Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Background Levels of Heavy Metals in Dissolved, Particulate Phases of Water and Sediment of Al-Hodeidah Red Sea Coast of Yemen

Al-Hodeidah is one of the main cities on the Red Sea. From the last few decades and up till now, this city has suffered from increasing in population, urbanization and industrial activities. Marine pollution of the Red Sea by heavy metals is attributed to a number of anthropogenic activities especially sewage and industrial waste efflu- ents. The impact of these activities on the coastal area is the subject of the present work. Lack of data about the levels of heavy metals con- centrations in the Red Sea Coast of Yemen impelled us to do such in- vestigation.
Dielectric constant and electrical conductivity measurements of moist rock: A new laboratory method

Attempts by previous investigators to measure the dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of moist rock and soil samples in the laboratory have produced unexpectedly high values of dielectric constant at low frequencies. These high values have been attributed to measurement error by some critics, making their validity subject to doubt. The present investigation was made to trace the source of the suspected errors and eliminate them if possible. The study resulted in the development of electrochemically reversible electrodes that appear to minimize measurement errors of previous investigators. Measurements were made with the new electrodes over the frequency range 10² to 106 cps using a group of rock and soil samples containing various amounts of moisture. Values of dielectric constant were quite high at low frequencies but were lower than the values obtained by previous methods by as much as an order of magnitude. Statistical correlations were made and empirical equations were derived by computer that gave the following relationships: σ = ƒ(ƒ,w), ϵ/ϵ0 = ƒ(ƒ,w), and ϵ/ϵ0 = ƒ(ƒ, σ100), where σ is conductivity, ϵ/ϵ0 is dielectric constant, ƒ is frequency, w is water content, and σ100 is conductivity measured at 100 cps.
On the type species of Aubignyna and a description of A. hamblensis, a new microforaminifer from temperate shallow waters

The genus Aubignyna Margerel, 1970 (type A. mariei) was originally described from the upper Pliocene of NW France. Examination and re-illustration of topotypes of A. mariei Margerel, 1970, the holotype of Buccella planidorso Atkinson, 1969 (from the Recent of Cardigan Bay, Wales) and syntypes of Rotalia perlucida Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913 (from the Clare Island Survey, western Ireland) shows them to be conspecific. Consequently, the type species of Aubignyna becomes R. perlucida, for which a lectotype is chosen. A new species of microforaminifera formally described here is assigned to Aubignyna and shown to occur in a wide range of intertidal–shallow subtidal, brackish–normal marine estuaries and lagoons in Europe and North America.
Dayside aurora signatures associated with ionospheric travelling twin vortices

Optical observations at Barensburg and Hiss Is. during periods of magnetic impulse events are examined. Fifty-three percent of magnetic impulses are shown to be accompanied by pronounced auroral signatures. The equatorward 1 degree(s) - 2 degree(s) latitude displacement of the dayside red auroral band and simultaneous increasing of its intensity were observed for about 5 - 10 min before the magnetic impulses. During the magnetic events two rayed auroral forms appeared usually in the equatorward part of the red band. At first the discrete aurorae moved toward the pole and then generally to the west (tailward) and disappeared in 4 - 8 min. The equatorial boundary of the red luminosity band was back to its pre-event position in 20 - 30 min. The structure and dynamics of a few ionosphere current systems caused magnetic impulses were investigated with the high latitude network of magnetometer. Ionospheric currents had a twin vortices structure with the cells separated in the west-east direction.
The Crustal Thickness of Mars: Accuracy and Resolution

Since the arrival of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft at Mars and its entry into its mapping orbit in February 1999, the radio tracking and altimetry data from the mission have been part of the systematic mapping of the planet and used to develop very precise models of the gravity field and topography of Mars. Until the altimetry function of Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) failed on June 30, 2001, the instrument had acquired close to 700 million measurements of the planet's radius, the majority of which have been used to develop a model of the topography with horizontal resolution of about 500 m and radial accuracy of better than 1 m. Concurrently, Doppler and range tracking of MGS by the Deep Space Network at X-band frequencies, with accuracies of about 50 microns/s and about 5 m respectively, have provided orbital knowledge of MGS to the few meter level and enabled the gravity perturbations of the spacecraft to be used to develop a improved gravity models of Mars. The recent models have horizontal resolutions of about 200 km, or degree 65, when expressed in spherical harmonics, and have accuracies of the order of a few mGals at the poles and about 10 mGals at the equator at the highest resolution.
Conditioning of hybrid variational data assimilation

