Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth, Production and Nutritive Value of Brachiaria mulato as Affected by Levels of Urea Fertilization

This experiment was aimed at investigating growth, production, and nutritive value of Mulato grass (Brachiaria mulato) as affected by levels of urea fertilization. The experiment was designed with a 3 x 6 completely randomized design to test three applic ation levels of urea fertilizer (0, 150, or 300 kg/ ha); each of which was replicated six times. The grass w a planted, with a planting size of 60 x 75 cm, on 18 plots having an individual size of 3 x 3 m. All the plants were cut at week three after planting an d urea was applied on week four. Parameters measured were plant height, tillage number, leaf width, biomass production and nutrient contents (crude pro tein [N x 6.25], neutral detergent fibers, and crud e fat) of plant dry matter, and measurements of (or s ample collection for) these parameters were done on week seven after cutting. Between treatment differe nces were statistically analyzed with an analysis o f variance. Results indicated that the levels of urea fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) affected the pla nt tillage number, dry matter production and crude pro tein and neutral detergent fiber contents. Applying 150 kg/ha urea increased tillage number, dry matter production and crude protein content of the plant while reducing the neutral detergent fiber content of the plant compared to unfertilized plants. Increasing the urea application level to 300 kg/ha resulted in further increase in tillage number, dry matter production and crude protein content of the plant and further reduced the neutral detergent fib er content. The level of urea application up to 300 kg /ha did not affect the height, leaf width, dry matt er, organic matter or crude fat contents of the Mulato grass.
Origin of agricultural plant pathogens: Diversity and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia fungi associated with native prairie grasses in the Sandhills of Nebraska

The Sandhills of Nebraska is a complex ecosystem, covering 50,000 km2 in central and western Nebraska and predominantly of virgin grassland. Grasslands are the most widespread vegetation in the U.S. and once dominated regions are currently cultivated croplands, so it stands to reason that some of the current plant pathogens of cultivated crops originated from grasslands, particularly soilborne plant pathogens. The anamorphic genus Rhizoctonia includes genetically diverse organisms that are known to be necrotrophic fungal pathogens, saprophytes, mycorrhiza of orchids, and biocontrol agents. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of Rhizoctonia spp. on four native grasses in the Sandhills of Nebraska and determine pathogenicity to native grasses and soybean. In 2016 and 2017, a total of 84 samples were collected from 11 sites in the Sandhills, located in eight counties of Nebraska. The samples included soil and symptomatic roots from the four dominant native grasses: sand bluestem, little bluestem, prairie sandreed, and needle-and-thread. Obtained were 17 Rhizoctonia-like isolates identified, including five isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-F; two isolates each from binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-B, AG-C, and AG-K, Rhizoctonia solani AGs: AG-3, and AG-4; one isolate of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-L, and one isolate of R. zeae. Disease severity was assessed for representative isolates of each AG in a greenhouse assay using sand bluestem, needle-and-thread, and soybean; prairie sandreed and little bluestem were unable to germinate under artificial conditions. On native grasses, all but two isolates were either mildly aggressive (causing 5–21% disease severity) or aggressive (21–35% disease severity). Among those, three isolates were cross-pathogenic on soybean, with R. solani AG-4 shown to be highly aggressive (86% disease severity). Thus, it is presumed that Rhizoctonia spp. are native to the sandhills grasslands and an emerging pathogen of crops cultivated may have survived in the soil and originate from grasslands.
Projected changes in precipitation and temperature regimes and extremes over the Caribbean and Central America using a multiparameter ensemble of RegCM4

