Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control of Vitamin B6 Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Pyridoxineless mutants of Escherichia coli B which specifically require pyridoxal or pyridoxamine for growth can be divided into classes according to their growth responses in enriched media. Members of the slowest growing class synthesize vitamin B6 at the fastest rates when starved for pyridoxal in glycerol minimal medium. After 80 min of synthesis at 4 × 10−10 moles of vitamin B6 per mg of cells per hr, the rate increases four- to fivefold and continues at the new rate for several hours. The shift to the new rate is prevented by chloramphenicol, thus suggesting that a derepression mechanism exists to control vitamin B6 synthesis in addition to the previously discovered feedback control.
Efficiency of selenium ion inclusion into common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) diets.

Efficiency of the increase diets nutritional value by adding selenium as microelement into diets common carp fingerlings were studied using aquarium and cement tanks systems, which allowed feeding and continues measurement of growth parameters. In experiment (I) one hundred and fifty fingerlings each weighing approximately 7.5 ± 0.23 g was carried out, in aquarium and fed either normal diet (group A) or diets supplemented with 0.08, 0.16, 0.32 and 0.64 mg kg -1 of sodium selenite. In experiment (II) three hundred and sixty juvenile common carp, average weight 26.9 ± 1.38 g was carried out in cement tanks and fed as in experiment (I). When selenium added to the diets and fed to the fish caused a significant increase in weight gain and carp fingerlings growth rate was accelerated by 18-22% feed expenditure out by 17-18% as compared to the control diet. Significant differences in survival rate were found between treatments, indicating that diets are likely to be responsible for increased survival rate, observed in fish fed diets supplemented with 0.24 and 0.32 mg kg -1 sodium selenite (0.12 and 0.15 mg kg -1 selenium). The results of this study indicated that a diet supplement, 0.24 and 0.32 mg kg -1 of sodium selenite (0.12 and 0.15 mg kg -1
Impact of Insect-resistant Transgenic Crops on Above-ground Non-target Arthropods

Genetically modified (GM) maize and cotton varieties that express insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have become an important component in integrated pest management programmes worldwide. A number of other crops producing Bt toxins, or more broad-spectrum insecticidal proteins, are likely to enter commercial production in the near future. Because insecticidal GM crops target insect pests, an important part of the environmental risk assessment is their potential impact on nontarget arthropods. Those include protected species and organisms providing important ecological services such as biological control of herbivores. Non-target arthropods can be exposed to the plant-produced insecticidal proteins through various routes, but mainly by feeding on GM plant material or herbivores that have consumed GM plant material. The Bt proteins produced in today's GM plants appear to have no direct effects on natural enemies due to their narrow spectrum of activity. Furthermore, it has become clear that in crop systems where the deployment of Bt varieties has led to a decline in insecticide use, biological control organisms have benefited significantly. Future GM plants that produce broader-spectrum insecticidal proteins will need to be assessed for their potential non-target effects case by case and compared to the impact of the conventional pest control methods that they replace.
Age Determination for Lampreys

Abstract Age structures of several populations of parasitic and nonparasitic lampreys were estimated from statolith band number and length-frequency distributions. In larval populations of the parasitic sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus and nonparasitic American brook lamprey Lampetra appendix, which display strong seasonal patterns ofgrowth, one narrow dark band or annulus and one broad opaque band was produced each winter and summer, respectively. The formation of an annulus during slow growth was validated in two populations of sea lampreys with a chemical tissue marker, oxytetracycline. Length-frequency distributions required large samples to identify age groups, and the older age groups within a population were often difficult to distinguish because of overlap in size ranges. Thus, the assignment of age to an individual from its total length was likely to be imprecise unless that individual's length was close to the modal length of an age group. Some discrepancies in the assignment of population age str.
Physical Parameters and Kinetic Modeling of Fix and Fluid Bed Drying of Terebinth Seeds

