Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implications of transverse fault system on tectonic evolution of Mainland Kachchh, western India

The tectonic evolution and seismic phenomenon of Kachchh region have been attributed to differential movement along the E-W trending master faults. However, a NW-SE to NE-SW transverse fault system also exists which cuts across the E-W tectonic fabric of Kachchh. The present study attempts to delineate the role of transverse faults in pre-Quaternary and Quaternary tectonic evolution of Mainland Kachchh based on a regional scale geomorphic study. Significance of these transverse faults in the tectonic evolution of Kachchh is obvious as they laterally displace the large E-W faults and the domal structures associated with them. The Kachchh Mainland Fault (KMF) and the Katrol Hill Fault (KHF) are the two major E-W trending master faults of Mainland Kachchh which show distinct offsets along transverse faults. Geomorphic evidences of strike slip movement along the transverse faults affecting the KMF and KHF are seen in the form of displacement of major fault scarps, beheaded/deflected or offset drainage, sags, shutter ridges and pressure ridges. The observed amount of offset along the transverse faults ranges from a few hundreds of metres to several kilometres, which includes a pre-Quaternary as well as a Quaternary component. It is suggested that a part of the stresses being accumulated on the E-W trending faults is being possibly transmitted to the NW-SE to NE-SW transverse faults, which may account for the present seismic phenomenon in Kachchh. However, detailed mapping of the transverse fault system, followed by detailed geomorphic and palaeoseismic studies are needed to understand the role of transverse faults in generating seismic activity in Mainland Kachchh.
Measuring and Analysing Domestic Tourism: The Importance of an Origin and Destination Matrix

In this study, using the Spanish domestic and outbound tourism survey FAMILITUR, an inter-regional tourism flows analysis is carried out for the period 2004–2008. The degree of concentration of origin–destination trips is calculated in order to obtain the market share of the distribution of regional trips. An intra-regional perspective is also presented to confirm other divergences in terms of the region's capacity of attraction for its own residents. Finally, a ‘gravity’ model of domestic travel flows between the 17 Spanish autonomous communities is estimated to characterize the variables that affect Spaniards' tourism flows.
Microbial nitrification in urban streams: from single cell activity to ecosystem

El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido el estudio de los mecanismos y factores reguladores del proceso microbiano de oxidacion del amonio (NH4) en rios urbanos afectados por vertidos de depuradoras. Arqueas (AOA) y bacterias (AOB) oxidadoras de amonio (OA) fueron detectadas en comunidades microbianas (biofilms) desarrolladas sobre los cantos rodados del rio. Su abundancia, composicion, distribucion y actividad fueron examinadas, con tecnicas de ecologia microbiana molecular y de biogeoquimica fluvial, en estudios realizados con cultivos, microcosmos e in situ. Tanto la concentracion natural de amonio (NH4) como la radiacion solar fueron factores clave en la regulacion de dichos parametros de los AO. En condiciones ambientales de baja concentracion de NH4, las AOA (cluster Nitrososophaera) dominaron la comunidad de OA, mostrando una baja actividad nitifricante. Bajo altas concentraciones de NH4, las AOB eran dominantes (clusters Nitrosospira y N. oligotropha) y mostraban una alta actividad. En cultivos monoespecificos, el crecimiento de AOA y AOB fue inmediatamente inhibido por luz. Las AOA mostraron una mayor fotosensibilidad y una menor capacidad de recuperacion que las AOB. Estos hallazgos sugerian que la luz podria ser un factor determinante en la distribucion y actividad de OA en ecosistemas naturales. En concordancia, en biofilms naturales incipientes se observo mayor preferencia de las OA para colonizar las superficies orientadas hacia el sedimento que para colonizar superficies orientadas hacia la luz solar. Esta segregacion espacial no se observo en biofilms maduros. Ademas, se observo una relacion significativa entre biomasa total y abundancia de OA para los biofilms del lado luminoso pero no para los del lado oscuro. Este hecho sugiere la existencia de un efecto fotoprotector in situ (efecto ? sombra? ). Este efecto podria explicar porque la nitrificacion medida a nivel de tramo fluvial fue independiente de la intensidad de la luz y del ciclo solar diario. Las poblaciones de OA fueron tambien abundantes en el sedimento. Sin embargo, la particion de la contribucion de sedimento y biofilms a la nitrificacion de un tramo fluvial desvelo un papel proporcional preponderante de las poblaciones de OA que se desarrollan en biofilms protegidos de la luz.
Explorer A cross-sectional study of factors associated with dog ownership in Tanzania

