Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Within the brain, the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates illnessassociated neural, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses; however, its role in normal neurobehavioral processes is not clear. To examine the role of IL-1 signaling in memory, we infused Long–Evans rats intracerebroventricularly with IL-1b (10 ng/rat), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, 100 mg/rat), or saline immediately following a learning task and tested memory functioning 1–8 days later. In the Morris water maze (MWM), IL-1ra caused memory impairment in the hippocampusdependent, spatial version, whereas IL-1b had no effect. Neither IL-1b nor IL-1ra influenced the hippocampus-independent, nonspatial version of the MWM. In the passive avoidance response, which also depends on hippocampal functioning, IL1ra caused memory impairment, and IL-1b caused memory improvement. These results suggest that IL-1 signaling within the hippocampus plays a critical role in learning and memory processes. q 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
High-dimensional data segmentation in regression settings permitting temporal dependence and non-Gaussianity

We propose a data segmentation methodology for the high-dimensional linear regression problem where regression parameters are allowed to undergo multiple changes. The proposed methodology, MOSEG, proceeds in two stages: first, the data are scanned for multiple change points using a moving window-based procedure, which is followed by a location refinement stage. MOSEG enjoys computational efficiency thanks to the adoption of a coarse grid in the first stage, and achieves theoretical consistency in estimating both the total number and the locations of the change points, under general conditions permitting serial dependence and non-Gaussianity. We also propose MOSEG.MS, a multiscale extension of MOSEG which, while comparable to MOSEG in terms of computational complexity, achieves theoretical consistency for a broader parameter space where large parameter shifts over short intervals and small changes over long stretches of stationarity are simultaneously allowed. We demonstrate good performance of the proposed methods in comparative simulation studies and in an application to predicting the equity premium.
jade gouge from Emirau Island, Papua New Guinea (Early Lapita context, 3300 BP): a unique jadeitite

A small stone artifact fashioned as a wood-carving gouge, discovered during an archaeological excavation on Emirau Island, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, has been determined to consist of jadeitite – jadeite jade. It is very unusual with respect to both pyroxene composition and minor mineral constituents. Pyroxene compositions lie essentially along the jadeite–aegirine join: Jd 94 Ae 6 to Jd 63 Ae 36 , and without any coexisting omphacite. This contrasts with Jd-Di or Jd-Aug compositional trends commonly observed in jadeitites worldwide. Paragonite and albite occur in veins and cavities with minor titanite, epidote-allanite, and zircon, an assemblage seen in a few jadeitites. Surprisingly, some titanite contains up to 6 wt% Nb 2 O 5 with only trace Ta and a single grain of a Y-Nb phase (interpreted as fergusonite) is present; these are unique for jadeitite. A possible source is along the Torare River in northeast Papua, Indonesia, from which samples of “chloromelanite” (actually jadeitite) were collected by C.E. A. Wichmann in 1903 near Humboldt Bay along with stone adzes fashioned from the same material.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Developmental cascades from aggression to internalizing problems via peer and teacher relationships from early to middle adolescence

Previous research has provided evidence for developmental cascades between externalizing and internalizing problems via mechanisms such as peer and academic problems; however, there remains a need to illuminate other key mediating processes that could serve as intervention targets. This study, thus, evaluated whether developmental associations between aggression and internalizing are mediated by teacher — as well as peer — relationships. Using data from z-proso, a longitudinal study of Swiss youth ( n = 1523; 785 males), an autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals (ALT-SR) was ﬁ t over ages 11, 13, and 15 to examine within-person developmental links between aggression, internalizing problems, and the mediating role of peer and teacher relationships, while disaggregating between-and within-person effects. Teacher and peer relationships did not play a role in the progression of externalizing to internalizing problems or vice versa, however, teacher and peer relationships showed a protective effect against developing internalizing problems at ages 13. The results suggest that good quality relationships with teachers in early adolescence can help prevent internalizing problems from developing.
Quantitative analysis of macrophytes of Beeshazar Tal, Chitwan, Nepal

