Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stage-specific mortality of Helicoverpa armigera in three smallholder crops in Kenya.

Partial life tables of Helicoverpa armigera were constructed for three crops, sunflower, maize and sorghum, commonly grown on smallholder farms in Kenya. Oviposition coincided with early flowering of the crops, and was due to the preference of ovipositing moths for flowering plants rather than to narrow periods of oviposition activity. Consequently, single cohorts of H. armigera developed on each crop. The partial life tables show that mortality during development was generally high (82-99.3%) on sunflower, maize and sorghum, but stage-specific mortality varied greatly from season to season. Mortality was highest on maize, particularly during the young stages. Mortality was generally higher in the short rainy seasons than in the long rainy seasons (.)
European Stone Fruit Yellows Phytoplasma as the Cause of Peach Vein Enlargement and other Yellows and Decline Diseases of Stone Fruits in Southern Italy

In the Campania region of southern Italy, peach trees showing vein enlargement and decline symptoms, as well as apricot and Japanese plum trees showing symptoms similar to that of apricot chlorotic leaf roll and plum leptonecrosis, respectively, were examined for phytoplasma infection using PCR technology. From diseased apricot and plum trees, the target DNA could be amplified with both universal phytoplasma primers and primers that are specific for fruit tree phytoplasmas of the apple proliferation group. However, from samples from diseased peach trees, detectable amplification products were only obtained by nested PCR, in which amplification with universal phytoplasma primers was followed by amplification with primers specific for the apple proliferation group. Following digestion of the amplification products with suitable restriction enzymes, all strains from apricot, plum, and peach showed the same restriction profiles that were identical to those of the European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma, a member of the apple proliferation group.
Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Fishes and its Implications for Introductions

Patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation have now been examined in more than 40 fish species. This work has established that mitochondrial genomes of fish show constrained size variation, but that genomes of closely related species often vary in size, suggesting that counterbalancing deletions and insertions act to stabilize genome size. Gene order and composition are also stable, but nucleotide sequences show rapid divergence. Populations of most fish species contain a few common mtDNA haplotypes and a spectrum of their rare mutational derivatives. The extent of genetic divergence among dominant haplotypes seems linked to environmental conditions with greater divergence in freshwater than marine species, especially those occupying unglaciated localities. Haplotype frequencies ordinarily show considerable local divergence, largely as a result of stochastic shifts associated with population founding events. Such divergence provides a basis for both the discrimination of local stocks and for the reco.
The availability of native and applied soil cobalt to ryegrass in relation to soil cobalt and manganese status and other soil properties

Abstract A glasshouse pot trial was conducted using 18 New Zealand grassland soils to assess the effects of soil manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) status, Co fertiliser and soil moisture conditions, on the plant availability of soil Co. The uptake of native and applied Co by ryegrass was measured, and attempts made to determine the main factors influencing plant Co concentrations. There were highly significant relationships between ryegrass Co concentrations and total soil Mn, and EDTA‐extractable and CaCl2‐extractable soil Mn; ryegrass Co concentrations decreasing in a curvilinear fashion with increasing soil Mn levels. Similar relationships were observed between ryegrass Co concentrations and Mn determined in individual soil fractions as determined using a sequential fractionation technique. It was therefore clearly demonstrated that soil Mn status plays a crucial role for soil Co availability. Soils with high Mn contents have a high probability of strong fixation of soil Co and showed negligible responses to Co fertiliser treatment. For the soils in this study, which had a large variation in Mn status, soil Co extractants were poor predictors of Co availability to plants. However, soil Co fractionation data suggests that Co in the organic‐bound fraction is probably one of the important sources of supplying Co in soils for plant uptake.
Growth dynamics and toxicity of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae): the effect of changing N:P supply ratios on internal toxin and nutrient levels

