Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sedimentary organic matter geochemistry of Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Surface sediment samples from three interconnected fjords of Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, were density fractionated (1.6 g cm−3) to isolate discrete organic debris (OD) from mineral‐associated organic matter (MOM). Total organic carbon (OC) values varied greatly, ranging from <0.1% to 8.8% by weight, with a general decreasing trend from fjord head to the continental shelf. Within the sediment, terrestrial OM was present either as vascular plant debris or soil MOM. Down‐fjord, the woody vascular plant material in the OD fraction acquires nitrogen, which is hypothesized to be due to the bacterial incorporation of nitrogen from the water. Terrestrial OC in the MOM is incompletely replaced by marine OC within the fjords, resulting in a 65% net loss of MOM. Sediments deposited under oxic and intermittently anoxic water column conditions have organic carbon to surface area ratios (OC: SA) ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 mg C m−2, similar to that of typical continental margin sediments. Given that temperate fjords contain an estimated 12% of the continental margin sediment deposited during the last 100,000 yr, and that they bury at least a margin‐equivalent amount of OC (either weight or surface area normalized), we hypothesize that temperate fjords may contain 12% or more of the sedimentary OC buried during this time.
Left ventricular remodelling patterns in patients with moderate aortic stenosis

Abstract Aims Moderate aortic stenosis (AS) is associated with an increased risk of adverse events. Because outcomes in patients with AS are ultimately driven by the condition of the left ventricle (LV) and not by the valve, assessment of LV remodelling seems important for risk stratification. This study evaluated the association between different LV remodelling patterns and outcomes in patients with moderate AS. Methods and results Patients with moderate AS (aortic valve area 1.0–1.5 cm2) were identified and stratified into four groups according to the LV remodelling pattern: normal geometry (NG), concentric remodelling (CR), concentric hypertrophy (CH), or eccentric hypertrophy (EH). Clinical outcomes were defined as all-cause mortality and a composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and aortic valve replacement (AVR). Of 1931 patients with moderate AS (age 73 ± 10 years, 52% men), 344 (18%) had NG, 469 (24%) CR, 698 (36%) CH, and 420 (22%) EH. Patients with CH and EH showed higher 3-year mortality rates (28% and 32%, respectively) when compared with patients with NG (19%) (P < 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, CH remained independently associated with mortality (HR 1.258, 95% CI 1.016–1.558; P = 0.035), whereas both CH (HR 1.291, 95% CI 1.088–1.532; P = 0.003) and EH (HR 1.217, 95% CI 1.008–1.470; P = 0.042) were associated with the composite endpoint of death or AVR. Conclusion In patients with moderate AS, those who develop CH already have an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Assessment of the LV remodelling patterns may identify patients at higher risk of adverse events, warranting closer surveillance, and possibly earlier intervention.
The deltaic nature of Amazon shelf sedimentation

Despite the annual discharge of more than a billion tons of sediment by the Amazon River, the sedimentary environment near the river mouth has little subaerial expression and thus does not meet the classic definition of a delta. The river mouth, however, is not an estuary, either. These observations raise a major question as to what type of sedimentary environment the Amazon river mouth represents. Seismic stratigraphy has been examined on the continental shelf at the mouth of the Amazon River using high-frequency (3.5-kHz) seismic records from about 6,000 km of ship track. These records demonstrate three regions. (1) The Amazon River has built a subaqueous feature which stretches for hundreds of kilometres offshore and alongshore from its mouth. The feature is prograding seaward and accreting upward, and it contains fine-scale stratification typical of classic deltas. The feature forming at the mouth of the Amazon is a subaqueous delta; it differs from classic deltas primarily in its lack of subaerial expression. Subaqueous deltas, such as the Amazon, represent the general case of a major river entering an energetic oceanic regime.
Improved ship detection with airborne polarimetric SAR data

