Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is It Possible to Quantify Irrigation Water‐Use by Assimilating a High‐Resolution Satellite Soil Moisture Product?

Irrigation is the largest human intervention in the water cycle that can modulate climate extremes, yet irrigation water use (IWU) remains largely unknown in most regions. Microwave remote sensing offers a practical way to quantify IWU by monitoring changes in soil moisture caused by irrigation. However, high‐resolution satellite soil moisture data is typically infrequent (e.g., 6–12 days) and thus may miss irrigation events. This study evaluates the ability to quantify IWU by assimilating high‐resolution (1 km) SMAP‐Sentinel 1 remotely sensed soil moisture with a physically based land surface model (LSM) using a particle batch smoother (PBS). A suite of synthetic experiments is devised to evaluate different error sources. Results from the synthetic experiments show that unbiased simulations with known irrigation timing can produce an accurate irrigation estimate with a mean annual bias of 0.45% and a mean R2 of 0.97, relative to observed IWU. Unknown irrigation timing can significantly deteriorate the model performance, resulting in an increased mean annual bias to 23% and decreased mean R2 to 0.36. Adding random noise to synthetic observations does not significantly decrease model performance except for the experiments with low observation frequency (>12 days). In real‐world experiments, the PBS data assimilation approach underestimates observed IWU by 18.6% when the timing of IWU is known. IWU estimates are consistently significantly higher over irrigated pixels compared to the non‐irrigated pixels, indicating data assimilation skillfully conveys irrigation signals to the LSM.
Characterization of a subpicosecond x-ray streak camera for ultrashort laser-produced plasmas experiments

We present results of the characterization of an ultrafast x-ray streak camera, based on Photonis (formerly Philips Photonics) P860 tube, developed for use in ultrashort laser-produced plasma research. The streak camera presented here (called PX1) has been extensively characterized with continuous and pulsed x-ray sources. Time resolution of 350 fs in the keV x-ray range has been achieved, while maintaining a high spatial resolution of 40 μm along a direction perpendicular to the time dispersion axis. It is shown that the streak camera response is lower when the photocathode is illuminated by a pulsed source than when used with a continuous one. This effect seems to be related to a change in the phosphor response. The camera has been used to achieve high-resolution subpicosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of ultrashort laser plasmas allowing the measurements of K-shell line emission durations of 700 fs.
Institutional Striving and Gender Equity in Faculty Salaries and Employment

Climbing the ladder of institutional prestige is often promoted by leaders and policymakers in higher education, but there may be trade-offs associated with striving for status. This study examines the impact of Texas’s National Research University Fund (NRUF), which uses financial incentives to support institutions’ pursuit of prestige, on the salaries and employment of faculty. For full professors, the NRUF had a positive effect on the salaries of both men and women, but the policy also contributed to widening the gender gap in salary. In regard to employment, the NRUF had a negative impact on the share of women among full professors. The findings suggest that organizational pursuit of prestige may have unintended consequences for faculty gender equity.
Analog ensemble data assimilation in a quasigeostrophic coupled model

The ensemble forecast dominates the computational cost of many data assimilation methods, especially for high‐resolution and coupled models. In situations where the cost is prohibitive, one can either use a lower‐cost model or a lower‐cost data assimilation method, or both. Ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI) is a classical example of a lower‐cost ensemble data assimilation method that replaces the ensemble forecast with a single forecast and then constructs an ensemble about this single forecast by adding perturbations drawn from climatology. This research develops lower‐cost ensemble data assimilation methods that add perturbations to a single forecast, where the perturbations are obtained from analogs of the single model forecast. These analogs can either be found from a catalog of model states, constructed using linear combinations of model states from a catalog, or constructed using generative machine‐learning methods. Four analog ensemble data assimilation methods, including two new ones, are compared with EnOI in the context of a coupled model of intermediate complexity: Q‐GCM. Depending on the method and on the physical variable, analog methods can be up to 40% more accurate than EnOI.
Multifractality of products of geometric Ornstein-Uhlenbeck-type processes

We investigate the properties of multifractal products of geometric Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) processes driven by Lévy motion. The conditions on the mean, variance, and covariance functions of the resulting cumulative processes are interpreted in terms of the moment generating functions. We consider five cases of infinitely divisible distributions for the background driving Lévy processes, namely, the gamma and variance gamma distributions, the inverse Gaussian and normal inverse Gaussian distributions, and the z-distributions. We establish the corresponding scenarios for the limiting processes, including their Rényi functions and dependence structure.
RESONANCE AND THE LATE COEFFICIENTS IN THE SCATTERED FIELD OF A DIELECTRIC CIRCULAR CYLINDER

