Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response to White Light Emitting Diode Aviation Signal Lights Varying in Correlated Color Temperature

Airfield lighting for runways and taxiways is currently undergoing a transition from filament-based incandescent sources to light emitting diodes (LEDs). Although models to assess the relative brightness, discomfort glare, and peripheral detectability of signal lights such as those used for aviation exist, their applicability to white LED airfield lighting has not been verified independently. A series of three experiments was conducted to compare white LED sources, having correlated color temperatures of 2,700 K and 5,900 K, in terms of their relative brightness, discomfort glare, and peripheral detectability. The perceived brightness and discomfort glare from the light sources closely matched predictions from the published models, demonstrating the usefulness of these models at characterizing these responses in airfield lighting. In the case of peripheral detectability, there was little to no difference in how quickly the two LEDs were perceived at low light levels, suggesting that there is no need to consider spectral differences between light source spectra for this response when the intensities are similar to those used in the present study.
EMPIRICAL REALITIES FOR A MINIMAL DESCRIPTION RISKY ASSET MODEL. THE NEED FOR FRACTAL FEATURES

The classical Geometric Brownian motion (GBM) model for the price of a risky asset, from which the huge financial derivatives industry has developed, stipulates that the log returns are iid Gaussian. however, typical log returns data show a distribution with much higher peaks and heavier tails than the Gaussian as well as evidence of strong and persistent dependence. In this paper we describe a simple replacement for GBM, a fractal activity time Geometric Brownian motion (FATGBM) model based on fractal activity time which readily explains these observed features in the data. Consequences of the model are explained, and examples are given to illustrate how the self-similar scaling properties of the activity time check out in practice.
THE SINGULARITIES IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL UNSTABLE FREE BOUNDARY PROBLEM (Problems in the Calculus of Variations and Related Topics)

We introduce a new method for the analysis of singularities in the unstable problem $\Delta u=-\chi_{\{u>0\}}$ , which arises in solid combustion as well as the composite membrane problem. Our study is confined to points of “supercharacteristic” growth of the solution, i.e. points at which the solution grows faster than the characteristic/invariant scaling of the equation would suggest. At such points the classical theory is doomed to fail, due to incompatibility of the invariant scaling of the equation and the scaling of the solution. In the case of a second-order non-degenerate solution in two dimensions our result shows that in a neighborhood of the set at which the second derivatives of $u$ are unbounded, the level set $\{u=0\}$ consists of two $C^{1}$-curves meeting at right angles. Our estimates hold uniformly when considering a class of solutions. It is important that our result is not confined to the minimal solution of the equation but holds for all solutions.
Association of comorbidities with the COVID-19 severity and hospitalization: A study among the recovered individuals in Bangladesh

