Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Novel HEMT structures using a strained InGaP Schottky layer

The authors propose a new structure for InGaAs/InAlAs high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) using a strained InGaP Schottky contact layer to achieve selective wet gate recess etching and to improve reliability for thermal stress. Strained In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/P grown on InAlAs has been revealed to have sufficient Schottky barrier height for use as a gate contact. InGaAs/InAlAs HEMTs using an In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/P layer have been grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and 1/spl mu/m-gate devices have been fabricated. High selectivity in gate recess etching and higher reliability during thermal treatment have been demonstrated. <<ETX>>
Trends of Tuberculosis Disease from 2013–2018 in Bale Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Retrospective Review

Purpose Tuberculosis is a common global public health problem. Ethiopia is among the thirty top Tuberculosis burden countries. Trends of tuberculosis disease in general and at the district level in the Bale Zone have not been assessed and no adequate information existed for informed decision-making. This study was to describe the trends and physical distribution of the tuberculosis disease in the Bale Zone from 2013 to 2018. Methods We reviewed the reported data of tuberculosis from 2013 to 2018 in March 2019 and extracted data of tuberculosis from the Bale Zone health information system database. Analysis of the six-year data of tuberculosis was conducted after the data was cleaned and checked for completeness. Results We recruited a total of 11, 268 tuberculosis cases. The proportions of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis (SS+), sputum smear-negative tuberculosis (SS−), and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases were 40.4%, 29.6% and 30%, respectively. Of all cases, 81.9% are aged greater than 15 years. Prevalence of all types of tuberculosis was 0.005%, 0.127%, 0.133%, 0.136%, 0.131% and 0.093% in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The death rate from positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 0%. 2.74, 2.10, 2.06, 1.04, and 2.75 in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The highest average prevalence rate was 198, 152 and 142 per 100,000 populations in Berbere, Rayitu, and Gura-Dhamole Woreda, respectively. Conclusion The proportion of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis was high in the Bale Zone. Bale Zone should give more attention to the Tuberculosis program to tackle sputum smear positive. We recommended researchers investigate further research to identify determinants in districts with a high prevalence rate of tuberculosis.
Rationality problem for algebraic tori

We give the complete stably rational classification of algebraic tori of dimensions $4$ and $5$ over a field $k$. In particular, the stably rational classification of norm one tori whose Chevalley modules are of rank $4$ and $5$ is given. We show that there exist exactly $487$ (resp. $7$, resp. $216$) stably rational (resp. not stably but retract rational, resp. not retract rational) algebraic tori of dimension $4$, and there exist exactly $3051$ (resp. $25$, resp. $3003$) stably rational (resp. not stably but retract rational, resp. not retract rational) algebraic tori of dimension $5$. We make a procedure to compute a flabby resolution of a $G$-lattice effectively by using the computer algebra system GAP. Some algorithms may determine whether the flabby class of a $G$-lattice is invertible (resp. zero) or not. Using the algorithms, we determine all the flabby and coflabby $G$-lattices of rank up to $6$ and verify that they are stably permutation. We also show that the Krull-Schmidt theorem for $G$-lattices holds when the rank $\leq 4$, and fails when the rank is $5$. Indeed, there exist exactly $11$ (resp. $131$) $G$-lattices of rank $5$ (resp. $6$) which are decomposable into two different ranks. Moreover, when the rank is $6$, there exist exactly $18$ $G$-lattices which are decomposable into the same ranks but the direct summands are not isomorphic. We confirm that $H^1(G,F)=0$ for any Bravais group $G$ of dimension $n\leq 6$ where $F$ is the flabby class of the corresponding $G$-lattice of rank $n$. In particular, $H^1(G,F)=0$ for any maximal finite subgroup $G\leq {\rm GL}(n,\mathbb{Z})$ where $n\leq 6$. As an application of the methods developed, some examples of not retract (stably) rational fields over $k$ are given.
A 20 centimeter survey of compact sources in the northern Galactic plane

Un survey VLA du plan galactique a 20 cm dans l'etendue des longitudes -20° ≤ l ≤ 120° pour des latitudes galactiques |b| ≤ 0.8° a resulte en un catalogue de 1992 radiosources discretes. Ce survey a revele une forte concentration d'objets a basse latitude dans 50° du centre galactique avec une hauteur d'echelle d'environ 25 pc. Ce sous-ensemble de population I du catalogue est domine par des sources avec des diametres entre 3 et 20 secondes d'arc et sont probablement des regions H II compactes et ultracompactes. Quelques autres sources sont brievement discutees et les proprietes des diverses populations de radiosources representees dans le survey sont commentees.
Absence of algebraic relations and of zero divisors under the assumption of finite non-microstates free Fisher information

