Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Metabolizable Energy (ME) and Net Energy Lactation (NEL) Contents of Some Feeds in the Marmara Region by In vitro Gas Technique

In this study, chemical composition and energy values of some forages, raw materials and commercial feeds commonly used in the Marmara Region for ruminants were determined. Samples of sunflower meal, barley, wheat, oat, corn, wheat bran, grass hay, vetch hay, alfalfa hay and compound feeds were collected for evaluation. The samples of feed were analyzed for their chemical composition. Gas production capacity, in vitro organic matter digestibility and energy values of feeds were studied by Hohenheim Gas Test. The feed samples were incubated with rumen liquor for 24 hours and net gas production was computed. Digestibility values of organic matter and energy content were calculated. Variation in the chemical compositions was observed among forages at 3.23% to 20.89% for crude protein, 21.75% to 50.16% for crude fiber, 0.15% to 4.61% for ether extracts. In grains, crude protein ranged from 9.26% to 12.3%, crude fiber from 4.11% to 11.66%, and ether extract from 1.72% to 4.49%. The values of crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract in commercial dairy cows and beef cattle feed varied between 13.66% and 21.91%, 3.48% and 13.18%, and 2.09% and 6.60%, respectively. Net gas production value of forages was found between 12.38 and 52.54 ml/200 mg DM. ME and NEL contents of forages ranged from 3.07 to 10.22 MJ/kg DM and from 1.08 to 6.24 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The average gas production of oat, barley, wheat and corn was 59.20, 63.59, 68.00 and 67.94 ml/200 mg DM. Calculated ME and NEL values of corn, wheat, barley and oat by in vitro gas production were 13.08, 12.99, 12.45 and 12.10 MJ/kg DM and 8.30, 8.25, 7.84 and 7.55 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Net gas production of beef cattle feed and dairy feed was 51.48 ml/200 mg DM and 51.59 ml/200 mg DM. ME and NEL values of these feeds were 9.23-12.99 and 5.43-8.20 MJ/kg DM for beef cattle and 9.74-12.67 and 5.76-7.89 MJ/kg DM for dairy cattle feed. In this study, the nutrient composition and energy values of feedstuffs commonly grown or produced in the Marmara Region were tabulated. The results should help us better understand the nutrition potential of such feedstuffs and provide basic information in ruminant feeding.
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Prediction of Compounds from Cardamom (Elettaria cardamom Maton.)

In silico approaches are currently not employed in any of the spices to study the toxicity. The aim of this study is to find the most efficacious molecule which does not have any adverse effects. In the present study one hundred and eight compounds from cardamom were used to predict mutagenicity and carcinogenecity. The results of these studies indicate that only four compounds are non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic. The rest of the compounds do not have the characteristics necessary to become therapeutic agents have been identified early and prevented (i.e., the fail early, fail fast approach) from entering the drug development process.
A study of the fine structure of ciliated epithelia

The niajor components of the ciliary apparatus of epithelial cells which have been identified by light microscopy are the cilia, their basal corpuscles and their intracellular fibrous rootlets. The cilia pass through the striated cuticular border of the cell and project from its free surface. Their basal corpuscles are darkly staining granules situated in a clear zone of cytoplasm just beneath the specialized border. They are arranged in rows and in some cases appear to be joined together by a slender strand. The ciliary rootlets are delicate fibers which arise from the lower poles of the basal corpuscles and extend some distance downward into the cytoplasm. These rootlets are barely discernible at best and seem to be entirely lacking in the cells of many ciliated epithelia. The cilium it self is optically homogeneous except in certain instances where a thread-like structure running longitudinally tlirough the center of the ciliuni lias been revealed by special staining methods (Koltzoff, '03 ; Erhard, 'lo). I n occasional preparations this axial filament or axoneme has been reported to fray at the tip into a number of finer fibrils (Grave and Schmitt, '25). These observations of fibrillar internal struc' John and Mary Markle Scholar iii Medieal Science, Visiting Investigator Roekefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1952 and 1953. Present address : Department of Anatomy, Harvard Medical School.
VOCAL SIGNALS OF THE VILLAGE WEAVER: A SPECTROGRAPHIC KEY AND THE COMMUNICATION CODE

