Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The large-scale time-mean ocean circulation in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean estimated from simplified dynamics

A simplified diagnostic model of the time-mean, large-scale ocean circulation in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean is presented. Divergences in the surface Ekman layer are extracted from observed climatological wind stress fields. Similarly, divergences caused by the meridional thermal wind transport (relative to the bottom) are calculated from an observed climatological density field. These known quantities are then used to force the model's bottom geostrophic velocities. Both scaling arguments and direct observations show that for long time scales the bottom currents are closely aligned with contours of flH, (where f is the Coriolis parameter and H is the depth of the seabed). Due to the weak planetary vorticity gradient at high latitudes, the f/H field is dominated by topography and is characterized by multiple regions of closed isolines. The only frictional effect included in the model is bottom stress. By then integrating the depth-integrated vorticity equation over the area spanned by a closed f/H contour, and assuming that the same contour is a streamline of the bottom geostrophic flow, we derive an analytical expression for the bottom geostrophic velocity on this f/H contour. For the few contours that are not closed, current measurements are used as boundary conditions. Model results are compared with near-bottom current measurements in both the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean. In addition comparison is made with observations from surface drifters in the Nordic Seas by adding the observed thermal wind shear to the modeled bottom flow. The agreement is surprisingly good, suggesting that the simple model is capturing some of the most important processes responsible for the large-scale circulation field. Features like the subgyre recirculations in the Nordic Seas, the gyres in the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the East Greenland Current, the Norwegian Atlantic Current and the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current are all well reproduced by the model. The simplicity of the model makes it well suited as a dynamical framework for interpreting the large-scale circulation pattern in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean.
The Canadian Fourth Generation Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM4). Part I: Representation of Physical Processes

The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) has developed the fourth generation of the Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM4). The new model includes substantially modified physical parameterizations compared to its predecessor. In particular, the treatment of clouds, cloud radiative effects, and precipitation has been modified. Aerosol direct and indirect effects are calculated based on a bulk aerosol scheme. Simulation results for present-day global climate are analyzed, with a focus on cloud radiative effects and precipitation. Good overall agreement is found between climatological mean short- and longwave cloud radiative effects and observations from the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) experiment. An analysis of the responses of cloud radiative effects to variations in climate will be presented in a companion paper. [Traduit par la rédaction] Le Centre canadien de la modélisation et de l'analyse climatique (CCmaC) a mis au point la quatrième génération du modèle canadien de circulation générale de l'atmosphère (CanAM4). Le nouveau modèle comprend des paramétrisations physiques passablement modifiées comparativement à son prédécesseur. En particulier, le traitement des nuages, des effets radiatifs des nuages et des précipitations a été modifié. Les effets directs et indirects des aérosols sont calculés à l'aide d'un schéma d'aérosols en bloc. Nous analysons des résultats de simulation pour le climat général du jour présent en mettant l'accent sur les effets radiatifs des nuages et les précipitations. Nous trouvons un bon accord général entre la moyenne climatologique des effets radiatifs des nuages pour les courtes et les grandes longueurs d'onde et les observations de l'expérience CERES (Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System). Une analyse de la réponse des effets radiatifs des nuages aux variations du climat sera présentée dans un article connexe.
Plasmonic Sensor Based on Multi Fano Resonance in Inverse T Shape Structure for Detection of CO2 Concentration

An inverse T shape structure, consisting of two perpendicular cavities coupled with a bus-waveguide truncated by a block, has been proposed and investigated numerically. Multi Fano resonance, attributing to the interaction of one continuous and two discrete states, can be observed in transmission spectrum. The numerical results are demonstrated by the coupled mode theory. At the same time, it is feasible to produce multi Fano resonance which derive from the splitting of different order modes by adjusting D value, which has been well explained theoretically. When the inverse T shape is filled with Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), a perfect absorbing coating to monitor the CO2 concentration, the structure can be served as a high sensitivity CO2 detector, whose sensitivity can up to 303 pm/ppm. In addition, the sensitivity of this proposed structure is ∼2.23 times higher than the previous work. The proposed structure has the advantages of simple, compact and easy fabrication. The results represented in this study may have potential applications in sensing and CO2 detector, which can provide the guideline to design other types of gas detector.
Divergence Factor in Ray Model and Its Application to Light Scattering by a Large Nonspherical Dielectric Particle

