Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnitude and timing of downstream channel aggradation and degradation in response to a dome-building eruption at Mount Hood, Oregon

A dome-building eruption at Mount Hood, Oregon, starting in A.D. 1780 and lasting until ca. 1793, produced dome-collapse lithic pyroclastic flows that triggered lahars and intermittently fed 10 8 m 3 of coarse volcaniclastic sediment to sediment reservoirs in headwater canyons of the Sandy River. Mobilization of dominantly sandy sediment from these reservoirs by lahars and seasonal floods initiated downstream migration of a sediment wave that resulted in a profound cycle of aggradation and degradation in the lowermost reach of the river (depositional reach), 61–87 km from the source. Stratigraphic and sedimentologic relations in the alluvial fill, together with dendrochronologic dating of degradation terraces, demonstrate that (1) channel aggradation in response to sediment loading in the headwater canyons raised the river bed in this reach at least 23 m in a decade or less; (2) the transition from aggradation to degradation in the upper part of this reach roughly coincided with the end of the dome-building eruption; (3) fluvial sediment transport and deposition, augmented by one lahar, achieved a minimum average aggradation rate of ∼2 m/yr; (4) the degradation phase of the cycle was more prolonged than the aggradation phase, requiring more than half a century for the river to reach its present bed elevation; and (5) the present longitudinal profile of the Sandy River in this reach is at least 3 m above the pre-eruption profile. The pattern and rate of channel response and recovery in the Sandy River following heavy sediment loading resemble those of other rivers similarly subjected to very large sediment inputs. The magnitude of channel aggradation in the lower Sandy River, greater than that achieved at other volcanoes following much larger eruptions, was likely enhanced by lateral confinement of the channel within a narrow incised valley. A combination of at least one lahar and winter floods from frequent moderate-magnitude rainstorms and infrequent very large storms was responsible for flushing large volumes of sediment to the depositional reach. These conditions permitted a sedimentation response in the Sandy River that approached the magnitude of channel aggradation resulting elsewhere from large explosive eruptions and high-intensity rainfall regimes, despite the fact that the Sandy River aggradation was in response to an unremarkable dome-building eruption in a climate dominated by low to moderate rainfall intensities.
Effect of ploughing and direct drilling on soil nitrate content

Summary The concentration of nitrate-N at 30 cm depth in a clay soil was 2–5 times greater (p<.05) after ploughing than after direct drilling during the winter and spring of 1972–3. However, by early May no significant differences could be detected between cultivation treatments. It is concluded that decreased mineralization of soil nitrogen in the direct-drilled soil is the main factor responsible for the differences observed.
Different Types of ENSO Influences on the Indian Summer Monsoon Variability

AbstractObservational analysis reveals three types of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences on the Indian summer monsoon (ISM): indirect influence of the preceding winter [December–February (DJF)] eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (DJF-only cases), direct influence of the concurrent summer [June–September (JJAS)] EEP SST anomalies (JJAS-only cases), and coherent influence of both the preceding winter and concurrent summer EEP SST anomalies (DJF&JJAS cases). The present study distinguishes the three types of ENSO influences and investigates the processes connecting ENSO to the ISM separately.In the DJF-only cases, the preceding winter EEP SST anomalies induce north Indian Ocean (NIO) SST anomalies through air–sea interaction processes in the tropical Indian Ocean. The SST anomalies over the western Indian Ocean alter the surface air humidity there. Both processes favor an anomalous ISM. In the JJAS-only cases, an anomalous ISM is directly induced by ENSO thro.
Spatio-temporal shoreline changes along the southern Black Sea coastal zone

