Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-term multi-source data analysis about the characteristics of aerosol optical properties and types over Australia

Abstract. The spatiotemporal distributions of aerosol optical properties and major aerosol types, along with the vertical distribution of major aerosol types over Australia, are investigated based on multi-year Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations at nine sites, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), and back-trajectory analysis from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT). During the observation period from 2001–2020, the annual aerosol optical depth (AOD) at most sites showed increasing trends (0.002–0.029 yr−1), except for that at three sites, Canberra, Jabiru, and Lake Argyle, which showed decreasing trends (−0.004 to −0.014 yr−1). In contrast, the annual Ångström exponent (AE) showed decreasing tendencies at most sites (−0.045 to −0.005 yr−1). The results showed strong seasonal variations in AOD, with high values in the austral spring and summer and relatively low values in the austral fall and winter, and weak seasonal variations in AE, with the highest mean values in the austral spring at most sites. Monthly average AOD increases from August to December or the following January and decreases during March–July. Spatially, the MODIS AOD showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, with high values appearing over the Australian tropical savanna regions, Lake Eyre Basin, and southeastern regions of Australia, while low values appeared over the arid regions in western Australia. MERRA-2 showed that carbonaceous aerosol over northern Australia, dust over central Australia, sulfate over densely populated northwestern and southeastern Australia, and sea salt over Australian coastal regions are the major types of atmospheric aerosols. The nine ground-based AERONET sites over Australia showed that the mixed type of aerosols (biomass burning and dust) is dominant in all seasons. Moreover, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) showed that polluted dust is the dominant aerosol type detected at heights 0.5–5 km over the Australian continent during all seasons. The results suggested that Australian aerosol has similar source characteristics due to the regional transport over Australia, especially for biomass burning and dust aerosols. However, the dust-prone characteristic of aerosol is more prominent over central Australia, while the biomass-burning-prone characteristic of aerosol is more prominent in northern Australia.
Using a new inversion matrix for a fast-sizing spectrometer and a photo-acoustic instrument to determine suspended particulate mass over a transient cycle for light-duty vehicles

ABSTRACT Integrated particle size distribution (IPSD) is a promising alternative method for estimating particulate matter (PM) emissions at low levels. However, a recent light-duty vehicle (LDV) emissions study showed that particle mass estimated using IPSD (MIPSD) with the TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) Default Matrix was 56–75% lower than mass derived using the reference gravimetric method (MGrav) over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). In this study, MIPSD calculated with a new inversion matrix, the Soot Matrix, is compared with MGrav and also photoacoustic soot mass (MSoot), to evaluate potential improvement of the IPSD method for estimating PM mass emissions from LDVs. In addition, an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) was used to estimate mass emission rates attributed to larger particles (0.54–2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) that are not measured by the EEPS. Based on testing of 10 light-duty vehicles over the FTP cycle, the Soot Matrix significantly improved agreement between MIPSD and MGrav by increasing slopes of MIPSD/MGrav from 0.45–0.57 to 0.76–1.01 for gasoline direct injected (GDI) vehicles; however, for port-fuel injection (PFI) gasoline vehicles, a significant discrepancy still existed between MIPSD and MGrav, with MIPSD accounting for 34 ± 37% of MGrav. For all vehicles, strong correlations between MIPSD and MSoot were obtained, indicating the IPSD method is capable of capturing mass of soot particles. The discrepancy between the MIPSD and MGrav for PFI vehicles, which have relatively low PM emissions (0.22 to 1.83 mg/mile), could be partially due to limited size range of the EEPS by not capturing larger particles (0.54–2.5 µm) that accounts for ∼0.08 mg/mile of PM emission, uncertainties of particle effective density, and/or gas-phase adsorption onto filters that is not detected by in situ aerosol instrumentation. Copyright © 2016 American Association for Aerosol Research
Suitability of fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing for revealing mixing processes and higher-order moments at the forest–air interface

Abstract. Suitability of fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technique to observe atmospheric mixing profiles within and above forest was quantified and these profiles were analysed. The spatially continuous observations were made at a 125 m tall mast in a boreal pine forest. Air flows near forest canopies diverge from typical boundary layer flows due to the influence of roughness elements (i.e. trees) on the flow. Ideally these complex flows should be studied with spatially continuous measurements, yet such measurements are not feasible with conventional micrometeorological measurements with e.g. sonic anemometers. Hence the suitability of DTS measurements for studying canopy flows was quantified. The DTS measurements were able to discern continuous profiles of turbulent fluctuations and mean values of air temperature along the mast providing information about mixing processes (e.g. canopy eddies, evolution of inversion layers at night) and up to third order turbulence statistics across the forest-atmosphere interface. Turbulence measurements with 3D sonic anemometers and Doppler lidar at the site were also utilised in this analysis. The continuous profiles for turbulence statistics were in line with prior studies made at wind tunnels and large eddy simulations for canopy flows. The DTS measurements contained a significant noise component which was however quantified and its effect on turbulence statistics was accounted for. Underestimation of air temperature fluctuations at high frequencies caused 20.30 % underestimation of temperature variance at typical flow conditions. Despite these limitations, the DTS measurements should prove useful also in other studies concentrating on flows near roughness elements and/or non-stationary periods, since the measurements revealed spatio-temporal patterns of the flow which were not possible to discern from single point measurements fixed in space.
Comparing different generations of idealized solar geoengineering simulations in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)

