Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wide-banded NTC radiation: local to remote observations by the four Cluster satellites

Abstract. The Cluster multi-point mission offers a unique collection of non-thermal continuum (NTC) radio waves observed in the 2–80 kHz frequency range over almost 15 years, from various view points over the radiating plasmasphere. Here we present rather infrequent case events, such as when primary electrostatic sources of such waves are embedded within the plasmapause boundary far from the magnetic equatorial plane. The spectral signature of the emitted electromagnetic waves is structured as a series of wide harmonic bands within the range covered by the step in plasma frequency encountered at the boundary. Developing the concept that the frequency distance df between harmonic bands measures the magnetic field magnitude B at the source (df = Fce, electron gyrofrequency), we analyse three selected events. The first one (studied in Grimald et al., 2008) presents electric field signatures observed by a Cluster constellation of small size (~ 200 to 1000 km spacecraft separation) placed in the vicinity of sources. The electric field frequency spectra display frequency peaks placed at frequencies fs = n df (n being an integer), with df of the order of Fce values encountered at the plasmapause by the spacecraft. The second event, taken from the Cluster tilt campaign, leads to a 3-D view of NTC waves ray path orientations and to a localization of a global source region at several Earth radii (RE) from Cluster (Decreau et al., 2013). The measured spectra present successive peaks placed at fs ~ (n+ 1/2) df. Next, considering if both situations might be two facets of the same phenomenon, we analyze a third event. The Cluster fleet, configured into a constellation of large size (~ 8000 to 25 000 km spacecraft separation), allows us to observe wide-banded NTC waves at different distances from their sources. Two new findings can be derived from our analysis. First, we point out that a large portion of the plasmasphere boundary layer, covering a large range of magnetic latitudes, is radiating radio waves. The radio waves are issued from multiple sources of small size, each related to a given fs series and radiating inside a beam of narrow cone angle, referred to as a beamlet. The beamlets illuminate different satellites simultaneously, at different characteristic fs values, according to the latitude at which the satellite is placed. Second, when an observing satellite moves away from its assumed source region (the plasmapause surface), it is illuminated by several beamlets, issued from nearby sources with characteristic fs values close to each other. The addition of radio waves blurs the spectra of the overall received electric field. It can move the signal peaks such that their position fs satisfiesfs = (n+α) df, with 0
Solving the Stochastic Growth Model by Policy-Function Iteration

This article describes a computer algorithm that solves the stochastic growth model by iterating on a fixed-point equation in the decision rule determining consumption as a function of the state variables. This algorithm does not discretize the state space, but rather it preserves the continuous domain of the capital stock and the productivity shock. The main advantge of this algorithm is that it is based on a Euler equation and thus it has a straightforward generalization to dynamic economies that cannot be solved by a central planner, such as a non-Pareto optimal competitive economy.
Ki-67 Expression as a Prognostic Marker: A Comparative Immunohistochemical Analysis of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Introduction Oral dysplasia is a frequent precancerous condition that may lead to oral cancer. The histopathologic abnormalities exhibited in a chronic, progressive, and premalignant condition of the oral mucosa are referred to as oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). It might show up as erythroplakia, leukoplakia, or leukoerythroplakia. OED is a premalignancy histologic marker that predicts a higher likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma development. Aims and objectives The aim of this study is to identify an association between Ki-67 protein expression and histological grading of OED and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to compare the expression of Ki-67 in different grades of OED and OSCC with the prognosis. Materials and methods The current retrospective research is focused on evaluating epithelial dysplasia and analyzing the function of Ki-67 as a prognostic marker after receiving institutional ethical approval. Group I - normal oral mucosa (NOM), Group II - OED, and Group III - OSCC were included in the study. For statistical analysis, SPSS Statistics version 21.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) was utilized. The Cox regression model was employed to look at interactions between various prognostic variables. At p<0.05, differences were deemed statistically significant. Results Ki-67 expression was confined to the basal layers in the normal oral epithelium and in the basal, suprabasal, and spinous layers in OED. Ki-67 positive cells were mostly found on the perimeter of well, moderate, and poorly differentiated OSCC tumor nests with Ki-67 positive cells scattered throughout OSCC. According to statistical analysis, there is a substantial difference in expression between OED and NOM, OSCC and NOM, and OED and OSCC. Conclusion Our study showed that there is a progressive increase in Ki-67 expression across various grades of OED, and the highest expression was noted in OSCC. Early identification and prompt treatment will help in improving the quality of life of such patients.
PRESERVING SYMMETRY IN PRECONDITIONED KRYLOV

