Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phase differences between bed configuration and flow in natural environments, and their geological relevance

In nature where unsteady flows prevail, the characters of bed configurations lag, or differ in phase from, the flow conditions. This is demonstrated from quantitative data for dune beds in the Fraser River (Canada) and the Gironde Estuary (France), where the flow conditions change ahead of the bed form by as much as 1/4 period. Qualitative evidence for lag abounds, for instance, substantially unmodified dunes exposed during low water. The existence of lag appears to confuse attempts to establish from field data the relationships between bed-form properties and flow conditions and, at the same time, makes difficult the confident application to field situations of formulae based on steady-state experiments or theories. Unfamiliar types of field study and experiments are needed to increase understanding of the degree and precise significance of lag.
Evidence for platy hematite grains in Sinus Meridiani, Mars

[1] Midinfrared (∼1600–200 cm−1) spectral data received from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS TES) have provided evidence for a large hematite-bearing (α-Fe2O3) deposit in Sinus Meridiani, Mars. We report here the results of a laboratory spectroscopic investigation of 24 hematite samples, including polycrystalline hand samples (massive and schistose textures), single-crystal hand samples, and particle-size fractions (single-crystal and polycrystalline discrete particles). Laboratory midinfrared analyses of crystallographically oriented hematite samples suggest that the hematite emission in Sinus Meridiani (SM) is predominantly from the crystallographic c-face of hematite. This observation implies the presence of platy hematite particles, with the plate face being the crystallographic c-face. The observations are consistent with a formational model where the platy, gray hematite originated as an iron-oxide, chemically precipitated from Fe-rich aqueous and/or hydrothermal solutions on early Mars, that was buried, recrystallized to platy hematite, and subsequently reexposed as lenses of schistose hematite in a friable, consolidated stratigraphic unit. Unconsolidated platy hematite particles are also likely to be present as a physical-weathering product of the schistose hematite lenses.
A note on the rate sensitivity of frictional sliding of westerly granite

The frictional sliding of simulated faults containing crushed Westerly granite was studied in a series of constant stepped velocity experiments. Confining pressures were varied from 0.00733 to 7.33 μm/s. The strain rate sensitivity B, that is, the slope of the frictional stress change Δμ with the logarithm of the change in velocity, (log10 (V2/V1)), was found to be low and pressure dependent, increasing with increased confining pressure to a maximum of approximately 0.01 at 300 MPa confining pressure. Creep curves are available with entire article on microfiche. Order from the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. , Washington, DC 20009. Document B83-011; $2.50. Payment must accompany order.
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Agroclimatic Indicators in Iran

The climate model, United Kingdom Meteorological Organization model (UKMO) and multivariate statistics, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to determine the climate diversity and agroclimatic indicators in future climate change. Monthly weather data from 1968 to 2000 at 36 weather stations in Iran were used to generate climate change scenarios for years 2025 and 2050. The UKMO model predicted a temperature rise of 2.7°C and a rainfall decrease of 12% by 2050. By 2050, length of the growth period is predicted to increase by 16 days, length of the dry period will increase by 22 days because of a delay in the first freezing day and an advance in the last freezing day, and the subsequent increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall. Cluster analysis of weather station data shows that 10 currently defined agroenvironment zones will be reduced to 8 by 2025 and to 7 by 2050. Climate change will decrease geographic differences in temperature and precipitation in Iran, and precipitation will be increasingly a determining indicator in the future.
Influence of pH on Heat-Induced Changes in Skim Milk Containing Various Levels of Micellar Calcium Phosphate

The present study investigated the effect of micellar calcium phosphate (MCP) content and pH of skim milk on heat-induced changes in skim milk. Four MCP-adjusted samples, ranging from 67 to 113% of the original MCP content, were heated (90 °C for 10 min) at different pH values (6.3, 6.6, 6.9, and 7.2), followed by determining changes in particle size, turbidity, protein distribution, and structure. The results demonstrate a strong effect of MCP level and pH on heat-induced changes in milk, with the MCP67 samples revealing the greatest thermal stability. Specifically, decreasing MCP content by 33% (MCP67) led to a smaller increase in non-sedimentable κ-casein and a lower decrease in αs2-casein concentrations after heating compared to other samples. Lower MCP content resulted in a moderate rise in the average particle size and turbidity, along with lower loading of β-turn structural component after heating at low pH (pH 6.3). Notably, MCP113 exhibited instability upon heating, with increased particle size, turbidity, and a significant decrease in non-sedimentable αs2-casein concentration, along with a slight increase in non-sedimentable κ-casein concentration. The FTIR results also revealed higher loading of intermolecular β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil structures, as well as lower loading of α-helix and β-sheet structures in MCP-enhanced skim milk samples. This suggests significant changes in the secondary structure of milk protein and greater formation of larger aggregates.
Examining Associations between Maternal Trauma, Child Attachment Security, and Child Behaviours in Refugee Families

