Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental disability vs. neurodiverse identity: how cognitive lens affects the general public’s perceptions of autism

Abstract Participants read a very brief educational message describing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as a developmental disability or neurodiverse identity. Participants who read the neurodiverse identity message were significantly more likely to endorse an entity/fixed mindset about autistic individuals, perceiving them as less likely to change over time. Educational message did not significantly affect social distance towards individuals with ASD, perceived importance of workplace accommodations for individuals with ASD, or perceived ability of individuals with ASD to possess or learn employability skills. These results suggest that the neurodiversity framework could be at risk for misinterpretation by the general population. Future research should carefully consider how to design public education campaigns that promote respect and appreciation for autistic differences, without potentially triggering an entity/fixed mindset about autistic capabilities. Points of interest In this study, participants read a very brief message describing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as a developmental disability or a neurodiversity. Participants who read the neurodiversity message were more likely to perceive autistic individuals as being fixed or unlikely to change over time. The type of message didn’t affect participants’ willingness to interact with individuals with ASD, the degree to which they viewed workplace accommodations to be important for individuals with ASD, or their perceptions that individuals with ASD had or could learn new employability skills. Public education campaigns should aim to promote respect and appreciation for autistic individuals, while also encouraging a mindset of growth and development for all individuals.
Effect of phosphorus and nitrogen sources on essential nutrient concentration and uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) during early growth and development

In South Africa, maize is often produced on highly weathered soils with low organic matter contents. These soils are unable to supply sufficient nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for sustainable maize production, resulting in the use of fertiliser sources containing either N or P. In some instances, however, the efficiency of these sources may be questioned. In a glasshouse pot experiment, young maize aerial plant material was analysed to evaluate the effect of band-applied N sources, P sources and P application rates on the quantitative nutrient concentration, as well as uptake of several nutrients. With the exception of potassium uptake, all parameters were significantly affected by the main effects only. Nutrient concentration measurements were inconsistent for N sources. However, total uptake proved to be more efficient with the application of limestone ammonium nitrate compared with that of urea. Both nutrient concentration and uptake were greater with the application of the orthophosphate sources monoammonium phosphate and nitrophosphate compared with the polyphosphate source ammonium polyphosphate. The 40 kg P ha−1 application enhanced the uptake of N, P, calcium, sulphur and boron. No applications of P lead to increased N, magnesium, copper and zinc concentrations.
Paleoecology of Late Cretaceous Coccolithophores: Insights From the Shallow‐Marine Record

Coccolithophores, common primary producers in Mesozoic, Cenozoic, and present oceans, are significant components of the earth’s biogeochemical cycles. Being the most productive calcifying organism on earth, their carbonate oozes play a major role in fixing CO2, thereby forming the most important long‐term CO2 sink throughout the last 100 Ma. Our understanding of their fossil ancestors is mainly based on data from chalk sequences. Generally, the Cretaceous chalks were deposited at water depths of ≥200 m under stable, pelagic conditions. Here we report on remarkably diverse fossil coccolithophore assemblages from Cenomanian‐Campanian (100‐72 Ma) nearshore deposits, with estimated water depths of ≤40 m. For interpreting the findings in a broader paleoenvironmental context, we additionally analyzed contemporaneous chalk material from the Santonian‐Campanian (86‐72 Ma) interval. Highly diverse coccolithophore associations (50–81 species/sample) characterize the nearshore setting, while the contemporaneous chalk samples are less diverse (43–54 species/sample). The absolute abundances of coccoliths from the nearshore setting are by a factor 2–10 lower than those from the chalk, diversity indices are by 20%–30% higher (Shannon Index = 2.94–3.46) in the nearshore sediments. The presence of highly diverse coccolithophore communities in nearshore settings provides new insights into their paleoecology and evolution and the paleoceanography of the Late Cretaceous. Our data revise the traditional view of coccolithophores being typical open ocean dwellers. Extreme nearshore settings of the Late Cretaceous greenhouse world were characterized by environmental conditions equating those of the hemipelagic realm but supplying a larger variety of ecological niches.
Biogeography of Iberian Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Ants are highly diverse in the Iberian Peninsula (IP), both in species richness (299 cited species) and in number of endemic species (72). The Iberian ant fauna is one of the richest in the broader Mediterranean region, it is similar to the Balkan Peninsula but lower than Greece or Israel, when species richness is controlled by the surface area. In this first general study on the biogeography of Iberian ants, we propose seven chorological categories for grouping thems. Moreover, we also propose eight biogeographic refugium areas, based on the criteria of “refugia-within-refugium” in the IP. We analysed species richness, occurrence and endemism in all these refugium areas, which we found to be significantly different as far as ant similarity was concerned. Finally, we collected published evidence of biological traits, molecular phylogenies, fossil deposits and geological processes to be able to infer the most probable centre of origin and dispersal routes followed for the most noteworthy ants in the IP. As a result, we have divided the Iberian myrmecofauna into four biogeographical groups: relict, Asian-IP disjunct, Baetic-Rifan and Alpine. To sum up, our results support biogeography as being a significant factor for determining the current structure of ant communities, especially in the very complex and heterogenous IP. Moreover, the taxonomic diversity and distribution patterns we describe in this study highlight the utility of Iberian ants for understanding the complex evolutionary history and biogeography of the Iberian Peninsula.
A typology of second-hand business models

