Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Depression, Life Control and Affective Distress on Treatment Attendance and Perceived Disability in Chronic Back Pain Sufferers throughout the Duration of the Condition

The aims of this study were to examine psychological factors that predict treatment seeking and disability over the total duration of experiencing back pain. A sample of 201 adults experiencing chronic back pain was recruited through health professionals and completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), the Oswestry Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODQ), the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the life control and affective distress variables of the West Haven–Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMP), and participants disclosed the number of treatment sessions attended over the course of the illness. Depression, life control and affective distress were tested as indirect predictors of disability severity that were mediated by treatment attendance. Each unit increase in life control predicted attending nearly 30 more treatment sessions, each unit increase in affective distress predicted attending 16 fewer treatments and each unit increase in depression predicted 4 fewer treatments, together explaining 44% of variance in treatment seeking. The effects of life control and affective distress on disability were explained by treatment attendance, whereas depression retained a direct effect on disability. Treatment attendance had an effect on disability. The findings show that participants with lower life control and higher affective distress and depression had higher levels of pain and disability, in part due to due to their treatment-seeking behaviour.
Double function of aptychi (Ammonoidea) as jaw elements and opercula

Lehmann, U. & Kulicki, C. 1990 10 15: Double function of aptychi (Ammonoidea) as jaw elements and opercula. Lethaia, Vol. 23, pp. 325–331. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. Aptychi are calcitic coverings on the outer surface of organic ammonite lower jaws. They are similar in shape to that of the corresponding ammonite apertures. This observation and additional features of many aptychi are in harmony with their former interpretation as protective opercula. We suggest that they served as opercula in addition to functioning as jaws. The primary function of the lower jaws was thus secondarily extended to that of protective shields when they acquired their calcitic covering, while as lower jaws their importance dwindled to that of a more passive abutment. Phylogenetically, this seems to have started slowly in some anaptychi and became obvious with the first aptychi. ▭Ammonites, aptychus, operculum, jaw apparatus, evolution, function.
New kinetic evidence for the near-Earth reconnection

An anomalously large southward Bz (−23 nT) is detected in association with tailward jet (1600 km/s) by GEOTAIL at XGSM = −46 RE. Variations of MHD parameters suggest that the large southward Bz is caused by piling-up of reconnected field lines by the jet against the standing plasma sheet. In addition, the ion distribution at the time of the large southward Bz is found to show a counter streaming ions (CSI) feature. A hybrid simulation of a reconnection process not only reproduces this feature, but also proves that the CSI ions are from both the lobes. Taking this CSI feature as new kinetic evidence that both the lobes are magnetically connected, we firmly conclude that the event is interpreted in terms of near-Earth reconnection.
Les plages du littoral languedocien face au risque de submersion: définir des politiques de gestion tenant compte de la perception des usagers

This paper is based on three surveys concerning the beaches of Palavas les Flots and Mauguio-Carnon in the Herault department. It compares the perceptions of marine submersion risk and the preferences for risk management methods of several types of beach users and of managers, and industry and association representatives involved in coastal management. Four categories of users were interviewed: full-time and secondary residents, tourists and day trippers; 881 questionnaires were completed. The objective was to identify to what extent these sub-populations comprised distinct groups which would justify specific policies and incentives. The paper begins by outlining the characteristics of the surveys. It then presents a systematic review of the correlations by user categories before comparing users’ perceptions with those of managers and association representatives concerned with coastal submersion risk, especially in relation to the expected sea level rise. Finally the paper presents some axes on marine submersion risk management and decision making, taking into account the results.
On the relationship between relative humidity and particle backscattering coefficient in the marine boundary layer determined with differential absorption lidar

A ground-based water-vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) has been applied to investigate aerosol properties in the convective marine boundary layer. The high resolution and accuracy of this instrument enables measurement of the particle backscattering coefficient β par and the absolute humidity under a single boundary layer cloud, so the hygroscopic growth of the aerosol can be investigated in a single profile over a large range of the relative humidity RH. Arguing that the convective boundary layer was adiabatic and using the DIAL absolute humidity measurements, the relation β par (RH) has been determined. This relation is compared with a simple aerosol model. Assuming that the simplifications are valid, it follows that β par (RH) is mainly sensitive to variations in the mass fraction of soluble material e of an internally mixed aerosol. Applying this model to the experimental data, we found e was in the range of 0.05-0.27 during the measurements. These values are consistent with those from in situ particle analyses at other anthropogenically influenced sites. These rather low soluble mass fractions have strong implications for the magnitude of both aerosol direct and indirect effects.
Airborne and spaceborne LiDAR data as a measurement tool for peatland topography, peat fire burn depth, and forest above ground biomass in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

