Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demanding Power: Contentious Politics and Electricity in Pakistan

This paper explores Pakistan’s electricity supply crisis that lasted from 2007 to 2015, and the ensuing contention that shaped public discourse and political events in the country. During this period, which witnessed electricity outages of up to 14 hours per day, 456 incidents of contention took place, with just under 20 per cent escalating into some form of violence. Electricity became the number one political issue in the country and was integral in shaping the outcomes of the 2013 General Election. Following the election, public authorities undertook extensive investment to expand capacity and ensure consistency in supply while evading questions about affordability and sustainability. On the surface, this appears to be a case of extensive protest working towards shaping state responsiveness. And it is true that the state now sees supply as a non-negotiable aspect in the social contract with citizens. However, a range of factors contributed to the chronology and the selective, generation-focused nature of this response. On the other hand, citizen inclusion and participation in decision-making, and issues of affordability and sustainability, which impact vulnerable and disempowered groups the most, remain absent from the political and policy conversation around energy. This suggests that while protests were useful in generating a short-term response, their long-term legacy in empowerment related outcomes is less visible.
EXAMINING THE CULTURAL MARGINALISATION THEORY OF NEET/HIKIKOMORI RISK TENDENCIES IN SINGAPOREAN YOUTH

It has been suggested that social withdrawal (NEET/Hikikomori behaviour) occurs as a result of an individual’s difficulty to adapt to social norms and pressures within given cultures (marginalisation), and is present in collectivistic cultures with high social pressures and expectations. Since most of the NEET/Hikikomori studies have been conducted in Japan, we examine its applicability in Singapore with the NEET/Hikikomori Risk scale. We collected data from university students, and were able to confirm its convergent validity. To better understand its social and psychological context, we conducted an exploratory analysis to find associations with perceived deficits in social relationships, self-esteem and competence, as well as personality, anxiety, depression, and cultural self-construal. Consistent with previous findings in Japan, the evidence supports the risks of NEET/Hikikomori tendencies in Singapore as concurrent with cultural marginalisation, perceived social rejection and low views of self.
Effects of some organic solvents on the activity of β-N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from tenebrio molitor linneeus

N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase(NAGase,EC 3.2.1.30) from tenebrio molitor linneeus is obtained by extraction with 0.05 mol/L pH7.5Tris-HCl and ammonium sulfate fractionation.Effects of different organic solvents on NAGase from tenebrio molitor linneeus is investigated.The results indicate that the enzyme is activated in methanol,ethanol,propanol,glycol and glycerol solutions at low concentration,but inhibited at high concentration.The effects of DMF and dioxane on the enzyme activity are concentration-dependent.As the concentrations of DMF and dioxane increased,the residual enzyme activity rapidly decreases.The inhibitory kinetic of dioxane on the enzyme is further studis.The result shows that the inhibition reaction of the enzyme in dioxane solutions belongs to reversible process and the inhibition type is determined by Lineweaver-Burk plots to be mixed-type.The inhibition constants of dioxane for NAGase KI and KIS are determined to be 8.1% and 30.0%.
Inclusive jet and dijet productions usingk
 
 t
 and (z, k
 
 t
 )-factorizations versus ZEUS collaboration data

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the differential cross sections of the inclusive jet and dijet productions of the ZEUS collaboration data at the center of mass energies of ∼ 300 GeV and 319 GeV using the kt and (z, kt)-factorizations with the different unintegrated and double unintegrated parton distribution functions, i.e., UPDFs and DUPDFs, respectively. The KaTie event generator is used to calculate the differential cross section with the UPDFs, while for the input DUPDFs the calculations are directly performed by evaluating the corresponding matrix elements. We check the effect of choosing the different implementation of angular or strong ordering constraints using the UPDFs and the corresponding DUPDFs of Kimber-Martin-Ryskin (KMR) and the leading-order (LO) and next-to-leading-order (NLO) Martin-Ryskin-Watt (MRW) approaches. The impacts of choosing virtualities k2 = k2 t or k 2 = k2 t (1−z) in the differential cross section predictions for the ZEUS experimental data are also investigated. It is observed that, as one should expect, the applications of (z, kt)-factorization is better than the kt-factorization framework for the predictions of high virtuality Q2 with respect to the ZEUS collaboration data, and also the results of the KMR and LO-MRW UPDFs and DUPDFs are reasonably close to each other and in general can describe the data. It is also observed that only in the case of kt-factorization, the inclusion of Born level makes our results to overshoot the inclusive jet experimental data.
Combustion simulations of the fuels for advanced combustion engines in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine

Numerical simulations of combustion have been performed for a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine operating on multi-component reference diesel fuels. Two surrogate representation methods were used to describe the nine fuels for advanced combustion engines. The first method of surrogates, denoted as physical-surrogate components, was formulated to describe the fuel’s physical properties by matching its distillation profile, specific gravity, lower heating value, hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and cetane index with measured data. The second method of surrogates, denoted as chemical-surrogate components, was introduced to represent the chemistry of the fuel components using a new group chemistry representation model. In the model, the fuel components in the physical-surrogate components and chemical-surrogate components are related through the classification of chemical structures of the components, i.e. the component in the physical-surrogate components are grouped based on their chemical classes and the chemistry of each group is calculated using a chemical kinetics mechanism (MultiChem) that represents the combustion characteristics of its chemical class. This MultiChem mechanism includes reduced reaction mechanisms for the four main surrogate hydrocarbon chemistry components of diesel fuel, n-paraffins, iso-paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics, with two n-paraffins to provide the ability to mimic molecular weight effects. The computations were performed using a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamic code, KIVA-ERC-CHEMKIN, and the results show that the predictions of the present multi-component combustion models are in good agreement with experimental measurements. The combustion characteristics of the fuels for advanced combustion engines are well represented and the present models are well suited for practical engine computations.
Effect of Brassinolide(BR) on the Antioxidant System of Amorpha fruticosa Seedlings under Petroleum Pollution

To explore the effect of brassinolide(BR) on the antioxidant system of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings under petroleum pollution,the indoor potted experiment was used by dipping roots and spraying leaves of seedlings with different concentrations of brassinolide.The results showed that brassinolide significantly increased the antioxidant protection enzyme activities of SOD,APX,CAT and GR,the contents of ASA and GSH that kept the active oxygen content of seedlings in balance to avoid oxidative damage tȍ�2*�5E}bEȍignificant concentration of brassinolide was 0.3 mg ? L~(-1) for Amorpha fruticosa.
Idiographic personality coherence: A quasi experimental longitudinal ESM study

Personality is a study of persons. However, persons exist within contexts, and personality coherence emerges from persons in contexts. But persons and environments bidirectionally influence each other, with persons selecting into and modifying their contexts, which also have lasting influences on personality. Thus, environmental change should produce changes in personality. Alternatively, environmental changes may produce few changes. This paradoxical viewpoint is based on the idea that novel environments have no predefined appropriate way to behave, which allows preexisting personality systems to stay coherent. We test these two perspectives by examining longitudinal consistency idiographic personality coherence using a quasi-experimental design (N = 50; total assessments = 5093). Personality coherence was assessed up to one year before the COVID-19 pandemic and again during lockdown. We also test antecedents and consequences of consistency, examining both what prospectively predicts consistency and what consistency prospectively predicts. Overall, consistency was modest but there were strong individual differences, indicating some people were quite consistent despite environmental upheaval. Moreover, there were relatively few antecedents and consequences of consistency, with the exception of some goals and domains of satisfaction predicting consistency, leaving open the question of why changes in coherence occur.
Calculation of the Optimal Number of Nurses Based on Nursing Intensity by Patient Classification Groups in General Units in South Korea: a Cross-sectional Study

Background: Calculating the accurate number of nursing personnel based on a patient classification system that clearly reflects the nursing needs of patients is a problem directly related to the nursing unit’s budget management, productivity, etc. This study aimed to calculate the total daily nursing workload and the optimal number of nurses per general unit based on the nursing intensity and direct nursing time per inpatient through patient classification.Methods: Three units at one general hospital were investigated. To calculate nursing intensity, patient classification according to nursing needs was performed for over 10 days in each unit in September 2018. The direct and non-direct nursing time and nursing intensity scores were analyzed using descriptive statistics (e.g. frequency, percentage, and average) generated using Microsoft Excel.Results: For the internal medicine unit, the average direct nursing time per patient was 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, and 2.9 hours for Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. For the surgical unit, the average direct nursing time per patient was 0.9, 1.4, 2.1, and 2.6 hours for Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. For the comprehensive nursing care unit, the average direct nursing time per patient was 0.8, 1.2, 1.7, and 2.2 hours for Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4. The optimal number of nurses was 25 in the internal medicine unit, 37 in the surgical unit, and 22 in the comprehensive nursing unit. There was a shortage of five nurses in the internal medicine unit and nine in the surgical unit.Conclusion: Based on the nursing time according to patient classification groups, this study confirmed that the optimal number of nurses cannot be secured and that the nursing intensity is very high. The results of this study suggest that long-term efforts, such as improving the nursing environment, should be made to secure an optimal number of nurses in various hospital nursing units.
DO POLITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCE U.S. CRUDE OIL IMPORTS?

This work uses a gravity model to estimate the determinants of U.S. crude oil imports, introducing two variables tied to the political nature of trade: U.S. arm sales and the level of political freedom in a country. Model results indicate that contiguity is important for U.S. crude oil imports, but trade agreements are not. Being an OPEC member leads to more exports of crude oil to the U.S. These factors combined with the negative relationship with freedom and U.S. crude oil imports, suggests that the U.S. imports a lot of oil from countries that have little cultural and political similarities.
Assessment of Untreated Coffee Wastes for the Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Medium

Industrial discharges loaded with heavy metals present several problems for aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the potential of raw spent coffee grounds to remove chromium from an aqueous medium. A structural and textural study of coffee grounds was carried out by FTIR, XRD, and TGA analysis. The optimum conditions for the removal of Cr(VI), for a solution with an initial concentration of 100 mg/l, were adsorbent dose 2.5 g/l, pH 4.0, and contact time 90 min. The adsorption equilibrium results show that the Langmuir isotherm best describes the process with an adsorption capacity of 42.9 mg/g and that the adsorption kinetics follows the pseudosecond-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption is exothermic and spontaneous. The activation energy value (Ea) indicated that the retention is physisorptive in nature. The regeneration of the adsorbent was carried out by three eluents, among which HCl was the best. Finally, a brief cost estimation showed the great potential of coffee grounds as a low-cost adsorbent.
War and Commitment to Military Service: Deployment and Combat Experiences Associated With Retention Among Army National Guard Soldiers

The present study examined career intentions in two samples—home-based or garrison (N = 12,583 soldiers in 180 companies) and deployed and recently returned soldiers (N = 4,551 in 50 companies). Proportionally, fewer deployed soldiers than home-based garrison soldiers intended to stay in reserve military service. Among deployed soldiers, those who reported having experienced combat trauma, having had wounded or killed someone, and having had a friend killed in combat were less likely to plan to continue military service; reservists more likely to continue military service had returned to the same civilian job after deployment. Among deployed and garrison soldiers, fewer financial difficulties were associated with higher likelihood of continuing reserve military service. Examples from the social constructionist perspective of reserve military service are used to elaborate on mechanisms in these associations.
Evaluation of the Effects of Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment on Landfill Leachate and Sewage Co-treatment in Publicly Owned Treatment Works

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CEPT for leachate and sewage co-treatment in a POTW. The results showed that ferric and aluminum coagulants remove about 54 - 74% organic matter where ferric performed better than aluminum coagulant. However, ferric coagulant was found to exacerbate the UV absorbance after coagulation at high dose due to the interaction with dissolved organic matter by forming soluble transition metal complexes. These organo-metal complexes have been found to increase the UV absorbance and this study provides the scientific background for such phenomenon.
Wildfire smoke impacts on indoor air quality assessed using crowdsourced data in California

Significance Wildfires are an increasingly large source of particulate matter (PM2.5) in the western United States. Previous characterizations of exposure to wildfire smoke particles were based mainly on outdoor concentrations of PM2.5. Since people mainly shelter indoors during smoke events, the infiltration of wildfire PM2.5 into buildings determines exposure. We present analysis of infiltration of wildfire PM2.5 into more than 1,400 buildings in California using more than 2.4 million sensor hours of data from the PurpleAir sensor network. Our study reveals that infiltration of PM2.5 during wildfire days was substantially reduced compared with non-fire days, due to people’s behavioral changes. These results improve understanding of exposure to wildfire particles and facilitate informing the public about effective ways to reduce their exposure. Wildfires have become an important source of particulate matter (PM2.5 < 2.5-µm diameter), leading to unhealthy air quality index occurrences in the western United States. Since people mainly shelter indoors during wildfire smoke events, the infiltration of wildfire PM2.5 into indoor environments is a key determinant of human exposure and is potentially controllable with appropriate awareness, infrastructure investment, and public education. Using time-resolved observations outside and inside more than 1,400 buildings from the crowdsourced PurpleAir sensor network in California, we found that the geometric mean infiltration ratios (indoor PM2.5 of outdoor origin/outdoor PM2.5) were reduced from 0.4 during non-fire days to 0.2 during wildfire days. Even with reduced infiltration, the mean indoor concentration of PM2.5 nearly tripled during wildfire events, with a lower infiltration in newer buildings and those utilizing air conditioning or filtration.
Modeling the longitudinal outcomes of congestive heart failure patients: A case study at Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Referral Hospital

The linear mixed model is one of the common models used to analyze the longitudinal data;it may comprise of separate (Univariate), joint Bivariate, and joint Multivariate linear mixed model, which is predicted on the number of response variables incorporated in the analysis. Adjusting for correlation matrix and covariance matrix between and within subjects is one reason why modern longitudinal data analysis techniques are deemed more appropriate than some of the previous methods of analysis. Some studies assume that the correlation between observation is zero. However, it is unlikely that repeated measurements on the same individual Will actually be independent. To that end, comparing the different linear mixed models identifying the appropriate model demonstrates that the evolution of patients with congestive heart failure is necessary.In this study the separate, bivariate, and multivariate linear mixed models were compared with different covariance and correlation structures. Finally, a multivariate linear mixed model with autoregressive order one correlation structure and unstructured covariance structure for random effects, to consider within and between patient's variations, was considered as a best model to depict the evolution of patients with congestive heart failure.
Broadband impedance spectroscopy of Li
 4
 Ti
 5
 O
 12
 : from nearly constant loss effects to long‐range ion dynamics

Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is known as one of the most robust and longlasting anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. As yet, the Liion transport properties of LTO are, however, not completely understood. Here, we used broadband impedance spectroscopy spanning a wide temperature range to investigate the full electrical response of LTO over a wide frequency range. It turned out that the isotherms recorded entail information about two relaxation processes. While at high temperatures the isotherms show a frequency independent plateau that corresponds to poor long-range ion transport (<10 11 Scm 1 (298 K), 0.79 eV), they reveal a second region, seen at lower temperatures and higher frequencies, which we attribute to shortrange ion dynamics (10 8 Scm ) with a significantly reduced activation energy of ca. 0.51 eV. At even lower temperatures, the isotherms are fully governed by nearly constant loss behavior, which has frequently been explained by cage-like dynamics. The present results agree with those earlier presented by Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements being sensitive to dynamic processes taking place on quite different length scales. Our findings unveil complex Li ion dynamics in LTO and help understand its superior electrochemical properties.
Phytosome Containing Silymarin for Oral Administration: Formulation and Physical Evaluation

Silymarin is a unique flavonoid complex isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). It has been widely used as a hepatoprotective agent. Orally administered silymarin can be absorbed rapidly but only 20-50% of silymarin will be absorbed through gastrointestinal tract, resulting in low bioavailability. Those limitations are due to its low solubility, either in water and oil, and its low intestinal permeability. This study was aimed to develop silymarin-containing phytosome in order to improve the bioavailability of silymarin with sufficient safety and stability. This system consisted of silymarin-phospholipid complex prepared by solvent evaporation method, which was incorporated to form phytosome vesicles using thin layer method with various concentrations and molar ratios of silymarin and phospholipid. The vesicle size of phytosome was reduced with sonication. The results demonstrated that formula with 2% silymarin-phospholipid complex and molar ratio of silymarin to phospholipid of 1:5 showed the best phytosomal characteristics, with mean vesicle diameter of 133.534 ± 8.76 nm, polidispersity index of 0.339 ± 0.078, entrapment efficiency of 97.169 ± 2.412 %, and loading capacity of 12.18 ± 0.30 %. The preparation remained stable after freeze-thaw stability test. Analysis of Infrared spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry confirmed the presence of physical and chemical interactions between silymarin and phospholipid within complex formation. Well formed and discrete vesicles were revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis, drug content measurement, and freeze-thaw stability test.
COAL ENERGY AND MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS

This paper assesses the effect of coal energy production volume, exchange rate, inflation and gross domestic product on the volume of Indonesia's coal energy exports in 1998-2019. Based on an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, in the short run, we find that the coal energy production volume, exchange rate, and gross domestic product has a negative relationship to Indonesia's coal energy exports. However, on the other hand, inflation has a positive relationship to Indonesia's coal energy exports. In the long run, we also find that the coal energy production volume, inflation, and gross domestic product has a positive relationship to Indonesia's coal energy exports. Besides, the exchange rate has a negative relationship to Indonesia's coal energy exports.
Simulating Grazing Effects on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Semi-arid Rangelands (Southern Iran)

Grazing is one of the main causes of rangeland degradation worldwide, due to the effects of overgrazing on vegetation cover and biodiversity. But few data are available on the effect of grazing intensity on the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil labile organic carbon (SLOC). So far, very few studies have addressed the modeling of SOC dynamics under different grazing intensities, and SLOC dynamics has not been modeled yet. In this study, we used the CENTURY model to select the most effective grazing management in terms of carbon sequestration (SOC and SLOC stocks) in semi-arid rangelands of Southern Iran. The effect of four different scenarios of grazing intensity was simulated: no grazing, light grazing (LG), moderate grazing (MG), and heavy grazing (HG). The results of long-term model simulations (2015–2100), indicated that SOC stocks will change by 2.7, 1.7, -23.4, and − 24.6% in the scenarios of exclusion, LG, MG, and HG respectively compared to 2014. With increasing grazing intensities, SLOC stocks in LG, MG, and HG scenarios significantly decreased compared to the no grazing scenario by 26.1, 59.6, and 70%, respectively. Thus, this study suggests recommending light grazing management for semi-arid rangelands of Iran and also SLOC as a suitable index for studying the effect of grazing on soil carbon.