Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flow and solute transport through the soil matrix and macropores of a hillslope segment

Subsurface flow from various portions of a soil profile on a steep, forested hillslope was evaluated by two sets of step-change miscible displacement tests at different application rates and antecedent hydrologic conditions. Solutions of NaCl (1000 mg L−1 Cl−) were applied at steady state rates (equivalent to 20 and 30 mm h−1 of standing water over the entire plot area) using a line irrigation source located 1.5 m upslope (lateral distance) from an excavated soil pit. Subsurface flow and tracer breakthrough from five portions (the organic-rich soil layer including macropores, the mineral soil matrix, and three groups of macropores in the mineral soil layer) of the soil profile were individually measured and analyzed using a convective-dispersive model. Matrix flow dominated discharge from the soil pit during tracer tests (70–93% of total discharge). However, during wet periods with upslope drainage, macropores (including organic-rich soil) contributed proportionally more flow than during periods when upslope drainage was minimal. Outflow from macropores during the test with wet antecedent conditions had lower Cl− concentrations than drainage from the soil matrix, suggesting dilution in macropores from upslope drainage. Effective pore volumes calculated for the flow-averaged breakthrough data from the entire profile were much less (<40%) than the estimates (measured by tensiometers) of total volume of pore water, suggesting that preferential flow significantly contributed to subsurface transport of tracer. The pore volume for the entire profile increased only slightly with increasing application rate; however, the relative proportions of pore volumes calculated for individual portions varied proportionally to antecedent hydrologic conditions. These changes are attributed to the expansion of individual macropores with surrounding soil and the lateral extension of macropore networks during wetter conditions.
REVIEW: APPLICATION OF THE ATC/DDD METHOD FOR ANTIBIOTIC EVALUATION IN INDONESIA

The global consumption of antibiotics has increased rapidly by 65% in units of daily doses over the last 15 years. Researchers predict that there will be a 200% increase in global antibiotic consumption by 2030, if there is no change in policy implementation. This article aims to provide knowledge regarding the use of the anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily doses (ATC/DDD) method to evaluate antibiotics in Indonesia, which is expected to provide additional knowledge for the quantitative evaluation of antibiotics. The literature data sources used were PubMed and Google Scholar online databases, using the Mendeley® tool for manager reference. There were 71 articles that met the criteria and were discussed systematically. Most of the ATC/DDD methods were used to evaluate antibiotics in 90.1% of inpatients and 9.9% of outpatients. In the application of this method, 94.4% of the data collection was carried out retrospectively, with most study designs using a cross-sectional 76%. The selected research period varied from 1 month to 5 years, with 59.1% of the study locations being carried out at the tertiary service level. The ATC/DDD method can also be used in a quasi-experimental design that examines comparisons before and after the intervention. The use of this method as an evaluation of the use of antibiotics in the specified study population resulted in the highest DDD/100 days of ceftriaxone hospitalization in 27 articles. Amoxicillin had the highest DDD/1000 patient-days in of 6/7 articles in the outpatient population.
Effect of antecedent soil water regime and rice straw application time on CH4 emission from rice cultivation

A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of antecedent water regime and rice straw application time on methane (CH4) emission from rice cultivation. The results showed that water regimes of the previous crops or fallow seasons and timing of rice straw application significantly influenced CH4 emissions during the wetland rice-cropping season. The mean CH4 flux of treatment with continuously flooded fallow (FFE) in the previous crop season was 6.06 and 5.15 times higher than that of treatment with dry fallow in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Applying rice straw just before soil was flooded for rice growth (DFL) significantly enhanced CH4 flux by 385.96% in 1996 and 1017.46% in 1997 compared with rice straw application just before the previous crop season (DFE). Antecedent water regime and rice straw application time also markedly affected temporal variation patterns of CH4 fluxes and soil redox potential (Eh) during the period of time from soil being flooded to rice harvest. Considerable CH4 was emitted into the atmosphere from flooding to the early stage of the rice-growing season, and 4 emission maxima occurred several days after flooding and in the early, mid, and late stages of the rice-growing period for treatments DFL and FFE. However, for treatment DFE, there was almost no CH4 emission until the middle of the rice-growing season, and CH4 fluxes in the mid and late stages of the rice-growing period were also very low. Soil Eh values of treatments FFE and DFL were compatible for methanogenic bacteria almost every day after flooding. However, it took 65 days of flooding before the Eh of treatment DFE dropped to the same level. Differences in the temporal variation patterns of soil Eh were the main reason why variation patterns of CH4 fluxes were different.
Estimation of suspended sediment loads in a seasonal stream in the wet‐dry tropics, Northern Territory, Australia

