Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who is the ultimate boss of legislators: Voters, special interest groups or parties?

Politicians have multiple principals. We investigate the weights that politicians put on the revealed preferences of their constituents, special interest groups and party when deciding on legislative proposals. Preferences of constituents, special interest groups and parties are directly observed in our setting and they are positively correlated among each other. The empirical findings suggest that constituent preferences are assigned the lowest weight. Holding constant the preferences of other principals, constituent preferences are assigned a weight of only 10.0%. Party preferences are assigned the highest weight of all principals and special interest groups lie in between. A politician's personal ideology plays no substantial role in legislative decisions. We explore conflict among principals as well as heterogeneity among politicians. Our results cast doubt on the empirical relevance of the median voter model and suggest that more principals need to be considered to explain legislative decisions.
Effects of unsteadiness and non-Newtonian rheology on blood flow through a tapered time-variant stenotic artery

A two-dimensional model is used to analyze the unsteady pulsatile flow of blood through a tapered artery with stenosis. The rheology of the flowing blood is captured by the constitutive equation of Carreau model. The geometry of the time-variant stenosis has been used to carry out the present analysis. The flow equations are set up under the assumption that the lumen radius is sufficiently smaller than the wavelength of the pulsatile pressure wave. A radial coordinate transformation is employed to immobilize the effect of the vessel wall. The resulting partial differential equations along with the boundary and initial conditions are solved using finite difference method. The dimensionless radial and axial velocity, volumetric flow rate, resistance impedance and wall shear stress are analyzed for normal and diseased artery with particular focus on variation of these quantities with non-Newtonian parameters.
The Impact of Vote By Mail on Native American Turnout

When Vote by Mail was fully implemented by the state of Oregon in 2000, it quickly became the subject of study by the Political Science community. While there is not yet an academic consensus about the impact of vote by mail, its growing popularity is undeniable. Mail voting has now been fully adopted in four states, with several others extensively offering mail ballots as an alternative to in-person voting. As this form of convenience voting spreads across the county, it is important to once again try to determine its impacts. This study examines a voting group often overlooked by academic research: Native Americans. With states like Arizona and Montana already utilizing mail ballots at high rates and both having significant Native American populations, it is not unrealistic to imagine the Native vote being impacted by even further expansion of full Vote By Mail. Using the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, located in northcentral Oregon, as a case study, this research project intended to compare voter turnout before and after Vote By Mail implementation on the reservation, as well as to compare relative change between Native American and non-Native American voters. Unfortunately, government office closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic rendered it impossible to complete that statistical analysis. This article concludes with a call for additional research, given the importance of this under-researched topic.
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS

Introduction Ammonia oxidizing bacteria, such as N. europaea, play a major role in soil nitrification. These bacteria use ammonia (NH3) in the soil as a growth substrate and oxidize it to nitrite. It is important to understand how these bacteria function because ammonia is often used as fertilizer in agriculture. N. europaea change the NH3 into nitrite (NO2) which can still be used by plants, but during irrigation or rainfall the nitrite can leach and contaminate water bodies. When NH3 is added to soil, the bacterial growth is not limited by the growth substrate, but by other factors such as pH. The amount of NH3 used by the bacteria is the nitrifying potential. In this study we have compared the nitrifying potential in three different types of soil.
Cluster Around Latent Variable for Vulnerability Towards Natural Hazards, Non-Natural Hazards, Social Hazards in West Papua

The diagnosis of a hazard can be classified into three key domains, particularly regarding the natural hazards, non-natural hazards and social hazards. The disasters which have actually happened in West Papua require considerable attention and consideration of the Indonesian Government, despite since they have handled as much as they can to provide solutions and make people feel secure and pleasant. The purpose of this study is to calculate the location-based social vulnerability in West Papua involves the components of Information, Technology, and Communication, Food Access, Natural Disaster, Social Protection Statement, Access to Financial Services, Description of the source of household income, Number of event floods, number of earthquake disasters, COVID-19 death cases, and Number of incidents of protest which are obtained from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) official statistics with the main focus of research on the millennial generation. After employ clustering of variables around latent variables with connectivity value of 3.9400794, Dunn 0.9373, and Silhouette 0.6333. Each factor provide a sign indicating a positive or negative effect on social vulnerability and finally a location cluster will be formed based on the index obtained.
Quartz (SiO2): a new energy storage anode material for Li-ion batteries

SiO2 is one of the most abundant materials on Earth. It is cost-effective and also environmentally benign when used as an energy material. Although SiO2 was inactive to Li, it was engineered to react directly by a simple process. It exhibited a strong potential as a promising anode for Li-ion batteries.
Production of Excited Hydrogen Atoms by Impact of Fast Electrons on Water Vapor

