Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF MAQIN—LANZHOU—JINGBIAN BY MEANS OF DEEP SEISMIC SOUNDING PROFILE

A 1000km long comprehensive geophysical profile was deployed along Marqin—Lanzhou—Jingbian for studying interaction between the Qinghai Xizang plateau block and the Ordos block and for studying the deep driving mechanism of tectonic deformation. A preliminary result is presented in this paper on the basis of deep seismic sounding (DS) data. The crust is clearly stratified. On the whole, it can be divided into two parts, i.e. the upper crust and the lower crust. Each on the two parts contains a number of secondary interfaces. The crust becomes gradually thicker from northeast to southwest mainly due to the variation in the depth of the lowr crust. The average crustal velocity becomes gradually lower from northeast to southwest—velocity is obviously low in the west of Zeku and in Haiyuan region. A number of low velocity layers exist in the west of Zeku, and another low velocity layer exists near Haiyuan. The number of reflecting horizons increases gradually from northeast to southwest. As seismic reflection waveform shows, Pc wave is very strong and lasts long at Haiyuan. Besides, the complexity coefficients of Pm wave in Haiyuan and in the west of Zeku are, much larger than those in other parts. The above results clearly show that anomalous structures exists in the crust and upper mantle in the west of Zeku and in Haiyuan region, which reflects the interaction between BayanHar block and Chaidamu block as well as between Qilian block and Ordos block. [
SST‐forced interdecadal deepening of the winter India‐Burma trough since the 1950s

The winter India‐Burma Trough (IBT) has undergone a pronounced interdecadal deepening since the 1950s, which led to the significant rainfall increasing over the eastern Indochina Peninsula and south China. To better understand such an observed IBT change, this study examines the responses of the IBT to the upstream subtropical jet, historical anthropogenic forcing, and tropical sea surface temperature (SST). Results show that the SST warming that occurs in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (ETIO) is the primary cause of the observed interdecadal IBT deepening. The remarkable SST warming leads to a reduction of sea level pressure (SLP) over ETIO by diabatic heating. In association with the change of zonal SLP gradient, the westerly wind anomalies are observed. The northern flank of the westerlies further induces a cyclonic Rossby wave response over the Bay of Bengal. As a result, the winter IBT is intensified. This attribution can be supported by the simulations of atmosphere general circulation models forced by historical SST, in which the observed IBT changes are well simulated on both interdecadal and interannual time scales.
Forensic Anthropology: Embracing the New Paradigm

It seems only natural that a volume devoted to a particular area of scientific expertise would start with a chapter aimed at providing some sort of general overview and definition of the field. This requirement would appear even more relevant in the present volume, as many experienced forensic anthropologists may have trouble identifying some of the areas covered in the book as part of their everyday work, or even as remotely related to the discipline that went by the name of forensic anthropology when they were growing their academic or professional teeth. Just a few decades ago, most practicing forensic anthropologists would likely have protested even the suggestion of including in the picture many of the subjects that are presented in this volume as well-established, integral parts of forensic anthropology. These differences in the conception of the field go beyond the methodological discrepancies derived from the logical substitution of old with new techniques. The 1970s forensic anthropologist traveling forward in time would most likely realize right out of the time machine the relevance of gaining a better understanding of DNA analysis, for example, as the subject directly relates to victim identification, the classical goal of forensic anthropology. But forensic archaeology? Really? How does that relate to victim identification, and wouldn ’ t it be a job for the police anyway? And what about trauma analysis? Didn ’ t we grow up reciting every night in our bedtime prayers that Forensic Anthropology: Embracing the New Paradigm
Regulation of the renal Na -Cl cotransporter by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation

Gamba G. Regulation of the renal Na -Cl cotransporter by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303: F1573–F1583, 2012. First published October 3, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00508. 2012. —The activity of the renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule plays a key role in defining arterial blood pressure levels. Increased or decreased activity of the NCC is associated with arterial hypertension or hypotension, respectively. Thus it is of major interest to understand the activity of NCC using in vivo models. Phosphorylation of certain residues of the amino-terminal domain of NCC has been shown to be associated with its activation. The development of phospho-specific antibodies against these sites provides a powerful tool that is helping to increase our understanding of the molecular physiology of NCC. Additionally, NCC expression in the plasma membrane is modulated by ubiquitylation, which represents another major mechanism for regulating protein activity. This work presents a review of our current knowledge of the regulation of NCC activity by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation.
Corrosion of UO2 and thermodynamic properties of solid solutions in the zircon group

