Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Durability of earthen architecture ruins under cyclic wetting and drying

Cyclic wetting-drying were conducted on the undisturbed and remolded specimens from Jiaohe cultural heritage,Xinjiang,China to understand the durability of earthen architecture to wind erosion and the strength attenuation.Test result shows,under the circumstance of the low original water content,the specimens weight is increased during the beginning three wetting-drying cycles,and then proceeds to a relatively steady state.With the change of moisture content during the condensation-evaporation process,specimen weight expressed a decreasing tendency.With the increase in wetting-drying cycles,undisturbed specimens shows a decrease in compressive strength and an increase in wind erosion quantity,reflecting a weakening effect of durability.Comparatively,remolded specimen shows an increase in strength and a decrease in wind erosion quantity,or an inhencing effect of durability at the early wetting-drying cycles;but during the later cycles,a decrease in strength and an increase in wind erosion quantity,or weakening durability is found.It is considered the healing of destroyed microstructure during remolding and the aging of chemical cohesive agents are responsible for the strengthening of remolded specimen at the earlier wetting-drying cycles.
The Chemical Composition and Equation of State of the Sun Inferred from Seismic Models through an Inversion Procedure

The remarkable quality of present helioseismic data provides the possibility to investigate the microscopic physics of the solar interior. An inversion procedure to reveal the equation of state and chemical composition in the Sun has been developed. The method is based on using the discrepancy in the adiabatic gradient γ1 ≡ (∂ ln P/∂ ln ρ)s (s being the specific entropy) to infer the discrepancies in the equation of state and in the chemical composition between the Sun and solar models. Adequate accuracy and stability of the procedure have been demonstrated. Our inverted δγ1/γ1 between the Sun and model S of Christensen-Dalsgaard et al. is consistent with the earlier result obtained by Basu et al. We also found that the inverted δγ1/γ1 between the Sun and an envelope model implemented with the so-called CEFF equation of state (Christensen-Dalsgaard & Däppen) basically shows two dips. The dips are located at 0.975 and 0.988 R☉. Both dips cannot be eliminated merely by tuning the helium abundance over a reasonable range; hence, it appears that the dips are a manifestation of inappropriate approximations used in the equation of state of the underlying models.
The effects of neodymium content and site occupancy on spontaneous polarization of epitaxial (Bi4−xNdx)Ti3O12 films

Epitaxial (110)(Bi4−xNdx)Ti3O12(x=0–0.73) films with a variety of neodymium content were grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition, and the effects of neodymium content and site occupancy on spontaneous polarization along the a axis were systematically investigated. Raman spectra revealed that the neodymium is selectively substituted for the bismuth (A site) in the pseudoperovskite layer up to x=0.45; however, with further increasing neodymium content, neodymium is also incorporated into other bismuth sites in the (Bi2O2)2+ layer. The neodymium substitution led to a continuous decrease in the Curie temperature. The saturated coercive field showed slight dependency on the neodymium content, while the remanent polarization significantly improved to a maximum of 34μC∕cm2 at x=0.35. The estimated value of the spontaneous polarization for the epitaxial films with x=0.26–0.45 exceeded 50μC∕cm2, i.e., the reported value for pure Bi4Ti3O12 single crystal, but markedly decreased at x=0.73. The degraded spon.
Simulation of the Madden– Julian Oscillation and its teleconnections in the ECMWF forecast system

A series of 46‐day ensemble integrations starting on the 15th of each month from 1989 to 2008 has been completed with the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecast system. The Madden– Julian Oscillation (MJO) simulated by the hindcasts is diagnosed using an index based on combined empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of zonal winds at 200 and 850 hPa and outgoing long‐wave radiation. Results indicate that the dynamical model is able to maintain the amplitude of the MJO during the 46 days of integrations and the model displays skill for up to about 20 days to predict the evolution of the MJO. However, the MJO simulated by the model has a too slow eastward propagation and has difficulties crossing the Maritime Continent.
Indépendance statistique d'ensembles liés à la fonction "somme des chiffres"

