Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convection over Tropical Africa and the Atlantic Ocean during Northern Summer. Part I: Interannual and Diurnal Variations

Abstract Some aspects of the interannual and the diurnal variations of the convection over the tropical Africa and the Atlantic Ocean are derived using Meteosat data. The study is based on four summer months (June, July, August and September) of three years from 1983 to 1985, for regions of 2.5°×2.5° extending from 5°S to 25°N and from 50°E to 50°W. Using ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) analyses, mean cloud fields and interannual changes are interpreted in terms of dynamical forcing and feedback. Anomalies in the thermal wind at 700 mb between 1985 (relatively wet year) and the two other years are consistent with previous results based on more contrasted wet and dry years. Defining the high cloudiness by a threshold in the infrared signal, the amplitude of the diurnal variation is maximum over land with larger values over regions of large mean fractional cloudiness corresponding generally to regions of highlands. The diurnal cycle of high clouds is generally not sinusoidal and t.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Colloids Prepared by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Distilled Water

The nonlinear optical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in distilled water were measured using a femtosecond laser and the Z-scan technique. The ZnONPs colloids were created by the ablation of zinc bulk in distilled water with a 532 nm Nd: YAG laser. Transmission electron microscopy, an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used to determine the size, shape, absorption spectra, and concentration of the ZnONPs colloids. The nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index were measured at different excitation wavelengths and intensities. The nonlinear absorption coefficient of the ZnONPs colloids was found to be positive, caused by reverse saturable absorption, whereas the nonlinear refractive index was found to be negative due to self-defocusing in the ZnONPs. Both laser parameters, such as excitation wavelength and input intensity, and nanoparticle features, such as concentration and size, were found to influence the nonlinear optical properties of the ZnONPs.
Graph Heavy Light Decomposed Networks: Towards learning scalable long-range graph patterns

We present graph heavy light decomposed networks (GraphHLDNs), novel neural network architectures allowing reasoning about long-range relationships on graphs reducible to trees. By decomposing the trees into a set of interconnected chains in a way similar to the heavy-light decomposition algorithm, we rewire a tree with n vertices so that its depth is in order of O (log 2 n ) after building a binary-tree-shaped neural network over each chain. This enables faster propagation and aggregation of information over the whole graph while being able to reason about long-range sequences of nodes considering their ordering. We show that in this way the method is partially addressing the previous need for message-passing architectures for step-by-step supervision to execute certain algorithms out-of-distribution. Our method is also applicable to real-world datasets, achieving results competitive with other state-of-the-art architectures targeted at learning long-range dependencies or using positional encodings on several molecular datasets.
Exploring Cryptococcus neoformans CYP51 and Its Cognate Reductase as a Drug Target

Cryptococcus remains a leading cause of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised people. Resistance to azole drugs has imposed a further challenge to the effective treatment of such infections. In this study, the functional expression of full-length hexahistidine-tagged Cryptococcus neoformans CYP51 (CnCYP51-6×His), with or without its cognate hexahistidine-tagged NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CnCPR-6×His), in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae host system has been used to characterise these enzymes. The heterologous expression of CnCYP51-6×His complemented deletion of the host CYP51 and conferred increased susceptibility to both short-tailed and long-tailed azole drugs. In addition, co-expression of CnCPR-6×His decreased susceptibility 2- to 4-fold for short-tailed but not long-tailed azoles. Type 2 binding of azoles to CnCYP51-6×His and assay of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase activity confirmed that the heterologously expressed CnCYP51 and CnCPR are functional. The constructs have potential as screening tools and use in structure-directed antifungal discovery.
Fairness-aware Missing Data Imputation

Missing values are ubiquitous in real-world datasets and are known to cause unfairness in a machine learning algorithm’s decision-making process. However, there has been limited work that aims to mitigate the unfairness associated with missing data imputation. In this paper, we first derive a positive information-theoretic lower bound for the imputation fairness when using ground-truth conditional distribution for missing data imputation. Furthermore, we propose a novel missing data imputation model, known as fairness-aware imputation GAN (FIGAN), which provides accurate imputations while achieving imputation fairness. Through experiments, we illustrate that FIGAN can significantly improve imputation fairness, compared to the existing imputation methods. At the same time, FIGAN can also achieve competitive imputation accuracy.
How to Improve the Care of Women after Childbirth in the Rooming-in Unit: A Prospective Observational Study