The effect of N- and P-limitation on the growth and paralytic shellfish toxin content of Alexandrium fundyense was studied in a series of batch cultures in which the N:P supply mass ratio was varied from less than 1 up to 160 (cf. Redfield ≡ 7.2). N- and P-limitation of growth was observed at the lower and higher ratios respectively, with dual limitation between. Cellular parameters were similar during the exponential phase of growth, regardless of external N:P ratio. Upon nutrient exhaustion cell yields and internal pools were affected, although these also varied according to the N-source (nitrate vs. ammonium). Generally N-limitation alone led to a higher C:N ratio, lower C:P and N:P ratios and a decreased toxin content in stationary-phase cells. P-limitation led to increased cell size and cell quotas, lower C:N ratios, and higher C:P and N:P ratios (to maxima of 350 and 35 respectively). Complex internal P-fractionation schemes were found unnecessary to determine the P-status of cells and extraction using potassium persulphate, cold water and cold HCl alone were adequate. Severe P-limitation led to increased toxin content but only when N was also limiting, suggesting a synergistic effect of N and P availability on toxin synthesis and turnover. A positive relationship was found between toxin content and the intracellular concentration of arginine, but this varied with the nutrient status (in particular P-status) of the cells.
drinking patterns, social interaction, and barroom behavior: a routine activities approach

Routine activities and place theory both offer a unique analytical framework to study the types of activities and behaviors that occur within urban drinking settings as well as the consequent problem-related behavior in surrounding residential neighborhoods. Using observational data from two urban bars this study set out to determine how routine drinking patterns, social interaction, and formal guardianship, such as controls and management practices, are related to patron alcohol consumption and behavioral responses within and outside the bar. The results illustrate that the level and extent of effective forms of guardianship within the facility correspond with patron behavior. Generally, the bar that provided the greatest level of guardianship by the use of effective bouncers had a lower amount of predatory sexual offending and disorder within the bar. Moreover, the routine activities of patrons attending the bars in this study also contributed to increased amounts of disorder outside the bars and in adjoining neighborhoods. Several theoretical and policy implications of bar owners social responsibility to regulate the disorderly and destructive behavior of their patrons are presented.
VARIABILITY IN DIRECTION OF WAVE TRAVEL

A usual assumption in wave forecasting is that the waves in a fetch travel in a uniform direction coincident with that of the wind. Aerial photographs of wave trains (FIGURE 1) and visual and instrumentalobservations show a complex pattern of short-crested waves with waves of appreciable height traveling not only in the wind direction, but also in other directions. In this paper, the assumption is made that, in a generating area, waves are present which are moving at various angles with the wind direction. The growth of these waves under the influence of the tangential stress and normal pressure of the wind is calculated by generalizing the relationship for wave growth developed by Sverdrup and Munk. ' This variability in wave direction is not confined to the waves in the generating area, but is a feature which is retained after the waves emerge from the generating area and travel as swell. Since it is assumed that the direction of travel remains unchanged once the waves are formed, the variability in swell direction is determined by the variability in direction of the waves in the generating area. When wave trains are interrupted by islands and headlands, such variability in the direction of wave travel is generally of greater importance in determining wave conditions in the sheltered region than refraction or diffraction. I t is of critical importance in connection with longshore currents and problems of wave generation in small bodies of water of irregular shape.
Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur Application on Yield and Fatty acid Composition of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Oil

The effects of nitrogen and sulphur on the yield and fatty acid composition of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) oil were studied in a field experiment. Significantly higher grain and oil yields were obtained with N and S application. Applications of nitrogen up to 60 kg ha -1 and sulphur up to 40kg ha -1 favourably influenced the grain yield. Increasing levels of N decreased the oil content while application of sulphur improved the oil content. The contents of linoleic and linolenic acid were maximum (16.82 and 8.73%, respectively) with 60 kg N along with 40 kg S ha -1 . No use of fertilizers led to higher contents of undesirable fatty acids such as palmitic (hypercholesterimic) and erucic (do not have food value) acids.
Anatomical Substrates for Glutamate‐Dopamine Interactions

