Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Macrostructural and microstructural architecture of the Karakoram fault: Relationship between magmatism and strike‐slip faulting

A key factor in interpreting the significance of large‐scale strike‐slip faults in models of continental deformation is an understanding of the temporal relationship between faulting and magmatism. Knowledge of when a strike‐slip fault initiated is essential in order to determine its long‐term slip rate and its significance in accommodating strain. We review key structural criteria that identify whether magmatism is prekinematic or synkinematic with faulting and apply these criteria to a major Tibet‐bounding strike‐slip fault. Along the Karakoram fault, in western Tibet, opinion is divided between (1) those advocating that magmatism and shearing were coeval, in which case the youngest U‐Pb crystallization age provides a minimum age of shear, and (2) those advocating that magmatism preceded strike‐slip shearing, in which case the youngest U‐Pb crystallization age provides a maximum age of shear. Fault zone rocks within the central segment of the fault are variably deformed, displaying high‐ to low‐temperature solid‐state fabrics. Mylonites indicate subsolidus noncoaxial deformation at temperatures that have not exceeded greenschist–lower amphibolite facies. There is no evidence for submagmatic deformation, and there are no textural or structural indicators that suggest synkinematic magmatism. Consequently, magmatism preceded shearing suggesting that the U‐Pb age of proximal leucogranites sets a maximum age for shear. Coupled with a limited offset (<150 km), these data confirm a low long‐term slip rate for the Karakoram fault (3–10 mm/yr). Consequently, the fault is unlikely to have played a significant role in accommodating strain during the Indo‐Asian collision, and thus its role in suggested extrusion models of deformation is limited.
A generalized equilibrium model for predicting daily to interannual shoreline response

Coastal zone management requires the ability to predict coastline response to storms and longer‐term seasonal to interannual variability in regional wave climate. Shoreline models typically rely on extensive historical observations to derive site‐specific calibration. To circumvent the challenge that suitable data sets are rarely available, this contribution utilizes twelve 5+ year shoreline data sets from around the world to develop a generalized model for shoreline response. The shared dependency of model coefficients on local wave and sediment characteristics is investigated, enabling the model to be recast in terms of these more readily measurable quantities. Study sites range from microtidal to macrotidal coastlines, spanning moderate‐ to high‐energy beaches. The equilibrium model adopted here includes time varying terms describing both the magnitude and direction of shoreline response as a result of onshore/offshore sediment transport between the surf zone and the beach face. The model contains two coefficients linked to wave‐driven processes: (1) the response factor (φ) that describes the “memory” of a beach to antecedent conditions and (2) the rate parameter (c) that describes the efficiency with which sand is transported between the beach face and surf zone. Across all study sites these coefficients are shown to depend in a predictable manner on the dimensionless fall velocity (Ω), that in turn is a simple function of local wave conditions and sediment grain size. When tested on an unseen data set, the new equilibrium model with generalized forms of φ and c exhibited high skill (Brier Skills Score, BSS = 0.85).
Anti-virulence strategy of diaryl chalcogenide compounds against Candida albicans infection

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogenic fungus that frequently causes serious systemic infection in humans. Due to the vital roles of biofilm formation and the yeast-to-hypha transition in the infection process, we have selected a series of diaryl chalcogenides and tested their efficacy against C. albicans SC5314 pathogenicity by the inhibition of biofilm formation and the yeast-to-hypha transition. The compounds 5-sulfenylindole and 5-selenylindole were found to have excellent abilities to inhibit both biofilm formation and hyphal formation in C. albicans SC5314. Intriguingly, the two leading compounds also markedly attenuated C. albicans SC5314 virulence in human cell lines and mouse infection models at micromolar levels. Furthermore, our results showed that the presence of the compounds at 100 µM resulted in a marked decrease in the expression of genes involved in the cAMP-PKA and MAPK pathways in C. albicans SC5314. Intriguingly, the compounds 5-sulfenylindole and 5-selenylindole not only attenuated the cytotoxicity of Candida species strains but also showed excellent synergistic effects with antifungal agents against the clinical drug-resistant C. albicans strain HCH12. The compound 5-sulfenylindole showed an obvious advantage over fluconazole as it could also restore the composition and richness of the intestinal microbiota in mice infected by C. albicans. Together, these results suggest that diaryl chalcogenides can potentially be designed as novel clinical therapeutic agents against C. albicans infection. The diaryl chalcogenides of 5-sulfenylindole and 5-selenylindole discovered in this study can provide new direction for developing antifungal agents against C. albicans infection.
Stable isotope studies of sulfates and sulfides in the Mineral Park porphyry Cu-Mo system, Arizona

