Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery Traveling Salesman Problem considering the Express Lockers Using Attention Route Planning Network

This paper presents a simultaneous pickup and delivery route designing model, which considers the use of express lockers. Unlike the traditional traveling salesman problem (TSP), this model analyzes the scenario that a courier serves a neighborhood with multiple trips. Considering the locker and vehicle capacity, the total cost is constituted of back order, lost sale, and traveling time. We aim to minimize the total cost when satisfying all requests. A modified deep Q-learning network is designed to get the optimal results from our model, leveraging masked multi-head attention to select the courier paths. Our algorithm outperforms other stochastic optimization methods with better optimal solutions and O(n) computational time in evaluation processes. The experiment has shown that reinforcement learning is a better choice than traditional stochastic optimization methods, consuming less power and time during evaluation processes, which indicates that this approach fits better for large-scale data and broad deployment.
Delivery of miR-224-5p by Exosomes from Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Potentiates Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Objectives Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as the primary components of cancer stroma can affect tumor progression by secreting exosomes, while exosomes are carriers for proteins, nucleic acids, and other agents that responsible for delivery of biological information. Given this, exosomes derived from CAFs are emerging as promising biomarkers in clinical cancer diagnosis. Nevertheless, their role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains poorly understood. Methods Here, we separated fibroblasts from ccRCC tissue, extracted exosomes, observed their morphology, and detected the expression of exosome marker proteins including Hsp70, CD9, and CD63. In the meantime, we labeled exosomes and performed coculture experiment to verify the delivery of miR-224-5p from CAFs to 769-P cells with exosomes as a carrier, so as to clarify the effect of CAF-derived exosomes on ccRCC cell malignant behaviors, as well as to discuss how miR-224-5p involves in above regulation. Results Transmission electron microscopy was firstly applied, and it was noted that the exosomes we isolated were in normal range. Besides, Western blot also confirmed the presence of exosome marker proteins Hsp70, CD9, and CD63. Furthermore, coculture experiments were performed and the CAF-derived exosomes were observed to be able to facilitate the malignant behaviors of ccRCC cells, and the exosomal miR-224-5p could be internalized by ccRCC cells to participate in regulation of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Conclusion To sum up, miR-224-5p can enter ccRCC cells via CAF-derived exosomes, in turn, promoting the malignant behaviors of ccRCC cells, which indicates that miR-224-5p has the potential severing as a therapeutic target for ccRCC.
Quality and Safety of Rural Community Drinking Water Sources in Guto Gida District, Oromia, Ethiopia

The quality of drinking water has always been a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to improved water supply and sanitation is very low. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of rural community drinking water sources in the Guto Gida district. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected rural areas of the district from January to June 2016. Water samples were collected from four types of sources (protected dug well, open dug well, protected spring, and open spring) found in 8 locations of the study area. The membrane filtration technique was employed to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform load of the samples. The physicochemical characteristics such as total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, color, iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, zinc, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate were analyzed following the American Public Health Association and WHO standard protocols. Our results revealed that 90.6% and 87.5% of water samples were positive for total coliform and faecal coliform, respectively. Thus, the majority of the studied water sources could be classified as polluted with respect to coliform load. Our results also have shown that most of the water sources showed marginally tolerable quality with respect to color, EC, TDS, turbidity, nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate. However, the protected sources had poor quality in zinc, lead, iron, manganese, and pH with values above the permissible levels. Thus, the drinking water source quality of the study areas requires appropriate interventions such as improving the existing water source infrastructure and access to sanitation services.
The complete mitogenome of Chlorops oryzae Matsumura (Diptera: Chloropidae)

Abstract Chlorops oryzae Matsumura is an important pest of rice plants throughout Asia, and has even become a major pest in some regions. Here, we present the complete mitogenome of C. oryzae for the first time. The complete mitogenome is 17,313 bp in length and contains 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs) and a control region. The overall base composition is 42.04% for A, 37.18% for T, 12.59% for C, and 8.29% for G, with a bias toward A + T (79.22%). Protein-coding genes cox1 features an atypical ACG start codon and cox2, nad5, and nad4 have incomplete stop codons T or TA. All tRNA genes present the typical clover leaf secondary structure except trnS1 (AGN), where the DHU arm is replaced by a loop. Phylogeny showed that C. oryzae was placed as the basal lineage in Brachycera clade, and shared a closer relationship to Acalyptrate species.
Investigation of the Mechanism of Complement System in Diabetic Nephropathy via Bioinformatics Analysis

