Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Potassium dynamics in surface layer of maize growing red soil type of Haveri district, Karnataka, India

Potassium in soil can be allocated to three pools of availability for uptake by roots. It is dissolved in soil water, adsorbed onto particles of clay and organic matter and held within the crystal structures of feldspar and mica. These forms such as water soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and lattice potassium were studied in twenty representative randomly collected maize growing soils of Haveri district, Karnataka, India. The soils varied appreciably in their physico-chemical properties depending on nature and amount of parent material. The available potassium in red soils varied from 268.80 to 483.84 kg ha-1. The available potassium was medium to high in status. The variation in K status was due to cultural practices, application of fertilizers, organic manures and other inputs. The water soluble potassium in selected red soils of maize growing areas of Haveri district varied from 1.66 to 4.69 mg kg-1 with a mean of 2.91 mg kg-1. The reason for this was due to addition of water soluble potash fertilizers at surface zone. The exchangeable potassium content of red soils ranged from 44.80 to 78.40 mg kg-1 in surface layer. The exchangeable potassium in surface layer was high because of high exchange sites offered for K fertilization and also addition of organic manures which might have enhanced the exchangeable K in solution phase. The non-exchangeable potassium of red soils ranged from 495.88 to 653.66 mg kg-1 in surface. The increase in non-exchangeable potassium was due to adsorption and fixation of K removed from surface through leaching. The lattice potassium of red soils varied from 0.92 to 1.28 per cent. The total potassium in surface depth of red soils varied from 0.97 to 1.35 per cent. Based on degree of weathering and amount of fertilizer that has been applied, the various forms of potassium varied among the samples.
Steps To Success Exercise Program In Weight Management For Psychiatric Patients Taking Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs

Background: Patients taking atypical antipsychotics are in danger of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Weight increases rapidly in the initial period after starting antipsychotics. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality and reduced quality of. Both nonpharmacologic prevention and intervention strategies have shown modest effects on weight. Changes in physical appearance can lead to body image issues and problems with self-esteem, which in turn could lead to poor compliance with medication. Purpose: This study is aimed evaluate the effectiveness of an exercise program that can benefit patients who are gaining weight related to atypical antipsychotic agent intake. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was undertaken. The research setting was held in a general tertiary medical teaching/training medical facility owned by the Philippine government. There are 31 respondents for this study 12 were males and 19 were females who were chosen from the list of the inpatients utilizing the universal sampling technique. Data were gathered using a self-formulated tool to collect mostly demographic data which is adopted from the National Alliance for Mental Health. Results: Patients’ diagnosis tends to have a positive relationship with weight loss. Respondents diagnosed with bipolar with psychotic features showed to have loss weight more than the diagnosed with schizophrenia. The results of this study showed that patient’s adhering to the exercise program had lost weight after the course. Conclusion: Activity and exercise are especially important for people living with mental illness. Furthermore, physical activity does not only help patients manage their weight but to serve as diversional activity that adds vitality for patients in the facility.
Reviewer reply for Permafrost Physics

The Canadian Land Surface Scheme and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CLASS-CTEM) together form the land surface component of the Canadian Earth System model (CanESM). Here we investigate the impact of changes to CLASSCTEM that are designed to improve the simulation of permafrost physics. Eighteen tests were performed including changing the model configuration (number and depth of ground layers, different soil permeable depth datasets, adding a surface moss layer), and investigating alternative parameterizations of soil hydrology, soil thermal conductivity and snow properties. To eval5 uate these changes, outputs from CLASS-CTEM :::::: outputs were compared to 1570 active layer thickness (ALT) measurements from 97 observation sites that are part of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), 105 106 monthly ground temperature observations from 132 GTN-P borehole sites, a blend of 5 observation-based snow water equivalent (SWE) datasets (Blended-5), remotely-sensed albedo, and seasonal discharge for major rivers draining permafrost regions. From the tests performed, the final revised model configuration has more ground layers (increased from 3 to 20) extending to greater depth (from 10 4.1m to 61.4 m) and uses a new soil permeable depths dataset with a surface layer of moss added. The most beneficial change to the model parameterizations was incorporation of unfrozen water in frozen soils. These changes to CLASS-CTEM cause a small improvement in simulated SWE with little change in surface albedo but greatly improve the model performance at the GTN-P ALT and borehole sites. Compared to the GTN-P observations, the revised CLASS-CTEM ALTs have a weighted mean absolute error (wMAE) of 0.41 0.47 m (depending on configuration), improved from > 2.5 m for the original model, while the 15 borehole sites see a consistent improvement in wMAE for most seasons and depths considered, with seasonal wMAE values for the shallow surface layers of the revised model simulation at most :: 3.7 :::: ◦C, ::::: which :: is 1.2 ◦C greater than those calculated for the model driving :::: more :::: than ::: the :::::: wMAE :: of ::: the : screen-level air temperature compared to observations at the sites :::: used :: to ::::: drive :: the :::::: model :: as ::::::::: compared :: to :::::::: site-level ::::::::::: observations ::: (2.5 :::: ◦C). Sub-grid heterogeneity estimates were derived from the standard deviation of ALT on the 1 km measurement grids at the GTN-P ALT sites, the spread in wMAE in grid cells with multiple 20 GTN-P ALT sites, as well as from 35 boreholes measured within a 1200 km region as part of the Slave Province Surficial
Tillage and straw retention in rice-wheat cropping system influences on soil aggregation, aggregate carbon and water balance under irrigated conditions: An overview

