Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis of Cichorium intybus L . (Chicory) plants from region of Uttarakhand

Cichorium intybus (chicory) plant contains various secondary metabolites like other plants with proficient potentials. The purpose of this research is to find out an appropriate extraction solvent system of methanol, chloroform, ethanol, hydro-ethanol, and acetone extracts for analysis of various phytochemicals with the aid of standard techniques. The findings from phytochemical screening and quantification depicted the presence of phenol, flavonoids, saponin, tannin, alkaloids, protein, glycosides, and carbohydrates. Furthermore, the study findings showed that methanol extract of chicory leaf extract was found to have more bioactive components when compared with the other extracts by quantitative technique. Among the five different extracts of leaf chicory saponin and phenol were maximum in methanol extract. Whereas, flavonoids were found maximum in ethanol extract as compared to other constituents. Alkaloids and tannin were found maximum in ethanol and hydro-ethanol extract respectively. A good phytochemical composition of Cichorium intybus L. leaves would be an essential contender in pharmaceutical articulations and play a significant role in ameliorating human health by participating in the antioxidant defense system.
Forestation of boreal peatlands: Impacts of changing albedo and greenhouse gas fluxes on radiative forcing

[1] We estimated the magnitude of the radiative forcing (RF) due to changes in albedo following the forestation of peatlands, and calculated the net RF by taking into account the changes in both the albedo and the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes during one forest rotation. Data on radiation, tree biomass, and soil GHG fluxes were combined with models for canopy cover, tree carbon accumulation, and the RF due to increased atmospheric GHG concentrations for four typical site cases in Finland covering two soil nutrient levels in the south and north of the country. We also studied the observed long-term surface temperatures to detect any indications of drainage-induced effects. The magnitude of the albedo-induced RF was similar to that caused by the carbon sequestration of the growing trees. At three site cases out of four the drainage induced a cooling or negative RF, the tendency for cooling being higher at sites with a higher nutrient level. The differences in albedo-induced RF mainly arose from the spring season due to (1) the different snow cover duration in the south versus the north, and (2) the different albedos of drained and undrained snow covered peatlands. An increase in the maximum daily temperatures was observed in April in southern Finland, where the most intensive drainage practices have taken place, suggesting that forestry drainage has potentially affected the local climate. Our results show that the decreasing albedo resulting from peatland forestation contributes significantly to the RF, balancing out or even exceeding the cooling effect due to the changing GHG fluxes.
The migration of the Robin Erithacus rubecula in the central pre‐Alps of Italy

During the Springs of 1984 and 1985 and the Autumns of 1983–1984–1985, 640 Robins were caught and ringed at the S.I. R.O. Bird Observatory of Albonico. In addition, 71 individual birds were recovered locally for a total of 95 times in the course of the same season. The average stop‐over time in Spring was lower than that in Autumn. During these periods, the birds almost invariably stored fat and gained weight but the gain was more marked in the Autumn. These data show that Robins migrating through Albonico make very successful use of the well known strategy of staying at stop‐over sites to refuel before continuing migration.
Assessment of 15N15N16O as a tracer of stratospheric processes

Isotopic fractionation of mono‐substituted N2O species by the stratospheric sinks, photolysis and reaction with O(1D), has been investigated previously by atmospheric and laboratory measurements. Here, we report on photolysis of the most abundant poly‐substituted isotopologue, 15N15N16O. The associated fractionation constant equals the sum of individual fractionation constants at central and terminal nitrogen sites. Based on statistical considerations, a more general “additivity rule” is proposed that extends to the remaining poly‐substituted N2O species and is compared to predictions from two theories. Atmospheric mixing effects do not lead to measurable deviations from random isotope distributions since variations of isotope ratios are too small. Fractionation by the O(1D) sink likely also follows the “additivity rule”. Consequently, the stratospheric 15N15N16O abundance is expected to reflect its statistically dictated value. The value of 15N15N16O as a potential new tracer of stratospheric processes may thus be limited, but this remains to be verified by actual measurements.
CARACTERISATION AGRO-ECOLOGIQUE DU TERROIR DE LA NEMA EN ZONE SOUDANO-SAHELIENNE AU SENEGAL : TYPOLOGIE DES PARCS AGROFORESTIERS

