Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and Challenges of Sonodynamic Therapy System for Cancer Theranostics: From Equipment to Sensitizers

As a novel noninvasive therapeutic modality combining low‐intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is promising for clinical translation due to its high tissue‐penetrating capability to treat deeper lesions intractable by photodynamic therapy (PDT), which suffers from the major limitation of low tissue penetration depth of light. The effectiveness and feasibility of SDT are regarded to rely on not only the development of stable and flexible SDT apparatus, but also the screening of sonosensitizers with good specificity and safety. To give an outlook of the development of SDT equipment, the key technologies are discussed according to five aspects including ultrasonic dose settings, sonosensitizer screening, tumor positioning, temperature monitoring, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. In addition, some state‐of‐the‐art SDT multifunctional equipment integrating diagnosis and treatment for accurate SDT are introduced. Further, an overview of the development of sonosensitizers is provided from small molecular sensitizers to nano/microenhanced sensitizers. Several types of nanomaterial‐augmented SDT are in discussion, including porphyrin‐based nanomaterials, porphyrin‐like nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials, and organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials with different strategies to improve SDT therapeutic efficacy. There is no doubt that the rapid development and clinical translation of sonodynamic therapy will be promoted by advanced equipment, smart nanomaterial‐based sonosensitizer, and multidisciplinary collaboration.
Religion, Cultural Politics, and Public Knowledge

Almost all of the discussions surrounding educational policy focus their attention on particular places, especially various kinds of formal schooling. While this focus is of course crucial, it tends to ignore other educational sites where acts of teaching go on and where challenges to accepted understandings are waged. These include libraries and the topic of this essay, museums. Creating the Creation Museum clearly documents why such sites are worthy of our most serious attention. The book is a substantive contribution in a number of ways. It offers important critical insights about the Museum and its overt role in “advancing a long standing movement goal: advancing the cultural authority of creation science. ” It also provides us with an expanded set of methodological tools for engaging in such work.
Aspirations and Financial Decisions: Experimental Evidence from the Philippines

A randomized experiment among poor entrepreneurs tested the impact of exogenously inducing higher financial aspirations. In theory, raising aspirations could have positive effects by inducing higher effort, but could also reduce effort if unmet aspirations lead to frustration. Treatment resulted in more ambitious savings goals, but nearly all individuals fell far short of reaching these goals. Two years later, treated individuals had not saved more, and actually had lower borrowing and business investments. Treatment also reduced belief in the amount of control over one ’ s life. Setting aspirations too high can lead to frustration, leading individuals to reduce their economic investments.
Spying from Space: Reconnaissance Satellites and Interstate Disputes

Despite considerable interest and debate, it has proven surprisingly difficult to demonstrate a systematic link between technological change and patterns of war and peace. At least part of the challenge may reside in finding the right place to “look” for such relationships. Technological change alters what nations can do to one another (capabilities), but in ways that are typically reflected by deals (diplomatic bargains) rather than actions. We theorize that reconnaissance satellites have revolutionized the use of information gleaned from spying in ways that discourage states from engaging in serious conflicts with one another. We analyze the impact of reconnaissance satellites on high-casualty militarized interstate disputes (MIDS) between dyads from 1950 to 2010. We find that when either the potential aggressor or target in a dyad possess reconnaissance satellites, they are significantly less likely to become involved in serious MIDs. This effect is especially powerful when both states possess reconnaissance satellites.
Biomass burning contributions to urban PM2.5 along the coastal lines of southeastern China

Levoglucosan (LG), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and potassium (K+), and the light absorption at 365 nm (Abs365) of the extracted WSOC are measured in PM2.5 samples collected from November 2011 to July 2013 at four coastal urban sites in southeast China (Fuzhou, Putian, Quanzhou and Xiamen). These species are markers of biomass burning and used to determine the contributions of biomass burning to the PM2.5 burden in these locations. LG and WSOC concentrations exhibited a clear seasonal pattern, with a large enhancement in winter and spring and a minimum in summer, and annual means across all sites of 59.2±46.8 ng m−3 and 2.69±1.21 µg C m−3, respectively. The distinctive seasonal patterns of LG and WSOC are more explained by the East Asian monsoon than the upwind varying emission sources according to the HYSPLIT backward trajectories and MODIS fire spots. Observations produced significant correlation (at the p<0.01 level) between LG and non-sea salt K+ (nss-K+) at each site, but the correlations exhibited no clear seasonal trend. The LG/nss-K+ ratios ranged from 0.03±0.01 to 0.24±0.13 which lay within the limits for the crop residues and/or grass combustion smoke. Stronger correlations were found between WSOC or Abs365 and sulphate than between WSOC and LG. This observation is consistent with the fact that biomass burning is a less important contributor to WSOC and/or brown carbon than is secondary organic aerosol formation and oxidation. The average relative contributions of biomass burning to OC and WSOC in PM2.5 were 8.3 and 15.2 %, respectively, estimated by the measured LG to OC and WSOC (LG/OC and LG/WSOC) ratios in comparison to literature-derived LG/OC and LG/WSOC values for biomass burning smoke. Using the reported conversion factor of LG to PM2.5 for crop straw burning smoke, the LG-estimated PM2.5 contributions from biomass burning exhibited minimum values in summer and higher values in winter and spring. Positive Matrix Factorisation was used to analyse PM2.5 sources, and seven major source factors including biomass burning emissions were resolved. The biomass burning sources contributed 3.75–8.08 % to PM2.5 mass as an annual average while exhibiting a seasonal variability similar to and higher than those of LG-estimated contributions. These results demonstrate that the contribution from biomass burning smoke to PM2.5 – while small – is non-negligible, especially in the winter and spring sampling periods, that is, northeastern monsoon season.
Only one way to be a world-class university? Comparative analysis on the texts and visual images on websites of universities in China and South Korea

