Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SOIL QUALITY AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE EFFECTS IN A TYPIC HAPLUSTOLL

Soil management practices can have negative or positive effects on soil quality. Our objective was to assess the effect of long‐term agricultural practices by evaluating selected soil physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm) within a native pasture and an adjacent agricultural field that was being used for three different crop rotations. Soil quality was quantified using aggregate stability, bulk density, soil texture and available water content as physical properties and pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and available phosphorus as chemical properties. The farmland soils were functioning at 71 and 70 per cent of their full potential at the 0‐ to 15‐ and 15 to 30‐cm‐depth increments, respectively, whereas those from the pasture were functioning at 73 and 69 per cent, respectively. The assessment showed substantial loss in soil organic carbon following 50 years of farmland cultivation. Tillage and fertilizer applications were presumably the primary reasons for weaker spatial dependence within farmland at the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth. Grazing was postulated as the main reason for weaker spatial dependence within the pasture soils at the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth. Overall, we conclude that 50 years of cultivation has not caused soil quality to decline to a point that threatens sustainability of the agricultural fields. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Household bargaining and excess fertility: An experimental study in Zambia.

We posit that household decision-making over fertility is characterized by moral hazard since most contraception can only be perfectly observed by the woman. Using an experiment in Zambia that varied whether women were given access to contraceptives alone or with their husbands, we find that women given access with their husbands were 19 percent less likely to seek family planning services, 25 percent less likely to use concealable contraception, and 27 percent more likely to give birth. However, women given access to contraception alone report a lower subjective well-being, suggesting a psycho-social cost of making contraceptives more concealable.
Magnetic Properties and Ferromagnetic Mineralogy of Oceanic Basalts

SUMMARY Rockmagnetic properties of a number of oceanic basalt samples collected by the DSDP/ODP drillings after Leg 45 as well as one dredge haul were investigated in conjunction with palaeomagnetic characteristics of the same samples. the electron-probe micro-analysis (EPMA) study indicated that chemical composition of the primary titanomagnetites has a variety, particularly in minor constituent elements such as Al2O3, MgO, MnO, and V2O3. the variation in chemical composition in the primary phase of titanomagnetites seems to be controlled by changes in temperature, oxygen fugacity and volatile pressure during the crystallization as well as chemistry of residual liquid hi magma. General crystallization trend is found, that is, the later crystallized titanomagnetites have higher ulvospinel component (higher titanium oxide and lower iron oxide) due to decrease in temperature and oxygen fugacity. It is established that minor constituent elements are good indicators of crystallization sequence of titanomagnetites in the contrast of variation in major constituent elements. In the later stage, Al2O3 and MgO (spinel component) and V2O3 decrease, whereas MnO increases, although there is a reversed crystallization trend with a few elements in several cases. This reversed trend may suggest that there are discontinuous changes of environmental condition in magma to control titanomagnetite chemistry during a crystallization sequence. the primary variation of chemistry shows different trends of the secondary variation due to oxidation. Oxidation process of titanomagnetites contained in oceanic basalts was examined in detail by means of an improved EPMA technique being able to directly determine the absolote contents of oxygen in materials. the result of the quantitative oxygen measurement shows that the oxidation process of titanomagnetites is not a simple process by changes of ferrous ions to ferric ones with acrretion of oxygen but associated with migration of iron ions of the titanomagnetite lattice. This is consistent with the results of recent studies on oxidation processes of titanomagnetites in oceanic basalts.
Translational control of gene expression : a molecular switch for memory storage

A critical requirement for the conversion of the labile short-term memory (STM) into the consolidated long-term memory (LTM) is new gene expression (new mRNAs and protein synthesis). The first clues to the molecular mechanisms of the switch from short-term to LTM emerged from studies on protein synthesis in different species. Initially, it was shown that LTM can be distinguished from STM by its susceptibility to protein synthesis inhibitors. Later, it was found that long-lasting synaptic changes, which are believed to be a key cellular mechanism by which information is stored, are also dependent on new protein synthesis. Although the role of protein synthesis in memory was reported more than 40 years ago, recent molecular, genetic, and biochemical studies have provided fresh insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the role of translational control by the eIF2a signaling pathway in long-term synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation.
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi gelagat kepatuhan zakat perniagaan

