Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Lapsi Choerospondias Axillaris on Growth and Immune-Related Genes in Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix)

This study investigates the effects of Lapsi Fruit Extracts (LFE) Choerospondias axillaris (Roxburg 1832) on growth performance, haematology, biochemical with some growth and immune-related genes in silver carp fingerlings (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). For this purpose, three hundred and seventy-five fish (5.17±0.13g) divided into six groups into eighteen aquaria and fish were fed six purified diets supplemented with ethanol extract (80%) of lapsi fruits (LFE) as A (0.0 g control), B (0.2 g), C (0.4 g), D (0.8 g), E (1.6 g), and F (3.2 g /100 g) for 90 days. Significantly higher (P 0.05) were observed among the treated and control diet-fed group while reducing trends were observed in SOD, CAT, and GPx levels as compared to control. Glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol level were higher in control and the decreasing trend observed in continuous feeding of the LFE supplemented diet. Protein albumin and globulin level were always higher (P<0.05) in all the treated groups and was better in D (0.8 g) diet-fed group. As compared to -actin gene, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) in the liver were always higher and similar results were observed in immune‐related genes interleukin‐8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF- ) in the head kidney of silver carp. The results suggest that lapsi fruit extracts (LFE) can be useful as a feed supplement for proper growth and enhance disease resistance by improving immunity in blood, liver, and head-kidney tissues.
HEAD DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARTHROPODS

The problem of the head . The components of a segment . Variations in the form of the germband . The significance of the experimental approach . The antennae and the deutocerebrum . The labrum and the intercalary segment . The preantennal segment . Some theories of head segmentation . A modified theory of head segmentation . (i) The acron . (ii) The clypeo-hbnun and the intercalary segment . (iii) The gnathal segments . Head segmentation in Peripatus. PAGE 43 46
Germination and seedling growth of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.): effects of provenance, temperature, and radicle pruning

Abstract: This study tested acorn characteristics and the germination behavior of different provenances of Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and the effects of radicle clipping of germinated acorns on 1-0 year-old seedling morphology and their field performances. The results revealed that all acorn characteristics among different provenances were significant. Quercus ilex acorns germinated well at alternating temperatures of 20/10 oC compared to a constant 20 oC temperature. Radicle clipping of Q. ilex significantly increased the shoot height and root collar diameter. The average number of main roots resulting from radicle clipping was 2.8 times more than unclipped treatment. The results can contribute to nursery practices and artificial regeneration of this species.
Estimating branch production in trembling aspen, Douglas-fir, jack pine, black spruce, and balsam fir

Measuring net primary productivity of trees requires the measurement of total wood production of branches. Recent work on balsam fir (Abies balsamea) has shown that branch-wood production can be estimated as a function of foliage production. We extend the analysis to four other species found in the Canadian forest: black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Results show that the ratio of annual branch-wood production to annual foliage production is about 1.0 for conifer species (between 0.86 and 1.12) and 0.56 for aspen during a nondrought year. An analysis using field measurements of litterfall and stem-diameter increment from selected forested sites shows that branch-wood production accounts for a smaller proportion of aboveground net primary productivity in trembling aspen (15%–20%) than in conifer species (25%). Also, litterfall capture of small branches (<1 cm diameter) accounts for only 33% of branch detr.
Description of the uEMEP_v5 downscaling approach for the EMEP MSC-W chemistry transport model

Abstract. A description of the new air quality downscaling model – the urban EMEP (uEMEP) and its combination with the EMEP MSC-W model (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Meteorological Synthesising Centre West) – is presented. uEMEP is based on well-known Gaussian modelling principles. The uniqueness of the system is in its combination with the EMEP MSC-W model and the “local fraction” calculation contained within it. This allows the uEMEP model to be imbedded in the EMEP MSC-W model and downscaling can be carried out anywhere within the EMEP model domain, without any double counting of emissions, if appropriate proxy data are available that describe the spatial distribution of the emissions. This makes the model suitable for high-resolution calculations, down to 50 m, over entire countries. An example application, the Norwegian air quality forecasting and assessment system, is described where the entire country is modelled at a resolution of between 250 and 50 m. The model is validated against all available monitoring data, including traffic sites, in Norway. The results of the validation show good results for NO2, which has the best known emissions, and moderately good for PM10 and PM2.5. In Norway, the largest contributor to PM, even in cities, is long-range transport followed by road dust and domestic heating emissions. These contributors to PM are more difficult to quantify than NOx exhaust emission from traffic, which is the major contributor to NO2 concentrations. In addition to the validation results, a number of verification and sensitivity results are summarised. One verification showed that single annual mean calculations with a rotationally symmetric dispersion kernel give very similar results to the average of an entire year of hourly calculations, reducing the runtime for annual means by 4 orders of magnitude. The uEMEP model, in combination with EMEP MSC-W model, provides a new tool for assessing local-scale concentrations and exposure over large regions in a consistent and homogenous way and is suitable for large-scale policy applications.
Mélange et propulsion du contenu du réticulo-rumen

