Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Daily and Interval Feeding of Sapindus rarak Saponins on Protozoa, Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Digestibility in Sheep

Several researchers have demonstrated that the rumen microbial community rapidly adapts to saponins and proposed interval feeding to prevent this rapid adaptation. An in vivo experiment was carried out to examine the effect of daily versus application every third day (interval feeding) of Sapindus rarak saponins (SE) on rumen fermentation end products, protozoal counts and nutrient digestibility. Thirty sheep were allocated into 5 groups. Sheep were fed daily or every third day with two levels of SE (0.48 and 0.72 g/kg body mass). One group received no saponin and served as control. All sheep received the same diet, a mixture of elephant grass and wheat pollard (65:35 w/w). Independent of the feeding regime and the level of inclusion, the addition of SE decreased protozoal counts and rumen ammonia concentrations (p<0.01). Microbial N supply and N retention were not affected by the high feeding regime. Daily feeding negatively influenced rumen xylanase and cellulase activity, but only when the high level of saponins was fed. However, these negative effects on rumen cell wall degradation were not reflected in decreasing total tract digestibility of the organic matter or the plant cell walls. Our results show that rumen microorganisms do not rapidly adapt to S. rarak saponins. (Key Words : Digestibility, Interval Feeding, Rumen, Saponin, Sapindus rarak)
The relationship between cytotoxic effect and binding to mammalian cultured cells of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin

Abstract The relationship between the cytotoxic effect and binding to different cell lines of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was investigated. The enterotoxin released 51 Cr from Vero and MDCK cells labeled with Na 2 - 51 CrO 4 . The effect varied depending upon the dose of enterotoxin and the duration and temperature of the interaction. The enterotoxin gave no effect on FL, KB, or L-929 cells. [ 125 I]Enterotoxin bound specifically to Vero and MDCK cells via a binding site of distinct nature, but not to FL, KB, or L-929 cells. The number of the binding sites located on one MDCK cell (1.98 × 10 6 sites/cell) was three times that on one Vero cell (5.64 × 10 5 sites/cell), although the binding affinity of MDCK cell ( K a = 3.76 × 10 7 M −1 ) was 0.1 that of Vero cells ( K a = 3.23 × 10 8 M −1 ). Binding of the enterotoxin to susceptible cells was temperature-independent.
Rendimento de melão amarelo cultivado em diferentes tipos de cobertura do solo e métodos de plantio

Avaliou-se o rendimento de melao amarelo em diferentes tipos de cobertura do solo e metodos de plantio, em experimento na Fazenda Agua Branca (FRUNORTE), no municipio de Carnaubais-RN. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repeticoes. As parcelas foram constituidas pelas coberturas do solo [palha de carnauba, filme de polietileno preto, filme de polietileno dupla face (prateado e preto) e solo descoberto] e as subparcelas pelos metodos de plantio (semeadura direta e transplante direto com producao de mudas em tubetes de 125 mL, copos plasticos de 180 mL e bandejas de 72 celulas). As caracteristicas avaliadas foram peso medio de frutos comerciaveis, numero de frutos comerciaveis, produtividade de frutos comerciaveis e nao comerciaveis e classificacao dos frutos. As coberturas do solo e os metodos de plantio nao apresentaram efeito significativo para numero, peso medio e produtividade de frutos comerciaveis e nao comerciaveis. Em relacao ao mercado externo, as coberturas do solo proporcionaram maior concentracao de frutos tipos 5 e 6, enquanto que para o mercado interno, registrou-se maior percentagem de frutos dos tipos 5 a 8.
Behind Closed Doors: Discourses and Strategies in the European Securitized Borderlands in Moldova, Serbia and Ukraine

ABSTRACT Since the enlargements of 2004 and 2007 European integration has brought about major changes for the citizens of Central and Eastern Europe, such as a process of re-bordering. The accession of countries in the region to the EU, and for some to the Schengen Area, has strengthened borders where there was previously fluidity. This is the starting point of a research on the populations located on the non-EU side of the EU border. The paper takes as a case study Romanian populations living in border regions in Moldova, Serbia, and Ukraine to investigate local discourses of the border and strategies put forward to overcome what is often perceived as an artificial obstacle. Collected through an ethnography of “ordinary citizens,” the data demonstrate how the securitization of the EU border has led to the development of instrumental identities and practices of those living on the “wrong” side of the EU borders.
Identification of Two Dominant Serotypes of Rhizobium trifolii in Root Nodules of Uninoculated Field-Grown Subclover

