Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of L-band NWP forward modelling to soil roughness

This article investigates the sensitivity of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) simulated L-band brightness temperatures (TB) in response to different soil roughness parameterizations. To this end, the ECMWF operational conditions during the year 2004 have been used to force the Hydrology Tiled ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchanges over Land (HTESSEL) coupled to the Community Microwave Emission Model (CMEM). The coupled HTESSEL-CMEM system is then run at five different incident angles (20°, 30°, 40°, 50° and 60°) and for five soil roughness parameterizations available in CMEM. The performance of the simulated TB is analysed at ground point scale over the Surface Monitoring Of Soil Reservoir Experiment (SMOSREX) site in south-west of France. For this particular data set, both ground-based vertical profile of soil moisture and L-band radiometric observations are available for evaluation of the ECMWF forecast over the nearest grid box. In particular, the results show that the simple Choudhury parameterization best fits the observations for both horizontal (H-pol) and vertical (V-pol) polarization and for most of the incidence angles tested. The best forward modelling configuration is at for the V-pol, with coefficient of determination between modelled and observed TB of 82.9% and root mean squared error of 7.9 K. The sensitivity of the L-band TB errors to the empirical soil roughness parameter is also investigated. Strong sensitivity to this parameter is shown, mainly at H-pol for the least rough surfaces. The investigation carried out in this article gives an insight into the soil roughness model to be used in the operational configuration of the CMEM L-band forward operator, for future assimilation of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite data of the European Space Agency.
A compilation of aerosol optical properties and calculation of direct radiative forcing over an urban region in northern China

[1] Almost 4 years' worth of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data from Beijing are compiled with historic aerosol data obtained in a few years during the 1980s and 1990s. Aerosol properties, including aerosol optical depth (τ), single scattering albedo (ω) and asymmetry factor (g), show a large day-to-day variation and a distinct seasonal pattern. Aerosol loading is at its maximum during the summer and at its minimum during the winter. Aerosol loading frequently increases gradually from the background level to tens of times that of the background level a few days later, then quickly returns to the background level because of the passage of a weather system. Aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (τ550nm) varies from about 0.28 in 1980 to about 0.68 in 2005, implying a significant increase in aerosol loading during the past 25 years. Historic ω and g values are generally in agreement with AERONET data except that aerosol absorption during the winter is quite different. Aerosols induce significant changes in net solar radiation at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) at the surface varies from −17.2 W m−2 in January to −63.5 W m−2 in June and then to −18.5 W m−2 in December. ADRF at the TOA shows a similar seasonal variation to that at the surface, but the value is approximately 28–42% of the latter. A combination of high aerosol optical depth and strong aerosol absorption leads to significant ADRF in the atmosphere, ranging from 1.9 to 117.6 W m−2, thus increasing atmospheric heating by 0.3 to 4.6 K/day. The long-term change in aerosol loading in China and its effects on climate and the environment deserve much attention.
Response of the middle atmosphere to the 11-year solar cycle simulated with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

[1] A long-term numerical experiment has been conducted using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) to investigate the response of the middle atmosphere to time-varying spectral solar irradiance over multiple 11-year cycles, modeled on the basis of observed 10.7-cm radio flux (F10.7). The model domain covers from the Earth's surface to the lower thermosphere with approximately two-degree horizontal resolution and 66 vertical layers. Sea surface temperatures are prescribed by a climatological annual cycle, and boundary data for chemical compositions are held constant. The experiment does not include spontaneous nor imposed quasi-biennial oscillation. Temperature and ozone differences near the stratopause between solar max and min, typically 0.8 K and 1.6% corresponding to approximately 100 units of F10.7 variation, have general agreement with the current scientific understanding. The model's dynamical responses as an indirect solar effect are substantially weak during winter against evidences from past empirical studies. The indirect solar signal tends to appear when the polar vortex becomes weak. The most striking signal is more frequent stratospheric sudden warmings during solar max in the Northern Hemisphere late winter through early spring, supporting observed tendencies. This modulation has an aspect of the annular mode and results in a major impact on the troposphere in early spring. Such a signal, however, does not appear in the Southern Hemisphere where the model has a westerly bias. There is no marked response in the equatorial lower stratosphere.
Methane uptake by a selection of soils in Ghana with different land use

We measured the oxidation of atmospheric methane in tropical soils in Ghana covering a moisture gradient from the moist forest zone to the savanna zone at the onset of the rainy season. Land use at the sites covered undisturbed (forest and savanna) and cultivated soil, including burning. Generally, the methane oxidation rates in the tropical forest and savanna soils were low (range from 9 to 26 μg CH4 m−2 h−1) compared to, for example temperate forest soils. In the savanna soil, annual fire had decreased soil methane oxidation rates to 5 μg CH4 m−2 h−1 compared to 9 μg CH4 m−2 h−1 at a site not subjected to fire for 6 years. In paired sites of moist forest and arable soils, methane oxidation rates were lower by >60% in the arable soils. Methane oxidation rates in three arable soils in the savanna zone soils ranged from 7 to 11 μg CH4 m−2 h−1 before the first rain but increased to 23–28 μg CH4 m−2 h−1 after the rain. These rates are comparable to other reports from arable soils in tropical and temperate regions. Thus arable agriculture and, to a lesser extent, biomass burning decreased methane oxidation rates by the investigated soils.
Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Cardiovascular Function and Disease

