Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Women's Sizing by 3D Electronic Scanning and Traditional Anthropometry

A collaborative project between University College London (UCL) and the London College of Fashion (LCF) resulted in a greater awareness of the possibilities and problems of using automated body-scanning techniques in measurement applications for clothing. In this study, 22 young females were measured, both by traditional hand methods and by the Hamamatsu Photonics 3D Body Line Scanner. The scanner uses infra-red sensors to sweep down the subject, providing a high-density 3D image of the whole body surface in one pass. Many practical issues arise in the large-scale use of electronic imaging systems, such as the choice of scan posture and automated extraction of accurate and reproducible measurements, without causing unnecessary discomfort to the subjects. The primary focus of this work was therefore to investigate a method suitable for large-scale surveying; to highlight specific problems of comparing electronic and manual anthropometric methods; and to present this information in the public domain. A total of 64 body measures were taken manually, and six scan poses were recorded for each subject. Software was used to extract measurements automatically from the 3D scans. Difference values between the electronic and manual measurements are presented and discussed. Results show good correspondence on many key measurements and higher errors on some others where particular problems occur in comparing electronic and manual measurements, such as those that are sensitive to posture or require the location of skeletal landmarks or features normally hidden by body tissue. This work was carried out as a preparatory study for a new UK collaborative initiative, the Centre for 3D Electronic Commerce. The primary goals of the Centre are to carry out a large-scale 3D survey of the UK population and to demonstrate the use of 3D body-scanning and virtual environments in custom clothing and on-line shopping.
Modeling the Impact of Post-Flashover Shipboard Fires On Adjacent Spaces

Post-flashover fires in shipboard spaces have pronounced effects on adjacent spaces due to highly conductive boundaries. A model has been developed which predicts the thermal environment in such spaces. The model is based on radiative and convective heat transfer involving the hot wall (common boundary between post-flashover and adja cent space), the cold walls, and a gray gas. This theoretical description is reduced to a set of simultaneous non-linear equations that are solved by a Newton-Rapheson method. Experimental data provided the input function for the hot wall, and the model predictions for the gas temperature and the cold wall temperature have been compared with the experimental data. The comparisons shown are conservative, but representative, in accor dance with modeling assumptions. Language: en
Development and Validation of Safety Climate Scales for the Utility/Electric Power Industry

The purpose of the current study is to design reliable and valid safety climate scales for the utility/electric power industry. The scales have the following innovations: (a) industry-specific content regarding competing demands and design indicators tailored specifically to the utility/electric power industry in addition to general items across industries and (b) a multi-level approach affording individual respondents the opportunity to assess their perceptions of how immediate supervisors and higher level managers would react to specific safety climate issues–extending the multi-level approach to the remote-worker situation. Findings and implications are discussed.
Evaluating pole cutting survival and growth for riparian forest restoration during invasion by polyphagous shot hole borer

The investment to restore riparian systems necessitates employing data‐driven planning, implementation, and management. To evaluate the demography/growth of riparian plants established vegetatively, we measured 3 years of survival and biometrics for five tree/shrub species experimentally planted as pole cuttings within a large restoration program in a Mediterranean‐climate riparian system. During the experiment, a recently introduced ambrosia beetle, Euwallacea whitfordiodendrus (polyphagous shot hole borer), colonized pole cuttings, providing an opportunity to evaluate beetle establishment rates among species. Pole cutting survival varied significantly among species and reflected their relative ability to propagate vegetatively. Baccharis salicifolia had over 90% survival, while Salix lasiolepis and S. laevigata had intermediate, and Populus trichocarpa and P. fremontii had low survival. Canopy growth reflected species life histories. The small tree/shrub, S. lasiolepis, had robust early growth, while slower growing, larger tree species (S. laevigata, P. trichocarpa, and P. fremontii) filled in canopy later. Only S. lasiolepis was colonized by E. whitfordiodendrus during the second year and had the greatest infestation rates in all years. All species except B. salicifolia were infested by the third year. Beetles tended to colonize larger trees. Our observed survival and growth trends can serve as a guide for estimating planting density and vegetation structural development over time, and to inform adaptive management of riparian species of Mediterranean‐climate and other arid‐land systems. Ecosystem stressors, such as invasive insects and their impacts to plant growth, must be considered during restoration as introductions are anticipated to continue with increased severity with climate change.
Numerical study on effect of leading‐edge tubercles

