Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of brown midrib corn silage and dried distillers' grains with solubles on milk production, nitrogen utilization and microbial community structure in dairy cows

Ramirez, H. A. R. , Nestor, K. , Tedeschi, L. O. , Callaway, T. R. , Dowd, S. E. , Fernando, S. C. and Kononoff, P. J. 2012. The effect of brown midrib corn silage and dried distillers' grains with solubles on milk production, nitrogen utilization and microbial community structure in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 365-380. Thirty-six Holstein cows (24 multiparous and 12 primiparous), four multiparous were ruminally cannulated, (mean±SD, 111±35 days in milk; 664±76.5 kg body weight) were used in replicated 4×4 Latin squares with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to investigate the effects of brown midrib (bm3) and conventional (DP) corn silages, and the inclusion of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) on milk production and N utilization. Experimental periods were 28 d in length. Treatments were DP corn silage and 0% DDGS; bm3 corn silage and 0% DDGS; DP corn silage and 30% DDGS; and bm3 corn silage and 30% DDGS. Compared with DP hybrid, total tract fiber digestibility was greater for cows consuming bm3 (32.5 vs. 38.1±1.79%) and DDGS (40.0 vs. 35.2±1.76%). Milk yield was not affected by treatment, and averaged 30.5±1.09 kg d-1. Milk protein yield was positively affected by bm3 corn silage and the inclusion of DDGS. An interaction between hybrid and DDGS on milk fat was also observed. The nature of the interaction was such that milk fat was only affected when DDGS were included in the diet and the lowest milk fat was observed when bm3 corn silage was fed (3.46, 3.59, 2.84 and 2.51±0.10% DP 0% DDGS, bm3 0% DDGS, DP 30% DDGS and bm3 30% DDGS, respectively). As a proportion of the total N consumed, manure N was significantly reduced by the inclusion of bm3 corn silage and DDGS (64.1, 57.1, 52.0, 51.2% for DP 0% DDGS, bm3 0% DDGS, DP 30% DDGS and bm3 30% DDGS, respectively). The Firmicutes:Bacteriodetes ratio in the rumen decreased when cattle consumed DDGS. When cows were fed bm3 corn silage, the population of Fibrobacter sp. tended to represent a larger proportion of the total bacterial population (1.8 vs. 2.3±0.28% for DP and bm3, respectively) and this shift may have been driven by the fact that bm3 corn silage has less lignin, therefore the cellulose digesting bacteria may have more access to the cellulose.
The Behavioral Ecology of Hermit Crabs

Hermit crabs are anomuran decapod crustaceans that have adapted to occupation of empty snail shells (and a few other types of cavities). Lack of calcification of the abdominal exoskeleton both allows and dictates the occupation of shelter not produced by the crabs themselves. Many animals utilize exogenous shelters, but almost all 800 species of hermit crabs are mobile while sheltered. The combination of mobility and protection afforded by this life style must contribute to the large numbers of these crustaceans found in virtually all marine environments, as well as on tropi­ cal terrestrial shores. The strong association between these crabs and their adopted shelters has greatly influenced almost all aspects of their biology. In most species, meta­ morphosis from larva to adult involves the assumption of morphological asymmetries associated with inhabitation of gastropod shells as well as behavioral changes as the free-swimming glaucothoe becomes a benthic, shell-seeking crab (3). Not surprisingly, most biological studies on hermit crabs have focused on the crab-shell association. Behavioral investigations on shell selection and shell exchange are obviously shelter-related, while the visual display systems utilized by these crabs (32, 46) are indirectly asso­ ciated with distribution of the shell resource. Most ecological studies have focused completely on the crab-shell interaction, and relatively little work has been done on the crabs as an element of marine ecosystems. Accord­ ingly, this paper only briefly reviews aspects of the crabs' behavioral ecology other than the crab-shell association and its influence on both individual behavior and population-related processes. While individual hermit crabs have been found in a variety of objects and some specialize in the use of scaphopod shells (some Py/opagurus spp.) (33) or even bamboo tubes
Enterobacter sakazakii: A New Species of “Enterobacteriaceae” Isolated from Clinical Specimens

