Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A LAKE TROUT RESTORATION PLAN FOR LAKE SUPERIOR

The objective for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) restoration in Lake Superior is to restore self-sustaining stocks that can annually yield approximately 2 million kg (4 million lb), the average annual yield in 1929-43. Progress toward the goal should be measured by the number of age-l juveniles produced in each lake trout management area and by the average density of adults caught in gillnets. Progress toward the goal will require prudent regulation of sportand commercial-fishery harvests and increased control of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Stocking of yearling lake trout should be phased out in response to progress in restoration and to declining survival of stocked yearlings. Interactions with other salmonine predators should be the focus of future research. Prey species should be managed conservatively to ensure that their abundance is adequate to provide for the maturation of lake trout at reasonably young ages. Habitat should be surveyed to ensure that key habitats for reproduction and survival are protected.
Preliminary studies on Piliostigma thonningii Schum leaf extract: phytochemical screening and in vitro antimalarial activity.

Different parts of Piliostigma thonningii Scum (Caesalpinioideae) have been used medicinally. The roots and twigs have been used locally in the treatment of dysentery, fever, respiratory ailments, snake bites, hookworm and skin infections in eastern Nigeria. The leaf extracts has been used for various ethnomedicinal purposes including the treatment of malaria all over eastern Nigeria. In this study, we have investigated the inhibitory effects of the crude ethanol and methanol extracts for in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine resistant Plamodium Falciparum clone (W2-Indo-China isolates). The aqueous screening using reported methodologies for phytochemical screening and in vitro test methods, revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponnins, steroid, terponoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and anthroquinoes. The crude leaf extracts obtained were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity using chloroquine resistant strain of P. Falciparum clone (W2 – Indochina isolates). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were evaluated after 48 - 72 h contacts between the extracts and the parasite culture. The 50% inhibitory concentration values for both the crude amide ethanolic extract and the partially purified methanolic extract ranged between 6.20 - 15.06 µg/ml. While that of chloroquine was 0.316 µg/ml. This study suggested that P. thonningii leaf extract possess a significant level of antimalarial activity. Key words: Pilostigma thonningii leaf, phytochemical screening, antimalarial activity.
Application of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR marker) to detect genotoxic effect of heavy metals on Eruca sativa (L.)

As an influence of the Mediterranean diet, Eruca sativa (rocket salad) is eaten all over the world in salads and soups. It belongs to plant order Capparales (glucosinolate-containing species) and it is from the family Brassicaceae. Predominantly, the leaves of this species is eaten raw or cooked, although flowers are also consumed. Assessment of environmental contamination on ecology (plant) at molecular and population levels is important in risk quantification and remediation study. Heavy metal toxicity in plants is to induce oxidative stress linked to oxidation of proteins and membrane lipids but also to alterations of DNA damage response. E. sativa has been investigated in our study which is of agronomical importance and widely used in European countries. We studied three heavy metals Zn, Pb and Cd which showed a dose-dependent effect on radicle and coleoptile lengths of E. sativa. The radicle length was more affected than the coleoptiles length under all concentration tested plant. The ranking of genotoxic potencies in all three heavy metals was in the descending order: Cd > Pb Zn. Among these heavy metals, high concentration of Cd (150 mg/l) and Pb (150 mg/l) generated mutations along with changed morphology of seedlings. The radicle and coleoptile lengths (cm) under high concentration of Cd were decreased as compared to low, medium and high concentrations treated seedlings with Pb and Zn. 20 ISSR primers were used, of which four did not amplify, three gave single band and the rest of thirteen primers generated upto six bands (an average of 4 bands per primer). Sixteen primers exhibiting amplified products gave monomorphic; only two primers (OPC-5 and OPC-7) gave unique extra band in seedlings treated with medium and high concentrations of heavy metals Cd and Pb, respectively. The dendrogram was constructed to evaluate the genetic distance generated among the seedling treated with various heavy metals at various concentrations. The similarity matrix values were found from 42.8 to 100% and these values showed the genetic divergence among the seedlings treated with various concentrations of heavy metals.
Interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia: Effects on flax yield in spoil‐bank clay

