Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unique allergen-specific human IgE monoclonal antibodies derived from patients with allergic disease

Introduction Allergic reactions are mediated by human IgE antibodies that bind to and cross-link allergen molecules. The sites on allergens that are recognized by IgE antibodies have been difficult to investigate because of the paucity of IgE antibodies in a human serum. Here, we report the production of unique human IgE monoclonal antibodies to major inhaled allergens and food allergens that can be produced at scale in perpetuity. Materials and methods The IgE antibodies were derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of symptomatic allergic patients, mostly children aged 3–18 years, using hybridoma fusion technology. Total IgE and allergen-specific IgE was measured by ImmunoCAP. Their specificity was confirmed through ELISA and immunoblotting. Allergenic potency measurements were determined by ImmunoCAP inhibition. Biological activity was determined in vitro by comparing β-hexosaminidase release from a humanized rat basophilic cell line. Results Human IgE monoclonal antibodies (n = 33) were derived from 17 allergic patients with symptoms of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, or red meat allergy. The antibodies were specific for five inhaled allergens, nine food allergens, and alpha-gal and had high levels of IgE (53,450–1,702,500 kU/L) with ratios of specific IgE to total IgE ranging from <0.01 to 1.39. Sigmoidal allergen binding curves were obtained through ELISA, with low limits of detection (<1 kU/L). Allergen specificity was confirmed through immunoblotting. Pairs of IgE monoclonal antibodies to Ara h 6 were identified that cross-linked after allergen stimulation and induced release of significant levels of β-hexosaminidase (35%–80%) from a humanized rat basophilic cell line. Conclusions Human IgE monoclonal antibodies are unique antibody molecules with potential applications in allergy diagnosis, allergen standardization, and identification of allergenic epitopes for the development of allergy therapeutics. The IgE antibody probes will enable the unequivocal localization and validation of allergenic epitopes.
STATISTICAL LITERACY: A COMPLEX HIERARCHICAL CONSTRUCT

The aim of this study was, first, to provide evidence to support the notion of statistical literacy as a hierarchical construct and, second, to identify levels of this hierarchy across the construct. The study used archived data collected from two large-scale research projects that studied aspects of statistical understanding of over 3000 school students in grades 3 to 9, based on 80 questionnaire items. Rasch analysis was used to explore an hypothesised underlying construct associated with statistical literacy. The analysis supported the hypothesis of a unidimensional construct and suggested six levels of understanding: Idiosyncratic, Informal, Inconsistent, Consistent non-critical, Critical, and Critical mathematical: These levels could be used by teachers and curriculum developers to incorporate appropriate aspects of statistical literacy into the existing curriculum. First published November 2003 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
Remote sensing using partially polarized light

Abstract Light reflected from the Earth's surfacecan be describedin terms of its intensity and polarization and yet remote sensing has concerned itself with the measurement of intensity and has paid little attention to the measurement of polarization. In this review, imaging and non-imaging systems for measuring the state of polarization of reflected light are described, together with their associated problems. Field and laboratory measurements of the polarizingeffects of minerals, soils, vegetation, water and oil slicks are presented. It is recommended that future research could concentrate upon, first, establishing the precise relationships between polarization and surface factors such as moisture content, roughness, particle size and albedo and, secondly, the methods by whichpolarization imagery could be collected, processedand displayed.
Étude de l'eau dans la palygorskite à l'aide des analyses thermiques

Résumé Les analyses thermiques (A.T.P. et A.T.D.) de la palygorskite ont été réalisées entre 20 et 900° La palygorskite contient trois types d'eau nettement différenciés par leur rôle dans la structure. Cependant, les analyses thermiques indiquent un chevauchement des domaines de température où ces diverses molécules d'eau sont éliminées. L'interprétation des enregistrements à partir de la zone de plus haute température (qui correspond aux plus fortes énergies de liaison des molécules d'eau éliminées) permet d'obtenir un bon accord entre les résultats expérimentaux et ceux calculés à partir du modèle dioctaédrique du minéral.
Utilization of Landsat ETM+ data for mineral-occurrences mapping over Dalma and Dhanjori, Jharkhand, India: an Advanced Spectral Analysis approach