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the most often reported attribute and is chosen as the most important indicator of soil quality and agricultural sustainability. In this review, we summarized how cultivation, residue and tillage management and monoculture affect soil quality, soil organic matter (SOM) and carbon transformation. The results confirm that SOM is not only a source of carbon but also a sink for carbon sequestration. Cultivation and tillage can reduce soil SOC content and lead to soil deterioration. Tillage practices have a major effect on distribution of C and N, and the rates of organic matter decomposition and N mineralization. Proper adoption of tillage and residue can increase or maintain the quantity and quality of soil organic matter, and improve soil chemical and physical properties.Tillage significantly reduced the proportion of macro-aggregate fractions (>2.00 mm) and thus aggregate stability was reduced by 35% compared with (ridge with no tillage) RNT, indicating that tillage practices led to soil structural change for this subtropical soil. The highest SOC was in the 1.00-0.25 mm fraction (35.7 and 30.4 mgkg-1for RNT and CT, respectively), while the lowest SOC was in micro-aggregate (
Development of Learning Evaluation Tools for Bahasa Indonesia with

The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of the development of learning evaluation tools for Bahasa Indonesia using the Rebecca M. Valette taxonomy and CLIL approach based on teacher perceptions. The study was quantitative, and the sample consisted of teachers at a selected high school in the Bahasa region of Indonesia. Data was collected through a survey and an observation. The survey was completed to investigate students' proficiency based on a questionnaire, and the observation included an observation on the teacher's perception of competence of students in class XI of the senior high school. The study found that the characteristics of the evaluation tool need to produce short story texts with the taxonomy of Rebecca M. Valette. The CLIL approach based on teacher perceptions is motivated by the principles of developing evaluation tools that can be grouped into language, cultural, literary, and communication. This study wants to want to make the following recommendations. Firstly, researchers could conduct further research on the development of evaluation tools at the elementary, junior high, or high school. Secondly, policymakers should use it as a reference in the preparation of evaluation tools for Indonesian subjects at all levels of elementary, junior high, or high school.
Network Embedding with Attribute Refinement

Network embedding has been an active research area given its effectiveness in mapping nodes to low-dimensional representations. While previous studies mostly focus on network topology, recent advances have shown that rich node-level information, known as attributes, often exist and can substantially benefit embedding based on the assumption of homophily: nodes often connect to other nodes similar to themselves. However, we find that inconsistencies often occur in node attributes in real-world data, which can undermine the homophily assumption and thus degrade the performance of attributed network embedding. To address this drawback, in this paper, we present a novel framework for unsupervised network embedding with attribute refinement. In particular, we propose a learnable filter to automatically refine the individual attributes of every node. To overcome the challenge of no supervision, we leverage homophily to guide the refinement—attributes should be fine-tuned in a way to re-inforce the correlation with topology. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on three benchmark real-world datasets, which show that our model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods on both node classification and link prediction tasks. Furthermore, we perform model analysis to demonstrate that our framework can effectively refine attributes.
Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair – Recent Developments and Future Directions

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death among people in the industrialised world and will, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), become the leading cause of death in the world in 2020. For the treatment of patients with MIs and ischaemic cardiomyopathies, remarkable medical advances have been made during the second half of the 20th Century that have increased patient survival. As a consequence, patients with heart disease are living longer and the incidence of congestive heart failure in patients is significantly increasing. New treatments for patients with acute MI and ischaemic cardiomyopathies are needed. In this regard, the next major advance in the treatment of patients with cardiac disease promises to be stem cells and stem cell products. Currently, basic research scientists and clinicians worldwide are investigating human embryonic stem cells, skeletal stem cells (myoblasts), adult bone marrow stem cells, cardiac stem cells and human umbilical cord stem cells for the treatment of patients with MIs and ischaemic cardiomyopathies. This review highlights the recent developments and the future directions of each of these stem cells in the treatment of patients with heart disease.
Comparative Advantage and Gender Gap in Stem

