Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of Salmonella isolated from poultry by MPCR technique and evaluation of their hsp groEL gene diversity based on the PCR-RFLP analysis.

The aim of this study was to isolate Salmonella from poultry and evaluation of their hsp groEL gene diversity by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. In this research 58 strains of 3 different Salmonella serogroups (D1, B and C) were isolated from poultry farms of East Azarbayjan province of Iran by bacteriological and biochemical tests. For confirmation of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis serovars multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied with four pairs of primers for S. typhimurium and three pairs of primers for Salmonella Enteritidis. PCR-RFLP analysis was carried out on the 1.6 kb groEL gene for evaluation of their hsp groEL gene diversity. The data generated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR) method indicated that strains of S. enteritidis (serogroup D1) and S. typhimurium (serogroup B) were the most common isolates. Amplification of the groEL gene produced an identical profile for all the 58 Salmonella strains. Hae III restriction enzyme was used to restrict the groEL gene for PCR-RFLP analysis. Based on the results of this experiment digested groEL gene of the S. typhimurium strains produced four Hae III restricted bands between 150 - 850 bp and serovars belonging to S. enteritidis strains produced five Hae III restricted bands between 150 - 630 bp. Strains belonging to serogroup C produced a combination of five and four restricted bands similar to S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium respectively. This study showed that there were differences in the Hae III restriction sites within the groEL gene of strains belonging to serovars S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis but clear discrimination between the serovars of different Salmonella serogroups was not observed.
Carbon exchange in biological soil crust communities under differential temperatures and soil water contents: implications for global change

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are an integral part of the soil system in arid regions worldwide, stabilizing soil surfaces, aiding vascular plant establishment, and are significant sources of ecosystem nitrogen and carbon. Hydration and temperature primarily control ecosystem CO2 flux in these systems. Using constructed mesocosms for incubations under controlled laboratory conditions, we examined the effect of temperature (5–35 °C) and water content (WC, 20–100%) on CO2 exchange in light (cyanobacterially dominated) and dark (cyanobacteria/lichen and moss dominated) biocrusts of the cool Colorado Plateau Desert in Utah and the hot Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico. In light crusts from both Utah and New Mexico, net photosynthesis was highest at temperatures >30 °C. Net photosynthesis in light crusts from Utah was relatively insensitive to changes in soil moisture. In contrast, light crusts from New Mexico tended to exhibit higher rates of net photosynthesis at higher soil moisture. Dark crusts originating from both sites exhibited the greatest net photosynthesis at intermediate soil water content (40–60%). Declines in net photosynthesis were observed in dark crusts with crusts from Utah showing declines at temperatures >25 °C and those originating from New Mexico showing declines at temperatures >35 °C. Maximum net photosynthesis in all crust types from all locations were strongly influenced by offsets in the optimal temperature and water content for gross photosynthesis compared with dark respiration. Gross photosynthesis tended to be maximized at some intermediate value of temperature and water content and dark respiration tended to increase linearly. The results of this study suggest biocrusts are capable of CO2 exchange under a wide range of conditions. However, significant changes in the magnitude of this exchange should be expected for the temperature and precipitation changes suggested by current climate models.
Weed Control and Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Yield with Banded Herbicides and Cultivation1

Abstract: Experiments compared the effect on weed control and potato yield of banded applications of metolachlor plus linuron with or without flex-tine, rolling, and shovel cultivation prior to hilling. Cultivation without banded herbicide resulted in greater prehilling in- and between-row weed densities and reduced late-season weed control as compared to broadcast herbicides or cultivation with banded herbicides. Although the flex-tine and rolling cultivators were expected to provide improved in-row weed control, there were few differences between these and the other cultivation implements. Despite reduced weed control with cultivation alone, potato yields were not reduced. Nomenclature: Linuron, N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea; metolachlor, 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. # AMARE; yellow foxtail, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. # SETLU; potato, Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Katahdin’. Additional index words: Flex-tine cultivator, herbicide reduction, mechanical weed control. Abbreviations: DAP, days after planting.
Forest cover outside protected areas plays an important role in the conservation of the Vulnerable guiña Leopardus guigna

