Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth of contractional structures during the last 10 m.y. at the southern end of the emergent Hikurangi forearc basin, New Zealand

Abstract Growth histories of contractional structures at the southern end of New Zealand's Hikurangi forearc basin have been analysed for the last c. 10 m.y. Growth data are from outcrop and seismic‐reflection profiles that contain syntectonic strata and angular unconformities, and from deformed fluvial terrace surfaces. Deformation is described for up to eight intervals of time, spanning c. 12 000 yr to 5 m.y. , the ages of which were determined by biostratigraphy and tephrochronology. Reverse faults and related asymmetric folds, which strike parallel to the subduction margin and verge troughwards, experienced variable rates of shortening through time. The current period of deformation commenced at c. 1.8 Ma with displacement rates of c. 0.1–0.7 mm/yr on the main faults (i.e., Martinborough, Huangarua, and Mangaopari Faults). Before this time there were periods of accelerated deformation during the mid Pliocene (c. 3.4–2.4 Ma) and latest Miocene (c. 8.0–6.0 Ma). Therefore, shortening since 10 Ma accumulated mainly during three periods of 1–2 m.y. , with structures active in the Quaternary forming in the late Miocene or earlier. Local intervals of accelerated deformation are coincident with the timing of intervals of uplift and faulting along much of the emergent forearc and cannot be attributed to local transfer of displacements between faults. Instead, these intervals of deformation appear to reflect regional changes in the kinematics of the upper plate. These changes could arise due to margin‐normal migration of strain to regions outside the forearc basin or may indicate temporal variations in the dynamics of subduction.
Quality of environmental statements submitted in Northern Ireland in relation to the disposal of waste on land

The quality of a sample of ten environmental statements submitted in Northern Ireland in relation to proposals for the disposal of waste on land was assessed using the second edition (1992) of the Environmental Statement Review Package developed by Lee and Colley. The majority (60%) of the sample were assessed as being of ‘satisfactory’ quality, however, only 20% were considered ‘good’ and only 30% were assessed as likely to meet the minimum requirements of the Northern Ireland Environmental Assessment Regulations. The main areas of strength and weakness are identified and recommendations are made to achieve future improvements.
Adjustment of footprint correction for airborne flux mapping over the FIFE site

ORA meaningful interpretation of airborne flux estimates over nonuniform terrain must consider local advection from nonhomogeneous source distributions (footprint correction). An empirical procedure for footprint correction of airborne flux data obtained in the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) 1989 is presented, based on simple analytical solutions of the diffusion equation which have been adjusted to approximate more realistic solutions. Optimized estimates of surface flux 'maps' derived from airborne observations are then constructed for maximum correlation between flux estimates and independently observed surface characteristics. This paper also includes an analysis of resolution for the given procedure, in terms of amplitude recovery of hypothetical square-wave distributions of surface flux density, and discusses its implications for the interpretation of the optimized estimates of FIFE surface flux maps. Results show that corrected spatial sink distributions are obtained by the current empirical procedure at the cost of considerable reduction in amplitude recovery of small-scale variations in surface flux density. The high spatial correlation observed between corrected flux maps and surface characteristics such as greenness or surface temperature excess is ascribed to the approximately correct positioning of the main flux gradients across the site, which can be expected to have been reproduced with amplitude recovery equalmore » to or greater than 60 percent. 45 refs.« less
The Variscan garnet peridotites from the Eastern Alps (Ulten Zone): records of subduction metasomatism in the mantle wedge

