Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estructura y cinemática del emplazamiento de los granitoides del domo de Lugo y del antiforme del ollo de sapo

EN ESTE TRABAJO SE ANALIZA LA ESTRUCTURA INTERNA BI Y TRIDIMENSIONAL DE DOS PLUTONES GRANITICOS SINCINEMATICOS CON LA DEFORMACION REGIONAL (LOS DE GUITIRIZ Y HOMBREIRO/SANTA EULALIA DE PENA) Y UNO TARDICINEMATICO (EL DE LUGO). EL ESTUDIO ESTRUCTURAL DE SUPERFICIE SE HA REALIZADO MEDIANTE LAS TECNICAS CLASICAS DE GEOLOGIA ESTRUCTURAL Y POR EL METODO DE ANISOTROPIA DE SUSCEPTIBILIDAD MAGNETICA, MIENTRAS QUE LA GEOMETRIA TRIDIMENSIONAL DE ESTOS PLUTONES GRANITICOS SE DETERMINO MEDIANTE UN FINO ESTUDIO GRAVIMETRICO. LAS ESTRUCTURAS OBTENIDAS TANTO EN SUPERFICIE COMO EN PROFUNDIDAD HAN PERMITIDO COMPROBAR LAS DIFERENCIAS ESTRUCTURALES EXISTENTES ENTRE LOS TRES MACIZOS GRANITICOS ANALIZADOS, REFLEJANDO EN CONSECUENCIA, DIFERENCIAS EN LOS MECANISMOS DE EMPLAZAMIENTO. LA EXISTENCIA DE ESTRUCTURAS DE DEFORMACION EN ESTADO SOLIDO EN LOS PLUTONES SINCINEMATICOS, ASI COMO SU PARALELISMO CON LAS ESTRUCTURAS DESARROLLADAS EN ESTADO MAGMATICO, PONE DE MANIFIESTO EL EMPLAZAMIENTO Y LA ESTRUCTURACION DE ESTOS DURANTE LA ACTUACION DE LAS FASES PRINCIPALES DE LA DEFORMACION REGIONAL.
Platinum-group minerals in various rock types of the Merensky Reef; genetic implications

In addition to what is usually termed "normal" Merensky reef, mining operations have revealed various other types of the Merensky reef, which are not only of geologic interest but also display specific mineralization characteristics. The platinum mineralogy of these reef conditions is described with regard to the following varieties: normal, wide, pothole, contact, rolling, lens, regional pothole, pegmatoid-replaced, and dunite-affected.Utilizing our current data on the platinum-group minerals, certain suites peculiar to normal and anomalous reef conditions have been recognized. A model for their genesis is proposed which invokes various kinds and periods of volatile activity.Potholes are characterized by a zonal distribution of platinum-group minerals, with Pt-Fe at their centers and Pt-Pd-Te at their edges. Similarly, dunite pegmatites contain Pt-Fe and Pt-Pd-Te as well as Pt-As.Monomineralic (anorthositic) footwall sintering releases volatiles that result in the overlying Merensky reef being Pt-Fe (and olivine) bearing, with large amounts of platinum-group elements in the base metal sulfides. Multiphase footwall cumulates do not generate excess volatiles, and in such localities the Merensky reef is characteristically Pt-Pd-S bearing with low platinum-group element contents in the base metal sulfides. Local deep-seated volatiles, perhaps associated with floor-rock upwarpings, are responsible for potholes of the Brakspruit type.Pothole and dunite platinum-group mineral characteristics are locally superimposed on the Merensky reef platinum-group minerals, which are in the first place characterized by footwall type and perhaps regionally by feeder proximity.
When Europeanization Hits Limited Statehood: The Western Balkans as a Test Case for the Transformative Power of Europe