ABSTRACT With the rise of new markets, in which products and resources are reused and redistributed, marketers must find new ways to orient and manage their business models. This study addressed one such development – the second-hand economy – which lengthens the lifespan of used goods through redistribution of their ownership. While previous research has analysed the second-hand economy mostly from a consumer perspective, a systematic understanding of value creation in this realm is lacking; hence, this study used a business perspective to construct a typology of second-hand business models. This resulting typology serves as an important analytical tool for understanding the variety of ways in which companies engage in the second-hand economy. The paper concludes with implications for managers who are either threatened by emerging second-hand business models, considering entering the second-hand market, or already engaged in second-hand commerce.
Characterization of a Human In Vitro Intestinal Model for the Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials Used in Cancer Immunotherapy

There is momentum in biomedical research to improve the structure and function of in vitro intestinal models that better represent human biology. To build a more comprehensive model, three human cell-types were co-cultured and characterized: i.e., HT29-MTX (intestinal mucous-producing goblet cells), Caco-2 (colon epithelial cells), and Raji B (lymphocytes). Raji B cells transformed a subpopulation of Caco-2 epithelial cells into phagocytic and transcytotic immune-supporting microfold cells (M-cells). A suite of bioassays was implemented to investigate steady-state barrier integrity and cellular communication. The model demonstrated a potentiating effect in metabolism and pro-inflammatory markers. Barrier integrity and cell seeding density seem to play a role in the reliability of endpoint readouts. Microscopic analysis elucidated the importance of multi-cell biomimicry. The data show that monocultures do not have the same characteristics inherent to triple cell culture models. Multiple cell types in an in vitro model produce a better representation of an intact organ and aid in the ability to assess immunomodulatory effects of nanomaterials designed for cancer theranostics after ingestion. As many national and international agencies have stressed, there is a critical need to improve alternative-to-animal strategies for pharmaceuticals in an effort to reduce animal testing.
Horizontal Europeanisation among mobile doctoral candidates in the context of the European Union and the European Research Area

The processes of Europeanisation— meaning the deepening of European integration on various levels— have previously been discussed from the point of view of political science, economics, linguistics, and cultural studies, with a macro- perspective on states, institutions, and organisa-tions. However, Europe and the European Union (EU) are populated by individuals, who are actors of European transnationalism, which this paper conceptualises as horizontal Europeanisation. Spatial mobility is also becoming more relevant for thriving academics, and the EU aims to close ranks in Europe in the field of higher education and research. Therefore, this paper asks how the process of horizontal Europeanisation among early- career academics manifests itself. This process is discussed against the background of the framework of the EU and the European Research Area (ERA), where academics make use of a common scientific market. The basis for the qualitative empirical analysis is 60 biographical interviews with intra- EU mobile doctoral candidates. The findings show that the EU and ERA contribute to the processes of horizontal Europeanisation and support it. However, many decisive factors for horizontal Europeanisation lie beyond the EU and the concept of ERA. The novelty
A hybrid transformation approach for common scaling on various type Likert scales in Bayesian structural equation modeling

Abstract Almost all scientists benefit from using questionnaire forms in performing statistical analysis. In most cases, these forms consist of mixed-type scales. To analyze such scales is inconvenient because of the measurement differences, and this problem remains unsolved. In many studies, analysis of mixed-type scales is limited based on the score points of the factors. This study proposes an alternative approach to combine mixed-type scale data using linear transformation functions. Using this approach, it is possible to transform mixed data to the same scale, with the main benefit of allowing the analysis of the mixed data. It also makes it possible to interpret among different types of scales. We show that this transformation approach minimizes the loss of information between the original scale structure and the transformed data. To show the usefulness of our approach, we consider Bayesian structural equation modeling (SEM) within the threshold value approach. Application studies demonstrate that our transformation performs well, especially in the presence of non normality. The transformation approach also gains an advantage with respect to timing costs and the simplicity of the models.
Crop water status from plant stable carbon isotope values: A test case for monsoonal climates

