Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Migration of pairs of giant planets in low-viscosity 
discs

When considering the migration of Jupiter and Saturn, a classical result is to find the planets migrating outwards and locked in the 3:2 mean motion resonance (MMR). These results were obtained in the framework of viscously accreting discs, in which the observed stellar accretion rates constrained the viscosity values. However, it has recently been shown observationally and theoretically that discs are probably less viscous than previously thought. Therefore, in this paper, we explore the dynamics of pairs of giant planets in low-viscosity discs. We performed two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations using the grid-based code FARGOCA. In contrast to classical viscous discs, we find that the outer planet never crosses the 2:1 resonance and the pair does not migrate outwards. After a wide parameter exploration, including the mass of the outer planet, we find that the planets are primarily locked in the 2:1 MMR and in some cases in the 5:2 MMR. We explain semi-analytically why it is not possible for the outer planet to cross the 2:1 MMR in a low-viscosity disc. We find that pairs of giant planets migrate inwards in low-viscosity discs. Although, in some cases, having a pair of giant planets can slow down the migration speed with respect to a single planet. Such pairs of slowly migrating planets may be located, at the end of the disc phase, in the population of exoplanets of 'warm Jupiters'. However, the planets never migrate outwards. These results could have strong implications on the Solar System's formation scenarios if the Sun's protoplanetary disc had a low viscosity.
Electrically active point defects in amorphous silicon nitride: An illumination and charge injection study

We observe a strong correlation between changes in the density of paramagnetic silicon ‘‘dangling‐bond’’ centers and changes in the space‐charge density in amorphous silicon nitride films subjected alternately to illumination and both positive‐ and negative‐charge injection. We demonstrate that ultraviolet illumination annihilates space charge and creates stable paramagnetic centers in silicon nitride. These centers can be passivated with a 1‐h anneal at 250 °C. Our results provide the first direct experimental evidence associating a specific point defect with the trapping phenomena in amorphous silicon nitride. We also demonstrate both directly and for the first time the amphoteric nature of the silicon nitride dangling‐bond center. Furthermore, our ability to cycle the defect between its paramagnetic neutral state and both its charged diamagnetic states suggests that the optical generation of dangling bonds in amorphous silicon nitride involves no complex structural rearrangement, but simply changes in .
The Mean Squared Error Optimum Design Criterion for Parameter Estimation in Nonlinear Regression Models

In the context of nonlinear regression models, we propose an optimal experimental design criterion for estimating the parameters that account for the intrinsic and parameter-effects nonlinearity. The optimal design criterion proposed in this article minimizes the determinant of the mean squared error matrix of the parameter estimator that is quadratically approximated using the curvature array. The design criterion reduces to the D-optimal design criterion if there are no intrinsic and parameter-effects nonlinearity in the model, and depends on the scale parameter estimator and on the reparameterization used. Some examples, using a well known nonlinear kinetics model, demonstrate the application of the proposed criterion to nonsequential design of experiments as compared with the D-optimal criterion.
Not in My Schoolyard: Disability Discrimination in Educational Access

Disabled people constitute the largest minority group in the United States, and disability discrimination is prohibited under federal law. Nevertheless, disability has received limited attention in the sociology of discrimination. We examine disability discrimination in an important gatekeeping interaction: access to public education. In an audit study of more than 20,000 public schools, we sent emails to principals from fictitious prospective parents asking for a school tour, varying the child’s disability status and gender and the parent’s race. Principals were significantly less likely to respond when the child had a disability, especially when the email came from a Black (rather than White) parent. A survey experiment with 578 principals revealed possible mechanisms. Principals viewed disabled students as more likely to impose a significant burden on schools, but disabled Black students faced an additional disadvantage due to stereotypes of their parents, who were perceived to be less valuable future members of the school community in terms of fundraising, volunteering, and other forms of engagement to support the school. Our results highlight that discrimination against people with disabilities begins long before the labor market and illuminate how the intersection between disability and race shapes inequalities in educational access.
Assessing the Efficacy of Planmeca ProMax® 3D Cone-Beam CT Machine in the Detection of Root Fractures With Varied Metal Artifact Reduction Settings and Three Kilovoltage Peak Levels