We examined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms in refugee mothers and the relationships between maternal trauma, child attachment security, and child internalizing and externalizing behaviours. Results from 36 mothers of children 18–70 months old indicated that while 94.4% of mothers reported experiencing trauma, only 2.8% reported clinically elevated PTSD symptoms. Maternal PTSD symptoms were correlated with child internalizing and externalizing behaviours. Attachment security was negatively correlated with internalizing and externalizing behaviours. Attachment security moderated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and externalizing behaviours; PTSD symptoms predicted externalizing behaviours for children with low attachment security only. This suggests that child attachment security may protect against maternal trauma.
Parameterization of topographic effect on surface solar radiation

[1] Topographic impact on the surface solar (shortwave (SW)) radiation was investigated using a 40 m high-resolution digital topographic data model and a radiative transfer model. With applications to the complex terrain of Taiwan, we found that the spatial variation of the surface SW radiation has a strong diurnal cycle. The standard deviation of the SW radiation, σ f , over Taiwan is nearly constant for a given solar zenith angle (SZA). The maximum σ f occurs at SZA ∼55°, corresponding to midmorning (early morning) and midafternoon (late afternoon) in winter (summer). For a spatial resolution of 40 m, the σ f over Taiwan attains a maximum value of 300 W m -2 , which is ∼50% of the domain mean SW radiation. The topographic impact on the spatial variation of SW radiation increases with decreasing grid box size, Δx. In mesoscale land and atmospheric models, Δx is small, and the topographic impact is strong. Over Taiwan, the standard deviation of the difference between the daily mean SW radiation computed with a spatial resolution of 40 m and that computed with degraded spatial resolution reaches 25 W m -2 for Δx = 1 km and 8 W m -2 for Δx = 10 km, indicating the importance of topographic impact on the surface SW radiation in mesoscale land and atmospheric models. We developed a parameterization of the topographic impact on the surface SW radiation that scales the SW radiation computed for a flat surface without shading by surrounding terrains. The scaling is separately applied to the direct and diffuse radiation. It is applicable to all clear, aerosol-laden, and cloudy conditions and to all spatial resolutions with Δx > 40 m.
Video Analysis of Map-drawing Strategies

Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the mapping strategies of individuals by videotaping participants during a cognitive mapping test and by conducting follow-up interviews. Analyzing map-drawing processes using videotapes provided more information than did the analysis of finished paper maps. For example, even though finished maps look similar, they are often constructed by individuals using different strategies and processes. This research identified three map-drawing strategies, hierarchical, regional, and mixed.
A new elastic viscoplastic model for time-dependent behaviour of normally and overconsolidated clays: theory and verification

This paper presents a new three-dimensional elastic viscoplastic (3D EVP) constitutive model for the time-dependent stressstrain behaviour of both normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays. There are two major new developments in the 3D EVP model: (i) incorporation of a nonlinear creep function with a limit for the creep volume strain under isotropic stressing conditions; (ii) adoption of a new loading surface function with a smooth shape on the π plane. Based on the "equivalent time" concept of Yin and Graham, the formulation of the new 3D EVP model is derived using the new nonlinear creep function and loading surface function. A new approach to determining all model parameters is presented. The 3D EVP model is calibrated using data from one conventional isotropic stress creep test and consolidated-undrained triaxial tests on soft Hong Kong marine deposits (HKMD). The model is verified by comparing model results with those from both normally and overconsolidated triaxial tests on HKMD and a mixtu.
A comparison of stomatal conductance responses to blue and red light between C3 and C4 photosynthetic species in three phylogenetically-controlled experiments

Introduction C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation that has independently evolved at least 66 times in angiosperms. C4 plants, unlike their C3 ancestral, have a carbon concentrating mechanism which suppresses photorespiration, often resulting in faster photosynthetic rates, higher yields, and enhanced water use efficiency. Moreover, the presence of C4 photosynthesis greatly alters the relation between CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance. Previous papers have suggested that the adjustment involves a decrease in stomatal density. Here, we tested if C4 species also have differing stomatal responses to environmental cues, to accommodate the modified CO2 assimilation patterns compared to C3 species. Methods To test this hypothesis, stomatal responses to blue and red-light were analysed in three phylogenetically linked pairs of C3 and C4 species from the Cleomaceae (Gynandropsis and Tarenaya), Flaveria, and Alloteropsis, that use either C3 or C4 photosynthesis. Results The results showed strongly decreased stomatal sensitivity to blue light in C4 dicots, compared to their C3 counterparts, which exhibited significant blue light responses. In contrast, in C3 and C4 subspecies of the monocot A. semialata, the blue light response was observed regardless of photosynthetic type. Further, the quantitative red-light response varied across species, but the presence or absence of a significant stomatal red-light response was not directly associated with differences in photosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, stomatal density and morphology patterns observed across the three comparisons were also not consistent with patterns commonly asserted for C3 and C4 species. Discussion The strongly diminished blue-light sensitivity of stomatal responses in C4 species across two of the comparisons suggests a common C4 feature that may have functional implications. Altogether, the strong prevalence of species-specific effects clearly emphasizes the importance of phylogenetic controls in comparisons between C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways.
Statistical significance and pattern of extratropical QBO in column ozone

