Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of factors controlling isoprene emissions

We investigated the relationship of variability in the formaldehyde (HCHO) columns measured by the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to isoprene emissions in the southeastern United States for 2005–2007. The data show that the inferred, regional‐average isoprene emissions varied by about 22% during summer and are well correlated with temperature, which is known to influence emissions. Part of the correlation with temperature is likely associated with other causal factors that are temperature‐dependent. We show that the variations in HCHO are convolved with the temperature dependence of surface ozone, which influences isoprene emissions, and the dependence of the HCHO column to mixed layer height as OMI's sensitivity to HCHO increases with altitude. Furthermore, we show that while there is an association of drought with the variation in HCHO, drought in the southeastern U.S. is convolved with temperature.
Inferring Trade Directions in Fast Markets

Abstract The reliability of trade classification algorithms that identify the liquidity demander in financial markets transaction data has been questioned due to an increase in the frequency of quote changes. Hence, this paper proposes a new method. While established algorithms rely on an ad hoc assignment of trades to quotes, the proposed full-information (FI) algorithm actively searches for the quote that matches a trade. The FI algorithm outperforms the existing ones, particularly at low timestamp precision: For data timestamped at seconds misclassification is reduced by half compared to the popular Lee-Ready algorithm. These improvements also carry over into empirical applications such as the estimation of transaction costs. The recently proposed interpolation method and bulk volume classification algorithm do not offer improvements.
North Atlantic–Arctic Mediterranean exchanges in an ensemble hindcast experiment

[1] An ensemble-hindcast approach is designed to simulate North Atlantic circulation changes during the period 1948–2005 using the Max Plank Institute Ocean Model forced by atmospheric reanalysis data. The experiment seeks to isolate oceanic changes related to the atmospheric forcing history by evaluating the role of initial conditions and masking internal model variability in the ensemble mean results. Characteristics of the complete North Atlantic–Arctic Mediterranean exchange system is described at key sections by time series of exchanges of volume, ice, heat, and liquid freshwater. Volume transports are divided into water masses by properties, and the constructed climatology of exchanges is shown to compare well with available observational estimates of individual branches. In response to the atmospheric forcing history, we find a modest but robust decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation of 0.4 Sv/decade, in total 2–2.5 Sv since 1948. In contrast, overturning exchanges with the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas and with the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean show no sign of cessation. A marked increase in the freshwater storage of the Nordic Seas and in particular of the subpolar Atlantic accompany the model decline in Atlantic overturning. The characteristics of the modeled freshening bears similarities with observed patterns of change since the 1950s, but whereas the origin of observed freshening is uncertain, freshening in the model predominantly results from dynamic changes linked to prominent changes in atmospheric circulation. Moreover, documented increase in the drainage of major Arctic-rivers is found to have a negligible effect on the oceanic changes.
Structures et cinématique liées á la mise en place des péridotites de Ronda (Cordilléres Bétiques, Espagne)

ResumeLes massifs ultrabasiques de Ronda (Cordilleres Betiques) appartiennent aux peridotites alpines du subtype lherzolitique. Ils portent l’empreinte de deux deformations plastiques liees a leur mise en place. Le cœur du massif de la Sierra Alpujata montre des lherzolites a plagioclase dont les fabriques permettent de caracteriser une deformation de basse contrainte et haute temperature (~ 1100 0C). Elle est obliteree par une deuxieme, de haute contrainte (1-2 Kb) et basse temperature (~ 800 °C), observee dans les contacts limitant la lame peridotitique. Ces deformations temoignent de deux etapes de mise en place pour les peridotiques de Ronda. La premiere peut etre rattachee au flux du manteau sous une zone de croute continentale en extension, et la deuxieme a la fermeture ulterieure de cette zone et a l’apparition de cisaillements ductiles responsables du chevauchement d’une ecaille du manteau.L’analyse cinematique de ces tectonites montre que les sens de mouvements dans les peridotites de Ronda sont .
A study of the composition, characteristics, and origin of modern driftwood on the western coast of Nunavik (Quebec, Canada)

