Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Palynology of two 4500 year old skua-mounds of the Arctic Skua (Stercorarius parasiticus (L.)) in Svalbard

Skuamounds are peaty hillocks up to 70 cm high used by Arctic Skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus (L.)) for surveying their breeding territory. Well-developed skua-mounds in Svalbard can be considered as small guanogenic bogs', because the peat formation depends on manuring by birds and the water-table in the mound is higher than the surrounding tundra. Peat sections measuring 34 cm and 40 cm from two skuamounds from Edgeoya and Spitsbergen were radiocarbon dated and studied for pollen and spores. Peat formation on the two skua-mounds started c. 4500 calendar years ago. Concentration values of longdistance transported pollen were used to detect time gaps in the records. The time gap in the skua-mound from Spitsbergen was found to be considerably greater than in the skuamound from Edgeoya. Erosion has progressed considerably further on the Edgeoya skua-mound than on the skua-mound from Spitsbergen due to differences in hydrology: the peat of the former mound is dry and unfrozen in summer, whereas in the latter mound it is wet and frozen. Time gaps and erosion are probably associated with phases of decreased manuring by birds. At two levels in the Edgeoya skua-mound there is evidence of a climatic change towards cooler conditions, one being an early major climatic shift and the other a later minor climatic shift. A similar major climatic shift is associated with one level in the skuamound from Spitsbergen.
pH as a variable in free zinc ion concentration from zinc-containing lozenges.

In their letters, Eby and Godfrey claim that Zn2+ will be tightly bound to citrate in saliva upon administration of lozenges containing the two ingredients (G. A. Eby, Letter, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:606-607, 1988; J. C. Godfrey, Letter, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:605606, 1988). The lozenges contained citric acid (6), however, and unless several equivalents of base per mole of citric acid are added, citrate will not be produced and tight citrate complexes cannot form. The limited buffer capacity of saliva (1) is insufficient to raise the pH to promote formation of tight complexes. Therefore, much of the zinc added with citric acid in a lozenge is likely to appear as free, unbound Zn2+ in saliva. If a 4.5-g lozenge containing 2% citric acid (6) generates 20 ml of saliva (Godfrey, Letter), the citric acid concentration becomes 23 mM and produces a pH of 2.3. For citric acid (molecular weight, 192) the successive acidity constant pKa values are 3.0, 4.4, and 5.8 (8). Addition of one equivalent or nearly 0.5 mmol of base raises the pH only to 3.7, and even addition of two equivalents of base or almost 1 mmol yields only a pH of 5.1. Thus, due to the acidity of citric acid and the low buffer capacity of saliva, much of the added Zn2+ is likely to remain as the free metal ion. Although ligands present in saliva will bind some Zn2+, the acidity created by adding citric acid reduces their chelating ability. Figure 1 shows the distribution of zinc-citrate species as mole fraction on a zinc basis versus pH for a citric acid-tototal-zinc mole ratio of 1.3, identical to that in the lozenges (6). Stability constants for the Zn2+ and citric acid system
Distribution of main plant-parasitic nematodes in sweet potato and taro fields in Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan. 3. Survey in the northern part in Kyushu Island (Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki and Ohita Prefs.)

1) 北部九州の4県,福岡・佐賀・長崎(離島を除く)・大分各県のサツマイモ圃場56筆,およびサトイモ圃場20筆,計76筆の主要有害線虫を調査した。 2) ネコブセンチュウ類の検出圃場率は,サツマイモ圃場(55.4%),サトイモ圃場(50.0%)で,ほぼ同程度であった。 サツマイモ圃場から検出されたネコブセンチュウのほとんどはサツマイモネコブセンチュウであり(93.5%),アレナリアネコブセンチュウは少なかった(6.5%)が,サトイモ圃場では,サツマイモネコブセンチュウとアレナリアネコブセンチュウが同率(50.0%)で検出された。 3) ネグサレセンチュウ類の検出圃場率は,サツマイモ圃場(5.4%)よりもサトイモ圃場において高かった(35.0%)。 サトイモ圃場から検出されたネグサレセンチュウは全てミナミネグサレセンチュウであった。 サツマイモ圃場では前作で増殖したと考えられるキタネグサレセンチュウが検出された。 4) ニセフクロセンチュウの検出圃場率は,サツマイモ圃場(44.6%)の方が,サトイモ圃場(25.0%)よりも高かった。 検出圃場率は長崎県,佐賀県で高かった。 大分県では検出されなかった。
Effects of increased atmospheric CO_2 and N supply on growth,biochemical compositions and uptake of nutrients in Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