We show that in a tracial and finitely generated $W^\ast$-probability space existence of conjugate variables in an appropriate sense exclude algebraic relations for the generators. Moreover, under the assumption of finite non-microstates free Fisher information, we prove that there are no zero divisors in the sense that the product of any non-commutative polynomial in the generators with any element from the von Neumann algebra is zero if and only if at least one of those factors is zero.
Spectrum of the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process on a periodic lattice-first excited states

We consider the spectrum of the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process on a periodic lattice of L sites. The first eigenstates have an eigenvalue with real part scaling as L − 3 / 2 ? > for large L with finite density of particles. Bethe ansatz shows that these eigenstates are characterized by four finite sets of positive half-integers, or equivalently by two integer partitions. Each corresponding eigenvalue is found to be equal to the value at its saddle point of a function indexed by the four sets. Our derivation of the large L asymptotics relies on a version of the Euler–Maclaurin formula with square root singularities at both ends of the summation range.
Global weak solutions to the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations of compressible heat-conducting flows with symmetric data and forces

We prove the global existence of weak solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible heat-conducting fluids in two spatial dimensions with initial data and external forces which are large and spherically symmetric. The solutions will be obtained as the limit of the approximate solutions in an annular domain. We first derive a number of regularity results on the approximate physical quantities in the ``fluid region'', as well as the new uniform integrability of the velocity and temperature in the entire space-time domain by exploiting the theory of the Orlicz spaces. By virtue of these a priori estimates we then argue in a manner similar to that in [Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 173 (2004), 297-343] to pass to the limit and show that the limiting functions are indeed a weak solution which satisfies the mass and momentum equations in the entire space-time domain in the sense of distributions, and the energy equation in any compact subset of the ``fluid region''.
Musical Experience Relates to Insula-Based Functional Connectivity in Older Adults

Engaging in musical activities throughout the lifespan may protect against age-related cognitive decline and modify structural and functional connectivity in the brain. Prior research suggests that musical experience modulates brain regions that integrate different modalities of sensory information, such as the insula. Most of this research has been performed in individuals classified as professional musicians; however, general musical experiences across the lifespan may also confer beneficial effects on brain health in older adults. The current study investigated whether general musical experience, characterized using the Goldsmith Music Sophistication Index (Gold-MSI), was associated with functional connectivity in older adults (age = 65.7 ± 4.4, n = 69). We tested whether Gold-MSI was associated with individual differences in the functional connectivity of three a priori hypothesis-defined seed regions in the insula (i.e., dorsal anterior, ventral anterior, and posterior insula). We found that older adults with more musical experience showed greater functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior insula and the precentral and postcentral gyrus, and between the ventral anterior insula and diverse brain regions, including the insula and prefrontal cortex, and decreased functional connectivity between the ventral anterior insula and thalamus (voxel p < 0.01, cluster FWE p < 0.05). Follow-up correlation analyses showed that the singing ability subscale score was key in driving the association between functional connectivity differences and musical experience. Overall, our findings suggest that musical experience, even among non-professional musicians, is related to functional brain reorganization in older adults.
Manipulation of innate immune signaling pathways by SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, induces an unbalanced immune response in the host. For instance, the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the response to it, which act as a front-line defense against virus invasion, are inhibited during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms. Studies on the closely related betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV, showed that viral proteins such as Nsp1, Orf6 and nucleocapsid protein inhibit IFN-β production and responses at multiple steps. Given the conservation of these proteins between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, it is not surprising that SARS-CoV-2 deploys similar immune evasion strategies. Here, we carried out a screen to examine the role of individual SARS-CoV-2 proteins in regulating innate immune signaling, such as the activation of transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB and the response to type I and type II IFN. In addition to established roles of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we report that SARS-CoV-2 proteins Nsp6 and Orf8 inhibit the type I IFN response but at different stages. Orf6 blocks the translocation of STAT1 and STAT2 into the nucleus, whereas ORF8 inhibits the pathway in the nucleus after STAT1/2 translocation. SARS-CoV-2 Orf6 also suppresses IRF3 activation and TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation.
Developing an Immersive Virtual Reality Training System to Enrich Social Interaction and Communication Skills for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Virtual Reality systems take an important place in training and rehabilitation of children with psychological problems. This paper proposes developing an Immersive Virtual Reality Training System in Unity software to enrich social interaction and communication skills for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Individuals with ASD have trouble with social interaction, adaptation to new surroundings and communication. In this system the behavior of the virtual trainer changes depending on the mood and actions of the patients. The face and speech recognition uses an integration of Artificial Intelligent algorithms with Virtual Reality in Unity software which is implemented in C# programming language. Virtual characters and objects of the training system are designed in Autodesk Maya software. Integration with Virtual Reality carried out using wireless VR headset Oculus Quest2. Earlier research works found that applications with virtual reality have the potential to provide useful clinical treatments for people with autism. The proposed VR Training system will be an innovative solution for the rehabilitation of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. This system is offered to users with a high degree of interactivity and practicing various social situations in a safe and controlled environment. With the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the integration of virtual reality training systems has become extremely important. The use of such high-tech solutions allows patients who need the treatment to receive therapy without leaving home. This development of the Immersive Virtual Reality Training System is the first experience of treating children with autism in Kazakhstan.
Quercetin Loaded Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in a Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel—A Novel Intravesical Therapy Tackling Bladder Cancer

