Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
R E -A CCELERATION M ODEL FOR THE ‘S AUSAGE ’ R ADIO R ELIC

: The Sausage radio relic is the arc-like radio structure in the cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301, whose observed properties can be best understood by synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons accelerated at a merger-driven shock. However, there remain a few puzzles that cannot be explained by the shock acceleration model with only in-situ injection. In particular, the Mach number inferred from the observed radio spectral index, M radio ≈ 4 . 6, while the Mach number estimated from X-ray observations, M X − ray ≈ 2 . 7. In an attempt to resolve such a discrepancy, here we consider the re-acceleration model in which a shock of M s ≈ 3 sweeps through the intracluster gas with a pre-existing population of relativistic electrons. We ﬁnd that observed brightness proﬁles at multi frequencies provide strong constraints on the spectral shape of pre-existing electrons. The models with a power-law momentum spectrum with the slope, s ≈ 4 . 1, and the cutoﬀ Lorentz factor, γ e,c ≈ 3 − 5 × 10 4 , can reproduce reasonably well the observed spatial proﬁles of radio ﬂuxes and integrated radio spectrum of the Sausage relic. The possible origins of such relativistic electrons in the intracluster medium remain to be investigated further.
The Linguistic Relationships of Spoken and Written Nukulaelae

This study is an investigation of the structural relationships between spoken and written Nukulaelae Tuvaluan, a Polynesian language spoken in a restrictedly literate society in the Central Pacific. The results of a factor analysis of the frequency of co-occurrence of 42 linguistic features across a computerized corpus of naturalistic spoken and written texts show that three dimensions must be identified to account for variation between Nukulaelae registers: attitudinal vs. authoritative discourse; informational vs. interactional focus; and rhetorical manipulation vs. structural complexity. Contrary to claims advanced for English and tacitly for speaking and writing in general, spoken Tuvaluan is not necessarily more involved, less complex, and more context-dependent than written Tuvaluan. These characteristics are a function of the communicative norms at play in each register. The structural relationships of spoken and written language must be explained in terms of the social context of orality and literacy in different literacy traditions, rather than the cognitive demands of language production and comprehension in the spoken and written modes. *
Effects of Domain-Specific Knowledge on Literary Text Processing: A Think-Aloud Investigation

Students often struggle to make sense of literary works. We used a think-aloud design to examine the effect of four reading instructions (Rules of Notice, Rules of Signification, combined, control) on students’ processing of a literary short story. Protocols were assessed for evidence of expert-like reading behaviors such as attending to literary features and generating interpretive inferences. We also examine how differences in reading behaviors related to students’ appreciation and enjoyment of the work.
LOCALLY ADAPTIVE ESTIMATION OF EVOLUTIONARY WAVELET SPECTRA 1

We introduce a wavelet-based model of local stationarity. This model en-larges the class of locally stationary wavelet processes and contains processes whose spectral density function may change very suddenly in time. A notion of time-varying wavelet spectrum is uniquely deﬁned as a wavelet-type transform of the autocovariance function with respect to so-called autocorrelation wavelets . This leads to a natural representation of the autocovariance which is localized on scales. We propose a pointwise adaptive estimator of the time-varying spectrum. The behavior of the estimator studied in homogeneous and inhomogeneous regions of the wavelet spectrum.
MINERALOGY OF DIAMONDS FROM THE JUINA PROVINCE, BRAZIL

The Juina Kimberlite Province at the SW border of the Amazon Craton, Brazil (Figure 1), is a well-known site for deep diamonds originated in the transition zone (TZ) and lower mantle (LM). They have been recovered from the São Luiz River (Wilding et al. 1991, Harte and Harris 1994, Hutchison 1997) and other local drainages (Kaminsky et al. 2001). The Province intrudes the Rio Negro-Juruena Mobile Belt (1,8–1,5 Ga; Figure 1). Rb/Sr (kimberlite mica and whole rock; Bizzi, 1993) and U/Pb (kimberlitic breccia zircons; Heaman et al. 1998) methods yield ages of 198 and 92-95 Ma, respectively, for the Juina Province.
Relative permeabilities for strictly hyperbolic models of three-phase (cid:176)ow in porous media

