Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Xerophytic Forest Record of the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition and Use of Wood Resources by Early Human Groups in the Eastern Tandilia Range, Argentina

ABSTRACT This contribution analyzes the charcoal records found in archaeological sites dating to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (9032 ± 30 - 10,672 ± 56 radiocarbon years ago) located in the eastern Tandilia Range, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The archaeological charcoal identified for the Pleistocene/Holocene transition were Celtis ehrenbergiana, Salix humboldtiana, Schinus sp. , Colletia sp. , Baccharis sp. , and Senecio sp. Charcoals with high caloric values and long combustible duration were an excellent source of heat and were probably used by hunter-gatherers for heating, cooking, and lighting. The presence of xerophytic forests at least from ca. 10,000 radiocarbon years ago in the eastern Tandilia Range were inferred by the record of C. ehrenbergiana found in four archaeological sites during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. During this period, vegetation developed under a cold arid to semi-arid climate.
Teacher-Tool Relationship of Maldivian ESL Teachers: A Multiple Case Study

A major curriculum reform was implemented in Maldives in 2015. Little is known about how the new curriculum has been used and implemented in classroom teaching. This qualitative multiple-case study aims to examine the teacher-tool relationship of six teachers teaching sixth grade English and the factors that shape the teacher-tool relationship. The teachers were situated in four schools with distinct contexts – a densely populated urban context, a sparsely populated island with multi-grade classrooms, an island dependent on fishing and an island dependent on tourism. Data collected include three video-recorded observations of each teacher as well as post and pre-observation interviews. Brown’s Design Capacity for Enactment Framework (DCEF) was used as a basis to see whether teachers offload, adapt or improvise the curriculum. In addition, an analysis of the descriptive data, across and within the cases was done to identify factors that shape the way teachers use the curriculum. The analysis revealed that teachers use the curriculum in distinctive ways and included multiple layers of offloading, adapting, improvising and omitting. The way teachers use the curriculum varies from one teacher to another, from one lesson to another, and from one activity to another. Curriculum tool features, individual characteristics as well as the island context played significant roles in shaping how teachers use the curriculum in their teaching. The results of the study can provide curriculum developers with a different perspective in designing curriculum tools, particularly to create flexible affordances within the curriculum to allow for differing teacher and locational characteristics.
IoT based smart car parking system

This paper presents an IoT Based Smart Car Parking System which displays the parking slot number of vacant slots on the LCD display when the car arrives at the gate. It initially checks the presence of the vehicle in each of the parking slots and then displays the slot number of a vacant slot on an LCD display placed near the gate. This guides the new car to park at the appropriate slot. The status of each parking slot is also uploaded onto thingspeak cloud platform. Raspberry pi is used to control the whole mechanism. This prototype also gives an option of controlling the opening/closing of the gate by a website. The gate can be controlled by a website created using HTML and flask package in Raspbian Operating System. This feature is added for security purposes. The objective of this paper is to develop an intelligent, user-friendly automated car parking system that reduces the manpower and traffic congestion and to offer safe and secure parking slots within a limited area.
Unresolved Politics: Implicit Ambivalence and Political Cognition

This paper introduces a novel framework for understanding the relationship between implicit and explicit preferences and political cognition. Existing work in political psychology focuses primarily on comparing the main effects of implicit versus explicit attitude measures. This paper rethinks the role of implicit cognition by acknowledging the correspondence between implicit and explicit preferences (i.e., the distance between implicitly and explicitly measured attitudes). Data from the 2008 American National Election Study are used to examine implicit racial ambivalence, or the gap between one’s implicit and explicit racial preferences, as it exists in the United States. Results indicate implicit racial ambivalence, which has been shown to yield effortful thinking related to race, is negatively related to education and Need for Cognition, and predicts race-related policy attitudes as well as vote choice in the 2008 election. Furthermore, implicit ambivalence moderates the influence of ideology on political attitudes, including attitudes toward outcomes that are only covertly related to race and cannot be predicted directly by implicit or explicit racial attitudes alone.
A new approach for detecting effective reproductive ability of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)

