Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermoelasticity and generalized thermoelasticity viewed as wave hierarchies

It is seen how to write the standard form of the four partial differential equations in four unknowns of anisotropic thermoelasticity as a single equation in one variable, in terms of isothermal and isentropic wave operators. This equation, of diffusive type, is of the eighth order in the space derivatives and seventh order in the time derivatives and so is parabolic in character. After having seen how to cast the 1D diffusion equation into Whitham's wave hierarchy form, it is seen how to recast the full equation, for unidirectional motion, in wave hierarchy form. The higher order waves are isothermal and the lower order waves are isentropic or purely diffusive. The wave hierarchy form is then used to derive the main features of the solution of the initial-value problem, thereby bypassing the need for an asymptotic analysis of the integral form of the exact solution. The results are specialized to the isotropic case. The theory of generalized thermoelasticity associates a relaxation time with the heat flux vector and the resulting system of equations is hyperbolic in character. It is also seen how to write this system in wave hierarchy form which is again used to derive the main features of the solution of the initial-value problem. Simpler results are obtained in the isotropic case.
Flaring and quiescent infrared behaviour of Cygnus X-3

We present new infrared observations of the exotic X-ray binary system Cygnus X-3, including high-time-resolution simultaneous H- and K-band photometry over -1.5 orbital periods and 1-5! -Lm photometry during both periods of apparent infrared quiescence and flaring activity. The simultaneous H- and K-band observations reveal the 4.8-h orbital modulation of the source, superimposed upon which are a number of extremely rapid flare events. We find rise times for these events of :s15 s, and find that the source becomes redder in (H - K) during the flares. This latter effect is confirmed by 1-5 ! -Lm photometry during a period of prolonged quasi-stable flaring. We model this reddening in colour during flaring in terms of optically thin free-free emission from a hot dense plasma, possibly associated with a thermal gas in the high-velocity radio jets revealed by radio VLBI. Size, luminosity and lack of self-absorption considerations allow us to place strong constraints on possible values of Ne and T for this plasma, and we find that the dominant cooling mechanism is likely to be bremsstrahlung cooling. Dereddening of new 1-5! -Lm data combined with 0.7-1.0! -Lm results from the literature is consistent with an estimated infrared extinction to the source of 4.5 :sA J :s 7.5 mag, and an infrared excess above a blackbody stellar continuum which is inherent to the source.
The stability of a sheared density interface

This study investigates the stability of stratified shear flows when the density interface is much thinner than, and displaced with respect to, the velocity interface. Theoretical results obtained from the Taylor–Goldstein equation are compared with experiments performed in mixing layer channels. In these experiments a row of spanwise vortex tubes forms at the level of maximum velocity gradient which, because of the profile asymmetry, is displaced from the mean interface level. As the bulk Richardson number is lowered from a high positive value the effects of these vortex tubes become more pronounced. Initially the interface cusps under their influence, then thin wisps of fluid are drawn from the cusps into asymmetric Kelvin–Helmholtz billows. At lower Richardson numbers increasingly more fluid is drawn into these billows. The inherent asymmetry of flows generated in mixing layer channels is shown to preclude an effective study of the Holmboe instability. Statically unstable flows (negative Richardson numbers) are subject to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. However, if the absolute value of the Richardson number is sufficiently small the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability dominates initially.
Parabolic equation modeling in horizontally inhomogeneous environments

A parabolic equation model has been developed for use in tropospheric radiowave propagation. A simple technique to model range-dependent environments has been implemented. Results from the model are compared with experimental data at 170, 520, 3240, 3300, and 9875 MHz in measured range-dependent environments. The experimental data are taken from two separate experiments performed during 1947 and 1948. Measurements were made on overwater paths from Guadalupe Island to San Diego, CA, in one experiment, and the other was located in the South Island of New Zealand, also known as the Canterbury Project. The results are presented as one-way propagation factor in decibels versus height. The technique used to model range-dependent environments is shown to give a reasonably good estimate of the environment between measurements, leading to excellent agreement between the predicted fields and observed radio data. >
A search for rapid variability in T Tauri stars

We have obtained high-time-resolution CCD photometry of four classical T Tauri stars, and have conducted a search for rapid photometric variability with these data. Any real variations on time-scales of tens of minutes to hours are shown to be typically at most of order 0.01 mag for all four variables. The lack of flickering on short time-scales is used to place constraints on the lumpiness of the assumed accretion flow in magnetically funnelled accretion models.
Helpers or halos: examining the evaluative mechanisms underlying selective prosociality

