Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Behavior and Survival of Wild and Hatchery-Origin Winter Steelhead Spawners Caught and Released in a Recreational Fishery

Abstract Mandatory catch and release of wild fish and supplementation with hatchery-reared fish are commonly used to sustain sport fisheries on low-abundance populations of wild steelhead. However, their effectiveness in limiting angling mortality on wild fish is uncertain. We radio-tagged 226 (125 wild, 101 hatchery) angled adult steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss near the mouth of the Vedder−Chilliwack River, British Columbia, in 1999 and 2000 and monitored their subsequent movements to determine survival to spawning and overlap in the distributions of inferred holding sites, spawning sites, and spawning times. The distributions of prespawning holding sites did not differ between wild and hatchery fish in either year, but spawning locations differed. Holding and spawning sites used by hatchery fish were restricted to the lower two-thirds of the river, downstream of the hatchery where they were reared but well upstream of their smolt release site. Wild fish spawned throughout the watershed. Spawning times did.
DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN SIX LEGUMES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STEM

Summary Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was measured in leaves, stems and roots of six grain legumes supplied with different nitrate concentrations. The contribution of the stem relative to total plant activity was assessed. In Lupinus angustifolius L. , Pisum sativum L. and Viciafaba L. , legumes of temperate origin, an increased proportion of total plant NRA occurred in the shoot as nitrate concentration was increased. In Cajanus cajan (L.) Wilisp. , Glycine max (L.) Merr. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. , legumes of tropical origin, the proportion of total plant NRA in root and shoot was relatively constant regardless of nitrate concentration. More than 20% of total plant NRA can occur in the stem of G. max, L. angustifolius, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris and V. faba. In C. cajan 10 to 15% of total plant NRA was found in the stem at all nitrate concentrations. It is concluded that stem tissues can contribute significantly to overall nitrate metabolism.
The Effects of Parent Age and Posthatch Treatment on Broiler Performance

Abstract The relationship between age of the parent and the quality of the day-old broiler chick were studied in two experiments by examining the loss in egg weight during incubation (percentage of egg weight loss, PEWL). Also, the efficacy of a water-soluble antibiotic and the practice of withholding feed at placement time were examined. Eggs were obtained from two sets of breeders (approximately 30 and 50 wk of age). The eggs were weighed individually and were incubated. Chicks of each parent age group were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) water and feed at placement time; 2) water and Neo-Terramycin and feed at placement time; 3) water at placement time and feed 4 h later; and 4) water and Neo-Terramycin at placement time and feed 4 h later. The chicks were housed in cages for Experiment 1 and in floor pens for Experiment 2. In both experiments, breeder age significantly affected BW. Chicks from old flocks were heavier and exhibited a significantly higher growth rate than the chicks from young flocks. Significant correlations between chick hatch weight and egg weight were observed. Low correlations between PEWL and BW were noted. In Experiment 1, the chicks receiving the Neo-Terramycin were significantly heavier up to 4 days of age than the chicks in other treatments. Chicks allowed access to feed at placement time were significantly heavier at most weigh times, up to 5 wk of age. Male chicks from old flocks that received both Neo-Terramycin and feed at the time of placement had a significantly higher growth rate than did the males of any other treatment in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, neither the administration of Neo-Terramycin nor the provision of water prior to feeding had a significant effect on BW gain. Male chicks from the young flocks provided with water prior to feed exhibited a significantly higher growth rate than did the males in any other treatment. These data suggest that parent age does influence chick weight. The use of water-soluble antibiotics and the provision of water prior to feed did not benefit chicks that are normally hydrated.
Local offspring density and sex ratio affect sex allocation in the great tit

