Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Public Economics and the Household: List of figures

Economic models in much of the public economics literature have been slow to reflect the significant changes towards double-income households throughout the developed world. This graduate-level text develops a more sophisticated approach to household economics, one that allows for multiple-income earners and shared decision-making. This approach is used to present a fundamentally new view of consumption. It then applies this to an analysis of tax systems, combining theoretical analysis of optimal taxation and tax reform with careful empirical study of the characteristics of income tax systems in four different countries: Australia, Germany, the UK and the USA. The book is particularly concerned with analysing, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of taxation on female labour supply, and identifying its effects on work incentives and fairness of income distribution. All this adds up to a fascinating new approach to the economics of household for researchers in both public and private sectors.
The Effect of Public Infrastructure on the Private Productive Sector of Spanish Regions

In this paper we analyze the effect of infrastructure on the cost and productivity performance of the private productive sector of Spanish regions over the period 1980-1993. We use a dual approach based on cost functions that allows us to recover the usual parameters estimated with production functions. In addition, we obtain rates of return and cost elasticities of production factors at the regional level. Our framework explicitly considers that some factors are quasi-fixed and their volume can differ from their optimal endowment levels. Our results indicate that the public sector has contributed significantly to enhance productivity and reduce costs in the private sector of almost every Spanish region. Nevertheless, there is still scope for the government to continue its investment efforts, given that there remains an appreciable gap between observed and optimal public capital, and we find that in the long run, public capital promotes private investment. Copyright 2002 Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Patterns of psychiatric emergency at tertiary referral psychiatric hospital

BackgroundPsychiatric emergency has been extensively studied over years with different transcultural presentations. ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to assess sociodemographic aspects and clinical diagnoses of psychiatric emergency cases attending emergency room (ER) at tertiary referral mental hospital and to study some of the clinical contributions of admitted patients through ER. Patients and methodsDuring 3-month period, 3666 attendants to psychiatric ER were submitted for this cohort study. Patients were submitted to medical assessment and psychiatric evaluation by semistructured clinical interview. Of them, 283 were admitted and further submitted to Mini–Mental State Examination, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and Crisis Triage Rating Scale at ward. ResultsA total of 3666 patients (2352 male and 1314 female) who were aged 33.44±11.5 years, age range of 8–70 years, with psychiatric emergency attended Al Taif Psychiatric Hospital ER, KSA. The most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses were schizophrenia-related disorders in 30.4%, mood disorders in 28.8%, substance-related disorders in 21.4%, anxiety in 9.6%, developmental disorders (MR) in 3.2%, personality disorders in 0.6%, somatoform disorders in 0.14%, and neurological disorders in 2.2%, whereas 3.3% of ER attendants had no formal psychiatric disorder. The main cause for attending ER was refill of medicine in 31%, followed by natural exacerbation of illness in 26%, then familial conflict in 16%, and finally social problem in 15% of patients. The hospitalization rate was found to be 7.7%; most admitted patients were alert. Hospitalized male patients were found to be more severe and had less social support with little cooperativeness from their families than female patients. ConclusionPsychiatric emergency constitutes a significant route for providing service for mentally ill patients. Family education and early detection of psychiatric disorders minimize the burden of psychiatric illness.
Investigating Middle-aged Health Literacy in Ardabil

زمینه و هدف: سواد سلامت، توانایی افراد در به دست آوردن، تحلیل کردن، و درک اطلاعات و خدمات اولیه بهداشتی مورد نیاز برای تصمیم گیری در مورد مسائل سلامتی و بهداشتی می باشد. مطالعه حاضر به منظور تعیین سطح سواد سلامت میانسالان شهرستان اردبیل طراحی واجرا گردید. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه، یک مطالعه توصیفی –تحلیلی از نوع مقطعی بود که در سال 1395 بر روی 1049 نفر از میانسالان 60-20 سال تحت پوشش مراکز بهداشتی شهرستان اردبیل با استفاده از نمونه گیری تصادفی چند مرحله ای انجام شد. اطلاعات با استفاده از پرسشنامه سواد سلامت ایرانیان جمع آوری شد. تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها از طریق نرم افزار 16SPSS و آزمون های آماری تی تست، کای دو، ضریب همبستگی و رگرسیون انجام گردید. یافته‌ها: در مطالعه جاری میانگین سنی میانسالان 14/1 ±39/59 بود. 56/40درصد شرکت کنندگان زن و سطح تحصیلات اکثریت آنها دیپلم وبالاتر(62/7 درصد) بود. شرکت کنندگان در دسترسی به اطلاعات (76/3درصد) ضعیف، در درک اطلاعات (59/9 درصد)، تحلیل و ارزیابی (57/8 درصد) و استفاده از اطلاعات (75/1 درصد) در سطح متوسط بودند، از میان متغیرهای دارای همبستگی با سواد سلامت، متغیرهای استفاده از اطلاعات ودرک اطلاعات بیشترین پیشگویی کننده سواد سلامت در این مطالعه بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی سواد سلامت میانسالان در این مطالعه متوسط بود. با توجه به اهمیت سواد سلامت دربهبود سبک زندگی، ارتقای سلامت و خود مراقبتی افراد جامعه اهمیت توجه به این موضوع در برنامه ریزی های آموزشی حائز اهمیت می باشد. پیشنهاد می شود برای میانسالانی که از سواد سلامت متوسط برخوردارند، رسانه ها و مواد آموزشی ساده و قابل فهم تر طراحی و استفاده شود. نوع مطالعه: مطالعه پژوهشی.
Mitochondrial DNA variation in the Sindh population of Pakistan