The classical modal expansion for the scattered field of a plane wave from a circular dielectric cylinder is studied. A new uniform asymptotic approximation is presented for the late coefficients in this expansion, in the case of a fixed relative dielectric constant er, both real and complex. These new approximations for the mode values are not based on the scattering matrix but rather the classical WKBJ approximations for the Bessel functions, and are valid for the entire region exterior to the cylinder, including the transition region. Furthermore, a precise asymptotic form for the location of a certain critical Regge pole is obtained. It is shown that this pole can lead to at least one dramatic resonant modal term at certain critical values, and the exponential nature of the mode in question is determined explicitly. This is followed by an extension to complex values of er with new uniform asymptotic approximations for the modes also being obtained, and these in turn demonstrate a heavy damping of the resonant mode.
The contrasting response of cavity‐nesting bees, wasps and their natural enemies to biodiversity conservation measures

The implementation of agri‐environmental schemes (AES) is a major tool to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services in European agricultural landscapes. The benefit of different types and features of novel biodiversity measures needs to be assessed in order to successfully conserve insect communities in agroecosystems. We set up trap nests in 3 × 3 km landscapes in Germany, in which farmers implemented different novel biodiversity measures. We tested the effect of different features of the closest three biodiversity measures (i.e. distance to measures, measures' area, measures' quality) and of the proximity to forest and oilseed rape and of landscape connectivity on the abundance and species richness of cavity‐nesting bees, wasps and their natural enemies. We found total cavity‐nesting insect abundances to increase with measures' quality and to decline with increasing distance to oilseed rape and forest. Parasitism and mortality rates declined with edge density. Cavity‐nesting bees were not affected by biodiversity measures. Total wasp and herbivore‐predating wasp abundances increased in proximity to biodiversity measures. The abundance and species richness of all wasps, natural enemies and spider‐predating wasps declined with increasing distance to forest. Cavity‐nesting wasps benefit from biodiversity measures, while effects on solitary bees might only be detectable after several years after measure establishment. The proximity to forest is a major factor promoting insects as forest edges provide food, nesting sites and shelter. We emphasise the need for long‐term insect monitoring and an increasing focus of future AES on the creation of nesting habitats for effective insect conservation.
Single-Bubble Dynamics During Pool Boiling Under Low Gravity Conditions

Results of an experimental study on growth and detachment mechanisms of a single bubble on a heated surface conducted during the parabola e ights of the KC-135 aircraft are described. An artie cial cylindrical cavity 10 πm in diameter was etched in the center of a silicon wafer. The wafer was heated on the back side, and the wall superheat was controlled. Degassed distilled water was used as the test liquid. Bubble growth time, bubble size and shape from nucleation to liftoff were measured under subcooled and saturation conditions at system pressures varying from 0.101 to 0.115 MPa. The wall superheats were varied from 2.5 to 8.0 ±C. Signie cantly larger bubble diametersand longerbubble growth periods than thoseat Earth normal gravity were measured. Bubblediameters as large as 20 mm at liftoff were observed as opposed to about 2.5 mm at Earth normal gravity. Consistent with results of numerical simulations, it is found that for the same wall superheat and liquid subcooling the bubble liftoff diameter can be approximately related to the gravity level through the relation Dd / g i 0:5 and the growth period as tg / g i 1:05 . The effect of wall superheat and liquid subcooling on bubble liftoff diameter is found to be small. However, the growth periods are found to be very sensitive to liquid subcooling at a given wall superheat. Small accelerations along the heater surface can lead to sliding motion of the bubble prior to liftoff. At the same gravitational acceleration the liftoff diameter of sliding bubbles is smaller than that of nonsliding bubbles.
The complete mitochondrial genome of Mystus gulio Hamilton (Siluriformes: Bagridae) and its phylogenetic implication

Abstract Mystus gulio Hamilton, also called long whiskers catfish, is an endemic fish and a common food in some Asian countries. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of M. gulio was sequenced using the MinION system (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). The mitochondrial genome is 16,518 bp in length (41.1% [G + C] content) and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes. The results of phylogenetic analysis inferred from whole mitochondrial genomes of Mystus and related species in the family Bagridae revealed that M. gulio is closely related to Mystus cavasius.
Investigating the precipitation features of monsoon deep depressions over the Bay of Bengal using high‐resolution stand‐alone and coupled simulations

