Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Children’s Perspectives on Fairness and Inclusivity in the Classroom

Abstract School represents an important context for children’s social, moral, and identity development. Research indicates that supportive teacher-student relationships are significantly related to positive student academic achievement. Unfortunately, teacher bias as well as peer exclusion based on group identity (gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality) pervade many school contexts. The presence of these biases in the classroom is negatively related to students’ academic development, especially for children who are minoritized and marginalized. Very little research has connected teacher bias and children’s reasoning about bias and inequalities in the classroom context. The classroom is a complex environment in which to examine children’s social and moral reasoning about bias, given teachers’ position of authority which often includes power, status, and prestige. We propose that understanding both teacher bias and peer intergroup exclusion are essential for promoting more fair classrooms. This paper reviews foundational theory as well as the social reasoning developmental model as a framework for studying how children think about fairness and bias in the classroom context. We then discuss current research on children’s social-cognitive and moral capacities, particularly in the contexts of societal inequality and social inclusion or exclusion. Finally, this article proposes new directions for research to promote fairness and inclusivity in schools and suggests how these new lines of research might inform school-based interventions.
Anaemia and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in agrarian community of Bale zone: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Anaemia remains among the most prevalent nutritional problems among children in developing countries. In Ethiopia, more than half of children <5 years of age are anaemic. In the early stages of life, it leads to poor cognitive performance, delay psychomotor development and decreases working capacity in later life. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of anaemia among children aged 6–23 months in the Bale zone. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 June 2021. Multistage stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select 770 samples. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic, child health and feeding practices. Haemoglobin levels were estimated using a portable Hemosmart machine. Children with haemoglobin values below 11 g/dl were considered anaemic. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with anaemia. Statistical significance was set at P < 0⋅05. The prevalence of anaemia was 47⋅9 % (95 % CI (44⋅4, 51⋅5)). The multivariate analysis showed that child age (6–11 months) (AOR 1⋅47; 95 % CI (1⋅06, 2⋅03)), household food insecurity (AOR 1⋅44; 95 % CI (1⋅01, 2⋅04)), having diarrhoea and cough in the past 2 weeks (AOR 1⋅70; 95 % CI (1⋅18, 2⋅44)) and (AOR 1⋅97; 95 % CI (1⋅28, 3⋅04), respectively), not consuming the recommended dietary diversity (AOR 2⋅72; 95 % CI (1⋅96, 3⋅77)) and stunting (AOR 1⋅88; 95 % CI (1⋅31, 2⋅70)) were significantly associated with anaemia. Anaemia in children aged 6–23 months was a severe public health problem in the study area. Integrated nutritional interventions combined with iron fortification and supplementation is recommended.
Probiotic Bifidobacteria Mitigate the Deleterious Effects of para-Cresol in a Drosophila melanogaster Toxicity Model

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10% of the global population and has limited treatment options. The accumulation of gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins, such as para-cresol (p-cresol) and p-cresyl sulfate, is associated with the onset of comorbidities (i.e., atherosclerosis and cognitive disorders) in CKD. ABSTRACT Renal impairment associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes the buildup of uremic toxins that are deleterious to patient health. Current therapies that manage toxin accumulation in CKD offer an incomplete therapeutic effect against toxins such as para-cresol (p-cresol) and p-cresyl sulfate. Probiotic therapies can exploit the wealth of microbial diversity to reduce toxin accumulation. Using in vitro culture techniques, strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria from a 24-strain synbiotic were investigated for their ability to remove p-cresol. Four strains of bifidobacteria internalized p-cresol from the extracellular environment. The oral supplementation of these toxin-clearing probiotics was more protective than control strains in a Drosophila melanogaster toxicity model. Bifidobacterial supplementation was also associated with higher abundance of lactobacilli in the gut microbiota of p-cresol-exposed flies. The present findings suggest that these strains might reduce p-cresol in the gut in addition to increasing the prevalence of other beneficial bacteria, such as lactobacilli, and should be tested clinically to normalize the dysbiotic gut microbiota observed in CKD patients. IMPORTANCE Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10% of the global population and has limited treatment options. The accumulation of gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins, such as para-cresol (p-cresol) and p-cresyl sulfate, is associated with the onset of comorbidities (i.e., atherosclerosis and cognitive disorders) in CKD. Unfortunately, dialysis, the gold standard therapy is unable to remove these toxins from the bloodstream due to their highly protein-bound nature. Some strains of Bifidobacterium have metabolic properties that may be useful in managing uremic toxicity. Using a Drosophila model, the present work highlights why dosing with certain probiotic strains may be clinically useful in CKD management.
Probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum HNU082) Supplementation Relieves Ulcerative Colitis by Affecting Intestinal Barrier Functions, Immunity-Related Gene Expression, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolic Pathways in Mice

