Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward an allocation scheme for global terrestrial carbon models

The distribution of assimilated carbon among the plant parts has a profound effect on plant growth, and at a larger scale, on terrestrial biogeochemistry. Although important progress has been made in modelling photosynthesis, less effort has been spent on understanding the carbon allocation, especially at large spatial scales. Whereas several individual‐level models of plant growth include an allocation scheme, most global terrestrial models still assume constant allocation of net primary production (NPP) among plant parts, without any environmental coupling. Here, we use the CASA biosphere model as a platform for exploring a new global allocation scheme that estimates allocation of photosynthesis products among leaves, stems, and roots depending on resource availability. The philosophy underlying the model is that allocation patterns result from evolved responses that adjust carbon investments to facilitate capture of the most limiting resources, i.e. light, water, and mineral nitrogen. In addition, we allow allocation of NPP to vary in response to changes in atmospheric CO2. The relative magnitudes of changes in NPP and resource‐use efficiency control the response of root:shoot allocation. For ambient CO2, the model produces realistic changes in above‐ground allocation along productivity gradients. In comparison to the CASA standard estimate using fixed allocation ratios, the new allocation scheme tends to favour root allocation, leading to a 10% lower global biomass. Elevated CO2, which alters the balance between growth and available resources, generally leads to reduced water stress and consequently, decreased root:shoot ratio. The major exception is forest ecosystems, where increased nitrogen stress induces a larger root allocation.
Internesting intervals for loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, and green turtles, Chelonia mydas, are affected by temperature

To investigate the influence of temperature on the length of internesting periods in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas), body temperature and water temperature and depth for free-ranging turtles were monitored during internesting periods using micro data loggers. Body mass and clutch size were also measured. The experiments were conducted at nesting beaches in the Japanese archipelago from 1989 through 1996. Internesting interval was significantly negatively correlated with mean body temperature and mean water temperature. Internesting intervals for some turtles exceeded 21 d when they experienced low water temperatures. Arrhenius' equation was used to describe the quantitative relationships, and Q10 values of 3.1 for water temperature and 3.4 for body temperature were calculated. There was no significant relationship between either clutch size or body mass and internesting interval. Body temperatures were kept higher than water temperatures throughout internesting per.
Present condition of the avifauna of Mukojima, Ogasawara archipelago, following the eradication of feral goats

聟島は小笠原諸島の北部に位置する無人島である．この島の植生は第二次大戦後に野生化したヤギ（以下ノヤギ）によって植生の大部分が破壊された．同時に鳥類相も戦後にかけて変化が見られ，戦前生息していた小笠原の固有亜種ハシナガウグイスCettia diphone diphoneと，固有種メグロの亜種ムコジマメグロApalopteron familiare familiareが確認されなくなった．ノヤギが近年すべて駆除されたことから，島の植生は回復しつつある．今回，聟島の陸鳥の鳥類相の現状を明らかにするため，2007年3月から6月の期間，島内の2ヵ所でルートセンサスを行い，さらにルート区間の植生を記録した．結果，外来種メジロが多くの森林で，在来種イソヒヨドリがわずかに開放地で観察された．調査期間中観察され，繁殖が確認されたのはこの2種のみであった．その他の小笠原在来陸鳥のノスリButeo buteo，ヒヨドリHypsipetes amaurotis，トラツグミZoothera dauma，ウグイスCettia diphoneは一時的に少数が観察された．今後これらの鳥類の飛来，定着が聟島の植生が回復するにつれて増加するかもしれない．外来種メジロは小笠原在来鳥類との間で餌資源の競合が生じる一方で，種子散布者，花粉媒介者として島の植生回復に貢献すると考えられる．
A brief historical introduction to fractals and fractal geometry

