Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discussion on a tectonic model for the emplacement of the Main Donegal Granite, NW Ireland

Professor W. S. Pitcher remarked: Dr Hutton has enthusiastically addressed himself to the main problem highlighted by the previous work: the reason for the wide variety of emplacement mechanisms within coeval and contiguous plutons at the same level in the crust, central to which is the relationship in time between the Main Donegal Granite and the localized but intense deformation. This new structural analysis clearly establishes the presence of an important sinistral shear component, and my reservations concern only the timing and the magnitude of the calculated displacements. Concerning the latter, the evidence is that where the ductile shear zone leaves the Main Donegal Granite pluton it seems not to displace the contact zone, and where it runs off SSW it barely displaces an earlier dislocation known as the Knockateen slide. I am equally in doubt of the extension of the postulated shear zone far into northern Fanad, unless it has been conveniently cut out by movement on the post-shear Cashelmore Fault. Within the granite outcrop itself, where the shear zone runs along the apparent boundary between the Trawenagh Bay lobe and the Main Granite, to the S of Meenderryherk, a train of xenoliths straddles the zone of deformation, by which it is distorted but not dislocated. I conclude that whilst sinistral rotational strain has been proved, the displacements suggested seem excessive. I am much attracted to the proposed model whereby magma was emplaced into space created by a curvature in an active shear zone, particularly so as the early
Semi-automatic glacier delineation from Landsat imagery over Hintereisferner glacier in the Austrian Alps

In this study a procedure is presented to semi-automatically derive glacier delineations from Landsat satellite imagery for Hintereisferner, a glacier in the Austrian Alps. Spectral information inherent to imagery was utilised to derive the masks and existing manual glacier outlines from maps served as reference data for validation of masks for the years 1991 and 1997. Within the first step of the model a water mask is created. It requires as input the raw satellite image and an upper range of 20–30 % of Digital Number value counts in the histogram of the Normalised Difference Water Index. The second step, which creates the glacier mask, requires as input the raw satellite image and the water mask. It uses a threshold value for (E)TM(+)5 to mask clouds and assumes saturated pixels to be glacier if not identified as clouds. Finally it automatically calculates a Normalised Difference Snow Index threshold value of 0.5– 0.7 based on the variable range in Digital Number values for each image. After performing accuracy analyses omissions ± 17 % and ± 13 % for the years 1991 and 1997 were found. The omissions were located at the margins of the glacier where debris on the surface prohibited a spectral differentiation between glacier and nearby slopes. A change analysis for the period 1991–1997 revealed an omission of 16 % in unchanged area for the surface of Hintereisferner. The area of Hintereisferner was determined within a range of –10.8 % and +8.7 % when compared to conventional photogrammetric measurements. In the period 1985–1999 the area of Hintereisferner and its neighbouring glaciers decreased from 159 km 2 to 138 km 2 . During the reference period 1991–1997 the decrease was 6 km 2 .
Gamma rays from relativistic electrons undergoing Compton losses in isotropic photon fields

The kinetic equation describing Compton losses of relativistic electrons in an isotropic field of soft background photons is solved exactly including both continuous energy losses in the classical Thomson regime and catastrophic losses in the quantum Klein-Nishina regime. This extends the previous treatments of this problem, which assumed the validity of either one of these regimes alone. The problem is relevant to astrophysical sources containing relativistic electrons. Analytical solutions for the steady state electron and gamma-ray spectra in the case of power-law soft photons and monoenergetic and power-law electron injections are obtained. Numerical solutions are presented for monoenergetic, blackbody, and power-law soft photons. A comparison between the numerical and the available analytic solutions is made. 15 refs.
Age at Natural Menopause and Memory Function: Modification by Education and Genotype

