Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface‐Banded and Broadcast Dairy Manure Effects on Tall Fescue Yield and Nitrogen Uptake

Efficient use of slurry manure nutrients for feeding forage crops on dairy farms is important. The main objective of this study was to compare the response of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to N in dairy (Bos taurus) slurry manure applied with a splash plate (broadcasting) or a drag-shoe (surface banding) applicator, and broadcast mineral fertilizer, in spring, summer, and autumn. The effects of delayed application and band spacing were also examined. The study was conducted from 1994 to 1996 in southwestern British Columbia on a Monroe series soil described as a Eutrochrept (eluviated eutric Brunisol) of moderate to good drainage. Dairy slurry was applied at two rates (50 and 100 kg ha -1 of NH 3 -N) with splash plate or drag-shoe applicators at the beginning of growth (early) or 7 to 10 d later (late). Ammonium nitrate fertilizer was broadcast at 0 to 125 kg N ha -1 in 25-kg increments (only 50 and 100 kg ha -1 rates on the late date). Yield response to manure banded with the drag-shoe applicator was similar to fertilizer applied at equivalent rates of mineral N. Yield response to splash-plate-applied manure was generally 0.5 to 1.0 Mg ha -1 lower than to fertilizer in summer and spring, but similar in autumn. Total N uptake was 15 to 20 kg ha -1 greater from drag-shoe than from splash-plate applied manure at high N application rate in spring and summer; differences in autumn were smaller. Treatment differences in total N concentration were small (at equivalent rates of applied mineral N). Apparent recovery of mineral N from manure was 20 to 30% greater with drag-shoe than with splash plate application in summer and 18% greater for the early application in spring. Delaying manure application had little effect on yield, but increased tissue N concentrations in some treatments in summer and autumn. Nitrate concentrations were always similar or lower for manure than for fertilizer treatments. This study showed that manure applied with the drag-shoe applicator produced consistent crop response similar to N fertilizer at equivalent rates of mineral N.
Development of prenatal acoustic interaction in the Muscovy duck (Cairina Moschata)

Abstract 1. The development of prenatal acoustic communication was investigated in Muscovy ducks, comparing the vocalisation activities and call types in isolated eggs and pairs of embryos (two eggs in shell contact). 2. Incubator experiments showed that the number of vocalisations in embryos which had mutual acoustic contact was nearly twice that of isolated ones. 3. An acoustic interaction, that is, an exchange of signals, was only recognised after the first chick had hatched, that is, between embryos and chicks. 4. Specific call types used for communication were the double call and the trill call.
Genetic differentiation in life history between Daphnia galeata populations: an adaptation to local predation regimes?

Species of the water flea Daphnia exhibit constitutive as well as phenotypically inducible anti-predator defence strategies, involving life history, morphological and behavioural traits. We explored the hypothesis of genetic differentiation in anti-predator defence strategies using Daphnia clones originating from two different water bodies: Tjeukemeer (the Netherlands) and Fish Pond (Belgium). Both water bodies are inhabited by zooplanktivorous fish. In contrast to Tjeukemeer, Fish Pond is also inhabited by larvae of the phantom midge Chaoborus. The life history responses of the two sets of clones to kairomones from fish (Perca), to kairomones from Chaoborus, and to a mixture of both were compared. Clones from Tjeukemeer and Fish Pond showed strong responses to the presence of fish kairomone, with reductions in adult and neonate body length, in age at first reproduction and in the total number of neonates produced during the first three adult instars. Responses to Chaoborus kairomone were much less pronounced, although there was a tendency towards an increase in the number of neonates in the first brood. Significant inter-population genetic differences were found for all the investigated traits. However, there was no indication for genetic adaptation of the Fish Pond clones to negative size-selective predation by Chaoborus. Compared to Tjeukemeer clones, Fish Pond clones had a lower size at first reproduction, produced smaller neonates and produced a higher number of neonates in their first brood. This suggests adaptation to positive rather than to negative size selective predation. Genetic differences between populations were observed mainly for constitutive life history traits, rather than for phenotypic shifts in response to the presence of predator kairomones.
Do mutual fund flows drive the disposition behaviour of fund managers?

