Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coordinated Look-ahead Control of Multiple CSPS System by Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning: Coordinated Look-ahead Control of Multiple CSPS System by Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning

The optimal control problem of a multiple conveyor-serviced production station (CSPS) system is concerned. The objective is to maximize the part-processing rate of the entire system by choosing a suitable look-ahead control strategy for each CSPS. According to the reaction-diﬀusion mechanism of multi-agent systems, the original performance function of each agent is ﬁrst modiﬁed by introducing an item with a diﬀusion function that denotes the interaction of local information (The original item is assumed to have a reaction function). Then, combined with the concept of performance potentials, a multi-agent algorithm, i
Countabilism and Maximality Principles

It is standard in set theory to assume that Cantor’s Theorem establishes that the continuum is an uncountable set. A challenge for this position comes from the observation that through forcing one can collapse any cardinal to the countable and that the continuum can be made arbitrarily large. In this paper, we present a different take on the relationship between Cantor’s Theorem and extensions of universes, arguing that they can be seen as showing that every set is countable and that the continuum is a proper class. We examine several principles based on maximality considerations in this framework, and show how some (namely Ordinal Inner Model Hypotheses ) enable us to incorporate standard set theories (including ZFC with large cardinals added). We con-clude that the systems considered raise questions concerning the foundational purposes of set theory
Overlapping ion populations in the cusp: polar/TIMAS results

The 90 degree inclined orbit of the Polar satellite crosses the cusp at intermediate altitudes (4RE–6RE). The Toroidal Imaging Mass‐Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) on the Polar spacecraft can obtain full energy/pitch angle distributions for four masses simultaneously. Many examples of magnetosheath particle injections with velocity dispersion, sometimes overlapping, have been observed.
MULTIPLE CONTRASTS, FACTORS, ERROR RATE AND POWER

A method is given for choosing (post hoc) a set of v1 mutually orthogonal null contrasts such that the maximum number (r) rejectable by a new criterion are rejected and v1 – r retained. Type I error rate is defined as the expected proportion of the v1 decisions which will be errors when all nulls are true. Because the new criterion uses F, the expected proportion of rejections can be calculated for the case when all nulls are not true, and this is taken as the definition of power. Theoretical means are deducible from decisions for v1 mutually orthogonal contrasts and, if rejected null contrasts are given suitable non-zero values, there is no ambiguity about the theoretical means. The traditional values of FΓ; v1, v2 ‘load the dice’ against finding true interactions ‘significant’ in factorial analyses. The new values (table given) do not have this property and their use is illustrated using a one-way anova on data from a factorially designed experiment. This procedure permits the analysis of unequal replications in factorially designed experiments.
Numerical Investigation of Flow in the Vicinity of a Swimming Jellyfish

Abstract The paper deals with the simulation of unsteady flow around jellyfish Aurelia sp. with consideration of the cyclic behaviour of the jellyfish bell. The bell cyclic movement was extracted from the video recordings of a swimming jellyfish while its displacement was simultaneously calculated from the numerically predicted forces of the bell on the fluid. Numerical simulation enabled us to predict the time evolution of the velocity field in the vicinity of the jellyfish and the formation of vortex rings that were observed during experiments. Comparison with experimental investigations revealed a good correlation in the flow pattern between forces and swimming velocity. Because of a relatively simple problem set-up the study also indicates a good possibility for further numerical studies of locomotion of organisms where experiments are hard or impossible to perform. Additionally a hypothesis that the organism uses a slightly asymmetric swimming technique to preserve a symmetric flow field was formulated.
Monte carlo estimates of the distributions of the random polygons of the voronoi tessellation with respect to a poisson process

A large-scale study, in which two million random Voronoi polygons (with respect to a homogeneous Poisson point process) were generated and mensurated, is described. The polygon characteristics recorded are number of sides (or vertices), perimeter, area and interior angles. A feature is the efficient “quantile” method of replicating Poisson-type random structures, which it is hoped may find useful application elsewhere.
An Approach to Gravity Modification as a Propulsion Technology

