Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photochemical ozone production at a subtropical island of Okinawa, Japan: Implications from simultaneous observations of HO2 radical and NOx

[1] During the Observations at a Remote Island of Okinawa (ORION99) field campaign, HO2 radical and NOx concentrations were simultaneously measured with other important parameters relevant to photochemistry. The observed HO2 concentration levels, the relationship between HO2 and NOx, and the balance between NO and NO2 were well reproduced by model calculations based on the current photochemistry theory, indicating that the photochemistry taking place at the island was understandable within known chemistry. Thus the photochemical ozone production rate estimated from the calculated peroxy radical concentrations would be reliable. The isoprene peroxy radical + NO reaction contributed to ozone production by the similar degree to the HO2 + NO reaction because of high isoprene concentrations at ground level. The net ozone production rate during daytime was calculated to be +0.2–3.4 ppbv h−1 due to moderate NO concentrations (36–244 parts per trillion by volume (pptv)) there which were higher than the NO compensation point of ∼30 pptv. Sensitivity studies showed that the ozone production rate was calculated within NOx-limited regime. Thus the ozone production rate would be relatively uniform throughout the boundary layer even if isoprene concentration had a steep vertical gradient. Up to ∼20 ppbv of ozone would be photochemically produced in a day, suggesting that clear diurnal variations of ozone with daytime buildup of 16 ppbv observed for the air mass traveled over the island in 1996 could be explained by photochemistry.
Estimation of current plate motions in Papua New Guinea from Global Positioning System observations

Plate tectonic motions have been estimated in Papua New Guinea from a 20 station network of Global Positioning System sites that has been observed over five campaigns from 1990 to 1996. The present velocities of the sites are consistent with geological models in which the South Bismarck, Woodlark, and Solomon Sea Plates form the principal tectonic elements between the Pacific and Australian Plates in this region. Active spreading is observed on the Woodlark Basin Spreading Centre but at a rate that is about half the rate determined from magnetic reversals. The other major motions observed are subduction on the New Britain Trench, seafloor spreading across the Bismarck Sea Seismic Lineation, convergence across the Ramu-Markham Fault and left-lateral strike slip across the Papuan Peninsula. These motions are consistent with a 8.2° Myr -1 clockwise rotation of the South Bismarck Plate about a pole in the Huon Gulf and a rotation of the Woodlark Plate away from the Australian Plate. Second order deformation may also be occurring; in particular, Manus Island and northern New Ireland may be moving northward relative to the Pacific Plate at ∼5-8 mm yr -1 (significant at the 95% but not at the 99% confidence level) which may suggest the existence of a North Bismarck Plate.
Withstanding cold nights at high elevation: thermal strategy of Atractus crassicaudatus, a nocturnal tropical snake endemic to the eastern Andes of Colombia

Thermoregulation in highland tropical environments imposes physiological challenges for reptiles. The interaction between individual thermal requirements with external thermal conditions in these environments remains mostly unknown. We examined the thermal strategy of the nocturnal snake Atractus crassicaudatus (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854) in the highlands of the northern Andes. We depicted the relationship between the snake´s body temperatures on the field and under experimental conditions, with operative temperatures during 2 climatic seasons. Additionaly, we compared selected temperatures (Tsel) during the day (photophase) and night (scotophase). Individuals selected different body temperatures under dry (Tsel = 19.53-21.30 °C) and rainy (Tsel = 17.27-19.23 °C) seasons, they actively thermoregulate during the dry season, and they are thermoconformers during the rainy season. Their preference for rocky-shelters in open to semi-open habitats, and the seasonal adjustment of Tsel, suggest thigmothermy with plastic thermal physiology. Individuals select a similar range of temperatures during photophase and scotophase, then, thermoregulatory behavior might occur even during the “inactivity phase. ” This nocturnal snake copes with the circadian and seasonal variation of environmental thermal quality through behavior and physiological adjustments.
Global mapping of greenhouse gases retrieved from GOSAT Level 2 products by using a kriging method

