Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Management of Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) with Velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) and Herbicides

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 to 1993 and in 1995 to 1996 in Ibadan, Nigeria, to assess the effect of velvetbean and herbicides on maize (corn) and cogongrass growth and to assess regrowth of the weed 1 yr after treatment. In 1992 and 1995 cover cropping with velvetbean and imazapyr and glyphosate application reduced cogongrass density as much as the handweeded control. The smothering effect of velvetbean was equivalent to that of glyphosate at 1.8 kg/ha but was less than imazapyr even at the lowest rate of 0.5 kg/ha. Addition of adjuvant did not improve the efficacy of either herbicide. Maize grain yield was higher in velvetbean plots than in fallow plots dominated by cogongrass. Velvetbean and herbicide effects on cogongrass 1 yr later (1993 and 1996) followed a similar trend as observed in the year of application. Annual weed density was highest in glyphosate plots, followed by imazapyr, and least in plots previously seeded to velvetbean. Maize grain yield was higher in herbicide plots (average yield of 3,170 and 1,920 kg/ha in 1993 and 1996, respectively) than in velvetbean plots (2,800 to 1,180 kg/ha in 1993 and 1996, respectively) and handweeded plots (2,890 and 723 kg/ha in 1993 and 1996, respectively). In 1996 the lowest maize yield was in handweeded plots without velvetbean, suggesting that weeding four times suppressed cogongrass density and biomass, but was not sufficient to minimize the subsequent competition from annual weeds. Uncontrolled cogongrass reduced maize yield to zero. These studies suggest that planting velvetbean for cogongrass control may be a better alternative for farmers without the resources to purchase herbicides.
Typhlocharis Dieck, 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Anillini): a new species from the Iberian Peninsula, with notes about its relationships and the evolution of the diecki species group

A new species of the genus Typhlocharis Dieck (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Anillini), T. martini, described from the upper Segura River (province of Albacete, southeast Spain), is included in the diecki group characterised by a series of 4 +3 setae in the lateral umbilical series and a reduced number of preapical and apical dentiform projections of the elytron. A key to the eight species of the diecki species group is included. The relationships of the new taxon and the hypotheses about the evolutionary history of Typhlocharis and the diecki species group are discussed.
Alkalinity Showed Limited Effect on Turfgrass Germination under Low to Moderate Salinity

Salineand alkaline conditionsoften coexist in nature.Unlike salinity that causes osmotic and ionic stresses, alkalinity reflects the impact of high pH on plant growth and development. In this research, seven turfgrass species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon (L.) Pers. ), and alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. ), were germinated under 10 saline-alkaline conditions (two salinity concentrations (25 and 50 mM) 3 five alkalinity levels (pH = 7.2, 8.4, 9.1, 10.0, 10.8)) in a controlled environment. Seed germination was evaluated based on final germination percentage and daily germination rate. Alkaligrass and kentucky bluegrass showed the highest and lowest germination under saline conditions, respectively. Limited variations in germination were observed in otherspecies, except bermudagrass, whichshowed alow germination rate at 50 mM salinity. Alkalinity did not cause a significant effect on seed germination of tested turfgrass species.
IS SALT STRESS A PROBLEM FOR WADERS WINTERING ON THE BANC-DARGUIN, MAURITANIA

Knots Calidris canutus and sanderlings C. alba were used in cage experiments in which water and food consumption were measured under different salt regimes. Food consumption decreased and water consumption increased after changing the water provided from fresh to salt. Knots have the capability of adapting to salt water. Swallowing of adherent water with the prey, as well as evaporative cooling in heat stressed birds, might increase salt stress. -from Authors
Colonizing the Caribbean: biogeography and evolution of livebearing fishes of the genus Limia (Poeciliidae)

We investigate the origin and colonization of the West Indian endemic freshwater fish group Limia. We evaluate the leading hypotheses for the origins of West Indian life, including trans‐oceanic dispersal, late Cretaceous vicariance, and the GAARlandia land bridge at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary.
The combined effects of animal species (sheep versus cattle) and level of feeding on digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in grass-based diets of cattle

