Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accurate determination of minority carrier‐ and lattice scattering‐mobility in silicon from photoconductance decay

Accurate measurements of the minority carrier‐ and lattice scattering‐diffusion constant and mobility in float zone silicon have been determined using photoconductance decay. For the more lightly doped specimens our results indicate slightly higher mobility than published majority carrier values. This is attributed to purer samples which allow a more accurate measurement of the lattice scattering mobility. In the dopant range 1015–1017 cm−3 the results for both electrons and holes are, within experimental error, equal to the majority carrier values. Unlike other methods this technique is a very direct measurement of the diffusion constant as only the thickness and decay time of the wafer need to be determined. The method is estimated to have a one standard deviation uncertainty of 2%–4% which is comparable to the best accuracy previously obtained for majority carrier measurements.
Estimation of Solids Mixing in a Fluidized-Bed Combustor

A simple method is proposed for the estimation of the effective lateral dispersion of fuel in a fluidized-bed combustor. The method is based on a combination of a model for drying and devolatilization of the fuel and cross-sectional measurements of the water concentration above the bottom bed during steady-state operation. By correlation of the drying of the fuel particles and the measured moisture concentrations above the bed, the effective lateral dispersion coefficient of the fuel particles is determined. This coefficient was estimated to be on the order of 0.1 m2/s, which is considerably higher than that predicted by most of the expressions given in the literature.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: An Overview

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder, generally under-recognized and hence under diagnosed. It is associated with potentially serious morbidity and increasing mortality which can be prevented by early diagnosis, modifi cation of risk factors and proper treatment. In this review, basic and updated information of obstructive sleep apnea of interest to internists and general physicians will be discussed. This includes important defi nitions, epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, pathophysiology, complications, mortality, and modalities of treatment.
The TRAPD approach as a method for questionnaire translation

Surveys and questionnaires are widely used in various areas of psychological and psychiatric research and practice. Many instruments have been used in several languages and across cultural contexts. A popular method of choice for their translation into another language involves translation and back-translation. Unfortunately, this method’s ability to detect flaws in translation and necessities for cultural adaptation is limited. To address these shortcomings, the Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretest, and Documentation (TRAPD) approach of questionnaire translation from cross-cultural survey design has been developed. In this approach, several translators with different professional backgrounds translate the questionnaire on their own first and then come together to discuss their versions. Since the translators’ expertise is required to vary (e.g., survey methodology experts, translation experts, expert knowledge in the questionnaire’s topic) the team approach results in a high-quality translation as well as offering opportunities for cultural adaptation. This article illustrates the application of the TRAPD approach on the basis of the translation process of the Forensic Restrictiveness Questionnaire from English into German. Differences and advantages are discussed.
Slowly interconverting conformers of the briarane diterpenoids verecynarmin B, C, and D, isolated from the nudibranch mollusc Armina maculata and the pennatulacean octocoral Veretillum cynomorium of East Pyrenean waters

The novel briarane diterpenoids verecynarmin B(=(−)-(1R*, 10S*, 11R*, 4E, 12Z)-briara-4,7,12,17,-tetraen-14-one; (−)-4); verecynarmin C (=(−)-(1R*, 10R*, 11S*, 4E, 12Z)−11-hydroxybriara-4,7,12,17-tetraen-14-one; (−)-5); and verecynarmin D (=(−)-(1R*, 10R*, 11R*, 4E, 12E)-13-chloro-11-hydroxybriara-4,7,12,17,-tetraen-14-one; (−)-6) are reported here as constituents of both the Mediterranean nudibranch mollusc Armina maculata (Rafinesque) and its prey, the pennatulacean octocoral Veretillum cynomorium (PALLAS). The structural assignments rest mainly on (i) establishing that these briaranes occur in solution as two stable conformers which interconvert slowly (ca. 10 time per second at r.t. according to dynamic NMR) by 180° flipping of the C(4)C(5) group in the ten-membered ring (Scheme 1), (ii) deriving, for both conformers, 1H, 1H coupling constants from 1D spectra, as well as 1H, 1H, 13C, 1H, and 13C, 1H, and 13C, 13C, correlations from 2D experiments; (iii) subjecting the briaranes to SeO2 oxidation at the C(16) methyl group with isomerization at the C(4)=C(5) bond to give, in each case, only one observable molecular species as shown by NMR spectroscopy (Scheme 2).
Modelling stimulation of plants and ecosystem response to present levels of excess atmospheric CO2

Rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (16-26% above the preindustrial value) along with other anthropogenically released nutrients (especially nitrogen as well as phosphate compounds) may already have induced a fertilization effect of the biosphere. A great number of greenhouse and phytotron experiments along with only a few field observations suggest a stimulation of the net primary production which may be expressed by an experimental stimulation factor β between 0.25 and 0.50 on the average. Using these data, a global CO 2 fertilization effect can be calculated, which is supported at present by one open field observation at high altitude pines where an increase in tree ring width is correlated with the atmospheric CO 2 increase. The ecological response to increased biomass production in different ecosystems is still debated; global estimates for long-term storage of carbon range from zero to the order of several Gt C. A 3-compartment model for living biota, litter and humus is discussed for a global 1-biome as well as a global 4-biome aggregation of the land vegetation. Different kinetic models for NPP have been studied, of which the most realistic appeared to be dependent both on atmospheric CO 2 concentration and on standing biomass level. For a global 4-biome model, it was estimated that the annual carbon sequestering in the biota pool corresponds to a net ecosystem production of NEP, = 0.7 ± 0.3 Gt C/a, in the litter pool to NEP 1 =0.07? 0.03 Gt C/a and in the humus pool to NEP h =0.60 ± 0.35 Gt C/a, adding up to a present total carbon storage of NEP = 1.4 ± 0.7 Gt C/a, assuming a β value of 0.25 to 0.50. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987. tb00279.x
Effects of heavy metal contamination and remediation on soil microbial communities in the vicinity of a zinc smelter

Heavy metal contamination can impact soil ecosystems sufficiently to result in significant losses in soil quality. The negative impact of heavy metals results from their toxicity to biological processes, including processes catalyzed by soil microorganisms. Therefore, it is postulated that the soil microbial community could serve as an indicator of losses in soil quality due to heavy metal contamination and of changes in soil quality resulting from reclamation. In this study, the size, activity, and structure of microbial communities from remediated and unremediated soils in the vicinity of a Zn smelter were evaluated. Both total and soluble metal loadings in these soils increased with proximity to the smelter. Indicators of microbial activity (dehydrogenase activity) and viable population size (plate counts) were negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. Microbial community structure also varied with increasing contamination, as indicated by cluster analysis and principal component analysis of BIOLOG community metabolic profiles. Remediated soils at this site were treated by surface application of a mixture of sewage sludge and fly ash. Remediation resulted in a decrease in soluble metals and an increase in indicators of biological activity and viable population size. Remediated soils also showed metabolic profiles that were more similar to the least contaminated site, suggesting recovery of the microbial populations. These data suggest that the microbial community may be a useful indicator of changes in soil quality with management of these highly contaminate soils.
Passage of a Gas Bubble through a Liquid−Liquid Interface

The present study aims at investigating the passage of a gas bubble at a plan liquid-liquid interface both experimentally by using a high-speed video camera and numerically through the volume-of-fluid (VOF) approach. A Newtonian silicone oil was used for the light phase while two different liquids, a Newtonian Emkarox (HV45) solution and a non-Newtonian poly(acryl amide) (PAAm) solution, were employed as the heavy phase. The passage of a gas bubble, generated from a submerged orifice, was followed during its rise in each liquid phase and in particular at the liquid-liquid interface. The original curve of the bubble's position vs time gave interesting insight into the dynamic behavior of the interface. Experimental results show the effect of the bubble size as well as the rheological properties of the heavy phase on the bubble's retention time at the liquid-liquid interface. The preliminary numerical results obtained by the VOF approach are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data.
Effects of antisense CENP-B on the proliferation of HeLa (Tet-off) cells

