Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response to letter by Werner et al

the Bland–Altman plots in Fig. 1, where cool detection threshold (CDT) test–retest data from the original figure 2A (left, p. 553) of Geber et al. are reassessed [1,2]. In our Fig. 1B, it is seen that the limits of agreement (left) are 11.9 to 12.7 C, indicating a 95% range of test–retest differences of 24.6 C corresponding to a standard deviation of 6.3 C. However, this calculation may not be entirely correct because the differences are not the same throughout the range of measurement at more negative values of x-data, and a substantially larger spread of y-data is evident. Fig. 1C therefore illustrates a suitable data transformation. The transformation does not substantially affect the limits of agreement. They are still very wide. As an example, a test value of 9.0 C corresponds to a retest value in the 95% range of 2.7 to 30.0 C! Thus, the use of difference plots to illustrate test–retest variability is a more transparent method than use of correlation coefficients. Similar calculations can be made for interobserver reliability, demonstrating large interobserver differences. Furthermore, the plots illustrate that the majority of CDT test–retest data are distributed between 0 and 15 C. Only 15% to 20% of the data are outside this range— that is, between 15 and 32 C. This heterogeneous data dispersion, in relation to the measurement range, may lead to higher values of the correlation coefficient. Although other statistical methods have been used in variability assessments, such as the intraclass correlation coefficients, variability coefficients, repeatability coefficients, and Cohen’s kappa statistic, the Bland–Altman plot seems to give a valuable, concise, and transparent view of the data.
A note on the energy cost of walking in cattle

Measurements were made of the heat production of cattle while standing at rest or walking on a treadmill at different speeds, both on the level and at a gradient of 6°. The energy cost of horizontal locomotion was about 2 J/kg per m at speeds of 40 to 85 m/min, irrespective of body weight or plane of nutrition. The energy cost of vertical locomotion was about 26 J/kg per vertical m.
The Clean Development Mechanism: too flexible to produce sustainable development benefits?

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol has a dual objective: to encourage low-cost emission reduction and to promote sustainable development in the host countries of CDM projects. The CDM has by and large delivered on the first objective but arguably not on the second. This paper assesses quantitatively the form and prevalence of co-benefits in CDM projects. Adopting a broad definition of sustainable development, the project design documents of 409 projects (10% of the October 2008 project pipeline) were searched for keyword indicators of contributions to economic growth, physical, social and natural capital. Economic growth co-benefits, in the form of employment, constitute the main project co-benefit, with 82% of projects claiming to contribute to employment. Under a stricter sustainable development definition, projects contribute principally to social capital, primarily training (67%), with physical and natural capital gains less prominent. End-of-pipe projects are found to have lower co-benefits than renewable energy or forestry projects in particular. Contrary to common belief, small-scale projects do not appear to provide higher co-benefits than large-scale projects.
Sulfur isotope study of the Kuroko-ores of the Shakanai No. 1 deposits, Akita Prefecture, Japan

Sulfur isotope data of the Kuroko-ores from the No. 1 deposits of the Shakanai mine reveal that the δ34S value of sulfide minerals decreases gradually towards the top of the sequence of the stratigraphic and mineralogical zonation of the ores. For example, δ34S values of pyrite show a gradual decrease towards the top of the sequence: +8.2 to +7.2‰ in disseminated ores and veins in the footwall rocks; +6.2 to +5.4‰ in pyrite-ores; +5.5 to +4.6‰ in yellow-ores; +5.6 to +3.0‰ in black-ores; +4.6 to -6.0‰ in hematite-quartz layers. δ34S values of barite in the black-ores are fairly uniform, giving +22∼s+23‰. Sulfur isotope temperatures obtained from coexisting sulfides from different types of ores are fairly consistent, giving temperatures around 250°C (from temperature scales by KAJIWARA and KROUSE, 1970), which is in good agreement with the_ maximum value of a temperature range indicated by fluid inclusion and mineral equilibria studies (ISHIZAKA, 1968; KAJIWARA, 1968). Applications of equilibrium concepts to the observed mineralogy and sulfur isotope data of the ores give the following information: 1) The major source of the ore-forming sulfur was Miocene sea-water sulfate with a δ34S value of around +20‰. 2) Total sulfur content of solutions responsible for the ore-deposition was probably around 0.01 mole/Kg -H2O, which is very close to the value of the present-day sea-water. 3) The observed trend of decreasing δ34S values of sulfide minerals towards the top of the sequence can best be explained by the increase in fo2, pH, and total sulfur content of solutions due to the increasing contribution of sea-water during the ore-deposition. It is thus suggested that the stratigraphic and mineralogical zonation of the ores was also caused by the same mechanism.
The Coexistence of Two Plagioclases in the Oligoclase Compositional Range

