Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic Conductivity Determinations in Unlithified Glacial and Fluvial Materials

Experiences with many measurements of the hydraulic conductivity of unlithified glacial and fluvial materials in Wisconsin suggest that hydraulic conductivity must be viewed in terms of the operational scale of measurement, based on the scale of the problem at hand and the volume of the materials of interest. Frequently, the hydraulic conductivity of a given lithostratigraphic unit appears to increase as the operational scale of measurement increases. In particular, laboratory methods can yield hydraulic conductivities one to two orders of magnitude lower than conductivities determined in field tests on the same materials. The operational scale of most laboratory methods is much smaller than the operational scale of most field problems, and laboratory tests, although often logistically and financially attractive, may be of little value in characterizing the hydraulic conductivity of Pleistocene and recent deposits at working field scales.
Detailed measurements of thickness and grain size of a widespread onshore tsunami deposit in Phang‐nga Province, southwestern Thailand

Measurements of thickness and grain size along flow‐parallel transects across onshore deposits of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami revealed macroscopic horizontal variations and provided new insights into tsunami sedimentation. The tsunami caused severe erosion of beaches, river mouths, and the shallow seafloor along the coast of southwestern Thailand and supplied sufficient sediment to deposit a kilometer‐wide blanket of sand on the land surface. The tsunami deposits generally fine landward with some fluctuations caused by local entrainment and settlement of sediments. Sediments of medium and fine sand are restricted to a few hundreds of meters inland from their source, whereas finer grained sediments were suspended longer and deposited 1 km or more inland. Although the thickness of the tsunami deposits is strongly influenced by local topography, they generally thin landward. In areas of low‐relief topography, the rate of landward thinning is exponential and reflects the dominance of sediment supply to nearshore areas over that to areas farther inland.
Les palses minérales et organiques de la vallée de l’Aveneau, près de Kuujjuaq, Québec subarctique

De tres nombreuses palses organiques, ainsi que des palses minerales se developpent pres de Kuujjuaq sur des argiles limoneuses marines holocenes exondees a la suite du relevement isostatique postglaciaire. L'etude de photos aeriennes prises en 1948 et en 1974 et l'examen du terrain etablissent que de nos jours des lacs thermokarstiques s'elargissent en meme temps que le fond de quelques autres lacs se souleve et emerge, en raison de l'apparition de nouvelle glace de segregation. Une coupe degagee dans une palse minerale soulevant des depots sablo-graveleux fluviatiles montre que cette palse a subi une fusion partielle qui a ete interpretee comme resultant du rechauffement climatique qui s'est produit vers 1800 ap. J.-C. Une palse organique contigue, exterieurement tres semblable, est apparue sous des depots sablo-graveleux mis en place par un petit ruisseau descendant du versant de la vallee. Cette sedimentation s'est deroulee de 2340 ans BP a 620 ans BP, date apres laquelle la palse organique excavee a grandi. Les palses minerales etudiees laissent, apres leur fusion, un rempart annulaire du a la fois a la descente du materiau sur les pentes de la butte et au basculement des couches qui ont ete soulevees lors de la croissance de celle-ci.
Lead and oxygen isotope evidence for the origin of the Monte Rosa gold lode deposits (Western Alps, Italy); a comparison with Archean lode deposits

