Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mw 6.0 24 August 2014 South Napa Earthquake

The M w 6.0 South Napa earthquake, which occurred at 10:20 UTC 24 August 2014 was the largest earthquake to strike the greater San Francisco Bay area since the M w 6.9 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The rupture from this right‐lateral earthquake propagated mostly unilaterally to the north and up‐dip, directing the strongest shaking toward the city of Napa, where peak ground accelerations (PGAs) between 45% g and 61% g were recorded and modified Mercalli intensities (MMIs) of VII–VIII were reported. Tectonic surface rupture with dextral slip of up to 46 cm was observed on a 12.5 km long segment, some of which was along a previously mapped strand of the West Napa fault system, although the rupture extended to the north of the mapped Quaternary strand. Modeling of seismic and geodetic data suggests an average coseismic slip of 50 cm, with a maximum slip of about 1 m at depths of 10–11 km. We observed up to 35 cm of afterslip along the surface trace in the week following the mainshock, primarily along the southern half of the surface rupture that experienced relatively little coseismic offset. Relocation of the sparse aftershock sequence suggests en echelon southwest‐ and northeast‐dipping fault planes, reflective of the complex fault geometry in this region. The Napa basin and historic and late Holocene alluvial flood deposits in downtown Napa amplified the ground motions there. Few ground failures were mapped, reflecting the dry season (as well as a persistent drought that had lowered the groundwater table) and the short duration of strong shaking in the epicentral area. The South Napa fault rupture lies within an 80 km wide set of major north‐northwest‐trending faults of the San Andreas fault system, forming the boundary between the Pacific and North American tectonic …
Limits on the burial depth of glacial ice deposits on the flanks of Hecates Tholus, Mars

An analysis of data obtained by the HRSC camera on Mars Express revealed morphological evidence for the existence of glacial deposits on the flank of Hecates Tholus (E. Hauber et al., 2004). Crater counts indicate a very young age in the range of several million years only. In this study we have assessed limits for the burial depth of a still existing ice deposit protected by an overlying dust layer. Our first results indicate a high likelihood to find ice within only a few meters below the surface in this region.
Stabilization of Soil Aggregates by the Root Systems of Ryegrass

The root system of ryegrass was more efficient than that of white clover in stabilizing aggregates of Lemnos loam because ryegrass supported a larger population of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae in the soil. Electron micrographs show that the hyphae were covered with a layer of amorphous material, probably polysaccharide, to which clay particles appear firmly attached.
When epitaxy controls garnet growth

Within a mica schist from the coesite‐bearing Brossasco‐Isasca Unit (Western Alps), microstructural analysis shows that Alpine garnet grains are aligned with the crenulated foliation. Garnet crystallographic orientation was analysed with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD): the obtained crystallographic dispersion patterns and distribution patterns of misorientation axes suggest a strong parallelism of {110} garnet planes with a 56°W‐dipping foliation. The data are interpreted as evidence for an epitaxial growth of garnet upon (001) biotite planes, sometime during and/or after dispersion of the biotite/garnet crystals from their initially foliation‐parallel orientation by rotation about the Alpine crenulation axis. This interpretation is based on the comparison of the measured EBSD data with: (i) theoretical dispersion trajectories of garnet crystallographic data, (ii) numerically modelled pole figures, and (iii) numerically modelled misorientation axis distribution patterns. Our data suggest that epitaxial growth of garnet upon biotite is allowed by distortion of the pseudohexagonal basal oxygen ring structure on (001) biotite surfaces, and that distortion is driven by introduction of missing ions. Our data further suggest that the spatial distribution of precursor phases influences the distribution patterns of garnet within mica schists.
Do We Invest Less Time in Children? Trends in Parental Time in Selected Industrialized Countries Since the 1960s

