Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence-based methods for harmonized system code translation: A review

: Harmonized System (HS) is a list of classifications of goods that are made systematically with the aim of facilitating discretion, trade transactions, transportation and statistics. The HS code is determined by certain exporters / importers based on the description of the goods. Although it speeds up the customs clearance process by standardizing traded goods, it remains difficult to effectively have proper HS codes for each traded item. It is an extremely difficult task to provide accurate customs identification. This identification system remains complicated for non-experts. Importers / exporters and customs can determine different HS Codes on the same goods description. This happens because of differences in interpretation of goods descriptions. This research conducted a survey of several studies that have been conducted to translate HS codes using intelligent systems. Several studies have developed applications for determining the HS Code by requiring human intervention. Other studies have successfully developed a model of classification of goods based on HS codes. The input used varies between text, image and a combination of both. Based on the evaluation of the obtained model performance, the combination of text and image provides the best performance, with the highest f-score.
Stochastic second-order optimization for over-parameterized machine learning models

We consider stochastic second-order methods for minimizing smooth and stronglyconvex functions under an interpolation condition, which can be satisfied by overparameterized machine learning models. Under this condition, we show that the regularized subsampled Newton’s method (R-SSN) achieves global linear convergence with an adaptive step-size and a constant batch-size. By growing the batch size for both the subsampled gradient and Hessian, we show that R-SSN can converge at a quadratic rate in a local neighbourhood of the solution. We also show that R-SSN attains local linear convergence for the family of self-concordant functions. Furthermore, we analyze stochastic BFGS algorithms in the interpolation setting and prove their global linear convergence. We empirically evaluate stochastic limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS) and a “Hessian-free” implementation of R-SSN for binary classification on synthetic, linearly-separable datasets and real datasets under a kernel mapping. Our experimental results demonstrate the fast convergence of these methods, both in terms of the number of iterations and wall-clock time.
Temporal‐spatial, spectral, and source level distributions of fin whale vocalizations in the Norwegian Sea observed with a coherent hydrophone array

&NA; To better understand fin whale vocalization behaviour in the Norwegian and Barents Seas, a large‐aperture densely sampled coherent hydrophone array was deployed in late winter 2014 to monitor their vocalizations instantaneously over wide areas via passive ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (POAWRS). Here, we (i) provide a time‐frequency characterization for different call types observed (20 Hz pulses, 130 Hz upsweeps, 30‐100 Hz downsweep chirps, and 18‐19 Hz backbeats); (ii) compare their relative abundances in three different coastal regions off Alesund, Lofoten, and Northern Finnmark; (iii) estimate the temporal and spatial distributions; (iv) source level distributions; and (v) probability of detection (PoD) regions for the more abundant 20 Hz pulse and 130 Hz upsweep call types. The fin whale vocalizations received over the diel cycle (24 h) were significantly more abundant by a factor of roughly seven off Northern Finnmark than the other two regions, associated with fish feeding activities. The source levels are estimated to be 190.5±7.4 dB for the fin whale 20 Hz pulses and 170.3 ± 5.2 dB for the 130 Hz upsweeps. We find that fin whales are capable of producing each vocalization type either independently or simultaneously with other types, and the 20 Hz sound production in the fin whales involves a mechanism that generates a significantly less‐intense second‐order harmonic of the fundamental.
Data-Driven Game-Based Pricing for Sharing Rooftop Photovoltaic Generation and Energy Storage in the Residential Building Cluster Under Uncertainties

In this article, a novel machine learning based data-driven pricing method is proposed for sharing rooftop photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storage in an electrically interconnected residential building cluster (RBC). In the studied problem, the energy sharing process is modeled by the leader–follower Stackelberg game where the owner of the rooftop PV system is responsible for pricing self-generated PV energy and operating ES devices. Meanwhile, local electricity consumers in the RBC choose their energy consumption with the given internal electricity prices. To track the stochastic rooftop PV panel outputs, the long short-term memory network based rolling-horizon prediction function is developed to dynamically predict future trends of PV generation. With system information, the predicted information is fed into a Q-learning based decision-making process to find near-optimal pricing strategies. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in solving energy sharing problems with partial or uncertain information.
Different processes shape prokaryotic and picoeukaryotic assemblages in the sunlit ocean microbiome

