Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation in twin calving incidence in herds with a high phenotypic mean

Abstract Twin calving data were analysed from five private New Zealand dairy and beef cattle herds, and from the Ruakura experimental twin‐research herd founded from industry cows screened‐in on their twin calving history. The objective of the study was to estimate the heritability of twin calving rate in herds with a high phenotypic mean for non‐identical twin calving. The annual twin calving rate of the private herds averaged 3.36% overall, based on a total of 17 474 calving records. On average, there were 13% of cows from the selected herds with at least one twin calving in their lifetime. Heritabilities were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures, with the value for annual twin calving rate for the five herds averaging 0.061 ± 0.010 (individual estimates ranging from 0.016 to 0.090), while estimates for the lifetime incidence of at least one twin calving averaged 0.16 ± 0.029 (range 0.14–0.19). The Ruakura herd had a mean annual twin calving rate over all years (1985–2000) of 11.2%, and in recent years (1998–2000) of 13.3%. One of the most elite cow‐families in the herd (12 cows spanning five generations since the foundation cow) had an annual twin calving rate averaging 31% (seven of the cows producing at least one twin set in their lifetime), while another family of seven cows included three sets of 3‐times twinning cows. Heritabilities of annual and lifetime twin calving in the Ruakura herd (cows born in 1983–1998) were 0.081 ± 0.031 and 0.25 ± 0.07, respectively. It is concluded, from the five high twinning‐rate private herds selected in this study, that they had a higher heritability (average value 0.061 ± 0.010) than in published studies from industry data in other countries (average value from 13 studies, 0.027).
The Impact of Myofascial Shoulder Pain on Hopelessness State among Women in Turkey

One of the major complaints of patients for consulting primary healthcare providers is shoulder pain. The most common causes of this problem are subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the hopelessness status of women with myofascial shoulder pain and to compare them with women suffering from traumatic pain. The prospective study design was used in the current study, 60 women were assigned equally to Myofascial group (group M), a group where women complain of shoulder pain, palpable, and tender myofascial trigger points, and 30 women who sustained traumatic shoulder pain in the control group (group T). Beck Hopelessness Scale was used to detect the hopelessness level. Mann Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis. P <0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that the mean was a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding hopelessness state (7.4) for the myofascial group and (3.8) for the traumatic group, P <0.05. Hopelessness status of women with myofascial shoulder pain should be acknowledged because women may need social and psychological support in addition to medical treatment to overcome their complaints.
Integrated Nitrogen Management Influences the Yield Performance of Rice under Different Methods of Cultivation

The field studies were conducted during 2012 and 2013 at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. The experiments were undertaken on two rice hybrids cultivated under two different establishment techniques with integrated nitrogen management to evaluate the growth dynamics, production potential and nutrient removal of rice. Results revealed that the system of rice intensification (SRI) and rice cv. Arize-6444 recorded significantly higher growth attributes viz., number of tillers hill-1, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and relative growth rate with almost yield attributes and yield with nutrient harvest index and total water productivity. The corresponding increment in grain and straw yield of rice under SRI to the tune of 14.66% and 13.12% over normal transplanting and rice hybrid Arize 6444 produced 8.63% and 5.32% higher grain and straw yield over PHB 71, respectively. Among the integrated nitrogen management practices, the application of 50% RDN+50% N through FYM+Azospirillum recorded significantly higher growth attributes, grain yield (6942 kg ha-1), protein content (7.80%), nutrient content, protein yield (542 kg ha-1) total nutrient uptake, total water productivity (5.90 kg/ha-mm) and nutrient harvest index of rice. The study concluded that the conjunctive application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure with biofertilizer to rice hybrid ‘Arize-6444’ cultivation under SRI method for realizing higher yield of rice in eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Effect of Genotype and Age on Egg Quality Traits in Naked Neck Chicken under Tropical Climate from India