Rooming-in is the WHO-recommended care system for mothers in the puerperium and their babies. This system allows the newborn to stay with the mother in the same room, 24 h a day. We aimed to investigate the need to entrust a newborn (NEN) in the care of maternity rooming-in staff during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its relationship to pain, anxiety, and blood loss after delivery. A prospective study of 200 adult women in the maternity ward operating in the rooming-in system focussed on NEN in the care of maternity rooming-in staff on the first (T1) and the second day of puerperium (T2). Women who declared having NEN were compared with women without NEN for anxiety, pain, and a drop in haemoglobin in the blood after delivery. In T1, 34% and in T2, 27% of women felt NEN in the care of maternity rooming-in staff. The NEN of women after a cesarean section was higher on both days than the NEN of women after vaginal delivery. Women with NEN had higher levels of pain, state anxiety, and higher levels of postpartum anxiety than women without NEN. Further research should be warranted to investigate whether women who give birth in hospitals that satisfy the NEN in the care of maternity rooming-in staff in their rooming-in units experience less pain and anxiety in comparison to those who give birth in hospital units without such a possibility and whether this factor is an important element in reducing anxiety and pain during puerperium.
Compressed information is all you need: unifying intrinsic motivations and representation learning

Humans can recognize categories, shapes, colors, grasp/manipulate objects, run or take a plane. To reach this level of cognition, developmental psychology identiﬁes two key elements: 1- children have a spontaneous drive to explore and learn open-ended skills, called intrinsic motivation; 2- perceiving and acting are deeply intertwined: a chair is a chair because I can sit on it. This supports the hypothesis that the development of perception and skills may be continually underpinned by one guiding principle. Here, we investigate the consequence of maximizing the multi-information of a simple cognitive architecture, modelled as a causal model. We show that it provides a coherent unifying view on numerous results in unsupervised learning of representations and intrinsic motivations. This makes our framework a serious candidate to be a guiding unifying principle.
Evaluation of Prolonged Endometrial Inflammation Associated with the Periparturient Metabolic State in Dairy Cows

Simple Summary The appearance of endometrial polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) was sequentially observed after calving by endometrial cytology, and the relationship between endometrial inflammation and metabolic state during the peripartum period was evaluated. The endometrial inflammation threshold was determined as 5.0% PMN according to PMN dynamics revealed by endometrial cytology. The present study demonstrated that cows with low body condition scores and backfat thickness had prolonged endometrial inflammation; moreover, higher blood 3-methylhistidine after calving was observed in cows with prolonged endometrial inflammation, indicating that muscle breakdown was promoted in those cows. Hence, it was proposed that evaluating body fat reservation and muscle breakdown was crucial for understanding endometrial inflammation convergence in lactating dairy cows. Abstract The objectives of this study were to assess the sequential dynamics of the endometrial polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) after calving by endometrial cytology, and clarify the factors that cause prolonged endometrial inflammation in lactating dairy cows. A total of 33 lactating Holstein dairy cows were used from −4 to 8 wk relative to calving (0 wk: the calving week). Endometrial samples were obtained sequentially from 2 to 8 wk. Body condition score and backfat thickness were obtained weekly from −4 to 8 wk. Blood samples collected from −4 to 8 wk were analyzed for indicators of energy status, hepatic function, systemic inflammation, and calcium. Blood amino acids were measured at 2 wk. Daily milk production was determined between 5 and 65 d postpartum. Based on the sequential cytological analysis, the endometrial inflammation threshold was set at ≥5.0% PMN, and the median wk of PMN% lower than 5.0% was 4.5 wk in this study; therefore, we classified the cows into the early group (cows with endometrial inflammation converged within 4 wk: n = 17) and the late group (cows with endometrial inflammation converged at or after 5 wk: n = 16). There were no differences in daily milk production, energy status, hepatic function, blood calcium concentration, and systemic inflammatory response. The late group had lower body condition scores and backfat thickness during the experimental period, and a higher blood concentration of 3-methyl histidine, indicating muscle breakdown, was observed in the late group at 2 wk. Our findings indicated that the lack of body fat reservation during the peripartum period and the increased muscle breakdown after calving were risk factors for prolonged endometrial inflammation.
Extracting the phase of high-order harmonic emission from a molecule using transient alignment in mixed samples

We report measurements of both the phase and intensity of high-order harmonic emission from aligned ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ molecules, using a mixture of a molecular and an atomic gas. The molecules are transiently aligned using an ultrashort pulse, and a subsequent stronger pulse is used to generate high-order harmonics from a mixed $\mathrm{Kr}∕{\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ sample. The high-order harmonic emission from the molecules interferes with the reference emission from the atoms. By monitoring the change in harmonic emission as a function of gas mixture and molecular alignment, we can retrieve the orientational dipole that has general features consistent with a two-center emission model.
Extended Bayesian model averaging for heritability in twin studies

