Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface physical properties of a sandy loam soil under different tillage practices

The infiltration behaviour and physical properties of a hardsetting sandy loam soil at Cowra, N.S. W. , following 2 years of different tillage treatments are reported. Soil that had not been cultivated for 25 years was also investigated at an adjacent pasture site. Infiltration of simulated rainfall at the end of the wheat-growing season gave moisture profiles that were quite different for cultivated, direct drilled and pasture soils. The moisture profile for the cultivated soil suggested the presence of an impeded layer which retarded the movement of infiltrated rain to the subsoil. Porosity measurements confirmed the presence of a layer with significantly fewer macropores (> 300 µm diameter) at the 50-100 mm depth in the cultivated soil, when compared with the direct drilled soil. The old pasture soil had significantly higher porosity (> 300 µm diameter) in the top 100 mm. Aggregate stabilities and organic carbon contents were measured in narrow increments to 150 mm depth for the three different soils, and revealed that a surface 25 mm layer of high organic carbon and highly stable macro-aggregates was present in the pasture and direct drilled soils but absent in the cultivated soil. The unstable surface layer in the conventionally cultivated soil was a consequence of the mixing and inverting action of cultivation and was not due to a net loss of organic carbon from the profile. The organic carbon content of the pasture soil was not significantly different from the direct drilled soil below 50 mm; however, it was significantly lower than the conventionally cultivated soil between 50 and 150 mm depth. These results indicate a need to adopt tillage practices that can preserve the top 25 mm layer of such fragile soils.
South American palaeoclimate model simulations: how reliable are the models?

Modelling climate change over South America represents a special challenge for computer climate models. The coarse resolution of most general circulation models (GCM) means that the high but narrow relief of the Andes is poorly represented. In addition, changes in the tropical lowlands will be strongly dependent on the ability of the models to accurately simulate convection, cloud cover and land surface processes. Both marine and terrestrial data also will be relatively sparse compared with northern latitudes. This paper examines the modelling uncertainties by discussing results from the Palaeoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP), which simulated the mid-Holocene (6 kyr BP) and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 kyr BP). The PMIP mid-Holocene experiments show a reasonable amount of agreement, especially for surface air temperature changes. The PMIP LGM simulations show a greater degree of scatter, which is partly associated with uncertainties in the treatment of the ocean surface. This suggests that uncertainties in the boundary conditions can be as important or more important than uncertainties due to the internal physics within the GCMs. In addition, we consider the results from a new set of simulations for 15 kyr BP, 12 kyr BP and 9 kyr BP, using the climate model of the UK Universities Global Atmospheric Modelling Programme (UGAMP). We compare these results with previous simulations by COHMAP. The higher resolution of the UGAMP model allows us to examine mid-latitude storm-track changes. The changes in the storm track are largest upstream of South America and reach their largest at around 15 kyr. The model also predicts a positive snow mass balance in the Southern Andes up until 12 kyr BP. The associated changes in mid-latitude temperatures and precipitation over South America, however, are generally small and are broadly in agreement with previous studies. All of these results suggest that the basic elements of the GCM predictions of climate change are relatively robust, and the most important uncertainties probably arise from lack of detailed knowledge of the required boundary conditions. The next generation of climate models will alleviate many of these problems. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF: Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt survey

We summarize the first results from the Gould Belt survey, obtained toward the Aquila Rift and Polaris Flare regions during the 'science demonstration phase' of Herschel. Our 70-500 micron images taken in parallel mode with the SPIRE and PACS cameras reveal a wealth of filamentary structure, as well as numerous dense cores embedded in the filaments. Between ~ 350 and 500 prestellar cores and ~ 45-60 Class 0 protostars can be identified in the Aquila field, while ~ unbound starless cores and no protostars are observed in the Polaris field. The prestellar core mass function (CMF) derived for the Aquila region bears a strong resemblance to the stellar initial mass function (IMF), already confirming the close connection between the CMF and the IMF with much better statistics than earlier studies. Comparing and contrasting our Herschel results in Aquila and Polaris, we propose an observationally-driven scenario for core formation according to which complex networks of long, thin filaments form first within molecular clouds, and then the densest filaments fragment into a number of prestellar cores via gravitational instability.
Peasant Society in Konku: A Study of Right and Left Subcastes in South India

