Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of throughfall, stemfall and litterfall in fertilized and irrigated Pinus radiata

The chemical inputs by rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were studied in a pine plantation located in Pierces Creek Forest, Canberra, Australia. Three treatments were included in the study: a control (C) and two fertilizer treatments. The first fertilizer treatment (F) involved two applications of mixed fertilizers at high rates, the second (IL) involved application of a complete liquid fertilizer with irrigation, so as to remove nutrient and water restrictions to growth. The application rates of nutrients were higher for IL than F. Net inputs of elements in throughfall and stemflow, obtained by subtracting the amounts in the rainfall, were compared for different treatments. For cations (the sum of Ca, Mg, Na and K), the treatment effect on leaching by throughfall and stemflow was IL > F > C; but the F to C differences were greater for throughfall than stemflow. The effects were almost entirely due to increases in concentration, rather than the amount of rainfall becoming throughfall or stemflow. The concentration of nitrogen (as NH4 or NO3) in throughfall or stemflow could be lower or higher than in rainfall, indicating net removal or leaching, respectively. Net removal occurred for most rainfall events for the control treatment, for a substantial number of events for treatment F, but for few events for treatment IL. The ammonium ion was preferentially removed from throughfall, and nitrate from stemflow. Transfers of potassium and total nitrogen by litterfall, throughfall and stemflow were also studied. The proportions of potassium and nitrogen being transferred by these processes showed little difference between treatments; the overall values for potassium being 60% by throughfall, 4% by stemflow and 36% by litterfall. In contrast the transfer of nitrogen was dominated by litterfall (81%), with 18% by throughfall and 1% by stemflow. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One– and Three–Hour PM2.5 Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment Using Continuous and Integrated Samplers

Ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) are significant components of fine particles in many urban atmospheres. These components, however, are not properly measured by current EPA accepted methods, such as the R&P TEOM monitor, due to loss of semivolatile material (SVM) from particles in the heated environment of the filter during sampling. The accurate determination of semivolatile material is important due to the possible effects of these species on human health, visibility, and global climate change. The concentration and composition of fine particulate material were determined using a combination of continuous and integrated samplers at the Brigham Young University–EPA Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking (BYU–EPA EMPACT) monitoring site in Salt Lake City, Utah over a six–day sampling period (30 January to 4 February) during the winter of 2001. Continuous samples were collected using a RAMS (total PM2.5 mass), a TEOM monitor (nonvolatile PM2.5 mass), an Aethalometer (elemental carbon), a TSI CPC (particle count), and a Nephelometer (light scattering by particles, bsp). Fine particle composition and mass were determined on a three–hour basis using the PC–BOSS diffusion denuder sampler. Total PM2.5 mass–determined with the RAMS agreed with constructed mass determined from the chemical composition measured in collocated PC–BOSS–integrated samples. Results from this study indicate that semivolatile material (ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic compounds) is a significant component of fine particle mass. Semivolatile organic compounds were the major contributor to light scattering during the six–day sampling period. Semivolatile nitrate, but not organic material, was suggested to be hygroscopic by the nephelometric data. The majority of the SVM observed appeared to be secondary material formed from photochemical reactions of the organic and NOx emissions from mobile sources and wood smoke combustion.
Investigating Batch-to-batch Variability and Stability of Enamel Matrix Proteins Preparations used in Periodontal Surgery (Emdogain®)

Emdogain®, a porcine-derived Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD), is a promising biological mediator used in the regeneration of lost periodontium, a direct result of periodontitis. However, several clinical studies have demonstrated inconsistencies regarding Emdogain®’s therapeutic results. We hypothesize that a reason for inconsistent clinical results stems from a variability in the product’s protein content resulting from the inherent variability in the harvested enamel matrix, presence of enzymes and effects of storage conditions. Emdogain® protein composition was assessed using tandem mass spectrometry (TMS), silver stained SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Enzyme activity was examined using a fluorescence enzyme assay. TMS identified all major Enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) and enzymes. No definitive effects of temperature and time were observed through SDS-PAGE, western blotting or TMS. Nonetheless, TMS analysis did show differences in abundances of certain EMPs between batches. Enzymatic activity was detected in most samples, with significant differences in activity between batches.
High-voltage Lorentz electron microscopy studies of domain structures and magnetization processes in pearlitic steels

