Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism

The thick sequence of Miocene lava flows exposed on Steens Mountain in southeastern Oregon is well known for containing a detailed record of a reversed-to-normal geomagnetic polarity transition. Paleomagnetic samples were obtained from the sequence for a combined study of the directional and intensity variations recorded; the paleointensity study is reported in a companion paper. This effort has resulted in the first detailed history of total geomagnetic field behavior during a reversal of polarity. A comparison of the directional variation history of the reversed and normal polarity intervals on either side of the transition with the Holocene record has allowed an estimate of the duration of these periods to be made. These time estimates were then used to calculate accumulation rates for the volcanic sequence and thereby provide a means for estimating time periods within the transition itself. The polarity transition was found to consist of two phases, each with quite different characteristics. At the onset of the first phase, a one-third decrease in magnetic field intensity may have preceded the first intermediate field directions by about 600 years. Changes in field direction were confined near the local north-south vertical plane when the actual reversal in direction occurred and normal polarity directions may have been attained within 550±150 years. The end of the first phase of the transition was marked by a brief (possibly 100–300 years) period with normal polarity and a pretransitional intensity which suggests a quasi-normal dipole field structure existed during this interval. The second phase of the transition was characterized by a return to very low field intensities with the changes in direction describing a long counterclockwise loop in contrast to the earlier narrowly constrained changes. This second phase lasted 2900±300 years, and both normal directions and intensities were recovered at the same time. Both directional and intensity data document very erratic geomagnetic field behavior during the polarity transition. Changes in magnetic field direction were variable and occurred either (1) in a regular, progressive manner, (2) with sudden, extremely rapid angular changes (58°±21°/year), or (3) with little or no movement for periods of the order of 600±200 years. Changes in magnetic intensity occurred in a like manner and were sometimes correlated with changes in direction, but during other periods both directional and intensity changes occurred independently. Directional changes following the polarity transition occurred in a seemingly normal manner, although intensity fluctuations attest to some instability of the newly reestablished dipole.
Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults.

ISSUE the role of family acceptance as a protective factor for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adolescents and young adults has not been established. METHODS a quantitative measure with items derived from prior qualitative work retrospectively assessed family accepting behaviors in response to LGBT adolescents' sexual orientation and gender expression and their relationship to mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk in young adults (N= 245). FINDINGS family acceptance predicts greater self-esteem, social support, and general health status; it also protects against depression, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation and behaviors. CONCLUSIONS family acceptance of LGBT adolescents is associated with positive young adult mental and physical health. Interventions that promote parental and caregiver acceptance of LGBT adolescents are needed to reduce health disparities.
The effects of the early and ultra-early intervention on the outcome in aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: The optimal timing of intervention for aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage is one of the historically controversial issues in neurosurgery. Although numerous studies investigated the subject, they had many limitations due to the nature of the disease. Early and ultra-early interventions have gained more and more supporters in recent decades. Nevertheless, the effects of the early and ultra-early intervention on the outcome of the disease are far from clarity. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was carried out at Trakya University Medical Faculty Training and Practice Hospital. The study includes data on all patients admitted with an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2005. Patients were divided into two groups according to their WFNS grade status: Good (I–III) or poor (IV–V) grades. Patients are also classified according to their Glasgow Outcome Scale score: Unfavorable (1–2) or favorable (3–5) outcomes. Data were analyzed statistically, and the effects of the early and ultra-early intervention on the outcome were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 580 patients were admitted in the study period. Among them, 494 were eligible for the study. The median age (interquartile range) was 55 (18) years. While 244 (49.4%) patients were women, 250 (50.6%) patients were men. Three hundred and fourteen (63.6%) patients were operated, and 25 patients (5.1%) were undergone endovascular treatment. The ultra-early intervention was achieved in 60 (12.1%) patients and 142 patients (28.7%, including the previous ultra-early intervention group) early intervention was achieved. A meaningful outcome difference was present between the poor-grade ultra-early treatment group and the rest (p=0.007). Analogously, a meaningful outcome difference was present between the poor-grade early treatment group and the rest (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study supports the growing trend toward early or ultra-early intervention in aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our findings showed that both early and ultra-early interventions have positive effects on the outcome in poor-grade aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Future studies with more homogenized and larger samples should be realized to clarify the optimal timing of intervention for aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.
COASTAL AND NEARSHORE BEHAVIORS OF THE 2011 TOHOKU TSUNAMI ALONG THE CENTRAL FUKUSHIMA COAST

