Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors Contributing to Gender Disparity in Education in Rural Areas: Evidence from Three Districts of Punjab, Pakistan

Education is an important human capital; and, it is the fundamental right of every human being irrespective of gender to acquire knowledge through education. Social scientists have highlighted the significance of female education without which socio-economic growth, especially in Asia, remains slow. However, gender disparity in education persists in rural peripherals of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Iran, Nepal and Bangladesh (UNESCO 2015). This deplorable situation is subject to multiple socio-economic and cultural barriers. In order to unveil these militating attributes, present investigation was conducted in three districts of the Punjab province in Pakistan from March to June 2016. The province is divided into three different zones: Northern, Central and Southern. From each zone, one district was purposively selected as the study area. From the selected districts (Sargodha, Khushab and Bhakhar), 100 rural households from each district were selected through multi-stage simple random sampling technique. The data were collected from 300 household heads and from their spouses through in-depth individual interviews to find out the difference in opinion of the male and female respondents. The collected data was analysed using SPSS. Paired t-test was used to find out the difference in responses of male and female respondents. In order to find out the difference in intensity of factors in the three districts, F-test was applied. Results showed that there is highly significant difference between age of male family heads and their spouses (wives) (χ2=50.121 and P<0.05). Similar trend was found in educational status of male heads and their spouses. Cross tabulation indicated that educational status of wives was low as compared to their husbands. Analysis showed that a number of socio-economic factors are responsible for the existing gender disparity with reference to education in the study areas. Respondents identified low income, high educational expenditures, low educational level of parents (especially the mother), and security concerns of parents regarding sexual harassment as the major factors impeding female education. Results of the F-test showed that there exists difference in intensity of factors in the three study districts of Punjab which contribute towards gender disparity in education. Highest intensity (x =2.74/3.00) was found in district Bhakhar as it is a remote district of Punjab with higher poverty rate, followed by district Khushab and Sargodha. It is recommended that the Government at the national level should take serious steps in creating conducive environment to enhance female enrolment rate in rural localities.
Fishes of the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia

The shallow-water fish fauna of the Dampier Archipelago (to a depth of 30 m), which now totals 650 species, consists of a rich coral reef fauna (465 species), a moderate mangrove one (116 species), smaller numbers of soft bottom inhabitants (106 species) and a relatively low number of pelagic species (67). The outer islands are inhabited predominantly by coral reef fishes whereas inner areas close to the mainland are occupied by mangrove and silty-bottom dwellers. The inter-island passages have a relatively rich soft bottom fauna. Species diversity is at its highest in areas of high topographic diversity, the area with the highest diversities lying along the exposed northern perimeter of the archipelago. These more off-shore areas are apparently under the direct influence of the off-shore flowing, warm Leeuwin Current, where water clarity is high and propagules from upstream locations, such as the Rowley Shoals, are deposited. The more in-shore areas are affected by high turbidity resulting from mangrove communities and high freshwater runoff during cyclonic events. The fish fauna of the archipelago is closely related to that occurring at the more off-shore Monte Bello Islands, but is noticeably less diverse than the islands of the West Pilbara region to the south. Some elements of the Kimberley fish fauna also inhabit the archipelago.
Woodfuel for urban markets in the Congo Basin: a livelihood perspective.

Hout is de belangrijkste energiebron van huishoudens in sub-Sahara Afrika en het gebruik van houtskool in stedelijke gebieden groeit. Deze dissertatie maakt deel uit van een nieuwe generatie van houtenergie-studies sinds de begin jaren 2000. De hernieuwde interesse komt voort uit de erkenning, dat handel in houtenergie mogelijk bijdraagt aan het oplossen van armoede en energieproblemen. Waar in het verleden houtenergie- studies zich nog voornamelijk concentreerden op het kappen voor eigen huishoudelijk gebruik en productievraagstukken, is er nu meer aandacht voor de rol van stedelijke vraag en commercie. Dit omvat het potentieel van houtenergie als bron van inkomsten. Omdat houtenergie-studies zich traditioneel meer gericht hebben op de kwetsbare droge en semi-aride gebieden in de wereld, is er weinig informatie over het karakter en het ontwikkelingsperspectief van de handel in Afrika’s tropische humide bos regio’s. Deze dissertatie analyseert houtenergie als een bron van levensonderhoud in de context van stedelijke brandhoutbevoorrading in het Kongobekken.
Clinical validation of the nursing diagnostic proposition perioperative thirst