In variational assimilation, the most probable state of a dynamical system under Gaussian assumptions for the prior and likelihood can be found by solving a least‐squares minimization problem. In recent years, we have seen the popularity of hybrid variational data assimilation methods for Numerical Weather Prediction. In these methods, the prior error covariance matrix is a weighted sum of a climatological part and a flow‐dependent ensemble part, the latter being rank deficient. The nonlinear least squares problem of variational data assimilation is solved using iterative numerical methods, and the condition number of the Hessian is a good proxy for the convergence behavior of such methods. In this article, we study the conditioning of the least squares problem in a hybrid four‐dimensional variational data assimilation (Hybrid 4D‐Var) scheme by establishing bounds on the condition number of the Hessian. In particular, we consider the effect of the ensemble component of the prior covariance on the conditioning of the system. Numerical experiments show that the bounds obtained can be useful in predicting the behavior of the true condition number and the convergence speed of an iterative algorithm
Understanding the reasons why tourists visit the Kruger National Park during a recession

The 2008 and 2009 recession increased pressure on travellers to cut costs on luxury items, such as going on holiday, and this has led to a global tourism decline of 8%. This, however, was not the case in the Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa where a sustained 1.6% accommodation unit occupancy growth was experienced. In order to sustain this growth, it is of the utmost importance to determine why people still visited the Park during this period. Thus the aim of the study was to determine why people still visited the KNP amidst the 2008 and 2009 economic recession. A total of 355 completed questionnaires were obtained at the Park during 15 December 2009 – 20 December 2009 (high season) after which various analyses (including factor analysis) were conducted. Six motives were identified and ‘ escape’ , ‘ wildlife experience’ and ‘ family benefits’ were rated most important. Push factors were more dominant to the extent that visitors regard taking a holiday to the Park as a necessity. It furthermore seems that visitors adapt their spending behaviour at the Park to still be able to afford the visit. This was the first time that research was conducted at a national park during a recession period and this information is important for South African National Parks, seeing as it provides a better understanding of visitors’ behaviour as well as feeling towards the Park (especially during recession), and leads to improved niche marketing and a competitive advantage. This research also provides a better understanding of visitors’ behaviour during economic downturns.
Bayesian updating of flood inundation likelihoods conditioned on flood extent data

Previously we have detailed an application of the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) procedure to estimate spatially distributed uncertainty in models conditioned against binary pattern data contained in flood inundation maps. This method was applied to two sites where a single consistent synoptic image of inundation extent was available to test the simulation performance of the method. In this paper, we extend this to examine the predictive performance of the method for a reach of the River Severn, west‐central England. Uniquely for this reach, consistent inundation images of two major floods have been acquired from spaceborne synthetic aperture radars, as well as a high‐resolution digital elevation model derived using laser altimetry. These data thus allow rigorous split sample testing of the previous GLUE application. To achieve this, Monte Carlo analyses of parameter uncertainty within the GLUE framework are conducted for a typical hydraulic model applied to each flood event. The best 10% of parameter sets identified in each analysis are then used to map uncertainty in flood extent predictions using the method previously proposed for both an independent validation data set and a design flood. Finally, methods for combining the likelihood information derived from each Monte Carlo ensemble are examined to determine whether this has the potential to reduce uncertainty in spatially distributed measures of flood risk for a design flood. The results show that for this reach and these events, the method previously established is able to produce sharply defined flood risk maps that compare well with observed inundation extent. More generally, we show that even single, poor‐quality inundation extent images are useful in constraining hydraulic model calibrations and that values of effective friction parameters are broadly stationary between the two events simulated, most probably reflecting their similar hydraulics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On echinoids in the tertiary of Western Australia with a description of two new Eocene Fibulariidae

Abstract Present knowledge of the occurrence of characteristic echinoids in the Tertiary of Western Australia is summarised. The generic diagnosis for Cyamidia Lambert and Thiery (Fibulariidae Duncan) is amended to include the fact that the genus does not possess internal partitions. A new species, C. paucipora, is described. A new genus, Lenicyamidia, is diagnosed on the basis of L. compta gen. et sp.nov., a form which combines some features that are elsewhere found separately on Lenita and Cyamidia. These members of the Fibulariidae form a strong element in the littoral fauna contained in the Merlinleigh Sandstone (Late Cuisian or Lutetian) of the Carnarvon Basin sequence in Western Australia.
The Occurrence of Asphaltite and Thucholite in the Precambrian Bedrock of Sweden

Abstract Carbonaceous matter has frequently been formed in most parts of the Precambrian bedrock of Sweden. Preferentially it is deposited in fracture zones or breccias. Occasionally the organic matter is associated with uranium or thorium and is then called thucholite. In chemical and physical respects the thucholite is different from the rest of the organic material which is called asphaltite. For both types infrared studies, carbon and hydrogen analyses, carbon-13 and carbon-14 measurements have been performed, also two age measurements by the U/Pb method. The result of the work shows that the carbonaceous matter has been transported by groundwater streaming in fractures in the Precambrian bedrock and deposited down to a depth of several hundred metres. This organic material had a composition which varied within certain limits but is essentially represented by asphaltite. The carbonaceous matter is of plant or animal origin and consists of many different organic compounds. The deposition took place dur.
Seismic imaging of sandbox models.

