Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diurnal cycle of lake methane flux

Air‐lake methane flux (FCH4) and partial pressure of methane in the atmosphere (pCH4a) were measured using the eddy covariance method over a Swedish lake for an extended period. The measurements show a diurnal cycle in both FCH4 and pCH4a with high values during nighttime (FCH4 ≈ 300 nmol m−2 s−1, pCH4a ≈ 2.5 µatm) and low values during day (FCH4 ≈ 0 nmol m−2 s−1, pCH4a ≈ 2.0 µatm) for a large part of the data set. This diurnal cycle persist in all open water season; however, the magnitude of the diurnal cycle is largest in the spring months. Estimations of buoyancy in the water show that high nighttime fluxes coincide with convective periods. Our interpretation of these results is that the convective mixing enhances the diffusive flux, in analogy to previous studies. We also suggest that the convection may bring methane‐rich water from the bottom to the surface and trigger bubble release from the sediment. A diurnal cycle is not observed for all convective occasions, indicating that the presence of convection is not sufficient for enhanced nighttime flux; other factors are also necessary. The observed diurnal cycle of pCH4a is explained with the variation of FCH4 and a changing internal boundary layer above the lake. The presence of a diurnal cycle of FCH4 stresses the importance of making long‐term continuous flux measurements. A lack of FCH4 measurements during night may significantly bias estimations of total CH4 emissions from lakes to the atmosphere.
A Study of Root Canal Morphology of Human Deciduous Maxillary Molars using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): An in Vivo Study

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the root canal morphology of the primary maxillary right first and second molars using CBCT according to Vertucci & New root canal classification system given by Ahmed HMA et al., Method: 60 Patients aged 3-9 years were taken in the study. The CBCT of maxillary right quadrants of study subjects were taken at imaging centre and evaluated on CBCT scans according to Vertucci & Ahmed HMA et al.,’s classification both. Result: The most common canal configuration for right primary maxillary 1st and 2nd molar was Vertucci Type I except mesio-buccal canal in right maxillary second molar was Vertucci Type IV. Conclusion: As deciduous molar teeth exhibit thin torturous canals and ribbon like roots a thorough knowledge of the root canals can improve the outcome of pulp treatment in pediatric patients.
LBS Research Online

We study strategic change as a visible and substantive action by examining the circumstances under which firms launch corporate change programs . Drawing on prior literature and corroborated by insights from interviews with executives, we propose a contingency perspective on the launch of corporate change programs (i.e. that different types of programs are launched under different circumstances). To do so, we combine arguments for three general motives for launching a corporate change program with two distinct types of corporate change programs. More specifically, we argue that firms are more likely to launch growth-oriented programs when the market situation is buoyant, when they have prior experience, and when they are underperforming. Furthermore, we argue that firms are more likely to launch efficiency-oriented programs when there is a new CEO, when they are underperforming, and when they are facing high levels of organizational complexity. To test our hypotheses regarding the motives for launching programs, we conducted a large-scale empirical study. Using hand-collected data for the European financial services and insurance industry over a ten-year period, we found support for our predictions. We discuss the implications of these findings for strategic change research .
Economic Analysis of Snail Meat Consumption InIbarapa Central Local Government Area of Oyo State

