Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expecting social punishment facilitates control over a decision under uncertainty by recruiting medial prefrontal cortex

In many decision-making situations, uncertainty facilitates suboptimal choices. However, when individuals are in a socially dangerous situation such that wrong choice would lead to a social punishment such as blame of the supervisor, they might try to minimize suboptimal choices to avoid it. In this functional MRI study, 46 participants performed a choice task in which the probability of a correct choice with a given cue and the conditional probability of blame feedback (by making an incorrect choice) changed continuously. Using computational models of behavior, we found that participants optimized their decision by suppressing the decision noise induced by uncertainty. Simultaneously, expecting blame significantly deteriorated participants’ mood. Model-based fMRI analyses and dynamic causal modeling revealed that the optimization mechanism based on the expectation of being blamed was controlled by a neural circuit centered on right medial prefrontal cortex. These results show novel behavioral and neural mechanisms regarding how humans optimize uncertain decisions under the expectation of being blamed that negatively influences mood. Significance Statement People occasionally encounter a situation that forces us to make an optimal decision under uncertainty, which is difficult, and a failure to make a good choice might be blamed by their supervisor. Although it might be hard to make right decision, they make more effort to make a good decision, which might help them to escape from the aversive outcome. However, such kind of stressful situation influences our mood to be negative. Using the computational modelling, we showed that participants computed how it is likely to be blamed and this computation motivated people to control uncertainty-induced decision noise by recruiting a neural circuit centered on the medial prefrontal cortex. However, an expectation of being blamed significantly deteriorated participants’ mood.
Treatment Resistant de novo Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mutated Small Cell Lung Cancer

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are a rare occurrence in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), existing either de novo or in cases of transformed EGFR-mutant (mt) adenocarcinoma. In the de novo setting, treatment outcomes and response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors is unclear. We report a rare case of a female patient, who had never smoked, with de novo EGFR-mt SCLC and describe treatment outcomes to both platinum-based chemotherapy and erlotinib. Considering the rarity of EGFR mutations reported in SCLC and the unclear role of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in this setting, a review of the literature will also be presented.
Characteristics and Seasonal Variations of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP Aerosol in Beijing

Objective To investigate the seasonal characteristics and the sources of elements and ions with different sizes in the aerosols in Beijing. Methods Samples of participate matters (PM2.5), PM10, and total suspended particle (TSP) aerosols were collected simultaneously in Beijing from July 2001 to April 2003. The aerosol was chemically characterized by measuring 23 elements and 18 water-soluble ions by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. Results The samples were divided into four categories: spring non-dust, spring dust, summer dust, and winter dust. TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were most abundant in the spring dust, and the least in summer dust. The average mass ratios of PM10, PM2.5-10, and PM2.5 to TSP confirmed that in the spring dust both the large coarse (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5) contributed significantly in summer PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10 contributed similar fractions to TSP, and in winter much PM2.5. The seasonal variation characteristics of the elements and ions were used to divide them into four groups: crustal, pollutant, mixed, and secondary. The highest levels of crustal elements, such as Al, Fe, and Ca, were found in the dust season, the highest levels of pollutant elements and ions, such as As, F-, and Cl-, were observed in winter, and the highest levels of secondary ions (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) were seen both in summer and in winter. The mixed group (Eu, Ni, and Cu) showed the characteristics of both crustal and pollutant elements. The mineral aerosol from outside Beijing contributed more than that from the local part in all the reasons but summer, estimated using a newly developed element tracer technique.
THE SAND FLY SPECIES (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL, BRAZIL

The purpose of this study was to search for Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia cruzi in the urban area of the Água Clara Municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Two CDC traps were placed in the intradomicile and the peridomicile areas in four residences once a month, for three consecutive nights during 24 months. Were collected 11 species of sand flies totaling 3,418 specimens, 2,762 males and 656 females. Lu. longipalpis was the dominant species and there was no statistical difference between the peridomicile and intradomicile areas. Lu. cruzi was not found. The high capture rate for Lu. longipalpis in the urban area of Água Clara is cause for concern regarding necessary preventive measures to avoid future cases of visceral leishmaniasis. KEY WORDS: Leishmaniasis; Lutzomyia longipalpis; Phlebotominae; calazar.
Hierarchical controls on extinction selectivity across the diplobathrid crinoid phylogeny

