Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Karoo Rift basins of the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

Abstract An integrated study of the Luangwa Valley Karoo Rift basins of NE Zambia has been carried out. Approximately 3000 km of seismic data were used in addition to gravity and aeromagnetic surveys and data from two exploration wells. The present day Luangwa Valley is underlain by two opposing Karoo half-graben separated by a central accommodation or transfer zone. The basins contain up to 8000m of Permo-Triassic, mainly clastic, sediments. The Lower Karoo consists of basal glacial deposits overlain by a sequence of interbedded coal, shale and siltstone, and capped by a very thick (up to 5000 m) lacustrine section of interbedded siltstone and mudstone. The Upper Karoo consists of interbedded coarse sandstones and siltstones thought to be of braided stream and flood plain origin. Rifting appears to have been initiated in the early Permian. The timing of subsequent rifting and inversion events has been related to strike-slip movements along the Mwembeshi Shear Zone, a major Precambrian lineament. Study of the seismic data has revealed a number of structural and stratigraphic plays in the basin. The best potential for hydrocarbon accumulation occurs within the lowest part of the Karoo section where source rocks and reservoirs are postulated in the Luwumbu Formation and the lowest part of the Madumabisa Mudstone. Since these intervals were not reached by either of the exploration wells drilled it is felt that the hydrocarbon potential of the Luangwa Graben has not yet been fully tested.
Full scale industrial project work, a one semester course

This paper presents the motivations, design, outcomes, and lessons learned from a long series of project-oriented courses. The project is chosen to be similar to real industry projects and with a technical content that is at the senior or master level. The students will in the course follow the project from the initial requirement specification to a product during one semester. The first half of the semester also includes a traditional distributed systems course, but the second half is solely devoted to the project. The time each student is supposed to spend on actual project work is 15 effort weeks which, since the project involves between 15 and 20 students, means that up to 7 effort years are spent on the project by final year computer science students.
Assessing Quaternary reactivation of the Main Central thrust zone (central Nepal Himalaya): New thermochronologic data and numerical modeling

We study the recent dynamics of the central Nepal Himalaya, focusing on possible reactivation of the footwall of the Main Central thrust, which is marked by an abrupt topographic transition. Different tectonic mechanisms, such as overthrusting of a major crustal ramp, underplating, or out-of-sequence thrusting, have been suggested to explain the morphology and exhumation patterns in this area. We present 25 new apatite fission-track ages collected along a north-south transect in central Nepal, as well as two age-elevation profiles. Ages are consistently younger than 3 Ma old in the Main Central thrust zone and increase continuously to 4–6 Ma old in the south. No jump in apatite fission-track ages is observed across the topographic transition. Apparent exhumation rates from age-elevation relationships vary from 0.46 +0.13/−0.09 km/Ma in the Palung granite south of Kathmandu to 4.4 +4.8/−1.5 km/Ma in the Main Central thrust zone; the latter rate is probably overestimated by a factor of two due to topographic effects. As shown by a new numerical model, these strongly varying exhumation rates can be explained by overthrusting of a crustal ramp, which exerts a primary control on age patterns, and do not require out-of-sequence reactivation of thrusts in the Main Central thrust zone.
Large amplitude undulations on the equatorward boundary of the diffuse aurora

Global auroral pictures from the Defense Meterological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites are presented to show, for the first time, occurrences of large amplitude undulations on the equatorward boundary of the diffuse aurora in the afternoon-evening sector. The crest-to-trough amplitude of these waveforms ranges from about 40 to 400 km and the wavelength varies from about 200 to 900 km. The undulations are seen in one case to extend over 3000 km along the equatorward boundary. Auroral images from successive DMSP passes suggest that this phenomenon lasts for about 0.5 to 3.5 hours. In each of the four cases observed, the undulations occur during a geomagnetic storm interval near the peak development of the storm time ring current. In all instances, auroral pictures displaying the undulations show simultaneous substorm patterns of discrete auroras. In one instance when simultaneous electron (50 eV to 20 keV) measurements from DMSP satellite are available, the electron spectra near the diffuse auroral equatorward boundary resemble power law spectra, and the scale length for the density gradient at the boundary is determined to be about 12 km. Weak electron precipitation is also found equatorward of the diffuse aurora and the associated electron spectra frequently show a secondary population with peak fluxes at 1–5 keV. The observed undulations are interpreted as surface waves propagating on the inner edge of the plasma sheet, and possible plasma instabilities responsible for it are briefly discussed.
Biometry and Water Consumption of Sunflower as Affected by NPK Fertilizer and Available Soil Water Content under Semiarid Brazilian Conditions

