Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Improved Test for Continuous Local Martingales

We present a new test for the “continuous martingale hypothesis”. That is, a test for the hypothesis that observed data are from a process which is a continuous local martingale. The basis of the test is an embedded random walk at first passage times, obtained from the well-known representation of a continuous local martingale as a continuous time-change of Brownian motion. With a variety of simulated diffusion processes our new test shows higher power than existing tests using either the crossing tree or the quadratic variation, including the situation where non-negligible drift is present. The power of the test in the presence of jumps is also explored with a variety of simulated jump diffusion processes. The test is also applied to two sequences of high-frequency foreign exchange trade-by-trade data. In both cases the continuous martingale hypothesis is rejected at times less than hourly and we identify significant dependence in price movements at these small scales.
First-principles calculations of the radial breathing mode of single-wall carbon nanotubes

The radial breathing mode is a promising candidate for the analysis of conformational and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. The paper presents calculations based on the local density approximation to determine the radial breathing mode (RBM) frequency of various zigzag and armchair tubes with radii between 3.5 and 8.1 \AA{}. The frequencies are derived from both frozen phonon calculations for nanotubes and from the elastic constants of the flat graphene sheet. The RBM frequency of the (10,10) armchair tube is found to be $175{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and $174{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for the two techniques, respectively. These values are in very good agreement with one of the strongest components in the structured Raman band of the radial breathing modes observed at $177{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}. $ Since the RBM frequency turns out to scale with $1/R$ the calculations also allow one to evaluate the frequency of this mode for tubes with arbitrary chirality.
Dynamic failure of steel under hypervelocity impact of polycarbonate up to 9 km/s

We performed hypervelocity impact experiments on SS400 steel with a polycarbonate projectile at velocities up to 9 km/s. Spall fracture damages were observed near a rear surface of the impacted target. The microstructure and microdamages were examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The α−e phase transition region was observed near the crater. Cracks parallel to the impact direction were observed below the crater, and radial cracks grew from the α−e phase interface at high velocity impact tests, especially above 6 km/s. Cleavage was the dominant mechanism for a spall fracture surface, and ductile fracture structures were also observed at the edge of spall plane. Geometric spall behaviors were well reproduced by numerical simulations using a hydrocode. These simulation results also showed that the cracks below the crater would be due to dynamic tensile stresses. The calculated results using the value of 13 GPa as the transition pressure showed that the duration necessary for the .
Defect generation under substrate-hot-electron injection into ultrathin silicon dioxide layers

Point-defect generation in ultrathin silicon dioxide layers is studied for various initial hot-electron distributions at the cathode/oxide interface using injection modes dependent on the device structure. Consistent with thicker gate oxides studies, these experiments show unequivocally that defect buildup leading to destructive breakdown depends on electron energy, not oxide electric field (or inverse field). Bulk oxide electron-trap generation is shown to depend on the energy delivered to the anode by the hot electrons transported through the oxide layer after injection from the cathode contact. However, defect generation near the cathode/oxide interface is shown to also depend on the energy of the hot electrons delivered to this interface from the silicon bulk, particularly for nonthermal distributions. By comparing bulk oxide-defect generation due to substrate–hot-electron injection to that due to thermal Fowler–Nordheim injection, direct information about the electron energy distribution at the catho.
Enhanced diffusion from a continuous point source in shallow free-surface flow with grid turbulence

Shallow flows are ubiquitous in nature and are prone to instabilities that result in the formation of large-scale, two-dimensional coherent structures that are expected to significantly enhance eddy diffusivities compared to the stable turbulent base flow. We present the results of an experimental study in free-surface flow to determine the mixing coefficient for a passive tracer plume in two-dimensional grid turbulence. The grid consists of a row of cylinders 2.5 times the water depth and spaced to achieve a porosity of 50%. Depth-averaged dye concentrations are measured using a light absorption planar concentration analysis method; turbulence statistics are calculated from measurements of horizontal flow velocity using a two-component laser Doppler velocimeter. A base case without grid turbulence (having only bottom-generated turbulence) and three cases with grid turbulence are presented. For experiments with grid turbulence, injections were made at 40 water depths downstream of the grid, at the cylinde.
High quantum efficiency InGaN/GaN solar cells with 2.95 eV band gap

