Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dairy development and nutrition in Kilifi District, Kenya

The objectives of this study on dairy development in Kilifi District, Kenya, are, first, to assess the importance of - small-scale - intensive dairy farming as promoted by the Ministry of Livestock through the National Dairy Development Programme (DDP) compared with other types of small-scale dairy farming; second, to assess the importance of intensive dairy farming for the household economy and nutrition of the smallholder households concerned; and, third, to assess the importance of this economic activity for the nutrition of the local community. For the purpose of this study five groups of households were designated: DDP-farmers, independent dairy farmers (neighbours of DDP-farmers keeping cattle), livestock farmers (traditional farmers in the drier part of the province), DDP-customers (rural households regularly buying milk from DDP-farmers), and a comparison group drawn from the general population of farming households. Field surveys took place from May till July 1987. The data collected concern household characteristics, dairy farming and production, milk sales, household food consumption, milk consumption and nutritional status of preschool children
The Hydrogeochemistry of the Karst Aquifer System of the Northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Based on groundwater geochemistry, stratigraphy, and surficial and tectonic characteristics, the northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, a possible analog for ancient carbonate platforms, is divided into six hydrogeochemical/physiographic regions: (1) Chicxulub Sedimentary Basin, a Tertiary basin within the Chicxulub impact crater; (2) Cenote Ring, a semicircular region of sinkholes; (3) Pockmarked Terrain, a region of mature karst; (4) Ticul fault zone; (5) Holbox Fracture Zone-Xel-Ha Zone; and (6) Evaporite Region. Regional characteristics result from tectonics, rock type, and patterns of sedimentation, erosion, and rainfall. The Cenote Ring, characterized by high groundwater flow, outlines the Chicxulub Basin. Most groundwater approaches saturation in calcite and dolomite but is undersaturated in gypsum. Important groundwater parameters are: SO4/Cl ratios related to seawater mixing and sulfate dissolution; Sr correlation with SO4 and saturation of Lake Chichancanab water with celestite, indicating celestite as a major source of Sr; high Sr in deep water of cenotes, indicating deep circulation and contact of groundwater with evaporite; and correlation of Ca, Mg, and SO4, probably related to gypsum dissolution and dedolomitization. Based on geochemistry we propose: (1) a fault between Lake Chichancanab and Cenote Azul; (2) deep seaward movement of groundwater near Cenote Azul; and (3) contribution of evaporite dissolution to karst development in the Pockmarked Terrain. Chemical erosion by mixing-zone dissolution is important in formation of Estuario Celestun and other estuaries, but is perhaps inhibited at Lake Bacalar where groundwater dissolves gypsum, is high in Ca, low in CO3, and does not become undersaturated in calcite when mixed with seawater.
A reappraisal of low-temperature thermochronology of the eastern Fennoscandia Shield and radiation-enhanced apatite fission-track annealing

Abstract We assess the proposal of Hendriks & Redfield (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 236, 443–458, 2005) that cross-over of the predicted apatite fission track (AFT)>(U–Th–Sm)/He (AHe) age relationship in the southeastern Fennoscandian shield in southern Finland reflects α-radiation-enhanced annealing (REA) of fission tracks at low temperatures and that more robust estimates of the denudation history are recorded through reproducible AHe data. New AHe results from southern Finland showing variable dispersion of single-grain ages may be biased by different factors operating within grains, which tend to give a greater weighting towards older age outliers. AHe ages from mafic rocks show the least dispersion and tend to be consistently lower than their coexisting AFT ages. In general, it is at the younger end of the single-grain variation range from such lithologies where most meaningful AHe ages can be found. AHe data from multigrain aliquots are, therefore, of limited value for evaluating thermal histories in southern Finland, especially when compared against coexisting AFT data as supporting evidence for REA. New, large datasets from the southern Canadian and Western Australian shields show the relationship between AFT age, single-grain age or mean track length as a function of U content (determined by the external detector method). These do not display the moderately strong inverse correlations previously reported from southern Finland in support of REA. Rather, the trends are inconsistent and generally exhibit weak positive or negative correlations. This is also the case for plots from both shields, as well as those from southern Finland, where AFT parameters are plotted against effective U concentration [eU] [based on U and Th content determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS)], which weights decay of the parents more accurately in terms of their α‐productivity. Further, samples from southern Finland yield values of chi-square χ2 >5%, indicating that there is no significant effect of the range of uranium content between grains within samples on the AFT ages, and that they are all consistent with a single population. The oldest AFT ages in southern Finland apatites (amongst the oldest recorded from anywhere) are found in gabbros, which also have the highest Cl content of all samples studied. We suggest, that it is Cl content rather than REA that has influenced the annealing history of the apatites, which have experienced a history including reburial into the partial annealing zone by Caledonian Foreland basin sedimentation. The study of apatite from low U and Th rocks, with relatively low levels of α-radiation damage may provide the most practical approach for producing reliable results for AFT and AHe thermochronometry studies in cratonic environments.
Child Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa

Why Study Child Labor in Africa? The Cultural and Historical Context. The Political Economy of Childrens Work. Rural vs. Urban Child Labor. The Conflict Between Work and School. The Value of Childrens Labor: Getting the Short End of the Stick. Expendable Laborers: Children as Slaves, Soldiers, and Prostitutes. Making Sense of Child Labor in Africa.
Diplocraterion: A Useful Marker for Sequence Stratigraphy and Correlation in the Kimmeridgian, Jurassic (Prebetic Zone, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain)

Abstract Diplocraterion parallelum with exclusively protrusive spreite are documented at particular horizons in fine-grained Lower Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) deposits from the Prebetic Zone (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). The occurrence of D. parallelum and the interpreted change from a Cruziana ichnofacies to a mixed Skolithos-Cruziana assemblage is related to increasing energy and more proximal and unstable substrates resulting from relative sea-level falls. These relative sea-level changes agree with a proposed Type-II sequence boundary inferred from sequence stratigraphic analysis. Bio-chronostratigraphic control shows the persistent occurrence of Diplocraterion close to the Platynota/Hypselocyclum Zone boundary (Lower Kimmeridgian); that is, these occurrences correlate between sections irrespective of slight deviations in the sedimentary package. Thus, Diplocraterion occurrence is proposed as a reference level for stratigraphy within epicontinental deposits of the northern margin of the westernmost Tethys. This work supports the usefulness of the trace fossil approach in basin analysis, either in sequence stratigraphic studies of deposits characterized by correlative conformities and/or stratigraphic correlation in basins wherein guide fossils are scarce.
Aerosol-Precipitation Interactions over India: Review and Future Perspectives

Atmospheric aerosols can interact with clouds and influence the hydrological cycle by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. The current study reviews the results obtained on aerosol-precipitation interactions over India and the surrounding oceanic regions. An analysis of aerosol and cloud characteristics over the Arabian Sea, India, and the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon in the last decade reveals large regional, intraseasonal, and interannual variations. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol absorbing index (AAI) in 2002 (a drought year) are higher over India when compared to normal monsoon years. Cloud effective radius (CER) and cloud optical thickness exhibit a negative correlation with AOD over India, which agrees well with the indirect radiative effects of aerosols. Over Bay of Bengal CER is positively correlated with AOD suggesting an inverse aerosol indirect effect. In future, observatories to measure aerosol characteristics (amount, size, type, chemical composition, mixing, vertical and horizontal distributions), and cloud properties (number and size) over several locations in India, and intense observational campaigns involving aircraft and ships are crucial to unravel the quantitative impact that aerosols have on Indian monsoon. Satellite remote sensing of aerosol distribution, their chemical composition, microphysical properties of clouds, solar irradiance, and terrestrial longwave radiation is important.
The Cultural Politics of the Paralympic Movement: Through an Anthropological Lens

1. Athlete as Anthropologist, Anthropologist as Athlete Part 1: Sport and Disability 2. A Social History of Sport for the Disabled 3. Paralympic 'Lived History': Reflections of a Participant Observer 4. The Politics of Sporting Disablement 5. Mediated Paralympic Culture Part 2: Impairment, Sport and Performance 6. The Imperfect Body and Sport 7. Technology and the Paralympic Games 8. Accommodating Paralympic Bodies. Appendix: Through the Anthropological Lens
Top layer humidification of bedding material of laying hen houses to mitigate dust emissions: effects of water spraying on dust, ammonia and odor emissions

The objective of this study was to investigate spraying different doses of water on the litter of two aviary housing system of laying hens, and determine the effects on emissions of fine dust, ammonia and odor. The study was performed in eight climate separated rooms of an experimental farm. Four of the eight rooms were equipped with an aviary system with non-integrated nestboxes, the other four with a portal aviary system, rooms housing 604-620 hens. The following treatments were studied in terms of daily water dosing and frequency of daily application : 0 ml m-2 reference, 150 ml m-2 (2 x 75 ml), 300 ml m-2 (2 x 150 ml), and 600 ml m-2 (2 x 300 ml). Each treatment was replicated once per aviary system. Mean emissions and reductions of PM10, PM2.5 and ammonia were measured on days 19, 26 and 33, and odor on day 26 of the experimental period. Spraying 150, 300 and 600 ml m-2 resulted in a reduction of PM10 and PM2.5 emissions of 18% and 44%, 48 and 59%, 64% and 64% respectively. However spraying 150, 300 and 600 ml m-2 water resulted in an increase of ammonia emission by 21%, 65% and 64% (linear dosing effect P<0.05), and an indicative increase of odor emission. The reduced litter quality had no adverse effect on behaviour and production of hens. It is concluded that the investigated principle can be effective to reduce fine dust emissions if the increase of the ammonia emission can be reduced.
Rain Use Efficiency, Primary Production and Rainfall Relationships in Desert Rangelands of Tunisia