The ship-detection performance that can be obtained from polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is compared with that obtained from single-channel SAR data. Statistical decision theory is used to define decision variables that quantify the tradeoff between the probability of missed detection and the probability of false alarm; performance is characterized by calculating receiver operating characteristics from single-channel and polarimetric SAR data by using likelihood ratio tests with the Neyman–Pearson criterion. It is shown that ship-detection performance obtained with polarimetric SAR data is improved compared with that obtained with single-channel SAR data. We also evaluate the results of these algorithms when applied to single-channel, dual-channel amplitude-only, dual-channel with amplitude and phase, and fully polarimetric SAR data of known ships. In this way, the relative improvement in ship-detection performance that is realized by using polarimetric information is quantified.
Health-Risk Behaviors and Chronic Conditions Among Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease — United States, 2015 and 2016

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. In 2015, an estimated 3.1 million adults in the United States had ever received a diagnosis of IBD (1). Nationally representative samples of adults with IBD have been unavailable or too small to assess relationships between IBD and other chronic conditions and health-risk behaviors (2). To assess the prevalence of health-risk behaviors and chronic conditions among adults with and without IBD, CDC aggregated survey data from the 2015 and 2016 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). An estimated 3.1 million (unadjusted lifetime prevalence = 1.3%) U.S. adults had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. Adults with IBD had a significantly lower prevalence of having never smoked cigarettes than did adults without the disease (55.9% versus 63.5%). Adults with IBD had significantly higher prevalences than did those without the disease in the following categories: having smoked and quit (26.0% versus 21.0%; having met neither aerobic nor muscle-strengthening activity guidelines (50.4% versus 45.2%); reporting <7 hours of sleep, on average, during a 24-hour period (38.2% versus 32.2%); and having serious psychological distress (7.4% versus 3.4%). In addition, nearly all of the chronic conditions evaluated were more common among adults with IBD than among adults without IBD. Understanding the health-risk behaviors and prevalence of certain chronic conditions among adults with IBD could inform clinical practice and lead to better disease management.
Electron density distribution over the northern polar region deduced from IMAGE/radio plasma imager sounding

[1] Electron density Ne distributions in the northern polar region are determined from 1.4 to 5.0 RE at invariant latitudes greater than 70° using the radio plasma imager (RPI) on the IMAGE satellite over the period from June 2000 to November 2001. An empirical Ne model in this region is derived as a function of radial distance and geomagnetic activity. A power law with a power index of −5.09 ± 0.03 describes the variation of Ne with radial distance. The Ne appears to increase exponentially with the Kp index. The altitude dependence of the empirical model at low geomagnetic activity is qualitatively consistent with previous models derived from the ISIS 1 and the Dynamic Explorer 1 spacecraft.
Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with incident dementia later in life among elder adults

) was associated with an increased risk of dementia (aHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.08; P =0.001). A higher risk of dementia in the high FLI group than in the intermediate FLI group was attributed to Alzheimer’s disease (aHR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01–1.07; P =0.004) rather than vascular dementia (aHR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.75–1.18; P =0.602). Conclusions: NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of dementia, which was attributed to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. (Clin Mol Hepatol 2022;28:510-521)
Polarization, land use type and intraurban location as variables in SAR mapping accuracy

Abstract Dual‐polarized X‐band airborne synthetic aperture radar imagery of Los Angeles, California is employed to examine the relationship among urban land use category identification, category location within an urban area, and radar polarization. Results indicate that HV polarized imagery may be preferred for urban land use mapping as the signal response is less sensitive to target orientation and surface scatter. That is, there was more category related variation in tone and texture. For both polarizations there were significant differences in identification accuracy among land use classes and the ability to identify a single land use type varied across the study area, but not equally. A major problem relative to developing applications was the inability to distinguish Commercial‐Services and Industrial activity from other categories.
Generation of internal waves in Massachusetts Bay

