Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical symmetries and its impact on new decay modes and integral invariants of decaying turbulence

Classical decay laws of isotropic turbulence usually derived from the von Kármán–Howarth equation are essentially based on two paradigms. First, scaling symmetries of space and time, both tracing back to the Navier–Stokes equations in the limit of large Reynolds numbers (or r≫η), give rise to a temporal power-law decay for the turbulent kinetic energy and at the same time an algebraic growth of the integral length scale at an exponent that is uniquely coupled to the latter energy decay. Second, global invariants such as Birkhoff or Loitsianskii integrals determine the exponent of both power laws. We presently show that this class of decay laws may be considerably extended considering the entire set of multi-point correlation equations that admit a much wider class of symmetries. It was recently shown that these new symmetries are of paramount importance, e.g. in deriving the logarithmic law of the wall being an analytic solution of the multi-point equations. For the present case, it is particularly an additional scaling group, which we call statistical scaling group, that gives rise to two additional families of ‘canonical’ decay laws including those with an exponential characteristic for both the kinetic energy and the integral length scale. Finally, a second rather generic group admitted by all linear differential equations corresponding to the superposition principle induces an infinite set of scaling laws of rather complex form that may match rather generic initial conditions. All scaling laws are analyzed in the light of the above-mentioned integral invariants that have been further extended in the present contribution to an exponential-type invariant.
Structure of the Annual-Mean Equatorial Planetary Waves in the ERA-40 Reanalyses

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of the annual-mean equatorial planetary waves in the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) is documented. The features in the free atmosphere are predominantly equatorially symmetric, driven by east–west heating gradients. The geopotential height and wind perturbations are strongest at or just below the 150-hPa level. Below the level of maximum amplitude, the circulations in the waves are thermally direct with latent heat release in deep convective clouds and radiative cooling in the intervening cloud-free regions. Within the overlying capping layer, the wave-related circulations are thermally indirect, with rising of the coldest air and sinking of air that is less cold. At the cold point, just above the 100-hPa (17 km) level, the ERA-40 annual-mean vertical velocity in the equatorial belt ranges up to 3 mm s−1 over the equatorial western Pacific during the boreal winter, implying diabatic heating rates of up to 3°C day−1, an order of magnitude larger than typical clear.
Detection and Localization in Test Accuracy: A Bayesian Perspective

In assessing the area under the ROC curve for the accuracy of a diagnostic test, it is imperative to detect and locate multiple abnormalities per image. This approach takes that into account by adopting a statistical model that allows for correlation between the reader scores of several regions of interest (ROI). The ROI method of partitioning the image is taken. The readers give a score to each ROI in the image and the statistical model takes into account the correlation between the scores of the ROI's of an image in estimating test accuracy. The test accuracy is given by Pr[Y > Z] + (1/2)Pr[Y = Z], where Y is an ordinal diagnostic measurement of an affected ROI, and Z is the diagnostic measurement of an unaffected ROI. This way of measuring test accuracy is equivalent to the area under the ROC curve. The parameters are the parameters of a multinomial distribution, then based on the multinomial distribution, a Bayesian method of inference is adopted for estimating the test accuracy. Using a multinomial model for the test results, a Bayesian method based on the predictive distribution of future diagnostic scores is employed to find the test accuracy. By resampling from the posterior distribution of the model parameters, samples from the posterior distribution of test accuracy are also generated. Using these samples, the posterior mean, standard deviation, and credible intervals are calculated in order to estimate the area under the ROC curve. This approach is illustrated by estimating the area under the ROC curve for a study of the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography for diagnosis of arterial atherosclerotic stenosis. A generalization to multiple readers and/or modalities is proposed. A Bayesian way to estimate test accuracy is easy to perform with standard software packages and has the advantage of employing the efficient inclusion of information from prior related imaging studies.
Rock fragments influence the water retention and hydraulic conductivity of soils

Rock fragments (RFs) influence soil hydraulic properties (SHPs), and knowledge about the SHPs of stony soils is important in vadose zone hydrology. However, experimental evidence on effective SHPs of stony soils is still scarce and mostly restricted to water‐saturated conditions and low volumetric contents of RFs. We examined the influence of RFs on SHPs through a series of measurements. Stony soils were prepared by packing 250‐cm3 cylinders with soils of two textures (sandy loam and silt loam) and with different volumes of RFs (up to 50% v/v) with a diameter of 8–16 mm. Samples were prepared in a way that the background soils (diameter smaller than 2 mm) had identical bulk density. The simplified evaporation method was used to determine the effective SHPs of stony soils. We used the obtained SHP data to evaluate the performance of models, which predict the effective SHPs of stony soils from SHPs of the background soil. The results highlight the systematic dependency of SHPs on volumetric content of RFs. The difference between modeled and measured SHPs was substantial for cases in which the soil contained a high amount of RFs. Accounting for the moisture content of RFs improved the prediction of the effective water retention curve of stony soils compared with a simple scaling that used only the content of RFs. Among the evaluated models for the effective hydraulic conductivity, the model based on the general effective medium theory showed the best performance, particularly for low RF contents.
Leveraging Scheme for Cross-Study Microbiome Machine Learning Prediction and Feature Evaluations

