Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beta/gamma and alpha backgrounds in CRESST-II Phase 2

The experiment CRESST-II aims at the detection of dark matter with scintillating CaWO4 crystals operated as cryogenic detectors. Recent results on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering from the CRESST-II Phase 2 allowed to probe a new region of parameter space for WIMP masses below 3 GeV/c2. This sensitivity was achieved after background levels were reduced significantly. We present extensive background studies of a CaWO4 crystal, called TUM40, grown at the Technische Universität München. The average beta/gamma rate of 3.51/[kg keV day] (1-40 keV) and the total intrinsic alpha activity from natural decay chains of 3.08±0.04 mBq/kg are the lowest reported for CaWO4 detectors. Contributions from cosmogenic activation, surface-alpha decays, external radiation and intrinsic alpha/beta emitters are investigated in detail. A Monte-Carlo based background decomposition allows to identify the origin of the majority of beta/gamma events in the energy region relevant for dark matter search.
A general method to remove the stiffness of PDEs

A new method to remove the stiffness of partial differential equations is presented. Two terms are added to the right-hand-side of the PDE : the first is a damping term and is treated implicitly, the second is of the opposite sign and is treated explicitly. A criterion for absolute stability is found and the scheme is shown to be convergent. The method is applied with success to the mean curvature flow equation, the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, and to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in a Hele-Shaw cell, including the effect of surface tension.
SHORT CIRCUITS IN THERMALLY IONIZED PLASMAS: A MECHANISM FOR INTERMITTENT HEATING OF PROTOPLANETARY DISKS

Many astrophysical systems of interest, including protoplanetary accretion disks, are made of turbulent magnetized gas with near-solar metallicity. Thermal ionization of alkali metals in such gas exceeds non-thermal ionization when temperatures climb above roughly 1000 K. As a result, the conductivity, proportional to the ionization fraction, gains a strong, positive dependence on temperature. In this paper, we demonstrate that this relation between the temperature and the conductivity triggers an exponential instability that acts similarly to an electrical short, where the increased conductivity concentrates the current and locally increases the Ohmic heating. This contrasts with the resistivity increase expected in an ideal magnetic reconnection region. The instability acts to focus narrow current sheets into even narrower sheets with far higher currents and temperatures. We lay out the basic principles of this behavior in this paper using protoplanetary disks as our example host system, motivated by observations of chondritic meteorites and their ancestors, dust grains in protoplanetary disks, that reveal the existence of strong, frequent heating events that this instability could explain.
PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN EVOLVING PROTOPLANETARY DISKS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESULTS FROM STARDUST

Samples returned from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust mission confirm that substantial quantities of crystalline silicates were incorporated into the comet at the time of its formation. We investigate the constraints that this observation places upon protoplanetary disk physics, under the assumption that outward transport of particles processed at high temperatures occurs via a combination of advection and turbulent diffusion in an evolving disk. We also look for possible constraints on the formation locations of such particles. Our results are based upon one-dimensional disk models that evolve with time under the action of viscosity and photoevaporative mass loss, and track solid transport using an ensemble of individual particle trajectories. We find that two broad classes of the disk model are consistent with the Stardust findings. One class of models features a high particle diffusivity (a Schmidt number, Sc < 1), which suffices to diffuse particles up to 20 μm in size outward against the mean gas flow. For Sc ⩾ 1 such models are unlikely to be viable and significant outward transport appears to require that the particles of interest settle into a midplane layer that experiences an outward gas flow. In either class of models, the mass of inner disk material that reaches the outer disk is a strong function of the initial compactness of the disk. Hence, models of grain transport within steady-state disks underestimate the efficiency of outward transport. Neither model results in sustained outward transport of very large particles exceeding a millimeter in size. We show that in most circumstances, the transport efficiency falls off rapidly with time. Hence, high-temperature material must be rapidly incorporated into icy bodies to avoid fallback to small radii. We suggest that significant radial transport may only occur during the initial phase of rapid disk evolution. It may also vary substantially between disks depending upon their initial mass distributions. We discuss how our model may inform recent Spitzer observations of crystalline silicates in T Tauri star–disk systems.
Neighboring Knowledge Recombination: Knowledge Relationship Intensity, Neighboring Knowledge Concentration, and Knowledge Impact