Stable carbon isotope analysis is increasingly used in archaeology as an indicator of crop water status and/or water management regime. While the technique shows promise, robust modern baseline studies are required to inform and validate archaeological interpretations. Here, we test stable carbon isotope values as a crop water status proxy in a monsoonal climatic context for the first time. Specifically, we test the relationship between grain stable carbon isotope values (δ13Cgrain), water availability, irrigation and soil type in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. (Zohary and Hopf.)) in north-west India, with the aim of deriving a locally-appropriate model for isotopic interpretation. We test this relationship across a substantial rainfall gradient (200–1000 mm/year) and find a negative logarithmic relationship between climatic water availability and δ13C. However, there is significant noise in the relationship, and we report δ13Cgrain variation of over 3‰ amongst samples drawn from similar climatic contexts. Soil type, irrigation type and irrigation frequency have no clear modifying effects. We conclude that: (1) barley stable carbon isotope values can act as an archaeological water status proxy in monsoonal areas, but will be most sensitive in areas receiving <450 mm rainfall per year; and (2) it is not possible to precisely infer water management regimes. On the basis of our results, we propose guidelines for archaeological barley stable carbon isotope interpretation in north-west India and analogous monsoonal climates.
Be smart, play dumb? A transactional perspective on day-specific knowledge hiding, interpersonal conflict, and psychological strain

Research on knowledge hiding, the intentional attempt to withhold knowledge that others have requested, strikingly shows its detrimental consequences. But, if it has only negative effects, why do employees hide knowledge in their everyday work at all? With this diary study, we address this question, shedding light on the instrumentality of knowledge hiding. Specifically, placing it within the transactional stress model, we argue that deceptive knowledge hiding (playing dumb and evasive hiding) may function as coping, relating negatively to psychological strain responses to experienced interpersonal conflict. Accordingly, we tested evasive hiding and playing dumb as mediators of the day-specific relationship between conflict and end-of-work exhaustion and negative affect. Based on data of 101 employees who reported on 615 workdays, results of multilevel path analyses showed relationship conflict positively related to evasive hiding and playing dumb. Playing dumb was negatively related to end-of-work psychological strain responses, resulting in inconsistent mediation. Evasive hiding was unrelated to psychological strain. Showing the potential intrapersonal benefits of playing dumb, this article helps to better understand the occurrence of enacted ‘negative’ interpersonal work behaviors, yielding important implications for research and practice.
Addressing the Issue of Race and Drug Offenses: An Analysis of the Safety Valve Provision in Federal Sentencing

ABSTRACT In efforts to understand the Sentencing Reform Act’s effectiveness on federal drug offenses, the current study seeks to determine the application of the safety valve provision in the 2013 federal sentencing data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission. To better analyze the impact of the race, ethnicity, or gender of the defendant, the current study analyzes cases where the safety valve could have been applied in three different models being race/ethnicity of the defendant, legal factors, and then extra-legal factors to understand the judge’s decision-making on applying the safety valve provision under 18 U.S.C. §3553(f). The findings show evidence of racial and gender disparity. Both Black defendants and Black male defendants are less likely to have the safety valve applied in their cases than White defendants and White male defendants. While cases involving a Hispanic defendant and a Hispanic male defendant are more likely to have the safety valve applied.
The Success of Rosé Wine in France: The Millennial Revolution

Rosé wine consumption in France has tripled since 1992 and, in 2020, accounts for a third of the total national consumption. The objective of our article is to analyze the revolutionary success of rosé wine in France in the Millennial Generation. We mobilize the concept of social representation, which constitutes an understanding of the social transformations in progress for a given social group. We carry out in-depth qualitative research based on conversations with millennial rosé wine consumers. Our results show that the representations of rosé wine for this group are based on five dimensions: (a) product quality and refusal of sophistication, (b) color of the rosé wine, (c) freedom, (d) immediate pleasure and sharing with friends, and (e) its feminine personality. This transgressive capital explains the consumption behaviors of the Millennial Generation reflecting the group’s will to break traditional wine codes familiar to previous generational groups. This sociocultural model differs from that of the Baby Boomer Generation, which was marked by the valorization of terroir and sophistication and based on masculine archetypes and red wine. Rosé wine thus marks a generational and sociological break in the representations of wine in France, which we can describe as a rosé wine revolution in the 21st century. The predictive capacity of the Millennial Generation suggests a growth in rosé wine consumption in the years to come. We recommend to rosé wine producers seven strategic axes, which reconcile the point of view of the producer and the consumer.
Development of a Liquid/Liquid Extraction Method and GC/MS Analysis Dedicated to the Quantitative Analysis of PAHs and O-PACs in Groundwater from Contaminated Sites and Soils