A total of 317 dairy and beef cattle, offered grass silage-based diets, have been subjected to energy metabolism measurements in calorimetric chambers in 11 feeding experiments at this Institute. In addition the silages (no. = 33) were also given individually to sheep as a sole food at maintenance feeding level for measurement of energy intake and outputs (faeces and urine). The digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy concentrations of mixed diets for sheep at maintenance were estimated using these measured silage data, predicted silage methane energy output and tabulated energy values of concentrates. The objective of the present study was to use treatment mean data (no. = 59), derived from the cattle (production level) (MEprod or DEprod) and the sheep (maintenance level) (MEmaint or DEmaint), to evaluate the combined effects of animal species and level of feeding on dietary ME or DE concentration. The mean-square prediction error technique and the sensitivity test both indicated that there was little bias derived from the deviation of the slope (line bias) when relating MEprod (DEprod) with cattle to MEmaint (DEmaint) with sheep. Relating feeding level to the decline in ME or DE concentration (from maintenance to production level) revealed that the constant had no significant effect on the relationship, suggesting that there was little difference in dietary ME or DE concentration between sheep and cattle when given food at maintenance. ME d and DE d were significantly related to MEmaint and DEmaint (P
Domateste türlerarası melezlemelerde embriyo kurtarma desteğiyle bakteriyel kansere dayanıklı populasyonun geliştirilmesi

Bakteriyel kanser dunyada domates uretimi yapilan alanlarda verimde onemli ekonomik kayiplara neden olmaktadir. Dayanikli cesit kullanimi, hastaligin kontrolunde en etkili yoldur. Hastaliga dayanikli cesit islah calismalarinda ise diger hastaliklarla karsilastirdigimizda yeterince calisma bulunmamaktadir. Bu calismanin amaci dayanikli cesit gelistirme programlarinda kullanilabilecek, bakteriyel kansere dayanikli genleri tasiyan hatlari gelistirmektir. Arastirmada hassas hat AK1 (S. esculentum) ile dayanikli LA2157 (S. peruvianum) melezlenmistir. F1 hibrit elde etmek icin acilan 30 meyvede embriyo kurtarma ve ovul kulturu teknigi kullanilmistir. Kurtarilmis embriyolar ve olgunlasmamis ovuller, hormonsuz MS ortamindaki petri kaplarina alinmistir. 27-61 gunluk 30 meyveden embriyo kurtarma metodu ile 30 saglikli embriyo (1 embriyo meyve -1 ) cikartilmis ve kulture alinmistir. Aklimatizasyon sonucu canli kalan 2 bitki, BC 1 geriye melez bireylerini elde etmek amaciyla seraya aktarilmistir. BC 1 ve BC 2 bitkilerinde govde inokulasyon metodu kullanilarak dayaniklilik testlemeleri yapilmistir. Dayanikliligi belirlemede 14 agresif Turk Cmm izolati karisimi kullanilmistir. Bitkiler 0-4 skala degerine gore degerlendirilmis, 0 ve 1 skala degerine sahip bitkiler kademe ilerlemesi icin kullanilmistir. Calisma sonucunda toplam 80 BC 3 dayanikli bitki, cesit islah calismalarina aktarilmistir.
Macroinvertebrate and diatom metrics as indicators of water-quality conditions in connected depression wetlands in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain

Methods for assessing wetland conditions must be established so wetlands can be monitored and ecological services can be protected. We evaluated biological indices compiled from macroinvertebrate and diatom metrics developed primarily for streams to assess their ability to indicate water quality in connected depression wetlands. We collected water-quality and biological samples at 24 connected depressions dominated by water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) or bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) (water depths = 0.5–1.0 m). Water quality of the least-disturbed connected depressions was characteristic of swamps in the southeastern USA, which tend to have low specific conductance, nutrient concentrations, and pH. We compared 162 macroinvertebrate metrics and 123 diatom metrics with a water-quality disturbance gradient. For most metrics, we evaluated richness, % richness, abundance, and % relative abundance values. Three of the 4 macroinvertebrate metrics that were most beneficial for identifying disturbance in connected depressions decreased along the disturbance gradient even though they normally increase relative to stream disturbance. The negative relationship to disturbance of some taxa (e.g., dipterans, mollusks, and crustaceans) that are considered tolerant in streams suggests that the tolerance scale for some macroinvertebrates can differ markedly between streams and wetlands. Three of the 4 metrics chosen for the diatom index reflected published tolerances or fit the usual perception of metric response to disturbance. Both biological indices may be useful in connected depressions elsewhere in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Ecoregion and could have application in other wetland types. Given the paradoxical relationship of some macroinvertebrate metrics to dissolved O2 (DO), we suggest that the diatom metrics may be easier to interpret and defend for wetlands with low DO concentrations in least-disturbed conditions.
Identification of Cambodian Gnetum (Gnetaceae, Gnetales) species by DNA barcoding

