Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrated provenance record of a forearc basin modified by slab‐window magmatism: detrital‐ zircon geochronology and sandstone compositions of the Paleogene Arkose Ridge Formation, south‐central Alaska

This study presents an integrated provenance record for ancient forearc strata in southern Alaska. Paleocene–Eocene sedimentary and volcanic strata >2000 m thick in the southern Talkeetna Mountains record nonmarine sediment accumulation in a remnant forearc basin. In these strata, igneous detritus dominates conglomerate and sandstone detrital modes, including plutonic and volcanic clasts, plagioclase feldspar, and monocrystalline quartz. Volcanic detritus is more abundant and increases upsection in eastern sandstone and conglomerate. U‐Pb ages of >1600 detrital zircons from 19 sandstone samples document three main populations: 60–48 Ma (late Paleocene–Eocene; 14% of all grains), 85–60 Ma (late Cretaceous–early Paleocene; 64%) and 200–100 Ma (Jurassic–Early Cretaceous; 11%). Eastern sections exhibit the broadest distribution of detrital ages, including a principal population of late Paleocene–Eocene ages. In contrast, central and western sections yield mainly late Cretaceous–early Paleocene detrital ages. Collectively, our results permit reconstruction of individual fluvial drainages oriented transverse to a dissected arc. Specifically, new data suggest: (1) Detritus was eroded from volcanic‐plutonic sources exposed along the arcward margin of the sampled forearc basin fill, primarily Jurassic–Paleocene magmatic‐arc plutons and spatially limited late Paleocene–Eocene volcanic centers; (2) Eastern deposystems received higher proportions of juvenile volcanic detritus through time from late Paleocene–Eocene volcanic centers, consistent with emplacement of a slab window beneath the northeastern part of the basin during spreading‐ridge subduction; (3) Western deposystems transported volcanic‐plutonic detritus from Jurassic–Paleocene remnant arc plutons and local eruptive centers that flanked the northwestern part of the basin; (4) Diagnostic evidence of sediment derivation from accretionary‐prism strata exposed trenchward of the basin fill is lacking. Our results provide geologic evidence for latest Cretaceous–early Paleocene exhumation of arc plutons and marine forearc strata followed by nonmarine sediment accumulation and slab‐window magmatism. This inferred history supports models that invoke spreading‐ridge subduction beneath southern Alaska during Paleogene time, providing a framework for understanding a mature continental‐arc/forearc‐basin system modified by ridge subduction. Conventional provenance models predict reduced input of volcanic detritus to forearc basins during progressive exhumation of the volcanic edifice and increasing exposure of subvolcanic plutons. In contrast, our results show that forearc basins influenced by ridge subduction may record localized increases in juvenile volcanic detritus during late‐stage evolution in response to accumulation of volcanic sequences formed from slab‐window eruptive centers.
Breaking of a floating particle raft by water waves

When particles of a few tens of microns are spread on the surface of water, they aggregate under the action of capillary forces and form a thin floating membrane, a particle raft. In a tank with a raft made of graphite powder, we generate in the laboratory gravity surface waves, whose wavelength {about 17 cm} is very large compared to the thickness of the raft {of order 10 microns}. For a sufficiently strong wave amplitude, the raft breaks up progressively by developing cracks and producing fragments whose sizes decrease on a time scale long compared to the period of the wave. We characterize the breaking mechanisms. Then, we investigate the area distribution of the fragments produced during the fragmentation process. The visual appearance of the fragments distributed in size and surrounded by open water bears a {notable} resemblance to the floes produced by the fracturing of sea ice by waves in the polar oceans. Fragmentation concepts and morphological tools built for sea ice floes can be applied to our macroscopic analog, on which the entire dynamic evolution is accessible. {However, the mechanic of the two systems differ, as our particle raft breaks due to the viscous stresses, whereas the sea-ice fractures due its bending by the waves.
SEASONAL CYCLE OF ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION ALONG THE CENTRAL OREGON COAST