Background: This study aims to examine the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) machines in detecting root fracture when using different metal artifact reduction (MAR) settings at different kilovoltage peak (kVp) levels. Methodology: Sixty-six tooth roots were treated endodontically using a standardized technique. Of these, 33 roots were randomly selected to be fractured; the other 33 roots were intact and used as controls. The roots were placed randomly in prepared beef ribs to mimic the alveolar bone. Imaging was performed by Planmeca ProMax® 3D (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) using different MAR settings (no, low, mid, and high) at three different levels of kVp: 70, 80, and 90. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated. Results: There was a significant difference in accuracy when using different MAR settings within the group of 70 kVp. Likewise, within the group of 90 kVp. There was no significant difference between different MAR settings at 80 kVp. Using low MAR/90 kVp had significantly higher accuracy relative to other MAR settings at 90 kVp; it also had the highest values of sensitivity, specificity, and AUC in the study. Using mid and high MAR at 70 kVp or 90 kVp decreased accuracy significantly. Mid MAR/90 kVp was the least effective setting in this study. Conclusions: Using low MAR at 90 kVp significantly increased the accuracy within the group of 90 kVp. In contrast, mid MAR and high MAR in 70 and 90 kVp, respectively, decreased accuracy significantly.
The Great Supernova of 1987 a

On February 23, 1987, a burst of light and a pulse of elusive particles called neutrinos reached the earth from the brightest supernova in 383 years. Light from the explosion, 160,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud was visible only in the Southern Hemisphere. Now more than two years after the discovery, the supernova has been studied at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, and it is the first astronomical source of neutrinos to have been detected other than the sun. Together the observations give a coherent picture of the grand event, a picture that vindicates theory but also holds some surprises. In the broadest terms SN 1987A is a type II supernova, powered by the gravitational collapse of a stellar core. To make sense of what was observed in SN 1987A, it is best to begin with the history of the star that exploded. The story that follows in this paper is based on computer simulations of the evolution of a hypothetical massive star. 7 figs.
Exploring Self-Supervised Vision Transformers for Gait Recognition in the Wild

The manner of walking (gait) is a powerful biometric that is used as a unique fingerprinting method, allowing unobtrusive behavioral analytics to be performed at a distance without subject cooperation. As opposed to more traditional biometric authentication methods, gait analysis does not require explicit cooperation of the subject and can be performed in low-resolution settings, without requiring the subject’s face to be unobstructed/clearly visible. Most current approaches are developed in a controlled setting, with clean, gold-standard annotated data, which powered the development of neural architectures for recognition and classification. Only recently has gait analysis ventured into using more diverse, large-scale, and realistic datasets to pretrained networks in a self-supervised manner. Self-supervised training regime enables learning diverse and robust gait representations without expensive manual human annotations. Prompted by the ubiquitous use of the transformer model in all areas of deep learning, including computer vision, in this work, we explore the use of five different vision transformer architectures directly applied to self-supervised gait recognition. We adapt and pretrain the simple ViT, CaiT, CrossFormer, Token2Token, and TwinsSVT on two different large-scale gait datasets: GREW and DenseGait. We provide extensive results for zero-shot and fine-tuning on two benchmark gait recognition datasets, CASIA-B and FVG, and explore the relationship between the amount of spatial and temporal gait information used by the visual transformer. Our results show that in designing transformer models for processing motion, using a hierarchical approach (i.e., CrossFormer models) on finer-grained movement fairs comparatively better than previous whole-skeleton approaches.
Two new species of Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) in China

﻿Abstract Species of Diaporthe have been reported as plant endophytes, pathogens and saprobes on a wide range of plant hosts. Strains of Diaporthe were isolated from leaf spots of Smilaxglabra and dead culms of Xanthiumstrumarium in China, and identified based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of combined internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), calmodulin (cal), histone H3 (his3), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and β-tubulin (tub2) loci. As a result, two new species named Diaportherizhaoensis and D.smilacicola are identified, described and illustrated in the present study.
A Test of Haldane’s Rule in Neodiprion Sawflies and Implications for the Evolution of Postzygotic Isolation in Haplodiploids

Haldane’s rule—a pattern in which hybrid sterility or inviability is observed in the heterogametic sex of an interspecific cross—is one of the most widely obeyed rules in nature. Because inheritance patterns are similar for sex chromosomes and haplodiploid genomes, Haldane’s rule may apply to haplodiploid taxa, predicting that haploid male hybrids will evolve sterility or inviability before diploid female hybrids. However, there are several genetic and evolutionary mechanisms that may reduce the tendency of haplodiploids to obey Haldane’s rule. Currently, there are insufficient data from haplodiploids to determine how frequently they adhere to Haldane’s rule. To help fill this gap, we crossed a pair of haplodiploid hymenopteran species (Neodiprion lecontei and Neodiprion pinetum) and evaluated the viability and fertility of female and male hybrids. Despite considerable divergence, we found no evidence of reduced fertility in hybrids of either sex, consistent with the hypothesis that hybrid sterility evolves slowly in haplodiploids. For viability, we found a pattern opposite to that of Haldane’s rule: hybrid females, but not males, had reduced viability. This reduction was most pronounced in one direction of the cross, possibly due to a cytoplasmic-nuclear incompatibility. We also found evidence of extrinsic postzygotic isolation in hybrids of both sexes, raising the possibility that this form or reproductive isolation tends to emerge early in speciation in host-specialized insects. Our work emphasizes the need for more studies on reproductive isolation in haplodiploids, which are abundant in nature but underrepresented in the speciation literature.
Gait and turning characteristics from daily life increase ability to predict future falls in people with Parkinson's disease

