Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abundance and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Trichodesmium spp. Along the Atlantic Barrier Reef at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize

Trichodesmium abundance and photosynthetic rates were determined across a transect of the Atlantic Barrier Reef at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize in May 1993 and May-June 1994. A fore reef station receiving oceanic water had a Trichodesmium abundance characteristic of the open Caribbean Sea (≤ 102 colonies m-3 and 104--105 trichomes m-3). Several species were present; however, in all cases a sharp decrease in abundance occurred across the reef to the coastal lagoon. At this latter site, virtually no Trichodesmium was present, although a substantial bloom of the diatom Proboscia alata occurred in 1994. Maximum photosynthetic rates and the initial light-limited slope a were significantly lower in offshore stations than in reef top populations. The increased photosynthetic rates and light-harvesting ability in reef-top populations, as well as the lack of significant photoinhibition, indicated that the Trichodesmium abundance decrease was probably not due to a decline in photosynthetic capacity. Grazing and physical removal rather than a physiological decline were likely mechanisms operating to reduce Trichodesmium abundance in these regions. These data suggest that the Belizean barrier reef is a sink for Trichodesmium transported in from offshore regions.
The influence of moisture and mineral soil on the combustion limits of smoldering forest duff

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate how both mineral soil and moisture content affect the smoldering combustion in forest duff. Peat was used to represent the fermentation and humus horizons (Oe and Oa soil horizons) of a coniferous forest floor nominally called duff. Although moisture content is traditionally considered to be a major factor limiting the combustion of duff, inorganic content from mineral soil also limits combustion. Results show that the peat moss selected sustained smoldering up to the range 93 to 103% moisture content in its natural state of 3.7% inorganic content (both relative to the dry organic mass). Adding inorganic material in the form of finely divided mineral soil (clay to silty clay) depressed the moisture limit that previously permitted smoldering. Smoldering is not sustained when the inorganic to organic ratio reaches 4.3 (430%) in the absence of moisture. Between these two extremes, there is an approximate linear decrease in the moisture limit with increasin.
Soil fertility and fine root dynamics in response to 4 years of nutrient (N, P, K) fertilization in a lowland tropical moist forest, Panama

The question of how tropical trees cope with infertile soils has been challenging to address, in part, because fine root dynamics must be studied in situ. We used annual fertilization with nitrogen (N as urea, 12.5 g N m−2 year−1), phosphorus (P as superphosphate, 5 g P m−2 year−1) and potassium (K as KCl, 5 g K m−2 year−1) within 38 ha of old-growth lowland tropical moist forest in Panama and examined fine root dynamics with minirhizotron images. We expected that added P, above all, would (i) decrease fine root biomass but, (ii) have no impact on fine root turnover. Soil in the study area was moderately acidic (pH = 5.28), had moderate concentrations of exchangeable base cations (13.4 cmol kg−1), low concentrations of Bray-extractable phosphate (PO4 = 2.2 mg kg−1), and modest concentrations of KCl-extractable nitrate (NO3 = 5.0 mg kg−1) and KCl-extractable ammonium (NH4 = 15.5 mg kg−1). Added N increased concentrations of KCl-extractable NO3 and acidified the soil by one pH unit. Added P increased concentrations of Bray-extractable PO4 and P in the labile fraction. Concentrations of exchangeable K were elevated in K addition plots but reduced by N additions. Fine root dynamics responded to added K rather than added P. After 2 years, added K decreased fine root biomass from 330 to 275 g m−2. The turnover coefficient of fine roots <1 mm diameter ranged from 2.6 to 4.4 per year, and the largest values occurred in plots with added K. This study supported the view that biomass and dynamics of fine roots respond to soil nutrient availability in species-rich, lowland tropical moist forest. However, K rather than P elicited root responses. Fine roots smaller than 1 mm have a short lifetime (<140 days), and control of fine root production by nutrient availability in tropical forests deserves more study.
Physio-morphological appraisal of aromatic fine rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to yield potential.

