Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal stopping of the maximum process : The maximality principle

The solution is found to the optimal stopping problem with payoff sup E(S τ - ∫ 0 T c(X i )dt) where S = (S t ) t≥0 is the maximum process associated with the one-dimensional time-homogeneous diffusion X = (X t ) t≥0 , the function x → c(x) is positive and continuous, and the supremum is taken over all stopping times τ of X for which the integral has finite expectation. It is proved, under no extra conditions, that this problem has a solution; that is, the payoff is finite and there is an optimal stopping time, if and only if the following maximality principle holds: the first-order nonlinear differential equation g'(s) = σ 2 (g(s))L'(g(s))/2c(g(s))(L(R)-L(g(s))) admits a maximal solution s → g * (s) which stays strictly below the diagonal in R 2 . [In this equation x → σ(x) is the diffusion coefficient and x → L(x) the scale function of X. ] In this case the stopping time τ * = inf{t > 0 | X t < g * (S t )} is proved optimal, and explicit formulas for the payoff are given. The result has a large number of applications and may be viewed as the cornerstone in a general treatment of the maximum process.
Unclonable Commitments and Proofs

Non-malleable cryptography, proposed by Dolev, Dwork, and Naor (SICOMP ’00), has numerous applications in protocol composition. In the context of proofs, it guarantees that an adversary who receives a proof cannot maul it into another valid proof. However, non-malleable cryptography (particularly in the non-interactive setting) suffers from an important limitation: An attacker can always copy the proof and resubmit it to another verifier (or even multiple verifiers). In this work, we prevent even the possibility of copying the proof as it is , by relying on quantum information. We call the resulting primitive unclonable proofs , making progress on a question posed by Aaronson. We also consider the related notion of unclonable commitments . We introduce formal definitions of these primitives that model security in various settings of interest. We also provide a near tight characterization of the conditions under which these primitives are possible, including a rough equivalence between unclonable proofs and public-key quantum money.
Aseismic fault movement before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake detected by levelling: implications for pre‐seismic stress localization?

SUMMARY Levelling before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake (M L =7.8, China) shows significant height changes in the Tangshan region. Inversion analysis of the height changes observed during 1971‐1972 and 1972‐1973 reveals two active segments on the Jiyunhe fault which truncates the Tangshan earthquake fault to the southwest. The active fault segment of 1971‐1972 is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip (1.2±0.2 m) with a length of 37±3 km, a (down-dip) width of 7±2 km, a dip angle of 84°±2°, a (bottom) depth of 17±2 km and a strike direction of 65°±2° (NW). The active fault segment of 1972‐1973 is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip (2.8±0.2 m) with a length of 75±5 km, a (down-dip) width of 8±2 km, a dip angle of 88°±2°, a (bottom) depth of 30±2 km and a strike direction of 47°±2° (NW). The geometric characteristics of these two active segments are in good agreement with those obtained from geological investigations and source-mechanism solutions of the 1976 Ninghe earthquake (M L = 6.9). No microearthquakes of M L µ3. 0 occurred during 1971‐1973 in the Tangshan region, suggesting that the activity of the fault segments during this period was largely aseismic. The results demonstrate that aseismic slip at the Jiyunhe fault occurred before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Evidence for activity of the Jiyunhe fault also comes from the horizontal deformation observed by triangulation and trilateration between 1960 and 1971, which clearly indicates relative motion between two flanks of the fault. Stress analysis reveals that aseismic slip at the Jiyunhe fault during 1972‐1973 induced significant shear stress concentration (at a depth of 20 km) within an area of about 40◊40 km close to the conjunction of the Tangshan and Jiyunhe faults, and that the Tangshan earthquake hypocentre received a Coulomb failure stress of about 4.5 bar. Our evidence suggests that the 1976 Tangshan earthquake was triggered or induced by aseismic slip at the Jiyunhe fault. In addition, all of the large aftershocks of M L µ6. 0 occurred within areas where the calculated Coulomb failure stress is positive and concentrated, indicating that the aftershocks were possibly triggered by the 1976 Tangshan main shock. This study shows that aseismic fault movement could play an important role in controlling regional stress change and in triggering earthquakes on surrounding faults.
Localized seismic anisotropy associated with long‐term slow‐slip events beneath southern Mexico