Traditional mathematical models of multiphase (cid:176)ow in porous media use a straightforward extension of Darcy’s equation, and the key element of these models is the appropriate formulation of the relative permeability functions. It is well known that for one-dimensional (cid:176)ow of three immiscible incompressible (cid:176)uids, when capillarity is ne-glected, most relative permeability models used today give rise to regions in the saturation space with elliptic behavior (the so-called elliptic regions). We believe that this behavior is not physical, but rather the result of an incorrect (or incomplete) mathematical model. In this paper we identify necessary conditions that must be satisﬂed by the relative permeability functions, so that the system of equations describing three-phase (cid:176)ow is strictly hyperbolic everywhere in the saturation triangle. These conditions seem to be in good agreement with pore-scale physics and experimental data.
Effect of a steam treatment step implemented after slaughtering for the de-contamination of veal and beef carcasses

: To assess the antimicrobial effect of a commercial steam-vacuuming system newly implemented after slaughtering, 105 cattle carcasses were examined for total viable counts (TVC) at four different areas. Before steam vacuuming, mean TVC of the excision samples were comparable at the perineal area and brisket (3.0-3.1 log CFU cm-2) or the hind leg and shoulder (2.6-2.7 log CFU cm-2). Steam vacuuming reduced mean TVC by 0.9, 0.7, 0.6, and 0.4 log CFU cm-2 at the perineal area, hind leg, shoulder, and brisket, respectively. With regard to the distribution of counts, steam vacuuming increased the proportion of TVC results <3.0 log CFU cm-2 from 74.8% (62.9-87.6% at carcass areas) to 86.7% (71.4-97.1% at carcass areas). Thus, steam vacuuming after slaughtering might be useful for the reduction of contamination in designated carcass areas, but the effect must not be overestimated and decontamination treatments always must be seen part of an integral food safety system. Abstract To assess the antimicrobial effect of a commercial steam-vacuuming system newly implemented after slaughtering, 105 cattle carcasses were examined for total viable counts (TVC) at four different areas. Before steam vacuuming, mean TVC of the excision samples were comparable at the perineal area and brisket (3.0-3.1 log CFU cm -2 ) or the hind leg and shoulder (2.6-2.7 log CFU cm -2 ). Steam vacuuming reduced mean TVC by 0.9, 0.7, 0.6, and 0.4 log CFU cm -2 at the perineal area, hind leg, shoulder, and brisket, respectively. With regard to the distribution of counts, steam vacuuming increased the proportion of TVC results <3.0 log CFU cm -2 from 74.8% (62.9-87.6% at carcass areas) to 86.7% (71.4-97.1% at carcass areas). Thus, steam vacuuming after slaughtering might be useful for the reduction of contamination in designated carcass areas, but the effect must not be overestimated and decontamination treatments always must be seen part of an integral food safety system.
PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BREAD SUPPLEMENTED WITH FERMENTED SWEET ORANGE PEEL FLOUR

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the phytochemical composition, physical and sensory properties of bread supplemented with fermented sweet orange peel flour. Methods: Sweet orange fruits were washed, peeled and the peels were sliced into thin slices, sun dried to constant weight, milled, and sieved. The sweet orange peel flour was fermented (5:12, flour:water) for 4 days at ambient temperature, oven dried at 60°C to constant weight, milled, and sieved. The fermented and unfermented sweet orange peel flours were analyzed for the phytochemical composition. The sweet orange peel flour was blended with wheat flour in the ratio of 90:10 (wheat:peel flour). The flour blends were used to produce bread which were evaluated for the phytochemical composition, physical and sensory properties. The 100% wheat flour bread and the bread containing unfermented sweet orange peel flour served as controls. Results: The phytates, oxalates, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins contents of the unfermented sweet orange peel flour were 0.37%, 0.21%,0.27%, 0.8%, 0.96%, and 0.15%, respectively. The fermented sweet orange peel flour contained 0.1% phytates, 0.10% oxalates, 0.56% flavonoids, 0.11% tannins, 0.78% alkaloids, and 0.09% saponins. All the bread containing sweet orange peel flours had higher amounts of phytates, oxalates, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins than the 100% wheat flour bread. The levels of the phytochemicals in the bread except flavonoids decreased with the period of fermentation of the sweet orange peel flour. The fermentation of the sweet orange peel flour did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the weight and height of the bread containing fermented sweet orange peel flour. However, the volume, specific volume, and oven spring of the bread increased with increase in the fermentation period of the sweet orange peel flour. The scores for taste, flavor, color, texture, and overll acceptability increased significantly with an increase in the period of fermentation of the peel flour. However, the bread containing sweet orange peel flours was rated significantly (p<0.05) lower than the 100 % wheat flour bread for all the sensory attributes evaluated. Conclusion: Supplementation of bread with fermented sweet orange peel flour improved the physical and sensory properties of the bread but decreased the phytochemical contents except flavonoids.
Di¡erential e¡ect of environmental conditions on the growth and regulation of the fumonisin biosynthetic geneFUM1in the maize pathogens and fumonisin producers Fusariumverticillioidesand Fusariumproliferatum

