Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A revision of Australia’s Jurassic plesiosaurs

Abstract: Jurassic plesiosaur fossils are exceptionally rare in Australia and currently restricted to a single fragmentary skeleton (Sinemurian, Razorback beds, Queensland), some articulated vertebrae (lower Toarcian, Evergreen Formation, Queensland) and a few isolated bones and teeth (Aalenian–Bajocian, Champion Bay Group, Western Australia). These remains are attributable to either indeterminate plesiosaurs, or more specifically to pliosauroids and plesiosauroids, and occur within a variety of fluviatile‐lacustrine to coastal marine depositional settings. Although hampered by their incompleteness, Australia’s Jurassic plesiosaurs are significant because they include some of the most ancient occurrences from nonmarine strata, and Gondwanan marine reptiles of a similar age are otherwise very sparsely known.
Mapping landslide displacements using Structure from Motion (SfM) and image correlation of multi-temporal UAV photography

In this study, we present a flexible, cost-effective, and accurate method to monitor landslides using a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to collect aerial photography. In the first part, we apply a Structure from Motion (SfM) workflow to derive a 3D model of a landslide in southeast Tasmania from multi-view UAV photography. The geometric accuracy of the 3D model and resulting DEMs and orthophoto mosaics was tested with ground control points coordinated with geodetic GPS receivers. A horizontal accuracy of 7 cm and vertical accuracy of 6 cm was achieved. In the second part, two DEMs and orthophoto mosaics acquired on 16 July 2011 and 10 November 2011 were compared to study landslide dynamics. The COSI-Corr image correlation technique was evaluated to quantify and map terrain displacements. The magnitude and direction of the displacement vectors derived from correlating two hillshaded DEM layers corresponded to a visual interpretation of landslide change. Results show that the algorithm can accurately map displacements of the toes, chunks of soil, and vegetation patches on top of the landslide, but is not capable of mapping the retreat of the main scarp. The conclusion is that UAV-based imagery in combination with 3D scene reconstruction and image correlation algorithms provide flexible and effective tools to map and monitor landslide dynamics.
Gender and Health Seeking Behaviour of Micro Scale Entrepreneurs in Obio-Akpor Communities

3 Occupational Health and Safety, Centre for Occupational Health, Safety and Environment, ender refers to the ideas that people have of what it means socially to be a boy or G girl, or a man or woman. For men and women, what constitutes good health or wellbeing may mean different things. Various factors affect the manner in which business owners seek medical care. Gender has been observed to be one of those factors. This study therefore aims to examine gender as a determinant of health seeking behaviour amongst micro scale entrepreneurs in Obio-Akpor Local Government, Port-Harcourt. The study research design is quantitative in nature because the data gathered from the eld is numeric in nature and statistical method was adopted in its analysis. The sample size for the study was 400 respondents. The multi-stage cluster sampling technique was utilized because of the wide spread nature of these Micro businesses. The primary source of data was questionnaire and the secondary source includes journal articles, text books and NBS/SMEDAN MSME's. The method of data analysis utilized in the study is the analysis of variance in Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) to test the relationship between variables and the data was presented in tables. The study discovered the gender of a micro business owner is not critical in determining where health care is sought also women seek healthcare more frequently than men. It recommends that enlightenment campaigns should be conducted periodically government and non-governmental organizations (NGO) in the health sphere to educate and sensitize small business owners regardless of gender on the benets of seeking orthodox healthcare when ill.
TÜRK MÜHENDİSLİK ARAŞTIRMA VE EĞİTİMİ DERGİSİ

: In this study, an automatic software based on basic known software quality parameters, which can apply static code analysis on code files written with the new generation TypeScript programming language, which is made available by Google instead of Javascript, measure compliance with the defined standards and as a result calculate a quality index value for the code file. quality analysis engine has been developed. The software developed as a web application, where users can perform the analysis process through the application interface by making the necessary configuration changes, access the analysis results, the calculated quality index value and the list of situations that cause this value to decrease, has been arranged. In the study, it is aimed to help software developers using TypeScript language to work in accordance with quality code development standards and to enable these standards to be followed more easily by embodying them with the help of a measurable metric. For this purpose, a web-based software was developed using node.js and Angular libraries, rules were defined for the TypeScript language in this software, and it was possible to calculate a quality index value according to the results obtained by running these rules on the analyzed file with the help of the configuration determined by the users. As a result of the study, different scenarios of the rules were created and the TypeScript files of these scenarios were tested with the developed web application and the performance criteria were evaluated. A success of 62% was achieved in the first results obtained, and the developers evaluated that the system could be used.
Sampling errors in the vertical fluxes of potential temperature and moisture measured by aircraft during FIFE

