Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RASS-SDSS galaxy cluster survey: IV. A ubiquitous dwarf galaxy population in clusters

We analyze the Luminosity Functions (LFs) of a subsample of 69 clusters from the RASS-SDSS galaxy cluster catalog. When calculated within the cluster physical sizes, given by r 200 or r 500 , all the cluster LFs appear to have the same shape, well fitted by a composite of two Schechter functions with a marked upturn and a steepening at the faint-end. Previously reported cluster-to-cluster variations of the LF faint-end slope are due to the use of a metric cluster aperture for computing the LF of clusters of different masses. We determine the composite LF for early- and late-type galaxies, where the typing is based on the galaxy $u-r$ colors. The late-type LF is well fitted by a single Schechter function with a steep slope ($\alpha=-2.0$ in the r band, within r 200 ). The early-type LF instead cannot be fitted by a single Schechter function, and a composite of two Schechter functions is needed. The faint-end upturn of the global cluster LF is due to the early-type cluster galaxies. The shape of the bright-end tail of the early-type LF does not seem to depend upon the local galaxy density or the distance from the cluster center. The late-type LF shows a significant variation only very near the cluster center. On the other hand, the faint-end tail of the early-type LF shows a significant and continuous variation with the environment. We provide evidence that the process responsible for creating the excess population of dwarf early type galaxies in clusters is a threshold process that occurs when the density exceeds ∼ 500 times the critical density of the Universe. We interpret our results in the context of the “harassment” scenario, where faint early-type cluster galaxies are predicted to be the descendants of tidally-stripped late-type galaxies.
The Observational Appearance of Protostellar Accretion Disks

The observational appearance of a protostellar accretion disk has been calculated analytically by assuming a thin, thermally emitting disk with an unspecified power-law temperature gradient. The disk is assumed to have both a maximum and a minimum radius. The analytical spectrum is compared with data from the Rho Oph dark cloud taken by Lada and Wilking (1984). Some of the spectra of sources in the Rho Oph cloud are shown to be consistent with the emission expected from a classic Shakura-Sunyaev (1973) disk when such a model is applied to the problem of protostellar formation. 25 references.
Ultraviolet electroluminescence in GaN/AlGaN single-heterojunction light-emitting diodes grown on Si(111)

GaN:Mg/AlGaN single-heterojunction light-emitting diodes were grown on Si(111) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. High-quality Mg-doped GaN layers with hole concentrations up to 1.2×1017 holes/cm3 and intense low-temperature photoluminescence, which increases in annealed samples, were obtained. Smooth AlGaN layers, with surface roughness below 5 nm, were used as buffer layers. Continuous-wave room-temperature ultraviolet electroluminescence was observed at 365 nm with a full width at half maximum of 8 nm. An estimated optical power output of 1.5 μW was achieved under 15 V/35 mA operation.
Limit theorems on decomposable statistics in generalized allocation schemes

