin, hydrogen cyanide, tannins, starchyose and raffinose) in Mucuna utilis were investigated. The result indicated that both boiling and autoclaving significantly (p Keywords: processing, antinutritional factors, Mucuna utilis Plant Products Research Journal Vol. 8(1) 2004: 1-6
Phospholipids in milk and dairy products

A rapid HPLC method has been developed for the analysis of the phospholipids in milk and dairy products. A concentrate of the phospholipids was obtained by chromatography on a cartridge of silica gel. The relative proportions of the different phospholipids were then determined by HPLC, and by means of the addition of an internal standard, dipalmitoyl phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, the absolute amounts present were also measured. After the reproducibility of the method was demonstrated with fresh whole milk, it was applied to skimmed milk, buttermilk and various products of ultra-high temperature processing. Small differences only were seen in the relative compositions of phospholipids in different milk products, but the absolute amounts varied appreciably. In some samples, it was tentatively concluded that the phospholipids had undergone extensive autoxidation.
Safety and efficacy of a molybdenum compound (E7) sodium molybdate dihydrate as feed additive for sheep based on a dossier submitted by Trouw Nutrition International B.V.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on safety and efficacy of sodium molybdate dihydrate for sheep, based on a dossier submitted for the re‐evaluation of the additive. The additive is currently authorised in the EU for all animal species as ‘Nutritional additive’ – ‘Compounds of trace elements’. Taking the optimal Cu:Mo ratio of 3–10, and the highest total copper level authorised in complete feeds for sheep (15 mg/kg), the FEEDAP Panel concluded that 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for sheep. Considering (i) a safe intake of 0.6 mg Mo/day, (ii) the estimate average intake figure from food in Europe (generally less than 100 μg/day), (iii) the contribution of foods of animal origin to the total molybdenum intake (estimated to be up to 22 %), and (iv) that molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues/products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper safe level, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of sodium molybdate as a additive in sheep at 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for consumers. The additive under assessment feed poses no risk by inhalation to users; it is a skin and eye irritant, but it is not considered as a skin sensitiser. Sodium molybdate used up to 2.5 mg Mo/kg complete sheep feed poses no concerns for the safety for the environment. The FEEDAP Panel recognises that molybdenum does not need to be added to diets to cover the nutritional needs of molybdenum of sheep. Molybdenum supplementation in sheep feed is considered effective in order to guarantee an adequate balance with copper, when the Cu:Mo ratio in the diet is in the range 3–10.
Balsam fir and white spruce seedling recruitment in response to understory release, seedbed type, and litter exclusion in trembling aspen stands

Experimental seeding of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. ) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) was implemented in three mature trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands in southeastern Manitoba to test (i) the effect of vegetation (light) competition and seedbed type (undisturbed forest floor, exposed mineral soil, and rotten logs) on seedling recruitment over the first 2 years and (ii) the effect of broadleaf litter exclusion on seedling mortality during the first winter. The study indicated that, with adequate seed supply, seedbed type was the most important factor limiting seedling recruitment, especially the recruitment of white spruce, in trembling aspen stands. Seedling recruitment on the best and the worst seedbeds differed by 1.8 times for balsam fir but by 19 times for white spruce. Significant differences in soil moisture and temperature were found between seedbed types. Broadleaf litter exclusion also facilitated the recruitment of balsam fir and white spruce, but only o.
The Ways of Using The History of Mathematics in 6th, 7th and 8th Grade Mathematics Textbooks

Different views are found in the literature about usage of history of mathematics in the maths teaching. This situation brings up the question on how the history of mathematics can be used for effective mathematics teaching, and what ways or for what purpose can be taken part in textbooks. The purpose of this study is to determine how and why the history of mathematics takes place into 6th , 7 th and 8th grade mathematics textbooks. In order to achieve this purpose, descriptive approach was used to define and explain how and why the history of mathematics activities take part in mathematics textbooks. 6th , 7 th and 8th grade mathematics textbooks are used as data sources. The sources were examined through document analysis. The result of analysis illustrated that mathematics history is given through short life stories and pictures of mathematicians, the old length and measure units, display of old numbers etc. in the textbooks with form of small historical pieces.
How Much Compensation is Enough? A Framework for Incorporating Uncertainty and Time Discounting When Calculating Offset Ratios for Impacted Habitat

Biodiversity offset areas may compensate for ecological damage caused by human activity elsewhere. One way of determining the offset ratio, or the compensation area needed, is to divide the present conservation value of the development site by the predicted future conservation value of a compensation area of the same size. Matching mean expected utility in this way is deficient because it ignores uncertainty and time lags in the growth of conservation value in compensation areas. Instead, we propose an uncertainty analytic framework for calculating what we call robustly fair offset ratios, which guarantee a high enough probability of the exchange producing at least as much conservation value in the offset areas than is lost from the development site. In particular, we analyze how the fair offset ratio is influenced by uncertainty in the effectiveness of restoration action, correlation between success of different compensation areas, and time discounting. We find that very high offset ratios may be needed to guarantee a robustly fair exchange, compared to simply matching mean expected utilities. These results demonstrate that considerations of uncertainty, correlated success/failure, and time discounting should be included in the determination of the offset ratio to avoid a significant risk that the exchange is unfavorable for conservation in the long run. This is essential because the immediate loss is certain, whereas future gain is uncertain. The proposed framework is also applicable to the case when offset areas already hold conservation value and do not require restoration action, in which case uncertainty about the conservation outcome will be lower.
Diversity, Dispersal and Disturbance: Cladoceran Species Composition in the Okavango Delta

Communities exposed to intermediate disturbances have been shown to be more diverse than more stable or unstable systems. We recorded the diversity pattern of zooplankton in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, a system which include water bodies with different stability with regard to water levels and wet-dry phases, from permanent rivers and lagoons to seasonal floodplains and temporary water-filled rain ponds. The yearly flood pulse caused a gradual shift in aquatic parameters on seasonal floodplains, which promoted zooplankton diversity. Species composition differed between temporal and permanent habitats, but highest diversity was recorded on floodplains. Diversity on floodplains showed a distinct seasonal trend, being low during increasing flood, to highly diverse during high water periods. Density and hatching sequence of major cladoceran species suggested that the bank of resting eggs in the soil is the major source of species occurrence during flooding. We propose that seasonal floodplains, which have significant higher diversity and abundance, serve as source areas for the cladoceran diversity in the Okavango Delta. From these habitats ephippia are dispersed into the other four habitats. The dominant vectors for such dispersal are probably wind and mammals.