Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraints on nucleosynthesis imposed by extremely metal-poor stars.

We derive accurate relative abundances of elements in very metal-poor stars of high space motion from new high-resolution spectra. Our abundance results have several implications for nucleosynthesis in the collapsing gas of the galactic halo. We rule out the possibility of synthesis by supermassive objects, or by a single event whose products subsequently were diluted. Our abundance results for the elements through the iron peak support explosive nucleosynthesis with a constant ratio of the products of carbon-, oxygen-, and silicon-burning at all (Fe/H), and with low values of the neutron excess at (Fe/H)=-1.5, consistent with helium burning but not hydrostatic carbon burning as the preceding stage of stellar evolution. The relative abundances of the s-process elements show the predicted aging effect, decreasing in proportion to the iron-peak elements as (Fe/H) decreases. The large values derived for the average number of neutron captures at low (Fe/H) argue against /sup 22/Ne as the source of s-process neutrons. The rapid rise of the proportion of s-process elements to the solar-system value at (Fe/H)=-1.0 implies that objects of greater than 5 M/sub sun/ must have been responsible for s-process element production when values of (Fe/H) were low. (AIP)
A 0.7V 24µA Hybrid OTA Driving 15 nF Capacitive Load With 1.46 MHz GBW

A cascade structure of six proposed signal-current enhancers is applied to a standard operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) to improve its gain-bandwidth (GBW) product, slew rate (SR), and voltage gain through significant enhancements of the small-signal and transient output currents from the proposed enhancers. The proposed hybrid OTA is implemented in a standard 0.13 μm CMOS technology, with an active chip area of 0.0027 mm. Working under a 0.7 V supply and as proven by the measurement results, the resultant OTA when driving an output capacitor of 15 nF attained ∼100 dB gain, a GBW of 1.46 MHz, and an SR of 0.47 V/μs, consuming only 24 μA of current and requiring no compensation capacitor.
Effect of Uniaxial Pressure on the Ferroelectric Phase Transition of Tri-Glycine Sulfate

The behavior of the dielectric constant e b of TGS as a function of temperature for different values of the uniaxial pressures applied to x-, y- and z-axis was investigated up to 600 bar. The Curie-Weiss law, \(\varepsilon_{b}{\cong}C/(T-T_{0})\), was almost unaffected by uniaxial pressures along the three axes except for the vicinity of shifted transition temperature. The paraelectric Curie temperature T 0 was linearly shifted with a rate of ∂ T 0 /∂ X 1 =-6.7±0.5 and ∂ T 0 /∂ X 2 =-9.1±0.7 for x -and y -axis, respectively, and ∂ T 0 /∂ X 3 =19.0±1.5 for z -axis for pressures up to about 300 bar, all in unit of °C/kbar. The values of the three rates can reproduce fairly well the values given by previous experiments of hydrostatic and two dimensional pressures, and agree with those predicted by the Ehrenfest relation, the phenomenological theory and the Janovec's theory. It was shown that there is no thermodynamic contradiction between the Ehrenfest relation and the phenomenological theory.
Nonlinear Wave Equations for Pressure Wave Propagation in Liquids Containing Gas Bubbles

Based on the unified theory by the present authors (Kanagawa et al., J. Fluid Sci. Tech., 5, 2010), the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers (KdVB) equation and the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation with an attenuation term for weakly nonlinear waves in bubbly liquids are re-derived from a system of bubble-liquid mixture model equations composed of the conservation equations of mass and momentum, the Keller equation for bubble dynamics, and supplementary equations. We show that the re-derived KdVB equation and NLS equation are essentially the same as those derived from a system of two-fluid model equations except for the coefficients of nonlinear, dissipation, and dispersion terms. The differences in these coefficients are studied in detail, and we find that for the case of KdVB equation, the mixture model is valid only for sufficiently small initial void fractions. On the other hand, for the case of NLS equation, the range of validity of the mixture model depends on not only the initial void fraction but also the wavenumber concerned.
Electronic band structure calculations for biaxially strained Si, Ge, and III-V semiconductors

Electronic band structure and effective masses for relaxed and biaxially strained Si, Ge, III–V compound semiconductors (GaAs, GaSb, InAs, InSb, InP) and their alloys (InxGa1−xAs, InxGa1−xSb) on different interface orientations, (001), (110), and (111), are calculated using nonlocal empirical pseudopotential with spin-orbit interaction. Local and nonlocal pseudopotential parameters are obtained by fitting transport-relevant quantities, such as band gap and deformation potentials, to available experimental data. A cubic-spline interpolation is used to extend local form factors to arbitrary q and to obtain correct workfunctions. The nonlocal and spin-orbit terms are linearly interpolated between anions and cations for III–V semiconductors. The virtual crystal approximation is employed for the InxGa1−xAs and InxGa1−xSb alloys and deformation potentials are determined using linear deformation-potential theory. Band gap bowing parameters are extracted using least-square fitting for relaxed alloys and for strai.
Radiation damage in silicon exposed to high-energy protons