We report on III-nitride photovoltaic cells with external quantum efficiency as high as 63%. InxGa1−xN/GaN p-i-n double heterojunction solar cells are grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on (0001) sapphire substrates with xIn=12%. A reciprocal space map of the epitaxial structure showed that the InGaN was coherently strained to the GaN buffer. The solar cells have a fill factor of 75%, short circuit current density of 4.2 mA/cm2, and open circuit voltage of 1.81 V under concentrated AM0 illumination. It was observed that the external quantum efficiency can be improved by optimizing the top contact grid.
IONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS OF GASEOUS ATOMS AND MOLECULES FOR HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS.

Ionization cross sections of forty gases have been measured for electrons of kinetic energies 0.1-2.7 MeV. The measurements are absolute and extensive precautions have been taken to minimize systematic and accidental errors. The energy dependence of the measured cross sections is accurately described by the Bethe asymptotic formula involving two parameters that represent important atomic properties. Comparisons have been made between ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ and between C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ and C${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$; the observed differences are of the order of 1% and too small to be resolved with certainty. A close comparison has been made between positrons and electrons in Ar at 0.67 and 1.1 MeV; the cross sections are observed to be equal within a probable error of 0.5%.
A viscous vortex pair in ground effect

We calculate the flow induced by a vortex pair in a viscous fluid, which is otherwise at rest, in the presence of a plane boundary. This may be either a no-slip or a stress-free boundary. The phenomenon of rebound of the vortices from the boundary occurs for either type of boundary, and an explanation for this is offered in terms of viscous effects.
Bhargava and Ishizuka's BI-Method: A Neglected Method for Variable Selection

Quite often in data reduction, it is more meaningful and economical to select a subset of variables instead of reducing the dimensionality of the variable space with principal components analysis. The authors present a neglected method for variable selection called the BI-method (R. P. Bhargava & T. Ishizuka, 1981). It is a direct, simple method that uses the same criterion—trace information—used in ordinary regression analysis. The authors begin by discussing the nature and properties of the BI-method and then show how it is different from other existing variable selection methods. Because the BI-method originally was applied to small datasets that had little or no relevance to psychology or education, the authors apply it to large datasets with relevance to the psychological and educational literature. Of particular interest was the application of the BI-method to select a subset of items from a large item pool. Two practical psychometric examples with 49 and 108 items, respectively, showed that item subsets selected with the BI-method reflected the underlying structure of the whole item pool and that the scales based on those item subsets showed good reliability and predictive validity. The appropriateness of this item selection method within the context of the domain-sampling model is discussed.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Ta/Co2FeAl/MgO multilayers

In this paper, we demonstrate the stabilization of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in Ta/Co2FeAl/MgO multilayers sputtered on thermally oxidized Si(100) substrates. The magnetic analysis points out that these films show significant interfacial anisotropy even in the as-deposited state, KS=0.67 erg/cm2, enough to provide PMA for the as-deposited films with thicknesses below 1.5 nm. Moreover, the interfacial anisotropy is enhanced by thermal annealing up to 300 °C. The presence of a magnetic dead layer, whose thickness increases with annealing temperature, was also identified.
The embedded young stars in the Taurus-Auriga molecular cloud. I - Models for spectral energy distributions

We describe radiative transfer calculations of infalling, dusty envelopes surrounding pre-main-sequence stars and use these models to derive physical properties for a sample of 21 heavily reddened young stars in the Taurus-Auriga molecular cloud. The density distributions needed to match the FIR peaks in the spectral energy distributions of these embedded sources suggest mass infall rates similar to those predicted for simple thermally supported clouds with temperatures about 10 K. Unless the dust opacities are badly in error, our models require substantial departures from spherical symmetry in the envelopes of all sources. These flattened envelopes may be produced by a combination of rotation and cavities excavated by bipolar flows. The rotating infall models of Terebey et al. (1984) models indicate a centrifugal radius of about 70 AU for many objects if rotation is the only important physical effect, and this radius is reasonably consistent with typical estimates for the sizes of circumstellar disks around T Tauri stars.
Chandra archival study of (U)LIRGs with a double nucleus: binary AGNs?

