Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Novel Synthesis and Thermal Conductivity of CuO Nanofluid

CuO nanofluid was synthesized by transforming an unstable Cu(OH)2 precursor to CuO in water under an ultrasonic vibration, followed by microwave irradiation. The influences of the type of precursor, ultrasonic vibration, microwave irradiation, and dispersant were studied. The thermal conductivity of CuO nanofluid was investigated. The results show that well-dispersed CuO nanofluid with high volume fractions can be synthesized using the current method. The synthesis mechanism is proposed. The current CuO nanofluid has a higher thermal conductivity than those prepared by the dispersing method.
Hot microcontact printing for patterning ITO surfaces. Methodology, morphology, microstructure, and OLED charge injection barrier imaging

A soft lithographic microcontact printing (μCP) procedure is successfully applied for the first time to form densely packed organosilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the surface of ITO (Sn-doped In2O3) coated glass via a thermally activated deposition process. Hot microcontact printing (HμCP) enables localized transfer with 1.0−40 μm feature sizes of dense docosyltrichlorosilane (CH3(CH2)20CH2SiCl3 = DTS) monolayer patterns onto ITO, which reacts sluggishly under conventional μCP conditions. X-ray reflectivity measurements yield a thickness of 12.1 ± 0.1 A and a surface roughness of 2.8 ± 0.1 A for HμCP printed DTS films, which is well within the range for self-assembled monolayer formation, while the weak reflected intensity from conventionally prepared DTS films indicates a poorly organized monolayer structure. Noncontact mode AFM studies reveal that HμCP creates uniform SAMs over a wide area with excellent line edge resolution, while the original patterns are poorly transferred by conventional μ.
Selective synthesis of TiO2 nanocrystals with morphology control with the microwave-solvothermal method

In this paper, a method to synthesize anatase TiO2 nanorods by hydrolysis of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) in the presence of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid at 210 °C was tested. The novelty of the present approach relies on the evaluation of the shape-controlled synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanocrystals via a microwave-solvothermal method in 45 min. The different TiO2 nanocrystals were obtained by tuning the TTIP/acetic acid ratio under optimized synthetic conditions and were characterized in detail by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), micro Raman (together with microphotoluminescence) and FT-IR spectroscopies. The acetic acid coordinated on the nanocrystal surface was removed by the reduction of its carboxyl group via a “super-hydride reaction”, and the photocatalytic activity of bare TiO2 nanocrystals, under visible light irradiation, was also evaluated: the best performing TiO2 anatase nanocrystals exhibited a discrete photoactivity, completely degrading Rhodamine B solution in five hours.
Synthesis and characterization of polyimide derivatives prepared by different one-step methods

Homo- and copolyimides with high molecular weight could be synthesized from three dianhydrides and three diamines following two different one-step methods. Solubility behavior with structural effect, viscosity, kinetics of solution imidization, synthesized method, mechanical and thermal properties, and effect of azeotroping agent are discussed. Results indicate that homo-and random copolyimides were only prepared from a one-step method; on the other hand, copolyimide with different arrangement, such as random, block, and alternating, could be synthesized by a modified one. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chemical Studies of the Western Pacific Ocean. IV. The Refractive Index of Sea Water

(1) Refractive indices of sea water of various chlorinities were measured and the following empirical formula was obtained: n_D^25=1. 33249_7+0.000334 Cl (2) An assumption that the refraction of sea water is a summation of the individual refractions of pure water and dissolved salts, was proved both experimentally and theoretically.
Glucose and fructose decomposition in subcritical and supercritical water: Detailed reaction pathway, mechanisms, and kinetics