The paper presents theorems on limit distributions of decomposable statistics in generalized schemes of allocating particles which follow from the results obtained by the author previously. Much attention is given to theorems on large deviations. The results obtained are illustrated by examples concerning particular generalized allocation schemes. The main objective of this paper is to formulate the results, which follow from the theorems proved in [5], related to decomposable statistics (DC) in generalized scheme of allocating particles (GSA) (the definitions of DC and GSA are given below). Much attention is given to some problems on large deviations for DC which have not yet been sufficiently investigated. For a wide class of GSA an analogue of the CramerPetrov theorem is proved. The results are illustrated by examples concerning particular allocation schemes. Here we give only definitions of DC and GSA, a detailed discussion of the questions related to DC and GSA the reader can find in the reviews [1,2] and the papers [3, 4, 12, 16]. In what follows C, c, maybe with subscripts, denote positive constants which may be different in different cases, the symbols £)m "d EL denote, respectively, the sum and the product taken over m,l «>. 1. Let ξ = ( ξ } , .,ξ/y) be a random vector (r. vec.) with independent integer-valued non-negative components such that Ρ {ζ = η} > Ο, η = 1,2,. , where ζ = ξ} + . + ξΝ\ η = (rj i , . . . , ηΝ) be a r. vec. such that Αη) = 4 ξ | ί = Λ), (1) where L(X) denotes the distribution of a r. vec. X. It follows from (1) that τ]\ + . + % = η with probability one, and the r. vec. η determines a GSA of n particles to W cells. Note that in fact we consider a scheme of series where ξη = ξ^, m = l, . ,W, and N = N(n) -» oo s n -> °o, but for the sake of simplicity we omit the corresponding indices, below we follow the same agreement. *UDC 519.21. Originally published in Diskretnaya Matematika (1996) 8, No. 3, 65-89 (in Russian). Translated by the author. 380 Sh. A. Mirakhmedov Let/m(j) = fn'\y)> TM = 1,. ,N, be functions of integer-valued non-negative argument. A function of r. vec. η of the form is called DS. The term DS introduced by Medvedev (see [1]) is used in the case where the functions /m O» m = l,-. ,N, are non-random. If some of these functions are random, the statistic /? (η) is usually referred to as a randomized DS. This term was introduced by Ivanov (see [1]). In what follows we do not distinguish these two cases and always use the term DS for/? (7]). We suppose that for all non-negative integers y\ , . , yN the sequence/] (y} ), . , is a sequence of independent random variables which do not depend on η and ξ. We introduce the following notation. Let
Invariant Algebraic Curves and Rational First Integrals for Planar Polynomial Vector Fields

We present three main results. The first two provide sufficient conditions in order that a planar polynomial vector field in C2 has a rational first integral, and the third one studies the number of multiple points that an invariant algebraic curve of degree n of a planar polynomial vector field of degree m can have in function of m and n.
Spectroscopic Properties of Cool Stars (SPOCS). I. 1040 F, G, and K Dwarfs from Keck, Lick, and AAT Planet Search Programs

We present a uniform catalog of stellar properties for 1040 nearby F, G, and K stars that have been observed by the Keck, Lick, and AAT planet search programs. Fitting observed echelle spectra with synthetic spectra yielded effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, projected rotational velocity, and abundances of the elements Na, Si, Ti, Fe, and Ni, for every star in the catalog. Combining V-band photometry and Hipparcos parallaxes with a bolometric correction based on the spectroscopic results yielded stellar luminosity, radius, and mass. Interpolating Yonsei-Yale isochrones to the luminosity, effective temperature, metallicity, and α-element enhancement of each star yielded a theoretical mass, radius, gravity, and age range for most stars in the catalog. Automated tools provide uniform results and make analysis of such a large sample practical. Our analysis method differs from traditional abundance analyses in that we fit the observed spectrum directly, rather than trying to match equivalent widths, and we determine effective temperature and surface gravity from the spectrum itself, rather than adopting values based on measured photometry or parallax. As part of our analysis, we determined a new relationship between macroturbulence and effective temperature on the main sequence. Detailed error analysis revealed small systematic offsets with respect to the Sun and spurious abundance trends as a function of effective temperature that would be inobvious in smaller samples. We attempted to remove these errors by applying empirical corrections, achieving a precision per spectrum of 44 K in effective temperature, 0.03 dex in metallicity, 0.06 dex in the logarithm of gravity, and 0.5 km s-1 in projected rotational velocity. Comparisons with previous studies show only small discrepancies. Our spectroscopically determined masses have a median fractional precision of 15%, but they are systematically 10% higher than masses obtained by interpolating isochrones. Our spectroscopic radii have a median fractional precision of 3%. Our ages from isochrones have a precision that varies dramatically with location in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. We plan to extend the catalog by applying our automated analysis technique to other large stellar samples.
SYNCHRONIZATION AND CONTROL OF SPATIALLY EXTENDED SYSTEMS USING SENSOR COUPLING

We investigate the problem of synchronizing and controlling spatially extended systems. For this purpose a coupling scheme is introduced, that allows to synchronize and control the dynamics with only a few driving signals which are spatial averages of local regions. We estimate the optimal arrangement of the coupling signals and compare them with their usual periodic arrangement. The application in controlling, e.g. suppression of chaos, is demonstrated.
Proposal for a standard problem for Preisach based models

