Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extinction within the limit of validity of the Darwin transfer equations. I. General formalism for primary and secondary extinction and their applications to spherical crystals

A theory of extinction is derived which is valid within the limit of the Darwin intensity transfer equations. An expression describing the effect of n-fold rescattering within an ideal crystallite is derived, which differs from the equation given by Zachariasen because independent coordinates x1 and x2 based on an external coordinate system have been used, rather than the coordinates t1 and t2 which are only mutually independent if the crystal is a parallelepiped with faces parallel to the incident and diffracted beams. Furthermore, the derivation of the earlier expressions is based on a generally unjustifiable reversal of the direction of the diffracted ray (interchange of t2 and t'2). An exact expression is derived for the diffraction cross section σ(e1) in the perfect crystallite, which contains a factor sin 2θ neglected in the earlier work. As a result, the previously used classification of crystals into type I and type II becomes less well defined because at very small Bragg angles particle size always becomes the dominant effect. It is shown that the extinction factor yp (p = primary), for a perfect spherical crystallite, calculated with the present theory, is in good agreement with calculations based on the dynamical theory. Furthermore, the limiting behavior of the expressions at 2θ = 0 and π justifies some of the mathematical approximations made. For a mosaic crystal the extinction coefficient y is written as yp . ys (s = secondary), yp is evaluated numerically from the expressions derived. An analytical expression for yp is obtained by least-squares fit to the numerical values. A similar procedure is followed for ys, in the case of a Gaussian, Lorentzian and Fresnellian distributions of the crystallites and a spherical mosaic crystal. Analysis of the results shows that the Zachariasen expression can be used for small extinction (y > 0.8), provided the θ dependent factor is properly introduced for particle-size-affected extinction. Allowance for polarization effects in the X-ray case is discussed. Absorption effects cannot be treated separately from extinction for all but small values of 1 -y. Coefficients of the analytical extinction expressions are given for absorbing spherical crystals with μR values ≤ 4. Application of the expressions and extension to non-spherical geometries will be treated in following publications.
Percolation of two-dimensional multiwall carbon nanotube networks

We highlight the significance of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) shape on the electrical percolation. For rodlike MWCNTs, percolation threshold depends on aspect ratio (L/d). For random coil-like MWCNTs, the percolation threshold does not depend on L/d but depends on the shape factor of MWCNTs represented by the ratio between static bending persistence length and diameter. Surface resistivities of various MWCNTs converge into single curve when we plot their dimensionless surface concentration versus surface resistivity. The surface resistivity of MWCNT films decrease with increasing temperature, particularly at low concentrations, indicating the films can be used as a negative temperature coefficient thermistor.
Temporal instability analysis of inviscid compound jets falling under gravity

Compound liquid jets can be used in a variety of industrial applications ranging from capsule production in pharmaceutics to enhance printing methods in ink-jet printing. An appreciation of how instability along compound jets can lead to breakup and droplet formation is thus critical in many fields in science and engineering. In this paper, we perform a theoretical analysis to examine the instability of an axisymmetric inviscid compound liquid jet which falls vertically under the influence of gravity. We use a long-wavelength, slender-jet asymptotic expansion to reduce the governing equations of the problem into a set of one-dimensional partial differential equations, which describe the evolution of the leading-order axial velocity of the jet as well as the radii of both the inner and the outer interfaces. We first determine the steady-state solutions of the one-dimensional model equations and then we perform a linear temporal instability analysis to obtain a dispersion relation, which gives us useful inf.
Monte Carlo Interpretation of the AMMON/REF Experiment in EOLE for the JHR Reactor Neutron Calculations

Abstract A new experimental program, named AMMON, was performed between late 2010 and early 2013 in the EOLE zero-power experimental reactor at CEA Cadarache. It is dedicated to the analysis of the neutron and photon physics of the Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR), the next international materials testing reactor under construction in France. The objective of the program is to provide measurement data for the experimental validation of the calculation tools developed for the JHR design and safety studies. The first core configuration, the so-called reference configuration, was loaded in 2012; it consisted of an experimental zone of seven JHR assemblies with U3Si2-Al, 27% 235U enriched fuel curved plates surrounded by a driver zone with 622 standard pressurized water reactor uranium oxide fuel pins. It has been instrumented and studied throughout the first year of the experimental program. The final analysis of the AMMON/REF neutron measurements is presented in this paper. It is based on calculations performed with the three-dimensional reference Monte Carlo TRIPOLI-4.7 code and the JEFF3.1. 1 European library. The comparison between calculation and experiment makes it possible to calibrate the bias due to nuclear data on the calculated neutron parameters. It highlights good agreement between calculation and experiment concerning reactivity, power distribution in the experimental zone, fuel plate conversion ratios, and core kinetics parameters. The reactivity prediction is very satisfactory, despite the presence of a large aluminum quantity in the core: calculation-to-experiment comparison (C – E) = + 365 ± 334 pcm (1σ). For the other neutron parameters (assembly power distribution, plate conversion ratios, and kinetics parameters), the (C – E)/E discrepancies are within the experimental uncertainty (2σ).
Deposition results from rotating collector diagnostics in JET