Many studies have focused on the therapeutic effect of probiotics on ulcerative colitis (UC), but few studies have paid attention to the mechanism of probiotics, especially the therapeutic effect. This study suggests that Lp082 has a therapeutic effect on colitis in mice. ABSTRACT Probiotics can effectively improve ulcerative colitis (UC), but the mechanism is still unclear. Here, shotgun metagenome and transcriptome analyses were performed to explore the therapeutic effect and the mechanism of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum HNU082 (Lp082) on UC. The results showed that Lp082 treatment significantly ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice, which was manifested as increases in body weight, water intake, food intake, and colon length and decreases in disease activity index (DAI), immune organ index, inflammatory factors, and histopathological scores after Lp082 intake. An in-depth study discovered that Lp082 could improve the intestinal mucosal barrier and relieve inflammation by cooptimizing the biological barrier, chemical barrier, mechanical barrier, and immune barrier. Specifically, Lp082 rebuilt the biological barrier by regulating the intestinal microbiome and increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Lp082 improved the chemical barrier by reducing intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) and increasing goblet cells and mucin2. Lp082 ameliorated the mechanical barrier by increasing zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2), and occludin while decreasing claudin-1 and claudin-2. Lp082 optimized the immune barrier by reducing the content of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and increasing IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and TGF-β2, inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, probiotic Lp082 can play a protective role in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model by protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier, attenuating the inflammatory response, and regulating microbial imbalance. This study provides support for the development of probiotic-based microbial products as an alternative treatment strategy for UC. IMPORTANCE Many studies have focused on the therapeutic effect of probiotics on ulcerative colitis (UC), but few studies have paid attention to the mechanism of probiotics, especially the therapeutic effect. This study suggests that Lp082 has a therapeutic effect on colitis in mice. Its mechanisms of action include protecting the mucosal barrier and actively modulating the gut microbiome, modulating inflammatory pathways, and reducing neutrophil infiltration. Our study enriches the mechanism and provides a new prospect for probiotics in the treatment of colitis, helps to deepen the understanding of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and provides guidance for the future probiotic treatment of human colitis.
Tectonic and Climate-Controlled Hazards on the Shores of Hawke's Bay, New Zealand