We consider the problem of solving a linear system Ax = b when A is nearly symmetric and when the system is preconditioned by a symmetric positive denite matrix M. In the symmetric case, we can recover symmetry by using M-inner products in the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm. This idea can also be used in the nonsymmetric case, and near symmetry can be preserved similarly. Like CG, the new algorithms are mathematically equivalent to split preconditioning but do not require M to be factored. Better robustness in a specic sense can also be observed. When combined with truncated versions of iterative methods, tests show that this is more eective than the common practice of forfeiting near-symmetry altogether.
Molecular phylogenetics of Aedes aegypti (L., 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Eastern Black Sea area of Turkey and possible relations with the Caucasian invasion

: Aedes aegypti (L., 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) is an important pest for human health. It vectors many diseases, including yellow fever (YF), dengue (DENV), and chikungunya (CHIKV). This species has invaded numerous countries including Balkan and Caucasian countries few past decades. The established populations of species were found in Turkey in 2015. We investigated the genetic variation, molecular phylogenetics, and differences between samples from Turkey and Georgia using four mitochondrial and one genomic DNA markers. The possible origin of the species was determined separately for each gene region using maximum likelihood trees. The ML analysis showed a close relation with the Caucasian samples, and some haplotypes are specific to this region. Our results suggest that Turkish Ae. aegypti strains might have been a mix of Asian and American strains. The differences between Turkish and Georgian samples were statistically insignificant and values of difference were very low according to AMOVA. Pairwise difference values between the two countries indicated that populations may have the same origin and variation value between two countries is very low. As a conclusion, our results revealed that our region (Turkey and Georgia) samples were most probably a new invasion rather than an ancient one.
Closed-form solutions for the effective conductivity of two-phase periodic composites with spherical inclusions

In this paper, we use approximate solutions of Nemat-Nasser et al. to estimate the effective conductivity of two-phase periodic composites with non-overlapping spherical inclusions. Systems with different inclusion distributions are considered: cubic lattice distributions (simple cubic, body-centred cubic and face-centred cubic) and random distributions. The effective conductivities of the former are obtained in closed form and compared with exact solutions from the fast Fourier transform-based methods. For systems containing randomly distributed spherical inclusions, the solutions are shown to be directly related to the static structure factor, and we obtain its analytical expression in the infinite-volume limit.
Effect of Hen Genotype and Laying Time on Egg Quality and Albumen Lysozyme Content and Activity

Simple Summary We studied the putative effect of egg laying time and genotype of selected Polish native breeds of hens on egg quality and lysozyme content and activity in the albumen. We collected eggs form hen breeds included in the conservation programme in Poland, namely: Green-legged Partridge (Z-11), Yellow-legged Partridge (Ż-33), Rhode Island Red (R-11) and Leghorn (H-22). We found significant differences in the lysozyme content and activity in thick and thin albumen in eggs laid by the studied hens, while no effect of egg collection time on this trait was noted. Abstract According to research, egg quality and lysozyme content are influenced by a number of factors, which are mostly known in the case of commercial hybrids, while in breeds included in genetic resources conservation programmes, new research results in this regard are emerging. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of egg laying time and genotype of selected Polish native breeds of hens on egg quality and lysozyme content and activity in the albumen. The study material consisted of eggs collected from four strains of laying hens included in the Polish conservation programme, i.e., Green-legged Partridge (Z-11), Yellow-legged Partridge (Ż-33), Rhode Island Red (R-11) and Leghorn (H-22). At week 56, 28 eggs were randomly collected at 7:00 and 13:00 h from each breed of hen and assessed for quality. Laying time influenced certain egg quality traits. Eggs laid by hens in the morning were characterised by 1.7 g lower total weight and albumen weight, 2.4 pores/cm2 higher number of shell pores, 0.15 higher albumen pH values and 0.17 lower yolk pH values compared to those laid in the morning. The time of laying did not affect the level and activity of lysozyme in the albumen. A significant negative correlation was found between eggshell traits and albumen height, and between Haugh unit and lysozyme content and activity in the albumen. The studied egg quality traits were more influenced by genotype than by the egg-laying time.
Spin-up time research on the weather research and forecasting model for atmospheric delay mitigations of electromagnetic waves

