Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying nutrient imbalances in pomegranate (Cv. Bhagwa) at different phonological stages by the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system

ABSTRACT The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) approach was used to interpret nutrient analyses of leaf tissues from pomegranate cv. Bhagwa orchards grown in southwestern Maharashtra, India. The DRIS norms were established for three growth stages,viz. 50% flowering, fruit development and first harvesting of pomegranate. Various nutrient ratios were obtained from high-yielding population and were used to compute DRIS indices for diagnosing nutrient imbalances and their order of limitation to yield. Nutrient sufficiency ranges at 50% flowering derived from DRIS norms were 1.32–2.15% nitrogen (N), 0.18–0.24% phosphorus (P), 1.29–1.99% potassium (K), 0.64–1.20% calcium (Ca), 0.23–0.45% magnesium (Mg), 0.16–0.26% sulfur (S), 103.04–149.12 mg kg−1 iron (Fe), 39.60–72.85 mg kg−1 manganese (Mn), 15.99–26.10 mg kg−1 zinc (Zn), 6.16–9.32 mg kg−1 copper (Cu), 23.38–39.88 mg kg−1 boron (B) and 0.29–0.47 mg kg−1 molybdenum (Mo). Similarly, the sufficiency range at fruit development and first harvesting was developed for computing DRIS indices. The requirement of Fe, Mg, S, Zn and N by the pomegranate plant was higher at 50% flowering and fruit development stages. According to these DRIS-derived indices, 87.85, 73.83, 70.09, 69.16 and 65.42% orchards were deficient in Fe, S, Mg, Zn, and N, respectively, at 50% flowering, while 70.03, 66.36, 63.55, 61.68, and 68.22% orchards were found to be deficient in respective nutrients during the fruit development stage.
Mapping the Problems, Stakeholders, and Potential Solutions of Solid Waste Management in a New-Emergence Tourist Area: A Case Study in Nglanggeran, Gunungsewu UNESCO Global Geopark

After being selected as a UNESCO Global Geopark in 2015 and promoted as an ecotourism area, Nglanggeran Village in the Gunungsewu area can attract as many as 300,000 visitors/year. Although tourism activities on one side bring economic benefits, on the other side they raise environmental problems. One of the problems is the increase of solid waste volume generated by the visitors. This study aimed to map the problems and investigate the stakeholders in current solid waste management in Nglanggeran. An ethnographic approach was applied in this research. Primary data was collected during the field works through participant observation, interviews with key actors, and Focus Group Discussions with stakeholders. The result reveals that the relevant stakeholders in solid waste management in this area are: the community-based tourism organization, women in the households/homestays, informal waste collectors (scavengers), and informal waste traders. The absence of formal waste management in the area and the missing link to the existing solid waste infrastructure become the main problems in this area. Integrating informal stakeholders (waste collectors and traders) as well as educating the visitors to reduce their waste become survival strategies in the short-term.
Experimental advances in charge and spin transport in chemical vapor deposited graphene

Despite structural and processing-induced imperfections, wafer-scale chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene today is commercially available and has emerged as a versatile form that can be readily transferred to desired substrates for various nanoelectronic and spintronic applications. In particular, over the past decade, significant advancements in CVD graphene synthesis methods and experiments realizing high-quality charge and spin transport have been achieved. These include growth of large-grain graphene, new processing methods, high-quality electrical transport with high-carrier mobility, micron-scale ballistic transport, observations of quantum and fractional quantum Hall effect, as well as the spintronic performance of extremely long spin communication over tens of micrometers at room temperature with robust spin diffusion lengths and spin lifetimes. In this short review, we discuss the progress in recent years in the synthesis of high-quality, large-scale CVD graphene and improvement of the electrical and spin transport performance, particularly towards achieving ballistic and long-distance spin transport that show exceptional promise for next-generation graphene electronic and spintronic applications.
Morphology and dispersion of nanostructured manganese–cobalt spinel on various carbon supports: the effect on the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media