Species composition of zooplankton collected during 3 yr of sampling close to the coast at Newport, Oreg. , variedwith season. In all seasons the most abundantplankterswere copepods. Dominantspecies in summer were Pseudocalanus sp. , Acartiaclausii, A.longiremis,Calanus marshallae, and Oithona similis. These are primarily coastal forms with northern affinities, and they were present all year. Dominant species in winter were Paracalanus parous and Ctenocalanus vanus, forms of southern affinities. They tended to disappear completely in summer. These geographic affinities are in corre­ spondence with the source regions for surface waters that are implied by the direction of flow in the different seasons. Abundances are about one order of magnitude higher in summer than in winter. Copepod diversity is greater in winter than summer: the winter checklist contains 51 species, while the summer list contains only 38 species. An analysis ofdifferences in the zooplankton of the three winter periods of the study shows 1969-70 to have had much greater dominance by southern forms and a larger variety ofthem than 1970-71 or 1971-72. This corresponds with differences in the wind patterns between the years. Winds in the winter of 1969-70 were gentle anddirectly from the south, while the other winters had the more usual southwesterly storms. Gentle winds directly from the south were more effective at moving sur­ face water northward alongshore than southwesterly storms, despite their lesser overall northerly component.
Visualizing Information on Smartwatch Faces: A Review and Design Space

We present a systematic review and design space for visualizations on smartwatches and the context in which these visualizations are displayed--smartwatch faces. A smartwatch face is the main smartwatch screen that wearers see when checking the time. Smartwatch faces are small data dashboards that present a variety of data to wearers in a compact form. Yet, the usage context and form factor of smartwatch faces pose unique design challenges for visualization. In this paper, we present an in-depth review and analysis of visualization designs for popular premium smartwatch faces based on their design styles, amount and types of data, as well as visualization styles and encodings they included. From our analysis we derive a design space to provide an overview of the important considerations for new data displays for smartwatch faces and other small displays. Our design space can also serve as inspiration for design choices and grounding of empirical work on smartwatch visualization design. We end with a research agenda that points to open opportunities in this nascent research direction. Supplementary material is available at: https://osf.io/nwy2r/.
FLTrojan: Privacy Leakage Attacks against Federated Language Models Through Selective Weight Tampering

Federated learning (FL) is becoming a key component in many technology-based applications including language modeling -- where individual FL participants often have privacy-sensitive text data in their local datasets. However, realizing the extent of privacy leakage in federated language models is not straightforward and the existing attacks only intend to extract data regardless of how sensitive or naive it is. To fill this gap, in this paper, we introduce two novel findings with regard to leaking privacy-sensitive user data from federated language models. Firstly, we make a key observation that model snapshots from the intermediate rounds in FL can cause greater privacy leakage than the final trained model. Secondly, we identify that privacy leakage can be aggravated by tampering with a model's selective weights that are specifically responsible for memorizing the sensitive training data. We show how a malicious client can leak the privacy-sensitive data of some other user in FL even without any cooperation from the server. Our best-performing method improves the membership inference recall by 29% and achieves up to 70% private data reconstruction, evidently outperforming existing attacks with stronger assumptions of adversary capabilities.
Transplant Arteriosclerosis.

