Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sources of inequality in annual earnings, 1986-2018: Lifetime inequality, volatility, life-cycle variation

We decompose year-by-year inequality in annual earnings among male heads of households aged 31-59, quantifying the sources of its rise over three decades. Using United States PSID data on annual earnings, age, education, and race, we first estimate expected earnings trajectories and average lifetime earnings for males born between 1927 and 1987; and then use these estimates to represent log annual earnings—in each year—as the sum of log lifetime earnings, the log difference between predicted annual and lifetime earnings, and the log difference between actual and predicted earnings. Inequality in annual earnings, measured as its log variance, then equals the sum of the log variances of these three terms— representing, respectively, lifetime inequality, lifecycle dispersion and volatility—plus twice their three covariances. Applying this decomposition to the rise in annual inequality from 1986 to 2018, we attribute 69% of the change to increased volatility, 14% to a much smaller increase in lifetime inequality, and the remainder mostly to the net effect of a large rise in the regressive incidence of transitory shocks partly offset by an increase in the share of higher-skilled younger cohorts with higher lifetime earnings.
Intersections of diagonal orbits

Let $A\subseteq SL_n(\mathbb{R})$ group of diagonal matrices with positive diagonal, let ${\rm ST}_n\subseteq X_n:=SL_n(\mathbb{R})/SL_n(\mathbb{Z})$ be the set of stable lattices, and let ${\rm WR}_n\subseteq X_n$ be the set of well-rounded lattices. We prove that any $A$-orbit in $X_n$ intersects both ${\rm ST}_n$ and ${\rm WR}_n$.
High-Frequency Deep Sclerotomy as Adjunctive Therapy in Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients

Introduction: Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive disease of the optic nerve that can cause vision loss and blindness. High-frequency deep sclerotomy (HFDS) is a novel ab interno procedure used to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). This study aims at examining hypotensive effects of HFDS in patients with medically uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: 23 patients (23 eyes) participated in this study. They were all affected by POAG and used maximum prescribed medical therapy. It is important to note that the target IOP was not detected in any study participant. The target IOP is the highest IOP value at which no new damages of the optic nerve occur. The procedure was performed with a custom-made, high-frequency dissection probe by applying bipolar current of 500 kHz. Six pockets (1 mm deep, 0.3 mm high, and 6 mm wide) were made ab interno in nasal sclera (through trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal). Tobramycin/dexamethasone and pilocarpine eye drops were administered postoperatively for a month. Results: The mean value of the base IOP had been 25.6 mm Hg before the procedure. Significant complications were not recorded either during the surgery or in a postoperative follow-up period. The average IOP for our patients reduced by 8.6 mm Hg (33.6%) after a year. The mean value of the instilled anti-glaucoma eye drops had been 2.78 (SD = 0.45) before the HFDS and 0.61 (SD = 1.04) at the end of the research. The target IOP was not achieved in five cases (21.7% of our sample). Discussion/Conclusion: This study presents the data on our first surgical experience with HFDS that was conducted on 23 patients who had medically uncontrolled POAG. The results indicate that HFDS is safe and efficient in reducing IOP.
Coset closure of a circulant S-ring and schurity problem

Let $G$ be a finite group. There is a natural Galois correspondence between the permutation groups containing $G$ as a regular subgroup, and the Schur rings (S-rings) over~$G$. The problem we deal with in the paper, is to characterize those S-rings that are closed under this correspondence, when the group $G$ is cyclic (the schurity problem for circulant S-rings). It is proved that up to a natural reduction, the characteristic property of such an S-ring is to be a certain algebraic fusion of its coset closure introduced and studied in the paper. Basing on this characterization we show that the schurity problem is equivalent to the consistency of a modular linear system associated with a circulant S-ring under consideration. As a byproduct we show that a circulant S-ring is Galois closed if and only if so is its dual.
Simultaneous identification of diffusion and absorption coefficients in a quasilinear elliptic problem