This paper examines trends in parental time in selected industrialized countries since the 1960s using time-use survey data. Despite the time pressures to which today’s families are confronted, parents appear to be devoting more time to children than they did some 40 years ago. Results also suggest a decrease in the differences between fathers and mothers in time devoted to children. Mothers continue to devote more time to childcare than fathers, but the gender gap has been reduced. These results are observed in several countries and therefore suggest a large global trend towards an increase in parental time investment with their children.
Seasonal variation of cloud activity and atmospheric profiles over the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau

[1] Cumulus activity over the Tibetan Plateau has a clear pattern of seasonal progression. Activity occurs with significant frequency in the eastern part of the plateau from April to mid-May. From mid-May to mid-June the frequency of cumulus activity drastically decreases and then increases after mid-June. Causes of such definite seasonal progression are revealed by in situ radiosonde observation data. In early spring the vertical profile of potential temperature is almost uniform from the surface to 7000 m above sea level around noon, and atmospheric stratification is vertically neutral for dry convection. Under such a condition, dry convection easily occurs and develops cumulus cloud that is frequently observed. From mid-May to mid-June the atmosphere has conditionally unstable stratification, but the atmosphere is relatively dry and hardly saturated and cumulus activity occurs less frequently. Though the atmosphere is also conditionally unstable after mid-June, the increase in total precipitable water content allows easy atmospheric saturation and cumulus activity recommences. At the same time, satellite data and reanalysis data show, in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, a consistent correspondence of the seasonal variation of cumulus activity, total precipitable water content, and vertical instability of the atmosphere. Results of synoptic-scale analysis indicate the enhancement of cumulus convection in the northern part of India and the Tibetan High cause a moisture increase over the Tibetan Plateau and leads to the recommencement of frequent cumulus activity over the plateau.
Hydraulic Jumps in Sediment‐Driven Bottom Currents

Laboratory experiments were conducted to observe the behavior of turbidity currents in the vicinity of a slope transition. Both sediment‐laden and saline hydraulic jumps were produced. The vertical structure of the currents was found to depend on flow regime. The saline and turbid hydraulic jumps showed similar characteristics. The amount of water entrained by the flows through a jump was small. The change in flow regime caused a marked reduction of the bed shear stress downstream of the jump. In nature, a turbidity current experiencing a hydraulic jump will drop most of its bedload immediately downstream from the jump, while the suspended load will respond more gradually to the change in flow regime and will deposit sediment over a distance far exceeding 1,000 times the jump height.
Tropical Atlantic SST Prediction with Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCMs

Abstract Variations in tropical Atlantic SST are an important factor in seasonal forecasts in the region and beyond. An analysis is given of the capabilities of the latest generation of coupled GCM seasonal forecast systems to predict tropical Atlantic SST anomalies. Skill above that of persistence is demonstrated in both the northern tropical and equatorial Atlantic, but not farther south. The inability of the coupled models to correctly represent the mean seasonal cycle is a major problem in attempts to forecast equatorial SST anomalies in the boreal summer. Even when forced with observed SST, atmosphere models have significant failings in this area. The quality of ocean initial conditions for coupled model forecasts is also a cause for concern, and the adequacy of the near-equatorial ocean observing system is in doubt. A multimodel approach improves forecast skill only modestly, and large errors remain in the southern tropical Atlantic. There is still much scope for improving forecasts of tropical Atla.
Telescoped porphyry‐style and epithermal veins and alteration at the central Maratoto valley prospect, Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand

