Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Promoting Smoke-Free Environments: The Impact of Thirdhand Smoke Awareness on Smoking Bans at Home

Objective: A creating smoke-free home is a way to protect a vulnerable group from being exposed to secondhand smoke in the home, such as children, infants, and non-smokers. Studies reported an intervention for promoting a smoke-free home by using secondhand smoke messages and smoking cessation messages. However, the thirdhand smoke (THS) message has rarely been found. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the prevalence and correlations of smoking bans in homes. Methods: Secondary data from a community-based cross-sectional design survey was used for this study. Smoking ban status was defined as a smoking ban or no smoking ban. We used multiple logistic regression to test the association between factors and smoking ban status. An adjusted odd ratio and 95% confidence interval were reported. Results: Of the 882 participants included in this analysis, 38.66% (95%CI: 35.43, 41.97) had a smoking ban at home. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that participants who believe that secondhand or THS harms children had a greater correlation with developing a smoking ban in the home compared with those who did not believe (odd ratio: 3.94, 95% confidence interval: 2.35, 6.60 and odd ratio:4.22, 95% confidence interval:2.6, 6.86, respectively). Conclusion: This study found that the belief that thirdhand smoke and secondhand smoke exposure harm children. The smoke-free home message’s relevance to the harms of thirdhand smoke exposure should be adapted to be promoted, especially in homes.
A roadside survey of the blood alcohol concentration levels of nighttime drivers in the Perth metropolitan area

The aim of this research was to investigate changes in driver blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels within the Perth metropolitan area over time through a replication of, and comparison with, two previous road side surveys conducted during 1999 (Ryan, 2000) and in 2000 (Kirov, 2001). Data was collected at roadside police Random Breath Testing (RBT) sites during April to May 2012. A total of 8,435 tests were conducted over a six week period on Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights. Around 7% of drivers tested returned a positive BAC, and 1.4% of these had BACs over the legal limit. There was a relatively even proportion of drink drivers detected across the three week nights, Thursday, Friday and Saturday but a greater proportion of drink drivers were detected in the early morning sessions between 1am and 4:45 am. The back-calculation process applied to BAC evidentiary tests in Western Australia resulted in 26 drivers not receiving a drink driving charge and 65 drivers receiving a reduced BAC level charge. It is recommended that RBT schedules be amended to achieve greater coverage during early morning periods to accommodate the evolving changes in socialisation and alcohol consumption patterns and that this survey be conducted on annual basis to monitor drink driving patterns.
Dimensional characteristics of persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia and their relationships with schizotypy in first-degree relatives

Abstract Purpose of the article Schizophrenia with persistent negative symptoms (PNS) may have different characteristics regarding negative symptom dimensions and heritability patterns. This study aimed to investigate the dimensional characteristics of PNS and their relationships with schizotypal features in first-degree relatives (FDRs). Materials and methods The study included 142 patients, 142 FDRs, and 71 healthy controls (HC). Patients were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), and Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS). Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire was applied to FDR and HC groups. Clinical symptoms were compared between primary-PNS, secondary-PNS, and non-PNS groups. In addition, schizotypy scores were compared between FDRs and HCs. Then, the relationship between the symptoms of the patients in the PNS group and the schizotypy scores of their relatives was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. Results All negative symptom dimension scores were similar in primary-PNS and secondary-PNS and lowest in non-PNS. PNS-FDR had higher in all schizotypy scores than non-PNS-FDR and HC, except for lack of close friends and social anxiety. In the PNS group, positive symptom severity and PANSS experiential deficit scores significantly predicted positive and negative schizotypy scores in relatives. Negative schizotypy was associated with asociality. Conclusions The PNS is likely a subtype in which the genetic basis of negative symptoms is stronger and is associated with genetic abnormalities shared by positive and negative schizotypy dimensions in relatives. Family-based genetic studies will be beneficial in enlightening the genetic etiology of PNS.
The neural development of trust differs between males and females 2

Trust and cooperation increase from adolescence to adulthood, but studies on gender differences in this development are rare. We investigated gender and age-related differences in trust and reciprocity and associated neural mechanisms in 43 individuals (16 to 27 years, 22 male). Participants played two multi-round trust games with a cooperative and an unfair partner. Males showed more basic trust towards unknown others than females. Both genders increased trust during cooperative interactions, with no differences in average trust. Age was unrelated to trust during cooperation. During unfair interactions males decreased their trust more with age than females. ROI analysis showed age-related increases in activation in the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during cooperative investments, and increased age-related caudate activation during both cooperative and unfair repayments. Gender differences in brain activation were only observed during cooperative repayments, with males activating the TPJ more than females, and females activating the caudate more. The findings suggest relatively mature processes of trust and reciprocity in the investigated age range. Gender differences only occur in unfair contexts, becoming more pronounced with age. Largely similar neural activation in males and females and few age effects suggest that similar, mature cognitive strategies are employed. The neural development of trust differs between males and females 3
Flanking N- and C-terminal domains of PrsA in Streptococcus suis type 2 are crucial for inducing cell death independent of TLR2 recognition