Data concerning driftwood is of value to researchers in fields as diverse as oceanography, geomorphology, and human occupation. Yet studies on the subject in the Canadian Arctic have only recently been carried out, and the present study is the first in Nunavik (northeastern Canada). This paper documents the composition, characteristics, and origin of modern driftwood pieces on the beaches of the eastern coast of Hudson Bay. A total of 1057 samples from Ivujivik, Akulivik, Inukjuak, and Umiujaq were identified as belonging to four coniferous species (Picea sp., Larix sp., Abies sp. likely balsamea, and Thuja sp. likely occidentalis) and four deciduous species (Salix sp., Populus sp., Alnus sp., and Betula sp., likely papyrifera). Spruce largely predominate; white birch, white cedar, and fir are rare. The presence of the latter species proves that some of the wood originated from south‐southeast of James Bay. Driftwood found in the southern area (Umiujaq) are more numerous, larger, and less degraded than driftwood in the north (Ivujivik). However, many large coniferous samples were found as far north as Akulivik, indicating that they likely traveled a great distance, unlike the smaller wood specimens (especially deciduous samples). All of the wood that we analyzed died relatively young, with an average age of 63 years for conifers and 23 years for deciduous. Measurements of ring widths and the cross‐dating of samples with existing reference chronologies of living trees along Hudson Bay and James Bay revealed several possible correlations and origins for wood found in same areas.
Evaluation of the Influence of Tack Coat Construction Factors on the Bond Strength between Pavement Layers

This study investigated the influence of several factors on the adhesive bond provided by the tack coat at the interface between pavement layers. These factors included the surface treatment, curing time, residual application rate, and coring location. Three tests were performed for measuring the bond strength between an existing hot mix asphalt (HMA) and a new HMA overlay, namely the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Shear Tester, the UTEP Pull Off Test, and the Torque Bond Test. Testing involved a CSS-1 type emulsion as the tack coat. The results from the three tests were statistically analyzed. Generally, milling provided a significantly better bond at the interface between the existing surface and the new overlay. Curing time had a minimal effect on the bond strength. The results indicated that the absence of tack coat did not significantly affect the bond strength at the interface for the milled sections, whereas it severely decreased the strength for the non-milled sections. The results also showed that increasing the residual rate of tack coat did not significantly change the bond strength at the interface. Lastly, the coring location was found to be an insignificant factor.
Competence of Fine-grained Debris Flows

ABSTRACT Debris flow is the gravity-propelled movement of sediment-water mixtures, in which grains are supported above the non-moving bed by the strength and buoyancy of a clay-water matrix. The competence (largest supported grain size) of a debris flow is thereby determined by the magnitudes of matrix strength and density, which vary primarily and directly with matrix clay content. Strength also varies with the type of clay mineral and with the cation content of the water. Experiments reported here indicate that as little as 1.5 to 4 wt. % clay mixed into water is sufficient to support finest sand. The experiments also show that competence is less in flowing debris than in static debris, and that competence decreases with flow duration for durations less than about one hour but remains essent ally constant for durations greater than one hour. Competence apparently is independent of flow velocity or velocity gradient, although low velocities and gradients were not examined here. Calculations based on the experimental data reveal that marine sediments with finest sand as their coarsest material and with bulk clay contents as low as 2 wt. %, or less, can move as debris flows. Sediments with coarsest sand can move as debris flows if they contain as little as 19% clay, or less. Considering that these values are high estimates, many finegrained marine sediments have clay contents great enough in order to move as debris flows. Zones of various competences should exist within a debris flow because of the nature of the velocity profile and the dependence of competence on shear and flow duration. These zones are preserved during deposition and therefore, debris-flow deposits expectably should have layers of various grain sizes, and perhaps be normally and/or inversely graded. Debris flow is discussed in this paper as an idealized concept, where grain support is wholly by strength and buoyancy. In real flows, support also may be provided by graininteraction dispersive pressure and by turbulence, increasing the competence of the flows. Debris-flow mobility, in terms of the forces required to keep the flow moving, was not considered here but is equally significant to competence in evaluating the occurrence of real debris flows.
Post-fire soil fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O along the Colorado Front Range

Wildfires affect Rocky Mountain ecosystems across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Many of the resulting changes are greatest for environmental factors, such as substrate and microclimate that control exchanges of greenhousegases.Weinvestigatedthislinktounderstandhowtimesincefireinfluencesthecyclingofthesegasesthrough ponderosa pine forests. We measured and compared trace gas flux rates between recently burned sites and topographical aspects (north- and south-facing slopes). We calculated the ability of five factors (soil temperature, soil moisture, fire severity, aspect and time since fire) to describe the variability in the flux rates. Our study revealed that carbon dioxide (CO2)fluxesweresignificantlydifferentbetweensites;however,methane(CH4)uptakewasnotdifferentbetweensitesor aspects. Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes had a significant interaction between site and aspect. Using a likelihood approach, we determinedthestrengthofsupportinthedataformodelcombinationsoffivevariables.Ofthese,thesinglevariablemodels soilmoisture,timesincefireandseveritybestdescribedthe CO2,CH4,andN2Ofluxdatarespectively. Ourdatashowthat following a forest fire in the Colorado Front Range, . 98% of the global warming potential of the measured soil- atmosphere fluxes is contributed by the soil CO2 flux. Additional keywords: ponderosa pine, trace gas.
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Responses to Recent Freshwater Flux Changes over the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension Region

