Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen Leaching from Dairy Farmland

Urine patches on dairy farmland may cause extra loss of nitrogen through leaching and thus lead to potential contamination of groundwater in underlying aquifers. In this study, mathematical models and numerical simulations were used to quantitatively investigate the most important factors affecting the total quantity and spatial distribution of N‐leaching from dairy farmland soils. A comprehensive two‐dimensional model was derived by integrating models on pasture growth, heat transport, water flow and solute transport, and various N transformation processes. Through numerical simulations, the influence of soil texture (hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity, immobile water content, and “diffusion” path length and conductivity of macropores), urine patch density, quantity of irrigation and N fertilizer application on total N‐leaching, and spatial variations in N‐leaching were analyzed. Results showed that for all cases investigated, spatial variations in N‐leaching at the bottom of root zone were very large, which is the major reason urine patches would introduce extra N‐leaching losses. Spatial variations in N‐leaching were strongly affected by the density of urine patch coverage, soil hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity, preferential flow in macropores, and irrigation, but little by N fertilizer application and the presence of soil immobile water. Total N‐leaching was strongly affected by density of urine patch coverage, soil hydraulic conductivity, irrigation, N fertilizer application, and preferential flow, but only slightly by the dispersivity and immobile water.
An analysis of tidal and planetary waves in the neutral winds and temperature observed at low‐latitude E region heights

We present an extensive analysis of tidal and planetary waves in the altitude range of 94 to 144 km for the January 20-30, 1993, period using the temperature and winds measured by the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar (ISR). This is the first time that simultaneous observational results for the 6-8, 12, 24 hour tides and a quasi 2-day planetary wave at E region heights have been reported at tropical latitudes. In order to derive the major oscillations from the mainly daytime data, we fill in the nighttime periods with assumed data values and large error bars when valid measurements are not obtainable and then fit the data using the measured and assumed errors as weight. Simulated results show that such a method is demonstratively better than leaving the nighttime as a gap. The salient features of the tidal analysis results include the following: (1) Despite their large day-to-day variabilities in amplitude, the 6-8 hour oscillations are shown to be upward propagating tides. (2) The vertical wavelength of the semidiurnal tide in the zonal wind lengthens from 25 to 110 km for the altitude range from 94 to 135 km while the vertical wavelength of the meridional wind remains constant. The semidiurnal component of the meridional wind experiences little dissipation above 106 km, which is indicative of the turbopause height. (3) The diurnal tide, which has often been assumed to be negligible in earlier observations, can be quite substantial above 110 km. (4) A 2-day planetary wave dominates the diurnal and semidiurnal tides in the meridional wind between 97 and 108 km. Continuous ISR operation during the January 20-30, 1993, campaign also provides an opportunity to examine the tidal variability both in phase and amplitude.
Doswelliidae: a clade of unusual armoured archosauriforms from the Middle and Late Triassic

Abstract Doswelliidae is a clade of armoured non-archosaurian archosauriform reptiles more closely related to Archosauria than are Proterosuchidae, Erythrosuchidae and possibly Euparkeria capensis. It is currently known from the late Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany, the late Middle to early Late Triassic (Ladinian–Carnian) of Argentina and Brazil, and the Late Triassic (Carnian–Norian) of the USA. To date, two unambiguous synapomorphies diagnose Doswelliidae: (i) osteoderm ornamentation coarse, incised, and composed of central regular pits of subequal size and shape, and (ii) osteoderms with anterior articular lamina. Five taxa are currently recognized: Archeopelta arborensis, Doswellia kaltenbachi, Doswellia sixmilensis, Tarjadia ruthae and a new taxon from Germany. Based on skeletal features and occurrence, doswelliid archosauriforms may have had a semi-aquatic mode of life.
Deletions of CDKN2A and MTAP Detected by Copy-Number Variation Array Are Associated with Loss of p16 and MTAP Protein in Pleural Mesothelioma