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between fund flows and the disposition behaviour of fund managers. During our sample period of 1996–2014, we find that the disposition biases of fund managers are significantly and negatively correlated with unexpected fund flows but insignificantly correlated with expected fund flows. Additionally, funds embedded with a higher capital gains tax overhang tend to have managers with lower disposition biases. Further evidence shows that fund performance is influenced more by the flow-induced than the non-flow-induced disposition behaviour of fund managers.
Managing Risk in Motion Picture Project Development

Abstract Movies are produced as unique prototypic media content toserve a highly uncertain demand. Film producers have to address theconsumption risk while their projects are still in their development phase. This paper provides a literature review of key risk dimensions ofmovie projects and how to control them. The interviews conducted withmovie producers have made it possible to compare the industry’s riskcontrol strategies. Content attributes, personnel, and funding emerge askey project resources and risk reducing elements both in theory and practice. Three distinct risk control strategies are identified and assigned to different resource configurations and market constraints of individual producers.
Effect of method of castrating bulls on their growth rate and liveweight

Abstract Bulls were castrated surgically or using a Callicrate™ Bander (Bander) to compare the effects on growth rate and liveweight. In Experiment 1, 20 bulls were castrated surgically (SCasts) at 14 months of age and 19 bulls were castrated with the Bander (BCasts). Within 7 days of castration the BCasts had large wounds above the band. Growth rates were lower (P < 0.01) over the first 29 days after castration for BCasts than for SCasts and both groups grew slower (P < 0.05) than steers castrated at weaning. There was no significant difference in liveweight between groups 108 days after castration. In Experiment 2, 10 bulls were castrated surgically at 8–9 months of age and 10 bulls were castrated with the Bander. BCasts grew slower (P < 0.05) over the first 35 days after castration than SCasts, resulting in lower liveweight for BCasts than SCasts (P < 0.05) 35–122 days after castration. No lesions occurred in the BCasts. The banding technique does not prevent the slow growth rates found after surgical castration and banding should only be used on bulls less than 14 months of age.
Phosphorylation of the Mutant K303R Estrogen Receptor α at Serine 305 Impacts Aromatase Inhibitor Sensitivity.

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are challenging tamoxifen as the treatment of choice for both early and advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER) α-positive diseases. However, resistance frequently occurs. Previously, we identified a lysine to arginine transition at residue 303 (K303R) in ERα in premalignant breast lesions and invasive breast cancers, which confers estrogen hypersensitivity and resistance to the AI Anastrozole (Ana) when transfected in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. To identify genes whose expression was associated with the development of aromatase inhibitor resistance (AI R ), we performed microarray analysis, and found a marked increase in the gene expression of different IGF family members in the mutant cells. Immunoblot analysis also revealed elevated constitutive phosphorylation of the IGF-1R/IRS-1/Akt pathway in K303R-expressing cells. Treatment with IGF-1R and Akt inhibitors drastically inhibited proliferation of the K303R-mutant expressing cells, while wild-type ERα-expressing clones showed little reduction of growth by these inhibitors, confirming the increased IGF signaling activation in the mutant cells.Post-translational modifications of ERα, such as phosphorylation, tightly regulate its function, and the K303R mutation resides at a major post-translational modification site, serine (S) residue 305. We found that the mutant was more efficiently phosphorylated than the WT receptor by Akt in vitro, and that the mutant cells exhibited enhanced S305 phosphorylation in vivo. Mutation of S305 to alanine (A) to destroy this phosphorylation site prevented in vitro and in vivo Akt-mediated phosphorylation.The ERα S305 residue is an important site that modifies response to tamoxifen; thus, we questioned whether the S305 site could also influence AI response. To address the role of S305 phosphorylation on AI R , we generated pools of stable transfectants expressing exogenous WT, K303R, or K303R/S305A mutant receptors, and then evaluated for the effects of Ana in soft agar assays. Expression of the K303R/S305A mutant resulted in a significant reduction in the basal non-stimulated growth and sensitivity to Ana compared to K303R ERα-expressing pools, thus mimicking the same response profile of wild-type ERα clones. A selective blocking peptide (S305 peptide, residues 298-308) able to antagonize this phosphorylation reversed AI R . Blockade of S305 phosphorylation also resulted in a specific inhibition of IGF-1R/IRS-1/Akt activation, but only in the mutant cells.Our data suggest that the K303/S305 residues of the ERα mutation may be a novel determinant of aromatase inhibitor response in breast cancer, and blockade of S305 ERα phosphorylation represents a new therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to hormonal therapies in tumors with the ERα mutation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5053.
A Note: The SAICA Part I Qualifying Examinations: Factors that may influence candidates’ success

