Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring capital services by energy use: an empirical comparative study

ABSTRACT From an engineering perspective, the service that a capital good provides is energy conversion – that is, the physical ‘work’ done by a machine. A capital good’s service can thus be measured directly by the energy consumed in production. We show important empirical advantages of this approximation over traditional measures. The empirical application reveals that this approach avoids a number of conceptual problems of the latter. Furthermore, this measure captures the utilization of the capital stock more accurately as it is more sensitive to fluctuations in economic activity. With a growth accounting exercise, it is shown that the differences between the new and the traditional measures are important for empirical work. Using the new measure yields significantly different results. Especially in times of global recession it provides higher and more feasible total factor productivity growth rates.
A Proteomic View of an Important Human Pathogen – Towards the Quantification of the Entire Staphylococcus aureus Proteome

The genome sequence is the “blue-print of life,” but proteomics provides the link to the actual physiology of living cells. Because of their low complexity bacteria are excellent model systems to identify the entire protein assembly of a living organism. Here we show that the majority of proteins expressed in growing and non-growing cells of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus can be identified and even quantified by a metabolic labeling proteomic approach. S. aureus has been selected as model for this proteomic study, because it poses a major risk to our health care system by combining high pathogenicity with an increasing frequency of multiple antibiotic resistance, thus requiring the development of new anti-staphylococcal therapy strategies. Since such strategies will likely have to target extracellular and surface-exposed virulence factors as well as staphylococcal survival and adaptation capabilities, we decided to combine four subproteomic fractions: cytosolic proteins, membrane-bound proteins, cell surface-associated and extracellular proteins, to comprehensively cover the entire proteome of S. aureus. This quantitative proteomics approach integrating data ranging from gene expression to subcellular localization in growing and non-growing cells is a proof of principle for whole-cell physiological proteomics that can now be extended to address physiological questions in infection-relevant settings. Importantly, with more than 1700 identified proteins (and 1450 quantified proteins) corresponding to a coverage of about three-quarters of the expressed proteins, our model study represents the most comprehensive quantification of a bacterial proteome reported to date. It thus paves the way towards a new level in understanding of cell physiology and pathophysiology of S. aureus and related pathogenic bacteria, opening new avenues for infection-related research on this crucial pathogen.
Attachment Theory to

The study of animals in the context of attachment theory is steadily growing. This paper sought to pull together recent literature in order to review, summarize, and discuss (a) animals as attachment figures, (b) conceptualisation of attachment quality in human-animal bonds, and (c) the role of animals in assisting the development of human-human attachment. task-performance when compared to the total absence of participants’ companion animals. These results provide evidence that for some people, animals are capable of providing both secure-base and safe-haven features of an attachment relationship. However, it is particularly significant that this is demonstrated by moving beyond a self-report paradigm, utilising physiological indicators of distress and objective in a well thought-out design.
Influence of Missing Values Substitutes on Multivariate Analysis of Metabolomics Data

Missing values are known to be problematic for the analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics data. Typically these values cover about 10%–20% of all data and can originate from various backgrounds, including analytical, computational, as well as biological. Currently, the most well known substitute for missing values is a mean imputation. In fact, some researchers consider this aspect of data analysis in their metabolomics pipeline as so routine that they do not even mention using this replacement approach. However, this may have a significant influence on the data analysis output(s) and might be highly sensitive to the distribution of samples between different classes. Therefore, in this study we have analysed different substitutes of missing values namely: zero, mean, median, k-nearest neighbours (kNN) and random forest (RF) imputation, in terms of their influence on unsupervised and supervised learning and, thus, their impact on the final output(s) in terms of biological interpretation. These comparisons have been demonstrated both visually and computationally (classification rate) to support our findings. The results show that the selection of the replacement methods to impute missing values may have a considerable effect on the classification accuracy, if performed incorrectly this may negatively influence the biomarkers selected for an early disease diagnosis or identification of cancer related metabolites. In the case of GC-MS metabolomics data studied here our findings recommend that RF should be favored as an imputation of missing value over the other tested methods. This approach displayed excellent results in terms of classification rate for both supervised methods namely: principal components-linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA) (98.02%) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) (97.96%) outperforming other imputation methods.
Clinical, radiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings of gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy in various dog breeds