Objectives Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) throughout the world, and the identification of novel biomarkers via bioinformatics analysis could provide research foundation for future experimental verification and large-group cohort in DN models and patients. Methods GSE30528, GSE47183, and GSE104948 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The difference of gene expression between normal renal tissues and DN renal tissues was firstly screened by GEO2R. Then, the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of DEGs were performed by STRING database, the result was integrated and visualized via applying Cytoscape software, and the hub genes in this PPI network were selected by MCODE and topological analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were carried out to determine the molecular mechanisms of DEGs involved in the progression of DN. Finally, the Nephroseq v5 online platform was used to explore the correlation between hub genes and clinical features of DN. Results There were 64 DEGs, and 32 hub genes were identified, enriched pathways of hub genes involved in several functions and expression pathways, such as complement binding, extracellular matrix structural constituent, complement cascade related pathways, and ECM proteoglycans. The correlation analysis and subgroup analysis of 7 complement cascade-related hub genes and the clinical characteristics of DN showed that C1QA, C1QB, C3, CFB, ITGB2, VSIG4, and CLU may participate in the development of DN. Conclusions We confirmed that the complement cascade-related hub genes may be the novel biomarkers for DN early diagnosis and targeted treatment.
Nutritional Status of Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Patients on hemodialysis therapy are at high risk of malnutrition which is attributed to multiple factors. Protein-energy malnutrition in these patients confers poor clinical outcomes. This study investigated the nutritional status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was done among 160 adult patients on maintenance hemodialysis therapy. Data concerning patients' personal, medical, dietary, and hemodialysis-related information were collected. Patients' anthropometric and laboratory tests (complete blood count, albumin, total cholesterol, creatinine, and urea) were measured. The quantitative Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) dialysis malnutrition score (DMS) was used to assess their nutritional status. Data analysis was done using the SPSS software version 20. Results Among the 160 hemodialysis patients, 49 (30.6%) were female. Patients' mean age was 52.2 ± 13.3 years. The median duration on hemodialysis was 18 (8.25–29.75) months. Malnutrition was present in 98 (61.2%) of the patients. Severe malnutrition was found in only 3 (1.9%) patients and 16.9% were underweight. The longer duration on hemodialysis, having diabetes mellitus, and being single were associated with increased risk for malnutrition in multivariate logistic regression. Malnourished patients had significantly lower dry weight, body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, albumin, total cholesterol, and creatinine levels. Conclusion Malnutrition is very common among hemodialysis patients at Muhimbili National Hospital, especially those on longer duration of hemodialysis, and diabetic patients. We recommend that hemodialysis patients should be regularly assessed for malnutrition and appropriately treated which if left unattended heralds worse outcomes.
Personal Doses of Cocaine and Coca Paste are Adulterated in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia)

Knowledge of drug composition consumed on the streets and the identification and quantification of their adulterants is essential for understanding unexpected side effects, tracking routes, and drug profiling. Therefore, this work aimed to determine the purity and to identify and quantify the main adulterants found in personal doses of cocaine (perico) and coca paste (bazuco) in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). The data collected in this study describe a first attempt to introduce the qualitative and quantitative analyses of adulterants present in street drugs in Cartagena de Indias to improve surveillance. Through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the purity and adulterants were quantified in 45 personal doses of cocaine powder and coca paste. 100% of the personal doses in the city were adulterated; caffeine, phenacetin, and levamisole were the main adulterants identified in cocaine. Besides the above, lidocaine was also found in coca paste. The purity of cocaine varied from 8% to almost 70%, with caffeine ranging from 6% to 42%. In the case of coca paste, the maximum content of cocaine found was 60%, while some samples contained as little as 14%. The results are consistent with other research in terms of the widespread use of caffeine as an adulterant, but they also follow the growing trend of the use of levamisole and phenacetin. The wide range of cocaine content in samples sold in the illicit market could cause undesirable effects on cocaine users who do not know the exact intended dose for consumption; so, this study intends to make these results available not only to academic, public health, and national security agencies but also to tourists entering Cartagena de Indias, so that they are aware of what they are consuming and the risks to which they are exposed.
The effect of self-efficacy on health literacy in the German population.

Concerning the determinants of health literacy (HL) mostly socio-demographic or -economic factors have been considered, much less so psychological factors such as self-efficacy. To date, it has mostly been considered to explain the relationship of HL and health outcomes. However, self-efficacy could also be an important determinant for HL. This study therefore examines the effect of self-efficacy on comprehensive HL within the general population in Germany. Data from the German HL Survey (HLS-GER), a cross-sectional, computer-assisted personal interview study among 2000 respondents aged 15+ years in 2014 were used. Self-efficacy was measured using the German version of general self-efficacy short scale (ASKU), comprehensive HL was measured using the German version of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47). Correlation and multi-variate linear regression analyses were performed to analyze independent effects of socio-demographic factors-age, gender, social status, educational level and migration background-functional HL and self-efficacy on comprehensive HL. Self-efficacy and comprehensive HL are statistically significantly correlated (Spearman's Rho = 0.405; p < 0.01), respondents with better self-efficacy had better HL scores. Both concepts are significantly associated with most socio-demographic factors and functional HL. Self-efficacy showed the strongest association with HL in the multivariate analyses (model 2: β =0.310, p < 0.001). The effect size of the other predictors decreased, when adding self-efficacy into the equation, but remained statistically significant. Self-efficacy is a rather strong predictor of comprehensive HL. Future research and measures to improve HL should therefore take self-efficacy adequately into account.
14‐3‐3ζ is crucial for the conversion of labile short‐term object recognition memory into stable long‐term memory

