Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Conceptual Model to Evaluate Virtual Learning Environment among Malaysian Teachers

The sophisticated development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has sparked new inventions in teaching and learning approach. These positive technological advantages therefore inspired the Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE) to invest in digitalizing the Malaysian schools, including the implementation of Frog Virtual Learning Environments (VLE). Despite this huge investment, the ratio of usage is relatively low, especially among the teachers. This evidence indicates that there is an urgent requirement to conduct a post-implementation evaluation to investigate the factors behind the issue. Therefore, this study is conducted to develop a conceptual model based on the updated DeLone and McLean IS Success Model to evaluate the Frog VLE success among Malaysian teachers. This paper will present the initial investigation that leads to the development of the conceptual model. Researchers in this field can use the model in different populations and settings, and thus create an avenue in apprehending the factors that contribute to the VLE success.
The Context and Quality of Social Relationships Affect Vigilance Behaviour in Wild Chimpanzees

Previous studies of vigilance behavior have focused mainly on the influence of predation threat, whereas the influences of conspecific factors, such as within-group threats, are relatively unstudied. To elucidate the influences of conspecific factors, this study examined vigilance behavior in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Vigilance level was lower during foraging than during resting, which indicated a conflict between vigilance and foraging activity. In addition, vigilance level was higher when chimpanzees were on the ground where an encounter with leopards (Panthera pardus) is likely than when the chimpanzees were in trees. Males, but not females, increased their level of vigilance as the number of individuals within 3 meters increased. In both males and females, daily party size—an index of group cohesion—did not affect the vigilance level. The level of maternal vigilance was higher when a dependent infant was separated from its mother than when the offspring was in contact with its mother. Both males and females increased their vigilance when a less-associated group member was nearby, as compared to when there was no less-associated group member nearby. This finding suggests that variation in relationship quality influences the vigilance level and that individuals need to increase their level of vigilance when the level of within-group threats is high. This study indicated that variation in vigilance cannot be understood unless conspecific factors, such as variation in the relationship quality with associates, are considered.
Low Density of Ant Lion Larva (Myrmeleon crudelis) in Ant‐Acacia Clearings: High Predation Risk or Inadequate Substrate?1

We experimentally determined whether the low density of antlion larvae found in ant‐acacia clearings is due to high levels of ant predation or an inadequate substrate for pit‐trap construction. Pit establishment was more affected by soil improvement than by the exclusion of ants, suggesting that soil condition is the main factor that affect antlions’density. The low density of this ant‐predator in ant‐acacia clearings may be considered as an indirect advantage of the ant's pruning behavior.
Intra- and interspecific variation in wood density and fine-scale spatial distribution of stand-level wood density in a northern Thai tropical montane forest

Abstract: Tropical tree wood density is often related to other species-specific functional traits, e.g. size, growth rate and mortality. We would therefore expect significant associations within tropical forests between the spatial distributions of stand-level wood density and micro-environments when interspecific variation in wood density is larger than intraspecific variation and when habitat-based species assembly is important in the forest. In this study, we used wood cores collected from 515 trees of 72 species in a 15-ha plot in northern Thailand to analyse intra- and interspecific variation in wood density and the spatial association of stand-level wood density. Intraspecific variation was lower than interspecific variation (20% vs. 80% of the total variation), indicating that species-specific differences in wood density, rather than phenotypic plasticity, are the major source of variation in wood density at the study site. Wood density of individual species was significantly negatively related to maximum diameter, growth rate of sapling diameter and mortality of saplings. Stand-level mean wood density was significantly negatively related to elevation, slope convexity, sapling growth rate and sapling mortality, and positively related to slope inclination. East-facing slopes had significantly lower stand-level mean wood densities than west-facing slopes. We hypothesized that ridges and east-facing slopes in the study forest experience strong and frequent wind disturbance, and that this severe impact may lead to faster stand turnover, creating conditions that favour fast-growing species with low wood density.
KECERNAAN IN SACCO HIJAUAN LEGUMINOSA DAN HIJAUAN NON- LEGUMINOSA DALAM RUMEN SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE

This study was aimed to explore the optimum potential of forage and the degradation rate the rumen of nutrient of forage (legume and non legume) derived different forage fodder used farmers. Seven forages i.e. Gliricidia (GL), Manilkara (SW), Sesbania (TP), Ficus (BR), Calothyrsus (KL), Jackfruit (NG), and Cacao leaves (CO), were used in this experiment. Samples were incubated in the rumen of fistulated cattle with different time intervals, namely 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The collected data were the nutrient digestibility residues in rumen, including dried matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Data were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the degradation theory (DT) values of DM : GL 60.06%; SW 34.78%; TP 73.96%; BR 41.40%; KL 43.80%; NG 43.67%; and CO 28.67%. From in sacco rumen calculation, it was obtained the DT values of OM : GL 59.13%; SW 32.74%; TP 73.07%; BR 42.83%; KL 44.18%; NG 45.04%; and CO 26.80%. Calculation of in sacco rumen showed the DT values of CP : GL 66.14%; SW 32.49%; TP 81.46%; BR 42.89%; KL 31.84%; NG 47.05%; and CO 29.46%. The calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the DT values of NDF: GL 46.84%; SW 46.59%; TP 56.69%; BR 44.18%; KL 23.01%; NG 30.07%; and CO 55.43%. From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the DT values of ADF: GL 61.27%; SW 43.95%; TP 56.53%; BR 40.11%; KL 21.08%; NG 44.66%; and CO 69.15%. There were significant differences (P<0.05) on the degradation of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF. It is concluded that not all of legume has higher DT values of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF fraction than non-legume. There is a tendency that the longer retention time in the rumen, the higher degradation rate. (Keywords: Legume, Non-legume, In sacco rumen)
Comparing Objective Structured Clinical Examinations and Traditional Clinical Examinations in the Summative Evaluation of Final-Year Medical Students

Background: Medical schools have traditionally assessed medical students using long and short cases. Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has been found to be more reliable. Aim: To compare OSCE and traditional method of assessment in the summative assessment of final-year medical students. Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at Enugu State University of Science and Technology College of Medicine. The Department of Internal Medicine organized clinical examinations consisting of long and short cases. The Department of Surgery organized an OSCE consisting of two parts (picture OSCE and clinical OSCE). Students' scores in both internal medicine and surgery were collated and subjected to analysis with SPSS version 23 (IBM; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Pearson's correlation was used to assess the correlations, paired t-test was used to compare the mean scores, and Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the 73 candidates, 41 were female and 32 were male giving a female: male ratio of 1.3:1. Using paired sample t test, there were significant differences between the mean score in long case (mean = 52.86, standard deviation [SD] = 4.315) and mean score in clinical OSCE (mean = 58.356, SD = 7.906), t (72) = −7.181, P = 0.000; mean score in short case (mean = 52.86, SD = 4.097) and mean score in picture OSCE (mean = 48.580, SD = 8.992, t (72) =4.558, P = 0.000; no significant difference between the mean total score in internal medicine clinicals (mean = 105.712, SD = 6.680) and mean total score in surgery clinicals (mean = 106.915, SD = 15.846), t (72) = −0.788, P = 0.433. The Cronbach's alpha for traditional examination and OSCE was 0.437 and 0.863, respectively. Conclusion: OSCE gives a similar mean score to traditional method, but OSCE is more reliable.
Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown

Introduction: To mitigate the spread of the pandemic coronavirus infection (COVID-19), governments across the world have adopted “lockdowns” which have confined many individuals to their homes. This disrupts normal life routines, elements of which are important circadian cues. The pandemic is also associated with new stressors, altered roles, and uncertainties about health and economic security, which are also likely to affect sleep. The current study is an online survey of sleep experience, routines, physical activity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression, to study the alterations associated with the lockdown. Materials and Methods: The survey was conducted in early May 2020 using a questionnaire circulated through social media platforms. Questions related to demographic characteristics, current and previous sleep schedules, routine, and working patterns. Insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index - 4), Stress (Perceived Stress Scale - 4), anxiety and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire - 4) and physical activity (International Physical Activities Questionnaire) were assessed using standardized instruments. Results: A total of 958 valid responses were received. Compared to the prelockdown period, there was a shift to a later bedtime and waking time, with a reduction in night-time sleep and an increase in day-time napping. These effects were visible across occupational groups, but mostly affected working individuals except health professionals. Sleep quality deteriorated across groups. Reductions in sleep duration were associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The COVID-19 lockdown is associated with changes in sleep schedule and in the quantity and quality of night-time sleep. Although these changes are associated with elevated rates of emotional symptoms, it is unclear from these cross-sectional results, whether sleep deterioration produces psychological distress, or vice versa.
Employability of people with mental illness and substance use problems: Field realities