“As time goes on, it becomes increasely evident that rules that the mathematician finds interesting are the same as those that nature has chosen. ” PAUL DIRAC “… Some of the doors which these discoveries flung open led directly to new worlds whose full exploration has only become possible with the advent of high speed computing in the last twenty years. ” DAVID MUMFORD, CAROLINE SERIES and DAVID WRIGHT “Almost everyone using computers has experienced instances where computational results have sparked new insights. ” NORMAN J. ZABUSKY This paper deals with a brief historical introduction to fractals, fractal dimension and fractal geometry. Many fractals including the Cantor fractal, the Koch fractal, the Minkowski fractal, the Mandelbrot and Given fractal are described to illustrate self-similar geometrical figures. This is followed by the discovery of dynamical systems and iterative mappings with the remarkable examples of the Julia fractals and the Mandelbrot fractals. Fractals, chaos, bifurcations and Hausdorff dimension seem to be essential elements of fractal geometry. Some applications of fractals to fracture mechanics and turbulence are briefly discussed. Included are Mumford' new computer aided explorations to visualize Kleinian groups of maps of the complex plane of fractional linear transformations. This leads to a family of extremely beautiful symmetrical fractal structures including Indra' net, Indra' necklace and Indra' pearls which describe Klein' mathematical vision. It is shown that modern computer technology and computer graphical analysis have the remarkable ability and power to generate totally new and unexpected complex fractal structures that are surprisely very beautiful.
A modified drop-net method for sampling mobile epifauna on marine shallow sandy bottoms

The seasonal variations in numbers and biomass of the mobile epifauna of a shallow, sandy bay in Gullmar Fjord (Sweden) was investigated during 1976–1977 using the drop-net technique. Juvenile plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. , sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas), and brown shrimp Crangon crangon L. are the dominant epifaunal species. A net enclosing an area of 100 m2 was used, and the organisms captured were collected with a small trawl. Three stations with a water depth≤ 1 m were regularly sampled with a total number of 73 drops. Maximum abundance was for plaice in June (6 ind m-2), for the shrimp in July-August (61 ind m-2), and for sand goby in September (2 ind m-2). Standing stocks (dry wt) were 0.2, 1.5 and 0.2 g m-2 respectively. Production estimates were based on seasonal changes in size frequency and information on specific growth rates. The production rate was for plaice (0-group) 0.3 g m-2 yr-1, for the shrimp 1.5, and for sand goby 0.2 g m-2 yr-1. Reliable estimates of the absolute abundance can be derived from the mean catch per unit area only when the efficiency of the fishing gear is known. After 6 hauls with the trawl in the drop-net enclosure more than 85% of the shrimps were caught and after the fifteenth haul less than 1% were still left. The fishing efficiency of a push-net in relation to the drop-net was for the shrimp 50%, for plaice 35% and for sand goby 17%.
Fuzzy Self-tuning PID Controller for Speedtronic Governor Controlled Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Power Plants

Abstract Heavy duty gas turbine power plants may cause severe instability in grid connected operation under load fluctuations. To overcome such instability problems, an attempt has been made to develop proportional-integral-derivative controller for all the heavy duty gas turbine models with Speedtronic governor. Proportional-integral-derivative gains are tuned by Ziegler-Nichols and performance index methods and the step responses are obtained by using MATLAB/Simulink considering various droop settings. Simulation results of all the models reveal that the integral of squared error tuned proportional-integral-derivative controller provide better response. In order to improve the stability further, fuzzy self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative controller has been proposed in this article for all the heavy duty gas turbine models. On analyzing the simulation results, the proposed fuzzy self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative controller is found to be adaptive for all the heavy duty gas turbine models irrespective of the droop settings and yield better transient and steady state responses than Ziegler Nichols and Performance index methods.
Turkish high school students’ definitions for parallelograms: appropriate or inappropriate?

The aim of this study was to investigate the appropriateness of high school students' definitions. The participants in this study were 269 high school students from a public school in Ordu city, which is on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. The participants were asked to write their definitions with no time constraints. In the analysis of the definitions, students' ability to distinguish necessary and sufficient conditions and their ability to use appropriate mathematical terminology were taken into account. The task used in this study enabled us to mirror students' difficulties and inadequacies about their definitions of a parallelogram. The findings indicated that most of the students defined parallelogram inappropriately because they had used incomplete or incorrect statements. On the other hand, for the appropriate definitions, it was found that the number of uneconomical definitions was almost the same as the number of economical ones. At the end of the study, it was suggested that defining activities should be integrated into curriculums explicitly and should be given importance in our mathematic lessons.
Mesures et modélisation de la résistance stomatique foliaire et de la transpiration d'un couvert de tomates de serre

