Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The recent history of Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, England: a guide to ecological development

(1) Understanding of the ecology of Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire is tenuously based on site histories which incorporate few established facts and are, to some extent, contradictory. Documentary and field evidence have been assembled to provide a new and detailed history from 1600 to the present day. (2) Two major vegetation types predominated on the Fen in the seventeenth century: a semi-natural community dominated by Cladiunr nmariscus ('sedge') and maintained by cutting; and a presumed seral vegetation initiated by peat extraction. (3) Peat extraction declined after 1800 and ceased during the nineteenth century. The total area of sedge decreased in the twentieth century so that it now covers only 8%Y, of the site. Scrub is now the major vegetation on the Fen. (4) Subdivision of the Fen during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries resulted in a large number of management units. The number declined dramatically in the twentieth century as the units were combined under single ownership. (5) The ecological implications of these changes in management are considered. (6) Interpretation of the historical evidence questions aspects of conventional ecological understanding of Wicken Fen. In particular, the site has been drained; it was enclosed two centuries earlier than previously supposed (with implications for management pattern and habitat diversity); and there is no clear evidence that acid bog existed in recent times.
Determination and confirmation of S-RNase genotypes of apple pollinators and cultivars

Summary We analysed the S-RNase genotypes of 23 crab apple (Malus spp.) pollinators and 102 cultivars of domestic apple (Malus pumila Mill.) by PCR amplification and digestion. Within the 23 pollinators, four pollinators, ‘Hopa’, ‘Jack’, ‘Pink Perfection’ and ‘Profusion B’, each had two unidentified S-RNase alleles. These cultivars should be useful pollinators for all domestic cultivars. Twenty-one of the domestic cultivars exhibited S-genotypes contrary to those expected from their supposed parentage, suggesting that one or both reported parents were wrong. We confirmed many of the S-RNase genotypes by pollination tests.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF MYCORRHIZAS IN JAUMEA CARNOSA, A TIDAL SALTMARSH HALOPHYTE

1 Jaumea carnosa (Less.) Gray was studied in three environmentally distinct regions of the Walker Creek marsh, California. This species was mycorrhizal at an upland site removed from tidal influences except when extreme tides coincided with winter precipitation, a tidal channel site, and a waterlogged marine site (pioneer zone). The percentage of root length colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (%AM) was significantly lower (P 20% in regions of the soil profile where redox potentials were less than 100 mV and soil moisture levels exceeded 120%. 3 Cross-sections of host plant roots revealed the localization of arbuscules in the radial files of aerenchymatous tissue which may facilitate the survival of AM fungi in reduced soils. Glomus intraradices Schenk & Smith was the dominant sporulating species from the marine site soils, while several undescribed species of Glomus dominated the channel and upland site soils. Species composition was similar in soil samples collected during dry (September) and wet (January) months. 4 In the upland site, %AM may be suppressed by the osmotic stresses associated with seasonal extremes of salinity. For the upland and channel sites, %AM and arbuscule frequencies were greatest during the winter months of December and early March, when plants were relatively dormant. In these sites, vesicles and hyphae were most abundant during the summer months. In the waterlogged and reduced soils of the marine site, AM levels did not change seasonally despite high levels of available phosphorus. 5 In the channel site, the tidal deposition of nitrogen-rich (and possibly spore-bearing) sediments, the presence of faunal activity in channel walls, and improved soil aeration associated with tidal inundation and retreat are among the proposed explanations for mycorrhizal abundance in this location of the Walker Creek marsh.
Making Social Worlds

Preface. 1. Critical moments that shape our social worlds. 2. Taking a communication perspective on social worlds. 3. Paradigms and the "physics" of social worlds. 4. Communication: Coordinating Actions and Making/Managing Meanings. 5. Doing things in communication: Speech acts. 6. Episodes and patterns of communication. 7. Selves and forms of consciousness. 8. Relationships and relational minds. 9. Afterword: Something of a guide for using CMM.
Density-dependent responses of gray-tailed voles to mowing

