Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fractional diffusion models of nonlocal transport

A class of nonlocal models based on the use of fractional derivatives (FDs) is proposed to describe nondiffusive transport in magnetically confined plasmas. FDs are integro-differential operators that incorporate in a unified framework asymmetric non-Fickian transport, non-Markovian (“memory”) effects, and nondiffusive scaling. To overcome the limitations of fractional models in unbounded domains, we use regularized FDs that allow the incorporation of finite-size domain effects, boundary conditions, and variable diffusivities. We present an α-weighted explicit/implicit numerical integration scheme based on the Grunwald-Letnikov representation of the regularized fractional diffusion operator in flux conserving form. In sharp contrast with the standard diffusive model, the strong nonlocality of fractional diffusion leads to a linear in time response for a decaying pulse at short times. In addition, an anomalous fractional pinch is observed, accompanied by the development of an uphill transport region where .
Pulsar statistics - IV. Pulsar velocities

We have used Monte Carlo simulations of the Galactic pulsar population to reassess the kinematics of radio pulsars in light of the large number of recently published proper motions and the revised distance model. Our modelling of the observational selection effects that distort the observed sample is far more detailed and self-consistent than that of previous authors. This allows us to compare the observed sample of pulsars against samples of synthetic pulsars predicted by our model, the kinematic properties of which are well understood. We find no convincing evidence for a significant magnetic field-velocity correlation. In order to be consistent with the observed velocity distribution, we find that the mean birth velocity of pulsars must be - 500 Ian S-I, about a factor of 3 higher than previously thought. Such high birth velocities have important implications on our understanding of magnetic field decay and the distribution of old neutron stars in the Galaxy. To establish the likely time-scale for magnetic field evolution, we consider models with short (10 Myr) and long (100 Myr) decay time-scales. The most compelling evidence against lO-Myr decay time-scales andfor time scales;;:: 100 Myr comes from the distribution of pulsars above the Galactic plane as a function of characteristic age. The sky distribution of old (;;::100 Myr) neutron stars predicted by our model is inconsistent with that of the 'Y-ray bursts observed by BATSE.
Study on Properties of Concrete After Incorporating Waste Materials

The effects of fly ash, Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag (ACBFS), and silica fume on cement compressive strength are examined. The compressive strength of cement concrete is studied by the addition of fly ash, air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS), and silica fume. The effect of fly ash, ACBFS, and silica fume on the compressive strength of concrete was investigated. The cement content of the concrete was reduced by 25%, 22.50%, 20%, and 17.50%, respectively; fly ash was used to replace 20%, 40%, and 60% of the coarse aggregate; and fly ash was partially replaced by 2.5%, 5%, and 7.50% of the cement content. Contrarily, fly ash was left out of the mixing process for M30. The compressive strength of concrete cubes and beams aged 7 and 28 days was tested.
Observational Evidence for Cosmological Coupling of Black Holes and its Implications for an Astrophysical Source of Dark Energy

Observations have found black holes spanning 10 orders of magnitude in mass across most of cosmic history. The Kerr black hole solution is, however, provisional as its behavior at infinity is incompatible with an expanding universe. Black hole models with realistic behavior at infinity predict that the gravitating mass of a black hole can increase with the expansion of the universe independently of accretion or mergers, in a manner that depends on the black hole’s interior solution. We test this prediction by considering the growth of supermassive black holes in elliptical galaxies over 0 < z ≲ 2.5. We find evidence for cosmologically coupled mass growth among these black holes, with zero cosmological coupling excluded at 99.98% confidence. The redshift dependence of the mass growth implies that, at z ≲ 7, black holes contribute an effectively constant cosmological energy density to Friedmann’s equations. The continuity equation then requires that black holes contribute cosmologically as vacuum energy. We further show that black hole production from the cosmic star formation history gives the value of ΩΛ measured by Planck while being consistent with constraints from massive compact halo objects. We thus propose that stellar remnant black holes are the astrophysical origin of dark energy, explaining the onset of accelerating expansion at z ∼ 0.7.
Gravity currents produced by instantaneous releases of a heavy fluid in a rectangular channel

Results of laboratory experiments are presented in which a finite volume of homogeneous fluid was released instantaneously into another fluid of slightly lower density. The experiments were performed in a channel of rectangular cross-section, and the two fluids used were salt water and fresh water. As previously reported, the resulting gravity current, if viscous effects are negligible, passes through two distinct phases: an initial adjustment phase, during which the initial conditions are important, and an eventual self-similar phase, in which the front speed decreases as t−1/3 (where t is the time measured from release). The experiments reported herein were designed to emphasize the inviscid motion. From our observations we argue that the current front moves steadily in the first phase, and that the transition to the inviscid self-similar phase occurs when a disturbance generated at the endwall (or plane of symmetry) overtakes the front. If the initial depth of the heavy fluid is equal to or slightly less than the total depth of the fluid in the channel, the disturbance has the appearance of an internal hydraulic drop. Otherwise, the disturbance is a long wave of depression. Measurements of the duration of the initial phase and of the speed and depth of the front during this phase are presented as functions of the ratio of the initial heavy fluid depth to the total fluid depth. These measurements are compared with numerical solutions of the shallow-water equations for a two-layer fluid.
New cross-section measurements for the (n, 2n), (n, p), and (n, α) reactions on bromine in the 14 MeV region with detailed uncertainty quantification