ABSTRACT Komar, P.D. and Harris, E. , 2022. Tectonic and climate-controlled hazards on the shores of Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(6), 1075–1095. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Elevations of the Hawke's Bay shore on the Pacific coast of New Zealand were altered by an earthquake in 1931, such that at its north end the gravel beach and shore-front properties were raised by 2 m, while elevations dropped by 1 m at its south end. Along the elevated shore, the morphology was altered from a low-lying gravel spit that had experienced frequent overwash events, changed to a gravel barrier ridge where its increased stability permitted construction of expensive homes. The central stretch of shore, where there was minimal change in elevations, continues to experience wave overtopping during storms and high tides, just as had occurred prior to the earthquake. The southern-most shore, where subsidence took place, experiences substantial property damage during winter storms. With projections of accelerated rates of rising sea levels and increased storm intensities produced by global warming, concerns are that the developed shore of the elevated gravel ridge will again suffer from erosion and overwash flooding. Analyses have been undertaken of the hourly measured tides, waves, and calculated swash run-up levels on the beaches, combined to yield a record of hourly total water levels at the shore. Its extremes have been compared with the elevations of the surveyed gravel ridges to yield assessments of the potential erosion and flooding hazards. Still greater hazard assessments have been based on a recognition that the morphologies of the surveyed ridges provide direct evidence for the most extreme water levels that occurred at times of major storms in the distant past, prior to the availability of the process data. Assessments of hazards expected 100 years into the future have included projections of both rising sea levels and evidence for increasing storm-wave heights.
SOLAR MODELS WITH NEW LOW METAL ABUNDANCES

In the past decade, the photospheric abundances of the Sun had been revised several times by many observers. The standard solar models constructed with the new low-metal abundances disagree with helioseismic results and detected neutrino fluxes. The solar model problem has puzzled some stellar physicists for more than 10 years. Rotation, enhanced diffusion, convection overshoot, and magnetic fields are used to reconcile the new abundances with helioseismology. The too low helium subsurface abundance in enhanced diffusion models can be improved by the mixing caused by rotation and magnetic fields. The problem of the depth of the convective zone in rotating models can be resolved by convection overshoot. Consequently, the Asplund–Grevesse–Sauval rotation model including overshooting (AGSR) reproduces the seismically inferred sound-speed and density profiles and the convection zone depth as well as the Grevesse & Sauval model computed before. But this model fails to reproduce the surface helium abundance, which is 0.2393 (2.6σ away from the seismic value), and neutrino fluxes. The magnetic model called AGSM keeps the agreement of the AGSR and improves the prediction of the surface helium abundance. The observed separation ratios r02 and r13 are reasonably reproduced by AGSM. Moreover, neutrino fluxes calculated by this model are not far from the detected neutrino fluxes and the predictions of previous works.
Splitting Hairs and Network Traces: Improved Attacks Against Traffic Splitting as a Website Fingerprinting Defense

The widespread use of encryption and anonymization technologies---e.g., HTTPS, VPNs, Tor, and iCloud Private Relay---makes network attackers likely to resort to traffic analysis to learn of client activity. For web traffic, such analysis of encrypted traffic is referred to as Website Fingerprinting (WF). WF attacks have improved greatly in large parts thanks to advancements in Deep Learning (DL). In 2019, a new category of defenses was proposed: traffic splitting, where traffic from the client is split over two or more network paths with the assumption that some paths are unobservable by the attacker. In this paper, we take a look at three recently proposed defenses based on traffic splitting: HyWF, CoMPS, and TrafficSliver BWR5. We analyze real-world and simulated datasets for all three defenses to better understand their splitting strategies and effectiveness as defenses. Using our improved DL attack Maturesc on real-world datasets, we improve the classification accuracy wrt. state-of-the-art from 49.2% to 66.7% for HyWF, the F1 score from 32.9% to 72.4% for CoMPS, and the accuracy from 8.07% to 53.8% for TrafficSliver BWR5. We find that a majority of wrongly classified traces contain less than a couple hundred of packets/cells: e.g., in every dataset 25% of traces contain less than 155 packets. What cannot be observed cannot be classified. Our results show that the proposed traffic splitting defenses on average provide less protection against WF attacks than simply randomly selecting one path and sending all traffic over that path.
Return to Driving After Hip Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Hip arthroscopy is an increasingly common procedure; however, recommendations for safely returning to driving after hip arthroscopy vary among surgeons. Purpose: To systematically review and analyze the current available evidence on the optimal time to safely return to driving after hip arthroscopy. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Two authors independently conducted a literature search throughout August 2021 using the PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane databases. A total of 1425 articles were reviewed, and 5 articles were included. All included articles used brake reaction time (BRT) as an observer-reported outcome measure. A meta-analysis was performed to compare pre- and postoperative BRT values. Study sample sizes and mean BRT values were collected per each included study. First, data were analyzed for the right and left hips combined; then, a subgroup analysis stratified by laterality was performed. The BRT values were divided according to time periods of measurement: preoperatively and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Results: The included studies evaluated safety to return to driving after hip arthroscopy in 160 patients. Of these, 142 patients were treated for femoroacetabular impingement, while 18 patients underwent hip arthroscopy for other diagnoses. The mean weighted age was 33.7 ± 9.0 years, 47.5% of the patients were female, and the right hip was affected in 71.2%. The preoperative range of BRT was 566 to 1960 ms, and postoperative BRT range was 567 to 1840 ms at 1 to 2 weeks and 523 to 1860 ms at 3 to 12 weeks. Meta-analysis found the studies to be moderately heterogenic (P = .06). There were no statistically significant differences in BRT between the preoperative period and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion: Return to driving is likely safe as early as 2 to 4 weeks after right-sided hip arthroscopy, and 2 weeks after a left-sided procedure, as driving performance returns to the preoperative level. Registration: CRD42021274460 (PROSPERO identifier).
A CHANGE OF ROTATION PROFILE IN THE ENVELOPE IN THE HH 111 PROTOSTELLAR SYSTEM: A TRANSITION TO A DISK?