In the Monte Rosa area of the northwestern Italian Alps swarms of epigenetic, quartz sulfide gold-bearing veins occur within a terrane affected by Tertiary regional metamorphism of greenschist to amphibolite grade. They are preferentially associated with the felsic rocks of the upper Penninic nappes. Field evidence and available geochronologic data imply emplacement ages postdating the metamorphic peak (38 + or - 2 m.y.). The spatial distribution of the veins is related to late metamorphic large-scale tectonic disturbances, which displace, truncate, or fold the isograds.Lead isotope analyses of galenas and other sulfides were compared with those of feldspars, clinozoisites, and whole rocks from various unaltered host rocks. The data suggest derivation of the ore lead from Caledonian metapelites, with a possible contribution from Hercynian granitoids, but they rule out significant contributions from the neighboring ophiolitic greenstones and associated stratiform massive sulfide deposits. The separation of the ore leads into two distinct data fields is probably the result of ore deposition from at least two hydrothermal systems, which were separated in space and possibly also in time. The hypothesis of two distinct mineralization ages is also supported by geochronologic data.Oxygen isotope data indicate that the ore fluids had isotopic compositions consistent with a metamorphic origin, with the notable exception of the Val Toppa mine, where lighter, possibly surface-derived water was involved. Oxygen isotope fractionations between mineral pairs in metasediments and granites indicate metamorphic peak temperatures of 530 degrees to 605 degrees C, in agreement with those inferred from petrologic evidence. These temperatures and preliminary fluid inclusion data were used to predict oxygen isotope compositions of gangue quartz. The comparison of predicted with measured delta 18 O values shows consistency with the assumption that the fluids were generated by metamorphic devolatilization within the metapelites and granitoids, in agreement with the lead isotope data.The results suggest that the gold-bearing fluids and the lead were supplied by rocks derived from the continental crust, in opposition to the data from many greenstone-hosted Archean gold lode deposits, which indicate a mantle source. This implies that metamorphic-hosted quartz-gold lodes do not necessarily derive metals and fluids from source beds within a greenstone sequence. Therefore, the assumption that the Archean gold was derived from greenstones should be checked by isotope tracing studies. The common lead method appears to be particularly promising in distinguishing greenstone metamorphic from granitic sources in Precambrian terranes, in view of the contrasting U/Pb ratios usually stated in these lithologies.
Factors controlling the mode of rift interaction in brittle‐ductile coupled systems: A 3D numerical study

The way individual faults and rift segments link up is a fundamental aspect of lithosphere extension and continental break‐up. Little is known however about the factors that control the selection of the different modes of rift interaction observed in nature. Here we use state‐of‐the‐art large deformation 3D numerical models to examine the controls on the style and geometry of rift linkage between rift segments during extension of crustal brittle‐ductile coupled systems. We focus on the effect of viscosity of the lower layer, the offset between the rift basins and the amount of strain weakening on the efficiency of rift linkage and rift propagation and the style of extension. The models predict three main modes of rift interaction: 1) oblique to transform linking graben systems for small to moderate rift offset and low lower layer viscosity, 2) propagating but non linking and overlapping primary grabens for larger offset and intermediate lower layer viscosity, and 3) formation of multiple graben systems with inefficient rift propagation for high lower layer viscosity. The transition between the linking (Mode 1) and non‐linking mode (Mode 2) is controlled by the trade‐off between the rift offset, the strength of brittle‐ductile coupling, and the amount of strain weakening. The mode transition from overlapping non‐connecting rift segments (Mode 2) to distributed deformation (Mode 3) is mainly controlled by the viscosity of the lower layer and can be understood from minimum energy dissipation analysis arguments.
Asthma-COPD overlap. Clinical relevance of genomic signatures of type 2 inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

