Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Out of School Children in Rural Areas of Punjab: An Exploratory Study

The main aim of the study was to explore the causes of miss-out children from rural areas of Punjab. Further the study objective was to provide an in-depth exploration of the experiences of families who did not enroll their children in any school. The approach of the study was qualitative and participants were selected by considering the needs of the study. The study has provided useful insight and learning around the experiences of 25 families, across two districts of the Punjab; 13 families from district Multan and 12 families from district DG Khan were taken conveniently. An interview as data collection tool was used to get the data from children who are not going to school and their parents, and social workers of the community where they reside. The finding showed that poverty, education system, family’s migrations due to rented homes, unemployment, low social status, teachers’ attitude towards students, lack of skill-based curriculum, orphan hood, social and cultural pressures contribute to the student miss.
Carry-over of aflatoxin from cows' food to milk

Two experiments were made. In experiment 1, dairy cows in early lactation (2 to 4 weeks) and dairy cows in late lactation (34 to 36 weeks) were given aflatoxin B, (AFBt)at a level of 34 to 39 fig/day by feeding them contaminated compound food. The aflatoxin Mrcontent(AFMj) of raw milk was determined four times during the experimental period of 14 days. The milk yield was measured daily. The carry-over rate of aflatoxin was proportionately 0·062 and 0·018 for cows in early and late lactation respectively. This difference was not only due to milk production level but possibly also associated to AFB, liver metabolism. In experiment 2, eight high (40 kg milk per day) and eight low (16 kg milk per day) milk yielding cows, carry-over of AFB1 from compound food into AFM, in milk was measured at different levels ofAFB7 intake ranging from 7 to 57 fig/day. Independent of AFBj-intake, high-producing dairy cows had a higher carry-over rate than low producing animals (proportionately 0·038 v. 0·025). Carry-over ofAFB1 to AFM, was linearly correlated with milk yield. Variations in the level of AFM1 in milk of individual cows were not due to variations in milk yield. The relationship between AFB2 intake per day and AFM^content in milk per kg could be described by the formula: AFMj (ng/kg milk) = 119 AFB, intake (fig per cow per day) + 1·9. This means that in order to produce milk with less than 0·05 fig AFM, per kg milk the average daily individual intake in a herd should be limited to 40 fig AFB7 per day. As dairy cows in their early to mid lactation period consume large quantities of compound food, a maximum level of AFB3 in dairy foods has to be set at an acceptable daily intake (ADI) value to guarantee that AFM1 levels in milk do not exceed tolerable levels.
Clinical aspects of palmoplantar dermatoses in patients attending tertiary health care centre

Background: Dermatoses affecting palms and soles are among the most difficult of all dermatological therapeutic problems. Apart from diagnostic difficulties, few palmoplantar dermatoses cause great discomfort and disability and may also affect a person's livelihood. To evaluate demographic aspects like age and gender wise distribution and clinical profile of patients suffering from palmoplantar dermatoses. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2018 to July 2019 in the Department of Dermatology, venereology and leprosy in tertiary care centre. Total 200 cases attending the department of dermatology primarily with complaints pertaining to palms and soles with or without body part involvement in patients of age group between 5-70 yrs. and both sexes were enrolled in the study. Investigations such as direct microscopic examination of scrapings, wet mount with potassium hydroxide, Wood’s lamp examination, patch testing and sample for biopsy was taken. After taking consent a detailed history and clinical examination pertaining to the aim of the study was recorded and analysed. Results: A total of 200 patients were enrolled, among which 63% were males and 37% were females showing male predominance. The most common age group affected was 21-40 years. The most common chief complaint was itching (41.5%). Palmoplantar psoriasis was the most common dermatosis with 23.5% cases. Conclusions: Palmoplantar dermatoses are frequently encountered in the dermatologic field. Early recognition of clinical symptoms and signs aids in diagnostic investigations and helps in appropriate and effective management of illness to improve the quality of life.
LOW TEMPERATURE BLANCHING OF FROZEN CARROTS WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS AT DIFFERENT HOLDING TIMES ON TEXTURE OF FROZEN CARROTS