Abstract Pearlitic steels with volume fractions of pearlite from 5 to 100% have been studied using a high-voltage electron microscope and by measuring the Barkhausen activity. The results indicate that the microstructural parameters that affect the coercivity most strongly are the volume fractions and grain sizes of ferrite and pearlite. In electron microscope studies it was observed that domain walls were particularly strongly pinned in cementite lamellae in pearlite grains. A simple model is derived from these observations, which correctly predicts the coercivity of a large number of steels.
Model comparisons to simulate soil frost depth

The depth and duration of soil freezing have important implications for the hydrology, biology, and chemistry of ecosystems. Four existing soil models capable of simulating subfreezing soil temperatures and frost depth were evaluated for their ability to predict the depth and timing of soil frost at sites in North America. The evaluation was carried out by comparing model simulations with field data collected in Alaska, characterized by a Cryaquept with grass cover, and in Minnesota, characterized by a Haploboroll with corn stubble. The SHAW and SOIL models employ a finite difference solution to assess heat flow in the soil profile. Both models predicted frost depth with reasonable accuracy, at least when the simulated snow depth agreed with the recorded snow depth. The Benoit and Gusev models assess frost depth by balancing heat fluxes within the soil profile. These models generally overpredicted frost depth. The chief advantages of the simpler Benoit and Gusev models are the fewer data requirements and faster execution times compared with the SHAW and SOIL models. The latter two models, however, include provisions to reduce the data requirements by utilizing default data values in the simulation. The greater accuracy attained using the more sophisticated modern computer models may warrant their use for site-specific environmental applications. This study illustrates the difficulty of simulating snow cover, and, therefore, soil frost penetration, accurately.
Advances in Processing and Properties of Perovskite Thin-Films for FRAMs, DRAMs, and Decoupling Capacitors,

Abstract Highly oriented, dense, and crack-free ferroelectric and paraelectric thin-films on three inch diameter Pt/Ti/Si3N4/Si (100) substrates were obtained by polymeric sol-gel processing. Ferroelectric PZT thin-films were fabricated at temperatures as low as 550°C within 15 minutes by rapid thermal annealing. The films heat treated at 700°C for 5 minutes were single grain thick and exhibited Pr, Psp, and Ec in the ranges of 29–32 μC/cm2, 44–53 μC/cm2, and 50–60 kV/cm, respectively, and high speed switching times below 5 ns on 30×30 μm2 electrodes. A switching time of 2.7 ns was observed on 19×19 μm2 area electrodes at a field of 200 kV/cm. Results of low and high field characterization on paraelectric PLT thin-films which were conventionally heat treated indicated that it has an excellent potential for use in ULSI DRAMs and as decoupling capacitors. These films showed a high charge storage density (15 μC/cm2) and a low leakage current (0.5 μA/cm2) at a field of 200 kV/cm. Also, the charging time for a.
ANALYSIS OF HAY, HAYLAGE AND CORN SILAGE SAMPLES BY NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Separate calibrations for hay, haylage and corn silage were developed to predict chemical composition by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR). A scanning type of NIR instrument was used to select the best set of wavelengths (λ) while a filter type was used to evaluate the calibrations. Reflectance (R) was recorded as log (1/R). Bias (nonrandom error) was corrected for each set of samples before the NIR analysis. Percent crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were studied in the hay samples. In addition, potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) were included for the haylage and corn silage samples. Six hundred samples, including calibration (C) and prediction sets (PRE1 and PRE2) were used. PRE1 samples came from the same population as the C samples, whereas PRE2 samples were obtained in a different year. Accuracy of the predictions was assessed by the coefficients of determination (r2), standard error of the estimate (SEE), and coefficients of variation (CV). Crude.
Improvement in the tribological properties of imidazolium‐derived ionic liquids by additive technology

