Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developing a Comprehensive Model for Feasibility Analysis of Separated Bike Lanes and Electric Bike Lanes: A Case Study in Shanghai, China

Electric bikes (e-bikes), including lightweight e-bikes with pedals and e-bikes in scooter form, are gaining popularity around the world because of their convenience and affordability. At the same time, e-bike-related accidents are also on the rise and many policymakers and practitioners are debating the feasibility of building e-bike lanes in their communities. By collecting e-bikes and bikes data in Shanghai City, the study first recalibrates the capacity of the conventional bike lane based on the traffic movement characteristics of the mixed bikes flow. Then, the study evaluates the traffic safety performance of the mixed bike flow in the conventional bike lane by the observed passing events. Finally, this study proposes a comprehensive model for evaluating the feasibility of building an e-bike lane by integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process and fuzzy mathematics by considering the three objectives: capacity, safety, and budget constraint. The proposed model, one of the first of its kind, can be used to (i) evaluate the existing road capacity and safety performance improvement of a mixed bike flow with e-bikes and human-powered bikes by analyzing the mixed bike flow arrival rate and passing maneuvers, and (ii) quantify the changes to the road capacity and safety performance if a new e-bike lane is constructed. Numerical experiments are performed to calibrate the proposed model and evaluate its performance using non-motorized vehicles' trajectories in Shanghai, China. The numerical experiment results suggest that the proposed model can be used by policymakers and practitioners to evaluate the feasibility of building e-bike lanes.
After collapse: On how a physical vacuum can change the black hole paradigm

Standard General Relativity assumes that, in the absence of classical matter sources, spacetime is empty. This chapter considers and analyses the new behaviours of the gravitational field that appear when one substitutes this emptiness by a reactive vacuum, stemming in particular from the idea of vacuum provided by quantum field theory. We restrict our study to spherically symmetric configurations, and take a simple free quantum scalar field as a proxy to more complicated formulations. Our analysis is split into a study of static and of dynamical configurations. Under the assumption of staticity, we find and describe the different asymptotically flat self-consistent solutions that appear when using a vacuum Renormalised Stress-Energy Tensor (RSET) as an additional source in the Einstein equations. Of particular interest is the discovery that, as opposed to standard general relativity, the new theory naturally contains static ultracompact stellar configurations which could observationally be mistaken for black holes (BHs). Then, in our study of dynamical configurations, we investigate the possibility of these same vacuum effects changing the internal gravitational processes after an initial gravitational collapse in a way which shows a path towards forming the aforementioned ultracompact configurations. This has lead us to analyse several dynamical situations seldom contemplated in the literature. Of special relevance, we find that the inner horizon that all realistic BHs should contain could inflate outwards quickly enough to meet the outer one before any appreciable Hawking evaporation has taken place.
Modify Training Directions in Function Space to Reduce Generalization Error

We propose theoretical analyses of a modified natural gradient descent method in the neural network function space based on the eigendecompositions of neural tangent kernel and Fisher information matrix. We firstly present analytical expression for the function learned by this modified natural gradient under the assumptions of Gaussian distribution and infinite width limit. Thus, we explicitly derive the generalization error of the learned neural network function using theoretical methods from eigendecomposition and statistics theory. By decomposing of the total generalization error attributed to different eigenspace of the kernel in function space, we propose a criterion for balancing the errors stemming from training set and the distribution discrepancy between the training set and the true data. Through this approach, we establish that modifying the training direction of the neural network in function space leads to a reduction in the total generalization error. Furthermore, We demonstrate that this theoretical framework is capable to explain many existing results of generalization enhancing methods. These theoretical results are also illustrated by numerical examples on synthetic data.
Sourcebook On Atomic Energy. 3rd