Background: Mass vaccination of owned domestic dogs is crucial for the control of rabies in subSaharan Africa. Knowledge of the proportion of households which own dogs, and of the factors associated with dog ownership, is important for the planning and implementation of rabies awareness and dog vaccination programmes, and for the promotion of responsible dog ownership. This paper reports the results of a cross-sectional study of dog ownership by households in urban and rural communities in the United Republic of Tanzania. Results: Fourteen percent (202) of 1,471 households surveyed were identified as dog-owning, with an average of 2.4 dogs per dog-owning household. The percentage of dog-owning households was highest in inland rural areas (24%) and lowest in coastal urban communities (7%). The overall human:dog ratio was 14:1. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that households which owned cattle, sheep or goats were much more likely to own dogs than households with no livestock. Muslim households were less likely to own dogs than Christian households, although this effect of religion was not seen among livestock-owning households. Households were more likely to own a dog if the head of the household was male; if they owned a cat; or if they owned poultry. Dog ownership was also broadly associated with larger, wealthier households. Conclusion: The human:dog ratios in Tanzania are similar to those reported elsewhere in subSaharan Africa, although cultural and geographic variation is evident. Estimation of the number of owned dogs, and identification of household predictors of dog ownership, will enable targeted planning of rabies control efforts. Background Domestic dogs are ubiquitously associated with human populations in nearly all parts of the world. Reasons for keeping or tolerating dogs vary across societies and may involve aspects of security, companionship, transport, food acquisition or religious beliefs [1]. Whilst broad cultural patterns in human-dog relationships can be defined [2-4], within these trends there remains considerable varPublished: 29 January 2008 BMC Veterinary Research 2008, 4:5 doi:10.1186/1746-6148-4-5 Received: 1 October 2007 Accepted: 29 January 2008 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1746-6148/4/5 © 2008 Knobel et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. BMC Veterinary Research 2008, 4:5 http://www.biomedcentral. com/1746-6148/4/5
Optogenetic fMRI interrogation of brain-wide central vestibular pathways