One year of instantaneous suspended sediment concentration, C, and instantaneous discharge, Q, data collected at Ngarradj downstream of the Jabiluka mine site indicate that the use of a simple C–Q rating curve is not a reliable method for estimating suspended sediment loads from the Ngarradj catchment. The C–Q data are not only complicated by hysteresis effects within the rising and falling stages of individual events, but also by variable depletion of available suspended sediment through multipeaked runoff events.
Seasonal and interannual variability of wind stress curl over the Nordic Seas

Over 32 years of wind data, which are based on surface pressure maps, from the Hindcast data base that has been developed by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute have been used to study the wind stress curl field, over the Nordic Seas. The mean wind stress curl pattern is characterized by very large values over most of the area, especially over the Greenland Sea. Within the framework of Sverdrup dynamics this gives rise to a cyclonic circulation in the area, with a maximum transport in the western boundary current of about 35 Sv. Only one gyre is present, and its center is situated between Jan Mayen and Greenland. The seasonal variation of the wind stress curl is very large, with almost negligible values during summer, from May through August. During September the wind stress curl starts to build up and has reached its full winter strength by November. This maximum is maintained until April, when it begins to decline to typical summer values. In order to study the spatial and temporal scales of the wind stress curl, an empirical orthogonal function analysis was performed on the wind stress curl after filtering it with a half-power period of 50 days and then resampling the wind stress curl every 30 days. A Monte Carlo method is used to estimate the statistical significance of the various modes. The first 11 modes are found to be significant, and they represent 83.6% of the total variance of the data set. The first mode clearly shows the seasonal fluctuations of the mean wind stress curl pattern, representing the seasonal variation in the intensity of the Icelandic low. The next two modes show mostly interannual variability, with a decadal time scale. Most of these variations are happening in the northern part of the Greenland Sea. The other significant modes are mainly describing variability that is limited either in space or in time. A large part of this anomalous variability occurs in the 1980s.
Effects of hillslope topography on runoff response in a small catchment in the Fudoji Experimental Watershed, central Japan

We investigated the role of different hillslope units with different topographic characteristics on runoff generation processes based on field observations at two types of hillslopes (0·1 ha): a valley‐head (a convergent hillslope) and a side slope (a planar hillslope), as well as at three small catchments having two types of slopes with different drainage areas ranging from 1·9 to 49·7 ha in the Tanakami Mountains, central Japan. We found that the contribution of the hillslope unit type to small catchment runoff varied with the magnitude of rainfall. When the total amount of rainfall for a single storm event was < 35 mm, runoff in the small catchment was predominantly generated from the side slope. As the amount of rainfall increased (>35 mm), the valley‐head also began to contribute to the catchment runoff, adding to runoff from the side slope. Although the direct runoff from the valley‐head was greater than that from the side slope, the contribution from the side slope was quantitatively greater than that from the valley‐head due to the proportionally larger area occupied by the side slope in the small catchment. The storm runoff responses of the small catchments reflected the change in the runoff components of each hillslope unit as the amount of rainfall increased and rainfall patterns changed. However, similar runoff responses were found for the small catchments with different areas. The similarity of the runoff responses is attributable to overlay effects of different hillslope units and the similar composition ratios of the valley‐head and side slope in the catchments. This study suggests that the relative roles of the valley‐head and side slope are important in runoff generation and solute transport as the catchment size increases from a hillslope/headwater to a small catchment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lunar optical maturity investigations: A possible recent impact crater and a magnetic anomaly

