Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spring Cleaning : Rural Water Impacts , Valuation , and Institutions *

Social norms and legal institutions often create common property rights in natural resources, limiting private investment. A randomized evaluation in Kenya suggests that infrastructure investments can reduce fecal contamination by 66% at naturally occurring springs and 24% in spring users’ home water supply, cutting child diarrhea by one quarter. While households increase use of protected springs, travel-cost based revealed preference estimates of households’ valuations are only one-third stated preference valuations and are less than one-tenth levels implied by health planners’ typical valuations of child mortality. Simulations suggest that, as a result, private property norms would generate little additional investment, while imposing large static costs due to spring owners’ local market power. However, social norms requiring continued open access to unimproved sources but allowing fees for protected spring water could be Pareto improving. Vouchers for improved water could closely approximate either a conventional social planner solution or one placing extra value on child health. * This research is supported by the Hewlett Foundation, USDA/Foreign Agricultural Service, International Child Support (ICS), Swedish International Development Agency, Finnish Fund for Local Cooperation in Kenya, google.org, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Sustainability Science Initiative at the Harvard Center for International Developement. We thank Alicia Bannon, Jeff Berens, Lorenzo Casaburi, Carmem Domingues, Willa Friedman, Francois Gerard, Anne Healy, Jonas Hjort, Jie Ma, Owen Ozier, Camille Pannu, Eric Van Dusen, Melanie Wasserman, Heidi Williams and especially Clair Null and Changcheng Song for excellent research assistance, and thank the field staff, especially Polycarp Waswa and Leonard Bukeke. Jack Colford, Alain de Janvry, Esther Duflo, Liran Einav, Andrew Foster, Michael Greenstone, Avner Greif, Michael Hanemann, Danson Irungu, Ethan Ligon, Steve Luby, Enrico Moretti, Kara Nelson, Aviv Nevo, Sheila Olmstead, Ariel Pakes, Judy Peterson, Rob Quick, Mark Rosenzweig, Elisabeth Sadoulet, Sandra Spence, Duncan Thomas, Ken Train, Chris Udry, and numerous seminar participants have provided helpful comments. Sandra Spence gave key guidance on water quality testing. All errors are our own. -Corresponding author: Edward Miguel (emiguel@econ.berkeley.edu).
Performance of GPS/inertial solutions in photogrammetry

Within the last five years extensive research was done using integrated GPS/inertial systems for the direct georeferencing of airborne sensors for high-end applications. Pushed by the development and practical use of digital sensor systems, originally started with laser scanner systems and followed by imaging multi-line pushbroom scanners, direct georeferencing offers the only way for an efficient sensor orientation process. Nonetheless, even for standard frame based camera systems, digital or analogue, the use of direct orientation measurements is useful in especially in - from a photogrammetric point of view - unfavourable applications like corridor surveys or single model orientation. In the ideal case using direct exterior orientation elements with sufficient accuracy image orientation without any ground control is possible. Within this paper the basic principles of GPS/inertial systems and integration are summed up and the use of integrated systems in airborne environments is discussed, where the main emphasis is laid on the combination with standard analogue frame cameras. The empirical results of different well controlled test flights are used to illustrate the today's performance of direct georeferencing based on high-end integrated systems. Additionally, a combined GPS/inertial-AT or integrated sensor orientation approach is presented which allows the in-situ calibration of certain system parameters even without ground control and therefore provides highest flexibility to overcome the most limiting factor of direct georeferencing: uncorrected errors in the overall system calibration. Finally, the use of directly measured exterior orientations in model orientation and DEM generation is investigated.
Evolutionary Stability for Large Populations and Backward Induction

It has been shown (Hart [2002]) that the backward induction (or subgame-perfect) equilibrium of a perfect information game is the unique stable outcome for dynamic models consisting of selection and mutation, when the mutation rate is low and the populations are large, under the assumption that the expected number of mutations per generation is bounded away from zero. Here it is shown that one can dispense with this last condition. In particular, it follows that the backward induction equilibrium is evolutionarily stable for large populations.
Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Value in Agricultural Landscapes of Mesoamerica

