Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Model of Selected Human Forearm Muscles: Estimation, Scaling and Application

In general, only net torque about a joint can be measured experimentally. This torque, however, is often made up of contributions from several muscles that cross the joint. Currently, there is no non-invasive method to measure individual muscle forces in a complex muscuhskeletal system. The general purpose of this thesis was to construct a model to estimate force of a single muscle which is part of a more complex multiplemuscle, multiple-degree of freedom system. Muscle specific parameters for a Hill-type model of a single-muscle, single-degree of freedom system (flexor pollicis longus (FPL) acting on the distal phalanx of the thumb) were determined in several experiments designed to establish the isometric force-length relationship of the contractile component (CC), force-velocity relationship of the CC and force-length relationship of the series elastic component (SEC) for one subject. These relationships were incorporated into an iterative process which resulted in a computer simulation of the force producing capabilities of FPL with muscle activation, from electromyography (EMG), as input. The force outputs from the simulation were compared with experimental results of both isometric and dynamic voluntary contractions of FPL. Using magnetic resonance images, the relationships obtained for FPL were scaled according to muscle size and shape and were used to develop a computer simulation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle. Physiological cross sectional area was used to scale maximum isometric force capability (Po) and fibre length was used to scale maximum shortening velocity (Vmax). The model of ECRB was evaulated by comparing the simulation output with various contractions evoked by electrical stimulation of ECRB in isolation. The model of ECRB was applied to data describing the kinematics and EMG profiles of novice and advanced tennis players so that muscle force in each group could be evaluated. The implications for sustaining lateral epicondular injuries based on predictions of force in ECRB were discussed.
FIREWORKS U38-to-24 μm Photometry of the GOODS Chandra Deep Field-South: Multiwavelength Catalog and Total Infrared Properties of Distant Ks-selected Galaxies

We present a Ks-selected catalog, dubbed FIREWORKS, for the Chandra Deep Field-South (CDF-S) containing photometry in the U38, B435, B, V, V606, R, i775, I, z850, J, H, Ks, [3.6 μm], [4.5 μm], [5.8 μm], [8.0 μm], and MIPS [24 μm] bands. The imaging has a typical Ktots,AB limit of 24.3 mag (5 σ) and coverage over 113 arcmin2 in all bands and 138 arcmin2 in all bands but H. We cross-correlate our catalog with the 1 Ms X-ray catalog by Giacconi et al. (2002) and with all available spectroscopic redshifts to date. We find and explain systematic differences in a comparison with the “z850 + Ks”-selected GOODS-MUSIC catalog that covers ~90% of the field. We exploit the U38-to-24 μm photometry to determine which Ks-selected galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5 have the brightest total IR luminosities and which galaxies contribute most to the integrated total IR emission. The answer to both questions is that red galaxies are dominating in the IR. This is true no matter whether color is defined in the rest-frame UV, optical, or optical-near-IR. We do find, however, that among the reddest galaxies in the rest-frame optical, there is a population of sources with only little mid-IR emission, suggesting a quiescent nature.
Controversies in the Design of Strategies for the Cure of HIV Infection

The cure for chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections has been a goal pursued since the antiretroviral therapy that improved the clinical conditions of patients became available. However, the exclusive use of these drugs is not enough to achieve a cure, since the viral load rebounds when the treatment is discontinued, leading to disease progression. There are several theories and hypotheses about the biological foundations that prevent a cure. The main obstacle appears to be the existence of a latent viral reservoir that cannot be eliminated pharmacologically. This concept is the basis of the new strategies that seek a cure, known as kick and kill. However, there are other lines of study that recognize mechanisms of persistent viral replication in patients under effective treatment, and that would modify the current lines of research on the cure of HIV. Given the importance of these concepts, in this work, we propose to review the most recent evidence on these hypotheses, covering both the evidence that is positioned in favor and against, trying to expose what are some of the challenges that remain to be resolved in this field of research.
Worst-case analysis and design of sampled-data control systems