The expected fitness gain for offspring of a given sex may depend on local population sex ratio and density. Knowing the influence of such social factors on brood sex ratios may contribute considerably to the understanding of sex allocation in higher vertebrates. For 3 consecutive years, we manipulated sex ratios and densities of juvenile great tits (Parus major) within forest plots and investigated how next year’s brood sex ratios were affected. For yearling female breeders, we considered the treatment of the plot of fledging and settlement and for experienced female breeders the treatment of the breeding plot. Experienced females produced more female offspring at increased plot densities and more males at reduced densities. Yearling female’s brood sex ratio was not affected by the density treatment but was positively related to the natural density in the plot of fledging. The plot sex ratio treatment affected sex allocation differently for yearling and experienced females. Yearling females produced more females when fledged from male-biased plots and more males when fledged from female-biased plots. Experienced females produced more females in control plots and unbiased brood sex ratios in male- and female-biased plots. Our results show that experimental changes in local sex ratio and density generate social or environmental cues that are used in sex allocation. We cannot show that sex allocation was adaptive. However, natural and experimental plot density and experimental plot sex ratio related differently to sex allocation for yearling and experienced females, which suggest that several sex allocation scenarios might act simultaneously.
European Roe Deer Increase Vigilance When Faced with Immediate Predation Risk by Eurasian Lynx

Prey animals must balance antipredatory behaviour with foraging behaviour. According to the risk allocation hypothesis, prey increase antipredatory behaviour and reduce foraging activity during pulses of high risk, but with continuous risk, other activities must continue and antipredatory behaviour decreases despite the risk. We studied the impact of lynx presence on the vigilance behaviour of wild roe deer under conditions of (i) a pulsed elevated risk by experimentally spreading lynx urine as an olfactory cue, and (ii) continuous risk by comparing an area where lynx was eradicated 160 years ago to an area where lynx has been re-introduced 30 years ago. Roe deer were extremely vigilant in response to the predator olfactory cue; however, roe deer vigilance did not differ measurably among areas with or without potential lynx presence. Deer were more vigilant before sunset than during the night at both study areas, probably due to long-term adaptation of roe deer to human hunting during daytime. Vigilance decreased from August to September even though activity of lynx increases in autumn, which may be a result either of increased foraging due to decrease in food quality in autumn, or of changes in social organization of the deer. Our results suggested that the degree of vigilance depends on environmental cues. We found that roe deer respond to lynx urine despite a long absence of lynx in the ecosystem. Our results support the risk allocation hypothesis for responses to pulses of high risk but not for responses to continuous elevated levels of risk.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON VESPINE LARVAE, WITH REFERENCE TO THE PHYLOGENY OF THE SUBFAMILY VESPINAE (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)

YAMANE, SK. 1976. Morphological and taxonomic studies on vespine larvae, with reference to the phylogeny of the subfamily Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ins. matsum. n.s. 8: 1-45, 3 tabs. , 65 figs. (7 text-figs., 8 pis.). External morphology of vespine larvae is presented with emphasis on the features impor­ tant taxonomically or phylogenetically. Decision of sex is referred to. Generic and infrageneric classifications based upon larval characters are given in a close agreement with those based upon adult characters. Useful generic characters are shown. A key to the mature larvae of the Japanese and Taiwanese species is given. Elements of the larval behaviour are enumerated and the basic behavioural pattern is explained. Morphology and behaviour of the Polistes larva are also explained and compared with those of the vespine larva. Different evolutionary trends between the larvae of Vespa and Polistes are discussed with the aid of the functional morphology and the theory of preadaptation advocated by W. J. Bock. A phylogenetic diagram within the Vespinae is proposed, and their branching pattern and evolution are briefly illus­ trated.
A note on clinical-pathological findings and serum enzyme activity in sheep, goats and Friesian calves with acute Lantana camara poisoning

In a zero-grazing unit 59 goats, 47 sheep and 15 calves were fed L. camara (prickly-stem type); 6 goats, 7 sheep and 5 calves died with generalized jaundice and liver and kidney lesions; they recovered after symptomatic treatment. High blood AST, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and BUN values were found the second day after intake.
Round Goby Predation on Smallmouth Bass Offspring in Nests during Simulated Catch-and-Release Angling