Significance The vestibular system provides a critical role to coordinate balance and movement, yet it remains an underappreciated sense. Functional MRI (fMRI) reveals much information about brain-wide sensory and cognitive processes. However, fMRI mapping of regions that actively process vestibular information remains technically challenging, as it can permit only limited movement during scanning. Here, we deploy fMRI and optogenetic stimulation of vestibular excitatory neurons to visualize numerous brain-wide central vestibular pathways and interrogate their functional roles in multisensory processing. Our study highlights multiple routes to investigate vestibular functions and their integration with other sensory systems. We reveal a method to gain critical knowledge into this critical brain system. Blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI) constitutes a powerful neuroimaging technology to map brain-wide functions in response to specific sensory or cognitive tasks. However, fMRI mapping of the vestibular system, which is pivotal for our sense of balance, poses significant challenges. Physical constraints limit a subject’s ability to perform motion- and balance-related tasks inside the scanner, and current stimulation techniques within the scanner are nonspecific to delineate complex vestibular nucleus (VN) pathways. Using fMRI, we examined brain-wide neural activity patterns elicited by optogenetically stimulating excitatory neurons of a major vestibular nucleus, the ipsilateral medial VN (MVN). We demonstrated robust optogenetically evoked fMRI activations bilaterally at sensorimotor cortices and their associated thalamic nuclei (auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor), high-order cortices (cingulate, retrosplenial, temporal association, and parietal), and hippocampal formations (dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and subiculum). We then examined the modulatory effects of the vestibular system on sensory processing using auditory and visual stimulation in combination with optogenetic excitation of the MVN. We found enhanced responses to sound in the auditory cortex, thalamus, and inferior colliculus ipsilateral to the stimulated MVN. In the visual pathway, we observed enhanced responses to visual stimuli in the ipsilateral visual cortex, thalamus, and contralateral superior colliculus. Taken together, our imaging findings reveal multiple brain-wide central vestibular pathways. We demonstrate large-scale modulatory effects of the vestibular system on sensory processing.
Pretreatment with lidocaine reduces both incidence and severity of etomidate-induced myoclonus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective: One conundrum that frequently occurs during clinical anesthesia is etomidate-induced myoclonus, which results in multiple risks. The aim of the study was to evaluate systematically the effect of pretreatment with lidocaine on preventing etomidate-induced myoclonus. Materials and methods: The literature search was performed from the inception to April 2018 in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. All randomized controlled trials that used lidocaine to prevent etomidate-induced myoclonus were enrolled. The primary outcome included the incidence and severity of etomidate-induced myoclonus. The data were combined to calculate the risk ratio and relevant 95% CI. A meta-analysis was performed following the guidelines of the Cochrane Reviewer’s Handbook and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses statement. Results: A total of eight studies were enrolled, and the existing evidence indicated that 1) pretreatment with lidocaine can reduce the incidence of etomidate-induced myoclonus (the incidence of myoclonus: 37.6% in lidocaine vs 73.6% in saline, risk ratio = 0.46, with 95% CI [0.34, 0.63], P , 0.0001); 2) the pretreatment with lidocaine can reduce the incidence of mild, moderate, and severe myoclonus; 3) a dose of pretreatment with lidocaine cannot significantly decrease the duration of myoclonus compared to placebo; 4) the administration of lidocaine produced no effect on the stable hemodynamic parameters and no more additional adverse effects. Conclusion: Pretreatment with lidocaine could be served as one effective approach to decrease both the incidence and the severity of etomidate-induced myoclonus, with limited influence on the hemodynamic stability of patients. However, to confirm precise safety and efficacy of such intervention, more high-quality evidence is necessary.
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Aim: Oval-shaped canals represent a challenge for rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) files because buccal and/ or lingual recesses are commonly left uninstrumented. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the debridement quality of the Self-Adjusting File (SAF) system in oval canals and compare it with the debridement achieved by a commonly used NiTi rotary system. Methods: A careful specimen selection resulted in two equal groups each consisting of 12 extracted mandibular canines with oval canals that had vital pulps before extraction. All canals had a buccolingual diameter that was at least 2.5 times larger than that of the mesiodistal one as defined from radiographs. One group was subjected to the SAF protocol, whereas the other group underwent conventional protocol; the ProTaper system up to the F2 instrument was used with syringe and open end needle irrigation. Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) was used as an irrigant for both groups. The roots were then histologically processed and 0.6-mmthick cross-sections were obtained every 0.5 mm from the 1to 5-mm apical levels. Morphometric evaluation was performed on cross-sections to determine the amount of remaining pulp tissue as a percent of the root canal area. Results: The group-by-location interaction was not significant (P > .05), which means that the group comparisons were not dependent on the crosssectional level. There was significantly greater residual pulp tissue left after ProTaper system instrumentation versus SAF instrumentation (21.4% vs 9.3%, P < .05). Conclusion: The SAF protocol was significantly more efficient for debridement of oval root canals than the rotary ProTaper protocol. (J Endod 2011;-:1–5)
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Aim: This narrative review aims to describe established and emerging urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis and surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. It provides a comprehensive account of classical, FDA-approved protein biomarkers and discusses their limitations. Further, we discuss the role that epigenetic, genetic, and exosomal markers can play to enhance sensitivity and specificity of the available tests. Background: The initial diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer involves a combination of cystoscopy, upper urinary tract imaging, and urine cytology. Despite high specificity, cytology is limited by low sensitivity. There are currently 6 urinary assays approved by the FDA to enhance diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. While these have improved diagnosis and surveillance when combined with cytology, these tests are still not sufficiently sensitive and false positives often occur in benign conditions which result in inflammation of the urinary tract. Advancements in laboratory techniques have produced significant advancements in epigenetic and genetic markers, as well as extracellular vesicles, with DNAand RNA-based markers dominating the research in this area in recent years. Methods: We identified relevant published data, using the PubMed/ Medline search engines as well as Google Scholar. We performed an online search using the terms “bladder cancer”, “non-muscle invasive bladder cancer” in combination with “urine biomarkers” and limited articles in English published up to February 2020. This review consolidated on all available narrative and systematic reviews published in the 5 years in this field, while also reviewing the original data of each clinical trial or observational study which led to the development of the biomarkers. Conclusion: The development of laboratory techniques and understanding urine-based biomarkers in BC has fuelled the use of noninvasive liquid-based biomarkers to complement urine cytology. Nonetheless, none are sufficiently effective when used in isolation, and cytology remains the gold standard in many practices. Future efforts will be focused on using these markers in combination as a predictive signature, and moving on to validating them for use in everyday clinical practice. 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical significance of serum total oxidant/ antioxidant status in patients with operable and advanced gastric cancer

