Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Predictive Model for Pediatric Postoperative Respiratory Failure: A National Inpatient Sample Study

Study Objective: To identify risk factors for pediatric postoperative respiratory failure and develop a predictive model. Design: This retrospective case–control study utilized the US National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2012 to 2014. Significant predictors were selected, and the predicted probability of pediatric postoperative respiratory failure was calculated. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were then calculated, and receiver–operator curves were drawn. Setting: National Inpatient Sample data sets from years 2012, 2013, and 2014 were used. Patients: Patients aged 17 and younger in the 2012, 2013, and 2014 NIS data sets. Interventions: Candidate predictors included demographic variables, type of surgical procedure, a modified pediatric comorbidity score, presence of substance abuse diagnosis, and presence/absence of kyphoscoliosis. Measurements: The primary outcome measure was the pediatric quality indicator (PDI 09), which is defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research Quality, and identifies pediatric patients with postoperative respiratory failure. Main Results: The incidence of pediatric postoperative respiratory failure in each year’s data set varied from 1.31% in 2012 to 1.41% in 2014. Significant risk factors for the development of postoperative respiratory failure included abdominal surgery ([OR] = 1.92 in 2012 data set, 1.79 in 2013 data set), spine surgery (OR = 7.10 in 2012 data set, 6.41 in 2013 data set), and an elevated pediatric comorbidity score (score of 3 or greater: OR = 32.58 in 2012 data set, 22.74 in 2013 data set). A predictive model utilizing these risk factors achieved a C statistic of 0.82. Conclusions: Risk factors associated with postoperative respiratory failure in pediatric patients undergoing noncardiac surgery include type of surgery (abdominal and spine) and higher pediatric comorbidity scores. A prediction model based on the identified factors had good predictive ability.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND ION GRADIENTS IN THE SALT GLANDS OF AVICENNIA MARINA (FORSSK.) VIERH.

Summary The salt gland of Avicennia marina consists of two to four collecting cells, one stalk cell and usually eight secretory cells. The side wall of the stalk cell is completely impregnated with electron-dense material. An amorphous substance appears between the upper walls of the secretory cells and the cuticle above them. The latter possesses many narrow channels. The ultrastructure of the secretory cells was studied under various conditions. The protoplast is usually dense and poorly vacuolated. The nucleus is relatively large, and the cytoplasm rich in organelles, especially E.R. elements, Golgi bodies and mitochondria. There are many vesicles which appear to be derived from the Golgi bodies and from E.R. cisterns. Elongated vacuole-like structures, apparently derived from Golgi cisterns, and membranous bands were also observed: it is suggested that both represent different stages of the same structure. In many glands the protoplast appeared to be contracted in one of the secretory cells and the space between it and the cell wall was filled with an amorphous electron-dense substance. Antimonate precipitation and electron probe analysis were employed to locate ions in the tissues. Both techniques indicated that the salt content of the gland cells was lower than that of the mesophyll. A downhill gradient appeared to exist from cells near the xylem, through the mesophyll to the gland, and was continued through the gland itself. The possible location of ion pumps is discussed in the light of this evidence.
Population studies of juvenile Trochus niloticus on a reef flat on the north-eastern Queensland coast, Australia

Transects and quadrats were used to sample the distribution and density of Trochus niloticus, recruitment, growth rates of juveniles, and characteristics of the microhabitat, on an intertidal reef flat at Orpheus Island between 1993 and 1995. Individuals between 1·5 and 62 mm shell width (SW) were found in all parts of the reef flat. Their density averaged 0·178 and 0·115 individuals m-2 in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Juveniles were found in groups of 2–4 individuals m-2 more frequently than would occur by chance, but denser aggregations were rare. As juveniles increased in size, there was a change in microhabitat: from small rubble (<10 mm) to larger rocks and coral bench and from shallow pools (<10 mm deep) to deeper pools. The size–frequency distribution was bimodal during parts of the year, suggesting seasonality in recruitment. Growth rates ranged between 2·3 and 2·6 mm SW month-1. In relation to the seeding of cultured juveniles for population enhancement, the results indicate that seeding densities should be <5 individuals m-2. Shallow areas with abundant small rubble may represent favourable conditions for individuals of <15 mm SW, but deeper areas with larger rocks are better for individuals of 15 mm SW.
Mediatory role of abdominal obesity in the association of early menopause with diabetes among middle-aged and older Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the association of early menopause with diabetes and the mediating effect of abdominal obesity. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among 5,693 participants. The data from the second follow-up (2015) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were used. Participants self-reported their age at menopause and were divided into three age groups (<45, 45-54, and >54 years) according to the 10th, 10th to 90th, and 90th percentiles, with a menopausal age of 45 to 54 years serving as reference. The total effect was decomposed into direct and indirect (mediating) effects using logistic regression based on the Karlson-Holm-Breen method. RESULTS Compared to the menopausal age of 45 to 54 years, early menopause (<45 years) was associated with diabetes (odds ratio = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.29-3.69) among Chinese women. The mediating effect of early menopause (<45 years) on diabetes was 4.98% (P = 0.321) for abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS Early menopause may be associated with diabetes among Chinese women. Moreover, the mediating effect of abdominal obesity makes up a small percentage and has no statistical significance. Further studies are needed to examine other mechanisms behind the association of early menopause with diabetes.
TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE SPECIMENS OF ARCHAEOPTERYX

