Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Helmintos intestinales de Lutjanus griseus (Peciformes: Lutjanidae) recolectados en tres ambientes de Yucatán (México), con una lista de sus parásitos en las regiones del golfo de México y el Caribe

A survey of intestinal helminth parasites of the gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus, collected at the estuarine coastal lagoon of Celestun and off the coast of the localities of Chelem and Progreso (Yucatan, Mexico) is presented together with a checklist of gray snapper intestinal helminths in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribben region. Twenty helminth species were found at the Yucatan localities. Eigth of these have previously been reported in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean region and 12 are new records for L. griseus, which increases the number of species recorded for gray snapper in the region to 44. Only 8 helminth species were recorded from fishes collected inside the coastal lagoon, while all 20 were found in fishes from offshore. Differences in species composition and infection parameters of each helminth species between both habitats are presented and discussed, together with similarities in species composition of the intestinal helminth fauna of L. griseus from Yucatan with those reported for the same host species in the Atlantic coast of USA, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean regions.
Microanalytical Studies of Potassium and Chloride Fluxes and Stomatal Movements of Two Species: Vicia faba and Pelargonium × hortorum

Potassium and chloride exchange kinetics in guard cells were found to be related to stomatal opening and closing kinetics in Pelargonium x hortorum and Vicia faba by simultaneously measuring ion contents and degrees of opening with an electron probe and a hydrogen diffusion porometer. Large shifts between both kinetics occur during opening and closing. These results show that maximal potassium content is delayed, which seems to question the primary role of potassium in stomatal opening.
Ecological Diversity Indices: Any Hope for One Again?

The problem of answering the dual question of how many species exist on the earth’s surface and why are there more species in some areas than others has intrigue ecologists for some time as it raises fundamental issues concerning speciation, adaptation and evolution. Diversity has recently become a popular term for the variety of the organism at different spatial scale. Its measurement has equally generated a heated argument as authors vary in this respect. This paper critically evaluates the various indices used in measuring diversity. The general position of this paper is that despite the multiplicity of opinion on the devices for measuring diversity, one fundamental point is that any technique, which is deemed to carry the time, must encompass species richness as well as their distribution in space. Key Words: Ecology, Diversity, Species, Evenness, Richness
Effects of antagonistic fungi, wastes materials and urea on the populations of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato

Effects of three antagonistic fungi ( Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia , and Trichoderma harzianum ) alone and together with wastes materials (saw dust and neem leaf litter) and urea were studied on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in glass house experiments. Individually neem leaf litter was better in improving growth of plants without nematodes compared with any other single treatment. However, use of P. lilacinus against plants with M. incognita caused higher increase in plant growth than caused by P. chlamydosporia / T. harzianum or urea but similar to that caused by neem leaf litter or saw dust. Maximum increase in the growth of nematode inoculated plants was observed when P. lilacinus was used with neem leaf litter. P. lilacinus caused higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication followed by P. chlamydosporia , neem leaf litter, urea, T. harzianum and saw dust. Maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication was observed when P.
Rapid Determination of Iodine Value and Saponification Value of Fish Oils by Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT: A rapid method for determining the iodine value (IV) and saponification value (SV) offish oils has been developed using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The partial least squares (PLS) calibration model was made based on a spectral range between 7560 and 9100 cm−1 due to CH bond. The method was validated by comparing the IV and SV of a series of fish oils predicted by the PLS model to the values obtained by the titration methods of the Japan Oil Chemists' Society. The NIR-predicted IV and SV were completely consistent with chemically determined IV and SV. The NIR method showed higher accuracy and reproducibility than the titration method. It would be suitable for IV and SV determinations offish oils, as well as vegetable oils, and it takes only 2 min per sample.
Sky Islands of the Cameroon Volcanic Line: a diversification hot spot for puddle frogs (Phrynobatrachidae: Phrynobatrachus)

