Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Robust and Explainable Contextual Anomaly Detection using Quantile Regression Forests

Traditional anomaly detection methods aim to identify objects that deviate from most other objects by treating all features equally. In contrast, contextual anomaly detection methods aim to detect objects that deviate from other objects within a context of similar objects by dividing the features into contextual features and behavioral features. In this paper, we develop connections between dependency-based traditional anomaly detection methods and contextual anomaly detection methods. Based on resulting insights, we propose a novel approach to robust and inherently interpretable contextual anomaly detection that uses Quantile Regression Forests to model dependencies between features. Extensive experiments on various synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art anomaly detection methods in identifying contextual anomalies in terms of accuracy and robustness.
Surfaces with a long history: the Aptian top Shu’aiba Formation unconformity, Sultanate of Oman

Discontinuity surfaces in shallow‐marine carbonate successions may represent significant time gaps in the geological record of ancient epeiric‐neritic seas. Understanding the hidden geological information contained in major discontinuities is thus of key significance in palaeo‐environmental analysis, sequence stratigraphy, reconstructions of sea‐level change and basin evolution. In the present paper, the Aptian top Lower Shu’aiba Formation discontinuity in the Sultanate of Oman is taken as a prominent example of a regionally extensive (>100 000 km2) surface with a long (up to 10 Myr) and complex geological history. The top Shu’aiba discontinuity formed on the topographically elevated domain of the Oman platform and represents in essence the Late Aptian time interval. Coeval carbonates in the intrashelf Bab Basin and oceanic rim indicate forced regression and sequence‐wise, gradual down‐stepping. Available regional, sedimentological, sequence‐stratigraphic, petrographic, palaeontological and geochemical evidence from outcrops and cored wells in Oman is summarized, in part complemented by new data, and reviewed in a process‐oriented context. In the field, the discontinuity is expressed as a low relief, stained surface with evidence for a marine hardground stage being dominant. Indistinct features that indicate a transient meteoric precursor stage (isotope shifts, meteoric cements, circumgranular cracks, etc.) are present but their interpretation requires careful and detailed work. This feature is remarkable, as a series of relative sea‐level falls with amplitudes of up to several tens of metres from the Early to Late Aptian boundary to the end of the Aptian are reported from the Middle East and elsewhere. Despite the palaeogeographic position of the study area in the tropical climate zone, evidence of deep‐cutting karst features, characteristic for many long‐term exposure surfaces worldwide is scarce. Acknowledging the fact that the modern world offers no genuine analogues for the Lower Aptian carbonate system in Oman, morphological similarities between actualistic, wave‐eroded coastal terraces and the top Shu’aiba discontinuity are discussed critically. This discussion may imply that, during an exposure time of several million years, the top Shu’aiba discontinuity experienced repeated stages of shallow flooding and emergence, with each transgression removing portions of the underlying rock record. The data shown here exemplify the complexity of hiatal surfaces in epeiric‐neritic carbonates and may serve as a case example for other major discontinuities.
Determination of the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field during archaeological times: Reliability of the Thellier Technique

After indicating the basis of the technique, its use with a cryogenic SQUID magnetometer is outlined, particular emphasis being given to the need for stringent reliability criteria. Comparison of results for some samples is made with results obtained using the Shaw alternating-field technique, and the agreement is satisfactory. Determinations made on 14 samples fired during the last 150 years give results which on average are in close agreement (within 2%) with observatory-based values, the standard deviation of a sample from the predicted value being ±6%.
Numerical simulations of global‐scale high‐resolution hydrological crustal deformations

High‐resolution load‐induced crustal deformations calculated from numerical models are tested for their ability to predict hydrologically‐induced station height variability, as they are known to be large enough to affect epoch‐wise parameters obtained from the analysis of global geodetic networks. Loading contributions due to terrestrial water storage as given by global hydrological models are calculated on a 0.5° global regular grid with daily temporal resolution. Apart from the dominant seasonal variations, the hydrological loading signal discloses also rapid changes exceeding 1 mm in several regions that can be associated with major precipitation events and river floods. Locally strong loading signals with exceptionally high amplitudes, in many cases even with nonseasonal nature, occur along the major river channels. Only high‐resolution loading calculations considering also the water mass anomalies stored in the model river flow can resolve the correct amplitudes in the surrounded area up to 100 km distance. The comparison of the modeled hydrological surface deformation with GPS station time series shows that high‐resolution hydrological loading estimates based on global‐scale models are able to explain a considerable fraction (up to 54%) of the observed vertical station movements caused by continental water storage variations.
Landscape analysis for shallow ReLU neural networks: complete classification of critical points for affine target functions