The Advanced Spectral Analysis (ASA) technique, one of the most advanced remote-sensing tools, has been used as a possible means of identifying mineral occurrences over Dalma and Dhanjori. The ASA technique is a sixfold tool, which includes the continuous processes of (1) the reflectance calibration of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images of the study area, (2) the generation of minimum noise fraction (MNF) transformation, (3) the calculation of the pixel purity index (PPI), (4) the n-dimensional visualization and extraction of endmember spectra, (5) the identification of endmember spectra for mineral occurrences and (6) the mapping of mineral occurrences. The identification of the extracted endmember spectra is obtained by comparing it with available pre-defined library spectra (United States Geological Survey (USGS), John Hopkins University (JHU) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) spectral libraries) using the Spectral Analyst tool of ENVI 4.1 software (Research Systems Inc., Boulder, CO, US), which provides scores of matching. Three techniques, namely Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF), Spectral Angle Mapping (SAM) and Binary Encoding (BE), are used for identification of the collected endmember spectra to produce a score between 0 and 1, where the value of 1 equals a perfect match showing the exact mineral type. A total of six endmember spectra are identified and extracted in the study area. Mapping of mineral occurrences is carried out using the Mixture-Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) technique over the study area on the basis of collected and identified endmember spectra. Results of the present study using the ASA technique ascertain that Landsat ETM+ data can be used to generate valuable mineralogical information.
Statistical Study of the Energetic Electron Microinjections at the High‐Latitude Magnetosphere

Understanding the formation of the seed population for the energetic electrons trapped within the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts has been under debate for decades. The magnetic reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail during the substorms is the main process of accelerating the electrons to the tens to hundreds of keV. These electrons are further injected toward the radiation belts, where they get further accelerated to relativistic energies. Recently, it has been suggested that another source could come from the dayside diamagnetic cavities where electrons and ions can be locally energized to hundreds of keV energies. It has been shown that the physical mechanism within the cavities can create a strong acceleration perpendicular to magnetic field, which can lead to temperature anisotropy and drift mirror instability. The electron fluxes localized within the troughs of the mirror mode waves exhibit the counter‐streaming “microinjection” signature. To investigate the origin of microinjections and their dependence on solar wind conditions, here we have performed an event search and a statistical study of their properties encompassing a total of ∼165 hr (47 microinjection events) of Magnetospheric Multiscale observations at the pre‐dusk sector high‐latitude boundary layer. The ultralow frequency range magnetic field fluctuations coincided with the counter‐streaming energetic electron fluxes. For most events, the interplanetary magnetic field was duskward and anti‐sunward; over 60% of these microinjections satisfy the criteria of the drift mirror instability, which indicates the temperature anisotropy could play an important role for the microinjection.
Meteorite flux on the Nullarbor Region, Australia

Abstract The Nullarbor Region of Australia is one of the most prolific sites for meteorite recoveries outside of Antarctica. Reported 14C terrestrial ages for chondritic meteorites from the Nullarbor indicate an age range from present day to c. 35 ka. There is good evidence to suggest that meteorites are lying on, or close to the surfaces on which they fell and that, physiographically, the region has remained essentially undisturbed for at least the last 30 ka. The Nullarbor can thus provide important data on the flux of meteorites over the period of accumulation. One significant factor influencing flux calculations based on meteorite accumulation sites is the determination of the number of falls represented in the recovered population. In the case of the Nullarbor, a general lack of transportation processes in the region and careful documentation of the distribution of finds allows confident ‘pairing’ of meteorites. For example, strewn fields of showers that have remained undisturbed for thousands of years are easily recognized and mapped today. Mass distribution statistics confirm that there are few undetected pairs in the population of meteorites so far described from the Nullarbor, and there is no evidence of selection of meteorites of a specific terrestrial age. The Nullarbor is the largest accumulation of meteorites nearest to Antarctica with a terrestrial age range (0–35 ka) that overlaps the Antarctic population (0 to >1 Ma). Analysis of the well-documented population of meteorites from the Nullarbor compared with Antarctica suggests that there are many unrecognized paired meteorites in the Antarctic population and the abundance of small meteorites at that site can be accounted for, at least in part, by the presence of large shower falls of common chondrites. The data suggest that there may also be many unrecognized paired meteorites in collections from the Sahara.
Porous Effect Parameter of Thin Permeable Plates

The present paper aims at getting the porous effect parameter G of a thin permeable wall. The reflection and transmission coefficients of a thin vertical porous wall with different porous shapes and porosities are obtained by a physical model experiment. The reflection coefficient and total horizontal wave load on a perforated caisson are also obtained by another experiment. Analytical solutions of wave interaction with these two vertical porous breakwaters are introduced. The reflection and transmission coefficients between predictions and experimental results of authors' and four other researchers' are compared. By comparisons, the estimate methods of the linearized resistance coefficient f and the inertial effect coefficient s of the permeable plate are recommended. Following the formula of Yu [1995], the values of G are calculated by f and s. A complete estimate method of porous effect parameter G is presented, which consists of the formula of Yu [1995] and the present experimental formula. The estimate method of G is validated by comparing the predicted values of the total horizontal wave loads on the perforated caisson with the experimental results.
Stratigraphy of the Western channel iron deposits of the Marillana Creek Operations, Western Australia

