Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating accuracy of the MCMC variance estimator: a central limit theorem for batch means estimators

The batch means estimator of the MCMC variance is a simple and effective measure of accuracy for MCMC based ergodic averages. Under various regularity conditions, the estimator has been shown to be consistent for the true variance. However, the estimator can be unstable in practice as it depends directly on the raw MCMC output. A measure of accuracy of the batch means estimator itself, ideally in the form of a confidence interval, is therefore desirable. The asymptotic variance of the batch means estimator is known; however, without any knowledge of asymptotic distribution, asymptotic variances are in general insufficient to describe variability. In this article we prove a central limit theorem for the batch means estimator that allows for the construction of asymptotically accurate confidence intervals for the batch means estimator. Additionally, our results provide a Markov chain analogue of the classical CLT for the sample variance parameter for i.i. d. observations. Our result assumes standard regularity conditions similar to the ones assumed in the literature for proving consistency. Simulated and real data examples are included as illustrations and applications of the CLT.
Political heterogeneity, subjective optimism, and stock market outcomes

ABSTRACT We demonstrate that political heterogeneity, proxied by the spread in subjective optimism between Democratic and Republican investors, affects stock market returns and volatility. Our intuition, drawn from the psychology literature on intergroup conflict, leads us to infer that increased political heterogeneity causes investors to become entrenched, not just in their political beliefs, but also in their economic outlook. Consequently, they become resistant to contrary news, and this behaviour is linked to lower market volatility and higher market returns. These findings are further underpinned by evidence that shows idiosyncratic volatility, which reflects the level of stock responses to firm-specific information, to decrease as political heterogeneity increases.
Hyperbolic two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity with fractional order strain of solid cylinder

A novel mathematical model of thermoelastic of a homogenous isotropic solid cylindrical infinite medium has been constructed in this paper. Thermally shocked is the bounding surface of the cylinder. In the sense of the hyperbolic two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity with fractional stress theory, the governing equations have been taken. Different values of the fractional order and two-temperature parameters have shown numerical results for the dynamical and conductive temperature increment, strain, displacement, and average stress, which are graphically applicable to all the functions studied. The fractional-order parameter has significant effects on stress and displacement distributions, while it has little effect on the dynamical and conductive temperatures increment and significant effects on all studied functions as well as on the two-temperature parameter. The two-temperature hyperbolic model is precious and effective.
Risk assessment of a solar attack according to ISO 31000 standard

Energy supply remains the greatest challenge for many of Eastern European countries and their economy. In post-soviet and ex-Yugoslavian countries, till today there exists a system where some of the power plants rely on high voltage (HV) and medium voltage (MV) power grids in the process of distribution of electric energy (EE) to final consumers. This makes them vulnerable to solar storms due to HV power transformers which are especially sensitive to geomagnetic induced current (GIC). The acquisition of electrical power infrastructure could put the electrical infrastructure out of service from a couple of months to a year or more. Loss of income, for ordinary families, is a primary hazard of a long power outage. Business continuity of industry and other critical infrastructures (CI) is important in this scenario, but it is a significant challenge for small businesses and enterprises as well. This paper introduces ISO 31000 standard to such scenarios with the primary goal of achieving resilience of companies against such disaster as a new method of vial response to avoid scope of similar hazards.
Snow cover basal ice layer changes over Northern Eurasia since 1966

An analysis is made of changes in basal ice crust layer characteristics from snow cover surveys made at 958 Russian stations since 1966. The analysis revealed that substantial changes have occurred in response to two competing processes: an increase in thaws associated with strong regional warming and an increase in the duration of the basal ice layer presence on the ground, and a shortening of the snowmelt period associated with a decrease in basal ice layer event frequency and severity. The latter appears to be the more significant process over the past 40 years. Our findings support the notion that the entire spring snowmelt process has become shorter in duration and more intense when taking into account a concomitant trend toward increasing snow depths over large regions of Russia. A more intense spring melt period has important consequences for spring flood dynamics and deserves further study.
Verification of mechanical properties and surface topography of PH1 stainless steel samples obtained by selective laser melting