Abstract A liquid/liquid extraction method coupled with a GC/MS analysis was optimized to quantify 27 polycyclic aromatic compounds in groundwater from contaminated sites. The aim was to optimize an analytical method to determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (O-PACs) in water and for apply the method to ground water samples collected from contaminated sites. The analysis takes place in one run, including dissolved as well as colloid and particle-associated compounds. Artificially contaminated waters were prepared with two concentration ranges from 0.01 to 1 µg L−1 and 0.5 to 50 µg L−1. This method proceeds with two main steps. The first step is a liquid/liquid extraction with dichloromethane followed by a concentration procedure. The second step is the injection for separation and quantification in a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer. The novelty of this work concerns the control of each step by the introduction of deuterated standards in order in order to estimate the recoveries during the extraction, concentration and injection in the process as well as the possibility of quantifying PAC total concentrations in water. This method leads to very good quantification limits ranging from 1 to 60 ng L−1 for PAHs and from 10 to 1,200 ng L−1 for O-PACs, respectively. High sensitivity has been achieved with some of the PAHs with a good R 2 factor higher than 0.994 in the concentration range 0.01 to 1 µ L−1.
Automatic Scan Range Delimitation in Chest CT Using Deep Learning.

Purpose To develop and evaluate fully automatic scan range delimitation for chest CT by using deep learning. Materials and Methods For this retrospective study, scan ranges were annotated by two expert radiologists in consensus in 1149 (mean age, 65 years ± 16 [standard deviation]; 595 male patients) chest CT topograms acquired between March 2002 and February 2019 (350 with pleural effusion, 376 with atelectasis, 409 with neither, 14 with both). A conditional generative adversarial neural network was trained on 1000 randomly selected topograms to generate virtual scan range delimitations. On the remaining 149 topograms the software-based scan delimitations, scan lengths, and estimated radiation exposure were compared with those from clinical routine. For statistical analysis an equivalence test (two one-sided t tests) was used, with equivalence limits of 10 mm. Results The software-based scan ranges were similar to the radiologists' annotations, with a mean Dice score coefficient of 0.99 ± 0.01 and an absolute difference of 1.8 mm ± 1.9 and 3.3 mm ± 5.6 at the upper and lower boundary, respectively. An equivalence test indicated that both scan range delimitations were similar (P < .001). The software-based scan delimitation led to shorter scan ranges compared with those used in clinical routine (298.2 mm ± 32.7 vs 327.0 mm ± 42.0; P < .001), resulting in a lower simulated total radiation exposure (3.9 mSv ± 3.0 vs 4.2 mSv ± 3.3; P < .001). Conclusion A conditional generative adversarial neural network was capable of automating scan range delimitation with high accuracy, potentially leading to shorter scan times and reduced radiation exposure.Keywords: Adults and Pediatrics, CT, Computer Applications-Detection/Diagnosis, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Lung, Radiation Safety, Segmentation, Supervised learning, Thorax © RSNA, 2021Supplemental material is available for this article.
Healthcare professionals' attitudes concerning prioritisation decisions: a quali-quantitative analysis in Angola

Bedside rationing decisions are a necessary evil in the context of resource scarcity. The ethical values inherent in decisions about who to treat make interprofessional collaboration between health professionals essential. We evaluate and compare the attitudes of Angolan physicians and nurses towards patient's prioritisation decisions and the rationing principles supported. Faced with rationing scenarios comprising of four-patient respondents should: 1) select the only patient to treat, explaining their choice; 2) establish a patient care sequential order. Non-parametric tests and multinomial logistic regressions were performed to compare patient's choice between both groups and explore relations between socio-demographic, health and health-related behaviours and patient top priority assigned. Content analysis was used to explore the reasons for patients' selection. Findings suggest that physicians and nurses share similar views, suggesting no tensions regarding patient's prioritisation. Respondents support health maximisation, severity and fair-innings as rationing principles while waiting time and health-related behaviours were undervalued.