Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Dynamics of Reaction Time and Time Estimation during Repetitive Test

(1) Background: In this research, we aimed to investigate a computational model of repetitive reaction time (RT) and virtual reaction time (VRT) testing. (2) Methods: The study involved 180 subjects (50 men, 130 women, mean age 31.61 ± 13.56 years). The data were statistically analyzed through the coefficient of variation (CV) and the Poincaré plot indicators. (3) Results: We obtained an excellent level of reliability for both sessions of testing and we put into evidence a relationship of association of the RT and VRT with the subjects’ age, which was more pregnant for RT (p < 0.05). For both RT and VRT data series, we determined a consistent closer association between CV and the Poincaré plot descriptors SD1, SD2 (SD—standard deviation), and the area of the fitting ellipse (AFE) (p < 0.01). We reported an underestimation of the time interval of 2 s during the VRT session of testing, with an average value of CV of VRT, the equivalent of the Weber fraction, of 15.21 ± 8.82%. (4) Conclusions: The present study provides novel evidence that linear and nonlinear analysis of RT and VRT variability during serial testing bring complementary insights to the understanding of complex neurocognitive processes implied in the task execution.
Discussing tourism during a crisis: resilient reactions and learning paths towards sustainable futures

ABSTRACT This study’s purpose is to conceptualise the relationship between resilience and sustainability from a learning perspective. It asks how a community’s first reactions to a crisis can indicate the possible future development of a destination’s sustainability, and examines the resilience properties of elasticity, hysteresis and malleability in relation to single- and multiple-loop learning. Empirically, this study explores public discussions about tourism in northern Norway immediately before, and during the first months of, the COVID-19 crisis. Such discussions are investigated through a qualitative content analysis of articles from the regional newspaper. The findings identify a variety of perspectives among the participants to the discussions reported in the newspaper, including the coexistence of different views on tourism and sustainability and on responses to a crisis. This study frames the discussions in terms of elastic, hysteretic and malleable reactions, and illustrates three learning paths towards alternative weak and strong sustainable futures in a conceptual model. The originality of this study concerns a conceptualisation of the resilience – sustainability relationship as a set of learning paths that emphasises the dynamic and non-deterministic aspects of tourism development, aiming to evoke a sense of both responsibility and empowerment.
Performance optimization and modeling of slurry seal and micro surfacing utilizing steel slag aggregates

Harsh climate, heavy traffic, inappropriate mix design and, most importantly, use of low-quality limestone aggregates have resulted in unsatisfactory slurry seal and micro surfacing performance in the eastrn region of Saudi Arabia. The use of emulsified asphalt slurry seal and micro surfacing is convenient and preferable over the other pavement maintenance techniques because they provide all the desirable characteristics of many maintenance techniques without creating any environmental related problems. The major concern is how to improve the performance of slurry seal and micro surfacing mixes to suit local traffic and environmental conditions.
Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture and Brightness Temperature in Land Surface Models: A Review

The correction of Soil Moisture (SM) estimates in Land Surface Models (LSMs) is considered essential for improving the performance of numerical weather forecasting and hydrologic models used in weather and climate studies. Along with surface screen-level variables, the satellite data, including Brightness Temperature (BT) from passive microwave sensors, and retrieved SM from active, passive, or combined active–passive sensor products have been used as two critical inputs in improvements of the LSM. The present study reviewed the current status in correcting LSM SM estimates, evaluating the results with in situ measurements. Based on findings from previous studies, a detailed analysis of related issues in the assimilation of SM in LSM, including bias correction of satellite data, applied LSMs and in situ observations, input data from various satellite sensors, sources of errors, calibration (both LSM and radiative transfer model), are discussed. Moreover, assimilation approaches are compared, and considerations for assimilation implementation are presented. A quantitative representation of results from the literature review, including ranges and variability of improvements in LSMs due to assimilation, are analyzed for both surface and root zone SM. A direction for future studies is then presented.
Dynamics of Rater Differences in Assessing the Age Appropriateness of Media Content: A Multilevel Moderated Mediation Analysis

ABSTRACT Using data obtained from the Common Sense Media website, this study aimed to examine the dynamics that cause differences in age ratings of media content. The study revealed significant differences in age and likability ratings among the raters. Multilevel moderated mediation modeling also showed that the differences in age ratings between the raters were moderated by three content valence variables (extent of negativity, positivity, and consumerism) and that the mediation effects of likability on the rater differences in age ratings were also moderated by the content valence, particularly the extent of negativity and positivity.
When Morphology and Biogeography Approximate Nuclear ITS but Conflict with Plastid Phylogeny: Phylogeography of the Lotus dorycnium Species Complex (Leguminosae)