Gnetum (Gnetaceae, Gnetales) is a gymnosperm genus with ca. 35 species distributed in tropical forests around the world. Due to its dioecious habit and lack of diagnostic characters from vegetative tissue, the identification of Gnetum species is not easy without seeds or reproductive structures. To identify and verify their phylogenetic positions, we applied DNA barcoding to Cambodian Gnetum collections gathered between 2010 and 2015, with previously designed cp matK gene primers. We newly sequenced partial matK sequences from 72 Gnetum collections, 43 out of 72 from Cambodia, and analyzed 115 Gnetum accessions using the neighbor-joining method. The resulting neighbor-joining tree categorized Cambodian Gnetum samples into three clades of species: G. macrostachyum, G. montanum, and G. aff. gracilipes. The recognition of G. aff. gracilipes in Cambodia is reported here for the first time. Taxonomic information for the three recognized Cambodian Gnetum species is provided and the benefits of the taxonomic reevaluation assisted by DNA barcoding are emphasized in this work.
Immune Cells Activity, Nitrite Scanvenging and ABTS Radical Scavenging Activities of Codonopsis lanceolata Ethanol Extracts from Districts in Korea

This study was executed to evaluate the immune activity, nitrite scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity against extracts of various concentration of ethanol solvent from Codonopsis lanceolata cultured at 6 local regions. The immune responses from both human T and B cell line was significantly enhanced in the cell growth compared to control while the cell growth was influenced at a certain period of culture. The results revealed that the cell growth of both human T and B cell was altered in a time dependent manner. The nitrite scavenging activity of ethanol extracts from various solvent concentration of C. lanceolata were affected by pH. At a pH of 1.2, the nitrite scavenging effect of all of the extracts tested observed higher than that of the other two pH ranges. There was no distinct detection of nitrite scavenging effects of the pH range 6.0. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was progressively increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the activity was the highest in 100% ethanol extract. The result from this investigation suggests that the extract of Codonopsis lanceolata could be an addition to basic medicine for immune modulation and natural food additives.
Does marker-assisted selection make dollars and sense in a fruit breeding program?

period, an extended juvenile phase for seedlings, and a marketable product that cannot be assessed until a seedling is physiologically mature. Their perishable product consists largely of water and, thus, is subject to numerous interactions of genetic effects with consumer preferences, as well as with biotic and abiotic factors during preharvest and postharvest periods. The fruit breeder requires that selected individuals exceed a certain level of performance, a culling level, for each of a host of traits desired by producers, processors, and consumers. The culling levels for most traits are usually independent of one another. Each trait is also weighted relative to its importance for the commercial success of a cultivar. Most breeders also take advantage of multiple-stage selection by emphasizing a limited number of traits when first evaluating nonreplicated seedlings and then considering the full suite of traits in advanced testing of clonally replicated genotypes. Inheritance of traits. A few traits may have demonstrably simple inheritance because the effects of one or two genes are large compared with environmental effects. Individuals in segregating populations can usually be assigned to discrete groups corresponding directly to their genotypes. For most traits of interest, however, individuals in a segregating population cannot be assigned to discrete classes, but are distributed continuously along a quantitative scale. Termed quantitative traits, their continuous distribution is presumably due to from several (oligogenic) to many (polygenic) gene loci with effects of varying magnitude that may be small relative to environmental effects. The simultaneous selection for multiple oligogenic or polygenic traits insures that only a small proportion of individuals will have favorable alleles at a large enough number of loci to be judged superior, and necessitates evaluation of large populations to increase the probability of obtaining and identifying them.
Terrestrial isopods and myriapods in a forested scree slope: subterranean biodiversity, depth gradient and annual dynamics

