Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dielectric relaxation in solids

This review presents a wide-ranging broad-brush picture of dielectric relaxation in solids, making use of the existence of a `universality' of dielectric response regardless of a wide diversity of materials and structures, with dipolar as well as charge-carrier polarization. The review of the experimental evidence includes extreme examples of highly conducting materials showing strongly dispersive behaviour, low-loss materials with a `flat', frequency-independent susceptibility, dipolar loss peaks etc. The surprising conclusion is that despite the evident complexity of the relaxation processes certain very simple relations prevail and this leads to a better insight into the nature of these processes.
Effects of time‐dependent photoionization on interstellar pickup ions

We present an analytical model for the density variations of interstellar pickup ions in the solar wind due to a time-dependent variation in the photoionization rate of the interstellar atoms. Following a sudden increase in the photoionization rate, our model predicts a pickup ion density enhancement lasting for a time of the order of the duration of the increase plus the solar wind convection time to the observation point. If the photoionization rate returns to its initial value, this enhancement is followed by a decreased pickup ion density resulting from a depleted interstellar neutral particle density. In the absence of further variations in the photoionization rate, the pickup ion density recovers on a time which scales as the radial position of the observation point divided by the inflow speed of the neutral particles. Gradual variations in the photoionization rate result in a pickup ion density which tends to track the ionization rate, though the density variations are smoothed and delayed in time due to the solar wind convection of ions picked up at points closer to the Sun.
The essential norm of operators in the Toeplitz algebra on $A^p(B_n)$

for 1 < p < oo, and T p be the corresponding Toeplitz algebra. We show that every S ∈ Sp can be approximated by operators that are specially suited for the study of local behavior. This is used to obtain several estimates for the essential norm of S ∈ Sp, an estimate for the essential spectral radius of S ∈ T 2 , and a localization result for its essential spectrum. Finally, we characterize compactness in terms of the Berezin transform for operators in T p .
The piecewise-linear predictor-corrector code - A Lagrangian-remap method for astrophysical flows

We describe a time-explicit finite-difference algorithm for solving the nonlinear fluid equations. The method is similar to existing Eulerian schemes in its use of operator-splitting and artificial viscosity, except that we solve the Lagrangian equations of motion with a predictor-corrector and then remap onto a fixed Eulerian grid. The remap is formulated to eliminate errors associated with coordinate singularities, with a general prescription for remaps of arbitrary order. We perform a comprehensive series of tests on standard problems. Self-convergence tests show that the code has a second-order rate of convergence in smooth, two-dimensional flow, with pressure forces, gravity, and curvilinear geometry included. While not as accurate on idealized problems as high-order Riemann-solving schemes, the predictor-corrector Lagrangian-remap code has great flexibility for application to a variety of astrophysical problems.
Simple cumulus models in one-dimensional radiative convective equilibrium problems

Abstract The cumulus model presented by Lindzen et al. for calculating one-dimensional radiative convective equilibria is examined. When only the balance of moist static energy is considered, the value of the convective mass flux Mc is required to be externally specified. Dependency of equilibrium solutions on Mc shows that an upper limit of the value of Mc exists above which the temperature in the region of upward motion is lower than that in the region of downward motion; that is, the buoyancy is negative. Lindzen et al. tried to specify the value of Mc by introducing the surface heat fluxes. However, it is found that the buoyancy of their solution is negative. In order to obtain an appropriate equilibrium solution where the buoyancy is positive, the balance of kinetic energy, especially the dissipative process, should be considered. It is found that the value of Mc, which gives a realistic value of the dissipation rate, is close to the upper limit. In order to have a solution with a more realistic temp.
Combined techniques of Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron two-dimensional x-ray diffraction for in situ study of anisotropic system: Example of polymer fibers under deformation

Simultaneous measurements of Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron two-dimensional (2D) wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) have been successfully demonstrated for in situ study of an anisotropic system: isotactic polypropylene (iPP) fiber under tensile deformation. A fiber-optic probe was used to remotely deliver the incident laser beam on the sample as well as to collect the Raman signal based on the confocal arrangement, whereas high resolution 2D WAXD patterns were obtained simultaneously at the same position during deformation of polymers. The combined techniques yielded complementary information on the molecular structural evolution in both crystalline and amorphous phases. 2D WAXD results showed that the α-form iPP crystals were converted into the mesophase upon stretching at room temperature. Corresponding Raman spectra showed that characteristic bands from the crystal phase became weaker or disappeared during the transition from the crystal phase to the mesophase. However, the bands associated with .
p-Value Adjustments for Multiple Tests for Nonlinearity

