Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE LIFE HISTORIES OF THE WOLF SPIDERS PARDOSA RAMULOSA AND P. SIERRA (ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE)

In the laboratory the early development of Pardosa sierra and P. ramulosa was similar. Carapace width and volume were measured. P. sierra is a larger spider with a total volume about three times as great as P. ramulosa. P. sierra matured in seven to nine instars in the laboratory while P. ramulosa took only six to eight instars. Maturity required an average of two months longer for P. sierra. In the field where the temperatures varied more and hence food intake per unit time was certainly less, these species took approximately an additional month to mature. The lengths of the instars varied, from 10 to 31 days, but there was no obvious regularity. This is similar to life cycle data for other spiders. In the field the number of individuals in catches was affected by weather con- ditions. For example, catches were smaller when the temperature was above 30 C and humidity was low, than when temperature was lower and humidity higher. Adults of both species were found at any month of the year, but the greatest pop- ulation of adults occurred in February and March. In both species populations and catches showed similar results. These species fit the category of spiders in which the instars are variable and the size is dependent upon the total length of the life cycle. The life histories of relatively few spiders are reported in the litera- ture. The purpose of this investigation is to add to this knowledge by reporting on several important aspects of the life cycles of Pardosa sierra Banks (1898) and Pardosa ramulosa (McCook 1894). Although both species are common in the Los Angeles area, P. ramulosa is found in a short grass environment while P. sierra lives among streamside boulders. The following features of the life cycle of each species were studied in detail: time of emergence from the egg sac, duration of each instar, carapace width of each instar, volume of individual spiders, field estimations of population size, and interrelationships between popula- tion size and fluctuations of air temperature and precipitation. 1 Present address: Route 2, Box 331F, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501.
Variation in β-Carotene and Total Carotenoid Content in Fruits of Capsicum

The β-carotene and total carotenoid content of either fresh or dried tissue of fruits of a total of 57 cultivars of six Capsicum species were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). β-Carotene levels in ripe fruit varied from 0 to 166 μg. g -1 fresh weight, and carotenoid levels were from 1 to 896 μg. g -1 in ripe fruit in 1996. The range of values for β-carotene was similar in 1997, but that for total carotenoids was wider (4 to 1173 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Fresh fruit of the cultivars Greenleaf Tabasco, Pulla, Guajillo, NuMex Conquistador, Ring-O-Fire, and Thai Dragon contained greater amounts of β-carotene per 100 g fresh weight than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin A for the average adult. For dried Capsicum entries, New Mexican, aji, pasilla, and ancho types had the highest levels of β-carotene, In 1996,β-carotene levels among the dried Capsicum germplasm ranged from 2 to 739 μg. g -1 dry weight, and carotenoid levels from 111 to 6226 μg. g -1 , Values were higher in 1997, ranging from 24 to 1198 μg. g -1 dry weight for β-carotene and from 187 to 10,121 μg. g -1 for total carotenoids. A pasilla type (C. annuum L.) had the highest total carotenoid content among the dried entries in both years.
Notes on Bombidae, and on the Life History of Bombus Auricomus Robt.

Up to the present, little work has been done on the lifehistory of our American Bombidae. Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, in his admirable book, “The Humble-bee,” has given us, however, the principal facts in the life-history of the common English Bombidae, besides many other observations of importance and interest.
Initial disorder and secondary retinotopic refinement of regenerating axons in the optic tract of the goldfish: signs of a new role for axon collateral loss