Lyman‐α and Balmer‐α, β, γ, and δ radiation has been observed resulting from dissociative excitation of water vapor by fast electrons. Absolute cross sections for emission of this radiation are reported in the electron energy range from 50–6000 eV. The results are analyzed by means of the Bethe approximation. Of all the relevant dissociative states of the molecule formed during the collision process, those which are populated by optically allowed transitions predominate. The relatively large cross sections for dissociative excitation producing excited hydrogen atoms may indicate the importance of such species in the radiolysis of water.
Comparing the Thermal Structures of Tropical Cyclones Derived From Suomi NPP ATMS and FY-3D Microwave Sounders

Accurate information on the thermal structures of tropical cyclones (TCs) is essential for monitoring and forecasting their intensity and location. In this study, a scene-dependent 1-D variation (SD1DVAR) algorithm is developed to retrieve atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles under all-weather conditions. In SD1DVAR, the background and observation error matrix varies according to the scattering intensity. Especially, the observation error matrix increases in precipitating atmospheres due to a larger uncertainty in the forward operator. With the data from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) onboard Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellite, SD1DVAR can retrieve better thermal structures in the storm life cycle than NOAA Microwave Integrated Retrieval System (MIRS). Comparing with the aircraft dropsonde observations, the temperature and humidity errors from SD1DVAR are about 3 K and 20%, respectively, whereas those from MIRS are around 4 K–5 K and 30%, respectively. SD1DVAR is also applied for Microwave Temperature Sounder (MWTS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MWHS) onboard FengYun-3D (FY-3D) satellite. The MWTS and MWHS data sets are first combined into a single Comprehensive MicroWave Suite (CMWS) data stream and then used to retrieve the hurricane thermal structures. It is shown that the hurricane structure from CMWS is very similar to that from ATMS. However, due to the availability of 118-GHz measurements from the CMWS, the hurricane temperature vertical structure is better resolved, and the humidity error is also reduced by about 5%.
Home Ownership, Social Costs, and Wellbeing in Self Residence: The Case of Employees of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The study assessed home ownership, social costs and wellbeing in self residence in Nigeria using the employees of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife as case study. Structured questionnaire was designed to elicit information from 279 respondents that were selected using convenience sampling method. Both descriptive and quantitative methods were employed in the analyses. The study revealed elements of economic and social dysfunctionality brought by dynamics of experiences of homeowners. This was made manifest in the form of personal provisions for water, electricity, roads, and partial completion in homes. It also manifested in the form of qualitative attributes which made it non competitive to discharge some academic responsibilities as effective as it ought to be if camp us residence were made available. Despite the challenges in terms of social costs in home ownership, the cultural orientation of Nigerians still deems it worth it to own a home. The study finally recommended an adjustment in OAU staff housing policy for academic and non-academic staff, and family sizes are getting smaller and families disperse, it behooves that new housing architectural design for housing units responding to evolving family sizes are necessary, and facilitation of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) for the availability and affordability of public water and electricity supplies. Keywords: appealing, costs, favouritism, home, loan, right-to-buy, selection, knock-down prices. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-17-05 Publication date: June 30th 2020
Kinetic Study on a Commercial Amorphous Hydrocracking Catalyst by Weighted Lumping Strategy

Hydrocracking is an important upgrading process in the petroleum refinery, and it is generally used to process feedstocks ranging from vacuum gas oil (VGO) to vacuum residue. In this work, hydrocracking of VGO using a dual functional amorphous catalyst was carried out at a pilot scale unit under the following reaction conditions: liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) from 1 to 1.5 hr-1 and reaction temperatures of 360-440°C at the constant pressure and hydrogen to oil, 156 bar and 1780 Nm3/m3, respectively. The effluent of the reactor was characterized to dry gas, naphtha, kerosene, diesel and unconverted VGO or residue. The pilot tests demonstrated that performing experiments beyond the temperature, recommended by catalyst vendor, lead the process to unstable hydrocracking. To describe the yield of hydrocracking products a five-lump discrete lumping approach with ten reactions was proposed. At first, the kinetic model contained twenty kinetic constants which were estimated by using the conventional objective function. The estimated parameters showed that the tendency of the catalyst to convert VGO to gas and naphtha was negligible whilst rate constants for hydrocracking of VGO to middle distillates were considerably high which was compatible with the nature of amorphous hydrocracking catalysts. After evaluating the magnitude of reaction rates and eliminating the ignorable constants, the network was reduced to six reactions in which only nine parameters were needed. The predictions indicated that the latter network could fit the yield of products more acceptable as if the average absolute deviation between experimental and calculated yields was descended from 16.25% to 12.6%. Then, to have a better prediction, a weighted objective function was used in which weight factors were calculated by a proposed weighted least square expression. The results confirmed that this approach could reduce average absolute deviation of model to 10.75%, and it created a fairly even distribution of deviation between hydrocracking products.
Role of ambient gas and laser fluence in governing the dynamics of the plasma plumes produced by laser blow off of LiF-C thin film

