Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke

The Hydrocarbons The Alkanes The Alkenes and Alkynes The Alicyclic Hydrocarbons The Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Alcohols and Phytosterols Alcohols Phytosterols Aldehydes and Ketones The Assertion of Aldehydes and Ketones as Ciliastatic Tobacco Smoke Components Ciliastasis Studies with Cigarette Smoke Condensate Fractions Ciliastasis Studies with Individual Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Components Nose Inhalation of Environmental Tobacco Smoke vs. Mouth Inhalation of Mainstream Smoke Carboxylic Acids The Carboxylic Acids The Amino Acids and Related Compounds The Esters The Lactones Anhydrides Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives Phenols and Quinones Phenols Quinones The Ethers Nitriles Acyclic Amines Amides Imides N-Nitrosamines Volatile N-Nitrosamines Nonvolatile N-Nitrosamines Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosamino Acids Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines: An Exception among the Major MSS Toxicants Direct Transfer of TSNAs from Tobacco vs. Their Formation during the Smoking Process Infrequently Studied Tobacco and/or Smoke Secondary Amines and Their N-Nitrosamines Flue-Curing and Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines Nitroalkanes, Nitroarenes, and Nitrophenols Nitrogen Heterocyclic Components Monocyclic Five-Membered N-Containing Ring Compounds Monocyclic Six-Membered N-Containing Ring Compounds Lactams Oxazoles and Oxazines Aza-Arenes N-Heterocyclic Amines Miscellaneous Components Sulfur-Containing Components Halogenated Components Fixed and Variable Gases Metallic and Nonmetallic Elements, Isotopes, Ions, and Salts Elements, Isotopes, and Ions in Plants Methods for the Detection and Identification of Metals, Ions, and Isotopes in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke The Transference of Elements, Isotopes, and Ions from Tobacco to Tobacco Smoke Pesticides and Growth Regulators Synthetic Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulator Residues on Tobacco Naturally Occurring Plant Growth Regulators and Pesticides in Tobacco Transfer Rates of Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators to Mainstream Smoke Decomposition Products of Agrochemicals in Mainstream Smoke Methods for Analysis of Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators Residues of Synthetic Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators Identified in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke Genes, Nucleotides, and Enzymes Tobacco Genetics Genes, Nucleotides, and Enzymes Identified in Tobacco "Hoffmann Analytes" Tobacco and/or Tobacco Smoke Components Used as Tobacco Ingredients Pyrolysis Individual Tobacco Types Extracts from Tobacco Individual Tobacco Components Tobacco Additives Cigarette Construction Materials (Paper, Adhesives, etc.) Flavoring Ingredients Carcinogens, Tumorigens, and Mutagens vs. Inhibitors, Anticarcinogens, and Antimutagens Carcinogens, Tumorigens, and Mutagens Anticarcinogens, Inhibitors, and Antimutagens Alternate Exposures Free Radicals Introduction Analytical Methods for Determination of Free Radicals Free Radicals in Tobacco Smoke Historical Review of Free Radical Research on Cigarette Smoke Proposed Mechanisms for the Generation of Free Radicals in Mainstream Smoke Summary Bibliography Index
Analytical Methodology for Characterizationof Grape and Wine Phenolic Bioactives

Polyphenols are a large and complex group of compounds responsible for the characteristics, quality and colour of grape and wine, especially for red ones. Polyphenolic composition has been extensively studied and a large family of structures have been identified in grape and wine. These compounds can affect the appearance, taste, mouth-feel, fragrance and antimicrobial properties of wine. In addition, polyphenols were confirmed to be the key compounds responsible for the antioxidant potential of wine.
Defining the norm: a study of radiological wrist anatomy in a Southern Chinese population