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Alpha-Decay Barrier Penetrabilities with an Exponential Nuclear Potential: Even-Even Nuclei

The real potential derived by optical-model analysis of data on elastic scattering of alpha particles is used for calculation of barrier penetrabilities for all known alpha decay groups of even-even nuclei. The barrier penetration factors were calculated by numerical integration in the WKB approximation taking into account centrifugal barrier effects, but ignoring noncentral interactions. Using these penetration factors and the experimental alpha half-lives, the reduced level widths mpacting are calculated. Ratios of mpacting /sup 2/ values for ground and excited-state alpha groups are tabulated as a set of reduced hindrance factors. (auth)
Testing of Inverse Compton Models for Active Galactic Nuclei with Gamma-Ray and Radio Observations

We compare the Metsähovi 22 and 37 GHz total flux density variation data of active galactic nuclei with EGRET (on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory) gamma-ray observations from Cycles 1-4. Statistical analysis reveals that there is a genuine connection between the high-frequency radio properties of the sources, e.g., the type of the source, the phase of the radio flare, the associated radio variability brightness temperature, and the gamma-ray emission. Typically the most likely gamma-ray emitter is a high optical polarization quasar with a large Doppler boosting factor. The highest levels of gamma-ray emission are observed during the initial (or peak) stages of high-frequency radio flares. BL Lac objects are much weaker gamma-ray emitters, with no clear correlation between radio and gamma variations. We calculate the distance of the gamma-ray-emitting region from the core in quasars and obtain an average value of 4.9 pc, well downstream from the accretion disk or the broad-line region. This indicates that the strongest time-dependent gamma-ray emission of quasars originates in the relativistic jet, within the same shocks that produce the synchrotron flares at radio frequencies induced by the synchrotron self-Compton mechanism. Weaker gamma-ray emission does not seem to be associated with shocks and may be caused by other mechanisms, such as external Compton processes.
The optimal behavior of noise-resilient Boolean networks with arbitrary topologies

The dynamics of noise-resilient Boolean networks with majority functions and arbitrary topologies is investigated. A wide class of possible topological configurations is parametrized as a general blockmodel. For this class of networks, the dynamics always undergoes a phase transition from a non-ergodic regime, where a memory of its past states is preserved, to an ergodic regime, where no such memory exists and every microstate is equally probable. Both the average error on the network, as well as the critical value of noise where the transition occurs are investigated analytically, and compared to numerical simulations. The results for "partially dense" networks, comprised of relatively few, but dynamically important nodes, which have a number of inputs which greatly exceeds the average for the entire network, give very general upper bounds on the maximum resilience against noise attainable on globally sparse systems.
85 °C error-free operation at 38 Gb/s of oxide-confined 980-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Extremely temperature stable oxide-confined high-speed 980-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for optical interconnects are presented. Error-free performance at 38 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s is demonstrated at temperatures as high as 85 °C and 75 °C, respectively. No adjustment of driving conditions was found to be necessary from room temperature up to 85 °C. In addition, energy-efficient 35 Gb/s operation at a very low pump current of only 4 mA is demonstrated with a low dissipated heat-to-bit rate ratio of 233 mW/Tbps. These are by far the highest bit rates reported for VCSELs at such temperatures.
Spatially and temporally explicit water footprint accounting