Voles (Microtus spp.) commonly inhabit forage crops and may cause excessive damage to these crops. However, cover removal by mowing or haying may cause vole populations to decline. To determine if gray-tailed voles (M. canicaudus) responded to mowing of alfalfa in a density-dependent manner, we livetrapped 4 populations in each of low- ( 90) 0.2-ha enclosures before and after mowing in 1992. Survival rates of both sexes, population size and growth rates, and proportion of total captures that were recruits declined (P 0.22). Greater than 50% of dispersing adult females were pregnant, and we suggest that mowing disrupted social organization of voles causing some animals to abandon home ranges or territories. Although mowing reduces populations of gray-tailed voles and disrupts social organization, the high reproductive potential of the species enables populations to recover rapidly to premowing levels
Wheat cultivars under bulk density levels in Cerrado Rhodic Hapludox, Central Brazil

The Brazilian Cerrado presents potential to expand its wheat cultivation, but soil compaction is one of the factors that may limit production. The objective of this study was to evaluate production characteristics and chlorophyll index of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under bulk density levels. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with Rhodic Hapludox collected at 0.00-0.20 m depth. The experimental design was entirely randomized and the treatments were arranged in a 5x2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five bulk densities levels (1.0; 1.2; 1.4; 1.6 and 1.8 Mg m -3 ) and two wheat cultivars (BRS Guamirim and IAC 350) with four replications. The experimental plot was composed of one poly (vinyl chloride) pot of 0.1913 m internal diameter and 0.20 m height. Variables evaluated were: spike number, dry mass of spikes, aerial part, roots and chlorophyll index. There was no significant interaction between wheat cultivars and bulk density levels. The increasing bulk density reduced production and chlorophyll index of the wheat cultivars BRS Guamirim and IAC 350. The IAC 350 cultivar presented better spike production and higher chlorophyll index, regardless the bulk density levels.
Toxoptera Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a generic account, description of a new species from China, and keys to species

The aphid genus Toxoptera Koch is reviewed. Toxoptera chaetosiphon sp. nov. is described from Camellia oleifera in Guangxi, China. Keys to known species of Toxoptera in China are provided. The type specimens studied are deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and the Natural History Museum, London, UK.
Seasonal changes in defecation rates of free-ranging white-tailed deer

Defecation rates of 7 free-ranging female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were studied in a coniferous-deciduous forest in northeastern Minnesota. Defecation rates averaged 22.3, 27.0, 34.4, and 51.9 pellet groups/day during January-April, May-June, July-August, and September-December, respectively. Average defecation rate between autumn leaf-fall (15 Oct) and spring snowmelt (30 Apr) was 34 pellet groups/day. The same deer, when penned, defecated from 11 to 14 times/day. There was an average of 68.7 pellets/group. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 51(2):330-333 Counts of fecal pellet groups are used to estimate deer numbers and habitat use (Bennett et al. 1940, Neff 1968, Ryel 1971). Pellet groups deposited by white-tailed deer since autumn leaf-fall are usually counted in spring (Ryel 1971). Counts may be used directly to estimate year-to-year population trends or may be divided by pellet groups/deer/day to estimate deer numbers or deer-days of habitat use (Neff 1968). Defecation rates applied to white-tailed deer are based on 2 winter studies of penned white-tailed deer fed selected browse species in Michigan (Eberhardt and Van Etten 1956, Van Etten 1959), a study of penned white-tailed deer fed a commercial ration in Texas (Rollins et al. 1984), and studies of confined mule deer (0. hemionus) in western habitats (Neff 1968). Additional defecation rate information is needed because defecation rates may change seasonally with diet and metabolism, defecation rates for penned deer on artificial diets may differ from those of wild deer, and defecation rates may differ between species or within a species in different habitats (Ryel 1971). Also, information is needed for late fall, which is commonly included in pellet group counts but for which little defecation rate data are available for any North American deer (Ryel 1971). Studies of tame free-ranging deer ingesting natural forage were conducted in the Superior National Forest in northeastern Minnesota (47048'N, 91045'W) from 1977 through 1980. My objective is to report seasonal changes in the number of pellet groups deposited/day, based on direct observation of the tame, freeranging deer. I thank S. J. Burch, A. R. Conover, J. A. Hanson, K. A. Hunt, J. Lapham, L. Mason, J. McCarthy, L. J. Medved, G. Rasch, C. A. Schmidt, and M. L. Shedd for field assistance. D. J. Neff, L. D. Mech, L. A. Ryel, J. M. Sweeney, and P. J. Van Soest are thanked for their helpful suggestions with the manuscript.
Process Parameters Optimization for Ultrasonically Consolidated Fiber-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