Enterobacter sakazakii is the name proposed for the organism previously known as “yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae. ” The type strain (holotype) of this species is ATCC 29544. The proposed change in the classification of this organism is based on differences between E. cloacae and E. sakazakii in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization, biochemical reactions, pigment production, and antibiotic susceptibility. By DNA hybridization, E. sakazakii was about 50% related to E. cloacae, Citrobacter diversus (“Citrobacter intermedius” biotype b), and “Citrobacter amalonaticus” (“Citrobacter intermedius” biotype a). The new species was placed in Enterobacter rather than Citrobacter because of its closer phenotypic and DNA similarity to E. cloacae, the type species of the genus Enterobacter, and because it was only 41% related by DNA hybridization to Citrobacter freundii, the type species of Citrobacter. E. sakazakii had biochemical reactions very similar to those of E. cloacae but was d-sorbitol negative and positive for extracellular deoxyribonuclease at 2 to 7 days and produced yellow-pigmented colonies. E. sakazakii had larger zones of inhibition around ampicillin and cephalothin antibiotic disks, which also helps to differentiate it from E. cloacae. E. sakazakii grew on the nonselective (but differential) plating media commonly used in enteric bacteriology, but its plating efficiency was reduced on more inhibitory enteric plating media. It has been isolated from human clinical specimens such as sputum, feces, and wounds, where it is probably only a colonizer and not clinically significant. However, it is also a documented, although rare, cause of neonatal meningitis. Other sources have included food, a physician's stethoscope, and an uninoculated blood culture bottle.
16S rRNA Characterization of a Bacillus Isolates From Egyptian Soil and its Plasmid Profile.

Bacillus species constitute a diverse group of bacteria widely distributed in soil. In this study, sixteen Bacillus local strains isolated from different Egyptian soils and three identified strains; (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki (B.t.40), Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis strain ATCC 168(B.s) and Bacillus licheniforms strain ATCC 14580) (B.l); were identified by detailed conventional biochemical methods, plasmid pattern and partial 16S rRNA sequencing. All isolates were Gram-positive, aerobic, and motile, Oxidase-positive, rod shaped, endospore-forming bacteria. These isolate was phenotypically identified as Bacillus. The crude polysaccharides were separated from the supernatant and examined for sulphate content. In this study, five different isolates were selected according to their plasmids patterns and polysaccharide production, the primary aim was to characterize these isolates using 16S rRNA partial gene amplification and sequencing. The five isolates were assigned as Bacillus cereus strain and Bacillus sp BAB3450 16S rRNA gene. All Bacillus strains were characterized by whole-cell protein profiles using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Seasonal succession of diatoms and Chlorophyceae in the drainage network of the Seine River: Observation and modeling

Seasonal succession of diatoms and Chlorophyceae have been analyzed in the Seine River system (France), which is characterized by a temperate oceanic hydrological regime and high nutrient enrichment. Phytoplankton development is invariably initiated by the decrease of discharge in spring. When this occurs in early spring, the bloom is dominated by diatoms that severely deplete silica, and a regular increase of their biomass is observed along the river continuum from headwaters to the estuary. The bloom occurs earlier downstream than upstream. Chlorophyceae succeed the diatoms by the end of May and represent a significant component of the summer phytoplankton population. Fluctuations of the phytoplankton biomass are observed within the continuum in summer, with high biomass in 6th-order rivers, low biomass in 7th-order rivers, and again high biomass in h the model calculates the development of diatoms and Chlorophyceae within the whole drainage network which is represented as a regular pattern of confluences of tributaries with increasing stream order. The model, taking into account both bottom-up and top-down regulating factors of phytoplankton, has proved to be a powerful tool in understanding the dynamics of a large drainage network.
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION ON THE GROWTH AND YIELDING OF APPLE-TREES CULTIVAR ŠAMPION IN A REPLANTED ORCHARD