Rotating collectors (RC) were installed in JET during the period 2005–2007, each providing a time-resolved deposition pattern on the surface of a rotating silicon disc, which could be analysed once retrieved from the vessel. This paper reports results from the silicon disc removed from the RC located under the load-bearing septum replacement plate in JET in 2007. Nuclear reaction analysis results of the deposits on the disc have been correlated directly with the pattern of erosion and deposition observed by the quartz microbalance (QMB) located in an equivalent position. The thickest film in the time-resolved region (i.e. deposited in ∼60 pulses) was ∼250 nm, and the Be/C ratio was generally found to be 0.1 or lower, with two regions where the ratio rose to 0.2. The deposition observed with the QMB appears to be about a factor of four less.
An analysis of sudden impulses at geosynchronous orbit

[1] An analysis of sudden impulses (SI) at geosynchronous orbit (2000–2004) confirms a general dependence of the SI amplitude on the variation of the square root of the solar wind pressure, together with an explicit LT dependence, with greater responses at satellites located closer to noon meridian. In the dayside hemisphere the magnetospheric response, which mostly influences the Bz component, is well consistent with the magnetic field jump expected for changes of the magnetopause current alone, driven by changes of the solar wind pressure. In the dark hemisphere, where the changes of the Bx component are often relevant, the competing contributions of several current systems (from the magnetopause, cross-tail current, ring current, Birkeland current) determine a large variety of responses that cannot be interpreted in a statistical sense. Depending on the solar wind conditions, different situations emerge for nightside events. We present a case in which a remarkable magnetospheric compression determined field variations which can be interpreted in terms of a strongly dominant contribution of the magnetopause current even in the midnight sector, while in other cases the observed features are consistent with the predictions of the global current system. We also speculated that additional elements (such as the geocentric distance of the hinging point, the separation point between closed and open field lines in the geomagnetic tail) might play a crucial role in determining the aspects of the magnetospheric response. The correspondence between model predictions and observations persists even in cases of moderate Southward orientations of the IMF.
Improving the Perioperative Experience of Patients and Families in a Pediatric Setting

Practice Problem: The experience of surgery for pediatric patients and their families can be dependent on multiple factors including adequate preparation, English language proficiency and realistic expectations. Anxiety can contribute to a negative experience that may result in poor outcomes and a damaging reflection of the healthcare team and organization. PICOT: The PICOT question that guided this project was: In preoperative pediatric patients and their families, how do therapeutic communication style and the provision of information about the perioperative experience affect their healthcare experience over eight weeks? Evidence: A multi-modal approach to providing tailored preoperative education for the child and the parent can improve their perioperative experience. The practice of sitting with patient has demonstrated improved satisfaction scores by enhancing therapeutic communication, enabling active listening and improving trust between clinicians and patients. Intervention: A bundle to improve pediatric perioperative patient’s experience included the provision of a five minute, animated, educational video offered in English and Spanish and implementing sitting between clinicians and patients and families during all interactions. Outcome: An analysis of the patient experience data reflected a decreased gap between the experiences of the English and Spanish language groups that was statistically significant. Clinical significance was demonstrated by qualitative data regarding enhanced communication from patients during the implementation period. Conclusion: This project successfully addressed the health disparities that are prevalent for pediatric perioperative patients and families and closed the gap of experience between English and Spanish language preferred groups.
Oxygen isotopic abundances in evolved stars. III: 26 carbon stars

The present O-isotope ratio measurements conducted for 21 ordinary N-type C stars and five C-13-rich J-type stars show the former to closely resemble those of MS and S stars, which is far higher than expected, while the latter ratios, together with N abundances supplied by Lambert et al. (1986), preclude the previously proposed envelope-burning hypothesis. Evidence is noted for a positive correlation of the O-16/O-17 ratio with the neutron exposure parameter required for an explanation of abundances of the s-process elements in the ordinary N-type stars. 45 references.
Combined radiation-convection heat transfer in a pipe

The effect of radiation on steam under the reflood steam cooling condition, as during the reflood period in a loss of coolant accident (LOCA), was calculated. A one-dimensional radiative heat flux model was included in the energy transport equation and was solved simultaneously with other conservative equations. The calculated results are shown to agree well with test data of Larsen and Lord (1969) from steam cooling experiments, where the pressure, power, flow rates, and the hydraulic diameter of the test section were chosen so as to simulate the pressurized water reactor LOCA conditions. 11 refs.
An Optimization Approach to the Determination of the Boundaries of Manipulator Workspaces