Analysis of the protein profile patterns by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of 30 isolates of Rhizobium trifolii obtained from root-nodules of uninoculated field grown plants of subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cv. ‘Mt. Barker’ showed that 12 and 9 isolates were represented by two different protein profile patterns (gel types). Serological analyses performed using antisera raised to one isolate of each gel type showed that although the two isolates, 1-01 and 2-01, shared a common antigenic determinant, they were distinguishable by their reactions in whole-cell somatic agglutination and gel-immune-diffusion tests. Forty-nine of the sixty isolates collected from nodules in the establishment year, and 56 of 90 isolates collected the following year were antigenically identical to either one or the other of the two parent isolates. Sixteen of the one hundred fifty isolates cross-reacted strongly with both antisera in whole-cell somatic tube agglutination and gel-immune-diffusion assays while only 23 of the 150 isolates were antigenically unrelated to either 1-01 or 2-01. All of the 22 isolates of serotype 1-01 collected in the establishment year possessed the same gel type, wheres 19 of 27 isolates of serotype 2-01 had the same gel type as the parent isolate, 2-01. The majority (18 of 22) of isolates of serotype 1-01 were superior symbiotic effectiveness while the majority (17 of 19) of isolates of serotype 2-01 possessing the same gel type were of inferior effectiveness.
Dynamic testing

Abstract This article examines test procedures that focus on activating and assessing learning and action potential. This dynamic testing is presented within an intelligence‐testing framework as an appropriate diagnostic strategy for assessing potential for change and for identifying the relevant variables experimentally. It is shown how the various testing approaches integrate feedback and prompts that elicit a learning process and estimate learning potential. The development of a dynamic approach to testing motor learning potential in Europe and the United States is outlined. Comparisons with static approaches show the advantages of dynamic test procedures in education, competitive sports, aviation, childhood motor impairments, and current trends in sport psychology. Consequences are discussed for a research perspective placing more emphasis on change.
Soil CO2 efflux in a tropical forest in the central Amazon

This study investigated the spatial and temporal variation in soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux and its relationship with soil temperature, soil moisture and rainfall in a forest near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The mean rate of efflux was 6.45±0.25 SE μmol CO2 m−2s−1 at 25.6±0.22 SE°C (5 cm depth) ranging from 4.35 to 9.76 μmol CO2 m−2s−1; diel changes in efflux were correlated with soil temperature (r2=0.60). However, the efflux response to the diel cycle in temperature was not always a clear exponential function. During period of low soil water content, temperature in deeper layers had a better relationship with CO2 efflux than with the temperature nearer the soil surface. Soil water content may limit CO2 production during the drying‐down period that appeared to be an important factor controlling the efflux rate (r2=0.39). On the other hand, during the rewetting period microbial activity may be the main controlling factor, which may quickly induce very high rates of efflux. The CO2 flux chamber was adapted to mimic the effects of rainfall on soil CO2 efflux and the results showed that efflux rates reduced 30% immediately after a rainfall event. Measurements of the CO2 concentration gradient in the soil profile showed a buildup in the concentration of CO2 after rain on the top soil. This higher CO2 concentration developed shortly after rainfall when the soil pores in the upper layers were filled with water, which created a barrier for gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere.
Editorial

I am very pleased to introduce you to my special issue for the Journal of Crime and Justice, the official journal of the Midwestern Criminal Justice Association, focusing on ‘Methodological Innovations and Empirical Advancements in Sex Offender Research. ’ The goal of this special issue is to disseminate theoretically grounded and empirically sound research on sex offenders and sex offending. Although sex offender research has been prominent for some time, the sizeable changes in the legislative landscape toward increasing the laws and sanctions targeting sex offenders and sex offending (in the United States in particular) have ushered in a new or renewed interest in empirical investigations of sex offending. What is becoming readily apparent from the accumulating evidence from this research is that the current and widely held perceptions of sex offenders as being highly recidivistic, dangerous, specialized, and in need of a unique registration and community notification system to deter their ‘immutable’ impulses to re-offend sexually, are misguided at best and wrought with considerable unanticipated collateral consequences (Jennings et al. in press, Sample and Bray 2003, 2006, Zgoba 2004, Miethe et al. 2006, Zimring et al. 2007, 2009, Magers et al. 2009, Zgoba et al. 2009, 2010, Tewksbury and Jennings 2010, Tewksbury et al. 2012). Prior to reviewing the 10 high-quality manuscripts that are included in this special issue, I provide a brief review of the empirical evidence regarding these commonly held (and misguided) perceptions.
Effect of Boron and Molybdenum Application on Seed Yield of Mungbean