The First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) was carried out over a 15 × 15 km area in central Kansas [Sellers et al., this issue]. The site size was constrained by land use characteristics, topography, and, importantly, the ability to field a reasonable network of surface observations of plant physiology, soil moisture, and radiative characteristics as well as surface observations of meteorological observations, including vertical fluxes of sensible heat and moisture. As described by Kelly [this issue], aircraft flying within the atmospheric boundary layer over the FIFE site played an important role: they provided direct measurements of the vertical fluxes of sensible heat and moisture above the FIFE site. Potential temperature flux and sensible heat flux differ by the constant ρdcp, where ρd is the dry air density (which is nearly constant in the atmospheric boundary layer) and cp is the specific heat of dry air at constant pressure.
Stability evaluation of the Baota Mountain landslide based on deformation monitoring results

Many hidden safety dangers of collapses and landslides exists in the Baota Mountain due to high and steep slopes,Pointing at this problem,this paper carries out targeted slope deformation signs and predisposing factors monitoring around the mountain.Deep displacement monitoring,rainfall monitoring,soil water content monitoring,and video monitoring on the landslide have been separately carried out and an automatic monitoring system of Baota Mountain slope is built,whose monitoring data include real-time automatic acquisition,automatic transmission and automatic storage.The monitoring results show that the displacement of each monitoring point of the Baota Mountain landslide is close to 0,and the rainfall has a pronounced effect on the soil water content at depth of 0 to 4.0m. Combined with video monitoring and macroscopical survey data,it is found that the foundation of the Baota Mountain is stable integrally,and occurrence of large-scale landslide stem from overall sliding is unlikely.However,the possibility of shallow landslides and small and medium-scale collapse is great under extreme weather conditions,which will endanger the Baota Mountain's safety.Therefore,effective measures are taken to obviate the possibility of collapses and landslides in the Baota Mountain.
Glaucoma Characteristics and Influencing Factors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Huizhou Region

Objective Glaucoma in individuals who tested positive for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the pandemic outbreak has not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the characteristics and risk factors of glaucoma during the COVID-19 pandemic in Huizhou. Methods Retrospective data from outpatients with glaucoma at the Huizhou Hospital Affiliated with Guangzhou Medical University and Longmen County People's Hospital were collected during two periods: the COVID-19 pandemic period (Phase A: December 1, 2022, to January 19, 2023) and the prevention and control period (Phase B: December 1, 2021, to January 19, 2022). The demographic characteristics of the outpatients during both phases were compared. The characteristics of glaucoma in patients with COVID-19 during Phase A were examined. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing the development of acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) in Phase A patients. Results The proportion of patients with glaucoma was significantly higher during Phase A than during Phase B at both hospitals. No statistically significant differences were observed between patients with glaucoma during Phases A and B for age, sex, and region. A high COVID-19-positive rate was associated with old age, females, AACG, newly diagnosed glaucoma, and binocular involvement during phase A. Females testing positive for COVID-19, glaucoma that started after testing positive for COVID-19, and a history of medication use were associated with a higher proportion of AACG in phase A. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified testing positive for COVID-19 as an independent potential risk factor for developing AACG. Conclusion In summary, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Huizhou, patients with COVID-19 were primarily affected by AACG, especially females, older individuals, and those with binocular involvement. Testing positive for COVID-19 increases the risk of developing AACG.
On the detection and monitoring of effusive eruptions using satellite SO2 measurements

Abstract Timely detection and quantification of lava effusion rates are crucial for volcanic hazard mitigation during effusive eruptions. Satellite-based detection methods typically exploit the exceptional radiant heat fluxes associated with lava effusion, but effusive eruptions can also emit prodigious amounts of sulphur dioxide (SO2). Measuring the magnitude and temporal evolution of SO2 emissions provides an additional means for monitoring effusive eruptions, complementing thermal monitoring. Examples of effusive eruptions detected since 1978 using ultraviolet (UV) satellite measurements of SO2 emissions by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) are reviewed. During many effusive eruptions, trends in SO2 production mimic the classic waxing–waning pattern characteristic of such events that is also seen in thermal infrared (TIR) hotspot data, suggesting a qualitative link between SO2 emissions and lava effusion rates. An example of lava effusion rate calculation based on TOMS SO2 measurements is presented for the 1998 eruption of Cerro Azul (Galápagos Islands), for which detailed eruption observations and independent estimates of effusion rates are available. Combining TOMS-derived SO2 emission rates with estimates of sulphur content in Cerro Azul lavas yields lava effusion rates almost identical to independently derived values, demonstrating the utility of the technique.
Detecting portuguese and english Twitter users’ gender

