Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WILDLIFE HARVESTING AND BUSHMEAT TRADE IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA: -I- SPECIES COMPOSITION, SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND COST

The species and numbers of mammalian and avian carcasses brought to Omagwa, the dominant bushmeat market in Rivers State, Nigeria, during the 4-month period (March – June, 2005) were 7,127, comprising 12 mammalian and one avian species. Numbers of all species, except the Red River hog, were significantly higher in the dry than in the rainy season: 4339 (late dry season, March-April) and 2806 (early rainy season, May-June). The most abundant species were Thyronomys swinderianus (Greater Cane rat) (52.31%), Atherurus africanus Brush-tailed porcupine (11.55%) and Viverra civetta, Two-spotted palm civet (10.44%). The frequency of occurrence over the 17-week period for 8 of the mammalian species (Greater cane rat, brushtailed porcupine, Emin’s Giant rat, African civet, Two-spotted palm civet, Maxwell’s duiker, Geoffrey’s Ground squirrel, Red river hog) was 100% and 82.95% for the other 4 species. Tree Pangolin, Egyptian Mangoose, Bush Duck, Dwarf Antelope, Ogilby’s duicker, Tree Hyrax, six species recorded at the market in 1995, were not seen during the present study. The highest priced species were the large Red River hog, N13, 800.00±962.6 (US$ 111), and Sitatunga, N5, 250±526 (US$35). The results obtained are compared to those from a previous study. Probable reasons for the significant differences in seasonal abundance and variation in species numbers are discussed.
Performance Indicators in Higher Education

Sažetak U radu se daje pregled mjera kvalitete pružanja usluga javnog sektora s naglaskom na sektor visokog obrazovanja. Javni sektor nije profitno orijentiran, vec služi zadovoljenju javnih potreba stanovnistva. Korisnici usluga javnog sektora i porezni obveznici moraju biti zadovoljni kvalitetom usluga i ucinkovitoscu javnog sektora, te je stoga potrebno provesti vrednovanje ucinkovitosti javnog sektora u pružanju usluga. Metode poslovne analize predviđene za profitna poduzeca nije moguce primjenjivati u javnom sektoru, vec je potrebno definirati metode analize prilagođene definiciji i strukturi javnog sektora. Vecina zemalja kao sredstvo vrednovanja kvalitete i ucinkovitosti javnog sektora koristi pokazatelje uspjesnosti (performance indicators). Rad prikazuje skupove pokazatelja uspjesnosti visokog obrazovanja Australije, Kanade i Velike Britanije, kao zacetnike ideje mjerenja uspjesnosti. Svaka od navedenih zemalja propisuje vrlo sirok spektar pokazatelja uspjesnosti, obvezan za izracunavanje i izvjestavanje. Buduci da mjerenje i izvjestavanje o uspjesnosti ustanova visokog obrazovanja, kao ni u ostatku javnog sektora Hrvatske, nije propisano niti jednim zakonskim aktom, rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na potrebu njihovog definiranja i primjenjivanja. Kljucne rijeci: javni sektor, visoko obrazovanje, pokazatelji uspjesnosti JEL klasifikacija: I21, I28
First Draft : July 2000 This Draft : February 2001 The Great Reversals : The Politics of Financial Development in the 20 th Century 1 Raghuram