The EU seeks to transform the domestic structures of the Western Balkan countries in order to foster peace, stability and prosperity in the region ridden by war and ethnic conflict. Unlike in case of the Mediterranean and Newly Independent States, the EU has even offered its South Eastern European neighbors a membership perspective. Whether the golden carrot is big enough, however, to draw the Western Balkans closer to Europe, is still an open question. Croatia has made sufficient progress to successfully conclude accession negotiations in the years to come. The EU rewarded domestic reforms in Macedonia and Montenegro with granting them candidate status, which Serbia is likely to receive in the near future. Albania, by contrast, appears to be more reluctant to engage in the changes necessary to get even with Macedonia and Montenegro. Bosnia Herzegovina and Kosovo, finally, are seriously lagging behind and have not even applied for membership. Can Europeanization approaches account for the differential impact of the EU in the Western Balkans? The paper argues that problems of limited statehood have seriously curbed the transformative power of the EU in the Western Balkans - despite their membership perspective. Not only has the EU exerted less pressure for adaptation on Western Balkan governments. Weak state capacities and ethnic conflicts have reduced both their willingness and capacity to implement the acquis communautaire. Given its lack of experience in state building, the EU is ill-equipped to address these problems. This results in a serious dilemma. On the one hand, the EU has offered the Western Balkans a membership perspective to stabilize the region and overcome problems caused by weak and contested statehood. On the other hand, it is the limited statehood of Western Balkan countries, which undermines their compliance with EU norms and rules.
SPOT-VEGETATION GEOV1 biophysical parameters in semi-arid agro-ecosystems

The VEGETATION system, which has been delivering global observations of the surface on a daily basis since 1998, provides key information for regional to global climate, environmental and natural resource management applications. Just recently, VEGETATION-derived GEOV1 biophysical products (LAI, FAPAR, and FCOVER) became available for the scientific community and were evaluated in this study for semi-arid forests in the Dry Chaco ecoregion, Argentina. Indirect validation with the MODIS-derived biophysical products (MOD15A2) shows a very good temporal consistency between both products for the period 2000–2011, with a remarkably smooth behaviour of the GEOV1 products. A good relationship between both products was found in the regression analysis with an R2 of 0.826 and 0.724 for LAI and FAPAR, respectively. Using direct validation with digital hemispherical photography (DHP) and ceptometer ground measurements, a relatively small RMSE (RMSELAI ≈ 0.31 and RMSEFAPAR ≈ 0.11) was found. The novel PASTIS-57 technique, which can derive continuous plant area index (PAI) estimates from light transmittance measurements, shows a similar temporal profile to the GEOV1 LAI product with a relatively high but constant offset for the dry forest study sites and a nearly identical profile for the deforested site (R2 = 0.86). Overall, PASTIS-57, in combination with satellite-based observations, shows potentials in LAI/PAI research and ecosystem carbon studies in general, but more ground measurements taken over multiple growing seasons and vegetation types are required to confirm these findings.
Acoustic and petrophysical relationships in low‐shale sandstone reservoir rocks

This paper describes the measurements of the acoustic and petrophysical properties of two suites of low‐shale sandstone samples from North Sea hydrocarbon reservoirs, under simulated reservoir conditions. The acoustic velocities and quality factors of the samples, saturated with different pore fluids (brine, dead oil and kerosene), were measured at a frequency of about 0.8 MHz and over a range of pressures from 5 MPa to 40 MPa.
Publishing raw data and real time statistical analysis on e-journals

Authors of medical publications rarely provide their readers with the full raw data from their work but provide only the summarised statistical analysis. Indeed, publishing the raw data in a paper journal would usually be impractical and of little help to readers as transcription from the printed paper to a computer for further analysis would be laborious and prone to transcription errors. Without raw data, however, peer reviewers are unable to check the statistical analysis, and further work on the data by others is not possible. I demonstrate a method of including the raw data within a web version of an audit project that includes real time data …
Faulting and block rotation in the Afar triangle, East Africa: The Danakil

Several domains of contrasted extensional deformation have been identified in the southern Afar triangle (East Africa) from fault patterns analyzed with panchromatic stereoscopic SPOT (Systeme Probatoire d9Observation de la Terre) images. Stretching directions and statistical orientation and offset variations of faults fit with the Danakii "crank-arm" model of Sichler: A 10° sinistral rotation of the Danakil block explains the fault geometry and dextral block rotation in the southern part of the Afar triangle, as well as the oblique extension in the Tadjoura Gulf. Analogue modeling supports this interpretation.
Identifying Outsiders Across Countries: Similarities and Differences in the Patterns of Dualisation