The microbiota has proved to be one of the critical factors for many diseases, and researchers have been using microbiome data for disease prediction. However, models trained on one independent microbiome study may not be easily applicable to other independent studies due to the high level of variability in microbiome data. In this study, we developed a method for improving the generalizability and interpretability of machine learning models for predicting three different diseases (colorectal cancer, Crohn’s disease, and immunotherapy response) using nine independent microbiome datasets. Our method involves combining a smaller dataset with a larger dataset, and we found that using at least 25% of the target samples in the source data resulted in improved model performance. We determined random forest as our top model and employed feature selection to identify common and important taxa for disease prediction across the different studies. Our results suggest that this leveraging scheme is a promising approach for improving the accuracy and interpretability of machine learning models for predicting diseases based on microbiome data.
Pluronics-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Flavonoids Anticancer Treatment

This research concerns the investigation of the preparation of polymeric nanocarriers containing a flavonoid—naringenin, xanthohumol or isoxanthohumol—based on Pluronics by the thin-film formation method. The size of the formed micelles and their stability upon dilution were evaluated using Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis; the high values of the drug loading and the encapsulation efficiency confirmed that the proposed systems of flavonoids delivery consisting of Pluronic P123 and F127 nanomicelles could effectively distribute the drug into tumour tissues, which makes these nanocarriers ideal candidates for passive targeting of cancer cells by the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. The in vitro cytotoxicity of proposed flavonoids in the Pluronic formulations was investigated by the SRB assay with human colon cancer cells. We designed mixed polymeric micelles, which was a successful drug delivery system for the case of naringenin not being able to enhance the bioavailability and cytotoxic activity of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol. Furthermore, it was observed that the higher amount of polymer in the formulation achieved better cytotoxic activity.
Discrimination of interaural delays in complex waveforms: Spectral effects

Sensitivity to interaural delays in high‐frequency waveforms was examined using amplitude‐modulated signals. Carrier frequencies ranged from 2 to 6 kHz, and modulation was varied from 50 to 550 Hz. The signals’ components were not harmonically related. Findings include: (a) As carriers exceed 3 kHz, a broad region appears (from 150 to 350 Hz of modulation) over which there is little change in sensitivity to interaural time differences in the modulation envelope. (b) Signals with interaurally‐discrepant carriers are more difficult to lateralize, but for carriers at and above 4 kHz, a region of constant performance can also be found as the interaural frequency difference is increased from zero. (c) Variations in modulation depth are useful in approximating the sideband attenuation that may occur as wideband signals are filtered by the auditory system. Such a technique allows an assessment of the importance of critical bands in these phenomena.
Sustainability of the effect of optical intervention on the reading performance of children with dyslexia

Background: Dyslexia is a learning disability associated with reading difficulties in children. Due to the potential of poor school outcomes interventions have been employed to help students with dyslexia read. This study was aimed at identifying the sustainability of the effect of combined Visual Tracking Magnifier (VTM) and Ministry of Education (MOE) interventions and MOE intervention alone on the reading performance of school children with dyslexia after discontinuation of intervention. Methods: This prospective, interventional study was conducted on primary school children with dyslexia aged 8 – 11 years. The participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic and optometric examinations and were categorized into groups A, B, and C, comprising primary school children at level 1 or 2. Groups A and B received combined VTM and MOE interventions for 12 and 24 weeks, respectively, and group C received MOE intervention alone. The reading performance was assessed at baseline and 12, 24, and 36 weeks post-intervention. Results: Both components of the reading performance improved significantly for school children at both levels in all study groups (all P < 0.05). However, the reading performance improvement was only approximately 28% in group C and 38% – 50% in groups A and B. In group A, students at level 1 showed significantly improved reading speed from baseline to 12 weeks post-VTM intervention and reading rate from baseline to 24 weeks post-VTM intervention (both P < 0.05). Students at level 2 showed significantly improved reading speed and rate from baseline to 12 and 24 weeks post-VTM intervention (all P < 0.05). In group B, students at both levels showed significantly improved reading speed and rate from baseline to 24 and 36 weeks post-VTM intervention (all P < 0.05). Students at level 2 showed significantly improved reading speed 12 weeks after cessation of intervention (at 36 weeks post-VTM intervention) compared to 24 weeks post-VTM intervention (P < 0.05). The improvement remaining stable 12 weeks after discontinuation of intervention indicated a sustained effect. Conclusions: Combined or individual intervention improved the reading performance of school children with dyslexia at levels 1 and 2. However, combined intervention showed a better reading improvement effect. Improvement in the reading performance was maintained after discontinuation of the VTM intervention. Further interventional studies with a longer study period after discontinuation of this optical intervention are required to confirm the long-term sustainability of its positive effects on the reading performance of school children with dyslexia.
Maternal factors and child health conditions at birth associated with preterm deaths in a tertiary health facility in Ghana: A retrospective analysis

