Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Soil Organic Matter in Maintaining Sustainability of Cropping Systems

Soil organic matter (SOM) has long been recognized as an important indicator of soil productivity. The SOM refers to the organic fraction of the soil exclusive of undecayed plant and animal residues. It plays a crucial role in maintaining sustainability of cropping systems by improving soil physical (texture, structure, bulk density, and water-holding capacity), chemical (nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity, reduced aluminum toxicity, and allelopathy), and biological (nitrogen mineralization bacteria, dinitrogen fixation, mycorrhizae fungi, and microbial biomass) properties. The preservation of SOM is crucial to ensure long-term sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Improvement/preservation of soil organic matter can be achieved by adopting appropriate soil and crop management practices. These practices include conservation tillage, crop rotation, use of organic manures, increasing cropping intensity, use of adequate rate of chemical fertilizers, incorporation of crop residues, liming acidic soils, and keeping land under pasture. Organic matter can adsorb heavy metals in the soils, which reduce toxicity of these metals to plants and reduce their escape to ground water. Similarly, SOM also adsorbs herbicides, which may inhibit contamination of surface and ground water. Furthermore, SOM also functions as a sink to organic carbon and mitigates carbon dioxide (CO2) gas escape to the environment. Globally, soil organic matter contains about three times as much carbon as found in the world's vegetation. Hence, organic matter plays a critical role in the global carbon balance that is thought to be the major factor affecting global warming. Overall, adequate amounts of soil organic matter maintain soil quality, preserve sustainability of cropping systems, and reduce environmental pollution.
Taking a Regional Interdependence Treatment Approach for a Patient with Upper Quarter Pain and Dysfunction: A Case Study

Background: Neck pain and shoulder pain are two classifications of diagnoses that are very prevalent in the general population. In the case of shoulder or neck pain, it may be important to take a regional interdependence view to the patient’s presentation to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the patient’s limitations. Regional interdependence is based on the thought process that dysfunction in one area of the body may manifest as further dysfunction or pain in a surrounding region. The purpose of this case report is to highlight a regional interdependence view of treatment decision-making in a case of upper quarter pain and dysfunction first diagnosed as three separate pathologies. Case Description: The patient is a 36-year-old senior gardener who presented to an occupational health clinic with neck and shoulder pain. She had significant limitations in cervical and shoulder range of motion in addition to impairments with scapular mechanics. Intervention: Interventions were directed at her primary areas of limitation, as well as further areas of limitation found via the regional interdependence approach of treatment, utilizing the ‘test-treat-retest’ model. The patient received a multimodal approach to her cervical and thoracic spine and shoulder girdle, incorporating manual therapy, therapeutic exercises and activity, and neuromuscular re-education. Outcome Measures: The outcome measures utilized with this patient were active range of motion, pain scale, return to work duties, and self-reported functional improvement. A limitation of this case study is the lack of use of standardized outcome measures, such as the Quick-Dash. Discussion: This case study provides support for a regional interdependence approach for treating patients with multiple chief complaints as a means to create a comprehensive treatment plan.
Dynamics and Distribution of Nutrition Elements in Bamboos

ABSTRACT Mao bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) with a high production and wide utilization has been planted in large scale in southern China, but little information about bamboo nutrition is available. The objective of this study was to reveal the dynamics of nutrition with growing time and the distribution of nutrition in different organs. It was found that the nutrition concentration of the whole plant generally declined with time during the period of 1–6 weeks owing to a dilution effect with the result of quickly increasing the biomass. The leaf concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) changed regularly with high concentrations observed at age 1, 2, 4, and 6, and lower at age 3 and 5. While the concentration of N, P, and K in the branch and stem generally declined with the weeks, a rapid decrease occurred from weeks 1 to 2. The concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in bamboo leaf, branch, and stem appeared to be opposite to those of N, P, and K in corresponding plant parts. The elemental concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in the leaves than in the branches and stems, while the storage of nutrition was greater (P < 0.05) in stem than in leaves and branch. A relative large total storage of nutrition, except P and Mg, were found in bamboo under an intensive management (IM) stand than those under extensive management (EM) stand. The total storage of different nutritions in the above-ground parts was in the order: K (243.0–285.6 kg ha−1) > N (154.5–207.8 kg ha−1) > P (10.4–12.2 kg ha−1). The nutrition stored in the bamboo plant would be removed away from the soil in every other year by the means of harvest of the bamboo trunk which is the largest nutrition pool of the bamboo plant. Therefore, supplementary nutrients, especially N and K, are strongly recommended in order to keep the productivity of bamboo.
A modelling study for moisture diffusivities and moisture transfer coefficients in drying of solid objects

