Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF FOREIGN MULTINATIONALS ON WORKERS AND FIRMS IN THE UNITED STATES

Governments go to great lengths to attract foreign multinationals because they are thought to raise the wages paid to their employees (direct effects) and to improve outcomes at local domestic firms (indirect effects). We construct the first U.S. employer-employee dataset with foreign ownership information from tax records to measure these direct and indirect effects. We find the average direct effect of a foreign multinational firm on its U.S. workers is a 7 percent increase in wages. This premium is larger for higher skilled workers and for the employees of firms from high GDP per capita countries. We find evidence that it is membership in a multinational production network—instead of foreignness—that generates the foreign firm premium. We leverage the past spatial clustering of foreign-owned firms by country of owner- ship to identify the indirect effects. An expansion in the foreign multinational share of commuting zone employment substantially increases the employment, value added, and—for higher earning workers—wages at local domestic-owned firms. Per job created by a foreign multinational, our estimates suggest annual gains of 13,400 USD to the aggregate wages of local incumbents, two-thirds of which are from indirect effects. Our estimates suggest that—via mega-deals for subsidies from local governments—foreign multinationals are able to extract a sizable fraction of the local surplus they generate.
National Institute of Mental Health Depression of Alzheimer Disease : assessment and diagnostic validity studies using depression scales developed for older adults

The Lancet published a large multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial of noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NSSA) and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) for depression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggesting that these compounds have no clinical benefit [Banerjee et al 2011]. We felt that it might be premature to suggest that the use of all antidepressant treatments is ineffective [Sepehry et al 2012]. In response, we ran a metaanalysis examining the evidence for the use of SSRIs for treatment of depression co-occurring with AD [Sepehry et al 2012, see Appendix N]. This study suggested that treatment effects are potentially assessment dependent, and provided the motivation for the current examination of depression diagnostic criteria and assessment/screening scales for AD. A literature search showed that Provisional Diagnostic Criteria for depression of AD (PDC-dAD) was proposed to diagnose depression in AD. Their validity has not been established, yet they have been used in epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Likewise, no study examined short and easy to use screening measures with comparable collateral version’s validity and utility for use with the PDC-dAD. Hence, I set these as my goals: to examine the validity-evidence of the PDC-dAD followed by simultaneous examination of the reliability (internal consistency), utility, and validity (content, construct, and concurrent) of screening measures already validated for use with older adults, for use with the PDC-dAD. Thus, the literature around depression in older adults and in AD was reviewed to improve understanding of the importance of investigating depression and its diagnostic/assessment approaches. Briefly, the result of the validity studies showed that, first, the PDC-dAD are the best that exist to date for diagnosing depression in AD; however it needs optimization. Second, screening measures developed for depression in older adults, including the collateral version, are psychometrically acceptable (valid and reliable) allowing for adequate screening of mild to mildly-moderate AD for dAD; however, the collateral version was the most valid given its psychometric properties, particularly, positive predictive value, specificity, and clinical accuracy for use with the PDC. Hence, recommendations are made for the use of the screening scales with the PDC and for future research.
Unraveling looping efficiency of stochastic Cosserat polymers

Understanding looping probabilities, including the particular case of ring closure or cyclization, of fluctuating polymers (e.g., DNA) is important in many applications in molecular biology and chemistry. In a continuum limit the configuration of a polymer is a curve in the group SE(3) of rigid body displacements, whose energy can be modeled via the Cosserat theory of elastic rods. Cosserat rods are a more detailed version of the classic wormlike-chain (WLC) model, which we show to be more appropriate in short-length scale, or stiff, regimes, where the contributions of extension and shear deformations are not negligible and lead to noteworthy high values for the cyclization probabilities (or J-factors). We therefore observe that the Cosserat framework is a candidate for gaining a better understanding of the enhanced cyclization of short DNA molecules reported in various experiments, which is not satisfactorily explained by WLC-type models. Characterizing the stochastic fluctuations about minimizers of the energy by means of Laplace expansions in a (real) path integral formulation, we develop efficient analytical approximations for the two cases of full looping, in which both end-to-end relative translation and rotation are prescribed, and of marginal looping probabilities, where only end-to-end translation is prescribed. For isotropic Cosserat rods, certain looping boundary value problems admit nonisolated families of critical points of the energy due to an associated continuous symmetry. For the first time, taking inspiration from (imaginary) path integral techniques, a quantum mechanical probabilistic treatment of Goldstone modes in statistical rod mechanics sheds light on J-factor computations for isotropic rods in the semiclassical context. All the results are achieved exploiting appropriate Jacobi fields arising from Gaussian path integrals and show good agreement when compared with intense Monte Carlo simulations for the target examples.
End User Development and the World Wide Web