Studies were carried out in an experimental orchard established on the area of Agricultural and Pomicultural Experimental Farm in Przybroda belonging to the Agricul- tural University in Pozna�. The establishing of an orchard in the place of a previously ex- isting one exerted an influence on the tree growth impediment and increased the number of tree losses. Poor growth decreased both the individual yield from one tree and the yielding from the area unit. Irrigation as well as fertilization had an effect on the occur- rence of soil fatigue phenomenon. Increased irrigation intensity and low fertilization doses increased the results of replantation disease. The least effects of soil fatigue were found in case of no additional irrigation and an increased dose of tree fertilization. Experimental conditions did not exert any effect on fruit quality.
Adubação nitrogenada no consórcio de milho com duas espécies de braquiária em sistema plantio direto

The objective of this work was to evaluate grain and forage yield of the intercropping of corn with Brachiaria species (2008/2009 and 2009/2010 crop seasons), subjected to nitrogen topdressing rates in a no tillage system. A completely randomized block design was used, with four replicates, in a 2x5 factorial arrangement, with two Brachiaria species (Urochloa brizantha 'Xaraes' and U. ruziziensis) and five N topdressing rates: 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha‑1. The following were evaluated: indirect readings of leaf-chlorophyll content (Falker chlorophyll index, ICF), macronutrient content in leaves, yield components and grain yield of corn, and forage dry mass yield after intercropping. It was observed that the species U. ruziziensis was more competitive with corn in intercropping, providing lower nutritional content and ICF in both evaluated seasons. Vegetative growth, yield components, and grain yield of corn were not affected by the intercrops. Nitrogen topdressing fertilization linearly increases the ICF, leaf contents of N, P and S, as well as the yield components and grain yield.
Zoological results of the Dutch Scientific Expedition to Central Borneo

The following pages contain an enumeration of the lizards collected in Borneo by the Dutch Borneo-Expedition, of which expedition Mr. J. Buttikofer was the zoologist, and also of the lizards collected by Dr. A. W. Nieuwenhuis during his travels in the interior of this island. The collections made during these expeditions were very graciously presented to the Leyden Museum of Natural History and form a valuable addition to our collections; so among the 37 species of lizards there are no less than 7 new species and moreover 8 species were hitherto not represented in our Museum. These last named 8 species are indicated in our list with an asterisk. 1. Gymnodactylus consobrinus Ptrs.
Lymphocyte subpopulations in the bitches with pyometra treated with aglepristone

The purpose of the study was to compare flow cytometric and haematologic variables in dogs with spontaneous endometritis pyometra complex (EPC) treated with aglepristone to healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells: CD3, CD4, CD8, and B lymphocytes (CD21) were analysed by flow cytometry and white blood cell count. Significant differences were observed (P≤0.01) between control (C) and study (S) group in the total number of leukocytes, monocytes and granulocyte populations (without lymphocytes) on beginning, after 7 d, and return to reference value after 14 d of the treatment. The percentage of the T-cell (CD3+) at the beginning was 47.22 ±9.64% of total lymphocytes, in contrast to B lymphocytes (CD21+) that represented the smallest percentage of 14.24 ±7.74% (P≤0.01). The percentage of the lymphocytes CD4+ was 27.42 ±5.53% and CD8+ was 25.18 ±4.36%. The percentage of CD3+ lymphocytes was increasing throughout the experiment in group C and gradually decreased in group S from 14 th to 28 th d of dioestrus. No differences in the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD21+ lymphocytes between group C and S on the 14 th and 28 th d of dioestrus (P≥0.05) were observed. The number of CD8+ cells in group S decreased gradually from day 14 to 28 but no statistical differences were noted. Treatment of pyometra with aglepristone decreased the number of leukocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes to referential value but statistically significant influence on the level of subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes was not observed. The results enabled to estimate for the first time the number of lymphocyte subpopulations in dioestrus in both healthy bitches as well as in those suffering from pyometra.
Products to alleviate the effects of necrotic enteritis and aflatoxin on growth performance, lesion scores, and mortality in young broilers

