Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LOS GÉNEROS NATIVOS DE LA TRIBU STIPEAE (POACEAE, POOIDEAE) EN CHILE THE NATIVE GENERA OF THE TRIBE STIPEAE (POACEAE, POOIDEAE) IN CHILE

In the catalogue of vascular plants of Chile, 3 genera in the tribe Stipeae are cited: Nassella s.str. , Piptochaetium y Stipa s.l. (incl. Ortachne). New morphological characters primarily these of spikelets, anatomical leaves, embryological characters, epidermis patterns of lemma and molecular data have lead to a more natural delimitation of genera of the tribe Stipeae (Pooideae, Poaceae). At present, the tribe Stipeae in Chile is represented by 5 genera: Anatherostipa (Hack. ex Kuntze) Penail. (4 spp.); Jarava Ruiz et Pav. (22 spp.); Nassella (Trin.) E.Desv. s.l. (26 spp.); Ortachne Nees ex Steud. (2 spp.); and Piptochaetium J.Presl (2 spp.). Besides, the Piptatherum genus is represented by P. miliaceum (L.) Cosson, an adventitial species. A historical consideration, description, and a list of their species (basyonym and synonyms) are listed for each genus. For practical purposes, references for species identification are cited. A key for Chilean genera is presented.
Why Size Matters

Preface ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Human View of Size 7 Chapter 3: The Physics of Size 28 Chapter 4: The Evolution of Size 62 Chapter 5: Size and the Division of Labor 79 Chapter 6: Size and Time 116 Chapter 7: Envoi 147 Notes 153 Index 157
Aeolidia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1761) (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia), single species or a cryptic species complex? A morphological and molecular study

Aeolidia papillosa (Linnaeus, ) is a well-known aeolidiid species that has been reported to have a worldwide distribution in cold-temperate waters, mainly from the northern hemisphere. Molecular tools have recently shown that most cosmopolitan species usually belong to a taxonomic species complex. Here we used integrative taxonomy to test the range of distribution of A.papillosa, and to assess the existence of a putative species complex that has been traditionally included as a single species under the name A.papillosa. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses of partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochromec oxidase subunitI and 16S rRNA genes, and the nuclear gene histone3, were used to infer phylogenetic trees. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) species delimitation analyses and morphological study complemented the phylogenetic approach. Our results show that A.papillosa is a cosmopolitan and an amphi-Atlantic species, being distributed in the eastern and western Atlantic as well as in the eastern Pacific;however, some specimens from the UK and the Netherlands, together with specimens from Portugal, Galicia, and France, as well as the Californian and Oregon populations, emerge as two pseudocryptic species described herein: Aeolidia filomenaesp.nov. and Aeolidia louisp.nov., respectively. Finally, the specimens from Chilean coasts, previously attributed to A.papillosa, belong to a different species, Aeolidia campbellii (Cunningham, ), that is a senior synonym of Aeolidia serotina Bergh, . 1873
Constraints perceived by the small scale pig farmers in Sivasagar district of Assam: An analysis

A study was conducted covering eight development blocks of Sivasagar district to know the major constraints perceived by small scale pig farmers. Fifteen numbers of farmers from each block, thus, a total of one hundred twenty numbers of farmers were selected randomly on the basis of their experience in pig farming. Among the breeding factors, the highest mean score (68.98) was found in case of non-availability of improved breed and was ranked first. It was revealed that lack of knowledge of feeding balanced ration was the most important constraints with a mean score of 74.21 and was ranked first among feeding factors. The higher mortality of pig due to unidentified contagious diseases was the most serious constraints faced by the small scale pig farmers with a mean score of 67.33. Another important constraints faced by the farmers was lack of organized marketing facility with a mean score of 73.63. The social unacceptance of pig farmers (57.29) was also one of the major constraints faced by the pig farmers.
Adapting boreal streams to climate change: effects of riparian vegetation on water temperature and biological assemblages

