Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Cottonseed Meal as an Alternative to Fish Meal in Diet for Juvenile Asian Red-Tailed Catfish Hemibagrus wyckioides

A 10-week trial was performed to investigate the effects of replacing fishmeal with cottonseed meal (CSM) on the growth rate, protein metabolism, and antioxidant response of Asian red-tailed catfish Hemibagrus wyckioides. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (C0, C8.5, C17.2, C25.7, and C34.4) were prepared to contain 0%, 8.5%, 17.2%, 25.7%, and 34.4% CSM replacing fishmeal, respectively. The weight gain, daily growth coefficient, pepsin, and intestinal amylase activities initially increased and then decreased with the raising dietary CSM levels; the highest values were observed in the C17.2 group (P < 0.05). However, feed cost exhibited the opposite trend. With the increasing dietary CSM levels, the protein efficiency ratio and intestinal trypsin activity decreased but feed conversion rate increased gradually; while no differences were observed among the C0, C8.5, and C17.2 groups (P > 0.05). Dietary CSM inclusion regardless of levels increased the plasma growth hormone level as well as hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities but decreased the plasma glutamate dehydrogenase and AST activities (P < 0.05). With the increasing dietary CSM levels, the plasma alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and hepatic superoxide dismutase activities decreased but malondialdehyde content increased gradually, while no differences were observed among the C0, C8.5, and C17.2 groups (P > 0.05). The plasma immunoglobulin M content and hepatic glutathione reductase activity initially increased but then decreased with the raising dietary CSM levels; the highest values were found in the C17.2 group. These results indicated that dietary CSM inclusion level up to 17.2% improved the growth rate, feed cost, digestive enzyme activity, and protein metabolism without compromising antioxidant capacity of H. wyckioide, whereas these parameters were depressed by further inclusion of CSM. CSM is a potentially cost-effective alternative plant protein source in diet of H. wyckioide.
Fundamental Energy Gaps of AlAs and Alp from Photoluminescence Excitation Spectra

The measurement of photoluminescence excitation spectra is shown to be a powerful method to obtain information on the lower fundamental energy gaps in materials where suitable samples for transmission measurements cannot readily be prepared. In this work this method is used to derive accurate values for the lowest indirect and direct excitonic band gaps of the "exotic" compounds AlAs and AlP. The indirect ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15v}\ensuremath{-}{X}_{1c}$ excitonic edge was found as 2.229 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.001 eV at 4 K, 2.223 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.001 eV at 77 K and 2.153 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.002 eV at 300 K. The $X$-point phonon energies observed for AlAs are ${E}_{\mathrm{LO}(X)}$, 50.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.0 meV; ${E}_{\mathrm{TO}(X)}$, 41.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.0 meV; ${E}_{\mathrm{LA}(X)}$, 27.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.5 meV; and ${E}_{\mathrm{TA}(X)}$, 13.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.0 meV, giving an $X$-point deviation from the Brout sum rule ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{K}(X)=0.09$ for AlAs. The lowest direct ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15c}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1c}$ excitonic edge in AlAs was found to vary from 3.13 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.01 eV at 4 K to 3.03 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.01 eV at 300 K. For AlP, the corresponding values found experimentally for excitonic band gaps are 2.505 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.01 eV at 4 K for the indirect ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15v}\ensuremath{-}{X}_{1c}$ transition and 3.63 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 eV at 4 K for the lowest direct gap (probably ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15v}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1c}$).
Similarity reductions of partial differential equations

The author determine the relation between two methods of reduction, the similarity reduction method using nonclassical symmetry groups, and the direct approach used by Clarkson and Kruskal (1989). They prove that the solutions which are obtained by similarity in correspondence to nonclassical groups constitute a larger family than the one obtained by the method of Clarkson and Kruskal. The two procedures are equivalent only if the generators zeta (x,t,u), tau (x,t,u), eta (x,t,u) of the nonclassical groups are such that zeta / tau is independent of u. To explain these results, he proves the existence of families of solutions of the Burgers equation which are found by means of nonclassical symmetry reduction, and which cannot be determined via the general reduction form of Clarkson and Kruskal.
Crack identification in vibrating beams using the energy method

An energy-based numerical model is developed to investigate the influence of cracks on structural dynamic characteristics during the vibration of a beam with open crack(s). Upon the determination of strain energy in the cracked beam, the equivalent bending stiffness over the beam length is computed. The cracked beam is then taken as a continuous system with varying moment of intertia, and equations of transverse vibration are obtained for a rectangular beam containing one or two cracks. Galerkin's method is applied to solve for the frequencies and vibration modes. To identify the crack, the frequency contours with respect to crack depth and location are defined and plotted. The intersection of contours from different modes could be used to identify the crack location and depth.
Molecular Outflows from X-Ray-Emitting Protostars in the ρ Ophiuchi Dark Cloud