The smallest members of the sunlit-ocean microbiome (prokaryotes and picoeukaryotes) participate in a plethora of ecosystem functions with planetary-scale effects. Understanding the processes determining the spatial turnover of this assemblage can help us better comprehend the links between microbiome species composition and ecosystem function. Ecological theory predicts that selection, dispersal and drift are main drivers of species distributions, yet, the relative quantitative importance of these ecological processes in structuring the surface-ocean microbiome is barely known. Here we quantified the role of selection, dispersal and drift in structuring surface-ocean prokaryotic and picoeukaryotic assemblages by using community DNA-sequence data collected during the global Malaspina expedition. We found that dispersal limitation was the dominant process structuring picoeukaryotic communities, while a balanced combination of dispersal limitation, selection and drift shaped prokaryotic counterparts. Subsequently, we determined the agents exerting abiotic selection as well as the spatial patterns emerging from the action of different ecological processes. We found that selection exerted via temperature had a strong influence on the structure of prokaryotic communities, particularly on species co-occurrences, a pattern not observed among communities of picoeukaryotes. Other measured abiotic variables had limited selective effects on microbiome structure. Picoeukaryotes presented a higher differentiation between neighbouring communities and a higher distance-decay when compared to prokaryotes, agreeing with their higher dispersal limitation. Finally, drift seemed to have a limited role in structuring the sunlit-ocean microbiome. The different predominance of ecological processes acting on particular subsets of the ocean microbiome suggests uneven responses to environmental change. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The global ocean contains one of the largest microbiomes on Earth and changes on its structure can impact the functioning of the biosphere. Yet, we are far from understanding the mechanisms that structure the global ocean microbiome, that is, the relative importance of environmental selection, dispersal and random events (drift). We evaluated the role of these processes at the global scale, based on data derived from a circumglobal expedition and found that these ecological processes act differently on prokaryotes and picoeukaryotes, two of the main components of the ocean microbiome. Our work represents a significant contribution to understand the assembly of marine microbial communities, providing also insights on the links between ecological mechanisms, microbiome structure and ecosystem function.
Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana aginst second instar larvae of Spodoptera litura and Compatibility with insecticides

An investigation entitled "cultural and morphological characterizations of Beauveria bassiana" was carried out during 2018-2019. Influence of different spore concentrations viz., 10, 10, 10, 10 and 10 spores per ml were tested for the pathogenicity of B. bassiana against second instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. Similarly compatibility of B. bassiana was evaluated with commonly used insecticides viz., spinosad 45 SC, imidachloprid 200 SL, chloropyriphos 20 EC and indoxacarb 14.5 SC. In terms of larval mortality, 10 spores per ml was recorded highest mortality of S. litura followed by 10 spores per ml, least larval mortality was observed at 10 spores per ml after 3, 5, 7 and 10 days of treatment. Compatibility of B. bassiana against commonly used insecticides in plant protection was tested. Imidachloprid were non-toxic to B. bassiana, as no significant reduction in radial growth was noticed. The insecticide chloropyriphos recorded 77.20 per cent inhibition of growth and was toxic to B. bassiana.
Characterization of Eight Microsatellite Markers for Use in Studies of Genetic Diversity and Hybridization in Bufo microscaphus and Bufo woodhousii (Anura: Bufonidae) in Arizona, USA

Abstract Ecological disturbance has often been used to explain the breakdown of reproductive isolation in closely related taxa, especially in North American toads (family Bufonidae). In the Southwest, impoundment construction has altered many riparian systems, and apparently resulted in recent sympatry and hybridization of Bufo (Anaxyrus) microscaphus (Arizona toad) and B. woodhousii (Woodhouse's toad). Our specific objective was to generate microsatellite data at eight highly polymorphic nuclear loci for populations of B. microscaphus, B. woodhousii and putative hybrids to evaluate the hybrid zone between these two anurans along the Agua Fria River near Phoenix, Arizona. The microsatellite loci characterized here were modified from microsatellites originally developed for the endangered arroyo toad, B. californicus. These eight highly polymorphic loci were tested on populations of B. microscaphus, B. woodhousii, and putative hybrids in the watershed of the Agua Fria River in Arizona, USA. All loci were highly variable among the 66 samples evaluated. Structure analysis indicated that K=2, suggesting that B. woodhousii and B. microscaphus were distinct with hybrid individuals present, and the F-statistics corroborate these findings. Finally, PCoA analysis separated the three groups of individuals into distinct clusters with little overlap between species but some overlap of hybrids with B. microcaphus. Our findings suggest that these nuclear markers are useful for future population genetic investigations in this group.
The Cash Crop Revolution, Colonialism and Legacies of Spatial Inequality: Evidence from Africa

