Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Freshwater teleconnections and ocean thermohaline circulation

Asymmetry of the Atlantic and Pacific sea surface salinity (SSS) is recognized as an important element of the global ocean thermohaline circulation. However, a threshold of such asymmetry that may trigger a true global deep‐ocean conveyor has not yet been examined. A combined effect of the Atlantic‐Pacific and the Southern Ocean surface salinity asymmetries also has not yet been clearly shown. We address these issues and conclude that Atlantic‐Pacific SSS asymmetry is one of the most critical elements for maintaining the global ocean conveyor. Our experiments suggest, albeit preliminary, that high‐latitudinal freshwater impacts, as a mechanism of altering global ocean thermohaline circulation, may be less effective than inter‐basin freshwater communications.
A cold Early Palaeozoic subduction zone in the North Qilian Mountains, NW China: petrological and U‐Pb geochronological constraints

The north Qilian high‐pressure (HP)/low‐temperature (LT) metamorphic belt is composed mainly of blueschists, eclogites and greenschist facies rocks. It formed within an Early Palaeozoic accretionary wedge associated with the subduction of the oceanic crust and is considered to be one of the best preserved HP/LT metamorphic belts in China. Here we report new lawsonite‐bearing eclogites and eclogitic rocks enclosed within epidote blueschists in the North Qilian Mountains. Five samples contain unaltered lawsonite coexisting with omphacite and phengite as inclusions in garnet, indicating eclogite facies garnet growth and lawsonite pseudomorphs were observed in garnet from an additional 11 eclogites and eclogitic rocks. Peak pressure conditions estimated from lawsonite omphacite‐phengite‐garnet assemblages were 2.1–2.4 GPa at temperatures of 420–510 °C, in or near the stability field of lawsonite eclogite, and implying formation under an apparent geothermal gradient of 6–8 °C km−1, consistent with metamorphism in a cold subduction zone. SHRIMP U‐Pb dating of zircon from two lawsonite‐bearing eclogitic metabasites yields ages of 489 ± 7 Ma and 477 ± 16 Ma, respectively. CL images and mineral inclusions in zircon grains indicate that these ages reflect an eclogite facies metamorphism. An age of 502 ± 16 Ma is recorded in igneous cores of zircon grains from one lawsonite pseudomorph‐bearing eclogite, which is in agreement with the formation age of Early Ordovician for some ophiolite sequences in the North Qilian Mountains, and may be associated with a period of oceanic crust formation. The petrological and chronological data demonstrate the existence of a cold Early Palaeozoic subduction zone in the North Qilian Mountains.
Physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols at Spitsbergen in the spring of 1996

Ground level measurements of aerosol physical and chemical properties were conducted at Ny Alesund on Spitsbergen from late March to mid-May 1996 as part of the European Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry study (ARCTOC'96) using laser-scattering aerosol-spectrometer probes and a denuder-filterpack system. When the air comes from Eurasia, the number, area, and volume distributions of aerosols at Ny Alesund are similar to those observed in the high Arctic at Alert, Canada, while when air comes off open water areas of the North Atlantic or Greenland, they are most different. The marine air has relatively more supermicrometer particles than the polluted arctic air. In Eurasian air the inorganic ionic component is dominated by H+ and SO4= and to a lesser extent NH4+. The average molar ratio of NH4+/H+ is 1/3. The average dry aerosol mass concentration and composition at Ny Alesund varied depending on origin of air. The period mean mass concentration was 4.1 μg m−3. It was lowest (2.2 μg m−3) in air coming from the open North Atlantic and Greenland and was highest (6.2 μg m−3) in air coming from the east. On average, aerosols in the North Atlantic and Greenland air were composed of 19% non-sea-salt SO4=, 22% sea salt, 25% “other inorganic ions,” and 34% of an uncharacterized residual fraction that is likely mostly carbonaceous compounds. In contrast, for the most polluted eastern air these fractions were 48% non-sea-salt SO4=, 7% sea salt, 8% other inorganic ions, and 37% residual. For the period the median diameters of the mean accumulation mode number, surface area, and volume distributions at ambient relative humidity (78–90%) were 0.23 μm, 0.37 μm, and 0.50 μm effective scattering diameter (ESD), respectively. Number concentrations (for dry particle diameters >0.065 μm) ranged from 10 to 922 cm−3 with an average of 270 cm−3. Mixing ratios of particulate Br− compounds were observed to be anticorrelated with that of ozone, increasing markedly when the ozone mixing ratio was <10 nmol/mol. There was no obvious dependence of the ratio of gas to particle Br− on ozone mixing ratio. Observations suggested that during ozone depletion events the number concentration of particles increased in the 1.0 to 1.4 μm ESD diameter range (ambient relative humidity).
Hydraulic conductivity in soils irrigated with wastewaters of differing strengths: Field and laboratory studies

