Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering APPLICABILITY OF ANTHRAQUINONE-2 , 6-DISULFONATE ( AQDS ) TO ENHANCE COLOUR REMOVAL IN MESOPHILIC UASB REACTORS TREATING TEXTILE WASTEWATER

This work assessed the applicability of the redox mediator anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) to enhance colour removal in mesophilic UASB reactors treating textile wastewater under different operational conditions, such as different electron donor (ethanol) concentrations and different HRT. The anaerobic reactors were able to remove reasonably well the colour of the textile wastewater (35-63%) even when operated with a relatively short HRT (6 h), being a good option for textile effluents pre-treatment. Aditionally, colour removal efficiency was positively influenced not only by the addition of ethanol as external electron donor, but also by the initial wastewater absorbance. Although the applicability of AQDS is reported in the literature to enhance remarkably colour removal from synthetic dye-containing wastewaters, especially for recalcitrant azo dyes, the same effect was not evident in the present study with the textile wastewater tested, since the reactors did not show significant differences on decolourisation capacity.
Powdery Mildew Severity as a Function of Canopy Density: Associated Impacts on Sunlight Penetration and Spray Coverage

Variable canopy densities and associated differences in sunlight distribution within the fruit zones on clusters were quantified and correlated with variable severities of powdery mildew within vineyards in the states of New York, Washington, and South Australia. Canopy density was measured with enhanced point quadrat analysis (EPQA), and the number of shading layers and the photon flux within the fruit zone of individual vines indicated that less disease developed on clusters with more exposure to sunlight. When clusters were categorized as heavily shaded (≤10% photosynthetic photon flux), moderately exposed, or well exposed (≥51% photosynthetic photon flux), vines with the least disease were also shown to have a significantly greater proportion of clusters in the well-exposed category relative to vines with the highest powdery mildew ratings. Consequently, these latter vines had significantly more heavily shaded clusters. The correlation remained strong and the relationship linear even with biweekly applications of either 2 kg/ha or 9 kg/ha of wettable sulfur during the growing season. Additionally, through the use of a fluorescent tracer and EPQA assessments, the deposit of spray materials on clusters was shown to be linearly related to their degree of exposure. Thus, canopy management practices designed to optimize sunlight exposure of grape clusters for fruit quality purposes should also significantly assist in the management of powdery mildew.
Possible effects of the diffusion of structural elements on the rheology of shear flows

The combination of structural changes and diffusion in dispersion flows is considered. It is assumed that size and shape of microstructures generated in dispersions depend on flow properties, i.e., shear rate or shear stress. These structures can be transported by diffusive processes. Possible transport mechanisms are Brownian motion and hydrodynamic diffusion. The combination of structure formation and transport may have effects on the flow and thereby on the rheology of such dispersions. For example, an apparent wall slip or pseudo wall slip may occur due to a structural change near walls
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Characterization of Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes Derived from N,N-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine and Phenylacetic Acid Derivatives

A new copper(II) complex, [Cu(AA)(EDA)2] (1), and a new zinc(II) complex, [Zn(PA)2(EDA)] (2), where AA is 1-naphthylacetate, PA is 4-nitrophenylacetate, and EDA is N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, have been prepared and characterized. Structures of the complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 crystallizes as monoclinic space group P21/n, with unit cell dimensions a = 7.3327(4) Å, b = 24.031(1) Å, c = 13.9031(7) Å, β = 91.803(2)°, V = 2448.7(2) Å3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0487, wR2 = 0.1199, S = 1.053. Complex 2 crystallizes as monoclinic space group P21/c, with unit cell dimensions a = 24.693(4) Å, b = 12.023(2) Å, c = 7.524(1) Å, β = 89.95(3)°, V = 2233.8(6) Å3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0696, wR2 = 0.1845, S = 0.999. Complex 1 is a mononuclear copper(II) species, with the Cu atom coordinated in a square pyramidal geometry. Complex 2 is a mononuclear zinc complex, with the Zn atom coordinated in a tetrahedral geometry. Single crystals of the complexes are stabilized by hydrogen bonds and π…π interactions.
Thermomechanical analysis of failure of metal field emitters

