Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DETERMINING OF VISUAL ART TEACHER CANDIDATES’ ATTITUDES CONCERNING DESIGN COURSES – THE CASE OF TURKEY

This study was conducted to determine the attitudes of visual arts teacher candidates regarding design courses (Basic Design-I, Basic Design-II, Graphic Design, Industrial Design, Writing, etc.) in Turkey. This study employed an exploratory sequential mixed method design. This design involves the process that the researcher initially carries out a quantitative study and uses the results of the quantitative study in order to generate a more detailed structure of the study by means of qualitative research. Quantitative data were collected through a Likert type measurement called "Design Lessons Attitude Scale" developed by researchers with a descriptive screening method and qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interview forms. The universe of the research consists of 142 Visual Arts teacher candidates studying in the Department of Art Education at Agri Ibrahim Cecen, Ataturk, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart, Dokuz Eylul, Erzincan Binali Yildirim, Uludag, Van Yuzuncu Yil Universities in the fall semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. In the study, quantitative data obtained with personal information form were presented by taking their frequency and percentages. Descriptive statistical analyzes were performed in the analysis of the data and the data were determined as percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance was used to test whether there was a significant difference in terms of points between the groups created. Analysis results were tested at p <0.05 significance level. In order to analyze the data found after applying the semi-structured interview form, it was classified into categories by examining the qualitative data regularly and classifying by providing data coding. According to the data obtained as a result of the practice, they stated that the practices that the pre-service teachers made in the design courses enable them to think more creatively and differently, that these courses highlight the concepts of innovation, original and aesthetics for them, and also increase their problem-solving skills as well as design. Article visualizations:
Maternal productivity of Angus cows divergently selected for post-weaning residual feed intake

Data on 185 Angus cows were used to study the effect of divergent selection for residual feed intake on maternal productivity across 3 mating seasons, starting from 2000. The cows were the result of 1 to 2.5 generations of selection (mean of 1.5), and differed in estimated breeding value for residual feed intake by 0.8 kg/day. In general, cows lost subcutaneous fat (measured 2 times a year) during the period when they were nursing calves, and gained fat thereafter. No significant selection line differences in fatness were observed except for those measured at the start of the 2000 (10.8 ± 0.4 v. 9.3 ± 0.4 mm), 2001 (11.3 ± 0.4 v. 9.8 ± 0.4 mm) and 2002 (7.0 ± 0.5 v. 5.7 ± 0.5 mm) mating seasons, where high residual feed intake cows had significantly (P<0.05) higher rib fat depths. No significant selection line differences in weight (measured 4 times a year) were observed. However, the cows either maintained or lost weight during the calf nursing period, and gained weight thereafter, with mean weights ranging from 450 to 658 kg. There were no significant selection line differences in pregnancy (mean 90.4%), calving (mean 88.7%) and weaning (mean of 80.8%) rates, milk yield (mean 7.7 kg/day) and weight of calf weaned per cow exposed to bull (mean 195 kg). The study indicates that after 1.5 generations of divergent selection for residual feed intake there are no significant selection line differences for maternal productivity traits.
Detection of Cyber Malware Attack Based on Network Traffic Features Using Neural Network

Various techniques have been developed to detect cyber malware attacks, such as behavior based method which utilizes the analysis of permissions and system calls made by a process. However, this technique cannot handle the types of malware that continue to evolve. Therefore, an analysis of other suspicious activities – namely network traffic or network traffic – need to be conducted. Network traffic acts as a medium for sending information used by malware developers to communicate with malware infecting a victim's device. Malware analyzed in this study is divided into 3 classes, namely adware, general malware, and benign. The malware classification implements 79 features extracted from network traffic flow and an analysis of these features using a Neural Network that matches the characteristics of a time-series feature. The total flow of network traffic used is 442,240 data. The results showed that 15 main features selected based on literature studies resulted in F-measure 0.6404 with hidden neurons 12, learning rate 0.1, and epoch 300. As a comparison, the researchers chose 12 features based on the nature of the malware possessed, with the F-measure score of 0.666 with hidden neurons 12, learning rate 0.05, and epoch 300. This study found the importance of data normalization technique to ensure that no feature was far more dominant than other features. It was concluded that the analysis of network traffic features using Neural Network can be used to detect cyber malware attacks and more features does not imply better detection performance, but real-time malware detection is required for network traffic on IoT devices and smartphones.
Does loss of mass during breeding correlate with reproductive success? A study on Blue Tits Parus caeruleus

