Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RMHP_A_258186 583..594

Fentabil Getnet 1,2 Meaza Demissie 3 Alemayehu Worku 3,4 Tesfaye Gobena Rea Tschopp Berhanu Seyoum 1College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 2School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 3Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 4School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 6Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; 7University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Purpose: This study aimed to assess the extent of patient, health system and total delays in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Somali pastoralist setting, Ethiopia. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study among 444 confirmed new pulmonary TB patients aged ≥15 years in 5 TB care units was conducted between December 2017 and October 2018. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and record review. We measured delays from symptom onset to provider visit, provider visit to diagnosis and diagnosis to treatment initiation. Delays were summarized using median days. Mann– Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare delays between categories of explanatory variables. The Log-binomial regression model was used to reveal factors associated with health system delay ≥15 days, presented in adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The median age of patients was 30 years, ranged from 15 to 82. The majority (62.4%) were male, and nearly half (46.4%) were pastoralists. The median patient, health system and total delays were 30 (19–48.5), 14 (4.5–29.5) and 50 (35–73.5) days, respectively. The median patient delay (35.5 days) and total delay (58.5 days) among pastoralists were substantially higher than the equivalent delays among non-pastoralists [p<0.001]. Of all, 3.8% of patients (16 of 18 were pastoralists) delayed longer than 6 months without initiating treatment. Factors associated with health system delay ≥15 days were mild symptoms [APR (95% CI) = 1.4 (1.1–1.7)], smear-negativity [APR (95% CI) = 1.2 (1.01– 1.5)], first visit to health centers [APR (95% CI) = 1.6 (1.3–2.0)] and multiple provider contacts [APR (95% CI) = 5.8 (3.5–9.6)]. Conclusion: Delay in diagnosis and treatment remains a major challenge of tuberculosis control targets in pastoralist settings of Ethiopia. Efforts to expand services tailored to transhumance patterns and diagnostic capacity of primary healthcare units need to be prioritized.
Daytime thermal performance of different urban surfaces: a case study in educational institution precinct of Melbourne

ABSTRACT This paper aims to understand thermal behaviour of common urban surface materials in Melbourne’s city centre. A set of field experiments were conducted in three open spaces of an educational precinct in Melbourne, Australia. These experiments were performed during three seasons from November 2014 to May 2015. This study monitored and compared daily and seasonal variation of Ta near surfaces (Tns) of eight common materials including asphalt (regular (AA) and painted (PA)), timber (T), Astroturf (AT), garden bed (GB), exposed concrete aggregate (EAC) and granite cobblestone paver (GCP). It also explored the impact of different factors on values of Tns including urban meteorological parameters, design features and the level of light conditions. The results proved the role of cool materials in the mitigation of urban heat island effects. The findings are also promising for enhancing the thermal comfort of urban residents visiting outdoor spaces, particularly during the hot spells.
Appraisal of repeat intrapartum human immunodeficiency virus screening in a prevention of mother-to-child transmission program in Nigeria

Objective: The objective of the study is to determine whether retesting for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in labor is important in Nigeria. Subjects and Methods: A prospective cohort study involving 400 antenatal women who tested HIV-negative at booking in an obstetric unit of a university college hospital in Nigeria were retested in labor at least 12 weeks from initial tests. Seropositive mothers and exposed infants had antiretroviral prophylaxis and were followed-up. Main outcome measures were rate of acceptance to rescreen, incidences of seroconversion, mother-to-child transmission and associated factors. Results: Majority 96.4% (400/415) accepted whereas 3.6% (15/400 N) declined retesting on the grounds of a previous negative result. The seroconversion rate was 0.25%. Maternal age ≥25 years (OR = 5.0), secondary and post-secondary education (OR = 622.4) and parity ≥1 (OR = 17.2) were significant factors for acceptance to rescreen whereas occupation (P = 0.25) and marital status (P = 0.23) were not. The only HIV-exposed infant from the seroconverted mother was not breastfed and tested negative at 6 and 12 weeks using deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion: The rate of seroconversion was low, but perinatal HIV infection was averted. Supposedly low-risk women could seroconvert and cause vertical transmission (VT). Retesting may still be important in resource-constrained settings to identify women with recent infection, institute appropriate interventions to avert VT thereby achieving the international goal of "no new HIV infection by 2015". Although a large multicenter study to evaluate our findings is ongoing, studies to determine the cost-benefits of such interventions are justified.
Activated Pathogenic Lymphocytes Vivo by Inducing Apoptotic Depletion of Regulatory T Cells Control Autoimmunity In

