Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photochemical Degradation of Organic Carbon in Acidic Mining Lakes

The investigated coal mining lakes of the Lusatian lignite mining district and the mid-German lignite district are geogenically acidified caused by pyrite and marcasite oxidation. All lakes are characterized by high ionic strength and extremely high concentrations of dissolved ferric iron. In oxic water layers, up to 10% of total iron is present as Fe(II). Mean concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are extremely low in the investigated Lusa-tian lakes (<0.1 mmol/L). During summer months, DOC concentrations below the detection limit were observed in epilimnetic layers accompanied by increased concentrations of ferrous iron. It is suggested that photochemical reactions are responsible for depletion of DOC and formation of ferrous iron as it has been described for acidic soft-water lakes. The coupling of DOC degradation and ferrous iron production was verified with sunlight exposure experiments. Samples of acidic mining lakes were irradiated in quartz glass vessels. Up to 50% of DOC was transformed to CO2 after 300 min of irradiation with natural sunlight, and the light-induced production of Fe(II) was up to 450% (compared to 100% Fe(II) concentration before irradiation). As a consequence of acidification and photochemical reactions, the carbon budget of investigated mining lakes is kept low because organic carbon is finally oxidized to carbon dioxide which leaves epilimnetic water layers as a gas. Photochemischer Abbau von organisch gebundenem Kohlenstoff in sauren Bergbaurestseen Die untersuchten Bergbauseen der Braunkohlenabbaugebiete des Lausitzer Braunkohlenreviers und des mitteldeutschen Braunkohlenreviers sind durch Pyrit- und Markasitoxidation geogen versauert. Alle Seen sind durch hohe Ionenstarken und extrem hohe Konzentrationen an gelostem Eisen(III) charakterisiert. In oxischen Wasserschichten liegen bis zu 10% des Gesamteisens als Eisen(II) vor. Die Konzentrationen von gelostem organischen Kohlenstoff (DOC) sind in den untersuchten Seen der Lausitz meist extrem niedrig (< 0.1 mmol/L). Wahrend der Sommermonate liegen die DOC-Konzentrationen im Epilimnion unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze und werden von ansteigenden Konzentrationen an Eisen(II) begleitet. Es ist zu vermuten, dass photochemische Reaktionen, wie sie fur saure Weichwasserseen beschrieben wurden, fur diese Verarmung an DOC und die Bildung von Eisen(II) verantwortlich sind. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem DOC-Abbau und der Eisen(II)-Bildung wurde mit Sonnenlicht-Experimenten bestatigt. Proben aus sauren Bergbauseen wurden in Quarzglasgefasen bestrahlt. Bis zu 50% des DOC wurde nach 300 Minuten Bestrahlung mit naturlichem Sonnenlicht zu CO2 transformiert und die Lichtinduzierte Bildung von Eisen(II) machte bis zu 450% aus (bezogen auf 100% Eisen(II)-Konzentration vor der Bestrahlung). Als Konsequenz der Versauerung und der photochemischen Reaktionen bleibt das Kohlenstoffbudget der untersuchten Bergbauseen niedrig, da der organische Kohlenstoff letztlich zu Kohlendioxid oxidiert wird, der das Epilimnion als Gas verlasst.
A Novel Titanosilicate with MWW Structure. I. Hydrothermal Synthesis, Elimination of Extraframework Titanium, and Characterizations

A novel titanosilicate with MWW topology, Ti-MWW, has been prepared by an acid treatment on a corresponding lamellar precursor which is hydrothermally synthesized with the coexistence of boron and titanium using piperidine (PI) or hexamethyleneimine (HM) as a structure-directing agent. The MWW precursor can be synthesized to have a Si/Ti ratio as low as 10 when the Si/B ratio of the gel is maintained at 0.75. Both the materials synthesized using PI and HM exhibit the crystal form of thin platelets, while the latter shows a larger crystal size. Besides the tetrahedral Ti species, the precursor always contains the octahedral Ti species showing a UV−vis band at 260 nm, regardless of the Ti content. Calcination of the precursor results in a partial condensation of the octahedral Ti species to form the anatase phase, which is hardly removed by the acid treatment. MWW-type titanosilicate nearly free of both anatase and boron, however, is successively prepared by a cyclic treatment on the lamellar precursor, tha.
Sensitivity of the atmospheric CH4 growth rate to global temperature changes observed from 1980 to 1992