We show that the development of the financial sector does not change monotonically over time. In particular, we find that by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and only recently have they surpassed their 1913 levels. This pattern is inconsistent with most recent theories of why cross-country differences in financial development do not track differences in economic development, since these theories are based upon time-invariant factors, such as a country’s legal origin. We propose instead an “interest group” theory of financial development. Incumbents oppose financial development because it breeds competition. The theory predicts that incumbents’ opposition will be weaker when an economy allows both crossborder trade and capital flows. This theory can go some way in accounting for the cross-country differences and the time series variation of financial development. 1 Rajan is visiting M.I. T. , and Zingales is at the University of Chicago. This paper is a development of some ideas in a previous working paper entitled “The Politics of Financial Development”. We thank the Bradley Foundation, the Center for Study of the State and the Economy, the Center for Research on Securities Prices, the Kauffman Foundation, and the World Bank for funding support. Rajan also thanks the National Science Foundation and M.I. T. for research support. Claudio Callegari, Henrik Cronqvist, Shola Fafunso, Isidro Ferrer, Jorg Kukies, Roger Laeven, Galina Ovtcharova, Nahid Rahman , Sofia Ramos, Ruy Ribeiro, Amir Sasson, and Elfani Wen provided excellent research assistantship and Arnoud Boot, Pratip Kar, Claus Parum, Kristian Rydqvist, and Elu Von Thadden provided invaluable help. We benefited from comments by Lucian Bebchuk, Colin Mayer, Peter Hogfeldt, Mark Roe, Andrei Shleifer, and Richard Sylla.
Antarctic subtropical humid episode at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Clay-mineral evidence

Clay-mineral assemblages from East Antarctica have been analyzed at high stratigraphic resolution (20 to 1 ka) throughout the interval from 55.6 to 55.0 Ma, which includes the terminal Paleocene isotopic excursion in Ocean Drilling Program Site 690B on Maud Rise (lat 65°S) in the Weddell Sea region. Changes in the clay associations reflect a major increase in chemical weathering caused by increased temperature and/or rainfall in at least this sector of East Antarctica for a brief (270 ka) interval in the latest Paleocene. This represents the most intense warming known for the Cenozoic. This high-latitude climatic episode is recorded synchronously by stable isotopes and clay minerals. A progression is evident in the clay assemblages during the latest Paleocene that apparently reflects changing relations between temperature and precipitation. This sequence began with the interval of rapid temperature increase that marks the beginning of the oxygen isotopic excursion. A brief increase in kaolinite at the inception of the excursion suggests a temporary increase in year-round precipitation in Antarctica, in response to an increased continent-to-ocean temperature gradient. This kaolinite spike was followed by almost total dominance by smectite for the remainder of the isotopic excursion (∼120 ka), suggesting that warmer Southern Ocean surface temperatures of 18 to 22 °C were associated with seasonal precipitation (alternating wet and dry seasons). Claymineral variations on Antarctica during the isotopic excursion reflect a tight coupling between oceanic and continental climate change. Immediately following the excursion at ∼55.22 Ma, kaolinite percentages increased to values similar to modern subtropical-tropical areas for ∼150 ka, a remarkable event for the Antarctic. Abundant kaolinite suggests perennial rainfall and minimum soil temperatures of 15 °C during at least part of the year. The kaolinite increased during a time of lower Southern Ocean surface-water temperatures, suggesting increased atmospheric heat transport toward the poles. A temporary change in atmospheric circulation is suggested from dominantly zonal to meridional.
Confirmation bias in human reinforcement learning: Evidence from counterfactual feedback processing

Previous studies suggest that factual learning, that is, learning from obtained outcomes, is biased, such that participants preferentially take into account positive, as compared to negative, prediction errors. However, whether or not the prediction error valence also affects counterfactual learning, that is, learning from forgone outcomes, is unknown. To address this question, we analysed the performance of two groups of participants on reinforcement learning tasks using a computational model that was adapted to test if prediction error valence influences learning. We carried out two experiments: in the factual learning experiment, participants learned from partial feedback (i.e., the outcome of the chosen option only); in the counterfactual learning experiment, participants learned from complete feedback information (i.e., the outcomes of both the chosen and unchosen option were displayed). In the factual learning experiment, we replicated previous findings of a valence-induced bias, whereby participants learned preferentially from positive, relative to negative, prediction errors. In contrast, for counterfactual learning, we found the opposite valence-induced bias: negative prediction errors were preferentially taken into account, relative to positive ones. When considering valence-induced bias in the context of both factual and counterfactual learning, it appears that people tend to preferentially take into account information that confirms their current choice.
Galtonian Regression of Intergenerational Income Linkages : Biased Procedures , a New Estimator and Mean-Square Error Comparisons by Ramses Abul Naga