Simple Summary Loss of the CDKN2A gene and its protein p16 is a common event in pleural mesothelioma, which is frequently investigated to confirm the diagnosis. The loss of CDKN2A is often accompanied by simultaneous loss of the genes located in the vicinity, including the MTAP gene and protein. Detection of CDKN2A loss is usually achieved by relatively expensive fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Here, we investigated if inexpensive immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p16 and MTAP could be used as an alternative detection method. Comparing CDKN2A and MTAP gene status, analyzed by the copy-number variation array, with p16/MTAP IHC revealed high sensitivity and specificity of the IHC for detecting gene loss. Our data show that p16/MTAP IHC can be used as an alternative to p16 FISH for detection of CDKN2A/MTAP loss. We recommend combined MTAP and p16 immunohistochemistry to confirm the diagnosis of PM. Abstract CDKN2A deletion is a common alteration in pleural mesothelioma (PM) and frequently associated with co-deletion of MTAP. Since the standard detection method for CDKN2A deletion and FISH analysis is relatively expensive, we here investigated the suitability of inexpensive p16 and MTAP IHC by comparing concordance between IHC and OncoScan CNV arrays on samples from 52 PM patients. Concordance was determined using Cohen’s kappa statistics. Loss of CDKN2A was associated with co-deletion of MTAP in 71% of cases. CDKN2A-MTAP copy-number normal cases were also IHC positive in 93% of cases for p16 and 100% for MTAP, while homozygous deletion of CDKN2A-MTAP was always associated with negative IHC for both proteins. In cases with heterozygous CDKN2A-MTAP loss, IHC expression of p16 and MTAP was negative in 100% and 71%, respectively. MTAP and p16 IHC showed high sensitivity (MTAP 86.5%, p16 100%) and specificity (MTAP 100%, p16 93.3%) for the detection of any gene loss. Loss of MTAP expression occurred exclusively in conjunction with loss of p16 labeling. Both p16 and MTAP IHC showed high concordance with Oncoscan CNV arrays (kappa = 0.952, p < 0.0001, and kappa = 0.787, p < 0.0001 respectively). We recommend combined MTAP and p16 immunohistochemistry to confirm the diagnosis of PM.
On the dynamical behaviour of low‐frequency earthquake swarms prior to a dome collapse of Soufrière Hill volcano, Montserrat

A series of low‐frequency earthquake swarms prior to a dome collapse on Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, are investigated with the emphasis on event rate and amplitude behaviour. In a single swarm, the amplitudes of consecutive events tend to increase with time, while the rate of event occurrence accelerates initially and then decelerates toward the end of the swarm. However, when consecutive swarms are considered, the average event rates seem to follow the material failure law, and the time of the dome collapse can be successfully estimated using the inverse event rate. These patterns in amplitude and event rate are interpreted as fluctuations in magma ascent velocity, which result in both the generation of low‐frequency events as well as cyclic ground deformation accompanying the swarm activity.
Prevalence of Lesions and Oral Mucosal Normal Variations in an Elderly Population in Costa Rica

To establish the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and normal variations in a population of older adults. This observational study was conducted from 2015 to 2016 and involved 156 participants from Los Guido (San José, Costa Rica). The participants’ sociodemographic information, risk factors, comorbidity, and clinical examination were evaluated and analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Findings in oral mucosa were found to preferentially affect women (n=111; 71%) and individuals between the ages of 60 and 69 years (n=65; 42%), having smoking as a risk factor (n=67; 43%), and suffering from arterial hypertension (n=101; 65%). Intraoral findings were mainly presented together with variations from normal and pathology (n=71; 46%), predominantly one variation from normal (n=67; 33%) and one pathology (n=51; 43%). The most prevalent normal variations were the saburral tongue, lingual varicose veins, and cryptic tonsils. Infectious diseases (n=33; 21%), potentially malignant disorders (n=30; 19%), and physical and chemical injuries (n=18; 12%) were the most prevalent groups. The four most predominant lesions were prosthetic stomatitis, actinic cheilitis, frictional keratosis, and atrophic glossitis. The differences in pathological groups were not statistically significant (p=0.392) when comparing the frequency ratio by sex. Variations of the normal anatomy are the predominant ones, the saburral tongue being the most prevalent individually; among the pathologies, the most remarkable group was the infectious diseases, and prosthetic stomatitis was the most frequent. The information about this subject in Costa Rica is limited. So it is important to conduct more studies that contribute to the oral health of the elderly population in this area.
Physiological responses of crossbred dairy cows in the transition period during summer and post-monsoon seasons

