Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inverse Parameter Estimation of the Turbulent Surface Layer from Single-Level Data and Surface Temperature

Abstract A simple inverse parameter estimation method is used in a practical diagnostic approach to obtain the surface roughness lengths and surface resistance parameters from a chi-square cost function containing measurements of wind speed and air surface temperature differences in the atmospheric surface layer. The estimated parameters allow the calculation of the turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat and the surface-layer profiles of wind speed temperature and humidity from single-level data of wind speed and variance, air temperature and humidity, surface temperature, and total heat flux (sum of sensible and latent fluxes, estimated as net radiation minus soil heat flux). The procedure, which is potentially applicable when fast response data are not available without the necessity of external parameters (with the exception of the displacement height), is tested over a field dataset in southern Italy.
New analytical stellar model in general relativity

A new analytical solution has been obtained for stellar models by solving Einstein's field equation for the spherically symmetric and static case. The variation of density is smooth and gradual. The density remains positive under all conditions. For all finite pressures the configurations are stable under radial perturbations. For $\frac{\mathrm{dP}}{d\ensuremath{\rho}}\ensuremath{\le}1$, the maximum mass of a neutron-star model is $4.56{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$, and the surface and the central red-shifts are 0.787 and 2.673, respectively. For an infinite central pressure the surface red-shift is 1.575 which is greater than that for any other analytical solution with varying density.
Perception of the filmed urban space: an analysis of the imaginaries of Madrid constructed through series and social networks

Concurrent with the expansion of visual culture, film tourism has experienced a significant boost in recent decades, and the motivation to visit places where series made for television or similar platforms were filmed has been added to this modality. In this context, and taking the city of Madrid as a reference, this work proposes a line of research wherein analysis of the relationships between geographical and audiovisual spaces through cultural and tourist use unites the representation of both, by way of social networks (specifically, Twitter). As regards methodology, an ‘application programming interface’ has been designed which permits the download of a sample of tweets useful for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The main results indicate the impacts that fiction series have had on recognition of the city (or certain of its elements) as well as relationships established between the narrative and geographical spaces when the latter are referenced via on-site activities. Theoretically, this research focuses on the relationship between real geographies, imagined geographies, and simulacra, as well as their involvement in the commodification of space and in the construction of vicarious geographical experiences.
The region of Collinder 121

The distribution of bright B-type stars in a field with a radius of 5° centred at the Galactic open cluster Cr 121 is studied utilizing Stromgren and Hβ photometry. All PPM stars earlier than spectral type A0 are used, revealing a loose nearby structure at a distance of 660–730 pc, and a compact more distant group, which appears to be a genuine cluster: Cr 121. Based on similar coordinates, distances and positions on the colour–magnitude (CM) and Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) diagrams, 11 photometric cluster members are selected at a mean distance of 1085(±41 standard error) pc. The results are discussed in the light of both classical and Hipparcos points of view.
The Generalization of Nagao's Theorem to Other Subrings of the Rational Function Field

Abstract Let ν be a (discrete) valuation of the rational function field k(t), where k is a field, and let 𝒞ν be the intersection of the valuation rings of all the valuations of k(t), other than that of ν. It is well-known that either ν = νπ, the valuation determined by some irreducible polynomial π in k[t], or ν = ν∞, the “valuation at infinity”. In this paper we prove that GL 2(𝒞ν), where ν = νπ, is the fundamental group of a certain tree of groups. The tree has finitely many vertices and its terminal vertices correspond with the elements of the ideal class group of 𝒞ν. This extends a previous result of Nagao for the special case ν = ν∞. In this case 𝒞ν = k[t] and Nagao proves that GL 2(k[t]) is an amalgamated product of a pair of groups. As a consequence we show that, when the degree of π is at least 4, GL 2(𝒞ν) has a free, non-cyclic quotient whose kernel contains (for example) all the unipotent matrices. This represents a two-dimensional anomaly.
Statics and Dynamics of Continuum Robots Based on Cosserat Rods and Optimal Control Theories

This article explores the relationship between optimal control and Cosserat beam theory from the perspective of solving the forward and inverse dynamics (and statics as a subcase) of continuous manipulators and snake-like bioinspired locomotors. By invoking the principle of minimum potential energy and the Gauss principle of least constraint, it is shown that the quasi-static and dynamic evolutions of these robots are the solutions of optimal control problems in the space variable, which can be solved at each step (of loading or time) of a simulation with the shooting method. In addition to offering an alternative viewpoint on several simulation approaches proposed in the recent past, the optimal control viewpoint allows us to improve some of them while providing a better understanding of their numerical properties. The approach and its properties are illustrated through a set of numerical examples validated against a reference simulator.
The vortex rope in the draft tube of Francis turbines operating at partial load: a proposal for a mathematical model

