Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pig sire type and sex effects on carcass traits, meat quality and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Serrano dry-cured ham

This study demonstrates that improvements in animal line selection by breeding enterprises exert a strong effect on carcass traits, meat quality and sensory characteristics of Serrano dry-cured ham. A total of 461 pigs from the offspring of a Duroc (DU) × Landrace (LD) sow mated with two DU boars and a DU × Large White (LW) boar from three breeding enterprises were evaluated. The two DU terminal sires were significantly different (P < 0.05) in carcass conformation, backfat thickness, ham and loin yields, raw ham traits, myoglobin concentration and total pigments formed during the curing process; in addition, the two lines provided different percentages of hams (54 vs 91%) with sufficient subcutaneous fat and weight to manufacture dry-cured Serrano hams using a slow ripening process (11months). The DU × LW sire had the best carcass and ham traits from an economic standpoint and obtained highest scores for sensory characteristics of Serrano ham evaluated by a trained panel test; furthermore, this line provided 84% of total hams suitable for manufacturing Serrano hams by a slow process. When the sex effect was analysed, carcass and ham traits of females were more favourable, but females presented a higher incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat and a lower percentage of hams with sufficient subcutaneous fat and weight to produce Serrano hams using a slow ripening process (61% for females and 91% for castrates). On the other hand, castrates provided Serrano hams cured by a slow procedure with better organoleptic characteristics than females. Right and left hams were similar.  2005 Society of Chemical Industry
HERB YIELD AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF TARRAGON (Artemisia dracunculus L.) AS INFLUENCED BY PLANT DENSITY

Growth and yield of herbal plants are closely connected with meteorological conditions and agrotechnical procedures. We undertook studies on determining the effect of tarragon planting density upon fresh and dry herb yield, as well as the contents of nutri- tious and physiologically active substances: L-ascorbic acids, chlorophylls, carotenoids, tannins and flavonoids, as well as the contents, yield and chemical composition of essen- tial oil. Significant effect of estragon planting density was demonstrated upon fresh and air-dry herb yield, grated herb yield and essential oil yield. Tarragon plants growing in higher density (40 × 40 cm) had higher yield of fresh, dry and de-stalked herb, as well as higher oil yield than the plants growing less densely (50 × 50 cm). The biological value of analyzed plant material was high and depended upon planting density to a really insignifi- cant extent. Plants growing more densely had significantly higher concentration of carote- noids and significantly lower contents of essential oil compared to the remaining ones. The essential oil of Artemisia dracunculus L. was characterized by the presence of 46 compounds of the share >0.05% and 23 compounds occurring in trace amounts. The predominant compound in the examined tarragon oil was methyl eugenol, which occurred in larger quantity in the year 2012 (37.56%), than in 2011 (34.33%). Other main com- pounds were: elemicin, determined in the amount of 21.95 and 26.22%; sabinene, in the amount of 14.16 and 16.37%, as well as E-asarone, in the concentrations of 8.68 and 3.49% (respectively: in 2011 and 2012). A. dracunculus presented in the foregoing studies can be defined as a methyl eugenol-elemicin/sabinene chemotype (respectively: 36, 24 and 15%).
Fractionating condensation and evaporation in plate‐fin devices

A model that describes fractionation with condensation and evaporation in a plate-fin device has been formulated. It is capable of evaluating profiles of composition, temperature, and flow rate for both liquid and vapor streams in an extended surface device. The device may be adiabatic or nonadiabatic and the surface may be incompletely wetted. Compared to experimental measurements, the model predictions showed ± 1 number of transfer unit deviation along the length of the device. The predictions of the top and bottom flow rate ratio showed a 5–10% deviation for adiabatic and condensation runs and a 25% deviation for evaporation runs.
Surface analytical characterization of carbohydrate microarrays