The development of organisational applications by end users has been widely researched in recent years. It has been established that there are both benefits and risks associated withend user development, particularly in the areas of spreadsheets and databases. Web development tools are enabling a new kind of end user development . The fact that web page creation may impact not only locally but also globally significantly raises the importance of this type ofend user application development. This paper reports on the extent of web page development amongst end users and investigates the benefits and risks of end user web development as perceived by end users.
Northern Hemisphere sea ice simulations by global climate models

The study described here is a synthesis of global climate model projections of Northern Hemisphere sea ice through the end of the 21st century. The synthesis includes an enhancement of the informational content of the projections from a set of five global atmosphere–ocean–ice models. The adjustments are based on the systematic errors in the models’ present-day simulations relative to the HadISST observational data set. All models show decreases of sea ice through the 21st century when forced by the B2 scenario of greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations. However, the differences in the present-day ice coverage simulated by the models are sufficiently large that they dominate the across-model variances of the projected ice extents. The adjustments based on the present-day biases remove much of the spread among the projections. The decreases of the adjusted ice extent by the year 2100 range from about 12% to about 46%. The percentage decreases are larger in summer than in winter; much of the Arctic Ocean is ice-free at the time of the summer ice minimum by the year 2099.
Reflective optics-based line-scanning spectral domain optical coherence tomography system

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution non-invasive and non-contact imaging technology. Traditionally, multi-axis spot-focused scanning is used for transverse scanning to obtain a two or three-dimensional OCT image. This increases the time to acquire an image and imaging performance is affected by motion artifacts. Moreover, lenses are used in the state-of-the-art OCT systems that reduce the axial resolution due to chromatic aberration, and affect the imaging quality due to distorted scan field. In order to avoid the problems mentioned above, the objective of the present thesis is to develop a reflective optics-based line-scan spectral domain OCT system for high-quality three-dimensional imaging. Cylindrical mirror used in this thesis for focusing eliminates chromatic aberration and provides a flat scan field. Line scanning reduces the requirement of scanning to one axis and thereby making the image acquisition faster. A novel reflective optics based line-scanning system with a spectrometer has been designed, and also the scanning system has been verified experimentally. The design of the scanner includes analytical and optical modeling of the proposed scanning configuration, along with the development of experimental setup and validation. Scanning system parameters that affect the imaging quality were studied and selected in the design. In addition, optical modeling of a reflective optics spectrometer was carried out, and an analytical model was developed for spectral domain OCT signal processing. Marechal criterion of Strehl Ratio above 0.8 was used as a benchmark to evaluate the imaging quality of the proposed system. To validate the line scanning model, an experimental setup consisting of a 53nm spectral bandwidth light source with cylindrical mirrors of 25.85mm and 51.7mm focal lengths was developed. Scanning was performed in both tangential and sagittal directions. The improvement in imaging performance by using sagittal scanning was demonstrated. It was also proved experimentally that the mirror focusing is insensitive variations in beam positions.
Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies

1. Introduction 2. The jobs 3. The migrants 4. Particular characteristics of the migrant labour market 5. The impact of migration on the place of origin 6. The historical evolution of long-distance migration in the United States 7. The dilemmas of current U.S. immigration policy.
Etiology of child maltreatment: a developmental-ecological analysis.

This article applies a developmental-ecological perspective to the question of the etiology of physical child abuse and neglect by organizing the paper around a variety of "contexts of maltreatment. " The roles of parent and child characteristics and processes are considered ("developmental context"), including an examination of intergenerational transmission. The "immediate interactional context" of maltreatment, which focuses on the parenting and parent-child interactional processes associated with abuse and neglect, is analyzed. Finally, the "broader context" is discussed with 3 specific subsections dealing with the community, cultural, and evolutionary contexts of child maltreatment. Implications for intervention are considered and future research directions are outlined.
Solar powered 10 mg silicon robot

We have demonstrated an autonomous two-legged microrobot which has taken its first steps. The body of the robot is fabricated in a planarized silicon-on-insulator (SOI), two-layer polysilicon process and is 8.5 mm /spl times/ 4 mm /spl times/ 0.5 mm in size. We previously reported initial leg motion from an off-board controller but have now incorporated control and power supplies onto the robot, resulting in autonomous operation for the first time. This solar-powered microrobot has two, one degree-of-freedom (DOF) legs and drags its tail end. Leg motion is generated via electrostatic inchworm motors on the robot body. The robot is a three chip hybrid assembled from one chip which contains the robot's motors and legs, a second chip which integrates both solar cells and high voltage buffers, and a third chip which incorporates CMOS circuitry for sequencing the legs. The robot has demonstrated 3 mm of motion shuffling sideways and has lifted its front end more than 300 /spl mu/m above the surface. The total weight of the three-chip robot is only 10.2 mg.
Plutonism at different crustal levels: Insights from the ~5–40 km (paleodepth) North Cascades crustal section, Washington