The Black Sea is experiencing human-induced ecological degradation along its coastal zone. As part of the Coastal Zone Management strategy, regular monitoring of shoreline changes plays an important role. Growing population in coastal zones creates extra pressure on shores which leads to the creation of new land filling areas (accretion). Moreover, a recently completed highway construction caused a catastrophic impact on coastal areas of the southern part of the Black Sea and needs to be taken into account. The main purpose of this article is to determine the pattern of shoreline changes along the Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Remote sensing is used to identify and evaluate hot spots of shoreline changes. A developed algorithm automatically extracts the coast line position by processing satellite images covering the period of 1987 to 2001. The maximum and minimum shoreline changes in terms of erosion and accretion were 118 to 53 and 95 to 635 m, respectively. More significant changes have been determined in the eastern part than the western part of the Black Sea. The locations with higher changes were mainly accretion regions along the study area. It can be concluded that coastal movements mainly caused by humans induced impacts at the coasts of the Black Sea. Coastal accretion is significant at the most part of the Turkish Black Sea coast and might be related to a recently constructed international highway.
Recent trends of mean and extreme precipitation in Korea

The spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in Korea were investigated using 183 weather station data for 1973–2005. A set of 16 indices that represent mean and extreme values of precipitation data were estimated using daily precipitation data, linear and spatial trend relationships of the indices were analysed using the Mann–Kendall test and Moran's I test statistic, respectively. Results demonstrate that annual precipitation data have a significant positive trend and there is a strong spatial relationship in their variability. The increase of annual precipitation is mainly associated with the increase of frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation during summer season. However, precipitation during spring and winter seasons had a decreasing trend. This variation of precipitation is likely to increase flood and drought risk. It means that the increase of annual precipitation should not be helpful for water resources management but could be a burden to river management and dam operation in Korea. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A new snowfall detection algorithm over land using measurements from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU)

This study introduces a new snowfall detection algorithm over land using AMSU measurements. The algorithm utilizes a combination of channels in the microwave window, water vapor and oxygen absorption regions. The new algorithm is combined with the current NOAA operational AMSU rain rate product for falling snow and rain areal extent retrievals over the U.S. These retrievals are compared with NEXRAD radar precipitation and local meteorological observations. Preliminary results demonstrate that the algorithm is robust in capturing winter precipitation with minimum classification errors.
Pet Ownership and the Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of Evacuation Decisions

The authors surveyed a sample of evacuees displaced by Hurricane Gustav about their decision to include or not include household pets in their evacuation plans. Data were collected along two major evacuation routes within the 48-hour window prior to landfall in the southern and coastal regions of Louisiana, south of Interstate 10. Zip code data collected from the surveys showed that respondents most frequently evacuated from the zip code regions of New Orleans, Houma, and Lafayette. Results revealed that the majority of evacuees with pets chose to include them in their evacuation plans, highlighting the significance that household pets play in making timely evacuation decisions. While not significant in every region, evacuation distance was less for people with pets than people who did not have pets in their vehicles.
Oceanic wave dynamics and interdecadal variability in a climate system model

Western boundary disturbances detected in the first multicentury integration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate System Model are analyzed, and the role they play in the model interdecadal variability is investigated. The boundary signals propagate southwestward along the coast of North America. At depth they reach the equator and propagate along the equator but with decreasing amplitude away from the western boundary. Their southwestward propagation is associated with the evolution of the western boundary current system (the Gulf Stream system in the upper part of the water column and the Deep Western Boundary Current at depth) from weaker than average to stronger than average conditions. Thus the boundary disturbances seem to play an important role in the model thermohaline circulation variability at interdecadal timescales. They show similarities with the boundary “waves” found in ocean-only models exhibiting interdecadal variability, and their role in the model's response to changes in the rate of sinking appears to be in agreement with the theory of the spin-up of the deep ocean circulation. The main result of this study is that the similarities with ocean-only results and theories support the idea that interdecadal timescales of variability originate from the ocean dynamics.
Late Weichselian shore displacement in Halland, southwestern Sweden: relative sea‐level changes and their glacio‐isostatic implications

