Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Locating Fréchet means with application to shape spaces

We use Jacobi field arguments and the contraction mapping theorem to locate Fréchet means of a class of probability measures on locally symmetric Riemannian manifolds with non-negative sectional curvatures. This leads, in particular, to a method for estimating Fréchet mean shapes, with respect to the distance function ρ determined by the induced Riemannian metric, of a class of probability measures on Kendall's shape spaces. We then combine this with the technique of ‘horizontally lifting’ to the pre-shape spheres to obtain an algorithm for finding Fréchet mean shapes, with respect to ρ, of a class of probability measures on Kendall's shape spaces in terms of the vertices of random shapes. This gives us, for example, an algorithm for finding Fréchet mean shapes of samples of configurations on the plane which is expressed directly in terms of the vertices.
Image encryption via logistic map function and heap tree

In this paper, a new method is proposed for image encryption using chaotic signals and Max-heap tree. In this method, Max-heap tree is utilized for further complexity of the encryption algorithm, higher security and changing the amount of gray scale of each pixel of the original image. Studying the obtained results of the performed experiments, high resistance of the proposed method against bruteforce and statistical invasions is obviously illustrated. Also, the obtained entropy of the method which is about 7.9931 is very close to the ideal amount of 8.
Non-tall compact groups admit infinite Sidon sets

Abstract Riesz polynomials are employed to give a sufficient condition for a non-abelian compact group G to have an infinite uniformly approximable Sidon set. This condition is satisfied if G admits infinitely many pairwise inequivalent continuous irreducible unitary representations of the same degree. Consequently a compact Lie group admits an infinite Sidon set if and only if it is not semi-simple.
Star cluster evolution with primordial binaries. 3: Effect of the Galactic tidal field

We present the results of N-body simulations of tidally limited star clusters with an initial population of 0%-20% binaries. We find that (1) if enough binaries are initially present, the binary fraction may fall to a minimum value, then increase at late times; (2) the cluster evaporation timescale is quite insensitive to the details of the initial binary distribution; (3) the cluster core radius stabilizes at a few percent of the half-mass radius when binaries are present, just as in the case of isolated clusters; and (4) there may be a marked difference between the spatial distribution of low-energy and high-energy binaries as the cluster evolves. Specifically, the spatial distribution of the lower energy systems is often substantially more extended than that of the more tightly bound pairs. At no time are our simulated clusters well described by simple dynamical models that neglect the close coupling between the binding energies and the center-of-mass energies of the binaries they contain.
Planetary-Scale Atmospheric Phenomena Associated with the Southern Oscillation

Abstract Atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation are examined, with emphasis on vertical structure and teleconnections to middle latitudes. This paper is specifically concerned with the interannual variability of seasonal means for the Northern Hemisphere winter during the period 1951–78. Among the variables considered are sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific, precipitation at selected equatorial Pacific stations, a “Southern Oscillation Index” of sea level pressure, 200 mb height and tropospheric mean temperature at stations throughout the tropics, and Northern Hemisphere geopotential height fields. Selected statistics derived from surface data also are examined for the period 1910–45. Results are presented in the form of time series and correlation statistics for the variables listed above. Results concerning the relationships between sea surface temperature, sea level pressure and rainfall are consistent with the major conclusions of previous studies by J. Bjerknes a.
Nitrate limitation in early Neoproterozoic oceans delayed the ecological rise of eukaryotes

The early Neoproterozoic Era witnessed the initial ecological rise of eukaryotes at ca. 800 Ma. To assess whether nitrate availability played an important role in this evolutionary event, we measured nitrogen isotope compositions (δ15N) of marine carbonates from the early Tonian (ca. 1000 Ma to ca. 800 Ma) Huaibei Group in North China. The data reported here fill a critical gap in the δ15N record and indicate nitrate limitation in early Neoproterozoic oceans. A compilation of Proterozoic sedimentary δ15N data reveals a stepwise increase in δ15N values at ~800 Ma. Box model simulations indicate that this stepwise increase likely represents a ~50% increase in marine nitrate availability. Limited nitrate availability in early Neoproterozoic oceans may have delayed the ecological rise of eukaryotes until ~800 Ma when increased nitrate supply, together with other environmental and ecological factors, may have contributed to the transition from prokaryote-dominant to eukaryote-dominant marine ecosystems.
On the Poisson equation for singular diffusions

