Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEARCHING AND IN SILLICO CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES PHAGE ENDOLYSINS AND THEIR CATALYTIC DOMAINS

Endolysins, peptidoglycan hydrolases encoded by bacteriophages, degrade bacterial cell wall and are promising alternative to antibiotics. Howewer, the selection and bioengineering of endolysins needs previous bioinformatic characterization. This study focuses on endolysins encoded by viruses infecting Streptomyces spp. , describes Streptomyces phages diversity and association. Set of 143 endolysins were predicted in 175 Streptomyces phage genomes from NCBI database and The Actinobacteriophage Database and were characterized their phylogeny and function domains, especially catalytic domains. Predicted endolysins have amidase (Ami_2 and CHAP domain), muramidase (glycol_hydro_25) and peptidase activity (CHAP, NlpC/P60). This bioinformatic characterization serve as a base to next research in developing of endolysins with new properties in enzybiotik form.
Descriptions of two new species of Synurophyceae from a bog in Newfoundland, Canada: Mallomonas baskettii sp. nov. and Synura kristiansenii sp. nov.

Two new species belonging to the Synurophyceae are described from Orchid Bog Pond, a highly acidic, humic-stained bog, low in dissolved substances, situated in Newfoundland, Canada. Mallomonas baskettii has three types of scales, including highly asymmetric body and apical scales, and caudal scales with a small base plate and exceptionally long spines. Given the high degree of similarity of its scales with Mallomonas retrorsa, M. baskettii is placed in section Retrorsae, making it only the second species known for this section. It is further proposed that the description of a third species, M. fenestrata, be emended and that the taxon be transferred from section Quadratae to section Retrorsae. Synura kristiansenii sp. nov., placed in section Petersenianae, possesses scales with a large and variable-shaped median keel, and an enormous foramen pore on the base plate. Scales of Synura kristiansenii possess the largest foramen pore and median keel within the genus.
The diversities in thyroid cytopathology practices among Asian countries using the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology.

Background The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has been adopted and widely used among Asian countries. This study aims to investigate the application of TBSRTC in thyroid cytology practice among Asian countries. Methods We searched electronic databases including PubMed and Web of Science from 2010 to 2019. Meta-analysis of proportion and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effect model. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to search for heterogeneity origins. Results We included 42 Asian studies with 84.953 fine-needle aspirations. Among six categories, benign was the most commonly diagnosed category. The resection rate (RR) and risk of malignancy (ROM) were highest in malignant and SM categories, and lowest among benign nodules. Thyroid cytology practice in Asia was characterized by a low RR and high ROM in patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules. There was a significant amount of heterogeneities of TBSRTC outputs (frequency, resection rate, and malignancy risk) among Asian countries. Meta-regression showed that the sources of heterogeneity might stem from the differences in study origin and the application of molecular testing. We highlighted the usefulness of preoperative molecular testing to select patients for surgery. Conclusions Our study provided insight regarding thyroid cytology practice among Asian countries. Active surveillance is commonly used in Asian practice resulting in a low RR and high ROM for indeterminate nodules. There are still variations in general thyroid cytology practice in Asia. Future guidelines and consensus regarding the application of TBSRTC in thyroid cytology practice among Asian countries are required.
Non-consumptive predator effects intensify grazer–plant interactions by driving vertical habitat shifts

Predators non-consumptively induce prey habitat shifts, driving trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) with basal resources. Whether prey seek refuge within or avoid predatorcontaining patches determines the spatial re-distribution of prey and influences the nature of resulting TMIIs. In a southeastern US salt marsh, we tested how 2 species of sit-and-wait benthic predatory crab non-consumptively affect the habitat choices of grazing snails and how the resultant behavior affects cordgrass health. We first observed that snails climb higher on cordgrass around naturally occurring crab burrows and that this habitat shift corresponds with increased cordgrass leaf damage, suggesting a localized TMII. Then, by adding caged crabs to artificial burrows in the field, we found causative evidence that both crab species could drive snails upwards to the cordgrass canopy, thereby increasing leaf damage within a ~12 cm radius, but found no evidence that experimentally added crabs induce horizontal dispersal of snails. Next, in a marsh undergoing die-off, we added caged crabs to remnant cordgrass patches being rapidly colonized by snails. Crabs did not affect the rate of snail colonization of remnant patches, but did drive snails upwards once they had colonized a patch, suggesting snails do not preferentially avoid — but do alter how they locally utilize — patches of cordgrass in marsh die-off contexts. Our documentation of the spatial-scale and dimensionality of TMIIs in the field paves the way for spatially explicit models of this interaction. More generally, our results suggest that TMIIs may be consistent, predictable and tractable, lending themselves to incorporation into food-web models.
Siblicide in Swallow-Tailed Kites