The phenomenon under consideration is represented as the superposition of two potential-flow motion fields, endowed with singularities ofhelicoidal shape. In the first field the singularity is a helicoidal vortex (i.e. the circulation around it is finite); in the second one the singularity is a uniform distribution line source, sinusoidally pulsating in time. If the draft tube is rectilinear, the solution pertaining to the first field adequately represents the "rotating perturbation field", devoid of any synchronous component: it is not necessary in this case to assign a finite amplitude to the second flow field. If the draft-tube rectilinear stretch is followed by an elbow, qualitative considerations show that a synchronous component must needs arise. If, moreover, the vortex rope is cavitated, the linear combination (with suitable amplitudes) of the two flow fields allow the total perturbation field to be represented (rotating+ synchronous components). Obviously, a certain number of compatibility condit.
RANS/Laplace Calculations of Nonlinear Waves Induced by Surface-Piercing Bodies

An interactive zonal numerical method has been developed for the prediction of free surface flows around surface-piercing bodies, including both viscous and nonlinear wave effects. In this study, a Laplace solver for potential flow body-wave problems is used in conjunction with a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method for accurate resolution of viscous, nonlinear free surface flows around a vertical strut and a series 60 ship hull. The Laplace equation for potential flow is solved in the far field to provide the nonlinear waves generated by the body. The RANS method is used in the near field to resolve the turbulent boundary layers, wakes, and nonlinear waves around the body. Both the kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions are satisfied on the exact free surface to ensure accurate resolution of the divergent and transverse waves. The viscous-inviscid interaction between the potential flow and viscous flow regions is captured through a direct matching of the velocity and pressure fields in an ove.
Enhancing student engagement in vocational education by using virtual reality

In education, particularly vocational higher education, student involvement is a challenge. Teachers can use virtual reality to bring real-life events into the classroom, encouraging active learning and student participation. Virtual Reality (VR) can be employed in various ways using a simple, easy and helpful application that can be difficult to execute pedagogically Three research methods were conducted in a classroom setting, with total simulation using VR oculus rift technology, and data analysed using desktop computer theme analysis. Students from engineering departments took part in the research, using VR to boost student learning engagement. According to the statistics, VR appears reasonably simple to use, and students feel it enhances their comprehension and engagement. According to this preliminary research, VR environments provide an intense presence, enhancing student engagement and motivation. This conclusion supports the findings of prior investigations.
Evaluation of Amino Acids Profile as Non-Invasive Biomarkers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptians

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most dangerous complication of chronic liver disease. It is a multifactorial complicated disease. Hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses (HCV and HBV, respectively) represent the main causes of HCC in Egypt. Early diagnosis is very important to aid in early intervention. Objectives: The goal of this research is to evaluate the metabolic role of different amino acids as non-invasive biomarkers over the course of HCC. Methods: This study included 302 participants with 97 diagnosed, untreated HCC patients, 81 chronic HCV patients, 56 chronic HBV patients, 18 co-infected patients, and a control group of 50 normal age and gender-matched individuals. All participants provided complete medical histories and underwent complete clinical examinations, abdominal ultrasonography and/or computed tomography, routine laboratory investigations, estimation of serum α-fetoprotein, and determination of amino acid levels using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC MS/MS). Results: This work revealed a decline in branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and increase in aromatic amino acids (AAA) among infected groups (HCC, HBV, HCV, and co-infected patients) compared to control subjects and a marked change in Fisher’s and the BCAAs/tyrosine molar concentration ratios (BTR) between controls and infected groups. Conclusion: Different amino acids could be used as non-invasive markers to discriminate and follow chronic hepatitis patients to predict the course of HCC.
Monitoring PD-L1 Expression on Circulating Tumor–Associated Cells in Recurrent Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Predicts Response to Immunotherapy With Radiation Therapy