This article presents an effective analytical model for determining the moisture diffusivities and moisture transfer coefficients for solid objects (namely, infinite slab, infinite cylinder, sphere; and also for irregularly shaped objects, by using a shape factor) subject to drying applications in a medium. The unsteady-state moisture diffusion analysis is used on the basis of two important criteria: 0.1 100. The drying coefficients and lag factors were employed. The analytical models are then verified using available experimental data taken from the literature. The results show that the method presented here can be used to determine the moisture diffusion coefficients and moisture transfer coefficients for such solid objects in a simple and accurate manner for a variety of drying applications.
Temperature induced reversible structural and magnetic changes in a crystal of tetrachlorosemiquinone anion radical

The anion radicals with nonaromatic π-systems, such as semiquinones, are interesting in the design of functional materials. Magnetic properties of solvates of alkali salts of tetrachlorosemiquinone (chloranil) radical anion are tuned by crystal engineering using different solvents (2-butanone and acetonitrile) and/or cations (potassium and ammonium) in crystals. The structural and magnetic characteristics of two salts were studied by variable-temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements. DFT and CAS-MP2 calculations were used to correlate magnetic and structural properties of radical anions. The solid-state structure of potassium tetrachlorosemiquinone 2-butanone solvate, influenced by temperature, switches between a paramagnetic-like monomeric radical form at high temperature (200 K) and diamagnetic dimeric one at low temperature (100 K). The reversible transition is controlled by solvent and cation types which affect intrastack distance and magnetic properties.
A transfer‐function method for analysing breakthrough data in the time domain of the transport process

A transfer‐function method is proposed to determine transport parameters from solute breakthrough data. The method is based on the assumptions that a linear process governs the transport of solute through soil and that the soil is homogeneous. It needs breakthrough data at two different vertical locations from a pulse input of solute to the soil. The method predicts the response by convoluting the input with the transfer function in the time domain.
Contents of heavy metals in marine seaweeds from the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea

Seaweeds belonging to 14 different genera of Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta were analysed to determine the levels of heavy metals in two areas of the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Among the trace metals analysed, Mn and Zn showed the highest mass concentrations in the surface sea waters of the two studied areas. However, algae obtained from the Suez area had higher concentrations of the investigated heavy metals than those collect in the Mars Alam area. Nevertheless, a high variability of the metal levels occurs among the studied algae and also between the investigated areas. Moreover, Zn was the most abundant metal in the seaweeds of the Suez area, while Pb was predominant in the Mars Alam area in red and brown algae. Liagora spp. had the highest average concentration factor of Zn in Suez (29 161-fold), while the average concentration factor in Enteromorpha spp. at Mars Alam was 20 091-fold. The highest Metal Pollution Index (MPI) value was recorded in Liagora spp. (22.0) at Suez. This represents a 4.6-fold higher value than that recorded in Liagora spp. at Mars Alam. Among green, brown, and red algae in Suez, the highest values of MPI were recorded in Cladophora spp. and Halimeda spp. (18.2 and 18.3), Padina spp. (16.2), and Liagora spp. (22.1), respectively; while at Mars Alam, the highest values of MPI were recorded in Cladophora spp. (6.6), Padina spp. (3.4) and Liagora spp. (4.8), respectively.
Seed treatments affect functional and antinutritional properties of amaranth flours

The effects of seed treatments, including cooking, popping germination and flour air classification, on the functional properties and antinutritional factors of Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus cruentus seeds were studied. Thermal treatments increased the water absorption with a maximum value of 5.1 and 6.3 g g−1 in flour of popped seeds of both species. Generally, fat absorption increased after the treatments. Air classification and germination followed by drying at low temperature increased the foam stability of the flours, while thermal treatment and germination followed by drying at higher temperatures reduced the foam stability. All treatments except air classification decreased the emulsion stability. Also, all treatments except germination followed by drying at 30 °C increased the flour dispersibility, whereas the soluble nitrogen index was increased in the germinated seed flours and decreased in thermal treated seeds and air-classified flours. Air classification increased the contents of phenolic compounds and phytate and decreased the contents of enzyme inhibitors, whereas the thermal treatments reduced the contents of phenolic compounds, phytate and enzyme inhibitors to a greater extent for cooking than for popping. Germination followed by drying reduced the level of phenolic compounds, phytate and enzyme inhibitors. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative Modelling of the Shifts and Splitting in the IR Spectra of SF 6 in an Ar Matrix