ABSTRACT Streptococcus suis type 2 (SS2), a major emerging/re-emerging zoonotic pathogen found in humans and pigs, can cause severe clinical infections, and pose public health issues. Our previous studies recognized peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PrsA) as a critical virulence factor promoting SS2 pathogenicity. PrsA contributed to cell death and operated as a pro-inflammatory effector. However, the molecular pathways through which PrsA contributes to cell death are poorly understood. Here in this study, we prepared the recombinant PrsA protein and found that pyroptosis and necroptosis were involved in cell death stimulated by PrsA. Specific pyroptosis and necroptosis signalling inhibitors could significantly alleviate the fatal effect. Cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β in pyroptosis with phosphorylated MLKL proteins in necroptosis pathways, respectively, were activated after PrsA stimulation. Truncated protein fragments of enzymatic PPIase domain (PPI), N-terminal (NP), and C-terminal (PC) domains fused with PPIase, were expressed and purified. PrsA flanking N- or C-terminal but not enzymatic PPIase domain was found to be critical for PrsA function in inducing cell death and inflammation. Additionally, PrsA protein could be anchored on the cell surface to interact with host cells. However, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was not implicated in cell death and recognition of PrsA. PAMPs of PrsA could not promote TLR2 activation, and no rescued phenotypes of death were shown in cells blocking of TLR2 receptor or signal-transducing adaptor of MyD88. Overall, these data, for the first time, advanced our perspective on PrsA function and elucidated that PrsA-induced cell death requires its flanking N- or C-terminal domain but is dispensable for recognizing TLR2. Further efforts are still needed to explore the precise molecular mechanisms of PrsA-inducing cell death and, therefore, contribution to SS2 pathogenicity.
Orelabrutinib for the treatment of relapsed or refractory marginal zone lymphoma: A phase 2, multicenter, open‐label study

Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is an indolent type of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma that develops through pathological B cell receptor signaling. Orelabrutinib, a new‐generation oral small molecule Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was evaluated in relapsed/refractory (r/r) MZL patients. Previously treated r/r MZL patients received orelabrutinib 150 mg once daily in a phase 2, multicenter, single‐arm study conducted in China. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) assessed by an Independent Review Committee (IRC) based on the Lugano 2014 classification. Other efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles were evaluated as secondary outcome measures. A total of 111 patients were enrolled, of which 90 patients had MZL confirmed by central pathology review, who were mainly with extra‐nodal MZL of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT, 46.7%) and nodal MZL (35.6%). The majority had late‐stage disease, with stage IV accounting for 75.6%. After a median follow‐up duration of 24.3 months, the IRC‐assessed ORR was 58.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 48.0–69.2), with rates of complete response and partial response being 11.1% and 47.8%, respectively. The IRC‐assessed median duration of response was 34.3 months, and the IRC‐assessed median progression‐free survival (PFS) was not reached with a 12‐month PFS rate of 82.8% (95% CI, 72.6–89.5). The rate of overall survival at 12 months was 91.0% (95% CI, 82.8–95.4). Common all‐grade treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) included anemia (27.9%), neutrophil count decrease (23.4%), white blood cell count decrease (18.0%), platelet count decrease (17.1%), blood present in urine (16.2%), rash (14.4%), and upper respiratory tract infection (10.8%). Thirty‐four patients (30.6%) experienced grade 3 or higher TRAEs. Serious TRAEs occurred in 18 patients (16.2%), of which pneumonia (5.4%) was the most common. Seven patients (6.3%) discontinued orelabrutinib due to TRAEs. Orelabrutinib demonstrated high response rates with durable disease remission and was well tolerated in Chinese patients with r/r MZL.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Alpha-Methyl-Coa (AMACR) and ERG in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma and Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Comparative Study