Regional climate projections are developed four Central America and the Caribbean, based on a multiparameter ensemble formed by four configurations with different convective cumulus schemes with the regional model RegCM4 at 25 km grid spacing, driven by the HadGEM2‐ES global model under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The precipitation change projections indicate drier conditions compared to present in the near future (2020–2049) and far future (2070–2099) time slices. These drier conditions are statistically significant at the 90% confidence level over the eastern Caribbean, central Atlantic Ocean, and the western Pacific Ocean and are more pronounced in the far future time slice. For temperature, the warmer conditions are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level over the study region. The drier and warmer signals are greater in extension and magnitude in the RCP8.5 than for RCP4.5. Projected changes in precipitation and temperature extreme indices show a reduction of consecutive wet days and an increment of consecutive dry days, with a reduction of cold days and nights and an increase of warm days and nights. Lower precipitation along with increased intensity of extreme events are projected over the Greatest Antilles region.
Determinantes da diversidade de odonata no Brasil: uma abordagem em diferentes escalas espaciais

As interacoes ecologicas entre os organismos e seus ambientes ocorrem em diferentes escalas espaciais, dando origem a padroes espaciais de composicao e riqueza das especies. O objetivo principal desta tese e investigar fatores que operam em diferentes escalas na estruturacao das comunidades de libelulas tropicais. O estudo se apoia no marco conceitual de Community Assembly, que se baseia na ideia de que a organizacao das comunidades ecologicas e afetada por processos hierarquicos espacialmente organizados. Libelulas sao bons modelos de estudo porque compreendem dois grupos de especies que diferem em caracteristicas ecofisiologica tais como tamanho corporal afetando as relacoes com seus ambientes locais e regionais, influenciando os padroes de diversidade resultantes. A subordem Zygoptera compreende organismos com menor tamanho corporal e possuem menor habilidade de dispersao enquanto que Anisoptera e composta por especies com maior tamanho corporal e maior habilidade de dispersao. Apesar das diferencas ecofisiologicas, nossos resultados indicam que a riqueza de especies nos dois grupos de libelulas responde de maneira similar aos fatores analisados. Em escalas regionais, a riqueza de especies de ambos os grupos e influenciada de maneira consistente por filtros ambientais, tais como as variacoes sazonais da temperatura ambiente. Em escalas locais, a riqueza dos dois grupos e determinada primariamente pela abundância total. No entanto, os padroes de composicao das comunidades sao diferentes para Zygoptera e Anisoptera. As comunidades de Zygoptera sao mais afetadas por fatores que ocorrem em escala local do que Anisoptera. Nossos resultados sugerem que a dispersao desempenha um importante papel em escalas espaciais reduzidas, indicando a importância que as dinâmicas de ocupacao podem ter na formacao das comunidades ecologicas. Nesse sentido, sugerimos uma maior integracao da teoria de metacomunidades (que enfatiza a importância do processo de dispersao na formacao das dinâmicas espaciais nas comunidades) e com a teoria de Community Asssembly, com a incorporacao explicita do processo de dispersao, afetando as dinâmicas espaciais nas diferentes escalas. Alem disso, nossos resultados sugerem que processos neutros e processos determinados pelo nicho nao sao mutuamente exclusivos, mas atuam conjuntamente na formacao das comunidades ecologicas.
Quantifying Marginality Across the Globe: An Empirical Assessment of Vigil’s Multiple Marginality Model in Predicting Gang Involvement

Vigil’s multiple marginality (MM) model of gang formation has resulted in hypotheses about why minority youth join gangs, and how these processes play out at multiple levels of analysis and across contexts. However, with a few exceptions, this framework has rarely been tested quantitatively, and especially in countries outside of North America. The current study assesses the MM model using data from the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study and aggregate country-level data. Results from multilevel analyses reveal some support for the framework, in that at least one measure of each component of the MM model was found to be a significant predictor of gang membership. Controlling for individual and country variables, measures of street socialization exhibited the strongest effects on gang involvement. Yet not all proposed factors were significant predictors across all models. Longitudinal data are necessary to fully support the dynamics of the MM model.
Understanding summertime thermal refuge use by adult Atlantic salmon using remote sensing, river temperature monitoring, and acoustic telemetry

Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) return to natal rivers several months before spawning and during summer can be subjected to temperatures that exceed their upper temperature tolerance limits. Salmon use thermal refuges to minimize exposure to high temperatures, but little information exists regarding behavioral thermoregulation by adult Atlantic salmon. We examined behavioral thermoregulation by Atlantic salmon during summer in-river residence in a Quebec river with a novel combination of thermal infrared remote sensing, river temperature monitoring, and acoustic telemetry. Adults engaged in behavioural thermoregulation at cooler ambient river temperatures (17–19 °C) than previously recorded for this species and maintained body temperature within a narrow range (16–20 °C) via use of cool and warm refuges. Adults used large, stable, stratified pools as refuges, allowing multiple individuals to thermoregulate simultaneously without leaving the pool. Low river discharge and high temperatures can be physical barriers to salmon migration, preventing them from accessing suitable refuges (e.g., pools). Identifying and maintaining connectivity to thermal refuges may be critical for persistence of Atlantic salmon populations as climate changes and rivers warm.
Alternative bedding materials and litter depth impact litter moisture and footpad dermatitis

SUMMARY A function of bedding material in poultry houses is to absorb and release moisture. New bedding is commonly placed at inadequate depths in houses. Pine shavings are the industry standard for bedding material in the majority of the United States, but can be hard to obtain or costly. Alternative materials were tested for moisture absorption and retention. Peat moss and chopped wheat straw were found to absorb nearly 8× and 7× their own weight in moisture, respectively. Peat moss was then used in a broiler study and compared to fresh and used pine shavings for 6 weeks. Body weight was lower at d 7 for the used litter and peat moss treatment compared to fresh shavings with no differences at d 42. No differences in ammonia generation or litter pH were observed. Litter moisture was higher for peat moss through d 14. Paws were better in the fresh shaving and peat moss pens than used shaving pens at both d 21 and 42. Next, different depths of used and fresh shavings on footpad dermatitis (FPD) were examined. Trials 1 and 2 compared 2.5, 7.6, and 12.7 cm of fresh shavings or used litter, respectively. In Trial 1, 2.5 cm had higher litter moisture than 7.6 and 12.7 cm at d 21, 28, and 35 (P < 0.05). The 12.7 cm had better paw scores than 2.5 cm at d 21 and 35 (P < 0.05). In Trial 2, 12.7 cm had lower litter moisture than 2.5 cm at d 28, 35, and 42 (P < 0.05). The paws in 12.7 cm were better than those in 2.5 cm at d 35 and 42 (P < 0.05). There was little difference in paw quality and litter moisture between 7.6 and 12.7 cm litter depth in both trials. Peat moss may be an acceptable alternative bedding material and should be evaluated on a commercial scale in areas where it can be obtained economically. These findings suggest that broiler houses should have at least 7.6 cm of litter to control litter moisture levels and reduce FPD.
Correlation between vitamin D and alterations in MRI among patients with multiple sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of unknown etiology. Diagnosis of MS is primarily based on detection of myelin damage by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and classification of demyelination according to the McDonald Criteria. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) has been shown to affect the onset and progression of MS via its immunomodulating properties. The role of vitamin D in MS pathogenesis and treatment deserves further investigation, as there is sufficient evidence to suggest a correlation between vitamin D blood level and brain MRI lesion load. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Elevated blood vitamin D concentration is linked with demyelination, as determined by T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Blood vitamin D blood levels are affected by sun exposure, among other factors; however, there is no evident connection between abnormalities in myelination and seasonality. Vitamin D supplementation among MS patients has been associated with a lower probability of new lesions and loss of existing lesion volume, as observed seen in T1-weighted MRI scans (p=0.03). An increase in TGF-beta levels was noted among patients using vitamin D supplementation, which may suggest a mechanism by which cholecalciferol may improve MS prognosis. Patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) exhibited an inverse correlation between vitamin D concentration and risk of new lesions as seen in T2-weighted MRI scans. Moreover, vitamin D intake among these patients lowered the risk of progression to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). Daily intake of vitamin D during fingolimod treatment correlated strongly with lower numbers of new lesions. High dose vitamin D supplementation during interferon beta-1a treatment was linked to lower mean percentage of lesions compared with volume pre-treatment seen by T2-weighted MRI. RESULTS Recent findings advocate for the monitoring of vitamin D blood levels in MS patients. Vitamin D supplementation should be considered in both MS patients and patients with CIS, where other signs of disease may be delayed. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation appears to lower the likelihood of new demyelination changes apparent in MRI examinations.
How the Politicization of Everyday Activities Affects the Public Sphere: The Effects of Partisan Stereotypes on Cross-Cutting Interactions