Recent research on recombinant search has paid close attention to the search for and recombination of useful knowledge pieces. However, the question of where to search and how to allocate inventive efforts remains underdeveloped. This article identifies knowledge relationship intensity and neighboring knowledge concentration as critical factors and highlights the contingent role of technological uncertainty. Drawing on a novel network construction method, we built knowledge networks of U.S. utility patents granted from 1995 to 2009. Then we developed an elaborated measure of knowledge relationship intensity and neighboring knowledge concentration. Our findings suggest that knowledge relationship intensity and neighboring knowledge concentration have a curvilinear (inverted U-shaped) relationship with knowledge impact. Furthermore, technological uncertainty accentuates both the effects of knowledge relationship intensity and neighboring knowledge concentration on knowledge impact in such a way that makes curvilinear relationships move upward. This article provides important theoretical and practical implications.
Does mobile broadband use promote smallholder entrepreneurship? Evidence from rural China

ABSTRACT This study explored the impact of mobile broadband use on smallholders’ entrepreneurial engagement and willingness using data from a household survey collected from three provinces in China. We used an endogenous switching probit model to account for the potential selection bias associated with mobile broadband use. The empirical results indicated that mobile broadband use exerted positive and statistically significant impacts on smallholders’ entrepreneurial engagement and willingness. In particular, we found that mobile broadband use increased the probability of smallholders’ entrepreneurial engagement and willingness by 15.1 and 50.9% points, respectively. Further analysis revealed that the effects of mobile broadband use on smallholder entrepreneurship were heterogeneous across regions. Additionally, we found that while the impact of mobile broadband use on entrepreneurial engagement was the largest for smallholders with high income, its impact on entrepreneurial willingness appeared to be the greatest for smallholders with low income. This study extended the literature by analysing smallholder entrepreneurship and provided evidence on the effect of mobile ICT on smallholder entrepreneurship.
NGC 1266: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NUCLEAR MOLECULAR GAS IN AN UNUSUAL SB0 GALAXY

With a substantial nuclear molecular gas reservoir and broad, high-velocity CO molecular line wings previously interpreted as an outflow, NGC 1266 is a rare SB0 galaxy. Previous analyses of interferometry, spectrally resolved low-J CO emission lines, and unresolved high-J emission lines have established basic properties of the molecular gas and the likely presence of an active galactic nucleus. Here, new spectrally resolved CO J = 5–4 to J = 8–7 lines from Herschel Space Observatory HIFI observations are combined with ground-based observations and high-J Herschel SPIRE observations to decompose the nuclear and putative outflow velocity components and to model the molecular gas to quantify its properties. Details of the modeling and results are described, with comparisons to previous results and exploration of the implications for the gas excitation mechanisms. Among the findings, like for other galaxies, the nuclear and putative outflow molecular gas are well represented by components that are cool ( K and Toutflow ∼ 30 K), comprising bulk of the mass (log and log ), and the minority of the luminosity (log and log Loutflow/L☉ ∼ 6.5) and warm ( K and Toutflow > 100 K), comprising a minority of the mass (log and log Moutflow/M☉ ∼ 6.3) but the majority of the luminosity (log and log Loutflow/L☉ ∼ 7.2). The outflow has an anomalously high LCO/LFIR of 1.7 × 10−3 and is almost certainly shock excited.
SUSTENANCE AND STRIFE. STANDARDS OF LIVING AND FAMILY VULNERABILITY DURING SPAIN'S INDUSTRIALISATION. THE BILBAO ESTUARY, 1914-1935