An infrared active polyatomic molecule has several vibrational modes, each of which has a characteristic frequency. If the molecule is trapped in a matrix of perturbing atoms, those vibrational frequencies will shift, and if the vibrational mode is degenerate, the perturbation may lift the degeneracy. Such shifts and splitting are due to the dependence of the chromophore/matrix-atom interaction potential on the internal vibrational motion of the chromophore. Applying a previously-developed model for the shifting and splitting of the triply degenerate ν3 mode of SF6 perturbed by a rare gas atom, we use Monte Carlo simulations to sample the accessible equilibrium configurations of the system and to predict the associated thermally averaged perturbed IR spectra. Since the experimental spectrum has 10 peaks while the triply degenerate ν3 mode of SF6 in a particular environment could have at most 3 peaks, the observed spectrum must be a combination of spectra for SF6 trapped in different types of lattice sites. A fit to experiment of simulated spectra generated from a family of lattice sites is then used to identify the peaks in the experimental spectrum, determine the relative importance of the various lattice sites, and semi-quantitatively reproduce the experimental spectrum.
Evaluation of Effects of Selected Wax Inhibitors on Paraffin Deposition

Abstract Deposition from decane solutions of model paraffins such as n-C24H50 (C24), and n-C36H74 (C36), as well as a mixture of n-alkanes (C21 to C44) was examined with and without chemical wax deposition inhibitors. The device used to produce the deposits investigated was a “Cold Disk” Wax Deposition Apparatus (CoDWaD) capable of producing field like deposits with relatively small volumes of oil in minutes. It was found that most of commercial wax inhibitors tested could decrease the deposition of low molecular weight paraffins (C34 and below), while having little effect on the wax deposition for high molecular weight paraffins (C35–C44). In many cases, although the total amount of wax formed on the cold plate was reduced, the absolute amount of deposition for high molecular wax was actually increased. Therefore, the net effect of many commercial inhibitors is to make even harder wax under the tests conditions studied here. One intriguing result was that the addition of an oleic imidazoline c rrosion inhibitor improved the performance of two wax inhibitors tested. It was also observed that there are subtle differences in inhibitor performance depending on whether the test solutions are binary mixtures, synthetic wax mixtures, or crude oil.
PENGARUH KUALITAS LAYANAN, KEPERCAYAAN DAN SISA HASIL USAHA TERHADAP KEPUASAN ANGGOTA KOPERASI BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA CABANG MAMUJU

Bank Rakyat Indonesia Cooperative is a business entity consisting of individuals or cooperative legal entities based on its activities based on cooperative principles as well as a people's economic movement based on the principle of kinship. The role of cooperatives as one of the sectors of economic power in Indonesia is expected to realize the people's economic democracy, that is from the people, by the people and for the welfare of the people of Indonesia. In line with the rapid progress of the economy and business in general, the cooperative business grows into increasingly diverse types. This research is a type of quantitative research using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that partially or simultaneously variables of service quality, trust and residual business results had a positive and significant effect on member satisfaction.
A charge-modified general amber force field for phospholipids: improved structural properties in the tensionless ensemble

Accurately predicting the structural properties of phospholipid with a fully atomistic molecular model is critical for the study of pure phospholipid bilayers, mixed bilayer systems and bilayers containing proteins. The general amber force field (GAFF) has traditionally required the presence of a surface tension parameter to correctly model phospholipid bilayer properties such as area per lipid and order parameters. In this work, the GAFF partial charges for 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (POPA), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphochiline (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG) were re-parameterised utilising high-level ab initio calculations and the restrained electrostatic potential method. Simulations of pure POPA, POPC and POPG bilayers using the charge-modified GAFF and no applied surface tension are compared with available experimental data, the original GAFF model and the recent Lipid14 variant. The results indicate a significant improvement in the accuracy of the lipid model for reproducing experimental observables without the need for a surface tension parameter. The successful application of modifying the lipid charge distributions represents an alternative to the use of a surface tension parameter within GAFF, and highlights the importance of the partial charge calculations when modelling lipid bilayers.
Temperature-dependent densification of sodium borosilicate glass

Densified glasses recovered from a high-pressure state are of potential technological interest due to their modified physical and chemical properties. Here we investigate the temperature-dependent densification behavior of a sodium borosilicate glass in a gas pressure chamber at 1 GPa. The temperature is varied for a 30 min treatment between 0.6Tg and 1.15Tg, where Tg is the glass transition temperature, and the treatment duration is varied between 10 and 10 000 min for compression at 0.9Tg. Permanent densification occurs for temperatures above 0.7Tg and the degree of densification increases with increasing compression temperature and time, until attaining an approximately constant value for temperatures above Tg. The same temperature and time dependence is also found for the glass mechanical properties (hardness and brittleness) and the network structure, i.e., fraction of three-fold versus four-fold coordinated boron atoms and ring versus non-ring trigonal boron atoms, and the extent of mixing of Si and B. The results provide insights into the temperature-dependence of the network densification and the relative roles of viscous flow and more localized rearrangements.
Facile and green synthesis of well-dispersed Au nanoparticles in PAN nanofibers by tea polyphenols

