Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Basin-scale extrapolation of shipboard pCO2 data by using satellite SST and Chla

A new method for the estimation of basin-scale distribution of pressure of carbon dioxide on the sea surface (pCO2) by satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla) is presented. 28 557 shipboard pCO2 data were regressed by second-order multiple regression equations of SST and Chla with a regression error of ±14 µatm and ±17 µatm in the subtropical and subarctic domain, respectively. The monthly-average SST and monthly-maximum Chla (Chlmax) field determined from the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite/Ocean Color Temperature Scanner (ADEOS/OCTS) level 3 Daily Binned Map data were substituted into the multi-regression equation to generate the ‘monthly-typical’ basin-scale pCO2 field in the North Pacific, and the results agreed well with the climatological field of shipboard pCO2 observations with an error bar of ±21 µatm except in the case of springtime subarctic North Pacific. The satellite-pCO2 field also satisfactorily reproduced the principle distribution of pCO2 in the springtime subarctic North Pacific such as the location of each low-pCO2 patch observed by the shipboard measurements. The extent of pCO2 depletion in each pCO2 patch, however, was not well approximated by the satellite-pCO2 field. This was caused by the underestimation of Chlmax in these low-pCO2 patches due to the low frequency of satellite-Chla observations in the springtime subarctic North Pacific due to the cloudiness.
Journaling Versus Soft Updates: Asynchronous Meta-data Protection in File Systems

The UNIX Fast File System (FFS) is probably the most widely-used file system for performance comparisons. However, such comparisons frequently overlook many of the performance enhancements that have been added over the past decade. In this paper, we explore the two most commonly used approaches for improving the performance of meta-data operations and recovery: journaling and Soft Updates. Journaling systems use an auxiliary log to record meta-data operations and Soft Updates uses ordered writes to ensure metadata consistency. The commercial sector has moved en masse to journaling file systems, as evidenced by their presence on nearly every server platform available today: Solaris, AIX, Digital UNIX, HP-UX, Irix, and Windows NT. On all but Solaris, the default file system uses journaling. In the meantime, Soft Updates holds the promise of providing stronger reliability guarantees than journaling, with faster recovery and superior performance in certain boundary cases. In this paper, we explore the benefits of Soft Updates and journaling, comparing their behavior on both microbenchmarks and workload-based macrobenchmarks. We find that journaling alone is not sufficient to "solve" the meta-data update problem. If synchronous semantics are required (i.e., meta-data operations are durable once the system call returns), then the journaling systems cannot realize their full potential. Only when this synchronicity requirement is relaxed can journaling systems approach the performance of systems like Soft Updates (which also relaxes this requirement). Our asynchronous journaling and Soft Updates systems perform comparably in most cases. While Soft Updates excels in some meta-data intensive microbenchmarks, the macrobenchmark results are more ambiguous. In three cases Soft Updates and journaling are comparable. In a file intensive news workload, journaling prevails, and in a small ISP workload, Soft Updates prevails.
MUSES‐C target asteroid (25143) 1998 SF36: A reddened ordinary chondrite

Abstract— Near‐Earth asteroid (25143) 1998 SF36 is a planned target for the Japanese MUSES‐C sample return mission. High signal‐to‐noise and relatively high‐resolution (50 Å) visible and near‐infrared spectroscopic measurements obtained during this asteroid's favorable 2001 apparition reveal it to have a red‐sloped S(IV)‐type spectrum with strong 1 and 2 μm absorption bands analogous to those measured for ordinary chondrite meteorites. This red slope, which is the primary spectral difference between (25143) 1998 SF36 and ordinary chondrite meteorites, is well modeled by the spectrum of 0.05% nanophase iron (npFe0) proposed as a weathering mechanism by Pieters et al. (2000). Asteroid 1998 SF36 appears to have a surface composition corresponding to that of ordinary chondrite meteorites and is most similar in spectral characteristics and modeled olivine/pyroxene content to the LL chondrite class.
Predictability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation

