Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optoelectronic and structural properties of Er-doped sputter-deposited gallium-arsenic-nitrogen films

Erbium-doped gallium–arsenic–nitrogen thin films were prepared by cosputtering a crystalline GaAs target partially covered with small pieces of metallic erbium in an Ar+N2 atmosphere. The films were deposited near room temperature and under increasing partial pressures of nitrogen P(N2). The investigation of the films included ion beam analysis, optical spectroscopy in the infrared–visible–ultraviolet energy ranges, Raman scattering, and photoluminescence measurements. According to the experimental results, all films present an amorphous structure and nitrogen contents that scale with P(N2). Increasing amounts of nitrogen induce the widening of the optical band gap and a systematic redshift of the Raman signal of the films considered. The intensity of the Er-related light emission at ∼0.8 eV also increases at higher nitrogen contents. A detailed study of the absorption bands in the infrared region allowed the identification of different vibration modes involving gallium, arsenic, and nitrogen atoms. The c.
Joint Optimization of Facility Layout and Spatially Differential Parking Pricing for Parking Lots

The parking cruising problem can be attributed to the unbalanced spatial parking space occupancy in the parking lot with multiple trip purposes and high traffic volumes, and it has already become an obstacle to improving travel efficiency. This study aims to investigate the reasons for the unbalanced occupancy of parking spaces and develop strategies to achieve spatial equilibrium by reducing parking cruising time. A field survey is first conducted to analyze the factors influencing parking space choice behavior, such as searching distances, walking distances, parking price, and parkers’ attributes. Based on the survey, a mixed logit model is calibrated to reveal parking space choice patterns of different parkers. Afterwards, the parking lot is divided into three zones based on searching distances and walking distances, using the K-means algorithm. According to the results, a simulation-based optimization model is then established, for minimizing the variance of average occupancy. An optimal pricing strategy is obtained at last. A case study in Nanjing, China, is conducted to verify the feasibility and rationality of the proposed method. The difference between weekdays and weekends is explored. The results show that, with the optimal strategies, the standard deviation of average occupancy in each zone decreases by 39.52% during weekends and 42.29% during weekdays. Finally, political implications and recommendations on the layout design of facilities and the adoption of differential parking pricing strategies are provided.
Regression models of Pearson correlation coefficient

We propose two simple regression models of Pearson correlation coefficient of two normal responses or binary responses to assess the effect of covariates of interest. Likelihood-based inference is established to estimate the regression coefficients, upon which bootstrap-based method is used to test the significance of covariates of interest. Simulation studies show the effectiveness of the method in terms of type-I error control, power performance in moderate sample size and robustness with respect to model mis-specification. We illustrate the application of the proposed method to some real data concerning health measurements.
Stability analyses of long liquid bridges in the presence of gravity and flow

The stability of liquid bridges under terrestrial conditions can be enhanced when a recirculating flow is introduced inside the bridge. The Plateau–Rayleigh (PR) limit sets the stability limit of a liquid bridge in the absence of gravity and flow. The PR limit corresponds to a cylindrical bridge of length L equal to its circumference, L = 2&pgr;R. At lengths exceeding this first onset point, antisymmetric disturbances grow and result in disconnection. In recent experiments involving flow in the bridge, stable lengths greater than the PR limit were obtained by suppressing the antisymmetric disturbances. The observed lengths are close to the second bifurcation or onset point, where centro–symmetric disturbances become unstable. The second onset point occurs at L ≈ 8.987R. In this paper, the problem is modelled using the lubrication approximation and a rectilinear flow within the bridge with zero flow rate across the cross–section is assumed. The bifurcation analysis indicates that while gravity or flow acting alone is destabilizing, a combination of the two can increase the region of stability. Local bifurcation analysis using the Liapunov–Schmidt approach is complemented by global computations of the nonlinear model equations using pseudoarclength continuation with the AUTO software. Symmetries affect the stability of the bridge solutions in a key way. Singularity theory provides a framework for the unfolding of the two bifurcations (antisymmetric and centro–symmetric branches). A detailed analysis of the governing equation obtains the coefficients in the unfolding. A surprising result is that there is a maximal influence that flow can have on the centro–symmetric disturbances. That is, as flow is increased, imperfection increases up to a certain value, beyond which the imperfection diminishes with increasing flow rate. Singularity theory provides a framework for understanding this and other reports of stabilization of the PR instability.
A Plane Magnetothermoelastic Waves Reflection and Refraction Between Two Solid Media with External Heat Sources and Initial Stress