This study aims to measure the physiological responses of sixty clinically healthy periparturient crossbred multiparous dairy cows during the summer (February 2022–May 2022) and post-monsoon (October 2021–January 2022) seasons, with 30 animals in each season. Physiological responses such as rectal temperature (°C), respiration rate (per minute), and pulse rate (per minute) of all animals were recorded weekly at 8.00 am and 3.00 pm during the transition period. Three weeks before parturition to three weeks after parturition was considered the transition period. The rectal temperature recorded at 3.00 pm in the summer season significantly (p <0.05) decreased on the day of calving and thereafter returned to pre-partum values, whereas the respiration rate significantly (p <0.05) elevated on the day of calving and thereafter showed no significant variation. Season-wise comparison of all physiological responses in the morning (8.00 am) and evening (3.00 pm) during the transition period showed significantly higher values in the summer season compared to the post-monsoon season. In both seasons evening (3.00 pm) physiological responses were significantly higher than the morning values (8.00 am).
Isotopic approaches for quantifying the rates of marine burial diagenesis

Diagenetic reactions in marine sediments have the potential to alter geochemical proxy records and affect the global carbon cycle over tens of thousands to millions of years. This article describes advances in the use of Ca, Sr, and U series isotopes in constraining carbonate recrystallization and silicate dissolution rates in marine systems. We specifically focus on recent efforts that interpret isotope variability in marine pore fluids using reactive transport models of varying complexity. Such studies suggest that calcite recrystallization rates are significant over time scales <1 Myr, approaching exchange rates of 0.4–1 Myr−1. Over longer time scales, isotopic data point to continued exchange between calcite and coexisting pore fluid, though at lower rates than in young sediments. Extrapolating these recrystallization rates over tens of millions of years, we quantify the extent to which geochemical climate proxies such as Mg/Ca in calcite can be altered diagenetically. In some cases, such diagenetic effects significantly affect the interpretation of long‐term climatic trends, as well as determinations of absolute paleotemperatures. Silicate dissolution rates in siliclastic marine sediments appear to be similar in magnitude to dissolution rates in terrestrial environments (10−7–10−6 yr−1). Such estimates suggest that silicate weathering in marine sediments may play an important role in the carbon cycle, at least over time scales approaching 400–500 kyr.
Forest Ecosystems: Analysis at Multiple Scales

