Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Steam Explosion Pretreatment of Sawdust and Oat Straw to Improve Their Quality as Biofuel Pellets

Steam explosion pretreatment of sawdust and oat straw under mild, medium, and severe conditions was conducted to improve the quality of pellets generated from these feedstocks. This work examined the effects of temperature, time, and moisture content on the mechanical properties of biomass pellets. From the ANOVA conducted, the p-values of the regression models for all the response variables (dimensional stability, tensile strength, and pellet density) studied were significant (p < 0.05), except for the pellet density of steam-pretreated oat straw pellets. The interaction of these three factors did not significantly affect the response variables of oat straw pellets. In addition, the higher heating value (HHV) of treated biomass increased up to a maximum of about 9.5% and 7% as compared with the non-treated sawdust and oat straw, respectively. In addition, an increment of about 3.6-fold and 3.1-fold in pellet tensile strength of steam-pretreated sawdust and oat straw was observed, respectively. Microstructural examination of the pellets from steam-pretreated biomass revealed that the material contained particles that were more closely bonded and featured a cemented surface with fewer pores when compared to particles from untreated oat straw and sawdust.
Trends in Morphological Characteristics among 7- and 11-Year-Old Serbian Children: A Comparison between 1990 and 2020

Since knowledge possession about the morphological characteristics trend is important to understand, it is necessary to monitor the physical growth and children's development. We have aimed to examine the current state, dynamics, and direction of changes in morphological characteristics, over a 30-year period in Serbian children and adolescents. Morphological characteristics measured in 2020 (n = 304; age 7 ± 6 and 11 ± 6) were compared with the results of same-age children and adolescents from 1990 (n = 1789). The following characteristics were measured: body height, body mass, body mass index, forearm circumference, and upper arm skinfold. The average height (95% IP) of 7-year-old boys was significantly lower in all morphological variables in 1990, compared to their 2020 peers, while in forearm circumference was opposite. As for the 11-year-old boys, body mass (p = 0.02) and BMI (p = 0.009) had significantly better average values in 2020 than 1990, whereas forearm circumference (1.6-2.5 cm) and upper arm skinfold (2.7-4.9 cm) results were opposite. Seven-year-old girls from a 1990 sample also had significantly lower average values for morphological characteristics, compared to their 2020 peers. All morphological characteristic variables of 11-year-old girls have significantly better average values in 1990 sample than in 2020, except for body mass (p = 0.47) and BMI (p = 0.55). The current results have presented a true “picture” of the trends in morphological characteristics status among 7- and 11-year-old Serbian children by comparing them with the already obtained results 30 years ago.
THE NEXT GENERATION VIRGO CLUSTER SURVEY (NGVS). XIII. THE LUMINOSITY AND MASS FUNCTION OF GALAXIES IN THE CORE OF THE VIRGO CLUSTER AND THE CONTRIBUTION FROM DISRUPTED SATELLITES

