Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers of Exposure and Potential Harm in Exclusive Users of Electronic Cigarettes and Current, Former and Never-Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study Protocol

: Despite public health efforts to reduce the health burden of cigarettes by encouraging smoking cessation, a proportion of smokers remain unwilling to quit. A shift from smoking cessation to tobacco harm reduction, based on smokers switching completely to potentially less harmful products such as electronic cigarettes (ECs), has been proposed as an alternative strategy. This is a single-centre, cross-sectional confinement study, involving healthy exclusive Vuse EC users and current, former, or never-smokers. Exclusive EC use and smoking status will be confirmed by urinary cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. Participants will be confined for 24 hours, during which they will use their usual product (EC or cigarette) as normal. Biomarkers of exposure and potential harm will be analysed in 24-hour urine and blood and compliance will be measured using N-(2-cyanoethyl)valine. The primary objective is to quantitatively assess differences between EC users and current smokers in urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and 8-epi-prostaglandin F 2α Type III, exhaled nitric oxide, and carboxyhaemoglobin, white blood cell count, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and high-density lipoprotein. Secondary objectives are to quantitatively assess differences between EC users and current smokers in selected urinary biomarkers of tobacco exposure, 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, forced expiratory volume in 1 second as a percentage of predicted, carotid intima-media thickness and a quality of life questionnaire. Endpoints will also be compared between EC users and former and never-smokers. The results of this study are anticipated to add to the current knowledge about the role of ECs in tobacco harm reduction.
COVID-19 Misinformation: A Potent Co-Factor in the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19, the biggest global health crisis of our times was complicated by an equally potent co-factor: the misinformation infodemic. A confluence of unique factors led to the emergence of the crisis of misinformation, including the widespread reach of social media, the lack of credible sources and strategies for information dissemination, and the sticky and virulent nature of the misinformation campaigns. One of the primary targets of the misinformation campaign was the COVID-19 vaccine effort, leading to significant impediments to implementing an effective and successful vaccination campaign. The time to act is now and will need a concerted multipronged approach with a close partnership between scientists, public health agencies, government agencies, and social media companies to foster accuracy in the exchange of health information in social media and curb the menace of misinformation. This paper aims to review the scope of the problem and examine strategies to help mitigate it.
EVIDENCE FOR A SECOND COMPONENT IN THE HIGH-ENERGY CORE EMISSION FROM CENTAURUS A?

We report on an analysis of Fermi Large Area Telescope data from four years of observations of the nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A (Cen A). The increased photon statistics results in a detection of high-energy (>100 MeV) gamma-rays up to 50 GeV from the core of Cen A, with a detection significance of about 44σ. The average gamma-ray spectrum of the core reveals evidence for a possible deviation from a simple power law. A likelihood analysis with a broken power-law model shows that the photon index becomes harder above Eb ≃ 4 GeV, changing from Γ1 = 2.74 ± 0.03 below to Γ2 = 2.09 ± 0.20 above. This hardening could be caused by the contribution of an additional high-energy component beyond the common synchrotron self-Compton jet emission. No clear evidence for variability in the high-energy domain is seen. We compare our results with the spectrum reported by H.E. S.S. in the TeV energy range and discuss possible origins of the hardening observed.
Factors Associated with Significant Weight Loss in Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Large Teaching Hospital

SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is associated with malnutrition risk in hospitalised individuals. COVID-19 and malnutrition studies in large European cohorts are limited, and post-discharge dietary characteristics are understudied. This study aimed to assess the rates of and risk factors for ≥10% weight loss in inpatients with COVID-19, and the need for post-discharge dietetic support and the General Practitioner (GP) prescription of oral nutritional supplements, during the first COVID-19 wave in a large teaching hospital in the UK. Hospitalised adult patients admitted between March and June 2020 with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis were included in this retrospective cohort study. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and nutritional parameters associated with ≥10% weight loss and post-discharge characteristics were described. Logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for ≥10% weight loss and post-discharge requirements for ongoing dietetic input and oral nutritional supplement prescription. From the total 288 patients analysed (40% females, 72 years median age), 19% lost ≥ 10% of their admission weight. The length of hospital stay was a significant risk factor for ≥10% weight loss in multivariable analysis (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.08–1.38; p = 0.001). In addition, ≥10% weight loss was positively associated with higher admission weight and malnutrition screening scores, dysphagia, ICU admission, and artificial nutrition needs. The need for more than one dietetic input after discharge was associated with older age and ≥10% weight loss during admission. A large proportion of patients admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 experienced significant weight loss during admission. Longer hospital stay is a risk factor for ≥10% weight loss, independent of disease severity, reinforcing the importance of repeated malnutrition screening and timely referral to dietetics.
Resilience in sports