ABSTRACr. -We studied the reproductive behavior of Swallow-tailed Kites (Elanoides forficatus) in northern Guatemala. Modal clutch size was two (range 1-2), but no nests succeeded in fledging more than one young. Eggs were laid at intervals of three to four days and hatched at intervals of three to five days. Second eggs weighed significantly less than first eggs. Second chicks either received no food or obtained so little that they did not grow. First chicks vigorously attacked their nestmates, and all second chicks died within five days of hatching. Food stress was not found to be a proximate cause of this behavior. Siblicide appears to be innate in this population of Swallow-tailed Kites, even though the northern subspecies does not exhibit this behavior. Swallow-tailed Kites are, in certain aspects, an anomaly among species within the order Falconiformes that exhibit obligate sib
Effect of Micro-irrigation Technique on Physiological and Yield Traits in Aerobic Rice

Micro sprinkler irrigation as an alternative irrigation method can contribute substantially to lower water consumption. In the present study, micro-irrigation technique (micro sprinkler and drip irrigation) on PMK 3 rice has been studied to understand the physiological responses under aerobic environment. The physiological parameters viz., chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm ratio), relative water content (RWC) and soluble protein content were found to be significantly higher under flooded condition followed by drip and micro sprinkler irrigation. The photosynthetic pigment viz., chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’ and total chlorophyll content at flowering stage recorded higher values under drip irrigation than micro sprinkler. In the case of Fv/Fm ratio, the declining pattern was observed under micro-irrigation treatments. The decline in RWC might be due to severity of aerated condition in sprinkler irrigation treatments coupled with high transpiration rate. Water productivity (kg/ha mm) has increased more in micro-irrigation than compared to flooded irrigation.
Bioecology of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1757) in different cover crops = Bioecologia de Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1757) em diferentes plantas de cobertura

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biological variables of Spodoptera frugiperda on species of cover crops. The experiments were conducted in laboratory and greenhouse using the following species: sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ) , sun hemp ( Crotalaria juncea ) , brachiaria ( Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria ruziziensis ) , millet ( Pennisetum americanum ) , black oat ( Avena stringosa ) , white lupin ( Lupinus albus ), forage turnip ( Rafanus sativus ) and maize ( Zea mays ) . In laboratory the S. frugiperda larval survival varied from 57%, on L. albus, to 93% on H. annuus and the survival of the pre-imaginal phase varied from 45% on B. decumbens to 81.6% on Z. mays . On C. juncea the larval biomass was lower and the development period of the young and larval stage was higher. The adaptation index was less on C. juncea in greenhouse and laboratory . In greenhouse the larval survival at 14 days was similar for all plants and at 21 days was the lowest on C. juncea. There was less accumulation of biomass at 14 days on C. juncea and at 21 days on C. juncea and A. stringosa . Regarding damage, C. juncea presented less susceptibility to Spodoptera frugiperda attack, which together with the other evaluated parameters, indicated this plant as the most appropriate for soil cover before cultivation of maize.
The Influence of Corpus Allatum Activity on the Susceptibility of Oncopeltus fasciatus to Precocene

Treatment of newly molted 4th instars of Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) with precocene 2 (6,7-dimethoxy-2, 2-drmethyl chromene) led to precocious metamorphosis at the subsequent molt, without the involvement of an intercalary or 5th instars. Metamorphosis was not affected if precocene was applied to 1- or 2-day-old 4th instars, but the resulting female adults were sterile. Corpus allatum (CA) of these adults had atrophied. The normal looking sterile females laid eggs in response to topical application of juvenile hormone III. Precocene did not have any effect on the CA, or on the metamorphosis and fecundity when applied to 5th instars. Apparently precocene is effective only when the insect's CA is active or it is free from any inhibitory control.
Meat and Bone Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Groundnut Cake-Based Diets as Affected by Graded Dietary Supplements of Crystalline L- Lysine and DL- Methionine

