Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Canopy temperature as a plant water stress indicator for nectarines

Three-year-old nectarine trees of the cultivar Independence grown in free-drainage lysimeters were exposed to a wet and a dry treatment, i.e. high soil moisture content throughout or progressive soil drying respectively. The canopy temperature of the trees was measured with an infrared thermometer at midday. Leaf diffusion resistance (RL) and plant water potential (WP) were determined at the same time. Environmental conditions had an overriding effect on canopy temeperature. Water stress index (SI) and canopy temperature difference between the dry and wet treatment (CTD dry-wet) were therefore calculated. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicated close correlation between SI or CTD (dry-wet) and WP and it was established that the effect of environmental conditions on SI and CTD dry-wet was unimportant. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 1986, 3: 110–114
Estimation of Nash's IUH parameters using stochastic search algorithms

In rainfall–runoff studies, it is often necessary to change the duration of a given unit hydrograph. Nash's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) is an ideal method that eliminates the hydrograph duration. This paper presents the results of the application of search algorithms, namely a genetic algorithm and hill climbing, to develop the IUH that minimizes the error between the observed and generated hydrographs. Also the performance of these methods has been compared with that of the classical method used for estimation of IUH, namely the method of moments. The genetic algorithm is a popular search procedure for function optimization that applies the mechanics of natural genetics and natural selection to explore a given search space. Hill climbing is an optimization technique that belongs to the family of local search and algorithms can be used to solve problems that have many solutions, with some solutions better than others. The results obtained from both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing algorithm for estimation of Nash's IUH parameters were compared with the results obtained by the method of moments for storms from two river basins that are located in different climatic regions. It was found that both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing provided improved and consistent results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COHESIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT I: PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Physical processes constituting fine, cohesive sediment transport in estuarial waters are described. These processes, which include settling and deposition, consolidation, erosion and transport in suspension, are typically interlinked by the cyclic nature of the tide dominated environment. Complexities in process characterization arise as a consequence of the dual dependence of sediment aggregate properties on the physico-chemical properties of the sediment-water mixture as well as the turbulent flow field. Present day knowledge of the processes enables reliable predictions of rates of sedimentation and erosion in navigable channels, waterways and harbors through numerical modeling. Further research is required for improving procedures for measuring settling velocities, identification of depth at which a definable bed is encountered, and the behavior of near-bed high density suspensions.
Seismic stratigraphy of the West Shetland Drift: Implications for late Neogene paleocirculation in the Faeroe-Shetland gateway

[1] The morphology and anatomy of a late Neogene contourite drift on the British margin of the Faeroe-Shetland Channel is investigated in unprecedented detail using industrial two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic data. The West Shetland Drift is constructed by a succession of mounded, asymmetric strata that in the basin and on the midslope has accumulated on a regional unconformity of early Pliocene age. The midslope component of the drift system forms a 400 m thick convex, elongate sedimentary body that can be traced from the outlet of the Norwegian Channel and 250 km southwest along the Shetland margin. Contourite drifts occupying the basin are evident as a succession of sheeted-mounded and wavy migrating units intercalated by three mega-debrite sequences. The seismic architecture of the West Shetland Drift and tentative age estimates of its bounding surfaces suggests that it formed rapidly (∼5–10 cm kyr−1) by alongslope transport of hemipelagic sediments derived from the NW European shelf. The change from erosion/nondeposition to enhanced contourite drift accumulation during the early Pliocene suggests that a moderate thermohaline current regime prevailed in the Faeroe-Shetland Channel prior to the main phase of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 3.0–2.5 Ma. A reduction in meridional heat transport associated with a decrease in the flux of North Atlantic deep waters may have been an important factor for the growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
Reactions and physical conditions during metamorphism of Liassic aluminous black shales and marls in central Switzerland