The earth’s freshwater resources are subject to increasing pressure in the form of consumptive water use and pollution (Postel, 2000; WWAP, 2003, 2006, 2009). Quantitative assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of global production and consumption can be regarded as a key in understanding the pressure put on the global freshwater resources. The overall objective of this thesis is, therefore, to analyse the spatial and temporal pattern of the water footprint of humans from both a production perspective and a consumption perspective. The study quantifies in a spatially explicit way and with a worldwide coverage the green, blue and grey water footprint of agricultural and industrial production, and domestic water supply. The green, blue and grey water footprint of national consumption is quantified and mapped for each country of the world. The study further estimates virtual water flows and national and global water savings related to international trade in agricultural and industrial goods. Next, the study assesses the blue water scarcity for the major river basins of the world for the first time on a month-by-month basis, thus providing more useful guidance on water scarcity than the usual annual estimates of water scarcity. The study also contains five case studies: two specific product water footprint studies, two specific country water footprint studies and one water footprint study on a specific product from a specific region.
Generation of extremely low frequency radiation by ionospheric electrojet modulation using powerful high‐frequency heating waves

Using amplitude‐modulated high‐frequency (HF) heating waves for electron heating, the conductivity of plasma and thus the embedded electrojet currents in high‐latitude ionosphere can be modulated accordingly to set up the ionospheric antenna current for extremely low frequency (ELF) wave generation. Electron heating is hampered by inelastic collisions of electrons with neutral particles (mainly due to vibration excitation of N2), which cause the induced modulation current to remain at a low level. However, this inelastic collision loss rate drops rapidly to a low value in the energy regime from 3.5 to 6 eV. Thus, as the heating power exceeds a critical level, electron heating suddenly reaches an unexpected high level, resulting to a near step increase (of about 5 to 8 dB depending on the modulation waveform and frequency) in the spectral intensity of ELF radiation. The dependency of this critical HF heating‐wave power on the modulation frequency is determined for three heating wave modulation forms: (1) rectangular wave, (2) sine wave, and (3) half‐wave rectified wave.
On the minimum of vertical seismic noise near 3 mHz

SUMMARY Acceleration power spectral densities of vertical seismic noise at the best seismic stations show a minimum near 3 mHz. We suggest that this minimum is caused by a cancellation near this frequency of Newtonian attraction vs. free air and inertial effects exerted by atmospheric phenomena on the sensor mass. Simplistic models of atmospheric phenomena are used to quantify this effect and examples are shown for special atmospheric events.
On the nature of thermally stimulated discharge current spectra in polyethylene terephthalate

Thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) in polyethylene terephthalate (Hostaphan) films of different thickness (12, 25, and 50 μm) have been investigated under different environmental conditions in the temperature range of 20–150 °C. Two peaks of TSDC spectra observed at approximately 80 and 125 °C originate from a dipolar process (α peak) and a space-charge relaxation (ρ peak), as evidenced from the variation of parameters such as electrode geometry and polarizing voltage. A numerical method (Tikhonov regularization procedure) has been employed to determine the most probable values of effective frequency factors of dipolar and space-charge relaxation in polyethylene terephthalate. An apparent influence of environmental pressure on the location of the α peak has been observed whose origin is yet to be determined.
Two dimensional histogram analysis using the Helmholtz principle

An algorithm for two dimensional histogram modal analysis is presented. A major challenge in two dimensional histogram analysis is to provide an accurate location and description of the extended modal shape. The approach presented in this paper combines the Fast Level Set Transform of the histogram and the Helmholtz principle to find the location and shape of the modes. Furthermore, the algorithm is devoid of any a priori assumptions about the underlying density or the number of modes. At the core, this approach is a new way to manage and search the number of regions that must be examined to identify meaningful sets. Computational issues required a new tail sum bound on the multinomial distribution to be stated and proven. This bound reduces to the Hoeffding inequality for the binomial distribution. The histogram segmentation procedure was applied to the two problems of image color segmentation and correlation pattern recognition. With no a priori knowledge about the color image assumed, the two dimensional modal analysis is applied to the CIELAB color space to find perceptually uniform dominant colors. The modal analysis is also extended to correlation pattern recognition to find multiple targets in a single correlation plane.
A tracer-particle fluid velocity meter incorporating a laser

