Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Accuracy of the Kane, Barrett Universal II, Hill-Radial Basis Function, Emmetropia Verifying Optical, and Ladas Super Formula Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Formulas

Purpose To assess the accuracy of five new-generation intraocular lens (IOL) power formulas: Barrett Universal II (BUII), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO) Formula, Hill-Radial Basis Function (Hill-RBF), Kane Formula, and Ladas Super Formula (LSF). Patients and Methods This is a retrospective single-surgeon study from a refractive clinic and clinical research center in Draper, UT, USA. The primary outcome measures were mean absolute error (MAE) and median absolute error (MedAE). Secondary outcome measures were the standard deviation (SD) of each formula’s refractive prediction errors (RPE) and the percentage of eyes within ±0.50D. Refractive predictions were compared to the postoperative spherical equivalent to determine the RPE for each formula. RPEs were optimized, and MAE, MedAE, SD of the AME, and percent of eyes achieving RPEs within the specified ranges of ±0.125 D, ±0.25 D, ±0.50 D, ±0.75 D, ±1.0 D were calculated. Subgroup analysis between different axial lengths was attempted but yielded insufficient statistical power to draw meaningful conclusions. Results A total of 103 eyes of 103 patients were included in our study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to 606 eyes from 2019 to 2021. Formulas ranked in ascending order by MAE were Kane, EVO, BUII, Hill-RBF, and LSF. The ascending rankings of MedAE were Kane, BUII, Hill-RBF, EVO, Ladas. Kane had a significantly lower MAE than Hill-RBF (p<0.001). EVO had the lowest SD of AMEs and the highest percentage of eyes within ±0.50 D. According to heteroscedastic testing, EVO also had a statistically significant lower SD than Hill-RBF. Conclusion Kane was the most accurate formula in terms of MAE and MedAE. EVO and BUII achieved marginally higher MAEs than Kane, suggesting these three formulas are comparable in performance. With the exception EVO and Hill-RBF, the heteroscedastic test yielded no significant differences in SD between the formulas. Although there were multiple statistically significant differences between the formulas in terms of MAE, MedAE, and SD, these differences may not be appreciable clinically. Lastly, there were no statistically significant differences in the percent of eyes with RPEs within ±0.50 D, suggesting similar clinical performance between formulas.
Simultaneity of Forbush decrease events observed at middle‐latitude neutron monitors

Ground neutron monitors (NMs) sometimes observe a sudden reduction in galactic cosmic ray intensity—the so‐called Forbush decrease (FD) event. Such events are mainly associated with interplanetary coronal mass ejections passing around the Earth and corotating interaction regions in the heliosphere. Some FD events are observed globally, either simultaneously or nonsimultaneously, at different NM stations in the case that the simultaneity is determined by the overlapping of the FD main phase, with the period of the cosmic ray intensity decreasing before returning to a steady state. Previous studies have identified two types of FD events with statistically significant differences in the distributions of the main phase onset time. It has been hypothesized that simultaneous FD events occur when a strong magnetic cloud passes by the Earth through the central part of the magnetic barrier, whereas nonsimultaneous events occur if a weaker magnetic cloud passes on the duskside of the magnetosphere. However, the previous statistical analyses were performed using only data from high geomagnetic latitude NM stations in the Northern Hemisphere. To address this shortcoming and to further test the above hypothesis, we repeated the analysis using data from NM stations located at middle latitudes (Jungfraujoch, Irkutsk, and Climax), employing cutoff rigidities 3–6 GV for the last solar maximum period (1998–2002), spanning the same time period as Oh et al. (2008) that employed high‐latitude NM stations. The results of the present statistical analysis support the above hypothesis with high confidence levels.
High-Growth Firms and Employment