Roughage intake and digestion by ruminants involve complex interactions between the roughage constituents, the microorganisms in the reticulo-rumen (RR) and its motility. Ruminal digestion requires intense activity, ie comminution of feed particles and mixing and propulsion of digesta. The regular repetition of the contraction sequences in the RR every 50 to 70 s subjects the digesta to a consistent pattern of movements. The particles are distributed according to their functional density which depends on the density of the plant structure of the particle, the liquid inside the particle and also the gas, ie on the degree of particle fermentation. An interwoven mat of large low-density particles fills the dorsal sac and the top of the ventral sac of rumen. This mat traps part of the small high density particles. Squeezed by the contractions, the interwoven mat acts like a filter and lets a liquid containing small particles of high density pass into the bottom of the ventral sac. This liquid then flows into the reticulum and passes through the reticulo-omasal orifice (ROO). Chewing during rumination reduces particle size, eliminates particles gas and aids in separating the low-density particles, which are less fermented, from the heavy residues. The outflow of digesta, made possible by the opening of the ROO during the second phase of the reticular contraction, is highly selective. The effluent does not contain particles greater than 2 mm in size in sheep and 4 mm in cattle. This is due to the buoyancy of the large particles in the reticulum, to the self-filtration of the digesta during the passage through the ROO and possibly to backflow from the omasum to the reticulum. Finally, RR motor activity, ie continuously mixing the digesta and monitoring the evacuation of gas and outflow of digesta, allows the homeostasis in the rumen necessary to microbial fermentation. The characteristics of the ingested particles, their rates of size reduction and density increase, the consistency of digesta and the intensity of the rumen wall stimulations are all factors which depend on the nature of feed and intake level. Via mechanisms which are not yet all well known and/or quantified, these factors act upon the efficiency of the mixing and propulsion of the reticulo-ruminal content and thus upon the retention time of the feed in the RR as well as its digestive utilisation. The evolution of ruminants over time has resulted in an increase in the ability to digest cell walls due to the increase in volume of the RR. Relatively advanced species are found among the present ruminants. Sheep and cattle belong to the most advanced group of grass and forage eaters. The differences in the anatomy and in the mechanisms of propulsion of reticulo-ruminal content, observed between species, breeds and individuals of the same breed, partly explain the difference in digestive utilisation and thus in food intake and eating behaviour. These differences seem to be genetic in origin, and might be used to select animals with a better production efficiency.
Using Teacher Praise With Middle and High School Students

Teacher praise is an evidence-based strategy shown to increase appropriate prosocial behavior and decrease disruptive behavior, particularly with elementary school age students. In this article, we provide direction and recommendations for using positive feedback with middle and high school students. A review of the research literature, guidelines for implementation, and online resources are presented, along with a case study example designed to apply the implementation guidelines in a secondary school setting.
The Evolution of Helping. II. The Role of Behavioral Conflict