ABSTRACT Diversity, depth distribution and seasonal activity of isopods and myriapods were studied using subterranean traps buried in a forested limestone scree slope in the Čierna Hora Mts, Western Carpathians, Slovakia, throughout the depth gradient from 5 to 95 cm. A total of five isopod, 13 diplopod and 11 chilopod species were identified. Most edaphic species strongly preferred the uppermost organic soil layers. Among the species captured, some represented rare stenoecous Carpathian endemics, namely the isopod Trichoniscus carpaticus, and diplopods Julus curvicornis and Leptoiulus mariae. Others were subterranean forms, partly adapted to hypogean conditions: the isopod Mesoniscus graniger, and diplopods Mecogonopodium carpathicum and Trachysphaera costata. The annual activity in the vast majority of the species ceased completely in winter, and was gradually relaunched in spring. In evaluating the age structure of two predominant diplopods Polydesmus denticulatus and Mecogonopodium carpathicum, both widespread across the depth gradient, a vertical segregation of early post-embryonic stages was found. While P. denticulatus tended to undergo the early stages of development in the soil-filled topmost levels, the early juvenile stage of M. carpathicum was distributed deep in the scree slope profile.
Defining cavity-associated interactions between Red-cockaded Woodpeckers and other cavity-dependent species : Interspecific competition or cavity kleptoparasitism?

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Fluvial biofilm responses to joint changes in nutrients, temperature, turbidity and water velocity: an ex situ experiment

The aim of this study was to explore the responses of the epipelic biofilm of a Pampean stream with little impact from human activity to two environmental conditions, with joint modifications in nutrients, temperature, water velocity and turbidity. The experiment was conducted using artificial channels and lasted five weeks. The biological variables measured included chlorophyll- a content, bacterial biomass, ash-free dry weight, carbohydrate concentration, total respiratory activity, and biofilm composition. Results show that the species’ composition of the biofilm was affected, although no other structural or metabolic variables measured were. These results highlight the importance of including structural parameters to measure rapid changes in water quality, even when analyzing the effects of co-occurring variables.
Rapid transgenerational effects in Knautia arvensis in response to plant community diversity

Plant species persistence in natural communities requires coping with biotic and abiotic challenges. These challenges also depend on plant community composition and diversity. Over time, biodiversity effects have been shown to be strengthened via increasing species complementarity in mixtures. Little is known, however, whether differences in community diversity and composition induce rapid transgenerational phenotypic adaptive differentiation during community assembly. We expect altered plant–plant and other biotic interactions (mutualists or antagonists) in high vs. low diverse communities to affect immediate within‐ and between‐species trait differentiations due to competition for light and nutrients. Three years after the initiation of a large‐scale, long‐term biodiversity experiment in Jena, Germany, we tested for effects of varying experimental plant community diversity (1–60 plant species; one to four plant functional groups) and composition (with or without legumes and/or grasses) on phenotypic differentiation and variation of the tall herb Knautia arvensis. We measured reproduction at different diversity levels in the Jena Experiment (residents hereafter) and, in an additional common garden experiment without competition, recorded subsequent offspring performance (i.e. growth, reproductive success and susceptibility to powdery mildew) to test for differentiation in phenotypic expression and variability. We observed phenotypic differences among diversity levels with reduced fecundity of K. arvensis residents in more diverse communities. In the next generation grown under common garden conditions, offspring from high‐diversity plots showed reduced growth (i.e. height) and lower reproduction (i.e. fewer infructescences), but increased phenotypic trait variability (e.g. in leaf width and powdery mildew presence) and also tended to be less susceptible to powdery mildew infection. Community composition also affected Knautia parents and offspring. In the presence of legumes, resident plants produced more seeds (increased fecundity); however, germination rate of those seeds was reduced at an early seedling stage (reduced fertility). Synthesis. We conclude that rapid transgenerational effects of community diversity and composition on both mean and variation of phenotypic traits among offspring exist. In addition to heritable variation, environmentally induced epigenetic and/or maternal processes matter for early plant community assembly and may also determine future species coexistence and community stability.
HMGB1 Enhances Drug Resistance and Promotes In Vivo Tumor Growth of Lung Cancer Cells

Drug resistance is an obstacle in the chemotherapeutic treatment of lung cancers. In the present study, the effects of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in chemotherapeutic resistance and the relationships between HMGB1 and chemotherapy drug-induced cell apoptosis or necrosis were clarified. We used cisplatin-sensitive A549 cells and cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP cells as cell models with IC50 of 11.58 and 46.95 μM, respectively. A549/DDP had higher level of HMGB1 compared with A549 cells. Interestingly, with the increasing concentration of DDP, HMGB1 was gradually located into cytoplasm in cisplatin-sensitive A549 cells. Moreover, interference with endogenous HMGB1 sensitized the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, including 5-Fu, DDP, and OXA. Furthermore, results from an in vivo tumorigenesis experiment demonstrated that serum concentration of HMGB1 was much lower in the group inoculated with HMGB1 shRNA-transfected A549 cells than in the N.C. shRNA-transfected A549 inoculated group, as well as t.