Experiments were performed on the products of glucose decomposition at short residence times to elucidate the reaction pathways and evaluate kinetics of glucose and fructose decomposition in sub- and supercritical water. The conditions were a temperature of 300−400 °C and pressure of 25−40 MPa for extremely short residence times between 0.02 and 2 s. The products of glucose decomposition were fructose, a product of isomerization, 1,6-anhydroglucose, a product of dehydration, and erythrose and glyceraldehyde, products of C−C bond cleavage. Fructose underwent reactions similar to glucose except that it did not form 1,6-anhydroglucose and isomerization to glucose is negligible. The mechanism for the products formed from C−C bond cleavage could be explained by reverse aldol condensation and the double-bond rule of the respective enediols formed during the Lobry de Bruyn Alberda van Ekenstein transformation. The differential equations resulting from the proposed pathways were fit to experimental results to obt.
Accurate Determination of Rare Earth Elements in USGS, NIST SRM, and MPI-DING Glasses by Excimer LA-ICP-MS at High Spatial Resolution

ABSTRACT The effect of central gas flow rate (carrier gas and makeup gas) on signal intensities, ThO/Th, Th/U, memory effect, and interface pressures were investigated in this work. Detailed examination of the changing trend of fractionation index with different crater diameters from 8 µm to 60 µm reveals that rare earth elements (REEs) can also be classified into three groups: (1) La, Pr, Nd, and Sm (light REEs), (2) Ce, and (3) Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu (heavy REEs). In this work, REEs in MPI-DING glasses, USGS basaltic reference glasses, and the synthetic NIST glasses were determined at a high spatial resolution of 24 µm. The limits of detection for REEs at a spot size of 24 µm are within the range 0.003 to 0.030 µg g−1. Most of the determined values were found to be in excellent agreement with the reference values, with the relative error (RE) less than 10%. Our analytical precision, as given by the 1-s relative standard deviation (% RSD), is typically less than 15% for elements having concentration higher than 0.1 µg g−1, and there is a significant negative correlations between concentration and RSD on a logarithmic scale for these glasses, with logarithmic correlation coefficients being − 0.84. This expected trend of decreasing RSD with increasing concentration for these glasses indicates that the analytical precision follows counting statistics and thus that most of the data variation is analytical in origin and not due to chemical heterogeneities. Ce in GOR132-G is a notable exception, which has especially high RSD, and thus is possibly not homogeneously distributed.
Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature

The alteration process of a subvolcanic rock with calcic plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine as major components was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analytical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). Experimental interaction with 1 M NaOH solution led to the formation of dioctahedral beidellite to Fe-rich montmorillonite after 1 and 3 d of reaction. This range of smectite composition is similar to that from natural subvolcanic-derived soil formed from the same parent material. After 14 d of reaction, a berthierine-smectite (B-S) interstratified clay had partially replaced the smectite. Although, the presence of smectite interlayers prevented analysis of pure berthierine, berthierine-rich BS interstratifications have a composition similar to pure berthierine. After 40 d, the alteration process led to a 7-Å S interstratification whose composition falls between greenalite and lizardite. A series of amorphous materials were also found in the 14 and 40-d experiments. The most abundant of these is a Si-CaFe-rich material, whose chemical composition approaches that of the starting rock. In contrast, two other amorphous materials had a smectitic composition.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Circulations Inside and Outside a Deformed Drop under a Uniform Electric Field

A finite element computational technique has been developed for exactly calculating circulations inside and outside a dielectric drop suspended in another dielectric fluid under a uniform electric fifeld. This technique allows the prediction of not only the circulations but also drop deformation caused by electric and dynamic forces acting over the drop surface. Computed results show that the direction of the circulations and the drop deformation depend on physical properties of the fluids, especially the drop-to-medium ratios of electric conductivity and dielectric constant. These results are in good agreement with Taylor’s analytical solutions and authors’ experimental observations.
Structural and electrical properties of low temperature GaInAs

GaInAs lattice matched to InP was grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy over a temperature range of 100–450 °C and characterized by x‐ray diffraction, resistivity, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated the incorporation of excess As for samples grown below 250 °C. As‐grown GaInAs was n‐type, with electrical concentration increasing with decreasing growth temperature, ranging from 5×1014 cm−3 (450 °C) to 1.8×1017 (150 °C). Secondary ion mass spectroscopy indicated that this behavior was not due to the incorporation of background n‐type dopants. Be‐ and Si‐doped GaInAs at 5×1018 cm−3 showed full electrical activation for growth temperatures down to 260 °C, with only partial activation for Si and no activation for Be for growth temperatures below 260 °C.
Synthesis of amorphous MgO-rich peridotitic starting material for laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments – application to iron partitioning in the mantle

