Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hybodont sharks from the Middle Jurassic of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland

ABSTRACT Non-marine Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) strata on the Isles of Eigg and Skye in Scotland have yielded fossil remains of eight hybodont shark taxa. Faunas from several horizons within the Lealt Shale and Valtos Formation on the Isle of Eigg include six species: Hybodus grossiconus, Hybodus sp. 1, Hybodus sp. 2, Lissodus leiodus, L. leiopleurus and Parvodus pattersoni. Large collections of teeth of L. leiodus and L. leiopleurus enable a better understanding of the dentitional patterns of the two species and their differential diagnosis. Surface-collecting from exposures of the Kilmalaug Formation on the Isle of Skye yielded hybodont teeth of two taxa: Hybodus sp. 3 and Acrodus caledonicus sp. nov. The occurrence of Acrodus in the Bathonian of Scotland is one of the youngest known occurrences of this genus, and the only non-marine record in the European Jurassic. Collectively, the hybodont assemblages from the Scottish Bathonian provide evidence that non-marine faunas of the group were specifically diverse in the Middle Jurassic.
A Green's function for determining the deformation of the Earth under surface mass loads: 1. Theory

A method is given for the determination of the surface deformation of the earth and the perturbation in its superficial gravity field caused by an idealized unit point-mass load placed on the surface. By use of this Green's function the response of an accepted earth model to any superficial mass layer such as the variable ocean tide can readily be calculated. The theory is presented in this paper. Numerical results will be given in a later publication.
A comparison of load estimates using total suspended solids and suspended-sediment concentration data

This paper presents the results to-date from a continuing investigation into the differences between total suspended solids (TSS) and suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) data and the ramifications of using each type of data to estimate sediment loads. It compares estimates of annual suspendedsediment loads that were made using regression equations developed from paired TSS and SSC data, to annual loads computed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) using traditional techniques and SSC data. Load estimates were compared for 10 stations where sufficient TSS and SSC paired data were available to develop sediment-transport curves for the same time period that daily suspended-sediment records were available. Results of these analyses indicate that as the time frame over which the estimates were made increases, the overall errors associated with the estimates decreases with respect to loads computed using traditional USGS techniques. Using SSC data to compute loads tends to produce estimates closer to those computed by traditional techniques than those computed from TSS data. Loads computed from TSS data tend to be negatively biased with respect to those computed by traditional USGS techniques.
Power, knowledge and political ecology in the third world: a review

Political ecology examines the political dynamics surrounding material and discursive struggles over the environment in the third world. The role of unequal power relations in constituting a politicized environment is a central theme. Particular attention is given to the ways in which conflict over access to environmental resources is linked to systems of political and economic control first elaborated during the colonial era. Studies emphasize the increased marginality and vulnerability of the poor as an outcome of such conflict. The impact of perceptions and discourses on the specification of environmental problems and interventions is also explored leading on to debates about the relative merits of indigenous and western scientific knowledge. Future research needs also to address issues linked to changing air and water quality, urban processes, organizational attributes and the human body.
On the Linear Relationship between Loop Current Retreat Latitude and Eddy Separation Period

Abstract A linear correlation exists between the retreat latitude of the Loop Current following eddy separation and the subsequent eddy separation period. This empirical relationship was first identified in satellite altimeter-derived Loop Current metrics. In this paper, a simple vorticity model of the Loop Current is used to provide a semitheoretical basis for this relationship. After suitable scaling approximations, the theory predicts that the LC separation period is a linear function of retreat latitude, which agrees well with altimeter-derived empirical results. Specifically, the predicted slope and y intercept agree to within 9% and 2%, respectively, with the altimetry-derived values.
Genomic Characterization of 2 Cutibacterium acnes Isolates from a Surgical Site Infection Reveals Large Genomic Inversion

Background: Cutibacterium acnes is a common commensal of human skin but may also present as an opportunistic pathogen in prosthetic joint and wound infections. Unfortunately, few complete genomes of C. acnes are publicly available, and even fewer are of isolates associated with infection. Here we report the isolation, characterization, and complete genomes of 2 C. acnes isolates from a surgical site infection of an elbow. Methods: We used standard microbiological methods for phenotypic characterization and performed whole genome sequencing on 2 C. acnes isolates using a combination of short-read and long-read sequencing. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed beta-lactamase negative and low minimal inhibitory concentrations to all antibiotics tested, with the exception of metronidazole. We assembled complete genomes of the 2 isolates, which are approximately 2.5 megabases in length. The isolates belong to the single-locus sequence type (SLST) H1 and the multi-locus sequence type (MLST) IB. Both isolates have similar composition of known virulence genes, and we found no evidence of plasmids but did find phage-associated genes. Notably, the 2 genomes are 99.97% identical but contain a large genomic inversion encompassing approximately half of the genome. Conclusions: This is the first characterization of this large-scale genomic inversion in nearly identical isolates from the same wound. This report adds to the limited numbers of publicly available infection-associated complete genomes of C. acnes.
Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding as a sluggish policy: A critical discourse analysis with process types

Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the government of Indonesia (GoI) and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) celebrated its 18th anniversary in 2023. However, its discursive aspect and efficacy are still under-researched. This article aims to analyze the process types in the Helsinki MoU text and explore the policy implementation of the agreement on the social changes in Aceh. The MoU document was retrieved from the United Nations peacemakers’ website. Mixed methods with descriptive statistics were used to identify, interpret, and explain the data. Hallidayan systemic linguistics was employed to identify the process types and the transitivity patterns. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) as an explanatory critique was applied to critical social analysis. The findings show that the material processes dominated the Helsinki MoU text (73%), followed by the relational processes (18%), and verbal processes (4%). The actors were generally in the form of concepts and sometimes obfuscated. Meanwhile, the goals were also mostly realized by concepts. Explanatory critique reveals that there was a vagueness and hidden power relation between the GoI and GAM in the peace deal. The GoI has also been inconsistent with some of the agendas. The Helsinki MoU has yet to produce comprehensive outcomes for Aceh’s development and has seemingly served as a bureaucratic means of control. The current study has limited itself to the single MoU text. Therefore, for deeper inquiries further research should focus on multiple similar texts and use a different research design, including intertextuality, questionnaires, and interviews.
Tectonic control of the sedimentary record and stress-induced fluid flow: constraints from basin modelling

Abstract Many basins show deviations from the simple subsidence pattern predicted by the stretching model for basin evolution. Incorporating finite strength of the lithosphere during rifting and stresses acting on the lithosphere during the post-rift phase of basin evolution can successfully explain these deviations. Finite strength of the lithosphere during rifting causes flexurally supported rift-shoulders. The erosion of these rift-shoulders induces both additional uplift at the basin margin and sediment loading-induced subsidence in the basin centre, causing tilting of syn-rift sediments. A ‘break-up’ unconformity results from the progressive diminishing of this tilting towards the end of the rifting period, separating the syn- and post-rift sediments. As the amount of erosion is primarily controlled by climatic conditions, basins having the same tectonic history but, for example, located at different lattitudes will not have developed the same pattern of stratigraphic fill. The same effect is expected if another mechanism causes the uplift of the basin margin, as, for example, a change in the level of intraplate stress. Plate reorganizations are the main cause for changes in the level of intraplate stress. We demonstrate that the in-plane stress variations affect the fluid flow regime in rifted basins, with possible implications for the diagenesis of sediments, primary migration of hydrocarbons, faulting and localization of economic resources. Examples include the North Sea and Pannonian Basin. An increase in the level of compressive stress causes flank uplift and basin centre subsidence, inducing a contemporaneous increase of meteroic water influx and compaction-driven fluid overpressures. An increase in the level of tensile inplane stress induces the opposite effects.
Pachycephalosauridae from the San Carlos and Aguja Formations (Upper Cretaceous) of West Texas, and Observations of the Frontoparietal Dome

ABSTRACT Several fragmentary frontoparietal domes from the San Carlos and Aguja Formations (Campanian) of Brewster and Presidio Counties, Texas, are referable to Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) and represent a southern extension of the known range of these dinosaurs in North America. Although the specimens are insufficient for confident generic identification, the size, relative dome height and width, continuity of frontal and parietal portions of the dome, and obliteration of sutures between these bones suggest affinity with pachycephalosaurids as Stegoceras and Gravitholus. More than one taxon is probably represented in the collection. Sections taken from one of the domes reveal histological tissue zonation comparable to that found in other pachycephalosaurids and growth lines indicating that at least 5 years were required to attain adult size. The bone tissue is well suited for strengthening the dome to resist compressional loading, and is compatible with the hypothesis that these animals engaged in head-butting behavior.
Segregation and the Spatial Externalities of Inequality: A Theory of Interdependence and Public Goods in Cities

Conventional wisdom claims that racial diversity undermines public goods provision. I show that class-based differences, instead, incentivize cooperation for public goods. Class-based segregation reduces spatial externalities of inequality (e.g., sewage pollution and crime) spilling over from impoverished areas (e.g., slums) to the middle class. Conversely, I argue that in integrated (de-segregated) cities, the scale of such externalities undermines the efficacy of private services (e.g., private security), thereby inducing middle-class preferences for externalities-correcting public goods. Thus, while segregation polarizes preferences, integration aligns the middle class with the poor in coalitions that support public goods over private alternatives. I illustrate the theory using focus groups, a proposed quasi-experimental strategy, and an original face-to-face survey of 4,208 households across 420 neighborhoods in São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis introduces self-interest in reducing intergroup externalities as a mechanism for cooperation for public goods even in diverse societies. Using mechanism vignettes, I distinguish the mechanism from the affective attitudes—racial tolerance, social affinity—of intergroup contact.
Effects of Coastline Geometry on Upwellings