The internal stratigraphy of the Marillana Creek palaeochannel Tertiary channel iron deposits (CIDs) in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia was initially defined in the 1980s and redefined as the Marillana Formation in the early 2000s. Recent drilling, open pit mining and field observations in the Western deposits at the Marillana Creek tenements have revealed some additional details on the extent and detail of some units of the Marillana Formation stratigraphy in this area. The drill hole data at Western 1 South has identified a number of features either not previously documented in this area or whose significance has not been adequately recognised, including a denatured zone at the base of the Upper CID of the Barimunya Member, and variations in the lithology within the Munjina Member at the base of the channel. Additionally, the Western 4 pit walls show evidence of a significant near-surface clay horizon and overlying CID which are suggested to be the equivalent of the Iowa Eastern Member in the Eastern deposits. The deposition of this unit was most likely driven by a regional climatic disruption rather than a change in sediment source area alone. The nature of the Weeli Wolli Formation-derived goethitic peloids in the Western deposits may explain the more extensive denaturing in the Western Lower CID of the Barimunya Member. In contrast, the more robust nature of the hematitic-cored pelletoids in the Central and Eastern deposits has resulted in a less denatured Lower CID in these areas. Such work reveals the value of and need for ongoing face mapping by geologists and detailed drill hole logging, and demonstrates the benefits of querying previously accepted interpretations.
The Relationship between Students’ Incremental Beliefs of Digital Intelligence and Behavioral Engagement in Learning Management System Courses

While the Learning Management System (LMS) has been recognized as a key e-learning platform, there is no clear picture of the factors contributing to learners’ engagement in LMS courses in literature. This study aimed at exploring the relationship between students’ incremental beliefs of digital intelligence and behavioral engagement in LMS courses with achievement goal orientation as a mediator. The participants were 176 undergraduate students in a Vietnamese university. Implicit theory of intelligence and academic achievement goals theory were used to develop the research model. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was applied to examine the relationship between students’ incremental beliefs of digital intelligence and the selected variables. Results showed that students’ incremental beliefs of digital intelligence were positively linked to four types of achievement goals: mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals. Moreover, except for mastery-avoidance goals, the other three types were positively linked to behavioral engagement in LMS courses. The findings suggest that instructors’ encouragement can foster students’ incremental belief in digital intelligence and achievement goals. Furthermore, to promote students’ learning engagement, various approaches can be utilized to motivate students to appropriately combine different types of achievement goals.
Long‐Term Soil Water Content Database, Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, United States

We describe long‐term soil water data collected at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW). Data were collected for 10–25 years at 18 sites representing different climatic regimes and soils in the RCEW. Soil profile data are also available. High correlation between neutron probe and lysimeter measurements are the basis for assessing the accuracy of neutron probe–measured changes in soil water content. These data are available to the public via the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center anonymous ftp site ftp.nwrc. ars.usda. gov.
Median-Joining Networks and Bayesian Phylogenies Often Do Not Tell the Same Story

Inferring phylogenies among intraspecific individuals often yields unresolved relationships (i.e., polytomies). Consequently, methods that compute distance-based abstract networks, like Median-Joining Networks (MJNs), are thought to be more appropriate tools for reconstructing such relationships than traditional trees. Median-Joining Networks visualize all routes of relationships in the form of cycles, if needed, when traditional approaches cannot resolve them. However, the MJN method is a distance-based phenetic approach that does not involve character transformations and makes no reference to ancestor–descendant relationships. Although philosophical and theoretical arguments challenging the implication that MJNs reflect phylogenetic signal in the traditional sense have been presented elsewhere, an empirical comparison with a character-based approach is needed given the increasing popularity of MJN analysis in evolutionary biology. Here, we use the conservative Approximately Unbiased (AU) test to compare 85 cases of branching patterns of cycle-free MJNs and Bayesian Inference (BI) phylogenies using datasets from 55 empirical studies. By rooting the MJN analyses to provide directionality, we report substantial disagreement between computed MJNs and posterior distributions on BI phylogenies. The branching patterns in MJNs and BI phylogenies show significantly different relationships in 37.6% of cases. Among the relationships that do not significantly differ, 96.2% show alternative sets of relationships. Our results indicate that the two methods provide different measures of relatedness in a phylogenetic sense. Finally, our analyses also support previous observations of the statistical hypothesis testing by reconfirming the over-conservativeness of the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test versus the AU test.
Typhoon-induced Temporal Change in Plankton Phosphorus in Lake Biwa

