Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rate of intimate partner violence against women and attitudes of women towards violence in Edirne Turkey

Aim. The aim of this is to determine rate of husband violence against adult women, effects of various social factors and attitudes of women towards violence in Edirne, Turkey. Method. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 306 women determined with stratified sampling were applied a questionnaire consisting of items about sociodemographic features and 38 itemed questionnaire including definition of violence, exposure to husband violence, attitudes and behaviors after violence. Results. Husband violence rate was 61.4%. Types of violence were physical in 30.4%, psychological in 54.6%, economical in 19.3%, emotional in 9.8% and sexual in 6.3%. Husband violence rate is higher in women who have low educational state, low age of marriage, married involuntarily, and whose husbands have low educational status, high usage of alcohol and cigarettes, family history of violence against women. Conclusion. Husband violence against women living in Edirne was intense. Awareness of violence types is higher than national averages.
THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING SOW DIETARY FATTY ACIDS ON FETAL PLASMA FATTY ACID PATTERNS

Sows were fed a control diet or one with added tallow or soybean oil during gestation. Sow and fetal blood plasma fatty acids were determined at 57, 85 and 110 d gestation. The sow plasma fatty acid pattern, particularly 18:2n-6, was influenced by diet, but showed little change during gestation. High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6, were found in sow plasma. Fetal blood fatty acids were not directly influenced by maternal diet, but showed changes as gestation progressed. In the fetal plasma, 20:4n-6 was the major long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, but in addition, high levels of 22:6n-3 were also found. The percent n-6 fatty acids were in higher concentrations than the n-3 fatty acids in both maternal and fetal plasma. Key words: Fetus, blood, fatty acids, swine
Crop and density effects on weed beet growth and reproduction

Summary Weed beet populations growing in each crop of the arable rotation could be a relay for the gene flow from adjacent transgenic herbicide-resistant sugarbeet. In this study, weed beet growth and reproduction were assessed under several conditions which could be found in the rotation: various weed beet densities (ranging from 1 to 120 plants m−2) and various crops (winter wheat, spring barley, spring pea, sugarbeet, maize, ryegrass). Measurements were carried out both on life-cycle dynamics (bolting time, time to flowering onset, dynamics of flower opening) and on other quantitative data (survival rate, bolting rate and pollen, flower and seed production). Increasing weed beet density resulted in decreases in bolting rate and flower and seed production per plant. In cereals, weed beet establishment and reproduction were strongly reduced, compared with bare ground as a control situation. In pea, there was no effect on establishment, but the early harvest limited seed set. In the other crops, flower and seed production were reduced to a lesser extent. Parameters of the fitted equations on the bolting and flowering progress were modified by the weed beet density and by the crop. Our data may be used in a model predicting weed beet demographic evolution according to cropping system, and in assessing gene flow.
Rapid Measurement of Crop Canopy Cover

Studies of photosynthesis, transpiration, water erosion, and wind erosion can require measurement of crop canopy cover, the percent of the soil surface covered by plant foliage. This study was conducted to evaluate the meter-stick method and an electronic method of measuring canopy cover for accuracy, speed, and ease of use. Canopy cover of winter wheat [ L. ], corn [ L. ], and soybean [ (L.) Merr] was measured weekly in 1988, using a meter stick and a DECAGON Ceptometer. Canopy cover ranged from 74 to 97% for wheat, 2 to 95% for corn, and 2 to 65% for soybean. There were no significant differences in canopy cover determinations by the two methods. The Ceptometer was faster, simpler, and as accurate as the meter stick.
WHAT DETERMINES PHENOLOGY AND SYNCHRONY OF UNGULATE BREEDING IN SERENGETI