T arteriosclerosis (TA) is well known to represent the pathologic hallmark of chronic transplant dysfunction which is among the leading causes of graft failure in solid organ transplantation today. Although major strides have been achieved in tolerance induction strategies and immunosuppressive regimens, little has been done to abrogate the fibroproliferative lesions that affect all vessels supplying and within allografts. Although TA has enjoyed much attention in the literature over the past 2 decades, promising experimental results have failed to fully translate to the clinic. Immunologic migration of host-derived T cells and macrophages to the adventitia results in periadventitial scarring and loss of vascular compliance. Coupled with this is the migration and in situ proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells into the intima of the vessel leading to neointimal hyperplasia and eventual luminal narrowing. Decreased blood flow to the graft over time promotes fibrosis and ultimate graft loss. Experimental therapies from regulatory T cells to stem cells are as diverse in the literature as the etiology of TA itself. The initiation of these circumferential proliferative lesions has spanned from injured and dysfunctional endothelial cells to donor-derived factors, such as brain death. The reality is such that the etiology of TA is multifactorial and includes donor, recipient, and nonimmunologic factors. All said, the rates of allograft vasculopathy have experienced negligible reduction over the last 20 years. This issue of Transplantation highlights interesting and significant findings by Moll et al from Dr. Christiane Ferran's group at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Ferran has championed the protective effects of A20, a novel inhibitor of NFkB and IFNγ vascular signaling. In the current issue, Moll and colleagues attempt to dissect the anti-inflammatory effects of A20 on an established mouse model of TA. They pay particular attention to the severity of TA and its correlation to levels of A20 expressed in vivo. To accomplish this, they use major histocompatibility complex mismatched mouse strains (C57BL/6→BALB/c) and either wild type or A20 heterozygotes (HET). Interestingly, inadequate
Prevalence and Characteristics of the Maxillary Sinus Septa in a Saudi Arabian Sub-population: A Retrospective Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)-Based Study

Objectives: This study aims to investigate and determine the prevalence, location, and morphological differences of the maxillary sinus septa using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in the Madina region and to discuss its clinical implications during sinus surgery. Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional radiographic analysis of 808 CBCT scans from patients who attended Taibah University's College of Dentistry between December 2018 and June 2023. Age, gender, number of septa present per side, location (anterior, middle, posterior), morphology (complete or partial), and type (primary or secondary) were among the study variables. For data statistics, correlation analysis was utilized. Results: Eight hundred eight CBCT scans were included with a mean age of 34.7±15.08. Septal bone was absent in 60.64% of the sinuses examined. Single septa were more common than multiple septa (p=0.009). Bilateral septal presence and the left septal bone were more common than the right, but none of these distributions were statistically significant. Males showed more sinus septa compared to females, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.420). Single septa were more prevalent in people under the age of 25. Conclusion: More than 60% of the Madina population had patent sinus cavities with no septal processes, but males with single septal processes predominated.
Structure of a diatom photosystem II supercomplex containing a member of Lhcx family and dimeric FCPII

Diatoms rely on fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins (FCPs) for their great success in oceans, which have a great diversity in their pigment, protein compositions, and subunit organizations. We report a unique structure of photosystem II (PSII)–FCPII supercomplex from Thalassiosira pseudonana at 2.68-Å resolution by cryo–electron microscopy. FCPIIs within this PSII-FCPII supercomplex exist in dimers and monomers, and a homodimer and a heterodimer were found to bind to a PSII core. The FCPII homodimer is formed by Lhcf7 and associates with PSII through an Lhcx family antenna Lhcx6_1, whereas the heterodimer is formed by Lhcf6 and Lhcf11 and connects to the core together with an Lhcf5 monomer through Lhca2 monomer. An extended pigment network consisting of diatoxanthins, diadinoxanthins, fucoxanthins, and chlorophylls a/c is revealed, which functions in efficient light harvesting, energy transfer, and dissipation. These results provide a structural basis for revealing the energy transfer and dissipation mechanisms and also for the structural diversity of FCP antennas in diatoms.
Liver Impairment and Elevated Aminotransferase Levels Predict Severe Dengue in Vietnamese Children

