Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal mineral deposits and fossil biota from a young (0.1 Ma) abyssal hill on the flank of the fast spreading East Pacific Rise: Evidence for pulsed hydrothermal flow and tectonic tapping of axial heat and fluids

Heat flow data indicate that most hydrothermal heat loss from ocean lithosphere occurs on the flanks of the mid‐ocean ridge, but few ridge flank hydrothermal sites are known. We describe the first nonseamount, abyssal hill hydrothermal mineral deposits to be recovered from the fast spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) flanks. Deposits were sampled at two sites on an abyssal hill ∼5 km east of the EPR axis, just north of Clipperton Fracture Zone at 10°20′N, on ∼0.1 Ma lithosphere. “Tevnia Site” is on the axis‐facing fault scarp of the hill, and “Ochre Site” is located ∼950 m farther east near the base of the outward‐facing slope. Clusters of fragile, biodegradable Tevnia worm tubes at both sites indicate that hydrothermal fluids carried sufficient H2S to sustain Tevnia worms, and that fluid flow waned too recently to allow time for tube destruction. Presence of microbial mats and other biota also are consistent with recent waning of flow. The deposits are mineralogically zoned, from nontronite‐celadonite to hydrous Fe‐oxide+opaline silica to Mn‐oxide (birnessite and todorokite). This places them into a distinctive class of Fe‐Si‐Mn hydrothermal deposits found along tectonic cracks and faults in young oceanic crust, and suggests that (1) deposits precipitated along an O2 gradient between ambient seawater and hydrothermal fluid; (2) fluid temperatures were <150°C; and (3) undiluted fluids were Mg‐depleted, and Fe‐, K‐, Si‐ and Mn‐enriched. These fluids may derive from high temperature seawater‐basalt interaction ± phase separation proximal to the axial melt zone, and lose Cu and Zn before venting due to conductive cooling and/or pH increase. Ochre Site samples are purely hydrothermal; however, Tevnia Site samples incorporate volcanic, sedimentary, and fossil components, and exhibit at least three generations of fracturing and hydrothermal cementation. The Tevnia Site breccias accumulated on the exposed fault scarp, possibly during multiple slip events and hydrothermal pulses as the abyssal hill was uplifted. We hypothesize that frequent earthquakes rejuvenate young abyssal hill hydrothermal systems episodically over 104–105 years, tapping axial heat and hydrothermal fluids, sustaining biota, and likely helping to chill the margins of the axial melt zone.
Megalancosaurus, a possibly arboreal archosauromorph (Reptilia) from the Upper Triassic of northern Italy

ABSTRACT The Late Triassic reptile Megalancosaurus preonensis Calzavara et al., 1980, was previously known from a single incomplete specimen collected from the Norian “Dolomia di Forni” at the locality of val Preone, near Ampezzo Carnico (Udine, Friuli, northern Italy). The recent discovery of a new specimen in the Zorzino Limestone, also of Norian age, at a locality near Zogno (Bergamo Prealps, Lombardy, northern Italy) allows a more complete description of the skeleton of Megalancosaurus preonensis and attribution of three other specimens, previously interpreted as juvenile individuals of Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus to the same taxon. Megalancosaurus was a small reptile with a high degree of adaptation toward arboreal life, and is probably an archosauromorph.
MORPHOLOGY OF GULLIES IN THE COLORADO ROCKY MOUNTAINS

Abstract A classification of gullies into discontinuous and continuous channels not only expresses differences in channel morphology and stage of development, but also presents helpful criteria for design of gully control. The term critical location was introduced for those locations within gullies that are obviously susceptible to changes, and whose direction of change is suggested. Regression analyses underlined the fact that the gullies constituted channels of youthful stage if relations between components in channel geometry were considered.
Forecasting the Impacts of Environmental Constraints on Human Development