An analysis of Late Weichselian sediments from basins in southern and central Halland, southwestern Sweden was carried out. Together with evaluation of previously reported data from the area (isolated basins, highest shore levels, glaciofluvial delta levels, periglacial features, and early Holocene shore levels), this has provided the basis for constructing shore displacement curves for the area, covering the approximate time interval 14 000–9000 BP. There is a general fall in relative sea level (RSL) during this period. The average regression rate until the late Younger Dryas (c. 10 300 BP) is 15–20 mm/yr. During the Younger Dryas the regression is possibly interrupted by minor transgressive phases. The RSL fall is rapid between c. 10 300 and 9500 BP. A halted glacio-isostatic rebound during the Younger Dryas, as the result of glacier growth, is suggested as a cause of the observed pattern of RSL change. Previously reported transgressive events during the early late-glacial phase are discussed with regard to global eustatic rise, glacio-isostatic loading and glaciolacustrine damming events.
Acid Mine Drainage and Heavy Metal Pollution from Solid Waste in the Tongling Mines, China

Abstract: Based on investigation of the characteristics of solid waste of two different mines, the Fenghuangshan copper mine and the Xinqiao pyrite mine in Tongling, Anhui province in central‐east China, the possibility and the differences of acid mine drainage (AMD) of the tailings and the waste rocks are discussed, and the modes of occurrence of heavy metal elements in the mine solid waste are also studied. The Fenghuangshan copper mine hardly produces AMD, whereas the Xinqiao pyrite mine does and there are also differences in the modes of occurrence of heavy metal elements in the tailings. For the former, toxic heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As and Hg exist mostly in the slag mode, as compared to the latter, where the deoxidization mode has a much higher content, indicating that large amounts minerals in the waste rocks have begun to oxidize at the earth surface. AMD is proved to promote the migration and spread of the heavy metals in mining waste rocks and lead to environmental pollution of the surroundings of the mine area.
Synthesis of Mid-Infrared SnSe Nanowires and their Optoelectronic Properties

For the first time, high quality SnSe nanowires were synthesized via chemical vapour deposition (CVD). The synthesized SnSe nanowires are single crystalline. The length of the nanowires is in tens of microns with an average diameter of about 30–40 nm. Further, the optical and electrical properties reveal the potential of SnSe nanowires for photovoltaic and optical devices. These studies will enable significant advancements of the next generation photodetection and solar cell applications.
THE INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY ON TIME AND SPACE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL SURFACE WATER CONTENT

The distribution of water content in time and space at the soil surface has been investigated on a small farmland catchment (1.3 km2 ) from four field surveys corresponding to different moisture statuses. For each survey, about 400 samples were collected at the soil surface at a depth of 5 cm along ten axes parallel to the greatest slope. The relationship between the measurements and the topography has been analysed. The structure of the data is well explained by a topographic index referring to the downslope conditions and defined as the elevation difference between the sample point and the stream point corresponding to the outlet of the water pathway derived from the digital elevation model (DEM). This index can be considered as an hydraulic head, at least for saturated conditions. A threshold for this index allows two domains within the catchment to be distinguished; an upper domain where the water content is nearly constant and varies slowly, and a lower domain where moisture status increases and is highly variable. The spatial distribution of these two domains is well correlated to the spatial distribution of the soils. Thus, both topography and the spatial distribution of soil appear to control the spatial distribution of surface water content at the 1-km2 scale. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The ionospheric disturbance dynamo