Objective: to verify the clinical validity of the proposition of a new nursing diagnosis called perioperative thirst, based on the diagnostic accuracy of its clinical indicators, including the magnitude of effect of its etiological factors. Method: clinical diagnostic validation study with a total of 150 surgical patients at a university hospital. Sociodemographic variables and clinical indicators related to thirst were collected. The latent class analysis technique was used. Results: two models of latent classes were proposed for the defining characteristics. The model adjusted preoperatively included: dry lips, thick saliva, thick tongue, desire to drink water, caregiver report, dry throat and constant swallowing of saliva. In the postoperative period: dry throat, thick saliva, thick tongue, constant swallowing of saliva, desire to drink water, bad taste in the mouth. The factors related to “high ambient temperature” and “dry mouth” are associated with the presence of thirst, as well as the associated conditions “use of anticholinergics” and “intubation”. The prevalence of thirst was 62.6% in the pre and 50.2% in the immediate postoperative period. Conclusion: the diagnostic proposition of perioperative thirst showed good accuracy parameters for its clinical indicators and etiological effects. This proposition in a nursing taxonomy will allow greater visibility, appreciation and treatment of this symptom.
Spectra of Low Energy Electrons Emitted in the Interaction of Slow Ne+ Ions with Mg Surfaces

We measured spectra of low energy electrons emitted in the interaction of singly charged Ne+ ions with the Mg surface at incident ion energies ranging from 50 eV to 4 keV. The study examines issues related to the excitation of both the surface and the bulk plasmons of the target. We will also focus on the dynamics of the production of the singlet Ne2p4(1D)3s2 and triplet Ne2p4(3P)3s2 autoionizing states of projectiles scattered in a vacuum. The threshold behavior of the autoionization lines show that double excitation occurs simultaneously in a single scattering. The predominant excitation of the triplet state indicates the importance of charge rearrangement and the electron correlation effects during the collisional excitation.
Breast Cancer Management Timelines in a Tertiary Care Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Makkah City, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent form of cancer and a leading cause of death among women worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, it accounted for 31.8% among females of all new cancer cases reported in 2018. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, there was a complete redistribution of healthcare resources to face this crisis, which caused a significant delay in the management of various diseases, including BC. There is currently a lack of research in our region on the facility time interval in BC management. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this gap by determining the timelines of diagnosis, management, and factors influencing the delay. Methods: This observational retrospective study included all female patients diagnosed with BC at or referred to King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, between January 2020 and August 2021. The data for this study were obtained from a centralized electronic chart review of all included patients at the KAMC center. Results: A total of 76 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 50 ± 11 years. In terms of the disease management duration, 20 patients (26.3%) completed their management within 30 days, 28 patients (36.8%) had a management duration between 31 and 60 days, and the management duration of 28 patients (36.8%) exceeded 60 days. Patient deposition showed a significant association with delay (p = 0.033). A higher incidence of delays at the initiation of treatment was observed in patients who failed to attend appointments (p < 0.001). Among patients who skipped two or more appointments, 12 individuals (80%) experienced a delay of more than 60 days. Moreover, appointment cancellation was associated with delayed treatment initiation (p = 0.03). Patients' age and comorbidity showed no significant association (p = 0.49, p = 0.24, respectively). Conclusion: Our findings highlight the significant impact of patient deposition and canceled or skipped appointments on delayed initiation of therapy for BC patients. Further research should be conducted to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on other malignancies.
Student-Teacher Ethnoracial Matching at Charter and Traditional Public Schools

ABSTRACT Using classroom-level data from nearly all California schools, we investigate whether Hispanic, Asian, Black, and Native students in grades K-5 are more likely to have a teacher of the same race at charter schools or traditional public schools in 2017-18, what school and student characteristics explain these differences, and how ethnoracial matching rates changed since 2012-13. Hispanic and Black students experience greater rates of ethnoracial matching at charter schools, whereas Asian and Native students experience greater match rates at traditional public schools. Having a same-race principal is a strong predictor of student-teacher ethnoracial match in many models. Since 2012-13, ethnoracial matching increased for Hispanic and Asian students, decreased for Black students, and remained stable for Native students. These findings are important given the benefits of exposure to teachers of the same ethnoracial identity and number of students of color in charter schools.
Free-Hand MIS TLIF without 3D Navigation—How to Achieve Low Radiation Exposure for Both Surgeon and Patient

