Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BEoL Stack Failure Mode Evaluation Utilizing Micromechanical Testing and FEM Modelling

In this work, the results of a mechanical BEoL (back end of line) stack failure mode evaluation study of a high-end microchip are presented. Deploying micromechanical testing approaches enables the determination of different failure modes and, in some cases and with the right methods, the identification of the location of damage initiation as well as an estimation of damage propagation. However, it is not possible to determine the mechanical stress conditions inside the BEoL stack which cause these damages experimentally. To obtain this information, it is required to develop and deploy an FEM (Finite Element Method) simulation model. In this work, the experimental results of the application of two micromechanical loading methods to induce three different failure modes into a BEoL stack are presented. These results have partially been introduced in the previous studies [1], [2], and [3] but are put into perspective and aligned with FEM simulation results to obtain a more holistic understanding of the occurring damage modes and the related mechanical conditions. The FEM simulations have been utilized to quantify the critical values and location of mechanical stresses inside of the BEoL stack which result in the mechanical failure modes. A Cu-pillar shear approach has been deployed as well as a soldering and tensile loading approach. These methods have been introduced in a detailed manner in [4]. Sub-critical modifications of these Cu-pillar loading experiments as described in [2] and [4] in which AE (acoustic emission) was utilized as a damage indicator, have been deployed as well to determine the damage initiation location and progression through the BEoL stack. Based on this combined method consisting of the experimental approaches and the related FEM simulations, mechanical failure models of the investigated BEoL stack could be derived. These include the location of damage initiation and the related mechanical stresses as well as an estimated damage progression. A specific design optimization is suggested based on the results presented in this study and evaluated deploying an additional FEM simulation with the mechanical loading conditions of the tensile failure mode.
Rigorous derivation of electromagnetic self-force

During the past century, there has been considerable discussion and analysis of the motion of a point charge in an external electromagnetic field in special relativity, taking into account 'self-force' effects due to the particle's own electromagnetic field. We analyze the issue of 'particle motion' in classical electromagnetism in a rigorous and systematic way by considering a one-parameter family of solutions to the coupled Maxwell and matter equations corresponding to having a body whose charge-current density J{sup a}({lambda}) and stress-energy tensor T{sub ab}({lambda}) scale to zero size in an asymptotically self-similar manner about a worldline {gamma} as {lambda}{yields}0. In this limit, the charge, q, and total mass, m, of the body go to zero, and q/m goes to a well-defined limit. The Maxwell field F{sub ab}({lambda}) is assumed to be the retarded solution associated with J{sup a}({lambda}) plus a homogeneous solution (the 'external field') that varies smoothly with {lambda}. We prove that the worldline {gamma} must be a solution to the Lorentz force equations of motion in the external field F{sub ab}({lambda}=0). We then obtain self-force, dipole forces, and spin force as first-order perturbative corrections to the center-of-mass motion of the body. We believe that this is the first rigorousmore » derivation of the complete first-order correction to Lorentz force motion. We also address the issue of obtaining a self-consistent perturbative equation of motion associated with our perturbative result, and argue that the self-force equations of motion that have previously been written down in conjunction with the 'reduction of order' procedure should provide accurate equations of motion for a sufficiently small charged body with negligible dipole moments and spin. (There is no corresponding justification for the non-reduced-order equations.) We restrict consideration in this paper to classical electrodynamics in flat spacetime, but there should be no difficulty in extending our results to the motion of a charged body in an arbitrary globally hyperbolic curved spacetime. « less
A logical approach to computational theory building - with applications to sociology

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Full-BNN: A Low Storage and Power Consumption Time-Domain Architecture based on FPGA