Environmental constraints have always had and will always have important consequences for human development. It has sometimes contributed to or even caused the reversal of such development. The possibility that such constraints will grow significantly throughout this century raises the concern that the very significant advances in human development across most of the world in recent decades will slow or even reverse. We use the International Futures (IFs) integrated forecasting system to explore three alternative scenarios: a Base Case scenario, an Environmental Challenge scenario, and an Environmental Disaster scenario. Our purpose is to consider the impact of different aspects and levels of environmental constraint on the course of future human development. Using the Human Development Index (HDI) and its separate components as our key measures of development, we find that environmental constraints, directly and through a variety of indirect paths, could indeed greatly slow progress and even, in disastrous conditions, begin to reverse it. Least developed countries are most vulnerable in relative terms, while middle-income countries can suffer the greatest absolute impact of constraints and more developed countries are most resilient. Education advance is the aspect of development tapped by the HDI that is most likely to continue even in the face of tightening environmental constraints.
Loading Rate Method for Pile Response in Clay

A method is proposed to predict the behavior of single piles in cohesive soil subjected to vertical loads applied at various rates. The elementary simple shear model is made rate-dependent by introducing the time raised to a negative power n. This viscous exponent n is shown to vary from 0.02-0.08 with a 0.05 average. Correlations with undrained shear strength, water content, plasticity, the liquidity index and overconsolidation ratio are shown based on 152 laboratory tests. Integration of the elementary model leads to rate-dependent elastic-plastic or hyperbolic load transfer curves. A program to predict the head load-head movement response of the pile using these rate-dependent loadtransfer curves is described. The validity of the method is first addressed by examining the physical reasons for the rate-dependent properties of clays, then by using the results of 62 rate-dependent pile load tests and by examining a series of applications of the new method and, finally, by presenting the results of a parametric study.
Evidence for high‐density crust and mantle beneath the Chile Trench due to the descending lithosphere

Gravity models of oceanic trenches computed prior to the advent of plate tectonic concepts fell into two classes of solutions: (1) if a homogeneous mantle density was assumed, then the gravity models required an abnormally thin oceanic crust in the first 100 km seaward to the trench axis; or (2) if the oceanic crust was not thinned, then high-density mantle was included beneath the Moho near the trench axis. In contrast to the gravity models, however, seismic refraction studies near trench axes and on the seaward trench slope have generally observed normal oceanic crustal thicknesses and normal mantle velocities. This apparent conflict between the refraction data and the gravity interpretations can be resolved by taking into account density anomalies in the descending lithosphere. A theoretical density model for the downgoing slab was computed from thermal and petrologic data and was then compared with the observed gravity data of Hayes (1966) and the refraction data of Fisher and Raitt (1962) over the Chile trench at 23°S. Considerations of pressure-temperature data suggest that the oceanic crust and the lithosphere may transform to eclogite (3.55 g/cm3) and garnet peridotite (3.38 g/cm3), respectively, at depths as shallow as 30 km in the descending slab. This model predicts density anomalies of +0.08 to +0.28 g/cm3 at depths between 30 and 80 km and +0.04 to +0.024 g/cm3 between 80 and 150 km and predicts a mean density anomaly of +0.05 g/cm3 at depths between 150 and 300 km. Incorporation of these high density mantle zones into a two-dimensional gravity model allows a gravity solution that is in much better agreement with the refraction data seaward of the Chile trench than earlier gravity models, which assumed a homogeneous mantle.
Occupational Risk Among Orchard Workers: A Descriptive Study

Orchard workers are exposed to an array of occupational health and safety hazards that result in injury, illness, and, in some cases, death. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and explore factors that contribute to occupational risks related to orchard work. Twenty-five Hispanic orchard workers were interviewed. They reported that the most common type of accident was falls, usually from a ladder; and the most common injuries were strains and sprains. Three broad categories of factors that contributed to the occurrence of such injuries were Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors; Work-Related Factors; and Factors External to Work.
Effect of anisotropy and destructuration on the behavior of Murro test embankment