Slow slip events (SSEs) are recently discovered in the transition zone downdip of the locked zone where megathrust earthquakes repeatedly occur at subduction zone interface. Structural changes from the locked zone to the transition zone and the nature of in situ deformation in the transition zone, however, remain unclear. We model teleseismic converted P‐to‐S waves to investigate seismic structural transition and anisotropy associated with shear deformation near the deep locked zone and the transition zone beneath southern Mexico. The deep locked zone appears to be consistent with normal oceanic crust velocity. In the transition zone, we find that seismic anisotropy larger than 5% is associated with the ultra‐slow velocity layer (USL) near the top of the subducted oceanic crust. The foliation plane is plunging 20 ± 10 degrees steeper than the plate interface, and it is consistent with crystallographic preferred orientation developed in S‐C mylonites. We suggest that long‐term SSEs likely coincide with a near‐lithostatic semiductile talc‐rich shear zone.
PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR INCREASING WOMEN AND M Ᾱ ORI MPS IN NEW ZEALAND

Most democracies fail to provide equal representation and tend to have an over-representation of men from upper-class and the majority racial/ethnic group. We investigate public support for increasing the number of women and indigenous Māori MPs in the New Zealand Parliament , both in general and through specific mechanisms such as quotas and reserved seats. We offer three explanations: descriptive (group identity), substantive (issue alignment), and symbolic (socioeconomic and political equity concerns). Using data from the 2014 New Zealand Election Study, we find that shared identity (descriptive) matters for all measures of increased representation, but especially for Māori respondent support of increased Māori MPs . Support for increasing the proportion of Māori MPs is also strongly driven by substantive concerns, as measured by support for keeping the Treaty of Waitangi in law. Support for increasing women MPs is driven most strongly by symbolic concerns (measured as increased government social spending and efforts to reduce income differences). Overall, respondents favor keeping the current number of reserved seats for Māori MP representation, whereas informal efforts (rather than quotas) are strongly preferred for increasing the number of women MPs.
PLASMA PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF HYALINE MEMBRANE IN THE NEWBORN AS STUDIED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

Hyaline membrane disease of the newborn has been a subject of ever-growing interest to paediatricians and pathologists as it is the major cause of death in newborn babies, particularly premature ones. Much more is known of the clinical picture and physiological changes in hyaline membrane disease, or respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (Avery, 1962; Curtis, 1957; James, 1959; Miller, 1962; Rudolph and Smith, 1960), and there is a fair knowledge of the composition of the hyaline membrane (Buckingham and Sommers, 1960). There is, however, no agreement as to its aetiology and pathogenesis, though, according to the majority of investigators, the material constituting the membrane originates from the pulmonary vessels. These authors base their assumptions mainly on the work of Gitlin and Craig, who by means of immunofluorescence detected the presence of fibrin within the hyaline membranes (Gitlin and Craig, 1956). Electron microscope investigations suggest the presence of other plasma proteins as well (van Breemen, Neustein and Bruns, 1957; Campiche, Prod' hom and Gautier, 1961; Campiche, Jaccottet and Juillard, 1962; Groniowski and Biczyskowa, 1963), but this has not, however, been confirmed by Gitlin and Craig. Histochemical investigations have not established whether there are any other plasma proteins in the membrane (Aronson, 1961; Buckingham and Sommers, 1960; Duran-Jorda, Holzel and Patterson, 1956; Lieberman, 1961; Lynch and Mellor, 1956; Lynch, Mellor and Badgery, 1956). Differences of opinion as to the exact plasma protein composition of hyaline membranes stimulated us to undertake further investigations on their structure.
Characteristics of pitch angle distributions of hundreds of keV electrons in the slot region and inner radiation belt

