Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric iodine oxide at Neumayer Station, Antarctica

First measurements of iodine oxide (IO) in the Antarctic troposphere are reported. Since March 1999, a newly developed dual channel spectrograph has been continuously performing Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of zenith scattered sunlight at Neumayer‐Station, Antarctica (70°39′S, 8°15′W). The spectral signature of IO was clearly detected by observing five vibrational absorption bands located in the wavelength region between 415 and 461 nm. The observed diurnal variation of IO is characterized by a rapid decrease in the differential slant column density (DSCD) with increasing solar zenith angle (SZA) during twilight. This observation points to a fast conversion of reactive iodine into its nighttime reservoir species. It also strongly indicates that the detected IO is located in the troposphere. The decrease of the IO DSCD of up to 1 · 1014 molec/cm² between 80° and 95° SZA is unexpectedly large. Under the assumption that IO is located in the marine boundary layer (MBL) (below 2 km), IO mixing ratios may reach up to ∼10 ppt. The seasonal variation shows higher IO amounts during summer than during winter. This finding is possibly caused by the smaller distance to the open sea, where the iodocarbons are emitted, and by the more efficient photodissociation of the organic iodine precursors.
Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the Book Cliffs, Carbon, Emery, and Grand Counties, Utah, and Garfield and Mesa Counties, Colorado

________--__________-----_-_-_--_______ Introduction _______________________________________ Location and character of the area. ________________ Fieldwork and acknowledgments. __-_. ___--______. Previous work in the region. _____. _____-___-_-_-______ The formations. _____________-___--___-__---____-___ Pre-Cretaceous formations. ____-_--___-_--. ______ Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. ______________ Sources of the nomenclature of the Cretaceous formations _ Cretaceous system __________________________________ Lower Cretaceous units_______---___-__-_______ Dakota sandstone_____________________________ Man cos shale. --__-___-_--__--_--_---___-____-_Mesaverde group_-_____-_____----------_-_----_ Blackhawk formation. __________________________ Formations above Blackhawk formation. __________ Utah west of the Green River (western Book Cliffs) _ Castlegate sandstone. ___________________ Price River formation (restricted)_______ Utah east of the Green River and in Colorado (central and eastern Book Cliffs) ______ Castlegate sandstone. ___________________ Buck tongue of Mancos shale__________ Sego sandstone and included Anchor Mine tongue of the Mancos shale____________ Units between the Sego sandstone and the Tertiary formations. __________________ Neslen formation _______________________ Farrer formation______-_____---___--. Tuscher formation,_____________________ Mount Garfield formation. _ ______________ Hunter Canyon formation. _______________ Cretaceous and Tertiary systems. _____________________ North Horn and Flagstaff formations undifferentiated ______________________________________ Tertiary system____________________________________ Colton formation___________-_----___-_---_-__-_ Unnamed sandstone__-_-__-----____-----______ Pago 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 11 13 13 13 14
Excess sediment 230Th: Transport along the sea floor or enhanced water column scavenging?

The sedimentary inventory of 230Th is often employed to distinguish between areas which receive excess sediment as the result of along‐bottom transport from those which lose sediment as a result of winnowing. This process is referred to as “focusing. ” A case is made here that, at least in the western equatorial Pacific, the excess 230Th in on‐equator sediment is more likely scavenged from the overlying water column by the rain of organic matter than retransported along the bottom. If so, lateral variations in biological productivity may well contribute to the excess 230Th inventories elsewhere as well.
Wild Landscapes. The Cultural Nature of Swedish National Parks

Since their emergence in the late 19th century, national park spaces have been perceived as articulations of untouched nature or wild landscape beyond society. Yet no understanding of national parks can do without the recognition that they exist in historical spaces created, institutionalised and prepared for them by cultural practices and modes of representation. Rather than being given by nature, national parks are ensnared in the power-filled sites of absolute space, organic space and optical space. These socio-spatial issues are at the heart of Wild Landscapes. In addressing them, the focus of the book is on reconstituting the process of how the natures and landscapes of Swedish national parks have been socially reinvented. Social reinvention puts an emphasis on how the parks are communicated and authorised with the help of a multimedia dialectic of maps, images and texts, and various spatial strategies. Thus Wild Landscapes deals not primarily with natural science, but with a variety of subjects related to the cultural past and present of Swedish national parks, such as patriotism, tourism, scientism, practical management, planning, cartography, imagery, environmental ethics and land-use performance. It concludes that social reinvention opens a passage for a less reified and less dualistic understanding of the nature of Swedish national parks. (Less)
ICTs and Urban Microenterprises: Identifying and Maximizing Opportunities for Economic Development