Athletes are exposed to various psychological and physiological stressors, such as losing matches and high training loads. Understanding and improving the resilience of athletes is therefore crucial to prevent performance decrements and psychological or physical problems. In this review, resilience is conceptualized as a dynamic process of bouncing back to normal functioning following stressors. This process has been of wide interest in psychology, but also in the physiology and sports science literature (e.g. load and recovery). To improve our understanding of the process of resilience, we argue for a collaborative synthesis of knowledge from the domains of psychology, physiology, sports science, and data science. Accordingly, we propose a multidisciplinary, dynamic, and personalized research agenda on resilience. We explain how new technologies and data science applications are important future trends (1) to detect warning signals for resilience losses in (combinations of) psychological and physiological changes, and (2) to provide athletes and their coaches with personalized feedback about athletes ’ resilience.
IFU spectroscopy of 10 early-type galactic nuclei – III. Properties of the circumnuclear gas emission

Many early-type galaxies have ionized gas emission in their centres that extends to scales of similar to 1 kpc. The majority of such objects are classified as low-ionization nuclear emission regions (LINERs), but the nature of their ionizing source is still not clear. The kinematics associated with these gaseous structures usually shows deviations from a pure rotational motion due to non-gravitational effects (e.g. outflows) or to non-axisymmetric potentials (e.g. bars or tri-axial systems). This is the third of a series of papers that describes a sample of 10 nearby (d 200 km s(-1)) early-type galaxies observed with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph in Integral Field mode installed on the Gemini-South telescope. In Paper II, we performed spectral synthesis to subtract the stellar components from the data cubes of the sample galaxies in order to study their nuclear spectra. In this work, we analyse the circumnuclear gas emission (scales of similar to 100 pc) of the sample galaxies and we compare the results with those obtained with Principal Component Analysis Tomography in Paper I. We detected circumnuclear gas emission in seven galaxies of the sample, all of them classified as LINERs. Pure gaseous discs are found in three galaxies. In two objects, gaseous discs are probably present, but their kinematics are affected by non-Keplerian motions. In one galaxy (IC 5181), we detected a spiral structure of gas that may be caused either by a non-axisymmetric potential or by an outflow together with a gaseous disc. In NGC 3136, an ionization bicone is present in addition to five compact structures with LINER-like emission. In galaxies with a gaseous disc, we found that ionizing photons emitted by an active galactic nucleus are not enough to explain the observed H alpha flux along this structure. On the other hand, the H alpha flux distribution and equivalent width along the direction perpendicular the gaseous disc suggest the presence of low-velocity ionized gas emission which seem to be related to the nuclear activity. We propose a scenario for LINER-like circumnuclear regions where a low-velocity ionization cone is formed by a collimating agent aligned with the gaseous disc.
Historical and contemporary signatures of selection in response to transmissible cancer in

15 Tasmanian devils ( Sarcophilus harrisii) are evolving in response to a unique transmissible 16 cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), first described in 1996. Persistence of wild 17 populations and the recent emergence of a second independently evolved transmissible cancer 18 suggest that transmissible cancers may be a recurrent feature in devils. We used a targeted 19 sequencing approach, RAD-capture, to identify genomic regions subject to rapid evolution in 20 approximately 2,500 devils as DFTD spread across the species range. We found evidence for 21 genome-wide contemporary evolution, including 186 candidate genes related to cell cycling 22 and immune response. We then searched for signatures of recurrent selection with a molecular 23 evolution approach and found widespread evidence of historical positive selection in devils 24 relative to other marsupials. We identified both contemporary and historical selection in 19 25 genes and enrichment for contemporary and historical selection independently in 22 gene sets. 26 Nonetheless, the overlap between candidates for historical selection and for contemporary 27 response to DFTD was lower than expected, supporting novelty in the evolutionary response of 28 devils to DFTD. Our results can inform management actions to conserve adaptive capacity of 29 devils by identifying high priority targets for genetic monitoring and maintenance of functional 30 diversity in managed populations.
Size matters: the non-universal density profile of subhaloes in SPH simulations and implications for the Milky Way's dSphs

We use dark matter only and full hydrodynamical Constrained Local UniversE Simulations (CLUES) of the formation of the Local Group to study the density profile of subhaloes of the simulated Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies. We show that the Einasto model provides the best description of the subhaloes' density profile, as opposed to the more commonly used NFW profile or any generalisation of it. We further find that the Einasto shape parameter \nEin\ is strongly correlated with the total subhalo mass, pointing towards the notion of a non-universality of the subhaloes' density profile. We observe that the effect of mass loss due to tidal stripping, in both the dark matter only and the hydrodynamical run, is the reduction of the shape parameter \nEin\ between the infall and the present time. Assuming now that the dSphs of our Galaxy follow the Einasto profile and using the maximum and minimum values of \nEin\ from our hydrodynamical simulation as a gauge, we can improve the observational constraints on the \Rmax-\Vmax\ pairs obtained for the brightest satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. When considering only the subhaloes with $-13.2\lesssim M_V\lesssim-8.8$, i.e. the range of luminosity of the classical dwarfs, we find that all our simulated objects are consistent with the observed dSphs if their haloes follow the Einasto model with $1.6\lesssim n_{\rm E} \lesssim5.3$. The numerically motivated Einasto profile for the observed dSphs will alleviate the recently presented "massive failures" problem.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of undergraduate dental students about sterilization/ disinfection methods