The study aim was to develop an intravesical delivery system of quercetin for bladder cancer management in order to improve drug efficacy, attain a controlled release profile and extend the residence time inside the bladder. Either uncoated or chitosan coated quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared and evaluated in terms of colloidal, morphological and thermal characteristics. Drug encapsulation efficiency and its release behaviour were assessed. Furthermore, cytotoxicity of SLNs on T-24 cells was evaluated. Ex vivo studies were carried out using bovine bladder mucosa. Spherical SLNs (≈250 nm) ensured good entrapment efficiencies (EE > 97%) and sustained drug release up to 142 h. Cytotoxicity profile revealed concentration-dependent toxicity recording an IC50 in the range of 1.6–8.9 μg/mL quercetin. SLNs were further dispersed in in situ hydrogels comprising poloxamer 407 (20%) with mucoadhesive polymers. In situ gels exhibited acceptable gelation temperatures (around 25 °C) and long erosion time (24–27 h). SLNs loaded gels displayed remarkably enhanced retention on bladder tissues relative to SLNs dispersions. Coated SLNs exhibited better penetration abilities compared to uncoated ones, while coated SLNs dispersed in gel (G10C-St-QCT-SLNs-2) showed the highest penetration up to 350 μm. Hence, G10C-St-QCT-SLNs-2 could be considered as a platform for intravesical quercetin delivery.
Antisymmetric Paramodular Forms of Weights 2 and 3

We define an algebraic set in $23$-dimensional projective space whose ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$-rational points correspond to meromorphic, antisymmetric, paramodular Borcherds products. We know two lines inside this algebraic set. Some rational points on these lines give holomorphic Borcherds products and thus construct examples of Siegel modular forms on degree 2 paramodular groups. Weight $3$ examples provide antisymmetric canonical differential forms on Siegel modular three-folds. Weight $2$ is the minimal weight and these examples, via the paramodular conjecture, give evidence for the modularity of some rank 1 abelian surfaces defined over $\mathbb{Q}$.
Macroscopic and mesoscopic modeling based on the concept of generalized stresses for cutting simulation

Based on the concept of generalized stresses proposed by GURTIN [2] and FOREST et al. [1] macro‐ and meso‐scopic modelling are presented. For the macroscopic modelling we develop a multi‐mechanism model for strain rate and temperature dependent asymmetric plastic material behavior accompanied by phase transformation with consideration of the trip‐strain. Furthermore, we extend the multi‐mechanism model with the gradient of phase fraction, which is considered as an extra degree of freedom. For mesoscopic modelling a phase field model is implemented for describing phase transformations. For the scenario of a cutting process we have a martensite‐austenite‐martensite transformation. A generalized principle of virtual power is postulated involving generalized stresses and used to derive the constitutive equations for both approaches. Furthermore, parameters of the multi‐mechanism model related to visco‐plasticity with SD‐effect and the trip‐strain are identified for the material DIN 100Cr6. In the examples a cutting simulation for testing the multi‐mechanism model and a phase‐transformation simulation are shown. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Geometry of Lagrangian self-shrinking tori and applications to the piecewise Lagrangian mean curvature flow

abstract:We study geometric properties of the Lagrangian self-shrinking tori in $\Bbb{R}^4$. When the area is bounded above uniformly, we prove that the entropy for the Lagrangian self-shrinking tori can only take finitely many values; this is done by deriving a {\L}ojasiewicz-Simon type gradient inequality for the branched conformal self-shrinking tori and then combining with a compactness theorem. When the area bound is small, we show that any Lagrangian self-shrinking torus in $\Bbb{R}^4$ with small area is embedded with uniform curvature estimates, and the space of such tori is compact.Using the finiteness of entropy values, we construct a piecewise Lagrangian mean curvature flow for Lagrangian immersed tori in $\Bbb{R}^4$, along which the Lagrangian condition is preserved, area is decreasing, and the type I singularities that are compact with a fixed area upper bound can be perturbed away in finite steps. This is a Lagrangian version of the construction for embedded surfaces in $\Bbb{R}^3$ by Colding-Minicozzi.
Observational Constraints on the Diffusion of Cosmic-Ray Electrons in Spiral Galaxies

