Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linking Geophysics and Soil Function Modeling—An Application Study for Biomass Production

Modeling of soil functions often faces rough estimations of soil properties. These rough estimations originate from coarse soil survey maps and miss to adequately represent small‐scale soil heterogeneity. This study presents an approach to account for this heterogeneity to improve biomass production modeling. We employed two common proximal soil sensing (PSS) methods: ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) to describe soil depths over small spatial scales at the field site Wagna (Austria). The experiment encompasses highly heterogenic soil depth variations of fine topsoil above sandy subsoil. These variations are only roughly contained in the “standard” soil parameterization (STSP) although they strongly influence the local soil water balance. To adequately map small scale soil depth variation for the entire experiment we exploited the advantages of GPR (exact detection of boundary depth between top‐ and subsoil) and EMI (rapid scan on field scales to obtain distinct soil patterns). Both, the resulting small scale “geophysical adapted” soil map and the coarse scale STSP served as soil input for Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics (CANDY) Plant Universal Simulator (PLUS) to model plant biomass production. The validation with “geophysical adapted” parameterization indicated an improved performance with a RMSE of the modeled grain biomass of 1762.7 kg ha−1 in comparison to 3584.6 kg ha−1 with STSP. The result demonstrated PSS to provide important small‐scale soil data that can improve agro‐ecosystem modeling.
The Hekpoort paleosol profile in Strata 1 at Gaborone, Botswana: Soil formation during the Great Oxidation Event

The Hekpoort paleosol is a regional paleoweathering horizon developed on the approximately 2.25 Ga Hekpoort basalt of the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. A core (Strata 1) through the Hekpoort paleosol near Gaborone, Botswana, is the most complete section through this paleosol. An uppermost ferricrete layer (∼40 cm) is followed by a mottled zone (∼2.0 m), an iron-depleted sericite-rich zone (∼2.3 m), and a FeO-enriched, chlorite-quartz zone (∼13 m), which grades downward into the Hekpoort basalt. The near-constancy of the mole ratios of Al, Zr, Nb, Hf and Th to Ti indicates that these elements were essentially immobile during the formation of the paleosol. Mg, Zn and Mn were largely removed from the upper portion of the soil and were partly reprecipitated in the chlorite zone. Fe 2 + , Co, Ni, V, Cr and U were depleted in the mottled and sericite zones, and were enriched in the ferricrete layer and in the chlorite zone. The vertical distribution of the major and trace redox-sensitive elements in Strata 1 indicates that the Hekpoort paleosol developed during the Great Oxidation Event (G.O.E.). The atmosphere must have contained some oxygen, but apparently not enough to oxidize all of the Fe 2 + released during weathering to Fe 3 + . A mass balance calculation suggests a value of P O 2 between 2.5x10 - 4 and 9x10 - 3 atm during the formation of the paleosol. Interpretations of the paleosol as a ground water laterite developed under a highly oxygenated atmosphere are difficult to reconcile with the distribution of the major and trace elements in Strata 1.
Plasmoid ejection and auroral brightenings

Geotail plasma and magnetic field observations of 24 plasmoids between 21 and 29 RE have been compared with Polar ultraviolet observations of auroral brightenings. Both single and multiple plasmoids almost always corresponded to brightenings, but the brightenings were sometimes weak and spatially limited and did not always grow to a global substorm. Even a case where a plasmoid event occurred with fast postplasmoid flow corresponded to a weak brightening but no substorm. Some brightenings did not correspond to plasmoids, but these brightenings were observed away from the longitude of Geotail, indicating that plasmoids have a small longitudinal extent in the near tail. The plasmoids were occasionally observed before the brightenings but more frequently were observed 0–2 min after the brightenings, with the delays probably due to the transit time to the observation point. It seems likely that formation of a near-Earth neutral line causes each brightening in the polar ionosphere, but these formations do not always lead to a full-fledged substorm. What additional circumstance causes development of a full, large-scale substorm remains an open question.
A numerical model of the atmospheric boundary layer