Measurement of the cross-sections of the 79Br(n, 2n)78Br, 81Br(n, p)81mSe, 81Br(n, α)78As, and 79Br(n, α)76As reactions was performed at specific neutron energies, precisely, 13.5±0.2, 14.1±0.2, 14.4±0.2, and 14.8±0.2 MeV, relative to the standard 93Nb(n, 2n)92mNb and 27Al(n, α)24Na reference reactions using offline γ-ray spectrometry and neutron activation. Monoenergetic neutrons were generated at the China Academy of Engineering Physics via a 3H(d, n)4He reaction using the K-400 Neutron Generator equipped with a solid 3H-Ti based target. The activity of the reaction produce was obtained using a high-purity germanium detector. The cross-sections of the (n, 2n), (n, p), and (n, α) reactions on the bromine isotopes were measured in the 13–15 MeV neutron energy range. The covariance analysis approach was employed for a thorough inspection of any uncertainties within the measured cross-section data. A discussion and comparison of the observed outcome were carried out with previously published data, especially with the results of the JENDL-4.0, JEFF-3.3, TENDL-2019, and ENDF/B-VIII.0 data libraries, along with the theoretical excitation function curve derived by employing the TALYS-1.95 program. Improved cross-section restrictions for the investigated processes in the 13–15 MeV neutron energy range will be obtained using the current findings, which will help to raise the caliber of associated databases. Furthermore, the parameters of relevant nuclear reaction models can be verified using this data.
Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis

Bi-stable stimuli evoke two distinct perceptual interpretations that alternate and compete for dominance. Bi-stable perception is thought to be driven at least in part by mutual suppression between distinct neural populations that represent each percept. Abnormal visual perception is observed among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP), and there is evidence to suggest that these visual deficits may depend on impaired neural suppression in visual cortex. However, it is not yet clear whether bi-stable visual perception is abnormal among PwPP. Here, we examined bi-stable perception in a visual structure-from-motion task using a rotating cylinder illusion in a group of 65 PwPP, 44 first-degree biological relatives, and 37 healthy controls. Data from a 'real switch' task, in which physical depth cues signaled real switches in rotation direction were used to exclude individuals who did not show adequate task performance. In addition, we measured concentrations of neurochemicals, including glutamate, glutamine, and {gamma}-amino butyric acid (GABA), involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. These neurochemicals were measured non-invasively in visual cortex using 7 tesla MR spectroscopy. We found that PwPP and their relatives showed faster bi-stable switch rates than healthy controls. Faster switch rates also correlated with significantly higher psychiatric symptom levels across all participants. However, we did not observe any significant relationships across individuals between neurochemical concentrations and SFM switch rates. Our results are consistent with a reduction in suppressive neural processes during structure-from-motion perception in PwPP, and suggest that genetic liability for psychosis is associated with disrupted bi-stable perception.
Service availability and readiness for basic emergency obstetric and newborn care: Analysis from Nepal Health Facility Survey 2021

Background Although there has been significant improvement in maternal and newborn health, Nepal needs further acceleration in improving access to and coverage of services to achieve Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. In this context, we aimed to analyze availability and readiness for Basic Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (BEmONC) services in Nepal using data from Nepal Health Facility Survey (NHFS), 2021. Methods We analyzed nationally representative NHFS, 2021 data to determine availability and readiness of HFs for BEmONC services based on the "Service Availability and Readiness" manual of World Health Organizations. We performed weighted descriptive and inferential analysis to account complex survey design of NHFS 2021. We summarized continuous variables with mean, standard deviation, median and interquartile range whereas categorical variables with percent and 95% confidence interval (CI). We applied simple, and multiple linear regression to determine factors associated with readiness of HFs for BEmONC services Results The proportion of facilities with all BEmONC signal function available was 2.49% at the national level with Madhesh having the highest (5.22%) while Gandaki having the lowest (1.22%) availability. BEmONC service availability was relatively lower in rural setting and peripheral facilities. The overall readiness score for BEmONC services is 54.14, with domains of guidelines/staff, equipment/supplies, and medicines/commodities having scores of 21.16, 76.76, and 64.50 respectively. In multivariable analysis, level of facilities, province, urban rural setting, ecological belt, presence of external supervision, 24-hour duty schedule and number of beds were found to have statistically significant association with BEmONC service readiness. Conclusion The readiness of HFs for BEmONC services in Nepal is relatively poor and can be improved by increasing service provision, expanding service hours to 24-hours a day, increasing availability of essential medicines and equipment, enhanced monitoring, and conducting periodic review of maternal and newborn deaths at HFs.
Robust adaptive pole placement of first-order potentially inversely unstable continuous-time systems