This STI Working Paper deals with this group of rapidly expanding firms. It does so by placing the discussion into a context of entrepreneurship, arguing that there are two main aspects to this notion: one of business start-ups and market entry, and another one of innovation. Evidence is based on results from five OECD countries (Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and Sweden) as well as from Quebec (Canada). Each of these studies used a firm-level data set to identify high-growth firms and their differentiating characteristics. High-growth firms are those firms that rank first according to a measure that combines relative (percentage) and absolute rates of employment expansion. Despite considerable differences in the underlying data and some of the methodologies, number of common findings emerge: High-growth firms account for a disproportionately large part of gross jobs gained. Small firms exhibit higher net job creation rates than large firms do. At the same time, significant flows .
Relative humidity distribution from SAPHIR experiment on board Megha‐Tropiques satellite mission: Comparison with global radiosonde and other satellite and reanalysis data sets

For better understanding the life cycle of the convective systems and their interactions with the environment, a joint Indo‐French satellite mission named Megha‐Tropiques has been launched in October 2011 in a low‐inclination (20°) orbit. In the present study, we show the first results on the comparison of relative humidity (RH) obtained using a six‐channel microwave sounder, covering from surface to 100 hPa, from one of the payloads SAPHIR (Sounder for Atmospheric Profiling of Humidity in the Inter‐tropical Regions). The RH observations from SAPHIR illustrated the numerous scales of variability in the atmosphere both vertically and horizontally. As a part of its validation, we compare SAPHIR RH with simultaneous observations from a network of radiosondes distributed across the world (±30° latitude), other satellites (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer, Constellation Observation System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)), and various reanalysis (National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA)‐Interim, Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA)) products. Being at a low inclination, SAPHIR is able to show better global coverage when compared to any other existing satellites in the tropical region where some important weather processes take place. A very good correlation is noticed with the RH obtained from a global radiosonde network particularly in the altitude range corresponding to 850–250 hPa, thus providing a valuable data set for investigating the convective processes. In the case of satellite data sets, SAPHIR RH is well comparable with COSMIC RH. Among the reanalysis products, NCEP shows less difference with SAPHIR followed by ERA‐Interim, and the MERRA products show large differences in the middle and upper troposphere.
Detection of radioactive 35S at Fukushima and other Japanese sites

The Fukushima nuclear power plant was severely damaged by an earthquake and concomitant tsunami during March 2011. An effect of this disaster was secondary formation of radioactive 35S via the 35Cl(n,p)35S reaction, when neutrons from the partially melted reactor cores activated the coolant sea water. Here we report the first measurements of 35S in sulfate aerosols and rain water collected at six Japanese sampling sites, Hokkaido, Tsukuba, Kashiwa, Fuchu, Yokohama, and Fukushima, during March‐September 2011. The measured 35SO42‐ concentrations in aerosols vary significantly. The Kashiwa (AORI) site shows the highest 35SO42‐ concentration (6.1 × 104 ± 200 atoms/m3) on 1 April 2011, which is nearly 100 times higher than the natural background activity. Considering the percentage loss of 35SO42‐ resulting from dry and wet deposition and dilution of the radiation plume in the boundary layer during transport, it was determined that the surface air concentration of 35SO42‐ at the Fukushima would have been 2.8 × 105 atoms/m3 during the week after the earthquake, which is in agreement with the model prediction [Priyadarshi et al., ]. 35SO42‐ activity in rain water collected during March‐May 2011 at Tokyo Tech Yokohama varies from 1.1 × 105 to 9.8 × 105 atoms/liter, whereas stream water collected near Fukushima was found to have 1.2 × 105 atoms/liter during April. Even after 6 months, 35SO42‐ activity remains very high (9.9 × 104 ± 770 atoms/m3) in the marine boundary layer in the Fukushima region, which implies that the reactor core was producing radioactive sulfur.
Studi Kondisi Lingkungan Rumah dan Perilaku Masyarakat sebagai Faktor Risiko Kejadian Filariasis di Kecamatan Buaran dan Tirto Kabupaten Pekalongan