The response of the atmospheric CH 4 growth rate to observed global temperature fluctuations recorded from 1980 to 1992 is explored using a 2-dimensional (2-D) chemistry/transport model. Two competing mechanisms are considered in this study: the temperature dependency of CH 4 emissions from wetlands and the temperature dependency of the CH 4 photochemical sink, principally via the positive temperature dependencies in the the reaction rate between CH 4 and OH and in the tropospheric content of water vapour, the source of OH. The results provide some bounds on these temperature effects and the regions where they are most effective at perturbing the CH 4 growth rate. The OH-induced effect could have caused interannual variations in the CH 4 growth rate of the order of few ppbv yr −1 ; their pattern is consistent with the variations observed during the 1980s, but not in 1991/1992, when the Mount Pinatubo eruption led to global perturbations of not only the temperature but also of stratospheric ozone, stratosphere-tropospheric exchanges and the general circulation. Using the current range of temperature sensitivity of wetland emissions, the wetland effect could explain the entire CH 4 anomaly observed in 1991-1992 in the northern hemisphere. However, this mechanism cannot account for any of the CH 4 anomalies observed during the 1980s. When these temperature mechanisms are combined, we find that wetland effects dominate in the northern hemisphere and the OH effect being more important in the tropics. Any future model calculations addressing the impact of temperature fluctuations on CH 4 concentrations should be compared to the entire observational record instead of focusing on a particular CH 4 anomaly. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.49. issue4.6. x
Effect of Induced Soil Compaction on Changes in Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay Loam Soils: A Greenhouse Experiment

The continuous use of heavy machinery and vehicular traffic on agricultural land led to an increase in soil compaction, which reduces crop yield and deteriorates the physical conditions of the soil. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to study the effects of induced soil compaction on growth and yield of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties grown under two different soil textures, sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Three compaction levels [C0, C1, and C2 (0, 10 and 20 beatings)], two textural classes (sandy loam and sandy clay loam), and two genotypes of wheat were selected for the experiment. Results indicated that induced soil compaction adversely affected the bulk density (BD) and total porosity of soil in both sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils. Compaction progressively increased soil BD from 1.19 Mg m−3 in the control to 1.27 Mg m−3 in C1 and 1.40 Mg m−3 in C2 in sandy loam soil while the corresponding increase in BD in sandy clay loam was 1.56 Mg m−3 in C1 and 1.73 Mg m−3 in C2 compared to 1.24 Mg m−3 in the control. On the other hand, compaction tended to decrease total porosity of soil. In case of sandy loam, porosity declined by 5% and 17% in C1 and C2, respectively, and declined in sandy clay loam by 29% and 54%, respectively. Averaged over genotypes and textures, shoot length decreased by 15% and 26% at C1 and C2, respectively, and straw yield decreased by 21% and 61%, respectively. The compaction levels C1 and C2 significantly decreased grain yield by 12% and 41%, respectively, over the control. The deleterious effect of compaction was more pronounced on root elongation and root mass, and compaction levels C1 and C2 decreased root length by 47% and 95% and root mass by 41% and 114%, respectively, over the control. Response of soil texture to compaction was significant for almost all the parameters, and the detrimental effects of soil compaction were greater in sandy clay loam compared to sandy loam soil. The results from the experiment revealed that soil compaction adversely affected soil physical conditions, thereby restricting the root growth, which in turn may affect the whole plant growth and grain yield. Therefore, appropriate measures to avoid damaging effects of compaction on soil physical conditions should be practiced. These measures may include soil management by periodic chiseling, controlled traffic, conservation tillage, addition of organic manures, and incorporating crops with deep tap root systems in a rotation cycle.
Gas diffusivity in soils compared to ideal isotropic porous media