Corrosion resistance and the ability to incorporate and retain impurities are important properties in determining the usefulness of a material for applications as varied as designing a nuclear waste form or calculating the temperature or time at which a particular rock formed. This thesis applies both experimental and computational techniques in order to gain insight into the corrosion and substitution behavior of actinide oxides and orthosilicates. Experimental studies of uraninite corrosion in miniature waste packages show that oxidation of UO2, a proxy for spent nuclear fuel (SNF), is minimal in the presence of a relatively large amount of corroding steel over laboratory time-scales. The oxidative dissolution of spent nuclear fuel in an oxidizing repository with a steel canister may be broken into three phases: (1) before breach, when no water is available and the corrosion rate is negligible, (2) immediately after breach, when the steel begins to corrode, conditions inside of the canister are more reducing, and SNF does not corrode significantly, and (3) long after breach, SNF is exposed to the open
A new strategy for real‐time integrated water vapor determination in WADGPS Networks

A major issue in many applications of GPS is the real‐time estimation of the Zenith Tropospheric Delays (ZTD). Several authors have developed strategies that estimate ZTD, with a latency of one hour or more in order to compute Integrated Water Vapor (IWV), using local measurements of surface pressure, or to assimilate ZTD into Numerical Weather Predicition (NWP) models. These strategies require that data from a regional GPS network be processed in near real‐time, using precise IGS orbits and partial orbit relaxation. Recently it has been shown that in Wide Area Differential GPS (WADGPS) networks of several hundred kilometers across, double‐differenced carrier phase ambiguities can be computed on‐the‐fly, using a real‐time tomographic model of the ionosphere obtained from the same GPS data. In this work we show how ambiguity resolution can help determine in real‐time the ZTD for a WADGPS network user, only 10–20% worse than those of the post‐processed solutions.
UVicSPACE: Research & Learning Repository

Release management in large-scale software development projects requires significant communication and coordination. It is particularly challenging in Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) ecosystems, in which hundreds of loosely connected developers and their projects are coordinated to release software to a schedule. To better understand this process and its challenges, we analyzed over two and half years of communication in the GNOME ecosystem and studied developers’ interactions. Through a case study, we cataloged communication channels, determined the main channel from which we categorized high level communication and coordination activities spanning five releases, and triangulated our results by interviewing ten key developers. We found that a release schedule, influence (instead of direct control), and diversity are the main factors that positively impact the release process in the GNOME ecosystem. We report a set of lessons learned that encapsulates our understanding of how the Release Management process function in a FOSS ecosystem, we learned that: (1) ensure that the release team follows the main communication channels used by developers, (2) provide a common place for coordination for an ecosystem, (3) consider including both good technical and social skills in a release team, (4) aim for a diverse release team, (5) based on lack of power, lobbying and consensus based management must be followed, (6) help the release team in the coordination process with a well defined schedule, and (7) release team work is different from regular software work. Our results can help organizations build better large-scale teams and show that research focused on individual projects might miss important parts of the picture.
Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Yaounde, Cameroon

Population growth and rapid urbanization in Cameroon have led to major demographic changes in the urban centres, potentially resulting in serious environmental problems in the most populated cities such as Yaounde. In order to better understand the impacts on the hygiene conditions in certain quarters of this political capital, we carried out in March 2007, an investigation on the difficulties of water supply, sanitation and health problems. The investigation involved 1397 households distributed among 7 quarters with informal settlements. 17% of households only had a private connection to national company of drinking water distribution (CAMWATER) because of the lack of infrastructure and the high cost of the connection. The households which are unable to afford the cost of getting connected to CAMWATER network, exploit water from CAMWATER public paying fountain (56% of households), wells (17% of households), springs (4% of households), bore-holes (0.07% of household) and rivers (0.001% of household) to satisfy their needs. The majority of these water points (wells, springs and rivers) could be polluted, because of the informal nature of settlements which leads to proximity of habitats to latrines and to points of discharge of waste (solid and liquids). The health problems issuing probably from these potential polluted water points which at times occur as stagnant ponds around the dwellings is shown by the population of the zone of study in particular cases of malaria (100% of households), diarrhoea (24% of household), dysentery (24% of household), typhoid (0.07% of household), skin disease (0.07% of households). These results highlight the problems to which the authorities in charge of the environment and health must first bring a solution in a context to fight against poverty in Cameroon. Key words : Environment, cleansing, drinking water, peri-urban zone, Yaounde.
Kostovite and its argentian varieties: Deposits and mineral associations