As an emerging rapid prototyping technology, Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC) has been used to successfully fabricate metal matrix composites (MMC). The intent of this study is to identify the optimum combination of processing parameters, including oscillation amplitude, welding speed, normal force, operating temperature and fiber orientation, for manufacture of long fiber-reinforced MMCs. The experiments were designed using the Taguchi method, and an L25 orthogonal array was utilized to determine the influences of each parameter. SiC fibers of 0.1mm diameter were successfully embedded into an Al 3003 metal matrix. Two methods were employed to characterize the bonding between the fiber and matrix material: optical/electron microscopy and push-out tests monitored by an acoustic emission (AE) sensor. SEM images and data from push-out tests were analyzed and optimum combinations of parameters were achieved.
Insect visitation rates and foraging patterns differ in androdioecious and hermaphrodite-only populations of Laguncularia racemosa (Combretaceae) in Florida

Abstract: Insect-pollinated Laguncularia racemosa has a variable breeding system; some populations are androdioecious, with male and hermaphroditic plants, while others lack male plants. We observed the foraging behaviours of insects in three androdioecious and three hermaphrodite-only populations of L. racemosa in Florida. In each population, insect visitation rates were estimated from 30–108 timed intervals. We recorded the number of flowers visited by 144–224 insects during foraging bouts made to 15–40 male and hermaphroditic plants. Male plants in androdioecious populations had significantly more visitors than hermaphroditic plants, increasing the number of vectors carrying pollen from male plants. Further, many insects visited few flowers during foraging bouts, which should increase outcrossing frequency. According to mathematical models, male plants benefit from these combined factors. Plants in hermaphrodite-only populations had significantly more visitors than hermaphroditic plants in androdioecious populations. Proportionately more insects visited many flowers during foraging bouts in hermaphrodite-only versus androdioecious populations. The increased likelihood of geitonogamous self-pollination could help explain the lack of male plants in hermaphrodite-only populations. Differences in pollinator assemblages and the relative abundances of several species were responsible for differences in foraging behaviours: Apis mellifera, Bombus sp. , Melissodes sp. , Xylocopa sp. , Euodynerus sp. and a calliphorid species.
Think before You Write.

We had given students plenty of class time to work and clear due dates for each part of the project. We had bought index cards, large envelopes, and rubber bands and distributed them liberally. We had shown students how to cite sources and reminded them (constantly) to do so. Finally, we had written and reviewed a model paper so that students would know what a good paper looked like. We had set up times for students to confer with one another on their first drafts and made ourselves available for questions.
Composition, distribution, abundance and biomass of the macrofauna and meiofauna of four sandy beaches

AbstractThe macrofauna and meiofauna have been investigated quantitatively on four exposed sandy beaches of medium quartz sands. Of the 12 macrofauna species recorded, two bivalves (Donax spp.) and one gastropod (BuUia rhodostoma) made up the bulk of the numbers and biomass values on all beaches. Macrofauna biomass values were 0,01 - 316,46 g/m2 on an ash-free, dry mass basis. Diversity index values for the macrofauna were low and on all beaches decreased from LW to HW irrespective of the distribution of densities. Similarity analysis indicated three fauna assemblages, which were less related to tidal heights than to quantities of available food. High meiofauna numbers were recorded (152 - 7056/10 cm2) and these were made up mainly of crustaceans (48%) and nematodes (44%). Meiofauna ash-free dry biomass values were 0,08-3,36 g/m2. On all beaches the meiofauna tended to be concentrated at those tide levels where a moderate, but not extreme, degree of desiccation of the sand occurred. Biomass values of macr.
Peristome development in mosses in relation to systematics and evolution. III: Funaria hygrometrica, Bryum pseudocapillare, and B. bicolor