The time- and space-resolved emission profiles of LiI and LiII emission lines from the laser-blow-off plumes of a multilayered LiF–C thin film have been studied using spectroscopic technique. The evolution features were analyzed in different ambient environments ranging from high vacuum to 3mbars of argon pressures and at various fluences of the ablating laser. During the evolution of the plume, a transition region was found to exist between 4 and 6mm. Here, the plume dynamics changed from free expansion to collisional regime, where the plume experienced viscous force of the medium. The enhancement observed in neutral lines, in comparison with ionic lines, is explained in terms of the yield difference in electron impact excitation and ionization processes. Substantial difference in the arrival time distribution of the plume species was observed for LiI and LiII lines at high ambient pressures. Three expansion models are invoked to explain the evolution of the plume in different ambient conditions. The las.
Thermodynamics of moisture sorption in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seeds

In this study, the thermodynamic characteristics of tobacco seeds were investigated, based on experimental data from equilibrium moisture isotherms at desorption. An empirical exponential relationship was found for the decrease of the net isosteric heat and the differential entropy, based on the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, in response to the increase in moisture content; the values of the two parameters varied from 31.09 to 1.46 kJ.mol-1 and from 91.53 to 4.29 J.mol-1.K-1, respectively. The linear relationship between the enthalpy and the entropy in the moisture desoption of tobacco seeds supported the validity of the enthalpy-entropy theory. The value of Gibbs free energy was positive and the harmonic temperature (297.5 K) was lower than the isosteric temperature (339.6 K). The outcomes from the study provide for the deeper insight into the process of moisture desorption of tobacco seeds.
Fluoride Complexation of Element 104, Rutherfordium (Rf), Investigated by Cation-exchange Chromatography

We report on new and much more precise cation-exchange data of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf), in the fluoride ion concentration [F−] range of 5.29×10−5−1.04×10−3 M. The result based on one-atom-a.
DIFFERENT RESPONSE PATTERNS OF FISH FOREGUT AND HINDGUT MICROBIOTA TO HOST HABITATS AND GENOTYPES

Fish gut microbiota can be affected by factors such as diet, habitat, and genotype. However, whether the foregut and hindgut microbiota respond similarly to these factors is still ambiguous. Given the fact that foregut has more communication with fish habitat and food intake, we hypothesized that the foregut microbiota is possibly more affected by external factors (e.g., habitat), while the hindgut microbiota tends to be mainly influenced by the host itself (e.g., genotype). To test our hypothesis, the V4 region of the gut bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced by the MiSeq platform. A total of 1,139,703 high-quality sequences and 7,698 OTUs (without singlets) were obtained. Results indicated that the major factors that affect the fish gut microbiota patterns were the gut sections and habitats, rather than fish species. The foregut microbiota was indeed more similar to the water microbiota than hindgut microbiota, whereas the hindgut microbiota between fish species showed relatively more differences than that of foregut microbiota. Therefore, foregut and hindgut microbiota exhibited different response patterns to the habitat environments and host genotypes. This finding extended our understanding of the maintenance mechanism of fish gut microbial biodiversity.
SP&R: SMT-Based Simultaneous Place-and-Route for Standard Cell Synthesis of Advanced Nodes

In this article, we propose an automated standard cell synthesis framework, SP&R, which simultaneously solves P&R without deploying any sequential/separate operations, by a novel dynamic pin allocation scheme. The proposed SP&R utilizes the multiobjective optimization feature of satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) to obtain optimal cell layouts. To achieve practical scalability of the framework, we develop various search-space reduction techniques, including breaking symmetry, conditional assignment/localization, and cell/objective function partitioning. Compared to the previous work, SP&R achieves <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$20.8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$131.7\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> runtime improvements on average across the design-rule sets. As a result, SP&R successfully produces cell layouts up to 36 field-effect transistors (FETs) and 27 nets within 1.75 h by orchestrating all innovative tactics together, resulting in the generation of a whole 7-nm standard cell library. Compared to the known layouts, our work improves cell size and #<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> tracks by 0.1 contacted poly pitch and 0.3 tracks, respectively.
Simulation and Fabrication of an Ultra-Low Power Miniature Microbridge Thermal Conductivity Gas Sensor

