Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
METABOLISM AND NUTRITION Recycling Dead Hens by Enzyme or Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatment and Fermentation 1

This study was conducted to evaluate the recycling of whole dead hens into feed ingredients by enzyme or sodium hydroxide pretreatment and fermentation. Evaluation criteria included nutrient preservation, pathogenic microorganism elimination, and assays of nutritional quality. The pH levels of enzymeand NaOH-treated hen carcasses decreased from 6.01 and 7.66 to 4.18 and 4.24, respectively, during the 21-d fermentation. Hydrogen sulfide levels were not detected on Days 1 and 3 from the enzyme treatment; however, high levels (800 ppm) were measured from the NaOH treatments. By Day 21, H2S levels of both treatments had decreased to 78 ppm. The control, enzyme, and NaOH treatments before fermentation contained high levels of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; however, after fermentation, these potential pathogens were eliminated (
School Non‐attendance: Definitions, meanings, responses, interventions

This article reflects on the behaviour commonly known as ‘school refusal’. After reviewing its established descriptions, the article argues for a different definition, namely ‘extended school non‐attendance’, which describes the visible behaviour neutrally, aims to direct one’s attention to the school environment, and stresses its persistent nature. The article scrutinises dominant and alternative discourses on school non‐attendance in Western and Japanese societies. Finally, it reviews some of the assessment tools and intervention strategies used to support school non‐attenders, their families and their schools, to redress this behaviour.
Remittances , Poverty , and Investment in Guatemala

In the developing world, internal and international migrants tend to remit or send a sizeable portion of their increased income earnings to families back home. Yet despite the ever-increasing size of these internal and international remittances, little attention has been paid to analyzing the impact of these financial transfers on poverty and investment in the developing world. Three factors seem to be responsible for this lacuna. The first is an absence of remittances data: few household surveys collect useful data on the size of remittance transfers to households in origin communities. The second is a lack of poverty data: it is quite difficult to estimate accurate poverty levels in developing countries. The final factor relates to how remittances are spent or used. In the past, many researchers and policy makers have assumed that households spend most of their remittance income on consumption, with only a small fraction of such income being spent on investment. This chapter analyzes the impact of internal and international remittances on poverty and investment in one developing country: Guatemala. Guatemala represents a good case study because it produces a large number of internal migrants (to urban areas) and international migrants (to the United States). The presence of a new, detailed nationally representative household survey in Guatemala makes it possible to analyze the impact of these two types of remittances in that country. At the outset, it should be noted that any effort to examine the impact of remittances (internal or international) on poverty and investment involves several important methodological issues. On the one hand, it is possible to treat remittances as a simple exogenous transfer of income by migrants. When treated as an exogenous transfer, the economic question is as follows: How do remittances, in total or at the margin, affect the observed level of poverty or investment in a
Innovative Non-or Minimally-Invasive Technologies for Monitoring Health and Nutritional Status in Mothers and Young Children Selected Body Composition Methods Can Be Used in Field Studies 1 , 2

This article provides an overview of the present status of in vivo body composition methodologies that have potential for use in field studies. The methods are divided into four general categories: anthropometric indices and skinfold, body volume measurements, body water measurements including bioelectrical methods, and imaging techniques. Among the newest technologies are air-displacement plethysmography, three-dimensional photonic scanning, multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy and whole-body tomography using electrical impedance and magnetic induction. These newer approaches are compared with the established reference methods. The advantages and limitations of each technique as a field method are presented relative to the corresponding concepts of an ideal method. J. Nutr. 131: 1589S–1595S, 2001.
Susceptibility of Asialoglycoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice to LPS/Galactosamine Liver Injury and Protection by Betaine Administration

Simple Summary Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that chronic ethanol exposure-induced increase in apoptotic hepatocellular death is closely related to the ethanol-induced impairment in asialoglycoprotein receptor, a major component of liver sugar recognition system. The aim of this study was to examine whether the absence of this receptor confers increased susceptibility to fulminant liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine. We further investigated whether treatment with betaine, a naturally occurring tertiary amine, prior to lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine injection is protective. Lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine injection caused a more pronounced liver damage in asialoglycoprotein receptor-deficient compared with the wild-type control mice. In addition, prior administration of betaine was found to significantly attenuate the lipopolysaccharide/galactosamine-induced increases in several liver injury parameters. Our work underscores the importance of normal functioning of asialoglycoprotein receptor in preventing severe liver damage and signifies a therapeutic role of betaine in prevention of liver injuries from toxin-induced fulminant liver failure. Abstract Background: Work from our laboratory has shown that the ethanol-induced increase in apoptotic hepatocellular death is closely related to the impairment in the ability of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) to remove neighboring apoptotic cells. In this study, we assessed the role of ASGP-R in fulminant liver failure and investigated whether prior treatment with betaine (a naturally occurring tertiary amine) is protective. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 μg/kg BW) and galactosamine (GalN; 350 mg/kg BW) were injected together to wild-type and ASGP-R-deficient mice that were treated for two weeks prior with or without 2% betaine in drinking water. The mice were sacrificed 1.5, 3, or 4.5 h post-injection, and tissue samples were collected. Results: LPS/GalN injection generate distinct molecular processes, which includes increased production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus causing apoptosis as evident by increased caspase-3 activity. ASGP-R deficient animals showed increased liver caspase activities, serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, as well as more pronounced liver damage compared with the wild-type control animals after intraperitoneal injection of LPS/GalN. In addition, prior administration of betaine was found to significantly attenuate the LPS/GalN-induced increases in liver injury parameters. Conclusion: Our work underscores the importance of normal functioning of ASGP-R in preventing severe liver damage and signifies a therapeutic role of betaine in prevention of liver injuries from toxin-induced fulminant liver failure.
Scanning the Issue