In this work a model nanometric manganese–cobalt spinel was deposited on five selected carbon carriers (Vulcan XC-72, Printex85, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), mesoporous carbon CMK-1, and amorphous carbon C-am. ) to examine their role in modifying the electrocatalytic properties of the supported active phase for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The synthesized materials were thoroughly characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The results confirmed the formation of a highly crystalline nanometric manganese–cobalt spinel and allowed for assessment of an amorphous phase content in the carbon supports used. The composition of the obtained catalysts was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements. The electrocatalytic properties of the supported spinels were determined by the rotating disk electrode (RDE) and the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) methods and compared with those of a commercial platinum catalyst (20 wt% Pt/Vulcan XC-72). STEM analysis revealed that the carbon support governs both the dispersion and the morphology of the deposited spinel. In the case of mesoporous and amorphous carbon supports, the spinel nanocrystals exhibit a polyhedral shape with almost equal abundance of the (111) and (100) facets. The shape of the spinel nanocrystals deposited on the Vulcan XC-72 and Printex85 supports is dominated by the (111) termination, whereas for the MWCNT support the (100) facet is the most abundant accompanied by the highest dispersion of the nanoparticles. Electrochemical studies of the ORR revealed that the amorphous phase fraction in the carbon support promotes 2e− reduction, leading to production of HO2−. This undesired pathway is inhibited by preferential exposition of the (100) facets. The superior performance of the MWCNT support in the 4e− reduction process results from three factors: lowest content of the amorphous component, best dispersion of the spinel active phase, and its ability to promote preferential (100) faceting of the nanocrystals.
Heterologous Promoter by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type

consensus binding sites for the cellular transcription factor Spl. Since the use of heterologous promoters may provide further insight into Tat-mediated transactivation, we have analyzed the transactivation of the thymidine kinase promoter of herpes simplex virus by Tat and by the acidic transcriptional transactivator VP16. The effects of mutations of defined upstream promoter elements show that Tat transactivation is dependent on Spl binding sites in a site-specific manner. In contrast, transactivation by the acidic transactivator VP16 is completely independent of any of the defined promoter elements upstream of the TATA box. These results suggest that Tat and the classically defined modular acidic transcriptional activators have different modes of transactivation. In addition, the substitution of the HIV-1 TATA box for the thymidine kinase TATA box substantially increases Tat transactivation, indicating that Tat transactivation may also ultimately involve TATA box-associated cellular transcription factors.
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) biodegradation in batch and continuous upflow fixed-biofilm reactors

MTBE was effectively biodegraded under oxidizing environmental conditions in the presence of an acclimated mixed culture isolated from a petrochemical biotreater. MC-1 (Gram-positive coccus), MC-2 ( Acinetobacter lwoffii ) and MC-3 ( Bacillus sp.) were present in the culture medium, with MC-1 being the predominant organism. The presence of other easily assimilated carbon sources in the culture medium influenced MTBE biodegradation. In batch studies, 62–73% MTBE was biodegraded in 144–192 hours at an initial concentration of 100 ppm as the sole carbon source, with the ORP ranging from 191–274 mv, and at a temperature of 29°C. The overall K rate constants and the specific k rate constants were evaluated using a first order rate equation. Mean values determined were 1.79×10-1 day-1 and 1.66×10-2 day-1/(mg/L cell mass), respectively. Continuous upflow fixed biofilm reactor studies were performed at retention times of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 day at an initial MTBE concentration of 150 ppm. Results indicated that approximately 53% MTBE was biodegraded for the 0.25 day retention time and 70% for both the 0.5 and 1.0 day retention times. Three kinetic models were evaluated for all experimental retention times. These included: Model I (Eckenfelder); Model II (Arvin) and Model III (first-order biphasic). Results indicated that model III yielded the highest and most consistent correlation coefficients for all retention times evaluated.
gpl20 Generates Broad-Spectrum Neutralizing Antibodies in Baboons