The continental highlands of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) represent biological ‘sky islands’ with high levels of species richness and endemism, providing the ideal opportunity to understand how orogenesis and historical climate change influenced species diversity and distribution in these isolated African highlands. Relationships of puddle frogs (Phrynobatrachus) endemic to the CVL are reconstructed to examine the patterns and timing of puddle frog diversification. Historical distributions were reconstructed using both elevation and geography data. Puddle frogs diversified in the CVL via several dispersal and vicariance events, with most of the locally endemic species distributed across the northern part of the montane forest area in the Bamenda‐Banso Highlands (Bamboutos Mts., Mt. Lefo, Mt. Mbam, Mt. Oku and medium elevation areas connecting these mountains). Two new species, P. jimzimkusi sp. n. and P. njiomock sp. n. , are also described based on molecular analyses and morphological examination. We find that these new species are most closely related to one another and P. steindachneri with the ranges of all three species overlapping at Mt. Oku. Phrynobatrachus jimzimkusi sp. n. is distributed in the southern portion of the continental CVL, P. njiomock sp. n. is endemic to Mt. Oku, and P. steindachneri is present in the northeastern part of the montane forest area. Both new species can be distinguished from all other puddle frogs by a combination of morphological characters, including their large size, ventral coloration and secondary sexual characteristics present in males. These results highlight the Bamenda‐Banso Highlands, and specifically emphasize Mt. Oku, as a centre of diversification for puddle frogs, supporting the conservation importance of this region. Our results also provide new insights into the evolutionary processes shaping the CVL ‘sky islands’, demonstrating that lineage diversification in these montane amphibians is significantly older than expected with most species diverging from their closest relative in the Miocene. Whereas climatic changes during the Pliocene and Pleistocene shaped intraspecific diversification, most speciation events were significantly older and cannot be linked to Africa's aridification in response to Pleistocene climate fluctuations.
High Levels of Herbicide Resistance in Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in the Wheat Belt of Western Australia1

Abstract: A random survey of 264 cropping fields in the Western Australian wheat belt was conducted to determine the extent of rigid ryegrass resistance to commonly used acetolactate synthase- and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides. Rigid ryegrass infestation density was assessed and seed samples collected and subsequently tested for resistance to diclofop-methyl, clethodim, chlorsulfuron, and sulfometuron. Of these randomly collected populations, 46% exhibited resistance to diclofop-methyl and 64% to chlorsulfuron, with 37% exhibiting multiple resistance to both herbicides. Only 28% of tested populations were classified as susceptible to both diclofop-methyl and chlorsulfuron, although all but one population were susceptible to clethodim. Large differences in the proportion of fields containing resistant populations were found between agronomic areas, reflecting different cropping and, therefore, herbicide use history. There was no significant association between resistance status and the density at which rigid ryegrass was present. Herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass populations are now more common than susceptible populations across much of the Western Australian wheat belt. Nomenclature: Chlorsulfuron; clethodim; diclofop-methyl; sulfometuron; rigid ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaud. #3LOLRI. Additional index word: Weed density. Abbreviations: ACCase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ALS, acetolactate synthase.
The Role of Pictures in Learning Biology: Part 2, Picture-Text Processing.

Part 1 of this review fJBE, 24(3), 161-172) examined the ways in which representational pictures associated with science texts might best be manipulated in order to maximize their potential as learning aids. In the second part of the review the complex interactions between picture, text, and learner are examined, on the basis of a 3-D model which describes the context of the learning task. There is evidence to show that, in spite of the different styles of writing used in narrative and expository text, the influence of pictures on learning from text is similar in both cases. This is useful information since much more research is available on narrative than on expository (science-type) texts. One of the most important interactions highlighted in recent research is that the ability of the learner correlates strongly with the picture superiority effect (PSE). There is evidence that less able children actually learn significantly less from science texts containing pictures than from the same text that is not .
Efeito da seleção para peso pós-desmame sobre a composição corporal de bovinos

Data from 56 bulls of the genetic groups Selection Nellore (NeS), Control Nellore (NeC) and Caracu (Ca) herds born in 1999 were used to evaluate the effects of selection for weight at 378 days of age (P 378) on the chemical composition of empty body weight. The animals were randomly distributed to three experimental classes: initial slaughter (AI), restricted feeding (AR) and ad libitum feeding (AL). The AI class included 4 animals of each genetic group and the AR and AL classes included 8 animals from the NeS and Ca groups and 6 animals from the NeC group. After the adaptation period was finished, animals of the AI class were slaughtered and those from the other classes (AR and AL) started the feeding period which was defined by the time required by the animals of the AL class to reach 4 mm of fat thickness. Animals of the AR class of all genetic groups were also slaughtered. The selection for post-weaning weight did not promote any change on body composition of the animals. The interaction between genetic group and feeding class was not significant for most of the traits evaluated. The genetic group effect was significant. Lower fat and higher protein percentages of empty body were observed in animals of the genetic group Ca, probably due to their larger mature body size.
Current status of the introduced allodapine bee Braunsapis puangensis (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Fiji

