Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seismic Evidence on Different Rifting Mechanisms in Southern and Northern Segments of the Fenhe‐Weihe Rift Zone

The Fenhe‐Weihe Rift (FWR) system is one of the most active rift zones in east China, and plays an important role in the reactivation of the North China Craton. In this work, a high‐resolution 3‐D lithospheric S wave velocity model of the FWR is built by joint inversion of receiver functions and ambient noise. Strong correlation between topography and tectonic features is observed at shallow depths. At great depths, strong heterogeneities are observed along the FWR: (1) high‐velocity anomalies emerge beneath the Weihe and Taiyuan basins in the lower crust; (2) two high‐velocity anomalies are imaged in the uppermost mantle beneath the south to central FWR; and (3) two strong large‐scale, low‐velocity zones are observed beneath the north Trans‐North China Oregon: one is at ~60 km and the other one is much larger with a deeper source. Based on the petrologic properties, geochemical analyses, and seismic images obtained in this work, we propose that the rifting mechanisms between the south and north FWR are different. In the south, the rifting could be mainly caused by the passive effects from the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, while in the north the rifting is due to the combined effects of the asthenosphere upwelling and the counterclockwise rotation of the Ordos block. The uppermost mantle high‐velocity anomalies underneath the south to central part of the FWR could be the remnants of strong ancient cratonic root, and act as mechanical barriers to block the rifting processes between the south and north FWR.
Further evidence for two metamorphic events in the Mawson Continent

Abstract In this study, in situ and erratic samples from George V Coast (East Antarctica) and southern Eyre Peninsula (Australia) have been used to characterize the microstructural, pressure–temperature and geochronological record of upper amphibolite and granulite facies polymetamorphism in the Mawson Continent to provide insight into the spatial distribution of reworking and the subice geology of the Mawson Continent. Monazite U-Pb data shows that in situ samples from the George V Coast record exclusively 2450–2400 Ma ages, whereas most erratic samples from glacial moraines at Cape Denison and the Red Banks Charnockite record only 1720–1690 Ma ages, consistent with known ages of the Sleaford and Kimban events, respectively. Phase equilibria forward modelling reveals considerable overlap of the thermal character of these two events. Samples with unimodal 1720–1690 Ma Kimban ages reflect either formation after the Sleaford event or complete metamorphic overprinting. Rocks recording only 2450–2400 Ma ages were unaffected by the younger Kimban event, perhaps as a result of unreactive rock compositions inherited from the Sleaford event. Our results suggest the subice geology of the Mawson Continent is a pre-Sleaford-aged terrane with a cover sequence reworked during the Kimban event.
Baddeleyite U–Pb age and geochemical data of the mafic dykes from South Qinling: Constraints on the lithospheric extension

The nature of magma sources, time frame, and geodynamic settings of the late Early Paleozoic mafic magmatic activities in the South Qinling Orogen is not clearly understood. The Ziyang area with concentrated and representative outcrops of the late Early Paleozoic mafic dykes was selected as a study area, and detailed petrology, whole‐rock geochemistry, isotopic geochemistry, and baddeleyite U–Pb chronology were combined to reveal the origin of the mafic dykes. Baddeleyite U–Pb chronological study shows that the formation age of the mafic dykes is 425.4 ± 6.4 Ma, indicating they were formed in the Late Silurian. The mafic dykes in the Ziyang area are alkaline rock series, are generally characterized by enriched Rb, Ba, Sr, La, Ce, Nb, and Ta, and have similar geochemical characteristics to those of OIB‐type basalt. The spider diagram of trace elements shows that the mafic dykes are weakly depleted in K and strongly depleted in Zr, Hf, and Ti. The mafic dykes are composed of depleted Nd and Pb isotopes and moderately enriched Sr isotopes, with εNd(t) = +3.4 to +3.6, (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.70382–0.70412, (206Pb/204Pb)i = 17.542–17.802, (207Pb/204Pb)i = 15.557–15.569, and (208Pb/204Pb)i = 37.531–37.880. The elemental and isotopic geochemistry shows that the mafic dykes in the Ziyang area did not undergo crustal contamination during formation and that their geochemical characteristics could reflect the characteristics of their source. Amphibole whose formation was related to metasomatism by carbonate fluids was likely present in the mantle source. Therefore, the mantle source might have underwent metasomatism by carbonate fluids. The mantle metasomatism occurred recently, so the metasomatism of mantle source was likely caused by a subducted ocean plate in the early Neoproterozoic. The mafic dykes in the Ziyang area were formed in an intracontinental rift environment, and mantle plume activities were the main cause of the intracontinental rifting.
Correctness of Local Probability Propagation in GraphicalModels with LoopsYair WeissDept