Photoluminescence, infrared absorption, positron annihilation, and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) have been used to investigate the radiation damage produced by $24\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}∕c$ protons in crystalline silicon. The irradiation doses and the concentrations of carbon and oxygen in the samples have been chosen to monitor the mobility of the damage products. Single vacancies (and self-interstitials) are introduced at the rate of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and divacancies at $0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Stable di-interstitials are formed when two self-interstitials are displaced in one damage event, and they are mobile at room temperature. In the initial stages of annealing the evolution of the point defects can be understood mainly in terms of trapping at the impurities. However, the positron signal shows that about two orders of magnitude more vacancies are produced by the protons than are detected in the point defects. Damage clusters exist, and are largely removed by annealing at $700\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, when there is an associated loss of broad band emission between 850 and $1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$. The well-known $W$ center is generated by restructuring within clusters, with a range of activation energies of about $1.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}1.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, reflecting the disordered nature of the clusters. Comparison of the formation of the $X$ centers in oxygenated and oxygen-lean samples suggests that the $J$ defect may be interstitial related rather than vacancy related. To a large extent, the damage and annealing behavior may be factorized into point defects (monitored by sharp-line optical spectra and DLTS) and cluster defects (monitored by positron annihilation and broadband luminescence). Taking this view to the limit, the generation rates for the point defects are as predicted by simply taking the damage generated by the Coulomb interaction of the protons and Si nuclei.
Renewed focus on the small temperature change of smectic layer spacing in ferroelectric and antiferroelectric LCs

We aim at becoming released from the invisible hand of de Vries scenario that a small temperature change in the smectic layer spacing must be caused by ‘the far-fetched orientational distribution called the de Vries diffused cone’ or ‘the in-layer directors statically tilted and randomly distributed around the smectic layer normal’. First, we show in a prototypal compound MC513 that all the unusual properties suggesting the revival of a de Vries-type SmA-Sm transition can be explained by ordinary SmA emergence just below the isotropic phase only in a narrow temperature range. Second, we take up the unconventional molecular structure of TSiKN65, thus far regarded as a typical de Vries material; the core part makes a large angle of with respect to the average molecular long axis. We insist that a slight change in can explain almost all the unusual properties without taking account of the de Vries scenario. Last but not least is a practical point of view. During a thermal shock cyclic reliability test between −20°C and 60°C in prototyping antiferroelectric liquid crystal displays (AFLCDs), DENSO noticed the importance of the transition from Sm to the hexatic or crystalline phase; the cell quality critically depends on the layer spacing change in the lower-temperature part of Sm. We point out that the relative displacements of molecules along their long axes and hence the layer undulational fluctuations play an important role in addition to the director tilting ones.
The Product of Two Legendre Polynomials

1. It is known that any polynomial in μ. can be expanded as a linear function of Legendre polynomials [1]. In particular, we have The earlier coefficients, say A0, A2, A4 may easily be found by equating the coefficients of μp+q, μp+q-2, μp+q-4 on the two sides of (1). The general coefficient A2k might then be surmised, and the value verified by induction. This may have been the method followed by Ferrers, who stated the result as an exercise in his Spherical Harmonics (1877). A proof was published by J. C. Adams [2]. The proof now to be given follows different lines from his.
Making the Environment an Informative Place: A Conceptual Analysis of Epistemic Policies and Sensorimotor Coordination

How do living organisms decide and act with limited and uncertain information? Here, we discuss two computational approaches to solving these challenging problems: a “cognitive” and a “sensorimotor” enrichment of stimuli, respectively. In both approaches, the key notion is that agents can strategically modulate their behavior in informative ways, e.g., to disambiguate amongst alternative hypotheses or to favor the perception of stimuli providing the information necessary to later act appropriately. We discuss how, despite their differences, both approaches appeal to the notion that actions must obey both epistemic (i.e., information-gathering or uncertainty-reducing) and pragmatic (i.e., goal- or reward-maximizing) imperatives and balance them. Our computationally-guided analysis reveals that epistemic behavior is fundamental to understanding several facets of cognitive processing, including perception, decision making, and social interaction.
Experiments and modeling of a helicon source

