Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Qualidade Fisiológica de Sementes de Feijão-Caupi Tratadas com Terra Diatomácea e Infestadas por Carunchos

The physical and physiological quality of caupi-bean seeds infested by weevils and treated or not with diatomaceous soil is determined. The experiment was performed in the entomological and seed laboratories of Embrapa Roraima between August and September 2010. Seeds of caupi-beans, cultivar BRS Guariba, were selected by hand, and treated with or without diatomaceous soil and infested by 0, 20, 40, 60 adult insects of the species Callosobruchus maculatus during seven days. After 34 days, the insects in the samples were counted and the weight per one thousand seeds, humidity degree, germination test, first counting of germination and electrical conductivity were determined. Classification of the normal seedlings in strong and weak was relevant to obtain higher differences among the treatments. Results show that diatomaceous soil preserves the physiological quality of the caupibean seeds regardless of the weevil populations. Weevils decrease the physiological quality of the caupi-bean seeds and the highest reduction occurs in a population of 60 adult insects.
Coumarin effects on Glycine max hypocotyl explants.

Coumarin induced root formation and stimulated fresh weight production in hypocotyl explants of Glycine max L. cultured in vitro. All stimulatory effects caused by coumarin were induced within a relatively narrow range of concentrations between 1–500 μM, yielding optimum dose response curves. When coumarin was combined with kinetin fresh weight increased considerably, at optimum concentrations to a level almost as high as that obtained with NAA (10 μM) and kinetin (10 μM). Root formation was almost completely inhibited when kinetin was added in combination with coumarin. NAA + coumarin had small stimulatory effects on fresh weight. but were inhibitory in root formation. The frequency of rooting per explant, texture and pigmentation were also affected by different treatments.
Cytogenetics and Flow Cytometry-based DNA Quantification in Herreria salsaparilha Martius (Herreriaceae): a Medicinal Species

Summary Adventitious root tips developing from base of cuttings and leaf samples of Herreria salsaparilha were used to determine the karyotype and to estimate DNA amount, respectively. Flow cytometry methodology was used with DAPI (4� ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and PI (propidium iodide) as specific DNA fluorochromes, and leaf samples of Pisum sativum (9.09 pg) as an internal standard. Cytogenetic techniques determined that H. salsaparilha has 29 pairs of homologous chromosomes (2n� 58), 12 acrocentric pairs (length varying from 1.75 to 10.51 mm), 16 submetacentric pairs (1.30 to 3.45 mm), and 1 metacentric pair (2.8 mm). The DAPI- and PI-based flow cytometry analysis revealed that H. salsaparilha has nuclear DNA content 2C� 5.5 pg, equivalent to approximately 5.31� 10 9 base pairs. This karyotype asymmetric type may suggest an evolutionary process with involvement of polyploidization, being justified by the relative increased chromosome number (2n� 58) and fusions.
Effect of drying temperature on lycopene content of processed tomatoes.

Recently it has been increasing interest worldwide in the production of dehydrated tomato products, which are used in food industry and in pharmacy. An important indicator of the quality of products, beside the microbiological stability is health safety and lycopene content. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of drying temperature on changes of the content of lycopene in selected varieties of tomato. Drying was performed at 45 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C. Varieties of Darina F1, Denar, Kecskemety, Orange, Paulina F1, Sejk F1 were used. Tomatoes were processed into dried slices with the dry matter content of 80-85%. Content of lycopene was determined spectrophotometrically. The content of lycopene in fresh tomatoes ranged from 63.378 mg 100 g -1 of dry matter (Orange) to 302.37 mg 100 g -1 of dry matter (Sejk F1). After drying at all temperatures, content of lycopene decreased on average of 64.48 to 68.3%. The most significant changes were found at temperature of 90 °C. Based on the results the most appropriate temperature for drying among the monitored temperatures was at 70 °C, in this case the content of lycopene in the product ranged from 12.839 mg 100 g -1 dry matter (Orange) to 115.9 mg 100 g -1 of dry matter.
MATK AND RBCL GENE SEQUENCE DATA INDICATE THAT SAXIFRAGA (SAXIFRAGACEAE) IS POLYPHYLETIC