Because the permanent incomes of parents and children are typically unobserved, the estimation of the intergenerational correlation via the use of proxy variables entails an errors-in-variables bias. By solving a system of moment equations for income observed at a given year, and a T-period average of this variable, we derive an analytical form for the signal to total variance ratio. In turn, we propose a simple estimator of the intergenerational elasticity via division of the OLS estimator of this quantity. Estimates of the intergenerational elasticity derived from a PSID sample range between 0.34 and 0.69. The averaging estimator provides intermediary values between OLS and the proposed estimator. Persistence is higher for family income measures than labor market outcomes. Estimates generally increase for moving average specifications in comparison to the assumption that measurement errors are uncorrelated. The three estimators are further examined in the light of their mean-square errors (square bias plus variance).
WAVE CLIMATE SIMULATION AND BREAKWATER STABILITY

The nonstationarity of the sea waves is usually significant for periods longer than 3 hours (1,000 waves) with a correlation coefficent rHH(3) below 95% on most coasts of the world. Therefore, the actual engineering problem is to define an appropriate armor damage model applicable for nonstationary processes and not only for stationary sea states with a given storm duration. In deep water, five conditions are identified for any rational armor damage model to properly take into consideration the storm duration. A new exponential model applied on individual waves is shown to acomplish the five necessary conditions identified, and is compared with the Teisson's and Vidal's models based on totally different assumptions, but acomplishing most of the conditions. The three models provide similar results for a wide range of values if the parameters are n63%=30 and Nw=50 for the exponential and Vidal's models respectively. An example of the application of the exponential model to nostationary processes is given, applying the new method to the case of the partial failure of the Zierbana breakwater (Port of Bilbao, Spain) under construction in February 1996. Introduction The duration of the storm and the wave groupiness are design factors not explicitly addressed by the Hudson formula. The storm duration obviously increases the expected damage on the armor layer because it increases both the number and the size of the individual waves above the corresponding damage threshold level. On the other hand, some characteristics of wave groups are related to the variability of variance and storm duration. A number of models and stability formulae considering storm duration have been 1) Professor, Departamento de Transportes, Univ. Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, SPAIN. // E-mail: jrmedina@tra.upv. es
The anthropology of numbers

List of illustrations Preface Acknowledgements 1. The ontology of number 2. The cognitive foundations of numeracy 3. Number and language 4. Cosmology, society and politics 5. Economy, society and politics 6. Measurement, comparison and equivalence 7. Time 8. Money 9. Music poetry and dance 10. Games and chance 11. Art and architecture 12. The ecology of number Notes References Index.
Real Time Forecasts through an Earthquake Clustering Model Constrained by the Rate-and- State Constitutive Law: Comparison with a Purely Stochastic ETAS Model

We propose an earthquake clustering model based on the popular concept of epidemic models. In these models every earthquake can be regarded as both triggered by previous events and as a potential triggering event for subsequent earthquakes (Ogata 1988, 1998; Ogata and Zhuang 2006 and reference therein; Console and Murru 2001; Console et al. 2003; Console et al. 2006a, 2006b; Helmstetter and Sornette 2002a, 2002b, 2003 for reviews; and Vere-Jones 2006 for review on the use of stochastic models for earthquake occurrence). The occurrence-rate density at any time and geographical location is computed by the contribution of every previous event using a kernel function that takes into proper account: (a) the magnitude of the triggering earthquake, (b) the spatial distance from the triggering event, and (c) the time interval between the triggering event and the instant considered for the computation. The magnitude distribution adopted here is the Gutenberg-Richter law (Gutenberg and Richter 1944). The above-mentioned criteria are implemented through the introduction of the rate-and-state constitutive law in a previously existing epidemic algorithm. The validity of the model can be tested in an exercise of real-time forecast. Stochastic short-term models describing the phenomenon of earthquake clustering are achieving increasing success in the seismological community ( e.g., Helmstetter et al. 2006). Progress is also being made with models that link stress changes to seismicity rate changes using the Dieterich rate-and-state model (Ruina 1983; Dieterich 1986, 1992, 1994; Console et al. 2006a). In any such model, earthquakes are regarded as the realization of a point process modeled by a generalized Poisson distribution. Each event is characterized by its location-time-magnitude parameters ( x, y, z, t, m ). Depth is not used in our analysis considering its limited range (<30 km) in comparison with the …
UvA-DARE (

