Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
13 Gradient-Based Learning Algorithms for Recurrent Networks and Thei r Computational Complexity

Connectionist networks having feedback connections are interesting for a number of reasons. Biological neural networks are highly recurrently connected, and many authors have studied recurrent network models of various types of perceptual and memory processes. The general property making such networks interesting and potentially useful is that they manifest highly nonlinear dynamical behavior. One such type of dY':lamical behavior that has received much attention is that of settling to a fixed stable state, but probably of greater importance both biologically and from an engineering viewpoint are time-varying behaviors. Here we consider algorithms for training recurrent networks to perform temporal supervised learning tasks, in which the specification of desired behavior is in the form of specific examples of input and desired output trajectories. One example of such a task is sequence classification, where the input is the sequence to be classified and the desired output is the correct classification, which is to be produced at the end of the sequence, as in some of the work reported by Mozer (1989; Chapter 5, this volume). Another example is sequence production, as studied by Jordan (1986), in which the input is a constant pattern and the corresponding desired output is a time-varying sequence. More generally, both the input and desired output may be time-varying, as in the prediction problems investigated by Cleeremans, Servan-Screiber, and McClelland (1989; Chapter 9, this volume) and the control problems studied by Nguyen and Widrow (Chapter 6, this volume). While limited forms of time-varying behaviors can be handled by using feedforward networks and tapped delay lines (e.g., Waibel et aI., 1987),
Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Microbial Activities of the Root and Leaf Extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L.

Plants and plant-based pharmaceuticals are the basis of many of the modern days drugs used for treatment of various ailments. The present investigations assess the qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals, DPPH antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the root and leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides. The qualitative screening of the phytochemicals allows us to describe alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. The antimicrobial activity test of the root and leaf extracts showed considerable antibacterial and antifungal activities against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (gram positive), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi (gram negative) and strains of fungi i.e. Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolon and Penicilliumnotatum. The root extracts showed higher antibacterial and antifungal activities on the test organisms than the leaf extracts. The phenolic content, flavonoid concentrations and antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging assay) were carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride and 2,2 diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The total phenolic content ranged from 20.43±0.49 to 105.4±0.3 μg/mL for the root extracts and 15.31±0.1 to 94.34±0.6 μg/mL for the leaf extracts expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Flavonoid concentrations ranged from 38.92±0.18 to 243±0.32 μg/ mL and 32.65±0.33 to 182.45±0 μg/mL for the root and leaf extracts expressed as quercetin equivalents respectively. The IC50 antioxidant activities ranged from 7.34 to 14. 62μg/mL and 9.18 to 15.88 μg/mL for the root and leaf extracts respectively.
Dissocation of Subjective and Objective Health Status in the Chinese Population

ii Acknowledgements . iii List of Tables . 2 Introduction . 3 Methods. 5 Results . 11 Discussion . 16 References . 23 Tables . 27
The Cultural Roots of Firm Entry, Exit, and Growth

Can culture explain persistent differences in economic activity among individuals and across regions? A novel measure of cultural origin enables us to contrast entrepreneurial activity of individuals located in the same municipality but whose ancestors lived just on opposite sides of the Swiss language border in the 18th century. Individuals with ancestry from the German-speaking side create 20% more firms than those with ancestry from the French-speaking side. These differences persist over generations and independent of the predominant culture at the current location. Yet, founders’ ancestry does not affect exit or growth of newly-founded firms, suggesting that preferences are pivotal.
Differences in Endothelin B Receptor Isoforms Expression and Function in Breast Cancer Cells

The endothelins and their receptors are best known for their regulation of the vascular system. Their widespread expression in epithelial cells and their overexpression in some tumors has prompted investigation into their ability to regulate cancer progression. In this study, we assessed the mRNA expression of the major endothelin B receptor gene (EDNRB) isoforms and found differences in both mRNA and protein expression in normal breast cells and breast cancer cell lines. Knocking down the EDNRB gene in breast cancer cells altered invasiveness toward endothelin 3 (ET3), and we observed EDNRB isoform-specific regulation of breast cancer cell invasion and cell signaling, as well as isoform- and subtype-specific differences in breast cancer patient survival. The results reported in this study emphasize the importance of the endothelin B receptor in breast cancer. To our knowledge, this study is the first to clarify the differential expression and roles of specific EDNRB isoforms in breast cancer.
Hepatoprotective effect of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf

This study investigate the possible antioxidant pro pe ties of Vernonia amygdalin leaves in preventing damages to the liver and kidne y of albino rats. To investigate this, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was injected into rats in order to induce liver and kidney damage. The rats were simultaneously given o ral doses (20mg/kg and 60mg/kg body weight) of methanolic extract of leave s of V. amygdalin. The effects of these treatments on some liver and kidney enzymes w ere evaluated. Administration of CCl4 alone to rats significantly ( P< 0.05) reduced the activities of liver ALT and AST by 71% and 60% respectively. The values for kidney AST and ALT are 47% and 80% respectively. Simultaneous treatment of CCl4 inject ion with oral administration of 20mg/kg and 60mg/kg body weight of the methanolic e xtract significantly reversed (P<0.05) these changes in both the liver and kidney. The activities of liver and kidney GGT were considerably reduced by CCl4 administratio n and were also reverse by the plant extract. The present findings suggest that th e extract may probably possess components that are hepatoprotective.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR A CLASS OF SINGULAR NONLINEAR SEMIPOSITIONE SYSTEMS

In this paper we consider the existence of positive solutions for singular nonlinear semipositone system of the form  −div(|x|−αp|∇u|p−2∇u) = |x|1(a1u − f1(v)− b1 uγ1 ), x ∈ Ω, −div(|x|−βq|∇v|q−2∇v) = |x|2(a2v − f2(u)− b2 vγ2 ), x ∈ Ω, u = v = 0, x ∈ ∂Ω, where Ω is a bounded domain of RN with 0 ∈ Ω, 1 < p, q < N , 0 ≤ α < N − p p , 0 ≤ β < N − q q , γ1, γ2 ∈ (0, 1), and a1, a2, b1, b2, c1, c2 are positive parameters. Here fi : [0,∞) → R are C2 functions for i = 1, 2. We discuss the existence of positive solution when f1, f2 satisfy certain additional conditions. We use the method of sub-super solutions to establish our results. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 35J55; 35J65
Validity of Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Mass Estimates of Simulated Galaxy Clusters

Clusters of galaxies are among the most important sources of astrophysical and cosmological information especially on the formation history of the large scale structure and the estimates of cosmological parameters. Among others, mass of clusters is the most fundamental quantities. The most conventional method to estimate mass is based on X-ray observations of the intracluster medium (ICM) combined with the assumption that the ICM is in hydrostatic equilibrium (HSE) with the total gravity of the cluster. It is unlikely, however, that the HSE assumption strictly holds, especially for unrelaxed clusters given their on-going dynamical evolution. Therefore it is important to examine the validity of the HSE assumption, which has been mostly assumed just for simplicity. In this thesis, we examine the validity of HSE using simulated clusters taken from a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation and a SPH simulation. First, we focus on the difference between the true mass and the mass estimated under the HSE assumption (the HSE mass). We define and evaluate several effective mass terms corresponding to the Euler equations of the gas dynamics, and quantify the degree of the validity of HSE in terms of the mass estimate. We find that the HSE mass deviates from the true mass by up to ~ 30 %. We demonstrate that the overall gravity of the cluster is balanced by the thermal gas pressure gradient and the gas acceleration term and that the inertial term in the Euler equations makes a smaller contribution to the total mass. Since observables in X-ray observations are projected properties of ICM, the mass constructed from them is further biased in addition to the intrinsic violation of HSE. To investigate this problem, we calculate the surface brightness and spectroscopic-like temperature using the simulation data and find density and temperature profiles which reproduce the observables by fitting. Then the mass constructed from the best-fit profiles is compared with the three-dimensional HSE mass. We show that the two-dimensionality of the observables only slightly affects the mass estimates. If, however, a simulated cluster has big substructures in outer regions, the mass of the cluster is underestimated at large radii.
Formal institutions, culture, and initial coin offer- ings: A cross-country analysis

Based on 2,000 ICOs from 105 countries between 2015 and 2018, we discuss the international development of ICOs and examine the impact of institutional strength on the number of ICOs per country, their probability of success and return volatility. We provide evidence that institutional strength has a positive and significant effect on the number of ICOs, their probability of success and their volatility. Furthermore, we show that the positive relationship between institutional background and investors’ decision to contribute to an ICO project is moderated by cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance and collectivism. We also observe that this relationship is particularly relevant for countries with no or light regulations concerning ICOs, which indicates that institutions, to some extent, substitute for the regulatory void. Our study therefore provides evidence that strong institutions support the development of ICOs, infer trustworthiness to investors and, thereby, reduce the return volatility associated with ICOs.
CENTRE FOR LABOUR MARKET STUDIES

Research in the 1990s on High Performance Work Practices (HPWPs) provided a wide range of positive results for organisational performance. Adding to these early studies in the US are similar findings from other countries. However, recent research evidence, especially that coming from the labour process tradition and research projects that look specifically at the impact of lean production on workers, appears to suggest that HPWPs are likely to lead to work intensification and not performance. This current paper examines the relative strengths of the opposing claims. There appears to be evidence of both positive and negative impact on workers. Through the use of two case studies, this paper argues that, when attention is paid to workers’ intrinsic job satisfaction, there are positive outcomes from HPWPs for employees as well as organisations.
Measuring the effectiveness of macroprudential policies using supervisory bank-level data