Graphical models, such as Bayesian networks and Markov networks, represent joint distributions over a set of variables by means of a graph. When the graph is singly connected, local propagation rules of the sort proposed by Pearl (1988) are guaranteed to converge to the correct posterior probabilities. Recently, a number of researchers have empirically demonstrated good performance of these same local propagation schemes on graphs with loops, but a theoretical understanding of this performance has yet to be achieved. For graphical models with a single loop, we derive an analytical relationship between the probabilities computed using local propagation and the correct marginals. Using this relationship we show a category of graphical models with loops for which local propagation gives rise to provably optimal MAP assignments (although the computed marginals will be incorrect). We also show how nodes can use local information in the messages they receive in order to correct their computed marginals. We discuss how these results can be extended to graphical models with multiple loops and show simulation results suggesting that some properties of propagation on single loop graphs may hold for a larger class of graphs. Speciically we discuss the implication of our results for understanding a class of recently proposed error-correcting codes known as \Turbo codes". A B C D a b c Figure 1: Examples of graphical models. Nodes represent variables and the qualitative aspects of the joint probability function are represented by properties of the graph. Shaded nodes represent observed variables. a. A singly connected Bayesian network. b. A singly connected Markov network (A and F are observed). c. A Markov network with a loop. This paper analyzes the behavior of local propagation rules in graphical models with a loop.
Nutrient release dynamics of an accelerated compost: A case study in an Alfisol and Ultisol

Acceleration of composting process could influence fertilizer-efficiency of the accelerated composts. This study therefore evaluated the nutrient release dynamics of different rates of a commercial accelerated compost ( OBD-plus ) in two soils described as Alfisol and Ultisol, under laboratory incubation study, in order to generate information for simulation under field conditions. Accelerated compost (AC) at the rates of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg N ha -1 , mineral fertilizer (NPK 15-15-15) and conventional compost (CC) at 60 kg N ha -1 , were each mixed with 2 mm sieved soil (Alfisol and Ultisol) in cups, and arranged in a completely randomised design with three replications. Soils without amendment served as control. The treated soils were retrieved at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of incubation (WOI), air dried and analysed for pH, organic C, N, P and K, and data analysed using regression test. The results revealed that the 60 kg N ha -1 AC improved the pH, OC, N. P, K by -2%, 11%, 3%, 141% and 4% respectively, across the WOI, on the average of performance in the two soils, comparable with mineral fertilizer (-5%, 8%, -1%, 76%, 4% respectively) and CC (11%, 40%, 3%, 773%, 10% respectively). The 60 kg N ha -1 AC significantly correlated (p<0.05) with time of incubation only with respect to P (0.934) and gave a similar nutrient release pattern compared with mineral fertilizer and CC, in terms of C, N, P and K in both soils. It therefore showed that the accelerated compost evaluated could mineralize in a way similar to conventional compost and mineral fertilizers, despite its shorter composting duration to maturity.
Vibration analysis Of composite beam with crack

