Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Drives Plate Motion?

Plate motion is a remarkable Earth process that is widely ascribed to two primary driving forces: ridge push and slab pull. With the release of the firstand second-order stress fields in 1989, it was found that the observed stresses are mainly distributed on the uppermost brittle part of the lithosphere. A modeling analysis, however, reveals that the stress produced by ridge push is mainly distributed in the lower part of the lithosphere. Doglioni and Panza recently showed that slab pull was inconsistent with the geometry and kinematics of plate. These findings suggest that other force is possibly responsible for plate 10 motion and the observed stress. Here, we propose that the pressure of deep ocean water against the continental wall exerts enormous force (i.e., ocean-generated force) on the continent. The continent is fixed on top of the lithosphere, this attachment allows the ocean-generated force to laterally transfer to the lithospheric plate. We show that this force may combine the ridge push, collisional, and shearing forces to form force balances for the lithospheric plate; the calculated movements for the South American, African, North American, Eurasian, Australian, and Pacific plates are well consistent with the observed movements 15 in both speed and azimuth, the RMS of the calculated speed against the observed speed for these plates is 0.91, 3.76, 2.77, 2.31, 7.43, and 1.95 mm/yr, respectively.
Consumer Imperfect Information in the Market for Expired and Nearly Expired Foods and Implications for Reducing Food Waste

A substantial source of food waste occurs when consumers and sellers dispose of expired food despite it being safe to eat. We conduct an incentive-compatible, non-hypothetical laboratory choice experiment in which 150 participants choose between food products of varying perishability level at various dates before or after their best-before dates. In one treatment, participants received information about the interpretation of food date labels. In another they received this information plus additional information on food waste due to date label confusion and its environmental impacts. We find that clarifying the meaning of date labels is insufficient to change preferences for food past its best-before date, but when a link between date labels, food waste, and its environmental impacts is made, participants’ willingness-to-pay for expired food increases, particularly for expired frozen or recently expired semi-perishable products. Our findings have implications for food waste reduction efforts because increasing the value of expired food increases the opportunity cost of wasting expired but consumable food.
Roadmap towards High Accelerator Availability for the CERN HL-LHC Era

High Luminosity-LHC is the future upgrade of the LHC that aims at delivering an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb-1 over about 10 years of operation, starting from 2025. Significant modifications [1] will be implemented to accelerator systems, including new superconducting magnets, crab cavities, superconducting links, new collimators and absorbers based on advanced materials and design and additional cryo-plants. Due to the limit imposed by the number of simultaneous events at the experiments (pile-up) on peak luminosity, the latter will be levelled to 5*10 cms. The target integrated luminosity can only be achieved with a significant increase of the total available time for beam collisions compared to the 2012 LHC run, despite a beam current that is planned to double the nominal 0.58 A. Therefore one of the key figures of merit to take into account for system upgrades and new designs is their impact on the accelerator availability. In this paper the main factors affecting LHC availability will be discussed and predictions on the impact of future system upgrades on integrated luminosity presented. Requirements in terms of the maximum allowed number of dumps for the main contributing systems to LHC unavailability will be derived.
The Anatomy of the Column Density Probability Distribution Function (N-PDF)

The column density probability distribution function (N-PDF) of Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) has been used as a diagnostic of star formation. Simulations and analytic predictions have suggested that the N-PDF is composed of a low-density lognormal component and a high-density power-law component tracing turbulence and gravitational collapse, respectively. In this paper, we study how various properties of the true 2D column density distribution create the shape, or “anatomy,” of the PDF. We test our ideas and analytic approaches using both a real, observed PDF based on Herschel observations of dust emission and a simulation that uses the ENZO code. Using a dendrogram analysis, we examine the three main components of the N-PDF: the lognormal component, the power-law component, and the transition point between these two components. We find that the power-law component of an N-PDF is the summation of N-PDFs of power-law substructures identified by the dendrogram algorithm. We also find that the analytic solution to the transition point between lognormal and power-law components proposed by Burkhart et al. is applicable when tested on observations and simulations, within the uncertainties. Based on the resulting anatomy of the N-PDF, we suggest applying the N-PDF analysis in combination with the dendrogram algorithm to obtain a more complete picture of the global and local environments and their effects on the density structures.
Possible Physical Basis of Mirror Symmetry Effect in Racemic Mixtures of Enantiomers: From Wallach's Rule, Nonlinear Effects, B-Z DNA Transition, and Similar Phenomena to Mirror Symmetry Effects of Chiral Objects