To investigate the effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and N supply in seawater on the red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis,the thalli were incubated in laboratory for 15 days under 4 different conditions of CoNo,C+No,CoN+ and C+N+ respectively,then the growth,nutrient uptake rates,contents of pigments and soluble proteins in alga were measured.The results show that either increased atmospheric CO2 or N supply can enhance the relative growth rate(RGR) of G.lemaneiformis,but they have no synergic effect.Elevated CO2 decreases,but N supply increases,the contents of pigments and soluble proteins.Increased atmospheric CO2 reinforces the activity of nitrate reductase(NRA) under the conditions of both enriched and unenriched N supply in G.lemaneiformis but stimulates the uptake of nutrient only in case of high N supply.In any case of CO2 concentration,enriched N supply improves the nutrient uptake rates of G.lemaneiformis. It is concluded that the growth,NRA and nutrient uptake of the red alga G.lemaneiformis would be enhanced and the contents of pigments and souble proteins be changed by increased atmospheric CO2 or seawater eutrophication in future.
The Developmental Lag Hypothesis in Reading: Longitudinal and Matched Reading-Level Comparisons.

STANOVICH, KEITH E. ; NATHAN, RUTH G. ; and ZOLMAN, JUDITH E. The Developmental Lag Hypothesis in Reading: Longitudinal and Matched Reading-Level Comparisons. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1988, 59, 71-86. Groups of third-, fifth-, and seventh-grade children (ages 8-11, 10-10, and 13-0, respectively) who were matched on reading ability were administered tasks assessing receptive vocabulary, strategic memory, nonstrategic memory, articulation speed, rhyming ability, nameretrieval ability, decoding skill, word-recognition efficiency, reliance on phonological information in decoding, and the use of context in word recognition. The cognitive profiles of the 3 groups were strikingly similar. The results support a developmental lag model of the reading problems of nondyslexic children. Subgroups of the fifthand seventh-grade children had been tested 2 years earlier as skilled thirdand less-skilled fifth-grade children who were matched on reading ability. In the subsequent testing 2 years later, the younger children had shown more growth in reading ability, a rate difference predicted by the lag model. An examination of the cognitive profiles of these 2 groups indicated that the more rapid growth in reading displayed by the younger children was accompanied by superior growth in word recognition. It is argued that any attempt to integrate the results from studies employing reading-level match designs must carefully distinguish the different populations of children used in the older, less-skilled groups and must differentiate decoding-level matches from comprehension-level matches.
Postharvest Handling of Heliconia, Red Ginger, and Bird-of-Paradise

Heliconia (Heliconia spp.), red ginger (Alpinia purpurata), and bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia reginae) inflorescences have similar stem structures and postharvest handling regimes. Inflorescences, especially heliconia, should be harvested in the morning while still turgid, and at the most suitable stage of development which varies with the species, its proposed use, and market requirements. Treatments that extend postharvest vase life, either or both enhance water uptake or prevent water loss and provide an exogenous energy source. Use of the most suitable temperature for shipping and storage prolongs vase life. Heliconia should be shipped and stored at >10 oC (50.0 oF), red ginger >12 oC (53.6 oF), and bird-of-paradise at >8 oC (46.4 oF). Sucrose (10% w/v), citric acid [150 mg·L–1 (ppm)] and 8hydroxyquinoline citrate (250 mg·L–1) are major chemicals used in pulsing and holding solution for bird-ofparadise. Holding solutions for red ginger are similar except 2% (w/v) sucrose is recommended. The response of heliconia inflorescences to different pulsing and holding solutions has been shown to be negligible. A 200mg·L–1 benzyladenine spray extends the vase life of red ginger and heliconia. Hot water treatment of red ginger at 49 oC (120.2 oF) and 50 oC (122.0 oF) for 12 to 15 min extends postharvest vase life, kills most of the pests that infest red ginger, and reduces the geotropic response. The major postharvest problems are saprophytic mold on bird-of-paradise, negative geotropic response of red ginger, and insect infestation of all three flowers. There is no reported method to control the postharvest nectar and slime production on birdof-paradise that provides a substrate for saprophytic mold growth. Dipping inflorescences in benomyl or thiobendazole (TBZ) at 200 mg·L–1 does help control postharvest mold growth in bird-of-paradise and heliconia. Compared to most temperate flowers, there is a need for greater understanding of morphological and physiological factors that limit the vase life of heliconia, red ginger and bird-of-paradise flowers.
A Structural Theorem for Local Algorithms with Applications to Coding, Testing, and Privacy

