Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bio-Delipidation of Dissolved Air Flotation Pre-Treated Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Delipidation is a method of defatting that is generally associated with the removal of residual lipids or lipid groups from matrices in which they are present in minute quantities. The bio-delipidation of protein-rich poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) pre-treated with a dissolved air flotation (DAF) system was developed using microbial lipases from bacterial strains isolated from the PSW. The efficacy of the bio-delipidation system was quantitatively characterised by comparing the quality parameters i.e., fats, oil and grease (FOGs), turbidity, total suspended solutes (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) and protein concentration of the DAF pre-treated PSW and bio-lipidized samples. As hypothesised, the bio-delipidation system was able to effectively reduce the levels of these quality parameters when crude lipases of Bacillus cereus AB1 (BF3) and Bacillus cereus CC-1 (B30) strains were used. Strain-dependent quality characteristics were also observed in bio-delipidized samples. The study successfully managed to complement physical reduction techniques (DAF) with biological strategies (bio-delipidation) for improved PSW quality, with potential industrial applications.
Artemisin Combined Therapy in malaria patients: Do we need to search for more?

Introduction: Malaria is a vector borne disease highly prevalent in the topical developing countries. Two main species of plasmodium causing majority of diseases manifestations are P. Vivax and P. falciparum. The approach to antimalarial selection is determined based on the location of the patient. For treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, according to WHO guidelines first line therapy mainly includes Artemisin Combined Therapy. Concerns about the emergence of resistance to artemisin derivatives have increased recently. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of using a combination of intravenous artesunate along with oral doxycycline, as a novel ACT for Malarial infections – falciparum vs. vivax. Methodology: Prospective observational study was carried out at V S General Hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. A full history of current illness was taken followed by examining the serial peripheral smear reports of the patients till the malarial parasites are not seen on two consecutive occasions. Samples were taken at least 6 hours apart by the capillary method and oral temperature was measured every 6 hours. We excluded other associated viral fevers such as dengue, pediatric age group (<12 years) and Co-Morbid illnesses like hepatic or renal dysfunction. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 20. Results: Student t test showed that PCT was significantly more in falciparum (mean= 74.53 hours) patients as compared to vivax patients (mean= 51.89 hours). (p<0.001). Also duration of stay was significantly more in patients having falciparum (mean =3.63 days) as compared to patients having vivax (mean = 2.32 days) (p<0.001) Multivariate analysis by linear regression showed that species of the parasite was the most significant independent predictor (B=12.552) of the time to parasite clearance and other significant variable was Grade of parasitemia at 0 hour (B= 12.798). We also found that patients with residual parasitemia was 83.78%, 40.54% and 10.81% in vivax group whereas it was 100%, 88.15% and 46.05% in falciparum respectively at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Conclusion: The study shows that PCT and residual parasitemia is very high in falciparum patients as compared to previous reports of different studies and also as compared to vivax group patients. ACT resistance is a grave concern for falciparum and more studies should be done to understand pathophysiology and its prevalence in India. We strongly suggest that a continues monitoring needs to be implemented in health policy to understand the dynamicity of emerging resistance
Endogenous amino acid and nitrogen loss and its value for estimating protein and amino acid ileal digestibility of feedstuffs. Review.