Composite beams and beam like elements are principal constituents of many structures and used widely in high speed machinery, aircraft and light weight structures. Crack is a damage that often occurs on members of structures and may cause serious failure of the structures. The influence of cracks on dynamic characteristics like natural frequencies, modes of vibration of structures has been the subject of many investigations. However, the parametric studies like effect of geometry, crack location and support conditions on natural frequencies of composite beam are scarce in literature. In the present work, a numerical study using finite element is performed to investigate the free vibration response of composite beams. The finite element software ANSYS is used to simulate the free vibrations. A variety of parametric studies are carried out to see the effects of various changes in the laminate parameters on the natural frequencies. The parameters investigated include the effects of fiber orientation, the location of cracks relative to the restricted end, depth of cracks, volume fraction of fibers, length of beam and support conditions. The study shows that the highest difference in frequencies occur when the value of the fiber orientation equal to zero degree. The increase of the beam length results in a decrease in the natural frequencies of the composite beam and also shows that an increase of the depth of the cracks leads to a decrease in the values of natural frequencies.
UPGro Hidden Crisis Research Consortium : unravelling past failures for future success in Rural Water Supply. Survey 1 Results, Country Report Ethiopia

Statistics on the functionality of water points from the Hidden Crisis project in Ethiopia are presented. The survey, undertaken in 2016, was focussed on boreholes equipped with handpumps (HPBs) within igneous volcanic rocks in the Ethiopian Highlands (covering approximately 400 Woredas). A stratified two-stage sampling strategy was adopted, and a tiered definition of functionality developed which enabled more nuanced definitions to be reported. The results from the survey indicate: • 82% of HPBs were working on the day of the survey (similar to national statistics) • 59% of HPBs passed the design yield of 10 litres per minute • 45% passed the design yield and also experienced < 1 month downtime within a year. • 28% of HPB’s which passed the design yield and reliability, also passed WHO standards of water quality indicators (TTCs and inorganic chemistry). The results of the survey indicate the utility of carrying out more detailed assessments of functionality to help unpack national statistics. A linked survey of the performance of the water management arrangements at water points showed that for 85% of the sites water management arrangements were judged to be functional or highly functional. The Hidden Crisis project is a 4 year (2015-19) research project aimed at developing a robust evidence base and understanding of the complex and multi-faceted causes which underlie the current high failure rates of many new groundwater supplies in Africa, so that future WASH investments can be more sustainable. The project is being undertaken by an interdisciplinary team of established researchers in physical and social sciences from the UK, Ethiopia, Uganda, Malawi and Australia, led by the British Geological Survey.
Foundering Triggered by the Collision of India and Asia Captured in Xenoliths

Xenoliths that erupted in the SE Pamir of Tajikistan from 1000 to 1050°C and 90 km depth illuminate what happens when crust founders into the mantle. 40Ar/39Ar dating of minerals from the xenoliths and volcanic host rocks of the shoshonitic Dunkeldik pipe and dike field indicates eruption at 11.2 ± 0.2 Ma. U‐Pb and trace element laser‐ablation split stream inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of zircon shows that the igneous and metasedimentary xenoliths were likely derived from the crustal section into which they were intruded: the Jurassic‐Cretaceous Andean‐style magmatic arc and its Proterozoic‐Mesozoic host rocks along the southern margin of Asia. Recrystallization of these zircons was extensive, yielding a range of dates down to 11 Ma. The zircons show distinct changes in Eu anomaly, Lu/Gd ratio, and Ti concentrations compatible with garnet growth and minimal heating at 22–20 Ma and then 200‐300°C of heating, ~25 km of burial, and alkali‐carbonate melt injection at 14–11 Ma. These changes are interpreted to coincide with (i) heat input due to Indian slab breakoff at ~22–20 Ma and (ii) rapid thickening and foundering of the Pamir lithosphere at 14‐11 Ma, prior to and synchronous with collision between deep Indian and Asian lithospheres beneath the Pamir.
Development of XML-based Tools to Support User Interaction with Algorithm Visualizations

