Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expectations, outcomes, and challenges of modern code review

Code review is a common software engineering practice employed both in open source and industrial contexts. Review today is less formal and more “lightweight” than the code inspections performed and studied in the 70s and 80s. We empirically explore the motivations, challenges, and outcomes of tool-based code reviews. We observed, interviewed, and surveyed developers and managers and manually classified hundreds of review comments across diverse teams at Microsoft. Our study reveals that while finding defects remains the main motivation for review, reviews are less about defects than expected and instead provide additional benefits such as knowledge transfer, increased team awareness, and creation of alternative solutions to problems. Moreover, we find that code and change understanding is the key aspect of code reviewing and that developers employ a wide range of mechanisms to meet their understanding needs, most of which are not met by current tools. We provide recommendations for practitioners and researchers.
Chebyshev collocation approach to stability of blood flows in a large artery

In this study, treating the large artery as a rigid channel with uniform width and the blood as an incompressible Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity due to transverse variation in hematocrit ratio, the basic flow structure and its temporal stability to small disturbances were studied. A fourth-order Eigenvalues problem which reduces to the well known Orr–Sommerfeld equation in some limiting cases was obtained and solved numerically by a spectral collocation technique with expansions in Chebyshev polynomials implemented in MATLAB. Graphical results for the basic flow axial velocity, disturbance growth rate and marginal stability curve are presented and discussed. It is worth pointing out that a transverse increase in the blood hematocrit ratio towards the central region of the artery had a stabilizing effect on the flow. Key words: Arterial blood flow, hematocrit ratio, variable viscosity, temporal stability, Chebyshev spectral collocation technique.
Sex-dependent seasonal feeding activity variations among two species of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) in the Mexican tropical dry forest

abstract Tropical dry forest, such as that found in Mexico, is a biome where very few alimentary resources are available during 6 months of the year. Within some families of Lepidoptera such as Nymphalidae, some species are known to survive the dry season as adults using the few decayed pulp fruits available as a food source. We compared the temporal abundance and sex ratio of two model species, one belonging to the subfamily Charaxinae, found world-wide, and one belonging to the subfamily Biblidinae, endemic to the Americas. We used baited traps to measure feeding frequency of both species to asses monthly temporal resource use curves. The butterfly frequency of feeding drops dramatically in the dry season for all species-gender, except for females of the Biblidinae species. There are few differences between the sexes in the relative feeding frequency, assimilated to activity pattern, of Charaxinae between the dry and rainy seasons, while the activity pattern of Biblidinae is very different depending on the sex. These results suggest differential consequences on mate choice competition for both species. Females of the Charaxine species showed a use curve nested on the male curve, while for all other pair-wise comparisons between gender-species, the use curves were significantly different. These differences in the temporal foraging pattern could explain at least in part, the coexistence between both sympatric species in the stressful season.
Joint pricing and inventory decisions for perishable products with age-, stock-, and price-dependent demand rate

Abstract This article presents a deterministic model for jointly optimising pricing and inventory control of a perishable product subject to both physical deterioration and freshness condition degradation. The demand for the product depends on its price, the current inventory level and the freshness condition. Our model allows for any positive amount of end-of-cycle inventory. Conditions for the existence and uniqueness of an optimal solution of the model are developed and an algorithm is suggested to find the optimal values of the price, the cycle length, the order quantity, and the end-of-cycle inventory. Then, numerical examples are given, and sensitivity analysis is performed. Our study contributes to satisfying the need for inventory models that consider simultaneous physical deterioration and freshness degradation of perishable products along with price-, age- and stock-dependent demand.
THE IMPACT OF WINGATE AND PROGRESSIVE TESTS ON HOMOCYSTEINE, VITAMIN B6, B12 AND FOLIC ACID LEVELS IN ATHLETES’ BLOOD

Homocysteine is an indirect metabolite of methionine metabolism, as well as of creatinine, and it plays an important role in many biochemical processes. Physical effort modifies homocysteine concentration in the blood, as well as the substances taking part in its metabolism. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of intensive efforts of diverse energy changes on the concentrations of homocysteine and the vitamins involved in its metabolism – vit. B6, vit. B12 and folic acid. In the study athletes performed Wingate and progressive test. Before and after tests homocysteine, vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid and creatinine were assayed. Concentration of homocysteine, vit. B12 and creatinine in the blood increased after both tests. Concentration of vit. B6 decreased and folic acid increased after Wingate test while they did not change after a progressive test. Homocysteine concentration negatively correlated with folic acid but positively with creatinine concentration in the blood, as well as with LBM. Regardless of its duration and energetic changes, intensive effort leads to an increase in homocysteine concentration. Correlation of homocysteine with creatinine and the LBM suggest that people with bigger muscle mass can have higher homocysteine concentration in the blood.
Cancer stem cells, stemness markers and selected drug targeting: metastatic colorectal cancer and cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 connection to WNT as a model system

