Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transport and production of NO X in electrified thunderstorms: Survey of previous studies and new observations at midlatitudes

First airborne NOx (NO+NO2) measurements in anvils of active thunderstorms in Europe were performed in summer 1996 over southern Germany and Switzerland (47°-49°N). This field experiment LINOX (lightning-produced NOx) was designed to study the production of NOx by lightning discharges and the transport in convective storms. With the research aircraft Falcon of the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt, about 20 anvil penetrations were performed including measurements of NO, NO2, CO2, O3, and meteorological parameters. In thunderstorm anvils, mean NOx mixing ratios between 0.8 and 2.2 ppbv were measured with peak values reaching up to 4 ppbv. A considerable part of these enhancements could be attributed to the transport of polluted air from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) using CO2 as tracer for PBL air. NOx produced by lightning can be obtained by subtracting the fraction of NOx transported from the PBL from total NOx measured in the anvil. The NOx/CO2 correlation in larger cumulus clouds without lightning was used as reference for the transport of PBL air in the anvils. In smaller LINOX thunderstorms the contribution from lightning, respectively, PBL transport to anvil NOx, was about equal. However, in medium and large LINOX thunderstorms the contribution from lightning dominated (60–75%). For these kind of thunderstorms it was estimated that ∼1.0±0.5 ppbv NOx resulted from lightning production. The observations were used to quantify the NOx production per thunderstorm and to give a rough estimate of the annual production of NOx. For the global lightning nitrogen budget the uncertainties were considerable (0.3–22 Tg(N) yr−1). The mean value for the global NOx production rate by lightning in the upper troposphere was estimated to 4 Tg(N) yr−1.
Functional Association between Storage Protein Mobilization and Redox Signaling in Narrow-Leafed Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) Seed Germination and Seedling Development

(1) Background: Seed storage mobilization, together with oxidative metabolism, with the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle as a crucial signaling and metabolic functional crossroad, is one of the main regulators of the control of cell morphogenesis and division, a fundamental physiological process driving seed germination and seedling growth. This study aims to characterize the cellular changes, composition, and patterns of the protein mobilization and ROS-dependent gene expression of redox metabolism in Lupinus angustifolius L. (narrow-leafed lupin, NLL) cotyledons during seed germination. (2) Methods: We performed gene expression analyses via RT-qPCR for conglutins α (1, 2, and 3), β (1, 2, and 5), γ (1, 2), and δ (2 and 4), including a ubiquitin gene as a control, and for redox metabolism-related genes; GADPH was used as a control gene. A microscopic study was developed on cotyledon samples from different germination stages, including as IMB (imbibition), and 2–5, 7, 9, and 11 DAI (days after imbibition), which were processed for light microscopy. SDS-PAGE and immunocytochemistry assays were performed using an anti-β-conglutin antibody (Agrisera), and an anti-rabbit IgG Daylight 488-conjugated secondary antibody. The controls were made while omitting primary Ab. (3) Results and Discussion: Our results showed that a large amount of seed storage protein (SSP) accumulates in protein bodies (PBs) and mobilizes during germination. Families of conglutins (β and γ) may play important roles as functional and signaling molecules, beyond the storage function, at intermediate steps of the seed germination process. In this regard, metabolic activities are closely associated with the regulation of oxidative homeostasis through AsA-GSH activities (γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine synthetase, NOS, Catalase, Cu/Zn-SOD, GPx, GR, GS, GsT) after the imbibition of NLL mature seeds, metabolism activation, and dormancy breakage, which are key molecular and regulatory signaling pathways with particular importance in morphogenesis and developmental processes. (4) Conclusions: The knowledge generated in this study provides evidence for the functional changes and cellular tightly regulated events occurring in the NLL seed cotyledon, orchestrated by the oxidative-related metabolic machinery involved in seed germination advancement.
Whether and how will using social media induce social anxiety? The correlational and causal evidence from Chinese society