A physical model is constructed for studying the response of the lowest atmospheric layers and the underlying soil stratum to incoming solar radiation and other external influences. The model consists of three strata: a soil layer, a surface layer in which the vertical fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture are constant with height, and an overlying transition layer. The dependent variables are the air temperature and moisture, wind, and soil temperature. The equations have been integrated to simulate diurnal temperature variations in clear weather with unchanging large-scale synoptic conditions. The results indicate that the model reproduces many important characteristics of the boundary layer.
Noble gas abundance and isotope ratios in the atmosphere of Jupiter from the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer

The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer provided the first data on the noble gas mixing and isotope ratios in the Jovian atmosphere. These measurements and the comparison with solar values constrain models of Jupiter's formation. Significant refinements to the initially reported abundances of argon, krypton, and xenon have been enabled through post-encounter laboratory calibrations using a refurbished engineering unit mass spectrometer nearly identical to the flight unit. The abundances relative to hydrogen for argon, krypton, and xenon are respectively 2.5±0.5, 2.7±0.5, and 2.6±0.5 times the solar ratios. The mixing ratios of He and Ne found in these studies are consistent with previously reported values of 0.8 and 0.1 times solar respectively. The Jovian 36Ar/38Ar ratio is 5.6±0.25 and the 20Ne/22Ne ratio is 13±2, consistent with the solar values of 5.77 and 13.81, respectively, that are derived from lunar mineral grain analysis. The distribution of xenon isotopes at Jupiter also resembles the solar distribution.
The influence of aeolian dust deposits on alpine soils in south-eastern Australia

Aeolian sediment collected from 2 locations across the ‘Main Range’ of Kosciuszko National Park, along with a series of soil profiles that were analysed for particle size, were used as a baseline from which to estimate the effects of aeolian sedimentation in this region. Laboratory analysis of the soil profiles indicated that the properties of the surface horizons of the alpine humus soils were heavily influenced by aeolian dust accumulation; however, the sub-surface horizons were mainly derived from the natural bedrock. The surface and subsurface horizons differed in texture bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations, and clay mineralogy. This study confirmed that the snow patch meadow soils exhibited particle size and mineralogy consistent with dust enrichment, with distinct bands being found in some profiles.
The influence of soil-pH on the saprophytic growth in soil of the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici

Experiments were conducted firstly, to determine whether there was a difference in saprophytic growth response of the pathogen to pH in soil from that on agar. Secondly, we examined whether the response to liming involved a sensitivity of the fungus to the concentration of hydrogen (H+) or calcium ions (Ca2+). The saprophytic growth of the take-all fungus showed that, although it is sensitive to soil pH, each strain behaves differently, and this behaviour cannot be predicted from agar studies. It seems unlikely, therefore, that the observed disease response to soil pH resulted from direct effects on the saprophytic phase of the fungus. There was no indication that increase in the Ca2+ in soil played any part in the growth response of the fungus. The potential for other indirect effects of pH on nutrient availability to the plant and to other stages in the disease cycle is discussed.
The Change of Electrical Structure between an Orogenic and an Ancient Tectonic Area (Carpathians and Russian Platform)

A special geologic-tectonic unit (the Carpathians and the surrounding Russian Platform) was selected to demonstrate the efficiency of electromagnetic induction methods from the point of view of geodynamics. In these regions there are significant changes in the distribution of electric conductivity due to difference in geologic structure and in geophysical parameters. After a description of recent geodynamic conceptions concerning the Carpathian system and a short review of the induction methods used in this region, conducting layers (or conductivity increases) detected in the Earth's crust and upper mantle are presented. Finally the role of the conductivity anomalies in developing geodynamic models is emphasized. Typical temperature-depth functions, and the connection between the main tectonic lines and the anomalies are also discussed.
COMPARISON OF SIDENUK NUCLEAR RICE AGRIBUSINESS WITH CILIWUNG RICE IN BAJENG DISTRICT, GOWA REGENCY

