Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Product Line Design with Quantal Consumer Preferences

This paper studies how a firm designs a product line that motivates consumers to deliberate to infer their preferences and buy the product that matches the perceived preferences by deliberation. Some consumers cannot determine their true preferences after deliberation and instead perceive a wrong preference as their own. The statistics describing the distribution of preference perception after deliberation are defined as quantal preferences. By considering the quantal preferences, the firm is only able to design a product line that makes sure the population of consumers with same true preference willingly and truthfully participate the purchasing activity. Our research shows that the equilibrium properties of a screening contract (product line in our context) have been essentially altered by the quantal preferences compared with corresponding properties in a standard screening contract. With quantal preferences, at equilibrium, firm sacrifices part of their profit to reimburse each group of consumers to participate the purchase. Quantal preferences introduce two new incentives into the product line: limiting surplus losses and driving consumer to deliberate the true preference as much as possible. Different incentives can interrelate, e.g. the incentive motivating consumers to truthfully determine their perceived preferences and hence sorting different populations of consumers by the perceived preferences interacting the incentive limiting surplus losses, where deliberation cost adjusts which incentive is stronger. With quantal preferences, high type product can attract low preference consumers. The quality of high type product can be negative. The profit of high type or low type product can be negative, and the surplus of high type or low product can be negative as well. If only one type of product can be produced, it can be the low type product.
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service TEMPOral profiles (CAMS-TEMPO): global and European emission temporal profile maps for atmospheric chemistry modelling

Abstract. We present the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service TEMPOral profiles (CAMS-TEMPO), a dataset of global and European emission temporal profiles that provides gridded monthly, daily, weekly and hourly weight factors for atmospheric chemistry modelling. CAMS-TEMPO includes temporal profiles for the priority air pollutants (NOx; SOx; NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compound; NH3; CO; PM10; and PM2.5) and the greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) for each of the following anthropogenic source categories: energy industry (power plants), residential combustion, manufacturing industry, transport (road traffic and air traffic in airports) and agricultural activities (fertilizer use and livestock). The profiles are computed on a global 0.1 × 0.1∘ and regional European 0.1 × 0.05∘ grid following the domain and sector classification descriptions of the global and regional emission inventories developed under the CAMS programme. The profiles account for the variability of the main emission drivers of each sector. Statistical information linked to emission variability (e.g. electricity production and traffic counts) at national and local levels were collected and combined with existing meteorology-dependent parametrizations to account for the influences of sociodemographic factors and climatological conditions. Depending on the sector and the temporal resolution (i.e. monthly, weekly, daily and hourly) the resulting profiles are pollutant-dependent, year-dependent (i.e. time series from 2010 to 2017) and/or spatially dependent (i.e. the temporal weights vary per country or region). We provide a complete description of the data and methods used to build the CAMS-TEMPO profiles, and whenever possible, we evaluate the representativeness of the proxies used to compute the temporal weights against existing observational data. We find important discrepancies when comparing the obtained temporal weights with other currently used datasets. The CAMS-TEMPO data product including the global (CAMS-GLOB-TEMPOv2.1, https://doi.org/10.24380/ks45-9147, Guevara et al., 2020a) and regional European (CAMS-REG-TEMPOv2.1, https://doi.org/10.24380/1cx4-zy68, Guevara et al., 2020b) temporal profiles are distributed from the Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) system (https://eccad.aeris-data.fr/, last access: February 2021).
The vast majority of these heatdrelated deaths in cities occur inside homes that aren ’ t airdconditioned

Board. The Board is especially delighted by the gend der and geographical diversity of the candidates. I encourage all members to take the opportunity to vote for their preferred candidates. Details of the voting procedure will be circulated in the coming days. Issue No. 76 of the Quarterly Newsletter of the IAUC provides its usual excellent offering of cond tributions from our members, as well as an oppord tunity to focus on the postdpandemic future and activities for our community. I hope that there will soon be opportunities for us to meet facedtodface at IAUCdrelated workshops and conferences, but reald istically this might not occur until midd2021. Until then video conferences will have to suffice.
WORKING PAPER SERIES 15 110 2

