Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adding Pebbles to Weighted Automata Easy Specification & Efficient Evaluation ?

We extend weighted automata and weighted rational expressions with 2-way moves and (reusable) pebbles. We show with examples from natural language modeling and quantitative model-checking that weighted expressions and automata with pebbles are more expressive and allow much more natural and intuitive specifications than classical ones. We extend Kleene-Schützenberger theorem showing that weighted expressions and automata with pebbles have the same expressive power. We focus on an efficient translation from expressions to automata. We also prove that the evaluation problem for weighted automata can be done very efficiently if the number of (reusable) pebbles is low.
Mariner 9 television observations of Phobos and Deimos, 2

Analyses of the Mariner 9 pictures of the Martian satellites have yielded much new information: improved ephemerides, estimates of their principal axes, information about the texture of their surfaces, and estimates of the structural strength of their interiors. Both satellites are found to be in synchronous rotation, as was expected from tidal theory. A close examination of the pre-orbital satellite pictures has failed to show any unknown satellite. The photometric behavior of Phobos and Deimos indicates that they have intricate surface layers consistent with the presence of a regolith. Morphological features on Phobos and the expected collisional history of both satellites imply that both are made of well-consolidated material.
Relacionamentos Interorganizacionais e Resultados: Estudo em uma Rede de Cooperação Horizontal da Região Central do Paraná Interorganizational Relationships and Results: a Study in a Network of Horizontal Cooperation of the Central Region of Paraná

Abstract Due to a gap in the literature, the objective of the present study is to understand the results of an interorganizational cooperation network in the retail segment of building materials. With this purpose, the motivating factors were first identified, in addition to the facilitating and complicating factors in order to achieve results and identify how they relate to these factors, and these factors and their link with the results of relationships are the center of the discussion presented in the literature review. The case study was regarded as the most effective strategy for this descriptive research since its inherent flexibility allowed both for a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. It was seen that the main difficulty mentioned was the low level of cooperation and the high levels of competitiveness among the companies that were members of the association. In turn, concerning the results of the relationships, it was certified that the relationship motivators do not correspond with the results of such relationships. The study also demonstrates an apparent positive correlation between the complicating factor related to cooperation and competition with the fact that the association’s actions do not produce the desired effect.
Interorganizational Relationships in the Amazon Biotech Industry Based on Entrepreneurs´ Perceptions

The process of industrial restructuring has adopted different types of relationships in order to guarantee the organizations survival and development. Bioindustry requires high technical-scientific investments that are obtained through partnerships. These collaborative relationships, however, have been challenging in Brazil. In the Amazon context, where value adding in the use of biodiversity resources bears high importance for regional sustainable development, studies point to difficulties of interaction between bioindustry firms, university, and government. Against this backdrop, this research analyzes the perception of entrepreneurs operating in the Amazon bioindustry regarding the inter-organizational relationships. Qualitative research was carried out with thirteen firms, collecting data based on network pictures, complemented with semi-structured interviews. The study identified that attributes such as friendship and trust are primary factors in the relationships, and that the complementarity of resources is the main reason to establish partnerships. However, the findings suggest that inter and intra-sectorial relationships in this Amazon bioindustry are far behind what is recommended in literature to affirm the existence of a business network. Therefore, the study points out the need for strategic actions to approximate these actors in bioindustry.
A Microfoundation for Production Functions: Assignment of Heterogeneous Workers to Heterogeneous Jobs

This paper develops an assignment model of heterogeneous workers to heterogeneous tasks that provides a microeconomic foundation for aggregate production functions. The shape of the production function is shown to depend crucially on the distribution of tasks. Necessary and sufficient conditions are provided for the production function to be of the constant ratio of elasticities of substitution form, which nests the widely used constant elasticity of substitution (CES) form. For the CES production function, the elasticity of substitution between skill groups of workers is shown to depend only on the variance of tasks in the economy.
Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil C:N Ratio in a Mollisol Watershed of Northeast China

The spatial variability of the soil C:N ratio (C:N) influences C and N leaching and basic fertility in the field. This paper aims to identify the spatial heterogeneity of C:N in a Mollisol watershed of Northeast China and determine the main mechanisms that drive these differences. A random sampling method was used, with both geostatistical and traditional analysis being used to describe the spatial distribution of the C:N at various depths. C:N was also compared between slope position, previous vegetation and tillage methods in the watershed. The horizontal distribution of the C:N was mainly influenced by structural factors (88·4–99·9%) and often gradually deceased along the hydrographic flow direction, becoming lowest at the watershed outlet. The C:N increased as soil depth increased at all slope positions, and was higher on the back slope than on summit slope, followed by bottom slope in all soil depths. C:N was negatively (significant at p < 0·01) correlated to TN, and positively (significant at p < 0·05) correlated to elevation at all soil depths. Compared to the reforested area, C:N was typically greater in the agricultural area in the 20–60 cm depth. The planting of soybean (Glycine max L) can significantly increase the C:N at the 40–50 cm depth. C:N was higher in cross‐slope tillage than in down‐slope tillage, especially at soil depths of 40–50 cm. Generally, topographical factors, land use, crop planting and tillage methods can effectively influence the spatial heterogeneity of C:N in this watershed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source‐age dynamics of estuarine particulate organic matter using fatty acid δ13C and Δ14C composition