An analysis of the thermomechanics of metal (chiefly molybdenum) field emitters under normal operating conditions is given. The focus is on various ‘‘intrinsic’’ phenomena and the possibilities of triggering catastrophic breakdown. The heating is found to be predominantly Nottingham in origin (as opposed to ohmic) and is not appreciable unless the currents are well beyond the normal operating regime, e.g., as might occur under arcing conditions. As a result, the increases in temperature in operating tips are generally minimal unless the heat sinking to the substrate is weak, e.g., in ultrasharp tips, in tips on long, narrow posts, and/or in tips with severely degraded thermal conductivity. Apart from these exceptions, the small temperature excursions mean that no thermal runaway, melting, thermal desorption, or other direct thermal effects occur. Thermal stresses are of course also minimal; however, Maxwell stresses can be large under normal operating conditions, approaching the yield strength under high .
Nitrogen‐Doped Pitch‐Based Spherical Active Carbon as a Nonmetal Catalyst for Acetylene Hydrochlorination

A highly active nitrogen‐doped pitch‐based spherical activated carbon catalyst (PSAC‐N) is synthesized through a nitrogen‐doping treatment and used as a nonmetal catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination. The conversion of acetylene on PSAC‐N exceeds 68 % and the selectivity of vinyl chloride is over 99 % at a temperature of 250 °C, an acetylene gas hourly space velocity of 120 h−1, and a feed volume ratio V(HCl)/V(C2H2) of 1.15. DFT calculations performed with Gaussian 09 program package reveal that the active site of PSAC‐N has a N‐6v (quaternary nitrogen bonded between two 6‐membered rings) structure. A seven benzene ring unit model is used in the DFT study. In addition, the reason for inactivation for PSAC‐N catalysts is discussed. Of all the adsorption energies obtained, the adsorption capacity of hydrogen chloride on PSAC‐N is the highest, which indicates strong ability for acetylene hydrochlorination. The reaction mechanism is determined, and the reaction energy of N‐6v(7) calculated as 236.2 kJ mol−1.
Research on Preparation, Structure and Properties of TiO2/Polythiourethane Hybrid Optical Films with High Refractive Index

Hybrid optical films of TiO 2 -triethoxysilane-capped polythiourethane (TCPTU) with high refractive indices have been prepared via an in situ sol-gel method. The high refractive index triethoxysilane-capped polythiourethane (TCPTU) was synthesized by polyaddition of the triethoxysilane-modified trimercaptothioethylamine (TMTEA) and 2,2'-dimercaptoethylsulfide (MES) with 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI). The titania content in the hybrid films can be adjusted form 0 to 80 wt. -% by the feed ratio of titania precursor [Ti(OBu) 4 ] to polymer (TCPTU). Both FTIR and DSC analyses indicate that there is chemical bonding between the titania domain and the polymer chain. TGA results sugges that the titania of high content as successfully incorporated into polymer matrices and this series of hybrid films have good thermal properties. AFM measurements indicate that in the hybrid films the titania domains are of nanosize scale and the domain size averagely decreases from 60-80 nm to 5-20 nm with increasing content of titania, and the variation of surface roughness for the hybrid films has the same trend. These may be relative to the hybrid films has the same trend. These may be relative to the content of TCPTU and the interaction between titania and polymer (TCPTU). The refractive indices of the hybrid films at 632.8 nm increased from 1 632 to 1 879 as the titania content varied from 0 to 80 wt. -%.
Synthesis and characterization of nanoclay–polymer composites from soil clay with respect to their water‐holding capacities and nutrient‐release behavior

