Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient alternating gradient-type algorithms for the approximate non-negative matrix factorization problem

Efficient Alternating Gradient-type Algorithms for the Approximate Non-negative Matrix Factorization Problem by Edward F. Gonzalez The approximate non-negative matrix factorization problem (ANMF) seeks to interpret a given set of non-negative data vectors, where the non-negativity is physically meaningful, through the extraction of a sufficiently small set of non-negative "features". Each data vector is then approximated by a non-negative composition of the extracted features. Mathematically, this process is equivalent to approximating a non-negative matrix A by the product of two non-negative matrices, i.e. A « WE, where W e 9ft and H e W, and where p is typically chosen to be significantly smaller than m and n. A standard approach for solving the ANMF problem is to use a alternating gradient-type algorithm that keeps the iterates strictly positive. Lee and Seung have proposed what is arguably the most popular of these alternating gradient approaches. In this study we propose several variations of this particular Lee and Seung algorithm with notably improved performance. One of the proposed algorithms optimizes the step-length parameter to achieve greater reduction in the objective function, while another uses different weights derived from the first order necessary conditions of the ANMF problem. The latter has exhibited better empirical performance than the former, while both perform better in practice than the original Lee and Seung algorithm. Theoretical questions concerning the convergence of these feasible alternating gradienttype algorithms have remained unresolved. Hence, from an optimization point of view, these approaches may be seen as unsatisfactory. Our research has contributed to solving these theoretical questions by proving that a class of these algorithms will converge to a continuum, and in specific cases, to a KKT point. These convergence results are applicable to multiple variations of the popular Lee and Seung algorithm. A low-rank Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of a given matrix A is an optimal approximation under the Frobenius norm whose fundamental subspaces are most relevant within the given measure. In this study we utilize these subspaces to produce a compact reformulation of the ANMF problem to a lower dimensional optimization problem. We introduce an alternating algorithmic approach for this reformulation that is extremely efficient and competitive when producing a low rank ANMF.
Electromagnetic Wave Scattering Analysis by a Window Aperture on a Conducting Wall

High frequency electromagnetic plane wave scattering by a large rectangular glass window on a conducting wall has been analyzed in this study. Scattering far-fields are formulated by means of the Kirchhoff approximation in which the fields are obtained from radiation integrals due to the equivalent current sources on the virtually closed window apertures. In order to consider the effect of the window glass, a dielectric slab layer has been inserted in the window hole, and the reflection and transmission through the slab are treated via waveguide modal theory. The validity of our formulation has been confirmed by the numerical comparison with another method for an empty window case. The effects of the window dimension, the glass layer, and the polarization have been discussed for practical high frequency mobile communications.
Eradication of H. Pylori in HCV-Related Liver Cirrhosis Does Not Improve Thrombocytopenia

Background: In patients with chronic liver disease, thrombocytopenia is the most prevalent hematological abnormality. Immunological thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has been attributed to infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). In individuals with persistent ITP, eradication of H. pylori causes an increase in platelet counts and is therefore recommended. However, it is uncertain if eradication will influence platelet counts in HCV-related liver cirrhosis in the same way. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of active Helicobacter pylori in patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis and to evaluate the effectiveness of H. pylori eradication on platelet count in HCV-related liver cirrhosis patients. Patients and Methods: A total of 100 individuals were included in the study, and those who were tested positive for H. pylori were treated. H. pylori eradication was determined by detecting H. pylori antigen in the stool four weeks after the end of the therapy. Complete blood count, prothrombin time (PT), and liver function tests were all tested (ALT, total bilirubin, Alfa fetoprotein, serum creatinine and albumin). Platelet counts were assessed following the final eradication medication at 1, 3, and 6 months. Results: H. pylori positivity was identified in 66 of the 100 individuals with HCV-related liver cirrhosis. In all of the patients, the oral treatment regimen was successful in eradicating H. pylori. All of the patients had a Child-Pugh classification of A. The platelet counts of patients with H. pylori eradication did not significantly increase following treatment. Conclusion: In HCV-related liver cirrhosis, eradication of H. pylori does not ameliorate thrombocytopenia.
A Rare Occurrence of Rotational Retro-Esophageal Gastric Body Herniation Through a Nissen Fundoplication

