Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Calcium Silicate on the Chemical Properties of Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida (Jacq.) P. Kumm

Supplementation of mushroom substrates has been linked to a higher resistance against insect pests, although few studies show the impact of this supplementation on the different agronomical parameters of mushrooms or even their chemical composition. In this work, the variation in the biological and chemical composition of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida (Jacq.) P. Kumm) was analysed after varying the substrate supplementation of calcium silicate (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% (w/w%)) during two harvest flushes. Overall, supplementation did not change the weight, the number of fruiting bodies, biological efficiency, yield ratio, and productivity rate of the mushrooms, although the harvest flushes did show significant differences. Furthermore, slight changes were found in the chemical composition with an increase in vitamin D2 and tocopherols for the mushrooms with higher amounts of calcium silicate. Overall, the substrate supplementation did not seem to induce expressive changes or decrease production yields, and can, therefore, continue to be researched as a potential application to fight agronomical pests.
Primary synovial sarcoma of the lung: a rare presentation, diagnostic dilemma and review of literature

Primary synovial sarcoma of the lung (PSSL) is a rare tumour with only 0.5% incidence among other primary malignant lung tumours. Published medical literature regarding the natural history treatment protocol and clinical outcomes of PSSL remains limited. Here, we present a case of a 39-year-old man with primary synovial sarcoma with long-term follow-up, which was initially viewed as a metastasis from another unknown site. After evaluating histopathologically from the specimen post left lung metastasectomy and ruling out any other site for neoplastic changes, the diagnosis of PSSL was confirmed. Furthermore, this article reviews the literature and discusses various aspects of PSSL, including clinical presentation, radiological imaging and pathological characteristics, diagnostic dilemma, management and prognosis. This paper serves to provide an update and aims to enhance the understanding of PSSL. Timely diagnosis and treatment are imperative to achieve improved outcomes.
Spatiotemporal distribution of grassland NPP in Gansu province, China from 1982 to 2011 and its impact factors

The modified Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model based on the comprehensive and sequential classification system of grasslands (CSCS, a unique vegetation classification system) was used to determine grassland net primary production (NPP) in Gansu province from 1982 to 2011 and its spatio-temporal variability. The relationship between NPP and climate drivers was analyzed. The results showed that annual NPP of grasslands in Gansu province averaged 139.30 gC m-2 yr -1 during the study period. NPP decreased from southeast to northwest across the province. Grassland NPP showed an increasing trend during the period 1982–2011, and the increase rate over the whole period was 92.91%. The highest NPP appeared in summer with more precipitation and higher cumulative temperature conditions; while the lowest values existed in winter. The largest correlation coefficient was found between the average annual NPP and the average annual precipitation (r = 0.77), followed by annual NPP and solar radiation (r = 0.70) or NDVI (r = 0.69), Annual NPP had no significant correlation with annual cumulative temperature (>0°C) or moisture index (K-value). Thus, precipitation is the major controlling factor on the average annual NPP in Gansu grassland. Solar radiation and NDVI also have important effects on grassland NPP in Gansu. These results may provide basic information for sustainable development and utilization of grassland and for the improvement and protection of the ecological environment as well.
Can Healthy Checkout Counters Improve Food Purchases? Two Real-Life Experiments in Dutch Supermarkets

Most snacks displayed at supermarket checkouts do not contribute to a healthy diet. We investigated the effects of introducing healthier snack alternatives at checkouts in supermarkets on purchasing behavior. In Study 1, we investigated the effect of completely substituting less healthy with healthier snacks (one supermarket). In Study 2, we investigated the effect of placing and discounting healthier snacks while the less healthy snacks remain in place (two supermarkets). In both studies, the number of purchased snacks (per 1000 customers) was used as the outcome variable. Results for Study 1 showed that the absolute number of purchased checkout snacks was 2.4 times lower (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9–2.7) when healthier snacks instead of less healthy snacks were placed at the supermarket checkouts. Results for Study 2 showed that when additional healthier snacks were placed near the checkouts, the absolute number of healthier purchased snacks increased by a factor of 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3–3.3). When additional healthier snacks were placed near the checkouts and discounted, the absolute number of healthier purchased snacks increased by a factor of 2.7 (95% CI: 2.0–3.6), although this was not statistically significant higher than placement only (ratio: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.7–1.9). Purchases of less healthy snacks did not decline, and even slightly increased, during the intervention period (ratio: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.5). If supermarkets want to promote healthier snack purchases, additional healthier products can be positioned near the checkouts. However, this does not discourages the purchase of less healthy snacks. Therefore, to discourage unhealthy snack purchases at supermarket checkouts, a total substitution of less healthy snacks with healthier alternatives is most effective.
Do We Need to Wait 3 Months After Corticosteroid Injections to Reduce the Risk of Infection After Total Knee Arthroplasty?