We present measurements of the galaxy luminosity and stellar mass function in a 3.71 deg2 (0.3 Mpc2) area in the core of the Virgo Cluster, based on griz data from the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). The galaxy sample—which consists of 352 objects brighter than Mg = −9.13 mag, the 50% completeness limit of the survey—reaches 2.2 mag deeper than the widely used Virgo Cluster Catalog and at least 1.2 mag deeper than any sample previously used to measure the luminosity function in Virgo. Using a Bayesian analysis, we find a best-fit faint-end slope of α = −1.33 ± 0.02 for the g-band luminosity function; consistent results are found for the stellar mass function and the luminosity function in the other four NGVS bandpasses. We discuss the implications for the faint-end slope of adding 92 ultracompact dwarfs (UCDs)—previously compiled by the NGVS in this region—to the galaxy sample, assuming that UCDs are the stripped remnants of nucleated dwarf galaxies. Under this assumption, the slope of the luminosity function (down to the UCD faint magnitude limit, Mg = −9.6 mag) increases dramatically, up to α = −1.60 ± 0.06 when correcting for the expected number of disrupted non-nucleated galaxies. We also calculate the total number of UCDs and globular clusters that may have been deposited in the core of Virgo owing to the disruption of satellites, both nucleated and non-nucleated. We estimate that ∼150 objects with Mg ≲ −9.6 mag and that are currently classified as globular clusters might, in fact, be the nuclei of disrupted galaxies. We further estimate that as many as 40% of the (mostly blue) globular clusters in the Virgo core might once have belonged to such satellites; these same disrupted satellites might have contributed ∼40% of the total luminosity in galaxies observed in the core region today. Finally, we use an updated Local Group galaxy catalog to provide a new measurement of the luminosity function of Local Group satellites, α = −1.21 ± 0.05, which is only 1. 7σ shallower than measured in the core of the Virgo Cluster.
A CLASSICAL CEPHEID IN A LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD ECLIPSING BINARY: EVIDENCE OF SHORTCOMINGS IN CURRENT STELLAR EVOLUTIONARY MODELS?

The recent discovery and analysis of a classical Cepheid in the well-detached, double-lined, eclipsing binary OGLE-LMC-CEP0227 has provided the first determination of the dynamical mass of a classical Cepheid variable to an unprecedented 1% accuracy. We show here that modern stellar evolution models, widely employed to study Galactic and extragalactic stellar systems, are able to match simultaneously the mass and radius (and effective temperature) of the two components with a single value for the age of the system, without any specific fine-tuning, assuming the typical metallicity of LMC Cepheids. Our conclusion is that there is no obvious discrepancy between dynamical and evolutionary masses for the Cepheid star in this system, contrary to previous claims of an overestimate of the Cepheid mass by stellar evolution theory.
The Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral field spectrograph

We demonstrate a novel technology that combines the power of the multi-object spectrograph with the spatial multiplex advantage of an integral field spectrograph (IFS). The SydneyAAO (Australian Astronomical Observatory) Multi-object IFS (SAMI) is a prototype widefield system at the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) that allows 13 imaging fibre bundles (‘hexabundles’) to be deployed over a 1-degree diameter field of view. Each hexabundle comprises 61 lightly fused multi-mode fibres with reduced cladding and yields a 75 per cent filling factor. Each fibre core diameter subtends 1.6 arcsec on the sky and each hexabundle has a field of view of 15 arcsec diameter. The fibres are fed to the flexible AAOmega double-beam spectrograph, which can be used at a range of spectral resolutions (R = λ/δλ ≈ 1700–13 000) over the optical spectrum (3700–9500 A). We present the first spectroscopic results obtained with SAMI for a sample of galaxies at z ≈ 0.05. We discuss the prospects of implementing hexabundles at a much higher multiplex over wider fields of view in order to carry out spatially resolved spectroscopic surveys of 10 4 –10 5 galaxies.
Online Food Security Discussion Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Community Groups and Organizations: Content Analysis of Facebook Posts