We report CO (J = 2-1, J = 1-0) outflows from four X-ray-emitting protostars (EL29, IRS44, WL6, WL10) in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud core which have been firmly identified with the X-ray satellite ASCA. The common feature of these outflows is that the blue and red lobes are largely overlapped, which indicates that the inclination angle between the outflow axis and line of sight is smaller than 30° (nearly pole-on configuration). Taking account of the hard X-ray transparency (NH ~ 1023 cm-2) and the column density of a circumstellar disk (NH > 1024 cm-2), it is naturally understood that hard X-rays emitted near the surface of protostars or the inner part of the disk are observed in the nearly pole-on configuration. The outflow detection rate (4/5) in the present observations shows that a low-mass protostar emits X-rays even in the outflow phase of early stellar evolution.
A reduced‐order approach to four‐dimensional variational data assimilation using proper orthogonal decomposition (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2007; 53(10):1571–1583)

Reference 34 should read: Afanasiev K, Hinze M. Adaptive control of a wake flow using proper orthogonal decomposition. In Shape optimization and optimal design. Proceedings of the IFIP Conference, Cagnol J, Polis MP, Zolesio J-P (eds), Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 216. Marcel-Dekker: New York, 2001; 317–332 (see also Preprint No. 648/99, Technische Universitat Berlin (1999)).
Tropical—Extratropical Interaction Associated with the 10—25-day Oscillation over the Western Pacific during the Northern Summer

Ten years (1986-1995) of ECMWF analyses and NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data were used to investigate intraseasonal tropical-extratropical interactions on timescales of 10-25 days in the western Pacific region during Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer. Composite analyses were performed separately for the early summer (June-July) and mid-summer (August). The analyses were based on the OLR index in the base region (the South China Sea), and help describe the seasonal characteristics of circulation associated with tropical convection. Localized Eliassen-Palm (E-P) fluxes were used to diagnose eddy–mean flow interactions. Composite circulation patterns associated with enhanced convection on a 10-25-day timescale for June-July were significantly different from those for August. June-July composites show a significant Rossby wave train in both the lower and upper troposphere, extending from the convective region into the North Pacific along the mean westerly flow. In the lower troposphere, subtropical circulation anomalies as part of this wavetrain propagate southwestward along the subtropical duct. Tropical-extratropical linkage is less pronounced during August. Circulation structures in August in both the lower and upper troposphere are different from those of June-July; Rossby waves do not emanate from the South China Sea and low-level subtropical circulation anomalies show no southwestward phase propagation. Energy conversion between eddy and seasonal mean flow for each season was computed to investigate the role of the time-mean flow in maintaining the 10-25-day transient eddies. In the lower troposphere, barotropic processes dominate the conversion from the time-mean flow to eddies in the exit region of tropical monsoon westerlies for both June-July and August. In the subtropics, baroclinic processes sustain the eddies. Moist baroclinic processes associated with eddy horizontal latent heat transport are important in increasing the potential energy available to eddies, especially during June-July. In the upper troposphere, barotropic conversion of kinetic energy from eddies into the time-mean flow is most notable in the East Asian subtropics to the north of the South China Sea. This suggests that increased eddy activity due to tropical convection is an important source of energy for the mean flow.
Trophic ecology of a migratory shorebird community at a globally important non-breeding site: combining DNA metabarcoding and conventional techniques

: Studies providing a detailed diet description of whole-bird communities are surprisingly scarce. Yet, these studies are pivotal to comprehend the mechanisms structuring communities and the persistence of each species in the ecosystem. We characterized the diet of a shorebird community in a key non-breeding area of the East Atlantic Flyway, the Bijagós Archipelago (West Africa), combining molecular and morphological prey identification based on 239 droppings from 15 species. Our results show that while relying upon a super-abundant prey (fiddler crab), shore-birds consumed a very high number of taxa. We stress the relevance of highly mobile prey (especially crustaceans but also fish), which typically appear to be of little importance in most shorebird studies. Our results suggest that by consuming a high diversity of prey, shorebirds may reduce competition. This may be critical in a site ranked as the second most important area in West Africa for migratory shorebirds but marked by low benthic invertebrate availability. We further compared the performance of DNA metabarcoding and morphological identification of prey. Overall, molecular and morphological methods combined delivered the most comprehensive results, although molecular methods largely surpassed morphological methods regarding taxonomic detail achieved and number of prey taxa found (4 times more). Taxonomic resolution in the identification of polychaetes and bivalves using the 16S primer was low (mostly to class), whereas this primer clearly performed better than mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase in identifying more insects and fish. We emphasize the need to increase invertebrate representatives from West Africa in barcode databases, in order to enhance metabarcoding results.
Stochastically excited waves in a 1D random medium – the mean field and power spectrum