Abstract At the central Maratoto valley prospect, southern Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand, andesite flows and dacite breccias host rare porphyry‐style quartz veins that are telescoped by widespread epithermal veins and alteration. Early porphyry‐style quartz veins, which lack selvages of porphyry‐style alteration, host hypersaline fluid inclusions that contain several translucent daughter crystals, including halite and sylvite. Overprinting epithermal veins and alteration are divided into two stages. Main‐stage epithermal alteration and veins are characterised by the successive deposition of pyrite, quartz, and ankerite‐dolomite veinlets coupled with intense alteration of the wall rock to quartz, illite, interlayer illite‐smectite (≤10% smectite), chlorite, pyrite, ankerite, and dolomite. Late‐stage epithermal veins and alteration are characterised by the formation of calcite and siderite veinlets, coupled with overprinting of the wall rocks by both these minerals. Multiphase fluid inclusions in a porphyry‐style quartz vein formed at temperatures >400°C and trapped hypersaline magmatic fluid. Lower temperature secondary liquid‐rich inclusions in the porphyry‐style quartz vein homogenise between 283 and 329°C and trapped a dilute fluid with <1.8wt% NaCl equivalent. Inclusions in later epithermal quartz and calcite veins homogenise between 240 and 280°C (av. 260°C) and trapped a dilute fluid with apparent salinities of <2.9 wt% NaCl equivalent. Based on homogenisation and salinity data, secondary inclusions in porphyry‐style quartz veins may have formed 700–950 m deeper than telescoping epithermal veins. Main‐stage epithermal ankerite and dolomite have δ18O(VSMOW) values of 13.5–18.1‰, whereas late‐stage epithermal calcite has δ18O(VSMOW) values of 3.1–5.1‰. Calculated isotopic compositions for the fluid in equilibrium with ankerite‐dolomite and calcite at 260°C, averages 6 and ‐3‰, respectively. The enriched value for main‐stage ankerite‐dolomite suggests formation from waters that underwent significant water‐rock exchange, whereas isotopically lighter water that formed late‐stage calcite underwent little water‐rock interaction. We propose a three‐stage model to explain telescoped veins and alteration styles at the central Maratoto valley prospect area. Porphyry‐style quartz veins were the first to form from hot hypersaline multi‐cation magmatic fluids. These are telescoped by later widespread epithermal veins and alteration following descent of the paleowater table possibly due to rapid erosion or sector collapse of a volcanic edifice. Main‐stage epithermal alteration and deposition produced quartz, chlorite, illite, interlayered illite‐smectite, pyrite, and isotopically heavy ankerite‐dolomite from deeply circulating upwelling alkali chloride waters. Late‐stage collapse of the hydrothermal system resulted in the formation of overprinting calcite and siderite from isotopically lighter descending marginal steam‐heated CO2‐rich waters.
San Joaquin Valley

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that a public hearing will be held on September 20, 2007, 9:00 a.m., or as soon thereafter as may be heard, at 1990 East Gettysburg Ave., Fresno, California. The public hearing may also be attended through video teleconferencing at 2700 “M” Street, Suite 275, Bakersfield, California and at 4800 Enterprise Way, Modesto, California. At said hearing, the Governing Board of the San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (SJVUAPCD or District) will consider adopting a plan affecting the counties of Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Tulare. The following action will be considered at said hearing:
Ice Formation in Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds: Insights from a 3-D Cloud-Resolving Model with Size-Resolved Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics

The single-layer mixed-phase clouds observed during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program’s Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (MPACE) are simulated with a 3-dimensional cloud-resolving model the System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM) coupled with an explicit bin microphysics scheme and a radar-lidar simulator. Two possible ice enhancement mechanisms – activation of droplet evaporation residues by condensation-followed-by-freezing and droplet freezing by contact freezing inside-out, are scrutinized by extensive comparisons with aircraft and radar and lidar measurements. The locations of ice initiation associated with each mechanism and the role of ice nuclei (IN) in the evolution of mixed-phase clouds are mainly addressed. Simulations with either mechanism agree well with the in-situ and remote sensing measurements on ice microphysical properties but liquid water content is slightly underpredicted. These two mechanisms give very similar cloud microphysical, macrophysical, dynamical, and radiative properties, although the ice nucleation properties (rate, frequency and location) are completely different. Ice nucleation from activation of evaporation nuclei is most efficient near cloud top areas concentrated on the edges of updrafts, while ice initiation from the drop freezing process has no significant location preference (occurs anywhere that droplet evaporation is significant). Both enhanced nucleation mechanisms contribute dramatically to ice formation with ice particle concentrationmore » of 10-15 times higher relative to the simulation without either of them. The contribution of ice nuclei (IN) recycling from ice particle evaporation to IN and ice particle concentration is found to be very significant in this case. Cloud can be very sensitive to IN initially and form a nonquilibrium transition condition, but become much less sensitive as cloud evolves to a steady mixed-phase condition. The parameterization of Meyers et al. [1992] with the observed MPACE IN concentration is able to predict the observed mixed-phase clouds reasonably well. This validation may facilitate the application of this parameterization in the cloud and climate models to simulate Arctic clouds. « less
Recent changes in soil chemistry in a forested ecosystem of Southern Québec, Canada