Background: Filariasis is contagious disease that caused by microfilaria and fillaria parasite and it transmitted by mosquito bite. Indonesia is endemic fillariasis with high cases of Filariasis (Mf rate) 3,2%. Buaran and Tirto district In 2010, is endemic filariasis area, with microfilariasis cases as 1,9% and 2,3%. The microfilaria will infected the limfatic and evoke filariasis limfatic. Aim: To describe and to find out the relationships between: environmental and behaviour risk with the filariasis cases. Methode: This research used case control design with 52 cases and control. Risk factor that include is crowded house, existence of disch, water plant, marsh, rice field, dampoess, gaste at ventilation, livestock in a home, habit to use certain, to use use remedy agains grists, to stay out of the house in the night. Analisis mothede with univariat, bivariat and multivariate technique. Result: The result of the research showed that crowded house (OR=3,364), existence of gauze at ventilation (OR=3,600), existence livestock in home (OR=2,644), habit using mosquito spraying/coil (OR=2,956), habit of staying outside the house in the night (OR=3,576), is meaningful be fillariasis infection. The result of multivariate analysis found that the most potent variable that influent filariasis was existence crowded house, existence of gaste at ventilation, existence livestock in a home, habit of using anti mosquito drug , habit to stay out of the house in the night. Conclusion: That crowded house, existence of gaste at ventilation, existence livestock in a home, habit to use remedy agains grists, habit to stay out of the house in the night is risk factor that the most dominant for fillariasis infection. Key Words : environmental, behavioral, fillariasis, Pekalongan regency
An evaluation of code similarity identification for the grow-and-prune model

In case new functionality is required, which is similar to the existing one, developers often copy the code that implements the existing functionality and adjust the copy to the new requirements. The result of the copying is code growth. If developers face maintenance problems, because of the need to make changes multiple times for the original and all its copies, they may decide to merge the original and its copies again; that is, they prune the code. This approach was named the grow-and-prune model by Faust and Verhoef. This paper describes tool support for the grow-and-prune model in the evolution of software by identifying similar functions that may be merged. These functions are identified in two steps. First, token-based clone detection is used to detect pairs of functions sharing code. Second, Levenshtein distance (LD) measures the textual similarity among these functions. Sufficient similarity at function level is then lifted to the architectural level. The approach is evaluated by a case study for the Linux kernel. We give examples of instances of the grow-and-prune model for Linux. Then, we evaluate our technique quantitatively by measuring recall and precision with respect to an oracle. To obtain the oracle, we asked nine different developers to decide whether they believe certain functions are similar and should be merged. The evaluation shows that the recall and precision of our technique are about 75%. Calculating LD on token values rather than characters is superior. The two metrics strongly correlate but the tokenbased calculation reduces runtime by a factor of 4.6. Clone detection is an effective filter to reduce the number of calculations of the relatively expensive LD. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of three classifiers in mapping forest stand types using medium resolution imagery: a case study in the Offinso Forest District, Ghana

Loss of Ghana’s natural forests has been counteracted by plantation establishment and development. As at 2003, Ghana had a plantation area of about 97,000 hectares comprising different tree species. With the rapid expansion of plantations in the country, it is anticipated that major managerial challenges will arise due to insignificant technical personnel for monitoring and management. The application of GIS and remote sensing will be a powerful intervention and tool for monitoring and managing these forest resources in the area. The aim of this study was to determine a suitable method of mapping the different forest stand types using medium resolution images in the study area. Three classifiers were examined for their suitability in mapping the different forest stand types in the area (maximum likelihood, spectral angle mapper and decision tree). The results showed that using maximum likelihood classifier and ASTER imagery, different forest stand types can be accurately mapped with an overall accuracy of 88.50%. Key words: Geo-referenced, classification, algorithm, spectral, mapper.
Example Evaluations of Plagiarism Cases Using FAIR Metrics and the PDP-DREAM Ontology