A field experiment was conducted to determine the physio-morphological attributes in relation to yield potential of modern and aromatic rice varieties. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five replications. The results indicated that physio-morphological attributes, yield and yield contributing characters were varied among the varieties. The modern rice varieties BRRIdhan32 and Binasail showed larger grains, rice yield, biomass production and harvest index as compared to aromatic fine rice varieties. On the other hand, aromatic rice varieties showed tallest plant stature, profuse tillers hill-1, panicle hill-1 and larger panicle but smaller grain, higher grain yield, lowest straw yield and harvest index. Modern rice varieties generally had higher Total Dry Matter (TDM), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR) whereas aromatic varieties resulted in higher Net Assimilation Rate (NAR). The results concluded that the modern rice varieties were more efficient in transfer of photosynthate to economic sink. The highest grain yield of modern rice varieties was due to the higher harvest index. Poor yield in aromatic rice varieties was due to lower translocation of assimilates. However, they have some characters viz., weak culms, drooping leaves, lodging which influence low yield. The results suggested that breeding programme may be undertaken to eliminate those defective characters for developing improved aromatic rice varieties.
Factors influencing breeding site choice by the pioneering amphibian Bufo calamita

We have investigated environmental factors influencing the choice of breeding pools by Bufo calamita in two different habitat types in Britain, using a number of methods including the construction of artificial pools and the translocation of spawn laid by competitively superior anuran species. On heathland, major determinants were aspects of pond chemistry especially pH, Na and SO4. On coastal dunes other criteria were important, notably maximum water temperatures achieved the day prior to spawning. These in turn related to the precise shape and size of the pond. In addition, natterjacks were able to discriminate against ponds which already contained large numbers of competitor species Rana temporaria and Bufo bufo larvae. Possible mechanisms underlying site choice by B. calamita are discussed.
Assessing brown trout (Salmo trutta) spawning movements with multistate capture–recapture models: a case study in a fully controlled Belgian brook

Un modele statistique multietats de capture–recapture a ete developpe pour estimer les mouvements de truites (Salmo trutta) entre le bras principal et l’affluent de tete d’un cours d’eau, ainsi que leurs probabilites de survie et de recapture dans chaque cours d’eau. Le systeme etudie est entierement controle car tout individu entrant ou sortant de l’affluent est capture par piegeage. En premier lieu, la performance de modeles multietats combinant deux sources de donnees (piegeage et peche electrique) provenant d'une etude menee sur 6 ans a ete evaluee. Les estimations realistes obtenues ont ensuite ete utilisees pour inferer le comportement reproducteur moyen des truites, a savoir que (i) 58 % des individus sont retournes a leur territoire d’origine apres leur reproduction dans le ruisseau, (ii) 9 % sont retournes a leur lieu de naissance pour frayer, (iii) 55 % des truites en montaison ont presente un comportement de philopatrie natale. Comme les systemes moins informatifs sont nombreux, nous avons egalement teste la sensibilite des modeles multietats au niveau d'integration des donnees de piegeage. Un manque de ce type de donnees a occasionne une sous-estimation des probabilites de mouvement, mais cette derniere a pu etre compensee en considerant des donnees supplementaires de peche electrique.
Determinación de la calidad fisicoquímica de la leche cruda producida en sistemas campesinos en dos regiones del Estado de México

UNO DE LOS DESAFIOS QUE ENFRENTAN LOS SISTEMAS CAMPESINOS DE PRODUCCION DE LECHE EN EL ESTADO DE MEXICO, MEXICO, CONSISTE EN CUMPLIR ESTANDARES DE CALIDAD ESTABLECIDOS EN LA NORMA MEXICANA (NMX) NMX-F-700-COFOCALEC-2004 PARA LECHE CRUDA. EL OBJETIVO DE ESTE TRABAJO FUE DETERMINAR LA CALIDAD FISICOQUIMICA DE LA LECHE EN DIFERENTES EPOCAS DEL ANO, ZONAS, Y ENTRE PRODUCTORES CON ACTIVIDAD LECHERA PRINCIPAL O COMPLEMENTARIA A SU FUENTE DE INGRESOS, ASI COMO LA PRESENCIA DE ADULTERACIONES POR AGUA AGREGADA. SE DETERMINO PH, ACIDEZ, DENSIDAD, CONTENIDO DE GRASA, PROTEINA, LACTOSA, SOLIDOS TOTALES, CENIZAS Y AGUA AGREGADA. SE TOMARON 360 MUESTRAS DE LECHE EN SEIS PERIODOS; DE AGOSTO DE 2003 A JULIO DE 2004. SE UTILIZO UN DISENO EXPERIMENTAL DE PARCELAS DIVIDIDAS, DONDE LOS FACTORES DE BLOQUEO FUERON: LAS ZONAS, LA PARCELA MAYOR, LOS PRODUCTORES, SEGUN SU ACTIVIDAD LECHERA, LA PARCELA MENOR Y LOS SEIS PERIODOS. LOS DATOS SE SOMETIERON A ANALISIS DE VARIANZA, PRUEBA DE TUKEY Y ANALISIS DE CORRELACION Y REGRESION. SE OBSERVO QUE LA CALIDAD FISICOQUIMICA DE LA LECHE CUMPLE CON LA NMX PARA LAS ZONAS NORTE Y SUR DE MEXICO, POR IMPORTANCIA Y POR PERIODOS. SE OBSERVARON DIFERENCIAS SIGNIFICATIVAS (P < 0.05) EN CONTENIDO DE GRASA, DENSIDAD Y SOLIDOS TOTALES POR ZONAS. TAMBIEN PARA DENSIDAD ENTRE TIPO DE PRODUCTORES (P < 0.05), Y PARA PERIODOS (P < 0.05) EN GRASA, DENSIDAD Y CENIZAS. EL 6.4% DE LAS MUESTRAS DE LECHE ESTABAN ADULTERADAS CON AGUA; COMO RESULTADO DE ESTO, SE OBSERVO CORRELACION NEGATIVA ENTRE EL PORCENTAJE DE AGUA AGREGADA Y LA DENSIDAD (R = 0.9, P < 0.05), Y ENTRE EL CONTENIDO DE PROTEINA Y GRASA (R = ""0.9, P < 0.0).
Population Dynamics and Host Range of Macrotoma Palmata F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