Because a synoptic overview facilitates understanding of the temporal and spatial changes in the global distribution of greenhouse gases, we developed a statistical spatial estimation method using kriging. Level 3 (L3) data products for the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation (TANSO) Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) were generated from column-averaged, dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2) and methane (XCH4) TANSO-FTS SWIR Level 2 (L2) products using this method. Although there have been some reports on the use of kriging for analysing GOSAT products, the kriging method used in this research was specifically adapted to the statistical characteristics of GOSAT L2 products. In the context of using data for atmospheric research, spatially interpolated data (GOSAT L3 products) cannot be more accurate than model-simulated global distributions of gas concentrations (GOSAT Level 4B (L4B) products), which are generated using an atmospheric tracer transport model. However, the L3 product takes much less time to generate than the L4B. It would take about a year to produce the L4B after generation of an L2 product. The great advantage of the L3 product is that it gives a comprehensive and reasonable monthly global distribution of gas concentrations with little delay. The L3 product using the kriging method can be generated on a monthly basis by estimating global semi-variogram curves from the L2 products for each month and interpolating spatially within a region with a radius of 1000 km from existing L2 data locations. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology and characteristics of kriging used to generate the GOSAT L3 product, not for strictly scientific use of the estimated values, but for a reasonable global map of gas concentrations derived statistically from the sparsely observed L2 products within a short time frame. The characteristics of this method are compared to XCO2 products simulated with an atmospheric tracer transport model. The results show that the method proposed in this study is of practical use for generating L3 products from L2 products.
Prevention of Post-Partum Hemorrhage: Comparison of Oxytocin and Misoprostol. A Two center study in the Bamenda and Nkwen Health Districts

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the most common obstetrical complications affecting up to 18% of deliveries. Globally, it is responsible for 35 – 55% of peripartum maternal deaths. In Cameroon, the maternal mortality rate is at 406 maternal death per 100,000 live births, with PPH being the leading cause accounting for about 25%. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of misoprostol versus oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in the Bamenda Health District and Nkwen Health District. Methods: This was a hospital-based randomized clinical trial study in the Bamenda Regional Hospital and Nkwen District Hospital. The study was conducted from March 1st to May 31st 2021 including pregnant women who delivered at the maternity at these two hospitals. All their pregnancy was singleton gestation at term and haven given their informed consent. Women with known history of cardiac, renal, hepatic diseases or any coagulopathy, Cesarean delivery were excluded. We randomized 308 participants in a 1:1 ratio to receive 800 μg of oral misoprostol or 10IU of oxytocin intramuscularly during the active management of third stage of labor (AMSTL). The Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and hematocrit (HCT) of the participants were measured before and 24hrs after delivery. Our primary outcome of interest was (Post-Partum Hemorrhage) PPH, defined as Hb change ≥ 1g/dl within 24hrs of delivery. Secondary outcomes included; mean Hb change, Hb change ≥2g/dl (severe PPH). Dichotomous outcomes between study groups were compared by estimating crude relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals. Logistic regression (the chi-square test) was done to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of postpartum hemorrhage, with a level of significance at 5%. Results: After 24hrs, Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) occurred in 41 (26.6%) and 47 (30.5%) participants in the misoprostol and oxytocin groups respectively (RR= 0.87, 95% C.I= 0.61 - 1.24, p=0.449). Severe postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 3 (1.9%) and 5 (3.2%) participants in the misoprostol and oxytocin groups respectively (RR= 0.6, 95% C.I=0.15 - 2.47, p=0.723). Past history of PPH (aOR=10.1 (3.5 – 28.6), p<0.0001), augmentation of labor (aOR=3.4 (1.6 – 7.1), p=0.0011), fetal birth weight ≥3.5Kg (aOR=2.5 (1.3 – 4.8), p=0.0074) and retained products (aOR= 8.4 (4.2 – 16.7), p<0.0001) were risk factors of PPH. Participants in the misoprostol group more commonly experienced shivering (RR 3.2, 95% CI 2.0 - 5.1, p<0.0001) and nausea/vomiting (RR 35.5, 95% CI 8.9 – 142.2, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Oral misoprostol at the dose of 800μg is as effective as 10 IU IM Oxytocin in the prevention of PPH and is a potent alternative to oxytocin. Most common risk factors of PPH are past history of PPH, augmentation of labor, fetal weight ≥ 3.5kg and retained products. Side effects were mostly associated with 800μg of oral Misoprostol.
NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM SUGARCANE SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY WATERLOGGING AND SPLIT N FERTILISER APPLICATION