The study investigates consumption of snail meat in Ibarapa Central Local Government Area of Oyo State using both descriptive statistics and OLS multiple regression techniques. Questions that were addressed by the study include: first, what is the rate of consumption of the snail meat in the study area? Secondly, what are the determinants of amount spent on the consumption of snail meat ? For the above purpose, cross sectional data were collected from 80 households of the study area through the use of structured questionnaires and oral interview and analyzed to reveal the functional relationship between the consumption of snail meat and some socio-economic characteristics of the respondents.Results indicated that most of the respondents were female, married, between 30 and 39 years and have formal education. Also it was found that most respondents earned between N5, 000 and N9, 999 as income monthly. Quantity (number of snails) of snail meat consumed was found to be high but rate or frequency (number of times) of consumption was low (seasonally). The study found no significant relationship between gender, marital status, age, education and income and consumption level (quantity) of snail meat consumed. However, significant relationship was found between rate (frequency) of snail meat consumption and age, educational level and income.The findings also revealed that apart from income, occupation, price of substitutes and education which were the major determinants of snail meat consumption, the nutritional benefit and taste of snail meat were also important factors that determined its consumption by respondents. It was also found out that majority of snail meat eaters sourced it through traditional hunting while only few people bought it from snail rearers. It is therefore recommended that, more people (especially youths) should go into snail production, since it is easy and cheap to rear because this will not only generate employment opportunities but also ensure all year round availability of the product and thereby make it more affordable for the low income earners. Also Agricultural extension workers in the area should intensify awareness about nutritional and medicinal benefits of snail meat and the need for the people of the area to embrace its consumption. Keywords: Snail meat, Regression, Consumption
Role of HDL cholesterol and estimates of HDL particle composition in future development of type 2 diabetes in the general population: the PREVEND study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) may directly stimulate β-cell function and glucose metabolism. We determined the relationships of fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apoA-II, and HDL-C-to-apoA-I and HDL-C-to-apoA-II ratios, as estimates of HDL particle composition, with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS A prospective study was carried out in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) cohort after exclusion of subjects with diabetes at baseline (n = 6820; age, 28-75 years). The association of HDL-related variables with incident type 2 diabetes was determined by multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 7.7 years, 394 incident cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus were ascertained (5.8%). After adjustment for age, sex, family history of diabetes, body mass index, hypertension, alcohol, and smoking, odd ratios (ORs) for diabetes were 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-0.64; P < .001), 0.81 (0.71-0.93; P = .002), 0.02 (0.01-0.06; P < .001), and 0.03 (0.01-0.060; P < .001) per 1-SD increase in HDL-C and apoA-I and in the HDL-C-to-apoA-I and the HDL-C-to-apoA-II ratios, respectively. In contrast, apoA-II was not related to incident diabetes (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.90-1.16; P=0.71). The relationships of HDL-C and the ratios of HDL-C to apoA-I and HDL-C to apoA-II remained significant after further adjustment for baseline glucose and triglycerides (OR(HDL) = 0.74 [95% CI, 0.61-0.88], OR(HDL/APO A-I) = 0.14 [0.04-0.44], and OR(HDL/APOA-II) = 0.12 [0.04-0.36]; all P ≤ . 001). CONCLUSIONS Higher HDL-C, as well as higher HDL-C-to-apoA-I and HDL-C-to-apoA-II ratios are strongly and independently related to a lower risk of future type 2 diabetes.
Effectiveness of a school-based physical activity injury prevention program: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of a school-based injury prevention program on physical activity injury incidence and severity. DESIGN Cluster randomized controlled trial performed from January 1, 2006, through July 31, 2007. SETTING Forty Dutch primary schools. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2210 children (aged 10-12 years). INTERVENTION Schools were randomized to receive either the regular curriculum or an intervention program that targeted physical activity injuries. OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence and severity of physical activity injuries per 1000 hours of physical activity participation. RESULTS A total of 100 injuries in the intervention group and 104 injuries in the control group were registered. Nonresponse at baseline or follow-up was minimal (8.7%). The Cox regression analyses adjusted for clustering showed a small nonsignificant intervention effect on total (HR, 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-1.59), sports club (0.69; 0.28-1.68), and leisure time injuries (0.75; 0.36-1.55). However, physical activity appeared to be an effect modifier. In those who were less physically active, the intervention had a larger effect. The intervention reduced the total and leisure time injury incidence (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.21-1.06; and 0.43; 0.16-1.14; respectively). Sports club injury incidence was significantly reduced (HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07-0.75). CONCLUSION We found a substantial and relevant reduction in physical activity injuries, especially in children in the low active group, because of the intervention. This school-based injury prevention program is promising, but future large-scale research is needed.
Failure Criteria for Frp Laminates in Plane Stress