Effects of supplemental dietary lysine and methionine in a Groundnut Cake (GNC) based diets on meat and bone characteristics of broiler chickens were investigated. In a completely randomized design, a total of 168 one - day – old Arbor acre broiler chicks were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments each in triplicate of eight birds per replicate. The Seven starter and finishers’ diets were: GNC based diets without any amino acid (lysine or methionine) supplementation (T1); GNC diet + 0.2% lysine (T2); GNC diet + 0.4% lysine (T3); GNC diet + 0.2% methionine (T4); GNC diet + 0.4% methionine (T5); GNC diet + 0.2 lysine and 0.2% methionine (T6) and GNC diet + 0.4% lysine and 0.4% methionine (T7). Experimental diets and water were offered to birds a d libitum in an experiment lasting six-week. At day 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered, meat and bone characteristics determined. There were significant variations (P<0.05) in the crude protein (%) and ether extract (%), pH 1 and pH 2 of meat. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances composition of meat at days 0, 5, and 10 were similar (P<0.05) and were not affected by dietary amino acid supplementation. Tibiotarsal index (mg/mm) of bone (22.10, 27.25, 33.35, 31.40, 28.70, 31.45 and 29.75 for broilers on T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7, respectively) were increased significantly (P<0.05) by amino acid supplementation. Significantly differences (P<0.05) were observed in the calcium, phosphorus and potassium (%) contents of broilers’ bone across treatments. Supplemental lysine and both lysine and methionine improved meat quality and bone development of broiler chickens in this study.
Growth and Yield Performance of Threatened Singi, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) under Semi Intensive Aquaculture of Bangladesh

Production potential of Heteropneustes fossilis monoculture were assessed at a stocking density of 74,100, 98,800 and 1,23,500 ha^(-1) in the treatment T1, T2 and T3 for a period of 240 days at private Brahmaputra Fish Seed Farm, Puliamary, Shambhugonj, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. At stocking, all fingerlings were of same age with a mean weight of H. fossilis 4.60±0.04 g. A commercial fish feeds, Saudi-Bangla were fed (32.21% crude protein) regularly. Fish production in treatment T1, T2 and T3 were 7276.08, 5135.16 and 4512.65 kg.ha^(-1). yr(superscript -2/3), respectively. Food conversion ratio was significantly lower in T1 (2.16±0.06) than T2 and T3. Relative growth (RG) was significantly higher in treatment T1 (14.93±0.82) than treatment T2 and T3. The mean differences of gross yield among different treatments were significant (P＜0.05). The net benefit of treatment T1, T2 and T3 were 8,83,582, 5,50,072 and 2,06,867 Tk.ha^(-1). yr^(superscript -2/3), respectively. The mean differences of net benefit among different treatment were also significant (P＜0.05). Despite the yield values, it is advocated that H. fossilis monoculture technology is the best technology in aquaculture to meet up the protein deficiency and socio-economic status of the general people of Bangladesh and extremely helpful towards the protection of H. fossilis from extinction as well as for its conservation.
Histological basis of resistance in Linseed against bud fly (Dasyneura lini Barnes) in Central Uttar Pradesh

A field experiment conducted for screened 288 germplasm of linseed against bud fly infestation at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh during rabi season to study the historical basis of resistance of linseed against bud fly. The results indicated that the sepal thickness negative highly significant relationship (r=--0.7224) with bud infestation. The resistant germplasm line maximum sepal thickness (0.49 mm) had relative minimum bud infestation (6.88%) and was statically at par other resistant germplasm lines viz. A-95B, CI-1385, EC-1392, EC-1424, GS-234, IC-15888 and JRF-5. While minimum sepal thickness (0.24 mm) with maximum bud infestation (65.11%) which was statically at par with other susceptible lines viz. Ajgan-3-1, Ajgan-20M, Alipur (Hamirpur), Anand, GS-148, GS-440, Gunawal Local, NP (RR) 193, RAULD-7810, RLC-28 (PM), MS-14, SJKO-2, SJKO-45. The genotypes with minimum thickness of sepal suffered maximum bud infestation as compared to those with maximum sepal thickness.
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO BARRIERS BY DESERT TORTOISES: IMPLICATIONS FOR WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