The effects of ecophysiological factors, temperature and solute potential, on both the growth and the regulation of the fumonisin biosynthetic FUM1 gene were studied and compared in one isolate each of the two closely related fumonisin-producing and maize pathogens Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum . The effect of solute potential and temperature was examined on in vitro mycelia growth and on the expression of the FUM1 gene, quantiﬁed by species-speciﬁc real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR assays. Although both isolates showed similar two-dimensional proﬁles of growth, for F. verticillioides , optimal growth conditions were maintained at higher temperatures and lower solute potential values. FUM1 gene expression was markedly induced at 20 1 C in both isolates, under suboptimal conditions for growth; however, their expression patterns differed in relation to solute potential. Whereas FUM1 expression was induced in response to increasing water stress in the isolate of F. verticillioides , the F. proliferatum one showed a stable expression pattern regardless of water potential conditions. These results suggest a differential regulation of fumonisin biosynthesis in these isolates of the two species that might be related to their different host range, and play an ecological role. Additionally, environmental conditions leading to water stress (drought) might result in increased risk of fumonisin contamination of maize caused by F. verticillioides . isolates and (2) examine the temporal kinetics of the effect of ionic solute potential on growth and FUM1 gene expression in F. proliferatum
EVALUATION OF LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS OF PREMENOPAUSAL AND POST MENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS

study designed to estimate the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and atherogenic index of plasma and Castelli risk index 1 and 11 and the effect of body ABSTRACT Background : Menopause is regarded as one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Objective : This study was designed to estimate the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and atherogenic index of plasma and Castelli risk index 1 and 11 and the effect of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women in Port Harcourt metropolis. Methodology : The lipoproteins, blood pressures and BMI were determined using standard procedures. Results : The mean age of the pre-menopausal women was significantly different (p<0.05) from that of the post-menopausal women. Significant increase (p<0.05) in means of the lipoproteins between the two groups of women was found in TC, HDL-C and LDL-C. Remarkable increase in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the post-menopausal women up to 40% (hypertensive) above the normal range was observed. Higher percentage of the post-menopausal women were over weight and obese. The AIP and CRI (I and II) ratios between the two groups were seen to be higher in the post-menopausal women. Conclusion : The present study shows that dyslipidaemia, blood pressure and body mass index are significantly associated with menopausal transition. The lipid profile of the post-menopausal women in this study is very unfriendly. Thus, it is proposed that lipoprotein ratios and triglyceride based index (atherogenic index of plasma; AIP) should be routinely done in post-menopausal women since they can add significant diagnostic value when assessing the cardiovascular risk of menopausal women.
Twenty- ﬁ ve years of tree demography in a frequently burned oak woodland: implications for savanna restoration