PURPOSE Current diagnostic methods to determine programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligand (PD-L1)/PD-1 immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitor [ICI]) efficacy in recurrent or metastatic non–small-cell lung carcinoma (rmNSCLC) are imprecise. Although previously shown that patients with high tumor PD-L1 (≥ 50%) demonstrate clinical benefit in the form of disease reduction and improved survival, patients with low PD-L1 (< 50%) sometimes benefit from treatment. Since the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway is dynamic, monitoring PD-L1 levels during treatment may be more accurate than a static baseline tumor biopsy; however, rebiopsying the primary or metastatic disease is rarely feasible. Liquid biopsies that measure the upregulation of PD-L1 on tumor-associated cells (TACs), ie, cancer-associated macrophage-like cells and circulating tumor cells, have been performed, but their predictive value for ICI therapy efficacy is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We initiated a single-blind prospective study to evaluate TAC PD-L1 expression changes in rmNSCLC from blood samples before (T0) and after (T1) treatment with ICI (ICI, n = 41) or without ICI (no ICI, n = 41). Anonymized blood was filtered to isolate TACs, which were then quantified for high/low PD-L1 expression. Progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) hazard ratios (HRs) were evaluated at 18 and 24 months by censored univariate analysis. RESULTS Increased TAC PD-L1 expression between T0 and T1 in patients who were not treated with ICI had no relationship with PFS or OS. However, increased TAC PD-L1 expression between T0 and T1 in patients treated with ICI had significantly better PFS (HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.5 to 8.3; P = .0091) and OS (HR, 3.058; 95% CI, 1.2 to 7.9; P = .0410). CONCLUSION Blood-based monitoring of dynamic changes in PD-L1 in TACs appears to identify patients with rmNSCLC who may benefit from ICI.
An Unsupervised Machine‐Learning Approach to Understanding Seismicity at an Alpine Glacier

It is critical to understand the dynamic conditions of Earth's cryosphere, yet the subglacial and englacial environments that control many aspects of ice behavior are inherently difficult to observe. The study of seismicity in glaciers and ice sheets has provided valuable insights about the cryosphere for decades, more recently aided by tools from machine learning. Here, we present an unsupervised machine‐learning approach to discovering and interpreting cryoseismic patterns using 5 weeks of seismic data recorded at Gornergletscher, Switzerland. Our algorithm utilizes non‐negative matrix factorization and hidden Markov modeling to reduce spectrograms into characteristic, low‐dimensional “fingerprints,” which we reduce further using principal component analysis, then cluster using k‐means clustering. We investigate the timing, locations, and statistical properties of the clusters in relation to temperature, GPS and lake‐level measurements, and find that signals associated with lake flooding tend to occupy one cluster, whereas signals associated with afternoon and evening melt‐water flow reside in others. We suggest that the one cluster contains signals that include the true initiation of the flood's englacial and subglacial drainage components. This work demonstrates an unsupervised machine‐learning approach to exploring both continuous and event‐based glacial seismic data.
Cyclic True Triaxial Tests on Aeolian Sand Considering Initial Shear Effect

Under traffic loading, the soil elements in subgrade are subjected to a complex 3D stress path. To investigate the cyclic behavior of desert subgrade under initial shear stress conditions, the number of cyclic true triaxial tests were implemented on aeolian sand from the Tengger Desert. A large range of initial shear stress levels and different cyclic stress paths (various combinations of cyclic major and intermediate principal stresses) were designed in the experiments. The results show that the initial shear stress level significantly influences the cyclic response, and the response mode of aeolian sand under initial shear stress is incremental failure and elastic shakedown, while it is critical failure without initial shear stress. With the increase in initial shear stress, the permanent strain increases first and then decreases, with the maximum permanent strain occurring at q0 = 50 kPa. Moreover, by comparing the test data under different cyclic stress paths, it is found that the cyclic resistance decreases with the increase in the coefficient of cyclic intermediate principal stress bcyc. Compared to the limiting pore pressure criterion, the conventional 5% axial strain failure criterion may overestimate the cyclic resistance, leading to unsafe evaluation and design. Therefore, by using the pore pressure criterion, the relationship between the limit pore pressure ratio and the initial stress condition was investigated and it was found that the limit pore pressure ratio decreased linearly when the initial shear stress increased.
The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder and Stress, Depression, Self-Esteem, Impulsiveness, and Suicidal Ideation in Korea Soldiers in the Local Area

Background The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) among soldiers, and examine its relation to stress, depression, self-esteem, impulsiveness, and suicidal ideation. Methods The subjects of this study were 200 soldiers and 197 control subjects, a total of 397 persons. Measurement tools used included the PTED self-rating scale, Stress Response Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation. Result The major findings of the analysis are as follows: first, 11.5% of the soldiers were in the risk group for PTED, and 4% of them had PTED. Second, PTED in the soldiers was significantly associated with a number of variables such as their educational background, stress, depression, self-esteem, impulsiveness, and suicidal ideation, while it was not significantly associated with age. Third, through the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, it was found that academic background, stress, and depression had a statistically significant positive effect on the incidence of PTED in the soldiers. Conclusion In order to prevent and effectively intervene in PTED in soldiers, there is a need for interventional efforts focused on depression and stress related to negative life events.
On the sensitivity of strongly nonlinear autonomous oscillators and oscillatory waves to small perturbations

