Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The state of the cubic equations of state

The development of van der Waals cubic equations of state and their application to the correlation and prediction of phase equilibrium properties is presented and analyzed. The discussion starts with a brief account of the contributions to equation of state development during the years before van der Waals. Then, the original equation proposed in the celebrated thesis of van der Waals in 1873 and its tremendous importance in describing fluid behavior are analyzed. A chronological critical walk through the most important contributions during the first part of the 1900s is made, to arrive at the proposal that I consider to be the most outstanding since van der Waals: the equation proposed by Redlich and Kwong in 1949. The contributions after Redlich and Kwong to the modern development of equations of state and the most recent equations proposed in the literature are analyzed. The application of cubic equations of state to mixtures and the development of mixing rules is put in a proper perspective, and the .
Processing and characterization of poly(lactic acid) films plasticized with commercial adipates

The high brittleness of Poly(lactic acid) is a major drawback for flexible food packaging applications. The aim of this work is to evaluate the potential use of commercial adipates as PLA plasticizers to obtain trans- parent films with enhanced mechanical properties. Proc- essing conditions were optimized. The effect of plasticizers was characterized by a decrease on the glass transition temperature and an increase in PLA chains mobility, which induced crystallization on heating. Thermal stability was not significantly affected, and mechanical properties showed an increase in ductility with the plasticizer con- tent. Oxygen transmission rate was also measured to eval- uate the effect of the microstructures generated by the presence of these additives in PLA-based films. The mono- meric adipate presented lack of homogeneity that makes films plasticized with this additive not useful for the intended application. Good compatibility was observed between polyadipates (up to 20 wt %) and the matrix, making them promising materials for biodegradable films manufacturing. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 2010-2018, 2009
Radio frequency-hot water dips for postharvest codling moth control in apples

A combination radio frequency-hot water dip method was examined as a potential quarantine treatment against fifth instars of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples, Malus sylvestris (L.) var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf. , which were intended for export to Japan. The apples were initially exposed to 27.12-MHz radio frequency energy at 12 kW for 2.75 min and were then submerged in a range of hot water dips (48‐50C) for different durations. Efficacious tests were at 48C for >2 h, at 49C for >50 min and at 50C for >40 min. Fruit quality tests indicated that the best hot water parameters were at 50C for 40 min. Fruit quality after 2 weeks was cultivar dependent where “Fuji” apples tolerated heat treatment better than “Delicious” and “Gala” apples. None of the treated fruits were acceptable after 60 days. Regardless of cultivar, heat treatment resulted in loss of both peel and fresh colors, coupled with reduced firmness and increased external and internal damage.
Discriminative Stimulus Effects of the Nonpeptidic δ-Opioid Agonist SNC80 in Rhesus Monkeys

Five rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate the nonpeptidic, δ-opioid agonist SNC80 (0.32 mg/kg i.m.) from saline by using a food-reinforced drug-discrimination procedure. Cumulative doses of SNC80 produced a dose-dependent increase in SNC80-appropriate responding and a dose-dependent decrease in response rate. In time-course studies, peak effects of the training dose of SNC80 were observed after 15 min, and these effects diminished over 240 min. In substitution studies, other piperazinyl benzamide δ agonists (SNC86, SNC162, and SNC243A) substituted for SNC80 with relative potencies similar those of SNC80. However, SNC67, the (−)-enantiomer of SNC80, did not occasion SNC80-appropriate responding up to a dose (32.0 mg/kg) that produced convulsions in one monkey. The μ agonists morphine and fentanyl and the κ agonists U-50,488 and enadoline failed to substitute for SNC80 up to doses that eliminated responding. Two nonopioids (the N -methyl-d-aspartate antagonist ketamine and the monoamine reuptake inhibitor cocaine) also produced primarily saline-appropriate responding. Both the discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects of SNC80 were antagonized by the δ-selective antagonist naltrindole (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) but not by doses of the opioid antagonist quadazocine (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) that block the effects of μ and κ agonists. These data suggest that the discriminative stimulus effects of SNC80 are mediated by δ-opioid receptors and that the discriminative stimulus effects of δ opioids in primates can be differentiated from the effects of other opioid and nonopioid compounds.
THE EFFECTS OF UTILITY VALUE INTERVENTIONS ON SELF-DISCREPANCY ACCESSIBILITY, OBJECTIVE SELF-AWARENESS, AND INTEREST

