Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performing Reflexive Toxin A/B Enzyme Immunoassay in a Two-Step Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile Infection Has Limited Clinical Utility

The differentiation of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) from colonization is challenged by the suboptimal clinical specificity of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). In this study, we examined the utility of testing for toxin via enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in specimens already tested by NAAT for the diagnosis of CDI in an attempt to differentiate colonization from infection. We tested 59 stool samples for the presence of C. difficile toxin B gene by NAAT followed by EIAs for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH EIA) and toxins A and B (Toxin EIA). Two infectious disease physicians independently reviewed the patients’ electronic medical records retrospectively to categorize each patient as CDI-Likely, CDI-Unlikely, or CDI-Indeterminate. Clinical sensitivities and specificities were calculated using 3 definitions of “true” CDI status, being: (1) concordance between both reviewers, (2) concordance, and CDI-Indeterminate/discordant cases classified as CDI-Likely, and (3) concordance, and CDI-Indeterminate/discordant cases classified as CDI-Unlikely. Based on these definitions, clinical sensitivity and specificity for NAAT was 100% and 49-94%, GDH EIA was 83-85% and 43-89%, and Toxin EIA was 39-42% and 83-100%, respectively. 85% (22 of 26) of patients who were NAAT-positive but Toxin EIA-negative symptomatically benefited from treatment for CDI. The addition of EIA to NAAT for CDI diagnosis had limited utility for differentiating colonization from CDI and could have led to under treatment of patients with CDI.
Basic exchangeable cations in Finnish mineral soils

The content of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na replaced by neutral ammonium acetate was determined in 470 samples of mineral soils from various parts of Finland, except from Lapland. The amount of all these cations tended to increase with an increase in the clay content, but variation within each textural class was large, and the ranges usually overlapped those of the other classes. The higher acidity of virgin surface soils was connected with a lower average degree of saturation by Ca as compared with the corresponding textural classes of cultivated soils. No significant difference in the respective contents of other cations was detected. The samples of various textural groups from deeper layers were usually poorer in exchangeable Ca and K than the corresponding groups of plough layer. The mean content of exchangeable Mg was equal or even higher in the samples from deeper layers than in the samples from plough layer, except in the group of sand soils. The percentage of Mg of the effective CEC increased, as an average, from 9 in the sand and fine sand soils of plough layer to 30 in the heavy clay soils; in the heavy clay soils from deeper layers its mean value was 38 d= 4 %. In the samples of plough layer, the mean ratio of Ca to Mg in sand and fine sand soils was about 9, in silt and loam soils about 6, in the coarser clay soils about 4, and in heavy clay about 2. Chemical and physical properties of a soil may largely depend on the quality and quantity of exchangeable cations in it. The degree of saturation by basic cations is of particular importance, but also the proportions of various basic cations and their amounts in soil exert marked effect on plant nutrition and, especially, on properties of clay soils. Information about basic exchangeable cations in Finnish soils obtained by modern analytical methods is not particularly abundant. Heinonen (1956) has reported results of exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K in the plough layer of about 50 mineral or organic soils. Marttila (1965) published data of a material consisting of 100 samples from surface and deeper layers of both cultivated and virgin soils, and Mäkitie and Virri (1965) studied 10 clay soil profiles of Southern Finland. Their results do not differ from the
GRAPE JUICE PRESERVATION WITH BENZOATE AND SORBATE

Grape juice was studied for one month at room temperature, after adding sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate (treatment T1: 0.1% sodium benzoate, T2: 0.2% potassium sorbate, T3: 0.1 % sodium benzoate + 02% potassium sorbate, T4: control). Juice was analyzed weekly for physicochemical and sensory quality. Stability of ascorbic acid was found to be highest in T3, followed by T1, T2, and T4. Acidity and total soluble solids increased during storage. Tl obtained maximum score (8.0) for overall acceptability, followed by T2 (7.0), T3 (4.66) and T4 (4.33), but overall acceptability was reduced to 7.0, 6.3, 4.3, and 2.3 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 samples, respectively, after one month. T3 and T4 obtained scores less than 5, and were found poor for preservation. There were significant (P< 0.05) effects of treatments and storage on physicochemical and organolyptical characteristics of grape juice. Tl was found to be better for preserving nutritive and sensory values of the grape juice.
Effect supplementation of Urea Molasse Multinutrient Block (UMMB) on the weight gain average of Heifers Peranakan Ongole breed