Coastal effects of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami were investigated based on the field survey conducted in the central region of Fukushima coast with a 40 km stretch. This is th e area where the tsunami survey was delayed because of the accident of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. Tsunami inundation and runup heights were measured using a VRS type RTK-GPS and laser rangefinders. The highest tsunami height was found at 21.1 m above mean sea level on the coastal cliff located 10 km south of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. Numerical tsunami si mulation was performed with the model based on the linear long wave theory. The results revealed that the alongshor e distribution of the tsunami height was dependent on the characteris tics of tsunami source as well as the deep-sea bath ymetry up to approximately 2000 m deep. The inundation and runup heights appear to be highly influenced by the coa stal and inland topography.
Mixing, Dissipation Rate, and Their Overturn-Based Estimates in a Near-Bottom Turbulent Flow Driven by Internal Tides

AbstractDirect numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) are employed to study the mixing brought about by convective overturns in a stratified, oscillatory bottom layer underneath internal tides. The phasing of turbulence, the onset and breakdown of convective overturns, and the pathway to irreversible mixing are quantified. Mixing efficiency shows a systematic dependence on tidal phase, and during the breakdown of large convective overturns it is approximately 0.6, a value that is substantially larger than the commonly assumed value of 0.2 used for calculating scalar mixing from the turbulent dissipation rate. Diapycnal diffusivity is calculated using the irreversible diapycnal flux and, for tall overturns of O(50) m, the diffusivity is found to be almost 1000 times higher than the molecular diffusivity. The Thorpe (overturn) length scale is often used as a proxy for the Ozmidov length scale and thus infers the turbulent dissipation rate from overturns. The accuracy of overturn-based es.
Applicability of Ground Penetrating Radar on desert archaeological sites: a case study from the Saqqara necropolis in Egypt

Abstract This paper presents the preliminary results of ground penetrating radar sounding applied at the desert archaeological site in Saqqara (Egypt). The survey was carried out in 2012 within a project realized by Institute of Archaeology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw and the Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw. One of the key aims of the research was testing the application of ground penetrating radar to non-invasive surveys of desert archaeological sites. Radargrams obtained for area of so called the Dry Moat channel surrounding the Step Pyramid complex have shown the geological structure of its filling. It comprises among others debris-sand conglomerate of diluval origin characterized by a significant content of the clay fraction and clay minerals. Such lithological content strongly attenuate the propagation of EM waves, restricting the depth range of the GPR survey. The conducted geophysical prospection west to the Step Pyramid in Saqqara has confirmed the high applicability of the GPR method in non-invasive studies of vast architectural structures, such as the monumental ditch surrounding the Step Pyramid known as the Dry Moat. It should summarised that high horizontal resolution obtained during GPR survey is a result of local geological structure of the searched area, i.e. strong lithological contrast of the sediments filling the Dry Moat, which, depending on their mineralogical composition
Impact of heterogeneous ice nuclei on homogeneous freezing events in cirrus clouds

[1] The influence of initial heterogeneous nucleation on subsequent homogeneous nucleation events in cirrus clouds is investigated using a box model which includes the explicit impact of aerosols on the nucleation of ice crystals and a new sedimentation scheme. Different effects are discussed, namely the impact of external versus internal mixtures of heterogeneous ice nuclei and the influence of size-dependent freezing thresholds. Several idealized experiments are carried out, which show that the treatment of external mixtures of ice nuclei can strongly change subsequent homogeneous nucleation events (i.e., the ice crystal number densities) over a large variety of environmental conditions relevant for the upper troposphere. In most cases a strong reduction in ice crystal number concentrations formed in subsequent homogeneous freezing events is observed. The use of size-dependent freezing thresholds can change cloud properties when compared to more simple parameterizations and is most important at largest ice nuclei concentrations.
Monitoring glacier elevation and volume changes with digital photogrammetry and GIS at Gepatschferner glacier, Austria

Digital elevation models of Gepatschferner in Northern Tyrol, Austria were obtained with digital photogrammetry from high altitude stereo photo pairs and by digitizing an analogue topographic glacier map, for 1990 and 1971, respectively. A difference map was calculated to identify regions of glacier elevation increases and decreases corresponding to glacier mass gain and loss. While the glacier tongue below 2600 m showed mainly increases in glacier surface elevation as compared to 1971, the remaining glacier thickness experienced both increases and decreases. The accumulation zone above 3200 m contained several extreme cases of morphological features with altitude changes>+30 m. While the increased ice thickness of the glacier tongue can be traced to a well documented period of mass accumulation in the 1970s, changes in glacier surface elevation in the higher zones may be linked either to the morphology of the glacier bed or to differences in insolation on the glacier surface. Between 1971 and 1990 the glacier experienced a net loss of 26×106 m3 corresponding to approximately 0.9% of the entire glacier volume.
Comparative Study of Subauroral Polarization Streams with DMSP Observation and RAM Simulation

Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) are fast westward plasma flows,located mainly at dusk and premidnight subauroral region.They are one of the important magnetosphere-ionosphere -thermosphere coupling processes.This work has simulated one storm time SAPS event with the Ring current-Atmosphere Interaction Model (RAM) developed by University of Michigan.The model results are compared with the DMSP observations.It shows: the model results can be comparable with the observations in general; the latitude of the modeled SAPS peak velocity differed greatly from the observations; the observed SAPS velocities have two peaks around 18 : 00 UT and 20 : 00 UT,while the modeled have only one peak around 18 : 00 UT, which is due to the model s inability in the modeling of the substorm process.
Determination of suspended particulate matter concentration from turbidity measurements: particle size effects and calibration procedures

Measurements of suspended particulate matter concentration and turbidity point towards the possibility of a site‐specific algorithm (SPM), relating SPM to nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). In this paper regression models are presented that account for changes in the relationship of SPM and NTU as a result of changes in particle properties. The models have been developed by the use of daily measurements of SPM concentration and a continuous record of turbidity for the period from June 1996 to February 2001 in the River Elbe, a major river in the eastern part of Germany.
A motor control model based on self-organizing feature maps

Self-organizing feature maps have become important neural modeling methods over the last several years. These methods have not only shown great potential in application fields such as motor control, pattern recognition, optimization, etc, but have also provided insights into how mammalian brains are organized. Most past work developing self-organizing features maps has focused on systems with a single map that is solely sensory in nature. This research develops and studies a model which has multiple self-organizing feature maps in a closed-loop control system, and that involves motor output as well as proprioceptive and/or visual sensory input. The model is driven by a simulated arm that moves in 3D space. By applying initial activations at randomly selected motor cortex regions, the neural network model spontaneously self-organizes, and demonstrates the appearance of multiple, reasonably stable motor and proprioceptive sensory maps and their interrelationships to each other. These cortical feature maps capture the mechanical constraints imposed by the model arm. They are aligned in a way consistent with a temporal correlation hypothesis: temporally correlated features usually cause their corresponding cortical map representations to be spatially correlated. Simulations of variations of the motor control model with visual inputs indicates the formation of visual input maps. These maps are also partially aligned with motor output maps, reflecting the degree of temporal correlations during training. The simultaneous presence of proprioceptive input causes the visual input maps to distinguish pairs of antagonist muscles and to be correlated with only one muscle in each pair. Moreover, some theoretical analysis with a simplified model gives insights into the nature of cortical feature maps and sheds light on the driving force behind map correlations. All of these results have provide more understanding about the organization of cortical feature maps, and how these maps might be used to achieve consistent motor commands based on sensory feedback.
Palaeoceanographical changes recorded by Cenozoic deep‐sea ostracod assemblages from the South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean (ODP Sites 1087 and 1088)

Cenozoic palaeoceanography of the SE Atlantic and Southern Oceans has been investigated using Late Eocene/Early Oligocene to Quaternary ostracod assemblages from 49 samples of ODP Sites 1087 and 1088. Although the overall abundance of ostracods is relatively low (means of 17 and 49 specimens per sample at Sites 1087 and 1088, respectively) and there is an apparently high level of endemism (ranging from 50% to 80% at Sites 1087 and 1088), three major changes in the faunal assemblages are identified at Site 1087 (denoted A, B and C) and two at Site 1088 (denoted B′ and C′). The assemblage boundaries, detected on the basis of stepwise changes in the abundance, diversity, dominance, endemism, faunal turnover and relative abundance of common taxa, coincide broadly with previously identified, ostracod-based palaeoceanographical ‘events’ discussed by Benson and co-workers over the last two decades. The data do not extend sufficiently far back to record the initiation of Assemblage A, but the faunal change between Assemblages A and B, marked by a decline in abundance, species diversity and faunal turnover, occurs within the Middle Miocene (NN5-6). It coincides with a previously documented palaeoceanographical ‘event’ at 16–14 Ma which, we suggest, may be related to the initiation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production and/or an expansion of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Assemblage B′ is subdivided into the two Sub-assemblages B′1 and B′2 mainly on the basis of an increase in diversity, a peak in faunal turnover and a drop in the relative abundance of the genus Krithe in early Late Miocene time (NN9, c. 10.5 Ma). The B′1/B′2 Sub-assemblage boundary cannot be related to any previously documented faunal change in deep-sea ostracods. Changes associated with the boundaries between Assemblages B and C, and B′ and C′, which we believe to be synchronous, both include a decrease in diversity and abundance. In addition, two strong turnover peaks occur near the B′/C′ boundary at Site 1088. The B/C and B′/C′ boundaries coincide with a previously documented midPliocene ‘event’ (3.5 Ma) (NN15-16) which may be linked to putative closure of the Straits of Panama and increased production of NADW, the latter in turn leading to increased production of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Alternatively, fiuctuations in size of the Antarctic ice sheet during possible Pliocene warm periods could indirectly be responsible for the observed midPliocene faunal changes.
Temporal Variations in the Nutritional State of Phytoplankton Communities in Lake Biwa due to Typhoons

