Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
English as a Contact Language: The role of mundane mobility and contact in dialect death and dialect birth

Urry begins his 2007 book, Mobilities, by throwing some quite stunning statistics at his readers: in 2010, there were one billion legal international arrivals at ports and airports; in 1800 people in the US travelled on average 50 metres per day, today it is 50 kilometres per day; 8.7% of world employment is in tourism; and, at any one time, there are 360,000 passengers in flight above the United States (2007: 3-4). But very many of these mobilities for the individuals concerned are or have become rather unexceptional – a flight to a holiday in Majorca or Florida, a journey on a crowded commuter train into Madrid or Tokyo, a cross-Channel ferry to Calais in France to pick up some cheap wine and a camembert. Whilst much of the theoretically influential dialectological literature on mobility reports on long-distance, often permanent, often dangerous migrations, I turn our attention here to the dialectological consequences of this unexceptional everyday movement. I will argue here that, just as more dramatic and long-distance mobilities can trigger linguistic change, so too can the much more mundane movements we engage in in everyday life. I demonstrate that the linguistic consequences of that contact are similar if not the same – perhaps less dramatic, perhaps involving the convergence of an initially less divergent array of variants – but typologically of the same ilk. And I demonstrate that because these mobilities have been long-term, intensive and ongoing, their consequences on the dialect landscape have been highly significant. Important to remember, however, is that these mobilities are socially stratified and unevenly distributed. As Wolff put it: “the suggestion of free and equal mobility is … a deception, since we don’t all have the same access to the road” (1993: 253).
Seismicity and Crustal Structure of the Polochic-Motagua Fault System Area (Guatemala)

We report results from a six-month seismological experiment in the area of the eastern Polochic-Motagua fault system (Guatemala) designed to both characterize the present seismicity and bring some constraints on the lithospheric structure. The seismic activity occurs in the upper 15 km of the crust, on the Polochic and the Motagua faults as well as in a NS-trending graben south of the Motagua fault and within the active folds north of the Polochic fault. From receiver function analysis the Moho discontinuity is found at about 35 km depth north of the Polochic fault and south of the Motagua fault, while the region in between is characterized by a 4-to-6-km thinner crust or by a 6–7% decrease of the Vp / Vs ratio. The more than 2,000-km-long, mostly submarine, left-lateral strike-slip boundary between the North American and the Caribbean plates continues on land with the Polochic-Motagua fault system mainly located in Guatemala (Figure 1). This fault system accommodates 20 mm/yr of left lateral strike-slip movement ( e.g. , Lyon-Caen et al. 2006) and includes three major convex subparallel EW-trending faults which are, from north to south, the Polochic, the Motagua, and the Jocotan. Both the Polochic and Motagua faults show evidence of recent activity in their historical seismicity (Table 1; and see also Carr and Stoiber 1977; White and Harlow 1993; Ambraseys and Adams 2001) and their morphology ( e.g. , Burkart and Self 1985, Schwartz et al. 1979). South of the Motagua fault, a series of NS-trending grabens extends from the Honduras depression on the Caribbean Coast of Honduras to the Guatemala graben in the center of Guatemala. The last large earthquake ( Mw ∼7.5) in Guatemala occurred in February 1976, ruptured 230 km of the Motagua fault with an average slip observed at the surface of 1.4 m …
A new model to analyse the impact of woody riparian vegetation on the geotechnical stability of riverbanks

We present a geotechnical stability analysis for the planar failure of riverbanks, which incorporates the effects of root reinforcement and surcharge for mature stands of woody riparian vegetation. The analysis relies on a new method of representing the root distribution in the soil, which evaluates the effects of the vegetation's position on the bank. The model is used in a series of sensitivity analyses performed for a wide range of bank morphological (bank slope and height) and sedimentological (bank cohesion and friction angle) conditions, enabling discrimination of the types of bank environment for which vegetation has an effect on bank stability. The results indicate that woody vegetation elements have a maximal impact on bank stability when they are located at the ends of the incipient failure plane (i.e. at the bank toe or at the intersection of the failure plane with the floodplain) and that vegetation has a greater effect on net bank stability when it is growing on low, shallow, banks comprised of weakly cohesive sediments. However, the magnitude of these effects is limited, with vegetation typically inducing changes (relative to non‐vegetated banks) in simulated factors of safety of less than 5%. If correct, this suggests that the well documented effects of vegetation on channel morphology must be related to alternative process mechanisms (such as the interaction of vegetation with river flows) rather than the mechanical effects of vegetation on bank failure, except in special cases where the equivalent non‐vegetated bank has a highly marginal stability status. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong Physical Contrasts Across Two Mid‐Lithosphere Discontinuities Beneath the Northwestern United States: Evidence for Cratonic Mantle Metasomatism

