Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STATUS OF MINERALS, UREA, URIC ACID AND CREATININE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

Background: Renal failure has now become a public health problem. According to a study, the prevalence of CKD in India is 13 -15.04 percent. CRF is linked to diabetes and hypertension as risk factors. Diabetes and hypertension account for 40-60% of CRF cases in India. Materials and Methods: A total of (76) seventy-six subjects in the age range of 32 to 73 years were chosen at random and informed consent was obtained from all of them. Thirty-eight people served as controls, with thirty-eight clinically confirmed instances of chronic renal failure (creatinine > 7.0 mg/dl) serving as cases. Result: When comparing patients to controls, RBS, creatinine, urea, uric acid, magnesium, phosphorous, and potassium levels were considerably higher (p 0.05). When comparing patients to controls, calcium, iron, and salt levels were considerably lower (p 0.05). In CRF patients with hypertension, RBS, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and potassium were lower than in CRF subjects with hypertension and DM. Creatinine, urea, and salt levels were higher in CRF patients with hypertension compared to CRF subjects with both hypertension and diabetes, although the differences were not statistically significant (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: This study was effective in CRF patients who have high serum phosphate and magnesium levels but low serum calcium and iron levels. The study's scope was to expand to include serum phosphorus, magnesium, serum calcium, and iron in the renal profile in the future.
Perceived Versus Actual Ability to Identify Fake News: Evidence From Israel’s 2019–2020 Elections

A less studied topic about fake news is the gap between the perceived and actual ability to identify it. This study examines the topic using a panel survey during Israel’s 2019– 2020 election campaigns (Wave 1—N = 1,427; Wave 2—N = 758). Our research, which measured participants’ perceived ability to identify fake news during the April 2019 elections and their actual ability to do so during the September 2019 elections, allowed us to measure the gap between the two. Our analysis reveals that although various political and media variables predict citizens’ perceived ability to identify fake news, most of those indicators are not useful in explaining their actual ability to do so. The gap between the two is explained by political interest and exposure to diverse sources. In addition, we examine the Dunning-Kruger effect, focusing on the overestimation versus the underestimation of fake news identification. The findings indicate that the high political interest and knowledge, alongside high news exposure from diverse sources, leads people to feel complacent and fails people in fake news identification.
UPPER FACIAL INDEX: AN ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY

Background: Facial contour is highly attentive and interesting topic for artists, anthropologist, anatomist, forensic science expert, plastic surgeons and maxillofacial surgeons. Many factors affect the shape of face like race, sex, climate, genetic, socio economic and nutritional factors. Less studies available on upper facial index from skull worldwide and not all suggestive of significant sexual dimorphism. The purpose of this study to verify significance of sexual dimorphism by upper facial index and to determine dominant facial type in Western Indian population. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 80 crania of known sex. Upper facial height and bizygomatic breadth were measured and upper facial index was calculated. Result: In the present study the mean upper facial index is found to be 50.5 + 3.6mm. Mean upper facial index is observed as 49.9mm in males and 51.3mm in females. The difference in upper facial index of male and female crania is statistically insignificant for sexual dimorphism. Dominant facial type is mesene (round face) category for both male and female crania. Conclusion: Present study verified and confirmed that upper facial height and bizygomatic breadth show statistically significant difference for sex determination of adult crania while upper facial index is statistically insignificant indicating less sexual dimorphism suggestive to use other methods for sex determination of adult crania. Mesene type is the dominant facial type (56%) found in western Indian population. This study will serve as a future framework for estimating other cranial variables in same population.
Monetary Regime Switching Policy and Nonlinear Taylor Rule in African Open Economies

The study theoretical in nature, entitled the ‘Regime Switching Monetary Policy and Nonlinear Taylor Rule in African Open Economies Explore’. The essay examined the responses of the monetary policy authorities to the volatility of their exchange rate. The study employed a baseline methodology and the empirical specifications revealed the linearized objective function of the sample countries’ central banks, which is consistent with theoretical the theory of the Taylor rule, and presented the relation of the central banks that targets deviation of the actual output from its potential level and the deviation of the actual inflation from the expected inflation. The study concluded that smoothing parameter ( i t−1 ) is the transition variable in both Botswana and Morocco. In the cases of Egypt and South-Africa, inflation is the major variable that causes regime switch; hence it represents the transition variable in both countries. Finally, the monetary policy in the high exchange rate regime Botswana and South-Africa are faced with much higher inflation than Egypt and Morocco. Therefore, monetary policy response is tightening in order to reduce the effects of the higher inflation experienced in an exchange rate depreciating regime. Output gap increases across all the countries under the exchange rate depreciating regime. This suggests instability in output which is accompanied by significant falls in the exchange values of all the currencies. The results, however, showed that Egyptian pounds are not depreciating significantly when compared to the other currencies.
People Perceive Algorithmic Assessments as Less Fair and Trustworthy Than Identical Human Assessments