Background Preterm birth continues to be a leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 globally. This issue carries significant economic, psychological, and social costs for the families affected. Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. Objective The objective of this study was to determine maternal and infant complications that influence preterm deaths in a tertiary health facility in Ghana. Methods A retrospective analysis of data on preterm newborns was conducted at the neonatal intensive care unit of Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH NICU) in Ghana, covering the period January 2017 to May 2019. Pearson's Chi-square test of association was used to identify factors that were significantly associated with preterm death after admission at the NICU. The Poisson regression model was used to determine the risk factors of preterm death before discharge after admission to the NICU. Results Of the 1,203 preterm newborns admitted to the NICU in about two and half years, 355 (29.5%) died before discharge, 7.0% (n = 84) had normal birth weight (>2.5 kg), 3.3% (n = 40) had congenital anomalies and 30.5% (n = 367) were born between 34 and 37 gestational week. All 29 preterm newborns between the 18–25 gestational week died. None of the maternal conditions were significant risk factors of preterm death in the multivariable analysis. The risk of death at discharge was higher among preterm newborns with complications including hemorrhagic/hematological disorders of fetus (aRRR: 4.20, 95% CI: [1.70–10.35], p = 0.002), fetus/newborn infections (aRRR: 3.04, 95% CI: [1.02–9.04], p = 0.046), respiratory disorders (aRRR: 13.08, 95% CI: [5.50–31.10], p < 0.001), fetal growth disorders/restrictons (aRRR: 8.62, 95% CI: [3.64–20.43], p < 0.001) and other complications (aRRR: 14.57, 95% CI: [5.93–35.77], p < 0.001). Conclusion This study demonstrate that maternal factors are not significant risk factors of preterm deaths. Gestational age, birth weight, presence of complications and congenital anomalies at birth are significantly associated with preterm deaths. Interventions should focus more on child health conditions at birth to reduce the death of preterm newborns.
Steady-state bifurcations and dynamical stability of a heavy whirling cable acted on by aerodynamic drag

In this article the problem of whirling a heavy flexible cable subject to aerodynamic drag is considered. The top end is moved in a circular path and the bottom end is free. This simple system is found to exhibit remarkably rich bifurcation behaviour as the angular speed, air drag and radius of the circular path are varied. Bifurcation diagrams for the quasi–stationary configurations (cable shapes that appear stationary relative to a reference frame rotating with the same angular speed as the cable) are described. A linearized stability analysis of these quasi–stationary solutions is also described. It is shown that there is an exchange of stability at the turning points of the quasi–stationary bifurcation curves, and a transition to unstable behaviour at sufficiently large angular frequency. There is also unstable behaviour between undistinguished frequencies along the solution branches, the size and number of these regions of instability on each branch increasing as the circular path radius is increased. It is demonstrated that these unstable regions are removed for sufficiently large air drag.
Demographic characteristics and clinical presentation of infants with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome and their response to therapy: Data from Sri Lanka Infantile Spasms Registry

Infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) is an epileptic encephalopathy with often devastating developmental consequences. Most children with IESS have a known etiology, although differing in proportion by geographical settings. Therefore, registries are useful to understand the characteristics of IESS in different countries. The Sri Lanka Infantile Spasms Registry (SLISR) was established to study the demographics and etiology of infants with IESS and their response to therapy in a resource‐limited country.
Quality of E-Tax System and Tax Compliance Intention: The Mediating Role of User Satisfaction

