Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian Approach to Parallelism Testing in Bioassay

Parallelism is a prerequisite for the determination of relative potency in bioassays. It involves testing of similarity between a pair of dose–response curves of a reference standard and a test sample. Methods for parallelism assessment that are currently in use include p-value-based significance tests and interval-based equivalence tests. These methods make statistical inference about the similarity between the model parameters of the dose–response curves based on the sampling distribution of the estimates of these parameters. Although the methods have some merits for parallelism testing, there is a major drawback to these approaches, namely that the similarity between the model parameters does not necessarily translate into the similarity between the two dose–response curves. As a result, a test may conclude that the model parameters are similar, yet there is little assurance on the similarity between the two dose–response curves. In this article, we reformulate the parallelism testing problem as testing the hypothesis that the test sample is a dilution or concentration of the reference standard. We propose a Bayesian approach to directly test the hypothesis. When the dose–response curves are linear, a closed-form solution is obtained. For nonlinear cases, we render a solution based on a simple two-dimensional optimization routine. The empirical properties of the method are evaluated and compared with existing methods through a simulation study based on real-life examples. It is shown that the method overcomes the shortcomings of the current approaches and is a viable alternative to parallelism testing.
Introduction to the Grammar of English: Verbs, nouns and adjectives: the boundaries between them

Preface Table of symbols and notational conventions 1. Basic concepts in grammar 2. The structural approach to linguistic analysis 3. The parts of speech 4. Verbs and verb phrase 5. The structure of Kernel clauses 6. Nouns and noun phrases 7. Pronouns 8. Adjectives and adjective phrases 9. Verbs, nouns and adjectives: the boundaries between them 10. Adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions 11. Clause type 12. Coordination and subordination 13. Negation 14. Thematic systems of the clause References Index.
Local-field effect on the spontaneous radiative emission rate

The effect of the dielectric medium upon the spontaneous emission rate was investigated using lead borate glass of various compositions lightly doped with the Eu3+ lanthanide ion. A dual approach used the variation of (i) electric dipole/magnetic dipole (ED/MD) emission rates from spectral integrations and (ii) absolute ED emission rates from lifetime measurements for comparison with the variation of the refractive index of the glass medium. Contrary to a previous study [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 203903 (2003)], the results show the relevance of the virtual-cavity model in this case. The MD emission rates were taken to follow the n3 increase in density of photon states in the medium. The justifications for employing Eu3+ for identifying the appropriate model are given.
Low‐frequency scattering

The leading terms in the low‐frequency expansions for acoustically soft and hard bodies are examined and the relevance of the magnetic polarizability tensor is discussed. For a hard, rotationally symmetric body, two tensor elements, functions only of the geometry, are now sufficient to specify the entire low‐frequency scattering behavior in just the same way as the electrostatic capacity suffices for a soft body. Even these quantities are subject to known constraints and computed data for a variety of bodies are presented.
Eosinophils actively participate in the host response to Mtb infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide due to a single infectious agent. Mtb resides in pulmonary macrophages, neutrophils and phagocytes, which are also key effector cells that limit bacterial growth. The role of other granulocytic phagocytes during Mtb infection is largely unknown. Eosinophils have comparable phagocytic function to neutrophils and an overlapping repertoire of granular contents capable of limiting bacterial growth. Here we characterized eosinophil responses to Mtb in vitro and in vivo. Eosinophils from healthy human donors responded to Mtb in vitro by CD69 up-regulation and CD62L down-regulation. Mtb induced the release of the eosinophil-specific granule proteins EDN and ECP. Mtb exposure resulted in secretion of IL-1a, TNFa, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, and IL-8. These results suggest that Mtb directly affects eosinophil degranulation, and that eosinophils are able to contribute to Mtb-driven inflammation. To investigate whether eosinophils actively participate in the cellular immune response to Mtb in vivo we followed the eosinophilic response after pulmonary Mtb infection in non-human primates. Eosinophils were significantly increased in the BAL fluid of Mtb infected rhesus macaques, providing evidence that eosinophils are being actively recruited to the lung in response to Mtb in vivo. Indeed, when we analyzed Mtb infected lung tissue from patients who had undergone lung resection, eosinophils were enriched in fibrotic TB consolidations, cavity wall and necrotic caseum. We are currently investigating the biological relevance of the eosinophilic response during Mtb infection in the mouse model. This work was supported by the intramural research programs of NIAID, NIH.
An approximate EM algorithm for nonlinear mixed effects models