Lotus dorycnium s.l. is a complex of taxa traditionally regarded as members of Dorycnium. It has a wide Mediterranean range, extending in the north to Central and Eastern Europe, and in the east to the Crimea, the Caucasus, and the Western Caspian region. Molecular phylogenetic data support placement of the L. dorycnium complex in the genus Lotus. The present study investigated the phylogeny, phylogeography and morphological variability of the L. dorycnium complex across its distribution range to reveal the main trends in genetic and morphological differentiation in this group. The results of the morphological analyses demonstrated some degree of differentiation, with L. d. ssp. herbaceus, ssp. gracilis, and ssp. anatolicus more or less well defined, whereas ssp. dorycnium, ssp. germanicus, and ssp. haussknechtii can be hardly distinguished from each other using morphology. Analyses of the L. dorycnium complex based on nrITS revealed a tendency towards a geographic differentiation into Western, Eastern, and Turkish groups. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of the same set of specimens using concatenated plastid markers trnL-F, rps16, and psbA-trnH demonstrated a low resolution between the L. dorycnium complex and L. hirsutus, as well as among the taxa within the L. dorycnium complex, which can be interpreted as evidence of an incomplete lineage sorting or hybridization. The evolutionary processes responsible for incongruence in phylogenetic signals between plastid and nuclear sequences of the morphologically well-defined species L. dorycnium and L. hirsutus were most likely localized in the Eastern Mediterranean. A possibility of rare gene exchange between the L. dorycnium complex and the group of L. graecus is revealed for the first time.
Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India

Five new and six known species belonging to the genus Basirotyleptus collected from the Western Ghats, India, are described and illustrated. Basirotyleptus conicaudatus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.42–0.44 mm long body; odontostyle 9.5–10.0 μm, odontophore 11.5–12.0 μm; pharyngeal bulb pear-shaped, 14–15% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail conoid with acute terminus. Basirotyleptus constrictus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.38–0.49 mm long body; perioral disc distinct; odontostyle 9–10 μm, odontophore 14–15 μm; pharyngeal bulb pear-shaped, 15–17% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail rounded to conoid. Basirotyleptus goaensis sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.73–0.87 mm long body; odontostyle 13.0–14.5 μm, odontophore 15.0–17.5 μm; pharyngeal bulb pyriform, 16–18% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail rounded. Basirotyleptus neocaudatus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.31–0.44 mm long body; odontostyle 7.5–9.5 μm, odontophore 10–13 μm; pharyngeal bulb pear-shaped, 14–19% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail conoid with acute terminus. Basirotyleptus siddiqii sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.36 mm long body; odontostyle 7.5–8.0 μm, odontophore 10.0–10.5 μm; pharyngeal bulb pear-shaped, 15–16% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail conoid. Six known species viz., B. basiri, B. pini, B. nindei, B. ethiopicus, B. acus, B. minutus are also described and illustrated. Along with light microscopic study, line drawings, compendium and key to species of Basirotyleptus are also provided.
Rare earth elements in brown algae of the genus Cystoseira (Phaeophyceae) (Black Sea)

Abstract Rare earth metals are widely used in various technologies, and their environmental impact needs to be assessed. Brown algae are recognized bioindicators of xenobiotic pollution in coastal marine areas, so we studied the rare earth element contents in short-lived branchlets of the two most abundant species of Cystoseira (C. barbata and C. crinita) on Black Sea coasts. The abundance of rare earth elements including scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La) and 14 lanthanides in the algae, seawater and sediments were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The average contents of the prevalent elements in the algae decreased in the following order: Sc ≥ La > Europium (Eu) > Y > Neodymium (Nd) > Cerium (Ce). The factors affecting rare earth element content were age > locality > species of the alga. Most of the rare earth metals reached their maximum levels in branchlets > 5 month old, presumably associated with biosorption processes, whereas others (Eu, Terbium (Tb), Lutetium (Lu)) were most concentrated in 2–5 month old branchlets. In contrast to existing reports on the possible use of brown seaweeds for monitoring rare earth elements in coastal waters, the suitability of Cystoseira spp. branchlets, which have a 7 month life cycle, for short-term rare earth contamination monitoring was not confirmed in this study. Highlights Cystoseira spp. branchlets accumulate many rare earth elements with age. The dominant elements in Cystoseira spp. are Sc ≥ La> Eu > Y > Nd > Ce. The most significant factors affecting rare earth element content are age > locality > species.
Toughness Performance of Recycled Aggregates for use in Road Pavement