Riparian vegetation directly or indirectly affects many important structural and functional processes in stream ecosystems. We used a contiguous paired-reach approach in ∼4 km of open and shaded reaches in 8 boreal streams to study the effects of canopy cover on in-stream physicochemical (temperature, nutrients), substratum, and biotic assemblages (benthic diatom, macrophyte, invertebrate). Canopy cover, woody debris, and summer temperatures differed between paired reaches. Variation partitioning (partial redundancy analysis) showed that benthic diatom traits, but not species composition, were related strongly to canopy cover (33% of the variance was explained by canopy cover alone). In contrast, using variation partitioning, we found no support for the hypothesis that canopy cover was a strong predictor of macrophyte or benthic invertebrate assemblages. However, multivariable regression (redundancy analysis) showed that canopy cover was a significant predictor of invertebrate taxonomic and trait composition (explaining ∼26% of the variability), after accounting for covariance with other environmental variables. In agreement with predictions, univariate analyses revealed that macrophyte traits related to light and growth forms were correlated negatively with canopy cover. Our findings that canopy cover resulted in lower summer temperatures, higher amounts of woody debris, and differences in community structure and traits support the importance of riparian buffer strips as a management tool for maintaining biodiversity and for managing stream ecosystems for the warmer future.
Türkiye’de dağılım gösteren bazı Caelifera (Insecta: Orthoptera) türlerinin yeni lokalite kayıtları, endemizm, yaygınlık ve tarımsal zarar oluştıurma açısından değerlendirilmesi

Bu calismada, Turkiye’nin farkli bolgelerinden 2000-2013 yillari arasinda toplanan, Aksaray Universitesi ve Namik Kemal Universitesi Entomoloji Muzelerinde muhafaza edilen bazi Caelifera (Orthoptera) turleri yeni lokalite kayitlari, endemizm, yayginlik ve tarimsal zarar olusturma acisindan degerlendirilmistir. Bu degerlendirmeler sonucunda, Tridactylidae familyasi 1 tur, Tetrigidae familyasi 2 cinse ait 2 tur, Pyrgomorphidae familyasi 1 cinse ait 2 tur, Pamphagidae familyasi 5 cinse ait 14 tur/alttur ve Acrididae familyasi icin 27 cinse ait 61 tur verilmistir. Bu turlerden 10’unun bir veya birden cok bolge icin, 29’unun bir veya birden fazla il icin yeni lokalite kaydi oldugu belirlenmistir. Ayrica 19’unun Turkiye, 3’unun Turkiye ve Balkan Yarimadasi ve diger 3’unun Turkiye ve Kafkasya icin endemik oldugu bilinmektedir. Yine literature gore bu turlerden 37’si bilinen-yaygin turler olup, 28 turun ise tarimsal ve ekili alanlara zarar verdikleri onceki calismalarda rapor edilmistir.
Heterochronic neuromuscular junction development in an Australian marsupial (Macropus fuliginosus)

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) provides a connection between the somatic nervous and muscular systems. The present work documents, for the first time, the mature form of the NMJ in an Australian marsupial, the western gray kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus. Marsupials give birth to highly altricial young and the majority of motor system development thus occurs postnatally. We demonstrate that NMJ formation in the forelimbs of kangaroos precedes that in hindlimbs by several weeks, consistent with evidence of precocial forelimb development from other indices of motor system maturation in marsupials. Forelimb and hindlimb NMJs reach a similar level of development by the end of the first postnatal month, an outcome that results from accelerated hindlimb development in the early postnatal period together with a more unexpected stagnation or even regression of forelimb NMJ maturity over the same period. This study suggests that the pattern of NMJ maturation may be adjusted in forelimb as opposed to hindlimb. Elucidation of the underlying cellular control mechanisms may inform current understanding of NMJ formation, and as such the broader processes involved in synaptic formation.
Divergent Pathways of Gentrification: Racial Inequality and the Social Order of Renewal in Chicago Neighborhoods