The present study evaluated the effect of NPK fertilization and available soil water levels on the biometric response and water use of sunflower cv. Embrapa 122-V2000. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Paraiba State, Brazil, during 2009 and 2010, in a semi-controlled greenhouse using the Eutrofic Regosol. The treatments were defined according to a Baconian matrix, with eleven doses of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and four available soil water levels. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design, with three replicates, in a total of 132 sample units. No effect of N and K was observed on plant height. However, it increased significantly with P levels. The stem diameter and the leaf area were affected by the N and K and not by the P. The number of leaves increased significantly with the amount of N, P and K fertilizer. Available soil water content increased significantly in all the variables studied. The best sunflower performance and water consumption were obtained with the 100:120:120 kg&middotha-1 NPK and 100% of the available soil water content treatment.
Hydrothermal plumes trapped by thermal stratification

Hydrothermal plume penetration through density interfaces has been widely studied in laboratory experiments. It has been found that competition between plume buoyancy and background stratification (parameterised as the Richardson number) is crucial in determining whether or not the plume will penetrate through a density interface. In this paper, we present the analysis of field data concerning two hydrothermal sediment‐laden plumes in a stratified lake. Measurements of the particle concentration within these plumes have been used to determine their vertical, spatial and temporal development in the water column. The results show that neither of the plumes penetrate the lake thermoclines for large Richardson numbers, which is in accordance with the results found in laboratory experiments.
Susceptibility of aerosol optical thickness retrievals to thin cirrus contamination during the BASE‐ASIA campaign

[1] We used a combination of ground measurements (Aerosol Robotic Network, AERONET; Micro-Pulse Lidar Network, MPLNET) and satellite data (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS; Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation, CALIPSO) to examine the susceptibility of ground and satellite aerosol retrievals to thin cirrus contamination at Phimai, Thailand (102.56°E, 15.18°N, also known as Pimai), during the Biomass-burning Aerosols in South East-Asia: Smoke Impact Assessment (BASE-ASIA) campaign (February–May 2006). Using the strengths of spaceborne or ground lidars to detect cirrus clouds, we conducted statistical analyses for four different scenarios: MPLNET versus AERONET, MPLNET versus MODIS, CALIPSO versus AERONET, and CALIPSO versus MODIS. Cirrus identifications from MPLNET or CALIPSO were paired up with concurrent aerosol optical thickness (AOT) measurements from AERONET or MODIS. Results from the BASE-ASIA campaign suggest that current operational AERONET and MODIS AOT products are influenced by thin cirrus contamination featuring strong seasonality. Concurrent AERONET and MPLNET observations indicate that additional thin cirrus screening changes AOT monthly means by 5%, with 20% of the AERONET aerosol data at Phimai being cirrus contaminated in boreal spring. From noncirrus cases to cirrus-contaminated cases, AERONET AOT increases along with larger particle sizes. We further evaluated the performance of eight MODIS-derived cirrus screening parameters for their effectiveness on thin cirrus screening: apparent reflectance at 1.38 μm (R1.38), cirrus reflectance at 0.66 μm (CR0.66), CR0.66 cirrus flag, reflectance ratio between 1.38 μm and 0.66 μm (RR1.38/0.66), reflectance ratio between 1.38 μm and 1.24 μm (RR1.38/1.24), brightness temperature difference between 8.6 μm and 11 μm (BTD8.6–11), brightness temperature difference between 11 μm and 12 μm (BTD11–12), and cloud phase infrared approach. Correlation analysis with the MPLNET cirrus flag indicates that RR1.38/0.66 is slightly preferable for high thin cirrus screening for the AERONET AOT measurements. The quantitative findings from this study suggest particular caution and careful evaluation of thin cirrus contamination in the satellite and ground AOT measurements before they are used for aerosol-related climatic forcing studies.
Commercialisation of smallholder production in Tanzania: implications for sustainable resources management

policy environment under which the agricultural sector operates in Tanzania has undergone significant changes since the mid1980s. These changes are dominated by an increasing commercialisation of smallholder production. Views on the consequences and implications of the outcomes of this process on the management of resources are mixed. Some see the integration of the peasantry into the world economy as a cause for productivity decline, but others stress that there has indeed been a failure to integrate the peasantry into the market economy. This paper contributes to the discussion through reflection on the commercialisation of smallholder production in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. The agricultural sector contributes 50% of Tanzania's GDP and over 50% of its exports (Rweyemamu 2003), and over 80% of the Tanzanians rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. Agriculture is important for the nation's effort towards poverty reduction and ensuring food security. Further, agriculture is the major user of natural resources and therefore it is critical for the whole process of environmental management. Nevertheless, despite increasing smallholder commercialisation, the agricultural sector in Tanzania has continued to experience low productivity and erosion of the natural resource base, and there is a growing concern that agricultural commercialisation has not enhanced agricultural productivity (Meertens 2000; Skarstein 2005) and has triggered an unsustainable use and management of agricultural resources. This unexpected result calls for a better understanding of the linkages between the commercialisation of smallholder production and management of natural resources for agricultural production. Smallholder commercialisation in Tanzania
THE USE OF SEISMIC SHEAR WAVES AND COMPRESSIONAL WAVES FOR LITHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF SHALLOW SEDIMENTS