Microarrays are a versatile platform for diagnostics and high‐throughput analysis. Carbohydrate microarrays are valuable tools to investigate interactions with other molecules since many glycans are involved in fundamental biological processes. A combined X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) surface analysis was used to investigate the basic steps in the production of carbohydrate microarrays. The preparation included coupling of a thiol‐terminated mannoside to maleimide‐functionalized glass surfaces derived from γ‐aminopropyl silane (GAPS) slides. XPS results clearly demonstrate successful chemical modification in each fabrication step, and ToF‐SIMS imaging revealed immobilized carbohydrates in the spotted regions of the final microarray. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction dynamics of oxygen atoms with unsaturated hydrocarbons from crossed molecular beam studies: primary products, branching ratios and role of intersystem crossing

We review the progress made in the understanding of the dynamics of the reactions of ground state oxygen atoms, O(3P), with unsaturated hydrocarbons (acetylene, ethylene, allene, propyne and propene) which are of great relevance, besides from a fundamental point of view, in combustion chemistry and of interest also in atmosphere- and astro-chemistry. Advances in this area have been made possible by an improved crossed molecular beams (CMBs) instrument with rotating mass spectrometric detection and time-of-flight analysis which features product detection by low-energy electron soft-ionisation for increased sensitivity and universal detection power. This apparatus offers the capability of identifying virtually all primary reaction channels, characterising the dynamics, and determining the branching ratios (BRs) for these polyatomic multichannel nonadiabatic reactions. The reactive scattering results are rationalised with the assistance of theoretical information from other laboratories on the stationary points and product energetics of the relevant ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs). For the simpler prototypical systems, such as O(3P) + ethylene, detailed comparisons with synergic state-of-the-art quasiclassical trajectory surface-hopping calculations on full dimensional ab initio coupled triplet and singlet PESs have recently been possible. For more complex systems, such as O(3P) + propene, comparisons with the results of synergic statistical calculations of BRs on ab initio coupled triplet and singlet PESs, have also been carried out very recently. The combined experimental/theoretical approach has allowed for a better understanding of the mechanism of these reactions. And overall has deepened considerably our understanding of chemical reactivity; in addition, these studies provide an important bridge between CMBs dynamics and thermal kinetics as well as valuable information for improving combustion and astrochemistry models.
The Effects of Enrichment by Carbon Monoxide on Adiabatic Burning Velocity and Nitric Oxide Formation in Methane Flames

The present paper discusses the fundamentals of specific fuel mixtures as they may be used in lean premix flames in power installations. Experimental measurements of the adiabatic burning velocity and NO formation in (CH4 + CO) + (O2 + N2) flames are presented. The carbon monoxide content in the fuel was varied from 0 to 15%. The oxygen content in the air was varied from 20.9% to 18%. These ranges are typical for addition of reformer gas to methane burners. Non-stretched flames were stabilized on a perforated plate burner at 1 atm. The Heat Flux method was used to determine burning velocities under conditions when the net heat loss of the flame is zero. An overall accuracy of the burning velocities was estimated to be better than ±1 cm/s in the whole range of enrichment by carbon monoxide. The relative accuracy of the equivalence ratio was found to be below 1.6%. Adiabatic burning velocities of methane + carbon monoxide + nitrogen + oxygen mixtures were found in satisfactory agreement with the modeling. The concentrations of O2, CO, CO2 and NO in these flames were measured in the burnt gases at a fixed distance from the burner using probe sampling. Enrichment by carbon monoxide leads to the increase of NO formation in lean and stoichiometric mixtures. Dilution by nitrogen decreases [NO] at any equivalence ratio. Numerical predictions and trends were found in good agreement with the experiments. The results of enrichment by CO on adiabatic burning velocity and nitric oxide formation in methane flames are discussed and compared with similar flames enriched by hydrogen. Experimental peculiarities due to contamination of the fuel mixtures with metal carbonyls are described.
Role of Cognitive and Emotional Factors on Educational Achievement among High School Students in Physics