scapholunate dissociation and restores scapholunate joint stability. 4-DCT demonstrated the anatomical impact of scapholunate interosseous and dorsal extrinsic ligaments sectioning on carpal stability during radioulnar deviation and more importantly, the positive impact of the SLICL in restoring CT kinematic parameters to normal and thus, scapholunate joint stability and normal carpal anatomy. This represents additional evidence of the effectiveness of the SLICL in correcting dissociation and supports the use of 4-DCT for the postoperative evaluation of patients with persistent symptoms and where radiographic evaluation may be non-contributory. Contrary to conventional radiographs, 4-DCT is not influenced by superimposition phenomenon and measurement errors related to the wrist position. This technique can quantify distances between carpal bones during motion with more precision and a better intraand interobserver reproducibility than radiographs. Further clinical studies with a kinematic 4-DCT assessment and SLICL reconstruction are required in order to ensure our results are reproduced in clinical practice, particularly in terms of reconstruction stability.
Hepatitis B virus pre-S2 deletion (nucleotide 1 to 54) in plasma predicts recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative surgical resection

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite curative surgical resection, high recurrence of HCC after surgery results in poor patient survival. To develop prognostic markers is therefore important for better prevention and therapy of recurrent HCC to improve patient outcomes. Deletion mutations over the pre-S1 and pre-S2 gene segments of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been closely associated with recurrence of HCC after curative surgical resection. In this study, we applied a next-generation sequencing-based approach to further evaluate the association of pre-S deletion regions with HCC recurrence. We demonstrated that the pre-S2 deletion (nucleotide 1 to 54) was the most predominant deletion regions of pre-S gene in plasma of HBV-related HCC patients. Moreover, patients with the pre-S2 deletion (nucleotide 1 to 54) exhibited a significantly higher risk of HCC recurrence after curative surgical resection than those without. The pre-S2 deletion (nucleotide 1 to 54) in plasma represented a prognostic factor that independently predicted HCC recurrence with greater performance than other clinicopathological and viral factors. Our data suggest that detection of the pre-S2 deletion (nucleotide 1 to 54) in plasma may be a promising noninvasive strategy for identifying patients at high risk for HCC recurrence after curative surgical resection.
Ashamed Caregivers: Self-Stigma, Information, and Coping among Dementia Patient Families

The number of people living with dementia increases almost every year, and the majority of the care system for these individuals is often made up of close family members. This study investigates the relationship between family caregivers’ cross-checking of information with healthcare providers and patient health outcomes. Specifically, we examined whether this relationship was mediated by caregivers’ enhanced coping efficacy. We also tested the moderation effect of family caregivers’ affiliate stigma on information cross-checking, coping efficacy, and coping outcomes. Using a survey of 226 family caregivers of dementia patients in South Korea, this study tested the moderated mediation model with the PROCESS macro. Results indicate that low affiliate stigma moderates coping efficacy on the relationship between information cross-checking and dementia patients’ health outcomes. Further implications for family caregiving and general dementia care are discussed.
Impact of County Health Rankings on Nationwide Liver Transplant Outcomes

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background. There is limited information concerning whether social determinants of health affect postliver transplant (LT) outcomes. This study aims to understand to what extent the health of LT recipients’ counties of residence influence long-term LT outcomes. Methods. We used the United Network for Organ Sharing data to identify adult LT recipients transplanted between January 2010 and June 2018. Patient-level data were matched to county-level County Health Ranking (CHR) data using transplant recipient zip code, and nationwide CHRs were created. Mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between CHRs and graft and patient survival post-LT. Results. Health outcomes rank was significantly associated with posttransplant graft and patient survival, with worst tertile counties showing a 13% increased hazard of both graft failure and patient mortality compared to the best tertile counties. Conclusions. Although county health is associated with LT outcomes, it also appears that LT recipient selection is effective at mitigating major disparities based on county of residence and helps yield equitable outcomes in this respect.
Sex-Specific Effects of Chronic Creatine Supplementation on Hippocampal-Mediated Spatial Cognition in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