The authors undertook a quantitative investigation of aquatic macrophytes in Beeshazar Tal (Beeshazar Lake) in summer and winter of 2002 and spring of 2003. We found a distinct seasonal variation in the distribution of macrophytes: based on importance value index, Leersia hexandra Sw. , Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Ceratophyllum demursum L. and Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb. were dominant in the summer; E. crassipes and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle were dominant in the winter; and Ceratophyllum submersum L. , H. verticillata, E. crassipes and L. hexandra were dominant in the spring. The highest species diversity was observed in the summer, followed by winter and then spring. The luxuriant growth of aquatic macrophytes evinced the highly productive nature of the lake, while the dominance of emergents among the growth forms indicates the encroachment of littoral vegetation, indicating a successional trend toward marsh meadow. Key words: Oxbow lake, macrophytes, importance value index, species diversity Himalayan Journal of Sciences 2(3): 37-41, 2004
Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Pit Circles and their Environs at Oakham, Rutland

Fieldwork east of Oakham, Rutland has located evidence of prehistoric settlement, land use patterns, and ceremonial monuments. Part of this included the excavation of a cropmark site which has revealed an unusual sequence of Neolithic/Early Bronze Age pit circles and a burial area. This is complemented by a fieldwalking survey of the surrounding areas, allowing consideration of the relationship of juxtaposed flint scatters and the excavated ceremonial area. Résumé Des travaux sur le terrain à l'est d'Oakham (Rutland) ont identifié des preuves d'habitation préhistorique, des tendances d'exploitation du terrain et des sites cérémoniaux. Une partie de ces travaux consistait de fouilles sur un site possédant des marques de culture qui ont exposé une série inhabituelle de cercles de fosses et une sépulture du Néolithique de l'âge du bronze ancien. A cela on a ajouté l'arpentage à pied des alentours qui a permis une considération des relations des dispersions de silex juxtaposées et du lieu cérémonial fouillé. Zusammenfassung Arbeit im Gelände östlich von Oakham, Rutland hat Beweismaterial prähistorischer Niederlassungen, Modelle für die Ausbeutung des Landes und zeremonielle Denkmäler zu Tage gebracht. Ein Teil dieser Funde war auch die Ausgrabung eines Getreidegeländes, welches eine ungewöhnliche Reihenfolge von Grubenkreisen und einer Beerdigunsstätte aus der neolithisch/ Frühbronzezeit enthüllten. Ergänzt wurde diese Arbeit mit einer Vermessung mittels eines Rundgangs der Umgebung. Dabei wurden Uberprüfungen des Verhältnisses zwischen nebeneinandergestellten Feuersteinsplinter und der ausgegraben Zeremoniestätte ermöglicht. Résumen Trabajos de campo al este de Oakham, Rutland, han localizado evidencia de poblados prehistóricos, modos de uso del terreno y monumentos ceremoniales. Parte de este estudio incluyó la excavación de un yacimiento evidenciado en un campo en cultivo, que reveló una secuencia poco usual de círculos de pozos y zona de enterramiento del Neolítico al Bronce Antiguo. Ello, complementado por el reconocimiento sobre el terreno de las áreas próximas, ha permitido el estudio de la relación entre yustaposiciones en la dispersión de sílex y la zona ceremonial excavada.
Effect of environmental factors on body condition score of Taggar goats under dry land farming in Western Sudan.

Effects of type of supplementation, season of kidding and litter size on body condition score (BCS) at kidding and at weaning time were evaluated in Taggar goats in extensive management under dry land farm. The supplemented groups (2 and 3) had (P 0.05) for higher BCS at kidding compared with single and triplet kidders. At weaning time triplets kidder had slightly lower (P<0.05) body condition compared to single and twin kidders.
A lysimeter study of nutrient release, leaching losses and growth response of amaranthus resulting from application of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources

The patterns of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and organic matter release, leaching losses from applied organic materials (poultry manure and wood ash) and a compound NPK mineral fertilizer and the growth response of amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus) were investigated in drainage lysimeter tanks. The soil at the site of the experiment is sandy clay loam (Alfisol, clayey skeletal oxic paleustalf). Subsurface drain water (leachates) recovered from the lysimeters was analysed for concentrations of nutrients, and from the time course of nutrient analyses, contrasting patterns of nutrient concentrations were obtained for the different treatments. The application rate of N 150 kg ha -1 from NPK fertilizer and 10 t ha -1 of wood ash resulted in the highest nutrient concentrations in subsurface drain water in comparison with application of poultry manure at 10 t ha -1 . However, significantly lower nutrient concentrations in subsurface drainage water was obtained in the treatment where neither mineral fertilizer nor manures were applied. Nitrogen recoveries in the leachates were reduced over time regardless of the sources of nutrients, however, a significantly higher rate of N depletion was obtained under wood ash application. The recovery of N in plant tissues and in leachates as a percentage of N added from the tested materials in increasing order of magnitude was wood ash (9%), poultry manure (14%) and NPK fertilizer (23%). Significantly higher values of fresh and dry weights of root and shoot biomass were produced by vegetable amaranthus grown in lysimeters in which NPK, poultry manure, or wood ash was applied than in unfertilized treatment. Application of poultry manure to lysimeters resulted in higher shoot biomass yield over treatments involving application of wood ash and NPK fertilizer. The nutrient release characteristics of poultry manure matched the nutrient requirements of amaranthus more closely than the inorganic fertilizer and wood ash. Wood ash and mineral fertilizer were more susceptible to leaching losses of nutrients during the establishment of amaranthus. The use of poultry manure did not result in significant effects on the quality of amaranthus. Poultry manure and unfertilized control had considerably lower 2-year average NO 3 -N concentration in subsurface drainage water in comparison with lysimeters treated with NPK or wood ash. Lower N recoveries in plant tissues and in leachates were obtained from lysimeters in which poultry manure was applied compared to NPK fertilized lysimeters. A higher proportion of the N present in poultry manure appeared to be resistant to microbial degradation and was thus unavailable for plant uptake.
FLORISTICAL AND CHOROLOGICAL STUDIES OF VEGETATION IN MYANKALEH WILDLIFE REFUGE, MAZANDARAN PROVINCE, IRAN.

Myankaleh wildlife refuge is one of the nine biosphere reserves in Man and the Biosphere Program (MaB). Special characteristics of the area make it a suitable habitat for terrestrial and aquatic plants and animals as well as migratory birds. The purpose of this study was to determine floristic composition and their chorology carrying a central importance in vegetation description and analysis. Therefore, about 70 quadrats (100 m 2 ) were located according to the nature of vegetation. The species and their abundance-dominance were recorded. 242 plant species, belonging to 48 families, were identified from which seven were endemic. Chorological characteristics of the plant species showed that most of them were of Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian chorotype (Euro-Sib.-Medit.-Ir.-Tur.). The dominant life form was Therophyte.
Spatial and temporal distributions and some biological aspects of commercially important fish species of Lake Tana, Ethiopia

Objective: To know spatial, temporal distributions and some biological aspects of commercially important fish species of Lake Tana. Methods: Distribution of fish species in Lake Tana was studied from November 2009 to October 2012 based on samples collected every other month using gillnets of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mm stretched mesh sizes. Labeobarbus species, Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus, and Varicorhinus beso are commercially important fish species and form 68%, 18%, 14% and 0.5% of the pooled experimental fish catch. There was significant variability among years and sampling sites of both temporal and spatial aspects; Mann-Whitney U tests were used for pair wise comparisons of sites and years. Results: The composition of Labeobarbus spp. and Varicorhinus beso shows significant decline. On the other hand, the composition of Oreochromis niloticus did not change, but Clarias gariepinus increased by 100% by catch composition. The most likely explanations for the total decline in abundance of fish species are the increase of the illegal commercial gillnet fishery targeting their spawning aggregations in the wetlands and river mouths, and the increasing trend of the degradation of spawning and nursery habitats both in the lake and major tributary rivers of the catchment area. Conclusions: There should be a need for urgent development of a management plan focusing on ensuring sustainable utilization of a resource by fishing effort, gear mesh size and gear type restrictions, and controlling the spawning grounds from different types of human encroachment and designing closing seasons and spawning grounds during the breeding seasons of different fish species of Lake Tana.
COMBINING ABILITY ESTIMATES FOR GRAIN YIELD IN WHEAT