Gentrification has inspired considerable debate, but direct examination of its uneven evolution across time and space is rare. We address this gap by developing a conceptual framework on the social pathways of gentrification and introducing a method of systematic social observation using Google Street View to detect visible cues of neighborhood change. We argue that a durable racial hierarchy governs residential selection and, in turn, gentrifying neighborhoods. Integrating census data, police records, prior street-level observations, community surveys, proximity to amenities, and city budget data on capital investments, we find that the pace of gentrification in Chicago from 2007 to 2009 was negatively associated with the concentration of blacks and Latinos in neighborhoods that either showed signs of gentrification or were adjacent and still disinvested in 1995. Racial composition has a threshold effect, however, attenuating gentrification when the share of blacks in a neighborhood is greater than 40 percent. Consistent with theories of neighborhood stigma, we also find that collective perceptions of disorder, which are higher in poor minority neighborhoods, deter gentrification, while observed disorder does not. These results help explain the reproduction of neighborhood racial inequality amid urban transformation.
Comparison of Mean Scores and R-indices for Consumer Preferences of Apple Cultivars

Conventional (analysis of variance, mean preference scores) and novel (R-index) methodologies for hedonic assessments of 'Silken' and 'Creston' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) cultivars from the breeding program at Summerland, B.C., were compared with the standard cultivars Royal Gala, Jonagold, and Golden Delicious. Visual and flavor preferences were evaluated for either three or five cultivars by panels of 50 to 200 consumers. Consumers were successfully able to evaluate five apple samples at a given session. Significant differences in mean preference scores and R-indices were found among cultivars. Both 'Silken' and 'Creston' had higher flavor and lower visual preference ratings than did 'Royal Gala'. Results were consistent for both methodologies when panels consisted of 100 or more consumers. R-index, however, expressed the results as a probability rather than a mean score, and was a more understandable and interpretable measure of consumer preference than were preference ratings.
THE FRESHWATER DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS OF HALMAHERA

Twenty-six species of freshwater shrimps and crabs, belonging to 14 genera of four families (Atyidae, Palaemonidae, Parathelphusidae, and Grapsidae) are reported from Halmahera, Indonesia. Of them, 10 are new records for the island while one species of Macrobrachium is here described as new. Description for new species, diagnoses for poorly known species, and taxonomic discussions for all species are provided.
Will mesquite control with 2,4,5 T enhance grass production?

Highlight: Both honey mesquite density and percent of plants dead the year of aerial spraying with 2,4,5-T proved to be major factors influencing perennial grass production. Sites with sparse honey mesquite stands and very dense stands (over 50% canopy cover) yielded little extra grass after 2,4,5-T application. Heavy mesquite foliage probably prevented adequate leaf coverage with 2,4,5-T in dense stands, and in sparse stands mesquite competed little with the herbaceous plants. Increased perennial grass production of about 540 lb/acre/year would be necessary over a 5-year period to break even with a $4.60/acre aerial applicationof2,4,5-T. With honey mesquite cover of 30%, a plant kill over 80% the year of application was required to provide a 540 lb/acre/year grass increase. However, a 90% kill would provide nearly 750 lb/acre/ year extra perennial grass. Thus, paying particular attention to optimum environmental factors and proper timing for the 2,4,5-T application can pay big dividends.
Effect of Inflorescence Removal on Propagule Formation of Astilbe ×arendsii, Hemerocallis spp., and Hosta spp.

Field experiments conducted in 2002 and 2003 evaluated the effects of timing of inflorescence removal on propagule formation, growth and development ofAstilbe ×arendsii, Hemerocallis spp. and Hosta spp. Four timings of inflorescence removal were tested: 1) no removal (control), 2) removal at inflorescence emergence, 3) removal at preflower, and 4) Removal at full flower. Propagule formation in Astilbe was not enhanced by inflorescence removal. Hemerocallis plants with their inflorescences removed at emergence produced 25% more divisions than plants with their inflorescences removed at preflower. For Hosta, plants with inflorescences removed at pre- and full flower produced respectively 40% and 53% more divisions than control plants. These results have economic implications for commercial bare-root production, which need to be verified on a larger field scale.
Development of Y-chromosomal Polymorphic Markers in Two Gibbon Species （Hylobates lar and Hylobates pileatus）