The creatine (Cr) energy system has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including reductions in brain phosphoCr and Cr kinase, yet no studies have examined the neurobehavioral effects of Cr supplementation in AD, including the 3xTg mouse model. This studied investigated the effects of Cr supplementation on spatial cognition, plasticity- and disease-related protein levels, and mitochondrial function in the 3xTg hippocampus. Here, 3xTg mice were fed a control or Cr-supplemented (3% Cr (w/w)) diet for 8–9 weeks and tested in the Morris water maze. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption (Seahorse) and protein levels (Western blots) were measured in the hippocampus in subsets of mice. Overall, 3xTg females exhibited impaired memory as compared to males. In females, Cr supplementation decreased escape latency and was associated with increased spatial search strategy use. In males, Cr supplementation decreased the use of spatial search strategies. Pilot data indicated mitochondrial enhancements with Cr supplementation in both sexes. In females, Cr supplementation increased CREB phosphorylation and levels of IκB (NF-κB suppressor), CaMKII, PSD-95, and high-molecular-weight amyloid β (Aβ) species, whereas Aβ trimers were reduced. These data suggest a beneficial preventative effect of Cr supplementation in females and warrant caution against Cr supplementation in males in the AD-like brain.
Differential Involvement of EEG Oscillatory Components in Sameness versus Spatial-Relation Visual Reasoning Tasks

Abstract The development of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has recently led to great successes in computer vision, and CNNs have become de facto computational models of vision. However, a growing body of work suggests that they exhibit critical limitations on tasks beyond image categorization. Here, we study one such fundamental limitation, concerning the judgment of whether two simultaneously presented items are the same or different (SD) compared with a baseline assessment of their spatial relationship (SR). In both human subjects and artificial neural networks, we test the prediction that SD tasks recruit additional cortical mechanisms which underlie critical aspects of visual cognition that are not explained by current computational models. We thus recorded electroencephalography (EEG) signals from human participants engaged in the same tasks as the computational models. Importantly, in humans the two tasks were matched in terms of difficulty by an adaptive psychometric procedure; yet, on top of a modulation of evoked potentials (EPs), our results revealed higher activity in the low β (16–24 Hz) band in the SD compared with the SR conditions. We surmise that these oscillations reflect the crucial involvement of additional mechanisms, such as working memory and attention, which are missing in current feed-forward CNNs.
Handbook of surface plasmon resonance

Chapter 1: Introduction to Surface Plasmon Resonance Chapter 2: Physics of Surface Plasmon Resonance Chapter 3: SPR Instrumentation Chapter 4: Kinetic Models Describing Biomolecular Interactions at Surfaces Chapter 5: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Interactions: SPR Applications in Drug Development Chapter 6: Surface Chemistry in SPR Technology Chapter 7: Measurement of the Analysis Cycle: Scanning SPR Microarray Imaging of Autoimmune Diseases Chapter 8: Advanced Methods for SPR Imaging Biosensing Chapter 9: Surface Plasmon Fluorescence Techniques for Bioaffinity Studies Chapter 10: SPR Imaging for Clinical Diagnostics Chapter 11: The Benefits and Scope of Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Biosensors in Food Analysis Chapter 12: Future Trends in SPR Technology
Obesity and the risk of primary liver cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background/Aims In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to clarify the effect of obesity on the occurrence of and mortality from primary liver cancer. Methods This study was conducted using a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library until November 2018 using the primary keywords “obesity,” “overweight,” “body mass index (BMI),” “body weight,” “liver,” “cancer,” “hepatocellular carcinoma,” “liver cancer,” “risk,” and “mortality. ” Studies assessing the relationship between BMI and occurrence of or mortality from primary liver cancer in prospective cohorts and those reporting hazard ratios (HRs) or data that allow HR estimation were included. Results A total of 28 prospective cohort studies with 8,135,906 subjects were included in the final analysis. These included 22 studies with 6,059,561 subjects for cancer occurrence and seven studies with 2,077,425 subjects for cancer-related mortality. In the meta-analysis, an increase in BMI was associated with the occurrence of primary liver cancer (HR, 1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.50–1.90, I2=56%). A BMI-dependent increase in the risk of occurrence of primary liver cancer was reported. HRs were 1.36 (95% CI, 1.02–1.81), 1.77 (95% CI, 1.56–2.01), and 3.08 (95% CI, 1.21–7.86) for BMI >25 kg/m2, >30 kg/m2, and >35 kg/m2, respectively. Furthermore, increased BMI resulted in enhanced liver cancer-related mortality (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.14–2.27, I2=80%). Conclusions High BMI increases liver cancer mortality and occurrence of primary liver cancer. Obesity is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of and mortality from primary liver cancer.
Tocilizumab administration is associated with the reduction in biomarkers of coronavirus disease 2019 infection

