Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Labour Force Status of Transgender People and The Impact of Removing Surgical Requirements to Change Gender on ID Documents

This paper uses data from the BRFSS over the period 2014-2019 to analyse the impact of removing surgical requirements to change legal gender. In many states transgender people are forced to undergo surgical procedures if they wish to change their gender on ID documents, which can be invasive, expensive, and is not always desired. In the present work state variation in the timing of the removal of surgical requirements is exploited within a triple difference framework to analyse the causal impact of these removals on the labour force participation and employment of transgender people. The findings highlight the detrimental economic impact of surgical requirements for transgender people to be able to reassign gender on birth certificates, especially for those individuals that are least likely to be able to afford surgical treatment. Keywords; Gender Identity, Trans, Employment, Self-Employment, Discrimination, Law, Birth Certificates. JEL Codes: J15, J16, J71, J78, K31, K38 Acknowledgements; I thank the Global Labour Organisation for their support, comments, and advice throughout this project. I thank attendees of a Global Labour Organisation webinar who offered advice on earlier drafts. I am deeply indebted to Nick Drydakis for his support on this project and invaluable advice. I also thank Ian Burn, and Nigel O’Leary for comments on earlier drafts.
Imperfect Monitoring of Job Search and Non-Stationarity: Structural Estimation and Policy Design∗

This paper sets up and estimates a non-stationary structural job search model that incorporates the main stylized features of job search monitoring in Belgian Unemployment Insurance. It finds weak behavioral effects of the reform, essentially because (i) the monitoring technology was not sufficiently precise, (ii) many unemployed were found to have so high search costs that they could not be induced to actively search for jobs, and (iii) the job search assessments were scheduled much too late in the unemployment spell. Too early scheduling should, however, also be avoided, as to leave time to react to the sanction threat.
Effect of vaccination in lowering the prevalence of bovine brucellosis in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

The study was conducted to verify the efficacy of the bovine brucellosis vaccination program implemented by the state of Mato Grosso, using prevalence as an indicator. The state was divided into four regions: Pantanal, Milk, Fattening, and Breeding. For each region, a predetermined number of properties were selected and blood samples were taken from randomly chosen female animals, aged 24 months or greater. Sera from the animals were initially screened with a buffered acidified plate antigen, and confirmed using complement fixation. In each property, a questionnaire was used in order to identify the risk factors associated with the disease. In the state, the prevalence rate of infected herds was 24.0% [21.3; 26.8] and the prevalence rate of infected animals was 5.1% [3.5; 7.2]. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in each region were as follows: 21.2% and 6.4% in the Pantanal region, 17.2% and 3.7% in the Milk region, 34.0% and 7.2% in the Fattening region, and 24.3% and 4.4% in the Breeding region. Bovine brucellosis in the state is associated with the introduction of breeding, herd size, pasture sharing, and farms used for mixed and beef purposes. Therefore, in order to improve control of bovine brucellosis, it is proposed that the state of Mato Grosso intensify its prophylactic program, primarily its vaccination strategy. There has been a reduction in the prevalence of infected herds since 2002; however, there remains a high prevalence of infected herds and animals throughout the state. Additionally, the use of non-inducing antibodies vaccine should be encouraged, especially in the Pantanal region where the management of the animals is complicated by the flood and ebb cycle. The state should make greater efforts to educate producers on how to assess the breeding animals for brucellosis before introducing them into their properties as well as avoid shared grazing among herds of unknown health conditions.
Relationships between physiological and behavioral responses of goat bucks in mating season

The objective of this study was to determine the sexual parameters in young bucks with different sexual activity and the effect of experience (age) on sexual parameters in bucks. Fifteen young, sexually inexperienced (SI) and five adult, sexually experienced (SE) Saanen × Hair goat crossbred bucks were used in this study. Bucks were individually exposed to three estrus does for 15-min periods during four sexual performance tests, which were carried out every other day to determine some sexual behavior traits such as flehmen response, reaction time, and ejaculation efficiency. Sexually inexperienced young bucks were evaluated based on their sexual activity (active (AC) vs inactive (IA)) and presence of horn. It was found that AC bucks had significantly higher serum testosterone concentrations (31.5 vs 21.5 ng/mL) and weight loss (114.2 vs 51.2 g/day) than IA bucks. In addition, weight loss was significantly correlated with ejaculation efficiency in young bucks. On the other hand, horned bucks tended to have higher ejaculation efficiency with significantly longer reaction time than polled bucks. For experience (age) classes, SE bucks had higher testosterone concentration (76.0 vs 31.5 ng/mL) and weight loss (16.7 vs 8.6%) than SI active young bucks. However, the effect of experience on other sexual performance traits was found to be limited. Overall, these results indicate that testosterone concentration may affect sexual performance of young bucks in the mating season. Age-related sexual experience is not a determining factor for sexual performance in bucks. However, sexual performance data alone may not reflect reproductive outcomes without semen data.
LE RÉGIME ALIMENTAIRE DE L'ÉLANION BLANC Elanus caeruleus DANS LE SUD-OUEST DE LA FRANCE