Abstract A new set of six failure criteria for fiber reinforced polymer laminates is described. Derived from Dvorak’s fracture mechanics analyses of cracked plies and from Puck’s action plane concept, the physically-based criteria, denoted LaRC03, predict matrix and fiber failure accurately without requiring curve-fitting parameters. For matrix failure under transverse compression, the fracture plane is calculated by maximizing the Mohr-Coulomb effective stresses. A criterion for fiber kinking is obtained by calculating the fiber misalignment under load, and applying the matrix failure criterion in the coordinate frame of the misalignment. Fracture mechanics models of matrix cracks are used to develop a criterion for matrix in tension and to calculate the associated in-situ strengths. The LaRC03 criteria are applied to a few examples to predict failure load envelopes and to predict the failure mode for each region of the envelope. The analysis results are compared to the predictions using other available failure criteria and with experimental results. Predictions obtained with LaRC03 correlate well with the experimental results.
Fetuin-A , Type 2 Diabetes , and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults The Cardiovascular Health Study

presented at the American Society of Nephrology Kidney Week, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 8–13 November 2011. References 1. Srinivas PR, Wagner AS, Reddy LV, et al. Serum alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein is an inhibitor of the human insulin receptor at the tyrosine kinase level. Mol Endocrinol 1993;7:1445–1455 2. Auberger P, Falquerho L, Contreres JO, et al. Characterization of a natural inhibitor of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase: cDNA cloning, purification, and anti-mitogenic activity. Cell 1989;58: 631–640 3. Mathews ST, Srinivas PR, Leon MA, Grunberger G. Bovine fetuin is an inhibitor of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Life Sci 1997;61:1583–1592 4. Stefan N, Hennige AM, Staiger H, et al. Alpha2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/ fetuin-A is associatedwith insulin resistance and fat accumulation in the liver in humans. Diabetes Care 2006;29:853–857 5. Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Brandenburg VM, Ali S, Ketteler M, Whooley MA. Association between human fetuin-A and the metabolic syndrome: data from the Heart and Soul Study. Circulation 2006;113:1760–1767 6. Stefan N, Fritsche A, Weikert C, et al. Plasma fetuin-A levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2008;57:2762–2767 7. Ix JH, Wassel CL, Kanaya AM, et al; Health ABC Study. Fetuin-A and incident diabetes mellitus in older persons. JAMA 2008;300:182–188 8. Ix JH, Biggs ML, Mukamal KJ, et al. Association of fetuin-a with incident diabetes mellitus in community-living older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Circulation 2012;125:2316–2322 9. Schafer C, Heiss A, Schwarz A, et al. The serum protein alpha 2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification. J Clin Invest 2003;112:357–366 10. Mathews ST, Rakhade S, Zhou X, Parker GC, Coscina DV, Grunberger G. Fetuinnull mice are protected against obesity and insulin resistance associated with aging. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Compressibility of sorptive porous media: Part 1. Background and theory

This paper, the first of a two-part series, provides a sound background of the volumetric response of sorptive porous media to gas depletion under in situ boundary conditions in producing reservoirs. As a first step, the overall rock matrix deformation is split into two separate components, elastic deformation caused by mechanical decompression and the nonelastic swelling or shrinkage strain induced by adsorption or desorption of gas. The shrinkage or swelling compressibility is estimated by the first derivative of pure adsorption or desorption strain with variations of gas pressure. The pore volume, or fracture, compressibility is then estimated by application of a semi-empirical model under uniaxial strain conditions. Based on the proposed model, both shrinkage or swelling and pore volume compressibilities show strong pressure dependence for sorbing gases and are thus variables for which gas production is controlled by desorption of gas. In Part 2, the experimental work under best-replicated in situ conditions is described in detail along with the results obtained and application of the theory presented in this paper.
Quasisymmetry: A hidden symmetry of magnetic ﬁelds

