Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Airborne thermal remote sensing of the Volcán de Colima (Mexico) lava dome from 2007 to 2010

Abstract We investigate high-resolution digital photographs and infrared images of the lava dome eruption at Volcán de Colima, from 2007 to 2010. Qualitative observations provide insight into active volcanic processes (e.g. rockfalls and fracturing) and show that, as the dome advances a substantial cooled talus apron develops, which stabilizes the structure. Progressive collapse of the talus apron as it reaches the crater rim corresponds with the development of a lava lobe, extruding hot lava from deeper within the dome. Quantitative dome surface temperature time-series show that the highest temperature hotspots migrate from the dome sides (250–380 °C) to the top (150–300 °C) and finally to the lava lobe (220–400 °C) as the structurally unstable areas expose fresh material. Net surface heat loss from the dome ranges from 5 to 30 MW, comparable to other dome forming systems. Heat budget calculations confirm that the lava dome retained a hot viscous core throughout the period 2007–2010. We propose that the mechanical stability of the Volcán de Colima dome arises from the shear strength of flanking talus which stabilizes the hot viscous core.
CHARACTERISTICS AND PALEOGEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES OF THE EARLY GZHELIAN FUSULINOIDEANS FROM THE CANTABRIAN ZONE (NW SPAIN)

This paper deals with the fusulinoidean faunas from several recently found Gzhelian localities of the Cantabrian Zone (Spain). All localities have strata belonging to the Puentelles Formation, a lithostratigraphic unit exposed in the northern part of the Picos de Europa Massifs. Three Ferganites species, including F. obesus sp. nov., and several others belonging to the genera Rauserites, Tumefactus, Triticites ? , and Quasifusulina are described. The three Ferganites species belong to a single species group, which is so far only known from the Carboniferous of the Cantabrian Zone. A comparison of these Cantabrian assemblages with contemporaneous faunas from other Carboniferous areas of western Eurasia shows that forms such as Rauserites cf. R. rossicus and Quasifusulina aff. Q. longissima ultima are either identical or closely related to species that were probably widespread in the paleo-equatorial part of Eurasia. Other elements (e.g., Ferganites ex gr. F. obesus, Tumefactus ex gr. Tu. expressus, Triticites ? aff. Tr. ? gusanicus ) had a much more restricted geographic distribution and occurred only in the western part of the Paleo-Tethys. The assemblages are thus correlated with the lower Gzhelian of the Russian Platform. The fusulinoidean faunas studied demonstrate that the westernmost part of the Paleo-Tethys was still characterized by marine deposits in Gzhelian times. Apparently, the Cantabrian Zone had close affinities with the Carnic Alps and Central Asia and, like these areas, it was part of the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Paleo-Tethyan province.
Characterizing Hydraulic Fractures Using Slow Waves In the Fracture And Tube Waves In the Borehole

We focus on estimating size of a hydraulic fracture using analysis of tube waves generated by the action of an external seismic field. External seismic field excites not only tube waves at the intersection of the fracture with the well, but also generates slow eigenmode by squeezing the fracture tips. Slow mode propagates along the fracture and converts into tube wave upon reaching the wellbore. Time delay between primary and secondary tube waves allows to estimate fracture size. This study concentrates on describing the secondary tube wave. Using averaging procedure we present the non-uniform pseudo-differential wave equation for slow eigenmode in the fluid-filled fracture. This equation is derived in space-time representation assuming long-wavelength approximation. Derived wave equation takes into account strong dispersion of slow wave and contribution of incident external seismic field. We state and solve the boundary problem describing slow mode excited at the fracture tips and estimate the amplitude of the secondary tube wave generated when slow mode hits the intersection with the well. Numerical calculations show that amplitudes of the secondary tube wave can reach several percents of the primary tube wave amplitudes and hence be detectable in a field experiments and used for fracture size characterization.
Recent developments in spectral theory for non-self-adjoint Hamiltonians

The objective of this survey is to collect and elaborate on diﬀerent tools, both well-established and more recent ones, which have been developed in the last decades to investigate spectral properties of non-self-adjoint operators of the form H = H 0 + V . More speciﬁcally, we will show how Hardy-type and Sobolev inequalities, together with Virial theorems and Birman-Schwinger principles enter into play in the analysis of the spectrum of these Hamiltonians
Water Retention of Salt-Affected Soils: Quantitative Estimation Using Soil Survey Information