The effect of different drying conditions on the effective moisture diffusivity, activation energy, specific energy, shrinkage, rupture force and energy, and color of terebinth was studied. Experiments were conducted at five levels of hot air velocity (0.8, 1.35, 2.08, 3.35 and 4.43 m/s) and five temperature levels (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80C). The obtained effective moisture diffusivity of terebinth ranged between 1.1 × 10−10 and 1.26 × 10−9 m2/s and the calculated activation energy of the samples was 49.99–51.22 kJ/mol. Results showed that the Logestic model with R2 = 0.9994, χ2 = 0.00177 and RMSE = 0.0318 had the best performance in moisture prediction. Maximum shrinkage during drying was calculated to be 72.2% at air temperature of 80C and air velocity of 4.43 m/s. Maximum rupture force and energy for dried terebinth were calculated to be 135.6 N and 2,509.6 N·mm, respectively. Most color (ΔRGB) changes were obtained at air temperature of 80C and air velocity of 4.43 m/s. Practical Applications Advantages of fluid bed drying include short processing time, high mass transfer coefficients, low energy consumption and high quality. As heat and mass transfer and quality changes during drying of terebinth with fluid bed method are not described in the literature, it is of importance to gather such data and compare them to find the optimum point of the process. The data clearly proved that in addition to short processing time, the terebinth temperature and moisture content can easily be controlled, and thus, monitoring of terebinth characteristics such as shrinkage, color and mechanical properties, and energy utilization during drying process can be achieved. The models developed for thermal, physical and mechanical characteristics of terebinth fruit can be used to predict more accurately the drying process using a computer and to simulate the storage of terebinth fruit.
Barriers to Lowland Tropical Forest Restoration in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Extensive areas of the tropics have been converted into pasture for cattle ranching. Frequently, abandoned pasture does not revert to forest. The goal of this project was to identify barriers to lowland moist forest regeneration in highly degraded grasslands in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. The barriers we considered were seed source, seed predation, competition with grasses, microclimate and soil limitations on plant growth, and fire. Seed dispersal into the grasslands is limited to within 10 meters of forest fragments, but this barrier can be overcome by sowing seeds and planting seedlings and by establishing perches to attract dispersers. In these degraded grasslands, seed predation was lower than in the adjacent forest patches, and there was no evidence that grasses inhibited the establishment of woody species. The most important barrier was the severe degradation of the soils. In much of the area, the A and B horizons have been eroded away, leaving saprolite at the soil surface. Seedlings of two fast-growing pioneer species, Ochroma pyramidale and Cochlospermum vitifolium, grew to a maximum height of only 2.5 and 12 cm, respectively, during the first eight months. The slow plant growth in the degraded grassland soils compared to forest soils was associated with lower levels of cation-exchange capacity, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Even if these barriers could be overcome, the frequent and extensive use of fire in the region must be controlled to avoid killing established woody plants.
Effects of N fertilisation, organic matter, and biofertilisers on the growth and yield of chilli in relation to management of plant-parasitic nematodes

An experiment was conducted at the University Agricultural Research Farm to study the effect of inoculation with biological nitrogen fixers on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) cv. "Pusa Jawala" in relation to disease incidence caused by plant-parasitic nematodes. The growth, yield, and quality parameters of chilli increased significantly with the inoculation of biological nitrogen fixers using Azospirillum and Azotobacter. Performance of Azospirillum was found better as compared to Azotobacter. Simultaneous inoculation with biofertilisers (100% recommended dose of N-fertiliser 100 kg N per ha and farmyard manure 15 t per ha) resulted the maximum growth, yield, and quality parameters. Thus, the associative nature of the above biofertilisers helps to save 25% nitrogenous fertiliser in chilli crop. There was increased content in plant nitrogen, phosphate and potash, leaf chlorophyll and residual available soil nitrogen, phosphate and potash with dual inoculation with the biological nitrogen fixers along with recommended full dose of nitrogen fertiliser. Disease intensity was recorded in decreasing order in all the treatments but more pronounced in those where biofertilisers were added.
Existence and Stability Properties of Radial Bound States for Schrödinger-Poisson with an External Coulomb Potential in Three Space Dimensions

