Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is Police Behavior Getting Worse? Data Selection and the Measurement of Policing Harms

Public concern about harmful policing is surging. Governments are paying historic amounts for law enforcement liability. Has police behavior changed? Or is society responding differently? Traditional data sources struggle with this question. Common metrics conflate the prevalence and severity of policing harms with the responses of legal actors such as lawyers, judges, and juries. We overcome this problem using a new data source: liability insurance claims. Our data set contains 23 years of claims against roughly 350 law enforcement agencies that contract with a single insurer. We find that, while lawsuits and payouts have trended upward over the past decade, insurance claims have declined. We examine multiple potential explanations. We argue that, in our sample, police behavior is not getting worse; rather, societal responses to policing harms are intensifying. Police litigation is not representative of the broader universe of claims, and adjudicated claims differ systematically from settled ones.
The glycoprotein isolated from vesicular stomatitis virus is mitogenic for mouse B lymphocytes

The glycoprotein (G protein) of VSV was purified from the intact virion by Triton X-100 extraction. The isolated G protein has been shown to be a T cell-independent, B lymphocyte mitogen and polyclonal activator. Neither G protein nor the intact virion are stimulatory for murine T lymphocytes. The greater the density of G protein in lipid vesicles or the degree of aggregation of isolated G protein, the more highly stimulatory it is for murine splenocytes. As G protein is spread out in artificial vesicles, it becomes less mitogenic. It is probable that other viral components are also stimulatory since the Triton-insoluble pellet and VSV from which the G protein has been enzymatically removed retain mitogenic activity. To out knowledge, this is the first time a purified viral component has been demonstrated to be lymphocyte mitogen.
Investor Protection and Capital Fragility: Evidence from Hedge Funds Around the World

We find that capital flows to hedge funds in different countries are influenced by the strength and the enforcement of investor protection laws. Hedge funds located in weak investor protection countries exhibit greater sensitivity of investor outflow to poor performance, relative to funds in countries with strong protection. Furthermore, weak investor protection is associated with fund managers engaging in greater returns management. Our findings suggest that in countries with weaker investor protection, poor fund performance exposes investors to a greater risk of fraud and legal jeopardy, thus triggering a larger outflow of capital.
Analysis of rearranged T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ transcripts in livers of primary biliary cirrhosis: preferential Vβ usage suggests antigen‐driven selection

The presence of autoantibodies to mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex‐E2 (PDC‐E2) and self‐reactive T cells to PDC suggests that autoimmune mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Molecular analysis of intrahepatic TCR repertoire may provide valuable information on a T cell mechanism for PBC immunopathogenesis. We therefore analysed the TCR Vβ usage in different regions of the livers removed during transplantation from two PBC patients. Using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), a limited heterogeneity of rearranged TCR Vβ transcripts was demonstrated in different locations of the same liver. Sequence analysis of Vβ–Dβ–Jβ (CDR3: the third complementarity determining region) showed the presence of conserved residues, no random N additions, and a common motif within CDR3. These results suggest that T cells homing to PBC liver may be antigen‐driven. To elucidate further whether an immune deviation related to T helper 1 cell (Th1) or Th2 responses may exist in PBC, intrahepatic mRNA expression of IL‐2, IL‐4 and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) was examined by the RT‐PCR method. IL‐2 and IFN‐γ could be amplified, whereas IL‐4 was virtually undetectable in the livers from the two patients with PBC. The findings suggest that polarization of intrahepatic lymphokine expression toward the Th1‐dominant pattern may be significant in the immunopathogenesis of PBC.
Section G. General. Nonnutritional factors affecting milk yield in dairy cattle

_ . Administration of oxytooin during the Factors during lactation affecting current ^ pe r iod. 487 milk yield 482 Temporary suspension of milking in the Abnormal accumulation of milk within previous lactation . 487 the mammary gland . 4 8 2 Milking before parturition after a normal 4 8 3 dry period 488 Frequency of milking Stage of lactation Oxytocin injection Bacterial infections of the udder Factors before parturition affecting sub 484 Relationship between milk secretion and structure of the mammary gland . 488
Lipolytic Activity and Molecular Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lysinibacillus sphaericus Isolated from Domestic Oil Rich Wastewater.