Abstract This study investigated the effects of necrotic enteritis challenge or a necrotic enteritis challenge with an additional challenge from dietary aflatoxin B1 compared to broilers that were unchallenged. Also tested were products designed to help alleviate those effects. Lesion scores were higher in broilers challenged to induce necrotic enteritis, but this did not increase with added aflatoxin. The presence of dietary aflatoxin during a necrotic enteritis challenge significantly increased the negative effects of the necrotic enteritis challenge. During the necrotic enteritis challenge virginiamycin, Calibrin-Z, or a blend of Calibrin-Z, an organic acid, and yucca, helped to decrease the effects of the challenge. When birds are challenged with necrotic enteritis and dietary aflatoxin is present, Calibrin-Z had an advantage over all other tested products.
βIV tubulin is selectively expressed by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system

Oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination involve dramatic changes in cell signaling pathways, gene expression patterns, cell shape, and cytoskeletal organization. In a pilot study investigating CNS angiogenesis, oligodendrocytes were intensely labeled by antisera directed against the C‐terminal of Tie‐2, a 140‐kDa transmembrane receptor for angiopoietin. Immunoprecipitation of rat brain proteins with Tie‐2 C‐terminal antisera, however, produced a single spot of ∼55‐kDa pI ∼5 by two‐dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, which was identified as β‐tubulin by mass spectrometry. Isotype‐specific antibodies for βIV tubulin selectively labeled oligodendrocytes. First detected in premyelinating oligodendrocytes, βIV tubulin was abundant in myelinating oligodendrocyte perinuclear cytoplasm and processes extending to and along developing myelin internodes. βIV tubulin‐positive MTs were diffusely distributed in oligodendrocyte perinuclear cytoplasm and not organized around the centrosome. βIV tubulin may play a role in establishing the oligodendrocyte MT network, which is essential for the transport of myelin proteins, lipids, and RNA during myelination. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immune modulation by the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi

The establishment of parasitic helminth infection is characteristically accompanied by a Th2-dominated host immune response. This is the case in human filariasis, in which long term infection with this lymphatic-dwelling nematode is accompanied by parasite-specific immunosuppression. This thesis seeks to address the mechanisms that underlie the development of the profound cellular hyporesponsiveness in filariasis, and the relationship of this to the development of Th2-type responses. These questions were addressed using a murine model of infection with Brugia malayi, one of several species of parasitic nematode that are responsible for filarial disease. In this model, mice develop strong Th2 responses. In addition, adherent PEC from mice implanted with adult parasites are profoundly anti-proliferative but do not prevent antigenspecific cytokine production by T cells. The findings in this thesis relate to both parasite and host factors involved in the development of immune suppression. Adult and infective larval parasites, but not microfilaria, generated down-regulatory host cells. The excretory/secretory products of the adult parasite were sufficient to induce the generation of PEC that block proliferation. Suppressor cell generation correlated directly with systemic IL-4 production by the host. We were able to demonstrate that there was a direct link between host production of IL-4 and the generation of suppressive PEC, as IL-4-deficient mice failed to induce proliferative block. However, implanted ILlO-deficient mice resulted in T cell suppression, indicating that IL-10 is not essential for the induction of hyporesponsiveness. Experiments using transwell membranes or formaldehyde-fixing of PEC indicated that suppression was not effected by a soluble mediator, and required cell-cell contact. In order to investigate the identity of the suppressive cell type, we assessed the dynamics of cell recruitment to the site of infection. This showed the rapid influx of inflammatory cells to the site of infection, with marked eosinophilia and macrophage recruitment, coincident with a significant reduction in mast cell numbers. The down-regulatory cell type was identified as MAC-1, F4/80, and experiments using IL-5-deficient mice indicated that eosinophils were not responsible for suppression.
Predicting fish abundance using single-pass removal sampling