Analogue sandbox models provide cheap, concise data and allow the evolution of geological structures to be observed under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Seismic physical modelling is used to study the effects of seismic wave propagation in isotropic and anisotropic media, and to improve methods of data acquisition, processing and interpretation. BY combining these two independent modelling techniques, the potential exists to expand the benefits of each method. For seismic modelling, the main advantages are that the seismic data collected from these models contain natural variation that cannot be built into conventional solid models that are machined with predetermined structures, which results in a more realistic image. In addition, the cost and construction time of these models is dramatically reduced. For sandbox modelling, the ability to record seismic images before the model is manually sectioned for conventional interpretation allows far more detailed study of subtle structures than previously possible. It also provides the missing link when comparing structures generated within the models with interpretations from field seismic data.
Simultaneous extensional exhumation across the Alboran Basin: Implications for the causes of late orogenic extension

Large-scale crustal thinning of the Alpine orogen in the westernmost Mediterranean (Alboran Sea and surrounding regions) was rapid, simultaneous over an area of 60,000 km(2), and took place similar to25 m.y. after the main crustal thickening event. Crustal thinning, which locally exposed subcontinental mantle, was accompanied by high-grade metamorphism and partial melting. Both U-Pb dating of zircon and thermal modeling of cooling histories indicate that the thermal peak was reached between 23 and 21 Ma over the entire region. Final exhumation and cooling followed immediately. Possible explanations for this dramatic late orogenic extension include subduction rollback, slab detachment, lithospheric delamination, and convective removal of subcontinental lithosphere. Of these processes, only convective removal of subcontinental lithosphere predicts a significant time lapse between crustal thickening and the onset of extension, the simultaneity of extension over the whole region, and heating of rock during rapid exhumation to produce the high-grade metamorphic event.
A Case of Shear Wave Velocity Reflecting the Disease Activity in Glomerulonephritis

Ultrasound elastography can measure tissue elasticity using the shear wave velocity (SWV). Evaluating disease activity with elastography instead of renal biopsy may be less invasive. However, to the best of our knowledge, although there are studies comparing different glomerular diseases using SWV, there are no reports that have measured glomerulonephritis longitudinally from the acute phase of the disease. This study aimed to assess whether SWV reflects disease activity in glomerulonephritis, and we continued to observe children with post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) from the acute phase to over a year later. In this case, a 6-year-old boy diagnosed with PSAGN had impaired renal function, and was admitted and tested. He was placed in a prone resting position and measurements were taken from the back. SWV was measured ≥50 times at each examination, and the mean was calculated when the net amount of effective SWV was ≥50%. The tests were performed once in the acute phase and thrice during the recovery phase for 13 months. SWV was found to be significantly lower in the recovery period than during the disease onset, and continued to stay lower at each test during the recovery period (P < 0.02). In conclusion, this indicated that SWV fluctuated similarly to the disease activity of glomerulonephritis; therefore, we suggest using SWV measurement to estimate the disease activity in glomerulonephritis in children. Although more clinical cases are needed, SWV measurement is a noninvasive and reproducible imaging modality to estimate the disease activity in glomerulonephritis.
The global influence of dust mineralogical composition on heterogeneous ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds

Mineral dust is the dominant natural ice nucleating aerosol. Its ice nucleation efficiency depends on the mineralogical composition. We show the first sensitivity studies with a global climate model and a three-dimensional dust mineralogy. Results show that, depending on the dust mineralogical composition, coating with soluble material from anthropogenic sources can lead to quasi-deactivation of natural dust ice nuclei. This effect counteracts the increased cloud glaciation by anthropogenic black carbon particles. The resulting aerosol indirect effect through the glaciation of mixed-phase clouds by black carbon particles is small (+0.1 W m−2 in the shortwave top-of-the-atmosphere radiation in the northern hemisphere).
Pro-Inflammatory Diet Is Correlated with High Veillonella rogosae, Gut Inflammation and Clinical Relapse of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions arising from an intricate interplay of genetics and environmental factors, and are associated with gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and gut permeability. In this study, we investigated whether the inflammatory potential of the diet is associated with the gut microbiota profile, inflammation, and permeability in forty patients with IBD in clinical remission. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) score was used to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. The fecal microbiota profile was analyzed using 16SrRNA (V3–V4) gene sequencing, while fecal zonulin and calprotectin levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found a positive correlation between the DII score and elevated calprotectin levels (Rho = 0.498; p = 0.001), but not with zonulin levels. Although α- and β-diversity did not significantly differ across DII quartiles, the most pro-inflammatory diet group exhibited a higher fecal abundance of Veillonella rogosae (p = 0.026). In addition, the abundance of some specific bacteria sequences showed an exponential behavior across DII quartiles and a correlation with calprotectin or zonulin levels (p ≤ 0.050). This included a positive correlation between sq702. Veillonella rogosae and fecal calprotectin levels (Rho = 0.419, p = 0.007). DII, calprotectin, and zonulin levels were identified as significant predictors of 6-month disease relapse (p ≤ 0.050). Our findings suggest a potential relationship of a pro-inflammatory diet intake with Veillonella rogosae and calprotectin levels in IBD patients in clinical remission, which may contribute to disease relapse.
A continental scale hydrological model using the distributed approach and its application to Asia

Continental scale hydrological models are important for improving the land surface scheme of the General Circulation Model (GCM) and for downscaling applications of GCM predictions for regional water resources assessment. A grid‐based distributed hydrological modelling approach cannot be applied at a continental scale by simply increasing the grid size due to factors such as the spatial heterogeneity and nonlinear nature of soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer processes. Sub‐grid parameterization is required to capture the spatial variability of hydrological behaviour within a large grid. On the other hand, water resources management is usually implemented at the basin scale. The methodology presented in this study expands a grid‐based distributed hydrological model to the continental scale, and addresses both sub‐grid hydrological parameterization and basin‐based water resources assessment. A continental scale model with a 0·5° spatial resolution is developed based on a number of available global data sets. The model performance is examined through application to the Asian Continent. The regional and temporal variability of hydrological characteristics and water resources is discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental coral reef

The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is projected to reach twice the preindustrial level by the middle of the 21st century. This increase will reduce the concentration of CO32− of the surface ocean by 30% relative to the preindustrial level and will reduce the calcium carbonate saturation state of the surface ocean by an equal percentage. Using the large 2650 m3 coral reef mesocosm at the BIOSPHERE‐2 facility near Tucson, Arizona, we investigated the effect of the projected changes in seawater carbonate chemistry on the calcification of coral reef organisms at the community scale. Our experimental design was to obtain a long (3.8 years) time series of the net calcification of the complete system and all relevant physical and chemical variables (temperature, salinity, light, nutrients, Ca2+,pCO2, TCO2, and total alkalinity). Periodic additions of NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and/or CaCl2 were made to change the calcium carbonate saturation state of the water. We found that there were consistent and reproducible changes in the rate of calcification in response to our manipulations of the saturation state. We show that the net community calcification rate responds to manipulations in the concentrations of both Ca2+ and CO32− and that the rate is well described as a linear function of the ion concentration product, [Ca2+]0.69[CO32−]. This suggests that saturation state or a closely related quantity is a primary environmental factor that influences calcification on coral reefs at the ecosystem level. We compare the sensitivity of calcification to short‐term (days) and long‐term (months to years) changes in saturation state and found that the response was not significantly different. This indicates that coral reef organisms do not seem to be able to acclimate to changing saturation state. The predicted decrease in coral reef calcification between the years 1880 and 2065 A.D. based on our long‐term results is 40%. Previous small‐scale, short‐term organismal studies predicted a calcification reduction of 14‐30%. This much longer, community‐scale study suggests that the impact on coral reefs may be greater than previously suspected. In the next century coral reefs will be less able to cope with rising sea level and other anthropogenic stresses.
Mg‐Fe partitioning between olivine and mafic‐ultramafic melts

The partitioning of Mg and Fe between olivine and mafic‐ultramafic melts has been examined based on previous and new experimental data. We find that the exchange partition coefficient, KD, changes primarily as a function of melt composition, expressed either as MgO+FeO content or degree of polymerization, NBO/T, rather than temperature or pressure. KD increases from about 0.23±0.02 at an NBO/T of ∼0 to a maximum of 0.35±0.02 at an NBO/T of ∼ 2, and then decreases to 0.23±0.02 for the pure olivine system (NBO/T=4). We suggest that the following empirical relation yields a reliable estimate of KD for mantle derived melts: KD = 0.235 + 0.120·(NBO/T) ‐ 0.031·(NBO/T)². The change of KD shown here should be taken into account when calculating the composition of olivine coexisting with basaltic to ultramafic melts.