We analyzed the temporal trends of elemental changes in the soil of the Hermine, a 5.1-ha watershed of the Lower Laurentians, Quebec, Canada, from 1993 to 2002. The forest canopy of the Hermine is dominated by sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marshall) growing on Podzols formed in a shallow (<2 m) anorthositic till. The results show a significant long-term decrease of SO 4 concentration in the solution of both the LFH (-1.33 μmol L -1 yr -1 ; a = 0.05) and B (-0.78 μmol L -1 yr -1 ; α = 0.01) horizons. This SO 4 decline is associated with a reduction in dissolved Ca and Mg in the B (-1.83 and -0.38 μmol L -1 yr ' for Ca and Mg, respectively; a = 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, in the LFH horizons (-2.09 and -0.69 μmol L -1 yr -1 for Ca and Mg, respectively; a = 0.01). Thus, the combined change in dissolved Ca and Mg in the B horizon not only follows that of SO 4 but it proceeds, on an equivalent basis, at a rate almost three times faster than that of SO 4 . For SO 4 , the concentration changes in solution are accompanied from 1994 to 2002 by a moderate depletion of the H 2 O-soluble SO 4 pool in the podzolic B horizon of Zones A and C (mean rate for Zones A and C of -3.5 μmol kg -1 yr -1 ; α = 0.05). Indeed, SO 4 desorption from the B horizon occurs even under constant S deposition levels and seems to respond to changes in atmospheric deposition that occurred decades ago. In the case of exchangeable calcium and magnesium (Ca ex and Mg ex ), decreasing trends are present in the FH horizons but they are statistically significant only for Mg ex in the B horizons of Zones A and C. A decrease of up to 50% of the Mn ex pool is observed in the FH and B horizons, a decline that is partly balanced by an increase in Mn uptake by sugar maple since 1994. A tendency toward acidification is also noted in the solution (mean rate of +3.48 μmol H + L -1 yr -1 , α = 0.01) and in the solid phase (mean rate of +36.4 μmol H + kg -1 yr', a = 0.001) of the organic horizons. The increase in exchangeable aluminum (Al ex ) in the FH horizons of zones B and C (mean rate for zones B and C of +0.16 cmol (+) kg -1 yr -1 ; α = 0.01) could reflect these decreasing pH trends. Finally, a recurrent seasonal pattern in exchangeable cations is observed where Al ex increases at the expense of Ca ex , Mg ex , and exchangeable manganese and potassium (Mn ex and K,,) during the growing season. This study shows that long-term, seasonal, and episodic trends in soil properties create a complex temporal pattern that needs to be recognized and partitioned when assessing the response of soil materials to changes in environmental conditions.
Effect of suction on volume change and shear behaviour of an overconsolidated unsaturated silty soil

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of suction on compressibility and shear behaviour of unsaturated silty soil under various types of loading. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in a double-walled triaxial cell on samples of a compacted silty soil. In the experiments the soil samples were subjected to isotropic consolidation followed by unloading and subsequent reloading under constant suction and prescribed overconsolidated ratio. The experimental results are presented in the context of an elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soil. The effects of suction on mechanical behaviour of unsaturated silty soil are presented and discussed. It is shown that increasing suction affects the shear behaviour of unsaturated soils, but there is a limit beyond which, further increase in suction will not result in any significant change in the behaviour.
A model of active faulting in New Zealand