Microbial lipases have been heightened in bioremediation and various industries. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, between September 2010 and August 2011. To identify the lipolytic enzyme producing microbial strains in domestic oil rich wastewater, the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences were used to identify the strains by comparing with related sequences in database using BLAST analysis. The enzyme activity was quantified by HPLC analysis. All the lipolytic bacteria showed appreciable growth rates in the wastewater (between 0.67 and 1.67 mg/day) within 5 days. The most effective lipolytic bacteria isolates in the oil-rich wastewater were two species of the genus Pseudomonas and one of Bacillus. Comparing the weights on the first day to the twelfth day values when lipolytic organisms were grown in palm oil, some appreciable increases in weight difference Original Research Article British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(4): 392-404, 2014 393 were recorded in some isolates: 28.3%, 7.84%, 4.44% and 6.98% for Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Klebsiella, respectively. The weight increase of each of the microbial cells in palm oil culture was usually lesser than what was obtained in the oil-rich wastewater culture. Two isolates showed high similar sequence (99%) to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lysinibacillus sphaericus, respectively. From palm oil, Lysinibacillus sp. produced various forms of fatty acids in the medium, including myristic acid (2.61%), palmitic acid (6.22%), stearic acid (5.18%) and arachidic (3.66%). These strains are versatile in utilizing the limited nutrient and had the ability to grow appreciably in the toxic condition (soap solution), suggesting that they may serve as candidates in treating dietary oil-rich wastewater.
The Loss of E-cadherin is Associated with the Epigenetic Alteration of CDH1 in Breast Cancer and it is also Associated with an Abnormal β-catenin Expression in Lobular Carcinoma

Background : APC and E-cadherin are the key molecules in the Wnt/-catenin pathway. We attempted to define the epigenetic alteration of APC and CDH1 (the E-cadherin gene) and the expression of Wnt-related molecules in human mammary carcinomas. Methods : Sixtyfour mammary carcinomas, including 52 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) and 12 invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs), were evaluated using methylation-specific PCR and immunohistochemistry. We performed immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, -catenin, APC, Wnt1, cyclin D1, ER, PR and C-erb B2. Results : Hypermethylation of APC and CDH1 was observed in 38 (59%) and 28 (44%) cases, respectively. CDH1 hypermethylation in ILCs was increased compared to that in IDCs (p=0.002) and it was associated with the loss of E-cadherin (p=0.02) and -catenin (p=0.042). APC methylation was positively correlated with the ER expression (p=0.021). Abnormal cytoplasmic localization of -catenin was found in 10 cases and any expression was not detected in six cases. In ILCs, the E-cadherin or -catenin expression was markedly decreased compared to that in IDCs (p-catenin expression was related to the loss of E-cadherin in ILC.
Locomotion in rauisuchid thecodonts

ABSTRACT The systematic approach to the Rauisuchidae suggests that the lowest level of locomotor organization of the Thecodontia is represented by the Proterosuchidae, which can be regarded as forming the suborder Proterosuchia. The morphological and ecological relationships of the families Erythrosuchidae and Rauisuchidae suggest that they should be referred to a new suborder, the Erythrosuchia, whose locomotor apparatus shows several important characters derived from the primitive condition present in the Proterosuchia (Proterosuchidae). In the advanced Rauisuchidae the ilia moved from vertical to almost horizontal position, with the acetabulum projecting nearly ventrally. It required significant modifications in the sacral ribs and proximal areas of the pubes and ischia, and resulted in a type of graviportal relation with the subvertical femur. Because of this condition, the femur did not require the anteromedially projecting head and the prominent fourth and lesser trochanters as in the two orders of .
Effect of Free Fatty Acids Addition on Corn Grits Extrusion Cooking