Observations of stratified tidal flow over a submarine ridge indicate that the large amplitude and asymmetry of the topography are critical in determining the type of flow response. The observations consist of hydrographic, current meter, and echo-sounding data and are used as a basis for inferring the generation mechanism of previously observed trains of internal waves. The flow response on ebb and flood tide is categorized according to the Froude number classification of sill flows proposed by Farmer and Smith (1980a). The calculated Froude numbers, response length scale, and duration differ markedly between the two phases of the tide due to the asymmetry of the bank. The development of two features in the acoustic imagery related to wave formation is followed.
Vertical distribution of water within the polythermal Storglaciären, Sweden

[1] Knowledge of water content and its distribution in polythermal glaciers is required to model their flow and thermal state. However, observations of water content variations with depth in polythermal glaciers are scarce. Water content can be estimated from radio wave speed because they depend on one another. We obtained continuous profiles of radio wave speed variations with depth from zero-offset radar profiles collected in boreholes approximately 80 m deep in the upper ablation area of Storglaciaren, northern Sweden. These profiles show that the microcrystalline water system in the temperate ice is relatively homogeneous. The overall hydrothermal structure at this location is composed of a 20 m thick upper layer of cold, water-free ice, underlain by a temperate ice layer whose average water content is 0.6% ± 0.3%. These results are corroborated by surface radar and thermistor measurements, which show that the depth of the cold temperate transition is 21 m and the calculated water content at that transition is 0.6% ± 0.1%. These findings imply that the whole temperate ice layer is from 3 to 4 times softer than the cold ice and, consequently, that realistic ice flow models of polythermal glaciers should include the effect of water content on viscosity.
Effect of Daily Minimum Temperature on Photosynthesis in Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) in Autumn and Winter

Most coniferous trees are capable of photosynthesis throughout the year, but low temperatures and frozen soil limit winter photosynthesis in many regions. In eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) in central Massachusetts, U.S.A. , midday light saturated photosynthesis (Pmax) in autumn was limited by subfreezing temperatures during the previous one to two nights. In autumn, minimum air temperature (Tmin) during the previous 24 h had a strong effect on midday Pmax only if Tmin was below −2°C. Pmax averaged about 5 μmol m−2 s−1 after Tmin near −2°C, but fell to about 1 μmol m−2 s−1 after a Tmin of −8°C. Maximum measured Pmax in winter was about 2.5 μmol m−2 s−1 after a Tmin of 7°C in mid-March, and Pmax in winter was more strongly related to average Tmin during the previous week than to the Tmin just prior to measurement. However, no major mid-winter thaws, with several successive above-freezing minimum temperatures, occurred during this study. A model of annual carbon exchange for the hemlock forest showed that daily ecosystem carbon exchange in December through March was very sensitive to variation between −5 and 2°C in average daily Tmin during the past 2 d. Fewer autumn frosts and prolonged winter thaws could increase annual photosynthesis and carbon storage in eastern hemlock forests in the northeastern United States.
Terrain analysis and data modeling for alpine glacier mapping

Abstract We investigate the utility of object‐oriented data modeling and analysis of the topography for alpine glacier mapping at Nanga Parbat, in northern Pakistan. Results indicate that first‐ and second‐order morphometric parameters can be used to study glacier features and delineate debris‐covered glaciers. Object‐oriented data modeling using a two‐level hierarchy was found to be successful for delineating the Raikot Glacier, although a three‐level hierarchy is required for more detailed glacier mapping. These findings are of special importance to the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) project, which will use satellite imagery to assess and map the Earth's glaciers. Furthermore, hierarchical modeling of the topography may serve to provide a foundation upon which scientists may learn more about the polygenetic nature of topographic evolution.
Diagenetic history of the Podhale-Orava Basin and the underlying Tatra sedimentary structural units (Western Carpathians): evidence from XRD and K-Ar of illite- smectite