Sulfide minerals from five vein stages in and near Mineral Park have a shared delta 34 S range of 0 to 5 per mil (47 values). Anhydrites from anhydrite-molybdenite and anhydrite-chalcopyrite vein stages have nearly identical delta 34 S ranges of 12.6 to 22.7 per mil. No spatial isotopic zonation is evident. In the anhydrite-molybdenite vein stage, a delta 34 S versus delta 34 S plot for anhydrite-pyrite pairs suggests an H 2 S-dominated fluid and a bulk fluid delta 34 S value near 1 per mil, but general isotopic disequilibrium is suspected. In the anhydrite-chalcopyrite vein stage, mineral relationships indicate a sulfate-dominated hydrothermal fluid. Isotopic temperatures from anhydrite-pyrite pairs of this stage generally match fluid inclusion data in veins from felsic hosts but are more dispersed in veins from mafic hosts. This may reflect local isotopic disequilibrium resulting from reduction of sulfate by ferrous silicates in the mafic hosts. Use of the delta 34 S versus delta 34 S plot, which indicated different values for the sulfate/sulfide ratio and bulk fluid delta 34 S for mafic- and felsic-hosted data subsets, is thus compromised. The fluid that deposited late polymetallic quartz veins appears to have been H 2 S dominated, with a bulk fluid delta 34 S value of 2 to 4 per mil. The isotopic data are not sufficient to discriminate among potential sources for the hydrothermal sulfur.Oxygen isotope data on anhydrites indicate that two distinct generations were deposited. The data are compatible with a mixed magmatic-meteoric origin for waters (calculated delta 18 O water range, 6.5-9.2ppm) that deposited anhydrite-molybdenite veins, and with either a magmatic or an evaporitic origin for the waters (calculated delta 18 O water range, 11.8-17.1ppm) that deposited anhydrite-chalcopyrite veins. Magmatic sources for the fluids that deposited anhydrite are the most compatible with geologic and fluid inclusion data.
Shifts in the Statistics of Daily Rainfall in South America Conditional on ENSO Phase

Abstract There are several well-documented studies showing the shifts in seasonal mean rainfall and temperature conditional on El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase. Here the shifts in the seasonal histograms of daily rainfall over South America conditional on ENSO phase are examined. The authors are motivated to analyze daily rainfall statistics over seasons by the demands for information on the shorter temporal scales voiced by users of climate data. In the first stage of the analysis the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test is used, comparing El Nino to La Nina histograms of daily station data, to identify regions where there are significant shifts in the histograms. The K-S statistic analyses of daily station data are then compared to the same analyses performed on existing publicly available gridded station datasets. The degree to which the station and gridded data agree in showing geographical regions of significance provides evidence that the gridded fields might provide guidance on the nature of the .
Relating extremes of flow and air temperature to stream fish communities

