Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Species Structure, Dry Matter Dynamics and Carbon Flux of a Dry Tropical Forest in India

Species composition, plant biomass and net primary productivity were studied on three sites of a dry tropical forest The forest was characterized by small structure with 38-10.4 m 2 ha −1 tree and 3 1-7 8 m 2 ha −1 shrub basal cover Species diversity was highest for the mid-slope site while the concentration of dominance was greatest for the hill-top stand The beta diversity was 3 1 Total standing crop of vegetation averaged 66 98 t ha −1 with 46 70 t ha −1 in the tree layer, 13.97 t ha −1 in the shrub layer, 0.35 t ha −1 in the herb layer, 2 83 t ha −1 in the litter layer and 3 13 t ha −1 in fine roots Of the total annual litterfall (4 88-6.71 t ha −1 ), 69% was accounted for by leaves and 31% by non-leaf matter Net primary production (NPP) ranged between 11 3 and 19 2 t ha −1 year −1 , to which the contributions of trees, shrubs and herbs averaged 72, 22 and 6%, respectively Contribution of roots to NPP was substantial and ranged from 2 9 to 5 3 t ha −1 year −1 A total of 83% of vegetation carbon was stored in the above-ground plant parts while the above-ground NPP was responsible for 72% of the total carbon input into the system The contribution of foliage, herbaceous vegetation and fine roots to carbon turnover was disproportionately larger compared to their share in the total standing crop Carbon budgeting indicated that the forest was an accumulating system, over at least the short term.
Field evidence for stoichiometric relationships between zooplankton and N and P availability in a shallow calcareous lake

SUMMARY 1. According to stoichiometric theory, zooplankters have a species-specific elemental composition. Daphniids have a relatively high phosphorus concentration in their tissues and copepods high nitrogen. Daphniids should, therefore, be more sensitive to phosphorus limitation and copepods more sensitive to nitrogen. A 2-year study of a shallow marl lake in the west of Ireland investigated whether population fluctuations of the two dominant taxa, Daphnia spp. and the calanoid Eudiaptomus gracilis, were associated with the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen. 2. In accordance with stoichiometric predictions, Daphnia and Eudiaptomus reproduction had contrasting relationships with dietary phosphorus and nitrogen availability. Egg production by Daphnia was negatively associated with the ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) : total phosphorus (TP) and the ratio of light to TP which was used as an indirect index for seston carbon (C) : phosphorus (P). Conversely calanoid egg production had a positive relationship with the DIN : TP ratio and was unrelated to the estimated C : P (light : TP) ratio. 3. Daphnia biomass was not, however, correlated with phosphorus availability, and neither was calanoid biomass correlated with nitrogen. The high ratio of DIN : TP when Daphnia dominated the zooplankton biomass and the low ratio when calanoids dominated, is consistent with Daphnia acting as a sink for phosphorus and calanoids as a sink for nitrogen and suggests consumer-driven nutrient recycling.
Synonymy of two monobasic Anurophorinae genera (Collembola: Isotomidae) from the Antarctic Continent

Two monotypic endemic genera, Gressittacantha and Neocryptopygus, from Continental Antarctica, and erected on a single character respectively, are here synonymised with Cryptopygus, a genus with two already described species on the Antarctic Continent. A table of diagnostic characters for the now four Cryptopygus species from the Antarctic Continent is provided and comments made on habitats and Antarctic collembolan diversity. A possible new species of Cryptopygus from the Antarctic Continent is foreshadowed.
Role of Caffeic acid phenethyl ester on 1-nitropyrene and/or gamma irradiation induced oxidative damage in rats -