Sustained elevation in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration via Ca2+ influx, which is activated by a variety of mechanisms, plays a central regulatory role for cardiovascular functions. Recent molecular biological research has disclosed an unexpectedly diverse array of Ca2+-entry channel molecules involved in this Ca2+ influx. These include more than ten transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily members such as TRPC1, TRPC3–6, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM4, TRPM7, and polycystin (TRPP2). Most of them appear to be multimodally activated or modulated and show relevant features to both acute hemodynamic control and long-term remodeling of the cardiovascular system, and many of them have been found to respond not only to receptor stimulation but also to various forms of stimuli. There is good evidence to implicate TRPC1 in neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury via store-depletion–operated Ca2+ entry. TRPC6 likely contributes to receptor-operated and mechanosensitive Ca2+ mobilizations, being involved in vasoconstrictor and myogenic responses and pulmonary arterial proliferation and its associated disease (idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension). Considerable evidence has also been accumulated for unique involvement of TRPV1 in blood flow/pressure regulation via sensory vasoactive neuropeptide release. New lines of evidence suggest that TRPV2 may act as a Ca2+-overloading pathway associated with dystrophic cardiomyopathy, TRPV4 as a mediator of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization, TRPM7 as a proproliferative vascular Mg2+ entry channel, and TRPP2 as a Ca2+-entry channel requisite for vascular integrity. This review attempts to provide an overview of the current knowledge on TRP proteins and discuss their possible roles in cardiovascular functions and diseases.
A Sensitivity Study of Reduced-Gravity Channel Flows with Application to the Alborán Sea

Abstract The reduced-gravity response of an hydraulically-forced flow in a rectangular channel is examined numerically. The model parameters were set by observed features of the circulation in the westernmost basin of the Mediterranean Sea—the Alboran Sea. Numerical experiments reveal that the solution depends critically on the inclusion of the momentum advection terms and on the form of the boundary condition on the domain's sidewalls. In particular, while free-slip conditions show a coastally trapped current on the model's southern boundary, no-slip conditions cause the formation of an anticyclonic gyre upon the flow's entry into the basin.
Balances of heat and momentum at 33.5°N, 127°W in the upper ocean during the Mixed‐Layer Dynamics Experiment

The balances of momentum and heat were studied for an 18-day period in October–November 1983 during the Mixed-Layer Dynamics Experiment at a site 650 km off central California. Data were collected from a drifting platform from which surface winds, air temperature, and ocean currents (from a string of vector-measuring current meters) were measured. The position of the unattended drifter was determined by LORAN-C on the platform. Currents in the surface layers were partially wind driven and partially coherent with low-frequency currents at deeper levels. The latter currents, though coherent, were sheared, turned significantly with depth, and were presumably nearly geostrophically balanced. Vertically differencing velocity in the mixed layer improved the balance between wind and current by removing a portion of the geostrophic flow. The complex correlation coefficient between wind stress and current integrated to 38 m was 0.76 for current relative to 38 m yet only 0.36 for the undifferenced case. Surface heat flux magnitudes were not clearly reflected in the heat content of the near-surface layers although variability was. Over the first 13 days of the experiment, the correlation coefficient between daily-averaged heat flux and heat content change was 0.89, but average net surface heating was 60 W m−2, while the average heat content change in the top 38 m was only 10 W m−2. Heat balance must have been restored by advection. Vertical advection was rejected as an explanation because heat content changes in layers defined by isotherm depths showed similar imbalances with regard to surface heating. Horizontal advection was estimated by two methods: (1) by using sparse thermistor chain tows around the current meter drifter to construct a history of horizontal temperature gradients and (2) by using current profiles at moderate depths to estimate pressure gradients (essentially through geostrophy), hence buoyancy gradients (by the hydrostatic relation), hence temperature gradients. The two methods gave very different estimates, though both tended to redress the imbalance between surface heat flux and local heat storage.
Recognition of the class Ib molecule Qa-1(b) by putative activating receptors and on mouse natural killer cells.