In this paper, we analyze the landscape of the true loss of a ReLU neural network with one hidden layer. We provide a complete classiﬁcation of the critical points in the case where the target function is aﬃne. In particular, we prove that local minima and saddle points have to be of a special form and show that there are no local maxima. Our approach is of a combinatorial nature and builds on a careful analysis of the diﬀerent types of hidden neurons that can occur in a ReLU neural network.
The production of Barberton komatiites in an Archean Subduction Zone

Based upon their geochemical similarity, we propose that the 3.5 Ga Barberton basaltic komatiites (BK) are the Archean equivalents of modern boninites, and were produced by the same melting processes (i.e. hydrous melting in a subduction zone). The Barberton komatiites also share some geochemical characteristics with boninites, including petrologic evidence for high magmatic H2O contents. Experimental data indicates that the Archean sub‐arc mantle need only be 1500–1600°C to produce hydrous komatiitic melts. This is considerably cooler than estimates of mantle temperatures assuming an anhydrous, plume origin for komatiites (up to 1900°C). The depleted mantle residue that generates the Barberton komatiites and BK will be cooled and metasomatised as it resides beneath the fore‐arc, and may represent part of the material that formed the Kaapvaal cratonic keel.
Estimation of canopy water content in Konza Prairie grasslands using synthetic aperture radar measurements during FIFE

This paper presents the development of an algorithm to retrieve the canopy water content of natural grasslands and pasture from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements. The development of this algorithm involves three interrelated steps: (1) calibration of SAR data for ground topographic variations, (2) development and validation of backscatter model for grass canopies, and (3) estimation of canopy water content by inverting a backscattered model for cross-polarized ratio. The polarimetric radar data acquired by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory AIRSAR system during the 1989 First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) are used for this study. The SAR data have been calibrated and corrected for the topographical effects by using the digital elevation map of the study area. The backscattering coefficients obtained from the SAR data for each pixel are related to the canopy and soil parameters by employing a discrete random media model for vegetation. The model simulations indicate that biomass variations and surface treatments (burned and unburned) of grass canopies affect the C-band backscatter signal but does not influence the L-band signal. This model is then validated and adjusted over training areas where ground measurements were collected. An inversion technique is proposed to estimate the canopy water content by using the cross-polarized and copolarized ratios of the SAR data at C band. The result of the inversion algorithm shows a good agreement with the grass biomass data collected during FIFE 1989 intensive field campaign.
Cultural Attractions and European Tourism

Part One: Development of Cultural Tourism and Cultural Attractions 1: The Development of Cultural Tourism in Europe, Greg Richards, Tilberg University, Tilberg,The Netherlands 2: The Market for Cultural Attractions, Greg Richards 3: The Experience Industry and the Creation of Attractions, Greg Richards 4: The Cultural Attraction Distribution System, Greg Richards, Saskia Goedhart, L A Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Carla Herrijgers, Pelikaan Reizen, Zevenbergen, The Netherlands Part Two: Case Studies of European Cultural Attractions 5: The Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht, Wil Munsters, Hoge Hotelschool Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands 6: Urban Regeneration and Glasgow's Galleries with Particular Reference to The Burrell Collection,David Leslie, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK 7: Clonmacnoise: a Monastic Site, Burial Ground and Tourist Attraction, Frances McGettigan and Kevin Burns, Althone Insitute of Technology, Althone, Ireland 8: Cultural Heritage Sites and Their Visitors: Too Many For Too Few? , Sue Berry and Graham Shephard University of Brighton, Eastbourne UK 9: Urban Heritage Tourism: Globalization and Localization, Michael Green, Loughborough University, 10: The Budapest Spring Festival - a Festival for Hungarians? , Laszlo Puczko and Tamara Ratz, Tourism Research Centre, Budapest, Hungary 11: The Consumption of Cultural Tourism in Poland, Barbara Marciszewska, University School of Physical Education, Wiejska, Poland 12: Creative Industries as Milieu of Innovation: The Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam, Caro Bonink, Caro Consulting, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Erik Hitters, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 13: European Cultural Attractions: Trends and Prospects, Greg Richards
Electronic Colloquium on Computational Complexity on Provably Disjoint Np-pairs