This research examines the proximate evaluative mechanisms underlying prosocial partner choice-based reciprocity. Across four studies we presented 855 university undergraduates (online for course credit) and 76 4- to 6-year-olds (offline at a university laboratory) with vignettes describing prosocial, social and non-social characters, and asked participants about their person preferences in prosocial, social and general contexts. Adults demonstrated sophisticated appraisals, coordinating between relevant trait and contextual cues to make selections. Adults were particularly attentive to prosocial cues in costly conditions, suggesting that they were using dispositional attributions to make their selections. By contrast, children were largely unable to integrate trait and contextual cues in determining their partner preferences, instead displaying valenced preferences for non-social cues, suggesting the use of affective tagging. Together, these studies demonstrate that the mechanisms underlying prosocial, partner choice-based reciprocity are not early emerging and stable but show considerable development over the lifespan.
Innovation across 13 ungulate species: problem solvers are less integrated in the social group and less neophobic

Innovation is the ability to solve new problems or find novel solutions to familiar problems, and it is known to provide animals with crucial fitness benefits. Although this ability has been extensively studied in some taxa, the factors that predict innovation within and across species are still largely unclear. In this study, we used a novel foraging task to test 111 individuals belonging to 13 ungulate species—a still understudied taxon. To solve the task, individuals had to open transparent and opaque cups with food rewards, by removing their cover. We assessed whether individual factors (neophobia, social integration, sex, age, rank) and socio-ecological factors (dietary breadth, fission–fusion dynamics, domestication, group size) predicted participation and performance in the task. Using a phylogenetic approach, we showed that success was higher for less neophobic and socially less integrated individuals. Moreover, less neophobic individuals, individuals of domesticated species and having higher fission–fusion dynamics were more likely to participate in the task. These results are in line with recent literature suggesting a central role of sociality and personality traits to successfully deal with novel challenges, and confirm ungulates as a promising taxon to test evolutionary theories with a comparative approach.
Positron binding to a model alkali atom

The fixed core stochastic variational method is used to investigate positron binding to a model alkali atom with a continuously adjustable ionization potential. Positron binding is possible for model atoms which have ionization potential (IP) ranging from 0.1767 to 0.479 Hartree (corresponding to dipole polarizabilities ranging from 209 to 23.5 a03). Results of the model indicate that positron binding is likely for gold, but not for potassium, rubidium or caesium. The annihilation rate was largest (1.97 × 109 s-1) when the IP is smallest and smallest (0.07 × 109 s-1) when the IP is largest. The presence of a positronium (Ps) cluster configuration in the wavefunction is found to be important for an accurate estimate of the annihilation rate even in circumstances when the positron and electron are located large distances apart.
Predicting 1-year in-stent restenosis in superficial femoral arteries through multiscale computational modelling

In-stent restenosis in superficial femoral arteries (SFAs) is a complex, multi-factorial and multiscale vascular adaptation process whose thorough understanding is still lacking. Multiscale computational agent-based modelling has recently emerged as a promising approach to decipher mechanobiological mechanisms driving the arterial response to the endovascular intervention. However, the long-term arterial response has never been investigated with this approach, although being of fundamental relevance. In this context, this study investigates the 1-year post-operative arterial wall remodelling in three patient-specific stented SFA lesions through a fully coupled multiscale agent-based modelling framework. The framework integrates the effects of local haemodynamics and monocyte gene expression data on cellular dynamics through a bi-directional coupling of computational fluid dynamics simulations with an agent-based model of cellular activities. The framework was calibrated on the follow-up data at 1 month and 6 months of one stented SFA lesion and then applied to the other two lesions. The calibrated framework successfully captured (i) the high lumen area reduction occurring within the first post-operative month and (ii) the stabilization of the median lumen area from 1-month to 1-year follow-ups in all the stented lesions, demonstrating the potentialities of the proposed approach for investigating patient-specific short- and long-term responses to endovascular interventions.
Experimental studies suggest differences in the distribution of thorax elasticity between insects with synchronous and asynchronous musculature

Insects have developed diverse flight actuation mechanisms, including synchronous and asynchronous musculature. Indirect actuation, used by insects with both synchronous and asynchronous musculature, transforms thorax exoskeletal deformation into wing rotation. Though thorax deformation is often attributed exclusively to muscle tension, the inertial and aerodynamic forces generated by the flapping wings may also contribute. In this study, a tethered flight experiment was used to simultaneously measure thorax deformation and the inertial/aerodynamic forces acting on the thorax generated by the flapping wing. Compared to insects with synchronous musculature, insects with asynchronous muscle deformed their thorax 60% less relative to their thorax diameter and their wings generated 2.8 times greater forces relative to their body weight. In a second experiment, dorsalventral thorax stiffness was measured across species. Accounting for weight and size, the asynchronous thorax was on average 3.8 times stiffer than the synchronous thorax in the dorsalventral direction. Differences in thorax stiffness and forces acting at the wing hinge led us to hypothesize about differing roles of series and parallel elasticity in the thoraxes of insects with synchronous and asynchronous musculature. Specifically, wing hinge elasticity may contribute more to wing motion in insects with asynchronous musculature than in those with synchronous musculature.
Mesocosm experiment reveals scale dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks

Habitat fragmentation can have negative impacts on migratory organisms that rely on the functional connectivity between growing and breeding grounds. Quantifying the population-level phenotypic consequences of such fragmentation requires fine-scaled tracking of individual behaviour and movements across relevant scales. Here we make use of a natural experiment where some populations of ‘migrant’ three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) became ‘residents', following habitat fragmentation five decades ago. To test whether residents have a lower movement tendency than migrants, we developed a novel experimental platform that allows the automated tracking of individual movements via RFID technology in a semi-natural mesocosm where spatio-temporal scales and environmental conditions can be manipulated. We found that residents moved significantly less than migrants at large but not at small spatial scale. This pattern was consistent across time and contexts (water flow and group size). Our study substantiates prior literature on rapid phenotypic divergence in sticklebacks in response to human-induced isolation and highlights the importance of observing behaviour in ecologically relevant set-ups that bridge the gap between laboratory and field studies.
HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL SPECTRA OF THE HEAD OF THE COMET C/1996 B2 (HYAKUTAKE)

On 23 and 27 March 1996, we obtained high-resolution (R ≃ 26,000) échelle spectra by manually guiding on the head of Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake). The two spectra cover different but slightly overlapping sets of 9 disjoint 70-Å regions of the green, yellow, and red. The continuum signal-to-noise ratio is in the range 40--100 per spectral resolution element. We used line lists from the standard astronomical literature to identify lines of [O I], Na I, C2, NH2, CN, and H2O+, we unsuccessfully sought evidence for CO+, and we obtained upper limits on HCO line strengths. In addition, we used laboratory data to make new identifications, by wavelength coincidence only, of lines of NH2. For the lines that remain unidentified, we have listed measured wavelengths and relative fluxes, in order to aid future efforts at identification. Our spectra include the green and one of the red lines of [O I], and the indicated photon flux ratio of λ 5577 / (λ 6300 + λ 6364) is in the range 0.12 to 0.16, consistent with formation of the excited O atoms from photodissociation of H2O.
Multiple Jets in a Crossflow: Detailed Measurements and Numerical Simulations

The fluid mechanics and heat transfer characteristics of film cooling are three-dimensional and highly complex. To understand this problem better, an experimental study was conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel on a row of six rectangular jets injected at 90 deg to the crossflow (mainstream flow ). The jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios (blowing ratios) examined were 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, and the jet spacing-to-jet width ratio was 3.0. No significant temperature difference between jet and crossflow air was introduced. Mean velocities and six flow stresses were measured using a three-component laser-Doppler velocimeter operating in coincidence mode. Seeding of both jet and cross-stream air was achieved with a commercially available smoke generator. Flow statistics are reported in the form of vector plots, contours, and x-y graphs, showing velocity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stresses. To complement the detailed measurements, flow visualization was accomplished by transmitting the laser beam through a cylindrical lens, thereby generating a narrow, intense sheet of light. Jet air only was seeded with smoke, which was illuminated in the plane of the light sheet. Therefore, it was possible to record on video tape the trajectory and penetration of the jets in the crossflow. Selected still images from the recordings are presented. Numerical simulations of the observed flow field were made by using a multigrid, segmented, κ-∈ CFD code. Special near-wall treatment included a nonisotropic formulation for the effective viscosity, a low-Re model for k, and an algebraic model for the length scale. Comparisons between the measured and computed velocities show good agreement for the nonuniform mean flow at the jet exit plane. Velocities and stresses on the jet centerline downstream of the orifice are less well predicted, probably because of inadequate turbulence modeling, while values off the centerline match those of the experiments much more closely.
Time Scales and Moments of Listening Effort Revealed in Pupillometry

Abstract This article offers a collection of observations that highlight the value of time course data in pupillometry and points out ways in which these observations create deeper understanding of listening effort. The main message is that listening effort should be considered on a moment-to-moment basis rather than as a singular amount. A review of various studies and the reanalysis of data reveal distinct signatures of effort before a stimulus, during a stimulus, in the moments after a stimulus, and changes over whole experimental testing sessions. Collectively these observations motivate questions that extend beyond the “amount” of effort, toward understanding how long the effort lasts, and how precisely someone can allocate effort at specific points in time or reduce effort at other times. Apparent disagreements between studies are reconsidered as informative lessons about stimulus selection and the nature of pupil dilation as a reflection of decision making rather than the difficulty of sensory encoding.
Distinguishing Saplings of Pines of Piedmont Upland Grassland Systems