During the last 150 years, incursions of non‐native species have been prevalent throughout the South West Pacific. The allodapine bee, Braunsapis puangensis (Cockerell) (Xylocopinae: Allodapini), was introduced to Fiji between 1965 and 2003, most likely from India. Until very recently, little was known about its dispersal ability and subsequent geographical spread across Fiji. Our study greatly increases the geographical records of B. puangensis across Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island, as well as surrounding islands including Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Mana Island. We found that B. puangensis is present throughout all major regions of Viti Levu, and it appears to be highly vagile. In Fiji, we only found B. puangensis foraging on introduced plant species, but nesting in both native and introduced plant species. Increased pollination of weedy exotic plants by this bee could increase their abundance in Fiji. Populations of B. puangensis in Fiji require close monitoring to detect environmental effects including spread of invasive weed species and knock‐on effects to ecosystem interactions.
Characterization of SLC transporters in human skin

Most identified drug transporters belong to the ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) and Solute Carrier (SLC) families. Recent research indicates that some of these transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs, and are involved in clinically relevant drug-drug interactions for systemic drugs. However, very little is known about the role of drug transporters in human skin in the disposition of topically applied drugs and their involvement in drug-drug interactions. The aim of this work was to compare the expression in human skin (vs human hepatocytes and kidney) of SLC transporters included in the EMA guidance as the most likely clinical sources of drug interactions. The expression of SLC transporters in human tissues was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Modulation of SLC47A1 and SLC47A2 (MATE1 and MATE2) expression was analyzed after treatment of human skin in organ-culture with rifampicin and UV irradiation. The expression of SLCO2B1 (OATPB), SLCO3A1 (OATPD), SLCO4A1 (OATPE), SLC47A1 and SLC47A2 (MATE1 and MATE2) was detected in human skin, OATPE and MATE1 being the most expressed. OATPE is about 70 times more expressed in human skin than in human hepatocytes. Moreover, the expression of SLC47A1 and SLC47A2 was down-regulated after treatment with rifampicin or after exposure to UV light. The present findings demonstrate that SLCO4A1 (OATPE) and SLC47A1 (MATE1) are highly expressed in human skin and suggest the involvement of SLC transporters in the disposition of topically applied drugs.
Molecular Genetic Diversity and Variation for Aggressiveness in Populations of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum Sampled from Wheat Fields in Different Countries

Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum are the major pathogenic organisms causing head blight in small-grain cereals. Natural epidemics may result in severe yield losses, reduction in quality, and contamination of the grain by mycotoxins. The genetic diversity of four field populations of F. graminearum from Germany, Hungary, and Canada, and one population of F. culmorum from Russia was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fingerprinting. Additionally, a world-wide collection and two of the F. graminearum populations were analysed for their aggressiveness on young plants of winter rye in the greenhouse. The number of isolates analysed per population varied from 25 to 70. Significant quantitative variation for aggressiveness was observed within each of the individual field populations amounting to the same range as the world-wide collection. Abundant variation within populations was also revealed by DNA markers. The F. graminearum populations from Hungary and Winnipeg displayed the least genotypic diversity, the two German F. graminearum populations and the Russian F. culmorum population were highly diverse. Population diversity, however, followed no spatial pattern among samples within a German field for aggressiveness or molecular markers. For F. graminearum, sexual recombination is the most likely explanation for the large genetic diversity within field populations. Asexual and/ or parasexual recombination, and balancing selection caused by the periodic alternation between the saprophytic and parasitic phase might play an additional role and account for the variation within the F. culmorum population. For improving Fusarium resistance, several resistance genes of different sources should be combined to avoid an unspecific adaptation of the genetically variable pathogen to an increased resistance level.
A phabine pigeon (Aves:Columbidae) from Oligo-Miocene Australia

Abstract A fossil coracoid from Late Oligocene deposits at Riversleigh, north-western Queensland, is described as a new genus and species of pigeon (Aves: Columbidae), which, based on a unique set of shared characters, is most closely allied to the Australian bronzewings, and Phaps in particular. This, the first described fossil pigeon from pre-Quaternary deposits of Australia, demonstrates that phabine pigeons were present in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (c. 26–24 million years ago), supporting molecular-based hypotheses for the age of this clade. Two other fragmentary fossils from South Australia attest to at least one other species of pigeon being present in Australia at this time, but they are too incomplete for their affinity to be narrowed further. The new fossils are the oldest columbid fossils globally and although few in number indicate that a diversity of taxa, including the precursors of Australian bronzewings were present in Australia by the end of the Paleogene. This emerging fossil record of pigeons supports ages of divergence of clades based on molecular analyses and suggests that Australia has had a long role in columbid evolution.
Glycosphingolipids Are Essential for Intestinal Endocytic Function*