The optic tract of the goldfish splits into two brachia just before it reaches the tectum, normal optic axons being distributed systematically between the two according to their retinal origins. The orderliness of this division, like that of the retinotectal projection itself, is conventionally attributed to a system of specific axonal guidance cues. However, the brachial distribution of regenerated axons is much less orderly; and, since there is evidence that these axons have many collateral branches in the nerve and tract, the gross order that remains after regeneration could potentially arise secondarily, in parallel with refinement of the retinotectal map, by a preferential loss of collaterals from the inappropriate brachium. The brachial paths of normal axons, and axons regenerated after optic nerve cut for periods ranging from 19 days to 5 years, were therefore studied by anterograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase from discrete retinal lesions or retrograde labelling of ganglion cells from a cut brachium. From 19 to 28 days, regenerating axons showed little or no preference for their normal brachium. During this period (which includes the first week of tectal synaptogenesis) an average of 46a3% of cells retrogradely labelled from a cut medial brachium were in dorsal retina, compared with only 1a45% in normal fish. Some preference for the normal brachium was evident at 35 days and significant order had returned by 42–70 days, when the average proportion of labelled cells in dorsal retina had fallen to 25a4% though the average number in the whole retina was unchanged. Thus a brachial refinement had occurred in parallel with refinement of the retinotectal map. These results support the idea of a selective loss of axon collaterals from the inappropriate brachium, though they do not exclude the possibility of some concurrent gain in the appropriate one. We suggest that refinement may depend on a process we term ‘sibling rivalry’: competition between different collaterals of the same axon to form a critical number of stable tectal synapses, in which the most- normally-routed branches have the best chance of succeeding and surviving. Developing normal axons might also make use of collateral formation and ‘sibling rivalry’ to generate and refine the complex interwoven patterns of the normal optic tract.
Long incubation off-bouts of females paired with colorful males in Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica)

ABSTRACT Among several types of parental care behavior, incubation behavior in passerine birds offers an ideal opportunity to study the link between female parental care and male ornamentation, because males generally lack an incubation patch, and thus rarely incubate. Although preceding studies have focused mainly on on-bout duration (or its total amount, i.e., nest attentiveness), it has recently been established that off-bout durations, independent of on-bout durations, are also important for embryo development and thus for efficient incubation. Using Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica, we found that the duration of female incubation off-bouts increased with a sexually selected trait, male throat coloration, independent of female nest attentiveness. A longer female off-bout was positively correlated with the incubation period, indicating that colorful males had reproductive disadvantage because of their mates’ inefficient incubation. Together with a previous study in which females demonstrated a higher amount of incubation when their mates had large white tail spots, another sexually selected trait, our findings indicated that the different aspects of parental care are differently related to male ornaments. Multiple aspects of parental care should be considered when examining the reproductive (dis)advantage of male ornamentation during parental care.
Validation of the formation and appearance of annual marks in the otoliths of yellowtail (Trachurus novaezelandiae) and blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus) in New South Wales

Yellowtail (Trachurus novaezelandiae) and blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus) were captured off the coast of New South Wales, marked with oxytetracycline, and kept in captivity for 1 year. The fish were periodically sampled to validate the use of their otoliths for age estimation. Opaque marks were formed during the year in the otoliths of yellowtail apparently aged 0 to 7 years and in apparently 1-year-old blue mackerel. These marks were formed in winter for both species, but did not become visible until early summer in some fish. There was an association between the growth rate of the otolith and the detection of opaque marks. Within an age class, fish with the fastest growing otoliths tended to have their most recently formed opaque marks visible earliest. These relationships between growth rate and the probability of correctly assigning an age class have important implications for ageing fish. Extra keyword: ageing
Timing and Stages of Nest-building by Marsh Tits (Poecile Palustris) in a Primeval Forest