ABSTRACT The development and assessment of Piedmont upland grassland restoration efforts is hampered in part by continued challenges in identifying immature individuals of three associated pines, Pinus echinata, P. taeda, and P. virginiana, the penultimate of which is thought alien to the system. To help fill this gap, we studied three quantitative and 25 qualitative characters in 174, 2- to 5-year-old saplings in managed stands in Durham County (North Carolina) and 169 herbarium specimens of mature individuals from 94 Piedmont counties from Georgia to Virginia. Although mean short-shoot needle and fascicle sheath lengths differed significantly between lifestage classes of the three species (F8,335=185, p<0.0001 and F8,335=173.5, p<0.0001, respectively), there was substantial range overlap, likely contributing to diagnostic confusion in the field when existing keys are applied. For example, needle length ranges of all lifestage classes of all species overlapped with those of mature P. echinata and 2-year-old P. virginiana. In addition, at the apex of the previous season's growth, 2-year-old saplings of P. echinata and P. virginiana exhibited needles either predominantly or in higher percentages of threes, than the contrasting described preponderance of pairs for mature individuals. Of the 25 qualitative characters evaluated, we found (1) absence of decurrency glaucescence distinguishes 2- to 5-year-old saplings of P. taeda from P. echinata and P. virginiana, and (2) absence of stomatal plugs distinguishes P. virginiana from the others. A diagnostic key to saplings is provided.
Development and Evaluation of Enhanced National Greening Program Monitoring and Document Archiving System using DeLone and McLean IS Success Model

The information system was developed to aid the critical operations of the enhanced national greening program within the Caraga region, eliminate the risk of human error, and lift the tedious manual processing and progress monitoring. However, the sudden shift of processes from manual to automated information systems can affect the user adoption of the system. For this reason, a survey was conducted eight (8) months after the software development to assess and evaluate the development and implementation of the information system adopting the Delone and Mclean IS Success Model and hypothesizing nine (9) relationships to examine the information system success. This work used Fornell-Lacker's Criterion to measure the discriminant validity of the constructs - Information Quality, Intention to Use, Perceived Net Benefits, System Quality, Service Quality, and User Satisfaction. Results show that the intention to use positively affects Perceived Net Benefits. Moreover, Service Quality and User Satisfaction affect users’ Intention to Use; evidently, the user's perceptions of the quality of the services delivered and service performance are motivating factors for users’ continued use of the system. Lastly, user satisfaction, intention, system quality, and quality of service are contributory factors that affect the usage and adoption of the system.
Experimental Evaluation of Multi-scale Tactile Maps Created with SIM, a Web App for Indoor Map Authoring

In this article, we introduce Semantic Interior Mapology (SIM), a web app that allows anyone to quickly trace the floor plan of a building, generating a vectorized representation that can be automatically converted into a tactile map at the desired scale. The design of SIM is informed by a focus group with seven blind participants. Maps generated by SIM at two different scales have been tested by a user study with 10 participants, who were asked to perform a number of tasks designed to ascertain the spatial knowledge acquired through map exploration. These tasks included cross-map pointing and path finding, and determination of turn direction/walker orientation during imagined path traversal. By and large, participants were able to successfully complete the tasks, suggesting that these types of maps could be useful for pre-journey spatial learning.
On Partitioning and Subtractive Subsemimodules of Semimodules over Semirings

In this paper, we introduce a partitioning subsemimodule of a semimodule over a semiring which is useful to develop the quotient structure of semimodule. Indeed we prove : 1) The quotient semimodule M=N(Q) is essentially independent of choice of Q. 2) If f : M M' is a maximal R-semimodule homomorphism, then . 3) Every partitioning subsemimodule is subtractive. 4) Let N be a Q-subsemimodule of an R-semimodule M. Then A is a subtractive subsemimodule of M with if and only if is a subtractive subsemimodule of .
A Distributional Semantic Online Lexicon for Linguistic Explorations of Societies

Linguistic Explorations of Societies (LES) is an interdisciplinary research project with scholars from the fields of political science, computer science, and computational linguistics. The overarching ambition of LES has been to contribute to the survey-based comparative scholarship by compiling and analyzing online text data within and between languages and countries. To this end, the project has developed an online semantic lexicon, which allows researchers to explore meanings and usages of words in online media across a substantial number of geo-coded languages. The lexicon covers data from approximately 140 language–country combinations and is, to our knowledge, the most extensive free research resource of its kind. Such a resource makes it possible to critically examine survey translations and identify discrepancies in order to modify and improve existing survey methodology, and its unique features further enable Internet researchers to study public debate online from a comparative perspective. In this article, we discuss the social scientific rationale for using online text data as a complement to survey data, and present the natural language processing–based methodology behind the lexicon including its underpinning theory and practical modeling. Finally, we engage in a critical reflection about the challenges of using online text data to gauge public opinion and political behavior across the world.