Pardoux and Veretennikov [Ann. Probab. , 29, (2001), 1061–1085], establish existence (in the Sobolev sense) and uniqueness of solutions of a Poisson equation for the differential operator of an ergodic diffusion in for which the covariance term is strictly non-degenerate and uniformly bounded. Our goal is to establish a similar solvability result, but for the complementary case of singular diffusions, in which the covariance is not necessarily of full-rank. In return for abandoning strict positive-definiteness of the covariance, we postulate second-order smoothness of the coefficients of the diffusion, and, to secure ergodicity, we postulate a “stability” condition on the eigenvalues of the symmetrized Jacobian matrix of the drift. We establish existence of solutions of the Poisson equation in the classical sense, and use this to characterize limits in a time-scales problem arising from perturbation of a stochastic differential equation by a rescaled singular diffusion; this is motivated by a stochastic averaging principle of Liptser and Stoyanov [Stochastics and Stochastics Reports, 32, (1990), 145–163].
Angle Phase Matching in Second Harmonic Generation from a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal

Phase matched second harmonic generation was observed in a ferroelectric liquid crystal mixture. An electric field was applied parallel to glass plates of a homeotropically aligned cell in order to introduce a uniform alignment of the directors and the permanent dipoles. The phase matching was performed with an extraordinary polarized incident light by rotating the cell around the direction of the electric field.
Detection of solid ammonia, methanol, and methane with ISOPHOT

We report on a search for the NH3 inversion band at 9.0m, the CH4 band at 7.7m, and the CH3OH band at 9.7m in the spectra of 10 heavily obscured stellar objects taken with the spectrophotometer ISOPHOT-S aboard the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Four of them show indications of the NH3 inversion band at 9.0m superimposed on the always strong silicate band. The results show that ammonia ice may be abundant in some cool and dense molecular circumstellar regions. The 9.7m band of solid CH3OH was detected in 5 of the sources, and also the 7.7m band of solid CH4 was found in 5 sources. The PHT-S detections were cross-checked against ISO-SWS spectra from archive data. Considering the dierent beam sizes (24 24u 00 versus 14 20u 00 ), there is good agreement.
An integer decomposition algorithm for solving a two‐stage facility location problem with second‐stage activation costs

We study a stochastic scenario‐based facility location problem arising in situations when facilities must first be located, then activated in a particular scenario before they can be used to satisfy scenario demands. Unlike typical facility location problems, fixed charges arise in the initial location of the facilities, and then in the activation of located facilities. The first‐stage variables in our problem are the traditional binary facility‐location variables, whereas the second‐stage variables involve a mix of binary facility‐activation variables and continuous flow variables. Benders decomposition is not applicable for these problems due to the presence of the second‐stage integer activation variables. Instead, we derive cutting planes tailored to the problem under investigation from recourse solution data. These cutting planes are derived by solving a series of specialized shortest path problems based on a modified residual graph from the recourse solution, and are tighter than the general cuts established by Laporte and Louveaux for two‐stage binary programming problems. We demonstrate the computational efficacy of our approach on a variety of randomly generated test problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
The addition of dydrogesterone improves the outcomes of pregnant women with low progesterone levels when receiving vaginal progesterone alone as luteal support in HRT‐FET cycles