The study investigates certain factors characterising successful and unsuccessful candidates in the 2009 and 2010 SAICA Part I Qualifying Examination (QE I) with the purpose of making recommendations to candidates, educators, training centres and to SAICA. The study also aims to serve as basis for future studies as to how the success rate of candidates in the QE I might be improved. Successful candidates tend to attempt the QE I at a young age, preferably prior to getting married and starting a family. Candidates’ chances of passing decrease with the number of exam attempts. Candidates with a first language of English or Afrikaans are more likely to be successful when writing the QE I. Finally, attending a Board Course prior to writing the examination might improve candidates’ success rate. SAICA, in collaboration with relevant RTO/ATO training centres, may consider providing/obtaining financial assistance to/for candidates who may not be able to attend Board Courses. The effect on candidates of having to study and attempt the QE I in a language other than their first language should be investigated and addressed. One way of addressing the issue may be that SAICA may consider making the QE I papers available in the two main black languages isiXhosa and isiZulu. Factors affecting the academic performance of candidates deserve more research. These include their scholastic background including the resource base of schools, candidates’ home environment, socio-economic background and possible inferior high-school education.
Academic Dishonesty and the Perceived Effectiveness of Countermeasures: An Empirical Survey of Cheating at a Major Public University

This study presents self-reported prevalence and incidence data about student academic dishonesty generated from an anonymous survey conducted at a major Southeastern public university, evaluating the perceived effectiveness of a variety of cheating countermeasures by specifically comparing those students who admitted involvement with those who did not. The authors discuss various policy implications suggested by these findings.
High Conservation Value of Forest Fragments for Plant and Frugivore Communities in a Fragmented Forest Landscape in South Africa

Fragmentation is a major threat factor for plant–frugivore communities in tropical and subtropical forests. Resulting changes in the distribution of traits within these communities, e.g., a loss in large‐bodied frugivores, may lead to strong changes in plant–frugivore interactions in fragmented forests. Yet, we still lack a thorough understanding of the interplay between forest fragmentation, the trait‐composition of communities and resulting plant–frugivore interactions on a community‐scale. In a fragmented South African landscape comprising different forest categories—i.e., continuous natural forest, forest fragments surrounded by natural grassland, and forest fragments surrounded by sugarcane—we investigated the relationship between communities of fruiting plants and their frugivore visitors in response to forest fragmentation, as well as the interactive effects of forest fragmentation and fruit size of the plants on the number of frugivore visitors and their body size. Neither the fruit size of plant nor the body mass of frugivore communities differed between natural forest sites and forest fragments. Moreover, in‐depth analyses of frugivore assemblages visiting plant species revealed no effect of forest category on the number of frugivore visits or their mean body mass. The number of visits and body mass of frugivores were merely determined by the crop and fruit size of the focal plant species. Overall, our results suggest that frugivory of plant species with differently sized fruits was not reduced in forest fragments. Thus, fragments with high fruit availability may be key elements maintaining the functional connectivity of a heterogeneous forest landscape.
The development and application of genomic selection as a new breeding paradigm