Effects associated with mirror symmetry may be underlying for a number of phenomena in chemistry and physics. Increase in the density and melting point of the 50%L/50%D collection of enantiomers of a different sign (Wallach’s rule) is probably based on a physical effect of the mirror image. The catalytic activity of metal complexes with racemic ligands differs from the corresponding complexes with enantiomers as well (nonlinear effect). A similar difference in the physical properties of enantiomers and racemate underlies L/D inversion points of linear helical macromolecules, helical nanocrystals of magnetite and boron nitride etc., B–Z DNA transition and phenomenon of mirror neurons may have a similar nature. Here we propose an explanation of the Wallach effect along with some similar chemical, physical, and biological phenomena related to mirror image.
Dynamic Conditional Correlation between Electricity, Energy (Commodity) and Financial Markets during the Financial Crisis in Greece

Liberalization of electricity markets has increasingly created the need for understanding the volatility and correlation structure between electricity, financial and energy commodity markets. This work reveals the existence of structural changes in correlation patterns among these markets and links the changes to both fundamentals and regulatory conditions prevailing in the markets, as well as the current European financial crisis. We apply a Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) GARCH model to a set of market’s fundamental variables, related commodity markets and Greece’s financial market and microeconomic indexes to study their interaction. Emphasis is given on the period of severe financial crisis of the Country to understand “contagion” and volatility spillover between these markets. This approach enables us to capture the changing co-movement of assets within and between markets (financial, commodity, electricity) as market conditions change. The main results are that there is strong evidence of volatility spillover (or co-volatility) between financial and commodity market, while the Greek electricity market seems to be almost “isolated” from these two markets.
The Confederacy of Heterogeneous Software Organizations and Heterogeneous Developers: Field Experimental Evidence on Sorting and Worker Effort

Software development occurs in a patchwork or “confederacy” of different types of institutions (universities, small start-ups, multinational enterprises, government agencies, etc.) utilizing varied work approaches. Here we speculate on one possible explanation for this organizational heterogeneity: it may reflect inherent heterogeneity of the software workforce, in terms of which kinds of organizations individual workers prefer to work within (“institutional preference”). We take very preliminary steps towards investigating this possibility by devising a novel 10-day field experiment to estimate the differences in behavior that are created by sorting workers into their preferred institutional regimes versus having them unsorted. The experiment involved assigning 1040 elite software developers to either a competitive or a cooperative work regime to create software for NASA’s Space Life Sciences Directorate. Half of the subjects - the “sorted” group - were assigned according to their institutional preferences; the other half - the “unsorted” group - were assigned without regard to their preferences. Assignment was done in a manner that sorted and unsorted groups had identical distributions of raw problem-solving ability. We find a remarkably large effect of institutional preference-based sorting on the effort exerted. Sorting on institutional preferences roughly doubled effort within the competitive regime and increased effort by roughly half in the cooperative regime, while accounting for incentives. Our experimental approach and results indicate the importance of accounting for worker preferences in creative activities that drive the rate and direction of inventive activity in the economy.
Quantile Approximation of the Chi–square Distribution using the Quantile Mechanics

In the field of probability and statistics, the quantile function and the quantile density function which is the derivative of the quantile function are one of the important ways of characterizing probability distributions and as well, can serve as a viable alternative to the probability mass function or probability density function. The quantile function (QF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the chi-square distribution do not have closed form representations except at degrees of freedom equals to two and as such researchers devise some methods for their approximations. One of the available methods is the quantile mechanics approach. The paper is focused on using the quantile mechanics approach to obtain the quantile density function and their corresponding quartiles or percentage points. The outcome of the method is second order nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) which was solved using the traditional power series method. The quantile density function was transformed to obtain the respective percentage points (quartiles) which were represented on a table. The results compared favorably with known results at high quartiles. A very clear application of this method will help in modeling and simulation of physical processes.
Why Do Over-Deviated Firms from Target Leverage Undertake Foreign Acquisitions?