1. Forest Ecosystem Analysis at Multiple Time and Space Scales I. Introduction II. The Scientific Domain of Forest Ecosystem Analysis III. The Space/Time Domain of Ecosystem Analysis IV. Time and Space Scaling from the Stand/Seasonal Level V. Management Applications of Ecosystem Analysis VI. Related Textbooks VII. Web Site for Updated Materials Section I. Introduction to Analysis of Seasonal Cycles of Water, Carbon, and Minerals through Forest Stands 2. Water Cycles I. Introduction II. Heat and Water Vapor Transfer from Vegetation III. Water Flow through Trees IV. Water Storage and Losses from Snow V. Water Flow across and through Soil VI. Coupled Water Balance Models VII. Summary 3. Carbon Cycle I. Introduction II. Photosynthesis III. Autotrophic Respiration IV. Heterotrophic Respiration V. Modeling Photosynthesis and Respiration VI. Net Primary Production and Allocation VII. Comparison of Forest Ecosystem Models VIII. Summary 4. Mineral Cycles I. Introduction II. Plant Processes Affecting Nutrient Cycling III. Sources of Nutrients IV. Soil and Litter Processes V. Mass Balance and Models of Mineral Cycles VI. Summary Section II. Introduction to Temporal Scaling 5. Temporal Changes in Forest Structure and Function I. Introduction II. Structural Stages in Stand Development III. Functional Responses of Stands at Different Stages in Development IV. Looking Back in Time V. Ecosystem Models, Projections Forward in Time VI. Summary 6. Susceptibility and Response of Forests to Disturbance I. Introduction II. Biotic Factors III. Abiotic Factors IV. Summary Section III. Introduction to Spatial Scaling and Spatial/Temporal Modeling 7. Spatial Scaling Methods for Landscape and Regional Ecosystem Analysis I. Introduction II. Abiotic Site Variables III. Providing the Driving Variables, Climatology IV. Describing the Ecosystem V. Spatially Explicit Landscape Pattern Analysis VI. Data Layer Inconsistencies VII. Summary 8. Regional and Landscape Ecological Analysis I. Introduction II. Horizontal Connections: Biotic Analysis of Forest Patterns III. Vertical Connections: Forest-Atmosphere Interactions IV. Vertical and Horizontal Connections: Regional Biogeochemistry V. Summary 9. The Role of Forests in Global Ecology I. Introduction II. Global Forest Distribution III. Forest-Climate Interactions IV. Forests in the Global Carbon Cycle V. Forests and Biodiversity VI. Sustainability of Global Forests VII. Summary 10. Advances in Eddy-Flux Analyses, Remote Sensing, and Evidence of Climate Change I. Introduction II. Eddy-Covariance Fluxes III. New Remote Sensing of Forests IV. Climate Change and Forests Epilogue Bibliography Index
BIGOS - Benchmark Intended Grouping of Open Speech Corpora for Polish Automatic Speech Recognition

This paper presents a Benchmark Intended Grouping of Open Speech (BIGOS), a new corpus designed for Polish Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. This initial version of the benchmark leverages 1,900 audio recordings from 71 distinct speakers, sourced from 10 publicly available speech corpora. Three proprietary ASR systems and five open-source ASR systems were evaluated on a diverse set of recordings and the corresponding original transcriptions. Interestingly, it was found that the performance of the latest open-source models is on par with that of more established commercial services. Furthermore, a significant influence of the model size on system accuracy was observed, as well as a decrease in scenarios involving highly specialized or spontaneous speech. The challenges of using public datasets for ASR evaluation purposes and the limitations based on this inaugural benchmark are critically discussed, along with recommendations for future research. BIGOS corpus and associated tools that facilitate replication and customization of the benchmark are made publicly available.
Use of silicon nanoparticles as a seed-priming solution for increasing the germination and growth parameters of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seedling under salinity stress

The use of saline water in agriculture is increasing these decades due to the scarcity of fresh water. The use of silicon nanoparticles is a new approach that can alleviate the adverse effect of saline water on plant growth. The current study was carried out to evaluate the impact of silicon nanoparticles (BSNPs) under salinity stress on seed germination and seedling growth parameters of faba bean ( Vicia Faba L.) seedling. The research investigated the interaction between six BSNPs (0, 1500, 3000, 4500, 6000, and 7500 mgL -1 ) and five salinity levels (freshwater: seawater) (0.70, 1.1, 1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 dSm -1 ). The results revealed a significant decrease in the germination percentage (GP) with increasing salinity levels for the seeds primed in freshwater than that primed in fresh water and BSNPs. Salinity adversely affected the length of the faba bean radicle for seeds priming in freshwater or in fresh water and BSNPs. This was more noticeable for the seeds primed in freshwater than the seeds primed in BSNPs at high salinity levels. The priming in BSNPs significantly reduced the radius of the root seedlings and the priming in 7500 mgL -1 gave the lowest value for the radius of the radicle. The Increase in salinity levels decreased the total biomass of faba bean for seeds primed in fresh water, contrary to seeds primed in BSNPs. Vigor and salt tolerance indices were significantly affected by levels of salinity, BSNP treatments, and interactions. The study concluded that BSNPs are alleviating material that can used to enhance germination and growth parameters of plants under salinity stress. Moreover, these results highlighted the positive effects of silicon nanoparticles synthesized from rice straw on reducing the harmful effects of high levels of salinity.
PENGARUH CAPITAL INTENSITY TERHADAP TAX AGGRESSIVENESS DENGAN PROFITABILITAS SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI

This study was conducted to determine the effect of capital intensity on tax aggressiveness with profitability as a moderating variable. The population is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Based on the quantitative research method with purposive sampling technique, in the 2016-2020 period, 53 companies were obtained with a total of 265 financial statement data minus 60 outlier data so that 205 financial statement data were obtained. The data analysis method is Multiple Regression Analysis and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Based on the results of the study, capital intensity has no effect on tax aggressiveness and profitability cannot moderate the effect of capital intensity on tax aggressiveness.
Efficient Deep Learning Approach for Olive Disease Classification

From ancient times olive tree cultivation has been one of the most crucial agricultural activities for Mediterranean countries. In recent years, the role of Artificial Intelligence in agriculture is increasing: its use ranges from monitoring of cultivated soil, to irrigation management, to yield prediction, to autonomous agricultural robots, to weed and pest classification and management, for example, by taking pictures using a standard smartphone or an unmanned aerial vehicle, and all this eases human work and makes it even more accessible. In this work, a method is proposed for olive disease classification, based on an adaptive ensemble of two EfficientNet-b0 models, that improves the state-of-the-art accuracy on a publicly available dataset by 1.6-2.6%. Both in terms of the number of parameters and the number of operations, our method reduces complexity roughly by 50% and 80%, respectively, that is a level not seen in at least a decade. Due to its efficiency, this method is also embeddable into a smartphone application for real-time processing.
Measurements in a Braided River chute and lobe: 1. Flow pattern, sediment transport, and channel change

This paper and its companion (Ashworth et al., this issue) discuss measurements of channel change and associated flow and sediment transport processes in a representative chute-and-bar reach within a proglacial gravel-bed river, the Sunwapta River in the Canadian Rockies. During a week in which water discharge through the reach increased then decreased, a sediment wave passed into and partly along the reach. At first the chute aggraded, then sediment was eroded from the chute and deposited in a prograding lobe to one side of the original bar head between two distributaries. Measurements of velocity, shear stress, and gravel transport rate revealed day-to-day changes in the divergent pattern of flow and sediment transport. The off-center location of the lobe reflected an initial asymmetry in the pattern of flow and sediment transport, but as the lobe grew, the flow and transport gradually switched away to the other distributary. Width-averaged bed load transport rates do not agree well with average rates inferred from bar head deposition or from volumes and spatial patterns of scour and fill; the indirect estimates are considered more reliable than those based on direct sampling for necessarily brief durations. By the end of the study the new lobe had almost accreted onto the original bar head, supporting the idea that most braid bars are of compound origin. Temporal and spatial patterns in grain size distributions of the bed, bed load, and deposited sediment are discussed in the companion paper.
Asynchronous Random Access Systems With Immediate Collision Resolution for Low Power Wide Area Networks

Low power wide area networks (LPWAN) have adopted pure ALOHA systems as medium access control (MAC) protocol. Since pure ALOHA works asynchronously, it can reduce the cost of the system and devices and make the devices small by eliminating the time-synchronization hardware. However, its maximum throughput is limited only up to 0.183 (packets/sec). To overcome such a low throughput limit, this work proposes a novel asynchronous random access (RA) system that can yield the maximum throughput as good as slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA). In the proposed system, the users transmit their packets as in pure ALOHA but trigger their feedback timer upon (re)transmission. When a collision occurs, the feedback timers enable the users who have transmitted the first and last packets in the collision to retransmit one after another right after the collision. Under some conditions, one or two users can retransmit successfully right after the collision, which improves the throughput significantly. This work analyzes the saturation throughput of the proposed system and proposes an optimal online backoff algorithm to maximize the throughput of the unsaturated traffic system.