The aluminous Liassic (lower Jurassic) shales, slates, and marls of the Central Swiss Alps were investigated by electron microprobe (EMP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the physical conditions of low grade metamorphism. The samples investigated experienced metamorphism from the diagenetic (100°C) to the epizonal grade (450°C). Temperatures estimated from Fe-Mg exchange equilibria between chlorite and chloritoid agree with calcite-dolomite geother-mometry and previous workers9 estimates. In the upper anchizone, calcite-dolomite temperatures record peak temperatures ca. 330°C. Epizone rocks in the Urseren Zone record ca. 400–450°C. Calculations of T-X phase equilibria in the CaO-MgO-FeO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -H 2 O-CO 2 -CH 4 system with excess quartz and graphite were used to predict the stability fields of aluminous minerals and coexisting fluid compositions. The assemblage Sud + Dol + Qtz + Gr is stable over a temperature interval of 300–360°C. Calculations predict that, in CO 2 -bearing fluids, reactions that form the index minerals margarite, sudoite, and chloritoid predominantly involve carbonate minerals. Margarite is not predicted to form in fluids dominated by CH 4 . Temperatures recorded by T-X phase equilibria in the anchizone (330°C) agree well with calcite-dolomite thermometry. Temperatures recorded by T-X phase equilibria in the epizone (330–360°C) are significantly lower than calcite-dolomite temperatures (400–480°C). The calculated fluid composition in the anchizone is CO 2 -rich (y CO 2 = CO 2 /(CO 2 + H 2 O) = 0.2), whereas the epizone fluids are richer in H 2 O (y CO 2 = 0.02–0.06). Fluid-flux calculations based on phase equilibria and reaction progress indicate that there was significant fluid infiltration in both the anchizone and epizone. The anchizone samples recorded a flux of ca. 6 × 10 3 cm 3 fluid/cm 2 rock with a flux increase to at least 2 × 10 5 cm 3 /cm 2 in the epizone. These values are comparable to calculated fluxes during Devonian regional metamorphism in New England. Results show that careful mineral analysis can yield data appropriate for the estimation of sub-greenschist facies metamorphic conditions in aluminous low-grade rocks.
PHOSPHORUS AND POTASH FERTILISATION STUDIES ON SUNFLOWER

A field trial was conducted with four phosphate (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P, 0,/ha and three potash doses (0. 30 and 60 kg K, 0/ha) in the kharif season of 1978 at the Agricultural Farm of Banaras Hindu University to investigate its effect on the growth and yield of sunflower. Individuatty 90 kg P,0, and 60 kg K.0 brought about highest plant height, shoot dry weight, stem diameter. flower diameter, 1000 seed weight, oil content and grain yield of sunflower but failed to differ signifi- cantly with 60 kg P.0, and 30 kg K,0/ha respectively. 30 kg and 50 kg P,0. /ha and 30 kg K,0/ha exhibited the highest nutrient use efficiency, beyond which it started declining.
On suspended barite and the oxygen-minimum in the Southern Ocean

Particulate Ba profiles were measured in the Indian sector of the southern ocean. The largest fraction (>80%) of this barium is present as barite microcrystals. The profiles of total barium are characterized by a subsurface maximum between 200 and 500 m depth in the vicinity of the oxygen minimum. Highest barium values are found just south of the Polar Front, while lowest values occur close to the Antarctic Divergence. Between the divergence and the Polar Front a tight inverse relationship is observed between oxygen in the oxygen minimum and barium in the barium maximum. This relationship disappears north of the Polar Front. Since suspended barite is known to be of biological origin, the correlation of barite with oxygen suggests that the observed decrease of oxygen in the oxygen minimum, between the divergence and the Polar Front is due to local consumption of oxygen. It is proposed that deep low oxygen water is advected towards the Divergence where upwelling occurs and where this water subsequently partly spreads out to the north, north-east, as entrained by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Oxidation of locally produced organic matter, with which barite crystals are associated, consumes oxygen and sets free individual discrete barites. As a result, oxygen decreases and barite increases away from the divergence, with barite integrating former biological processes.
A coherent model of the crustal magnetic field of Mars

[1] The immense amount of the mapping-phase Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) magnetic data allows us to derive a highly accurate magnetic map of Mars. The data acquired at nighttimes within the first ∼3 years of the mapping phase are divided into two almost equal parts, and each part is expressed in spherical harmonics of degree up to 90. The two models are almost identical over harmonics of degree up to 62 but show appreciable differences over higher-degree harmonics, indicating that the higher-degree harmonic coefficients have appreciable noncrustal contribution. The most repeatable components of the two models are combined to produce an accurate 62-degree harmonic model of the magnetic field of the Martian crust. It is further demonstrated that the altitude of MGS is the major limiting factor of the resolution of the mapping-phase data. The small-scale features of the data, with wavelengths shorter than ∼400 km, have significant contribution from noncrustal sources. They are not useful for delineating the details of the magnetic source bodies in the crust.
A methodology for statistically downscaling seasonal snow cover characteristics over the Northeastern United States