Gravity modification as a portable non‐mass effect is feasible. Contemporary experiments such as HFGW and LIGO require mass to model gravitational acceleration and gravitational waves. A different approach to gravitational acceleration, and thus space propulsion technologies is presented here. This paper proposes that gravitational acceleration on any particle is the effect of the deformation of the shape and mass of the particle due to non‐inertia transformations present in that local region of the gravitational field. The analytical formulation and numerical integration has led to the discovery of a new formula for gravitational acceleration, g = τc2, that is neither a function of the mass of the gravitational source nor a function of gravitational waves; where τ is a function of the time dilation present in the local gravitational field. This formula has been tested and verified to be correct in the gravitational fields of the nine planetary bodies in our Solar System, and the Sun; mechanical accelerat.
On Carnot-Carathéodory metrics

Consider a smooth Riemannian ^-manifold (M, g) equipped with a smooth distribution of /c-planes. Such a distribution Δ assigns to each point m e M a /^-dimensional subspace of the tangent space TmM. An absolutely continuous curve a in M is said to be horizontal if it is a.e. tangent to the distribution Δ. One may define a metric on M as follows. Definition. The Carnot-Caratheodory distance between two points p,q e M is dc{p, q) = infω e C {length(ω)}, where Cpq is the set of all horizontal curves which join p to q. The metric dc is finite provided that the distribution Δ satisfies Hόrmander's condition (assuming that M is connected). To describe this condition, let Xl9 X2, —,Xk be a local basis of vector fields for the distribution near m e M. If these vector fields, along with all their commutators, span TmM, then the vector fields are said to satisfy Hόrmander's condition at m. Denote by Vt{m) the subspace of TmM spanned by all commutators of the Λ̂ 's of order < i (including, of course, the X/s). It is easy to see that Vt{m) does not depend upon the choice of local basis {Xj}, so it makes sense to say that the distribution satisfies Hόrmander's condition at m if dimJ^(m) = dim(M) for some i. This infinitesimal transitivity implies local transitivity: Theorem {Chow). If a smooth distribution satisfies H'όrmander 's condition at m G M, then any point p e M which is sufficiently close to m may be joined to m by a horizontal curve. Thus, if M is connected, the metric dc is finite. We will prove below the following two local theorems concerning the metric space (M, dc) associated to a generic distribution Δ on M. (A distribution is said to be generic if, for each /, dim(P^(m)) is independent of the point
Force analysis of jamming with disks of different sizes in a two-dimensional hopper

We calculate using force analysis the jamming probability of mixed disks that move downwards under gravity in a two-dimensional hopper. Jamming happens when disks form an arc across the hopper opening and we determine the stability of the forces acting at different arc points. To test the accuracy of our technique, we performed hopper experiments (side-wall separation: 0.2 cm) using disks (average thickness: 0.198 ± 0.02 cm) at various d/R values where d is the hopper opening dimension and R is the disk radius. For N identical disks, the jamming probability is a sigmoidal function of N. We measured the jamming probability at d/R = 2.97, 3.48, 4.0, 4.3 and 4.97, and verified the presence of three possible flow regimes: (1) jam-free continuous flow for N less than the onset Nd, (2) transitory flow where the probability increases with N for Nd≤N≤Nu and (3) an N-independent jammed state for N greater than the saturation threshold Nu. Good agreement is found between theory and experiments. The existence of three flow regimes is confirmed for all d/R values with the Nu value increasing with d/R—the 2D hopper is more robust against jamming when relatively small homogeneous disks are used. We also experimented with mixtures of N large and n small disks and confirmed that jamming becomes more likely with increasing N for a constant n (and vice versa) until the maximum jamming probability is attained.
A K-Band Spectral Atlas of Wolf-Rayet Stars