Anti-reflux procedures have become a mainstay in managing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia. Unfortunately, post-operative events such as breakdown of the wrap, downward slippage, or transdiaphragmatic herniation of an intact wrap cause these procedures to fail and create complications such as recurrent hiatal hernia and reflux dysphagia, regurgitation, and obstruction requiring revision surgery. We discuss a case of a rotational retro-esophageal herniation of the gastric body through a Nissen fundoplication presenting as obstruction, dysphagia, and regurgitation, highlighting the peculiar nature of this presentation and the ease of misdiagnosis given its rarity.
SPATIALLY RESOLVED DENSE MOLECULAR GAS AND STAR FORMATION RATE IN M51

We present the spatially resolved observations of HCN J = 1−0 emission in the nearby spiral galaxy M51 using the IRAM 30 m telescope. The HCN map covers an extent of 4 ′ × 5 ′ ? > , which is, so far, the largest in M51 with a spatial resolution of 28 ″ ? > . There is a correlation between infrared emission (an indication of star formation rate (SFR)) and HCN (1–0) emission (a dense gas tracer) on a kiloparsec scale in M51, a natural extension of the proportionality between the SFR and the dense gas mass established globally in galaxies. Within M51, the relation appears to be sub-linear (with a slope of 0.74 ± 0.16) as L IR ? > rises less quickly than L HCN ? > . We attribute this to a difference between center and outer disk such that the central regions have stronger HCN (1–0) emission per unit star formation. The IR–HCN correlation in M51 is further compared with global ones from the Milky Way to high-z galaxies and bridges the gap between giant molecular clouds and galaxies. Like the centers of nearby galaxies, the L IR ? > / L HCN ? > ratio measured in M51 (particularly in the central regions) is slightly lower than what is measured globally in galaxies, yet is still within the scatter. This implies that though the L IR ? > / L HCN ? > ratio varies as a function of physical environment in the different positions of M51, IR, and HCN indeed show a linear correlation over 10 orders of magnitude.
Seasonal variation of reservoir water quality: A case study of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria, Nigeria

Background: Reservoirs serve as fishing and domestic water resources for the people living around the catchment area. However, natural activities threaten the water quality, therefore, constant and proper monitoring of the reservoir is necessary. This study aimed to examine seasonal variation in water quality parameters of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria, Nigeria. Methods: Water quality data of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria, Nigeria, for 7 years (January 2014 to December 2020) were collected and analyzed to understand the seasonal variation. Ten water quality parameters including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chloride (Cl- ), total Iron, nitrate (NO3-), and manganese (Mn) were analyzed. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to select the probability distribution which provides the best fit by EasyFit software. The functions included Weibull, Exponential, Fréchet, Gamma, Lognormal, and Normal. Seasonal variation was determined using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Results: The results showed that pH, EC, temperature, TDS and NO3- approach the Weibull distribution. Turbidity and total Iron approach the Fréchet distribution. Mn approaches the normal distribution, while DO and Cl- approach the Gamma distribution. The output of non-parametric Spearman’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s statistical criterion indicates a significant difference at 5% significance level between the pH and total Iron values recorded in both seasons. This suggests that season has an effect on the concentration of pH and total Iron. Conclusion: Out of the 10 parameters examined, pH and total Iron are climatologically influenced.
An improved input energy spectrum verified by the shake table tests

Input energy is the principal component of the energy balance equation. It is beneficial to determine, through its components, how the recoverable and irrecoverable energies are distributed within the structural elements. Several equations and attenuation relations to define mass‐normalized input energy spectra exist in the literature. They are mainly proposed for elastic systems subjected to far‐fault EQs. There is a lack of experimental verification of these proposed spectra. In this paper, experimental assessment was performed to the existing spectra, and further improvements were accomplished. For this purpose, steel cantilever columns were tested on the shake table for two specific historical EQs coincidently having similar spectral acceleration values. Based on the experimental results, a three‐part mass‐normalized relative input energy spectrum was formulated including soil type, EQ (corner period, intensity, duration, spectral acceleration, and velocity), and structural behavioral characteristics (period and structural damping). The proposed input energy spectrum was experimentally calibrated and numerically validated for various EQs featuring near‐ and far‐field types. Analytical and experimental comparisons were made between the previously developed spectrum and the newly proposed one. The validation studies and the statistical evaluations exposed that the proposed spectrum yielded better agreement with the experimental and numerical results.
Response of some bread wheat cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer levels in newly reclaimed sandy soils under different environments