Background: Corticosteroid injections administered within 3 months before total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have been linked to increased risk of postoperative infection. However, it would be beneficial to further delineate the timing of injections to determine whether a narrower window exists for safe administration of corticosteroid injections. The purposes of our study were to (1) determine whether there were a different time frame between corticosteroid injection and primary TKA that increased infection risk and (2) determine risk factors associated with infection after TKA. Methods: TKA patients were identified from a national database from 2007 to 2017 and stratified based on their history of corticosteroid injections within the 6-month preoperative period. Patients who received injections were stratified into biweekly cohorts by the timing of their most recent injection. The 1-year rate of postoperative infection treated by surgical débridement was compared between injection and noninjection cohorts. Univariate logistic regressions of risk factors and a multivariate analysis for patient comorbidities and injection cohorts associated with increased infection risk were conducted. Results: In the 76,090 TKA patients identified, corticosteroid injection within 2 weeks before TKA increased the risk of postoperative infection (P = 0.02) and injections within 2 to 4 weeks trended toward increased infection in univariate regression. No significant differences were observed in any other injection time frames. In the multivariate analysis, injections within 2 weeks before TKA were identified as an independent risk factor (odds ratio: 2.89; P = 0.04) for postoperative infection. Additional risk factors included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, and tobacco, whereas female sex and patient aged older than 65 were protective. Discussion: Our results suggest that TKA performed within four weeks of a corticosteroid injection may be associated with a higher risk of postoperative infection; however, delaying surgery more than four weeks may not provide additional infection risk reduction. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to determine the optimal timing of TKA after corticosteroid injections. Level of Evidence: Level III
Pharmacological Prevention of Noise-induced Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: This study aims to explore and determine the effectiveness of current pharmacologic agents for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) via a systematic review. Databases Reviewed: The PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through February 6, 2020. Methods: Full-text, English-language articles detailing prospective randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials with pharmacological interventions administered to prevent NIHL were included in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The detailed search terms are included in the Appendix, http://links.lww. com/MAO/B67. Results: Eleven articles were included in this review with 701 patients receiving a pharmacologic prevention for various noise exposures. Various regimens included administration of alpha-lipoic acid, ambient oxygen, beta-carotene, carbogen, ebselen, Mg-aspartate, N-acetylcysteine, and vitamins C, E, and B12. A number of studies demonstrated statistically significant amelioration of NIHL with pharmacologic intervention. Two studies demonstrated significantly better hearing outcomes for pharmacological prophylaxis with carbogen or ebselen as compared with placebo for the 4 kHz frequency, where the noise-notch is most likely to be encountered. Given the considerable heterogeneity in agents and methodologies, however, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis. Conclusions: While several heterogenous articles demonstrated promising results for Mg-aspartate, carbogen, vitamin B12, and alpha-lipoic acid, the clinical significance of these pharmaceuticals remains unclear. Initial data from this study alongside future clinical trials might potentially contribute to the generation of clinical practice guidelines to prevent NIHL. Level of Evidence: 2
Functional subsets of circulating follicular helper T cells in patients with atherosclerosis

Frequencies of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) functional subsets vary in autoimmune diseases. We evaluated the frequencies and clinical relevance of functional subsets of cTfhs in patients with different degrees of stenosis. Blood samples were collected from high (≥50%) (n = 12) and low (<50%) stenosis (n = 12) groups and healthy controls (n = 6). Three subsets of cTfh cells including cTfh1 (CXCR3+CCR6‐), cTfh2 (CXCR3‐CCX6‐), and cTfh17 (CXCR3‐CCR6+) were detected by flow cytometry. The frequency of cTfh1 cells was higher in control (p = .0006) and low‐stenosis groups (p = .005) compared to high‐stenosis group. The percentages of cTfh2 and cTfh17 cells were increased in high‐stenosis compared to low‐stenosis (p = .002 and p = .007) and control groups (p = .0004 and p = .0005), respectively. The frequency of cTfh1 cells negatively correlated with cholesterol (p = .040; r = −.44), C‐reactive protein (CRP) (p = .015; r = −.68), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p = .002; r = −.79), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p = .028; r = −.67), and cTfh17 (p = .017; r = −.7244) in the high‐stenosis group. The percentages of cTfh2 and cTfh17 cells positively correlated with cholesterol (p = .025; r = .77 and p = .033; r = .71), CRP (p = .030; r = .61 and p = .020; r = .73), ESR (p = .027; r = .69 and p = .029; r = .70), NLR (p = .004; r = .76 and p = .005; r = .74), and with each other (p = .022; r = .7382), respectively, in the high‐stenosis group. The increased frequencies of cTfh2 and cTfh17 subsets and their correlation with laboratory parameters in patients with atherosclerosis may suggest their role in promoting the inflammatory response and atherosclerosis progression.
A prospective study of reproductive factors in relation to risk of systemic lupus erythematosus among black women

Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) occurs most commonly among reproductive age women, compatible with a potential role of reproductive factors, although past studies including women of mainly European ancestry have yielded conflicting results. We assessed relationships of reproductive factors to SLE risk among black women. Methods We followed 58,243 participants in the Black Women’s Health Study (BWHS) from 1995 – 2015 using biennial health questionnaires, on which participants reported reproductive and other factors. Self-reported incident SLE cases were confirmed as meeting 1997 American College of Rheumatology SLE classification criteria by medical record review. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for SLE for several reproductive factors, controlling for potential confounders. Results During 954,476 person-years of follow-up, 125 incident cases of SLE were confirmed. Later age at menarche and longer duration of breast feeding were associated with increased risk of SLE. The multivariable HRs were 2.31 (95% CI, 1.30–4.11) for age at menarche ≥15 relative to age 12, and 1.73 (95% CI, 1.01–2.94) for breast feeding ≥6 months relative to none. There were no clear associations with parity, age at first birth, menopausal status, hysterectomy, age at menopause, or history of endometriosis. Conclusion Our results suggest that later menarchal age and breastfeeding of infants for ≥6 months vs. none may be associated with increased SLE risk among black women, while other reproductive factors did not appear related. The biological mechanisms underlying these potential associations should be pursued.
Linking mosquito surveillance to dengue fever through Bayesian mechanistic modeling

Our ability to effectively prevent the transmission of the dengue virus through targeted control of its vector, Aedes aegypti, depends critically on our understanding of the link between mosquito abundance and human disease risk. Mosquito and clinical surveillance data are widely collected, but linking them requires a modeling framework that accounts for the complex non-linear mechanisms involved in transmission. Most critical are the bottleneck in transmission imposed by mosquito lifespan relative to the virus’ extrinsic incubation period, and the dynamics of human immunity. We developed a differential equation model of dengue transmission and embedded it in a Bayesian hierarchical framework that allowed us to estimate latent time series of mosquito demographic rates from mosquito trap counts and dengue case reports from the city of Vitória, Brazil. We used the fitted model to explore how the timing of a pulse of adult mosquito control influences its effect on the human disease burden in the following year. We found that control was generally more effective when implemented in periods of relatively low mosquito mortality (when mosquito abundance was also generally low). In particular, control implemented in early September (week 34 of the year) produced the largest reduction in predicted human case reports over the following year. This highlights the potential long-term utility of broad, off-peak-season mosquito control in addition to existing, locally targeted within-season efforts. Further, uncertainty in the effectiveness of control interventions was driven largely by posterior variation in the average mosquito mortality rate (closely tied to total mosquito abundance) with lower mosquito mortality generating systems more vulnerable to control. Broadly, these correlations suggest that mosquito control is most effective in situations in which transmission is already limited by mosquito abundance.
Application of Testing-Tracing-Treatment Strategy in Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak in Seoul, Korea

Background Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China, a total of 637 patients had been diagnosed with the disease in Seoul as of May 2, 2020. Our study aimed to describe the impact of the 3T strategies (preemptive testing, prompt tracing and proper treatment) on the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Seoul. Methods The descriptive and explanatory analysis was carried out on critical indicators such as epidemiological characteristics and key duration of patient status change from January 24 to May 2 in Seoul before and after preemptive testing for patients under investigation associated with COVID-19 clusters. Results Preemptive testing increased the positive test rate (3.9% to 4.2%), an asymptomatic case at diagnosis (16.9% to 30.6%), and reduced the time from symptom onset to quarantine (4.0 to 3.0 days). Prompt tracing decreased unknown sources of infection (6.9% to 2.8%), the mean number of contacts (32.2 to 23.6), and the time-varying reproduction number R(t) (1.3 to 0.6). With proper treatment, only 2 cases of mortality occurred, resulting in a fatality rate of just 0.3%. Conclusion In the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic lasting 100 days, the effect of the 3T strategies flattened the curve and decreased the time during which infected individuals were contagious, thereby lowering the R(t) below 1 in Seoul.
The Role of Cholesterol on Triterpenoid Saponin-Induced Endolysosomal Escape of a Saporin-Based Immunotoxin

