Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Thermal Expansion of Ingredients on the Cocktails VS55 and DP6

The formation of ice crystals is known to be lethal to biological cells. The presence of cryoprotectants at high cooling rates suppresses crystallization and promotes vitrification, where vitrification is solidification by rapid elevation of the viscosity (vitreous, in Latin, means glass). All materials have a tendency to change volume with a change in temperature, where the rate at which the volume changes with respect to the temperature is defined as the thermophysical property of thermal expansion. In the presence of a non-uniform temperature distribution in a bulky specimen, when different regions of the material tend to expand differently, mechanical stress may develop. It has been demonstrated that this mechanical stress can easily lead to macro structural damage to the cryopreserved specimen. As part of an ongoing effort to characterize the mechanical behavior of biological tissues and solutions in the cryogenic temperature range, the current study focuses on mapping the thermal expansion effect of.
Characteristics of fish sauce made from pacific whiting and surimi by-products during fermentation stage

ABSTRACT: The fermentation condition for producing Pacific whiting fish sauce was static atmospheric fermentation with 25% salt at 50 °C. The effective enzymes in fermentation were heat stable and salt tolerant. Fermentation at 50 °C gave higher yields than at 35 °C. Total nitrogen content of whole fish fermented at 50 °C reached the equivalent level of commercial fish sauce before 15 d, supporting the strong degradation effects of Pacific whiting enzymes at earlier stages. Soluble solid and relative gravity also reached commercial level at 60 d. However, color value of unripened fish sauce was far from commercial fish sauce, indicating that ripening may be necessary to develop proper color. Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Micrococcus were found as predominant microorganisms during fermentation.
EFFECTS OF SALINOMYCIN AND LINCOMYCIN UPON PERFORMANCE, MORTALITY AND INTESTINAL LESION SCORE IN BROILER CHICKENS USING AN IN-FEED COCCIDIA MODEL

A floor pen trial using an in-feed coccidia model was conducted to determine the efficacy of salinomycin at the rate of 60 mg/kg of feed and to ascertain any interference of lincomycin at 2.2 mg/kg upon salinomycin efficacy in broiler chickens. Inclusion of salinomycin effectively controlled mortality due to coccidiosis (P < 0.05), and improved mean intestinal lesion score and performance (P < 0.05). Addition of lincomycin to the diet did not interfere with the coccidiostatic properties of salinomycin. Key words: Broiler chickens, coccidiosis, salinomycin, lincomycin
Effect of leaf nitrogen and water regime on the photosynthetic capacity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) under field conditions

To understand the influence of nitrogen (N) supply on the productivity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), the dependence of photosynthetic capacity, measured as light-saturated leaf CO2 assimilation rate (CA) and crop radiation use efficiency (RUE), on specific leaf nitrogen (SLN) was examined under well-watered conditions in the field. Photosynthetic capacity increased hyperbolically with SLN and was most responsive at SLN values less than c. 1.5 g m-2. The relationship reached a plateau at a maximum CA of 37 8mol m-2 s-1 and a maximum RUE of 1.5 g MJ-1 Increasing N application from 0 to 24 g N m-2 increased both RUE and SLN. Where ample N was applied, RUE and SLN were higher in those plots which previously experienced water deficit than in those that were always fully irrigated. The stimulation in growth following alleviation of water deficit was directly associated with the increase in SLN during water deficit. SLN varied according to differences in N uptake, the proportion of N allocated to leaves and the leaf area index. In particular, N application had much less effect on SLN and consequently RUE, than on N uptake, due to lower N partitioning to leaves and higher LAI where a high rate of N was applied. The importance of quantitative information on the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and SLN, in order to predict crop performance under varying environmental conditions, is discussed.
Drying and rehydration of oyster mushroom