With the increasing demand for low power and storage consumption in mobile platforms, wearable devices, and Internet of Things devices, how to better apply lightweight neural networks in many edge computing scenarios and resource-limited settings is still facing challenges. This paper first proposes a novel binary convolution structure based on the time-domain to reduce resource and power consumption for the convolution process. Furthermore, through the joint design of convolution, batch normalization, and activation function in the time-domain, we propose a full-BNN model and hardware architecture, which keeps the values of all intermediate results as one bit to reduce storage requirements by 75%. Then, we optimize the above design with spatial and temporal parallelism to improve the overall computing efficiency. Finally, we built an accelerating system and take the MNIST data set as an example to test the optimized architecture on the DSP + FPGA platform. The results show that the model can be used as a neural network acceleration unit with low storage requirement and low power consumption for classification tasks with a small loss of accuracy. The joint design method in the time-domain may further inspire other computing architectures.
Enabling the SLA Management of Federated Network Services through Scaling Operations

Slices are deployed to continuously fulfill requirements from vertical industries. Thus, the management of service level agreements (SLAs) is fundamental. Composite network services (NSs), made up of multiple nested NSs, can be exploited to build slices. Generally, slices may span multiple domains and the different nested NSs may be deployed by different providers, in what is referred to as federated NS. Previous work focused on the architectural design and workflows for the functional deployment of federated services without considering the continuous SLA management. Herein, we cover this gap by presenting a complete workflow, the required interface extensions, and the operation profiling over an experimental testbed to automatically scale nested NSs deployed in a federated domain. Evaluation results show that such scale out/in operations can be performed in tens of seconds (39/31 s, respectively), where the allocation/release of underlying resources account for most of the profiled scaling time (more than 80%).
Blind Source Separation for Surface Electromyograms Using a Bayesian Approach

This paper presents a blind source separation algorithm to identify binary and sparse sources from convolutive mixtures with linear and time-invariant finite impulse responses. Our approach combines Bayesian algorithms for detecting source activity with a linear minimum mean-square error estimator to identify all the time samples when each source is active. The algorithm was implemented on simulated electromyo-grams to identify neural commands. Our algorithm identified more than 96% of the sources on average with 16 or more measurement channels and $\text{SNR}\geq 14\text{dB}$. For the detected sources, this algorithm correctly identified more than 94% of the samples on average. This performance was significantly better than that of a competing algorithm available in the literature.
Waves, Particles, and Quantized Transitions: A New Realistic Model of the Microworld

A novel two-tiered organization of the microworld is presented, in which only the fundamental quantum fields of the standard model of particle physics (electrons, photons, quarks, etc.) are true quantum waves, exhibiting linear superposition. In contrast, confined quantum waves and their composites (such as nucleons and atoms) move collectively as particles following a classical Hamiltonian trajectory, as derived from the coherent phases of the component quantum waves. However, transitions between such quasi-classical trajectories are still subject to quantum transition rules of energy and momentum quantization (both linear and angular). Furthermore, there is no quantum decoherence, and no entanglement of multi-particle states. This provides a clear foundation for classical behavior, and avoids paradoxes of quantum measurement such as Schr\"odinger cat states. A synthesis of this type does not seem to have been previously examined. Can such a simple realistic representation really account for the known physics? This does require major reinterpretations of some established phenomena such as crystal diffraction, phonons, and superfluids.
Resonant averaging for small solutions of stochastic NLS equations

We consider the free linear Schr\"odinger equation on a torus $\mathbb T^d$, perturbed by a hamiltonian nonlinearity, driven by a random force and damped by a linear damping: $$ u_t -i\Delta u +i\nu \rho |u|^{2q_*}u = - \nu f(-\Delta) u + \sqrt\nu\,\frac{d}{d t}\sum_{k\in \mathbb Z^d} b_l\beta^k(t)e^{ik\cdot x} \ . $$ Here $u=u(t,x),\ x\in\mathbb T^d$, $0<\nu\ll 1$, $q_*\in\mathbb N$, $f$ is a positive continuous function, $\rho$ is a positive parameter and $\beta^k(t)$ are standard independent complex Wiener processes. We are interested in limiting, as $\nu\to0$, behaviour of distributions of solutions for this equation and of its stationary measure. Writing the equation in the slow time $\tau=\nu t$, we prove that the limiting behaviour of the both is described by the effective equation $$ u_\tau+ f(-\Delta) u = -iF(u)+\frac{d}{d\tau}\sum b_k\beta^k(\tau)e^{ik\cdot x} \, $$ where the nonlinearity $F(u)$ is made out of the resonant terms of the monomial $ |u|^{2q_*}u$. We explain the relevance of this result for the problem of weak turbulence
Comparison of Various 4K Camera Systems for Photogrammetric Modeling