This letter focuses on the description of the divergence factor of a wave in terms of differential geometry, called vectorial complex ray model (VCRM), and its application in the scattering of a large nonspherical dielectric particle. The VCRM permits to calculate the amplitude and the phase of electric field rigorously in terms of ray model, but it fails to predict correctly the field near caustics (in rainbow angles). This problem is solved by combining the field calculated with VCRM and the physical optics. This hybrid method is then applied, as example, to the scattering of an infinite cylinder and an ellipsoid. The comparison with the rigorous Debye theory shows that our method can predict very precisely the scattered field in all directions including near the rainbow angles. The hybrid method removes the two approximations in Airy theory, so the results are much better. Because of its flexibility, this method can be applied directly to the scattering of a large nonspherical object of smooth surface.
Post-failure mobility of saturated sands in undrained load-controlled ring shear tests

The undrained shear behavior of soils with progress of shear displacement is essential to the understanding of liquefied slope failures with long travel distance. In this paper, using a newly developed ring shear apparatus, a series of ring-shear tests were conducted on a silty sand to examine the undrained behavior of sand subjected to long shear displacement. Based on the test results, the undrained shear behavior of sands with a wide range of densities is discussed. A very low effective stress corresponding to liquefaction was observed at the steady state in all of the tests on loose, medium, as well as dense sand. The effects of stress state and shear history on the undrained shear behavior were examined by performing tests on a sample with different initial stress states and shearing the same specimen repeatedly (three times) at each initial stress state. The tests at different initial stress states proved that the initial stress state has an influence on static liquefaction resistance but has no eff.
A smaller global estimate of the second indirect aerosol effect

Global estimates of the indirect aerosol effect much larger than 1 W m−2 in magnitude are difficult to reconcile with observations, yet climate models give estimates between −1 and −4.4 W m−2. We use a climate model with a new treatment of autoconversion to reevaluate the second indirect aerosol effect. We obtain a global‐mean value of −0.28 W m−2, compared to −0.71 W m−2 with the autoconversion treatment most often used in climate models. The difference is due to (1) the new scheme's smaller autoconversion rate, and (2) an autoconversion threshold that increases more slowly with cloud droplet concentration. The impact of the smaller autoconversion rate shows the importance of accurately modeling this process. Our estimate of the total indirect aerosol effect on liquid‐water clouds changes from −1.63 to −1.09 W m−2.
Hysteresis Of Methane/Coal Sorption Isotherms

Methane production from coal seams has been actively pursued in the U.S. since the mid-1970's. This resource is regarded as an unconventional natural gas supply due to several unique characteristics of the reservoir, including: two-phase (water and gas) flow, low effective permeability to gas, and the majority of the methane being held in an adsorbed state on the internal surfaces of the microporous coal structure rather than as compressed or dissolved gas within the pores. In a virgin coal reservoir with ideal conditions the adsorbed methane concentration is in equilibrium with the initial reservoir pressure. Production of gas from the coal bed depends on the release of this adsorbed methane to a free state, which then flows through the natural fracture system of the coal towards the wellbore. Release of the adsorbed methane is accomplished by dewatering the reservoir which decreases the local pressure and thereby upsets the equilibria. In the past, researchers have utilized laboratory-measured adsorption isotherms to model the gas concentration/reservoir pressure equilibrium relationship. In the current study both adsorption (pressure increasing) and desorption (pressure decreasing) isotherms were determined for several coal samples. It was found that there are hysteresis effects which cause the two sorption modes tomore » be different. The desorption isotherms were more non-linear than the adsorption isotherms. In terms of reservoir performance this mean that coalbed reservoirs must be drawn down to pressures lower than those indicated by adsorption isotherms to achieve the same degree of methane release. « less
The fine structure in the field change produced by positive ground strokes