Abstract The shallow water equations applied to a two-layer ocean are solved in order to study the cited of capes on upwellings. First, analytical solutions of the linearized version of these equations are given for academic right angle corners. Two cases must be envisaged depending on whether or not the wind, favorable to upwelling, is parallel to one coast or to the other. Then, the nonlinear version of the equations is solved by using a numerical model dealing with the. finite elements method. Capes of various shapes are studied. Numerical results can be interpreted in the light of analytical solutions. The major observed phenomena are a difference in the interface elevation between the upwind and downwind coasts, and a generation of currents flowing in opposite direction to the wind in the bottom layer. Both effects are due to the generation of Kelvin waves by the variability of the coast.
Are we Resilient Enough? A Post-Pandemic Case Study Approach Among Leaders of SMEs in Malaysia

Purpose: The present study has adopted a case study approach to gain insight into the phenomenon of persistent success in business organisations from the perspective of leaders who have achieved it and proposes a new model of resilient leadership. Design/Methodology/Approach: Three case studies were conducted, providing an in-depth analysis of the factors contributing to SME owners’ leadership orientation across diverse industries. The data analysis was conducted using a two-stage approach. First, by using thematic analysis, eight themes were identified. Second, expert reviews were consulted to obtain feedback on these eight themes, and subsequent modifications were made. Findings: The importance of leadership effectiveness extends beyond the operational functioning of a business, encompassing the crucial task of maintaining employee morale amidst grievances and volatile economic and social conditions. These leaders promptly demonstrated responsiveness and adaptability to the prevailing economic situation. A model of resilient leadership has been proposed, comprising six dimensions that include adaptability, emotional intelligence, vision, spiritual intelligence, a growth mindset, and an internal ecosystem. Research implication: The novelty of this newly proposed leadership model primarily lies in its application within the Malaysian context, as many of the previous leadership theories have been developed in a western context, and some of the elements might not be relevant to an eastern culture. Practical implication: The newly proposed model could be embedded into the entreperenerial development in Malaysia and also be extended to other neighbouring countries that share similar cultures. Originality/Value: Research on leadership is vast, with the majority of it conducted quantitatively. Thus, conducting a leadership study through qualitative analysis poses different insights and implications than the existing literature.
Recent changes in the North American Arctic boundary layer in winter

Analysis of significant level radiosonde data from a network of Arctic stations reveals a systematic reduction in midwinter surface-based inversion depths over the past few decades, accompanied by a rise in surface temperature. Similar trends are observed over a wide sector, from 62°W to 162°W and from 70°N to 83°N. Possible causes for these changes include increases in warm air advection, cloud cover, ice crystals, aerosols, and greenhouse gases, but the specific reasons are difficult to identify, due to strong interactions between many potentially important factors. Nevertheless, the changes are significant for studies of Arctic haze, since the midwinter stable boundary layer has been decreasing in depth over time.
Validation of Coral Temperature Calibrations

Geochemical analyses of coral skeletons are increasingly used to estimate past sea surface temperatures (SSTs). In this paper we suggest that the standard method of calibrating geochemical time series against a (usually short) local time series requires modification. In order to draw large-scale inferences about climate from coral proxy data it is also necessary to (1) calibrate against larger fields such as the local gridded data sets and (2) validate results against an independent data set (e.g., early 20th century). This approach has been applied in a pilot study to a coral record from New Caledonia. Despite a high δ18O correlation (r=−0.88) with the in situ and gridded SST data sets, estimated early 20th-century temperatures are more than 1.5°C colder than observed if the standard seasonal calibration is used. Regression against mean annual temperatures, which has a different slope relation, yields better estimates of early 20th-century SSTs. However, testing of a Sr/Ca record from New Caledonia yields better agreement with early 20th century SSTs. Routine validation exercises for other coral sites are necessary to clarify the robustness of geochemical coral proxies as estimators of past environmental change.
Water, Sediment and Nutrient Retention in Native Vegetative Filter Strips of Southern Brazil

Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are areas adjacent to watercourses with the purpose of reducing sediment and nutrients contained within runoff water from cropland. The aim of this study was to evaluate the retention of water, sediment and nutrients in VFSs with 5, 10, 20 and 30 m widths exposed to simulated runoff water. The VFS chosen for this study were populated by native herbaceous vegetation with a predominance of grasses from South of Brazil. To simulate runoff water, a flow of 30 L min -1 was applied to all plots. Simulated runoff water contained 3.22 g L -1 of sediment and the nutrients concentration was 62.2; 40.9 and 170.3 mg L -1 de P, NH 4-N and NO 3-N,
A simple method for determining the evaporation from shallow lakes and ponds