The disruptive potential of floods, drought, ice, and high water temperature on fishes in streams have been well documented. We examined the relationship between unexpected high flow events, low flow events coupled with low and high air temperature events, and a variety of ecological measures frequently used to quantify fish communities in streams, e.g. density. We developed a severity index to quantify concurrent extreme disturbances occurring over annual and summer periods. We anticipated that years or summers of high severity would result in changes in the fish community measures, e.g. low abundance. Despite the occurrence of severe events, there were relatively few instances of environmental severity resulting in consistent negative/positive changes in fish communities. Of the fish community measures, young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) growth was most responsive to extremes. Low flow in combination with high temperature events significantly lowered YOY growth; whereas, unexpected high flows increased growth. Unexpected high flow events were associated with a significant negative effect on fish abundance and positive effects on biomass, YOY growth, and diversity during the summer period. The predictive power of abiotic–biotic regressions from the summer time period was generally greater than that from the annual time period. We suggest that high amounts of groundwater flow into the streams may buffer the impact of extreme environmental conditions. Our methodology of measuring extremes in flow and air temperature could be implemented over much larger scales for use in long‐term monitoring impacts related to climate and land use change. Copyright © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2012
The evolving role of voluntarism in ageing rural communities

Abstract: This paper conceptualizes voluntarism as a critical process at the intersection of changes underway in rural communities, and in health and social care systems. Three aspects of the evolving role of the voluntary sector are identified and set within a descriptive model of rural change. Initially, voluntarism is cast as a ‘barometer of change’ in health and social services, and in rural communities, then considered as a ‘mechanism of adjustment’ and, ultimately, as an emerging ‘space of resistance’ to these same changes. The nature and significance of each of the three dimensions of voluntarism is illustrated using results from suites of case studies of ageing in Ontario and the Waikato. The efficacy of the descriptive model and its tripartite view of voluntarism is discussed in light of the under-theorized and under-researched rural dimensions of ageing, voluntarism, and health and social care.
Acoustic-optomechanical oscillator for low noise equivalent pressure and large broadband response acoustic sensing applications

The resonant enhancement of both mechanical and optical response in microcavity optomechanical devices allows exquisitely sensitive measurements of stimuli in environment. We demonstrate and characterize a optomechanical oscillator based on a hollow microbubble and employ it as a sensor for acoustic wave. The output spectrum has a unique waveform that consists of fast and slow oscillation periods. The sensitivity of acoustic sensing has been greatly improved and the noise equivalent sound pressure as low as 0.89 Pa is obtained.
Hedgehog signalling in Foxd1+ embryonic kidney stromal progenitors controls nephron formation via Cxcl12 and Wnt5a

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are characterised by a spectrum of structural and histologic abnormalities and are the major cause of childhood kidney failure. During kidney morphogenesis, the formation of a critical number of nephrons is an embryonic process supported, in part, by signalling between nephrogenic precursors and Foxd1‐positive stromal progenitor cells. Low nephron number and abnormal patterning of the stroma are signature pathological features among CAKUT phenotypes with decreased kidney function. Despite their critical contribution to CAKUT pathogenesis, the mechanisms that underlie a low nephron number and the functional contribution of a disorganised renal stroma to nephron number are both poorly defined. Here, we identify a primary pathogenic role for increased Hedgehog signalling in embryonic renal stroma in the genesis of congenital low nephron number. Pharmacologic activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signalling in human kidney organoid tissue decreased the number of nephrons and generated excess stroma. The mechanisms underlying these pathogenic effects were delineated in genetic mouse models in which Hh signalling was constitutively activated in a cell lineage‐specific manner. Cre‐mediated excision of Ptch1 in Foxd1+ stromal progenitor cells, but not in Six2+ nephrogenic precursor cells, generated kidney malformation, identifying the stroma as a driver of low nephron number. Single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis identified Cxcl12 and Wnt5a as downstream targets of increased stromal Hh signalling, findings supported by analysis in human kidney organoids. In vivo deficiency of Cxcl12 or Wnt5a in mice with increased stromal Hh signalling improved nephron endowment. These results demonstrate that dysregulated Hh signalling in embryonic renal stromal cells inhibits nephron formation in a manner dependent on Cxcl12 and Wnt5a. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Cell culture design for homogeneous proliferation of cells in three-dimensional nonwoven polymer scaffolds

