Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tertiary drug information sources for treatment and prevention of COVID-19

Objective: To evaluate tertiary drug information databases in terms of scope, consistency of content, and completeness of COVID-19 drug information. Methods: Five electronic drug information databases: Clinical Pharmacology, Lexi-Drugs, AHFS DI (American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information), eFacts and Comparisons, and Micromedex In-Depth Answers, were evaluated in this cross-sectional evaluation study, with data gathered from October 2021 through February 2022. Two study investigators independently extracted data (parallel extraction) from each resource. Descriptive statistics were primarily used to evaluate scope (i.e., whether the resource addresses use of the medication for treatment or prevention of COVID-19) and completeness of content (i.e., whether full information is provided related to the use of the medication for treatment or prevention of COVID-19) based on a 10-point scale. To analyze consistency among resources for scope, the Fleiss multi-rater kappa was used. To analyze consistency among resources for type of recommendation (i.e., in favor, insufficient evidence, against), a two-way mixed effects intraclass coefficient was calculated. Results: A total of 46 drug monographs, including 3 vaccination monographs, were evaluated. Use of the agents for treatment of COVID-19 was most frequently addressed in Lexi-Drugs (73.9%), followed by eFacts and Comparisons (71.7%), and Micromedex (54.3%). The highest overall median completeness score was held by AHFS DI followed by Micromedex, and Clinical Pharmacology. There was moderate consistency in terms of scope (kappa 0.490, 95% CI 0.399-0.581, p<0.001) and recommendations (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.518, 95% CI 0.385-0.651, p<0.001). Conclusion: Scope and completeness results varied by resource, with moderate consistency of content among resources.
A simple thermal model of the Earth's surface for geologic mapping by remote sensing

Thermal inertia of the earth's surface can be used in geologic mapping as a complement to surface reflectance data as provided by Landsat. Thermal inertia cannot be determined directly but must be inferred from radiation temperature measurements (by thermal ir sensors) made at various times in the diurnal cycle, combined with a model of the surface heating processes. A model was developed which differs from models created previously for this purpose, because it includes sensible and latent heating. Tests of this model using field data indicate that it accurately determines the surface heating. When the model is used with field measurements of meteorological variables and is combined with remotely sensed temperature data, a thermal inertia image can be produced.
Explicit schemes for dam-break simulations

Dam-break problems involve the formation of shocks and rarefaction fans. The performance of 20 explicit numerical schemes used to solve the shallow water wave equations for simulating the dam-break problem is examined. Results from these schemes have been compared with analytical solutions to the dam-break problem with finite water depth and dry bed downstream of the dam. Most of the numerical schemes produce reasonable results for subcritical flows. Their performance for problems where there is a transition between subcritical and supercritical flows is mixed. Although many numerical schemes satisfy the Rankine-Hugoniot condition, some produce solutions which do not satisfy the entropy condition, producing nonphysical solutions. This was the case for the majority of first-order schemes examined. Numerical schemes which consider critical flow in the solution are guaranteed to produce entropy satisfying solutions. Second-order schemes avoid the generation of expansive shocks; however, some form of flux or slope limiter must be used to eliminate oscillations that are associated with these schemes. These limiters increase the complexity and the computational effort required, but they are generally more accurate than their first-order counterparts. The limiters employed by these second-order schemes will produce monotone or total variation diminishing solutions for scalar equations. Some limiters do not exhibit these properties when they are applied to the nonlinear shallow water wave equations. This comparative study shows that there are a variety of shock-capturing numerical schemes that are efficient, accurate, robust, and are suitable for solving the shallow water wave equations when discontinuities are encountered in the problem.
Climate driven changes in the oxidation pathways of atmospheric sulfur