The date of laying the first egg in a nest is conventionally taken as the date of breeding commencement in birds. However, to start egg-laying most birds first have to build a nest. As nest construction consumes time and energy, it could interfere with other activities, and beginning nest-building too late could delay egg-laying. How birds decide on when to begin nest building and how they allocate time to the different stages of the construction process remains poorly understood. Here I analyse factors influencing the timing of nest-building initiation and temporal arrangement of construction stages in the Marsh Tit (Poecile palustris), a small non-excavating hole-nester. Data were gathered in primeval fragments of the Białowieża National Park (Eastern Poland). The temporal pattern of Marsh Tit nest building behaviour was highly versatile, varying between and within years (younger females commenced later). In warm springs, nest building started earlier but birds built nests at slower rates than in the late seasons. Marsh Tits often built nests ahead of time appropriate for egg laying, indicating that the timing of breeding in this population was not constrained by nest building activities. It is suggested that the tactic “build in advance, then wait for the right time for laying” could be widespread among sedentary birds, especially among ones which build nests in enclosed places.
Structures of Five Hydroxylated Sterols from the Seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii MAXIM.

Five hydroxylated sterols, stigmastane-3β, 6α-diol, poriferastane-3β, 6α-diol, stigmast-5-ene-3β, 4β-diol, poriferast-5-ene-3β, 4β-diol, and poriferasta-5, 25-diene-3β, 4β-diol, the latter four of which are new naturally occurring compounds, were isolated from the unsaponifiable lipid of the seed extract of Trichosanthes kirilowii MAXIM. The structures were determined by spectral and chemical methods.
Multiple Trait REML Estimates of Genetic Parameters for Holstein Cows for Milk Component Yields and their Log-transformations Using a Repeatability Model

乳量を構成する5つの成分の中でミネラルやその他の微量成分を乳糖に含めることにより,4成分の遺伝的パラメータを推定した. データは北海道乳牛検定協会で集積された375,489頭の雌牛からの初産から3産までの745,599個の記録であった. それらは1985年から1991年に分娩した1日2回,305日搾乳から得られた乳脂量,乳蛋白量,乳糖量(ミネラル等を含む)および水分量の記録である. 計算を可能にするためおよび牛群の地域や歴史的背景を考慮して,データは約38,000頭の10個のサンプルに分割された. (共)分散成分の推定には,多形質の反復率モデルによるEMアルゴリズムを用いた制限最尤法を使用したMisztalのMTCプログラムを用いた. モデルには母数効果として牛群•年次,分娩月および分娩年齢への一次回帰を含み,変量効果としては雌牛の相加的遺伝子効果,恒久的環境効果および誤差効果を考慮した. 10個のサンプルの平均遺伝率は,乳蛋白量,乳脂量,乳糖量そして水分量について,それぞれ,. 27,. 28,. 29,. 30であった. データの(自然)対数変換により,遺伝率は. 02から. 03増加したが,反復率では恒久的環境分散が全ての形質で. 02減少したため,増加は認められなかった,乳脂量を除いた各乳成分は互いにご高い相関関係にこあったが,特に,乳量と水分量の相関は高く,1. 00であった. 対数変換は遺伝相関を最大で. 03程高くし,サンプルにおける平均値と各分散成分間に認められた正の相関を0に近づける効果があった.
Circumscription of the South American moonwort Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae)

Abstract The genus Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae) is comprised of about 30 widely distributed species. Because of their small size and few, yet variable, morphological characters, many questionable taxa have been described over the years. Since its description in 1906, B. dusenii has been treated as both a distinct species and variously divided into four taxa: B. lunaria var. dusenii, B. lunaria var. typicum, B. lunaria var. antarctica, and B. ramosum var. patagonicum (B. matricariaefolium subsp. patagonicum). The aim of this study is to evaluate the validity of these taxa using spore wall sculpture, spore size, allelic composition employing enzyme electrophoresis, and morphological characters. We conclude that only one species of Botrychium occurs in southern South America and recognize this as B. dusenii, a species distinct from B. lunaria. Spore size and results of enzyme electrophoresis suggest that B. dusenii is an allotetraploid derived through hybridization between a diploid member of the B. lunaria complex and a diploid member of the B. campestre complex. We provide information about habitat, distribution, and full exsiccate citations.
Vole use of coarse woody debris and implications for habitat and fuel management

