Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eulerian polydispersed modeling of bubbly flows around ships with application to Athena R/V

The modeling of polydispersed bubbly flows in practical applications requires the resolution of large systems of equations with multiple unknowns. Since the solution to this problem lives in a four dimensional space the number of unknowns increases quickly with finer discretizations. In addition, the problem is highly non-linear, strongly coupled and stiff. In this work a series of novel ideas to solve these issues in a robust and efficient manner is presented. Further, a simulation of the bubbly flow around a real self-propelled ship where the propellers are fully discretized is performed. This highly demanding computation serves as a test for the ideas presented in this work. Comparisons with available experimental data are shown.
How seeds and growth dynamics influence plant size and yield: Integrating trait relationships into ontogeny

Seeds, growth rates and duration of growth influence plant development. However, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how they lead to larger and higher‐yielding plants, as these traits have not yet been explicitly studied in combination and across ontogeny. Seed size and growth dynamics have evolved differently during domestication and improvement. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether the relationships between these traits and their contribution to plant size and yield have also changed over the course of crop evolution. Here we grew wild, landrace and improved accessions of 18 annual herbaceous crops in a glasshouse. For each plant, we measured seed mass, growth rate and duration of vegetative growth. We also measured plant size at three ontogenetic stages: seedling, juvenile and mature, and reproductive output. Using path analyses, we tested causal relationships between the traits and quantified their relative importance in determining mature plant size and yield. Seed mass and duration of vegetative growth were more important than growth rates in explaining variations in mature plant size and yield among species. Domesticated plants were larger, had heavier seeds and higher yields, but did not grow faster or for longer time‐spans than their wild progenitors. Trait relationships did not differ between the wild, landrace and improved accessions. Our results suggest that annual herbs reach larger sizes primarily through a combination of heavier seeds and longer vegetative growth periods. Moreover, domestication has increased plant size only through the heavy‐seed causal pathway, via cascading effects during ontogeny. However, the high yields of modern crops hardly be explained by the traits considered here, suggesting the importance of other drivers, such as roots and their microbiome. Synthesis. We provide a better mechanistic understanding of the size axis of global plant trait variation and emphasise the role of growth duration in explaining the diversity of mature plant sizes. Seeds and growth dynamics are highly functionally coordinated with plant size, and this coordination has changed little during crop evolution. Our results highlight that multi‐trait relationships throughout plant ontogeny play a key role in governing how domestication has influenced plant size and crop yields.
Transient growth of separated flows

Transient growth is quantitatively examined in two prototype separated flows using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). Separated flows typically exhibit regions of convective instability due to the inflectional velocity profiles inherent in the shear flow. This can lead to the transient growth of small disturbances by many orders of magnitude. After reviewing the mathematical tools and numerical techniques required, we present an analysis of transient growth in an axisymmetric pipe with a 1:2 diametral expansion. A direct method is used to calculate the optimal transient energy growth for specified time horizons and Reynolds numbers up to Re=1200, and low-order azimuthal wavenumber m. At each Re the maximum growth is in azimuthal mode m=1 and this maximum is found to increase exponentially with Re. The time evolution of optimal perturbations is presented and shown to correspond to sinuous oscillations of the shear layer. Finally, full three-dimensional DNS with the in flow perturbed with Gaussian white-noise conforms the presence of the structures determined by the transient growth analysis. The second prototype flow considered is the cylinder wake in the subcritical regime. Large energy growth is observed at Reynolds numbers close to the onset of global instability and the optimal perturbations which lead to this growth are determined. Three-dimensional spanwise perturbations are also examined and it is found that, except for short time horizons, the zero wavenumber is dominant. Furthermore, performing accurate linear and transient growth analysis is found to be highly dependent on the size of the computational domain. Adjoint eigenmodes extend far upstream of the cylinder necessitating a long in flow. More importantly, constrictions in the cross-stream direction are found to distort the basic flow, which has a substantial effect on the accuracy of the analysis. Transition in pipe flow is a topic for which there is still relatively little understanding. Pus are small regions of turbulence observed close to the transitional Reynolds number. A gradually expanding pipe is proposed as a means to effectively produce turbulent puffs and study their creation and decay.
Development and user testing of the ICT-platform Visual Water supporting sustainable municipal stormwater planning