Background The Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) population experiences disproportionately higher rates of food insecurity, which is a risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, when compared to white individuals. Novel and effective approaches that address food insecurity are needed for the NHPI population, particularly in areas of the continental United States, which is a popular migration area for many NHPI families. Social media may serve as an opportune setting to reduce food insecurity and thus the risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases among NHPI people; however, it is unclear if and how food insecurity is discussed in online communities targeting NHPI individuals. Objective The objective of this study was to characterize the quantity, nature, and audience engagement of messages related to food insecurity posted online in community groups and organizations that target NHPI audiences. Methods Publicly accessible Facebook pages and groups focused on serving NHPI community members living in the states of Washington or Oregon served as the data source. Facebook posts between March and June 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and from March to June 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) that were related to food security were identified using a set of 36 related keywords. Data on the post and any user engagement (ie, comments, shares, or digital reactions) were extracted for all relevant posts. A content analytical approach was used to identify and quantify the nature of the identified posts and any related comments. The codes resulting from the content analysis were described and compared by year, page type, and engagement. Results Of the 1314 nonduplicated posts in the 7 relevant Facebook groups and pages, 88 were related to food security (8 in 2019 and 80 in 2020). The nature of posts was broadly classified into literature-based codes, food assistance (the most common), perspectives of food insecurity, community gratitude and support, and macrolevel contexts. Among the 88 posts, 74% (n=65) had some form of engagement, and posts reflecting community gratitude and support or culture had more engagement than others (mean 19.9, 95% CI 11.2-28.5 vs mean 6.1, 95% CI 1.7-10.4; and mean 26.8, 95% CI 12.7-40.9 vs mean 5.3, 95% CI 3.0-7.7, respectively). Conclusions Food security–related posts in publicly accessible Facebook groups targeting NHPI individuals living in Washington and Oregon largely focused on food assistance, although cultural values of gratitude, maintaining NHPI culture, and supporting children were also reflected. Future work should capitalize on social media as a potential avenue to reach a unique cultural group in the United States experiencing inequitably high rates of food insecurity and risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
Lectures on Mirror Symmetry and Topological String Theory

These are notes of a series of lectures on mirror symmetry and topological string theory given at the Mathematical Sciences Center at Tsinghua University. The N=2 superconformal algebra, its deformations and its chiral ring are reviewed. A topological field theory can be constructed whose observables are only the elements of the chiral ring. When coupled to gravity, this leads to topological string theory. The identification of the topological string A- and B-models by mirror symmetry leads to surprising connections in mathematics and provides tools for exact computations as well as new insights in physics. A recursive construction of the higher genus amplitudes of topological string theory expressed as polynomials is reviewed.
Why edge effects are important on the intrinsic loss mechanisms of graphene nanoresonators

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate edge effects on the quality factor of graphene nanoresonators with different edge configurations and of various sizes. If the periodic boundary condition is applied, very high quality factors (3 × 105) are obtained for all kinds of graphene nanoresonators. However, if the free boundary condition is applied, quality factors will be greatly reduced by two effects resulting from free edges: the imaginary edge vibration effect and the artificial effect. Imaginary edge vibrations will flip between a pair of doubly degenerate warping states during the mechanical oscillation of nanoresonators. The flipping process breaks the coherence of the mechanical oscillation of the nanoresonator, which is the dominant mechanism for extremely low quality factors. There is an artificial effect if the mechanical oscillation of the graphene nanoresonator is actuated according to an artificial vibration (non-natural vibration of the system), which slightly reduces the .
Physics-Informed Time-Aware Neural Networks for Industrial Nonintrusive Load Monitoring

Nonintrusive load monitoring enables the situational awareness of appliance-level energy consumption without installing appliance-specific sensors. It has been researched for over 30 years, with deep learning methods being the state-of-the-art solutions. However, current works mainly focus on the residential scenario, and industrial load disaggregation as a more challenging problem from the appliance-type perspective is much less investigated. Nevertheless, industrial loads play an important role in energy savings and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Therefore, this article focuses on the industrial nonintrusive load monitoring problem and proposes a physics-informed time-aware neural network method for it. Herein, multiple features of industrial loads are considered, and the physics relationship among them is leveraged to improve the learning process explicitly. In addition, a 2-D convolutional layer is further proposed to encode the timestamp for feature enhancement. Experiments on real-world industrial data from ten appliances will verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Cold interactions between an Yb + ion and a Li atom: Prospects for sympathetic cooling, radiative association, and Feshbach resonances