• A signifi cant gap exists between demand based on population growth and the current trajectory of yield; this is a point of leverage for genomics. • Although traditional breeding methods have been effective in selecting for animals with easy-to-measure production traits, these methods have essentially “hit an asymptote,” and more diffi cult-to-measure (and often more important) traits cannot effectively be selected for using traditional methods. • The race to sequence the fi rst human genome, and, subsequently, the race to enable routine resequencing of tens, if not hundreds of thousands, of additional human genomes, has resulted in a 100 million fold decrease in DNA sequencing prices since 1990. Animal genome sequencing has benefi tted from this. • Sequencing and resequencing of economically important livestock species has resulted in the discovery of millions upon millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms. These single nucleotide polymorphisms are being deployed in massively parallel fashion on DNA microarrays, enabling genome-wide association studies to identify genotype-phenotype correlations for both simple and, more important, complex traits. • Driven by ever-increasing reductions in the cost of measuring genetic variation, we are entering a new era in which the information from these genome-wide association studies will be utilized effectively in routine testing using genomic selection. Genomic selection holds promise for more widespread adoption than marker-assisted selection because it lacks the requirement of prior knowledge of alleles or marker positions of loci and the requirement that marker-assisted selection must be implemented within families. population will reach 9 billion people by 2030. Meeting the growing food need using fewer resources is therefore one of the greatest challenges that contemporary agriculture is facing. Recent estimations by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2006) indicate that to meet the increasing demand, food production must double in the next 50 years. Expressed another way, agriculture will have to produce more food than in the last 10,000 years combined. When the year 2000 is used as a base, projections indicate an increase in global meat consumption of 68% and in global milk consumption of 57% by 2030 (Steinfeld and Gerber, 2010). The greater demand for food based on animal proteins together with the potential effects of climate change and water, nutrient, and energy scarcity will result in large productivity gaps. It is therefore critical to apply technical and scientifi c advancements systematically in feeding, nutrition, genetics, reproduction, animal health control, and general improvement of animal husbandry to fi ll the coming productivity gaps. The largest gains will come from innovations that accelerate agriculture productivity while reducing costs and limiting environmental impacts (Capper, 2011).
Energy feedbacks of northern high‐latitude ecosystems to the climate system due to reduced snow cover during 20th century warming

The warming associated with changes in snow cover in northern high‐latitude terrestrial regions represents an important energy feedback to the climate system. Here, we simulate snow cover‐climate feedbacks (i.e. changes in snow cover on atmospheric heating) across the Pan‐arctic over two distinct warming periods during the 20th century, 1910–1940 and 1970–2000. We offer evidence that increases in snow cover–climate feedbacks during 1970–2000 were nearly three times larger than during 1910–1940 because the recent snow‐cover change occurred in spring, when radiation load is highest, rather than in autumn. Based on linear regression analysis, we also detected a greater sensitivity of snow cover–climate feedbacks to temperature trends during the more recent time period. Pan‐arctic vegetation types differed substantially in snow cover–climate feedbacks. Those with a high seasonal contrast in albedo, such as tundra, showed much larger changes in atmospheric heating than did those with a low seasonal contrast in albedo, such as forests, even if the changes in snow‐cover duration were similar across the vegetation types. These changes in energy exchange warrant careful consideration in studies of climate change, particularly with respect to associated shifts in vegetation between forests, grasslands, and tundra.
Technological quality of common bean grains obtained in different growing seasons

