Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Is the General Reason for Apoptosis Induced by Different-Valence Heavy Metals in Cells and Mitochondria

This review analyzes the causes and consequences of apoptosis resulting from oxidative stress that occurs in mitochondria and cells exposed to the toxic effects of different-valence heavy metals (Ag+, Tl+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, As3+, Sb3+, Cr6+, and U6+). The problems of the relationship between the integration of these toxic metals into molecular mechanisms with the subsequent development of pathophysiological processes and the appearance of diseases caused by the accumulation of these metals in the body are also addressed in this review. Such apoptosis is characterized by a reduction in cell viability, the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and Bcl-2), and the activation of protein kinases (ERK, JNK, p53, and p38) by mitogens. Moreover, the oxidative stress manifests as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, mitochondrial swelling, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release, a decline in the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmito), a decrease in ATP synthesis, and reduced glutathione and oxygen consumption as well as cytoplasm and matrix calcium overload due to Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The apoptosis and respiratory dysfunction induced by these metals are discussed regarding their interaction with cellular and mitochondrial thiol groups and Fe2+ metabolism disturbance. Similarities and differences in the toxic effects of Tl+ from those of other heavy metals under review are discussed. Similarities may be due to the increase in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration induced by Tl+ and these metals. One difference discussed is the failure to decrease Tl+ toxicity through metallothionein-dependent mechanisms. Another difference could be the decrease in reduced glutathione in the matrix due to the reversible oxidation of Tl+ to Tl3+ near the centers of ROS generation in the respiratory chain. The latter may explain why thallium toxicity to humans turned out to be higher than the toxicity of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc.
Multiple-Interval Mapping for Ordinal Traits

Many statistical methods have been developed to map multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) in experimental cross populations. Among these methods, multiple-interval mapping (MIM) can map QTL with epistasis simultaneously. However, the previous implementation of MIM is for continuously distributed traits. In this study we extend MIM to ordinal traits on the basis of a threshold model. The method inherits the properties and advantages of MIM and can fit a model of multiple QTL effects and epistasis on the underlying liability score. We study a number of statistical issues associated with the method, such as the efficiency and stability of maximization and model selection. We also use computer simulation to study the performance of the method and compare it to other alternative approaches. The method has been implemented in QTL Cartographer to facilitate its general usage for QTL mapping data analysis on binary and ordinal traits.
Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on U.S. Water Resources

The socioeconomic costs of floods, droughts, and water scarcity in the years 2030 and 2095 are examined under three climate scenarios: continuation of the current climate and two climate-change scenarios based on projections from the respective results of the Canadian and Hadley general circulation models. Measures of the adequacy of water supplies to meet both withdrawal and instream uses under current and future conditions are developed for the 18 major water resources regions and 99 assessment subregions in the conterminous United States. Past and likely future changes in the infrastructure available to control and distribute water, the costs of nontraditional sources of supply, water management practices, conservation opportunities, the nature of the economy, slack in the water supply system, and institutions influencing water use are examined and provide the basis for evaluating the impacts of changes in both climate and non-climate factors on U.S. water resources. The impacts of the climate changes are calculated as the changes in the costs of maintaining the projected no-climate change, non-irrigation off-stream water uses with the climate-altered supplies. The costs and benefits are estimated under three alternative management strategies that differ in the protection provided for stream-flows and irrigation. The results support several general conclusions. First, a greenhouse warming could have major impacts on the future costs of floods, droughts, and balancing water demands and supplies. Second, the contrasting hydrologic implications of the Canadian and Hadley climate models indicate that the magnitude as well as the direction of these impacts are uncertain and likely to vary significantly among water resources regions. Third, there are many oppor-tunities to adapt to changing hydrological conditions, and the net costs are particularly sensitive to the institutions that determine how the resource is managed and allocated among users. This report was prepared as part of the Water Assessment Sector Team’s contribution to the U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Nation being conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Global Change Research Program. The climate-change scenarios used in this report were developed for use in the National Assessment.
The Social Determinants of Mental Health

It is well known that social factors affect risk for mental illnesses and substance use disorders, as well as health outcomes of persons with these disorders. Social and environmental factors, in addition to their independent and combined effects, can influence genetic determinants of health and illness through gene-by-environment interactions and epigenetic mechanisms. Such social and environmental factors clearly have an effect at the individual level and should encounter intervention in the clinical setting. However, the social determinants of health and the social determinants of mental health exert their effects more broadly at the societal level and thus can be most effectively addressed through changes in public policies and social norms. Specifically, the social determinants of mental health—exemplified here by income inequality and poor education—are understood as being underpinned by unequal distribution of opportunity and, more deeply, by public policies (e.g., legislation that may not specific.
An analysis of summer evapotranspiration based on multi‐year observations including extreme climatic conditions over a cool‐temperate evergreen coniferous forest, Takayama, Japan

