Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complex diachronies of final nasalization in Austronesian and Dakota

Final nasalization of voiced stops is phonetically unmotivated (i.e. not a consequence of universal articulatory or perceptual tendencies). As such, final nasalization has been deemed an impossible sound change. Nonetheless, Blust (2005; 2016) proposes that final nasalization took place in four Austronesian languages: Kayan-Murik, Berawan dialects, Kalabakan Murut, and Karo Batak. In this paper, we argue final nasalization in these languages is not a single sound change and reduce it to a combination of phonetically grounded changes. We demonstrate that in Austronesian, final nasalization involved four steps: (i) fricativization of voiced stops, (ii) devoicing of the fricatives, (iii) spontaneous nasalization before voiceless fricatives, and (iv) occlusion of the nasalized fricatives to nasal stops. Finally, we extend our account to final nasalization in Dakota (Siouan) and propose a new explanation for the development of the unnatural final voicing in the related Lakota language. Our results shed light on the role of phonetic naturalness in diachrony and synchrony. We maintain that while phonetically unnatural phonological processes may arise via a sequence of sound changes or analogical extension, sound changes are always natural and phonetically grounded.
LabelAId: Just-in-time AI Interventions for Improving Human Labeling Quality and Domain Knowledge in Crowdsourcing Systems

Crowdsourcing platforms have transformed distributed problem-solving, yet quality control remains a persistent challenge. Traditional quality control measures, such as prescreening workers and refining instructions, often focus solely on optimizing economic output. This paper explores just-in-time AI interventions to enhance both labeling quality and domain-specific knowledge among crowdworkers. We introduce LabelAId, an advanced inference model combining Programmatic Weak Supervision (PWS) with FT-Transformers to infer label correctness based on user behavior and domain knowledge. Our technical evaluation shows that our LabelAId pipeline consistently outperforms state-of-the-art ML baselines, improving mistake inference accuracy by 36.7% with 50 downstream samples. We then implemented LabelAId into Project Sidewalk, an open-source crowdsourcing platform for urban accessibility. A between-subjects study with 34 participants demonstrates that LabelAId significantly enhances label precision without compromising efficiency while also increasing labeler confidence. We discuss LabelAId's success factors, limitations, and its generalizability to other crowdsourced science domains.
Phronesis, intuition and deliberation in decision-making: Results of a global survey.

There are a number of well-established concepts explaining decision-making. The sociology of wise practice suggests that thinking preferences like the use of intuition form a cornerstone of administrators’ virtuous practice and phronesis is a likely candidate to explain this behaviour. This contribution uses conceptual and theoretical resources from the behavioural sciences, administration as well as philosophy to account for individual level differences of employees regarding thinking preferences in administrative professions. The analysis empirically investigates the behavioural dimension preference for intuition/preference for deliberation to cast empirical evidence on three different intuitive markers present among individuals who also prefer to use deliberation. We explore possible explanations for the differences and similarities of our global sample of 2227 workplace respondents who conceptually represent phronetic practitioners. The results show that many phronetic practitioners prefer the intuitive marker of unconscious thought, besides using deliberation.
The Dollar Squeeze of the Financial Crisis

By Covered Interest rate Parity (CIP), the FX swap implied currency interest rates should coincide with actual interest rates. When a difference occurs, the residual is referred to as the cross currency basis. We link the Euro-Dollar currency basis (e.g. in 2008) to shadow prices of dollar funding constraints and interpret the basis as the relative physical possession value of the scarcer currency, or the "convenience yield" associated with that currency. This is similar to specialness in repro markets, expressing the physical possession value of a security. We examine how the coordinated central banks intervention can reduce the currency basis.
Quantitative Analysis of Individual Atoms in the Channels of Beryl

The detection of single atoms with atomic resolution is a major challenge, in particular for technologically highly relevant nanoporous materials. Their nano-sized pores provide a large surface area and can also con�ne individual atoms and molecules, enabling the ne-tuning of catalytic performance or molecular transport properties. Previous studies employing aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have been limited to visualizing guest components within the pores without providing quantitative information. In this study, utilizing natural beryl (Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 O 18 ) as a model system, we present a quantitative analysis of atomic occupancy within its channels. Through high-angle annular dark-eld (HAADF) imaging, we clearly demonstrate the presence of Cs atoms within the channels. Furthermore, employing statistical analysis of atomic column intensities and comparison with a series of multislice simulations, we successfully determine the three-dimensional positions of individual Cs atoms within the channels. Thereby, we also reveal that the Cs atoms are non-uniformly distributed within the channels. By extracting the necessary information from a single high-resolution micrograph, we minimize the adverse effects of beam damage, making this methodology a promising approach for the analysis of diverse porous materials.
Bayesian Estimation of Bid Sequences in Internet Auctions Using a Generalized Record Breaking Model