Water and nutrients are two important inputs to agriculture that need to be used judiciously with higher efficiency to save these limited resources. For these purposes, a series of nanoclay–polymer composite (NCPC) superabsorbent nutrient carriers were prepared. These NCPCs were based on the reactions of different types of nanoclays (10 wt %) with partially neutralized acrylic acid and acryl amide by a free-radical aqueous solution copolymerization reaction with N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The nanoclays isolated from three different types of soils were dominant in kaolinite (clay I), mica (clay II), and montmorillonite (clay III), and a portion of each was freed from amorphous aluminosilicate. Thus, there were six different types of nanoclays used, namely, those dominated by kaolinite, mica, and smectite with and without amorphous aluminosilicate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations showed evidence of interaction between the clays and polymer. XRD investigation also showed that the reaction between the polymer and clays I and II occurred on the surface of various clay particles without intercalating into the stacked silicate galleries, whereas in the case of clay III (the smectite-dominated clay), evidence indicated the intercalation of polymer into the stacked silicate galleries of the clay and the exfoliation of the clay. The water absorbency decreased in the NCPCs compared to that of the pure polymeric hydrogel. In case of the pure polymer, the entire amount of nutrient loading released within 15 h of incubation; this was higher than that of the NCPCs. In the initial stage (up to 15 h), no significant differences in nutrient release were observed among the different polymer/clay composites, but there were differences in later stages. Among the different NCPCs, the percentage release of nutrients at 48 h ranged from around 70% in the polymer/clay III composite to 90% in the polymer/clay I composite. The presence of amorphous aluminosilicates in clay did not make any difference in the nutrient-release rate. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39951.
Drying of soybean seeds in a crossflow moving bed

The aim of this work was to investigate simultaneous heat and mass transfer between air and soybean seeds in a crossflow moving bed dryer. A model was developed from mass and energy conservation applied to the fluid and particulate phases. The equilibrium, heat transfer and mass transfer equations were taken from studies published earlier. Equations for drying kinetics were obtained from a thin layer study, and the equilibrium equation was chosen from rival model discrimination based on nonlinearity measures. The experimental part of this work involved the determination of air temperature distribution, grain moisture through the bed and air humidity at the bed outlet. The model equations were discretized by orthogonal collocation in the air flow direction. The resulting differential-algebraic equations were solved using a method based on backward differential formulas. Simulation results showed good agreement with experimental data. On se propose dans ce travail d'etudier le transfert de chaleur et de matiere simultane entre l'air et des graines de soja dans un sechoir a lit mobile a ecoulement transversal. Un modele a ete mis au point a partir de la conservation de lamatiere et de l'energie pour les phases fluide et particulaire. Les equations d'equilibre, de transfert de chaleur et de transfert de matiere proviennent d'etudes anterieures. Les equations de cinetique de sechage ont ete obtenues a partir d'une etude de couches fines, tandis que l'equation d'equilibre provient de la discrimination de modeles concurrents basee surdes mesures de non-linearite. La partie experimentale de ce travail implique la determination de la distribution de la temperature de l'air, de l'humidite des graines dans le lit et de l'humidite de l'air a la sortie du lit. Les equations du modele ont ete discretisees par collocation orthogonale dans la direction du debit d'air. Les equations differentielles-algebriques qui en resultent ont ete resolues par une methode basee sur des formules differentielles en amont. Les resultats de simulation montrent un bon accord avec les donnees experimentales.
A FRUIT-BASED FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGE DESIGNED TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

A functional beverage, designed to be cardio-protective, was formulated, using a blend of juices of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon L), blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton.), apple (Malus domestica L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and selected cardio-protective ingredients. Membrane filtration enhanced the antioxidant properties of the fruit juices. Ultrasound-assisted water extract of ginger showed potential antioxidant activities. The selected fruit juice combination, 50% blueberry; 12.5% cranberry; and 37.5% apple, showed higher consumer acceptability. Incorporation of functional ingredients at 10% RDI and 2% (v/v) ginger extract did not affect the sensory properties of the beverage. Phenolic concentration, FRAP value, and % LDL oxidation inhibition of the formulation were 1024 mg GAE/L, 3114 mg TE/L and 45%, respectively. Diet supplementation with the formulation resulted in lower serum and liver lipid levels in spontaneously hypotensive rats. Blood pressure was reduced by the formulation after two but not four weeks supplementation.
Following the Leader: The Evolving Network of Charter School Giving