The research reported here was guided by three questions: (1) What are the current and potential patterns of mobile phone, landline, PC, and Internet cafA© use among urban microentrepreneurs? (2) Are mobile phones, PCs, and Internet cafA©s related to the stability or growth of urban microenterprises? (3) Can we identify those urban microentrepreneurs and/or microenterprises for which ICT use is associated with economic growth?
Analysis of the economic impact of sorghum and millet research in Mali.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum] are very impor tant to the economy and people of Mali. But, their productivity is low given the reliance on traditional, low-input production practices. The Institut d'Economie Rurale (IER) was started soon after the country's independence to find ways of improving the productivity of food crops in collaboration with regional and international agricultural research institutes (e.g., IRAT, ICRISAT, CIRAD-CA) . A numbe r of improved seed-based sorghum and millet technologies have since been developed and diffused. They were developed from two approaches: (1) selection within local germplasm, which consisted of collecting, testing, purifying, and supplying farmers with readily available materials. These are identified as Generation 1 materials; and (2) plant breeding, which consisted of crossing with exotic germplasm, and pedigree selection. Outputs of this second approach are identified as Generation 2 materials. This study evaluates the returns to sorghum and pearl millet research investments in Mali by combining farm-level survey information from 1990 to 1995 with that from research and extension in an economic surplus framework. The results indicate that by 1995, 30% of the sorghum and 3 7% of the millet areas were sown to improved varieties. Th e estimated benefits from research and extension efforts range from US$ 16 million (for sorghum) to US$ 25 million (for pearl millet). These represent internal rates of returns of 69% and 50%, respectively. A disaggregated analysis indicates higher yield gains and higher returns to Generation 2 materials than to Generation 1 materials for bot h sorghum and pearl millet. Unit costs were also much lower for Generation 2 materials. The major constraints cited by farmers as limiting their ability to adopt improved materials include lack of information, lack of improved seeds, and low soil fertility. The study concludes that the breeding philosophy should be diversified to respond to the need of the changing socioeconomic environment with the recent devaluation of the CFA. It also recommends that efforts be made to improve the economic farming environment to enable farmers to adopt mor e productive agricultural technologies which are necessary for rural poverty alleviation and improvement in national food security.
Flow processes in a curved alluvial channel

Dynamic features of the flow in a 180° constant-radius, recirculating laboratory channel are studied. The width-depth ratio and radius-width ratio of the channel are 16 and 5.4, respectively, and the sediment is sand with median grain diameter and geometric standard deviation of 0.3 mm and 1.45, respectively. The particle densimetric Froude number is 6.5. Individual components of the momentum equation are measured, and their relative effect on the momentum balance is evaluated. It is found that flow accelerations, notably downstream acceleration of the downstream and cross-stream velocity components, induced as a result of change in channel curvature at the entrance to the bend have a significant effect on the flow processes in this bend. The cross-stream velocity gradients are relatively insignificant. The curvature change affects the flow and bed topography in a manner similar to that in which a driving force affects an underdamped oscillating system. The findings are used for an evaluation of available bend flow models.
Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy

We present a growth tectonic model of Earth's inner core and the resulting model of the seismic anisotropy. The inner core grows anisotropically if the convection in the outer core is of Taylor column type. The anisotropic growth produces a flow field of the poloidal zonal order 2 type as a result of the isostatic adjustment of the viscous inner core. Crystals in the inner core align themselves under the stress field produced by the flow. We model the anisotropic structure of the inner core, using the theory of Kamb [1959] and elastic constants of Stixrude and Cohen [1995b]. We consider models for both hcp iron and fcc iron, which are the probable crystal structures for the inner core iron according to Stixrude and Cohen [1995a]. We have found that the c axis for hcp iron and [111] direction for fcc iron align in the polar direction. The alignment is consistent with seismic observations, which have revealed that the P wave velocity is faster in the polar direction. Our model predicts that the degree of the alignment decreases near the inner core boundary in accord with recent body wave observations. The radial dependence of the alignment would result from the following three effects: (1) crystals near the surface have not undergone stressed state long enough to acquire anisotropy after precipitation, (2) stress near the surface is different from that in the interior of the inner core due to shear stress free boundary condition, and (3) partially molten structure results in transversely isotropic stress condition near the inner core surface due to compaction. Thus the application of Kamb's theory successfully explains the seismic anisotropy in the inner core provided that the crystals have been subjected under the same stress condition for the timescale of the order of 109 years.
An investigation of altimeter sea state bias theories

