Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Technological failures caused by cephalexin in set-type sheep’s milk yogurt

Given their broad spectrum, cephalosporins are used for combating mastitis in dairy species. Many cephalosporins, such as cephalexin, have not been authorized for use in lactating sheep and because veterinary drugs for use in small species are lacking, the regulations of several countries allow extra-label use. Incorrect use of extra-label tools may cause residues in milk, and could negatively affect public health by provoking technological failures in the dairy fermenting processes. The effects of cephalexin, at concentrations close to its European Maximal Residue Limit (MRL), have been studied in set-type yogurts made from sheep’s milk. Milk was fortified at different cephalexin concentrations and stored yogurts were evaluated in acidification, textural parameters and microbial evolution terms. The results showed that cephalexin concentrations equal to or below its MRL could mainly inhibit normal Streptococcus thermophilus growth and provoke some alterations to acidity parameters, which were more marked in the L(+)-lactic acid isomer.
REGULATION OF DORMANCY IN VIRGINIA-TYPE PEANUT SEEDS 12

The germination and ethylene production by dormant Virginia-type peanut seeds were observed in relation to phytohormone treatments that could conceivably release the dormancy of these seeds. A comparison was made between the effects of these treatments on the less dormant apical seeds and the more dormant basal seeds. Indole-3acetic acid did not stimulate ethylene production by, or germination of, the dormant seeds to any extent. Gibberellic acid at 5 X 104 M stimulated ethylene production by apical seeds to 17 millimicroliters per hour and germination to only 40% above the control. The more dormant basal seeds were affected even less by gibberellic acid than the seeds. Ethylene gas at 8 microliters per liter stimulated germination to 85% above the control for both apical and basal seeds. At this ethylene concentration the physiology of the more dormant basal seeds was altered, so that they behaved in a manner similar to the inherently less dormant apical seeds. 2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid at 103 and 5 X 10M provided results similar to ethylene gas. Both apical and basal seeds germinated 100% at 48 hours. Among the phytohormones tested in this study, ethylene gas produced the greatest germination at low concentrations, and it appears must directly related to initiating the reactions required for converting the quiescent cells to an active
CHAPTER 12 : THE FIRM LIFE CYCLE THEORY OF DIVIDENDS

According to the firm life cycle theory of dividends, a young firm faces a relatively large investment opportunity set but is not sufficiently profitable to be able to meet all its financing needs through internally generated cash. In addition, it faces substantial hurdles in raising capital from external sources. As a result, the firm will conserve cash by forgoing dividend payments to shareholders. Over time, after a period of growth, the firm reaches the maturity stage in its life cycle. At this point, the firm’s investment opportunity set is diminished, its growth and profitability have flattened, systematic risk has declined, and the firm generates more cash internally than it can profitably invest. Eventually, the firm begins paying dividends to distribute its earnings to shareholders. The extent to which a mature firm distributes earnings to shareholders instead of investing them internally is a function of the extent to which the interests of its managers are aligned with those of its shareholders.
Interfacial Coupling in Vertical, Two-Phase Flow Through Porous Media

Abstract: Vertical, two-phase flow through natural porous media is affected by interfacial coupling. Such coupling may be of two types: viscous and capillary. In this study, macroscopic defining equations for the viscous and capillary coupling parameters have been constructed. Moreover, these defining equations, together with modified forms of Kalaydjian's transport equations, have been used to construct equations that can be used to analyze the effect of interfacial coupling on vertical, two-phase flow in natural porous media. These equations reveal that viscous coupling is dependent explicitly on mobility ratio, and that the effect of viscous coupling on vertical flow is bounded. Moreover, these equations show that capillary coupling depends explicitly on porosity. Furthermore, on the basis of the analysis carried out, it is argued that the effect of viscous coupling on vertical flow is small, and that the effect of capillary coupling on horizontal flow is an order of magnitude larger than that of viscous coupling. The data from two sets of gravity-driven, steady-state, cocurrent and countercurrent flow experiments were used to test the interfacial coupling theory. It was found that the experimentally determined and predicted values of the capillary coupling parameters were consistent for both the wetting and the nonwetting phase, provided proper account was taken of the contribution of the net buoyant force to the driving force for each phase. Because of a lack of sufficient experimental evidence, further experimental testing of the theory must be undertaken before it can be accepted with confidence. Even so, the new equations should be, because they show explicitly the role of mobility ratio and porosity, useful tools for improving our understanding of the effect of interfacial coupling on vertical, two-phase flow through natural porous media.
A laboratory method for measuring the isotropic character of soil swelling