L\'etude a pour but de definir les types de parcs agroforestiers dans le systeme d\'utilisation des terres constituees par les champs. Les observations ont consiste en des releves de vegetation. Soumis a l\'analyse factorielle, ces releves font apparaitre trois groupes de champs : les champs de l\'amont, les champs de versants et les champs de plateaux. Selon les especes ligneuses dominantes, les differents types de champs correspondent respectivement au parc a Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich) Mild. Red. ; pour les champs de l\'amont, au parc a Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir et a Ficus sycomorus Del. ; pour les champs de versants et au parc a Parkia biglobasa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex G.Don. et Daniellia oliveri (R) Hutch. et Dalz pour les champs de plateaux. Le couvert et la densite des arbres apparaissent plus importants dans les champs de l\'aval (versants et plateaux) compares aux champs de l\'amont, de meme que la richesse floristique The survey defined types of agroforestry parks in the land use system constitued by fields. Observations, consisted in vegetation monitoring. Submitted to factorial analysis the data allowed to distinguish three groups of fields : uphill-tea fields , slopes fields and plateau fields . With the specific importance, defers types of fields respectively correspond to Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich) Mild. Red park, in fields of the uphill, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir and Ficus sycomorus Del. Park, for fields of slopes and the Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex G.Don. and Daniellia oliveri (R) Hutch. et Dalz park for fields of trays. The tree shelter and the density appear more important in fields of the downstream (slopes and trays) compared to fields of the uphill, as well as floristic richness Keywords : Agro-ecologie, parcs agro forestiers, typologie, Bas fonds de la Nema, Senegal; Agro- cology, agro-forestry parks, typology, Bas fonds Nema, Senegal. Agronomie Africaine Vol. 17 (1) 2005: pp. 53-62
Chlorine‐36 in Ground Water Containing Low Chloride Concentrations

Analyses of ground water from wells and springs in the United States indicate a broad regional trend in preanthropogenic (36Cl/total Cl) ×1015 ratios in potable water. Coastal areas influenced by marine chloride have ratios less than 100. These ratios increase inland and reach a maximum of about 1400 in the central and northern Rocky Mountains. However, the magnitude of these regional variations is greatly exceeded at a local level if water samples are considered regardless of age or origin. Most local departures from regional trends can be attributed to mixing of ground water recharge with either 36Cl from nuclear fusion tests to produce higher ratios or mixing with sources of old chloride such as from evaporite minerals to produce lower ratios. A useful interpretation of 36Cl data is difficult unless the origin of the chloride is understood. The interpretation is an unusually difficult problem for water having low chloride concentrations. The assumption that low concentrations originate primarily from wet and dry atmospheric deposition can be questioned even for some dilute waters with less than 2.0 mg/L chloride. Chloride/bromide ratios in ground water can help decipher the origin of the chloride. The presence of nonatmospheric chloride can be identified in part by its association with chloride/bromide mass ratios greater than about 200 in coastal areas and 100 in inland areas. Accurate chloride and bromide analyses are recommended for virtually all studies of 36Cl in natural waters, and particularly those with low concentrations of chloride.
LEVERAGING CAMERA ATTITUDE PRIORS FOR STRUCTURE FROM MOTION OF SMALL, NONCOOPERATIVE TARGETS