Dehydration and rehydration processes of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies were investigated in this work. Mushroom samples were dehydrated at 40, 50 and 60 oC, using drying air with relative humidity of 75 %. The rehydration was investigated at different temperatures of immersion water (25, 55 and 85 oC) and different immersion times (30, 75 and 120 minutes). The best rehydration occurred for the samples dried at 40 oC. The rehydration could be done in water at room temperature, during 30 minutes. Water sorption isotherms of samples were determined at 30, 40 and 50 oC. Both GAB and BET models satisfactorily represented the experimental data of moisture sorption of dried mushrooms.
Fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of elephant grass ensiled with old man saltbush

The effects of the addition of saltbush on the fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of silages of elephant grass (Pennistum purpureum Schum.) were studied through a completely randomized design with six old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lind) levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %) in substitution of the grass natural matter, with six replicates. Elephant grass presented 18.9% dry matter (DM) and silages were produced in experimental PVC silos, which were open at 70 days after ensilage. The increasing old man saltbush levels had increasing linear effect on the DM content of silages. There was quadratic effect for the contents of lactic and acetic acids and in vitro DM digestibility. Contents of butyric acid were negligible. Values pH of and N-NH3 contents had increasing linear effect. Linear effect of the increasing levels of old man saltbush was verified on the CP contents. Neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates and ether extract were not affected, whilst acid detergent fiber content showed decreasing linear effect. The addition of old man saltbush in the ensilage of elephant grass favored the fermentation process, promoting good lactic acid contents and reducing acetic acid, pH, dry matter loss and ammoniacal nitrogen, in addition to improving the nutritional quality of the elephant grass silages.
Quercetin Attenuates Nuclear Factor- (cid:1) B Activation and Nitric Oxide Production in Interleukin-1 (cid:2) –Activated Rat Hepatocytes 1

We investigated whether different concentrations of the ﬂavonoid quercetin ameliorate nitric oxide production and nuclear factor (NF)- (cid:1) B activation in interleukin (IL)-1 (cid:2) –activated rat hepatocytes. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were treated with IL-1 (cid:2) alone or with quercetin in concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 (cid:3) mol/L. The generation of reactive oxygen species, assessed by ﬂow cytometry using dichlorodihydroﬂuorescein diacetate, was signiﬁcantly reduced, and the oxidized:reduced glutathione ratio decreased in cultures treated with 50 and 100 (cid:3) mol/L of quercetin. Quercetin at 100 (cid:3) mol/L signiﬁcantly prevented the IL-1 (cid:2) -induced release of nitrite into the culture medium. Western blot and reverse transcription-PCR analyses demonstrated that increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA in hepatocytes stimulated by IL-1 (cid:2) were prevented by 50 (cid:3) mol/L and 100 (cid:3) mol/L of quercetin. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments and Western blots indicated that quercetin blocked the activation of NF- (cid:1) B and decreased the inhibitor (cid:1) B protein levels induced by IL-1 (cid:2) . In summary, quercetin, a natural ﬂavonol widely distributed in the human diet, inhibits NO production in IL-1 (cid:2) – stimulated hepatocytes through the inhibition of iNOS expression. Although the mode of action remains to be clariﬁed, our ﬁndings support the view that the mechanism of action is via inhibition of IL-1 (cid:2) –induced NF- (cid:1) B activation. J. Nutr. 135: 1359–1365, 2005.
Emergence and seed yield of redtop as affected by row spacing and sowing rate

Seed yield of grass is determined by environmental and cultivation factors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sowing rate and row spacing on germination in establishment year and development of generative tillers and seed yield of redtop (Agrostis gigantea Roth = A. alba) in the two consecutive production years. Two replicate experiments were performed for 3 years in the same locality in Poland (51°54′N; 17°12′E). The first experiment was established in 2005, with seed production for two successive years (2006 and 2007). The entire experiment was repeated, being established again in 2007 and seed production measured in 2008 and 2009. In both experiments, redtop was sown with row spacings of 24 and 48 cm (factor 1), in sowing of 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4 kg ha−1 (factor 2). The study indicated that at the smallest sowing rate 0.8 kg ha−1 and row spacing 24 cm, field emergence index was the highest (26.3%). The lack of response of the total seed yield from two consecutive production years to sowing rate indicates that in redtop grown for seed, sowing in the amount of 0.8 kg ha−1 is sufficient. Increasing the row spacing from 24 to 48 cm resulted in a reduction in the density of generative tillers in the first and second production years. The row spacing of 48 cm was more favourable for seed yield in the first year, whereas 24 cm in the second year. In view of the increase in the total seed yield from two consecutive production years by 9.5% at the row spacing of 24 cm as compared with 48 cm, the row spacing of 24 cm should be regarded as recommended. Also, higher green matter of autumn regrowth can be obtained at a row spacing of 24 cm than at 48 cm.
Breeding Structure of Steelhead Inferred from Patterns of Genetic Relatedness among Nests