Preisach based models have been usually considered as very convenient tools to simulate both the static and the transient behavior of the irreversible magnetization. In the present work, a very simple physical system consisting of a square array of aligned magnetic particles has been considered in order to be characterized by means of Preisach parameters. A uniform magnetic field is applied in the direction of the easy axis of the particles so that the system has only one dimension. Results reveal that, despite the simplicity of this system, it cannot be successfully defined by means of Preisach parameters. The distribution of interaction fields in the system does not follow a simple Gaussian function. A distribution composed of three balancing peaks is found instead.
Existence of Solutions of Nonlinear m-Point Boundary-Value Problems☆

We study the existence of positive solutions to the boundary-value problemu″+atfu=0,t∈0,1x′0=∑i=1m−2bix′ξi,x1=∑i=1m−2aixξi,where ξi ∈ (0, 1) with 0 < ξ1 < ξ2 < ··· < ξm − 2 < 1, ai, bi ∈ [0, ∞) with 0 < ∑m − 2i = 1 ai < 1, and ∑m − 2i = 1 bi < 1. We show the existence of at least one positive solution if f is either superlinear or sublinear by applying the fixed point theorem in cones.
Separable preferences, strategyproofness, and decomposability

We consider strategyproof social choice functions defined over product domains. If preferences are strict orderings and separable, then strategyproof social choice functions must be decomposable provided that the domain of preferences is rich. We provide several characterization results in the case where preferences are separable only with respect to the elements of some partition of the set of components and these partitions vary across individuals. We characterize the libertarian social choice function and show that no superset of the tops separable domain admits strategyproof nondictatorial social choice functions.
Spray Cooling Enhancement by Addition of a Surfactant

An experimental study was done on the effect of dissolving a surfactant in water sprays used to cool a hot surface. A copper surface was heated to an initial temperature of 240°C and then rapidly cooled rising a spray of either pure water or an aqueous solution containing 100 ppm by weight of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The variation of surface temperature was measured during cooling, and spray impact was photographed. Addition of the surfactant was found to enhance nucleate boiling heat flux by up to 300 percent. The surface temperature required to initiate vapor bubble nucleation was reduced from 118°C to 103°C. These effects were attributed to the surfactant promoting bubble nucleation and foaming in spray droplets. Nucleate boiling heat transfer enhancement was observed at all liquid mass fluxes and droplet velocities in the range of our experiments. The surfactant slightly reduced transition boiling heat transfer, and also reduced the temperature at which spray droplets started to wet the surface. Changing the orientation of the surface with respect to gravity had no effect on heat transfer
Numerical tools for parameter estimation in ode-systems

The numerical problem of estimating unknown parameters in systems of ordinary differential equations from complete or incomplete data is treated. A new numerical method for the optimization part, based on the Gauss-Newton method with a trust region approach to subspace minimization for the weighted nonlinear least squares problem, is presented. The method is implemented in the framework of a toolbox (called diffpar) in Matlab and several test problems from applications, giving non-stiff and stiff ODE-systems, are treated
WARFIELD INVARIANTS IN COMMUTATIVE GROUP ALGEBRAS

Let F be a field and G an Abelian group. For every prime number q and every ordinal number α we compute only in terms of F and G the Warfield q-invariants Wα, q(VF[G]) of the group VF[G] of all normed units in the group algebra F[G] under some minimal restrictions on F and G. This expands own recent results from (Extracta Mathematicae, 2005) and (Collectanea Mathematicae, 2008).
Efficient solution of the steady‐state Navier–Stokes equations using a multigrid preconditioned Newton–Krylov method

An inexact Newton's method is used to solve the steady‐state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The equations are discretized using a mixed finite element approximation. A new efficient preconditioning methodology introduced by Kay et al. (SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 2002; 24: 237–256) is applied and its effectiveness in the context of a Newton linearization is investigated. The original strategy was introduced as a preconditioning methodology for discrete Oseen equations that arise from Picard linearization. Our new variant of the preconditioning strategy is constructed from building blocks consisting of two component multigrid cycles; a multigrid V‐cycle for a scalar convection–diffusion operator; and a multigrid V‐cycle for a pressure Poisson operator. We present numerical experiments showing that the convergence rate of the preconditioned GMRES is independent of the grid size and relatively insensitive to the Reynolds number. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Added Metallic Elements in Ag Alloys on the Durability against Heat and Humidity of Indium Zinc Oxide/Ag Alloy/Indium Zinc Oxide Transparent Conductive Multilayer System

