Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strongly Interacting Bose-Einstein Condensates: Probes and Techniques

Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. A dilute gas Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) near a Feshbach resonance offers a system that can be tuned from the well-understood regime of weak interactions to the complex regime of strong interactions. Strong interactions play a central role in the phenomena of superfluidity in liquid He, and theoretical treatments for this regime have existed since the 1950's. However, these theories have not been experimentally tested as superfluid He offers no similar mechanism with which to tune the interactions. In dilute gas condensates near a Feshbach resonance, where interactions can be tuned, strong interactions have proven difficult to study due to the condensate's metastable nature with respect to the formation of weakly bound molecules. In this thesis, I introduce an experimental system and novel probes of the gas that have been specifically designed to study strongly interacting BECs. I present Bragg spectroscopy measurements that have accessed this regime, as well as proof-of-principle experiments using photon-counting for Bragg spectroscopy at low-momentum. Finally, I show preliminary data using contact spectroscopy, which is a method that could lead to the first measurements of the predicted interaction energies for a dilute Bose gas of atoms in the strongly interacting regime. Acknowledgements This work not only represents my efforts here at JILA over the years, but also the contributions of a great many others whom I'd like to thank here. Carl Wieman gave me my opportunity to work with cold atoms when he hired me in 2003. Although he was being pulled in different directions at the end of his tenure here, I always appreciated his efforts to cultivate my understanding of physics, especially through the lunches that Kang-Kuen and I would share with him. Debbie Jin and Eric Cornell adopted me and the 85 Rb experiment in 2006. In many ways I felt like I had left the orphanage and was brought into a loving family. Eric Cornell played the role of my advisorial father. He defined our " family values " , the study of strongly interacting condensates, and his enthusiasm was infectious. He also happened to have a wit to match his intelligence, and our family dinners (i.e. group meetings) were always lively. The best part about working with …
Anterior and Posterior Approaches for 4-Level Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Low-Profile Cage Versus Cervical Pedicle Screws Fixation

(1) Background: The choice of surgical access for 4-level degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) remains controversial, and the clinical and radiological outcomes of anterior surgery using a low-profile cage (Low-P) versus posterior surgery using cervical pedicle screw fixation (CPS) have not been compared. (2) Methods: This is a retrospective controlled study conducted between January 2019 and June 2021 of 72 patients with 4-level DCM who underwent ACDF using a low-profile cage (n = 39) or laminectomy and instrument fusion using CPS (n = 33). The minimum follow-up time was 12 months. The outcomes were C2–7Cobb angle, C2–7sagittal vertical axis (SVA) fusion rate, the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, pain visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and complications. (3) Results: Both anterior and posterior procedures significantly improved the patients’ quality-of-life parameters. Anterior cervical convexity and SVA significantly increased in both groups, but the SVA was greater in the posterior group than in the anterior group (p < 0.001). The C2–7 Cobb angle significantly improved in both groups postoperatively, and at the final follow-up, there was a slight but nonsignificant reduction in cervical lordosis in both groups (p = 0.567). There was a longer operative time, less intraoperative blood loss, and reduced mean hospital stay in the anterior group compared to the posterior group, with two cases of postoperative hematoma requiring a second operation, two cases of axial pain (AP), five cases of dysphagia, two cases of c5 palsy in the anterior group, and four cases of axial pain, and three cases of c5 palsy in the posterior group. According to Bridwell fusion grade, anterior fusion reached grade I in 28 cases (71.8%) and grade II in 10 cases (25.6%) in the anterior group, and posterior fusion reached grade I in 25 cases (75.8%) and grade II in 8 cases (24.2%) in the posterior group. (4) Conclusions: There was no difference between the anterior and posterior surgical approaches for MDCM in terms of improvement in neurological function. Posterior surgery using CPS achieved similar recovery of cervical anterior convexity as anterior surgery with a shorter operative time but was more invasive and had a greater increase in SVA. The use of Low-P in anterior surgery reduced the incidence of dysphagia and cage subsidence and was less invasive, but with a longer operative time.
Investigation of calcium-silicate content and conversion degree of resin-based pulp capping materials