Ice cores have provided a wealth of information about past atmospheric composition and climate variability. However, relatively little is known about how the chemistry of the atmosphere has responded to natural climate change and anthropogenic influences. The oxygen isotopes (δ17O and δ18O) of sulfate serve as a recorder of the relative amounts of gas and aqueous‐phase oxidation pathways in the atmosphere. This quality, along with its stability, renders sulfate an ideal proxy to investigate changes in oxidation pathways of S(IV) species in present and ancient atmospheres. The oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate in eight samples from the Vostok, Antarctica ice core, covering one full climate cycle, is presented. Assuming tropospheric‐derived sulfate only, isotope data reveal that the ratio of gas‐phase over aqueous‐phase oxidation of S(IV) species was greater during the last glacial than the surrounding interglacial periods.
The Clinical Impact of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Background Synovial fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing was introduced into the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in recent years. However, the clinical impact of mNGS remains unknown. Therefore, we performed a prospective cohort study to evaluate the clinical impact of mNGS for PJI diagnosis. Materials and Methods Between April 2019 and April 2021, a total of 201 patients with suspected PJI were recruited in a high-volume PJI revision center. All patients underwent joint aspiration before surgeries and the obtained synovial fluids were sent to tests for the diagnosis of PJI. Based on the clinical evaluation of these patients, the patients were categorized into three groups: Group A: the mNGS reports were not acted upon. Group B: mNGS confirmed the standard diagnostic tests of PJI and generated identical clinical impact compared to standard diagnostic tests. Group C: mNGS results guided clinical therapy. Then, the concordance between synovial mNGS and cultures was analyzed. After that, multivariate regressions were performed to explore the “targeted populations” of mNGS tests. Results A total of 107 patients were diagnosed with PJI based on the 2014 MSIS criteria and there were 33, 123, 45 patients in the group A, B, C respectively. The predictive factors of mNGS inducing clinical impact compared to standard diagnostic tests were negative culture results (adjusted OR: 5.88), previous history of joint infection (adjusted OR: 5.97), polymicrobial PJI revealed by culture (adjusted OR: 4.39) and PJI identified by MSIS criteria (adjusted OR: 17.06). Conclusion When standard diagnostic tests for PJI were performed, about 22% of synovial fluid mNGS tests can change the treatment protocols built on standard diagnostic tests and affect the clinical practice. Thus, the use of synovial fluid mNGS in some “target” populations is more valuable compared to others such as patients with previous joint infection, polymicrobial PJI, and culture-negative PJI. Evidence Level Level I.
FLOOD MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATION IN SUSTAINABILITY APPRAISAL AND STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND

The impact of flood events in the UK has drawn attention to limitations associated with traditional flood defence regimes. In recognition of this there has been a significant level of advocacy for a systems based approach which assumes a greater role for spatial planning. This paper considers the extent to which strategic assessment contributes toward the consideration of flooding within spatial planning. The paper draws on four cases from England and Scotland. Specific attention is given to the nature of flood management approaches considered in assessment and the recommendations presented. The research indicates that assessment practice is dominated by probabilistic calculations of flood risk and typically replicates national policy and guidance on flood management. It is argued that there exists potential for assessment to foster more nuanced and tailored consideration of flood management by including multiple perspectives, such as management of the whole system, risk and vulnerability, resilience and adaptation.
Influence of Climatic Factors on the Annual Radial Growth of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Western Latvia

