Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Machine Learning Approach to Multi-Scale Sentiment Analysis of Amharic Online Posts

Sentiment analysis classifies opinions as positive and negative based on polarity of words. Recent development in the field mainly focuses on online posts on social media, product marketing and news sites. In this paper, we present a multi-scale sentiment analysis model for Amharic using supervised machine learning approach. Despite the growing availability of electronic Amharic text in the web, there are no sufficiently available sentiment corpora to be used for research. We developed our own corpus by collecting around six hundred posts from online sources. Even the scarce texts available on the web are mostly transliterated in Latin due to lack of accessibility and convenience to typing. Besides, Amharic belongs to the Semitic family of languages which are characterized by morphological complexity which resulted in data sparseness. Thus, preprocessing techniques have been employed to clean the data, to convert transliterations to the native Ethiopic script and to change words to their base form by removing the inflectional morphemes. After preprocessing, the corpus is manually annotated by giving polarity and sentiment intensity scale values. This multi-scale approach to sentiment analysis provides a more refined breakdown than the traditional positive-negative binary scheme. The approach is preferred in cases where comparison and ranking of opinions is vital. We employed Naïve Bayes machine learning algorithm and used unigram, bigram and hybrid variants as features. The experiment results show that, among the three learning setups, the accuracy of the bigram approach is found to be promising. Particularly, for the intensified positive and negative polarity classes, the bigram approach performed better. Generally, the results are encouraging despite the morphological challenge in Amharic, the data cleanness and small size of data. We are convinced that the results could improve further with a larger corpus.
Agricultural Land Conversion, Land Economic Value, and Sustainable Agriculture: A Case Study in East Java, Indonesia

Agricultural land conversion (ALC) is an incentive-driven process. In this paper, we further investigate the inter-relationship between land economic value (LEV) and ALC. To achieve this goal, we calculated the LEV for agricultural and non-agricultural (housing) uses in two areas of East Java, Indonesia. The first area represents peri-urban agriculture, which is facing rapid urbanization and experiencing a high rate of ALC. The second area represents rural agriculture, with zero ALC. Furthermore, we identified factors affecting LEV in both areas for both uses. The results of this study show that agricultural land yielded a higher economic benefit in rural areas. Conversely, compared to agricultural land, housing in urban areas yields a value that is seven times higher. Moreover, agricultural land was shown to yield a higher profit after conversion. Ironically, a similar comparison does not exist in rural areas. Agricultural land yielded a value that was only 19% higher, indicating that agricultural land can easily be converted. This is also proven by the growing number of new urban cores in the periphery area. There are several factors affecting land economic value, such as agricultural use, soil fertility, accessibility, and cropping pattern, which are important variables. Meanwhile, the accessibility and location of peri-urban areas increase the land value for housing.
Polycentricity as spatial imaginary: the case of Helsinki City Plan

ABSTRACT The paper analyses with a case study the use of a widely applied normative concept of polycentricity as spatial imaginary. The case study of Helsinki City Plan and the conflict over its city-boulevard scheme draws on qualitative content analysis of planning documents and expert interviews. It demonstrates the instrumental role of multiple interpretations of polycentricity in tension-ridden metropolitan and city-regional spatial planning. The conflict reveals how the conceptual ambiguity of polycentricity and the institutional vagueness of city-regional planning have together enabled advancing contradictory political aims under their guise. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the persuasive performativity and fluidity of polycentricity as a spatial imaginary in multi-scalar planning settings.
Generalized contractions and fixed point theorems

Let T be a self-mapping on a complete metric space (X, d). Then T has a fixed point if there exist self-mappings ocr, ? C2, ? C3, Oc4 Oc5 on [0, oo) such that (a) al(t)+a2(t)+Oc3(t)+oc4(t)+oc5(t) O, (b) each ocx is upper semicontinuous from the right, (c) d(T(x), T(y)) _ ald(x, T(x)) + a2d(y, T(y)) + a3d(x, T(y)) + a4d(y, T(x)) + a5d(x,y) for all pairs of distinct x, y in X, where aj=oc*(d(x,y))Id(x,y). Related results are obtained for two mappings and mappings on a bounded convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space. 0. Introduction. Let (X, d) be a (nonempty) complete metric space. Let T be a self-mapping on X. It is the purpose of this paper to obtain some fixed point theorems for certain T which are controlled by five functions oci's from (0, cc) to [0, cx): for any distinct x, y in X, d(T(x), T(y)) _ ald(x, T(x)) + a2d(y, T(y)) + a3d(x, T(y)) + a4d(y, T(x)) + a5d(x, y), where aj=mcj(d(x,y))/d(x,y). These control functions will satisfy certain regular and contractive conditions such as the upper semicontinuity from the right for each xi and 5 Eoci(t) 0. i=1 Most of the results can be modified for two self-mappings S, T on X which are controlled by five functions o<i's in the above fashion (with Received by the editors June 19, 1972 and, in revised form, June 30, 1972. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 47H10; Secondary 54H25.
Financial development, trade openness and growth in India