We studied the effects of added metallic elements in the Ag alloy layers of the indium zinc oxide (IZO)/Ag alloy/IZO transparent conductive multilayer system on the optical and electrical properties of the multilayer. The correlation between the thickness of the Ag alloy layers and the optical and electrical properties of the multilayer was also investigated. The transmittance and sheet resistance were estimated from the optical constants and specific resistivities of Ag alloy and IZO, and then compared with the experimentally measured values. A high transmittance of 95.3% at a 550 nm wavelength and a low sheet resistance of 4.3 Ω/□ were achieved from the IZO (40 nm)/Ag (15 nm)/IZO (40 nm) multilayer. The effect of added metallic elements in the Ag alloy layers of the multilayer on the durability against heat and humidity was also investigated. The durability against heat was improved by the added metallic elements in the Ag alloy layers of the IZO/Ag/IZO multilayer system. When Ag film was heat-treated, agglomeration occurred owing to the surface diffusion of Ag atoms. The added metallic elements such as Pd, Cu, and Au increased the onset temperature and the activation energy for agglomeration. The optical and electrical properties of the IZO/Ag/IZO multilayer markedly deteriorated after the humidity test at 85 °C–85% relative humidity (RH) in air. The degradation of Ag alloy layer was due to the combined effect of heat, water vapor, and sulfur in air. However the deterioration did not occur in the IZO/Ag alloy/IZO multilayer with a AgAu layer after the humidity test. The IZO/Ag alloy/IZO multilayer with the AgAu layer containing 10 wt % Au especially exhibited superior characteristics with a high transmittance of 93.5% at a 550 nm wavelength and a low sheet resistance of 6.3 Ω/□ after the humidity test at 85 °C–85% RH in air for 720 h.
ON THE ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE CAGINALP SYSTEM WITH DYNAMIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

We consider a phase-field system of Caginalp type on a three-dimensional bounded domain. The order parameter $\psi $ fulfills a dynamic boundary condition, while the (relative) temperature $\theta $ is subject to a boundary condition of Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin or Wentzell type. The corresponding class of initial and boundary value problems has already been studied by the authors, proving well-posedness results and the existence of global as well as exponential attractors. Here we intend to show first that the previous analysis can be redone for larger phase-spaces, provided that the bulk potential has a fourth-order growth at most whereas the boundary potential has an arbitrary polynomial growth. Moreover, assuming the potentials to be real analytic, we demonstrate that each trajectory converges to a single equilibrium by means of a Łojasiewicz-Simon type inequality. We also obtain a convergence rate estimate.
The collapse of our Galaxy and the formation of the galactic disk

The self-regulated chemical and dynamical evolution of an initially hot, gaseous protodisk is examined in detail, taking into account both star formation and heating and cooling processes in a multicomponent interstellar medium. It is shown that one can understand the observed structure of the galactic disk in a natural way as a consequence of the gravitational settling of the protodisk. During the first 4-6 × 10 9 yr, stars form in a thick disk and «old thin disk» component, with kinematical and chemical properties which are in agreement with the observations
A Numerical Method for Simulation of Incompressible Three-Dimensional Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Flows

Three-dimensional Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows are found in numerous engineering applications. Simulation of this class of problems requires robust mathematical and computational modeling. The main goal of this article is to propose a unified numerical methodology for solving three-dimensional, laminar, incompressible Newtonian and non-Newtonian steady flows. A second-order, fully implicit finite-difference approximation is used to discretize the governing equations in a collocated mesh, in which Jacobian matrices are derived to account for distinct constitutive relations for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The strategy also uses a Euler implicit pseudo-transient time stepping aiming at steady-state solutions. Examples illustrating Newtonian and non-Newtonian (polymer melts) fluid flow in 3-D geometries are discussed.
The Carnegie Hubble Program: From parallaxes to the Tully–Fisher relation