Sea surface temperature (SST) observations in the North Atlantic indicate the existence of strong multidecadal variability with unique spatial structure. It is shown by means of a global climate model which does not employ flux adjustments that the multi-decadal SST variability is closely related to variations in the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC). The close correspondence between the North Atlantic SST and THC variabilities allows in conjunction with the dynamical inertia of the THC for the prediction of the slowly varying component of the North Atlantic climate system. This is shown by classical predictability experiments and greenhouse warming simulations with the global climate model.
Network Congestion Control - Managing Internet Traffic

Want to learn more about the background and concepts of Internet congestion control? This indispensable text draws a sketch of the future in an easily comprehensible fashion. Special attention is placed on explaining the how and why of congestion control mechanisms-complex issues so far hardly understood outside the congestion control research community. A chapter on Internet Traffic Management from the perspective of an Internet Service Provider demonstrates how the theory of congestion control impacts on the practicalities of service delivery. Features: • Comprehensive, easy-to-read documentation on the advanced topic of congestion control without too heavy maths. • Aims to give a thorough understanding of the evolution of Internet congestion control: how TCP works, why it works the way it does, why some congestion control mechanisms failed for the Internet. • Gives an overview of the state-of-the-art in congestion control research and an outlook into the future. • Explains the Chiu/Jain vector diagrams and introduces a new method of using these diagrams for analysis & design. • Includes examples/problems for educators in the appendix. • Accompanying website with Java tool that simulates the behaviour of congestion control mechanisms as well as examples, links to code and projects/bibliography. This exceptional book is suitable for advanced networking and Internet courses, researchers in CS and EE communications networking. It is also suitable for Network administrators, ISPs, application providers.
An interactive power analysis tool for microarray hypothesis testing and generation

MOTIVATION Human clinical projects typically require a priori statistical power analyses. Towards this end, we sought to build a flexible and interactive power analysis tool for microarray studies integrated into our public domain HCE 3.5 software package. We then sought to determine if probe set algorithms or organism type strongly influenced power analysis results. RESULTS The HCE 3.5 power analysis tool was designed to import any pre-existing Affymetrix microarray project, and interactively test the effects of user-defined definitions of alpha (significance), beta (1-power), sample size and effect size. The tool generates a filter for all probe sets or more focused ontology-based subsets, with or without noise filters that can be used to limit analyses of a future project to appropriately powered probe sets. We studied projects from three organisms (Arabidopsis, rat, human), and three probe set algorithms (MAS5.0, RMA, dChip PM/MM). We found large differences in power results based on probe set algorithm selection and noise filters. RMA provided high sensitivity for low numbers of arrays, but this came at a cost of high false positive results (24% false positive in the human project studied). Our data suggest that a priori power calculations are important for both experimental design in hypothesis testing and hypothesis generation, as well as for the selection of optimized data analysis parameters. AVAILABILITY The Hierarchical Clustering Explorer 3.5 with the interactive power analysis functions is available at www.cs. umd.edu/hcil/hce or www.cnmcresearch.org/bioinformatics. CONTACT jseo@cnmcresearch.org
Timing and Spouting Height of Sand Boils Caused by Liquefaction during the 2010 Mw 6.9 Yushu Earthquake, Tibetan Plateau, China

The 2010 Mw 6.9 Yushu earthquake produced a ~33-km-long co-seismic surface rupture zone along the pre-existing active Yushu Fault on China’s central Tibetan Plateau. Sand boils occurred along the tension cracks of the co-seismic surface rupture zone, and locally spouted up above the ground to coat the top of limestone blocks that had slid down from an adjacent ~300-m-high mountain slope. Based on our observations, the relations between the arrival times of P- and S-waves at the sand-boil location and the seismic rupture velocity, we conclude that 1) the sand boils occurred at least 18.24 s after the main shock; 2) it took at least 4.09 - 9.79 s after the formation of co-seismic surface rupture to generate liquefaction at the sand-boil location; 3) the spouting height of sand boils was at least 65 cm. Our findings help to clarify the relationships between the timing of lique-faction and the spouting height of sand boils during a large-magnitude earthquake.
Ground‐Water Contamination from Two Small Septic Systems on Sand Aquifers