Kalan, in Alwar District, Rajasthan. It is particularly detailed in its description of jajmani relations between castes, life cycle rites, religious festivals, and kinship terminology. The problems which Aggarwal set for himself are those of understanding how a Muslim caste fits into a supposedly Hindu caste system (they were a dominant caste in a jajmani system of intercaste interdependence which includes both Hindu and Muslim castes), and why Meos had become more religiously Muslim in the post-Independence period. The evidence for this greater Islamization in Chavandi Kalan is the decrease in Meo participation in Hindu religious festivals like Holi, or their continued participation now accompanied with feelings of guilt; their more careful fasting during Ramzan, and more conscientious celebration of Various Ids. Meo customs are very similar to those of Hindus, but they are Muslim at birth by celebrating circumcision, at marriage with a Ni\ah ceremony, and at death with burial rather than cremation. In the past, and to a great extent at present, both Muslims and Hindus celebrate both Muslim and Hindu holy days and worship at both Muslim and Hindu shrines. There is evidence here of a comfortably amalgamated religion. Aggarwal never really explains the paradox he sees in the recent Islamization. The explanation would appear to lie in pro-Pakistan political activities of some educated Meo young men who brought the ideas to Mewat from their universities, and the downward social mobility of Meos subsequent to Partition due to discriminatory treatment by the government, the departure of one-quarter of their numbers to Pakistan, and the concomitant loss of their monopoly on land ownership in Mewat. The departed Meos are displaced by Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs, some of whom are more worldly, educated, and knowledgeable than the ingrown, isolated, mostly uneducated Meos. While the Meos refused to participate in the first democratic elections, the newcomers eagerly entered in to grab leadership. Their position much less secure than before 1947, perhaps the Meos emphasize their religious identity as a source of strength. Aggarwal makes some claims that seem to me to be poorly supported such as the Meos' shifting from the custom of giving dowry to that of giving brideprice, and his denial that the Meos were professional thieves (a bit of British colonialism, he feels). Certain interesting problems are raised and ignored' such as the origin of Meos from various other castes. This is a village study in a now stereotyped craft-form. The topics are expectable—caste inventory and hierarchy, agricultural cycle, intercaste relations, religious cycle, life cycle and so on. Anthropologists concerned with South Asia either must do something with the now myriad village studies—perhaps compare them—or else develop some new models for doctoral students. In any case, Dr. Aggarwal's study is a well-done example of the craft-form.
The Physical Properties of the Atmosphere in the New Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1). Part I: Model Description and Global Climatology

Abstract The atmospheric component of the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1) is described and an assessment of its mean climatology presented. HadGEM1 includes substantially improved representations of physical processes, increased functionality, and higher resolution than its predecessor, the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3). Major developments are the use of semi-Lagrangian instead of Eulerian advection for both dynamical and tracer fields; new boundary layer, gravity wave drag, microphysics, and sea ice schemes; and major changes to the convection, land surface (including tiled surface characteristics), and cloud schemes. There is better coupling between the atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea ice subcomponents and the model includes an interactive aerosol scheme, representing both the first and second indirect effects. Particular focus has been placed on improving the processes (such as clouds and aerosol) that are most uncertain in proje.
On Fossil Remains in the Cambrian Rocks of the Longmynd and North Wales

The occurrence of any organism in those ancient sediments which have been so often called Azoic is of sufficient interest for an account of it to be laid before the Society. We have hitherto been acquainted with but one genus—and that doubtfully an animal or a plant—in the oldest Cambrian schists of Ireland. No fossils from rocks of this age have been recorded from England except the forms which I now describe, and of which a brief notice was sent to the last meeting of the British Association. They are a new Sea-weed, or Zoophyte, traces of marine worms, and a Crustacean of the Trilobite group. When, a few years back, I crossed the Longmynd with Prof. Ramsay and Mr. Aveline, the unaltered and flat-bedded sandstones which abound on the eastern side, and which are quite unaffected by cleavage, appeared most promising for fossil remains, if any organisms existed at the time when these rocks were deposited. Some of these beds were ripple-marked, and the sandstones and flaggy beds of greenish-grey stone were evidently not deposits from very deep water. I hoped, therefore, that at least Oldhamia or Fucoids might be found in them, if not more highly organized fossils; and in the summer of the past year, I was able to devote three or four weeks to the search.
Disequilibrium during metamorphism: the role of nucleation kinetics

Abstract The sluggishness of nucleation, one of the most poorly understood and least-discussed processes involved in mineral reactions, is an important cause of disequilibrium during metamorphism. Both field-based and experimental petrological studies show that metastable phases can persist far from equilibrium on long time scales because the stable phases are unable to nucleate. This behaviour applies not only to solid-solid reactions but also to some dehydration and melting reactions. Although the degree of overstepping required for nucleation during polymorphic phase transformations is relatively small (2–4 kbar on an experimental time scale), nucleation can be much more sluggish for reactions involving two or more product phases. When reactions occur at conditions of large overstepping due to delayed nucleation, reaction rates can be very fast because of the effect of the large free energy change on growth kinetics. Under these circumstances, new metastable phases may form instead of the stable mineral assemblage, as predicted by the Ostwald step rule. Such metastable phases can persist during metamorphism, even during high-strain ductile deformation and fluid influx, but without any obvious texture evidence to indicate that they are metastable.
External Finance Constraints and the Intertemporal Pattern of Intermittent Investment