Objectives: We aimed at the identification of the association of comorbidities with the COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Methods: It is a retrospective cross-sectional study to investigate the variation in age, sex, dwelling, comorbidities, and medication with the COVID-19 severity and hospitalization by enrolling 1025 recovered individuals while comparing their time of recovery with or without comorbidities. Results: COVID-19 patients mostly suffered from fever. The predominant underlying medical conditions in them were hypertension (HTN) followed by diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) (54.3%) and hepatic disorders (HD) (43.6%) experienced higher severity. The risk of symptomatic cases was higher in aged (odds ratio, OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.02–1.06) and comorbid (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.34–2.60) patients. T-test confirmed the differences between the comorbid and non-comorbid patients’ recovery duration. The presence of multiple comorbidities increased the time of recovery (15–27 days) and hospitalization (20–40%). Increased symptomatic cases were found for patients having DM+HTN whereas CVD+Asthma patients were found with higher percentage of severity. Besides, DM+CKD (chronic kidney disease) was associated with higher hospitalization rate. Higher odds of severity were found for DM+CVD (OR = 4.42, 95% CI = 1.81–10.78) patients. Hospitalization risk was also increased for them (OR = 5.14, 95% CI = 2.02–13.07). Moreover, if they had HTN along with DM+CVD, they were found with even higher odds (OR = 6.82, 95% CI = 2.37–19.58) for hospitalization. Conclusion: Our study indicates that people who are aged, females, living in urban area and have comorbid conditions are at a higher risk for developing COVID-19 severity. Clinicians and health management authorities should prioritize these high-risk groups to reduce mortality attributed to the disease.
Experience of burden of care among adult caregivers of elderly persons in Oyo State, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Introduction caring for elderly persons is challenging for caregivers due to elderly persons´ increased dependence and reduced physical strength. This study assessed the burden of care experienced by caregivers of elderly persons in family settings. Methods this cross-sectional study used a multistage cluster sampling technique to select 1,119 caregivers of elderly persons aged 18-59 years from one rural and one urban local government area in Oyo State, Nigeria. Interviewer-administered questionnaires collected information on caregiving arrangements and burden of care experienced (determined using the modified short version of the Zarit Burden Interview). Results caregivers´ mean age was 38.6 ± 8.7 years with 50.2% aged ≥40 years. There were more females (59.8%) than males (40.2%) and 78.4% were married. Only 47.8% were primary caregivers, 54% cared for their parents and 2% cared for non-relatives. Prior to their caregiving, 81% reported good relationships with the elderly. Although 80.3% of the elderly were reported to be fully independent for activities of daily living, 74.0% of the caregivers experienced burden of care with 28.2% reporting severe burden. The odds of burden of care were 10 times higher among rural than urban caregivers (OR=10.09, 95%CI=5.99-17.01); eight times higher among those with poor than those with good mental health status (OR=7.90, 95%CI=4.60-13.57) three times higher among those with dependent than independent elders (OR=2.74, 95%CI=1.68-4.47). Conclusion experience of burden of care was high among caregivers in the rural area and those with poor mental health. Community-oriented support including daycare centres and old people´s homes will provide relief to caregivers.
The Cost of Suspected and Confirmed Bacterial Meningitis Cases Treated at Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia

Background Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) such as meningitis or encephalitis can be caused by myriad of microorganisms and may be life-threatening. In Ethiopia, it is an important cause of premature death and disability, being the 9th most common cause of years of life lost and loss of disability-adjusted life years. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of suspected and confirmed bacterial meningitis among inpatient managed patients at JUMC. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 28 to September 12, 2018. A semi-structured questionnaire was used in this study. Checklists were used to collect the types of laboratory tests performed and prescribed medications. This cost of illness study was conducted from the patient perspectives. We employed a micro-costing bottom-up approach to estimate the direct cost of meningitis. The human capital approach was used for estimating wages lost. Result Among total patients admitted and treated in JUMC, higher proportions (69.8%) were suspected bacterial meningitis but have been treated as confirmed cases. Total median costs for both suspected and confirmed bacterial meningitis patients were estimated to be ETB 98,812.32 (US $ 3,593.2; IQR 1,303.0 to 5,734.0). Total median direct cost was ETB 79,248.02 (US $ 2,881.75; IQR 890.7 to 3,576.7). Moreover, 45.3% of the patients reported that they were either admitted or given medication at JUMC or nearby health facility before their current admissions. Conclusion These findings indicate that most cases of bacterial meningitis were treated only empirically, and the cost of the treatment was high, especially for resource-limited countries like Ethiopia. To minimize the burden of meningitis and avoid unnecessary hospitalizations, the availability of diagnostic techniques is vitally important.
Genome-wide association studies of global Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to 13 antimicrobials in 10,228 genomes identify new resistance mechanisms