Birth seasons of ungulates in tropical regions show a complex pattern varying from asynchronous to highly synchronous and at different times of year. We examine the factors determining the phenology and synchrony of birth seasons of 13 species of ungulates in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania. We propose that phenology of births (time of year) is determined by food supply, whereas birth synchrony (degree of coordination or spread) is an antipredator adaptation that functions in two different ways. High synchrony may occur through “predator satiation” in species with precocious newborn (“followers”), whereas asynchrony may occur through “predator avoidance” in species with nonprecocial young (“hiders”). We used green biomass of grass or tree shoots and percentage crude protein as measures of food supply. Births were determined from monthly sample counts covering the period 1967–1997. The frequency distribution of births was compared to that predicted by the abundance of green biomass and percentage protein.
The ecological and geographical aspects of the fecundity of the plaice

During the last 30 years the fecundity of the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. , has been widely studied over its complete geographical range. In this paper all this previous work is brought together and a distinct pattern (with two exceptions) emerges. The fecundity is lowest in the Southern Bight of the North Sea, and radiating from there in all directions the fecundity increases, while in Faxa Bay (Iceland) and in the Barents Sea it is lower again. The possible factors producing this pattern are examined in detail and it is concluded that the amount of food available, which in turn is related to population density, is the most important. Only in Trondheim Fjord and in the Baltic is the fecundity so different that it is necessary to postulate racially distinct populations. Finally the importance of fecundity variations in natural population regulation is stressed.
SONIFEROUS BEHAVIOUR OF THE STRIPED CUSK-EEL OPHIDION MARGINATUM

Kenyon, T.N. , Ladich, F. & Yan, H.Y. (1998) A comparative study of hearing ability in fishes: the auditory brainstem response approach. J. Comp. Physiol. A 182, 307-318. Ladich, F. & Yan, H.Y. (1998) Correlation between auditory sensitivity and vocalisation in anabantoid fishes. J. Comp. Physiol. A 182, 737-746. Lobel, P.S. (1998) Possible species specific courtship sounds by two sympatric cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa. Environ. Biol. Fish. 33, 443-452. Tavolga, W.N. (1974) Signal/noise ratio and the critical band in fishes. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 1323-1333.
Caracterização e dissimilaridade entre populações de cenoura

The effectiveness of phenotypic characters for characterization and evaluation of dissimilarity, and the genetic distance among improved carrot populations and cultivars were observed. The essays were carried out in Brasilia, Brazil. Three improved carrot populations (712467, 712473 and 712464), and three cultivars (Brasilia, BRS Esplanada and BRS Planalto) belonging to the Brasilia group, were evaluated in the summers of 2008, 2009, 2010, in a complete randomized block design with two replications and plots of 1 m2. At 100 days after sowing, in each plot, 25 roots were harvested and evaluated individually for diameter of root xylem, and some characters that are part of the standard descriptors and protection of carrot cultivars. We performed estimates of repeatability and the necessary number of evaluations to characterize the populations, the phenotypic and genotypic dissimilarity, and the coefficients of determination (R2) according to different numbers of evaluations. Except for the character root tip format, the other characters studied which are part of the standard descriptors of carrot, are not effective to both processes of characterization and distinction of carrot populations belonging to Brasilia group. It is not expect to occur great heterotic effects when crossing the processing populations BRS Esplanada and 712464. For the in natura cultivars evaluated, it may be possible to obtain heterotic effects only when the Brasilia cultivar is used in the crosses.
The Structure of Petioles in Pteris (Pteridaceae)

Abstract We studied the petiole structure of twelve American species of Pteris: P. ciliaris, P. cretica, P. deflexa, P. denticulata, P. ensiformis, P. exigua, P. inermis, P. multifida, P. mutilata, P. quadriaurita, P. tristicula and P. vittata, using both light and scanning electron microscopy. We found that petioles are characterized externally by the presence of an adaxial groove and two dorsal-lateral ventilation areas. Internally, petioles are monostelic V-, U- or inverted-Ω-shaped axes. The vascular system is surrounded by one endodermis cell layer and 1–3 pericycle strata. We propose a classification of the vascular bundles into four types considering their shape, the shape of the xylem ends, the number of protoxylem zones and the presence of parenchyma bands in the xylem.
Some Observations on Living Rhabdopveura Compacta [Hemichordata]