Abstract The objective of this study is to establish strategies to uniformly proliferate cells in a three-dimensional nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) scaffold by simple adjustments in seeding and culture methods and the scaffold design. The combined dynamic and static seeding (intermittent agitations at 300 rpm with 1 h interval) resulted in the highest seeding efficiency (71%) comparing to the static and continuous agitating seeding methods. Cell-attached scaffolds were cultivated under different conditions. The stirring culture permitted cells to proliferate to a significantly greater extent than the static or agitating cultures, although faster cell proliferation in the outer region of the scaffold was observed. Next, based on this observation, scaffolds were opened with holes to alleviate the cell aggregation. The effect of hole size and number of scaffolds on the distribution of cells proliferated in the scaffold was evaluated. Two of 1-mm holes showed to be an optimal adjustment to allow cells to proliferate in a homogeneous manner. After 14 days culture, both of the holes were filled by cells proliferated with a fourfold increase in the cell number. The cell viability in the scaffolds was also high upon evaluating the live/dead and 3[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining examinations. Different cell types of 3T3-L1, C3H/10T1/2, and KUM6 cells showed similar behavior of cell proliferation and distribution in the scaffold, indicating the applicability of the established procedure. It is concluded that the nonwoven PET/EVOH scaffold serves as a potential cell culture substrate for an efficient cell proliferation.
Chronological, magmatological and geochemical study of post-collisional basaltic volcanism in Central Anatolia and its spatio-temporal evolution

This thesis revealed the petrological and geochemical characterization of post-collisional Quaternary basalts of Central Anatolia (Erciyes and Hasandag stratovolcanoes, and dispersed volcanisms of Obruk-Zengen and Karapinar), focusing on the spatiotemporal evolution of the magmatism in Cappadocia (Turkey). K-Ar geochronology indicated the coexistence of alkaline and calc-alkaline basalts from the same location and age. Moreover, the results also show that these basalts may be very young (a few thousand years). The mineralogy of Quaternary basalts from the Cappadocia is as follows: plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and oxides (magnetite, ilmenite). Orthopyroxene is observed only in basalts of Erciyes, while it is lacking in Hasandag and dispersed volcanisms of Obruk-Zengen and Karapinar. The plagioclase phenocrysts often exhibit disequilibrium features attributed to magma mixing process: complex zoning (normal, inverse, oscillatory), concentric zones rich in melt inclusions, resorption features.However, the observed mineralogy is consistent with a dominant fractional crystallization process. The estimated geobarometer show that the origin of magmas of Erciyes is shallower than the other settings.The results in geochemistry confirm not only the mineralogical duality between Erciyes and the other settings but also the coexistence of alkaline (normative nepheline) and calc-alkaline characters of contemporary basalts. All studied basalts are enriched in LREE (Light Rare Earth Elements) and LILE (Large Ion Lithophile Elements). The isotopic data (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) indicate the importance of enriched lithospheric source. All geochemical data also display the signature of other sources and processes such as contamination by the continental crust and heritage of a former subduction.
Testing Causal Effects of Empathy on Children’s Prosociality in Politeness Dilemmas - An Intervention Study

Abstract Empathy is commonly considered a driver of prosociality in child ontogeny, but causal assumptions regarding this effect mostly rely on correlational research designs. Here, 96 urban German children (5–8 years; 48 girls; predominantly White; from mid-to-high socioeconomic backgrounds) participated in an empathy intervention or a control condition before prosocial behaviors (polite lie-telling: rating the drawing as good; prosocial encouragement: utterances interpreted as cheering up the artist) were assessed in an art-rating task. Contrasting children’s empathy at baseline with their empathy after the intervention indicated promoted empathy compared to the control group. Despite the intervention’s effect on children’s empathy, there were no simultaneous changes in prosocial behaviors. At the same time, children’s empathy at baseline was associated with their prosocial encouragement. These results indicate conceptual associations between children’s empathy and prosociality. However, they do not support strict causal claims regarding this association in middle childhood. Further applications of the novel short-time intervention to address causal effects of empathy on prosociality and other developmental outcomes are discussed.
Spectral albedo/reflectance of littered forest snow during the melt season