We conducted tests on the behavioral responses of captive desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) to barriers and highway obstacles. Desert tortoises are slow-moving but persistent wan- derers in their natural habitat. Consequently, they move substantial distances when they meet a barrier that they cannot go around. Tortoises responded differently to solid and non-solid barriers when placed in small pens constructed of various materials. Our tests indicated that a screen mesh with small enough openings to exclude a tortoise's head was the most suitable barrier material. When tortoises were tested for 2 h periods or after an overnight stay in a barrier pen, rates of responses with barriers declined with time but tortoises continued movement along the barrier. In a choice situation, we found no preference by tortoises for following either solid or mesh barrier fences. Tortoises quickly walked past openings in a barrier which were too small to enter but easily escaped from a barrier pen within 30 min when openings of an appropriate size were available. We found tortoises willingly entered culverts under large highways and retreated from concrete highways barriers.
Relationships of Syrmaticus and Phasianus by Cyt-b Gene Array Comparison

The relationships of Syrmaticus to Phasianus remain uncertain and opinions differ whether they are separate genera or congeneric. We examined the relationships of Syrmaticus to Phasianus, Lophura, and Catreus by means of Cyt-b gene array comparisons. As a result, we found that each of the following groups forms a cluster, (1) Syrmaticus soemmerringii, (2) Syrmaticus reevesii, (3) Syrmaticus ellioti, S. humiae, S. mikado and (4) Lophura erythrophthalma, Catreus wallichii and Phasianus uersicolor. There was 10.81% difference between cluster(3), Elliot's, Hume's and Mikado Pheasant, and cluster(4), Crestless Fireback, Cheer and Green Pheasant (Phasiunus). The Cheeq Pheasant, the taxonomic position of which has been debated, was included in the Green Pheasant cluster in our experimental data and hence considered to be more closely related to Phasianus than to Syrmaticus.
Analysis of Coyote Predation on Deer and Elk during Winter in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

-Direct observations of coyote (Canis latrans) predation on large wild prey are rare. We observed nine predation attempts by coyotes on deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) during winter in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Coyotes were successful in five attempts. The alpha male coyote led the attack in eight of nine observations. Snow depth was significantly deeper during successful kills compared to unsuccessful attempts. Two adult coyotes could successfully kill calf and adult elk when there was deep snowcover and the prey was in poor nutritional condition.
FIELD METABOLISM, WATER REQUIREMENTS, AND FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF WILD OSTRICHES IN THE NAMIB'

We measured the field metabolic rate (FMR) and water influx rate (WIR) of the largest species of bird, the Ostrich (Struthio camelus), which lives in the Namib desert, one of the driest regions on earth. Along with doubly-labeled water (DLW) mea- surements of FMR and WIR, we examined the availability of plants in various habitats, the plants selected by Ostriches, and the daily activity patterns of these birds. During 6-8 d periods, adult Ostriches (88.25 kg) had an FMR of 18 040 kJ/d, while subadult birds (50.75 kg) metabolized energy at a rate of 15 428 kJ/d. Adult energy expenditure was 26% lower than predicted, but subadults had an FMR nearly equivalent to expectation, suggesting that adults may be more efficient at acquiring resources. Conclusions remain tentative because data for the Ostrich exceed previous data used for allometric equations by almost an order of magnitude. Gravel and stoney plains together accounted for 84% of the study area, whereas washes occupied < 1%. Vegetation cover was sparse in all habitats, varying between 7 and 19% in most areas, but comprising 15% along drainage lines. Ostriches foraged on gravel plains nearly 65% of their daytime hours and 25.5% of their day in washes. They consumed a narrow range of green plants with Monechma arenicola, Schmidita kalahariensis, Blepharis spp. , Trianthema triquetra, and Dicoma capensis representing the principal items in the diet. From a time-activity budget, Ostriches spent 7.5 h of their 24-h day walking, and roosted at night for 11.5 h. Transport between food patches accounted for 62.2% of FMR while nighttime rest was 19.0%. Preening and other maintenance behaviors were responsible for < 1% of the Ostriches' energy budget. Ostriches had a frugal water economy when compared to other nonpasserine birds, with both subadults and adults having lower WIRs than predicted. Values for WIR were higher than allometric predictions based on four other desert birds previously studied, but because Ostriches are two orders of magnitude larger in body mass, firm conclusions await further data. Calculations of the water economy index (WEI), the ratio of water influx to FMR (in millilitres of water per kilojoule), showed that Ostriches conserved water like smaller desert birds. Four species of desert birds had WEI values averaging 0.16 mL/kJ; values for the Ostrich averaged 0.17 mL/kJ. An itemized water budget suggested that adults did not drink during the periods of observation, while water intake by subadults averaged 729 ml/d. This suggests that adults may have lower minimum water requirements than subadults. Combining available data for FMR and WIR with data for the Ostrich, we constructed new allometric equations that nearly span the entire range of bird size and include 62 species of birds.
Phylogenetic and Systematic Inferences from Chloroplast DNA and Isozyme Variation in Helianthus sect. Helianthus (Asteraceae)