ABSTRACT Did industrialisation improve standards of living in interwar industrial Spain? We seek to contrast this empirically with high frequency data from 1914 until 1936 for the Bilbao area, an emerging industrial centre. Contrary to existing historiography suggesting that overall standards of living improved, we find that welfare ratios remained at the same level and, at times, fluctuated significantly below sustenance levels. Demographic and socioeconomic variables were highly responsive to short-term real wage shocks driven by food price increases and the delay in nominal wage increases. Interwar industrialisation provided improvements, but did not provide protection from recurring deprivations and these may have constituted an important part of future political and socioeconomic polarisation and violence.
Cuntz-Krieger uniqueness theorem for crossed products by Hilbert bimodules

It is shown that a C*-algebra generated by any faithful covariant representation of a Hilbert bimodule X is canonically isomorphic to the crossed product associated to X provided that Rieffel's induced representation functor X-ind is topologically free. It is discussed how this result could be applied to universal C*-algebras generated by relations with a circle gauge action. In particular, it leads to generalizations of isomorphism theorems for various crossed products, and is shown to be equivalent to Cuntz-Krieger uniqueness theorem for finite graph C*-algebras (on that occasion an intriguing realization of Cuntz-Krieger algebras as crossed products by Exel's interactions is discovered).
K-mouflage Cosmology: Formation of Large-Scale Structures

We study structure formation in K-mouflage cosmology whose main feature is the absence of screening effect on quasilinear scales. We show that the growth of structure at the linear level is affected by both a new time dependent Newton constant and a friction term which depend on the background evolution. These combine with the modified background evolution to change the growth rate by up to ten percent since $z\ensuremath{\sim}2$. At the one loop level, we find that the nonlinearities of the K-mouflage models are mostly due to the matter dynamics and that the scalar perturbations can be treated at tree level. We also study the spherical collapse in K-mouflage models and show that the critical density contrast deviates from its $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-CDM value and that, as a result, the halo mass function is modified for large masses by an order one factor. Finally we consider the deviation of the matter spectrum from $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-CDM on nonlinear scales where a halo model is utilized. We find that the discrepancy peaks around $1\text{ }\text{ }h\text{ }{\text{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with a relative difference which can reach fifty percent. Importantly, these features are still true at larger redshifts, contrary to models of the chameleon-$f(R)$ and Galileon types.
Exploring limit behaviour of non-quadratic terms via H-measures. Application to small amplitude homogenisation

A method is developed for analysing asymptotic behaviour of terms involving an arbitrary integer order powers of functions by means of H-measures. It is applied to the small amplitude homogenisation problem for a stationary diffusion equation, in which coefficients are assumed to be analytic perturbations of a constant, enabling formulæ for higher order correction terms in a general, non-periodic setting. Explicit expressions in terms of Fourier coefficients are obtained under periodicity assumption. The method allows of its generalisation and application to the corresponding non-stationary equation, as well as to some other small amplitude homogenisation problems.
The Spectral Energy Distribution of Self-gravitating Interstellar Clouds. I. Spheres

We derive the spectral energy distribution (SED) of dusty, isothermal, self-gravitating, stable and spherical clouds externally heated by the ambient interstellar radiation field (ISRF). For a given radiation field and dust properties, the radiative transfer problem is determined by the pressure of the surrounding medium and by the cloud mass expressed as a fraction of the maximum stable cloud mass above which the clouds become gravitationally unstable. To solve the radiative transfer problem, a ray-tracing code is used to accurately derive the light distribution inside the cloud. This code considers both anisotropic scattering on dust grains and multiple scattering events. The dust properties inside the clouds are assumed to be the same as in the diffuse interstellar medium in our Galaxy. We analyze the effect of the pressure, the critical mass fraction, and the ISRF on the SED and present brightness profiles in the visible, the IR/FIR, and the submillimeter/millimeter regime with the focus on the scattered emission and the thermal emission from PAH molecules and dust grains.
The Influence of Socialization on Usefulness: Antecedent and Moderation Effect