A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate the egg quality traits in three naked neck genotypes, NaNa (homozygous), Nana (heterozygous) and nana (normal) by utilizing 556 eggs collected at 28, 32, 36 and 40 weeks of age. The overall mean egg weight, shape index and Haugh unit values were 56.41 g, 75.79 and 75.98, respectively. The yolk index, yolk height and yolk colour varied significantly (p<0.01) in three genotypes. All other external and internal egg quality traits were not differed significantly among the genotypes; however Naked neck had better egg quality in almost all the traits. Age had significant (p<0.01) effect on all the traits studied in Naked neck chicken. Haugh unit score was better in 28 week age group. The egg, yolk, albumin and shell weights were positively correlated with the age. The average shell weight and thickness values were 5.07 g and 0.401 mm, respectively, which had no significant variation among the genotypes. The Na gene had marginal effect on all the egg quality traits studied. The better egg quality parameters in naked neck chicken are desirable which indicate the better keeping quality of the eggs and withstand the handling damages.
Seasonal Movements of Fluvial Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the Blackfoot River Drainage, Montana

Abstract I studied the seasonal movements and habitat use of fluvial westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi from 1997 to 1999 in the Blackfoot River drainage in western Montana to help guide restoration efforts and lead to a better understanding of this subspecies. Of 22 radio-tagged fish, 16 migrated during the spawning period (mean length, 371 mm). Ten of the 22 fish were tracked over a 2-year period, and 2 of these fish migrated in both 1997 and 1998. Migrations to tributaries occurred during the rising limb of the hydrograph in both years and lasted for an average of 10 d (range, 1–14 d) in 1998. Migratory fish moved both upriver and downriver to reach spawning tributaries during both years. In 1998 the mean distance traveled to access tributaries was 31 km (range, 3–72 km). Fish staged at the mouths of tributaries for up to 14 d before entering near the peak in the hydrograph. They remained in tributaries for an average of 27 d (range, 4–63 d), the duration varying with size of tributar.
Trypsin enzyme activity during larval development of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed on live feeds

Larval stages of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were fed standard live diets of mixed microalgae from the first to the third protozoea (PZ1 to PZ3), followed by Artemia nauplii until post-larvae 1 (PL1). Trypsin enzyme activity for each larval stage was determined using N-α-p-toluenesulphonyl-l-arginine methyl ester (TAME) as a substrate. Results were expressed as enzyme content to assess ontogenetic changes during larval development. Tissue trypsin content (IU µg−1 DW for each larval stage) was significantly highest at the PZ1 stage and declined through subsequent stages to PL1. This contrasts with previously observed patterns of trypsin development in Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus) and other penaeid genera, which exhibit a peak in trypsin activity at the third protozoea/first mysis (PZ3/M1) larval stage. Litopenaeus vannamei larvae transferred to a diet of Artemia at the beginning of the second protozoea (PZ2) stage were significantly heavier on reaching the first mysis stage (M1) than those fed algae, while survival was not significantly different between treatments. At both PZ2 and PZ3 stages, trypsin content in larvae feeding on Artemia was significantly lower than in those feeding on algae. The rapid decline in trypsin content from PZ1 and the flexible enzyme response from PZ2 suggest that L. vannamei is physiologically adapted to transfer to a more carnivorous diet during the mid-protozoeal stages.
Evaluation of the silymarin content in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Cultivated under different agricultural conditions

An HPLC assay for the determination of silymarin in the fruits of Silybum marianum is given. The effect of different water regimes and nitrogen fertilization levels on the silymarin content of cultivated plants grown in reclaimed desert land have been studied. The highest silymarin contents were obtained upon nitrogen fertilization with 100, 150 kg/feddan (1 feddan = 4200 m2) and a 60% water regime without fertilization compared to the content of silymarin in wild plants.
Virtual Reality Visualization of 3-D Electromagnetic Fields

One of the major problems in three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic eld computation is visualizing the calculated eld. Virtual reality techniques can be used as an aid to this process by providing multiple viewpoints, allowing immersion within the eld, and taking advantage of the human ability to process 3-D spatial information. In this paper we present an example of 3-D electromagnetic eld visualization in the CAVE virtual-reality environment.
Relationship between functional response and gut transit time in the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi: role of food quantity and quality.