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects supplementation of urea-molasse multinutrient block (UMMB) on the weight gain of heifers peranakan ongole beef cattle based diets with rice straw. Urea molasse multinutrient block were made with different formulations (A and B). A total of 15 heifers Peranakan Ongole beef cattle were divided into 3 groups. Control group animals were daily fed rice straw as a basal diet without UMMB, group A were daily fed rice straw as a basal diet with UMMB (A), group B were daily fed rice straw as a basal diet with UMMB (B) respectively. Weight gain were measured with Lambourne method weekly. Data on the feeding trial were collected during 4 wk, and were subjected to the Paired T-test analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this experiment showed that the UMMB supplementation had no significantly influenced of weight gain average (P > 0.05). With regard to the weight gain average of heifers, the group A showed a highest (9.52 kg), group B (9.38 kg) and control group (6.98 kg), respectively. Based on statistical analyses, it can be concluded that supplementation of UMMB had no effects on average weight gain in this study.
The relationship among mental health, resilience and happiness

This examination is a correlational investigation of mental health, resilience and happiness. Mental health is characterized by the (WHO) as a condition of prosperity in which an individual understands his or her very own capacities, can adapt to the ordinary worries of life, can work gainfully and can make a commitment to his or her locality. Resilience is the capacity of people to effectively work in spite of noteworthy life afflictions. Happiness is a feeling of prosperity, euphoria, or bliss. The goals of research were to discover the connection between mental health and resilience, mental health and happiness, resilience and happiness. To satisfy the goals three devices have been utilized in particular namely: Mental Health Check-list (Pramod Kumar), Resilience Scale (Wagnild and Young, 1993); and Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999). The sample comprises of 60 secondary school understudies taken from Bhiwani city. The outcomes demonstrate that there is positive relationship between mental health and resilience, mental health and happiness, resilience and happiness.
PEMBELAJARAN IPA SD BERBASIS HOTS (HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS) MENJAWAB TUNTUTAN PEMBELAJARAN DI ABAD 21

ABSTRAK Masyarakat dengan kecakapan sesuai dengan kebutuhan zaman dapat memberi ruang dan melebarkan jalan untuk berbagai sektor kehidupan. Melalui pembekalan berpikir kritis tingkat tinggi (high order thinking skills) dapat mencapai kapabilitas atau kemampuan sesuai dengan harapan perkembangan zaman. Tujuan dalam kajian ini adalah mengetahui tentang pengertian, karakteristik, indikator, proses pembelajaran dan penyusunan soal Higher Order Tinking Skills (HOTS)atau ketrampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi, dan pembelajaran HOTS menjawab tuntutan pembelajaran di abad 21. Kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi atau HOTS mengarah kepada suatu pelatihan aide pada saat proses menganalisis, mengevaluasi, sampai kepada tahap memberikan penilaian terhadap ide atau fakta yang ditemukan bahkan dengan harapan mampu menciptakan sesuatu dari suatu karya yang telah diobservasi. Pembelajaran abad 21 secara sederhana diartikan sebagai pembelajaran yang memberikan kecakapan abad 21 kepada peserta didik, yaitu 4C yang meliputi: (1) Communication (2) Collaboration, (3) Critical Thinking and problem solving, dan (4) Creative and Innovative. Berdasarkan Taksonomi Bloom yang telah direvisi oleh Krathwoll dan Anderson, kemampuan yang perlu dicapai siswa dikategorikan iHOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills), yaitu C-5 (mengevaluasi), dan C-6 (mengkreasi). Untuk mewujudkan pembelajaran abad 21 dan HOTS, guru harus memiliki keterampilan proses yang baik dalam pembelajaran. Keterampian proses dapat diartikan sebagai keterampilan guru dalam menyajikan pembelajaran yang mampu memberikan pengalaman belajar yang bermakna dan menyenangkan bagi siswa. Pembelajaran berpusat kepada siswa (student center), dan merangsang siswa untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Peran guru dalam PBM bukan hanya sebagai sumber belajar, tapi juga sebagai fasilitator. Kata kunci: HOTS, IPA SD, Pembelajaran Abad 21
An integrated approach to assess carbon credit from improved forest management

ABSTRACT Fossil fuel consumption in recent decades has caused the rise of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, with negative consequences on the environment and human health. This study develops a methodological framework to quantify carbon credits from carbon-oriented forest management and evaluates the economic sustainability of their sale. Application of the framework to two forest compartments with long-lasting active management in the Western Italian Alps showed the feasibility of the methodology and provided insights on its replication in other contexts. Particularly, the Carbon-oriented scenario led to a reduction of both the extracted wood volume (10% and 6.5% CASE1 and CASE2, respectively) and Net Present Value (32% and 29%), leading to a carbon credit price of 19.6 € MgCO2eq−1 and 44.1 € MgCO2eq−1 to counteract these losses. This work allows us to highlight the factors needed to design and evaluate alternative forest management options while considering the consequences of climate change. Moreover, the hypothesized scenarios include an economic remuneration of the positive externalities provided by sustainable forest management. Finally, the proposed workflow entails undeniable environmental benefits while contrasting climate change but still looks undesirable with respect to the traditional timber-oriented management in compartments where high-quality wood products can be obtained.
Cultural Adjustment of Somalian and Chinese Students at IIUI Pakistan: A Comparative Study