Substantial loss of mass of female Blue Tits Parus cueruleus during breeding is commonly explained by three not mutually exclusive explanations: shrinking of gonadal tissues, cost of reproduction and adaptation to save energy during flight. This study showed that loss of body mass was inversely correlated with reproductive success of individual females. Female tarsus length and timing of breeding correlated with loss of body mass, whereas ectoparasite loading had no significant effect on body mass. Loss of body mass during the rearing of young could be a useful measure of cost of reproduction by accounting for individual variation in female quality.
Effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on the growth and yield of single plants and simulated swards of perennial rye‐grass

SUMMARY Irish perennial rye-grass plants infected with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) showed inconspicuous leaf symptoms but were more stunted and yielded less total herbage, but more early spring herbage, than healthy plants. During a period of 2 years, infection did not decrease plant survival; infected plants produced more tillers and gave a higher ratio of vegetative to fertile tillers than healthy plants. BYDV caused a greater loss of yield in simulated rye-grass swards cut twice a year than in those cut four times. Swards in which half the plants were infected gave yields intermediate between those of healthy and infected swards. Infected plants tended to dominate healthy ones in swards cut four times, but in those cut twice a year the initial status quo was maintained. In swards containing rye-grass and white clover, the clover yielded more for most of the year when with BYDV-infected than with healthy rye-grass, but this trend was reversed in spring. The different effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on rye-grass plants and of cocksfoot streak virus on cocksfoot seem reflected by the different effects of the viruses on the competition between infected grass, healthy grass and white clover plants, when these are grown in different combinations.
The Relevance of God to Religious Believers and Non-Believers

This study presents a review about what great figures of history thought about the existence of God and a worldwide comparison between religious believers and non-believers using the World Social Survey (WSS) database, comprising a sample of 90,350 respondents. Results reveal that most people believe in the existence of God and consider that God is important and very important in their lives. Believers are mainly women; younger than non-believers; mostly married; less educated than non-believers; most of whom work, though fewer hours than non-believers; and perceive themselves as belonging to the middle class. There are more believers with no formal education than non-believers. The diversity of religious believers and non-believers, visible in the perspectives of humanity’s important personalities, mirrors the diversity of ordinary people towards the relevance of God. The results obtained point to a correlation between the belief in God and the studied sociodemographic variables but also suggest that the difference between believers and non-believers may be artificial, having resulted from the adopted methodology. The relationship found between being a believer and defending traditional values also corroborates with previous studies, suggesting that humankind needs God to give meaning to the world around them, namely, in morality and conduct terms.
Estimating and Examining the Replicability of Belief System Networks

Belief system structure can be investigated by estimating belief systems as networks of interacting political attitudes, but we do not know if these estimates are replicable. In a sample of 31 countries from the World Values Survey (N = 52,826), I find that countries’ belief system networks are relatively replicable in terms of connectivity, proportion of positive edges, some centrality measures (e.g., expected influence), and the estimates of individual edges. Betweenness, closeness, and strength centrality estimates are more unstable. Belief system networks estimated with smaller samples or in countries with more unstable political systems tend to be less replicable than networks estimated with larger samples in stable political systems. Although these analyses are restricted to the items available in the World Values Survey, they show that belief system networks can be replicable, but that this replicability is related to features of the study design and the political system.
Leaf and root necrosis of soybean are associated with black walnut and Fusarium solani in a tree- based intercrop

Abstract In tree-based intercropping, trees are established in rows, creating alleys that allow the mechanized production of crops. In 2004–2005, soybean (Glycine max) diseases were surveyed at the University of Guelph Agroforestry Research Station (established in 1987–1988, Guelph, Ont., Canada). This intercropping experiment is composed of 10 tree species, including black walnut (Juglans nigra). Areas within the soybean intercrop with symptoms of stunting, root rot, and interveinal chlorosis or necrosis were observed. In 2004 and 2005, these patches covered 253 and 738 m2, respectively, in the intercrop and were all found in the vicinity of black walnut. No patches were found in an adjacent soybean monoculture. Fusarium solani was isolated from diseased plants and Koch postulates completed, but the pathogen did not induce the stunting symptoms observed in the field. A role for juglone, an allelopathic compound produced by black walnut, as a predisposing factor to F. solani infection was investigated. The growth rate of F. solani at 1 × 10 4 mol/L juglone was reduced in vitro by 0.9 mm/day but not at a concentration of 0, 1 × 10−7, 1 × 10−6, and 1 × 10 −5 mol/L. In a hydroponic system, soybean was challenged with juglone (1 × 10−6 1 × 10−6, and 0 mol/L) and F. solani. Growth of soybean was severely reduced at 1 × 10−5 mol/L juglone, which can explain the observed stunting. Six days after infestation, plants challenged with juglone and F. solani had significantly fewer leaves (juglone × Fusarium effect, F = 7.90, P = 0.0057), shorter total root length (F = 11.06, P = 0.0013), and exhibited more root browning (F = 14.91, P = 0.0003) than plants challenged only with juglone, but there was variability among repetitions and in the development of leaf symptoms. Field and controlled environment observations point to an association, previously unreported to our knowledge, among F. solani, black walnut, and soybean disease. Tolerance of the pathogen to juglone and soybean stunting due to juglone are also novel findings, but more data are needed to conclusively prove the link with the allelopathic compound.
Phenotypic Plasticity in Australian Cotton Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae): Host Plant Effects on Morphological Variation