The pitch angle distribution (PAD) of energetic electrons in the slot region and inner radiation belt received little attention in the past decades due to the lack of quality measurements. Using the state‐of‐the‐art pitch angle‐resolved data from the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer instrument onboard the Van Allen Probes, a detailed analysis of hundreds of keV electron PADs below L = 4 is performed, in which the PADs are categorized into three types: normal (flux peaking at 90°), cap (exceedingly peaking narrowly around 90°), and 90° minimum (lower flux at 90°) PADs. By examining the characteristics of the PADs of ∼460 keV electrons for over a year, we find that the 90° minimum PADs are generally present in the inner belt (L<2), while normal PADs dominate at L∼3.5–4. In the region between, 90° minimum PADs dominate during injection times and normal PADs dominate during quiet times. Cap PADs appear mostly at the decay phase of storms in the slot region and are likely caused by the pitch angle scattering of hiss waves. Fitting the normal PADs into sinnα form, the parameter n is much higher below L = 3 than that in the outer belt and relatively constant in the inner belt but changes significantly in the slot region (2 < L < 3) during injection times. As for the 90° minimum PADs, by performing a detailed case study, we find in the slot region this type of PAD is likely caused by chorus wave heating, but this mechanism can hardly explain the formation of 90° minimum PADs at the center of inner belt.
The Effects of Orography on Midlatitude Northern Hemisphere Dry Climates

Abstract The role of mountains in maintaining extensive midlatitude arid regions in the Northern Hemisphere was investigated using simulations from the GFDL Global Climate Model with and without orography. In the integration with mountains, dry climates were simulated over central Asia and the interior of North America, in good agreement with the observed climate. In contrast, moist climates were simulated in the same regions in the integration without mountains. During all season but summer, large amplitude stationary waves occur in response to the Tibetan Plateau and Rocky Mountains. The midlatitude dry regions are located upstream of the troughs of these waves, where general subsidence and relatively infrequent storm development occur and precipitation is thus inhibited. In summer, this mechanism contributes to the dryness of interior North America as a stationary wave trough remains east of the Rockies, but is not effective in Eurasia due to seasonal changes in the atmospheric circulation. The dryness.
Direct measurement of volume flux in the Faroe‐Shetland Channel and over the Iceland‐Faroe Ridge

Determining the exchange of water across the Iceland‐Faroe‐Scotland ridge is of fundamental interest because it measures the rate of transformation of North Atlantic water into dense water and thus the strength of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Here we study this exchange by monitoring all water flowing through the area east of Iceland to near the bottom or ∼600 m depth using a 75 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) mounted on the high‐seas ferry M/F Norröna. Starting in March 2008, currents have been measured in the Faroe‐Shetland Channel (FSC) and along the Iceland‐Faroe Ridge (IFR) on the ferry's weekly round‐trips between Iceland and Denmark. The detided average transports (to the north) across the two sections are 4.1 ± 0.1 Sv (106 m2s−1) through the FSC and 4.4 ± 0.25 Sv across the IFR (this excludes ∼1.6 Sv circulating around the Faroes). The Norröna program is ongoing.
Evaluation of the hydrology of the IBIS land surface model in a semi‐arid catchment

This paper evaluates the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) land surface model using daily soil moisture data over a 3‐year period (2005–2007) at a semi‐arid site in southeastern Australia, the Stanley catchment, using the Monte Carlo generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach. The model was satisfactorily calibrated for both the surface 30 cm and full profile 90 cm. However, full‐profile calibration was not as good as that for the surface, which results from some deficiencies in the evapotranspiration component in IBIS. Relatively small differences in simulated soil moisture were associated with large discrepancies in the predictions of surface runoff, drainage and evapotranspiration. We conclude that while land surface schemes may be effective at simulating heat fluxes, they may be ineffective for prediction of hydrology unless the soil moisture is accurately estimated. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the soil moisture simulations were most sensitive to soil parameters, and the wilting point was the most identifiable parameter. Significant interactions existed between three soils parameters: porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and Campbell ‘b’ exponent, so they could not be identified independent of each other. There were no significant differences in parameter sensitivity and interaction for different hydroclimatic years. Even though the data record contained a very dry year and another year with a very large rainfall event, this indicated that the soil model could be calibrated without the data needing to explore the extreme range of dry and wet conditions. IBIS was much less sensitive to vegetation parameters. The leaf area index (LAI) could affect the mean of daily soil moisture time series when LAI < 1, while the variance of the soil moisture time series was sensitive to LAI > 1. IBIS was insensitive to the Jackson rooting parameter, suggesting that the effect of the rooting depth distribution on predictions of hydrology was insignificant. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Mindfulness between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Post-Partum Depression: a Ray of Hope