Evidence of anisotropy is reported for advective air and water permeabilities in soils. Thus, anisotropy is likely to exist also for diffusive gas fluxes. Information about direction-dependent soil gas diffusivity is scarce and most modeling approaches assume isotropy. At hundreds of closely lying positions in a compacted and adjacent undisturbed forest soil, gas diffusivity (Ds/D0) was measured either in vertical or horizontal direction. The volume-independent diffusion efficiency (i.e., diffusivity divided by air-filled porosity) was fitted by a generalized additive model (GAM). Significant regressors were air-filled porosity (ϵ), soil depth, and the discrete diffusion direction. The model yields in all cases higher vertical diffusion efficiencies. The compaction factor did not yield a significant regressor of its own, i.e., the reduction of diffusivity in the compacted soil was the same as in low-porosity samples of the undisturbed profile. To elucidate the role of sharing vertically and horizontally orientated pore space and a potential competition between diffusivity in different spatial directions, simple geometric models consisting of 3-dimensionally crossed pores have been parameterized. These models provided a good explanation of the typical nonlinear Ds/D0(ϵ) relationship. By simple one-parameter correction (linear or power function), this mechanistic model could be fitted to the data. The one-parameter correction of the geometric model could be a straightforward approach to consider direction dependence of measured diffusivities. However, by applying this approach to the observations the anisotropy effect was not clearly evident, which could be attributed to a changing Ds/D0(ϵ) relationship with depth. As a reason for the preference of the vertical gas diffusion the dominance of vertical stresses and the activity of anecic earthworms are discussed. Direction dependency of gas diffusivity seems to be a basic feature of natural pore systems and has to be considered for modeling gas fluxes in soils. Generally, a preferential vertical diffusion direction reduces horizontal balancing and increases the heterogeneity of gas concentrations in the soil air.
Análise Citogenética em Lagria villosa (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE): enfase na evolução cromossômica

Os Coleoptera apresentam grande variacao quanto aos sistemas de determinacao sexual, sendo o mecanismo cromossomico do tipo Xyp considerado ancestral para esta ordem. A presenca de uma substância argirofilica associada ao bivalente sexual e descrita como sendo a responsavel pela manutencao e associacao desses cromossomos, porem nao existe um consenso na literatura sobre a natureza desse material. Alem disso, poucas especies tem sido analisadas utilizando a Hibridacao in situ Fluorescente (FISH) para a localizacao das familias multigenicas, as quaissao uteis marcadores e podem elucidar a variacao do cariotipo e a organizacao genomica de diversas especies.Ate o presente momento, nao existe analise citogenetica em especies do genero Lagria. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar citogeneticamente Lagria villosa, atraves da citogenetica convencional e molecular, investigando o mecanismo de associacao dos cromossomos sexuais Xyp, atraves da analise da natureza do material argirofilico presente no lumen do bivalente sexual. Adicionalmente, realizou-se o mapeamento cromossomico das familias multigenicasDNAr 5S, DNAr18S e genes de histona H3 em L. villosa, mostrando pela primeira vez uma associacao intercalar dosgenes DNAs 5S e 18S em Coleoptera. Alem disso, aanalise de celulas testiculares evidenciou 2n=18=16+Xype formula meiotica 2n=8II+Xyp.No presente trabalho sao discutidos os possiveis mecanismos evolvidos na associacao dos cromossomos sexuais Xyp, onde e considerado que a associacao de proteinas do complexo sinaptonemico pode participar da correta segregacao desses cromossomos. Alem disso, atecnica de fiber-FISH com dupla sonda (18S e 5S) foi utilizada para uma melhor resolucao do mapeamento dessas regioes genomicas em L. villosa, mostrando que os dois DNAs estao intimamente intercalados com quantidades variaveis de ambas as classes de DNA. Associacao entre as duas familias DNArtem sido relatadopara outras especies e diferentes hipoteses sao levantadas sobre a organizacao funcional dessas familias.
Phosphorescence quenching by mechanical stimulus in CaZnOS:Cu

We have found that phosphorescence intensity of CaZnOS:Cu decreased visibly under an applied load. This mechanical quenching (MQ) of phosphorescence in CaZnOS:Cu corresponded to the mechanical stimuli. We have thus demonstrated that the MQ of CaZnOS:Cu could be used for visualizing stress distributions in practical applications. We propose that MQ arises from non-radiative recombination due to electron-transfer from trap levels to non-radiative centers as a result of the mechanical load.
A simplified method of preparing phosphoric acid for stable isotope analyses of carbonates