Summary Objectives: To describe clinical, radio-graphic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 16 dogs diagnosed with gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of medical records, radiographs, and MRI results, as well as follow-up completed by telephone questionnaire. Results: Most dogs had chronic hindlimb lameness with no history of trauma or athletic activities. Clinical examination revealed signs of pain on palpation without stifle joint instability. Seven dogs had radiographic signs of osteophyte formation on the lateral fabella. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed T2 hyperintensity and uptake of contrast agent in the region of the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle. Changes were found in the lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius. Conservative treatment resulted in return to full function in 11 dogs. Two dogs showed partial restoration of normal function, one dog showed no improvement. Two dogs were lost to follow-up. Clinical significance: Gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy is a potential cause of chronic hindlimb lameness in medium to large breed dogs. A history of athletic activity must not necessarily be present. Magnetic resonance imaging shows signal changes and uptake of contrast agent in the region of the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle. A combination of T1 pre- and post-contrast administration and T2 weighted sequences completed by a fat-suppressed sequence in the sagittal plane are well-suited for diagnosis. Conservative treatment generally results in return to normal function. Supplementary Material to this article is available online at http://dx.doi. org/10.3415/VCOT-16-01-0015.
Urban Agriculture: Growing Healthy, Sustainable Places

Urban agriculture is rising steadily in popularity in the United States and Canada - there are stories in the popular press, it has an increasingly central place in the growing local food movement, and there is a palpable interest in changing cities to foster both healthier residents and more sustainable communities. The most popular form of urban agriculture, community gardening, contributes significantly to developing social connections, building capacity, and empowering communities in urban neighborhoods. Older, industrial cities such as Cleveland, Detroit, and Buffalo, with their drastic loss of population and their acres of vacant land, are emerging as centers for urban agriculture initiatives - in essence, becoming laboratories for the future role of urban food production in the postindustrial city. Because urban agriculture entails the use of urban land, it has implications for urban land-use planning, which is controlled and regulated by municipal governments and planning agencies. This PAS Report provides authoritative guidance for dealing with the implications of this cutting-edge practice that is changing our cities forever.
"Red Ocher" Caches from the Michigan Area: A Possible Case of Cultural Drift

N RECENT YEARS a number of late Archaic sites have been excavated in the Michigan area. This work has been carried out as part of a continuing research program of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Michigan. As a result of these investigations, a body of data on the late Archaic period is accumulating which has meaning not only for the solution of problems specific to the culture history of the Great Lakes region, but the controlled samples provide a corpus of data which can be utilized to attack more general questions about the operation of prehistoric societies and processes of culture change and differentiation. It has been demonstrated (Binford NDa) that at the Pomranky site, a "Red Ocher" cemetery of the late Archaic period, cache blades of several distinct varieties were included within a single grave. Such diversity, together with the associated information, was used to infer that the several varieties represented goods contributed at the time of interment, possibly by different individuals or group representatives. The first question to be solved in the present analysis is whether or not other "Red Ocher" burials also exhibit the presence of several distinct varieties of cache blades as part of the burial furniture. Secondly, sites will be compared to determine if there is any recurrence of varieties at more than one site, an observation which, if established, would suggest that the various recognized varieties had separate local origins but were being "traded" widely within the region. The final question is whether or not the observable differences between the several populations of cache blades indicate any regional patterns, which might serve as a basis for understanding the processes of cultural change and differentiation operative during the time span of the samples. While addressing my interests to the latter problem, I began a search for a general explanatory model which would be applicable to the particular type of detailed observations on differences and similarities resulting from the analysis. Many of the demonstrable differences between samples of cache blades were not of an order that could easily be fitted into an evolutionary model of formal diversification. No obvious selective rationale could be developed for some of the minor and relatively insignificant variations which were demonstrably real between the samples studied. It occurred to me that there was an obvious analogy between the type of variation observable between the populations of cache blades and varia-
The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality

List of Illustrations vii List of Tables ix Preface xi PART ONE: THE ORIGIN OF IMPLICIT RACIAL APPEALS 1 Chapter 1. A Theory of Racial Appeals 3 Chapter 2. The Norm of Racial Inequality Electoral Strategy and Explicit Appeals 28 Chapter 3. The Norm of Racial Equality Electoral Strategy and Implicit Appeals 67 PART TWO: THE IMPACT OF IMPLICIT RACIAL APPEALS 109 Chapter 4. The Political Psychology of Implicit Communication 111 Chapter 5. Crafting Conveying and Challenging Implicit Racial Appeals: Campaign Strategy and News Coverage 134 Chapter 6. The Impact of Implicit Messages 169 Chapter 7. Implicit Explicit and Counter-Stereotypical Messages: The Welfare Experiment 191 Chapter 8. Psychological Mechanisms: The Norms Experiment 209 PART THREE: IMPLICATIONS OF IMPLICIT RACIAL APPEALS 237 Chapter 9. Implicit Communication beyond Race: Gender Sexual Orientation and Ethnicity 239 Chapter 10. Political Communication and Equality 268 References 277 Index 299
SPATIAL LOCATION OF SOLID WASTE DUMPSITES AND COLLECTION SCHEDULING USING THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