Abstract. Identifying correlates of extinction risk is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms driving differential rates of extinction and variability in the temporal durations of taxa. Increasingly, it is recognized that the effects of multiple, potentially interacting variables and phylogenetic relationships should be incorporated when studying extinction selectivity to account for covariation of traits and shared evolutionary history. Here, I explore a variety of biological and ecological controls on genus longevity in the global fossil record of diplobathrid crinoids by analyzing the combined effects of species richness, habitat preference, body size, filtration fan density, and food size selectivity. I employ a suite of taxic and phylogenetic approaches to (1) quantitatively compare and rank the relative effects of multiple factors on taxonomic longevity and (2) determine how phylogenetic comparative approaches alter interpretations of extinction selectivity. I find controls on diplobathrid genus duration are hierarchically structured, where species richness is the primary predictor of duration, habitat is the secondary predictor, and combinations of ecological and biological traits are tertiary controls. Ecology plays an important but complex role in the generation of crinoid macroevolutionary patterns. Notably, tolerance of environmental heterogeneity promotes increased genus duration across diplobathrid crinoids, and the effects of traits related to feeding ecology vary depending on habitat lithology. Finally, I find accounting for phylogeny does not consistently decrease the significance of correlations between traits and genus duration, as is commonly expected. Instead, the strength of relationships between traits and duration may increase, decrease, or remain statistically similar, and both the magnitude and direction of these shifts are generally unpredictable. However, traits with strong correlations and/or moderately large effect sizes (Cohen's f2 > 0.15) under taxic approaches tend to remain qualitatively unchanged under phylogenetic approaches.
A tradeoff between robustness to environmental fluctuations and speed of evolution

Organisms must cope with both short- and long-term environmental changes to persist. In this study we investigated theoretically if life histories trade off between their robustness to short-term environmental perturbations and their ability to evolve directional trait changes. By the use of mathematical models and stochastic individual-based simulations we could confirm the tradeoff, at least for comparisons between standardized life histories. Offspring dormancy and high adult survival allowed to maintain large population sizes when confronted with interannual environmental fluctuations while depressing the speed of evolution with ongoing environmental change. Instead, precocious offspring maturation and short-living adults promoted evolvability while lowering robustness. This tradeoff had immediate consequences for extinction dynamics in variable environments. High evolvability allowed to cope best with long-lasting gradual environmental change, but came at the expense of more pronounced population declines from environmental variability and during the initial phase of environmental change.
ORAL SKILLS IN THE SPOTLIGHT: EFL IN SECONDARY EDUCATION IN A SPANISH LOCAL CONTEXT

Evidence of the weak competence of Spanish students in oral skills in English has been provided by a number of surveys at national and European level. The students involved had several years of EFL instruction at school behind them. This paper looks into students’ and teachers’ views on the teaching and learning of oral skills in Spanish secondary education. For that purpose a questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of teachers and students in secondary schools in the region of Aragon (Spain). The analysis will allow us to highlight aspects that need to be improved to raise students’ oral communicative competence in English.
Enhancement of Plant Stand Establishment through Seed Priming and Seed Treatment on Growth, Seed Yield and Quality in Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.]

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is a versatile crop known for being genetically closely related to biofuel grasses, for its C4 photosynthesis and for its tolerance to abiotic stresses. Quality seed production is the main goal for successful agriculture, which demands each and every seed should be readily germinable and produce a vigorous International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 09 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
ConvsPPIS: Identifying Protein-protein Interaction Sites by an Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network with Feature Graph

Protein-protein interactions are essentials for most cellular processes and thus, unveiling how proteins interact with is a crucial question that can be better understood by recognizing which residues participate in the interaction. Although many computational approaches have been proposed to predict interface residues, their feature perspective and model learning ability are not enough to achieve ideal results. So, our objective is to improve the predictive performance under considering feature perspective and new learning algorithm. In this study, we proposed an ensemble deep convolutional neural network, which explores the context and positional context of consecutive residues within a protein sub-sequence. Specifically, unlike the feature view of previous methods, ConvsPPIS uses evolutionary, physicochemical, and structural protein characteristics to construct their own feature graph respectively. After that, three independent deep convolutional neural networks are trained on each type of feature graph for learning the underlying pattern in sub-sequence. Lastly, we integrated those three deep networks into an ensemble predictor with leveraging complementary information of those features to predict potential interface residues. Some comparative experiments have conducted through 10-fold cross-validation. The results indicated that ConvsPPIS achieved superior performance on DBv5-Sel dataset with an accuracy of 88%. Additional experiments on CAPRI-Alone dataset demonstrated ConvsPPIS has also better prediction performance. The ConvsPPIS method provided a new perspective to capture protein feature expression for identifying protein-protein interaction sites. The results proved the superiority of this method.
Antifungal Activity of Three Different Ethanolic Extract against Isolates from Diseased Rice Plant