We present our initial results from a study of 14 (U)LIRGs with a doublenucleus ( z <0.15) and an AGN signature in the Chandra archive. The goals of our study are to search for more possible cases of binary AGNs and to investigate the X-ray properties and energy sources of these energetic objects, a major effort devoted specifically to searching for binary AGNs from (U)LIRGs. Our studies suggest that Mrk 266 might be a new candidate in hosting binary AGNs supported by X-ray observations. Our analysis shows that most (U)LIRGs are essentially weak X-ray sources and are not dominated by AGNs, due to both the lack of Fe K line detections and weak emission in the hard X-ray band. We find evidence for thermal emission with temperature kT ~ 0.7 keV in seven nuclear regions, and this component is possibly associated with the nuclear or circumnuclear starburst. The soft and hard X-ray to far-infrared ratios also suggest that most (U)LIRGs are not energetically dominated by AGNs. Therefore, this study only provides one additional candidate of binary AGNs. We cannot rule out the existence of low luminosity AGNs and thus binary AGNs in all of them, particularly, those highly obscured and spatially unresolved systems. Nine of 14 (U)LIRGs, including three previously known binary AGNs and a new candidate Mrk 266, clearly have obvious X-ray counterparts to their double optical/near-IR nuclei. whereas only two out of 14 have one obvious X-ray counterpart detected. Additionally, Arp 220 and Mrk 273 are not spatially resolved owing to their small nuclear separations (~1"), and no significant X-ray detection in the most distant source.
Cued dichotic listening

A new dichotic paradigm, called cued dichotic listening, was developed in which subjects receive the monotic presentation of one member of a dichotic pair of syllables prior to the dichotic presentation of the stimulus pair. In this procedure, subjects receive maximum information about the stimuli in one ear, called the cued ear. During dichotic presentation of a pair, the subject must identify only the stimulus in the noncued ear. Stimuli were synthetic syllables composed of the stop consanants /p,t,k,b,d,g/ plus the vowel /ɑ/, arranged into 30 dichotic pairs. Subjects received cues in both left and right ears on successive runs. Right ear advantage (REA) was calculated by subtracting the left‐ear score (cued right ear) from the right‐ear score (cued left ear). Subjects also received a standard dichotic condition with no cueing. Results indicated that the REA was increased in the cued condition compared to the standard condition. Cueing the left ear improved right‐ear performance; cueing the right ear di.
Application of plasmonic silver island films in thin-film silicon solar cells

Silver nanoparticles can be used as light scattering elements for enhancing solar cell energy conversion efficiencies. The objective of our work is to gain more insight into the optical properties of silver nanoparticle films and their effect on the performance of solar cells. We use a common self-assembly technique to fabricate a range of silver island films on transparent substrates and measure their reflectance and transmittance for visible and near infrared light. We demonstrate that it is possible to represent silver island films by an effective medium with the same optical properties. The observed strong dependence on illumination side of the reflectance and absorptance, attributed to driving field effects, is reproduced very well. Thin-film silicon solar cells with embedded silver island films were fabricated and it was found that their performance is reduced due to parasitic absorption of light in the silver island film. Simulations of these solar cells, where the silver island film is represented as an effective medium layer, show a similar trend. This highlights the importance of minimizing parasitic absorption.
Metallicity gradients in early-type galaxies