Purpose: Oxidative stress was significantly associated with the development of malignancies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of serum total oxidant/antioxidant status in operable advanced gastric cancer patients. Materials and methods: A total of 284 patients who underwent curative resection for primary stage III gastric cancer were enrolled. Total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, and oxidative stress index (OSI) were evaluated within 24 hours before surgery, and compared with 120 healthy donors. The correlation between the OSI and survival outcome was analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method with log-rank test and Cox’s regression methods, respectively. Results: Mean OSI of gastric cancer patients was higher than healthy controls (1.41 ± 0.96 vs 0.78 ± 0.42, P , 0.001). All patients were stratified into two groups using the optimal cutoff value (1.42) of OSI using a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 64.0% as optimal conditions from receiver operating curve analysis. Patients with an OSI $ 1.42 had poorer mean overall survival (45.6 vs 29.8 months, P = 0.022) and mean recurrence-free survival (43.3 vs 28.1 months, P = 0.011) than patients with an OSI , 1.42 in univariate analysis, and OSI was also confirmed as an independent predictor for survival for gastric cancer in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 0.541; 95% CI: 0.127–1.102; P = 0.01). Conclusion: Preoperative OSI can be considered as an independent prognostic factor for operable and advanced gastric cancer.
Ultraviolet B Exposure Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Mice by Expanding CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Regulatory