The Mesoamerican region is blessed with tremendous biological richness, a high level of species endemism, and a diverse cultural heritage. Yet in 2000, only 30 percent of the region’s forest cover remained. Overall, 37.4 percent of the land area of Mesoamerica is used for agriculture (CCAD 2002); much of this agriculture is concentrated in the more seasonal areas previously occupied by seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF). Pasture is the predominant agricultural land use in Central America, constituting 61.1 percent of all agricultural land in 2000 (FAO 2005). Rice, sugarcane, maize, and beans constitute other major agricultural products grown in dry forest zones of Mesoamerica (Donald 2004; Harvey, Alpizar et al. 2005).
Dual engagement of the NLRP 3 and AIM 2 inflammasomes by plasmodium-derived hemozoin and DNA during malaria

Dual engagement of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes by plasmodium-derived hemozoin and DNA during malaria" (2014). Infectious Diseases and Immunology Publications and Presentations. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. SUMMARY Hemozoin (Hz) is the crystalline detoxification product of hemoglobin in Plasmodium-infected erythro-cytes. We previously proposed that Hz can carry plasmodial DNA into a subcellular compartment that is accessible to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), inducing an inflammatory signal. Hz also activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in primed cells. We found that Hz appears to colocalize with DNA in infected erythrocytes, even before RBC rupture or phagolyso-somal digestion. Using synthetic Hz coated in vitro with plasmodial genomic DNA (gDNA) or CpG oligo-deoxynucleotides, we observed that DNA-com-plexed Hz induced TLR9 translocation, providing a priming and an activation signal for inflammasomes. After phagocytosis, Hz and DNA dissociate. Hz subsequently induces phagolysosomal destabilization , allowing phagolysosomal contents access to the cytosol, where DNA receptors become activated. Similar observations were made with Plasmodium-infected RBCs. Finally, infected erythrocytes activated both the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes. These observations suggest that Hz and DNA work together to induce systemic inflammation during malaria.
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Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations are regulated by the LPA gene mainly via the large kringle IV-type 2 (KIV-2) copy number variation and multiple causal variants. Early studies suggested an effect of long pentanucleotide repeat (PNR) alleles (10 and 11 repeats, PNR10 and PNR11) in the LPA promoter on gene transcription and found an association with lower Lp(a). Subsequent in-vitro studies showed no effects on mRNA transcription, but the association with strongly decreased Lp(a) remained consistent. We investigated the isolated and combined effect of PNR10, PNR11 and the frequent splice site variant KIV-2 4925G>A on Lp(a) concentrations in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 study by multiple quantile regression in single-SNP and joint models. Data on Lp(a), apolipoprotein(a) Western blot isoforms and variant genotypes were available for n=2,858 individuals. We found a considerable linkage disequilibrium (LD) between KIV-2 4925G>A and the alleles PNR10 and PNR11. In single variant analysis adjusted for age, sex, and the shorter apo(a) isoform we determined that both PNR alleles were associated with a highly significant Lp(a) decrease (PNR10: β=-14.43 mg/dL, 95% CI: -15.84,-13.02, p=3.33e-84; PNR11: β=-17.21 mg/dL, 95% CI: -20.19,-14.23, p=4.01e-29). However, a joint model, adjusting the PNR alleles additionally for 4925G>A abolished the effect on Lp(a) (PNR10: β=+0.44 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.73,2.60, p=0.69; PNR11: β=-1.52 mg/dL, 95% CI: -6.05,3.00, p=0.51). Collectively, we conclude that the previously reported Lp(a) decrease observed in pentanucleotide alleles PNR10 or PNR11 carriers results from an LD with the frequent splicing mutation KIV-2 4925G>A.
Uncertain Supply Chain Management

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of the halal supply chain on the halal tourism industry and economic growth. The idea was tested using quantitative methodology in this study. The research instrument was a questionnaire filled out by the respondents. The participants in this study were MSME actors in the tourism industry in Banten Province, Indonesia. For this study, 113 participants were selected using purposive sampling, and data were analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM). The findings from this study are that the halal supply chain has a positive and statistically significant effect on the halal tourism industry. In addition, the halal supply chain and the halal tourism industry affect economic growth. These findings contribute as additional literature for further research that the halal supply chain is an essential factor for the halal tourism industry in Indonesia.
Acute stroke: evaluation with serial proton MR spectroscopic imaging.