ABSTRACT People use social cues to decide whether they want to interact with others. As everyday life has become more politicized, we now attach political meaning to seemingly apolitical activities, from the food we eat, to the movies and TV shows we watch, to the car we drive. Do these stereotypes affect social behavior? Using two survey experiments, including one with a nationally representative sample, I show that people use apolitical cues to draw inferences about others’ political leanings. More importantly, these inferences impact decisions about which individuals they want to interact with, which lead to reduced cross-party contact as well as cross-cutting political discussion. The findings have important implications for how partisan stereotypes of everyday attributes might indirectly exacerbate political polarization.
Complete mitochondrial genome of Zeuzera multistrigata Moore, 1881 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

Abstract We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Zeuzera multistrigata Moore, 1881 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), which is an economically damaging pest to a diverse range of Casuarina trees. The 15,260-bp-long mitogenome of this species consists of a typical set of genes, with an arrangement typical of ditrysian Lepidoptera. Of the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 12 have a typical ATN start codon, whereas the COI gene begins with CGA. Ten of the 13 PCGs end with TAA, whereas COI, COII, and ND5 ended with an incomplete termination codon, T. Phylogenetic analysis using 13 PCGs of available superfamilies in Apoditrysia indicated that Z. multistrigata, belonging to the superfamily Cossoidea, formed a sister group with the confamilial species Eogystia hippophaecolus; however, the nodal support for this group was low (46%). As more mitogenomes from ancient groups of Lepidoptera become available, further robust phylogenetic analysis and inference will be possible.
The effectiveness of intravaginal progesterone inserts in Ovsynch and resynchronization protocols in cyclic and non-cyclic Holstein heifers

In the present study, it was aimed to compare of resynchronization with used progesterone (P4) releasing intravaginal device (PRID), with modified ovulation synchronization in cyclic and non-cyclic Holstein heifers. Animals were randomly divided into two groups; Group I (GI, n=87) and Group II (GII, n=88). Fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) following modified Ovsynch protocol with PRID insertion, was performed to all animals. In GI, used PRID was reinserted to the same animals, 15 days after the first FTAI (day 25) for 12 days. Pregnancies were detected by ultrasound in all groups on day 37. For resynchronization, prostaglandin (PG) F2α was applied to non-pregnant animals on day 37. In GI, following 48 hours from PGF2α injection, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone was administrated, and after 18 hours the second FTAI was performed. No additional treatments were applied to the nonpregnant animals found in GII, and heifers were taken to the routine service program. In both groups, the second pregnancy diagnosis was performed 27 days after inseminations by transrectal ultrasonography. Pregnancy rates (PR) following the first and overall inseminations in cyclic and non-cyclic heifers (GI and GII) were detected as 66.4% and 52.3% (P>0.05); 76.3% and 59.1% (P>0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the usage of PRID in the Ovsynch and resynchronization protocol resulted in higher PRs of non-cyclic heifers than cyclic heifers. Moreover, this study reveals that the initial P4 levels of non-cyclic animals should be used as a determinant for pregnancy success in dairy heifers.
The Influence of Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model Collaborative and Learning Motivation Based on Students’ Critical Thinking Ability Science Subjects in Class V State Elementary School 105390 Island Image