Background Prior literature has well established the relationship between social media use and social anxiety, but little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the causal evidence concerning the effect of social media use on social anxiety is scarce. Objective Given that, two studies were conducted to examine the effect of social media use on social anxiety and the underlying mechanisms. Methods and results In Study 1, with 470 undergraduates as participants, we applied the questionnaire survey to investigate the relationship between social media use and social anxiety. The results showed that higher social media use intensity was significantly related to higher social anxiety, and social media use was related to social anxiety via two possible mediation paths: (1) social media use → upward social comparison → social anxiety, (2) and social media use → upward social comparison → self-esteem → social anxiety. In Study 2, with 180 undergraduates as participants, we conducted a lab experiment, in which participants were assigned to the experimental (exposed to the content that undergraduates frequently access on social media) or control (exposed to landscape documentaries) condition, and then measured their upward social comparison, self-esteem and social anxiety. The results showed that participants in the experimental condition reported higher social anxiety than those in the control condition, demonstrating the causality between social media exposure and social anxiety. The subsequent mediation analysis basically replicated the findings of Study 1. That is, upward social comparison played the mediating role between social media exposure and social anxiety, and upward social comparison and self-esteem played the chain-mediating role between them. Conclusion The current research firstly demonstrated the causality between social media use and social anxiety in Chinese society, and also revealed the mediating mechanisms between them, which would deepen our understanding of how social media use will increase social anxiety.
Descending particles: From the atmosphere to the deep ocean—A time series study in the subtropical NE Atlantic

The transport ways of organic matter into the deep ocean are still under debate. Lithogenic particles deliver nutrients to the surface, boost biological production, and impact on carbon export. This study focuses on the transfer of lithogenic particles from the atmosphere to the deep ocean and its physical and biological interactions during their descent through the water column. A clear coupling between atmospheric dust occurrence and deep‐sea lithogenic particle fluxes at 2000 m depth was observed in the subtropical NE Atlantic (33°N, 22°W). This has never been demonstrated before for this site, far away from the African continental slope and with no lateral influx of particles present. The atmospheric signal transmission to the deep ocean lies in the range of one to two months. The presented data demonstrate the dependence of lithogenic deep‐sea fluxes on the positioning in the ocean and on particle residence times in the water column.
Coordination of Single-cell and Bulk RNA Sequencing to Construct a Cuproptosis-related Gene Prognostic Index for Endometrial Cancer Prognosis, Immune Microenvironment Infiltration, and Immunotherapy Treatment Options

Background: This study aims to identify molecular subtypes and develop a cuproptosis-related gene prognostic index (CRGPI) for endometrial cancer (EC), in addition to outlining the immune features and the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in CRGPI-defined groups of EC. Methods: Between malignant and normal cells distinguished from single-cell RNA sequencing data GSE154763 dataset, the difference in KEGG pathways and cuproptosis-related gene (CRG) scores was intensively investigated. On the basis of TCGA dataset (n=492), CRGs were used to identify two distinct molecular subtypes. Using the Cox regression method, a CRGPI was constructed and externally validated with the IMvigor210 dataset (n=348) and GSE78220. Then, the molecular and immune characteristics and the efficacy of ICI therapy in subgroups defined by CRGPI were investigated. Results: Compared to normal cells, the expression of the TCA cycle and CRGs genes was significantly higher in malignant cells. The CRGPI was established on the premise of ATF5, FBXO46, P2RX4, SMARCD3, DAPK3, and C1orf53. Comprehensive results demonstrated a correlation between a low CRGPI score and better overall survival, younger age, early stage, immune cells and functions activation, high tumor mutation burden and high microsatellite instability, as well as better benefit from ICI therapy, and its significance for forecasting immunotherapeutic effects was verified as well (IMvigor210 cohort: HR, 1.358; 95% CI, 1.047, 1.761; p=0.02; GSE78220 cohort: HR, HR = 3.857, 95% CI, 1.009, 14.74; p=0.034). CRGPI anticipated the immunotherapy medication. Conclusions: CRGPI is a prospective biomarker to estimate the prognosis, immune and molecular characteristics, and treatment benefit of immunotherapy in EC.
Thin-Layer Drying Kinetics of Pseudapocryptes Elongatus Fish in a Convective Dryer