Five years (2006–2010) of eddy‐covariance data were used to investigate inter‐annual variation of evapotranspiration (E) under dry canopy conditions (i.e. no rainfall in the previous 24 h) in summer over a cool‐temperate evergreen coniferous forest in Japan. The data included the warmest summer (June to September) in the past 50 years (2010) and the coolest summer in the past 15 years (2009). We found significant differences between 2009 and 2010 in gas exchange properties such as equilibrium evaporation (Eeq) and surface conductance (Gs) in addition to meteorological variables such as air vapour pressure deficit (Da) and net radiation. The values of E, however, were not significantly different in these two years. Furthermore, the inter‐annual variation (coefficient of variance, CV) in E was relatively low (3.5%) as compared with higher values of inter‐annual variation in gas exchange properties (4.2–10.0%) and meteorological factors (4.3–18.3%). The relatively steady E can be explained by (1) less effective atmospheric demand (i.e. less sensitive to Eeq) because of the low decoupling coefficient (0.07–0.15) at the study site and (2) the negative response of Gs to Da and a reduced sensitivity of E to high Da values in relation to plant physiological regulation (i.e. stomatal control). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion after Postpartum Hemorrhage: Clinical Variables Associated with Lack of Postpartum Hemorrhage Etiology Identification

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a significant obstetric emergency worldwide and a leading cause of maternal death. However, it is commonly underreported, which can represent a major concern for maternal morbidity and mortality. This retrospective case series study analyzed patients with red blood cell transfusion (RBCt) in the postpartum period over a four-year interval at a specific center. A total of 18,674 patients delivered between January 2018 and December 2021. Patients with postpartum RBCt were classified into two groups: those with identified PPH (i-PPH) and those without (non-i-PPH). Clinical variables, delivery details, blood loss data, and treatment information were collected. Statistical analysis involved a comparison of variables between the i-PPH and non-i-PPH groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, aiming to identify significant associations between the clinical variables and a lack of PPH identification. The incidence of RBCt was 1.26% (236 cases). Patients receiving RBCt had higher rates of cesarean delivery, twin pregnancy, labor induction, and previous cesarean section. Among patients with postpartum RBCt, 34.3% lacked an identified PPH. The rarity of postpartum RBCt contrasts with the increasing rates of PPH, highlighting the importance of diagnosing PPH and postpartum anemia. A strategy of systematic quantification of blood loss during delivery could help detect PPH and anemia before adverse consequences occur.
Along‐dip variation of teleseismic short‐period radiation from the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0)

Locations of coherent short‐period seismic wave radiation from the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0) are imaged by back‐projecting teleseismic P waves recorded across North America for a series of narrow, overlapping passbands centered at 8s, 4s, 2s, 1s, and 0.5s. Initially the energy release for all five passbands migrates slowly down‐dip, however over time the two longer‐period passbands show coherent energy release systematically shifted up‐dip of the shorter‐period source regions. Back‐projection images of P waves from ten (point‐source‐like) aftershocks do not show a frequency‐dependent trend, implying that the frequency dependence observed for the main shock is not an artifact created by 3D earth structure, depth phase interference, or some other deficiency. We conclude that the unstable sliding properties along the megathrust are segmented, with faster moment rate variations in the down‐dip region and relatively smooth sliding further up‐dip.
Akuntansi syariah di indonesia

Buku Akuntansi Syariah di Indonesia ini merupakan buku pengantar mengenai penerapan akuntansi syariah yang sesuai dengan ketentuan dan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Kerangka Dasar Penyusunan dan Penyajian Laporan Keuangan Syariah, Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (PSAK) Syariah No. 100−106 yang telah ditetapkan oleh Dewan Standar Akuntansi Syariah (DSAK), ketentuanketentuan syariah yang mengacu pada Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia (DSN MUI), dan Fikih Sunah. Mengingat akuntansi syariah merupakan salah satu bentuk penerapan dari syariah Islam, maka pembahasan dalam buku ini diawali dengan penjelasan tentang Islam dan syariah Islam, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan sumber hukum Islam dan sistem keuangan Islam. Setelah membicarakan tentang hal-hal yang mendasar, pada bab selanjutnya akan dibahas mengenai konsep dasar akuntansi Islam dan pencatatan transaksi untuk akad yang sesuai dengan syariah Islam. Pada akhir buku ini akan dibahas tentang isu-isu menarik seputar perkembangan transaksi dalam Islam.
Methods in development research: combining qualitative and quantitative approaches