In order to produce CO2 for stable isotope analyses (delta(18)O and delta(13)C), carbonate samples are commonly digested in phosphoric acid. The acid recipe here presented is based on phase shifting crystalline orthophosphoric acid of pro-analysis quality to a liquid state through heating, followed by pre-vacuum treatment during a start-up procedure before mass analyses for common acid bath preparation, or adding a small amount of phosphoric pentoxide for single drop equipments, respectively. This methodology results in a final acid concentration of 104%.
Effects of Bismuth on Wide-Depletion-Width GaInNAs Solar Cells

GaInNAs solar cells could be useful in next-generation multijunction solar cells if issues surrounding low photocurrents and photovoltages are surmounted. Wide-depletion-width devices generate significant photocurrent using a p-i-n structure grown by molecular beam epitaxy, but these depletion widths are only realized in a region of parameter space that leads to rough surface morphologies. Here, bismuth is explored as a surfactant for the growth of GaInNAs solar cells. Very low fluxes of Bi are effective at maintaining smooth surfaces, even at high growth temperatures and In contents. However, Bi also increases the net donor concentration in these materials, manifested in our n-on-p device structures as a pn-junction that moves deeper into the base layer with increasing Bi fluxes. Quantum efficiency modeling and scanning kelvin probe microscopy measurements confirm the type conversion of the base layer from p type to n type. Bi incorporation in GaAsBi samples shows signs of surface segregation, leading to.
Gestão de unidade básica de saúde em municípios de pequeño porte: instrumentos utilizados, facilidades e dificuldades relacionadas

analisar o cotidiano do trabalho de gerentes e o uso de instrumentos para o gerenciamentode unidades basicas de saude (ubs). Metodo: estudo qualitativo, de carater compreensivo, cujosdados foram obtidos por meio de dois grupos focais com 12 gerentes de ubs de municipios depequeno porte do Parana – Brasil, realizados no mes de julho de 2011. Resultados: ressalta-se ocarater dialetico das situacoes do cotidiano que interferem no trabalho gerencial, que ora facilitamora dificultam o trabalho. Instrumentos mencionados na organizacao do trabalho: a epidemiologiapara subsidiar o planejamento, pactuacao de metas e avaliacao das acoes, e na gestao dostrabalhadores: reunioes com a equipe, supervisao e mediacao de conflitos. Conclusao: o gerentepode se constituir como elemento fundamental para a implementacao de mudancas tendo emvista sua destacada atuacao, tanto na organizacao do trabalho como na gestao dos trabalhadores.
The Temperature-Dependent Decomposition of SiO Studied by Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy

The temperature dependence of vibrational bands in SiO films deposited onto Si was studied under ultra high vacuum conditions. In the first series of measurements, films were deposited at various substrate temperatures from 40 K to 573 K and infrared spectra were monitored in situ between 450 cm−1 and 5000 cm−1. In a second series of measurements, a film was deposited at 300 K and post-annealed to various temperatures ranging from 373 K to 1173 K. A shift of the strongest vibrational frequency of SiO by several 10 cm−1 to higher wavenumbers with increasing temperature was observed in both kinds of experiments. The observed spectral shifts are considered as an indication of changes in the frequency of occurrence of the various Si-SiyO4-y units (0 ⩽ y ⩽ 4).
Removal and Separation of Some Radionuclides by Poly-acrylamide Based Ce(IV) Phosphate from Radioactive Waste Solutions

Removal of cesium, cobalt, and europium ions from radioactive waste solutions using poly-acrylamide based Ce(IV) phosphate material was investigated using both batch and fixed bed column techniques. The effect of pH, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature had been studied. Simple kinetic and thermodynamic models had been applied from which the mechanism of the process and the thermodynamic parameters were determined. The positive values of enthalpy change, ΔH, obtained for the three metal ions confirmed the endothermic nature of the sorption process and suggested that chemisorption is the predominant sorption mechanism. The high positive values found for the entropy change, ΔS, show the increased randomness at the solid/solution interface. The obtained negative values of free energy change, ΔG, indicating the feasibility and the spontaneous nature of the sorption processes. Breakthrough data were investigated in a fixed bed column at room temperature (298 K) under the effect of various process parameters like bed depth, flow rate, and initial ion concentration. The results showed that the overall bed capacity decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing initial metal ion concentrations and bed depth.
Comprehensive Profiling of Flavonoids in Scutellaria incana L. Using LC-Q-TOF-MS