The present work determines the thin-layer drying kinetics of Pseudapocryptes Elongatus fish in a convective dryer. The experiments were conducted in the range of 0.5-1.5 m s-1 air velocity, 50-70oC drying temperature, fish size with 45 fish/kg, and 140 ± 5 mm fish length. The drying process reduces the moisture content of fish from 3.237 to 0.11 (d.b). Results indicated that the best model describing the drying behaviour of Pseudapocryptes Elongatus fish was the Two-term model with the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.99976. The Ea and the Deff of fish were 42-46.16 kJ mol-1 and 1.621 x 10-10 - 5.618 x 10-10 m2 s-1, respectively. The present work is helpful in designing and operating the drying process of Pseudapocryptes Elongatus fish in the convective dryer.
IMPACT OF HEDONISTIC TRUST AND VALUE ON DIGITAL WALLET USER LOYALTY IN INDONESIA THROUGH SATISFACTION MEDIATOR

The Covid-19 pandemic made people have to avoid physical contact, this provides a promising opportunity in the era of industrial revolution 4.0, particularly in the financial industry and e-commerce business. The physical distancing policy pushed by the World Health Organization (WHO) has motivated people to engage in contactless activities, one of which is payment transaction. Government authorities in some countries are taking action to encourage non-contact payments as a precaution against the growing spread of the virus. People are worried that Covid-19 can be contracted through physical money, prompting them to shift to digital platforms (e-wallets). The background of this research is the phenomenon of the growing application of digital wallets as a payment medium that is currently a necessity for the community. Loyalty is a crucial aspect in the financial industry to continue to strive in competitive business climate. Many factors that affect customer loyalty, especially in financial services of digital wallet platform providers, such as trust, hedonic value, and customer satisfaction, are suspected of playing a role in the loyalty of digital wallet users. On the basis of the above phenomenon, the objective of this study is to analyze the role of satisfaction as a mediator for the impact of trust and hedonic value on the loyalty of digital wallet users. The population of this study is digital wallet users located in DKI Jakarta, with a sample number is 302 people. Data analysis methods use the Structural Equation Model (SEM).
Surface wind fields of Antarctic mesocyclones derived from ERS 1 scatterometer data

The effectiveness of ERS 1 scatterometer data as a tool for studying the wind fields of Antarctic mesocyclones is analyzed by using 1 year's observations of these systems derived from satellite imagery encompassing the Antarctic Peninsula and Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas. It is shown that the scatterometer processing scheme utilized can affect the resultant wind fields, particularly the accuracy of the external forecast winds used for “meteorological ambiguity removal. ” Very few of the mesocyclones (9%) were “captured” by the scatterometer data because (1) ∼60% of the vortices did not form over the open ocean (25% of those that did were included in the scatterometer data) and (2) the narrow scatterometer swath results in a poor temporal resolution that is less than ideal for observing small-sized, short-lived Antarctic mesocyclones over the Southern Ocean. Close agreement between the derived wind fields and those predicted by a simple model suggests that a mesocyclone may be considered as a vorticity anomaly superimposed on a uniform flow. Most systems had a surface circulation, varying from a slight deviation from the geostrophic flow to a closed circulation; however, 25% of mesocyclones did not exhibit a surface circulation. Four case studies are used to illustrate the different types of observed circulation. Derived maximum cyclonic relative vorticity values (those most negative in the southern hemisphere) varied between −100 and −400×10−6 s−1, an order of magnitude lower than that calculated for an Arctic mesocyclone. The scatterometer wind field data represent an important new tool for studying Antarctic mesocyclones but need to be used in conjunction with sensors having a higher frequency of coverage to allow multitemporal analyses of such systems throughout their development.
Sensible Heat Flux From Arid Regions: A Simple Flux-Variance Method

Similarity models in the inner region of the unstable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are generally based on four dimensional parameters: buoyancy, friction velocity, surface heat flux, and the height above the land surface. In the free convection limit the friction velocity can be neglected, thus reducing the measurement needs in practical applications. Some field measurements of the second moment of temperature have indicated that free convection scaling of this statistic may be extended into more dynamic regimes, namely, the “dynamic-convective” and, perhaps, the “dynamic” regions of the ABL. An advantage of this approach is that the sensible heat flux can be estimated without shear stress measurements. This temperature variance similarity model is applied for a wide range of unstably stratified flows over the dry Owens Lake, in southeastern California. The simple free convection model of the temperature variance is accurate for sensible heat flux estimation across the full range of unstable atmospheric stability conditions.
Multi-parametric quantification of white matter microstructure in the human brain