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of macroprudential policies in five Asia-Pacific countries (Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Thailand). We use supervisory bank-level data and apply a common empirical strategy. We find that macroprudential policies are effective in reducing excessive household credit growth. Additionally, a tightening in macroprudential policy has a stronger effect than an easing. We also find that banks’ size and liquidity influence the effect of macroprudential policy on credit growth. Finally, macroprudential policy is effective in reducing bank risk as measured by the non-performing loan ratio.
Unmarked word order in Korean and Spanish psych-verbs: Interaction of case, theta-roles, and event structures in HPSG

Psych verbs present particular properties associated with their argument structure (Belleti and Rizzi 1988; Grimshaw 1990; Pesetsky 1995; Landau 2010 a.o. ), posing a problem for the representation of a single theta grid into di erent syntactic con gurations. These concerns are not only related to their morphology and argument structure, but also to the relationship between the semantics of aspect (i.e. eventive vs. stative) and how these aspectual di erences are encoded morphosyntactically. In terms of their aspectuality, the literature has claimed that experiencer-subject (ES) verbs denote states in languages such as Spanish. However, this is not the case for experiencer-object (EO) verbs; categorized a.o. as accomplishments, causative states/events, or inchoative states (cf. Pesetsky, 1995; Pylkkänen, 2000; Marín and McNally, 2011). EO verbs show exceptional syntactic properties (i.e. “psych-e ects”) with respect to linearization, binding, passivization, extraction, etc. (Verhoeven, 2014; Temme and Verhoeven, 2016). In terms of linearization, empirical studies have shown that the preferred word order in dative structures is that of exp-dat > stm-nom, whereas in accusative ones the preferred word order is stm-nom > exp-acc (Gattei et al. 2015; Jiménez-Fernández and Rozwadowska 2016; Temme and Verhoeven 2016). Taking into considerations the properties exposed, we model psych verb predicates in an HPSG framework by means of a typed inheritance hierarchy and lexical rules (LRs). Our analysis contrasts two typologically di erent languages with free word order patterns, namely Spanish (SVO) and Korean (SOV). We propose a fourfold division in the psych domain for both languages contra the classic views proposed in the literature (for Spanish cf. Belleti and Rizzi 1988; Franco 1990; for Korean cf. Choi 2015; Kim 2008; Yang 1996). Furthermore, our data suggests a di erentiation of theta-roles similiar to Pesetsky (1995)’s proposal. We are assuming a stimulus role (stm) which can be further speci ed as subject matter (sm) or target (tg). This division correlates with the di erent subtypes of psych predicates proposed.
A Comparison of Usual to Best Practices in Cardiac Rehabilitation Education

Extracted text; Cardiac medical conditions are the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac rehabilitation following hospitalizations for cardiac events is used as a means to improve client functional status and well-being. Knowledge of the best cardiac rehabilitation methods is needed to support implementation of best practices. A program evaluation was conducted to assess the program and the barriers and facilitators for cardiac rehabilitation education in a rehabilitation center in eastern North Carolina. Some of the barriers to education included health literacy, race, language, and ability to use technology. Five key informants responded to a questionnaire, and a policy review was conducted. Data collection from key informants revealed that the nurses at the center felt well-trained to perform education and were able to understand the needs of their clients. They also believed they were well-equipped to overcome the barriers to education. However, the nurses also believed their client population would not benefit from new technological approaches to education suggested in the literature due to perceived barriers of client age and potential inability to use technology. The policy review showed that the policy and procedure handbook did not include anything about technology use. Both policies and staff reports, however, revealed ways to deal with health disparities in education. Recommendations included integrating simple take-home technology for patients in cardiac rehabilitation in addition to the regular program. Adding such approaches as a phone calls, text messages, online diaries, or website referrals whenever possible may aid clients in carrying out the therapy regimen at home.
Replication of the "Asch effect" in Bosnia and Herzegovin

In the present study, we tried to replicate a classic Asch effect in the cultural context of Bosnia-Herzegovina and to explore the potential impact of group similarity on conformity. To answer these questions Bosniak (Muslim) students (N = 95) performed classic Asch's line judgment task in the presence of five confederates (the majority) who were ostensibly either of a similar ethnic origin (in-group), different ethnic origin (out-group) or no salient ethnic origin. The task involved choosing one of three comparison lines that was equal in length to a test line. Each participant went through 18 test trials including 12 critical trials in which confederates provided an obviously wrong answer. In line with past research, the results revealed a clear-cut and powerful "Asch effect" wherein participants followed the majority in 35.4% of critical trials. More importantly, this effect was moderated by group similarity. Thus, in comparison to no salient group identity condition, conformity was maximized in the in-group majority condition and minimized in the out-group majority condition. Taken together, our results support the universal finding of "Asch effect" and provide clear evidence that similarity with the majority plays an important role in the conformity phenomenon.
CHAPTER 6 Development of SOFC Interconnect Stainless Steels