Summary The heterodimeric CD94/NKG2A receptor, expressed by mouse natural killer (NK) cells, transduces inhibitory signals upon recognition of its ligand, Qa-1 b , a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule. Here we clone and express two additional receptors, CD94/NKG2C and CD94/NKG2E, which we show also bind to Qa-1 b . Within their extracellular carbohydrate recognition domains, NKG2C and NKG2E share extensive homology with NKG2A (93–95% amino acid similarity); however, NKG2C/E receptors differ from NKG2A in their cytoplasmic domains (only 33% similarity) and contain features that suggest that CD94/NKG2C and CD94/NKG2E may be activating receptors. We employ a novel block-ing anti-NKG2 monoclonal antibody to provide the first direct evidence that CD94/NKG2 molecules are the only Qa-1 b receptors on NK cells. Molecular analysis reveals that NKG2C and NKG2E messages are extensively alternatively spliced and (cid:122) 20-fold less abundant than NKG2A message in NK cells. The organization of the mouse Cd94/Nkg2 gene cluster, presented here, shows striking similarity with that of the human, arguing that the entire CD94/ NKG2 receptor system is relatively primitive in origin. Analysis of synonymous substitution frequencies suggests that within a species, NKG2 genes may maintain similarities with each other by concerted evolution, possibly involving gene conversion–like events. These findings have implications for understanding NK cells and also raise new possibilities for the role of Qa-1 in immune responses.
Stability of Spread Footing Above Void in Clay

The stability of spread footing situated above a continuous void was investigated. The study involved a theoretical analysis and a model footing testing. The theoretical analysis was made using the finite element method in which the foundation soil was idealized as an elastic perfectly plastic material. The model footing testing was performed on a commercially available kaolinite, which was compacted to 95% compaction based on the standard Proctor comparitive effort. The model footing test results were compared with those obtained from the finite element analysis. As a result of this study, a three-dimensional finite element computer program was developed. Using this computer program, the stability of spread footing was analyzed for different conditions. The results of the analysis indicate that there is a critical region under the footing. Only when the void is located within this region will the footing performance be significantly affected by the presence of the void. The size of the critical region depends on several factors such as footing shape, soil property, void size and void shape. When the void is located within the critical region, the bearing capacity of the footing varies considerably with the void location.
Functional Redundancy of the Nuclear Factor ␬ B Inhibitors I ␬ B ␣ and I ␬ B ␤

The transcription factor NF-␬ B is sequestered in the cytoplasm by the inhibitor proteins of the I ␬ B family. Each member of the I ␬ B exhibits structural and biochemical similarities as well as differences. In an effort to address the functional redundancy of two closely related I ␬ B molecules , I ␬ B ␣ and I ␬ B ␤ , we generated knock-in mice by replacing the I ␬ B ␣ gene with the I ␬ B ␤ gene. The knock-in mice do not express I ␬ B ␣ , but express a T7-tagged I ␬ B ␤ under the promoter and regulatory sequence of ikba. Unlike the I ␬ B ␣-deficient mice, which display severe postnatal developmental defects and die by postnatal day 8, homozygous knock-in mice survive to adulthood, are fertile, and exhibit no apparent abnormalities. Furthermore, thymocytes and embryonic fibroblasts from the knock-in animals exhibit an inducible NF-␬ B response similar to that of wild-type animals. These results indicate that I ␬ B ␣ and I ␬ B ␤ share significant similarities in their biochemical activity, and that they acquired their different functions from divergent expression patterns during evolution. N uclear factor ␬ B (NF-␬ B) 1 plays an important role in regulating genes involved in inflammatory and immune responses. In vertebrates, NF-␬ B consists of homo-or heterodimers of the subunits p50, p52, RelA, RelB, and cRel. These subunits share a highly conserved NH 2-terminal sequence termed the Rel-homology domain (RHD), which is required for DNA binding, dimerization, nuclear localization, and interaction with the inhibitor I ␬ B molecules (for review see references 1–5). In resting cells, NF-␬ B is sequestered in the cytoplasm by the inhibitor I ␬ Bs. Cytoplasmic retention is achieved via interaction between a conserved sequence motif known as the ankyrin repeats in the I ␬ Bs and the RHDs of NF-␬ B subunits. Upon cell stimulation by a variety of agents, specific serine residues on the I ␬ Bs are phosphorylated, signaling for ubiquitina-tion which in turn targets I ␬ Bs for proteasome-mediated degradation. NF-␬ B released from the inhibitor translo-cates into the nucleus and activates transcription of target genes, which include those involved in inflammatory, immune , and acute phase responses. (for review see references 2–4). Knockout mice studies have revealed the critical roles that some of these I ␬ B molecules play in development and immune responses. …
Climate variations since the last interglacial recorded in Czech loess

