Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resonant triad interactions in a stably stratified uniform shear flow

Abstract We investigate exact and near resonant triad interactions (RTI) in a two-dimensional stably stratified uniform shear flow confined between two infinite parallel walls in the absence of viscous and diffusive effects. RTI occur when three interacting waves satisfy the resonance conditions of the form k1 ± k2 = k3 and ω1 ± ω2 = ω3 with ki and ωi being the wavenumber and frequency of the ith wave (i ∈ {1, 2, 3}), respectively. The linear stability problem is solved analytically, which gives the eigenfunctions in the form of the modified Bessel functions. It is identified that an interaction between two primary modes having the same frequency ω but different wavenumbers km and kn produces two different secondary modes: one time-dependent (superharmonic) mode having frequency 2ω and wavenumber km+kn, and the other time-independent (subharmonic) mode with ω = 0 and wavenumber km − kn. The differential equation governing the spatial amplitude of the superharmonic mode is solved numerically as well as analytically using the method of variation of parameters. It turns out that the linear operator associated with the differential equation of the superharmonic mode is the same as the linear stability operator and that the solvability condition of the differential equation is found to be associated with the existence of RTI. The existence of resonant triad interactions predicted by the dispersion relation, are justified by showing the divergence of the spatial amplitude of superharmonic mode. Various cases of wave interactions in a stably stratified shear flow are analysed in the presence of a resonant triad for various frequencies and linear stratifications.
CodeT5: Identifier-aware Unified Pre-trained Encoder-Decoder Models for Code Understanding and Generation

Pre-trained models for Natural Languages (NL) like BERT and GPT have been recently shown to transfer well to Programming Languages (PL) and largely benefit a broad set of code-related tasks. Despite their success, most current methods either rely on an encoder-only (or decoder-only) pre-training that is suboptimal for generation (resp. understanding) tasks or process the code snippet in the same way as NL, neglecting the special characteristics of PL such as token types. We present CodeT5, a unified pre-trained encoder-decoder Transformer model that better leverages the code semantics conveyed from the developer-assigned identifiers. Our model employs a unified framework to seamlessly support both code understanding and generation tasks and allows for multi-task learning. Besides, we propose a novel identifier-aware pre-training task that enables the model to distinguish which code tokens are identifiers and to recover them when they are masked. Furthermore, we propose to exploit the user-written code comments with a bimodal dual generation task for better NL-PL alignment. Comprehensive experiments show that CodeT5 significantly outperforms prior methods on understanding tasks such as code defect detection and clone detection, and generation tasks across various directions including PL-NL, NL-PL, and PL-PL. Further analysis reveals that our model can better capture semantic information from code. Our code and pre-trained models are released at https://github.com/salesforce/CodeT5.
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF CHENOPODIUM MURALE (FAMILY: CHENOPODIACEAE) CULTIVATED IN IRAQ, ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SCOPOLETIN AND GALLIC ACID

Â Â Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate chemical constituents of leaves of Chenopodium murale since no phytochemical investigation had been done previously in Iraq.Methods: Leaves of C. murale were macerated in absolute methanol for 2 days and fractionated by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for its phenolic acid and coumarins contents. Coumarin derivative and phenolic acid were isolated from this fraction and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, infrared, ultraviolet, HPLC, and HPTLC.Results: The different chromatographic and spectroscopic results revealed the presence of gallic acid and coumarin.Conclusion: The results of the current study showed the presence of scopoletin and gallic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction of C. murale.
ASSESSMENT OF FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPONDIA MOMBIN L. (ANACARDIACEAE) FOR PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION

The fibre characteristics of five Spondia mombin stands were studied to determine their suitability for pulp and paper production. Wood slivers obtained parallel to grain at three (3) different positions along the bole were macerated in combined identical amounts of glacial acetic acid plus hydrogen peroxide under heat at between 80-100o C. Macerated fibres were washed clean of mixture and mounted on slide for microscopic examination of fibre characteristics. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed for the experiment. Data were analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while, the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to separate means of significant differences among the treatments. Results show that significant differences existed in fibre characteristic of sampled trees, however the fibre length ranged from 0.98-1.0 mm, fibre diameter (18.22-21.47 um), lumen width (10.90-12.98 um) and cell wall thickness (3.86-4.60 um). Significant differences were also observed among the derived fibre characteristics, the Runkel ratio ranged from 0.66-8.89, elasticity coefficient (57.22-60.50 %), coefficient of rigidity (19.78-22.24 %), slenderness ratio (43.27-46.5). This implied that, the fibres of S. mombin were short and elastic which make the wood species an appropriate raw material for pulp and paper making especially when blended with other long fibre species.
Being a NEET before and after the Great Recession: persistence by gender in Southern Europe