We consider radial solutions to the Schr\"odinger-Poisson system in three dimensions with an external smooth potential with Coulomb-like decay. Such a system can be viewed as a model for the interaction of dark matter with a bright matter background in the non-relativistic limit. We find that there are infinitely many critical points of the Hamiltonian, subject to fixed mass, and that these bifurcate from solutions to the associated linear problem at zero mass. As a result, each branch has a different topological character defined by the number of zeros of the radial states. We construct numerical approximations to these nonlinear states along the first several branches. The solution branches can be continued, numerically, to large mass values, where they become asymptotic, under a rescaling, to those of the Schr\"odinger-Poisson problem with no external potential. Our numerical computations indicate that the ground state is orbitally stable, while the excited states are linearly unstable for sufficiently large mass.
Diet Overlap of Age-0 Walleye and White Bass in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota

ABSTRACT White bass (Morone chrysops) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) coexist in several of the large glacial lakes in eastern South Dakota. We collected age-0 white bass and walleye in Lake Poinsett monthly from July through September of 1996 to assess the extent of diet overlap using Schoener's index (Cxy). Age-0 white bass increased from a mean length of 51 mm in July to 131 mm in September, while walleyes grew from 79 to 134 mm during the same period. Both species initially fed on zooplankton in July; however, diets diverged in later samples. Age-0 white bass primarily consumed zooplankton through September; prey fishes constituted a progressively greater proportion (by number) of age-0 walleye diets. Benthic macroinvertebrates did not make up a substantial portion of the diet for either fish species. Thus, diet overlap between age-0 white bass and age-0 walleye was initially high in July (Cxy = 69), but declined through September (Cxy = 36).
SEX‐SPECIFIC CELL SURFACE STRUCTURE OF ANISOGAMETES: MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING FERTILIZATION OF BRYOPSIS MAXIMA (ULVOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) REVEALED BY ULTRA–HIGH‐RESOLUTION FIELD EMISSION SEM 1

Cell surfaces of biflagellate gametes and their morphological changes during fertilization of Bryopsis maxima Okamura were observed using a high‐resolution field emission scanning electron microscope. Male gametes have broad and narrow faces, which are divided into at least five morphologically distinct regions: 1) the apical plate is a plate‐like structure that is approximately 380–530 nm long and approximately 190 nm wide, in the center of the papilla and slightly protruded from the plasma membrane; 2) strips are smooth materials on ridges that originate from the basal part of the papilla and extend downward; 3) the lateral belt is a belt‐shaped structure on the center of the narrower faces; 4) the flagellar surface; and 5) the other region of the cell body has a fine‐grained appearance. In contrast, the entire female gamete surface is rough because of many granular or amorphous cell coats on the plasma membrane. When both gametes were mixed together, the initial fusion proceeded between the broader face of the male gamete and the anterior side of the female one near the basal bodies. Morphology of the male gamete's cell surface changed gradually as fusion proceeded and was covered by the granular materials; that surface closely resembled those of female gametes except for the apical plate. It was present until the planozygote attached itself to the substrate by the papilla. It finally disappeared after settlement. Therefore, these results indicate that gametes of B. maxima have sex‐specific surface structures that change their morphology during fertilization and settlement.
Brain Evolution and Dinosaur Brains

Dinosaur brains were typically reptilian in size relative to body size. Living and fossil reptiles, amphibians, and fish are "lower" vertebrates with respect to brain evolution and may be described collectively by a single set of brain: body relationships. Their brains evolved conservatively: selection pressures apparently did not require gross changes of the brain: body function in these classes. Birds and mammals, on the other hand, may be considered to be "higher" vertebrates with respect to brain evolution. The size of their brains relative to body size increased in successive geological eras, presumably in response to selection pressures on higher vertebrates for increased neural control and information processing. Within the several vertebrate classes there are, of course, neural specializations reflected in enlargement of different brain structures in different species. These are adaptations to niches which require different kinds of information processing and neural control. Changes in total brain size, however, are associated with gross increments in total information processing capacity, and major changes have apparently not occurred in the evolution of the lower vertebrates.
Carbon and nitrogen nutrition of nodulated roots of grain legumes