This paper studies the relationship between the financial development, trade openness and economic growth in India. The Phillips-Perron (PP) test is used to check the order of integration of the variables. We apply both Johansen co-integration and Granger causality methodologies for a long run relationship and the direction of the Causality between the variables. Our findings confirm that there exist the long run relationship among financial development, trade openness, and growth. Results also support the idea that country may experience faster per-capita growth with a growing degree of trade openness through gains in country productivity associated with capital accumulation. Finally, the direction of the causality results followed mixed.
Cosmic Ray Electron Spectrum in 2009

The 2009 flight of the balloon borne instrument LEE returned a truly exciting result. Although the payload only reached about 141,000 feet, significantly less than the record flight to 161,000 feet in 2002, the extremely low modulation level allowed a complete electron spectrum from 20 MeV to 5 GeV to be observed for the very first time. The nearly power law behavior of the spectrum below 100 MeV now stands out as clearly distinct from the Jovian spectrum. The possibility that these electrons come from Jupiter via simple diffusion in the interplanetary magnetic field is essentially eliminated. Direct measurements of the electron spectrum in the outer heliosphere from the Voyager spacecraft are also now available. Surprisingly the electron fluxes at 1 AU are intermediate between the levels observed at two locations in the outer heliosphere. We discuss possible interpretations of these observations.
SELECTING LATIN HYPERCUBES USING CORRELATION CRITERIA

Latin hypercube designs have recently found wide applications both in design of experiments and in numerical integration. An important property of this class of designs is that they achieve uniformity in each univariate margin. In this article we study the use of correlation criteria to select a Latin hypercube. We in- troduce the polynomial canonical correlation of two vectors and argue that a design which has a small polynomial canonical correlation for each pair of its columns is preferred. An algorithm for reducing polynomial canonical correlations of a Latin hypercube is developed. The implementation of the algorithm is discussed, and its performance investigated. Comparison with Owen's algorithm is also made.
Optimum conditions for expression of oil from Allanblackia floribunda seeds and assessing the quality and stability of pressed and solvent extracted oil

The study was carried out to establish the optimum conditions for the extraction of oil from Allanblackia floribunda nuts and also assess the quality and stability of both the crude pressed oil (CPO) and solvent extracted oil (SEO). The optimum conditions of extraction were established by varying the moisture levels of the milled seed samples under different temperatures. The oil was expressed using a manual screw press and the soxhlet apparatus was used to extract the oil using petroleum ether as the solvent. Quality parameters assessed included specific gravity, refractive index, free fatty acids, acid value, melting range, unsaponifiable matter, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value and calorific value. The results showed the seeds were high in oil. The oil yields from manual expeller and solvent extraction were 48.60 and 67.59% respectively. The oils had a melting point ranging between 42 - 44°C. There were no significant differences in the quality parameter such as refractive index, specific gravity, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, free fatty acid, acid value and ester value. There were however, significant differences in the moisture and volatile matter as well as unsaponifiable matter of the oils. The peroxide value and free fatty acid content were used as the indicators for stability of the oil. The pressed oil was more stable during storage of the oil in plastic containers than the solvent extracted oil. Allanblackia seeds can be used commercially in the food sector and also for non food purposes. Key words: Allanblackia floribunda seeds, mechanical extraction, optimum conditions, quality characteristics.
Title Saliency density maximization for efficient visual objectsdiscovery

Detection of salient objects in an image remains a challenging problem despite extensive studies in visual saliency, as the generated saliency map is usually noisy and incomplete. In this paper, we propose a new method to discover the salient object without prior knowledge on its shape and size. By searching the sub-image, i.e., a bounding box of maximum saliency density, the new formulation can automatically crop the salient objects of various sizes in spite of the cluttered background, and is capable to handle different types of saliency maps. A global optimal solution is obtained by the proposed density-based branch-andbound search. The proposed method can apply to both images and videos. Experimental results on a public dataset of five thousand images show that our unsupervised detection approach is comparable to the state-of-the-art learning based methods. Promising results are also observed in the salient object detection for videos with a good potential in video retargeting.
Calcareous nannofossils from the southeast Greenland margin : Biostratigraphy and paleoceanography