This paper derives and evaluates a formulation of structure from motion (SfM) that incorporates rotation priors, called rotation-informed SfM (RISfM). RISfM uses spacecraft inertial attitude measurements in addition to pixel measurements of the target’s features to estimate their 3D points and the translation of the camera. Traditional SfM, which only uses pixel measurements to estimate 3D structure and camera pose, is often considered for low size, weight, power, and cost depth perception and state estimation. However, given a prescribed relative geometry between cameras and specific camera intrinsic parameters, there is a limit to the size of the target, below which SfM breaks down. Even with a wide, inter-image baseline, it is difficult to maintain a safe distance from a small, noncooperative target. In contrast, RISfM has 59.4% less 3D reconstruction error than traditional SfM in orbit configurations where safe separation and keypoint correlation can be achieved. When evaluated on simulated imagery of a 1.48 m width target space-craft using keypoint descriptors as 2D point measurements, RISfM results in a 3D reconstruction error of 13.25 cm while 15.8 m from the target.
Saddle dolomite as a by-product of chemical compaction and thermochemical sulfate reduction

Petrographic, stable and radiogenic isotope, trace-element, and fluid-inclusion data from the Devonian Nisku reef trend in the subsurface of Alberta, Canada, suggest that saddle dolomite was a by-product of chemical compaction and thermochemical sulfate reduction in subsiding dolomitized rocks. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction may be representative of other processes that increase the amount of saddle dolomite via an increase in carbonate alkalinity. The data also confirm that saddle dolomite is most likely to form at elevated temperatures from hypersaline brines.
Frontiers of Geometric Deep Learning for Structure-Based Drug Design

—Structure-based drug design (SBDD), which utilizes the three-dimensional geometry of proteins to identify potential drug candidates, is becoming increasingly vital in drug discovery. However, traditional methods based on physiochemical modeling and experts’ domain knowledge are time-consuming and laborious. The recent advancements in geometric deep learning, which integrates and processes 3D geometric data, coupled with the availability of accurate protein 3D structure predictions from tools like AlphaFold, have significantly propelled progress in structure-based drug design. This paper systematically reviews the recent progress of geometric deep learning for structure-based drug design. We briefly discuss cornerstone tasks in structure-based drug design, commonly used 3D protein representations and representative predictive/generative models. Then, we delve into detailed reviews for each task (binding site prediction, binding pose generation, de novo molecule generation, linker design, and binding affinity prediction), including the problem setup, representative methods, datasets, evaluation metrics, and benchmarking performance. Finally, we conclude this survey with the current challenges and highlight potential opportunities of geometric deep learning for structure-based drug design. We curate a repository of state-of-the-art studies in SBDD at https://github.com/zaixizhang/Awesome-SBDD.
Frequency of typhoon landfall over Guangdong Province of China during the period 1470–1931

Based on the records of local governments, the frequency of typhoon landfall over 22 cities/counties in the Guangdong Province of China during the period 1470–1931 is examined. The number of typhoons making landfall each year is used to form a time series. To reduce the level of uncertainty in the records, two other series are also formed, using 5- and 10-year totals. Application of various time series analysis techniques to the three series suggests that the frequency of typhoon landfall has a positive linear trend as well as centennial and decadal oscillations, the most significant being around 140–210 years and 30–60 years, respectively. Furthermore, the period of oscillation appears to change with time. Three sub-series can also be identified from this 462-year period: 1470–1667, 1668–1790 and 1791–1931. Each sub-series has its own characteristics, with a different autoregressive (AR) order. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Institute for International Economic Policy Working Papers Series

Using a panel of Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreads and supply chain links, we observe that both favorable and unfavorable credit shocks propagate through supply chains in the CDS market. Particularly, the three-day cumulative abnormal CDS spread change (CASC) is 63 basis points for firms whose customers experienced a CDS up-jump event (an adverse credit shock). The value is 74 basis points if their suppliers experienced a CDS up-jump event. The corresponding three-day CASC values are −36 and −38 basis points, respectively, for firms whose customers and suppliers, respectively, experienced an extreme CDS down-jump event (a favorable credit shock). These effects are approximately twice as large for adverse credit shocks originating from natural disasters. Credit shock propagation is absent in inactive supply chains, and is amplified if supply-chain partners are followed by the same analysts. Industry competition and financial linkages between supply chain partners, such as trade credit and large sales exposure, amplify the shock propagation along supply chains. Strong shock propagation persists through second and third supply-chain tiers for adverse shocks but attenuates for favorable shocks. JEL classification: E43, E51, G12, G14, G23, G24, G32, L11, L22.
Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary age and mid-ocean-ridge–type mantle source for Shatsky Rise