A technology is said to be useful when the user decides to use it. In order for taxpayers to pay taxes easily and efficiently, the tax authorities need to introduce an electronic payment system by conducting outreach activities to PBB P2 taxpayers in order to increase their knowledge. convenience and self-efficacy. This type of research is quantitative research using primary data and sample determination using quota sampling with a total of 200 respondents. Data analysis using SEM-PLS assisted by SmartPLS Version 3.2. 9 program. The results of this study obtained empirical evidence that: (1) internal education has a positive and significant effect on socialization; (2) socialization has a positive and significant effect on usefulness; (3) the ease of weakening the relationship between socialization and usefulness; (4) self-efficacy is not able to moderate the relationship between socialization and usefulness. This study also produces new findings, there is an effect of internal education antecedents that have a large enough influence before socializing
THE UNIVERSAL “HEARTBEAT” OSCILLATIONS IN BLACK HOLE SYSTEMS ACROSS THE MASS-SCALE

The hyperluminous X-ray source (HLX-1, peak X-ray luminosity ) near the spiral galaxy ESO 243-49, which underwent recurrent outbursts within a period of ∼400 days, is possibly the best candidate for an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH). The physical reason for this quasiperiodic variability is still unclear. We explore the possibility of radiation-pressure instability in the accretion disk by modeling the light curve of HLX-1, and find that it can roughly reproduce the duration, period, and amplitude of the recurrent outbursts in HLX-1 with an IMBH of . Our result provides a possible mechanism to explain the recurrent outbursts in HLX-1. We further find a universal correlation between the outburst duration and the bolometric luminosity for the black hole (BH) sources with a very broad mass range (e.g., X-ray binaries, HLX-1, and active galactic nuclei), which is roughly consistent with the prediction of radiation-pressure instability of the accretion disk. These results imply that “heartbeat” oscillations triggered by radiation-pressure instability may appear in different-scale BH systems.
FIRST FRONTIER FIELD CONSTRAINTS ON THE COSMIC STAR FORMATION RATE DENSITY AT z ∼ 10—THE IMPACT OF LENSING SHEAR ON COMPLETENESS OF HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXY SAMPLES

We search the complete Hubble Frontier Field data set of Abell 2744 and its parallel field for z ∼ 10 ? > sources to further refine the evolution of the cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD) between z ∼ 8 ? > and z ∼ 10 ? > . We independently confirm two images of the recently discovered triply imaged z ∼ 9.8 ? > source by Zitrin et al. and set an upper limit for similar z ∼ 10 ? > galaxies with red colors of J 125 − H 160 > 1.2 ? > in the parallel field of Abell 2744. We utilize extensive simulations to derive the effective selection volume of Lyman-break galaxies at z ∼ 10 ? > , both in the lensed cluster field and in the adjacent parallel field. Particular care is taken to include position-dependent lensing shear to accurately account for the expected sizes and morphologies of highly magnified sources. We show that both source blending and shear reduce the completeness at a given observed magnitude in the cluster, particularly near the critical curves. These effects have a significant, but largely overlooked, impact on the detectability of high-redshift sources behind clusters, and substantially reduce the expected number of highly magnified sources. The detections and limits from both pointings result in an SFRD which is consistent within the uncertainties with previous estimates at z ∼ 10 ? > from blank fields. The combination of these new results with all other estimates is also consistent with a rapidly declining SFRD in the 170 Myr from z ∼ 8 ? > to z ∼ 10 ? > as predicted by cosmological simulations and dark-matter halo evolution in ΛCDM. Once biases introduced by magnification-dependent completeness are accounted for, the full six cluster and parallel Frontier Field program will be an extremely powerful new data set to probe the evolution of the galaxy population at z > 8 ? > before the advent of the James Webb Space Telescope.
Large greatest common divisor sums and extreme values of the Riemann zeta function