NITROGEN FERTILISER application to sugarcane soils as surface broadcast or subsurface application can lead to loss of N as gas although the amount and forms of gaseous N loss, including nitrous oxide (NO), remain unclear. We measured NO emissions from a soil (Hydrosol – Humic gley) over 12 months during 2003–2004 from a third ratoon sugarcane crop (Q155) at Rocky Point, south east Queensland. The N treatments consisted of 0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha, as single sub-surface applications of liquid urea, or split-fertiliser application with sub-surface liquid urea and granular ammonium nitrate applied on the row. Experimental flooding was applied to a subset of 0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha (single application) plots soon after the first application of fertiliser and trash blanketing to observe short-term effect of waterlogging on soil NO emissions. Soil NO emissions increased significantly with N fertiliser application rates during wet summer months. The cumulative annual NO emissions were 2.6, 3.6 and 6.6 kg/ha for 0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha, respectively. Timing and application of N fertiliser as split compared to single fertiliser application had no effect on NO emissions for 100 kg N/ha treatments; however, lower NO emissions in split compared to single application of 200kg N/ha fertiliser was observed. The onset of waterlogging to soils increased soil moisture in cane rows for 4–5 weeks compared to non-waterlogged treatments. No effect of waterlogging on NO emissions was observed in the 100 kg N/ha treatment; however, waterlogging of the 200kg N/ha treatment resulted in an increased pulse of NO emissions which lasted nearly three weeks. We estimated that the emission of NO as a percentage of applied fertiliser N varied between 1.2 and 6.7 % thus, indicating that NO emissions from Australian sugarcane soils may be higher and more variable than the emission factor of 1.25% that is currently applied in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGGI).
Meteorological Patterns Associated with Intense Saharan Dust Outbreaks over Greece in Winter

The Mediterranean Basin and southern Europe are often affected by Saharan dust outbreaks, which influence the aerosol load and properties, air quality standards, visibility and human health. The present work examines, mainly of the meteorological point of view, three intense dust outbreaks occurred over Greece with duration of one or two days, on 4 and 6 February and 5-6 March 2009. The synoptic analysis on the dusty days showed the presence of low-pressure systems in the west coasts of Europe and the north Tyrrhenian Sea, respectively, associated with a trough reaching the north African coast. The result of these conditions was the strong surface and mid troposphere winds that carried significant amounts of dust over Greece. During the dusty days extensive cloud cover associated with the dust plume occurred over Greece. The air-mass trajectories showed a clear Saharan origin in all atmospheric levels, while the satellite (MODIS Terra/Aqua) observations as well as the model (DREAM) predictions verified the intense dust outbreaks over eastern Mediterranean and Greece. The ground based particulate matter concentrations in Athens were excessively increased on the dusty days (PM10: 150–560 μg/m3), while significant dry and wet deposition occurred as forecasted by DREAM model.
information from the Rayleigh-Jeans Tail of the CMB

One of the explanations for the recent EDGES-LOW band 21 cm measurements of a strong absorption signal around 80 MHz is the presence of an excess radio background to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Such excess can be produced by the decay of unstable particles into small mass dark photons which have a non-zero mixing angle with electromagnetism. We use the EDGES-LOW band measurements to derive joint constraints on the properties of the early galaxies and the parameters of such a particle physics model for the excess radio background. A Bayesian analysis shows that a high star formation eﬃciency and X-ray emission of 4–7 × 10 48 erg per solar mass in stars are required along with a suppression of star formation in halos with virial temperatures (cid:46) 2 × 10 4 K. The same analysis also suggests a 68 percent credible intervals for the mass of the decaying dark matter particles, it’s lifetime, dark photon mass and the mixing angle of the dark and ordinary photon oscillation of [10 − 3 . 5 , 10 − 2 . 4 ] eV, [10 1 . 1 , 10 2 . 7 ] × 13 . 8 Gyr, [10 − 12 . 2 , 10 − 10 ] eV and [10 − 7 , 10 − 5 . 6 ] respectively. This implies an excess radio background which is ≈ 5 . 7 times stronger than the CMB around 80 MHz. This value is a factor ∼ 3 higher than the previous predictions which used a simpliﬁed model for the 21 cm signal.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Downy and Silver Birch Wood Quality and Stem Features from a Progeny Trial in Southern Sweden

This study investigated whether improved downy birch could perform as well as improved silver birch, and whether there was sufficient genetic variation and control for non-destructive testing (NDT) values to include them as selection traits in breeding programs. NDT tools were applied to a 15-year-old downy birch family trial intermixed with improved silver birch. Average diameters, fissured bark height, and grain angle were higher for silver than downy birch. The genetic analysis for downy birch provided estimates of narrow-sense heritability (h2) for acoustic velocity and Pilodyn penetration depth that were above 0.3 but had low genetic variation. Grain angle had relatively high genetic variability (18%) and an h2 of 0.20. A subsample of 49 trees had 4 mm cores x-rayed for wood density estimates, and 34 stems had 12 mm cores macerated for cell measurements. t-tests revealed that average wood density and cell measurements were not significantly different between species. For silver and downy birch, fiber length and vessel length increased between inner and outer measurement positions, and fiber length was reasonably correlated with acoustic velocity. Silver birch tended to have denser and stiffer wood, while downy birch had less rough bark and straighter grain, and these results are in agreement with existing knowledge. The h2 values were similar to those observed in other birch species and indicate there is potential to breed for improved wood density and grain angle in downy birch.
Gastric Cancer Screening; Current Modalities and Strategies

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide being the 5th most common cancer and the 4th leading cause of cancer death. The most common type of gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma and is divided into two types; cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer. The incidence of non-cardia gastric cancer is declining due to the better detection and treatment of H. pylori which is one of its main risk factors. On the other hand, the incidence of the cardia type is rising due to the increase rate of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Worldwide, mass screening for gastric cancer is not currently implemented due to its variable incidence and cost effectiveness especially in low-risk countries. However, some countries with high incidence of gastric cancer have developed national screening programs which have led to better detection and reduction in mortality. There are different modalities that are approved for screening including upper endoscopy and photofluorography. Additionally, a few serum biomarkers have also been developed for screening which have promising results.
Near-Inertial Wave Propagation into the Pycnocline during Ocean Storms: Observations and Model Comparison

Abstract Observations of near-inertial oscillations collected during the Ocean Storms Experiment in the northeast Pacific Ocean are compared with results from a linear, numerical model on a β plane, developed by Zervakis and Levine. A slab mixed layer model, forced by the observed wind time series, is used to identify three isolated events of local generation in October, January, and March for detailed analysis. Synoptic storm track maps are used to estimate the initial horizontal wavenumber of the mixed layer currents that are used as initial conditions to the modal. A comparison of the modal with the observed currents reveals some differences and similarities. Overall the January and March events are better represented by the model than the October event. The timescale of the initiation of vertical propagation of energy from the mixed layer occurs almost immediately in October rather than after 8 days in January and March-this difference cannot be explained by the model. The observed vertical and tempor.
Exploring the Wnt enhancer landscape in the mammary gland

The mammary gland consists of a network of epithelial ducts surrounded by stromal cells. Proper communication between the epithelial cells and the stroma is important for tissue development and homeostasis. One of the candidate genes that has been linked to stromal-epithelial crosstalk, both in the mammary gland and in other tissues, is Wnt2 . Although we know when and where Wnt2 is expressed in the mammary gland stroma, the molecular mechanisms that control Wnt2 expression are unknown. In this chapter we tested non-coding regulatory DNA sequences for their enhancer activity and link to Wnt2 . We report the identification of a Wnt2 enhancer, located 15.4 kb upstream of Wnt2 . Although follow up is still required, these results will help solve the puzzle of how spatiotemporal expression of Wnt2 is controlled in the mammary gland.
Labrador Basin: Structural and Stratigraphic Style