ABSTRACT With the ubiquity of the internet in every domain of life, university websites are considered an effective tool to create institutional image and communicate with internal and external constituents. Focusing on websites of four universities in China and South Korea who seek to become World-class universities, this study examined how these universities portray themselves using texts and visual images on their websites. Utilizing Fairclough’s three-dimensional critical discourse analysis, we found that all universities similarly used texts presenting their world-class status, and pictures showing their international engagement and research accomplishments. In spite of the different institutional and national settings and languages used (national versus English-language websites), little differences in the texts and visual images were found. Implications for the current discussion on WCUs and future research are elaborated.
THE PUZZLE OF RACIAL INEQUALITY IN CUBA, 1980s–2010s

Abstract Contrasting perspectives on racism and racial inequality collide in contemporary Cuba. On the one hand, government officials argue that Cuba is a racially egalitarian country; though vestiges of historical racism subsist, systematic discrimination does not. On the other hand, social movement actors and organizations denounce that racism and discrimination are systemic and affect large sectors of the Afro-Cuban population. To draw these visions into scholarly dialogue, our analytic strategy consists in the comparative examination of both narratives as well as the empirical bases that sustain them. Using data from the 1981, 2002, and 2012 Cuban Censuses for the first time, as well as various non-census evidentiary sources, both quantitative and qualitative, we examine how racial inequality has evolved in Cuba during the last decades. Our analyses of census data suggest that racial stratification has a limited impact on areas such as education, health care, occupation, and positions of leadership. We find, nonetheless, that an expanding and strikingly racialized private sector is fueling dramatic income inequality by skin color beyond the reach of official census data. Our analysis sheds light on how different data can convey profoundly different pictures of racial inequality in a given context. Moreover, we highlight that significant contradictions can coexist in the lived experiences of racism and racial inequality within a single country context.
‘Let’s take a look...’: An Investigation of Directives as Negotiating Interpersonal Meaning in Engineering Lectures

The role of directives with command and question speech functions in teaching and learning contexts has received increased attention across a number of disciplines in recent years. This current study was aimed at investigating the use and function of directives with command and question speech functions as a dimension of interpersonal realization in aerospace engineering lectures at Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. Focusing on the English mood system, this study applied Halliday’s (1985, 1994) and Eggins’s (1994) Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach. A qualitative content analysis was carried out in four selected content lessons. The data were collected through videotaped recordings as found at cosmolearning.org. The findings showed that engineering lecturers employed various types of directives. In terms of commands, the lecturers used imperative, declarative, and modulated interrogative moods. In addition, lecturers used interrogative and declarative moods to pose questions. The lecturers used commands to express their attitudes, to organize their messages, to check students’ understanding, and to signal the contents of the exams. Meanwhile, in terms of questions, they function to elicit Heri Kuswoyo, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, Lia Maulia Indrayani, Akhyar Rido, and Doris Macdonald 48 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 29 (1): 47 69 (2021) students’ background knowledge, to check on students’ comprehension, and to handle classroom management issues. The findings of this study can be used by English for Academic Purposes (EAP) professionals, in particular, language lecturers preparing students for the English for Medium Instruction (EMI) study. Also, stakeholders should use the findings of this study as a tool to improve English for English Special Purposes (ESP) teaching and learning in the context of the engineering classroom.
Computational Study on Interfacial Interactions between Polymethyl Methacrylate-Based Bone Cement and Hydroxyapatite in Nanoscale