We prove a general structural theorem for a wide family of local algorithms, which includes property testers, local decoders, and PCPs of proximity. Namely, we show that the structure of every algorithm that makes $q$ adaptive queries and satisfies a natural robustness condition admits a sample-based algorithm with $n^{1- 1/O(q^2 \log^2 q)}$ sample complexity, following the definition of Goldreich and Ron (TOCT 2016). We prove that this transformation is nearly optimal. Our theorem also admits a scheme for constructing privacy-preserving local algorithms. Using the unified view that our structural theorem provides, we obtain results regarding various types of local algorithms, including the following. - We strengthen the state-of-the-art lower bound for relaxed locally decodable codes, obtaining an exponential improvement on the dependency in query complexity; this resolves an open problem raised by Gur and Lachish (SODA 2020). - We show that any (constant-query) testable property admits a sample-based tester with sublinear sample complexity; this resolves a problem left open in a work of Fischer, Lachish, and Vasudev (FOCS 2015) by extending their main result to adaptive testers. - We prove that the known separation between proofs of proximity and testers is essentially maximal; this resolves a problem left open by Gur and Rothblum (ECCC 2013, Computational Complexity 2018) regarding sublinear-time delegation of computation. Our techniques strongly rely on relaxed sunflower lemmas and the Hajnal-Szemeredi theorem.
Two types of mitochondrial crystals in diseased human skeletal muscle fibers

Mitochondrial crystalline inclusions, frequently found in mitochondrial myopathies, were analyzed by crystallographic techniques and computer‐aided image processing. It could be shown that these structures were real crystals. There are two distinct types of crystal, which can be distinguished by shape, size, and pattern. So‐called type I crystals are usually present in the intracristal space, whereas the type II crystals are preferentially located in the intermembrane space between outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. The unit cell dimensions were found to be 38 × 34 × 8 nm for the type I crystals and 20 × 17 × 8 nm for the type II crystals. These results strongly suggest that the crystals are composed of macromolecules, presumably proteins. Arguments are presented that indicate that type I crystals occur only in type 1 muscle fibers and type II crystals in type 2 muscle fibers.
Listeria monocytogenes Strain-Specific Impairment of the TetR Regulator Underlies the Drastic Increase in Cyclic di-AMP Secretion and Beta Interferon-Inducing Ability

ABSTRACT Among a number of laboratory strains of Listeria monocytogenes used in experimental infection, strain LO28 is highly capable of inducing robust beta interferon (IFN-β) production in infected macrophages. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the IFN-β-inducing ability of LO28 by comparing it with that of strain EGD, a low-IFN-β-inducing strain. It was found that LO28 secretes a large amount of IFN-β-inducing factor, which turned out to be cyclic di-AMP. The secretion of cyclic di-AMP was dependent on MdrT, a multidrug resistance transporter, and LO28 exhibited a very high level of mdrT expression. The introduction of a null mutation into mdrT abolished the ability of LO28 to induce IFN-β production. Examination of genes responsible for the regulation of mdrT expression revealed a spontaneous 188-bp deletion in tetR of LO28. By constructing recombinant strains of LO28 and EGD in which tetR from each strain was replaced, it was confirmed that the distinct ability of LO28 is attributable mostly to tetR mutation. We concluded that the strong IFN-β-inducing ability of LO28 is due to a genetic defect in tetR resulting in the overexpression of mdrT and a concomitant increase in the secretion of cyclic di-AMP through MdrT.
THE PHONETIC CHANGE OF TONE SANDHI IN SHANGHAI CHINESE

