Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rb–Sr Dating of Gold‐bearing Pyrites from Wulaga Gold Deposit and its Geological Significance

Wulaga epithermal gold deposit is located in northeast China. Gold mineralization mainly occurs within the crypto‐explosive breccia belt of subvolcanic intrusion. Constraints on the precise timing of mineralization are of fundamental importance for understanding the ore genesis of the Wulaga gold deposit and its mineralization potential. Three hydrothermal stages have been identified: the early veiny quartz–euhedral pyrite stage; the fine pyrite–marcasite–gray or black chalcedony stage; and the late carbonate–pyrite stage. The Rb–Sr dating of gold‐bearing pyrites from the fine pyrite–marcasite–gray or black chalcedony stage is 113.8 ± 4.4 Ma with an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.706346 ± 0.000019. The age of the gold deposit is consistent with the age of ore‐bearing volcanic (109–113 Ma) and subvolcanic intrusion (103–112 Ma) within the error limits, and the pyrite initial ratio has an identical value of 87Sr/86Sr to subvolcanic intrusion (0.705547 ± 0.000012). These indicate that crystallization of the wall rock and epithermal gold mineralization was coeval and likely cogenetic. Moreover, a lot of epithermal gold deposits that formed in Early Cretaceous volcanic and subvolcanic intrusions have been discovered in recent years in Heilongjiang province. Combined with the studies of tectonic and magmatic activities, we propose that the formation of the Wulaga gold deposit might be caused by the heated circum‐flow water related to the volcanic–subvolcanic intrusive hydrothermal event triggered by the ancient subduction of the Izanagi plate in the Early Cretaceous.
Estimating rates of debris flow entrainment from ground vibrations

Debris flows generate seismic waves as they travel downslope and can become more dangerous as they entrain sediment along their path. We present field observations that show a systematic relation between the magnitude of seismic waves and the amount of erodible sediment beneath the flow. Specifically, we observe that a debris flow traveling along a channel filled initially with sediment 0.34 m thick generates about 2 orders of magnitude less spectral power than a similar‐sized flow over the same channel without sediment fill. We adapt a model from fluvial seismology to explain this observation and then invert it to estimate the level of bed sediment (and rate of entrainment) beneath a passing series of surges. Our estimates compare favorably with previous direct measurements of entrainment rates at the site, suggesting the approach may be a new indirect way to obtain rare field constraints needed to test models of debris flow entrainment.
Surface Water-Quality Modeling

Since the 1920's, scientists and engineers around the globe have been using mathematical models to simulate the transport and fate of pollutants in natural waters. Today, and in the foreseeable future, more of these applications are being generated in an effort to develop economical solutions to water-quality problems.The primary audience for this book is first-year graduate students, including both MA and Ph.D. students. The book, however, could be used as a basis for a senior undergraduate course. The text is divided into seven major parts. The first two cover Modeling Fundamentals, (including material on mathematics, numerical methods, kinetics, diffusion, etc). The remaining parts deal with major water-quality modeling problems such as dissolved oxygen, eutrophication, and toxics. The text is written in lecture format, ideal for case study and teaching purposes. The book stresses theory and application. This edition has a strong computer orientation with a Visual Basic computer program available on the Internet.
South Asian monsoon climate change and radiocarbon in the Arabian Sea during early and middle Holocene

The 1 4 C ages of planktonic foraminifers Globigerinoides sacculifer bracketing the Younger Dryas in a δ 1 8 O record of Globigerinoides ruber from a laminated sediment core on the Pakistani continental margin suggest thatsurface reservoir ages in the Arabian Sea were in excess of 1000 years during the deglaciation. A least squares error fit of a detailed 1 4 C chronology to the (atmospheric) tree ring record gave variable early Holocene reservoir ages between 780 and 1120 years, well above the prebomb value of 640 years. Mid-Holocene reservoir ages are less well constrained but were probably closer to the prebomb value. The method used to fit individual core sections to the tree ring record was designed to require only a rough a priori estimate of the time spans, which in the core presented here were taken from each section's range of 1 4 C ages. A significant 220-year quasi-oscillation was present in the δ 1 8 O record during the early Holocene but not thereafter. This frequency and amplitude pattern resembles an early Holocene 207- to 227-year oscillation previously observed in the atmospheric 1 4 C record, which is generally interpreted as reflecting solar irradiance variability. An early Holocene climate event at 8150-8400 calendar years B.P. observed elsewhere within the Asian-East African monsoon system was again found in our record, suggesting a reduction in precipitation over NW India and Pakistan.
Comments to López de Aquino and Garza de León (2008) on the Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) in the Yucatan