Kajian ini cuba mencari penjelasan tentang punca gelagat kepatuhan zakat perniagaan yang didapati berada di paras yang amat rendah. Dengan menggunakan teori gelagat terancang, kajian ini cuba menyingkap sama ada asas teori ini seperti sikap, norma subjektif, dan kawalan gelagat ditanggap dapat menerangkan niat dan gelagat kepatuhan dalam persekitaran zakat perniagaan. Analisis regresi berbilang (multiple regression analysis) digunakan bagi menguji model niat dan gelagat kepatuhan zakat perniagaan. Keputusan kajian ke atas 108 peniaga sekitar negeri Perlis menunjukkan bahawa model kajian ini adalah selari dengan saranan teori gelagat terancang. Justeru, apa pun tindakan atau strategi yang bakal diambil perlu mengambil kira kefahaman tentang faktor-faktor asas dalam teori gelagat terancang.
High‐resolution teleseismic body wave tomography beneath SE‐Romania – II. Imaging of a slab detachment scenario

SUMMARY Non-linear teleseismic bodywave tomography with data of the 1999 CALIXTO field experiment (Carpathian Arc Lithosphere X-Tomography) in Romania provides high-resolution imaging of the upper-mantle structure. In this paper, we present the relative P-wave velocity distribution of the lithosphere/asthenosphere system. Smearing from strong crustal velocity anomalies into the upper mantle is successfully suppressed by traveltime corrections with an a priori 3-D regional crustal velocity model (see Martin et al. 2005, herein referenced as paper 1). Our high-resolution image shows a high-velocity body beneath Vrancea and the Moesian platform with a NE–SW orientation between 70 and 200 km depth. Beneath 200 km a change in the orientation from NE–SW to N–S can be observed. The body reaches a maximum depth of about 350–370 km. The velocity perturbation is maximal between 110 and 150 km depth (5.2–5.8 per cent) and almost constant for depths beneath 200 km (3.2–3.8 per cent). As most authors of previous studies agree on Miocene subduction along the arc followed by soft continental collision we interpret the high-velocity body as the subducted, yet not fully detached slab. The NE-part of the slab appears to be mechanically coupled to the Moesian lithosphere and hosts the intermediate depth seismicity. In contrast the aseismic SW-part is interpreted as decoupled from the overlying lithosphere and torn off from the underlying lithospheric material beneath 200 km depth. Low velocity anomalies NW of the slab above 110 km depth are interpreted as a shallow asthenospheric upwelling. Further low-velocity anomalies are in agreement with a lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary at 110–150 km depth below the Moesian platform and deeper than 200 km under the East European platform (EEP). The tomographic images support models proposing slab rollback during subduction/collision, followed by slab steepening and lithospheric delamination. The different degrees of mechanical coupling of the slab to the overlying lithosphere allow to understand the loci of seismicity as volumes of stress concentration. Independent on the specifics of data interpretation our high-resolution image is a novel contribution to understand the process of ongoing lithospheric detachment associated with strong intermediate-depth seismicity in SE-Romania.
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen in Soil: The Simple Exponential Model Does Not Apply for the First 12 Weeks of Incubation1

I. C. R. Holford has suggested that the Langmiur adsorption isotherm data of Green et al. (1978) and McCallister and Logan (1978) is misinterpreted because no correction was made for native adsorbed phosphate. Holford suggests that what was measured was residual adsorption capacity and that the "checkmark" phenomenon found in our Langmuir isotherms is eliminated when correction is made for native adsorbed P. It was our intention to measure only residual adsorption capacity, and therefore, our reference to the Olsen and Watanabe (1957) procedure was misleading since their procedure did correct for surface adsorbed P by "P exchange. We were using the Langmuir isotherm to examine the relative sorption of P by soils and sediments, a process determined by the sorption characteristics of the soil or sediment, but also by the degree to which the adsorption capacity had already been saturated. I would concur with Holford that the term residual adsorption capacity be used in instances where no correction is made for "native", or more correctly, "previously" adsorbed P. Holford has also suggested that, if Fig. 1 of McCallister and Logan (1978) is corrected by adding 50 /ig P/g (Holford's estimate of native adsorbed P, and one he considers conservative), then the data is better fit to a two-phase Langmuir model than to a single line. Using the 50 /ig P/g estimate which we feel should be closer to 25 /ig P/g (based on desorption and Bray PI extractable P data for the Hoytville soil in Fig. 1 of McCallister and Logan), we find that either a singleor two-phase model is satisfactory in describing the data. The single-phase model has an r* of 0.976, while the r values for the two-phase Langmuir isotherms were 0.978 and 0.987. The two-phase model has greatest utility at low equilibrium phosphate concentrations, but at this range, the native adsorbed P has its most significant effect on net adsorption. Holford has correctly recognized the failure of Green et al. (1978) and McCallister and Logan (1978) to correct Langmuir adsorption data for native adsorbed P. We contend that our omission was not in clearly indicating our intention to measure residual adsorption capacity, and we laud the effort of Holford in bringing this to the readers' attention.
Differential effects of early life adversity on male and female rhesus macaque lifespan