Soil water retention (SWR) at −0.1, −33, −1500, and −150000 kPa matric potentials and available water content (AWC) were estimated from information available from 729 horizons of salt-affected soils in the Hungarian Detailed Soil Hydrophysical Database. Soil characteristics of the 1:10,000 scale Hungarian soil maps were used as input parameters. Ordinal and nominal (categorical) variables: texture, organic matter content, calcium carbonate content, soluble salt content, pH, and soil subtype classes of the soil map were used to develop a new prediction method based on the CHAID classification tree. Results of the model development were compared with results using conventional prediction methods (classification tree (CRT) and multiple linear regression (MLR)). Four types of pedotransfer rules were established by classification tree methods. The first rule uses continuous-type input parameters, the second uses soil taxonomical information in addition, the third and fourth one uses categorical-type input parameters. In addition, continuous pedotransfer functions (point estimations) were established as well. Results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the developed method is between 1.25 vol% (150000 kPa) and 6.40 vol% (−33 kPa). With the mentioned available input parameters, for salt-affected soils the prediction reliability is similar with categorical and continuous-type information. To predict SWR from categorical-type information the CHAID method is advisable. In the case of continuous-type input parameters MLR is suggested, based on this study. The established hydropedologic methods can be readily used to prepare available water content maps for the topsoil of salt affected soils based on solely soil survey information. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Arid Land Research and Management to view the free supplemental file.
Trapped in Space? Children's Accounts of Risky Environments

The purpose of this article is to explore children's perceptions and experiences of safety and risk in one highly contested interface area in Belfast. Interface areas are landscapes divided by physical and symbolic boundaries on the basis of religious/ethno-national identification. The research draws on maps and focus group discussions with young teenagers from four schools in an interface area located in North Belfast. The teenagers identified both private and public places of risk that they faced in their everyday lives. The types of risks produced by this environment are outlined and the teenagers' strategies for managing the daily risks that they faced in their everyday lives are assessed. The data reveal how teenagers negotiate movement across different types of space and illustrate the extent to which their immediate geographical environment is dependent on its location within wider political, social and cultural systems.
Hypercoagulable state in patients with schizophrenia: different effects of acute and chronic antipsychotic medications

Background: Previous studies reported higher incidences of venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular disease in schizophrenia patients and higher indicators of thrombosis, thrombocyte activation, and platelet dysfunction. Objectives: To check if first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients have a hypercoagulable state and determine whether acute and chronic antipsychotics have the same effect on blood coagulation or fibrinolysis-related biomarkers. Design: Case-control study. Methods: A total of 81 participants were grouped in FES, chronic schizophrenia (CS), and healthy controls (HCs). In addition to demographic data and clinical characteristics, immunological analyses were performed to measure plasma levels of D-dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), soluble P selectin (sP-sel), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), thrombotic precursor protein (TpP), and von Willebrand’s disease factor (vWF). Results: Compared to HC group, FES patients showed higher PAI-1 (28.61 ng/ml versus 15.69 ng/ml), sP-sel (2.78 ng/ml versus 1.18 ng/ml), and TpP (15.61 µg/ml versus 5.59 µg/ml) along with a higher PAI-1/tPA (3.12 versus 2.00). Acute antipsychotic medication reduced higher PAI-1 (28.61 → 21.99), sP-sel (2.78 → 1.87), tPA (9.59 → 5.83), TpP (15.61 → 10.54), and vWF (383.18 → 291.08) in FES patients. However, plasma sP-sel and vWF in CS patients returned to the pre-treatment levels in FES patients, and PAI-1/tPA significantly decreased compared to FES patients. Conclusion: These results suggest a hypercoagulable state in FES patients and demonstrate contrast effects of acute and chronic antipsychotics on coagulation or fibrinolysis in schizophrenia patients.
Timing and Genesis of Hamersley Iron-ore Deposits

Two types of genetic model exist for the in situ enriched ores in the Hamersley Basin: hypogene; and supergene. Although the supergene model has been adopted by a large number of geologists, conflicting geological/geophysical evidence suggests that the other model cannot be ruled out. This paper reports the results of a pilot palaeomagnetic study in and around the Tom Price mine. A negative fold test on results from the Wittenoom Dolomite demonstrates that the Tom Price region underwent an overprint event after folding in the Palaeoproterozoic. The direction of this overprint remanence is similar to that of a previously reported syn-folding remanence found in the Mount Jope Volcanics of the underlying Fortescue Group, and most of the remanence directions reported from the micropiaty hematite ore bodies at Tom Price and Paraburdoo. When these results are combined with geological observations, we are led to a tentative interpretation that the in situ enriched ores, particularly the microplaty hematite ores, could have been formed during Palaeoproterozoic extensional deformation, when the tectono/thermal fluids carried the iron to favourable structural positions, and/or leached components other than iron from those structural positions. This tentative model differs from the supergene model in that it requires orogenic/thermal fluids from the deeper sedimentary sequence rather than meteoric fluids percolating down from the weathering surface.
Possible influence of the Antarctic Oscillation on tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific

[1] The present study investigates how large-scale atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) modulates tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the western North Pacific (WNP) during a typhoon season (July, August, and September; boreal summer). The variation of the SH circulation of interest is the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). In the positive phase of AAO relative to its negative phase, two anomalous highs develop over the western Pacific in both hemispheres: a huge anticyclone in southeastern Australia and a relatively weak anticyclone in the East China Sea. These teleconnection patterns are examined and compared with previous analyses. Related to the AAO variations, a statistically significant alteration of TC activities is found over the WNP. The difference in the mean TC passage numbers over the East China Sea (120°–140°E, 20°–40°N) between the eight highest-AAO years and the eight lowest-AAO years is as large as 2, equivalent to a 50–100% increase from the climatology. This change is primarily a result of more TCs forming over the eastern Philippine Sea. On the other hand, TC passage numbers slightly decrease over the South China Sea. These changes in TC activity are predominant in August and are consistent with changes in low-level vorticity over the subtropical WNP. The influence of SH circulation variability on large-scale environments and tropical convection in the subtropical NH suggest a possible usage of AAO variation for long-range forecasting of TC activity over the WNP.
Chemical Remanent Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Minerals and Its Application to Rock Magnetism

Experimental studies have been carried out on the remanent magnetization generated by chemical reactions (which may properly be called chemical remanent magnetization or C. R. M. in abbreviation) for both natural and synthetic specimens. Remanent magnetization generated during two kinds of reaction processes, that is, reduction of α-Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 and oxidation of Fe3O4 to maghemite is firstly examined (Part I). It may be safely concluded that the remanent magnetization thus generated has an intensity which is intermediate between isothermal remanent magnetization and thermo-remanent magnetization, and that its magnetic and thermal stability is similar to that of thermo-remanent magnetization, much higher than that of isothermal remanent magnetization.In Part II, magnetic properties of several natural rocks and ore deposits containing maghemite are systematically examined. These natural specimens can be classified into two groups with respect to the magnitude of Qn-ratio; the one has large magnitude of remanence and large Qn-value amounting to 100, while Qn of the other is quite small. Greatest parts of natural remanent magnetization of the specimens having large Qn-value are attributable to the chemical remanent magnetization of maghemite, which is considered to result from oxidation of magnetite probably by weathering at nearly atmospheric temperature. On the other hand, the natural remanent magnetization of the specimens belonging to the second group with low Qn are found to be merely isothermal remanent magnetization. These two groups are also compared with each other from the petrological point of view.The results of these investigations suggest that various magnitude of remanence can be generated by chemical processes possibly according to the mode of precipitation of ferromagnetic minerals.
The conundrum of multi-grade Teaching in Zimbabwe’s satellite primary schools: Quality multi-grade Education crisis

Abstract This qualitative study was prompted by the need to establish the challenges and prospects of quality Multi-grade Teaching in satellite primary schools. Through in-depth interviews with the Teachers in Charge of the schools and Focus Group Interviews with teachers, data were generated and analysed thematically. The Three-level Typology created by Dyson, Gunter, Hall, Jones and Kalambouka in 2007 provided the theoretical lens of the study. Regardless of the existence of multi-grade classes in the schools, all the Teachers in Charge and teachers staffing the schools were not trained in Multi-grade Teaching. Even the Cluster Heads and School Inspectors who should provide them with Multi-grade Teaching support also lacked training in Multi-grade pedagogy. Due to a lack of multi-grade teaching preparation and support, the teachers and Teachers in Charge only teach the curriculum content for higher grades in multi-grade classes. The learners in the lower grades experience learning content backlogs which affect their mastery of concepts as they go through the spiral primary school curriculum. Pre-service and in-service teacher development programmes in multi-grade pedagogy are recommended to address the multi-grade teaching crisis and enhance the provision of quality multi-grade education. The study adds knowledge to the discourse of quality multi-grade education.
Circulation Regimes of Rainfall Anomalies in the African-South Asian Monsoon Belt

Abstract This study explores the spatial differentiation of climate anomalies and associated circulation mechanisms across the African-South Asian monsoon belt through empirical analyses mainly for the period 1948–83. Observations include surface ship observations in the tropical Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and Indian oceans, and various hydrometeorological and circulation index series, representing the water discharge of the Senegal River (SENEGAL), the rainfall in the West African Sahel (SAHEL), the discharge of rivers in the Nile basin (ROSEIRES, ATBARA), India monsoon rainfall (NIR), and the Southern Oscillation (SO). The field significance of correlation patterns is ascertained through Monte Carlo experiments. There is a strong correlation of hydrometeorological conditions from Senegal to the Sahel, a decrease from each of these domains eastward to the Nile catchment, and even more so to India. Conversely, correlations are remarkably high between the water discharge of the Nile basin (ROSEIRES, ATBARA.
Parent Material Influence on Sulfate Sorption in Forest Soils from Northwestern Spain