The chapter introduces components and working principle of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). It is followed by the explanation on the choices of materials focussing on ferritic stainless steels. The review is further made on the required properties of these steels, i.e. low oxidation rate, low chromium species volatilisation rate, high electrical conductivity and good scale adhesion. For the oxidation aspect, the behaviour of stainless steel interconnect in cathode, anode (hydrogen and biogas), and dual atmospheres are described. Surface modification by pre-oxidation and coatings to improve the oxide electrical conductivity and to reduce chromium species volatilisation is finally reviewed.
Comparing 48-Person Lineups with a 96-Person Lineup

There is insufficient data on the effect of lineup size on identifications in large lineups. This study therefore compared 48-person lineups, a size used often in large lineup experiments, with a lineup double the size, 96. At least one hour after viewing a two-minute video featuring the target, other people and other objects, 52 participants viewed 48-person lineups (four screens of 12) or a 96-person lineup (eight screens of 12). No difference was found in the rate of identifications between the two lineup sizes. The conclusion is that the larger lineup is superior due to the smaller chance of mistakenly choosing an innocent suspect.
DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG MALE ADULT MYANMAR MIGRANT WORKERS IN RATCHABURI PROVINCE, THAILAND

This study was aim to examine the factors that determine upon alcohol consumption pattern with drinking consequences among male adult Myanmar migrant workers in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Using multi-stage sampling methods, a structured interview questionnaire type was conducted among 347 respondents in March 2012. The result revealed that current drinking behavior was in existence at 73.8% among male migrant workers. Alcohol abuse consumption was behaved by 58.2% of current drinkers. Approximately 63.3% of migrant drinkers consumed more than once a week while 8% of respondents drank white spirit daily. The migrants classified as alcohol-related problematic consequences according to Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test scores were 21.48% of current drinkers. Heavy drinking behavior with consequences were associated with increasing in age, especially in married and divorced marital status, more durable in length of migration and fluently in language skill ability.
A spatially explicit model to calculate Cadmium balances in agro-

5 Accumulation of Cadmium (Cd) in soil can affect human health and ecosystem functioning once critical 6 levels in crops and soils, respectively, are exceeded. At present, however, an approach to quantify 7 regionally explicit metal accumulation rates at the European scale is lacking. Here we present a 8 regionally explicit model based on 40000 unique combinations of soil type, administrative region, slope 9 class and altitude class that is able to calculate changes in soil Cd accumulation rates, Cd concentrations 10 in soils and crops. Inputs via mineral fertiliser, lime, manure, atmospheric deposition and biosolids 11 (compost, sludge) are based on down-scaled regional (NUTS3) or national data, whereas atmospheric Cd 12 deposition is based on 50 km x 50 km model results. Outputs via leaching and crop uptake were 13 calculated at NCU (Nitrogen Calculation Units) level using transfer models that account for differences in 14 soil metal content, pH, organic matter, and clay content, and taking into account regional differences in 15 water fluxes and crop type. Calculated current Cd balances at the EU-27 level indicate that Cd 16 accumulation rates are -0.49 g Cd ha yr for grassland (range: -3.1 to +1.7 g Cd ha yr at country 17 level) and +0.59 g Cd ha yr for arable land (range -1.1 to + 1.35 g Cd ha yr at country level). 18 Cadmium leaching from soil appears to be the critical factor that controls the balance of Cd in most areas 19 and the choice of model used to calculate the Cd concentration in solution has a large impact on the 20 overall outcome. Predicted absolute changes in the soil Cd content at country level after 100 years for 21 scenarios using Cd levels in mineral P fertiliser ranging from 0 mg Cd kg P2O5 to 80 mg Cd kg -1 P2O5 are 22 relatively small and vary from 0% in case of the Cd-0 scenario to +12% in case of the Cd-60 scenario for 23 arable soils compared to current levels in arable soils. For grassland soils, Cd balances are, at EU level, 24 negative and predicted relative changes in soil Cd levels range from -16% (Cd-0) to -1% (Cd-60) 25 compared to current levels. Dynamic scenario calculations indicate that a maximum level of 20.7 mg Cd 26 kg P2O5 in mineral P fertilisers is required to achieve an EU-wide (arable + grassland) stand-still, i.e a 27 zero net change of the Cd level in soil after 100 years. For pasture soils, receiving lower amounts of P 28 fertiliser an acceptable level of 64.2 mg Cd kg P2O5 would lead to stand-still but for arable soils a critical 29 value of 0 mg Cd kg P2O5 would be required in order to avoid a further build-up of Cd in arable cropping 30 systems. 31