In order to study the change of the expression of centromere protein B (CENP-B) caused by antisense transfection, proto-eukaryotically expressed fused protein GST-CENP-B (65 ku) was injected into mouse, and a peculiar anti-CENP-B serum MaCenpB was collected. A strain of transfected HeLa Tet-off cell HaCb, which contains antisense CENP-B expressing vector pBI-EGFP-as-CenpB, was prepared. Northern blot and Western blot were used to analyze the repression of internal CENP-B in transfected cells. According to the growth curve, the proliferation of HeLa (Tet-off) is repressed by antisense CENP-B, and the multiplication time is prolonged for 32.81 h. The analysis of flow cytometry revealed that, compared with HeLa (Tet-off), the G1 cell population of HaCb is increased (ΔG1= 9%) while S fraction is decreased (ΔS = 11%), but the G2/M phase is nearly unchanged (ΔG2/M=3%). In the meanwhile, the mitotic index of HaCb declines greatly compared with that of HeLa (Tet-off). Immunofluorescence showed that the assembling of centromeres in HaCb cell is arrested. These results suggest that a normal expression of CENP-B may be necessary for cell proliferation.
From Detection to Discourse: Tracking Events and Communities in Breaking News

Online social networks are now an established part of our reality. People no longer rely solely on traditional media outlets to stay informed. Collectively, acts of citizen journalism have transformed news consumers into producers. Keeping up with the overwhelming volume of user-generated content from social media sources is challenging for even well-resourced news organisations. Filtering the most relevant content, however, is not trivial. Significant demand exists for editorial support systems that enable journalists to work more effectively. Social newsgathering introduces many new challenges to the tasks of detecting and tracking breaking news stories. In detection, substantial volumes of data introduce scalability challenges. When tracking developing stories, approaches developed on static collections of documents often fail to capture important changes in the content or structure of data over time. Furthermore, systems tuned on static collections can perform poorly on new, unseen data. To understand significant events, we must also consider the people and organisations who are generating content related to these events. Newsworthy sources are rarely objective and neutral, and in some cases, purposefully created for disinformation, giving rise to the fake news phenomenon. An individual’s political ideology will inform and influence their choice of language, especially during significant political events such as elections, protests, and other polarising incidents. This thesis presents techniques developed with the intention of supporting journalists who monitor social media for breaking news. Starting with the curation of newsworthy sources, through to implementing an alert system for breaking news events, tracking the evolution of these stories over time, and finally exploring the language used by different communities to gain insights into the discourse around an event. As well as detecting and tracking significant events, it is of interest to identify the differences in language patterns between groups of people around those events. Distributional semantic language models offer a way to quantify certain aspects of discourse, allowing us to track how different communities use language, thereby revealing their stances on key issues.
Calculation of vapour pressures from effusion measurements for dissociated vapours

For a substance dissociating in the vapour according to the scheme X(c)⇌νAA +νBB +…+νRR, the following expressions are derived relating P*, the true equilibrium vapour pressure, P, the actual pressure at the steady state during a Knudsen effusion experiment, and P′, the nominal pressure derived from weight loss measurements on the assumption that no dissociation takes place: P*/P=νΠMνi/2νi/ΣνiM½i, P*/P′=νΠMνi/2νi/M½X(ν=Σνi) These results differ from those derived by Pashinkin, whose assumption that the vapour within the cell retains the original stoichiometry (while the numbers of effusing molecules alter their proportions) cannot be valid at the steady state. Use of a mean “molecular weight”, MX/ν, in calculating the nominal pressure from weight loss results gives a result very near to P, which is also measured directly by the torsion method; but conversion to P* is still necessary in principle if the true equilibrium pressure is required. Incomplete dissociation is also considered. It is assumed throughout that chemical and phase equlibria are effectively achieved in the steady state.
Effects of Thermal History on Thermal Anomaly in Solid of Ionic Liquid Compound, [C4mim][Tf2N]