Abstract The present study aimed to measure the microstructure of the TheraCal LC (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL) and Calciplus LC (Imicryl, Konya, Turkey) and to investigate the effect of excitation durations and different light sources on their ‘degree of conversion’ properties. Three excitation modes of the resinous pulp capping materials were tested at 5, 10, and 20-s: light-emitting diode, and near-infrared laser excitation at 532 and 785 nm wavelengths. Resinous materials and excitation durations factors were analyzed with the two-way ANOVA test and Tukey Post Hoc tests (α = 0.05). It is found that the near-infrared laser cannot polymerize the samples and TheraCal LC had greater mean values than Calciplus LC at 5, 10, and 20-s (p < 0.001, p = 0.011, and p = 0.062, respectively). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis were used to assess the calcium-silicate content. Calcium-silicate phases were observed in TheraCal LC but these phases did not exist in the Calciplus LC. TheraCal LC and Calciplus LC have similarities in their conversion degree properties with LED excitations at 20-s, however, the calcium-silicate content measured in the experiments is not in agreement with the data of the Calciplus LC declared by the manufacturer.
Influence of Freestream Turbulence on Boundary-Layer Development

The influence of the wind-tunnel turbulence on the development of a turbulent boundary was studied. The experiments were carried out in the low-turbulence wind tunnel of the DFVLR-AVA at a freestream velocity of U^ = 20 m/s. The turbulence level (Tut -0.06%) was increased up to Tuj «1% by means of various grids at different positions in the settling chamber or nozzle. For a fixed transition and constant distance from the nozzle throat, the effect of the wind-tunnel turbulence on the wall shear stress was investigated. In particular, an attempt was made to separate the effects which result from the turbulence intensity and from the turbulence structure, which is different in each wind tunnel.
THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PLANE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES IN GENERAL RELATIVITY

A concept of plane gravitational waves is introduced, with emphasis on the mathematical aspect of the theory. The case of purely gravitational plane waves is generalized to include the case in which electromagnetic waves coexist with the gravitational waves. Exact solutions of the field equations are considered. Plane-wave solutions in general relativity are compared with those in the unified theory of non-symmetric fields. These solutions, obtained under severely restricted conditions, cannot assert any decisive conclusion on the general characters of either theory, but some true characters of the theories reveal themselves. (C.E.S.)
Vegetation Dynamics and Food Security against the Background of Ecological Restoration in Hubei Province, China

A series of ecological restoration projects have been proposed to solve ecological problems resulting from human activities. The project of returning farmlands to forests, initiated in 1999, was the most widely implemented ecological restoration project in China. Large amounts of cropland with steep slopes have been converted to forests or grasslands to promote vegetation restoration, reduce soil erosion, and control nonpoint source pollution. Therefore, identifying the dynamics of vegetation and food security is crucial for further decision making. Based on the mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and grain yield data, this study explored the vegetation dynamics and food security of Hubei Province against the background of ecological restoration. The results show that, on a whole, the NDVI significantly increased from 2000 to 2018. The spatial agglomeration of the NDVI decreased between 2000 and 2008 and then increased from 2009 onwards. High–high NDVI agglomerations were more concentrated in mountainous areas. Food security was not threatened, and the grain yield in Hubei Province and most of the cities exhibited significant upward trends, as a whole. The change trend of the grain yield was not stable during the period from 2000 to 2018. The grain yield for Hubei Province and almost all of the cities decreased during the first 5 to 11 years, probably due to the sharp decrease in the sloping cropland areas against the background of ecological restoration. Grain yield was more sensitive and had a longer downward trend in regions with steeper slopes. Increasing trends in grain yield were detected during the last 6 to 10 years for most of the cities, and this can mainly be attributed to the newly added croplands that were created from land with other kinds of land uses, the increase in grain productivity, and strict cropland protection policies. The project of returning farmlands to forests is suggested as a long-term policy from the perspective of ecological restoration, and effective measures should also be continuously taken to maintain grain production and food security.
Relationships between Monthly Precipitation and SST Variations in the Tropical Pacific Region

Abstract The relationships between the patterns of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) variations and those of precipitation in the tropical Pacific Ocean region are examined. The rainfall data utilized are derived from satellite observations of outgoing longwave radiation. A composite empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the SST and precipitation indicates a dominant mode of variation linking SST variations in the eastern equatorial region with those of MNWI about 30° westward. One-point correlation analyses show that this general relationship is present for all points in the eastern and central ocean, but that no significant SST-rainfall correlations are evident for SST points wen of about the dateline. The one-point correlation analyses also suggest that during time periods outside of El Nin's, the rainfall response to SST changes is largely confined to the areas of climatological precipitation maxima, suggesting only a minor alteration in the large-scale circulation. On the other hand, du.
Emergent Scaling of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in Freshwater Streams Across Contiguous USA