A miniature, ultra-low power, sensitive, microbridge-based thermal conductivity gas sensor has been developed. The batch fabrication of the sensors was realized by CMOS compatible processes and surface micromachining techniques. Doped polysilicon was used as the structural material of the bridge with critical dimension of 500 nm. A model of the microbridge was simulated in COMSOL that couples electrical and thermal physics together and includes minimal simplifications. Modeling results shows that the majority of heat is transferred via conduction through the gas gap under the bridge. Heat loss from constant voltage application was observed to be a function of the thermal conductivity of the gas ambient, resulting in different magnitude of resistance change. Maximum temperature occurs at the center of the bridge and could be as high as 800 K. Modeling results coincide with experimental data in predicting resistance changes. The sensor was tested with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium. The response of the sensor to the mixtures of helium fractions in nitrogen was tested. We demonstrated that the sensitivity for helium in nitrogen was 0.34 mΩ/ppm when operated at 3.6 V supplies (at power level of 4.3 mW). With a Wheatstone bridge with ac excitation and a lock-in amplifier the sensor limit of detection was ~700 ppm helium in nitrogen. The stability of the sensor was excellent achieving over 30 billion measurements before failure.
Social Presence and Self-Efficacy in Relation to Student Satisfaction in Online Learning Setting: A Predictive Study

This study investigated the levels of social presence, online learning self-efficacy, and student satisfaction among undergraduate students taking online courses from the School of Educational Sciences at the University of Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic It was hypothesized that the relationships between these variables and the degrees of social presence and online learning self-efficacy could predict student satisfaction in these online learning settings To this end, we used a stepwise multiple regression model for student satisfaction involving social presence and online learning self-efficacy Data were collected from a sample of 435 participants, all of whom were undergraduate students enrolled in the summer semester at the University of Jordan in 2020 Academic Year The results demonstrated that the undergraduate students had high levels of online learning self-efficacy and moderate levels of social presence and student satisfaction The study also revealed a significant positive relationship between social presence, online learning self-efficacy, and student satisfaction The findings revealed that social presence and online learning self-efficacy impact and significantly predict student satisfaction in higher education institutions in Jordan in online learning settings Based on these results, the authors recommend that instructors at these institutions foster social presence to enhance student satisfaction © 2020, Conscientia Beam All rights reserved
Effect of followed production procedures on the physicochemical properties of labneh anbaris

The aim of this study is to assess the different recorded processing attributes on physicochemical properties of anbaris and comparing them to commercially produced labneh done from pasteurized cow and goat milk. Comparing the industrially produced IP-anbaris with labneh industrially produced using cows and goat milk showed that the cow-labneh possessed significantly lower total-solids, titratable acidity, salt, ash, fat and protein content while having significantly higher pH and moisture content. As for the house hold produced anbaris, it was categorized into two classes according to the behavior of the household producer. Produced but in-between partial consumption of anbaris from the earthen-vessel and refilling during the process; HHC-anbaris; and produced but consumed only towards the end; HH-anbaris. Interestingly, the IP-anbaris compared to HHC-anbaris values did not differ significantly in any physicochemical property except in water activity, being significantly lower, and in titratable acidity, being significantly higher. As for the HH-anbaris, it possessed the significantly lowest water activity and protein content and the significantly highest titratable acidity compared to those recorded for IPand HHC-anbaris. Traditionally earthenware-vessel was used in anbaris production but glass-vessel was recently introduced. In this study, there was no significant difference in the physicochemical properties between earthenware-anbaris or glass-vessel-anbaris. Furthermore, studying the characteristics of anbaris within the vessel before it is mixed showed that the bottom part was the significantly highest in total solids, fat and ash content compared to anbaris taken from the middle and upper section whose physicochemical properties did not differ significantly from each other. Keywords— Anbaris, Labneh, Earthen vessel, Water activity, Industrial, House hold.
KINETICS OF THE ISOTOPE EXCHANGE REACTION OF FLUORINE WITH HYDROGEN FLUORIDE

The exchange of radioactive F18 between hydrogen fluoride and fluorine has been studied over a wide range of concentrations at three temperatures in the range 194° to 257°C. The exchange may be accounted for entirely by a heterogeneous catalysis mechanism involving competitive adsorption of the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood type. Experiments have been performed indicating the important role of surface treatment on the kinetics of the exchange.