A comprehensive attempt has been made to simulate the characteristics of monsoon deep depressions (MDD) originating over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) basin, with special emphasis on their rainfall using a coupled ocean–atmospheric model, that is, the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) model, and a stand‐alone atmospheric model, that is, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, with a lead time of up to 72 hr. It is to be noted that COAWST employs WRF as its atmospheric component, while the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used as the oceanic component. It is found that though the tracks of the four MDDs considered have been reasonably simulated, the intensity was overestimated in both sets of simulations compared to India Meteorological Department (IMD) best estimates. Decomposition of the contributors to rain rate for the composite of the storms in the deep depression (DD) phase revealed that the moisture sources/sinks (Qm) are the major component in modulating the rain rate compared to the cloud sources/sinks. Further analysis of Qm suggested that vertical and horizontal advection of moisture forms the leading contributors to Qm. Validation against Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Analysis (MERRA) reanalysis showed that COAWST captured a more realistic evolution of Qm (specifically vertical advection) compared to its stand‐alone counterpart. Investigation of the composite storm energetics in a vortex‐following control volume showed a scarcity of bulk kinetic energy (volume‐integrated kinetic energy over the control volume) in the later hours of the DD phase in COAWST which led to the dissipation of the storm core, unlike in WRF, where a re‐intensification took place through condensational heating. It is inferred that in spite of the stand‐alone atmospheric model capturing the moisture incursion from the lateral boundaries in the lower levels significantly, the better representation of the vertical structure in COAWST led to more realistic simulations of the storms, increasing the skill in rainfall prediction.
Durational characteristics of sentence-medial and sentence-final pauses in the production of a paragraph

The present study investigated the durational characteristics of sentence-medial and sentence-final pauses in the production of a paragraph, with an aim to elucidate the factors that determine the durational organization of connected speech. A phonetically trained native speaker of Japanese read a paragraph consisting of eight sentences at a moderate speaking rate. Three recordings varying slightly in total duration — roughly 55 s, 52 s (−5%), and 49s (−10%) — were analyzed acoustically. Results showed that approximately 30% of the paragraph duration was pause duration, of which about 80% was sentence-final and 20% sentence-medial. Pause duration affected paragraph duration more significantly than speech duration, e.g., 10% shortening in paragraph duration resulted from 25% shortening in pause duration but only 5% shortening in speech duration. The duration of sentence-medial pauses was positively correlated to the duration of preceding speech, while the duration of sentence-final pauses reflected the int.
Modeling future land cover and water quality change in Minneapolis, MN, USA to support drinking water source protection decisions

Continued alteration of the nitrogen cycle exposes receiving waters to elevated nitrogen concentrations and forces drinking water treatment services to plan for such increases in the future. We developed four 2011–2050 land cover change scenarios and modeled the impact of projected land cover change on influent water quality to support long‐term planning for the Minneapolis Water Treatment Distribution Service (MWTDS) using Soil Water and Assessment Tool. Projected land cover changes based on relatively unconstrained economic growth led to substantial increases in total nitrogen (TN) loads and modest increases in total phosphorus (TP) loads in spring. Changes in sediment, TN, and TP under two “constrained” growth scenarios were near zero or declined modestly. Longitudinal analysis suggested that the extant vegetation along the Mississippi River corridor upstream of the MWTDS may be a sediment (and phosphorus) trap. Autoregressive analysis of current (2008–2017) chemical treatment application rates (mass per water volume processed) and extant (2001–2011) land cover change revealed that statistically significant increases in chemical treatment rates were temporally congruent with urbanization and conversion of pasture to cropland. Using the current trend in chemical treatment application rates and their inferred relationship to extant land cover change as a bellwether, the unconstrained growth scenarios suggest that future land cover may present challenges to the production of potable water for MWTDS.
Observations of systematic temporal evolution in elemental composition during gradual solar energetic particle events

The WIND/EPACT experiment offers a ∼100 fold increase in collecting power over instruments flown in previous solar cycles, thus allowing unprecedented detailed studies of temporal evolution in gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events. We present hourly WIND/EPACT observations at ∼2–10 MeV/nuc from the 20 April 1998 and 26 August 1998 SEP events. These observations show striking patterns in elemental composition which evolve in a systematic fashion throughout the events' several‐day durations. These data, combined with theoretical modeling in a companion Letter [Ng et al. 1999], suggest that a dynamic Alfvén wave field, generated primarily by streaming energetic protons, is responsible for the complex behavior which is observed.
Correction of B0 and linear eddy currents: Impact on morphological and quantitative ultrashort echo time double echo steady state (UTE‐DESS) imaging