Sampled-data systems with continuous-time inputs and outputs, where some state variables evolve in continuous time and others evolve in discrete time, are considered. Methods are presented for computing and optimizing the L/sub 2/-induced norm of such systems, considered as operators relating square integral signals. These worst-case analysis and design results are counterparts of the H/sub infinity /-norm analysis and synthesis for purely continuous- or discrete-time systems. The analysis shows that the L/sub 2/-induced norm of a sampled-data system is smaller than gamma if certain discrete-time descriptor systems have no eigenvalue of magnitude one, and if a certain discrete-time linear time-invariant plant depending on gamma has H/sub infinity / norm smaller than gamma . The synthesis shows that the optimal attenuation problem for a four-block continuous-time plant with a digital controller can be solved with a gamma -iteration on a certain discrete-time four-block plant which depends on gamma . >
A new hybrid methodology for nonlinear time series forecasting

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are flexible computing frameworks and universal approximators that can be applied to a wide range of forecasting problems with a high degree of accuracy. However, using ANNs to model linear problems have yielded mixed results, and hence; it is not wise to apply them blindly to any type of data. This is the reason that hybrid methodologies combining linear models such as ARIMA and nonlinear models such as ANNs have been proposed in the literature of time series forecasting. Despite of all advantages of the traditionalmethodologies for combining ARIMA and ANNs, they have some assumptions that will degenerate their performance if the opposite situation occurs. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed in order to combine the ANNs with ARIMA in order to overcome the limitations of traditional hybrid methodologies and yield more general and more accurate hybrid models. Empirical results with Canadian Lynx data set indicate that the proposed methodology can be a more effective way in order to combine linear and nonlinear models together than traditional hybrid methodologies. Therefore, it can be applied as an appropriate alternative methodology for hybridization in time series forecasting field, especially when higher forecasting accuracy is needed.
Physical Demands during Official Competitions in Elite Handball: A Systematic Review

An understanding of physical demands during official competitions is essential to achieving the highest performance in handball. The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the available scientific evidence associated with physical demands during official competitions in elite handball according to playing positions, competition level and gender. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, 17 studies were selected after a systematic search and selection process of three digital databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Sport Discus. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist; the average score was 18.47 points. The sample consisted of 1175 handball players, of whom 1042 were men (88.68%) and 133 were women (11.32%). The results show that an elite handball player covered on average 3664.4 ± 1121.6 m during a match. The average running pace was 84.8 ± 17.2 m∙min−1. The total distance covered was largely greater in national competitions (4506.7 ± 647.9 m) compared with international competitions (2190.3 ± 1950.5 m) (effect size (ES) = 1.2); however, the running pace did not present any significant difference between the international or national level (ES = 0.06). In regard to gender, the total distance covered was moderately greater in female competitions (4549.1 ± 758.6 m) compared with male competitions (3332.6 ± 1257.7 m) (ES = 0.9), and the running pace was largely greater in female competitions (110.5 ± 7.2 m∙min−1) compared with male competitions (78.4 ± 19.7 m∙min−1) (ES = 1.6). In relation to playing position, backs and wings covered a moderately greater total distance (ES = 0.7 and 0.6) and slightly more meters per minute (ES = 0.4 and 0.2) than pivots. Moreover, the technical activity profile differed between playing positions. Backs performed moderately more throws than pivots and wings (ES = 1.2 and 0.9), pivots exhibited largely more body contact than backs and wings, and wings performed moderately more fast breaks (6.7 ± 3.0) than backs (2.2 ± 2.3) (ES = 1.8). Therefore, this research study provides practical applications for handball coaches and strength and conditioning professionals with respect to designing and implementing more individualised training programmes to maximise performance and reduce injury risk.
Free-surface flow over a semicircular obstruction