This case study is based on the analysis of 723 pellets collected in south-western France. The mean number of prey items per pellet is of 1.81 (1.62 in April to September and 1.93 in October to March). A sample of 1306 prey items showed the occurrence of 1130 mammals (86.52 %), 151 birds (11.56 %) and 25 insects (1.91 %). The Vole Microtus arvalis was the most numerous prey species (72.59 %) followed by the shrew Crocidura russula (8.35 %) and the Wood Mouse Apodemus sylvaticus (2.53 %). The captured birds mainly belong to ground feeding species (SkyLark Alauda arvensis, Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis, Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, Common Linnet Carduelis cannabina and Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella). Birds are mostly consumed from October to March (17.10 %), but they only represent 1.31 % of prey items from April to September. This diet is similar to that noticed elsewhere in the range of this species.
Antifungal Mechanism and Properties of Antibiotic Substances produced by Bacillus subtilis YB-70 as a Biological Control Agent

Antibiotic substances were produced by Bacillus subtilis YB-70, a potential biocontrol agent found to suppress root-rot of eggplant (Solanum melonggena L) caused by Fusarium solani, in a dextrose glutamate medium and isolated by isoelectric precipitation. Partial purification was performed by column chromatography on silica gel with two solvent systems: chloroform-methanol and methanol-chloroform-water as eluting solvents, This active fraction YBS-1 s contained antifungal activity were soluble in ethanol, methanol, and water, but were not soluble in other solvents including acetone, butanol, ethyl ether, dimethylformamide, propanol, and etc. High performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatographic separation of YBS-1s showed that they have been composed of three biological active bands that were named YBS-1A, -1B, and -1C. The substances were stable to heat and resistant to protease. YBS-1s were active against a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi but did not inhibit the growth of bacteria and yeasts. They were not only fungicidal but also fungistatic against chlamydospores of F. solani. The values for the chlamydospore germination and the germ-tube growth of F. solani were , respectively. Microscopic observations proved the substances restricted the growth of phytopathogenic fungus F. solani by spore burst followed by dissolving of its germ-tube, and caused abnormal hyphal swelling after application to chlamydospores or growing hyphae. Cultural filtrate of B; subtilis YB-70 also suppressed the development of root-rot of eggplant in pot tests.
Effect of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

ABSTRACT Drought is a major environmental stress that limits faba bean growth, leading to considerable reduction in their productivity. Two genotypes (Giza 3 and Hara) were evaluated under three water treatments (90%, 60% and 30% field capacity). The results showed that water stress affects negatively chlorophyll fluorescence parameters at different levels of water deficit and the variations of Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and electron transport rate in Giza 3 were largely higher than those in Hara. Drought preferentially enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase whereas it did not affect ascorbate peroxidase activity. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the expression of aquaporin (PIP), myeloblastosis (MYB), nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, late embryogenesis abundant, dehydrins (Dhn), heat shock protein (HSP) and APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor was modified in response to drought conditions and that all genes were differentially expressed in Hara and Giza 3. The observed expression patterns of these genes might be due to water deficit intensity according to cultivar’s tolerance to drought. Hara with the highest level of antioxidant enzyme activities, the accumulation of proline content and the expression level of Dhn, HSP and MYB gene throughout all conditions tested is reported more drought tolerant than Giza 3. This study should contribute to explaining the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanism tolerance drought stress and improving breeding program in faba bean.
Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cell Lines Using Gel Electrophoresis

Apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines has not been comprehensively investigated. This study screens for radiationand tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in five human breast cancer cell lines: BT20, BT549, Hs578T, HTB26 and MCF7. Conventional and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis were used to analyse the DNA and look for any fragmentation that had occured. The results showed no evidence of radiationor tamoxifen-induced apoptosis. However, the irradiated cells did show significant detatchment from the plates at 25 Gy. In addition, the MCF7 cell line showed a growth delay in response to 10 pM tamoxifen. Thesis Supervisor: Kathryn D. Held Title: Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School Associate Radiation Biologist, Massachusetts General Hospital
Influence du feu sur la germination des semences de quatre espèces ligneuses méditerranéennes à reproduction sexuée obligatoire