This is the standard sourcebook on atomic and nuclear science, now newly revised and greatly enlarged in a third edition that reflects the significant accomplishments oi recent years. Widely received as a balanced guide to all aspects of atomic energy by countless thousandsâ€”scientists, laymen, teachers, and students alikeâ€”the Sourcebeok on Atomic Energy brings together the important facts about past history, current status, and possible future of a vital and challenging discipline. It has been brought completely up to date by Dr. Samuel Glasstone, a noted educator, scientist and author, under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission. Beginning with the earliest theories of the atom and its structure, the Sourcebook on Atomic Energy describes the growth of thought and knowledge in such fields as the theory of radioactivity, the concept of isotopes, the design of particle accelerators, and the use of nuclear reactors for research and for power. The sections on nuclear reactors, on nuclear forces and structure, on controlled fusion, on cosmic rays, on synthetic elements, and on other subjects are expanded in light of the most recent developments in these areas. There are comprehensive accounts of the many new applications of isotopes and radiationâ€”in industry, in medicine and biology, in agriculture, in law enforcement and crime detection, in archeology, and in cosmology. There is a completely new and particularly valuable chapter on elementary particles. So skillful is Dr. Glasstone in presenting complex concepts that the reader with only a rudimentary knowledge of science or mathematics is able to follow the narrative without difficulty. Nuclear energy is increasingly a pan of our daily lives as electricity from the atom provides power for use in homes and factories. In addition, it is finding applications in space, for desalting water in arid areas, in humanitarian uses for medical research and in vital new processes and techniques for industry. Atomic science has been the product of many great minds, and amorfg the special features of this book are quotations from the work of pioneers like the Curies. Rutherford and Bohr, describing in their own words many of the fundamental discoveries in atomic science, among them radioactivity, X-rays, nuclear fission and others. Dr. Glasstone has also traced the historic origin of the principal terms of the new atomic languageâ€”terms like neutron, proton, meson, nucleon. cyclotron, cosmic rays, muon, and quark. Clearly written, carofully organized this new edition of the Sourcebook on Atomic Energy provides the essentrai facts needed for constant reference in every plant, laboratory, school or library today.
Correlation function of flavored fermion in holographic QCD

By using the gauge-gravity duality, we investigate the correlation function of flavored fermion in the $\mathrm{D}_{p}/\mathrm{D}_{p+4}$ model as top-down approaches of holographic QCD for $p=4,3$. The bulk spinor, as the source of the flavored fermion in QCD, is identified to the worldvolume fermion on the flavor $\mathrm{D}_{p+4}$-branes and the standard form of its action can be therefore obtained by the T-duality rules in string theory. Keeping this in hand, we afterwards generalize the prescription for two-point correlation function in AdS/CFT dictionary into general D-brane backgrounds and apply it to the case of $p=4,3$, i.e. the D4/D8 and D3/D7 approach respectively. Resultantly, our numerical calculation with the bubble background always displays discrete peaks in the correlation functions which imply the bound states created by the flavored fermions as the confinement in QCD. With the black brane background, the onshell condition illustrated by the correlation function covers basically the dispersion curves of fermion obtained by the hard thermal loop approximation in the hot medium. In this sense, we conclude remarkably that our top-down approach in this work could reveal the fundamental properties of QCD both in the confined and deconfined phase.
Audio-aware Query-enhanced Transformer for Audio-Visual Segmentation

The goal of the audio-visual segmentation (AVS) task is to segment the sounding objects in the video frames using audio cues. However, current fusion-based methods have the performance limitations due to the small receptive field of convolution and inadequate fusion of audio-visual features. To overcome these issues, we propose a novel \textbf{Au}dio-aware query-enhanced \textbf{TR}ansformer (AuTR) to tackle the task. Unlike existing methods, our approach introduces a multimodal transformer architecture that enables deep fusion and aggregation of audio-visual features. Furthermore, we devise an audio-aware query-enhanced transformer decoder that explicitly helps the model focus on the segmentation of the pinpointed sounding objects based on audio signals, while disregarding silent yet salient objects. Experimental results show that our method outperforms previous methods and demonstrates better generalization ability in multi-sound and open-set scenarios.
Thinking Skills As An Effort Quality Teacher ’ s Readiness Through The Field Experience Practice

Improvement of Thinking Skills As An Effort Quality Teacher Readiness Through The Field Experience Practice. The purpose of this study is to describe the improvement of thinking skills as an effort to improve adequate competence so that they become quality teachers through the practice of field experience . The scope of this research is as a form of implementation of Teacher Profesional Education (TPE) in the position of 2019 majoring in Fashion Management organized by the State University of Malang. The place for implementing Field Experience Practices (FEP) in partner schools is Vocational High School 5 Malang. Data collection uses quantitative and qualitative data mixing strategies, with sequential explanatory methods. There is a process assessment and product assessment. The results obtained show good results. An increase in the average value of the Learning Implementation Plan by 7.06 acquisition from 79.07 to 86.13. The implementation of learning also increased by an average of 7.07 gains from 78.97 to 86.04. Assessment of non-teaching activities, involvement in routine activities in schools 86.00. Personality and social competency assessment obtained an average value of 92.33. In conclusion, the FEP influences the improvement of thinking skills in the readiness of teachers who have adequate and professional characteristics and competencies for the TFE participants in positions.
GENDERED GAPS TO TB PREVENTION AND CARE IN KENYA: A POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS STUDY.

Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health concern despite the massive global efforts towards ending TB. Kenya is among the high burdened countries globally with the TB prevention and care efforts hampered by poor health systems, resource limitations and other socio-political contexts that inform policy and implementation. Notably, TB cases are much higher in men than women, and therefore, the political economy analysis study provides in-depth contexts and understanding of the gender gaps to access and successful treatment for TB infection. Methods The Political Economy Analysis (PEA) adopted a qualitative in-depth approach that targeted 16 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). The Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were distributed among government entities, academia, non-state actors, and community TB groups. Results The themes identified were mapped onto the applied PEA analysis framework domains. The contextual and institutional issues included gender concerns related to the disconnect between TB policies and gender inclusion aspects, such as low prioritization for TB programs, limited use of evidence to inform decisions and poor health system structures. The broad barriers influencing the social contexts for TB programs were social stigma and cultural norms such as traditional interventions that negatively impact health-seeking behaviors. The themes around the economic situation were poverty and unemployment, food insecurity, and malnutrition. The political context centered around the systemic and governance gaps in the health system from the national and devolved health functions. Conclusion Overall, broad contextual factors identified from the political economy analysis widens the disparity in targeted gender efforts toward men. Following the development of effective TB policies and strategies, it is important to have well-planned gendered responsive interventions with a clear implementation plan and monitoring system to enhance access to TB prevention and care.
Adaptive interval type-2 fuzzy dynamic surface control for uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown asymmetric dead-zone input

In this study, an adaptive dynamic surface control (DSC) scheme based on the interval type-2 fuzzy systems is proposed for uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown asymmetric dead-zone input and unknown control gains. The dead-zone nonlinearity is represented as a time-varying system with a bounded disturbance. The proposed approach invokes the interval type-2 fuzzy system to approximate the unknown nonlinear dynamics that appears in the virtual and actual control inputs. Also, it proposes adaptive terms to compensate the effect of the disturbance-like term in the dead-zone constraint. Then, the DSC scheme is designed based on the interval type-2 fuzzy system and the dead-zone model. Adaptive laws are derived to tune the consequent parameters of the interval type-2 fuzzy system and the dead-zone model. Stability analysis of the proposed scheme shows that all the signals of the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded and the tacking error can be made arbitrary small by proper selection of the design parameters. The proposed scheme avoids the “explosion of complexity” and “singularity” problems, simultaneously. Furthermore, it can compensate the effect of the dead-zone constraint without any need to its parameters. The simulation and comparison results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Consistency and intractable likelihood for jump diffusions and generalised coalescent processes

This thesis has two related aims: establishing tractable conditions for posterior consistency of statistical inference from non-IID data with an intractable likelihood, and developing Monte Carlo methodology for conducting such inference. Two prominent classes of models, jump diffusions and generalised coalescent processes, are considered throughout. Both are motivated by population genetics applications. Posterior consistency of nonparametric inference is established for joint inference of drift and compound Poisson jump components of unit volatility jump diffusions in arbitrary dimension under an identifiability assumption. This assumption is straightforward to verify in the diffusion case, but difficult to check in general for jump diffusions. A similar consistency result is established under somewhat weaker conditions for Λ-coalescent processes whenever time series data is available. I also show that Λ-coalescent inference cannot be consistent if observations are contemporaneous, in stark contrast to the more classical case of the Kingman coalescent. I also introduce the notion of reverse time sequential Monte Carlo (SMC), which has previously been applied to Kingman and Λ-coalescents. Here, reverse time SMC is presented as a generic algorithm, and general conditions under which it is effective are developed. In brief, it is well suited to integration over paths which begin at a mode of the target distribution, and terminate in the tails. These innovations are used to design new SMC algorithms for generalised coalescent processes, as well as non-coalescent examples including evaluating a containment probability of the hyperbolic diffusion, an overflow probability in a queueing model and finding an initial infection in an epidemic network model.
Characterizing Positive Pressure Ventilation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Data from two different sets of full-scale experiments are compared with simulations completed with the computational fluid dynamic model, the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS). The full-scale experiments characterize a Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) fan in an open atmosphere and in a simple room geometry. The measurements of both experiments compare favorably with the Fire Dynamic Simulator results. With the correct geometry, vent placement, and boundary location FDS predicted velocities that were within 10 percent for the open atmosphere and 20 percent for the simple room geometry. FDS’s visualization of the positive pressure ventilation fan’s flow pattern, and the flow out of the window also correlated well with those measured experimentally. Disclaimer Certain trade names and company products are mentioned in the text or identified in an illustration in order to specify adequately the experimental procedure and equipment used. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the products are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
Statistical Significance and the Dichotomization of Evidence