Meta analyses show that positive effects of estrogen treatment on cognition are most apparent in women who have recently undergone surgical menopause. Observational data suggested that a) undergoing surgical menopause at an early age increases dementia risk; b) if surgically menopausal women are treated with hormones up to the natural age of menopause, risk for dementia is reduced; c) however, if estrogen treatment is continued up to a decade after induced menopause, there may be a risk of worse cognitive function when compared to not having had estrogen treatment. We analyzed the association between a natural early age at menopause and cognitive tests sensitive to dementia, including genetic risk factors which could mediate the association between age at menopause and cognition in 173 Indonesian postmenopausal women, who had not undergone ovariectomy and were not using hormone treatment. Age at menopause at 50 years or over was associated with better memory (beta=0.15, p=0.03) and better global cognition (beta=.22, p=0.002) in linear regression analyses, although education explained this association fully. However, worse memory was associated with an early age at menopause of 47 years or younger independent of confounds and mediators. ESR1 genotypes associated with age at menopause and dementia in other studies did not mediate these relationships. However, the P allele of the ESR1 PvuII polymorphism was associated with better memory function (p<0.05). Data suggested the converse may be the case for older (>65 years of age) women. These data link in with cell culture, treatment and observational studies suggesting that estrogen and estrogen sensitivity (ESR1 PvuII P allele) may confer protective effects on cognition in midlife, but not in elderly women. Whether and how long women who undergo an early natural or surgical menopause should be treated with hormones to maintain optimal cognitive function in old age needs further study (300 words). *Corresponding author: Professor E Hogervorst, SSEHS, Applied Cognitive Research, Brockington building, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Tel: + 44 1509 223020; Fax: + 44 1509 223940; E-mail: e.hogervorst@lboro.ac. uk Received November 26, 2011; Accepted December 12, 2011; Published December 15, 2011 Citation: Hogervorst E, Kusdhany LS, Ismail RI, Auerkari EI, Bandelow S, et al. (2011) Age at Natural Menopause and Memory Function: Modification by Education and Genotype. Endocrinol Metab Synd S7:001. doi:10.4172/21611017.S7-001 Copyright: © 2011 Hogervorst E, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Status of Malaria Infection in Peri-Urban Community of North CentralRegion of Nigeria

Malaria infection is a tropical parasitic disease of man that causes severe morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. A cross sectional survey was carried out to investigate the infection status with respect to associated risk factors and the preventive measures adopted in Ogele, Nigeria. A total of 471 people were enlisted for the study and their bloods were examined for malaria parasites. Their socio-economic, environmental and adopted preventive measures profiles were obtained using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Three hundred (63.7%) of the study population were infected with at least one Plasmodium species with average parasite load of 2052.61 parasite/μl of blood. Eighty percent (80%), 9.3% and 10.3% of the infection were due to P. falciparum, P. vivax and mixed infection respectively. Generally, the prevalence and intensity of the infection were age-dependent (p>0.05) and sexindependent. Both are higher at the younger age group. Of all risk factors studied, knowledge of the infection, education status, individual income, presence and closeness of the bush to human habitation were strongly associated with the occurrence of the malaria infection. The prevalence and intensity of malaria infection among ITNs users are comparable with individuals using other preventive measures. Design of control strategies must consider among other factors, the community knowledge of malaria infection and additional tool to target outdoor transmission. Therefore, continuous orientation/education on the preventive strategies of malaria and transmission of the disease will ameliorate the deteriorating health condition due to malaria in the study area and other endemic region with similar characteristics.
Parents’ Perceptions of Gastrostomy Feeding for Children With Neurological Disabilities: A Multicenter Study

Gastrostomy is recommended to parents and children as the most appropriate method of long-term nutritional support. The objective of this study was to describe daily functioning of both caregivers and their children with gastrostomy tube. Using a semistructured questionnaire, this descriptive study examined perceptions of feeding and adherence to feeding recommendations for caregivers of children with neurological disabilities and gastrostomy tube. The questionnaire covered various aspects of child’s gastrostomy care, ranging from changing buttons, method of feeding, tolerance of diet, and problems with the gastrostomy site and device to how gastrostomy feeding has affected their lives. Parents and carers of 44 children completed a questionnaire. Children in the study (n = 44) had had a gastric tube in place for at least 1 month, and children with cerebral palsy had been assessed at level V of the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Most caregivers reported improvement in the children following placement and significant improvements in their own social functioning. Carers reported a significant reduction in feeding times, increased ease of drug administration, and reduced concern about their child’s nutritional status. Most caregivers reported a beneficial effect on their children of the gastrostomy feeding tube placement—improved nutrition and decreased health complications. Consistent with prior research, this study found that the majority of caregivers were satisfied with the gastrostomy tube placement results and felt the improvement in the quality of their life.
The role of erythropoietin in the management of cancer patients with non-hematologic malignancies receiving chemotherapy

CRD summary The data presented in this review support the authors' conclusions that erythropoietin safely reduces the incidence of symptomatic treatment-related anaemia and the need for blood transfusion. The use of erythropoietin is recommended where a slow decline in haemoglobin is associated with increased fatigue and reduced quality of life, but not where rapid recovery of haemoglobin is required.
Ethnobotanical survey of toxic plants and plant parts in Ogun State, Nigeria