Abstract. Atmosphere causes distortions in the geometry and phases of synthetic aperture radar images denoted by the atmospheric phase screen (APS). Numerical weather models are beneficial in correcting these disturbances. After initialization, the models need time to derive a physical valid state. This is called the spin-up time, and it affects delay predictions. The positive impact of a 12-h spin-up time on delay mitigation has not yet been reported and is the objective of this paper. Hence, four independent experiments are considered, revealing the best accuracy in the case of 12-h predictions and showing the best consistency of spatial frequencies. First, global positioning system zenith path delay (ZPD) series are compared with model-predicted ZPD series, which reports a 28% reduction of the root mean squared error. Second, the absolute ranging technique as an application of the delay prediction reports a 21% standard deviation decrease of position estimates. Third, a comparison of spatial frequencies between APS predictions and interferograms shows a closer consistency using a 12-h rather than a 6-h spin-up time. Fourth, APS mitigation in interferograms as an application of APS prediction is twice as good with respect to the 12-h spin-up time as with the 6-h spin-up time.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIVIDEND PAYOUT AND FIRM’S PROFITABILITY: A STUDY IN THE OIL SECTOR OF PAKISTAN

Many researchers have considered the issue of dividend policy over many other factors of profitability namely; profit margin, return on sales, return on assets, return on equity and return on investment however the motive of our study was to focus on the dividend payout ratio which is the one aspect of dividend policy over two main profitability ratios i.e. Return on Asset and Return on Equity therefore with the consideration of these factors this study derived the relationship between the dividend payout ratio and profitability nevertheless the impact of dividend payout ratio over return on asset (a component of profitability) is also derived. Moreover, the data of the listed oil sector companies of Pakistan is undertaken and the regression and correlation tests are applied on the variables to check the relationship and impact on each other besides the result showed that dividend payout ratio is the critical component which affects the performance of the firm since it is identified in our study with the R square of 0.18. Therefore, considering the result of this study it is said that the oil sector companies must pay attention to their dividend policies seeing as it affects the firm’s performance.
ONDALiK SAYILARiN FARKLI TEMSIL EDILMELERiNE GÖRE ALGILANMA SÜRELERi PERCEPTION TIME OF DECIMAL NUMBERS REPRESENTED DIFFERENT SHAPES

in this work, we investigated whether there is a significant difference in perception time of the numbers of the decimal number and the largest of them when they are represented in graphical form and tabular form. The computer experiments performed on two groups of stu- dents in different ages. The experiment results show that perception time of the numbers of the decimal numbers and their largest values are shorter at representation of them in graphical form. As a result, it is important to represent the decimal numbers in the graphical form.
Human‐virtual crowd interaction: Towards understanding the effects of crowd avoidance proximity in an immersive virtual environment

This paper focuses on understanding how study participants interact and perceive a virtual crowd in an immersive virtual environment. Specifically, our within‐group exploratory study investigated how avoidance proximity variations (i.e., low, medium, and high avoidance proximity [defined as avoidance radius]) assigned to crowd agents impacted participants' interaction with the virtual crowd. During the study, we instructed our participants to walk in a virtual environment. At the same time, we had a virtual crowd scripted to walk toward the start position of the participant following a straight path. During the participants' walking task, we collected movement data (i.e., trajectory length and completion time) and immediately after each experimental condition, we asked participants to self‐report their experience (i.e., co‐presence, behavioral independence, crowd realism, crowd interaction realism, perceived politeness, and emotional reactivity). Based on the collected data, we found that when we exposed our participants to the high avoidance proximity condition, they: (1) followed longer paths, (2) spent more time reaching the target goal, (3) rated the virtual crowd less polite, (4) rated the virtual crowd and their interaction with the virtual crowd less realistic, (5) rated the behavior independence of the virtual crowd lower, and (6) self‐reported higher emotional reactivity. We discuss our findings and suggestions for further research on human‐virtual crowd interaction.
Student Adoption of E-Learning in Higher Education Institutions in Saudi Arabia: Opportunities and Challenges

This study aims to explore the various factors influencing students in adopting e-learning in educational institutions in Saudi Arabia and analyze the relationship between factors of students' adoption of e-learning and student behavior intention. The study also analyzes perceived opportunities and challenges faced by students in adopting an e-learning system in higher education. A well-structured questionnaire was developed, and information was collected from 509 respondents. The study found that students' behavioral intention to adopt e-learning is highly influenced by performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, computer self-efficacy, and internet knowledge. The study confirms the mediating role of student engagement that can act as an alternate path for strengthening the relationship between factors of adoption of e-learning and behavioral intention. In addition, several implications and new lines of investigation are recommended for meeting the educational transformation needs and future sustainability.
What's the value in more moments?