Summary The effective reproductive capacity of Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies is currently calculated on the basis of the number of female deutonymphs found in singly infested worker brood cells at 17–18 days (two to three days before the bee emerges). This calculation presumes that the deutonymphs will reach the adult stage by the time that the adult bee ecloses. Some deutonymphs may not, however, reach the adult phase and there also could be mortality. In order to examine this possibility, we studied mite reproduction in worker brood of Africanized honey bee colonies at 17–18 days and then selected eight colonies in which over 90% of the infested brood cells contained a single original female mite. The mean proportion of singly infested worker brood cells in these colonies was 96.3%. Consequently, by subtracting one from the total number of adult female mites found at the time the bee emerged we would be able to estimate the effective reproductive capacity of the original mites, with little error due to the very few cells invaded by more than one original mother mite. Among 377 singly infested worker brood cells analysed at 17–18 days, we found an estimated mean of 1.51 deutonymphs per original female mite. In 250 worker brood cells from the same colonies analysed at bee emergence (two days later) the mean number of new female adult mites was estimated to be 1.07. Thus the effective mite reproductive rate was only 71% of the original estimate of 1.51. We conclude that the conventional technique of analyzing mite reproduction in 17–18 day old worker brood cells considerably overestimates the actual reproductive rate.
The influence of foliar diseases, and their control by fungicides, on the protein concentration in wheat grain: a review

Experiments investigating effects of foliar disease control on wheat grain protein concentration (GPC) are reviewed. Fungicidal control of rusts (Puccinia spp.) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) increased or had no significant effect on GPC in almost all cases, whilst control of the Septoria spp. often resulted in reduced GPC, but with exceptions. Reasons for these differences are discussed with reference to host pathogen interactions. Irrespective of infection strategy (biotrophic or necrotrophic), controlling severe infection increased nitrogen yield and the proportion of above-ground crop nitrogen that was partitioned to the grain. Similar effects are recorded for above-ground biomass and dry matter harvest index. The relationships between fungicide effects on green flag leaf area duration (GFLAD) and GPC were examined and shown to be unaffected by mode of action of the fungicide. Interactions between fungicide use and cultivar, nitrogen and growing season are related to the amount and type of pathogen present, and environment. An economic analysis demonstrated that fungicide effects on GPC should not affect the choice of fungicide or application programme, but that applications of foliar urea at the start of grain filling can deliver a cost-effective method of eliminating GPC reductions that may occasionally result from fungicide use.
Interceptação das chuvas em um fragmento de floresta da Mata Atlântica na Bacia do Prata, Recife, PE

The Dois Irmaos forest is one of the few remaining areas of the Atlantic Forest in the State of Pernambuco. The dams of Meio, Prata and Dois Irmaos, which belong to the Prata Basin, are in it. The objective of this work was to study the rainfall partitioning in a fragment of the Atlantic forest in the Prata basin, in Recife, PE. 24 raingouges were installed in the interior of the forest to measure the throughfall and 20 trees of superior extract and 10 of the sub-forest were selected to determine the stemflow. The results showed values of loss interception of 208,3 mm, net precipitation of 1431,7 mm, throughfall of 1392,4 mm, stemflow by superior stratum of 6,6 mm and stemflow by sub-forest of 32,8 mm, corresponding to 12,7%, 87,3%, 84,9%, 0,4% and 2%, respectively.
EFFECTS OF SEASONS ON POSTPARTUM CHARACTERISTICS OF SHEEP BEING SELECTED FOR YEAR-ROUND BREEDING AND ON PUBERTY OF THEIR FEMALE PROGENY

Second and third parity crossbred ewes being selected for year-round breeding were used after fall lambing, to study the influence of seasons on postpartum characteristics. The average fall lambing date was 8 November, and weaning occurred 14 days later. The interval between weaning and first estrus was then 18.0 days. Following an average spring lambing date of 14 May and weaning again at 14 days, the postweaning interval to first estrus was 87.1 days. Of the ewes bred, 76.6% lambed after fall lambing, 12.7% less than after spring lambing (P < 0.05). Ewes at their second parity needed 0.38 more services (P < 0.05) to produce 0.23 fewer lambs (P < 0.05) than ewes at their third parity. The ewe-lambs born to the ewes lambing in the fall and in the spring were raised to study the influence of seasons of birth on puberty. The percentage reaching puberty and the average age at puberty for ewe-lambs born in the fall were 93.3% and 312.8 days, and those in the spring were 57.1% and 201.8 days. Spring-born ewe-l.
MOSQUITOES AND HUMAN DISEASE IN CANADA

Abstract In the early 19th century, malaria was indigenous in Upper Canada (Ontario), but indigenous infection has not been seen in Canada since about 1909. For many years mosquitoes were regarded principally as harmless pests of man and domestic animals until the recognition of a number of mosquito-borne viruses. At present, mosquitoes in Canada are known to be involved in the maintenance or spread of at least seven arboviruses. One of these viruses, western equine encephalomyelitis, occurs in epidemics in man and horses at irregular intervals in the western provinces. The extent to which the other arboviruses might cause disease in man or domestic animals in Canada is unknown at present but California encephalitis virus infection rates can be high in human residents of central Saskatchewan, central Alberta, and southern British Columbia. On the basis of observations made in the United States, St. Louis encephalitis virus could pose a threat to public health in Canada whereas the Cache Valley virus might involve livestock. Even if man and livestock are not involved at present in epidemics of disease due to these viruses, the presence of the viruses and their vectors should be of concern. Epidemics could arise either from amplification of causal viruses already present in indigenous foci or by amplification of viruses from new enzootic foci recently established by extension of the geographic ranges of the viruses. Evidence indicating which category each of the known viruses in Saskatchewan belongs to is briefly reviewed. Japanese B encephalitis virus has not yet been seen in Canada but the environmental prerequisites for an epidemic or epizootic due to this virus appear to be present and awaiting the arrival of the virus.
The Vascular Pattern of Festucoid Grass Axes, with Particular Reference to Nodal Plexi