Abstract This article adds to the scant literature on the time persistence of being a young Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) by including four main novelties: we distinguish short- and long-term persistence; we use estimations before (2004–2007) and after the Great Recession (2013–2016); we analyse four Southern European countries that are relatively similar and were significantly affected by the Great Recession (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain); and all analyses are disaggregated by gender. The descriptive analysis shows a convergence in NEET rates by gender in the four countries due to a worsening of the male NEET rate and no improvement among young females. The econometric estimations show that long-term persistence is smaller than short-term persistence and that the latter increased after the Great Recession, especially for male NEETs. Policy implications for the design of the Youth Guarantee and lessons from the coronavirus pandemic are also discussed.
Outcomes of Lymphovenous Anastomosis for Upper Extremity Lymphedema: A Systematic Review

Background: Lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) is a microsurgical treatment for lymphedema of the lower extremity (LEL). This study systematically reviews the most recent data on outcomes of various LVA techniques for LEL in diverse patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Scopus databases to extract articles published through June 2021. Studies reporting data on objective postoperative improvement in lymphedema and/or subjective improvement in quality of life for patients with LEL were included. Extracted data comprised demographics, number of patients and lower limbs, duration of symptoms before LVA, surgical technique, duration of follow-up, and objective and subjective outcomes. Results: A total of 303 articles were identified and evaluated, of which 74 were ultimately deemed eligible for inclusion in this study, representing 6260 patients and 2554 lower limbs. The average patient age ranged from 22.6 to 76.14 years. The duration of lymphedema before LVA ranged from 12 months to 11.4 years. Objective rates of improvement in lymphedema ranged from 23.3% to 100%, with the greatest degree of improvement seen in patients with early-stage LEL. Conclusions: LVA is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of LEL of all stages. Several emerging techniques and variations may lead to improved patient outcomes.
MultiEURLEX - A multi-lingual and multi-label legal document classification dataset for zero-shot cross-lingual transfer

We introduce MULTI-EURLEX, a new multilingual dataset for topic classification of legal documents. The dataset comprises 65k European Union (EU) laws, officially translated in 23 languages, annotated with multiple labels from the EUROVOC taxonomy. We highlight the effect of temporal concept drift and the importance of chronological, instead of random splits. We use the dataset as a testbed for zero-shot cross-lingual transfer, where we exploit annotated training documents in one language (source) to classify documents in another language (target). We find that fine-tuning a multilingually pretrained model (XLM-ROBERTA, MT5) in a single source language leads to catastrophic forgetting of multilingual knowledge and, consequently, poor zero-shot transfer to other languages. Adaptation strategies, namely partial fine-tuning, adapters, BITFIT, LNFIT, originally proposed to accelerate fine-tuning for new end-tasks, help retain multilingual knowledge from pretraining, substantially improving zero-shot cross-lingual transfer, but their impact also depends on the pretrained model used and the size of the label set.
18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters correlate with EIF2S2 expression status in colorectal cancer

Background: We sought to investigate whether the expression of the gene EIF2S2 is related to 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and methods: The expression of EIF2S2 in CRC and its relationship with clinicopathological features were obtained through the ONCOMINE, UALCAN and GEPIA databases. EIF2S2 and GLUT1 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry in 42 CRC patients undergoing preoperative PET-CT examination. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between EIF2S2 and GLUT1 levels and clinical parameters. Correlation analysis between EIF2S2 and Reactome-Glycolysis signatures was performed using GEPIA2. We describe the effect of EIF2S2 knockdown on lactate production and the mRNA levels of glycolysis-related genes in human colon cancer SW480 cells. Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed an upregulation of EIF2S2 protein expression in tumor tissues of colorectal cancer patients, which is consistent with the significant upregulation of EIF2S2 transcript levels in the database. These colorectal cancer patients included 24 cases of colon cancer and 18 cases of rectal cancer, ranging in age from 31 to 78 years. The transcription was significantly related to histological subtypes and TP53 mutations (P <0.05). The value of SUVmax in CRC significantly correlated with the expression of EIF2S2 (rho = 0.462, P <0.01). Although SUVmax and SUVmean was not correlate with the expression of GLUT1 (P <0.05), a significant correlation was observed between the expression of GLUT1 and the volumetric PET parameters, such as MTV and TLG (P < 0.01). GLUT1 expression in CRC was positively correlated with EIF2S2 status (rho = 0.470, P <0.01). In SW480 cells, RNAi-mediated depletion of EIF2S2 inhibited lactic acid production (P <0.05) and SLC2A1, SLC2A3, SLC2A10, HK2, PKM2, LDHA mRNA level (P <0.01). Conclusions: Primary CRC FDG uptake is strongly associated with the overexpression of EIF2S2, and EIF2S2 may promote glycolysis in CRC by mediating GLUT1.
Suicide Prevention Mobile Apps for Indian Users: An Overview