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused a significant impact on all aspects of life, with the number of death cases still increasing. Therefore, identification of potential treatment for reducing the severity of the disease is important. Currently, the data regarding the effectiveness of tocilizumab as treatment agents for COVID‐19 infection is still conflicting. This study aims to give clear evidence regarding the potential benefit of tocilizumab in reducing the biomarkers of COVID‐19 infection. We systematically searched the PubMed Central database using specific keywords related to our aims until July 24th, 2020. All articles published on COVID‐19 and tocilizumab were retrieved. A total of 9 studies with a total of 577 patients were included in our analysis. Our meta‐analysis showed that tocilizumab treatment is associated with reduction of C‐reactive protein (mean difference [MD]: −106.69 mg/L [95% confidence interval [CI]: −146.90, −66.49 mg/L], p < .00001; I2 = 98%, random‐effect modeling), d‐dimer (MD: −3.06 mg/L [95% CI: −5.81, −0.31 mg/L], p = .03; I2 = 98%, random‐effect modeling), Ferritin (MD: −532.80 ng/ml [95% CI: −810.93, −254.67 ng/ml], p = .0002; I2 = 25%, random‐effect modeling), procalcitonin (MD: −0.67 ng/ml [95% CI: −1.13, −0.22 ng/ml], p = .004; I2 = 92%, random‐effect modeling], and increment in the levels of lymphocyte count (MD: 0.36 × 103/μl [95% CI: 0.18, 0.54 × 103/μl], p < .0001; I2 = 88%, random‐effect modeling). Administration of tocilizumab is effective in reducing the biomarkers of the COVID‐19 infection.
Role of Bioactive Peptide Sequences in the Potential Impact of Dairy Protein Intake on Metabolic Health

For years, there has been an increasing move towards elucidating the complexities of how food can interplay with the signalling networks underlying energy homeostasis and glycaemic control. Dairy foods can be regarded as the greatest source of proteins and peptides with various health benefits and are a well-recognized source of bioactive compounds. A number of dairy protein-derived peptide sequences with the ability to modulate functions related to the control of food intake, body weight gain and glucose homeostasis have been isolated and characterized. Their being active in vivo may be questionable mainly due to expected low bioavailability after ingestion, and hence their real contribution to the metabolic impact of dairy protein intake needs to be discussed. Some reports suggest that the differential effects of dairy proteins—in particular whey proteins—on mechanisms underlying energy balance and glucose-homeostasis may be attributed to their unique amino acid composition and hence the release of free amino acid mixtures enriched in essential amino acids (i.e., branched-chain-amino acids) upon digestion. Actually, the research reports reviewed in this article suggest that, among a number of dairy protein-derived peptides isolated and characterized as bioactive compounds in vitro, some peptides can be active in vivo post-oral administration through a local action in the gut, or, alternatively, a systemic action on specific molecular targets after entering the systemic circulation. Moreover, these studies highlight the importance of the enteroendocrine system in the cross talk between food proteins and the neuroendocrine network regulating energy balance.
Profiling of Low-Molecular-Weight Carbonyls and Protein Modifications in Flavored Milk