The HH 111 protostellar system consists of two Class I sources (VLA 1 and 2) with putative disks deeply embedded in a flattened envelope at a distance of 400 pc. A follow-up study of this system in C18O (J = 2–1), SO (NJ = 56–45), and 1.33 mm continuum at ∼1″ (400 AU) resolution is performed, and it may show for the first time how a rotationally supported disk can be formed inside an infalling envelope. The 1.33 mm continuum emission is seen arising from both sources, likely tracing the dusty putative disks around them. In particular, the emission around the VLA 1 source is elongated in the equatorial plane with a radius of ∼300 AU. The envelope is well seen in C18O, extending to ∼7000 AU out from the VLA 1 source, with the innermost part overlapping with the dusty disk. It has a differential rotation, with the outer part (∼2000–7000 AU) better described by a rotation that has constant specific angular momentum and the inner part (∼60–2000 AU) by a Keplerian rotation. The envelope seems to also have some infall motion that is smaller than the rotation motion. Thus, the material in the outer part of the envelope seems to be slowly spiraling inward with its angular momentum and the rotation can indeed become Keplerian in the inner part. A compact SO emission is seen around the VLA 1 source with a radius of ∼400 AU and it may trace a shock such as an (inner) accretion shock around the disk.
Effect of Anterior Glenoid Chondrolabral Defects on Anterior Glenohumeral Stability: A Biomechanical Study