Application of wastewater can decrease the hydraulic conductivity of soils, and so reduce future loading rates. A possible mechanism for this decrease is blockage of soil pores by microbial growth and extracellular carbohydrate production. Our objective was to determine whether wastewater characteristics that increased microbial biomass and carbohydrate also decreased soil hydraulic conductivity. In field trials, irrigation of secondary-treated wastewater for 7 years onto a sandy soil increased carbohydrate, but had no effect on microbial C or unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, relative to non-irrigated soil. Irrigation of tertiary-treated wastewater for 5 years onto an allophanic soil had no significant effect on these soil characteristics. Effects on soil properties of wastewater with differing carbon : nitrogen (C : N) ratio were examined in the laboratory on repacked cores of the allophanic soil over 14 weeks. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreased significantly in cores irrigated with the high C: N wastewater. These cores also exhibited an increase in soil carbohydrate content, microbial biomass, and respiration relative to cores irrigated with water. This study has demonstrated that the land treatment of industrial wastewaters of high C: N ratio and high biochemical oxygen demand could be problematic, even on freely draining soils.
Recognizing the Psychosocial Aspects of Type 1 Diabetes in Adolescents

Objective: Considering the ever increasing population of diabetic adolescents and the association of the disease with psychosocial problems throughout its course, depression and/or anxiety and social support from parents are issues of special concern in these patients. The study aimed to identify the depression and anxiety state of diabetic adolescents and its impact on the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: 295 adolescents with type 1 DM and their parents attended our study. Psychological distress was assessed using the Children’s Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI I-II) for Children, Perceived Social Support from Family (PSS-Fa) scale, Beck Depression Inventory for adults, STAI I-II for adults and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Records of glycemic measurements, insulin dosage and hemoglobin A1c levels were used as glycemic control parameters. Results: Depression rate was 12.9%. State (p<0.001) and trait anxiety (p<0.001) levels were high; PSS-Fa (p<0.001) and MSPSS (p<0.006) scores were low in the depressive patients. Positive correlations were noted between depression, PSS-Fa, STAI-I and STAI-II. Conclusion: Therapeutic strategies of DM should include co-existing psychiatric conditions throughout the course of the disease. In diabetic adolescents, PSS-Fa, STAI-I and STAI-II appear to be effective tools in the evaluation of depression.
Rhinoscleroma; observations based on a study of two hundred cases.

RHINOSCLEROMA (scrofulous lupus of the nostrils, nasal scleroma) is a chronic disease of relatively benign evolution, whose contagiousness is doubtful; it is nonhereditary. Its anatomic characteristic is a tumor formation of varying volume, of waxy or reddish appearance and with a decided tendency to ulcerate and spread. It is invariably located in the rhinopharyngeal region. HISTORY In the Museum of the History of Medicine, of Cracow, Poland,1there are wax models of this disease made in the year 1840, which were exhibited by Bierkowsky as cutaneous cancers. Hebra2(1870) was the first to make a clinical description of this curious disease, naming it rhinoscleroma (hard nose). At that time it was mistaken for syphilis and sarcoma. Geber3in 1872 and Mikulicz4in 1876 histologically demonstrated its sclerotic tissue. In 1882 Frisch5discovered an encapsulated bacillus which now bears his name and which he
Methanogenic and Sulphate-Reducing Microbial Communities in Deep Groundwater of Crystalline Rock Fractures in Olkiluoto, Finland

