Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Note on Summer CO2 Flux, Soil Organic Matter, and Microbial Biomass from Different High Arctic Ecosystem Types in Northwestern Greenland

We measured CO2 flux, soil organic matter, and soil microbial biomass carbon in six high arctic tundra communities near Thule, Greenland, in July 1997, including polar desert, polar semidesert, and polar oasis ecosystems. Three of the four polar desert sites were in a contiguous toposequence originating at the receding margin of the Greenland ice cap and extending away from the ice approximately 400 m. The other sites ranged from 3 to 12 km from the ice margin. We measured net ecosystem CO2 uptake in the polar desert ecosystem most distance from the ice sheet (1.2 g CO2 m−2 d−1) and in the polar semidesert ecosystem (0.3 g CO2 m−2 d−1), but net CO2 loss in the polar oasis site and the three polar desert sites in the toposequence. Ecosystem respiration tended to be greatest in the ecosystems that have apparently been ice-free the longest, with efflux rates up to 3.7 g CO2 m−2 d−1. In the toposequence, soil organic matter was greatest adjacent to the icecap (3.10%) and decreased to 0.93% is the polar desert site 400 m from the ice. The polar semidesert and polar oases sites had 2.67 and 3.83% soil organic matter, respectively. Soil microbial biomass carbon ranged from about 1 mg C g−1 soil in the polar oasis ecosystem to about 0.2 mg C g−1 soil in one of the polar desert ecosystems but did not follow the patterns we found for soil organic matter. Our findings substantiate other recent studies showing significant CO2 flux between high arctic ecosystems and the atmosphere, and suggest that carbon exchange in these systems merit consideration in circumarctic estimates of carbon flux.
Geochemistry and petrology of a Middle Tithonian limestone-marl rhythmite in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina: depositional and burial history

Abstract The Middle Tithonian Los Catutos Member (Vaca Muerta Formation, Neuquén Basin), is lithologically and geochemically similar to limestone-marl alternations from the Late Jurassic of the northern hemisphere. Both marls and limestones are pelbiomicrites and biopelmicrites principally composed of pellets, radiolaria, forams, ostracods, equinoids, spicules of sponges and gastropods, cemented by several generations of calcite cement. Smectite and interlayers are the major epiclastic components of the fraction below 2 μm, reflecting pedogenic processes developed on volcanogenic source rocks. More abundant kaolinite in some marls reflects stronger humid conditions in the source area and enhanced terrigenous supply. Al2O3 content is demonstrated to be a reliable indicator of clastic input. The same is not true for silica, often related to high biogenic productivity of siliceous organisms. Rocks show total organic carbon (TOC) contents up to 1.95% and constitute regular to good sources for hydrocarbons, although thermally immature. Rhythmites formed gently sloping mounds accumulated in a distal submarine ramp under low-energy and poorly oxygenated open-sea conditions. Sedimentation rates were high due to high productivity on the sea surface, and supply of terrigenous and carbonate sediments transported by suspension plumes originated in shallow, photic areas. δ13C values correspond well with the published curves for the Tithonian sea water and with other records from Tethyan limestones. A preliminary analysis of negative excursions of δ13C point to a productivity crisis or a mixture of water layers in a stratified sea with a periodicity of 400 ka, which could be a result of changes in the orbital eccentricity of the Earth. Light isotopic composition of O in bulk rocks is the result of diagenetic neomorphism and cement precipitation. Calculated palaeotemperatures from δ18C are consistent with those derived from measured vitrinite reflectance (Ro%) and burial history reconstruction. Data indicate initial burial during the Tithonian extending up to the Lower Cretaceous, a short period of uplift (Intravalaginian tectonic phase), and renewed uplift during the Cenomanian followed by significant Late Cretaceous sedimentation and Pliocene thrusting.
Comparison of TOPEX/POSEIDON σ0 and significant wave height distributions to Geosat

Monthly Ku band σ0 and significant wave height (SWH) histograms from the NASA altimeter on the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite are presented for January through June 1993 for three latitude bands between ±60 degrees. The data are compared to distributions from the Geosat mission for the same months in 1987–1989. Generally, the distributions agree quite well, although there are some seasonal/hemispherical differences. The σ0 comparison reveals an overall bias between the two altimeters with the TOPEX σ0 higher by about 0.7 dB, which is consistent with algorithm improvements for TOPEX. The SWH distributions show strong hemispherical/seasonal changes. The seasonal/hemispherical differences between TOPEX and Geosat are consistent for SWH and σ0. The joint distribution of σ0 and SWH is extremely stable from month to month. The typical SWH is independent of σ0 for σ0 greater than 11.3 dB. The minimum SWH grows exponentially with wind speed. This joint distribution may be useful for understanding electromagnetic bias in altimeter measurements. Finally, altimeter data are compared to buoy values from 21 overflights of the NASA verification site near Pt. Conception, California. Wave heights agree well with an RMS difference of only 0.2 m. Altimeter σ0 values are compared to buoy wind speeds. The results are consistent with the −0.7 dB σ0 offset from the histogram comparisons.
Applied contaminant transport modeling