The study aims to determine the influence of the Problem Based Learnimg (PBL) learning model and the motivation to students critical thinking skills, as well as the interaction between learning models and the motivation to learn from students critical thinking skills. This study was conducted at SD Negeri 105390 in the even semester of the 2019/2020 school year. The population in this study is a class V student of elementary school 105390 Island pictures numbering at 55 people. Sampling is carried out in total, i.e. V-A and V-B classes. The V-B class as an experimental class taught with a collaborative problem-based learning (PBL) model with the number of students 28 people. As for the control class is taught by a direct instruction model elected class V-A with the number of students as many as 27 people. This type of research includes research quasi experiments with 2x2 factorial design with analytical techniques variance (ANAVA) 2 lines. Based on the results of the analysis and research findings from the field obtained several conclusions that are answers to questions on the problem formulation, among them the critical thinking ability of students taught with a collaborative Problem-based learning model better than students taught with a direct learning model (sig. = 0.000 < 0.05), a student's critical thinking ability of high motivation is better than a low-motivation student (sig. = 0.01 < 0.05), and there is interaction between the two learning models with a level of motivation in influencing students ' critical thinking ability (sig. = 0.02 < 0.05).
Environmental Toxicology REPRODUCTION OF AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF Ca 2þ ,Z n 2þ ,C u 2þ , AND Cd 2þ

Maple leaf disks were conditioned in a stream for three weeks and then aerated for 2 d in distilled water to induce fungal sporulation. The release of aquatic hyphomycete spores increased when the water was supplemented with low concentrations of Ca2þ (5 mg/L), Zn2þ (2.5 mg/L), Cu2þ (0.5 mg/L), or Cd2þ (0.125 mg/L). Higher supplement concentrations inhibited sporulation. Over the concentration range used, the sporulation response was generally best described by a quadratic regression, suggesting a biphasic or hormetic response. A similar pattern was found with number of fungal species as the dependent variable. Anguillospora filiformis and Anguillospora longissima were generally least inhibited by metal supplements, and Ca2þ was the least and Cd2þ the most toxic metal. Combinations of metals had a more severe effect on fungal sporulation than predicted from addition of the effects of the metals in isolation. The biological significance of the hormetic response is unclear; however, acknowledging it is clearly relevant for establishing guidelines or recommendations in toxicology. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;9999:1–6. # 2011 SETAC Keywords—Hormesis Metal pollution Fungal reproduction Synergy Stream ecology
Anthropometrics Parameter and their Superior to Predict the Risks Pain Joints Associated with Body Weight among Sportswomen

Background: Newly, the A Body Shape Index (ABSI), hip index (HI) and anthropometric risk index (ARI) have been developed as a possible improved alternative to BMI and WC. While actual research aimed to exanimate the association between the anthropometrics parameter and their superior to predict the risks Pain Joints associated with body weight.Methods: In order to achieve this goal, our total sample consisted of 40 women's soccer team of Relizane at the Algerian football championship, their homogeneity was drawn by age, sex, weight, height and football speciality, tested by Bearing-Sorensen and the Kelly test as a Lumbar Extensor Strength.Results: Body types or shape index are a slight amount of lean body fat, however, waist circumference predicts the metabolic syndrome as a reduced joint range of motion.Conclusion: Since ABSI is the ratio of human body shape to body size healthier prominent in the less body fat. While the body shape type may be considered as a proxy measure of fat distribution, seeing the waist circumference is a predictor for abnormal serum lipid and lipoproteins among Sudanese women. While among healthy sportswomen, our findings support larger WC as pear shape, risks increased body gain weight in the hips and thighs and health risk goes up as waist size increases.
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The Role of ATA Nodal Risk Factors in N1b Patients

Nodal involvement is frequent in patients with differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs), but its prognostic relevance is not univocal. Some characteristics of nodal metastases can increase the risk of recurrence. We attempted to quantify the impact on survival of nodal factors included in the American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk stratification system in N1b patients with DTC.