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of spanwise shape of the leading edge on unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of wings during forward flapping and gliding flight.Design/methodology/approach – A computational fluid dynamics approach was conducted to analyze the flow around airfoils with sinusoidal‐like protuberances at a Reynolds number of 104. Three‐dimensional time‐dependent incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations are numerically solved by using finite volume method. A multigrid mesh method, which was applied to the situation of fluid across the heaving models is used to simulate this type of flow. The simulations are performed for the wavelength between neighbouring peaks of 0.25c and 0.5c. For each wavelength, two heights of the tubercles which are 5 per cent and 10 per cent of the chordwise length of wing, are employed on the leading edge of wings. The aerodynamic forces and flow structure around airfoils are presented and compared in detail. Special attention is paid t.
Methodologies for Reducing Truck Turn Time at Marine Container Terminals

One of the prominent issues container terminal operators in the US are seeking to address is how to effectively reduce truck turn time. Historically, truck turn time has received very little attention from terminal operators because port congestion has never been a barrier to their operations. However, with the recent explosive growth in containerized trade, terminals are straining to accommodate the truck traffic that moves through them. The heavy intermodal truck traffic is not only causing problems for terminal operators but for the public as well. The emissions from idling trucks are a hazard to people working and living in and around the terminals. With containerized trade volume expected to double in the next ten years, the problems associated with port congestion could get worse if measures are not taken to address the source of the problems. Terminals in some areas of the US are now required by state law to expedite the flow of trucks through their terminals. In California, any truck that idles for more than thirty minutes will result in a $250 fine to the terminal operator. This law has prompted terminal operators to look for ways to move trucks through their terminals faster, not just to avoid paying the fine, but also to lower the inland transportation cost of shipping a container via their terminals to remain competitive. This research investigates the two measures terminal operators are taking to reduce their terminals' truck turn time. The first measure is investing in additional yard cranes to facilitate the handling of containers. To this end, this research seeks to assist terminal operators in deciding whether or not to make the investment. Statistical and simulation methodologies are developed to better understand the availability of yard cranes versus truck turn time. The second measure is implementing a truck appointment system to regulate the number of trucks into the terminal. To this end, this research seeks to assist terminal operators in evaluating the consequences of limiting truck arrivals into the terminals. Furthermore, this research develops a methodology to assist terminal operators in implementing the truck appointment system, should they decided to have one.
DIRECT DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN OF FRAME-WALL STRUCTURES

A direct displacement-based design (DBD) procedure for structures that comprise both frames and walls is presented in this paper. Within the new procedure, strength proportions between walls and frames are assigned and are used to establish the design displacement profile before any analysis has taken place. Knowledge of the displacement profile and recommendations for the combination of frame and wall damping components enables representation of the structure as an equivalent single-degree of freedom system. The Direct DBD process is then utilised to set the required strength level which is proportioned to the structure in line with the initial strength assignments. To test the design methodology, two sets of 4-, 8,- 12-, 16- and 20-storey reinforced concrete structures are designed. The first set considers frame-wall structures in which the frames are parallel to the walls and the second considers structures in which link-beams connect from the frames directly onto the ends of the walls. A suite of time-history analyses are conducted to validate the methodology, which is seen to perform excellently.
Transverse edge effect in sheet-rotor induction motors

A 2-dimensional-field analysis is presented for the problem of the sheet-rotor induction motor with finite width. Account is taken of the redistribution of the air-gap flux under the action of currents which flow in the active portion of the sheet in the direction of motion. The performance is shown to depend on three dimensionless parameters which are functions of the design data and the slip. It is seen that, for certain motors, the flux redistribution can affect the performance considerably. Measurements of force and flux density made on a linear motor, although showing reasonable agreement with the analysis, suggest that it would be desirable to take into account also, at least for those motors in which severe transverse redistribution occurs, the neglected secondary leakage fluxes that exist in the end regions and within the air gap.
Contactless mapping of rhythmical phenomena in tissue perfusion using PPGI

This paper presents the experimental setup and preliminary results of a near infrared CCD camera based Photoplethysmography Imaging (PPGI) system, which has been shown to be suitable for contactless and spatially resolved assessment of rhythmical blood volume changes in the skin. To visualize the complex rhythmical patterns in the dermal perfusion the Wavelet Transform is utilized. It is able to jointly assess time and frequency behavior of signals and thus allows to analyze instationary oscillations and variabilities in the different human rhythmics. The presented system is expected to provide new insights into the functional sequences of physiological tissue perfusion as well as of the perfusion status in ulcer formation and wound healing.
Principal trends in development of gas lasers with rf excitation