When the hypothesis of linearity of a univariate time series model is tested using a battery of tests for neglected nonlinearity, the probability of one or more tests' leading to a false rejection increases with the number of tests being performed. This paper discusses how this undesirable effect of multiple testing may be controlled by means of some simple and easily implemented procedures. Monte Carlo experiments are used to demonstrate the finite-sample effectiveness of the various methods, and an analysis of the nonlinearity properties of GDP data from five OECD countries is presented as an illustration.
Statistical analysis of satellite‐observed trade wind cloud clusters in the western North Pacific

Composite upper-air soundings have been constructed relative to 1 257 individual satellite-observed mesoscale (3–6° latitude) trade wind cloud clusters in the western tropical North Pacific. Clusters have been stratified into five categories: pre-storm clusters (166 cases treated), developing clusters (211), conservative clusters (537), non-conservative clusters (135), and dying clusters (208). A sixth category has been specified for clear areas (553). Rawinsonde observations from 14 island stations for the two-year period of October 1966 to October 1968 provide composited data for 16 pressure levels from the surface to 30 mb. Approximately 12 000 observations make up the data sample. Computerized composited summaries for each group of clusters have been made from Northern Hemisphere Data Tabulations (NHDT) tapes for wind, vorticity, divergence, kinetic energy, temperature, moisture, stability, and isobaric heights. Mass and thermal balances are very well satisfied by the composited data. Significant differences in the low-level horizontal wind shears exist among the six categories. The pre-storm and developing clusters exhibit large low-level cyclonic shears, whereas the remaining cloud categories show weaker cyclonic shears. The clear areas show a marked anticyclonic low-level wind shear. The relative vorticities are mostly determined by shears of the zonal wind. East-west shears of the meridional wind are of secondary importance. These cloud clusters may be viewed as typical of the usual easterly trade wave only if the latter is primarily interpreted as a shearing phenomena of the zonal trade wind. These observations generally support the contention of the importance of low-level frictionally forced convergence in the zonal shearing environment north of the equatorial trough as the mechanism for producing and maintaining these clusters (some of which later develop into typhoons). DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973. tb00617.x
Mode II Fracture Localization in Concrete Loaded in Compression

As an alternative to a series-coupling model for localization of deformations under uniaxial and confined compression, an approach based on Mode II crack growth is proposed. Such a model appears to be in closer agreement to experimental observations than the presently used series-coupling model, and has the advantage that both material and structural aspects of softening are incorporated directly. Similarities to tensile fracture exist that would make the approach universal.
A Comparison of Household and Provider Reports of Medical Conditions

Abstract Recognizing that household respondents have difficulty recalling past events, the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey incorporated a record check component. For 12,000 persons included in the Medical Provider Survey, two data sources exist for health care events: household survey responses and provider record abstractions. This investigation compared medical conditions associated with the 35,000 visits, to conclude that agreement between sources was weak. Households tended to report fewer conditions per visit and familiar conditions, whereas providers reported related but different diagnoses. Levels of provider agreement with household reports ranged from 1% for upper extremity and shoulder impairments to 86% for pregnancy care and delivery. Over all 63 categories, providers concurred with household condition reports 40% of the time. Broader categories created by collapsing conditions substantially increased agreement levels. Analyses of household-provider agreement suggest that questionnair.
The Somatic Marker Hypotheses, and What the Iowa Gambling Task Does and Does not Show

Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) is a prominent neuroscientific hypothesis about the mechanisms implementing decision-making. This paper argues that, since its inception, the SMH has not been clearly formulated. It is possible to identify at least two different hypotheses, which make different predictions: SMH-G, which claims that somatic states generally implement preferences and are needed to make a decision; and SMH-S, which specifically claims that somatic states assist decision-making by anticipating the long-term outcomes of available options. This paper also argues that neither hypothesis is adequately supported empirically; the task originally proposed to test SMH is not a good test for SMH-S, and its results do not support SMH-G either. In addition, it is not clear how SMH-G could be empirically invalidated, given its general formulation. Suggestions are made that could help provide evidence for SMH-S, and make SMH-G more specific. 1. Introduction2. Two Hypotheses: Somatic Markers as Embodied Preferences, and as a Source of Farsightedness3. Lack of Evidence for Somatic Farsightedness4. Does Making Decisions Require Somatic Markers, and can it be Shown in the Laboratory? 5. Conclusion Introduction Two Hypotheses: Somatic Markers as Embodied Preferences, and as a Source of Farsightedness Lack of Evidence for Somatic Farsightedness Does Making Decisions Require Somatic Markers, and can it be Shown in the Laboratory? Conclusion
Convergence of the Guesstimation Algorithm