Abstract Observations have indicated a trend of freshwater loss in the global western boundary current extension regions over several recent decades. In this paper, the coupled ocean–atmosphere response to the observed freshwater flux trend [defined as evaporation minus precipitation (EmP)] over the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) region is studied in a series of coupled model experiments. The model explicitly demonstrates that the positive EmP forcing in the KOE region can set up a cyclonic gyre straddling the subtropical and the subpolar gyre, which induces anomalous southward cold advection in the west and northward warm advection in the interior. This leads to the formation of a temperature dipole in the midlatitudes with a cooling in the west and a warming in the east. With the positive EmP forcing in the KOE, the response of the extratropical atmospheric circulation in the North Pacific sector is characterized by an equivalent barotropic low originating primarily from the western tropical Pacific c.
Moisture and Density Effects on Soil Shear Strength Parameters for Coarse Grained Soils

ABSTRACT TORSIONAL shear tests were performed on three coarse grained soils to determine the effect of soil texture on the relationship between the soil strength parameters (soil cohesion and friction angle) and soil properties (soil density and moisture content). Multiple linear regression equations were developed to describe the soil strength-properties relationship for each soil type.
An Assessment of WSDOT's Hot-Mix Asphalt Quality Control and Assurance Requirements

This report assesses various elements of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) hot-mix quality assurance (QA) specification. Current WSDOT QA specifications contain measures of in-place density, asphalt content, and aggregate gradation for contractor pay and special provisions allow for additional pay factor items based on volumetric properties. Data from production paving projects suggests that use of the original pay items are adequate in determining the quality of hot-mix asphalt (as opposed to pay items based on volumetric mix properties). Additionally, the option of increasing the minimum compaction level (currently 91% of theoretical maximum density) is recommended to increase quality. In addition, a contractor quality control (QC) program is recommended for consideration by WSDOT.
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ACCESS MANAGEMENT

Access management has been widely defined as the planning, design, and implementation of land use and transportation strategies that control the flow of traffic between roads and surrounding land. Management and control of vehicular, pedestrian, bicycle, air, and sea traffic occurs through various forms of access, including traffic signals, turning lanes and restrictions, driveway spacing management, intelligent transportation systems, gating and hubbing schemes, and port terminal management. The engineering of transportation systems thus involves access management as a critical negotiations tool. Previous studies on access management have focused mainly on the positive benefits of access management relating to reductions in accident counts and severities, and improvement in traffic flow. However, the evolution of transportation systems design is also influenced greatly by the perceptions of system users, and to date, research on perceptions of access has been limited. User perceptions of access affect business vitality as well as residential quality of life. This study addressed the perceived economic impacts that access management has specifically on businesses. This study collected 280 surveys from businesses along six major commercial corridors in Western Washington, as well as business-related data from geographic information systems. The researchers then focused on statistical frameworks for analyzing perceived economic impacts. Perceived economic impact due to access management was first assumed and then later proven to correlate implicitly and explicitly to perception of accessibility for any given business. Model estimation was conducted by using joint density models to capture the perceptual inter-relationships between business accessibility and patronage. Factors found to be statistically significant included business type, business operational variables, corridor and street environment variables, and willingness-to-pay amounts. The identification of significant business factors offers insights into how businesses view access management. In the dialogue on design requirements between public development review units and private land developers, such information can provide a successful and efficient negotiations tool.
Estimates of sea surface temperature in the Coral Sea at the Last Glacial Maximum

The CLIMAP [1981] reconstruction of the Coral Sea found relatively little cooling (2°C) in the low latitudes (10°S) but a warming off Australia at about 25°S. The small low-latitude changes are of interest because terrestrial pollen and snowline data from the New Guinea highlands imply that surface temperatures may have been 6° to 9°C colder at the last glacial maximum (LGM). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate these conclusions on the basis of additional core sites, new oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and new sea surface temperature (SST) estimates using the modern analog technique (MAT). In the northern Coral Sea, planktonic foraminifer assemblages consist of tropical-subtropical species that show little change over the past 20 kyr. Quantitative estimates of SST using the modern analog technique (MAT) confirm the CLIMAP [1981] conclusion that little or no temperature change occurred in this tropical region at the LGM, thus reinforcing the conflict with terrestrial evidence. In the southern region (25°S), two cores indicate that foraminifer faunas became more subtropical at the LGM. The MAT estimates for the LGM are 3° to 4°C colder than modern, producing a steeper thermal gradient in the southern Coral Sea. These data remove the warm SST anomaly along the eastern coast of Australia and indicate that during the LGM, cool high- latitude waters were displaced northward along the coast of Australia into the southern Coral Sea.
Photographic evidence for slope-current activity, Hebrides Slope, NE Atlantic Ocean