The FAIR Metrics, with acronym FAIR for Fair Acknowledgment of Information Records and Fair Attribution to Indexed Reports, measure how appropriately a document cites prior literature. We demonstrate use of a novel workflow for manual evaluation of the FAIR Metrics on five example publications, three of which were retracted for plagiarism. We recorded results of the analyses in Nexus-PORTAL-DOORS-Scribe (NPDS) records as an open access data set for continuing development of automated plagiarism detection tools.
Spatiotemporal variation in nonagricultural open fire emissions in China from 2000 to 2007

Open fires such as those within forests and grasslands, as well as crop residue burning in fields, contribute considerable amounts of trace gases and particulate matter to the atmosphere and therefore play an important role in climate change and atmospheric chemistry. Emissions from open fires in China are estimated at a medium resolution of 1 km2 from April 2000 to March 2007 (seven fire years). Burned areas and land use types at 1 km spatial resolution are defined using the L3JRC product from the Systeme Probatoire pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) satellite and the Global Land Cover 2000 data sets for China, respectively. The 500‐m burned area product (MCD45A1) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is compared with the L3JRC burned area product in China. On an average, the total burned areas from L3JRC product are 16 times those from MCD45A1 product. Interannual changes of burned area are in accordance with the records reported in official statistics. Aboveground biomass densities are characterized by vegetation type and province. Fuel moisture content is considered to calculate the combustion factors by using time series of normalized difference vegetation index (MOD13A3). Crop residue burning accounts for the most biomass burning in China, but we find that it is not detected efficiently by the available burned area algorithms. Both burned area and emission data reveal significant spatial patterns and seasonal variation during the seven fire years. Total nonagricultural fire emissions are concentrated in north and southwest China, especially in the spring and autumn. Forest fires are determined to be the primary contributor to nonagricultural fire emissions. The annual emissions are estimated as follows for China during the seven study years: 137.8 (range from 108.8 to 172.9) Tg a−1 CO2, 7.0 (5.5–8.7) Tg a−1 CO, 0.25 (0.22–0.34) Tg a−1 NOx, 0.90 (0.71–1.1) Tg a−1 PM2.5, 0.06 (0.05–0.07) Tg a−1 BC, and 0.56 (0.44–0.7) Tg a−1 OC.
Adaptive phylogeography: functional divergence between haemoglobins derived from different glacial refugia in the bank vole

Over the years, researchers have used presumptively neutral molecular variation to infer the origins of current species' distributions in northern latitudes (especially Europe). However, several reported examples of genic and chromosomal replacements suggest that end-glacial colonizations of particular northern areas may have involved genetic input from different source populations at different times, coupled with competition and selection. We investigate the functional consequences of differences between two bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) haemoglobins deriving from different glacial refugia, one of which partially replaced the other in Britain during end-glacial climate warming. This allows us to examine their adaptive divergence and hence a possible role of selection in the replacement. We determine the amino acid substitution Ser52Cys in the major expressed β-globin gene as the allelic difference. We use structural modelling to reveal that the protein environment renders the 52Cys thiol a highly reactive functional group and we show its reactivity in vitro. We demonstrate that possessing the reactive thiol in haemoglobin increases the resistance of bank vole erythrocytes to oxidative stress. Our study thus provides striking evidence for physiological differences between products of genic variants that spread at the expense of one another during colonization of an area from different glacial refugia.
Recovery of High-Viscosity Crude Oil from Contaminated Oil-Wet Sand Using a Combined Mechanical Agitation and Freeze-Thaw Process