Distinct plumes of septic system-impacted ground water at two single-family homes located on shallow unconfined sand aquifers in Ontario showed elevated levels of Cl−, NO3−, Na+, Ca2+, K+, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon and depressed levels of pH and dissolved oxygen. At the Cambridge site, in use 12 years, the plume had sharp lateral and vertical boundaries and was more than 130 m in length with a uniform width of about 10 m. As a result of low transverse dispersion in the aquifer, mobile plume solutes such as NO3− and Na+ occurred at more than 50 percent of the source concentrations 130 m downgradient from the septic system. At the Muskoka site, in use three years, the plume also had discrete boundaries reflecting low transverse dispersion. After 1.5 years of system operation, the Muskoka plume began discharging to a river located 20 m from the tile field. Almost complete NOs attenuation was observed within the last 2 m of the plume flowpath before discharge to the river. This was attributed to denitrification occurring within organic matter-enriched riverbed sediments. The very weakly dispersive nature of the two aquifers was consistent with the results of recently reported natural-gradient tracer tests in sands. Therefore, for many unconfined sand aquifers, the minimum distance-to-well regulations for permitting septic systems in most parts of North America should not be expected to be adequately protective of well-water quality in situations where mobile contaminants such as NOs are not attenuated by chemical or microbiological processes.
Efficient Continuous Manifold Learning for Time Series Modeling

Modeling non-Euclidean data is drawing attention along with the unprecedented successes of deep neural networks in diverse ﬁelds. In particular, symmetric positive deﬁnite (SPD) matrix is being actively studied in computer vision, signal processing, and medical image analysis, thanks to its ability to learn appropriate statistical representations. However, due to its strong constraints, it remains challenging for optimization problems or inefﬁcient computation costs, especially, within a deep learning framework. In this paper, we propose to exploit a diffeomorphism mapping between Riemannian manifolds and a Cholesky space, by which it becomes feasible not only to efﬁciently solve optimization problems but also to reduce computation costs greatly. Further, in order for dynamics modeling in time series data, we devise a continuous manifold learning method by integrating a manifold ordinary differential equation and a gated recurrent neural network in a systematic manner. It is noteworthy that because of the nice parameterization of matrices in a Cholesky space, it is straightforward to train our proposed network with Riemannian geometric metrics equipped. We demonstrate through experiments that the proposed model can be efﬁciently and reliably trained as well as outperform existing manifold methods and state-of-the-art methods in two classi-ﬁcation tasks: action recognition and sleep staging classiﬁcation.
From dome to disease : the respiratory toxicity of volcanic cristobalite

Exposure to fine-grained volcanic ash can potentially cause acute and chronic respiratory disease. The toxicity of ash is likely to vary depending on the type and style of eruption; eruptions at dome-forming volcanoes, in particular, can produce ash containing substantial quantities of respirable crystalline silica, a recognised human carcinogen and causative agent of silicosis. Volcanic domes crystallise crystalline silica as cristobalite, which is metastable at dome-forming temperatures (ca. 850 °C), through deposition from silica-saturated vapours and through devitrification of volcanic glass. Five dome-forming volcanoes are studied to constrain the hazard posed by volcanic cristobalite, including: Colima, Mexico; Merapi, Indonesia; Mount St. Helens, USA; Santiaguito, Guatemala; and Unzen, Japan. The evolution of the cristobalite hazard is investigated from crystallisation in volcanic settings to its potential effect on biological systems, through a series of petrological, physicochemical and toxicological studies. We rationalise the presence of metastable cristobalite below its stability field in all domes studied by way of a textural investigation, and conclude that the incorporation of aluminium and sodium into the silica structure facilitates crystallisation. Since particle toxicology is dependent on composition and structure, the observation of cation substitutions is expanded in a geochemical and thermodynamic investigation of volcanic cristobalite to constrain its mineralogy. We find that incorporation of 1-4 wt. % aluminium leads to a poorly-ordered cristobalite structure. This investigation facilitates a mineralogical comparison of the cristobalite hazard among volcanic locations and provides the framework for assessing volcanic cristobalite toxicity. We investigate the ability of volcanic ash to elicit an in vitro pro-inflammatory response, focusing on silica-mediated experiments, and relate the influence of structure and composition to the potential physiological burden. We find that volcanic cristobalite can be mineralogically considered as a single entity among locations, and that cristobalite-bearing ash is less toxic than expected. Nonetheless, we recommend that eruptions be considered on a case-by-case basis to most effectively aid the risk mitigation work of disaster managers globally.
Authigenic kaolin and illitic minerals during burial diagenesis of sandstones: a review