This study examines the summertime evaporation from a shallow lake in the Hudson Bay lowlands evaluated by the energy budget (Bowen ratio) and equilibrium model approaches. Energy budget calculations reveal that on the average, 55% of the daily net radiation is utilized in the evaporative process over the lake. Half-hourly and daily values of evaporation were approximated closely by the Priestley and Taylor (1972) model, where the ratio of actual to equilibrium evaporation equals 1.26. A simple model, expressed in terms of incoming solar radiation and screen height air temperature, is developed from the comparison of actual to equilibrium evaporation. Tests of the model at a different location indicate that the actual evaporation can be determined within 10% over periods of 2 weeks.
GINI DP 81: The Measurement of Tracking, Vocational Orientation, and Standardization of Educational Systems: a Comparative Approach

Educational systems differ on at least three dimensions: the timing and form of tracking of students, the extent to which a system provides vocationally specific skills, and the extent to which an educational system is standardized nationwide. Existing conceptualizations of these three dimensions are rather fragmented, and in this article we develop new indicators for a large number of countries, based on various sources of data (OECD, UNESCO, TIMSS, PISA and Eurydice). With our new indicators we examine the relationship between the three dimensions of educational systems and four core functions of schooling: equality of opportunity, the optimization of students’ skills, the allocation of students to the labor market, and the preparation for active participation in society at large.
Sensitivity of Land-Ocean Circulations, Precipitation, and Soil Moisture to Perturbed Land Surface Albedo.

Abstract Using general circulation model experiments, it was found that thermally induced overturning circulations that flow between oceans and land at low latitudes can be affected by perturbations to the land surface albedo. When surface albedo is reduced over land at low latitudes, radiative heating of the surface is increased and additional heat is transferred from the surface to the atmosphere, which is largely offset by adiabatic cooling associated with upward motion. This enhanced upward motion is associated with greater low-level convergence of air over the continents, compensated by divergence over the oceans. The enhanced flux of water vapor onto the continents due to this pattern further enhances the thermal forcing through the release of latent heat. In these low-latitude regions with reduced surface albedo, precipitation and soil moisture are increased. Qualitatively opposite effects are obtained by increasing surface albedo. In midlatitude regions, circulation and precipitation are not signi.
A High‐resolution record of Late Quaternary upwelling along the Oman Margin, Arabian Sea based on planktonic foraminifera

Planktonic foraminiferal abundances, fluxes, test sizes, and coiling properties are influenced in various ways by the southwest monsoon winds and associated upwelling in the western Arabian Sea. To determine the short-term changes in the southwest monsoon, we have carried out a high-resolution time-series analysis of three upwelling indices (total flux of planktonic foraminiferal tests and flux and relative abundance of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerina bulloides) from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 723A (Oman Margin, western Arabian Sea) spanning the last 19 kyr. In addition, we have determined the relationships between upwelling intensity and the relative abundance, fluxes, and shell concentrations of various planktonic foraminiferal species. Upwelling indices suggest that from 19 to 16 ka (22 to 18.2 cal kyr B.P.) the SW monsoon was relatively strong compared to the period 15.8 to 12.5 ka (17.8 to 13.8 cal kyr B.P.). The intensification of the SW monsoon took place at 12 ka (13.1 cal kyr B.P.) and reached a peak between 10 and 5 ka (10.6 and 4.8 cal kyr B.P.). The high-resolution data further demonstrate that the SW monsoon has started weakening from 5 ka (4.8 cal kyr B.P.) and the weakest phase was in place at 3.5 ka (3 cal kyr B.P.), which coincides with evidence of an arid climate in western Tibet. Fluxes and shell concentrations of many of the planktonic foraminiferal species increased between 12 and 5 ka in response to the intensification of the SW monsoon winds after the last glacial period. Globigerina bulloides shows a fivefold to tenfold increase in flux during this period of intense upwelling. The other species whose fluxes are influenced by this upwelling change are (in order from strongest to weakest response) Globigerinita glutinata, Globigerinoides ruber, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globigerinella aequilateralis, Globigerina falconensis, and Globigerinoides sacculifer. The relative abundances of G. bulloides and G. ruber increased during intense upwelling, whereas the relative abundances of G. glutinata, N. dutertrei, G. falconensis, and G. sacculifer did not increase during this period, which might be due to differences in the productivity of various species in relation to upwelling change. Therefore the fluxes and shell concentrations provide better and more reliable information about the changes in the monsoon system in the Arabian Sea than relative abundance data.