The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major global public health concern that threatens the ability to control the disease. Whole-genome sequencing as a tool to rapidly diagnose resistant infections can transform patient treatment and clinical practice. While resistance mechanisms are well understood for some drugs, there are likely many mechanisms yet to be uncovered, particularly for new and repurposed drugs. We sequenced 10,228 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates worldwide and determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on a grid of 2-fold concentration dilutions for 13 antimicrobials using quantitative microtiter plate assays. We performed oligopeptide- and oligonucleotide-based genome-wide association studies using linear mixed models to discover resistance-conferring mechanisms not currently catalogued. Use of MIC over binary resistance phenotypes increased sample heritability for the new and repurposed drugs by 26% to 37%, increasing our ability to detect novel associations. For all drugs, we discovered uncatalogued variants associated with MIC, including in the Rv1218c promoter binding site of the transcriptional repressor Rv1219c (isoniazid), upstream of the vapBC20 operon that cleaves 23S rRNA (linezolid) and in the region encoding an α-helix lining the active site of Cyp142 (clofazimine, all p < 10−7.7). We observed that artefactual signals of cross-resistance could be unravelled based on the relative effect size on MIC. Our study demonstrates the ability of very large-scale studies to substantially improve our knowledge of genetic variants associated with antimicrobial resistance in M. tuberculosis.
Quantum Field Theory: A Modern Perspective

Results in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. - The Construction of Fields. - Canonical Quantization. - Commutators and Propagators. - Interactions and the S-matrix. - The Electromagnetic Field. - Examples of Scattering Processes. - Functional Integral Representations. - Renormalization. - Gauge Theories. - Symmetry. - Spontaneous symmetry breaking. - Anomalies I. - Elements of differential geometry. - Path Integrals. - The Configuration Space in Nonabelian Gauge Theory. - Anomalies II. - Finite temperature and density. - Gauge theory: Nonperturbative questions. - Elements of Geometric Quantization.
Resistance of a domain wall in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3

Although colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) materials exhibit large changes in electrical resistance (up to 106%), large magnetic fields (several tesla) must be applied. To obtain a sizeable low-field effect (<102% in several millitesla), it is necessary to incorporate structural discontinuities such as grain boundaries, or other types of interfaces. The potential for applications, however, remains limited because structural discontinuities increase electrical resistance by several orders of magnitude and hence create noise. Moreover, it has proven to be difficult to fabricate structural discontinuities reproducibly. We have attempted to investigate discontinuities that are purely magnetic via transport measurements through a precisely controlled number of magnetic domain walls of known area in thin film devices of the ferromagnetic CMR perovskite La0.7Ca0. 3MnO3. A sharp low-field switching seen below ∼110 K is ascribed to the formation of a precise number of magnetic domain walls, each with resistance-area.
Surgical Management of Acute Abdomen in Adult Patients: Experience from a Private Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background Acute abdomen is a major surgical problem in Ethiopia with surgery for acute abdominal conditions accounting for roughly one-third of total emergency operations in many centers. This study was conducted with the aim of studying the pattern and outcome of surgically managed acute abdominal cases in a private general hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of acute abdominal cases in adult patients operated at Teklehaimanot General Hospital between January 1, 2018 and August 1, 2019. Results A total of 267 patients' medical records were reviewed. The male to female ratio was 1.5:1 and majority of patients were between the age range of 20 to 40 years with mean age of 36±16 years. The average duration of symptoms before arrival was 71.1±84.4 hours (range 3 to 504 hours) and only 85 (31.8%) of patients reached to the Hospital within 24 hours or less of onset of symptoms. Acute appendicitis was the most common cause of acute abdomen; observed in 193 (72.3%) of the cases. Overall post-operative complication rate was 14.8% and post-operative mortality rate was 1.9%. It was found that delayed presentation (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.64–7.84), old age (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.89–3.59), and tachycardia at presentation (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.03–6.82) were major predictors of morbidity and mortality in operated patients. Conclusion In this study acute appendicitis accounted for the majority of cases operated for acute abdomen. Length of post-operative hospital stay, early post-operative complication rate, and overall mortality rate were found to be significantly lower in our series than other reports.
Sputum Testing as the New Mass Screening Method for COVID-19 Patients in India - A Public Health Perspective