Statistical tests are performed on 30 years (1957–1986) of Dobson station data. The triple-period (30, 20, and 8.6 months) extratropical QBO signal in ozone is found to be statistically significant. Earlier tests, based on 9 years of TOMS data, gave ambiguous results. We further suggest an objective method of extracting ozone QBO signal in the extratropics using a linear regression model.
Diurnal and longer‐term temporal changes in the composition of atmospheric particles at Mauna Loa, Hawaii

The collection of midtropospheric atmospheric particulate matter during upslope and downslope mountain winds was accomplished by using two types of sector controllers between February 1979 and April 1982 at Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawaii. Initially, a simple time-of-day system was used for sampling. This was replaced in May 1980 by a digital system which monitors meteorological conditions, aerosol data, as well as time of day to differentiate between upslope and downslope winds. Particles derived from the marine environment were found to be much lower in concentration during downslope winds than upslope winds (15 ng/m3, σg = 4.0 versus 270 ng/m3, σg = 2.5). The mean ratio was 14 with simple time-of-day control and 21 with the improved and more discriminating digital sector controller. Crustal-derived particles were 2.4 times lower in concentration in downslope winds. The presence of particles of Hawaiian basalt was determined by noting its quite different chemical composition as compared with dust transported from continents, over long distances into the area. Local basalts appear to be a minor source of crustal particles with concentrations of local basalt at MLO estimated to be 15 ng/m3 (σg = 3.3) in downslope winds versus 87 ng/m3 (σg = 2.6) in samples collected under upslope conditions. After correction for this local crustal material, the upslope/downslope crustal dust ratio still remained high (2.2) and exhibited strong seasonal variations, being much lower between mid-February to July (1.2) when high concentrations of dust are transported from Asian deserts to Hawaii, than during the remainder of the year (3.2). Upslope sulfate concentrations averaged 1.7 times higher than downslope conditions at MLO (530 ng/m3, σg = 1.9, versus 340 ng/m3, σg = 2.0).
Examination of an Online Cooking Education Program to Improve Shopping Skills, Attitudes toward Cooking, and Cooking Confidence among WIC Participants

The present study examined if adapting the Cooking Matters (CM) curriculum to be used in an online format would improve participants’ shopping skills, attitudes toward cooking, and feelings of cooking confidence, similar to the traditionally offered method, which is conducted in person. Results from factor analyses indicated that the online CM program demonstrated construct and content reliability compared to in-person (Cronbach’s α ≥ 0.70). Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a decrease in shopping skills overall (F = 5.91; p ≤ 0.05), consistent across age groups (F = 3.2; p ≤ 0.05) and food security status (F = 7.48; p < 0.01), with larger impacts on the food insecure (FI). Positive cooking attitudes increased with income (F = 2.86; p ≤ 0.05), especially among the <$20,000 and $30–39,000 income brackets. Cooking confidence increased post-intervention (F = 27.2, p < 0.001), with an interaction effect for food security status (F = 7.45; p ≤ 0.01), with greater improvement for households with food insecurity. These findings provide evidence to program and policymakers that virtual nutrition and cooking education services for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) should continue to be supported beyond the pandemic as they reduce barriers to receiving program benefits, nutrition education, and may lead to reductions in household food insecurity.
Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico

Global deforestation is occurring at a fast rate, around 13 million ha/yr (FAO, 2006) and is a major contributor to climate change. Emissions from deforestation in the 1990s are estimated at 5.8Gt/CO2/yr, and account for one-fifth of global anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). Moreover, deforestation is the major source of GHG emissions from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, it constitutes the main source of GHG emissions from many developing countries, and, at a global scale, GHG emissions from deforestation are higher than the total amount produced by the transport sector annually.
Evaluation of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis in the NE Pacific and the Bering Sea