A review of the modern state and analysis of development methods of gas lasers with pumping of active medium by radio frequency capacitive discharge (RFCD) are given. Specific attention is paid to powerful technological lasers. The advantages and deficiencies of such pumping methods are considered. In particular, the main physical processes and specific constructional decisions, which permit us to realize the advantages of gas lasers rf excitation with the heaviest completeness, are discussed. The perspectives of their further development are defined.
Fiber Bragg grating based accelerometer

A novel design of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based accelerometer is proposed in this paper. The chirp-free mechanism on the FBG sensing element is the methodology employed in this design. The sensor has the flexibility to apply different mechanical parameters, and it shows excellent performance to different applied signals. The performance is then optimized by varying different configuration of the sensor. Good sensitivity (18μe/g) and signal-to-noise ratio (20.68dB re nm/g) is easily achieved. Maximum input signal frequency up to 150Hz is able to be caught up by the specific configuration of the accelerometer. The accelerometer also has the capability of capturing a full sine wave input signal with the maximum peak-to-peak amplitude up to 3.9nm.
Burnout among Hong Kong Chinese architecture students: the paradoxical effect of Confucian conformity values

Burnout is a multidimensional indicator of people's psychological relationship with their job, the opposite end of which is engagement. Culture's impact on students' burnout is investigated by examining the burnout level of Hong Kong Chinese architecture students and its correlation with Confucian conformity values, the dominant societal cultural values in Confucian‐Heritage‐Cultures (CHC)1 society. Two hundred and ninety‐four students enrolled in Bachelor and Master programmes in architecture from two Hong Kong universities participated in the study. The Chinese version of Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Student Survey and a seven‐item conformity scale taken from the Schwartz Value Survey were employed to measure burnout and conformity values. Conformity values were found to be positively correlated with the EX dimension of burnout, negatively correlated with the CY (doubt significance) and the IE dimension of burnout, and not correlated with the CY (lose interest) dimension of burnout. The paradoxical effect of conformity values suggests that burnout is more than an individual phenomenon. Rather, it is a systematic problem rooted in the inconsistencies between the social culture in which the individual students are immersed and the learning culture of the architectural schools to which students are trying to adapt. Without an understanding of the contextual inconsistency, the burnout dilemma seems to be certain. The organizers of the architecture curriculum are urged to take students' social cultural context into account and address cultural diversity in their programmes.
Technical efficiency and its determinants in the Indian garment industry

One of the recommendations of the Textile Expert Committee, India, was to set a Technology Demonstration Centre to address the issues related to improvement in productivity and efficiency of the Indian garment industry. The committee identified the key factors responsible for the low level of production efficiency, which were low labour and capital productivities, high capital cost, outdated technology and low-skilled workers. In the light of subsequent recommendations made by the committee, the researchers examined the technical efficiency of the Indian garment industry. For this, a two-stage analytical process using cross-sectional data from 275 Indian garment firms spread across various states in India for the year 2004–2005 was adopted. In the first stage, data envelopment analysis was used to measure technical efficiency scores. Subsequently, in the second stage, Tobit regression was used to study the factors affecting the technical efficiency of the firms. The results of the study show that on an average, a garment firm could increase its output by 32.1% with the existing level of inputs by way of improving its input-use efficiency and adjusting plant size to the optimum level. Further, the overall technical efficiency scores were found to be more sensitive to the variation in the pure technical efficiency (PTE) scores than that in the scale efficiency scores. Lower PTE scores in all the states indicated the poor performance of the industry in converting inputs into output. The results of the study also showed that the micro-sized firms were more efficient in utilizing resources than the small and medium ones. The Tobit regression results confirmed that investment in plant and machinery and outstanding loans did have a negative impact on a firm’s efficiency. By way of contrast, efficiency was found to be positively associated with labour productivity, wages per employee and labour–staff ratio.
Procedure for the computation of hazards from diffusely scattering surfaces under the Z136.1-2000 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers

The current national consensus standard for laser safety in the United States is the American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z136.1). The most recent standard, Z136.1-2000, incorporates a wealth of recent bioeffects data and established a number of new maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits for laser safety. The standard also includes recent procedures for the computation of MPE values from large or extended diffusely scattering sources, which must be understood by health physicists, laser safety officers, and others in the field of occupational safety. Here we present the fourth in a series of tutorial articles, written to clarify laser safety analysis procedures under this standard, with an emphasis on the MPE computation methods related to extended sources, and the determination of nominal hazard zones.
Characteristics of Narrow Channel MOSFET Memory Based on Silicon Nanocrystals