Le sol assurant une protection, les taux de germination y sont les plus eleves; dans la litiere, les graines ont ete entierement tuees; a 25 cm, les taux de germination des trois especes de Cistes sont plus faibles que ceux observes pour les semences enfouies dans le sol. Les graines du Pin d'Alep ont ete tuees par les hautes temperatures. Les possibilites de recolonisation des zones incendiees sont discutees en tenant compte de l'influence du feu sur les localisations des banques de graines dans les communautes
Composting of organic wastes using newly developed cellulolytic microbial consortium

Experiment under glass house conditions was conducted to see the efficacy of newly developed microbial consortium for composting different organic substrates. During experiment period, in all the treatments, increase in temperature was recorded from the first week of composting. In majority of the substrates temperature increase was recorded upto fourth week of composting, and thereafter a gradual decline was recorded. Within 30 days there was steep increase in the bacterial and fungal population in all the treatments which continued to increase upto 120 days and thereafter a gradual decrease was recorded. While the population of actinomycetes increased in later stage and reached at peak between 120 and 150 days of composting. Test consortium was found significantly superior in reducing the decomposition time of substrates over other treatments. The reduction in composting time over control ranged from 9.65 to 23.36% in different substrates. Vegetable waste decomposed at the fastest rate (48.7 to 59.3 days) while saw dust required maximum time (179.7 to 214.3 days) for decomposition. Reduction in C: N ratio over initial was recorded in all the treatments at maturity while pH of all substrates shifted towards normal. The treatment with test consortium on different substrates recorded numerically higher mineral content over MPKV consortium and uninoculated control. Results indicated that the use of test consortium reduced the overall time required for composting besides producing the nutrient enriched compost product.
No confirmation for previously suggested presence of diploid cytotypes of Sesleria (Poaceae) on the Balkan Peninsula

Abstract The species-rich grass genus Sesleria is one of the most intricate genera of the European flora. Almost all species of the genus Sesleria are polyploid; only two species from the Alps, previously segregated as separate genera Psilathera and Sesleriella, are diploid. In addition, there is controversy about two diploid counts of S. comosa from the Bulgarian Rila and Pirin mountain ranges. These are the single reports of diploidy in Sesleria s. str. , which would have significant impact on the future phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus’ evolutionary history. In order to confirm or reject these reports, we determined the relative DNA-content for 67 individuals of S. comosa from the two Bulgarian localities, from which diploid cytotypes have been reported. All analyzed individuals were clearly separated into two ploidy levels: DNA-tetraploids and DNA-octoploids. These results are in accordance with our previous comprehensive study on genome sizes in the genus, but are in stark contrast to the previous reports. Therefore, we suggest that the diploid counts rather refer to co-occurring, morphologically somewhat similar diploid Alopecurus gerardii, which has probably overgrown and outcompeted the slower growing and more susceptible S. comosa during cultivation before root tips were fixed for chromosome counting.
Prophylactic enrichment of enterocyte phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids fed to suckling piglets

Infant formula companies began fortifying formulas with long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in 2002, including arachidonic acid (AA) at ~ 0.5% of total fatty acids. This study is the first in a series that will examine whether supra‐physiological supplementation of AA will improve intestinal health. The objective of this study was to determine the time specific effects of feeding formula enriched with AA on fatty acid composition of enterocyte phospholipids and on the functional development of the small intestine. One day old pigs (N=96) were fed a milk‐based formula for 4, 8, or 16 d. Diets contained either no polyunsaturated fatty acids (0%AA, negative control), 0.5%AA, 2.5%AA, 5%AA, or 5% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total fatty acids. A sow‐fed reference group (N= 18) also was included. Growth (299 +/− 21 g/d) was unaffected by treatment (p>0.6). By day 16, ileal enterocyte phospholipid concentrations of AA were enriched 176%, 280%, and 355% in pigs fed the 0.5%AA, 2.5%AA, and 5%AA diets, respectively, compared with the 0%AA negative control. Concentration of AA within enterocytes of the 5% EPA fed pigs was similar to that of the 0%AA fed pigs, while EPA concentration increased by >8 fold. These data demonstrate a dose‐dependent response in enterocyte AA concentration to dietary AA and that supra‐physiologic supplementation of AA is not detrimental to growth.
The impact of colostrum intake on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern in newborn ruminants