Background: Adolescents in Latin America are at high risk for unwanted and unplanned pregnancies, which often result in unsafe abortions or poor maternal health outcomes. Both young men and women in the region face an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections due to inadequate sexual and reproductive health information, services and counselling. To date, many adolescent health programmes have targeted a single determinant of sexual and reproductive health. However, recent evidence suggests that the complexity of sexual and reproductive health issues demands an equally multi-layered and comprehensive approach. Methods: This article describes the development, implementation and evaluation design of the community-embedded reproductive health care for adolescents (CERCA) study in three Latin American cities: Cochabamba (Bolivia), Cuenca (Ecuador) and Managua (Nicaragua). Project CERCA ’ s research methodology builds on existing methodological frameworks, namely: action research, community based participatory research and intervention-mapping. The interventions in each country address distinct target groups (adolescents, parents, local authorities and health providers) and seek improvement of the following sexual health behaviours: communication about sexuality, sexual and reproductive health information-seeking, access to sexual and reproductive health care and safe sexual relationships. In Managua, we implemented a randomised controlled study, and in Cochabamba and Cuenca we adopted a non-randomised controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of Project CERCA interventions, in addition to a process evaluation. Discussion: This research will result in a methodological framework that will contribute to the improved design and implementation of future adolescent sexual and reproductive health interventions. Trial registration
Predatory fish depletion and recovery potential on Caribbean reefs

Overfishing has eliminated up to 90% of predatory reef fishes, but recovery potential is still high in several Caribbean reefs. The natural, prehuman abundance of most large predators is unknown because of the lack of historical data and a limited understanding of the natural factors that control their populations. Determining the supportable predator biomass at a given location (that is, the predator carrying capacity) would help managers to optimize protection and would provide site-specific recovery goals. We assess the relationship between predatory reef fish biomass and several anthropogenic and environmental variables at 39 reefs across the Caribbean to (i) estimate their roles determining local predator biomass and (ii) determine site-specific recovery potential if fishing was eliminated. We show that predatory reef fish biomass tends to be higher in marine reserves but is strongly negatively related to human activities, especially coastal development. However, human activities and natural factors, including reef complexity and prey abundance, explain more than 50% of the spatial variation in predator biomass. Comparing site-specific predator carrying capacities to field observations, we infer that current predatory reef fish biomass is 60 to 90% lower than the potential supportable biomass in most sites, even within most marine reserves. We also found that the scope for recovery varies among reefs by at least an order of magnitude. This suggests that we could underestimate unfished biomass at sites that provide ideal conditions for predators or greatly overestimate that of seemingly predator-depleted sites that may have never supported large predator populations because of suboptimal environmental conditions.
Seismic radiation from an explosive column

A scale-independent analytic model of seismic radiation from a column of explosive is derived in terms of the blast hole radius (a) , charge length, explosive velocity of detonation (VoD), and distance (r) to a monitoring station. The treatment is based on linear viscoelasticity in which the nonlinear response of rock close to the blast hole is modeled as a sufficiently low- Q material having an exponential increase in Q with distance from the source. Although limited by this assumption, the present analytic model avoids the more serious discretization problems associated with numerical models when driven by the high-frequency pressure load. Furthermore, numerical models are not useful in displaying scale independence. Exploration and mining geophysics typically require short explosive charges characterized by a length/radius of approximately 10. The model shows that for such charges ata small r∕a , the seismic displacement increases with the VoD; however, as the r∕a increases, the displacement becomes in.
Contributory area definition for groundwater source protection and hazard mitigation in carbonate aquifers