This paper describes a new type of laser fluid velocity meter. The device measures the time taken for a particle in a fluid flow to travel between two laser beams, enabling the particle velocity to be directly calculated. The device is simple and does not require the insertion of a probe into the flow. Experimental velocity measurements have been made, up to a velocity of approximately 200 m s−1, by using the naturally occurring dust particles in a wind tunnel flow. The results obtained with the laser velocity meter are in satisfactory agreement with those deduced from pressure measurements. The maximum velocities measured in the tests were limited by the capabilities of the wind tunnels used. It may be possible to measure higher velocities with the device but the accuracy of such measurements will depend on the fidelity with which particle velocities represent flow velocities under conditions of high acceleration.
The late-time dynamics of the single-mode Rayleigh-Taylor instability

We report on numerical simulations of the detailed evolution of the single mode Rayleigh-Taylor [Lord Rayleigh, Scientific Papers II (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1900), p. 200; G. I. Taylor, “The instability of liquid surfaces when accelerated in a direction perpendicular to their plane,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 201, 192 (1950)10.1098/rspa.1950. 0052; S. Chandrasekhar, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1961)] instability to late times and high aspect ratios. In contrast to established potential flow models that predict a terminal velocity and a constant Froude number at low Atwood numbers, we observe a complex sequence of events that can be summarized in four stages: I. Exponential growth of imposed perturbations, II. Saturation to terminal velocity, III. Reacceleration to a higher Froude number, and IV. Chaotic mixing. The observed reacceleration away from the Froude number predicted by potential flow theory is attributed to the appearance of second.
High-resolution X-ray observations of the central region of M31 with the Rosat satellite

We report the results of a 48,000 s observation of the central ∼34' of M31 with the ROSAT HRI. We detect 86 X-ray sources with luminosities above ∼1.4×10 36 ergs s -1 (3.5×10 -4 counts s -1 ). Eighteen sources are identified with globular clusters and two with supernova remnants. A point source coincident with the optical and radio nucleus is also detected. The cumulative luminosity distribution for all sources within 5' (∼1 kpc) of the nucleus flattens below ∼2×10 37 ergs s -1 . An extrapolation of this distribution to fainter luminosities indicates that only ∼15%-26% of the diffuse X-ray emission in the bulge can be attributed to faint unresolved sources from this distribution
Pressure-induced phase separation in the Y123 superconductor

We study the hydrostatic pressure dependence of the Y123 lattice by synchrotron angle-dispersive powder diffraction up to 12.7 GPa in order to detect any lattice instabilities or phase separation observed by Raman measurements. In the pressure range (3.7 GPa<p<10 GPa) mainly the c-axis (and to a smaller extend the a-, b-axis) undergoes a clear deviation from the expected equation of state. Upon the pressure release the data follow the anticipated dependence showing a strong hysteresis. At the pressure of ∼3.7 GPa new peaks appear in the diffraction patterns, which can be attributed to another apparently coherent phase that exhibits enhanced disorder and texture effects. The intensity of the new peaks decreases with increasing pressure and upon pressure release they disappear for p<3.9 GPa. The in-plane Cu-Opl bonds, the Cu2-Cu1 distance and the fractional coordinate of Ba atom along the c-axis of the Y123 phase show modifications at characteristic pressures in complete agreement with the Raman measurements under pressure, strongly indicating a pressure-induced lattice instability and phase separation.
On the existence of exponential polynomials with prefixed gaps

This paper shows that the conjecture of Lapidus and Van Frankenhuysen on the set of dimensions of fractality associated with a nonlattice fractal string is true in the important special case of a generic nonlattice self‐similar string, but in general is false. The proof and the counterexample of this have been given by virtue of a result on exponential polynomials P(z), with real frequencies linearly independent over the rationals, that establishes a bound for the number of gaps of RP, the closure of the set of the real projections of its zeros, and the reason for which these gaps are produced.
Robustly segmenting quadriceps muscles of ultra-endurance athletes with weakly supervised U-Net