Using a large panel of Czech manufacturing firms with 50 or more employees, we update the firm-level labour demand elasticity estimates for 2002–2009. The economic crisis of 2008–2009 provides a source of variation needed for getting estimates that cover not only times of growth, but also a period of economic contraction. We find that in normal times (until 2007), the short-term elasticity is -0.53 with respect to wages and 0.43 with respect to sales, while the long-term elasticities are close to or below unity, standing at -0.94 for wages and 0.76 for sales. Both the wage and sales elasticities increased during the crisis, suggesting that firms became demand constrained, but only the sales elasticity is significantly different. The long-term wage elasticity close to -1 in the period before and during the crisis suggests that firms’ employment decisions are made within fixed budgets. Finally, we find that the inclusion of workers hired through temporary work agencies does not significantly affect the results, indicating that firms take into account total labour when deciding on employment and that hired workers are used as an equal labour demand channel with lower adjustment costs. As a robustness check, our results are qualitatively comparable with the narrative evidence from an ad-hoc firm-level survey on wage and price formation conducted in 2007 and 2009 within the ESCB Wage Dynamics Network. JEL Codes: C23, J23, J33, P23.
Studies on seed quality parameters in cluster bean [Cymopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.-guar]

As we know that vegetables have been part of the human diet from time immemorial. Its play an important role in human nutrition. Most are low in fat and calories but are bulky and filling. They supply dietary fiber and are important sources of essential vitamins, minerals and trace element. A large number of underexploited leguminous species have a great potential in contributing nutritious food, feed and forage needs in the tropical countries even though almost half of the population are under malnourished (Singh and Paroda, 1983). Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. ] [2n=14], is one of the important underexploited leguminous vegetables belonging to family Fabaceae. It is commonly called by the names Guar, Chavlikayi, Gorkayi, Khutt, Govar, in different parts of the country. The experiment was conducted in post graduate Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) during Rabi season 2019-2020, in order to standardize the best genotype of cluster bean. Sixteen genotype of cluster bean (GR-1, GR-2, GR-3, GR4, GR-5, GR-6, GR-7, GR-8, GR-9, GR10, GR-11, GR-12, GR-13, GR-14, GR-15, & GR-16) were evaluated by screening different seed quality parameters viz., speed of germination, germination percentage, Seed dencity, seedling root length, seedling shoot length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, seed vigour index length, seed vigour index mass, electrical conductivity. It was found that all the genotype showed significance difference with lowest value (GR-1) and the highest germination percent, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, vigour indices were observed for GR-15.
Attitudes Toward Catastrophe July 27 , 2015

In light of climate change and other existential threats policy commentators sometimes urge that society should be more concerned about catastrophes. This paper reflects on what is, or should be, society’s attitude toward such low-probability, high-impact events. We first explain how catastrophic risk can be conceived of as a spread in the distribution of losses. We then review studies from decision sciences, psychology, and behavioral economics that elicit people’s attitudes toward various social risks and find more evidence against than in favor of catastrophe aversion—the preference for a mean-preserving contraction of the loss distribution. We address a number of possible behavioral explanations before we turn to social choice theory to examine how various social welfare functions handle catastrophic risk. We explain why catastrophe aversion may be in conflict with equity concerns and other-regarding preferences. Finally, we discuss current approaches to evaluate and regulate catastrophic risk.
Tobacco excise tax policy in Indonesia: who does reap the benefits?

In Indonesian tobacco, excise tax policy never decrease every year. As a result, the number of tobacco industries sharply declines, however the prevalence of tobacco smoking steadily increase since 1995. Therefore, this research aims to estimate the increase of tobacco excise tax and its impact on cigarette consumption, government revenue, and the possibility of cigarette sold illegally. There are two analytical model, Logit and Tobit. Logit model is used to estimate the impact of cigarette price towards the probability of household member to smoke or not, and Tobit model is used to estimate the impact of price change towards the amount of cigarette consumption. Tobit model is employed since it include non-smoker household, covering 40% of total household. The estimation is based on SUSENAS published on March 2017. The result suggests increasing cigarette prices does not lessen people desire to be smokers; indicating that most Indonesian consider cigarette as basic needs. Consequently, the increase of tobacco excise tax leads to the growth of government revenue and number of illegally sold cigarette. Therefore, it conclude that large-scale industries benefit the most, when this result is linked to the decrease of tobacco industries data. Meanwhile, Indonesian people may get the benefit, if the government revenue is appropriately allocated to stimulate economic and development.
Comparison between Modelflow® and echocardiography in the determination of cardiac output during and following pregnancy at rest and during exercise

During pregnancy, assessment of cardiac output (Q ), a fundamental measure of cardiovascular function, provides important insight into maternal adaptation. However, methods for dynamic Q measurement require validation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the agreement of Q measured by echocardiography and Modelflow® at rest and during submaximal exercise in non-pregnant (n = 18), pregnant (n = 15, 22-26 weeks gestation) and postpartum women (n = 12, 12-16 weeks post-delivery). Simultaneous measurements of Q derived from echocardiography [criterion] and Modelflow® were obtained at rest and during low-moderate intensity (25% and 50% peak power output) cycling exercise and compared using Bland-Altman analysis and limits of agreement. Agreement between echocardiography and Modelflow® was poor in non-pregnant, pregnant and postpartum women at rest (mean difference ± SD: -1.1 ± 3.4; -1.2 ± 2.9; -1.9 ± 3.2 L.min-1), and this remained evident during exercise. The Modelflow® method is not recommended for Q determination in research involving young, healthy non-pregnant and pregnant women at rest or during dynamic challenge. Previously published Q data from studies utilising this method should be interpreted with caution.
STABILITY AND COMPLEXITY IN MODEL ECOSYSTEMS