Preface. Preface to the First Edition. 1. Introduction. PART 1: CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES. 2. Darcy's Law and Advective Transport. 3. Dispersive Transport and Mass Transfer. 4. Transport with Chemical Reactions. 5. Mathematical Model and Analytical Solutions. 6. Simulation of Advective Transport. 7. Simulation of Advective-Dispersive Transport. 8. Simulation of Nonequilibrium Processes and Reactive Transport. PART 2: FIELD APPLICATIONS. 9. A Framework for Model Applications. 10. Building a Contaminant Transport Model. 11. Model Input Parameters. 12. Model Calibration and Sensitivity Analysis. 13. Dealing with Uncertainty. 14. Contaminant Transport Modeling: Case Studies. PART 3: ADVANCED TOPICS. 15. Simulation of Density-Dependent Flow and Transport. 16. Simulation of Flow and Transport in the Vadose Zone. 17. Optimal Management of Groundwater Quality. Appendix A: Darcy's Law and the Variable-Density Flow Equation. Appendix B: Application of Stream Functions to Groundwater Flows. Appendix C: Information on Groundwater Modeling Software. References. Index.
Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).
Source Time Functions

INTRODUCTION Seismologists have always striven to determine earthquake parameters as soon as possible after an earthquake occurs. Now there are several research groups that routinely “broadcast” their rapid determinations of earthquake location, focal mechanism, size, and depth. We report on our efforts to produce and “broadcast” source time functions of earthquakes. The steady march of technical progress in seismology has provided first for the rapid determination of epicenter and magnitude (e.g., from the National Earthquake Information Center [NEIC] and various regional networks). Technical requirements for this effort are that several stations have their output telemetered to some location where the arrivals can be picked and that at least one of these stations be well-calibrated so that magnitude can be estimated. This technical level and service has been available for several decades. In some cases, this procedure has been completely automated with earthquake alarms issued with no human intervention. It is.
Variability and Predictors of Urinary Bisphenol A Concentrations during Pregnancy

Background Prenatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure may be associated with developmental toxicity, but few studies have examined the variability and predictors of urinary BPA concentrations during pregnancy. Objective Our goal was to estimate the variability and predictors of serial urinary BPA concentrations taken during pregnancy. Methods We measured BPA concentrations during pregnancy and at birth in three spot urine samples from 389 women. We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess BPA variability and estimated associations between log10-transformed urinary BPA concentrations and demographic, occupational, dietary, and environmental factors, using mixed models. Results Geometric mean (GM) creatinine-standardized concentrations (micrograms per gram) were 1.7 (16 weeks), 2.0 (26 weeks), and 2.0 (birth). Creatinine-standardized BPA concentrations exhibited low reproducibility (ICC = 0.11). By occupation, cashiers had the highest BPA concentrations (GM: 2.8 μg/g). Consuming canned vegetables at least once a day was associated with higher BPA concentrations (GM = 2.3 μg/g) compared with those consuming no canned vegetables (GM = 1.6 μg/g). BPA concentrations did not vary by consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, canned fruit, or store-bought fresh and frozen fish. Urinary high-molecular-weight phthalate and serum tobacco smoke metabolite concentrations were positively associated with BPA concentrations. Conclusions These results suggest numerous sources of BPA exposure during pregnancy. Etiological studies may need to measure urinary BPA concentrations more than once during pregnancy and adjust for phthalates and tobacco smoke exposures.
Melting relations of some lavas of Réunion Island, Indian Ocean

Summary The one-atmosphere experimental melting and crystallization relations of some basic lavas of Réunion Island, Indian Ocean, are investigated. They comprise products of the extinct volcano Piton des Neiges and the active volcano Piton de la Fournaise. New data and interpretations are presented for the 1939 oceanite and its contained glass, originally described by Lacroix (1939a). The liquidus v. iron enrichment curves for these Réunion lavas fall about 20 °C above those of the lavas of Kilauea, Hawaii. The primitive liquid reaching the surface contained about 10 % MgO.
Causes of equatorial asymmetry in sea surface temperature over the eastern Pacific