Two theoretical formulations of the sea state bias (SSB) by Srokosz [1986] (hereafter S86) and Elfouhaily et al. [2000] (hereafter E00) are applied to directional ocean wave spectra from WAM and from NDBC moored buoys collocated with Topex altimeter data. S86 SSB computations obtained for WAM with idealized ocean current fields reveal a quasi-linear relationship between the SSB coefficient and the r.m.s. ocean slope, which remains valid for a wide range of wind/wave/current conditions. The SSB coefficient is shown to be better parameterized in terms of slope, instead of the significant wave height and wind speed presently used in empirical models. The theoretical SSB for the buoys' 2-D wave spectra are compared with estimates from five recent empirical SSB models calculated from the collocated Topex data. The magnitude of the E00 SSB shows a strong sensitivity to the choice of high frequency tail model used to extend the 2-D wave spectra. We find that the E00 theory can adequately model the radar frequency dependence of the SSB given a suitable choice of high frequency tail. However, the E00 theory is found to systematically underestimate the magnitude of the SSB coefficient with respect to empirical SSB models. In contrast, the long-waves-only S86 theory displays good agreement with the empirical SSB estimates. Thus our calculations suggest that the sea state bias may be primarily governed by the slope of long gravity waves, presumably through its well-documented influence on the modulation of short waves, as also suggested by recent empirical findings
Possible causes of stratospheric NO2 trends observed at Lauder, New Zealand

A recently published analysis of slant columns of NO2 observed at twilight at 45°S has identified trends of about 5%/decade between 1980 and 1998. This is twice the trend in tropospheric N2O, which is the source of stratospheric NO2. By means of a column photochemical model, we explore the sensitivity of NO2 to the observed trends in stratospheric temperature, O3 and H2O. The resulting calculated trends in NO2 are smaller than observed, and we cannot force agreement by varying the ozone or temperature trends. The calculated sensitivity of NO2 to stratospheric aerosol is large, and a 20% per decade decrease in aerosol surface area creates agreement. We conclude that a small residual in the statistical fit of aerosol to the NO2 measurements may remain, and is a likely cause of the trends found in the NO2 measurements.
Diurnal Cycle of Internal Wave Variability in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean: Results from Moored Observations

Abstract A diurnal cycle in temperature and vertical displacement variance has been observed in the stratified region below the surface mixed layer using moored time-series data at 0°, 140°W for there periods: November 1984, April 1987, and May–June 1987. The November 1984 and April 1987 periods coincided with the TROPIC HEAT and TROPIC HEAT-2 experiments, during which direct measurements of turbulent dissipation rates were made near the mooring site. In May–June 1987, a special set of moored time series were collected between 30-m and 61-m depth with 1-minute temporal resolution in addition to standard measurements at 15-minute resolution. The high-resolution data indicated the existence of a diurnal cycle in variance that was most pronounced at frequencies of 10–30 cph and that was coherent over the 31-m extent of the vertical array. It is likely that this diurnal cycle in variance was due in part to internal waves remotely generated at the base of the nighttime mixed layer and that the appearance of in.
Variation in marine total organic carbon through the type Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Late Jurassic), Dorset, UK

Bulk geochemical data from the NERC Rapid Global Geological Events project are used to appraise the pattern of variation in mean organic content through the cymodoce to rotunda zones of the type Kimmeridge Clay Formation in southern Dorset. There is a symmetrical stratigraphic pattern in mean and modal total organic carbon (TOC) values, which increase from 1–2% at the top and base to a peak of 8–9% in the middle of the formation. To remove distortion caused by the strong positive skewness of the TOC values, the mean TOC per zone was recalculated for the first mode of the TOC distribution only, and combined pragmatically with pyrolysis estimates of the reactive (marine) TOC fraction to derive marine TOC values; these also vary symmetrically from c. 0.5% to peak values of c. 5.0%. The mean TOC is negatively correlated with sedimentation rate, indicating that dilution is a significant controlling variable. Mean palaeoproductivity was assessed using modern marine sediment relationships between carbon burial efficiency, sedimentation rate (derived from RGGE cyclostratigraphic analyses), the likely dissolved oxygen range, and water depth. Best estimates of palaeoproductivity range from 40 to 150 g C m−2 a−1 (low to moderate by comparison with present-day shelves) and are positively but nonlinearly correlated with mean δ13CTOC values.
Water Infiltration into a Frozen Soil with Simultaneous Melting of the Frozen Layer