We report the preparation of the starting material reflecting the complex composition of the Earth's mantle. With this aim, we synthesized two types of material: sol–gel and glass obtained by aerodynamic levitation. Thanks to their high homogeneity and reactivity, these materials are suitable for experimental petrology under extreme conditions, conducted in laser-heated diamond anvil cell. We then used this mantle analog to investigate the iron partitioning between high pressure phases under lower mantle conditions during solid-state reaction and partial melting of the material. Iron preferentially partitions into the (Mg,Fe)O, but the presence of aluminum slightly enriches iron in the silicate phase (Kpv−fp=0.41±0.04) compared to similar experiments in an Al-free system.
Electromagnetic functionalized polyaniline nanostructures

Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibres or nanotubes (180–200 nm in diameter) containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles (diameter ≈10 nm) and PANI-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoneedles (40–80 nm in diameter and 500–600 nm in length) were prepared by in situ doping polymerization in the presence of H3PO4 as a dopant. The composite nanostructures exhibited electrical–magnetic properties that are dependent on the structure and the content of the magnetic nanoparticles used. The formation mechanism of the self-assembled composite nanostructures is discussed.
Summer and winter distribution of ƒÂ13CDIC in surface waters of the South Indian Ocean [20°S-60°S]

This paper describes for the first time the summer and winter distributions of sea surface ¥ä13CDIC in the Southern Indian Ocean (20°S°60°S)° For this we used δ13CDIC measurements from 10 cruises conducted between 1998 and 2005. For summer and winter, the highest δ13CDIC values(>2‰) are observed in sub-Antarctic waters (40°S-50°S) and attributed mainly to biological activity, enhanced in the vicinity of Crozet and Kerguelen Archipelagoes. The lowest δ13CDIC values are found in subtropical waters (25°S-35°S), with a minimum (1) in the Agulhas Current region and in the Mozambique channel. On the seasonal scale, δ13CDIC is higher during summer than during winter in all regions. The largest seasonal amplitude of variation (∼0.15‰), observed in the region 35°S-40°S, is attributed to biological activity during summer and to deep vertical mixing during winter. In subtropical oligotrophic waters, the mean seasonal amplitude of variation (∼0.15‰) is mainly explained by air.sea CO2 fluxes. On the interannual scale, we also identified a large negative anomaly of δ13CDIC in the subtropical waters during austral summer 2002, associated to an anomalous ocean CO2 sink due to cold conditions during this period.
Extraction and Characterization of Novel Lignocellulosic Fibers From Thespesia Lampas Plant

In this work, the lignocellulosic fibers from the plant Thespesia lampas were extracted and investigated in detail. The prime objective of this work was to study the effect of alkali treatment on the chemical composition, tensile properties, morphological and structural changes, and thermal degradation of Thespesia lampas fibers. Chemical analysis, FT-IR, and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopic studies indicated lowering of amorphous hemicellulose content on alkali treatment. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies indicated increase in crystallinity of the fibers on alkali treatment. The tensile strength and modulus of the fibers and thermal stability increased on alkali treatment. Scanning electron micrographs revealed roughening of the surface of the fibers due to the removal of the hemicellulose layer on alkali treatment. Tensile properties of Thespesia fibers were compared to those of other important natural fibers, and it was indicated as an alternative suitable source for composite construction.
Driving under the effects of drugs of abuse: studies of oral fluid