This paper investigates connections between moments of random variables and moments of dynamical systems. Moments of random variables admitting a probability density function are characterized through Sylvester equations and steady-state responses. This fact is used to reinterpret classical notions and results from probability theory in the language of systems theory, including the notion of moment generating function, the sum of independent random variables, the notion of mixture distribution, and results from renewal theory. Several examples and applications to identiﬁability, queueing theory
Imaging-based navigation technologies in head and neck surgery.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Image guided navigation has had significant impact in head and neck surgery, and has been most prolific in endonasal surgeries. Although conventional image guidance involves static computed tomography (CT) images attained in the preoperative setting, the continual evolution of surgical navigation technologies is fast expanding to incorporate both real-time data and bioinformation that allows for improved precision in surgical guidance. With the rapid advances in technologies, this article allows for a timely review of the current and developing techniques in surgical navigation for head and neck surgery. RECENT FINDINGS Current advances for cross-sectional-based image-guided surgery include fusion of CT with other imaging modalities (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography) as well as the uptake in intraoperative real-time 'on the table' imaging (e.g., cone-beam CT). These advances, together with the integration of virtual/augmented reality, enable potential enhancements in surgical navigation. In addition to the advances in radiological imaging, the development of optical modalities such as fluorescence and spectroscopy techniques further allows the assimilation of biological data to improve navigation particularly for head and neck surgery. SUMMARY The steady development of radiological and optical imaging techniques shows great promise in changing the paradigm of head and neck surgery.
Human Fresh Fibrin Membrane with Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) Induces Bone Formation in the Subcutaneous Tissues of Nude Mice

Autologous blood-derived fibrin glue with platelets, called the concentrated growth factor (CGF), can be prepared immediately by only the decided centrifuge without the addition of coagulation factors. Collagen materials combined with recombinant human BMP-2 have been commercially available for clinical use. The fresh CGF is auto-clot with wettability and elasticity, while most collagen membranes are derived from the cow or pig. The fresh CGF has wettability and elasticity, while collagen membranes are dry materials without elasticity. The aim of this study was to observe the microstructures of human CGF membrane and evaluate its behavior as a delivery scaffold of rhBMP-2 in the subcutaneous tissues of nude mice. Twenty-four nude mice (5-week-old, male) were used for the assessment of in vivo ectopic bone formation. Mice were received the CGF membrane as the controls and the CGF/rhBMP-2 membrane as the experimental group in the subcutaneous tissues, and harvested at 7, 10, and 14 days after the graft. Harvested samples were evaluated for the histological examination and the histomorphometric measurement was conducted to compare the residue of the CGF, as well as the new bone. Mature fibrin fibers assembled from multiple fibrillary elements and platelets with the rhBMP-2 membrane induced several bony islands and cartilage without residues of CGF at 14 days, while the CGF membrane alone was almost absorbed at 10 days and failed to induce bone formation at 14 days. These results demonstrated that the fresh, human CGF membrane could contribute to a short-term, sticky fibrin matrix for the delivery of rhBMP-2.
The World of Anomalies: Smaller Than We Think?