Nowadays, additive technologies are used to create physical models, prototypes, samples, tooling, and the production of plastic, metal, ceramic, glass, composite components, and components made of biomaterials. The greatest technological interest is the production of final parts from metal alloys. This paper presents the results of studies of the topography of differently oriented surfaces of PH1 stainless steel samples made using the method of selective laser melting. The surfaces were studied in the plane of construction, perpendicular to the platform, at angles of 45o and 135o. For each surface under consideration, the roughnesses Ra, Rz were determined and a profile was constructed. The findings showed high stability of the topography of the surface layer of the grown material. To confirm the quality of the obtained samples, they were synthesised and tensile tests were carried out. The established characteristics of the elastic modulus, the tensile strength and the corresponding deformations are consistent with the previously determined properties of samples grown using selective laser melting technology and datasheet specifications. According to the results of mechanical tests, the microstructure of the fracture surfaces of the samples was investigated. It is established that the destruction of samples under tension occurs by a viscous mechanism with the implementation of a combination of shear and pit-porous types of destruction. The study of the topography of differently oriented surfaces is carried out – in the plane of construction, perpendicular to it and at angles to the platform 45 and 135o. It is shown that the best surface quality corresponds to two planes – parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the construction platform. The average values of their roughness were Ra ~ 0.6 µm and Rz ~ 4 µm. The quality of the surfaces located at an angle is significantly inferior to the first two. A change in the surface quality depending on the angle of inclination was also observed.
Enhancing Enterprise Architecture with Resilience Perspective

The research literature has found current Enterprise Architecture (EA) methods are limited in dealing with uncertainty and pathologies of complex systems to enable design and operation of a resilient enterprise. To some extent, EAs’ approaches persist in applying textbook plans and activities in the face of mounting evidence of changing circumstances and the challenges of uncertainty. They rely on a qualitative shift in assessment, priorities, or response strategy, that often lead to a ‘failure to adapt adequately. ’ To address this gap in EA resilience representation, we have combined several prior research proposals to produce a wholistic Department of Defence Architecture Framework (DoDAF) resilience architecture and enhanced that with our original underpinning resilience framework. Despite still being in an ongoing major case study, our comprehensive resilience representation shows promise of assisting all enterprise stakeholders with adapting this representation to their capability systems. Doing so will better incorporate resilience considerations in capability systems’ design and likely help capability stakeholders to evolve capability systems with appropriate levels of resilience throughout their life cycle.
Laser Butt Welding of Thin Ti6Al4V Sheets: Effects of Welding Parameters

Titanium and its alloys, particularly Ti6Al4V, which is widely utilized in the marine and aerospace industries, have played a vital role in different manufacturing industries. An efficient and cost-effective way of joining this metal is by laser welding. The effect of laser power and welding speed on the tensile, microhardness, and microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy is investigated in this paper. Results show that the microhardness is highest at the fusion zone and reduces towards the base metal. The microstructure at the fusion zone shows a transformed needle-like lamellar α phase, with a martensitic α’ phase observed within the heat affected zone. Results of tensile tests show an improved tensile strength compared to the base metal.
The effects of colourism on migrant adaptation in Asia: the racial exclusion of African migrants in South Korea’s “multicultural” society

ABSTRACT While high rates of intra-Asian migration have rendered foreign migrants physically “invisible” in the past, migrants of increasingly racially diverse backgrounds have started to enter South Korea in the past decade. Through in-depth interviews with sub-Saharan African migrants, this article examines the effects of colourism on three levels of migrant adaptation: (1) host government legal policies, (2) host societal reception, and (3) resources within the migrant community. Findings reveal that African migrants, compared to their lighter skinned Asian counterparts, are more vulnerable to precarious living conditions regardless of their legal, educational, or occupational backgrounds. In addition, Africans also lack resources in South Korean civil society as well as within the African migrant community, and thus face formidable barriers in collective resistance. Harsh discrimination in everyday life causes many to adopt maladaptive behaviours – resisting linguistic acquisition and adopting a sojourner orientation – triggering a negative feedback loop that exacerbates their oppression.
Epidemiologic Profile of Vehicular Accident Patients in the Largest Hospital in the Philippines Covering Ten Years

Introduction. Globally, the number of people who die from road crashes continues to rise, reaching a high of 1.35 million in 2016. Due to this continued increase in fatalities and injuries within the road transport system, especially in low- and middle-income countries, 2011 to 2020 was declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 2010 as the Decade of Action for Road Safety. Objectives. This study looked into the epidemiology of road crashes and injuries in Metro Manila over ten years, from 2008-2017, from data gathered at the Department of Surgery of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH). Method. A retrospective review of patients’ clinical records was conducted to describe the epidemiology of road crash cases in the Trauma Division, Department of Surgery of the PGH. Clinical records of the road crash patients admitted to the division over the ten years, January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, were extracted from the Integrated Surgical Information System (ISIS). Results. A total of 422 patients were admitted to the PGH Department of Surgery and recorded in the ISIS database, from 2008 to 2017, who suffered from road crashes in Metro Manila. Most of these patients (80.8%) were male. The mean age of patients was 32.4 years. The highest number of admissions (27.5%) and road crash deaths (6.9%) were in 2016; the highest number was from the city of Manila (26.7%), and most happened at nighttime (61.8%) between 6:00 PM and 5:59 AM. Throughout the years, motorcycle (52.8%) was the vehicle type involved. Among patients with helmet use information, 65.4% were not wearing helmets, 91.2% had a history of alcohol intake. The majority incurred multiple injuries (82.7%), with the external region (53.8%) as the most common. Patients who sustained injuries to their head and neck region were five times more likely to die and six times more likely to have an unchanged patient outcome than those who did not have these injuries. Patients who had a GCS of 8 and below or those who had severe brain injuries were eight times more likely to die and six times more likely to have an unchanged patient outcome. Conclusion. This study looked into the epidemiology of road crash cases admitted to the Surgery Department of the PGH. Road crash injuries and deaths remain a growing concern among the citizens of Metro Manila. It is hoped that the results of this study will provide policymakers with an objective and data-driven perspective on road crashes.
Hilbert Series and Invariants in Exterior Algebras