The long-term safety of final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in the deep geosphere is dependent on stability of biogeochemical conditions at the disposal site. Microbial processes, such as sulphate reduction and methanogenesis, may have profound effects on site biogeochemistry. In this study, sulphate-reducing bacteria and methane-producing archaea were investigated at depths ranging from 68 to 545 m in crystalline rock fractures at an intended spent nuclear fuel disposal site in Olkiluoto, Finland. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis detected diverse sulphate-reducing bacterial communities in all samples. Although the number of dsrB gene copies was below 103 copies ml−1 in all analyzed samples according to real-time quantitative PCR, their abundance was highest in samples that had the highest sulphate concentrations. Several distinct mcrA gene fragments were also recovered from most of the analyzed samples by cloning, although the number of methanogens was lower than that of sulphate-reducing bacteria when measured by mcrA-targeted quantitative PCR. The detected gene fragments were most closely related to sequences obtained from aquatic and deep subsurface environments. Results imply that sulphate reduction, methanogenesis, and anaerobic methane oxidation may all take place in the Olkiluoto deep geobiosphere.
Thermal structure of Venusian nighttime mesosphere as observed by VIRTIS‐Venus Express

[1] The mapping IR channel of the Visual and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS-M) on board the Venus Express spacecraft observes the CO2 band at 4.3 μm at a spectral resolution adequate to retrieve the atmospheric temperature profiles in the 65–96 km altitude range. Observations acquired in the period June 2006 to July 2008 were used to derive average temperature fields as a function of latitude, subsolar longitude (i.e., local time, LT), and pressure. Coverage presented here is limited to the nighttime because of the adverse effects of daytime non-LTE emission on the retrieval procedure and to southernmost latitudes because of the orientation of the Venus-Express orbit. Maps of air temperature variability are also presented as the standard deviation of the population included in each averaging bin. At the 100 mbar level (about 65 km above the reference surface), temperatures tend to decrease from the evening to the morning side despite a local maximum observed around 20–21LT. The cold collar is evident around 65S, with a minimum temperature at 3LT. Moving to higher altitudes, local time trends become less evident at 12.6 mbar (about 75 km) where the temperature monotonically increases from middle latitudes to the southern pole. Nonetheless, at this pressure level, two weaker local time temperature minima are observed at 23LT and 2LT equatorward of 60S. Local time trends in temperature reverse about 85 km, where the morning side is the warmer. The variability at the 100 mbar level is maximum around 80S and stronger toward the morning side. Moving to higher altitudes, the morning side always shows the stronger variability. Southward of 60S, standard deviation presents minimum values around 12.6 mbar for all the local times.
When is the optimum time for the initiation of early rehabilitative exercise on the postoperative functional recovery of peri-ankle fractures? A network meta-analysis

Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the safe and most effective initiation time for the functional recovery of patients with peri-ankle fractures after surgery. Method We searched electronic databases, including the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed and the reference lists of relevant articles published from inception to October 30, 2021. Two researchers independently performed literature screening and data extraction and evaluated the quality of the included literature using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Network meta-analysis, including consistency testing, publication bias, and graphical plotting, was performed using Stata (v16.0). Results A total of 25 articles involving 1756 patients were included in this study. The results of the meta-analysis showed that functional exercise within 2 days after surgery may result in lower VAS scores compared to other techniques (P < 0.05). Functional exercise within 12 months may lead to higher AOFAS scores than that of other techniques (P < 0.05). The total postoperative complication rate, including deep vein thrombosis, showed no statistically significant differences between any two interventions (P > 0.05). The results of the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) showed that functional exercise within two days postoperatively may have the lowest VAS scores (SUCRA = 82.8%), functional exercise within 1 week postoperatively may have the lowest deep vein thrombosis rate (SUCRA = 66.8%), functional exercise within 10 days postoperatively may have the fewest total postoperative complication rate (SUCRA = 73.3%) and functional exercise within 12 months postoperatively may contribute to the highest AOFAS scores (SUCRA = 85.5%). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that initiation of rehabilitation within two days after surgery may be the best time to reduce postoperative pain; rehabilitation interventions within 10 days after surgery may be the optimal time for reducing the total postoperative complication rate, including deep vein thrombosis; and continued functional exercise within 12 months after surgery may steadily and ideally improve the function of the ankle joint. Systematic Review Registration: doi: 10.37766/inplasy2021.12. 0030, identifier: INPLASY2021120030
Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation

Background: Demographic projections suggest a major increase in non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality over the next two decades in developing countries. In a climate of scarce resources, policy-makers need to know which interventions represent value for money. The prohibitive cost of performing multiple economic evaluations has generated interest in transferring the results of studies from one setting to another. This paper aims to bridge the gap in the current literature by critically evaluating the available published data on economic evaluations of NCD interventions in developing countries. Methods: We identified and reviewed the methodological quality of 32 economic evaluations of NCD interventions in developing countries. Developing countries were defined according to the World Bank classification for lowand lower middle-income countries. We defined NCDs as the 12 categories listed in the 1993 World Bank report Investing in Health. English language literature was searched for the period January 1984 and January 2003 inclusive in Medline, Science Citation Index, HealthStar, NHS Economic Evaluation Database and Embase using medical subheading terms and free text searches. We then assessed the quality of studies according to a set of pre-defined technical criteria. Results: We found that the quality of studies was poor and resource allocation decisions made by local and global policy-makers on the basis of this evidence could be misleading. Furthermore we have identified some clear gaps in the literature, particularly around injuries and strategies for tackling the consequences of the emerging tobacco epidemic. Conclusion: In the face of poor evidence the role of so-called generalised cost-effectiveness analyses has an important role to play in aiding public health decision-making at the global level. Further research is needed to investigates the causes of variation among cost, effects and costeffectiveness data within and between settings. Such analyses still need to take a broad view, present data in a transparent manner and take account of local constraints. Published: 03 April 2006 Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2006, 4:7 doi:10.1186/1478-7547-4-7 Received: 28 October 2005 Accepted: 03 April 2006 This article is available from: http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/4/1/7 © 2006 Mulligan et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2006, 4:7 http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/4/1/7
Sill intrusion as a source mechanism of unrest at volcanic calderas

The interpretation of dynamic processes that occur in volcanic calderas is not simple. The ground deformations and the local seismicity, which in other volcanic contexts are usually regarded as precursors to eruption, in caldera environment in many cases are not followed by any eruption. We formulate a general hypothesis that can explain these behaviors. Our hypothesis is that the intrusion of a sill can be responsible for the dynamics observed during unrest at calderas. In order to investigate the reliability of this hypothesis, we developed a dynamic model of sill intrusion in a shallow volcanic environment. In our model, the sill, fed by a deeper magma reservoir, intrudes below a horizontal elastic plate, representing the overlying rocks, and expands with axisymmetric geometry. The model is based on the numerical solution of the equation for the elastic plate, coupled with a Navier‐Stokes equation for simulating the dynamics of the sill intrusion. We performed a number of simulations, with the objective of showing the main features of the model. In the experiments, when the feeding process stops, the vertical movement reverses its trend and the area of maximum uplift undergoes subsidence. Under certain conditions the subsidence can occur even during the intrusion of the sill. The stress field produced by the intrusion is mainly concentrated in a circular zone that follows the sill intrusion front. The features predicted by the model are consistent with many observations carried out on different calderas as reported in the scientific literature.
Patients with Single-Ventricle Physiology over the Age of 40 Years