The effectiveness of the e-tax system in encouraging tax compliance has been largely unexplored. Thus, the current study aims to examine the interrelationship between technological predictors in explaining tax compliance intention among certified tax professionals. Based on the literature on information system success and tax compliance intention, this paper proposed an expanded conceptual framework that incorporates convenience and perception of reduced compliance costs as predictors and satisfaction as a mediator. The data were collected from 650 tax professionals who used e-Filing and 492 who used e-Form through an online survey and analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. The empirical results suggest that participants’ perceived service quality of e-Filing services and perceptions of reduced compliance costs positively influence users’ willingness to comply with tax regulations. The latter predictor is also, and only, significant among e-Form users. The empirical results also provide statistical evidence for the mediating role of satisfaction in the relationship between all predictors and tax compliance intention. This study encourages tax policymakers and e-tax filing providers to improve their services to increase user satisfaction and tax compliance.
Potential Role of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Umbrella Review

Simple Summary Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent the recurrence of adenomatous polyps and colon cancer. At low doses, with presumed low gastrotoxicity, there has been substantial interest in NSAIDS as cancer prevention agents. Their potential in high risk groups, including inflammatory bowel disease, may be particularly beneficial. In this review, we summarize the medical opinions on this topic and suggest areas of future research. Abstract Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a category of autoimmune diseases that targets the destruction of the gastrointestinal system and includes both Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). Patients with IBD are at a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) throughout their lives due to chronically increased inflammation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are potential chemopreventative agents that can inhibit the development of CRC in persons without IBD. However, the use of NSAIDs for CRC chemoprevention in IBD patients is further complicated by NSAIDs’ induction of damage to the bowel mucosal layer and ulcer formation. There has been a push in new research on chemopreventative properties of certain NSAIDs for IBD. The purpose of this umbrella review is to investigate the potential of low-dose NSAID compounds as chemopreventative agents for patients with IBD. This paper will also suggest future areas of research in the prevention of CRC for patients with IBD.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common causes of liver disease, is an increasingly common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several demographic, clinical, and genetic factors contribute to HCC risk in NAFLD patients, which may inform risk stratification scores. Proven efficacious approaches to primary prevention approach in patients with non-viral liver disease remain an area of need. Semi-annual surveillance is associated with improved early tumor detection and reduced HCC-related mortality; however, patients with NAFLD have several challenges to effective surveillance, including under-recognition of at-risk patients, low surveillance utilization in clinical practice, and lower sensitivity of current tools for early-stage HCC detection. Treatment decisions are best made in a multidisciplinary fashion and are informed by several factors including tumor burden, liver dysfunction, performance status, and patient preferences. Although patients with NAFLD often have larger tumor burden and increased comorbidities compared to counterparts, they can achieve similar post-treatment survival with careful patient selection. Therefore, surgical therapies continue to provide a curative treatment option for patients diagnosed at an early stage. Although there has been debate about the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with NAFLD, current data are insufficient to change treatment selection based on liver disease etiology.
Nonseparable Walsh-type functions on Rd

We study wavelet packets in the setting of a multires- olution analysis of L 2 (R d ) generated by an arbitrary dilation matrix A satisfying jdetAj = 2. In particular, we consider the wavelet packets as- sociated with a multiresolution analysis with a scaling function given by the characteristic function of some set (called a tile) in R d . The functions in this class of wavelet packets are called generalized Walsh functions, and it is proved that the new functions share two major convergence proper- ties with the Walsh system dened on (0;1). The functions constitute a Schauder basis for L p (R d ), 1 < p < 1, and the expansion of L p -functions converge pointwise almost everywhere. Finally, we introduce a family of compactly supported wavelet packets in R 2 of class C r (R 2 ), 1 r < 1, modeled after the generalized Walsh function. It is proved that this class of smooth wavelet packets has the same convergence properties as the gen- eralized Walsh functions.
A semiparametric pseudolikelihood estimation method for panel count data

In this paper, we study panel count data with covariates. A semiparametric pseudolikelihood estimation method is proposed based on the assumption that, given a covariate vector Z, the underlying counting process is a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with the conditional mean function given by E{N (t) |Z} e L-sub-0 (t) exp (b′-sub-0Z). The proposed estimation method is shown to be robust in the sense that the estimator converges to its true value regardless of whether or not N (t) is a conditional Poisson process, given Z. An iterative numerical algorithm is devised to compute the semiparametric maximum pseudolikelihood estimator of (b-sub-0, L-sub-0). The algorithm appears to be attractive, especially when b-sub-0 is a high-dimensional regression parameter. Some simulation studies are conducted to validate the method. Finally, the method is applied to a real dataset from a bladder tumour study. Copyright Biometrika Trust 2002, Oxford University Press.