The experiment was conducted in field at C.S. A. Agriculture University and Technology, Kanpur, during Kharif season 2012. One treatment was kept as control to compare the various treatments of boron and molybdenum applied by different methods. The best treatments emerged out from this study were boron @ 3.75 kg/ha and molybdenum @ 0.75 kg/ha for growth parameters, fruiting behavior and grain yield of mungbean variety PDM-139.
A Note on Fisher's Theory of the Origin of Dominance, and on a Correlation between Dominance and Linkage

rub. A. FISHER (28 a, b) has suggested that, on its first appearance, a mutant gene usually produces a marked effect in the heterozygous condition, and becomes recessive to the wild type only as the result of natural selection acting over very long periods. He regards this process as due to the selection of specific modifying genes which render the appearance and viability of the heterozygote approximately the same as those of the wild type. S. Wright (29) has criticized this process on the ground of its slowness. The present note raises the question of whether it is possible in the manner suggested by Fisher. Consider, with Wright, a population mostly of composition AAmm, and that Aammr have a viability 1 k, compared with
Reduced Aggression Toward Siblings as Evidence of Kin Recognition in Cannibalistic Salamanders

In amphibians, evidence of kin recognition is limited to anurans, and neighbor recognition has only been documented in the territorial adults of a frog and a terrestrial salamander. We examined whether kin and neighbor recognition occur among larval salamanders (Ambystoma opacum: Ambystomatidae) that are known to be aggressive and cannibalistic. Our results indicate that larval A. opacum discriminate siblings from nonsiblings on the basis of four types of agonistic behavior. Larvae were significantly less aggressive and more submissive to siblings than to nonsiblings, regardless of whether larvae were presented with familiar or unfamiliar opponents. However, larvae made no distinction between familiar and unfamiliar individuals, which suggests that neighbor recognition does not occur in this species. Suppressed aggression and increased submission toward siblings in larval A. opacum may function to minimize harmful acts of aggression (biting and, ultimately, cannibalism) among siblings, thus enhancing the inclusive fitness of related individuals. This avoidance of siblings in larval salamanders, in contrast to the preferential aggregation of siblings in larval anurans, suggests a divergence in the possible function of kin recognition among amphibians.
Bacterial Populations during Inland Fall Chinook Salmon Egg Culture in Vertical‐Flow Tray Incubators

Abstract Bacterial samples were collected from water flowing through vertically stacked trays during the incubation of eggs of inland fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Bacteria numbers gradually increased until the eyed stage of egg development and then decreased after removal of dead eggs. Bacterial abundance peaked during hatching and declined thereafter. Throughout incubation, bacterial abundance increased from the top to the bottom of the stack. Mechanical picking of dead eggs at the eyed stage led to a decrease in bacteria numbers. Removal of dead eggs and fry by hand picking resulted in a temporary increase in bacteria population, with a return to prepicking levels after 30 min. Egg survival at the eyed stage of development was inversely related to tray position, decreasing from top to bottom of the incubation stack. Survival from the eyed stage to fry swim-up was not affected by tray location. If high egg mortality is anticipated, hatchery managers may want to consider changes in egg re.
Community Composition and Abundance of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea in Sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and its Adjacent Area in the East China Sea

ABSTRACT Community composition and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were investigated using ammonia monooxygenase α subunit (amoA) in sediments from the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent area in the East China Sea (ECS). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), clone libraries and sequencing were performed to characterize the AOA community. Clone libraries analysis showed that the majority of amoA sequences fell within the Nitrosopumilus cluster. Correlation analysis showed that AOA diversity was closely related to the nitrite concentration, which was consistent with the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) where a significant association between nitrite and AOA community composition was observed. The qPCR results were found to be significantly correlated with the environmental parameters. In the gravity cores, a significant positive correlation was found between ammonium concentrations and amoA gene copy numbers from different sediment depths at station S31. At station S33, however, ammonium concentration had a negative correlation and nitrite concentration had a positive correlation with amoA gene copy numbers. In the surface sediments, chlorophyll a concentration had a negative correlation and nitrate concentration had a positive correlation with amoA gene copy numbers. Compared amoA gene copy numbers from AOA with those from ammonia-oxidizing β-proteobacteria (β-AOB) in the same studied areas, the amoA gene copy ratio of β-AOB to AOA was negatively correlated with the phosphate concentration and dissolved oxygen concentration, but was not significantly correlated with either ammonium concentrations or salinity. Our data provided valuable information to achieve a better understanding of the potential role of ammonia oxidizers at the interface between terrestrial and marine environments.
A trophic cascade with Chaoborus : population dynamics of ex-ephippial generations of Daphnia