The present study was undertaken to investigate the control region of mitochondrial DNA for forensic discrimination and to explore the ethno-linguistic affiliations among ethnic groups of Sindh province, Pakistan. A total of 115 individuals, from six major ethnic/isonym groups, namely, Bijarani, Chandio, Ghallu, Khoso, Nasrani and Solangi, have been studied. We identified 88 haplotypes, defined by the particular set of nucleotides; of these, 70 haplotypes were unique in the investigated population. In addition, 82% sequences were observed once, 12% twice and 5.2% thrice. The most common South Asian haplogroup in six ethnic groups of Sindh, are; M (42%) and R (6.9%), whereas West Eurasian haplogroups were N (6.9%), W (6.9%), J (1.7%), U (23.4%), H (9.5%) and T (0.86%). A random match probability between two unrelated individuals was found to be 0.06%, while genetic diversity varied from 0.991 to 0.998. The high nucleotide diversity and the low random match probability of the mtDNA control region make it a beneficial tool for forensic discrimination as well as useful to the evolutionary biologist. This work is an important contribution towards establishing a National Mitochondrial DNA Database in Pakistan. Currently, the Human Genetic department at the University of Health Sciences Lahore has the depository.
Sleep Profile in Patients With Chronic Opioid Abuse: A Polysomnographic Evaluation in an Egyptian Sample

BackgroundSleep disturbances occur in various stages of substance abuse, which might have a significant impact on the treatment success. Despite this fact, the number of researches studying sleep in substance abuse patients is relatively scarce. ObjectivesTo study the profile of sleep in opioid abusers, after the period of detoxification, highlighting whether there is a remote effect of opioid abuse on sleep or not, exploring the nature of such sleep disturbances, if present. MethodologyThe case group comprised 33 opioid-dependent male patients who were admitted to the substance abuse treatment unit at the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University from June 1, 2006 to May 31, 2008, and who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. They were assessed 3 weeks after admission and after resolution of most of the withdrawal symptoms using Addiction Severity Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Comprehensive Sleep Disorder Questionnaire, and all-night polysomnography. Ten healthy matched volunteers were taken as controls to be assessed using Sleep Questionnaire and all-night polysomnography. ResultsSignificant differences in sleep complaints included reports of insomnia, hypersomnolence, increased sleep latency, and reduced sleep time in the group of patients. Regarding polysomnography, patients differed significantly from controls, in having prolonged sleep latency, decreased sleep efficiency, increased arousal index, increased stages I and II, and decreased slow wave sleep (SWS). Patients with moderate and severe depressive states had significantly lower SWS than those with mild depressive state. ConclusionsPatients with opioid dependence suffer from sleep disturbances that continue for a period of time, even after discontinuation of the abuse drug. The nature of sleep disturbance is related more to NREM sleep, especially SWS and sleep continuity, as well as efficiency parameters. No significant correlation was found between sleep profile and various abuse variables such as duration of abuse and type of opioids.
Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adults: Etiology and Management

Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) affects people at any age, can present as an acute and/or progressive process, and can range from mild to profound. Although the great majority of cases have an unknown cause, the known causes of unilateral SNHL need to be excluded including neoplasms, stroke, demyelinating and autoimmune diseases, infection, perilymphatic fistula, and Meniere's disease. The majority of individuals with idiopathic sudden SNHL will recover complete or partial hearing. However, there is a small subset of patients who remain with unilateral hearing impairment, which can result in communication difficulties. The goal of this article is to present the etiology and medical management of unilateral SNHL in the adult population.
Influence of teacher qualifications on teaching performance in public primary schools in mukurweini subcounty, Kenya

xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMNS . xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background of the Study . 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem . 5 1.3 Purpose of the Study . 6 1.4 Specific Objectives . 6 1.5 Research Questions . 7 1.6 Significance of the Study . 7 1.7 Scope of the Study . 8 1.8 Limitations of the Study. 8 1.9Assumptions of the Study . 8 1.10. Theoretical Background of the Study . 9 1.10. 1 Herzberg Two Factor Theory . 9 1.10. 2 Conceptual Framework . 10
Beyond graduation: The trajectories of graduaties in North Wales