In this work, we consider the identifiability of two coefficients a(u) and c(x) in a quasilinear elliptic partial differential equation from the observation of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. We use a linearization procedure due to Isakov (1993 Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 124 1–12) and special singular solutions to first determine a(0) and c(x) for x ∈ Ω. Based on this partial result, we are then able to determine a(u) for u∈R? > by an adjoint approach.
Classifying subcategories and the spectrum of a locally noetherian category

Let $\mathcal A$ be a locally noetherian Grothendieck category. In this paper, we study subcategories of $\mathcal A$ using subsets of the spectrum $\mathfrak Spec(\mathcal A)$. Along the way, we also develop results in local algebra with respect to the category $\mathcal A$ that we believe to be of independent interest.
Unlocking New Value from Urban Biowaste: LCA of the VALUEWASTE Biobased Products

The VALUEWASTE project can offer a sustainable solution to transform biowaste into added-value bioproducts, such as proteins from microorganisms and insects and biofertilizers. The present study focused on the environmental impacts linked to obtaining these bioproducts, which was performed by the standardized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, using the Environmental Footprint methodology to evaluate the midpoint impact categories considered. At the same time, the bioproducts coming from biowaste were compared to regular ones: other protein sources and mineral fertilizers. The study results show that these new protein sources are firm candidates to reach the market from an environmental point of view. Furthermore, their environmental impacts could be improved by reducing the energy use (the main contributor) within some impact categories, such as ecotoxicity and global warming. In case of the biofertilizers, their environmental performance was overall worse compared to mineral fertilizers, except for the following impact categories: mineral and metal use and water scarcity. Nevertheless, these biofertilizers come from biowaste, extending the circularity concept, and from local places, reducing the dependency on other actors. Hence, the study showed that the obtained bioproducts are real alternatives to implement in a circular economy. However, continuous improvement of the solution should be performed.
Dehn filling Dehn twists

Abstract Let $\Sigma _{g,p}$ be the genus–g oriented surface with p punctures, with either g > 0 or p > 3. We show that $MCG(\Sigma _{g,p})/DT$ is acylindrically hyperbolic where DT is the normal subgroup of the mapping class group $MCG(\Sigma _{g,p})$ generated by $K^{th}$ powers of Dehn twists about curves in $\Sigma _{g,p}$ for suitable K. Moreover, we show that in low complexity $MCG(\Sigma _{g,p})/DT$ is in fact hyperbolic. In particular, for 3g − 3 + p ⩽ 2, we show that the mapping class group $MCG(\Sigma _{g,p})$ is fully residually non-elementary hyperbolic and admits an affine isometric action with unbounded orbits on some $L^q$ space. Moreover, if every hyperbolic group is residually finite, then every convex-cocompact subgroup of $MCG(\Sigma _{g,p})$ is separable. The aforementioned results follow from general theorems about composite rotating families, in the sense of [13], that come from a collection of subgroups of vertex stabilizers for the action of a group G on a hyperbolic graph X. We give conditions ensuring that the graph X/N is again hyperbolic and various properties of the action of G on X persist for the action of G/N on X/N.
Boolean Product Polynomials, Schur Positivity, and Chern Plethysm

Let $k \leq n$ be positive integers, and let $X_n = (x_1, \dots , x_n)$ be a list of $n$ variables. The Boolean product polynomial $B_{n,k}(X_n)$ is the product of the linear forms $\sum _{i \in S} x_i$, where $S$ ranges over all $k$-element subsets of $\{1, 2, \dots , n\}$. We prove that Boolean product polynomials are Schur positive. We do this via a new method of proving Schur positivity using vector bundles and a symmetric function operation we call Chern plethysm. This gives a geometric method for producing a vast array of Schur positive polynomials whose Schur positivity lacks (at present) a combinatorial or representation theoretic proof. We relate the polynomials $B_{n,k}(X_n)$ for certain $k$ to other combinatorial objects including derangements, positroids, alternating sign matrices, and reverse flagged fillings of a partition shape. We also relate $B_{n,n-1}(X_n)$ to a bigraded action of the symmetric group ${\mathfrak{S}}_n$ on a divergence free quotient of superspace.
Potential distribution of the silver stripped skipper (Leptalina unicolor) and maiden silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis) under climate change in South Korea