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of cognitive and emotional factors on physics achievement of high school students in Tabriz City. Using multistage sampling, 400 students were selected. Epistemological beliefs (EBAPS) scale, physic anxiety rating scale and questionnaire of attitudes towards physics were employed to gathering needed data in the study. Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation test, and stepwise regression using SPSS. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between epistemological beliefs, attitude towards physics, prior knowledge of chemistry and mathematic with physics achievement. Also, a significant and negative relationship between physics anxiety and physics achievement was also found.
The Thermal-Stability of Oligomers in Alpha-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol

Recent studies characterizing laboratory generated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) have shown that 50% or more of the particle mass is made up of oligomeric species, which based on molecular weight and structure should be nonvolatile. On the other hand, about 75% the particle mass is lost when SOA is passed through a denuder heated to 100°C, suggesting that it is semi-volatile. To study the reason for this discrepancy, the chemical effects of a thermal denuder (TD) on oligomers in laboratory SOA formed by ozonolysis of α-pinene were examined with high-resolution molecular mass spectrometry. Both monomers and oligomers in the particle phase were lost to the gas phase upon heating to 100°C. Additionally, when the species released to the gas phase during heating were allowed to readsorb onto the remaining particle mass, almost all of the readsorbed material was monomeric. Both of these observations suggest that oligomers decompose when heated in a TD. Chemical analysis of the remaining particle mass after passing through the TD showed formation of many new compounds that corresponded to oligomer decomposition products. While similar experiments should be performed with other aerosol types, these results suggest that care must be taken when attempting to use a TD at an elevated temperature to infer the volatility of SOA at ambient temperature. Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research
Regulation of the human delta opioid receptor

Regulation of the human delta opioid receptor (hDOR) is implicated in the development of tolerance to chronic morphine (Zhu et al., 1999). In addition, DORs are promising analgesic targets for the management of chronic pain states such as inflammatory or neuropathic pain (Cahill et al., 2007). Therefore, in this study, we investigated multiple aspects of hDOR regulation, including receptor phosphorylation, β-arrestin binding, receptor internalization, down-regulation and desensitization, using recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the wild-type or various mutant hDOR constructs. We found that structurally diverse delta opioid agonists regulate the hDOR by different mechanisms. We demonstrate that morphine is able to activate the initial step of the regulatory events, phosphorylation of S, but due to requirements for simultaneous activation of multiple sites, morphine fails to promote β-arrestin binding, receptor internalization and down-regulation. We also report that peptide delta opioid receptor agonists and a non-peptide agonist SNC80 differ in their ability to down-regulate the hDOR. Further differences in receptor phosphorylation, desensitization and β-arrestin translocation between these two classes of full DOR agonists are reveled by truncation of the receptor’s C-terminus or by mutation of the primary phosphorylation site, S. Studies using the mutant receptors identify the C-terminus as the important domain for hDOR phosphorylation, β-arrestin binding and down-regulation by both peptide and nonpeptide agonists. S within the C-terminus is critically involved in receptor phosphorylation, desensitization and down-regulation, but not in β-arrestin binding and
Formation mechanism of silicone rubber particles with core–shell structure by seeded emulsion polymerization

Silicone rubber particles with core–shell structure were prepared by polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of crosslinked and linear poly(dimethyl siloxane-methyl vinyl siloxane) latex. The monomers were added with either continuous or swelled-continuous addition mode. The core–shell morphology of silicone rubber/polystyrene [PST] and silicone rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate-divinyl benzene) [P(MMA-DVB)] composite particles were obtained. The effects of monomer addition mode, the compatibilities of the monomers or their homopolymer with silicone rubber, and the reactivity of polysiloxane with vinyl monomers on the formation of the core–shell structure were discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neutron Laue diffraction experiments on a large unit cell: concanavalin A complexed with methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside

A neutron Laue diffraction experiment on a complex of concanavalin A with methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside extensively soaked in D2O (space group I213, a = 167.8 A), which resulted in 3.5 A diffraction data, is described. In a programme of structural studies of crystalline saccharide complexes of concanavalin A, the unit cell of the cubic I213 complex of concanavalin A with methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside is one of the largest. With its cell edge of 167.8 A and its asymmetric unit of molecular weight 50 kDa, it represents a challenge for current neutron diffraction technology. The size of the crystal used in this experiment, although large (4 × 3 × 2 mm), was not the largest ever produced for this complex. The degree of spatial overlapping observed in the Laue experiment, however, suggests that use of larger crystals would be a disadvantage. On the basis of these observations, several technical improvements for macromolecular neutron crystallography are suggested.
Charge and Mass Balance in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