In Egypt, Macrotoma palmata F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a serious polyphagous pest attacking fruit, wood and ornamental trees. Apricot orchards, however, are liable to severe infestation especially in dense plantations. Hosts and degree of infestation in Matrouh, Alexandria, Gharbia, Dakhalia, Sharkia, Ismailia, Suez, Qalubia, Menofia, Giza, Fayoum and North Sinai were recorded. The seasonal fluctuation in population was monitored on apricot trees at Alexandria and Giza governorates throughout the 3 successive years (1987–1989). M. palmata started to emerge during June and continued until October. At both the experimental sites, M. palmata development was influenced by temperature and relative humidity. RésuméEn Egypte, Macrotoma palmata F. (Coleoptère: Cerambycidae) est un ravageur polyphage qui attaque gravement les arbres fruitiers, les boisements et les arbres ornementaux. Il a été toutefois souligné que les abricotiers étaient disposés à une sévère infestation surtout en cas, de culture dense. Les hôtes et le degré d’infestation dans chaque gouvernorat étaient enregistrés. La fluctuation saisonnière de la population était contrôlée sur les abricotiers du gouvernorat d’Alexandrie et celui de Giza pendant les 3 années successives: 1987–1989. L’émergence des scarabées a débuté au cours du mois de Juin et a continué jusau’au mois d’Octobre. L’infestation a augmenté plus de 3 fois au cours de deus ans. L’émergence du scarabée a été affectée par la température et per l’humidité relative à 0,5–1 et 2,5–4,5 mois avant l’émergence à Alexandrie et à Giza respectivement. L’application des insecticides pour la lutte contre le M. palmata sur l’abricot doit commencer vers fin Juin ou debut Juillet.
Herbarium records identify sensitivity of flowering phenology of eucalypts to climate: Implications for species response to climate change

Flowering phenology is very sensitive to climate and with increasing global warming the flowering time of plants is shifting to earlier or later dates. Changes in flowering times may affect species reproductive success, associated phenological events, species synchrony, and community composition. Long-term data on phenological events can provide key insights into the impacts of climate on phenology. For Australia, however, limited data availability restricts our ability to assess the impacts of climate change on plant phenology.To address this limitation other data sources must be explored such as the use of herbarium specimens to conduct studies on flowering phenology. This study uses herbarium specimens for investigating the flowering phenology of five dominant and commercially important Eucalyptus species of south-eastern Australia and the consequences of climate variability and change on flowering phenology. Relative to precipitation and air humidity, mean temperature of the preceding 3 months was the most influential factor on the flowering time for all species. In response to a temperature increment of 1°C, a shift in the timing of flowering of 14.1-14.9 days was predicted for E.microcarpa and E.tricarpa while delays in flowering of 11.3-15.5 days were found for E. obliqua, E. radiata and E. polyanthemos. Eucalyptus polyanthemos exhibited the greatest sensitivity to climatic variables.The study demonstrates that herbarium data can be used to detect climatic signals on flowering phenology for species with a long flowering duration, such as eucalypts.The robust relationship identified between temperature and flowering phenology indicates that shifts in flowering times will occur under predicted climate change which may affect reproductive success, fitness, plant communities and ecosystems.
Cryptosporidial Infection in a Calf