Influence of Climatic Factors on the Annual Radial Growth of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Western Latvia Dendroclimatological research has been perfomed in Latvia after a break of about 25 years. The growth pattern of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in six districts of western Latvia is analysed in relation to climatic factors (monthly and seasonal mean air temperature and precipitation). Applying various statistical techniques, it was observed that in this area the growth of pine on mineral soils with normal moisture conditions has been affected most significantly by the mean air temperature during the period from the second half of January to the first half of April of the same year. Thus, the period when mean air temperature is the most significant influence is similar across an area at least from Lithuania (inclusive) to southern Scandinavia, while further north it is mean summer air temperature that gradually becomes the determining factor in the radial growth of pine. Also the quality of the dendrochronological signal in tree-ring chronologies of pine growing in the environmental conditions of Latvia was determined and signature years during the 20th century were identified, when the majority of pines throughout the territory of the Baltic States exhibit a similar change in annual radial growth. Klimatisko Faktoru Ietekme UZ Parasto Priežu (Pinus sylvestris L.) Gada Radiālo Pieaugumu Latvijas Rietumdaļā Dendroklimatologiskie pētījumi Latvijā atsākti pēc aptuveni 25 gadu ilga pārtraukuma. Pētījumā analizēta Latvijas rietumdaļas sešos rajonos augušu parasto priežu (Pinus sylvestris L.) augšanas gaita atkarībā no klimatiskajiem faktoriem (gaisa vidējās temperatūras un nokrišñu daudzuma) gada atsevišķās sezonās un mēnešos. Lietojot vairākas datu statistiskās apstrādes metodes, apstiprināts, ka minētajā teritorijā priežu augšanu normāla mitruma minerālaugsnēs visbūtiskāk ietekmējusi gaisa vidējā temperatūra laikposmā no attiecīgā gada janvāra otrās puses līdz aprīļa pirmajai pusei. Tādējādi šis gaisa vidējās temperatūras būtiskākās ietekmes laiks ir līdzīgs teritorijas posmā vismaz no Lietuvas (ieskaitot) līdz Skandināvijas valstu dienvidu daļai, bet tālāk uz ziemeļiem par priežu radiālā pieauguma noteicošo faktoru pakāpeniski kļūst gaisa vidējā temperatūra vasarā. Izpētes gaitā noteikta un vērtēta arī dendrohronologiskā signāla ietekmes atspoguļojuma kvalitāte Latvijas vides apstākļos augušo priežu gadskārtu hronologijās, kā arī noskaidroti t.s. signatūras gadi 20. gadsimtā, kuros konstatēta līdzīga rakstura ikgadējā radiālā pieauguma izmaiñas vairākumam priežu visā Baltijas valstu teritorijā.
Exploring Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Earth Highpoint Attachment Geography by Peak Current

Abstract This study applied remotely sensed cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strike location data, a digital elevation model (DEM), and a geographic information system (GIS) to characterize negative polarity peak current CG lightning Earth attachment behavior. It explored the propensity for (i) flashes to favor topographic highpoint attachment and (ii) striking distance (a near-Earth attachment force) to increase with peak current. On a 16 000 km2 10-m DEM covering a section of southeast and south-central Colorado, a GIS extraction method identified approximately 5000 hilltop and outcrop highpoints containing at least 15 m of vertical gain in a 300-m radius neighborhood with a minimum horizontal separation of 600 m. Flashes with peak currents ranging from −20 to −119 kiloamps (kA), collected between February 2005 and May 2009, were subdivided into 10 kA classes and mapped on this modified DEM. Buffers of 100-, 200-, and 300-m radii created around each highpoint were used to assess the hypothesis that striki.
The snow cover on lakes of the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska, U.S.A.

Abstract Shallow lakes cover >25% of Alaska’s Arctic Coastal Plain. These remain frozen and snow-covered from October to June. The lake snow is thinner, denser, harder and has less water equivalent than snow on the surrounding tundra. Itcontains less depth hoar than land snow, yet paradoxically is subject to stronger temperature gradients. It also has fewer layers and these have been more strongly affected by wind. Dunes and drifts are better developedon lakes; they have wavelengths of 5–20 m, compared to <5 m on land. Because of these differences, lake snow has roughly half the thermal insulating capacity of land snow. The winter mass balance on lakes is also different because (1) some snow falls into the water before the lakes freeze, (2) some snow accumulates in drifts surrounding the lakes, and (3) prevailing winds lead to increased erosion and thinner snow on the eastern lake sides. Physical models that extrapolate land snow over lakes without appropriate adjustments for depth, density, distribution and thermal properties will under-predict ice thickness and winter heat losses.
The Physical Properties of the Atmosphere in the New Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1). Part II: Aspects of Variability and Regional Climate