This study focused on the application of native strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Sinorhizobium in effective crop production during reclamation of coal-mine spoil banks. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in spoil-bank clay with a low dose of organic amendment to determine whether the microbial inoculation improves growth and utility qualities of two cultivars of Linum usitatissimum L. (oil and fiber flax). Inoculation with two native AMF isolates (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and their mixture) significantly increased growth and shoot phosphorus (P) concentration of both flax cultivars. Inoculated fiber flax plants produced fivefold more fibers than the uninoculated ones. In oil flax, mycorrhizal inoculation significantly but quantitatively to a minor degree decreased the concentration of nonsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil. A mixture of five native Sinorhizobium sp. strains supported growth and P uptake of oil flax only in the absence of AMF. However, these beneficial effects of the bacteria were significantly lower as compared to AMF. No synergic action of Sinorhizobium strains and AMF was observed, and their interactions were often even antagonistic. Inoculation with AMF significantly decreased population density of Sinorhizobium in the soil. These results suggest that a careful selection of suitable bacterial strains is necessary to provide effective AMF combinations and maximize flax-growth support.
A COMPARISON OF THE SENSORY MORPHOLOGY OF THE CEPHALIC REGION OF FIRST- AND THIRD-INSTAR ARACHNIDOMYIA ALDRICHI (PARKER) (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)

Abstract The sensory structures of the cephalic segment of first- and third-instar Arachnidomyia aldrichi (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) larvae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Larvae were prepared by methanol freeze substitution, which effectively preserved the structure of these membranous specimens. Sensilla of first and third instars are described and compared with respect to differences in the sensory requirements of these instars. Sensilla numbers and types were similar in both instars, although the sensilla of third instars were larger than those of first instars. None of the external sensory structures was unique to one or the other instar. The cephalic sensory structures of A. aldrichi are also similar in arrangement and structure to those reported for other saprophagous and herbivorous muscomorph dipteran larvae. Résumé Les structures sensorielles du segment céphalique ont été examinées au microscope électronique à balayage chez les larves de premier et de troisième stades d’Arachnidomyia aldrichi (Parker) (Diptera : Sarcophagidae). Les larves ont été préparées par gel et substitution de méthanol, méthode qui a permis de préserver la structure de ces animaux membraneux. On trouvera ici la description des sensilles des larves de premier et de troisième stades, ainsi qu’une comparaison de ces sensilles en relation avec les besoins sensoriels différents de ces deux stades. Les sensilles sont du même type et leur nombre est semblable chez les larves des deux stades, mais les sensilles des larves de troisième stades sont de taille plus grande. Aucun des récepteurs sensoriels externes n’était particulier à l’un ou l’autre stade. Les récepteurs sensoriels céphaliques d’A. aldrichi sont également semblables par leur disposition et leur structure aux sensilles d’autres larves de diptères muscomorphes saprophages et herbivores. [Traduit par la rédaction]
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF COMPETITION OR MICROENVIRONMENT ON BOREAL TREE SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT AFTER FIRE

We used a combination of surveys of natural vegetation and seed-sowing and seedling transplant experiments to determine the relative importance of competition and microenvironmental modification as mechanisms by which understory vegetation influences the establishment of tree seedlings in an Alaskan postfire boreal forest. Seedlings of white spruce (Picea glauca) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) became established more frequently than expected in patches that were dominated by horsetail (Equisetum arvense), and less frequently than expected in patches of bluestem (Calamagrostis canadensis) and other vegetation. Similarly, birch and spruce, whether sown directly or transplanted as seedlings into horsetail-dominated patches generally showed greater survivorship, growth, and nitrogen accumulation (for birch only) than did those transplanted into bluestem or quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) patches. Clipping experiments demonstrated that the presence of aboveground vegetation reduced survivorship (for b.
FACTORS CONNECTED WITH PREGNANCY LOSS IN DAIRY COWS