In this article, we construct an approximate EM algorithm to estimate the parameters of a nonlinear mixed effects model. The iterative procedure can be viewed as an iterative method of moments procedure for estimating the variance components and an iterative reweighted least squares estimates for estimating the fixed effects. Therefore, it is valid without the normality assumptions on the random components. A computationally simple method of moments estimates of the model parameters are used as the starting values for our iterative procedure. A simulation study was conducted to compare the performances of the proposed procedure with the procedure proposed by Lindstrom and Bates (1990) for some normal models and nonnormal models.
Anticipated Affect That Encourages or Discourages Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Scoping Review

We reviewed studies that examined the anticipated affects associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to identify gaps in the literature and the currently available practice implications for encouraging HPV vaccination. We systematically searched MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Academic Search Complete, Scopus, and Web of Science to find English articles that quantitatively and qualitatively examined anticipated affects associated with HPV vaccination. A total of twenty-one studies were identified. Seventeen studies examined the anticipated inaction regret (i.e., not being vaccinated). Most of the included studies reported that anticipated inaction regret had a significantly positive association with HPV vaccination outcomes, such as vaccination behavior, intention, willingness, and acceptability. Furthermore, seven studies reported that anticipated inaction regret had a significantly positive and stronger association with vaccination outcomes than cognitive beliefs, such as vaccine effectiveness and safety, and perceived susceptibility and severity. The present review indicated that the stronger the participants’ anticipated inaction regret, the more likely they were to receive the HPV vaccine. Messages targeting the anticipated affect may be as effective as or more effective than messages targeting cognitive beliefs in encouraging HPV vaccination among people. However, most of the studies included in the present review adopted a cross-sectional design with vaccination intention and willingness as outcomes. Therefore, future studies should examine the influence of anticipated affects on the utilization of HPV vaccines using experimental designs to accumulate stronger evidence.
Lateral epitaxy of low defect density GaN layers via organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

Organometallic vapor phase lateral epitaxy and coalescence of GaN layers originating from GaN stripes deposited within 3-μm-wide windows spaced 3 μm apart and contained in SiO2 masks on GaN/AlN/6H–SiC(0001) substrates are reported. The extent and microstructural characteristics of the lateral overgrowth were a strong function of stripe orientation. A high density of threading dislocations, originating from the interface of the underlying GaN with the AlN buffer layer, were contained in the GaN grown in the window regions. The overgrowth regions, by contrast, contained a very low density of dislocations. The coalesced layers had a rms surface roughness of 0.25 nm.
Vacuum ultraviolet images of the Large Magellanic Cloud

Linearized, absolutely calibrated VUV images of the LMC with a resolution of about 50 arcsec are presented. The images were made by a sounding rocket payload in two bandpasses with effective wavelengths for hot stars near 1500 A and 1930 A. The flux in each bandpass is measured for the associations in the list of Lucke and Hodge (1970). The results are discussed and their relationship to the overall characteristics of star formation in the LMC are discussed. A simple model for propagating star formation in the LMC is presented whose results closely resemble the distribution of associations revealed by the VUV images. 63 references.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Impinging Shock Wave/Transitional Boundary Layer Interaction with Separation Flow

The interaction of a spatially transitional boundary layer flow at freestream Mach number M = 2.0 with an impinging oblique shock wave ( β = 35.56) is studied by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS). High amplitude (5%) three-dimensional isotropic disturbances are superimposed on the laminar profile for a Reynolds number based on the boundary layer displacement thickness of Re δ *0 = 1000 at the inlet plane of the computational box. Under the selected flow conditions, the interaction of the boundary layers with the incident shock wave produces three-dimensional separation, thus inducing a shock system (reflected waves and expansion fan). Linear-stability theory and DNS indicate that Λ -shaped vortices are generated in the separated shear layer due to the most unstable oblique mode, which can trigger the breakdown mechanism around the reattachment line. Energy spectral density of the wall-pressure indicates broadband spectra that are observed in the experimental result on shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction.
Numerical analysis of the Taylor-Vortex flow of a slightly rarefied gas

The axisymmetric Taylor-vortex flow of a rarefied gas between two coaxial circular cylinders, a rotating inner cylinder and a resting outer one, is investigated numerically for small Knudsen numbers on the basis of the compressible Navier-Stokes (CNS) equations and their appropriate slip boundary conditions. The accuracy of the result as an approximate solution to the Boltzmann equation is confirmed by comparing it with the result obtained by the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method for Knudsen numbers of the order of 10−2. The flow field for smaller Knudsen numbers (of the order of 10−3) exhibits a boundary-layer like structure near the cylinders. It is shown that, compared with the cylindrical Couette flow, the velocity slip in the circumferential direction is enhanced in the Taylor-vortex flow.
The development of PISA-like problems using immunity context during pandemic

