Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing for a Moving Average Unit Root in Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Models

Abstract Test procedures for detecting overdifferencing or a moving average unit root in Gaussian autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models are proposed. The tests can be used when an autoregressive unit root is a serious alternative but the hypothesis of primary interest implies stationarity of the observed time series. This is the case, for example, if one wishes to test the null hypothesis that a multivariate time series is cointegrated with a given theoretical cointegration vector. A priori knowledge of the mean value of the observations turns out to be crucial for the derivation of our tests. In the special case where the differenced series follows a first-order moving average process, the proposed tests are exact and can be motivated by local optimality arguments. Specifically, when the mean value of the series is a priori known, we can obtain a locally best invariant (LBI) test that is identical to a one-sided version of the Lagrange multiplier test. But when the mean value is a prior.
ESTIMATION OF UNIVERSAL FOR ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENT MULTIFRACTAL INDICES VELOCITY FIELDS

We study wind turbulence with the help of universal multifractals, using atmospheric high resolution time series. We empirically determine the three universal indices (H, C1, and α) which are sufficient to characterize the statistics of turbulence. The first, H, which characterizes the conservation of the field, is theoretically and empirically known to be ≈1/3, while C1 corresponds to the inhomogeneity of the mean field (C1=0 for homogeneous fields, and C1>0 for inhomogeneous and intermittent fields). The most important index is the Levy index α corresponding to the degree of multifractality (0≤α≤2, α=0 for a monofractal). The two latter indices are directly obtained by applying the double trace moment technique (DTM) on the turbulent field. Analyzing various atmospheric velocity measurements we obtain: α≈1.45±0.1 and C1≈0.25±0.1. These results show that atmospheric turbulence has nearly the same multifractal behavior everywhere in the boundary layer, corresponding to unconditionally hard multifractal (α≥1) processes. This describes the entire hierarchy of singularities of the Navier-Stokes equations.
Forced desorption of polymers from interfaces

In the past decade it has become possible to directly measure the adsorption force of a polymer in contact with a solid surface using single-molecule force spectroscopy. A plateau force in the force–extension curve is often observed in systems of physisorbed or noncovalently bonded polymers. If a molecule is pulled quickly compared to internal relaxation, then nonequilibrium effects can be observed. Here we investigate these effects using statistical mechanical models and experiments with a spider silk polypeptide. We present evidence that most experiments showing plateau forces are done out of equilibrium. We find that the dominant nonequilibrium effect is that the detachment height hmax(v) increases with pulling speed v. Based on a nonequilibrium model within a master-equation approach, we show the sigmoidal dependence of the detachment height on the pulling speed of the cantilever, agreeing with experimental data on a spider silk polypeptide. We also show that the slope with which the plateau forces detach is given by the cantilever force constant in both theory and experiment.
On the effect of a transverse magnetic field on the coherent structures near the wall of a channel flow

Results of a direct numerical simulation are processed using a conditional sampling scheme in order to educe the dominant coherent structure in the near-wall region of a turbulent channel flow in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field. The modifications in the geometrical characteristics of the ensemble-averaged structure due to the magnetic field are extensively addressed. Moreover, an analysis for the direct and indirect effects of the Lorentz force on the distributions of the coherent velocity and vorticity components around the modified mean vortex is also presented and discussed.
The Structure and Mesoscale Organization of Precipitating Stratocumulus

Abstract Large-eddy simulations are used to explore the structure and mesoscale organization of precipitating stratocumulus. The simulations incorporate a simple, two-moment, bulk representation of microphysical processes, which by varying specified droplet concentrations allows for comparisons of simulations that do and do not develop precipitation. The boundary layer is represented over a large (25.6 km × 25.6 km) horizontal domain using a relatively fine mesh, thereby allowing for the development of mesoscale circulations while retaining an explicit representation of cloud radiative, dynamical and microphysical interactions on scales much smaller than the dominant eddy scale. Initial conditions are based on measurements made as part of the Second Dynamics and Chemistry of the Marine Stratocumulus field study (DYCOMS-II). The simulations show that precipitation is accompanied by sharp reductions in cloudiness and changes in flow topology. Mesoscale features emerge in all of the simulations but are ampli.
Prediction Models for Tinnitus Presence and the Impact of Tinnitus on Daily Life: A Systematic Review