The consolidation of new memories into long‐lasting memories is multistage process characterized by distinct temporal dynamics. However, our understanding on the initial stage of transformation of labile memory of recent experience into stable memory remains elusive. Here, with the use of rats and mice overexpressing a memory enhancer called regulator of G protein signaling 14 of 414 amino acids (RGS14414) as a tool, we show that the expression of RGS14414 in male rats' perirhinal cortex (PRh), which is a brain area crucial for object recognition memory (ORM), enhanced the ORM to the extent that it caused the conversion of labile short‐term ORM (ST‐ORM) expected to last for 40 min into stable long‐term ORM (LT‐ORM) traceable after a delay of 24 hr, and that the temporal window of 40 to 60 min after object exposure not only was key for this conversion but also was the time frame when a surge in 14‐3‐3ζ protein was observed. A knockdown of 14‐3‐3ζ gene abrogated both the increase in 14‐3‐3ζ protein and the formation of LT‐ORM. Furthermore, this 14‐3‐3ζ upregulation increased brain‐derived growth factor (BDNF) levels in the time frame of 60 min and 24 hr and 14‐3‐3ζ knockdown decreased the BDNF levels, and a deletion of BDNF gene produced loss in mice ability to form LT‐ORM. Thus, within 60 min of object exposure, 14‐3‐3ζ facilitated the conversion of labile ORM into stable ORM, whereas beyond the 60 min, it mediated the consolidation of the stable memory into long‐lasting ORM by regulating BDNF signaling.
COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination Generates Greater Immunoglobulin G Levels in Women Compared to Men

Abstract We investigated whether the antibody response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination is similar in women and men. In a community cohort without prior COVID-19, first vaccine dose produced higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and percent inhibition of spike-ACE2 receptor binding, a surrogate measure of virus neutralization, in women compared to men (7.0 µg/mL, 51.6% vs 3.3 µg/mL, 36.4%). After 2 doses, IgG levels remained significantly higher for women (30.4 µg/mL) compared to men (20.6 µg/mL), while percent inhibition was similar (98.4% vs 97.7%). Sex-specific antibody response to mRNA vaccination informs future efforts to understand vaccine protection and side effects.
Time to Viral Rebound After Interruption of Modern Antiretroviral Therapies.

BACKGROUND Development of HIV remission strategies requires precise information on time to HIV rebound after treatment interruption, but there is uncertainty regarding whether modern ART regimens and timing of ART initiation may impact this outcome. METHODS ACTG A5345 enrolled individuals who initiated ART during chronic or early HIV infection and on suppressive ART for ≥2 years. Participants underwent carefully monitored antiretroviral interruption. ART was restarted upon two successive viral loads ≥1,000 copies/mL. We compared participants of A5345 with participants of 6 historic ACTG treatment interruption studies. RESULTS Thirty-three chronic-treated and 12 early-treated participants interrupted ART with evaluable time to viral rebound. Median time to viral rebound ≥1000 HIV RNA copies/mL was 22 days. Acute retroviral rebound syndrome was diagnosed in 9% of chronic-treated and none of early-treated individuals. All participants of the historic studies were on older protease inhibitor-based regimens while 97% of A5345 participants were on integrase inhibitor-based ART. There were no differences in the timing of viral rebound comparing A5345 versus historic studies. In a combined analysis, a higher percentage of early-treated participants remained off ART at post-treatment interruption week 12 (chronic vs early: 2% vs 9%, P=0.0496). One chronic-treated and one early-treated A5345 participant remained off ART for >24 weeks. All participants re-suppressed after ART re-initiation. CONCLUSIONS Early ART initiation, using either older or newer ART regimens, was associated with a significant delay in the time to HIV rebound after ART interruption, lowering the barrier for HIV remission.
The lethal internal face of the coronaviruses: Kidney tropism of the SARS, MERS, and COVID19 viruses