28 1 Introduction 29 2 Results 30 3 Discussion 37 4 Materials and methods 39 4.1 Satellite data processing and classification 39 4.2 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data processing, filtering and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) generation 41 4.3 Burn scar depth analysis and in situ measurements 43 Acknowledgments 44 CHAPTER III: Pre-fire surface 3D modeling of tropical peatland burn scars based on airborne LiDAR in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia 47 Abstract 48 1 Introduction 49 2 Materials and methods 5348 1 Introduction 49 2 Materials and methods 53
Interrelationships between aerosol characteristics and light scattering during late winter in an Eastern Mediterranean arid environment

An intensive field campaign involving measurement of various aerosol physical, chemical, and radiative properties was conducted at Sde Boker (also written as Sede Boqer) in the Negev Desert of Israel, from 18 February to 15 March 1997. Nephelometer measurements gave average background scattering coefficient values of about 25 Mm−1 at 550 nm wavelength, but strong dust events caused the value of this parameter to rise up to about 800 Mm−1. Backscattering fractions did not depend on aerosol loading and generally fell in the range of 0.1 to 0.25, comparable to values reported for marine and Arctic environments. Chemical analysis of the aerosol revealed that in the coarse size range (2–10 μm equivalent aerodynamic diameter (EAD)), calcium (Ca) was by far the most abundant element followed by silicon (Si), both of which are indicators for mineral dust. In the fine size fraction (<2 μm EAD), sulfur (S) generally was the dominant element, except during high dust episodes when Ca and Si were again the most abundant. Furthermore, fine black carbon (BC) correlates with S, suggesting that they may have originated from the same sources or source regions. An indication of the short-term effect of aerosol loading on radiative forcing was provided by measurements of global and diffuse solar radiation, which showed that during high-turbidity periods (strong dust events), almost all of the solar radiation reaching the area is scattered or absorbed.
Impact of size and shape in the transport of microplastics by a springtail species

ABSTRACT We investigated the impact of shape (beads, fibers and films) and size (0.5 and 1.0 mm; diameter or length) of polypropylene microplastics (MPs) on MP transport by a springtail species, Folsomia candida in dishes. The percentages of transported beads, fibers and films were 9.10%, 3.18% and 4.10%, respectively. For 1.0 mm MPs, the number of MPs transported was significantly higher for beads than for fibers and films, whereas, for 0.5 mm MPs, the number was significantly higher for fibers than for the other MP types. Additionally, the number of MPs transported was higher for small fibers than for large fibers, whereas it was higher for large beads than for small beads. These results indicate that the effects of F. candida on MP migration depend on MP shape and size. Our results highlight the importance of considering the physical characteristics of MPs while elucidating the interaction between soil fauna and MPs.
An early Holocene sea‐level jump and delta initiation

Early Holocene sea‐level change controlled the evolution of clastic coastal depositional systems. Radiocarbon‐dated borehole cores obtained from three incised‐valley‐fill systems in Asia (Changjiang, Song Hong, and Kiso River) record very similar depositional histories, especially between about 9000 and 8500 cal BP. Sedimentary facies changes from estuarine sand and mud to shelf or prodelta mud suggest that the marine influence in the incised valleys increased during this period. In addition, large decreases in sediment accumulation rates occurred. A sea‐level jump causes an estuarine system and its depocenter to move rapidly landward. It is possible that the final collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, accompanied by catastrophic drainage of glacial lakes, at approximately 8500 cal BP caused such a jump. The jump was followed immediately by a period of decelerated sea‐level rise that promoted delta initiation.
Variations of atmospheric angular momentum associated with intraseasonal oscillations forced by zonally moving prescribed heating

Intraseasonal variations of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) are numerically studied. With prescribed 40-day-period external heating which moves eastward from 60°E to the dateline in the tropics, intraseasonal oscillations are forced in a numerical model. In accordance with the oscillations, the variations of AAM also show 40-day periods. The phase relationship between the model intraseasonal oscillations and AAM variations is similar to that observed. Further, AAM exhibits the largest variation in the equatorial region, and a phase propagation from equatorial regions to the subtropics, and from high latitudes to the subtropics, as found in the real atmosphere. After careful inspection of these features, it was clarified that the source region for intraseasonal variations of AAM is not the equatorial region, but the subtropics. Also, the equatorial region is an apparent or superficial source region, since AAM is transported from the subtropics, in accordance with the propagation of Rossby wave trains to the subtropics. The phase propagation of AAM from high latitudes to the subtropics can also be explained from the behavior of Rossby wave trains in the midlatitudes radiating from the equatorial region. Thus, Rossby wave trains associated with intraseasonal oscillations play an important role in intraseasonal variations of AAM.
Distribution-dependent representations in auditory category learning and generalization

