Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tracing young SMBHs in the dusty distant universe – a Chandra view of DOGs

Abstract The coexistence of star formation and AGN activity has geared much attention to dusty galaxies at high redshifts, in the interest of understanding the origin of the Magorrian relation observed locally, where the mass of the stellar bulk in a galaxy appears to be tied to the mass of the underlying supermassive black hole. We exploit the combined use of far-infrared (IR) Herschel data and deep Chandra ˜160 ksec depth X-ray imaging of the COSMOS field to probe for AGN signatures in a large sample of >100 Dust-Obscured Galaxies (DOGs). Only a handful (˜20%) present individual X-ray detections pointing to the presence of significant AGN activity, while X-ray stacking analysis on the X-ray undetected DOGs points to a mix between AGN activity and star formation. Together, they are typically found on the main sequence of star-forming galaxies or below it, suggesting that they are either still undergoing significant build up of the stellar bulk or have started quenching. We find only ˜30% (6) Compton-thick AGN candidates (N H > 1024 cm–2), which is the same frequency found within other soft- and hard-X-ray selected AGN populations. This suggests that the large column densities responsible for the obscuration in Compton-thick AGNs must be nuclear and have little to do with the dust obscuration of the host galaxy. We find that DOGs identified to have an AGN share similar near-IR and mid-to-far-IR colors, independently of whether they are individually detected or not in the X-ray. The main difference between the X-ray detected and the X-ray undetected populations appears to be in their redshift distributions, with the X-ray undetected ones being typically found at larger distances. This strongly underlines the critical need for multiwavelength studies in order to obtain a more complete census of the obscured AGN population out to higher redshifts. For more details, we refer the reader to Riguccini et al. (2019).
Variation of organic carbon and nitrogen in aggregate size fractions of a paddy soil under fertilisation practices from Tai Lake Region, China

Long-term changes in agricultural management can affect soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient dynamics, which can be monitored by determining the distribution of microbial activity and nutrient pools in soil aggregates of different size fractions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in SOC and total nitrogen (Nt) distribution in aggregates of different size fractions from a paddy soil (Ferric-accumulic Stagnic Anthrosols) under a long-term fertilisation trial. Undisturbed samples of topsoil (0–5 and 5–15 cm depths) were collected from a field experiment farm located in Tai Lake Region, China, with the plots receiving no fertiliser (NF), chemical fertilisers (CF), chemical fertilisers with straw return (CFS) or chemical fertilisers plus pig manure (CFM). In the surface layer, SOC and Nt concentrations appeared as a bimodal peak in the 2000–250 and < 2 µm fractions. SOC concentration increased by 38.6, 40.8 and 17.2% and Nt concentration by 30.0, 16.8 and 38.4% in the 2000–250 µm fractions under CFM, CFS and CF respectively as compared with NF treatment. There were slight changes in SOC and Nt in the < 2 µm fractions from different fertilisation plots. Continuous addition of manure or straw increased storage of SOC and Nt mainly in the coarser aggregate fractions. SOC increases due to straw or pig manure application predominated in the 2000–250 µm fractions, with SOC seeming to be physically protected within macro-aggregates. Thus straw and manure are likely to play an important role in carbon and nitrogen storage in paddy soil under long-term combined chemical and organic fertilisation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
When Does the Price Affect the Taste? Results from a Wine Experiment*

Abstract We designed an experiment that examines how knowledge about the price of a good, and the time at which the information is received, affects how the good is experienced. The good in question was wine, and the price was either high or low. Our results suggest that hosts offering wine to guests can safely reveal the price: much is gained if the wine is expensive, and little is lost if it is cheap. Disclosing a high price before tasting the wine produces considerably higher ratings, although only from women. Disclosing a low price, by contrast, does not result in lower ratings. Our finding supports the notion that price not only serves to clear markets, it also influences expectations that in turn shape a consumer's experience. In addition, our results suggest that men and women respond differently to attribute information concerning wine. (JEL Classification: C91, D03, D83, M31)
How Balinese Adolescents Perceived Romantic Relationship