Mid‐lithosphere discontinuities are seismic interfaces likely located within the lithospheric mantle of stable cratons, which typically represent velocities decreasing with depth. The origins of these interfaces are poorly understood due to the difficulties in both characterizing them seismically and reconciling the observations with thermal‐chemical models of cratons. Metasomatism of the cratonic lithosphere has been reported by numerous geochemical and petrological studies worldwide, yet its seismic signature remains elusive. Here, we identify two distinct mid‐lithosphere discontinuities at ∼87 and ∼117 km depth beneath the eastern Wyoming craton and the southwestern Superior craton by analyzing seismic data recorded by two longstanding stations. Our waveform modeling shows that the shallow and deep interfaces represent isotropic velocity drops of 2%–8% and 4%–9%, respectively, depending on the contributions from changes in radial anisotropy and density. By building a thermal‐chemical model including the regional xenolith thermobarometry constraints and the experimental phase‐equilibrium data of mantle metasomatism, we show that the shallow interface probably represents the metasomatic front, below which hydrous minerals such as amphibole and phlogopite are present, whereas the deep interface may be caused by the onset of carbonated partial melting. The hydrous minerals and melts are products of mantle metasomatism, with CO2‐H2O‐rich siliceous melt as a probable metasomatic reagent. Our results suggest that mantle metasomatism is probably an important cause of mid‐lithosphere discontinuities worldwide, especially near craton boundaries, where the mantle lithosphere may be intensely metasomatized by fluids and melts released by subducting slabs.
Postsubduction ocean island alkali basalts in Fiji

The character of alkalic volcanism in Fiji changed at about 3 Ma when the mode of formation of the adjacent Lau back arc basin shifted from rifting to active spreading, leaving Fiji as a remnant arc. The geochemical change occurred throughout Fiji within 500,000 years of the age of the oldest magnetic anomaly in the Lau Basin. The alkalic volcanism changed from shoshonitic during the rifting stage to ocean island basaltic (OIB) during the spreading stage. The Fijian OIBs have Nb/La ratios >1.0 and are divided into two types on the basis of the enrichment levels and ratios of incompatible elements. The less enriched type generally is older and has Dupal isotopic traits. The Fijian OIBs may reflect the introduction of sub-Pacific mantle from Samoa beneath Fiji and the northern Lau and North Fiji basins since breakup of the arc.
Stock Price Prediction using Neural Network with Hybridized Market Indicators

Stock prediction with data mining techniques is one of the most important issues in finance being investigated by researchers across the globe. Data mining techniques can be used extensively in the financial markets to help investors make qualitative decision. One of the techniques is artificial neural network (ANN). However, in the application of ANN for predicting the financial market the use of technical analysis variables for stock prediction is predominant. In this paper, we present a hybridized approach which combines the use of the variables of technical and fundamental analysis of stock market indicators for prediction of future price of stock in order to improve on the existing approaches. The hybridized approach was tested with published stock data and the results obtained showed remarkable improvement over the use of only technical analysis variables. Also, the prediction from hybridized approach was found satisfactorily adequate as a guide for traders and investors in making qualitative decisions.
MICRORNA-200 FAMILY EXPRESSION LEVEL CHANGES IN STIMULATED THP-1 CELLS FOLLOWING NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION

Innate immunity is the immune systems rapid responses to infection after being attacked by a pathogen. Inflammatory responses are activated by the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern recognition receptors on inflammatory cells. NLRs are activated by intracellular PAMPs which warn cells of damage and have a major role in initiating the innate inflammatory responses as well as the development of infectious and inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 is a very large multiprotein complex and is the most studied inflammasome. The NLRP3 Inflammasome follows a two-signal model for activation, signal one forms the NLRP3 complex and signal two activates the inflammasome. NLRP3 initiates an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis and triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The miR-200 family has five members, miR-200a, miR-200b and miR-429 located on chromosome 1 and miR-200c and miR-141 located on chromosome 12. In this study, THP-1 cells were differentiated with PMA then stimulated with LPS and ATP. Various time samples were collected and isolated to obtain miRNA. Two-step RT-qPCR was then performed to quantitively monitor the changes in miRNA-200 family expression levels. The purpose of this study was to observe how miRNA-200 family expression levels change in stimulated THP-1 cells as the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated. This became a pilot study as all biological replicates could not be analyzed, miR-200 family is showing a potential response to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and they should be investigated further.
The Impact of Katabatic Winds on Martian Thermal Inertia Retrievals