Few observations on living pterobranch hemichordates have been published. Gilchrist (1915) and Andersson (1907) have observed living zooids of Cephalodiscus; while Sars (1874), Schepotieff (1907) and Burdon-Jones (1954, 1957) have observed living Rhabdopleura. No observations appear to have been published on living Atubaria. Recently R. compacta Hincks was discovered near the Plymouth Laboratory (Stebbing, 1968) and during our work (Dilly, 1971, 1972a, b; Stebbing, 1970a, b) we have made some observations on living specimens. Attempts to keep R. compacta alive for long periods have not been completely successful (Stebbing, 1970), although Burdon-Jones (1954) managed to study the salinity tolerances of/? , normani Allman for more than 2 months in the laboratory. He has also studied feeding behaviour in living zooids (Burdon-Jones, 1957) Our observations have been made on specimens maintained in recirculation systems over periods of up to 12 weeks.
Caracterización del aceite de coquito de palma chilena (Jubaea chilensis)

The characteristics of the seeds from Chilean palm and the detailed composition of its fat are studied starting from 4 lots of seeds from the two regions being the major producers of Chilean palm seeds. From the proximate composition of the seeds a high content of fats is deduced with a mean value of 67.3%. The contents of proteins, carbohydrates and fibre were in the range of 7-11%. A detailed analysis of the fat indicates a high content of saturated fatty acids being capric, caprilic, lauric and miristic acids the major fatty acids. For this reason the presence of a high percentage of medium-chain triglycerides are detected in the triglyceride analysis. As for tocopherols, the fat contains low amounts of α-, γ- y δ-tocopherol with a total average of 84 mg/kg. Concerning phytosterols, the total content was around 1000 mg/kg being β-sitosterol and Δ7-estigmastenol the two major sterols
Elaboração e validação de escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade de oídio em folhas de mamoeiro

A diagrammatic scale for powdery mildew (Streptopodium caricae) in papaya leaves was elaborated and validated in order to standardize the disease severity assessments. The proposed scale presented severity levels of 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0%. Without the scale, all evaluators overestimated the disease severity. When the scale was used by the evaluators, better accuracy and precision levels were obtained, although there was a severity underestimation tendency, with absolute errors around 5% and many times inferior to this value and a few times above 10%. The evaluators presented good repeatability and high reproducibility of estimates when the scale was used. The diagrammatic scale was suitable for powdery mildew severity evaluation in papaya leaves.
Microbiological, chemical and biochemical characteristics of ‘Tetilla’ raw cows-milk cheese

The microbiological, chemical and biochemical characteristics of Tetilla raw cow's-milk cheese produced in Galicia (NW Spain) were studied. The identification of the main microbial groups of technological interest was carried out. Mean log mesophilic counts, lactic acid bacteria on M17, citrate-utilizing bacteria and enterococci in 24 cheese samples were 10·60, 10·34, 9·35 and 7·30, respectively. High mean log counts of total coliforms (6·09),Micrococcaceae (5·68) and yeasts (4·44) were also measured. On the other hand, moulds (<2·60),Staphylococcus aureus (<1·79) and Escherichia coli (<1·72) counts were low. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in two samples. None of the samples yielded Salmonella spp. Isolates of technological-interest bacteria were characterized as enterococci (39·8%), lactococci (19·0%), lactobacilli (12·3%) and leuconostocs (7·6%). Micrococci (8·0%) were also isolated.Enterococcus faecalis and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis were the species most frequently found. In accordance with the results of pH and chemical composition, only nine samples fulfil the specifications of the Appellation of Origin. β -casein content was higher than αs 1-casein content for all cheeses analysed and a low peptide αs 1-I/αs 1-casein ratio and nitrogen soluble fraction content were found. High volatile free fatty acid and long chain free fatty acid contents were measured, which can be attributed to the action of native lipase. A high level of diacetyl-acetoin was also determined.
Field Assessment of Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Bacillus thuringiensis for Control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Sweet Corn