Background: The intestine contains high concentrations of glycosphingolipids, but their function remained unclear. Results: In newborn mice lacking glycosphingolipids, intestinal epithelia were indistinguishable from control littermates. However, a few days after birth, severe defects in epithelial differentiation occurred. Conclusion: Glycosphingolipid expression in the intestinal epithelium is quintessential for maintenance of resorptive function. Significance: Glycosphingolipids are essential for enterocyte function but not for brush border formation. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) constitute major components of enterocytes and were hypothesized to be potentially important for intestinal epithelial polarization. The enzyme UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (Ugcg) catalyzes the initial step of GSL biosynthesis. Newborn and adult mice with enterocyte-specific genetic deletion of the gene Ugcg were generated. In newborn mutants lacking GSLs at day P0, intestinal epithelia were indistinguishable from those in control littermates displaying an intact polarization with regular brush border. However, those mice were not consistently able to absorb nutritional lipids from milk. Between postnatal days 5 and 7, severe defects in intestinal epithelial differentiation occurred accompanied by impaired intestinal uptake of nutrients. Villi of mutant mice became stunted, and enterocytes lacked brush border. The defects observed in mutant mice caused diarrhea, malabsorption, and early death. In this study, we show that GSLs are essential for enterocyte resorptive function but are primarily not for polarization; GSLs are required for intracellular vesicular transport in resorption-active intestine.
On-line HPLC analysis of the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in brewed, paper-filtered coffee

Caffeoyl-, feruloyl- and dicaffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acids) in infusions from green and medium roasted coffee beans were identified and quantified by reverse phase HPLC with photodiode array and MS3 detection prior to assessment of the antioxidant activity using an HPLC system with post-column on-line antioxidant detection based on 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical scavenging activity. Caffeoylquinic acids were the most abundant antioxidants and roasting induced isomerisation with a decline in 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and concomitant increases in the 3- and 4-O-derivatives. This did not affect the level of caffeoylquinic acid-derived antioxidant activity in the roasted coffee. Roasting did, however, result in the appearance of additional unidentified HPLC peaks with antioxidant activity. Because of this and an increase in the antioxidant activity of components that did not elute from the reversed phase HPLC column, the antioxidant capacity of the beverage derived from medium roast beans was double that of the unroasted coffee. The antioxidant activity of coffees that have undergone different degrees of roasting would, therefore, appear to be due to combinations of different components. The effect of roasting on chlorogenic acids in coffee beans is considered, and the possible contribution of Maillard reaction products to the antioxidant capacity of roasted coffees is discussed.
Establishment potential of Diabrotica virgifera in Germany 1

If introduced into Germany, Diabrotica virgifera would find maize in all regions of the country. Climatic conditions in winter would favour establishment. Though conditions in the growing season would be suboptimal, they would still be sufficient for development and completion of a full generation. D. virgifera has good potential for adaptation to different conditions and a high reproductive rate facilitating establishment in a new area. The type of maize grown would have no substantial effect on establishment of the pest. Crop rotation is important as a method for suppressing populations of the pests and restricting losses, but would not prevent establishment. Further containing factors (such as antagonists) are not available. So it can be concluded that D. virgifera is able to establish in Germany and could become an important maize pest.
GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE AND NITROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE BLUE‐GREEN ALGA ANABAENA CYLINDRICA

Summary On adding NH4+ to nitrogen-fixing cultures of Anabaena cylindrica, the glutamine pool of the intact filament increases within seconds. Nitrogenase activity and then glutamine synthetase activity decline. There are no changes in the activities of glutamate-aspartate aminotrans-ferase, or in the pools of alanine, glycine and aspartate during this period. Nitrogenase activity is usually inversely related to the size of the glutamine pool and shows little correlation with glutamine synthetase activity per se. There is no evidence of adenylylation or dead-enylylation of glutamine synthetase (snake venom phosphodiesterase has no effect on activity, there is no serological homogeneity with the Escherichia coli enzyme which shows a covalent modification; the ratio of biosynthetic: transferase activity does not change markedly on the addition of NH4+ and the kinetics of decrease in glutamine synthetase activity are not consistent with adenylylation of the enzyme). Feed-back inhibition occurs, with alanine and glycine being particularly effective inhibitors and with some inhibition occurring with AMP, carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate. Histidine, lysine, ornithine, citrulline and arginine were non-inhibitory at the concentrations used. There is no evidence of inhibition of glutamine synthetase by glutamine. The addition of azaserine inhibits glutamine uptake by intact filaments and reduces the subsequent conversion of glutamine to glutamate within the filament by 77%. Such results are consistent with the operation of the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway in Anabaena cylindrica.