Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Active learning to rank for assessing the linguistic quality of sentences

The traditional way of teaching a foreign language involves long-standing practice and receiving feedback under the guidance of a teacher. However, a large part of the coaching process does not necessarily require the employment of a human teacher, but rather can be automated to facilitate self-practice and to increase the scale of foreign language education by teaching a large number of students without requiring a correspondingly large educational staff. Consequently, automated tutoring and assessment systems for non-native speakers of English are becoming increasingly important. Andersen et al. [2013] present a novel approach to this, in employing a discriminative ranking model as a feedback system on the linguistic quality of individual sentences, in addition to feedback on the quality of an entire text. By its non-specific identification of problematic parts of the text, this can have pedagogic advantages, e.g. by giving the learner the opportunity to come up with a better version himself. We extend their work by using active learning to rank, which aims to reduce the amount of training data required by a ranking model to achieve a certain level of performance by selectively choosing the most informative training instances to annotate and train upon. Annotated data is a major problem in this setting, since there are no publically available datasets with sentence-level annotations, and creating one is time-consuming and expensive. We investigate a number of active selection techniques that are appropriate for a ranking model and systematically compare them to a random learner. More specifically, we demonstrate that active learning can reduce the amount of labeled training data. Moreover, we perform a detailed analysis of the results obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to investigate the effectiveness of active learning to rank in the domain of learner data.
A Role for NIMA in the Nuclear Localization of Cyclin B in Aspergillus nidulans

NIMA promotes entry into mitosis in late G2 by some mechanism that is after activation of the Aspergillus nidulans G2 cyclin-dependent kinase, NIMXCDC2/NIMECyclin B. Here we present two independent lines of evidence which indicate that this mechanism involves control of NIMXCDC2/NIMECyclin B localization. First, we found that NIMECyclin B localized to the nucleus and the nucleus-associated organelle, the spindle pole body, in a NIMA-dependent manner. Analysis of cells from asynchronous cultures, synchronous cultures, and cultures arrested in S or G2 showed that NIMECyclin B was predominantly nuclear during interphase, with maximal nuclear accumulation in late G2. NIMXCDC2 colocalized with NIMECyclin B in G2 cells. Although inactivation of NIMA using either the nimA1 or nimA5 temperature-sensitive mutations blocked cells in G2, NIMXCDC2/NIMECyclin B localization was predominantly cytoplasmic rather than nuclear. Second, we found that nimA interacts genetically with sonA, which is a homologue of the yeast nucleocytoplasmic transporter GLE2/RAE1. Mutations in sonA were identified as allele-specific suppressors of nimA1. The sonA1 suppressor alleviated the nuclear division and NIMECyclin B localization defects of nimA1 cells without markedly increasing NIMXCDC2 or NIMA kinase activity. These results indicate that NIMA promotes the nuclear localization of the NIMXCDC2/ NIMECyclin B complex, by a process involving SONA. This mechanism may be involved in coordinating the functions of NIMXCDC2 and NIMA in the regulation of mitosis.
Complex plant–soil interactions enhance plant species diversity by delaying community convergence

A plant that causes specific changes to soil biota may either positively or negatively affect the performance of the plant that subsequently grows in that location. These effects, known as plant–soil feedback, can affect plant species diversity at multiple spatial scales. It has been hypothesized that positive plant–soil feedback reduces alpha (local) diversity by allowing dominance by early‐arriving species, but increases gamma (regional) diversity by promoting community divergence (increased beta diversity) through the emergence of alternative stable states. In contrast, negative plant–soil feedback has been thought to increase alpha diversity by allowing local species coexistence, but to reduce gamma diversity by promoting community convergence (reduced beta diversity). Although widely accepted, these hypotheses do not consider the possibility that plant species differ in their effect on, and their response to, a given other species via soil biota. In reality, plant–soil interactions can be complex, with the strength of the interactions variable between plant species. Using a basic simulation model of plant community assembly, we investigated how complex plant–soil interactions might affect plant diversity during succession. When we included only positive or negative intraspecific plant–soil feedback in the model, with no variation in the strength of interspecific plant–soil interactions, results were consistent with the conventional hypotheses. When we allowed the strength of plant–soil interactions to differ between species, plant–soil interactions enhanced alpha diversity initially and beta and gamma diversity subsequently. Diversity enhancement occurred not necessarily because alternative stable states emerged, but primarily because complex plant–soil interactions lengthened the time during which local species composition changed. Due to the longer time for changes in species composition, the high level of beta and gamma diversity at the early stage of succession was maintained for a long time despite eventual community convergence. Thus, diversity enhancement was often transient, though long‐lasting, making the conventional concept of alternative stable states inadequate for explaining diversity. Synthesis. Based on these findings, we propose the new hypothesis that complex plant–soil interactions enhance plant species diversity by delaying community convergence. This hypothesis highlights the role of plant–soil interactions as a driver of long‐lasting transient dynamics of community assembly.
Kinetic and Related Determinants of Plasma Triglyceride Concentration in Abdominal Obesity: Multicenter Tracer Kinetic Study