Background: It is well known that glenoid osseous defects >13.5% of the glenoid width critically destabilize the shoulder, as do labral tears. Chondrolabral defects often occur with anterior dislocation of the shoulder. It is unclear whether glenoid chondrolabral defects contribute to shoulder stability and, if so, at what size they become critical. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of incremental chondrolabral defect sizes on anterior shoulder stability in the setting of labral deficiency. The hypothesis was that chondrolabral defects ≥13.5% of the glenoid width will decrease anterior shoulder stability. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: This controlled laboratory study tested 12 fresh-frozen shoulders. Specimens were attached to a custom testing device in abduction and neutral rotation with 50-N compression applied to the glenoid. The humeral head was translated 10 mm anterior, anteroinferior, and anterosuperior with the conditions of intact cartilage and labrum and anterior full-thickness chondrolabral defects of 3-, 6-, and 9-mm width. Translation force was measured continuously. Peak translation force divided by 50-N compressive force defined the stability ratio. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Results: The anterior stability ratio decreased between the intact state (36% ± 7%) and all defects ≥3 mm (≤32% ± 8%; P ≤ .023). The anteroinferior stability ratio decreased between the intact state (52% ± 7%) and all defects ≥3 mm (≤47% ± 7%; P ≤ .006). The anterosuperior stability ratio decreased between the intact state (36% ± 4%) and all defects ≥6 mm (≤33% ± 4%; P ≤ .006). A 3-mm defect equated to 10% of the glenoid width. There were moderate to strong negative correlations between chondrolabral defect size and stability ratio in the anterior, anteroinferior, and anterosuperior directions (r = –0.79, –0.63, and –0.58, respectively; P ≤ .001). There were moderate to strong negative correlations between the percentage of glenoid chondrolabral defect size to the glenoid width and the stability percentage in all directions (r = –0.81, –0.63, and –0.61; P ≤ .001). Conclusion: An anterior glenoid chondrolabral defect ≥3 mm (>10% of the glenoid width) significantly decreased anterior and anteroinferior stability. Chondrolabral defect size negatively correlated with stability. Clinical Relevance: To fully restore glenohumeral stability, in addition to labral repair, it may be necessary to reconstruct chondrolabral defects as small as 3 mm (10% of the glenoid width).
Living in the wrong time zone: Elevated risk of traffic fatalities in eccentric time localities

Chronobiology research has uncovered a host of maladies linked to social jetlag (SJL), the sleep-disrupting disconnect between solar time and social time. This interdisciplinary study applies chronobiology theory to the potential effect of misaligned time zones on motor-vehicle deaths. In the U.S. 53 million residents live in counties located outside their official time zones’ standard 15° span of longitude, based on degrees west of the prime meridian. We refer to these counties as eccentric time localities (ETLs), all of which lie west of their time zones’ standard western border in the U.S. In contrast, counties within 7.5° of their time zone’s standard geographic center are what we call solar zones. Solar zones do not vary more than 30 minutes from true solar time. ETL residents are forced to rise before dawn, possibly restricting their sleep-time and suppressing both morning and evening zeitgebers that would support their circadian entrainment. Hypothesizing that living in ETLs amplifies social jetlag, data on 417,399 traffic fatalities in the U.S. between 2006 and 2017 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) census were analyzed via GIS mapping and population-data statistics. Road fatalities among residents of solar zones were compared to those living in ETLs within the same official time zone. ETL residents across the U.S. indicated 21.8% higher fatality-rates than solar residents, with a mean of 1286 additional (i.e., unexpected) deaths-per-year. Results support circadian entrainment theory and are consistent with the SJL construct. The socio-political ramifications of these findings are discussed, as well as the subject of best practices when analyzing whole-population data. The authors conclude that the unquestioned rhetoric of time-zone boundaries should be reconsidered in social policy.
Stagflation: Bose-Einstein condensation in the early universe

Our universe experienced the accelerated expansion at least twice; an extreme inflationary acceleration in the early universe and the recent mild acceleration. By introducing the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) phase of a boson field, we have been developing a unified model of dark energy (DE) and dark matter (DM) for the later mild acceleration. In this scenario, two phases of BEC (=DE) and normal gas (=DM) transform with each other through BEC phase transition. This unified model has successfully explained the mild acceleration as an attractor. We extend this BEC cosmology to the early universe without introducing new ingredients. In this scenario, the inflation is naturally initiated by the condensation of the bosons in the huge vacuum energy. This inflation and even the cosmic expansion eventually terminates exactly at zero energy density. We call this stage as stagflation. At this stagflation era, particle production and the decay of BEC take place. The former makes the universe turn into the standard hot big bang stage and the latter makes the cosmological constant vanishingly small after the inflation. Furthermore, we calculate the density fluctuations produced in this model, which turns out to be in the range allowed by the present observational data. Wemore » also show that the stagflation is quite robust and easily appears when one allows negative region of the potential. Further, we comment on the possibility that BEC generation/decay series might have continued all the time in the cosmic history from the inflation to present. « less