ABSTRACT In light of recent concerns about reproducibility and replicability, the ASA issued a Statement on Statistical Significance and p-values aimed at those who are not primarily statisticians. While the ASA Statement notes that statistical significance and p-values are “commonly misused and misinterpreted,” it does not discuss and document broader implications of these errors for the interpretation of evidence. In this article, we review research on how applied researchers who are not primarily statisticians misuse and misinterpret p-values in practice and how this can lead to errors in the interpretation of evidence. We also present new data showing, perhaps surprisingly, that researchers who are primarily statisticians are also prone to misuse and misinterpret p-values thus resulting in similar errors. In particular, we show that statisticians tend to interpret evidence dichotomously based on whether or not a p-value crosses the conventional 0.05 threshold for statistical significance. We discuss implications and offer recommendations.
Hybrid quantum anomalous Hall effect at graphene-oxide interfaces

Z.Z. acknowledges financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Grant No. ZA 780/3-1, the Ramon y Cajal MINECO program (Grant No. RYC-2016-19344), the EC H2020-EINFRA-5-2015 MaX Center of Excellence (Grant No. 676598), the Spanish MINECO (Grant No. FIS2015-64886-C5-3-P), the CERCA programme of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Grant No. 2017SGR1506), and by the Severo Ochoa programme (MINECO, Grant No. SEV-2013-0295). M.J.V. acknowledges funding from the Communaute francaise de Belgique ARC grant (Grant No. AIMED 15/19-09). Y.M. acknowledges funding from the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), Grant No. MO 1731/5-1. This work has been also financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Collaborative Research Center SPP 1666. The authors acknowledge computer time from the PRACE-3IP and 4IP on resources Lindgren, Archer, and Salomon (EU Grants No. RI-312763 and No. 653838), CECI, SEGI-ULg and Zenobe hosted by CENAERO (Grant No. GA 1117545), the JARA-HPC projects (No. jara0088, No. JIAS16, and No. JHPC39), the JARA-HPC Vergabegremium and VSR commission on the supercomputer JURECA at Forschungszentrum Julich.
Lower-bound shakedown analysis of pavements by using the interior point method

Pavements fail in general not by sudden collapse but by gradual deterioration after a large number of loading cycles, in particular by rolling contact. Based on the lower-bound theorem by Melan, the shakedown load for pavements under cyclic rolling contact loading can be determined. The thesis is composed of three main parts. First, a method for the shakedown analysis of repeated sliding/rolling line contact as well as repeated stationary line and point contacts is introduced. The material is assumed to be rate-independent elastic-plastic. As yield conditions, the rounded Mohr-Coulomb, Tresca and von Mises yield criteria are used, assuming associated flow rules. The proposed numerical method is based on finite elements and the inherent optimisation problem to determine the shakedown factors is solved with the interior point method. The results are compared with previous results. Secondly, Melan’s extended theorem of shakedown analysis for non-associated flow rules is introduced to take into account the non-associated behaviour in granular materials. Such shakedown analysis of non-associated plasticity flow are needed to be developed because internal friction and change of physical state defined by density and volume changes the plastic strain increment deviates from the normality of yield surface. Finally, using the simple cap model proposed by Sandler (1976) [56] and Bathe et al. (1980) [4] combined with the rounded Mohr-Coulomb, the bound on hydrostatic stress in triaxial condition has been introduced into the formulation of the shakedown problem.
Shear Strength Prediction for Two-Piles Caps Using Empirical Equations

This study involves analyzing of two piles-caps together with other available tested pile caps in literature. Many expressions are proposed in the current stydy to predict the diagonal cracking and ultimate shear strengths of pile caps using the nonlinear multiple-regression analysis to the available experimental data. The proposed expressions have minimum values of mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE), while they have maximum values for coefficient of multiple determinations (R2). For the prediction of diagonal cracking shear strength, two proposed expressions were compared with the available equations. The analysis of pile caps using these equations indicates that the proposed equations results in accurate values closer to experimental results than the available equations. While for the prediction of ultimate shear strength, two proposed expressions were compared with the available equations. The analysis of pile caps using these equations indicate that the proposed equations results in good agreement when compared with the results of the available equations.