Several features of the field change waveforms originating from positive first return strokes in cloud-to-ground lightning flashes were clarified on the basis of observations of electric and magnetic field changes with bandwidths of 32 Hz to 1.2 MHz and 160 Hz to 1.2 MHz, respectively. In most positive waveforms, the rapidly rising portion (fast transition) was seen to follow the slowly rising portion (slow front), as is usually observed in the waveforms of negative return strokes. The average 10–90% rise times of field waveforms associated with positive first return strokes in Niigata, located in Japan's winter thunderstorm area, in winter and in Tokyo in summer were 8.7 and 6.7 μs, respectively. These values were about twice the 10–90% rise times for the negative first return strokes observed over the corresponding period in each area. Owing to the significantly longer slow front of positive waveforms, the average zero-to-peak rise time for the positive return strokes obtained from the same recordings was 22.3 μs, which is about 3 times larger than that for negative strokes: 7.5 μs. Only 1/3–1/4 of the waveforms of positive first return strokes observed in both summer and winter had discernible pulses preceding return stroke field change. The average time interval between leader pulses within a 100-μs period just prior to the first return strokes observed in winter in Niigata was 17.4 μs, approximately equal to the reported value for negative first return strokes in Florida in summer.
Linkage of Sevier thrusting episodes and Late Cretaceous foreland basin megasequences across southern Wyoming (USA)

Deposition and subsidence analysis, coupled with previous structural studies of the Sevier thrust belt, provide a means of reconstructing the detailed kinematic history of depositional response to episodic thrusting in the Cordilleran foreland basin of southern Wyoming, western interior USA. The Upper Cretaceous basin fill is divided into five megasequences bounded by unconformities. The Sevier thrust belt in northern Utah and southwestern Wyoming deformed in an eastward progression of episodic thrusting. Three major episodes of displacement on the Willard‐Meade, Crawford and ‘early’ Absaroka thrusts occurred from Aptian to early Campanian, and the thrust wedge gradually became supercritically tapered. The Frontier Formation conglomerate, Echo Canyon and Weber Canyon Conglomerates and Little Muddy Creek Conglomerate were deposited in response to these major thrusting events. Corresponding to these proximal conglomerates within the thrust belt, Megasequences 1, 2 and 3 were developed in the distal foreland of southern Wyoming. Two‐dimensional (2‐D) subsidence analyses show that the basin was divided into foredeep, forebulge and backbulge depozones. Foredeep subsidence in Megasequences 1, 2 and 3, resulting from Willard‐Meade, Crawford and ‘early’ Absaroka thrust loading, were confined to a narrow zone in the western part of the basin. Subsidence in the broad region east of the forebulge was dominantly controlled by sediment loading and inferred dynamic subsidence. Individual subsidence curves are characterized by three stages from rapid to slow. Controlled by relationships between accommodation and sediment supply, the basin was filled with retrogradational shales during periods of rapid subsidence, followed by progradational coarse clastic wedges during periods of slow subsidence. During middle Campanian time (ca. 78.5–73.4 Ma), the thrust wedge was stalled because of wedge‐top erosion and became subcritical, and the foredeep zone eroded and rebounded because of isostasy. The eroded sediments were transported far from the thrust belt, and constitute Megasequence 4 that was mostly composed of fluvial and coastal plain depositional systems. Subsidence rates were very slow, because of post‐thrusting rebound, and the resulting 2‐D subsidence was lenticular in an east–west direction. During late Campanian to early Maastrichtian time, widespread deposits of coarse sediment (the Hams Fork Conglomerate) aggraded the top of the thrust wedge after it stalled, prior to initiation of ‘late’ Absaroka thrusting. Meanwhile Megasequence 5 was deposited in the Wyoming foreland under the influence of both the intraforeland Wind River basement uplift and the Sevier thrust belt.
First VHF radar observations of tropical latitude E-region field aligned irregularities