En esta respuesta discutimos varios puntos de vista presentados por López de Aquino y Garza de León (2008) y actualizamos la información referente al búho cuerno corto (Asio flammeus) presentada en McAndrews et al. (2006).
Depression and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Are Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure Among Veterans Veterans Aging Cohort Study Epidemiology

Conclusions —Our study is the first to suggest that MDD is an independent risk factor for HF in HIV+ adults. These results reinforce the importance of identifying and managing MDD among HIV+ patients. Future studies must clarify mechanisms linking HIV, MDD, antidepressants, and HF and identify interventions to reduce HF morbidity and mortality in those with both HIV and MDD. ( Circulation . 2015;132:1630-1638. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014443.) curve was created to time to incident HF by the 4 HIV/ MDD groups. Among those with MDD, HF incidence rates per 1000 person-years and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were calculated by HIV status and antidepressant use. In a second analysis, we used Cox regression to model the association of MDD and incident HF among the HIV+ participants. This analysis included additional adjustments for baseline and recent CD4 counts, HIV-1 RNA, and ART use. We included only participants with a diagnosis of MDD in our third analysis, which explored the association between antidepressant use and incident HF among HIV+ and HIV− participants.
Depression and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Are Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure Among Veterans Veterans Aging Cohort Study

is the first to suggest that MDD is an independent risk factor for HF in HIV+ adults. These results reinforce the importance of identifying and managing MDD among HIV+ patients. Future studies must clarify mechanisms linking HIV, MDD, antidepressants, and HF and identify interventions to reduce HF morbidity and mortality in those with both HIV and MDD. ( Circulation . 2015;132:00-00. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014443.) rates person-years and ratios (aHRs) were calculated by HIV and antidepressant use. In a second analysis, we used Cox regression to model the association of MDD and incident HF among the HIV+ participants. This analysis included additional adjustments for and recent CD4 counts, HIV-1 and ART use. We included only participants with a diagnosis of MDD in our third analysis, which explored the association between antidepressant use and incident HF among HIV+ and HIV− participants.
Bradycardias and atrioventricular conduction block

By arbitrary definition, a bradycardia is a heart rate of <60 beats/min. A bradycardia may be a normal physiological phenomenon or result from a cardiac or non-cardiac disorder. Many patients tolerate heart rates of 40 beats/min surprisingly well, but at lower rates symptoms are likely to include dizziness, near syncope, syncope, ischaemic chest pain, Stokes-Adams attacks, and hypoxic seizures Sinus bradycardia is common in normal individuals during sleep and in those with high vagal tone, such as athletes and young healthy adults. The electrocardiogram shows a P wave before every QRS complex, with a normal P wave axis (that is, upright P wave in lead II). The PR interval is at least 0.12 s. #### Pathological causes of sinus bradycardia The commonest pathological cause of sinus bradycardia is acute myocardial infarction. Sinus bradycardia is particularly associated with inferior myocardial infarction as the inferior myocardial wall and the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes are usually all supplied by the right coronary artery. Sick sinus syndrome is the result of dysfunction of the sinoatrial node, with impairment of its ability to generate and conduct impulses. It usually results from idiopathic fibrosis of the node but is also associated with myocardial ischaemia, digoxin, and cardiac surgery. #### Conditions associated with sinoatrial node dysfunction The possible electrocardiographic features include persistent sinus bradycardia, periods of sinoatrial block, sinus arrest, junctional or ventricular escape rhythms, tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, paroxysmal atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation. The commonest electrocardiographic feature is an inappropriate, persistent, and often severe sinus bradycardia. Severe sinus bradycardia Sinoatrial block is characterised by a transient failure of impulse conduction to the atrial myocardium, resulting in intermittent pauses between P waves. The pauses are the length of two …
SAMSUNG Electronics