Objectives To investigate if digital measures of gait (walking and turning) collected passively over a week of daily activities in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) increases the discriminative ability to predict future falls compared to fall history alone. Methods We recruited 34 individuals with PD (17 with history of falls and 17 non-fallers), age: 68 ± 6 years, MDS-UPDRS III ON: 31 ± 9. Participants were classified as fallers (at least one fall) or non-fallers based on self-reported falls in past 6 months. Eighty digital measures of gait were derived from 3 inertial sensors (Opal® V2 System) placed on the feet and lower back for a week of passive gait monitoring. Logistic regression employing a “best subsets selection strategy” was used to find combinations of measures that discriminated future fallers from non-fallers, and the Area Under Curve (AUC). Participants were followed via email every 2 weeks over the year after the study for self-reported falls. Results Twenty-five subjects reported falls in the follow-up year. Quantity of gait and turning measures (e.g., number of gait bouts and turns per hour) were similar in future fallers and non-fallers. The AUC to discriminate future fallers from non-fallers using fall history alone was 0.77 (95% CI: [0.50–1.00]). In contrast, the highest AUC for gait and turning digital measures with 4 combinations was 0.94 [0.84–1.00]. From the top 10 models (all AUCs>0.90) via the best subsets strategy, the most consistently selected measures were variability of toe-out angle of the foot (9 out of 10), pitch angle of the foot during mid-swing (8 out of 10), and peak turn velocity (7 out of 10). Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of considering precise digital measures, captured via sensors strategically placed on the feet and low back, to quantify several different aspects of gait (walking and turning) during daily life to improve the classification of future fallers in PD.
Refined Knowledge Transfer for Language-Based Person Search

This paper proposes a novel method, named Refined Knowledge Transfer (RKT), for language-based person search. Existing state-of-the-art methods do not deal with knowledge imbalance between image and text. In detail, textual identity knowledge is limited, but the image contains more identity knowledge. We propose Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfer (CMKT) to enhance textual identity knowledge by image to address this problem. Besides, multiple texts of one image include more identity knowledge than a single text. Thus, we propose Intra-Modal Knowledge Transfer (IMKT) to enhance textual identity knowledge by other texts. These two types of knowledge transfer will enhance the identity knowledge in text. Additionally, by considering that identity-irrelevant knowledge is transferred to text, we propose Knowledge Refiner (KR) to refine the knowledge in text. KR is capable of preserving identity knowledge and discarding identity-irrelevant knowledge. By combining CMKT, IMKT, and KR, RKT makes textual identity knowledge more salient. Extensive experiments show the state-of-the-art performance of RKT on the CUHK-PEDES and our proposed PRW-PEDES-CN datasets. In addition, the decent generalization ability of RKT is also validated on the Flickr30K, CUB, and Flowers datasets.
A Generalized Raman Scattering Model for Real-Time SNR Estimation of Multi-Band Systems

We investigate the impact of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in multi-band transmissions. We first derive and test against numerical results an extended Christodoulides-Zirngibl (ECZ) SRS model based on a triangular approximation of the Raman gain. Then, we exploit the ECZ SRS model in the context of the Gaussian noise (GN) model. We generalize some known closed-form expressions of the self- and cross-phase modulation variances, as well as the amplified spontaneous emission noise variance, over multi-band systems of bandwidth wider than the SRS bandwidth, i.e., beyond the C+L band. Finally, the proposed theoretical model is used to estimate the performance of multi-band systems in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and achievable information rate (AIR).
Radius-luminosity and mass-luminosity relationships for active galactic nuclei

Broad-line region (BLR) sizes derived from spectral variability and BLR line widths are used to directly derive the mass (M) of the central objects of ten active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in a uniform manner. It is shown that the luminosity-weighted C IV 1549-emitting BLR radius (R) correlates with the bolometric luminosity L(Bol) and is consistent with R about sq rt L(Bol). The measurements also permit a verification of the Dibai mass-luminosity (M-L) relationship (previously derived indirectly). It is found that L(Bol) is proportional to M exp (1.1 + or - 0.3). It is found that the efficiency factor epsilon, defined as the ratio of L(Bol) to the Eddington luminosity increases from 0.03 in the low-luminosity Seyferts up to 0.06 in the most luminous objects in the sample. 19 refs.
Obstructive sleep apnea in aboriginal Australians: polysomnographic outcomes and symptom perception post-continuous positive airway pressure implementation