Why are females compared to males both more likely to have strong STEM-related performance and less likely to study STEM later on? We exploit random assignment of students to classrooms in Greece to identify the impact of comparative advantage in STEM relative to non-STEM subjects on STEM specialization decisions. We approximate comparative STEM advantage using the within-classroom ranking of the ratio of early-high school performance in STEM over non-STEM subjects. We find that females who are assigned to classroom peers among which they have a higher comparative STEM advantage are more likely to choose a STEM school track and apply to a STEM degree. Comparative STEM advantage appears irrelevant for males. Our results suggest that comparative STEM advantage explains at least 12% of the under-representation of qualified females in the earliest instance of STEM specialization. We discuss the mechanisms that amplify the role of comparative STEM advantage in STEM study.
Monetary uncertainty and default 1

We investigate the effects of monetary uncertainty on the aggregate economy, especially default. First, we estimate monetary policy for the U.S. that allows for time-varying volatility to bring in monetary uncertainty. Then, we assign productivity, money policy and monetary uncertainty shock to a dynamic general equilibrium model with default that is calibrated with the U.S. economy. It reveals that monetary uncertainty has a negative effect on the economic activity and results in default issue. An increase of risk aversion among agents is the primary cause of investment delays and dries up liquidity temporarily while a decrease in the output serves as an intermediate step in the transmission mechanism of monetary uncertainty.
ENUMERATION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP AND GIARDIA SPP (OO) CYSTS IN A TROPICAL EUTROPHIC LAKE: THE MUNICIPAL LAKE OF YAOUNDE

The biodynamic of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giadia spp. cysts have been assessed in the municipal lake of Yaounde, which is an artificial eutrophic lake that has been constructed on the Mingoa stream of the Mfoundi River Basin of Cameroon. The oocysts were identified by the Ziehl-Neelsen method while the cysts were identified by the Lugol iodine coloration. The values obtained suggest an increase in (oo)cysts density from the surface to the bottom of the lentic ecosystem. The oocysts varied from 56 oocysts/L in the upper layer to 2640 oocysts/L of water in the lowest layer, while the cysts population dynamics ranged from 24 cysts/L at the surface layer of the lake to 1713 cysts/L at the lowest layers of the lake. There was a considerable reduction in the resistant forms of these emerging pathogenic protozoa between the surface water of the Mingoa stream entering the Lake and that coming out from the Lake. The highest value of Cyptosporidium oocysts determined at the entrance of the lake is 1480 oocysts/L while at the outlet the highest value of oocysts identified is 620 oocysts/L. The highest value of Giardia cysts determined at the entrance of the lake is 352 cysts/L while at the outlet the highest value recorded is 294 cysts/L.
Patients and experiences from the first Danish flavour clinic.

INTRODUCTION Chemosensory dysfunction is common. Although patients complain of taste loss, the most common cause of a diminished taste experience is olfactory dysfunction. METHODS Since January 2017, patients with complaints about smell and/or taste loss have been referred to the Flavour Clinic by ear, nose and throat (ENT) practitioners. Prior to referral, CT, endoscopy of the nasal cavity and allergy testing were required. Patients underwent full olfactory and gustatory testing, complete ENT and neurological examination and review of medicine and medical history. Patients also completed different questionnaires such as the Mini Mental Status Examination, the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test and the Major Depression Inventory. RESULTS Among 515 patients, 97% complained of olfactory loss and 82% complained of taste loss. While 89% had a measurable olfactory deficit, only 22% were found to have a gustatory deficit. CONCLUSIONS An accurate distinction between smell and taste requires application of validated chemosensory tests and specialised knowledge. As this is not readily available in all ENT clinics, sensory loss without a clear aetiology should be referred to a more specialisedcentre. FUNDING none. TRIAL REGISTRATION not relevant.
The Emigration Life Cycle: How Development Shapes Emigration from Poor Countries