Basalt sills cored in lowermost Berriasian sediments on Shatsky Rise in the northwest Pacific yield a mean 4 0 Ar- 3 9 Ar incremental heating age of 144.6 ′ 0.8 Ma, providing a minimum estimate on the age of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. The largest part of the rise was emplaced at rates similar to those of several continental flood basalts. The rise formed at an oceanic triple junction, and the sills, as well as lavas from two dredge sites, exhibit an ocean ridge-type Nd-Pb-Sr isotope signature. This signature is provisionally consistent with either a perisphere or meteorite-impact model, but is not predicted by the plume-head model of plateau formation. However, no model can yet be rejected, given the very sparse sampling of Shatsky Rise.
Holocene organic carbon burial rates in the southeastern Swedish Baltic Sea

To estimate Holocene changes in organic carbon mass accumulation rates (Corg MARs) in the southeastern Swedish Baltic Sea, two sediment cores were studied in combination with biogeochemical modelling. Prior to 11 300 cal. BP, Corg MARs were extremely low, indicating low organic matter production on the catchment of the Baltic Ice Lake. Following a brief regression, the Ancylus Lake stage occurred between 11 100 and 9800 cal. BP. Corg MARs increased substantially during this period because of enhanced washing in of terrestrial organic matter, when boreal forests were initially established. The prominent marine stage, known as the Littorina transgression between 8500 and 3000 cal. BP, is marked by a minor increase in Corg MARs. Our modelling reveals a changing terrestrial organic carbon input between 100 and 1000 g/m2 per yr that accounts for 30—80% of total organic carbon in sediments of the southeastern Swedish Baltic Sea, with maximum values (c. 20 × 103g/m2 per yr) occurring during the Bronze/Iron Age transition at about 3000 cal. BP. Corg MAR in the entire Baltic basin is estimated at 3.01 × 106 t/yr during the pre-industrial Holocene, comparable with other large inland water bodies. Regardless of the source of carbon, our data indicate that the Baltic basin is an important sedimentary reservoir for organic carbon storage and thus should be included in accounting for global terrestrial carbon cycling during the pre-industrial Holocene.
U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope systematics of zircons from the Mississippi River sand: Implications for reworking and growth of continental crust

We carried out in situ U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircons from the Mississippi River in order to understand crustal reworking and continental growth rates. The U-Pb analyses for 416 zircons reveal three major peaks of crust formation at 2.8–2.6 Ga, 1.8–0.9 Ga, and after 0.2 Ga. Initial Hf isotope ratios were obtained for 402 of the dated zircons, and only 8% of the zircons have \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\ \_{Hf(\mathit{T})\_{DM}}\) \end{document} values less negative than −2.5. These data correspond to a crustal residence time of <120 m.y. This finding indicates that crustal reworking was a very important process in continental crust formation. The \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\ \_{Hf(\mathit{T})\_{DM}}\) \end{document} population demonstrates that reworking was predominant at 2.5–2.0 Ga and after 0.9 Ga, whereas juvenile crust formation dominated between 2.0 and 1.6 Ga. We calculated the mantle-extraction model ages to estimate the continental growth rate. Approximately half of the grains have model ages between 2.0 and 1.3 Ga, indicating rapid crustal growth during this time. The continental growth rate suggests that 15% and 78% crust in the source region of the zircons formed by 2.5 and 1.3 Ga, respectively.
Engaging Maori in Biobanking and Genetic Research: Legal, Ethical, and Policy Challenges