To date the majority of MRI studies of white matter (WM) microstructure have used diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI), comparing groups on a voxel-by-voxel basis. There are limitations to this approach. Firstly, the analysis approach treats each voxel independently, ignoring the fact that adjacent voxels may come from the same tract (or may come from completely separate tracts). Secondly, DT-MRI is sensitive to both interesting properties of WM (e.g., myelination, axon density), and less interesting properties (e.g., intra-voxel orientational dispersion). In contrast, other imaging approaches, based on different contrast mechanisms, can provide increased specificity and therefore sensitivity to differences in one particular attribute of tissue microstructure (e.g., myelin content or axonal density). Both quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) imaging and multicomponent relaxometry provide proxy estimates of myelin content while the combined hindered and restricted model of diffusion (CHARMED) provides a proxy estimate of axon density. We present a novel imaging method called tractometry, which permits simultaneous quantitative assessment of these different microstructural attributes along specific pathways.Crucially, the metrics were only weakly correlated, suggesting that tractometry provides complementary WM microstructural information to DT-MRI. In developing the tractometry pipeline, we also performed a detailed examination of the qMT pipeline, identifying and reducing sources of variance to provide optimized results. We also identify a number of issues with the current state-of-the art, including the stability of tract based spatial statistics (TBSS). We show that conducting a structure-function correlation TBSS study may lead to vastly different conclusions, based simply on the participants recruited into the study. We also address microstructural asymmetry, including the degree of partial-volume effects (PVEs) from free water, which impact on WM metrics. The observed spatial heterogeneity of PVEs can potentially confound interpretation in studies where contralateral hemispheres are used as internal controls, and could either exacerbate or possibly negate tissue differences
MANICOUAGAN, QUEBEC, PALEOMAGNETIC RESULTS

The remanent magnetization of dacitic material from Manicouagan, Quebec, was examined. Laboratory thermal studies support the view that viscous buildup in situ was small and secondary components insignificant. A pole position of 89 °E. , 57 °N. is calculated from the mean direction of 6 sites. Comparison with other North American paleomagnetic poles points to a possible Triassic age for the formation of the material.
Assessment of Public Health Risks Associated with Petrochemical Emissions Surrounding an Oil Refinery

ix Chapter One: Introduction . 1 1.1 Air Pollution . 1 1.2 Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter and Sulfur Dioxide . 2 1.2.1 Particulate Matter (PM) . 2 1.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) . 5 1.3 Hazardous Air Pollutants: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . 8 1.4 Passive Air Sampling (PAS) . 12 1.5 Overview of the Oil Refinery Process and Emissions. 13 1.6 The Presence of Oil Refineries in the Wider Caribbean . 15 1.7 Research Objectives . 17 Chapter Two: Research Methods . 21 2.1 Site Selection and Study Design . 21 2.2 Passive Air Samplers . 22 2.2.1 PUF Extractions and Analysis . 22 2.2.2 Calculated Air Concentrations . 24 2.2.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control . 25 2.3 Source Characterization . 26 2.3.1 Concentration Profiles . 26 2.3. 2 Binary Diagnostic Ratios . 27 2.3. 3 Factor Analysis and Principle Components Analysis (PCA) . 27 2.4 Criteria Air Pollutant Local Monitoring Station Descriptions. 28 2.5 Calculating Risk . 28 2.5.1 Potency Equivalency Factors (PEFs) . 28 2.5.2 Risk Probability Estimates . 29 2.6 Data and Statistical Analysis . 30 Chapter Three: Inhalable Particulate Matter . 44 3.1 Ambient Concentrations of Inhalable Particulate Matter . 44 3.1.1 Global Comparisons of Ambient PM10 Concentrations . 44 3.1.2 PM10 Compliance with Public Health Guidelines . 45 3.1.3 Potential Risks of PM10 Inhalation . 45 ii Chapter Four: Sulfur Dioxide . 60 4.1 Ambient Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) . 60 4.1.1 Global Comparison of SO2 Concentrations . 60 4.1.2 SO2 Compliance with Public Health Guidelines . 61 4.1.3 Potential Risks of SO2 Inhalation . 62 Chapter Five: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . 77 5.1 Ambient Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Curaçao . 77 5.1.1 Levels of Ambient PAHs Collected in 2011 . 77 5.1.2 Levels of Ambient PAHs Collected in 2014 . 78 5.1.3 Global Comparisons of ambient PAH Concentrations . 79 5.1.4 Ambient PAH Concentrations and Compliance . 80 5.2 Source Characterization . 81 5.2.1 Concentration Profiles . 82 5.2.2 Binary Diagnostic Ratios . 83 5.2.3 Factor Analysis and Principle Components Analysis . 85 5.3 Risk . 87 5.3.1 Toxic Equivalency Factors . 87 5.3. 2 Risk Probability Estimates . 88 5.3. 3 Proximity to Petrochemical Complexes and Potential Risks . 92 Chapter Six: Conclusion . 153 References . 157
Polar bear predation on ringed seals in the fast-ice of Hornsund, Svalbard