Background: Several plants considered toxic are sometimes identified in traditional medicinal recipes. This study identified and inventoried the plants and plant parts identified as toxic in targeted local government areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: By administering tested questionnaires, information on the poisonous or toxic plants, poisonous parts, poisonous effects, modes of poisoning, and antidotes was obtained. Results and Conclusion: Ninety-two species belonging to 43 families were identified as toxic plants and these were mainly members of the Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae families. The botanical names, poisonous parts, common names, vernacular names, modes of poisoning, antidotes, and poisonous effects are presented in a table. Key words: Inventory, poisonous plants, toxic
Borderline personality disorder : the attitudes of mental health clinicians

According to the literature, borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often viewed negatively by mental health clinicians. The primary aim of this research was to assess the attitudes of clinicians working in mental health continuing care teams (CCTs) in Melbourne . A purpose-designed questionnaire, Attitudes to Borderline Personality Disorder Scale (BPD-APS), was used to gather demographic information from a sample of 91 participants and to assess clinicians' attitudes. Participants were from four main disciplines: 22 nurses (24%), 16 psychologists (18%), 17 social workers (19%), 12 consultant psychiatrists (13%), 11 psychiatric registrars (12%). Clinicians' discipline, years of practice, consultation and training with a specialised service (Spectrum) and level of burnout, measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBl-HSS), were all factors expected to influence clinicians' attitude towards BPD patients. Fifty-eight per cent of the participants had positive attitudes to BPD patients but a substantial proportion ( 42%) had negative attitudes. Years of experience in mental health impacted on clinicians' levels of interest in working with BPD patients but were not associated with their attitudes towards such patients. Significant statistical differences were found between the four main disciplines: psychiatrists/registrars and psychiatric nurses had more negative attitudes to patients with BPD. Social workers and clinical psychologists were more positive. Analyses indicated that clinicians (58%) experienced moderate to high levels of emotional exhaustion. Thirty eight per cent of the clinicians reported moderate to high levels of depersonalisation, while 61 per cent rated low to moderate levels of personal accomplishment on the MBl-HSS. The attitudes of the clinicians were correlated with depersonalisation but not with emotional exhaustion. Consistent with recent literature, clinicians with access to consultation and training had more positive attitudes. The findings of this study clearly indicate the need for clinicians working in mental health services to receive specific training, supervision and support for working with BPD patients.
Perception on Hospice, Attitudes toward Death and Needs of Hospice Care between the Patients with Cancer and Family

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the perception on hospice, attitudes toward death and needs of hospice care between the patients with cancer and family. Methods: This study used descriptive research design. The participants were 118 patients with cancer hospitalized and 118 family caregivers of patients with cancer. The data collected by questionnaires from October to December, 2013. Results: There was significant difference in perception on hospice (recognition of hospice term and definition of hospice) and needs of hospice care between patients and family. Among the categories of the needs, ‘medical needs’ was the highest in patients and ‘emotional care’ was the highest in family. But there was no significant difference in attitudes toward death. There correlation between attitudes toward death and needs of hospice care was significant only in patients. Conclusion: Hospice care must be provided considering the death attitudes and needs of patients with cancer and family based on the understanding of perception on hospice, attitudes toward death of the patients with cancer and family.
System to Evaluate the Skill of Operating Hydraulic Excavators Using a Remote Controlled Excavator and Virtual Reality

We developed a system to evaluate the skill of operating a hydraulic excavator. The system employs a remotely controlled (RC) excavator and virtual reality (VR) technology. We remodeled the RC excavator so that it can be operated in the same manner as a real excavator and proceeded to measure the excavator's state. To evaluate the skill of operating this system, we calculated several indices from the data recorded during excavation work and compared the indices obtained for expert and non-expert operators. The results revealed that it is possible to distinguish whether an expert or non-expert is operating the RC excavator. We calculated the same indices from the data recorded during excavation with a real excavator and verified that there exists a high correlation between the indices of the RC excavator and those of the real excavator. Thus, we confirmed that the indices of the real excavator and those of the simulator exhibited similar trends. This suggests that it is possible to partly evaluate the operation characteristics of a real excavator by using an RC excavator with different dynamics compared with a real excavator.
Planning “Plan B”: The Case of Moving Cattle From an Infected Feedlot Premises During a Hypothetical Widespread FMD Outbreak in the United States