Vaginal progesterone (VP) alone has been used as luteal support (LS) in HRT‐FET cycles without measuring serum progesterone concentrations (SPC) because it can achieve adequate intrauterine progesterone levels. However, several reports showed that the co‐administration of progestin produced better outcomes than VP alone. We tried to address this discrepancy, focusing on SPC.
BOUNDS FOR THE DIMENSION OF THE SCHUR MULTIPLIER OF A PAIR OF NILPOTENT LIE ALGEBRAS

Let (L, N) be a pair of finite-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras, in which N is an ideal in L. In this paper we derive some inequalities for the dimension of the Schur multiplier of the pair (L, N) in terms of the dimension of the commutator subalgebra [L, N].
Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units with Linear and Non-linear Models

Abstract—This article presents a non-linear programming-based model for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units. The optimal phasor measurement units placement is formulated to minimize the number of phasor measurement units required for full system observability and to maximize the measurement redundancy at all buses in a power system. A sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used for the solution of the proposed model. The existence of power flow and injection measurements, the limited phasor measurement units channel capacity, the lack of communication facilities in substations, and the single phasor measurement units loss are also incorporated into the initial proposed formulation. The non-linear programming model is applied to IEEE 14- and 118-bus test systems in MATLAB. The accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the simulation results to those obtained by a binary integer programming model also implemented in MATLAB. The comparative study shows that the proposed non-linear programming model yields the same number of phasor measurement units as the binary integer programming model. A remarkable advantage of the non-linear programming against binary integer linear programming is its capability to give more than one optimal solution, each one having the same minimum number of phasor measurement units (same minimum objective value), but at different locations.
Parameters evolution of laser beams with quite general transverse intensity profile

A plane-parallel cavity with a Gaussian reflectivity mirror has been applied to a XeCl laser medium having a spatially variable gain distribution. The evolution of the beam parameters has been experimentally analyzed as a function of the number of round trips. It is shown that in this case of intensity profiles affected by the spatial and temporal properties of the active medium gain, a theory formerly developed for the beam-parameter evolution of Gaussian Schell-model beams provides a satisfactory description of experimental measurements for the first few round trips.
Existence of Real Fluids with a Negative Fundamental Derivative Γ

The gasdynamic behavior of fluids is inverted if a certain thermodynamic property Λ ≡ ρ3c4(∂2υ/∂P2)8/2 is negative. Several different methods of calculation, based on published thermodynamic data and standard equations of state, yield Γ<0 for relatively complex organic compounds.
On the Expansions of Certain Modular Forms of Positive Dimension

1. A definition of a modular form of positive dimension has been given in a paper by Rademacher and the author.2 In that paper we found the Fourier expansions of those forms F(r) which belong to the full modular group and which have only polar singularities at the parabolic point T == i when measured in the uniformizing variable x e2wriT. In the present paper we shall also restrict ourselves to functions which belong to the full group and which have only polar singularities at -r == io, but in the definition of a modular form we shall omit the restriction that F(T) be analytic in the upper half-plane and shall merely assume that F(7-) has, as singularities in the fundamental region,3 at most a finite number of poles and possibly a polar singularity at ioo. This problem of determining expansions of modular forms having poles in the upper half-plane was partially considered by Hardy and Ramanujan.4 However they considered only forms o-t positive inltegral dimension which have no singularities at the parabolic points. The generalization to forms of real positive dimension presents no difficulties. We have only to introduce the roots of uiiity E(a, b, c, d) and e21iaL in the transformation formulas (1. 11) and (1. 12) below, and to carry them through the analysis. However in order to take care of forms having singularities at ioo we have to evaluate certain integrals which Hardy and Ramanujan were able to eliminate by means of simple estimates. This part of the work is contained in sections 3, 4, 5, and 6. In this paper we shall consider most of the integrals in the r-plane rather than in the x-plane, where x e2w1r. The original path owr of section 2 is taken in the i-plane so that we may avoid the poles of Fl(T) which are easier to treat there than in the x-plane. After this point much of the work could
Energy spectra of particles accelerated in a reconnecting current sheet with the guiding magnetic field