The large genus Saxifraga, which consists of z400 morphologically and cytologically diverse species, has long been considered taxonomically complex. Phylogenetic analysis of over 2 500 bp of chloroplast sequence data derived from matK and rbcL was employed to examine relationships among sections of Saxifraga, the segregate genera Zahlbrucknera, Saxifragopsis, and Cascadia, and the relationships of these taxa to other Saxifragaceae sensu stricto. Phylogenetic trees resulting from separate analyses of the matK and rbcL sequences were highly congruent; phylogenetic analysis of a combined matKrbcL data matrix was therefore also conducted. Our analyses indicate that Saxifraga is polyphyletic, comprising two welldifferentiated clades. One clade, Saxifraga sensu stricto, is the sister to the remainder of the family and consists of Saxifraga sections Irregulares, Heterisia, Trachyphyllum, Cymbalaria, Mesogyne, Xanthizoon, Porphyrion, Ciliatae, Cotylea, Ligulatae, Saxifraga, and Gymnopera. With the exception of Gymnopera, the species-rich sections of this clade are monophyletic. Also part of this clade is the problematic Zahlbrucknera paradoxa, which is allied with members of section Saxifraga. A second major clade of Saxifraga species, Micranthes sensu lato, comprises the large section Micranthes, as well as the segregate genus Cascadia, and S. tolmiei of section Merkianae. This clade is allied with the Heuchera, Darmera, and Chrysosplenium-Peltoboykinia groups of genera. The segregate genus Saxifragopsis is only distantly related to species of Saxifraga, and is instead the sister to Astilbe. The monotypic Oresitrophe is confirmed as a member of the Darmera group of genera. These results suggest that the floral features used to define Saxifraga may simply be symplesiomorphic in these well-separated Saxifraga lineages. Furthermore, the enormous cytological diversity encompassed by Saxifraga likely represents two independent instances of extensive aneuploidy and polyploidy in Saxifragaceae.
Growth and development of muscle fibres in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Abstract The growth of red and white muscle was investigated in the rainbow trout, using fish from 2.2 cm to 71 cm in length. In the white muscle, fibre hyperplasia, initially, accounted for all muscle growth but its relative contribution decreased as the contribution from fibre hypertrophy increased. At and above about 65 cm there was no hyperplasia, and this corresponded approximately to the stage when there were no more fibres in the smallest size class (less than 20 microns). The results for the red muscle are more variable and hence more difficult to assess. Although red fibre hyperplasia may continue throughout growth, at 34 cm there are no fibres in the smallest size class, which possibly indicates no new fibre formation beyond this stage.
The biology of the skates raja wallacei and r.pullopunctata (batoidea: rajidae) on the Agulhas bank, South Africa

Aspects of the biology of Raja wallacei and R. pullopunctata were investigated using data collected in 1995 and 1996 from research and commercial trawls on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa. Age and growth parameters were investigated by examination of bands on the vertebral centrum. Estimates of Von Bertalanffy parameters for R. wallacei were L‡ = 405.40 mm disc width (DW), K = 0.27 and t0 = . 0.08 years for males and L‡ = 435.23 mm DW, K = 0.26 and t0 = . 0.21 years for females. For R. pullopunctata, the estimates were L‡ = 770.50 mm DW, K = 0.10 and t0 = . 2.37 years for males and L‡ = 1 326.75 mm DW, K = 0.05 and t0 = . 2.20 years for females. Growth was significantly different between sexes for both species. The oldest aged R. wallacei and R. pullopunctata were 15 and 18 years respectively. The length at first maturity was approximately 350 mm DW or 7 years of age for R. wallacei and 600 mm DW or 9 years of age for R. pullopunctata. The length-at-50% maturity for R. wallacei was 395 mm DW for males and 400 mm DW for females. R. wallacei fed primarily on benthic teleosts and crustaceans. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the diet between research- and commercially caught fish, in terms of percentage frequency of occurrence and volume of prey.
Review — The Orientation of Cellulose Microfibrils in the cell walls of Tracheids in Conifers