The green natural compounds, tea polyphenols (TP), were introduced to synthesize well-dispersed Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers by combining an in situ reduction approach and electrospinning technique. The AuNPs were firstly synthesized in aqueous solution to test the reducibility of the TP. Then, the well-dispersed AuNPs in PAN nanofibers were obtained by an in situ reduction approach and electrospinning technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to confirm the reducibility of TP. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) demonstrated the formation of AuNPs and their morphology. Surprisingly, compared with the AuNPs in aqueous solution, the AuNPs in PAN nanofibers via electrospinning were much smaller and well-dispersed and it was attributed to the stabilization effect of PAN through the chelating effect between gold and cyano groups. Apart from the reducibility effect, TP also served as a stabilizer together with PAN to prevent the aggregation of AuNPs effectively, which were testified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results.
Effect of cold-shock treatment on chilling injury in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. 'Wacheng') fruit

To investigate how cold shock may affect chilling injury in mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Wacheng’), the fruit were treated for 3, 4 or 5 h at 0 °C, or treated for 8, 10 or 12 h at 4 °C, respectively, then transferred to 20 °C for 20 h prior to being stored at 2 °C, 85–95% RH. The chilling injury index of mango treated at 0 °C for 4 h was 59.7% lower than that of the control fruit directly stored at 2 °C, 85–95% RH. Some attributes were assayed in the fruit treated at 0 °C for 4 h. Ion leakage of the cold-shock fruit at 0 °C for 4 h was 16% or 10% lower than that of the control on day 9 or day 12 of storage, respectively. Malondialdehyde content of the cold-shocked fruit was 70% or 50% lower than that of the control on day 6 or day 12 of storage at 2 °C, respectively. Activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and contents of glutathione and phenolic compounds in the fruit during storage were all markedly enhanced by the cold-shock treatment, whereas activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and content of ascorbic acid in the mango were slightly influenced by the cold-shock treatment. These results suggest that cold-shock treatment may hold promise as an alternative approach to reduce chilling injury in mango fruit during cold storage. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Biological minerals formed from strontium and barium sulphates. III. The morphology and crystallography of strontium sulphate crystals from the colonial radiolarian, Sphaerozoum punctatum

Sphaerozoum punctatum is a silica-skeletoned, colonial radiolarian found near the ocean surface. During reproduction the species releases celestite (SrSO4) containing flagellated swarmers. These SrSO4 deposits have been studied by using electron microscopy and electron diffraction. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has confirmed the single-crystal nature of each deposit. Crystal morphology is based upon an elongated square prism of {01¯1} and {023} faces capped with {210} triangular end faces. Analysis of particles of diverse sizes suggests that crystal growth is not simple ‘equilibrium growth’. Preferential growth along the crystallographic a axis leads to crystal elongation. The constraints leading to selective inhibition of growth along certain crystallographic axes through spatial or chemical effects induced by the local cellular environment are discussed.
Urea Penetration of Isolated Tomato Fruit Cuticles

C-urea penetration of isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. ‘Pik Red’) fruit cuticular membranes (CM) was studied as a function of concentration and temperature. There was no significant effect of cuticular wax on urea penetration at 25C, permeances for the CM being 8.4 × 10 ‐10 and dewaxed CM (DCM) 11.1 × 10 ‐10 ·m·s ‐1 . Time lags were near zero for both CM and DCM. Steady-state diffusion analysis suggests that the relatively low cuticular permeance of urea is due to low partitioning that offsets high diffusivity. Urea flux through the CM and DCM showed ≈1.5- and 1.9-fold increases, respectively, for each 10C increase between 5 and 45C. Urea flux across CM and DCM increased linearly with concentration (10 μM to 1 M) and, thus, was a first-order process.
Collective and molecular modes in ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystals

A new 4-(1-methylheptyloxycarbonyl)phenyl4'-octyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate (MHPOBC) analog exhibiting ferroelectric and antiferroelectric properties has been studied by dielectric and electro-optic methods. Dielectric measurements were performed using a gold coated cell, thickness 23 /spl mu/m. In the ferroelectric SmC* phase a pronounced Goldstone mode was found, whereas in the antiferroelectric SmC*/sub A/ phase two dielectric relaxation processes have been observed. It has been shown that collective processes, like soft mode and Goldstone mode, show non-Arrhenius behavior. The measurements of spontaneous polarization were performed by means of the reversal current method using a cell of thickness 7 /spl mu/m coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO) layers. Temperature dependencies of spontaneous polarization are discussed in terms of the mean-field model.