The electronic structure of the (LiYb) + molecular ion is investigated with two variants of the coupled cluster method restricted to single, double, and noniterative or linear triple excitations. Potential-energy curves for the ground and excited states, permanent and transition electric dipole moments, and long-range interaction coefficients C4 and C6 are reported. The data are subsequently employed in scattering calculations and photoassociation studies. Feshbach resonances are shown to be measurable, despite the ion’s micromotion in the Paul trap. Molecular ions can be formed in their singlet electronic ground state by one-photon photoassociation and in triplet states by two-photon photoassociation; and control of cold atom-ion chemistry based on Feshbach resonances should be feasible. Conditions for sympathetic cooling of an Yb + ion by an ultracold gas of Li atoms are found to be favorable in the temperature range 10 nK–10 mK, and further improvements using Feshbach resonances should be possible. Overall, these results suggest excellent prospects for building a quantum simulator with ultracold Yb + ions and Li atoms.
EVIDENCE FOR A WIDE RANGE OF ULTRAVIOLET OBSCURATION IN z ∼ 2 DUSTY GALAXIES FROM THE GOODS-HERSCHEL SURVEY

Dusty galaxies at z ∼ 2 span a wide range of relative brightness between rest-frame mid-infrared (8 μm) and ultraviolet wavelengths. We attempt to determine the physical mechanism responsible for this diversity. Dust-obscured galaxies (DOGs), which have rest-frame mid-IR to UV flux density ratios ≳ 1000, might be abnormally bright in the mid-IR, perhaps due to prominent emission from active galactic nuclei and/or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or abnormally faint in the UV. We use far-infrared data from the GOODS-Herschel survey to show that most DOGs with 1012 L☉ ≲ LIR ≲ 1013 L☉ are not abnormally bright in the mid-IR when compared to other dusty galaxies with similar IR (8–1000 μm) luminosities. We observe a relation between the median IR to UV luminosity ratios and the median UV continuum power-law indices for these galaxies, and we find that only 24% have specific star formation rates that indicate the dominance of compact star-forming regions. This circumstantial evidence supports the idea that the UV- and IR-emitting regions in these galaxies are spatially coincident, which implies a connection between the abnormal UV faintness of DOGs and dust obscuration. We conclude that the range in rest-frame mid-IR to UV flux density ratios spanned by dusty galaxies at z ∼ 2 is due to differing amounts of UV obscuration. Of galaxies with these IR luminosities, DOGs are the most obscured. We attribute differences in UV obscuration to either (1) differences in the degree of alignment between the spatial distributions of dust and massive stars or (2) differences in the total dust content.
Evaluation of Malnutrition and Depression in Elderly People: A Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey

Background/Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of possible malnutrition in a population-based sample of community-dwelling older people, and to examine its relationship with depression and some variables. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional study conducted in Sivrihisar district of Eskişehir, Turkey. Community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and over were included in the study. Cluster sampling method used. Data was collected by door to door in 4 neighborhoods determined by randomly. Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (for malnutrition), Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL, for dependency) and Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (for depression) were used. Chi-square test, Mann Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis were used for the analyzes. Results: The study group consisted of 220 (38%) women and 359 (62%) men. The mean age was 68.9±6.4 (ranged 60-93). Frequency of possible malnutrition was 25% (n=145). Being 80 years of age or older (OR:3.24, CI:1.53-6.85), having a primary and lower education level of chronic illness using dentures and probable depression are important risk factors for possible malnutrition. Those with possible malnutrition had lower scores on ADL (z=8.982; p =0.001). Conclusion: Malnutrition was found to be an important health problem for the elderly. The frequency of possible malnutrition is higher in individuals with depression. Those with possible malnutrition have higher level of dependency.
HERSCHEL KEY PROGRAM, “DUST, ICE, AND GAS IN TIME” (DIGIT): THE ORIGIN OF MOLECULAR AND ATOMIC EMISSION IN LOW-MASS PROTOSTARS IN TAURUS