In part I (Emlen 1982), an ecological constraints model was developed to predict the circumstances under which grown offspring would remain in familial units with their parents. Such retention was considered a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the evolution of helping behavior. Whether or not nonbreeding auxiliaries will participate as helpers in such groups will depend upon the costs and benefits of such helping, measured from the viewpoints of both breeder and helper. In this paper, these costs and benefits are formalized, and the conclusion is reached that conflict frequently is to be expected between breeder and auxiliary over the behavioral role of the latter. When ecological constraints favor grown offspring remaining at home, but the retention of such individuals depresses the fitnesses of the breeders, helping by an auxiliary may evolve as a means of reducing the incremental cost to the breeder, and thus of minimizing the likelihood that the auxiliary will be expelled from the group. More commonly, however, helping leads to an asymmetrical gain to the breeder. Conflict in the opposite direction may occur, with breeders favoring continued retention of older auxiliaries as helpers beyond the point at which such auxiliaries would maximize their inclusive fitness by leaving and initiating breeding on their own. Various possible "resolutions" to such breeder-helper conflicts are discussed, including behavioral manipulation of auxiliaries by more dominant breeders, and three forms of fitness forfeiting by breeders (via shared paternity, communal maternity, and reciprocity). The type of conflict expected, as well as the form of its resolution, will be influenced by the consistency and predictability with which ecological constraints preclude the chance for independent establishment and breeding by auxiliaries. When environmental conditions are stable from year to year and such preclusion is the rule, reproductive competition will be severe and challenges between subordinates and dominants over breeding status are expected. When environmental conditions are variable and unpredictable from year to year, auxiliaries will be less constrained to remain as helpers and dominant breeders are predicted to adopt fitness forfeiting measures to recruit their continued services. Finally, it is argued that behavioral conflicts, and their resolutions, have been of major importance in the evolution of ever-increasing complexity in the structure of animal societies.
Exploring staff perspectives of the barriers to the implementation of accreditation in Jordanian hospitals: Case study

ABSTRACT Background: Accreditation is a process of assessing a hospital. It includes a self-assessment against a set of standards and an external assessment followed by a report. Jordan, has started developing and applying accreditation in its healthcare organizations. Aim: This study aims to explore the barriers associated with applying an accreditation programme in hospitals in Jordan, from the perspective of doctors and nursing staff. Method: This study is qualitative in nature, adopting a case study method, with face-to-face interviews as the key instrument of data collection in two hospitals in Jordan. The sample interviewed consisted of 25 doctors and nurses in total. Result: Four key barriers to accreditation were identified in the sampled hospitals: lack of motivation, low salaries, and poor incentives, workload, the cost of accreditation implementation, staff shortages, and high staff turnover. The investigation also offers recommendations for enhancing the implementation of accreditation in Jordanian hospitals. Conclusion: This study explored the main barriers to successful accreditation in Jordanian hospitals; thereby making an original contribution to existing knowledge, as it is the first empirical exploration of the implementation of accreditation in the above-mentioned context. As such, it has attempted to offer an in-depth understanding of the factors impacting this process.
Períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na fase inicial de crescimento do eucalipto

The objective of this work was to determine the interference periods of weeds on the growth and development of eucalyptus. The experiment was done in the fi eld from August 2006 to April 2008, with a hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla planted in a randomized block design, with three replicates. Treatments consisted of coexistence and control periods of weeds with eucalyptus culture. During the coexistence treatment, the culture was maintained in the presence of weeds by increasing initial periods of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 and 360 days after culture transplant (DAT). During the control treatment, the culture was maintained free from weeds for the same periods above described; weeds emerged after those intervals were no longer controlled. Evaluations were made at 360 and at 630 DAT. The competition with weeds caused reduction of the stem diameter and of the dry matter of stems and shoots. Weed control, in the fi rst year of the eucalyptus culture, must be adopted at the end of the period before interference, which happens 107 days after the culture transplant.
Grazing effects on biological soil crusts and their interaction with shrubs and grasses in an arid rangeland

Question Biological soil crust (BSC) communities can be used in the identification and monitoring of degradation. A key question is how landscape-scale livestock disturbance and other local-scale factors influence BSC communities. We hypothesize that at the landscape scale, increased grazing pressure would lead to decreasing cover of BSC, but at the local scale biotic interactions between BSC and vascular plants would modulate the influence of grazing on BSC. Methods Spatially explicit sampling of vegetation composition and cover was conducted using point-sampling methods in digital images along two disturbance gradients in the central Monte Desert in Argentina. Results The grazing gradient is the major determinant of changes in the structure of plant communities at the landscape scale. Approximately 1500 to 2000 m from a watering point, there is a threshold in vegetation structure associated with a nonlinear trend of the BSC, herb, grass and shrub cover. Bivariate spatial patterns show attraction between BSC and shrubs in the vicinity of settlements, and repulsion between BSC and both grasses and litter in less disturbed sites. Conclusion Grazing affects BSC directly through trampling and indirectly by altering vascular plant communities that interact with the BSC communities. Both these effects vary according to the spatial scale being considered. The results evidence that understanding of livestock impact in structuring arid ecosystems requires an integrated analysis of BSC and vascular plant communities at different spatial scales.
Wing folding and free‐flight kinematics in Coleoptera (Insecta): a comparative study