In this paper we study the pairs (U; V) of disjoint NP-sets rep-resentable in a theory T of Bounded Arithmetic in the sense that T proves U \ V = ;. For a large variety of theories T we exhibit a natural disjoint NP-pair which is complete for the class of disjoint NP-pairs representable in T. This allows us to clarify the approach to showing independence of central open questions in Boolean complexity from theories of Bounded Arithmetic initiated in \Bounded Arithmetic and lower bounds in Boolean complexity". Namely, in order to prove the independence result from a theory T , it is suucient to separate the corresponding complete NP-pair by a (quasi)poly-time computable set. We remark that such a separation is obvious for the theory S(S 2) + S b 2 ? P I N D considered in the above-mentioned paper, and this gives an alternative proof of the main result from that paper. subject "MAIL ME CLEAR", body "pub/eccc/ftpmail.txt"
Athlete's perceptions of sport and education : a comparision of high school 4A basketball players and midget AAA hockey players in Alberta

This study focused on student athletes' perceptions of sport and education. The following research question was used to establish a framework for this thesis: Is there a significant difference in athletes' perceptions of sport and education between 4A varsity basketball players and midget AAA hockey players in Alberta? The independent variable was the sport category (hockey or basketball) and the dependent variable was the athletes' responses to the survey. A self-developed survey instrument entitled Sport and Education Survey (ESS) was utilized to gather information. The survey drew upon thirteen statements that were grouped according to their relevance to each hypothesis. Five additional statements were included for the purpose of categorization, description and discussion. The survey was administered to a sample of 158 males who played either hockey or basketball and were currently in grades 10, 11 or 12. An approximate equal representation was reached by surveying four hockey teams and eight basketball teams. Three hypotheses were examined and tested: HI) There is a significant difference in perceptions of education between 4A varsity basketball players and midget AAA hockey players in Alberta. H2) There is a significant difference in perceptions of sport between 4A varsity basketball players and midget AAA hockey players in Alberta. 113) There is a significant difference in perceptions of post-secondary education between 4 A varsity basketball players and midget AAA hockey players in Alberta. Testing the hypotheses required the use of the Chi-square test in cross tabulations. H1 and H3 are rejected: the findings indicate that both groups are concerned about their performance in education and they plan to attend post-secondary education. H2 is supported: 76.3% of hockey players at the midget AAA level were planning to become professional athletes, while only 35.4% of 4A basketball players were planning to become professional athletes. Upon
On strike-slip faulting in layered media

Summary We study the effects of structural inhomogeneities on the stress and displacement fields induced by strike-slip faults in layered media. An elastic medium is considered, made up of an upper layer bounded by a free surface and welded to a lower half-space characterized by different elastic parameters. Shear cracks with assigned stress drop are employed as mathematical models of strike-slip faults, which are assumed to be vertical and planar. If the crack is entirely embedded within the lower medium (case A), a Cauchy-kernel integral equation is obtained, which is solved by employing an expansion of the dislocation density in Chebyshev polynomials. If the crack is within the lower medium but it terminates at the interface (case B), a generalized Cauchy singularity appears in the integral kernel. This singularity affects the singular behaviour of the dislocation density at the crack tip touching the interface. Finally, the case of a crack crossing the interface is considered (case C). The crack is split into two interacting sections, each placed in a homogeneous medium and both open at the interface. Two coupled generalized Cauchy equations are obtained and solved for the dislocation density distribution of each crack section. An asymptotic study near the intersection between the crack and the interface shows that the dislocation densities for each crack section are bounded at the interface, where a jump discontinuity is present. As a corollary, the stress drop must be discontinuous at the interface, with a jump proportional to the rigidity contrast between the adjoining media. This finding is shown to have important implications for the development of geometrical complexities within transform fault zones: planar strike-slip faults cutting across layer discontinuities with arbitrary stress drop values are shown to be admissible only if the interface between different layers becomes unwelded during the earthquake at the crack/interface junction. Planar strike-slip faulting may take place only in mature transform zones, where a repetitive earthquake cycle has already developed, if the rheology is perfectly elastic. Otherwise, the fault cannot be planar: we infer that strike-slip faulting at depth is plausibly accompanied by en-echelon surface breaks in a shallow sedimentary layer (where the stress drop is lower than prescribed by the discontinuity condition), while ductile deformation (or steady sliding) at depth may be accommodated by multiple fault branching or by antithetic faulting in the upper brittle layer (endowed with lower rigidity but higher stress).
Enhanced uptake of atmospheric CO2 during freezing of seawater: A field study in Storfjorden, Svalbard