Objectives—Patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus have increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A major cause is an atherogenic dyslipidemia related primarily to elevated plasma concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The aim of this study was to clarify determinants of plasma triglyceride concentration. We focused on factors that predict the kinetics of very-low density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL1) triglycerides. Approach and Results—A multicenter study using dual stable isotopes (deuterated leucine and glycerol) and multicompartmental modeling was performed to elucidate the kinetics of triglycerides and apoB in VLDL1 in 46 subjects with abdominal obesity and additional cardiometabolic risk factors. Results showed that plasma triglyceride concentrations were dependent on both the secretion rate (r=0.44, P<0.01; r=0.45, P<0.01) and fractional catabolism (r=0.49, P<0.001; r=0.55, P<0.001) of VLDL1-triglycerides and VLDL1-apoB. Liver fat mass was independently and directly associated with secretion rates of VLDL1-triglycerides (r=0.56, P<0.001) and VLDL1-apoB (r=0.53, P<0.001). Plasma apoC-III concentration was independently and inversely associated with the fractional catabolisms of VLDL1-triglycerides (r=0.48, P<0.001) and VLDL1-apoB (r=0.51, P<0.001). Conclusions—Plasma triglyceride concentrations in abdominal obesity are determined by the kinetics of VLDL1 subspecies, catabolism being mainly dependent on apoC-III concentration and secretion on liver fat content. Reduction in liver fat and targeting apoC-III may be an effective approach for correcting triglyceride metabolism atherogenic dyslipidemia in obesity.
Dynamic GLUT4 sorting through a syntaxin-6 compartment in muscle cells is derailed by insulin resistance-causing ceramide

ABSTRACT GLUT4 constitutively recycles between the plasma membrane and intracellular depots. Insulin shifts this dynamic equilibrium towards the plasma membrane by recruiting GLUT4 to the plasma membrane from insulin-responsive vesicles. Muscle is the primary site for dietary glucose deposition; however, how GLUT4 sorts into insulin-responsive vesicles, and if and how insulin resistance affects this process, is unknown. In L6 myoblasts stably expressing myc-tagged GLUT4, we analyzed the intracellular itinerary of GLUT4 as it internalizes from the cell surface and examined if such sorting is perturbed by C2-ceramide, a lipid metabolite causing insulin resistance. Surface-labeled GLUT4myc that internalized for 30 min accumulated in a Syntaxin-6 (Stx6)- and Stx16-positive perinuclear sub-compartment devoid of furin or internalized transferrin, and displayed insulin-responsive re-exocytosis. C2-ceramide dispersed the Stx6-positive sub-compartment and prevented insulin-responsive re-exocytosis of internalized GLUT4myc, even under conditions not affecting insulin-stimulated signaling towards Akt. Microtubule disruption with nocodazole prevented pre-internalized GLUT4myc from reaching the Stx6-positive perinuclear sub-compartment and from undergoing insulin-responsive exocytosis. Removing nocodazole allowed both parameters to recover, suggesting that the Stx6-positive perinuclear sub-compartment was required for GLUT4 insulin-responsiveness. Accordingly, Stx6 knockdown inhibited by ∼50% the ability of internalized GLUT4myc to undergo insulin-responsive re-exocytosis without altering its overall perinuclear accumulation. We propose that Stx6 defines the insulin-responsive compartment in muscle cells. Our data are consistent with a model where ceramide could cause insulin resistance by altering intracellular GLUT4 sorting.
Using Ambient Noise to Image the Northern East African Rift

The northern East African Rift (EAR) is a unique location where we observe continental rifting in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) transitioning to incipient seafloor spreading in Afar. Here we present a 3‐D absolute shear wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle of the northern EAR generated from ambient noise tomography. We generate 4,820 station pair correlation functions, from 170 stations (present over 12 years), which were inverted for phase velocity from 8–33 s period and finally for 3‐D absolute shear velocity structure to 60‐km depth. Everywhere in the uppermost mantle, shear velocity is slower than expected for a mantle peridotite composition (<4.1 km/s). This suggests the presence of pervasive partial melt, with focused upwelling and melt storage beneath the MER, where the slowest velocities (3.20 km/s ± 0.03) are observed. Average crustal shear velocity is faster beneath Afar (3.83 km/s ± 0.04) than the MER (3.60 km/s ± 0.04), albeit Afar has localized slow velocities beneath active volcanic centers. We interpret these slow‐velocity regions (including the MER) as magmatic intrusions and heating of the crust. Beneath the northwestern plateau, crustal velocities are laterally heterogeneous (3.3–3.65 ± 0.05 km/s at 10 km), suggesting a complex geological history and inhomogeneous magma distribution during rift development. Comparison between the MER and Afar allows us to draw conclusions between different stages of rifting. In particular, the MER has the slowest crustal velocities, consistent with longer magma residence times in the crust, early during the breakup process.
Modelled composition of cryogenically produced subglacial brines, Antarctica