Abstract Vocal signals of a species are social signals and guides to its social life. Sound spectrograms were made of 21 of the 26 vocal signals in the extensive vocal repertoire of the African Village Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus). A spectrographic key to vocal signals helps make these signals comparable for different investigators. Short-distance contact calls are given in favorable situations and are generally characterized by low amplitude and great brevity of notes. Alarm cries are longer, louder, and often strident calls with much energy at high frequencies, whereas threat notes, also relatively long and harsh, emphasize lower frequencies. Each male displays his newest nest in a colony with an individually distinctive call to unmated females. The most harmonic calls of the species include a loud call by a male when an unmated female first enters his nest, and also very soft, brief notes given by parent birds to attract a fledgling. Males use somewhat different songs to defend territory, for courtship, and for advertisement. Application of Darwin's (1872) principle of antithesis suggests that vocal signals are composed of basic elements that vary in duration, frequency, loudness, and tonality of notes. These variations can be arranged in pairs of opposite extremes serving to reduce ambiguity in signals, in effect a communication code. At the same time, other selection pressures can enter in according to circumstances to modify the expression of this basic code in evolution.
Microbiological and nutritional quality of hawked kunun (a sorghum based non-alcoholic beverage) widely consumed in Nigeria.

The microbiological and nutritional quality of freshly processed and hawked kunun drinks in South Western Nigeria was investigated at Ibadan, Nigeria. The microbes found associated with both the hawked and the laboratory prepared kunun samples are Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus sutilis, B. cereus , Streptococus feaceaum, S. lactis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus acidiophilis, Escherishai coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Saccharomysces cerevisiae, Candida mycoderma, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum and Fusarium oxysporum. However, the freshly processed kunun drinks harbored no colifor m bacteria. The crude protein content of the hawked kunun drinks was found higher than that of the laboratory processed kunun samples, while the P of the Kunun zaki drinks were highest in the laboratory processed H samples. However, there were no significant differences between the carbohydrates contents of th e laboratory processed kunun drinks sample and that of the hawked kunun drinks
Early determination of sex in jojoba plant by CAPS assay

SUMMARY Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] is a dioecious plant grown for its seeds, which are the source of liquid wax or jojoba oil. The sex of jojoba plants cannot be determined with morphological characters until the plants reach reproductive maturity at 3 or more years old. This difficulty of early sex determination imposes severe constraints in breeding studies and in the sex allocation of seedlings in seed orchard establishment, and importantly in a priori mating designs to produce superior jojoba individuals. This study reports three new cleavage-amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) assays, which identify male and female individuals distinctly. One of the assays could also identify hermaphrodite jojoba plants existing in nature or obtained using mutagenesis studies.
Leaf emergence rates of wheat in a mediterranean environment

Rates of leaf appearance on the main stem were measured for various wheat varieties for five to ten sowing dates in three field experiments in Western Australia. Rate of leaf appearance was constant in relation to thermal time for any given variety and sowing date, and ranged from 0.0064 to 0.0132 leaves ("C day)-'. Most of this variation could be accounted for as a response to sowing date or rate of change of daylength, although the response was complicated by interactions with variety and year. Because successive measurements were made on the same plants, it was possible to estimate directly the effects of temperature on the rate of leaf emergence. In the three years, mean rates of leaf emergence were 0.008, 0.008 and 0.011 leaves day-' OC-' with base temperatures (temperatures at zero rate) of 0.08, - 1.2 and 0.4"C respectively. Contrary to expectation, rate of leaf emergence decreased as temperatures increased in late sowings due probably to depression of leaf emergence as daytime temperatures exceeded 25°C. For Gamenya, the only variety common to the three years, the rate of leaf emergence (RLE) on the main stem was related to the rate of change of daylength (ADL, min day-' negative when daylength shortening) by the equation RLE = 0.00949 + 0.000988 (ADL). For crops emerging in late June (ADL approximately zero) in southern Australia, this implies a constant thermal time for leaf appearance of 105°C day leaf-'.
Effects of cereal type, enzyme and sodium butyrate addition on growth performance, carcass traits and intestinal morphology of broilers