Figure 1: [Left] LMD Mesoscale Model predictions of horizontal wind and surface temperature in northern fall nighttime conditions [see ref. 7]. Uniform value of thermal inertia is set in the whole Olympus Mons / Lycus Sulci domain. Warming of the surface occurs under the radiative influence of the atmosphere adiabatically heated by katabatic (downslope) winds. Predictions for surface temperature are in close agreement with observations carried out by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES); [Right] Thermal inertia retrievals based on TES measurements in the Olympus Mons / Lycus Sulci region [see ref. 2]. Apparent thermal inertia derived from modeled surface temperature by the mesoscale model (using for this retrieval single-column modeling with complete soil / subsurface scheme) shows close agreement to the field displayed here.
Nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural soils: a review

The greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere have significantly increased since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The most important greenhouse gases are CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O, with CH 4 and N 2 O presenting global warming potentials 25 and 298 times higher than CO 2 , respectively. Most of the N 2 O emissions take place in soils and are related with agricultural activities. So, this review article aimed at presenting the mechanisms of N 2 O formation and emission in agricultural soils, as well as gathering and discussing information on how soil management practices may be used to reduce such emissions. The N 2 O formation in the soil occurs mainly through nitrification and denitrification processes, which are influenced by soil moisture, temperature, oxygen concentration, amount of available organic carbon and nitrogen and soil C/N ratio. Among these factors, those related to soil could be easily altered by management practices. Therefore, understanding the processes of N 2 O formation in soils and the factors influencing these emissions is fundamental to develop efficient strategies to reduce N 2 O emissions in agricultural soils.
FAKTOR RISIKO STUNTING PADA BALITA (24—59 BULAN) DI SUMATERA

This study was aimed to analyze risk factors of stunting in underfive children aged 24—59 months in Sumatera. A cross sectional study was conducted in 1 239 children at Aceh, North Sumatera, South Sumatera, and Lampung Provinces who have complete variable data of the National Basic Health Research 2010. The data were collected by questionnaires and anthropometric assessment. Chi square analysis and logistic regression were used to assess the association between risk factors and stunting in children. The result showed that prevalence of stunting among children were 44.1%. The significant risk factors of stunting among subjects (p<0.05) were mother’s height (OR=1.36), fat intake (OR=1.30), family size (OR=1.38), and drinking water resources (OR=1.36). The dominant factor that associated with stunting in children was family size (OR=1.38). Researcher suggest that family can control total children with family planning program.
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​ — ​ We present a hybrid algorithm to estimate lung nodule malignancy that combines imaging biomarkers from Radiologist’s annotation with image classification of CT scans. Our algorithm employs a 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as well as a Random Forest in order to combine CT imagery with biomarker annotation and volumetric radiomic features. We analyze and compare the performance of the algorithm using only imagery, only biomarkers, combined imagery + biomarkers, combined imagery + volumetric radiomic features and finally the combination of imagery + biomarkers + volumetric features in order to classify the suspicion level of nodule malignancy. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC) IDRI dataset is used to train and evaluate the classification task. We show that the incorporation of semi-supervised learning by means of K-Nearest-Neighbors (KNN) can increase the available training sample size of the LIDC-IDRI thereby further improving the accuracy of malignancy estimation of most of the models tested although there is no significant improvement with the use of KNN semi-supervised learning if image classification with CNNs and volumetric features are combined with descriptive biomarkers. Unexpectedly, we also show that a model using image biomarkers alone is more accurate than one that combines biomarkers with volumetric radiomics, 3D CNNs, and semi-supervised learning. We discuss the possibility that this result may be influenced by cognitive bias in LIDC-IDRI because malignancy estimates were recorded by the same radiologist panel as biomarkers, as well as future work to incorporate pathology information over a subset of study participants.
Temporal variations of reservoir sediment sources in a small mountainous catchment in Korea

An understanding of the temporal variation in reservoir sedimentation and identification of the main sources of sediment are necessary for the maintenance of sustainable reservoirs. For this purpose, field measurements, sampling, and fingerprinting of reservoir sediment were undertaken from July 2005 to November 2007. Source fingerprinting of reservoir sediment was conducted using cesium‐137 (137Cs). The relative contributions of gully bank and forest road, and forest floor material to reservoir sediment were calculated using a mixing model. Bank and forest road material, estimated to make up about 96% of the reservoir sediment, was the dominant source. Enormous reservoir sedimentation, which amounted to about 60% of the total reservoir sedimentation during the observation period, occurred during a heavy rainstorm with an 80‐year recurrence time. To maintain the sustainability of the reservoir in this study, therefore, temporal and spatial preparation strategies for heavy rainstorms and bank and forest road erosion should be considered. However, spatial information on sediment sources from 137Cs fingerprinting is limited. To better identify the sediment sources spatially and temporally, further studies applying soil erosion models and more detailed field studies are needed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of selected biocides