[1] The quality of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis surface forcing fields is evaluated for the Bering Sea and the NE Pacific using a series of buoy measurements from 1995 to 2000. Because the mooring data have not been assimilated into the reanalysis, they provide an independent measure of the accuracy of the reanalysis in these regions. Emphasis is placed on 10 m winds and shortwave radiation, as they are important parameters for forcing ocean models. Except close to the coast where the reanalysis does not adequately account for the blocking influence of the topography, wind directions were accurately estimated by the reanalysis. Comparisons with the reanalysis suggest a small bias with NCEP 10 m winds greater than observed by ∼5%. In the Bering Sea, downward shortwave radiation in the reanalysis is overestimated by roughly 70–80 W m−2 averaged over the summer data. In the NE Pacific, the reanalysis overestimates downward shortwave radiation by approximately 20 W m−2 in both summer and winter. Inaccurate representation of clouds in the reanalysis model is the most likely reason for the overestimate. Analysis of weather patterns during periods of particularly large overestimation of shortwave radiation suggests that the reanalysis better reproduces cloudiness during synoptic-scale cyclonic disturbances and is less able to accurately reproduce low clouds and sea fog in fair weather conditions.
Characterization of Depositional Environments in Isolated Carbonate Platforms Based on Benthic Foraminifera, Belize, Central America

Abstract Tests of benthic foraminifera were analyzed quantitatively in 43 surface sediment samples collected along E–W traverses across the modern isolated carbonate platforms of Glovers Reef (N=14), Lighthouse Reef (N=14), and Turneffe Islands (N=15), offshore Belize, Central America. Water depths of sample stations range from 0 m (beach) to 40 m (fore reef). Each sample was sieved in the size classes 2–1, 1–0.5, 0.5–0.25, and 0.25–0.125 mm (ϕ=1–0, 0–1, 1–2, and 2–3, respectively) and 300 foraminiferal identifications were attempted for each sieve fraction (i.e., 1,200 individuals per sample, totaling 46,003 specimens). Cluster analyses of samples characterized platform environments and distinguished four benthic foraminifera associations. Fore reef samples were characterized by abundant Amphistegina gibbosa and the occurrence of Asterigerina carinata, both rotaliids. In high-energy, marginal-reef areas the encrusting rotaliid Homotrema rubrum predominated. Platform-interior environments were marked by a variety of common taxa, the most common of which include Miliolina such as Archaias angulatus, Quinqueloculina sp. , and Triloculina sp. , as well as the rotaliid Cribroelphidium poeyanum, the latter indicating low-energy or deep-lagoonal regimes. Diversity, expressed as numbers of identified taxa, appears to be a function of relative degree of circulation. The highest number (147) of taxa was found in the shallow, high-energy platform of Lighthouse Reef, followed by Glovers Reef (78), both of which are open to the Caribbean Sea. The lowest number of taxa (66) occurred in Turneffe Islands where large parts of the platform are characterized by the restricted circulation imposed by dense mangrove growth behind platform margins. The occurrence of tests of common foraminiferal species outside their original habitats, coupled with trends towards smaller grain-sizes and better sorting of tests away from original habitats along parts of the sample traverses, indicates sediment transport across platform margins. In the great majority of samples, however, sediment redeposition did not significantly alter characteristic taxonomic compositions. This result has important implications for the use of benthic foraminifera as facies indicators in fossil carbonate platforms.
Exploring the impact of patient, physician and technology factors on patient video consultation satisfaction

Objective Video consultations (VCs) were made available to the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic to compensate for the cutback of face-to-face doctor–patient interactions. However, little is known about what patient-related (e.g. age), physician-related (e.g. patient–physician relationship) and technology-related (e.g. online privacy concerns) factors contribute to video consultation satisfaction among patients. This study aims to gain a better understanding of what makes patients satisfied with video consultations. Methods A total of 180 patients who recently engaged in a video consultation were invited to answer questions about patient-, physician- and technology-related variables and their satisfaction with the video consultation. To examine which factors predict patient video consultation satisfaction, a multiple hierarchical regression analysis was performed. Results Overall, patients were satisfied with their video consultation. The final hierarchical model, including all patient-related, physician-related and technology-related factors, significantly contributed to patient video consultation satisfaction. Predictors of higher patient video consultation satisfaction were experiencing less technical issues, having higher general positive attitudes towards online communication, reporting higher importance of less travel time and being more satisfied with physicians’ affective and instrumental communication. Conclusions Video consultations can be appropriate in a variety of situations, provided that technical issues can be minimized, patients have a positive attitude towards online communication and attach value to reduced travel time and online patient–physician interactions can be experienced as affective and instrumental. Findings from this study contribute to understanding how video consultations can be best utilized for effective patient–physician communication.