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was conducted to evaluate the effects of cereal type (corn vs. wheat), enzyme supplementation (0 or 0.4 g/kg diet), and sodium butyrate addition (0 or 2 g/kg diet) on growth performance, carcass traits and intestinal morphology of male broilers from 10 to 42 d. A total of 600 male Arbor Acres chickens were assigned to eight dietary treatments in a completely randomized design, providing five replicate pens per treatment. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC nutrient recommendations. When compared with birds fed corn-based diets, chickens fed wheat-based diets had inferior weight gain (1978 vs. 1807 g, p 0.05) on the relative weights of the proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, liver and heart. Cereal type had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on intestinal morphology, including villus height and crypt depth. Jejunal villus height (p < 0.05) and crypt depth (p < 0.01) were improved by sodium butyrate addition. In conclusion, the results of this experiment showed that enzyme and sodium butyrate addition, especially to the wheat based diet, improve growth performance.
An integrated approach to the taxonomy of the genus Verticillium

Summary: The taxonomic relationship among 64 isolates of the genus Verticillium was investigated using a range of morphological, physiological and biochemical characters with particular reference to V. lecanii. Forty-five isolates pertaining to the V. lecanii complex were compared, including isolates from arthropods (entomopathogens), rust fungi (hyperparasites) and ‘saprophytic’ sources. Other Verticillium species from invertebrate, fungal and plant hosts were included in the study to explore relationships within the genus. By analysing 41 characters, similarities were calculated between isolates using Gower's coefficient, and dendrograms were derived by average linkage clustering. Six cluster groups were delimited: V. lecanii isolates (7), mostly from homopteran insects; hyperparasitic isolates (3), including one of V. psalliotae, from rusts; V. lecanii isolates (18) mainly from insects of UK origin; V. lecanii isolates (7) from coffee rust; V. lecanii isolates (11) from scale insects, predominantly tropical; and two isolates of V. alboatrum. The remaining 16 isolates, mostly from Cordyceps and Torrubiella infections of tropical forest arthropods, did not fit into any cluster group and all probably represent undescribed anamorphs. A similar pattern was obtained when the electrophoretic properties of catalase isoenzymes were compared. Twelve catalase bands were identified. The taxonomic significance of these findings is discussed.
Production and release of bacterial capsular material and its subsequent utilization by marine bacterioplankton

Bacterioplankton not only take up dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and convert it into biomass and CO2, but also release DOC into the water column. Because bacterioplankton represent the largest living surface in the world's oceans, and most intact bacterioplankton have a capsular envelope, we tested the hypothesis that most of the DOC released by bacterioplankton into the water column is derived from capsular material. Therefore, the bacterial uptake of radiolabeled glucose was differentiated between incorporation into intracellular and capsular pools to obtain production estimates for capsular material. Release of the radiolabeled material into ambient water was followed and its potential as a carbon source for bacterioplankton determined. Of the radiolabed organic carbon detected in bacterioplankton, ~55% was incorporated into intracellular material and 45% into capsular material. No significant difference was found between seawater cultures grown under P‐limited and balanced nutrient conditions. After transfer of the radiolabeled bacteria into aged seawater, bacterial‐derived, radiolabeled DOC was released into the ambient water at a rate of ~15 amol C cell−1 h−1, which corresponds to ~25% of the respired C. Incorporation and respiration rates of this bacterial‐derived DOC by bacterioplankton were at least three orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding rates for glucose uptake. Incorporation of bacterial‐derived DOC was only detectable when additional inorganic nutrients were added. Thus, we have evidence that bacterioplankton are constantly renewing parts of the capsule by releasing this material into ambient water. The release rate of capsular material represents ~25% of the bacterial respiration rate and suggests that a considerable portion of the oceanic DOC pool should consist. of “semi‐labile” bacterial‐derived DOC.
The Utility of Nuclear ITS, a LEAFY Homolog Intron, and Chloroplast atpB-rbcL Spacer Region Data in Phylogenetic Analyses and Species Delimitation in Isoëtes