PURPOSE To investigate the evolution of metabolic changes detectable with proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging in acute stroke and to compare these findings with those of conventional MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS A patient with middle cerebral artery stroke underwent conventional proton-density (PD)- and T2-weighted MR imaging, MR angiography, and multisection proton two-dimensional MR spectroscopic imaging over a period of 3 hours to 5 months after symptom onset. RESULTS On 3-hour MR images, no abnormal signal intensity change was detectable. Spectroscopic images obtained at 24 hours showed localized elevation of cerebral lactate levels. In most regions with high lactate levels, infarction subsequently occurred. In the chronic stage (5 months), the infarct was associated with reduced N-acetylaspartate levels, increased choline levels, and absence of lactate. CONCLUSION Spectroscopic imaging enables mapping of ischemic and infarcted brain regions with greater sensitivity than does conventional MR imaging.
Geological evolution of the Strandja Massif (Thrace, Turkey)

The Strandja Massif is located in the NW part of Turkey. The massif is bounded by the Thrace basin to the south, the Istanbul Zone to the east and the Black Sea to the north. It is roughly a NW-SE trending mountain belt, ca. 200 km long and 90 km wide. The tectonic position of the massif is interpreted as a western part of the Pontide belt. The main aim of this study focuses on the formation history of metamorphic rocks of the Strandja Massif using structural, petrological, geochemical, and radiogenic dating methods. The Strandja Massif mainly consist of two assemblages (the basement and the cover), which can be distinguished to each other with their rock association, age, and pre-metamorphic unconformity defined between them. The basement constitutes Paleozoic metasediments (bioitite and garnet-biotite schists) and orthogneisses (hornblende-biotite, biotite-muscovite, and muscovite orthogneisses) whereas the cover association compound of Mesozoic metaclastic rocks. Metamorphic grade decreases from the epidote-amphibolite facies in the south to the albite-epidote amphibolite/greenschist-facies transition in the north. Estimated P-T conditions reach 485-530 °C and 0.60-0.80 GPa in the south and ~450-500 °C in the northern part. Rb-Sr muscovite ages decrease systematically northwards from 162 to 142 Ma. The Rb-Sr biotite ages also decrease systematically from 153 Ma in the south to 134 in the north. These ages point out diachronous metamorphism and cooling. Structural features such as (i) consistent south-dipping foliation, (ii) southwest to southeast-plunging stretching lineation, (iii) top to north shear sense, and ductile shear zones suggest compressional deformation coupled with exhumation. Various types of orthogneisses constitute a significant part of the metamorphic basement. Their modal compositions correspond to quartz diorite, tonalite, granodiorite and trondhjemite. Geochemical data suggest a calc-alkaline trend of differentiation. Isotopic dating using the single zircon Pb-Pb evaporation method has shown that there are two magmatic events; one occurred within a short time interval between 312±2 and 315 ±5 Ma and another one is dated as 257±6 Ma, which shows extensive magmatic activity in the study area during the late Carboniferous and Permian intervals. These magmatic activities indicate existence of a mature magmatic arc. For the deposition age of the basement metasediments, evaporation Pb-Pb ages of detrital zircons are used. According to that protholite age of garnet-biotite schists of the metamorphic basement were deposited later than 430 Ma and prior to 315 Ma whereas biotite schists exposed along the southern boundary of the basement were restricted between 300 and 271 Ma. Pb-Pb detrital zircon ages have been used for revealing tectonic history and initial position of the Strandja massif. Age data derived from detrital zircons vary between 430 and 2700 Ma, which reveal to heterogeneous source areas. Detrital zircon ages of the Strandja Massif are correlative with both the Avalonian and the…
Recreation Demand Analysis of the "Sensitive Natural Areas" (Hérault District, France): A Travel Cost Appraisal using Count Data Models