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cement (BC) is a key material in joint replacement surgery that transfers external forces from the implant to the bone while allowing their robust binding. To quantitatively evaluate the effect of polymerization on the thermomechanical properties of the BC and on the interaction characteristics with the bone ceramic hydroxyapatite (HAp), molecular dynamics simulations were performed. The mechanical stiffness of the BC material under external loading increased gradually with the crosslinking reaction occurrence, indicating increasing load transfer between the constituent molecules. In addition, as the individual Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) segments were interconnected in the system, the freedom of the molecular network was largely suppressed, resulting in more thermally stable structures. Furthermore, the pull-out tests using HAp/BC bilayer models under different constraints (BC at 40% and 85%) revealed the cohesive characteristics of the BC with the bone scaffold in molecular detail. The stiffness and the fracture energy increased by 32% and 98%, respectively, with the crosslink density increasing.
Changes in Below‐Cloud Evaporation Affect Precipitation Isotopes During Five Decades of Warming Across China

Based on daily meteorological records for 651 sites across China during the period 1960–2018, we estimated the changes in isotopic variations in raindrops as they descend from cloud base to ground over past decades, and tested the sensitivity of isotopic variations to climate parameters like air temperature and relative humidity. Air temperature correlates positively and relative humidity correlates negatively with below‐cloud isotopic variation. Generally, the below‐cloud evaporation effect on precipitation isotopes in the arid and semi‐arid regions of China is much greater than that in the humid and semi‐humid regions, although the impact might be reduced under cold‐arid or hot‐humid conditions. With aridity increasing with distance from the coast, the continental effect of precipitation isotopes is modified due to the below‐cloud evaporation. The seasonal pattern of the measured isotopic composition in precipitation near the ground and estimated at cloud base, is still similar in most regions, although the seasonal range is higher at the ground. During the last five decades, the below‐cloud evaporation effect has enhanced for the cold and arid regions of China especially across Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Inner Mongolia, due to combined effects of increasing air temperature and decreasing relative humidity. Although the below‐cloud evaporation effect is not always the dominant factor influencing the variability of stable isotopes, it needs to be considered as one of the contributing factors. This enhanced effect may impact the interpretation of past climate based on stable water isotopes, particularly in paleoclimate studies using speleothems and tree rings.
A Time-Zero Biomechanical Study of the Effective Length of the Graft in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Fei Teng Lanzhou University Second Hospital Yuanjun Teng Lanzhou University Second Hospital Fan Lu Lanzhou University Second Hospital Xiaohui Zhang Lanzhou University Second Hospital Zhongcheng Liu Lanzhou University Second Hospital Liangzhi He Lanzhou University Second Hospital Hong Wang Lanzhou University Second Hospital Hua Han Lanzhou University Second Hospital Yayi Xia (  xiayayilzu@sina.com ) Lanzhou University Second Hospital
Can incomplete metastasectomy impact renal cell carcinoma outcomes? A propensity score matching analysis from a prospective multicenter collaboration

Objective: To evaluate the role of incomplete metastasectomy (IM) for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) on overall survival (OS) and time to introduction of first-line systemic therapy. Methodology: Patients diagnosed with mRCC between Jan 2011 and Apr 2019 in 16 centers were selected from the Canadian Kidney Cancer information system database. We included mRCC patients who had prior nephrectomy and had received an IM (resection of at least 1 metastasis) or no metastasectomy (NM). A propensity score matching was performed to minimize selection bias. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the impact of the metastasectomy while adjusting for potential confounders. OS was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: A total of 138 patients with mRCC underwent IM, while 1221 patients did not. On multivariate analysis, IM did not improve OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.96, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.45, P = 0.836) However, subgroup analyses revealed IM improved OS compared with NM when lungs were the only site involved (median time to OS not reached versus 66 months, respectively; P = 0.014). Additionally, lung metastasectomy delayed the systemic therapy compared with NM (median 41 and 13 months, respectively, P = 0.014). IM of endocrine organs (thyroid, pancreas, adrenals) or bone metastases did not impact OS. Conclusion: The role of IM for mRCC is limited. Incomplete resection of lung metastases was associated with improved OS and delayed time to introduction of systemic therapy when lungs were the sole location of metastatic disease. Despite case-matching, unknown unadjusted confounders may explain the relationship between IM and survival in this analysis.
Paleodiet of Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Early Pueblo Period of the Northern Southwest

Turkey domestication in the northern Southwest is not clearly defined, in part because wild turkeys are difficult to differentiate from domestic turkeys based on skeletal morphology. Stable isotope analysis is a method that researchers have used extensively to help build a picture of how turkey populations were managed by humans. Earlier evidence for C4 plant consumption by turkeys is limited to a small number of published studies. Using a stable isotope mixing model with a sample of 19 turkey bones from five early Pueblo habitation sites in northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, we estimated that the turkey diet consisted of 60–89% C4 plants, with the remainder consisting of C3 plants and invertebrates. This contributes to the existing body of data on turkey diet in the northern Southwest during the Basketmaker III and Pueblo I periods and shows that a mixing model can be useful for turkey paleodietary analysis.
Pneumoperitoneum effect on testicular oxidative stress and histopathology – Systematic review