Globally, changes in the climate and in land cover are the most prominent factors affecting the distribution of flora and fauna, including butterflies. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the impact of climate and land cover changes on the potential habitat of the endangered butterfly Leptalina unicolor and its principal host, Miscanthus sinensis, in South Korea. We developed a species distribution model using the maximum entropy modeling approach and evaluated the current and future potential distributions of both species. Currently, the potential habitat of L. unicolor is predicted to be located along the Baekdudaegan mountain range and some isolated patches of its western and southern regions, covering an area of approximately 16,865 km2. However, due to future climate change, its potential habitat would decrease on a large scale (by up to 80.39%), thus limiting its existence to the northeastern region. On the other hand, the host plant (M. sinensis) was estimated to live in all parts of the country under both current and future climate conditions, covering up to 50.45% of the country. Our results showed that future climate and land cover changes will critically reduce the habitat of L. unicolor and limit its existence to relatively cold areas. This study suggests that, in addition to the host habitat, climate and land cover changes also play important roles in the future distribution of L. unicolor. This study predicted the current and future potential habitats of L. unicolor and M. sinensis to help develop management policies for the conservation of this endangered butterfly in South Korea.
Riesz transforms on non-compact manifolds

Let $M$ be a complete non-compact Riemannian manifold satisfying the doubling volume property as well as a Gaussian upper bound for the corresponding heat kernel. We study the boundedness of the Riesz transform $d\Delta ^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ on both Hardy spaces $H^p$ and Lebesgue spaces $L^p$ under two different conditions on the negative part of the Ricci curvature $R^-$. First we prove that if $R^-$ is $\alpha$-subcritical for some $\alpha \in [0,1)$, then the Riesz transform $d^*\Delta^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ on differential $1$-forms is bounded from the associated Hardy space $H^p_{\overrightarrow{\Delta}}(\Lambda^1T^*M)$ to $L^p(M)$ for all $p\in [1,2]$. As a consequence, the Riesz transform (on functions) is bounded on $ L^p$ for all $p\in (1,p_0)$ where $p_0>2$ depends on $\alpha$ and the constant appearing in the doubling property. Second, we prove that if $$\int_0^1 \left\|\frac{|R^-|^{\frac{1}{2}}}{v(\cdot,\ \sqrt{t})^{\frac{1}{p_1}}}\right\|_{p_1}\frac{dt}{\sqrt{t}}+\int_1^\infty \left\|\frac{|R^-|^{\frac{1}{2}}}{v(\cdot,\ \sqrt{t})^{\frac{1}{p_2}}}\right\|_{p_2}\frac{dt}{\sqrt{t}} 2$ and $p_2>3$, then the Riesz transform $d\Delta^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ is bounded on $L^p$ for all $1 0$, then $d\Delta^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ is bounded on $L^p$ for all $12$ under conditions on $R^-$ and the potential $V$. We prove both positive and negative results on the boundedness of $dA^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ on $L^p$
Electric Shore-to-Ship Charging Socket Detection Using Image Processing and YOLO

The production of electric and hybrid vehicles on land and at sea is now widely used to reduce carbon emissions. While charging the batteries of electric vehicles can be done manually, studies to automate this process are increasing. Recently, many studies based on computer vision have been carried out to provide real-time and more accurate detection of charging systems. For automatic charging, the position and distance of the socket on the ship approaching the shore can be determined by processing the image taken by the camera. For this purpose, in this study, an interface has been developed for the detection system of electrical charging system sockets by using classical image processing and the YOLO technique, which is one of the deep learning methods. With the developed interface, the socket's position can be detected and monitored in real-time through the image taken from the camera. Thus, automatic charging can be performed successfully.
Model $\infty$-categories II: Quillen adjunctions

We prove that various structures on model $\infty$-categories descend to corresponding structures on their localizations: (i) Quillen adjunctions; (ii) two-variable Quillen adjunctions; (iii) monoidal and symmetric monoidal model structures; and (iv) enriched model structures.
Null boundary controllability of a one-dimensional heat equation with an internal point mass and variable coefficients