The quality of education in Indonesia has yet to be able to balance the importance of mathematical literacy. It can be seen from the OECD's data that a mathematical literacy achievement score of 379 shows that the literacy ability of Indonesian students is still low. This research aimed to develop PISA-like problems that are valid and practical and potentially affect mathematical literacy skills using the context of immunity during a pandemic. This research used the Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) model in small group and field test stages. The subjects in this study were eighth-grade students aged 13-15. The data were analyzed qualitatively through observations, interviews, and tests. This study produces one unit of sharing task and jumping task and three evaluation problems with characteristics of the content used, name change and relationship, and personal and social contexts. Levels by the framework PISA 2022, namely levels 3, 4, and 5, are process competence and mathematical literacy skills. Using language following language standards can be understood and interpreted well by students. Thus, this research produces the developed PISA-like problems that are valid and practical and potentially affect mathematical literacy skills and life skills in dealing with the pandemic.
Mahathir Mohamad as a World-Class Leader: A View from The Great Man Theory of Leadership

Mahathir Mohamad's leadership as the Prime Minister of Malaysia is an example of excellent leadership. His stint is peculiar as he is the longest-serving leader in the world and the oldest Prime Minister to ever lead a country. The impact of his leadership establishes his reputation as an outstanding leader as supported by the Great Man Theory of Leadership. As an effort to comprehend his leadership excellence, this study examined Mahathir's leadership through the lens of the Great Man Theory of Leadership, which elevates leadership based on extraordinary achievements and considers the leader to be born a leader. The research was conducted by using a narrative review approach. Data were gathered qualitatively using thematic analysis, from secondary sources including academic journals, dissertations, books, and published articles pertaining to the topic of Mahathir's leadership. The results found that his leadership approach is indeed aligned with the underlying elements of the Great Man Theory of Leadership, namely charismatic, intelligent, politically skilled, and wise. Past studies reported that Mahathir possesses the quality of being visionary, trustworthy, authentic, resourceful, pragmatic, people-oriented, good communication skills, highly ethical, and core value-based, thus strengthening his premise as an outstanding leader. His excellence in leading the country has been proven beneficial to both Malaysia and its people while the attention that he received from the international community further reinforced his relevance and influence at both the local and international levels. It is indeed a pride for Malaysia as a Southeast Asia country to have a world-class leader.
Laser-Doppler velocity measurements in an under-expanded free jet

Velocity measurements in an under-expanded supersonic free jet have been made using the Fabry-Perot laser-Doppler technique. The jet was produced by a nozzle of exit diameter 2? 7 mm operating at a pressure ratio P0/Pinfinity=6? 6. Measurement of the complex structure, characteristic of this type of jet, on such a small scale proved to be an excellent test of the capability of the Fabry-Perot laser-Doppler technique for making air velocity measurements.Sufficient scattering particles were present in the flow to make artificial seeding unnecessary. The particles were found to respond to the velocity change across the Mach disc (a normal shock) in a distance of similar 0? 1 mm. Laser-Doppler velocity measurements were compared with velocity measurements deduced from Pitot pressure measurements. The difference in results between the two methods was < 1%. Sufficient laser-Doppler velocity measurements were obtained to construct the axial and four transverse velocity profiles which clearly showed the positions and magnitudes of the major features characteristic of an under-expanded free jet.
Correlation of a 140-year global time signature in cancer mortality birth cohorts with galactic cosmic ray variation

Abstract An understanding of the cosmic ray modulation of life processes is critical to space exploration, evolution and current medical science. Previous evidence has implicated a role for cosmic rays in US female cancer, involving a possible cross-generational foetal effect. This study explores the global nature of that effect by examining cancer time variations for population cohorts in five countries on three continents. Age–period–cohort analysis was used to separate cohort-related effects from period-related effects, generating time signatures for comparisons among both male and female populations in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), Australia (AU), Canada (CA) and New Zealand (NZ). The available cancer mortality data spanned most of the 20th century for US, UK and AU, with shorter periods for CA and NZ. The longest cohort series spanned 1825 to 1965 and exhibited two peaks of higher mortality likelihood approximately 75 years apart in all countries and in both sexes. The constancy of this oscillation on three continents and both hemispheres suggests the presence of a global environmental effect. To explore a possible source for this effect, the birth cohort oscillation is shown to correlate with the variations in background cosmic radiation one generation prior to the birth cohorts. This confirms an earlier study correlating human breast cancer mortality and galactic cosmic rays. A corroborating correlation is also noted between the latitude dependences of cancer incidence in 42 countries and the intensity of background cosmic rays. The role of germ cells as a possible target of this radiation is discussed, emphasizing the amplification that must occur to make this weak radiation relevant to human health. Germ cell timing for this effect has profound implications for evolution, long-distance space travel and the colonization of planets with high background radiation.
Flexoelectric effect in ceramic lead zirconate titanate