Changes in population dynamics and competitive outcome between Daphnia pulex and D. rosea in response to severe predation by Chaoborus larvae were investigated in a field experiment. In a nearly fishless lake with unusually high densities of Chaoborus flavicans and C. obscuripes, the two coexisting Daphnia species developed morphological defense structures to a different degree. An enclosure-exclosure setup was applied to investigate the population dynamics of both species in presence and absence of the predators. The field study followed the population growth of freshly hatched juveniles of D. pulex and D. rosea as they naturally emerged from ephippia in the lake's sediment during spring. Both Daphnia species have a large body size and, in enclosures with Chaoborus only, developed neckteeth and elongated tail spines as inducible defenses. Nevertheless, Chaoborus accounted for high mortality rates in ephippial neonates and strongly reduced the chance of individuals to reach maturity, especially in D. rosea, the dominant species in enclosures without Chaoborus. It is concluded that, in the first generation, when otherwise large and morphologically defended Daphnia are synchronized by ephippial origin to a population of only juveniles, a trophic cascade with Chaoborus may become highly effective.
An Attempt at Cutting Forces Modelling in Oak Peripheral Milling

Two parameters were added to the second sentence: density, D, and moisture content, mC. The last sentence of the abstract section has been revised: Several interactions between the machining parameters and properties of wood were confirmed in the developed relationship FC= f(D, mC, H, RB, E, fZ, cD, γF).
THE EFFECT OF COMBINATIONS OF DETERRENTS ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF LOCUSTA MIGRATOIA

Combinations of feeding deterrents are additive in their effects on the feeding behaviour of Locusta migratoria. The effect has been shown within and across different chemical classes. A mixture of fourteen different phenolic compounds from Sorghum bicolor tested in naturally occurring concentrations is deterrent although the individual levels of deterrence are not measurable. The significance of the findings in relation to plant resistance is discussed.
Growth Dynamics during the Vegetative Period Affects Yield of Narrow-Row, Late-Planted Soybean

Narrow-row culture is recommended for increasing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] yield at late plantings in the southeastern USA. Increased pod number resulting from greater light interception (LI) and crop growth rate (CGR) during the early reproductive period [first flowering to seed initiation (R1 to R5)] is mainly responsible for narrow-row yield increases. However, little is known about rowspacing effects on LI, CGR, and other growth dynamic parameters during the vegetative period [emergence (E) to R1] and how these parameters affect yield. Our objectives were to determine when LI and CGR differences in narrow vs. wide rows appear during E to R1, to determine if these differences contribute to narrow-row effects on CGR(R1 to R5), and to determine the roles of leaf area index (LAI) and light interception efficiency (LIE = LI/LAI) in causing narrow-row LI increases during the vegetative period. Seed of 'Centennial' soybean (Maturity Group VI) was planted in mid-July in 1992 and 1993 at Baton Rouge, LA, on a Commerce silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, thermic Aeric Fluvaquent). Experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-plot arrangement. Main plots were row spacings of 100, 50, and 25 cm. Split plots were eight sampling dates during E to R5. The CGR(R1 to R5) advantage of narrow-row culture developed from CGR advantage in the vegetative period, caused by greater LI originating from increased LIE during the first 26 d of the vegetative period. Yield was significantly correlated with CGR during most of the vegetative period. In conclusion, source strength (CGR) during the vegetative period was shown to affect yield at late planting dates.
Problem directors on the audit committee and financial reporting quality

The objective of this paper is to examine empirically the consequences for financial reporting quality of having audit committees that include problem directors, that is, directors with prior involvement in corporate bankruptcies, major accounting restatements, or other accounting scandals. An ordinary least squares regression model is used to examine the association between problem directors on the audit committee and financial reporting quality as proxied by accruals and real earnings management. Results reveal that there is a positive association between the presence of problem directors on the audit committee and real earnings management, and this association is more pronounced in cases where those problem directors have been involved in prior instances of accounting restatements and fraudulent reporting practices.
DETERMINING BLUBBER FATTY ACID COMPOSITION: A COMPARISON OF IN SITU DIRECT AND TRADITIONAL METHODS

Fatty acids (FAs) are used to make inferences about the foraging behavior and diets of free-ranging marine mammals. However, several methods are currently available for determining the FA composition of blubber and these methods may produce different results. We compared in situ direct transesterification methods, where a small amount of tissue is sampled, with more traditional methods involving prior lipid extraction of the entire sample of interest. Using gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) blubber, we found that when the direct in situ method was used on a 2-mg sample of blubber, the resulting FA profile differed significantly from that produced when traditional full-extraction methods were employed. Regardless of where the small spot sample was taken within the blubber depth, it was not representative of the entire blubber FA composition, as blubber is non-homogeneous throughout its depth. We also modified the in situ direct method to allow analysis of the entire blubber layer. Results of this full-layer direct method compared quite favorably with traditional extraction methods and may provide a reasonable alternative for analyses. Although application of our full-layer direct method will require further verification in certain marine mammal blubber samples, we conclude that the large differences obtained when using the direct method are not a consequence of the chemical method itself. Rather, they arise from non-representative sampling of the blubber FA composition.