We report on experimental results from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Helicon Source plasma source and numerical models used to understand the observations. These include measurements of plasma density with Langmuir probes, and heating measurements with an electron energy analyzer to test transit‐time heating. The models describe helicon wave excitation, and electron heating. The wave fields are calculated using the ANTENA code including collisional and electron Landau heating. Numerical and analytic models are used to describe transit‐time heating of electrons and quantify the effect of collisions.We report on experimental results from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Helicon Source plasma source and numerical models used to understand the observations. These include measurements of plasma density with Langmuir probes, and heating measurements with an electron energy analyzer to test transit‐time heating. The models describe helicon wave excitation, and electron heating. The wave fields are calculated using the ANTENA code including collisional and electron Landau heating. Numerical and analytic models are used to describe transit‐time heating of electrons and quantify the effect of collisions.
Contribution to the study of composite spectra – X. HD 3210/1, 27395, 39847, 70826 and 218257/8: five new spectroscopic binaries in multiple systems

We present the results of a radial velocity (RV) study of five new SB1 spectroscopic binaries with composite spectra: HD 3210/1, 27395, 39847, 70826 and 218257/8. We analyse the composition of those objects which are found to be triple systems (at least): all of them include a cool evolved star, a hot star of type B or A and a third component. From the RV measurements of the cool components, we derive the orbital elements of the corresponding spectroscopic binaries for the first time. Their analysis leads us to propose a model which describes the nature of the individual components of those five systems, with some predictions on their angular separations and magnitudes. In some cases, the spectroscopic companion of the cool component is not the hot star contributing to the composite spectrum.
Conditional cyclic Markov random fields

Grenander et al. (1991) proposed a conditional cyclic Gaussian Markov random field model for the edges of a closed outline in the plane. In this paper the model is recast as an improper cyclic Gaussian Markov random field for the vertices. The limiting behaviour of this model when the vertices become closely spaced is also described and in particular its relationship with the theory of ‘snakes' (Kass et al. 1987) is established. Applications are given in Grenander et al. (1991), Mardia et al. (1991) and Kent et al. (1992).
ON THE ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSION OF THE EMPIRICAL PROCESS OF LONG-MEMORY MOVING AVERAGES

Let X n = Σ∞ i=1 a i e n-i , where the e i are iid with mean 0 and finite fourth moment and the a i are regularly varying with index -β where β ∈ (1/2,1) so that (X n ) has long-range dependence. This covers an important class of the fractional ARIMA process. For r ≥ 0, let Y N,r = Σ N n=1 Σ 1≤j1<. < jr Π r s=1 a js e n-js , Y N,0 = N, σ2 N,r =Var(Y N,r ) and F (r) = the rth derivative of the distribution function of X n . The Y N,r are uncorrelated and are stochastically decreasing in r. For any positive integer p < (2β - 1) -1 , it is shown under mild regularity conditions that, with probability 1, Σ N n=1 I(X n ≤ x) = Σ p r=0 (-1) r F (r) (x)Y N,r + o(N -λ σN,p) uniformly for all x ∈ R ∀ O < λ < (β - 1/2) Λ (1/2 - p(β - 1/2)). This generalizes a host of existing results and provides the vehicle for a number of statistical applications.
A clarification of vortex breakdown and tornadogenesis

Recent and past observations of a central downdraft within a mesocyclone have been misinterpreted as evidence of vortex breakdown on the mesocyclone scale. In this note, the literature is reviewed and model examples are provided in order to demonstrate that the mesocyclone dynamics likely precludes mesocyclonic vortex breakdown. It is shown that an adverse vertical pressure gradient, induced by vertical vorticity that decreases in intensity with height, leads to the formation of a central downdraft, hence, two-celled vortex, in absence of vortex breakdown. Two-celled mesocyclones, then, may form when low-level vertical vorticity, generated by the vertical tilting of horizontal baroclinic vorticity, exceeds that generated at midlevels. Tornadogenesis occurs in a two-celled mesocyclonic vortex if an instability to which the vortex is susceptible is released.
Fluxes and energy dissipation in thermal convection and shear flows

We expose analogies between turbulence in a fluid heated from below (Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) flow) and shear flows: The unifying theory for RB flow (see Grossmann S. and Lohse D., J. Fluid Mech., 407 (2000) 27 and subsequent refinements) can be extended to the flow between rotating cylinders (Taylor-Couette flow) and pipe (Poiseuille) flow. We identify “wind” dissipation rates and momentum fluxes that are analogous to the dissipation rate and heat flux in RB flow. The proposed unifying description for the three cases is consistent with the experimental data.
The Dual Mechanisms and Implementations of Stability Enhancement With Discrete Tip Injection in Axial Flow Compressors