The moment-based non-parametric species richness estimator of Chao is one of the most widely used estimators for the number of unobserved species in a sampling experiment. This is due in large part to its simplicity and robustness. This simplicity can also be a drawback, as it only uses a small amount of information contained in the observed experiment, essentially only the first moment. Previous authors, specifically Harris and Chao, have presented a general moment-based framework for estimating species richness that includes the Chao estimator. The application of this framework has been stymied by both the lack of deep sampling experiments, where higher moments can be accurately estimated, and the lack of efficient algorithms to properly use this information. Technological advances have filled the former void, allowing for sampling experiments orders of magnitude larger than previously considered. We aim to address the latter by connecting results from the theory of moment spaces and Gaussian quadrature to provide a general moment-based non-parametric estimator of species richness that uses more information through more moments and is computationally efficient. We show this estimator performs well and improves upon the Chao estimator on discrete abundance distributions, the simplest cases of heterogeneity. We demonstrate the performance on a simulated populations taken from emerging high-throughput technologies such as RNA-seq, immune repertoire, and metagenomic sequencing.
Feasibility Studies of Open Charm Measurements with the NA61/SHINE Experiment at CERN-SPS

The results of feasibility studies for the D 0 meson (open charm) measurements by its decay into two daughter particles, pion and kaon, in central Pb–Pb collisions at SPS energies are presented. To generate the physical input we use AMPT (A Multi-Phase Transport model) event generator. We employ GEANT4 application to describe particle transport through the experimental setup. The study is done assuming NA61/SHINE detector system supplemented with a future Vertex Detector (VD), which allows for precise track reconstruction at the target proximity. This precision is needed to select pion and kaon pairs that originate from the D 0 decays. The simulation results show that this measurement is feasible. This study also addresses the issue of vertex detector optimization with emphasis on the prospect of the development of a vertex detector based on CMOS technology. into two particles, pion and kaon, in central Pb–Pb at the top SPS energy lower 40 AMPT model describe the experimental Monte Carlo simulation show with the NA61/SHINE if is supplemented with a new, high Detector allows the precise track reconstruction at the target proximity.
The effectiveness of the contrarian and momentum strategies on the US REIT market

When making investment decisions in financial markets, investors use various investment strategies. The traditional ones include the contrarian strategy and the moment strategy. In recent years, one of the dynamically developing segments of the global financial market has been the American REIT market. The literature on the subject lacks research on the effectiveness of investment strategies in this market. The aim of the article is therefore to compare the effectiveness of the contrarian strategy and momentum strategy on the US REIT market in different ranking periods. Based on the data on the rates of return of individual REITs listed on public capital markets in the US, the rates of return resulting from the application of the contrarian and momentum strategies were estimated. The results of the conducted analyses showed that for the three-year ranking period, the rates of return of the portfolio composed of loser REITs significantly exceeded the rates of return of the portfolio of winner REITs. This means that during this period the use of the contrarian strategy was more effective than the use of the momentum strategy. For other analysed ranking periods, the differences in rates of return were not statistically significant. The results of the conducted analyses may help investors in choosing the most effective investment strategy on the REIT market. This research also answers the question whether the REIT market should use investment strategies that, according to research, are effective on the broad stock market, or strategies that work well on the investment fund market.
Research on Dynamic Characteristics of Multi-phase Flow Oil Film on Computation Fluid Dynamics Method

The model of multi-phase flow oil film of journal bearing was established on CFD (computation fluid dynamics) method in order to ensure the stable operation and obtain the dynamic characteristics. The radial and tangential forces of multi-flow oil film with three tiny eccentric positions were calculated, then, the stiffness and damping coefficients were reached. Compared from other results, the ones in this paper are accuracy, providing an important value on the stable and high efficient operation of journal bearings.
Handbook of Quantum Logic and Quantum Structures: Quantum Structures

Since its inception in the famous 1936 paper by Birkhoff and von Neumann entitled "The logic of quantum mechanics" quantum logic, i.e. the logical investigation of quantum mechanics, has undergone an enormous development. Various schools of thought and approaches have emerged and there are a variety of technical results.Quantum logic is a heterogeneous field of research ranging from investigations which may be termed logical in the traditional sense to studies focusing on structures which are on the border between algebra and logic. For the latter structures the term quantum structures is appropriate. The chapters of this Handbook, which are authored by the most eminent scholars in the field, constitute a comprehensive presentation of the main schools, approaches and results in the field of quantum logic and quantum structures. Much of the material presented is of recent origin representing the frontier of the subject. The present volume focuses on quantum structures. Among the structures studied extensively in this volume are, just to name a few, Hilbert lattices, D-posets, effect algebras MV algebras, partially ordered Abelian groups and those structures underlying quantum probability. - Written by eminent scholars in the field of logic- A comprehensive presentation of the theory, approaches and results in the field of quantum logic- Volume focuses on quantum structures