Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geochemical signatures in the coral Montastraea: Modern and mid-Holocene perspectives

In the first phase of this project, four decades of monthly resolved geochemical variations from two massive heads of Montastraea were used to explore the reproducibility of the geochemical signal in these two corals from Looe Key, Florida. The coral δ 18 O and δ 13 C records of the two corals have statistically indistinguishable mean values, which is not the case for the coral Sr/Ca records implying that nonenvironmental factors are influencing coral Sr/Ca. Calibration equations relating coral geochemistry variations to environmental variations at Looe Key are different from previously published equations for Montastraea. These calibration differences are not related to growth-related kinetic effects, but may reflect variations in seawater chemistry in the coastal waters of the Florida Keys. Additional studies are needed to identify the causes of the observed geochemical variability. In the second phase of this study, fourteen decades of monthly resolved geochemical variations in another Montastraea coral from Looe Key, Florida were compared to records of sea-surface temperature (SST). Coral Sr/Ca and δ 18 O variations have a weak relationship with variations in SST and skeletal extension rates; however, many events in the Sr/Ca and δ 18 O records are coincident with anomalies in SST, growth, viii or precipitation. Strong coupling exists between Sr/Ca and δ 18 O in both anomaly and mean annual perspectives, which reflects the combined influence of SST and growthrelated processes on the geochemical signal. Separating these impacts proved to be problematic due to modest agreements with each forcing variable. In the final phase of this study, geochemical records from three, mid-Holocene (~5 ka) fossil Montastraea corals from the Dry Tortugas, Florida were compared with geochemical records from modern Montastraea corals from the same region to investigate temporal changes in climate. Stable isotopic records show significant changes through time, which can be interpreted in terms of environmental variation; however, large inter-coral variability between modern specimens of Montastraea precludes meaningful assessment of Sr/Ca. The pattern and mean δ 18 O values in the fossil corals reflects changes in both temperature and salinity are reminiscent of centennial-scale variability present in other records from this region.
Osmotic flow through a Cretaceous clay in southern Saskatchewan, Canada

Clays and shales can act as semipermeable membranes, causing osmotic flow and (or) osmotically induced fluid pressures. Despite laboratory proof of the osmotic behaviour of clay-rich geologic material, the influence of this osmotic behaviour on in situ groundwater flow and solute transport is inconclusive. This is due in part to the lack of laboratory experimental work involving undisturbed core samples, and to the lack of field-scale research. The ability of undisturbed clay samples to conduct flow hydraulically and osmotically was investigated using dilute salt solutions. Undisturbed Cretaceous clay samples from southern Saskatchewan were used in a laboratory experimental program. The experiments included constant-head hydraulic conductivity (Kh) tests and osmotic flow tests conducted over a range of pore-fluid concentrations of 0.0541.12 equiv. /L. The clay samples exhibited semipermeable membrane behaviour by conducting flow osmotically. The hydraulic conductivity of the clay increased by a factor of .
‘Hummocky cross‐stratification‐like structures in deep‐sea turbidites: Upper Cretaceous Basque basins (Western Pyrenees, France)’ by Mulder et al. (2009), Sedimentology, 56, 997–1015: Discussion

Mulder et al. (2009) found a few event beds with a hummocky cross-stratification (HCS)-like structure in the upper three formations (ca 1300 m thick; Coniacian-Campanian) of the ‘Basque calcareous flysch’ (Guéthary Flintstone Flysch, Socoa Marly Limestone and Hayzabia Flysch, in ascending order). Hummocky cross-stratification is usually attributed to storm-wave influence (Harms et al., 1975), implying shelf water depths. However, Mulder et al. (2009) accepted the deepsea interpretation of the Basque calci-‘turbidites’ by previous authors and interpreted the HCS-like structure as antidune stratification formed by turbidity current standing waves, following Prave & Duke (1990) who found scarce beds with similar, short-wavelength (decimetre) HCS in the subjacent Béhobie Limestones. This Discussion questions the antidune and deep-sea interpretations, proposing instead that the structure is (small-scale) HCS and that the studied event beds are shelf storm beds, supporting the original hypothesis that HCS is invariably a storm-wave indicator (Harms et al., 1975), with implications for petroleum reservoir prediction.
The micro-erosion meter: Use and limitations