Sulfate sorption by forest soils decreases the potential detrimental effect of S deposition on cation leaching, Twenty-four soils from the 3416-km 2 area surrounding two lignite-fueled power-generating plants in NW Spain were studied to relate SO 2 4 sorption to soil properties and ultimately to the parent material. The area contains a variety of parent materials, and has a wide range of acidic soils (Haplumbrepts, Fulvudands, and Kanhaplohumults), Total annual precipitation ranges from 1100 to 1900 mm yr -1 and mean annual temperature is 12°C. Sulfate sorption was studied by adding either 0.4 or 1.6 mM SO 2 4 solutions to soils. Sorption decreased in the following order: amphibolite > biotitic schist > granite > phyllite and was positively related to Al extractable with sodium hydroxide, oxalate, and pyrophosphate. and to Fe extractable with dithionite-citrate and oxalate, which were high in soils derived from basic materials. Organic matter apparently had counteracting effects on SO 2- 4 sorption. First, sorption was important in surface horizons with pH-NaF ≥9.7, mainly due to the presence of Al-humus complexes, which often give these soils an andic character. Second, sorption was specially low in surface horizons of soils derived from acidic materials with pH-NaF- 8.0, which may be attributed to competition between SO 2- 4 and organic acids for sorption sites, in addition to the low content of reactive surfaces, Sorption was positively related to soil pH due to the positive relation between Fe and Al oxy-hydroxides and basic materials, These results suggest the need to take into account the influence of parent material on SO 2- 4 sorption in assessing the sensitivity of soils to S deposition.
Distributed Split Learning for Map-Based Signal Strength Prediction Empowered by Deep Vision Transformer

This article focuses on predicting the received signal strength (RSS) of mobile users, which is a fundamental problem for improving the coverage of cellular networks. Traditional methods for RSS prediction are based on ray tracing or stochastic radio propagation models. However, the former requires detailed environmental information that may not be practically available, while the latter cannot use the environmental data to its full potential and is not accurate enough. To address these issues, we design a practical RSS prediction system utilizing the trajectory information of users and satellite maps around base stations without sharing raw data. Specifically, we propose a map-based deep neural network (DNN) for the RSS prediction, empowered by the deep vision transformer (DeepVIT). Furthermore, to avoid sharing raw data, a novel split learning (SL) framework is developed. It splits the map-based DNN into two parts, which are deployed on the server and the user sides, respectively. The proposed models are evaluated by eight real-world data sets provided by an Australian Telecom operator, including 307,500 data samples. Simulation results show that in terms of prediction accuracy, the proposed map-based DNN significantly outperforms the 3GPP Urban Macro model and the long short-term memory method in centralized scenarios, while its SL variant outperforms the sequential SL and federated learning (FL) approaches in distributed scenarios. In addition, the communication overhead and the on-device computational burden of the proposed SL model are much lower than that of the FL approach.
S‐transform view of geomagnetically induced currents during geomagnetic superstorms

A novel time‐frequency analysis method (S‐transform) capable of handling noisy non‐stationary signals is applied to study the properties of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) fluctuations in the Finnish natural gas pipeline. New local time‐ and storm phase‐dependent S‐transform spectral properties of auroral region GIC fluctuations during geomagnetic superstorms are reported. More specifically, the S‐transform spectra have two distinct regions containing the most of the spectral power that persisted from storm to storm: main phase‐related wide‐band fluctuations driven possibly by a substorm‐type ionospheric activity centered around the local midnight and recovery phase‐related narrow‐band fluctuations associated with Pc5 range geomagnetic pulsations in the local morning region. Based on this observed “stability”, a new S‐transform‐based statistical approach using, for example, an ensemble of different S‐transform responses for known storms is proposed for GIC prediction.
Vegetation history and environmental significance of pre-peat and surficial peat deposits at Ohinewai, Lower Waikato lowland

Abstract The Ohinewai peatlands occupy 15 km2 near Lake Waikare, south Auckland. The peats average 6–9 m in depth, and overlie a grey-green lacustrine mud (3–11 m thick). The lacustrine mud was deposited in a proto-Lake Waikare between 20,000 and 7,000 yr bp, and pollen analysis shows that open shrubland-grassland vegetation was dominant for at least a portion of this time. The basal peat ranges in age from 7,000–6,000 yr bp. The peat formed in an oligotrophic raised bog during the drainage and contraction of the proto-Lake Waikare, a process which may have been caused by a drop in sea level. Pollen analysis of the peat shows that conifer-hardwood forest, similar to that of the present, was dominant throughout. Ascarina lucida and Dacrydium colensoi, trees which are extinct, or nearly so, in the region today, were present until at least 2,000 yr BP. There was little change in the forest between 7,000 and 2,000 yr bp, except for a marked increase in Agathis austrahs at around 3,000 yr BP, which may indicat.