In the present study the origins of nitrogen and amino acids endogenous losses are reviewed and also their use for estimating standardized digestibility coefficients. Besides, factors able to modulate the amount and composition of endogenous losses are analyzed. Also, their use in estimating different types of digestibility (apparent, standardized, and true) is explained, and why coefficients of standardized digestibility are those used to formulate pigs’ diets.
CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE AROEIRA DO SERTÃO (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) EM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of M. urundeuva Allemao produced on substrates prepared with sewage sludge, organic compost and cattle manure. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 120 days in the Nursery Reference Center for Nature Conservation and Recovery of Degraded Areas - CRAD, Brasilia-DF. Four types of fertilizers were tested: (1) Osmocote®, (2) cattle manure, (3) organic compost and (4) dried sewage sludge. Each fertilizer was subjected to three different compositions: (1) 25%, (2) 50% and (3) 75 %, except for control and Osmocote®, totaling eleven treatments with ten replicates each. The variables analyzed were: Root collar diameter (RCD); Seedling height (H), Number of leaves (NL); Fresh Matter of shoot (FMAP); Dried Matter of shoot (DMAP); Fresh Matter of Root (FMR), Dried Matter of Root (DMR); Dickson Quality Index (DQI). The averages were compared by Tukey test at 5 % probability. The results indicated a significant interaction between treatments. The highest averages were obtained from treatments with cattle manure, followed by treatment with organic compost. The plants produced only with Osmocote® and sewage sludge died. The study pointed out the importance of incorporating organic matter in the substrate for growing seedlings of M. urundeuva and the organic compost in a proportion of 25% is equivalent to the cattle manure in the proportion of 25, 50 and 75%.
Feeding behavior and metabolism of transition dairy cows supplemented with monensin

The mechanisms behind the metabolic changes observed when transition cows are administered monensin, as well as the effects of supplementing mid-lactation cows with two commercial amino acid products were investigated. Traditionally, the effects of monensin are attributed to increased gluconeogenic precursor supply, but recent research indicated that the effects of monensin extend beyond gluconeogenic flux. Thus, the primary objectives of Experiment 1 were to determine if monensin modulates transition cow feeding behavior, ruminal pH, and/or expression of key metabolic genes. Overall, monensin decreased time between meals prepartum (126 vs. 143 ± 5.0 min; P < 0.03) with a trend appearing postpartum (81.4 vs. 88.8 ± 2.9 min; P < 0.08), which could be related to the smaller ruminal pH standard deviation during the first day cows received the lactation ration (0.31 vs. 0.26 ± 0.015; P < 0.02). Monensin also increased liver mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (0.15 vs. 0.10 ± 0.002 arbitrary units; P < 0.04), which corresponded to a slower rate of liver triglyceride (TG) accumulation from 7 days before calving through 7 days post calving (412 vs. 128 ± 83 mg TG/g protein over this time period; P = 0.03). No significant effects of monensin supplementation were observed on other metabolic parameters or milk production. Overall, these results confirm that the effects of monensin on transition cows extend beyond altered propionate flux. In Experiment 2, mid-lactation cows consuming a control diet containing 26% wet corn gluten feed (dry matter basis) were compared to cows consuming the same diet supplemented with lysine embedded within Ca salts of fatty acids and the isopropyl ester of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid, a methionine precursor. This trial was conducted because the NRC (2001) model indicated a lysine deficiency prior to supplementation; however amino acid supplementation had no effects. This trial was then extended to decrease dietary CP from 17.9% to 17.1%, and further increase lysine and methionine supply in the treatment diet. No production or intake effects were observed during this period, but MUN was decreased in the treated group (10.8 vs. 12.5 ± 0.2 mg/dL; P < 0.001). FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND METABOLISM OF TRANSITION DAIRY COWS SUPPLEMENTED WITH MONENSIN
On Causal Interactions between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: An Evidence from India

This country specific study examines the short-run and long-run causal linkages between carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in India for a period of 1971-2011, using Johansen and Juselius multivariate cointegration test, Granger causality test based on Vector Error Correction Model, variance decomposition analysis and impulse response functions. The results reveal that there is strong long-run causality running from energy consumption and economic growth to carbon emissions. We also find a short-run feedback causality between carbon emissions and economic growth. It is also evident from the results that there is no causality between carbon emissions and energy consumption in the short-run and a unidirectional short-run causality running from energy consumption to economic growth. The findings of Variance Decomposition Analysis and Impulse Response Functions reinforce causality results. Since the study supports the "growth hypothesis", the author recommends a policy of comprehensive energy use transformation program wherein the government should subsidize the renewable sources of energy and tax the fossil fuels, and invest heavily in green technology.
Marketing orientation of the dairy farmers in co-operative farming system*