Abstract The spatial and temporal relationships between carbon (C) metabolism and nitrogen (N) nutrition in grain legumes are of great academic interest with the added bonus that any data for economically important species may ultimately prove useful to breeders and growers. So far there are no data which can be used to relate differences in carbon usage by any symbiotic association with differences in economic yield. Much research has focussed on the dependence of dinitrogen fixation on photosynthate supply, on the C–N relationships of nodulated roots and nodules and on diurnal and seasonal profiles of dinitrogen fixation. In all these aspects a plethora of responses have been described, often based on insufficiently proven measurement techniques; consequently unequivocal conclusions cannot be drawn. We know little about within-species differences due to cultivar, strain of Rhi-zobium or environment, or about the proportions of any heritable variations which might be sufficiently large to merit inclusion among the selection criteria of grain legume breeders.
Soil treatments and amendments for amelioration of clubroot of canola

Hwang, S. F. , Strelkov, S. E. , Gossen, B. D. , Turnbull, G. D. , Ahmed, H. U. and Manolii, V. P. 2011. Soil treatments and amendments for amelioration of clubroot of canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 999-1010. Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, has become a long-term challenge to canola production in central Alberta, Canada. Trials were established in P. brassicae infested commercial fields near Leduc, Edmonton, and St. Albert, AB, to examine the effects of fungicidal soil treatments and soil amendments on crop damage caused by clubroot. Treatment of the soil with Terraclor (quintozene) reduced clubroot severity and increased plant growth (canopy coverage and plant height) and seed yield in severely infested soils. Ranman (cyazofamid) at 7.5 L ha-1 increased canopy coverage and height in 2 of 4 site years, and yield in 1 of 4 site years. Among the soil amendment treatments, wood ash at 7.5 t ha-1 or ground limestone (calcium carbonate) at 5.0 or 7.5 t ha-1 increased plant height and yield in severely infested soils at Leduc. Limestone at 7.5 t ha-1 reduced clubroot severity at both sites and at 5.0 t ha-1 reduced clubroot at St. Albert. Wood ash at 7.5 t ha-1 reduced clubroot severity at Leduc in both years and all rates of wood ash reduced clubroot severity at St. Albert in 2008. Canopy coverage was increased by limestone at 7.5 t ha-1 in both years at Leduc and by wood ash at 7.5 t ha-1 in one of the site-years at Leduc. In 2009 and 2010, in-row treatments with Terraclor (quintozene), calcium carbonate, wood ash or quintozene+calcium carbonate or wood ash reduced clubroot severity at the Edmonton site, but yield was unaffected. We conclude that quintozene and/or high levels of limestone or wood ash can reduce the impact of P. brassicae on canola. However, in-row assessment at application rates that might be economically feasible showed little potential to increase yield in infested commercial fields.
Karyological Study of the Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata in Japan (Viverridae)

The genus Paguma is monotypic, containing the single species Paguma larvata, the masked palm civet. This species is distributed widely, in India, eastern Tibet, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, the Andaman Islands, southern China, and Taiwan, and is classified into several subspecies in accord with their distribution (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1966). The first report of its occurrence in Japan came from Shizuoka Prefecture in 1943 (Nawa, 1965), and it has since been reported from the eastern half of Honshu and throughout Shikoku (e. g., Mikuriya, 1978 ; Torii, 1980). The civet is widely considered to have been introduced into Japan from Southeast Asia, on the basis of its irregular and expanding distribution (e. g., Kuroda, 1955 ; Nawa, 1965 ; Furuya, 1973 Torii, 1980 ; Asahi, 1985 ; Nakamura et al., 1989), however, Imaizumi (1977) has suggested, on the basis of unique characteristics of its facial mask and of the morphology of its skull, that the population of P. larvata in Japan is in fact of ancient Japanese origin. Various ecological studies of P. larvata in Japan have been made (Yamashita, 1963 ; Furuya, 1973 ; Torii, 1980 ; Torii & Miyake, 1986 ; Torii, 1986), but karyological studies have not been reported so far. This paper, therefore, deals with the conventional, G-, and C-band karyotypes of P. larvata from Japan.
Improved Quality Properties of Low-Fat Meat Patties Containing Sweet Persimmon Powder during Freeze Storage