Abstract The Carnegie Hubble Program (CHP) is a Warm Spitzer program with the aim of reducing the uncertainty in the Hubble constant to below 3%. The program is calibrated using Galactic Cepheids with precise parallax distances from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), combined with a large sample of Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We extend the Cepheid distance scale to the Local Group and beyond, into the regime probed by the Tully–Fisher relation. The entire program—from Galactic Cepheids to the most distant galaxies—uses the Spitzer/IRAC instrument. Completing the entire program with a single instrument on a single telescope virtually eliminates instrumental effects, whilst moving to the mid-infrared drastically reduces the reddening and metallicity effects that trouble the optical Cepheid distance scale. Our first measurement of the Hubble constant, using only two CHP galaxies tied into the HST Key Project results has produced a measurement of H0 = 74.3 ± 2.1 (systematic) km s−1 Mpc−1, which corresponds to a systematic uncertainty of 2.8%.
Different growth rates for catalyst-induced and self-induced GaN nanowires

The catalyst- and self-induced pathways of GaN nanowire growth by molecular beam epitaxy are compared. The catalyst-induced nanowires elongate faster than the self-induced ones and their growth rate is fully determined by the impinging N rate. The self-induced nanowire growth rate is identical on both Si(111) and Si(001) and approaches the impinging N rate only for the few longest nanowires. This difference is attributed to the presence of the Ni-catalyst which enhances the incorporation of Ga at the nanowire tip while for the self-induced nanowires, growth is limited by the different incorporation rates on the nanowire tip and sidewall facets.
Heavy Ion Abundances and Spectra and the Large Gradual Solar Energetic Particle Event of 2000 July 14

We compare the spectra and abundances of heavy elements of atomic number Z in the range 34 ≤ Z ≤ 40 with those of He, C, O, Ne, Si, and Fe, as observed on the Wind spacecraft, in the large solar energetic particle (SEP) events of 1998 April 20 and 2000 July 14. This is the first time that spectra of the rare, trans-Fe, 34 ≤ Z ≤ 40 ions have been measured in SEP events. We use the systematic dependence of the spectral e-folding energies on the charge-to-mass ratio (Q/A) of the species to estimate ionization states of each species. Ionization states of Q ~ 11 for ions with 34 ≤ Z ≤ 40 are comparable to those for Si and Fe.
for Sentiment, Affect, and Connotation

In this chapter we turn to tools for interpreting affective meaning, extending our affective study of sentiment analysis in Chapter 4. We use the word ‘affective’, following the tradition in affective computing (Picard, 1995) to mean emotion, sentiment, personality, mood, and attitudes. Affective meaning is closely related to subjectivity, subjectivity the study of a speaker or writer’s evaluations, opinions, emotions, and speculations (Wiebe et al., 1999). How should affective meaning be defined? One influential typology of affective states comes from Scherer (2000), who defines each class of affective states by factors like its cognitive realization and time course (Fig. 25.1).
XMM-Newton Observations of Broad Absorption Line Quasars with Polar Outflows

We have selected a sample of broad absorption line (BAL) quasars which show significant radio variations, indicating the presence of polar BAL outflows. We obtained snapshot XMM observations of four polar BAL QSOs, to check whether strong X-ray absorption, one of the most prominent characteristics of most BAL QSOs, also exists in polar outflows. Two of the sources are detected in the X-ray. Spectral fittings show that they are X-ray normal with no intrinsic X-ray absorption, suggesting the X-ray shielding gas might be absent in polar BAL outflows. Comparing to non-BAL QSOs, one of two X-ray-nondetected sources remains consistent with X-ray normal, while the other one, which is an iron low-ionization BAL (FeLoBAL), shows an X-ray weakness factor of >19, suggesting strong intrinsic X-ray absorption. Alternative explanations for the nondetection of strong X-ray absorption in the two X-ray-detected sources are that (1) the absorption is more complex than a simple neutral absorber, such as partial covering absorption or ionized absorption; (2) there might be significant jet contribution to the detected X-ray emission. Current data are insufficient to test these possibilities, and further observations are required to understand the X-ray nature of polar BAL outflows.