Background: Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is one of the most frequently performed spinal fusion techniques, and this minimally invasive (MIS) approach has advantages over the traditional open approach. A drawback is the higher radiation exposure for the surgeon when conventional fluoroscopy (2D-fluoroscopy) is used. While computer-assisted navigation (CAN) reduce the surgeon’s radiation exposure, the patient’s exposure is higher. When we investigated 2D-fluoroscopically guided and 3D-navigated MIS TLIF in a randomized controlled trial, we detected low radiation doses for both the surgeon and the patient in the 2D-fluoroscopy group. Therefore, we extended the dataset, and herein, we report the radiation-sparing surgical technique of 2D-fluoroscopy-guided MIS TLIF. Methods: Monosegmental and bisegmental MIS TLIF was performed on 24 patients in adherence to advanced radiation protection principles and a radiation-sparing surgical protocol. Dedicated dosemeters recorded patient and surgeon radiation exposure. For safety assessment, pedicle screw accuracy was graded according to the Gertzbein–Robbins classification. Results: In total, 99 of 102 (97.1%) pedicle screws were correctly positioned (Gertzbein grade A/B). No breach caused neurological symptoms or necessitated revision surgery. The effective radiation dose to the surgeon was 41 ± 12 µSv per segment. Fluoroscopy time was 64 ± 34 s and 75 ± 43 radiographic images per segment were performed. Patient radiation doses at the neck, chest, and umbilical area were 65 ± 40, 123 ± 116, and 823 ± 862 µSv per segment, respectively. Conclusions: Using a dedicated radiation-sparing free-hand technique, 2D-fluoroscopy-guided MIS TLIF is successfully achievable with low radiation exposure to both the surgeon and the patient. With this technique, the maximum annual radiation exposure to the surgeon will not be exceeded, even with workday use.
THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL LITERACY, EASE OF USE AND USEFULNESS ON THE USE OF SHOPEE PAYLATER IN MALANG CITY STUDENTS

Technological advances increase the emergence of online buying and selling applications or e-commerce. The increase in the number of online buying and selling applications is accompanied by an increase in payment features that are increasingly easy adn practical. One of them that is quite widely used is Shopee Pay Later. This study examines the effect of financial literacy, Ease Of Use, and benefits of using Shopee Paylater. This research method uses Quantitative methods. The location of this research is in Malang City. The sample of this research is 80 samples. The data used is primary data. The data collection technique used is a questionnaire. The variables used are Financial Literacy (X1), Ease Of Use (X2), Benefits (X3), and Shopee Paylater (Y). The test tool used is the SmartPLS 3.0 application. This study found that Financial Literacy (X1) has a significant effect on the use of Shopee Pay later in a negative direction. So the higher the level of individual financial literacy, the lower the use of Shopee Paylater. The Ease Of Use variable (X2) has a significant effect in a positive direction. Benefit Variable (X3) has a significant effect in a positive direction. Then the higher the level of Ease Of Use and benefits of shopee pay later, the more users will also increase. The use of Shopee Paylater by individuals with high financial literacy will tend to be low because there will be much information taken into consideration in their financial decisions, such as interest and loan risk. Meanwhile, the Ease Of Use and benefits variables will lead to high use of Shopee Paylater regardless of the level of individual financial literacy. Because basically, humans will use technology if it provides Ease Of Use and benefits. So financial literacy is very important to consider in making financial decisions.
Impact of Inverter-Based Resources on Different Implementation Methods for Distance Relays—Part I: Phase Comparators

Unconventional fault currents of inverter-based resources (IBRs) can adversely impact distance relays. Despite extensive investigation in the literature, the available studies on this topic mostly suffer from three main shortcomings: (i) they consider only the apparent-impedance-based implementation method of distance protection and do not cover the methods used by relay manufacturers to realize the distance element, (ii) they focus on only the relays that protect the direct tie-lines of IBRs, severely limiting the benefits of these studies for future IBR-centric grids, and (iii) they do not consider the requirements of recent grid codes and standards for the low-voltage ride-through current of IBRs. This article addresses these three shortcomings. Part I of this article is on distance relays that use phase comparators.
Probability or time: Effect of presentation format on continuous risky decisions

Continuous risky decisions refer to decisions that involve trade-offs among options with persistent risks. People can use the probability of occurrence per unit time (e.g., ‘the probability of occurrence is 1% per month’) or the average time of risk occurrence (e.g., ‘the average occurrence time is 100 months’) to represent continuous risky options. In this study, we examined the effect of the presentation format (i.e., the probability of occurrence per unit time vs. the average time of risk occurrence) on continuous risky decisions in the gain domain and further explored the underlying mechanism. In Study 1 (N = 122), we demonstrated the effect of presentation format on continuous risky decisions and the moderating effect of the magnitude of probabilities. Specifically, when the probabilities were relatively low, compared with the probability of occurrence per unit time, using the average time of risk occurrence to present the continuous risky options led to more risk-averse decisions. However, when the probabilities were relatively high, compared with the probability of occurrence per unit time, the presentation format of the average time occurrence led to more risk-seeking decisions. In Study 2 (N = 136), we found that the moderating effect of the option probabilities on continuous risky decisions was mediated by the subjective attribute-wise difference judgment. In Study 3 (N = 221), we replicated the effect of presentation format on continuous risky decisions in more natural scenarios. The study offered a deep understanding of the mechanism of continuous risky decision-making, and the results were conducive to further developing theories in relevant fields.
Diffusion metrics in human white matter depend on fiber orientation