Archaeopteryx is an extremely important taxon to paleontology. Its basal position within Avialae often makes it the epicenter of the debate over bird origins, one of paleontology’s most significant issues. Because of this, any change in the taxonomy of Archaeopteryx is of great interest. To date, seven described fossil skeletons have been assigned to the genus Archaeopteryx. In order of increasing size, these are JM 2257 (the ‘‘Eichstätt specimen’’), BSP 1999 I 50 (the ‘‘Munich specimen’’), HMN 1880/81 (the ‘‘Berlin specimen’’), TM 6928/29 (the ‘‘Haarlem specimen’’), a specimen that has been lost from a private collection (the ‘‘Maxberg specimen’’), BMNH 37001 (the ‘‘London specimen’’), and an unnumbered specimen housed at the Bürgermeister Müller Museum (the ‘‘Solnhofen specimen’’). Some authors have cited differences in skeletal proportions between the specimens as evidence that the specimens represent different species (Howgate, 1984; Wellnhofer, 1993; Elzanowski, 2001, 2002). Houck et al. (1990) used major-axis regressions of skeletal element lengths to show that the proportional differences between the specimens could be interpreted as allometric effects within the growth series of a single taxon. They therefore assigned all the specimens to a single species, Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, their analysis did not include BSP 1999 I 50, which had not yet been discovered. Also, the analysis included the ‘‘Solnhofen specimen,’’ which has since been reassigned to the genus Wellnhoferia (Elzanowski 2001), a reassignment with which the present authors agree due to the specimen’s unique pedal and caudal characteristics (Elzanowski, 2001). In order to test whether differences in skeletal proportions between the remaining six Archaeopteryx specimens are sufficient to support taxonomic separation of one or more, it has become necessary to run new regressions of element lengths, this time including BSP 1999 I 50 and excluding the ‘‘Solnhofen specimen. ’’ This was done by the present authors, and described below. Institutional Abbreviations AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York; BHI, Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Hill City, South Dakota; BMNH, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; BSP, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany; CMNH, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio; HMN, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany; JM, Jura Museum, Eichstätt, Germany; MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; TM, Teyler Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands; TMP, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.
Improvement of physical training by performance enhancing substances.

Currently the Covid-19 pandemic forces almost every country to take drastic measures in order to stop the spread of the virus. These include the avoidance of close contact to other humans, staying at home whenever possible and the closure of gyms or sport clubs. Now that people are more or less bound to their home, it is even more important to stay physically active. The occasional walks between sofa and fridge are not enough to keep your body in shape. But why is exercise so important and is there anything one can take to get the most out of every single training session?
Identifying and managing infectious disease syndemics in patients with HIV.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW We will present recent articles focusing on HIV synergistic interactions with other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and hepatitis, as well as recent advances in the study of social and behavioral determinants that facilitate this clustering of infectious disease. For each synergistic interaction, we highlight evidence-based interventions that clinicians and policymakers should consider to tackle HIV and infectious disease syndemics. RECENT FINDINGS Significant advances in understanding the behavioral and structural determinants of HIV and other infectious disease synergisms have been made in the past years. Intervention strategies based on these new models have also been developed. It is now well understood that treating infectious disease syndemics will require a multidisciplinary and multipronged approach. SUMMARY HIV is synergistic with multiple other infectious diseases because the risk behaviors that lead to HIV acquisition may be similar to the other infections. The influence of HIV on the other infection may be due to immunosuppression associated with disease progression resulting in increased susceptibility (e.g., HIV and tuberculosis), especially when patients are not virologically suppressed using antiretroviral therapy. In reverse, another infectious disease may, when not treated, influence HIV disease progression. Social/structural determinants like homelessness, mass incarceration, and structural discrimination precipitate psychiatric comorbidity, substance use, and risky sex behavior which lead to the spread and co-occurrence of infectious disease.
Are There Inter-Individual Differences in Fat Mass and Percent Body Fat as a Result of Aerobic Exercise Training in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents? A Meta-Analytic Perspective.