Desert rangelands are characterised by low and highly variable rainfall regime, low forage production and high heterogeneity in the distribution of natural resources. This study was carried out in the desert rangelands of Tunisia to evaluate the response of different rangelands to annual rainfall in terms of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and rain use efficiency over a 10‐year period (2003–2012). In general, ANPP values were relatively low (123 kg DM ha−1 y−1) but would tend to increase with increasing annual rainfall for all rangeland types. The highest value of ANPP was observed from Stipagrostis pungens and Hammada shmittiana communities (sandy‐soil) during the wet year 2011. In contrast, rain use efficiency tends to decline with the highest annual rainfall and varies among rangeland types and with an average of 1·9 kg DM ha−1 mm−1 y−1. Rain use efficiency tended to be higher during dry years and lower during wet years and tended to be higher on S. pungens and H. shmittiana (sandy‐soils) and lower on Helianthemum kahiricum (loamy soils). Therefore, understanding how rainfall affects productivity in rangelands is critical for predicting the impact of land degradation on the functioning of these ecosystems. It can be used to explain production decline associated with desertification as well as to assess rangeland conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upper bound limit analysis of circular foundations on clay under general loading

The bearing capacity of shallow foundations is a classical problem with widespread applications, particularly in modern offshore engineering. Design is typically based on limit solutions for plane strain situations and vertical loading, with semi-empirical adjustments to allow for shape, inclination and eccentricity of the applied load, and for situations where the soil strength varies with depth. The ultimate accuracy of this approach is questionable, and indeed has been shown to be non-conservative where moment loading is involved. Although numerical techniques such as the finite element method are capable, in principle, of providing accurate solutions to specific situations, they are cumbersome to use for parametric studies, and also can lead to unacceptable errors for inexperienced users. The present paper presents new upper bound solutions for circular foundations on clay under general loading conditions. Computation of the three-dimensional mechanisms has been simplified through recent theoretical d.
Circulación de nutrientes en algunos ecosistemas forestales del Montseny (Barcelona)

Comite Conjunto Hispano-Norteamericano de Cooperacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (COOP-370 sobre el encinar), «Servei de Parcs Naturals de la Diputacio de Barcelona» (hayedo y abetal) y «Serveis de Proteccio de la Natura de la Generalitat de Catalunya» (infraestructura de la zona experimental de la Castanya).
PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS AND THE INNER CITY

Inner portions of North American cities may be becoming the location of an asylum without walls for psychiatric patients discharged from mental hospitals. This trend represents an organic outgrowth from the moves to diminish the role of the mental hospital and to encourage a community-based mental health. Discharged patients are comparatively mobile and a large proportion of them filter through urban space to an inner city location. This is a result both of formal placement procedures and of an informal process of spatial filtering within the inner core.
Appendix 5-4: Annual Permit Compliance Monitoring Report for Mercury in the STAs

1. All STAs: There were no violations of the Florida Class III numerical water quality standard of 12 nanograms (ng) of total mercury per liter (THg/L) during the reporting year at any of the STAs. In addition, there were no exceedances of each criterion listed in the Protocol for Monitoring Mercury and Other Toxicants (SWFMD, 2006). As such, the project has met the requirements of Section 6.i of the mercury monitoring program of the referenced permits.
Preliminary results of chemical analysis of sow colostrum from first to ninth parity.

Chemical composition and quality of colostrum have a great influence on pigs’ lifetime productivity and pre-weaning mortality. There are a different methods for determinate quality of colostrum, but some of them are not suitable for use at the farms. Method for assessing the quality of colostrum should be quick, simple and accurate. In today’s intensive keeping condition pre-weaning period is the most sensitive and the highest losses of piglets are in that period of production. Quality of colostrum is the factor which has an influence on the decrease of that mortality. Research was conducted on 90 samples of colostrum collected from 33 PIC sows. Samples was collected regarding the parity (first, third and ninth) and time of the year (spring, summer and winter). The objective of this study was to examine the changes in fat, protein, lactose, dry matter (DM) and non-fat dry matter (NDF) amount in sows’ milk regarding the number of parity and season as well as determining the quality of colostrum using the refractometry method.
Exploration of Economic literacy, Psychological and Economic Antecedents to Cryptocurrency Investors’ Behavior

Investment in cryptocurrency can bring huge investor profits or losses. An investor should be conscious of the implications of his choices and the variables influencing those choices. Past studied showed that investors’ behaviour can be studied by analysing variables like literacy, psychological, social, and economic factors etc that influence their judgements. The authors of this study looked at how economic literacy, psychological characteristics, and economic factors influence the decision-making of cryptocurrency investors in order to fill a research vacuum. The study used primary particulars gathered with the help of an adapted questionnaire from the cryptocurrency investors of Delhi NCR. The data was collected from 300 respondents using convenient sampling, but 244 responses were used for the purpose of analyses. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and regression. It was shown that psychological considerations, as opposed to economic ones, had a greater impact on the decision-making of cryptocurrency investors.
Size matters! Increasing DMO effectiveness and extending tourism destination boundaries.