Cholesterol seems to play a central role in the augmentation of saporin-based immunotoxin (IT) cytotoxicity by triterpenoid saponins. Endolysosomal escape has been proposed as one mechanism for the saponin-mediated enhancement of targeted toxins. We investigated the effects of lipid depletion followed by repletion on Saponinum album (SA)-induced endolysosomal escape of Alexa Fluor labelled saporin and the saporin-based immunotoxin OKT10-SAP, directed against CD38, in Daudi lymphoma cells. Lipid deprived cells showed reduced SA-induced endolysosomal escape at two concentrations of SA, as determined by a flow cytometric method. The repletion of membrane cholesterol by low density lipoprotein (LDL) restored SA-induced endolysosomal escape at a concentration of 5 µg/mL SA but not at 1 µg/mL SA. When LDL was used to restore the cholesterol levels in lipid deprived cells, the SA augmentation of OKT10-SAP cytotoxicity was partially restored at 1 µg/mL SA and fully restored at 5 µg/mL SA. These results suggest that different mechanisms of action might be involved for the two different concentrations of SA and that endosomal escape may not be the main mechanism for the augmentation of saporin IT cytotoxicity by SA at the sub-lytic concentration of 1 µg/mL SA.
Factors Predicting Frequency and Severity of Postoperative Pain After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery

Background: Postoperative pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) is difficult to predict and manage. The experience of pain is thought to be influenced by a range of different factors. Determining which patient factors contribute to the pain may help us to better understand and manage it. Purpose: To evaluate the preoperative patient characteristics that may be predictive of, and correlated with, postoperative pain after arthroscopic RCR. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The study evaluated 2172 patients who underwent an arthroscopic RCR between February 2004 and December 2015. Pain frequency and severity were measured preoperatively and at 6 weeks after surgery using a modified L’Insalata questionnaire with Likert scales. This 6-week time point was chosen as previous studies have shown patients rank this time point as high in terms of pain after RCR. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between postoperative pain scores and preoperative pain scores, age, sex, tear size, strength, level of sporting and work activity, and work-related injury status. Results: The severity of preoperative pain at night (r = 0.33; P < .001), preoperative pain at rest (r = 0.32; P < .001), and frequency of extreme pain (r = 0.31; P < .001) were the strongest independent associations with the frequency of pain at 6 weeks postoperatively. Other associations with postoperative pain frequency included reduced liftoff strength (r = −0.21; P < .001), work-related injury status (P < .001), younger age (P = .001), and female sex (P = .04). Tear size was inversely related with pain severity (R2 = 0.85). The severity of preoperative pain had the strongest independent association with the severity of postoperative pain at 6 weeks after surgery (r = 0.35; P < .001). Other associations with postoperative pain severity included increased patient-ranked preoperative stiffness (P < .001), a poorer impression of one’s shoulder (P < .001), reduced level of sporting activity (P < .001), and work-related injury status (P < .001). Conclusion: Multiple risk factors have been identified for postoperative pain after RCR, the strongest of which is preoperative pain. However, of note, the magnitude of the correlations between preoperative severity and frequency of pain and postoperative severity and frequency of pain were found to be weak to moderate (r = 0.30-0.35). This suggests that while preoperative pain and its severity are associated with postoperative pain, other factors are likely involved in predicting pain. Smaller tear size, younger age, female sex, and work-related injuries were also associated with postoperative pain at 6 weeks after surgery.
A Review on Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions at P=O Substrates of Organophosphorous Compounds

Nucleophilic substitution reactions at P=O substrates of organophosphorous compounds are very much important in organic chemistry. The problems of the mechanism of displacement at phosphorous have continued to be challenging ones. Physical organic chemistry tools; Hammett (ρ), Bronsted (β) LFER, CICs and heavy atom KIE have been used in quest for the mechanistic information. Two main types of displacement processes are well known in neutralphosphoryl group transfer reactions: concerted involving displacementat phosphorus through a single pentacoordinate transition state (TS) and stepwise mechanism involving a trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinate (TBP-5C) intermediate. In some cases mechanistic change from concerted to stepwise or vice versa have been observed. In this article an attempt is made to provide an overview of the mechanistic understanding of substitution reaction at P=O substrates of organophosphorous compounds.