﻿﻿﻿This study examines the application of Geographic Information Systems in determining the spatial location of solid waste dump sites and collection scheduling in Bauchi metropolis. The study used the field survey and survey research design to acquire spatial and non-spatial data respectively. The spatial data were obtained using a Quickbird image and map of Bauchi State, as well as GPS, and ESRI ArcGIS 9.2 software. The non-spatial data on household size, waste generation and disposal were obtained from the interview of 38 households sampled in the area. The study obtained data on household solid waste generation, disposal as well as collection schedule, and identified hotspots of solid waste dumpsites in the area. The study revealed that the average household size is 9, daily solid waste generated per household is 6.11kg, and per person is 0.80kg. While 40% of the solid wastes generated are managed by BASEPA, 30% are indiscriminately dumped in unauthorized spots in the area. The map of the area showing the spatial location of the identified hot spots of the dumpsites was produced. The study recommends the employment of the integrated solid waste management system that requires geospatial information if sustainable solid waste management in urban areas is to be achieved.
Production dynamics of a Zostera marina L. bed in Netarts Bay, Oregon

Approved: C. David Mclntire This research examined the production dynamics and the mechanisms that accounted for such dynamics in a Zostera marina L. bed in Netarts Bay, Oregon. Specific objectives included a description of the autecology of Zostera in Netarts Bay, an investigation of macrophyte-epiphyte relationships and the monitoring of the primary production of Zostera and its epiphytes. Monthly changes in biomass, growth form, and primary production were monitored along transects at three tidal heights. Shoot density was independent of mean leaf area per unit substrate (m m ) until a threshold leaf area (7.5 to 11.0 miu ) was reached, above which leaf area was negatively correlated with density. Zostera biomass was maximum along all transects immediately following the maximum rate of production, which occurred in late JUlie and early July in 1980, and in Nay in 1981. Maximum values of Zotera biornass ranged from 143 g dry weight (high Redacted for Privacy intertidal) to 463 g dry weight m2 (low intertidal). Maximum values of epiphyte biotnass ranged from 2.6 g ash-free dry weight tn2 (high intertidal) to 27.5 g ash-free dry weight m2 (low intertidal). Sharp decreases in epiphvte biomass were related to the sloughing of particular groups of Zostera leaves. Maximum values of leaf production ranged from 4.7 g dry weight m 2 day1 (high intertidal) to 13.6 g dry weight m2 day (low intertidal). Factors having the most influence on Zostera production were light and the physical damage to the shoots associated with an annual bloom of Enteromorpha in the bay. Mean turnover time for Zostera biomass from April through October ranged from 25.1 days (high intertidal) to 26.8 days (low intertidal). Biomass loss as sloughed leaves accounted for 35 to 100% of the net primary production of aboveground Zostera each month. Mean turnover time for epiphyte biomass was 33.9 days (high intertidal) and 49.9 days (low intertidal). The annual net production of the Zostera, including aboveground and belowground parts, was 3.1 kg dry weight -2 -1 -2 -1 m yr or 1.2 kg C m yr . The annual net production of the epiphyte assemblage was 284 g dry weight m4 yr1 or 34.1 g C m2 -1 yr Production Dynamics of a Zostera marina L. Bed in Netarts Bay, Oregon
Turtles from the middle Miocene (MN5) of Somosaguas (Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain)

The systematic study of the vertebrate taxa found in the Middle Aragonian fossil sites of Somosaguas (Madrid, Spain) has provided important information on one of the most diverse vertebrate assemblages recognized in the Middle Miocene of the Madrid Basin. Although the mammals are the most abundant and diverse taxa recognized in Somosaguas, other vertebrate groups are also represented there. Several elements assigned to turtles, hitherto unpublished, are recognized. Their analyses allow to identify them as belonging to two terrestrial taxa, both assigned to Testudinidae. One of them is attributed cf. Cheirogaster, taxon very common in the Spanish Aragonian sites, and specifi cally in the Madrid Basin. The other taxon is identifi ed as cf. Paleotestudo, a genus not previously cited in this basin.
Sponsored Search Auctions : Research Opportunities in Marketing ∗

We systematically overview the literature in keyword search and propose several promising research directions. The paper is organized by each agent in the search process; searchers, advertisers and the search engine and reviews the key research issues for each. For each group, we outline the decision process involved in keyword search. For searchers, this involves what to search, where to search, which results to click, and when to exit search. For advertisers, this involves where to bid and which word or words to bid on, and how searchers and auction mechanisms moderate these behaviors. The search engine faces choices on mechanism design, website design and how much information to share with its advertisers and searchers. These choices have implications for customer lifetime value and the nature of competition between advertisers. Overall, we list a number of potential areas of future research arising from the decision processes of these various agents. * The authors would like to thank Han Hong, Sarah Moore, Andrés Musalem and Rick Staelin for their feedback.
Determination of gas-condensate relative permeability on whole cores under reservoir conditions. [Middle East]