RATIONALE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease and likely includes a subgroup that is biologically comparable to asthma. Studying asthma-associated gene expression changes in COPD could add insight into COPD pathogenesis and reveal biomarkers that predict a favorable response to corticosteroids. OBJECTIVES To determine whether asthma-associated gene signatures are increased in COPD and associated with asthma-related features. METHODS We compared disease-associated airway epithelial gene expression alterations in an asthma cohort (n = 105) and two COPD cohorts (n = 237, 171). The T helper type 2 (Th2) signature (T2S) score, a gene expression metric induced in Th2-high asthma, was evaluated in these COPD cohorts. The T2S score was correlated with asthma-related features and response to corticosteroids in COPD in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, the Groningen and Leiden Universities study of Corticosteroids in Obstructive Lung Disease (GLUCOLD; n = 89). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The 200 genes most differentially expressed in asthma versus healthy control subjects were enriched among genes associated with more severe airflow obstruction in these COPD cohorts (P < 0.001), suggesting significant gene expression overlap. A higher T2S score was associated with decreased lung function (P < 0.001), but not asthma history, in both COPD cohorts. Higher T2S scores correlated with increased airway wall eosinophil counts (P = 0.003), blood eosinophil percentage (P = 0.03), bronchodilator reversibility (P = 0.01), and improvement in hyperinflation after corticosteroid treatment (P = 0.019) in GLUCOLD. CONCLUSIONS These data identify airway gene expression alterations that can co-occur in asthma and COPD. The association of the T2S score with increased severity and "asthma-like" features (including a favorable corticosteroid response) in COPD suggests that Th2 inflammation is important in a COPD subset that cannot be identified by clinical history of asthma.
Sessile marine organisms and their significance in pre-Mesozoic strata. (Anniversary Address, 1960)

It is common knowledge that a salient difference between most plant and animal life on land is that the plant exists almost from birth to death fixed in one small place, that is, it is sessile; and resulting from this, in certain circumstances, coal, lignite or peat deposits are formed. Most land animals, however, are freely mobile and show varying degrees of speed; some even take to the air; but in the sea, many kinds of animals, having spent their larval life swimming freely as plankton, adopt in one way or another, attachment to extraneous material, such as the sea-bottom, stones, some other animal or to sea-weed which itself is sessile. Presumably the merit of an existence at a chosen sea anchorage compared with that of a nomad is that the sessile organism's metabolism is in balance with constant and adequate food supply in conditions of acceptable temperature, light intensity, salinity, sedimentation and depth. Although plants take their food as liquids or gases, and green plants use photosynthesis to assist this, animals require protein as well as gas and liquid. To acquire food the sessile marine animals depend on sea-water and plankton, either exclusively or with the addition of suspended organic matter; but I should recall that living exceptions to this generalization include certain anthozoa which ingest larger animals including small fish (Yonge 1949, p. 82). The usual method of taking in suspended food, be it plankton or other organic matter, is by currents activated by the animal's cirri or
In situ measurement of the coefficient of molecular diffusion in fine-grained till

Diffusion dominated systems, including naturally occurring aquitards and engineered barrier systems, are important components for long-term waste containment. Diffusive transport can be quantified using the effective coefficient of diffusion (De) and the effective porosity (ne). These are empirical parameters that are commonly measured in a laboratory setting. The purpose of this research was to develop a fieldbased technique to perform in situ measurement of diffusive transport rates. Results from this measurement technique were evaluated by comparison with the results of conventional laboratory testing and back-analysis of a previously determined largescale field diffusion profile. In situ diffusion testing was performed on two wells completed in diffusiondominated zone of a till aquitard. Laboratory diffusion cell tests were conducted on core samples obtained from the screened zones of the diffusion wells. Diffusion testing was completed using conservative isotopes of water as tracers. A finite element model was used to back-analyze results of laboratory and field experiments to determine the De values that best describe each system. Comparison of the field results with the laboratory results obtained from this study as well as previous studies indicate the field system is a useful method for measurement of De. Back-analysis of a previously determined large-scale field deuterium profile for this aquitard showed very precise measurement of De is not required for estimation of contaminant transport in thick till aquitard systems. More accurate measurement may be more useful for barrier systems such as clay liners or slurry walls, where the
Standards for soil lead limitations in the United States