Background: Determine whether inter-individual response differences exist with respect to changes in fat mass and percent body fat as a result of aerobic exercise training in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Methods: Using the meta-analytic approach, randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of aerobic exercise training on fat mass and percent body fat in overweight and obese children and adolescents were included. Change outcome standard deviations for fat mass and percent body fat were used to calculate true inter-individual differences from each study. The inverse variance heterogeneity model was used to pool results. Results: Pooled changes for inter-individual response differences in fat mass (16 studies, 575 participants) were 0.9 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.4 to 1.8 kg) while tau ([Formula: see text]) was 2.9. For percent body fat, inter-individual differences (27 studies, 1035 participants) were 0.6% (95% CI, -0.6% to 1.0%, [Formula: see text] = 0.7). The 95% prediction interval for true inter-individual responses in a future study was -4.9 to 5.5 kg for fat mass and -0.7% to 1.7% for percent body fat. The percent chance, that is, probability, of a clinically meaningful difference in variability was 47% for fat mass and 26% for percent body fat, both of which were considered as only possibly clinically important. Conclusions: There is a lack of convincing evidence to suggest that true inter-individual response differences exist with respect to aerobic exercise training and changes in fat mass and percent body fat in overweight and obese children and adolescents.
Decoupled long‐term effects of nutrient enrichment on aboveground and belowground properties in subalpine tundra

Fertilizer experiments aid understanding of the role of nutrient limitation in tundra ecosystems, and of the effects that global change may exert on them through enhancing nutrient availability. However, little is known about whether fertilizer additions influence tundra ecosystem properties directly, or indirectly through altering plant community composition. To separate these direct and indirect effects, we used an ongoing fertilization experiment in subalpine tundra in northern Sweden initiated in 1989. Here, the slow-growing dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum (hereafter Empetrum) dominates, but fertilization causes its replacement by the fast-growing grass Deschampsia flexuosa (hereafter Deschampsia). Therefore, in 1999, we set up three subplots in every plot of the fertilizer experiment subjected to different treatments, i.e., regular removal of Empetrum or of Deschampsia, or no removal. An interactive effect between fertilizer and removal treatments means that fertilization indirectly influences ecological properties through its effects on the dominant species whereas no interactive effect means that fertilization effects are more likely direct. We measured plant community properties four times between 1999 and 2010, and belowground properties in 2010. Fertilization exerted large effects on nearly all variables aboveground (i.e., vascular plant community properties, bryophyte and lichen cover) and belowground (i.e., measures of nutrient availability, mass of humus and major elements per area, microbial community properties). Meanwhile, loss of either Deschampsia or Empetrum reduced total vascular plant cover, with greatest effects in those fertilization treatments where they otherwise had the most mass. Deschampsia removal affected several other plant community properties, but mostly independently of fertilizer treatment; Empetrum removal had little effect on any other plant community variable. Belowground, both removal treatments reduced humus mass per area but had no effect on any other variable. Our finding of few interactive effects of fertilizer and removal treatments aboveground and none belowground means that fertilizer effects on most community and ecosystem properties operate independently of even large shifts in the plant community. These results also point to a decoupling between aboveground and belowground communities in tundra, and therefore offer insights about the mechanistic basis through which global change impacts on soil nutrient availability may transform tundra ecosystems.
Associations Between Variations in Breast Anatomy and Early Breastfeeding Challenges

Background Mothers with anatomic variability (e.g., shorter, wider nipples; denser areolas) may experience breastfeeding challenges disproportionately. Research aim To examine whether variations in breast anatomy are associated with risk for early breastfeeding challenges. Methods Participants included mothers < 6 weeks postpartum. Nipple base width, nipple length, and areolar density were measured on the right and left breast separately. Experiences with early breastfeeding challenges were determined through a combination of maternal report and clinical assessment. Results Participants (N = 119) had an average nipple diameter of 23.4 (SD = 3.0) mm for left nipples and 23.5 (SD = 3.0) mm for right nipples (range = 10–34 mm). Average nipple length was 8.5 (SD = 3.2) mm for left breasts and 9.1 (SD = 3.2) mm for right breasts (range = 5–20 mm); 35% of participants had dense areolas on the left breast and 36% had dense areolas on the right breast. The combination of wider and longer nipples was associated with greater risk for difficulties with latch; the combination of wider nipples and denser areolas was associated with greater risk for sore nipples. For participants with more dense areolas, shorter and wider nipples were associated with greater risk for low milk supply and slow infant weight gain. For participants with less dense areolas, longer and wider nipples were associated with greater risk for low milk supply and slow infant weight gain. Conclusion Further research is needed to understand how measures of breast anatomy can be used to guide targeted intervention efforts.
The effect of environmental factors on wood characteristics. 3. The influence of climate and site on young Pinusradiata material