Background: The degree of liver impairment in children with dengue infection varies from mild to severe injury. Aminotransferase levels may be useful in predicting severe dengue. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of liver impairment and determine whether elevated aminotransferases could be used to discriminate between non-severe and severe dengue in Vietnamese children. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of pediatric patients with confirmed dengue infection who were admitted to Can Tho Children's Hospital, Vietnam. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to discriminate the power of Aspartate transaminase (AST) or Alanine transaminase (ALT) to predict severe dengue. Results: Two hundred and thirty confirmed dengue patients were enrolled, including 70% (161) patients with non-severe dengue and 30% (69) with severe dengue. This study indicates that 73.9% of patients had abnormal AST (＞40 U/L), and 34.8% of patients had abnormal ALT (＞40 U/L). The incidence of dengue patients with hepatitis (AST or ALT ≥ 4×ULN) and severe hepatitis (AST or ALT ≥ 10×ULN) were 18.7% and 17.0%, respectively. At a cut-off point of 120 U/L, AST's AUROC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90-0.96), 82.5%, and 87.3%, respectively. At a cut-off point of 80 U/L, ALT's AUROC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84-0,93), 87.5%, and 85.2%, respectively, for predicting severe dengue. Conclusion: Elevated aminotransferase levels were associated with severe dengue, and AST/ALT were good markers for predicting severe dengue in Vietnamese children.
A d factor? Understanding trait distractibility and its relationships with ADHD symptomatology and hyperfocus

People differ substantially in their vulnerability to distraction. Yet, many types of distractions exist, from external stimulation to internal thoughts. How should we characterize individual differences in their distractibility? Two samples of adult participants (total N = 1220) completed a large battery of questionnaires assessing different facets of real-world distractibility. Latent modeling revealed that these measures could be explained by three correlated-yet-distinct factors: external distraction, unwanted intrusive thoughts, and mind-wandering. Importantly, about 80% of the total variance in these three factors could be explained by a single higher-order factor (d) that could be construed in terms of a person’s general distractibility, and this general distractibility model was replicated across the two samples. We then applied the general distractibility model to understand the nature of ADHD symptomatology and hyperfocus (an intense state of long-lasting and highly focused attention). d was substantially associated with self-reported ADHD symptoms. Interestingly, d was also positively associated with hyperfocus, suggesting that hyperfocus may, to some degree, reflect attention problems. These results also show marked consistencies across the two samples. Overall, the study provides an important step toward a comprehensive understanding of individual differences in distractibility and related constructs.
Honey contamination from plant protection products approved for cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cultivation: A systematic review of existing research and methods

The main component of chocolate, cocoa (Theobroma cacao), is a significant commercial agricultural plant that directly sustains the livelihoods of an estimated forty to fifty million people. The economies of many cocoa producing nations, particularly those in the developing world, are supported by cocoa export revenue. To ensure satisfactory yields, however, the plant is usually intensely treated with pesticides because it is vulnerable to disease and pest attacks. Even though pesticides help protect the cocoa plant, unintended environmental contamination is also likely. Honey, produced from nectar obtained by honeybees from flowers while foraging, can serve as a good indicator for the level of pesticide residues and environmental pesticide build-up in landscapes. Here, we use a systematic literature review to quantify the extent of research on residues of pesticides used in cocoa cultivation in honey. In 81% of the 104 studies examined for this analysis, 169 distinct compounds were detected. Imidacloprid was the most frequently detected pesticide, making neonicotinoids the most frequently found class of pesticides overall. However, in cocoa producing countries, organophosphates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids were the most frequently detected pesticides. Interestingly, only 19% of studies were carried out in cocoa producing countries. We recommend prioritizing more research in the countries that produce cocoa to help to understand the potential impact of pesticide residues linked with cocoa cultivation in honey and the environment more generally to inform better pesticide usage, human health, and environmental policies.
Longitudinal ECG changes among adults with HIV in Tanzania: A prospective cohort study