Existing social networking services provide means for people to communicate and express their feelings in a easy way. Such user generated content contains clues of user’s behaviors and preferences, as well as other metadata information that is now available for scientific research. Twitter, in particular, has become a relevant source for social networking studies, mainly because: it provides a simple way for users to express their feelings, ideas, and opinions; makes the user generated content and associated metadata available to the community; and furthermore provides easy-to-use web interfaces and application programming interfaces (API) to access data. For many studies, the available information about a user is relevant. However, the gender attribute is not provided when creating a Twitter account. The main focus of this study is to infer the users’ gender from other available information. We propose a methodology for gender detection of Twitter users, using unstructured information found on Twitter profile, user generated content, and later using the user’s profile picture. In previous studies, one of the challenges presented was the labor-intensive task of manually labelling datasets. In this study, we propose a method for creating extended labelled datasets in a semi-automatic fashion. With the extended labelled datasets, we associate the users’ textual content with their gender and created gender models, based on the users’ generated content and profile information. We explore supervised and unsupervised classifiers and evaluate the results in both Portuguese and English Twitter user datasets. We obtained an accuracy of 93.2% with English users and an accuracy of 96.9% with Portuguese users. The proposed methodology of our research is language independent, but our focus was given to Portuguese and English users. Palavras Chave Keywords
Sometimes larger, sometimes smaller: Measuring vocabulary in monolingual and bilingual infants and toddlers

Vocabulary size is a crucial early indicator of language development, for both monolingual and bilingual children. Assessing vocabulary in bilingual children is complex because they learn words in two languages, and there remains significant controversy about how to best measure their vocabulary size, especially in relation to monolinguals. This study compared monolingual vocabulary with different metrics of bilingual vocabulary, including combining vocabulary across languages to count either the number of words or the number of concepts lexicalized and assessing vocabulary in a single language. Data were collected from parents of 743 infants and toddlers aged 8–33 months learning French and/or English, using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. The results showed that the nature and magnitude of monolingual–bilingual differences depended on how bilinguals’ vocabulary was measured. Compared with monolinguals, bilinguals had larger expressive and receptive word vocabularies, similarly sized receptive concept vocabularies and smaller expressive concept vocabularies. Bilinguals’ single-language vocabularies were smaller than monolinguals’ vocabularies. The study highlights the need to better understand the role of translation equivalents in bilingual vocabulary development and the potential developmental differences in receptive and expressive vocabularies.
Active tuberculosis patients have high systemic IgG levels and B-cell fingerprinting, characterized by a reduced capacity to produce IFN-γ or IL-10 as a response to M.tb antigens

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). B cells are the central mediator of the humoral response; they are responsible for producing antibodies in addition to mediating other functions. The role of the cellular response during the TB spectrum by B cells is still controversial. Methods In this study, we evaluated the distribution of the circulating B cell subsets in patients with active and latent TB (ATB and LTB, respectively) and how they respond to stimuli of protein or lipid from M.tb. Results Here, we show that ATB patients show an immune fingerprinting. However, patients with drug-sensitive- (DS-TB) or drug-resistant- (DR-TB) TB have altered frequencies of circulating B cells. DS-TB and DR-TB display a unique profile characterized by high systemic levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IgG, IgG/IgM ratio, and total B cells. Moreover, B cells from DR-TB are less efficient in producing IL-10, and both DS-TB and DR-TB produce less IFN-γ in response to M.tb antigens. Conclusion These results provide new insights into the population dynamics of the cellular immune response by B cells against M.tb and suggest a fingerprinting to characterize the B-cell response on DR-TB.
A Simple Framework for Examining the Interannual Variability of Land Surface Moisture Fluxes