In this paper, we consider the exterior algebra $\Lambda(W)$ of a polynomial $\mathrm{GL}(n)$-module $W$ and use previously developed methods to determine the Hilbert series of the algebra of invariants $\Lambda(W)^G$, where $G$ is one of the classical complex subgroups of $\mathrm{GL}(n)$, namely $\mathrm{SL}(n)$, $\mathrm{O}(n)$, $\mathrm{SO}(n)$, or $\mathrm{Sp}(2d)$ (for $n=2d$). Since $\Lambda(W)^G$ is finite dimensional, we apply the described method to compute a lot of explicit examples. For $\Lambda(S^3\mathbb{C}^3)^{\mathrm{SL}(3)}$, using the computed Hilbert series, we obtain an explicit set of generators.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL APPLICATION FOR THE MICROPROPAGATION OF Cattleya crispata (Thunb.) Van den Berg

Micropropagation is an alternative for the genetic conservation and propagation of endemic species from “Campo Rupestre Ferruginoso”, such as the orchid Cattleya crispata. The aim of the present study is to assess the influence of activated charcoal on the in vitro germination, multiplication and elongation phases of C. crispata. Seeds extracted from mature capsules were used for inoculation in the culture medium that was adopted to assess the effect of supplementation, or not, with activated charcoal. Data about germination speed, seedling number, length, vigor, oxidation and contamination (bacterial and/or fungal) were assessed through these phases. Based on the results obtained, the use of activated charcoal was efficient in the in vitro germination and multiplication phases of C. crispata, providing greater speed and percentage of germination, less contamination and oxidation of the tissues, greater number, length and vigor of shoots, being effective for the genetic conservation and production of seedlings of the species. Culture medium without the supplementation of activated charcoal provided the best results for the in vitro elongation, with greater length, vigor and less oxidation of shoots.
The Special Olympics Unified Champion Schools Program and High School Completion

Despite an increase in special education enrollment, a stark gap in high school completion between students with and without disabilities persists. This study examined the impact of Unified Champion Schools (UCS), a Special Olympics program designed to foster social inclusion through three components—Unified Sports, Inclusive Youth Leadership, and Whole School Engagement—on high school graduation rates. Using a novel dataset and a difference-in-differences design, we found that implementing the UCS program increased the graduation rate by 1.1 percentage points for all students and 1.4 percentage points for students with disabilities. The increase in schooling outcomes for students with disabilities in UCS schools also was found to be positively correlated with perceptions about a more socially inclusive school environment.
The Potential Role of Drove Roads as Connecting Corridors for Birds between Natura 2000 Sites

Ecological connectivity among protected Natura 2000 sites is a priority for conservation in Europe due to the increasing pressure on biodiversity from human activities and climate change. Drove roads, the traditional paths used to move livestock through the territory, have been proposed as potential ecological corridors due to their large extent, continuous nature and centennial protection from ploughing and urbanization, which allows the persistence of some tree cover and natural habitats in them. Bird communities were sampled during the reproductive season along 19 drove road transects in agrarian landscapes between Natura 2000 sites, all of them around the conurbation of Madrid (Madrid Region, Spain). Bird community nestedness was assessed by NODF computation followed by significance estimation by aleatorization, and factors explaining species richness and bird abundance were analyzed through General Linear Models fitted with environmental variables measured on official vegetation maps and orthophotos. Bird communities in drove roads were significantly nested, showing high predictability in the order of species loss from better preserved sites to those under stronger environmental pressures. Accordingly, Poisson regression showed bird richness to decrease strongly with distance from the closest Natura 2000 site and to increase with forest cover at the landscape and at the drove road scales. Bird abundance increased strongly with distance from urban areas and motorways, and it was slightly higher in areas with more forest cover and in transects with less bare ground. These results, and the higher relevance detected for landscape scale variables (500 m around transects) than for those at the drove road (50 m) scale, show that (i) they can only play a secondary role as habitat for nesting birds but (ii) they may add to the Green Infrastructure strategy as facilitators or stepping stones for bird communities if the surrounding landscape is favorable for them.
Effect of Palliative Care Training Package on Nurses' Performance regarding Gynecologic Cancer