Abstract Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to infer kinship among steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss sampled from nest sites in the Hamma Hamma River, Washington. Fertilized eggs were removed from 8 of 11 redds (i.e., individual nests within redds) surveyed in 1998, tagged with unique identifiers, and reared until adulthood as part of a conservation program. On average, individuals sampled from the same redd were more closely related than individuals sampled from different redds, and a tree generated from the pairwise relatedness estimates shows clear clustering of individuals by redd. Despite this general pattern, there was substantial overlap in the pairwise relatedness estimates within and among most redds. Of the eight redds, seven contained more than four alleles at a minimum of one locus and five contained more than six alleles, indicating that most redds were the result of matings by more than a single pair of parents. In total, the eight redds were created by a minimum of 21 parents, which .
Effect of Soil Solarization, Cover Crops, and Metham on Field Emergence and Survival of Buried Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Seeds1

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted on a silty clay loam in Corvallis, OR during the summers of 1995 and 1996 to study the effects of soil solarization, spring-planted green manure crops, fumigation with metham, and combinations of these treatments on annual bluegrass seed survival. Annual bluegrass seeds were incorporated into the soil as a bioassay species and soil samples extracted to a depth of 15 cm to determine effects on seed survival. Soil solarization was applied over a 53- or 59-d period using a 0.6-mil clear polyethylene film. Soil samples were collected from four depths after the solarization period in both solarized and nonsolarized plots and surviving seeds germinated in a greenhouse. Maximum soil temperatures recorded at 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths were 52, 47, and 33 C in solarized soil, respectively. Solarization reduced annual bluegrass seed survival from 89 to 100% in the upper 5 cm of soil, but did not reduce survival below 5 cm. Solarization may have enhanced seed survival below 5 cm. Cover crops of barley, rapeseed, and sudangrass generally increased survival of annual bluegrass seeds buried 2.5 to 15 cm deep in the soil. Green manure cover crops plus solarization did not improve the efficacy of solarization alone and in some cases diminished the effectiveness of solarization. Solarization significantly improved the efficacy of one-quarter rates of metham (230 L/ha) in the top 5 cm of soil, reducing overall annual bluegrass seed survival in the soil by 40% compared with metham alone (230 L/ha) but only 30% compared with solarization alone. The conventional rate of metham (930 L/ha) was the most effective and consistent treatment across all depths. Nomenclature:Metham, methyldithiocarbamic acid; annual bluegrass, Poa annua L. #3 POANN; spring barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Micah; rapeseed, Brassica napus Dwarf Essex; sudangrass, Sorghum vulgare Trudan 8. Additional index word: Green manures. Abbreviations: PE, polyethylene; PNW, Pacific Northwest.
Nitrogen Budget of the Bivalve Mactra veneriformis, and its Significance in Benthic—pelagic Systems in the Sanbanse Area of Tokyo Bay