The aim of the article is to create 3D models from devices that are designed primarily for video creation and compare them with the reference model. In the experiment, 3D models were created from Blackmagic 4K, iPhone 12 Pro, ELP camera and Logitech 4K webcam. When creating the dataset, the same conditions were as resolution, number of frames, diffuse lighting, shooting angles, and the step of removing frames from the video. The processing of the created data took place in the commercial program Agisoft Metashape professional. Comparing models from the iPhone 12 Pro, EPL camera and Logitech 4K webcam, we found that there is a difference between the models created. As part of the model alignment, we found that we can see differences between the models.
Morlet Wavelet-Based Voice Liveness Detection using Convolutional Neural Network

Given the attacker's freedom of using any spoofing attack, there is a need to explore liveness detection approaches that can classify a live speech from all the various spoofed speeches. To that effect, we propose Morlet wavelet-based approach for Voice Liveness Detection (VLD). We use acoustic cues of pop noise to discriminate a live speech signal from a spoof speech. Pop noise is present in live speech signals at low frequencies, caused by human breath reaching at the closely-placed microphone. As compared to the STFT-based baseline with 62.08% as overall accuracy, we obtain significantly improved performance. We achieve an overall accuracy of 80.00% on the evaluation set with 45-D handcrafted Morlet wavelet-based features, and an accuracy of 86.23% with Morlet scalogram is obtained on the evaluation set. Better results signify that for VLD, wavelet transform-based time-frequency (scalogram) representation is more efficient as compared to the conventional STFT-based spectrogram. Furthermore, we have analyzed the effect of various phoneme types on VLD performance for the proposed approach.
Improving Deepfake Detection by Mixing Top Solutions of the DFDC

The falsification of faces in videos is a growing phenomenon over the years. One of the most popular ways to tamper a face in a video is known as “deepfake”, Today, many tools exist to allow anyone to create a deepfake to discredit an individual or usurp an identity. Fortunately, the detection of deepfakes is an increasing topic of interest for the scientific community. As a result, many efforts have been made to develop mechanisms to automatically identify deepfake videos. In addition, several public deepfakes datasets have been built to help researchers to develop more effective detection methods. The most recent and also the most complete of these datasets is the one built by Facebook as part of the international DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC). Thousands of different frameworks, mainly based on deep learning, have been proposed during this challenge. The best solution that has been proposed obtains the accuracy of 82% on the DFDC dataset. However, the accuracy of this method is only 65% on unseen videos from the Internet. In this paper we analyse the five best methods of the DFDC and their complementarity. In addition, we experimented different assembly strategies (boosting, bagging and stacking) among these solutions. We show that we can achieve a large improvement $(+ 41\%$ on log loss and $+2.26\%$ on accuracy) when we carefully choose the models to be assembled with the most appropriate right merging method to use.
FORMATION OF A KEPLERIAN DISK IN THE INFALLING ENVELOPE AROUND L1527 IRS: TRANSFORMATION FROM INFALLING MOTIONS TO KEPLER MOTIONS