Fourteen samples of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were obtained from different localities in Australia. Wingless parthenogenetic females from each sample were transferred to seedlings of various host plants in the laboratory and reproduced to form colonies. Winged aphids from 120 colonies were mounted on microscope slides. Twenty-five characters were measured on each aphid and analyzed for differences in origin and laboratory host plant. Aphids reared on cucumber and rockmelon were significantly larger than on cotton, broad bean, or eggplant. Large and highly significant differences among the means of different colonies on the same host plant species in many characters were probably caused by different quality of the individual seedlings. Significant morphological differences were detected among source-line means of some characters, but their magnitude was small compared with variation within the same source line. The inescapable conclusion from this study is that A. gossypii in Australia is phenotypically plastic and its morphology is affected by the host plant far more strongly than by genetic differences (if any) among means of local populations. Moreover, only 13% of A. gossypii host records in Australia are from native Australian plants, implying that it was introduced into Australia, perhaps by the Europeans in the 18th century. Characters of 36 colonies on cucumber and 40 colonies on cotton were analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using wing length (a measure of aphid size) as a covariate. No significant differences in character means remained among source lines on cucumber, when the variation caused by aphid size was thus removed. On cotton, means of some characters still differed among source lines, after size adjustment by ANCOVA. Some evidence indicates that geographical samples of A. gossypii in Australia may differ (genetically? ) in shape rather than size. When the 40 colonies reared on laboratory cotton were grouped by the host plant on which the source samples were collected, colonies originating in cotton fields were larger, in most characters, than colonies collected on other host plants. This pattern was not observed in the 36 colonies (of the same sources) reared on laboratory cucumber. If aphid size is a measure of fitness, then cotton-collected aphids had higher fitness than other lines when reared on cotton. The cotton aphids may then show traces of adaptation to their field host.
On Desmids of Southern Himachal Pradesh of Indo-Western Himalaya

Thirty nine taxa of Class Chlorophyceae (Order Zygnematales, Family Desmidiaceae) collected from different aquatic habitats of Sirmaur, Solan, Shimla, Una, Hamirpur, Bilaspur and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh, India have been described. These taxa belong to six genera viz. Closterium Nitzsch (three species, two varieties), Pleurotaenium Nageli (two spp.), Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs (18 spp., ten var.), Micrasterias C.Agardh (one sp.), Spondylosium Breb. (one sp.) and Euastrum Ehrenb. (one sp., one var.). 38 taxa are being reported for the first time from the state of Himachal Pradesh out of which 28 taxa are of Cosmarium indicating that water bodies of Southern Himachal Pradesh are clean (oligotrophic) and need to protect. Overall presence of desmids reveals the oligotrophic nature of water bodies. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical Characterization and Optimization of Fineness Moduli of Natural Sand from The North Region of Cameroon Used in Construction

This paper deals with the physical characterization and the optimization of fineness moduli of some natural sand samples for their appropriate valorization in construction in North Cameroon. Five sands samples (SN5, SB1, SB2, SB3 and SB4) were selected from various locations. Tests conducted include Particle size analysis, Organic impurities, Sand Equivalent and Bulk density. Fineness Modulus (FM), Mean grain, Sorting index (Si), Skewedness index and Uniformity coefficient have been deducted mathematically. Results shown that the particle size distribution curves of the studied sands have an "S" shape. The sand equivalent values vary between 91.1 and 96.8 %, characteristic of very clean sand. The fineness moduli values vary between 1.9 and 3.4 except for samples SB1 and SB2 which are coarser with values of 3.4 and 3.3 respectively. Others results shown that all the sands are pure (impurity level less than 0.5 %), well classified Sorting index Si < 0.35) and Coefficient of uniformity (Cu < 2). Studied sands are globally coarse (skewedness index between -0.35 at -0.79F). Only SB4 and SN5 satisfy the NF EN 933-1 gradation limits. Combinations of SB3 (FM = 2.1) with SB1 (FM =3.4) or SB2 (FM= 3.3) were carried out to get desired sand gradation (2.2 to 2.8), SB4 and SN5 having already good fineness moduli of 2.6 and 2.8 respectively.
The color of confinement: examining youth exoneration decisions and the critical race theory