Abstract: For normal regulation of motor, affective, and cognitive functions, dopamine provides an essential modulation of glutamate transmission within multiple brain regions. This paper will review three principal anatomical substrates for such interactions. First, dopamine modulates the activity of glutamate neurons within the cerebral cortex. Evidence will be reviewed for dopamine regulation of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex via synaptic and extrasynaptic mechanisms and through indirect effects mediated by GABA cells. Second, glutamate neurons innervate dopamine cells within the ventral tegmental area. Evidence will be described for selective glutamate input from the prefrontal cortex or the brain stem tegmentum to different populations of dopamine cells. The third level of interaction occurs within target regions via convergent synaptic or extrasynaptic regulation of common neurons. Such convergence will be reviewed for the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Together, these substrates for glutamate‐dopamine interactions provide several mechanisms for normal regulation of brain function. Sites of modulatory interaction between dopamine and glutamate also suggest circuit alterations that might contribute to the pathophysiology of mental health disorders and provide potential sites for therapeutic intervention in these conditions.
Method for Measurement of Yeast Viability by Fluorescent Staining

1. When compared with slide culture, Oxonol, Berberine, and MgANS displayed a high correlation, and therefore, may offer practical alternatives to brightfield stains for viability assessment. 2. Results obtained utilizing Sytox Orange indicated a weaker correlation to slide culture than with the alternative fluorescent stains investigated. 3. Viability assessment with methylene blue gave a weaker correlation and poorer reproducibility to the slide culture technique than with the fluorescent stains.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PRELIMINARY TOXICITY STUDY OF SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA (LINN.) FLOWERS

Sesbania grandiflora Linn. (Family : Fabaceae) is widespread distributed West Bengal, Assam, Karnataka and North-Eastern. The present study intended with various phytochemical screening and toxicity studies were carried out on the flowers of Sesbania grandiflora . Preliminary phytochemical evalution of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of revealed that presence of corbohydrate, proteins, amino acids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides.The acute toxicity study were performed to determined LD 50 ­ of 99% methanolic extract 20-40 mg/kg, 70% methanolic extract100-200 mg/kg and aqueous extract250-500 mg/kg.
Relationship of heparan sulfate proteoglycans to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix of cultured fibroblasts

The distribution of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) on cultured fibroblasts was monitored using an antiserum raised against cell surface HSPG from rat liver. After seeding, HSPG was detected by immunofluorescence first on cell surfaces and later in fibrillar deposits of an extracellular matrix. Cell surface HSPG aligned with microfilament bundles of rat embryo fibroblasts seen by phase-contrast microscopy but was diffuse on transformed rat dermal fibroblasts (16C cells) which lack obvious stress fibers. Focal adhesions isolated from either cell type and monitored by interference reflection microscopy showed a concentration of HSPG labeling with respect to the rest of the membrane. Increased labeling in these areas was also seen for fibronectin (FN) by using an antiserum that detects both plasma and cell-derived FN. Double immunofluorescent staining of fully adherent rat embryo fibroblast cells showed some co-distribution of HSPG and FN, and this was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy, which detected HSPG at localized areas of dorsal and ventral cell membranes, overlapping cell margins, and in the extracellular matrix. During cell shape changes on rounding and spreading, HSPG and FN may not co- distribute. Double labeling for actin and either HSPG or FN showed a closer correlation of actin with HSPG than with FN. The studies are consistent with HSPG being closely involved in a transmembrane cytoskeletal-matrix interaction; the possibility that HSPG coordinates the deposition of FN and other matrix components with cytoskeletal organization is discussed.
Golden flaxseed and its byproducts in beef patties: physico-chemical evaluation and fatty acid profile