Natural areas are essentially multifunctional, contributing in multiple ways to human well-being. Ecosystem goods and services are provided through ecosystem func- tions (regulation, habitat, production and information). Among the multiple services provided by natural areas, recreational services are increasingly valuable. The main objective of our paper is to evaluate the recreation demand of the Sensitive Natural Areas(SNA) public policy in the Herault District (Languedoc-Roussillon Region, France). These natural areas are acquired as land ownership by the Herault District to ensure their protection from urban pressure and making them free to access. We highlight the recreation bene ts in a Cost-Bene t Analysis (CBA) whilst measuring [. ].
The Effects of Unemployment Insurance on Labor Supply and Search Outcomes: Regression Discontinuity Estimates from Germany

"This paper evaluates the impact of large changes in the duration of unemployment insurance (UI) in different economic environments on labor supply, job matches, and search behavior. We show that differences in eligibility thresholds by exact age give rise to a valid regression discontinuity design, which we implement using administrative data on the universe of new unemployment spells and career histories over twenty years from Germany. We find that increases in UI have small to modest effects on non-employment rates, a result robust over the business cycle and across demographic groups. Thus, large expansions in UI during recessions do not lead to lasting increases in unemployment duration, nor can they explain differences in unemployment durations across countries. We do not find any effect of increased UI duration on average job quality, but show that the mean potentially confounds differential effects on job search across the distribution of UI duration. However, it appears that for a majority of UI beneficiaries increases in UI duration may lead to small declines in wages. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Dynamic Relationship Between Rupee-Dollar Exchange Rate and Major Economic Indicators

: It is very likely that dollar to rupee exchange rate has an influence on the major economic indicators of India like the GDP of India, the NIFTY 50 index, gold prices in India, import prices in India, and crude oil prices in India. The quarterly time series data of the seven variables have been used. The time considered for the study is 2016 Quarter 1 to 2022 Quarter 3 and dummy variables to adjust drastic changes during the Automobile industry crash in India and other global uncertainties (2018-Q3 to 2019-Q3) and covid (2019-Q4 to 2021-Q2) for all variables have been used. Unit Root test, Bound test, Johansen-Juselius multivariate cointegration test, and generalized forecast error variance decomposition have been used to analyze the data and it was found that there exists a relationship in the short run, although there does not seem to be a long-run equilibrium relationship between economic variables and changes in the exchange rates. This probably reflects the increasing disparity in economic, monetary, and hedging uses between these indicators and exchange rates. It may also imply that those economic indicators may not be sensitive to common macroeconomic factors in the long run. There is only rather weak evidence of a long-run relationship, investors may benefit from diversification into gold in the long run. Similarly, exporters may benefit from expanding their exports (if possible) if reserves are available, thereby diversifying the risk of price fluctuations in the long run. However, there is evidence that spot prices and exchange rates may be closely linked in the short-run aftershocks occur. Changes in the nominal price of oil have basically no information to provide to monetary authorities on changes in the exchange rate behavior and the opposite holds as well.
Factitious disorder: a case report and literature review of treatment

Diagnosis of factitious disorder (FD) is frequently difficult and patients may present with physical symptoms only, psychiatric symptoms only or with a combination of both. As long as the nature of the disease is so secretive and large‐scale studies are almost impossible, every case report is important. Here, the authors present a case of severe FD and the therapeutic approach taken.
Navigating the integration of biotic interactions in biogeography