This paper makes three contributions: a) it develops a new conceptualization of outsider-status, based on employment biographies, rather than on current labour market status; b) it proposes a new operationalisation of outsiders based on post-industrial class theory and c) it shows empirically who the outsiders are across different countries and across the three dimensions of economic, social and political exclusion.The empirical analysis shows similar, but not identical sets of insiders and outsiders in different national political contexts. Workers in low-skilled service sector jobs are systematically disadvantaged throughout the developed world in terms of work and pay conditions, social rights and political integration. Low-skilled blue collar workers, by contrast, are outsiders in terms of political integration in all countries, but they are unionized and generally enjoy full social rights. Finally, medium- and high skilled young and female workers in service sector jobs tend to be outsiders in continental Europe, because they are strongly affected by atypical work contracts, lacking trade union mobilization and insufficient social rights. Overall, blue-collar workers suffer from structural economic strains, while high-skilled service workers in continental Europe suffer from political disadvantage, and low-skilled service workers fare worst because they are disadvantaged both economically and politically.
Acceleration, heating, and compositional mixing of the thermosphere due to upward propagating tides

The National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere-ionosphere general circulation model (TIGCM) is utilized to evaluate the role of upward propagating diurnal and semidiurnal tides in determining the tonal mean states of the thermosphere and ionosphere above 100 km. Differences between various zonal mean fields from TIGCM simulations are examined with and without tidal forcing at the lower boundary. The following effects are observed: (1) A westward jet of the order of 10-30 m s[sup [minus]1] in the equatorial lower thermosphere and weaker eastward flanking mid-latitude jets are induced by eddy and molecular dissipation of the tidal motions. (2) Salient characteristics of the equatorial jet are independent of tidal phase. (3) Increases in the zonal mean N[sub 2] and O[sub 2] number densities of the order of 10-30% are produced above 110 km and between [+-] 30[degree] latitude, mostly by virtue of the net heating due to tidal dissipation; these are accompanied by electron density depletions of the order of 10-15% above about 160 km due to the enhanced chemical loss. (4) A low-latitude ([le] 30[degrees]) depletion ([approximately]30-50%) of atomic oxygen occurs due to the increase in effective recombination rate within a tidally displaced air parcel. The latter may explain themore » low-latitude depression in the OI (5577 [angstrom]) airflow intensity from satellite-based observations. In addition, variations in the zonal mean densities of NO, N([sup 4]S), and N([sup 2]D) of the order of 30-60% are induced by reactions with the tidally modified distributions of O, O[sub 2], and temperature. The occurrence frequency of these effects is influenced by the amplitude of diurnal propagating tide assumed at the lower boundary of the TIGCM, which according to radar observations is exceeded about 20-40% of the time, depending on season. 46 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab. « less
Interlaboratory comparison of magnesium isotopic compositions of 12 felsic to ultramafic igneous rock standards analyzed by MC‐ICPMS

To evaluate the interlaboratory mass bias for high‐precision stable Mg isotopic analysis of natural materials, a suite of silicate standards ranging in composition from felsic to ultramafic were analyzed in five laboratories by using three types of multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC‐ICPMS). Magnesium isotopic compositions from all labs are in agreement for most rocks within quoted uncertainties but are significantly (up to 0.3‰ in 26Mg/24Mg, >4 times of uncertainties) different for some mafic samples. The interlaboratory mass bias does not correlate with matrix element/Mg ratios, and the mechanism for producing it is uncertain but very likely arises from column chemistry. Our results suggest that standards with different matrices are needed to calibrate the efficiency of column chemistry and caution should be taken when dealing with samples with complicated matrices. Well‐calibrated standards with matrix elements matching samples should be used to reduce the interlaboratory mass bias.
Effect of irrigation intervals on yield and water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Al‐Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Effect of interval of irrigation on yield, yield components, and water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was studied on a sandy‐clay‐loam soil under field conditions in 1986/87 and 1987/88 crop seasons. Mean values for different plant growth parameters were 1.72, 1.70, and 1.57 m (maximum plant height); 5.22, 4.82, and 4.12 tons ha‐1 (dry matter); 3.11, 3.05, and 2.37 tons ha‐1 (see yield); 10.09, 9.32, and 8.32 g (100‐seed weight); and 0.89, 0.75, and 0.66 (seed/head weight ratio) for 1–1 (40% depletion of available water), 1–2 (60% depletion of available water), and 1–3 (80% depletion of available water) treatments, respectively, for 1986/87 crop season. Mean values of different plant growth parameters were 1.85, 1.76, and 1.59 m (maximum plant height); 5.88, 5.15, and 4.38 tons ha‐1 (dry matter); 3.48, 3.20, and 2.32 tons ha‐1 (see yield); 10.38, 9.40, and8.27g (100 seed weight); and 0.91, 0.78, and 0.69 (seed/head weight ratio) for 1–1 (40% depletion of available water), 1–2 .
The New Imperialism