The distribution of calcareous nannofossils in Leg 152 sites on the southeast Greenland Margin is documented. The nannofossil biostratigraphy established here provides valuable age information for the recovered sediments and a number of important events, including the initiation of marine sedimentation in the Irminger Basin in the early Eocene (52−53 Ma), the onset of North Atlantic Deep Water around 11.5 Ma, and the earliest occurrence of dropstones in the Irminger Basin at about 7 Ma or older. Nannofossil assemblages indicate significant warmth in the high latitudes during the Eocene and progressive deterioration of the climate since the late Eocene. The last consistent occurrence of warm-water taxa at about 12 Ma in the Irminger Basin may suggest the onset of the cold East Greenland Current at this time. Reworked Cretaceous nannofossils in Pleistocene sediments may be the result of extensive discharge of icebergs from the North Sea-Denmark area beginning in the middle Pleistocene. lly zohas are he umave and din this e of aunrity Wei, this
How do individuals evaluate and respond to pro-equality decision makers? It depends on joint outcome and Social Value Orientation

The current studies investigated how a manipulation in joint outcome influenced individuals’ responses to pro-equality/individualistic decision makers. In Study 1 (N = 175), we examined the impact of whether equal distribution led to maximum joint outcome or not on individuals’ evaluations of, and reactions to, partners choosing either equal or individualistic distributions. In Study 2 (N = 164), we further examined the moderating roles of individual differences in general social value orientation (SVO) and preferences for joint outcome (vs. equality). Important findings include: a) individuals evaluated a pro-equality partner as less warm when equal distribution did not afford maximum joint outcome than when it did; b) individuals, especially those who scored high on preferences for joint outcome (relative to equality), were less likely to chose equal distribution when equality did not maximize joint outcome than when it did; and c) individuals who preferred joint outcome to equality evaluated individualistic partners as warmer when equal distribution did not yield maximum joint outcome than when it did. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effect of Dividend Policy on Share Price Volatility in Pakistan

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the share price volatility in Pakistan and their dividend policies which affect the share price. We use dividend yield and dividend payout as proxies of dividend policy, and regress these ratios together with other control variables. We model share price volatility as a function of dividend policy which is proxies through dividend yield and dividend payout ratios using data for the period 2010–2019 collected from Karachi stock exchange. The variables involved in the study were Dividend yield, Price volatility Earning Volatility, Payout ratio, size were independent variables and Price volatility is dependent variables. The findings of this study are that the payout ratio and price volatility is significantly positively related. The size and debt are negatively related to share price volatility. This study proposed that dividend yield is a better and more important determinant factor in determining share price volatility in the KSE 100 index rather than payout ratio.
The impact of changes in audits and penalties on tax compliance behaviour: evidence from South Africa

Tax revenue is a major source of public revenue in South Africa, and it plays an integral role in creating the fiscal space to provide public services and infrastructural development. Tax collection is, however, impeded by evasion. To enhance compliance, the government has made several changes to existing tax penalty structures, and introduced new ones as well. The question arises whether these deterrence measures effectively reduce evasion. International empirical evidence on the efficacy of such policies is mixed, and mainly drawn from developed country applications. Hence, evidence from developing countries is limited. This study employed a laboratory experiment to examine taxpayers’ behavioural responses to changes in audit and penalty rates in South Africa. Results showed that both audits and penalties influenced salaried and non-salaried income taxpayers to increase their compliance levels. However, the effect was higher on non-salaried taxpayers. The study also established that audit and penalty rates had a negative joint effect on both salaried and nonsalaried compliance rates. The impact was larger on salaried taxpayers. These findings suggest that, although audits and penalties are effective enforcement measures, the manner in which they are applied must be given careful consideration, as excessive enforcement reduces taxpayers’ intrinsic motivation to comply, hence reducing voluntary compliance. The study used a novel experimental setting, whereby compliance was disaggregated into salaried and non-salaried, which gave a clearer effect of deterrence measures on compliance.
Functional comparison of MERS-coronavirus lineages reveals increased zoonotic potential of the recombinant lineage 5