Active fault traces are a surface expression of permanent deformation that accommodates the motion within and between adjacent tectonic plates. We present an updated national-scale model for active faulting in New Zealand, summarize the current understanding of fault kinematics in 15 tectonic domains, and undertake some brief kinematic analysis including comparison of fault slip rates with GPS velocities. The model contains 635 simplified faults with tabulated parameters of their attitude (dip and dip-direction) and kinematics (sense of movement and rake of slip vector), net slip rate and a quality code. Fault density and slip rates are, as expected, highest along the central plate boundary zone, but the model is undoubtedly incomplete, particularly in rapidly eroding mountainous areas and submarine areas with limited data. The active fault data presented are of value to a range of kinematic, active fault and seismic hazard studies.
Nanotopography of synthetic and natural dolomite crystals

Examination with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning force microscopy (SFM) revealed etch pits, layers and islands on dolomite crystal faces synthesized from calcite in Ca‐Mg‐Cl solutions at 200 °C and a wide variety of natural dolomites. Layers are broad, flat structures bounded by steps less than 100 nm high and greater than 1 μm wide. Islands are rounded topographic highs <20 nm high and <200 nm wide. The nanotopography of synthetic dolomite changed from islands throughout most of the reaction to layers at 100% dolomite. Island nanotopography formed on both Ca‐rich and near‐stoichiometric dolomite. Analyses of reaction products from dolomite synthesis indicates that there are no SFM‐detectable products formed in <10 h. SEM‐detectable products formed in 15 h. X‐ray diffraction (XRD)‐detectable products formed in ≈18 h, and the reaction went to completion in ≈40 h. Based on SFM analyses, the induction period for dolomitization in these experiments accounts for ≈20% of the total reaction time necessary to dolomitize CaCO3 completely under the experimental conditions used here. Island nano‐ topography is inferred to occur at higher degrees of supersaturation than layer nanotopography for three reasons. First, island nanotopography on synthetic calcite and gypsum forms at higher supersaturations than layer nanotopography. Secondly, island nanotopography formed in solutions with higher degrees of supersaturation with respect to dolomite. Thirdly, the greater surface roughness of a crystal face composed of islands compared with layers indicates that island surfaces have higher surface energy than layer surfaces. Therefore, the stability of island surfaces requires a higher degree of supersaturation. Because islands and layers form under a wide range of conditions, their presence provides broadly applicable criteria for evaluating relative degrees of supersaturation under which ancient dolomite formed. Comparison of synthetic dolomites with natural dolomites demonstrates (1) similar nanotopography on natural and synthetic dolomites and (2) both natural planar and non‐planar dolomite may have island nanotopography.
A new mode of ammonite preservation – implications for dating of condensed phosphorite deposits

Unusual phosphatic casts of the ammonites Mortoniceras (Subschloenbachia) sp. and Stoliczkaia sp. from the upper Albian condensed phosphorite bed at Annopol, Poland, are discussed in terms of their taphonomic history. These specimens are interpreted as ‘secondary’ external casts of ammonite replicas preserved originally as attachment scars on oyster shells. The following genetic history is suggested for this previously undocumented mode of ammonite preservation: (1) settling of shells of dead ammonites on the seafloor; (2) colonization of these shells by oysters and formation of ammonite replicas on left valves of oysters; (3) dissolution of ammonite shells; (4) reworking and fragmentation of oyster shells; (5) casting of ammonite replicas by phosphatic material; and (6) separation of ammonite casts from oyster shells, either through mechanical disintegration or dissolution of the latter. The specimens studied were formed after dissolution of the ammonite conchs, not prior to this event as in the case of typical ammonite steinkerns (internal moulds). Therefore, they are here referred to as ‘pseudo-steinkerns’. The time interval between loss of the original ammonite shells and the formation of oyster-mediated pseudo-steinkerns may be very extensive. Therefore, the pseudo-steinkerns may potentially mislead in biostratigraphic dating of condensed phosphorite deposits.