Snow cover amount and duration have a large role in both the natural and anthropogenic systems of the Northeast United States. Any changes in the climatology of the amount, duration, and timing of the snowpack may have long‐lasting environmental and economic consequences. At present, the principal tools used to examine future climatic changes are general circulation models; however, they do not provide information at the scales required for investigating many of the impacts in which snow plays a major role. In order to address this gap, a statistical downscaling methodology for simulating climatological snow cover parameters was developed. The methodology utilizes the Statistical DownScaling Model to construct climate change scenarios at daily time scales that are subsequently evaluated based on their ability to reproduce seasonal snow cover statistics. Two different observational datasets (station and gridded) were used as predictands and empirical relationships were created between the predictands and regional scale predictors. The methodology was tested at 20 locations across the Northeast and was then applied to output from HadCM3 under the A2 and B2 emissions scenarios. The methodology performed well at capturing key properties of station‐based snow cover over a range of climates and was found to perform better than the technique used in previous work in the Northeast. By the end of the century, the projections revealed characteristics that are consistent with declining snow cover, yet there are likely to be regional variations in the next several decades, especially when elevation is considered.
THE NATURE OF FRONTIERS AND BOUNDARIES

HERE exists a quite extensive literature dealing with the subject of frontiers and boundaries.2 There have been also successful attempts at classification and development of a proper terminology.3 Few writers have, however, tackled the problem from a more theoretical point of view.4 This study is more particularly concerned with the problem of clarifying, and disentangling for the purpose of theoretical understanding, the two elements which combine in what we commonly call frontiers and boundaries: the physical (or
Medium scale landforms of glacial erosion in South Greenland; process and form

Glacial erosion by plucking and abrasion is relatively well understood at the small scale of individual bedforms several metres in dimension. Erosion at this scale is controlled by basal ice pressure, ice regelation and freeze/thaw. Explanations are lacking for the formation of medium scale landforms of glacial erosion several hundred metres in dimension, where processes such as regelation and cavitation are less well understood. Study of a medium scale glacial erosional feature in South Greenland shows that the distribution of abraded and plucked surfaces is similar to that found on small scale features of glacial erosion. Polished surfaces are found on the stoss side of the larger feature, with plucked surfaces restricted to the lee side. Lateral cliffs have developed parallel to the ice movement direction, possibly related to the constricted flow of flanking ice. It is suggested that the distribution of these landforms of glacial erosion is related to the pressure fluctuations in basal ice developed over large bedrock obstacles. The processes important in the formation of medium scale features of glacial erosion are essentially small scale, but their relative dominance is controlled by meso - scale basal ice conditions.
Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering 1

Caballero, Luis A. , Alon Rimmer, Zachary M. Easton, and Tammo S. Steenhuis, 2012. Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1022‐1031. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012. 00668.x
Variability in spring snowpack and winter atmospheric circulation pattern frequencies in the Peace River Basin

Prior to its regulation in 1968, the Peace River had historically been a significant contributor to ice-jam flooding of the Peace-Athabasca Delta. Following regulation, however, there has been a twenty-two year period, 1974-1996, devoid of ice-jam flooding and significant drying of the delta has ensued. This lack of flooding has been linked to the effects of higher freeze-up levels produced by regulation and the inability of the Peace River to generate large spring flows. Between 1974 and 1996, hydrometeorological conditions in the basin have not been conducive to the production of large spring runoff. This study reports on historical changes (both spatially and temporally) in spring snowpacks of the Peace River Basin over the period 1947-1992. Snowpack measurements were only available for the years 1960-1992, therefore other climate variables were used as a surrogate for snowpack to extend the analysis for the full 46-year period. Changes in snowpack are important because the occurrence of ice-jam floods in the Peace-Athabasca Delta is known to be at least partly dependent on the spring runoff that they produce. Years of spring ice-jam floods in the Peace-Athabasca Delta coincide with above average seasonal snowpack values for most areas in the basin. The spatial distribution of the April 1 snowpack in the Peace River Basin was found to be below average over the entire basin from 1960 to 1962. Snowpacks were either greater than average over the entire region, or greater than average in the south and below average in the north from 1963 to 1976. Greater than average snowpacks
Water storage at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA

Storage is a major component of a catchment water balance particularly when the water balance components are evaluated on short time scales, that is, less than annual. We propose a method of determining the storage–discharge relation using an exponential function and daily precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET) and baseflow during the dormant season when evapotranspiration (ET) is low. The method was applied to the 22‐year data series of the 0.41‐ha forested Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia. The relation of cumulative daily precipitation minus daily runoff and PET versus baseflow was highly significant (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.0001), but the initial storage for each year varied markedly. For the 22‐year study period, annual precipitation and runoff averaged 1240 and 380 mm, respectively, whereas the absolute catchment storage range was ~400 mm, averaging 219 mm annually, which is attributed to contributions of soil water and groundwater. The soil moisture of a catchment average 1‐m soil depth was evaluated and suggests that there was an active (changes in soil storage during stormflow) and passive (a longer‐term seasonal cycle) soil water storage with ranges of 40–70 and 100–120 mm, respectively. The active soil water storage was short term on the order of days during and immediately after rainstorms, and the passive or seasonal soil storage was highest during winter when ET was lowest and lowest during summer when ET was highest. An estimate of ET from daily changes in soil moisture (ETSM) during recessions was comparable with PET during the dormant season (1.5 mm day−1) but was much lower during the growing season (June through August); monthly average SMET and PET ranged from 2.8 to 4.0 mm day−1 and from 4.5 to 5.5 mm day−1, respectively. The growing season difference is attributed to the overestimation of PET. ETSM estimates were comparable with those derived from hillslope water balances during sprinkling experiments. Master recession curves derived from the storage–discharge relation adjusted seasonally for ET (1.5 and 4.0 mm day−1 during the dormant and growing seasons, respectively) fit actual recessions extremely well. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A problematic cap-shaped metazoan from the Lower Cambrian of Estonia