In festucoid grass shoots, seven principal strands (the median and six laterals) enter the axis from each leaf. Each of these seven strands follows an identical course down the axis, penetrating the nodal region of the next oldest leaf and passing through the next internode before being "obstructed" by an equivalent strand (i.e., median obstructed by median, etc.) in the region of the second node below (i.e., the next oldest in the same orthostichy). At this level the "obstructed strands" fork around the strands just coming in, and the two branches continue down through one further internode. The "forked strands" do not end blindly, but are usually linked with strands of older leaves via nodal plexus branches. Initially, at each node a basic pattern of plexus strands is established. Some strands (looping strands) "short-circuit" between the shoulders of neighboring forked obstructed strands, while others (bridging strands) connect the obstructed strands and obstructing strands. Later, additional strands are initiated in the node, above the first-formed strands, "swamping" the basic pattern. The lower ends of the forked strands often become connected with these additional strands, or they may merge with the bridging strands of the node. Laterals formed later and axillary bud traces are not involved in the production of the nodal plexus but merely become linked to it.
Disrupting to Driving: exploring upper primary teachers’ perspectives on student engagement

ABSTRACT While student engagement has been the subject of increasing attention in the field of education, attempts to translate research findings into practice have been hindered by a lack of clarity and consensus around the concept. It is generally agreed that teachers have an important role to play in promoting the engagement of students in classroom learning, however, little is know about how teachers think about student engagement or their experiences of engaging students in the classroom. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 upper-primary teachers to explore their perspectives on student engagement in learning. The data showed teachers described six qualitatively different forms of engagement and disengagement that vary in terms of the perceived degree of active involvement of the student. Teachers described three forms of engagement: Participating, Investing and Driving. They also described three forms of disengagement: Withdrawing, Avoiding and Disrupting. The proposed continuum offers some clarity about the range of meanings that teachers may have when using the broad terms ‘engagement’ and ‘disengagement’, and offers an alternative perspective on the concept of student engagement that might aid in future efforts to connect research with practice.
INFLUENCE OF CATION-π INTERACTIONS IN MESOPHILIC AND THERMOPHILIC PROTEINS

ABSTRACT Understanding the factors responsible for exhibiting extreme stability of thermophilic proteins is a challenging task. In this work, we analyze the influence of cation-π interactions to enhance the stability from mesophilic to thermophilic proteins. We found that thermophiles contain higher occurrence of Arg and less occurrence of Lys than mesophiles, which indicates that the replacement of Lys to Arg enhances the stability. In thermophilic proteins, more numbers of Trp would experience cation-π interactions than mesophilic proteins, while the contribution of Tyr is significant in mesophilic proteins. The side chain of Arg is more likely to be in a cation-π interaction of mesophiles than thermophiles. The cation-π interaction energy is significantly different between mesophilic and thermophilic proteins belonging to the same family. Further, the cation-π interaction energy exhibited by the pair of amino acid residues, Arg–Phe, Lys–Phe, and Lys–Tyr is more effective in thermophiles than mesophiles. The results obtained in the present study would be helpful to understand the stability of thermophilic proteins.
Cell Proliferation and CD11b Expression Are Controlled Independently during HL60 Cell Differentiation Initiated by 1,25α-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 or All-trans-Retinoic Acid