This paper investigates the influence of anisotropy and destructuration on the behavior of a test embankment on soft clay. The test embankment at Murro, Finland, was commissioned in 1993 by the Finnish Road Administration and has been monitored for over 10 years. The construction and consolidation of Murro test embankment is analyzed with finite element method using three different constitutive models to represent the soft soil. The results are compared with field observations. The constitutive models used include two recently proposed constitutive models, namely S-CLAY1 that accounts for initial and plastic strain induced anisotropy and its extension, called S-CLAY1S. The S-CLAY1S model accounts, additionally, for interparticle bonding and degradation of bonds. For comparison, the test embankment is also analyzed using the isotropic Modified Cam Clay model. The simulations demonstrate that for this type of problem, it is important to account for the anisotropy, whereas destructuration appears to have less influence on predicted deformations. However, only a model incorporating destructuration can explain the decrease in undrained shear strength during consolidation that was measured in field.
Temporal Moments for Nonergodic Solute Transport in Heterogeneous Aquifers

The first two temporal moments, i.e., mean value and variance of residence time, are used to characterize nonergodic transport in heterogeneous porous media. Due to the nonergodicity stemming from small initial solute sources relative to the hydraulic conductivity integral scale, only statistical moments of the temporal moments can be obtained. The expected value and variance of the first temporal moment and the expected value of the second temporal moment are derived for both conservative solute and solute subject to sorption governed by linear kinetics. The nonergodic temporal moments incorporating sorption kinetics can be expressed in terms of the corresponding conservative moments and the constant rate parameters. The methodology is exemplified for a two-dimensional aquifer using first-order results for the velocity statistics. The analytical results compare reasonably well with the simulations for a variability in the hydraulic conductivity up to σlnK2 = 1. The results indicate that the relative difference between nonergodic and ergodic conditions, expressed through the second temporal moment, clearly is diminished for a kinetically sorbing solute as compared to a conservative one.
Petrology and deformation history of the metamorphic basement in the Mezősas-Furta crystalline high (SE Hungary)

The metamorphic basement of the Pannonian Basin consists of uplifted highs and deep sub-basins among them. One of the best-known highs is the so-called Szeghalom Dome, which is surrounded by less intensely explored ones. The eastern neighbour, the Mezosas-Furta Dome (MFD), is studied in this paper. Based on detailed petrologic investigation, six main lithologies are distinguished for the MFD, which can be well compared to those described previously for the Szeghalom Dome. All these rock types (orthogneiss, mafic-ultramafic xenolith, granite, sillimanite-biotite gneiss, garnet-bearing amphibolite, amphibole-biotite gneiss) are classified into three main units based on different metamorphic and deformation history. Understanding their relative spatial position permitted the elaboration of geologic map and sections of the MFD.
Petrography and geochemistry of early‐stage, fine‐ and medium‐crystalline dolomites in the Middle Devonian Presqu’ile Barrier at Pine Point, Canada

The petrography and geochemistry of fine‐ and medium‐crystalline dolomites of the Middle Devonian Presqu’ile barrier at Pine Point (Western Canada Sedimentary Basin) are different from those of previously published coarse‐crystalline and saddle dolomites that are associated with late‐stage hydrothermal fluids. Fine‐crystalline dolomite consists of subhedral to euhedral crystals, ranging from 5 to 25 μm (mean 8 μm). The dolomite interbedded with evaporitic anhydrites that occur in the back‐barrier facies in the Elk Point Basin. Fine‐crystalline dolomite has δ18Ο values between −1·6 to –3·8‰ PDB and 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0·7079–0·7081, consistent with derivation from Middle Devonian seawater. Its Sr concentrations (55–225 p.p.m., mean 105 p.p.m.) follow a similar trend to modern Little Bahama seawater dolomites. Its rare earth element (REE) patterns are similar to those of the limestone precursors. These data suggest that this fine‐crystalline dolomite formed from Middle Devonian seawater at or just below the sea floor.
Social and environmental risk factors for trachoma: a mixed methods approach in the Kembata Zone of southern Ethiopia