Abstract The cap-shaped Scenella(? ) discinoides Schmidt, 1888 is redescribed on the basis of the type material from the Lower Cambrian of Estonia and assigned to a new genus Estoniadiscus. Shell morphology, the apparent phosphatic composition and the presence of probably setigerous tubes perforating the shell indicate that Estoniadiscus is neither a mollusc related to Scenella Billings, 1872, nor a chondrophorine hydrozoan. Following comparison with several other problematic Cambrian metazoans it is concluded that Estoniadiscus may be a stem group brachiopod.
Vertical distribution of microbial and meiofaunal populations in sediments of a natural coastal hydrocarbon seep

We studied the vertical distribution of microbes and meiofauna in natural hydrocarbon seep sediments to determine if there was a relationship between profiles of benthic trophic structure and the unique biogeochemical conditions present at the seep. Three stations in the Santa Barbara Channel represented a gradient of natural petroleum seepage, from very active, to moderate, to none. Seasonal differences were examined by sampling in the three major oceanographic seasons, upwelling (April), mixed (July), and Davidson (December). Densities of microbes and meiofauna were highest in July, and decreased in winter. All population sizes decreased with increasing depth in the sediment. Harpacticoids and Chi a were practically restricted to the surface sediments. Harpacticoids and ChI a were more dense (number per unit volume or strata of sediment) and abundant (number per unit area of sediment or sum of the strata) at the comparison site than at the seep sites. Density and abundance of nematodes, bacteria cell counts, and bacterial biomass were greater at the station with the most active seepage rates. Bacterial biovolumes appeared constant among sediment depths and stations, but cell biovolumes were larger in July. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that organic enrichment via petroleum utilization is responsible for increased abundances of bacteria and nematodes at the seep. There were strong correlations between densities of harpacticoids and microalgae, and densities of nematodes and bacteria. These links indicate that seeping petroleum might have an enhanced effect on the detrital (bacterial based) food web, but a toxic effect on the grazing (microaIgaI based) food web.
Optimization of a coupled hydrology–crop growth model through the assimilation of observed soil moisture and leaf area index values using an ensemble Kalman filter

It is well known that the presence and development stage of vegetation largely influences the soil moisture content. In its turn, soil moisture availability is of major importance for the development of vegetation. The objective of this paper is to assess to what extent the results of a fully coupled hydrology–crop growth model can be optimized through the assimilation of observed leaf area index (LAI) or soil moisture values. For this purpose the crop growth module of the World Food Studies (WOFOST) model has been coupled to a fully process based water and energy balance model (TOPMODEL‐Based Land‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (TOPLATS)). LAI and soil moisture observations from 18 fields in the loamy region in the central part of Belgium have been used to thoroughly validate the coupled model. An observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) has been performed in order to assess whether soil moisture and LAI observations with realistic uncertainties are useful for data assimilation purposes. Under realistic conditions (biweekly observations with a noise level of 5 volumetric percent for soil moisture and 0.5 for LAI) an improvement in the model results can be expected. The results show that the modeled LAI values are not sensitive to the assimilation of soil moisture values before the initiation of crop growth. Also, the modeled soil moisture profile does not necessarily improve through the assimilation of LAI values during the growing season. In order to improve both the vegetation and soil moisture state of the model, observations of both variables need to be assimilated.
The 14C Age of the Icelandic Vedde Ash: Implications for Younger Dryas Marine Reservoir Age Corrections

Increased marine 14C reservoir ages from the surface water of the North Atlantic are documented for the Younger Dryas period. We use terrestrial and marine AMS 14C dates from the time of deposition of the Icelandic Vedde Ash to examine the marine 14C reservoir age. This changed from its modem North Atlantic value of ca. 400 yr to ca. 700 yr during the Younger Dryas climatic event. The increased marine reservoir age has implications for both comparing climatic time series dated by 14C and understanding palaeoceanographic changes that generated the increase.