The protection of individuals from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection with an envelope subunit derived from a single isolate will require the presentation of conserved epitopes in gpl20. The objective of the studies presented here was to test whether a native recombinant gpl20 (rgpl20) immunogen would elicit responses to conserved neutralization epitopes that are not present in a denatured recombinant gpl20 antigen from the same virus isolate. In a large study of 51 baboons, we have generated heterologous neutralizing activity with native, glycosylated rgpl2OSF2 but not with denatured, nonglycosylated env 2-3sF2. After repeated exposure to rgpl20SF2 formulated with one of several adjuvants, virus isolates from the United States, the Caribbean, and Africa were neutralized. The timing of the immunization regimen and the choice of adjuvant affected the virus neutralization titers both quantitatively and qualitatively. These results suggest that vaccination with native, glycosylated rgpl20 from a single virus isolate, HIV-SF2, may elicit a protective immune response effective against geographically and sequentially distinct HIV-1 isolates.
Stem Cell Ela-Like Activity

F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cells contain an Ela-like activity that is absent from differentiated derivatives. We have previously characterized proteins present in F9 EC cell extracts that bind to the Ela-dependent E2A promoter and have shown that two of them, TF68 and DRTF1, are required for efficient transcription in vitro (N. B. La Thangue, B. Thimmapaya, and P. W. J. Rigby, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:2929-2938, 1990). We now show that the Ela-like activity is detectable in transient transfection assays. Deletion mutations show that a distal sequence element, which includes the ATF/CREB consensus, is required for expression in both cell types, although it does not mediate the down-regulation of promoter activity that accompanies differentiation. A series of point mutations generated by in vitro mutagenesis confirm this and show that sequences around -60 are necessary for efficient expression in stem cells but not in differentiated derivatives. These sequences bind DRTF1, the activity of which is strongly down-regulated during differentiation. Surprisingly, mutations in a previously uncharacterized region of the promoter restore activity to a promoter carrying the -60 mutation and lead to the formation of a new DNA-protein complex.
(HlNi) Which Are Recognized by Class II-Restricted T Cells from BALB/c Mice

Eight nonoverlappimg regions of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (PR8), which serve as recognition sites for class II-restricted T cells (TH) from BALB/c mice, have been identified in the form of 10to 15-amino-acid-long synthetic peptides. These TH determinants are located between residues 110 to 313 of the HA1 polypeptide. From a total of 36 HA-specific TH clones and limiting-dilution cultures of independent clonal origins, 33 (90%) responded to stimulation with one of these peptides. The residual three TH clones appeared to recognize a single additional determinant on the HA1 polypeptide which could not be isolated, however, in the form of a stimulatory peptide. None of the motifs that have been proposed to typify TH determinants were displayed by more than half of these recognition sites. Most unexpected was the finding that none of the TH determinants was located in the ectodomain of the HA2 polypeptide that makes up roughly one-third of the HA molecule. Possible reasons for the preferential recognition of HA1 as opposed to HA2 by TH are discussed.
Supercoiled ColEl Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein in Escherichia coli

Colicinogenic factor El (ColEl) is present in Escherichia coli strain JC411 (ColEl) cells to the extent of about 24 copies per cell. This number does not appear to vary in situations which give rise to twofold differences in the amount of chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) present per cell. If cells are grown in the absence of glucose, approximately 80% of the ColEl molecules can be isolated as strand-specific DNA-protein relaxation complexes. When glucose is present in the medium, only about 30% of the plasmid molecules can be isolated as relaxation complexes. Medium shift experiments in which glucose was removed from the medium indicate that within 15 min after the shift the majority (>60%) of the plasmid can be isolated as relaxation complex. This rapid shift to the complexed state is accompanied by a twoto threefold increase in the rate of plasmid replication. The burst of replication and the shift to the complexed state are both inhibited by the presence of chloramphenicol. Inhibition of protein synthesis in log cultures by the addition of chloramphenicol or amino acid starvation allows ColEl DNA to continue replicating long after chromosomal replication has ceased. Under these conditions, noncomplexed plasmid DNA accumulates while the amount of DNA that can be isolated in the complexed state remains constant at the level that existed prior to treatment. In the presence of chloramphenicol, there appears to be a random dissociation and association of ColEl DNA and "relaxation protein" during or between rounds of replication.
Development status and trend of agricultural robot technology