Abstract Despite its ancient origins, its worldwide distribution, and adaptation to diverse habitats, Isoëtes has a highly conserved morphology. This feature has made it difficult to resolve species and species relationships using morphological characters. In this paper, we report the utility of nucleotide sequences from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, chloroplast atpB/rbcL intergenic spacer region, and second intron of a LEAFY (LFY) homolog for identifying species relationships, delimiting basic diploid species, and determining hybrid origins. Variation in the ITS regions and atpB/rbcL spacer is most useful at the family level in Isoëtes and the LFY second intron is appropriate at the species and population level. The tree resulting from an analysis of the combined nuclear ITS and chloroplast atpB/rbcL spacer contains three major well supported clades (bootstrap ≥ 99%): an Old-World/California clade (I. abyssinica, I. longissima, I. velata, I. nuttallii, and I. orcuttii), an Asian/Australian clade (I. taiwanensis, I. japonica, I. kirkii, and I. drummondii), and a poorly resolved clade consisting of nine North American species. To further resolve and delimit the North American species, a combination of the LEAFY second intron and ITS data was used. The resulting consensus tree has limited resolution, supporting the hypothesis that the North American species complex radiated rapidly. The combination of LFY and ITS data provided numerous characters, both substitutions and indels, that are useful in species delimitation and identification of cryptic species. ITS sequence data, through additive banding and sequence misalignment, is also useful in confirming interspecific hybrids and determining their parental origins.
EFFECT OF WATER EXTRACTS FROM TISSUES OF COMMON BUCKWHEAT ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF WINTER WHEAT AND LETTUCE

The effect of water extracts from common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) tissues on seed germination and seedling growth of winter wheat and lettuce was examined. Two kinds of extracts were evaluated: from the aboveground parts and roots of common buckwheat (cv. Hruszowska). The effect of extracts was dependent on their kind, the time of action and the species of studied plants. Lettuce seeds were more sensitive to treating with extracts from buckwheat tissues than wheat seeds. Extract from the aboveground parts of buckwheat more clearly inhibited germination of wheat seeds than extract from roots. In lettuce the reverse phenomenon occurred: two times less seeds germinated in the presence of extract from aboveground parts of buckwheat than under the influence of extract from roots. Extracts from buckwheat tissues also inhibited the growth of roots of the studied species and the coleoptiles of wheat and hypocotyls of lettuce. Extract obtained from the aboveground parts of common buckwheat showed stronger inhibiting effect.
A kinetic study on extraction and transformation phenomena of phenolic compounds during red wine fermentation

Summary The aim of this work was both to model the kinetics of the extraction and transformation of phenolic compounds during fermentation and to propose an index to compare fermentation procedures. Six lots of Sangiovese grapes from five vineyards were used for red wine fermentation tests on lab and industrial scale during 2005 and 2006 vintages. Total phenol index, colour parameters, anthocyanin and pigmented polymer contents were measured during fermentations as variables related to phenolics. Microvinifications performed during vintage 2005 were used to model the evolution of total phenol index at 280 nm, malvidine content, colour parameter a* and pigmented polymer content during fermentation. Vinifications performed during vintage 2006 were used to validate the models. A specific adimensional number, called equivalent index, was set up to specify the operating conditions of red wine fermentation being a function of the extraction and transformation phenomena of phenolic compounds.
International Union of Pharmacology. XXXIII. Mammalian γ-Aminobutyric AcidB Receptors: Structure and Function