Abstract Habitat loss and fragmentation are affecting populations of forest dwelling mammalian carnivores worldwide. In southern Chile, a biodiversity hotspot, anthropogenic activities have resulted in high loss of native forest cover. The guiña, or kodkod cat, Leopardus guigna is a small forest-dwelling felid with a narrow range in the temperate forest of southern Chile. The few existing studies of the species have suggested that it is almost exclusively restricted to large tracts of native forest. This paper reports a study in the temperate forest within a fragmented Andean piedmont landscape which demonstrates that smaller forest fragments in the farmland matrix are playing a key role in the persistence of the guiña. We estimated occupancy in both continuous native forest and remnant forest fragments and, with single-species/single-season models, evaluated the extent to which forest cover, habitat type and proximity to protected areas have a modulating effect on occupancy. A continuous survey during 2008–2009, in three seasons of 90–100 days each, accumulated 6,200 camera trap days and returned 47 photographs of guiña. Total detection in fragments was higher than in continuous forests, with detection confirmed in almost 70% of studied fragments. We found that probability of a site being occupied significantly increased with forest cover (adult/secondary forest, scrubland) and probability was low (< 0.2) in sites with < 50% of surrounding forest cover. Our study highlights the importance of remnant forest fragments in the mosaic of extensive agriculture for the spatial dynamics of a guiña population and hence for the future conservation of the species.
A fuzzy neural network approach for modeling the growth kinetics of FeB and Fe2B layers during the boronizing process

In this paper, we develop a boronizing process simulation model based on fuzzy neural network (FNN) approach for estimating the thickness of the FeB and Fe2 B layers. The model represents a synthesis of two artificial intelligence techniques; the fuzzy logic and the neural network. Characteristics of the fuzzy neural network approach for the modelling of boronizing process are presented in this study. In order to validate the results of our calculation model, we have used the learning base of experimental data of the powder-pack boronizing of Fe-15Cr alloy in the temperature range from 800 to 1050 °C and for a treatment time ranging from 0.5 to 12 h. The obtained results show that it is possible to estimate the influence of different process parameters. Comparing the results obtained by the artificial neural network to experimental data, the average error generated from the fuzzy neural network was 3% for the FeB layer and 3.5% for the Fe2 B layer. The results obtained from the fuzzy neural network approach are in agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the utilization of fuzzy neural network approach is well adapted for the boronizing kinetics of Fe-15Cr alloy.
General flowering in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests of South‐east Asia

The general flowering (GF) events of forests in south-east Asia are perhaps the most spectacular phenomena in tropical biology. GF events occur at multiyear intervals. In GF, most dipterocarp species and many plants of other families come into flower and set fruit massively; these species and plants rarely flower except during GF events. GF is unique, because it can occur over thousands of kilometers and involve hundreds of plant species representing diverse families and lifeforms. It also involves strict mast fruiting. Satiation of generalist seed predators has been considered a primary force for GF. However, recent observations indicate that several selective agents rather than a single major factor may shape GF. In addition to the satiation of generalist predators, promotion of pollination could be one of the selective factors for GF, since synchronized flowering of many species causes an increase in pollinator activity through immigration and population growth. Although environmental prediction for better establishment of seedlings may also be involved in GF, no field data have been reported to support this idea. Long-term monitoring and further understanding of GF are essential for the conservation of this unique and diverse tropical forest in south-east Asia, especially in a period of global climatic change. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 75, 233–247.
Ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Chrysoculter rhomboideus gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae), a new flagellate haptophyte from Japanese coastal waters

T. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, M. -H. Noël, M. Kawachi and I. Inouye. 2005. Ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Chrysoculter rhomboideus gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae), a new flagellate haptophyte from Japanese coastal waters. Phycologia 44: 369–383. We isolated a novel haptophyte alga from the coastal waters of the northern part of Japan. The cell is asymmetrical spindle-to knife-shaped and possesses two nearly equal flagella and a haptonema from the anterior tip. Two yellowish chloroplasts including immersed pyrenoids are situated asymmetrically. Two types of organic scales, small elliptical and large rhomboidal scales, cover the cell. The rhomboidal scale has two tubular projections at the longitudinal poles and closely touched to each other. The transition region of the flagellum includes only one transitional plate, which is probably homologous with the distal plate in other prymnesiophyceans. The flagellar apparatus of this alga has basic components found in other prymnesiophyceans. Developed root 1 (R1) is divided into two components that join again. The R1 extends toward the posterior tip of the cell with associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and forms a cytoplasmic tongue. A fibrous root, which has only been reported in some coccolithophorids, connects R1 and basal body 1. The proximal end of R1 is associated with the electron-dense plate and teeth-like structure. Four microtubules of the root 2 are arranged in an arc shape and have appendages. The free part of the haptonema includes five microtubules. In the traditional taxonomy, this alga is apparently a member of the genus Chrysochromulina because the cell possesses a long haptonema and no coccoliths. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown the polyphyly of the genus Chrysochromulina. Diagnostic characters of Chrysochromulina would be plesiomorphies of the Prymnesiophyceae. Phylogenetic analysis using 18S rDNA and rbcL sequences indicated that the alga reported here is not closely related to any other prymnesiophyceans, including Chrysochromulina, but suggested the basal position of the coccolithophorids. Based on these results, we propose Chrysoculter rhomboideus gen. et sp. nov. and Chrysoculteraceae fam. nov. for this unique haptophyte.
Digital subtraction angiography vs. real-time fluoroscopy for detection of intravascular injection during transforaminal epidural block