Background/Context Research on the patterns of philanthropic funding of charter schools has largely focused on the behavior of major foundations. This work has documented how the once diffuse giving by these major foundations has become increasingly concentrated on a small number of jurisdictional challengers in the form of charter schools, charter management organizations, and intermediary organizations. Purpose The current study examines whether this convergence in giving has spread to the entire network of foundations giving to charter-school-related organizations. We do so by extending current work and focus on the broader institutional field that includes the interactions between major foundations, smaller foundations, and grantees over time. Moreover, we look to see, if such a field-wide convergence is present, whether there is evidence consistent with the institutional process of isomorphism in which low-status foundations match the giving strategy of higher status ones. Research Design We test for these dynamics using exponential random graph models (ERGMs), a hypothesis-testing framework for network analysis. More specifically, we analyze the funding ties among 809 foundations that gave grants to California charter schools and charter-school-related organizations between 2003 and 2014, as available through the Foundation Directory Online. We constructed multiyear windows to examine funding ties between foundations and recipients, using organizational characteristics, such as foundation type, foundation year, professionalization, foundation size, organizational type, and location, and endogenous features of the network as independent variables. Findings Results indicate centralization of giving over time, as larger and newer foundations began practicing more targeted giving and the most connected recipients were involved in a disproportionate number of funding ties. We also found evidence consistent with institutionalization, as foundations with professional staffs played a larger role in giving, and smaller foundations increasingly engaged in behavior similar to their larger peers over time. Finally, we found evidence for the consistent effect of propinquity: We observe co-funding and co-receiving ties between foundations and grantees in geographical proximity to each other. Conclusions This work examines the network dynamics of charter school philanthropic giving and provides evidence for the centralization and institutionalization of the field. In turn, this may create inequity in funding for charter schools because it may be more difficult for smaller or less ideologically popular organizations to penetrate the field. Policy makers should be aware of these forces and should take them into account when making budgetary and funding decisions.
The effect of oak wood source, location of seasoning and coopering on the composition of volatile compounds in oak‐matured wines

The effect of geographical origin and place of seasoning and coopering of oakwood on the concentration of 20 compounds extracted into, or formed in, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and model wines during barrel maturation is described. The oak from which the barrels were fabricated was sourced from the Vosges and Limousin regions and the Troncais forest in France, and from Ohio in the USA, and was seasoned in either Australia, France or the USA. Wines matured in Vosges oak barrels contained the highest concentrations of cis and trans-oak lactone and eugenol. The Limousin oak barrels imparted lower levels of cis-oak lactone and eugenol to the wines than did the other French oaks. However, the Limousin-oaked wines were richer in these compounds than the American-oaked wines. These results reflected the previously reported composition profiles of the oak-wood from which the barrels were fabricated. Oak seasoned and coopered in Australia generally imparted more cis-oak lactone, eugenol and the coopering products vanillin and furfural into the wines than did the oak seasoned in France or the USA. Although medium toast had been specified for all barrels, there was considerable variability in the concentration of compounds formed by coopering in the wines. Apparent random microbiological activity in the wines also contributed substantially to variation in wine composition. As a likely result of coopering and microbiological variability, few consistent origin or seasoning effects on the compounds resulting from coopering or microbiological action during oak maturation were observed.
Bare soil and reed canary grass ecosystem respiration in peat extraction sites in Eastern Finland

This paper reports chamber measurements of ecosystem respiration (ER) from reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) (RCG) cultivation made during 2004 and 2005 and respiration rates from an adjacent, bare peat extraction site. Annually, the RCG site released 1465 g in 2004 and 1968 g CO2 m-2 in 2005. The peat extraction site, however, emitted 498 g in 2004 and 264 g CO2 m-2 in 2005. Heterotrophic respiration accounted for about 45% of the RCG ER. Temperature explained 75–88% of the variation in 2005 RCG heterotrophic respiration. Autotrophic respiration was the dominant component of ER and it followed a similar seasonal pattern as the living (green) biomass. RCG heterotrophic respiration was related to soil temperature in interaction with soil volumetric water content and seasonal rainfall distribution. It explained 79 and 47% of the variation in the bare soil respiration from the peat extraction site during 2004 and 2005 snow free periods, respectively. Compared to other ecosystems, emissions from RCG were lower indicating that the RCG is a promising after use option in organic soils.
Determination of the Absolute Configurations of γ‐Rubromycin and Related Spiro Compounds by Quantum Chemical CD Calculations