ABSTRACT The influence of added fatty acids on extrusion cooking of corn grits and extrudate properties was studied. Samples with three average corn grits particle sizes were processed in a twin-screw extruder; fatty acids content (0.2–0.8%, wb) varied, and experimental conditions were kept constant (moisture content 18.4% wb, barrel temperature 150°C, screw speed 165 rpm). The effect of adding fatty acids was studied by analyzing water solubility and absorption indices, expansion indices, and mechanical (puncture test) and structural (computerized image analysis) extrudate properties. When fatty acids were added, water solubility and absorption indices decreased, radial expansion index decreased, longitudinal expansion index increased, number of cells increased, and mechanical resistance of extrudates decreased. The influence of added fatty acids was attributed to the formation of fatty acids-amylose complexes.
Empirical Study of Fama-French Three-factor Model and Carhart Four-factor Model in Indonesia

This research compares the performances of the Fama-French three-factor and Carhart four-factor models on the Indonesian stock market. It employs ordinary least square (OLS) with monthly time-series data from July 2005 to June 2015. The results document that the Carhart four-factor model performs better than Fama-French three-factor model in explaining the portfolio excess returns in Indonesia. The momentum factor displays a weak effect on the portfolio excess returns. The results are robust to the equally-weighted method.
Factors of Good Governance Scores and Accounting Performance Affecting the P/E Ratio for Listed Companies on the Stock Exchange of Thailand

The objective of this research is to study the factors of good governance scores and accounting performance affecting the P/E Ratio for listed companies in the Stock Exchange of Thailand. The research methodology is multiple regression analysis for the data analysis. The accounting performance is tested as the mediator variable according to Baron &amp; Kenny's concept (1986) by using the sample group consisting of the listed companies in the Stock Exchange of Thailand from 2012-2016. The data used in the study are a total of 1,710 data. The results of the study conclude that the factors of good governance scores have positive influence on the price-to-earnings ratio. For testing the mediator variables, it is found that the accounting performance is not the mediator variable between the good corporate governance scores and price-to-earnings ratio at the statistical significance level of 0.05.
Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices in Zambia: An Economic Analysis at Farm Level

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) would enhance the capacity of farming systems to sustainably support food security in the context of climatic changes. CSA practices may constitute an ex-ante adaptation strategy while also generating environmental benefits in the form of climate change mitigation. However, questions arise about the profitability of CSA systems and the possibility of spontaneous adoption at smallholders level. A spatial assessment of benefits and costs of CSA systems as opposed to conventional ones in different agro ecologies in Zambia is proposed here, including opportunity costs of switching from one system to another. Primary data collected through ad hoc household and community surveys have been used. Zambian farmers adopt a wide combination of land management practices, applied to various crops. Isolating the productivity effect of each single practice was complicated by the adoption of various combinations of practices. To assess the extent to which SLM technology packages improve crop productivity and net incomes of Zambian family farms, Minimum Soil Disturbance (MSD) systems was selected as the main distilling factor to compared with „conventional tillage systems for key food and cash crops (maize, groundnuts and cotton). MSD in arid areas of Zambia has shown promising results in terms of land, capital and labor productivity and could represent valid CSA option providing that appropriate choices in terms of labor source (manual versus animal draft power), specific practice (planting basins/potholes versus ripping, legume inclusion in crop rotations and residue retention), crop (maize versus groundnut) and access to fertilizer subsidies are made. SLM technology options can also generate environmental benefits in the form of CC mitigation. To better understand mitigation potential, marginal abatement costs curve have been computed. Results show that negative marginal abatement costs for all MSD options imply synergies between increased farm incomes and climate change mitigation, and represent means of generating “win-win” solutions to address poverty and food insecurity as well as environmental benefit (climate change mitigation). The cost-effectiveness of different land management practices is proposed as synergetic decision criteria allowing policy makers to prioritize support interventions on the basis of the economic efficiency of GHG abatements. <br>
The Unintended Consequence of Land Finance: Evidence from Corporate Tax Avoidance