Abstract The diagenetic evolution of kaolin and illitic minerals in sandstones is described here. The structural characterization of these minerals, the possible reaction pathways leading to their crystallization, and the origin of the fluids involved are discussed specifically. While early precipitation of kaolinite is in general related to flushing by meteoric waters, subsequent diagenetic kaolinite-to-dickite transformation probably results from invasion by acidic fluids of organic origin. Dickite is the stable polytype in most sandstone formations and the kaoliniteto- dickite conversion is kinetically controlled. The conventional model of kaolin illitization, assuming a thermodynamic control in a closed system, is discussed and compared to an alternative model in which illitization of kaolin is not coupled to dissolution of K-feldspar (Berger et al., 1997). In the latter model, illite crystallization at the expense of kaolin implies that an energy barrier is overcome either by an increased K+/H+ activity ratio in solution or by a considerable temperature increase.
Eddies at the Subtropical Convergence South of Africa

Abstract A descriptive analysis of the occurrence and kinematics of mesoscale eddies at the subtropical convergence south of Africa is presented. Data used in this study include thermal infrared imagery from satellites since 1978 and a number of expendable hathythermogaph sections in the geographic area, supported by drift tracks of free-drifting buoys since 1975. The distribution of intense cold eddies to the north and warm eddies to the south of the subtropical convergence shows distinct geographic patterns. The morphology of these eddies is such as to allow them to be categorized into four distinct classes, each with a specific origin and kinematic behavior. This implies consistent underlying dynamics which is shown to include the influence of bottom topography as well as meridional current shear.
Flank instability structure of Mt. Etna inferred by a magnetotelluric survey

This paper presents a magnetotelluric (MT) survey of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We take thirty soundings along two profiles oriented in the N-S and NW-SE directions, and from these data recover two 2D resistivity models of the subsurface. Both models reveal three major layers in a resistive-conductive-resistive sequence, the deepest extending to 14 km bsl. The shallow layer corresponds to the volcanic cover, and the intermediate conductive layer corresponds to underlying sediments segmented by faults. These two electrical units are cut by E-W-striking faults. The third layer (basement) is interpreted as mainly pertinent to the Apennine-Maghrebian Chain associated with SW-NE-striking regional faults. The detailed shapes of the resistivity profiles clearly show that the NE Rift is shallow-rooted ( 0–1 km bsl), thus presumably fed by lateral dikes from the central volcano conduit. The NW-SE profile suggests by a series of listric faults reaching up to 3 km bsl, then becoming almost horizontal. Toward the SE, the resistive basement dramatically dips (from 3 km to 10 km bsl), in correspondence with the Timpe Fault System. Several high-conductivity zones close to the main faults suggest the presence of hydrothermal activity and fluid circulation that could enhance flank instability. Our results provide new findings about the geometry of the unstable Etna flank and its relation to faults and subsurface structures.
Overview of the 2018 Spoken CALL Shared Task