It is shown that the maximum of $|\zeta(1/2+it)|$ on the interval $T^{1/2}\le t \le T$ is at least $\exp\left((1/\sqrt{2}+o(1)) \sqrt{\log T \log\log\log T/\log\log T}\right)$. Our proof uses Soundararajan's resonance method and a certain large GCD sum. The method of proof shows that the absolute constant $A$ in the inequality \[ \sup_{1\le n_1<\cdots < n_N} \sum_{k,{\ell}=1}^N\frac{\gcd(n_k,n_{\ell})}{\sqrt{n_k n_{\ell}}} \ll N \exp\left(A\sqrt{\frac{\log N \log\log\log N}{\log\log N}}\right), \] established in a recent paper of ours, cannot be taken smaller than $1$.
Robust Audiovisual Emotion Recognition: Aligning Modalities, Capturing Temporal Information, and Handling Missing Features

Emotion recognition using audiovisual features is a challenging task for human-machine interaction systems. Under ideal conditions (perfect illumination, clean speech signals, and non-occluded visual data) many systems are able to achieve reliable results. However, few studies have considered developing multimodal systems and training strategies to build systems that can perform well under non ideal conditions. Audiovisual models still face challenging problems such as misalignment of modalities, lack of temporal modeling, and missing features due to noise or occlusions. In this article, we implement a model that combines auxiliary networks, a transformer architecture, and an optimized training mechanism to achieve a robust system for audiovisual emotion recognition that addresses, in a principled way, these challenges. Our evaluation analyzes how well this model performs in ideal conditions and when modalities are missing. We contrast this method with other multimodal fusion methods for emotion recognition. Our experimental results based on two audiovisual databases demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves: 1) improvements in emotion recognition accuracy, 2) better alignment and fusion of audiovisual features at the model level, 3) awareness of temporal information, and 4) robustness to non-ideal scenarios.
MEAN-FIELD MODELING OF AN α2 DYNAMO COUPLED WITH DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF RIGIDLY ROTATING CONVECTION

The mechanism of large-scale dynamos in rigidly rotating stratified convection is explored by direct numerical simulations (DNS) in Cartesian geometry. A mean-field dynamo model is also constructed using turbulent velocity profiles consistently extracted from the corresponding DNS results. By quantitative comparison between the DNS and our mean-field model, it is demonstrated that the oscillatory α2 dynamo wave, excited and sustained in the convection zone, is responsible for large-scale magnetic activities such as cyclic polarity reversal and spatiotemporal migration. The results provide strong evidence that a nonuniformity of the α-effect, which is a natural outcome of rotating stratified convection, can be an important prerequisite for large-scale stellar dynamos, even without the Ω-effect.
Online Dating and Mental Health among Young Sexual Minority Black Men: Is Ethnic Identity Protective in the Face of Sexual Racism?

Racialized Sexual Discrimination (RSD), also known as ‘sexual racism,’ is pervasive within online dating venues. RSD is associated with poor mental health outcomes among young sexual minority Black men (YSMBM), and there is limited research on factors that may mitigate this association. Ethnic identity has been identified as a potential protective factor for racial/ethnic minorities who encounter racialized stressors, though some evidence suggests that ethnic identity may also intensify the negative effects of racial discrimination. Using data from a cross-sectional web-survey of YSMBM (n = 690), a series of linear regression models were estimated to examine the moderating effect of ethnic identity search and ethnic identity commitment on the relationship between RSD and depressive symptoms/feeling of self-worth. Results indicated that having moderate-to-high scores on commitment attenuated the association between being physically objectified by White men and higher depressive symptoms. However, having high scores on commitment intensified the association between being rejected by Black men and lower feelings of self-worth. Stronger identity commitment may be protective against objectification from White men, though it may also exacerbate negative outcomes related to in-group discrimination. These findings may have important implications for the development of individual and group-level interventions addressing ethnic identity among YSMBM.