Do external finance constraints affect the timing of large investment projects? Simulations of a model with fixed capital-stock adjustment costs establish the hypothesis that external finance constraints lower a firm's investment hazard: the probability of undertaking a large project today as a function of the time since the last project. Hazard model estimation that controls for productivity and adjustment costs supports this hypothesis. Small firms that distribute cash to shareholders have higher hazards than small firms that do not; very small firms have lower hazards than small firms; small stand-alone firms have significantly lower hazards than small segments of conglomerates.
Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption

Volcanic sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere produce significant long-term solar and infrared radiative perturbations in the Earth's atmosphere and at the surface, which cause a response of the climate system. Here we study the fundamental process of the development of this volcanic radiative forcing, focusing on the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991. We develop a spectral-, space-, and time-dependent set of aerosol parameters for 2 years after the Pinatubo eruption using a combination of SAGE II aerosol extinctions and UARS-retrieved effective radii, supported by SAM II, AVHRR, lidar and balloon observations. Using these data, we calculate the aerosol radiative forcing with the ECHAM4 general circulation model (GCM) for cases with climatological and observed sea surface temperature (SST), as well as with and without climate response. We find that the aerosol radiative forcing is not sensitive to the climate variations caused by SST or the atmospheric response to the aerosols, except in regions with varying dense cloudiness. The solar forcing in the near infrared contributes substantially to the total stratospheric heating. A complete formulation of radiative forcing should include not only changes of net fluxes at the tropopause but also the vertical distribution of atmospheric heating rates and the change of downward thermal and net solar radiative fluxes at the surface. These forcing and aerosol data are available for GCM experiments with any spatial and spectral resolution.
Defining similar regions of snow in the Colorado River Basin using self‐organizing maps

We used self‐organizing maps (SOMs) to define regions of homogeneity in the Colorado River Basin using snow telemetry (SNOTEL) snow water equivalent (SWE) data. SOMs are a specific application of artificial neural networks. Daily data for 216 stations using 15 years (1991–2005) of data from 1 October through 30 June were used. To identify areas of similar snow accumulation, persistence, and ablation patterns, data were transformed by dividing by the 15 year average peak SWE. Three experiments were performed to determine how the regions of homogeneous snowpack characteristics changed. The number of groups was increased from 4 to 6 to 9 to 16. By increasing this resolution, more subtle variations were defined. The temporal resolution of the data was decreased from daily to weekly to monthly to yearly. The accumulation and ablation of the snowpack over time represents a plot called a niveograph, which was summarized for yearly data by three variables. These were peak SWE, length of season, and date of peak SWE. Very similar results were produced using daily, weekly, and monthly time steps. However, using peak SWE produced only 50% of the same groupings, while using the other annual summary variables, even together, produced less than 25% of the same groupings. Using 18 physiographic variables to represent the SNOTEL stations yielded groups that were similar to those from using peak SWE but more evenly distributed in space. Using Ward's method of cluster analysis could only be performed with the individual annual summary variables. It produced groupings similar to the comparable SOM application but slightly less representative of the daily data groupings.
Variação nos Teores de Carbono Orgânico em Espécies Arbóreas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista

The knowledge of the carbon levels in forests is important for quantifying and planning activities related to carbon sequestration. The purpose of this study was to analyze the carbon contents in tree species of the ‘Araucaria’ Forest in General Carneiro, State of Parana. Thirty-eight species were identified in a forest inventory. The components (stem wood, bark, foliage, live and dead branches) of each species, as well as the interaction between species and components, were analyzed. Regarding the studied species, the highest carbon content was found in Prunus brasiliensis. The creation of 19 groups was observed through the averages. Five groups of components were formed and foliage presented the highest carbon content. The analyses indicated great heterogeneity on the carbon contents between the species and even within one single species.
On Calabi-Yau Complete Intersections in Toric Varieties