[1] We have used maps of the OMAT optical maturity parameter, along with other Clementine UV-Vis image products, to study two interesting lunar features related to albedo and optical maturity. Examination of the region of a small crater whose formation has been suggested to be a candidate for the flash photographed in 1953 by Stuart demonstrates that the candidate crater is not unusually fresh compared to other small craters in the vicinity. Therefore it is unlikely that the formation of this impact crater generated the observed flash. An area of unusually high albedo in the Descartes highlands is also known to be a magnetic anomaly. It has been proposed that the presence of the magnetic anomaly has prevented the solar wind from reaching the surface for billions of years and therefore that the area has not undergone normal space weathering and preserved a high albedo. The high albedo is caused only by maturity differences with the surroundings, not by an exotic composition. The fact that the albedo anomaly has not darkened or reddened to the extent expected may be the result of the surface texture as revealed in 3.8-cm radar images. We suggest that the fresh appearance is largely caused by overlapping ejecta from two nearby craters and continual exposure of immature material by the erosion of 1- to 10-cm-sized fragments within the deposit. The magnetic shielding mechanism, if operative, probably plays only a minor role in producing the Descartes albedo anomaly.
Late Pleistocene Glaciation of the Kosciuszko Massif, Snowy Mountains, Australia

Abstract Late Pleistocene glaciation of the Australian mainland was restricted to a small area of the southeastern highlands. Geomorphic mapping of the area and exposure dating using the in situ produced cosmogenic isotope 10Be provides evidence for at least two distinct glaciations. The Early Kosciuszko glaciation consisted of a single glacier advance before 59,300 ± 5400 years ago (Snowy River Advance). The Late Kosciuszko glaciation comprised three glacier advances 32,000 ± 2500 (Headley Tarn Advance), 19,100 ± 1600 (Blue Lake Advance), and 16,800 ± 1400 years ago (Mt. Twynam Advance). The Early Kosciuszko glaciation was the most extensive and the Late Kosciuszko advances were progressively less extensive. These periods of glaciation in the highlands correspond to episodes of periglacial activity and peaks in lake levels and river discharge at lower elevations in southeastern Australia. Glacier advances on the Kosciuszko Massif correlate with advances in Tasmania, South America, and New Zealand and are broadly representative of hemispheric climate changes during the last glacial cycle.
Plants with cosmetic uses

The use of plants as a source of active principles for cosmetics has significantly increased in the last few years. Safety, compatibility with all types of skin, fewer side effects, and availability are among the advantages of herbal cosmetics above synthetic ingredients. The present review aims to explore the most important plants used in cosmetics. A literature search was carried out in several electronic databases with the following phrases: skincare and plants; cosmetics and plants; natural and cosmetics; and natural and skincare. Furthermore, more detailed filters such as clinical studies, meta‐analyses, and systemic reviews were applied to positive results. Various plants and plant extracts currently used in skin care, scaring, whitening, and aging, as well as in sun protection, acne, eczema, and others, have been included in this review. The effectiveness of these plants is based mainly on preclinical research, and to a lesser extent on clinical studies. Some plant extracts or oils have been tested clinically, such as onions, aloe, and tea tree oil, more than other plant extracts. Despite many studies on natural products to improve dermal needs, proper clinical cosmeceutical trials are much fewer than expected. Therefore, more clinical trials are needed to evaluate appropriate efficacy. Furthermore, new formulation technologies might enhance the cosmeceutical benefits, but more work is warranted.
Saturated-Unsaturated 3D Groundwater Model. II: Verification and Application

Verification and application results are presented for a new saturated-unsaturated 3D groundwater flow model (SU3D) developing in Dogan and Motz, which can be used to calculate the pressure distribution over the entire groundwater flow domain in response to rainfall and evapotranspiration. SU3D solves the nonlinear 3D, modified mixed form of the Richards equation continuously throughout the groundwater flow domain, including both the unsaturated and saturated zones. The block-centered finite-difference method, a modified Picard iteration scheme, and the preconditioned conjugate gradient method are used to solve the governing partial differential equations in the new model. SU3D can simulate evaporation from land surface and transpiration from the root zone. Potential evapotranspiration is partitioned into potential evaporation and potential transpiration as a function of the leaf area index; actual evaporation and actual transpiration are then calculated individually. As shown in this paper, SU3D has been.
Heat flow and heat production in the Namaqua Mobile Belt, South Africa