In this study, segmentation of quadriceps muscle heads of ultra-endurance athletes was done using a multi-atlas segmentation and corrective leaning framework where the registration based multi-atlas segmentation step was replaced with weakly supervised U-Net. For the case with remarkably different morphology, our method produced improved accuracy, while reduced significantly the computation time.
Mössbauer Effect Study of Spin Relaxation in CaFe2O4

Mossbauer effect measurements have been made on CaFe 2 O 4 , an antiferromagnetic oxide which has a magnetic transition at low temperatures. It has been found that the hyperfine splitting due to the internal field for the high temperature magnetic phase is subject to motional narrowing, possibly due to the thermal fluctuation of the spin correlation between weakly interacting antiferromagnetic arrays of Fe and O atoms.
An Interpretation of the Mechanisms of Ice-Crystal Formation Operative in the Lake Almanor Cloud-Seeding Program

Abstract In a 198485 winter cloud-seeding program at Lake Almanor, California, indium sesquioxide (In2O3) aerosol particle generators were collocated with silver iodide (AgI) aerosol particle generators as a source of inert tracer aerosol. The In2O3 aerosol served as an indicator of the amount of AgI aerosol scavenged. Based on the aerosol emission rates, if AgI aerosol was only captured by scavenging processes, and played no part in forming ice crystals and snowfall, the silver to indium ratio (Ag:In) in the analyzed snow would be 0.8. Analysis of snow samples from the target area produced frequent Ag:In ratio values in excess of 1.1. In the snowfall at the closest sampling sites to the aerosol generator the high ratios of Ag:In cannot be explained by the contact-freezing ice formation mechanism. A mechanism with a much faster rate than possible by contact freezing is necessary to produce the high Ag:In ratios that were observed. Part of the AgI seeding aerosol functioned rapidly to produce ice crystals.
A small-angle X-ray scattering study of nanoparticle assembly in an aligned nematic liquid crystal

The assembly of colloidal particles in a nematic liquid crystal has been investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering. The structure and orientation of nanoparticle assemblies in bulk samples of aligned nematic liquid crystal have been determined. The method offers some advantages over optical microscopy, which is usually restricted to investigations of thin cells and micron-sized particles. The scattering from chains of particles has been calculated, and comparison with experimental results has shown that suspensions of 48 and 105 nm diameter silica nanoparticles formed highly ordered structures perpendicular to the liquid crystal director, consistent with quadrupolar defect-induced assembly.
Focused ion-beam milling of a submicrometer aperture for a hydrodynamic Josephson-effect experiment

We describe the technique used to manufacture a submicron aperture in a nickel microfoil used to look for the Josephson effect in superfluids. The size requirements for a superfluid weak link are briefly discussed. The micromachining is performed by means of a focused Ga ion beam. The ion probe is produced by a liquid‐metal‐ion source that is known to act as a near pointlike source. The source, optical lens, and deflection assembly are lumped as an attachment to a commercial scanning electron microscope. The obtained machining capabilities and scanning ion images are compatible with a probe size of 150–200 nm, a size that corresponds to our theoretical estimates.
Performance Analysis of a Finite-Buffer Bulk-Arrival and Bulk-Service Queue with Variable Server Capacity

Abstract In this paper, we consider a finite-buffer bulk-arrival and bulk-service queue with variable server capacity: M X /G Y /1/K + B. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the analytic and computational aspects of this system. We first derive steady-state departure-epoch probabilities based on the embedded Markov chain method. Next, we demonstrate two numerically stable relationships for the steady-state probabilities of the queue lengths at three different epochs: departure, random, and arrival. Finally, based on these relationships, we present various useful performance measures of interest such as moments of the number of customers in the queue at three different epochs, the loss probability, and the probability that server is busy. Numerical results are presented for a deterministic service-time distribution – a case that has gained importance in recent years.