Genetic assessment of gibbon populations is required to establish and develop the conservation management of endangered gibbon species. To assess the paternal genetic diversity of wild gibbons, we searched and developed six loci of the Y-chromosomal marker that consist of five microsatellites and three PCR fragment length polymorphisms in two species of gibbons, Hylobates lar (white-handed gibbons) and H. pileatus (pileated gibbons). Using these Y-chromosomal markers, no individual shared a Y-chromosomal haplotype with any other individual among captive H. lar (n = 12) and H. pileatus (n = 5). The application of the Y-chromosomal markers developed in this study will help us to uncover the genetic diversity of these two gibbon species.
Rhizosphere bacteria of maize with chitinolytic activity and its potential in the control of phytopathogenic fungi

Abstract The chitinase enzyme was identified in isolated bacteria of maize rhizosphere as well as its potential for the biological control of fungi associated at seeds of the same plant. The production of chitinase enzyme was found in the genera identified as Acinetobacter, Bacterium, Burkholderia, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Shewanella, Sphingomonas and Stenotrophomonas. Bacterial isolates with ability to degrade fungal mycelium from maize fungi as Fusarium and Alternaria among others, were detected. Bacterial chitinase activity and the presence of the chiA gene were determined. The inoculation of chitinolytic bacteria showed a positive effect in the control of fungi in maize seeds. The results support the potential use of chitinase enzyme producing bacteria on the control of phytopathogenic fungi.
Conceptual Ambiguities and Practical Challenges of Ecological Forestry: A Critical Review

Although the importance of science is widely acknowledged among forestry researchers and practitioners, the normative and ethical foundations of forest management remain generally neglected. To illustrate this trend and explain why it is problematic, we discuss the example of “ecological forestry,” currently being proposed as a strategy and indeed a philosophy, of sustainable multiple-use forest management. We brieﬂy summarize the theoretical underpinnings and conceptual development of ecological forestry, before critically examining the roots and implications of its pervasive normative and ethical ambiguities. Without clariﬁcation, these ambiguities create conceptual challenges that preclude a clear understanding of what ecological forestry is or aspires to achieve, allowing for a problematic range of variability in how it can be applied. We suggest that these conceptual ambiguities and practical challenges are not unique to ecological forestry and that any cohesive, enduring philosophy for sustainable natural resource management and conservation requires clear normative and ethical foundations.
A process for the recovery and immobilization of starch phosphorylase from starch-based industrial wastewater

A process for recovery of starch phosphorylase, an important enzyme in the production of glucose 1-phosphate from the wastewater of potato-starch factories, has been developed. Of the 680 units of enzyme present in 1.2 litres of wastewater, 383 units were recovered with a 2.72-fold enrichment in specific activity. Two forms, starch phosphorylase I and II, obtained by ion-exchange chromatography, were purified to a specific activity of 0.76 and 0.82 unit/mg of protein respectively, which remained essentially unchanged even after immobilization on ground eggshell. However, the thermal stability of both the immobilized enzymes was dramatically increased. The eggshell-bound enzymes were packed in a water-jacketed glass column and fed with a continuous supply of soluble starch and phosphate buffer to yield glucose 1-phosphate, a cytostatic compound used in the therapy of cardiopathy, which was isolated by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and ethanol precipitation to 96% purity
Nesting biology of the yellow-throated euphonia: large clutch size in a neotropical frugivore

ABsTRAcr. -I studied the nesting biology of Yellow-throated Euphonias (Thraupinae: Euphonia hirundinacea) in Monteverde, Costa Rica, in 1987-1990. Most nesting occurred from April to July (N = 69 nests) in covered nests in road banks. Modal clutch size was five eggs (= 4.4), an unusually large number for a tropical passerine. Only females incubated eggs, but both parents fed nestlings. Parents regurgitated food for nestlings, and examination of nestling fecal samples indicated that fruit made up most of the diet starting from the day of hatching. Morphological specializations of the digestive tract may enable, or even require, them to use fruit in the nestling diet more extensively than other birds. Parents visited the nest infrequently, arrived at the nest together, and accompanied one another to the nest entrance in what may be a distraction display to confuse potential nest predators. The covered nests, the infrequent visits to the nest, and the behavior at the nest may all contribute to reducing nest predation in this species. The combination of large clutch size, extreme nestling frugivory, and coordinated parental behavior is unique, and the inclusion of euphonias in comparative studies addressing the evolution of these traits should prove valuable. Received 6 July 1992, accepted 2 Dec. 1992.
First Knowledge of Winter Ecology of the Mound-building Mouse (Mus spicilegus Petényi, 1882) from Slovakia

