Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FLARES IN LONG AND SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

The many similarities between the prompt emission pulses in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and X-ray flares during the fast decay and afterglow (AG) phases of GRBs suggest a common origin. In the cannonball (CB) model of GRBs, this common origin is mass accretion episodes of fall-back matter on a newly born compact object. The prompt emission pulses are produced by a bipolar jet of highly relativistic plasmoids (CBs) ejected in the early, major episodes of mass accretion. As the accretion material is consumed, one may expect the engine's activity to weaken. X-ray flares ending the prompt emission and during the AG phase are produced in such delayed episodes of mass accretion. The common engine, environment, and radiation mechanisms (inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation) produce their observed similarities. Flares in both long GRBs and short hard gamma-ray bursts (SHBs) can also be produced by bipolar ejections of CBs following a phase transition in compact objects due to loss of angular momentum and/or cooling. Optical flares, however, are mostly produced in collisions of CBs with massive stellar winds/ejecta or with density bumps along their path. In this paper, we show that the master formulae of the CB model of GRBs and SHBs, which reproduce very well their prompt emission pulses and their smooth AGs, seem to reproduce also very well the light curves and spectral evolution of the prominent X-ray and optical flares that are well sampled.
THE MODERATING EFFECT OF INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD IN AN EMERGING ECONOMY

The study examines corporate governance and financial statement fraud: the moderating role of institutional quality. The study adopted the ex-post facto research design and a sample of 75 non-financial firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) was used for the study. The binary regression technique was adopted. The results reveal that, board size has shown a positive effect on Financial Statement Fraud. Board independence is negative both in the response and selection equations. Foreign Ownership is negative both in the response and selection equation and significant, and Finally, the study recommends that listed firms may need to cut down their board sizes. Although there is still no consensus on what an optimal board size should be, the study is of the opinion that firms with board sizes above the industry average should look at bringing down their board sizes and also corporate boards should increase their board independence levels by bringing in more non-executive directors. On the part of foreign ownership presence in boards, they are indeed diverse in line with the resource-based view theory and this study confirms their effectiveness in constraining financial statement fraud. Hence it is recommended that companies should seek and maintain some level of foreign ownership presence in their boards.
Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor

Foreword 1. Prologue - electrical resistance: an atomistic view 2. Schrodinger equation 3. Self-consistent field 4. Basis functions 5. Bandstructure 6. Subbands 7. Capacitance 8. Level broadening 9. Coherent transport 10. Non-coherent transport 11. Atom to transistor Epilogue Appendix/advanced formalism Selected bibliography MATLAB codes for text figures.
The atomic-to-molecular transition and its relation to the scaling properties of galaxy discs in the local Universe

We extend the existing semi-analytic models of galaxy formation to track atomic and molecular gas in disc galaxies. Simple recipes for processes such as cooling, star formation, supernova feedback and chemical enrichment of the stars and gas are grafted on to dark matter halo merger trees derived from the Millennium Simulation. Each galactic disc is represented by a series of concentric rings. We assume that the surface density profile of an infalling gas in a dark matter halo is exponential, with scale radius r(d) that is proportional to the virial radius of the halo times its spin parameter lambda. As the dark matter haloes grow through mergers and accretion, disc galaxies assemble from the inside out. We include two simple prescriptions for molecular gas formation processes in our models: one is based on the analytic calculations by Krumholz, McKee & Tumlinson, and the other is a prescription where the H-2 fraction is determined by the pressure of the interstellar medium ( ISM). Motivated by the observational results of Leroy et al., we adopt a star formation law in which Sigma(SFR) alpha Sigma(H2) in the regime where the molecular gas dominates the total gas surface density, and Sigma(SFR) alpha Sigma(2)(gas) where atomic hydrogen dominates. We then fit these models to the radial surface density profiles of stars, H I and H-2 drawn from recent high-resolution surveys of stars and gas in nearby galaxies. We explore how the ratios of atomic gas, molecular gas and stellar mass vary as a function of global galaxy scale parameters, including stellar mass, stellar surface density and gas surface density. We elucidate how the trends can be understood in terms of three variables that determine the partition of baryons in discs: the mass of the dark matter halo, the spin parameter of the halo and the amount of gas recently accreted from the external environment.
Closure versus Non-closure Buccal Mucosal Graft Site for Lowering Post-operative Morbidity in Patient with Urethral Stricture Underwent Urethroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Buccal mucosal graft (BMG) has been a widely known technique for anterior urethral reconstruction; however, the studies regarding its morbidity are still limited. AIM: The purpose of this study is to compare postoperative morbidity outcome between closure versus non-closure BMG harvest site in patients with urethral stricture underwent urethroplasty. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies was conducted. Literature searching was done through electronic databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were men diagnosed with urethral stricture and underwent urethroplasty procedure. The participants were two groups of patients divided based on whether their BMG harvest site was closed or left open. No exclusion criteria applied to the types of participants. The statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.3 software. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the quality of the study. RESULTS: We analyzed five studies qualitatively and three studies quantitatively. There was no significant difference between the closure and non-closure BMG in pooled standard mean difference (SMD) on the oral pain in day-1 and month-6 post-operation. However, pain score in day-1 post-operation was slightly higher in the closure group (SMD 0.49, 95% CI –0.31, 1.30). The incidence of perioral numbness in day-1 post-operation was significantly higher in the closure group (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.04, 2.10, p < 0.05). The incidence of difficulty in opening mouth in day-1 post-operation also significantly higher in closure group (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.14, 1.91, p = 0.003). There was no significant morbidity difference between two groups reported in five studies included after 6 months post-operation. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between closure and non-closure of BMG in the post-operative pain morbidity. However, the incidence of the early perioral numbness and difficulty in mouth opening was significantly lower in non-closure group.
On hyperplane sections of reduced irreducible varieties of low codimension