A sequence of bids in Internet auctions can be viewed as record-breaking events in which only those data points that break the current record are observed. We investigate stochastic versions of the classical record-breaking problem for which we apply Bayesian estimation to predict observed bids and bid times in Internet auctions. Our approach to addressing this type of data is through data augmentation in which we assume that participants (bidders) have dynamically changing valuations for the auctioned item, but the latent number of bidders “competing” in those events is unseen. We use data from notebook auctions provided by one of the largest Internet auction sites in Korea. We find significant variation in the number of latent bidders across auctions. Our other primary findings are as follows: (1) the latent bidders are significant in number relative to observed bidders, (2) the latent number of remaining bidders is considerably smaller than that of new entrants to the auction after a given bid, and (3) larger bid and time increments significantly influence the bidding participation behavior of the remaining bidders. As part of our substantive contribution, we highlight the model's ability to understand brand equity in an Internet auction context through a brand's ability to simultaneously bring in bidders, higher bid amounts, and faster bidding.
Extending the Expectation-Confirmation Model to Evaluate the Post-Adoption Behavior of IT continuers and discontinuers

The expectation-confirmation model (ECM) has often been applied to investigate the satisfaction with and continued use of information technology (IT) after its adoption. This theory, which is based in social psychology, has already proven to be useful in the evaluation of IT post-adoption behavior. However, this project identifies a few important omissions that, if modified, could improve the ECM’s theoretical validity and applicability. First, we argue that the ECM has important missing variables that affect user satisfaction and continuance. These variables include users’ cognitive consonance/dissonance, a psychological state that arises in response to the confirmation or disconfirmation of their expectations about the services received; individual influences that moderate this relationship; and social influences, a psychological variable that can help explain why dissatisfied users choose to stay and satisfied users choose to leave. The inclusion of these variables in the ECM could better explain the psychological evolution from expectation confirmation to continuance. Additionally, the ECM has been validated in many studies using data from continuers, but it has been insufficiently explored in the context of discontinuers. In reality, continuers and discontinuers behave differently, opting for various decision alternatives after their IT adoption. Thus, research efforts should extend the capacity of the ECM to accommodate and explain the post-adoption behavior of both continuers and discontinuers.
Centrifuge study on the runout distance of submarine debris flows

ABSTRACT In this paper, a series of mini-drum centrifuge experiments on motion of submarine debris flow, which are able to correctly reproduce the self-weight stresses and gravity-dependent processes, are presented. These tests were performed using artificial submarine clay with high water content, from 93 to 149%. The extremely low shear strength made the debris material behave as idealistic lubricating material when it was deposited, resulting in a linear relationship between water content and runout distance of strongly coherent debris flow. On the other hand, the dilation of the flow body and hydroplaning was observed for weakly coherent debris flow, which further increased the mobility of flow body. A densimetric Froude number Frd was used to indicate the threshold of hydroplaning, which occurs if the Frd is greater than 0.2. Finally, two simple analytical models based on prototype debris flow under 1 g condition was used to validate the experiment results, which further prove the effects of soft marine clay on the high mobility of submarine debris flow. On the other hand, when the water content exceeded 120%, the experiment results deviated from the analytical solution due to the effects of hydroplaning.
RHC of Networked Nonlinear Systems with Two-Channel Packet Dropouts