Original asymptotic solutions are determined for two autonomous differential equations. The application of initial conditions for the energy, wave number and phase shift proves to be less complicated than in previous work. For the damped simple pendulum, explicit solutions demonstrate the dependence on the initial conditions. For strongly nonlinear wave packets of the Klein-Gordon equation, asymptotic solutions are compared. In both cases, the phase shift is shown to be highly sensitive to small perturbations in the initial conditions.
Parental Lifestyle Changes and Correlations with Children’s Dietary Changes during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Greece: The COV-EAT Study

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the eating behaviour of parents during the first lockdown implemented in Greece due to COVID-19 and to explore possible associations with corresponding changes in the eating behaviour of their children. A quantitative cross-sectional study was performed using an online questionnaire. The study sample consisted of 397 parents with children aged 2–18 years, who were recruited from 63 municipalities in Greece. It was observed that the percentage of parents and children reporting consumption of breakfast during the lockdown period increased by 10.6% and 5%, respectively. Also, 75% of the parents increased their snack consumption and 61% their sweets consumption. Parents increased home-cooking during lockdown (6.4 times/week), compared to 5.6 times/week before (p < 0.001), which was associated with decreased consumption of fast foods for both parents and children (p < 0.001 for all comparisons) and also correlated with increased consumption of fruit and vegetables for children (p < 0.05). More than half parents tried to lose weight during lockdown (58.4%). In conclusion, both favourable (home-cooking) and unfavourable (increased snacking) lifestyle changes during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Greece were reported for parents.
Compositions and Interior Structures of the Large Moons of Uranus and Implications for Future Spacecraft Observations

The five large moons of Uranus are important targets for future spacecraft missions. To motivate and inform the exploration of these moons, we model their internal evolution, present‐day physical structures, and geochemical and geophysical signatures that may be measured by spacecraft. We predict that if the moons preserved liquid until present, it is likely in the form of residual oceans less than 30 km thick in Ariel, Umbriel, and less than 50 km in Titania, and Oberon. The preservation of liquid strongly depends on material properties and, potentially, on dynamical circumstances that are presently unknown. Miranda is unlikely to host liquid at present unless it experienced tidal heating a few tens of million years ago. We find that since the thin residual layers may be hypersaline, their induced magnetic fields could be detectable by future spacecraft‐based magnetometers. However, if the ocean is maintained primarily by ammonia, and thus well below the water freezing point, then its electrical conductivity may be too small to be detectable by spacecraft. Lastly, our calculated tidal Love number (k2) and dissipation factor (Q) are consistent with the Q/k2 values previously inferred from dynamical evolution models. In particular, we find that the low Q/k2 estimated for Titania supports the hypothesis that Titania currently holds an ocean.
Exploring Kinetic and Kinematic Finger Individuation Capability in Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

While fine manual dexterity develops over time, the extent to which children show independent control of their digits in each hand and the impact of perinatal brain injury on this individuation have not been well quantified. Our goal in this study was to assess and compare finger force and movement individuation in 8–14 year old children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (hCP; n = 4) and their typically developing peers (TD; n = 10). We evaluated finger force individuation with five independent load cells and captured joint movement individuation with video tracking. We observed no significant differences in individuation indices between the dominant and non-dominant hands of TD children, but individuated force and movement were substantially reduced in the paretic versus non paretic hands of children with hCP (p < 0.001). In TD participants, the thumb tended to have the greatest level of independent control. This small sample of children with hCP showed substantial loss of individuation in the paretic hand and some deficits in the non-paretic hand, suggesting possible benefit from targeted training of digit independence in both hands for children with CP.
Determinants of Adoption of Artificial Insemination for Dairy Production: In Case of Zala Woreda, Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Despite Ethiopia possessing the largest number of livestock in Africa, its benefit to the country and dairy holder farmers was small. Though the government introduced Artificial Insemination (AI) technology to improve this contribution, but the adoption of AI by dairy farmers was still low. The objective of the study was determinant factors affecting adoption of AI technology for dairy farmers in Gofa zone zala woreda. In this study both qualitative and quantitative data from Primary and secondary sources was collected. Survey questionnaires were used to collect raw data from AI adopters and non-adopters. AI adopters were selected by using purposive sampling because all sampled household heads were the only adopters in the study area whereas non-adopters were selected by using random sampling. The data was analyzed by using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and binary regression model were used for analyzing data. A binary logit model was used to analyze the determinants of adoption of AI technology. Totally eleven variables were included in the model of which age of household head, training on AI, and frequency of DA contact were found significant at 1% (P<0.01) probability level. On the other hand household head’s educational level, access to AI information, and distance from AI center were significant at 5% (P<0.05) probability level. Finally an effort should be given by the woreda government and livestock and fishery development office in increasing rural adult education, expanding AI center, strengthening DA's regular contact with dairy farmers, strong and appropriate information should be disseminated and training on AI technology should be given, which widens the knowledge of farmers on the technology.