This study aims to analyze the comparison of production input use, production process, marketing, support, and income of rice fields planted with Sidenuk nuclear rice and rice fields planted with Ciliwung rice in Bajeng District, Gowa Regency. The data obtained were analyzed using the descriptive comparative method to compare the comparative use of production inputs, production processes, marketing, support and farm income, and using comparative test analysis using the t-test to compare differences in income between Sidenuk Nuclear rice farmers and Ciliwung rice farmers. There are differences in agricultural inputs in this study, the difference is the area of land, the type and amount of seeds used, the type and amount of fertilizer used, the type and amount of pest and plant disease drugs used, as well as the amount of labor and the length of work required. In the production section, there are differences in seeding time, transplanting time, the amount and time of weeding, fertilizer time, and harvest time. In the marketing and support section, no differences were found. T test results sig value, (2-tailed) of 0.000 <0.05 which means H0 is rejected so it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the net income of Nuclear Sidenuk rice farmers and Ciliwung rice farmers in Bajeng district, Gowa Regency.
Stochastic Analysis of Solute Mass Flux in Gravity‐Dominated Flow through Bimodal Heterogeneous Unsaturated Formations

First‐order analysis, based on a stochastic continuum presentation of flow and a general Lagrangian description of transport, was used to investigate the effects of several characteristics of a bimodal, spatially heterogeneous, variably saturated formation, on solute breakthrough curves, under steady‐state, gravity‐dominated unsaturated flow conditions. The bimodal formation was viewed as a mixture of two populations (background soil and embedded soil) of differing hydraulic properties and differing spatial structures. Results of the present analysis, restricted to relatively small inclusions' volume fraction, suggest that as in saturated flow, for a formation of given statistics and mean water saturation, both the spreading of the mean solute breakthrough curve and the uncertainty in its prediction may be appreciable, especially in bimodal formations in which: (i) the contrast between the mean properties of the two subdomains is relatively large, (ii) the inclusions' volume fraction is relatively large, and (iii) the characteristic length scales of the inclusions are relatively large as compared with those of the heterogeneity of the background soil. Results of this study, unique to unsaturated flow conditions, stem from the inherent concave nature of the log‐conductivity variance–mean pressure head relationships in bimodal, variably saturated formations. Consequently, under unsaturated flow conditions, both the spreading of the mean solute discharge and the uncertainty in its prediction are concave functions of mean saturation. Starting with saturated formation, they initially decrease with decreasing mean saturation, reach their minima, and then increase as mean saturation further decreases, exceeding their counterparts in saturated flow conditions. Implications of the results with respect to the problem of groundwater contamination where risk assessment is required, are briefly discussed.
Financial Performance and Share Price: Evidence from Manufacturing Firms Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The study aims to analyze the effect of financial performance on stock prices. Financial performance is described through five financial ratios as independent variables, namely current ratio, debt equity ratio, return on assets, return on equity and asset turnover, with stock price as the dependent variable. 436 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) were used as a sample, which is the 2019-2020 research year (the period before and during the pandemic). Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The results showed the current ratio and return on assets have an effect on stock prices. In addition, in separate tests based on periods, only current ratio had a negative effect on the pre-pandemic period, and return on assets had a positive effect during the pandemic on stock prices. These findings contribute empirically by adding to the literature regarding financial ratios that affect stock prices before and during a pandemic.
Analysis of the wear and friction of brake pad added cashew and ulexite using ANSYS

The aim of the current research is a comparison of the wear ratio on the brake pad with the real values and the simulation values. Therefore, brake pad samples prepared from cashew and ulexite mixtures were used. The variation of total deformation on and wear ratio is investigated with using Ansys. Also, in this study, the brake pad, and disc were designed using Catia v5. Data input of pressure is selected 1.05 MPa on pad surface samples and 500 seconds on a brake disc rotating at 6 m/s. This analysis was made for 5 different samples. On the other hand, we are not getting clear results because of some limitations such as creating materials and unknown some material properties. With some approaches, real results were approached. Results showed that the simulation results are linear to the values according to the real values. The results that are found on software, approximately between +%9 and -%14. Also, it was observed that wear occurred in the center of the pad. It was thought that this wear could be reduced by distributing the pressure applied to the surface of the pad.
Examining angler behavior using contingent behavior modeling: A case study of water quality change at a Wisconsin lake