Field studies conducted in 1992 and 1993 tested the efficacy of using commercially available Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko and Bacillus thuringiensis to control Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) in sweet corn. Shipped T. brassicae displayed good biotic fitness (emergence rates, sex ratios, longevity, and fecundity) in 1992 and 1993, but release rates and emergence profiles of the parasitoids differed in the 2 yr. In 1992, a total of 429,120 female parasitoids per hectare was released over 10 release dates. In 1993, a total of 163,680 female parasitoids per hectare was released over 10 release dates. Parasitoids dramatically affected the fate of O. nubilalis egg masses in both 1992 and 1993. O. nubilalis egg mass survival decreased by at least 45% in T. brassicae plots in both years. When all insect damage was considered, field releases of T. brassicae significantly improved ear quality in 1993 and in plots augmented with O. nubilalis egg masses in 1992. When an effect caused by T. brassicae was observed, the increase in percentage clear ears ranged from 9 to 17%. There was no significant interaction between B. thuringiensis and T. brassicae treatments in 1992 and 1993. B. thuringiensis treatments alone had a significant impact on ear quality only when high O. nubilalis populations were present in 1992. The integration of B. thuringiensis and T. brassicae did not result in additional insect control.
A Comparison of Shoreline Seines with Fyke Nets for Sampling Littoral Fish Communities in Floodplain Lakes

Abstract We compared shoreline seines with fyke nets in terms of their ability to sample fish species in the littoral zone of 22 floodplain lakes of the White River, Arkansas. Lakes ranged in size from less than 0.5 to 51.0 ha. Most contained large amounts of coarse woody debris within the littoral zone, thus making seining in shallow areas difficult. We sampled large lakes (>2 ha) using three fyke nets; small lakes (<2 ha) were sampled using two fyke nets. Fyke nets were set for 24 h. Large lakes were sampled with an average of 11 seine hauls/lake and small lakes were sampled with an average of 3 seine hauls/lake, but exact shoreline seining effort varied among lakes depending on the amount of open shoreline. Fyke nets collected more fish and produced greater species richness and diversity measures than did seining. Species evenness was similar for the two gear types. Two species were unique to seine samples, whereas 13 species and 3 families were unique to fyke-net samples. Although fyke nets collected .
The Potential of P Loss from Livestock Farms to Watercourses in Wensleydale; A Risk Mapping Approach

Hydrologic, chemical and physical factors controlling P export from 10 livestock farms located in Wensleydale were considered in order to estimate the risk of P loss to surface waters in a Non Nitrate Vulnerable Zone (non NVZ). Phosphorus source factors were obtained from a farm investigation questionnaire as well as from soil analysis results. Transport factors were examined using a GIS as a tool to implement a predictive model of delivery of P to watercourses. The classification of grassland into different risk categories was carried out using the Pennsylvanian P Index in a GIS. Finally, this risk assessment has yielded that non NVZ areas can pose a risk of breaching the Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives. A wide range of mechanisms including voluntary schemes are needed in order to reach good ecological status of freshwaters by 2015 in the UK.
Efficacy of products derived from Ricinus communis (L.) and Solanum nigrum (L.) against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in stored maize

Toxicity, repellency, and reproductive inhibition induced by ground leaves, leaf extracts, and essential oil of Ricinus cpmmlmis and So/anum nigrum against Sitophi/us oryzae and Tribo/ium castaneum were investigated in the laboratory by using contact toxicity, grain treatment and repellenCyassays. Ground leaves, water or acetone extracts, and essential oil of the two plant species were acutely toxic to S. oryzae and T. castaneum. The crude extracts and essential oil applied topically on the insects were most active, inducing 100 per cent mortality of the two beetle species. Development of eggs and immature stages within grain kernels as well as progeny emergence were also inhibited in treated grain. Essential oil of the two plants induced moderate repellency against the beetles. Of the materials tested, the essential oil was most potent and provided the highest protectant potential of maize against pest infestation. Acetone leaf extract was more effective than, the aqueous extracts. The protectant potential of products derived from the two plant species against insect pest infestation in traditional farm stored grain is discussed.
Assessment of Possible Carcinogenic Risk to Humans Resulting from Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)