In this article, an estimation to illustrate the reflection and transmission of thermoelastic waves at the interface of two different thermoelastic solid half-spaces under initial stress, magnetic field, and external heat sources is made. The governing equations are considered for an isotropic and homogeneous generalized thermoelastic model under initial stress, heat sources, magnetic field, and perfect boundary condition. The reflected and transmitted waves amplitudes are obtained for the incidence of SV-waves. Approximate expressions are obtained as a special case from the present problem. The results obtained are computed numerically for the amplitude ratios under initial stresses and are displayed graphically. It appears that the effects of initial stress, magnetic field, and external heat sources are very pronounced on the propagation phenomena. If the magnetic field and heat sources are neglected, the results obtained then lead to the same results obtained by relevant authors.
Turning a black hole into a naked singularity

We show that an extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black hole may be turned into a Kerr-Newman naked singularity after capture of a flat and electrically neutral spinning body which is initially gravitationally bound and plunges in radially with its spin aligned to a radial direction. It is argued that backreaction and emission of gravitational radiation would not help to preserve the black hole condition.
Visible‐spectroscopy study of the low dimensional (C2H5NH3)2CuCl4 compound in the region of its low temperature phase transitions

On the basis of absorption spectroscopy data the temperature evolution of Cu2+ ion environment in the layered compound (C2H5NH3)2CuCl4 was studied within the temperature range of 4.5–310 K. For the detailed analysis of the experimental data the specially created program package Crys Tool 1.0 based on the quantum mechanical models first of all on the model of normalised spherical harmonics (NSH) was used. It has been found that the crystal structure in the low temperature phases contains tetragonally distorted octahedral metal–halogen complexes. The parameters of crystal field, normalised spherical harmonics, angular overlap model as well as the metal–halogen distances show anomalous behaviour at the points of phase transitions: Tc = 10 K and T4 = 232 K (for heating). The changes of these parameters observed around T5 = 65 K also may be related to previously unknown phase transition. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
SBAS-InSAR analysis of regional ground deformation accompanying coal fires in Jharia Coalfield, India

Abstract The present study explores a holistic approach toward better assimilation of the contextual relationship between coal fire-induced land subsidence in the Jharia Coalfield (JCF), India. For the process, 31 consecutive Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8 scenes of 2018 were processed to estimate mean Line-of-Sight displacement and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in JCF, respectively. The results indicated that the displacement rate in JCF significantly varies at active mine benches and overburden dump, and high degree of displacement owing to the additive compression inducted along with the volume reduction at the subsurface. The estimated displacement accounts were then spatially correlated with the thermally anomalous pixels to determine the categories of subsidence. Further, the contextual relationship between the displacements estimates (dependent variable) with a set of explanatory variables, i.e. pixel integrated LST was tested using Binary Logistic Regression. The performance of the model was cross-validated using statistical parameters derived from the confusion matrix.
Hardy space H[1] associated to Schrödinger operator with potential satisfying reverse Hölder inequality

Let {Tt}t>0 be the semigroup of linear operators generated by a Schrodinger operator -A = ? - V, where V is a nonnegative potential that belongs to a certain reverse Holder class. We define a Hardy space HA1 by means of a maximal function associated with the semigroup {Tt}t>0. Atomic and Riesz transforms characterizations of HA1 are shown.
Getting contextual and nonlocal elements‐of‐reality the easy way

What if Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen were right that quantum mechanics is incomplete, and there do exist ‘‘elements‐of‐reality’’ corresponding to all observables whether or not they are compatible? The implications are surprising. Not only must the values of these elements‐of‐reality depend upon what measurements are actually performed on the system, but also upon measurements performed at spacelike separation from it! The former dependence has been dubbed ‘‘contextualism,’’ and the latter ‘‘nonlocality. ’’ It is important for students to understand the necessity of these two features, if only to reinforce the point that a straightforward classical recasting of quantum theory in terms of pre‐existing measurement independent elements‐of‐reality is not feasible. Unfortunately the argument for contextualism, in particular, is daunting due to its reliance on an elaborate geometrical argument. I aim here to minimize the geometry needed to argue for contextualism by using some ideas inspired by the original arg.
‘Some of it I haven’t told anybody else’: Using photo elicitation to explore the experiences of secondary school education from the perspective of young people with a diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes an empirical research study designed to explore the lived experience of mainstream secondary school for young people with a diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Within the existing research base, the voices of these young people have often been missing or overshadowed. This research sought to privilege the voice of young people; acknowledging them as experts in their own lives and as competent contributors to the research process. A creative approach to data collection was adopted, seeking to empower these young people to tell their stories through the provision of research tools that would facilitate their engagement with the process. The young people were tasked with taking photographs of aspects of school life that were important to them, these subsequently forming the central focus of discussions.Six young people from two mainstream secondary schools participated in the study. Data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, this methodology being chosen to allow for the representation of different realities, whilst also searching for shared themes. The themes that emerged for the group were: sanctuary, anxiety and young people as active agents. The potential to incorporate the tools used in this project to facilitate person-centred planning is highlighted.
Strengthening the transition to university by confronting the expectation–reality gap in psychology undergraduates