This paper examines how deviation from firms’ target leverage influences their decisions on undertaking foreign acquisitions. Using a sample of 5746 completed bids by UK acquirers from 1987 to 2012, we observe that over-deviated firms are more likely to acquire foreign targets. Consistent with co-insurance theory, we find that over-deviated firms engage in foreign acquisition deals to relieve their financial constraints and to mitigate their financial distress risk. We also note that foreign acquisitions enhance over-deviated firms’ value and performance, measured by Tobin’s q and return on assets (ROA) respectively. These findings support the view that over-deviated firms pursue the most value-enhancing acquisitions. Overall, this paper suggests that co-insurance effects, value creation and performance improvements are the main incentives for over-deviated firms’ involvement in foreign acquisitions.
RMB Exchange Rates and Volatility Spillover across Financial Markets in China and Japan

This study examines empirically the volatility spillover effects between the RMB foreign exchange markets and the stock markets by employing daily returns of the Chinese RMB exchange rates and the stock markets in China and Japan during the period in 1998–2018. We find evidence that there exist co-volatility effects among the financial markets in China and Japan, and the volatility of RMB exchange rates contribute to the co-volatility spillovers across the financial markets. Reversely, the return shock from the stock markets can also generate co-volatility spillover to the foreign exchange markets. The bidirectional relationship reveals that both the fundamental hypothesis and the investor-induced hypothesis are valid. Our estimates also show that the spillover effects led by the stock market in Japan are stronger than that from the foreign exchange markets and the Chinese stock markets, implying that market with higher accessibility has greater spillover effects onto other markets. We also found that the average co-volatility spillover effects among the RMB exchange markets and the stock markets in Japan and China are generally negative. These findings have important policy implications for risk management and hedging strategies.
VALUE OF THE FIRM: INFLATION AND ROLE OF DIVIDEND DECISION MEDIATION

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of leverage, insider ownership, investment opportunity set (IOS) and inflation on dividend decision. Besides, to prove the effect of leverage, insider ownership, investment opportunity set (IOS) and inflation on firm value through the role of dividend decision mediation and to determine the direct effect of dividend policy on a value of the firm in the consumer goods industry sector. The population is companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the IDX during the period 2010-2018. The sampling method uses purposive sampling technique — the total sample of 38 companies using 342-panel data. The analytical method used is path analysis. The results showed that insider ownership and investment opportunity set (IOS) significantly influence dividend decision. However, leverage and inflation do not affect the dividend decision. Also, insider ownership and inflation have a significant effect on the value of the firm, but leverage and investment opportunity sets (IOS) do not affect. Dividend decision affects the value of the firm; besides, dividend decision is proven to significantly play a role in mediating the influence of insider ownership and investment opportunity sets (IOS) on the value of the firm.
The Critical Period Hypothesis for Language Acquisition : A Look at the Controversy *

The age factor in second language acquisition (SLA) has long been a controversial topic among researchers and one that has been surrounded by popular beliefs as well. Many of these beliefs have been called into question in recent years and the search for answers has generated a large body of research on the subject. This paper explores the issue of age in SLA, focusing specifically on the debate surrounding the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH). After a brief discussion of the CPH andfirst language acquisition, a more extensive examination of the different positions on the CPH and SLA is made. Finally, consideration is given to alternative explanations of age effects in SLA. While no irrefutable conclusions can be offered, it is clear that the ramifications for second-language teachers, educational planners and second language theorists are great enough to warrant a careful reappraisal of the CPH.
Effect of Sunhemp Green Manuring and Intercropping on Soil Properties

A fertile and healthy soil is the basis for healthy plants, animals, and humans. The soil organic carbon is the very foundation for healthy and productive soils. The soil organic matter positively influences and modifies almost all the soil properties. Considering the role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil health, the agricultural practices that enhance the soil organic carbon are thus essential. On the other hand, reduced agricultural productivity, escalating production costs, heavy reliance on non-renewable resources, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 12 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Identification of novel striatal-enriched transcripts and their analysis in Huntingdon's disease

Selective neuronal degeneration of caudate and putamen, collectively known as the striatum, is a disease hallmark in Huntington’s disease (HD). In the striatum of HD patients, the largest neuronal sub-population (comprising 90% of the total population), the GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons, are predominantly lost. The exact mechanism(s) behind this specific neurodegeneration is still unknown. Gene expression changes are considered as important pathogenic events during the course of HD. These changes can be due to a variety of different upstream effects including direct transcriptional dysregulation by mutant huntingtin as well as transcriptional changes as secondary effects of neuronal loss. Many expression studies on diseased human post-mortem brain, as well as different mouse models exhibiting striatal degeneration, have demonstrated changes in the expression of many genes. Genome-wide microarray approach is the common technology used in these studies while striatal-enriched systems have also been studied to identify genes implicated in the pathology of HD. While the former approach can often detect thousands of expression changes, the latter has shown how particular genes important to the functions and physiology of the striatum could be involved in specific vulnerability of this region to neurodegeneration. In this study I have used the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) database (www.mouseatlas.org) and compared the mouse striatum to 18 other brain regions to select for striatal-enriched genes. Within these genes, I have identified: 1) known striatal-enriched genes; 2) genes that have not been previously described as striatal-enriched; and 3) potential novel striatal genes in the genome. The expression of these genes was subsequently tested in the YAC 128 mouse model of HD and candidates with altered levels of expression were examined in the human post-mortem caudate samples. Under this investigation, I could identify interesting transcripts with altered levels of expression in the YAC128 mice. Some of these transcripts showed consistent mRNA expression changes in the
Changing utilization of fixed capital: An element in long-term growth