In December 2019, an unusual form of pneumonia of unknown origin was identified in Wuhan and soon expanded into an intercontinental pandemic that affected nations all over the world. The unusual pneumonia was subsequently named COVID-19. The management of COVID-19 disease has been highly dependent on the early identification of patients who are positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. For detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in upper or lower respiratory tracts, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend strategic sampling approaches. Most countries collect nasopharyngeal swabs and oropharyngeal swabs for rapid viral testing by experienced healthcare workers. Due to the increase in single-day cases, the high cost of RT-PCR, and the requirement for greater coverage in order to detect COVID-19 infections, the screening method has been changed to the Rapid Antigen Test during this phase of the pandemic in India. Considering the limited sensitivity of the fast antigen test compared to the sputum test, and the benefit of having additional resources available from an already established TB network, policymakers should consider implementing COVID-19 with sputum testing. For India, which has 1.3 billion people and limited resources, contemplating a community level sample collection of COVID-19 samples will be an effective decision if scientific data is used for this purpose will be an effective choice for the country with more than 1.3 billion population and limited resources.
Mood Swing during Menstruation: Confounding Factors and Drug Use

Background Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a physiologic process in women where mood swing is one of the symptoms influencing the psycho-emotional, physical, and behavioral reactions exhibited by women during menstruation. This study elucidates the effect of mood swing, confounding factors and healthcare-seeking behaviors of women in an educational environment. Methods Exactly 328 women who were within reproductive ages 16 and 35 years participated in this study. A survey method was adopted; validated and standardized questionnaires were administered to confidentially assess the effect of mood swing via PMS. All data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0; descriptive method was adopted and results were expressed in percentages. Results Mood swing was discovered as a symptom overlapping with psycho-emotional, physical, and behavioral symptoms during menstruation. The overall PMS prevalence was 67.4% while PMDD prevalence was 25.6%. Psycho-emotional symptoms: anger, irritability, depression. Physical symptoms: coldness, paleness, food craving, breast tenderness, digestive changes. Behavioral symptoms: social withdrawal, nocturnal social activity, absenteeism, poor work or academic performance, increased libido. Confounding factors include stress, gynecological conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroid, ovarian cyst, pelvic adhesion, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Also, 22.9% had a family history of bipolar disorder (BD) while 30.2% had previous diagnosis. Severe pain was a major factor for seeking treatment; Paracetamol, and Piroxicam were frequently used drugs. Conclusions Severe PMS triggers mood swing and can badly affect academic or work activities; victims either endure the pain due to socio-cultural and financial factors or take unsuitable medications where abuse is inevitable.
The Value Framework Governing Iran's Health System Policy: A Practical Gap

Background: The value framework governing the health system can guide the policymaking. This study presents a set of values governing the health policies for adopting policies that are in harmony with the ideology of Iran. Methods: This study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, using the qualitative approach, Shams et al. framework was adopted to identify values. Identification of health-related national documents (nine documents) was performed purposefully. In the next phase, semi-structured interviews on individual experts in the health system were carried out. The key question was “What values and principles govern the health policy system? ” Participants included 15 individuals. Both phases were analyzed based on qualitative content analysis. Results: In this study, a taxonomy of values governing policymaking is presented. Results show that equity in different dimensions, comprehensive health and a healthy human being, pioneering in health in the region, and accountability are the most important terminal vaqlues. Individual responsibility, government responsibility for health, endogenous and extrinsic economics, fair access, transparency, efficiency, quality and integrity in the supply, development and fair allocation of public health resources, and professional commitment are the most important instrumental values in Iran. Participants believed that, despite the many higher-order documents available, the health system policymaking was not based on a predetermined value. Conclusions: It is not enough to provide a set of values in upstream documents for implementation. It is necessary to specify the relative weight of the reference values in policymaking and their relation to each other in order to apply them in policymaking.
On the logical strength of the better quasi order with three elements