From a world history perspective, the most noticeable trend in the history of the late 19th century was the domination of Europeans over Non­Europeans. This domination took many forms ranging from economic penetration to outright annexation. No area of the globe, however remote from Europe, was free of European merchants, adventurers, explorers or western missionaries. Was colonialism good for either the imperialist or the peoples of the globe who found themselves subjects of one empire or another? A few decades ago, the answer would have been a resounding no. Now, in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the more or less widespread discrediting of Marxist and Leninist analysis, and the end of the Cold War, political scientists and historians seem willing to take a more positive look at Nineteenth Century Imperialism. One noted current historian, Niall Ferguson has argued that the British Empire probably accomplished more positive good for the world than the last generation of historians, poisoned by Marxism, could or would concede. Ferguson has argued that the British Empire was a " liberal " empire that upheld international law, kept the seas open and free, and ultimately benefited everyone by ensuring the free flow of trade. In other words, Ferguson would find little reason to contradict the young Winston Churchill's assertion that the aim of British imperialism was to: give peace to warring tribes, to administer justice where all was violence, to strike the chains off the slave, to draw the richness from the soil, to place the earliest seeds of commerce and learning, to increase in whole peoples their capacities for pleasure and diminish their chances of pain. It should come as no surprise that Ferguson regards the United States current position in the world as the natural successor to the British Empire and that the greatest danger the U.S. represents is that the world will not get enough American Imperialism because U.S. leaders often have short attention spans and tend to pull back troops when intervention becomes unpopular. It will be very interesting to check back into the debate on Imperialism about ten years from now and see how Niall Ferguson's point of view has fared! The other great school of thought about Imperialism is, of course, Marxist. For example, Marxist historians like E.J. Hobsbawm argue that if we look at the l9th century as a great competition for the world's wealth and …
Environmental survey on the vectors and hosts of Tsutsugamushi disease in Jeonnam province, Korea

Tsutsugamushi disease or scrub typhus cause by Orientia tsutsugamushi is an endemic disease in Korea. Chigger mites and field rodents play roles in transmission of the disease by the vector and host of the agent. The purpose of this study is to investigate the density of the chigger mites and field rodents due to environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, soil thickness and the various vegetations to the 9 field rodent collection sites. The total 62 field rodents was captured by the Sherman collapsible traps from April to October 2009 at the Jangseong of Jeonnam Province, Korea. The trapping rate of the field rodents by the different collecting sites was dominant at subside storage water (24%), bush near by dam (22%), bank around field (20%), followed by 18% of grassy field and surround cattle shed. The distribution of chigger mites by the different collecting sites was the highest at Bush near by dam (28.7%). And the sites of subside storage water, bank around field and surround cattle shed were 20.4%, 18.8%, 16.4%, respectively. On the other hand the collecting sites of stream bank and ridges between rice paddies were not collected. The temperature to the collecting sites was showed in June and in October which was higher than April (), whereas lower than May () and September (). The highest number of mites was collected at and 46.6% relative humidity in October. The chigger mites and field rodents were highly collected between 18 and 24% at the sites where are loosely in the superficial layers of the soil from 8.0 cm to 10.2 cm. Total 25 species of vegetation were distributed at the collecting sites. In the present study, strong evidence was found that bank around field and grassy field were provided for the prevalence sites of tsutsugamushi disease.
Typhoon-Ocean Interaction in the Western North Pacific: Part 2