Thermal treatments of dairy products favor oxidations, Maillard reactions, and the formation of sugar or lipid oxidation products. Additives including flavorings might enhance these reactions or even induce further reactions. Here we aimed to characterize protein modifications in four flavored milk drinks using samples along the production chain—raw milk, pasteurization, mixing with flavorings, heat treatment, and the commercial product. Therefore, milk samples were analyzed using a bottom up proteomics approach and a combination of data-independent (MSE) and data-dependent acquisition methods (DDA). Twenty-one small carbonylated lipids were identified by shotgun lipidomics triggering 13 protein modifications. Additionally, two Amadori products, 12 advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and 12 oxidation-related modifications were targeted at the protein level. The most common modifications were lactosylation, formylation, and carboxymethylation. The numbers and distribution of modification sites present in raw milk remained stable after pasteurization and mixing with flavorings, while the final heat treatment significantly increased lactosylation and hexosylation in qualitative and quantitative terms. The processing steps did not significantly affect the numbers of AGE-modified, oxidized/carbonylated, and lipid-carbonylated sites in proteins.
The apple columnar gene candidate MdCoL and the AP2/ERF factor MdDREB2 positively regulate ABA biosynthesis by activating the expression of MdNCED6/9.

MdCoL, which encodes a putative 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase, is a strong candidate gene for control of the columnar growth phenotype in apple. However, the mechanism by which MdCoL could produce the columnar trait is unclear. Here, we show that MdCoL influences ABA biosynthesis through its interactions with the MdDREB2 transcription factor. Expression analyses and transgenic tobacco studies confirmed that MdCoL is likely a candidate for control of the columnar phenotype. Furthermore, the ABA level in columnar apple trees is significantly higher than that in standard apple trees. A protein interaction experiment showed that MdCoL interacts with MdDREB2. Transient expression and EMSA assays demonstrated that MdDREB2 binds directly to the DRE motif in the MdNCED6 and MdNCED9 (MdNCED6/9) gene promoters, thereby activating the transcription of these ABA biosynthesis genes. In addition, a higher ABA content was detected following co-overexpression of MdCoL-MdDREB2 when compared with the overexpression of MdCoL or MdDREB2 alone. Taken together, our results indicate that an interaction between MdCoL and MdDREB2 promotes the expression of MdNCED6/9 and increases ABA levels, a phenomenon that may underlie the columnar growth phenotype in apple.
Sustainable Antibiotic-Free Broiler Meat Production: Current Trends, Challenges, and Possibilities in a Developing Country Perspective

Simple Summary Chickens are raised with the assistance of the regular use of antibiotics, not only for the prevention and treatment of diseases but, also, for body growth. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in animals are contributing to the rising threat of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, antibiotic-free broiler meat production is becoming increasingly popular worldwide to meet consumer demand. However, numerous challenges need to be overcome in producing antibiotic-free broiler meat by adopting suitable strategies regarding food safety and chicken welfare issues. This review focuses on the current scenario of antibiotic use, prospects, and challenges in sustainable antibiotic-free broiler meat production. We also discuss the needs and challenges of antibiotic alternatives and provide a future perspective on antibiotic-free broiler meat production. Abstract Antibiotic-free broiler meat production is becoming increasingly popular worldwide due to consumer perception that it is superior to conventional broiler meat. Globally, broiler farming impacts the income generation of low-income households, helping to alleviate poverty and secure food in the countryside and in semi-municipal societies. For decades, antibiotics have been utilized in the poultry industry to prevent and treat diseases and promote growth. This practice contributes to the development of drug-resistant bacteria in livestock, including poultry, and humans through the food chain, posing a global public health threat. Additionally, consumer demand for antibiotic-free broiler meat is increasing. However, there are many challenges that need to be overcome by adopting suitable strategies to produce antibiotic-free broiler meat with regards to food safety and chicken welfare issues. Herein, we focus on the importance and current scenario of antibiotic use, prospects, and challenges in the production of sustainable antibiotic-free broiler meat, emphasizing broiler farming in the context of Bangladesh. Moreover, we also discuss the need for and challenges of antibiotic alternatives and provide a future outlook for antibiotic-free broiler meat production.