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of the dental undergraduate students in a dental college. A questionnaire method survey was done and the study included 80 undergraduate students. Data collected was based on knowledge pertaining to infection control procedures, sterilization, and disinfection of instruments, occupational hazards and immunization. The data collected from the respondents were tabulated and interpretation was done using percentages. The results of this study indicated that knowledge, attitude and practices of sterilization and disinfection of the undergraduates were adequate, but there is an evident need for motivation, for a more rigorous participation in enhancing and practicing the same.
SUPERNOVA SWEEPING AND BLACK HOLE FEEDBACK IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

Most of the massive elliptical galaxies in the universe stopped forming stars billions of years ago, even though plenty of hot gas remains available for star formation. Here we present compelling evidence indicating that quenching of star formation depends on both black hole feedback and Type Ia supernova (SN) heating. We analyze Chandra X-ray observations of 10 massive ellipticals, 5 with extended, potentially star-forming multiphase gas and 5 single-phase ellipticals with no star formation. The ratio of cooling time to freefall time at 1–10 kpc in the multiphase galaxies is t cool / t ff ≈ 10 ? > , indicating that precipitation-driven feedback limits cooling but does not eliminate condensation. In the same region of the single-phase galaxies, the radial profiles of gas entropy are consistent with a thermally stable ( t cool / t ff > 20 ? > ) SN-driven outflow that sweeps stellar ejecta out of the galaxy. However, in one of those single-phase ellipticals (NGC 4261) we find t cool / t ff ≲ 10 ? > at < 300 ? > pc. Notably, its jets are ∼50 times more powerful than in the other nine ellipticals, in agreement with models indicating that precipitation near the black hole should switch its fueling mode from Bondi-like accretion to cold chaotic accretion. We conclude by hypothesizing that particularly strong black hole outbursts can shut off star formation in massive elliptical galaxies by boosting the entropy of the hot gas and flipping the system into the SN-sweeping state.
Relationship Skill in the Labor and Marriage Market

This paper examines the role of relationship skills, in conjunction with more general human capital, in determining economic outcomes in labor and marriage markets. Relationship, or (cid:147)partnering(cid:148), skill is understood in our framework as the ability to main-tain long-term relationships, both in the formal job market and the home sector. Using a Mincer-Jovanovic (1981) framework and evidence on job and marital separations in the PSID, we argue that relationship skills are naturally modeled as an individual (cid:133)xed factor that increase the durability of relationships both in the formal work and infor-mal household sectors. Next, we use data from the Occupational Information Network to extract and develop a common factor from measures of non-cognitive skills that reduce divorce and job loss likelihood conditional on partners(cid:146)wages and education. We show that this factor operates di⁄erently in the market and home sectors in that it is highly complementary in the market sector (jobs that require relationship skills are only productive when (cid:133)lled by workers with this skill, while jobs that do not require partnering skill o⁄er no return to it) but substitutable in the home sector: stability of marriage depends most strongly on one partner being endowed with strong partnering skills. It therefore stands in contrast to measures of more general human capital, such as educational attainment that are highly complementary. We use the PSID to develop and estimate a life cycle model of schooling, job search and marriage that allows us to quantitatively test the importance of partnering skills, including their implications for optimal schooling and occupational decisions, and the joint distribution of relationship skills and human capital in the population. develops a two-factor model of market- and home-production in which individuals contribute both general human capital and relationship, or (cid:147)partnering(cid:148), skill to their home. Although cognitive skill a⁄ects the three team our initial empirical evidence show that (i) controlling for years of schooling and the current wage, there remains an individual (cid:133)xed e⁄ect which a⁄ects both marital and job dissolutions 1 and (ii), controlling for years of schooling and the current wage, our empirical proxy for relationship skill also a⁄ects both marital and job dissolutions.
Dynamics of Cadets' Physical Fitness in the Process of Arm Wrestling