The presence of tinnitus does not necessarily imply associated suffering. Prediction models on the impact of tinnitus on daily life could aid medical professionals to direct specific medical resources to those (groups of) tinnitus patients with specific levels of impact. Models of tinnitus presence could possibly identify risk factors for tinnitus. We systematically searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for articles published up to January 2021. We included all studies that reported on multivariable prediction models for tinnitus presence or the impact of tinnitus on daily life. Twenty-one development studies were included, with a total of 31 prediction models. Seventeen studies made a prediction model for the impact of tinnitus on daily life, three studies made a prediction model for tinnitus presence and one study made models for both. The risk of bias was high and reporting was poor in all studies. The most used predictors in the final impact on daily life models were depression- or anxiety-associated questionnaire scores. Demographic predictors were most common in final presence models. No models were internally or externally validated. All published prediction models were poorly reported and had a high risk of bias. This hinders the usability of the current prediction models. Methodological guidance is available for the development and validation of prediction models. Researchers should consider the importance and clinical relevance of the models they develop and should consider validation of existing models before developing new ones.
Large-Scale Dynamics and Global Warming

Predictions of future climate change raise a variety of issues in large-scale atmospheric and oceanic dynamics. Several of these are reviewed in this essay, including the sensitivity of the circulation of the Atlantic Ocean to increasing freshwater input at high latitudes; the possibility of greenhouse cooling in the southern oceans; the sensitivity of monsoonal circulations to differential warming of the two hemispheres; the response of midlatitude storms to changing temperature gradients and increasing water vapor in the atmosphere; and the possible importance of positive feedback between the mean winds and eddy-induced heating in the polar stratosphere.
Towards a Characterization of Late Talkers: The Developmental Profile of Children with Late Language Emergence through a Web-Based Communicative-Language Assessment

Children acquire language naturally, but there is variation in language acquisition patterns. Indeed, different internal and external variables play a role in acquiring language. However, there are open research questions about the contribution of different variables to language development. Moreover, with societal changes and due to the pandemic situation, there has been a growing interest in testing digitalization related to indirect language acquisition assessment. In this study, a web-based assessment survey was developed to (1) describe the relation between expressive vocabulary, Socio-Conversational Skills (SCS), gender, parental education, executive functions (EFs), and pretend play; (2) determine whether the survey can detect differences between late talkers (LTs) and children with typical language development; (3) identify children with “overall high” and “overall low” communicative-language scores to test the validity of expressive vocabulary as a main indicator to detect LTs. The parents of 108 Italian children (51 males) aged 24–36 months participated in the study. The results showed that expressive vocabulary correlates with measures of SCS (assertiveness and responsiveness) and is reliable in identifying LTs (d = 2.73). Furthermore, SCS and EFs contribute to better characterizing the developmental profile of children aged 24–36 months.
Drag-Reducing Flows in Laminar-Turbulent Transition Region

This study makes an attempt to investigate Newtonian/non-Newtonian pipe flows in a laminar-turbulent transition region, which is an extraordinarily complicated process and is not fully understood. The key characteristic of this region is its intermittent nature, i.e., the flow alternates in time between being laminar or turbulent in a certain range of Reynolds numbers. The physical nature of this intermittent flow can be aptly described with the aid of the intermittency factor c, which is defined as that fraction of time during which the flow at a given position remains turbulent. Spriggs postulated that a weighting factor can be used to calculate the friction factor, applying its values in laminar and turbulent states. Based on these, a model is developed to empirically express the mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress in the transition region. It is found that the intermittency factor can be used as a weighting factor for calculating the flow structures in the transition region. Good agreements can be achieved between the calculations and experimental data available in the literature, indicating that the present model is acceptable to express the flow characteristics in the transition region. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4027455]
The nucleus of M81 - Simultaneous 2.3 and 8.3 GHz Mark III VLBI observations

Mark III very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations have been made of the nucleus in the normal galaxy M81 (NGC 3031) simultaneously at 2.3 and 8.3 GHz, and it was found that nearly 100% of the flux density of the nuclear region originates in an elongated radio core with linear dimensions 1000-4000 AU, dependent on frequency. This galactic nucleus is the most compact observed in any extragalactic source. The position coincides with that of the nucleus at optical and X-ray wavelengths within the larger uncertainties of the latter two. The position angle of the major axis of the M81 nucleus is within 3 deg of 75 deg at 2.3 GHz and within 6 deg of 50 deg at 8.3 GHz and is frequency dependent at the 4 sigma level. These values straddle the 62 deg position angle of the projection on the sky of the rotation axis of the galaxy. The spectrum of the core is slightly inverted, and the length of its major axis decreases with frequency. These results are consistent with the emission's being incoherent electron synchrotron radiation from an inhomogeneous region with an optical depth varying along the rotation axis of the galaxy.
First 3D Reconstructions of Coronal Loops with the STEREO A+B Spacecraft. II. Electron Density and Temperature Measurements