In this paper we consider a linear hybrid system which composed by two non-homogeneous rods connected by a point mass and generated by the equation\bea\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \rho_{1}(x)u_{t}=(\sigma_{1}(x)u_{x})_{x}-q_{1}(x)u,& x\in(-1,0),~t>0, \rho_{2}(x)v_{t}=(\sigma_{2}(x)v_{x})_{x}-q_{2}(x)v,& x\in(0,1), ~~~t>0, M z_{t}(t)=\sigma_{2}(0)v_{x}(0,t)-\sigma_{1}(0)u_{x}(0,t), &t>0, \end{array} \right. \eea with Dirichlet boundary condition on the left end $x=-1$ and a boundary control acts on the right end $x=1$. We prove that this system is null controllable with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary controls. Our approach is mainly based on a detailed spectral analysis together with the moment method. In particular, we show that the associated spectral gap in both cases (Dirichlet or Neumann boundary controls) are positive without further conditions on the coefficients $\rho_{i}$, $\sigma_{i}$ and $q_{i}$ $(i=1,2)$ other than the regularities.
Adic semidualizing complexes

We introduce and study a class of objects that encompasses Christensen and Foxby’s semidualizing modules and complexes and Kubik’s quasi-dualizing modules: the class of [Formula: see text]-adic semidualizing modules and complexes. We give examples and equivalent characterizations of these objects, including a characterization in terms of the more familiar semidualizing property. As an application, we give a proof of the existence of dualizing complexes over complete local rings that does not use the Cohen Structure Theorem.
Geography of Genus 2 Lefschetz fibrations

Questions of geography of various classes of $4$-manifolds have been a central motivating question in $4$-manifold topology. Baykur and Korkmaz asked which small, simply connected, minimal $4$-manifolds admit a genus $2$ Lefschetz fibration. They were able to classify all the possible homeomorphism types and realize all but one with the exception of a genus $2$ Lefschetz fibration on a symplectic $4$-manifold homeomorphic, but not diffeomorphic to $3 \mathbb{CP}^2 \# 11\overline{\mathbb{CP}}^2$. We give a positive factorization of type $(10,10)$ that corresponds to such a genus $2$ Lefschetz fibration. Furthermore, we observe two restrictions on the geography of genus $2$ Lefschetz fibrations, we find that they satisfy the Noether inequality and a BMY like inequality. We then find positive factorizations that describe genus $2$ Lefschetz fibrations on simply connected, minimal symplectic $4$-manifolds for many of these points.
Increasing Yield and Economic Value of Upland Rice Using Inorganic Fertilizer and Poultry Manure in Dryland

Rice production in the karst dryland is still low, due to soil characteristics that lack nutrient availability. Meanwhile, upland rice has received less attention, and it has not been used to its full potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various combinations of inorganic fertilizers, poultry manure, and upland rice varieties on the production and economic value of karst dryland in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. This experiment was arranged in a factorial design, with inorganic fertilizers, poultry manure, and upland rice varieties set in a randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was a combination of inorganic and organic fertilizer rates: 72 N kg ha−1 + 26 P2O5 kg ha−1 + 25 K2O ha−1 + 3 t ha−1 organic, 92 N kg ha−1 + 36 P2O5 kg ha−1 + 30 K2O kg ha−1 + 2 t ha−1 organic, 112 N kg ha−1 + 46 P2O5 kg ha−1 + 35 K2O kg ha−1 + 1 t ha−1 organic. The second factor is the upland varieties of Inpago 8, Inpago 10, and Inpago 12 and lowland variety Inpari 42 Agritan GSR, as checked. Based on the study, we concluded that the combination of 92 N kg ha−1 + 36 P2O5 kg ha−1 + 30 K2O kg ha−1 + 2 t ha−1 poultry manure fertilizers with Inpago 8 resulted in an IDR profit of 23,586,000 ha−1, and it is the most recommendable fertilizer and variety combination to be developed in the karst dryland, in consideration of land fertility and sustainability.
On a Diophantine equation with five prime variables