The two-dimensional steady flow of a fluid over a semicircular obstacle on the bottom of a stream is discussed. A linearized theory is presented, along with a numerical method for the solution of the fully nonlinear problem. The nonlinear free-surface profile is obtained after solution of an integrodifferential equation coupled with the dynamic free-surface condition. The wave resistance of the semicircle is calculated from knowledge of the solution at the free surface.
An Algol type binary with a δ Scuti component: RZ Cassiopeiae revisited

We present new BV photometry and spectroscopic observations of RZ Cassiopeiae. The light and radial velocity curves were formed by the new observations which have been analyzed simultaneously by using theWilson-Dewinney code. The non-synchronous rotational velocity v1 sin i = 76 ± 6 km s–1, deduced for the primary component from the new spectroscopic observations, was also incorporated in the analysis. A time-series analysis of the residual light curves revealed the multi-periodic pulsations of the primary component of RZ Cas. The main peak in the frequency spectrum was observed at about 64.197 c d–1 in both B and V bands. The pulsational constant was calculated to be 0.0116 days. This value corresponds to high overtones (n ∼ 6) of non-radial mode oscillations.We find significant changes in the pulsational amplitude of the primary component from year to year. The peak-to-peak pulsational amplitude of the main frequency displays a decrease from 0.m013 in 2000 to 0.m002 in 2001 and thereafter we have found an increase again in the amplitude to 0.m01 in the year 2002. We propose the mass transfer from the cool secondary to the pulsating primary as a possible explanation for such remarkable changes in the pulsational behavior of the primary component. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Theoretical Study on the Spontaneous Radiation of Inertia–Gravity Waves Using the Renormalization Group Method. Part I: Derivation of the Renormalization Group Equations

AbstractBy using the renormalization group (RG) method, the interaction between balanced flows and Doppler-shifted inertia–gravity waves (GWs) is formulated for the hydrostatic Boussinesq equations on the f plane. The derived time-evolution equations [RG equations (RGEs)] describe the spontaneous GW radiation from the components slaved to the vortical flow through the quasi resonance, together with the GW radiation reaction on the large-scale flow. The quasi resonance occurs when the space–time scales of GWs are partially comparable to those of slaved components. This theory treats a coexistence system with slow time scales composed of GWs significantly Doppler-shifted by the vortical flow and the balanced flow that interact with each other. The theory includes five dependent variables having slow time scales: one slow variable (linear potential vorticity), two Doppler-shifted fast ones (GW components), and two diagnostic fast ones. Each fast component consists of horizontal divergence and ageostrophic vo.
Cytochrome P450 Surface Domains Prevent the β-Carotene Monohydroxylase CYP97H1 of Euglena gracilis from Acting as a Dihydroxylase

Molecular biodiversity results from branched metabolic pathways driven by enzymatic regioselectivities. An additional complexity occurs in metabolites with an internal structural symmetry, offering identical extremities to the enzymes. For example, in the terpene family, β-carotene presents two identical terminal closed-ring structures. Theses cycles can be hydroxylated by cytochrome P450s from the CYP97 family. Two sequential hydroxylations lead first to the formation of monohydroxylated β-cryptoxanthin and subsequently to that of dihydroxylated zeaxanthin. Among the CYP97 dihydroxylases, CYP97H1 from Euglena gracilis has been described as the only monohydroxylase. This study aims to determine which enzymatic domains are involved in this regioselectivity, conferring unique monohydroxylase activity on a substrate offering two identical sites for hydroxylation. We explored the effect of truncations, substitutions and domain swapping with other CYP97 members and found that CYP97H1 harbours a unique N-terminal globular domain. This CYP97H1 N-terminal domain harbours a hydrophobic patch at the entrance of the substrate channel, which is involved in the monohydroxylase activity of CYP97H1. This domain, at the surface of the enzyme, highlights the role of distal and non-catalytic domains in regulating enzyme specificity.
A Method for Estimating the Influence of Time-Dependent Vane and Blade Pressure Fields on Turbine Rim Seal Ingestion

