Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corals from the Redwall Limestone (Mississippian) of Arizona

It is becoming increasingly necessary that the fauna of the Redwall limestone be adequately known. Within the past three years extensive exploration has been undertaken by numerous oil companies in the Great Basin of Utah, Nevada, and California. Much of this work centers about strata of Carboniferous age, but not enough has been published on western formations to enable accurate correlations to be made very often. For instance, the exact relationships between the Madison limestone (which produces oil in the Rocky Mountains), the Redwall limestone of Arizona, and Monte Cristo formation of Nevada and California are still unknown although the three formations are known to be about the same age. This paper presents the stratigraphic distribution of corals in the Redwall limestone so that better correlations can be made with it. Corals upon which this study is based were collected by R. C. Gutschick on various field trips during 1941 and 1949 while he investigated the Redwall limestone of Arizona. An abstract covering preliminary results was published in 1942. Mr. Gutschick presented this paper orally before the Paleontological Society at the annual meeting in Boston in November, 1952. Although the Redwall limestone, due to its prominent outcrop in the Grand Canyon, is one of the most well known formations in North America, very little has been published about it. Obviously, • its precipitous topographic expression has prevented careful study, except at rare places, in the Grand Canyon. In addition, however, the formation is not very fossiliferous in the canyon. Most of the field work involved in the present paper was done south of Grand Canyon in the Jerome mining region where the formation is relatively accessible and fossiliferous. Corals are unusually useful in stratigraphic investigations of Paleozoic rocks in many regions. They are husky enough to withstand considerable physical weathering or abrasion and commonly retain their specifically identifiable characters even in regions where thinner fossils are obliterated by replacement or alteration. Corals from the Redwall limestone are generally well preserved, even in rocks which have been extensively recrystallized.
Evidence of interactions between walleye and yellow perch in New York State lakes

Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) co-occur in many central North American lakes and often form a tightly coupled predator-prey species pair (Forney 1980, Post & Rudstam 1992). Our current understanding of these species’interactions is based partly on long term studies in Oneida Lake, New York, by John Forney and co-workers (e.g. Forney 1976, 1977, 1980, Mills & Forney 1988). When walleye are abundant (as in Oneida Lake), they are the main predator on youngof-year yellow perch (YOY perch). YOY perch are vulnerable to walleye predation once they reach a total length of 18 mm and walleye often consume a large portion of the YOY perch population during Ann. Zool. Fennici 33: 443–449 ISSN 0003-455X Helsinki 28 November 1996 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 1996
Evaluation of Mexican Strains of Hirsutella citriformis1 Against Diaphorina citri2 in a Semifield Bioassay

Abstract. Citrus production is threatened by Huanglongbing disease transmitted by Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Developing strategies to control the vector is necessary. Conidial infectivity of four Mexican strains of Hirsutella citriformis Speare (INIFAP-Hir-2, INIFAP-Hir-4, IB-Hir-1, and IB-Hir-2) was evaluated in a semifield bioassay against adult Asian citrus psyllid. The bioassay was done in an orchard of Persian lime (Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. et Panz.) Swingle var. latifolia Yu. Tanaka) at Veracruz, Mexico. The four strains showed pathogenicity, but INIFAP-Hir-2 and INIFAP-Hir-4 killed most (51.05-50.6%), with no significant difference between them. Thirty days after application in the field, several H. citriformis strains were recovered from mycosed insects and grown in different media where they varied depending on the culture medium and strain and presented morphological characteristics similar to the strains applied and to a local strain previously isolated. Mycosed insects increased from 2.3 to 10.0 per tree 30 days after application of strains of H. citriformis in the orchard. The four H. citriformis strains applied by spraying showed pathogenicity against the Asian citrus psyllid under semifield conditions. Entomopathogenic fungi such as H. citriformis could be a promising alternative in an integrated management program against Huanglongbing, but need more evaluation in the field.
Effects of type and treatment of grain and protein source on dairy cow performance

The effects of different types of energy or protein supplementation on performance of cows given grass silage-based diets were studied. The possibility of maintaining high energy intakes by using different grain sources, barley or maize, or by the use of the physical processing of the barley was investigated. In addition, the relative quality of rapeseed meal as a protein supplement compared with alternative protein supplements was examined. In experiment 1 16 Finnish Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a cyclic change-over design experiment with eight diets and four 21- day periods. The concentrate supplements comprised a 2 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of two grain sources (barley (B) and maize (M)) given either ground (T–) or steam-rolled (T+), each supplemented with either rapeseed expeller (R) or a mixture of maize gluten and soya-bean meal (GS). Grass silage was given ad libitum and concentrates at a rate of 11·2 kg DM per day. M supplements increased milk, milk protein and lactose output ( P P P P P P P In experiment 2 four Finnish Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a balanced complete change-over design to evaluate ground or steam-rolled barley (T– v. T+) and two protein treatments (rapeseed expeller, R or a mixture of maize gluten/soya-bean meal/sugar beet solubles, GSS). Cows were given concentrates at 11·2 kg dry matter (DM) per day and offered grass silage ad libitum . There were no differences ( P > 0·05) in food intake, digestibility or milk production and composition between treatments. Plasma urea concentrations ( P P
Longleaf uniola and spike uniola require shade