Studying at a higher education institution can be stressful, particularly for international students, who leave their homes to study in another country. Some students adjust more rapidly than others. This study explored the difference between the cultural adaptation of Chinese and Somalian students at IIUI Pakistan. The key objective of the study was to explore the pace of cultural adaptation of two foreign students from two different regions at IIUI. It was a purposeful qualitative study The population was all the Chinese and Somalian students studying in IIUI BS program in faculty of social sciences. A universal sampling technique was used to select 55 Chinese and 55 Somalian students for the study. The self-developed questionnaire used to collect the data. The analysis showed that there is significant difference between the pace of cultural adaptation of Chinese and Somali students at International Islamic University.
Genetic diversity analysis and character associations in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) based on agro-morphological and phytochemical traits

ABSTRACT Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is one of the important medicinal plants that used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, 32 Iran endemic black cumin genotypes were evaluated through randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 growing seasons to determine the extent of genetic diversity and character associations for agro-morphological and phytochemical traits. Results showed the significant differences between genotypes for all traits studied. Clustering analysis using agro-morphological and phytochemical traits grouped genotypes into the two distinct groups. The values of percentage of essential oil and fatty oil content varied from 0.65 to 0.1. 36% and 25.30% to 35.02% between genotypes, respectively. The highest seed yield and fatty oil yield obtained for Arak genotype. GC and GC/MS analyses of essential oil and fatty oil compositions of the Arak genotype revealed that p-cymene and linoleic acid were main components, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that shoot dry mass, days to ripening and seed length were the most important traits associated with seed yield, fatty oil yield and essential oil yield. Hence, these traits can be considered as important indicators for early selection for seed yield and quality in black cumin breeding programs.
Analysis of geodesics on different surfaces

It is widely known that some surfaces contain special curves as a geodesics, while a lots of geodesics on surface have complicated shapes. Goal of this research is to find on what surfaces are uand vparameter curves geodesics. Developable surfaces that contain a given plane curve as a geodesic are studied in the article, whereas the plane curve is also an initial u-parameter curve on that surface. Parametric equations of the minimal surfaces that contain an epicycloid as a geodesic are also given. Visualization of geodesics was done in Mathematica.
Etik Liderlik Ve Etik İklimin İç Denetçilerin Performansına Etkisi Ve Bir Araştırma

At the institutions; positive approach of the management and the employees to the ethical values, improves the quality and the productivity. Employees as the members of the organisation define the ethical values and behave in accordance with to make them standardized. Leades also have a critical role for the existance of strong and positive ethical climate. This study is performed in order to test the influence of ethical leadership on ethical climate and on the working performance of internal auditors who are the examples of this study. To this end, certified internal auditors have participared to TIDE (Turkiye Ic Denetciler Enstitusu – Turkey Internal Auditors Institute) are chosen as target group.281 internal auditors are participated to the survey and “questionnaire method” is used as a method of data collection. “Personal Information Form”, “Ethical Climate Scale”, “Ethical Leadership Scale” and “Performance Scale”are being directed to the participants. The results of the simple regression analysis applied on the data collected, show us the effects of ethical climate on acts, codes and rules, responsibility and productivity, caring and personal benefit on the performance of internal auditor.
Mouldy fruits and vegetables as a source of mycotoxins: part 2

Although chemical control is still the main way to reduce the preharvest and postharvest incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi, the worldwide tendency to reduce chemical use, and the emergence of resistant strains, have accelerated the search for non-chemical strategies. Those applied at the postharvest stage include heat treatments, biological control, and modified-or controlled-atmosphere storage. It is now evident that combinations of treatments are more efficient than individual treatments applied alone. Most of the studies on mycotoxins in fruits are focused on patulin (produced mainly by Penicillium expansum) in apple products, and ochratoxin A (produced mainly by Aspergillus carbonarius) in grapes and in wines. Patulin levels can be significantly reduced by washing and sorting apples, and trimming away rotten tissues. Other treatments for patulin reduction have been associated with its ability to react readily with compounds containing sulphydryl groups. Other additives that reduce patulin levels are as.
Functional and structural characterisation of a multimodular xylanase from the hindgut metagenome of the snouted harvester termite