Economists attempting to build econometric or forecasting models are frequently restricted due to data scarcity in terms of short time series of data, and also of parameter non constancy and under-specification. In this case, a realistic alternative is often to guess rather than to estimate parameters of such models. An algorithm of repetitive guessing (drawing) parameters from iteratively changing distributions, with the objective of minimizing the squares of ex-post prediction errors, weighted by penalty weights and subject to a learning process, has been recently introduced. Despite obvious advantages, especially when applied for undersized empirical models with a large number of parameters, applications of Repetitive Stochastic Guesstimation have been, so far, limited. This has presumably been caused by the lack of rigorous proof of its convergence. Such proof for a class of linear models, both identifiable (in the economic sense) and not, is provided in this article.
Asymptotic Behavior of Random Permanents

Let Ξ = (£ij) be a random m X n (m < n) matrix with independent entries satisfying 0 < C < f £j < d < CO and E&J = a. We prove that when m/n —>· λ > 0 then the CLT as weU as the SLLN hold for properly normalized version of 1η(ΡβΓ Ξ). The CLT result is an extension of the Central Limit Theorem for random permanents of square matricies obtained by Girko (1980).
On the infinite divisibility of the lognormal distribution

Summary In the present paper the author proves that the lognormal distribution is infinitely divisible. This is achieved by showing that the lognormal is the weak limit of a sequence of probability distributions all of which are generalized Γ-convolutions and thus infinitely divisible. It is also proved that the lognormal itself is a generalized Γ-convolution.
B‐spline collocation algorithms for numerical solution of the RLW equation

Both sextic and septic B‐spline collocation algorithms are presented for the numerical solutions of the RLW equation. Numerical results resolve the fine structure of the single solitary wave propagation, two and three solitary waves interaction, and evolution of solitary waves. Comparison of the numerical results is done by the results of some earlier schemes mentioned in the article. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 27: 581–607, 2011
Possible influence of stratospheric circulation on January surface air temperature over China

In terms of monthly NCEP/NCAR and 160 site temperature data from NCC (National Climate Center), the main modes of January surface air temperature in 1979-2008 over China and possible mechanism of typical cold/warm episodes are investigated. Results show that the first mode for January temperature is characterized by consist variation in China, which is closely related to circulation anomalies in stratosphere. From the wave source over East Asian in stratosphere wave fluxes propagate downward and westward, and in upper troposphere over North Atlantic there is a remarkable convergent area of wave flux leading to the ridge enhanced with stronger heat transforming to the North and front zone moving to more northerly. Thereby jet stream becomes strong and expands to East Atlantic with positive (negative) NAO anomaly pattern and higher pressure occurs south to Baikal indicating stronger (weaker) than normal cold air, which is helpful for lower (higher) temperature appearing over China
Block Bootstraps for Time Series With Fixed Regressors

This article examines block bootstrap methods in linear regression models with weakly dependent error variables and nonstochastic regressors. Contrary to intuition, the tapered block bootstrap (TBB) with a smooth taper not only loses its superior bias properties but may also fail to be consistent in the regression problem. A similar problem, albeit at a smaller scale, is shown to exist for the moving and the circular block bootstrap (MBB and CBB, respectively). As a remedy, an additional block randomization step is introduced that balances out the effects of nonuniform regression weights, and restores the superiority of the (modified) TBB. The randomization step also improves the MBB or CBB. Interestingly, the stationary bootstrap (SB) automatically balances out regression weights through its probabilistic blocking mechanism, without requiring any modification, and enjoys a kind of robustness. Optimal block sizes are explicitly determined for block bootstrap variance estimators under regression. Finite sample performance and practical uses of the methods are illustrated through a simulation study and two data examples, respectively. Supplementary materials are available online.
Estimator Choice and Fisher's Paradox: A Monte Carlo Study

Abstract This paper argues that Fisher's paradox can be explained away in terms of estimator choice. We analyse by means of Monte Carlo experiments the small sample properties of a large set of estimators (including virtually all available single-equation estimators), and compute the critical values based on the empirical distributions of the t-statistics, for a variety of Data Generation Processes (DGPs), allowing for structural breaks, ARCH effects etc. We show that precisely the estimators most commonly used in the literature, namely OLS, Dynamic OLS (DOLS) and non-prewhitened FMLS, have the worst performance in small samples, and produce rejections of the Fisher hypothesis. If one employs the estimators with the most desirable properties (i.e., the smallest downward bias and the minimum shift in the distribution of the associated t-statistics), or if one uses the empirical critical values, the evidence based on US data is strongly supportive of the Fisher relation, consistently with many theoretical models.
Robust disturbance attenuation for discrete‐time active fault tolerant control systems with uncertainties

The problems of stochastic stability and stochastic disturbance attenuation for a class of linear discrete‐time systems are considered in this paper. The system under study is a state space model possessing two Markovian jump parameters: one is failure process and another is failure detection and isolation scheme. A controller is designed to guarantee the stochastic stability and a disturbance attenuation level. Robustness problems for the above system with norm‐bounded parameter uncertainties are also investigated. It is shown that the uncertain system can be robustly stochastically stabilized and have a robust disturbance attenuation level for all admissible perturbations if a set of coupled Riccati inequalities has solutions. A numerical example is given to show the potential of the proposed technique. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-linear response of vegetation to coherent warming over northern high latitudes