In the face of the contradiction between the increasing demand for agricultural products and the sharp reduction of agricultural resources and labor force, agricultural robot technology is developing explosively on the basis of decades of technical and industrial exploration. In view of the complexity and particularity of the development of agricultural robot technology, it is of great value to summarize its development characteristics and make reasonable judgments on its development trend. In this paper, the type of agricultural robot systems was first discussed. From the classification of agricultural robot systems, the development of main types of monitoring robots, non-selective and selective working robots for crop farming, livestock and poultry farming and aquaculture were introduced in detail. Then the scientific research, core technology and commercialization of different types of agricultural robots were summarized. It is believed that navigation in complex agricultural environments, damage-free robot-crop interaction and agronomy-robot fusion have high scientific value and significance to promote the revolutionary advances in agricultural robot technology. The characteristics of inter-discipline between agricultural robot technology and new materials, artificial intelligence, bionics, agronomy are research focus. The fast damage-free operation, autonomous navigation for complex environments, target detection for complex backgrounds and special design for agricultural robots are considered to be the key technology of agricultural robot development, and the development path is given. Finally, robot-crop interaction simulation, big data support and artificial intelligence are regarded as paths to realize the breakthrough of key agricultural robot technologies. The summary and prospect of this paper are of positive significance to promote the overall development of agricultural robot technology. Keywords: agricultural robot, type, selective, non-selective, trend DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe. 20211404.6821 Citation: Jin Y C, Liu J Z, Xu Z J, Yuan S Q, Li P P, Wang J Z. Development status and trend of agricultural robot technology. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(4): 1–19.
Growth of Large Single-Crystalline Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride by Oxide-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition

We show how an oxide passivating layer on the Cu surface before the growth of h-BN by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can lead to increased domain sizes from 1 to 20 μm by reducing the nucleation density from 106 to 103 mm–2. The h-BN domains within each Cu grain are well-oriented, indicating an epitaxial relationship between the h-BN crystals and the Cu growth substrates that leads to larger crystal domains within the film of ∼100 μm. Continuous films are grown and show a high degree of monolayer uniformity. This CVD approach removes the need for low pressures, electrochemical polishing, and expensive substrates for large-area continuous films of h-BN monolayers, which is beneficial for industrial applications that require scalable synthesis.
Rapidly Down-Regulated during the GJ/G1 Transition in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Adult vascular smooth muscle cells dedifferentiate and reenter the cell cycle in response to growth factor stimulation. Here we describe the molecular cloning from vascular smooth muscle, the structure, and the chromosomal location of a diverged homeobox gene, Gax, whose expression is largely confined to the cardiovascular tissues of the adult. In quiescent adult rat vascular smooth muscle cells, Gax mRNA levels are down-regulated as much as 15-fold within 2 h when these cells are induced to proliferate with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or serum growth factors. This reduction in Gax mRNA is transient, with levels beginning to rise between 8 and 24 h after mitogen stimulation and returning to near normal by 24 to 48 h. The Gax down-regulation is dose dependent and can be correlated with the mitogen's ability to stimulate DNA synthesis. PDGF-AA, a weak mitogen for rat vascular smooth muscle cells, did not affect Gax transcript levels, while PDGF-AB and -BB, potent mitogens for these cells, were nearly as effective as fetal bovine serum. The removal of serum from growing cells induced Gax expression fivefold within 24 h. These data suggest that Gax is likely to have a regulatory function in the Go-to-G1 transition of the cell cycle in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Concomitant Transforming Growth Factor ac Expression