This study used a multiproxy approach to elucidate the source and age composition of estuarine particulate organic matter (POM) using bulk stable isotopes (δ13CPOC), fatty acid (FA) biomarkers, and compound specific isotopic analyses in surface waters along the Delaware River and Bay (Delaware Estuary, hereafter). δ13C values of FA (δ13CFA) ranged more widely (−30.9‰ to −21.8‰) than δ13CPOC (−27.5‰ to −23.5‰), providing greater insight about POM sources along the estuary. δ13C values of C16:0 phospholipid FA (primarily, aquatic sources) increased along the salinity gradient (−29.8‰ to −23.4‰), while δ13CFA values of long‐chain neutral fatty acid (terrestrial sources) decreased (−28.6‰ to −30.9‰). δ13CFA values for C18's FA indicated the importance of marsh‐derived organic matter within Delaware Estuary. Compound specific radiocarbon analysis showed the heterogeneous age structure of FA associated with POM (FAPOM). 14C ages of FA ranged from modern (postbomb) to 1790 BP; aged FA (120 BP to 1700 BP) derived primarily from the watershed, whereas modern FA were produced within Delaware Estuary. 14C ages of short‐chain FA (aquatic sources) reflected differences in the age of dissolved inorganic carbon along the estuary and had older 14C ages at the river end‐member. 14C ages of FA from terrigenous sources were older than water and sediment residence times indicating this source derived from the watershed. This study is the first to document the complex age distribution of FAPOM along the estuarine salinity gradient and shows that inorganic carbon sources, watershed inputs and autochthonous production contribute to variation in the ages of POM.
Detection of fresh-water/sea-water interface by the time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) method in Israel

A feasibility study on the applicability of the TDEM method in detecting sea-water intrusion into fresh­ water aquifers was carried out. It was found that absolute resistivity values varying between 0,5-1,5 ohm-m are typical of sea-water intrusion. These are different from any other resistivity values which stem from other known lithology and/or water-salinity combinations. The TDEM method has proved to be a reasonable accurate technique for detection of fresh-water/sea-water interface in carbonate, and parti­ cularly, coastal aquifers.
A longitudinal study of the middle class: Growth, size and marketing strategies

This paper will examine how the middle class has changed in the past 50 years in economic terms (definitions/measures and growth patterns) and the changes in marketing strategies to the middle class. The authors focus on three major questions: 1) Is the middle class growing and sustainable throughout the world as seen in the past 50 years? ; 2) Are there major differences in the way the middle class has been defined and measured over the past 50 years? ; and 3) Are there major differences in the way the middle class has been marketed to in the past 50 years and what will be successful in the future?
LATE HOLOCENE SEA-LEVEL CHANGES, EASTERN NEWFOUNDLAND

Investigation and 14 C dating of tree stumps inundated by rising marine waters at Mobile, Ship Harbour, and Port de Grave, in combination with research at The Beaches archaeological site and other previous investigations, have established that the sea level has risen along the coastline of eastern Newfoundland during the late Holocene. The estimated rates of sealevel rise vary between the localities, from a minimum value of 1 mm/a to a maximum in excess of 6.5 mm/a. The available data suggest that the rate of sea-level rise may have accelerated within the past 400 years.
Registry of Myocardial Infarction Seasonal distribution of acute myocardial infarction in the second National

abstraction is accomplished through periodic review of hospitalpatient logs. As previously noted, registry hospitals may not berepresentative of all hospitals within the United States. More-over, because this study is not population based but is based onthe reporting of hospital-speciﬁc data, we are unable tosufﬁciently characterize the population at risk for AMI andhow this population may vary by season. We can only describethe seasonal occurrence of AMI reported to registry hospitalsand not the true incidence of AMI, and are therefore unable todetermine whether the actual incidence rates of AMI vary byseason. Another potential limitation is that NRMI-2 does notcollect information on all cardiac risk factors or possibleprecipitating factors for AMI. These factors may vary byseason and may represent potential confounding variables inthe interpretation of any possible seasonal trends in AMIoccurrence. It should also be noted that data from patientsenrolled over a 25-month period from July 1, 1994 to July 31,1996 were analyzed. Because July had the fewest reportedAMIs of any season, inclusion of the “extra month” from July1996 would tend to decrease the average seasonal occurrenceof AMIs reported in summer (despite normalization to a90-day season length). However, the magnitude of this effect issmall, ;6 percentage points of the observed 53% differencefrom summer to winter.
Stratospheric Water Vapour in the Tropics: Observations by Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry

This thesis reports on observations of tropical stratospheric water vapour by the ground-based microwave radiometer/spectrometer WaRAM2 in 2007. The 22GHz receiver is set up at Mérida Atmospheric Research Station on top of Pico Espejo, Venezuela (8◦32′N, 71◦03′W, 4765m above sea level). It is the only such sensor that continuously operates at tropical latitudes. The high altitude site is ideally suitable for microwave observations, because most tropospheric water vapour is located below the sensor. Water vapour plays a key role in middle atmospheric processes. Because of its large infrared resonance, it strongly participates in the radiative budget, both in terms of a greenhouse effect at lower altitudes and radiative cooling at higher altitudes. It is a source gas for the highly reactive hydroxyl radical, and exerts indirect effects on ozone destruction in the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. Due to its long lifetime, water vapour also serves as a dynamical tracer. Several studies indicate a sustained increase in stratospheric water vapour over the second half of the 20th century, which is only partly explained by a concurrent increase in methane. The processes governing water vapour distribution, variability, and trends are still not sufficiently understood. Modelling capacity is currently restricted by the uncertainty and sparse availability of suitable observations, and their inherent discrepancies. Continuous long-term time series of stratospheric water vapour are of particular importance in the separation of trend signals from the large seasonal and annual variations in water vapour entering the stratosphere. This work summarises existing water vapour observation techniques and their evolution. It demonstrates the utility of WaRAM2 measurements for mitigating the current observational shortcomings. The discussion focusses on improvements to the existing retrieval set-up, which eliminate undesired oscillations in the retrieved profiles. It also devotes detail to some issues that
Measuring Thermal Variations In A Valley Environment Using A Team, Field Project Designed By Students

Abstract Students frequently struggle when scientific instruction seems divorced from personal experience, especially in the physical subdisciplines, like climatology, where exercise books often present historical or abstracted case studies. In contrast I present a three-phase project involving student input on experimental design, data collection, and analysis for the measurement of thermal variation in valley environments. Using the topical concepts of thermal variation related to cold air drainage, thermal belts, and the urban heat island proved a useful pedagogical tool for integrating the theory and praxis of research design, data standardization, and data analysis.
Addressing the Representation Bottleneck in Neural Machine Translation with Lexical Shortcuts First

The transformer is a state-of-the-art neural translation model that uses attention to iteratively refine lexical representations with information drawn from the surrounding context. Lexical features are fed into the first layer and propagated through a deep network of hidden layers. We argue that the need to represent and propagate lexical features in each layer limits the model’s capacity for learning and representing other information relevant to the task. To alleviate this bottleneck, we introduce gated shortcut connections between the embedding layer and each subsequent layer within the encoder and decoder. This enables the model to access relevant lexical content dynamically, without expending limited resources on storing it within intermediate states. We show that the proposed modification yields consistent improvements on standard WMT translation tasks and reduces the amount of lexical information passed along the hidden layers. We furthermore evaluate different ways to integrate lexical connections into the transformer architecture and present ablation experiments exploring the effect of proposed shortcuts on model behavior.
Pengaruh good corporate governance : GCG terhadap kinerja keuangan perbankan syariah : studi kasus pada BANK umum syariah dan unit usaha syariah di Indonesia periode 2010-2013

This research is meant to test the influence of good corporate governance (board of commissioners, board of directors, independent commissioner, and audit committee) to the action of aggressive tax which is measured by using effective tax rates on the manufacturing companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange.The population is all companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The samples are manufacturing companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2009-2013 periods. 21 manufacturing companies have been determined as samples by using purposive sampling. The multiple regressions analysis technique is used as the research analysis technique. The classic assumption test has been done before the data is processed. The result of test shows that there is no heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, and multicolonearity.The result of good corporate governance test to the action of aggressive tax shows that the board of commissioners, board of directors, and independent commissioners show that the existence of influence to the action of aggressive tax. Meanwhile, the audit committee does not have any influence to the action of aggressive tax which has been conducted by the company.
Inversion of the COPROD2 magnetotelluric data using a diffusive‐to‐propagative mapping (DPM)

Diffusive-to-Propagative Mapping (DPM) transforms a diffusive electromagnetic field into a dual wave field to produce electromagnetic reflectivity images similar to non-migrated seismic sections. An application of DPM to the COPROD2 data set gives reflectivity images showing three distinct reflectors attributed to resistivity jumps located at depths ranging from 2 to 50 km. The deeper reflector may be related to a major west-dipping seismic reflector detected with the COCORP seismic data.
Characterizing Pain Experiences: African American Patients With Multiple Myeloma Taking Around-the-Clock Opioids.