A study of medium-to-bright early-type galaxies in six bandpasses from 3500 A to 2.2 microns is presented in order to quantify their colors and color gradients and relate these to metallicity and properties of the underlying stellar population. The Stromgren filter system chosen makes it possible to introduce a new calibration to the Mg(2) system from the present narrow-band v - y indices. A comparison is presented of narrow-band colors centered on particular spectral features vs a color dominated by the mean temperature of the giant branch (i.e., J - K) to test the effects of light vs heavy element abundances on knowledge of the total system metallicity, Z, and the effects of reddening. A good correlation is found between v - y and Mg(2); it provides a connection between one light element metallicity indicator (v - y centers on the CN blend) and another, Mg. The color-magnitude relations for all five optical and near-IR colors are shown. The strongest correlation exists for the metallicity colors, v - y and J - K.
Enhancer RNA promotes resistance to radiotherapy in bone-metastatic prostate cancer by m6A modification

Rationale: Prostate cancer metastasizes to the bone with the highest frequency and exhibits high resistance to 177Lu-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligand therapy. Little is known about bone metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) resistance to radiation. Methods: We filtered the metastatic eRNA using RNA-seq, MeRIP-seq, RT-qPCR and bioinformation. Western blot, RT-qPCR, CLIP, co-IP and RNA pull-down assays were used for RNA/protein interaction, RNA or protein expression examination. MTS assay was used to determine cell viability in vitro, xenograft assay was used to examine the tumor growth in mice. Results: In this study, we screened and identified bone-specific N6 adenosine methylation (m6A) on enhancer RNA (eRNA) that played a post-transcriptional functional role in bone mPCa and was correlated with radiotherapy (RT) resistance. Further data demonstrated that RNA-binding protein KHSRP recognized both m6A at eRNA and m6Am at 5'-UTR of mRNA to block RNA degradation from exoribonuclease XRN2. Depletion of the MLXIPe/KHSRP/PSMD9 regulatory complex inhibited tumor growth and RT sensitization of bone mPCa xenograft in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a bone-specific m6A-modified eRNA plays a vital role in regulating mPCa progression and RT resistance and might be a novel specific predictor for cancer RT.
Stress-Induced Changes in Closure Domain Structure Dynamics in Bistable Ferromagnetic Microwire

A new experimental method for the study of closure domain structure dynamics in bistable ferromagnetic microwires is proposed. The simple experimental set-up enables detection of the presence of a free domain wall in the wire after application of a well-de ned rectangular magnetic eld pulse. The changes in closure domain structure dynamics, caused by applied tensile stress, are demonstrated by measurements on Fe77.5B15Si7. 5 glasscoated microwire. Minimum critical eld for the release of a domain wall from the closure domain structure increases with increasing stress, while on the other hand, the minimum time needed for this process rapidly decreases with increasing stress.
Analysis of a multi-machine database on divertor heat fluxesa)

A coordinated effort to measure divertor heat flux characteristics in fully attached, similarly shaped H-mode plasmas on C-Mod, DIII-D, and NSTX was carried out in 2010 in order to construct a predictive scaling relation applicable to next step devices including ITER, FNSF, and DEMO. Few published scaling laws are available and those that have been published were obtained under widely varying conditions and divertor geometries, leading to conflicting predictions for this critically important quantity. This study was designed to overcome these deficiencies. Analysis of the combined data set reveals that the primary dependence of the parallel heat flux width is robustly inverse with Ip, which all three tokamaks independently demonstrate. An improved Thomson scattering system on DIII-D has yielded very accurate scrape off layer (SOL) profile measurements from which tests of parallel transport models have been made. It is found that a flux-limited model agrees best with the data at all collisionalities, while.
Evidence of a sub-stellar companion around HD 47536

We report evidence of a low-mass companion around the K1III giant star HD 47536. This star belongs to our sample of 83 subgiant and giant stars studied for their radial velocity variations using the FEROS spectrograph at the 1.52 m-ESO telescope on La Silla. We find that the radial velocity of HD 47536 exhibits a periodic variation of about 712 days with a semi-amplitude of 113 ${\rm m\,s}^{-1}$. These variations are not accompanied by variations in either Ca II emission or in the spectral line shapes. A Keplerian orbit due to a sub-stellar companion is thus the most viable explanation for the radial velocity variation. Assuming a moderate stellar mass of $m_{1}= 1.1{-}3.0~M_{\odot}$ we obtain a minimum mass for the companion of $m_{2} \sin{i}= 5.0{-}9.7~M_{\rm Jup}$, an orbital semi-major axis of 1.6–2.3 AU, and an eccentricity of $e=0.2$.
Gait evaluation of biofeedback balance training for chronic stroke patients