Using the stereoscopically derived three-dimensional (3D) geometry of 30 loops observed with STEREO EUVI (described in Paper I) we determine here the electron density profiles ne(s) and electron temperature profiles Te(s) from a triple-filter analysis of the stereoscopic images taken in the wavelengths of λ = 171, 195, and 284 Å. The statistical results of our analysis of seven complete loops are: observed loop widths wobs = 2.6 ± 0.1 Mm, corresponding to effective loop widths of w = 1.1 ± 0.3 Mm if corrected for the instrumental point-spread function; loop flux ratios floop/ftotal = 0.11 ± 0.04; mean loop (DEM peak) temperatures Tp = 1.1 ± 0.2 MK; DEM temperature Gaussian widths σDEM = 0.35 ± 0.04 MK; temperature variations along loops σT/Tp = 0.24 ± 0.05; (resolution-corrected) loop base densities ne = (2.2 ± 0.5) × 109 cm−3; loop lengths of L = 130 ± 67 Mm; and all quantities are found to agree between STEREO A and B within a few percent. The temperature profiles T(s) along loops are found to be nearly constant, within the uncertainties of the background subtraction. The density profiles ne(s) are consistent with the gravitational stratification of hydrostatic loops, ne(h) = nbaseexp (− h/λT) , defined by the temperature scale heights λT and stereoscopically measured from the height profiles h(s) . The stereoscopic 3D reconstruction allows us for the first time to accurately measure the loop length L and to test loop scaling laws. We find that the observations are not consistent with equilibrium solutions, but rather display the typical overpressures of loops that have been previously heated to higher temperatures and cool down in a nonequilibrium state, similar to earlier EIT and TRACE measurements.
QTL Mapping for Root Traits and Their Effects on Nutrient Uptake and Yield Performance in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. Mapping QTLs for root traits is essential for the selection of wheat roots desirable for the efficient acquisition of nutrients. Here, a QTL analysis for wheat root traits was performed using 142 recombinant inbred lines derived from two wheat varieties Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411 in a soil column culture trial. The genetic map used in this study contained 470 SSR markers and covered 3438.4 cM of wheat genome. A total of 25 QTLs for root and shoot traits were detected, located at 16 marker intervals of 13 chromosomes. The percentage of phenotypic variation explained by individual QTLs varied from 6.1% to 22.0%. The QTLs regulating RDW and root distribution on chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A, and 5B are important for root growth in both the top- and subsoils. For qRDW-1A, qRDW-3A, and qRDW-5B, the nearest markers to the QTLs were much closer than that of qRDW-4A, with the genetic distances ranging from 0.01 to 1.18 cM. Combining these three QTLs not only increased RDW and nutrient uptake, but also increased GW, SDW, and BDW under low nitrogen conditions in the field trial. Therefore, these QTLs are valuable for marker-assisted selection of wheat root traits.
Retail Drug Trade, Effects on Neighbourhoods, and Sellers’ Navigational Strategies: Accounts of Nigerian Dealers

Studies have examined the negative effects of drug markets on neighbourhoods. But few explore the views of drug sellers. Drawing on 31 in-depth interviews with Nigerian retail drug sellers, we explore why they sell drugs, the effects of drug markets on neighbourhoods, and how they navigate social and legal problems. The participants sold drugs as a means of livelihood in the context of poverty and economic decline. Drug market activities were seen as nuisance, and as fostering crime and violence in neighbourhoods. These views stirred opposition from residents and led to police raids on drug scenes. Drug sellers navigated policing and opposition by concealing drug trade, selling covertly and reducing nuisance among other strategies. We argue that retail drug trade is shaped by the imperatives of survival in the context of poverty. Providing alternative means of livelihood for drug sellers offers potential to curb drug selling and related problems.
The Effect of Dignity Therapy on Terminally-Ill Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: We aimed to evaluate the effect of dignity therapy on the dignity, distress, and quality of life of terminally-ill adult patients. Methods: All randomized controlled trials published prior to Jan 2021 were searched through database, including PubMed, Medline, OVID, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest Central, KMBASE, KoreaMed, NDSL, and RISS. The RoB 2 was used to assess risk of bias. Effect sizes, Hedge’s g and Higgins I 2–statistics were used for meta-analysis. Results: We finally identified 10 studies for a systematic review, and eight studies out of them were selected for a meta-analysis. Overall, 776 participants were included in the meta-analysis. There were significant differences between with and without dignity therapy groups in dignity and anxiety (SMD = −0.3805, Cl = −0.5606, −0.2004; SMD = −0.1932, Cl = −0.3774, −0.0090, respectively) while there was no significant difference in quality of life and depression (SMD=0.4678, Cl = −0.0989, 1.0345; SMD= −0.0513, Cl= −0.2461, 0.1434, respectively). Conclusion: Dignity therapy may be effective for terminally ill patients on dignity and anxiety. We suggested further empirical studies with dignity therapy and repetitive meta-analysis in the future due to heterogeneity of the studies.
Genetic and Morphological Variation in Hypodontia of Maxillary Lateral Incisors