An increasing body of evidence suggests algorithm visualization (AV) is effective only in conjunction with other techniques that force a degree of user interaction beyond the mere (cid:147)watching(cid:148) of an algorithm. One of the dif(cid:2)culties faced by instructors who design visualizations to use in their teaching lies in the time required to develop materials that employ these supplementary techniques. The focus of this working group will be to begin a focused and coordinated effort toward the development of tools designed to remedy this problem. In particular, such tools will be based on a set of XML speci(cid:2)cations whose creation will be one of the primary goals of the working group.
Machine learning attacks against the Asirra CAPTCHA

The Asirra CAPTCHA [7], proposed at ACM CCS 2007, relies on the problem of distinguishing images of cats and dogs (a task that humans are very good at). The security of Asirra is based on the presumed difficulty of classifying these images automatically. In this paper, we describe a classifier which is 82.7% accurate in telling apart the images of cats and dogs used in Asirra. This classifier is a combination of support-vector machine classifiers trained on color and texture features extracted from images. Our classifier allows us to solve a 12-image Asirra challenge automatically with probability 10.3%. This probability of success is significantly higher than the estimate of 0.2% given in [7] for machine vision attacks. Our results suggest caution against deploying Asirra without safeguards. We also investigate the impact of our attacks on the partial credit and token bucket algorithms proposed in [7]. The partial credit algorithm weakens Asirra considerably and we recommend against its use. The token bucket algorithm helps mitigate the impact of our attacks and allows Asirra to be deployed in a way that maintains an appealing balance between usability and security. One contribution of our work is to inform the choice of safeguard parameters in Asirra deployments.
Identifying, understanding, and correcting technical artifacts on the sex chromosomes in next-generation sequencing data

Abstract Background Mammalian X and Y chromosomes share a common evolutionary origin and retain regions of high sequence similarity. Similar sequence content can confound the mapping of short next-generation sequencing reads to a reference genome. It is therefore possible that the presence of both sex chromosomes in a reference genome can cause technical artifacts in genomic data and affect downstream analyses and applications. Understanding this problem is critical for medical genomics and population genomic inference. Results Here, we characterize how sequence homology can affect analyses on the sex chromosomes and present XYalign, a new tool that (1) facilitates the inference of sex chromosome complement from next-generation sequencing data; (2) corrects erroneous read mapping on the sex chromosomes; and (3) tabulates and visualizes important metrics for quality control such as mapping quality, sequencing depth, and allele balance. We find that sequence homology affects read mapping on the sex chromosomes and this has downstream effects on variant calling. However, we show that XYalign can correct mismapping, resulting in more accurate variant calling. We also show how metrics output by XYalign can be used to identify XX and XY individuals across diverse sequencing experiments, including low- and high-coverage whole-genome sequencing, and exome sequencing. Finally, we discuss how the flexibility of the XYalign framework can be leveraged for other uses including the identification of aneuploidy on the autosomes. XYalign is available open source under the GNU General Public License (version 3). Conclusions Sex chromsome sequence homology causes the mismapping of short reads, which in turn affects downstream analyses. XYalign provides a reproducible framework to correct mismapping and improve variant calling on the sex chromsomes.
RACT: TOWARDS AMORTIZED RANKING-CRITICAL TRAINING FOR COLLABORATIVE FILTERING

We investigate new methods for training collaborative filtering models based on actor-critic reinforcement learning, to more directly maximize ranking-based objective functions. Specifically, we train a critic network to approximate ranking-based metrics, and then update the actor network to directly optimize against the learned metrics. In contrast to traditional learning-to-rank methods that require re-running the optimization procedure for new lists, our critic-based method amortizes the scoring process with a neural network, and can directly provide the (approximate) ranking scores for new lists. We demonstrate the actor-critic’s ability to significantly improve the performance of a variety of prediction models, and achieve better or comparable performance to a variety of strong baselines on three large-scale datasets.
Nonstationarity in threshold response of stormflow in southern Appalachian headwater catchments