L'evolution de la transpiration d'une culture de tomates de serre a ete suivie en periode estivale et analysee par le biais de mesures : -de la resistance stomatique foliaire (faces inferieure et superieure), mesuree a differents etages du couvert; -de l'indice foliaire; -des principaux facteurs climatiques : rayonnement, temperature de l'air et du couvert a differents etages, deficit de saturation. Un modele d'estimation de la resistance du couvert aux transferts d'eau en fonction des facteurs climatiques est propose et discute. Ce modele est ensuite utilise dans une procedure permettant de calculer la transpiration a l'echelle du couvert
Fast Time Domain Integral Equation Solvers for Analyzing Two-Dimensional Scattering Phenomena; Part II: Full PWTD Acceleration

The primary impediment to using marching-on-in-time (MOT) schemes for solving time domain integral equations pertinent to the analysis of large-scale two-dimensional (2D) transient electromagnetic scattering phenomena is their high computational complexity. If Ns and Nt are the number of spatial and temporal degrees of freedom in the analysis, then this computational complexity scales as O (Ns 2 Nt 2. Recently, it has been theoretically demonstrated that if classical MOT schemes are augmented with 2D plane wave time domain (PWTD) algorithms, their computational complexity can be reduced to O(NsNt log Nt). This article elucidates key steps in implementing such a scheme within the context of 2D transient TMz and TEz electromagnetic scattering analysis. Several numerical examples that demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed schemes and also confirm the aforementioned computational complexity are presented.
Genotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of Artemisia verlotorum on the cell cycle of Allium cepa

Artemisia verlotorum, popularly ‘infalivina’, is a medicinal herb used for respiratory, circulatory and digestive treatments. Antiproliferative and genotoxic effects of A. verlotorum aqueous extracts in three different concentrations (6, 32 and 48 g/L) were evaluated on the Allium cepa cell cycle. Results clearly showed a significant difference using the χ2 test (p = 0.05) among treatments with a decrease in the mitotic index as the concentration of the extract increased. Extracts of A. verlotorum proved to be genotoxic and showed antiproliferative potential on the A. cepa cell cycle. This study suggests the use of infusions of A. verloturum for medicinal purposes only after selecting suitable concentrations.
Identification and accumulation of 1-O-trans-Cinnamoyl-β-D-glucopyranose in developing strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch. Cv. Kent)

Strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Kent) were discovered as the first food source of 1-O-trans-cinnamoyl-β-d-glucopyranose. Isolation was performed by preparative HPLC of a solid phase desorbate. Identification was carried out by comparing chromatographic properties, NMR spectroscopy data, and specific β-glucosidic cleavage. The accumulation was monitored by HPLC. A sharp rise of the concentration of 1-O-trans-cinnamoyl-β-d-glucopyranose was observed 21 days after anthesis and was related to general phenylpropanoid metabolism. 1-O-trans-Cinnamoyl-β-d-glucopyranose is discussed as a metabolic link between phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-mediated cinnamic acid and 1-O-p-coumaroyl-β-d-glucopyranose formation. The cinnamoyl ester may be the true precursor of volatile cinnamates in strawberry flavor. Keywords: Strawberry; Fragaria ananassa; 1-O-trans-cinnamoyl-β-d-glucopyranose; phenylpropanoid metabolism; glucoconjugate; flavor; HPLC
Properties of oil-cured cultivated Bambusa vulgaris