Because of their ability to grow under tree canopies and to provide green herbage in winter, longleaf uniola (Uniola sessiliflora) and spike uniola (U. laxa) are important forage plants in the extensive loblolly-shortleaf pine-hardwood forest type of the South. As a matter of observation, the two grass species grow even under the densest tree cover and are rare or absent on well-lighted sites. In an effort to provide more specific information, a study was made to determine how artificial shade of several intensities affected establishment, growth, and chemical composition of the two grasses. Since measurements were made throughout the year, the research also provided data on seasonal aspects of the plants' growth.
The estimation of bacterioplankton numbers and biomass by phase contrast microscopy

It is suggested that cell counts of bacterioplankton from natural waters made by phase contrast microscopy are unreliable. Instead estimates of total cell volume are considered to be realistic if they are based on actual measurements of cell dimensions. The mean cell volumes in the studied samples were found to be variable and often much lower than values usually taken as the mean volume of water bacteria.
Streambank erosion and ungulate grazing relationships.

Streambank erosional patterns have been studied for 3 years (1 year of calibration and 2 years of active grazing treatment) on the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. Livestock grazing use at the rate of 3.2 ha/AUM (8 acres/AUM) has not accelerated streambank degradation on Meadow Creek. Most erosion occurred during wintering periods and this erosion has been independent of grazing season treatments. It appears that high runoff and occasional ice flows are the most significant factors in bank cutting on this stream. We are entering a period in natural resource management where riparian zone considerations are drawing increased attention. This critical zone is often the focal point of watershed, livestock, wildlife, and fisheries management. While a fairly large volume of material has been published concerning the effects of livestock on aquatic environments (Meehan and Platts 1978), much of the material has been observational in nature. The need for detailed, technical information relating to ecological potentials as affected by land use encouraged us to develop this study in 1975. While a number of riparian relationships are being investigated in this five-year study, in this mid-project report we will deal only with the relationships among several different livestock grazing systems and streambank sloughing.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Testing: 24-hour and 72-hour Studies with Cultured Lung Cells

This study was designed to evaluate the potential of an in vitro cell culture method for its ability to determine cytotoxicity and to compare the cytotoxic concentrations with established LD50 values for the same chemicals. Rat lung epithelial cells (L2) were incubated in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of the test chemical for 24 hours, and the inhibition of incorporation of radio-labelled amino acids into newly synthesised proteins was used as a marker for toxicity. In addition, cultured cells were exposed to the test chemicals for 72 hours, and cell proliferation experiments were performed as parallel measures of toxicity. Inhibitory concentrations were extrapolated from concentration-effect curves after linear regression analysis. The biological significance of the results of testing 20 chemicals shows that the experimental IC50 values are as accurate as predictors of human toxicity as are equivalent toxic blood concentrations derived from rodent LD50s. Results obtained from 72-hour growth studies reveal a greater sensitivity to cytotoxicity than from the 24-hour protein synthesis experiments. Statistically, however, the differences between the two protocols are inconclusive. It is anticipated that these procedures, together with a related battery of tests, may supplement or replace animal protocols currently used for human risk assessment.
Assessing the influence of watershed characteristics on chlorophyll a in waterbodies at global and regional scales

Abstract Predictions of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) in lentic waterbodies (lakes and reservoirs) are valuable to researchers and resource managers alike but have been rarely conducted at the global scale. With the development of remote sensing technologies, it is now feasible to gather large amounts of data across the world, including understudied and remote regions. To determine which factors were most important in explaining the variation of Chl-ain waterbodies at global and regional scales, we first developed a database of 227 globally distributed waterbodies and watersheds with corresponding Chl-a, nutrient, hydrogeomorphic, and climate data. Then we used a generalized additive modeling approach and selected models that most parsimoniously related Chl-ato predictor variables for all 227 waterbodies and for a subset of 51 within the Laurentian Great Lakes region. Our best global model contained 3 hydrogeomorphic variables (waterbody area, shoreline development index, and watershed to waterbody area ratio) and a climate variable (mean temperature in the warmest quarter) that explained about 30% of variation in Chl-a. Our regional model contained one hydrogeomorphic variable (watershed area), the same climate variable, and a nutrient variable (percent of watershed area cover by waterbodies) that explained 58% of variation in Chl-a. Our results indicate that a regional approach to watershed modeling may be more informative to predicting Chl-athan a global approach and that nearly a third of global variation in Chl-amay be explained using hydrogeomorphic and climate variables.
Nesting Preferences of Syrian Woodpeckers Dendrocopos syriacus in the Agricultural Landscape of SE Poland