The γ-aminobutyric acidB(GABAB) receptor was first demonstrated on presynaptic terminals where it serves as an autoreceptor and also as a heteroreceptor to influence transmitter release by suppressing neuronal Ca2+ conductance. Subsequent studies showed the presence of the receptor on postsynaptic neurones where activation produces an increase in membrane K+ conductance and associated neuronal hyperpolarization. (−)-Baclofen is a highly selective agonist for GABAB receptors, whereas the established GABAAreceptor antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, do not block GABAB receptors. The receptor is Gi/Go protein-coupled with mixed effects on adenylate cyclase activity. The receptor comprises a heterodimer with similar subunits currently designated 1 and 2. These subunits are coupled via coiled-coil domains at their C termini. The evidence for splice variants is critically reviewed. Thus far, no unique pharmacological or functional properties have been assigned to either subunit or the variants. The emergence of high-affinity antagonists for GABAB receptors has enabled a synaptic role to be established. However, the antagonists have generally failed to establish the existence of pharmacologically distinct receptor types within the GABAB receptor class. The advent of GABAB1 knockout mice has also failed to provide support for multiple receptor types.
THE EFFECT OF MICRO‐ORGANISMS ON THE ABSORPTION OF MANGANESE BY PLANTS

Summary The uptake of manganese by barley plants grown in solution culture is stimulated in the presence of micro-organisms, irrespective of whether they originated as casual laboratory contaminants or as rhizosphere micro-organisms in the soil. The microbial effect is mediated by a watersoluble substance but neither its identity nor its mode of action has yet been established. When manganese is supplied as EDTA chelates these appear to be broken down at or near the surface of the roots and this process is accelerated in the presence of micro-organisms. Under the conditions of these experiments EDTA was absorbed by the plants much less readily than manganese.
Greater flamingo colonies around the Mediterranean form a single interbreeding population and share a common history

Th e greater fl amingo Phoenicopterus roseus is a long-lived colonial waterbird species, characterized by a large range encompassing three continents, a very limited number of breeding sites, and high dispersal abilities. We investigated both the phylogeographic history and the contemporary extent of genetic diff erentiation between eight diff erent Mediterranean breeding colonies of greater fl amingos sampled between 1995 and 2009, using both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. We found no signifi cant diff erences in allelic richness or private allelic richness in relation to colony size. Overall, no genetic population diff erentiation was detected using either mitochondrial or microsatellite markers. F-statistics and Bayesian clustering methods did not support any signifi cant genetic structure. Analysis of both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites indicated that populations have undergone a bottleneck followed by rapid growth and expansion. Th e average time since expansion was estimated to be 696 421 yr (90% CI: 526 316 – 1 131 579 yr). We discuss our results in relation to both the possible historical events accounting for the present genetic structure and relevance to conservation and management of the species.
Griseofulvin Producing Endophytic Nigrospora oryzae from Indian Emblica officinalis Gaertn: a New Report

Emblica officinalis (Amla) is widely used medicinal plant and is believed to increase defence against various types of diseases. E. officinalis harbours a range of endophytes responsible for synthesis of bioactive compounds. We screened endophytic fungi isolated from E. officinalis for their antimicrobial activity. During screening we found that a griseofulvin-producing endophytic fungus (Nigrospora oryzae) which is active against human pathogenic microbes. Nigrospora oryzae (DBT-150) was isolated and identified based on the morphology and ITS-rDNA sequence comparison. The presence of Griseofulvin was confirmed by standard spectra of Griseofulvin available in Mass Spectroscopy instrument. Griseofulvin is a non-toxic antifungal drug derived from several species of Penicillium. In the present study, this active compounds demonstrated activity against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This is a first report of Griseofulvin producing endophytic Nigrospora oryzae isolated from E. officinalis.
A Major Disjunction in Genetic Diversity Over the Geographic Range of Acacia melanoxylon R.Br

A study of allozyme variation in Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. in 27 populations from across the geographic range of the species indicated high genetic diversity compared to other Australian trees and plants generally. Clines of increasing genetic variability with increasing latitude were found for four measures of genetic diversity. Most of the genetic diversity is found within populations but there was an unusually high level of the variation between populations (37.7%). A distinct genetic separation between the northern and southern populations was located approximately at the Hunter River region, where there is also a disjunction in the distribution of the species. The Nei (1978) genetic distance between these populations within this species is larger than observed between some plant species. Clearly the species has evolved separately in the two regions for a considerable time.