2 Clinical autoimmunity requires both activation of self-reactive T cells as well as a failure of peripheral tolerance mechanisms. We previously identiﬁed one such mechanism that involves regulatory T cells recognizing TCR V (cid:1) 8.2 chain-derived peptides in the context of MHC. How this regulation affects the fate of target V (cid:1) 8.2 (cid:2) T lymphocytes in vivo that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has remained unknown. The present study using immunoscope and CFSE-labeling analysis demonstrates that the expansion of regulatory CD4 and CD8 T cells in vivo results in apoptotic depletion of the dominant, myelin basic protein-reactive V (cid:1) 8.2 (cid:2) T cells, but not subdominant V (cid:1) 13 (cid:2) T cells. The elimination of only activated T cells by this negative feedback mechanism preserves the remainder of the naive V (cid:1) 8.2 (cid:2) T cell repertoire and at the same time results in protection from disease. These studies are the ﬁrst in clearly elucidating the fate of myelin basic protein-speciﬁc encephalitogenic T cells in vivo following regulation. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 170: 2985–2992. to Ag-induced cell death (43), apoptosis of myelin-reactive T cells mediated by regulatory T cells is responsible for the recovery from Ag-induced EAE. We are currently investigating whether Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) or perforin pathways are involved in regulatory T cell-induced apoptosis of pathogenic lymphocytes. Initial observations with gld (FasL (cid:2) / (cid:2) ) and lpr (FasR (cid:2) / (cid:2) ) mice suggest the involvement of Fas/FasL interaction in the TCR peptide B5-mediated depletion of transferred CFSE-labeled V (cid:1) 8.2 (cid:1) T cells. Studies are ongoing to dissect the exact role of the Fas/FasL pathway during this TCR-mediated regulation process. Thus, our studies demonstrate that pathogenic V (cid:1) 8.2 T cells are eliminated during the recovery phase of Ac1–9-mediated EAE by an active negative feedback mechanism in-volving CD4 (cid:1) V (cid:1) 14 (cid:1) regulatory T cells in combination with certain CD8 (cid:1) T cells. This conclusion is based on three key observations about the nature of this feedback regulatory mechanism that results in clearance of pathogenic T cells: 1) loss of the public V (cid:1) 8.2-J (cid:1) 2.7 T cell clone as determined by immunoscope analysis; 2) loss (81–89%) in the absolute number of CFSE-labeled V (cid:1) 8.2 (cid:1) T cells recovered following regulation; and 3) a signiﬁcant increase in the annexin V staining of V (cid:1) 8.2 T cells in vivo following TCR peptide B5 vaccination. These ﬁndings are also relevant to human disease in that it has recently been suggested that a failure in apoptosis of T lymphocytes may be involved in multiple sclerosis (44).
to characterize the heritability of complex traits.

Despite recent progress on estimating the heritability explained by genotyped SNPs ( h g 2 ), a large gap between h g 2 and estimates of total narrow-sense heritability ( h 2 ) remains. Explanations for this gap include rare variants, or upward bias in family-based estimates of h 2 due to shared environment or epistasis. We estimate h 2 from unrelated individuals in admixed populations by first estimating the heritability explained by local ancestry ( h γ 2 ). We show that h γ 2 = 2 F STC θ (1− θ ) h 2 , where F STC measures frequency differences between populations at causal loci and θ is the genome-wide ancestry proportion. Our approach is not susceptible to biases caused by epistasis or shared environment. We examined 21,497 African Americans from three cohorts, analyzing 13 phenotypes. For height and BMI, we obtained h 2 estimates of 0.55 ± 0.09 and 0.23 ± 0.06, respectively, which are larger than estimates of h g 2 in these and other data, but smaller than family-based estimates of h 2 .
Association of Dietary Magnesium Intake With Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project