In Shanghai Chinese, “(broad) tone sandhi” occurs in a polysyllabic expression (i.e., word or phrase) in which the overall pitch of the tonal domain is determined by the tone of the initial syllable, and the F0 contour constantly falls from the second or third syllable. Although it is assumed that the phonetic realization of the pitch-fall in non-initial syllables differs across generations, this assumption is not supported by any objective data because the falling pattern in the newest variety (New Shanghai) has not been investigated in detail. To test this assumption, this study examines the phonetic realization of pitch-fall in New Shanghai. The results show that the rate of fall is very fast at first but rapidly decreases as time goes on, which is clearly different from the falling pattern in the older variety (Middle Shanghai). These results support the idea that the (default) low tone in non-initial syllables has changed from a “weak” target in Middle Shanghai to a “strong” one in New Shanghai.
Parámetros hemáticos en tres especies de peces (Ictalurus punctatus, Morone saxatilis y Micropterus salmoides) en condiciones de desnutrición Hematological parameters in three species of fish (Ictalurus punctatus, Micropterus salmoides and Morone saxatilis) under conditions of malnutrition.

Se evaluo el efecto de la desnutricion sobre los parametros hematicos en tres especies de peces de agua dulce, Ictalurus punctatus, Morone saxatilis y Micropterus salmoides . Los parametros hematicos analizados fueron: Microhematocrito (Ht), Hemoglobina (Hb), Proteina Total del Plasma (PTP), y Recuento diferencial de leucocitos. Ademas se analizo el comportamiento del poligono de frecuencia de la longitud mayor de los eritrocitos. Se consideraron dos niveles de desnutricion: moderada (15 dias) y severa (100 dias). Para el Ht y el Recuento diferencial de leucocitos se realizo por el metodo estandar, la hemoglobina por medio de hemoglobinometro, y PTP por metodo gravimetrico con el uso de un refractometro. Los resultados de Ht y Hb se incrementaron en la desnutricion moderada en I. punctatus y M. salmoides , mientras que en M. saxatilis decrecen, PTP decrece en I. punctatus y M. salmoides pero en M. saxatilis se incrementa, los trombocitos se incrementan y el tamano de los eritrocitos decrece en las tres especies indicado por el poligono de frecuencia. En la desnutricion severa para I. punctatus , M. saxatilis y M. salmoides , Ht y Hb decrecen, PTP y trombocitos se incrementa, y la poblacion de los eritrocito es heterogenea en tamano en las tres especies. Concluyendo que los parametros hematologicos mas sensibles son Ht, Hb, PTP y Poligono de frecuencia que varian desde estadios temprano de la desnutricion y por su facil interpretacion es factible su aplicacion tanto en la Acuacultura como para conocer el grado de desnutricion de los peces en el medio ambiente natural.
Influence of Magmeal supplementation on haematological parameters in Japanese quails

A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from day old to six weeks of age to evaluate the effect of magmeal supplementation on haematological parameters at Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. The birds were divided into 4 groups with 20 birds each in each group in 3 replicates and fed with diet replacing fish meal with magmeal at varying proportion - G1 (Control group with 7%), G2 (50%), G3 (75%) and G4 (100%). The effect of magmeal inclusion on hematological parameters suggested that there was a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration in G2 and G3 when compared G1 and then significantly increased (P < 0.01) in G4. There was no significant difference in hemoglobin concentration between the groups on the inclusion of magmeal at six weeks of age. But there was a significantly high increase (P < 0.01) in hemoglobin concentration at six weeks than at three weeks of age of birds in control and experimental groups of Japanese quails. The highest hemoglobin concentration observed was 14.98 ± 0.10 g/dL in G3 at six weeks of age. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in total erythrocyte count as the percentage of magmeal inclusion increased within the groups at three and six weeks of age. There was no significant difference observed in total leucocyte count between the control and experimental groups and between the three and six weeks upon the inclusion of magmeal at different levels. There was no significant difference in differential count between the three weeks and six weeks of age in control and experimental groups of Japanese quails. Thus it was concluded the inclusion of magmeal can possibly lead to increase in poultry production and consequent economic affordability to the much needed animal protein.
The Physiologic Reaction of Cucumber to Low Temperature and Low Light Intensity

