Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Premixed Combustion on the Recirculation Zone of Circular Cylinders

Abstract — Axial velocities in the recirculation zone of circular cylinders were measured using laser velocimetry in cold flows and flows with premixed combustion. Free stream turbulence with an intensity of 4 percent was introduced by an upstream grid. The mean free stream velocity and the equivalence ratio were fixed at values of 2.6 m/s and 0.65, respectively. The flow over a circular cylinder was studied at Reynolds numbers of 1000 and 2000. Profiles of mean velocity and turbulence intensity were determined from the data. The results indicate that the effect of combustion for the conditions of the study is to increase the length of recirculation zones, to dampen velocity fluctuations and to increase the magnitude of recirculating velocities. Comparison with reported data for similar cold flows suggests that the increase in length of the recirculation zone and the decrease in velocity fluctuations is in part due to a delay in transition in the wake of the cylinder and the suppression of vortex shedding.
Indigenous Knowledge on Health care among the Ovahimba Community of Oukongo Village in Kunene Region of Namibia

The purpose of this study was to explore the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants for treating common illnesses among the Ovahimba of Oukongo village in the Kunene region of Namibia. The coevolutionary theory of sustainable development informed this study as it promotes the anti-hegemonic ecology of knowledge and synchronises traditional knowledge with the modern world. The interview data were analysed using the inductive approach and content analysis. The results show that the Ovahimba community of Oukongo village use plant-based remedies such as roots, leaves, bark, fruits and flowers for the treatment of ailments such as headaches and diarrhoea, high blood pressure, chest pain and syphilis. The remedy preparation follows the process of harvesting parts of a plant, cleaning and breaking it into small pieces or crushing it into powder and then mixing with water or some form of liquid. The process also includes chewing roots, leaves and burning flowers into ashes. The study recommends further research to document indigenous health care practices of the Ovahimba. It also recommends the adoption of the co-evolutionary theory of sustainable development as the basis for the synchronisation of indigenous knowledge with modern health care and thus promote future generations’ access to the rich heritage of ancestral knowledge on health care.
A pair of E3 ubiquitin ligases compete to regulate axon guidance and filopodial dynamics

Appropriate axon guidance is necessary to form accurate neuronal connections. Guidance cues stimulate dynamic, asymmetrical reorganization of the cytoskeleton within the distal growth cone at the tip of the extending axon. Filopodia at the periphery of the growth cone have long been considered sensors for axon guidance cues, yet how they perceive and respond to extracellular cues remains ill-defined. Our previous work found that the filopodial actin polymerase VASP is regulated via TRIM9-dependent nondegradative ubiquitination, and that appropriate VASP ubiquitination and deubiquitination is required for axon turning in response to the guidance cue netrin-1. Here we show that the TRIM9-related protein TRIM67 antagonizes VASP ubiquitination by out competing the TRIM9:VASP interaction. This antagonistic role is required for netrin-1 dependent filopodial responses, axon turning and branching, and fiber tract formation. We suggest a novel model that coordinated regulation of nondegradative VASP ubiquitination by a pair of ligases is a critical regulatory point in axon guidance.
The effect of delayed harvest on moisture content, insect damage, moulds and aflatoxin contamination of maize in Mayuge district of Uganda

Field drying is a traditional practice carried out by farmers in Uganda and it is one of those practices reported to affect the postharvest quality of maize. A study was therefore conducted to establish the effects of delayed harvest on moisture content, insect damage, moulds and aflatoxin contamination of maize in Mayuge district. Sixteen farmers were selected from Bayitambogwe sub-county, eight from each of the villages of Bugodi and Musita. Maize was sampled from each farmer's field in 2003B and 2004A seasons at harvest stages of physiological maturity and after delayed harvest for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each sample was analysed for mould incidence, moisture content, insect damage and aflatoxin contamination. In each season, mould incidence, insect damage and aflatoxin levels significantly (P < 0.05) increased with delayed time of harvest. Moisture content reduced with delayed harvest time but the maize did not dry to the required safe storage moisture content of ⩽15%. Seasonal effects were only significant for moisture content: the 2003B crop had consistently lower moisture content than 2004A crop. These results indicate that, for improved harvest quality of maize, farmers should harvest no later than 3 weeks after maize has attained physiological maturity. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of Swell-Drying Process on Water Activity and Drying Kinetics of Moroccan Pepper (Capsicum annum)