Objective: This observational comparative study aimed at investigating the diagnostic accuracy of ERG in differentiating benign and malignant prostatic lesions and comparing it to the diagnostic accuracy of AMACR. We also aimed at comparing AMACR and ERG expression to Gleason grade of the carcinoma cases. Methods: Seventy- two cases (22 prostatic hyperplasia and 50 prostatic carcinoma) were collected from the pathology department at Cairo university. The cases were immunostained by antibodies against AMACR and ERG. Immunohistochemical expressions of both markers were differentially examined in benign and malignant cases, compared to each other’s, as well as, to the grade group of the malignant cases. Results: AMACR showed 62% sensitivity and 86.4% specificity for the diagnosis of PC, with a statistically significant differential expression in benign and malignant lesions (P=0.001). Its expression also correlated significantly with the age (p=0.007), Gleason grade (P=0.006) and perineural invasion (P=0.011). Although ERG showed 100% specificity to PC with no expression in hyperplasia cases, it showed only 22% sensitivity for PC cases. ERG expression also showed statistically significant correlation with the Gleason grade. No association between ERG and AMACR expression was detected in our study (P=0.151). Regarding the diagnostic accuracy, although ERG accuracy was much lower than that of AMACR, combining both markers yielded a higher diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: Although ERG proved no superior value than AMACR in diagnosing prostatic lesions, combining both markers may lead to higher diagnostic accuracy owing to higher ERG specificity for PC.
Teasing out elevational trends in infraspecific Prunus taxa: A vein analysis approach

Using 33 specimens collected from across their range in Turkey, we demonstrate that the subspecies of Prunus microcarpa C.A. Mey react very differently to altitude. We first outline a simplified, flexible protocol for sectioning and removing the epidermis of small, difficult‐to‐image leaves for leaf vein studies. We then used venation analysis software to evaluate the two subspecies of this wild cherry in relation to altitude. We also found key differences in venation features between short‐shoot and long‐shoot leaves for each taxon. Differences include statistically significant negative correlation between vein density, and positive correlation between areole area and altitude in long‐shoot leaves of Prunus microcarpa subsp. microcarpa, while its short‐shoot leaves had a positive relationship between maximum areole area, and negative relationship between vein density, numbers of veins and endpoints. Meanwhile, P. microcarpa subsp. tortuosa (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Browicz recorded trends that were largely opposite of this, but beside vein thickness and areole area, were not statistically significant. This difference may be part of each taxon's overarching syndrome of anatomical and morphological adaptations to its external environment.
Prediction of Drug–Drug Interactions with Ensartinib as a Time-Dependent CYP3A Inhibitor Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model

Ensartinib (X-396) is a second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) indicated for the treatment of ALK-positive patients with locally advanced or metastatic non–small cell lung cancer. Although in vitro experiments and molecular docking suggested its potential as a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, no further investigation or clinical trials have been conducted to assess its drug–drug interaction (DDI) risk. In this study, we conducted a series of in vitro experiments to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of ensartinib. Furthermore, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on in vitro, in silico, and in vivo parameters, verified using clinical data, and applied to predict the clinical DDI mediated by ensartinib. The in vitro incubation experiments suggested that ensartinib exhibited strong time-dependent inhibition. Simulation results from the PBPK model indicated a significant increase in the exposure of CYP3A substrates in the presence of ensartinib, with the maximal plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve increasing up to 12-fold and 29-fold for sensitive substrates. Based on these findings, it is evident that co-administration of ensartinib and CYP3A substrates requires careful regulatory consideration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ensartinib was found to be a strong time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A for the first time based on in vitro experiments, but there was no research conducted to estimate the risk of drug–drug interaction (DDI) of ensartinib in clinic. Therefore, the first ensartinib physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed and applied to predict various untested scenarios. The simulation result indicated that the exposure of CYP3A substrate increased significantly and urged the further clinical DDI study. :
Discrepancy between recipient and donor rs4364254 heparanase single nucleotide polymorphism impacts graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplant

The heparanase (HPSE) gene is highly polymorphic, but only a minority of its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been studied. Among these, rs4693608 and rs4364254 SNPs are closely associated with mRNA expression and HPSE protein levels in healthy subjects. Given the association between HPSE and inflammatory response, we aimed to evaluate whether HPSE rs4693608 and rs4364254 SNPs could have an impact on graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplants (HSCT).
Clinical Response to Low-dose Omalizumab Treatment in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Retrospective Study of 179 Patients