The traits that provide technological quality to common bean grains exhibit genetic and environmental variation and variation in the genotype x environment interaction. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different periods of the growing season on the technological quality of common bean grains. The experiment was conducted with 25 bean genotypes (carioca [beige with brown stripes] and black commercial group) that are part of the Value for Cultivation and Use (Valor de Cultivo e Uso - VCU) trials in three growing seasons, namely, the 2009/2010 rainy season, the 2010/2011 dry season and the 2010/2011 winter season, in a randomized block experimental design with three replications in which the following items were assessed: cooking time (CT), water absorption capacity before cooking (Peanc) and after cooking (Peapc), percentage of whole grains (PWG), total soluble solids in the broth (TSSb), volume expansion before cooking (EXPVbc) and after cooking (EXPVac), and dry grain density (DD), grain density after maceration (SD) and grain density after cooking (CD). Assessments showed that the different growing seasons for obtaining grains for the purpose of analysis of technological quality have an effect on the results and on differentiation among genotypes, indicating genotype x environment interaction. They also showed that the genotypes C2-1-6-1, C4-8-1-1, LP04-03, IAC-Imperador, P5-4-4-1 and Pr11-6-4-1-2 had the best results in relation to cooking time in the mean values of the three growing seasons. The use of early selection based on phenotypic correlations that exist among the technological features is not expressive, due to the variation of magnitude among the different growing seasons.
NASPA Journal Volume 45, Issue 1

s International, A65(10), 3717. Harper, S. R. (2003). Most likely to succeed: The self-perceived impact of involvement on the experiences of high-achieving African American undergraduate men at predominantly White universities. Dissertation Abstracts International, A64(6), 1995. Hrabowski, F. A. , III, Maton, K. I. , & Greif, G. L. (1998). Beating the odds: Raising academically successful African American males. New York: Oxford University Press. Hurtado, S. , & Carter, D. F. (1997). Effects of college transition and perceptions of campus racial climate on Latino college students’ sense of belonging. Sociology of Education, 70(4), 324–345. Inkelas, K. K. , & Weisman, J. (2003). Different by design: An examination of outcomes associated with three types of living-learning programs. Journal of College Student Development, 44, 335–368. Jackson, J. F. L. (2007). Introduction: A systematic analysis of the African American educational pipeline to inform research, policy, and practice. In J. F. L. Jackson (Ed.), Strengthening the African American educational pipeline: Informing research, policy, and practice (pp. 1–14). Albany: State University of New York Press. Jackson, J. F. L. , & Moore, J. L. (2006). African American Males in Education: Endangered or Ignored? Teachers College Record, 108(2), 201.
Influence of hydrographic conditions on picoplankton distribution in the East China Sea

An investigation was made on picoplankton distributions in relation to physical and chemical conditions in the East China Sea, a marginal sea of the Northwest Pacific, in July 1998. Synechococcus, pico-eukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria were ubiquitous, with average abun- dance at the order of 10 4 , 10 2 and 10 5 cells ml -1 , respectively. Prochlorococcus was present at most locations beyond the 50 m isobath at around 10 4 cells ml -1 . Responses of these picoplankters to the hydrographic conditions were evident in both vertical and horizontal distributions. Prochlorococcus were basically associated with oceanic warm currents, and sudden changes in cell abundance often occurred within a relatively short distance of the currents. In the surface mixed layer, Prochlorococ- cus were usually present only when temperature was > 26°C, salinity > 30 psu, total inorganic nitro- gen < 3 µM and phosphate < 0.4 µM in the study period. Vertically, however, Prochlorococcus were distributed down where temperature was as low as 16°C and nutrient levels were also higher. No pronounced subsurface peaks in Prochlorococcus abundance were recorded in the oceanic warm currents although Prochlorococcus outnumbered Synechococcus by at least an order of magnitude. Synechococcus were most abundant in the coastal area associated with high nutrient levels. Pico- eukaryotes usually developed very well in the front areas on the continental shelf. Along offshore directions, pico-eukaryotes often centered farther from the shore and deeper in the water column than did Synechococcus. Heterotrophic bacteria showed the least variation in abundance among the 4 picoplankters, but still decreased distinctly in offshore directions, following a similar trend in the total biomass of pico-eukaryotes and Synechococcus. In the Yangtze River plume area, light avail- ability was also important in regulating picoplankton distribution patterns. The relationship between Prochlorococcus and bacteria biomass was negative along gradients in the marginal sea.