Abstract Diagenesis in the Podhale and Orava Paleogene flysch basins and in the underlying Mesozoic structural units was studied by XRD measurement of the percent smectite in the mixed- layer illite-smectite from shales and K-Ar dating of the illite-smectite from bentonites, supported by XRD quantitative mineral analysis, grain density, and porosity measurements of the bulk shales. The diagenetic mineral reactions identified in the flysch shales include illitization of smectite (> 60 to < 5%S), dissolution of K-feldspar and kaolinite, crystallization of quartz, albite and chlorite. An unusually large amount of basin history information was obtained by combining the illite-smectite data from wells and from the present erosional surface of the basin. The rocks underwent burial diagenesis at a stable geothermal gradient similar to the present-day value of 21 ± 2℃/km. The maximum burial temperatures were reached very quickly (high sedimentation rate) close to the basin inversion time, at ~17 Ma in the western part and 18 Ma in the eastern part. The basin floor, which included the present-day Tatra Mts. , was inclined towards the East. The thickness of the sedimentary filling of the basin ranged from 3.5-4.5 km in the western Tatra (removed entirely), to 5-6 km in the western Podhale (<3-4 km removed), to 6.5-7.5 km in the eastern Podhale (>4-5 km removed), and even more in the eastern Tatra and Spisska Magura close to the Ruzbachy Fault. These data imply a major subsidence followed by uplift of the Podhale plus Tatra block along the Ruzbachy Fault and the deposition of a thick sequence of Lower Miocene sediments over the entire area (latter removed by erosion). The Mesozoic rocks of all the structural units underlying the flysch basin underwent advanced diagenesis (maximum palaeotemperatures of 160-270°C) during an Upper Cretaceous tectonic burial event at ~80-90 Ma. The tectonic overload was removed before the Eocene transgression (49-42 Ma).
Sensing driver awareness by combining fisheye camera and Kinect

In this paper, we propose a Driver’s Awareness Catching System to sense the driver’s awareness. The system consists of a fisheye camera and a Kinect. The Kinect mounted inside vehicle is used to recognize and locate the 3D face of the driver. The fisheye camera mounted outside vehicle is used to monitor the road. The relative pose between two cameras is calibrated via a state-of-the-art method for calibrating cameras with non-overlapping field of view. The camera system works in this way: First, the SDK of Kinect released by Microsoft is used to tracking driver’s face and capture eye’s location together with sight direction. Secondly, the eye’s location and the sight direction are transformed to the coordinate system of fisheye camera. Thirdly, corresponding view field is extracted from fisheye image. As there is a small displacement between driver’s eyes and the optical center of fisheye camera, it will lead to a view angle deviation. Finally, we did a systematic analysis of the error distribution by numerical simulation and proved the feasibility of our camera system. On the other hand, we realized this camera system and achieved desired effect in realworld experiment.
Au-quartz mineralization near the base of the continental seismogenic zone

Abstract The base of the continental seismogenic zone is defined within individual fault zones by the transition with depth from pressure-sensitive factional (FR) faulting to temperature-sensitive quasi-plastic (QP) ductile shearing. The depth of this FR-QP transition fluctuates principally as a consequence of variations in geothermal gradient and crustal lithology but other factors (e.g. fluid pressure level, strain rate) also play a role. For quartz-dominant and feldspar-dominant lithologies, respectively, it corresponds approximately to isotherms at 300–350°C and c. 450 °C. , defining an undulating transition zone in the mid-crust with a relief of the order of 5–10 km. This transition zone correlates with the greenschist-facies metamorphic environment where the bulk of mesozonal Au-quartz lodes form in mixed continuous-discontinuous shear zones. In areas of crustal convergence and thickening, where fluid release results from prograde metamorphic dehydration, especially at the greenschistamphibolite-facies transition in the middle to deep crust, the seismogenic carapace acts as an upper crustal stress guide and low-permeability lid to overpressured metamorphic fluids migrating through shear zone conduits. Under appropriate combinations of stress and fault architecture in the brittle carapace, substantial fluid volumes may be trapped beneath this elastic lid at sufficient overpressure to generate dilatant fault-fracture meshes discharging episodically by fault-valve action following fault rupture, with permeability locally enhanced by aftershock activity distributed about the rupture zones. Topographic irregularities in the seismic-aseismic transition determine rupture nucleation sites and probably play a critical role in focusing the discharge of overpressured metamorphic fluids into the seismogenic layer. This helps to account for the observed spacing of mesozonal lode systems along transcrustal shear zones.
Investigating late Holocene variations in hydroclimate and the stable isotope composition of precipitation using southern South American peatlands: an hypothesis

Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grants NE/I022809/1, NE/I022833/1, NE/I022981/1 and NE/I023104/1) for financial support. We are grateful to three reviewers for their very helpful and supportive comments. We would also like to thank the staff of the GeoMapping Unit at Plymouth University for their tireless efforts in the production of figures for this manuscript.
Role of Blood Lipids in the Development of Ischemic Stroke and its Subtypes

Background and Purpose— Statin therapy is associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke supporting a causal role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, more evidence is needed to answer the question whether LDL cholesterol plays a causal role in ischemic stroke subtypes. In addition, it is unknown whether high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides have a causal relationship to ischemic stroke and its subtypes. Our aim was to investigate the causal role of LDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in ischemic stroke and its subtypes through Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods— Summary data on 185 genome-wide lipids-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms were obtained from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium and the Stroke Genetics Network for their association with ischemic stroke (n=16 851 cases and 32 473 controls) and its subtypes, including large artery atherosclerosis (n=2410), small artery occlusion (n=3186), and cardioembolic (n=3427) stroke. Inverse-variance–weighted MR was used to obtain the causal estimates. Inverse-variance–weighted multivariable MR, MR-Egger, and sensitivity exclusion of pleiotropic single nucleotide polymorphisms after Steiger filtering and MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier test were used to adjust for pleiotropic bias. Results— A 1-SD genetically elevated LDL cholesterol was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio: 1.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.20) and large artery atherosclerosis stroke (odds ratio: 1.28; 95% confidence interval: 1.10–1.49) but not with small artery occlusion or cardioembolic stroke in multivariable MR. A 1-SD genetically elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with a decreased risk of small artery occlusion stroke (odds ratio: 0.79; 95% confidence interval: 0.67–0.90) in multivariable MR. MR-Egger indicated no pleiotropic bias, and results did not markedly change after sensitivity exclusion of pleiotropic single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genetically elevated triglycerides did not associate with ischemic stroke or its subtypes. Conclusions— LDL cholesterol lowering is likely to prevent large artery atherosclerosis but may not prevent small artery occlusion nor cardioembolic strokes. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol elevation may lead to benefits in small artery disease prevention. Finally, triglyceride lowering may not yield benefits in ischemic stroke and its subtypes.
Geomagnetic field behavior before and after the Kauai reverse-normal polarity transition

New paleomagnetic results from 4 m.y. old lava flows from Kauai, Hawaii, suggest that strong poloidal field is associated with an unusual state of the geodynamo that follows attempts at polarity reversal (successful or not). The new data comprise 50 paleomagnetic sites from superposed lava flows occurring just below and above the Kauai reverse-normal polarity transition. A composite record of 45 distinct field determinations was constructed by combining sites that record similar ancient field and correlating them to previously published results from Kauai. Of the 45 data, 25 include paleointensity estimates derived from double-heating experiments. A comparison of the composite record from Kauai with two similar data sets from volcanic sequences shows that field variability (in direction, intensity, or both) can change substantially across a polarity transition. These changes, however, do not appear to be systematic in sign or magnitude. The only feature common to all three records is high field strength in the posttransitional interval, interpreted here as a transient phenomenon associated with the reversal process.