An 8-month-old female calf had a coccidian of the genus Cryptosporidium. This is the first report of cryptosporidial infection in cattle. The clinical syndrome was characterized by diarrhea, debilitation, and a chronic course. Gross lesions related to the infection were mild; however, histopathologic findings in the small intestine were generally characterized by villous atrophy and the presence of various developmental forms of Cryptosporidia in the microvillous border of the epithelium. The existence of signs and lesions very similar to those reported in the turkey and guinea pig suggests that disease in the calf might have been caused by cryptosporidial infection.
Modelling and Measuring Transpiration from Scots Pine with Increased Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Enrichment

Abstract Starting in 1996, individual trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) aged 30 years, were grown in closed-top chambers and exposed to either normal ambient conditions (CON), elevated CO2(approx. 700 μmol mol−1; Elev. C), elevated temperature (approx. 2 °C and approx. 6 °C above the outside ambient temperature during the ‘growing season’ and ‘off season’, respectively; Elev. T) or a combination of elevated CO2and warmer temperature (Elev. CT). Sap flow was monitored simultaneously by the constant-power heat balance method in a total of 16 trees, four for each treatment, over a 32 d period in summer 1998 (after the completion of needle expansion and branch elongation). To quantify the contributions of crown and physical environmental variables to total crown transpiration, a ‘sun/shade model’ was developed and used to partition the changes in transpiration to different sources. The results of the sap flow measurements indicate that (1) total daily sap flow (Etree.d) varied from 0.15–3.41 kg per tree; (2) the treatment effect on Etree.ddepended greatly on the weather conditions; (3) the cumulative Etree.dfor the 32 d dropped significantly by 22% relative to CON (P =0.038) under Elev. C and increased significantly by 21% (P =0.043) and 16% (P =0.048) under Elev. T and Elev. CT, respectively. In general, the modelled transpiration gave good agreement with the sap flow results. The model computations showed that, on a typical sunny day in summer, the effect of treatment on crown stomatal conductance was responsible for approx. 80% of the change inEtree.d , while the increase in needle area and the effect on total radiation absorption contributed only a small percentage. Furthermore, sunlit needles were responsible for over 60% of change in transpiration. The effect of the treatments on Etree.dwas larger at high temperature and vapour pressure deficit but was not sensitive to incident daily radiation.
On the Identity of the Weedy Bittercresses (Cardamine : Brassicaceae) in United States Nurseries: Evidence from Molecules and Morphology

Bittercress (Brassicaceae) is one of the most prolific and costly weeds of the container nursery industry. Bittercress accessions from container nurseries throughout the major production zones in the United States were examined and compared with herbarium specimens. The identity of these weedy bittercress species were further explored using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the nrDNA region for the COP1-interacting protein 7 (CIP7). Four species of bittercress were detected in the nursery industry of the United States, including New Zealand bittercress, hairy bittercress, flexuous bittercress, and little bittercress. The taxon referred to here as Cardamine flexuosa With. (flexuous bittercress) likely contains two genotypes previously reported as European C. flexuosa and Asian C. flexuosa. Phylogenetic relationships between the four species we examined, particularly in relationship to flexuous bittercress, were not fully resolved by the molecular evidence generated for this study. New Zealand bittercress is nonnative and does not appear in current keys to the species for the United States. Flexuous bittercress is also an alien species, which appears in some U.S. keys but not in all. To aid nurserymen and botanists in identification of these four closely related bittercress species, a key was developed and is accompanied by detailed descriptions and illustrations. Nomenclature Flexuous bittercress, Cardamine flexuosa With. CARFL; hairy bittercress, Cardamine hirsuta L. CARHI; Japanese bittercress, Cardamine scutata Thunb. CARSC; little bittercress, Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. CAROL; New Zealand bittercress, Cardamine corymbosa Hook f.
Trocas gasosas e eficiência fotoquímica potencial em mamoeiro do grupo 'Formosa' cultivado em condição de campo