SUMMARY Aim: The study was aimed to investigate the role of cumulative intraperitoneally (I.P) doses (60 µmol/ Kg) of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on oxidative damage induced with irradiation (6 Gy fractionated dose of gamma rays) and/ or cumulative oral doses (100 mg/kg for six consecutive days) of 1- nitropyrene (1-NP) in liver and lung of rats. Methods: Ninety six male albino rats were divided into three experiments [Irradiated (IRR), 1-NP and IRR+ 1-NP experiments] each has four groups of eight rats: normal control, CAPE, oxidative stress factors (IRR and/ or 1- NP), and CAPE + oxidative stress factors. CAPE was injected along with radiation and/ or 1-NP administration. Serum alkaline phospatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydroginase (LDH) concentrations were estimated as well as liver and lung malonaldehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: Serum activity of liver enzymes, LDH and tissues MDA levels increased accompanied with a decrease of GSH content in oxidative stress groups as compared to control groups. CAPE administration ameliorates the disturbance in serum enzyme activities and tissue oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: So one can concluded that CAPE may ameliorate the effect of oxidative change in both liver and lung induced by environmental pollutants exposure, strengthening the antioxidant defense system via reducing reactive oxygen species and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities.
Changes in Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Hydroxycinnamates in Wheat Roots by Aluminum Stress at Higher Calcium Supply

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to investigate the cell-wall polysaccharides and hydroxycinnamates in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) under aluminum (Al) stress at a higher level of calcium (Ca) supply. Seedlings were grown in nutrient solution for 7 d and then subjected to treatment solutions containing Al (0 or 100 μM) and Ca (0 or 2500 μM) in a 500 μM CaCl 2 solution at pH 4.5 for 8 d. Calcium treatment (2500 μM) improved root growth significantly under Al-stress conditions. The contents of pectin and hemicellulose in roots were increased under Al-stress conditions, and this increase was conspicuous in the hemicellulosic fraction. The increase in the hemicellulose was attributed to increases in arabinose, xylose, and glucose in neutral sugars. High Ca treatment decreased these contents in Al-stressed cell walls. Aluminum treatment increased the content of ferulic acid, whereas Ca treatment with Al reduced the content. These results suggest that Al may modify the mechanical properties of cell-wall polysaccharides by enhancing the synthesis of arabinoxylan, β-glucan, and ferulic acid in the cell wall. High Ca treatment may maintain the normal synthesis of these materials even under Al-stress conditions.
Plot sizes used for phytosociological sampling of European vegetation

Abstract In European phytosociology, variable plot sizes are traditionally used for sampling different vegetation types. This practice may generate problems in current vegetation or habitat survey projects based on large data sets, which include relevés made by many authors at different times. In order to determine the extent of variation in plot sizes used in European phytosociology, we collected a data set of 41 174 relevés with an indication of plot size, published in six major European journals focusing on phytosociology from 1970 to 2000. As an additional data set, we took 27 365 relevés from the Czech National Phytosociological Database. From each data set, we calculated basic statistical figures for plot sizes used to sample vegetation of various phytosociological classes. The results show that in Europe the traditionally used size of vegetation plots is roughly proportional to vegetation height; however, there is a large variation in plot size, both within and among vegetation classes. The effect of variable plot sizes on vegetation analysis and classification is not sufficiently known, but use of standardized plot sizes would be desirable in future projects of vegetation or habitat survey. Based on our analysis, we suggest four plot sizes as possible standards. They are 4 m2 for sampling aquatic vegetation and low-grown herbaceous vegetation, 16 m2 for most grassland, heathland and other herbaceous or low-scrub vegetation types, 50 m2 for scrub, and 200 m2 for woodlands. It has been pointed out that in some situations, sampling in either small or large plots may result in assignment of relevés to different phytosociological classes or habitat types. Therefore defining vegetation and habitat types as scale-dependent concepts is needed.
Management and housing systems for layers – effects on welfare and production