The ion and polymer content of polyelectrolyte multilayers constructed via layer-by-layer deposition have been directly probed using radioanalytical methods. Multilayers were fabricated using salt-containing or salt-free solutions. Charges on polyions quantitatively balance each other. As-deposited multilayers contain no salt ions within a limit of detection of a few ppm. All excess charge, which is reversed on each deposition step, resides at the surface. Surface charge controls the amount of polymer deposited and represents, on average, one-half of the charge within a single molecular layer. Internal charge can be regulated following deposition if one of the polyelectrolytes employed is redox-active, such as a polyviologen. Under electrochemical reduction, bulk charge compensation in a polyviologen/poly(styrene sulfonate) multilayer is preserved mainly by cation influx. Residual salt ions accumulate as conformational changes occur during repeated electrochemical cycling. When a thermally labile precurso.
Simulations of Charge Gain and Collection Efficiency from Diamond Amplifiers

A promising new concept of a diamond amplified photocathode for generation of highcurrent, high-brightness, and low thermal emittance electron beams was recently proposed and is currently under active development. To better understand the different effects involved, we have been developing models, within the VORPAL computational framework, to simulate secondary electron generation and charge transport in diamond. The implemented models include inelastic scattering of electrons and holes for generation of electron-hole pairs, elastic, phonon, and charge impurity scattering. We will discuss these models and present results from 3D VORPAL simulations on charge gain and collection efficiency as a function of primary electron energy and applied electric field. The implemented modeling capabilities already allow us to investigate specific effects and compare simulation results with experimental data.
A Novel Photometric Method for the Determination of Photoacid Generation Efficiencies Using Benzothiazole and Xanthene Dyes as Acid Sensors

We report here on a new photometric method for acid quantification in nonaqueous media which has been developed to facilitate quantification for photoacid generators (PAGs) employed in resist compositions for microlithography, but may find application in other fields. The method employs laser excitation of the PAG and is based on the acid-induced bathochromic shift in the absorption spectra of a selected organic dye such as rhodamine B (RB), fluorescein (Fl), coumarin 6 (C6), and 2-[4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,3-butadienyl]benzothiazole (DB). The differences in signal intensity of the protonated form of the sensor are used to evaluate the differences in acid generation efficiencies of the PAGs by relative actinometry. To test this methodology, we have determined the photoacid generation efficiencies of 2-methyl- (1), 2-(2‘-furyl ethylidene)- (2), and 2-(4‘-methoxystyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine (3) in acetonitrile by laser flash photolysis, using direct 308 nm laser excitation for 2 and 3 an.
Modified Parsons-Lee theory for fluids of linear fused hard sphere chains

The Parsons-Lee theory has been modified to study the liquid-crystalline phase behaviour of the linear fused hard sphere chain fluids. The modification of the Parsons-Lee theory is based on the application of the so-called effective molecular volume instead of the real molecular volume. This alteration does not mean any change for the Parsons-Lee treatment of the hard convex bodies but does for the non-convex ones. The results of the modified Parsons-Lee theory show very good agreement with simulations not only for the location of the isotropic-nematic phase transition but for the equation of state.
The structural origin of broken chemical order in GeSe2 glass