The purpose of this work was to estimate the degree of risk that might be associated with human exposure to low levels of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). DEHP is a common component, sometimes at high concentrations, of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics and was recently reported by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) to be carcinogenic in rats and mice, inducing hepatocellular tumors in both species. This work was also designed to illustrate an approach to risk assessment that attempts to incorporate all available biological data. Based on the dose-response data generated by the NTP bioassays, we have performed extrapolations of risk to low dose levels using several procedures, including some that incorporate inferences from the available data that shed light on the likely relationship between dose level and risk at low dose levels. In drawing these inferences, consideration was given to such factors as genotoxicity, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, and physiological and biochemical effects of DEHP that might reveal its mechanism of action. The relative merits of each of the various risk estimates are described, based on current understanding of DEHP's mode of biological action. It is concluded that DEHP's mechanism of carcinogenicity in rodents most likely involves its ability to induce peroxisome proliferation and related enzymatic changes, although other mechanisms cannot be excluded. If humans and rodents are assumed to be at the same risk at the same daily dose level of DEHP, application of the various low dose extrapolation models leads to the prediction that the daily dose resulting in a lifetime risk of no more than 1 in 1 million would be between 1.5 and 791 mg/kg per day, with the most likely figure being 116 mg/kg per day. If the carcinogenicity of DEHP is dependent upon its pattern of metabolism, however, it would be inappropriate to extrapolate from rodents to man without qualification because of the major quantitative differences in metabolism in rats, mice, and primates, including man. One of the major differences in metabolism of DEHP between rats and mice and primates is in production of a metabolite whose level may be an indicator of the level of peroxisomal activity and, hence, if the peroxisome proliferation theory of DEHP carcinogenicity is correct, of carcinogenic risk. However, the substantial doubt that exists regarding the applicability of rodent carcinogenicity data to humans must be expressed in qualitative terms.
Pesticides‐non target plants interactions: An overview

Pesticides are widely used for crop protection in agriculture, plantation and forestry. Pesticides, when sprayed or dusted in the fields, only a small amount fall directly on the target organisms due to the small size and mobility of the pests. Most of them come to the soil or to the plants by direct precipitation or spray drift. Plants growing in the contaminated soil take up these chemicals along with water and mineral nutrients and translocate them to the aerial parts. Pesticides fallen on the leaf surface may find their way inside through leaf cuticle, stomata, hydrathodes, lenticels or tissues in the bark. Several factors influence pesticide uptake by plants. Pesticides are highly toxic chemicals and may not be absolutely specific in their actions. Impact of pesticide on plant depends upon its absorption, translocation and metabolism within the plant. Pesticides are usually detoxified in plants through series of degradation reactions and conjugation processes forming bound or insoluble residues. Fail.
Prey finding by larvae and adult females of Episyrphus balteatus

The prey‐location behaviour of larvae of Episyrphus balteatus DeG. (Dipt.: Syrphidae) was investigated in two different experimental set‐ups. First instar larvae exhibited directed search over short distances, guided by olfactory cues from aphids, but not from honeydew. However, second and third instars did not respond to aphid‐plant‐complex odours in a 4‐arm‐olfactometer. Aphid extracts, honeydew and sucrose were found to be feeding stimulants for the larvae. The oviposition behaviour of female syrphids was investigated in a series of two‐choice experiments: females were able to evaluate aphid numbers and adjust oviposition rates accordingly, with higher prey numbers eliciting increased oviposition, even when the aphids were removed at the start of the experiment. The presence of conspecific syrphid larvae did not inhibit oviposition when the females were deprived of suitable oviposition sides before the experiments were conducted.