An optimization approach to computing the boundaries of the workspaces of planar manipulators is presented. This numerical method consists of finding a suitable radiating point in the output coordinate space and then determining the points of intersection of a representative pencil of rays, emanating from the radiating point, with the boundary of the accessible set. This is done by application of a novel constrained optimization approach that has the considerable advantage that it may easily be automated. The method is illustrated by its application to two planar mechanisms, namely a planar Stewart platform and a planar redundantly controlled serial manipulator. In addition to the exterior boundaries of the workspace, interior curves that represent configurations at which controllability and mobility may be limited, are also mapped. The optimization methodology, implemented here for the planar case, may readily be extended to spatial Stewart platforms.
Effect of substitutional atoms in the tip on field-emission properties of capped carbon nanotubes

By use of first-principles calculations, we investigate the effect of introducing substitutional boron or nitrogen atom in the tip on field-emission properties of capped single-wall carbon nanotubes. We find that the substitution in the tip can significantly enhance the localized density of states at the Fermi level, which is important for field emission. The substitution of nitrogen introduces unsaturated dangling bond states at the tip, yielding a reduction of the work function of the tip. Our results suggest that the capped tube with substitutional nitrogen or boron atom in the tip could have much larger field-emission current than the tube without substitution.
From proofreader to mediator: the roles negotiated by NNES tutors in EFL writing tutorials

ABSTRACT Currently, writing centers are expanding to Asian university contexts and hiring Non-native English speakers (NNES) as peer tutors, but there is a paucity of research on the roles NNES tutors play and on tutoring in global contexts. To address this gap, this study interrogates the question: What role do NNES tutors adopt in English a Foreign Language (EFL) writing centers? Through the framework of symbolic interactionism, a mixed method approach was employed. Data were collected from 16 pre- and post-semester tutor interviews, 30 tutorial observations and a tutee survey with 24 respondents. It was found that rather than adopting a precisely defined role such as peer mentor or foreign language instructor the tutor adopted multiple roles: proofreader, translator, coach, teacher, and mediator. Each role is negotiated through each interaction with individual tutees. The roles put forth encompass a new way for NNES tutors to effectively tutor in EFL settings.
Non-invasive turbulent mixing across a density interface in a turbulent Taylor–Couette flow

In this paper, we present new experimental measurements of the turbulent transport of salt across an interface between two layers of fluid of equal depth but different salinities. The fluid is confined to a cylindrical annulus with a vertical axis. The outer cylinder is stationary and the inner cylinder rotates to produce a turbulent flow field consisting of an approximately irrotational mean azimuthal flow, with narrow boundary layers on the inner and outer cylinders. We focus on the limit of high-Richardson-number flow, defined as Ri = gΔρH/(ρ0u2rms), where ρ0 is a reference density, Δρ is the time-dependent difference of the layers' mean densities, urms is the root mean square of the turbulent velocity fluctuations and H is the layer depth. The mean flow has Reynolds number of the order of 104−105, and the turbulent fluctuations in the azimuthal and radial directions have root-mean-square speed of order 10% of the mean azimuthal flow. Measurements based on our experimental system show that when the Richardson number is in the range 7 < Ri < 200, the interface between the two layers remains sharp, each layer remains well mixed, and the vertical flux of salt between the layers, Fs ~(1.15 ± 0.15)Ri−1𝒜(H/ΔR)urmsΔS, where ΔS is the spatially-averaged time-dependent salinity difference between the layers and in general 𝒜(H/ΔR) is a dimensionless function of the tank aspect ratio, here taken to be unity, with ΔR being the gap width of the annulus. The salt transport appears to be caused by turbulent eddies scouring and sharpening the interface and implies a constant rate of conversion of the turbulent kinetic energy to potential energy, independent of the density contrast between the layers. For smaller values of Ri, the flow regime changes qualitatively, with eddies penetrating the interface, causing fluid in the two layers to co-mingle and rapidly homogenize.
A note on optimal detection of a change in distribution

Suppose X 1 , X 2 ,. , X v-1 are iid random variables with distribution F 0 , and X ν , X ν+1,. are are iid with distributed F 1 . The change point ν is unknown. The problem is to raise an alarm as soon as possible after the distribution changes from F 0 to F 1 (detect the change), but to avoid false alarms. Pollak found a version of the Shiryayev-Roberts procedure to be asymptotically optimal for the problem of minimizing the average run length to detection over all stopping times which satisfy a given constraint on the rate of false alarms. Here we find that this procedure is strictly optimal for a slight reformulation of the problem he considered. Explicit formulas are developed for the calculation of the average run length (both before and after the change) for the optimal stopping time.
A modified weighted function method for parameter estimation of Pearson type three distribution