Abstract. The nesting preferences including both habitat and nest site characteristics of Syrian Woodpeckers in the agricultural landscape were assessed based on 69 nest sites described. Orchards were the preferred tree stand of the woodpecker, where 58% of its nests were located. The average diameter of tree in which the woodpeckers nested was much higher than the average trees available in territories (47.4 cm and 32.5 cm respectively). The condition of the nest trees was worse than the average trees present in the territories of the birds. Amongst Syrian Woodpecker nesting habitats, only orchards had a worse state of health compared to trees growing in groups, rows or forests. Apple trees Malus domestica with 43.5% of nest sites were also in worse health condition compared to willows Salix spp. (20.3% of nest sites), poplars Populus spp. and walnut trees Juglans regia. The average height of trees with nest holes was 11.3 m and the average height of nest hole placement was 4.2 m. The Syrian Woodpecker is an ecologically flexible species, but it requires trees with larger diameter trunks that are in poorer health as nest trees, such as, for example, apple trees or soft wood trees such as willows. The protection of non-forest tree stands dominated by these species and orchards, which are preferred by this bird, may be important to maintain the Syrian Woodpecker in the agricultural landscape.
CONSIDERING EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LABLAB PURPUREUS (L.) SWEET IN THE SEARCH OF SHORT-SEASON ACCESSIONS FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS

SUMMARY Legumes have gained increased importance in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa due to their contribution to household nutrition and health and their ability to grow in low fertility soils. With unpredictable and highly variable rainfall characteristics of the semi-arid areas, short-season grain types are seen as a promising option for drought avoidance. Knowledge of phenological development and, in particular, time to flowering is crucial information needed for estimating the possible production success of new accessions to new environments. The photoperiod-sensitivity of 10 promising short-season Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet accessions (CPI 525313, CPI 52533, CPI 52535, CPI 52535, CPI 52552, CPI 52554, CPI 60795, CPI 81364, CQ 3620, Q 6880B) were evaluated for their response to varying temperature and daylength regimes in field trials in Limpopo province, South Africa and under controlled conditions in growth chamber experiments in Göttingen, Germany. Photoperiod sensitivity was quantified using the triple-plane rate model of flowering response with time to flowering expressed in thermal time (Tt, °Cd). Additionally, piecewise regression analysis was conducted to estimate the critical photoperiod (Pc ) above which time to flowering was delayed significantly. Relatively high variation of time to flowering amongst and within accessions in days after planting (DAP) was observed, ranging from 60 to 120 DAP depending on sowing date or daylength/temperature regime. Furthermore, a clear positive effect of temperature on growth and development of the tested accessions was found and time to flowering expressed as thermal time were consistent for the tested accessions, ranging from 600 to 800 °Cd for daylength <13 h. Only at daylength of ≥13 h and temperatures above 28 °C, development towards flowering was delayed significantly for accessions CPI 52513, CPI 52535, CPI 52554 and CPI 60795 with vegetative growth continuing for >110 DAP. The tested lablab accessions are therefore considered photoperiod insensitive, or weakly photoperiod responsive and are classified as short-day plants (SDP). Since daylength does not exceed 13 h between the latitudes 30 N to 30 S, these lablab accessions are recommended for further testing as short-duration grain legumes.
Detection of Fumonisins in Fusarium Cultures, Corn, and Corn Products by Polyclonal Antibody-Based ELISA: Relation to Fumonisin B1 Detection by Liquid Chromatography.