We investigate Hodge-theoretic properties of Calabi-Yau complete intersections $V$ of $r$ semi-ample divisors in $d$-dimensional toric Fano varieties having at most Gorenstein singularities. Our main purpose is to show that the combinatorial duality proposed by second author agrees with the duality for Hodge numbers predicted by mirror symmetry. It is expected that the complete verification of mirror symmetry predictions for singular Calabi-Yau varieties $V$ of arbitrary dimension demands considerations of so called {\em string-theoretic Hodge numbers} $h^{p,q}_{\rm st}(V)$. We restrict ourselves to the string-theoretic Hodge numbers $h^{0,q}_{\rm st}(V)$ and $h^{1,q}_{\rm st}(V)$ $(0 \leq q \leq d-r) which coincide with the usual Hodge numbers $h^{0,q}(\widehat{V})$ and $h^{1,q}(\widehat{V})$ of a $MPCP$-desingularization $\widehat{V}$ of $V$.
Interannual consistency of bi‐monthly differences in diurnal variations of the ground‐level, vertical electric field

[1] Interyear consistency is demonstrated in the bi-monthly average diurnal vertical electric field measured over ∼720 “fair-weather” days collected during a 5-year interval (1998 to 2002) at Vostok (78.5°S, 107°E; magnetic latitude 83.6°S), Antarctica. After correcting for the influence of polar-cap convection, seasonal peaks in the average electric field values occur around July-August with a diurnal maximum at ∼ 2050 UT while lowest average magnitudes are measured near November-December when the associated diurnal maximum occurs at ∼1830 UT. These variations are consistent with expected seasonal changes in global thunderstorm activity. Comparisons of ground-level vertical electric field measurements (Vm−1) with Weimer-1996 model cross-polar cap potentials above Vostok (kV) for individual UT hours yield significant correlations over all hours but with reduced standard errors around local magnetic noon (∼1300 UT). This implies a more direct linkage between solar wind parameters and the cross-polar cap potential near magnetic noon, for this site (magnetic latitude: 83.6°S). An all hours–all seasons linkage factor of 0.76 ± 0.06 Vm−1 per kV is determined, broadly consistent with an average ionosphere-ground potential difference of ∼250 kV and a measured average vertical electric field of 185 Vm−1. Evidence is presented supporting a seasonal variation in this linkage factor, with generally lower magnitudes in the austral winter (May to August).
Subaru Deep Survey. II. Luminosity Functions and Clustering Properties of Lyα Emitters at z = 4.86 in the Subaru Deep Field

We report on early results from very deep and wide-field narrowband imaging on a 543 arcmin2 area of the Subaru Deep Field. We find 87 Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z = 4.86 ± 0.03 that are photometrically selected by a combination of two broad bands (R and i') and one narrow band (NB711; λc = 7126 Å, Δλ = 73 Å). We derive the luminosity functions (LFs) of the LAEs at Lyα luminosity and at UV-continuum (rest frame 1700 Å) luminosity. The LFs show little evolution between z = 3.4 and 4.86 either in Lyα or UV-continuum emission. The amplitude of the LAE LF tends to decline at the bright magnitudes more rapidly than that of the LBG LF at similar redshifts. We calculate the angular correlation function of our LAEs up to ~15' separations. The angular correlation ω(θ) is found to increase with decreasing angular separations, showing a clear signal of clustering. It is also found that the distribution of LAEs shows a large-density gradient with a scale of ≳15', which would indicate the existence of a large-scale structure of LAEs on ≳20 h-1 Mpc scales. We fit the observed correlation function by Aωθ-0.8 to find Aω = 29 arcsec0.8. The estimated correlation length is r0 = 3.5h-1 Mpc in comoving units (Ωm = 0.3 and ΩΛ = 0.7), which is slightly larger than the value for z ~ 4 LBGs with i′ < 26. We calculate the angular correlation function for two subsamples of the 87 LAEs divided by Lyα luminosity, UV-continuum luminosity, and Lyα equivalent width (EW). The Lyα-bright subsample shows a larger correlation amplitude than the Lyα-faint subsample, while no significant difference is found for the subsamples divided by UV-continuum luminosity or EW. This may indicate that galaxies with bright Lyα emission are possibly biased against the underlying dark matter halos more strongly than those with bright UV continuum.
Limiting apparent‐resistivity values for dipping‐bed earth models

Consideration is given to some special features of normalized apparent‐resistivity (NAR) curves, resulting from the deployment of Wenner electrode arrays on the surface above dipping earth structures. Limiting values of the potential are derived when a direct‐current source is located at points on the surface above a simple two‐region dipping‐bed earth model and their influence on corresponding NAR curve characteristics is investigated. Particular attention is given to the exploitation of such features to provide a new and direct approach to model parameter estimation, either as an alternative to traditional curve‐matching techniques or as a source of supporting information when other earth model characterization methods have been employed. Throughout, the emphasis is on the single‐dipping‐bed model, but application to more complex structures is discussed, including examples of two dipping beds, dipping dikes and more general tilted unconformities.