Using a large sample of unlisted industrial firms in China, we find that a decrease in local governments’ land transfer revenues leads to lower tax avoidance by firms within their jurisdiction. Our cross-sectional variation tests suggest that the tax-avoidance-reduction effect is stronger in cities with higher land finance dependence and government intervention, as well as where the political leaders have stronger promotion incentives. However, the effect is moderated for politically connected firms. Further analysis reveals that intensified tax enforcement is the mechanism through which land transfer revenue losses result in decreased tax avoidance. Our study offers novel evidence on a previously underexplored determinant of corporate tax avoidance through the lens of land finance. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Current Account Balances, Financial Development and Institutions: Assaying the World 'Savings Glut'

We investigate the medium-term determinants of the current account using a model that controls for factors related to institutional development, with a goal of informing the recent debate over the existence and relevance of the "savings glut. " The economic environmental factors that we consider are the degree of financial openness and the extent of legal development. We find that for industrial countries, the government budget balance is an important determinant of the current account balance; the budget balance coefficient is 0.21 in a specification controlling for institutional variables. More interestingly, our empirical findings are not consistent with the argument that the more developed financial markets are, the less saving a country undertakes. We find that this posited relationship is applicable only for countries with highly developed legal systems and open financial markets. For less developed countries and emerging market countries we usually find the reverse correlation; greater financial development leads to higher savings. Furthermore, there is no evidence of "excess domestic saving" in the Asian emerging market countries; rather they seem to have suffered from depressed investment in the wake of the 1997 financial crises. We also find evidence that the more developed equity markets are, the more likely countries are to run current account deficits.
Synchronizing Pricing and Replenishment to Serve Forward-Looking Customers with Lost Sales

[Problem Definition] We incorporate heterogeneous customer valuation and the strategic customer behavior in the classical economic order quantity (EOQ) setting. The seller incurs setup costs when replenishing inventory, and can set the prices differently over time and implement capacity rationing. [Academic/ Practical Relevance] While similar ideas of market segmentation and intertemporal price discrimination can be carried over from the travel industries to other industries, there are new aspects when applying these concepts to retail outlets and supermarkets, because they usually face inventory replenishment problems. This makes the joint inventory replenishment and revenue management problem imperative. [Methodology] We adopt the mechanism design and dynamic programming approaches. [Results] We establish the optimality of cyclic intertemporal price discrimination, even if the customers are endowed with homogeneous valuations. Under the optimal policy, the replenishments and price promotions are synchronized, and the seller adopts the highest selling price when the inventory level is the lowest and plans discontinuous price discount at the replenishment point when the inventory is the highest. We also show that, under inventory-based pricing there is a direct mapping between deterministic and stochastic arrivals scenarios, and randomness on the arrivals per se does not alter the structure of the optimal policy. [Managerial Implications] This cyclic pricing scheme offers a stark contrast to the "low-price-every-day" scheme and achieves overall higher profit because customer strategic behavior offers additional flexibility to the seller in managing his inventory. Furthermore, because strategic customers are willingly backlogged, this creates opportunities for the seller to work with the customers to achieve a lower operational cost and a higher overall profit.
Potential Anti-oxidative Activity of Crude Rice Oil Extracted from Cadmium-contaminated Rice as Determined Using an In Vitro Primary Human Fibroblast Cell Model

Cadmium-contaminated rice was habitually consumed by local residents in Mae Sot Districk, Tak Province, Thailand. This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-oxidative activity of crude rice oil extracted from cadmium-contaminated rice as an alternative for utilizing cadmium-contaminated rice without compromising their health with hazard risks. The effects of crude rice oil extracted from cadmium-contaminated rice were determined in an in vitro primary human fibroblast (PHF) cell model. Results indicated that crude rice oil extracted from cadmium-contaminated rice exhibited anti-oxidative activities, in terms of preventing oxidative damage on cellular mitochondrial activity, down-regulation of SIRT1 mRNA, and up-regulation of MMP-2 in PHF cells in vitro . It might be possible that SIRT1 down regulation is related to MMP-2 up-regulation, which could delay aging and promote tissue remodeling in PHF cells. However, specific mechanisms for the regulation of these processes remain to be identified. This study demonstrates crude rice oil extracted from cadmium-contaminated rice exhibited the potential of anti-oxidative activity, which can be used for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical use.
Effect of two diets with varied starch and fibre levels on the performances of 4-7 weeks old rabbits