Detection of anomalies in measurements of low rates of limestone surface lowering with a traversing micro-erosion meter (MEM) led to temperature-controlled laboratory and field investigations of some sources of error in the method. Regressions for the correction of temperature change in the instrument and in the stud-rock interface were obtained. Probe erosion tests permitted a correction to be devised and also provided information whereby a measure of operational irregularity was adopted. Corrections and error terms were applied to field measurements from two southern New South Wales karsts and a collection of Australian limestone slabs exposed at one site. Examination of these results and of published MEM rates from other parts of the world validated the MEM method. Marine platforms are lowered at such gross rates that these error sources may be neglected there. However limestone lowering in terrestrial environments cannot be assumed to proceed at rates which permit this and recommendations are made about procedures to ensure that investigations are prosecuted within the limitations of the method.
Thermal effects of gabbro accretion from a deeper second melt lens at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise

Motivated by recent observations, a ridge model has been developed which includes both a shallow melt lens and a second deeper melt lens above the Moho to assess the thermal effect of the gabbro accretion from the lower melt lens at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise. Modeling results argue for a limited role of the lower melt lens in constructing the layer 3 gabbros. If significant (>10%) amount of the layer 3 gabbros is emplaced near the Moho, then the liberated latent heat during crystallization would generate a large “molten” section of the lower crust due to the inability of cold seawater to penetrate into this hot/ductile region. A large molten section of the lower crust is not consistent with recent seismic tomographic results of the East Pacific Rise. Thus it is likely that the amount of the gabbro being emplaced from the lower melt lens at the EPR is significantly less than that suggested by Oman ophiolite studies, such a lower melt lens is short-lived, or a large portion of the sill intrusions observed at Oman was emplaced at a few kilometers off axis (>3–4 km).
Differential Diffusivity of Nodal and Lefty Underlies a Reaction-Diffusion Patterning System

Reaction-Diffusion Patterning Six decades ago, Alan Turing proposed the reaction-diffusion model to explain how complex patterns emerge during morphogenesis. In this model, an activator activates both itself and an inhibitor (the “reaction”), with the activator being less mobile than the inhibitor (“diffusion”). Many activator/inhibitor pairs have been described, but the role of differential mobility versus differential clearance of activators and inhibitors is often unclear. Now, Müller et al. (p. 721, published online 12 April) show that during zebrafish embryogenesis, the activator Nodal has lower diffusivity than the inhibitor Lefty, while both molecules are cleared at similar rates, which supports the idea that Nodal and Lefty form a classical reaction-diffusion system. The inhibitor Lefty diffuses more widely than the activator Nodal. Biological systems involving short-range activators and long-range inhibitors can generate complex patterns. Reaction-diffusion models postulate that differences in signaling range are caused by differential diffusivity of inhibitor and activator. Other models suggest that differential clearance underlies different signaling ranges. To test these models, we measured the biophysical properties of the Nodal/Lefty activator/inhibitor system during zebrafish embryogenesis. Analysis of Nodal and Lefty gradients revealed that Nodals have a shorter range than Lefty proteins. Pulse-labeling analysis indicated that Nodals and Leftys have similar clearance kinetics, whereas fluorescence recovery assays revealed that Leftys have a higher effective diffusion coefficient than Nodals. These results indicate that differential diffusivity is the major determinant of the differences in Nodal/Lefty range and provide biophysical support for reaction-diffusion models of activator/inhibitor-mediated patterning.
Study limitations in report of Suicidal Behavior among Women With Co-occurring PTSD and Borderline Personality Disorder

linked to hypoxemia or hypoxia, such as sleep apnea, air pollution, and asthma, have also been reported to increase the risk for suicide. Further research will be needed to clarify the role that metabolic stress plays in rates of self-harm in vulnerable populations. in a large nationally representative sample by comparing individuals with PTSD alone (N=1,820), borderline personality disorder alone (N=1290), and comorbid PTSD and borderline personality disorder (N=643). This study found that individu-
Reappraisal of the ages of Neoproterozoic strata in south China; no connection with the Grenvillian Orogeny