Abstract Round goby Neogobius melanostomus first appeared in Lake Erie in 1993 and now occur in extremely high densities in some areas. As known nest predators, round goby currently pose a threat to nest-guarding smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. We conducted manipulative experiments to evaluate the combined effects of round goby predation and catch-and-release angling during 1999–2001 in the Bass Islands, Lake Erie. We quantified how many smallmouth bass offspring were consumed by round goby when nest-guarding smallmouth bass males were present, removed, and recovering from angling-related stress. In 10 h of video observations, we only saw one instance of round goby consuming smallmouth bass offspring while the nest was guarded. Upon removal of nest-guarding smallmouth bass, round goby quickly entered unguarded nests (4.3 round goby/min for nests with unhatched embryos and 1.8 round goby/min for nests with hatched embryos). During experimental catch-and-release angling, round goby consumed an average.
Evaluation of plant extracts for the control of fungal diseases of mulberry

Antifungal activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Calotropis gigantea, Catharanthus roseus, Eucalyptus sp. , Parthenium hysterophorus and Pongamia pinnata was tested against Cerotelium fici and Cercospora moricola causing leaf rust and leaf spot diseases in mulberry, respectively. A. indica was more effective inhibiting spore germination of C. fici by 91.2 per cent, whereas extracts of Eucalyptus sp. and C. gigantea proved highly toxic to C. moricola inhibiting conidial germination by 91.5 and 91.3 per cent, respectively. Under field conditions also, leaf extracts of Eucalyptus sp. and C. gigantea showed promising results reducing leaf spot disease incidence by 63.6 and 56 per cent, respectively. Extract of P. pinnata showed poor fungitoxicity against both the fungi tested.
IL-10-differentiated dendritic cells treatment for Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune neurological disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). It is considered to be mediated by Th1 and Th17 immune responses. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is widely used as a mouse model to study MS as it has features and histopathology similar to that of MS. Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC) are reported to efficiently prevent sensitization for EAE. In this research, we induced tolerogenic DC (DC10) by differentiating them with IL-10. Compared to immature DC, DC10 did not show increased expression of MHC II or the co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, and produced low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β , IL-6, and IL-12 but higher levels of IL-10. This is consistent with their possessing a tolerogenic phenotype. We found that three intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of DC10 successfully inhibited the signs of established, ongoing EAE: DC10 significantly reduced the clinical scores, demyelination and cell infiltration in the spinal cord, as well as the production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-γ by spleen and lymph node (LN) lymphocytes. DC10 treatments did not significantly affect inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in the CNS. We found that there was higher FoxP3 expression in the CNS in response to DC10 treatments relative to PBS-treated
Effect of mineral substrate hardness on the population density of epilithic microorganisms in two Ontario rivers

Adherent epilithic microorganisms recovered from rocks submerged 10 to 20 cm in two different rivers were examined by electron microscopy and enumerated after dispersion in M-9 salts by viable plate counts. Bacterial cells concentrated in microcolonies were often observed attached to the surface of algae, cyanobacteria, and organic detritus. This structured communal mode of growth was common among epilithic microbial communities of different rock types. However, counts of heterotrophic bacteria from limestone (106 to 107 cfu/cm2) were 10- to 100-fold greater than corresponding values from granite, gabbro, rhyolite, basalt, and quartz. Cyanobacteria and algae were an order of magnitude less abundant compared with their bacterial counterparts. These variations in population densities of epilithic microorganisms present on different rocks were inversely related to mineral substrate hardness.Key words: epilithic microorganisms, mineral hardness.
Evaluation of NuPro® yeast product in diets for broilers.