Abstract An equation that describes the partitioning of annual mean precipitation into annual mean evaporation and runoff, developed decades ago by Budyko, is used to derive a second equation that relates the interannual variability of evaporation to gross characteristics of the atmospheric forcing. Both Budyko’s original equation and the new variability equation perform well when tested against results from a 20-yr GCM simulation. In these tests, using knowledge of the climatological mean precipitation and net radiation alone, the authors predict the ratio of annual evaporation to annual precipitation with a standard error of 0.10 in nondesert regions, and they predict the ratio of the standard deviation of annual evaporation to that of annual precipitation there with a standard error of 0.14. In analogy with Budyko’s conclusion for the mean hydrological cycle, water and energy availability appear to be the critical factors controlling the interannual variability of surface moisture fluxes. The derived e.
Downstream Changes of Alpine Zircon Fission-Track Ages in the Rhone and Rhine Rivers

Zircons from 13 sediment samples from the Rhone and Rhine drainages were dated by the fission-track method to study downstream changes in detrital fissiontrack grain-age distributions in large river systems draining the European Alps. The orogen-parallel Rhone River shows a zircon fission-track grain-age distribution similar to that in its Alpine source areas. This signal is well preserved because there are Alpine sources along its full length and input from non-Alpine sources is small. In contrast, only the headwaters of the north-flowing Rhine River are located in the Alps. As a consequence, Alpine-derived zircons, which are distinguished by young fission-track ages, become progressively diluted downstream by older ages from zircon sources external to the Alps. Nevertheless, the Alpine component is persistent and can easily be detected in sediments more than 1000 km downstream at the Rhine delta. These results demonstrate that fission-track dating of detrital zircons can provide useful information about orogenic processes, even where sediments have been transported hundreds of kilometers from the orogenic source, crossing ephemeral lakes and subsiding basins. Deposits along the lower reaches of the river appear to have a short-residence time (< 1 Myr), and thus many of these deposits serve to smooth out variations in the supply of sediment from fast-eroding heterogeneous sources in the Alpine headwaters of these drainages. For the Rhone and the Rhine rivers, we show that fast erosion in the Alps accounts for most of the sediment load. This finding supports a widespread observation that the sediment in most large continental drainages is usually derived from a small part of the drainage, where uplift, relief, and erosion rates are greatest.
Transport processes in ooid genesis

ABSTRACT Radial and concentric textures in ooids from the upper Cambrian Warrior Formation of Pennsylvania are primary features whose development may have been controlled by the hydrodynamics in the environment of formation. The ooids grew with carbonate in radial fibrous orientation to a maximum diameter of approximately 0.6 mm. Beyond that diameter the ooids grew by the addition of concentric layers, giving an onion-skin texture. The first model considers the role of the threshold of motion, the 0.6 mm size corresponding to the minimum flow velocity needed to initiate ooid transport. The second and more probable model relates the 0.6 mm ooid diameter to the critical size in the transition from a predominance of transport in suspension to bed-load transport. Our model suggests that these ooid may have grown radially by direct precipitation while small enough to remain in suspension. After reaching 0.6 mm diameter they moved as bed load, and the ensuing abrasion resulted in the development of a concentric texture. Calculated paleocurrents of 40 to 120 cm/sec agree with observed current velocities in modern environments of ooid formation. Thus ooid textural development may be utilized to estimate paleocurrents.
PSYCHOLOGY Disentangling Contact and Socialization Effects on Outgroup Attitudes in Diverse Friendship Networks

Friendships with members of our own group (ingroup) and other groups (outgroups) shape our attitudes toward outgroups. Research on intergroup contact has shown that the numbers of outgroup and ingroup friends we have in ﬂ uence our outgroup attitudes, whereas research on socialization has shown that the attitudes held by our friends in ﬂ uence our outgroup attitudes. Past research, however, examined these processes in isolation, which precludes discerning whether having friends, or the attitudes held by our friends, are both important in shaping our outgroup attitudes, and, if so, which is more important. To disentangle these effects, we conducted a 5-wave social network study in 2 ethnically diverse schools ( N = 1,170 students). By applying a novel longitudinal coevolution model, we were able to separate the effects of having ingroup and outgroup friends (contact effects), and the effects of those friends ’ attitudes (socialization effects), on individuals ’ outgroup attitudes, while controlling for friendship selection processes. In so doing, we found that it is principally the attitudes of ingroup friends — not outgroup friends ’ attitudes or having ingroup and outgroup friends alone — that predict individuals ’ outgroup attitudes. Our ﬁ ndings have important theoretical implications, as we demonstrate that combining the divergent approaches of intergroup contact and socialization enables us to better understand outgroup attitude development. Our ﬁ ndings also have practical implications, as we show that, even in diverse environments, individuals rely primarily on friends from their own group to inform their attitudes toward other groups.