The influence of 14 predictor variables on active trachoma risk and disease severity in children was investigated using mixed effects logistic regression. Young age, unclean face and low household expenses were risk factors for active disease. Older age and unclean face were risk factors for Trachomatous inflammation, intense (TI), the more severe form of active disease. Interviews and focus groups revealed that lack of food, water and money were of greatest concern to the communities surveyed. The results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses converged, supporting continued implementation of the facial cleanliness (‘F’) and environmental improvement (‘E’) components of the WHO's SAFE strategy. Résumé A l'aide de régression logistique à effets mixtes, ce papier analyse l'importance de quatorze facteurs prédictifs liés aux risques du « trachome actif » chez les enfants. Le jeune âge, le défaut d'hygiène faciale et le faible niveau de dépenses des ménages ont été les facteurs à risque du « trachome actif ». Dans le cas de l'inflammation Trachomateuse-Intense (TI), la forme la plus sévère de la maladie, l'âge avancé et le défaut d'hygiène faciale ont été les principaux facteurs aggravant du trachome cécitant. Des entrevues et discussions de groupes, il en est ressorti que les défauts d'alimentation, d'eau et de revenu ont été les aspects les plus préoccupants pour les communautés étudiées. Les résultats des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives aboutissent à des conclusions similaires. Ils plaident pour une mise en œuvre continue du nettoyage du visage (N) et le changement de l'environnement (CE), deux interventions de la stratégie « CHANCE » développée par l'Organisme mondiale de la Santé.
Far from the ‘Magic of the Mall’: Retail (Change) in ‘Other Places’

Abstract A pre-occupation with the ‘new’ and a focus on corporate retailers and spaces has led to a lack of consideration of change and issues in secondary or ‘other places’ of retail. Using a longitudinal survey methodology, data on retail stock, churn, vacancy and use are considered for one such ‘other place’ – Shettleston in Glasgow. The data show complex dimensions and aspects of vulnerability and resilience, compounded by reactions to exogenous retail and other economic and social changes. Far from being ‘seedy, pre-historical backwaters’, Shettleston and similar ‘other’ places can be vital, local centres playing a variety of useful roles. They require support and attention every bit as much as more high profile town centres and high streets.
Propagation effects on the lightning-generated electromagnetic fields for homogeneous and mixed sea-land paths

The influences of the path of propagation on the shape and amplitude of the electric fields and electric field derivatives generated by lightning return strokes were investigated. Results are presented for the cases where (1) both the lightning return stroke and the point of observation are located over finitely conducting, homogeneous ground and (2) the lightning return stroke is located over sea and the point of observation is located over land at some distance from the sea-land boundary. For propagation paths over finitely conducting ground the electric field derivative can decrease significantly in propagation distances as small as 1000 m. When the path of propagation is partly over sea and partly over land, the propagation effects on the electric radiation field derivative are significant unless the width of the land portion of the propagation path is less than a few tens of meters.
Global ocean‐to‐atmosphere dimethyl sulfide flux

The global ocean-to-atmosphere flux of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is calculated on a monthly basis with 4.5°×7.5° latitude/longitude spatial resolution. An atmospheric general circulation model, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model 1 (CCM1) is used to drive algorithms pertinent to the air-sea exchange of DMS. The cloud and radiation package in the CCM1 provides estimates of the solar radiation impinging on the surface ocean, which is then related to the flux of DMS from the ocean to the atmosphere on the basis of the empirical data of Bates et al. (1987a). The computed DMS flux values vary globally from 0.5 to 5.5 μmol m−2 d−1. A globally integrated ocean-to-atmosphere flux of 15 Tg S yr−1 (as DMS) is computed. This value is probably a lower limit since there is no explicit simulation of global primary productivity presently in the model. The DMS flux is implicitly lower in chronically cloudy regions, such as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and in low-radiation regions such as the high-latitude winter hemispheres. To examine the global applicability of the solar radiation-DMS flux relationship, the DMS flux fields are scaled by the independently computed transfer velocity fields so as to obtain global maps of surface ocean DMS concentration at the resolution of the model. The computed surface ocean DMS concentrations vary from 2 to 150 nL L−1, with highest values predicted near equatorial regions and adjacent to summer hemisphere polar regions, areas with relatively low climatological wind speeds. The oceanic DMS concentrations computed here agree with the experimental data in those regions not impacted by high biological productivity. In those areas of relatively high oceanic productivity the solar radiation-DMS flux relationship underestimates the ocean-to-atmosphere DMS flux and the subsequently computed surface ocean DMS concentrations.
Plant cultivation and forest clearance by prehistoric North Americans: pollen evidence from Fort Ancient, Ohio, USA