The present study was carried out at purposively selected Gaighata and Bagdah block ofNorth-24 Pgs district, West Bengal. From each of the purposively selected 2 blocks, 25% (approximately) of the village level milk co-operative societies (VLMCSs) were selected randomly. In this way 10 VLMCSs (25%) from Gaighata block and 20 (25.64%) from Bagdah Block were selected randomly. From each of the selected VLMCS four dairy farmers were selected randomly out of which both member ofco-operative society (MCS) and non-member of co-operative society (NMCS) were 2 in number. Thus 60 MCS and 60 NMCS (total 120 respondents) were selected, which constituted the sample of the present study. The study revealed that all the socio-psychological and communication variables were having significa~t relationship with the marketing orientation of the dairy farmers in both MCS and NMCS. Results of path analySIS showed that communication source was the key variables that influence the marketing orientation ofthe dairy farmers both in MCS and NMCS.
Phylogenetic diversity and relationships among 40 rice accessions using morphological and RAPDs techniques

Morphological characterization of 40 rice accessions using 14 agro-botanical traits was done in a field experiment in an augmented randomized complete block design. The aim of the work was to study variations and to select lines that can be used as potential parents in a future breeding program. The single linkage clustering, the Principal Components Axes and a morphological dendrogram were used to group the accessions. Genetic relatedness among accessions based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker data was also presented in form of a dendrogram using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Relative effectiveness of the RAPD markers and genetic diversity among accessions as revealed by botanical descriptors were compared. The single linkage cluster technique classified the 40 accessions into six morphological groups whereas the PCA re-ordered the accessions into four broad groups that had within cluster similarities and inter-cluster morphological variations. RAPDs were highly polymorphic, more discriminatory and informative as they were able to differentiate more pairs of accessions than the botanical descriptors. IITA rice accessions TOX 3052-46-3-3-2-1 and TOX 3027-44-1-E4-2-2 and Brazilian accessions (CL SELECCION 3B and 450) that performed better than checks could be selected for a future breeding program.
Cytology of Sphagneticola and Wollastonia,Two Genera in Heliantheae,Asteraceae

Chromosome number and chromosome morphology in Sphagneticola O.Hoffm. and Wollastonia DC.ex Decne. ,two small genera in Ecliptinae,Heliantheae,Asteraceae,were investigated.The results showed that the karyotype formula were followed as: Sphagneticola calendulacea(L.) Pruski,2n=50=18m+30sm+2st,S.trilobata(L.) Pruski,2n=56=24m+28sm+4st,Wollastonia biflora(L.) DC. ,2n=30=24m+4sm+2st,and W.montana(Blume) DC. ,2n=74=37m+31sm+6st.Based on the results,together with chromosomal data previously reported in Sphagneticola,we postulate the basic chromosome numbers of this genus as x=14 and x=25,rather than x=15.The three species native to the New World tropics in the genus,namely S.brachycarpa(Baker) Pruski,S.gracilis(Richard) Pruski and S.trilobata,may be based on x=14,with S.gracilis being diploid(2n=2x=28),and both S.brachycarpa and S.trilobata tetraploid(2n=4x=56);the only Asian species,S.calendulacea,may be diploid(2n=2x=50) based on x=25.The systematic implication of this chromosome number pattern is worthy of a further study.Chromosomal data do not support the placement of W.montana(x=37) in the genus Wollastonia(x=15).
Endogene Protection from RNA Silencing in Plants

In plants, transgenes are vulnerable to sporadic triggering of RNA silencing through the production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6, RDR6. RDR6 activity is recruited to transgene but not endogenous transcripts when silencing is initiated by an homologous inverted repeat transgene. This is evidenced by the production of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) with homology to regions outside of the initiating dsRNA trigger, in a process termed transitivity. Transitivity involves a reiterative amplification of the silencing signal which facilitates the systemic spread of transgene silencing. To better understand the vulnerability of transgenes to silencing, a number of reporter systems were developed in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) to study the apparent protection of endogenous transcripts from RDR6 activity. CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS), an enzyme involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, was selected as an endogenous target of silencing due to the readily observable and non-lethal loss of pigmentation in the seed coat upon silencing. The pap1-D line has upregulated expression of many genes in the flavonoid pathway, including CHS. This background was used to allow the assessment of CHS expression in tissues additional to the seed coat and to more closely reflect the high levels of expression typically desired from a transgene. A mutagenesis screen was performed on plants harbouring a fluorescence reporter system to detect transitivity of RNA silencing directed to CHS, also in the pap1-D background. This approach identified six mutant plant lines that display enhanced silencing. Mapping by bulked segregant deep-sequencing analysis identified the putative mutant alleles associated with the expression of these phenotypes. The identified genes have been previously reported to
Hypotonic cell swelling induces translocation of the alpha isoform of cytosolic phospholipase A2 but not the gamma isoform in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