The impacts of total hot air drying (THD) and the swell-drying process (SD), which is hot air drying coupled with an instant controlled pressure drop DIC process, on the drying kinetics and adsorption isotherm behavior, were determined in the case of Moroccan peppers. Drying kinetics were studied through a model that takes into account the starting accessibility and the internal diffusion model with Fick's law. Adsorption experimental data were obtained by using the gravimetric method at 25, 40, and 50°C. Data were fitted to the GAB, Halsey, and Oswin models. Studied responses were: effective diffusivity (Deff), starting accessibility (δWs), monolayer moisture content (Xm), specific surface area (σ), internal porosity (ϵ), and microstructure. Mean relative percentage deviation (E) and root mean square (RMS) were used to evaluate the fitting of models. Results showed that: pepper adsorption isotherms followed the type II isotherm curve;the equilibrium moisture content (Xeq) depended on the temperature and the drying method; the GAB and Halsey models fitted well the experimental data; at selected conditions of the DIC treatment (0.35 MPa and 5 s), the monolayer moisture content (Xm), the specific surface area (σ), and the internal porosity values were higher than those of THD samples; the DIC process intensified the drying operation, by increasing the effective diffusivity and the starting accessibility. Although the DIC process improves the drying kinetics, this behavior could be ignored related to a higher aw. This study shows that, thanks to the new expanded structure obtained by the DIC process (higher porosity), the adsorption capacities of products are improved (aw is reduced). Thus, the SD process improves both the drying operation and the stability of dried pepper products.
Phosphorus Transformations in Poultry Litter-Amended Soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain

Eutrophication is threatening water quality in Delaware's Inland Bays watershed, one of the largest aquatic ecosystems in the eastern USA and also the site of a highly concentrated poultry (Callus gallus) industry. Since many (>85%) soils in this watershed are now high or excessive in P, a better understanding of P transformations in poultry litter-amended soils is needed. Our objectives were to determine the influence of poultry litter on P release from three soils from this watershed, on the amount and chemical forms of soil P, and on soil P sorption capacity. Phosphorus release from litter-amended soils was determined in a 110-d leached incubation study using three soils and two litter rates (18 and 36 Mg/ha). Phosphorus was separated into nonoccluded (NOC-P), occluded P (OC-P), and calcium bound P (Ca-P) by sequential fractionation. Changes in P sorption capacity were quantified by a P sorption index. Net soluble P (NSP) released from the litter-amended soils ranged from 1.1 to 15.0 mg/kg and was <4% of the total poultry litter P added. Most NSP was in the initial leachate. Soil test P (STP) was increased by an average of 167 and 279 mg/kg at the 18 and 36 Mg/ha rates (6.2 ± 0.2 mg STP/Mg litter). Most of the P in the litter-amended soils (63-90%) was in the NOC-P and OC-P fractions. Phosphorus sorption index values decreased by 3 to 19% and 12 to 24% at the 18 and 36 Mg/ha rates. Future research should focus on the long-term fate and potential leachability of the P in these chemical fractions to determine whether animal waste management in this watershed should be based on P rather than N.
Healthy ageing delays the neural processing of face 1 features relevant for behaviour by 40 ms 2

14 Fast and accurate face processing is critical for everyday social interactions, but it 15 declines and becomes delayed with age, as measured by both neural and behavioural 16 responses. Here, we addressed the critical challenge of understanding how ageing changes 17 neural information processing mechanisms to delay behaviour. Young (20-36 years) and 18 older (60-86 years) adults performed the basic social interaction task detecting a face vs. 19 noise while we recorded their electroencephalogram (EEG). In each participant, using a new 20 information theoretic framework we reconstructed the features supporting face detection 21 behaviour, and also where, when and how EEG activity represents them. We found that 22 occipital-temporal pathway activity dynamically represents the eyes of the face images for 23 behaviour ~170 ms post-stimulus, with a 40 ms delay in older adults that underlies their 200 24 ms behavioural deficit of slower reaction times. Our results therefore demonstrate how 25 ageing can change neural information processing mechanisms that underlie behavioural 26 slow down.
Function of TRIP6 in brain-specific ciliogenesis