Polar subglacial hydrologic systems have garnered much interest since the recognition of Lake Vostok in 1996. In Antarctica, these environments are hydrologically diverse, including isolated lakes of different sizes, river–lake flow-through systems, “swamps” and groundwater (Siegert 2016). The refreezing of subglacial meltwater is also an important process beneath a large portion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Bell et al. 2011). As subglacial water refreezes it exsolves salts, potentially leaving behind saline and hypersaline brines. Brines thought to derive from this cryoconcentration process have been observed in the northern polar permafrost regions and in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDVs) region of Antarctica. Additionally, sediments in the Victoria Land Basin have diagenetic signatures produced by brine movement dating from 3–11 m.y. a, suggesting hypersaline brines have existed in the McMurdo region since at least this time (Staudigel et al. 2018).
A Knowledge Level Account of Forgetting

Forgetting is an operation on knowledge bases that has been addressed in different areas of Knowledge Representation and with respect to different formalisms, including classical propositional and first-order logic, modal logics, logic programming, and description logics. Definitions of forgetting have been expressed in terms of manipulation of formulas, sets of postulates, isomorphisms between models, bisimulations, second-order quantification, elementary equivalence, and others. In this paper, forgetting is regarded as an abstract belief change operator, independent of the underlying logic. The central thesis is that forgetting amounts to a reduction in the language, specifically the signature, of a logic. The main definition is simple: the result of forgetting a portion of a signature in a theory is given by the set of logical consequences of this theory over the reduced language. This definition offers several advantages. Foremost, it provides a uniform approach to forgetting, with a definition that is applicable to any logic with a well-defined consequence relation. Hence it generalises a disparate set of logic-specific definitions with a general, high-level definition. Results obtained in this approach are thus applicable to all subsumed formal systems, and many results are obtained much more straightforwardly. This view also leads to insights with respect to specific logics: for example, forgetting in first-order logic is somewhat different from the accepted approach. Moreover, the approach clarifies the relation between forgetting and related operations, including belief contraction.
Vibrating Breakup of Jet for Uniform Metal Droplets

从毛状的溪流决裂的一致微滴形成为许多应用例如提供 promisingopportunities 焊接生产的球，电路董事会打印 andrapid 原型 manufacturing.In 能够使 monosize 金属范围 byvibrating 成为决裂的一台仪器有的这研究是微滴电子上被控告在 flight.As 期间与对方一起避免碰撞 andmerging 的 developed.The 结果，一致地大小的听粉末( 180 亩 m indiameter )在冷却和 solidificat 以后被获得
Window Feature-Based Two-Stage Defect Identification Using Magnetic Flux Leakage Measurements

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing, one of the nondestructive testing methods, is widely adapted by approximately 90% of in-service pipelines. It is very important to identify defects in MFL testing. This paper presents a method to detect defects and determine precise defect regions using window features generated from MFL measurements. The main contributions are: 1) four novel window features of defects, namely, saliency, contrast, center point (CP), and fingerprint with parameters, are presented, which provide sufficient information for defect identification. In particular, a Bayesian method is developed to estimate the near-optimal parameters of these features and 2) a novel two-stage identification process is proposed, which can not only detect defects, but also segment the complicated defect regions precisely. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by real MFL measurements collected from experimental pipelines and in-service pipelines, respectively. The results show that the proposed method has satisfied accuracy for defect identification of experimental and engineering application.
Fault isolation using stateless server model in L4 microkernel

Existing system architecture model cannot guarantee isolation of applications or system components from system faults that occur in system services. If an error causes the failure by operating system services, the entire system can be corrupted or components which are dependent that services are affected. Fault tolerant architecture model can be achieved by decoupling state information from the server. In this paper, we compare four kinds of architecture models. For constructing stateless server model, we use simple lightweight middleware. It can support fault tolerant architecture with low performance overhead.
A novel mechanism of cochlear excitation during simultaneous stimulation and pressure relief through the round window