Although the albite structure differs somewhat from the anorthite structure, there is little doubt that at high temperatures a (virtually) complete series of solid solutions exists between NaAlSiOs5 and CaAl2Si2Os. At low temperatures, however, the relations are more complex. Chao and Taylor (1940) and Cole, S6rum, and Taylor (1951) showed that plagioclases ranging from about An30o to An7o may be made up of submicroscopic intergrowths of two materials with compositions close to Anso and An7o. Thus it would appear that plagioclases in the range 30-70 per cent An are unstable at low temperatures. On the other hand, these authors, as well as Tuttle and Bowen (1950), report that albite (low-temperature form of NaASi3Os) forms solid solutions with anorthite up to about 30 per cent An. These reports were based on X-ray powder diffraction work by Tuttle and Bowen and on single-crystal methods by Taylor and his co-workers. The present writer's investigations of albites and oligoclases led to somewhat different conclusions. All "low-temperature" plagioclases within the range Ans-Ann1 that were examined by the writer proved to be made up of two phases: (1) a plagioclase with lattice angles close to those of albite and (2) a plagioclase with lattice angles close to those
Effect of seven years of experimental drought on the aboveground biomass storage of an eastern Amazonian rainforest

(1) Centro de Geociencias, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil, (2) School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, (3) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK, (4) Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil, (5) Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, (6) School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, (7) Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Tidal Energetics over the Chatham Rise, New Zealand

Abstract Separate one-month current meter deployments in 1996 and 1997 over the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand, show that tidal phases are both stable in time and close to those derived from a barotropic tidal model, while amplitudes show coefficients of variation as high as 30%. These observations are consistent with the presence of a baroclinic component to the tide that is phase-locked to the barotropic component. The near-zero phase difference between the model and observations suggests local generation of the barotropic tide. As well as the current meter data, two 24-hour time series of CTD casts are used to compute tidal vertical displacements. Vertical displacements up to 40 m lead to estimates of time-averaged potential energy ranging from 75 to 782 J m−2 for the semidiurnal tide and 40 to 147 J m−2 for the diurnal tide. Energy radiated from the Chatham Rise could be as high as 1.1 GW.
Human Development Trends Since 1970: A Social Convergence Story

This paper uses a unique data set of the Human Development Index to describe long-run human development trends for 111 countries, from 1970 to 2005. The first part of the paper shows trends by region, period and index subcomponent. We find that 110 of the 111 countries show progress in their HDI levels over a 35-year period. HDI growth is fastest for low-HDI and middle-HDI countries in the pre-1990 period. The life-expectancy and education subcomponents grow faster than income. The assessment of HDI progress is sensitive to choice of measurement. The second part of the paper focuses on the differences between income and non-income determinants of human development. First, HDI growth converges, both absolutely and conditionally, when running HDI growth rates on initial levels of HD. Second, we find that the income and non-income components of HDI change have a near-zero correlation. Third, we look at determinants of the non-income components of the HDI. We find that income is not a significant determinant of HDI change once we include urbanization, fertility and female schooling. Fourth, we test the effects of institutions, geography and gender on HDI growth. We find that the most robust predictors of HDI growth are fertility and female schooling. We check this result using years of women’s suffrage as an instrument for changes in gender relations, and find that it is a significant predictor of HDI progress for the whole sample.
Journal Pre-proof Evidence for a modulating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on salivary alpha-amylase as indirect noradrenergic marker: A pooled mega-analysis as A

Evidence for a modulating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on salivary alpha-amylase indirect noradrenergic marker: pooled mega-analysis, Abstract Background: Non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has received tremendous attention as a potential neuromodulator of of LC-NA system (371 collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) as a potential marker NA While a meta-analytic approach using summary statistics did not yield any signiﬁcant eﬀects, linear mixed model analyses showed that aﬀerent stimulation of the vagus nerve via taVNS increased sAA levels compared to sham ( b = 0 . 16 , SE = 0 . 05 , p = 0 . 001). When considering potential confounders of sAA, we further replicated previous ﬁndings on the diurnal trajectory of sAA activity. our the beneﬁts of data pooling data
Numerical modelling of sublimation on snow and comparison with field measurements

Abstract Various field observations of surface-hoar formation were carried out with measurements of vapor sublimation rate and meteorological conditions from 1994 to 1996 in a mountainous area of northern Hokkaido,Japan. The sublimation rate seemed to increase with wind speed when the relative humidity was high, whereas the sublimation rate changed from positive to negative as the wind speed increased when the relative humidity was low (60–70%RH). These results were explained with a numerical model (called the Simple model) for the heat balance at the snow surface; the results of the model showed that there is a specific wind speed which maximizes the sublimation rate when the relative humidity is low, and indicated that the sublimation rate becomes large under humid conditions (>90%RH) and if wind speeds are increasing in the range 0.5–3.5 m s–1. The heat balance at the snow surface reproduced by another snow model, Crocus, agreed well with the observation results. However, Crocus overestimated the sublimation rate by about 1.3 × 10–6 kg m–2 s–1 when surface hoar formed, and underestimated snow surface temperature by several degrees.
Quantitative Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sensing with Liquid Crystal Core Fibers