At subduction zones, influx in the mantle wedge of fluids released by subducting plates affects the properties and composition of large mantle domains. These effects are investigated through field-based studies of mantle peridotites hosted in highand ultrahigh-pressure (HP-UHP) terrains. We review the case-study of the Ulten Zone peridotite lenses inside the eclogite-facies Variscan continental crust (Eastern Alps). These rocks record transition from spinel(1200 °C; 1.5 GPa) to garnet-facies (850 °C; ~2.5 GPa) and represent mantle wedge tectonically emplaced in the subducted Variscan continental slab. Stability of amphibole and locally dolomite in the garnet-peridotites indicates modal metasomatism by C-O-H fluids. Radiometric constraints indicate that HP metamorphism of crust and garnet-bearing mantle rocks took place simultaneously at ~ 330 Ma. Significant enrichment in Cs, Ba, Pb, U of the Ulten Zone garnet (+ amphibole ± dolomite) peridotites indicates that fluids were sourced by the associated crust and infiltrated the peridotites at HP, in a tectonic environment comparable to a slab-mantle wedge interface. Measurement of Fe3+ contents of garnet from Ulten Zone peridotites enabled to estimate oxygen fugacities (FMQ to FMQ +2) higher than those of garnet-peridotite xenoliths from sub-cratonic mantle, thereby indicating an oxidizing environment during fluid influx in the Ulten Zone mantle. Comparable features pertain to UHP mantle wedge rocks from Western Norway, suggesting that similar metasomatic processes potentially act on a large range of subduction depths. The Ulten Zone peridotites are thus relevant to assess the fluidmediated crust-to-mantle element transfer during subduction, a major process for the chemical differentiation of the Earth. Citation: 2010. The Variscan garnet peridotites from the Eastern Alps (Ulten Zone): records of subduction metasomatism in the mantle wedge. In: (Eds.) Marco Beltrando, Angelo Peccerillo, Massimo Mattei, Sandro Conticelli, and Carlo Doglioni, Journal of the Virtual Explorer, volume 36, paper 4, doi: 10.3809/jvirtex.2010. 00259 Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 2010
Holocene valley aggradation and gully erosion in headwater catchments, south-eastern highlands of Australia

Late Quaternary stratigraphy of a 50 km2 catchment on the south-eastern highlands of Australia reveals processes and history of denudation, and helps resolve a long-standing debate about factors controlling episodic valley aggradation and degradation during Holocene times. Valley sedimentation occurred when swampy vegetation fully colonized valley floors and obliterated all channels, promoting aggradation for periods of several thousand years, with most incoming sediment being trapped in swampy meadows. Much of the sediment was reworked from late Pleistocene alluvial fan and valley fill deposits, and primary hillslope erosion was minor during the Holocene. Differing sedimentation patterns between the Late Pleistocene, Holocene and Post-European settlement periods reflect regional changes in sediment supply and transport capacity as a result of major environmental change. Within the Holocene, however, valley fill stratigraphy is controlled by massive, episodic gully erosion terminating aggradation. Gully initiation appears to be controlled more by thresholds of incision into vegetated valley floors than by changes to sediment supply. Whether the thresholds are exceeded because of climatic change, autonomous change or extreme events cannot yet be determined. Overall, the Holocene history represents continuing complex response to events of the Late Pleistocene, and does not support the K-cycle concept, which has strongly influenced late Quaternary geomorphology in Australia.
Aerosol retrieval over land using a multiband polarimeter and comparison with path radiance method

[1] This study focuses on the development of a new approach to retrieve aerosol properties over land, based on the use of multispectral polarized measurements (0.67–2.2 μm). We use the measurements of the airborne MICROPOL polarimeter during regional aircraft field experiments located in France and dedicated to the study of aerosol (pollutant and mineral dust particles) and surface properties. We have developed a multiband polarization algorithm (MBP) and compared the retrievals with both a path radiance algorithm and Sun photometer data. It is shown that surface polarized reflectance exhibits only a small spectral variation for forward scattering geometries (3% on average, 15–20% for a single view and scattering angle < 110°). The atmospheric contribution at 2.2 μm is small for aerosol optical thicknesses (AOTs) up to 0.15 at 0.67 μm and can be accounted for in the retrieval of surface properties. The 2.2 μm channel therefore enables us to accurately derive the surface polarization in the shorter MICROPOL bands. For the observations we have made, the surface model developed for the analysis of the Polarization and Directionality of the Earth Reflectance (POLDER) measurements overestimates surface polarization from a few to fifty percents. This leads to AOT underestimation by a factor two. For the pollutant aerosol cases (0.065 < AOT < 0.20), the MBP approach retrieves AOT with an accuracy of 0.03, over both natural and urban surfaces. However, this method remains only weakly sensitive to coarse mode particles and fails when dust particles associated with large AOTs (0.5) are considered.
Metamorphic rates in collisional orogeny from in situ allanite and monazite dating