Except for conventional cages, the most common housing systems for laying hens comprise deep litter, aviaries and more recently furnished cages. Layers in floor systems may also include out-door keeping. Furnished cages will be the only legal form of cages in the EU from 2012 (1999 EU-directive) but have as yet only been installed in significant numbers in Sweden and partly in Norway, Germany and Great Britain. Climate, feed, bird genotype, group size as well as the legal possibility to beak trim or to use certain medical treatments (mainly against endo- and ectoparasites) or not, are all conditions affecting results with different housing systems in different countries. Offering benefits to the bird as regards increase in behavioural repertoire as well as providing more space, all alternatives to conventional cages, require new or special knowledge of management. This is due to the fact that these systems often include higher potential risks in production and health of layers. This especially applies to non-cage systems (Petermann, 2003). The main issues to control in larger group floor housing are parasitic disorders, outbreak and spreading of cannibalistic pecking, increased feed intake, misplaced eggs, catching of spent hens and air quality (dust and ammonia levels). Many management practices to reduce some of these risks have been presented including rearing method, medication, vaccination, light intensity, genotype, feed composition, beak trimming and - for improved air quality - the use of spraying/fogging with water or oil as well as more frequent manure removal at closer intervals have been practised. Coming in a wide range of models and group sizes, the furnished cages attempt to combine the benefits and reduce the disadvantages of floor keeping and conventional cages. The most developed models of furnished cages provide similar production results to conventional cages. However, differences still exists e.g. in egg quality traits between models. Design and location of nests, perches and litter are all important factors. In conclusion, future trends in investments for housing system in egg production will have to take into account several factors apart from the degree of success from technical development of each system. These will probably involve national directives regarding beak trimming, stocking densities, directives of withdrawal times of medication and occupational safety on one side and national markets and trades for different categories of eggs on the other.
Effect of Formulation Density, Moisture, and Surfactant on Feed Manufacturing, Pellet Quality, and Broiler Performance

SUMMARY Past research has illustrated that moisture addition to corn-soybean-based diets at the mixer can increase pellet durability and decrease pellet mill energy usage. Broiler feeding trials that used pelleted diets produced by the moisture addition process have illustrated that 3-to-6-wk feed efficiencies of male broilers can be significantly improved over diets manufactured without moisture. However, in these trials feed efficiency calculations were adjusted to account for variations in nutrient densities caused by moisture addition. Furthermore, variations in types of moisture additives were not explored. The current study determined the effects of different types of moisture additives (water/surfactant solution vs. water) and different formulation densities (NRC density vs. adjusted high density) on feed manufacturing, pellet quality, and 3-to-6-week male broiler performance. Control treatments, consisting of two diets with different nutrient densities without moisture additives, were also manufactured and fed. Adjusted high density broiler diets that included moisture were found to significantly increase pellet mill production rates compared to NRC control diets while maintaining similar pellet quality. Moreover, broilers fed these adjusted high density diets with moisture exhibited improved live weight gains above broilers fed diets formulated to NRC specifications with or without added moisture.
Derived $\mathcal{O}_k$-adic geometry and derived Raynaud localization theorem

The goal of the present text is to state and prove a generalization of Raynaud localization theorem in the setting of derived geometry. More explicitly, we show that the $\infty$-category of quasi-paracompact and quasi-separated derived $k$-analytic spaces can be realized as a localization of the $\infty$-category of admissible derived formal schemes. We construct a derived rigidification functor generalizing Raynaud rigidification functor. In order to construct the latter we will need to formalize derived formal $\mathcal{O}_k$-adic formal geometry via a structured spaces approach. We prove that $\mathcal{O}_k$-adic Postnikov towers of derived $\mathcal{O}_k$-adic Deligne-Mumford stacks decompose and we relate these to Postnikov towers of derived $k$-analytic spaces. This is possible by a precise comparison between the $\mathcal{O}_k$-adic cotangent complex and the $k$-analytic cotangent complex.
Species structure in Zambian miombo woodland