Molecular design of wear-preventing and friction-reducing additives for ionic liquids is described. The tribological properties of carboxylic acid-derived additives were evaluated by a ball-on-flat type tribotest under reciprocating motion. Tetraalkylammonium and tetraalkylphosphonium salts of N-benzyl-protected aspartic acid were dissolved in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-derived ionic liquids. They prevented wear remarkably and reduced friction fairly. Influences of alkyl group in imidazolium molecule on additive response were observed. In tetraalkylammonium-derived ionic liquids, the additive reduced wear but did not reduce friction under these conditions. The salt of N-acetyl-protected glutamic acid prevented wear, but did not reduce friction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships among classroom technology utilization, professional development, and knowledge about technology for secondary teachers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of technology professional development for secondary teachers toward the usage of that technology in the classroom to assist with the teaching/learning process. This research also examined the effects of knowledge about technology for secondary teachers on the utilization o f technology in the classroom. Data were gathered from the Technology Proficiency Self Assessment Instrument issued by the Louisiana State Department of Education. The target population consisted o f secondary school teachers in Louisiana from 202 secondary schools in twenty-eight parishes. From the 202 secondary schools in Louisiana, a sample of teachers (n = 530) from 71 secondary schools were used in the study, 38 public and 33 private. Data were analyzed using correlations, a multiple linear regression, t-tests, and ANOVAs with the Statistical Package fo r the Social Sciences 12.0 (SPSS). The total teacher surveys received and analyzed were 254, 47.9% (n = 530). Significant relationships (p < .01) were found between professional development in technology and technology utilization in the classroom. Knowledge about technology and technology utilization in the classroom also had significant relationships (p < .01). A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the dependent variable, technology utilization, based on the two independent variables, professional development and knowledge about technology, with F(2,244) = 28.991, p < . 001, and an adjusted R2 of . 185. Findings indicated that professional development and knowledge of technology are important factors in predicting the use o f technology in the classroom. Male and female teachers who taught iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. any subject utilize technology in a similar manner in the classroom. However, teachers utilized technology more in the classroom when they had a graduate degree than teachers with a bachelor’s degree. Also, teachers who taught all grade levels utilize technology more in the classroom than teachers who taught the individual grade levels or a combination of grade levels.
Numerical advection algorithms and their role in atmospheric transport and chemistry models

During the last 35 years, well over 100 algorithms for modeling advection processes have been described and tested. This review summarizes the development and improvements that have taken place. The nature of the errors caused by numerical approximation to the advection equation are highlighted. Then the particular devices that have been proposed to remedy these errors are discussed. The extensive literature comparing transport algorithms is reviewed. Although there is no clear cut “best” algorithm, several conclusions can be made. The judicious use of simple finite difference schemes (second-order time differences and even-order ( >2) spatial differences) provides a minimum level of accuracy that is suitable for many atmospheric applications. More complex schemes can yield a significant improvement in accuracy, but sometimes at great computational expense. Spectral and pseudospectral techniques consistently provide the highest degree of accuracy, but expense and difficulties assuring positive mixing ratios are serious drawbacks. Schemes which consider fluid slabs bounded by grid points (volume schemes), rather than the simple specification of constituent values at the grid points, provide accurate positive definite results. The computer memory requirements of the volume schemes can be excessive. Recent attempts to maxmize accuracy while keeping cost low have lead to such useful schemes as the one proposed by P. K. Smolarkiewicz.
Overcoming the Stressful Effects of Salinity and Acidity on Soybean Nodulation and Yields Using Signal Molecule Genistein Under Field Conditions

ABSTRACT Soil stresses such as salinity and acidity may adversely affect nitrogen (N)2-fixation. The hypothesis of this study is that soil salinity and acidity inhibit soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] nodulation and N2-fixation due to, at least in part, disruption of the signal exchange process. The objectives were: 1) to determine the effects of stressful soil salinity and acidity on the signal exchange processes between soybean and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and 2) to determine whether or not the addition of signal molecule genistein to B. japonicum can overcome at least part of the inhibition of nodulation, caused by stressful soil salinity and acidity. Salt (sodium chloride) and sulfur (S) were applied. Genistein (0, 5, and 20μ M) was tested. Genistein addition could partially overcome the salt and acidity stresses by increasing soybean yields up to 21% and 23%, respectively. These novel findings may be very useful for planting soybean under salinity and acidity stresses.
Phosphorus budgets for two contrasting grassland farming systems in the UK