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of chosen factors: subsequent lactations in which pregnancy was diagnosed, the month in which successful insemination was performed, the length of the calving-conception period, the number of inseminations, and the culling rate on the pregnancy loss index, and to evaluate the relationship between culling and risk of abortion. The analysis involved 1,056 pregnancies diagnosed in 378 cows during nine years of observations. An increase in the number of cows being in the third and following lactations in successive years was connected with an increasing pregnancy loss ratio up to 90 d after insemination (P=0.034) and decreasing pregnancy loss observed later (P=0.045). The pregnancy loss rate during the first trimester was the lowest in primiparous cows (4.73%). Simultaneously, in primiparous cows and in cows in the second lactation, the highest pregnancy loss rate between 91-260 d after insemination was noted (8.19% and 8.68%, respectively). It was demonstrated that pregnancy loss up to 90 d of its development was observed most frequently after inseminations made in April (P=0.027) and most seldom after inseminations made in August. Pregnancy losses in the second and third trimesters were the most frequently observed after inseminations performed in July (P=0.040) and October (P=0.031), and the most seldom when the inseminations were performed in April. Culling of primiparous cows decreased the risk of pregnancy loss after inseminations in the second lactation in the other cows.
Accumulation and partitioning of mineral nutrients in wheat as influenced by nitrogen form

Abstract The form of nitrogen (N) [e.g., nitrate (NC3 ‐) and ammonium (NH4 +)] available to plants affects many growth processes, including mineral nutrient acquisition. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of N form on the accumulation and partitioning of mineral nutrients in wheat. Two species of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Len and Triticum durum Desf. cv. Inbar) were grown hydroponically in the greenhouse with N supplied as either all NO3 ‐, or all NH4 +, or an equal mixture of the two forms (mixed N). Plants were harvested after 21 days of growth, divided into shoots and roots and each part analyzed for nine mineral elements [phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B)]. The accumulation and partitioning of the mineral nutrients was dependent on the wheat species, the N form, and the nature of the ion. Inbar plants always accumulated more of each element than did Len. Compared with all NO3 ‐ n.
Stage‐specific mortality of Calanus spp. under different predation regimes

We have applied the population surface method to estimate the mortality rates of eggs, nauplii, and copepodids of Calanus spp. in two Norwegian fjords with contrasting predator guilds. Efforts were concentrated in Lurefjorden on the western coast (sampled weekly from late February to mid‐June), an unusual fjord dominated by invertebrate (tactile) planktivores. In addition, monthly sampling in Sørfjorden was carried out for comparisons. The latter fjord resembles most Western Norwegian fjords in that it contains populations of vertebrate (visual) planktivores but lower abundance of the invertebrate planktivores. In Lurefjorden, mortality of Calanus spp. was high early in life (~0.35 d−1), but significantly lower (~0.00 d−1) in the early copepodid stages. In Sørfjorden, mortality was rather uniform throughout ontogeny (~0.08 d−1). The noted differences are consistent with different patterns of selective predation between the two fjords. Visual predation in SÄrfjorden gave rise to persistent high mortality over the life cycle. Tactile predation in Lurefjorden gave rise to a concave mortality curve for the later developmental stages. Our results indicate that mortality patterns suffered by natural zooplankton populations may differ greatly over short geographical distances, and we suggest that the predator community and mortality patterns must be considered when addressing the spatial and temporal dynamics of zooplankton populations.
NF-κB Modulates Sensitivity to Apoptosis, Proinflammatory and Migratory Potential in Short- versus Long-Term Cultured Human γδ Lymphocytes

Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes are involved in the immune response against hematological malignancies and certain pathogens through the recognition of nonpeptidic Ags expressed by tumors and infected cells. Being equipped with proinflammatory chemokine receptors, they participate to the early phases of inflammation acting as both effector and connector cells between innate and adaptive immunity. We show in this study that after initial TCR triggering short- and long-term cultured γδ lymphocytes differ in their susceptibility to activation-induced apoptosis and proinflammatory phenotype. Activation-induced apoptosis was triggered by anti-CD95 mAbs or by the γδTCR stimuli isopentenyl pyrophosphate and pamidronate, the latter in the presence of monocytes. In particular, short-term cultured cells are resistant to apoptosis and characterized by expression of anti-apoptotic cellular FLIP molecules and partial spontaneous caspase-8 activation. Linked to this behavior, short-term γδ cells display constitutive activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which is functionally related to their apoptosis-resistant phenotype. Finally, they spontaneously secreted elevated amounts of the NF-κB-regulated chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, which likely contributed to down-modulation of the inflammatory CCR5 receptor. Conversely, long-term cultured apoptosis-sensitive γδ cells displayed uncleaved caspase-8 and no constitutive NF-κB activation; moreover, they secreted CC chemokines only upon TCR triggering coupled to the re-expression of CCR5. The expression of members of the TNF receptor family, including CD30 and TNFRII, also varied according to the time in culture. Altogether our data support a link between resistance to apoptosis and a proinflammatory phenotype in γδ T lymphocytes, unraveling the crucial role of NF-κB in regulating the switch from resistance to apoptosis susceptibility.
The Epifauna of the Northern North Sea (56°–61°N)

More than 65% of the demersal fish and shellfish caught by British vessels are landed at Scottish ports, most of the catch being taken from waters north of 56°, i.e. in the northern North Sea. The major resource supporting these fisheries is the benthos, but the distributions of both infaunal and epifaunal benthic invertebrates in the North Sea are poorly documented. Moreover, the environmental factors determining the composition and structure of North Sea benthic assemblages are not well understood. There have been several limited surveys of the benthos (Stephen, 1934; Ursin, 1960), and recently Dyer et al. (1982, 1983), Cranmer (1985) and Cranmer et al. (1984) attempted a more quantitative and systematic survey. Various schemes have been proposed to explain observed regional differences in types of benthic assemblage, usually based on the biological characteristics of water masses, and / or a limited and fragmentary knowledge of the sediments of the North Sea {e.g. Glemarec, 1973; Dyer et al, 1983).
Notes on the distribution and length composition of Raja lintea, R. fyllae, R. hyperborea and Bathyraja spinicauda (Pisces: Rajidae) in the deep northeastern North Sea and on the slope of the eastern Norwegian Sea

The distribution and length composition of four skate species inhabiting deep shelf and upper slope waters of the Northeastern Atlantic are compared. Raja lintea and Raja fyllae primarily inhabited the Norwegian Deep of the northeastern North Sea, but also occurred in the upper slope waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea, and they had species-specific but partially overlapping distributions. Their areas of distribution were associated with relatively warm Atlantic water masses. In the deeper slope areas with colder Norwegian Sea Deep Water, Raja hyperborea was the only abundant skate, whilst Bathyraja spinicauda seemed associated with the frontal zone between the warm and cold water masses on the upper slope. The entire size range of Raja fyllae was found, but mainly large Raja lintea. The catches of Raja hyperborea consisted of mostly large individuals, whereas the Bathyraja spinicauda were small, immature specimens. 2001 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Mesoscale variability of physical and biological fields in southeastern Lake Superior>

A cruise was conducted in southeastern Lake Superior east of Marquette, Michigan from 15 to 20 July 1999. A towed, vertically undulating instrument package containing a conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) profiler, a fluorometer, and an optical plankton counter was used for data collection. Results indicated that the concurrent, high‐resolution survey of both physical and biological variables provided the fundamental basis for illustrating the correlation between mesoscale physical and biological fields and for investigating mesoscale physical and biological processes. It was revealed that the high chlorophyll a biomass beneath the thermocline co‐occurs with up‐tilting of the thermocline. This tilting of the thermocline was associated with the thermally driven coastal current. We hypothesize that the up‐tilting of the thermocline lifted deep water into the euphotic zone, leading to high productivity of phytoplankton beneath the thermocline. The presence of both warm water and food provided a favorable physical and biological environment for zooplankton. The abundance of zooplankton reached 10 x 103 individuals m−3 in the warm surface water and was down to 3 × 103 individuals m−3 at a depth of 40 m.
Input substitution in a trap fishery