Few studies have reported on the analyses of drugs targeting enriched populations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a means for identifying potent anti-CSC agents. This review evaluates recent information on the identification and functions of specific CSC surface markers, with particular emphasis on colorectal cancers and the screening of drugs to eliminate such cells. Many of these CSC markers are found commonly expressed on CSCs from different cancer types as well as embryonic stem cells. These markers are often related to hypoxic activation of the WNT/ b-catenin pathway, cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E signalling and their relationship to LGR5. By effectively using drugs that inhibit these pathways to kill the CSC population, or otherwise forcing them out of dormancy into active cell division, cancers should become more susceptible to chemotherapy. Such combinational therapies targeting both CSCs and proliferating tumor cells should greatly improve upon the current basis for treatment.
A 64-Tile 2.4-Mb In-Memory-Computing CNN Accelerator Employing Charge-Domain Compute

Large-scale matrix-vector multiplications, which dominate in deep neural networks (DNNs), are limited by data movement in modern VLSI technologies. This paper addresses data movement via an in-memory-computing accelerator that employs charged-domain mixed-signal operation for enhancing compute SNR and, thus, scalability. The architecture supports analog/binary input activation (IA)/weight first layer (FL) and binary/binary IA/weight hidden layers (HLs), with batch normalization and input–output (IO) (buffering) circuitry to enable cascading, if desired, for realizing different DNN layers. The architecture is arranged as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times 8=64$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in-memory-computing neuron tiles, supporting up to 512, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times 3\times 512$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-input HL neurons and 64, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times 3\times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-input FL neurons, configurable via tile-level clock gating. In-memory computing is achieved using an 8T bit cell with overlaying metal-oxide-metal (MOM) capacitor, yielding a structure having <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> the area of a standard 6T bit cell. Implemented in 65-nm CMOS, the design achieves HLs/FL energy efficiency of 866/1.25 TOPS/W and throughput of 18876/43.2 GOPS (1498/3.43 GOPS/mm<sup>2</sup>), when implementing convolution layers; and 658/0.95 TOPS/W, 9438/10.47 GOPS (749/0.83 GOPS/mm<sup>2</sup>), when implementing convolution followed by batch normalization layers. Several large-scale neural networks are demonstrated, showing performance on standard benchmarks (MNIST, CIFAR-10, and SVHN) equivalent to ideal digital computing.
The first isolation of chikungunya virus from non- human primates in Malaysia

Chikungunya is a mosquito borne disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The virus is transmitted to human by Aedes genus mosquitoes. Transmission cycles of CHIKV can be man - mosquito - man (urban cycle) or animal - mosquito - man (sylvatic cycle). Sylvatic transmission cycle of CHIKV has been described in Africa and may play a role in re-emergence of CHIKV infection. In Malaysia, CHIKV- neutralizing antibodies have been detected among wild monkeys in mid 1960s but so far CHIKV has never been isolated in monkeys. Key words: Chikungunya virus, sylvatic cycle, non human primates, CHIKV genotypes.
DISSIPATION OF PENDIMETHALIN BY Bacillus megaterium

One strain of microorganisms was isolated from soil previously treated with pendimethalin using enrichment technique and identified as Bacillus megaterium (E22). The effect of pH and temperature on the growth ability of the tested strain was investigated. The results showed that the optimum pH and temperature for the growth of pendimethalin degrading strain were 7 and 30 °C, respectively. Some concentration of pendimethalin was removed by B. megaterium remove from mineral liquid medium with half-life of 5.6 days. Pendimethalin half-life was 53.4 days in untreated mineral liquid medium as control. Also, there is no toxicity of pendimethalin detected on Rhizobium leguminsarum biovar viciae as test microorganism in the supernatant after 28 day of treatment with B. megaterium . The results suggest that bioremediation by B. megaterium isolate was considered to be effective method for detoxification of pendimethalin herbicidein aqueous media.
Dose-finding and safety study of an oncolytic polio/rhinovirus recombinant against recurrent glioblastoma.