In this work we studied the orientation dependence of diffusivities measured in DTI of healthy human white matter in vivo. The observed orientation dependence of the mean diffusivity can be explained by the effects of diffusion-mediated dephasing in the presence of diamagnetic myelin. Orientation dependence was markedly different for the radial and axial components of the diffusivity and suggests the presence of residual dipole-dipole interaction between water molecules.
Promoting women’s entrepreneurship development based on good practice programmes : some experiences from the North to the South

Exmines entrepreneurship support programmes in developed countries in order to work out recommendations for developing countries. Identifies constraints facing entrepreneurs and discusses the characteristics of a successful microenterprise. Investigates performance criteria used to evaluate good practice in microenterprise promotion and describes methodologies used to deliver support services. Reviews good practice programmes and discusses their gender sensitivity and their replicability. Examines organizations involved in entrepreneurship promotion.
Investigation of nutritional status, VO2max, agility, speed, and strength: A cross-sectional study in basketball athletes

Nutritional status, VO2max, agility, speed, and strength are very important factors for every athlete to achieve maximum performance, especially in basketball. This study aims to determine the level of nutritional status, VO2max, agility, speed, and strength of Jembrana Regency basketball athletes in Preparation for the 2022 Bali Provincial Sports Week Championship. The sample in this study consisted of 12 men’s basketball athletes, Porprov Jembrana Regency, using the total sampling technique. The type of research used in this research was a cross-sectional study. The instruments used to collect data in this study were the Body Mass Index to measure nutritional status, the Multistage Fitness Test to measure VO2max, the Illinois Agility Test to measure agility, the 30M Sprint Test to measure speed, and the Push Up & Sit Up Test to measure muscle strength; belly and arms. The study found that the average nutritional status was normal, VO2max was good, agility was good, speed was very poor, arm muscle strength was good, and abdominal muscle strength was very good. The results of the study could assist Jembrana Regency get a good idea of how the athletes are training and how well the staff and teachers are working together. This is important for getting the best results at the Bali Provincial Sports Week championship. Based on the study's results, the best way to get ready for the Bali Provincial Sports Week championship is for players to get in better shape, especially in terms of biomotor VO2max and speed, which are still not good enough. So, more study can be done to re-evaluate these biomotors and add more physical test markers so that players’ physical success can be tracked as well as possible.
Is Your Pregnancy Unwanted or Unhappy? Psychological Correlates of a Cluster of Pregnant Women Who Need Professional Care

Background: A negative response towards a current pregnancy consists of two elements: unwantedness of and unhappiness about the current pregnancy. Little is clear about whether pregnant women can be categorized in terms of unwantedness and unhappiness as well as what the correlates are of these categories. Methods: An internet survey of 696 women in their first trimester of pregnancy examined the participants’ intention of and emotional reaction towards pregnancy, borderline personality traits, adult attachment style, depression, fear of childbirth, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, fetal bonding disorder, avoidance of taking part in child care, and consideration about termination of pregnancy (TOP). About one third of the participants were followed up with in their second trimester. Results: Two-step cluster analysis using the participants’ intention of and emotional reaction towards pregnancy revealed three groups of pregnant women: those who wanted and were happy about the pregnancy (Cluster 1), those who were unhappy about the pregnancy (Cluster 2), and those who did not intend to be pregnant but were happy about pregnancy (Cluster 3). Cluster 2 women, but not Cluster 3 women, were likely to be single, with borderline personality traits as well as unstable adult attachment styles, accompanied by depression, fear of childbirth, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and fetal bonding disorder. They were more likely to avoid caring for the baby after childbirth and consider TOP. Conclusion: Expectant women who were unhappy about their pregnancy were at risk of psychological adjustment and need specific perinatal mental health assessment and care.
Information Sharing and Competition in the Motor Vehicle Industry

Up to six months ahead of actual production, U.S. automakers announce plans for their monthly domestic production of cars. A leading industry trade journal publishes the initial plans and then a series of revisions leading up to the month in question. We analyze a panel data set spanning the years 1965–95, matching the production forecasts with data for actual monthly production. We show that a firm's plan announcement affects competitors' later revisions of their own plans and eventual production. The interaction appears to be complementary: large plans or upward revisions cause competitors to revise plans upward and increase production. The results are consistent with theoretical models in which firms share information about common demand parameters.