Polar bear hunting success on ringed seals in subnivean lairs and basking on the fast ice, was studied in Hornsund, Svalbard. A few bears were observed while actually hunting, but in most cases bear tracks were followed by snowmobile to determine the outcome of hunts. Seal carcasses were classified from size and tooth annuli as pups, juveniles or adults. A total of 62 subnivean structures were entered by bears, with six scals killed. One of ten charges on basking seals resulted in a kill. Success rates of bears in Hornsund arc compared with rcsults of studies in Canada and Svalbard. Hunting success, polar bear. predation, ringed seul.
Surface water and energy budgets over the Mississippi and Columbia River basins as simulated by two generations of the Canadian regional climate model

Abstract This paper aims to compare and evaluate the surface energy and water budgets of simulations with the operational version of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM op) and the developmental version (CRCM dev). The CRCM op and CRCM dev differ in their use of second‐ and third‐generation physical parametrization packages of the Canadian General Circulation Model (CGCM) II and III, respectively. The improvements to the physics of CGCM III include the use of the Canadian LAnd Surface Scheme (CLASS), a three‐layer soil model with explicit treatment of snow and canopy layers; it replaces the so‐called Bucket hydrological scheme and one‐layer force‐restore surface energy budget in the CGCM II. The common experimental configuration for this comparison is taken from the Project to Intercompare Regional Climate Simulations (PIRCS‐1c) over the continental United States between 1987 and 1994. The analysis focuses on two major river basins with substantial differences in atmospheric forcings, vegetation and topography: the Mississippi and the Columbia river basins. The evaluation is made using observation‐based data for monthly means of screen temperature, diurnal temperature range, precipitation, run‐off estimated from streamflow, and snow depth. Some surface fluxes are also compared with the reanalyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Results show that CRCM dev constitutes an improvement over CRCM op, particularly for summer evapotranspiration, precipitation and diurnal temperature range; a remaining cold bias in screen temperature, however, is associated with an excessive amount of snow in winter and a high run‐off peak in spring. CRCM op underestimates the snow cover at the expense of the frozen water in the soil.
ON THE LINEAR SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SOILS WITH MODULUS VARYING AS A POWER OF DEPTH : THE MALIAKOS MARINE CLAY

The dynamic response of a soft and thick marine clay layer subjected to vertically propagating shear waves is obtained analytically. The deposit constitutes the topmost layer which will support a major 3.6 km long immersed tunnel in a high-seismicity region of central Greece. S-CPTU measurements show that the soil shear wave velocity varies with depth as Vs=mzp/2, i.e. with a zero value at the surface. It is shown analytically that the shear strain just beneath the ground surface of such a deposit either vanishes or tends to infinity, depending on the exact rate of increase of the shear wave velocity with depth, as reflected in the parameter p. The steady-state response is also studied and an analytical expression for the amplification ratio is provided, while the consequences of soil nonlinearity are highlighted.