Summary Scutellaria L. is a diverse genus of the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family of over 300 herbaceous plants commonly known as skullcaps. Various species of Scutellaria are used as ethnobotanical herbs for the treatment of ailments like cancer, jaundice, cirrhosis, anxiety, and nervous disorders. Scutellaria incana L. , commonly known as the Hoary skullcap, is a traditional medicinal plant used by native Americans as a sedative for nervousness or anxiety. S. incana metabolites were identified by comparing their high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) retention times and mass spectra with those of the corresponding authentic standards. Where standards were unavailable, the structures were characterized on the basis of their tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra following collision-induced dissociation (CID) and the accurate masses of the corresponding deprotonated molecules [M-H]− (mass accuracy ± 5 ppm). A total of 40 flavonoids, including two phenolic glycosides, were identified from leaves, stems,.
Comparative Effect of Wastewater and Groundwater Irrigation Along with Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Growth, Photosynthesis and Productivity of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

A study was made in the net house of Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh to study the comparative effect of wastewater and groundwater along with three different rates of nitrogen (N) of 0, 30, and 60 kg ha−1 on growth, physiology and yield of two varieties of chilli cv. ‘G4’ and ‘Pusa Jawala’. Wastewater irrigation resulted significant increase in shoot and root length, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf number and area, net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll content, and yield. The physio-chemical parameters of wastewater met the irrigational characteristics, being well within the permissible limit as outlined by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Among the nitrogen doses 30 kg ha−1 N along with wastewater proved best for the growth and yield. Thus it may be concluded that wastewater reduced the demand of fertilizers and it may be used for the cultivation of chilli.
The structure of tetrahedral network glass forming systems at intermediate and extended length scales

The atomic scale structure of network glass forming systems with the AX2 stoichiometry is considered and particular attention is paid to the systems GeSe2, ZnCl2 and GeO2 for which the partial-pair correlation functions have been measured by using the method of isotopic substitution in neutron diffraction. The basic structural motif in all of these systems is the A(X1/2)4 tetrahedron, although homopolar bonds are also a significant feature in the case of liquid and glassy GeSe2. The structural motifs link to form a network in which ordering occurs on two different length scales at distances greater than the nearest-neighbour. One of these length scales is associated with an intermediate range and manifests itself by the appearance of a so-called first sharp diffraction peak in the measured diffraction patterns at a scattering vector kFSDP where and rAX is the nearest-neighbour distance for unlike chemical species. The other is associated with an extended range, which has a periodicity given by , where kPP denotes the scattering vector of the principal peak and . The nature and interplay between the ordering on the intermediate and extended length scales is characterized and discussed.
Chemical Studies of Rutherfordium (Element 104) : Part I. Thin Film Ferrocyanide Surfaces for the Study of the Hydrolysis of Rutherfordium

The chemical properties of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf), and its group 4 homologs were studied by sorption on glass support surfaces coated with cobalt ferrocyanide. The surface studies showed that the hydrolysis trend in the group 4 elements and the pseudogroup 4 element, Th, decreases in the order Rf > Zr = Hf > Th. This unexpected trend was attributed to relativistic effects which predict that Rf would be more prone to having a coordination number (CN) of 6 than 8 in aqueous solutions due to a destabilization of the 6d5/2 shell.
Sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide following wetting of dry soil

A study is presented which is aimed at distinguishing among autotrophic nitrification, denitrification, and abiological processes as sources of NO and N2O production following wetting of dry soil. To distinguish among these processes, combinations of treatments in laboratory incubations of soil were used which included varying soil water content, autoclaving, C2H2 inhibition, and NO2(-) addition. Biological sources of NO and N2O commenced within minutes of wetting dry soil. Acetylene inhibition revealed that emissions of NO were dependent on nitrification, although a combination of NO2(-) production by nitrifiers and abiological reduction of NO2(-) to NO is also possible. NO emissions exceeded N2O emissions, and nitrification was the dominant source of both gases when soil water was below field capacity. It is concluded that NO emissions appear to be more important when good soil aeration favors nitrification, whereas N2O emissions appear more important when elevated soil water favors denitrification. 37 refs.