The prograde sequence of rare earth minerals recorded in metapelites during regional metamorphism reveals a series of irreversible reactions among silicates and phosphates. In individual samples from the northern Lepontine (Central Alps), allanite is partly replaced by monazite at 560–580 °C. Relic allanite retains its characteristic growth zoning acquired at greenschist facies conditions (430–450 °C). Coexisting monazite and allanite were dated in situ to delimit in time successive stages of the Barrovian metamorphism. In situ sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Th-Pb dating of allanite (31.5 ± 1.3 and 29.2 ± 1.0 Ma) and monazite (18.0 ± 0.3 and 19.1 ± 0.3 Ma) constrains the time elapsed between 430–450 °C and 560–580 °C, which implies an average heating rate of 8–15 °C/m.y. Combined with new fission track ages (zircon, 10–9 Ma; apatite, 7.5–6.5 Ma), metamorphic rates of the entire orogenic cycle, from prograde to final cooling, can be reconstructed.
Long-term effects of crop rotation, stubble management and tillage on soil phosphorus dynamics

The effects of various management practices on soil phosphorus (P) dynamics were investigated in a field experiment in New South Wales, Australia, during 24 years of different crop rotation, stubble management, and tillage treatments. Topsoil samples collected at the beginning of the trial and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 years were analysed for resin-extractable P, inorganic and organic P, and total P. According to the calculated P input–output budget, 9–14 of the 20 kg P/ha added as superphosphate annually remained in the system, depending on the treatment. The measured increase in total P in 0–0.20 m did not differ between treatments, showing an accumulation rate of only 9 ± 2 kg P/ha.year. These results suggest a loss of 4 ± 2 kg P/ha.year, presumably into lower soil layers. Resin-extractable P at 0–0.10 m increased by 1.7 kg P/ha.year, irrespective of the treatment. The increase in total P after 24 years was almost completely accounted for by the increase in total extractable inorganic P. Changes in organic P paralleled changes in organic carbon, with a significant loss in treatments with stubble burning (wheat–lupin rotation and continuous wheat), and a significant accumulation in a wheat–subterranean clover rotation with stubble retention and direct drilling. We conclude that on the time scale of this experiment, the dynamics of carbon and organic P are closely linked.
Overcoming the stauchwall: Viscoelastic stress redistribution and the start of full‐depth gliding snow avalanches

When a full‐depth tensile crack opens in the mountain snowcover, internal forces are transferred from the fracture crown to the stauchwall. The stauchwall is located at the lower limit of a gliding zone and must carry the weight of the snowcover. The stauchwall can fail, leading to full‐depth snow avalanches, or, it can withstand the stress redistribution. The snowcover often finds a new static equilibrium, despite the initial crack. We present a model describing how the snowcover reacts to the sudden transfer of the forces from the crown to the stauchwall. Our goal is to find the conditions for failure and the start of full‐depth avalanches. The model balances the inertial forces of the gliding snowcover with the viscoelastic response of the stauchwall. We compute stresses, strain‐rates and deformations during the stress redistribution and show that a new equilibrium state is not found directly, but depends on the viscoelastic properties of the snow, which are density and temperature dependent. During the stress redistribution the stauchwall encounters stresses and strain‐rates that can be much higher than at the final equilibrium state. Because of the excess strain‐rates, the stauchwall can fail in brittle compression before reaching the new equilibrium. Snow viscosity and the length of the gliding snow region are the two critical parameters governing the transition from stable snowpack gliding to avalanche flow. The model reveals why the formation of gliding snow avalanches is height invariant and how technical measures to prevent snowpack glide can be optimized to improve avalanche mitigation.
Solving symmetric mixed-model multi-level just-intime scheduling problems