We examined the orientation of cellulose microfibrils (Mfs) in the cell walls of tracheids in some conifer species by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and developed a model on the basis of our observations. Mfs depositing on the primary walls in differentiating tracheids were not well-ordered. The predominant orientation of the Mfs changed from longitudinal to transverse, as the differentiation of tracheids proceeded. The first Mfs to be deposited in the outer layer of the secondary wall (S1 layer) were arranged as an S-helix. Then the orientation of Mfs changed gradually, with rotation in the clockwise direction as viewed from the lumen side of tracheids, from the outermost to the innermost S1 layer. Mfs in the middle layer of the secondary wall (S2 layer) were oriented in a steep Z-helix with a deviation of less than 15° within the layer. The orientation of Mfs in the inner layer of the secondary wall (S3 layer) changed, with rotation in a counterclockwise direction as viewed from the lumen side, from the outermost to the innermost S3 layer. The angle of orientation of Mfs that were deposited on the innermost S3 layer varied among tracheids from 40° in a Z-helix to 20° in an S-helix.
IL-1β Protects Human Chondrocytes from CD95-Induced Apoptosis1

This study addresses the effects of IL-1β on apoptosis induced by agonistic anti-CD95 (Fas) Ab. IL-1β inhibited anti-CD95 Ab-induced apoptosis in all preparations of normal human articular chondrocytes tested. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or cyclooxygenase did not influence the protective effect of IL-1β, indicating that nitric oxide and PGs were not involved in the modulation of CD95-induced apoptosis. However, when the IL-1β-dependent induction of NF-κB was inhibited, the antiapoptotic effect of IL-1β was partially reversed, suggesting that NF-κB-mediated gene activation is part of the protective mechanism. In addition, IL-1β significantly increased the expression of Bcl-2. The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A completely eliminated the protective effect of IL-1β on CD95-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that IL-1β modulates the CD95 death cascade in chondrocytes by mechanisms that involve tyrosine phosphorylation events and NF-κB-dependent gene activation.
Effects of blackpoint on grain composition and baking quality of New Zealand wheat

Abstract Samples of Takahe and Kopara wheat affected by black point were separated into classes of different severity. Kernel weight, nitrogen content, alpha-amylase, and proteolytic activity of each class were determined. Kernel weight and nitrogen content increased with higher degree of infection. Alpha-amylase activity was higher, but proteolytic activity was lower in kernels from the highest severity class compared to sound kernels of the 2 cultivars. Scanning electron micrographs showed mycelial growth throughout the embryo and within the pericarp layer along the crease region of infected kernels. Fungi did not invade the endosperm. Samples of grain of each severity class were milled into flour for breadbaking. Bread volume decreased, the grain became more open, and the texture was less silky as the extent of blackpoint infection increased. No mycotoxins were detected.
Root Development, Water Uptake, and Shoot Dry Matter Production under Water Deficit Conditions in Two CSSLs of Rice: Functional Roles of Root Plasticity

Abstract Root traits that can contribute to drought resistance have not been clearly indentified. We examined the role of root system development in enhancing water uptake and contribution to dry matter production by using the root box-pinboard method, with which quantitative assessment of root system development and the water uptake of root are possible. Chromosome segment substitution lines CSSL45 and CSSL50, and the recurrent parent Nipponbare were grown under continuously waterlogged conditions (control), and various intensities of water deficit in root boxes. There was no significant difference among the genotypes in shoot growth and root development, while CSSL45 and CSSL50 showed greater shoot dry weight than Nipponbare under water deficit conditions. This was due to their abilities to promote root system development as compared with Nipponbare, which facilitated greater water extraction than Nipponbare, especially under the mild water deficit condition of 20–25% w/w soil moisture contents. Furthermore, the increased root length density did not exceed the estimated critical value for water uptake, which indicates that plastic root system development was functionally effective and efficient for the enhancement of water uptake under mild water deficit conditions.
Lack of Interspecific Plant Competition With a Dominant Grass in the Understory of a Lowland Forest in Colombia