Dissolved oxygen (DO) indicates the overall stream water quality and ecosystem health. We investigated emergent scaling of DO with the dominant environmental drivers in freshwater (non‐coastal) streams across the contiguous United States. Available data of monthly to quarterly sampling frequencies during 1998–2015 were obtained for 86 U.S. streams. Data analytics indicated water temperature (Tw) and pH (a proxy of carbon dioxide) dominating the key environmental process components of DO concentrations in the freshwater streams. The “climatic” process component (comprising Tw and net radiation) had, respectively, ∼3 and ∼9 times stronger control on DO than the “biogeochemical” (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH, and specific conductivity) and “hydro‐atmospheric” exchange (stream flow and atmospheric pressure) components. The predominant climatic control on stream DO was linked to the high extent of vegetated land (on average ∼53%) and steep slope (∼10%) in the draining watersheds, despite the notable presence of agricultural land (∼35%). An emergent power law scaling relationship was then developed to acceptably predict DO (mg/l) based on Tw (K) and pH, with the approximate exponents of −15/2 and 1/2, respectively (Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.72–0.73). The scaling law demonstrated the underlying organizing principles such as the depletion of stream DO due to reduced dissolution and increased metabolic respiration with the increasing temperature and nutrients. The scaling law was persistent across the various U.S. streams, representing gradients in climate, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and land use/cover. The findings would help understand and manage water quality and ecosystem health in freshwater streams across the United States and beyond.
ATLAS strip tracker stavelets

The engineering challenges related to the supply of electrical power to future large scale detector systems are well documented. Two options remain under active study in our community, namely serial powering and the use of DC-DC converters. Whilst clearly different in detail, both have the potential to increase the efficiency of the powering system.The ATLAS Upgrade Strip Tracker Community has constructed two demonstrator stavelets using the ABCN-25 ASIC, each comprising four silicon strip detector modules. The first stavelet is serially powered, using shunt transistors integrated into the ABCN-25 chip to maintain the required operating voltage given a constant supply current, and the second stavelet uses STV-10 DC-DC converters provided by the CERN group. Although the detailed test programme shall continue at CERN, results from stavelet tests made at RAL are presented here.
Monotone Comparative Statics

The authors derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the solution set of an optimization problem to be monotonic in the parameters of the problem. In addition, they develop practical methods for checking the condition and demonstrate its applications to the classical theories of the competitive firm, the monopolist, the Bertrand oligopolist, consumer and growth theory, game theory, and general equilibrium analysis. Copyright 1994 by The Econometric Society.
Democratic Dead Spots: Local Elections and Human Development in Brazil

ABSTRACT Democracy’s proponents argue that decentralisation improves service delivery, expands local accountability, and engages citizens in public life. However, the combination of democratisation and decentralisation sometimes sustains subnational authoritarianism, resulting in differential redistribution of power that limit citizens’ ability to pursue and secure public goods. In this article we ask: To what extent do authoritarian enclaves affect well-being? Few studies have systematically examined how basic democratic failures affect human development outcomes at subnational levels. We address this gap by investigating the effects of local “democratic dead spots” in Brazil. This approach yields the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the consequences of subnational authoritarianism for human development. Our unique dataset covers Brazil’s 5,570 municipalities from 2006 to 2018 and lets us estimate the effects of local elections on human development over time and across space, while controlling for common explanations for human development (e.g. local governance, wealth, social policy, and partisanship). We find that local democratic dead spots are associated with systemically low levels of human development performance. Following uncompetitive elections, health outcomes are systemically lower over five years: an entire mayoral term and one year beyond in comparison to other, very similar municipalities. Education outcomes are also systemically lower, but the effect does not extend beyond one mayoral term. The cumulative results suggest that uncompetitive elections undermine human development, at the very least in the short to medium term.
Lower hybrid wave coupling in TORE SUPRA through multijunction launchers

The TORE SUPRA lower hybrid current drive experiments (8 MW/3.7 GHz) use large phased waveguide arrays, four rows of 32 active waveguides and two passive waveguides for each of the two grills, to couple the waves to the plasma. These launchers are based on the 'multijunction' principle which allows them to be quite compact and is therefore attractive for the design of efficient multi-megawatt antennas in NET/ITER. Extensive coupling measurements have been performed in order to study the radiofrequency (RF) characteristics of the plasma loaded antennas. Measurements of the plasma scattering coefficients of the antennas show good agreement with those obtained from the linear coupling theory (SWAN code). Global reflection coefficients of a few per cent have been measured in a large range of edge plasma densities (0.3 × 1018 m-3 ≤ neg ≤ 1.4 × 1018 m-3) or antenna positions (0.02-0.05 m from the plasma edge) and up to a maximum injected RF power density of 45 MW/m2. When the plasma is pushed against the inner wall of the chamber, the reflection coefficient is found to remain low up to distances of the order of 0.10 m
EXCITONIC SINGLET-TRIPLET RATIO IN A SEMICONDUCTING ORGANIC THIN FILM