Soil and dust are enriched in Pb by many sources (automotive emissions, paint residues, industrial emissions, etc.), such that the greatest quantities of Pb are usually found in inner-city urban areas. Soil Pb can reach cildren by (1) plant uptake of Pb from soil and transport into edible plant tissues; and (2) direct ingestion of soil and housedust, both inadvertently by hand-to-mouth play, and by pica. In general, soil ingestion provides a much greater potential pathway for soil Pb transfer to children than does growing plants on the same soil. Research is summarized which indicates that substantial areas of urban soil greatly exceed 500 mg Pb/kg and will need to be replaced to avoid health effects in children, especially in the inner-city and surrounding point sources of Pb. Pb-B of children is raised, in the average, about 5 ug Pb/dL for every 1000 mg Pb/kg soil/dust where the child lives or plays. The range of this response extends to at least 3-to-5 times higher than the mean response because of individual child behavior. Some evidence indicates that soil Pb > 150 mg/kg can cause excessive Pb-B levels in the most-sensitive, most-exposed children. Even this level does not include a deliberatemore » safety factor required in other environmental risk analysis for Pb and other elements. Because Pb is immobile in the soil, pollutant-Pb will persist in surface soils until humans take corrective actions. Recent changes in Superfund will require that a study be made to evaluate the response on Pb-B to replacement of Pb-polluted urban soils in several US cities. 178 references, 7 tables. « less
Residential radon risk assessment: how well is it working in a high radon region?

Three surveys of long-term indoor radon concentrations in Minnesota living spaces show that the state has many homes with elevated radon. A large random sample of Minnesota homes had a geometric mean of 3.5 pCi/L. Forty two percent had radon concentrations above 4pCi/L. A comparative study of short term and long term radon measurements in a subsample of these homes show poor correlation between short-term and long-term indoor radon concentrations as a result of significant temporal variation over the different measurement intervals. This poor correlation yields a significant failure rate when the current diagnostic testing protocol is used to select an appropriate action. When measurement errors are combined with some homeowner’s failure to follow the mitigation decision protocol, the current radon assessment procedure fails in many homes.
Capital Spaces: The Multiple Complex Public Spaces of a Global City

In recent years it has become common-place to hear claims that public space in cities across the globe has become the exclusive preserve of the wealthy and privileged, at the expense of the needs of wider society. Whether it is the privatisation of public space through commerical developments like shopping malls and business parks, the gentrification of existing spaces by campaigns against perceived anti-social behaviour or the increasing domination of public areas by private transport in the form of the car, the urban public space is seen as under threat. But are things really that bad? Has the market really become the sole factor that influences the treatment of public space? Have the financial and personal interests of the few really come to dominate those of the many? To answer these questions Matthew Carmona and Filipa Wunderlich have carried out a detailed investigation of the modern public spaces of London, that most global of cities. They have developed a new typology of public spaces applicable to all cities, a typology that demonstrates that to properly assess contemporary urban places means challenging the over-simplification of current critiques. Global cities are made up of many overlapping public spaces, good and bad; this book shows how to analyse this complexity, and to understand it.
ANALISIS RESPON PEMANGKU KEPENTINGAN DI DAERAH TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN HUTAN TANAMAN RAKYAT

Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis respon para pemangku kepentingan di daerah terhadap kebijakan Hutan Tanaman Rakyat. Penelitian menggunakan metode pendekatan kuantifikasi data kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian ditentukan secara sengaja dengan pertimbangan tingginya potensi pengembangan kegiatan HTR, yaitu di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan dan Riau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat di Kalimantan Selatan, khususnya mereka yang telah terlibat dalam pengembangan tanaman kehutanan memiliki minat yang tinggi untuk menjadi peserta program HTR. Sedangkan masyarakat di Riau kurang berminat terhadap program penanaman tanaman kehutanan, disebabkan adanya pengalaman buruk di masa sebelumnya. Para pemangku kepentingan di tingkat kabupaten yang terdiri dari pihak pemerintah daerah dan swasta menyambut baik program tersebut, dan mendukung terselenggaranya program sebagai upaya peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat sekitar hutan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis stakeholder diketahui bahwa terdapat sejumlah pemangku kepentingan di daerah yang memiliki posisi dan pengaruh penting untuk keberhasilan program. Hal ini berimplikasi bahwa para pengambil kebijakan di tingkat pusat harus mempertimbangkan aspirasi mereka untuk mewujudkan keberhasilan program HTR.
Aftershocks: Are they earthquakes or afterthoughts?