Threshold behavior of stormflow response is an emergent pattern observed in several studies demonstrating subsurface storage controls on catchment rainfall‐runoff dynamics. These studies demonstrate a distinct transition from negligible stormflow discharge response to rapid, linearly increasing stormflow identified by a single, uniquely defined threshold as a basic catchment attribute that relates to geophysical properties. Utilizing precipitation, streamflow, and soil moisture data spanning 15 years from three catchments at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (CHL), we analyze how threshold behavior forms and varies at several timescales. We pose three hypotheses: (1) stormflow thresholds form at CHL as a function of antecedent soil moisture and gross precipitation, (2) thresholds vary seasonally and interannually, and (3) threshold variation through time implies greater long‐term complexity of runoff controls beyond catchment geophysical properties, including forest canopy ecohydrologic feedbacks. We isolate threshold behavior of stormflow using piecewise regression analysis in short to long‐term data sets with respect to antecedent soil moisture index and gross precipitation. We use this to investigate threshold variation over seasonal, interannual, and decadal timescales that encompass hydroclimatic extremes. Seasonal analysis reveals that thresholds are more variable between growing seasons than between dormant seasons. In growing seasons with greater water stress, stormflow thresholds are lower after controlling for soil moisture storage suggesting more complex, long‐term rainfall‐runoff relationships as a result of forest canopy response to water stress. We present a conceptual model of how vegetation‐climate interactions influence long‐term rainfall‐runoff relationships creating interannual variability of stormflow thresholds and linear stormflow response.
Latest Neoproterozoic to Cambrian detrital zircon facies of western Laurentia

Late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian sandstone units are common in western Laurentia and record initial transgression of the craton after the formation of the western passive margin during the latest Neoproterozoic to earliest Cambrian. Detrital zircon measurements from 42 latest Neoproterozoic to Cambrian basal Sauk sequences and five older Neoproterozoic sandstone samples from a region extending from the Mexico–United States border to central British Columbia, Canada, are combined with previous results to characterize sediment source areas and dispersal systems. Detrital zircon populations in Neoproterozoic and Cambrian sedimentary rocks are divided into six facies based on a statistical comparison using multidimensional scaling. Detrital zircon facies are found in unique geographical regions reflecting proximity to the major tectonic provinces of Laurentia. Samples from northern regions are dominated by Archean and Paleoproterozoic zircons derived from Archean tectonic provinces and the orogenic belts that record the assembly of the Laurentian craton. More southerly sample locations show an increase in detrital zircons derived from younger Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts and early Mesoproterozoic intrusive suites. Detrital zircons from Grenville-aged sources are common in the south. The Transcontinental Arch, a feature interpreted to have controlled large-scale sediment dispersal patterns in the midto late Cambrian, likely played a major role in isolating the southern and northern signatures. Our data set can be used to test tectonic models for the Cordilleran orogen that invoke Jurassic or Cretaceous collision of a ribbon continent as the driving mechanism for orogenesis. Cambrian rocks of the Cassiar-Antler platform juxtaposed with North America during the hypothetical ribbon continent collision show the same geographic distribution of detrital zircon facies as similar-aged rocks from autochthonous and parautochthonous locations on the Laurentian margin. The concordance of detrital zircon facies across the proposed suture is a negative result for models that predict large dextral displacements, on the order of 2000 km, across the suture.
Geometric Optimisation Via Spectral Shiting

Fig. 1. Our framework turns infinite energies into finite ones, even in the presence of fold-overs, by re-expressing distortion in terms of shited singular values. We can minimise popular flip-preventing distortion energies over non-injective domains at speeds competitive with locally injective methods. We apply our algorithm to the Symmetric Dirichlet energy on folded initial states, on both free (let) and fixed (right) boundary surface parametrisation problems.