We present K-band spectra (R ~ 525) of 38 northern Galactic WR Stars, of which 16 are WC, 19 are WN, two are WN/WC, and one is WO. The spectra have the expected trend of stronger lines for higher ionization species with earlier spectral subtype. Spectra for the late WC stars can appear to have weak emission lines, an effect due to different amounts of dust dilution in the individual stars. There are also differences in spectral morphology for stars within other subtypes. In general, the spectra for all WC stars earlier than WC9 tend to be quite similar, while the spectra for WN subtypes are more easily differentiated. Several previously unidentified emission lines are seen in the spectra, most notably, features near 2.247 and 2.368 μm in late-type WN stars, and one near 2.222 μm in late-type WC stars. We attribute the 2.247 μm line to a N III transition and argue that it might provide the best method for discriminating between WNL and OIf+ stars in the K band. We investigate the behavior of the 2.11 μm (He I + N III), 2.166 μm (H I + He I + He II), and 2.189 μm (He II) emission lines in WN types and find that these lines provide for accurate discrimination within the sample to within 1 subtype. From this investigation, it appears that the ratio of W2.189 μm/W2.11 μm is sensitive to subtype and shows the least dispersion within subtypes. In addition, we find that the W2.189 μm/W2.166 μm ratio also scales with subtype in a well-behaved manner once it is corrected for contamination of the 2.166 μm line by He II 14-8 and for the presence of an O star companion in binary systems. We also investigate the behavior of the 2.058 μm (He I), 2.08 μm (C IV), and the 2.11 μm (C III + He I) emission lines in WC types. The ratio of W2.08 μm/W2.11 μm correlates with subtype; however, it is not easy to distinguish between individual subtypes earlier than WC8 by just using this quantity. The dominance of the 2.058 μm line in WC9 types distinguishes this subtype from all other WC subtypes. Two WC9 stars in our sample have nearly featureless spectra due to dust dilution. It is possible to classify a WR star to within one subtype in the WN sequence based upon the sample in this atlas. The similarity of WC spectra makes it difficult to distinguish among individual subtypes earlier than WC8.
Assessment and ANN Modeling of Noise Levels at Major Road Intersections in an Indian Intermediate City

The noise generated from vehicular traffic is a major source of environmental pollution. This paper discusses a comprehensive study on the assessment and ANN modeling of noise levels due to vehicular traffic flow at interrupted traffic flow condition, i.e., at SBI (State Bank Intersection) and BSI (Bus Stand Intersection) in Yavatmal city, district place of Vidarbha Region in Maharashtra State (India). Traffic volume data and noise level data were collected simultaneously at ten selected locations. The noise level data were recorded with precision sound level meter (TES-1352 A data logger SLM, IEC651 Type2, ANSI S 1.4 peak hours (morning and evening). Instantaneous noise levels in dBA were recorded (one count per two seconds or at a rate of 30 counts per minute) and processed through Excel by grouped into 15 minutes data to evaluate noise descriptors in the form of Lmax, Lmin, L 10 , L 50 , L 90 , L eq , LNP, TNI ( Traffic Noise Index) & NC (Noise climate). Artificial Neural Network software (Elite ANN) was utilized to perform modeling. Total traffic, traffic composition (Bus/Truck), LCV (Light Commercial Vehicle), TW (Two Wheelers), bicycle and others in % and carriageway width, distance of sound level meter from pavement edge were considered as input data. The observed input and output data were processed using ANN at interrupted traffic flow conditions. The output was estimated as L 10 , L eq , LNP, TNI and NC. The performance of the model was tested by root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficient. The model was validated using linear regression analysis where it was observed that there is no significant difference between the observed and predicted output parameters.
Dilatometric and Dielectric Studies of Ferroelectric NaNO2 in the Vicinity of the Curie Temperature

In order to study the phase transitions of ferroelectric NaNO2 near the Curie temperature TC and the Néel temperature TN, the linear thermal expansions xi(i=a, b, c) and the dielectric constant ϵb of the single crystals were simultaneously measured. The formers were measured by means of a clip-type strain gauge dilatometer and the latter was measured on the frequency of 100 kHz by the temperature rate of change of 10 mK/min. The dc biasing field of 4 kV/m was intermittently applied for every other second in order to avoid the influence of ferroelectric domain existence. Each coefficient αi(i=a, b, c) of the linear thermal expansion showed some anomalies around the TC and a λ -type anomaly at the TN. No other evidence of a phase transition was found in the antiferroelectric phase between the TC and the TN except around the TC.
Numerical Study of Three-Dimensional Oscillatory Natural Convection at Low Prandtl Number in Rectangular Enclosures