Peristome morphology provides much of the basis for the modern classification of mosses. Arthrodontous moss peristomes are generally divided into haplolepideous and diplolepid- eous types. Diplolepideous peristomes are further divided into Funaria- and Bryum-types. The Fu- naria-type peristome, characteristic of the Funariaceae, has been interpreted as primitive with regard to the other arthrodontous types. The complete developmental sequence leading to peristome formation in Funaria hygrometrica is the first such study from the Funariaceae. Development of the peristome in Bryum bicolor and B. pseudocapillare is also described and the sequences of cell divisions preceding differentiation of the teeth are compared to those in Funaria. An important difference between Bryum- and Funaria-type peristomes is the relative displacement of anticlinal walls in adjacent peristomial layers of the Bryum-type; displacement does not occur in the Funaria-type. We have determined that displacement can be traced both to the position of some anticlinal walls at their formation, and to the shifting of other walls late in development of Bryum-type peristomes. The tremendous variation in peristome struc- ture among mosses can be understood with ref- erence to just a few basic types of peristomes. Peristomes can vary in the number and arrange- ment of cells in each of the three cell-layers that form the teeth, in the position and amount of secondary wall deposition that occurs in these layers, or in both features. Extreme differences often exist between the peristomes of closely related moss species, but these differences gen- erally reflect variation in the pattern of second- ary wall deposition or resorption, despite an underlying uniformity in the arrangement of cells in the peristomial layers. For example, in the Bryaceae, peristomes may be double, single, or absent, yet the anatomy of the peristomial layers is quite uniform (Shaw 1985a). Although variation in the patterns of peri- stomial wall deposition among mosses has been extensively documented in recent years using both light and scanning electron microscopy, the development of the peristomial layers pre- ceding deposition of the teeth is less well- known. This paper is the third in a series (Shaw
Functional characterization of Rtt107 in the DNA damage response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ii Preface . iv Table of Contents . v List of Tables . x List of Figures . xi Acknowledgements . xiv Dedication . xv Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 The Problem of DNA Damage . 1 1.2 Detection of DNA Damage is the Initial Step . 1 1.3 Activation of Signalling Cascades is Mediated by Checkpoint Kinases . 2 1.4 Checkpoint Adaptors Transmit Signals via Phosphorylation . 4 1.5 Effector Kinases Facilitate Downstream Consequences . 5 1.6 Post-translational Modifications Play a Key Role in the DNA Damage Response . 7 1.7 Multiple Repair Pathways Function in Response to DNA Lesions . 9 1.8 DNA Lesions can be Bypassed with Post-replication Repair Pathways . 11 1.9 Recovery or Adaptation Follows After the DNA Damage Response . 12 1.10 Chromatin is Intricately Involved in the DNA Damage Response . 13 1.11 Rtt107 Functions in the DNA Damage Response . 15 1.12 Slx4 is an Interaction Partner of Rtt107 . 18 1.13 Rtt107 Functions Together with the SMC5/6 Complex . 20 vi 1.14 Summary . 21 Chapter 2: Loss of H3 K79 Trimethylation Leads to Suppression of Rtt107-Dependent DNA Damage Sensitivity Through the Translesion Synthesis Pathway . 24 2.1 Introduction . 24 2.2 Materials and Methods . 28 2.2.1 Yeast strains . 28 2.2.2 Sensitivity measurements . 31 2.2.3 Protein extracts and protein blot analysis . 31 2.2. 4 Flow cytometric analysis and BrdU incorporation experiments . 32 2.2. 5 Quantitative bimater assay . 33 2.2. 6 Microscopy . 33 2.2. 7 Measurement of mutation rates . 34 2.2. 8 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis . 34 2.3 Results . 35 2.3. 1 Elimination of H3 K79 methylation suppressed the sensitivity of rtt107∆ and slx4Δ mutants to the DNA-damaging agent MMS . 35 2.3. 2 Deletion of DOT1 suppressed DNA damage sensitivity in the absence of MMSinduced phosphorylation of Rtt107 or Slx4 . 41 2.3. 3 The requirement of Rtt107 for resumption of cell cycle after S phase damage was partially suppressed by lack of Dot1 . 43 2.3. 4 The TLS pathway was required for the suppression of the MMS sensitivity of rtt107∆ mutants by deletion of DOT1 . 48
Weather-dependent kleptoparasitism and aggression in a raptor guild