We demonstrate that two isoforms of the cytosolic phospholipase A2, cPLA2alpha and cPLA2gamma, are present in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Both enzymes are almost uniformly distributed throughout the cells under control conditions, as visualized by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Stimulation by either hypotonic cell swelling or addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 results in translocation of cPLA2alpha, but not cPLA2gamma, to the nucleus, where it forms hot-spot-like clusters. Our group previously showed that release of radioactively labeled arachidonic acid, incorporated into the phospholipids of Ehrlich cells, was immediately and transiently increased on hypotonic cell swelling [Thoroed, S.M. , Lauritzen, L. , Lambert, I.H. , Hansen, H.S. & Hoffmann, E.K. (1997) J. Membr. Biol. 160, 47-58]. We now demonstrate that arachidonic acid is released from the nuclear fraction following hypotonic exposure. Stimulation of Ehrlich cells with A23187 also leads to an increase in arachidonic acid release from the nucleus. However, as hypotonic cell swelling is not accompanied by any detectable increase in intracellular concentration of free cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), stimulus-induced translocation of cPLA2alpha can also occur without elevation of [Ca2+]i. The stimulus-induced translocation of cPLA2alpha appears not to be prevented by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, p38 MAP kinase, tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C, hence, phosphorylation is not crucial for the stimulus-induced translocation of cPLA2alpha. Disruption of F-actin did not affect the translocation process, thus, an intact F-actin cytoskeleton does not seem to be required for translocation of cPLA2alpha.
Fitomassa de adubos verdes e cobertura do solo na região do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais.

A adubacao verde constitui pratica cultural de relevante impacto positivo em sistemas de producao agricola que visam o uso sustentavel da terra. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o desempenho de seis leguminosas utilizadas para adubacao verde, quanto a produtividade de fitomassa, cobertura do solo e uso da radiacao fotossinteticamente ativa na regiao conhecida como Alto Vale do Jeuitinhonha em Minas Gerais. O experimento foi conduzido entre os meses de marco a outubro de 2010, em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repeticoes. Os adubos verdes utilizados foram: crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis), feijao-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), feijao-guandu-anao (Cajanus cajan), lab-lab (Lablab purpureus), mucuna-ana (Mucuna deenringiana) e tremoco-branco (Lupinus albus L.). Os adubos verdes apresentaram elevadas producoes defitomassa, mas com diferentes picos de cobertura do solo e interceptacao da radiacao. Os maiores acumulos de materia seca e fresca foram observados pela crotalaria seguido pelo feijao-guandu-anao. Entre as especies estudadas, o feijao-de-porco e a que apresentou maior periodo vegetativo, representando elevado potencial para recobrimento do solo, destacando-se tambem na interceptacao de radicao fotossinteticamente ativa.
Children's attachment relationships with day care caregivers: Associations with positive caregiving and the child's temperament

In this study, children's attachment relationships with their professional caregivers in center day care were observed for 48 children. We explored whether more positive caregiving was associated with a more secure attachment relationship and whether this association was stronger for more temperamentally irritable children compared to less irritable children. Trained observers coded the attachment relationship in the day care setting using the attachment Q-sort. The observational record of the caregiving environment was used to assess children's individual experience of positive caregiver-child interaction in the classroom. When caregivers showed more frequent positive caregiving behavior, children showed more secure attachment behavior toward their primary professional caregiver. Temperament was not related to attachment security, nor did it serve as a moderator. Consequently, no support for Belsky's susceptibility hypothesis was found.
Fruit set and productivity in almond as related to self-compatibility, flower morphology and bud density