Despite the importance of litter on forest floor albedo and brightness, previous studies have not documented forest floor albedo or litter cover in any detail. Our objective was to describe the seasonal influence of litter on spectral albedos and nadir reflectances of a forest snowpack in a mixed‐hardwood stand in the Sleepers River Research Watershed (SRRW) in Danville, Vermont (37°39′ N, 119°2′ W). Experimental measurements in a nearby open area at the Snow Research Station of the SRRW nearly duplicated the spectral trend observed in the forest. Spectral albedo and nadir reflectance measurements in the visible and near infrared (350–2500 nm) transitioned from a gently curved shape through the visible range (for finer‐grained, lightly littered snow) to one having a peak in the red/near‐infrared (near 760 nm) as the snowmelt season progressed (for coarser‐grained, more heavily littered snow). The snowpack became optically thin as surface litter reached high percentages. A point‐in‐time digital photographic survey of the late‐lying snowpacks of three forest stands and the open showed that median litter cover percentages in the coniferous, deciduous, mixed‐forest, and an open area were 17·5, 6·1, 1·2, and 0·04 respectively. A Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA on ranks and pairwise comparisons using Dunn's test indicated that the litter covers of the three forest stands were significantly different with >95% confidence. The snowpack was relatively shallow (<1 m), as is typical for this area of Vermont. From a remote‐sensing standpoint, and since shallow snow and increased grain size also lower the visible albedo, we can expect that snowpack litter will cause decreased albedo earlier in the snowmelt season, at deeper snow depths, and will tend to shift the maximum albedo peak to the red/NIR range as the melt season progresses. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-Term, Large-Scale Morphodynamic Effects of Artificial Dune Construction along a Barrier Island Coastline

Abstract Interactions between human manipulations and landscape processes can form a dynamically coupled system because landscape-forming processes affect humans, and humans increasingly manipulate landscape-forming processes. Despite the dynamic nature of sandy barrier islands, economic incentive and recreational opportunities attract humans and development. Storm-driven sediment-transport events that build barrier islands constitute hazards to humans and infrastructure, and manipulations aimed at preventing or mitigating such events link human actions and long-term island morphodynamics. To explore how the behavior of a natural barrier island differs from one in which humans are dynamic system constituents, we use a numerical model of storm-driven sediment redistributions within the shoreface/island/back-barrier system and human rearrangements of sediment within the subaerial barrier island. In a modeled natural system, periods of dune growth and island stability, initiated by stochastic lulls in storm activity, alternate with stormy periods, in which shoreline erosion and frequent overwash regulate dune heights. When humans are included in the model, overwash deposits are removed from the island, and artificially high dunes are rebuilt. These manipulations tend to filter moderate overwash events. However, with shoreline erosion and rising sea level, these manipulations promote lower and narrower islands in the long term, so that when dunes are overtopped, the sediment redistributions are more severe. Thus, the coupled human/barrier system exhibits wider swings between increased island stability and sudden island displacements. Increasing the height of artificially maintained dunes increases the rate of island narrowing and, therefore, infrastructure relocation, and increases the need for sediment to be imported from outside the system.
Undrained Behavior of Sand-Fines Mixtures and Their State Parameter

AbstractThe influence of fines on the undrained behavior of sand was investigated experimentally over a range of fines content and effective mean stress. The role of fines on compressibility and formation of meta-stable soil fabric was analyzed. For a fines content in the range of 5–30%, most of the specimens manifested reverse behavior opposed to the normal behavior of clean sand. The addition of fines led to shifting of both the isotropic consolidation line and the steady-state line, increased compressibility, and occurrence of reverse behavior. All these behavior attributes are linked when the test results are interpreted in the context of the critical-state soil mechanics framework. In particular, reverse behavior is associated with an isotropic consolidation line that locates above the steady-state line. Several quantitative measures for characterizing the undrained deviator stress-strain responses were proposed, and these measures manifested correlation with the state parameter at the start of undra.