Size-fractionated distribution of hot-water extractable phosphorus (EP) and particulate phosphorus and their temporal changes were studied in the South and North Basins of Lake Biwa over 20 days as a part of an international cooperative survey of Lake Biwa (BITEX'93). In association with typhoon-induced physical turbulence of the lake water, pronounced increases and decreases of EP levels of total particulate matter were observed. Distinct peaks on or after the days of the typhoon occured in both basins. Ratios of EP to Chl-a, EP to particulate carbon and EP to particulate nitrogen for the 20 μm fraction did not display a significant fluctuation. These results indicated not only a considerable supply of available phosphorus in the lake water by typhoon-induced physical turbulence but also a size-dependent, sensitive response of plankton to the short term change of phosphorus supply.
Testosterone modulates atrazine-induced cytotoxicity in testicular cell lines

Testosterone greatly influences healthy growth and development of male sex organs. Testosterone has been demonstrated to possess antioxidant and anti-cytotoxic effects in cells. The present study examine the protective effect of testosterone on ATZ-induced cytotoxicity using TM3 Leydig and TM4 Sertoli cell lines as testicular in vitro models. TM3 Leydig and TM4 Sertoli cell lines were treated with atrazine (ATZ) 232 μM with varying concentrations of testosterone (0.1. 1, 10, 20 nM) for 6 h, 12 h and 48 h. Administration of testosterone increased the viability of the cell lines for 12 h and 48 h exposure compared to ATZ values (p< 0.005). Furthermore, testosterone reduced TM3 cell and TM4 cell GSH levels. Exogenous testosterone intake minimizes cell death and GSH levels in testicular cell lines exposed to ATZ. However, the lowest dose of testosterone attenuates the ATZ-induced increase of GSH levels in both TM3 and TM4 cells (p< 0.005).
Physical Geography in Diagrams

There are around 500 two-colour line diagrams and over 120 photographs making this one of the most highly illustrated geography books available. The text is centred around these illustrations which are used to explain geographical principles and concepts wherever possible. It is believed that this approach provides the best way for students to understand the processes and features associated with physical geography.
The average annual heat balance of the North Pacific Ocean and its relation to ocean circulation

The heat exchange at the surface of the Pacific Ocean north of 20°S has been calculated from climatic data for the period 1947–1960, averaged over 2° squares and months. The maps of the different components of the heat exchange show much more detail and a closer relation to climatic regions than those by other authors. The integral of the total heat exchange indicates that the North Pacific gains heat at a rate of 3×1014 cal/sec, which is probably one of the reasons that no deep water is formed in this ocean basin. This heat gain is compensated by deep water ascending with an average velocity of 1.25×10−5 cm/sec. The water balance of the North Pacific is maintained by an outflow of warm surface water at the rate of 8 million m3/sec, which takes place partly through the Indonesian waters and partly in the eastern tropical Pacific from the countercurrent to the south equatorial current. The North Pacific gains heat chiefly along its eastern side and south of 25°N; the main heat loss occurs in the Kuroshio region. The average temperature distribution in the range of the subtropical anticyclone is maintained in the presence of these heat sources and sinks by a horizontal circulation of the order of 10 million m3/sec, occupying only a shallow surface layer.
A review of the explainability and safety of conversational agents for mental health to identify avenues for improvement

Virtual Mental Health Assistants (VMHAs) continuously evolve to support the overloaded global healthcare system, which receives approximately 60 million primary care visits and 6 million emergency room visits annually. These systems, developed by clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and AI researchers, are designed to aid in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main focus of VMHAs is to provide relevant information to mental health professionals (MHPs) and engage in meaningful conversations to support individuals with mental health conditions. However, certain gaps prevent VMHAs from fully delivering on their promise during active communications. One of the gaps is their inability to explain their decisions to patients and MHPs, making conversations less trustworthy. Additionally, VMHAs can be vulnerable in providing unsafe responses to patient queries, further undermining their reliability. In this review, we assess the current state of VMHAs on the grounds of user-level explainability and safety, a set of desired properties for the broader adoption of VMHAs. This includes the examination of ChatGPT, a conversation agent developed on AI-driven models: GPT3.5 and GPT-4, that has been proposed for use in providing mental health services. By harnessing the collaborative and impactful contributions of AI, natural language processing, and the mental health professionals (MHPs) community, the review identifies opportunities for technological progress in VMHAs to ensure their capabilities include explainable and safe behaviors. It also emphasizes the importance of measures to guarantee that these advancements align with the promise of fostering trustworthy conversations.