We present a quantitative assessment of the ability of liquid crystal (LC)-filled polymer fibers to sense volatile organic compounds (VOCs). By correlating the birefringence ∆n of two LCs with different nematic-isotropic transition temperatures T<sub>NI</sub> to the concentration c<sub>tol</sub> of toluene vapor in the atmosphere, we show that T<sub>NI</sub> is critical for the performance. The ∆n(c<sub>tol</sub>) response is fully reversible and quantitatively repeatable over several cycles. The response time is reduced from minutes to seconds by priming the fibers with a toluene pre-exposure. We propose that broad operating temperature range can be realized by combining fibers with different LC mixtures, yielding autonomous VOC sensors with textile form factor suitable for integration in apparel or in furniture that can compete with existing consumer grade electronic VOC sensors in terms of sensitivity and response speed, and outperform them in terms of selectivity.
Virus-Speciﬁc Effects of TRIM5 (cid:1) rh RING Domain Functions on Restriction of Retroviruses

The tripartite motif protein TRIM5 (cid:1) restricts particular retrovirus infections by binding to the incoming capsid and inhibiting the early stage of virus infection. The TRIM5 (cid:1) RING domain exhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and assists the higher-order association of TRIM5 (cid:1) dimers, which promotes capsid binding. We characterized a panel of RING domain mutants of the rhesus monkey TRIM5 (cid:1) (TRIM5 (cid:1) rh ) protein. The RING domain function that signiﬁcantly contributed to retroviral restriction depended upon the restricted virus. The E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the RING domain contributes to the potency of HIV-1 restriction. Nonetheless, TRIM5 (cid:1) rh mutants without detectable E3 ubiquitin ligase activity still blocked reverse transcription and inhibited HIV-1 infection at a moderate level. When TRIM5 (cid:1) rh capsid binding was weakened by substitution with a less efﬁcient B30.2/SPRY domain, the promotion of higher-order association by the RING domain was more important to HIV-1 restriction than its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. For the restriction of N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV)
Agreement of sedentary behaviour metrics derived from hip-worn and thigh-worn accelerometers among older adults: with implications for studying physical and cognitive health

Little is known about how sedentary behaviour (SB) metrics derived from hip-worn and thigh-worn accelerometers agree for older adults. Thigh-worn activPAL micro monitors were concurrently worn with hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers (with SB measured using the 100 count-per-minute (cpm) cut-point; ActiGraph100cpm) by 953 older adults (age 77±6.6, 54% women) for 4-to-7 days. Device agreement for sedentary time and 5 SB pattern metrics was assessed using mean error and correlations. Logistic regression tested associations with 4 health outcomes using standardized (i.e., z-scores) and unstandardized SB metrics. Mean errors (activPAL-ActiGraph100cpm) and 95% limits of agreement were: sedentary time Address for corresponding author: John Bellettiere, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, Fax: 858-534-8625, Tel: 858-534-3722, jbellettiere@ucsd.edu. *co-senior authors HHS Public Access Author manuscript J Meas Phys Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2021 October 26. Published in final edited form as: J Meas Phys Behav. 2021 March ; 4(1): 79–88. doi:10.1123/jmpb.2020-0036. A uhor M anscript
Temperature impacts on the water year 2014 drought in California

California is experiencing one of the worst droughts on record. We use a hydrological model and risk assessment framework to understand the influence of temperature on the water year (WY) 2014 drought in California and examine the probability that this drought would have been less severe if temperatures resembled the historical climatology. Our results indicate that temperature played an important role in exacerbating the WY 2014 drought severity. We found that if WY 2014 temperatures resembled the 1916–2012 climatology, there would have been at least an 86% chance that winter snow water equivalent and spring‐summer soil moisture and runoff deficits would have been less severe than the observed conditions. We also report that the temperature forecast skill in California for the important seasons of winter and spring is negligible, beyond a lead time of 1 month, which we postulate might hinder skillful drought prediction in California.
Modeling glacial‐interglacial changes in global fire regimes and trace gas emissions

Climate at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) together with low atmospheric CO2 concentration forced a shift in vegetation zones, generally favored grasses over woody plants and allowed the colonization of continental shelves. Many studies using models and/or palaeo data have focused on reconstructing climate and vegetation changes between LGM and present, but the implications for changes in fire regime and atmospheric chemistry have not previously been analyzed. We have investigated possible global changes in fire regime using climate model simulations of the LGM to drive the Lund‐Potsdam‐Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ) with its embedded fire model, Glob‐FIRM. Simulation results reveal a pronounced shift of pyrogenic emission sources to lower latitudes. Global total emissions were slightly reduced. Enhanced nitrogen oxides emissions in the tropics could potentially have increased the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere, helping to explain the low atmospheric methane concentrations during glacial periods as observed in the ice core records.
The Spread of COVID-19 Crisis Communication by German Public Authorities and Experts on Twitter: Quantitative Content Analysis (Preprint)