In traditional community type of destinations, destination management organizations (DMOs) provide local services for visitors and fulfill destination marketing functions. On the demand side, they focus their activities on image and reputation building, product bundling and sales and distribution management. On the supply side they are involved in various functions like information services, coordination among the tourist SME's, infrastructure operation or support as well as destination planning functions. Traditionally these local DMOs, often to be found in mature tourist destinations, are organized as more or less public administrations and authorities or as public-private-partnerships, mostly covering the territory and being responsible for services in one or more municipalities. As traditional community type of destinations have to compete with company type of destinations like resorts, theme parks or even cruise boats, the respective DMOs have to transform themselves into modern, market oriented service centers. The current challenges require a critical budget and product-oriented regions, with a rather centralized marketing and management. Therefore, the reach and boundaries of destination areas must be evaluated and in many cases redefined. With the aim of deepening the understanding of destinations economics and delivering a structure for analyzing and organizing destination functions, this paper analyses the criteria for defining the boundaries of destinations and consequently budgets for the respective DMOs by looking at the case of the Swiss canton of Grisons. The conceptual paper is based on a single case study and demonstrates the link between type of destination and its life cycle position with its DMOs tasks, activities and budgets.
TEACHERS’ CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION IN TEACHING ENGLISH AT ONE OF WEST JAVA JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

In the teaching and learning process, the appropriate method of teaching based on what students needs has a good impact. DI as one of the instructional techniques allows students to learn in different ways based on their essential individual differences. Effectively implementing the DI approach in the classroom continues to be a challenge for many teachers. The objective of the study was to find out the challenges in implementing Differentiated Instruction in Teaching English at Junior High School. The subject in this study was an English teacher and the vice principal of the school, while the object was DI’s theory by Tomlinson. Qualitative phenomenology was the method and type of approach chosen in this study. This study used interviews, observation, and analysis of documentation as instruments for collecting data. The data analysis techniques used in this study were data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusions. The result showed that the challenges in implementing DI faced by teacher and school. The challenges faced by the teacher were time and effort in preparing and designing the learning process and lack of support from another teacher. Then the challenges faced by the school were in terms of human resources and students’ readiness. This study is expected to contribute to the world of education related to the implementation of differentiated learning in the classroom, especially in teaching English.
An Alarms Climatology of Gulf of California Moisture Surges and the Associated Precipitation, 1993-2004

This study applies the ALARMS (Assessing Low-level AtmospheRic Moisture using Soundings) method to 12 years of data from Phoenix, Arizona; Tucson, Arizona; Yuma, Arizona; and Empalme, Mexico, in order to establish a climatology of low-level moisture surges from the Gulf of California and their effects on precipitation. There are 64 events detected using the available data, and data inventories are used to estimate the actual number of events that occurred at each station for every year. Surge totals are consistent with previous research. Interseasonal variability cannot be significantly related to ENSO, but intraseasonal variability appears to be related to certain phases of the MJO. Composite soundings illustrate the atmospheric profile of typical surges, and it is clear that surface moisture values at Yuma, Arizona, are not consistent with moisture content in the low levels above the surface. Precipitation analyses show that increased low-level moisture significantly increases the amount of rainfall at each gauge as well as the number of stations receiving measurable precipitation. Also, rainfall is more likely on days with higher dewpoints, and gulf surges appear to significantly increase precipitation across the study area.
Slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull‐apart determined from GPS velocity vectors

SUMMARY Dislocation modelling is used to examine the GPS velocity vectors for the Marmara Sea region. First, the vectors due to the known Anatolia/Eurasia rotation are reproduced by introducing structures that approximate the large-scale tectonics. Observed features of the smaller scale fault system in the Marmara region are then progressively included with slip amplitudes and directions adjusted to fit an 80-vector subset of the GPS data. The motion in the Marmara Sea region is partitioned with the faults that bound the north of the basin carrying more strike-slip motion than predicted from the Anatolia-Eurasia plate motion and faults to the south having a greater perpendicular component. Taken together however, there is no net opening across the Marmara Sea perpendicular to the overall trend of the boundary and thus deformation in the Marmara region results only from the pull-apart geometry of the North Anatolian fault. No extension related to the Aegean system is needed to explain the observations. The GPS results are consistent with motion over the last 5 Myr that has been determined from geological reconstructions.