The present study was carried out (sandy soil under sprinkler irrigation) in two locations, Mallawy and Assiut (Middle and Upper Egypt) Agricultural Research Stations, Egypt, in two successive winter growing seasons of 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 to evaluate four bread wheat cultivars under four nitrogen levels for grain yield and its components and to identify response and suitable across 16 environments (combination of four soil N levels × two years x two locations) at newly reclaimed sandy soils. A split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replicates was used in each season. The combined analysis of variance showed significant differences among environments, cultivars and nitrogen levels for all studied characters. Misr 1 had the earliest heading and maturity, and the shortest plants. Shandaweel 1 was superior overall genotypes for plant height, No. of kernels spike -1 , 1000-kernel weight, grain yield, and biological yield followed by Misr 2. Furthermore, the nitrogen level 125kg N fed -1 (N4) was the best fertilizer level followed by nitrogen level 100kg N fed -1 (N3) in sandy soil for recorded the highest values for yield and its components under two locations. The interaction (C x N) was significant for most studied traits under four environments. Cultivar Misr 2 followed by Shandaweel 1 were recorded the highest values for No. of spikes m -2 , No. of kernel spike 1 , 1000-kernel weight, grain yield and biological yield with level 125 kg N fed -1 (N4) under Mallawy and Assiut locations. According to GGE-biplot, Shandaweel 1 (G1) was the most stable cultivar The data confirm the results we got from this study, which support the superiority of Shandaweel 1 over the most dominating wheat cultivars. Shandaweel 1 surpassed the overall mean of the dominating cultivars by an average of 16.70%. Among all the essential nutrients applied to the plants nitrogen is the major one which has a key role in the process of photosynthesis and increased level of photosynthesis by the high dose of nitrogen gave more No. of spikes m -2 , No. of kernels spike -1 , heaviest 1000-kernel weight and reflected on an increase in grain yield because a large amount of dry matter, more assimilates were produced and transported to fill the seeds as a result of more applied nitrogen. These results are similar to those reported Kutman
Cervical length measurement during mid-pregnancy as a predictor for preterm delivery

Background: During the transition between the prenatal and intrapartum periods, the uterine cervix undergoes significant physiological, biochemical, and morphological changes. According to the WHO, preterm birth is defined as babies born alive before the 37 weeks. Aim of the work: To assess the ability of the cervical length during this period of gestation to predict the occurrence of preterm delivery and hence the need for intervention. Patients and methods: In this study, 200 pregnant women at 22–24 ws gestation were selected. 150 high-risk women for preterm delivery (as indicated by the history of previous preterm birth or repeated mid-trimesteric abortions) formed the study group and 50 low –risk women constituted the control group with no history of preterm delivery or repeated abortions. The cervical length in these 200 women was measured using transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound. Results: This study showed that history of previous preterm delivery or repeated abortions increased the incidence of preterm delivery 3 times. The cervical length was found to be lower in high-risk women either measured transvaginally or transabdominally, but it was more easily and more accurately measured using TVS. This study also demonstrated that women with shorter cervices delivered preterm more frequently. This was even more evident in women at high-risk. Thus cervical shortening was considered a risk factor for preterm delivery. Conclusion: The findings of this study therefore suggest that screening of the patients at midpregnancy for cervical length can be a useful method for the prediction of preterm delivery. Thus, it may guide in the risk assessment for pregnant women and in the decision of administration of different measures for the prevention of preterm labour. Transvaginal ultrasonography proved to be more accurate and more useful serving this aim.
Knowledge Base of Doctors and Nurses Participating in a Trauma Workshop

Objective To identify the knowledge base of doctors and nurses attending a trauma workshop. Methods: All participants of a trauma workshop were distributed a pre-test questionnaire with 30 type A questions. Questions on patient assessment and the management of airway, breathing and circulation were included. Scores were analysed with regard to the specialty and years since graduation. The difficulty and discrimination indices of individual question were analysed. Results 95 participants (33 were doctors) took the test. The participants were from the departments of surgery (41%), orthopaedics (24%), anaesthesia (20%) and emergency medicine (9%). The mean years from graduation of the participants were 3.22 (SD 3.77) for doctors and 3.56 (SD 6.06) for nurses. The mean score was 54% (SD 17%) for the whole group. The mean score of doctors was 68%, which was significantly higher than the nurses' score of 46%. (P<0.001) The mean score of Emergency Department doctors (82%) was highest among the four groups but the differences were not statistically significant. Non-surgical trainees (anaesthesia, emergency medicine) had statistically significant better scores than surgical trainees (surgery, orthopaedics, neurosurgery) in airway (p = 0.02) and breathing (p = 0.03) There were no statistically significant differences among the four doctor groups in the other sub-scores. For the doctors, only 3 questions had a correct response rate of less than 40%. On the contrary, for the nurse group, 13 questions attracted a correct response rate of less than 40%. Conclusions A pre-test was useful in helping us understand more about the knowledge base of different groups of participants.
The Meta‐inductivist’s Winning Strategy in the Prediction Game: A New Approach to Hume’s Problem*