ABSTRACT The need to develop sustainable stormwater management is intensifying due to climate impacts and urban densification. Such complex planning processes require insights into disparate issues, connecting heterogeneous actors. While many decision-support tools are developed to facilitate such planning, research assessing their usefulness is requested. This study introduces and assesses one such ICT-tool; the Visual Water platform, aiming to support sustainable stormwater planning in Swedish municipalities. The study aims to identify critical points to consider for developers of related decision-support tools and to detangle requirements and tradeoffs in making them relevant and user-friendly, building on test-sessions with Swedish practitioners. Results show that the platform responds to challenges within municipal planning as outlined by Swedish practitioners. However, though the platform content is considered relevant, its application in real-world planning is perceived as somewhat unclear. The paper discusses ideas for how sustainability-related decision-support tools better can respond to user demands.
The behavioural ecology of Sepiolidae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolida): a review

ABSTRACT Sepiolidae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolida) are growing in popularity as model organisms, not least because of their well-studied symbiotic relationship with light producing bacteria. Their easy maintenance and cultivation requirements in captivity have further facilitated their use in a wide range of developmental, anatomical, neurophysiological, behavioural and genetic studies, exhibiting promising opportunities for these cephalopods in research. Considering the rising interest in sepiolids, a detailed overview of their behavioural ecology is necessary to understand their evolution and conservation, as well as to aid establishment of good welfare practice when held in captivity. To date, not all aspects of the sepiolid ecology have been investigated in detail, and our current knowledge of their behavioural ecology is, for the most part, restricted to descriptions from less than 10 of the approximately 80 species, occasionally resulting in a generalisation of specific observations across species, genera, or even subfamilies. This review summarises current knowledge on sepiolid behavioural ecology and life history, including discussions on their habitat, life span, activity patterns, hunting and feeding behaviour, anti-predator behaviour, burying behaviour, and reproductive behaviour. Moreover, future directions as well as areas of interest for upcoming research studies are highlighted.
META ANALYSIS OF THE INCIDENCE OF LEAKAGE AND STRICTURE FORMATION AFTER HAND-SEWN VERSUS STAPLED ESOPHAGO-GASTRIC ANASTOMOSIS

: Background: Esophagectomy is a major operation indicated for many reasons mainly in esophageal cancer and loss of esophageal function, this operation due to many considerations we can say it is a true challenge to the upper GI surgeon. Aim of the work: The main purpose of the present study is to review the difference between hand-sewn and stapler esophagogastric anastomosis as regards post-operative leakage and stricture formation. Patients and Methods: In the present study, we searched Medline via Pub Med, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Google Scholar. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, A 746 cases were included in hand sewn group and 691 cases in stapled anastomosis. Results: In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, 9 studies including a total of 1437 patients reported the leak incidence. There was a statistically insignificant heterogeneity in the studies. Using the random effects model, the outcome results revealed that hand sewn was significantly more than stapled anastomosis regarding leak incidence. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, 9 studies including a total of 1437 patients (746 in hand sewn and 691 stapled anastomosis)—reported the Stricture incidence. There was a statistically insignificant heterogeneity in the studies. Using the random effects model, the outcome results revealed that hand sewn was significantly less than stapled anastomosis regarding stricture incidence. Conclusion: This meta-analysis, comparing stapled and hand sewn esophagogastric anastomosis, showed that stapled anastomosis decreased the rate of anastomotic leak, increased the rate of anastomotic stricture, shortened the operating time, decreased the rate of postoperative complications but the cost of using staplers is high compared to the hand sewn technique.
Trends in Antibiotic Use in Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish Children