AbstractThis research presents a combined mechanical agitation and freeze–thaw method as a simple and immediate response to recover high-viscosity crude oil from oil-wet contaminated sand following oil spill events. The effects of temperature, pH, and agitation rate were studied on the recovery of high-viscosity crude oil in a mechanically agitated cell followed by freeze–thaw. Results showed that the increase in temperature and pH to 50°C and pH 9, respectively, was optimum and led to a 58% increase in oil recovery. The optimum agitation rate of 1,000 rpm at 50°C and pH 9 was further shown to increase the oil recovery to 68%. Further increases in agitation rates, however, showed a decline in oil recovery due to the formation of oil-in-water emulsions. Results of this study suggest that the combined mechanical agitation and freeze–thaw process is a viable method for the recovery of spilled crude oil on sand.
Trip Generation Characteristics of Kindergartens in Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Transportation planners need prior data on "Trip Generation" for new developments and for predicting changes in the trip generation due to modifications in the existing land use types. Trip Generation depends on various factors, especially the socioeconomic characteristics. Currently, transportation planners in Malaysia have to depend on the trip generation data of foreign countries because the data in the Trip Generation Manual of Malaysia provides inadequate information on many land use types including the Educational Institute type- “Kindergarten”. The major objective of the study was to study the "Trip Generation” characteristics for the "Kindergartens” in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The study included identification of the statistically significant parameters that are related to the trip generation rates. Data were collected from selected nine (09) kindergarten locations in Johor Bahru area. The data collection also included survey of stakeholders including information on the number of students, the number of staff, availability of the day-care facilities, school timings and number of shifts at the facility. The collected data provided information on the "Trip Generation" in local context and environment. Statistical analyses were carried out to establish relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Linear regression models were developed which were found to be capable of predicting trip generations by the “Kindergarten” land use type. The models could be used by the professionals for the Johor Bahru, Malaysia local environment.
Prohibition in Swedish law of the purchase of sexual service

Abstract in Italian La prostituzione non e mai stata oggetto di penalizzazione nel diritto svedese. Tuttavis, l'acquisto di prestazioni sessuali e sanzionato penalmente. E quindi il cliente che commette un reato, mentre la prostituta non e punita come concorrente. La disciplina non fa differenze di genere e rende punibile anche il tentativo. La pena massima per tale reato e (dal 2011) di un anno di reclusione. Inoltre, a completare il quadro giuridico, il presente contibuto si sofferma sul contesto della legislazione svedese, analizzando il dibattito relativo all'evoluzione giuridica e commentando alcune statistiche sull'efficacia della disciplina.
Runoff and soil loss under individual plants of a semi‐arid Mediterranean shrubland: influence of plant morphology and rainfall intensity

The influence of plant morphology and rainfall intensity on soil loss and runoff was determined at the plant scale for three representative species of a semi‐arid patchy shrubland vegetation of east Spain, representing contrasting canopy structures and plant phenologies (Rosmarinus officinalis, Anthyllis cytisoides and Stipa tenacissima).
Predicting seismic properties from three-dimensional microstructures: a new look at an old quartzite

Abstract The mylonitic Cambrian quartzites, Moine Thrust Zone, NW Scotland, have long been used to study microstructural and petrofabric evolution and to develop understanding of grain-scale processes accommodating large-scale displacements. Today, structural geology is entering a new age of understanding of the basic processes involved in microstructural evolution due to the emergence of novel instrumental techniques and theoretical models. It seems apposite therefore to re-evaluate the microstructure of one example of this classic quartz mylonite from the Stack of Glencoul, Assynt, using arguably the most important of these new techniques, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The three-dimensional (3D) microstructure and petrofabric of this rock was analysed using EBSD, to: 1) corroborate previous optical and X-ray texture goniometry measurements; 2) investigate the potential for sampling and/or tectonic sectioning bias that may be introduced inadvertently into any petrofabric analysis; and 3) predict its seismic properties. It is found that microstructures do differ between orthogonal structural sections, leading to variations in strengths of different components in the overall petrofabric that might impact on seismic properties. The results emphasize the true 3D nature of microstructures and petrofabrics, which can be recognized and accommodated more readily by this new generation of analytical techniques.