Algorithmic risk assessments are being deployed in an increasingly broad spectrum of domains including banking, medicine, and law enforcement. However, there is widespread concern about their fairness and trustworthiness, and people are also known to display algorithm aversion, preferring human assessments even when they are quantitatively worse. Thus, how does the framing of who made an assessment affect how people perceive its fairness? We investigate whether individual algorithmic assessments are perceived to be more or less accurate, fair, and interpretable than identical human assessments, and explore how these perceptions change when assessments are obviously biased against a subgroup. To this end, we conducted an online experiment that manipulated how biased risk assessments are in a loan repayment task, and reported the assessments as being made either by a statistical model or a human analyst. We find that predictions made by the model are consistently perceived as less fair and less interpretable than those made by the analyst despite being identical. Furthermore, biased predictive errors were more likely to widen this perception gap, with the algorithm being judged even more harshly for making a biased mistake. Our results illustrate that who makes risk assessments can influence perceptions of how acceptable those assessments are - even if they are identically accurate and identically biased against subgroups. Additional work is needed to determine whether and how decision aids should be presented to stakeholders so that the inherent fairness and interpretability of their recommendations, rather than their framing, determines how they are perceived.
STUDY OF ETIOPATHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM DIABETIC FOOT ULCER

Background: Diabetes mellitus is assuming pandemic proportions worldwide and so are its associated long-term complications. The main aim of the present study was to find out the proportion of study participants with various risk factors, clinical characteristics and radiological features of the patients. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care centre during a period of 1 year between February 2018 to January 2019. Patients with a known diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, as defined by the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and attending the foot clinic were invited to participate in the study. Demographic data and medical histories were taken from participants, including age, sex, weight, height, duration of diabetes, smoking habit and consumption of alcohol. Biochemical investigations included the most recent HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile and creatinine levels. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS (version 16; SPSS, Chicago, IL). Result: Out of 50 patients in our study, majority belonged to geriatric age group with a mean age of presentation at 66.7(9.6) years. There was a male preponderance in our study with around three-fourth of the patient being male. A little less than this (40%) was seen among patients who consumed alcohol. Majority of the patients had sedentary lifestyle. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus among the study participants was 13.4 years and majority had positive family history for diabetes. All except 1 patient had BMI above the reference range. 78% of the patients were on anti-hypertensive and 66% of them had deranged lipid profile. Conclusion: Diabetic foot is a common complication of long-standing diabetes. Peripheral neuropathy is also an important factor in the development of foot lesions. Hence it is essential to educate all the diabetic patients at risk about good glycemic control, risk factors, proper foot care, periodic foot examination and neurological examination of lower limbs, prompt treatment of foot lesions and regular follow-up.
Bird life of mountain and upland

Preface Introduction 1. The birds and their habitat 2. The sheep-walks 3. The grouse moors 4. The deer forests 5. The flows 6. The maritime hills 7. The high tops 8. Geographical aspects of the upland bird fauna 9. Conservation of upland birds Appendix References Index.
STUDY OF CORRELATION BETWEEN PREDICTIVE EVALUATION OF APACHE II AND SAPS II SCORING SYSTEM IN CASE OF SMALL BOWEL PERFORATION