The suitability of using an eco-friendly oil curing process was investigated on cultivated Bambusa vulgaris bamboo in order to prolong their service life span. B. vulgaris was chosen as it is a type of bamboo species that is easy to cultivate and has good physical as well as mechanical properties. Matured bamboo culms of 4 year-old from internodes 5, 6 and 7 in green and air-dried conditions were heat treated. The heat treatment process used palm oil as the heating medium at temperatures of 140, 180 and 220Â°C for durations of 30, 60 and 90 min. The air-dried culms exhibited overall higher physical, strength and durability properties than the green and untreated culms. The Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) values of heat treated bamboo in bending was reduced by 13 to 42% in green and by 3 to 29% in air-dried conditions. The compression strength were reduced by 18 to 33% in green and by 14 to 27% in air-dried ones. The heat treated bamboo lost from 5 to 34% of their initial weight after undergoing 12 months of ground-contact tests for both green and air-dried conditions. Â© 2007 Academic Journals.
Emission analysis of Azolla methyl ester with BaO nano additives for IC engine

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to decrease emissions in diesel engines fueled with diesel and algae biodiesel blends and also addition of BiO nanoparticles. Azolla algae can be used to produce biodiesel, because of high oil content. The biodiesel was prepared by using Azolla algae non-edible oil through transesterification process. In the present study, the BaO nano additives into the algae oil-based methyl ester blend and its diesel blends are analyzed the emission characteristic at different load. Addition of BaO nanoparticle was a strategy to reduce emission (CO, HC, and O2) of the biodiesel.
Links between worker polymorphism and thermal biology in a thermophilic ant species

The role of the broadly polymorphic worker caste of the thermophilic ant Cataglyphis velox is discussed. Two different hypotheses have been tested: 1) worker polymorphism allows colonies to collect different-sized prey more quickly and with greater energetic efficiency; 2) it implies greater variability of responses to temperature, which increases the overall period of external activity, and enhances colony success. The relationship between worker polymorphism and size matching was not confirmed by the data: large C. velox workers retrieved neither proportionately nor absolutely heavier loads than did small foragers, they did not collect greater amounts of prey or with greater efficiency than smaller foragers, and they were only more effective than smaller ones in a reduced percentage of their foraging trips. On the other hand, thermal tolerance of C. velox workers was size-related: large workers withstood temperatures 6 to 8°C higher than smaller ones. This led to a diurnal rhythm in which the mean size of workers foraging outside the nest at different times of the day increased with temperature. Small workers foraged preferentially when temperatures were lower, while large workers preferentially foraged at high temperatures. At the colony level, this resulted in a longer daily activity period, and an increased benefit in prey collection for C. velox colonies. From this point of view, large C. velox workers represent a specialized group which preferentially forages at temperatures that smaller workers cannot tolerate.
Marine seismic profiling and shallow marine sand resistivity investigations in Jervis Bay, NSW, Australia

Summary A marine continuous seismic (CSP) profiling study and a resistivity study of vibrocore samples of shallow marine sands were undertaken in Jervis Bay, NSW, Australia, to characterise the seabed. The CSP study also included Crookhaven Bight, adjacent to Jervis Bay facing northeast to the ocean. The results of the CSP studies show variable geological conditions below the seabed, indicating very dense sands and variably weathered sandstones. The bedrock surface was also highly irregular in places suggesting cyclic erosional pulses under rapidly falling sea levels at various times in the past. Bedrock was found to form the seafloor in some locations and deeply incised paleochannels extending to -62 m below sea level in the Crookhaven Bight and bay entrance areas. The sampled sands had very low magnetic susceptibilities, thus corroborating the visual impression of low clay content. However, a variety of grainsizes, grainshapes, colours and cohesions were noted. These factors, together with variations in inferred porosity, gave rise to a range of resistivities, which, when temperature corrected, plotted with some scatter about an appropriate Archie Equation curve. Resistivity values recorded ranged from ~ 1.0 to 0.8 Ω m (20°C) for the samples obtained from 11 sites.
NEMOTAM: tangent and adjoint models for the ocean modelling platform NEMO

Abstract. Tangent linear and adjoint models (TAMs) are efficient tools to analyse and to control dynamical systems such as NEMO. They can be involved in a large range of applications such as sensitivity analysis, parameter estimation or the computation of characteristic vectors. A TAM is also required by the 4D-Var algorithm, which is one of the major methods in data assimilation. This paper describes the development and the validation of the tangent linear and adjoint model for the NEMO ocean modelling platform (NEMOTAM). The diagnostic tools that are available alongside NEMOTAM are detailed and discussed, and several applications are also presented.
Food and population variability in five regions supporting large stocks of anchovy, sardine and horse mackerel