Publically funded biobanking initiatives and genetic research should contribute towards reducing inequalities in health by reducing the prevalence and burden of disease. It is essential that Maori and other Indigenous populations share in health gains derived from these activities. The Health Research Council of New Zealand has funded a research project (2012-2015) to identify Maori perspectives on biobanking and genetic research, and to develop cultural guidelines for ethical biobanking and genetic research involving biospecimens. This review describes relevant values and ethics embedded in Maori indigenous knowledge, and how they may be applied to culturally safe interactions between biobanks, researchers, individual participants, and communities. Key issues of ownership, privacy, and consent are also considered within the legal and policy context that guides biobanking and genetic research practices within New Zealand. Areas of concern are highlighted and recommendations of international relevance are provided. To develop a productive environment for "next-generation" biobanking and genomic research,"‘next-generation" regulatory solutions will be required.
Does Price Matter in Charitable Giving? Evidence from a Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment

We conducted a natural field experiment to further our understanding of the economics of charity. Using direct mail solicitations to over 50,000 prior donors of a nonprofit organization, we tested the effectiveness ofa matching grant on charitable giving. We find that the match offer increases both the revenue per solicitation and the response rate. Larger match ratios (i
STREAM TEMPERATURE UNDER AN INADEQUATE BUFFER STRIP IN THE SOUTHEAST PIEDMONT

ABSTRACT: A paired watershed experiment on the southeastern Piedmont to determine the effect of clearcutting loblolly pine on water quantity, quality, and timing has shown that stream water temperatures we increased as much as 20°F even though a partial buffer strip of trees and shrubs were left in place to shade the stream. Water time minimum stream temperatures were lowered as much as 10°F by the same treatment. A stream temperature model now in use did not predict such elevated temperatures. The authors suggest that forest cover reductions in areas of gentle land relief may elevate the temperature of shallow ground water moving to the stream, even with a substantial buffer strip Ln place.
Relationships between herring school distribution and seabed substrate derived from RoxAnn

A series of three fine-spatial-scale acoustic studies was carried out to study the relationships between herring-school distribution and the seabed substrate. The study was carried out on three separate bank areas east of Shetland in July 1993. The study areas were characterised respectively as: mainly mud with some hard ground; mixed mud, sand and hard ground; and mostly hard ground. Herring schools were identified from the echo-sounder record. The substrate was mapped using the RoxAnn seabed classification system interfaced to the same echo-sounder. The relationship between herring distribution and substrate was examined at two different levels; map-based, using contour plots of the important variables, and track-based, using individual herring schools in relation to the specific substrate type found on the survey track under the schools. Data are presented which show a strong tendency for schools to be found preferentially over hard seabeds, particularly in the track-based analysis. There also appears to be a strong relationship between herring aggregations and particular topographic features. This is discussed in relation to specific features, a low ridge and two escarpments, identified in two of the study areas.
DIFFERENTIAL PERCEPTION OF VOWEL AND STOP CONTRASTS IN SPANISH-ENGLISH BILINGUAL PRESCHOOLERS

Despite extensive work on perceptual development in bilingual infants, we know little about speech perception in bilingual preschoolers. This study investigates English vowel and stop voicing perception in 20 Spanish-English bilingual preschoolers and 20 English monolingual peers. Perception was assessed through a forced-choice minimal-pair identification task in which children heard synthesized audio stimuli that varied systematically along an /i-ɪ/ vowel continuum and a /b-p/ Voice Onset Time (VOT) continuum and were asked to match them with one of two pictures for each contrast. The results of Bayesian mixed-effects logistic regression analyses indicated no credible difference in vowel perception between monolinguals and bilinguals. In contrast, the bilinguals’ category boundary for English /b-p/ was impacted by their experience with Spanish, with more short-lag VOT tokens being perceived as voiceless in line with Spanish VOT. We interpret the observed asymmetry as stemming from differences in L1-L2 mappings across the contrasts.