Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single Value of NephroCheck™ Performed at 4 Hours After Surgery Does Not Predict Acute Kidney Injury in Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Background: Quantification of urinary tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IFGBP-7), which is commercially known as NephroCheck™(NC) test have been suggested as promising tools for the early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery involving cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB). Objectives: The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that single value of postoperative NC test performed at 4 hours after surgery can predict AKI in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) surgery. Setting and Design: This prospective single-center study was conducted at the tertiary cardiac center in India from December 2017 to November 2018. Methods: Ninety adult patients of both sex undergoing elective OPCABG were included. Anesthesia was standardized to all patients. Urine samples were collected preoperatively and at 4 hours after surgery for NC test. Urine output, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were also measured. AKI staging was based on kidney disease improving global outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. Statistical Analysis: To assess the predictability of NC test for the primary endpoint, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), was calculated. Results: Thirteen patients developed AKI in the study cohort (14.4%) out of which 7 patients (7.8%) developed stage 2/3 AKI and the remaining stage 1 AKI. Baseline renal parameters were similar between AKI and non-AKI group. The area under curve (AUC) of NC test at 4 hours after surgery was 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42-0.77]. Postoperative NC test performed at 4 hours after surgery did not predict AKI in this study population (P = 0.24). There were no significant differences in duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care stay and hospital stay between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: NephroCheck™ test performed at 4 hours after surgery did not identify patients at risk for developing AKI following OPCABG surgery.
The Use of Discrete Hilbert Transforms in Phase Extension and Improvement

A new totally model independent procedure for phase extension and improvement in X-ray crystallography, based on the discrete Hilbert transforms, is presented. The method has been tested using simulated diffraction data of a small molecule and simulated and experimental data of a protein crystal. Starting from a randomly incomplete set of correct phases, it allows calculation of the unknown phases. Moreover, a set of phases affected by a mean phase error of ±90° can be improved to a mean error of ±25° if the correct figures of merit for the reflections are known. The performance and the limitations of the technique, as well as the perspectives for further developments, are discussed.
On the homogeneity of infinite products of manifolds

Let M be the Cartesian product of a countably infinite family of compact manifolds Mi. If every Mi has a boundary, then M is homogeneous [2]. Since a manifold without boundary is homogeneous, M is also homogeneous if none of the Mi has a boundary. It follows that M is homogeneous if none or if infinitely many of the Mi have a boundary. Answering a question raised by R. D. Anderson concerning the remaining case, we prove
CONSTRUCTIVE ALGEBRAS I

CONTENTSIntroduction § 1. Algebraic systems1.1. Functions, operations, predicates1.2. Generating sets. Terms1.3. Primitive and quasi-primitive classes1.4. Defining relations1.5. Algebras of recursive functions § 2. Numbered sets2.1. Mappings of numbered sets2.2. Univalent reducibility of numberings2.3. Equivalence of numberings § 3. Numbered algebras3.1. R-numberings of algebraic systems3.2. Subsystems3.3. Homomorphisms and congruences § 4. Finitely generated algebras4.1. General finitely generated algebras4.2. Finitely presented algebrasReferences
Influence of northern hemisphere general circulation on drought in northeast Brazil

Evidence is presented to show that the highly variable interannual rainfall over Northeast Brazil is dependent on the degree of cyclonic activity or blocking in the Newfoundland-Greenland area during the Northern Hemisphere winter and spring. The linkage is traced through variations in the subtropical Atlantic anticyclone, the northeast trades and the responding Hadley cell which is forced to vary in position and strength. Intense blocking over North America and the North Atlantic is usually associated with devastating drought over Northeast Brazil. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1972. tb01561.x
Comparative study of the formation and decay of xenon excimers following selective excitation of the 5p56s states: spectroscopic and kinetic analysis

In order to specify the mechanisms involved in a xenon dielectric barrier excimer lamp, an experimental work was undertaken using two different set-ups. One study, performed under selective multiphotonic excitation, is presented here and the other, of a dielectric barrier micro-discharge, will be published in another paper. In this work, excitation of the two lower atomic states of the 5p56s configuration was performed: the Xe5p56s(3P2) metastable state and the molecular g states correlated to it or to the Xe5p56s(3P1) resonant state were excited by absorption of two photons. A spectroscopic and kinetic study was performed for the first time, comparing the radiation characteristics consecutive to initially populating either the resonant Xe5p56s(3P1) or the metastable Xe5p56s(3P2) states. A first continuum issuing from 1u state and broader than the 0+u one is observed. The transfer from the 0+u(3P1) state to a dissociative state correlated to Xe5p56s(3P2) is clearly shown. The sum of the transfer and relaxation rate constants was measured: kt + kv = (1.6 ± 0.5) × 106 Torr−1 s−1.
Glutamine as an Anti-Fatigue Amino Acid in Sports Nutrition

Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid widely used in sports nutrition, especially because of its immunomodulatory role. Notwithstanding, glutamine plays several other biological functions, such as cell proliferation, energy production, glycogenesis, ammonia buffering, maintenance of the acid-base balance, among others. Thus, this amino acid began to be investigated in sports nutrition beyond its effect on the immune system, attributing to glutamine various properties, such as an anti-fatigue role. Considering that the ergogenic potential of this amino acid is still not completely known, this review aimed to address the main properties by which glutamine could delay fatigue, as well as the effects of glutamine supplementation, alone or associated with other nutrients, on fatigue markers and performance in the context of physical exercise. PubMed database was selected to examine the literature, using the keywords combination “glutamine” and “fatigue”. Fifty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated in this integrative literature review. Most of the studies evaluated observed that glutamine supplementation improved some fatigue markers, such as increased glycogen synthesis and reduced ammonia accumulation, but this intervention did not increase physical performance. Thus, despite improving some fatigue parameters, glutamine supplementation seems to have limited effects on performance.
Response of the Blasius boundary layer to free-stream vorticity

Two- and three-dimensional vortical modes that solve the linearized Navier-Stokes equations in the free stream are used in the present theory to represent some of the key features of low-level turbulence. Excluding the leading edge, the effect of these modes on the Blasius boundary layer is investigated using the parabolized stability equations (PSE). When the vortical modes are steady, or have low frequencies, the PSE analysis is started at a location x0 from the solution to a new set of ordinary differential equations. This solution is able to satisfy the linearized Navier-Stokes equations in a rather large neighborhood of x0. When the vortical modes have frequencies equal to those of unstable Tollmien-Schlichting waves, the scattering of the vortical modes by surface undulation produces only a weak response in the boundary layer, in agreement with other investigations. However, when steady and low-frequency vortical modes are considered, the analysis yields results that successfully reproduce a number .
Stability of hydromagnetic dissipative Couette flow with non-axisymmetric disturbance

A linear stability analysis has been implemented for hydromagnetic dissipative Couette flow, a viscous electrically conducting fluid between rotating concentric cylinders in the presence of a uniform axial magnetic field. The small-gap equations with respect to non-axisymmetric disturbances are derived and solved by a direct numerical procedure. Both types of boundary conditions, conducting and non-conducting walls, are considered. A parametric study covering wide ranges of μ, the ratio of angular velocity of the outer cylinder to that of inner cylinder, and Q, the Hartmann number which represents the strength of axial magnetic field, is conducted. Results show that the stability characteristics depend on the conductivity of the cylinders. For the case of non-conducting walls, it is found that the critical disturbance is a non-axisymmetric mode as the value of μ is sufficiently negative and the domain of Q where non-axisymmetric instability modes prevail is limited. Similar results are obtained for conducting walls at low Hartmann number. In addition, the transition of the onset of instability from non-axisymmetric modes to axisymmetric modes for the case μ=−1 with increasing strength of magnetic field are discussed in detail. For high values of the Hartmann number, the critical disturbance is always the axisymmetric stationary mode for non-conducting walls but not for conducting walls. For −1[les ]μ<1, it is demonstrated that non-axisymmetric instability modes prevail in a wide range of Q for conducting walls and axisymmetric oscillatory modes may, in fact, become more critical than both of the non-axisymmetric and axisymmetric stationary modes at higher values of the Hartmann number.
Exploring the Transient Behavior of Z–R Relationships: Implications for Radar Rainfall Estimation

Abstract The objective of this study is to characterize the signature of dynamical microphysical processes on reflectivity–rainfall (Z–R) relationships used for radar rainfall estimation. For this purpose, a bin model with explicit microphysics was used to perform a sensitivity analysis of the shape parameters of the drop size distribution (DSD) as a function of time and rainfall regime. Simulations show that coalescence is the dominant microphysical process for low to moderate rain intensity regimes (R 20 mm h−1), collision–breakup dynamics dominate the evolution of the raindrop spectra. The time-dependent Z–R relationships produced by the model converge to a universal Z–R relationship fo.
Scaling laws for the turbulent mixing of a passive scalar in the wake of a cylinder