Family studies are often conducted to examine the existence of familial aggregation. Particularly, twin studies can model separately the genetic and environmental contribution. Here we estimate the heritability of quantitative traits via variance components of random-effects in linear mixed models (LMMs). The motivating example was a myopia twin study containing complex nesting data structures: twins and siblings in the same family and observations on both eyes for each individual. Three models are considered for this nesting structure. Our proposal takes into account the model uncertainty in both covariates and model structures via an extended Bayesian model averaging (EBMA) procedure. We estimate the heritability using EBMA under three suggested model structures. When compared with the results under the model with the highest posterior model probability, the EBMA estimate has smaller variation and is slightly conservative. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of variance-components estimates, as well as the selections of risk factors, under the correct or incorrect structure. The results indicate that EBMA, with consideration of uncertainties in both covariates and model structures, is robust in model misspecification than the usual Bayesian model averaging (BMA) that considers only uncertainty in covariates selection.
Critical review in adsorption kinetic models

Adsorption is one of the most widely applied techniques for environmental remediation. Its kinetics are of great significance to evaluate the performance of a given adsorbent and gain insight into the underlying mechanisms. There are lots of references available concerning adsorption kinetics, and several mathematic models have been developed to describe adsorption reaction and diffusion processes. However, these models were frequently employed to fit the kinetic data in an unsuitable or improper manner. This is mainly because the boundary conditions of the associated models were, to a considerable extent, ignored for data modeling. Here we reviewed several widely-used adsorption kinetic models and paid more attention to their boundary conditions. We believe that the review is of certain significance and improvement for adsorption kinetic modeling.
Condensation onto grains in the outflows from mass-losing red giants.

In the outflows from red giants, grains are formed which are driven by radiation pressure. For the development of a model of the outflows, a detailed understanding of the interaction between the gas and dust is critical. The present investigation is concerned with condensation processes which occur after the grains nucleate near the stars. A physical process considered results from the cooling of the grains as they flow away from the star. Molecules which initially do not condense onto the grains can do so far from the star. It is shown that for some species this effect can be quite important in determining their gas-phase abundances in the outer circumstellar envelope. One of the major motivations of this investigation was provided by the desire to understand the physical conditions and molecular abundances in the outflows from the considered stars.
Theoretical analysis of the heat dissipation mechanism in Yb3+-doped double-clad fiber lasers

Based on the special structure of high-power Yb3+-doped double-clad fiber lasers, a heat dissipation model and the corresponding steady-state heat equations with consideration of both convective and radiative heat transfer are constructed. The temperature distributions along the radial and axial directions of the fiber for forward pump of 1000 W and two-end pump of 500 W each side are calculated numerically by using the steady-state rate equations and the heat equations. The results show that the temperature distribution for two-end pump mode is more even than that for forward pump mode and the maximum temperature in the fiber decreases by 139.8°C. Finally, a comparison between the temperature distributions with and without consideration of radiative heat transfer is performed, the results of which indicate that radiative heat transfer plays an important role in heat dissipation of high-power fiber lasers. Therefore, radiative heat transfer has to be considered in the thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects of any type of high-power fiber lasers.
Optical properties of Ag and Au nanowire gratings

The optical response of regularly arranged noble metal wires with nanoscopic cross sections (nanowire gratings) strongly depends on the polarization direction of the incident light. We use silver and gold nanowire gratings produced by electron beam lithography to study this effect by optical extinction spectroscopy. For a polarization direction perpendicular to the wire axis, the excitation of a dipolar plasmon mode dominates the extinction spectrum. The spectral position of the plasmon resonance can be tuned by an appropriate choice of nanowire geometry and material. For a polarization direction parallel to the wire axis, the profile of the extinction spectrum varies mainly as a function of the grating constant. In particular, a transmission maximum for small grating constants is found. By combining the surface plasmon excitation and grating effect for orthogonal polarization directions, a spectrally selective polarizer with an extinction ratio of 26 is demonstrated.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulence in an internally heated convective fluid layer and implications for statistical modelling

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are reported for the convection in an internally heated convective fluid layer which is bounded by rigid isothermal horizontal walls at equal temperature. The simulations for a fluid Prandtl number of seven cover seven distinct internal Rayleigh numbers in the range 105 ≤ RaI ≤ 109. From the numerical database the changes of convective patterns and dynamics for increasing RaI , i.e. increasing turbulence intensity, are analysed. To support the development and improvement of statistical turbulence models for this special type of convection, turbulence data for mean and fluctuating temperature and velocities are provided. For the simulation with RaI = 108 budgets of turbulence kinetic energy k and vertical turbulent heat flux are presented. In addition, closure assumptions commonly used in statistical turbulence models are tested against the DNS data. It is found that the turbulent diffusive transport of k and is strongly underestimated by standard models. The modelling of.
On rank-one convex and polyconvex conformal energy functions with slow growth