I examine a large set of return anomalies in international equity markets. While previous studies find that anomalies are strong in international markets, I show that only few replicate when mitigating the impact of tiny stocks, accounting for multiple testing, and using factor models to adjust for expected returns. Accounting for the former two, only 19 of 132 anomalies yield significant long--short returns in the ex-U.S. world cross-section. Most of these are value anomalies. Factor models hardly seem necessary for Japan and the Middle East. In other international markets, the best U.S. factor models help shrink the cross-sections further.
Exercise-induced pain threshold modulation in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background The use of exercise is a potential treatment option to modulate pain (exercise-induced hypoalgesia). The pain threshold (PT) response is a measure of pain sensitivity that may be a useful marker to assess the effect of physical exercise on pain modulation. Aim The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the PT response to exercise in healthy subjects. Methods We searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Lilacs, and Scopus using a search strategy with the following search terms: "exercise" OR "physical activity" AND "Pain Threshold" from inception to December 2nd, 2019. As criteria for inclusion of appropriate studies: randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies that enrolled healthy subjects; performed an exercise intervention; assessed PT. Hedge's effect sizes of PT response and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and random-effects meta-analyses were performed. Results For the final analysis, thirty-six studies were included (n=1326). From this we found a significant and homogenous increase in PT in healthy subjects (ES=0.19, 95% CI= 0.11 to 0.27, I2=7.5%). According to subgroup analysis the effect was higher in studies: with women (ES=0.36); performing strength exercise (ES=0.34), and with moderate intensity (ES=0.27), and no differences by age were found. Confirmed by the meta-regression analysis. Conclusion This meta-analysis provides evidence of small to moderate effects of exercise on PT in healthy subjects, being even higher for moderate strength exercise and in women. These results support the idea of modulation of the endogenous pain system due to exercise and highlight the need of clinical translation to chronic pain population.
Food Inflation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Causes and Policy Implications

This paper analyzes food inflation trends in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 2000 to 2016 using two novel datasets of disaggregated CPI baskets. Average food inflation is higher, more volatile, and similarly persistent as non-food non-fuel (NF/NF) inflation, especially in low-income countries (LICs) in SSA. We find evidence that food inflation became less persistent from 2009 onwards, related to recent improvements in monetary policy frameworks. We also find that high food prices are driven mainly by non-tradable food in SSA and there is incomplete pass-through from world food and fuel prices and exchange rates to domestic food prices. Taken together, these finding suggest that central banks in low-income countries with high and persistent food inflation should continue to pay attention to headline inflation to anchor inflation expectations. Other policy levers include reducing tariffs and improving storage and transport infrastructure to reduce food pressures.
Ethical choices among millennials : cultural differences between the United States and Mexico

Previous research conducted in a US regional university was replicated in a Catholic Mexican university, in order to provide greater confidence about the veracity of their conclusions regarding ethical decision making among millennials. Two additional and related US studies were also considered. Important coincidences were found and also some differences that call for further research. Thinking ethically is a critical societal concern and cross-cultural differences present important implications for organizations and their managers, seeking to enhance their leadership effectiveness.
Variety Trials Adaptation and Market Potential of Jack o ’ lantern and Miniature Pumpkin Cultivars in Eastern North Carolina

In 1998 and 1999, a total of 27 large-fruited and 15 miniaturefruited pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) cultivars were evaluated for adaptation to eastern North Carolina growing conditions. Test categories were yield (fruit number and weight); fruit characteristics (shape, rind and stem attributes); and susceptibility to edema (wart-like growths on fruit exterior), foliar diseases, preharvest and postharvest fruit decay, and viruses. Yields of large pumpkins ranged from over 3,200 fruit/acre (7,907 fruit/ha) for ‘SVT 4613367’, ‘Autumn Gold’, and ‘Gold Standard’ to less than 1,000 fruit/acre (2,471 fruit/ha) for ‘Gold Rush’ and ‘Progold 200’. For miniature pumpkins, over 33,000 fruit/acre (81,542 fruit/ha) were produced by ‘Touch of Autumn’, ‘Lil’ Pumpke-mon’, and ‘HMX 5682’, whereas ‘Mystic’ and ‘Progold 100’ produced less than 7,000 fruit/acre (17,297 fruit/ha). ‘Gold Rush’, ‘Howden’, and ‘Progold 510’ (large), and ‘EXT 4612297’, ‘Lil’ Goblin’, and ‘Lil’ Ironsides’ (miniature) appeared the most susceptible to foliar diseases. Preharvest fruit decay ranged from 0% for ‘Howden’ and ‘EXT 4612297’ to over 20% for ‘Lil’ Goblin’, ‘Jumping Jack’, ‘Peek-A-Boo’, and ‘Tom Fox’. Virus incidence on fruit and foliage was low on virus-resistant cultivars (‘SVT 4613367’ and ‘EXT 4612297’), and ranged from 4% to 74% for nontransgenic cultivars. Virus incidence and/or severity on foliage and fruit were not related. ‘Early Autumn’ (large) and ‘Touch of Autumn’ (miniature) were the most prone to edema. ‘Aspen’ and ‘Magic Lantern’ (large) and ‘Baby Pam’, ‘Lil’ Goblin’, and ‘Spooktacular’ (miniature) were the most susceptible to postharvest fruit decay. Fruit characteristics are discussed in relation to marketability and possible consumer appeal to pumpkins.
Trends in Rainfall and Economic Growth in Africa: A Neglected Cause of the Growth Tragedy

