Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Brief History of Bank Capital Requirements in the United States

Modern capital requirements can appear to be overly complex, but they reflect centuries of practical experience, compromises between different regulators, and legal and financial systems that developed over time. This Commentary provides a historical perspective on current discussions of capital requirements by looking at how the understanding of bank capital and the regulations regarding its use have changed over time.
Study of p53 expression in premalignant squamous epithelial lesions of cervix

Every year in India, 1,22,844 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 67,477 die from the disease. Cervical cancer is the most common cause of death in cancer in the developing countries and hence a lot of emphasis is being placed on developing methods for early detection. Among the cancers attributable to high-risk HPV infection, cervical cancer has received the most attention and HPV-16, -18, 31, -45 accounts for more than 90% of cervical carcinomas.
Measurements of Frequency Dependent Soil Properties with an Improved Measurement Device

In order to collect a large amount of measurement data on soil electrical properties, a convenient measurement device should be created. Previously, a prototype of such a device was presented. Also, several improvements were suggested for the measurement device. These improvements were taken into account and described in the present article. In addition, measurements with different electrode arrays were conducted and experimental results are presented. It was found that electromagnetic coupling effects similar to those previously obtained only with calculations, indeed take place during measurements. During measurements, several drawbacks of the measurement device were found and further improvements were suggested in the article.
The effect of different preparation methods on the development of chitosan/thyme oil/montmorillonite nanocomposite active packaging films

The globally increasing needs for food quantity and quality led industries to invest in packaging methods that enhance the shelf life and quality of foods. Also, the effort to avoid the use of petrochemical or chemical derivatives in the production‐chain increased the exploitation of by‐products and biomass. In this work, the raw materials such as montmorillonite (Mt), the chitosan (CS) which is a sea‐food byproduct, and the natural essential oil extract thyme oil (TO) were combined via two different methods for the development of an advanced nanocomposite active packaging film for foods. In the first method, the so‐called “Solution‐Blending” (SB), a CS/TO solution was blended with sodium–montmorillonite (NaMt) or organomodified‐montmorillonite (OrgMt). In the second method, the so‐called “ModifiedClay” (MC), the TO was adsorbed into NaMt or OrgMt and the produced hybrid was added to CS. The tests indicated that nanocomposite films which were prepared via the MC method are promising materials for active packaging films. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nowadays, a lot of effort is spent on finding advanced food conservation methods which extend shelf time, increase quality, and vanish the food odor problems. This study shows that films which are prepared via the modified clay method exhibit high antioxidant behavior and high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. Also, tests on under‐vacuum packaged chicken breast fillets exhibit low lipid oxidation values. Thus, these films/pads are promising for active packaging applications of meat and other food products.
Comparison of the efficacy of Solifenacin Succinate and Tolterodine for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome

Background : Overactive Bladder Syndrome(OAB) is not an uncommon problem. Although exact incidence of this disease in our country is not known but a significant number of people suffering from this disease seek treatment at the Urology department of different hospitals. At present two common antimuscarinic drug Solifenacin Succinate and Tolterodine are available in our country for the treatment of OAB. Objective : To compare the efficacy of Solifenacin Succinate and Tolterodine to treat OAB. Methodology : This hospital based randomized control trial was conducted in the Department of Urology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka and a private hospital from January 2009 to December 2010 to compare the efficacy of two new generation antimuscarinics, Solifenacin succinate and Tolterodine at their recommended doses for the treatment of OAB. Results : After 3 months of treatment it has clearly shown that Solifenacin is more effective in reducing OAB symptoms compared with extended release preparation of Tolterodine. This include statistically significant reduction in episodes of frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, nocturia and significant improvement of voided volume. Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.8(2) January 2017: 231-234
Financial disclosure readability and innovative firms' cost of debt

Correspondence Arvid O. I. Hoffmann, University of Adelaide Business School, 10 Pulteney Street, SA 5005, Adelaide, Australia. Email: arvid.hoffmann@adelaide.edu. au Abstract Innovative firms confront potential lenders with various risks, including possible innovation failure, uncertain R&D investment payoffs, cash flow volatility, and low collateral value of hard-to-value intangible assets. As a result, these firms might struggle to obtain financing. More readable financial disclosures could mitigate the informational risk around innovative firms' fundamentals, ease their monitoring by lenders, and thus ultimately reduce these firms' cost of debt. In this regard, we find that while all firms can overcome information uncertainty about their firm fundamentals and reduce their spreads by having more readable financial disclosures, there is an additional benefit in terms of readability further lowering the cost of debt for innovative firms. The additional benefit that innovative firms can achieve from having more readable financial disclosures, however, is limited to situations of more pronounced information asymmetry where there is no previous lending relationship.
Visceral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta in the New Zealand Rabbit: Ten Different Patterns

La aorta abdominal del conejo ha sido objeto de estudio e investigacion para desarrollar nuevas plataformas de entrenamiento para protocolos diagnosticos y terapeuticos asi como para probar las virtudes de materiales y equipos endovasculares, sin embargo, existen muy pocas descripciones en la literatura de las ramas viscerales que emergen de la aorta abdominal en esta especie. Las variaciones anatomicas son eventos de ocurrencia comun y por lo tanto deben ser considerados para realizar investigacion y ensayos clinicos. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido describir los diferentes patrones que pueden presentar las ramas viscerales que emergen de la aorta abdominal en el conejo.
Looking After Children in the UK—Convergence or Divergence?

Comparative child welfare administrative data from each of the four jurisdictions of the UK (Scotland, England, Northern Ireland and Wales) was analysed over a ten-year period to examine rates and patterns of public care. Scotland followed by Wales has the highest rates of children in out-of-home care followed by England and NI with similar lower proportions. Despite strong links between deprivation and higher chances of becoming looked this national variation appears more a reflection of differing legal and operational practice than higher levels of need for public care. Notwithstanding differing devolution settlements, a convergence in the direction of policy across the UK towards early intervention, extensive use of kinship care and adoption as an exit route from public care is apparent. This convergence is most apparent in the increased entry of very young children to public care in Scotland, NI and Wales. The lack of any systematic collection of data by governments on the social and economic conditions of children reflects a missed opportunity to examine separately their influence on rates of children in public care.
Factors Affecting Learning Achievement of the 2nd Year Medical Cadet at Phramongkutklao College of Medicine in Medical Physiology Course

Background: Teaching and learning processes in physiology course at Phramongkutklao College of Medicine (PCM) has been developed to effectively facilitate students’ learning. Furthermore, PCM’s medical curriculum will be reformed in academic year 2016. Therefore, it is necessary to make understand and focus on the factors affecting learning outcome. Objective: To describe learning achievement and their affecting factors in physiology course of the 2nd year PCM medical cadets. Methods: A total of 104 medical cadets enrolled the study in the 1st semester of the academic year 2015. The data were collected through a self-report questionnaires and educational scores in physiology course. Results: A mean and a standard deviation of educational scores were 70.35(7.60). Fifty-six medical cadets were classified as the above mean value group and the rest forty-eight were classified as below mean value group. The former group had 1st year GPA significantly higher than the latter group. The 1st examination score and educational scores were significantly correlated with 1st year GPA. Medical cadets who lived outside Bangkok and vicinity were more likely to have educational scores below mean value. The factors that affected with learning achievement at the beginning of the course were self, medical cadets’ adaptation for military environment, lecturers’ characteristics, instructional system and learning/teaching process, respectively. At the end of the course, medical cadets’ adaptation were developed leading to improve learning achievement. Conclusion: The reform of PCM’s medical curriculum is proposed to facilitate medical cadets’ learning and the factors affected learning achievement should be appropriate administered. ปจจยทมผลตอผลสมฤทธทางการเรยนในรายวชาสรรวทยาของ นกเรยนแพทยทหาร วทยาลยแพทยศาสตรพระมงกฎเกลา ชนปท 2 ความเปนมา กระบวนการเรยนการสอนรายวชาสรรวทยาทวทยาลยแพทยศาสตรพระมงกฎเกลา ( วพม .) ไดรบการพฒนาเพอใหการ เรยนรมประสทธภาพ ประกอบกบในปการศกษา 2559 จะมการปรบปรงหลกสตรของ วพม . ดงนนจงจ ำ เปนทจะตองเขาใจและให ความส ำ คญกบปจจยทมผลตอผลการเรยนร วตถประสงค เพอประเมนผลสมฤทธทางการเรยนและปจจยทมผลตอการเรยนของ นกเรยนแพทยทหาร วพม . ในรายวชาสรรวทยา วธการ ศกษาในนกเรยนแพทยทหารทงหมด 104 นาย ในภาคการศกษาท 1 ปการ ศกษา 2559 โดยใชแบบสอบถามและคะแนนผลการศกษารายวชาสรรวทยา ผลการศกษา คะแนนเฉลยและสวนเบยงเบนมาตรฐาน ของผลการศกษารายวชาสรรวทยาเทากบ 70.35 (7.60) นกเรยนแพทยทหาร 56 นาย มคะแนนผลการศกษาสงกวาคาเฉลยและได เกรดเฉลยสะสมในชนปท 1 สงกวากลมทมคะแนนนอยกวาคาเฉลยซงมจ ำ นวน 48 นาย คะแนนการสอบครงท 1 และผลการศกษา รายวชาสรรวทยามความสมพนธกบเกรดเฉลยสะสมในชนปท 1 อยางมนยส ำ คญทางสถต นกเรยนแพทยทหารทมาจากตางจงหวด เสยงทจะไดคะแนนนอยกวาคาคะแนนเฉลย ปจจยทมผลตอผลสมฤทธทางการเรยนเมอเรมเรยนไดแก ตนเอง การปรบตวเขากบสง แวดลอมแบบทหาร อาจารย กระบวนการจดการเรยนการสอน ตามล ำ ดบ เมอจบรายวชานกเรยนแพทยทหารปรบตวไดมผลท ำ ให ผลสมฤทธทางการเรยนดขน สรป การปรบปรงหลกสตรแพทยศาสตรบณฑตของ วพม . และปจจยทมผลตอผลสมฤทธทางการ เรยนควรจะไดรบการบรหารจดการอยางเหมาะสมเพอสงเสรมการเรยนรของนกเรยนแพทยทหาร
The Real Effects of Trend-Seeking and Extrapolation: Evidence from M&As

We study earnings surprises disclosed hours before M&A announcements in which both merging firms operate in the same 1-digit SIC as the earnings-releasing firms. These surprises correlate with the acquirers’ M&A announcement return. Consistent with behavioral theory, one week after the M&A announcement, acquirers’ response to the earnings surprises disappears. While acquirers’ stock misvaluation is transitory, other effects to the M&A process are permanent. Larger earnings surprises are related to increases in bid competition, in takeover premiums, and in withdrawn M&As. These results indicate that behavioral biases, characterized by trend-seeking and extrapolation, generate material distortions in some M&A transactions.
Ecotype Simulation 2: An improved algorithm for efficiently demarcating microbial species from large sequence datasets

Background Microbial systematists have used molecular cutoffs to classify the vast diversity present within a natural microbial community without invoking ecological theory. The use of ecological theory is needed to identify whether or not demarcated groups are the ecologically distinct, fundamental units (ecotypes), necessary for understanding the system. Ecotype Simulation, a Monte-Carlo approach to modeling the evolutionary dynamics of a microbial population based on the Stable Ecotype Model of microbial speciation, has proven useful for finding these fundamental units. For instance, predicted ecotypes of Synechococcus forming microbial mats in Yellowstone National Park hot springs, which were previously considered to be a single species based on phenotype, have been shown to be ecologically distinct, with specialization to different temperature and light levels. Unfortunately, development of high-throughput DNA sequencing methods has outpaced the ability of the program to analyze all of the sequence data produced. Results We developed an improved version of the program called Ecotype Simulation 2, which can rapidly analyze alignments of very large sequence datasets. For instance, while the older version takes days to analyze 200 sequences, the new version can analyze 1.92 × 105 sequences in about six hours. The faster simulation identified similar ecotypes as found with the slower version, but from larger amounts of sequence data. Conclusions Based on ecological theory, Ecotype Simulation 2 provides a much-needed approach that will help guide microbial ecologists and systematists to the natural, fundamental units of bacterial diversity.
Entrepreneurial behaviours and managerial approach of lifestyle entrepreneurs in surf tourism: an exploratory study

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to explore the managerial approach and the entrepreneurial behaviours of tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs with a focus on the niche market of surf sports schools. This study was carried out in Sardinia, a Mediterranean island and an emerging destination in surf tourism. Data were mainly derived from semi-structured interviewees with 22 entrepreneurs in combination with participant observation. Lifestyle entrepreneurs were found to be innovative, proactive in taking business decisions while tending to be neither risk-takers nor competitive. Moreover, cooperation between competitors was notable. The results also highlighted that many entrepreneurs seized a business opportunity mainly for personal reasons related to enjoying a good lifestyle, being in an attractive natural and human environment, and seeking autonomy at work. Furthermore, the findings revealed travel experience, an inclination towards mobility, and an informal managerial approach.
The boundaries of care: education policy interventions for vulnerable children

This chapter interrogates a growing vision of schools as sites of care and support for vulnerable children, especially in the context of HIV/AIDS. The chapter is based on two research activities: a desk review of projects working in the area of schools in the context of HIV/AIDS and poverty (Hoadley 2006); and documentation of a particular project in the Free State province of South Africa (Hoadley 2007). The author also considers the South African policy framework for schools and vulnerable children. The chapter begins by sketching out some of the major education policies pertaining to vulnerable children, especially in the context of HIV and AIDS. It then offers three cautionary notes in relation to the thrust of these policies, and those programmes attempting to implement them. The first is a consideration of the context of implementation – the schooling system. The second is the resourcing of these policies. The third considers policy visions of schools and teachers. How schools and teachers are conceptualised both in policies and programmes is problematised. The misalignment between the policies around schools and vulnerable children, the resourcing of these policies and their contexts of implementation as well as the implications for thinking about expanded roles for schools and teachers are brought into relief.
First Trimester Placental Volume and Vascular Indices by 3D Ultrasonography and 3D Power Doppler in Pregestational Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Pregnant Patients

Background: 3D power Doppler ultrasonography enables the quantitative analysis of the region observed through vascular indices as VI (vascularization index), FI (flow index) and VFI (vascularization flow index), which show the quantity of vessels, the local blood flow and their combination and placental volume. These indices can be calculated using VOCAL program. Aim of the Study: This study aimed at comparing placental volume and vascular indices using 3D ultrasonography and 3D power Doppler in pregestational diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women at the first trimester (11th week and 13th week). Patients and Methods: This current study was conducted at Antenatal care Clinic in cooperation with "the feto-maternal Unit for ultrasound assessment", Ain-Shams University Maternity Hospital during the period between November 2015 and April 2017, on 46 women at the eleventh 11th week and thirteen 13th week of gestation. They were divided into two groups: Group (A) included 23 women with pregestational diabetes mellitus and group (B) included 23 non-diabetic pregnant women as a control group after respecting certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between pregestational diabetic and non - diabetic group as regard placental volume and vascular indices (VI, FI and VFI). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference as regard placental volume and vascular indices (FI,VI and VFI) in pregestational diabetic compared to non-diabetic pregnant patients at the first trimester of pregnancy especially with good glycemic control but changes may be present with poor glycaemic control. Recommendations: Further studies are recommend as regard evaluating placental volume and vascular indices (FI,VI and VFI) in pregestational diabetic at the second and the third trimester of pregnancy giving more time for the pathological effect of diabetes mellitus to appear.
The minimal effective volume (MEAV 95) for interscalene brachial plexus block for surgical anesthesia under sedation: A prospective observational dose finding study

ABSTRACT Background: Interscalene brachial plexus (ISB) block is routinely used to provide anesthesia and analgesia for shoulder surgery. Traditional local anesthetic volumes for ISB result in near universal ipsilateral phrenic nerve paresis potentially including oxygenation and ventilation. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the lowest minimal effective anesthetic volume in 95% of patients (MEAV 95) of ropivacaine 0.75% for ISB that provides surgical anesthesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Methods: Prospective observational cohort study in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery under ISB (C6 level) with sedation. The dose finding protocol used the Narayana rule for up/down sequential allocation to estimate the MEAV 95 of ropivacaine 0.75%. Successful ISB was defined as complete absence of pinprick sensation in the C5 and C6 dermatomes 30 min postblock. Secondary outcomes assessed included ability to complete surgery with propofol sedation, change in slow vital capacity, room air oxygen saturation postblock, block duration, ISB complications, and numeric rating scale for pain immediately after surgery. Results: The study was stopped early due to futility. Among 225 participants approached, 54 consented to participate. The MEAV 95 for ultrasound-guided ISB of ropivacaine 0.75% for shoulder surgery was unable to be accurately estimated. Local anesthetic volumes between 5 and 20 ml did not influence any of the predefined secondary outcomes. Conclusions: The MEAV 95 (at 30 min) of ropivacaine 0.75% for ultrasound-guided ISB exceeds the local anesthetic volumes that consistently produces hemidiaphragmatic impairment. ISB cannot be guaranteed to provide surgical anesthesia at 30 min without the potential for concomitant phrenic nerve block.
Patterns of thermal adaptation in a worldwide plant pathogen: local diversity and plasticity reveal two-tier dynamics

Plant pathogen populations inhabit patchy environments with contrasting, variable thermal conditions. We investigated the diversity of thermal responses in populations sampled over contrasting spatiotemporal scales, to improve our understanding of their dynamics of adaptation to local conditions. Samples of natural populations of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici were collected from sites within the Euro-Mediterranean region subject to a broad range of environmental conditions. We tested for local adaptation, by accounting for the diversity of responses at the individual and population levels on the basis of key thermal performance curve parameters and ‘thermotype’ (groups of individuals with similar thermal responses) composition. The characterisation of phenotypic responses and genotypic structure revealed: (i) a high degree of individual plasticity and variation in sensitivity to temperature conditions across spatiotemporal scales and populations; (ii) geographic adaptation to local mean temperature conditions, with major alterations due to seasonal patterns over the wheat-growing season. The seasonal shifts in functional composition suggest that populations are locally structured by selection, contributing to shape adaptation patterns. Further studies combining selection experiments and modelling are required to determine how functional group selection drives population dynamics and adaptive potential in response to thermal heterogeneity.
Effect of thermal conductivity of ceramic compact on the porous structures of foamed bodies via direct-foaming method

ABSTRACT The effect of the thermal conductivity of ceramic compact on the porous structure of a foamed body formed by the direct foaming process was investigated. In order to change the thermal conductivity of the ceramic compact, three types of ceramic powder (alumina, mullite, and cordierite) with different particle sizes were used. These ceramic powders were mixed with powdered resol resin, which is a foamable thermoset resin used as both a foaming agent and binder for the ceramic powders. Ceramic compacts were prepared from the mixed starting ceramic and resol powders by press molding, and then characterized by thermal conductivity. The foamed bodies were produced from the ceramic compacts by heating to the resol foaming temperature to produce porous structures. The pore structures of the foamed bodies were strongly affected by differences in thermal conductivity in the ceramic compacts.
Amino Acids Content Comparison with Different Processing Methods (Cook, Raw and Fermented) and Inclusion Levels of Delonix regia in Formulated Fish Diets

This study investigated the effects of different processing methods of Delonix regia seeds on amino acids composition of experimental diets. Ten isonitrogenous diets (40% crude protein) were formulated with cooked, raw and fermented Delonix regia seeds at 0% (Control), 10%, 20% and 30% inclusion levels respectively. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance, significant differences in means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. All the essential amino acids (lysine, arginine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine) differs significantly among the treatments except histidine which was statistically similar (P > 0.05) across the dietary treatments. The activity of essential and non- essential amino acid concentration was higher in cooked than the fermented and raw Delonix regia seeds. It was concluded that cooked Delonix regia seeds at 10% inclusion levels had the highest activities of essential and non-essential amino acids and could be used to supplement conventional feedstuff for livestock especially in fish nutrition and bioenergetics.