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low temperature blanching in calcium chloride solutions to increase firmness retention of frozen carrot slices and to determine optimum conditions to provide a final product with maximum firmness. Low temperature (65C) blanching in CaCl 2 solutions (0.05-0.6 molar) for holding times (5-90 min) was performed on carrots Apache' cultivar. Calcium absorption was affected (P≤0.05) by the CaCl 2 concentration. Behavior of this variable was adequately fitted by a second order model (R 2 =0.99). Firmness was affected (P≤0.05) by the CaCl 2 solutions and holding times. Optimum conditions gave extrusion forces of 1693-2095 N and calcium levels of 69-144 mg/100 g. These were verified experimentally and agreed closely with predicted calcium absorption and firmness values.
A New Uintan Horned Brontothere from Wyoming and the Evolution of Canine Size and Sexual Dimorphism in the Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla: Mammalia)

ABSTRACT Diplacodon gigan is a new species of uintan brontothere recognized from an exquisitely preserved skull from the Wiggins Formation, Hot Springs County, Wyoming. Close affinity to Protitanotherium emarginatum has been suggested based on similarities of canine size and horn shape. However, evidence suggests that canine size and horn morphology were sexually dimorphic among brontotheres, and differences in these traits between single specimens or very small samples of specimens are suspect. Analysis of coefficients of variation of canines and other craniodental variables in brontotheres demonstrates a marked increase in the intraspecific variability of canines among horned brontotheres and closely related hornless species. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the Brontotheriidae follows a pattern repeated in the evolutionary histories of other ungulates, including ruminants and rhinoceroses, where the evolution of sexually dimorphic canines or canine-like incisors commonly precedes the evolution of horns or horn-like cranial appendages. A phylogenetic analysis, which incorporates new character data on horn size, horn shape, canine size, and canine dimorphism, places D. gigan as the sister of D. elatus, and is the basis for the referral of this new species to Diplacodon. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that similarities between P. emarginatum and D. gigan, particularly with respect to canine and horn morphology, are plesiomorphic traits shared with basal horned brontotheres, such as Protitan. The shared nasal bone morphology of D. elatus and D. gigan, where the lateral margins of the nasal bone are angled markedly dorsalward, is a synapomorphy of the genus Diplacodon and is not observed in other brontotheres.
Pear decline in Spain

Pear decline in Spain, associated with the presence of phytoplasmas in sieve tubes, was studied. Samples of healthy and diseased pear trees were tested to confirm the presence of the pathogen. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used, with universal and specific primers. Specimens of Cacopsylla pyri were also analysed by PCR. Phytoplasmas were detected in 79% of trees with premature reddening, in 67% of trees with weakness and necrotic spots (cv. Limonera) and in 20% of trees without symptoms. The pathogen was also detected in the psyllids, indicating that C. pyri could be the vector of the disease in Spain.
Verrucose tuberculosis cutis associated with chronic monoartritis of knee in a patient with HIV infection

Bone component involvement is an atypical form of extrapulmonary mycobacterium tuberculosis and it is rare that it previously affects the skin, its diagnosis is difficult. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a component of the cell walls of mycobacteria, present in some people with active tuberculosis, the test is simple and shows results in twenty minutes, but is not validated in immunocompetent patients. We present the case of a 65 year old man, diagnosed with verrucous tuberculosis and subsequent tuberculous monoarthritis of the left knee with positive analysis of lipoarabinomannan in urine and ELISA for non-reactive HIV with a good clinical response to the treatment of tuberculosis.
Effect of the nitrate group on yields and composition of secondary organic aerosol formed from reactions of alkyl nitrates with OH radicals in the presence of NOx