In Partnership With Unidocs Inc. www.unidocs. co.kr Company Profile As a leader in the global electronics industry, Samsung Electronics (SE) is creating a digital world of better communications and is well known for slogans such as “Samsung Digitall: Everyone’s Invited” and “Digital e-Company. ” To become the leader in the age of digital convergence, SE focuses on the four strategic business areas of home, mobile and office networks, and core components. Today, the company is revolutionizing digital convergence with its product and process innovations.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOAEROSOL DURING MONSOON AND POST- MONSOON SEASONS AT FOUR SENSITIVE SITES IN DELHI REGION

A comparative analysis of culturable air borne microorganisms in post-monsoon and monsoon season was done by measuring their ambient levels at four different sites within Delhi premises which included both indoor and outdoor. Higher fungal concentration (between the range 36 – 97.33 CFU × 102 m -3 ) was found in post – monsoon season with Library canteen showing the maximum of 97.33 CFU × 102 m -3 . A pattern of minimum concentration of fungal bioaerosol ranging between 2 – 6.6 CFU × 102 m -3 was seen in the monsoon period where Garbage site had the least concentration of 2 CFU × 102 m -3 . Similar to fungal concentration, both gram positive and gram negative bacteria revealed maximum concentration in post monsoon season in comparison to monsoon season. Among all four sites maximum gram positive bacterial concentration of 93.33CFU × 102 m -3 was found in library canteen in post- monsoon period while minimum concentration of 4.66 CFU × 102 m -3 in garbage site in monsoon period. The comparative analysis reveals higher concentration of viable air borne microbes in post- monsoon season than in the monsoon period at the indoor sites in comparison to the outdoor ones which may have resulted due to seasonal rain wash. Most of the fungal bioaerosol identified is associated with allergic and immunotoxic diseases such as sick building syndrome. Since the sampling occurred in two different seasons in outdoor and indoor sites with naturally ventilated buildings, external temperature and humidity did vary significantly during the study. Thus, it is more likely that the types of organisms and concentration level observed were related to both the sources (decomposing garbage, spores carried from wooden areas, etc.) as well as the ambient or indoor environmental conditions.
[The second demographic transition in Western countries: an interpretation]

This article argues that the demographic changes since the 1950s in the Western world.with respect to family formation and dissolution form a sufficiently cohesive set to warrant a more holistic treatment instead of a variable by variable approach.The central point made in the paper is that alongside the influence of economic factors the recent demographic changes are also closely connected with the rise of manifestations of individual autonomy. Evidence gathered at the micro-level in a variety of countries is discussed within the framework of a theory with multiple causation and a statistical analysis at the macro-level (24 countries) is also presented. The outcome of both is consistent in the demonstration that ideational developments form a non-redundant ingredient in the explanation. Nevertheless the country-level analysis shows that non-negligible national idiosyncrasies remain even after allowing for the combined influences of both economic and cultural factors. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE) (EXCERPT)
Constraints on the Venusian crustal thickness variations in the isostatic stagnant lid approximation

The isostatic stagnant lid (ISL) approximation is applied to the long‐wavelength Venusian topography and geoid to place constraints on the thickness of the crust and lithosphere. Previous studies showed that a purely thermal isostasy model of the lithosphere (the “stagnant lid”) accounts for a significant portion of the topography and geoid anomalies. Here we assume that the remaining discrepancy between the observed and model geoid is due to crustal thickness variations and that the crust, the lithosphere and the mantle are in a state of double isostatic equilibrium: the lithosphere is isostatically floating on top of the mantle and the crust is isostatically floating on top of the lithosphere. The addition of another variable, the crustal thickness, allows an exact fit to the observed topography and geoid. This also makes the solution non‐unique: an exact fit to topography and geoid can be achieved in a broad range of average lithospheric and crustal thicknesses. Additional constraints such as the gabbro‐eclogite phase transition and the existence of relatively young volcanism limit this range to some extent. The inferred variations in the crustal thickness are less sensitive to model assumptions and generally agree with the results obtained in previous studies.
Melt inclusion record of the conditions of ascent, degassing, and extrusion of volatile‐rich alkali basalt during the powerful 2002 flank eruption of Mount Etna (Italy)