THE EFFECTS OF UTILITY VALUE INTERVENTIONS ON SELF-DISCREPANCY ACCESSIBILITY, OBJECTIVE SELF-AWARENESS, AND INTEREST Meghan I. H. Lindeman, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Northern Illinois University, 2017 Amanda M. Durik, Director In a series of three experiments, the promise of using Carver and Scheier’s model of self-awareness as a framework for understanding utility value intervention effects was investigated. Three experiments were conducted to guide participants to consider the utility value of their Introduction to Psychology course. Some participants were prompted to selfgenerate their own ideas about utility of the course (a self-generated utility value intervention), whereas other participants had ideas about the utility of the course directly communicated to them (a directly communicated utility value intervention). Some participants received one of the possible two interventions, some received neither intervention, and others received both. Across the three experiments, the extent to which utility value interventions highlighted learners’ self-discrepancies, induced a state of objective self-awareness, and affected final interest in psychology was examined. Results of Experiment 1, but not Experiment 2, suggest that the directly communicated utility value intervention increased ought-actual self-discrepancies relative to a control group. Experiment 2 results suggest that neither type of utility value intervention induced a state of objective selfawareness. Further, the results of all three experiments suggest that neither type of utility value intervention increased final interest in psychology relative to a control group. Exploratory analyses were conducted to further understand the results. Overall, the results suggest that in the present samples, Carver and Scheier’s model of objective self-awareness may be of limited assistance in understanding utility value intervention effects. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS
Ion Motion Stability Diagram for Distorted Square Waveform Trapping Voltage

Ion motion in a periodic radio frequency (RF) quadrupole electric field is analysed theoretically by the matrix method and direct trajectory calculation. General properties of the ion motion: stability condition, oscillation spectrum and secular frequency are derived analytically from the elements of the transformation matrix. Stability diagrams for ion motion in the Paul ion trap are presented for rectangular waveforms with different duty cycles (duration of pulse over period). Calculation of the secular frequencies of the ion motion in the ion trap is performed for the first time. The relation of radial and axial secular frequencies along the RF scan line was found to be practically identical in both the square waveform and harmonic voltage cases. Pulse shape distortions, due to resistive-inductive-capacitive filtering in real devices, are considered. Stability diagrams of ion motion in the ion trap with distorted voltage waveforms are calculated. Distortion of the waveform is shown to introduce minor changes in the diagram shape with respect to the diagram for an ideal square wave. Within the first stable region, distortion of the waveform does not lead to any auxiliary parametric resonances of the ion motion. Ion trapping with a pure random pulsed voltage is investigated by means of direct trajectory simulations. It is shown that, in this case, the ion motion can be conditionally stable for a considerable length of time.
APPLICATION OF SENSORY EVALUATION OF FOOD TO QUALITY CONTROL IN THE SPANISH FOOD INDUSTRY

Sensory evaluation of food is a growing science, which is of particular interest for typical products such as those having a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). The fields of application are quite diversified, and include basic and specific characterization of the various typologies within the PDO areas, research of market sector preferences, quality control, instrumental technique verification, and the protection of “typicity” against imitations. This manuscript will concentrate mainly on two products: (a) virgin olive oil and (b) turron. Virgin olive oil will be used as the model to imitate by other products in Spain, for example turron. The International Olive Oil Council (IOOC) is the organism dedicated to look after the quality of virgin olive oil, which was the first food in Spain incorporating sensory criteria in its commercial classification. The IOOC provides readers with all information required to scientifically carry out sensory evaluation of olive oils. Jijona and Alicante turron (semi-solid and solid products, respectively) are typical Spanish confectionery products made from toasted almonds, sugars and honey and manufactured in a traditional way. Up to date, turron is commercially classified according to its almond content; however, this commercial classification does not ensure consumer with a high quality product. Now, the Regulating Council of the Specific Denominations Jijona and Alicante Turron is working in the incorporation of sensory evaluation as the second quality criteria for its commercial classification, following the example of virgin olive oil.
TREE AND SOIL NITROGEN RESPONSES TO ALTERNATIVE GRO UND COVER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION

Synchronizing apple tree needs with N release from c post is essential to cost-effective organic apple production. This study examines the eff cts of three ground covers: cultivation, wood chip mulch and a legume cover crop, on partiti oning of compost N in young apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees at different compost application dat es across two growing seasons. Compost enriched with N was applied to apple trees in April, May and June of 2006 and 2007, and trees were excavated in September 2007 to deter mine the fate of labeled compost N. Trees with wood chip mulch had significantly greater dry weight and N accumulation in vegetative tree components than trees with cultivation or legume co ver. Fruit yields were similar between cultivation and wood chip treatments despite less v egetative growth under cultivation as these trees partitioned more dry weight into fruit (44%) than wood chip mulch trees (31%). Nitrogenuse efficiency by trees was lower with a living leg ume cover crop than in other treatments due to competition for resources. Of the total N in the c over crop above-ground biomass, 20-100% was derived from compost. In comparison, only 5-40% of w od chip mulch N was from compost. Tree reserves were an important source of N for spr ing f uit and leaf growth in all treatments, but significantly more so for trees under cultivation. Fruit and leaves were strong sinks for compost N early in the season, with trees allocating 72% of spring N uptake into leaves and fruit. In the summer, N uptake increased improving compost N-use efficiency. Summer N was preferentially allocated to perennial tissues (71%) bolstering N r ese ves. Trees with wood chip mulch
Differential Evolution Approach for Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid Using Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate (TBP) in Kerosene and 1-Decanol