Biotic interactions are widely recognised as the backbone of ecological communities, but how best to study them is a subject of intense debate, especially at macro‐ecological scales. While some researchers claim that biotic interactions need to be observed directly, others use proxies and statistical approaches to infer them. Despite this ambiguity, studying and predicting the influence of biotic interactions on biogeographic patterns is a thriving area of research with crucial implications for conservation. Three distinct approaches are currently being explored. The first approach involves empirical observation and measurement of biotic interactions' effects on species demography in laboratory or field settings. While these findings contribute to theory and to understanding species' demographies, they can be challenging to generalise on a larger scale. The second approach centers on inferring biotic associations from observed co‐occurrences in space and time. The goal is to distinguish the environmental and biotic effects on species distributions. The third approach constructs extensive potential interaction networks, known as metanetworks, by leveraging existing knowledge about species ecology and interactions. This approach analyses local realisations of these networks using occurrence data and allows understanding large distributions of multi‐taxa assemblages. In this piece, we appraise these three approaches, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. Instead of seeing them as conflicting, we advocate for their integration to enhance our understanding and expand applications in the emerging field of interaction biogeography. This integration shows promise for ecosystem understanding and management in the Anthropocene era.
Eﬀect of Family-Centered Empowerment Model on Knowledge and Caring Performance of Mothers of Children with Leukemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Today,cancerisoneof theleadingpublichealthconcernsworldwide. Beingdiagnosedwithcancerisnotnecessarily a life-threatening event for children and their families. Objectives: Inthisview,thisstudywasdonetodeterminetheimpactof familyempowermentprogramsontheknowledgeandcare performance of mothers with leukemia children. Methods: The present study is a randomized clinical trial conducted on 62 mothers of children with cancer who were referred to theoncologywardsof someeducationalhospitalsinAhvaz. Thesubjectswererandomlydividedintotwointerventionandcontrol groups. The education was conducted in ﬁve sessions of 45 minutes (two sessions per week). Results: Comparison of the mean score of the knowledge of mothers of children with leukemia before education (3.09) and after education (6.29) was one of the interventions that were signiﬁcant in the intervention group (P < 0.001), but in the control group, no signiﬁcant statistical diﬀerence was observed. Conclusions: The results of the study indicated that by educating the family through the family-centered empowerment model, it is possible to increase the caregiving knowledge of mothers and prevent chemotherapy complications in children
Petrography and geochemistry of some Carboniferous and Precambrian dolomites

Dolomite forms a significant proportion of many ancient (particularly shallow marine) carbonate sequences. It is interesting from a diagenetic point of view, representing the mineralogical transformation of originally calcium carbonate sediments or rocks, and from an economic point of view, forming important hydrocarbon reservoirs and hosts for lead-zinc mineralisation. Petrographic study, supported by geochemical data and integrated with broader tectono-sedimentary information has provided the basis for investigation of some dolomites in the Dinantian of South Wales and the Upper Proterozoic of Arctic Norway. Three distinct types of dolomite are recognised in the Dinantian of South Wales, based on their stratigraphic and facies distribution, petrography and geochemistry (viz: stoichiometry, ordering, minor and trace element and stable isotope variations). Peritidal dolomicrites of syn-sedimentary origin were probably stabilised and augmented during shallow burial. Pervasive stratal dolomites formed during the progradation of ooid shoals within underlying subtidal bioclastic packstones and wackestones. Meteoric-marine mixing-zone flow and perhaps reflux of seawater with slightly elevated salinity are invoked to satisfy the requirement for allochthonous Mgt+. Late diagenetic vein dolomites exhibit a structural control on their distribution and together with later phases in pervasive dolomites, probably formed during maximum burial at the end of the Carboniferous. The Porsanger Dolomite displays a range of essentially primary depositional and diagenetic fabrics, despite replacement by dolomite. An early diagenetic origin by stabilisationreplacement of high-magnesium calcite or perhaps calcian-dolomite marine precursors is suggested for much of this dolomite. Late diagenetic, postburial compaction dolospars in the Porsanger appear to be direct precipitates.