Abstract When 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (D 3 ) induces HL60 cells to differentiate to monocytes, a burst of approximately three shortened cell cycles (“maturation divisions”) precedes exit from cell cycle and completion of maturation. Here we show that similar maturation divisions occur during neutrophil differentiation induced by all- trans -retinoic acid (ATRA), but without shortening of the cell cycle. Both ATRA and D 3 initiate these maturation divisions as cells pass through a “window of sensitivity” during early G1. We also investigated whether the initiation of maturation divisions and of the expression of CD11b, an early-expressed maturation marker, are linked. Cells treated with D 3 or ATRA start to express CD11b after 9–14 h, before completing the first maturation division. Elutriation was used to isolate small HL60 cells (almost all in G1) and larger cells (in G1 and S phases) from unsynchronized populations. When these were cultured with D 3 or ATRA, most reentered cycle synchronously, multiplied, and differentiated. Following D 3 treatment, the G1-enriched small cells expressed CD11b slightly faster than unsynchronized cultures or fractions dominated by late G1 cells and/or S phase cells. D 3 -induced CD11b expression occurred at a similar rate even in G1 cells that were held at the G1/S boundary by thymidine. In conclusion, changes in the control of the cell cycle that characterize the onset of monocytic and neutrophil differentiation are only triggered in early G1, but CD11b expression can be initiated from most points in the cell cycle. Differentiating agents must therefore regulate the proliferation and the maturation of differentiating myeloid cells by mechanisms that are at least partly independent.
Interactions between marsh plant species vary in direction and strength depending on environmental and consumer context

1 Positive interactions between species are predicted to increase in importance at extreme ends of environmental gradients where neighbours offer either stress amelioration in harsh environments or associational defence from consumers in benign environments. However, this model has never been tested with the same species across a single environmental gradient in light of consumers. 2 Estuarine marsh vegetation, at a landscape‐scale from salt to tidal freshwater, experiences strong gradients in physical (salinity) stress, but consumer effects are rarely considered in these systems under strong edaphic control. Here, I present evidence that small mammals are important consumers in coastal marshes of New England, USA, reducing vegetative cover by maintaining open runways in all salinity marshes, but whose top‐down influence on plant species increases in less saline marshes. 3 A seedling transplant experiment into plots with and without neighbouring matrix grasses, and with varying environmental stress (salt, brackish and oligohaline marshes) and consumer pressure (with and without mammal herbivory), showed that seedling–matrix interactions were positive in salt marshes, negative in brackish marshes, and varied in oligohaline marshes depending on species. While competitive interactions predominated in oligohaline marshes, one transplant species had less negative neighbour interactions in the presence of consumers, indicating an increasing positive component of the interaction due to associational defence. 4 Synthesis. These results suggest that positive interactions may occur more consistently in harsh physical environments than in stressful biotic environments because consumer pressure is likely to vary by species and over space and time, while environmental stress is generally applied more constantly. Results show that interactions between the same species can reverse in direction or change in strength depending on environmental and consumer context, cautioning that single‐site studies may not accurately predict community changes in increasingly altered climatic and consumer environments.
Advection Modification of the Priestley and Taylor Evapotranspiration Formula1

The empirical formula of Priestly and Taylor (1972) relating the evapotranspiration from a well-watered surface to the net radiation and a function of the air temperature is modified to include a saturation deficit term to account for high local advection. The model is tested on two seasons of daily evapotranspiration measurements over irrigated potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.), resulting in good agreement and a substantial improvement over the unmodified formula. Alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) measurements are also represented well by the model, but no better than by the Priestley-Taylor formula calibrated during a period of high advection.
Neurolinguistic Approaches in Morphology

Neurolinguistic approaches to morphology include the main theories of morphological representation and processing in the human mind, such as full-listing, full-parsing, and hybrid dual-route models, and how the experimental evidence that has been acquired to support these theories uses different neurolinguistic paradigms (visual and auditory priming, violation, long-lag priming, picture-word interference, etc.) and methods (electroencephalography [EEG]/event-related brain potential [ERP], functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI], neuropsychology, and so forth).
Sex‐specific differences in spatial behaviour in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Abstract Territoriality in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is studied in the laboratory. In rectangular enclosures, male flies exhibit a lower tolerance (occupation of the same physical space) of same‐sex conspecifics than do females. In circular arenas, male flies show significantly higher levels of spatial separation among themselves (as determined from nearest neighbour analyses) than do females: males show a slight tendency towards a uniform distribution, whereas females exhibit a slight tendency towards clustering. The male spatial behaviour occurs during the photophase but not the scotophase, suggesting that visual cues are required for maintenance of inter‐individual spacing. No significant differences in male spacing behaviour occur between subjective day and subjective night in either constant dark or constant light conditions, suggesting that spatial patterning is not driven by a circadian rhythm.
Harassment and Intimidation of Parliamentary Candidates in the United Kingdom

The use of political violence to attain political goals has long been a source of concern. Once thought to be exclusive to countries with high levels of general violence, recent evidence suggests that harassment and intimidation of political elites in the UK is more widespread than previously thought. Using data from the 2017 general election candidate survey, we find that four in every ten candidates experienced at least one type of harassment. Evidence suggests that women and young candidates are more likely to suffer from harassment and intimidation. We conclude by formulating an agenda for future research, focussing, in particular, on the perception of harassment and the effect of harassment on political careers.