The round window (RW) membrane provides pressure relief when the cochlea is excited by sound. Here, we report measurements of cochlear function from guinea pigs when the cochlea was stimulated at acoustic frequencies by movements of a miniature magnet which partially occluded the RW. Maximum cochlear sensitivity, corresponding to subnanometre magnet displacements at neural thresholds, was observed for frequencies around 20 kHz, which is similar to that for acoustic stimulation. Neural response latencies to acoustic and RW stimulation were similar and taken to indicate that both means of stimulation resulted in the generation of conventional travelling waves along the cochlear partition. It was concluded that the relatively high impedance of the ossicles, as seen from the cochlea, enabled the region of the RW not occluded by the magnet, to act as a pressure shunt during RW stimulation. We propose that travelling waves, similar to those owing to acoustic far-field pressure changes, are driven by a jet-like, near-field component of a complex pressure field, which is generated by the magnetically vibrated RW. Outcomes of research described here are theoretical and practical design principles for the development of new types of hearing aids, which use near-field, RW excitation of the cochlea.
Real-Time Heuristic Search with a Priority Queue

Learning real-time search, which interleaves planning and acting, allows agents to learn from multiple trials and respond quickly. Such algorithms require no prior knowledge of the environment and can be deployed without pre-processing. We introduce Prioritized-LRTA* (P-LRTA*), a learning real-time search algorithm based on Prioritized Sweeping. P-LRTA* focuses learning on important areas of the search space, where the importance of a state is determined by the magnitude of the updates made to neighboring states. Empirical tests on path-planning in commercial game maps show a substantial learning speed-up over state-of-the-art real-time search algorithms.
Clusters of EAS with electron number >~ 10^4

We perform cluster analysis of arrival times of extensive air showers (EAS) registered with the EAS-1000 Prototype array in the period from August, 1997 till February, 1999. We present twenty cluster events each consisting of one or several EAS clusters, study the dynamics of their development, and analyze the angular distribution of EAS in clusters. We find that there may be certain correlation between EAS clusters with mean electron number $\sim10^5$ on the one hand and gamma-ray bursts and ultrahigh energy cosmic rays on the other.
Ferulago angulata activates intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells associated with G1 cell cycle arrest via involvement of p21/p27

Ferulago angulata is a medicinal plant that is traditionally known for its anti-inflammatory and antiulcer properties. The present study was aimed to evaluate its anticancer activity and the possible mechanism of action using MCF-7 as an in vitro model. F. angulata leaf extracts were prepared using solvents in the order of increasing polarity. As determined by MTT assay, F. angulata leaves hexane extract (FALHE) revealed the strongest cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 5.3±0.82 μg/mL. The acute toxicity study of FALHE provided evidence of the safety of the plant extract. Microscopic and flow cytometric analysis using annexin-V probe showed an induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 by FALHE. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with FALHE encouraged the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, with cell death transducing signals that reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential with cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol. The released cytochrome c triggered the activation of caspase-9. Meanwhile, the overexpression of caspase-8 suggested the involvement of an extrinsic pathway in the induced apoptosis at the late stage of treatment. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis showed that FALHE treatment significantly arrested MCF-7 cells in the G1 phase, which was associated with upregulation of p21 and p27 assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunofluorescence and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of MCF-7 cells after treatment with FALHE revealed an upregulation of Bax and a downregulation of Bcl-2 proteins. These findings proposed that FALHE suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7 cells via cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis through intrinsic pathway.
Combining Lens Distortion and Depletion to Map the Mass Distribution of A1689

We derive a projected 2D mass map of the well-studied galaxy cluster A1689 based on an entropy-regularized maximum likelihood combination of the lens magnification and distortion of red background galaxies registered in deep Subaru images. The method is not restricted to the weak regime but applies to the whole area outside the tangential critical curve, where nonlinearity between the surface mass density and the observables extends to a radius of a few arcminutes. The known strong-lensing information is also readily incorporated in this approach, represented as a central pixel with a mean surface density close to the critical value. We also utilize the distortion measurements to locally downweight the intrinsic clustering noise, which otherwise perturbs the depletion signal. The projected mass profile continuously steepens with radius and is well fitted by the Navarro-Frenk-White model, but with a surprisingly large concentration cvir = 13.4+ 5.3−3.3, lying far from the predicted value of cvir ∼ 5, corresponding to the measured virial mass, Mvir = (2.1 ± 0.2) × 1015 M☉, posing a challenge to the standard assumptions defining the ΛCDM model. We examine the consistency of our results with estimates derived with the standard weak-lensing estimators and by comparison with the inner mass profile obtained from strong lensing. All the reconstructions tested here imply a virial mass in the range Mvir = (1.5–2.1) × 1015 M☉, and the combined ACS and Subaru 2D mass reconstruction yields a tight constraint on the concentration parameter, cvir = 12.7 ± 1 ± 2.8 (c200 ∼ 10), improving upon the statistical accuracy of our earlier 1D analysis. Importantly, our best-fitting profile properly reproduces the observed Einstein radius of 45'' (zs = 1), in contrast to other weak-lensing work, reporting lower concentration profiles, which underestimate the observed Einstein radius.