Objective To compare the use of antibiotics in children in four Northern European countries. Methods We conducted a register-based study based on individual-level prescription data from national prescription registers. We identified all redeemed outpatient prescriptions for systemic antibiotics in children aged 0–14 years from July 2006 to June 2017 in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. We computed incidence rates and incidence rate ratios of treatment episodes with any antibiotic and different antibiotic classes. Results In 2016/2017, the rates of antibiotic treatment episodes per 1000 person-years in children aged 0–14 years were 429, 284, 219, and 184 in Finland, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, respectively, and the rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) compared with Norway were 2.33 (2.33–2.34), 1.54 (1.54–1.55), and 1.19 (1.19–1.20) in Finland, Denmark, and Sweden, respectively. The rate of antibiotic treatment episodes declined over time in all countries. The relative reductions in 2016/2017 compared with 2006/2007 were 36% in Finland, 40% in Denmark, 49% in Sweden, and 29% in Norway. Treatment episodes peaked between age 12 and 18 months. The most used antibiotic class was beta-lactamase sensitive penicillins among all children in Norway and Sweden and among children above two years in Denmark, while penicillins with extended spectrum were most used in Finland and among the youngest children in Denmark. Conclusion In all countries, the use of antibiotics in children declined between 2006 and 2017. However, there were still considerable differences in antibiotic use between otherwise quite similar Nordic countries, with a more than 2-fold difference between the countries with the lowest and highest rates. Interventions to reduce the number of antibiotic treatment episodes in the countries with higher rates could reduce the total antibiotic use.
Effect of Antegrade direct hotshot Graft Perfusion in On-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Background: Cardiac ischemic time reduction and myocardium protection can be achieved by warm blood perfusion into arterial or venous grafts during proximal anastomosis construction in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) as off-pump surgeries. However, there is few previous on-pump CABG surgery studies of the impact of warm arterial blood primary graft perfusion. Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the positive benefits of warm arterial blood perfusion of grafted ischemic myocardial segments (through venous or arterial grafts during proximal graft anastomosis creation) on myocardium preservation. Patients and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients were submitted to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) as on-pump surgeries involving proximal graft anastomosis. They were allocated randomly into two equal groups. Group A undergone aortic root antegrade hotshot infusion. While in group B, the additional warm arterial blood bypass graft perfusion was performed before cross- clamp removal, followed by proximal anastomosis, which had been accomplished using partial aortic clamp. Results: The requirement for the inotropic support and defibrillation throughout cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) separation, total CPB duration inotropic support, IABP use, postoperative AF and MI as well as ICU and hospital stay were considerably lesser in group B when compared to group A. Conclusion: As summarizing, there was a significant myocardium recovery impact from the addition of antegrade direct bypass graft perfusion to aortic root warm blood hotshot throughout proximal graft anastomosis during on pump CABG.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in Residents of Guangzhou, China—Young Children Potentially at a Health Risk

Cadmium (Cd) and its compounds are hazardous environmental pollutants with renal toxicity and human carcinogenicity, with ingestion of contaminated foods representing the major mode of exposure. There have been a number of reports evaluating the Cd content in various foods; however, regarding the actual risk posed by dietary cadmium exposure, only a few reports are available in which single point evaluation (less accurate than multiple point evaluation) was employed. In this study, we used a margin of exposure (MOE) model and @RISK software (for multiple evaluation) to evaluate Cd-related health risk in the local Guangzhou residents at varying ages, through a comparison between the estimated monthly exposures and the provisional tolerable monthly intake (0.025 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)), based on the Cd contents in various food categories available locally (a total of 3964 food samples were collected from each of the 13 districts of Guangzhou between 2015 and 2019), which were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In this study, Cd was detected in 69.6% of the samples (averaged 0.120 mg/kg), and rice and its products, leafy vegetables, bivalves, and shrimp and crabs contributed most to Cd exposure (8.63, 3.18, 2.79, and 1.48 ng/kg b.w./day, respectively). The MOE values demonstrated the following tendency: the younger age group, the lower MOE, and its 95% confidence range for the (youngest) 3~6 year old group started from 0.92, indicating a health risk of young children, while that for the other age groups were all above 1.0. Our preliminary findings warrant further clarification using biomarker assays in the relevant population.
Topological order in a three-dimensional toric code at finite temperature

We study topological order in a toric code in three spatial dimensions or a $3+1\text{D}$ ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ gauge theory at finite temperature. We compute exactly the topological entropy of the system and show that it drops, for any infinitesimal temperature, to half its value at zero temperature. The remaining half of the entropy stays constant up to a critical temperature ${T}_{c}$, dropping to zero above ${T}_{c}$. These results show that topologically ordered phases exist at finite temperatures, and we give a simple interpretation of the order in terms of fluctuating strings and membranes and how thermally induced point defects affect these extended structures. Finally, we discuss the nature of the topological order at finite temperature and its quantum and classical aspects.
Large deviations of semimartingales: A maxingale problem approach i. limits as solutions to a maxingale problem