A numerical simulation study of the thermospheric winds produced by auroral heating during magnetic storms, and of their global dynamo effects, establishes the main features of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo. Driven by auroral heating, a Hadley cell is created with equatorward winds blowing above about 120 km at mid-latitudes. The transport of angular momentum by these winds produces a subrotation of the mid-latitude thermosphere or westward motion with respect to the earth. The westward winds in turn drive equatorward Pedersen currents which accumulate charge toward the equator, resulting in the generation of a poleward electric field, a westward E × B drift, and an eastward current. When realistic local time conductivity variations are simulated, the eastward mid-latitude current is found to close partly via lower latitudes, resulting in an ‘anti-Sq’ type of current vortex. Both electric field and current at low latitudes thus vary in opposition to their normal quiet-day behavior. This total pattern of disturbance winds, electric fields, and currents is superimposed upon the background quiet-day pattern. When the neutral winds are artificially confined on the nightside, the basic pattern of predominantly westward E × B plasma drifts still prevails on the nightside but no longer extends into the dayside. Considerable observational evidence exists, suggesting that the ionospheric disturbance dynamo has an appreciable influence on storm-time ionospheric electric fields at middle and low latitudes.
Trace element compositions of jadeite (+omphacite) in jadeitites from the Itoigawa‐Ohmi district, Japan: Implications for fluid processes in subduction zones

Abstract Trace‐element compositions of jadeite (±omphacite) in jadeitites from the Itoigawa‐Ohmi district of Japan, analyzed by a laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique showed chemical zoning within individual grains and variations within each sample and between different samples. Primitive mantle‐normalized patterns of jadeite in the samples generally showed high large‐ion lithophile element contents, high light rare earth element/heavy rare earth element ratios and positive anomalies of high field strength elements. The studied jadeitites have no signatures of the protolith texture or mineralogy. Shapes and distributions of minerals coupled with chemical zoning within grains suggest that the jadeitites were formed by direct precipitation of minerals from aqueous fluids or complete metasomatic modification of the precursor rocks by fluids. In either case, the geochemical characteristics of jadeite are highly affected by fluids enriched in both large‐ion lithophile elements and high field strength elements. The specific fluids responsible for the formation of jadeitites are related to serpentinization by slab‐derived fluids in subduction zones. This process is followed by dissolving high field strength elements in the subducting crust as the fluids continue to circulate into the subducting crusts and serpentinized peridotites. The fluids have variations in chemical compositions corresponding to various degrees of water–rock interactions.
Quartz recrystallization and fluid flow during contact metamorphism: a cathodoluminescence study

Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of quartz grains in the Appin Quartzite from the aureole of the Ballachulish Igneous Complex (Scotland) reveal a textural complexity that we interpret in the light of published models of the evolution of the contact aureole. Five distinct generations of quartz can be discriminated in CL. The oldest of these is a dark luminescing mottled quartz (Type 1 quartz) that occurs in the centres of pre-existing grains, in samples collected from 210 m to 0.1 m from the contact. Dark mottled quartz is interpreted to be unrecrystallized material and has a regional metamorphic CL spectral signature. The onset of contact metamorphism resulted in grain growth visible in CL as a series of fine-scale alternating bands of bright and dark luminescing material (Type 2 quartz), which we attribute to infiltration of repeated pulses of small amounts of H2O along grain boundaries. Close to the intrusion, a subgrain-scale network of intragranular, bright luminescing features could have resulted from either intragranular microcrack-controlled infiltration of H2O at high temperatures or intergranular cracking followed by grain growth (Type 3 quartz). Broad bands of bright material on grain boundaries in samples that are inferred to have undergone partial melting are interpreted as quartz crystallized from the melt phase (Type 4 quartz). The final stage in the textural development is marked by a series of aligned fractures, detected in CL by nonluminescing material (Type 5 quartz) and corresponding closely with trails of fluid inclusions. These fractures are interpreted as the pathways for late-stage, low-temperature, retrogressive fluids.
Fracture intensity from geomechanical models: application to the Blue Forest 3D survey, Green River Basin, Wyoming, USA