Relative movements of the main wing areas around the major flexion lines are compared during wing folding at rest, and during the supinatory phase of the flight cycle, which involves considerable wing deformation. Folding of the wing apex at rest is achieved by a combination of movements around the median flexion line (the main longitudinal flexion line), the principal transverse fold, and a variety of smaller, oblique ‘tucking’ folds. During flight, wing tip deformation is strongly influenced by elastic forces involved in the normal wing folding and unfolding processes. Those beetles possessing an inwardly sprung wing apex display partial folding at supination, associated with the temporary relaxation of the forces opposing spring recoil. These beetles also show enhanced mobility about the median flexion line which facilitates leading edge supination. The presence of the principal transverse fold may help to concentrate ventral flexure towards the wing tip. The wings of beetles possessing an outwardly-sprung apex are much less affected by the presence of the flexion lines associated with folding. In these cases, enhanced supination of the leading edge, in the face of an overall increase in wing membrane stiffness, may be related to the presence of the highly-sclerotized pterostigma.
Microwave and Hard X-Ray Flare Observations by NoRH/NoRP and RHESSI: Peak-flux Correlations

This paper presents initial results from a statistical study of solar microwave and hard X-ray flares jointly observed over the past two solar cycles by the Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters, the Nobeyama Radio Heliograph, and the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager. As has been previously demonstrated, the microwave (17 GHz and 34 GHz) peak flux shows a linear correlation with the nonthermal hard X-ray bremsstrahlung peak emission seen above 50 keV. The correlation holds for the entire rise phase of each individual burst, while the decay phases tend to show more extended emission at microwaves than is generally attributed to particle trapping. While the correlation is highly significant (coefficient of 0.92) and holds over more than four orders of magnitude, individual flares can be above or below the fitted line by an average factor of about 2. By restricting the flare selection to source morphologies with the radio emission from the top of the flare loop, the correlation tightens significantly, with a correlation coefficient increasing to 0.99 and the scatter reduced to a factor of 1.3. These findings corroborate the assumption that gyrosynchrotron microwave and hard X-ray bremsstrahlung emissions are produced by the same flare-accelerated electron population. The extent of the linear correlation over four orders of magnitude suggests that magnetic field strengths within nonthermal 17 GHz sources are surprisingly similar over a wide range of flare sizes.
Types of speech acts and principles of mother’s politeness in mother and child conversation

In this study, the types of speech acts and the principles used by a mother named Fika in a conversation with her child, Nio, is investigated. The purpose of this study is to find the types and functions of a mother's speech acts when performing a communication with her child, and determine the function of the speech acts. This study employed descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected with Uninvolved Conversation Observation Technique, recording, and noting. The data obtained from the speech were in Sundanese. To analyze the data, this study used identification methods that were adapted to the theoretical foundation. The data analysis was performed using pragmatic data analysis, namely language analysis based on the pragmatic point of view. This analysis was employed to show the intention of the speaker which was expressed either explicitly or implicitly in her speech. The findings find that the dominant type of speech acts used by the mother in the conversation is assertive and the main principle is favor principle. The finding is consistent with the role of a mother as the main influencer in any child development.
The Nutritional Value of Sewage-Grown, Alum-Flocculated Micractinium Algae in Broiler and Layer Diets

Abstract The effect of high aluminum concentration on phosphorus utilization was established with diets containing three different sewage-grown Micractinium algae which had been harvested by alum flocculation. Inclusion of 25% algae meal in chick diets reduced the plasma inorganic phosphorus as compared with the control diet by 59% or 75% in an apparent proportion to the aluminum concentration in the algae – 3.9% and 5.3% alum, respectively. The metabolizable energy concentration of the various samples ranged from 1864 to 2880 kcal/kg and the nitrogen absorption from 53.8 to 68.2%. The nutritional value of one of the algae samples was assessed in a broiler and a layer trial. Diets formulated by computer in a linear-programming system contained 3, 6, and 9% in the broiler trial and in the layer trial 5, 10, and 15% of dried algae meal. Inclusion of up to 6% algae meal in well-balanced broiler diets from 1 to 7 weeks of age had no adverse effect either on growth or on feed/gain ratio. A reduced feed intake in the young chicks due to 9% algae resulted in a graded decrease in weight gain, while in the finisher period the decrease of feed intake caused a reduction in the accumulation of abdominal fat. In laying hens the significantly inhibited feed intake resulted in a corresponding decrease in layer performance. The role of dicalcium phosphate addition to neutralize the deleterious effect of high dietary aluminum level is discussed.