Suicide is an issue of global concern. Mobile applications (apps), if found effective, could supplement suicide prevention efforts by addressing some of the barriers to help-seeking. This study aimed to review the nature of suicide prevention apps available for Indian users using the Android platform. Apps identified were broadly reviewed on general features, inclusion of educative elements, suicide risk assessment, and strategies to manage suicidal thoughts. The search terms “suicide,” “suicide prevention,” and “feeling suicidal” were used to search the Google Play Store from May to December 2020, and apps exclusively focusing on suicide prevention were identified and reviewed. The initial search resulted in 492 apps, of which 43 met inclusion criteria and were further assessed. Fewer than half the apps included supplementary information to users on scientific, evidence-based content (32.55%), and only a few apps were reported to be empirically validated (11.62%). Approximately one-third of the apps intended for people at suicidal risk had an initial screening aspect (16.12%), and one-third of the apps intended for support providers had a suicide risk assessment tool (25.92%). Most apps (81.39%) included a suicide helpline number specific to the region where they were developed, but only a few (23.25%) included motivational elements to call helplines. Common therapeutic strategies suggested to manage suicidal thoughts included distraction, means restriction, environment safety, perspective-shifting strategies, and calming or soothing strategies. Several apps (39.53%) included therapeutic strategies through safety plans. For apps to be used effectively for suicide prevention, they should include evidence-based content and motivational elements to call helplines, and and clinicians need to examine app features and content before recommending them for use by patients.
Healthcare Facilities’ Satisfaction with the Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Agency’s Pharmaceutical Logistics Services: An Exploratory Study

Purpose The pharmaceutical logistics service is concerned with meeting the needs of customers in a public healthcare setting. When customers’ needs are addressed, they will be satisfied. As a result, the objective of this research was to identify major logistics factors that influence customer satisfaction in the Ethiopian pharmaceutical supply agency hubs, as well as to evaluate their satisfaction with the pharmaceutical logistics delivery process. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study with 262 randomly selected pharmacy unit employees from healthcare facilities. The information was acquired using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire, then analyzed using SPSS statistical software. We performed an exploratory factor analysis to determine relationships (between observed variables and factors) and used the results in the subsequent analysis. To identify the explanatory variables that can significantly predict the outcome variable, a multiple linear regression model is used. A confidence interval (CI) that did not include zero and a p-value of less than 5% were considered statistically significant. Results In terms of customer satisfaction, approximately 68% of respondents were satisfied with the pharmaceutical logistics services. Most pharmaceutical logistics service attributes, such as ordering procedure [β=0.075, 95% CI (0.005, 0.150)], personal contact quality [β=0.189, 95% CI (0.087, 0.240)], product availability [β=0.206, 95% CI (0.123, 0.303)], timeliness (β=0.192, 95% CI (0.099, 0.225)], order accuracy [β=0.190, 95% CI (0.097, 0.236)], order discrepancy handling [β=0.225, 95% CI (0.137, 0.287)], and complaint handling [β=0.177, 95% CI (0.089, 0.257)] had significant positive effects on satisfaction, explaining 72% of variations. Conclusion The study revealed that a notable proportion of customers feel dissatisfied with the pharmaceutical services they receive. To further satisfy pharmaceutical customers and maintain service competitiveness, proactive measures to improve pharmaceutical logistics service attributes should be implemented, and logistics managers at all levels should strive for operational excellence in light of ever-changing customer expectations.
Testing silicone digit extensions as a way to suppress natural sensation to evaluate supplementary tactile feedback

Dexterous use of the hands depends critically on sensory feedback, so it is generally agreed that functional supplementary feedback would greatly improve the use of hand prostheses. Much research still focuses on improving non-invasive feedback that could potentially become available to all prosthesis users. However, few studies on supplementary tactile feedback for hand prostheses demonstrated a functional benefit. We suggest that confounding factors impede accurate assessment of feedback, e.g., testing non-amputee participants that inevitably focus intently on learning EMG control, the EMG’s susceptibility to noise and delays, and the limited dexterity of hand prostheses. In an attempt to assess the effect of feedback free from these constraints, we used silicone digit extensions to suppress natural tactile feedback from the fingertips and thus used the tactile feedback-deprived human hand as an approximation of an ideal feed-forward tool. Our non-amputee participants wore the extensions and performed a simple pick-and-lift task with known weight, followed by a more difficult pick-and-lift task with changing weight. They then repeated these tasks with one of three kinds of audio feedback. The tests were repeated over three days. We also conducted a similar experiment on a person with severe sensory neuropathy to test the feedback without the extensions. Furthermore, we used a questionnaire based on the NASA Task Load Index to gauge the subjective experience. Unexpectedly, we did not find any meaningful differences between the feedback groups, neither in the objective nor the subjective measurements. It is possible that the digit extensions did not fully suppress sensation, but since the participant with impaired sensation also did not improve with the supplementary feedback, we conclude that the feedback failed to provide relevant grasping information in our experiments. The study highlights the complex interaction between task, feedback variable, feedback delivery, and control, which seemingly rendered even rich, high-bandwidth acoustic feedback redundant, despite substantial sensory impairment.
Electroencephalographic Activity and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Before and After Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment

Purpose To investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to examine the correlation between quantitative EEG changes and cognitive function. Patients and Methods A total of 69 men and 11 women were collected with an average age of 39.61 ± 7.67 years old from among middle-aged patients who had first visits with snoring as their main complaint. All of them completed sleep questionnaires, neurocognitive tests and night polysomnography (PSG). The patients in the OSA group also completed the second night of PSG monitoring under CPAP after pressure titration. A power spectrum analysis of EEG was used, and the correlation between the frequency powers of EEG and the scores of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were further analyzed. Results Compared with the control group, the delta/alpha power ratio (DAR) and the (delta + theta)/(alpha + beta) power ratio (the slowing ratio, TSR) of the OSA group before CPAP were higher (P < 0.05). The DAR and TSR of the OSA patients decreased significantly after CPAP. ESS scores were correlated with parameters such as respiratory-related microarousal index (RRMAI), apnea hypopnea index (AHI), and the average absolute power of delta, DAR and TSR (P < 0.05). The PSQI, MMSE and MoCA scores were not correlated with the average absolute power of each frequency band, DAR or TSR (P > 0.05). Conclusion Patients with OSA have greater slow frequency EEG activity during sleep than the control group. CPAP treatment reversed the slow frequency EEG activity in patients with OSA.
DYNAMIC ROUTING FOR NAVIGATION IN CHANGING UNKNOWN MAPS USING DEEP REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

In this work, we propose an approach for an autonomous agent that learns to navigate in an unknown map in a real-world environment. Recognizing that the real-world environment is changing overtime such as road-closure happening due to construction work, a key contribution of our paper is adopt the dynamic adaptation characteristic of the reinforcement learning approach and develop a dynamic routing ability for our agent. Our method is based on the Q-learning algorithm and modifies it into a double-critic Qlearning model (DCQN) that only uses visual input without other aids such as GPS. Our treatment of the problem enables the agent to learn the navigation policy while interacting with the environment. We demonstrate that the agent can learn navigating to the destination kilometers away from the starting point in a real world scenario and has the ability to respond to environment changes while learning to adjust the routing plan dynamically by adjusting the old knowledge. The supplementary video can be accessed at the following link: https://www.youtube. com/watch? v=tknsxVuNwkg.
Real-World Performance of a Comprehensive Genomic Profiling Test Optimized for Small Tumor Samples

PURPOSE Tissue-based comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) is increasingly used for treatment selection in patients with advanced cancer; however, tissue availability may limit widespread implementation. Here, we established real-world CGP tissue availability and assessed CGP performance on consecutively received samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a post hoc, nonprespecified analysis of 32,048 consecutive tumor tissue samples received for StrataNGS, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based comprehensive genomic profiling (PCR-CGP) test, as part of an ongoing observational trial (NCT03061305). Sample characteristics and PCR-CGP performance were assessed across all tested samples, including exception samples not meeting minimum input quality control (QC) requirements (< 20% tumor content [TC], < 2 mm2 tumor surface area [TSA], DNA or RNA yield < 1 ng/µL, or specimen age > 5 years). Tests reporting ≥ 1 prioritized alteration or meeting TC and sequencing QC were considered successful. For prostate carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma, tests reporting ≥ 1 actionable or informative alteration or meeting TC and sequencing QC were considered actionable. RESULTS Among 31,165 (97.2%) samples where PCR-CGP was attempted, 10.7% had < 20% TC and 59.2% were small (< 25 mm2 tumor surface area). Of 31,101 samples evaluable for input requirements, 8,089 (26.0%) were exceptions not meeting requirements. However, 94.2% of the 31,101 tested samples were successfully reported, including 80.5% of exception samples. Positive predictive value of PCR-CGP for ERBB2 amplification in exceptions and/or sequencing QC-failure breast cancer samples was 96.7%. Importantly, 84.0% of tested prostate carcinomas and 87.9% of lung adenocarcinomas yielded results informing treatment selection. CONCLUSION Most real-world tissue samples from patients with advanced cancer desiring CGP are limited, requiring optimized CGP approaches to produce meaningful results. An optimized PCR-CGP test, coupled with an inclusive exception testing policy, delivered reportable results for > 94% of samples, potentially expanding the proportion of CGP-testable patients and impact of biomarker-guided therapies.