IZA DP No. 13614 AUGUST 2020 The Emigration Life Cycle: How Development Shapes Emigration from Poor Countries* Many governments seek to reduce emigration from low-income countries by encouraging economic development there. A large literature, however, observes that average emigration rates are higher in countries with sustained increases in GDP per capita than in either chronically poor countries or established rich countries. This suggests an emigration life cycle in which average emigration first rises, then falls with development. But this hypothesis has not been tested with global datasets controlling for unobserved heterogeneity between countries. This paper finds that emigration rises on average as GDP per capita initially rises in poor countries, slowing after roughly US$5,000 at purchasing power parity, and reversing after roughly $10,000. Before this reversal, the within-country elasticity of rising emigration prevalence to rising GDP per capita is +0.35 to all destinations, and +0.74 to rich destinations. This relationship between emigration flows and economic growth is highly robust to country and time effects (fixed or random), specification (linear, log, nonparametric), emigration measure (stock or flow), country subsamples (rich destinations, large origins), and historical period (1960–2019 or 1850–1914). Decomposition of channels for this relationship highlight the joint importance of demographic transition, education investment, and structural change, but question a large role for transportation costs or policy barriers. JEL Classification: F22, J61, O15
Vocal Imagery vs Intention: Viability of Vocal-Based EEG-BCI Paradigms

The viability of electroencephalogram (EEG) based vocal imagery (VIm) and vocal intention (VInt) Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems has been investigated in this study. Four different types of experimental tasks related to humming has been designed and exploited here. They are: (i) non-task specific (NTS), (ii) motor task (MT), (iii) VIm task, and (iv) VInt task. EEG signals from seventeen participants for each of these tasks were recorded from 16 electrode locations on the scalp and its features were extracted and analysed using common spatial pattern (CSP) filter. These features were subsequently fed into a support vector machine (SVM) classifier for classification. This analysis aimed to perform a binary classification, predicting whether the subject was performing one task or the other. Results from an extensive analysis showed a mean classification accuracy of 88.9% for VIm task and 91.1% for VInt task. This study clearly shows that VIm can be classified with ease and is a viable paradigm to integrate in BCIs. Such systems are not only useful for people with speech problems, but in general for people who use BCI systems to help them out in their everyday life, giving them another dimension of system control.
The Race for Product Renewal

Problem definition: In many product categories, life-cycles have been shortening in recent years. Competitive forces seem to have a strong influence on new product decisions, but it is not clear how they impact the pace at which new items are introduced, as well as their price, quality and durability. Academic/Practical relevance: The continuous renewal of products for electronics or apparel has been criticized for generating excessive waste. While consumers appreciate novelty in settings where product utility decays over time, it also involves higher product launch costs, so it is important to understand what the net effect on welfare is. Methodology : We build an analytical model where consumers decide to renew their products as a function of product launches, and firms optimize product features, pricing, and introduction times. We use an optimal control framework to derive the customer’s optimal time to change products. We then analyze the firm’s problem both for the monopoly, using dynamic programming, and under competition, characterizing the subgame-perfect equilibrium of the firms’ dynamic launch game. Results: We find that the firm’s problem for the monopoly is fundamentally different from that of competition: a monopoly internalizes inter-product cannibalization. As a result, it sets efficient launch decisions at optimality, while competition results in an oversupply of new products. Managerial implications: Our results suggest that indeed competitive outcomes generate waste and that regulatory interventions may help firms internalize the true costs of new product launches. Submitted: September 25, 2019.
Macroeconomic Determinants of Tax Revenue in Nigeria (1970-2011)

The Nigerian government in recent has engaged in search for the appropriate policy strategy to stimulate tax revenue and boost the revenue profile of the government. This paper therefore attempts to examine the most relevant macroeconomic policy variable that can serve as an anchor variable for achieving such policy objective. The paper uses secondary data from Nigeria economy for the period 1970 to 2011 and adopted the error correction mechanism to establish both the long run and short run relationships among the variables. The main finding of the empirical analysis is that tax revenue tends be significantly responsive to changes in income level, exchange rate and inflation rate. The income elasticity of tax shows that a unit percent increase in income level will probably lead tax revenue increase by 0.63% in the immediate and 0.33% in the second year. The evidence is in consonance with findings from previous studies in this area, especially [1, 2]. The paper concludes that macroeconomic instability and level of economic activities are the main drivers of tax buoyancy and tax effort in Nigeria
Birds of the Milparinka District and Cooper Creek Basin

In 1974 the Milparinka district and Cooper Creek basin received exceptionally high rainfall. Habitats of this region are described and lists of birds seen in each habitat in 1974 are given. Three sites in the Mil- parinka district, of contrasting topography and vegetation, were studied in detail. The site in a drainage channel had most species and individuals; that on the stony treeless downs, fewest. In the Milparinka district, of fifty-two species seventy-one per cent were present throughout the year, thirteen per cent only in hot months and thirteen per cent only in cold months. Most nests were started in October.