We tend to view aftershocks as after-thoughts in their scientific as well as societal importance. The media often ask seismologists: “Was it just an aftershock? ” with the “just” implying that aftershocks present little cause for concern. Seismologists themselves tend to dismiss the importance of events that follow a large mainshock. Even appreciable aftershocks typically generate only a fraction of the scientific interest and investigation that the mainshock does. However, consideration of recent earthquake sequences suggests that aftershocks can be even more damaging than mainshocks in some cases. That is, although the aftershocks are still, by definition, smaller events, they could be even more damaging by virtue of proximity to population centers or other circumstances.
Mechanisms of TBI and Visual Consequences in Military and Veteran Populations

Purpose Blast-related (BR) traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) occur secondary to explosive blasts. Blast-related TBIs can be caused by the blast wave itself or by direct head trauma caused by events surrounding the blast. Non–blast-related (NBR) TBIs are caused by direct head trauma. Recent evidence shows that TBIs are associated with vision problems, particularly binocular system problems. The purpose of this study was to determine if similar types and amounts of vision problems are present in patients with BR TBIs and NBR TBIs. Methods A retrospective analysis of eye examination records of 50 NBR TBI and 50 BR TBI patients was conducted. Frequencies of visual symptoms and abnormal vision function measurements were computed and compared for the two patient groups. Results More than 65% of NRB TBI and BR TBI patients reported vision problems. Reading complaints were found in approximately 50% of the patients. Light sensitivity was reported significantly more often in BR TBI patients (67%) than in NBR TBI patients (33%) (p < 0.01). Saccadic dysfunction was measured more often in NBR TBI patients (85%) than in BR TBI patients (58%) (p < 0.01). High rates of accommodative dysfunction and convergence insufficiency were also found, but the group differences were not significant. Strabismus, pursuit abnormalities, fixation defects, and visual field defects were also common in both groups. Conclusions For most findings, the mechanism of injury (NBR vs. BR) did not result in different frequencies or types of visual dysfunction. The reasons for finding higher frequencies of light sensitivity in the BR TBI group and saccadic dysfunction in the NBR TBI group are unknown, and further research is needed. Overall, the rates of vision complaints and oculomotor defects were high in both groups, indicating a need for a thorough eye examination for any patient with a history of TBI.
The Human Cell Atlas

The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body, by undertaking a Human Cell Atlas Project as an international collaborative effort. The aim would be to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (e.g., gene expression) and connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (e.g., location and morphology). A comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, as well as provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas.
COPTOCLAVID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: ADEPHAGA) FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF SPAIN: A NEW FEEDING STRATEGY IN BEETLES

Abstract: Currently the beetle family Coptoclavidae consists of four subfamilies known from the Upper Triassic–Lower Cretaceous (Aptian). We describe two new subfamilies, three new genera and five new species from the Las Hoyas (Cuenca Province) and El Montsec (Lleida Province) localities of Barremian (Early Cretaceous) age from Spain: the first new subfamily, Hispanoclavinae, is from Las Hoyas and comprises one new genus, Hispanoclavina, and two new species, H. diazromerali and H. gratshevi; the second, Coptoclaviscinae, is represented at El Montsec by one new species of Coptoclavella (C. inexpecta). In addition, at Las Hoyas the subfamilies Necronectinae and Coptoclavinae are each represented by one new genus and species: Ovonectes pilosum and Hoyaclava buscalionae, respectively. All beetles previously assigned to the family Coptoclavidae have been interpreted as active hunters. However, we consider Hispanoclavina and Hoyaclava to be filter‐feeding, with forelegs adapted for filtering plankton (probably zooplankton because other members of the family are carnivorous) on and beneath the water surface. This represents a new feeding strategy in beetles (extant and extinct). The five new species extend the known geographical distribution of the Coptoclavidae into the western part of European Barremian deposits. The Las Hoyas locality now has the highest known diversity of coptoclavid species.