Abstract Ciliogenesis is a multi-step multi-component process, the disruption of which results in developmental or homeostasis-relevant diseases. In common with assembly of other multiprotein complexes, ciliogenesis may be facilitated by molecular scaffold and assembly factors. The zyxin family of LIM domain proteins, including TRIP6, exert scaffolding functions, e.g. in cellular adhesion. trip6 deletion in the mouse revealed, unexpectedly, in view of its ubiquitous expression, a brain-specific function: ependymal and choroid plexus epithelial cells were poorly developed, carrying fewer and shorter cilia, and the mice developed hydrocephalus. Super-resolution microscopy demonstrated TRIP6 localization at the pericentriolar material and along the axoneme (co-localizing with ARL13B and CLUAP1) suggestive of a co-transporter function. Disruption of TRIP6, via RNAi or inhibition of its dimerization, in a choroid plexus cell line confirmed its function in ciliogenesis. The requirement for dimerization, which doubles its interaction sites, suggests an additional scaffold function for TRIP6 at the cilium. In conclusion, our data demonstrates a new function of TRIP6 in brain ciliogenesis.
Movement context modulates neuronal activity in motor and limbic-associative domains of the human subthalamic nucleus

To better understand the mechanism of movement facilitation and inhibition in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), we recorded subthalamic multiunit activity intra-operatively while parkinsonian patients (n=43 patients, 173 sites) performed increasingly complex oddball paradigms: auditory (‘None-Go’, n=7, 28), simple movement (‘All-Go’, n=7, 26) and movement inhibition (‘Go-NoGo’, n=29, 119) tasks. To enable physiological sampling of the different subthalamic nucleus domains in both hemispheres, each patient performed one of the oddball paradigms several times. The human STN responded mainly to movement-involving tasks: movement execution at the motor STN and movement planning at the limbic-associative STN. In the limbic-associative STN, responses to the inhibitory cue (deviant tone) in the movement inhibition task were not significantly different from the simple movement task. However, responses to the go cue (frequent tone) were significantly reduced. The reduction was mainly in the negative component of the evoked response amplitude. Successful movement inhibition was correlated with higher baseline activity before the inhibitory cue. We suggest that the STN adapts to movement inhibition context by selectively decreasing the amplitude of neuronal activity. Thus, the STN enables movement inhibition not by increasing responses to the inhibitory cue but by reducing responses to the release cue. The negative component of the evoked response probably facilitates movement and a higher baseline activity enables successful inhibition of movement. These discharge modulations were found in the ventromedial, non-motor domain of the STN and therefore suggest a significant role of the associative-limbic domains in movement planning and in global movement regulation.
Ecology Shapes Microbial Immune Strategy: Temperature and Oxygen as Determinants of the Incidence of CRISPR Adaptive Immunity

Bacteria and archaea are locked in a near-constant battle with their viral pathogens. Despite previous mechanistic characterization of numerous prokaryotic defense strategies, the underlying ecological drivers of different strategies remain largely unknown and predicting which species will take which strategies remains a challenge. Here, we focus on the CRISPR immune strategy and develop a phylogenetically-corrected machine learning approach to build a predictive model of CRISPR incidence using data on over 100 traits across over 2600 species. We discover a strong but hitherto-unknown negative interaction between CRISPR and aerobicity, which we hypothesize may result from interference between CRISPR associated proteins and non-homologous end-joining DNA repair due to oxidative stress. Our predictive model also quantitatively confirms previous observations of an association between CRISPR and temperature. Finally, we contrast the environmental associations of different CRISPR system types (I, II, III) and restriction modification systems, all of which act as intracellular immune systems.
SPECTRAL BAND SELECTION FOR OPTICAL SORTING OF PISTACHIO NUT DEFECTS