Abstract Raman scattering, 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry experiments have been performed on (Ge0.99 Sn0.01)x Se1−x glasses in the 0.30 < x < 0.36 range. Both Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies show that Ge‒Ge signatures first appear near x = 0.31(1), and their concentration slowly increases with increasing x to acquire a value of 1.92(30)% at x = 1/3, corresponding to GeSe2 glass. Thereafter (1/3 < x < 0.36) the concentration of these bonds increases precipitously with increasing x. Glass transition temperatures T g(x) reflect the connectivity of the network and are found to increase with increasing x; however, the rate dTg/dx of T g increase slows down markedly at (i) x ≥ 0.31(1), and the rate actually reverses sign (ii) at x ≥ 0.34. Feature (i) coincides with nucleation and (ii) with precipitous growth of Ge‒Ge signatures. These T g trends show that the presence of Ge‒Ge signatures decreases the global connectivity of the glasses. The results unequivocally demonstrate that the Ge‒Ge bonds constitute part of a marginally rigid Ge2(Se1/2)6-bearing nanophase that is formed separately from the Ge(Se1/2)4-tetrahedra-bearing backbone of the glasses.
Instrumental Texture Profile Analysis of Date-Tamarind Fruit Leather with Different Types of Hydrocolloids

Date-tamarind fruit leathers with varied textural characteristics were prepared by drying a paste containing hydrocolloid (starch, pectin, dextrin or guar gum) and water at 70°C for 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 h. Hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness, brittleness, resilience, gumminess and chewiness of the blank date-tamarind fruit leather (i.e., without any hydrocolloid) did not show any correlation with the moisture content ranges (29 − 41 g/100 g sample) used in the present study. Hardness and gumminess increased when hydrocolloids were added, while cohesiveness, resilience and springiness decreased. With the exception of dextrin all other hydrocolloids increased chewiness. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified 5 principal components (i.e., 5 factors: plasticity, elasticity, hydrocolloids’ concentration, resilience, cohesiveness) affecting the characteristics of each date-tamarind fruit leather. The cluster analysis identified 4 classes of the fruit leathers and bi-plot (i.e., including all products and their characteristics), generated through PCA, recognized these classes as hard-chewy, soft-springy, hard-fragile and soft-resilient leathers.
The Structure, Properties and Application of NR/BR/OMMT Nanocomposites

Almost completely exfoliated natural rubber/butadiene rubber/organophilic montmorillonite (NR/BR/OMMT) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by mechanical blending. The optimal type of OMMT was carefully selected, using characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the mechanical properties of composites, from three NR/BR/OMMT composites with different kinds of OMMT. The almost completely exfoliated NR/BR/OMMT nanocomposites were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRD. Then a series of NR/BR/OMMT (the optimal organoclay) nanocomposites with various amounts of OMMT were prepared and characterized. The results showed the tensile strength and tear strength of nanocomposite with only 3 parts per hundreds of rubber (phr) of clay were improved by about 90.8 and 54.0% in comparison with the pure NR/BR, respectively; and the stress relaxation behavior showed the equilibrium stress was higher than that of the pure sample. The increase of the cure rate index (VC) and reduction of the optimum time (T 90) indicated the efficiency of vulcanization was improved. The addition of OMMT also improved the oil resistance of the NR/BR composite; however, the thermal stability was not changed significantly. The outstanding performance of these tire sidewall materials with OMMT reinforcement means that they are good prospects for application in the tire industry.
Predicting dehulling efficiency of lentils based on seed size and shape characteristics measured with image analysis

Introduction Seed size and shape are important factors influencing trade in pulse grains. Lentil plumpness (determined by shape and size characteristics such as seed diameter, thickness, edge curvature, etc) is an important seed characteristic commonly believed to affect dehulling quality of lentils. Physical measurements of lentil shape and size characteristics are monotonous and time consuming. Objectives The focus of this research was to develop an imaging method to measure seed size and shape characteristics for predicting dehulling efficiency of red lentils. Methods A side-mounted camera system was used to image individual lentil seeds to determine seed size and shape characteristics. Results Regression models based on image analysis measurements of seed diameter, thickness, plumpness and degree of edge roundness predicted lentil dehulling efficiency highly accurately with an R2 approaching 0.90 and root-mean-squared-error <2%. Conclusion Image analysis can be used to measure lentil seed size and shape characteristics, which in turn can predict dehulling efficiency of red lentils.