The romantic relationship is an interesting topic to study because it emerges as an important part of adolescent development that becomes increasingly important in subsequent years of individual development. One of the limitations of research in this field is the difficulty of providing unique and standards definitions of romantic relationships due to cultural differences in conceptions and the differences within individuals from the same cultural group. This study aims to explore the concept of a romantic relationship from the perceptions of Balinese adolescents and terms that represent it that can be used as a basis to comprehend the dynamics of romantic relationships in Balinese culture nowadays. Two phases of the study conducted through survey and FGD. Balinese adolescents were aged 15-17 years old (n= 277). Through thematic analysis procedures, some emergent themes were identified as romantic relationship conceptualization. This relationship was conceptualized as an exclusive relationship, consisting of affective, cognitive, and psychomotor dimensions, and was represented by many terms. This study concluded that the concept of romantic relationships for each individual from the same cultural group could be perceived differently, leading to varied forms of adolescents' behavior.
Chemistry of OH in remote clouds and its role in the production of formic acid and peroxymonosulfate

The chemistry of OH in a remote nonprecipitating tropical cloud is studied with a coupled gas-phase and aqueous-phase chemical model. The model takes into account the radial dependence of the concentrations of short-lived aqueous-phase species, in particular O3(aq) and OH(aq). The radical OH(aq) is produced rapidly by the aqueous-phase reactions O2− + O3 and H2O2 + hν and is removed primarily by oxidation of H2C(OH)2, H2O2, and HCOO−. Gas-droplet transfer of OH must be modeled as a reversible process, that is, the droplets cannot be assumed to be diffusion-limited OH(g) sinks. A strong OH(aq) concentration gradient exists between the surface and the interior of the droplets. The concentration of OH(aq) is strongly dependent on pH but is only weakly dependent on the sticking coefficient, the droplet radius, or the liquid water content of the cloud. Formic acid is rapidly produced by the aqueous-phase reaction H2C(OH)2 + OH, but HCOO− is in turn rapidly oxidized by OH(aq). The HCOOH concentration in cloud is shown to be strongly dependent on cloud water pH; clouds with pH greater than 5 are not efficient HCOOH sources. A novel mechanism is proposed for the oxidation of S(IV) by OH(aq). The main product is predicted to be HSO5− (peroxymonosulfate). Peroxymonosulfate appears to be stable in remote clouds and could contribute a large fraction of total cloud water sulfur.
Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality: Evidence for Lijphart's Proposition from Venezuela

Abstract What difference does it make if the state makes people vote? The question is central to normative debates about the rights and duties of citizens in a democracy, and to contemporary policy debates in a number of Latin American countries over what actions states should take to encourage electoral participation. Focusing on a rare case of abolishing compulsory voting in Venezuela, this article shows that not forcing people to vote yielded a more unequal distribution of income. The evidence supports Arend Lijphart's claim, advanced in his 1996 presidential address to the American Political Science Association, that compulsory voting can offset class bias in turnout and, in turn, contribute to the equality of influence.
Supramolecular Polymer Based on Poly (Ethylene-co-Vinyl Alcohol)-g-Ureidopyrimidinone: Self-Assembly and Thermo-Reversibility

The synthesis of a poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH)-based supramolecular polymer by graft functionalization of EVOH with ureidopyrimidinone groups (UPy) has been studied. The resulting polymer, designated as EVOH-U, has been studied from a thermo-reversibility point of view. Generally, UPy, itself, can be self-assembled through fourfold hydrogen bonding, but in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, it favors a tautomeric form that is incapable of self-assembly. Thermal treatment was applied as a means of manipulating the tautomerism. With applying consecutive heating and annealing procedures, the disruption and reversible regeneration of UPy hydrogen bonds were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed about 91% and 86% of the hydrogen bonds regenerated after first and second adequate thermal treatments. Dynamic mechanical-thermal analysis (DMTA) confirmed the thermo-reversibility of EVOH-U as well. Moreover, DMTA showed that, after disruption and regeneration of hydrogen bonds, the EVOH-U specimen retained its structural integrity.
Characterization of the Acetonitrile Aqueous Solution/Vapor Interface by Liquid-Jet X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