Reactive extraction is found to be an efficient, economical, and environmental friendly method for recovery of acids from fermentation broths. In this study, the reactive extraction of propionic acid is carried out using tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) dissolved in kerosene and 1-decanol (modifier). The results of equilibrium studies indicate that the extraction efficiency increases with an increase in 1-decanol concentration and TBP composition, but decreases with an increase in initial acid concentration. The degree of extraction, distribution coefficient, and loading factors are calculated. The stoichiometry of reactive extraction for the formation acid: TBP complexes and equilibrium constants (K E ) are estimated through chemodel. using conventional method (graphical) and an optimization procedure (differential evolution algorithm). The results of model show 1:1 complexes between acid and TBP in most of the cases. The equilibrium extraction constant (K E1) for 1:1 complex of propionic acid and TBP at 298 K is found to be 2.37. The effect of temperature on recovery of propionic acid with this extraction system is also derived and found to decrease with an increase in temperature (298–334 K). The results of this study are useful to intensify the microbial production of carboxylic acids using renewable sources.
SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL B-DIKETONES FROM DIAZONIUM SALT OF 3-AMINO 1, 2, 4-TRIAZOLE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

A series of novel β-diketones(5a-e) of 3-Amino 1, 2, 4-triazole (2) and N-[4-(3-Amino-[1, 2, 4] triazole-1-sulfonyl)-phenyl]-acetamide (3) have been synthesized by reacting with different 1,3-diketones viz: acetylacetone, benzoylacetone, dibenzoylmethane via diazotination in the presence of sodium methoxide in methanol. Newly synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral studies viz. IR, 1HNMR, 13 CNMR, and Mass.
The Colloidal Probe Technique and Its Application to Adhesion Force Measurements

Knowledge of the interaction forces between colloidal particles and surfaces is a precondition for understanding the stability of dispersed systems and adhesion phenomena. One of the methods available for direct measurement of surface forces is the atomic force microscope (AFM). Based on this method the so called “colloidal probe technique” was developed more than 10 years ago. Using a micron-sized particle glued to the end of an AFM cantilever as the force sensor, this technique is predestined for the study of colloidal interactions. In this review we describe the colloidal probe technique and give an overview of its application in the field of adhesion forces.
Observation of the ν3 Raman band of S3− inserted into sodalite cages

The S3− radical anion is observed in several systems: non-aqueous polysulfides solutions, doped alkali halides, ultramarine pigments (UP) for which S3− is the blue chromophore and S2− is the yellow one and pigments of zeolite 4A structure. The S3− ion has C2V symmetry, and therefore its three vibrational modes should be observed in the Raman and in IR spectra. In resonance Raman spectroscopy, only the symmetric stretching mode ν1 and the bending mode ν2 have been observed, whereas the anti-symmetric stretching mode ν3 has never been observed whatever the system. In this work, we confirm that ν3 is not observed in solutions with resonance Raman spectroscopy. However, our investigation of several blue UP, with various concentrations of S2−, shows that there is a superposition of two bands at ca 590 cm−1: the first is assigned to ν (S2−) and the second to ν3 (S3−). With the 457.9 nm excitation line, for which the resonance conditions are simultaneously fulfilled for S2− and S3−, the band at ca 590 cm−1 is the sum of the contributions of both ν (S2−) and ν3 (S3−) vibrations, while, with the 647.1 nm line, which only satisfies the resonance conditions of S3−, the band at ca 584 cm−1 must be assigned only to ν3 (S3−). Furthermore, ν3 (S3−) is observed in green UP and in pigments of zeolite structure. The ν3 vibration of S3−, which is observed neither in polysulfide solutions nor in doped alkali halides in resonance Raman conditions, can therefore be observed when this species is inserted into the β-cages of the sodalite or of the zeolite 4A structures. So, the band at ca 590 cm−1 cannot always be assigned to S2− in these systems. This implies that the concentration of S2− in UP must be reconsidered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Chemo‐Enzymatic Epoxidation Using silcoat‐Novozym®435: Characterizing the Multiphase System