Purpose— To examine the cross-sectional association between dietary magnesium (Mg) intake and the radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) among African-American and Caucasian men and women. Methods— The presence of radiographic knee OA was examined among participants from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project (JoCo OA) and was defined as Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade of at least 2 in at least one knee. The Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess Mg intake. Effect modifiers were explored by testing interactions of Mg intake and selected factors based on previous literature. The multivariable logistic regression model with standard energy adjustment method was used to estimate the relation of Mg intake and radiographic knee OA. Results— The prevalence of knee OA was 36.27% among 2112 participants. The relation of Mg intake and radiographic knee OA was found to be modified by race (P for interaction = 0.03). An inverse threshold association was observed among Caucasians. Comparing to those in the lowest quintile, the relative odds of radiographic knee OA was cut by half for participants in the second quintile of Mg intake (OR: Conclusion— A modest inverse threshold association was found between dietary Mg intake and knee OA in Caucasians but not in African Americans. Further studies are needed to confirm the results and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action for the racial modification.
Cell Proliferation in NOD Mice b Spontaneous Diabetes through Enhanced CXCL10 DNA Vaccination Prevents

CXCL10, a chemokine for Th1 cells, is involved in the pathogenesis of various Th1-dominant autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes is considered to be a Th1-dominant autoimmune disease, and a suppressive effect of CXCL10 neutralization on diabetes development has been reported in a cyclophosphamide-induced accelerated diabetes model through induction of (cid:1) cell proliferation. However, intervention in a diabetes model might bring about opposite effects, depending on the timing, amount, or method of treatment. In the present study, we examined the effect of CXCL10 neutralization in a “spontaneous diabetes” model of NOD mice, using CXCL10 DNA vaccination (pCAGGS-CXCL10). pCAGGS-CXCL10 treatment in young NOD mice induced the production of anti-CXCL10 Ab in vivo and suppressed the incidence of spontaneous diabetes, although this treatment did not inhibit insulitis or alter the immunological response. pCAGGS-CXCL10 treatment enhanced the proliferation of pancreatic (cid:1) cells, resulting in an increase of (cid:1) cell mass in this spontaneous diabetes model as well. Therefore, CXCL10 neutralization is suggested to be useful for maintaining (cid:1) cell mass at any stage of autoimmune diabetes. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 8401–8408.
Case study of a problem-based learning course of project management for senior engineering students

ABSTRACT The analysis of the current state of the Ukrainian system of engineering education indicates the prevalence of traditional teaching–learning approaches in contrast to the modern needs of the labour market. Many universities across the world use the problem/project-based learning (PBL) which is an effective approach for the development of design and management skills of engineering students. The paper describes a detailed structure of a PBL course in project management and practical experience related to its implementation in an engineering degree programme at Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy. Also, the results of surveys carried out in order to study the students’ generic competences’ development and perception of the PBL process are presented. The results show that students understand the diversity of PBL aspects and the influence of the PBL approach on their professional characteristics such as teamwork, ability of self-directed learning, communication and problem-solving skills.
PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM EGYPTIAN SALTED FOOD