Indian MST radar at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E, 12.5° dip) was operated during July/August 1994, to observe the 3-m scale size field aligned irregularities associated with the lower E region. Irregularity structure was studied by using height-time variation of the echo intensity and weighted mean Doppler velocity. In this paper results of three diurnal cycles of observation are presented. Field perpendicular echoes were observed both during daytime and nighttime. A layered irregularity structure extending down to altitude below 86 Km was seen during the nighttime. The daytime structure showed a narrow echoing region with significant downward slope. Doppler velocity was in the range of 20–50 ms−1, both during day and night and was, in general, consistent with the slope of scattering structure observed in the height-time-intensity plots.
Clinical Approach to Immunotherapy-induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case of Pembrolizumab Associated Insulin-dependent Diabetes in a Patient with NSCLC

As the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of various cancers is now proven to be already acquired knowledge, so does a new challenge arise for clinicians; the understanding, diagnosis, and management of the rarest adverse effects of immunotherapy. We present a case of type-1 diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) in a patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treated with pembrolizumab. Following ten cycles of treatment, our patient was diagnosed with T1DM after being admitted for diabetic ketoacidosis and stayed hospitalized in the ICU. Later, they continued treatment with insulin, having shown disease response to pembrolizumab, and resumed immunotherapy while on insulin. Immunotherapy-induced T1DM can sometimes occur with PD1/PD-L1 blockage therapies. It has a rapid onset, is characterized by insulin deficiency due to the autoimmune destruction of beta-cells, and usually presents itself with diabetic ketoacidosis. Unlike most of the other adverse effects of immunotherapy, glucocorticoids don’t seem to be of therapeutic value, and insulin substitution is required. Regular glucose monitoring can be key to early diagnosis and prevention of hospitalization.
Effects of biased extrapolation on attitude extremity

Previous research has shown that merely thinking about an attitude object can make both positive and negative attitudes more extreme. The present research explored whether a specific type of thought—extrapolating from known to unknown attributes—might make attitudes and behavioural intentions more extreme than reviewing known attributes. In three experiments, extrapolating from a social group's ‘known’ personality traits made positive and negative attitudes and behavioural intentions more extreme than reviewing those traits. This pattern of results occurred whether participants self‐generated extrapolations (Experiment 1) or rated the likelihood of frequently extrapolated traits (Experiment 2). Attitudes were also more extreme after extrapolating traits high versus low in cognitive relevance to known traits, regardless of trait positivity/negativity (Experiment 3). In all three experiments, the effect of biased trait extrapolation on attitude extremity was mediated by more extreme associations with the extrapolated group. The current findings are consistent with attitude theories that emphasize cognitive processes.
Remanent Early Cretaceous spreading center in the Central Pacific Basin

A WNW trending lineated topographic depression (Magellan Trough) and associated magnetic anomaly lineations (Magellan lineation set) were revealed in the basin northeast of the Magellan Rise. We identified symmetric magnetic anomaly lineations from M9 (121 m.y.) to M11 (126 m.y.) of Early Cretaceous age with a symmetric axis at the Magellan Trough and concluded that the Magellan Trough is a remanent spreading center which ceased its opening at the latter half of M9 time. The Magellan lineation set fans drastically to the southeast, and it represents an asymmetric spreading system. The Magellan spreading system has two separate rotation poles for the northern flank lineations and the southern flank ones, and both poles lie on the extension of the Magellan Trough. The amplitudes of the magnetic anomalies decrease toward the poles, possibly owing to the contamination of the magnetized blocks as a function of decreasing spreading rate. The Magellan spreading system shows unusually rapid rotation rates of 4.2°/m.y. for the northern flank and 3.1°/m.y. for the southern flank, which together with the proximity of the rotation poles suggest unstableness of the spreading system. This unstable spreading may have shortened the life of the Magellan spreading system. Such an unstable spreading system could have been generated in order to balance changes in movements of the Phoenix, Farallon, and Pacific plates. The spreading center may have jumped to the northeast at M9 time as part of its evolution as the Pacific-Farallon ridge. Thus the Magellan Trough may be a fossil Pacific-Farallon ridge and the northern flank of the Magellan set a piece of captured Farallon plate.
Suitability of simple rheological laws for the numerical simulation of dense pyroclastic flows and long‐runout volcanic avalanches