Woody debris is an increasing management focus in forest, representing multiple and sometimes conflicting values. Fuel management may prioritize removal of coarse woody debris (CWD) to minimize wildfire occurrence, intensity, or both. Conversely, management for wildlife habitat or other ecological values often focuses on retention of CWD. We modeled and quantified CWD use by red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gappri), tested whether voles move selectively in portions of forest stands with greater CWD, and correlated stand-level measures of CWD as habitat to fuel loads, providing a basis of comparison for CWD quantitative guidelines. Voles used CWD at a greater rate than expected based on availability and traveled in portions of stands with greater CWD coverage (21-27 trails made by individual voles in each of 5 forest stands). A strong correlation between stand-measure CWD coverage and fuel-load measure (r = +0.96) provides a basis for comparing CWD guidelines. We concluded that current guidelines from different research fields disagree. Only 2 of the 5 stands we sampled fit with guidelines for fuel management and ectomycorrhizae in the northern Rocky Mountains. Coarse woody debris coverage in all of our stands was well below recommendations for small mammals in coastal forests.
Seedling Establishment in Vertical Gradients of Sunlight

Although the amount of solar energy intercepted by a community of herbaceous species may be comparable with that intercepted by forest (Monsi & Saeki 1953), the height of the shaded stratum will certainly differ. In grassland the shaded stratum is low and is usually renewed annually by extension of shoots and individual leaves from positions near the ground. In forests, however, the shaded stratum is high and arises by expansion of foliage in situ. Many seedlings grow out of the shaded stratum of grassland within a few days after germination, while in forests shading persists beyond the seedling phase and may extend over many years. Within low vegetation, small differences in height are associated with large changes in intensity, direction and quality of radiation, and establishment may depend upon height, aspect or inclination of the first leaves produced by the seedling. Because vertical gradients are less pronounced near the forest floor, initial growth in height may be unimportant; here tolerance rather than avoidance of shade would appear to have ecological significance. Hence, radical differences in adaptation to shade may be expected between woodland and grassland plants. To recognize mechanisms by which shade is avoided or tolerated we have examined the reaction of a variety of seedlings to standardized gradients of light intensity.
Root and Shoot Interactions Between Barley and Field Beans When Intercropped

(1) Barley (Hordeum sativum) and field beans (Viciafaba) were grown alone and with either their roots or their shoots, or both roots and shoots, intermixed. The nitrogen supply, total density and relative time of planting were also varied. (2) The Relative Yield Totals (RYTs) of mixtures were significantly greater than 1.0 only when the root systems intermixed, and RYTs were reduced when N fertilizer was applied. We therefore conclude that the yield advantage of intercropping was due mainly to beans and barley using different N sources. (3) The competitive ability of barley was greater than that of beans. Sowing barley before beans further increased its competitive ability. (4) Root competition had a much greater effect on the relative performance of the two species than did shoot competition. There was evidence that the two species competed for both P and K.
Human exclusion from the rocky intertidal zone of central Chile: the effects on Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda)

The ecological role played by man as a top predator in a rocky intertidal environment of central Chile was studied. Human exclusion from a rocky intertidal stretch of coast (non-harvested area) at Punta El Lacho, for nearly two years, resulted in a substantial density increase of the economically important high trophic level predator muricid Concholepas concholepas. This was followed by a dramatic decline in the cover of the competitive dominant intertidal mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. According to current ecological theory the removal of the competitively superior primary space dominant species led to a pattern of increasing species diversity. We conclude that in the absence of human interference C. concholepas plays the role of a key species in central Chile rocky intertidal environments. We suggest that the interpretation of the structure and dynamics of intertidal landscapes should include the key role played by man. Comparison of monitoring programs between intertidal areas with and without human interference will prove critical to our understanding of such environments.
Middle Eocene Rodents from Sant Jaume De Frontanyà (Eastern Pyrenees, Northern Spain) and Biochronological Implications