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can cause severe pneumonia in humans. The virus is enzootic in dromedary camels across the Middle East and Africa. It is acquired through animal contact and undergoes limited onward transmission particularly in hospitals. Because of this initial potential for human-to-human transmission, we monitor the virus for phenotypic changes related to its pandemic potential. Potential phenotypic changes have been suspected since the year 2015, when a novel recombinant clade (MERS-CoV lineage 5) caused large nosocomial outbreaks in Saudi Arabia and South Korea that effectively swept other, hitherto co-circulating viral lineages. To this day, lineage 5 remains the only circulating MERS-CoV lineage on the Arabian Peninsula. In spite of available sequence data, no studies of viral phenotype have been carried out to date. Here we performed a comprehensive in-vitro and ex-vivo comparison of live virus isolates taken in Saudi Arabia immediately before and after the shift toward lineage 5. We characterized seven isolates representing the recombination-parental lineage 3, eight isolates representing parental lineage 4, as well as eight isolates representing lineage 5. Replication of lineage 5 viruses is significantly increased over isolates from parental lineages in cell culture and ex-vivo lung models. Transcriptional profiling by real-time RT-PCR shows that several key immune genes (IFNb1, CCL5, IFNL1) are significantly less induced in lung cells infected with lineage 5 MERS-CoV compared to parental strains. In IFN receptor knock out cells, as well as under chemical inhibition of IFN signalling, the differences in replication level between lineage 5 and parental lineages are reduced, suggesting that phenotypic differences may be determined by IFN antagonism. Concordantly, lineage 5 shows increased resilience against interferon (IFN) pre-treatment of Calu-3 cells and maintains a 10-fold higher replication level under low and high concentrations of IFN. Reduced immune activation combined with enhanced virus replication and IFN resilience may explain the dominance of lineage 5 on the Arabian Peninsula. This phenotypic difference is highly relevant with regard to pandemic potential, and has remained undiscovered in spite of viral sequence surveillance.
A Pilot Investigation of Occupational Therapy Students’ Perceptions of Their Impact on Services to Older Adults

Practice education is an integral component of occupational therapy curricula to ensure graduates are competent in delivering effective and efficient services to their clients. This study aimed to understand occupational therapy students’ perceptions of the impact of student-delivered services for clients aged over 65 years. A case study design directed at in-depth exploration of undergraduate occupational therapy student experiences of working with older adults was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight final-year students at an Australian university during 2015. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The key finding was that students generally believed they contributed positively to aspects of client-services during placements. Students reported on the development of competence during placement and the positive impact they had on services for older adults. The study highlighted the unique intergenerational relationship students had with older adults during their therapeutic encounters. However, very few participants recognised the importance and complexity of providing holistic services to older adults. Conclusion: There is potential to improve services for older adults by offering a greater number of placement opportunities involving students in direct client services. If occupational therapy students are better prepared, supported, and informed of the complexities associated with working with older adults, direct client-services rendered by students could potentially be enhanced. This will require ongoing collaboration between occupational therapy workforce, placement sites, and universities to align occupational therapy curricula with healthcare needs.
Evaluation Aseptic Loosening of Primary Hip Arthroplasty

www.jkmc. uobaghdad.edu. iq 30 Al-kindy College Medical Journal 2020:16 No.1 ABSTRACT Background : The number of primary hip arthroplasty is growing with every passing year. At present this surgical operation has no equal in the rate of yielding good results. Despite the fact that in many cases in the long term after surgery radiolucent lines around the cup are observed, the clinical outcomes remain satisfactory. Aim of the study :To study the clinical and radiological manifestations of the aseptic loosening of the endoprosthesis Methods: This is a prospective study based on an analysis of diagnostic findings of 51 patients with aseptic loosening of hip joint components, aged 30 to 84 years. We depend for diagnosis of a septic losing by both clinical evaluation and X-ray assessment Results:The majority of clinical and radiological evidence of aseptic loosening appear after three years (47%). All our patients had a pain syndrome of varying intensity, with (43.2%) used a walkingstick. Shortening limb from 1 to 7 cm was found in 43 patients 85.2%. The aseptic losing are common in cementless hip prosthesis especially in femoral stem part of prosthesus 53.9% versus 25.6% in cemented type, Revision surgery for primary hip prosthesis occur mainly for femoral stem involve 49% while other 25.5% involve both acetabular cup and femoral stem, while the rest of patient(25.5%) involve revision of acetabular cup only. Discussion :At present this surgical operation has no equal in the rate of yielding good results. The lifetime of the majority of artificial joints does not exceed 15 years mainly due to aseptic loosening of one or both endoprosthetic components There are many causes of aseptic instability: substandard surgical technique, unwarranted extension of the indications for arthroplasty, inappropriate choice of the prosthesis dimension type, incorrect installation of components, reaction to the massive foreign body and the development of synovial-like membrane on the metal-bone interface . As a rule, early instability within 1 year was associated with defects in the operative techniques, from 1 to 3 years mostly due to the wrong selection of the type of primary endoprosthesis while more than 3 years period, the instability was caused by two reasons: excessive load on the operated extremity or traumas and the rapid wear of plastic with large areas of osteolysis due to the high loads or inaccurate positioning of the prosthetic cup. Conclusions: X-ray examination is the fundamental for diagnosing of aseptic loosening of hip endoprosthesis , and improved surgical techniques, the proper selection of the type of prosthesis are the keys for reduction of risk of aseptic loosening