Electron and proton acceleration by a super-Dreicer electric field is investigated in the nonneutral reconnecting current sheet (RCS) with a non-zero longitudinal component of the magnetic field (‘guiding field’). The guiding field is assumed parallel to the direction of electric field and constant within an RCS. The other two magnetic field components, transverse and tangential, are considered to vary with distances from the X null point of an RCS. The proton and electron energy spectra are calculated numerically from a motion equation using the test particle approach for model RCSs with constant and variable densities. In the presence of a strong or moderate guiding field, protons were found fully or partially separated from electrons at ejection from an RCS into the opposite, ‘electron’ and ‘proton’, semiplanes. In the case of a weak guiding field, both protons and electrons are ejected symmetrically in equal proportions as neutral beams. The particles ejected from an RCS with a very weak or very strong guiding field have power-law energy spectra with spectral indices of about 1.5 for protons and 2.0 for electrons. For a moderate guiding field, the energy spectra of electrons ejected into the opposite semiplanes are mixed, i.e. in the ‘electron-dominated’ semiplane power-law energy spectra for electrons and thermal-like for protons, while in the ‘proton’ semiplane they are symmetrically
Focus Fronting and its implicatures

In this paper we investigate the essential semantic and pragmatic features associated with Focus Fronting (FF) in Italian, with the ultimate aim of identifying the actual trigger of this syntactic operation. After introducing the different contexts that could in principle be compatible with FF, we present the results of a syntactic experiment which show that FF is possible in corrective and mirative contexts, but not in merely contrastive contexts. This distribution proves that, contrary to claims that are dominant in the literature, contrast and/or givenness of the background are not necessary conditions for Italian FF. Our second experiment highlights a systematic prosodic difference between the two focus types, showing that the corrective and mirative interpretations are grammatically distinct. We claim that these special interpretations associated with FF are conventional implicatures which are syntactically encoded and which trigger syntactic fronting.
Hadley and Walker Circulations in the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period Simulated by an Atmospheric General Circulation Model

The mid-Pliocene warm period (! 3 million years ago; 3 Ma) is one of the plausible scenarios which provide insight into the climate system in a globally warmer world as projected by climate models for the future. The reconstructed sea surface temperature (SST) by the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping phase 3 (PRISM3) reveals that salient warming occurs in the higher latitudes together with weakening of surface cooling in the equatorial and coastal upwelling regions. The sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is studied by prescribing the surface condition based on the PRISM3 paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The simulated Walker circulation generally slows down, inducing convergent anomaly over the African continent and divergent anomaly over the Asian monsoon region at the lower troposphere; and vice versa at the upper troposphere in response to the reduced east-west gradient of the tropical SST in that period. The ascending branch of the Hadley cell expands poleward, implying a weakening of the meridional circulation in response to the warmer SST in the higher latitudes. To identify the physical reason for the modulation of the wet-dry climatological pattern in low latitudes, additional sensitivity experiments were conducted by changing the configurations of ice-sheet cover, vegetation and zonal patterns of the SST. The results indicate that the reduction of meridional and zonal gradient of tropical SST is the key factor for the expansion of proxy-suggested wetter climate over Africa.
Periodic Poling of KTiOPO4: From Micrometer to Sub-Micrometer Domain Gratings

Some novel techniques to do periodic poling of KTP are described. Emphasis on ways to avoid domain broadening and merging of domains is presented with reference to the original properties of flux grown KTP. For sub-μm structures E-beam lithography and deep UV-laser lithography were used to pattern the samples, and chemical process to promote selective poling to obtain high quality domain gratings in up to 1 mm thick samples.
The economics of land‐use regulation in the presence of an externality: a dynamic approach