Scalar wave propagation is examined when both the wave source and the propagation speed are random. Results are derived for the mean field and the power spectrum using the second-order Born approximation. The results depend on whether the source S(x, t) and the propagation speed c(x, t) are correlated or not. When they are uncorrelated, the mean field is zero. When they are correlated, the mean field is non-zero only when the source is non-stationary. The power spectrum is incoherent to leading order. There is a transfer of energy from lower to higher frequencies owing to wave scattering. The corresponding frequency upshift of the power profile in the (k, ω) domain is mainly caused by the cross power between the direct and the twice scattered field, which represents a second-order incoherent power contribution. The results are confirmed using a numerical solution of the wave equation where the scattered field is expanded to fifth order.
Adjoint‐weighted variational formulation for the direct solution of inverse problems of general linear elasticity with full interior data

We describe a novel variational formulation of inverse elasticity problems given interior data. The class of problems considered is rather general and includes, as special cases, plane deformations, compressibility and incompressiblity in isotropic materials, 3D deformations, and anisotropy. The strong form of this problem is governed by equations of pure advective transport. The variational formulation is based on a generalization of the adjoint‐weighted variational equation (AWE) formulation, originally developed for flow of a passive scalar. We describe how to apply AWE to various cases, and prove several properties. We prove that the Galerkin discretization of the AWE formulation leads to a stable, convergent numerical method, and prove optimal rates of convergence. The numerical examples demonstrate optimal convergence of the method with mesh refinement for multiple unknown material parameters, graceful performance in the presence of noise, and robust behavior of the method when the target solution is C∞, C0, or discontinuous. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rewords and Struggle of Online Teaching of Pathology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Middle East Medical Students’ Judgment

Introduction: Online learning involves the delivery of educational instructions regarding a subject using the internet. Pathology is an experimental subject that requires students to learn about disease development via unpleasant photos and slides. This study aims to determine the rewards and struggles of online pathology learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic at the Al-Qunfudah Medical College, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Using an online questionnaire comprising three sections of 23 questions (12 questions about the positive perception of online teaching and 11 about the negative perception), we surveyed second and third-year pathology students about their perception of online education. The positive and negative perceptions of the students were compared using the chi-square test (p < 0.05). Results: About 77% of the students (n = 85/110) responded to the survey. Female students (n = 43, 50.6%) had a significantly higher positive perception of online learning (p < 0.001); male students (n = 42, 49.4%) had a high negative perception of online teaching (p < 0.035). Nearly 70% of the students agreed that the Blackboard platform (Anthology Inc., Boca Raton, FL) made learning easy. About two-thirds of students agreed that the pre-lecture video produced by the teachers, when shared before the lesson, made the pathology lectures easy. Conclusion: Female students were more favorable toward online pathology learning. Extensive training provided to teachers can significantly increase the support given to students during online teaching.
Innovation Output and Idiosyncratic Volatility: US Evidence

Firms engaging in innovative practices have patents to prevent competitive forces from eroding the resulting economic rents; however, there is limited evidence regarding the impact of innovation on risk. We shed new light on how firms’ involvement in innovation activities impacts their volatility, particularly their idiosyncratic volatility. In this paper, we empirically examine the effect of innovation on idiosyncratic volatility. To do so, we empirically examine the impact of innovation, measured by patents weighted by citations and R&D expenditure, on the idiosyncratic volatility of firms. Using a large sample of 8256 US firms, we find that more innovation is associated with lower idiosyncratic volatility. We also find that information uncertainty is the channel through which innovation affects idiosyncratic risk. The results are robust for different measures of idiosyncratic volatility. These results have empirical implications for investors, managers, and firms engaging in innovation-related activities.
The relationships between freshmen’s accuracy of self-evaluation and the likelihood of succeeding in chemistry and physics exams in two STEM undergraduate courses

ABSTRACT In this longitudinal study, we investigate how demographic, cognitive and meta-cognitive variables affect students’ success in chemistry and physics exams in two Science-Technology-Engineering-Mathematics undergraduate courses, biology and engineering. Independent variables include high school final examination performance, chemistry and physics marks, self-efficacy and accuracy of self-evaluation, namely the difference between the estimation of one’s own performance in a specific task measured with a confidence rating scale and the actual performance score. We involved 81 biology and 125 engineering freshmen students in the study. Biology students were attending a General Chemistry course, while Engineering students were attending a General Physics course. Accuracy of self-evaluation scores were calculated through Rasch analysis of responses to an instrument that included chemistry and physics items, and a confidence tier. We found that for both courses, the likelihood of passing the exams of chemistry and physics was significantly predicted solely by their accuracy of self-evaluation accuracy score. We found the overconfident students had lower likelihood of passing the exam. Our results suggest that the perception of one’s own ability is a relevant factor for predicting students’ success at undergraduate level and can be a better predictor of academic success than high school performance and self-efficacy.
Neutral hydrogen absorption in the spectrum of the quasar-galaxy pair 4C 32.33/NGC 3067