[1] The rheology of volcanic rock avalanches and dense pyroclastic flows is complex, and it is difficult at present to constrain the physics of their processes. The problem lies in defining the most suitable parameters for simulating the behavior of these natural flows. Existing models are often based on the Coulomb rheology, sometimes with a velocity-dependent stress (e.g., Voellmy), but other laws have also been used. Here I explore the characteristics of flows, and their deposits, obtained on simplified topographies by varying source conditions and rheology. The Coulomb rheology, irrespective of whether there is a velocity-dependent stress, forms cone-shaped deposits that do not resemble those of natural long-runout events. A purely viscous or a purely turbulent flow can achieve realistic velocities and thicknesses but cannot form a deposit on slopes. The plastic rheology, with (e.g., Bingham) or without a velocity-dependent stress, is more suitable for the simulation of dense pyroclastic flows and long-runout volcanic avalanches. With this rheology, numerical flows form by pulses, which are often observed during natural flow emplacement. The flows exhibit realistic velocities and deposits of realistic thicknesses. The plastic rheology is also able to generate the frontal lobes and lateral levees which are commonly observed in the field. With the plastic rheology, levee formation occurs at the flow front due to a divergence of the driving stresses at the edges. Once formed, the levees then channel the remaining flow mass. The results should help future modelers of volcanic flows with their choice of which mechanical law corresponds best to the event they are studying.
Mapping the distribution of an invasive marine alga (Codium fragile spp. tomentosoides) in optically shallow coastal waters using the compact airborne spectrographic imager (CASI)

We collected 19 bands of ocean colour data (spanning 391–904 nm) at 1 m2 spatial resolution from Mahone Bay on the south coast of Nova Scotia during July 2001 with an airborne hyperspectral sensor (CASI). The data were classified using 16 different protocols in an effort to accurately map benthic communities over 7 km2 of seabed to 6 m water depth. The primary objective was to depict the spatial pattern of invasion of the rocky subtidal zone by an introduced macroalga: Codium fragile. The best classification results were obtained using the first three axes of a principal component analysis of all 19 spectral channels and the maximum likelihood classification of four classes of benthic community (i.e., those dominated by Codium meadow, kelp bed, Codium–kelp mix, and sand) at three depth strata using an added bathymetry channel and no correction for water-column attenuation. The overall accuracy obtained for the entire visible seabed of the bay was 83.30% (Kappa statistic = 0.82). User's and producer's accuracies of the four classes ranged from 35.00% to 97.00% and 65.00% to 100.00%, respectively, depending primarily on depth. The addition of a bathymetry channel typically increased the overall accuracy by 20.00%, and a correction for water-column attenuation had little effect at these depths. Patches of the invasive alga, kelp, and sand were clearly distinguishable at spatial scales of 1–1000 m2, but there was also patchiness at subpixel scales (i.e., <1 m2), such that Codium was frequently confused with mixed communities. We interpret this multiscale patchiness as indicative of ongoing invasion dynamics and conclude that airborne hyperspectral technology is suitable for portraying the time-dependent outcomes of these dynamics at ecologically meaningful spatial scales.