Weather is known to affect various aspects of the foraging behavior of birds, including hunting success, rates of energy intake, foraging mode, and microhabitat selection (e.g. Schnell 1968, Grubb 1977, Alatalo 1982, Dugan 1982, Petit 1989). The effect of weather on social behavior, however, has received much less attention. Here, we report the effect of snowfall on kleptoparasitic and aggressive behaviors in a raptor guild. We also discuss changes in raptor abundance and hunting behavior following snowfall. Our study was conducted in 1.5 km2 of agricultural land west of the Boundary Bay Airport in Delta, British Columbia, Canada. The site was 70% old field, 20% plowed field, and 10% short grass. We observed raptors for 37 h during daylight on six days from 4 to 27 February 1990. Following a snowfall on 14 February, the fields at our study area were covered with 14 cm of snow until 20 February. During this period, we observed raptor activities for 22 h on 17, 18, and 19 February. To examine raptor behaviors in the absence of snow, we analyzed 15 h of observations on 4, 11, and 27 February (before snowfall and after snow melt). On each day of observation, we recorded the maximum number of individuals of each raptor species seen on the study area, the number and success of prey capture attempts per species, the number and success of kleptoparasitism attempts per species, and the number of nonkleptoparasitic aggressive interactions per species (for detailed descriptions of observational methods, see Temeles 1987, 1990). The number of individuals per raptor species and/or the number of hours of observation varied for each day of study. Consequently, we examined the rates of behaviors per individual per hour for each species, rather than counts, unless otherwise noted. To avoid inflating sample sizes by making comparisons between either numbers of observations or numbers of individuals, we compared the mean rates of behaviors for the three days snow was present with the mean rates of behaviors for the three days snow was absent (means are presented along with standard errors). All statistical procedures were performed using Minitab statistical packages (Ryan et al. 1985). The composition of the raptor guild varied in the
Development of a methodology for live capture and re-use of project knowledge in construction

The efforts to share and reuse knowledge generated on construction projects are undermined mainly by the loss of important insights and knowledge due to the time lapse in capturing the knowledge, staff turnover and people’s reluctance to share knowledge. To address this, it is crucial for knowledge to be captured ‘live’ in a collaborative environment while the project is being executed and presented in a format that will facilitate its reuse during and after the project. This paper uses a case study approach to investigate the end-users’ requirements for a methodology for the ‘live’ capture and reuse of knowledge, and the shortcomings of current practice in meeting these requirements. A methodology for the ‘live’ capture and reuse of project knowledge is then presented and discussed. The methodology, which comprises an Web-based knowledge base, an integrated workflow system (IWS) and a Project Knowledge Manager (PKM) as the administrator, allows project knowledge to be captured ‘live’ from ongoing projects. This also incorporates mechanisms to hasten knowledge validation and the dissemination of the knowledge once it has been validated. 1 Research Associate, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1509-263171 extension 8745; Fax: +44 (0)1509-223982; E-mail: h.c. tan@lboro.ac. uk 2 Professor, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK. E-mail: p.m. carrillo@lboro.ac. uk 3 Professor, M.ASCE, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK. E-mail: c.j.anumba@lboro.ac. uk 4 Professor, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom. E-mail: n.m. bouchlaghem@lboro.ac. uk 5 Lecturer, School of Architecture, Planning & Landscape, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. 6 Research Associate, School of Architecture, Planning & Landscape, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
Effects of egg size on offspring fitness and maternal fecundity in the orangethroat darter, Etheostoma spectabile (Pisces: Percidae)

evolution. Ecology 56:427-434. , H. M. WILBUR AND S. G. TILLEY. 1970. Evolutionary strategies in lizard reproduction. Evolution 24:55-74. TURNER, F. B. , G. A. HODDENBACH, P. A. MEDICA ANDJ. R. LANNOM. 1970. The demography of the lizard, Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, in southern Nevada. J. Anim. Ecol. 39:505-519. , P. A. MEDICA AND B. A. KOWALEWSKY. 1976. Energy utilization by a desert lizard (Uta stansburiana). US/IBP Desert Biome Monograph No. 1. Utah State University Press, Logan, Utah. VINEGAR, M. B. 1975a. Life history phenomena in two populations of the lizard Sceloporus undulatus in southwestern New Mexico. Amer. Midi. Nat. 93: 388-402.