Quasisymmetry is a beautiful and remarkable concept in plasma physics. It can be summarized as follows: if the magnitude of the magnetic field B = |B| has continuous symmetry in certain special coordinate systems, in the sense that B is independent of one of the coordinates, then the guiding center particle trajectories behave exactly as if they were in a truly symmetric magnetic field. The full vector magnetic field B need not be symmetric. One reason this idea is exciting is that it means it may be possible to combine the good confinement properties of a tokamak with the stability and steady-state capability of a stellarator. The ∇B and curvature drifts mean that particle trajectories in nonuniform magnetic fields are complicated; quasisymmetry gives a way to guarantee that the particle orbits will be confined even in lights of these cross-field drifts. Quasisymmetry is closely related to Boozer coordinates, which are a special poloidal angle θ and toroidal angle ζ in a toroidal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium. Symmetry of B in Boozer coordinates is significant, but symmetry of B with respect to other choices of the poloidal and toroidal angles does not generally have the same consequences. For a first definition of quasisymmetry and its varieties, we can take
Macromolecular Sequence, Structure, and Function Attention is all you need for general-purpose protein structure embedding

Motivation: General-purpose protein structure embedding can be used for many important protein biology tasks, such as protein design, drug design and binding afﬁnity prediction. Recent researches have shown that attention-based encoder layers are more suitable to learn high-level features. Based on this key observation, we propose a two-level general-purpose protein structure embedding neural network, called ContactLib-ATT. On local embedding level, a biologically more meaningful contact context is introduced. On global embedding level, attention-based encoder layers are employed for better global representation learning. Results: Our general-purpose protein structure embedding framework is trained and tested on the SCOP40 2 . 07 dataset. As a result, ContactLib-ATT achieves a SCOP superfamily classiﬁcation accuracy of 82 . 4% (i.e., 6 . 7% higher than state-of-the-art method). On the same dataset, ContactLib-ATT is used to simulate a structure-based search engine for remote homologous proteins, and our top-10 candidate list contains at least one remote homolog with a probability of 91 . 9% .
Magnetospheric sources of Pc1-2 ULF waves observed in the polar ionospheric waveguide

Energy from the outer regions of the magnetosphere may be transferred to the polar ionosphere by plasma waves. A magnetometer array operated during the Antarctic winter observed Ultra-Low-Frequency (ULF) plasma waves in the Pc 1–2 (0.1–10.0 Hz) frequency range, propagating parallel to the surface of the Earth in a waveguide or duct centred at ∼300 km altitude in the ionosphere. These compressional fast mode plasma waves most likely originated in the outer magnetosphere as shear mode plasma waves guided along the geomagnetic field. The region of origin in the magnetosphere for the waves is not certain as several widely spaced volumes map along geomagnetic field lines to a relatively close ensemble in the polar ionosphere. This paper compares the direction of propagation for the waves with signatures of magnetospheric regions geomagnetically projecting onto the ionosphere. Regions such as the polar cusp, low latitude boundary layer and mantle were observed by DMSP spacecraft and a SuperDARN high-frequency radar. The most likely region in the polar ionosphere for the fast mode waves to have originated from is equatorwards of the polar cusp, suggesting the field guided waves originated just inside the magnetopause. A case is made for association of the observed Pc1-2 ULF waves with post-noon, field-aligned-current systems driven by reconnection of the solar Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and the geomagnetic field near the magnetopause.
Erbium-doped phosphate glass waveguide on silicon with 4.1 dB/cm gain at 1.535 µm