The Jiangnan fold belt separates the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in South China and has long been considered Grenvillian in age in order to place South China in central Rodinia. It consists of deformed Early Neoproterozoic strata that are unconformably overlain by undeformed Late Neoproterozoic strata and intruded by undeformed and unmetamorphosed granitic plutons. Zircons from the Early Neoproterozoic strata yield U-Pb ages as young as 830 Ma, and one granitic pluton has a zircon U-Pb age of ca. 827 Ma. The ≥830 Ma mafic rocks along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze block have arc-affinity geochemical characters, whereas mafic rocks younger than 830 Ma have typical ocean island basalt (OIB)—like compositions. Thus, we suggest that the Early Neoproterozoic strata were deposited on an active continental margin prior to amalgamation of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks at ca. 830 Ma. The overlying Late Neoproterozoic strata were deposited in the intracontinental rifted Nanhua Basin at 820–730 Ma and probably reflect backarc spreading above the long-lived (950–735 Ma) oceanic subduction zone along the northern and western margin of the Yangtze block. This model is consistent with the secular tectonic evolution of South China during the Neoproterozoic. The Jiangnan fold belt is therefore not a Grenvillian feature as previously suggested, and there is no evidence to place South China in central Rodinia. Instead, we believe that South China was located in a marginal position relative to this supercontinent.
Morphology and dynamics of Venus oxygen airglow from Venus Express/Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer observations

[1] Images obtained by the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS)-M channel instrument onboard Venus Express have been used to retrieve maps and apparent motions of the O2 (1Δ) infrared nightglow on Venus at 1.27 μm. The nightglow distribution is highly inhomogeneous with the regions of brightest emission generally located at low latitudes near the midnight meridian. Unexpectedly some orbits show also intense airglow activity over the south polar region. The spatially resolved airglow is spectacularly variable not only in its morphology and intensity but also in the apparent motions of the airglow small- and large-scale structures. Visual tracking of the bright features allowed to obtain mean zonal and meridional motions related to the subsolar to antisolar circulation. The zonal velocity is dominated by an intense prograde jet (contrary to the retrograde planetary rotation) from dawn to midnight extending up to 22 hours in local time with lower velocities and reversed sign from dusk. Typical zonal velocities range between +60 (prograde) to −50 (retrograde) m/s, whereas most meridional velocities range from −20 (poleward) to +100 m/s (equatorward) with an average meridional circulation of +20 m/s toward low latitudes. The brightest small-scale (∼100 km) features appear correlated with locations of apparent convergence which may be a signature of compression and downwelling, whereas this is not evident for the large-scale structures suggesting slow subsidence over large areas mixed with horizontal motions. We argue that part of the tracked motions are representative of real motions at the mesosphere over an altitude range of 95–107 km.
Mineralisation of organic matter in intact versus sieved/refilled soil cores