It is a long‐standing mystery that the climatological equator departs from the geographical one and is located around 10°N over the eastern Pacific. Key to maintaining the Northern Hemisphere position of the atmospheric intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a hemispheric asymmetry in sea surface temperature (SST) with higher SSTs north of the equator (Fig. 1A). Using ship and satellite observations, we show that the scalar wind speed difference across the equator, through latent heat flux, is the main cause of this SST asymmetry while the sun‐shielding effect of precipitating clouds at the ITCZ is largely offset by the effect of high relative humidity. In the far eastern Pacific, non‐precipitating stratiform clouds also play a role in cooling the Southern Hemisphere. Surface air‐sea temperature difference field displays a distribution that acts to reduce the observed latitudinal asymmetry of SST.
Cyclic characterization of OII landfill solid waste

As part of predesign studies for closure of the Operating Industries, Inc. (OII) landfill Superfund site, field and laboratory studies were combined with back analyses of strong motion data to characterize the behavior of the OII solid waste when subjected to strong earthquake shaking. Small strain shear modulus values for the solid waste material were established on the basis of field measurements of shear wave velocity and unit weight. Large-diameter (457 mm) cyclic direct simple shear (CyDSS) testing was performed on reconstituted solid waste specimens to investigate the modulus reduction and damping characteristics of solid waste at large strains. Results of two-dimensional finite element back analyses of strong motion data recorded at the site were combined with the results of CyDSS testing to establish solid waste modulus reduction and damping curves over the range of cyclic shear strain required for site closure design. One-dimensional deconvolution of motions recorded on fill at the base of the landfill was an essential step in the two-dimensional finite element back analyses of strong motion data. The resulting modulus reduction and damping curves indicate that OII solid waste is a fairly linear material in the small to intermediate strain range, but that a significant reduction of shear modulus occurs when the cyclic shear strain exceeds approximately 0.1%.
Flume Experiments to Constrain Bedload Adaptation Length

AbstractSpatially variable channel geometry in natural rivers produces nonuniform flow and spatial gradients in the shear stress field. The travel distance required for the flow to acquire the capacity bedload concentration and attain a new equilibrium bedload transport rate upon encountering a region of higher or lower shear stress is defined as the bedload adaptation length (Lb). Estimates of Lb are used by some numerical morphodynamic models to account for nonequilibrium bedload transport in the computation of local transport rates. However, current methods for estimating this parameter are uncertain and often crude. The authors therefore conducted experiments designed to measure Lb for a uniform sediment mixture in a laboratory flume. Instantaneous bedload transport rates were determined by counting passing sediment particles on digital imagery collected at variable distances downstream from a zero-transport boundary in a small flume. The flume was operated at three bed slopes in order to assess Lb ov.
Lower Ordovician conodonts, reworking, and biostratigraphy of the Orreholmen quarry, Västergötland, south‐central Sweden

Abstract The quarry at Orreholmen, Billingen‐Falbygden District, Province of Vastergotland, in south‐central Sweden was sampled for conodonts. The local stratigraphy, which is complicated, has previously been determined on the basis of macrofossils. Upper Cambrian and lower Tremadocian bituminuous shales with stinkstone lenses are overlain by glauconitic deposits grading into “orthoceratite limestone” of Arenigian age. The results reported here of conodont investigations from various levels throughout the sequence demonstrate the absence of certain levels in the Lower Tremadoc and the lower Upper Tremadoc, possibly of a part of the basal Arenig and of a level at the Latorp‐Lanna Stage boundary (lower middle Arenig). Comparison of data from Orreholmen with observations from sections in other parts of Baltoscandia, information on evolutionary lineages of conodonts and evidence from redeposited conodont elements were combined to produce reconstructed stratigraphie sequences. Particularly important for these .
Ordovician magnetostratigraphy: a correlation of global data