The policy of driving organization such as Highways Agency is towards the use of performance related specifications. This policy and adoption of European wide aggregate standards on the one hand, and sustainable construction pressures on the other, all strongly emphasize on further need for more developments to specifications and performance assessment methodologies instead of creating barriers to the use of suitable materials. Performance related specifications for pavement foundations are being developed and are primarily based around in-situ control and compliance testing. Laboratory based tools for assessment of the performance of foundation materials and their durability under adverse conditions would be a key factor to the successful use of alternative materials. The toughness performance of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) mixed with natural aggregates (NA) was evaluated based on the test specifications given in the NCHRP Report 598. For this purpose Los Angeles Abrasion and degradation test results were correlated with established Micro-Deval designations in NCHRP report 598.Three main factors involved in performance assessment; i.e. (a) traffic loading, (b) moisture levels in highway pavements and (c) the temperature conditions. The research study showed that the materials were appropriate for unbound subbase for medium traffic in non freezing condition from the standpoint of toughness. Also they are suitable for low traffic situations with low moisture and freezing weather.
Endogenous Cardiac Steroids in Bipolar Disorder: State of the Art

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric illness with a poor prognosis and problematic, suboptimal, treatments. Treatments, borne of an understanding of the pathoetiologic mechanisms, need to be developed in order to improve outcomes. Dysregulation of cationic homeostasis is the most reproducible aspect of BD pathophysiology. Correction of ionic balance is the universal mechanism of action of all mood stabilizing medications. Endogenous sodium pump modulators (collectively known as endogenous cardiac steroids, ECS) are steroids which are synthesized in and released from the adrenal gland and brain. These compounds, by activating or inhibiting Na+, K+-ATPase activity and activating intracellular signaling cascades, have numerous effects on cell survival, vascular tone homeostasis, inflammation, and neuronal activity. For the past twenty years we have addressed the hypothesis that the Na+, K+-ATPase-ECS system may be involved in the etiology of BD. This is a focused review that presents a comprehensive model pertaining to the role of ECS in the etiology of BD. We propose that alterations in ECS metabolism in the brain cause numerous biochemical changes that underlie brain dysfunction and mood symptoms. This is based on both animal models and translational human results. There are data that demonstrate that excess ECS induce abnormal mood and activity in animals, while a specific removal of ECS with antibodies normalizes mood. There are also data indicating that circulating levels of ECS are lower in manic individuals, and that patients with BD are unable to upregulate synthesis of ECS under conditions that increase their elaboration in non-psychiatric controls. There is strong evidence for the involvement of ion dysregulation and ECS function in bipolar illness. Additional research is required to fully characterize these abnormalities and define future clinical directions.
Quantification of the Lifetime of Ceramic Pot Filters

Ceramic pot filters (CPFs) are effective, low-cost household water treatment devices. CPF lifetime is assumed by the manufacturer to be one year; however, there are no definitive studies which quantify CPF lifetime. The objective of this preliminary research was to quantify the lifetime of a CPF in terms of the amount of water that can be filtered before the flow rate becomes unusable. Constant head flow rate testing, porosity testing and water quality testing were performed in a laboratory using three CPFs to establish baselines for comparison with field tests using six CPFs manufactured in Antigua, Guatemala. Interviews with 17 CPF users were performed in Guatemala to obtain information on their water and CPF usage. The limited laboratory and field testing showed that flow rate values decreased with increasing cumulative volumes of treated water. The field test data was compared to the laboratory data to estimate the volume of water that would be filtered before the flow rate decreased to an unusable rate. This volume was found to be approximately 1,500 L, which corresponds to a six-month time for a family of six using World Health Organization estimates of daily water consumption. The water quality data collected in the field showed that turbidity decreased after filtering through the CPFs while conductivity and hardness both increased slightly. This increase in conductivity and hardness may be due to rainwater being used as the water source, which typically has low mineral content with very little dissolved solids and hardness to begin with. The number of families interviewed is too small of a data set to provide conclusive results. But the anecdotal data collected from the interview process suggests that the subject families did not believe that a single filter could provide enough drinking water for a family for one year. The large number of CPFs in use throughout the world means that the technology has the potential to have a significant impact on large number of people, and it is recommended that a formal study involving large numbers of filters be conducted to quantitatively estimate CPF lifetimes.
Spatial Co-Morbidity of Childhood Acute Respiratory Infection, Diarrhoea and Stunting in Nigeria