Summary Fruit set was studied over three years in ten almond selections of the Zaragoza breeding programme, previously selected for their fruit and kernel traits and self-compatibility. Five pollination treatments were applied: open pollination (control), open pollination of a reduced number of flowers (control D), artificial self- and cross-pollination after emasculation, and autogamy in bagged branches. Highly significant differences were observed in all cases: among selections, among years and among treatments. There was also a highly significant interaction for selection × year and selection × treatment, but not for year × treatment. The interaction of the three variables together was also highly significant. In general the higher fruit sets were observed for the control D treatment, showing that the flowers left had a better ability to set fruit, probably due to their less competitive conditions. Also cross-pollinations as a whole produced better fruit sets than self-pollinations, but not in all cases, showing differences in the ability to set self fruit among the selections. Fruit set in the bagged branches was the lowest, showing the differences in autogamy ability of each selection. These fruit sets could be related to the genetic self-compatibility as deduced by the pollen tube growth as well as to the flower morphology, allowing the contact of stigma and anthers. Fruit set was also related to flower density and fruit size to define the real productivity level of each selection, as selections showed highly significant differences for their productivity by open pollination and by autogamy. The year effects observed, affecting the treatments and the selections at different levels, stress the need for evaluation of autogamy for more than one year for such an important commercial trait as fruit set in almond.
Changes in plant life‐form, pollination syndrome and breeding system at a regional scale promoted by land use intensity

Parallel declines in plant and insect pollinator diversity under land use intensification may occur as a result of both taxonomic groups responding similarly, but independently, to habitat change or as a consequence of interdependence as insect‐pollinated plants decline due to pollinator loss. Here, we explore the relative roles of independent and interdependent declines by comparing correlations of species richness and land use intensity for different functional groups of plants.
Trypsin Action ontheGrowth ofSendai Virus in Tissue Culture Cells III. Structural Difference ofSendai Viruses GrowninEggsandTissue Culture Cells

Polypeptides ofegg-borne Sendaivirus (eggSendai), whichisbiologically active on thebasis ofcriteria oftheinfectivity forLcells andofhemolytic and cell fusion activities, werecompared bypolyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis with thoseofL cell-borne (LSendai) andHeLacell-borne Sendai (HeLaSendai) viruses, which arejudged biologically inactive bytheabovecriteria. Densitometerprofiles on thestained gelsofegg Sendai resolved sixpolypeptides (virion protein [VP]1toVP6),inwhichVP2andVP4wereidentified asglycoproteins by PASstain. Comparative electropherograms ofbothL Sendai andHeLaSendai revealed thatthere weresignificantly larger amountsintheVP2region ofthese viruses butVP4was present onlyingreatly reduced amountsascompared toegg Sendai. Itwas alsofoundthatVP2ofLSendai andHeLaSendai consisted oftwo components, VP2aandVP2b,buttheoneofeggSendai consisted ofonlyVP2a.A mildtrypsin treatment whichconverts bothL SendaiandHeLaSendai toa biologically active formselectively removedVP2bfromtheseviruses and increased concomitantly theamountsofmaterials intheVP4region. Thesame treatment ofegg Sendaiaffected neither itsbiological activities nor its electropherogram. Consequently, grosspolypeptide profiles on thestained gels of LSendai andHeLaSendai after trypsin treatment becamefavorably comparable tothatofeggSendai. Electrophoresis oflabeled LSendai andHeLaSendai with a 3H-amino acidsmixture and"4C-glucosamine resolved atleast threeglycoproteins, GP1,GP2,andGP3,eachcorresponding toVP2a,VP2b,andVP4, respectively. Thetrypsin treatment oftheseviruses removedalmostallthe radioactivity ofGP2andsimultaneously increased theradioactive counts ofGP3 andraised small amountsofrapidly movingheterogeneous glycoprotein, GP4.A possible relationship between thebiological modification andtheabovecharacteristic polypeptide patterns ofSendai virus was discussed.