In negotiating the transition to Higher Education, students bring core expectations from their A–level study that are likely to be different to the lived reality of university study. Bridging the transition to university requires an in–depth understanding of the differences between the imagined and the reality; the expectations and the experience. Psychology students’ perspectives of their first–year experiences were collected through activity–oriented focus groups (Colucci, 2007). Discrepancies between expectations and reality were expressed in terms of the degree of autonomy required, the nature of ‘the lecture’, and achievement. In many cases, students displayed contradictory perspectives, desiring autonomy but also wanting the security of the more dependent approach to learning they have been socialised into. It is suggested that first–year students are passing through a key period of transition, and during this period of –liminality’ they are attempting to leave one identity behind and instead inhabit a new, more autonomous identity.
Early Life Experiences: Activity Levels and Abnormal Behaviours in Resocialised Chimpanzees

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) that are kept in captivity come from a wide variety of backgrounds, and a proportion of them have been subjected to maternal separation and social deprivation during development. The long-term effects of such practices have received little investigation. This study investigates whether the removal of infants from their mothers and/or other chimpanzees affects their activity levels and abnormal behaviours later in life. A total of 69 resocialised chimpanzees were studied at six zoos in the United Kingdom. Chimpanzees were categorised into one of three rearing conditions: reared by their mother in a group of conspecifics (MGR); reared with other conspecifics but separated from their mothers (RO); and reared apart from their mother or other conspecifics for a period of time during infancy (RA). Results indicate that ‘socially deprived’ individuals show reduced levels of normal activity, elevated levels of abnormal behaviours and a wider repertoire of abnormal behaviours. These differences were more pronounced in younger individuals, with adults from the three different rearing conditions performing abnormal behaviour patterns at comparable levels. It is concluded that human-rearing, either alone or with conspecifics, influences behaviour through suppression of normal activity levels as a result of separation and elevation of levels of abnormal behaviours as a mechanism for coping with maternal loss and restricted rearing. However, these effects are not irreversible and recovery of ‘normal’ behaviours may occur with access to an enriched social environment.
High-Level Production of Soluble Cross-Reacting Material 197 in Escherichia coli Cytoplasm Due to Fine Tuning of the Target Gene’s mRNA Structure

Cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) is a non-toxic mutant of the diphtheria toxin and is widely used as a carrier protein in conjugate vaccines. This protein was first obtained from the supernatant of the mutant Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain. This pathogenic bacteria strain is characterized by a slow growth rate and a relatively low target protein yield, resulting in high production costs for CRM197. Many attempts have been made to establish high-yield protocols for the heterologous expression of recombinant CRM197 in different host organisms. In the present work, a novel CRM197-producing Escherichia coli strain was constructed. The target protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of SHuffle T7 E. coli cells without any additional tags and with a single potential mutation—an additional Met [−1]. The fine tuning of the mRNA structure (the disruption of the single hairpin in the start codon area) was sufficient to increase the CRM197 expression level several times, resulting in 150–270 mg/L (1.1–2.0 mg/g wet biomass) yields of pure CRM197 protein. Besides the high yield, the advantages of the obtained expression system include the absence of the necessity of CRM197 refolding or tag removal. Thus, an extensive analysis of the mRNA structure and the removal of the unwanted hairpins in the 5′ area may significantly improve the target protein expression rate.
Differences between the Intense Precipitation Associated with Subsynoptic-Scale Baiu Frontal Depression Simulated by an AGCM and Described in Observational Studies