The crystalline core of the North Cascades preserves a Cretaceous crustal section that facilitates evaluation of pluton construction, emplacement, geometry, composition, and deformation at widely variable crustal levels (~5–40-km paleodepth) in a thick (≥55 km) continental magmatic arc. The oldest and largest pulse of plutonism was focused between 96 and 89 Ma when fluxes were a minimum of 3.9 × 10 −6 km 3 /yr/km of arc length, but the coincidence with regional crustal thickening and underthrusting of a cool outboard terrane resulted in relatively low mid- to deep-crustal temperatures for an arc. A second, smaller peak of magmatism at 78–71 Ma (minimum of 8.2 × 10 −7 km 3 /yr/km of arc length) occurred during regional transpression. Tonalite dominates at all levels of the section. Intrusions range from large plutons to thin (<50 m) dispersed sheets encased in metamorphic rocks that record less focused magmatism. The percentage of igneous rocks increases systematically from shallow to middle to deep levels, from ~37% to 55% to 65% of the total rock volume. Unfocused magmas comprise much higher percentages (~19%) of the total plutonic rock at deep- and midcrustal depths, but only ~1% at shallower levels, whereas the largest intrusions were emplaced into shallow crust. Plutons have a range of shapes, including: asymmetric wedges to funnels; subhorizontal tabular sheets; steep-sided, blade-shaped bodies with high aspect ratios in map view; and steep-sided, vertically extensive (≥8 km) bodies shaped like thick disks and/or hockey pucks. Sheeted intrusions and gently dipping tabular bodies are more common with depth. Some of these plutons fit the model that most intrusions are subhorizontal and tabular, but many do not, reflecting the complex changes in rock type and rheology in arc crust undergoing regional shortening. The steep-sheeted plutons partly represent magma transfer zones that fed the large shallow
Holocene erosion of the Lesser Himalaya triggered by intensified summer monsoon

Climate is one of the principal controls setting rates of continental erosion. Here we present the results of a provenance analysis of Holocene sediments from the Indus delta in order to assess climatic controls on erosion over millennial time scales. Bulk sediment Nd isotope analysis reveals a number of changes during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (at 14–20, 11–12 and 8–9 ka) away from erosion of the Karakoram and toward more sediment flux from the Himalaya. Radiometric Ar-Ar dating of muscovite and U-Pb dating of zircon sand grains indicate that the Lesser Himalaya eroded relatively more strongly than the Greater Himalaya as global climate warmed and the summer monsoon intensified after 14 ka. Monsoon rains appear to be the primary force controlling erosion across the western Himalaya, at least over millennial time scales. This variation is preserved with no apparent lag in sediments from the delta, but not in the deep Arabian Sea, due to sediment buffering on the continental shelf.
Histopathology of the renal and splenic haemopoietic tissues of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum.

We report the histopathological changes occurring in the renal and splenic haemopoietic tissues of coho salmon Oncorhynchus hsutch experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum. In both tissues we were able by light microscopy to distinguish 3 different grades in the progression of the infection. The grades of infection were characterized according to the location of the bacteria and the tissue injuries. Ultrastructural observation revealed sinusoidal cells, macrophages, reticular and barrier cells to be infected by the pathogen, and necrosis of the tissue to be general in advanced stages of the infection. Despite destruction of the haernopoietic tissue, plasmacytopoietic foci were frequently observed in both organs. Other major changes were the appearance of epithelioid cells and an increase In the number of barrier cells. These 2 cell types m ~ g h t be involved in the local defence response to the pathogen, but they may also act as a reservoir and proliferation locus for R. salmoninarum.
Creating Knowledge Locations in Cities : Innovation and Integration Challenges

Part I: 1. Introduction 2. History and Trends in Knowledge Locations: an Urban Turn? 3. Empirics: What do we Know About the Success of Knowledge Locations? 4. Building Blocks of an Integrative Framework 5. Methodology and Research Design Part II 6. Dublin: Digital Hub 7. Eindhoven: Strup-S 8. Helsinki: Arabianranta 9. Incheon: Dongdo International City 10. Munich: Maxvorstadt 11. San Sebastian: Pl@ Part III 12. Key Findings from the Case Studies, Policy and Practice 13. Assessing the Added Value of Knowledge Locations 14. Theoretical Framework and Propositions
Neutral Low-Dimensional Assemblies of a Mn(III) Schiff Base Complex and Octacyanotungstate(V): Synthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Properties