Although the swelling of clays has been thoroughly studied, the mechanism by which this occurs in clay soils is not so fully understood. We have developed a technique to study the swelling and three‐dimensional deformation of a soil sample during wetting by adapting a triaxial apparatus. This equipment applies a controlled, confined and isotropic pressure to the periphery of the samples. A constant flow of solution is injected into the base of the sample while the lateral and axial deformations are simultaneously controlled. The development of the interstitial pressure, positive or negative, is measured. When the soil is thoroughly wetted, the equipment measures the saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Choosing functions for semi‐variograms of soil properties and fitting them to sampling estimates

SUMMARY The semi-variogram is central to geostatistics and the single most important tool in geo-statistical applications to soil. Mathematical functions for semi-variograms must be conditional negative semi-definite, and there are only a few families of simple function that meet this demand. These include the transitive models with finite a priori variance deriving from moving average processes. The spherical and exponential schemes are the most often encountered members. The other major group is that of unbounded models in which the variance appears to increase without limit. The linear model is the most common in this group. If more complex models are needed they can be formed by combining two or more simple models. The usual estimator of the semi-variance is often considered inefficient and to be sensitive to departures from normality in the data. It is compared with a robust estimator and shown to be generally preferable in being unbiased and having confidence intervals that are no wider. For routine analysis, fitting models to sample semi-variograms by weighted least squares approximation, with weights proportional to the expected semi-variance, is preferred to the more elaborate and computationally demanding statistical procedures of generalized least squares and maximum likelihood. The Akaike information criterion is recommended for selecting the best model from several plausible ones to describe the observed variation in soil, though for kriging it may be desirable to validate the chosen model. Examples of models fitted to soil semi-variograms are shown and compared.
PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS AND AVAILABILITY IN SOILS FORMED ON DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS IN THE NIGER DELTA AREA OF NIGERIA

We investigated in phosphorus (P) status of 12 well-drained to moderately well-drained soil profiles along an east-west transect in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria, by determining available P estimated by the methods of Bray and Kurz no. 1, Bray and Kurtz no. 2, Olsen and Truog, and the various P fractions. Total P in the six profiles of soils developed on Coastal Plain sands (CPS) ranged from 281 to 1469 ppm mean, 821), and total P in the four profiles of soils developed on Meander Belt deposits (MBD) and Sombreiro Warri deposits (SWD) ranged from 63 to 293 ppm (mean, 133). The two profiles in the transitional zone between CPS and SWD had total P of 326 to 595 ppm (mean, 441). Organic P ranged from 11 to 338 ppm and constituted 3 to 44% of total P. Inactive inorganic P accounted for 9 to 65% of total P. The relative abundance of the various active inorganic P forms was, in decreasing or der, Fe-P, Al-P, and Ca-P, except in three of the profiles of MBD-SWD region, where Ca-P was nearly equal to or slightly higher than Al-P. The results showed high availability of P in CPS soils, medium availability of P in the transitional zone, and low P in the MBD and SWD regions. The distribution of P fractions indicated a low degree of development of the soils, especially the MBD and SWD soils. Total P was significantly correlated positively with percentage of clay and negatively with pH and percentage of sand. Fe-P and Al-P had significant correlation with total P, percentage of sands, percent-age of clay, and available P extracted by the methods of Bray and Kurtz no. 1, Bray and Kurtz no. 2, and Truog.
Miscibility and LCST Behavior of Polyisoprene/Poly(cis-butadiene-co-1,2-vinylbutadiene) Blends

The miscibility of rubber blends, such as poly(cis-butadiene-co-1,2-vinylbutadiene) (V-BR) and polyisoprene (IR), was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), torsion braid analysis (TBA) and transmission electron microscopy. The V-BR with high vinyl content above 32.3 wt% was miscible with IR, while the V-BR with lower vinyl content less than 24.3 wt% was immiscible. In regard to V-BR (32.3)/IR blends the lower critical-solution-temperature (LCST) type phase diagram was shown by means of the glass transition (Tg) behavior of annealed blends. The miscible and immiscible phase boundary would be sharp against the random copolymer content (at around 30 wt% vinyl content in V-BR). The Tg behavior of these miscible blends were in good agreement with Gordon-Taylor equation. In addition to DSC and TBA measurements the transmission electron micrographs were obtained to confirm the blend morphology in the ultra-thin sections stained with osmium tetraoxide.
Preparation of Tumor-Specific Magnetoliposomes and Their Application for Hyperthermia