Turbulence is triggered by an air flow passing around a cylinder and heated by an array of hot wires parallel to the cylinder axis. Simultaneous velocity and passive temperature fluctuations are measured locally on the centerline of the cylinder wake. The focus is on the scaling properties of the mixed scalar-velocity structure functions 〈|δu(r)δθ(r)2|p/3〉. It is observed that 〈|δu(r)δθ(r)2|p/3〉 displays the same scaling behavior as 〈|δu(r)δθ(r)2|〉Ψp/Ψ3 over an extended range of scales. This yields accurate measurements for the relative scaling exponents Ψp/Ψ3. It is further observed that the moments of the coarse-grained scalar energy diffusion rate 〈N(r)p〉 satisfy a closure condition as proposed by She and Leveque [Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 336 (1994)]. Otherwise it is proposed that 〈|δu(r)δθ(r)2|p/3〉 scales as 〈N(r)p/3〉〈|δu(r)δθ(r)2|〉p/3. This generalized similarity relation is well supported by our measurements over a range of scales which greatly exceeds the inertial range. A theoretical prediction is fin.
Electrostatic wave generation above and below the plasma frequency by electron beams

The growth of electrostatic waves near the plasma frequency fp resulting from an unstable electron beam is investigated by solving the unmagnetized electrostatic dispersion equation numerically. Particular attention is given to finding the dispersion relations, frequencies of maximum growth, and resonant or nonresonant character of the waves for particular beam parameters. These numerical solutions are compared with analytic theories for reactive (or fluid‐type) and kinetic versions of the beam instability, and for the O’Neil and Malmberg [Phys. Fluids 11, 1754 (1968)] connection of the beam and Langmuir modes. Conditions for these theoretical descriptions to be relevant, and conditions for growth significantly above or below fp are given. Three general results are found: (i) the unstable waves do not have the Langmuir dispersion relation except in the limit of a very dilute beam with growth on the connected mode of O’Neil and Malmberg; (ii) the properties of the unstable mode depend strongly on beam pa.
Seamless Advective Blending of Total Precipitable Water Retrievals from Polar-Orbiting Satellites*

AbstractConventional methods of viewing and combining retrieved geophysical fields from polar-orbiting satellites often complicate the work of end users because of the erratic time differences between overpasses, the significant time gaps between elements of a composite image, or simply the different requirements for interpretation between contributing instruments. However, it is possible to mitigate these issues for any number of retrieved quantities in which the tracer lifetime exceeds the sampling time. This paper presents a method that uses “advective blending” to create high-fidelity composites of data from polar-orbiting satellites at high temporal resolution, including a characterization of error as a function of time gap between satellite overpasses. The method is especially effective for tracers with lifetimes of longer than 7 h. Examples are presented using microwave-based retrievals of total precipitable water (TPW) over the ocean, from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Stu.
Dependence on Crystalline Face of the Band Bending in Cs2 O‐Activated GaAs

Electron energy loss in the band‐bending region of the p‐type III–V semiconductor in a III–V photocathode is an important factor in determining the escape probability and the optimum doping. From measurements of photoelectric yield near threshold from Cs2O‐activated n‐type GaAs, the position of the Fermi level at the GaAs–Cs2O interface was determined for {110}, {100}, {111A}, and {111B} surfaces. Assuming the Fermi‐level position at the GaAs surface to be independent of doping, the band bending for p‐type GaAs is greatest for the {111A} face and least for the {111B} face. The measured escape probabilities of photoexcited electrons from different crystalline faces of optimally activated 5 × 1018/cm3 Zn‐doped liquid epitaxial GaAs correlate well with the band‐bending measurements. The {111B} sample has an escape probability of 0.489 and a luminous sensitivity of 1837 μA/lm.
The Distribution of Primitive Roots

Notation, p and q are generic symbols for prime numbers. N(H, p) denotes the number of primes q, not exceeding Hy which are primitive roots (mod p). g(p) denotes the least positive primitive root (mod p). g*(p) is the least prime primitive root (mod p). v(m) denotes the number of distinct prime divisors of the integer m. τk (m) is the number of ways of representing the integer m as the product of k integers, order being important. π(x, k, r) is the number of primes p, not exceeding x, which satisfy p ≡ r(mod k); while π(x) denotes the total number of p ≦ x. logm x denotes the mth iterated logarithmic function which is defined, when possible, by
Effect of Random Inhomogeneities on Electron Cyclotron Maser Emission

The spectral properties of solar radio spikes are believed to be tightly related to the spike source inhomogeneity: in particular, the spikes display a rather large scatter of spectral bandwidth of the emission lines both within one event and from one event to another. This paper studies the effect of random magnetic and density inhomogeneities on the spectral properties of the electron cyclotron maser emission produced by superthermal electrons, which is likely responsible for solar radio spikes. Magnetic irregularities with a broad distribution over spatial scales are shown to provide considerable spectral broadening that is not necessarily small compared to the natural bandwidth, even for small magnetic inhomogeneities. The developed renormalization scheme allows us to describe quantitatively the spectral shape of the emission line when the broadening is large. Moreover, the presence of stronger magnetic inhomogeneities gives rise to the splitting of the emission line into two peaks, in agreement with the observed noninteger harmonic ratio between spectrally separated spike bands. Typical values of the spectral bandwidth are found to be fairly consistent with spike observations. The developed theory suggests new possibilities for random magnetic field diagnostics. The estimated magnitudes of the random magnetic field at the spike source look rather reasonable.
Commuting Differential Operators of Type B2