The degradation of hemicellulose is a vital step in the efficient utilisation of plant biomass, an abundant source of carbohydrates in nature. Xylan, the most prevalent hemicellulose, is digested by xylanases and much work has gone into improving the efficiency and stability of these enzymes. Interest has recently shifted to non-catalytic, accessory domains found in many xylanases, including carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs). CBMs may enhance enzyme properties, such as thermostability and efficiency. This effect has, however, not yet been fully explained. In this study, a novel multimodular xylanase isolated from the hindgut metagenome of the snouted harvester termite (Trinervitermes trinervoides) was characterised and the properties of its two identical CBMs analysed. Xylanase variants were produced in E. coli by deleting none, one or both CBMs. The variants were functionally characterised using a modified DNS assay in a thermocycler and structurally modelled using computational techniques. Deleting one CBM shifted the pH profile, slightly increasing activity at lower pH whereas removing both CBMs decreased activity at 60°C from 90% (SD = 1.3) to 56% (SD = 2.9). Removal of the CBMs did not statistically significantly affect the Michaelis constants (KM), but did reduce the turnover number (kcat). Structure modelling failed to accurately predict the structure of the complete enzyme and in particular any interactions between domains. The origin of the stabilising effect of the second CBM and hence the evolutionary benefit of two CBMs remains unresolved.
Growth, yield component and yield response of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum) to blended NPS fertilizer supplemented with N rates at Arsi Negelle, Central Ethiopia

Proper type and amount of fertilizer application is the major factor that affects yield and yield components of durum wheat. Hence, field experiment was carried out on farmer’s field to determine the effect of blended NPS fertilizer (19% Nitrogen, 38% P2O5 and 7% Sulfur) in combination with nitrogen on growth, yield components, and yield of durum wheat. Factorial combinations of three blended NPS levels (100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1) each supplemented with five levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46, 69 and 92 kg ha-1) and control were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that the interaction effect of blended NPS and supplemented N significantly (p < 0.05) influenced number of total tillers and total productive tillers per m2 where, highest total tillers (343.3) and productive tillers (306.7) per m2 were recorded at the combination of 150 kg NPS ha-1 and 92 kg N ha-1.However, those left parameters were not significantly influenced by the interaction of the two factors. The analysis of variance showed that the main effect of blended NPS was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced only grain yield and plant height where maximum grain yields (5274 kg ha-1) and plant height (79.59 cm) were obtained at the highest application of 200 NPS kg ha-1. The analysis of variance also showed that the main effect of supplemented N rate highly significantly (p < 0.01) influenced days to physiological maturity, grain filling period, thousand kernels weight, grain yield and harvest index but significantly (p < 0.05) influenced plant height and biomass yield. The highest days to physiological maturity (103 days), grain filling period (46.22 days), thousand kernels weight (50.49 g), plant height (79.49 cm), grain yields (5738 kg ha-1), biomass yields (11728 kg ha-1) and harvest index (48.91%) were recorded at the highest N rate (92 kg N ha-1). The economic analysis revealed that for a treatment to be considered as worthwhile to farmers, application of 100 kg NPS ha-1 with 69 kg N ha-1 were profitable and recommended for farmers in Arsi Nagelle District. Key words: Blended NPS fertilizer, durum wheat, supplemented N, yield components, yield.
Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) From Sarasota Bay, FL, USA

Phthalates are chemical additives to common consumer goods including cleaning products, cosmetics, personal care products, and plastic. Because they are not chemically bound to these products and are widely used, the potential for environmental contamination is significant. Phthalates and their metabolites have been associated with endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment, among other adverse health effects, in laboratory animals and human epidemiologic studies. Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are vulnerable to environmental pollutants due to their apex position in the food chain, long life spans, and habitat overlap with developed coastal areas. The objective of this study was to quantify phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine collected from bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida, during May 2016 (n = 7) and May 2017 (n = 10). Screening of nine phthalate monoester metabolites in bottlenose dolphin urine was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using methods adapted from those used for analyzing human samples. At least one phthalate metabolite was detected in 71% of the dolphins sampled across both years, with the highest concentrations detected for monoethyl phthalate (MEP; GM = 5.4 ng/ml; 95%CI: 1.3–22.0 ng/ml) and mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP; GM = 1.9 ng/ml; 95%CI: 1.1–3.2 ng/ml). These data demonstrate exposure to two of the most commonly used phthalates in commercial manufacturing, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). This study establishes methods for urinary detection of phthalate metabolites in marine mammals and provides baseline data to address a significant and growing, yet poorly understood, health threat to marine wildlife.