I analyzed a natural experiment of competition involving a dominant herb in Tinigua Park, Colombia. Pharus virescens is a dominant monocarpic grass that synchronously produces seeds once every 5 yr, after which all individuals die. I found no difference in species richness, density, or diversity comparing plots with and without the grass in 381 quadrats (4 m2) and there was no negative relationship between the abundance of the grass and that of other plants.
Food supply, territory quality, and reproductive timing in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus)

We performed supplemental feeding experiments during three breeding seasons of the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus L.) in order to establish the importance of food in reproductive timing. In particular, we addressed the question of why the response to supplemental food is restricted to 3—6 d in many bird species. Supplemental food advanced the start of egg—laying in all three breeding seasons. The mean difference between fed and control pairs was 4 d in two years and 6 d in another. The amount and quality of the supplemental food used in the experiment were not limiting, since pairs receiving a further increase in amount and quality of food did not start laying earlier than pairs with a standard feeding regime. The amount of food that was consumed increased during the period from 15 d before egg formation until the beginning of egg formation and then remained at a high utilization rate until clutch completion. Although fed pairs, on average, started egg—laying earlier than control pairs, the earliest control females started to lay eggs as early as the first females. Fed pairs were also relatively late in a year when control pairs were late. In 1992, fed pairs did not produce larger clutches or more fledglings, but had nestlings with lower mass at 13 d post—hatching than those of control pairs. Analysis at the territory level revealed that supplemental food affected laying date to a greater extent in low—quality territories, in which laying could be advanced by up to 9—10 d, compared to high—quality territories in which laying was not advanced at all. We conclude that laying date in most Blue Tit females is limited by low food supply early in spring, but some females, occupying high—quality territories, will not advance laying in response to food. Thus, above a certain critical limit, laying date is unrelated to food supply, and birds use other cues in their decision to commence breeding. Such cues are probably also responsible for the between—year variation in laying dates of food—supplemented pairs, since these were provided with the same amount of food during the different years.
Chemical constiuents from Richardia grandiflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Steud. (Rubiaceae)

Amongst the different forms of therapy to prevent and cure illnesses, plants have been, undoubtedly, the most utilized ones since the beginning of mankind. Brazil has a great diversity on plants that possess non-researched medicinal potential and are promising sources of therapeutic and pharmacological innovations. The Rubiaceae family is considered the biggest one of the order Gentianales, presenting around 637 genera and 10,700 species. Richardia grandiflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Steud. , known popularly as "ervanco", "poaia" or "ipeca-mirim", has ethnopharmacological indications to use as decoction against hemorrhoids and as vermifuge. Aiming at contributing to the chemotaxonomic study of the family Rubiaceae and considering the absence of data in literature about the chemical constitution of the species Richardia grandiflora, the latter was submitted to a phytochemical study to isolate its chemical constituents, through usual chromatographic methods, and after identifying them by means of spectroscopic methods such as 1H and 13C NMR, with the add of two-dimensional techniques, besides comparison with literature data. Five constituents were isolated through this first phytochemical study with R. grandiflora: a mixture of the steroids b-sitosterol and stigmasterol, o-hydroxy-benzoic acid, m-methoxy-p-hydroxy-benzoic acid and phaeophitin A, all of them isolated for the first time from the genus Richardia.
Comparative leaf anatomy and micromorphology of Psychotria species (Rubiaceae) from the Atlantic Rainforest