The relationship between ingestion rate and gut transit time of the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi was examined in laboratory experiments with five different diets: (i) living cells of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, (ii) detrital cells of the same diatom, (iii) 50:50 mix of the two previous diets on a protein basis, (iv) dinoflagellate cells of Prorocentrum micans and (v) Prorocentrum minimum. Ingestion followed a Holling type 2 response for diets 1 and 4 and a linear one for diets 2, 3 and 5. Gut transit time varied with food abundance only when the copepods were fed with the living diatom. The gut evacuation rate increased with the concentration of T. weissflogii with values of 0.010, 0.020, 0.032, 0.042 min ‐1 ,c orresponding to gut transit time of 97, 50, 31 and 24 min, measured at 50, 110, 130 and 275 mg protein L ‐1 , respectively.Copepodsfed with dinoflagellates, mixed and pure detrital dietsexhibited longer andsimilar gut transit times ranging from 85 to 166 min, depending on diet. The coupling between ingestion rate and gut transit time measurements is discussed in the context of copepod feeding strategies.
Prevalence and factors associated with hyperglycaemia among children under-five years of age at holy innocents childrens’ hospital, mbarara district, south-western Uganda

Background: Childhood hyperglycaemia is a critical observation because of its links to complications ranging from prolonged hospitalisation to mortality. This study reports the prevalence, clinical patterns and factors associated with hyperglycaemia among children under-five years of age at Holy Innocents Childrens’ Hospital (HICH), Mbarara in south-western Uganda. Materials and methods: This was a hospital based, cross-sectional study conducted during the period between April to July, 2017. The study enrolled children underfive years attending out patients department (OPD) whose caregivers had consented. Random blood glucose levels, height and weight of children were taken; in addition, a structured questionnaire was administered. Results: We enrolled 284 children, of whom, 40.3% (n=114) were aged between 12 to 23 months (mean age: 24.6 months, median age: 9.7 months; IQR: 5.8– 46.8 months). There were 124 boys (43.7%). Thirty-nine participants were hyperglycaemic, giving a prevalence of 13.7%, (95% Confidence Interval: 8.4-18.2), with varied clinical patterns. Obese children were six times more likely to be hyperglycaemic (P=0.000). Although those who were overweight did not show statistical significance of hyperglycaemia, they were four times more at risk. Conclusion: Childhood hyperglycemia is highly prevalent in this setting, with the majority of the affected cases being unknown to both health workers and the caregivers. This impedes their medical intervention, and also inclines to very poor glycaemic control. This compels the need to regularly monitor glucose levels to subside preventable deaths. *Correspondence to: Ivan Mugisha Taremwa, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Clarke International University, P.O Box 7782, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: imugisha@ymail.com
TRACE METAL REDUCTION BY PHYTOPLANKTON: THE ROLE OF PLASMALEMMA REDOX ENZYMES 1,2

The phytoplankton cell surface reduces external copper(II) and iron(III) complexes and redox dyes. This reductive activity appears to be mediated by one or more plasmalemma redox enzymes. Trace metal complexes are directly reduced by the redox enzyme, therefore the reduction rate is not regulated by the metal free ion activity in solution. This is in direct contrast to previous measurements of trace metal interactions with the phytoplankton cell membrane. Half‐saturation constants for the reduction of Cu(II) complexes with carbonate, phenanthroline and bathocuproinedisulfonate are in the range 2.3–14.7 μM, which suggests that trace metal complexes are not the main electron acceptor in natural waters. In the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii there is additional reductive activity associated with the cell wall.
Injecting spatial priors in Earth observation with machine vision