The title of this module is in fact the title of an influential book that Robert M. Maya wrote in the 1970’sb. In this book May addressed the relationship between community structure in ecosystems and their properties of stability. At the time considerable evidence had been accumulated to suggest that in nature structurally complex communities tend to be more stable towards perturbations than simple ones. These observations led to an almost dogmatic view that stability results from the complexity of natural ecosystems. May challenged this view in the 1970’sc by showing mathematically that in model ecosystems stability decreases with the number of species in a community and can therefore not be regarded as a straightforward consequence of complexity. To derive this result May investigated the stability properties of
Disinfesting Blackcurrant Cuttings of Synanthedon tipuliformis , Using the Insect Parasitic Nematode, Neoaplectana bibionis

Neoaplectana bibionis Bovien was found to be considerably more effective for disinfesting blackcurrant cuttings of Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) larvae than were two other insectparasitic rhabditid nematodes, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Kahn et al.). This species of nematode caused 99.4 and 99.8% mortality of currant borer larvae in two commercial consignments of canes destined to establish some 12 ha of borer-free plantation. Spraying bundles of cuttings, stacked as a wall, with 30,000 N. bibionis infective juveniles per ml was found to be a feasible method for economically dis infesting blackcurrant cuttings on a commercial scale. No phytotoxic effects were observed following any of the treatments.
First Virtual Endocasts of a Fossil Rodent: Ischyromys typus (Ischyromyidae, Oligocene) and Brain Evolution in Rodents

ABSTRACT The evolution of the brain in rodents has rarely been studied from the perspective of the fossil record. Here we describe the first virtual endocast of a fossil rodent, pertaining to Ischyromys typus (ROMV 1007; Orellan North American Land Mammal Age [NALMA], Nebraska), and form comparisons with partial and complete natural endocasts pertaining to the same genus, and with the virtual endocast of a closely related extant rodent (Sciurus carolinensis; AMNH 258346). These data allow us to formulate the first hypotheses informed by the fossil record concerning changes in brain size and shape through time in rodents, and to make comparisons with other euarchontoglirans, including Primates. Ischyromys exhibits several aspects of brain morphology that can be inferred to be primitive, in part based on their presence in plesiadapiform primates (e.g., exposed midbrain), although variation exists within the genus Ischyromys with respect to the visibility of the inferior colliculi. There is some evidence that neocorticalization occurred in rodents through time but to a lesser degree than in Primates. Arboreality might be linked to increases in the encephalization quotient and specializations related to vision in rodents, which contrasts with the situation in Primates. Finally, Oligocene rodents had smaller olfactory bulbs compared with plesiadapiform primates from the Eocene, meaning that olfaction might have been less critical in the early evolution of rodents. These results show that the evolution of the brain in mammals does not always follow the same evolutionary trajectories and demonstrates the importance of considering ecological factors when looking at brain size.
CRISPR-Sunspot: Imaging of endogenous low-abundance RNA at the single-molecule level in live cells