: A total of 12 autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from a traditional homemade salted foods (n=14) in Egypt. The salted fish (n=2), mixed pickles (n=3) and mish (n=9) at one to 48 months of fermentation were collected from Sharkia Governorate (Zagazig, Menya-Elkmh, Belbeas, Fakous and Kafr-Suqr districts), North Sinai Governorate (El-Areesh and Rafah cities), Sohag, Luxor and Aswan cities. Identification process to species and strain level was accomplished by biochemical, morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA gene analysis. The isolates were evaluated according to safety, antibacterial and antibiotic susceptibility criteria. The most frequently observed genus identified by 16S rDNA sequencing analysis was Enterococcus faecium (SHM7, ELM33 and ELM38). The most predominant genus identified by biochemical were Lactobacillus rhamnosus < Lb. frumenti < Enterococcus faecium < Lb. plantarum . The highest percentages of antibiotic resistance were to cefotaxime and cefaclor (91.67%), and ampicillin, kanamycin and levofloxacin (83.33%). All the selected isolates were sensitive to tetracycline and penicillin (25 and 50%, respectively). The results also revealed that 33.33% of the isolates were haemolytic, while 66.67% were non-haemolytic and only one isolate (SHM4) was induced β-haemolytic activity. All the selected isolates showed important levels of antibacterial activity against tested food-borne pathogens ( Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli) . The results suggest the potential of the obtained isolates to improve the quality of these traditional fermented food products in Egypt.
DETERMINATION OF STUDENT’S PERCEPTION OF BEDSIDE CLINICAL TEACHING AND ITS EFFECT ON THEIR PERFORMANCE

: Objective: To determine student’s perception of bedside clinical teaching and to correlate it with their performance in assessment. Methods: This cross-sectional study of correlational survey was conducted at Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan in September 2019, involving students of final professional year who filled a proforma to rate their bedside teaching experience during clinical rotations using rating scale. Mean scores of items were determined with score < 3 reflecting dis-satisfaction. Mean scores were compared between high and low performing students using student’s test. Results: Total of 170students participated. Physical environment domain was assigned lowest scores by students (mean 2.94±0.74) followed by teaching task by teachers (3.04±0.72), group dynamics (3.16±0.81) and patient comfort and attitude towards patient (3.87±0.60). Teaching task by teacher had maximum stems with scores < 3 needing significant improvement. Students with low academic performance were more unsatisfied with group dynamics of bedside teaching (p value 0.009), especially lack of equal opportunities of participation for every member (p value <0.000) in clinical rotations. Conclusion: Small size group with adequate space for bedside training and faculty training can enhance learning experience of students. Ensuring active participation of each group member during bedside learning can improve academic performance of
Symmetry of information from meta-complexity

Symmetry of information for time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity is a hypothetical inequality that relates time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity and its conditional analogue. In 1992, Longpré and Watanabe showed that symmetry of information holds if NP is easy in the worst case, which has been the state of the art over the last three decades. In this paper, we significantly improve this result by showing that symmetry of information holds under the weaker assumption that NP is easy on average. In fact, our proof techniques are applicable to any resource-bounded Kolmogorov complexity and enable proving symmetry of information from an efficient algorithm that computes resource-bounded Kolmogorov complexity. We demonstrate the significance of our proof techniques by presenting two applications. First, using that symmetry of information does not hold for Levin's Kt-complexity, we prove that randomized Kt-complexity cannot be computed in time 2o(n) on inputs of length n, which improves the previous quasi-polynomial lower bound of Oliveira (ICALP 2019). Our proof implements Kolmogorov's insightful approach to the P versus NP problem in the case of randomized Kt-complexity. Second, we consider the question of excluding Heuristica, i.e., a world in which NP is easy on average but NP ≠ P, from Impagliazzo's five worlds: Using symmetry of information, we prove that Heuristica is excluded if the problem of approximating time-bounded conditional Kolmogorov complexity Kt (x | y) up to some additive error is NP-hard for t > |y|. We complement this result by proving NP-hardness of approximating sublinear-time-bounded conditional Kolmogorov complexity up to a multiplicative factor of |x|1/(log log |x|)O(1) for t ≪ |y|. Our NP-hardness proof presents a new connection between sublinear-time-bounded conditional Kolmogorov complexity and a secret sharing scheme.
Finding errorless pessiland in error-prone heuristica