Palaeomagnetic studies where primary magnetizations are established from well-dated rocks have been compiled to construct a magnetostratigraphic time-scale for the Ordovician period. An excellent correlation of magnetozones is observed between independent studies of the Baltic and South Siberian platform sequences. Supplemental datasets from other continents concur with the Baltic and Siberian polarity data. Early Ordovician times were mainly characterized by a reverse field. Rapid reversals then occurred during Llanvirn and Llandeilo times. Late Ordovician times were dominated by a normal polarity field. Some gaps remain in the polarity record, notably for late Caradoc-early Ashgill and mid-Tremadoc times.
Land surface atmosphere interaction

on synoptic to seasonal time scales. Short and medium range (1 to 14 day) forecasts are based almost entirely on what is termed dynamical predictability, i.e., prescription of atmospheric fluctuations based on ’internal’ forcing through such mechanisms as flow instabilities, non-linear interactions, thermal and orographic forcing, fluctuating zonal winds and tropical/extratropical interactions. The limit of dynamical predictability appears to be about two weeks for synoptic scale flows and about one month for the longer planetary waves (wave numbers 0-4). Atmospheric variability is driven not only by internal dynamics but also by boundary forcing, which is related to external factors such as soil
Fluctuation dissipation theorem in a general circulation model

We use the Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (FDT) as formulated by Leith [1975] and Bell [1980] to asses the climatic sensitivity of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The lagged covariance matrix is evaluated from the “natural” (unperturbed) variability of the model. Perturbation in both the carbon dioxide content and the solar constant are used to obtain the response function from which the sensitivity matrix is calculated for different level and at the surface of the model. We show that even if the perturbed model does not reach equilibrium the FDT gives reliable values for the climate sensitivity for both the solar radiative and the carbon dioxide forcing.
The McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica: A preliminary report

Abstract An extensive glaciological programme was started on the McMurdo Ice Shelf in the 1962–63 summer. Parameters such as absolute movement, direction of movement, compression and extension strain rates, 10-metre density profiles, and accumulation rate have been measured. Preliminary examination of the data show little direct relation between orientation of maximum compression and absolute speed of movement and direction.
Modeling the Relationship Between Golden Algae Blooms in Lake Texoma, Usa, Versus Nearby Land Use and Other Physical Variables

Pyrmnesium parvum, commonly known as golden algae, is an algal species that under certain circumstances releases toxins which can lead to fish kills and the death of other economically and ecologically important organisms. One of the major objectives of the study was to investigate whether a relationship exists between land use and Prymnesium parvum abundance in littoral sites of Lake Texoma, USA. Another objective was to investigate whether a relationship exists between other physical variables and counts of P. parvum. Lastly, developing a valid model that predicts P. parvum abundance was an objective of the study. Through stepwise regression, a small but highly significant amount of the variation in P. parvum counts was found to be explained by wetlands, soil erodibility and lake elevation. The developed model provides insight for potential golden algae management plans, such as maintaining wetlands and teaching land owners the relationship between soil erosivity and golden algae blooms.
Development of a user evaluations based quality model for conceptual modeling

This paper presents the development of a user evaluations based quality model for conceptual models applying Seddon’s variant of the well-known model of DeLone and McLean (1992) for evaluating the success of information systems. Given the growing awareness among researchers and practitioners about the importance of high-quality conceptual models, it is surprising that there is no practical evaluation framework that considers the quality of conceptual models from an end-user perspective (as opposed to the analyst and system developer perspectives). A first research goal is therefore to determine what the appropriate dimensions are for evaluating the success or quality of conceptual models from the end-user point of view. A second goal is to investigate the relationships between these quality dimensions. The paper also presents an empirical test of the proposed model of quality dimensions and their relationships. Results are presented of two experiments with 187 and 124 business students respectively, that were designed to test a set of hypotheses generated from the proposed model. The results largely support the proposed model and have implications for both theory and practice of quality evaluation of conceptual models.
Numerical modelling of climate change impacts on Saint‐Lawrence River tributaries

The impacts of climate‐induced changes in discharge and base level in three tributaries of the Saint‐Lawrence River, Québec, Canada, are modelled for the period 2010–2099 using a one‐dimensional morphodynamic model. Changes in channel stability and bed‐material delivery to the Saint‐Lawrence River over this period are simulated for all combinations of seven tributary hydrological regimes (present‐day and those predicted using three global climate models and two greenhouse gas emission scenarios) and three scenarios of how the base level provided by the Saint‐Lawrence River will alter (no change, gradual fall, step fall). Even with no change in base level the projected discharge scenarios lead to an increase in average bed material delivery for most combinations of river and global climate model, although the magnitude of simulated change depends on the choice of global climate model and the trend over time seems related to whether the river is currently aggrading, degrading or in equilibrium. The choice of greenhouse gas emission scenario makes much less difference than the choice of global climate model. As expected, a fall in base level leads to degradation in the rivers currently aggrading or in equilibrium, and amplifies the effects of climate change on sediment delivery to the Saint‐Lawrence River. These differences highlight the importance of investigating several rivers using several climate models in order to determine trends in climate change impacts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.