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and isozyme data were used to reconstruct the evolu- tionary history of the 21 taxa comprising Helianthus sect Helianthus. Low levels of cpDNA and isozyme divergence suggest a recent origin, perhaps within the last 1-2 million years, with subsequent rapid evolution and diversification throughout North America. This, combined with evolutionary phe- nomena such as phylogenetic sorting and introgression, makes phylogenetic reconstruction difficult. A strict consensus tree derived from Wagner parsimony analysis of the isozyme data set showed almost complete lack of resolution. The three clades resolved were, however, largely consistent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses. The most parsimonious cpDNA-based Wagner tree was poorly resolved, but showed that sect. Helianthus as presently circumscribed is monophyletic. Sur- prisingly, the cpDNA-based phylogeny does not resemble any of the previous phylogenetic hy- potheses for this group based on evidence from morphology, crossability, sesquiterpene lactone chemistry, and inferred chromosomal end arrangements. In general, species geographically most proximal are most closely related in terms of cpDNA, maternal inheritance of which is demonstrated herein. All four polytypic species in sect. Helianthus are polyphyletic in terms of cpDNA. Morpho- logical classification and cpDNA genotype were discordant for populations or species of H. annuus, H. debilis subsp. cucumerifolius, H. neglectus, H. petiolaris subsp. fallax, H. petiolaris subsp. petiolaris, and H. anomalus. Cytoplasmic introgression appears to be the most parsimonius explanation for these discrepancies. The edaphic differentiation and generally allopatric distribution of most taxa in sect. Helianthus are consistent with an allopatric mode of speciation. Molecular and chromosomal evi- dence, however, suggest that allopatric, parapatric, and quantum speciation all operate. In addition, at least one geographic race may have been derived through introgression and three species appear to be derived via selection or random fixation of recombinant genotypes following interspecific hybridization. We also tested the hypothesis that levels of genetic polymorphism will be lower in geographically restricted species than in more widespre-ad species. Eight of the 11 narrow endemics analyzed had lower levels of genetic diversity than any of their more widespread congeners.
Impact of organic nutrient management on dry matter partitioning, growth and productivity of scented rice

Field experiment was conducted during wet seasons to study the effect of organic nutrient management on dry matter partitioning, growth and productivity of scented rice cv. Birsamati. Pooled analysis of two years data revealed that scented rice grown with 100:21.8:20.8 Kg NPK ha−1 having higher growth parameters produced maximum grain (3.95 t ha−1) and straw yield (5.55 t ha−1), net return ( 39,557 ha−1) and benefit: cost ratio (3.62), owing to higher value of yield attributing characters. Among various organic sources, use of green manuring @ 5 t ha−1 + FYM @ 10 t ha−1 was observed to be superior with maximum dry matter (1337.5 g m−2) at maturity and its partitioning into grain, 40% of the total dry matter in panicle, higher grain (3.28 t ha−1) and straw yield (4.35 t ha−1), net return ( 35,975 ha−1), benefit- cost ratio (2.61) owing to more number of panicles m−2(289.5), maximum grains panicle−1 (88) and bolder grains (1000 grain weight-22.12g), higher crop growth rate compared to rest of the organic treatments