We report photoelectron spectroscopy measurements from binary acetonitrile–water solutions, for a wide range of acetonitrile mole fractions (xCH3CN = 0.011–0.90) using a liquid microjet. By detecting the nitrogen and carbon 1s photoelectron signal of CH3CN from aqueous surface and bulk solution, we quantify CH3CN’s larger propensity for the solution surface as compared to bulk solution. Quantification of the strong surface adsorption is through determination of the surface mole fraction as a function of bulk solution, xCH3CN, from which we estimate the adsorption free energy using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. We also discuss alternative approaches to determine the CH3CN surface concentration, based on analysis of the relative amount of gas- versus liquid-phase CH3CN, obtained from the respective photoelectron signal intensities. Another approach is based on the core-level binding energy shifts between liquid- and gas-phase CH3CN, which is sensitive to the change in solution surface potential an.
Processability Modifications of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by Plasticizing, Blending, and Stabilizing

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was plasti- cized with dioctyl (o-)phthalate, dioctyl sebacate, and ace- tyl tributyl citrate (ATBC). The thermal properties, me- chanical properties, and melt flow ability were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, a universal material testing machine, and a melt flow indexer. ATBC was revealed to be an efficient plasti- cizer, reducing the glass-transition temperature and increasing the thermoplasticization ability of PHB. We also blended poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybuty- rate) (P(3/4HB)) with PHB, ATBC, and antioxidant 1010 to overcome the brittleness of PHB and improve the melt flow stability of the materials. PHBHHx did little to improve the thermal processing but increased the fluidity of PHB, and P(3/4HB) toned the toughness of PHB. The addition of antioxidant 1010 enhanced the thermal stabili- zation of PHB. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 107: 166-173, 2008
THE OXIDATION AND DISSOLUTION OF ARSENIC-BEARING SULFIDES

We provide a comprehensive review of research conducted on the dissolution–oxidation of As-bearing sulfides including arsenopyrite, orpiment, realgar, tennantite, and the amorphous forms of As2S3 and AsS. In general, a rise in pH and the presence of Fe3+ or bacteria (or both) cause the oxidation rates of As-bearing sulfides to increase, except for arsenopyrite. Whereas oxidation of arsenopyrite by dissolved oxygen (DO) does not have significant dependence on pH, it appears to be accelerated with increasing DO. At the surface of arsenopyrite, reaction with oxygen even in ultra-high vacuum results in the formation of As species from As to As5+. The reaction of tennantite in aqueous solution at basic pH (pH 10–11) results in the formation of copper oxide–hydroxide and arsenic hydroxide, whereas in acidic solutions, the formation of elemental sulfur or arsenic oxide is observed. At high concentrations of bicarbonate and carbonate, As can be released from Fe oxyhydroxide surfaces back to the solution because of surface charge, or may also act as a competitor for both As5+ and As3+ during sorption reactions. Overgrowths of Fe3+ oxyhydroxide, scorodite, and FeAsO3 are observed as a result of oxidation in air and aqueous medium. In an acidic solution, an overgrowth of elemental sulfur is reported, in both abiotic and biotic conditions. The reaction of arsenopyrite and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the acidic medium salt solution results in a FePO4 overgrowth of 0.2 μm thick, which is promoted by bacterial production of Fe3+. In natural and mining environments, conditions of high pH may result in increasing acidity and rate of release of As and S. The formation of secondary mineral phases on the surfaces of As-bearing sulfides may retard the mobility of As and potentially decrease the acidity. Therefore, passivation of mineral surfaces with a mineral coating may be a reasonable strategy to minimize the affects of surface mining. In general, interactions with bacteria enhance the oxidation rates of As-bearing sulfide minerals, but at rates lower than those measured in the laboratory under optimum conditions. Continuing work on As-bearing sulfides is recommended to better understand the impacts of these minerals on the environment.
REAL-TIME MONITORING OF THE US INFLATION EXPECTATION PROCESS