From a great variety of in situ shear wave experiments, i.e., reflection, refraction and borehole surveys in the shallow sediments of the north German plains, several specific properties have been derived. Shear waves (S) differ from compressional waves (P) in that: Correlations have been established between V s and the confining pressure and between reduced V s values and several lithological parameters like the grain size of sandy material. More lithological and hydrological information is obtained by using S- and P-wave surveys along the same profile. The best information on a sedimentological structure is obtained by the simultaneous observation of V s , V p , Q s and Q p .
Shore platform morphology on a rapidly uplifting coast, Wellington, New Zealand

The coast of Wellington, New Zealand, is tectonically active and contains a series of uplifted and contemporary shore platforms that are developed in Triassic Greywacke. The platform profiles are rugged with relief of metre scale common. The surveyed platforms were formed at, and at two distinct levels 1–1·5 and 2–2·5 m above, mean sea level. They range in width up to 70 m and are highly fractured with fracture densities in excess of 20[sol ]m2 common. The rate of development of these platforms is rapid, with lateral erosion rates of up to 0·15 m[sol ]yr calculated, allowing platform development to occur over centennial scales. Even given this rapid development, continued instantaneous uplift of the coast has meant they are unable to reach an equilibrium state, whereby the effectiveness of wave processes in removing material is reduced by platform extension. The co‐seismic uplift means that the rear of the platforms is raised beyond the limits of marine process and has become an area of deposition. Although no direct process measurements were made the highly fractured nature of the bedrock appears to play a major role in platform evolution, with wave processes being easily able to pluck blocks as evidenced by fresh erosion scars and active gravel beaches at the rear of many platforms. This coast therefore represents an extremely dynamic youthful shore platform environment, where the processes of marine abrasion can be observed over historical timescales. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitable water vapor characterization in the Gulf of Cadiz region (southwestern Spain) based on Sun photometer, GPS, and radiosonde data

[1] Total precipitable water vapor (PWV) is characterized for the first time over southwestern Europe by means of ground-based measurements during the period 2001–2005. Existing data from three sites located in the Cadiz Gulf region, El Arenosillo, San Fernando, and Gibraltar, using three different techniques, Sun photometer (SP), GPS, and radiosondes, are used for the analysis. The 5 year data series gives a mean value of about 2 cm (SD = 0.7 cm) and a clear seasonal pattern. In the multiannual monthly means basis, the highest values are reached in August–September, with a mean value of 2.5–2.6 cm, whereas the lowest are obtained in January–February, with an average of 1.4–1.5 cm. The data in the three sites have been compared in order to assess regional variability. Differences could be due to real local variability but also could arise from the differences in the measurement techniques. From daily to monthly bases, water vapor behavior is similar in the three sites, with the largest differences ranging from 3% in summer to 14% in winter. Outstanding results from these analyses are the observed local minimum in July, occurring during the maximum of desert dust intrusions in the southern Iberian Peninsula, and the significant differences found between the El Arenosillo (SP) and San Fernando (GPS) measurements, related to the periodical replacement of the SP instrument at El Arenosillo. The observed differences highlight the importance of drift in each SP because of filter aging or other calibration problems. Finally, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) near-infrared water vapor product has been compared to the data from the GPS station (San Fernando). MODIS retrieval slightly overestimates PWV in summer (5%–8%) and significantly underestimates in winter (−23%).
Nonlinear Programming - Theory and Algorithms, Third Edition

COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING THEORY AND ALGORITHMS, THOROUGHLY REVISED AND EXPANDED Nonlinear Programming: Theory and Algorithms—now in an extensively updated Third Edition—addresses the problem of optimizing an objective function in the presence of equality and inequality constraints. Many realistic problems cannot be adequately represented as a linear program owing to the nature of the nonlinearity of the objective function and/or the nonlinearity of any constraints. The Third Edition begins with a general introduction to nonlinear programming with illustrative examples and guidelines for model construction.
Compensation in Collaborative Editing