22 Methanogenic archaea have long been implicated in microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of oil 23 and gas infrastructure, yet a first understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms has only 24 recently emerged. We surveyed pipeline-associated microbiomes from geographically distinct oil 25 field facilities and found methanogens to account for 0.2 – 9.3% of the sequenced communities. 26 Neither the type nor the abundance of the detected methanogens correlated to the perceived 27 severity of MIC in these pipelines. Using fluids from one pipeline, MIC was reproduced in the 28 laboratory, both under stagnant conditions and in customized corrosion reactors simulating 29 pipeline flow. High corrosion rates (up to 2.43 mm Fe 0 yr -1 ) with macroscopic, localized corrosion 30 features were attributed to lithotrophic, mesophilic microbial activity. Other laboratory tests with 31 the same waters yielded negligible corrosion rates (< 0.08 mm Fe 0 yr -1 ). Recently a novel [NiFe] 32 hydrogenase, from Methanococcus maripaludis strain OS7, was demonstrated to accelerate 33 corrosion. We developed a specific qPCR assay and detected the gene encoding the large subunit 34 of this hydrogenase (labelled micH ) in corrosive (> 0.15 mm Fe 0 yr -1 ) biofilms. The micH gene on 35 the other hand was absent in non-corrosive biofilms despite an abundance of methanogens. 36 Reconstruction of a nearly complete Methanococcus maripaludis genome from a highly corrosive 37 mixed biofilm revealed micH and associated genes in near-identical genetic configuration as strain 38 OS7, thereby supporting our hypothesis that the encoded molecular mechanism contributed to 39 corrosion. Lastly, the proposed MIC biomarker was detected in multiple oil fields, indicating a 40 geographically widespread involvement of this [NiFe] hydrogenase in MIC.
Propofol prevents electroconvulsive-shock-induced memory impairment through regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in a rat model of depression

Background: Although a rapid and efficient psychiatric treatment, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) induces memory impairment. Modified ECT requires anesthesia for safety purposes. Although traditionally found to exert amnesic effects in general anesthesia, which is an inherent part of modified ECT, some anesthetics have been found to protect against ECT-induced cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the effects of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) on memory in depressed rats undergoing electroconvulsive shock (ECS), the analog of ECT in animals, under anesthesia as well as its mechanisms. Methods: Chronic unpredictable mild stresses were adopted to reproduce depression in a rodent model. Rats underwent ECS (or sham ECS) with anesthesia with propofol or normal saline. Behavior was assessed in sucrose preference, open field and Morris water maze tests. Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was measured using electrophysiological techniques. PSD-95, CREB, and p-CREB protein expression was assayed with Western blotting. Results: Depression induced memory damage, and downregulated LTP, PSD-95, CREB, and p-CREB; these effects were exacerbated in depressed rats by ECS; propofol did not reverse the depression-induced changes, but when administered in modified ECS, propofol improved memory and reversed the downregulation of LTP and the proteins. Conclusion: These findings suggest that propofol prevents ECS-induced memory impairment, and modified ECS under anesthesia with propofol improves memory in depressed rats, possibly by reversing the excessive changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. These observa-tions provide a novel insight into potential targets for optimizing the clinical use of ECT for psychiatric disorders.
RAPIDEST: A Framework for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Detection

The traditional polysomnography (PSG) examination for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) diagnosis needs to measure several signals, such as EEG, ECG, EMG, EOG and the oxygen level in blood, of a patient who may have to wear many sensors during sleep. After the PSG examination, the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) is calculated based on the measured data to evaluate the severity of apnea and hypopnea for the patient. This process is obviously complicated and inconvenient. In this paper, we propose an AI-based framework, called RAre Pattern Identification and DEtection for Sleep-stage Transitions (RAPIDEST), to detect OSA based on the sequence of sleep stages from which a novel rarity score is defined to capture the unusualness of the sequence of sleep stages. More importantly, under this framework, we only need EEG signals, thus significantly simplifying the signal collection process and reducing the complexity of the severity determination of apnea and hypopnea. We have conducted extensive experiments to verify the relationship between the rarity score and AHI and demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Unique Combinations of Differently Shaped Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Occurring Within a Small Longitude Range

On 12 October 2020 and 26 December 2021, NASA's Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission observed differently shaped equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) simultaneously within ∼10° longitude, near the subsatellite point and over the Atlantic, respectively which is unusual. On 12 October 2020, three EPBs with differing curvatures were observed in a ∼12° longitude sector. The westside EPB was curved toward the east, in a C‐shape. The middle was straight. The eastside EPB was curved westward, in a reversed C‐shape. In the second case, 26 December 2021, in a smaller longitude range of ∼6° adjacent C‐shaped and reversed C‐shaped EPBs were observed. EPBs' zonal drift velocities at the magnetic equator and both equatorial ionization anomaly crests were compared. These occurrences of oppositely shaped EPBs simultaneously in a narrow longitude may indicate that small‐scale longitudinal variations in the E‐region density, electric field, neutral wind variations, or a combination of them were present.