A method of estimating the turbine rim seal ingestion rates was developed using the time-dependent pressure distributions on the hub of turbines and a simple-orifice model. Previous methods use the time-averaged pressure distribution downstream of the vanes to estimate seal ingestion. The present model uses the pressure distribution near the turbine hub, obtained from 2D time-dependent stage calculations, and a simple-orifice model to estimate the pressure-driven ingress of gas-path fluid into the turbine disk cavity and the egress of cavity fluid to the gas path. The time-dependent pressure distribution provides the influence of both the vane wakes and the bow wave from the blade on the pressure difference between the hub pressure at an azimuthal location and the cavity pressure. Results from the simple-orifice model are used to determine the effective Cd that matches the cooling effectiveness at radii near the rim seal with the amount of gas-path-ingested flow required to mix with the coolant flow. Cavity ingestion data from rim seal ingestion experiments in a 1.5-stage turbine and numerical simulations for a 1 vane, 2-blade sector of the 16-vane, 32-blade turbine were used to evaluate the method. The experiments and simulations were performed for close-spaced and wide-spaced half stages between both the vane and blade and between the blade and a trailing teardrop-shaped strut. The comparison of the model with a single Cd for axial gap seals and the experiments showed a reasonable agreement for both close- and wide-spaced stages.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF PROBLEM-SOLVING STYLES TO THE FACTOR COMPOSITION OF TESTS

This study was undertaken to learn more about the way in which the characteristics being measured by a test vary with the kind of examinee taking the test or with the problem-solving style he uses in approaching test problems. Briefly, the procedure for this study included the following steps: (1) The subjects took 15 tests which would later be examined by factor analysis. (2) In order to find out what problem-solving styles the subjects used, they were required to fill out a questionnaire about their background and their approach to test problems, and were interviewed while they solved items similar to ones they had faced on the tests. In all, more than 100 items of information about each subject were gathered. (3) As an aid in recognizing the important problem-solving styles in these data, the intercorrelations of the interview, questionnaire, and test variables were factor analyzed. (4) These variables, after being grouped and selected by the factor analysis, were used to divide the subjects into 17 different pairs of subsamples representing different problem-solving styles or different background characteristics that might be expected to affect the way in which a person solves problems. (5) All subsamples in the 17 pairs and also the whole group were then used in performing separate factor analyses of the same 15 tests, in all of which five factors were extracted and rotated. (6) Factor loadings and factor intercorrelations were compared for the two subsamples in each pair. The problem-solving approaches used for dividing many of the pairs of subsamples distinguished some kind of systematizing approach from a scanning approach. This is a distinction emphasized by Bloom and Broden and probably related to Gardner's Focusing vs. Scanning and Witkin's Analytic Attitude or Field-Independence. While some of the divisions into pairs of subsamples revealed no substantial differences either in the loadings of the 15 tests on the five factors or in the intercorrelations of the factors, many interesting differences occurred. In particular the development of a systematic approach to solving the items of a test frequently reduced the loadings of that test on the factor which usually characterized it best. Also, for subjects using a systematic rather than an intuitive or scanning approach to test items, the space factor was usually found to be relatively less correlated with the verbal and mathematical factors and the verbal and mathematical factors were found to be more highly correlated with each other. An attempt is made to account for these findings psychologically by supposing that systematic persons develop specialized techniques for solving the visible, concrete spatial problems that are quite different from the symbolic techniques that they can use for solving problems in either of the symbolic areas, verbal and mathematics.
Lock-in and quasiperiodicity in a forced hydrodynamically self-excited jet