Heat capacity of [C 4 mim] [Tf 2 N] (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) was measured by adiabatic calorimetry. Broad heat capacity anomaly and change in spontaneous endothermic effect were observed for crystal phase. The relation between these anomalies and thermal history after crystallization is described.
Molecular screening of blast resistant gene in thirty rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes through Blast specific primers

Rice is the first cereal genome with a complete sequence and a model crop that has important relationships with other cereal species. It has a small genome size of 430 Mb (IRGSP, 2005) which is one-tenth the size of the human genome. The complete sequence is available for both japonica and Indica genomes. Among the thirty rice genotypes, PB-2 showed the minimum disease severity at 7 DAI (1.40%) and at 14 DAI (1.50%) followed by Tetep showed the minimum disease severity at 7 DAI (1.40%) and at 14 DAI (1.50%) from tillering stages whereas, Basmati-370 showed the maximum disease severity at 7 DAI (3.90%) and at 14 DAI (3.93%) from tillering stages. The five genotypes (Ranbeer Basmati, PB-1, VB-23, BPT-5204 and B-370) which showed the absence of Blast resistance genes indicated the highest AUDPC (65-84), therefore regarded as BLAST susceptible genotypes. The five genotypes (HB-1, N-22, PR-106, Tetep and PB-2) which showed the absence of Blast resistance genes indicated the lowest AUDPC (6-12), therefore regarded as Blast resistant genotypes.
Depth control of focused ion-beam milling from a numerical model of the sputter process

A mathematical model of focused ion-beam milling is used to generate dwell times for the vector scanned pixel address scheme of a focused ion-beam deflection system. The model incorporates the absolute sputter yield of the solid as a function of the angle of incidence, and the relationship between the ion-beam current distribution and the pixel size of the deflection pattern. The object of this work is to be able to call for an arbitrary geometric shape to be ion milled and then have the numerical model compute the pixel dwell times for the deflection system such that the final cavity is sputtered. Experimental verification of the procedure was accomplished with parabolic troughs, hemispherical troughs, and cosine troughs. The term “trough” means a plane of symmetry in the ion-milled cavity. These same geometric shapes were also ion milled using a rotational axis of symmetry, yielding sinusoidal ring patterns, parabolic dishes, and hemispherical dishes. The absolute maximum depth for each of the cavities .
Spectroscopic study of electrolytic plasma and discharging behaviour during the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process

In this study, a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process was used to produce oxide coatings on commercially pure aluminium (1100 alloy) at a pulsed dc power mode. The effects of process parameters (i.e. current density and treatment time) on the plasma discharge behaviour during the PEO treatment were investigated using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in the visible and near ultraviolet (NUV) band (285–800 nm). The elements present in the plasma were identified. Stark shifts of spectral lines and line intensity ratios were utilized to determine the plasma electron concentrations and temperatures, respectively. The plasma electron temperature profile, coating surface morphology and coating composition were used to interpret the plasma discharging behaviour. The different coating morphologies and compositions at different coating surface regions are explained in terms of three types of discharge, which originate either at the substrate/coating interface, within the upper layer, or at the coating top layer. The high spike peaks on the plasma intensity and temperature profiles corresponded to discharges originated from the substrate/coating interface, while the base line and small fluctuations were due to discharges at the coating/electrolyte interface.
Bis- and Tris-DNA Intercalating Porphyrins Designed to Target the Major Groove: Synthesis of Acridylbis-arginyl-porphyrins, Molecular Modelling of Their DNA Complexes, and Experimental Tests