This paper presents an indirect adaptive control scheme for nominally controllable unnecessarily inversely stable first-order continuous-time systems with unmodelled dynamics. The control objective is to achieve a bounded tracking-error between the system output and a reference signal. A recursive least squares algorithm with a suitable modification of the parameter estimates is used to obtain a controllable estimated model of the plant. The modification includes an hysteresis switching function to ensure the convergence of the modified parameters. Also, a relative dead-zone is used in the estimation algorithm for adaptation purposes.
The Impact of Chlorhexidine Mucoadhesive Gel in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the common cause of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit. Due to the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine, and the long-lasting result of mucoadhesive drugs, this study aimed to determine the effect of chlorhexidine mucoadhesive gel on the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical patients. Method: In this clinical trial, 64 ventilated patients were selected and randomly allocated into two groups. The first group received 0.2% chlorhexidine mucoadhesive gel and the second group received 0.2% chlorhexidine solution as a mouthwash. Every three days, the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was evaluated by the clinical score of pulmonary infection. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software version 20. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in demographic characteristics between the two groups. In the control group, 25% of the patients had ventilator-associated pneumonia, while it was only 15.6% in the intervention group; however, the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia revealed no significant difference between the two groups (HR ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.49 to 1.83 p=0.356). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between the number of days connected to the ventilator (p=0.854), the number of days hospitalized in the intensive care unit (p=0.423), and the death rate (p=0.634) between the two groups. Conclusion: Although no significant statistical difference was detected between chlorhexidine mucoadhesive gel and chlorhexidine solution in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, the incidence of pneumonia in the mucoadhesive gel group was clinically less than in the control group. It is better to repeat the study with a larger statistical population.
Approximating Interval hypothesis : p-values and Bayes factors

Summary In this paper we study Bayes factors and special p-values in their capacity of approximating interval null hypotheses (or more generally neighbourhoods of point null) hypotheses by point null or eventually parametric families in the case of the goodness of fit test of a parametric family. We prove that when the number of observations is large Bayes factors for point null hypotheses can approximate Bayes factors for interval null hypotheses for extremely small intervals. We also interpret the significance of calibration goodness of fit tests using a p-value in terms of width of neighbourhoods of the point null hypothesis. Finally we study the consistency of Bayes factors for goodness of fit tests of parametric families, which enables us to shed light on the behaviour of the Bayes factors.
Competition model explains trends of long‐term fertilization in plant communities

Abstract Over 40 years ago, Kempton (Biometrics, 35, 1979, 307) reported significant modification to plant community structure following a long‐term fertilization experiment. Many researchers have investigated this phenomenon in the years since. Collectively, these studies have shown consistent shifts in rank abundance relationships among species in communities following fertilization. The previous studies indicated that fertilization affects community structure through several critical processes, including trait‐based functional response, reordering of species in rank abundance diagram (RAD), and niche dimensionality, although some questions have remained. How does the species reordering driven by the plant responses cause characteristic trends in temporal changes of RAD? Why are those trends ubiquitous in various systems? To answer those questions, we theoretically investigated the effects of fertilization on community structure based on a colonization model (or Levins model) with competition–fecundity trade‐offs, which can result in the coexistence of multiple species under competition. The model represents characteristic RAD, which can be an adequate tool to study community composition. Our theoretical model comprehensively represents observed trends in rank abundance relationships following long‐term fertilization and suggests that competitive interactions among species are a critical factor in structuring species diversity in plant communities.
Bird preferences for fruit size, but not color, vary in accordance with fruit traits along a tropical elevational gradient

Abstract Birds constitute one of the most important seed dispersal agents globally, especially in the tropics. The feeding preferences of frugivorous birds are, therefore, potentially of great ecological importance. A number of laboratory‐based and observational studies have attempted to ascertain the preferences of certain bird species for certain fruit traits. However, little attention has been paid to community‐wide preferences of frugivorous birds and the impact this may have on fruit traits on a broader scale. Here, we used artificial fruits of different colors and sizes to investigate community‐wide fruit trait preferences of birds at three sites along an elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. We recorded attack rates on artificial fruits as visible impressions made by a bird's beak during a feeding attempt. We also measured the colors and sizes of real fruits at each site, and the gape widths of frugivorous birds, allowing for comparisons between bird feeding preferences and bird and fruit traits. Regardless of elevation, red and purple fruits were universally preferred to green and attacked at similar rates to one another, despite strong elevational patterns in real fruit color. However, elevation had a significant effect on fruit size preferences. A weak, non‐significant preference for large fruits was recorded at 700 m, while medium fruits were strongly preferred at 1700 m and small fruits at 2700 m. These patterns mirror those of both real fruit size and frugivorous bird gape width along the gradient, suggesting the potential for selective pressure of birds on fruit size at different elevations.
Long-Memory Stable Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Processes