Radio spectra near 21 cm wavelength were taken of five close quasar- galaxy pairs. Neutral hydrogen absorption of radiation from the quasar 4C 32.33 (3C 232) has been detected at a velocity (C$delta$lambda/lambda$sub 0$) of 1418 km s$sup -1$. This feature lies 76 km s$sup -1$ away from the velocity of the galaxy NGC 3067 which is separated from the position of 4C 32.33 by less than 2 Holmberg radii. The absorption line has an optical depth, tau, of 0.027 +- 0.005 and a velocity half-width of < or = 5.5 km s$sup -1$. These parameters imply a neutral hydrogen column density less than or equal to 2.7 x 10$sup 17$ T/subs/ cm$sup -2$. No absorption features were detected in the sources 3C 268.4, 3C 275.1, 3C 309.1, or 3C 455. The similarity of the absorption feature in 4C 32.33 to that discovered by Brown and Roberts in 3C 286 lends some support to the suggestion by Brown and Roberts that the feature in 3C 286 is caused by a cloud of neutral hdyrogen associated with a galaxy somewhere along the line of sight to the quasar. (AIP)
The Role of Chloroviruses as Possible Infectious Agents for Human Health: Putative Mechanisms of ATCV-1 Infection and Potential Routes of Transmission

The Chlorovirus genus of the Phycodnaviridae family includes large viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. Chloroviruses are widely distributed in freshwater bodies around the world and have been isolated from freshwater sources in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. One representative of chloroviruses is Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1 (ATCV-1), which is hosted by Chlorella heliozoae. A few publications in the last ten years about the potential effects of ATCV-1 on the human brain sparked interest among specialists in the field of human infectious pathology. The goal of our viewpoint was to compile the scant research on the effects of ATCV-1 on the human body, to demonstrate the role of chloroviruses as new possible infectious agents for human health, and to indicate potential routes of virus transmission. We believe that ATCV-1 transmission routes remain unexplored. We also question whether chlorella-based nutritional supplements are dangerous for ATCV-1 infections. Further research will help to identify the routes of infection, the cell types in which ATCV-1 can persist, and the pathological mechanisms of the virus’s effect on the human body.
Reconceptualizing protective factors in response to risk with vulnerable children

The quality and robustness of childcare professionals’ thinking about protective factors is crucial to interventions with vulnerable children. Yet, protective factors in childcare are under-conceptualized in policy and practice and have been overshadowed by the concept of risk. This study uses discourse analysis to examine how childcare professionals discuss protective factors in response to risk and in a way that demonstrates critical thinking. Findings Data was collected from 30 consultation meetings, which involve a total of 109 professionals. The consultation meetings focus on the assessment of a child who presents a serious risk of harm to others and who are themselves at risk. The findings suggest that professionals do discuss protective factors in response to risk, however, it occurs on a ratio of approximately one to nine, which suggests a level of separation in the way these terms are conceptualized in practice. Application It is suggested that a professional construct of “protective factors versus risk,” which is applied with critical thinking, will offer a more robust way of conceptualizing the support provided to vulnerable children. While professionals have to analyze risk in terms of what is wrong, it is equally crucial to include protective factors in a strategy for it to work. A starting point is for professionals to re-construct protective factors and risk and apply it with critical thinking to core elements of social work practice, such as assessments, multi-disciplinary meetings and the verbal communications with service users.
Adaptive Asymptotic Tracking Control for Flexible-Joint Robots With Prescribed Performance: Design and Experiments

This study reports the adaptive asymptotic tracking control problem for flexible-joint (FJ) robot systems, the output tracking error can be kept within the prescribed range in the initial stage of system operation, as time approaches infinity, the asymptotic tracking result can be obtained. The prescribed performance function and the positive integrable time-varying function are introduced simultaneously in the control design of FJ robot systems for the first time. The control scheme is designed under the frame of the adaptive backstepping method and command filtered technique, which successfully avoids the problem of complexity explosion. The radial basis function neural networks are used to deal with unknown uncertainties and the adaptive laws are designed to approximate the norms of weight vectors and approximation errors. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed scheme is proved by the simulation and the experiment of the 2-link FJ robot on the Quanser platform.