We analyze the long-term effects of colonial cash crop extraction in Africa. Our conceptual framework focuses on the dynamic, interactive effects of geography, trade and colonialism in the context of Africa’s structural change from the slave trades to export agriculture. The adoption of cash crops shifted the loci of economic production to smallholder farmersin areas suitable for cultivation. Concurrently, the cash crop revolution—tied to European industrialization—led to the diffusion of economic imperialism beyond coastal Africa. Imperial extractive economies fueled infrastructural development in highly-suitable zones but dislocated production linkages to Europe and stymied the economic differentiation that otherwise might have occurred. The result was economic agglomeration at the site of production but with limited spillovers to nearby areas. Using agro-climatic suitability scores and historical data on the source location of more than 95 percent of all exports across 38 African states, we find that colonial cash crop production exhibited a large and positive long-run effect on local development in terms of urbanization, road infrastructure, nighttime luminosity and household wealth. These effects rival or surpass other geographic and historical forces frequently linked to subnational development in Africa. Exploring causal mechanisms, we show that path dependence due to colonial infrastructure investments is the more important channel than continued advantages in agricultural productivity. We also find that the positive local effects of colonial cash crop extraction came at the expense of surrounding areas and thereby entrenched deep spatial inequalities.
Rapid evolution of thermal plasticity in mountain lake
 Daphnia
 populations

Populations at risk of extinction due to climate change may be rescued by adaptive evolution or plasticity. Selective agents, such as introduced predators, may enhance or constrain plastic or adaptive responses to temperature. We tested responses of Daphnia to temperature by collecting populations from lakes across an elevational gradient in the presence and absence of fish predators (long-term selection). We subsequently grew these populations at two elevations in field mesocosms over two years (short-term selection), followed by a common-garden experiment at two temperatures in the lab to measure life-history traits. Both long-term and short-term selection affected traits, suggesting that genetic variation of plasticity within populations enabled individuals to rapidly evolve plasticity in response to high temperature. We found that short-term selection by high temperature increased plasticity for growth rate in all populations. Fecundity was higher in populations from fishless lakes and body size showed greater plasticity in populations from warm lakes (long-term selection). Neither body size nor fecundity were affected by short-term thermal selection. These results demonstrate that plasticity is an important component of the life-history response of Daphnia, and that genetic variation within populations enabled rapid evolution of plasticity in response to selection by temperature.
EFFECTS OF HYDROPONIC MEDIA ON FORAGE AND SILAGE QUALITY OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different substrates (barley+straw and barley+dry olive pulp) on the feed value of barley plants produced in a hydroponic system. In addition, germination of barley was tested in experiment 2 for silage quality. For this purpose, barley was harvested on the 7th day of the experiment. Nutrient contents of plant samples were determined. Dry matter content of the fodders increased significantly with the addition of straw (P<0.01), while the ash, ADF and NDF contents significantly increased (P<0.01) with the addition of dry olive pulp (prina) ratio. In trial 2, the addition of straw and dry olive pulp increased the dry matter content of the silage while the straw increased the pH of silage (P<0.01). The contribution of dry olive pulp increased total ash, ADF and NDF values in silage. Protein levels did not differ in either trials (P>0.05). The results revealed that the use of straw is useful in preventing the negative effect of excess water in germination environment. In addition, relative feed value (RFV) and digestible dry matter (DDM) criteria of feeds were quite satisfactory. Nutrient content and other quality criteria of feed indicated that hydroponic barley is a favorable silage material with base materials, though wheat straw was superior to dry olive pulp.
High Duty Cycle Echolocation May Constrain the Evolution of Diversity within Horseshoe Bats (Family: Rhinolophidae)

The phenotype of organisms is the net result of various evolutionary forces acting upon their lineages over time. When an innovative trait arises that confers a substantial advantage in terms of survival and reproduction, the evolution of adaptive complexes between such an innovation and other traits may constrain diversification of that lineage. The specialized echolocation system of the Rhinolophidae may represent such an innovation which affects other parts of the phenotype. We investigated a potential constraint on the diversity of phenotypes of several species of horseshoe bats within a phylogenetic framework. If phenotypic convergence stems from stasis as a result of the specialized echolocation system, phenotypes should converge not only among members of the same species and between sexes but also among species. We analyzed the phenotypic diversity of >800 individuals of 13–16 species. The phenotypes in the horseshoe bats did indeed converge. There was no sexual size dimorphism in mass, forearm length and wingspan within species and there was marked interspecific similarity in both wing and echolocation variables but marked variability in body mass. Furthermore, correlations of wing and echolocation variables with mass suggest that variability within horseshoe bats was largely the result of selection on body size with allometric responses in wing and echolocation parameters, a potential consequence of constraints imposed by their specialized echolocation.
Correlation between journal citation indices for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Journals