[1] Two unusual, highly explosive flank eruptions succeeded on Mount Etna in July August 2001 and in October 2002 to January 2003, raising the possibility of changing magmatic conditions. Here we decipher the origin and mechanisms of the second eruption from the composition and volatile (H2O, CO2, S, Cl) content of olivine-hosted melt inclusions in explosive products from its south flank vents. Our results demonstrate that powerful lava fountains and ash columns at the eruption onset were sustained by closed system ascent of a batch of primitive, volatile-rich (≥4 wt %) basaltic magma that rose from ≥10 km depth below sea level (bsl) and suddenly extruded through 2001 fractures maintained opened by eastward flank spreading. This magma, the most primitive for 240 years, probably represents the alkali-rich parental end-member responsible for Etna lavas' evolution since the early 1970s. Few of it was directly extruded at the eruption onset, but its input likely pressurized the shallow plumbing system several weeks before the eruption. This latter was subsequently fed by the extrusion and degassing of larger amounts of the same, but slightly more evolved, magma that were ponding at 6–4 km bsl, in agreement with seismic data and with the lack of preeruptive SO2 accumulation above the initial depth of sulphur exsolution (∼3 km bsl). We find that while ponding, this magma was flushed and dehydrated by a CO2-rich gas phase of deeper derivation, a process that may commonly affect the plumbing system of Etna and other alkali basaltic volcanoes.
Establish Effective Lower Bounds of Watershed Slope for Traditional Hydrologic Methods

Equations to estimate timing parameters for a watershed contain watershed slope as a principal parameter and estimates are usually inversely proportional to topographic slope. Hence as slope vanishes, the estimates approach infinity. The research identified, from literature, data, modeling, and physical experiments, the dimensionless topographic slope where “low-slope” behavior should be assumed. Alternate timing equations based from parametric studies using the Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model (DHM) were developed. A slope-offset approach was explored and is suggested as an adaptation of current technology. The offset value suggested is 0.0005 and an illustrative example is presented in this report. The dimensionless slope suggested for consideration of alternate approaches is 0.003. The researchers found that current streamgaging techniques are not well suited to low-slope hydrologic studies and different measuring methods are suggested.
Perceptions of Food Safety by Urban Consumers in Nanjing, China

The past decade has seen what could reasonably be called an explosion in the number of food-related crises in China. Food safety issues represent a national crisis threatening the physical and psychological health of Chinese citizens, despite the repeated adoption of stringent food safety laws and regulations. This project, based on a stratified random sample of 337 households in Nanjing, assesses perceptions related to different food safety concerns and issues among urban residents and explores differences in perceptions across social strata as defined by socioeconomic and demographic variables using principal component analysis and standard statistical tests.
Scaling relations of seismic moment, rupture area, average slip, and asperity size for M~9 subduction‐zone earthquakes

Scaling relations for seismic moment M0, rupture area S, average slip D, and asperity size Sa were obtained for large, great, and giant (Mw = 6.7–9.2) subduction‐zone earthquakes. We compiled the source parameters for seven giant (Mw~9) earthquakes globally for which the heterogeneous slip distributions were estimated from tsunami and geodetic data. We defined Sa for subfaults exhibiting slip greater than 1.5 times D. Adding 25 slip models of 10 great earthquakes around Japan, we recalculated regression relations for 32 slip models: S = 1.34 × 10−10 M02/3, D = 1.66 × 10−7 M01/3, Sa = 2.81 × 10−11 M02/3, and Sa/S = 0.2, where S and Sa are in square kilometers, M0 is in newton meters, and D is in meters. These scaling relations are very similar to those obtained by Murotani et al. (2008) for large and great earthquakes. Thus, both scaling relations can be used for future tsunami hazard assessment associated with a giant earthquake.
Sensitivity of Intermittent Streams to Climate Variations in the USA