Let $[x]$ denote the integral part of the real number $x$, and $N$ be a sufficiently large integer. In this paper, it is proved that, for $1<c<\frac{11216182}{5471123}, c\not=2$, the Diophantine equation $N=[p_1^c]+[p_2^c]+[p_3^c]+[p_4^c]+[p_5^c]$ is solvable in prime variables $p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4,p_5$.
Optimal bounds for ancient caloric functions

For any manifold with polynomial volume growth, we show: The dimension of the space of ancient caloric functions with polynomial growth is bounded by the degree of growth times the dimension of harmonic functions with the same growth. As a consequence, we get a sharp bound for the dimension of ancient caloric functions on any space where Yau's 1974 conjecture about polynomial growth harmonic functions holds.
Weak convergence rates for temporal numerical approximations of stochastic wave equations with multiplicative noise

In numerical analysis for stochastic partial differential equations one distinguishes between weak and strong convergence rates. Often the weak convergence rate is twice the strong convergence rate. However, there is no standard way to prove this: to obtain optimal weak convergence rates for stochastic partial differential equations requires specially tailored techniques, especially if the noise is multiplicative. In this work we establish weak convergence rates for temporal discretisations of stochastic wave equations with multiplicative noise, in particular, for the hyperbolic Anderson model. The weak convergence rates we obtain are indeed twice the known strong rates. To the best of our knowledge, our findings are the first in the scientific literature which provide essentially sharp weak convergence rates for temporal discretisations of stochastic wave equations with multiplicative noise. Key ideas of our proof are a sophisticated splitting of the error and applications of the recently introduced mild Ito formula.
Multipoint distribution of periodic TASEP

The height fluctuations of the models in the KPZ class are expected to converge to a universal process. The spatial process at equal time is known to converge to the Airy process or its variations. However, the temporal process, or more generally the two-dimensional space-time fluctuation field, is less well understood. We consider this question for the periodic TASEP (totally asymmetric simple exclusion process). For a particular initial condition, we evaluate the multitime and multilocation distribution explicitly in terms of a multiple integral involving a Fredholm determinant. We then evaluate the large-time limit in the so-called relaxation time scale.
From Neuroimaging to Computational Modeling of Burnout: The Traditional versus the Fuzzy Approach—A Review

Occupational burnout, manifested by emotional exhaustion, lack of a sense of personal achievement, and depersonalization, is not a new phenomenon, but thusfar, there is no clear definition or diagnostic guidelines. The aim of this article wasto summarize all empirical studies to date that have used medical neuroimaging techniques to provide evidence or links regarding changes in brain function in occupational burnout syndrome from a neuroscientific perspective, and then use these to propose a fuzzy-based computational model of burnout.A comprehensive literature search was conducted in two major databases (PubMed and Medline Complete). The search period was 2006–2021, and searches were limited to the English language. Each article was carefully reviewed and appropriately selected on the basis of raw data, validity of methods used, clarity of results, and scales for measuring burnout. The results showed that the brain structures of patients with job burnout that are associated with emotion, motivation, and empathy weresignificantly different from healthy controls. These altered brain regions included the thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, striatum, dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, inferior frontal cingulate cortex, middle frontal cingulate cortex, temporoparietal junction, and grey matter. Deepening our understanding of how these brain structures are related to burnout will pave the way for better approaches fordiagnosis and intervention. As an alternative to the neuroimaging approach, the paper presents a late proposal of the PLUS (personal living usual satisfaction) parameter. It is based on a fuzzy model, wherein the data source is psychological factors—the same or similar to the neuroimaging approach. As the novel approach to searching for neural burnout mechanisms, we have shown that computational models, including those based on fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks, can play an important role in inferring and predicting burnout. Effective computational models of burnout are possible but need further development to ensure accuracy across different populations. There is also a need to identify mechanisms and clinical indicators of chronic fatigue syndrome, stress, burnout, and natural cognitive changes associated with, for example, ageing, in order to introduce more effective differential diagnosis and screening.