A technique is presented to determine the spin statistics of excitons formed by electrical injection in a semiconducting organic thin film. With the aid of selective addition of luminescent dyes, we generate either fluorescence or phosphorescence from the archetype organic host material aluminum tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) $({\mathrm{Alq}}_{3}). $ Spin statistics are calculated from the ratio of fluorescence to phosphorescence in the films under electrical excitation. After accounting for varying photoluminescent efficiencies, we find a singlet fraction of excitons in ${\mathrm{Alq}}_{3}$ of $(22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)%. $
Exact Joint Distribution In a Model of Planar Random Motion

The exact joint distribution of the position of a particle performing a planar random motion with finite velocity and for possible directions (changing at Poisson times) is obtained This is carried out by means of a suitable representation of the random motion in terms of independent, integrated telegraph signals The singular component of the distribution is examined in detail and some asymptotic features of the results are investigated
Estimates for the Derivatives of Solutions to Weakly Singular Fredholm Integral Equations

The paper deals with the differential properties of a function $\phi (x)$ defined over a bounded domain in $R^m ,m \geqq 1$, as a solution to a weakly singular Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Estimates near the boundary of the domain for the derivatives of $\phi (x)$ are given, and an explicit local singular resolution is derived for $\phi (x)$ near a smooth portion of the boundary, assuming that the kernel of the integral equation is of a specific form.
Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants on Short- and Mid-term Cardiac Outcomes in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Abstract Cardiac outcomes of 131 children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) were examined. The majority of the cohort was male (66.4%) and half were Black (49.6%). Cardiac involvement was evident in 25% of the cohort at diagnosis. Favorable short- and mid-term outcomes were documented on follow-up, irrespective of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants causing the infection.
Effect of Energy Provision Strategy on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Bacterial Diversity and Community Composition

This study was conducted to explore the rumen fermentation characteristics, bacterial diversity, and community composition of Hu sheep under four energy provision strategies. Ninety-six Hu sheep (body weight: 17.78 ± 1.24 kg) were equally assigned to four energy provision strategies: (1) low-energy diet for the whole finishing stage (LL); (2) high-energy diet for the whole finishing stage (HH); (3) low-energy diet in the early finishing stage and high-energy diet in the late finishing stage (LH); (4) high-energy diet in the early finishing stage and low-energy diet in the late finishing stage (HL). The results showed that the proportion of acetate was lower in the HH group than that in the HL group, whereas the opposite result was observed for the butyrate proportion (p < 0.05). The Chao 1, observed species, PD whole tree, and Shannon index of the rumen bacteria were higher in the LL group than that in the HH group (p < 0.05). The taxonomic annotations revealed that the Patescibacteria, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, and Anaeroplasma abundances were higher in the HL group than that in the HH group, and the opposite results were observed regarding the relative abundances of Selenomonas and Anaerovibrio (p < 0.05). The relative abundances of Spirochaetota and Treponema were higher in the LH group than that in the HH group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) showed significant differences between groups (R = 0.6792 and p = 0.001). This study indicates that the energy provision strategy had little impact on the rumen fermentation characteristics, while it heavily affected the rumen bacterial diversity and community composition. This study may provide insight into the rumen fermentation characteristics and bacterial community under routine finishing models and contribute to the optimization of energy provision strategies of Hu sheep.
Jets from T Tauri stars - spectroscopic evidence and collimation mechanism

Based upon analysis of observed O I (6300 A) forbidden line profiles, it is argued that two separate gas components contribute to the forbidden line emission from T Tauri stars. There is a high-speed component due to a wind from the star, and a low-speed component due to a wind from the circumstellar disk and/or a warm disk corona. Further, most of the high-speed gas particles have velocity vectors nearly parallel to one another, indicating a well-collimated flow. The collimation of an initially radially expanding wind is ascribed to the effect of the magnetic field produced by currents in the circumstellar disk. Assuming that this magnetic field is roughly parallel to the stellar rotation axis, the stellar wind will be collimated into bipolar jets. It is estimated that the disk radius is about 100 AU, the disk magnetic field is about 0.1 G, and the stellar mass-loss rate is about 10 to the -7th solar masses/yr. The orientation of the disk can be deduced from the velocity displacement of the jet emission from the stellar rest velocity. 11 references.