There is a great deal of interest in the literature on streamflow changes caused by climate change because of the potential negative effects on aquatic biota and water supplies. Most previous studies have primarily focused on perennial streams, and there have been only a few studies examining the effect of climate variability on intermittent streams. Our objectives in this study were to (1) identify regions of similar zero‐flow behaviour and (2) evaluate the sensitivity of intermittent streams to historical variability in climate in the USA. This study was carried out at 265 intermittent streams by evaluating (1) correlations among time series of flow metrics (number of zero‐flow events, the average of the central 50% and largest 10% of flows) with climate (magnitudes, durations and intensity) and (2) decadal changes in the seasonality and long‐term trends of these flow metrics. Results identified five distinct seasonality patterns in the zero‐flow events. In addition, strong associations between the low‐flow metrics and historical changes in climate were found. The decadal analysis suggested no significant seasonal shifts or decade‐to‐decade trends in the low‐flow metrics. The lack of trends or changes in seasonality is likely due to unchanged long‐term patterns in precipitation over the time period examined. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Maritime trade between China and the West : an archaeological study of the ceramics from Siraf (Persian Gulf), 8th to 15th centuries A.D.

An archaeological study of ceramics from the trading site at Siraf in the Persian Gulf, excavated between 1966 and 1972. Working from the pottery samples preserved in the Ashmolean and British Museums and the excavation record cards, the author presents a classification of the pottery by fabrics and shapes, and investigates those which are local (many from Siraf Kilus), and those which are imports, such as the glazed wares of Islamic and Chinese origin. This data forms the background to a discussion of Indian Ocean trade between the 8th and 15th centuries.
Clay Minerals in the Bottom Sediments from Kagoshima Bay, South Kyushu, Japan.

Semi-quantitative analysis of the clay minerals in the bottom sediment samples from Kagoshima Bay was carried out to determine the distribution trends of the clay minerals and its relationship with the geology of the study area as well as certain physico-chemical conditions within the bay. The study utilized various methods such as XRD, DTA, IR and SEM. The clay minerals identified are 10A- halloysite, illite, smectite, kaolinite and chlorite. Non-clay mineral components are feldspar, quartz, cristobalite, gypsum, calcite and pyrite. 10A-halloysite is the most abundant clay mineral. Illite, smectite and kaolinite are the next abundant. Chlorite is the least common. Non-clay are also widely distributed in the sediments of Kagoshima bay. Feldspar, quartz, cristobalite and pyrite are common throughout the bay while calcite and gypsum vary in distribution. Based on the geology of the surrounding area, it has been shown that the terrigenous supply represents the dominant agent responsible for the distribution of the clay minerals. Certain environmental conditions, however are considered minor mechanisms that influence clay mineral distribution. The clay minerals were transported with feldspar, quartz and cristobalite.
Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies

The year 2011 is ‘The International Year of Forests’. This designation has generated momentum bringing greater attention to the forests worldwide. Forests cover almost a third of the earth’s land surface providing many environmental benefits including a major role in the hydrologic cycle, soil conservation, prevention of climate change and preservation of biodiversity (Sheram, 1993). Forest resources can provide long-term national economic benefits. For example, at least 145 countries of the world are currently involved in wood production (Anon., 1994a). Sufficient evidence is available that the whole world is facing an environmental crisis on account of heavy deforestation. For years remorseless destruction of forests has been going on and we have not been able to comprehend the dimension until recently. Nobody knows exactly how much of the world’s rainforests have already been destroyed and continue to be razed each year. Data is often imprecise and subject to differing interpretations. However, it is obvious that the area of tropical rainforest is diminishing and the rate of tropical rain forest destruction is escalating worldwide, despite increased environmental activism and awareness.