To examine the nitrogen budget of the suspension feeding bivalve Mactra veneriformis in the Sanbanse, a shallow (<5 m) part of Tokyo Bay, Japan, field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted in early summer, 1998. The Sanbanse area is one of the few remaining areas of intertidal wetland in Tokyo Bay and is an area of significant importance for migrating waders and as a clam fishery and for laver culture. Three infaunal suspension-feeding bivalves, Mactra veneriformis, M. chinensis and Ruditapes philippinarum, were found as the dominant species in terms of biomass. Of these three species, Mactra veneriformis was dominant in the Funabashi area of the Sanbanse. In laboratory experiments, the filtration rate of M. veneriformis (525–918 mg of flesh dry weight), a representative size of the bivalve in the Funabashi area, was 0·95 l g−1 flesh dry weight h−1 corresponding to 408 μg N g−1 flesh dry weight h−1. The excretion rates of ammonia and faeces were 35·0 μg N g−1 flesh dry weight h−1 and 45·4 μg N g−1 flesh dry weight h−1, respectively, at 20 °C. Based on the nitrogen budget of M. veneriformis in the Funabashi area in early summer, the population excreted 8·6% of the filtered nitrogen as ammonia and egested 22·2% of the filtered nitrogen as faeces and pseudofaeces, and converted 69·2% as growth. The high growth ratio indicates that the M. veneriformis population efficiently transfers the pelagic primary production to higher trophic levels in the early summer.
The anatomy of bark. I. The genus Eucalyptus

The most characteristic microscopic features of the bark of over 150 species of Eucalyptus are described. The structure of the phloem and cortex of the eucalypt twig, the changes that occur with increasing diameter, and the differences between the deciduous and persistent barks are described and illustrated. The detailed structure of the fully developed bark and the development of features characteristic of some of the most distinctive bark types have been studied, especially in the following groups: Corymbosae and Corymbosaepeltatae, Trarwersae, Exsertae and Sub-exsertae, Globuhes, Viminules, Pachyphloiae, Frasinales, Longitudinales, Piperitales, Psathyroxyla, Buxeales, Siderophtoiae.
Sugarbeet seed priming: solubilization of the basic subunit of 11-S globulin in individual seeds

Abstract Priming of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) seeds induces increased solubilization of the basic B-subunit of 11-S globulin (a major seed storage protein in sugarbeet). Using a sensitive single-seed ELISA, the soluble and total B-subunit contents of individual untreated and primed sugarbeet seeds were measured. With the untreated seeds, there was a 160-fold range of the soluble B-subunit content among individual seeds. The individual primed seeds also exhibited large variations in their soluble B-subunit content, yet only over a five-fold range. Furthermore, the frequency distributions of soluble B-subunit content were markedly different for the primed and untreated seed populations; the primed seed population exhibited a substantially higher median than that for the untreated seed population. In marked contrast, and as expected from results with pooled seed samples, the distributions of total B-subunit content were superimposed when comparing untreated and primed seed populations.
Soil microorganisms in coastal foredunes control the ectoparasitic root-feeding nematode Tylenchorhynchus ventralis by local interactions