Abstract. Solar geoengineering has been receiving increased attention in recent years as a potential temporary solution to offset global warming. One method of approximating global-scale solar geoengineering in climate models is via solar reduction experiments. Two generations of models in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) have now simulated offsetting a quadrupling of the CO2 concentration with solar reduction. This simulation is idealized and designed to elicit large responses in the models. Here, we show that energetics, temperature, and hydrological cycle changes in this experiment are statistically indistinguishable between the two ensembles. Of the variables analyzed here, the only major differences involve highly parameterized and uncertain processes, such as cloud forcing or terrestrial net primary productivity. We conclude that despite numerous structural differences and uncertainties in models over the past two generations of models, including an increase in climate sensitivity in the latest generation of models, the models are consistent in their aggregate climate response to global solar dimming.
COVID-19 lockdowns highlight a risk of increasing ozone pollution in European urban areas

Abstract. In March 2020, non-pharmaceutical intervention measures in the form of lockdowns were applied across Europe to urgently reduce the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes the COVID-19 disease. The aggressive curtailing of the European economy had widespread impacts on the atmospheric composition, particularly for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). To investigate these changes, we analyse data from 246 ambient air pollution monitoring sites in 102 urban areas and 34 countries in Europe between February and July 2020. Counterfactual, business-as-usual air quality time series are created using machine-learning models to account for natural weather variability. Across Europe, we estimate that NO2 concentrations were 34 % and 32 % lower than expected for respective traffic and urban background locations, whereas O3 was 30 % and 21 % higher (in the same respective environments) at the point of maximum restriction on mobility. To put the 2020 changes into context, average NO2 trends since 2010 were calculated, and the changes experienced across European urban areas in 2020 was equivalent to 7.6 years of average NO2 reduction (or concentrations which might be anticipated in 2028). Despite NO2 concentrations decreasing by approximately a third, total oxidant (Ox) changed little, suggesting that the reductions in NO2 were substituted by increases in O3. The lockdown period demonstrated that the expected future reductions in NO2 in European urban areas are likely to lead to widespread increases in urban O3 pollution unless additional mitigation measures are introduced.
Archetypes and Controls of Riverine Nutrient Export Across German Catchments

Elevated nutrient inputs challenge the health and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. To improve riverine water quality management, it is necessary to understand the underlying biogeochemical and physical processes, anthropogenic drivers and their interactions at catchment scale. We hypothesize that the spatial heterogeneity of nutrient sources dominantly controls the variability of in‐stream concentration dynamics among catchments. We investigated controls of mean nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO43−), and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships in 787 German catchments of a newly assembled data base, covering a wide range of physiographic and anthropogenic settings. We linked water quality metrics to catchment characteristics using partial least squares regressions and random forests. We found archetypal C‐Q patterns with enrichment dominating NO3− and TOC, and dilution dominating PO43− export. Both the mean NO3− concentrations and their variance among sites increased with agricultural land use. We argue that subsurface denitrification can buffer high nitrogen inputs and cause a decline in concentration with depth, resulting in chemodynamic, strongly positive C‐Q patterns. Mean PO43− concentrations were related to point sources, though the low predictive power suggests effects of unaccounted in‐stream processes. In contrast, high diffuse agricultural inputs explained observed positive PO43− C‐Q patterns. TOC levels were positively linked to the abundance of riparian wetlands, while hydrological descriptors were important for explaining TOC dynamics. Our study shows a strong modulation of anthropogenic inputs by natural controls for NO3− and PO43− concentrations and dynamics, while for TOC only natural controls dominate observed patterns across Germany.
Crystal-chemistry of a complex Mn-bearing alkali amphibole (tirodite') on the verge of exsolution