BACKGROUND Despite known disparities by race, studies to date have not focused on pain characterization among African American patients with multiple myeloma. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize the pain experience, beliefs about pain and pain control, and additional symptoms among African American patients with multiple myeloma taking around-the-clock opioids. METHODS This study employed secondary analysis of baseline data from a completed longitudinal study of opioid adherence. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample, pain experience, beliefs regarding pain and pain control, and related symptoms. FINDINGS Participants (N = 34) experienced everyday pain and additional symptoms, and half experienced depression. Pain management barriers included dislike of pills, fear of addiction, and bothersome side effects from pain and medication. Additional larger studies can incorporate multilevel factors contributing to high symptom burden.
Dynamic measurement of sediment grain compressibility at atmospheric pressure: acoustic applications

Under certain conditions, Wood's equation can be used to predict sound speed in fluid/solid-grain suspensions if the bulk moduli and densities of the grains and fluid are known. In this paper, that relationship is used to estimate grain-bulk moduli in suspensions where sound speed, fluid density, fluid bulk modulus, grain density, and particle concentrations are known or accurately measured. Measured values of grain-bulk moduli for polystyrene beads suspended in water (mean = 4.15 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ Pa) and soda-lime glass beads suspended in a "heavy liquid" (mean = 3.8 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa) are consistent with the values of bulk moduli for polystyrene beads and soda-lime glass beads found in the literature (3.6 to 4.2 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ Pa and 3.4 to 4.0 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa, respectively). These measurements thus provide controls, which demonstrate the validity of the suspension technique to estimate values of particle bulk modulus. The values of bulk modulus, measured using the same suspension techniques, for Ottawa sand and quartz sand grains collected from the coastal sediments of the northeast Gulf of Mexico ranged between 3.8 and 4.7 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa, with 95% confidence limits between 3.0-5.7 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa. These measured values of bulk modulus are consistent with the range of handbook values for polycrystalline quartz (3.6 to 4.0 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa). The use of the lower bulk modulus (i.e., 7.0 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ Pa) recently suggested by Chotiros is therefore inappropriate and traditional handbook values of sediment grain-bulk moduli should be used as inputs for sediment acoustic modeling.
Contamination of Groundwater with Heavy Metals in Gaza Strip

This study characterized the chemical contamination of drinking water in Gaza Strip. Twenty one fresh samples from different supply site s were analyzed for metals and anions concentration. Results showed that samples c ontained higher level of nitrates than the EPA standards. Concentrations of sodium, p otassium, calcium, magnesium salts are high in several water supply sites but th ey are in the acceptable levels or in the boarder line of rejection. Concentration of lead, c admium, iron, and chromium are above EPA standards in some wells. This situation may have health risks to the local population. Improvement of water quality may be possible by implementing pollution control measures and clean water act.
Ground-level Ozone Air Pollution in Vilnius City

The aim of the present study was to assess distribution of ground-level ozone concentration in Vilnius city. We used a portable Aeroqual series 300 ozone monitor. Sampling was carried out in Vilnius city during four seasons, during 2006-2007 years period. The results of this study revealed, that annual mean of ground-level ozone concentration in Vilnius city was 30,3 µgm -3 . The highest ground-level ozone concentration was in the Virsuliskiai district (43,1 µgm -3 ), lowest - at the highway of Eisiskės (17,9 µgm -3 ). The highest average seasonal concentration was determined during summer (49,6 µgm -3 ) and the lowest - during autumn (16,9 µgm -3 ). Ground-level ozone concentration also has a clear diurnal cycle, with higher values in day-time and notably lower values at night. Minimal ground-level ozone concentration was at 6 hour in morning (4,0 µgm -3 ), maximum at 13 hour (87,0 µgm -3 ). Concentration of ground-level ozone in Vilnius during measurement period had not exceeded the stated value (120,0 µgm -3 ). It is known that meteorological conditions influence formation and dispersion of ground-level ozone. Our results showed that ground-level ozone concentration correlated significantly with temperature (r= 0,554 p= 0,000) and wind speed (r= -0,785 p= 0,000).