Abstract The ability of hydrodynamically self-excited jets to lock into strong external forcing is well known. Their dynamics before lock-in and the specific bifurcations through which they lock in, however, are less well known. In this experimental study, we acoustically force a low-density jet around its natural global frequency. We examine its response leading up to lock-in and compare this to that of a forced van der Pol oscillator. We find that, when forced at increasing amplitudes, the jet undergoes a sequence of two nonlinear transitions: (i) from periodicity to ${ \mathbb{T} }^{2} $ quasiperiodicity via a torus-birth bifurcation; and then (ii) from ${ \mathbb{T} }^{2} $ quasiperiodicity to 1:1 lock-in via either a saddle-node bifurcation with frequency pulling, if the forcing and natural frequencies are close together, or a torus-death bifurcation without frequency pulling, but with a gradual suppression of the natural mode, if the two frequencies are far apart. We also find that the jet locks in most readily when forced close to its natural frequency, but that the details contain two asymmetries: the jet (i) locks in more readily and (ii) oscillates more strongly when it is forced below its natural frequency than when it is forced above it. Except for the second asymmetry, all of these transitions, bifurcations and dynamics are accurately reproduced by the forced van der Pol oscillator. This shows that this complex (infinite-dimensional) forced self-excited jet can be modelled reasonably well as a simple (three-dimensional) forced self-excited oscillator. This result adds to the growing evidence that open self-excited flows behave essentially like low-dimensional nonlinear dynamical systems. It also strengthens the universality of such flows, raising the possibility that more of them, including some industrially relevant flames, can be similarly modelled.
Evaluation of the Flow Distortion around the Campbell Scientific CSAT3 Sonic Anemometer Relative to Incident Wind Direction

Abstract In June 2002, a high-frequency air–sea momentum system was deployed in the surf zone for 3 days as part of an experiment to quantify air–sea momentum transfer when the wind and wave direction were at angles. The system obtained measurements in the nearshore via a high-resolution Campbell Scientific CSAT3 3D sonic anemometer and five high-frequency saltwater wave staffs. An advantage of the air–sea momentum system is that direct measurements of the atmospheric turbulent fluctuations can be obtained and applied to the calculation of momentum transfer at the air–sea interface. The Campbell Scientific CSAT3 sonic anemometer was postcalibrated under turbulent wind conditions to determine incident wind direction measurements influenced by the geometry of the instrument. Measurement results are compared to a pre-established benchmark, constant tow speed; and the mean wind speed, incident wind direction, and spectral density characteristics are evaluated to resolve specific instrument orientations in whi.
Nanodiamonds in meteorites: properties and astrophysical context

Purpose: This contribution provides an overview on properties and origin of nanodiamonds in primitive meteorites. Nanodiamond are a type of stardust, i.e. “pre-solar” grains that formed in the outflows or ejecta of stars. Design/methodology/approach: We summarize previously obtained results and include our results dealing with recoil loss from nanoparticles during radioactive decay of trace elements within them. Findings: Nanodiamonds in primitive meteorites have a mean size of ~2.6 nm and an abundance reaching up to ~0.15 % by weight. They contain trace noble gases, notably xenon, with an unusual isotopic composition. The latter is reminiscent of the pand r-processes of nucleosynthesis that are thought to occur during supernova explosions. Our new results show that recoil loss during β decay of implanted 22Na does not exceed what is expected from energy distribution and range-energy relations in matter. While a CVD origin for the diamonds appears likely (but is not assured), the noble gases were probably introduced by ion implantation. Research limitations/implications: The isotopic pattern of Xe contained in nanodiamonds indicates some unconventional types of element synthesis in stars or modification by secondary processes. Recoil loss from nanometer-sized grains during decay of unstable precursor nuclides has been suggested as an explanation, but our experiments do not support this idea. Originality/value: Other processes must be invoked for explanation of the isotopically unusual xenon trapped in meteoritic nanodiamonds. Ion implantation experiments suggest of “trapped” cosmic ray 3He for deriving an age for the diamonds.
CLRg Property for Coupled Fixed Point Theorems in Fuzzy Metric Spaces

In this paper, we introduce the notions of E.A. property and common limit in range of g (CLRg) property for coupled mappings and prove a common coupled fixed point theorems without exploiting the notion of continuity, completeness of the whole space or any of its range spaces. Our theorems generalize the result of (5) and (10-14). We also find an affirmative answer in fuzzy metric space to the problem of Rhoades (2). Illustrative examples supporting our results have also been cited.