The genus Psychotria comprises approximately 2,000 species that are mostly shrubs distributed in forests of the tropics and subtropics. Within the Rubiaceae, Psychotria is well known for its species that produce bioactive alkaloids and for its taxonomic complexity. The anatomical and micromorphological characters of the leaves of P. hoffmannseggiana, P. carthagenensis, P. deflexa, P. glaziovii, P. leiocarpa, P. racemosa, and P. vellosiana were investigated and described to understand the interspecific variation of these species, which will contribute to the systematics of the genus. Principal component analysis (PCA) and unweighted pair group method analysis (UPGMA) indicated four groups based on the presence or absence of some of the characters studied. Dorsiventral mesophyll, hypostomatic leaves, paracytic stomata, organization of the vascular system of the petiole and midrib in an arc and the presence of accessory bundles are common in the species examined and are typical characteristics of the Rubiaceae. The presence of styloid crystals and alkaloids are considered diagnostic characters of Psychotria. Other characteristics used to separate species in the genus are the petiole contour, cuticle ornamentation, and presence of trichomes. The results of the UPGMA cluster analyses indicated that there is similarity between Psychotria (subg. Heteropsychotria) and Palicourea species.
Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci*

Historically, the genera Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were placed together with the genera Stomatococcusand Planococcus in the family Micrococcaceae containing grampositive, catalase-positive cocci. An unrelated species of gram-positive cocci exhibiting positive catalase reaction and occurring in human specimens is Alloiococcus otitis, the only species of this genus, which is a member of the Carnobacteriaceae family belonging to the order Lactobacillales. In this chapter, the term "micrococci" is used to indicate the members of the genus Micrococcus as understood before the emendation, reflecting most of the clinically relevant species. The Macrococcus genus comprises four hoofed-animal-adapted species including M. caseolyticus, first described as S. caseolyticus. Staphylococcus species can be identified phenotypically on the basis of a variety of conventional characteristics. The diagnosis of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is based on clinical signs supplemented by serologic tests and the detection of the toxin production by staphylococcal isolates (S. aureus, rarely other species). Detection of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) represents the most important task in determining the antimicrobial susceptibilities of staphylococci. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are an important cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections, but they are also the most common contaminants of blood cultures. The considerations of clinical significance discussed for CoNS are also appropriate for members of the Micrococcaceae and Dermacoccaceae families; however, the criteria used for distinguishing etiologically relevant isolates from contaminants and colonizers, respectively, should be applied much more strictly.
A diatom-based index for the biological assessment of eastern Canadian rivers : an application of correspondence analysis (CA)

We developed a diatom-based index that integrates the effects of multiple stresses on streams and provides information related to the "distance" from the nonimpacted state. The Eastern Canadian Diatom Index (IDEC) was based on a correspondence analysis (CA) to develop a chemistry-free index where the position of the sites along the gradient of maximum variance (first axis) is strictly determined by diatom community structure and is therefore independent of measured environmental variables. The index value indicates the distance of each diatom community from its specific reference community. A high index value represents a non- or less-impacted site, while a low index value represents a more heavily impacted site. Two sub-indices were developed based on two sets of reference communities. The IDEC-circumneutral includes the sites that have reference communities characteristic of slightly acidic or neutral environments. The IDEC-alkaline includes the sites that have reference communities characteristic of en.
Enzymes as silage additives for grass–clover mixtures

Seven laboratory-scale experiments were carried out to study the effects of cellulases/hemicellulases on silage fermentation of herbage from mixed swards of timothy (Phleum pratense), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and red clover (Trifolium pretense). Enzyme-treated silage (approximately 3500 HEC units kg−1 grass) reached a low pH sooner, had lower end pH, contained less NH3-N and more lactic acid than did the untreated silage (P < 0·05). Applied with an inoculant, these effects were even stronger. With easily ensiled crops (experiments 1, 2, 5 and 6) preservation was first of all improved by inoculation of lactic acid bacteria; however, for the low-sugar crops (experiments 3, 4 and 7) enzyme treatment was more significant. The enzymes derived from Aspergillus spp. gave more acetic acid than the enzymes from Trichoderma reesei. The Trichoderma enzymes liberated 4·8 g WSC kg−1 FM gamma-irradiated grass during 60 d at pH 4·3 (P < 0·05). On average, for all silages enzyme treatment increased the sum of residual sugar and fermentation products by 3·7 g kg−1 FM (21 g kg−1 DM) compared with the silages not treated with enzymes (P < 0·001). Enzyme treatment increased the instantly degradable part of the feed, but total in sacco and in vitro digestibilities were not affected.