Due to decades of ﬁ re suppression, much of the Upper Midwest savanna habitat has converted to oak woodland. In efforts to restore oak savanna habitat, ﬁ re has been re-introduced in many of these woodlands. A primary purpose of these burns is to kill the ﬁ re-sensitive mesophytic tree species, which had established themselves during the decades of ﬁ re suppression, reduce the number of understory trees, and preserve the larger more widely spaced oaks. It is clear from ongoing efforts that restoring oak savannas will require frequent ﬁ res over decades, but frequent ﬁ res over the long term can also threaten the desirable oaks. Long-term demographic studies at savanna restoration sites experiencing frequent ﬁ res are necessary to determine the extent to the frequent burns are supporting and/or confounding restoration goals. Results presented here are from a twenty- ﬁ ve-year demographic study of an Upper Midwest bur oak ( Quercus macrocarpa ) savanna/woodland experiencing frequent ﬁ re, during which both the survival and growth of more than 9000 trees were documented. Survival was assessed annually and growth every ﬁ ve years. In the face of frequent ﬁ res, stem survival was found to be strongly associated with tree species, stem size, and stem growth. In turn, stem growth was found to be related to tree species and stem size. Decades of frequent burning in this oak woodland have substantially reduced the abundance of unwanted trees, speci ﬁ cally mesophytic species and Quercus ellipsoidalis , the latter which outcompetes Q. macrocarpa in the absence of ﬁ re. While Q. macrocarpa mid-sized (10 – 25 cm dbh) and large ( ≥ 25 cm dbh) trees are quite resistant to ﬁ re and now dominate the savanna landscape, they are not immune from ﬁ re-induced mortality. It is recommended that the number and density of these trees should be re-evaluated every few years to ensure that desirable numbers remain. If necessary, ﬁ res should be suspended for a period of time. This will give smaller Q. macrocarpa trees time to grow larger and become more ﬁ re-resistant, thereby ensuring successive generations of Q. macrocarpa .
Perils of unconventional monetary policy 1

Unconventional monetary policy, by relaxing restrictions on the composition of the balance sheet of the central bank, compromises control over the stochastic path of inﬂation; or, in open economies, over the stochastic path of exchange rates. If the composition of the balance sheet is unrestricted then the path of inﬂation is indeterminate. This is the case under pure quantitative easing, where the target is the size of real money balances. In contrast, credit easing policies restrict the composition of the portfolio by targeting a speciﬁc expansion in the maturity proﬁle of bonds bought, and thus can implement a determinate path of inﬂation. The composition of the portfolios traded by monetary-ﬁscal authorities also determines premia in asset and currency markets.
Identiﬁcation of a Candidate Streptococcus pneumoniae Core Genome and Regions of Diversity Correlated with Invasive Pneumococcal Disease†

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and gram-positive sepsis. While multiple virulence determinants have been identiﬁed, the combination of features that determines the propensity of an isolate to cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) remains unknown. In this study, we determined the genetic composition of 42 invasive and 30 noninvasive clinical isolates of serotypes 6A, 6B, and 14 by comparative genomic hybridization. Comparison of the present/absent gene matrix (i.e., comparative genomic analysis [CGA]) identiﬁed a candidate core genome consisting of 1,553 genes (73% of the TIGR4 genome), 154 genes whose presence correlated with the ability to cause IPD, and 176 genes whose presence correlated with the noninvasive phenotype. Genes identiﬁed by CGA were cross-referenced with the published signature-tagged mutagenesis studies, which served to identify core and IPD-correlated genes required for in vivo passage. Among these, two pathogenicity islands, region of diversity 8a (RD8a), which encodes a neur- aminidase and V-type sodium synthase, and RD10, which encodes PsrP, a protein homologous to the platelet adhesin GspB in Streptococcus gordonii , were identiﬁed. Mice infected with a PsrP mutant were delayed in the development of bacteremia and demonstrated reduced mortality versus wild-type-infected controls. Finally, the presence of seven RDs was determined to correlate with the noninvasive phenotype, a ﬁnding that suggests some RDs may contribute to asymptomatic colonization. In conclusion, RDs are unequally distributed between invasive and noninvasive isolates, RD8a and RD10 are correlated with the propensity of an isolate to cause IPD, and PsrP is required for full virulence in mice.
Dietary Fermentable Fiber Reduces Intestinal Barrier Defects and Inﬂammation in Colitic Mice 1–3