Higher Education (HE) is in a state of transformation, with the economic recession leading to an even greater emphasis on graduate outcomes. Despite a proliferation of literature relating to under-represented groups ‘getting ready for’, ‘getting into’ and ‘staying in’ HE, less attention has been devoted to how they ‘get on’, post graduation, particularly in the long term. Existing UK research suggests that graduate opportunities are influenced by pre-entry characteristics, institution attended and subject studied. However it is noted that the majority of studies focus on first destinations (six months after graduation). This reflects the first six months after graduation and single outcomes. As a result this ESRC-funded study investigated graduates' long term trajectories up to four years after graduation. The mixed methods study focused on graduates from three different types of degree awarding institutions in North Wales and on three specific subjects – chosen for contrast and convenience. Half of the sample self identified as being non-traditional students. The study revealed that those graduates who defined themselves as being non-traditional students were more likely to have multiple outcomes or be in temporary employment, to have disrupted trajectories and lack social networks. This has serious implications for wider issues of social justice within education.
Histopathological study of 26 rare skin adnexal tumours over 5 years – a diagnostic dilemma! -

Background: Skin adnexal tumors (SATs) are rare in Indian subcontinent and hence pose difficulty in diagnosis as they may histopathologically look like more common skin malignancies in this region. Several studies on SATs have been carried out in Western countries but very few in this region. Objective: To correlate SATs with age, sex, and location and determining its incidence in the Department of Pathology at Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha and to address dilemmas in diagnosing them. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 cases were included in this study from January 2010 to June 2015 with respect to incidence of adnexal tumors, age, and sex distribution. All slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and then findings were corroborated with special stains such as PAS and reticulin wherever required. Result: Of all, 92.31% (24/26) were benign and 7.69% (2/26) were malignant adnexal tumors. The sebaceous gland tumors constituted the largest group (42.31% 11/26) cases followed by the sweat gland tumor (34.62%, 9/26) cases and hair follicle tumor (23.10%, 6/26) cases. Overall male:female ratio was 1.16:1. The most common age group was 40–49 years and the commonly affected body part was head and neck region (61.53%, 16/26) followed by trunk (15.38%, 4/26). Eccrine poroma, sebaceous hyperplasia, and pilomatricoma were the most common benign tumors and two sebaceous carcinoma were the only two malignant tumors seen. Conclusion: The incidence of benign skin adnexal tumors was more as compared to the malignant tumors. Malignant tumors were seen in older age.
A Snapshot of Serial Rape

Prior research on rapes reported to law enforcement has identified criminal sophistication and the use of force against the victim as possible unique identifiers to serial rape versus one-time rape. This study sought to contribute to the current literature on reported serial rape by investigating how the level of criminal sophistication of the rapist and use of force used were associated with two important outcomes of rape: victim injury and overall severity of the assault. In addition, it was evaluated whether rapist and victim ethnicity affected these relationships. A nation-wide sample of serial rape cases reported to law enforcement collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was analyzed (108 rapists, 543 victims). Results indicated that serial rapists typically used a limited amount of force against the victim and displayed a high degree of criminal sophistication. In addition, the more criminally sophisticated the perpetrator was, the more sexual acts he performed on his victim. Finally, rapes between a White rapist and White victim were found to exhibit higher levels of criminal sophistication and were more severe in terms of number and types of sexual acts committed. These findings provide a more in-depth understanding of serial rape that can inform both academics and practitioners in the field about contributors to victim injury and severity of the assault.
So-Called Telangiectatic Focal Nodular Hyperplasia: A Newly Recognized Variant of Hepatic Adenoma

Management of hepatic adenoma (HA) and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) heavily relies on the distinction between the 2 entities. Most FNH are not resected, whereas HA can be complicated by hemorrhage and malignancy and is generally excised. FNH is composed of benign hepatocytes and contains bile ductules. Historically, there are 2 main subtypes of FNH, classic/solid and telangiectatic (TFNH). Traditional descriptions of HA indicate that it does not contain ducts or ductules. Radiologic and pathologic features of TFNH pose difficulty in the classification of TFNH within the spectrum of benign hepatocellular lesions. TFNH has pathologic features that overlap with HA. Its radiologic features are atypical for classic FNH. Recent evidence from clonality studies, genomics, and proteomics shows the profile of TFNH as being more like that of HA. This review discusses the evolution of our understanding of TFNH, and its recent reclassification as an HA variant. There are conflicting results regarding the clonality of FNH between studies. Using X chromosome inactivation, a majority of TFNH lesions were found to be monoclonal in some series. Gene expression profiling showed the pattern of dysregulation of angiopoietin genes, angiopoietin-1 and -2, in TFNH to be closer to HA, and unlike that of classic FNH. Proteomic profiling of TFNH is closer to HA than classic FNH. It is important for the practicing pathologist to recognize the features of so-called TFNH and its reclassification as an adenoma variant because of management implications. This requires a paradigm shift in that the presence of ductules does not preclude the diagnosis of HA.
Conceptual and Procedural Instruction: Mathematical Teaching Approaches And Strategies In An Urban Middle School