A technique using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was developed for selecting the optimal spectral bands for use in dual-wavelength sorting machines commonly found in food processing plants. A variation of a nearest-neighbor classification scheme selected the two optimal spectral bands given NIR spectra from both sides of an object. The optimal bands were determined for two cases: when both sides contain the defect of interest (AND logic), or when the defect appears on a single side (OR logic). A commercially available sorting machine was used to compare the sorting accuracy using the spectral bands determined with this technique to the accuracy using bands recommended by the manufacturer. The product stream tested was the removal of “small inshell” (small nuts with the shell intact) and shell halves from the stream of nuts with no shells (“kernels”). Results for the selected spectral bands averaged 1.20% false negative (fn) for small inshell and 1.80% fn for half shells with 0.15% false positive (fp) vs. 1.70%, 2.40%, and 0.70%, respectively, using the spectral bands recommended by the manufacturer. Optimal spectral bands were also determined and reported for a variety of other defects and unwanted materials commonly sorted in the pistachio processing plant, including adhering hull, stained, sticks, mold, insect damage and/or webbing, and black spots. Given the success of this technique in pistachio sorting experiments, it is believed that it could be applied to any commodity sorted using commercially available, dual-wavelength, NIR sorting devices.
Geological Carbon Sequestration by Reactive Infiltration Instability

We study carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) over time scales of 2000 years by implementing a numerical model of reactive infiltration instability caused by reactive porous flow. Our model focuses on the mineralization of CO2 dissolved in the pore water—the geological carbon sequestration phase of a CCS operation—starting 10–100 years after the injection of CO2 in the subsurface. We test the influence of three parameters: porosity, mass fraction of the Ca-rich feldspar mineral anorthite in the solid, and the chemical reaction rate, on the mode of fluid flow and efficiency of CaCO3 precipitation during geological carbon sequestration. We demonstrate that the mode of porous flow switches from propagation of a planar front at low porosities to propagation of channels at porosities exceeding 10%. The channels develop earlier for more porous aquifers. Both high anorthite mass fraction in the solid phase and high reaction rates aid greater amounts of carbonate precipitation, with the reaction rate exerting the stronger influence of the two. Our calculations indicate that an aquifer with dimensions 500 m × 2 km × 2 km can sequester over 350 Mt solid CaCO3 after 2000 years. To precipitate 50 Mt CaCO3 after 2000 years in this aquifer, we suggest selecting a target aquifer with more than 10 wt% of reactive minerals. We recommend that the aquifer porosity, abundance of reactive aluminosilicate minerals such as anorthite, and reaction rates are taken into consideration while selecting future CCS sites.
Epstein-Barr Virus Early Protein BFRF1 Suppresses IFN-β Activity by Inhibiting the Activation of IRF3

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis that is closely associated with several human malignant diseases, while type I interferon (IFN-I) plays an important role against EBV infection. As we all know, EBV can encode some proteins to inhibit the production of IFN-I, but it’s not clear whether other proteins also take part in this progress. EBV early lytic protein BFRF1 is shown to be involved in viral maturation, however, whether BFRF1 participates in the host innate immune response is still not well known. In this study, we found BFRF1 could down-regulate sendai virus-induced IFN-β promoter activity and mRNA expression of IFN-β and ISG54 during BFRF1 plasmid transfection and EBV lytic infection, but BFRF1 could not affect the promoter activity of NF-κB or IRF7. Specifically, BFRF1 could co-localize and interact with IKKi. Although BFRF1 did not interfere the interaction between IKKi and IRF3, it could block the kinase activity of IKKi, which finally inhibited the phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Taken together, BFRF1 may play a critical role in disrupting the host innate immunity by suppressing IFN-β activity during EBV lytic cycle.
Slightly and Moderately Lame Cows in Tie Stalls Behave Differently From Non-lame Controls. A Matched Case-Control Study