Six low-mass embedded sources (L1489, L1551-IRS5, TMR1, TMC1-A, L1527, and TMC1) in Taurus have been observed with Herschel-PACS to cover the full spectrum from 50 to 210 μm as part of the Herschel key program, “Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time. ” The relatively low intensity of the interstellar radiation field surrounding Taurus minimizes contamination of the [C ii] emission associated with the sources by diffuse emission from the cloud surface, allowing study of the [C ii] emission from the source. In several sources, the [C ii] emission is distributed along the outflow, as is the [O i] emission. The atomic line luminosities correlate well with each other, as do the molecular lines, but the atomic and molecular lines correlate poorly. The relative contribution of CO to the total gas cooling is constant at ∼30%, while the cooling fraction by H2O varies from source to source, suggesting different shock properties resulting in different photodissociation levels of H2O. The gas with a power-law temperature distribution with a moderately high density can reproduce the observed CO fluxes, indicative of CO close to LTE. However, H2O is mostly subthermally excited. L1551-IRS5 is the most luminous source (Łbol = 24.5 L☉) and the [O i] 63.1 μm line accounts for more than 70% of its FIR line luminosity, suggesting complete photodissociation of H2O by a J shock. In L1551-IRS5, the central velocity shifts of the [O i] line, which exceed the wavelength calibration uncertainty (∼70 km s−1) of PACS, are consistent with the known redshifted and blueshifted outflow direction.
Cooperative Communication for the Rank-Deficient MIMO Interference Channel With a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

We study cooperative communication with an active reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) for the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-user rank-deficient multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel. Specifically, we assume that transmitters and receivers use <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula> antennas each, and the channel matrix between each transmitter and each receiver has rank <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> whereas the channel matrix between each transmitter or each receiver and the RIS has rank <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{1}, L_{2}\leq M$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. In the absence of the RIS, the multiplexing gain from MIMO is severely limited when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is small. We develop a novel cooperative transmission technique utilizing the RIS to overcome the channel rank deficiency and manage inter-user interference, and the key idea is to neutralize interfering links using signals reflected from the RIS or to reflect incident waves at the RIS to increase the rank of effective channel matrices, depending on the system configuration parameters. We analyze the achievable sum degrees of freedom (DoF) and sum rate, and derive an upper bound on the sum DoF, which is tight under certain conditions. The results show that using an active RIS can significantly improve both the sum rate and sum DoF compared to the network without the RIS, especially when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is small and/or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is large.
Counseling interventions for the prevention of pre-married sexual behaviors among adolescents

Premarital sexual behavior by adolescents is a bad practice because it has consequences for adolescent health. One of the efforts aimed at preventing premarital sexual behavior in adolescents is to provide intervention through counseling. This study aims to analyze counseling interventions for the prevention of premarital sexual behavior in adolescents. The study used a literature review approach and was based on a guideline review assessment instrument. Search data through electronic database searches from articles published in Science Direct, Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Garuda. The search results obtained 9,053 articles, which were then selected using the Guideline review instrument so that 10 articles were obtained that matched the inclusion criteria. Based on the review and analysis process of the article, the counseling intervention methods that have been carried out for the prevention of premarital sexual behavior in adolescents are through peer counseling, Islamic counseling, direct counseling, counseling using SMS, counseling with computer media, and cyber counseling through electronic media. This shows that counseling intervention is effective in preventing premarital sexual behavior in adolescents
Resource allocation for English local government: a critique of the four‐block model

Summary. The paper examines the nature and structure of the ‘four‐block’ model that is used by the UK's Department for Communities and Local Government to distribute nearly £25 billion of formula grant. Introduced in April 2006, this approach to need and resource equalization was meant to provide a robust and equitable system for distributing the formula grant between the 456 ‘receiving authorities’ in England. In fact, the paper demonstrates that the four‐block model is deeply flawed and generates an inequitable allocation of this major source of local authority revenue. The paper argues that the Department for Communities and Local Government needs to revisit its resource allocation methodology as a matter of urgency, but it also draws broader conclusions about the risks that are associated with the development of ever more complex methods of resource equalization.