Land‐use restrictions are frequently applied to separate non‐polluting from polluting activities. In contrast to the existing literature, we simultaneously incorporate spatial and intertemporal aspects of the problem and endogenously determine the border of the zones. Intensity‐orientated instruments alone, such as a spatially differentiated tax on inputs or outputs, are not able to support the socially optimal outcome and need to be complemented by instruments that affect choices at the extensive margin such as positive or negative land‐use taxes or land zoning. The necessary changes required to transform a spatially optimal, yet static, environmental policy into an intertemporally and spatially optimal environmental policy are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some a priori estimates for a singular evolution equation arising in thin-film dynamics

This paper considers the singular evolution equation $u_t - \Delta \ln u = 0$, particularly the corresponding Cauchy problem. This equation arises in the study of thin film dynamics and as the formal limit as $m \to 0$ of the porous-medium equation. Through the use of local sup-estimates, similar to those for the porous-medium equation (see E. DiBenedetto and Y. L. Kwong, Intrinsic Harnack estimates and extinction profile for certain parabolic equations, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 330 (1992), pp. 783–811), and a global Harnack-type inequality, a critical decay rate for solutions in three or more space dimensions as $|x| \to \infty $ is found. In particular, if the initial data decays faster than this critical rate, there is no solution to the Cauchy problem.
Gallium nitride metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors prepared on silicon substrates

Gallium nitride (GaN) ultraviolet metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (PDs) grown on Si substrates were demonstrated. The dark current of PDs fabricated on Si substrates was substantially smaller in magnitude compared to identical devices prepared on sapphire substrates. With an incident wavelength of 359nm, the maximum responsivities of the n−‐GaN MSM photodetectors with TiW and Ni∕Au contact electrodes were 0.187 and 0.0792A∕W, corresponding to quantum efficiencies of 64.7% and 27.4%, respectively. For a given bandwidth of 1kHz and a given bias of 5V, the corresponding noise equivalent powers of our n−‐GaN MSM photodetectors with TiW and Ni∕Au electrodes were 1.525×10−12 and 5.119×10−12W, respectively. Consequently, the values of detectivity (D*) determined for devices with TiW and Ni∕Au electrodes were then calculated to be 1.313×1012 and 3.914×1011cmHz0.5W−1, respectively.
Some matrix-variate distribution theory: Notational considerations and a Bayesian application

SUMMARY We introduce and justify a convenient notation for certain matrix-variate distributions which, by its emphasis on the important underlying parameters, and the theory on which it is based, eases greatly the task of manipulating such distributions. Important examples include the matrix-variate normal, t, F and beta, and the Wishart and inverse Wishart distributions. The theory is applied to compound matrix distributions and to Bayesian prediction in the multivariate linear model.
An in-line micro-Fourier rheometer

A rheometer has been designed which is capable of being used in industrial process flows. The advantage of this instrument is that the rheological parameters of a process flow can be measured in a very short time across a frequency range of at least two orders of magnitude in situ and thus eliminates the necessity of removing a sample from the flow and making off line measurements. The body of the rheometer is made from stainless steel and is constructed such that no dead spaces exist that could potentially trap process fluid and lead to fouling or contamination of subsequent measurements. The operation of the instrument is fully computerized and the rheological parameters such as viscosity, storage moduli, or loss moduli can be used as process controls in a feedback system and thus reduce wastage of the fluid being produced. The operation of this rheometer is described and results from measurements of flowing sunflower oil are presented. The instrument shows an excellent level of reproducibility and its ability to capture and release discrete samples is demonstrated.
Limb Preference Changes after Focused‐Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Tremor

Magnetic resonance‐guided focused‐ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy is an effective treatment for essential and other tremors. It targets the ventrointermedius (Vim) nucleus, which is the thalamic relay in a proprioceptive pathway, and contains kinesthetic cells. Although MRgFUS thalamotomy reduces some risks associated with more invasive surgeries, it still has side effects, such as balance and gait disturbances; these may be caused by the lesion impacting proprioception.