2094 Background: Current therapies for glioblastoma are limited by ineffective delivery beyond the blood-brain barrier, limited diffusion of macromolecules, and lack of tumor specificity. Sustained direct intracerebral infusion at slow flow rates [convection-enhanced delivery (CED)] can overcome delivery barriers. PVSRIPO is the live attenuated, oral (SABIN) serotype 1 poliovirus vaccine containing a heterologous internal ribosomal entry site stemming from human rhinovirus type 2. PVSRIPO recognizes nectin-like molecule-5, an oncofetal cell adhesion molecule and tumor antigen widely expressed ectopically in malignancy. We report the results of an ongoing phase I study evaluating PVSRIPO when delivered by CED. Methods: Eligible on study are adult patients with: 1-5 cm of measurable supratentorial recurrent glioblastoma ≥1cm away from the ventricles; ≥4 weeks after chemotherapy, bevacizumab or study drug; adequate organ function; KPS ≥70%; and positive anti-poliovirus titer. PVSRIPO is delivered intratumora.
Stereotypical Bias Removal for Hate Speech Detection Task using Knowledge-based Generalizations

With the ever-increasing cases of hate spread on social media platforms, it is critical to design abuse detection mechanisms to pro-actively avoid and control such incidents. While there exist methods for hate speech detection, they stereotype words and hence suffer from inherently biased training. Bias removal has been traditionally studied for structured datasets, but we aim at bias mitigation from unstructured text data. In this paper, we make two important contributions. First, we systematically design methods to quantify the bias for any model and propose algorithms for identifying the set of words which the model stereotypes. Second, we propose novel methods leveraging knowledge-based generalizations for bias-free learning. Knowledge-based generalization provides an effective way to encode knowledge because the abstraction they provide not only generalizes content but also facilitates retraction of information from the hate speech detection classifier, thereby reducing the imbalance. We experiment with multiple knowledge generalization policies and analyze their effect on general performance and in mitigating bias. Our experiments with two real-world datasets, a Wikipedia Talk Pages dataset (WikiDetox) of size ~ 96k and a Twitter dataset of size ~ 24k, show that the use of knowledge-based generalizations results in better performance by forcing the classifier to learn from generalized content. Our methods utilize existing knowledge-bases and can easily be extended to other tasks.
Competitive Priorities and Competitive Advantage in Jordanian Manufacturing

The purpose of this research was to explore and predict the relationship between the competitive priorities (quality, cost, flexibility and delivery) and the competitive advantage of firms in the Jordanian Industrial Sector. A population of 88 Jordanian manufacturing firms, registered on the Amman Stock Exchange, was targeted using a cross-sectional survey employing a questionnaire method of data collection. The results of the data analysis indicate a significant relationship between competitive priorities and competitive advantage. The research suggests that recognising and nurturing this relationship provides the master key for a firm to survive in a turbulent environment. Therefore, operational and marketing strategies should place emphasis on competitive priorities such as quality, cost, flexibility and delivery to achieve, develop and maintain competitive advantage. This study is one of the first to examine the relationship between the competitive priorities of Jordanian manufacturing firms and their competitive advantage.
Surto autóctone de leishmaniose visceral canina no Estado de Santa Catarina

The present study reports the first outbreak of autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Following the report of two cases of CVL, the Control Center of Zoonotic Diseases conducted a serological survey by ELISA and IFAT assays in seven districts of the Santa Catarina Island. Eleven seropositive dogs of autochthonous transmission were used in the present study. Infection by Leishmania sp. was confirmed by parasitological examination of bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes, culture in Schneider's medium and PCR. Leishmania sp. isolates were characterized by PCR-RFLP and hybridization with specific probes, allowing for the identification of Leishmania infantum. Autochthonous transmission of this disease in an area with high tourist traffic presents a major public health concern and signifies the emergence of an important zoonosis in southern Brazil. Therefore, the implementation of surveillance and control measures is imperative to prevent the spread of the disease among the canine population as well as transmission to the human population.
Chinese Dragon venturing into GMS territory : Does it Makes Sense?

The notion that China is factory of the world is now changing. Factories in China are shifting their production base to neighboring Asia, primarily because of higher input costs in China, a volatile Chinese exchange rate, and protectionist measures targeted against Chinese exports. In this paper, we examine the location substitution effect for China: Chinese firms are exporting primary, intermediate and machinery items, meant for producing final output in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). Results suggest that GMS countries are exporting finished items to China, that are increasingly getting manufactured using primary and intermediate inputs imported from China.
Chemical and Structural Features Influencing the Biological Activity of Curcumin

Curcumin, a polyphenolic natural product, exhibits therapeutic activity against a number of diseases, attributed mainly to its chemical structure and unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is a diferuloyl methane molecule [1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione)] containing two ferulic acid residues joined by a methylene bridge. It has three important functionalities: an aromatic o-methoxy phenolic group, α, β-unsaturated β-diketo moiety and a seven carbon linker. Extensive research in the last two decades has provided evidence for the role of these different functional groups in its crucial biological activities. A few highlights of chemical structural features associated with the biological activity of curcumin are: The o-methoxyphenol group and methylenic hydrogen are responsible for the antioxidant activity of curcumin, and curcumin donates an electron/ hydrogen atom to reactive oxygen species. Curcumin interacts with a number of biomolecules through non-covalent and covalent binding. The hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity of curcumin, arising from the aromatic and tautomeric structures along with the flexibility of the linker group are responsible for the non-covalent interactions. The α, β-unsaturated β-diketone moiety covalently interacts with protein thiols, through Michael reaction. The β-diketo group forms chelates with transition metals, there by reducing the metal induced toxicity and some of the metal complexes exhibit improved antioxidant activity as enzyme mimics. New analogues with improved activity are being developed with modifications on specific functional groups of curcumin. The physico-chemical and structural features associated with some of the biological activities of curcumin and important analogues are summarized in this article.
In vitro antimicrobial activity screening of tropical medicinal plants used in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Part I.