The mechanisms and implementation scheme of discrete tip air injection are studied in this paper. A map that summarized the routes to stall is then proposed. It is argued that there exists a critical tip clearance ratio that separates two different routes to stall, which infers that the stability enhancement can also be based on two different mechanisms. A summation of tip injection test data in the literatures demonstrates that this is actually the case. For each compressor, there are two trends in the curve of stall margin improvement (SMI) versus injected momentum ratio, which is separated by a demarcation ratio of injected momentum. A series of tests are done in a low-speed compressor to show that the micro injection, wherein the injected momentum ratio is less than the demarcation ratio, can only act on the tip leakage flow (TLF) and thus provide small SMI by weakening the self-induced unsteadiness of the tip leakage flow (UTLF), while in contrast the macro injection can provide much larger SMI by acting on the main flow, decreasing the inlet angle-of-attack and thus unloading the blade tip. Based on these findings, a novel detecting-actuating scheme is designed and implemented onto a low-speed axial compressor. A cross-correlation coefficient is used to detect the UTLF in the prestall process way before stall inception and then to guide the opening of proportional electromagnetic valves. The injected flow rate can be smoothly varied to cover both micro-and macroinjection, which saves energy when the compressor is stable, and provides protection when it is needed. The same principle is applied to a high-speed compressor with a recirculation injection and the preliminary test results are very encouraging.
Preparation and characterization of gelatin-based films with the incorporation of Centella asiatica (L.) urban extract

This study aimed to investigate the functional and antioxidant properties of chicken skin gelatin (CSG) films incorporated with Centella asiatica (L.) urban extract. Film formulations with different amounts of C. asiatica extract (0, 0.3 and 0.7 g) were prepared under mechanical stirring at a temperature of 45°C. Results revealed that CSG film with 0.7 g C. asiatica was optimal due to its high elongation at break (EAB) (249.62%) and low water vapor permeability (WVP) (1.09 x 10 kPa) rate. The FTIR assay presented a strong carboxyl group, while XRD revealed amorphous characteristics at a peak of 2Ɵ=20o. The film with 0.7 g C. asiatica extract also showed the highest antioxidant properties for DPPH (68.67%), total phenolic content (10.79 mg/mg gallic acid), and reducing power (14.4%). In conclusion, CSG film incorporated with C. asiatica extract has remarkable potential as an active film material, as it may have a positive influence on the environmental concern.
Design of an electrically pumped SiGeSn/GeSn/SiGeSn double-heterostructure midinfrared laser

This paper presents the conception, modeling, and simulation of a silicon-based group-IV semiconductor injection laser diode in which the GeSn-alloy active region has a direct band gap wavelength in the 1.8 to 3.0 μm midwave infrared for 6%–12% α-Sn. The strain-free monolithic P-type semiconductor/Intrinsic semiconductor/N-type semiconductor (PIN) bulk heterostructure, grown lattice matched upon a relaxed GeSn-buffer on silicon-on-insulator, is believed to be manufacturable in a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor fab. Detailed modeling is given for the type-I band offsets, carrier lifetimes, infrared gain profile and laser threshold current density Jth in a Fabry–Perot cavity having 20–100 cm−1 loss. The laser’s temperature of operation is determined by a combination of the radiative lifetime and the nonradiative lifetime due to unwanted Auger electron-hole recombination. If we keep Jth below 10 kA/cm2, then we find that this laser requires cooling in the 100–200 K range, whereas Jth at 300 K appears.
The Spatial correlation function of RICH clusters of galaxies

A series of objective statistical estimators is applied to directly study the three-dimensional distribution of rich clusters, using a recently completed redshift sample of 104 Abell clusters out to distance class four and galactic latitude of 30 deg or more. The sample and the relevant positional and redshift selection effects are discussed, and the two-point angular correlation function and nearest-neighbor distribution of clusters in the sample are determined, as well as in the larger D = 5+6 sample and in several subsamples of different richness classes and latitude zones. The redshift correlation function of clusters for various angular separations on the sky is examined as a test for the reality of the observed angular correlations. The two-point spatial correlation function of clusters in the sample is determined, and the consistency among the three observed correlation functions is tested. A model that describes all the observed correlations is presented.
The Ghost in the Machine? Dictionaries, Supervised Learning, and Media Coverage of Public Policy *

: There are many different approaches to automated content analysis. They come in several main varieties, including (1) one that relies on dictionaries and (2) another that employs machine learning. Many scholars suppose that the machine-based approaches dominate those relying on dictionaries, seemingly predicated on the supposition that computers can do things that people cannot. This is reasonable and also is supported by some research, most of which relies on human-coded test sets. In this paper, we offer a somewhat different argument. Rather than test the effectiveness of either dictionaries or supervised learning at capturing a signal, we argue for and demonstrate the advantages of using the two in combination. We also do so in a research area in which we have an independent objective referent: government spending. We apply hierarchical dictionary counts and supervised learning to measure mass media coverage of change in US defense spending. The dictionary approach does reasonably well at capturing a media “policy signal;” but adding supervised methods appears to increase the accuracy of that signal, albeit to a relatively small degree. Results highlight the value of different methods of automated content analysis and also how the methods can be used in combination.