In the event of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the United States, “stamping out” FMD infected premises has been proposed as the method of choice for the control of outbreaks. However, if a widespread, catastrophic FMD outbreak in the U.S. were to occur, alternative solutions to stamping out may be required, particularly for large feedlots with over 10,000 cattle. Such strategies include moving cattle from infected or not known to be infected operations to slaughter facilities either with or without prior implementation of vaccination. To understand the risk of these strategies, it is important to estimate levels of herd viremia. Multiple factors must be considered when determining risk and feasibility of moving cattle from a feedlot to a slaughter facility during an FMD outbreak. In addition to modeling within-herd disease spread to estimate prevalence of viremic animals, we explore potential pathways for viral spread associated with the movement of asymptomatic beef cattle (either pre-clinical or recovered) from an infected feedlot premises to offsite harvest facilities. This analysis was proactive in nature, however evaluation of the likelihood of disease spread relative to disease (infection) phase, time of movement, and vaccination status are all factors which should be considered in managing and containing a large-scale FMD outbreak in the United States.
GANsDTA: Predicting Drug-Target Binding Affinity Using GANs

The computational prediction of interactions between drugs and targets is a standing challenge in drug discovery. State-of-the-art methods for drug-target interaction prediction are primarily based on supervised machine learning with known label information. However, in biomedicine, obtaining labeled training data is an expensive and a laborious process. This paper proposes a semi-supervised generative adversarial networks (GANs)-based method to predict binding affinity. Our method comprises two parts, two GANs for feature extraction and a regression network for prediction. The semi-supervised mechanism allows our model to learn proteins drugs features of both labeled and unlabeled data. We evaluate the performance of our method using multiple public datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves competitive performance while utilizing freely available unlabeled data. Our results suggest that utilizing such unlabeled data can considerably help improve performance in various biomedical relation extraction processes, for example, Drug-Target interaction and protein-protein interaction, particularly when only limited labeled data are available in such tasks. To our best knowledge, this is the first semi-supervised GANs-based method to predict binding affinity.
Epidemiological Study of Canine Teeth Fractures in Military Dogs

An epidemiological study of canine teeth fractures was carried out on 142 military dogs. One in four dogs had one or more canine teeth that were fractured, and 66 of 568 (11.6%) canine teeth were fractured. Canine teeth fractures most often were oblique mesiodistally, and had exposed pulp. Generally, more than fifty per cent of the crown length was lost in fractured canine teeth. Canine teeth fractures most often occurred during attack exercises, or in the kennel as a result of abnormal chewing or biting behavior. Fracture of two or more canine teeth resulted in a decrease in the ability or willingness of the dogs to function as military dogs. In many cases, severe attrition (abrasive dentin and enamel lesions and cracks) were present prior to fracture of the teeth.
Propofol Affects Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter less than Sevoflurane during Robotic Surgery in the Steep Trendelenburg Position

Background Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP) can increase intracranial pressure (ICP) related to a change in position. Increasing ICP may result in various ocular complications, which are rare but serious, such as a corneal abrasion and ischemic optic neuropathy. We performed a prospective observational trial using ultrasonographic measurements to compare optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) related to ICP between patients who received either propofol or sevoflurane and underwent RLRP. Methods Thirty-two male patients scheduled to undergo RLRP were assigned into groups according to the anesthetic agent used (group P: propofol, n = 16; group S: sevoflurane, n = 16). ONSD, end-tidal partial pressure of CO2, and blood pressure were measured 10 min after induction of anesthesia (T0), 30 min (T1), 60 min (T2), and 90 min after changing to the steep Trendelenburg position and introducing a pneumoperitoneum (T3) and 10 min after returning the patient's position to supine (T4) during surgery. Results No significant differences were observed in the demographic data of the patients, surgery time, or intraoperative variables, including hemodynamic and respiratory variables, at any of the time points. The mean right ONSDs in the propofol and sevoflurane groups were 37.3 and 40.1 mm at 30 min (p=0.003), respectively. The mean left ONSDs were 38.4 and 40.8 mm at 30 min (p=0.021) after changing to the Trendelenburg position. The ONSDs between the two groups were significantly different during surgery. Conclusions ONSD increased more in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group during RLRP. Intravenous anesthetics could alleviate the increase in ICP during RLRP.