Pork patties were made containing hot air dried sweet persimmon powder (T1: 3%, T2: 6%) and freezer dried sweet persimmon powder (T3: 3%, T4: 6%). The control (C: no addition) and each treatment were stored for 40 days at . The pH value decreased (p0.05) preference score for overall acceptability.
Habitat restriction in Giant Sequoia: the environmental control of grove boundaries.

Present boundaries of the giant sequoia groves of the Sierra Nevada appear to be remarkably stable. The maintenance of grove boundaries is controlled by an interaction of moisture availability, temperature and the tolerances of the seedling stage of giant sequoia. Measurements of soil-moisture stress and water-potential measurements of coniferous species within the Giant Forest, the largest extant giant sequoia grove, indicate that conditions of water availability for plant growth are more favorable inside the grove than outside. Although some soils outside the grove did not reach the permanent wilting point during the summer of 1968, pressure-bomb studies have shown that significant differences in water stress do occur between grove and nongrove habitats. High levels of soil moisture appear to be maintained within the Giant Forest during the dry summer months by the input of ground water whose hypothetical origin is summer thunderstorms in the High Sierra. This ground water percolates down to lower elevations where it appears in the soil profile of the grove. Outside of the grove, there is little input of ground water during the summer months and soil moisture remains low in late summer. This percolation of highelevation ground water into the groves during the dry summer months may be the key to the continued existence of the Giant Forest.
Responses of freshwater biota to human disturbances: contribution of J-NABS to developments in ecological integrity assessments

Abstract Effective ecosystem management in the face of human alterations depends on our ability to quantify ecologically significant changes and to discriminate among impact levels and types. We reviewed the literature on biological responses of freshwater biota to human disturbances over the last century. Many of the main methods for assessing ecological integrity originated in Europe [e.g., Saprobien Index, Trent Biotic Index, Biological Monitoring Working Party, River InVertebrate Prediction And Classification System, multiple traits] or in North America [e.g., Index of Biotic Integrity, leaf-litter breakdown, functional feeding groups]. We used bibliometric data to detail the contribution of J-NABS to developments in assessment of ecological integrity. A total of 225 bioassessment articles were published in J-NABS from 1986 to 2007. This total was ∼½ of the number of bioassessment articles published over the same period in Freshwater Biology (FWB; another leading freshwater journal used for comparison), but the proportion of bioassessment articles in the 2 journals was similar (∼20%). The proportion of bioassessment articles in J-NABS has increased over the last 25 y. This trend indicates the growing interest in the topic and the delay (∼30 y since the Clean Water Act) of scientific action in response to water legislation. Taxonomic composition and multivariate techniques, multimetric indices, lotic systems, macroinvertebrates, land use, and overall human impacts were major themes in J-NABS bioassessment articles. Progress in bioassessment is needed in 3 main areas. First, bioassessments done at large spatial scales are needed to meet requirements of new environmental policies. Second, bioassessment should shift from consideration of taxon losses to losses of ecological functions. Third, statistical techniques are needed for predictive assessment of deviation in ecological integrity between expected (natural) and observed (natural or impacted) conditions. Assessment of functional integrity based on multiple traits is a promising area because biological traits represent universal biological characteristics that are connected to ecosystem functions. However, the relationships between ecophysiological traits of individuals and ecosystem-scale responses must be properly defined for specific types of human impairment, and utility of the approach for routine bioassessments applied by managers must be tested.