Average-case complexity has two standard formulations, i.e., errorless complexity and error-prone complexity. In average-case complexity, a critical topic of research is to show the equivalence between these formulations, especially on the average-case complexity of NP. In this study, we present a relativization barrier for such an equivalence. Specifically, we construct an oracle relative to which NP is easy on average in the error-prone setting (i.e., DistNP ⊆ HeurP) but hard on average in the errorless setting even by 2o(n/log n)-size circuits (i.e., DistNP ⊈ AvgSIZE[2o(n/log n)]), which provides an answer to the open question posed by Impagliazzo (CCC 2011). Additionally, we show the following in the same relativized world: Lower bound of meta-complexity GapMINKTO ∉ pr-SIZEO[2o(n/log n)] and GapMCSPO ∉ pr-SIZEO[2nϵ] for some ∈ > 0. Worst-case hardness of learning on uniform distributions P/poly is not weakly PAC learnable with membership queries on the uniform distribution by nonuniform 2n/nω(1)-time algorithms. Average-case hardness of distribution-free learning P/poly is not weakly PAC learnable on average by nonuniform 2o(n / log n)-time algorithms. Weak cryptographic primitives There exist a hitting set generator, an auxiliary-input one-way function, an auxiliary-input pseudorandom generator, and an auxiliary-input pseudorandom function against SIZEO[2o(n/log n)]. This provides considerable insights into Pessiland (i.e., the world in which no one-way function exists, and NP is hard on average), such as the relativized separation of the error-prone average-case hardness of NP and auxiliary-input cryptography. At the core of our oracle construction is a new notion of random restriction with masks.
Parent Reports of Children’s Fright Reactions to News of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a National U.S. Sample

ABSTRACT Between April 17 and 29, 2020, we conducted a nationwide online survey of parents of children between the ages of 3 and 17 years (N = 1560). A majority of children were reported to be negatively emotionally affected (frightened, disturbed, or upset) by news coverage of COVID-19. Every stress symptom asked about (including nervousness, crying, and sleep problems) was dramatically more prevalent among children frightened than not frightened by the coverage. Open-ended questions illustrated the emotional depths of some responses. Developmental differences occurred in elements of coverage seen to influence fright. Most parents of frightened children tried to help their child cope, but their choices of strategies were only partially consistent with developmental expectations. Children with digital devices in their bedroom showed greater fear; more hours of COVID news were transmitted in homes with frightened than unfrightened children; and the relationship between media access and children’s fear intensity and stress symptoms remained after controlling for parents’ own fear and parents’ closeness with people diagnosed with COVID. Parents are encouraged to monitor children’s exposure to media-conveyed catastrophes, to be mindful of potential age differences in child responses, and to be available to help children cope.
Differential gene expression patterns in Sorghum bicolor genotypes in response to high vapor pressure deficit

ABSTRACT The ability of land plants to partially close their stomata in response to high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), called the limited transpiration trait, is a rare phenomenon in plants. The characteristic has been demonstrated in several crop species, including Sorghum bicolor. Genotypes within the sorghum species respond in different ways to high VPD, but the molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms of the responses are not clear. This study was conducted to determine the basis for the differences in stomatal responses to high VPD in sorghum genotypes (SC1345, SC35, and Macia). Gene expression patterns of genes involved in the abscisic acid pathway were investigated using quantitative-PCR after exposing plants to high VPD. The results showed marked differences in expression patterns for the genes across the three genotypes, coupled to differences in abscisic acid content. The results suggested natural variation in abscisic acid content within sorghum. Expression patterns in the genes BG1, ZEP, and SDR, in addition to the NCED3 gene, provide a basis for the variations in stomatal responses to high VPD in this crop species.
Industrial specialization patterns across cities, agglomeration of skilled labour and technological growth

ABSTRACT We investigate the cumulative causation between agglomeration of skilled workers and technological growth across cities with human capital externalities and agglomeration economies. We classify industry sectors in terms of technological growth: a modern sector with improving technology and a traditional sector with mature technology. Our model includes multiple specialization patterns of modern and traditional sectors across cities. We show that both ‘the cumulative causation between the agglomeration of skilled workers and technological growth’ and ‘the impacts of transport costs on that causation’ differ across industrial specialization patterns, implying that industrial specialization patterns matter for technological growth.