We establish conditions on the predictable characteristics of semimartingales under which the semimartingales obey a large deviation principle for the Skorohod topology. The associated rate function may depend on the whole past of a trajectory. We use a new technique, which is a counterpart of the martingale problem approach in weak convergence theory. In connection with this, we develop an analogue of stochastic calculus on a space with rate function
Seasonal effect of humidity on human comfort in a hot summer/cold winter zone in China

Adaptation to different seasonal climates may affect human subjective responses to humidity. In this study, thermal comfort, humidity comfort and perceived air quality were investigated with subjects exposed in a climate chamber during spring, summer and winter. Sixty subjects were recruited in total, divided into groups of 20 subjects for each season. Temperature was set at three levels (cool, moderate and warm) during experiments in ranges of 20–28°C, 23–32°C, 16–28°C for spring, summer and winter, respectively. Likewise, relative humidity was set at three levels: 15% (low), 50% (moderate) and 85% (high). Results showed that seasonal difference had a significant effect on human subjective responses to humidity. The combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on thermal perception, humidity perception and perceived air quality was closely related to standard effective temperature (SET*), humidity ratio and air enthalpy, respectively. Comfort humidity ranges were 7.9–15.1 g/kg, 3.3–18.8 g/kg and 2.9–12.8 g/kg (humidity ratio) in spring, summer and winter, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that different comfort humidity limits should be considered for different seasons in the hot summer/cold winter zones of China.
Effect of harvesting time on groundnut yield and yield components in Northern Mozambique

Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crop in Mozambique which is grown for food as well as cash. It’s an indeterminate growth habit and below the ground nature of fruiting makes it difficult to determine the time of optimal maturity of pods. This results in reduced crop yields if either harvested too early or too late. The objectives of the study were therefore to evaluate the effect of harvesting time for optimum yield of groundnut pods for three Spanish varieties and to estimate yield losses as a result of harvesting time at two locations, namely; Nampula Research Station (PAN) and Mapupulo Agricultural Research Center (CIAM) in Nampula and Cabo Delgado provinces respectively. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with four replicates. The varieties ( ICGV-SM-99568 , ICGV-SM-01514 and JL-24 ) were the main factor and three harvesting times (10 days before physiological maturity, at physiological maturity and 10 days after physiological maturity) were the sub-plots. Highest pod yields of 1276.9 and 1503.6 kg/ha were recorded at CIAM and PAN as a result of harvesting at physiological maturity compared to harvesting 10 days before (904.6 and 950 kg/ha) and 10 days after (826.8 and 1047.4 kg/ha) physiological maturity. Furthermore, yield losses ranged from (16-25 %) and (30-40 %) as a result of harvesting groundnut 10 days before and 10 days after physiological maturity respectively. It is therefore advisable that farmers’ harvest their groundnut crop at physiological maturity in order to obtain maximum pod yields of the groundnut.
Women’s perspectives on career successes and barriers: A qualitative meta-synthesis

Despite scholarly debate on the topic of success, how women define career success remains unclear. For many decades, research on the concept of success has largely used quantitative methods to assess the external aspects of success in a male-dominated culture. Using a total of 18 articles from 1999 to 2020, this qualitative meta-synthesis aims to gain detailed insights into women’s definitions of career success and to capture their perspectives on the barriers they face. A systematic search was conducted across four databases: Sociological Abstracts, SocINDEX, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. This study is novel in that it is the first synthesized research that qualitatively studies the concept of career success. From this review, three distinct themes regarding women’s definition of career success emerged: (1) having support, (2) having accomplishments, and (3) feeling belonging. This article also establishes three themes regarding the obstacles to women’s career path toward success: (1) work–family/work–life imbalance, (2) gender bias/gender discrimination, and (3) the lack of mentors and role models. In contrast to previous research, the findings of this qualitative meta-synthesis indicate that while women define career success individually, they acknowledge that the professional objective aspects of success are important or even central to them in their life. The limitations of the study are noted, and the implications and future research directions are discussed.