This chapter is focused on the RHC problem of nonlinear NCSs with two-channel packet dropouts and system constraints. In the literature, most of the available results on NCSs are focused on systems with linear models (i.e., linear NCSs). There is little effort in the study of nonlinear dynamical systems in network environments, though many practical systems are of nonlinear dynamics. Generally speaking, the literature on nonlinear NCSs can be classified into two classes. In the first class such as [4, 15, 16, 28], the method is the so-called emulation approach [26]. This approach normally requires that the nonlinear system without networks is stable and there exists a stabilizable controller to stabilize it. Using this stabilizable controller, the maximally allowable transmission interval and the maximally allowable delay can be figured out to ensure closed-loop stability and system performance [4]. In the second class, the RHC-based scheme [13] is utilized to deal with nonlinear NCSs, where the prediction property is used to compensate for communication constraints. The feasibility for using RHC-based networked controller is due to the development of Ethernet-like networks, allowing to pack data into large packets and then transmit them [2]. In the RHC-based approach, a future control sequence at each step can be generated by solving an optimization problem. With this control sequence, the communication delays and data packet dropouts can be effectively compensated if a mechanism is designed to pick up the appropriate control inputs. It is this unique feature that makes the RHC-based approach very effective for NCSs. The RHC-based approach for linear NCSs can be found in many results, such as to [2, 5, 10, 24, 27, 29, 30], to name a few. The design and analysis of RHC for nonlinear NCSs is more challenging, and only a few results are available. In [17], the RHC strategy is designed for a class of nonlinear NCSs with state and input constraints, where the detailed compensation strategy is proposed to deal with time delays, and the theoretical results including
Modeling and computational analysis of EGF receptor-mediated cell communication in Drosophila oogenesis

pair organ that supplies the developing embryo with oxygen (Hinton, 1981; Autocrine signaling through the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) operates at various stages of development across species. A recent hypothesis suggested that a distributed network of EGFR autocrine loops was capable of spatially modulating a simple single-peaked input into a more complex two-peaked signaling pattern, specifying the formation of a pair organ in Drosophila oogenesis (two respiratory appendages on the eggshell). To test this hypothesis, we have integrated genetic and biochemical information about the EGFR network into a mechanistic model of transport and signaling. The model allows us to estimate the relative spatial ranges and time scales of the relevant feedback loops, to interpret the phenotypic transitions in eggshell morphology and to predict the effects of new genetic manipulations. We have found that the proposed mechanism with a single diffusing inhibitor is sufficient to convert a single-peaked extracellular input into a two-peaked pattern of intracellular signaling. Based on extensive computational analysis, we predict that the same mechanism is capable of generating more complex patterns. At least indirectly, this can be used to account for more complex eggshell morphologies observed in related ﬂy species. We propose that versatility in signaling mediated by autocrine loops can be systematically explored using experiment-based mechanistic models and their analysis.
How the social and environmental aspects affect hydro power permit applications : a case study of the county administrative board in Värmland, Sweden

Author: Nieminen, Lotta S. Title: "How the social and environmental aspects affect hydro power permit application: A case study of the county administrative board in Värmland, Sweden. " Supervisors: Marjo Siltaoja (Jyväskylä University, Johan Englund (Fortum Sweden) Master's Thesis Major: Corporate Environmental Management Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, 06/2018, 78 p. This study assess how the county administrative board in Värmland, Sweden, considers social aspects in their environmental decision-making processes. The research problem stems from a different view on how to utilize the natural resources of rivers and a general concern for the biological well -being in the water bodies due to hydro power. The study has been conducted with five application cases offered by Fortum Sweden, which were complemented with interviews from the county administrative board. The applications were concerning hydro operation in Värmland, sent in to their county administrative board (CAB). The result has been presented and analysed with theories of social license to operate (SLO) and social impact assessment (SIA). The study showed that the county administrative board of Värmland acts from a strongly legal aspect. The social aspect is not included in the decision-making process as there exists an imbalance of power in the mediation platform. The imbalance in power hinders the involved parties to engage in communication. Further studies could focus on the internal structure at the county administrative board of Värmland.
Optimal Fixed-Premise Repairs of EL TBoxes (Extended Version)

Reasoners can be used to derive implicit consequences from an ontology. Sometimes unwanted consequences are revealed, indicating errors or privacy-sensitive information, and the ontology needs to be appropriately repaired. The classical approach is to remove just enough axioms such that the unwanted consequences vanish. However, this is often too rough since mere axiom deletion also erases many other consequences that might actually be desired. The goal should not be to remove a minimal number of axioms but to modify the ontology such that only a minimal number of consequences is removed, including the unwanted ones. Specifically, a repair should rather be logically entailed by the input ontology, instead of being a subset. To this end, we introduce a framework for computing fixed-premise repairs of $\mathcal{EL}$ TBoxes. In the first variant the conclusions must be generalizations of those in the input TBox, while in the second variant no such restriction is imposed. In both variants, every repair is entailed by an optimal one and, up to equivalence, the set of all optimal repairs can be computed in exponential time. A prototypical implementation is provided. In addition, we show new complexity results regarding gentle repairs. This is an extended version of an article accepted at the 45th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI 2022).
Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging

Breast cancer represents the most common malignancy in women, being one of the most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality. Ultrasound, mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play a pivotal role in the diagnosis of breast lesions, with different levels of accuracy. Particularly, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI has shown high diagnostic value in detecting multifocal, multicentric, or contralateral breast cancers. Radiomics is emerging as a promising tool for quantitative tumor evaluation, allowing the extraction of additional quantitative data from radiological imaging acquired with different modalities. Radiomics analysis may provide novel information through the quantification of lesions heterogeneity, that may be relevant in clinical practice for the characterization of breast lesions, prediction of tumor response to systemic therapies and evaluation of prognosis in patients with breast cancers. Several published studies have explored the value of radiomics with good-to-excellent diagnostic and prognostic performances for the evaluation of breast lesions. Particularly, the integrations of radiomics data with other clinical and histopathological parameters have demonstrated to improve the prediction of tumor aggressiveness with high accuracy and provided precise models that will help to guide clinical decisions and patients management. The purpose of this article in to describe the current application of radiomics in breast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.
Integrated impact of sulphur and nitrogen deposition and ozone on forest ecosystems in Lithuania, 1995–2015

The present study considers temporal variability in concentrations of the throughfall fluxes and bulk fluxes of sulphate, nitrate, and ammonium in precipitation in Lithuania evaluated employing a non-parametric Mann-Kendall test along with Sen’s slope estimator during the period 1995–2015. Decreased air concentrations of sulphur species and ammonium as well as their deposition were the main drivers of the reduction of mean defoliation of Scots pine trees in Lithuania. Their effect on Norway spruce crown defoliation was less expressed, but no effect of acidifying species and surface ozone was detected on birch tree crown defoliation. The established relationships revealed that a deterioration of the health of coniferous tree species, first of all Scots pine, could be expected only in forest where the deposition of the acidifying species exceeded the critical loads.
Breaking the coherence barrier : asymptotic incoherence and asymptotic sparsity in compressed sensing

We introduce a mathematical framework that bridges a substantial gap between compressed sensing theory and its current use in real-world applications. Although completely general, one of the principal applications for our framework is the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) problem. Our theory provides a comprehensive explanation for the abundance of numerical evidence demonstrating the advantage of so-called variable density sampling strategies in compressive MRI. Besides this, another important conclusion of our theory is that the success of compressed sensing is resolution dependent. At low resolutions, there is little advantage over classical linear reconstruction. However, the situation changes dramatically once the resolution is increased, in which case compressed sensing can and will offer substantial benefits.
Moisture Transfer in Air Conditioned Rooms and Cold Stores

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Integrated Modeling of Land and Water Resources in Two African Catchments

Land and water are two of the most important and interacting natural resources that are critical for human survival and development. Growing population and global economic expansion are accelerating the demand for land and water for uses such as agriculture, urbanization, irrigation, hydropower, and industrialization. The land surface changes dynamically due to these demands and other socio-economic drivers. Biophysical factors such as topographic suitability, climate change, and rainfall variability further influence land use changes and land-use change decisions. Water resources are likewise experiencing pressure from overuse, pollution, and changes in hydrologic processes as a result of both socio-economic and biophysical factors.
A New One‐Equation Model of Fluid Drag for Irregularly Shaped Particles Valid Over a Wide Range of Reynolds Number

A new drag law for irregularly shaped particles is presented here. Particles are described by a shape factor that takes into account both sphericity and circularity, which can be measured via the most commonly used image particle analysis techniques. By means of the correlation of the drag coefficient versus the particle Reynolds number and the shape factor, a new drag formula, which is valid over a wide range of Reynolds number (0.03–10,000), is obtained. The new model is able to reproduce the drag coefficient of particles measured in terminal velocity experiments with a smaller scatter compared to other laws commonly used in multiphase flow engineering and volcanology. Furthermore, the new formula uses only one equation, whereas previous models, to insure validity over an ample range, made use of a step function that introduces a discontinuity at the switch of equations. Finally, this drag law works in the whole range of variation, from extremely irregular particles to perfect sphere. A code of the iterative algorithm for the drag coefficient calculation and terminal velocity is included in the supporting information both as a Fortran routine and a Matlab function.