Background: To study the correlation between predictive evaluation of Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) and simplified acute physiology score II (SAPS II) scoring system in patient with small bowel perforation with objectives to identify patients at higher risk by comparing both the scores and to evaluate the factors affecting morbidity and mortality rate in patients with small bowel perforation treated with operative intervention. Materials and Methods: This Cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of General surgery, Govt. Medical College & STM hospital, Haldwani, India, on 100 with the diagnosis of small bowel perforation whose plain x-ray abdomen and per operatively have features of hollow viscera perforation were scored according to APACHE II and SAPS II scoring system using Combination ICU Mortality Calculator by Clincalc.com. Post-operatively, complications and mortality outcome were recorded and was noted in terms of survivors and non-survivors. Result: Out of hundred, 30 patients did not survive. Factors such as Late presentation, higher age group, duodenal perforation, perforation as a complication of enteric fever and features of dehydration at time of presentation carried poorer prognosis. Additionally, it was observed that higher the score, higher was the mortality, we also observed that SAPS II is better predictor (AUC 0.868) of patient outcome than APACHE II (AUC 0.791). Also, SAPP II better corelated with correlated with patient’s outcome with correlation coefficient of 0.586 than APACHE II 0.462. Conclusion: In both APACHE II, SAPS II less mortality rate was noted than predicted percentage at lower scores. However, SAPS II better correlated with patient’s outcome (mortality) than APACHE II and also, SAPS II better predicted patient’s outcome than APACHE II.
STUDY ON DETERMINANTS OF POST-OPERATIVE STAY LENGTH AFTER LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become a routine procedure for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Because of its lesser post-operative complications, shorter hospital stays and various factors. However, certain factors may increase the post-operative hospital stay in laparoscopic cholecystectomy cases. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine post-operative stay length after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Thoothukudi government medical college hospital between January 2020 to January 2021 for 13 months. Eighty patients with symptomatic gallstone disease without choledocholithiasis were included in the study. All of the patients had the standard pre-operative examination before receiving anaesthesia. In addition, all patients undergoing surgery gave their informed permission after hearing about the potential for the procedure to be converted to an open cholecystectomy, which was discussed in detail. Result: Most study participants belonged to the age group 31-45 years, and 85 percent of the population is female. 21.2% have bile spillage, 11.2% have difficult Calot's Triangle dissection, 22.5% have adhesion, and 48.3% of the study population had drain placement. It was found that bile spillage, difficult Calot's Triangle dissection, operative time, spillage of bile stones and initiation of oral diet did not significantly affect post-operative hospital stay. However, adhesion and placement of drain have a significant association with an increased
CLINICAL EVALUATION AND INTRACUFF PRESSURE MONITORING OF LMA PROSEAL VERSUS LMA SUPREME DURING ELECTIVE LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Background: Tracheal intubation and controlled ventilation is the gold standard for the anaesthetic management of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Creating pneumoperitoneum during laproscopy raises intra-abdominal pressure and increases risk of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration. LMAs allow easy placement without the use of laryngoscope and hence fewer hemodynamic alterations as compared to tracheal intubation and extubation. LMA ProSeal and LMA Supreme are effective ventilatory devices for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this study we compared LMA Supreme with LMA ProSeal in laparoscopic cholecystectomy with respect to, oropharyngeal seal pressure and intracuff pressures. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized study was conducted in sixty adult patients of American Society of Anaesthesiologists’s Grade I and Grade II, weighing between 30 to 70 kg, scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients with age<30 years, weight <30kg, obese, difficult airway, edentulous, mouth opening <2.5cm, history of upper respiratory tract infections in the last 10 days, pregnant patients and patients with spine, esophageal and intestinal pathology were excluded from the study. All patients received a standard general anaesthetic and either LMA Supreme or LMA ProSeal was inserted. Assesssment of insertion time, ease of insertion, fiberoptic view and, oropharyngeal seal pressure was done. Intracuff pressure was assessed repeatedly and the cuff was deflated at regular intervals to maintain the cuff pressures at 60cm of H2O. Result: Oropharyngeal Seal Pressure was LMA Proseal (30.37cm of H2O at 1 min and 30.10 cm of H2O at 60 min) and LMA Supreme(24cm of H2O at 1 min and 25.03cm of H2O at 60 min). A statistically significant difference was found in the intracuff pressure between the two groups 2 mins after the LMA placement, at the time of pneumoperitoneum, during positioning and 30 mins and 1 hour after LMA placement. Conclusion: We recommend monitoring of the intracuff pressure of both the device and maintain the cuff pressure at 60 cm of H2O by repeated deflation of the cuff.
EFFECTS OF CHANGING FROM SEVOFLURANE TO DESFLURANE ON THE RECOVERY PROFILE AFTER SEVOFLURANE INDUCTION: A RANDOMIZED CONTROL STUDY

Background: Desflurane has the lowest solubility of currently available volatile anesthetics and may allow for more rapid emergence and recovery than sevoflurane. The present study aimed to study the effect of changing from Sevoflurane to Desflurane on the recovery profile after Sevoflurane induction. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients were enrolled for elective laparoscopic surgeries expected to last less than 2 hours under General Anaesthesia. All enrolled patients were randomly assigned into groups of 35 each as Group S (Sevoflurane) and Group D (Desflurane). Patients were randomized to receive 1-2% sevoflurane for anaesthesia maintenance or 3-6% desflurane. The desflurane group changed the anaesthetic agent from sevoflurane to desflurane within 10 minutes following endotracheal intubation. After surgery, we assessed the following parameters: the times from discontinuing volatile anaesthetics to eye-opening, obeying the command to squeeze the investigator's hand, tracheal extubation, and orientation to the patient's full name. Result: The mean age, gender distribution, weight and surgery duration were comparable between the two groups. The distribution of surgery procedures (d lap, Lap Appendix and Lap chole) was comparable in both groups. The parameters like mean eye-opening, time to hand squeeze, time to extubation, time to state the full name, use of drugs/Supplemental O ₂ and time to shift out of operation theatre (OT) were found statistically significant (p<0.05) among patients of both groups. Conclusion: Changing the anaesthetic agent from sevoflurane to desflurane after sevoflurane induction provides faster emergence and recovery than sevoflurane anaesthesia.
EFFECT OF THE INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN COASTAL AQUIFERS IN EASTERN SRI LANKA