Numerical investigations are presented for three-dimensional natural convection at low Prandtl numbers (Pr) from 0 to 0.027 in rectangular enclosures with differentially heated vertical walls. Computations are carried out for the enclosures with aspect ratios (length/ height) 2 and 4, and width ratios (width/height) ranging from 0.5 to 4.2. Dependence of the onset of oscillation on the Prandtl number, the aspect ratio, and the width ratio is investigated. Furthermore, oscillatory, three-dimensional flow structure is clarified. The structure is characterized by some longitudinal vortices (rolls) as well as cellular pattern
A Comparison of the Outer Atmosphere of the “Flat Activity” Star τ Ceti (G8 V) with the Sun (G2 V) and α Centauri A (G2 V)

Driven by the desire to understand the roles of acoustic and magnetic mechanisms in heating the outer atmospheres of Sun-like stars, we compare solar UV spectra with archival STIS spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope of α Cen A (G2 V) and new STIS spectra of the extremely inactive dwarf star τ Cet (G8 V, V = 3.5). The activity of τ Cet shows occasional rotational modulations but no long-term cyclic variation. It may be in a phase analogous to the solar Maunder minimum. Solar disk center intensities from both the HRTS instrument and the SUMER instrument on SOHO were converted to Sun-as-a-star fluxes by using center-to-limb data from Dammasch and colleagues. The derived solar flux spectrum represents conditions near the minimum of the solar magnetic activity cycle. We find that the τ Cet line profiles differ systematically from those of the Sun and α Cen A. While lines formed in the middle chromospheres appear similar, the entire emission from the upper chromosphere to the middle transition region of τ Cet has lower flux densities by factors of ≈2, the line widths are significantly narrower, and, uniquely, the transition region lines are not significantly redshifted. The soft X-ray surface flux of τ Cet, measured between 0.1 and 2.4 keV, is ≈9 × 103 ergs cm-2 s-1, several times smaller than the median solar value. We also find that the UV spectrum of α Cen serves as a proxy for a Sun-as-a-star spectrum when the Sun is in an intermediate phase of its activity cycle but that its coronal emission may be somewhat smaller. We discuss the implications of these results for magnetic fields and heating mechanisms in the stars and speculate that τ Cet's UV spectrum might represent the solar spectrum during a grand minimum phase.
Dual Earthquake Resistant Frames

Structural control through energy dissipation systems has been increasingly implemented internationally in recent years and has proven to be a most promising strategy for the earthquake safety of structures. In extending the “classical” approach of the capacity design for earthquake structural resistance, the integration of passive damping devices within the structure aims at energy dissipation within specific structural zones. The present paper examines an alternative control system for achieving dynamic structural adaptability, which consists of an energy dissipation device and a cable bracing mechanism with a kinetic closed circuit, working only in tension. The closed bracing mechanism does not practically affect the initial stiffness of the system, i.e. the concept relies on two completely “separate” systems: a primary for the verticaland wind loads and a secondary for the earthquake loads. An additional feature of the bracingdamper mechanism compared to conventionally passively controlled systems is the contribution of all bracing members to the energy dissipation during a loading cycle. Three “dual systems” with different configurations of the closed bracing mechanisms and damping devices are investigated in their dynamic behaviour, in the time-history range under actual earthquakes of the GreekMediterranean region. The study provides significant response comparisons of the dual systems, in respect to the stiffness of the hysteretic dampers, its effect on the base shear force and the maximum relative displacements of the systems and to the energy dissipation behaviour of the bracing-damper mechanism.
The Initiation and Organization of Convective Cells atop a Cold-Air Outflow Boundary