Two trials with identical experimental design were conducted approximately 20 months apart to evaluate the response of broiler chickens to the addition of NuPro®, a yeast product rich in nucleotides. In both trials, four dietary treatments were compared. The first treatment contained no NuPro®. For the second treatment, the diet with 2% NuPro® was fed only the first 7 days of life while for the third treatment, 2% NuPro® was fed for the first 14 d. For the fourth treatment, 2% NuPro® was fed for the first 7 days and also during the finisher period of 35-42 d of age. In both studies, each treatment was fed to six replicate groups of 60 male broilers of a commercial strain. Response to the addition of NuPro® varied between the two experiments. In the first study, addition of 2% NuPro® to the diet resulted in improvement in feed conversion. Response varied by age of bird and time during which the NuPro® was fed. At 7 d of age, there were no significant differences between birds that had been fed NuPro® and those fed the negative control diet. At 14 d of age, there were no significant differences in feed conversion among birds fed the various treatments, but feed conversion was numerically better for those birds that had been fed NuPro® for the first 7 or 14 d. At 35 d, birds that had been fed NuPro® for the first 7 d had significantly better feed conversion than those fed the control diet with birds fed NuPro® for the first 14 d being intermediate between these two groups. At 42 d, birds fed diets with 2% NuPro® for the first 7 d or for the first 7 d followed by feeding from 35-42 d had significantly lower feed conversion than those fed the control, with those fed NuPro® for the first 14 d being intermediate between these groups. However, in the second trial there was no significant effect of inclusion of NuPro on any of the parameters evaluated. There may be nutritional differences between batches of the product that influence the response of chicks.
Effect of Lentinan in Induction of Apoptosis on Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells

Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Lentinan was shown to induce apoptosis in gastric cancer cells and could be used for the treatment of gastric cancer. Objectives: In this study, we analyzed anticancer effect of lentinan, a fungal β-glucan, on the gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS). Materials and Methods: We used the DNA ladder and TUNNEL approaches to evaluate the apoptotic effect of lentinan on the AGS cell. Results: Evaluation of apoptosis by Apoptotic DNA Ladder in lentinan treated and untreated AGS cells by DNA laddering and fragmentation, and TUNEL tests confirmed that application lentinan caused a significant increase in apoptosis in the AGS cell line. Conclusions: Treatment of human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line with lentinan can offer a possible approach to counteract the human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, thus can be applied in a combination with the routine gastric cancer therapy drugs.
Antiviral Activity of Mixtures of Compounds against Herpesviruses

A simple method for investigating the antiviral activity of mixtures of two antiviral compounds against herpes simplex virus (HSV) is described; the technique involves a modification of the dye-uptake technique for measuring antiviral activity, and the results are analysed by two methods for evidence of synergy or additive or antagonist effects. The antiviral activity of combinations of four antiviral compounds against HSV-1 and HSV-2 were investigated. The results indicate that interferon-alpha (IFN-α) with acyclovir or ara-A shows synergy, but IFN-α with ribavirin shows an additive effect. Ribavirin shows no synergism with any of the three compounds tested, and ara-A shows marginal synergy with acyclovir. The pattern of these results does not allow any prediction of which mixtures may show synergy. With the present limited number of antiviral compounds, all new combinations should be tested; and these further results may allow future predictions.
Dose–Response Curves of Kih-485 for Preemergence Weed Control in Corn