We present quantitative tests of the "smearing" model which relates radio and infrared images of spiral galaxies. We test whether the radio image appears as a smeared version of the infrared image in 24 spirals and one irregular, using 20 cm radio images and 60 μm infrared images processed to the same resolution of ≲1'. Previous work by Bicay & Helou, assuming circularly symmetric, exponentially profiled disks, suggested that the smearing function is best approximated by an exponential radial profile. Our detailed assessment of the shape and size of the smearing function is free of those assumptions. We used two different approaches: (1) parameterized fits to exponential and Gaussian functions, each either circularly symmetric or elongated along the disk's tilt axis, and (2) direct estimation of the form of the kernel by deconvolution of the radio image against the infrared image. We conclude that: 1. The radio images are indeed reproduced to reasonable accuracy by smearing the infrared images with positive-valued kernels with model-error residuals ≤10% of the local radio intensity over an intensity range of almost 2 orders of magnitude. 2. Most estimated smearing scales are smaller than 2 kpc and are typically 50% smaller than those reported by Bicay & Helou. This discrepancy is most likely due to the specific infrared intensity distribution assumed by Bicay & Helou. 3. The discrimination between exponential and Gaussian smearing kernels is marginal in most cases: above the 90% confidence level, only four galaxies are better fit by exponential kernels, and none is better fit by a Gaussian. There is also no improvement in the goodness of fit if we use direct deconvolution rather than parametric Gaussian or exponential fitting. 4. There is no evidence for a change of shape of the smearing kernel from one quadrant of the galaxy disk to another. The smearing is therefore unlikely to be elongated in the radial direction. 5. For some but not all galaxies inclined to the line of sight by 45° or more, the smearing function is significantly elongated parallel to the apparent major axis. The elongation tends to be associated with exponentially shaped smearing kernels and with smearing scale lengths exceeding 1 kpc. This suggests that confinement heights in the disks are on the order of 1 kpc, and smaller scale smearing corresponds to negligible escape of cosmic-ray electrons. 6. The radio-to-infrared ratio is statistically indistinguishable between galaxies with exponential smearing kernels and galaxies with Gaussian kernels. This argues in favor of the Helou & Bicay smearing model.
Estimating the variance of raking‐ratio estimators

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic properties of the converged solution of the raking-ratio estimator. After a description of the raking-ratio estimation procedure, we show that the estimator can be unbiased in the presence of nonresponse if the nonresponse has a particular structure. We also give the asymptotic variance of the estimator. Finally, the results of two numerical applications are presented. Cet article s'interesse aux proprietes asymptotiques de la solution apres convergence de l'estimateur par le quotient obtenu par ratissage. Apres avoir decrit la procedure de ratissage et l'estimateur qui en decoule, nous montrons que ce dernier peut etre sans biais en presence de non-reponse si la non-reponse admet une structure particuliere. Nous fournissons egalement la variance asymptotique de l'estimateur. Finalement, nous presentons les resultats de deux applications numeriques.
On highly supercritical oriented percolation in two dimensions

We consider independent and $m$-dependent two-dimensional oriented site percolation with open-site density close to one started from Bernoulli product measures. We show that the probability of an occupied interval in the former process admits a lower bound which converges exponentially fast in time to the probability that the interval percolates. To this end, we derive sharp exponential bounds regarding the density of thinnings of the infinite cluster in this process started from the origin. Our approach offers a unified manner for deriving improvements to certain asymptotics invoked as auxiliary statements in studies of particle systems via renormalization group techniques.
On the switching behavior of sparse optimal controls for the one-dimensional heat equation

An optimal boundary control problem for the one-dimensional heat equation is considered. The objective functional includes a standard quadratic terminal observation, a Tikhonov regularization term with regularization parameter $\nu$, and the $L^1$-norm of the control that accounts for sparsity. The switching structure of the optimal control is discussed for $\nu \ge 0$. Under natural assumptions, it is shown that the set of switching points of the optimal control is countable with the final time as only possible accumulation point. The convergence of switching points is investigated for $\nu \searrow 0$.
Theoretical emission-line strengths for Fe XXIII and a comparison with solar observational data

Electron impact excitation rates, calculated with a relativistic version of the R-matrix code, are presented for all transitions among the 2s 2 , 2s2p, and 2p 2 levels of Fe XXIII. These data are used to derive theoretical electron temperature sensitive emission-line ratios involving Fe XXIII transitions in the 132-1100 A wavelength range. A comparison of our theoretical results for the ratio R 1 =I(2s 21 S-2s2p 1 P)/I(2s 2 1 1 S-2s2p 3 P 1 )=I(132.81 A)/I(263.79 A) with the observed value for a solar flare, obtained with the Goddard Space Flight Center's grating spectrometer on the OSO 5 satellite, reveals good agreement between theory and observation