The kidney is one of the main targets attacked by viruses in patients with a coronavirus infection. Until now, SARS‐CoV‐2 has been identified as the seventh member of the coronavirus family capable of infecting humans. In the past two decades, humankind has experienced outbreaks triggered by two other extremely infective members of the coronavirus family; the MERS‐CoV and the SARS‐CoV. According to several investigations, SARS‐CoV causes proteinuria and renal impairment or failure. The SARS‐CoV was identified in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney of infected patients. Also, renal dysfunction was observed in numerous cases of MERS‐CoV infection. And recently, during the 2019‐nCoV pandemic, it was found that the novel coronavirus not only induces acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but also can induce damages in various organs including the liver, heart, and kidney. The kidney tissue and its cells are targeted massively by the coronaviruses due to the abundant presence of ACE2 and Dpp4 receptors on kidney cells. These receptors are characterized as the main route of coronavirus entry to the victim cells. Renal failure due to massive viral invasion can lead to undesirable complications and enhanced mortality rate, thus more attention should be paid to the pathology of coronaviruses in the kidney. Here, we have provided the most recent knowledge on the coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, and COVID19) pathology and the mechanisms of their impact on the kidney tissue and functions.
Bumblebee resilience to climate change, through plastic and adaptive responses

Bumblebees are ubiquitous, cold‐adapted eusocial bees found worldwide from subarctic to tropical regions of the world. They are key pollinators in most temperate and boreal ecosystems, and both wild and managed populations are significant contributors to agricultural pollination services. Despite their broad ecological niche at the genus level, bumblebee species are threatened by climate change, particularly by rising average temperatures, intensifying seasonality and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events. While some temperature extremes may be offset at the individual or colony level through temperature regulation, most bumblebees are expected to exhibit specific plastic responses, selection in various key traits, and/or range contractions under even the mildest climate change. In this review, we provide an in‐depth and up‐to‐date review on the various ways by which bumblebees overcome the threats associated with current and future global change. We use examples relevant to the fields of bumblebee physiology, morphology, behaviour, phenology, and dispersal to illustrate and discuss the contours of this new theoretical framework. Furthermore, we speculate on the extent to which adaptive responses to climate change may be influenced by bumblebees’ capacity to disperse and track suitable climate conditions. Closing the knowledge gap and improving our understanding of bumblebees’ adaptability or avoidance behaviour to different climatic circumstances will be necessary to improve current species climate response models. These models are essential to make correct predictions of species vulnerability in the face of future climate change and human‐induced environmental changes to unfold appropriate future conservation strategies.
Electrophorèse capillaire couplée ou non à la spectrométrie de masse pour l’évaluation ou le contrôle qualité de protéines à visée thérapeutique

Au cours de cette these, nous avons ete amenes a developper des methodes analytiques afin de controler la qualite de proteines therapeutiques en tant que produits finis ou d'evaluer le potentiel de certaines proteines a etre des candidats medicaments. Deux proteines ont ete etudiees : l'albumine de serum humain (HSA) et l'antithrombine (AT). Ces proteines different par leur structure, leur glycosylation et leurs activites biologiques. Une methode d'electrophorese capillaire de zone (CZE) a permis de separer neuf formes dans des preparations commerciales d'HSA plasmatique, dont des formes native, cysteinylee, glyquees et tronquees. Une autre methode CZE a permis de separer plus de huit formes dans des preparations commerciales d'AT plasmatique, dont des formes native, latente et heterodimerique. Les deux methodes CZE developpees ont permis de mettre en evidence des differences significatives quant a la composition de preparations commerciales d'HSA ou d'AT produites par cinq fournisseurs differents. Des methodes d'electrophorese capillaire couplee a la spectrometrie de masse (CE-MS), avec un analyseur quadripole-temps de vol (Q-TOF) et une ionisation electrospray (ESI), ont egalement ete developpees. Ces methodes CE-MS ont permis d'identifier non seulement de nombreuses glycoformes et formes apparentees de l'AT, mais egalement des formes dimeriques. Une methode CE-MS en conditions non-denaturantes a permis de montrer que la forme native et la forme latente de l'AT (deux conformeres) presentaient un spectre de masse specifique, permettant de les differencier sans ambiguite. Afin d'evaluer l'affinite de variants d'AT pour l'heparine, une methode d'electrophorese capillaire d'affinite (ACE) a ete developpee. Cette methode ACE a permis d'analyser les variants d'AT directement a partir des surnageants de culture cellulaire dans lesquels ils sont produits. Ainsi, il a ete montre que certains variants presentaient une affinite tres elevee pour l'heparine, en accord avec les mutations realisees. Enfin, dans le cadre des etudes d'affinite entre l'AT et l'heparine, nous avons explore une methode nouvelle basee sur l'analyse de la dispersion de Taylor (TDA).