Introduction: This study includes the evaluation of the use of drugs of abuse ratio in leisure environments, in order to determine which drugs are the most widely used, which are normally used in poly-consumption. Methods : Total sample rise to 216 cases which were collected on the road by traffic police and analyzed by an on-the-road driving test of possible consumption. Positive samples were confirmed by GC/MS-MS. Results : It was detected positive samples for the studied drugs (cocaine, heroin metabolites (6-MAM), amphetamines/methamphetamines and cannabinoids (-THC)). Sample shows a high degree of poly-consumption of different drugs differently distributed. The most widely detected drug of abuse as a single consumption has been cannabis and cocaine. The rest of the drugs were always mixed. The greater combination in poly-consumption is cannabis-cocaine. Conclusions : It is important to notice the high ratio of positive results in drivers. However, the tendency to poly-consumption of drugs of abuse mixed with alcohol is confirmed. Thus, it is necessary to consider the mixed/alternated use of ethylometers and on-the road detection kits of drugs of abuse in oral fluid to improve the traffic security.
Degradation and release behavior of dextran-based hydrogels

Dextran hydrogels were prepared by radical polymerization of aqueous solutions of glycidyl methacrylate-derivatized dextran (dex-MA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate-derivatized dextran (dex-HEMA), and HEMA−oligolactate-derivatized dextran (dex-lactateHEMA), using potassium peroxydisulfate and N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as the initiating system. Dex-MA hydrogels only degraded under extreme conditions (100 °C, pH 1−3), whereas hydrogels derived from dex-HEMA or dex-lactateHEMA degraded fully at pH 7.2 and 37 °C, due to hydrolysis of the lactate and/or carbonate esters in the cross-links. The degradation time of these gels can be tailored from 2 days to more than 2 months by varying the nature of the spacer, the degree of substitution1 of dextran (DS), and the initial water content of the hydrogels. The release kinetics of a model protein, Immunoglobulin G, from dex-(lactate)HEMA hydrogels were investigated and shown to be dependent on both the DS and the initial water content of the gel. Under .
Some Factors Affecting the Removal of Lead(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Porous Calcium Hydroxyapatite: Relationships between Surface and Adsorption Properties

A porous hydroxyapatite (p-HAp) was prepared and employed for the removal of lead(II) ions at different concentrations from aqueous solution to determine the adsorption properties of p-HAp and compare them with those of a commercial hydroxyapatite (CAp) sample. The kinetic data obtained indicated that the adsorption performances of the adsorbents depended both on their specific surface area and crystallinity. Complexation of the Pb(II) ion on the adsorbent surface favoured the dissolution of hydroxyapatites characterized by a Ca/Pb molar ratio in the 0.85–1.5 range. The maximum adsorption capacity of p-Hap for Pb(II) ions at 30 ± 2°C was 2.30 mmol/g relative to 1.38 mmol/g for the commercial compound Cap at the same temperature. The higher capacity of p-HAp was explained in terms of its porosity and crystallinity. The Pb(II) ions sorption results could be modelled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.
Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol from Aqueous Solution by a New Low-Cost Adsorbent – Activated Bamboo Charcoal

Adsorption experiments were conducted to study the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution by a new low-cost adsorbent-activated bamboo charcoal. The results showed that acidic pH was favorable for the adsorption and removal of 2,4-DCP. Higher initial 2,4-DCP concentrations led to higher adsorption capacity. Most of the adsorption of 2,4-DCP occurred within the first 5 min, and about 90% of 2,4-DCP were removed from solution. After 5 min, the adsorption capacity increased slowly with contact time and the adsorption reached equilibrium in less than 100 min. As the adsorbent dose was increased, the removal of 2,4-DCP was increased, while the equilibrium time was slightly affected. Adsorption kinetics could be best described by the pseudo-second-order model, independent of adsorbent dosages. The adsorption behavior of 2,4-DCP onto bamboo charcoal fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms well, but followed Freundlich isotherm more precisely. This study demonstrated for the first time that activated bamboo charcoal could be used for the removal of 2,4-DCP in water treatment.
THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS WITHDRAWAL ON γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR BINDING IN RAT BRAIN