The dynamics of chlorophyll content, leaf area and photosynthesis of cucumber seedlings were studied under sole stress of two low temperatures and low light intensity as well as combined stresses of low light intensity and the two low temperatures. The results showed that low light intensity reduced sensitivity of cucumber to low temperature and improved chlorophyll content, leaf area and chlorophyll fluorescence quantum yield. The photosynthesis rate was reduced under low light intensity. The intensity of light played the leading role in growth of cucumber under the low temperature condition, while the low temperature played the leading role under the critical low temperature condition. There were differences in reaction to light and temperature among different varieties. The tolerance to low temperature and low light intensity was not always synergetic for the same cucumber variety.
Gibberellic Acid Inhibits Floral Bud Induction and Improves `Bing' Sweet Cherry Fruit Quality

This paper reports on the potential of gibberellic acid (GA 3 and GA 4+7 ) to reduce sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) floral bud induction and balance fruit number and improve fruit quality in the season following application. In 2003, GA 3 was applied to 'Bing'/'Gisela 1' trees at 50 and 100 mg·L -1 at the end of stage I of fruit development, end of stage II, and on both dates. These treatments were compared to the industry standard application of 30 mg·L -1 applied at the end of stage II and an untreated control. Fruit quality was evaluated in the year of application (i.e., nontarget crop) and return bloom, fruit yield and quality were assessed in the subsequent season (2004). In 2003, GA 3 delayed fruit maturity proportional to rate. In 2004, bloom density and fruit yield were related negatively and linearly to GA 3 concentration. GA 3 reduced the number of reproductive buds per spur and did not affect the number of flowers per reproductive bud. Nonspur flowering at the base of 1-year-old shoots was more inhibited by GA 3 than flowering on spurs. Double applications significantly reduced bloom density and yield versus single applications. Trees treated with two applications of 50 and 100 mg·L -1 yielded fruit with 7% and 12% higher soluble solids, 15% and 20% higher firmness, and 7% and 14% greater weight, respectively. However, no treatment improved crop value per tree. In a separate isomer trial, GA 3 and GA 4+7 were applied to 'Bing'/'Gisela 1' trees at 100 and 200 mg·L -1 at both the end of stage I and II in 2004. GA 3 and GA 4+7 applied at 100 mg·L -1 reduced bloom density similarly by 65%. GA 3 was more inhibiting than GA 4+7 at 200 mg·L -1 , reducing bloom density by 92% versus 68%. We observed a 4- to 5-day delay in flowering from both GA formulations at 200 mg·L -1 . At both concentrations, GA 3 reduced yield by 71% and 95% versus 34% and 37% reduction by GA 4+7 . Fruit weight and soluble solids were unaffected but fruit firmness was increased by all treatments (6% to 17%). However, crop value per tree was highest from untreated control because improvements in fruit quality were insufficient to offset reductions in yield. GA 3 shows potential as a novel crop load management tool in productive 'Bing' sweet cherry orchard systems.
Defining the chromatin structure of the human genome using size-selected nucleosome mapping

The work in this thesis examines genome-wide and local changes in the patterns of nucleosome positioning throughout the human genome. Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating unit of chromatin. Their properties and positioning in the genome dictate whether and how proteins involved in gene regulation can access DNA. Nucleosomes are dynamic; their positions can vary considerably at some loci from one cell type to another. Chromatin remodelling complexes can change the structure and the positions of nucleosomes. Their mis-regulation leads to congenital defects affecting pre-natal and early childhood development and is associated with neuro-psychiatric disorders. As mutations in genes that encode chromatin remodelling proteins are associated with human mental health disorders, the work in this thesis focusses on changes that occur in chromatin structure during early neural development. I have used MNase-seq data to construct genome-wide, high-resolution chromatin particle positioning maps from undifferentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and following differentiation to the neuro-progenitor cell (NPC) stage. These maps reveal that a small proportion of the pluripotent genome possesses well-positioned nucleosomes, the number of which increases approximately 8-fold during neural cell development. This is accompanied by changes in the distribution and localisation of nucleosomes between iPS and NPC cells. Differences in nucleosome positioning during neural cell differentiation were investigated at regulatory regions. Loss and gain of positioned nucleosomes at TSS of pluripotent and neural-specific genes was detected and correlated with gene expression. In addition I investigated the chromatin structure at the binding motifs of two important genome regulators REST and CTCF in detail. Nucleosome positioning is maintained at REST binding motifs during neural cell development. In contrast, at CTCF sites nucleosome repositioning occurs during neural cell development. This work provides insight into the role of chromatin structure in the regulation of human neural cell differentiation.