Evidence indicates DNA methylation as a part of the regulatory machinery controlling mammalian gene expression. The human melanoma cell line HA-A expresses low levels of transforming growth factor a (TGF-a). TGF-ac mRNA accumulated, however, in response to DNA demethylation induced by a nucleoside analog, 5-azacytidine (5-azaC). The importance of DNA methylation in the TGF-ce promoter region was examined by a transient transfection assay with luciferase reporter plasmids containing a portion of the TGF-a promoter. 5-azaC treatment ofHA-A cells before the transfection caused a significant increase in the luciferase activity. Since input plasmids were confirmed to remain unmethylated, DNA demethylation of the TGF-a promoter itself does not account for the observed increase in TGF-a mRNA. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, enhanced formation of protein-TGF-a promoter complex was detected in response to 5-azaC treatment. This 5-azaC-induced complex was shown to contain the transcription factor Spl by the following criteria: the protein-DNA complex formed on the TGF-ce promoter contained immunoreactive Spl; the mobility of the complex in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay was similar to that formed by recombinant Spl; and DNase I footprinting analysis demonstrated that the 5-azaC-induced complex produced a footprint on the TGF-ce promoter identical to that of authentic Spl. These observations suggest that 5-azaC induces TGF-a expression by augmenting the Spl activity. However, neither the Spl mRNA nor its protein was induced by 5-azaC. These results suggest that in HA-A cells, TGF-a expression is down-modulated by DNA methylation. In addition, this process may involve the specific regulation of Spl activity without altering the amount of the transcription factor.
Competent Provirus Copies in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type

The virus load in CD4+ T cells from six asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)infected individuals was determined by limiting-dilution analysis with a sensitive virus isolation procedure and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both methods allowed detection of one HIV-1-infected cell among 105 uninfected cells. The number of provirus-containing CD4+ T cells was found to be 1 per 4,000 to 150,000 (median, 1 per 29,000), as determined by virus isolation and 1 per 2,500 to 26,000 (median, 1 per 12,000), as determined by PCR. Infected cells contained an average of 1 to 2 provirus copies, and a high proportion of the provirus copies (1 in 1 to 1 in 6; median, 1 in 2) were replication competent. The results suggest that only a few CD4+ T cells are likely to be lost as a direct consequence of the presence of HIV-1 in infected cells in asymptomatic individuals and that additional mechanisms may contribute to the depletion of CD4+ T cells observed in vivo.
Kk-Restricted T-Cell Epitopes within the Influenza A/PR/8134 Virus Hemagglutinin

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones specific for the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus hemagglutinin (HA) were isolated by priming CBA mice with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the HA molecule. The epitopes recognized by two of these clones, which were CD8+, Kk restricted, and HA subtype specific, were defined by using a combination of recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing HA fragments and synthetic peptides. One epitope is in the HAl subunit at residues 259 to 266 (numbering from the initiator methionine), amino acid sequence FEANGNLI, and the other epitope is in the HA2 subunit at residues 10 to 18 (numbering from the amino terminus of the HA2 subunit), sequence IEGGWTGMI. These two peptides are good candidates for naturally processed HA epitopes presented during influenza infection, as they are the same length (eight and nine residues) as other naturally processed viral peptides presented to CTL. A comparison of the sequences of these two new epitopes with those of the three previously published Kk-restricted T-cell epitopes showed some homology among all of the epitopes, suggesting a binding motif. In particular, an isoleucine residue at the carboxy-terminal end is present in all of the epitopes. On the basis of this homology, we predicted that the Kk-restricted epitope in influenza virus nucleoprotein, previously defined as residues 50 to 63, was contained within residues 50 to 57, sequence SDYEGRLI. This shorter peptide was found to sensitize target cells at a 200-fold lower concentration than did nucleoprotein residues 50 to 63 when tested with a CTL clone, confirming the alignment of Kk-restricted epitopes.
Colorimetric Microwell Detection Assayt

A 5-h, user-friendly PCR assay for the diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis was developed. Reverse transcription and amplification were performed in a one-step reaction using rTth polymerase. Carryover contamination was prevented with dUTP and uracil N-glycosylase. Detection was performed colorimetrically on a microwell titer plate. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 94.7, 97.4, 94.7, and 97.4%, respectively.