Synopsis Evidence from sea-bed photographs and current-meter data from the Hebrides Slope, indicates that there is a slope-current flowing northward along the bathymetric contours in water depths of 500–1100 m. Structures identified from photographs include: asymmetric linguoid ripples, scours, crag-and-tail structures and current-induced smoothing of the seabed in fine- to medium-grained contourite sands. Bioturbated hemipelagite muds are characterized by populations of the brittle-star Ophiocten. The densities of these decrease with increased current activity, suggesting that the organism is sensitive to stronger flows. Current-meter data reveal peak flows of 15–25 cm s−1 at depths of 1035 m and 457 m, in a north-north-easterly direction, with little depth stratification through the water column, but with fluctuations in velocity and possible tidal oscillation. The current is probably of Eastern North Atlantic Water origin, flowing northwards along the eastern margins of the Rockall Trough.
Pore pressure: stress ratio relationship for soft Bangkok clay.

A series of triaxial tests was performed on undisturbed samples of soft Bangkok clay, which were consolidated under different constant stress ratios, to study the pore pressure development under monotonic loading conditions. The test results are interpreted through a pore pressure : stress ratio relationship. The behaviour of isotropically consolidated samples in the normally consolidated state shows a linear relationship between the pore pressure and the stress ratio under monotonic loading conditions and the same patterns were also established for other clays such as kaolin, Drammen clay and Boston Blue clay. Overconsolidated samples, and anisotropically consolidated samples showed bi-linear variation on the same plot. The linear/bilinear variation in the pore pressure-stress ratio relationship was used to develop simple expressions for the undrained stress paths for different initial conditions of the samples, using simple soil constants.
Borrowing Stigma and Lender of Last Resort Policies

How should the lender of last resort provide liquidity to banks during periods of financial distress? During the 2008-2010 crisis, banks avoided borrowing from the Fed’s long-standing discount window but actively participated in its special monetary program, the Term Auction Facility, although both programs had the same borrowing requirements. Using an adverse selectionmodel with endogenous borrowing decisions, we explain why the two programs suffer from different We are grateful for comments and suggestions fromGeorge Pennacchi (the Editor), an anonymous referee, Viral Acharya, Sriya Anbil, Olivier Armantier, Yasser Boualam, Chen Cheng, Jason Roderick Donaldson, Huberto Ennis, Paolo Fulghieri, Gary Gorton, Robin Greenwood, Aeimit Lakdawala, Raoul Minetti, Anil Kashyap, Vijay Krishna, Paige Ouimet, Jacob Sagi, Philipp Schnabl, David Thesmar, Larry Wall, Yiqing Xing, and participants at UNC KenanFlagler, JHU Carey, MSU economics, Doug Diamond’s birthday conference, EFA, Northeastern Finance Conference, FIRS, Wisconsin, Stony Brook Game Theory Festival, Yale Fighting a Financial Crisis Conference, Chicago Fed, Boston University, Atlanta Fed, Midwest Macro, AEA, MFA, and Short-Term Funding Markets Conference. We also thank Nathan Delaney, Nancy Gahlot, Sunwoo Hwang, Peiyi Jin, Dongming Yu, and especially Spencer Andrews for their research assistance. Zhang acknowledges the National Science Foundation.
Effects of submerged tropical macrophytes on flow resistance and velocity profiles in open channels

In this paper, the results of flume experiments are presented, conducted to investigate the effect of different submerged flexible plant species on flow resistance and flow patterns in open channels. Three common plant types in tropical regions were selected: Cabomba caroliniana, a quite flexible fully submerged species; Echinodorus grandiflorus, a somewhat less flexible, fully submerged species; and Nymphaea rubra, a rooted species with floating leaves. For each plant type, three different densities were tested for various discharges, water depths, and depths of plant submergence. The flow resistance was expressed in terms of the commonly used Manning coefficient n. The results indicate that among the particular plant species investigated here, the floating leaf species N. rubra exhibits the lowest flow resistance (Manning's n = 0.014), viz. less than half the values for C. caroliniana and E. grandiflorus, respectively. A detailed analysis showed that this is due to the particular plant morphology, consisting of relatively large biomass (floating leaves) with only small stem density. It was observed that the flow resistance not only strongly and inversely depends on the Reynolds number, but also on the degree of plant submergence (i.e. water depth/deflected plant height ratio), and on the density of the vegetated plant beds. It appears that the biomass/drag force ratio seems of less importance. From the measured velocity profiles, the influence of the various types of vegetation species could clearly be observed. These factors are important for the design and management of vegetated open channels in tropical urban areas like Singapore.