ABSTRACT Miombo woodland in Zambia is divided into wetter and drier types by the 1100 mm mean rainfall isohyet. In the present study two wetter (Northern, Northwestern) and three drier (Central, Eastern, Western) miombo subtypes were recognized. A survey of the woody flora of 94 old-growth and 58 coppice stands in the five miombo subtypes revealed some significant differences in species diversity among them. The floristic differentiantion of miombo subtypes was best achieved by the use of the Shannon species diversity index (H′) and species density (number of species 0.1 ha−1 or 0.4 ha−1). H′ in miombo decreased from 2.247 in Northwestern to 2.136 in Northern, 2.052 in Eastern, 1.918 in Central and 1.824 in Western subtypes. Although species density was not significantly different between wetter miombo subtypes, this decreased in a similar fashion from 18.78 0.1 ha−1 in Northwestern to 18.30 in Northern, 16.65 in Eastern, 14.79 in Central and 12.29 in Western subtypes. The low species diversity in Western drier miombo was attributed to the combined effects of low soil fertility and rainfall. Although the mean number of species per 0.1 ha plot was higher in coppice samples, species richness (d) and index of diversity (H′) were lower than in old-growth samples. These results indicate lower species diversity in regenerating miombo. The dynamic aspects of species structure should therefore be considered in the future conservation of biological diversity in miombo woodland.
Forest fragmentation relaxes natural nest predation in an Afromontane forest

Nest predation is widely regarded as a major driver underlying the population dynamics of small forest birds. Following forest fragmentation and the subsequent invasion by species from non‐forested landscape matrices, shifts in predator communities may increase nest predation near forest edges. However, effects of human‐driven habitat change on nest predation have mainly been inferred from studies with artificial nests, despite being regarded as poor surrogates for natural ones. We studied variation in predation rates, and relationships with timing of breeding and characteristics of microhabitats and fragments, on natural white‐starred robin Pogonocichla stellata nests during three consecutive breeding seasons (2004–2007) in a Kenyan fragmented cloud forest. More than 70% of all initiated nests were predated during each breeding season. Predation rates nearly quadrupled between the earliest and the latest nests within a single breeding season, increased with distance to the forest edge, and decreased with the edge‐to‐area ratio of forest fragments. These spatial relationships oppose the traditional perception of edge and fragmentation effects on nest predation, but are in line with results from artificial nest experiments in other East African forests. In case of inverse edge and fragmentation effects on nest predation, such as shown in this study, species that tolerate edges for breeding may be affected positively, rather than negatively, by forest fragmentation, while the opposite can be expected for species restricted to the forest interior. The possibility of inverse edge effects, and its conservation implications, should therefore be taken into account when drafting habitat restoration plans.
Genetic polymorphism of the adult medusae invading an electric power station and wild polyps of Aurelia aurita in Wakasa Bay, Japan

A large quantity of the jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, invade cooling water systems and cause serious problems at several electric power stations in Japan. In the present study, we examined intra—species genetic variation of A. aurita in Wakasa Bay, Japan in order to estimate the original polyp habitat of the adult medusae invading electric power stations. Total DNA was extracted from the adult medusae and the wild polyps, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the specific primers for amplification of nuclear internal transcribed spacer one (ITS-1) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (CO1). Then the DNA sequences of the PCR products were compared. The results showed genetic polymorphism of A. aurita in Wakasa Bay and locally specific frequency of each haplotype. The haplotype frequency, especially in CO1, of the adults collected at one of the power stations in Wakasa Bay was similar to that of the polyp colonies at harbours in the embayed area, not at another harbour in the western entrance of the bay. The polymorphic analysis is, therefore, thought to be useful for the determination of original polyp habitat as source of the adult medusae in relatively limited regions such as Wakasa Bay.
IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF ACYL‐CoA OXIDASE IN RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY *

The peroxisomes of rat liver possess a cyanide-insensitive lipid B-oxidation system which resembles that of mitochondria except for the first oxidative step, which involves the production of H,O, by an oxidase. '*' This flavoprotein is the rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal fatty acid-oxidizing system, and its activity is increased severalfold after treatment with peroxisome-proliferating agents? ' Although biochemical studies suggest that this enzyme is found only in peroxisomes, there have been no cytochemical or ultrastructural studies on its subcellular distribution. We report here the intracellular localization of this enzyme in rat liver and kidney by immunoelectron microscopy.
Physicochemical and functional properties of full fat and defatted cashew kernel flours

Summary Full fat and defatted cashew kernel flours were prepared and analysed for their physicochemical and functional properties. There were significant increase in protein and carbohydrate contents of the flour as a result of defatting. The defatted flour possessed higher Ca, P, Na and K contents. It had improved gel strength, foaming and emulsion properties. Foam capacity for the full fat and defatted flours increased from 42% to 50% and 55% to 57% with increased NaCl concentration up to 0.25 and 0.05 m, respectively. The foam capacity and stability of the flours were also pH dependent. The emulsion activity and stability of both flours decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. Minimum and maximum protein solubility were at pH 4 and 8, respectively for the full fat and defatted flours. These results suggest that defatted cashew flour may have potential application as a functional ingredient and as a supplement in foods.
The Role Of Early Life History Strategies On The Population Dynamics Of The Sea Urchin Echinometra Mathaei (de Blainville) On Reefs' In Kenya

CHAPTER ONE: General Introduction. INTRODUCTION 2 Distribution and taxonomy of Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville) 4 Seasonality of the East African coast 5 Reproduction, recruitment and population density 8 Description of the study sites 9 CHAPTER TWO: Effects of Seasonality on the Reproduction of the Indo-Paciflc Sea Urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville). INTRODUCTION 14 MATERIALS AND METHODS Annual maturity cycle 20 Lunar maturity cycle 24 Gametogenesis 25 Temperature light and chlorophyll measurements 27 RESULTS Annual maturity cycle and spawning 29 Spermatogenesis 39 Oogenesis 44 Lunar pattern 49 Temperature, light and phytoplankton 53 DISCUSSION Gametogenic cycle 61 Reproductive periodicity 64 CHAPTER THREE: Reproductive Output, Fecundity and Egg size in three Populations of the Indo-Pacific Sea Urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville) on Kenyan reefs. INTRODUCTION 69 MATERIALS AND METHODS Reproductive output 73 Fecundity estimation 74 Egg size 77 Population density 78 Food quality and quantity 78 RESULTS Reproductive output 80 Fecundity 87 Relationship between fecundity, urchin size and gonad size 88 Egg size 97 Population density 107
Growth and feed utilization of large size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in freshwater: diet and species effects, and responses over time

Four diets differing in crude protein/crude lipid concentrations (CP/CL), 570/200, 510/220, 460/240, 430/260 (g kg )1 dry diet) were fed to near-satiety to rainbow trout (initial body weight, IBW ¼ 268 g, domestic strain) and Atlantic salmon (IBW ¼ 456 g, wild strain) for 308 days to determine the effect of diets, species and fish size on efficiency of feed, nitrogen (N) and energy utilization. Within species, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), and energy retention efficiency (ERE, E gain/E intake) were not affected by diet (P < 0.05). N retention efficiency (NRE, N gain/N intake) increased linearly (P < 0.05) with decreasing CP/CL for both species. NRE and FE were higher for salmon compared with trout. Whole body CP of salmon was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and lipid significantly (P < 0.05) lower, than those of trout. There was a significant (P < 0.05) linear decrease in FE as fish grew, regardless of diet and species. NRE linearly decreased (P < 0.0001) and lipid to protein deposition ratio (LD/PD) increased (P < 0.05) as trout grew. NRE linearly increased (P < 0.05) while ERE and LD/PD linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as salmon grew. Salmon appeared to rely to a greater extent on non-protein energy-yielding nutrients to support cost of growth than did trout.