Mothers of a newborn face a lot of physical and psychological challenges and early maladaptive schemas play a significant part in determining long-term negative consequences such as post-partum depressive symptoms. This research proposed that mindfulness could play a positive role between the early schemas and post-partum depressive symptoms among new mothers. Data was collected from a sample of 170 mothers who gave birth from February 2020 to August 2020. The young schema questionnaire-SF, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, and the Kentucky inventory for mindfulness scale were administered. Study findings show mindfulness mediates the association between five sub-domains of maladaptive schemas namely impaired autonomy, impaired limits, disconnection, over-vigilance, other-directedness, and post-partum depression. Findings indicate that mindfulness could be a contributing factor against postpartum symptoms and play significant role in mother and infant’s well -being during the challenging time of transition.
Grain‐size dependence of the magnetic behavior of pyrrhotite during its low‐temperature transition at 34 K

The grain-size dependent behavior of pyrrhotite during a magnetic LT-transition at 34 K is suitable for granulometric purposes. Cycling down to liquid Helium temperature suppresses soft MD Jrs more than hard SD Jrs, so that it may be effective in removing soft secondary NRM components. The domain structure of large pyrrhotite grains changes from MD at room temperature to SD or PSD below the LT-transition.
Temporal and spatial variability of total ozone column using TOMS satellite observations and comparison with measurements from the Dobson network

This article presents a detailed analysis of seasonal and interannual variability of total ozone content (TOC) at 16 different stations in Africa using Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data for a period of 14 years (January 1979–December 1992). The analysis provides not only an estimate of the long-term annual and seasonal trends but also statistics of means and variability of ozone on temporal and spatial scales. For example, high negative deviations were observed for stations in Northern Africa in spring (March–May), with as much as –20 DU in Alexandria. A comparison of total ozone column data retrieved from the TOMS satellite with measurements obtained from the Dobson ground-based network is further presented for Cairo, Irene, Nairobi and Springbok. Estimates of the percentage seasonal difference between TOMS satellite and Dobson ground-based measurements reveal that the ground measurements were higher in magnitude at all stations with the exception of Nairobi. To verify the level of correlation between the ground-based and satellite observations, rank correlation coefficients were determined for all stations using daily and monthly observations. The results show that there is good correlation between the compared data sets, with daily coefficient of determination (r 2) values of 0.87, 0.76, 0.58 and 0.87 for Cairo, Irene, Nairobi and Springbok, respectively.
A comparison of multi-polarization and multi-angular approaches for estimating bare soil surface roughness from spaceborne radar data

Soil surface roughness and moisture content both have a significant effect on microwave backscatter to the satellite. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the optimum sensor configuration for existing radar satellites to quantify soil surface roughness. A simulation study using theoretical and empirical models permits the estimation of the sensitivity of the backscatter coefficient to relative variations in soil parameters in terms of radar characteristics. Two different configurations for estimating surface roughness were tested, multi-polarization (co-polarizations) and multi-angular, and the results of the multi-angular configuration provided the best results. A normalized radar backscatter soil roughness index (NBRI) is presented for estimating soil roughness from a multi-angular approach using sensors such as RADARSAT-1. This index was tested using the geometric optics model (GOM) and RADARSAT data. Coefficients of determination of 99% and 83%, respectively, were obtained for each simulation.
Synthesis of pyridinium-based ionic liquids and their application to improve Candida rugosa lipase stability in a methanol-water solvent system