ABSTRACT The locality of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà (Eastern Pyrenees, Catalonia, northeastern Spain) includes four fossil-bearing levels with an extraordinary abundance of mammal remains, representing the most significant middle Eocene site from the Iberian Peninsula. Despite this, the fauna from this locality has not been studied in detail. Recent work has mostly focused on the primates from the oldest levels, including the description of two new species, Anchomomys frontanyensis and Pseudoloris pyrenaicus. Recently, study of the primate remains from the uppermost level, Sant Jaume de Frontanyà-1 (SJF-1), has led to the description of a new species of Necrolemur. On the other hand, other mammal groups such as rodents are practically undescribed. In this work, rodent remains from SJF-1 are described for the first time. Three different forms have been identified: one glirid, referred to Glamys aff. robiacensis, and two theridomyids that have allowed the erection of the new species Paradelomys santjaumensis and Elfomys catalaunicus, suggested to be the most primitive members of the genera Paradelomys and Elfomys. These three forms show more primitive traits than other species from upper Bartonian (MP16) localities such as Robiac, Grisolles, and Le Bretou. Locality SJF-1 is therefore assigned to the lower Bartonian (MP15), with an age slightly older than Chéry-Chartreuve, and represents the first occurrence of the genera Paradelomys and Elfomys. Moreover, this dating allows us to place the only record of Necrolemur from the Iberian Peninsula in a correct chronological framework, shedding new light on the evolution of this primate genus.
Polymorphism and Division of Labor in the Neotropical Ant Camponotus sericeiventris Guerin (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Polymorphism and division of labor in the neotropical ant Camponotus sericeiventris (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was examined. This species is strongly polymorphic along a continuous series with a wide range of worker sizes. Behavioral analysis reveals division of labor among three physical worker castes. The differences in the behavioral repertories of each of the castes are statistically significant. Anatomical and physiological studies support the behavioral observations. The mandibular glands and the maxillary glands are disproportionately large in the major caste. These findings suggest that the majors are specialized for defense and may have a role in processing the colony's food. A comparison with other species of Camponotus implies that C. sericeiventris may have one of the more advanced caste systems in the genus.
III.—A Revision of some Carboniferous Corals

Corallum conical and, as a rule, gently curved, though often straight; a short broad outline is not uncommon. The epitheca has well-marked longitudinal ribbing, sometimes obscured by fine annular striations in the neighbourhood of the calyx; slight constrictions of growth may occur, but there is never an interrution in the continuity of the epitheca. Good figures are given both by Milne-Edwards & Haime and by de Koninck.
Net income analysis and efficiency of resource use among cotton farmers in the Southern part of Adamawa State, Nigeria.

The study examined the Net Income and efficiency of resource use among cotton farmers in the southern part of Adamawa State where cotton is predominantly grown.One hundred and twenty farmers were sampled using multiple stages, purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Analysis of the sampled farmers showed that 86% of them were youth which suggest that if proper attention is given to cotton cultivation, a lot of youth would be gainfully employed. The results also revealed that 40% of the farmers did not attend any formal school while 14% attended tertiary level of education. All the respondents reported having contact with extension workers, which were mostly from the Non Governmental Organisations. About 59% of the respondents reported Afcott Nigeria PLC as the source of their extension services. The average cost and returns per hectare of the cotton farmers was N46, 046.25 and N56, 224.90 respectively. This showed a profit of N10, 175.15 per hectare. The R of 0.86 of the regression model shows that 86% of the farmers’ income is being explained by the exogenous variables. Land, labour and seed have positive influence on farmers’ income and the first two significant at 1% and 10% levels respectively. Fertiliser, chemical and transportation had negative influence on farmers’ income probably due to their escalating prices. The marginal physical product analysis revealed that an extra hectare of land acquired for cotton will result to an increase of over one tonne of cotton ceteris paribus. None of the resources used by the farmers was however efficiently, utilized.