Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
& Early

Small-scale informal enterprises are ubiquitous in low-income countries and, if such enterprises find favorable conditions to grow, can offer a route out of poverty by creating jobs and lowering unemployment rates. However, enterprise growth in the developing world is often constrained by capital, lack of training and skilled labor, market frictions and a general difficulty in identifying ventures with greater growth potential (Woodruff, 2018). In the case of women, entrepreneurship or self-employment is constrained further by several additional factors, such as lower levels of education and skills acquisition, restricted mobility, a higher burden of care work and social norms regarding appropriate work for women. Therefore, a lot of women are unable to leverage the benefits of self-employment and are only able to set up and run homebased enterprises with low economic returns (Thakuriah et al., 2011; Jayachandran, 2015).
S OLVATOCHROMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE NATURAL COLORANT OF BLUEBERRY ( Vaccinium ﬂoribundum Kunth )

The solvatochromic effect is the modiﬁcation of the absorption spectrum of a solute by varying the solvent. This research evaluated the solvatochromic characteristics of Malvidin-3-glucoside hydrochloride. The method to obtain maximum wavelengths was by spectral scanning. In primary standard CAS No. 7228-78.6, the variation was determined in binary mixtures of ethanol-water: 40,55, and 70%v/v. The solvatochromic effect when modifying the pH of the solvent (water) was evaluated in natural dye and stabilized. The results suggest that the intermolecular hydrogen connections between Malvidin-3-glucoside and the ethanol-water binary mixtures are responsible for the solvatochromic changes: 565.2586 ± 3.2784nm, 472.5498 ± 2.5128nm and 457.3589 ± 6.2586nm, produced by the analyzed combinations. When anthocyanins are stabilized in a chelating matrix, the solvatochromic changes produced by varying the pH of the water solvent are not signiﬁcant compared to the unstabilized natural dye.
Rituals Alleviate Grieving for Loved Ones , Lovers , and Lotteries

Three experiments explored the impact of mourning rituals after losses – of loved ones, lovers, and lotteries – on mitigating grief. Participants who were directed to reflect on past rituals or who were assigned to complete novel rituals after experiencing losses reported lower levels of grief. Increased feelings of control after rituals mediated the link between use of rituals and reduced grief after losses, and the benefits of rituals accrued not only to individuals who professed a belief in rituals’ effectiveness but also those who did not. Although the specific rituals in which people engage after losses vary widely by culture and religion – and among our participants – our results suggest a common psychological mechanism underlying their effectiveness: regained feelings of control.
Imaging After Shoulder Arthroplasty

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.
Space debris measurements with EISCAT radars-the first 1000 hours

In the framework of a series of three ESA contracts since 2000, we have developed and implemented a method to use the EISCAT ionospheric research radars, located in northern Scandinavia and on Svalbard, to measure space debris in parallel with the standard EISCAT ionospheric measurements. When the work was terminated, due to lack of resources, in the spring 2006, we had accumulated about 10 000 debris events in about 800 measurement hours in 2004 and 2005. Space debris monitoring does not interfere with the standard EISCAT measurements, but takes both the transmission schemes and the antenna pointing directions as given and makes the best use of those. To allow dedicated amplitude-domain data processing in debris detection, we use a special digital receiver back-end in parallel with EISCAT’s standard receiver. We implement coherent pulse-to-pulse integration by computing the radar ambiguity function from a segment of transmission and reception that typically covers coherently a few tens of pulses, 0.2–0.3 seconds. On the EISCAT 930 MHz radar, with about 3 hour false alarm time, 0.2 s coherent integration gives nominally 50% probability of detection of a 2.0 cm sphere at 1000 km range while on the 500 MHz EISCAT Svalbard radar, the corresponding minimum diameter is 2.7 cm. For the former system, the typical detection rate over LEO is 15–20 events per hour, on Svalbard, about twice as much. The peak detection rate, around 1000 km altitude, is between two and three events per hour per 50 km altitude bin at 930 MHz. Several issues complicate the interpretation of these data. First, it is difficult to achieve quantitative control on the integration loss in the coherent integration, especially in the common case of multifrequency transmission. For quantitative comparison of our data with debris models, it seems mandatory to re-detect the events with non-coherent integration (since we routinely save the raw data of all events this is entirely possible). Second, none of the EISCAT antennas is equipped with a monopulse feed, so the target’s path across the radar beam is not known, only a lower bound for the radar cross section can be estimated; and an unknown proportion of the events represent side-lobe detections. Third, the dominant pointing direction in EISCAT is towards south at about 70–80 degrees elevation, which makes it difficult to estimate Doppler-inclination. Nevertheless, the relatively large amount of data available from this new debris sensor, taken with two wavelengths at two high latitude locations often during long continuous measurements (weeks) and sometimes with multiple pointing directions, appears likely to present an interesting challenge for the debris models.
Acid ‐ base Homeostasis in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency

o determine whether children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) have lower mean serum bicarbonate concentrations than do children with short stature due to other causes. Materials and Methods: We evaluated one hundred short stature children, aged 5 to 15 years, attending the children's endocrine clinic at Motahari clinic, Shiraz, Iran, over a 6 month period. Demographic data and clinical features were recorded, laboratory investigations were performed, and bone ages were calculated. GHD was defined as serum GH concentration ≤10 ng/ml in response to L-dopa and clonidine, in addition a thorough work-up was performed to exclude any other known clinical conditions that might lead to growth retardation. Results: Thirty one patients (31%) had GHD, 69 (69%) were not GH deficient, and one case had panhypopituitarism. Serum bicarbonate concentrations were significantly lower in GHD compared with non-GHD patients (15.68±2.79 versus 17.98±3.79 mEq/l, P=0.003). On the other hand, 52 (75%) GHD subjects and 22 (71%) non-GHD had arterial blood pH values below 7.35, the difference not being statistically significant. All GHD patients had abnormal serum bicarbonate levels versus 87% of non-GHD cases (P<0.05). GHD and non-GHD groups were comparable regarding mean age, sex, height SDS, BMI, severity of bone age delay, fasting blood sugar, serum cortisol level, and thyroid function test results. Conclusion: The lower plasma bicarbonate concentrations in patients with GHD as compared to with idopathatic short stature patients demonstrate a possible role for growth hormone in the modulation of acid-base homeostasis.
A Publication of the Association of Management A STUDY OF THE BUSINESS VALUE OF IT GENERAL CONTROLS IN CHINA

This paper investigates the business value of IT controls through a study of the four IT general controls (ITGC) processes (Program Development, Program Change, Access to Program and Data, and Computer Operations) in organizations from a business perspective. Through a survey of companies in China that have established and implemented ITGC in compliance with their business regulations in the market, results indicate that program development and program change are the significant dimensions of ITGC that are positively related to the business value of strategic alignment; access to program & data has positive influence to the business value of system security; computer operation is significantly related to the business value of system performance. These have implications for organizations in their IT resources allocation and management for the generation of greater value in business management and business development.
Policy with Stochastic Hysteresis∗

This paper studies stochastic hysteresis − general dependence on the path of past decisions and shocks. We develop a new methodology for deriving the explicit dynamics of optimal policy with path-dependence and show that stochastic hysteresis changes optimal policy both qualitatively and quantitatively. We showcase our methodology by deriving new results for optimal policy with stochastic habits, tipping points, robustness concerns, limited commitment, and dynamic private information.
Staging and Surveillance of Testicular Cancer

CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT chest with IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT chest without IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢ MRI abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast May Be Appropriate O MRI head without and with IV contrast May Be Appropriate O US abdomen and retroperitoneum Usually Not Appropriate O US scrotum Usually Not Appropriate O CT chest without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
Capital Flows to Emerging Markets

Capital flows to emerging market economies have occurred in cycles, with booms in lending often followed by financial crises. Economic theory, though, has had little to say on the optimal rate at which capital should flow. In this paper a model due to Barro, Mankiw and Sala-i-Martin is extended to make it more appropriate for analysis of emerging market economies, and optimal capital flows based on an estimated Barro-style conditional convergence growth equation are calculated. Flows derived from the model are lower than actually observed over the estimation period (1988-97) but the results are sensitive to the parameters chosen.
HOπ in Coq

We present a formalization of HOπ in Coq, a process calculus where messages carry processes. Such a higher-order calculus features two very different kinds of binder: process input, similar to λ-abstraction, and name restriction, whose scope can be expanded by communication. For the latter, we compare four approaches to represent binders: locally nameless, de Bruijn indices, nominal, and Higher-Order Abstract Syntax. In each case, we formalize strong context bisimilarity and prove it is compatible, i.e., closed under every context, using Howe’s method, based on several proof schemes we developed in a previous paper.
Cambrian chaetognaths recognized in Burgess Shale fossils