Abstract Uneven weight bearing distribution, which leads to asymmetric characteristics of the locomotor pattern, is commonly observed among patients with hemiparesis during quasistatic stance. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of using a visual and auditory biofeedback system in a balance retraining program for patients in the chronic post‐stroke period. Sixteen chronic patients with hemiparesis who suffered a stroke more than six months in the past participated in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups with eight patients in each group. The treatment group received biofeedback balance training and conventional physical therapy, while the control group received conventional physical therapy only. Using a forceplate and motion analysis system, standing balance and locomotor performance parameters were recorded for each subject during evaluation sessions before and after the one‐month treatment period. The data were analyzed using Student's t‐test to assess the effects of biofeedback balance training. The results showed that both groups improved in overall locomotor performance, gait pattern, and interlimb coordination, however, the biofeedback group did not demonstrate a clinically significant improvement over the control group. This study revealed the value of a late‐phase “booster dose” of gait and balance training for patients in the chronic post‐stroke period, but biofeedback, compared with conventional physical therapy, did not produce noticeable advantages after a one‐month training period.
Production of Various Carbon Nanoclusters by Impact Reaction Using Light-Gas Gun as Simulation of Asteroid Collisions in Space

An impact production of carbon nanoclusters is carried out in nitrogen gas using a two-stage light-gas gun. A small polycarbonate ball (or a stainless steel ball) is injected at about 6.5 km/s into a pressurized target chamber to collide with an aluminum target (or a hexane + aluminum target) in 1 atm of nitrogen gas. We can confirm the production of many types of carbon nanoclusters such as aluminum-encapsulated carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and balloonlike nanocarbons. Therefore, it is expected that many types of carbon nanoclusters are produced by impact reactions of asteroids in space, when such reactions take place in a carbon-rich atmosphere. Particularly on Titan satellite, a large number of carbon clusters produced by impacts of asteroids are expected to be stored.
Confirmation of a Stellar Microjet in the Rosette H II Region (NGC 2244)

A possible microjet from a low-mass but young star, which has already shed its cocoon, could be rendered observable by the Lyman photon flux in the interior of the Rosette Nebula. Outside this environment it may not have been observable at optical wavelengths. The kinematics of this proposed monopolar microjet from an F8 Ve star have been investigated by spatially resolved, long-slit, spectral observations with the Manchester Echelle Spectrometer on the San Pedro Martir telescope (Mexico). The flow is shown to be approaching to give a radial velocity difference from the host nebula of -56 km s-1. An outflow velocity of, at the most, a few hundreds of km s-1 is therefore indicated. If the flow velocity is taken as 200 km s-1, which is found in other microjets, then this jet's inclination to the sky is ≈16°. The mass in the outflowing ionized gas is estimated from the surface brightness of the Hα emission as ≈6 × 1027 g to give an estimated mass-loss rate of 10-8 M⊙ yr-1, which, along with the detection of the outflow velocity, confirms its microjet identification even though an uncertain filling factor was used in these calculations. The hottest cluster star, which is also in the neighborhood of the microjet, is found alone to emit marginally sufficient Lyman photons to account for the ionization of the jet, although direct observations of the local electron density from optical line ratios are required to confirm this point conclusively.
Low‐Energy X‐Ray Attenuation Measurements for Elements of Low Atomic Number

Mass attenuation coefficients have been measured for aluminum and copper in the energy range of 6 kev to 40 kev and for chromium, cobalt, nickel, and zinc in the energy range of 6 kev to 14 kev. The average most probable error is less than 3% and the agreement with theory is good.