Changes in water quality of a sand aquifer on the east coast of Sri Lanka due to the December 26, 2004 tsunami and subsequent disturbance due to well pumping and flushing by precipitation were investigated. Two closely spaced tsunami affected transects, spanning the ocean and an interior lagoon across a 2 km wide land strip were monitored from October, 2005 to September, 2006. Water samples were collected from 15 dug wells and 20 piezometers, from the disturbed and undisturbed sites respectively to evaluate the temporal and spatial trends in water quality. The EC values observed from the undisturbed area showed a significant decrease (3000 to 1200 µS/cm) with the rain from November 2005 to March 2006, while the values in the disturbed area appeared to have stabilized without further decline through the same period. The concentration range of EC, Ca, K, Na, alkalinity, total hardness and sulphate were higher in the disturbed site than in the undisturbed site. PHREEQC modeling showed that the mixed sea water fraction is higher in the disturbed site than in the undisturbed site, and this is likely due to the movement of the disturbed plume by water extraction through pumping and extensive well cleaning after the tsunami, causing forced diffusion and dispersion. No arsenic contamination was observed as all observed arsenic concentrations were below 10 µg/L. For the sites investigated, there are clear indications of only a slow recovery of the aquifer with time in response to the onset of the monsoon.
EFFECT OF PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY AMONG YOUNG ADULTS USING EARPHONES

Background: It is important to analyze listening habits and promote awareness among adults to prevent noise-induced hearing loss. Thus, we assessed the prevalence and determined the factors associated with noise-induced hearing loss among medical students using earphones. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 422 medical students at Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan medical college and hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, for six months. All the subjects were interviewed for socio-demographic details, and 16-item questionnaires were given to the participants regarding earphones and their usage. Each participant was clinically examined for external auditory canal pathology and planned for PTA. Result: The majority of subjects belonged to the 20 and 21 128 (29.7%) years age group. Among the subjects, 276 (64.04%) were female, and 155 (35.96%) were male. Further, 98.1% of participants were using earphones/headphones, and 95.8% agreed that wearing earphones long time would be harmful. Among the subjects, 408 (94.66%) had normal PTA, and 23 (5.34%) had 4K dips in PTA. The difference in PTA between different usages of earphones was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The mean duration of usage of earphones among 4K Dip was 7.66, and among normal was 4.16, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.008). PTA distribution among study subjects indicated a non-significant difference concerning age groups and gender categories. Conclusion: As noise exposure has cumulative
Business Intelligence of MSMEs Boarding Houses, and Their Sustainability (Case Study of Boarding Houses in South Tangerang City)

: This study discusses efforts to maintain the business continuity of MSME actors through a literature study on regulations and publication data related to MSME. Descriptive qualitative methods are used to analyze the steps needed by SMEs to maintain their existence. The data used is secondary data in the form of official reports and publications from related parties regarding turnover, income, and government support for MSMEs. The results of the study show that government policy support alone is not enough, the active role of all components of MSME actors is also needed. The government can maximize socialization with the help of local governments so that assistance can be received properly. In addition, MSME actors also play a role in making changes both in terms of production innovation, technology utilization, and marketing through digitization to maintain the continuity of their business. time
AN EVALUATION OF INJ. DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND INJ. ESMOLOL ON ATTENUATION OF HEMODYNAMIC STRESS RESPONSE DURING LARYNGOSCOPY AND TRACHEAL INTUBATION - A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Background: Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation are most frequently used procedure to maintain patency of airway in patient undergoing general anaesthesia or having critical illness or patient having critical injury. Laryngoscopy, is Endoscopy of Larynx which is a part of throat. It is a procedure done with Laryngoscope to visualise the vocal cords and the glottis and performed to facilitate tracheal intubation during general anaesthesia or cardiopulmonary resuscitation or for surgical procedure of head and neck surgeries. Esmolol is ultrashort acting beta blocker causes decrease in heart rate, atrio-ventricular conduction and myocardial oxygen demand. Various studies have been conducted to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine and esmolol in attenuation of hemodynamic response of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. The objectives are to 1) To assess the hemodynamic changes during and after laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. 2) To compare and evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and esmolol in attenuating hemodynamic response during and after laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 60 patients in the age group of 18 to 60 years, ASA Grade I & II of either sex, undergoing elective surgeries under general anesthesia. The study includes drugs dexmedetomidine