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) memory devices with silicon-nanocrystal-based floating gates on a narrow channel have been fabricated. Electrical measurements have been performed in the temperature range of 20–300 K for devices of various channel dimensions. Large threshold voltage shifts are obtained, being obviously dependent on channel width, and independent of channel length. It is experimentally found that the threshold voltage shift and charge retention characteristics are almost independent of temperature. Furthermore, single electron charge/discharge processes are observed in the device with the narrowest channel.
What really is going on? Review of situation awareness models for individuals and teams

The concept of situation awareness (SA) is frequently described in the literature. Theoretically, it remains predominantly an individual construct and the majority of the models presented describe SA from an individual perspective. In comparison, team SA has received less attention. SA in complex, collaborative environments thus remains a challenge for the human factors community, both in relation to the development of theoretical perspectives and of valid measures and to the development of guidelines for system, training and procedure design. This article presents a review and critique of what is currently known about SA and team SA, including a comparison of the most prominent individual and team models presented in the literature. In conclusion, it is argued that recently proposed systems level distributed SA approaches are the most suited to describing and assessing SA in real world, collaborative environments.
Robust Ecosystem Demography (RED): a parsimonious approach to modelling vegetation dynamics in Earth System Models

Abstract. A significant proportion of the uncertainty in climate projections arises from uncertainty in the representation of land carbon uptake. Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) vary in their representations of regrowth and competition for resources, which results in differing responses to changes in atmospheric CO2 and climate. More advanced cohort-based patch models are now becoming established in the latest DGVMs. These typically attempt to simulate the size-distribution of trees as a function of both tree-size (mass or trunk diameter) and age (time since disturbance). This approach can capture the overall impact of stochastic disturbance events on the forest structure and biomass, but at the cost of needing to update a probability density function in two-dimensions. Here we present the Robust Ecosystem Demography (RED), in which the pdf is collapsed on to the single dimension of tree mass. RED is designed to retain the ability of more complex cohort DGVMs to represent forest demography, while also being parameter sparse and analytically soluble. The population of each Plant Functional Type (PFT) is partitioned into mass classes with a fixed baseline mortality along with an assumed power-law scaling of growth-rate with mass . The analytical equilibrium solutions of RED allow the model to be calibrated against observed forest cover using a single parameter – the ratio of mortality to growth for a tree of a reference mass (μ0). We show that RED can thus be calibrated to the ESA LC_CCI (European Space Agency Land Cover Climate Change Initiative) coverage dataset for nine PFTs. Using Net Primary Productivity and litter outputs from the UK Earth System Model (UKESM), we are able to diagnose the spatially varying disturbance rates consistent with this observed vegetation map. The analytical form for RED circumnavigates the need to spin-up the numerical model, making it attractive for application in Earth System Models (ESMs). This is especially so given that the model is also highly parameter-sparse.
HISTORY, RESIDUE, AND TILLAGE EFFECTS ON EROSION OF LOESSIAL SOIL

Studies have shown that no-till (NT) management reduces soil erosion relative to chisel/disk-tillage (CT) and that this benefit may increase over time. There are fewer data, however, to separate the erosion-reduction contributions of surface residue mulch from those of improved soil properties under NT. The objective of this study was to quantify these separate contributions for a silt loam soil (Glossic Fragiudalf) used for corn (Zea mays L.) production in northern Mississippi for five to ten years with either CT or NT. The experiment had ten treatments. Two were normal CT and NT managements in which a crop was planted but had not emerged prior to simulated rainfall. The other eight treatments had surface crop residues removed and comprised a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of two tillage histories (CTh or NTh), two levels of tillage immediately prior to rainfall simulation (disturbed or not disturbed), and two levels of residue removal (residue removed just prior to simulated rainfall or residue removed one year prior to simulated rainfall). Simulated rainfall was applied at a rate of 65 mm h-1 in a three-storm sequence on 10.7 × 3.7 m areas. NT exhibited greater runoff but much lower sediment losses than CT. Residue removal doubled erosion for both tillage histories. Surface disturbance decreased runoff from the first storm following tillage but increased total soil loss 26% to 47%. With residues removed, long-term NTh resulted in one-third the soil loss of CTh, and similar benefits were observed with or without surface disturbance. This residual benefit of NTh was lost within one year of fallow after residue removal. These results demonstrate that the erosion resistance of NT areas is due to both residue cover and improved soil quality factors. Although the erosion-resisting soil quality factors developed over several years of NT management may be lost within a single year of fallow management, these factors may protect the soil from excessive erosion if NT fields that must occasionally be tilled are quickly returned to NT management.