We report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) cycle 0 observations of the C18O (J = 2–1), SO (JN = 65–54), and the 1.3 mm dust continuum toward L1527 IRS, a class 0 solar-type protostar surrounded by an infalling and rotating envelope. C18O emission shows strong redshifted absorption against the bright continuum emission associated with L1527 IRS, strongly suggesting infall motions in the C18O envelope. The C18O envelope also rotates with a velocity mostly proportional to r−1, where r is the radius, whereas the rotation profile at the innermost radius (∼54 AU) may be shallower than r−1, suggestive of formation of a Keplerian disk around the central protostar of ∼0.3 M☉ in dynamical mass. SO emission arising from the inner part of the C18O envelope also shows rotation in the same direction as the C18O envelope. The rotation is, however, rigid-body-like, which is very different from the differential rotation shown by C18O. In order to explain the line profiles and the position–velocity (PV) diagrams of C18O and SO observed, simple models composed of an infalling envelope surrounding a Keplerian disk of 54 AU in radius orbiting a star of 0.3 M☉ are examined. It is found that in order to reproduce characteristic features of the observed line profiles and PV diagrams, the infall velocity in the model has to be smaller than the free-fall velocity yielded by a star of 0.3 M☉. Possible reasons for the reduced infall velocities are discussed.
Measurement of the solar neutrino capture rate with gallium metal. III: Results for the 2002--2007 data-taking period

The Russian-American experiment SAGE began to measure the solar neutrino capture rate with a target of gallium metal in December 1989. Measurements have continued with only a few brief interruptions since that time. In this article we present the experimental improvements in SAGE since its last published data summary in December 2001. Assuming the solar neutrino production rate was constant during the period of data collection, combined analysis of 168 extractions through December 2007 gives a capture rate of solar neutrinos with energy more than 233 keV of $65. {4}_{\ensuremath{-}3.0}^{+3.1}$ (stat) ${}_{\ensuremath{-}2.8}^{+2.6}$ (syst) SNU. The weighted average of the results of all three Ga solar neutrino experiments, SAGE, Gallex, and GNO, is now $66.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.1$ SNU, where statistical and systematic uncertainties have been combined in quadrature. During the recent period of data collection a new test of SAGE was made with a reactor-produced $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ neutrino source. The ratio of observed to calculated rates in this experiment, combined with the measured rates in the three prior $^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$ neutrino-source experiments with Ga, is $0.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. A probable explanation for this low result is that the cross section for neutrino capture by the two lowest-lying excited states in $^{71}\mathrm{Ge}$ has been overestimated. If we assume these cross sections are zero, then the standard solar model including neutrino oscillations predicts a total capture rate in Ga in the range of 63 SNU to 66 SNU with an uncertainty of about 4%, in good agreement with experiment. We derive the current value of the neutrino flux produced in the Sun by the proton-proton fusion reaction to be ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\mathit{pp}}^{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}=(6.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}/({\mathrm{cm}}^{2} \mathrm{s})$, which agrees well with the $\mathit{pp}$ flux predicted by the standard solar model. Finally, we make several tests and show that the data are consistent with the assumption that the solar neutrino production rate is constant in time.
Truncated Matrix Completion - An Empirical Study

Low-rank Matrix Completion (LRMC) describes the problem where we wish to recover missing entries of partially observed low-rank matrix. Most existing matrix completion work deals with sampling procedures that are independent of the underlying data values. While this assumption allows the derivation of nice theoretical guarantees, it seldom holds in real-world applications. In this paper, we consider various settings where the sampling mask is dependent on the underlying data values, motivated by applications in sensing, sequential decision-making, and recommender systems. Through a series of experiments, we study and compare the performance of various LRMC algorithms that were originally successful for data-independent sampling patterns.
Investigation of superconducting and normal-state properties of the filled-skutterudite system PrPt 4 Ge 12 − x Sb x