One of the major fungal disease of rice that farmers are facing today were rice blast and sheath blight. These diseases cause drastic decrease in the productivity and become a problem in related to the consumption. The main objective of this study is to determine the antifungal activity of Datura metel, Jatropha carcus and Ruellia tuberosa ethanolic leaf extract against the isolated pathogen causing sheath blight and rice blast disease of rice. This study employed experimental research method with completely randomized design wherein sheath blight isolates were tested into three different concentrations (25%, 50% and 100%) of the three plant extracts while rice blast isolates were tested in 100% concentration of the three plant extracts. The food poisoned technique assay was used to access the antifungal activity of different three ethanolic extract and was done with three replications. The results showed that the ethanolic leaf extract of D. metel and J. carcus has the highest antifungal activity at 100% concentration against isolated pathogen causing sheath blight having98.611 ± 1.589% and 98.588 ± 1.589 of mycelial inhibition, respectively. Whereas, J.carcus and R.tuberosa has highest antifungal property against rice blast having 97.436 ± 0.555% and 97.115 ± 0.96% respectively. The three plant extracts exhibited high percentage of mycelial inhibition compared to mancozeb. Therefore, the extracts from these three plants have an active potential to inhibit the growth of fungus and can be used as bio fungicide to control infection of rice blast and sheath blight in rice. Since these bio fungicides came from plants, the negative effect for the environment and other organisms will be inhibited and can also support the goal of the government in finding on how to delimit the use of chemical fungicides. To assert the effectiveness on the actual field management of plant health, in vivo trials are recommended.
The Natural History of Cirrhosis

THE purpose of this report is to characterize a large group of patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices and to determine their survival by means of a prospective survey. Such a survey is of interest in itself, and can supply background information useful for the design of clinical trials. The study consists of the analysis of data collected on 471 patients with unequivocal esophageal varices seen by members of the Boston Inter-Hospital Liver Group§ at the associated hospitals in the years 1959–1961. By comparison with previously published data the influence of recent advances in therapy upon survival may become apparent.
ENTOMOFAUNA ASOCIADA AL CULTIVO DE YACA (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM) EN NAYARIT MEXICO

In this work, the entomofauna associated with yaca cultivation was registered during the months of January to December 2014 in the municipalities of San Blas and Compostela of the state of Nayarit, using as a sampling technique the felling. A total of 1,793 specimens were captured, of which 33 species and 46 families belonging to ten orders were determined (Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Mantodea, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera and Acarina). In the El Llano orchard (San Blas) there was a greater abundance of insects when a total of 1,270 specimens were found, while in the Las Varas orchard (Compostela), only 523 specimens were collected. The order Hemiptera was the one that presented the highest abundance of insects in both orchards, standing out for their economic importance the families Aphididae (225), Diaspididae (147), Tingidae (122) and Pseudococcidae (115).
An overview of colistin resistance, mobilized colistin resistance genes dissemination, global responses, and the alternatives to colistin: A review

Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antimicrobial agent that is effective against a variety of Gram-negative bacilli, especially the Enterobacteriaceae family. Recently, the wide dissemination of colistin-resistance has brought strong attention to the scientific society because of its importance as the last resort for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections and its possible horizontal transmission. The mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene was identified as the gene responsible for unique colistin resistance. Indeed, despite many studies that have revealed a pan variation in the existence of this gene, not only for the mcr genes main group but also for its many subgroups, the problem is growing and worsening day after day. In this regard, this review paper is set to review the updated data that has been published up to the end of 2019 third quarter, especially when related to colistin resistance by the mcr genes. It will include the present status of colistin resistance worldwide, the mcr gene dissemination in different sectors, the discovery of the mcr variants, and the global plan to deal with the threat of antimicrobial resistance. In line with global awareness, and to stop antibiotic misuse and overuse, especially in agricultural animals, the study will further discuss in detail the latest alternatives to colistin use in animals, which may contribute to the elimination of inappropriate antibiotic use and to the help in preventing infections. This review will advance our understanding of colistin resistance, while supporting the efforts toward better stewardship, for the proper usage of antimicrobial drugs in humans, animals, and in the environment.
Wing‐feather moult phenotypes differ between the preformative and prealternate episodes and along passerine phylogeny