Silicone composites of Novozym®435 (silcoat-NZ435) demonstrate improved leaching and mechanical stability compared to native Novozym®435 (NZ435). Here, the application scope of this novel enzyme preparation has been broadened significantly by the transfer from single-phase esterification to a complex chemo-enzymatic epoxidation reaction in a three-phase system. The reaction gave up to 80 % yields with almost 100 % selectivity in 50 h when operated in the absence of mass transfer limitations. Characterization of the system revealed that octanoic acid inhibited the reaction at concentrations around 6 M. The silcoat-NZ435 catalyst could be reused over five days with less than 50 % loss in activity when 5 M H2O2 was present. H2O2 was also identified as the component which deactivates the enzyme at high concentration (17.5 M) demanding spatial separation of the silcoat-NZ435 for optimal operation.
The Location of Guaiacyl and Syringyl Lignins in Birch Xylem Tissue

Spectral analysis with the UV microscope has revealed that the lignin associated with the vessel secondary wall and middle lamella of birch xylem is composed predominandy of guaiacylpropane units. Lignin deposited in the fibre and ray parenchyma secondary walls is composed mostly of syringylpropane units. The middle lamella lignin around fibres and ray cells contains both guaiacyland syringylpropane units.
Effect of metal cation type on the structure and properties of ethylene ionomers

Thermal properties by DSC, stiffness, melt viscosity, tensile properties, and dynamic mechanical properties were measured for the Na+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ salts of poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA). The changes in the structure and properties with increasing neutralization are larger in the alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts than in the transition metal salts. The stiffness shows a maximum at 33% neutralization in both the alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts, while no maxima are found up to 60% neutralization in the transition metal salts. The microphase separation of salt group aggregates is observed in both the alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts, but is not seen in the transition metal salts. These differences were attributed to both the stronger ionic interactions and the larger number of carboxyl groups associated with the alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts in the ordered structure of ionic salt groups (ionic crystallites). The mechanical properties measured at low strain, such as stiffness and yield stress, strongly depend on the degree of the crystalline order of the ionic crystallites. The high-strain properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break, depend on the strength of the ionic interactions and the valence of the cation.
Preconcentration of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan Flake

Chitosan flake was used as solid-phase material to separate and preconcentrate Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in an aqueous solution by the solid-phase extraction technique. The effect of pH, salt, flow rate and volume of eluent was investigated. The metals were retained by chitosan at pH 5-7 and were easily eluted by 5 ml of 0.1 M EDTA (pH 6) with a flow rate of 0.5 ml min -1 . The metal concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The proposed method was applied to the determination of trace amounts of metals in aqueous solution (20 µg l -1 ). The % recovery and % RSD were within the range of 83-112% and 2-15% respectively. The method detection limit was 20, 3 and 10 µg l -1 for Pb, Cu and Cd respectively.
Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid on yield and quality of lettuce in sunlit greenhouse

The role of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a precursor of chlorophyll and heme is well documented. Low concentration of exogenous ALA has been found to regulate plant growth and increase crop yield, but there is little information on how ALA influences the yield and quality of lettuce in sunlit greenhouse. Here, we report the effects of ALA on photosynthetic rate, yield and quality of lettuce in sunlit greenhouse.5-aminolevulinic acid and 5-aminolevulinic acid with nitrogen fertilizer (ALA+N) were applied by foliage and soil. The results showed that application of ALA improved the photosynthetic rate of lettuce leaves by 23.9 to 34.7% and by 35.3 to 41.6%. Moreover, exogenous ALA increased vitamin C and soluble sugar content, reduced nitrate and crude fiber content and lead to better quality and taste of lettuce. Keywords : 5-aminolevulinic acid, lettuce, plant growth, promotive effects, yield, vegetable quality
Assessment of Exposure to Traffic-Related Aerosol and to Particle-Associated PAHs in Gliwice, Poland

The results of the pilot study of exposure to airborne particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) close to a busy street in Gliwice in the spring are presented. Traffic density in the investigated street between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m. was 1400 vehicles per hour. It was found that average daily concentration of PM10 (airborne particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) increases by 40 μg/m 3 in the street canyon in relation to locations 100 m from the road, which for inhabitants who live in this street means an increased of risk of respiratory diseases by ten percent. The average concentration of total PAHs near the street was 191.56 ng/m 3 (in the spring and without rain) and was over 1.5 times greater than at the point 100 m from the street, which confirms that exhaust gases emission on busy streets elevates the exposure to total PAHs. However, it does not concern benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), whose main emission sources seem to be industrial and municipal emitters. Exposure to BaP concerns not only the persons who live close to the busy streets, but the greater population of the Gliwice inhabitants. The risk of cancer diseases in the studied area associated with inhalation of aerosol particles containing BaP is 10 -4 , but persons living in the investigated street have a higher cancer risk of 10 -3 order.