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of B0 and linear eddy currents on ultrashort echo time double echo steady state (UTE‐DESS) imaging and to determine whether eddy current correction (ECC) effectively resolves imaging artifacts caused by eddy currents. 3D UTE‐DESS sequences based on either projection radial or spiral cones trajectories were implemented on a 3‐T clinical MR scanner. An off‐isocentered thin‐slice excitation approach was used to measure eddy currents. The measurements were repeated four times using two sets of tested gradient waveforms with opposite polarities and two different slice locations to measure B0 and linear eddy currents simultaneously. Computer simulation was performed to investigate the eddy current effect. Finally, a phantom experiment, an ex vivo experiment with human synovium and ankle samples, and an in vivo experiment with human knee joints, were performed to demonstrate the effects of eddy currents and ECC in UTE‐DESS imaging. In a computer simulation, the two echoes (S+ and S‐) in UTE‐DESS imaging exhibited strong distortion at different orientations in the presence of B0 and linear eddy currents, resulting in both image degradation as well as misalignment of pixel location between the two echoes. The same phenomenon was observed in the phantom, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments, where the presence of eddy currents degraded S+, S‐, echo subtraction images, and T2 maps. The implementation of ECC dramatically improved both the image quality and image registration between the S+ and S‐ echoes. It was concluded that ECC is crucial for reliable morphological and quantitative UTE‐DESS imaging.
Laser dynamics in organic distributed feedback lasers

The authors study laser dynamics in a polymer distributed feedback resonator by performing pump-probe experiments. They measured the population kinetics in the device under lasing operation with subpicosecond time resolution. By modeling the system with a set of coupled rate equations, which account for stimulated emission and nonradiative decays, they extract quantitative information on buildup time, photon lifetime, and pulse duration and give evidence of the feedback and loss mechanisms. They also investigate the influence of the grating length in the feedback and loss processes, and they show that lower pump energy thresholds can be achieved with short devices.
Space Charge over the Open Ocean

Abstract Atmospheric space charge density measurements were made over the open ocean from San Francisco to Pago Pago on board the U.S.N.S. Eltanin during November and December 1967, using a guarded Faraday cage. Analysis of these data and the meteorological data obtained by the ship's scientific staff indicates that high positive space charge densities occur only when there are whitecaps in the area and when there is an atmospheric mechanism present to transport air from the sea surface to deck height. It is also shown that a wind speed between 6 and 20 kt is not a precise indicator of whitecap activity. It seems highly probable that the high space charge densities which occur only under the above conditions are due to positively charged jet drops produced by the bursting of air bubbles at the air-sea interface.
Solar Cycle and Solar Wind Dependence of the Occurrence of Large dB/dt Events at High Latitudes

We investigate sharp changes in magnetic field that can produce Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) which damage pipelines and power grids. We use one‐minute cadence SuperMAG observations to find the occurrence distribution of magnetic field “spikes. ” Recent studies have determined recurrence statistics for extreme events and charted the local time distribution of spikes; however, their relation to solar activity and conditions in the solar wind is poorly understood. We study spike occurrence during solar cycles 23 and 24, roughly 1995 to 2020. We find three local time hotspots in occurrence: the pre‐midnight region associated with substorm onsets, the dawn sector often associated with omega band activity, and the pre‐noon sector associated with the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI) occurring at the magnetopause. Magnetic field perturbations are mainly North‐South for substorms and KHI, and East‐West for omega bands. Substorm spikes occur at all phases of the solar cycle, but maximize in the declining phase. Omega‐band and KHI spikes are confined to solar maximum and the declining phase. Substorm spikes occur during moderate solar wind driving, omega band spikes during strong driving, and KHI spikes during quiet conditions but with high solar wind speed. We show that the shapes of these distributions do not depend on the magnitude of the spikes, so it appears that our results can be extrapolated to extreme events.
Grid‐free surface vorticity method applied to flow induced vibration of flexible cylinders

In order to study cross flow induced vibration of heat exchanger tube bundles, a new fluid–structure interaction model based on surface vorticity method is proposed. With this model, the vibration of a flexible cylinder is simulated at Re=2.67 × 104, the computational results of the cylinder response, the fluid force, the vibration frequency, and the vorticity map are presented. The numerical results reproduce the amplitude‐limiting and non‐linear (lock‐in) characteristics of flow‐induced vibration. The maximum vibration amplitude as well as its corresponding lock‐in frequency is in good agreement with experimental results. The amplitude of vibration can be as high as 0.88D for the case investigated. As vibration amplitude increases, the amplitude of the lift force also increases. With enhancement of vibration amplitude, the vortex pattern in the near wake changes significantly. This fluid–structure interaction model is further applied to simulate flow‐induced vibration of two tandem cylinders and two side‐by‐side cylinders at similar Reynolds number. Promising and reasonable results and predictions are obtained. It is hopeful that with this relatively simple and computer time saving method, flow induced vibration of a large number of flexible tube bundles can be successfully simulated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.