Real-time supervision of shifts in inflation expectations is an important issue for monetary policy makers, especially in the presence of economic uncertainty. In this paper, we elaborate tools for on-line monitoring of such shifts by extracting valuable information from noisy daily financial market data. For this purpose, first, we suggest a new risk adjustment for observable proxies of medium and long run inflation expectations assuming that the latter are well-anchored. Second, we propose an econometric methodology for sequential monitoring of level changes in the associated proxies at daily frequency. Our empirical evidence shows that the on-line surveillance of risk adjusted US forward breakeven inflation rates by means of the cumulative sum (CUSUM) detector appears to be helpful to extract timely signals on potential shifts. In particular, the obtained signals indicate important turning points in market-based measures of inflation expectations, which also tend to materialize in lower frequency experts' surveys.
The Racialized Effects of Social Programs in Brazil

Abstract Studies of the electoral effects of cash transfer programs in Latin America have largely treated the poor as a unitary group. This study considers how the effects of social benefits vary across groups among the targeted poor by exploring the consequences of race for the electoral effects of Brazil’s Bolsa Família program. A matching analysis of LAPOP survey data shows that race shapes baseline propensities to participate in elections and to support the incumbent PT at the polls; these tendencies then shape the mechanisms through which cash transfers boost support for the incumbent. Benefits mobilize Afro-Brazilians to participate but have little effect on their vote choice. By contrast, benefits have little effect on whites’ participation but persuade them to support the PT over the opposition. This article deepens understanding of how social benefits affect the electoral behavior of recipients and highlights how race shapes political behavior among the poor.
Di‐μ‐acetato‐bis[μ‐2‐hydr­oxy‐N,N′‐bis­(2‐oxido­benz­yl)propane‐1,3‐diamine]bis(N,N′‐dimethyl­formamide)trinickel(II) N,N′‐dimethyl­formamide disolvate

The title compound, [Ni3(C17H20N2O2)2(C2H3O2)2(C3H7NO)2]·2C3H7NO, is a centrosymmetric trinuclear nickel(II) complex. The central and terminal nickel(II) atoms have distorted octa­hedral coordination, the central NiII atom by six O atoms, and the terminal NiII atoms by four O atoms and two N atoms each. The average Ni—O and Ni—N distances for the terminal Ni ions are 2.062 (17) and 2.082 (2) A, respectively. The Ni⋯Ni distance is 3.035 (2) A.
Self-assembly of highly luminescent bi-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives through electron donor–acceptor interactions in three-dimensional crystals, two-dimensional layers and mesophases

We report on the synthesis and self-assembly of a new series of highly luminescent bi-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives [2,2′-bis(4-alkoyphenyl)-bi-1,3,4-oxadiazole, BOXD-n, n = 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 16]. Fully conjugated conformations were demonstrated either by computer simulation or in a single-crystal state. Well-defined 3D donor–acceptor (DA) architectures with strong face-to-face and edge-to-edge donor–acceptor interactions were observed in the single-crystal structure of BOXD-1. Highly oriented face-on two-dimensional DA layered structures due to edge-to-edge donor–acceptor interactions were observed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in BOXD-7 and BOXD-16. Nematic phase, smectic C phase with large tilted angle (θ ≈ 50°) and relatively large transition enthalpic values and a highly ordered smectic X phase were demonstrated in BOXD-n (n = 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 16) through tailing the terminal chains and relatively large scale monodomains were prepared in the smectic X phase of BOXD-5 even without any surface treatment. Strong blue fluorescent emissions were observed in BOXD-6 either in cyclohexane (ФF ≈ 92%) or in solid state (ФF ≈ 57%). The donor–acceptor interactions between alkyoxyphenylene rings and 1,3,4-oxadiazole rings were thought to be the driving force for the molecules to self-assemble into a large angle tilted layered structure.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF ZINC AND NITROGEN APPLICATION ON WHEAT GROWTH AND GRAIN YIELD