In order to support users to recover from erroneous changes or to explore previously executed modifications, editing systems require an undo mechanism. In collaborative editors, users are allowed to revert any changes performed by any user, anytime. Operational transformation has been devised as a suitable mechanism for maintaining consistency in collaborative editing systems. Therefore, in this paper we present a novel undo approach in the context of operational transformation mechanism. Our approach is based on the notion of compensation used in databases where compensating operations semantically undo other operations. Moreover, our compensation mechanism is less restraining than any undo approaches and is generic in the sense that it can be used in association with any existing operational transformation algorithm. Key-words: Compensation, Transformation Operationnal, Group undo, Collaborative Editing in ria -0 01 38 38 1, v er si on 4 29 M ay 2 00 7 Compensation dans l’édition Collaborative Résumé : Les systèmes d’édition collaborative fournissent un mécanisme d’annulation qui permet à un utilisateur de corriger ses erreurs ou de visionner des modifications précédentes. Il est difficile de fournir une telle fonctionnalité dans un environnement collaboratif totalement décentralisé où tous les utilisateurs sont autorisés à retirer les modifications effectuées par n’importe quel autre utilisateur. L’approche des Transformées opérationnelles permet d’assurer la cohérence des données partagées dans les systèmes d’édition collaborative. Nous présentons, dans cet article, une nouvelle approche pour l’annulation dans le contexte des transformées opérationnelles. Notre approche est basée sur la notion de compensation utilisée dans les bases de données. Dans cette approche, les opérations de compensation annulent sémantiquement les effets des autres opérations. Notre mécanisme de compensation est moins contraignant que les autres approches pour l’annulation. Notre approche est également génerique du fait qu’elle peut être utilisée en association avec n’importe quel algorithme de transformation opérationnelle. Mots-clés : Compensation, Transformée operationnelle, Annulation de groupe, Édition collaborative in ria -0 01 38 38 1, v er si on 4 29 M ay 2 00 7 Compensation in Collaborative Editing
Variable morphology of Saturn's southern ultraviolet aurora

[1] The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph camera on board Hubble Space Telescope obtained 68 FUV images of Saturn's southern auroral emission between 8 and 30 January 2004, during Cassini's approach to Saturn's magnetosphere. The HST observations took place in four different solar wind regimes with a low-field rarefaction region from 8 to 16 January, a minor compression event on 17 January, a rarefaction region with intermediate field strengths from 19 to 25 January, and a major compression region from 26 to 30 January. The images have been projected onto polar maps in order to characterize and compare the general morphology of the auroral emission. The first 20 images were obtained during a period covering about 70% of one full rotation of Saturn. They show that the bright ring of auroral emission actually consists of several arcs of different width and brightness and forming along different parallels. Overall, the auroral region is shown to rotate at ∼65% of the full planetary rotation, although the angular velocity of some isolated auroral structures constantly decrease with time, down to 20%. The strongest auroral precipitations are observed in the morning sector. The polar projections of the 48 remaining images confirm dramatic changes in morphology, characterized by different average zones. During the campaign, short intervals during which the auroral region is significantly contracted and clearly forms a spiral were followed by intervals of reinflation of the auroral region. It is suggested that the two major auroral contraction events corresponded to the arrival of the solar wind shocks observed by Cassini on 17 January and 25 January. The present analysis indicates that Saturn's auroral morphology responds to the solar wind conditions at Saturn.
Source parameters of acoustic emission events and scaling with mining‐induced seismicity

A series of uniaxial compression tests were performed on 96-mm-diameter quartzite samples, 242 mm in length, to understand the scaling of rock fracture processes. Nine acoustic emission (AE) sensors glued to each sample monitored the AEs resulting from microcracking within the samples. In contrast to previous AE studies, the sensors were calibrated as velocity transducers so that the output could be compared to mining-induced seismicity and natural earthquakes. A new hybrid, relative moment tensor method was applied to obtain source mechanism solutions for eight clusters of events. Once the AE rate accelerated prior to failure, the event positions are associated with the observed failure planes. The moment tensors were found to have double-couple components, indicating that shearing was occurring. The stress drop appears to be constant over the range of moments suggesting the self-similar scaling of the fracture response from the laboratory sample to mine seismicity and natural earthquakes over a wide range of length scales. Similar conclusions can be drawn by considering the apparent stress and source radius. The scaling of the peak velocity and peak acceleration parameters is apparently consistent with mining-induced seismicity but is considerably affected by high-frequency attenuation and the limited bandwidth. This is confirmed by the frequency-magnitude plot, which has a slope of unity. The fracture processes in the laboratory are similar to those occurring underground near stope faces and pillars in deep-level South African gold mines, where there is a high vertical compression and low confinement.