Although we look to the long-run growth of productivity to provide us with rising living standards, we still have much to learn about what has caused productivity to increase. This 1987 study explores how our nationA¢Â€Â™s plant and equipment are being utilized more intensively than in the past because of the spread of late shifts.
EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS, PERSONAL NORMS AND ECOLOGICAL ATTITUDE TO CONSERVATION BEHAVIOR

This research aims to analyze the conservation behavior that becomes the new lifestyle of consumers. The need for the preservation of consumers and green products further increases consumer demand. This study examines the variables of ecological awareness, personal norms, and environmental attitudes that affect conservation behavior. Conservation behavior is behavior that leads to environmental sustainability. This research was conducted because there are several empirical issues related to the findings of the relationship of attitude to behavior. The relationship of attitude to conservation behavior still needs to be reviewed because there are several different findings. Previous studies have shown that the role of attitudes towards conservation behavior still has varied relationships. This study uses respondents who are pro-environment. The number of samples was 152 people. Data analysis techniques using PLS-SEM. The results showed that ecological awareness, personal norms, and ecological attitudes influence conservation behavior. © 2020 Published by Faculty of Engineeringg
Processing gradable adjectives in context: A Visual World study

Both relative adjectives (RAs) like ‘ big ’ and absolute adjectives (AAs) like ‘ empty ’ are sensitive to the context: in the former case, the context determines how much size is required to count as big; in the latter, the context determines how much deviation from total emptiness is allowed to count as empty. Whereas it is generally agreed that the role of context with RAs is to fix the value of a threshold variable, the status of absolute adjective thresholds, and therefore the role of context in their interpretation, remains an object of debate. Some researchers have argued that all gradable adjectives have context-sensitive threshold variables that are assigned values by the same mechanisms ( Lassiter & Goodman 2013 ). Others have claimed that AAs have fixed, endpoint-oriented meanings and that sensitivity to context arises from pragmatic reasoning about imprecision ( Kennedy 2007 ; Syrett, Kennedy & Lidz 2009 ; van Rooij 2011 ; Burnett 2014 ; Qing & Franke 2014 ). In an eye-tracking Visual World experiment, we investigate RAs and AAs used as restrictive modifiers. We find that target identification is significantly faster for both types of adjectives when the visual context supports a restrictive interpretation of the predicate, although this effect is considerably delayed in the case of AAs. We conclude that for RAs, the target facilitation effect is driven by the lexical semantics of the predicate itself. However, it is argued that the extra processing cost observed with AAs results from pragmatic reasoning about imprecision.
Holographic Lattices and Numerical Techniques

In these notes we discuss various methods relevant to the numerical construction of stationary black hole solutions in General Relativity with negative cosmological constant. We focus on solutions which explicitly break translational invariance along the boundary directions. Within the framework of the gauge/gravity duality, these can be interpreted as lattices. They have finite conductivity and thus help us move one step forward towards more realistic scenarios in holography.
Bringing the Consumer Back in—The Motives, Perceptions, and Values behind Consumers and Rural Tourists’ Decision to Buy Local and Localized Artisan Food—A Swedish Example

This article highlights the motivational factors behind consumers’ and tourists’ decisions to buy local artisan cheese in Jamtland (Sweden). Empirically, the case itself diverts from the typical Franco-Mediterranean case in which both the actions of producers and consumers are embedded in historical, long-term culinary traditions and territorial features, nor is it the typical farmers’ market or another market-driven direct produce system. The main purpose is to shed light on the motivational factors behind the purchasing decision of consumers and tourists by studying the attributes that consumers embody in the products. The article is based on two consumer surveys/short interviews, the first conducted in June 2012 and the second in February 2017. The results were tested against/related to the wider local food discussion conceptualized through four types of attributes. Namely, intrinsic and extrinsic attributes; post-modernity and environmental attributes; geographical and territorial attributes; and local and rural development attributes. The results in this article clearly show that consumers value a combination of different attributes from both market-driven direct produce systems and close typicity systems. Therefore, the construction of proximity from the point of view of the consumer can be derived from a complex set of attributes and motivational factors not normally highlighted in the localized food discussion.