Whereas the main Au- and Ag-tellurides were known as minerals long ago, many of them as early as in the 19 th Century, kostovite, AuCuTe4, was found much later, in 1966, by G. Terziev. The mineral, named after the eminent scientist Bulgarian Ivan Kostov, was firstly described from the Chelopech Au-Cu deposit, Bulgaria. More recently, it was reported by other authors from several, predominantly Au, Au-Cu, Au-telluride and complex gold-polymetallic epithermal ore deposits of different geographic and geologic positions, including Kochbulak (Eastern Uzbekistan), Commoner mine (Zimbabwe), Kamchatka (Russian Far East), Ashanti (Ghana), Buckeye Gulch (Leadville, Colorado, USA), Bisbee (Arizona, USA), Kutemajarvi (Finland), Coranda-Hondol (Romania), Glava (Sweden), Bereznjakovskoje (Southern Urals, Russia), Moctezuma (Sonora, Mexico), Panormos Bay (Tinos Island, Greece), etc. The ages of deposits vary from Archean-Proterozoic and Late Hercynian (Permian) up to Cretaceous (Senonian), Tertiary and Neogene. The mineral is commonly found in small amounts. Due to the microscopic and X-ray similarity with sylvanite, it is possibly often overlooked. The individual deposits display paragenetic similarities, yet some notable differences. They usually include early quartz and pyrite together with main Cu-sulphides (chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite/tennantite, bornite, etc.), native gold of high fineness and often also galena and sphalerite. Kostovite, closely associates with native Te, Au- and Ag-tellurides (calaverite, sylvanite, krennerite, hessite, petzite, montbrayite), and with other tellurides and selenides (altaite, goldfieldite, clausthalite, kawazulite). The telluride assemblages are commonly deposited in a later mineralization stage, at specific physicochemical conditions: relatively high oxidation potential (e.g., association with barite, sulphides of highly oxidized semimetals: Te 4+ , As 5+ , Sb 5+ , hypogene hematite/goethite); high fTe2/fS2 ratio and low fS2; rather low T of formation (250-200-170°C). In the first original analysis, kostovite is nearly Ag-free, but in many later determinations, Ag occurred in variable concentrations, outlining an apparently wide area of intermediate compositions along the kostovite- sylvanite join. For now, it seems that a compositional gap exists between these two end members, with the continuous series: Аu(Cu1.0-0.3Ag0-0.7)Te4 (crossing the 50% point) for kostovite and argentian kostovite, and Аu(Ag1.0-0.85Cu0-0.15)Te4 for sylvanite and cuprian sylvanite; Sb admixtures are common. Some deviations in stoichiometry from the Au/(Ag+Cu) = 1 ratio also exist in nature. It seems, however, that miscibility in this series, like in other similar lower-T hydrothermal tellurides of Au and Ag, is not realised by simple Ag-Cu substitution, but by forming of incommensurate or commensurate modulated structures with different degrees of ordering. The problem can be resolved by further investigations on natural specimens by microprobe and HRTEM analyses.
Mineralogical constraints on the thermal history of martian regolith breccia Northwest Africa

Martian meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 8114 – a paired stone to NWA 7034 – provides an opportunity to examine the thermal history of a martian regolith and study near-surface processes and ancient environmental conditions near an impact crater on Mars. Our study reports petrographic and alteration textures and focuses on pyroxene and iron oxide grains. Some of the pyroxene clasts show exsolution lamellae, indicating a high temperature magmatic origin and slow cooling. However, transmission electron microscopy reveals that other predominantly pyroxene clasts are porous and have partially recrystallised to form magnetite and a K-bearing feldspathic glassy material, together with relict pyroxene. This breakdown event was associated with oxidation, with up to 25% Fe/RFe in the relict pyroxene measured using Fe-K XANES. By comparison with previous studies, this breakdown and oxidation of pyroxene is most likely to be a result of impact shock heating, being held at a temperature above 700 C for at least 7 days in an oxidising regolith environment. We report an approximate Ar-Ar maximum age of 1.13–1.25 Ga for an individual, separated, augite clast. The disturbed nature of the spectra precludes precise age determination. In section, this clast is porous and contains iron oxide grains. This shows that it has undergone the high temperature partial breakdown seen in other relict pyroxene clasts, and has up to 25% Fe/RFe. We infer that the age corresponds to the impact shock heating event that led to the high temperature breakdown of many of the pyroxenes, after consolidation of the impact ejecta blanket. High temperatures, above 700 C, may have been maintained for long enough to remobilise and congruently partially melt some of the alkali feldspar clasts to produce the feldspar veins and aureoles that crosscut, and in some cases surround, the oxidised pyroxene. However, the veins could alternatively be the result of a hydrothermal event in the impact regolith. A simple Fourier cooling model suggests that a regolith of at least five metres depth would be sufficient to maintain temperatures associated with the pyroxene breakdown for over seven days. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca. 2018.11. 026 0016-7037/ 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: jm650@le.ac. uk (J.L. MacArthur). 268 J.L. MacArthur et al. /Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 246 (2019) 267–298 Low temperature hydrous alteration took place forming goethite, identified via XRD, XANES and FTIR. Comparing with previous studies, the goethite is likely to be terrestrial alteration pseudomorphing martian pyrite. 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).
On the turnaround of stratospheric ozone trends deduced from the reevaluated Umkehr record of Arosa, Switzerland