Palliative care is currently crucial in nursing care, thus, continuing education in palliative care for practicing nurses is necessary for improving care with a life-limiting illness such as gynecologic cancer. Aim of the study was to investigate the effect of palliative care training package on nurses' performance regarding gynecologic cancer. Sample: A convenient sample of 43 nurses. Research Design: A quasi-experimental (pre-test and post-test) design. Setting: This study was conducted in the Gynecological Oncology Unit of the Maternity Hospital, the department of Gynecology, Outpatient Clinics of the Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Center at Ain Shams University. Tools of data collection: three tools were utilized including 1) a self- administered questionnaire that encompassed two parts demographic characteristics and assessment of nurses’ knowledge regarding gynecologic cancer palliative care. 2) Nurses’ attitude towards gynecologic cancer palliative care. 3) observational checklist for nurses’ practice. Results: More than three-quarters of studied nurses had poor knowledge, the majority had a negative attitude and unsatisfactory practice regarding gynecologic cancer palliative care before the training package. However, after one month of the training package, nearly the majority of nurses had good knowledge, a positive attitude, and. satisfactory practice. A statistically positive correlation between total knowledge, attitude, and practice scores regarding palliative care for gynecological cancer before and after training package (P ≤0.01). Conclusion: The training package had a favorable effect on nurses' performance regarding gynecologic cancer palliative care. Recommendation: Continuous in-service training on palliative care for nurses is essential to improve performance in the care of women with gynecological cancer.
Sensitivity of low‐tropospheric Arctic temperatures to assimilation of AIRS cloud‐cleared radiances: Impact on midlatitude waves

In this work it is shown that the prediction of individual midlatitude waves in a global forecast framework may benefit from the assimilation of cloud‐cleared radiances (CCRs) from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). The assimilation of CCRs, relative to clear‐sky radiances, provides more information in high‐latitude areas affected by broken low‐level stratus clouds, which are common over north polar latitudes during the summer and autumn seasons. This added information in cloudy regions produces slightly lower low‐level temperatures and lower mid‐tropospheric heights (through hydrostatic adjustment) over the Arctic and part of northeastern Siberia. In areas that are both dynamically unstable (with the potential for rapid error growth) and data void (as observed by clear‐sky radiances), the assimilation of CCRs provides valuable information that can improve the representation of individual baroclinic waves and their subsequent forecasts. The assimilation of AIRS CCRs slightly modifies the geopotential height gradients between the Arctic and the midlatitudes, leading to improvements in the forecast of individual baroclinic waves, as is shown through three case‐studies. The set of observing system experiments (OSEs) is performed with the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation and forecast system during boreal autumn 2014. AIRS CCRs are thinned to approximately one quarter the density of operationally assimilated AIRS radiances, consistent with their higher information content. Global 6‐hourly analyses are produced from 01 September to 10 November 2014 and seven‐day forecasts are initialized at 0000 UTC daily. Since the CCR methodology is widely applicable, these findings are also relevant to other infrared sensors.
The Effect of Clouds as an Additional Opacity Source on the Inferred Metallicity of Giant Exoplanets

Atmospheres regulate the planetary heat loss and therefore influence planetary thermal evolution. Uncertainty in a giant planet’s thermal state contributes to the uncertainty in the inferred abundance of heavy elements it contains. Within an analytic atmosphere model, we here investigate the influence that different cloud opacities and cloud depths can have on the metallicity of irradiated extrasolar gas giants, which is inferred from interior models. In this work, the link between inferred metallicity and assumed cloud properties is the thermal profile of atmosphere and interior. Therefore, we perform coupled atmosphere, interior, and evolution calculations. The atmosphere model includes clouds in a much simplified manner; it includes long-wave absorption but neglects shortwave scattering. Within that model, we show that optically thick, high clouds have negligible influence, whereas deep-seated, optically very thick clouds can lead to warmer deep tropospheres and therefore higher bulk heavy element mass estimates. For the young hot Jupiter WASP-10b, we find a possible enhancement in inferred metallicity of up to 10% due to possible silicate clouds at ∼0.3 bar. For WASP-39b, whose observationally derived metallicity is higher than predicted by cloudless models, we find an enhancement by at most 50%. However, further work on cloud properties and their self-consistent coupling to the atmospheric structure is needed in order to reduce uncertainties in the choice of model parameter values, in particular of cloud opacities.