A aplicacao de linhaca em carne e produtos carneos atraves da adicao como ingrediente nao-carneo nao foi ainda devidamente avaliada. Essa estrategia tecnologica, se bem otimizada, poderia melhorar substancialmente o valor nutricional de produtos carneos e promover apelos saudaveis consistentes. Sabendo disso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adicao de oleo, ou farinha, ou semente de linhaca dourada sobre as propriedades fisico-quimicas e o perfil de acidos graxos de hamburgueres bovinos. Os hamburgueres foram preparados com 5,0% de oleo (OL), farinha (FL), ou de semente (SL), alem de uma formulacao controle (FC). Para os produtos crus contendo linhaca, o teor de umidade (74,22 a 68,61%) diminuiu e os teores de cinzas (1,61 a 2,00g 100g-1), proteinas (15,62 a 16,46g 100g-1), gorduras (6,20 a 9,74g 100g-1), carboidratos (2,02 a 3,97 g 100g-1) e calorias (127,71 a 161,62kcal 100g-1) aumentaram. As amostras cruas e cozidas contendo linhaca dourada tiveram um aumento benefico de acidos graxos omega-3 (n-3) (0,85 a 2,98g 100g-1), e uma reducao da relacao n-6/n-3 ( 0,50), melhorando assim o perfil nutricional.
Ontogeny, Genetics, and Evolution: A Perspective from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

The study of genetic developmental disorders originally seemed to hold the promise for those of a nativist persuasion of demonstrating pure dissociations between different cognitive functions, as well as the existence of innately specified modules in the brain and the direct mapping of mutated genes to specific cognitive-level outcomes. However, more recent research within a neuroconstructivist perspective has challenged this promise, arguing that earlier researchers lost sight of one fundamental explanatory factor in both the typical and atypical case: the actual process of ontogenetic development. The paper is divided into three parts on evolution, genetics, and ontogeny. Each section starts by examining nativist claims about innateness and modularity of function, and subsequently evaluates them within a neuroconstructivist approach to human development.
Book Reviews

This book contributes to the growing literature that explores aspects of the human body from a sociological perspective. The authors work at the Glasgow Caledonian University. The book contains six chapters, each focusing on a particular aspect of the human body, medicalised bodies, disabled bodies, consumer bodies, old bodies, working bodies and ethical bodies. The introduction presents a tempting and stimulating opening to the book noting a number of signi cant social changes that have had an impact on human bodies. In medicine, for example, there has been a shift from curing bodies when things go wrong to caring for bodies to try to prevent things actually going wrong in the  rst place. A good illustrative example is the current approach to heart disease where changing our diet and improving our physical exercise levels is pro active rather than re-active. With regard to disability, the introduction identi es as the most signi cant change the shift towards a social model of disability. Readers of this journal are likely to have greater interest in the chapter on disabled bodies than on the others and so this review will concentrate on this particular chapter. From the start, the authors (Kevin Paterson and Bill Hughes) emphasise that, until recent times, the approach in society has been characterised by social exclusion and by the perception of disability as sickness. They chart the origins and development of a social model of disability, using a range of recent, relevant sources (Barnes and Mercer, Corker, Shakespeare) to support their discussion. Full acknowledgement is given to the important contribution of people with impairments in this process. One section in the chapter traces the ways in which a group of disabled activists have changed the agenda into a civil rights issue and the ‘disability pride’ associated closely with this. Instead of a concern with care, charity and rehabilitation attention has had to be given to the structural causes of disability. Clearly, the authors are aware of the more recent developments with a social model and in a section entitled ‘Disability, medicine and medical sociology’ they outline what has happened since the early work of Parsons on the sick role and Goffman on stigma. They draw attention to the more recent theorising on distinctions between a social model of disability and the importance of
Review of interaction of ammonium-nitrate and potassium nutrition of crops