We make some remarks about rank-one convex and polyconvex functions on the set of all real n × n matrices that vanish on the subset Kn consisting of all conformal matrices and grow like a power function at infinity. We prove that every non-negative rank-one convex function that vanishes on Kn and grows below a power of degree n/2 must vanish identically. In odd dimensions n ≧ 3, we prove that every non-negative polyconvex function that vanishes on Kn must vanish identically if it grows below a power of degree n; while in even dimensions, such polyconvex functions can exist that also grow like a power of half-dimension degree.
A NOTE ON CYCLIC AMENABILITY OF THE LAU PRODUCT OF BANACH ALGEBRAS DEFINED BY A BANACH ALGEBRA MORPHISM

Let $T$ be a Banach algebra homomorphism from a Banach algebra ${\mathcal{B}}$ to a Banach algebra ${\mathcal{A}}$ with $\Vert T\Vert \leq 1$. Recently, Bhatt and Dabhi [‘Arens regularity and amenability of Lau product of Banach algebras defined by a Banach algebra morphism’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.87 (2013), 195–206] showed that cyclic amenability of ${\mathcal{A}}\times _{T}{\mathcal{B}}$ is stable with respect to $T$, for the case where ${\mathcal{A}}$ is commutative. In this note, we address a gap in the proof of this stability result and extend it to an arbitrary Banach algebra ${\mathcal{A}}$.
SiO emission from a huge, detached shell in IRC +10420

We present observations of the v = 0 J = 2–1 thermal emission of SiO from the very luminous evolved star IRC +10420, performed with the Plateau de Bure interferometer. Our high-resolution maps show that the emission comes from a huge hollow shell, with a typical radius of ∼10 cm, that is expanding at ∼35 km s−1. This surprising result is strengthened by model fitting of the flux distribution, that explains the observations assuming that the width of the shell is not larger than half its typical radius. The origin of this feature is discussed.
Long-time behavior and coexistence in a mutually catalytic branching model

We study a system of two interacting populations which undergo random migration and mutually catalytic branching. The branching rate of one population at a site is proportional to the mass of the other population at the site. The system is modelled by an infinite system of stochastic differential equations, allowing symmetric Markov migration, if the set of sites is discrete (Z d ), or by a stochastic partial differential equation with Brownian migration if the set of sites is the real line. A duality technique of Leonid Mytnik, which gives uniqueness in law, is used to examine the long-time behavior of the solutions. For example, with uniform initial conditions, the process converges to an equilibrium distribution as t → ∞, and there is coexistence of types in the equilibrium iff the random migration is transient.
Effects of Multilayers Superstrates on Microstrip Leaky-Wave Antennas Radiating Characteristics and Performances

In this paper, a full-wave accurate and versatile solution for multilayers superstrates on microstrip leaky-wave antenna analysis is described. Therefore, setting E and J continuity conditions on radiating aperture provides, a systematic formulation of the integral equation by a periodic discontinuity network where the concept of trial functions is introduced. Since current density is established by analytical expressions, the relevant equation is solved numerically by Galerkin method. The propagation constant of the leaky-wave is obtained by a least squares method. Hence, electronic beam scanning applications and performances are investigated upon layers thickness and dielectric values. Several examples are given and discussed.
A Reevaluation of the Role of Thermophoresis as a Mechanism of In- and Below-Cloud Scavenging

Abstract A comparison is made of the roles played by thermophoresis, Brownian diffusion and diffusiophoresis in the precipitation scavenging of aerosol particles. It is shown, for a certain range of particles sizes, that thermophoresis dominates provided that the latent heat associated with the phase transition of water is transferred through the air, to or from the precipitation element by conduction. A plot of the resulting washout coefficient shows that thermophoresis enhances the below-cloud rain scavenging of aerosol particles whose radii are between 0.01 and 1. 0μ. The solution is presented for the appropriate convective diffusion equation which describes thermophoretic effects on the in-cloud scavenging problem.
Spectrum of Fractal Dimension d(h) for Velocity Increment in Isotropic Turbulence

The multifractal nature of isotropic turbulence is revealed from the viewpoint of the d ( h ) spectrum for longitudinal velocity increment presumed by Frisch and Parisi, using the 3D binomial Cantor set model. The correctly applied Kolmogorov refined similarity hypothesis is found to play a vital role in construction of the rational d ( h ) spectrum in the entire range of h from the knowledge of the f (α) spectrum for three-dimensional dissipation field of turbulence. It is also shown that velocity increment is not scale-similar in a strict sense, in contrast to dissipation field averaged over the domain across which velocity increment is considered.