This paper proposes a production function for a trap fishery and develops its implications for the economic management of associated inputs. The field observations and anecdotes from fishermen are drawn from the American lobster fishery, but the approach may also be used for other trap fisheries. The development includes a spatial aspect of fixed gear fisheries and an intuitive rationale for a congestion externality in such fisheries. This effect does not involve population dynamics per se. However, the production function developed below could eventually be imbedded within a population dynamics model, although this is not done here. This eventual imbedding is necessary not only because of the biological issues explained by population dynamics but also because of the dependence of price on the age-class structure of the population. A principal finding is that there are plausible reasons to expect market failure associated with a trap congestion externality and a soak time too short for cost effectiveness. The numerical analysis is consistent with the theory, and if this finding is supported by further research, then operating costs could be reduced with no change in catch by using more traps and longer soak times.
Effects of long-term exclusion of the limpet Cymbula oculus (Born) on the distribution of intertidal organisms on a rocky shore

Zonation patterns on rocky shores are typically as a result of both physical factors and biological interactions. Physical factors generally set the upper limits of species distributions whereas biological interactions generally set their lower limits. However, recent research has shown that biological factors can also influence the upper limits of species' recruitment and colonisation. Whereas such evidence has been shown for rocky shores internationally, little experimental evidence exists for South African shores. This study provided such evidence for the biological effects of long-term exclusion (for the period 2003-2008) of the South African herbivorous limpet Cymbula oculus (Born), on the community structure of the Kalk Bay rocky intertidal zone on the South African south-western Cape coast. To demonstrate this, a herbivore exclusion experiment was set up in the mid-eulittoral zone in May 2003. Initially, all herbivores were removed from the exclusion plots; after one year, only C. oculus individuals recruiting into the plots were continually removed. Algal recruitment (percentage cover abundance) was determined monthly for the first 12 months and then annually thereafter, whereas invertebrate recruitment (density) was monitored only annually. The results showed that the natural density of C. oculus had increased markedly during the first year (from 4.87 ± 1.09 individuals m-2 to 12.35 ± 1.70 individuals m-2, p = 0.001), and that grazing by C. oculus is the primary biological factor preventing the recruitment and colonisation of macroalgae and some invertebrates onto the Kalk Bay intertidal zone. Not only does herbivory by C. oculus prevent recruitment and colonisation, but it also decreases algal diversity and prevents algal succession. Within the mid-eulittoral zone of the Kalk Bay rocky intertidal zone, herbivory by C. oculus is thus more important in structuring this marine community than physical factors associated with desiccation stress.
Morphological and genetic variation in the North Atlantic copepod, Centropages typicus

This study describes phenotypic and genotypic variations in the planktonic copepod, Centropages typicus (Copepoda: Calanoida) that indicate differentiation between geographical samples. We found consistent differences in the morphology of the chela of the sexually modified fifth pereiopod (P5) of male C. typicus between samples from the Mediterranean, western North Atlantic and eastern North Atlantic. A 560 base pairs (bp) region of the C. typicus mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and a 462 bp fragment of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) tandem array were analysed to determine whether these morphological variations reflect population genetic differentiation. Mitochondrial haplotype diversity was found to be high with 100 unique COI haplotypes among 116 individuals. Analysis of mtCOI variation suggested differentiation between the Mediterranean and Atlantic populations but no separation was detected within the Atlantic. Intragenomic variation in the ITS array suggested genetic differentiation between samples from the western North Atlantic and those from the eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Breeding experiments would be required to elucidate the extent of genetic isolation between C. typicus from the different population centres.