Rock samples from a Middle East carbonate retrograde condensate gas field were studied to determine their relative permeability to gas and condensate curves. The authors emphasized the determination of condensate minimum flowing saturation-or critical condensate saturation-and the reduction of permeability to gas in the presence of immobile condensate saturation. A ternary pseudoreservoir fluid of methane/pentane/nonane made it possible to work in simulated reservoir conditions with a greater flexibility for experimental procedures. The initial water saturation equaling that in the reservoir was restored. The results of the gas-condensate indicate that the critical condensate saturations are high (the average value is 36% PV) and that the reduction of permeability to gas is higher than for a standard gas/oil system. Also presented are the details of the experimental procedures, the fluid characteristics, the results, and a discussion.
The effects of juvenile spacing on wildlife habitat use during winter in the interior Douglas-fir zone of British Columbia.

Data were collected for a second winter (1 and 2 years post-spacing) to reassess the changes in habitat use by common wildlife in response to juvenile spacing in a mature, uneven-aged interior Douglas-fir forest. The study examined the following species: snowshoe hare, red squirrel, mule deer, moose, and coyote/fox. Snowshoe hares infrequently used recently spaced blocks probably because of dramatic reduction in cover and food. Since unspaced forest is high use snowshoe hare habitat, the size and spatial distribution of spacing blocks with a larger management unit requires careful consideration if snowshoe hare populations are an important management concern in the area. Red squirrel use was generally lower in spaced areas than in control blocks. Thick patches of immature trees within a mature stand may provide superior thermal and security cover for squirrels. Habitat use by other species did not change measurably in response to spacing. Unspaced strips left in spaced blocks were used by snowshoe hares and red squirrels. Hare habitat use appears to increase as unspaced strip width and proportion of unspaced area left in the block increase. However, a replicated study in necessary to confirm this result. In any case, even the widest (33m) strips do not maintain the same amount of use by either hares or squirrels as the control blocks do. Mule deer and moose may use the unspaced strips indirectly for thermal and security cover. The size and shape of unspaced areas in spaced blocks and the placement of spaced blacks near unspaced areas need to be examined further. Over a 1-year period, the mean slash depth in all blocks decreased by 43% while the area covered by measurable slash decreased by 22%. The trees were parallel felled, then bucked into 4-m lengths. Also, the felled trees were slashed to a depth of less than 0.5 m in five of six blocks. Deep, extensive slash in a block, especially in conjunction with snow, can impede animal movement. Rapid slash reduction makes habitat within the block available in a shorter time span. Man-made trails may be necessary to provide access through deep, continuous slash. The first winter that data were collected, mule deer, moose, coyote, and fox made extensive use of trails in 1-year-old and recently spaced blocks. In the second winter (1989), however, shallower slash and a thick layer of snow made it impossible to assess trail use in all but one block. Further …
Comfort and adaptation in mixed-mode buildings in a hot-dry climate

Author(s): Honnekeri, Anoop; Brager, Gail; Dhaka, Shivraj; Mathur, Jyotirmay | Abstract: Mixed mode (MM) buildings open up a new arena for energy efficient design. Zoned MM buildings are the most common, particularly in the developing world where only some areas in a building are air- conditioned (AC) based on programmatic requirements while the rest of it is naturally ventilated (NV). Occupants in the NV zone frequently visit the AC zone and are well aware of the conditions there. The unanswered question in such a MM building is whether occupants in the NV zone have similar adaptive behaviour and thermal comfort opinions as those in purely NV buildings or are they possibly influenced by higher expectations created from the AC zone visits.A transverse (cross-sectional) study was conducted between April 2011 to July 2013 in the hot and dry climate of Jaipur, India, including 2869 total survey responses, out of which 604 were from zoned type MM buildings. Mixed mode observations were available only during summer (April-August 2011). Occupants were asked about their ‘right-now’ opinion of indoor environmental quality variables such as thermal and humidity sensation, air movement and comfort. Simultaneous physical measurements of air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air speeds were also recorded. We analyse the results examining the physical conditions and thermal comfort responses in both the zones, and adaptive actions exercised in the NV zone. We compare the observations from the NV zone to three adaptive comfort charts to evaluate whether comfort in the NV zone in a MM building can be modelled as a purely NV building.