This study evaluates the large-scale changes in vegetation greenness at northern high latitudes (>60° N) using satellite-measured normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and station-merged temperature, precipitation and soil moisture for the period 1982–2008. During this 27-year period, although coherent warming trends were observed at most of the high latitudes, changes in the NDVI showed apparent spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In particular, changes in the hemispheric mean NDVI increased until 1997, but decreased thereafter. Maximum covariance analysis, which is a statistical method to detect large-scale covariability between two variables over time, reveals significant relationships between NDVI and soil moisture (and/or precipitation) in the regions of negative NDVI trends. These results further suggest that local moisture availability also plays a considerable role in the large-scale changes in vegetation as well as coherent warming over the northern high latitudes.
SiO Emission from a 1000 AU Disk in Orion KL

We mapped the v = 1 and v = 0, J = 2-1 transitions of SiO in Orion KL with 0. ″5 angular resolution. The v = 1 emission originates from an 80 AU diameter ring of maser spots centered on radio continuum source I, while the v = 0 emission appears to delineate a ~1000 AU diameter flared disk centered on source I, with long axis perpendicular to the Orion KL bipolar outflow. The v = 0 line has brightness temperatures as high as 3000 K, probably indicating regions of weak maser emission.
THE ELECTRICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS INSIDE THUNDERCLOUDS

Abstract An investigation of 125 storms (67 thunderstorms and 58 shower clouds with high electric fields) completed during 1945–1948 at the Zugspitze Observatory in Germany (10,000 ft) is presented. The results are discussed with regard to electrical conditions, precipitation, and some other meteorological details. Approximately 80 per cent of the observations were made inside clouds. The more important aspects of the results concern the following points: 1. Average position of space charges inside thunderclouds. A local positive charge is found precisely at the freezing level; it is located in the center of precipitation and lightning and has a restricted horizontal depth (order of magnitude: 1 km). In the same vertical air column, but at lower temperatures (around −8C), the center of the negative main charge is evidenced. The center of the positive main charge appears to be outside this air column, following at a distance somewhat behind the negative charge and at a higher level. 2. Role of precipitatio.
Latest developments in the p-on-n HgCdTe architecture at DEFIR

Since 2005, in the scope of “DEFIR”, the joint laboratory between CEA-LETI and SOFRADIR, p-on-n photodiodes and FPAs (Focal Plane Arrays) have been developed and optimised. This p-on-n architecture, obtained by As implantation into an In doped base layer, offered a significant decrease of the dark current compared to our n-on-p standard architecture. Following these developments, this p-on-n technology has been successfully transferred to SOFRADIR for industrial production [1]. Results obtained on TV format, 15μm pitch, showed that this first architecture has reached its maturity with excellent results in LWIR and MWIR. In parallel, further developments and studies are still in progress at CEA-LETI in order to improve the photodiode performance and understanding of the physical mechanisms. In this way, new p-on-n architectures have been studied on LPE (Liquid Phase Epitaxy) in the VLWIR spectral band. Using this new architecture, the transition temperature, where the dark current shifts from diffusion limited regime to another one, has been lowered by more than 10K. Extremely low dark current has been obtained, down to 50 e-/s/pixel. The p-on-n technology also been studied at DEFIR in SWIR range specifically for space applications were 2Kx2K MCT arrays are required with dark current below 0.01e-/s at 18μm pitch in the 80-140 K. Finally in the MWIR and LWIR spectral bands, the reduction of production cost and the increase of resolution call for smaller pixel pitches with larger format. In this way, first results have been obtained on test diodes with pixel pitch as low as 5 μm. The I(V) and R(V) plots illustrate the very good characteristic of our p-on-n diodes. These photodiodes present large reverse breakdown voltage, witnessing the quality of our device fabrication procedure.
Elastocapillary fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures

We describe the fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures by means of capillary forces. Using an origami-like technique, planar silicon nitride structures of various geometries are folded to produce three-dimensional objects of 50–100 m. Capillarity is a particularly effective mechanism since surface tension forces dominate over bulk forces at small scales. The spontaneous evaporation of water forms the driving mechanism for this microfabrication technique. Therefore the actuating liquid disappears in the final structure. A model describing the elastocapillary interaction of the folding process is compared with experiments. By tailoring the elastic and capillary properties a variety of three-dimensional micro-objects can be realized.
Properties of q‐entropies

Basic properties of the q‐entropy Sq[ρ]=(q−1)−1(1−tr(ρq)) (0<q≠1) for states of a quantum system are established: concavity, quasi‐convexity, continuity, and failure of ‘‘additivity’’ and ‘‘subadditivity’’ for composite systems.