Remote Sensing (RS) imagery with submeter resolution is becoming ubiquitous. Be it from satellites, aerial campaigns or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, this spatial resolution allows to recognize individual objects and their parts from above. This has driven, during the last few years, a big interest in the RS community on Computer Vision (CV) methods developed for the automated understanding of natural images. A central element to the success of \CV is the use of prior information about the image generation process and the objects these images contain: neighboring pixels are likely to belong to the same object; objects of the same nature tend to look similar with independence of their location in the image; certain objects tend to occur in particular geometric configurations; etc. When using RS imagery, additional prior knowledge exists on how the images were formed, since we know roughly the geographical location of the objects, the geospatial prior, and the direction they were observed from, the overhead-view prior. This thesis explores ways of encoding these priors in CV models to improve their performance on RS imagery, with a focus on land-cover and land-use mapping.
Studies on the metabolism of fowls: II The effect of activity on metabolism

An investigation of the metabolism of a number of Light Sussex cockerels has shown that there exists a rhythm in the metabolism during fasting amounting to about 9% as between morning and night observations, the former being the higher by the percentage stated. Two methods were adopted to exclude the effect of variation in the activity of the birds at different times of day. In the first, the birds were artificially stimulated during the normal period of repose in such manner as to give periods of approximately equal activity by day and by night. In the second, the movements of the birds were recorded by a system of “point scores”, and regression equations were deduced from a large number of such experiments so as to make it possible to reduce the metabolism observations to a basis of zero activity. The results obtained by these two methods of procedure were in good agreement with one another. The metabolism in the standing position is 40–45% above that in the sitting position, a figure considerably above that for the increase of metabolism as between the lying and standing positions usually found in quadrupeds, while at the moment of rising the heat output may occasionally be trebled, but averages about cent per cent above sitting. The former of these observations is of importance in estimating food requirements as our experiments show that generally speaking rather more than 12 out of each 24 hr. period is spent standing when the birds are kept in cages. It follows that the sitting metabolism must be increased to allow for this when the figure is being used for computation of rations. The large heat increase on rising to the standing posture is of such short duration as to exert little influence on the mean metabolism over a 24 hr. period.
The biosynthesis of ristocetin

In the biosynthesis of ristocetin by Nocardia Iurida it has been shown that m,m′-dihydroxyphenylglycine and p-methyl-m,m′- dihydroxyphenylglycine can be derived from acetic acid, whereas p-hydroxyphenylglycine and β-hydroxytyrosine are derived from tyrosine.
Association between carbohydrate and fat intake and estradiol levels with body fat percentage in Minangkabau ethnic premenopausal women, in Padang City West Sumatra year 2018