Erbium-doped multicomponent phosphate glass waveguides were deposited by rf sputtering techniques. The Er concentration was 5.3×1020 cm−3. By pumping the waveguide at 980 nm with a power of ∼21 mW, a net optical gain of 4.1 dB at 1.535 μm was achieved. This high gain per unit length at low pump power could be achieved because the Er–Er cooperative upconversion interactions in this heavily Er-doped phosphate glass are very weak [the upconversion coefficient is (2.0±0.5)×10−18 cm3/s], presumably due to the homogeneous distribution of Er in the glass and due to the high optical mode confinement in the waveguide which leads to high pump power density at low pump power.
Effects of surface conditions on rain identification using the DMSP‐SSM/I

Abstract Accurate rain identification using satellite‐based microwave radiometers requires the identification of surfaces having signatures similar to that of rain. This is especially important over land since highly variable surface conditions (such as changing vegetation cover, soil moisture, and snow cover) can result in similar microwave characteristics to that of precipitation. The spectral characteristics of brightness temperature measured by the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) form the basis of a rain classification scheme (Grody, 1991), which is detailed and improved upon in this paper.
Cohomology rings of quasitoric bundles

The classical Bernstein-Kushnirenko-Khovanskii theorem (or, the BKK theorem, for short) computes the intersection number of divisors on toric variety in terms of volumes of corresponding polytopes. In [PK92b], it was observed by Pukhlikov and the first author that the BKK theorem leads to a presentation of the cohomology ring of a toric variety as a quotient of a ring of differential operators with constant coefficients by the annihilator of an explicit polynomial. In this paper we generalize this construction to the case of quasitoric bundles. These are fiber bundles with generalized quasitoric manifolds as fibers. First we obtain a generalization of the BKK theorem to this case. Then we use recently obtained descriptions of the graded-commutative algebras which satisfy Poincar? duality to give a description of cohomology rings of quasitoric bundles.
Simulation of polyaxial tests using a failure condition for transversely isotropic rocks

Considering that most sedimentary and metamorphic rocks display some degree of anisotropy in failure strength, the conventional isotropic failure criteria including the Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) and the Hoek-Brown have their limitations in characterizing the strength of these anisotropic rocks. An improved understanding of the orientation dependency of strength in anisotropic rocks can be achieved if a systematic way of establishing a condition at failure in anisotropic rock is provided. In this research, a general procedure to extend the M-C failure criterion to its anisotropic version is presented in which the friction angle and cohesion are not constant but defined as functions of the relative orientation of physical plane to the principal material triad. In the formulation of the anisotropic failure condition, the directional variation of the strength parameters is described by incorporating a traceless symmetric second-rank fabric tensor that defines the orientation bias in their spatial distribution. Subsequently, the critical plane approach is employed to implement the formulated transversely isotropic M-C failure function in the numerical polyaxial tests on the transversely isotropic rock samples, whereby the polyaxial stress at failure and the corresponding direction of the failure plane are specified by maximizing the failure function with respect to the orientation. A series of numerical polyaxial tests is conducted to investigate how the orientation of weak planes affects the failure behavior of transversely isotropic rocks. The simulation result strongly suggests that the microstructures embedded in the samples and their attitude with respect to the loading direction have much influence on the variation of the polyaxial strength and the orientation of the corresponding failure plane.
University of Birmingham Mental Qualities and Employed Mental Techniques of Young Elite Team Sport Athletes

Research on the psychological characteristics of elite performers has primarily focused on Olympic and World champions; however, the mental attributes of young developing and talented athletes have received less attention. Addressing this, the current study had two aims: (a) to examine the perceptions held by youth athletes regarding the mental qualities they need to facilitate their development and (b) to investigate the mental techniques used by these athletes. Forty-three male youth rugby players participated in a series of focus groups. Inductive content analysis revealed 11 categories of psychological qualities, including enjoyment, responsibility, adaptability, squad spirit, self-aware learner, determination, confidence, optimal performance state, game sense, attentional focus, and mental toughness. Techniques employed included personal performance strategies, reflection on action, taking advantage of a supportive climate, and team-based strategies. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for mental skills training program development and evaluation in the case of youth elite team sport athletes.