Let X be an arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay variety (subscheme) of codimension 2 in Pi =Pn(k ), where k is an algebraically closed field. L e t I = I ( X ) denote the defining ideal of X in the polynomial ring R= k[xo, • • • , xn]. By the Hilbert-Burch theorem we may assume that I is minimally generated by the maximal minors of an r-1 b y r matrix (gz,) of homogeneous elements of R . Let al, a, be the degree of these generators. Then I has a minimal free resolution of the form
Theoretical and experimental analysis of H2 binding in a prototypical metal-organic framework material

Hydrogen adsorption by the metal organic framework (MOF) structure Zn2(BDC)2(TED) is investigated using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. By use of the nonempirical van der Waals density-functional (vdW-DF) approach, it is found that the locus of deepest H2 binding positions lies within two types of narrow channel. The energies of the most stable binding sites, as well as the number of such binding sites, are consistent with the values obtained from experimental adsorption isotherms and heat of adsorption data. Calculations of the shift of the H H stretch frequency when adsorbed in the MOF give a value of approximately −30 cm−1 at the strongest binding point in each of the two channels. Ambient temperature infrared absorption spectroscopy measurements give a hydrogen peak centered at 4120 cm−1, implying a shift consistent with the theoretical calculations.
RESILIENSI AKADEMIK DITINJAU DARI JENIS KELAMIN PADA MAHASISWA DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

Pandemi covid-19 berdampak pada mahasiswa. Mahasiswa dapat menyesuaikan diri dan bertahan dengan permasalahan akademik yang terjadi, karena mahasiswa memiliki resiliensi akademik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan resiliensi akademik ditinjau dari jenis kelamin pada mahasiswa. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian kuantitatif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan sampel incidental melalui google form. Metode pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan instrumen resiliensi akademik yang disusun oleh Hardiansyah, dkk. Total aitem berjumlah 27 aitem, semua aitem valid dengan rentang korelasi validitas 0,432 – 0,693 dengan reliabilitas 0,932. Hasil uji hipotesis menggunakan independent-samples t-test adalah nilai sig. 0,204 > 0,05, hal ini menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan secara signifikan antara resiliensi akademik mahasiswa perempuan dan laki-laki. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa resiliensi akademik mahasiswa tidak dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin. Artinya faktor gender tidak berpengaruh pada tingkat resiliensi akademik mahasiswa.
A non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic GADGET: simulating massive galaxy clusters

Magnetic fields in the intra-cluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters have been studied in the past through different methods. So far, our understanding of the origin of these magnetic fields, as well as their role in the process of structure formation and their interplay with the other constituents of the ICM, is still limited. In the coming years, the up-coming generation of radio telescopes is going to provide new data that will have the potential of setting constraints on the properties of magnetic fields in galaxy clusters. Here, we present zoomed-in simulations for a set of massive galaxy clusters (Mv ≥ 1015 h−1 M⊙). This is an ideal sample to study the evolution of the magnetic field during the process of structure formation in detail. Turbulent motions of the gas within the ICM will manifest themselves in a macroscopic magnetic resistivity ηm, which has to be taken explicitly into account, especially at scales below the resolution limit. We have adapted the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) gadget code by Dolag & Stasyszyn to include the treatment of the magnetic resistivity, and for the first time we have included non-ideal MHD equations to better follow the evolution of the magnetic field within the galaxy clusters. We investigate which value of the magnetic resistivity ηm is required to match the magnetic field profile derived from radio observations. We find that a value of ηm∼ 6 × 1027 cm2 s−1 is necessary to recover the shape of the magnetic field profile inferred from radio observations of the Coma cluster. This value agrees well with the expected level of turbulent motions within the ICM at our resolution limit. The magnetic field profiles of the simulated clusters can be fitted by a β-model-like profile, with small dispersion of the parameters. We also find that the temperature, density and entropy profiles of the clusters depend on the magnetic resistivity constant, having flatter profiles in the inner regions when the magnetic resistivity increases.
Asymptotic behavior of heat transport for a class of exact solutions in rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection

The non-hydrostatic, quasigeostrophic approximation for rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection admits a class of exact “single mode” solutions. These solutions correspond to steady laminar convection with a separable structure consisting of a horizontal planform characterized by a single wavenumber multiplied by a vertical amplitude profile, with the latter given as the solution of a nonlinear boundary value problem. The heat transport associated with these solutions is studied in the regime of strong thermal forcing (large reduced Rayleigh number ). It is shown that the Nusselt number , a nondimensional measure of the efficiency of heat transport by convection, for this class of solutions is bounded below by , independent of the Prandtl number, in the limit of large reduced Rayleigh number. Matching upper bounds include only logarithmic corrections, showing the accuracy of the estimate. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear boundary value problem for the vertical structure are consistent with the analytical bounds. The single mode solutions are typically unstable to perturbations and, for Prandtl numbers greater than unity give way to turbulent dynamics with smaller (behavior of the turbulent dynamics for smaller Prandtl numbers in the non-hydrostatic quasigeostrophic approximation remains unexplored).
Prospects for electron spin-dependent short-range force experiments with rare earth iron garnet test masses

A study of the possible interactions between fermions assuming only rotational invariance has revealed 15 forms for the potential involving the fermion spins. We review the experimental constraints on unobserved macroscopic, spin-dependent interactions between electrons in the range below 1 cm. An existing experiment, using 1 kHz mechanical oscillators as test masses, has been used to constrain mass-coupled forces in this range. With suitable modifications, including spin-polarized test masses, this experiment can be used to explore all 15 possible spin-dependent interactions between electrons in this range with unprecedented sensitivity. Samples of ferrimagnetic dysprosium iron garnet have been fabricated in the suitable test mass geometry and shown to have high spin density with very low intrinsic magnetism.
Prediction of turbulence control for arbitrary periodic spanwise wall movement

In order to generalize the well-known spanwise-oscillating-wall technique for drag reduction, non-sinusoidal oscillations of a solid wall are considered as a means to alter the skin-friction drag in a turbulent channel flow. A series of direct numerical simulations is conducted to evaluate the control performance of nine different temporal waveforms, in addition to the usual sinusoid, systematically changing the wave amplitude and the period for each waveform. The turbulent average spanwise motion is found to coincide with the laminar Stokes solution that is constructed, for the generic waveform, through harmonic superposition. This allows us to define and compute, for each waveform, a new penetration depth of the Stokes layer which correlates with the amount of turbulent drag reduction, and eventually to predict both turbulent drag reduction and net energy saving rate for arbitrary waveforms. Among the waveforms considered, the maximum net energy saving rate is obtained by the sinusoidal wave at its optimal amplitude and period. However, the sinusoid is not the best waveform at every point in the parameter space. Our predictive tool offers simple guidelines to design waveforms that outperform the sinusoid for given (suboptimal) amplitude and period of oscillation. This is potentially interesting in view of applications, where physical limitations often preclude the actuator to reach its optimal operating conditions.
Crystal structure of haloxon, C14H14Cl3O6P

The crystal structure of haloxon has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Haloxon crystallizes in space group P21/n (#14) with a = 19.60382(6), b = 10.05473(3), c = 8.73591(2) Å, β = 92.6617(2)°, V = 1720.088(11) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure consists of discrete molecules. The mean planes of the fused ring systems are approximately 0–11 and 011. The rings form staggered stacks perpendicular to these planes. There are no traditional hydrogen bonds in the structure, but several C–H⋯O and C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds contribute to the crystal energy. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).
Motivation of Female Engineers in the Construction Industry in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract-Female engineers go through different stages during their professional careers due to natural life processes and factors. In developing countries, it is not rare for managers to avoid hiring female engineers, due to these factors and the conservative belief that construction is a male-dominated industry. In Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) there are a few studies that refer to the motivation in the construction industry, but none that refer to the position of women in the construction industry and their motivation based on the selected demographic factors. This study aims to fill this research gap, utilizing quantitative research methods. The sample included female engineers of different profiles, working in the construction industry, who were required to fulfill the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS). The five considered demographic factors are age, family status, number of children, education level, and professional experience. The results of this research showed that family status does not affect any motivation dimension, whereas professional experience affects all motivation dimensions except the identified regulations. External–material regulations consist the most influential motivation dimension for female engineers in the construction industry in B&H, whereas amotivation, and introjected regulations were the least. It is recommended for managers and human resources to use the findings of this research in order to keep the female construction engineers motivated and satisfied in their workplace or to know what motivation dimensions to use during the hiring process.
Star formation in the vicinity of nuclear black holes: young stellar objects close to Sgr A*