Omalizumab is effective in chronic spontaneous urticaria unresponsive to antihistamines. Of the licensed dosing schedules, Korean patients prefer a low dose, of 150 mg/month, for financial reasons. However, real-world experiences of low-dose omalizumab consumption have not been reported. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the treatment outcomes and long-term clinical course of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria who were treated with low-dose omalizumab. The study included 179 patients aged ≥ 20 years who were treated with omalizumab 150 mg/month for ≥ 12 weeks. Baseline disease activity was mild, moderate, and severe in 54.7%, 35.2%, and 10.1% of patients, respectively. A complete response was observed in 133 patients at 12 weeks, among whom 88 patients showed early responses within 4 weeks. Overall, 158 patients finally achieved a complete response. Multivariate analyses revealed that baseline disease activity is more likely to be mild in patients who experience early and final complete responses. The absence of atopic comorbidities correlated with an early response. Smoking was associated with a final complete response. This study shows that low-dose omalizumab provides favourable treatment outcomes in antihistamine-refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria. Disease severity, atopic comorbidity, and smoking may be predictive factors for studying the response to omalizumab. SIGNIFICANCE This retrospective study identified treatment outcomes of low-dose omalizumab in adult patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria in South Korea. A rapid and affirmative response was obtained with low-dose omalizumab. Mild disease activity at baseline, absence of comorbid atopic disease, and current smoking may be predictors of a better response to omalizumab. This study provides important information on the clinical course of patients both during omalizumab treatment and after discontinuation of treatment due to clinical remission and provides evidence for the prescription of low-dose omalizumab for chronic spontaneous urticaria.
Tests of the Urban Economic Model Using a New Measure of Leapfrog Development

The traditional urban economic model explains leapfrog development as the result of intertemporal optimization by landowners who maximize expected net returns by developing land that is farther from the city in earlier time periods and developing land that is closer to the city in a higher-valued use at a later time. Despite this longstanding theory, none have provided an accurate empirical test of whether urban development patterns conform to these predictions. Using a unique dataset on residential subdivision development of variable density and size from 1960 to 2005 in an urbanizing region of Maryland, we develop a new, subdivision-specific metric of leapfrog development based on accessibility via the road network. Leapfrog development is defined relative to each individual subdivision as the percentage of developable land that is more accessible, but still undeveloped at the time of the parcel's conversion to a residential subdivision. Our analysis reveals an evolution of leapfrog development that confirms some of the basic predictions of the urban economic model, including systematic reductions in leapfrog development over time, greater leapfrog development over distance to urban centers, and higher-density infill development in later time periods. However, we also find aspects of the pattern that are not well explained by the model. A first difference model reveals that variations in local zoning policies are significant in determining the location and rate of infill development. We conclude that, while the urban economic model is able to explain some of the observed features of leapfrog development, the role of local land use regulations may be equally important, if not more so, in explaining these patterns.
Multi-Scale Dynamic Graph Learning for Brain Disorder Detection With Functional MRI

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has been widely used in the detection of brain disorders such as autism spectrum disorder based on various machine/deep learning techniques. Learning-based methods typically rely on functional connectivity networks (FCNs) derived from blood-oxygen-level-dependent time series of rs-fMRI data to capture interactions between brain regions-of-interest (ROIs). Graph neural networks have been recently used to extract fMRI features from graph-structured FCNs, but cannot effectively characterize spatiotemporal dynamics of FCNs, e.g., the functional connectivity of brain ROIs is dynamically changing in a short period of time. Also, many studies usually focus on single-scale topology of FCN, thereby ignoring the potential complementary topological information of FCN at different spatial resolutions. To this end, in this paper, we propose a multi-scale dynamic graph learning (MDGL) framework to capture multi-scale spatiotemporal dynamic representations of rs-fMRI data for automated brain disorder diagnosis. The MDGL framework consists of three major components: 1) multi-scale dynamic FCN construction using multiple brain atlases to model multi-scale topological information, 2) multi-scale dynamic graph representation learning to capture spatiotemporal information conveyed in fMRI data, and 3) multi-scale feature fusion and classification. Experimental results on two datasets show that MDGL outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.
Cognition and Behavior Motivation Modulates Brain Networks in Response to Faces Varying in Race and Status : A Multivariate Approach 3

Previous behavioral and neuroimaging work indicates that individuals who are externally motivated to respond without racial prejudice tend not to spontaneously regulate their prejudice and prefer to focus on nonracial attributes when evaluating others. This fMRI multivariate analysis used partial least squares analysis to examine the distributed neural processing of race and a relevant but ostensibly nonracial attribute (i.e., socioeconomic status) as a function of the perceiver’s external motivation. Sixty-one white male participants (Homo sapiens) privately formed impressions of black and white male faces ascribed with high or low status. Across all conditions, greater external motivation was associated with reduced coactivation of brain regions believed to support emotion regulation (rostral anterior cingulate cortex), introspection (middle cingulate), and social cognition (temporal pole, medial prefrontal cortex). The reduced involvement of this network irrespective of target race and status suggests that external motivation is related to the participant’s overall approach to impression formation in an interracial context. The findings highlight the importance of examining network coactivation in understanding the role of external motivation in impression formation, among other interracial social processes.