We present an overview of the second edition of the Spoken CALL Shared Task. Groups competed on a prompt-response task using English-language data collected, through an online CALL game, from Swiss German teens in their second and third years of learning English. Each item consists of a written German prompt and an audio file containing a spoken response. The task is to accept linguistically correct responses and reject linguistically incorrect ones, with "linguistically correct" defined by a gold standard derived from human annotations. Scoring was performed using a metric defined as the ratio of the relative rejection rates on incorrect and correct responses. The second edition received eighteen entries and showed very substantial improvement on the first edition; all entries were better than the best entry from the first edition, and the best score was about four times higher. We present the task, the resources, the results, a discussion of the metrics used, and an analysis of what makes items challenging. In particular, we present quantitative evidence suggesting that incorrect responses are much more difficult to process than correct responses, and that the most significant factor in making a response challenging is its distance from the closest training example.
On the degree-chromatic polynomial of a tree

The degree chromatic polynomial $Pm(G,k)$ of a graph $G$ counts the number of $k$-colorings in which no vertex has $m$ adjacent vertices of its same color. We prove Humpert and Martin's conjecture on the leading terms of the degree chromatic polynomial of a tree.
D region disturbances caused by electromagnetic pulses from lightning

Electromagnetic pulses from weak lightning discharges (E[sub 100] = 1 V/m, where E[sub 100] is the field strength in the radiation pattern maximum at 100 km) may substantionally heat D region electrons, while only pulses with E[sub 100] [>=] 20 V/m may create electron density enhancements [>=]10% of ambient. A E[sub 100] = 20 V/m pulse from a horizontal radiator at 5 km altitude (e.g., the cloud discharge at the stepped-leader onset) increases the electron temperature by a factor of [approximately]400 maximum and the electron density (in one ionization cycle) by [approximately]230 cm[sup [minus]3] maximum; the widths at half-maximum of the heated and ionized regions are 200 km and 90 km. A E[sub 100] = 40 V/m pulse from a vertical radiator at 0 km altitude (e.g., the vertical return stroke channel) increases the electron temperature by a factor of [approximately]350 maximum and the electron density (in one ionization cycle) by [approximately]80 cm[sup [minus]3] maximum; the widths at half-maximum of the heated and ionized regions are 440 km and 260 km. Several ionization cycles should occur during a typical lightning pulse. 4 regs. , 4 figs.
The Adjustment of the Coupled Climate Model HadGEM1 toward Equilibrium and the Impact on Global Climate

Abstract Coupled climate models generally have a small residual radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere. In the Met Office climate model, Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 (HadGEM1), it is incoming (heating the planet) and reduces over a 350-yr period from 0.4 to 0.1 W m−2. The process of the adjustment in HadGEM1 is examined and is shown to be linked to excessive heat gain. In the tropical and South Atlantic, cold, fresh Antarctic Intermediate Water is replaced by anomalously warm, salty intermediate water. The loss of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic is related to a weak Agulhas retroflection. The erosion is enhanced in the tropical Atlantic by strong upwelling. The warm, salty anomalies are advected northward outcropping in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. In the outcrop zone, sea surface temperature and salinity are increased, which lead to an increase in global mean surface temperature and a reduction in the sea ice area. This adjusts the top of the atmosphere .
Grain‐scale processes, folding, and stratigraphic disturbance in the GISP2 ice core

Flow disturbances have been shown to alter stratigraphic order in the lower part of the ice sheet in central Greenland. Vertical thin sections of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core show that in the lower 30%, the expected c axis-vertical fabric is interrupted by planes of grains (“stripes”) with c axes oriented approximately in the dip directions of the planes. Stripe-parallel shear produces small-scale folds. The stripes can be explained qualitatively by a simple nucleation-and-growth model based on the strong anisotropy of ice-crystal deformation. Nucleation probably is sensitive to spatially variable rates of polygonization, producing spatially variable stripe densities. Stripes are modeled to affect the ice viscosity, so variations in stripe density may contribute to viscosity contrasts that might produce larger deformational features and loss of stratigraphic order.