Abstract Carbonate aquifers provide important sources of potable water but are known to be particularly prone to pollution owing to rapid transfer of pollutants from the surface to springs or boreholes. Source protection zones and groundwater vulnerability maps are commonly used to mitigate against the pollution hazard but cannot be applied simplistically to carbonate aquifers, which are usually highly heterogeneous with overlapping groundwater divides that may vary with water levels. Divergent flow and disjunct contributory areas provide further complexity. Under these conditions, water-tracing experiments, repeated under different flow conditions, are the only tool capable of identifying those areas that contribute recharge to a particular source. Examples of water pollution affecting disjunct and overlapping source contributory areas are presented from the Waitomo area (New Zealand), Cuilcagh Mountain (Ireland) and the Peak District (UK). Source protection zones (SPZ), that have been defined by the Environment Agency in the Buxton area of the Peak District using equivalent porous medium models, are shown to be deficient. Further water-tracing experiments are essential if carbonate aquifers are to be adequately protected from pollution.
Assessment of phosphogypsum waste use in plant nutrition

fluorosilicic acid, calcium, sodium and potassium fluorosilicates, and undecomposed phosphorus raw material. In addition, considerable contents of heavy metals are also present in PG, including cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) (Hentati et al. 2015, Grabas et al. 2018, Pliaka and Gaidajis 2022). The unfavorable and time-varying physicochemical properties of phosphogypsum are factors limiting the potential for reclamation of its heaps. The annually diminishing capacity of landfills to receive this waste creates an urgent pressure to find alternative uses for this by-product. Apart from serious environmental effects, the deposition of PG in heaps also
Policy and Practice The global burden of diarrhoeal disease , as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000

Current estimates of the global burden of disease for diarrhoea are reported and compared with previous estimates made using data collected in 1954–79 and 1980–89. A structured literature review was used to identify studies that characterized morbidity rates by prospective surveillance of stable populations and studies that characterized mortality attributable to diarrhoea through active surveillance. For children under 5 years of age in developing areas and countries, there was a median of 3.2 episodes of diarrhoea per child-year. This indicated little change from previously described incidences. Estimates of mortality revealed that 4.9 children per 1000 per year in these areas and countries died as a result of diarrhoeal illness in the first 5 years of life, a decline from the previous estimates of 13.6 and 5.6 per 1000 per year. The decrease was most pronounced in children aged under 1 year. Despite improving trends in mortality rates, diarrhoea accounted for a median of 21% of all deaths of children aged under 5 years in these areas and countries, being responsible for 2.5 million deaths per year. There has not been a concurrent decrease in morbidity rates attributable to diarrhoea. As population growth is focused in the poorest areas, the total morbidity component of the disease burden is greater than previously.
LiDAR snow cover studies on glacier surface: significance of snow- and ice dynamical processes

alpS – Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, Grabenweg 68, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria Commission for Geodesy and Glaciology, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Alfons-Goppel-Str. 11, 80539 Munich, Germany Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Relativistic second-order dissipative and anisotropic fluid dynamics in the relaxation-time approximation for an ideal gas of massive particles

In this paper, we study all transport coefficients of second-order dissipative fluid dynamics derived by V. E. Ambrus et al. [Phys. Rev. D 106, 076005 (2022)] from the relativistic Boltzmann equation in the relaxation-time approximation for the collision integral. These transport coefficients are computed for a classical ideal gas of massive particles, with and without taking into account the conservation of intrinsic quantum numbers. Through rigorous comparison between kinetic theory, second-order dissipative fluid dynamics, and leading-order anisotropic fluid dynamics for a (0+1)--dimensional boost-invariant flow scenario, we show that both fluid-dynamical theories describe the early far-from-equilibrium stage of the expansion reasonably well.