CRISPR/Cas-based mRNA imaging has been developed to labeling of high-abundance mRNAs. A lack of non-genetically encoded mRNA-tagged imaging tools has limited our ability to explore the functional distributions of endogenous low-abundance mRNAs in cells. Here, we developed a CRISPR-Sunspot method based on the SunTag signal amplification system that allows efficient imaging of low-abundance mRNAs with CRISPR/Cas9. Methods: We created a stable TRE3G-dCas9-EGFP cell line and generated an Inducible dCas9-EGFP imaging system for assessment of two factors, sgRNA and dCas9, which influence imaging quality. Based on SunTag system, we established a CRISPR-Sunspot imaging system for amplifying signals from single-molecule mRNA in live cells. CRISPR-Sunspot was used to track co-localization of Camk2a mRNA with regulatory protein Xlr3b in neurons. CRISPR-Sunspot combined with CRISPRa was used to determine elevated mRNA molecules. Results: Our results showed that manipulating the expression of fluorescent proteins and sgRNA increased the efficiency of RNA imaging in cells. CRISPR-Sunspot could target endogenous mRNAs in the cytoplasm and amplified signals from single-molecule mRNA. Furthermore, CRISPR-Sunspot was also applied to visualize mRNA distributions with its regulating proteins in neurons. CRISPR-Sunspot detected the co-localization of Camk2a mRNA with overexpressed Xlr3b proteins in the neuronal dendrites. Moreover, we also manipulated CRISPR-Sunspot to detect transcriptional activation of target gene such as HBG1 in live cells. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CRISPR-Sunspot is a novel applicable imaging tool for visualizing the distributions of low-abundance mRNAs in cells. This study provides a novel strategy to unravel the molecular mechanisms of diseases caused by aberrant mRNA molecules.
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Manuel Feig,1,2 Walter Schnelle,2 Alexander Maisuradze,3,4,5 Alfred Amon,2 Christopher Baines,4 Michael Nicklas ,2 Silvia Seiro,6 Ludovic Howald,4 Rustem Khasanov,4 Andreas Leithe-Jasper,2 and Roman Gumeniuk 1,* 1Institut für Experimentelle Physik, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 23, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany 2Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, D-01187 Dresden, Germany 3Physik-Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland 4Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland 5Department of Physics, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze 3, GE-0128 Tbilisi, Georgia 6Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
Feedback in Computer-Assisted Language Learning: A Meta-Analysis

Feedback is a well-known advantage for language learning. Primary studies on feedback in computer-assisted language learning (CALL) demonstrates that feedback has a significant effect on student language learning. Previous reviews (e.g., Azevedo & Bernard, 1995; Kang & Han 2015; Li, 2010) provided important insights on language learning. However, these reviews showed that there has never been a meta-analysis synthesizing the effectiveness of feedback in CALL studies and the moderators moderating the effect of feedback in CALL. With the aim of summarizing years of research on feedback in CALL studies and identifying the moderators of feedback in CALL, a meta-analysis was conducted. By establishing rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, the investigator located 21 primary studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings indicated under the Random-Effects (RE) model that feedback in CALL has a significant medium effect size on student language learning outcomes (g = 0.56). The results also showed that the effect of feedback is moderated by a host of variables, including learners’ mother tongue, intervention provider (i.e., teacher, researcher), target language, and so on. The study concluded that feedback in CALL is a promising field for language learning and provided implications for teachers and future research.
Climate exceeded human management as the dominant control of fire at the regional scale in California’s Sierra Nevada

The societal impacts of recent, severe fires inCalifornia highlight the need to understand the longterm effectiveness of human firemanagement. The relative influences of localmanagement and climate at centennial timescales are controversial and poorly understood. This is the case in California’s SierraNevada, an activelymanaged areawith a rich history ofNative American fire use. We analyzed charcoal preserved in lake sediments fromYosemiteNational Park and spanning the last 1400 years to reconstruct local and regional area burned.Warm and dry climates promoted burning at both local and regional scales. However, at local scalesfiremanagement byNative Americans before 850 and between ca. 1350 and 1600CE and, subsequently, Yosemite parkmanagers from ca. 1900 to 1970CE, decoupled fire extent dictated by regional climate scenarios. Climate acts as a top-down, broader scale control offire, but humanmanagement serves a bottom-up, local control. Regional area burned peaked during theMedieval Climate Anomaly and declined during the lastmillennium, as climate became cooler andwetter andNative American burning declined. This trendwas accentuated by 20th century fire suppression policies, which led to aminimum in burned area relative to the last 1400 years. In light of projected anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and predicted climate changes inCalifornia, our data indicate that although activemanagement canmitigate localfire activity, broader regional burningmay becomemore spatially extensive than has been observed in the last century.
What Level of Proficiency Do Teachers Need to Teach English in Different Settings? Perceptions of Novice Teachers in Canada.

Teachers’ English proficiency is a significant qualification for successful teaching of English. However, the issue of what level of proficiency teachers believe they need for different settings has not received much attention. This study investigates this issue by looking at novice Chinese preservice teachers (N = 113) in an MA TESOL program in Ontario, Canada. Data are drawn from surveys and reflective writing pieces to investigate teachers’ self-perceived English proficiency based on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), the minimum level of proficiency these teachers believe is required to teach across different settings based on students’ level of proficiency, student age, and context (e.g., EFL vs ESL), and finally, how their own selfperceived proficiency compares with these minimum levels. Results show teachers perceive their proficiency around the B2 – C1 level. Looking at the minimum level required for various settings, teachers perceived ESL contexts to require higher levels. However, for many of the settings, teachers’ self-perceived proficiency appeared inadequate, suggesting these teachers did not feel their general proficiency was suitable. The results are discussed along with implications for language teacher education programs.