1 The effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration, and withdrawal on the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), was investigated in rat brain. 2 Acute ethanol (2 to 4 g/kg i.p. 30 min before removal of brain) produced an increase in the binding capacity of the low affinity GABA receptor binding site. 3 Following chronic ethanol administration (1 to 21 days), the GABA receptor binding characteristics were not altered. These results suggest a possible adaptation of GABA receptors to the continuous presence of ethanol at the GABA synapse. 4 During ethanol withdrawal, the affinity of the low affinity GABA receptor binding site was significantly lower than pair‐fed controls at 8 and 16 h withdrawal. 5 These results suggest that GABA receptor sensitivity may play a role in some of the neuropharmacological effects of ethanol and in its withdrawal symptoms.
Uptake of rare earth elements from solution by metal oxides

The kinetics of rare earth element (REE) uptake by iron oxides and manganese oxides were investigated in high ionic strength solution. Batch experiments were conducted at pH 7.8 using radiotracer concentrations of 10 -9 -10 -11 M, close to those found in the environment. The effect of solution carbonate complexation on sorption kinetics and on distribution coefficients (K d ) was also evaluated. Fast uptake and large K d (10 6 -10 7 ) were observed with both phases, but carbonate complexation exerts a greater influence on REE uptake by δ-MnO 2 than by FeOOH. Kinetic models were applied to fit laboratory data
Physicochemical, Pasting, Thermal and Morphological Characteristics of Indian Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) Starch

Starch extracted from Indian water chestnut was investigated for its physicochemical characteristics. The results were compared with those obtained from two commercial starches (corn and potato). The pasting properties were tested in the Rapid Visco Analyser and thermal properties with a differential scanning calorimeter. Water chestnut starch possessed higher breakdown viscosity (BV) and setback viscosity (SV) than corn and potato starches. However, the pasting temperature of water chestnut starch was not significantly different from that of corn starch. Lower DHgel values were obtained for water chestnut starch than for the other two starches whereas the onset, peak and conclusion temperatures of gelatinization (To, Tp and Tc) for water chestnut starch were quite comparable with corn starch. Scanning electron micrographs showed similarity in starch granule shape between water chestnut and potato starch with corn starch showing surface wrinkles on starch granule surfaces.
Flame Sheet Imaging Using CH Chemiluminescence

Abstract The detection of CH chemiiuminescence is demonstrated as a viable technique to obtain data on the falme sheet topology in turbulent reacting flows. Since the CH chemiluminescence signal originates in the flame zone near the stoichiometric surface, the technique also provides a good visualization of the instantaneous isoconcentration contour corresponding to near stoichiometric mixtures of fuel and air. The technique uses two intensified CCD cameras that are gated to provide images of the instantaneous CH chemiluminescence distribution. Advantages of this technique are that no lasers are needed and that it is straightforward to apply, typically requiring only suitable collection optics and a sufficiently sensitive detector. The primary disadvantage is that it provides a line-of-sight measurement so that, in highly turbulent flows where the flame sheet is significantly convoluted, interpretation of the flame sheet structure is difficult. Images are presented in turbulent CH4-jet flames at Reynolds .
Exact Solution for the Rate of Creeping Flame Spread over Thermally Thin Materials

Abstract In this work we present the exact solution for the rate of creeping flame spread over thermally thin materials based on de Ris' (1969) formulation of the problem. The publication of the present work was prompted by a recent paper by Wichman and Williams (1984). These authors noted that de Ris (1969) obtained theoretical values for flame spread rates which are by a factor of two larger than recent experimental data (Fernandez-Pello et at., 1981). Wichman and Williams (1984) correctly suggested that this discrepancy between the theory and the experiment may have resulted from an approximation by de Ris(1969) of an irrational kernel by a rational function. The substitute kernel used by de Ris (1969) allowed him to obtain an analytical solution of the flame spread rates; however, this approximation may have introduced errors in the calculation of proportionality constants. The exact solution for creeping flame spread rates, which we present in the final analysis, agrees with the experimental data. In.