Oesia disjuncta, one of the species of the soft−bodied fauna collected and described by Walcott (1911) from the Middle Cambrian Phyllopod Bed (Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada) is recognized as a chaetognath. For anatomical comparisons many specimens of Recent chaetognaths were specially compressed and dried to obtain forms similar to the fossils preserved in shales. The most characteristic features shared by the fossil and Recent specimens include: strongly elongated, transversely striated and very flexible body, large size, and characteristically diversified shape of head, pro− nounced intestine and horizontally oriented caudal fin. Possible traces of other chaetognath structures—grasping appara− tus, lateral fins, seminal vesicles, ventral ganglion, ovaries and anus—are also present but preserved in one specimen only. Among extant genera, those showing the closest similarity to Oesia Walcott, 1911 are the hyperbenthic Archetero− krohnia Casanova, 19861, and Heterokrohnia Ritter−Záhony, 1911, which are considered by some authors as evolutio− narily most primitive.
Cortical Pyramidal and Parvalbumin Cells Exhibit Distinct Spatiotemporal Extracellular Electric Potentials

Abstract Brain circuits are composed of diverse cell types with distinct morphologies, connections, and distributions of ion channels. Modeling suggests that the spatial distribution of the extracellular voltage during a spike depends on cellular morphology, connectivity, and identity. However, experimental evidence from the intact brain is lacking. Here, we combined high-density recordings from hippocampal region CA1 and neocortex of freely moving mice with optogenetic tagging of parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV) cells. We used ground truth tagging of the recorded pyramidal cells (PYR) and PV cells to construct binary classification models. Features derived from single-channel waveforms or from spike timing alone allowed near-perfect classification of PYR and PV cells. To determine whether there is unique information in the spatial distribution of the extracellular potentials, we removed all single-channel waveform information from the multichannel waveforms using an event-based delta-transformation. We found that spatiotemporal features derived from the transformed waveforms yield accurate classification. The extracellular analog of the spatial distribution of the initial depolarization phase provided the highest contribution to the spatially based prediction. Compared with PV cell spikes, PYR spikes exhibited higher spatial synchrony at the beginning of the extracellular spike and lower synchrony at the trough. The successful classification of PYR and PV cells based on purely spatial features provides direct experimental evidence that spikes of distinct cell types are associated with distinct spatial distributions of extracellular potentials.
“Residual Degradation Learning Unfolding Framework with Mixing Priors across Spectral and Spatial for Compressive Spectral Imaging”

In this supplementary material, we first show the derivation of the formula for the proximal gradient descent (PGD) algorithm. Then, we provide the RGB images of the test scene and the visualization results of the spatial interaction. Furthermore, we offer a detailed description of the stage interaction and block interaction. Finally, we demonstrate more visual comparison results on both simulation data and real data. The benchmark methods in our comparison include three model-based hyperspectral image (HSI) reconstruction methods (i.e., TwIST [1], GAP-TV [15] and DeSCI [10]) and four deep learning based methods (i.e., DGSMP [7], HDNet [6], MST [3] and CST [9]). The peak-signalto-noise (PSNR) and the structural similarity index (SSIM) [14] are employed to evaluate the performance of competing HSI reconstruction methods.
Information loss

The complete gravitational collapse of a body in general relativity will result in the formation of a black hole. Although the black hole is classically stable, quantum particle creation processes will result in the emission of Hawking radiation to infinity and corresponding mass loss of the black hole, eventually resulting in the complete evaporation of the black hole. Semiclassical arguments strongly suggest that, in the process of black hole formation and evaporation, a pure quantum state will evolve to a mixed state, i.e. there will be ‘information loss’. There has been considerable controversy over this issue for more than 40 years. In this review, we present the arguments in favor of information loss, and analyze some of the counter-arguments and alternative possibilities.
Use of Anthrax Vaccine in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

These recommendations concern the use of aluminum hydroxide adsorbed cell-free anthrax vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed [AVA], BioPort Corporation, Lansing, MI) in the United States for protection against disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. In addition, information is included regarding the use of chemoprophylaxis against B. anthracis.
Celiac Disease Among Preschool Children: A Retrospective Analysis

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the medical parameters of celiac disease cases in the preschool age group in terms of public health and to make recommendations to health professionals, policy makers and the society. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted between February 2017 and December 2018 in Şanlıurfa Education and Research Hospital, Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic. Clinical and laboratory findings of preschool children diagnosed with celiac disease were retrospectively analyzed. Anamnesis, physical examination findings, laboratory findings, endoscopic biopsies and pathology results of patients were evaluated. Results: The most common presenting complaint was growth retardation (96.3%), followed by chronic diarrhea (32.5%) and constipation (27.5%). Height-for-age and weight-for-age values were found to be lower in patients with chronic diarrhea and duodenitis compared to those without ( p<0.05 ). Patients with strong positive tissue transglutaminase-IgA (tTG IgA) levels had significantly higher Marsh scores ( p<0.05 ). Conclusions: For preschool-age children, initiating the diet via early diagnosis and ensuring adherence to diet are the main objectives. Children adhering to the diet have a higher success in elementary school and a shorter adaptation period.
BIOSFER: JURNAL TADRIS BIOLOGI