Abstract. Phosphorus budgets have been compiled for two contrasting grassland farming systems in the UK; intensive dairy farming and extensive hill sheep production. Balance sheets of inputs, recycling of P through the soil–plant–animal pathway and outputs are presented to determine the potential rate of P accumulation in the two systems. A typical 57 ha intensive dairy farm with 129 lactating cows imports 2.48t P via fertilizer, bedding and concentrates, plus a small amount from the atmosphere, of which 0.98t are exported in milk, calves and transfer from soil to the aquatic environment. Therefore 1.5t of P are retained within the farm each year, which equates to an accumulation rate of 26 kg/ha in the plant‐soil system. This surplus occurs despite a fertilizer input of only 16 kg/ha. However, a large proportion of P, equivalent to 27 kg/ha, is imported in feed concentrates.
Conformational and Synthon Polymorphism in Furosemide (Lasix)

Two polymorphs of the well-known diuretic drug Lasix, generic name furosemide, are characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction to give a trimorphic cluster of polymorphs: known form 1 in P1 space group, and novel forms 2 and 3 in P21/n and P1 space groups. The conformationally flexible molecule 4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid has variable torsions at the sulfonamide and furyl ring portions in conformers which lie in a 6 kcal mol−1 energy window. A conformer surface map was calculated to show that the two conformations in crystal form 1 are ∼4.5 kcal mol−1 less stable than conformers present in forms 2 and 3 (0.7, 0.0 kcal mol−1). The stabilization of molecular conformations is analyzed in terms of attractive intramolecular N−H···Cl hydrogen bonds and minimization of repulsive S═O···Cl interactions. Phase stability relationships confirm the thermodynamic nature of form 1 in grinding and slurry experiments by X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Despite the.
High uniformity enhancement- and depletion-mode InGaP/InGaAs pHEMTs using a selective succinic acid gate recess process

High uniformity enhancement-mode (E-mode) and depletion-mode (D-mode) InGaP/InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (pHEMTs) have been developed on 6 inch GaAs substrate using a selective succinic acid gate recess process. The 0.5 µm long gate fingers of E-mode and D-mode pHEMTs are deposited simultaneously in this process simplification. The InGaP/InGaAs E-mode pHEMT exhibits a maximum drain-to-source current (Ids) of 460 mA mm−1, and a maximum transconductance (gm) of 430 mS mm−1. At 5.2 GHz operation, 216 mW mm−1 power density, 40% power-added efficiency and a 0.81 dB minimum noise figure (NFmin) are also achieved for the E-mode device. In this study, D-mode pHEMTs are applied for a switch monolithic microwave integrated circuit which provides an insertion loss of −1.8 dB and isolation of −9.2 dB under 28 dBm input power (Pin) and 5.5 GHz operation. From these measured results, this uniform E/D-mode InGaP/InGaAs pHEMT technology exhibits a high potential for WLAN applications.
First-Principles Comparative Study of the Electronic and Optical Properties of Tetragonal (P4mm) ATiO3 (A = Pb,Sn,Ge)

The structural, electronic, and optical properties of the special lone pair ferroelectric materials with tetragonal structures, namely, PbTiO3, SnTiO3, and GeTiO3 (P4mm, 99 space group), were investigated using density functional theory implemented in a pseudo-potential plane wave using the CASTEP computer code. The electronic properties indicated that hybridizations occur among anion O 2p, special lone pair (ns2), and the Ti 3d states. The complex dielectric constant was used to explain the comparison of optical properties of ATiO3 (A = Pb,Sn,Ge) relative to their electron transition from conduction to valence.
Utilização de eucaliptos e de madeiras nativas no armazenamento da aguardente de cana-de-açúcar