A fundamental objective in Auditory Sciences is to understand how people learn to generalize auditory category knowledge in new situations. How we generalize to novel scenarios speaks to the nature of acquired category representations and generalization mechanisms in handling perceptual variabilities and novelty. The dual learning system (DLS) framework proposes that auditory category learning involves an explicit, hypothesis-testing learning system, which is optimal for learning rule-based (RB) categories, and an implicit, procedural-based learning system, which is optimal for learning categories requiring pre-decisional information integration (II) across acoustic dimensions. Although DLS describes distinct mechanisms of two types of category learning, it is yet clear the nature of acquired representations and how we transfer them to new contexts. Here, we conducted three experiments to examine differences between II and RB category representations by examining what acoustic and perceptual novelties and variabilities affect learners’ generalization success. Learners can successfully categorize different sets of untrained sounds after only eight blocks of training for both II and RB categories. The category structures and novel contexts differentially modulated the generalization success. The II learners significantly decreased generalization performances when categorizing new items derived from an untrained perceptual area and in a context with more distributed samples. In contrast, RB learners’ generalizations are resistant to changes in perceptual regions but are sensitive to changes in sound dispersity. Representational similarity modeling revealed that the generalization in the more dispersed sampling context was accomplished differently by II and RB learners. II learners increased representations of perceptual similarity and decision distance to compensate for the decreased transfer of category representations, whereas the RB learners used a more computational cost strategy by default, computing the decision-bound distance to guide generalization decisions. These results suggest that distinct representations emerged after learning the two types of category structures and using different computations and flexible mechanisms in resolving generalization challenges when facing novel perceptual variability in new contexts. These findings provide new evidence for dissociated representations of auditory categories and reveal novel generalization mechanisms in resolving variabilities to maintain perceptual constancy.
An emissions‐based view of climate forcing by methane and tropospheric ozone

We simulate atmospheric composition changes in response to increased methane and tropospheric ozone precursor emissions from the preindustrial to present‐day in a coupled chemistry‐aerosol‐climate model. The global annual average composition response to all emission changes is within 10% of the sum of the responses to individual emissions types, a more policy‐relevant quantity. This small non‐linearity between emission types permits attribution of past global mean methane and ozone radiative forcings to specific emissions despite the well‐known non‐linear response to emissions of a single type. The emissions‐based view indicates that methane emissions have contributed a forcing of ∼0.8–0.9 W m−2, nearly double the abundance‐based value, while the forcing from other ozone precursors has been quite small (∼−0.1 for NOx, ∼0.2 for CO + VOCs).
Dynamical and Boundary Forcing Characteristics of Regional Components of the Asian Summer Monsoon

Abstract In this paper, the authors present a description of the internal dynamics and boundary forcing characteristics of two major subcomponents of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM), that is, the South Asian monsoon (SAM) and the East–Southeast Asian monsoon (EAM). The description is based on a new monsoon-climate paradigm in which the variability of ASM is considered as the outcome of the interplay of a “fast” and an “intermediate” monsoon subsystem, under the influence of “slow” external forcings. Two sets of regional monsoon indices derived from dynamically consistent rainfall and wind data are used in this study. Results show that the internal dynamics of SAM are representative of a “classical” monsoon system in which the anomalous circulation is governed by Rossby wave dynamics, where anomalous vorticity induced by an off-equatorial heat source is balanced by the advection of planetary vorticity. On the other hand, the internal dynamics of EAM are characterized by a “hybrid” monsoon system featuring m.
Mathematical modeling of urban organic aerosol : properties measured by high-resolution gas chromatography

Primary fine aerosol emissions from a variety of urban sources have been quantitatively characterized via high-resolution gas chromatography to obtain organic mass distribution fingerprints. To assess the degree of secondary organic aerosol formation in urban areas, a transport model is used to predict the distribution of ambient organic aerosol characteristics that would exist at various sites in the Los Angeles Basin if the primary organic emissions were transported without chemical reaction. Comparisons between the model predictions and ambient measurements show substantial agreement for the nonpolar organics, suggesting that ambient concentrations of this organic fraction result directly from primary emissions. In contrast, ambient concentrations of fine acidic organic aerosols are significantly underpredicted by the model, indicating that secondary formation is important for acidic organics. On the basis of the observed differences between model predictions and measured properties of acidic organics, it is estimated, using monthly averages, that up to 18-27 % of the elutable organic aerosol present in the Los Angeles atmosphere may be secondary in origin.
Geochronologische Studien Über die Spätglaziale Zeit in Südfinnland . By Matti Sauramo. Bulletin de la Commission Géologique de Finlande, No. 50. Helsingfors, 1918.