The nutritional state of phytoplankton communities in the South Basin of Lake Biwa was examined every other day from 24 August to 12 September, 1993. During this period, a windy typhoon (Typhoon 9313) and a rainy typhoon (Typhoon 9314) moved along Lake Biwa, on 4 and 9 September, respectively. The concentration of PO4-P remained at a low level (<0.7 μgP⋅1-1) from 26 August to 3 September, but it increased to 2.5 μgP⋅1-1 on 4 September just after the arrival of the windy typhoon. NH4-N varied in a similar way as PO4-P, and the highest value, 64 μgN⋅1-1, was observed on 4 September. NO2 + NO3 - N, which was 151 μgN⋅1-1 on 24 August, decreased gradually until 10 September, reaching a concentration of 6 μgN⋅1-1. It increased again to 76 μgN⋅1-1 on 12 September after the arrival of the rainy typhoon, whereas concentrations of PO4-P did not increase after that typhoon. Chl-a concentration also increased after the windy typhoon, and reached the highest concentration of the summer, 26.5 μg⋅1-1 on 10 September.The results of an in situ nutrient-addition experiment indicated that phosphorus was a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the South Basin of Lake Biwa before the arrival of the windy typhoon. The sestonic C: N: P ratios also indicated moderate phosphorus deficient phytoplankton from 24 August to 12 September, except on 4 and 5 September just after the windy typhoon. The phytoplankton were not nitrogen deficient at any time during our study. Thus, we suggest that the growth of phytoplankton communities from 5 to 10 September in Lake Biwa was mainly induced by an increase in available phosphorus, supplied from the disturbance of the bottom sediments by the windy typhoon.
Expansion of the time window for treatment of acute ischemic stroke with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator: a science advisory from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.

Current guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke published by the American Heart Association Stroke Council include specific recommendations for the administration of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). 1 Despite its effectiveness in improving neurological outcomes, the majority of patients with ischemic stroke are not treated with rtPA, largely because they arrive after the currently approved 3-hour time limit for administration of the medication. One of the potential approaches to increase treatment opportunities has been the designation of a longer time window for treatment.2–4 A recent prospective study, the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS)-3, has provided new data on rtPA (alteplase) treatment in the 3-to-4.5–hour window.5 The circumstances surrounding this study are important. In 2002, the European Medicines Evaluation Agency granted license for the use of rtPA for the treatment of ischemic stroke patients within 3 hours of symptom onset on condition of (1) the completion of a prospective registry of patient treatment experience with rtPA given within the 3-hour window from symptom onset (Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke–Monitoring Study, or SITS-MOST)6 and (2) the completion of a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rtPA administered between 3 and 4.5 hours after stroke onset, ECASS-3.5 SITS-MOST, which used a specified protocol, reported that the frequency of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (per the SITS-MOST definition) at 24 hours after rtPA was 1.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4% to 2.0%; Figure 3 in Wahlgren et al6). The frequency of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage per the Cochrane/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) definition at 24 hours after rtPA was 7.3% (95% CI 6.7% to 7.9%). By comparison, this frequency was slightly less than 8.6% in data taken from a pool of randomized, controlled trials (Figure 2 in Wahlgren et al6). For efficacy, …
The vertical circulation at meteorological fronts and its relation to frontogenesis

Evidence is obtained from the examination of synoptic charts to show that the horizontal components of the air movement in the vicinity of active fronts are such as to tend to increase the thermal gradient between the two air masses. The dynamical consequences of this type of frontogenetic flow are examined by numerical calculation in respect of a very simple atmosphere structure. It is shown that the characteristic upward motion of the warm air and sinking of the cold air must take place, but the calculated upward motion of the warm air is insufficient to account for the observed rainfall unless the effect on the temperature field of the release of latent heat in the cloudy air is taken into account. The characteristic slope of frontal surfaces also appears to arise from the vertical circulation which also tends to give the strongest horizontal temperature gradient near the ground and in the upper troposphere.