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of colostrum intake on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern in clinically healthy calves, lambs and kids during the first two weeks of life, as well as differences in the protein profile between these species of ruminants. The study included three groups of clinically healthy calves (n = 12), lambs (n = 10) and kids (n = 7). The first blood sampling was performed before the colostrum intake (day 0) and then at 1, 2, 7 and 14 days of age. Blood serum was analysed for the concentrations of total proteins, serum protein electrophoretic fractions and albumin/globulin ratio. Serum protein electrophoresis identified in calves 6 (albumin, α1-, α2-, β1-, β2-, and γ-globulins) and in lambs and kids 5 (albumin, α1-, α2-, β- and γ-globulins) distinct bands. Significant changes were observed in the analysed parameters during the evaluated period in all groups of ruminants. Except of the concentration of total proteins in precolostral serum significant differences in the results were found also between ruminant species. The present study showed significant effect of colostrum intake on concentrations of total proteins and also relative and absolute concentrations of the major of protein fractions in all evaluated species of young ruminants. The results, analysis of which began already in precolostral time, indicate that colostrum feeding is the starting point for significant changes in protein profile in ruminant neonates followed by longer-lasting changes in the following days and weeks of their life.
The Role in Translation of Editing and Multi-Synthetase Complex Formation by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

ii Dedication . vi Acknowledgments. vii Vita . ix List of tables . xv List of figures . xvi List of symbols and abbreviations . xix Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Protein synthesis . 1 1.2 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. 1 1.2. 1 Aminoacylation domain architecture and aminoacylation activity . 1 1.2. 2 Specificity of aaRS active site . 3 1.2. 3 Editing mechanisms . 5 1.2. 4 Role of specificity of aaRS active site and editing in the cell . 11 1.2. 5 Aminoacyl-tRNA containing multi-enzyme complexes . 13
THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE VIVIPAROUS TELEOST, NEOTOCA BILINEATA, A MEMBER OF THE FAMILY GOODEIDAE. IV. THE GERMINAL TISSUE

1. Two ovigerous folds, one on either side of the median sagittal septum of the ovary are described as bearing the germ cells.2. Oocytes normally occur in clusters at the surface of the ovigerous folds.3. Follicular pores or delles not only facilitate access of the spermatozoa to the ovum but also provide a place for the escape of the fertilized egg.4. The growing oocyte is characterized largely by the absence of large masses of yolk and the presence of numerous oil droplets. During growth the nucleus changes from a typical germinal vesicle to a granular, eosinophylic body in which the chromatin exhibits only a weak affinity for stains.5. The follicle of Neotoca changes during growth from a tenuous layer of scattered squamous cells to a thick, simple layer of columnar cells.6. Fertilization, the completion of the meiotic divisions, and the escape of the egg are described as occurring simultaneously or in extremely rapid succession.7. Normally evacuated follicles cannot be compared in any way to the mammal.
The evolutionary, ecological and behavioural consequences of the presence of floaters in bird populations

In spite of the huge potential impact of floaters on population processes, their biology remains poorly understood. This review, based on ornithological literature, highlights the need for a better understanding and outlines topics for future studies on the biology of floaters. The presence of floaters may be a key factor affecting sexual selection, reproductive strategies, the evolution of territoriality and population dynamics in the majority of birds. Generally, floaters have lower survival rates than territorial birds. Male and female floaters may reproduce with territorial birds, becoming helpers or nest parasites. This, however, may give rise to numerous sexual conflicts, as resident birds may copulate with floaters. It seems, though, that floating is more a contingent 'making the best of a bad job' response than an evolutionarily stable strategy. The impact of floaters encompasses numerous territorial birds because each floating individual may use much more space than the residents. As floaters exhibit greater mobility, It is possible that they may affect landscape-level processes such as patch colonization and extinction dynamics and habitat patch occupancy patterns. As yet, little is known regarding how the presence of floaters affects population survival rates and hence, population regulation. This may be of particular significance in the case of endangered species.
Response of growth and yield of hybrid sunflower to deficit irrigation under drip system

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, TNAU, Tamil Nadu, during rabi season (2017 – 2018) to study the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on growth and yield of sunflower under drip system. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with three replication, used TNAU sunflower hybrid Co2 as a test crop. The treatments comprised of conventional drip irrigation at 100% ETc (T1) and 75% ETc (T2), Irrigation at 100% and 75% ETc as alternate irrigation cycle (T3), Irrigation at 75% ETc in alternate irrigation cycle (skip) (T4), T5, T6 and T7 Irrigation at 75% ETc skip during button initiation, flowering and seed filling, respectively. The growth parameters of plant height, dry matter production and growth analysis of leaf area index and crop growth rate and seed and stalk yield were recorded. Results indicated that deficit irrigation treatments significantly reduced the plant growth parameters and yield. Among the different treatments, the higher growth parameters were registered with drip irrigation at 100 % ETc (T1). Maximum seed and stalk yield was achieved in the same treatment. The lowest growth parameters and yield was noticed in the irrigation at 75 ETc in alternate irrigation cycle (T4)