Background: Excessive carbohydrate and fat intake with excess estradiol levels will cause an increase in body fat percentage, thus causing obesity in premenopausal women. Objective was to determine the association between carbohydrate intake with fat percentage, the association between fat intake with fat percentage, the association between SAFA intake with fat percentage, the association between MUFA intake with fat percentage, the association between PUFA intake with fat percentage, and the association between estradiol levels with fat percentage in Minangkabau ethnic premenopausal women in Padang City, West Sumatra.Methods: This research was carried out in Padang City. Research conducted was observational research with cross sectional research design. Subjects in this research were 52 people. Variables in body fat percentage were measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), carbohydrate and fat intake data were obtained by interviewing the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and estradiol levels were examined by ELISA. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test.Results: In premenopausal women in the city of Padang, low carbohydrate intake was found with an average of 227.25grams, high fat intake was found with an average of 77.84grams, high SAFA intake was found with an average of 27.59grams, low MUFA intake was found with an average of 9.91grams, normal PUFA intake was found with an average of 9.37grams, normal estradiol levels was found with an average of 145.95pg/ml, and more fat percentage was found with an average of 33.31. Conclusions: There was an association between carbohydrate intake with fat percentage, there was an association between fat intake with fat percentage, there was an association between SAFA intake with fat percentage, there was an association between MUFA intake with fat percentage, there was an association between PUFA intake with fat percentage, and no association between estradiol levels with of fat percentage in premenopausal women in Padang City.
THE ANDES: A GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW FROM A BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract Geological events of biological importance in the history of the Andes include their impact on global climates through an influence on atmospheric circulation, rainfall patterns, and the atmospheric concentration of CO2; habitat diversification from lowlands through páramo to glaciated peaks; and migratory pathways ranging from discontinuous (mesic elements), highly discontinuous (páramo elements), barriers (to east-west migrations), to selective pathways (via the dry Andean valleys). The timing of these effects is a function of the uplift history of three (to nine) morphotectonic segments of the Andes resulting in (1) mostly lowland swamp and fluvial environments in the Cretaceous and Paleocene, (2) moderate uplands beginning in the Late Eocene (ca. 40 million years ago [Ma]), (3) appression of an offshore volcanic chain (the proto–Cordillera Occidental) in the Oligocene (ca. 30 Ma), (4) uplift of the proto–Cordillera Oriental and the Altiplano to about half their present altitude by the Middle Miocene (ca. 15 Ma), and (5) uplift of the remaining half within approximately the past 10 million years. The early appearance of a biological community recognizable as the Atacama Desert is estimated at ca. 15 Ma, and the beginnings of a páramo at ca. 3.5 Ma. Longer-term (Milankovitch) and shorter-term (Younger Dryas, Medieval warm/dry period, Little Ice Age, Heinrich, and Dansgaard-Oeschger [D-O]) climatic events, known initially from the high latitudes, are now widely recognized throughout Latin America, including the Andes. They document a dynamic physical environment from the Cretaceous through the Holocene and on all timescales.
Prostaglandin E2 Inhibits IL-18-Induced ICAM-1 and B7.2 Expression Through EP2/EP4 Receptors in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells1

Costimulatory molecules play important roles in immune responses. In the present study we investigated the effects of PGE2 on the expression of ICAM-1, B7.1, and B7.2 on monocytes in IL-18-stimulated PBMC using FACS analysis. Addition of PGE2 to PBMC inhibited ICAM-1 and B7.2 expression elicited by IL-18 in a concentration-dependent manner. We examined the involvement of four subtypes of PGE2 receptors, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, in the modulatory effect of PGE2 on ICAM-1 and B7.2 expression elicited by IL-18, using subtype-specific agonists. ONO-AE1–259-01 (EP2R agonist) inhibited IL-18-elicited ICAM-1 and B7.2 expression in a concentration-dependent manner with a potency slightly less than that of PGE2, while ONO-AE1-329 (EP4R agonist) was much less potent than PGE2. The EP2/EP4R agonist 11-deoxy-PGE1 mimicked the effect of PGE2 with the same potency. ONO-D1-004 (EP1R agonist) and ONO-AE-248 (EP3R agonist) showed no effect on IL-18-elicited ICAM-1 or B7.2 expression. These results indicated that EP2 and EP4Rs were involved in the action of PGE2. Dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin down-regulated ICAM-1 and B7.2 expression in IL-18-stimulated monocytes. As EP2 and EP4Rs are coupled to adenylate cyclase, we suggest that PGE2 down-regulates IL-18-induced ICAM-1 and B7.2 expression in monocytes via EP2 and EP4Rs by cAMP-dependent signaling pathways. The fact that anti-B7.2 as well as anti-ICAM-1 Ab inhibited IL-18-induced cytokine production implies that PGE2 may modulate the immune response through regulation of the expression of particular adhesion molecules on monocytes via EP2 and EP4Rs.
Environmental control of turion formation in curly pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)

The turions of Potamogeton crispus L. develop in early summer and function in propagation and dispersal. Under natural conditions during longday periods, an average minimum air temperature of more than 12°C was found to be important for turion formation. Experiments with controlled environments indicate that both temperature and photoperiod regulate turion formation. Turions can be induced at 13°C or above but not at 8 or 10°C. At a temperature range of 13–24°C turions form in both 12- and 16-h days, but not in 8-h days. By increasing temperature from 24 to 30 or 35°C turions can be induced under 8-h days. Light intensity was found to be important in the formation of turions.