We report a study of the superconducting and normal-state properties of the filled-skutterudite system PrPt$_{4}$Ge$_{12-x}$Sb$_x$. Polycrystalline samples with Sb concentrations up to $x =$ 5 were synthesized and investigated by means of x-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat measurements. We observed a suppression of superconductivity with increasing Sb substitution up to $x =$ 4, above which, no signature of superconductivity was observed down to 140 mK. The Sommerfeld coefficient, $\gamma$, of superconducting specimens decreases with increasing $x$ up to $x =$ 3, suggesting that superconductivity may depend on the density of electronic states in this system. The specific heat for $x =$ 0.5 exhibits an exponential temperature dependence in the superconducting state, reminiscent of a nodeless superconducting energy gap. We observed evidence for a weak "rattling" mode associated with the Pr ions, characterized by an Einstein temperature $\Theta_{\mathrm{E}} \sim$ 60 K for 0 $\leq x \leq$ 5; however, the rattling mode may not play any role in suppressing superconductivity.
Predicting Smart Regency Readiness on Sub-Urban Area in Indonesia: A perspective of Technology Readiness Index 2.0

Many e-Government studies have devised different ways to measure how ready a smart city is to use ICT. But many research notes show that the conceptual readiness framework is hard for e-Government researchers to understand. These challenges have included a lack of a scientifically valid model framework and readiness models for village and sub-urban areas, which have been common in numerous developing countries like Indonesia. This study aims to use a readiness model from Parasuraman's (2015) Technology Readiness Index 2.0 (TRI 2.0) framework to determine how ready Sub Urban areas in Indonesia are. By looking at how the mobile-based Smart Regency services were used, the TRI 2.0 framework was changed so that it could be used to measure sub-urban areas in Sumenep and Pamekasan Regencies, Madura Island Districts. A random, stratified, and purposeful sampling method was used to get information from 148 service users and smart city stakeholders. Analysis of data using SmartPLS 3.2 software and structural equation modeling indicated that the four TRI 2.0 model aspects, namely Innovativeness (5,669), Optimism (3,813), Discomfort (7,033), and Insecurity(7,096), all of these have significant effects on Smart Regency Readiness. This research provides a scientific contribution by adapting the TRI 2.0 model in Sub Urban in Indonesia, which is still rarely studied. This research makes a practical contribution by recommending that smart regency stakeholders pay close attention to important factors that affect how ready smart regency development is in underdeveloped countries, especially Indonesia.
Complex lines with restricted angles

This thesis is a study of large sets of unit vectors in Cn such that the absolute value of their standard inner products takes on only a small number of values. We begin with bounds: what is the maximal size of a set of lines with only a given set of angles? We rederive a series of upper bounds originally due to Delsarte, Goethals and Seidel, but in a novel way using only zonal polynomials and linear algebra. In the process we get some new results about complex t-designs and also some new characterizations of tightness. Next we consider constructions. We describe some generic constructions using linear codes and Cayley graphs, and then move to two specific instances of the problem: mutually unbiased bases and equiangular lines. Both cases are motivated by problems in quantum computing, although they have applications in digital communications as well. Mutually unbiased bases are collections of orthonormal bases with a constant angle between vectors from different bases. We construct some maximal sets in prime-power dimensions, originally due to Calderbank, Cameron, Kantor and Seidel, but again in a novel way using relative difference sets or distance-regular antipodal covers. We also detail their numerous relations to other combinatorial objects, including symplectic spreads, orthogonal decompositions of Lie algebras, and spin models. Peripherally, we discuss mutually unbiased bases in small dimensions that are not prime powers and in real vector spaces. Equiangular lines are collections of vectors with only one angle between them. We use difference sets from finite geometry to construct equiangular lines: these sets do not have maximal size, but they are maximal with respect to having all entries of the same absolute value. We also include some negative results about constructions of maximal sets in large dimensions.
Investigation of an Interleaved Current-Fed Single Active Bridge DC-DC Converter for PV Applications

The increase in efficiency of photovoltaic inverters is the subject of many researches and in particular losses of semiconductors and magnetics have to be reduced. This topology follows the approach of a combined interleaved boost converter and a series resonant converter (SRC). In addition, it differs from the dual active bridge topology due to the non-synchronous rectification with less control effort.