Archaeological records show that, as early as 2000–1500 bc, Native Americans in the eastern USA domesticated a group of native plant species with starchy or oily seeds that helped support extensive Woodland societies. Previously, the location and extent of cultivation of these ancient crop plants has been unknown, but was hypothesized to be small clearances on river floodplains. Here, pollen analyses of two 2000-year-old sediment records from Fort Ancient, an upland Hopewell archaeological site in southwestern Ohio, show exceptionally high amounts of pollen from cultigens- Iva annua, Polygonum erectum and Chenopodium – deposited during Hopewell occupation of the site (100 bc to ad 400). It is likely that this earthwork is a site of prehistoric cultivation, not exclusively a ceremonial structure. Pollen spectra indicate the area surrounding the ponds was largely deforested, and the sediment record indicates high rates of erosion during this time. Therefore, North American Woodland societies were likely modifying vegetation more extensively through agriculture and other land-clearing activities than has been assumed previously.
Estimates of dry and wet deposition using tissue N contents and 15N natural abundance in epilithic mosses in atmospheric NHy‐dominated areas

[1] Measurement of dry N deposition by physical methods is time-consuming because it is usually difficult to measure directly. In this study, an alternative approach has successfully been proposed by coupling isotopic ratios with tissue N contents of epilithic mosses. The method is to use moss N contents to quantitatively estimate total N (TN) deposition and then to use 15N natural abundance in mosses to discriminate dry and wet deposition in atmospheric NHy-dominated areas (NHy/TN > 0.75). On the basis of the isotopic balance between atmospheric NHy and moss tissue N and the correlation between atmospheric NHy concentrations and their isotopes, both wet and dry N deposition can be estimated. By the approach, we have estimated rainwater ammonium concentrations and contribution percentage of wet deposition to total N deposition (fwet) in some areas of southern China. The results indicated that rainwater ammonium concentrations increased relative to those reported previously in most cities, owing to stronger anthropogenic activity. The fwet values estimated in most sites were found to be slightly higher than those reported, because faster transformation rates due to higher SO2 emission later in acid rain areas of southern China favored deposition in the form of wet deposition instead of dry deposition. The largest uncertainty of the approach comes from the influence of NOx in the atmosphere, and thus it cannot be used in areas where NOx deposition is high. The presented isotopic approach represents a new application of moss biomonitoring for estimating atmospheric N deposition in NHy-dominated areas.
Thermal tides and Martian dust storms: Direct evidence for coupling

Observations of surface pressure oscillations at the Viking 1 and Viking 2 lander sites on Mars indicate that the thermally driven global atmospheric tides were closely coupled to the dust content of the Martian atmosphere, especially during northern fall and winter, when two successive global dust storms occurred. The onset of each of these global storms was marked by substantial, nearly simultaneous increases in the dust opacity and in the range of the daily surface pressure variation observed at both lander sites. Although both the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal surface pressure components were amplified at Lander 1 during the onset of a global dust storm, the semidiurnal component was greatly enhanced in relation to the diurnal tide. Semidiurnal wind components were prominent at both lander sites during the height of the global dust storm. We have attempted to interpret these observations using simplified dynamical models. In particular, the semidiurnal wind component can be successfully related to the observed surface pressure variation using a simplified model of a semidiurnally forced Ekman boundary layer. On the other hand, a classical atmospheric tidal model shows that the preferential enhancement of the semidiurnal surface pressure oscillation at Lander 1 can be produced by amore » tidal heating distribution which places most of the heating (per unit mass) above 10-km altitude. Furthermore, when a dust storm expands to global scale, it does so rather quickly, and the total atmospheric heating at the peak of the dust storm can represent more than 50% of the available insolation. The Viking observations suggest that a number of mechanisms are important for the generation and decay of these episodic Martian global dust storms. « less