Background- — Pathogenic immune responses are known to play an important role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation has been demonstrated to have therapeutic potential not only for cutaneous diseases but also for systemic in ﬂ ammatory diseases in mice by suppressing immunoin ﬂ ammatory responses. We investigated the effect of UVB irradiation on experimental AAA. Methods and Results- — We used an angiotensin II – induced AAA model in apolipoprotein E – de ﬁ cient mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. Mice aged 10 weeks were irradiated with 5 kJ/m 2 UVB once weekly for 6 weeks (UVB-irradiated, n = 38; nonirradiated, n = 42) and were euthanized for evaluation of AAA formation at 16 weeks. Overall, 93% of angiotensin II – infused mice developed AAA, with 60% mortality possibly because of aneurysm rupture. UVB irradiation signi ﬁ cantly decreased the incidence (66%) and mortality (29%) of AAA ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.006, respectively). UVB-irradiated mice had signi ﬁ cantly smaller diameter AAA ( P = 0.008) and fewer in ﬂ ammatory cells in the aortic aneurysm tissue than nonirradiated mice, along with systemic expansion of CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells and decreased effector CD4 + CD44 high CD62L low T cells in para-aortic lymph nodes. Genetic depletion of regulatory T cells abrogated these bene ﬁ cial effects of UVB treatment, demonstrating a critical role of regulatory T cells. Conclusions- — Our data suggest that UVB-dependent expansion of regulatory T cells has bene ﬁ cial effects on experimental AAA and may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of AAA. ( J Am Heart Assoc . 2017;6:e007024. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117. 007024.)
Pulmonary, Gastrointestinal and Urogenital Pharmacology Aclidinium bromide abrogates allergen-induced hyperresponsiveness and reduces eosinophilia in murine model of airway inflammation

article i nfo Airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation characterize the airways of individuals with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hence, therapeutic approaches that attenuate such manifestations may offer promise in the management of these diseases. In the present study, we investigated whether a novel long-acting cholinergic antagonist, aclidinium bromide, modulates airway function and leukocyte trafficking in an Aspergillus fumigatus (Af)-induced murine model of asthma. Nebulized aclidinium (1 mg/ml) administration completely abrogated increases in methacholine-induced lung resistance in Af- exposed mice. Parallel assessment of dynamic compliance showed that aclidinium also completely restores methacholine-mediated decreases in naive and Af-exposed mice. As evidenced by differential cell counts within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, aclidinium also diminished (51±4%) Af-induced airway eosinophil numbers with no significant change in other immune cell types. Further assessment of cytokine and total protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed that aclidinium had little effect on IL-4 or IL-6 levels in either Af-exposed or naive mice but markedly decreased total protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These data suggest that aclidinium, a selective muscarinic antagonist, not only acts as a bronchodilator but could also act as an anti-inflammatory agent with potential clinical benefits in the treatment of COPD and asthma.
Factors Associated With Intraoperative Conversion to Total Thyroidectomy in Be-

Background: Decision to undertake total thyroidectom y w hen gross inspection of the gland raises suspicion of widespread degenerative changes is often intraoperative. Knowing the factors associated with intraoperative conversion to total thyroidectomy may assist preoperative counselling. This study describes the probability of conversion to total thyroidectomy and factors associated with conversion among patients hitherto planned for partial thyroidectomy.
intravenous tranexamic acid use in revision total joint arthroplasty: a meta-analysis

Purpose: Massive perioperative blood loss in complex revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA) often requires blood transfusions. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been used in elective primary TJA to minimize blood loss and transfusions. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous TXA in revision TJA. Methods: A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was performed to identify studies published between January 2000 and May 2017. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective cohort observational studies evaluating the efficacy of intravenous TXA during revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) were included. The mean differences (MDs) of blood loss, hemoglobin (Hb) change, and red blood cell (RBC) units transfused were compiled, and ORs of transfusion and venous thromboembolism (VTE) events in TXA and control groups were calculated. Results: Seven studies involving 930 patients were included (501 TXA vs 429 control). Intravenous TXA use had a significantly less blood transfusion (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.11–0.34, P  0.001), lower Hb drop (MD =- 0.88, 95% CI =- 1.31 to - 0.44, P  0.001), and less number of RBC units transfused (MD =- 0.44, 95% CI =- 0.65 to - 0.24, P  0.001) compared to control in the postoperative period. No significant difference was seen in blood loss (MD =- 245, 95% CI =- 556 to 66, P = 0.12) and VTE events (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.13–2.42, P = 0.45) between groups. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis suggests that intravenous administration of TXA can significantly reduce blood transfusion requirements following revision TJA, without increasing the risk of VTE. However, due to the variation in included studies, larger RCTs are required to draw firm conclusions.