We examine the role of trends in rainfall in the poor growth performance of sub-Saharan African nations relative to other developing countries. To do so we use a new crosscountry panel climatic data set in an empirical economic growth framework. Our results show that rainfall has been a significant determinant of poor economic growth for Africa, but not for other developing countries. Depending on the benchmark measure of potential rainfall, we estimate that the direct impact under the scenario of no decline in rainfall would have resulted in a reduction of between around 15 and 40 per cent of today's gap in African GDP per capita relative to the rest of the developing world.
A Computerized Continuous-Recognition Task for Measurement of Episodic Memory

Based on clinical observations of severe episodic memory (EM) impairment in dementia of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a brief, computerized EM test was developed for AD patient evaluation. A continuous recognition task (CRT) was chosen because of its extensive use in EM research. Initial experience with this computerized CRT (CCRT) showed patients were very engaged in the test, but AD patients had marked failure in recognizing repeated images. Subsequently, the test was administered to audiences, and then a two-minute online version was implemented (http://www.memtrax.com). The online CCRT shows 50 images, 25 unique and 25 repeats, which subjects respectively either try to remember or indicate recognition as quickly as possible. The pictures contain 5 sets of 5 images of scenes or objects (e.g., mountains, clothing, vehicles, etc.). A French company (HAPPYneuron, SAS) provided the test for 2 years, with these results. Of 18,477 individuals, who indicated sex and age 21–99 years and took the test for the first time, 18,007 individuals performed better than chance. In this group, age explained 1.5% of the variance in incorrect responses and 3.5% of recognition time variance, indicating considerable population variability. However, when averaging for specific year of age, age explained 58% of percent incorrect variance and 78% of recognition time variance, showing substantial population variability but a major age effect. There were no apparent sex effects. Further studies are indicated to determine the value of this CCRT as an AD screening test and validity as a measure of EM impairment in other clinical conditions.
Accurate and Efficient 2-bit Quantized Neural Networks

Deep learning algorithms achieve high classification accuracy at the expense of significant computation cost. In order to reduce this cost, several quantization schemes have gained attention recently with some focusing on weight quantization, and others focusing on quantizing activations. This paper proposes novel techniques that individually target weight and activation quantizations resulting in an overall quantized neural network (QNN). Our activation quantization technique, PArameterized Clipping acTivation (PACT), uses an activation clipping parameter α that is optimized during training to find the right quantization scale. Our weight quantization scheme, statistics-aware weight binning (SAWB), finds the optimal scaling factor that minimizes the quantization error based on the statistical characteristics of weight distribution without the need for an exhaustive search. Furthermore, we provide an innovative insight for quantization in the presence of shortcut connections, which motivates the use of high-precision for the shortcuts. The combination of PACT and SAWB results in a 2-bit QNN that achieves state-of-the-art classification accuracy (comparable to full precision networks) across a range of popular models and datasets. Using a detailed hardware accelerator system performance model, we also demonstrate that relative to the more recently proposed Wide Residual Network (WRPN) approach to quantization, PACT-SAWB not only achieves iso-accuracy but also achieves 2.7∼3.1× speedup.
Dimethyl Fumarate Promotes the Survival of Retinal Ganglion Cells after Optic Nerve Injury, Possibly through the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

This study aimed to verify whether dimethyl fumarate (DMF) promotes the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve crush (ONC) accompanied by activation of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway. We examined changes in the densities of tubulin β3 (TUBB3)-positive RGCs and the amplitudes of the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR), reflecting the functional activity of RGCs, recorded on an electroretinogram, with daily administration of DMF, on day 7 after ONC. Furthermore, immunohistochemical and immunoblotting analyses were performed to study the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway using retinas treated with daily administration of DMF. Daily administration of DMF increasedthe density of TUBB3-positive RGCs in a dose-dependent fashion and significantly increased the amplitude of the pSTR. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that DMF administration increased the immunoreactivity for Nrf2 and HO-1, a potent antioxidant enzyme, in RGCs immunolabeled with RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS). Immunoblotting analysis revealed an increase in the nuclear expression of Nrf2 and marked upregulation of HO-1 after DMF administration. These results suggest that DMF has survival-promoting effects in RGC after ONC, possibly via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
APA Handbook of Clinical Psychology: Theory and Research

This chapter provides an overview of electroencephalography (EEG), event-related potentials (ERP), and both structural and functional neuroimaging, with a focus on MRI. I examine some of the core applications, limitations, landmark studies, and major contributions each of these techniques have made to our understanding of the pathophysiology of mental disorders. Where appropriate, I also discuss clinical applications of these techniques and the effect of various treatments on neurophysiological and neurobiological indices. Last, I offer future directions for neurophysiology and neuroimaging in clinical psychological research.