The purpose of this qualitative research study is to describe which methods and strategies can help to improve students’ achievement in mathematics in under resourced urban middle schools. The significance of this study is to develop math instructional skills in urban schools that can help bridge the achievement gap between urban underperforming schools and suburban achieving schools. Urban mathematics educators are content-ready and state-certified, but they lack certain key techniques and strategies that will help teachers succeed and students learn effectively and efficiently. Two questions were answered in this survey: in answer to the first question, the educators characterized conceptual and procedural math teaching methods, while in answer to the second question, the instructors answered questions on teaching strategies and pedagogies that help improve the quality of math instruction at the middle school level. Twelve math educators were asked eleven, semi structured, face-to-face questions. The conceptual framework supporting this research includes professional development schools, project-based learning, and transformational leadership. The conclusions that were drawn after the study can be categorized into three parts: First, the educators who were surveyed believe that conceptual learning is characterized as teaching students to apply the math concepts and theories that they have learned. Secondly, procedural
Effectiveness of two oral health education intervention strategies among 12-year-old school children in North Bengaluru: A field trial

Introduction: Oral hygiene practices are not taught as meticulously as general hygiene in schools. There is a dire need for effective and convenient oral health education program in schools. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of two different health education interventions in 12-year-old school children in Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted in two schools of North Bengaluru which were randomly selected and allotted to Group A (received oral health education from a class teacher, trained by a dental professional; n = 30) and Group B (received the same education from the dental professional; n = 33). Oral prophylaxis for both the groups was done at baseline. Assessment of oral hygiene was done for all the subjects using Silness and Loe plaque index and oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) along with reinforcement of health education at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. An adapted version of the World Health Organization Oral Health Questionnaire for children was administered to the participants at the beginning and end of the study to assess the oral health knowledge and practice. Mann–Whitney U-test and t-test were used for comparing the mean scores of two groups. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between Group A and Group B in the plaque scores at all 3 follow-ups (P < 0.001) and in OHI-S scores last two follow-ups (P < 0.05). There was an increase in knowledge score postintervention for both groups which was significant; however only Group B be showed significant improvement in practice (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Oral health education conducted by the dentist was found to be more effective than that given by a trained teacher.
Aging and social support

textabstractThis entry describes the concept of social support and provides an overview of the mechanisms through which it contributes to a healthy and long life. It draws on the task-specificity and the hierarchical compensation models to explain differences in the availability of social support in late life. Though it is often suggested that the emergence of public services erodes the provision of informal support empirical support shows otherwise. The state and the family provide different forms of help to older adults, referred to as specialization or mixed-responsibility. Empirical evidence favors the complementary (crowding in) hypothesis rather than the substitution (crowding out) hypothesis. Future analyses should consider macrosocial determinants of social support in late life.
Relationships Among Feedback Sign, Self-Efficacy, and Acceptance of Performance Feedback

The researchers investigated the moderating role of self-efficacy on feedback acceptance. High-self-efficacy individuals who received repeated negative performance feedback exhibited decreased acceptance of the feedback, whereas those with low self-efficacy did not change in their acceptance. Feedback sign and feedback acceptance also had interactive effects on future self-efficacy. Those with high acceptance of positive and negative feedback after repeated trials exhibited self-efficacy levels consistent with that feedback. An important concern for organizations today is how to keep pace with the rapid changes occurring in the workplace. As organizations become increasingly competitive, many employees are faced with the necessity of learning new skills and technologies, a process that may involve repeated attempts before mastery occurs. This process can be demanding and frustrating, particularly for those employees whose early attempts at mastery are unsuccessful and who thus receive repeated negative feedback on their performance. Research indicates that individuals generally respond to negative feedback by increasing their effort, decreasing their goals, or rejecting the feedback, whereas those faced with positive feedback may decrease their effort or increase their goals (Bandura & Cervone, 1986; Bandura & Jourden, 1991; Locke & Latham, 1990; Podsakoff & Farh, 1989). This may not always be the case, however. Although individuals typically respond to initial negative feedback by increasing their efforts, different coping mechanisms may be used when negative feedback is repeated (Campion & Lord, 1982; Mikulincer, 1988, 1989). Because workers must often face repeated negative feedback in the course of