Introduction: Very little is known on the uses of medicinal plants in the Caribbean island of Dominican Republic. There is a lack of scientific data supporting medicinal plant uses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of 50 medicinal plants collected from vendors at regional or municipal markets and that are used in the treatment of several types of infections in Dominican Republic. Methods: Ethanolic plant extracts were tested against five microorganisms species - Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. Extracts were inoculated onto discs and placed on agar plates spread with microorganisms using sterile swabs. Following 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, the plates were analyzed and the zones of inhibition measured. Results and Discussion: Fourty-four of the plants tested showed inhibitory activity against one or more of the microorganisms at a 35 μg/mL extract concentration. Plants exhibiting the widest antimicrobial activity were Inga vera, Ruellia tuberosa, Calophyllum calaba, and Merremia dissecta, and were effective on at least three out the four of the bacteria tested. The test antibiotics Amikacin and Norfloxacin showed strong inhibitory activities against all bacteria but only low activity against Klebsiella pneumonia. Very few extracts showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans, however higher activity was found using Cardiospermum halicacabum extract. Conclusions: Several ethanolic extracts derived from plants used in traditional medicine in Dominican Republic possess significant antimicrobial activity against a variety of the tested microorganisms, although the mechanism(s) of action require further study.
Allergen-induced peribronchial fibrosis and mucus production mediated by IκB kinase β-dependent genes in airway epithelium

In response to inflammation or injury, airway epithelial cells express inducible genes that may contribute to allergen-induced airway remodeling. To determine the contribution of epithelial cell NF-κB activation to the remodeling response, we generated CC10-Cretg/IkkβΔ/Δ mice in which NF-κB signaling through IκB kinase β (IKKβ) is selectively ablated in the airway epithelium by conditional Cre-recombinase expression from the Clara cell (CC10) promoter. Repetitive ovalbumin challenge of mice deficient in airway epithelial IKKβ prevented nuclear translocation of the RelA NF-κB subunit only in airway epithelial cells, resulting in significantly lower peribronchial fibrosis in CC10-Cretg/IkkβΔ/Δ mice compared with littermate controls as assessed by peribronchial trichrome staining and total lung collagen content. Levels of airway mucus, airway eosinophils, and peribronchial CD4+ cells in ovalbumin-challenged mice were also reduced significantly upon airway epithelial Ikkβ ablation. The diminished inflammatory response was associated with reduced expression of NF-κB-regulated chemokines, including eotaxin-1 and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, which attract eosinophils and Th2 cells, respectively, into the airway. The number of peribronchial cells expressing TGF-β1, as well as TGF-β1 amounts in bronchoalveolar lavage, were also significantly reduced in mice deficient in airway epithelium IKKβ. Overall, these studies show an important role for NF-κB regulated genes in airway epithelium in allergen-induced airway remodeling, including peribronchial fibrosis and mucus production.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Pearl Millet for Grain Production

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. ] is an alternative drought-tolerant grain crop for dryland summer production. Few insecticides are registered for use and insect management has not been extensively studied in pearl millet for grain production. Eleven trails were conducted during 2002-2004 in central and southern Georgia to understand the relative importance of insect pests and to evaluate the efficacy of currently registered insecticides against key pests. The main defoliator species were the fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] and striped grassworm (Mocis latipes Guenee). Main insects feeding on grain heads were the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie), sorghum webworm, (Nola sorghiella Riley), and stink bugs — brown stink bug (Euschistus spp.) and southern green stink bug [Nezara viridula (L.)]. All insects were effectively controlled by cypermethrin at 0.025 lb a.i./acre. The 0.015-lb a.i. rate was effective against sorghum webworm, striped grassworm, and stink bugs, but efficacy against the corn earworm was variable. Spinosad was effective against corn earworm, striped grassworm, and sorghum webworm but not against stink bugs. Azadirachtin was not effective against any insect tested. Grain yield was not significantly affected by treatments in any trial indicating that pearl millet is tolerant of insect injury. Further work will be needed to define economic thresholds for key insect pests of pearl millet for grain production.