In low- and middle-income countries, children aged below 5 years frequently suffer from disease co-occurrence. This study assessed whether the co-occurrence of acute respiratory infection (ARI), diarrhoea and stunting observed at the child level could also be reflected ecologically. We considered disease data on 69,579 children (0–59 months) from the 2008, 2013, and 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys using a hierarchical Bayesian spatial shared component model to separate the state-specific risk of each disease into an underlying disease-overall spatial pattern, common to the three diseases and a disease-specific spatial pattern. We found that ARI and stunting were more concentrated in the north-eastern and southern parts of the country, while diarrhoea was much higher in the northern parts. The disease-general spatial component was greater in the north-eastern and southern parts of the country. Identifying and reducing common risk factors to the three conditions could result in improved child health, particularly in the northeast and south of Nigeria.
Value creation and appropriation in the live music industry: a population ecology analysis of live music ticket pricing

ABSTRACT The music industry has grown to depend financially on live events, making value creation and appropriation critical. Connecting the resource-based view and organisation population ecology, this study investigates how generalist and specialist live music event producers differ in their ability to create and appropriate value. Evidence based on 631 live music events shows that generalists are able to create and appropriate more value than specialists by setting higher minimum prices and employing more price categories. The generalisability of the findings is discussed by describing which market conditions drive the effect of niche width on value creation and appropriation, identifying high fixed costs paired with a superstar effect and a heavy reliance on status as likely candidates.
A Systematic Literature Review of Empirical Research on Epistemic Network Analysis in Education

Over the past decade, epistemic network analysis (ENA) has emerged as a quantitative ethnography tool for modeling discourse in different types of human behaviors. This article offers a comprehensive systematic review of ENA educational applications in empirical studies ( $\text{n}=76$ ) published between 2010 and 2021. We review the ENA methods that research has relied on, the use of educational theories, their method of application, comparisons across groups and the main findings. Our results show that ENA has helped visually model the coded interactions and illustrate the connection strength among elements of network models. The applications of ENA have expanded beyond discourse analysis to several new areas of inquiry such as modeling surveys, log files or game play. Most of the reviewed articles used ENA based on educational theories and frameworks ( $\text{n}=53$ , 69.7%), with one or more theories per article, while 23 articles (30.3%) did not report theoretical grounding. The implementation of ENA has enabled comparisons across groups and helped augment the insights of other methods such as process mining, however there is little evidence that studies have exploited the quantitative potential of ENA. Most of the reviewed studies used ENA on small sample size with manually coded interactions with few examples of large samples and automated coding.
A Narrative Review on Pediatric Scurvy: The Last Twenty Years

Scurvy is a well-known clinical condition caused by vitamin C deficiency. Although considered a rare disease in high-income countries, it has been recently increasingly reported in children, especially in those with abnormal dietary habits, mental or physical disabilities. We performed an extensive review of the literature analyzing studies published in the last 20 years focusing on clinical features, differential diagnosis and diagnostic delay. Fifteen articles were selected, collectively reporting a total of 166 children. Because of the wide clinical spectrum (musculoskeletal complaints and/or mucocutaneous lesions or systemic symptoms), scurvy can mimic several conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and neoplasia. In addition, frequent findings such as normal nutritional status, anemia or elevated inflammatory markers may guide clinicians towards the abovementioned misdiagnoses. Scurvy should be considered in patients presenting with musculoskeletal complaints, not only in those with risk factors but also in healthy children. A focused dietary history and a careful physical examination, assessing other signs of vitamin C deficiency, are mandatory in these patients. When suspected, the dosage of serum vitamin C is the diagnostic gold standard; furthermore, imaging studies, performed by an expert radiologist, can reveal the typical features of scurvy. Only early diagnosis can avoid unnecessary investigations and potentially fatal complications of the disease.
Combined Magnetic Field Decoupling and Disturbance Rejection Control of Microrobots Based on Extended State Observer

Magnetic microrobots are potentially used in various biomedical applications due to their distinguished properties in bio-related manipulation such as minimally invasive and accessible in complex bio-environment. Precise path tracking control of magnetic microrobots in complex interference is an important but challenging step to achieve desirable applications. In this letter, a decoupling and disturbance rejection control algorithm based on Extended State Observer (ESO) is proposed to solve the combined magnetic field coupling and complex environmental interference in the path tracking process of the microrobots. The proposed algorithm was verified by both numerical simulations and experiments. The results show that the combined magnetic field decoupling and environmental interference suppression in the path tracking control process of the microrobots can be realized via the proposed algorithm, and the average path tracking errors of the microrobots is less than 0.12 mm, and the root mean square error(RMSE) is less than 0.09 mm. Compared with traditional control methods, the proposed method shows higher path tracking control accuracy of microrobots.