In this paper, an unconventional method called Modified Weighted Function (MWF) is presented for the conventional moment estimation of a probability distribution function. The aim of MWF is to estimate the coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of skewness (CS) from the original higher moment computations to the first‐order moment calculations. The estimators for CV and CS of Pearson type three distribution function (PE3) were derived by weighting the moments of the distribution with two weight functions, which were constructed by combining two negative exponential‐type functions. The selection of these weight functions was based on two considerations: (1) to relate weight functions to sample size in order to reflect the relationship between the quantity of sample information and the role of weight function and (2) to allocate more weights to data close to medium‐tail positions in a sample series ranked in an ascending order. A Monte‐Carlo experiment was conducted to simulate a large number of samples upon which statistical properties of MWF were investigated. For the PE3 parent distribution, results of MWF were compared to those of the original Weighted Function (WF) and Linear Moments (L‐M). The results indicate that MWF was superior to WF and slightly better than L‐M, in terms of statistical unbiasness and effectiveness. In addition, the robustness of MWF, WF, and L‐M were compared by designing the Monte‐Carlo experiment that samples are obtained from Log‐Pearson type three distribution (LPE3), three parameter Log‐Normal distribution (LN3), and Generalized Extreme Value distribution (GEV), respectively, but all used as samples from the PE3 distribution. The results show that in terms of statistical unbiasness, no one method possesses the absolutely overwhelming advantage among MWF, WF, and L‐M, while in terms of statistical effectiveness, the MWF is superior to WF and L‐M.
Divergent Directionality of Immune Cell-Specific Protein Expression between Bipolar Lithium Responders and Non-Responders Revealed by Enhanced Flow Cytometry

Background and Objectives: There is no biomarker to predict lithium response. This study used CellPrint™ enhanced flow cytometry to study 28 proteins representing a spectrum of cellular pathways in monocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes before and after lithium treatment in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Materials and Methods: Symptomatic patients with BD type I or II received lithium (serum level ≥ 0.6 mEq/L) for 16 weeks. Patients were assessed with standard rating scales and divided into two groups, responders (≥50% improvement from baseline) and non-responders. Twenty-eight intracellular proteins in CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes were analyzed with CellPrint™, an enhanced flow cytometry procedure. Data were analyzed for differences in protein expression levels. Results: The intent-to-treat sample included 13 lithium-responders (12 blood samples before treatment and 9 after treatment) and 11 lithium-non-responders (11 blood samples before treatment and 4 after treatment). No significant differences in expression between the groups was observed prior to lithium treatment. After treatment, the majority of analytes increased expression in responders and decreased expression in non-responders. Significant increases were seen for PDEB4 and NR3C1 in responders. A significant decrease was seen for NR3C1 in non-responders. Conclusions: Lithium induced divergent directionality of protein expression depending on the whether the patient was a responder or non-responder, elucidating molecular characteristics of lithium responsiveness. A subsequent study with a larger sample size is warranted.
Prostate Adenocarcinoma Within a Thymoma: A Rare Case of Tumor-to-Tumor Metastasis

Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is defined as when metastasis from a primary tumor (donor) grows in a different primary neoplasm (recipient). Due to the structure of the thymus and the low incidence rate, thymic epithelial neoplasm has been rarely described in the literature as a recipient for metastases.In this report,a patient with advanced prostatic cancer and under control after chemo/hormone therapy was directed to our thoracic surgery unit for an anterior mediastinal mass detected during the staging workup for prostate disease. A limited uptake at fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the mediastinal lesion, while the surrounding tissue showed diffusely negative hypermetabolism, suggested a second primary thymic epithelial tumor with a possible carcinomatous differentiation. A thymectomy through a median sternotomy was carried out. Histopathological analysis after thymectomy revealed a type A thymoma with multiple elements of prostate adenocarcinoma within it. The foci of prostate adenocarcinoma were co-located in the context of the thymoma, revealing what is defined as a tumor-to-tumor metastasis.To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a thymoma as the recipient of metastases coming from a primary extrathoracic tumor without the involvement of other thoracic organs.
Eu and Yb Substituent Effects on the Properties of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3–Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3 Ceramics: Development of a New High-Power Piezoelectric with Enhanced Vibrational Velocity

Improved piezoelectric materials with higher vibrational velocities are needed to meet the demands of advanced high power electromechanical applications. In this paper, the effects of Eu and Yb substituents on the vibrational velocity and the piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3–Pb(Mn, Sb)O3 ceramics will be reported. Both of these substituents resulted in a significant increase in the mechanical quality factor Qm, a decrease in the dielectric constant, and improvements in the electromechanical properties. Root mean square value (rms value) of vibration velocity as high as 1.0 m/s under an electric field of 10 kV/m (rms value) has been found for Yb-substituted specimens, which is 1.7 times higher than that of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3–Pb(Mn, Sb)O3 ceramics and 3 times higher than that of the commercialized hard Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 ceramics.