The F1 of spring wheat in a 5×5 complete diallel cross was evaluated for combining ability effects for grain yield and its components under irrigated conditions at Wheat Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2009-10. The mean squares due to genotypes, GCA, SCA and reciprocals were found highly significant except for reciprocal effects of spike length, spikelets per spike and 1000 grain weights which were non-significant. The GCA mean squares were much higher for all traits than SCA and reciprocal variations depicting all traits were under control of additive type of genes except that of number of tillers per plant which was found under control of non-additive genes. Maternal effects were also considerable for all traits except spike length, spikelets per spike and 1000-grain weight. The parents FRET2/KURUKU//FRET2 followed by WBLLII/FRET2//PASTOR and ZARDANA were the best general combiners for grain yield per plant alongwith some other attributes. The crosses ZARDANA x FRET2 / KURUKU // FRET2 followed by SALEEM - 2000 x SSERI / CHIBIA and SALEEM - 2000 x WBLLII / FRET2 // PASTOR proved good specific combiners for grain yield per plant and its some other attributes. The line FRET2 / KURUKU // FRET2 also gave the highest maternal contribution for grain yield per plant, tillers per plant but the cross FRET2 / KURUKU // FRET2 x ZARDANA gave negative maternal contribution for plant height.
DETERMINING PHOSPHORUS IN BIOSOLIDS: USING A NEUTRAL AMMONIUM CITRATE EXTRACTION

More frequent occurrences of major fish kills and more focus on watershed management have recently increased efforts to better control non-point sources of pollution. Land applied materials, such as biosolids and manure, are major sources of agricultural nutrients. A major focus is being placed on phosphorus (P) management, since it is often applied in excess of crop requirements via organic P sources. Some states are implementing, or at least considering, Pbased land application rates, instead of the traditional nitrogen (N) based application rates. With N-based application rates, P is typically over-applied. If P-based (limiting) application rates are used, biosolid land application programs could be significantly restricted due to P limitations. Additionally, the N-needs of the crops would not be met. Farmers would be forced to apply supplemental N fertilizers to meet crop needs. The P Index tool is being developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. It is being considered by more than 20 states as a way of evaluating P risk. The purpose of the P Index is to provide a method of assessing various landforms and management practices for potential risk of P movement to water bodies. One component of the P Index is the organic P source application rate. Not all of the P contained in organic P sources (i.e., biosolids and manure) represents an immediate threat to the surrounding environment. Therefore, identifying a method of P determination (other than total P measurement) in organic P sources is becoming critical. An appropriate method of P determination in biosolids must be identified. Because of the varying characteristics of biosolids, a “one-size-fits-all” measure, such as total P, is not appropriate. Some measure of plant available (bioavailable) P is preferred. Overestimating plant available P with P-based application rates could result in increased land area requirements for biosolids disposal as well as supplemental N fertilizer requirements. Underestimating plant available P could compromise the surrounding water quality. Unfortunately, the P issue is more complicated than considering only one parameter. This illustrates the need for a tool such as the P Index. By improving the accuracy of each of the parameters, the P Index could become a very powerful tool for biosolids managers. This paper presents the results of recently completed work and the implications of its findings. Thirty-seven biosolids, representing a range of treatment processes were analyzed for extractable P using the neutral ammonium citrate (NAC) procedure. Various manures and inorganic P fertilizer samples were also tested for comparison. This extraction is used by Pennsylvania in its official (inorganic) fertilizer testing program, and is commonly applied to other materials (due to its simplicity and broad acceptance as a P test method). For all materials tested, the NAC
Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications

This is an article about modeling methods in information economics. A notion of "favorableness" of news is introduced, characterized, and applied to four simple models. In the equilibria of these models, (1) the arrival of good news about a firm's prospects always causes its share price to rise, (2) more favorable evidence about an agent's effort leads the principal to pay a larger bonus, (3) buyers expect that any product information withheld by a salesman is unfavorable to his product, and (4) bidders figure that low bids by their competitors signal a low value for the object being sold.
Sectoral Transformation, Turbulence and Labor Market Dynamics in Germany

Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between structural change and labor market dynamics in West Germany, during a period when industrial employment declined by more than 30% and service sector employment more than doubled. Using transition data on individual workers, we document a marked increase in structural change and turbulence, in particular since 1990. Net employment changes resulted partly from an increase in gross flows, but also from an increase in the net transition ‘yield’ at any given gross worker turnover. In growing sectors, net structural change was driven by accessions from nonparticipation rather than unemployment; contracting sectors reduced their net employment primarily via lower accessions from non-participation. German reunification and Eastern enlargement appear to have contributed significantly to this accelerated pace of structural change.
Overview and Update of the Sea State Bias Corrections for the Jason-2, Jason-1 and TOPEX Missions

We present a Jason-2 sea state bias (SSB) model from the first year of GDR products along with updates of Jason-1, TOPEX-A, and TOPEX-B solutions. Our re-evaluation of the Jason-1 SSB focused on data from the new version (C) of the GDR while for TOPEX, the updated solutions benefited from the availability of both a set of new precise orbits that are consistent with Jason-2 and an updated set of state-of-the-art geophysical corrections. Therefore, derived from homogeneous sea surface height (SSH) data to minimize geographically correlated SSH differences between missions, these empirical SSB models contribute to the consistency between Jason-2 and Jason-1 SSH data and between TOPEX and Jason-1 data during their respective tandem phase and thus to the stability of the whole altimetry system over the past 17-year period.
Energetic tourism: exploring the experience quality of renewable energies as a new sustainable tourism market.

To tackle the global problem of climate change, it will be crucial that the global economic system adopts energy-saving measures and furthers its reliance on renewable energy sources. This challenge is particularly relevant for the tourism industry, which depends on transportation by definition, and is highly dependent on resources and energy in many other regards. Tourism can quickly be caught in a vicious cycle: the necessity to adapt to climate change, i.e. by increasing artificial snow making, or new product development as exemplified by the “wellness-boom”, leads to ever higher rates of energy consumption, thus further contributing to climate change. However, the fledgling human explorations towards combating climate change and increasing energy efficiency also offer innovative opportunities for exploring new niches of tourism. This paper presents how such novel tourism opportunities avail themselves around the theme of renewable and sustainable energy use. Combining environmental education and experiencing novel products can be used for marketing a fundamentally new tourism product, which attracts both the technologically interested tourism segment and the family-oriented traveler. This may lead to positive perception of climate change adaptation strategies. A summary of “model” energy regions in Central Europe describes the typical characteristics that regions must have for possibly developing these innovative tourism niches. The main focus of the paper is on “eco-energy region” of Guessing, Burgenland, which is involved in an on-going transnational research project -for sustainable tourism development in Central Europe (Interreg IVB). The area around Austria’s only energy self sufficient city
Effect of cutting height and dry season closing date on yield and quality of five napier grass cultivars in Thailand

A field study was conducted under rainfed conditions to determine the effect of different cutting heights (0, 10, 20 and 30 cm) and dry season closing dates (November and January) on dry matter production and fodder quality of 5 different cultivars of napier grass ( Pennisetum purpureum ). The experiment was carried out at Suwanvajokkasikit Research Station, Pakchong, Nakornratchasima, Thailand between 1994‐1996. Dry matter yield of the 5 napier grass cultivars increased with higher stubble remaining, differences reaching significance in the second year. Delaying the closing date produced a negative effect on regrowth for the following season, especially when a low cutting height had been imposed. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels in leaf and stem were not affected by cutting height. NDF% was lower in herbage from 0 cm cutting height compared with 30 cm cutting. Cutting heights of 20 cm and 30 cm can be recommended through the growing season.