A specific sheep polyclonal antiserum was applied to the competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CD-ELISA) of fumonisins in Fusarium cultures, fresh corn, animal feed, and human foods, and the results were related to fumonisin B1 (FB1) levels determined by liquid chromatography (LC). The limit of detection of FB1 for the CD-ELISA was 0.1 ng/ml. Cross reactivity (defined as [ng/ml FB1 required for 50% inhibition]/[ng/ml of analogue required for 50% inhibition] × 100) for the antiserum in the ELISA was 100, 24, and 30%, for FB1 FB2, and FB3, respectively. FB1 was detected in F. moniliforme cultures grown on corn (≤760 μg/g) but not in those for F. graminearum . Fumonisin estimates were 2.8-fold higher by CD-ELISA than FB1 estimates by LC. Upon using the antiserum in a commercial CD-ELISA format (Veratox), mean recovery of FB1 from spiked corn (0.1 to 3 μg/g)was 85.2 ± 25.3%, whereas the mean recovery by LC was 74.1 ± 6.2%. Analyses of 43 fresh corn, 28 animal feed, and 14 human food samples revealed that estimates of total fumonisins by the commercial ELISA were 2.9-, 2.2-, and 1.3-fold higher than FB1 values determined by LC. For each sample type, the ELISA significantly correlated with LC (r > 0.9; P < 0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that the polyclonal antibody-based CD-ELISA could be a reliable first-tier screening procedure for fumonisins in corn, animal feed, and human food when used in conjunction with LC confirmation. The differences between the two methods suggests the further presence of FB2 and FB3 or structurally related compounds.
Changes in growth and migration patterns of sea trout before and after the introduction of Atlantic salmon farming

Sindre Håvarstein Eldøy*, D. Ryan, W. K. Roche, E. B. Thorstad , T. F. Næsje, A. D. Sjursen, P. G. Gargan, and J. G. Davidsen 1 NTNU University Museum, Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway Inland Fisheries Ireland, 3044 Lake Drive, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin 24 D24 Y265, Ireland Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim NO-7485, Norway *Corresponding author: tel: þ47 922 66586; e-mail: sindre.eldoy@ntnu.no.
A reflection on cognitive reflection – testing convergent/divergent validity of two measures of cognitive reflection

The aim of the study was to test convergent/discriminant validity of two measures of cognitive reflection, cognitive reflection test (CRT) and belief bias syllogisms (BBS) and to investigate whether their distinctive characteristic of luring participants into giving wrong intuitive responses explains their relationships with various abilities and disposition measures. Our results show that the same traits largely account for performance on both non-lure task, the Berlin Numeracy Test (BNT), and CRT and explain their correlations with other variables. These results also imply that the predictive validity of CRT for wide range of outcomes does not stem from lures. Regarding the BBS, we found that its correlations with other measures were substantially diminished once we accounted for the effects of BNT. This also implies that the lures are not the reason for the correlation between BBS and these measure. We conclude that the lures are not the reason why cognitive reflection tasks correlate with different outcomes. Our results call into question an original definition of CRT as a measure of ability or disposition to resist reporting first response that comes to mind, as well as the validity of results of studies showing “incremental validity” of CRT over numeracy.
Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis induces apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma through ROS-regulated mitochondrial pathway

Recently, ambient air particulate matter (PM) has been shown to increase the risk of oral cancer. The most common malignant tumor in the oral cavity is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Recent studies have revealed that surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide generated by Bacillus subtilis, has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, the exact anti-cancer effects of surfactin on human OSCC and underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the present study, we found that treatment of SCC4 and SCC25 cells (human OSCC cell lines) with surfactin reduced the viability of SCC4 and SCC25 cells by induction of apoptosis. Surfactin-induced apoptosis was associated with caspase activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and was regulated by the mitochondrial pathway, exemplified by mitochondrial depolarization, mitochondrial-derived reactive oxidative species (ROS) production, cytochrome c release, up-regulation of Bad and Bax, and down-regulation of Bcl-2. Surfactin induced NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation, which appeared essential for the activation of the mitochondrial pathway. Surfactin-induced mitochondrial-derived ROS generation was associated with JNK1/2 activation. After treatment with surfactin, ROS caused JNK1/2-dependent cell death of SCC4 and SCC25 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that surfactin induces mitochondria associated apoptosis of human OSCC cell lines, and surfactin may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for future OSCC treatment.
Narrow row and crossed lines associated with different plant densities of soybean

The spatial arrangement of soybean plants affects the intraspecific competition for light, water and nutrients, which can change the biomass production, incidence of pests, diseases and weeds, plant lodging, and grain yield. This work aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance under different row spacing, plant densities and crossed rows. Two field experiments were carried out in Campo Mourao, Parana State, Southern Brazil, using the randomized complete block experimental design, in a 3x3x2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments were formed by the combination of three row spacings (0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 m), three plant densities (300,000; 450,000; and 600,000 plants ha-1), and two row design (crossed or parallel rows). For all variables, interaction of the experimental factors was not significant. The row spacing of 0.45 m provided the highest grain yield in relation to 0.30 and 0.60 m. The density of 300,000 plants ha-1 showed higher yield of soybeans in late sowing. The crossed lines did not increase the productive performance in soybean.