1. In natural grassland ecosystems, root-feeding nematodes and insects are the dominant below-ground herbivores. In coastal foredunes, the ectoparasitic nematode Tylenchorhynchus ventralis would be a major root herbivore if not strongly controlled by soil microorganisms. Here, we examined if the suppressive effects of the microbial enemies of T. ventralis act by local interactions such as predation, parasitism or antagonism, or local induction of plant defence, or by non-local interactions, such as systemic effects when microorganisms in one section of the plant roots can affect nematode control in another section of the root system. We show that abundance of T. ventralis in the root zone of the grass Ammophila arenaria is suppressed by local interactions. 2. We compared local vs. non-local control of nematodes by a natural community of soil microorganisms in a split-root experiment, where nematodes and microbes were inoculated to the same, or to opposite root compartments. 3. The split-root experiment revealed that microorganisms affected T. ventralis numbers only when present in the same root compartment. Therefore, the effects of microorganisms on T. ventralis are due to local interactions and not due to induction of a systemic defence mechanism in the plant host. 4. When inoculated together with microorganisms, the nematodes were heavily infected with unknown bacteria and with fungi that resembled the genus Catenaria, suggesting that microorganisms control nematodes through parasitism. However, local defence induction cannot be completely excluded. 5. Besides microbial enemies of nematodes, the root zone of A. arenaria also contains plant pathogens. Root biomass was reduced by nematode infection, but also by the combination of nematodes and microorganisms, most likely because the soil pathogens overwhelmed the effects of nematode control on plant production. 6. We conclude that there may be a trade-off between beneficial effects of soil microorganisms on the plant host due to nematode control vs. pathogenic effects of soil microorganisms on the plant host. We propose that such trade-offs require more attention when studying below-ground multitrophic interactions.
Uso combinado de 1-Meticiclopropeno y emulsiones de cera en la conservación de guanábana (Annona muricata)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la combinacion del 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) y emulsiones de cera sobre la conservacion de guanabana. Las condiciones de almacenamiento fueron: 25 oC y 16 oC, frutos con emulsiones a base de cera de candelilla o cera de abeja diluidas con agua (10:90 v/v y 15:85 v/v) almacenados a 16 oC, frutos tratados con 1-MCP (1500 nL L-1, 12 h). En los frutos a 16 oC con y sin emulsiones se observo dano por frio y no maduraron. En los frutos con la aplicacion de 1-MCP solo o combinado con emulsiones, en cualquiera de las dilusiones, no se observaron sintomas dano por frio en la pulpa. La combinacion de 1-MCP y emulsion a base de cera de abeja en dilucion 15:85 v/v conservaron a los frutos de guanabana por 14-15 dias en comparacion con los frutos almacenados a 25 oC (6 dias).
Fast food bears: brown bear diet in a human-dominated landscape with intensive supplemental feeding

Distribution, quantity and quality of food resources affect the diet and several other life-history traits of large mammals. Supplemental feeding of wildlife has high potential for influencing the behaviour and diet of opportunistic omnivores, such as bears. Supplemental feeding of brown bears Ursus arctos is a common practice in several European countries, but the effects of this controversial and expensive management measure on bear diet and behaviour are poorly understood. We analysed 714 brown bear scats collected throughout the year in three regions of Slovenia with different densities of supplemental feeding sites. Supplemental food was the most important food category in the bear diet and represented 34% of the annual estimated dietary energy content (maize: 22%, livestock carrion: 12%). The proportion of supplemental food in the diet varied with season and region, being highest in spring and in the region with the highest density of feeding sites. However, considerable seasonal changes in bear diet, despite year-round access to supplemental food, suggest that bears prefer high-energy natural food sources, particularly insects, fruits, and hard mast, when available. Despite high availability and use of supplemental food, human—bear conflicts are frequent in Slovenia. In addition, evidence from earlier studies suggests that changes in diet and foraging behaviour due to supplemental feeding may affect several aspects of bear biology and in some cases increase the probability of human—bear conflicts. Thus, we caution against promoting unconditional supplemental feeding as a measure to prevent or reduce human—bear conflicts.
Development of reduced beany flavor full-fat soy paste for comminuted meat products

The study was aimed to develop a processing technology for reduced beany flavor full-fat soy paste (FFSP) after moist heat treatment of soybeans at 100 degrees C for 0, 5, 10, and 15 min. Sensory studies of paste showed that 15-min heat treatment significantly (P < 0.01) improved color and consistency, while paste was free from typical beany flavor. The physical, functional, and sensory properties of soybean were sensitive to moist heat treatment, and such treatments can have a substantial influence on their use in food systems. Goat meat patties were selected to evaluate the potential application of FFSP in meat food system. The soy proteins incorporated in goat meat patties as FFSP increased moisture and fat and decreased protein, shrinkage, hardness, springiness, chewiness, and shear force values. Sensory analysis of patties showed that use of FFSP resulted in a reduction of specific soybean off-flavor (beany and bitter notes) and off-aroma. Addition of paste made the goat meat patties more tender and juicy, and overall acceptability of the products was comparable to control. Soy proteins as FFSP could be utilized as nonmeat protein source and could improve the sensory characteristics of comminuted meat products to which they are added.