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rising among people with HIV (PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite the utility of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in screening for CVD, there is limited data regarding longitudinal ECG changes among PWH in SSA. In this study, we aimed to describe ECG changes over a 6-month period in a cohort of PWH in northern Tanzania. Between September 2020 and March 2021, adult PWH were recruited from Majengo HIV Care and Treatment Clinic (MCTC) in Moshi, Tanzania. Trained research assistants surveyed participants and obtained a baseline ECG. Participants then returned to MCTC for a 6-month follow-up, where another ECG was obtained. Two independent physician adjudicators interpreted baseline and follow-up ECGs for rhythm, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), bundle branch blocks, ST-segment changes, and T-wave inversion, using standardized criteria. New ECG abnormalities were defined as those that were absent in a patient’s baseline ECG but present in their 6-month follow-up ECG. Of 500 enrolled participants, 476 (95.2%) completed follow-up. The mean (± SD) age of participants was 45.7 (± 11.0) years, 351 (73.7%) were female, and 495 (99.8%) were taking antiretroviral therapy. At baseline, 248 (52.1%) participants had one or more ECG abnormalities, the most common of which were LVH (n = 108, 22.7%) and T-wave inversion (n = 89, 18.7%). At six months, 112 (23.5%) participants developed new ECG abnormalities, including 40 (8.0%) cases of new T-wave inversion, 22 (4.6%) cases of new LVH, 12 (2.5%) cases of new ST elevation, and 11 (2.3%) cases of new prolonged QTc. Therefore, new ECG changes were common over a relatively short 6-month period, which suggests that subclinical CVD may develop rapidly in PWH in Tanzania. These data highlight the need for additional studies on CVD in PWH in SSA and the importance of routine CVD screening in this high-risk population.
Combined effects of soil 3D spatial heterogeneity and biotic spatial heterogeneity (plant clumping) on ecosystem processes in grasslands

Abstract Soil heterogeneity has been shown to enhance plant diversity, but its effect on grassland productivity is less clear. Even less is known about the effect of plant clumping (intraspecific aggregation) and its potential interaction with soil heterogeneity. The combined effects of soil 3D spatial heterogeneity and species clumping were experimentally studied in grassland mesocosms consisting of four grassland species. These species were planted in three patterns (i.e. completely mixed, clumped by 9 or 36 individuals of the same species) on soils with heterogeneous cells of alternating nutrient‐poor and rich soil differing in size from 0 (mixed soil) to 12, 24, and 48 cm (complete poor or rich mesocosm). Moderate soil cell sizes (12–24 cm) consistently increased whole‐mesocosm aboveground productivity by more than 20%, which mainly originated from the increased growth of the plants growing on the poor soil cells. In contrast, total mesocosm productivity was not affected by species clumping although there were some species‐specific effects, both of clumping and of the interaction of clumping with soil heterogeneity. Our results show that intermediate soil heterogeneity promotes productivity. Clumping can improve the growth of inferior species, thus promoting coexistence, without affecting overall productivity. We found no interaction effect of clumping and soil heterogeneity on productivity at the community level and some minor species‐specific effects.
The Derivative ‘Drift’ in complex systemsdynamics: the case of climate change and global warming

Mathematical Models of Complex Systems are generally formulated in terms of Traditional Differential Calculus (TDC), that is by means of linear and non-linear differential equations based on the well-known concept of derivative. Such a mathematical language, however, always introduces a “drift” between the foreseen behavior of the system and the corresponding experimental results, a drift which is generally much more marked as the order of the system increases. This “drift” is intrinsically due to the same definition of the traditional derivative. It also represents the basic reason for the insolubility, in explicit or even in a closed form, of the above-mentioned differential problems. Such a “drift” effect will be shown with reference to the case study of future Global Warming and Climate Change. Given the supposed generally increasing trends of several parameters (temperature, level of the seas, etc.), it will be shown that TDC generally tends to underestimate the real effects which, vice versa, could be much higher than the most accurate current estimations. As an example, in the worst Global Warming scenario foreseen by IPCC, the increase in temperature of about 6.4° C (in 2100) is underestimated of not less than 150%. An analogous trend can also be identified for the rising of the sea level. By comparing the results between TDC and Incipient Differential Calculus (IDC), we can conclude that current evaluations of Global Warming and Climate Change are based on the adoption of highly inadequate methods, because they foresee future trends that could, in reality, be much higher. Accordingly, the corresponding strategies, usually adopted in order to mitigate these underestimated effects, could also turn out to be significantly inadequate.