A real understanding of how the environmental factors affect gas exchange is extremely important for the optimization of CO2 photosynthetic assimilation and water loss control. In order to contribute to this, in two seasons, October 2002 and January 2003, the gas exchange and the potential photochemical efficiency in 'Formosa' papaya plants cultivated under field condition in Sao Francisco do Itabapoana, Rio de Janeiro State, were studied. The CO2 photosynthetic assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gS), photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were evaluated daily, four days per month, each every hour, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. In addition, the potential photochemical efficiency was measured from the same leaves and at the same conditions as before. The CO2 photosynthetic assimilation was higher in January. This result was due to a greater stomatal aperture on leaves of plants cultivated during this season. The lower A value observed in October, caused by the reduction of gS, was due to a higher photosynthetic photon flux density (Cloudless days) occurred in this month. Under the experimental conditions, measuring the potential photochemical efficiency, the photoinhibitory chronic type effect was not verified. Possibly the non-detection of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus has been due to the paraheliotropic movement of leaves, observed at warmer periods of the day. These results can contribute significantly for the papaya tree management grown under field condition, since any management strategy that optimizes the stomatal aperture will help the CO2 photosynthetic assimilation, and may result in an increase of productivity.
Scale-bearing nanoflagellates from southern Tasmanian coastal waters, Australia. I. Species of the genus Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta)

Abstract A comprehensive taxonomic survey of Chrysochromulina was undertaken in 52 samples from southern Tasmanian coastal waters. Scale morphology of both field samples and enrichment cultures was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Twenty-eight known species of Chrysochromulina were recorded. These included C. adriatica, C. alifera, C. apheles, C. brevifilum, C. chiton, C. cyathophora, C. ephippium, C. ericina, C. hirta, C. leadbeateri, C. mantoniae, C. minor, C. novae-zelandiae, C. pachycylindra, C. parkeae, C. polylepis, C. pringsheimii, C. pyramidosa, C. simplex, C. spinifera, and Chrysochromulina sp. (“eyelash”). There were seven new records for Australian waters: C. acantha, C. aff. brachycylindra, C. aff. camella, C. fragaria, C. mactra, C. scutellum and C. aff vexillifera. All species, except C. novae-zelandiae, had been previously reported from the northern hemisphere. A further nine undescribed species are documented. However, lack of complete cells prevented new species descriptions. Two known toxic species, Chysochromulina polylepis and C. leadbeateri, responsible for massive fish kills in Scandinavia, were found in this survey. Toxicity testing of six Chrysochromulina species isolated from Tasmanian waters (C. acantha, C. apheles, C. hirta, C. scutellum, C. simplex, Chrysochromulina sp. [“eyelash”]) was undertaken, using larval brine shrimp (Artemia) bioassays. None of the strains tested was found to be toxic.
Nomenclature, morphometry, karyology and SEM cypselae analysis of Carduus brutius (Asteraceae) and its relatives

The systematic relationships between Carduus brutius and its putatively relative taxa, i.e. Carduus affinis and C. defloratus subsp. carlinifolius , were assessed by means of morphological, morphometric and karyological analyses. Our results highlighted a diploid status (2n = 2x = 22) for all the three involved taxa and a higher morphological similarity between C. brutius and C. affinis , which are also completely allopatric (but collectively sympatric with C. defloratus subsp. carlinifolius ). The names Carduus affinis Guss. , C. affinis var. brutius Fiori, C. affinis var. vulturius Fiori and C. affinis f. pollinensis Fiori were typified. At the present state of knowledge, a subspecific status seems the most appropriate for C. brutius , as C. affinis subsp. brutius . This taxon can be regarded as schizoendemic, restricted to southern Italy (Montea-Caramolo mountain area, Calabria).
The importance of xylem constraints in the distribution of conifer species

Vulnerability of stem xylem to cavitation was measured in 10 species of conifers using high pressure air to induce xylem embolism. Mean values of air pressure required to induce a 50% loss in hydraulic conductivity (ϕ50) varied enormously between species, ranging from a maximum of 14.2±0.6 MPa (corresponding to a xylem water potential of −14.2 MPa) in the semi-arid species Actinostrobus acuminatus to a minimum of 2.3±0.2 MPa in the rainforest species Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. Mean ϕ50 was significantly correlated with the mean rainfall of the driest quarter within the distribution of each species. The value of ϕ50 was also compared with leaf drought tolerance data for these species in order to determine whether xylem dysfunction during drought dictated drought response at the leaf level. Previous data describing the maximum depletion of internal CO2 concentration (ci) in the leaves of these species during artificial drought was strongly correlated with ϕ50 suggesting a primary role of xylem in effecting leaf drought response. The possibility of a trade-off between xylem conductivity and xylem vulnerability was tested in a sub-sample of four species, but no evidence of an inverse relationship between ϕ50 and either stem-area specific (Ka) or leaf-area specific conductivity (K1) was found.