Pneumoperitoneum is characterized by the presence of abdominal cavity gas. Thus, this is used as a tool to create a space in the abdominal cavity for video laparoscopic surgical procedures. However, insufflation of abdominal cavity is capable of causing damage induced by tissue ischemia and reperfusion, which is caused by hypoxia and an imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defense system capacity. The objective of this study was to bibliographic review the negative effects of exposing healthy animals to different pneumoperitoneum settings by assessing oxidative stress and testicular histopathology, identifying intra-abdominal pressures that did not result in testicular alteration. A systematic search was carried out in three databases using the following terms: pneumoperitoneum AND testi* or gonad. The survey conducted in the databases yielded 2209 scientific articles. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, six papers were selected. All the articles selected addressed the effects of pneumoperitoneum on testicular structure and used at least one scoring system to perform histopathological evaluation of the testis. Three studies verified the occurrence of changes in oxidative stress. According to this literature review, pneumoperitoneum used at intra-abdominal pressures equal to, or greater than, 9 mmHg caused testicular histological damage. According to the biomarkers used in studies, pressures greater than 10 mmHg were sufficient to cause testicular oxidative stress.
Objectivity, perceptual constancy, and teleology in young children

Can young children such as 3-year-olds represent the world objectively? Some prominent developmental psychologists — such as Perner and Tomasello — assume so. I argue that this view is susceptible to a prima facie powerful objection: To represent objectively, one must be able to represent not only features of the entities represented but also features of objectification itself, which 3-year-olds cannot do yet. Drawing on Burge's work on perceptual constancy, I provide a response to this objection and motivate a distinction between three different kinds of objectivity. This distinction helps advance current research on both objectivity and teleological action explanations in young children.
A meaning-centred, whole-school approach for responsible decision-making: The Logotherapeutic Framework

This article briefly examines Guidance Counselling in the Irish context. An analysis of the current decision-making climate and context suggests that there is a need to develop responsible decision-making skills in students, as reflected in the new Junior Cycle Key Skills. A meaning-centred, whole-school approach to develop responsible decision-making is then proposed. The paper identifies the characteristics of self-control, self-insight, modelling, and goal setting as necessary attributes in responsible decision-making. Examined from a whole-school perspective, the significance of meaning, expectation, and perceived vision of failure is considered in terms of student and staff motivation. Building on the counselling framework of Viktor Frankl’s Logotherapy and in light of changes to the provision of school guidance, The Logotherapeutic Framework for responsible decision-making (TLF) is offered as a whole-school approach to achieve educational and guidance counselling objectives. The article discusses how the features of the TLF contribute to our mental and physical health. The philosophical and empirical bases for the approach, potential classroom strategies, along with future research recommendations are examined.
Investigations of Electrical and Optical Parameters of Some LED Luminaires—A Study Case

In the paper, the electrical and optical parameters of wirelessly controlled LED lamps of the Hue type are analysed. Features of this class of wirelessly controlled LED lamps given by the producer are described and a measuring setup for the electrical and optical parameters of the considered LED lamps is proposed. The results of measurements of the two investigated lamps with variable hue, based on RGB chips or emitted white light of different CCTs (correlated colour temperatures), are shown and discussed. Attention was given to the parameters characterising the influence of the tested LED lamp on such electric power quality indicators as PF (power factor) and THD (total harmonic distortion). Therefore, the influence of voltage supply and the selected value of power density of the emitted light on the THD and PF is analysed and discussed.
Persistent Stratospheric Warming Due to 2019–2020 Australian Wildfire Smoke

Australian wildfires burning from December 2019 to January 2020 injected approximately 0.9 Tg of smoke into the stratosphere; this is the largest amount observed in the satellite era. A comparison of numerical simulations to satellite observations of the plume rise suggests that the smoke mass contained 2.5% black carbon. Model calculations project a 1 K warming in the stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes for more than 6 months following the injection of black‐carbon containing smoke. The 2020 average global mean clear sky effective radiative forcing at top of atmosphere is estimated to be −0.03 W m−2 with a surface value of −0.32 W m−2. Assuming that smoke particles coat with sulfuric acid in the stratosphere and have similar heterogeneous reaction rates as sulfate aerosol, we estimate a smoke‐induced chemical decrease in total column ozone of 10–20 Dobson units from August to December in mid‐high southern latitudes.