rPHE extension into Finland of Professor De Geer's method of -*obtaining the time-values of the stages of glacial retreat is an event well worthy of note. Dr. Sauramo's memoir deals with a considerable area of Southern Finland, both north and south of the great Finnish end-moraine known as the Salpausselka. This region was largely submerged beneath the Late-Glacial or Yoldia Sea, the sedimentation in which was controlled by the flood waters from the retreating ice-sheet. The summer floods brought coarse sandy sediments; the winter cold reduced the glacial outflow, and the finer silts and clays were deposited at this season. There has resulted an annual lamination, which, strange to say, is so remarkably constant over wide areas that correlation from place to place is possible. The method of correlation introduced by De Geei, and applied by him with such spectacular success in Sweden, consists in drawinggraphs along the axes of which are marked equal intervals representing the years, and erecting ordinates proportional to the thickness of the corresponding laminae. The graphs of the different sections can then be compared hy sliding them over one another until a coincidence is obtained sufficiently remarkable to establish identity.
The necessity and availability of noise-free daily satellite-observed NDVI during rapid phenological changes in terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia

General, global, long-term, and comprehensive phenological observations are required to evaluate the variability of photosynthetic activities due to environmental changes in terrestrial ecosystems. The observation of seasonal changes and detection of interannual variation in canopy phenology over regional and global scales require satellite data with high temporal resolution (i.e. a daily time step). However, satellite data often include noise caused by snow cover on vegetation, cloud contamination, and atmospheric aerosols. To accurately detect the timing of leaf-expansion and leaf-fall, which occur rapidly, and their rates, it is necessary to examine the observational frequency of noise-free satellite-observed vegetation index data during each phenological period. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of the number of observational days (NUMdays) in the Terra/MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)-observed daily high-quality normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIhigh) data with no effects of snow cover, cloud contamination, or atmospheric noise. These data were examined for each month over 10 years in the various ecosystems of East Asia. To ground-truth the relationship between the Terra/MODIS-observed daily NDVIhigh data and canopy surface images, we performed a long-term continuous field study in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in central Japan. During the leaf-expansion and leaf-fall periods, the NUMdays for NDVIhigh data in southern Russia, northeastern China, the Tibetan Plateau, Korea, and maritime Japan was about 3–7 for each month. The NUMdays for NDVIhigh data exceeded 10 for each month in arid regions during the growing season and in the subtropical region including northeastern India, Myanmar, and southwestern China during the dry season. In contrast, the NUMdays for NDVIhigh data was almost 0 for each month in southeastern China throughout the year and in the subtropical region during the southeastern monsoon season (July and August). By considering observations from both the Terra/MODIS and Aqua/MODIS satellites, the NUMdays for NDVIhigh data in the deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan was increased by 40% compared with only Terra/MODIS satellite observations. Our findings indicate that daily NDVI data from multiple satellites detect the seasonal changes in the various ecosystems of East Asia more accurately than 8-day or biweekly composite NDVI data.
The development of new tourism networks to respond to and recover from the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.

Collaborative networks have long been at the heart of emergency management. The deliberate linking of organizations and individuals with different specialized expertize leads to a better management of disasters and crises (Nivolianitou and Synodinou, 2011). Increasingly, and in the spirit of the Hyogo Framework for Action (Larsen et al., 2011), emergency management networks include groups from civic society or industry purposefully integrated into existing frameworks (Becken and Hughey, 2013). The existence of strong social networks has also been recognized as a key indicator of community resilience (Cutter et al., 2008). Such networks can assist in recovery, mitigation or lobbying (for example to shape government action and policy) and marketing (Scott et al., 2008). Ritchie (2009) acknowledged the importance of networks and stakeholder collaboration in responding to tourism crises and disasters and identified limited research on this important topic. Research on recovery from the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 in Thailand found that tourism stakeholders with influential networks recovered much faster than those left to their own devices (Larsen et al., 2011). The role of networks was equally important in the aftermath of the Christchurch (New Zealand) earthquake on 22 February 2011 (Becken, 2012). The earthquake, which was an aftershock to the 4 September 2010 earthquake, killed 185 people and caused widespread damage to infrastructure and to buildings already weakened by the previous earthquake and aftershocks. The epicentre of the February earthquake was 10 km south-east of Christchurch and 2 km west of Lyttelton. It was 5 km deep and resulted in extreme levels of ground accelerations of up to 2.2 times gravity. This resulted in the central business district (CBD) being cordoned off for almost 2 years. 13 The Development of New Tourism Networks to Respond to and Recover from the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake