Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shared Shared Task-specificTask-specific Loss Distillation Classification Distillation

Deep neural networks are known to suffer from catastrophic forgetting in class-incremental learning, where the performance on previous tasks drastically degrades when learning a new task. To alleviate this effect, we propose to leverage a continuous and large stream of unlabeled data in the wild. In particular, to leverage such transient external data effectively, we design a novel class-incremental learning scheme with (a) a new distillation loss, termed global distillation, (b) a learning strategy to avoid overfitting to the most recent task, and (c) a sampling strategy for the desired external data. Our experimental results on various datasets, including CIFAR and ImageNet, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed methods over prior methods, particularly when a stream of unlabeled data is accessible: we achieve up to 9.3% of relative performance improvement compared to the state-of-the-art method.
Feasibility of airborne imaging spectrometry for lake monitoring—a case study of spatial chlorophyll a distribution in two meso-eutrophic lakes

The spatial distribution of the sum of chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a concentrations (chl-a) under light wind (0–2 m s−1) conditions was studied in two lakes with an AISA airborne imaging spectrometer. Chl-a was interpreted from AISA radiance data using an algorithm based on the near-infrared (700–710 nm) to red (660–665 nm) ratio. The results of Lake Lohjanjärvi demonstrate that the use of one monitoring station can result in over- or underestimation by 29–34% of the overall chl-a compared with an AISA-based estimation. In Lake Hiidenvesi, the AISA-based estimation for the mean chl-a with 95% confidence limits was 25.19±2.18 µg l−1. The use of AISA data together with chl-a measured at 15 in situ sampling stations decreased the relative standard error of the mean chl-a estimation from 20.2% to 4.0% compared with the use of 15 discrete samples only. The relative standard error of the mean chl-a using concentrations at the three routine monitoring stations was 15.9 µg l−1 (63.1%). The minimum and maximum chl-a in Lake Hiidenvesi were 2 and 101 µg l−1, 6 and 70 µg l−1 and 11 and 66 µmg l−1, estimated using AISA data, data from 15 in situ stations and data from three routine in situ stations, respectively.
Prevalence of Extended-spectrum and AmpC Beta-lactamases Producing STEC in Bovine Diarrhoea Cases in West Bengal, India

Escherichia coli are important commensal with pathogenic potentiality in bovine neonates and may cause intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. Different enteric pathogens such as E. coli may remain associated with bovine diarrhoea which is a multifactorial menace. Possession of antimicrobial resistance genes by these commensal or pathogens associated with diarrhea makes the issue more serious. The study was aimed to detect the occurrence and characterize extended-spectrum (ESBL) and AmpC (ACBL) beta-lactamases producing pathogenic E. coli (STEC) in diarrhoeal faecal samples collected from bovines. All the E. coli strains (13/21, 61.9%) isolated from bovine diarrhoea cases (n=21) were found to be ESBL producers. In total, 11 (84.6%) isolates were positive in cefoxitin– cloxacillin double-disc synergy (CC-DDS) test for AmpC production and the isolates were also confirmed by PCR for blaAmpC. Any of the E. coli isolates were not carrying the class I integrons but 7 (53.8%) of those isolates were found to possess theSTEC gene, eaeA (responsible for causing diarrhoea) as revealed in PCR assays. All the ESBL producing E. coli isolates showed a high level of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ampicillin/cloxacillin, cefotaxime, cefepime, cefoperazone (100%), cefoxitin (84.6%) and tetracycline (61.5%) whereas Ertapenem (92.3%), and enrofloxacin (84.6%) were intermediately sensitive against these pathogens. All the isolates were susceptible to amikacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and doxycycline. K e y w o r d s
Environmental Disclosures in Annual Reports: the Nigerian Perspective

The Niger Delta area of Nigeria has been plagued with serious oil prospecting and production related environmental hazards with its attendant protest(involving armed struggle against the Nigerian state and Oil Companies). The social, political and security implication of corporate environmental neglect is thus a common knowledge in Nigeria. This study investigates the degree of lessons learnt by companies in Nigeria with regards to their attitude towards the environment. The study examines annual report disclosures of environmental information of 20 companies from 10 sectors( out of the 27 listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange) that represent industries widely recognized to have environmental problems, and these are Breweries; Chemical and Paints; Conglomerate; Construction; Food/Beverages and Tobacco; Health Care; Industrial/Domestic Products; Packaging; Petroleum Product Marketing; and Textile. The period of investigation covers the five – year ended December, 2006. Of the 100 annual accounts examined; 27 have short qualitative discussion of less than a page on environmental disclosures; 5 have extended qualitative discussion of a page and above; none has a footnote discussion; 17 articulate the environmental policies adopted; 10 have had improvement since adoption of policy; and 22 claimed positive response to environmental related government policies. Analysis also reveals that only 7 out of the 20 companies spread over 6 out of the 10 sectors examined provided one form of disclosure or the other. The companies are also mainly multinationals operating in Nigeria with their action more likely to be parent company policy driven because environmental information disclosure is not mandatory in Nigeria. This present study is considered a marked improvement over an earlier study for the five – year ended December, 1999 where the overall disclosure rate was 11%.
Do Fiscal Rules Matter?

Fiscal rules are laws aimed at reducing the incentive to accumulate debt, and many countries adopt them to discipline local governments. Yet, their effectiveness is disputed because of commitment and enforcement problems. We study their impact applying a quasi-experimental design in Italy. In 1999 the central government imposed fiscal rules on municipal governments, and in 2001 relaxed them below 5,000 inhabitants. We exploit the before/after and discontinuous policy variation, and show that relaxing fiscal rules increases deficit and lowers taxes. The effect is larger if the mayor can be reelected, the number of parties is higher, and voters are older.
Retrovisore Looking in the French Mirror by

In this brief note I highlight three key models of relationship between economics and new economic sociology, useful to make sense of Mark Granovetter’s introduction to the French edition of his essays. I also argue that these models are useful to interpret both the evolution and the diversity of New Economic Sociology and that they require a focus on social networks, albeit with a different emphasis.
MAGNETAR OUTBURSTS FROM AVALANCHES OF HALL WAVES AND CRUSTAL FAILURES

We explore the interaction between Hall waves and mechanical failures inside a magnetar crust, using detailed one-dimensional models that consider temperature-sensitive plastic flow, heat transport, and cooling by neutrino emission, as well as the coupling of the crustal motion to the magnetosphere. We find that the dynamics is enriched and accelerated by the fast, short-wavelength Hall waves that are emitted by each failure. The waves propagate and cause failures elsewhere, triggering avalanches. We argue that these avalanches are the likely sources of outbursts in transient magnetars.
Improving Sugarcane Productivity through Single Eye Bud Settling by Adopting Different Inter and Intra Row Spacing of Sugarcane

India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil cultivated sugarcane on 4.73 million hectares area with production of 376 million tonnes of sugarcane, 32.32 million tonnes of sugar and 10.73 % sugar recovery with an average productivity 79.60 t/ha during 2017-18 (Anonymous, 2019). Gujarat state cultivating sugarcane crop on area of 1.82 lakh hectares with production of 120.52 lakh tonnes of sugarcane and 10.67 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 10 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Incorporation of Iraqi Rocks in the Production of Eco-Friendly Cement Mortar

Cement Mortar, Kaolin, Flint, eco-friendly mortars. This work reports on the incorporation of Flint and Kaolin rocks powders in the cement mortar in an attempt to improve its mechanical properties and produce an eco-friendly mortar. Flint and Kaolin powders are prepared by dry mechanical milling. The two powders are added separately to the mortars substituting cement partially. The two powders are found to improve the mechanical properties of the mortars. Hardness and compressive strength are found to increase with the increase of powders constituents in the cement mortars. In addition, the two powders affect water absorption and thermal conductivity of the mortar specimens which are desirable for construction applications. Kaolin is found to have a greater effect on the mechanical properties, water absorption, and thermal conductivity of the mortars than Flint. This behavior is discussed and analyzed based on the compositional and structural properties of the rocks powders. How to cite this article: R. S. Mahdi, A. B. AL-Zubaidi, and H. N. Hashim, “Incorporation of Iraqi Rocks in the Production of Eco-Friendly Cement Mortar,” Engineering and Technology Journal, Vol. 38, Part A, No. 10, pp. 1522-1530, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i10A. 1479
Cool : Tagging for Time , Task and Emotion

This paper examines the use of non subject related tags in three social bookmarking tools (Del.icio.us, Connotea and Citeulike). Previous studies of Del.icio. us and Citeulike determined that many common tags are not directly subject related but are in fact affective tags dwelling on a user's emotional response to a document or are time and task related tags related to a users current projects or activities. A set of non subject tags from the previous studies was used to collect posts with non subject tags from the three listed social bookmarking tools. These tags have been analysed to examine their role in the tagging process.
Prospect Theory and the Disposition Effect

Abstract This paper shows that prospect theory is unlikely to explain the disposition effect. Prospect theory predicts that the propensity to sell a stock declines as its price moves away from the purchase price in either direction. Trading data, on the other hand, show that the propensity to sell jumps at zero return, but it is approximately constant over a wide range of losses and increasing or constant over a wide range of gains. Further, the pattern of realized returns does not seem to stem from optimal after-tax portfolio rebalancing, a belief in mean-reverting returns, or investors acting on target prices.
Socioeconomic inequalities in unhealthy lifestyles in low- and middle-income countries

Background: The heavy and ever rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) warrants interventions to reduce unhealthy lifestyles. To effectively target these interventions, it is important to know how unhealthy lifestyles vary with socioeconomic characteristics. This study quantifies prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in unhealthy lifestyles in LMICs, to identify policy priorities conducive to the Sustainable Development Goal of a one third reduction in deaths from NCDs by 2030.Methods: Data from 1,278,624 adult respondents to Demographic & Health Surveys across 22 LMICs between 2013 and 2018 are used to estimate crude prevalence rates and socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco use, overweight, harmful alcohol use and the clustering of these three in a household. Inequalities are measured by a concentration index and correlated with the percentage of GDP spent on health. We estimate a multilevel model to examine associations of individual characteristics with different unhealthy lifestyles.Results: The prevalence of tobacco use among men ranges from 59.6% (Armenia) to 6.6% (Nigeria). The highest level of overweight among women is 83.7% (Egypt) while this is less than 12% in Burundi, Chad and Timor-Leste. 82.5% of women in Burundi report that their partner is “often or sometimes drunk” compared to 1.3% in Gambia. Tobacco use is concentrated among the poor, except for the low share of men smoking in Nigeria. Overweight, however, is concentrated among the better off, especially in Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Erreygers Index (EI) 0.227 and 0.232). Harmful alcohol use is more concentrated among the better off in Nigeria (EI 0.127), while Chad, Rwanda and Togo show an unequal pro-poor distribution (EI respectively -0.147, -0.210, -0.266). Cambodia exhibits the largest socioeconomic inequality in unhealthy household behaviour (EI -0.253). The multilevel analyses confirm that in LMICs, tobacco and alcohol use are largely concentrated among the poor, while overweight is concentrated among the better-off.Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of unhealthy lifestyles in LMICs and the socioeconomic variation therein. Given the different socioeconomic patterns in unhealthy lifestyles - overweight patters in LMICs differ considerably from those in high income countries- tailored interventions towards specific high-risk populations are warranted.
A Note on the Regularity of Weak Solutions to the 3-D MHD Equations 1

In this note we study the regularity criteria for weak solutions to the 3-D MHD equations. It is proved that if u ∈ X which is the closure of C([0 ,T ]×R 3 )i nC([0 ,T ];L 3,∞ ), or u ∈ L s (0,T; ˙ Mp,q(R 3 )) with 2 s + 3 =
The great Chinese transformation: From the third to the first world

In the era of irreversible globalisation, the worldwide economic and political rules of play must take into account of the growing importance of China. Rather than fight the country, one should pragmatically cooperate on solving the mounting global problems. Contemporarily, both China should adapt to the external world and the world itself should adapt to China. There is no possibility of imposing on it a model developed elsewhere, especially that these days liberal democracy is experiencing a systemic crisis in many countries. Neither is there a chance to impose the Chinese model on others, though it seems tempting to a country; it is not an exportable ‘commodity,’ but its elements may prove useful elsewhere. China is not aiming for global domination; instead, it is consistently integrating with the world to maintain its own development. The only reasonable way forward is thorough observation, mutual learning and pragmatic collaboration based on the non-orthodox economic thought.
Effect of Naturally Fermented Sweet Orange ( Citrus sinensis ) Fruit Peel Meal on Performance and Economics of Production of Growing Pullets

The study evaluated the nutritional potential of graded levels of 48-hour fermented sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel meal in the diets of growing pullets. One hundred and twenty 8-weekold Nera black pullets were assigned in a completely randomized design to experimental diets in which SOFPM substituted maize at 0, 10, 20 and 30%. The study lasted 12 weeks. The diets were F0, F10, F20 and F30. Daily feed intake were 65.15, 65.43, 65.61 and 65.09g/bird and was not significantly different (p>0.05). The corresponding daily weight gains were not significantly different (p>0.05) but were depressed with increase in SOFPM in the diet. FCR was significantly different (p<0.05). Substitution of maize with SOFPM significantly (p<0.05) reduced feed cost per 25kg, feed/cost bird and cost of production while it decreased efficiency of feed utilization for growth. Nevertheless, SOFPM is a potential feedstuff that could substitute maize at up to 20% in growing pullets’ diet when fermented for 48 hours.
A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE INDUSTRY SPECIALIST AUDIT FEE PREMIUM

This paper analyzes the effects of using various definitions and measures of auditor industry specialization in empirical audit research. Industry specialist (ISP) auditors are auditors who have developed a specific expertise in their industry and who are therefore able to provide higher quality audits. This industry expertise provides them with a superior reputation and allows them to obtain an industry specialist fee premium. On a sample of 29,726 US-listed firms over the 2000-2010 period, we computed and compared 35 ISP measures. We find that the use of different definitions of auditor industry specialization results in inconsistent classifications of audit firms as specialists (or not) in a given industry. We further demonstrate that this lack of consistency between ISP measures is significant and represents a serious measurement issue as it questions the validity of the ISP fee premium estimates. We find that the results regarding the significance, sign and magnitude of the fee premium paid to ISP auditors are strongly dependent on the choice of the ISP measure. Our analysis suggests that the measures of industry specialization employed in empirical research have a low degree of internal and external construct validity.
When Expert Disagreement Supports the Consensus

ABSTRACT It is often suggested that disagreement among scientific experts is a reason not to trust those experts, even about matters on which they are in agreement. In direct opposition to this view, I argue here that the very fact that there is disagreement among experts on a given issue provides a positive reason for non-experts to trust that the experts really are justified in their attitudes towards consensus theories. I show how this line of thought can be spelled out in three distinct frameworks for non-deductive reasoning: namely, Bayesian Confirmation Theory, Inference to the Best Explanation, and Inferential Robustness Analysis.
THE EFFECT OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE

The primary goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and corporate performance by focusing on the characteristics of board members. For this purpose, the diversity in the educational background, and the education level of board members, were utilized as indicators of intellectual capital, while gender diversity was also used as a characteristic of members on the board of directors.The study population consisted of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2011 to 2017. The research method was descriptive-correlational and the relationship between research variables was explained using regression models based on the panel data.The findings suggested that the intellectual capital of the board of directors in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange did not have any effect on their performance in practice. Therefore, according to the results of the study, managers should be appointed irrespective of their gender, because gender diversity has no effect on the performance of companies competing in Iran business environment.
Quick identification of lead user innovations via semantic analysis of web postings

Prior research has established that lead users, both industrial and consumer, innovate ahead of general market demand. Producers have an interest in identifying and selectively commercializing innovations developed by lead users, but many have been deterred from making this a regular practice by the difficulty and cost of lead user identification methods developed to date. In this paper, we describe a method based upon semantic network analytic and memory model techniques for efficient identification of lead user innovations. The data used are “usergenerated content” found on thousands of websites that have been made openly available to all. In a test-of-concept application, we test the new method in kiteboarding equipment, a consumer product category. We describe our method in detail, and demonstrate that it is possible to identify a sample of commercially-valuable lead user innovations with a one-or two-person team over the course of a week. We suggest that this same method will be found generally applicable to identification of lead user innovations in other consumer product categories both large and small. We conclude with suggestions for further research, and with a discussion of implications for innovation research and practice.
Periodicity, Chaos and Localization in a Burridge-Knopoff Model of an Earthquake with Dieterich-Ruina Friction

We investigate the emergent dynamics when the nonlinear Dieterich-Ruina rate and state friction law is attached to a Burridge-Knopoff spring-block model. We derive both the discrete equations and the continuum formulation governing the system in this framework. The discrete system (ODEs) exhibits both periodic and chaotic motion, where the system’s transition to chaos is size-dependent, i.e. how many blocks are considered. From the discrete model we derive the nonlinear elastic wave equation by taking the continuum limit. This results in a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) and we find that both temporal and spatial chaos ensues when the same parameter is increased. This critical parameter value needed for the onset of chaos in the continuous model is much smaller than the value needed in the case of a single block and we discuss the implications this has on dynamic modeling of earthquake rupture with this specific friction law. Most importantly, these results suggest that the friction law is scale-dependent, thus caution should be taken when attaching a friction law derived at laboratory scales to full-scale earthquake rupture models. Furthermore, we find solutions where the initial slip pulse propagates like a traveling wave, or remains localized in space, suggesting the presence of soliton and breather solutions. We discuss the significance of these pulse-like solutions and how they can be understood as a proxy for the propagation of the rupture front across the fault surface during an earthquake. We compute analytically the conditions for soliton solutions and by exploring the resulting parameter space, we introduce a possible method for determining a range of suitable parameter values to be used in future dynamic earthquake modeling.
What Form of Visibility Affects Earnings Management? Evidence from Italian Family and Non-Family Firms

This paper addresses the issue of financial communication quality by studying the determinants of earnings management practices in family and non-family businesses. Previous literature has highlighted the effect of a company’s size, as a form of visibility, on earnings management practices. This study focuses on the analysis of the relationship between different forms of visibility—exposure to financial press, proximity to the consumer, size of assets, sales and firm age—and earnings quality. The results show that the forms of visibility taken into consideration have a different effect on earnings management practices. Furthermore, they show that family businesses are less likely to resort to these unethical practices, especially in the presence of financial press exposure and proximity of the business to the consumer.