The Benguela, California, Humboldt and Canary currents and the coastal waters of Japan support large stocks of sardine or pilchard Sardinops spp. and Sardina sp. , anchovy Engraulis spp. , horse mackerel Trachurus spp. and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, with hake Merluccius spp. also abundant in each of the systems except off Japan. In these systems many of the more numerous fish, birds and mammals are opportunistic feeders having catholic diets. As a result species often have overlapping diets, and when a particular food item is plentiful it may be consumed by a wide variety of organisms at higher trophic levels. Frequently the performances of predator populations have been related to the availability of forage species, but predators have not always been influenced similarly by gross changes in the systems. Predators with the most generalized feeding strategies appear best buffered against collapses of particular prey resources. Although seabirds are generally opportunistic feeders, limitations in their .
STABILIZATION OF CARROT JUICE BY DILUTE ACID TREATMENT

SUMMARY– A problem arises if juice extracted from raw carrots is heated to about 180° before or during conventional canning practices. An unsightly, unappetizing coagulum forms and the color of the juice precipitates with the coagulum. The coagulum is not as evident if the carrots are heated 5 min in water prior to juice extraction, but the juice loses some of its bright-orange color. The canned juice extracted from carrots heated 5 min in a . 05 N acetic acid solution does not coagulate and the amount of juice which can be extracted from the carrots is 3.3% greater than that from carrots heated 5 min in water. The centrifuged juice from acid-treated carrots had a brighter orange color than juice from the water-treated carrots. The color notation was Rd, 23.7, a, 30.4 and b, 34.8 for juice from acid-treated carrots compared with a notation of Rd, 19.2, a, 24.4 and b, 31.4 for the juice from water-treated carrots. The canned juice extracted from raw carrots had less pectic substances and starch and about the same amount of protein as the canned juice from the carrots heated in water or . 05 N acetic acid, but the canned juice from raw carrots coagulated. The juice from carrots heated in acid does not form a coagulum and maintains its orange color, probably because of the action of the heat and acid on the protoplasmic liquid of the cell before or immediately after the cell is ruptured.
Some effects of constant temperature and photoperiod on the diapause response of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga argyrostoma

ABSTRACT. The sensitive period for the induction of pupal diapause in Sarcophaga argyrostoma (R.‐D.) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) extends from the intra‐uterine embryos to puparium formation, although the degree of ‘sensitivity’ declines during that period. Embryos and larvae ‘add up’ both long and short nights to a threshold. The incidence of diapause may also be influenced by the photoperiodic manipulation of female flies containing ovarian eggs. High temperatures eliminate or override the diapause response, whilst lower temperatures enhance it. Still lower temperatures (10–12°C) bring about a high larval and pupal mortality and a failure to pupate which is more marked in long than in short nights. The results are discussed in terms of the external coincidence model and the concept of the ‘photoperiodic counter’.
Effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on the yield of winter wheat

Yield responses were measured of six winter wheats to field infections with Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). In addition to the natural incidence of virus, the range of infection levels was widened by aphicide spraying of some plots and the addition of artificially propagated viruliferous aphids to others. Significant grain yield losses attributable to natural infections by BYDV were found for all wheats despite the main infection period being in the spring. The addition of viruliferous aphids only marginally decreased yields further. Spraying with aphicides did not exclude infection but did reduce the incidence of BYDV and increase yields. A significant negative linear correlation between grain yield and percentage infection applied to each wheat genotype. The slope of the yield response appears to be a more useful measurement for comparing tolerance to BYDV of differing cereal lines than do proportional yield losses. Of the six wheats tested, Lawson, Birch 41, Birch 75, Owlet and Isis had similar tolerances to BYDV, despite substantial differences in absolute yields, while W71 was considerably more vulnerable. The mean natural incidence of BYDV in the main trial was 67%, producing an expected grain yield loss of about 2.2 t ha-1 for W71 and about 1.1 t ha-1 for the other five wheats. Effects on grain protein and potential control measures are also discussed.