Magnetic susceptibility, organic matter content, and grain size were measured on a loess/palaeosol sequence deposited since the last interglacial at the Dolni Vestonice section in the Czech Republic. High values in magnetic susceptibility and organic matter content in palaeosols PK0, PK2, and PK3 indicate that they were strongly influenced by long‐term pedogenesis and high vegetation density linked to interglacials or interstadials. Grain‐size variations record a series of cold wind‐strengthened events during the last glacial, which we interpret as a record of the distinctive ‘Younger Dryas’ episode and millennial‐scale climate oscillations that correlate with the GRIP ice core δ18O record and North Atlantic Heinrich events. These climate events, as indicated by grain‐size peaks, combined with previous climate records at French Massif Central and Lago Grande di Monticchio in Italy, suggest that the climate over these areas might have undergone synchronous oscillations with the shifts in sea‐surface temperatures of the North Atlantic and air temperature changes above Greenland.
Aortic Cross-Clamping and Reperfusion in Pigs Reduces Microvascular Oxygenation by Altered Systemic and Regional Blood Flow Distribution

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North Atlantic ventilation of "southern-sourced" deep water in the glacial ocean

One potential mechanism for lowering atmospheric CO2 during glacial times is an increase in the fraction of the global ocean ventilated by the North Atlantic, which produces deep water with a low concentration of unused nutrients and thus drives the ocean's biological pump to a high efficiency. However, the data indicate that during glacial times, a water mass low in 13C/12C and 14C/C occupied the deep Atlantic, apparently at the expense of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). This water is commonly referred to as “southern-sourced” because of its apparent entry into the Atlantic basin from the South, prompting the inference that it was ventilated at the Southern Ocean surface. Here, we propose that this deep Atlantic water mass actually included a large fraction of North Atlantic-ventilated water, the chemical characteristics of which were altered by recirculation in the deep Southern and Indo-Pacific oceans. In an ocean model sensitivity experiment that reduces Antarctic Bottom Water formation and weakens its overturning circulation, we find that a much greater fraction of NADW is transported into the Southern Ocean without contacting the surface and is entrained and mixed into the southern-sourced deep water that spreads into the global abyssal ocean. Thus, North Atlantic ventilation takes over more of the ocean interior, lowering atmospheric CO2, and yet the abyssal Atlantic is filled from the South with old water low in 13C/12C and 14C/C, consistent with glacial data.
Stochastic flux‐related analysis of transverse mixing in two‐dimensional heterogeneous porous media

Transverse mixing of solutes in steady state transport is of utmost importance for assessing mixing‐controlled reactions of compounds that are continuously introduced into the subsurface. Classical spatial moments analysis fails to describe mixing because the tortuous streamlines in heterogeneous formations cause plume meandering, squeezing, and stretching, which affect transverse spatial moments even if there is no mass transfer perpendicular to the direction of flow. For transverse solute mixing, however, the decisive process is the exchange of solute mass between adjacent stream tubes. We therefore reformulate the advection‐dispersion equation in streamline coordinates (i.e., in terms of the potential and the stream function values) and analyze how flux‐related second central moments of plumes increase with dropping hydraulic potential. We compare the ensemble behavior of these second central moments in random two‐dimensional heterogeneous flow fields with the moments in an equivalent homogeneous system, thus defining an equivalent effective transverse dispersion coefficient. Unlike transverse macrodispersion coefficients derived by traditional moment analysis, our mixing‐relevant, flux‐related coefficient does not increase with travel distance. We present closed‐form solutions for the mean enhancement of transverse mixing by heterogeneity in two‐dimensional isotropic media for linear laws of local‐scale transverse dispersion. The mixing enhancement factor increases with the log conductivity variance but remains fairly low. We also evaluate the variance of our cumulative measure of transverse mixing, showing that heterogeneity causes substantial uncertainty of mixing. The analytical expressions are compared to numerical Monte Carlo simulations for various values of log conductivity variance, indicating good agreement with the analytical results at low variability. In the numerical simulations, we also consider nonlinear models of local‐scale transverse dispersion.
Viscous deformation of unconsolidated reservoir sands—Part 1: Time‐dependent deformation, frequency dispersion, and attenuation

Laboratory experiments on dry, unconsolidated reservoir sands from the Wilmington field, California, reveal significant viscous creep strain under a variety of loading conditions. In hydrostatic compression tests, following initial loading to 10 MPa, the creep strain that accompanies 5‐MPa loading steps to 15, 20, 25, and 30 MPa exceeds the magnitude of the instantaneous strain (∼3 × 10−3). We observed a two‐fold increase in bulk modulus with frequency over the range of frequencies tested (10−6 to 10−2 Hz), which is consistent with a viscoelastic rheology of unconsolidated sand. The data demonstrate that the effective static bulk modulus is approximately one‐third of that at seismic frequencies. By measuring the phase lag between stress and strain during the loading cycles, we were also able to show that inelastic attenuation is nearly constant (Q ≈ 5) over the four‐decade range of frequencies tested at a strain amplitude of 10−3. Interestingly, the viscous effects only appear when loading a sample beyond.