Two novel low-dimensional molecular magnetic materials were prepared by the self-assembly of 3d- and 5d-metal complexes. These are the first neutral heterobimetallic cyanobridged compounds involving one anisotropic Mn(III) Schiff base complex and one octacyanotungstate(V) per molecular unit. A slow diffusion of the constituents’ solutions leads to the formation of the 0D crystalline complex 1, due to coordination of a water molecule to the Mn center, which prevents polymer formation. A rapid mixing of reagents results in the precipitation of the microcrystalline powder of complex 2, which based on the totality of experimental data, possesses a 1D polymeric structure. The magnetic studies have shown that antiferromagnetic exchange interactions prevail in 1 (J/kB = −13.1(7) K, D = −3.0(1.3) K, zJ' = −0.16(20) K and gav = 2.00(1)); while the presence of the significant intramolecular Mn(III)–W(V) ferromagnetic coupling through cyanide bridge is characteristic for 2 (J/kB = 46.1(5) K, gMn = 2.11(3), fixed gW = 2.0). Due to the weak interchain interactions, zJ′/kB = −0.8(2) K, and compound 2 is a metamagnet with the Neel temperature of 9.5 K undergoing a spin-flip transition at 2 kOe. The slow magnetization dynamics of 2 were investigated at a DC field of 0 and 2 kOe, giving the values of τ0 32(15) and 36(15) ps, respectively, well within the range typical for single-chain magnets (SCMs). The respective ∆τ/kB values were 48.4(1.2) and 44.9(1.0) K.
On the global well‐posedness of discrete Boltzmann systems with chemical reaction

We study an initial‐boundary value problem in one‐space dimension for the discrete Boltzmann equation extended to a diatomic gas undergoing both elastic multiple collisions and chemical reactions. By integration of conservation equations, we prove a global existence result in the half‐space for small initial data N0∈ℬ︁ +1 ∩L1. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of nitrogen fertilization on fine root biomass and morphology of Fraxinus mandshurica and Larix gmelinii:A study with in-growth core approach

Fine root biomass plays an important role in the carbon cycling of forest ecosystem,and fine root morphology(e.g.,diameter,length,and specific length) is one of the main factors affecting fine root absorbing function.However,fine root biomass and morphology are generally controlled by soil resource availability.In 2003 and 2004,by using in-growth core approach,different order fine root samples were collected from the 17 year-old Fraxinus mandshurica and Larix gmelinii plantations at the Maoershan Experiment Station of Northeast Forestry University,and the effects of nitrogen(N) fertilization on the fine root biomass,morphology,and N content of the two tree species were studied.The results showed that N fertilization had significant(P0.05) negative effects on the biomass of the 1st-3rd order roots of F.mandshurica and L.gmelinii,the diameter of the 2nd-4th order roots of F.mandshurica and the 3rd order roots of L.gmelinii,and the specific root length of the 1st-4th order roots of F.mandshurica and the 1st order roots of L.gmelinii,but had no significant effects on root length.N fertilization only increased the N content of the 1st-2nd order roots of F.mandshurica significantly(P0.05). It was suggested that the fine root biomass,morphology,and N content of test tree species were correlated with soil resource availability,but the responses of the two species to N fertilization were differed.
Experts vs. Online Consumers: A Comparative Credibility Study of Health and Finance Web Sites

Many researchers have conducted studies on consumers to understand various aspects of Web site credibility. However, some consumers may not be well equipped to make informed decisions about the accuracy of information in technical fields such as health or finance. In fact, previous research in other mediums showed that consumers have had mixed results when judging credibility of information. Given the varying results of previous studies of consumer credibility assessments, we are left wondering whether consumers' credibility evaluations of Web sites are correct. These evaluations are increasingly important as people use the Web today to carry out a variety of vital tasks and research. Consumers are faced with important decisions about the information sources that they choose to believe for making important health or financial decisions. Do these everyday people know which Web sites are really credible, especially in vital areas such as finance and health? What do industry experts say about the credibility of sites in their fields? And, finally, how do the experts' assessments compare to how the average person decides which sites to trust? To answer these credibility-related questions, Sliced Bread Design and Consumer WebWatch produced this expert study, titled Experts vs. Online Consumers: A Comparative Credibility Study of Health and Finance Web Sites, in collaboration with Stanford University's Persuasive Technology Lab (Stanford PTL). As a usability and interaction design agency, Sliced Bread Design, LLC is interested in understanding how to create ethical online experiences that communicate credibility to their users. Consumer WebWatch, which commissioned this study, has the goal to investigate, inform, and improve the credibility of information published on the World Wide Web. Due to these shared goals, the two organizations decided to embark on a study of how health and finance experts judge the credibility of websites within their domains of expertise. This expert study was launched jointly with a parallel, consumer-focused study, How Do People Evaluate a Web Site's Credibility? Results from a Large Study, conducted by the Stanford PTL and Consumer WebWatch, which asked over 2,600 average people to rate the credibility of Web sites in 10 content areas. Our study then compared how experts and consumers evaluated the same health and finance sites to understand if and how consumers failed in their assessments. By comparing the expert and consumer evaluations, we hoped to identify any gaps in consumer education and begin to design guidelines for improving consumer understanding of online credibility. …