(1) Background: Hypodontia has a multifactorial aetiology, in which genetic factors are a major component. Associated with this congenital absence, the formed teeth may show differences in size and shape, which may vary with the specific genetic variants and with the location of the missing teeth. The aims of the present study were to investigate a specific variant of MSX1, derive morphometric tooth measurements in a sample of patients with isolated maxillary lateral incisor agenesis and matched controls, and model the findings. (2) Methods: Genotyping of the MSX1 rs8670 genetic variant and morphometric measurements with a 2D image analysis method were performed for 26 hypodontia patients and 26 matched controls. (3) Results: The risk of upper lateral incisor agenesis was 6.9 times higher when the T allele was present. The morphometric parameters showed significant differences between hypodontia patients and controls and between the unilateral and bilateral agenesis cases. The most affected crown dimension in the hypodontia patients was the bucco-lingual dimension. In crown shape there was significant variation the Carabelli trait in upper first molars. (4) Conclusions: The MSX1 rs8670 variant was associated with variations in morphological outcomes. The new findings for compensatory interactions between the maxillary incisors indicate that epigenetic and environmental factors interact with this genetic variant. A single-level directional complex interactive network model incorporates the variations seen in this study.
Theory of oxide defects near the Si-SiO2 interface.

We have analyzed the (100) Si-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface based on the crystalline structural model proposed by Ourmazd et al. The quantum-mechanical modified intermediate neglect of differential overlap (MINDO/3) technique was employed to investigate the electronic properties and atomic configurations of the interface region with various oxide defects. We find that oxygen vacancies in the near-interface region may explain the existence of several silicon oxidation states which have been observed in core-level photoemission experiments. Our calculations indicate that the properties of the oxygen vacancies are a strong function of their locations. A positively charged vacancy in the first oxygen monolayer is predicted to be unstable against the formation of a neutral Si--Si bond at the vacancy along with the formation of a positively charged ${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{b}}$-like defect in the silicon substrate. However, a positively charged vacancy in the second oxygen monolayer is predicted to behave very much like an ${\mathrm{E}}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ center in \ensuremath{\alpha}-quartz. The energy levels associated with these vacancies are predicted to lie close to the Si valence-band edge, probably within the valence band. The positive charge state might therefore be neutralized by tunneling from the Si valence band.
Measurements of subsonic jet noise and comparison with theory

Measurements of the noise field from a 25 mm diameter subsonic air jet are presented. These results are analysed in some detail by determining both the jet velocity dependence and the directivity of the intensity of the radiation in 1/3-octave bands at particular values of the frequency parameter, \[ (fD/V_J)(1-M_c\cos\theta). \] This procedure should ensure that a particular source in a geometrically similar position in the jet is always observed, whatever the jet velocity, diameter and emission angle. These results are compared with the predictions of Lighthil's (1952) theory of convected quadrupoles. It is shown that the theory predicts the variation of the intensity with jet velocity and emission angle provided that the observed frequency is below a certain critical value, which depends on jet diameter and emission angle and is independent of jet velocity. Above this critical frequency, the predicted variations overestimate the measurements and it appears that the convective amplification predicted by the theory is much reduced. The variation of this critical frequency is explained by assuming that substantial interaction occurs between the radiated sound and the jet flow when the wavelength of the sound becomes shorter than the sound path length in the jet flow.
Effects of Sea Spray on Tropical Cyclones Simulated under Idealized Conditions

Abstract Under high-wind conditions, breaking waves and whitecaps eject large numbers of sea spray droplets into the atmosphere. The spray droplets originate with the same temperature and salinity as the ocean surface and thus increase the effective surface area of the ocean in contact with the atmosphere. As a result, the spray alters the total sensible and latent heat fluxes in the near-surface layer. The spray drops in the near-surface layer also result in horizontal and vertical spray-drag effects. The mass of the spray introduces an additional drag in the vertical momentum equation and tends to stabilize the lower boundary layer (BL). An initially axisymmetric control hurricane was created from the output of a real-data simulation of Hurricane Floyd (1999) using the nonhydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5, version 3.4). The subsequent simulations, however, are not axisymmetric because the mass, wind, and spray fields .