Abstract The critical race theory has been predictive of how minority youth are treated in the juvenile and criminal justice systems in the United States. However, the theory has not been applied in explaining the existence of wrongful convictions among juveniles. Using secondary data derived from the National Exoneration Registry, the purpose of this study is to identify specific factors (e.g., DNA evidence, etc.) related to the wrongful convictions of Black youth who have been exonerated. Compared to other racial categories, the results reveal that Black youth are more likely to experience wrongful convictions as a result of false confessions, faulty eyewitness identification, perjury, and official misconduct. Limitations, policy implications, and areas of further investigation are offered.
New Neogene Index Pollen and Spore Taxa from the Solimões Basin (Western Amazonia), Brazil

ABSTRACT In western Amazonia, palynology has been the main source of chronological information for the Neogene Period. The Solimões Formation in northwestern Brazil has hundreds of meters of fine-grained rocks that have yielded rich pollen records informing on age and paleoenvironments. Here, we present new pollen data for two boreholes (1-AS-33-AM and 1-AS-37-AM) in the Solimões Basin and one outcrop (Patos) in the Acre Basin, and describe 36 new taxa (two pteridophyte spores and 34 angiosperm pollen) plus one emendation. Palynostratigraphic zonation schemes from Venezuela and Colombia were analyzed critically to provide relative ages for our sections. We found core 33AM to span pollen zones T14 (∼16–14.2Ma), T15 (14.2–12.7Ma) and T16 (12.7–7.1Ma) sensu Jaramillo et al. (2011), while core 37AM spans zones T15? and T16. We also report the widespread occurrence of Cyatheacidites annulatus in outcrops of the Solimões Formation, implying the existence of latest Miocene (∼7Ma) to Pliocene sedimentation and suggesting ages older than ∼7Ma for the uppermost sediments of our boreholes. Biostratigraphic relationships also indicate that Echitricolporites mcneillyi and Ladakhipollenites? caribbiensis cannot be used as Pliocene markers as previously assigned. The implications of these results for the palynostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental reconstructions of western Amazonia are discussed.
SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY (TRIALEURODES VAPORARIORUM): ORIENTATION AND COURTSHIP

Experiments were done to determine the distribution of groups of four adult whiteflies (in combinations “all females”, “mixed sexes”, and “all males”) on four tomato leaflets in a glass cage. Statistical analysis showed a significant deviation from the expected random distribution and a tendency towards aggregation for “all females” and “mixed sexes”. “All males” tended to disperse in a more random manner and seemed to move about more than females, perhaps actively searching for females. A detailed description of whitefly courtship behaviour, obtained using video recording equipment is given. Patterns of antennal, abdominal, and wing movements are divided into three distinct stages. Courtship signals leading to copulation attempts appeared to be tactile. No signal which might be of use in an “early warning” system for whiteflies could be detected.
Surface Radiative Flux Bias Reduction Through Regionally Varying Cloud Fraction Parameter Nudging in a Global Coupled Forecast System

A simple parameter nudging procedure is described that systematically reduces near‐analysis time errors in the surface net shortwave flux in the Navy ESPC (Earth System Prediction Capability) system, a global coupled forecast system that is the product of a continuing development effort at the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory. The procedure generates geographically varying perturbations to one of the cloud fraction parameters in the atmospheric model component of the system during the data assimilation cycle, resulting in large improvements in near‐analysis time surface net shortwave flux biases. After a several week spin‐up period, the global RMSE of the succeeding 10‐day mean bias computed for lead times of 6–12 hours is reduced by 40 percent. Results from application of the approach in a series of 45‐day integrations show that improvements are realized at longer forecast lead times as well. The global RMSE of the surface net shortwave flux averaged over these integrations improves by 37 percent for lead times from 1–5 days, decreasing to 18 percent for lead times from 31–45 days. The corresponding longwave flux errors are slightly degraded, ranging from a 2 percent increase for lead times from 1–5 days to a 0.5 percent increase for lead times from 31–45 days. Global‐mean reductions in ground and sea surface temperature errors are obtained through most of the 45‐day integration period due to improvements over ocean and polar regions. Potential steps for extension and operational application of the method are discussed.