In a 6-month laboratory incubation study, we compared the net C and N mineralisation of the soil organic matter (SOM) of 3 pasture soils and the mineralisation of glucose-C in intact versus sievedsrefilled soil cores. The main questions were whether the net C and N mineralisation differed between intact and sievedsrefilled soil cores after a conditioning period of 4 weeks, and how much the C and N mineralisation of SOM differed among the similarly managed pasture soils. Apart from the net nitrogen mineralisation in one soil, there were no significant differences in cumulated mineralisation of C or N from SOM between the core types. In a fine-textured soil, net mineralisation of glucose-C differed significantly between core types, which was attributed to the different distribution of the amended glucose in intact and sievedsrefilled cores. Net C and N mineralisation of SOM were closely correlated in the sievedsrefilled cores, whereas no significant correlation was found in the intact cores. Expressing net C and N mineralisation as percentages of total soil C and N showed a more than 2-fold maximum difference between the soils in spite of similar long-term organic matter input. Subsequent studies should be done using more replicates and wider diameter, better controllable cores on ceramic plates. CO2, net nitrogen mineralisation (NNM), soil microbial biomass.
Ranking climate models by performance using actual values and anomalies: Implications for climate change impact assessments

Reducing uncertainty in climate projections can involve giving less credence to Atmosphere‐Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) for which the simulated future climate is judged to be unreliable. Reliability is commonly assessed by comparing AOGCM output with observations. A desirable property of any AOGCM skill score is that resulting AOGCM‐performance rankings should show some consistency when derived using observations from different time periods. Notably, earlier work has demonstrated inconsistency between rankings obtained for 20‐year periods in the 20th century based on global and regional comparisons of simulated and observed near‐surface temperature anomalies. Here, we demonstrate that AOGCM‐performance rankings derived from actual temperatures, which incorporate AOGCM biases in climatological means, can be used to identify AOGCMs that perform consistently well or poorly across multiple 20‐year periods in the 20th century. This result supports the use of comparisons of simulated and observed actual values of climate variables when assessing the reliability of AOGCMs.
ÖĞRETMENLERİN 4+4+4 ZORUNLU EĞİTİM SİSTEMİNE İLİŞİKİN GÖRÜŞLERİ

Ulkemizde son yillarda egitim sisteminde radikal kararlar alinmakta ve hizla uygulamaya konulmaktadir. Ilk orta ve liselerden olusan okullasma sistemimiz 1997-1998 ogretim yilinda ortaokullar ilkogretime dahil edilerek 8 yillik kesintisiz zorunlu egitime gecilmistir. 30 Mart 2012 tarihinde kabul edilen “6287 Sayili Ilkogretim ve Egitim Yasasi” ile zorunlu egitim 12 yila cikarilarak ilkogretim basta olmak uzere egitimde onemli degisiklikler yapilmistir . Ilgili kanun teklifinin ileri surulmesiyle baslayan tartismalar uygulamaya gecilmesine ragmen bircok platformda yogun bir sekilde devam etmektedir. Sunulan arastirmada ogretmenlerimizin yeni egitim sistemine iliskin gorusleri anket cevaplarina verdikleri yigilmalarla belirlenmeye calisilmistir.
Metastability of granulites and processes of eclogitisation in the UHP region of western Norway

The Flatraket Complex, a granulite facies low strain enclave within the Western Gneiss Region, provides an excellent example of metastability of plagioclase‐bearing assemblages under eclogite facies conditions. Coesite eclogites are found <200 m structurally above and <1 km below the Flatraket Complex, and are separated from it by amphibolite facies gneisses related to pervasive late‐orogenic deformation and overprinting. Granulites within the Flatraket Complex equilibrated at 9–11 kbar, 700–800°C. These predate eclogite facies metamorphism and were preserved metastably in dry undeformed zones under eclogite facies conditions. Approximately 5% of the complex was transformed to eclogite in zones of fluid infiltration and deformation, which were focused along lithological contacts in the margin of the complex. Eclogitisation proceeded by domainal re‐equilibration and disequilibrium breakdown of plagioclase by predominantly hydration reactions. Both hydration and anhydrous plagioclase breakdown reactions were kinetically linked to input of fluid. More pervasive hydration of the complex occurred during exhumation, with fluid infiltration linked to dehydration of external gneisses. Eclogite facies shear zones within the complex equilibrated at 20–23 kbar, 650–800°C, consistent with the lack of coesite and with the equilibration conditions of external HP eclogites. If the complex experienced pressures equivalent to those of nearby coesite eclogites (> 28 kbar), unprecedented metastability of plagioclase and quartz is implied. Alternatively, a tectonic break exists between the Flatraket Complex and UHP eclogites, supporting the concept of a tectonic boundary to the UHP zone of the Western Gneiss Region. The distribution of eclogite and amphibolite facies metamorphic overprints demonstrates that the reactivity of the crust during deep burial and exhumation is strongly controlled by fluid availability, and is a function of the protolith.
Continent‐scale strike‐slip on a low‐angle fault beneath New Zealand's Southern Alps: Implications for crustal thickening in oblique collision zones