Magnetoliposomes (MLs) were conjugated with an antibody fragment to give specificity to a tumor. The antibody fragment was cross-linked to N-(6-maleimidocaproyloxy)-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (EMC-DPPE) in liposomal membrane. The immobilization of the antibody fragment was optimal when the content of EMC-DPPE was 10-wt% and the reaction time for immobilization was 18 h. The Fab' fragment-conjugating MLs (FMLs) were 2.4 times higher molar immobilization density compared with the method using the whole antibody. The targetability of the FMLs to the glioma cells, U251-SP, was then investigated. The amount of FMLs uptake reached 85 pg/cell in an in vitro experiment using plastic dishes. In an in vivo experiment using glioma-harboring mice, 260 μg of the FMLs per 1 g of tumor tissue accumulated (tumor sizes was 0.1 cm3), which corresponded to approximately 60% of the total injection. This value was 7 times higher than that of the MLs. After injection of the FMLs, mice were exposed to intracellular hyperthermia using the alternating magnetic field irradiation. The temperature of tumor tissue increased to 43°C and the growth of the tumor was found to be arrested over 2 weeks. These results indicate the FMLs could target the glioma cells in vitro and in vivo, and are efficiently applicable to the hyperthermia of tumor.
Intraoperative MRI-based elastic fusion for anatomically accurate tractography of the corticospinal tract: correlation with intraoperative neuromonitoring and clinical status.

OBJECTIVE Tractography is a useful technique that is standardly applied to visualize subcortical pathways. However, brain shift hampers tractography use during the course of surgery. While intraoperative MRI (ioMRI) has been shown to be beneficial for use in oncology, intraoperative tractography can rarely be performed due to scanner, protocol, or head clamp limitations. Elastic fusion (EF), however, enables adjustment for brain shift of preoperative imaging and even tractography based on intraoperative images. The authors tested the hypothesis that adjustment of tractography by ioMRI-based EF (IBEF) correlates with the results of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and clinical outcome and is therefore a reliable method. METHODS In 304 consecutive patients treated between June 2018 and March 2020, 8 patients, who made up the basic study cohort, showed an intraoperative loss of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during motor-eloquent glioma resection for a subcortical lesion within the corticospinal tract (CST) as shown by ioMRI. The authors preoperatively visualized the CST using tractography. Also, IBEFs of pre- and intraoperative images were obtained and the location of the CST was compared in relation to a subcortical lesion. In 11 patients (8 patients with intraoperative loss of MEPs, one of whom also showed loss of MEPs on IBEF evaluation, plus 3 additional patients with loss of MEPs on IBEF evaluation), the authors examined the location of the CST by direct subcortical stimulation (DSCS). The authors defined the IONM results and the functional outcome data as ground truth for analysis. RESULTS The maximum mean ± SD correction was 8.8 ± 2.9 (range 3.8-12.0) mm for the whole brain and 5.3 ± 2.4 (range 1.2-8.7) mm for the CST. The CST was located within the lesion before IBEF in 3 cases and after IBEF in all cases (p = 0.0256). All patients with intraoperative loss of MEPs suffered from surgery-related permanent motor deficits. By approximation, the location of the CST after IBEF could be verified by DSCS in 4 cases. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that tractography after IBEF accurately correlates with IONM and patient outcomes and thus demonstrates reliability in this initial study.
Encapsulation of Nanoparticles of d-Limonene by Spray Drying: Role of Emulsifiers and Emulsifying Techniques

Submicron emulsion particles of d-limonene prepared by a microfluidizer and ultrasound were spray dried to produce nanoparticle encapsulated powders. Maltodextrin combined with a surface-active biopolymer (modified starch or whey protein concentrate) or a small molecule surfactant (Tween 20) was used as the wall material. Results showed that microfluidization was an efficient emulsification technique resulting in a powder with the highest retention (86.2%) of d-limonene, mainly due to its capability to produce emulsions with fairly small droplets (d 43 of 700–800 nm) and narrow distributions, which had a good stability during the process. Among different emulsifiers used, although Tween 20 significantly reduced the emulsion size (d 43 < 200 nm), the resulted powder had the poorest encapsulation efficiency.
Structure development in flexible polyurethane foam-layered silicate nanocomposites

Polyurethane foam nanocomposites were formed via in-situ copolymerisations, in which polyether polyol/water-montmorillonite mixtures were reacted with toluene diisocyanate. The unmodified Na+- montmorillonite (MMT) was swollen in polyol/water using an ultrasound technique resulting in intercalated layers with increased basal spacings of 2.3 � 0.1 nm. Measurements of quasi-adiabatic temperature rise showed higher reaction rates as MMT loading increased from 0 to 10 wt. -%. Forced-adiabatic FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the kinetics of both the copolymerisation and of the microphase separation between poly(ether-urethane) soft segments and polyurea hard segments. The apparent microphase-separation transition time decreased from 70� 3 to 42 � 2 s upon addition of ≤10 wt. -% MMT, but at reaction times >100 s there was significant retardation of the development of hydrogen bonding in the urea groups of the hard-segment phase.
Two-Dimensional Mathematical Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer in Fluidized-Bed Drying of Porous Material