Abstract A systematic study was conducted on the effect of a nitrate functional group on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products and yields from reactions of C10 alkyl nitrate isomers with OH radicals in the presence of NOx. The 1- through 5-decyl nitrate isomers were synthesized from their corresponding alcohols, reacted in an environmental chamber, and the precursors and SOA were analyzed using online and offline techniques. SOA products were analogous to those formed from similar reactions of the C10 n-alkane (decane), but with an additional nitrate group. The SOA yield was highest when the nitrate group was on the terminal carbon and decreased monotonically from 0.51 to 0.50, 0.44, 0.28, and 0.15 as it moved toward the center of the molecule, at which point it was similar to that from decane. The explanation for this trend, which is supported by results of calculations performed using a kinetics model, involves a combination of the effects of the nitrate group on product vapor pressures and reaction branching ratios. In general, although the nitrate group lowers the vapor pressures of products relative to the corresponding products of the decane reaction, thus enhancing gas-to-particle partitioning and SOA formation, as it moves toward the center of the molecule it also alters the branching ratios for reaction pathways so as to enhance the formation of more volatile products. The results are compared with those from similar studies on ketone and alcohol isomers to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of functional groups on SOA composition and yields. Copyright © 2020 American Association for Aerosol Research
Elucidating salespeople's market orientation, proactive service behavior and organizational culture in the B2B banking sector: a Malaysian perspective

Considering that little is known on market orientation at the individual level, this study investigates the effects of individual market orientation on proactive service behavior, and subsequently, sales performance among business-to-business salespeople. Based on social cognitive theory and competing values framework, this paper also examines the interaction effects of organizational culture on the link between individual market orientation and proactive service behavior. ,The study sampled 539 business-to-business salespeople from 18 corporate banks in Kuala Lumpur by using a questionnaire survey. ,The results of the study show that adhocracy culture strengthens the effects of information acquisition on proactive service behavior, while at the same time weakens the impact of coordination of strategic response on the same outcome. Meanwhile, rational culture displayed negative contingent effects of information dissemination on proactive service behavior. ,Given its link to sales performance and proactive service behavior, banks should motivate their employees to embrace market orientation as individual competencies. This research outcome will aid managers in developing strategies and inculcating the right culture to ensure the market-oriented behaviors are internalized and transpired into positive outcomes. ,This paper contributes to the enrichment of the existing market orientation frameworks by offering underlying mechanisms (cultural environment and proactive service behavior) through which market-oriented behaviors contribute to the sales performance of business-to-business salespeople within the financial service industry. It is also among the earliest studies that examine the influence of individual market orientation and organizational culture on proactive service behavior.
EXPLORING METACOGNITIVE REGULATION AND STUDENTS’ INTERACTION IN MATHEMATICS LEARNING: AN ANALYSIS OF NEEDS TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ MASTERY

Purpose of the study: This study is a survey of teachers’ and students' perceptions of mathematics teaching and learning practices. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of learning practice based on metacognitive regulation strategies and student interactions to increase student achievement. Methodology: A quantitative survey of 45 mathematics teachers and 52 Form 2 students using questionnaires was conducted to look at the level of mathematics teaching and learning practices and to obtain agreement on the need for learning metacognitive regulation strategies and student interactions. Findings: The findings show that teachers' level of knowledge about metacognitive regulation strategies, level of teaching and learning based on metacognitive regulation and student interaction strategies, and level of mastery and application of student mathematics skills are moderate. Implications: Furthermore, teachers and students agree that teaching and learning practices based on metacognitive regulation strategies and student interaction need to be implemented as a mathematics learning intervention to enhance students’ mastery in mathematics. Implications of this study led to the suggestion that metacognitive regulation strategies be used as a best practice and guide to transform teaching and learning methods. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is an extension of the study of aspects of metacognitive skills by looking at both the view of the teacher and the student. Results show that students' metacognitive skills and interactions are related to and influence learning.
Process capability analysis of a 3D printing process