The generation of leveled production schedules is of high importance for mixed-model assembly lines whose parts and materials are supplied just-in-time by multi-level production processes. The Output Rate Variaton problem is the standard mathematical representation of this complex level scheduling problem and has been extensively studied by research thus far. This work identi es novel symmetries in solution sequences of this problem class and shows how these insights can be used to improve exact solution procedures presented in the literature. The e ectiveness of the modi cations is evaluated by a computational study.
The rodent fauna from the Adapazarı pull-apart basin (NW Anatolia): its bearings on the age of the North Anatolian fault

Abstract To the east of the Sea of Marmara, the North Anatolian fault (NAF) branches into two strands, namely the northern and the southern strands. The Adapazan pull-apart basin is located in the overlapping zone of the Dokurcun and the İzmit-Adapazan segments of the northern strand. The combined temporal ranges of the arvicolids from the Karapürçek formation (the first unit of the basin fill), deposited in the primary morphology of the Adapazan pull-apart basin, cover the latest Villanyian (latest Pliocene) and the Biharian (Early Pleistocene) time interval. The Değirmendere fauna collected from the lowermost sediments of this formation suggests that the Adapazan pull-apart basin started to form in the latest Pliocene. This, in turn, suggests that the dextral movement along the northern strand of the NAF commenced during the latest Pliocene. A new species, Tibericola sakaryaensis is also described. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS
A model for wet aggregation of ash particles in volcanic plumes and clouds: 1. Theoretical formulation

[1] We develop a model to describe ash aggregates in a volcanic plume. The model is based on a solution of the classical Smoluchowski equation, obtained by introducing a similarity variable and a fractal relationship for the number of primary particles in an aggregate. The considered collision frequency function accounts for different mechanisms of aggregation, such as Brownian motion, ambient fluid shear, and differential sedimentation. Although model formulation is general, here only sticking efficiency related to the presence of water is considered. However, the different binding effect of liquid water and ice is discerned. The proposed approach represents a first compromise between the full description of the aggregation process and the need to decrease the computational time necessary for solving the full Smoluchowski equation. We also perform a parametric study on the main model parameters and estimate coagulation kernels and timescales of the aggregation process under simplified conditions of interest in volcanology. Further analyses and applications to real eruptions are presented in the companion paper by Folch et al.
Impact of soil moisture anomalies on seasonal, summertime circulation over North America in a Regional Climate Model

The impact of initial soil moisture on seasonal, summertime atmospheric circulation over North America is investigated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Regional Spectral Model (NCEP RSM). Three-month-long simulations are conducted for the two summers, May-June-July (MJJ) 1988 (drought in the Great Plains) and MJJ 1993 (a flooding event). Overall, the climate responses due to soil moisture anomalies in the RSM is in line with the previous findings from global models and observational studies, with strong positive feedback between initial soil moisture anomalies and simulated seasonal precipitation. The impact of the initial soil moisture anomalies persists for the 3-month integration period, but effects are mostly confined to the near-surface climate with little impact on the dynamic circulation in the upper troposphere. Influence of soil moisture anomaly on the low-level structure and their interaction with precipitation mechanism are highlighted. The regional climate responses in the RSM were not significantly dependent on the size of the domain of integration.
Effect of foliar- and soil-applied boron in deciduous fruit orchards 1: apple and pear