Over the past decade there has been an increasingly receptive audience for participatory and qualitative research methods by policy makers, development practitioners and academics working in applied research. At the same time there is an increasing awareness that the value of research can be enhanced through a more systematic combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. While this recent interest has begun to provide useful pointers as to how development research might be improved, it has also given rise to certain problems. This book will draw together lessons about emerging best practice with regard to combining qualitative and quantitative methods and approaches to generate numbers from qualitative/participatory methods and to monitor and evaluate development processes. It will build and expand upon innovation and reflection from practice in developing and developed societies, from within development agencies and academia, government departments and civil society organizations. By drawing on current research in many sectors and countries, the book will situate current development research issues squarely within debates about development policy and social research and it will help begin the process of defining best practice in the use of participatory/ qualitative and quantitative methods, and issues of methodological triangulation which are of considerable interest to academics, practitioners and policy makers. A genuine how to manual which com Access the full text: NOT AVAILABLE
Combinatorial Effects of Glycine and Inorganic Nitrogen on Root Growth and Nitrogen Nutrition in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Organic and inorganic nitrogen play important roles in plant nitrogen nutrition. However, how the coapplication of organic and inorganic nitrogen affects root growth, plant nitrogen metabolism, and soil nitrogen content is still unclear. Plant shoot and root growth, nitrogen uptake and metabolism, and soil nitrogen content were studied in maize (Zea mays L.) through pot experiments with different nitrogen treatments, including NH4+ -N (Amm), NO3− -N (Nit), NH4+ -N + NO3− -N (Amm + Nit), NH4+ -N + NO3− -N + glutamate-N (Amm + Nit + Glu), and NH4+ -N + NO3− -N + glycine-N (Amm + Nit + Gly). The results show that the shoot nitrogen uptake of maize treated with Amm + Nit + Gly was the highest among all the nitrogen treatments. In addition, the coapplication of glycine and inorganic nitrogen increased glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in the maize leaves, promoted nitrogen metabolism levels, and was conducive to the accumulation of amino acids and soluble protein in leaves. Compared with inorganic nitrogen, glycine combined with inorganic nitrogen increased the total root length and root surface area. A correlation analysis showed that total root length and root surface area had a significant positive effect on nitrogen uptake. When ammonium, nitrate, and glycine were applied together, the content of inorganic nitrogen and total nitrogen in soil was higher than that for other inorganic nitrogen treatments. Therefore, we conclude that glycine combined with inorganic nitrogen can increase soil nitrogen content, promote maize root growth, and thus facilitate nitrogen uptake and metabolism.
The Evaluation of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System in the Eastern Range Dispersion Assessment System

The Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) evaluated the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) contained within the Eastern Range Dispersion Assessment System (ERDAS). ERDAS provides emergency response guidance for Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Kennedy Space Center operations in the event of an accidental hazardous material release or aborted vehicle launch. The RAMS prognostic data are available to ERDAS for display and are used to initialize the 45th Space Wing/Range Safety dispersion model. Thus, the accuracy of the dispersion predictions is dependent upon the accuracy of RAMS forecasts. The RAMS evaluation consisted of an objective and subjective component for the 1999 and 2000 Florida warm seasons, and the 1999-2000 cool season. In the objective evaluation, the AMU generated model error statistics at surface and upper-level observational sites, compared RAMS errors to a coarser RAMS grid configuration, and benchmarked RAMS against the nationally-used Eta model. In the subjective evaluation, the AMU compared forecast cold fronts, low-level temperature inversions, and precipitation to observations during the 1999-2000 cool season, verified the development of the RAMS forecast east coast sea breeze during both warm seasons, and examined the RAMS daily thunderstorm initiation and precipitation patterns during the 2000 warm season. This report summarizes the objective and subjective verification for all three seasons.
A comparison of tropospheric temperature changes over China revealed by multiple data sets