We use contingent behavior (CB) analysis to examine the potential impacts of a hypothetical change in the clarity of a lake. We collect and use both CB and revealed preference data to estimate a pooled negative binomial count data travel cost model. From this analysis we calculate the consumer surplus per angling party day for our case study lake to be about $104, or a total annual consumer surplus of $1.4 million. Using this consumer surplus measure and changes in the intended number of visits obtained from the CB survey, we estimate the loss in consumer surplus associated with a decline in water clarity from 10 to 3 feet (1 foot = 0.3048 m) to be about $522,000 annually (a 38% decrease). Since this is the first such application of CB analysis to estimate the effects of a water clarity change, the study may illustrate a method well suited to analyzing changes in water quality attributes that are easily observable and well understood by recreators.
Temporal Scales for Live-Bed Scour at Abutments

Live-bed scour at a vertical-wall abutment is experimentally investigated with specific attention paid to the conceptual issues concerning the temporal development of local scour phenomenon. First explored are the time scales for the initial rising phase of the time variation of scour depth. An appropriate identification of such scales and of their normalizing parameters makes it possible to recognize a quantitative dependency of nondimensional time scales on flow intensity. Second, the time scales for the subsequent fluctuations around a mean equilibrium value are considered. Experimental results indicate that the quasiperiodical fluctuations of scour depths do not always correspond to those of bed forms. A conceptual model is outlined to explain this aspect.
Expected uncertainty in satellite-derived estimates of the surface radiation budget at high latitudes

An analysis of spatial and temporal variations of the polar radiation budget will undoubtedly require the use of multispectral satellite data. How well we can estimate the radiation balance depends on how well we can estimate the physical and microphysical properties of the surface and atmosphere that directly affect it, e.g., surface temperature and albedo, cloud droplet effective radius, cloud optical depth, cloud thickness, and cloud height. Here we examine our current ability to estimate the high-latitude surface radiation budget using visible and thermal satellite data. The method for estimating radiative fluxes incorporates estimates of surface and atmospheric parameters, so the accuracy with which these can be retrieved from satellite data is first assessed. The effects of errors in the estimates of these parameters on the surface net radiation during summer and winter are quantified, and the relative sensitivity of the net radiation budget to errors in individual parameters is assessed. The combined uncertainty is then determined and examined in light of validation data in the Arctic. The results show upper and lower bounds for the uncertainties between 7.9 and 41 W m -2 for instantaneous retrievals of net radiation. By far, the largest portion of the uncertainty in net radiation is associated with errors in the retrieval of surface temperature and surface albedo. Although improvements in retrievals are desirable, currently available methods can provide surface net radiation in the Arctic with uncertainties similar to those of surface-based climatologies.
Subtidal bottom pressure observed at Axial Seamount in the northeastern continental margin of the Pacific Ocean