Abstract Labrador Basin is an immense structural and topographic trough with a broad, deep oceanic basement floor of Late Cretaceous to middle Tertiary age. The basin floor is separated from high-standing North American and Greenland continental domains of old Precambrian crystalline rocks by the cratonic monocline, a narrow zone of variably extended, rifted, subsided cratonic basement. Brittle, upper lithospheric extension of the cratonic monocline was achieved across an articulated array of large and small basement normal faults. Some of these faults may have been reactivated Precambrian-age faults of other dynamic origin. The cratonic monocline contains unconnected, fault-bounded wedges of Lower Cretaceous and lower Upper Cretaceous, syn-rift terrigenous clastics, and some basalt. A very thick, post-rift, seaward-prograding, continental terrace prism of Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic terrigenous clastics oversteps the cratonic monocline in both landward and seaward directions. The terrace prism is divisible into two parts: an Upper Cretaceous - Upper Eocene megasequence deposited during active sea-floor generation in central Labrador Basin; and an Oligocene - Quaternary megasequence deposited after ocean floor spreading. The dominantly fine grained clastics of the drift-phase megasequence were probably derived from widespread erosion of central Canada. Much coarser clastics of the upper part of the post-drift megasequence were eroded from basement rocks of the Labrador margin during and following robust late Tertiary coastal uplift. Some segments of the shelf extended slightly in middle and late Tertiary, prompting detachment and structural adjustment within the terrace prism cover rocks.
Comparison of primary care prescriptions for old and very old hypertensive patients Selcan

Background/aim Elderly and very elderly individuals might be subject to different approaches for the treatment of hypertension. We aimed to compare drug utilization in hypertensive old patients and very old patients in primary care, along with the evaluation of potentially inappropriate drug prescribing. Materials and methods In this cross-sectional study, we compared prescriptions of 65–79-year-old (old patient prescriptions [OPP], n = 433,988) vs. ≥80-year-old (very old patient prescriptions [VOPP], n = 134,079) with “essential hypertension” diagnosis, issued by 3:1 systematically-sampled primary care physicians (n = 1431) in İstanbul throughout 2016. Drug utilization patterns and distribution of antihypertensives based on drug class and combination status were evaluated. Frequency of potentially inappropriate drugs per Beers Criteria were identified and compared. Results Antihypertensive monotherapy practice was less common in OPP than VOPP (43.3% vs. 45.3%; p < 0.001). In both groups, the most commonly prescribed drugs were beta-blockers for monotherapy (37.4% vs. 33.1%, p < 0.001) and thiazide diuretics for combined therapy (69.8% vs. 67.4%, p < 0.001). Metoprolol was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive both in OPP and VOPP (15.3% vs. 14.8%). Furosemide was ranked 10th in OPP and 3rd in VOPP (2.7% vs. 5.5%). Cardiovascular system drugs were the most commonly encountered potentially inappropriate medications in both groups (263.9 vs. 283.4 per 10,000 prescriptions, p = 0.004). Regarding antihypertensive drugs, 2.2% of those in OPP and 2.4% of those in VOPP were identified as potentially inappropriate (p = 0.002). Conclusion Prescribing preferences to old and very old patients mostly showed slight differences. Almost half of prescriptions comprising antihypertensive monotherapy might imply hesitancy to prescribe combinations. Overuse of risky drugs such as furosemide in both groups, especially in the very elderly, requires more attention.
Opportunism Problems of Colluding Manufacturers

With two exclusive manufacturer-retailer pairs and secret contracting, we show that manufacturer collusion can be infeasible. Crucially, we establish that the stability of collusion depends on retailers’ beliefs about their competitor’s wholesale price oﬀers. We demonstrate that beliefs that depend on the history of wholesale prices can enable collusion. With a new set of beliefs that match the manufacturers’ trigger strategies, collusion is even renegotiation-proof under a novel condition of opportunism-proofness. We show that these beliefs, however, are too inﬂexible to allow for the formation of manufacturer collusion, and we introduce adaptive beliefs that allow for successful cartel formation.