Background Transforaminal epidural block (TFEB) is an effective treatment option for radicular pain. To reduce complications from intravascular injection during TFEB, use of imaging modalities such as real-time fluoroscopy (RTF) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has been recommended. In this study, we investigated whether DSA improved the detection of intravascular injection during TFEB at the whole spine level compared to RTF. Methods We prospectively examined 316 patients who underwent TFEB. After confirmation of final needle position using biplanar fluoroscopy, 2 mL of nonionic contrast medium was injected at a rate of 0.5 mL/s under RTF; 30 s later, 2 mL of nonionic contrast medium was injected at a rate of 0.5 mL/s under DSA. Results Thirty-six intravascular injections were detected for an overall rate of 11.4% using RTF, with 45 detected for a rate of 14.2% using DSA. The detection rate using DSA was statistically different from that using RTF (p=0.004). DSA detected a significantly higher proportion of intravascular injections at the cervical level than at the thoracic (p=0.009) and lumbar (p=0.011) levels. Conclusion During TFEB at the whole spine level, DSA was better than RTF for the detection of intravascular injection. Special attention is advised for cervical TFEB, because of a significantly higher intravascular injection rate at this level than at other levels.
Gendered Conflict

This study quantitatively tests the relationship between state militarism and domestic gender equality. International relations literature on the impact and potential impact of women on foreign policy suggests that women are more peaceful in that they are less likely than men to support the use of international violence. Other research indicates that a domestic environment of inequality results in state militarism on the international level. Both lines of inquiry suggest that a domestic environment of equality between women and men would lead toward greater state pacifism, and four hypotheses are developed to test this relationship. The Militarized Interstate Dispute dataset is used with hostility level as the dependent variable to measure the level of militarism employed by any given state to resolve international conflicts. Independent variables for gender equality include percent women in parliament, duration of female suffrage, percent women in the labor force, and fertility rate. Several control variables (alliances, contiguity, wealth, and democracy) are added to the multivariate logistic regressions, and all four hypotheses are confirmed. This study substantiates the theory that domestic gender equality has a pacifiying effect on state behavior on the international level.
Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus

During the expeditions ANT XIII/3 (1996) and ANT XV/3 (1998) to the Weddell Sea, a number of polynoid specimens resembling Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 were collected. Due to contradictory information in the literature regarding the differentiating characters of H. spinosa and other related species, the type material of the former and of 27 nominal, similar species had to be examined in order to allow the correct identification of the specimens from the Weddell Sea. As a result of this study the validity of H. spinosa is confirmed, but this species has not been recorded in the Antarctic or Subantarctic region. Of the 27 similar species only nine are considered valid and redescribed herein, i.e. H. exanthema (Grube, 1858), H. fuligineum* (Baird, 1865), H. fullo* (Grube, 1878), H. antarctica* (McIntosh, 1885), H. magellanica* (McIntosh, 1885), H. crosetensis (McIntosh, 1885), H. acuminata* Willey, 1902, Antarctinoe gen. nov. ferox* (Baird, 1865), and A. spicoides* (Hartmann‐Schröder, 1986), with Antarctinoe being a new genus established herein. Species marked by an asterisk were also present in the collection of polynoids from the Weddell Sea. All records and geographical ranges given in the literature for H. spinosa and the other species not confirmed herein remain doubtful.
Caractérisation zootechnique des ovins de race Sardi au Maroc

A total of 811 reproduction records, 1430 fleece weights, 1024 growth and viability records, and 154 fattening and carcass quality records of Sardi sheep were analyzed. Data were collected over seven periods from 1993-1994 to 1999- 2000 at Deroua Experimental Station of INRA. Average gestation length of Sardi ewes was 151 days, fertility rate was 98%, litter sizes at birth and at weaning (90 days) were 1.29 and 1.25 lambs, respectively, and litter weights at birth and at weaning were 5.30 and 27.9 kg, respectively. Lamb weight was 4.10 kg at birth, 10.9 kg at 30 days and 22.5 kg at 90 days. Average daily gain was 224 g from birth to 30 days and 194 g from 30 to 90 days. The mortality rate of lambs from birth to 90 days was 7%. After an average fattening period of 66.4 days, the average daily gain of Sardi lambs born single was 283 g and feed efficiency averaged 4.87 kg of feed per kilogram of weight gained. Slaughtered at 168 days of age on average, slaughter weight of lambs averaged 45.5 kg, hot carcass weight 23.2 kg, dressing percentage 50.9%, and weight of kidney fat 295 g. It was concluded that the Sardi breed had high potential that could be developed to increase meat production in Morocco.
Nutrientes minerais em pimentão fertirrigado sob lâminas de irrigação e doses de potássio