Three trees from each of six clones of Pinusradiata, replicated at five sites in Victoria and growing under similar silvicultural schedules, were sampled. Edaphic and climatic factors varied markedly between sites and featured in the interpretation of the data. From each tree, a series of wood samples formed by cambia of the same ages provided material for densitometric analysis. Within a growing season, defined by temperature thresholds, potential growth days were determined on the basis of favourable water deficits. The number of potential growth days in a growing season correlated with ring width and the number of such days in autumn correlated with the formation of late wood. Ring width was negatively correlated with minimum and average density. No relationship between environmental factors and maximum and minimum density could be determined.
Transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus by two invasive biotypes and a Chinese indigenous biotype of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci

The global invasion of certain Bemisia tabaci biotypes provides opportunities to compare the competency of virus transmission between invasive and indigenous biotypes. Here we report on the acquisition, retention and transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) by the invasive B, Q and indigenous ZHJ2 biotypes of B. tabaci from Zhejiang, China. For all whitefly biotypes, TYLCV DNA was detected within a 30-min acquisition access period (AAP) to infected leaves. The percentage of adults with viral DNA increased with the length of AAP and reached 100% after 10–12 h. Following acquisition, viruliferous B, Q and ZHJ2 adults retained TYLCV DNA for the rest of their lives. Transmission was achieved with one B/Q adult per plant at the frequency of 50–55%, which rose to 100% with 10 insects per plant. In contrast, transmission of the virus was not observed with one ZHJ2 adult per plant in the experiments, and the transmission frequency rose to only 30–45% when whitefly adults increased to 5–10 per plant. These new data will help in the determination of the pest status of the whitefly biotypes as virus vectors in the regions of invasion, and so help in the development of management strategies.
IκBα is a target for the mitogen‐activated 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase

The activity of transcription factor NFκB is regulated by its subcellular localization. In most cell types, NFκB is sequestered in the cytoplasm due to binding of the inhibitory protein IκBα. Stimulation of cells with a wide variety of agents results in degradation of IκBα, which allows translocation of NFκB to the nucleus. Degradation of IκBα is triggered by phosphorylation of two serine residues, i.e. Ser32 and Ser36, by as yet unknown kinases. Here we report that the mitogen‐activated 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p90rsk1) is an IκBα kinase. p90rsk1 phosphorylates IκBα at Ser32 and it physically associates with IκBα in vivo. Moreover, when the function of p90rsk1 is impaired by expression of a dominant‐negative mutant, IκBα degradation in response to mitogenic stimuli, e.g. 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA), is inhibited. Finally, NFκB cannot be activated by TPA in cell lines that have low levels of p90rsk1. We conclude that p90rsk1 is an essential kinase required for phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκBα in response to mitogens.
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome

Introduction Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by craniofacial and limb anomalies, with craniosynostosis (mainly coronal) being the most frequent craniofacial finding. Cranial and facial deformities can be extremely variable requiring individualization of treatment strategies. We present our case series to highlight clinical findings, treatment philosophy, and challenges facing Saethre-Chotzen patients. Methods A retrospective review was performed on records of patients given a diagnosis of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Craniofacial Clinic (n = 7) between 1980 and 2010. Patients with complete records were included in this study, and review of demographic data, clinical findings, surgical interventions and postoperative follow-up, and stability were performed. Results Seven patients (1 male and 6 female) were included in this study. The average age at which the patients were first seen was 6.5 years. Suture involvement was bicoronal (n = 6) and unicoronal (n = 1). There was 1 patient having superimposed metopic synostosis, and there was another patient having Kleeblattschädel deformity. Previous procedures performed for patients before establishing care at UCLA were strip craniectomy (n = 2) and fronto-orbital advancement (n = 2). All patients (n = 7) had fronto-orbital advancements at UCLA. Other skeletal operations included the following: redo forehead advancement and contouring (n = 3), monobloc advancement (n = 1), and LeFort III distraction (n = 1). Five patients reached skeletal maturity, and 2 patients received LeFort I advancement for class III malocclusion, one of which also required a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible. Conclusion Clinical presentation and severity of deformity in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome are variable. Our current report reviews our treatment strategies and illustrates the predominance of cranial and upper face deformities and frequent need for redo surgeries to address forehead asymmetry in this group of syndromic craniosynostosis patients.
Long‐term survival among 5‐year survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer

Although there are a growing number of survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer, to the authors' knowledge the long‐term overall survival (OS) patterns for AYA cancer survivors are underreported. The objective of the current study was to assess the long‐term survival of AYA cancer survivors and identify factors associated with diminished long‐term survival.