Electron- and ion-microprobe and Mossbauer analyses combined with X-ray structure refinement of a straw-yellow Mn-bearing alkali amphibole from Tirodi, Maharashtra, India, with no evidence of exsolution or inclusions, indicate a composition (Na 0.30 K 0.03 )(Na 0.87 Ca 0.39 Mn 0.57 Mg 0.17 )(Mg 3.84 Fe 3+ 0.72 Mn 0.38 Li 0.06 )(Si 7.88 Al 0.12 ) O 22 F 0.40 (OH) 1.60 , nearly half-way between (Ca-Na) and (Fe-Mg-Mn) amphiboles. The unit-cell dimensions are: a = 9.704 (7), b = 17.990 (12), c = 5.297 (3) A, β = 103.51 (5)°; space group C2/m and Z = 2. The single-crystal X-ray structure refinement (1363 reflections, R all = 0.039) was done to characterize the crystal-chemical features that might act as indicators of incipient exsolution phenomena due to immiscibility between (Ca-Na) and (Fe-Mg-Mn) amphibole compositions. An 57 Fe Mossbauer spectrum shows all iron to be in the trivalent state. All manganese is in the divalent state, and preferentially occurs at the split M4' site. The value of the β angle is related to the cation content at M4, and is consistent with the intermediate composition. C Mn 2+ is distributed almost equally over the three octahedral sites M1, M2, M3. A small amount of Li (detected by ion-microprobe) is ordered at the M3 site with concomitant substitution of Fe 3+ at the M2 site for charge balance
Measurement report: Long-range transport patterns into the tropical northwest Pacific during the CAMP2Ex aircraft campaign: chemical composition, size distributions, and the impact of convection

Abstract. The tropical Northwest Pacific (TNWP) is a receptor for pollution sources throughout Asia and is highly susceptible to climate change, making it imperative to understand long-range transport in this complex aerosol-meteorological environment. Measurements from the NASA Cloud, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex; 24 August to 5 October 2019) and back trajectories from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) were used to examine transport into the TNWP from the Maritime Continent (MC), peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA), East Asia (EA), and the West Pacific (WP). A mid-campaign monsoon shift on 20 September 2019 led to distinct transport patterns between the southwest monsoon (SWM; before 20 September) and monsoon transition (MT; after 20 September). During the SWM, long-range transport was a function of southwesterly winds and cyclones over the South China Sea. Low- (high-) altitude air generally came from MC (PSEA), implying distinct aerosol processing related to convection and perhaps wind shear. The MT saw transport from EA and WP, driven by Pacific northeasterly winds, continental anticyclones, and cyclones over the East China Sea. Composition of transported air differed by emission source and accumulated precipitation along trajectories (APT). MC air was characterized by biomass burning tracers while major components of EA air pointed to Asian outflow and secondary formation. Convective scavenging of PSEA air was evidenced by considerable vertical differences between aerosol species but not trace gases, as well as notably higher APT and smaller particles than other regions. Finally, we observed a possible wet scavenging mechanism acting on MC air aloft that was not strictly linked to precipitation. These results are important for understanding the transport and processing of air masses with further implications for modeling aerosol lifecycles and guiding international policymaking to public health and climate, particularly during the SWM and MT.
Factors and Predictions for Cadmium Transfer from Soils into Tomato Plants

ABSTRACT Soil-plant transfer models are needed to predict levels of cadmium (Cd) in vegetables when evaluating the food chain risks of Cd contamination in agricultural soils. In the present study, the transfer of Cd from a wide range of soils into tomato plants was investigated in order to identify the major factors and to develop predictive models. It was found that soil pH was the main factor controlling Cd uptake and lower pH was more favorable for Cd bioaccumulation. Furthermore, the hydrogen ion activity, other than pH, was correlated linearly with the ratio of plant Cd to soil Cd. Combining soil Cd, and the interaction between soil Cd and hydrogen ion activity greatly improved the model to predict the transfer of Cd from soil to plant. Compared with the previous log transformation model, the predicted model improved the regression coefficient from 0.799 to 0.973 and has important significance in practice.
CrocO_v1.0: a particle filter to assimilate snowpack observations in a spatialised framework

Abstract. Monitoring the evolution of snowpack properties in mountainous areas is crucial for avalanche hazard forecasting and water resources management. In situ and remotely sensed observations provide precious information on the state of the snowpack but usually offer limited spatio-temporal coverage of bulk or surface variables only. In particular, visible–near-infrared (Vis–NIR) reflectance observations can provide information about the snowpack surface properties but are limited by terrain shading and clouds. Snowpack modelling enables the estimation of any physical variable virtually anywhere, but it is affected by large errors and uncertainties. Data assimilation offers a way to combine both sources of information and to propagate information from observed areas to non-observed areas. Here, we present CrocO (Crocus-Observations), an ensemble data assimilation system able to ingest any snowpack observation (applied as a first step to the height of snow (HS) and Vis–NIR reflectances) in a spatialised geometry. CrocO uses an ensemble of snowpack simulations to represent modelling uncertainties and a particle filter (PF) to reduce them. The PF is prone to collapse when assimilating too many observations. Two variants of the PF were specifically implemented to ensure that observational information is propagated in space while tackling this issue. The global algorithm ingests all available observations with an iterative inflation of observation errors, while the klocal algorithm is a localised approach performing a selection of the observations to assimilate based on background correlation patterns. Feasibility testing experiments are carried out in an identical twin experiment setup, with synthetic observations of HS and Vis–NIR reflectances available in only one-sixth of the simulation domain. Results show that compared against runs without assimilation, analyses exhibit an average improvement of the snow water equivalent continuous rank probability score (CRPS) of 60 % when assimilating HS with a 40-member ensemble and an average 20 % CRPS improvement when assimilating reflectance with a 160-member ensemble. Significant improvements are also obtained outside the observation domain. These promising results open a possibility for the assimilation of real observations of reflectance or of any snowpack observations in a spatialised context.
The prevalence of precipitation from polar supercooled clouds