Since September 1987, bottom pressure (BP) has been observed at Axial Seamount (45°57.5′N, 130°00.3′W; 1540-m depth), located 450 km off the Oregon Coast on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Observations from 1987 to 1992 show that subtidal Axial BP is dominated by barotropic 2- to 5-mbar fluctuations with frequencies ≤ 1/9 cycles per day (cpd). They are slightly smaller than subtidal BP observed 720 km to the west during the Ocean Storms Experiment and a factor of 2–4 smaller than the subtidal fluctuations of adjusted sea level (ASL) at the coast. For the period September 1987 to July 1988, Axial BP and Ocean Storms BP are significantly coherent (coh2 ≥ 0.5), except at intraseasonal frequencies (1/100–1/20 cpd) and in a band (1/8–1/6 cpd) of low Axial BP variance. In the coherent frequency bands, the phase relationships between the two BP series suggest independent atmospheric forcing. On the other hand, Axial BP and coastal ASL are not coherent except at the fortnightly tidal frequency. Looking for possible forcing of Axial BP by the curl of the wind stress (curl) over the NE Pacific, data analyses show that Axial BP and curl (derived from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts winds) are significantly coherent in only two frequency bands: one band narrowly peaked near 1/9.1 cpd for curl in regions south of Axial Seamount and a 1/5–1/3.5 cpd band for curl in a large region NW of the seamount. In the 1/5–1/3.5 band, Axial BP also has a small-amplitude spectral peak associated with bottom-trapped (baroclinic) currents near Axial Seamount. Remote Axial BP/curl coherence at some frequencies is qualitatively consistent with the local-forcing theory of Lippert and Muller [1995] that attributes the coherence to stable phase relationships and the spatial characteristics of the BP/curl transfer function. However, the Axial BP/curl comparison is inhibited by the lack of accurate estimates of curl within 400 km of the coast. Fully understanding the origins and dynamics of subtidal BP at Axial Seamount will require a knowledge of how the complex topography in the region affects the barotropic and baroclinic responses to atmospheric forcing, as well as the propagation of Rossby and other waves.
Upper cretaceous dinoflagellate biostratigraphy of the subsurface Atlantic coastal plain of New Jersey and Delaware, U.S.A.

Abstract The Upper Cretaceous rocks in five New Jersey wells (all conventional cores) can be informally subdivided using dinoflagellates. The seven zones and three subzones are, in ascending strati‐graphic order: the Trithyrodinium suspectum concurrent range zone (Cenomanian); Canningia sp. A abundance zone (latest Cenomanian to earliest Santonian); Chatangiella micracantha concurrent range zone (earliest Santonian to latest Santonian or earliest Campanian); Spinidinium mariae interval zone (latest Santonian or earliest Campanian to late early or early late Campanian); Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides interval range zone and its three subzones ‐ Chatangiella manumii subzone (late early Campanian to early late Campanian), Chatangiella porata subzone (early late Campanian to late late Campanian) and Diconodinium wilsonii subzone (late late Campanian to early Maastrichtian); Chatangiella? robusta interval zone (Maastrichtian) and Deflandrea galeata interval zone (middle or late to latest Maastrichtian to E.
A new Pliocene tree kangaroo species (Marsupialia, Macropodinae) from the Chinchilla Local Fauna, southeastern Queensland

A new species of very large tree kangaroo, Bohra wilkinsonorum, is described from a maxillary fragment from the Pliocene Chinchilla Sands of southeastern Queensland. Allocation to Bohra, which has previously been known from postcranial material only, is suggested on the basisof its similar size and stage of evolution to Bohra paulae. Both species of Bohra are plesiomorphic with respect to species of Dendrolagus, and are much larger than any known species of Dendrolagus. This new taxon from Chinchilla has expanded the tree kangaroo record from the Pliocene of southeastern Australia, supporting the hypothesis that the group originated in the late Miocene of ‘mainland’ Australia, finding refuge in north-eastern Queensland and New Guinea as climate became drier in the Quaternary. Fossil tree kangaroos are unknown from the Pliocene of Papua New Guinea where most living species now occur.
Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages of high-pressure granulite in Yushugou ophiolitic terrane in southern Tianshan and their tectonic implications

Zircons from two high-pressure granulite samples from the Yushugou ophiolitic terrane, southern Tianshan have been investigated by cathodoluminescence, LAICPMS and ion microprobe (SHRIMP) for their internal textures, trace elemental compositions and in situ dating. The weighted mean ages of these two samples are 392 ±7 and 390 ±11 Ma, respectively, representing the granulite-facies metamorphic age of the ophiolitic terrane, and indicating that the southern Tianshan ocean initiated its northward subduction since the early Devonian.