The solution of the Langevin equation driven by a Levy process noise has been well studied, under the name of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type process. It is a stationary Markov process. When the noise is fractional Brownian motion, the covariance of the stationary solution process has been studied by the first author with different coauthors. In the present paper, we consider the Langevin equation driven by a linear fractional stable motion noise, which is a selfsimilar process with long-range dependence but does not have finite variance, and we investigate the dependence structure of the solution process.
A chart review on surgical myocardial debridging in symptomatic patients: a safe procedure with good long-term clinical outcome and coronary computed tomographic angiography results

Abstract OBJECTIVES Myocardial bridging is mostly diagnosed as an incidental imaging finding but can result in severe vessel compression and significant clinical adverse complications. Since there is still an ongoing debate when to propose surgical unroofing, we studied a group of patients where this was performed as an isolated procedure. METHODS In 16 patients (38.9 ± 15.7 years, 75% men) who had surgical unroofing for symptomatic isolated myocardial bridges of the left anterior descending artery, we retrospectively analysed symptomatology, medication, imaging modalities used, operative techniques, complications and long-term outcome. Computed tomographic fractional flow reserve was calculated to understand its potential value for decision-making. RESULTS Most procedures were performed on-pump (75%, mean cardiopulmonary bypass 56.5 ± 27.9 min, mean aortic cross-clamping 36.4 ± 19.7 min). Three patients needed a left internal mammary artery bypass since the artery dived inside the ventricle. There were no major complications or deaths. The mean follow-up was 5.5 years. Although there was a dramatic improvement in symptoms, still 31% experienced atypical chest pain at various moments during follow-up. Postoperative radiological control was performed in 88%, showing no residual compression or recurrent myocardial bridge and patent bypass if performed. All postoperative computed tomographic flow calculations (7) showed a normalization of coronary flow. CONCLUSIONS Surgical unroofing for symptomatic isolated myocardial bridging is a safe procedure. Patient selection remains difficult but introducing standard coronary computed tomographic angiography with flow calculations could be helpful in preoperative decision-making and during follow-up.
Atomic hydrogen and solar Lyman α flux deduced from STP 78‐1 UV observations

Simultaneous observations of the Lyman {alpha} and 1,026 {angstrom} airglow by a spectrometer on the STP 78-1 satellite have been analyzed. A spherical model of the multiple scattering of solar Lyman {alpha} and Lyman {beta} radiation was utilized which includes the effect of pure absorption by O{sub 2} and a nonisothermal temperature profile. Analysis of data near 0{degrees} latitude yields an exobase temperature T{sub c} = 1,300 {+-} 200 K, exobase density N{sub c} = 2.6 {+-} 0.2 {times} 10{sup 4} cm{sup {minus}3}, and escape flux F{sub c} = 2{+-} 0.5 {times} 10{sup 8} cm{sup {minus}2} s{sup {minus}1}. The solar Lyman {alpha} line center flux determined form analysis of the Lyman {alpha} airglow was 6.0 {+-} 1.2 {times} 10{sup 11} photons cm{sup {minus}2} s{sup {minus}1} {angstrom}{sup {minus}1}. Analysis of the 1,026 {angstrom} airglow showed that this emission is dominated by multiple scattering of solar Lyman {beta} photons by atomic oxygen and that the Lyman {beta} airglow contributes less than 20% to the observed emission.
Steady state operation of an ampere-class hydrogen negative ion source

A cesium-seeded volume negative ion source producing H− ion beams of 800 mA has been operated continuously at a high current density of 20 mA/cm2. The ion source consists of a magnetically filtered multicusp plasma generator and a multiaperture extractor. The ion source has a frame-cooling-type plasma grid, which is continuously able to keep the temperature at optimum using radiation from filaments and arc discharge. The ion source produces about 150 mA of H− in operation without cesium (pure volume operation). The negative ion yield is enhanced by more than a factor of four by injecting 600 mg of cesium. It is important to keep the plasma grid surface temperature at about 300 °C, where the negative ion yield has the maximum. The plasma generator has six tungsten filament cathodes of 1.2 mm in diameter. To estimate a lifetime of the filaments, weight and diameter of the filaments were measured after continuous operation. It was found that evaporation is the dominant wearing-out process, and no significant.