The absolute configurations of the spiro compounds γ- and β-rubromycin (2 and 3), natural antibiotics derived from actinomycetes, have been elucidated as (S) by quantum chemical calculations of their chiroptical properties and comparisons with the respective experimental CD spectra. Surprisingly, their spiro centers show an absolute configuration opposite to that of heliquinomycin (1), the only related spiro compound for which the configuration has hitherto been assigned. By further quantum chemical CD calculations, we were likewise able to confirm the absolute stereostructure of heliquinomycin (1), previously assigned by X-ray structural and degradative studies, thus providing independent corroboration of our results for γ- and β-rubromycin (2 and 3). Accordingly, it has emerged that diverse actinomycetes can generate different acetal configurations.
Generation of chemiluminescence upon reaction of aliphatic amines with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III)

Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) (Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 3 +/) will undergo an electron-transfer reaction with an appropriate reducing agent to form Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/, which upon achieving an excited state can result in chemiluminescence. Aliphatic amines with an increasing number of carbon atoms were tested between a pH of 4 and 6 and found to act as chemiluminescent reducing agents. In addition, some diamines and phosphines were also found to react. Linear range and detection limit studies were done for the mono-, di-, and tri-n-propylamines as well as other selected compounds. Linear range values for these amines varied between approximately 3 and 5 orders of magnitude. The lowest detection limit of 0.28 pmol was found for tri-n-propylamine. Ionization potentials taken from photoelectron spectroscopy data for aliphatic amines were related linearly with the log of the chemiluminescent signal intensity. In addition, it appeared that assignment of the first ionization potential from a nonbonding orbital of the heteroatom was required for chemiluminscence.
Polyethylene Structure as a Function of Temperature: An EDXD Investigation

Polyethylene structure has been investigated by energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction (EDXD) as a function of temperature below the melting point, via Rietveld refinement. The behavior was studied at four temperatures, namely 25, 40, 70, and 88°C. In this range the structure undergoes a regular volume expansion that may be expressed in terms of specific volume ratio as VE/V25°C=0.991(2)+4.0(5)×10−4×T(°C). The variation is almost completely taken up by the a cell parameter and results, apart for minor intrachain arrangements, in an increased distance between polymer chains.
New ‘multi-site’ phase transfer catalyst for the addition of dichlorocarbene to styrene

The kinetics of dichlorocarbene addition to styrene has been studied under phase transfer catalytic conditions using aqueous sodium hydroxide as the base and 2-benzylidine-N,N,N,N′,N′,N′-hexaethylpropane-1,3-diammonium dichloride as a new ‘multi-site’ phase transfer catalyst. The reaction was carried out at 40 °C under pseudo-first order conditions by keeping aqueous sodium hydroxide and chloroform in excess and was monitored by GC. The effect of various experimental parameters on the rate of the reaction has been studied and based on the results obtained, a suitable mechanism is proposed.
Water electrolysis activated by Ru nanorod array electrodes

Efficient hydrogen production is critical to fuel cell operation. One of the most convenient methods to produce hydrogen is via water electrolysis. However, overpotential losses at the cell electrodes results in poor efficiency. In this study we carried out water electrolysis experiments with ruthenium (Ru) nanorod arrays as the cathode. We show up to 25% reduction in overpotential and 20% reduction in energy consumption by use of the Ru nanorod cathode compared to the planar Ru cathode. We attribute the improvement to the increased active area of the nanostructured electrode which reduces the operating current density of the electrolyzer.