It is often assumed that the strong gravitational field of a super-massive black hole disrupts an adjacent molecular cloud preventing classical star formation in the deep potential well of the black hole. Yet, young stars have been observed across the entire nuclear star cluster of the Milky Way including the region close ($<$0.5~pc) to the central black hole, Sgr A*. Here, we focus particularly on small groups of young stars, such as IRS 13N located 0.1 pc away from Sgr A*, which is suggested to contain about five embedded massive young stellar objects ($<$1 Myr). We perform three dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to follow the evolution of molecular clumps orbiting about a $4\times10^6~M_{\odot}$ black hole, to constrain the formation and the physical conditions of such groups. The molecular clumps in our models assumed to be isothermal containing 100 $M_{\odot}$ in $<$0.2 pc radius. Such molecular clumps exist in the circumnuclear disk of the Galaxy. In our highly eccentrically orbiting clump, the strong orbital compression of the clump along the orbital radius vector and perpendicular to the orbital plane causes the gas densities to increase to values higher than the tidal density of Sgr A*, which are required for star formation. Additionally, we speculate that the infrared excess source G2/DSO approaching Sgr A* on a highly eccentric orbit could be associated with a dust enshrouded star that may have been formed recently through the mechanism supported by our models.
What can cosmology tell us about gravity? Constraining Horndeski gravity with Σ and μ

Phenomenological functions $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ (also known as ${G}_{\text{light}}/G$ and ${G}_{\text{matter}}/G$) are commonly used to parametrize possible modifications of the Poisson equation relating the matter density contrast to the lensing and the Newtonian potentials, respectively. They will be well constrained by future surveys of large-scale structure. But what would the implications of measuring particular values of these functions be for modified gravity theories? We ask this question in the context of the general Horndeski class of single-field scalar-tensor theories with second-order equations of motion. We find several consistency conditions that make it possible to rule out broad classes of theories based on measurements of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ that are independent of their parametric forms. For instance, a measurement of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}\ensuremath{\ne}1$ would rule out all models with a canonical form of kinetic energy, while finding $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}\ensuremath{-}1$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}1$ to be of opposite sign would strongly disfavor the entire class of Horndeski models. We separately examine the large- and the small-scale limits, the possibility of scale dependence, and the consistency with bounds on the speed of gravitational waves. We identify subclasses of Horndeski theories that can be ruled out based on the measured difference between $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$.
Complex organic molecules in the interstellar medium: IRAM 30 m line survey of Sagittarius B2(N) and (M)

The discovery of amino acids in meteorites and the detection of glycine in samples returned from a comet to Earth suggest that the interstellar chemistry is capable of producing such complex organic molecules. Our goal is to investigate the degree of chemical complexity that can be reached in the ISM. We performed an unbiased, spectral line survey toward Sgr B2(N) and (M) with the IRAM 30m telescope in the 3mm window. The spectra were analyzed with a simple radiative transfer model that assumes LTE but takes optical depth effects into account. About 3675 and 945 spectral lines with a peak signal-to-noise ratio higher than 4 are detected toward N and M, i.e. about 102 and 26 lines per GHz, respectively. This represents an increase by about a factor of 2 over previous surveys of Sgr B2. About 70% and 47% of the lines detected toward N and M are identified and assigned to 56 and 46 distinct molecules as well as to 66 and 54 less abundant isotopologues of these molecules, respectively. We also report the detection of transitions from 59 and 24 catalog entries corresponding to vibrationally or torsionally excited states of some of these molecules, respectively. Excitation temperatures and column densities were derived for each species but should be used with caution. Among the detected molecules, aminoacetonitrile, n-propyl cyanide, and ethyl formate were reported for the first time in space based on this survey, as were 5 rare isotopologues of vinyl cyanide, cyanoacetylene, and hydrogen cyanide. We also report the detection of transitions from within 12 new vib. or tors. excited states of known molecules. Although the large number of unidentified lines may still allow future identification of new molecules, we expect most of these lines to belong to vib. or tors. excited states or to rare isotopologues of known molecules for which spectroscopic predictions are currently missing. (abridged)