Abstract The performance of the atmospheric component of the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1) is assessed in terms of its ability to represent a selection of key aspects of variability in the Tropics and extratropics. These include midlatitude storm tracks and blocking activity, synoptic variability over Europe, and the North Atlantic Oscillation together with tropical convection, the Madden–Julian oscillation, and the Asian summer monsoon. Comparisons with the previous model, the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3), demonstrate that there has been a considerable increase in the transient eddy kinetic energy (EKE), bringing HadGEM1 into closer agreement with current reanalyses. This increase in EKE results from the increased horizontal resolution and, in combination with the improved physical parameterizations, leads to improvements in the representation of Northern Hemisphere storm tracks and blocking. The simulation of synoptic weather regimes over Europe is a.
Real-world patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes associated with tucatinib therapy in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer

Background Tucatinib is an oral human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-directed therapy approved in combination with trastuzumab and capecitabine for use in patients with previously treated HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with/without brain metastases (BM). To inform clinical decision-making, it is important to understand tucatinib use in real-world clinical practice. We describe patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes for tucatinib treatment in the real-world setting. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with HER2+ MBC (January 2017-December 2022) who received tucatinib treatment in a nationwide, de-identified electronic health record–derived metastatic breast cancer database. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were described at baseline (prior to tucatinib initiation). Key outcomes included real-world time to treatment discontinuation (rwTTD), time to next treatment (rwTTNT), and overall survival (rwOS). Results Of 3,449 patients with HER2+ MBC, 216 received tucatinib treatment (n=153 with BM; n=63 without BM) and met inclusion criteria. Median (range) age of patients was 56 (28-84) years, 57.9% were White, and 68.5% had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤1. Median (IQR) follow-up from start of tucatinib treatment was 12 (6-18) months. Among all patients who received tucatinib treatment, median (95% CI) rwTTD was 6.5 (5.4-8.8) months with 39.8% and 21.4% remaining on treatment at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Median (95% CI) rwTTNT was 8.7 (6.8-10.7) months. Patients who received the approved tucatinib triplet combination after ≥1 HER2-directed regimen in the metastatic setting had a similar median (95% CI) rwTTD (any line: 8.1 [5.7-9.5] months; second-line (2L) and third-line (3L): 9.4 [6.3-14.1] months) and rwTTNT (any line: 8.8 [7.1-11.8] months; 2L and 3L: 9.8 [6.8-14.1] months) to the overall population. Overall, median (95% CI) rwOS was 26.6 (20.2-not reached [NR]) months, with similar findings for patients who received the tucatinib triplet (26.1 [18.8-NR] months) and was NR in the subgroup limited to the 2L/3L population. Conclusion Tucatinib treatment in the real-world setting was associated with a similar median rwTTD, rwTTNT, and rwOS as in the pivotal HER2CLIMB trial, with particular effectiveness in patients in the 2L/3L setting. These results highlight the importance of earlier use of tucatinib in HER2+ MBC.
Inland jump of the Arabian northwest plate boundary from the Levant continental margin to the Dead Sea Transform

While the breakup of Arabia and Africa began in the early Oligocene, the northwestern boundary of the Arabian Plate along the Dead Sea Transform (DST) formed 10–15 Myr later (early–middle Miocene). During the early stage of breakup the Red Sea Rift continued propagating northwestward, forming the Suez Rift. The present ∼45° northward twist of the plate boundary from the Red Sea toward the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba) still did not exist. What happened at the northern tip of the Suez Rift at that time? How was strain distributed to its surroundings, and where did the plate boundary continue from there? Here we describe an abandoned segment of the Arabian northwestern plate boundary that extended from the northern tip of the Suez Rift northeastward, along the Levant margin. Seismic data collected offshore Israel support a subsurface, deep‐rooted fault zone running along the base of the continental slope. These faults indicate Oligocene transpressional lateral shearing. We propose that during the early stage of continental breakup a left‐lateral strike‐slip motion of ∼10 km took place along this embryonic plate boundary. Such deep‐rooted tectonism implies that unlike the passive situation of the Israel‐Sinai continental margin witnessed presently and before the Oligocene, during the early stage of the Africa‐Arabia breakup this part of the continental margin was reactivated. We further suggest that the inland jump of the plate boundary toward the DST was not immediate and that during the transitional period the Israel‐Sinai triangular block was an independent subplate with deformation all around it.
Model investigation overthrows assumptions of watershed research