This study investigates the impact of web-enhanced learning on eighth-grade students' learning independence in the human movement system subject at SMPN Sinjai. Using a nonequivalent control group design, self-learning questionnaires and observation sheets were employed for data collection. Descriptive and inferential analyses included prerequisite tests and independent sample t-tests. Results indicate that students taught with the web-enhanced learning model achieved a high average learning independence score of 124.8, compared to a medium average score of 108.1 for students without this model. The inferential analysis yielded a significance value of tcount 0.000 < 0.05, supporting the rejection of H0 and acceptance of H 1 . This finding implies a significant influence of web-enhanced learning on students' learning independence. Studi Quasi-Experimental: Pengaruh Web-Enhanced Learning Terhadap Kemandirian Belajar Siswa
Pregnancy ambivalence and contraceptive use among young adults in the United States.

CONTEXT Pregnancy ambivalence, or conflicted desire about having a baby, has been associated with decreased contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy. However, prior studies have neither included men nor focused on young adults, even though people in their 20s have the highest rates of unintended pregnancy. METHODS Nationally representative data from 2008-2009 were used to examine pregnancy ambivalence and its association with contraceptive practices among 774 respondents who were 18-29 years old and in current sexual relationships. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed relationships between pregnancy ambivalence, contraceptive use, gender and other social, demographic and psychosocial variables. RESULTS Forty-five percent of respondents exhibited pregnancy ambivalence. The proportion was higher among men than among women (53% vs. 36%), and the difference remained significant in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 2.9). Ambivalence was associated with lowered likelihood of contraceptive use, but this relationship was statistically significant only for men: Compared with men with clear intentions to avoid pregnancy, ambivalent men were less likely to have used any method of contraception in the last month (0.4). CONCLUSIONS The association between men's pregnancy ambivalence and contraceptive practices suggests that women should not remain the sole targets of pregnancy prevention programs. Further research should explore whether clinical interventions that assess and address pregnancy ambivalence for both women and men could lead to improved contraceptive counseling and use.
Abundance, movements, and feeding habits of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, at Netarts and Tillamook Bays, Oregon

Patterns ofseasonal abundance of harbor seals atNetarts and TillamookBays, Oregon, were documented by recording numbers of seals hauling out on tidally exposed sand flats in both bays. Harbor seal abundance at Tillamook Bay peaked during pupping (May-June) and molting (August) periods, while peak abundance at Netarts Bay coincided with the annual return (October-November) of chum salmon, Oncorhynchusketa, to a hatchery on Whiskey Creek. Observations of seals preying on adult salmon resulted in estimated losses of 6.1,7.2, and 1.5% of the total chum returns for 1978, 1979, and 1980, respectively, due to seal predation in the Whiskey Creek area. Other prey species ofharbor seals at Netarts Bay were identified by the recovery of prey hard parts from seal feces collected on haul-out areas. The Pacific sand lance, Ammodyteshexapterus, was the most frequently identified prey item. Ten species of flatfish (Order Pleuronectiformes) were iden­ tified as harbor seal prey with five species (Parophf)'s vetulus, Glyptocephalus zachirus, Citharichthys sor­ didus, Microstomuspacificus, and Lyopsetta exi/is) ranking among the seven most frequently occurring food items. In general, benthic and epibenthic fish appeared to be important in the harbor seal diet. Distributions, abundances, and estimated sizes of identified prey species indicated that harbor seals had fed both in Netarts Bay and in the nearshore ocean. Movements of radio-tagged harbor seals between Netarts Bay and Tillamook Bay were common (45.4% of tagged seals made at least one move between bays). Tagged harbor seals frequented at least four different estuaries and one coastal haul-out area, ranging from 25 to 550 km from the tagging area. The Pacific harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi (Shaughnessy and Fay 1977), a year-round resident of Oregon, is commonly found in estuaries, along isolated shorelines, and on nearshore rocky islets. Before protection was afforded the harborseal by the Marine MammalProtection Act of 1972, a combina­ tion of bounties offered by the State of Oregon and traditional harassment from commercial and sport fishermen kept these animals at relatively low num­ bers in most bays and rivers. During the years follow­ ing 1972, the numbers of harbor seals seen in many of Oregon's estuaries began to increase. At Netarts Bay, where the DepartmentofFisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State University operated a hatchery for chum salmon, Oncorhynchusketa, a similar increase in harbor seal abundance was observed (Lannan 2 ). A primary objective of the hatchery program at Netarts Bay was to rebuild the vestigial stock ofchum salmon that returns annually to Whiskey Creek (Lan­ nan 1975). Each year, during the months of October and November, predation by harbor seals on return­ ing adult chum salmon was observed near the mouth