Three-pass removal data for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) along bank areas of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho, were used to construct a mean capture probability (MCP) model to predict abundance from single-pass catch data. We evaluated the MCP model by simulation. The precision of the MCP model was poor when predicting abundance within a specific bank unit. MCP model prediction intervals were about 7.5 times greater than three-pass removal intervals. However, the MCP model performed about the same as three-pass removal for pre- dicting total abundance in a river section from multiple bank samples. We evaluated how the MCP model can be used to improve precision of total abundance estimates. Reallocating effort to sample 150 bank units by single-pass removal rather than 50 bank units by three-pass removal resulted in a 48% increase in prediction interval precision for a simu - lated population of 10 000 fish. Precision also increased when allocating effort to sampling more bank units of smaller length versus fewer bank units of longer length. Sampling 1500 m of bank as one hundred 15-m bank units increased precision by about 28% versus sampling fifty 30-m bank units and by about 50% versus sampling twenty-five 60-m bank units. Resume : A partir de donnees de prelevement de juveniles de truite arc-en-ciel ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) par triple pas- sage sur des portions de berges du secteur de Henrys Fork, sur la riviere Snake (Idaho), nous avons construit un mo- dele de probabilite moyenne de capture (PMC) pour predire l'abondance a partir des donnees de capture par passage unique. Nous avons evalue le modele par simulation. La precision du modele etait mediocre lorsqu'on voulait predire l'abondance pour une unite de berge donnee. Les intervalles de prediction du modele etaient d'environ 7,5 fois supe- rieurs a ceux du prelevement par triple passage. Toutefois, la performance etait a peu pres equivalente pour la predic- tion de l'abondance totale dans un troncon de cours d'eau a partir d'echantillons d'unites de berge multiples. Nous avons evalue la facon dont le modele PMC pourrait servir a ameliorer la precision des estimations de l'abondance to- tale. En reaffectant l'effort de facon a echantillonner 150 unites de berge par prelevement par passage unique plutot que 50 unites de berge par prelevement par triple passage, nous avons obtenu une augmentation de 48% de la precision de l'intervalle de prediction pour une population simulee de 10 000 poissons. La precision augmentait egalement lors- qu'on allouait l'effort a l'echantillonnage d'un plus grand nombre d'unites de berge de longueur inferieure plutot qu'a un petit nombre d'unites de berge de longueur superieure. C'est ainsi que l'echantillonnage de 1 500 m de berge sous forme de 100 unites de 15 m a accru la precision d'environ 28% par rapport a l'echantillonnage de 50 unites de 30 m, et d'environ 50% par rapport a l'echantillonnage de 25 unites de 60 m. (Traduit par la Redaction) Mitro and Zale 961
Promotive Effects of DCPTA on Seedling Development and Growth of Radish

A radish (Raphanus sativus L. CV. Scarlet turnip white tipped) seedling growth test was developed to examine promotive effects of 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy) triethylamine (DCPTA) on seedling vigor and plant development. Compared with controls, seed treatment using 30 µ M DCPTA significantly (P = 0.05) enhanced the rates of root and hypocotyl elongation and seedling dry weight. Enhanced hypocotyl development by DCPTA showed a significant linear correlation (r = 0.83) with the increased taproot yield of mature plants grown from DCPTA-treated seeds. The harvestable taproot yield and harvest index of plants grown from seeds treated with 30 µ M DCPTA were increased 109% and 38%, respectively, as compared with controls. Incubation of radish seeds in 30 µ M DCPTA with actino- mycin-D, alpha-amanitin, amisomycin, or cordycepin significantly reduced DCTPA-mediated seedling growth. These results indicate that nuclear gene expression and translation of mRNA on 80S ribosomes are required for the accel- eration of seedling development by DCPTA. The tertiary amine bioregulator DCPTA has been shown to increase the vegetative growth and harvestable yield of crop plants (Keithly et al., 1990, 1991a, 1991b). In addition, DCPTA promotes seed germination and increases seedling vigor. The rate of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) seed germination was increased significantly by DCPTA treatment to dry seeds (Hayman and Yokoyama, 1990). Application of DCPTA to un- germinated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds significantly increased the root : shoot ratio of seedling plants (Gausman et al., 1988). In tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), DCPTA treatment significantly increased seedling root and hypocotyl elongation growth and increased the relative growth rate of treated plants when compared with controls (Keithly et al., 1991a). In this study, a radish seedling growth test was used to further investigate the correlation of DCPTA-enhance d seedling vigor with improved harvestable yield.