New Zealand's Southern Alps lie adjacent to the continent‐scale dextral strike‐slip Alpine Fault, on the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates. We show with a simple 2‐D model of crustal balancing that the observed crustal root and erosion (expressed as equivalent crustal shortening) is up to twice that predicted by the orthogonal plate convergence since ∼11 Ma, and even since ∼23 Ma when the Alpine Fault formed. We consider two explanations for this, involving a strong component of motion along the length of the plate‐boundary zone. Geophysical data indicate that the Alpine Fault has a listric geometry, flattening at mid crustal levels, and has accommodated sideways underthrusting of Australian plate crust beneath Pacific plate crust. The geometry of the crustal root, together with plate reconstructions, requires the underthrust crust to be the hyperextended part of an asymmetric rift system which formed over 500 km farther south during the Eocene—the narrow remnant part today forms the western margin of the Campbell Plateau. At ∼10 Ma, the hyperextended margin underwent shallow subduction in the Puysegur subduction zone, and then was dragged over 300 km along the length of the Southern Alps beneath a low‐angle (<20°) section of the Alpine Fault. We speculate that prior to 10 Ma, more distributed lower crustal shortening and thickening occurred beneath the Southern Alps, accommodating southward extrusion of continental crust in the northern part of the plate boundary zone, providing a mechanism for clockwise rotation of the Hikurangi margin.
An approach to modelling the impact of snow drift on glaciation in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland

This paper uses a Geographical Information System (GIS) to develop a rule-based model of the effect of snow drifting on glacier growth in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland during the Younger Dryas interval. We develop a qualitative model of snow drift that uses a number of simple heuristics to generate a map of relative accumulation at a 50-m resolution over the massif. Relative susceptibility to snow drifting is then compared for a number of different zones under varying wind directions. We conclude that, under the conditions tested in our model, glaciation of the Cairngorms during the Younger Dryas was confined to the high corries and that the pattern of snow drifting suggested by our model points to dominant southerly winds. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation

Over fifty years ago, Vannevar Bush released his enormously influential report, Science, the Endless Frontier, which asserted a dichotomy between basic and applied science. This view was at the core of the compact between government and science that led to the golden age of scientific research after World War IIa compact that is currently under severe stress. In this book, Donald Stokes challenges Bush's view and maintains that we can only rebuild the relationship between government and the scientific community when we understand what is wrong with that view. Stokes begins with an analysis of the goals of understanding and use in scientific research. He recasts the widely accepted view of the tension between understanding and use, citing as a model case the fundamental yet use-inspired studies by which Louis Pasteur laid the foundations of microbiology a century ago. Pasteur worked in the era of the "second industrial revolution," when the relationship between basic science and technological change assumed its modern form. Over subsequent decades, technology has been increasingly science-based. But science has been increasingly technology-based--with the choice of problems and the conduct of research often inspired by societal needs. An example is the work of the quantum-effects physicists who are probing the phenomena revealed by the miniaturization of semiconductors from the time of the transistor's discovery after World War II. On this revised, interactive view of science and technology, Stokes builds a convincing case that by recognizing the importance of use-inspired basic research we can frame a new compact between science and government. His conclusions have major implications for both the scientific and policy communities and will be of great interest to those in the broader public who are troubled by the current role of basic science in American democracy. "