This paper investigated the possibility of utilizing SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), Eigenfactor Score and Google H5 index indicator as an alternative to the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) for quality assessment in the field of biochemistry and molecular biology. Principal factors such as researchers and librarians concerns of methods of scientific journal ranking, publication of language, analysis time and self-citation impact are looked into across indicated options and alternatives. The SJR, ES, Google H5 and JIF scores and ranking order of biochemistry and molecular biology journals were downloaded from their relevant websites. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were gauged to weigh relationship between these journal quality metrics. Nominated coefficients were embraced for evaluating direct and monotonic relationships of chosen variables and ranking measures. A constructive correlation was detected among the scores and ranking order based on SJR, ES, Google H5 and JIF of selected biochemistry and molecular biology journals. Consequently, scholars, academics and researchers in biochemistry and molecular biology can use the SJR, ES and Google H5 indicators as replacements to JIF for appraisal of scientific journals in the field.
Miniaturized Wideband Planar Antenna Using Interembedded Metasurface Structure

One kind of interembedded metasurface (MS) structure is proposed and applied to realize miniaturized wideband MS antennas (MSA). Different from conventional MSA, the proposed interembedded MSs are formed by etching slots on the radiating patch with various sawtooth schemes rather than rectangular gaps. Consequently, the resonance frequency of MSA can be decreased due to introducing those interdigital-like capacitances, while obvious miniaturization can be realized accordingly. By optimizing the parameters of the sawtooth radiating slots, a miniaturized antenna using cross-shaped interembedded MS is proposed, achieving an impedance bandwidth of 35.08% and a high gain of about 8.25 dBi with a compact overall size of $0.66\lambda _{0} \times 0.66\lambda _{0}$ . Moreover, one further miniaturized antenna using modified cross-shaped interembedded MS is also presented, realizing a larger impedance bandwidth of 41.35% and a high gain of about 6.62 dBi with a smaller aperture of $0.48\lambda _{0} \times 0.48\lambda _{0}$ . Compared with conventional MSA, 42% overall size reduction and larger bandwidth can be obtained. The design approach may provide a feasible solution to realize compact MSAs with the unique advantages of large bandwidth, low profile, low cost, and easy fabrication. Due to above good features, the proposed antenna can be a promising candidate for applications in modern wideband wireless communication systems.
Bacterial Community Diversity in Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) Within Broiler Houses in Different Broiler Growth Stages Under Intensive Rearing Conditions in Summer

SUMMARY The welfare and healthy farming of poultry under intensive rearing conditions are closely related to the farming environment. This study aims to investigate the bacterial community diversity in PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) and PM10 (particulate matter between 2.5 and 10 μm in diameter) within broiler houses during different broiler growth stages under intensive rearing conditions to guide improvements in health management and the control of airborne infectious diseases. Our study found that the air PM concentrations within the broiler houses gradually increased with broiler growth, and the types of bacterial genera carried by PM2.5 and PM10 also increased; the airborne bacterial structures changed somewhat across various growth stages, although the differences were not significant. During the entire growth cycle, Klebsiella, Elizabethkingia, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Escherichia–Shigella, and other potential pathogenic genera were detected in the air PM within the broiler houses, which might impact broiler health. This study revealed the composition characteristics and change patterns of microbial aerosols carried by air PM within broiler houses during 3 growth stages of broiler farming in the summer. The results provide theoretical support for studies of air quality and microbial aerosol control technology in cage-rearing broiler houses.
Effects of CO2 Fumigation and Nitrogen Addition on Soil Respiration in a Wetland Ecosystem: Experimental Approach with Top Open Chambers

ABSTRACT Soil respiration plays a crucial role in global carbon cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. Changes in atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen (N) addition across the globe are likely to affect soil respiration. However, the effects of elevated CO2, and N addition on soil respiration are not fully understood especially in wetland ecosystems. To evaluate the effects of atmospheric CO2 and N availability on soil respiration, a paired, nested manipulative in situ experiment was performed, using CO2 fumigation within Open-Top Chambers as the primary factor, and N (as NH4NO3) as the secondary factor in a temperate wetland in northeastern China in 2010 and 2011. CO2 fumigation significantly enhanced soil respiration, according to repeated-measures ANOVA, and the stimulatory effect of CO2 fumigation on soil respiration was sustained during the whole experimental period regardless of N addition. However, the positive soil respiration effect of N addition alone weakened over time. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between CO2 fumigation and N addition. Soil temperature explained 50–66% of the variation in soil respiration. Moreover, soil respiration was positively correlated with the root N content and litter decomposition rate. The results suggested that elevated CO2 concentrations will accelerate soil respiration and ecosystem carbon cycling, thus, limiting soil carbon sequestration, especially when coupled with increasing N deposition.