A two-dimensional mathematical model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer for porous media drying was derived based on the Whitaker’s theory in the present study. The cylindrical coordinate system, which is more practical than the spherical one, was adopted. The model was solved numerically under the circumstance of fluidized-bed drying. The control-volume method with the fully implicit scheme was applied for discretization of governing equations. Physical properties of apple were selected in the simulation. Under typical operating conditions, heat and mass transfer mechanisms were analyzed based on the profiles of temperature and saturation inside the particles. Effects of the temperature, humidity and inlet velocity of hot gas were examined under different operating conditions. Simulation results show that the drying process can be significantly affected by coupled heat and mass transfer between gas and solid phases. The drying time increases with the increase in temperature and velocity of inlet hot gas, and decreases with the increase in humidity and bed area factor.
Synchronization of Hyper-Lorenz System Based on DNA Strand Displacement

Lorenz system is depicted by chemical reaction equations of an ideal formal chemical reaction network, and a series of reversible reactions are added into chemical reaction network in order to construct a cluster of hyper-Lorenz system. DNA as a universal substrate for chemical dynamics can approximate arbitrary dynamical characteristics of ideal formal chemical reaction network through auxiliary DNA strands and displacement reactions. Based on Lyapunov's stableness theory, a novel synchronization strategy is proposed. A 6-dimensional hyper-Lorenz system is taken as examples for simulation and shows that DNA strands displacement reactions can implement the synchronization of ideal formal chemical reaction networks. Numerical simulations indicate that synchronization based on DNA strand displacement is robust to the detection of DNA strand concentration, control of reaction rate, and noise.
Z-score neurofeedback, heart rate variability biofeedback, and brain coaching for older adults with memory concerns

Background: The three-month, multi-domain Memory Boot Camp program incorporates z-score neurofeedback (NFB), heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback, and one-on-one coaching to teach memory skills and encourage behavior change in diet, sleep, physical fitness, and stress reduction. Objective: This prospective trial evaluates the Memory Boot Camp program for adults ages 55 to 85 with symptoms of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and subjective memory complaints. Methods: Participants were evaluated via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), NeuroTrax Global Cognitive Score, measures of anxiety, depression, sleep, quality of life, quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG), and HRV parameters at four timepoints: baseline, pre-program, post-program, and follow-up. The trial included a three-month waiting period between baseline and pre-program, such that each participant acted as their own control, and follow-up took place six months after completion of the program. Results: Participants’ MoCA scores and self-reported measures of anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and quality of life improved after treatment, and these changes were maintained at follow-up. Physiological changes in HRV parameters after treatment were not significant, however, breathing rate and QEEG parameters were improved at post-program and maintained at follow-up. Finally, participants’ improvement in MoCA score over the treatment period was correlated with their improvement in two brain oscillation parameters targeted by the z-score NFB protocol: relative power of delta and relative power of theta. Conclusions: Trial results suggest that the Memory Boot Camp program is a promising treatment strategy for older adults with symptoms of MCI and subjective memory complaints.
Analytical methods for determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants

Abstract Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat depression. SSRIs are classified as fluoxetine, paroxetine, escitalopram, citalopram, sertraline, and fluvoxamine. Several methods have been published for the determination of SSRI drugs in pharmaceuticals, biological materials and environmental samples. This review covers the analytical methods described in the literature for the determination of SSRIs and their main metabolites or some compounds belonging to the same SSRI group. The analytical methods are generally chromatography based methods coupled to different detectors, electroanalytical methods, capillary zone electrophoretic methods, and spectrometric methods.
Geospatial dynamics of COVID-19 clusters and hotspots in Bangladesh.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging and rapidly evolving profound pandemic, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and results in significant case fatality around the world including Bangladesh. We conducted this study to assess how COVID-19 cases clustered across districts in Bangladesh and whether the pattern and duration of clusters changed following the country's containment strategy using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. We calculated the epidemiological measures including disease incidence, case fatality rate (CFR), and spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19. We used Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), Moran's I, and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics for prediction, spatial autocorrelation, and hotspot. We used retrospective space-time scan statistic to analyze clusters of COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 has a CFR of 1.4%. Over 50 % of infected cases were reported among young adults (21-40 year age group). The incidence varies from 0.03-0.95 at the end of March to 15.59-308.62 per 100000, at the end of July. Global Moran's Index indicates a robust spatial autocorrelation of COVID-19 cases. Local Moran's I analysis stated a distinct High-High (HH) clustering of COVID-19 cases among the Dhaka, Gazipur, and Narayanganj districts. Twelve statistically significant high rated clusters were identified by space-time scan statistics using a discrete Poisson model. IDW predicted the cases at the undetermined area, and GWR showed a strong relationship between population density and case frequency, which was further established with Moran's I (0.734; P≤0.01). Dhaka and its surrounding six districts were identified as the significant spatial hotspot where Chattogram is an extended diseased area. The outcomes acquired from the spatiotemporal investigation of COVID-19 could offer significant data and measurements to help the government checking and powerful arrangement creation of related organizations in medical, social, monetary, and environmental viewpoints.