Abstract 3D printing processes (3DP) are getting wider applications in manufacturing, medical and socio-cultural sectors. Owing to involvement of various controllable and uncontrollable factors, many challenges are faced in terms of dimensions and shape of the object. In order to maintain quality under control, performance capability analysis (PCA) is used as a popular statistical tool in 3DP to ascertain how well the process meets a set of specification limits. The process under scanner is fused deposition modeling (FDM) type of 3DP. In PCA, process capability indices (PCI) are used to determine the quality that the process is delivering practically by calculating the deviation of the process mean from the target mean. This work employs PCA on FDM type 3DP by computing six PCIs in order to determine deviation of the process mean from target mean. This will help in determining the stability and the capability of the process. So, this work is an attempt to employ PCA to improve the quality of the 3DP process. Consideration of six PCIs is the novelty of the work.
Axial‐to‐radial water permeability of leaf major veins: a possible determinant of the impact of vein embolism on leaf hydraulics?

The leaf hydraulic conductance (KL) was measured in Prunus laurocerasus L. and Juglans regia L. in which previous measurements had revealed different impacts of dehydration on KL. Leaves of P. laurocerasus lost 8% of their KL at water potentials (ΨL) of −2.0 MPa. Leaflets of J. regia showed KL losses of 40% at ΨL = −1.0 MPa. When major veins were blocked using cyanoacrylate to simulate their embolism, the KL of P. laurocerasus was reduced by 57% but that of J. regia leaflets was reduced by 80%. Such differences were hypothesized to be due to different axial-to-radial permeabilites of major veins. Infiltration of leaves with Phoxine B revealed that P. laurocerasus major veins were largely leaky in the radial direction whereas those of J. regia leaflets showed prevailing axial water transport. Differences between species in terms of axial-to-radial water permeability were confirmed by measurements of changes of hydraulic resistance along the midrib. The two hydraulic models are discussed in terms of leaf vulnerability to embolism and plant adaptation to dry habitats.
Forest Entomology in Yellowstone National Park, 1923–1957: A Time of Discovery and Learning to Let Live

For several decades after the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872, protection of its biological and other resources was haphazard. For example, elk and bison were exploited to near extinction, prompting aggressive protection of them, which included extermination of the native gray wolf from the park. In those years, tourists were not discouraged from handing out tidbits to bears or even gazing into Old Faithful between eruptions (Fig. 1). Such experiences and the advancement of scientific knowledge have resulted in a more passive management policy, wherein disruptive human influences are reduced in favor of an environment in which natural processes are allowed to run their course. Less well known, however, is the turbulent history of forest-inhabiting insects in the park that began in 1922 with the discovery of defoliated Douglas-fir trees in the Blacktail Deer Creek drainage. This account describes that occurrence and subsequent outbreaks, particularly of defoliators and bark beetles; the circumstances responsible for what now seem to have been inappropriate, and futile actions to control them; and the lessons learned.
Intrapartum Ultrasound Measurement of Fetal Head Circumference for Prediction of Prolonged Second Stage of Labor

Background: Fetal head circumference was suggested to play a role in determination of the mode of delivery in nulliparous women. Aim of the work: To determine the capability of intrapartum ultrasound measurement of head circumference to monitor second stage of labor progress in an accurate and objective manner as well as its role as a predictor of successful normal vaginal birth. Patients and Methods:130 females who attended to the labor room and fulfil the inclusion criteria underwent ultrasonographic examination prior to the start of labor, and then followed up until delivery. Every woman was followed up by cervical dilatation, and head station every 4 hours. Woman was transferred to operating room when the cervix is fully dilated and head is engaged to determinate the duration of second stage. Fetal heart sounds were auscultated every 30 minutes and plotted on partogram. Shifting to cesarean section was considered when delivery failed to progress, delayed second stage or fetal bradycardia. Results: By using value of 37.0 for Intrapartum head circumference as a cut-off point, we observed a significant difference between both groups [smaller or larger than 37.0] regarding duration of the 2nd stage of labor [P=0.00] & Mode of delivery [P=0.00]. No statistical difference was observed regarding Maternal morbidity [P=0.374] or Neonatal outcome [P=0.412]. Conclusion: There was significant relation between intrapartum head circumference and length of second stage. Intrapartum fetal head circumference is a useful tool to expect the progress of delivery.
Systematics of the Enigmatic Dipsadine Snake Tropidodipsas perijanensis Alemán (Serpentes: Colubridae) and Review of Morphological Characters of Dipsadini