Mechanical strain gradient generated electric polarization or flexoelectric effect was investigated in unpoled lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics in the ferroelectric state by using a cantilevered beam based approach. Flexoelectric coefficient μ12 at room temperature was measured to be 1. 4μC∕m in the PZT ceramic at small level of strain gradient. Temperature-dependent experimental investigations clearly showed that high dielectric permittivity in the ferroelectrics enhanced flexoelectric polarization: essentially a linear relation was found to exist between μ12 and dielectric susceptibility χ at lower permittivity level (2100–2800), while μ12 versus χ curve started to deviate from the straight line at the χ∼2800 and nonlinear enhancement of μ12 with χ was observed, with μ12 value reaching 9.5 at χ∼11000. The nonlinearity in the flexoelectric effect was associated with domain-related processes. It is suggested that flexoelectric effect can have a significant impact on epitaxial ferroelectric thin films and mesoscopic structures.Mechanical strain gradient generated electric polarization or flexoelectric effect was investigated in unpoled lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics in the ferroelectric state by using a cantilevered beam based approach. Flexoelectric coefficient μ12 at room temperature was measured to be 1. 4μC∕m in the PZT ceramic at small level of strain gradient. Temperature-dependent experimental investigations clearly showed that high dielectric permittivity in the ferroelectrics enhanced flexoelectric polarization: essentially a linear relation was found to exist between μ12 and dielectric susceptibility χ at lower permittivity level (2100–2800), while μ12 versus χ curve started to deviate from the straight line at the χ∼2800 and nonlinear enhancement of μ12 with χ was observed, with μ12 value reaching 9.5 at χ∼11000. The nonlinearity in the flexoelectric effect was associated with domain-related processes. It is suggested that flexoelectric effect can have a significant impact on epitaxial ferroelectric thin films.
Fractalkine/CX3CR1-Dependent Modulation of Synaptic and Network Plasticity in Health and Disease

CX3CR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed exclusively by microglia within the brain parenchyma. The only known physiological CX3CR1 ligand is the chemokine fractalkine (FKN), which is constitutively expressed in neuronal cell membranes and tonically released by them. Through its key role in microglia-neuron communication, the FKN/CX3CR1 axis regulates microglial state, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and a variety of synaptic functions, as well as neuronal excitability via cytokine release modulation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Thus, the absence of CX3CR1 or any failure in the FKN/CX3CR1 axis has been linked to alterations in different brain functions, including changes in synaptic and network plasticity in structures such as the hippocampus, cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Since synaptic plasticity is a basic phenomenon in neural circuit integration and adjustment, here, we will review its modulation by the FKN/CX3CR1 axis in diverse brain circuits and its impact on brain function and adaptation in health and disease.
Impulsively Started Flat Plate Circulation

Experiments were performed using simplified flapping wing kinematics that is representative of a low Reynolds number flyer. Measurements were made at half-span in order to avoid three-dimensional effects. A Pegasus laser was used to illuminate a chordwise slice of the wing at half-span. Leading-edge vortices (LEV) circulation is approximately equal and opposite to TEV circulation in the first chord and a half of travel after an impulsive start. This suggests that the aerofoil's bound circulation is negligible shortly after an impulsive start when an LEV is formed. An absence of bound circulation is consistent with previous observations of the net force acting normal to the wing chord. The large lift observed immediately after an impulsive start must therefore be caused by a combination of noncirculatory effects and the circulatory lift generated by the LEV-TEV pair, rather than by bound circulation.
Cumulative Diversity Pattern Entropy (CDEn): A High-Performance, Almost-Parameter-Free Complexity Estimator for Nonstationary Time Series

Tedious parameter settings and poor performances seriously affect the entropy estimation's effectiveness in time series analysis. To solve these limits, we propose a conceptually novel definition, cumulative diversity pattern entropy (CDEn), focusing on eliminating parameter selections and improving quantization accuracy, stability, and robustness. The CDEn algorithm consists of three steps: 1) improved phase-space reconstruction (IPSR) with constant embedding dimension $m= 2$ and time delay $\tau =1$; 2) diversity pattern partition generated by the cosine similarity between adjacent vectors; and 3) entropy calculation based on the normalized cumulative probability distribution. Numerical experiments are performed using 7 synthetic datasets and 15 baseline entropy methods for comparative validation. The results confirm CDEn's best description of chaotic/stochastic dynamics with the highest quantization accuracy and the lowest error rate of 2.04%. The coefficient of variation (CV) results also verify CDEn's excellent quantization stability with CV lower than 10−2. The relative change rate results demonstrate that CDEn achieves the best robustness to data length and noise. Finally, the entropy algorithms are applied to a real-world dataset, i.e., neonatal sleep EEG analysis. The results further confirm that suggested CDEn outperforms the state-of-the-art entropy methods, with the minimum outliers and best statistical significance (highest mean of effect size, 1.22) in characterizing the neurodynamics of different sleep stages.