Abstract On 13 July 1986 a cold-air outflow from thunderstorms over Illinois and Missouri propagated through the MIST (Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm) network over northern Alabama. The study of this outflow is important since the gust front was solely responsible for the initiation of numerous convective cells. Previous studies have documented the initiation of convection due to colliding gust fronts. In addition, there was a pronounced mesoscale organization of the cells atop the outflow boundary. This was most likely due to a combination of Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) and internal gravity (IG) wave activity. In contrast to previous cases, the K–H wave crests were oriented nearly perpendicular to the gust front within the analysis area. The resulting intersections between the circulations associated with the K–H waves and the gust front produced favorable locations for the initiation of convection. Subsequently, the convective cells remained along the updraft side of the K–H wave circulations as they pro.
Robust estimation of variance components

New robust estimates for variance components are introduced. Two simple models are considered: the balanced one‐way classification model with a random factor and the balanced mixed model with one random factor and one fixed factor. However, the method of estimation proposed can be extended to more complex models. The new method of estimation we propose is based on the relationship between the variance components and the coefficients of the least‐mean‐squared‐error predictor between two observations of the same group. This relationship enables us to transform the problem of estimating the variance components into the problem of estimating the coefficients of a simple linear regression model. The variance‐component estimators derived from the least‐squares regression estimates are shown to coincide with the maximum‐likelihood estimates. Robust estimates of the variance components can be obtained by replacing the least‐squares estimates by robust regression estimates. In particular, a Monte Carlo study shows that for outlier‐contaminated normal samples, the estimates of variance components derived from GM regression estimates and the derived test outperform other robust procedures.
Kaneohe acoustic thermometer further validated with rays over 3700 km and the demise of the idea of axially trapped energy

The Kaneohe acoustic source transmitted 133‐Hz, 60‐ms resolution signals over 3709 km from Oahu at 183‐m depth to a Naval receiver at 1433‐m depth near northern California. Ray theory successfully models the acoustic multipaths whose travel times are unambiguously tracked between 1983–89, despite the fact that the sound bounces one or more times from the Oahu slope before becoming trapped in the sound channel. The eigenrays are inclined at about 15° at the axis of the sound channel. The upper turning depths of the eigenrays are insensitive to realistic perturbations along the section. This supports the finding that the changes in delay of ∼±0.2 s between 1983–89 are due to temperature and not due to changes in the multipaths. Compared with transmission through a smoothed representation of the ocean’s acoustic waveguide, the mesoscale and submesoscale features vertically scatter axially trapped energy about 200 and 800 m, respectively. The submesoscale structure may be associated with internal waves. Scatt.
Quantitative measurement of the ferromagnetic resonance signal by force detection

A magnetic resonance force microscope is used to measure ΔMz, the change of longitudinal magnetization associated with the resonant absorption of microwave power in a ferromagnetic crystal. It is demonstrated that quantitative measurements of ΔMz can be obtained by analyzing the dipolar force exerted between a disk sample and a cylindrical probe magnet aligned and magnetized along their axis. Finite size effects are found to be important when probing the resonance in a micron-sized sample.
Simulator motion-drive algorithms - A designer's perspective

Changes in the design of software algorithms for generating physical motion in flight simulators have typically been put forward on the grounds of improved motion cueing. Little attention has been paid to more practical criteria such as computational cost, ease of adjustment, or evaluation by experienced pilots in a realistic simulation environment. A comparison of three of the algorithms most commonly found in the literature has been performed: classical washout, optimal control, and coordinated adaptive. This consisted of pilot evaluations of these algorithms implemented on a six-degree-of-freedom flight simulator simulating a large transport aircraft during low-altitude flight and ground maneuvering. This paper presents the results of that study from the designer's viewpoint. In it, we contend that, with enough effort, most algorithms can be massaged to perform reasonably well, and that a more important consideration is the ease with which a given algorithm can be brought to high performance levels. If this criterion is used, it appears that the classical algorithm is a good starting point, and that the benefits of an adaptive algorithm can be added gradually to obtain the advantages conferred by nonlinear filtering and "intelligent" cost functions.