Understanding water infiltration into frozen soil is important for preventing soil erosion and managing soil water and nutrients. In this study, we performed a column experiment on infiltration through frozen soil using a variably‐saturated silt loam. Three soil columns (7.8 cm i.d., 35 cm long), with three different initial soil water contents, were cooled from the top to form a frozen layer of the same thickness. The columns were instrumented with 34 thermocouples, seven time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, and seven tensiometers. Water at a temperature of 3.5°C was applied to the top of the columns with a 15‐cm constant head. We monitored ice and liquid water contents, temperatures, and the position of the infiltration front. Three phases of infiltration were observed: (i) no infiltration at the beginning, (ii) slow infiltration as the infiltration front advanced through the frozen layer, and (iii) increased infiltration as the infiltration front advanced through the unfrozen soil below the frozen layer. The duration of each phase became longer with increasing initial soil water content as the infiltration rate of each phase decreased. The volumetric ice content and thickness of the frozen layer controlled the infiltration process. We use a capillary bundle model to characterize the hydraulic conductivity as a function of ice content during infiltration. Based on our experimental data and results, we mechanistically describe the water infiltration into frozen soil.
The distribution of aluminium in the Greenland Sea and its relationship to ventilation processes

During two cruises to the Greenland Sea in 1988 and 1989 a total of 690 on-board aluminium (Al) determinations were performed on samples collected from profiles located along four transects in the Greenland Sea, as part of the Greenland Sea Project. Al concentrations range from extremely low values (0.4 nM) in the Polar waters of the East Greenland Current draining the Arctic Ocean, to 17.9 nM in the newly formed Norwegian Sea Deep Water (NSDW) at the periphery of the Greenland gyre. The Al content in the component water masses serves to constrain the make-up of these water masses from the various mixing products of the region. The enrichment of Al in the NSDW both at its site of formation within the Greenland Sea (up to 17.9 nM) and in the Lofoten Basin of the Norwegian Sea (up to 40.3 nM) leads to the conclusion that there must be an additional, external, source of Al to these water masses. The apparent inability of water column or sedimentary diagenetic processes to provide this enrichment and the observation of enriched Al values associated with a high-salinity shelf brine leads us to the conclusion that these brines may be responsible for the observed enrichments. The high concentration of Al in the Greenland Sea Deep Water compared with the water masses that produce it, suggests that Al may be acting as an inverse tracer of the processes that ventilate this basin by convective overturn, i.e. the Al concentration which increases with time, as a result of continuous brine or other external inputs, is reduced during convective events. It is also argued that this flushing of elevated Al water during convective events may have a similar counterpart in the Iceland Sea and that this mechanism could go some way toward solving the Al deficit that exists between the enriched North Atlantic Deep Water and its depleted precursor water masses observed in the intermediate waters of the Greenland and Iceland seas.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Alzheimer's disease in humans and other animals; a consequence of post-reproductive lifespan and longevity rather than ageing

Two diseases of the – and – are linked by epidemiology, genetics and molecular pathogenesis. They may also be linked by the remarkable observation that insulin signaling sets the limits on longevity. In worms, flies and mice, disrupting insulin signaling increases lifespan leading some to speculate that caloric restriction might extend lifespan in man. It is our contention that man is already a long lived organism, specifically with a remarkably high post-fertility life span, and that it is this that results in the high prevalence of Alzheimer’s and diabetes. We review evidence for this hypothesis that carries specific predictions including that other animals with exceptionally long post-reproductive lifespan will have increased risk of both diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease and present novel evidence that Dolphin, like man, an animal with exceptional longevity, might be one of the very few natural models of Alzheimer’s disease.
Solar‐induced and internal climate variability at decadal time scales

Statistical analyses of long‐term instrumental and proxy data emphasize a distinction between two quasi‐decadal modes of climate variability. One mode is linked to atmosphere–ocean interactions (‘the internal mode’) and the other one is associated with the solar sunspots cycle (‘the solar mode’). The distinct signatures of these two modes are also detected in a high‐resolution sediment core located in the Cariaco basin. In the oceanic surface temperature the internal mode explains about three times more variance than the solar mode. In contrast, the solar mode dominates over the internal mode in the sea‐level pressure and upper atmospheric fields. The heterogeneous methods and data sets used in this study underline the distinction between these decadal modes and enable estimation of their relative importance. The distinction between these modes is important for the understanding of climate variability, the recent global warming trend and the interpretation of high‐resolution proxy data. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Improving thematic mapper based classification of wildfire induced vegetation mortality

Abstract In many areas suppression of wildfire has produced fuel accumulations that pre‐dispose forests to undesirable fire behavior. Image processing techniques can be used to combine different elements of terrain data into a single composite image. This composite terrain image is used to improve the accuracy of a supervised classification of expected vegetation mortality in a 20, 000 acre forest fire in the Cibola National Forest in New Mexico. Error matrices are produced that indicate that combining TM and terrain data provides a 40% improvement in accuracy compared to TM data alone. Computer‐assisted mapping of observed and potential patterns of wildfire can provide forest managers cost‐effective tools for wildfire planning and ecosystem management.