Abstract On the basis of new material from Colombia, we describe external morphology, the hemipenis, osteology, musculature, and visceral morphology of Tropidodipsas perijanensis, a species previously known from the unique holotype and long assigned to Dipsas. Tropidodipsas perijanensis may be the sister species of all other Dipsadini or the sister species of a clade formed by Dipsas and Sibynomorphus. This distinctive South American species cannot be assigned to Tropidodipsas or to any other genus, and we erect a new genus for it. Our study of cephalic musculature identified a previously unreported division of the m. levator anguli oris and new insertion of the m. intermandibularis posterior superficialis. New characteristics of dipsadine hemipenes were visualized by Alizarin staining. Some osteological characters of Dipsadini support synonymization of Sibon and most species of Tropidodipsas, whereas visceral characters and published molecular data suggest that Dipsas, Sibon, and Sibynomorphus form a clade.
Manure for Cropping: A Case Study from Central Nigeria

SUMMARY The traditional management of cattle manure in a cropping system in the savanna zone of central Nigeria is discussed in conjunction with the agronomic benefits and problems of manure use. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the manure varied seasonally. On-farm trials showed that maize grain yields were about 1 t ha−1 more and weed growth 90% greater in manured than in non-manured areas. It is important to reduce the competition between crops and weeds if grain crops are to obtain the full benefit of manure in such cropping systems.
Online Advance Scheduling with Overtime: A Primal-Dual Approach

Problem definition: We study a fundamental online resource allocation problem in service operations in which a heterogeneous stream of arrivals that varies in service times and rewards makes service requests from a finite number of servers/providers. This is an online adversarial setting in which nothing more is known about the arrival process of customers. Each server has a finite regular capacity but can be expanded at the expense of overtime cost. Upon arrival of each customer, the system chooses both a server and a time for service over a scheduling horizon subject to capacity constraints. The system seeks easy-to-implement online policies that admit a competitive ratio (CR), guaranteeing the worst-case relative performance. Academic/practical relevance: On the academic side, we propose online algorithms with theoretical CRs for the problem described above. On the practical side, we investigate the real-world applicability of our methods and models on appointment-scheduling data from a partner health system. Methodology: We develop new online primal-dual approaches for making not only a server-date allocation decision for each arriving customer, but also an overtime decision for each server on each day within a horizon. We also derive a competitive analysis to prove a theoretical performance guarantee. Results: Our online policies are (i) robust to future information, (ii) easy-to-implement and extremely efficient to compute, and (iii) admitting a theoretical CR. Comparing our online policy with the optimal offline policy, we obtain a CR that guarantees the worst-case performance of our online policy. Managerial implications: We evaluate the performance of our online algorithms by using real appointment scheduling data from a partner health system. Our results show that the proposed online policies perform much better than their theoretical CR, and outperform the pervasive First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) and nested threshold policies (NTPO) by a large margin.
Impact of goat browsing on Aloe ferox in a South African savanna

The extent and impact of the utilisation of Aloe ferox by Boer goats during winter in a South African savanna was determined using a plant-based approach. All Aloe plants rooted within the transects were eaten by goats, with small plants utilised more frequently than tall plants. The density of dying and dead Aloe plants was significantly greater than live plants. Mortality of Aloe ferox was a result of extensive browsing by Boer goats. The future survival of Aloe ferox in this savanna system is highly unlikely.