This article suggests a ‘best alternative’ justification of induction (in the sense of Reichenbach) which is based on meta‐induction. The meta‐inductivist applies the principle of induction to all competing prediction methods which are accessible to her. It is demonstrated, and illustrated by computer simulations, that there exist meta‐inductivistic prediction strategies whose success is approximately optimal among all accessible prediction methods in arbitrary possible worlds, and which dominate the success of every noninductive prediction strategy. The proposed justification of meta‐induction is mathematically analytical. It implies, however, an a posteriori justification of object‐induction based on the experiences in our world.
Influence of Honeydew Melon, (Cucumis melo L.) Fruit Fractions on The Diabetic Hypercholesterolemic Rats

This study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing corn starch in the standard diet of diabetic hypercholesterolemic rats with 3, 6 and 9% levels of honeydew melon fruit powder, peeled honeydew melon fruit powder and honeydew melon peels powder (melon fractions) on the body weight gain, insulin, organs weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, kidney functions, liver functions, catalase enzyme, glutathione S-transferase enzyme and malondialdehyde. Data showed diabetes and hypercholesterolemia caused a significant increase in body weight gain, organs weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, kidney functions, liver functions and malondialdehyde as well as a significant decrease in insulin, catalase enzyme and glutathione S-transferase enzyme of rats. The feeding with any level of melon fractions restored the normal liver weight and AST level in diabetic hypercholesterolemic rats to the normal values in negative control rats. Also, feeding with 9% melon fractions restored the normal body weight gain, insulin, kidney weight, heart weight, urea, creatinine, ALT, catalase enzyme, glutathione S-transferase enzyme and malondialdehyde in diabetic hypercholesterolemic rats to the normal values in negative control rats. Although glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, and ALP in diabetic hypercholesterolemic rats were decreased by increasing the melon fraction levels but did not return to normal values in negative control rats.
COORDINATES FOR MAPPING THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETICALLY TRAPPED PARTICLES

Dipole representations of the earth's magnetic field have been found to have insufficient accuracy for the study of magnetically trapped particles. A coordinate system consisting of the magnitude of the magnetic field B, and the integral invariant I has been found to adequately organize, measurements made at different geographic locations. It is shown in the present paper, that a parameter L = f(B,I) can be defined which retains most of the desirable properties of I and which has the additional property of organizing measurements along lines of force. Since the parameter L is the analog of a physical distance in a dipole field (the equaborial radius of a magnetic shell), it is usually found to present fewer conceptual difficulties than the integral invariant i.
Bolide fragmentation: What parts of asteroid 2008 TC3 survived to the ground?

Asteroid 2008 TC3 impacted the Earth's atmosphere with a known shape and orientation. Over 600 meteorites were recovered at recorded locations, including meteorites of nonureilite type. From where in the asteroid did these stones originate? Here, we reconstruct the meteor lightcurve and study the breakup dynamics of asteroid 2008 TC3 in 3‐D hydrodynamic modeling. Two fragmentation regimes are found that explain the lightcurve and strewn field. As long as the asteroid created a wake vacuum, the fragments tended to move into that shadow, where they mixed with small relative velocities and surviving meteorites fell along a narrow strip on the ground. But when the surviving part of the backside and bottom of the asteroid finally collapsed at 33 km altitude, it created an end flare and dust cloud, while fragments were dispersed radially with much higher relative speed due to shock–shock interactions with a distorted shock front. Stones that originated in this final collapse tended to survive in a larger size and fell over a wider area at locations on the ground. Those locations to some extent still trace back to the fragment's original position in the asteroid. We classified the stones from this “large mass” area and used this information to glean some insight into the relative location of recovered ureilites and ordinary and enstatite chondrites in 2008 TC3.