We compared features of the precipitation associated with subsynoptic-scale Baiu frontal depression simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM; T106L56: a spectral primitive-equation model with 56 σ levels and triangular spectral truncation at zonal wavenumber 106) with the features had been described in observational studies. The 21-year model integration from 1979 to 1999 was constrained by observed sea-surface temperature and sea-ice distribution. As typical examples, this paper examines simulation cases for June 1991.Comparisons with past observational results showed that the AGCM properly simulated the Baiu front and the Baiu frontal precipitation in the averaged elds for a 15-day period in June 1991. However, the area of the largest 1-hour precipitation is simulated at about 500 km northeastward from the area of the largest averaged precipitation. We also found signicant differences between the simulations and the ob servations when we examined the daily precipitation and the maximum 1-hour precipitation for each day simulated by the model. While precipitation associated with subsynoptic-scale Baiu frontal depressions was relatively well simulated, intense precipitation in the trailing portion of these depressions was signi cantly underestimated.The result of the present study indicates that the ability of the AGCM to reproduce such extreme pre cipitation events must be examined in detail by comparing simulated daily and hourly precipitation with observational studies as well as by statistical analyses.
Nanotopography and Microconfinement Impact on Primary Hippocampal Astrocyte Morphology, Cytoskeleton and Spontaneous Calcium Wave Signalling

Astrocytes’ organisation affects the functioning and the fine morphology of the brain, both in physiological and pathological contexts. Although many aspects of their role have been characterised, their complex functions remain, to a certain extent, unclear with respect to their contribution to brain cell communication. Here, we studied the effects of nanotopography and microconfinement on primary hippocampal rat astrocytes. For this purpose, we fabricated nanostructured zirconia surfaces as homogenous substrates and as micrometric patterns, the latter produced by a combination of an additive nanofabrication and micropatterning technique. These engineered substrates reproduce both nanotopographical features and microscale geometries that astrocytes encounter in their natural environment, such as basement membrane topography, as well as blood vessels and axonal fibre topology. The impact of restrictive adhesion manifests in the modulation of several cellular properties of single cells (morphological and actin cytoskeletal changes) and the network organisation and functioning. Calcium wave signalling was observed only in astrocytes grown in confined geometries, with an activity enhancement in cells forming elongated agglomerates with dimensions typical of blood vessels or axon fibres. Our results suggest that calcium oscillation and wave propagation are closely related to astrocytic morphology and actin cytoskeleton organisation.
Dependence of the Monin–Obukhov Stability Parameter on the Bulk Richardson Number over the Ocean

Abstract Recent measurements made onboard the R/P FLIP in the San Clemente Ocean Probing Experiment in September 1993 and onboard the R/V Moana Wave during Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment are used to evaluate the direct dependence between the Monin–Obukhov stability parameter (ratio of height to Obukhov length) ζ and the bulk Richardson number Rib derived from standard meteorological mean observations of water surface temperature, wind speed, air temperature, and humidity. It is found that in the unstable marine surface layer, ζ = C Rib(1 + Rib/Ribc)−1, where the numerical coefficient C and the saturation Richardson number Ribc are analytical functions of the standard bulk exchange coefficients. For measurements at a height of 10–15 m, C is about 10 and Ribc is about −4.5. Their values are insensitive to variations of Rib and ζ over three decades. Thus, a simple dependence between ζ and Rib has a much wider range of applicability than previously believed. The .
Convective-radiative fins with simultaneous variation of thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, and surface emissivity with temperature

This paper is a numerical study of thermal performance of a convective-radiative fin with simultaneous variation of thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, and surface emissivity with temperature. The convective heat transfer is assumed to be a power function of the local temperature between the fin and the ambient which allows simulation of different convection mechanisms such as natural convection (laminar and turbulent), boiling, etc. The thermal conductivity and the surface emissivity are treated as linear functions of the local temperature between the fin and the ambient which provide a satisfactory representation of the thermal property variations of most fin materials. The thermal performance is governed by seven parameters, namely, convection–conduction parameter Nc, radiation–conduction parameter Nr, thermal conductivity parameter A, emissivity parameter B, the exponent n associated with convective heat transfer coefficient, and the two temperature ratios, θa and θs, that characterize the temperatures of convection and radiation sinks. The effect of these parameters on the temperature distribution and fin heat transfer rate are illustrated and the results interpreted in physical terms. Compared with the constant properties model, the fin heat transfer rate can be underestimated or overestimated considerably depending on the values of the governing parameters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20408