Abstract Literature review indicates that higher crop yields may be obtained with a mixture of nitrate and ammonium than with either source alone. An adequate supply of potassium enhances ammonium utilization and thus improves yields, when a mixed ammonium‐nitrate nitrogen nutrition is applied. Nitrate reduction in plant tissues consumes either chemical energy and organic acids, or competes for products of photolysis. When ammonium is applied to the roots, high concentrations of it may accumulate having a strong toxic effect. Potassium activates plant enzymes functioning in ammonium assimilation and transport of amino acids. A summary of the experiments performed by the authors indicates that a mixed ammonium, nitrate and potassium nutrition affects especially N uptake and thus production of organic nitrogen compounds.
Use of prebiotics and probiotics of bacterial and yeast origin for free-range broiler chickens

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics and prebiotics of bacterial and yeast origin on the performance, development of the digestive system, carcass yield and meat quality of free-range broiler chickens. Five hundred and sixty male chicks of the strain ISA S757-N were reared from one to 84 days old. The birds were distributed in four treatments according to a completely randomized block design: T1 = Control, T2 = Probiotics and Prebiotics of bacterial origin, T3 = Probiotics and prebiotics of yeast origin, T4 = Probiotics and prebiotics of bacterial origin + probiotics and prebiotics of yeast origin. There were four repetitions with 35 birds per repetition, and the birds had access to a pasture area after 35 days of age. Characteristics evaluated were performance, development of the digestive system, carcass and parts yield, abdominal fat, breast meat physical measurements (length, width and height) and meat quality parameters (pH from breast and leg meat, cooking loss and shearing force from breast meat). Lower mortality (p<0.05) and higher weight gain from 64 to 77 and 64 to 84 days of age were seen in birds supplemented with probiotics and prebiotics of bacterial origin compared to the non-supplemented birds (control). There were significant differences (p<0.05) among treatments for carcass yield. Birds supplemented with both probiotics and prebiotics of microbial and yeast origin (T4) showed higher carcass yield than control birds. Supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics of bacterial origin (T2) or the supplementation of these together with those of yeast origin (T4) reduced mortality and increased the carcass yield in free-range broiler chickens.
Isolation and Identification of Burkholderia pyrrocinia CH-67 to Control Tomato Leaf Mold and Damping-off on Crisphead Lettuce and Tomato

A bacterial strain CH-67 which exhibits antagonism towards several plant pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea, Fulvia fulva, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum sp. and Phytophthora sp. was isolated from forest soil by a chitin-baiting method. This strain was identified as Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and belonging to genomovar IX (Burkholderia pyrrocinia) by colony morphology, biochemical traits and molecular method like 16S rRNA and recA gene analysis. This strain was used to develop a bio-fungicide for the control of tomato leaf mold caused by Fulvia fulva. Various formulations of B. pyrrocinia CH-67 were prepared using fermentation cultures of the bacterium in rice oil medium. The result of pot experiments led to selection of the wettable powder formulation CH67-C containing modified starch as the best formulation for the control of tomato leaf mold. CH67-C, at 100-fold dilution, showed a control value of 85% against tomato leaf mold. Its disease control efficacy was not significantly different from that of the chemical fungicide triflumidazole. B. pyrrocinia CH-67 was also effective in controlling damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani PY-1 in crisphead lettuce and tomato plants. CH67-C formulation was recognized as a cell-free formulation since B. pyrrocinia CH-67 was all lethal during formulation process. This study provides an effective biocontrol formulation of biofungicide using B. pyrrocinia CH-67 to control tomato leaf mold and damping-off crisphead lettuce and tomato.
Investment in South Africa – a comment on recent contributions

This article questions the interpretation of investment made by Fedderke et al. in the October 2001 issue of Development Southern Africa, in particular the conclusion that the higher investment rates of manufacturing in the 1990s are associated with the reduction in state intervention. Rather than improved manufacturing investment, the striking feature of the 1990s is the low level of investment by the government and parastatals. After making a brief review of investment performance over the past decade, manufacturing investment at the sectoral level is assessed, highlighting the very large investments in heavy industries. It is state support in the form of development finance from the Industrial Development Corporation that underlies these patterns, and not the withdrawal of the state as argued by Fedderke et al.