The aim of this study was to evaluate the macronutrient concentrations in leaves and fruits of sweet pepper plants subjected to irrigation depths and potassium doses by fertigation. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 5x2, with four replications, the factors being five water depths (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% of ETc) and two potassium doses (80 and 120 kg ha-1 of K2O) parceled according to phenological phase. The fertirrigation was made by a drip irrigation system, with self-compensable emitters, installed in a battery of 40 drainage lysimeters cultivated with sweet pepper plants (Hybrid Maximos F1), located at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) in Recife, Pernambuco state, Brazil, whose experimental plot consisted of three plants in each lysimeter. The results showed the following order of nutrients content: N>K>Cl>Mg>Ca>P>S>Na, in the leaves, and K>N>Cl>P>Ca>S>Mg>Na, in the fruits. The highest concentrations of K and Mg in the leaves were obtained with the water depths of 103.43 and 105.54% of crop evapotranspiration, respectively; the K doses did not inhibit the absorption of nutrients, except for Mg and S in the leaves.
Testing for tuberculosis infection in HIV infected individuals

AIMS: To investigate the yield, and cost effectiveness of testing for TB in a contemporary, HIV-infected population. METHODS: 1. Economic modelling of three LTBI testing strategies of testing HIV clinic attendees using data from two successive periods from the Royal Free Hospital, using univariate, multivariate and probabilistic sensitivity (Monte Carlo) analyses. 2. A prospective cross-sectional study of extensive TB testing in HIV clinic attendees and economic modelling of 30 different strategies using similar methods. RESULTS: 1. From 2000-2010, testing people living with HIV for latent TB infection became progressively less cost-effective. 2. From the prospective study, 219 HIV-infected individuals were recruited between June 2013 and September 2014. No cases of active TB, two cases of subclinical TB and 14 cases of latent TB infection were detected. Modelling 30 differing strategies based on this data, strategies based on UK guidelines were no longer cost effective. Testing with a tuberculin skin test (TST) or single interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) in black Africans, or testing both black Africans and those from middle TB incidence countries with TST were the only cost-effective strategies at under £30,000/QALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis results found no testing to be most probably cost-effective up to a threshold of £30,000. 5 CONCLUSION: TB testing has become increasingly less cost-effective over the past decade possibly due to increasing antiretroviral use and changing demographics. Even testing the most high-risk groups is now only marginally cost-effective at the NICE threshold.
Violent Turbulence in Curriculum Theory and Practice

Normal 0 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:. 0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} In a chapter titled "On Analyzing Hegemony" in his book, Ideology and Curriculum (1990), Michael Apple argued for the absolute necessity of situating knowledge, the school, and the educator him or herself within the real social/historical conditions that constitute these elements if we want to be serious in our appraisal of the role of education in a complex society. Although all three elements are crucially important, in this paper I focus on the educator. More specifically, I construct an argument for the fundamental importance of critical self-reflexivity as a necessary condition for theorizing pedagogies relevant to American schools in an age characterized by unprecedented global flows of human beings, cultural artifacts, economic capital, and media representations. About the Author Jenna Min Shim is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Education at University at Albany. Prior to pursuing this degree, she was a performing pianist and a TESOL educator. Her research focuses on multiculturalism and intercultural understanding in the globalized, internationalized world of the 21 st century.
Phosphoantigen activation induces surface translocation of intracellular CD94/NKG2A class I receptor on CD94− peripheral Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells but not on CD94− thymic or mature γ δ T cell clones

Most adult peripheral blood γ δ T cells express Vγ9/Vδ2‐encoded TCR that recognize a restricted set of nonpeptidic phosphorylated compounds, referred to as phosphoantigens. They also express various MHC class I‐specific inhibitory receptors (IR), in particular CD94/NKG2‐A heterodimers, which participate in the fine tuning of their TCR‐mediated activation threshold. Most mature Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells express surface CD94 receptors, unlike cord blood or thymus‐derived Vγ9/Vδ2 clones, thus suggesting a role for the microenvironment in IR expression. In the present study we show that most CD94− Vγ9Vδ2 PBL ex vivo express an intracellular pool of CD94/NKG2‐A receptors that is translocated to the cell surface upon activation by phosphoantigens or IL‐2. In stark contrast, intracellular CD94/NKG2‐A complexes are undetectable in CD94− thymus or PBL‐derived mature Vδ2 T cell clones, and no surface induction is observed following phosphoantigen activation of T cell clones. Altogether these results provide new insights into the regulation of CD94/NKG2‐A expression on T lymphocytes and suggest the existence of distinct mechanisms controlling in vivo and in vitro induction of IR on these cells.