In order to increase the DNA binding affinity of a bis-arginyl-porphyrin which has been previously shown to bind preferentially in the major groove of the d(GGCGCC)2 sequence (Mohammadi et al., Biochemistry1998, 37, 9165), we have synthesized bis- and tris-intercalating derivatives in which one or both arginyl arms are connected through a flexible chain to an acridine ring. We report here the synthesis of these two molecules along with the molecular modelling of their complexes with a GC-rich oligonucleotide encompassing the central d(GGCGCC)2 hexamer. The modelling computations showed that when the porphyrin was intercalated into the central d(CpG)2 site with both arginyl side-chains bonded to the guanines flanking the intercalation site, the acridine ring(s) could intercalate immediately upstream from the central hexamer, but at the cost of substantial DNA conformational energy. A significant preference for major-groove binding over minor-groove binding was found. The results of circular dichroism studies and topoisomerase I-unwinding experiments supported the bis- and tris-intercalation of these derivatives. The bis-acridyl derivative provided, as expected, greater stabilization against thermal denaturation than the mono-acridyl and the parent bis-arginyl-porphyrin compounds. Based on the modelling results, the structures of derivatives can be tailored to facilitate tris-intercalation in rigid GC-rich sequences, and thereby enhance the selective targeting of GC base pairs by the arginyl side-chains, by lengthening the porphyrin-acridine connectors. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Solubility of CO2 in Aqueous Methyldiethanolamine Solutions

For 5.0, 20.5, 50.0, and 75.0 mass % methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) aqueous solutions, solubilities of CO2 were measured at 323.15, 348.15, and 373.15 K, respectively. Isothermal absorption capacities of CO2 as a function of MDEA concentration are presented. Lastly, the absorption enthalpy of CO2 in 50.0 mass % MDEA solution was calculated to be 54 kJ·mol-1 CO2.
Determination of Total Sulfur in Fifteen Geological Materials Using Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐OES) and Combustion/Infrared Spectrometry

A method for the determination of total sulfur in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) is described. We show that good results were obtained using this method even for sample types with very low (< 20 μg g−1) sulfur concentration (e.g., peridotite). Sulfur was determined in fifteen geological reference materials with different sulfur contents. For reference materials with certified sulfur contents, the ICP‐OES method gave results in excellent agreement with certified values, and uncertainties better than 4% RSD. ICP‐OES results for sulfur in other reference materials yielded RSDs better than 10%, where S concentrations were > 100 μg g−1 (except for diabase W‐2a, 16% RSD). Reference materials with lower sulfur contents (< 40 μg g−1) showed much higher RSDs (17–18%). Except for RMs with certified values for sulfur, most data obtained by the combustion infrared detection method generally showed higher concentrations than those measured by ICP‐OES and a better RSD (≤ 8% for all materials except DTS‐2b).
ACTINIDE PARTITIONING—A REVIEW

Reagents and methods that have been developed during the past 20 years for hydrometallurgical partitioning of actinides from different types of transuranium (TRU) wastes and dissolved fuels are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the extraction performance of the fully-optimized reagents rather than on the structural iterations that were undertaken (and in some cases are still being conducted) to identify the optimum species. Particular attention is paid to separation processes that have been demonstrated in batch and counter-current solvent extraction, and batch and column mode extraction chromatography. The salient features of the various techniques and reagents for actinide recycle are compared. Sections of the review focus on neptunium behavior in hydrometallurgy and on characterization of those reagents best suited to the separation of trivalent actinides from fission product lanthanides. Selected flowsheets that have been reported for the separation and recovery of actinides from TRU wastes are presented.
A Critical Evaluation of Tangential-Flow Ultrafiltration for Trace Metal Studies in Freshwater Systems. 2. Total Mercury and Methylmercury

Laboratory and field investigations of 10 kDa polyethersulfone (PES) and regenerated cellulose (RCL) membranes were conducted to evaluate the utility of ultrafiltration (UF) for low-level mercury determinations in freshwaters. Laboratory investigations focused on blank levels, sorption loss, and charge rejection; while field investigations addressed mass balance closure, replicate precision, and permeate trends in concentration. A thorough mass balance approach was used throughout the investigation, and experiments were conducted across typical gradients in freshwater pH, specific conductance, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The minimum source-water HgT concentration that could be confidently processed from a 5 L volume was 0.5 ng L-1 for PES and 1.4 ng L-1 for RCL as determined by three times the standard deviation of our method blank. The minimum source-water MeHg concentration was 0.5 ng L-1 for PES and 0.2 ng L-1 for RCL based on river-water mass balance results. Mass balance closures were general.