The notion of better quasi order ( BQO ), due to Nash-Williams, is very fruitful mathematically and intriguing from the standpoint of logic, due to several long-standing open problems. In the present paper, we make a signiﬁc- ant step towards one of these: Let 3 be the discrete order with three elements. We show that arithmetical recursion along the natural numbers ( ACA +0 ) follows from 3 being BQO , over the base theory RCA 0 from reverse mathematics. Also over the latter, we deduce arithmetical transﬁnite recursion ( ATR 0 ) from the assumption that 3 is ∆ 02 - BQO , which plays a role in work of Montalb´an.
Near-infrared Accretion Signatures from the Circumbinary Planetary-mass Companion Delorme 1 (AB)b

Accretion signatures from bound brown dwarf and protoplanetary companions provide evidence for ongoing planet formation, and accreting substellar objects have enabled new avenues to study the astrophysical mechanisms controlling the formation and accretion processes. Delorme 1 (AB)b, a ∼30–45 Myr circumbinary planetary-mass companion, was recently discovered to exhibit strong Hα emission. This suggests ongoing accretion from a circumplanetary disk, somewhat surprising given canonical gas disk dispersal timescales of 5–10 Myr. Here, we present the first NIR detection of accretion from the companion in Paβ, Paγ, and Brγ emission lines from SOAR/TripleSpec 4.1, confirming and further informing its accreting nature. The companion shows strong line emission, with L line ≈ 1–6 × 10−8 L ⊙ across lines and epochs, while the binary host system shows no NIR hydrogen line emission (L line < 0.32–11 × 10−7 L ⊙). Observed NIR hydrogen line ratios are more consistent with a planetary accretion shock than with local line excitation models commonly used to interpret stellar magnetospheric accretion. Using planetary accretion shock models, we derive mass accretion rate estimates of Ṁpla∼3 –4 × 10−8 M J yr−1, somewhat higher than expected under the standard star formation paradigm. Delorme 1 (AB)b’s high accretion rate is perhaps more consistent with formation via disk fragmentation. Delorme 1 (AB)b is the first protoplanet candidate with clear (signal-to-noise ratio ∼5) NIR hydrogen line emission.
Asymmetric Metrics on the Full Grassmannian of Subspaces of Different Dimensions

Metrics on Grassmannians have a wide array of applications: machine learning, wireless communication, computer vision, etc. But the available distances between subspaces of distinct dimensions present problems, and the dimensional asymmetry of the subspaces calls for the use of asymmetric metrics. We extend the Fubini-Study metric as an asymmetric angle with useful properties, and whose relations to products of Grassmann and Cliﬀord geometric algebras make it easy to compute. We also describe related angles that provide extra information, and a method to extend other Grassmannian metrics to asymmetric metrics on the full Grassmannian.
Enhancing the limit of uniaxial magnetic anisotropy induced by ion beam erosion

Artificial tailoring of magnetic anisotropy by manipulating interfacial morphology and film structure is of fundamental interest from an application point of view in spintronic and magnetic memory devices. This Letter reports an approach to engineer and enhance the strength of oblique incidence ion beam erosion (IBE)-induced in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (UMA) by simultaneous modification of film morphology and film texture. Cobalt film and Si substrate have been taken as a model system to meet this objective. Unlike conventional thin film deposition on ripple patterned substrate or post-growth IBE of film, we direct our effort to the sequential deposition and subsequent IBE of the film. Detailed in situ investigation shows that the film grows in a textured polycrystalline state with the formation of nanometric surface ripples. The film also exhibits pronounced UMA with an easy axis oriented parallel to the surface ripple direction. Remarkably, the induced UMA is about one order of magnitude larger than the IBE-induced UMA reported earlier. The capability of imposing in-plane crystallographic texture throughout the film layer gives rise to magneto-crystalline anisotropy along with the shape anisotropy of nanometric surface ripples, which enhances the strength of the UMA and illustrates the universal applicability of the present method.