Passerine wing‐feather moult has been studied historically in terms of its intensity, duration, timing and extent. However, little is known about variation of wing‐moult phenotypes (i.e. the identity of moulted wing feathers in a given individual) within species, among moult episodes and in relation to passerine phylogeny. Here we studied 5373 wing‐moult cards from 285 Holarctic and 155 Neotropical passerine species. Variation of moult phenotypes, although high, was far below that expected by chance, and the same phenotypes were repeated among individuals within and among species, suggesting the existence of shared mechanisms of moult control. We successfully classified moult phenotypes according to nine moult patterns described in the literature and found an uneven distribution between the preformative and the prealternate moult. Moult patterns were phylogenetically conserved for the preformative but not for the prealternate moult. Our results suggest differential seasonal control of bird moult with preformative moults being associated with (evolutionarily conserved) somatic demands, whereas prealternate moults are probably associated with (rapidly evolving) signalling functions.
Gradual replacement of wild bees by honeybees in flowers of the Mediterranean Basin over the last 50 years

Evidence for pollinator declines largely originates from mid-latitude regions in North America and Europe. Geographical heterogeneity in pollinator trends combined with geographical biases in pollinator studies, can produce distorted extrapolations and limit understanding of pollinator responses to environmental changes. In contrast to the declines experienced in some well-investigated European and North American regions, honeybees seem to have increased recently in some areas of the Mediterranean Basin. Since honeybees can impact negatively on wild bees, it was hypothesized that a biome-wide alteration in bee pollinator assemblages may be underway in the Mediterranean Basin involving a reduction in the importance of wild bees as pollinators. This hypothesis was tested using published quantitative data on bee pollinators of wild and cultivated plants from studies conducted between 1963-2017 in 13 circum-Mediterranean countries. Honeybee colonies increased exponentially and wild bees were gradually replaced by honeybees in flowers of wild and cultivated plants. Proportion of wild bees at flowers quadruplicated that of honeybees at the beginning of the period, the proportions of both groups becoming roughly similar fifty years later. The Mediterranean Basin is a world biodiversity hotspot for wild bees and wild bee-pollinated plants, and the ubiquitous rise of honeybees to dominance as pollinators could in the long run undermine the diversity of plants and wild bees in the region.
Gender diversity of editorial boards and gender differences in the peer review process at six journals of ecology and evolution

Abstract Despite substantial progress for women in science, women remain underrepresented in many aspects of the scholarly publication process. We examined how the gender diversity of editors and reviewers changed over time for six journals in ecology and evolution (2003–2015 for four journals, 2007–2015 or 2009–2015 for the other two), and how several aspects of the peer review process differed between female and male editors and reviewers. We found that for five of the six journals, women were either absent or very poorly represented as handling editors at the beginning of our dataset. The representation of women increased gradually and consistently, with women making up 29% of the handling editors (averaged across journals) in 2015, similar to the representation of women as last authors on ecology papers (23% in 2015) but lower than the proportion of women among all authors (31%) and among members of the societies that own the journals (37%–40%). The proportion of women among reviewers has also gradually but consistently increased over time, reaching 27% by 2015. Female editors invited more female reviewers than did male editors, and this difference increased with age of the editor. Men and women who were invited to review did not differ in whether they responded to the review invitation, but, of those that responded, women were slightly more likely to agree to review. In contrast, women were less likely than men to accept invitations to serve on journal editorial boards. Our analyses indicate that there has been progress in the representation of women as reviewers and editors in ecology and evolutionary biology, but women are still underrepresented among the gatekeepers of scholarly publishing relative to their representation among researchers.
Stochasticity and Infectious Disease Dynamics: Density and Weather Effects on a Fungal Insect Pathogen

In deterministic models of epidemics, there is a host abundance threshold above which the introduction of a few infected individuals leads to a severe epidemic. Studies of weather-driven animal pathogens often assume that abundance thresholds will be overwhelmed by weather-driven stochasticity, but tests of this assumption are lacking. We collected observational and experimental data for a fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga, that infects the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. We used an advanced statistical-computing algorithm to fit mechanistic models to our data, such that different models made different assumptions about the effects of host density and weather on E. maimaiga epizootics (epidemics in animals). We then used Akaike information criterion analysis to choose the best model. In the best model, epizootics are driven by a combination of weather and host density, and the model does an excellent job of explaining the data, whereas models that allow only for weather effects or only for density-dependent effects do a poor job of explaining the data. Density-dependent transmission in our best model produces a host density threshold, but this threshold is strongly blurred by the stochastic effects of weather. Our work shows that host-abundance thresholds may be important even if weather strongly affects transmission, suggesting that epidemiological models that allow for weather have an important role to play in understanding animal pathogens. The success of our model means that it could be useful for managing the gypsy moth, an important pest of hardwood forests in North America.