Background: There has always been a strong association between mental illness and work-related disability. According to the “World Health Organization,” of all disabilities, severe mental illness is associated with the highest rates of unemployment. People with mental illness and problems with substance use have especially low employment rates. Aim: To identify the employability factors among people with mental illness and substance use problems. Objectives: To assess the barriers and to identify various strategies to overcome barriers to employment for persons with mental illness and substance use problems and to identify instructors' responses about the functionality of the person who works in the vocational training center, to assess the social support experienced by the respondents. Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative study used the purposive sampling method to conduct the study on 15 respondents (five people with mental illness, five caregivers, five instructors) from Department of Psychiatric and Neuro Rehabilitation, NIMHANS, Bengaluru. Results: Various themes have identified to assess the barriers, aiding factors, and strategies to employment. Barriers to employment have categorized into individual factors, interpersonal factors, employment factors, and social factors. Health, communication, family support, treatment, and training are strategies to improve employability. Proper treatment and continuous adherence to medication, emotional support by family members and colleagues are the employment aiding factors. Conclusion: Identification of barriers and facilitators in the Indian context will help us to address the employability of persons with mental illness and substance use problems.
Oral versus intravenous iron therapy in iron deficiency anemia: An observational study

Background: Intravenous (IV) iron sucrose is claimed to have better safety profile and efficacy in treatment of iron deficiency anemia than conventional oral iron supplements. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of IV iron therapy with oral iron supplements in iron deficiency anemia. Methods: An observational study was carried out by allocating 100 patients with baseline hemoglobin between 5 and 10 g/dL into two groups of oral iron and IV iron group. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels were measured at admission, on day 14 and on day 28. Adverse effect profile for each group was tabulated. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for each group and compared. Results: A total of 100 patients participated consisting of 37 males and 63 females. Baseline hemoglobin and serum ferritin for both groups were comparable. After initiation of therapy, hemoglobin in oral iron group raised from 6.45 (0.72) to 8.84 (0.47) on day 14 and to 9.69 (0.47) on day 28. Hemoglobin in IV iron group increased from 6.34 (0.86) to 10.52 (0.61) on day 14 and to 11.66 (0.84) on day 28. Serum ferritin in oral iron group increased from 8.3 (1.9) to 33.8 (1.29) on day 14 and to 43.61 (8.8) on day 28. Serum ferritin in IV iron group raised from 8.23 (4.64) to 148.23 (11.86) on day 14 but decreased to 115.76 (15.3) on day 28. The data were statistically significant for IV iron therapy on day 14 and day 28. Of 100 patients, 18 patients (12 in oral and 6 in IV iron groups) had adverse effects. Among the oral iron group, metallic taste and constipation were major side effects followed by heart burn and nausea. In the IV iron group, arthralgia (4 patients of 6) was the major side effect observed. One patient (of 6) in IV group had hypotension. Anaphylaxis was not observed in any patient in either group. Conclusion: IV iron therapy is effective and safe for management of iron deficiency anemia.
Cost-utility analysis of Macitentan Vs. Bosentan in pulmonary atrial hypertension

Objective: Endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists (ERAs) have considerable improvements in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients’ symptoms. Macitentan, a novel ERA, has more significant positive effects like reduction of morbidity and mortality in PAH patients by 45% and decreases PAH hospitalization. Besides, macitentan was able to improve both the physical and mental aspects of patients’ lives. This study aimed to evaluate an incremental cost-utility analysis of macitentan compared with bosentan in PAH patients in the Iranian health care system. Methods: We developed a hybrid model consisting of a decision tree in which PAH patients would take and continue either macitentan or bosentan with different probabilities. Subsequently, each patient would enter one of the 4 Markov's, each consisting of 5 states, PAH fraction I, PAH fraction II, PAH fraction III, PAH fraction IV, and death. The cycles and time horizon were considered 3 months and lifetime, respectively. We assessed the impact of each medicine on patients’ quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs, consequently calculated the ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio). The costs were measured in the dollar (1 dollar is equal to 42000 rials) with the perspective of the payer. The discount rates were assumed 3% for utility and 5% for costs. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted. Results: The costs are about 14163 dollars for bosentan and 13876 dollars for macitentan for each patient in a lifetime. The QALY produced per patient by macitentan was 0.81 more than that of bosentan. The calculated ICER was -357.47 which means that for each incremental QALY, the payer is charged less. Conclusion: Macitentan is preferable to and dominant over bosentan in both effectiveness and expenditure. Thus, the therapeutic regimen containing macitentan is introduced as a favorable treatment strategy.
Scanning electron microscopy, rheological characteristics, and bread-baking performance of wheat-flour dough as affected by enzymes.