Abstract Study Objectives Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is reported to be highly prevalent among Aboriginal Australians. However, no studies have assessed the implementation and efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in this population. Hence, we compared the clinical, self-reported perception of sleep quality and polysomnographic (PSG) characteristics among Aboriginal patients with OSA. Methods Adult Aboriginal Australians who underwent both diagnostic (Type 1 and 2) and in-lab CPAP implementation studies were included. Results Total of 149 patients were identified (46% female, median age 49 years, body mass index 35 kg/m2). The OSA severity was 6% mild, 26% moderate, and 68% severe on the diagnostic PSG. On application of CPAP, there were significant improvements in; total arousal index (diagnostic 29 to 17/h on CPAP), total apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) (diagnostic 48 to 9/h on CPAP), non-rapid eye movement AHI (diagnostic 47 to 8/h on CPAP), rapid eye movement (REM) AHI (diagnostic 56 to 8/h on CPAP) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) nadir (diagnostic 77% to 85% on CPAP) (p < 0.001 for each). Following a single night of CPAP, 54% of patients reported sleeping “better than normal” compared to 12% following the diagnostic study (p = 0.003). In multivariate regression models, males had a significantly lesser change in REM AHI than females (5.7 events/hour less change (IQR 0.4, 11.1), p = 0.029). Conclusions There is substantial improvement in several sleep-related domains on the application of CPAP among Aboriginal patients with a good initial acceptance of treatment. Whether the positive impact observed in this study translates to better sleep health outcomes with long-term adherence to CPAP therapy is yet to be assessed.
X-ray observations of the southern cluster CA 0340 – 538 and the Horologium supercluster

X-ray observations of the Horologium supercluster are examined. Results show that the optically Coma-like cluster CA 0340-538 has a smooth X-ray structure which also resembles that of Coma. The density structure of its X-ray emitting gas, determined in a model-independent way, is found to be remarkably featureless, being consistent with a nearly isothermal polytrope out to approximately 2 Mpc from the cluster center. The total mass of the gas is determined to exceed 10% of the cluster virial mass and may contribute a substantial fraction of the cluster binding mass. Although CA 0329-527 is found to be an X-ray double cluster, its structure appears to be confused. CA 0325-539 is found to show no substantial X-ray emission. An upper limit of 1.3 x 10 to the 44th erg/s is determined for any diffuse 2-10 keV emission from the Horologium supercluster.
Multiple Shooting Method for Initial Satellite Orbit Determination

After a satellite has been launched, the determination of its initial orbit is one of the primary tasks to be accomplished by mission control: e.g., in order to prepare for high-precision orbit determination or orbital transfers. For this purpose, tracking measurements are acquired by ground stations, which are the basis for the determination of the unknown orbit parameters. In this paper, the orbit determination problem is formulated as a least-squares parameter estimation problem, and a newly developed multiple shooting method is presented for its solution. For the generation of initial guesses, the method incorporates a so-called analytical projection, which is specifically tailored to the available measurement data. Original tracking data of the launch and early orbit phases of the Artemis satellite and the second pair of Cluster-II satellites are used for tests of the method. Both scenarios constitute challenging benchmark problems, because the satellites were launched into orbits significantly different from the expected ones. A comparison to the widely employed single shooting method reveals that the newly developed method significantly improves the convergence behavior.
Global Robust Servomechanism Problem of Lower-Triangular Systems in the General Case 1

We will show that, for the class of nonlinear lower-triangular systems, the robust servomechanism problem can be cast into a robust regulation problem for the same class of systems augmented by dynamic uncertainties. Thus, using our recent result on adaptive regulation of lower-triangular systems with both static and dynamic uncertainties, we will solve the robust servomechanism problem of the lower-triangular systems for the general case where both the uncertain parameter and the exogenous signal can be arbitrarily large.
Religion and Climate Change Indifference: Linking the Sacred to the Social

This study seeks to identify the influence of religion on indifference toward anthropogenic climate change. This influence is conceptualized by adapting Durkheim's classic sociological model where religion serves to integrate individuals into society using sacred beliefs. We test this theory by conceptualizing and estimating a path model where climate change indifference is regressed on religion and political ideology. The study data are five cross sections from the General Social Survey over 1993 to 2018, and the results indicate indirect and direct effects of religion on climate change indifference. Second, the effects vary across religious traditions and biblical belief sets, and in some cases are oppositional. The study results are discussed in terms of religious influences on salient social questions during prior periods of US history. Finally, we describe how indifference toward the threat of climate change results from a blending of politics and religion and reflects the specific concepts that integrate individuals into a community. These conceptions have become embedded within fundamental relationships concerning how individuals understand their existential connection to a community. Because religious concepts are socially influenced, and because communities are free to reinterpret belief systems, the current relation between religious belief and climate change indifference is subject to future revision and re-interpretation.