Between autumn 1996 and May 1998 a variety of boron (B) treatments were applied to mature apple and pear trees on soils containing 0.3 to 0.5 mg B kg−1. Average mid-season apple leaf B levels in the B treatments were higher than in the controls, by 5.0% in 1997 and 7.9% in 1998. Corresponding increases in pear leaf B levels were 1.5% and 3.9%. Increases in fruit B contents were comparatively large: 31% and 33% in apple, 77% and 46% in pear. Increased leaf and fruit B levels were most consistently promoted by four early-season sprays, each containing about 20 g B 100 I−1 followed by one 41.6 g B 100 I−1 spray in autumn. Apple and pear leaf and fruit B levels were not affected by treatments in which one B spray was applied in spring. Treatments in which a single spring B spray was followed by one B spray in autumn increased pear leaf and fruit B in 1997 but had no effect on apple. Apple and pear leaf and fruit B levels did not increase in response to increases in the B content of the autumn spray. Applications of B to the soil had no effect on leaf and fruit B levels unless they were accompanied by four early season sprays, each containing about 20 g B 100 I−1. In both apple and pear, the 0.02 M CaCI2 extractable soil B levels correlated better with the levels of B in the fruit, than in the leaves. Leaf and fruit B levels correlated in pear, but not apple. Boron sprays, and soil B applications, had no effect on the number of seeds in apple and pear fruit.
The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean

The relationship between primary production in the surface ocean and export of particulate organic carbon (POC) on sinking particles is examined in studies that have utilized 234Th as a tracer of upper ocean export. Comparisons between production and export are made in a wide range of open ocean settings and seasons. The results indicate that much of the ocean is characterized by low POC export relative to primary production (export/production = ThE < 5–10%). Exceptions to this pattern are found during blooms at high latitudes, accompanying spring blooms at midlatitudes, and perhaps in association with more episodic export pulses. These sites of high export are most often characterized by food webs dominated by large phytoplankton, in particular diatoms. These results can be used to better parameterize surface export in biogeochemical models in order to provide a more accurate prediction of the flow of C and associated nutrients in the oceans.
A case study on the post-construction deformation of concrete face rockfill dams

Concrete face rockfill dams (CFRDs) are considered to be fundamentally safe, especially against leakage, and to be a low-cost alternative at many sites. Their design is based on empirical experiences rather than theory. The present paper describes post-construction deformation and leakage using 27 CFRD case studies. The analysis shows that deformation normal to the face slab is larger than the post-construction crest settlement when the dam height exceeds 100 m and that the long-term leakage rate increases rapidly when the dam height exceeds 125 m.
Sampling for isotopic responses in surface waters

This paper considers situations in which stable isotopes may be used as natural tracers of precipitation through to surface waters. Two aspects affecting the applicability of the technique are highlighted: first, the variance through time of isotope concentrations in precipitation, i.e. the isotope input signal, and second, the attenuation or damping of this signal during the transmission of water downwards through the hydrological system. Both factors affect the likelihood of obtaining an isotope response, i.e. a variation of isotope concentrations in a surface water which may be related to variations in the precipitation input. Analysis of precipitation over the Malham area, U.K., reveals large isotopic variations through time. These variations, however, are only poorly correlated with meteorological variables (temperature, precipitation amount, and air mass type). Snowmelt and occluded frontal rainfall are suggested as providing the most reliable ‘spikes’ for an isotopic response at the output in tracing studies. In most hydrological systems, a high degree of signal attenuation is noted. In the Malham area of karst, 57 per cent of the total range of input variation was lost in surface waters, whilst 74 per cent was lost in mobile soil moisture. An isotopic response can only reasonably be expected in a system with rapid throughput, where there is little opportunity for mixing and storage of waters.
Quaternary and glacial geology

General quaternay geology - glacier dynamics quaternay deposits and landforms - glacigenic deposits and landforms meltwater deposits and landforms periglacial deposits and landforms terrestrial interglacial environments marine environments methods of investigating glacial and interglacial deposits quaternay stratigraphy - principles of stratigraphy quaternary stratigraphy of Northern Europe quaternary history of the Alps quaternary history of North America quaternary history of the rivers Loess stratigraphy.