Abstract Early life adversity predicts shorter adult lifespan in several animal taxa. Yet, work on long‐lived primate populations suggests the evolution of mechanisms that contribute to resiliency and long lives despite early life insults. Here, we tested associations between individual and cumulative early life adversity and lifespan on rhesus macaques at the Cayo Santiago Biological Field Station using 50 years of demographic data. We performed sex‐specific survival analyses at different life stages to contrast short‐term effects of adversity (i.e., infant survival) with long‐term effects (i.e., adult survival). Female infants showed vulnerability to multiple adversities at birth, but affected females who survived to adulthood experienced a reduced risk later in life. In contrast, male infants showed vulnerability to a lower number of adversities at birth, but those who survived to adulthood were negatively affected by both early life individual and cumulative adversity. Our study shows profound immediate effects of insults on female infant cohorts and suggests that affected female adults are more robust. In contrast, adult males who experienced harsh conditions early in life showed an increased mortality risk at older ages as expected from hypotheses within the life course perspective. Our analysis suggests sex‐specific selection pressures on life histories and highlights the need for studies addressing the effects of early life adversity across multiple life stages.
Effective Stress Analysis of Seismic Response and Liquefaction: Theory

An effective stress method is presented for analysis of seismic response and liquefaction of horizontally layered saturated sand deposits, based on solution of the fully coupled equations for the granular solid and the pore fluid. A new material model for hysteretic behavior of sands and a new effective stress path rule are presented. The shear modulus reduction and damping of the proposed model are compared with other experimentally based relations. The proposed effective stress analysis method is used to simulate shaking table tests, with results in reasonably good agreement with experimental results. The proposed method of analysis is compared with a number of other well‐known methods.
Scale transformation of Leaf Area Index product retrieved from multiresolution remotely sensed data: analysis and case studies

Climate and land–atmosphere models rely on accurate land-surface parameters, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI). It is crucial that the estimation of LAI represents actual ground truth. Yet it is known that the LAI values retrieved from remote sensing images suffer from scaling effects. The values retrieved from coarse resolution images are generally smaller. Scale transformations aim to derive accurate leaf area index values at a specific scale from values at other scales. In this paper, we study the scaling effect and the scale transformation algorithm of LAI in regions with different vegetation distribution characteristics, and analyse the factors that can affect the scale transformation algorithm, so that the LAI values derived from a low resolution dataset match the average LAI values of higher resolution images. Using our hybrid reflectance model and the scale transformation algorithm for continuous vegetation, we have successfully calculated the LAI values at different scales, from reflectance images of 2.5 m and 10 m spatial resolution SPOT-5 data as well as 250 m and 500 m spatial resolution MODIS data. The scaling algorithm was validated in two geographic regions and the results agreed well with the actual values. This scale transformation algorithm will allow researchers to extend the size of their study regions and eliminate the impact of remote sensing image resolution.
Macromycetes occurring in the Violo odoratae-Ulmetum campestris in the Bielinek Resene on the Odra river

In the paper the results of a 3-year mycocoenological study carried out on 2 permanent plots marked in the Violo odoratae-Ulmetum association are presented and several ecological groups of fungi as regards substratum are discussed. Moreover, records made accidentally on macrofungi in the xerothermophilous Lithospermo-Quercelum Br. -Bl. 1932 and the Linosyridi-Stipetum pulcherrimae (Libb. 1932/1933) Filipek 1974 communities are mentioned.
Journal Self-citation Analysis of Some Chinese Sci-tech Periodicals

Abstract This study investigates self-citation rates of 222 Chinese journals within seven groups including 76 journals of agronomy (34.2 percent), 57 of biology (25.7 percent), 28 of environmental science and technology (12.6 percent), 15 of forestry (6.8 percent), 24 of academic journals of agricultural university (10.8 percent), 9 of aquatic sciences (4.1 percent), and 13 of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine (5.9 percent). The average self-citation rates range from 2 percent to 67 percent in 2006, 1 percent to 68 percent in 2007 and 0 percent to 67 percent in 2008. There is a significant difference in self-citation rate between most groups of journals. The self-citation rate is positively and significantly correlated with the self-citation rate in 2006 for all 222 journals (N = 222, R2 = 0.194, P = 0.004) (P < 0.05). However, the self-citation rate is not significantly correlated with the journal's impact factor in 2007 (N = 222, R2 = 0.114, P = 0.091) and 2008 (N = 222, R2 = 0.112, P = 0.096) (P < 0.05) for the 222 journals. The relationship between self-citation rate and journal impact factor is discussed.
Satellite observations of sea surface cooling by hurricanes