The aim of this work was to evaluate different species of Eucalyptus and of native wood to make barrels for storage of sugar cane spirit. It was studied the chemical, anatomical and physical properties of the woods and made physical-chemical analyses of the sugar cane spirit storage during twelve months. The barrels made with wood of Eucalyptus presented little permeabilidade to liquids and a low dimensional estability, provoking discard of great part of them. The chemical composition of the different Eucalyptus wood showed constant polissacarydes and lignina contents but differing among extractives levels, that were higher than the oak wood. The composition of the sugar cane spirit stored in these kind of wood showed pattern according to the Brazilian law, indicating their potential use as barrels for the storage of sugar cane spirit. The native wood, also showed low dimensional instability with no leaking, constant polyssacarydes and lignina contents and higher extractive levels than oak wood. The sugar cane spirit composition after storage was also according to the law.
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Studies on Cytochrome c/Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Assemblies on Gold Electrodes

Polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies containing proteins are of interest for applications such as sensors, bioreactors, and bioelectronics. A multilayer electrode was built up by the layer-by-layer strategy consisting of alternating layers of cytochrome c and poly(aniline sulfonic acid). The electrode showed a linear increase of redox active protein with the number of deposited layers. The principle of electrode preparation was transferred from needle electrodes to planar surfaces in order to further the understanding of electron transfer through the layer assembly by means of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies. The deposition process was followed on-line by detection of the frequency shift of the crystals and was found to be rather fast (minutes). The total mass deposited was found to correlate well with the electrochemical response of the immobilized cyt.c. Furthermore, the influence of the polyelectrolyte was investigated by addition of PSS to the PASA solution. The strong interaction of the former polyelectrolyte seemed to hinder the electron transfer although a multilayer formation was proved. Dilution of the protein solution with redox inactive apo-cyt.c led to a strong decrease of the voltammetric signal, well beyond the percentage of apo-cyt.c inside the assembly. Thus, arguments for an electron transfer via protein–protein interaction were found.
Effect of Drying and Roasting on the Quality Attributes of Fufu Powder

Abstract The effect of drying and roasting on the physicochemical and sensory qualities of fufu powder were investigated. The four samples of fufu: cooked dried fufu, cooked roasted fufu, dried fufu slurry and roasted fufu slurry, respectively, were subjected to physicochemical and sensory analysis. The water binding index, water solubility index, and water absorption index, varies between 3.44 and 0.17 (g/g sample), 0.07 and 0.01 (g/g), and 4.73 and 0.83 (g/g) respectively, while the starch damage and amylose content varies between 50.8% and 0.4%, 10% and 13% respectively, with roasted fufu slurries recording the highest values. The proximate composition of dried and roasted fufu samples showed the values of fat (0.6%–0.4%), protein content (0.2%–0.1%), ash content (37.8%–1.0%), moisture content (8.2%–10.2%), crude fibre (1.25%–8.5%) and carbohydrate content (43.0%–84.65%) respectively. Generally, there were no appreciable differences in the proximate composition of dried fufu samples. The pasting temperature of fufu samples varies from 78 to 95°C with roasted fufu slurries recording the highest values. The peak viscosity of dried fufu samples ranges between (80 and 900BU) and viscosity at 50°C ranges between (260 and 460BU). There are no significant differences (P > 0.01) for the sensory qualities in term of color, taste, and overall acceptability except for odor and texture at (P < 0.01).
Studies on the Glycosides of Epimedium grandiflorum MORR. Var. thunbergianum (MIQ.) NAKAI. I

A new phenolic glycoside, icariside A1 (IV), and six new terpenic glycosides, icariside B1 (V), B2 (VI), C1 (VII), C2 (VIII), C3 (IX), and C4 (X), have been isolated from Epimedium grandiflorum MORR. var. thunbergianum (MIQ.) NAKAI, together with three known glycosides, salidroside (I), thalictoside (II) and benzyl glucoside (III). The structures of IV-X were established on the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data.