This paper studied the effect of pyridinium-based ionic liquids as cosolvents in a methanol-water solvent system on the hydrolytic activity of Candida rugosa lipase. These ionic liquids were successfully synthesized using imidazolium-based ionic liquid synthesizing methods with a certain adjustment. The hydrolytic activity of Candida rugosa lipase was analyzed using 4-nitrophenol acetate (pNPA) and 4-nitrophenol palmitate (pNPP) as substrates. The addition of ionic liquids had no significant effect on the hydrolytic activity of lipase in a water solvent, and it had a greater effect in methanol. The addition of [C6Py] Br ionic liquid as a methanol cosolvent (methanol: ionic liquid, 10:5) could increase the hydrolytic activity of lipase. The use of ionic liquid as a cosolvent could increase the hydrolytic activity of lipase by about 15.61% while using pNPP as a substrate in the methanol system. A molecular dynamics study for the interaction between lipase and ionic liquids supported the experimental results. The ionic liquid using bromide as an anion provided more stability on lipase conformation. It tends to form the short-range interaction between the lipase and bromide anion.
Magnetic field structure of Saturn's dayside magnetosphere and its mapping to the ionosphere: Results from ring current modeling

[1] Ring current modeling in Saturn's magnetosphere using Pioneer-11, Voyager, and Cassini data has shown that the size and strength of the current system grows with the extension of the magnetosphere, governed by the solar wind dynamic pressure. Here we show that the consequent middle magnetosphere field is quasi-dipolar in form when the magnetosphere is strongly compressed, but extends into a magnetodisc when it is strongly expanded. We also show that the region occupied by the modeled ring current corresponds to an essentially fixed shell of field lines that expands and contracts with the size of the system, thus mapping to an almost fixed co-latitude range in Saturn's ionosphere, between ∼14° and ∼20° in the northern hemisphere, and ∼16° and ∼22° in the southern hemisphere. The median dayside UV auroral oval is found to map from near the poleward edge of the modeled ring current toward the boundary of open field lines at smaller co-latitudes. In the equatorial plane this corresponds to a layer ∼2–5 Saturn radius wide (depending on magnetosphere size), extending from near the outer edge of the ring current to the vicinity of the magnetopause.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Development and psychometric properties of the Patient-Head Injury Participation Scale (P-HIPS) and the Patient-Head Injury Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale (P-HINAS): patient and family determined outcomes scales

Objective: To develop a measure to assess post-acute outcome following from traumatic brain injury (TBI) with particular emphasis on the emotional and the behavioral outcome. The second objective was to assess the test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and factor structure of the newly developed patient version of the Head Injury Participation Scale (P-HIPS) and Patient-Head Injury Neurobehavioral Scale (P-HINAS). Method: Thirty-two TBI individuals and 27 carers took part in in-depth qualitative interviews exploring the consequences of the TBI. Interview transcripts were analyzed and key themes and concepts were used to construct the 49-item P-HIPS. A postal survey was then conducted on a cohort of 113 TBI patients to ‘ﬁ eld test’ the P-HIPS and the P-HINAS. Results: All individual 49 items of the P-HIPS and their total score showed good test–retest reliability (0.93) and internal consistency (0.95). The P-HIPS showed a very good correlations with the Mayo Portland Adaptability Inventory-3 (MPAI-3) (0.87) and a moderate negative correlation with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) (–0.51). Factor analysis extracted the following domains: ‘Emotion/Behavior,’ ‘Independence/Community Living,’ ‘Cognition’ and ‘Physical’. The ‘Emotion/Behavior’ factor constituted the P-HINAS, which showed good internal consistency (0.93), test–retest reliability (0.91) and concurrent validity with MPAI subscale (0.82). Conclusions: Both the P-HIPS and the P-HINAS show strong psychometric properties. The qualitative methodology employed in the construction stage of the questionnaires provided good evidence of face and content validity.