Enzyme systems in baking additives play important roles in the baking process. In this study, rheological and SEM studies of bread doughs treated with the additives fungal alpha-amylase (FA), glucose oxidase (GO), proteinase (PRO) and xylan degrading enzymes (XY) were investigated. Addition of FA or PRO decreased, whereas XY or GO increased dough stability, resistance to extension and area. A micrograph of bread with FA added showed some deformation in starch granules. In bread dough with GO and PRO added, the protein matrix could be seen as aggregates and broken segments. Thinning of the protein matrix was observed in XY-treated dough. The quality of bread was best with XY addition, as it produced the highest improvement in specific loaf vol. and overall quality score.
Anxiety Disorders in Women: Gender-Related Modulation of Neurobiology and Behavior

The study of psychobiology of gender is in its infancy, but already there are emerging findings of interest to clinicians and researchers in the area of anxiety disorders. There is much work yet to be done, but findings provide initial support for hypotheses that ovarian and other gonadal and maternal hormones play important regulatory roles in determining behavior as well as neurotransmitter function in women. These regulatory effects clearly involve areas known to be important in the onset and maintenance of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders. It is important to note that although neurophysiologic mechanisms are definitely in need of study and attention, this should not occur at the expense of further psychosocial research in this area. Social changes in gender-role functioning may well produce important neurobiologic changes, and this may be the most effective and efficient way of producing such changes, which can ultimately reduce women's risk of anxiety disorders.
Integrated intervention program for alcoholism improves impulsiveness and disadvantageous reward processing/risk-taking

Background: Impulsivity and aberrant reward processing are the core features of substance use disorders, including alcoholism. The present study examined the effects of an Integrated Intervention Program for Alcoholism (IIPA) on impulsiveness and disadvantageous reward processing/risk-taking in persons with alcoholism. Materials and Methods: The study adopted age- and education-matched (±1 year) randomized control design with the pre-post comparison. The sample comprised 50 persons with alcoholism. They were allotted randomly into two groups, the intervention (IIPA) group and treatment as usual (TAU) group (n = 25 in each). Participants were assessed at pre-intervention on impulsivity (Barratt's Impulsiveness Scale) and decision-making task, which reflects reward processing deficits (modified Iowa gambling task [mIGT]). The TAU group received usual treatment for alcoholism (i.e., pharmacotherapy; three sessions in a week group therapy on relapse prevention and six sessions in week yoga) for 18 days. The intervention group received IIPA along with usual treatment (except yoga). Outcome assessment was repeated after 18 days of intervention. Results: Both groups were comparable at pre-intervention (baseline). However, the intervention (IIPA) group showed a significant reduction in impulsivity and selection from disadvantageous decks on mIGT at post-intervention, while the TAU group had no significant change. Conclusion: The findings suggest that IIPA could improve impulsivity and disadvantageous reward processing/risk-taking in persons with alcoholism. These are core features of substance use disorders and could pose a high chance for relapse after treatment. Further studies may examine improving these characteristics with IIPA and its impact on treatment outcomes such as relapse rate and maintaining sobriety.
Relationships between the genetic distance of Epichloë festucae isolates and the ergovaline and peramine contents of their Festuca rubra hosts

In semiarid grasslands of western Spain, plants of Festuca rubra are frequently infected by Epichloe festucae, an endophyte capable of producing the alkaloids ergovaline, toxic to mammals, and peramine, toxic to insects. The objectives of this paper were to estimate the variability in the content of ergovaline and peramine in plants of Festuca rubra from natural populations and to determine the relationship between the genetic distance among Epichloe strains and the alkaloid contents of plants infected by them. The results showed that a significant variation exits in the ergovaline and peramine contents of infected F. rubra plants, and that variation patterns are different for each alkaloid. Ergovaline content showed a significant variation between years. In contrast, most variation observed in the concentration of peramine occurred between populations. Mantel tests, constrained correspondence analysis (CCA) and generalised analysis of molecular variance (GAMOVA) all revealed a significant relationship between the genetic distances among 35 Epichloe isolates, and the differences in peramine content of their host plants. The relationship observed for ergovaline was more ambiguous. This indicates that plants infected by genetically close isolates of Epichloe festucae tend to be similar in terms of peramine content, while the ergovaline content of infected plants seems to be more dependent on external factors. The results of this study suggest that the selection of Epichloe festucae endophytes based on the alkaloid content of their host plants can be a successful strategy to select good or bad producers of peramine, but may not be a reliable method to detect fungal strains associated with particular ergovaline production profiles.