A 2009 study revealed serious flaws in a standard technique used by hydrological researchers to understand how changes in watershed land use affect stream flow behaviors, such as peak flows. The study caused academics and government agencies alike to rethink decades of watershed research and prompted Kuraś et al. to reinvestigate a number of long-standing assumptions in watershed research using a complex and well-validated computer model that accounts for a range of internal watershed dynamics and hydrologic processes. For the test site at 241 Creek in British Columbia, Canada, the authors found not only that deforestation increased the severity of floods but also that it had a scaling influence on both the magnitudes and frequencies of the floods. The model showed that the larger the flood, the more its magnitude was amplified by deforestation, with 10-to 100-year-return-period floods increasing in size by 9%–25%. Following a simulated removal of half of the watershed's trees, the authors found that 10-year-return-period floods occurred twice as often, while 100-year-return-period events became 5–6.7 times more frequent. This proportional relationship between the increase in flood magnitudes and frequencies following deforestation and the size of the flood runs counter to the prevailing wisdom in hydrological science.
Low calcium carbonate saturation state in an Arctic inland sea having large and varying fluvial inputs: The Hudson Bay system

The Hudson Bay system (HBS) is a shallow inland sea in the Arctic, composed of Hudson Strait, Foxe Basin/Channel, James Bay, and Hudson Bay. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) measurements were used to investigate the state of ocean acidification, specifically calcium carbonate saturation states (Ω) and pH. The freshwater sources were identified from the relationship between oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) and salinity to understand the role of freshwater in ocean acidification. The saturation state of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate (Ω) in surface water ( 10%). The watershed characteristics, however, influenced the alkalinity of river runoff in different parts of Hudson Bay, which contributed to Ω variation in the coastal region. In southwestern Hudson Bay where the watershed is dominated by limestone, Ω was higher compared to eastern Hudson Bay, where the watershed consists of an igneous rock formation. In deeper waters, low Ω is caused by remineralization of organic matter. The highest DIC concentrations (>2300 µmol/kg) were observed in the depths of central Hudson Bay with a pHtotal of 7.49 and Ωarg of 0.37. Over 67% and 22% of the bottom water of Hudson Bay was undersaturated with respect to aragonite and calcite respectively, despite Hudson Bay being very shallow (less than 250 m deep). The aragonite saturation horizon in the central Hudson Bay was around 50 m.
Crystallization experiments of intercumulus melts for nakhlites under QFM ± 2 at 1 bar

Abstract— Crystallization of parent melts for nakhlites was experimentally studied under QFM ± 2 at one bar. Isothermal experiments suggest that melts having parent magma composition for nakhlites crystallize both augites and titanomagnetites at liquidus temperatures of 1144–1154 °C. Compositions of the augites are identical to those of phenocrystic core augites (En36–38Fs22–25Wo39–40) in nakhlites. No olivines crystallize from the isothermal runs, and solidus temperature is about 1000 °C.
True versus apparent arctic oscillation

A key issue about the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is whether variations over the Arctic (N), Atlantic (A), and Pacific (P) regions are truly coherent (true AO), or two independent seesaws cause an apparent seesaw over the three regions (apparent AO). We make data analyses as to which is real. Analyses excluding N show that variations in A and P are independent. With including N in the analysis, the AO and a negative correlation mode between A and P simultaneously emerge. Next, two time series, which vary with the AO pattern in A and P, are produced. The correlation between the two is small, but the sum of the two and the time coefficient of the AO highly correlate. All these results lead to the conclusion that the observed AO is almost apparent. In practice, two almost‐independent seesaws reconstructed from the observed data apparently reproduce the AO.