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 24 no. 4 (2011): 24–31, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011. 91.
Monitoring live fuel moisture content of heathland, shrubland and sclerophyll forest in south-eastern Australia using MODIS data

Live fuel moisture content is an important variable for assessing fire risk. Satellite observations provide the potential for monitoring fuel moisture across large areas. The objective of this study was to use data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer to monitor live fuel moisture content of three fire-prone vegetation types (shrubland, heathland and sclerophyll forest) in south-eastern Australia. The performances of four spectral indices (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index, Normalised Difference Infrared Index centred on 1650 nm and Normalised Difference Water Index) were compared. Models based on Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index and Normalised Difference Infrared Index centred on 1650 nm provided the best results (R2 values of 0.537 and 0.586). An empirical model based on these two indices was developed and its performance compared with a meteorological index traditionally used in this context, the Keetch–Byram Drought Index. The empirical model (R2 = 0.692) outperformed the meteorological index (R2 = 0.151), showing an enhanced capability to predict live fuel moisture content of the fire-prone vegetation types considered.
Direct transport of midlatitude stratospheric ozone into the lower troposphere and marine boundary layer of the tropical Pacific Ocean

[1] The detailed survey of midlatitude stratospheric intrusions penetrating into the Northern Hemisphere tropics was one goal of the Pacific Sub-Tropical Jet Study 2004, conducted from Honolulu, Hawaii, during 19–29 January and 28 February to 15 March. Using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration G-IV jet aircraft, instrumented with dropsondes and a 1-s resolution ozone instrument, we targeted an intrusion above Hawaii on 29 February. The data describe the strongest tropospheric ozone enhancements ever measured above Hawaii (in comparison to a 22 year ozonesonde record) and illustrate the mixing of stratospheric ozone into the midtroposphere as a result of convection triggered by the advection of relatively cold midlatitude air into the tropics. Measurements from the G-IV and Mauna Loa Observatory (3.4 km) show enhanced ozone in the lower troposphere, indicating that the remnants of the intrusion reached these levels. This conclusion is supported by a study using a stratospheric ozone tracer generated by the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model. This paper also describes a similar intrusion that enhanced ozone at Mauna Loa on 10 March, as well as Honolulu, which is located in the marine boundary layer. G-IV flights in and out of Honolulu measured enhanced ozone associated with this event on several occasions. The 10 March event transported an estimated 1.75 Tg of ozone into the tropical troposphere, and we suggest that stratospheric intrusions that break away from the polar jet stream as they advect into the tropics are more effective at transporting ozone into the troposphere than intrusions that remain close to the polar jet stream in midlatitudes. Analysis of the dynamic conditions indicates that the frequency of stratospheric intrusions was not anomalous during January–March 2004. While the 10 March event was by itself an extreme event, strong stratospheric intrusions can be expected to influence the tropical lower troposphere in any year.
Apportioning non-linearity in conceptual rainfall–runoff models: examples from upland UK catchments

Rainfall–runoff modellers distinguish between flow generation and flow routing processes, and many models treat the two types of process independently. These models commonly assume that the dominant non-linearity in the rainfall–flow response resides in the flow generation process. This paper revisits three upland UK catchments where such an assumption has previously been made and explores the apportioning of non-linearity, its identifiability and how it is affected by catchment type, season, data time-resolution, objective function and model equations. The catchments showed stronger routing non-linearity than expected and comparatively little non-linearity in flow generation both in wet winter periods and in mixed wet-dry summer periods, although in one catchment this result was sensitive to a modification of the model equations. Aggregating data to time resolutions approaching the response times of the catchments makes the flow generation appear more non-linear that it actually is, less so if performance is assessed using log-transformed flows. In cases, using conceptually distinct models achieved similar Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) performances; however, using a single non-linear routing function with a linear or near-linear loss model was considered the most efficient overall. Using this model, NSE values of up to 0.99 were obtained.