[1] The waters of Storfjorden, a fjord in southern Svalbard, were investigated in late April 2002. The temperature was at the freezing point throughout the water column; the salinity in the top 30 m was just above 34.8, then increased nearly linearly to about 35.8 at the bottom. Nutrient and oxygen concentrations showed a minimal trend all through the water column, indicating minimal decay of organic matter. Normalized dissolved inorganic carbon, fCO2, and CFCs increase with depth below the surface mixed layer, while pH decreases. In waters below 50 m, there was an increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, corrected for decay of organic matter using the phosphate profile, corresponding to about 9 g C m−2 relative to the surface water concentration. We suggest this excess is a result of enhanced air-sea exchange of CO2 caused by sea ice formation. This enhancement is suggested to be a result of an efficient exchange through the surface film during the ice crystal formation and the rapid transport of the high salinity brine out of the surface layer.
The Northeast Water Polynya during summer 1992: Distribution and aspects of secondary production of copepods

Zooplankton ecology in the Northeast Water Polynya was investigated from July 15 to August 15, 1992. The initial hypotheses were that the polynya would be a site of enhanced secondary production and that the copepod community would be composed of varying proportions of North Atlantic and Arctic species advected onto the Greenland shelf through the Northern and Southern Troughs. Striking contrasts were observed between the northern and southern regions of the shelf. The southern region was dominated numerically by the North Atlantic species Calanus finmarchicus, while species of Arctic origin (C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus, Metridia longa) dominated in the northern region. The polynya itself contained few of the herbivorous Calanus species but, instead, was dominated by the omnivore M. longa. Secondary production of C. glacialis, represented by egg production rates, was high in all regions (55–88 eggs/female/day). However, because of low abundances of the large bodied Calanus species within the polynya, it is estimated that the herbivorous copepods were not significant consumers of primary production in the polynya. Fundamentally different pathways for the cycling of carbon may exist in the northern and southern regions. Copepod communities may utilize much of the primary production in the south but only a small proportion of the primary production in the polynya, where significant proportions may be unconsumed.
Vocabulary Expansion Using Word Vectors for Video Semantic Indexing

We propose vocabulary expansion for video semantic indexing. From many semantic concept detectors obtained by using training data, we make detectors for concepts not included in training data. First, we introduce Mikolov's word vectors to represent a word by a low-dimensional vector. Second, we represent a new concept by a weighted sum of concepts in training data in the word vector space. Finally, we use the same weighting coefficients for combining detectors to make a new detector. In our experiments, we evaluate our methods on the TRECVID Video Semantic Indexing (SIN) Task. We train our models with Google News text documents and ImageNET images to generate new semantic detectors for SIN task. We show that our method performs as well as SVMs trained with 100 TRECVID ex- ample videos.
IvySyn: Automated Vulnerability Discovery for Deep Learning Frameworks

—We present IvySyn : the ﬁrst fully-automated framework for vulnerability discovery in Deep Learning (DL) frameworks. IvySyn leverages the statically-typed nature of native APIs in order to automatically perform type-aware mutation-based fuzzing on low-level kernel APIs. Given a set of offending inputs that trigger memory safety and fatal runtime errors in low-level, native DL (C/C++) code, IvySyn automatically synthesizes code snippets in high-level languages (e.g., in Python), which propagate offending inputs via high(er)-level APIs. Such code snippets essentially act as “Proof of Vulnerability” , as they demonstrate the existence of bugs in native code that attackers can target through various high-level APIs. Our experimental evaluation shows that IvySyn signiﬁcantly outperforms past approaches, both in terms of efﬁciency and effectiveness, in ﬁnding real vulnerabilities in popular DL frameworks. Specifically, we used IvySyn to test TensorFlow and PyTorch: although still an early research prototype, IvySyn has already helped the corresponding TensorFlow and PyTorch framework developers to identify and ﬁx 58 previously-unknown security vulnerabilities, and assign 36 unique CVEs.
A Correlation of the Low and High Temperature Water-Oil Relative Permeability Characteristics of Typical Western Canadian Unconsolidated Bitumen Producing Formations

Large reserves of heavy bitumen (<10 deg API) exist in shallow, unconsolidated sandstone formations in central and western Alberta. The McMurray, Grand Rapids, Clearwater and Wabiskaw Cretaceous Manville sands comprise the majority of the heavy oil producing zones of this type. Cyclic steam injection, steam drive and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) are used extensively in this area to produce heavy bitumen at depths where surface mining is impractical. The water-oil relative permeability characteristics of these formations strongly control the ability to inject hot water and/or steam, and the overall conformance and recovery of bitumen from the formations. This paper reviews an extensive database of reservoir condition water oil relative permeability data conducted at temperatures from 10 to 275 °C and presents correlations to estimate water-oil relative permeability character and residual oil saturations for preliminary evaluation purposes to aid in the high level screening of potential future projects in these formations.