Background: Dietary ﬁber (DF) and its fermentation metabolites play an important role in establishing and maintaining intestinal health. Objective: This study investigated the effects of fermentable DF, guar gum (GG), and partially hydrolyzed GG (PHGG) on the epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier and inﬂammation in a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)– induced colitis. Methods: In Expt. 1, male, 7-wk-old BALB/c mice weighing ; 21 g were fed diets with 0%, 5%, and 10% GG for 12 d and administered distilled water with 2% DSS for 7 d beginning 5 d after the start of feeding. In Expt. 2, mice were provided diets with or without 10% PHGG and GG for 13 d and administered distilled water with 2% DSS for 8 d from 5 d after the start of feeding. In Expt. 3, mice were provided diets with or without 10% PHGG and GG for 14 d without DSS administration. Colitis score, colon TJ proteins, and fecal SCFA concentrations were analyzed. Results: In Expts. 1 and 2, the clinical score in the DSS group was ; 100% greater than that in the DSS+10% GG and PHGG groups on days 12 and 13 ( P < 0.01). The DSS+10% GG and PHGG groups showed ; 110%, 60%, 120%, and 110% greater ( P < 0.05) expression of occludin and claudin 3, 4, and 7, respectively, in the colon than did the DSS group. The DSS+10% GG and PHGG groups had greater total fecal SCFA concentrations (25.1 and 12.0 mmol/L) than did the DSS group (3.3 mmol/L) on day 9 ( P < 0.01). TJ protein expression did not differ between groups in Expt. 3. Conclusion: These ﬁndings suggest that microbial metabolites of PHGG and GG, and possibly SCFAs, reduce intestinal barrier defects and inﬂammation in colitic mice. J Nutr 2016;146:1970–9.
Tests of general relativity with the binary black hole signals from the LIGO-Virgo catalog GWTC-1

The detection of gravitational waves by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo provides an opportunity to test general relativity in a regime that is inaccessible to traditional astronomical observations and laboratory tests. We present four tests of the consistency of the data with binary black hole gravitational waveforms predicted by general relativity. One test subtracts the best-fit waveform from the data and checks the consistency of the residual with detector noise. The second test checks the consistency of the low- and high-frequency parts of the observed signals. The third test checks that phenomenological deviations introduced in the waveform model (including in the post-Newtonian coefficients) are consistent with 0. The fourth test constrains modifications to the propagation of gravitational waves due to a modified dispersion relation, including that from a massive graviton. We present results both for individual events and also results obtained by combining together particularly strong events from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, as collected in the catalog GWTC-1. We do not find any inconsistency of the data with the predictions of general relativity and improve our previously presented combined constraints by factors of 1.1 to 2.5. In particular, we bound the mass of the graviton to be mg≤4.7×10-23 eV/c2 (90% credible level), an improvement of a factor of 1.6 over our previously presented results. Additionally, we check that the four gravitational-wave events published for the first time in GWTC-1 do not lead to stronger constraints on alternative polarizations than those published previously.
Utilization of Tithonia diversifolia and sugarcane leaves to improve soil properties and plant growth on a degraded sandy soil of Malang, East Java

A study on the addition of organic matter of different qualities was carried out to improve plant growth on a degraded sandy soil of Bambang Village, Wajak Malang, East Java. Two potential sources of organic matter in Bambang Village are Tithonia diversifolia and sugarcane leaves. This study aimed at elucidating the changes in some chemical properties of a degraded sandy soil of Malang, East Java, and nutrient uptake and growth of maize plants by applying mixtures of Tithonia diversifolia and sugarcane leaves of different quality. Treatments tested in this study were mixtures of Tithonia diversifolia leaves and sugarcane leaves at various proportions (%w/w), i.e. 100% Tithonia diversifolia leaves (T1), 100% sugarcane leaves (T2), 75% Tithonia diversifolia leaves + 25% sugarcane leaves (T3), 50% Tithonia diversifolia leaves + 50% sugarcane leaves (T4); without organic matters (T6), and control, without organic matter and inorganic fertilizers (T7). The results showed that the application of Tithonia diversifolia and sugarcane leaves affected soil pH, exchangeable soil bases, maize growth, and nutrient uptake. Nutrients taken up by maize plants significantly increased with the addition of Tithonia diversifolia leaves, either alone or in combination with sugarcane leaves. The application of 100% sugarcane leaves did not significantly affect maize growth and nutrient uptake.