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic led to the necessity of immediate crisis communication by public health authorities. In Germany, as in many other countries, people choose social media, including Twitter, to obtain real-time information and understanding of the pandemic and its consequences. Next to authorities, experts such as virologists and science communicators were very prominent at the beginning of German Twitter COVID-19 crisis communication. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to detect similarities and differences between public authorities and individual experts in COVID-19 crisis communication on Twitter during the first year of the pandemic. METHODS Descriptive analysis and quantitative content analysis were carried out on 8251 original tweets posted from January 1, 2020, to January 15, 2021. COVID-19–related tweets of 21 authorities and 18 experts were categorized into structural, content, and style components. Negative binomial regressions were performed to evaluate tweet spread measured by the retweet and like counts of COVID-19–related tweets. RESULTS Descriptive statistics revealed that authorities and experts increasingly tweeted about COVID-19 over the period under study. Two experts and one authority were responsible for 70.26% (544,418/774,865) of all retweets, thus representing COVID-19 influencers. Altogether, COVID-19 tweets by experts reached a 7-fold higher rate of retweeting (t8,249=26.94, P<.001) and 13.9 times the like rate (t8,249=31.27, P<.001) compared with those of authorities. Tweets by authorities were much more designed than those by experts, with more structural and content components; for example, 91.99% (4997/5432) of tweets by authorities used hashtags in contrast to only 19.01% (536/2819) of experts’ COVID-19 tweets. Multivariate analysis revealed that such structural elements reduce the spread of the tweets, and the incidence rate of retweets for authorities’ tweets using hashtags was approximately 0.64 that of tweets without hashtags (Z=–6.92, P<.001). For experts, the effect of hashtags on retweets was insignificant (Z=1.56, P=.12). CONCLUSIONS Twitter data are a powerful information source and suitable for crisis communication in Germany. COVID-19 tweet activity mirrors the development of COVID-19 cases in Germany. Twitter users retweet and like communications regarding COVID-19 by experts more than those delivered by authorities. Tweets have higher coverage for both authorities and experts when they are plain and for authorities when they directly address people. For authorities, it appears that it was difficult to win recognition during COVID-19. For all stakeholders studied, the association between number of followers and number of retweets was highly significantly positive (authorities Z=28.74, P<.001; experts Z=25.99, P<.001). Updated standards might be required for successful crisis communication by authorities.
Evaluation of integrated KW-GIUH and MUSLE models to predict sediment yield using geographic information system (GIS) (Case study: Kengir watershed, Iran)

In this study, the Kinematic Wave-Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph-Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (KW-GIUH-MUSLE) model was tested for its sediment yield estimation potential on the Kengir watershed in Iyvan city of Ilam Province, Iran. The runoff factor was calculated for six storms during 2000. The spatial distribution of soil erodibility factor was taken from the attribute data pertaining to the soils of the study area. The topographic factor (LS) was calculated by multiplying the length (L) and slope (S) factor from the created maps. On the other hand, cropping management and erosion control practice factors, for different land use, were taken from the satellite based land use/land cover attribute data and geographic information system (GIS), respectively. Subsequently, all the parameters were substituted in the KW-GIUH-MUSLE in order to derive event-wise sediment yields. Sediment yield at the outlet of the study watershed was simulated for 6 storm events spread over the year 2000 and validated with the measured values. The percent deviations between the sediment yield measurements and observations vary in the range of -22.50 to 5.83%. The high coefficient of determination value (0.99) indicates that model sediment yield predictions are satisfactory for practical purposes.
Fresh and saline groundwater discharge to the ocean: A regional perspective

Studies of groundwater flow in coastal aquifers often focus strongly on freshwater and investigate flow in a narrow (<5 km) zone surrounding the coastline. This work was designed to place coastal flow in a regional context and to compare fresh and saline submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) for regional flow systems. Numerical flow and transport models were developed to estimate SGD associated with topography‐driven flow, seawater recirculation, and geothermal convection in a passive margin setting. Simulations were based on two cross sections of North Carolina, and sensitivity studies were used to explore the impact of varying hydraulic and transport parameters. Results suggest that saline flow associated with seawater recirculation and geothermal convection should be considered in studies of SGD. Studies limited to shallow topography‐driven flow may be justified in using small study areas, but flow systems contributing to SGD may span at least 20 km surrounding the coast and continental slope.