Abstract A geomechanical method is presented for the prediction of subseismic fracture intensity associated with faulting using a boundary element model conditioned from 3D seismic interpretation within the Green River Basin, Wyoming, USA. Seismic data indicate two major phases of deformation: (1) an early phase of approximately ESE‐verging contraction accommodated along a NNE–SSW striking system of basement-involved reverse faults and associated drape folds; and (2) a later phase of transtension accommodated by ENE–WSW-trending normal faults that are preferentially located in the hanging wall, above the crest of the drape fold. The models predict different spatial patterns of fracture intensity for each phase of deformation. For D1, enhanced probability for shear failure develops in the upper quadrant of the footwalls along the reverse faults (i.e. forelimb) and the greatest magnitudes occur adjacent to regions with the largest component of observable dip-slip displacement along the faults. During D2, enhanced probability for joint and fault formation occurs along-strike of the normal faults and in a general NE trend. Seismic velocity anisotropy data support the geomechanical predictions for both phases of deformation in that the location and azimuth of large anisotropies correlate with regions of predicted enhancement in joint and fault intensity.
Kinematic and tectonic significance of microstructures and crystallographic fabrics within quartz mylonites from the Assynt and Eriboll regions of the Moine thrust zone, NW Scotland

ABSTRACT Using a combination of optical microscopy and X-ray texture goniometry, an integrated microstructural and crystallographic fabric study has been made of quartz mylonites from thrust sheets located beneath, but immediately adjacent to, the Moine thrust in the Assynt and Eriboll regions of NW Scotland. A correlation is established between shape fabric symmetry and pattern of crystallographic preferred orientation, a particularly clear relationship being observed between shape fabric variation and quartz a-axis fabrics. Coaxial strain paths dominate the internal parts of the thrust sheets and are indicated by quartz c- and a-axis fabrics which are symmetrical with respect to foliation and lineation. Non-coaxial strain paths are indicated within the more intensely deformed quartzites located near the boundaries of the sheets by asymmetrical c- and a-axis fabrics. These kinematic interpretations are supported by microstructural studies. At the Stack of Glencoul in the northern part of the Assynt region, the transition zone between these kinematic (strain path) domains is located at approximately 20 cm beneath the Moine thrust and is marked by a progression from symmetrical cross-girdle c-axis fabrics (30cm beneath the thrust), through asymmetrical cross-girdle c-axis fabrics to asymmetrical single girdle c-axis fabrics (0·5 cm beneath the thrust). Tectonic models (incorporating processes such as extensional flow, gravity spreading and tectonic loading) which may account for the presence of strain path domains within the thrust sheets are considered, and their compatibility with local thrust sheet geometries assessed.
GCM sensitivity test using increased rotation rate, reduced solar forcing and orography to examine low latitude glaciation in the neoproterozoic

During the Neoproterozoic period, most landmasses were assembled into the super‐continent, Rodinia, and parts experienced glaciation in low paleolatitudes. We examine possible causes of glaciation by increasing rotation rate, reducing the solar constant and carbon dioxide concentrations for an idealized super‐continent that is centered in the Northern Hemisphere tropics‐subtropics. Further, we introduce a 2 km north‐south mountain chain in the western regions of this super‐continent. A mixed layer ocean or prescribed time varying sea surface temperatures are used in these simulations. Our results show that neither an individual factor or a combination of these factors can cool temperatures enough to bring about glaciation on the tropical super‐continent. We conclude that other factors would be needed to initiate glaciation.
Effect of GCM bias on downscaled precipitation and runoff projections for the Serpentine catchment, Western Australia

An investigation has been undertaken to quantify the uncertainty in statistically downscaled catchment precipitation and runoff projections due to different climate models. A significant component of the investigation was the assessment of climate model reproduction of the seasonal (i.e. monthly) cycle of the atmospheric predictors used by a statistical downscaling model. Four climate model simulations forced by the SRES A2 emission scenario were used: the CSIRO Mk3 GCM, the CSIRO Conformal‐Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM, run at high spatial resolution over Australia with far‐field forcing from the Mk3 GCM), the Hadley Centre HadAM3P GCM and the Max Planck Institute ECHAM4 GCM.