Interactive effects of zinc (Zn) × nitrogen (N) was investigated in field experiment on wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. ‘Saleem-2000’) at the Research Farm of KPK Agricultural University Peshawar during winter 2006–2007. The experiment consisted of four levels of N (0, 50, 100 and 100 kg N ha−1) as main plots, and six levels of Zn (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg Zn ha−1) as sub plots. Application of 150 kg N and 15 kg Zn ha−1 resulted in the improved growth, highest yield components as well as the highest grain yield (4044 kg ha−1) and straw yield (5067 kg ha−1) of wheat. It is concluded from the results that combine application of 150 kg N +15 kg Zn ha−1 could increase wheat productivity in the study area.
Discourse context modulates the effect of implicit causality on rementions

abstract Certain verbs tend to elicit explanations about either their subject or their object. The tendency for one of the verb’s arguments to be rementioned in explanations is known as the implicit causality bias. In this paper we investigate the conditions underlying implicit causality remention biases by means of sentence and story completion studies. On one account of implicit causality, remention biases are the product of a combination of a particular lexico-semantic structure with a causal coherence relation. According to a competing account, the biases arise from a perceived lack of information in the discourse, and thus depend on knowledge about the world and the discourse context. To distinguish between the two accounts, it first needs to be established that information that potentially competes with implicit causality, such as relevant information from the discourse context, can reliably influence remention biases. We provide evidence that a violation of implicit assumptions underlying the standard use of implicit causality verbs leads to different inferences, and an alteration of the remention bias. We thereby lay the groundwork for future studies to distinguish between the two accounts.
Effect of Diesel Oil Polluted Soil on Proximate Compositions and Mineral Elements of Scent Leaf (Occimum Gratisimum) in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria

Studies of effect in diesel oil pollution on proximate compositions and mineral nutrients in the leaves of Occimumgratissimum were investigated. Five levels (0ml, 75ml, 150ml, 225ml and 300ml) of diesel oil pollution were mixed with 5kg of soil. Each treatment was replicated three times. Plant samples were watered daily for 16 weeks (four months). At the end of 16 weeks, the leave samples were harvested for laboratory analysis. The proximate compositions and mineral nutrients of the leave samples were determined. The results revealed that mean percentage protein(1.57±0.02), fats (0.95±0.02), Ash (0.74±0.25),fibre (1.03±0.03) content and carbohydrate (4.15±0.25) of leave samples were significantly (P<0.05) lower in (300ml) treatment of diesel pollution compare to the corresponding values protein (18.30±0.01), crude fat(22.17±0.13), total ash( 12.05±0.07), crude fibre ( 9.16±0.15) and carbohydrate ( 47.01±0.04) recorded in the (0ml) control experiment respectively. The percentage moisture and dry matter contents were significantly high (P<0.05) in control (0ml) experiment (62.15%, 47.07%) respectively. Treatment with 300ml and 2250ml of diesel oil pollution recorded the least values of moisture and dry matter contents in the leave samples. The mineral nutrientsCa, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn were also found to reduce significantly as the level of diesel oil pollution increased in the soil compare to values recorded in control experiment (0ml). It is recommended that remediation of diesel oil polluted soil should be carried out before any agricultural activities is carried out in the area. Keyword: Diesel Oil Pollution, Proximate Compositions, Mineral Nutrients, Occimumgratissimum
Practical approach for modeling extreme ultraviolet lithography mask defects

An approximate method is proposed to calculate the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) scattering from a defect within a multilayer coating. In this single surface approximation (SSA) the defective multilayer structure is replaced by a single reflecting surface with the shape of the top surface of the multilayer. The range of validity of this approximation has been investigated for Gaussian line defects using two-dimensional finite-difference-time-domain simulations. The SSA is found to be valid for sufficiently low aspect ratio defects such as those expected for the critical defects nucleated by particles on the mask substrate. The critical EUVL defect size is calculated by combining the SSA with a multilayer growth model and aerial image simulations. Another approximate method for calculating the aerial image of an unresolved defect is also discussed. Although the critical substrate defects may be larger than the resolution of higher numerical aperture cameras, the point defect approximation provides a useful fra.