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in Nebraska with the experimental herbicide KIH-485 on soils with three different levels of organic matter (OM) to ascertain a dose response for weed control and corn tolerance. Dose–response curves based on the log-logistic model were used to determine the effective dose that provides 90% weed control (ED90 values) for three grasses (green foxtail, field sandbur, large crabgrass) and two broadleaf weeds (velvetleaf, tall waterhemp). The ED90 values for green foxtail control were 143, 165, and 202 g ai/ha for soils with 1, 2, and 3% OM, respectively at 28 d after treatment (DAT). The highest dose of 371 g ai/ha was needed for field sandbur control at 28 DAT, compared with 141 g ai/ha for large crabgrass, 152 g ai/ha for tall waterhemp, and 199 g ai/ha for velvetleaf. There was no significant corn injury observed. Grain yield increased with increasing doses of KIH-485; optimum yield was achieved at about 195 g ai/ha. From the dose–response curves it is clear that the proposed label rate of KIH-485 of 200 to 300 g ai/ha will provide excellent control of most grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in corn for at least the first 4 wk of the growing season on soils up to 3% OM in the state of Nebraska. Nomenclature: KIH-485 (proposed common name pyrasulfatole), 3-[(5-difluoromethoxy-1-methyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazol-4-yl)-methylsulfonyl]-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethylisoxazole; green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. ; field sandbur, Cenchrus spinifex Cav. ; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. ; tall waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.); velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus; corn, Zea mays L
Non-Invasive Predictors of Esophageal Varices in Alcoholic Chronic Liver Disease

Background: Alcohol is widely consumed socially accepted recreational beverage, that is toxic and affects directly or indirectly almost every organ. Spectrum of alcoholic liver disease ranges from fatty liver to cirrhosis. One of the complications of the later spectrum is portal hypertension, around 50% develops varices and bleeding depends on the size of the varices. Predicting varices without endoscopic is difficult but few non-invasive parameters are available. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective cross-sectional study done in Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal from September 2018 to August 2019. Approval was acquired from Institutional Review Committee. Patients with chronic ethanol ingestion and features suggestive of chronic liver disease clinically and investigation wise were enrolled in the study. History, physical examinations along with platelet count, prothrombin time was taken and ultrasonography abdomen and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done to see the splenic diameter, and varices. Results: Esophageal varices were present in 53%. Mean platelet count with variceswas 122566 ± 36024.8 /mm3, splenic diameter was 133.1 ± 21.3 mm, prothrombintime (PT) time was 19.3 ± 5.0 sec andratio of platelet per spleen diameter was 930.2 ± 259.4 /mm3/mm.Platelet count < 163500/mm3 has sensitivity and specificity 83.0% and 83.0% respectively. Ratio of platelet per splenic diameter ratio cutoff 1293.7 has 88.7% sensitivity and 85.1% specificity for predicting varices. Conclusion: In chronic alcoholic liver disease patients low platelet count, increased splenicdiameter, low platelet per splenic diameter ratio are useful in predicting presence of esophageal varices.
Embryogenesis: a Question of Pattern

Embryogenesis in plants appears superficially to be a relatively simple process in terms of morphological development and it is the case that most organogenesis takes place in the post-embryonic phase of the life cycle. This apparent simplicity allows us to exploit embryogenesis as a model experimental system to study the relationship between gene expression and morphogenesis, which is arguably the most important question in developmental biology. However, we are only just beginning to describe changes in gene expression during embryogenesis and to identify regulatory networks. Recent work, exploiting transgenic techniques and the generation and characterization of mutants, points the way ahead in dissecting this developmental process at the molecular level.
Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities in the flavedo tissue of two citrus cultivars under low temperature

AbStRAct Antioxidants production is amongst the physiological responses of plants to protect their tissues from oxidative damages caused by chilling and freezing stresses. Indeed, cold tolerance of plants is related to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers to combat oxidative stress. In this study, two citrus cultivars including Citrus sinensis ‘Siavaraz’ and Citrus limon ‘ Lisbon’ grown at the north of Iran were examined to compare antioxidants changes including total flavonoid, total phenol and total antioxidant capacities (TAC) in the flavedo tissue of the fruits under various low temperature treatments of control (15 oC), 3, 0, -3 and -6 oC. The results indicated that total flavonoid content and TAC in Citrus limon ‘Lisbon’ was significantly higher than in Citrus sinensis‘Siavaraz’. During the treatments, both cultivars showed a significant increase in the flavonoid content. Meanwhile, total phenol content significantly increased from 15 to -6 oC in Citrus limon ‘Lisbon’ and from 15 to 0 oC in