The winter ecology of Mus spicilegus on north-western border of its distribution is presented in the article. The study was conducted in Eastern Slovakia. Totally, 264 individuals of M. spicilegus were caught and evaluated from October to March during the period 2004-2006 yearly. Results indicated that the over-wintering population was characterised by significant predominance of males (57.2%), however, immature individuals in the whole population were 72.3%. In autumn and in the first months of winter (October-December) the immature individuals prevailed. The mature vs. immature individuals ratio was 1: 3.6; while in January to March the ratio was balanced. The number of individuals caught per mound was 1-21 (average 6.9 in season 2004/2005, 10.4 in 2005/2006). During the investigation, 175 mounds were measured and examined. The average base of mound was 122 cm in long and 106 cm in wide, the average height was 29 cm and the average periphery on hill base was 396 cm. There were 3.0-26.0 (average 11.6) cm seed layers observed in the single mounds. Mounds were usually located 10-30 m apart from each other. Spherical nests of 10-35 cm in diameter were situated in a depth of 1-45 cm under the ground.
Effects on Fish

The focal point of concern for the acidification of extensive freshwater areas by acid precipitation in both Scandinavia and eastern North America is the devastating effect this phenomenon has had on fish populations. In addition to the obvious economic and social impacts related to the loss of irreplaceable fish stocks exploited by man, the widespread extinction of fish populations has far reaching ecological implications as well. Reductions in fish species affect aquatic ecosystem structure and function, and diminished intra-specific genetic diversity is of ultimate concern for the maintenance of species integrity. Although biological effects of acidification by acid precipitation have been observed and reported for several aquatic taxa at virtually all trophic levels, the effects on fish have been most thoroughly investigated and documented in the literature. In addition to descriptive information derived from long-term assessment of fish stock changes resulting from acidification, recent experimental investigations and physiological studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of the specific mechanisms involved in the extinction of fish populations and to identification of the relative sensitivity and critical life history stages of many species in relation to acidification. This article represents a summary of information derived from these studies, most of which have come from Norway and Sweden where the problem is particularly severe and has been intensively researched.
Crop cultivation measures to reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals

In cereal farming, Fusarium head blight is of great significance since in the case of an infestation not only yield and quality is affected, but also mycotoxin contamination of harvest products must be expected. Since mycotoxins produced in grain during cereal cultivation can only be partially removed by cleansing or processing, preventative measures against Fusarium infection on the field are of particular importance. Crop cultivation measures provide good possibilities for limiting the risk of infection if suitable crop rotation, type of soil tillage, choice of variety and plant protection are combined with each other in terms of situation and location.
Molluscan antimicrobial peptides, a review from activity-based evidences to computer- assisted sequences

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent the most universal immune effectors. Molluscs constitute the second largest animal phylum, after Arthropods, in term of number of species. Only a negligible number has been investigated regarding AMPs. The choice of the species to be studied relied on their economical importance and availability. First studies on molluscan AMPs dated from 1996 and were based on biological activities of biochemical-purified fractions. Such approach released all the original structures we know, with biological activity sometimes different from one isoform to another. Then, molecular biology techniques were applied to molluscan AMPs starting in 1999. Complete screening of genome expression in various situations became available, as well as some exotic Molluscs, the ones collected from deep-sea hydrothermal vent, for instance. Full sequences of active peptides and precursors, and gene organizations were established. A breakthrough consisted in the discovery of numerous AMP variants, even within the same animal. In addition, computer homology revealed the existence of already known AMPs in new studied molluscan species.