Based on four radiosonde data sets and three reanalysis data sets, the long‐term tropospheric temperature changes over China for the period 1958–2001, and the uncertainties are analyzed. The results from all data sets, except for HadAT2 and National Centers for Environmental Protection 20th Century Reanalysis data (NCEP‐20CR), show a significant warming trend in the lower troposphere temperature averaged over China during 1958–2001, but this trend decreases with height and is replaced by a cooling tendency at 500 hPa, reaching maximum cooling at 300 hPa. The year‐by‐year changes of temperature over China are largely in agreement among the radiosonde and the reanalysis data sets. The uncertainties of upper troposphere temperature changes are larger compared with those of the lower troposphere. The uncertainty was relatively small during 1970–1990 and large during 1958–1970 and from 1990 to the present. The trend uncertainty is large in the Northwest for the lower troposphere and in south China for the upper troposphere, with the largest trend uncertainty over Northwest China at 850 hPa and east to 100°E at 300 hPa. For the average temperature trend over China, the largest uncertainty peaks at 300 hPa for 1958–2001. The tropospheric temperature of China at 300 hPa, derived from HadAT2, warms up; this differs greatly from the other data sets. The warming trend is produced mainly by the stations over south China and is due to the choice of neighbor stations during construction. The temperature trend at 300 hPa in NCEP‐National Center for Atmospheric Research is cooler than the other data sets due to its abrupt cooling around the early 1990s. NCEP‐20CR can partly capture the cooling tendency at 300 hPa over North China but with weaker magnitude.
The search for electrostatically lofted grains above the Moon with the Lunar Dust Experiment

The Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) on board the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer mission was designed to make in situ dust measurements while orbiting the Moon. Particles with radii a >∼ 0. 3μm were detected as single impacts. LDEX was also capable of measuring the collective signal generated from dust impacts with sizes below its single‐particle detection threshold. A putative population of electrostatically lofted grains above the lunar terminator with radii of approximately 0.1 μm has been suggested to exist since the Apollo era. LDEX performed the first search with an in situ dust detector for such a population. Here we present the results of the LDEX observations taken over the lunar terminator and report that within LDEX's detection limits, we found no evidence of electrostatically lofted grains in the altitude range of 3–250 km above the lunar terminator.
Refraction traveltime and amplitude corrections for very near‐ surface inhomogeneities

The performance of refraction inversion methods that employ the principle of refraction migration, whereby traveltimes are laterally migrated by the offset distance (which is the horizontal separation between the point of refraction and the point of detection on the surface), can be adversely affected by very near‐surface inhomogeneities. Even inhomogeneities at single receivers can limit the lateral resolution of detailed seismic velocities in the refractor.
Evapotranspiration and Transpiration Measurements in Crops and Weed Species by the Bowen Ratio and Sapflow Methods Under the Rainless Region Conditions

The aim of this chapter is to provide a systematic description of the measurements of total evapotranspiration and transpiration of selected agricultural crops and weeds, results of investigation, and perspectives of these methods for agricultural usage. This study provides a contribution towards increased knowledge on the consumptive water use of arable crops and weeds within the temperate climatic zone under specified weather conditions and actual crop structure given by biometric observation. The water consumption of plants represents a significant part of the landscape water balance (Merta et al. 2001). An important factor influencing the water balance of the plant stands on agricultural soil and thereby in the countryside is the species composition of phytocoenosis. Within the framework of phytocoenosis, the cultivated plants and weeds take share in influencing the water balance (Pivec & Brant 2009). Competition between plants to capture the resources essential to plant growth (i.e. light, water and nutrients) is one of the key processes determining the performance of natural, semi-natural and agricultural ecosystems (Kropff & van Laar, 1993). The issue of evapotranspiration and transpiration demands of field crops is a subject of intensive study especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In terms of eliminating the negative impact of agriculture on the environment and in terms of increasing the efficiency of the production systems, its monitoring is important for the temperate climate as well.
Seismicity during lateral dike propagation: Insights from new data in the recent Manda Hararo–Dabbahu rifting episode (Afar, Ethiopia)

Seismicity released during lateral dike intrusions in the Manda Hararo–Dabbahu Rift (Afar, Ethiopia) provides indirect insight into the distribution and evolution of tensile stress along this magma‐assisted divergent plate boundary. In this paper, 5 dike intrusions among the 14 that form the 2005–present rifting episode are analyzed with local and regional seismic data. During dike intrusions, seismicity migrates over distances of 10–15 km at velocities of 0.5–3.0 km/h away from a single reservoir in the center of the rift segment, confirming the analogy with a slow spreading mid‐ocean ridge segment. Comparison with geodetic data shows that the reservoir is located 7 km down rift from the topographic summit of the axial depression. Dikes emplaced toward the north are observed to migrate faster and to be more voluminous than those migrating southward, suggesting an asymmetry of tension in the brittle‐elastic lithosphere. Seismicity during dike injections is concentrated near the propagating crack front. In contrast, faults and fissures in the subsurface appear to slip or open aseismically coeval with the intrusions. The seismic energy released during dike intrusions in the Manda Hararo Rift appears to be primarily modulated by the local magnitude of differential tensile stress and marginally by the rate of stress change induced by the intrusion. The low level of seismic energy accompanying dike intrusions, despite their significant volumes, is likely an indicator of an overall low level of tension in the lithosphere of this nascent plate boundary.