1200 lapins hybrides sevres, individuellement controles, ont ete nourris ad libitum avec un aliment A (16,4 % d'amidon, 15,3 % de fibres brutes) ou B (24􀀬8 % d'amidon et 11,6 % de fibres brutes) de 28 a 49 jours d'age. Le gain de poids vif n'a pas ete affecte par l'aliment (37, 7 g/jour). La consommation et /'indice de consommation etaient plus eleves avec l'aliment A (95,5 vs 84,5 g/jour et 2,55 vs 2,27 g/g, P<0.001 ). En outre la mortalite etait plus faible avec cet aliment A ( 4,7vs 8,0 %, P<0.05). Un autre groupe de 60 lapins fut abattu a 38 ou 49 jours d'a.ge, l'amidon du contenu de l'ileon distal et du caecum ont ete analyses. La teneur en amidon du contenu ileal et sa difference avec la teneur du contenu caecal varient en fonction de l'aliment (plus eleve pour l'aliment B, P<0.001) et de /'a.ge (plus eleve a 38 jours, P<0.001); l'interaction entre l'aliment et l'a.ge est significative (P<0.05), la difference entre les aliments etant plus importante pour les lapins les plus jeunes.
Extractability and thermal stability of frozen hake (Merluccius merluccius) fillets stored at -10 and -30°C

The relationship between thermal stability changes and functionality loss was monitored in hake muscle fillets stored for 40 weeks at � 10 and � 30 °C. The evolution of changes in apparent viscosity, dimethylamine formation and extractability of muscle proteins in NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or SDS plus mercaptoethanol showed drastic differences as a function of temperature. At the higher storage temperature, both myosin heavy chain and collagen were the most severely unextracted in salt and SDS solutions, with actin becoming unextractable at the end of storage. Differential scanning calorimetry showed differences with storage time and temperature in both onset temperature and thermal denaturation enthalpy, mostly affecting the myosin transitions. Some protein denaturation occurred with little or no functionality loss. A considerably high fraction of hake muscle proteins remained in the native-like condition even at the higher frozen storage temperature. In these conditions both apparent viscosity and myosin and actin extractability in NaCl were very low. # 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Cultural roots of family ties

Abstract We forward the hypothesis and empirically establish that variations in the strength of family ties are rooted in culture. In particular, we show that individualism is associated with looser family ties. We exploit the associations between contemporary individualism and historical climatic and disease environments to establish a causal relationship. At both the individual- and country-levels, we find strong support that individualism reduces family ties. The estimated effects are economically large and robust to a wide variety of potentially confounding variables.
DYNAMIC MODEL OF LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS WITH ACCLIMATION TO LIGHT AND NITROGEN

A simple model of photosynthesis in a mature C3leaf is described, based on a non-rectangular hyperbola: the model allows the high-light asymptote of that equation (Pmax) to respond dynamically to light and nitrogen. This causes the leaf light response equation to acclimate continuously to the current conditions of light and N nutrition, which can vary greatly within a crop canopy, and through a growing season, with important consequences for gross production. Predictions are presented for the dynamics of acclimation, acclimated and non-acclimated photosynthetic rates are compared, and the dependence of leaf properties on light and N availability is explored. There is good correspondence of predictions with experimental results at the leaf level. The model also provides a mechanism for a down regulation of photosynthesis in response to increased carbon dioxide concentrations, whose magnitude will depend on conditions, particularly of nitrogen nutrition.