Abstract. Supercooled clouds substantially impact polar surface energy budgets, but large-scale models often underestimate their occurrence, which motivates accurately establishing metrics of basic processes. An analysis of long-term measurements at Utqiaġvik, Alaska, and McMurdo Station, Antarctica, combines lidar-validated use of soundings to identify supercooled cloud layers and colocated ground-based profiling radar measurements to quantify cloud base precipitation. We find that more than 85 % (75 %) of sampled supercooled layers are precipitating over the Arctic (Antarctic) site, with more than 75 % (50 %) precipitating continuously to the surface. Such high frequencies can be reconciled with substantially lesser spaceborne estimates by considering differences in radar hydrometeor detection sensitivity. While ice precipitation into supercooled clouds from aloft is common, we also find that the great majority of supercooled cloud layers without ice falling into them are themselves continuously generating precipitation. Such sustained primary ice formation is consistent with continuous activation of immersion-mode ice-nucleating particles (INPs), suggesting that supercooled cloud formation is a principal gateway to ice formation at temperatures greater than ∼-38 ∘C over polar regions. The prevalence of weak precipitation fluxes is also consistent with supercooled cloud longevity and with well-observed and widely simulated case studies. An analysis of colocated microwave radiometer retrievals suggests that weak precipitation fluxes can be nonetheless consequential to moisture budgets for supercooled clouds owing to small liquid water paths. The results here also demonstrate that the observed abundance of mixed-phase clouds can vary substantially with instrument sensitivity and methodology. Finally, we suggest that these ground-based precipitation rate statistics offer valuable guidance for improving the representation of polar cloud processes in large-scale models.
Giving Space to Your Message: Assistive Word Segmentation for the Electronic Typing of Digital Minorities

For readability and disambiguation of the written text, appropriate word segmentation is recommended for documentation, and it also holds for the digitized texts. If the language is agglutinative while far from scriptio continua, for instance in the Korean language, the problem becomes more significant. However, some device users these days find it challenging to communicate via key stroking, not only for handicap but also for being unskilled. In this study, we propose a real-time assistive technology that utilizes an automatic word segmentation, designed for digital minorities who are not familiar with electronic typing. We propose a data-driven system trained upon a spoken Korean language corpus with various non-canonical expressions and dialects, guaranteeing the comprehension of contextual information. Through quantitative and qualitative comparison with other text processing toolkits, we show the reliability of the proposed system and its fit with colloquial and non-normalized texts, which fulfills the aim of supportive technology.
and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Cytokine Responses by Human Monocytes Fas (CD95) Induces Proinflammatory

Fas (CD95, APO-1) is regarded as the prototypical cell death receptor of the TNFR superfamily. Fas-induced apoptosis is generally considered to be a noninﬂammatory process, contributing to the silent resolution of immune and inﬂammatory responses. How-ever, accumulating evidence indicates that Fas may also induce cellular activation signals. We hypothesized that Fas could activate proinﬂammatory cytokine responses by normal human monocytes and macrophages. Monocytes were isolated by negative im-munoselection from the PBMC fraction of venous blood from healthy volunteers, and monocyte-derived macrophages were cultivated in vitro. Both monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages released TNF- (cid:1) and IL-8 following Fas ligation, and conditioned medium from Fas-activated monocytes and macrophages induced the directed migration of neutrophils in a chemotaxis assay. Fas-induced monocyte cytokine responses were associated with monocyte apoptosis, nuclear translocation of NF- (cid:2) B, and cytokine gene expression and were blocked by caspase inhibition but not by inhibition of IL-1 (cid:3) signaling. In contrast, Fas-induced macrophage cytokine responses occurred in the absence of apoptosis and were caspase independent, indicating maturation-dependent differences in the Fas signaling pathways that lead to proinﬂammatory cytokine induction. Rather than contributing to the resolution of inﬂammation, Fas ligation on circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages may induce proinﬂammatory cytokine responses that can initiate acute inﬂammatory responses and tissue injury. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 170: 6209–6216.