1.1. Several integral systems are accidentally related to root systems. Olshanetsky-Perelomov ([OP1], [OP2]) considered integrable n-particle models in dimension one arising from root systems. The systems of differential operators satisfied by zonal spherical functions give such integrable systems and these were generalized by Sekiguchi and Heckman-Opdam ([Sj], [HO]). In [OOS] we announce a classification of integrable systems invariant under simple classical Weyl groups. The precise discussion has already been given by [OS] and [O] except for the case of type B2. As is shown in [OS], the classification problem for type B2 is reduced to a functional differential equation (1.4). In §2 we give a complete list of solutions of this functional equation. Some solutions have already been obtained, after [OP2], by Inozemtsev [IM], [I] (See also [P]). The main result of §2 is Theorem 2.9, which is stated in §1.3 in a different form. In §3 we examine the reducibility of the system obtained in §2. We note that if the system coincides with the system satisfied by zonal spherical functions of a semisimple Lie group, the reducibility is related to degenerate series representations. The final draft of this paper was completed when the authors were visiting University of Leiden in the fall of 1994. The authors express their sincere gratitude to Profḋrv̇an Dijk for his hospitality during their stay there.
The Influence of Raingage Integration Time, on Measured Rainfall-intensity Distribution Functions

Abstract Rainfall-rate statistics are frequently derived on the basis of raingage recordings having effective integration times of five minutes or more. The conversion of such data to equivalent statistics for an effective integration time of one minute is important in the prediction of microwave system performance. High-resolution tipping-bucket precipitation records for 45 locations in Canada have been analyzed to yield empirical conversion factors appropriate for five- or ten-minute sampling times. Two modes of expression are examined. In one, the ratio of equiprobable one-minute to τ-minute rainfall rates is treated as a function of their probability of occurrence, while in the other it is considered a function of the observed τ-minute rainfall intensity. In each instance the entire Canadian semicontinent could conveniently be divided into three characteristic regions with appropriate raingage correction factors for each region expressed in the form of a power-law over the range of practical interest .
Die Ultraschallzelle mit zwei gegenläufigen Schallwellen als Lichtmodulator

Ultraschallzellen mit zwei gegenlaufigen Schallwellen (fQ = 3,12 MHz … 9,36 MHz) werden zur sinusformigen Intensitatsmodulation eines annahernd monochromatischen Lichtbundels benutzt. Nach der elementaren Theorie von Raman und Nagendra Nath lassen sich die Intensitat des Lichtes nullter Ordnung, die von diesem Licht an einer Photokathode erzeugten Wechselstrome und der Modulationsgrad in Abhangigkeit von der Schallamplitude berechnen. Das aus dem Modulator austretende Licht weist eine Phasenstruktur auf, die durch Abgleichen der Zelle moglichst klein gehalten wird. Bei der Unterteilung des Lichtes in 16 Teilbundel betragen die maximalen Phasenunterschiede bei Schallfrequenzen von 4,70 MHz … 9,36 MHz 1,5 Grad … 12 Grad, je nach Zellenfullung und Schallamplitude. Bei praktisch eingesetzten Zellen liegen sie unter 5 Grad. Der Modulationsgrad betragt 38 … 64%, die notwendige HF-Leistung weniger als 2 Watt. Von bestimmten Schallamplituden ab erhalt man storende Schlieren. Meswerte von Gleich- und Wechselstromen an der Anode eines Photomultipliers, die in Abhangigkeit von der Spannung an den Ultraschallquarzen aufgenommen wurden, erlauben einen Vergleich mit der Theorie.
Response of plane shear layers and wakes to strong three‐dimensional disturbances

Shear layers and wakes formed downstream of a splitter plate whose trailing edge has spanwise variations were briefly explored using the reacting flow visualization technique. A fundamental difference in behavior was observed between the two types of flows. The shear layer (which has only one sign of mean vorticity) rapidly forms its characteristic two‐dimensional vortex structures, whereas, in contrast, the wake (which has both signs of mean vorticity) forms closed vortex loops. These loops do not grow appreciably in the spanwise direction over the test section length, even though the transverse growth is comparable to the two‐dimensional wake behavior. The global structure of the shear layer quickly forgets the initial perturbations, while the wake remembers them. The results strongly suggest that the presence of only one or both signs of mean vorticity in these plane turbulent flows has a fundamental bearing on the spanwise structure and stability of the vorticity field.