Lameness affects dairy cows worldwide and is usually associated with pain. Behavioral differences in lame compared to non-lame tie-stall-housed dairy cows might be less pronounced than in free-stall-housed, since the principle demands to a cow's locomotor system and thus the impact of lameness on behavior seem to be lower in tie stalls. Behavioral differences between lame and non-lame cows might be used to estimate the impact of lameness on the well-being of tied dairy cows. In the current study, lame cows were categorized as locomotion scoring between 2.25 and 3.25 on a 1–5 scale. The aim was to compare the eating, rumination and lying behavior of lame cows against non-lame tied dairy cows, in order to draw conclusions on the association of lameness, behavior and well-being in tied dairy cows. The eating and rumination behavior of 26, the lying behavior of 30, and the relative upright and lying activities of 25 matched case-control pairs were analyzed, considering the matching criteria farm, breed-type, and parity-group. Lame cows had fewer [mean of the pairwise differences (case–control) (meandiff) = −2.6 bouts, CI95% (−3.8–−1.4) bouts, p = 0.001], but longer lying bouts [meandiff = 26.7 min per bout, CI95% (10.1–43.4) min per bout, p = 0.006]. The lying time was shorter [meandiff = −64.7 min, CI95% (−104.4–−24.9) min, p = 0.006] in lame cows compared to their non-lame controls. Lame cows had a shorter eating time [meandiff = −27.7 min, CI95% (−51.5–−4.0) min, p = 0.042] and spent a larger proportion of their upright time ruminating [meandiff = 7.2%, CI95% (3.2–11.1)%, p = 0.001] instead of eating. The results of the current study indicate that the eating, rumination, and lying behavior of lame tied dairy cows is altered. These findings indicate that slight and moderate lameness (locomotion score between 2.25 and 3.25 on a 1–5 scale) are likely to be associated with an impaired well-being in affected tied dairy cows. This underlines the need to continuously reduce the lameness prevalence and severity in tied dairy herds.
Density of Water + Carbon Dioxide at Elevated Pressures: Measurements and Correlation

Density data of the water + carbon dioxide system were determined using a calibrated vibrating tube mass flow meter with a uncertainty below 0.15%. Measurements were performed in the pressure and temperature regimes (1 to 30) MPa and (284 to 332) K, respectively. The water-rich phase density showed a pronounced dependence on pressure and temperature whereas the CO2-rich phase density did not change from the pure density within the measuring uncertainty. A regression function was developed which describes the experimental data in the range studied.
Effects on Gambling Activity From Coronavirus Disease 2019—An Analysis of Revenue-Based Taxation of Online- and Land-Based Gambling Operators During the Pandemic

Background: Concerns have been raised about increased gambling problems during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis, particularly in settings with high online gambling and risks of migration from land-based to riskier online-based gambling types. However, few non-self-reported data sources are hitherto available. The present study aimed to assess changes in the online- and land-based gambling markets in Sweden during the first months affected by the societal impact of COVID-19. Methods: Data were derived from national authority data describing monthly taxations of all licensed Swedish gambling operators, whose monthly tax payments are directly based on gambling revenue. Subdivisions of the gambling market were followed monthly from before COVID-19 onset in Sweden (mainly February 2020) through June 2020, when the sports market was restarted after COVID-19 lockdown. Results: Overall revenue-based taxations in the licensed gambling decreased markedly from February to March, but stabilized onto an overall modest decrease through June. Commercial online casino/betting, despite some decrease in March, was maintained on a relatively stable level through June. However, within this category, horse betting increased steeply during the pandemic but returned to prepandemic levels later during the period. The state-owned operator in betting/online casino decreased markedly throughout the pandemic. The remaining commercial operators, mainly in online casino and online betting, demonstrated no change during the pandemic and ended on a June level 14% above the February level. Throughout the pandemic, the smaller restaurant casinos decreased markedly, while major state-owned casinos also closed entirely. State-owned lotteries and electronic gambling machines decreased markedly but were rapidly normalized to prepandemic levels. Conclusions: Commercial online gambling operators' revenues remained stable throughout the pandemic, despite the dramatic lockdown in sports. Thus, chance-based online games may have remained a strong actor in the gambling market despite the COVID-19 crisis, in line with previous self-report data. A sudden increase in horse betting during the sports lockdown and its decrease when sports reopened confirm the picture of possible COVID-19-related migration between gambling types, indicating a volatility with potential impact on gambling-related public health.