Sea surface cooling associated with 13 hurricanes in the western North Atlantic between September 1981 and December 1984 is examined using satellite-derived sea surface temperature fields. Some surface cooling is observed in all cases; however, because of cloud cover and the fairly weak signal in some cases, we see pronounced cooling along an extensive and continuous portion of the storm path for only three strong hurricanes. The persistence of cooling following the passage of a hurricane varies from a few days to at least 16 days. The amplitude of cooling is moderately well correlated with hurricane strength and is as large as 3.5°C. When the hurricanes move rapidly, the maximum cooling occurs well to the right of the track (approximately 70 km), whereas for slowly moving hurricanes the maximum cooling occurs near or on the track. Because western North Atlantic hurricanes are often found in close proximity to high pressure systems, daytime satellite images must be made with some care because of diurnal warming.
Paleoweathering conditions of Upper Carboniferous siliciclastic rocks of SW Hungary

Abstract The clay mineralogical and chemical compositions of Upper Carboniferous siliciclastic rocks from the western flank of the Villany Mountains (Teseny Sandstone Formation) have been investigated to determine paleoweathering conditions, as well as to appraise the influence of the post-depositional processes upon source rock signature. The clay-mineral assemblage of the samples consists predominantly of illite±muscovite, suggesting a potassium metasomatism in the Teseny clastics. Therefore the use of the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), which provides a consistent quantitative framework for examining weathering, leads to erroneous conclusions without correction for K-metasomatism. When considered in Al2O3-CaO* + Na2O-K2O (A-CN-K) compositional space, orthogneiss and igneous rock clasts selected from the Teseny conglomerate reflect two different weathering trends; one (including orthogneiss, quartz diorite, and andesite samples) shows an ideal trend observed for granodioritic rocks, and the other (i.
Vertical Migrations and Feeding Rhythms of Acartia clausi and Pseudodiaptomus hessei (Copepoda: Calanoida) in a Tropical Lagoon (Ebrié, Côte d'Ivoire)

Abstract Diel changes in vertical distribution and gut pigment contents of Acartia clausi and Pseudodiaptomus hessei were studied during several 24-h time series performed between 1993 and 1997 in four sites of the Ebrie Lagoon (Cote d'Ivoire). The sites differed by their morphology and their hydrological structure and by the vertical distribution of chlorophyll biomass. Both species showed classical diel vertical migrations (DVM). Copepodites and adult stages of P. hessei were almost benthic during the day and evenly distributed through the water column at night. The amplitude of DVM of A. clausi increased from copepodites I–III to adults. Copepodites and adults of A. clausi increased significantly their gut fluorescence at night, whereas those of P. hessei showed no clear diel feeding rhythm (DFR). These results suggest that A. clausi feed mostly at night on phytoplanktonic particles and P. hessei feed mostly on benthic algal particles during the day and on sestonic particles at night. No relationship was observed between DFR and DVM because both patterns occurred when food was either vertically homogeneous or vertically stratified. The daily average gut fluorescence of A. clausi increased with ambient chlorophyll concentration until around 12–15 μg l −1 , whereas no relationship was found for P. hessei . The implication of these patterns on the adaptation capacities and the behaviour of the two species are discussed. The DVM of P. hessei should explain its rarity in the estuarine area. The comparison of our results with previous ones suggests an evolution of A. clausi DFR between 1981–1982 and 1996–1997, in relation to an intensification of eutrophication.
Transcriptional pro ﬁ ling unveils type I and II interferon networks in blood and tissues across diseases

Understanding how immune challenges elicit different responses is critical for diagnosing and deciphering immune regulation. Using a modular strategy to interpret the complex transcriptional host response in mouse models of infection and in ﬂ ammation, we show a breadth of immune responses in the lung. Lung immune signatures are dominated by either IFN-γ and IFN-inducible, IL-17-induced neutrophil-or allergy-associated gene expression. Type I IFN and IFN-γ -inducible, but not IL-17-or allergy-associated signatures, are preserved in the blood. While IL-17-associated genes identi ﬁ ed in lung are detected in blood, the allergy signature is only detectable in blood CD4 + effector cells. Type I IFN-inducible genes are abrogated in the absence of IFN-γ signaling and decrease in the absence of IFNAR signaling, both independently contributing to the regulation of granulocyte responses and pathology during Tox-oplasma gondii infection. Our framework provides an ideal tool for comparative analyses of transcriptional signatures contributing to protection or pathogenesis in disease.