[1] In this work, we investigate the issue of the turnaround in ozone trends of the recently homogenized Umkehr ozone record of Arosa, Switzerland, which is the longest Umkehr data set, extending from 1956 to date, using different statistical methods. All methods show statistically significant negative ozone trends from 1970 to 1995 in the upper stratosphere (above 32.6 km) throughout the course of the year as well as in the lower stratosphere (below 23.5 km) mainly during winter to spring, which can be partially attributed to dynamical changes. Over the recent period (1996–2004) the year-round trends in the lower stratosphere become positive and are more positive during the winter to spring period. The results also show changes in upper stratospheric ozone trends after 1996, which are, however, not statistically significant at 95% if aerosol correction is applied on the retrieved data. This lack of significant trend changes during the recent period in the upper stratosphere is regionally coherent with recent results derived from upper stratospheric ozone data recorded by lidars, microwave radiometers, and satellite instruments at an adjacent location. Although the positive change in trends after 1996 both for upper and lower stratospheric ozone is in line with the reduction of the emissions of ozone-depleting substances from the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments, we recommend, because of lack of significance for the upper stratospheric trends, repeating this analysis in a few years in order to overcome ambiguous results for documentation of the turnaround of upper stratospheric ozone.
Effects of Obesity On United States Farmers: A Pilot Study

OF DISSERTATION EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON WORK ABILITY IN U.S. FARMERS: A PILOT STUDY Previous research described the value farmers place on their ability to work. The impact of obesity on workers is an increasing concern in occupational health research; yet, knowledge regarding the impact of obesity on the performance of farm work is limited. Identifying the impact of obesity on farmer’s work ability can guide healthcare workers in promoting and motivating farmers to implement lifestyle changes to improve health and sustain longevity in their ability to work. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the impact of obesity on the work ability of U.S. farmers. Specific aims were to 1) examine the current state of the science regarding obesity in farmers; 2) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Work Ability Index; 3) identify the relationship between obesity and work ability; and 4) compare central versus general obesity as predictors of decreased work ability in U.S. farmers. Key findings of this research support obesity as an increasing concern among U.S. farmers which can result in a decline in work ability. Psychometric evaluation of the Work Ability Index also supports the use of this tool for research and clinical assessment in this population. Implications for clinical practice and nursing research are also discussed.
Assessing species-level biases in tree heights estimated from terrain-optimized leaf-off airborne laser scanner (ALS) data

Canopy height is an important metric in forest research and management with uses that include estimating stand volume, scheduling silvicultural treatments, and inferring site quality. In recent years, airborne laser scanner (ALS) data have been frequently used to model canopy height continuously and remotely across large areas. A number of studies have demonstrated that ALS is effective in this regard when collected during leaf-on conditions; however, relatively few studies have investigated the accuracy of leaf-off ALS in modelling canopy height. In this article, we assessed species-level biases in heights estimated from terrain-optimized leaf-off ALS data (1.5 points m–2). We focused on several deciduous and coniferous species common to the forests of the northeastern USA. Our study area included 13 sites located in the temperate deciduous forests of eastern Connecticut. Tree heights were measured in the field for 1192 trees which included 17 deciduous and 2 coniferous species. For one site, terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data were collected and used to estimate tree heights. The ALS data were used to create a 1 m resolution canopy height model (CHM)ALS in which cell values corresponded to the heights of the highest returns. The (CHM)ALS underestimated tree heights with a median difference of approximately 1.3 m when compared to field-based measurements. Height biases ranged from approximately 0.1 to 2.1 m with the smallest bias for black cherry, red maple, shagbark hickory, and black oak and the largest for white ash, red oak, and white oak. We found no significant differences in bias corresponding to species’ leaf-types (i.e. simple, compound, needle). Biases in tree height estimates increased substantially as the (CHM)ALS cell size increased above 1 m. Our study suggests that leaf-off ALS data with a density > 1 point/m2 can be used to estimate tree heights with relatively small bias regardless of the species type.
Enhance Image Classi�cation Performance Via Unsupervised Pre-trained Transformers Language Models

Image classiﬁcation and categorization are essential to the capability of telling the difference between images for a machine. As Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers became popular in many tasks of nat-ural language processing recent years, it is intuitive to use these pre-trained language models for enhancing the computer vision tasks, e.g . image classiﬁcation. In this paper, by encoding image pixels using pre-trained trans-formers, then connect to a fully connected layer, the clas-siﬁcation model outperforms the Wide ResNet model and the linear-probe iGPT-L