Background: Single-ventricle physiology (SVP) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality at a young age. However, survival prospects have improved and risk factors for a negative outcome are well described in younger cohorts. Data regarding older adults is scarce. Methods: In this study, SVP patients under active follow-up at our center who were ≥40 years of age at any point between January 2005 and December 2018 were included. Demographic data, as well as medical/surgical history were retrieved from hospital records. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality. Results: Altogether, 49 patients (19 female (38.8%), mean age 49.2 ± 6.4 years) were included. Median follow-up time was 4.9 years (interquartile range (IQR): 1.8–8.5). Of these patients, 40 (81.6%) had undergone at least one cardiac surgery. The most common extracardiac comorbidities were thyroid dysfunction (n = 27, 55.1%) and renal disease (n = 15, 30.6%). During follow-up, 10 patients (20.4%) died. On univariate analysis, renal disease and liver cirrhosis were predictors of all-cause mortality. On multivariate analysis, only renal disease (hazard ratio (HR): 12.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5–106.3, p = 0.021) remained as an independent predictor. Conclusions: SVP patients ≥40 years of age are burdened with significant morbidity and mortality. Renal disease is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality.
Sedimentation at MANOP Site H (eastern equatorial Pacific) over the past 400,000 years: Climatically induced redox variations and their effects on transition metal cycling

Gravity cores recovered from Manganese Nodule Project site H (6°33′N, 92°49′W) show marked downcore variations in the abundance of calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal, manganese, and other components deposited over the past 400,000 years. Variations in the downcore abundance of organic carbon, which ranges from 0.2 to 1.0%, can be used to hindcast redox conditions in the surface sediments over this time. The results indicate that the depth to the manganese redox boundary varied from about 5 to 25 cm below the seafloor during four major cycles. Downcore variations in solid phase Mn, Ni, and Cu can be produced by such changes in redox conditions. A model which predicts that solid phase Mn can be trapped and buried when the Mn redox boundary migrates rapidly upward is consistent with the observed organic carbon and Mn records and supports the reconstructed redox variations. The history of redox variations at site H can be explained by changes with time in surface water productivity. Major productivity variations at the site occur over 100-kyr cycles, with relatively higher productivity occurring during glacial stages. Thus Quaternary climate changes influence surface water productivity, redox conditions in sediments, and the cycling of transition metals.
Conodont-based revisions of the Late Ludfordian on Gotland, Sweden

Abstract The Late Ludlow topmost Hemse-Burgsvik succession includes more substantial and more rapid facies changes than most older and younger intervals on Gotland. A revised conodont zonation for this interval includes three zones, the Polygnathoides siluricus, the Icriodontid, and the Ozarkodina snajdri zones and four subzones, the Upper P. siluricus, the Lower, the Middle and the Upper Icriodontid subzones. The three zones are approximately coeval with the Neocucullograptus kozlowskii graptolite fauna, the succeeding impoverished graptolite fauna and the Monograptus balticus/Pseudomonoclimacis latilobus Zone (= the lower M. formosus Zone), respectively. The new zonation permits the first high-resolution correlations across Gotland, despite very large differences in facies from SW to NE. Another result is a more detailed stratigraphic subdivision and revised boundaries of most of the units. The Mill-klint, the main and the Botvide members of the När Fm. (new, the upper part of the Hemse Group), the lower, middle, and upper Eke Fm. , and the Burgsvik Fm. are distinguished. Well known names are kept, as far as possible, but the lateral extent of their boundaries is revised, resulting in a considerable increase in precision and very different thickness data, e.g. the Ludlow is calculated to be somewhere between 337 and 425 m instead of the 215 m given hitherto. Faults or disturbances with similar effects are identified for the first time on Gotland. Silurognathus maximus is named.