The article examines the impact of arm wrestling on the level of cadets’ physical fitness during their training. The research involved male cadets of the Odessa Military Academy. We formed two groups of cadets to achieve the aim of the research: the experimental (EG) and the control (CG) groups. The EG included cadets who were engaged in arm wrestling during their sporting and mass participation events at the academy (n = 36), and the CG included cadets who were engaged in sporting and mass participation events in compliance with the traditional training methods (n = 36). The level of development of strength qualities was studied according to the following tests: pull-ups on the horizontal bar, hip pull-overs on the horizontal bar, breast-ups on the horizontal bar, kettlebell jerks weighing 24 kg, dip-ups on the parallel bars, push-ups. The speed was studied according to the results of the 100 m run, agility and coordination skills – according to the test on the obstacle course (400 m); endurance – according to the results of the 3 km run. A significantly (p ≤ 0.001) better level of strength development in the EG cadets was revealed at the end of the experiment, compared to the CG cadets, according to the results of all strength exercises. The EG cadets also showed better indicators than the CG cadets according to the tests that characterize other motor qualities (100 m run, overcoming the obstacle course, 3 km run), but the difference was insignifi cant (p ˃ 0.05).
Evidence for a High-Velocity Carbon-rich Layer in the Type Ia SN 1990N

We use a parameterized spectrum-synthesis code to make a direct analysis of a high quality spectrum of the Type Ia SN 1990N that was obtained by Leibundgut et al. 14 days before the time of optical maximum. We suggest that the absorption feature observed near 6040 Å, which has been attributed to blueshifted λ6355 of Si II, actually was produced by blueshifted λ6580 of C II, in a high-velocity (v > 26, 000 km s-1) carbon-rich region. Implications for SN Ia explosion models are briefly discussed.
Note on bigravity and dark matter

We show that a class of bigravity theories contain solutions describing dark matter. A particular member of this class is also shown to be equivalent to the Eddington-Born-Infeld gravity, recently proposed as a candidate for dark matter. Bigravity theories also have cosmological de Sitter backgrounds and we find solutions interpolating between matter and acceleration eras.
Capital Flows and Endogenous Growth

So-called “uphill capital ﬂows”, i.e. ﬂows of physical capital from relatively poor to rich countries, are a new phenomenon with yet unclear impact. We develop a uniﬁed framework incorporating economic institutions, human capital and physical capital to study the interaction of international capital ﬂows and growth. Analytically, we study conditions under which a positive change of a country’s economic institutions can attract inﬂows of physical capital from abroad, leading to long-term growth via the accumulation of human capital. Our mechanism shows how a small initial diﬀerence in the level of institutions can lead to substantial divergence in income over time. We derive conditions under which a country receives inﬂows of capital over time and increases its investment in human capital. Finally, we provide simulations to illustrate our results.
Real-time vector field tracking with a cold-atom magnetometer

We demonstrate a fast three-axis optical magnetometer using cold, optically trapped 87Rb gas as a sensor. By near-resonant Faraday rotation we record the free-induction decay of a spin polarized ensemble following optical to obtain the three field components and one gradient component. A single measurement achieves shot-noise limited sub-nT sensitivity in 1 ms, with transverse spatial resolution of ∼20 μm. We make a detailed analysis of the shot-noise-limited sensitivity.
Smoothing Egyptian Households’ Consumption: The Role of Credit Channel

This study examines whether Egyptian consumers can smooth their consumption and the role of credit markets in this regard. This is in addition to examining the eﬀect of the credit constraints in transmitting the monetary policy decisions to the households’ consumption through its credit channel. To this end, the study utilizes a Vector Autoregressive model (var) to examine whether the monetary policy aﬀects consumption through its credit channel. Then, an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ardl) Bound test to Cointegration is used to determine the eﬀect of the credit constraints, represented by the external ﬁnance premium, in the long run. Consumption smoothing is separately tested using an Error Correction Model (ecm) besides a var one. The study uses quarterly data covering the period from the ﬁrst quarter of 2002 till the fourth quarter of 2017. Results reveal that the efp negatively aﬀects consumption in the short and long run. Egyptian consumers are not able to smooth their consumption and the existence of credit constraints is most likely to be the reason for that. Finally, the analysis shows that the credit channel transmits the monetary policy decisions to the consumption of the households sector in Egypt.
Evaluating Adversarial Attack Detectors using Formal Veriﬁcation Methods

Neural networks are known to be vulnerable to so-called adversarial attacks : inputs that are deliberately slightly modiﬁed to make the networks misclassify them. Several defenses against these attacks exist. It is hard, however, to know if these defenses are eﬀective against unseen types of attacks. One can test whether an attack detector detects old attacks, but an attacker can always come up with attacks that the detector was not trained against. To prevent this historical bias when testing a detector, we propose two new metrics that estimate the quality of attack detectors independently of which attack method is used. The new metrics are shown to be computable using SMT solving techniques. The usefulness of the new metrics is demonstrated in experiments where their results are compared to the results of traditional test metrics.