Results of heat flow and heat production surveys at 13 localities in the Namaqua mobile belt, southern Africa, are presented. Twelve stations traverse the 1200–1100 m.y. old gneissic and metamorphic Bushmanland and Gordonia subprovinces. One station is situated in the Richtersveld subprovince, a 2000–1730 m.y. old volcano-sedimentary domain mildly affected by the 1200–1100 m.y. old orogeny. Surface heat flow in the mobile belt ranges from 39 to 81 mW m−2 and averages at 61 ± 11 mW m−2. Surface heat production ranges from 0.8 μW m−3 in mafic rocks to extreme values of 6.9–12.3 μW m−3 in the Springbok district, western Namaqualand. High heat production in the Springbok district is associated with a thin, tabular granitic intrusive and is not representative of the basement. The mean heat production of the remaining stations in the mobile belt is 2.3 ± 1.1 μW m−3. Linear regression analysis of the heat flow-heat production data yields a poor fit (correlation coefficient = 0.62) and imprecise estimates for the intercept (34 ± 6 mW m−2) and slope (11 ± 3 km). The eastern margin of the mobile belt has relatively low heat flow and heat production; geothermal, geological, and gravity data suggest a relative depletion of crustal radiogenic heat production in the region. However, the average Namaqua heat flow is higher than worldwide averages for Proterozoic terrains. There is no geological or geophysical evidence for recent mantle heating below the Namaqua mobile belt, suggesting that an elevated crustal radioactive component is largely responsible for the elevated heat flow. In this respect, the mobile belt is similar to several mid-late Proterozoic heat flow provinces that are characterized by high average surface heat flow and probably have elevated crustal radiogenic heat input. These observations, and seismic data, suggest that the Namaqua crust consists of an upper layer that contributes 40–50%, on average, to the heat flow and a depleted lower layer; the inferred heat flow at midcrustal levels is 50–60% of the average surface heat flow. The mobile belt's average surface heat flow is 40–85% higher than that from the basement of the adjacent Archaean Kaapvaal craton, and its inferred midcrustal heat flow is similar to the lowest surface values in the craton. Heat production data from the Kaapvaal craton indicate that its upper crust is not depleted of heat sources. While enhanced radiogenic heat input from the Namaqua upper crust may account for part of the higher-than-craton heat flow, it cannot account for the full excess. Consequently, a larger equilibrium mantle heat flow, related to a reduced lithospheric thickness below Namaqualand, seems to be required by the new data.
High-stability solid solution perovskite (1-x) Bi0.2Sr0.5La0.3TiO3- xLaMnO3 (0.05≤ × ≤0.2) for wide-temperature NTC thermistors

The development of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor materials with a wide range of operating temperatures, high resistance (R), low thermal content (B) and good stability is significant for improving the overall performance of NTC thermistors. Traditional NTC thermistors materials are of the spinel, however, their practical applications are commonly limited to temperatures below approximately 200°C.In this study, it was found that a novel perovskite-structured solid solution (1-x)Bi0.2Sr0. 5La0.3TiO3-xLaMnO3 (0.05 ≤ × ≤ 0.2) (BSLT-LM) showed good NTC performance from room temperature to high temperature (600°C) due to the stable structure at high temperatures. The ρ25, ρ100, ρ600 and B25/100, B25/600 constants of Bi0.2Sr0. 5La0.3TiO3-0.1LaMnO3 NTC thermistors are approximately 1.76 × 108 Ω cm, 1.13 × 107 Ω cm, 9.89 × 102 Ω cm, 4063.91 K, 5472.34 K, respectively. The electrical conductivity of these solid solution refers to the electronic transition between Mn3+ and Mn4+, and oxygen vacancies. These results demonstrate the tremendous potential of perovskite-structured (1-x) Bi0.3Sr0. 5La0.2TiO3-xLaMnO3 thermistor ceramics with NTC performance.
Eolian Deposition of Forest-Fire Charcoal above Tree Limit, Colorado Front Range, U.S.A.: Potential Contamination of AMS Radiocarbon Samples

Shallow soil cores from 56 localities along the crest of the Colorado Front Range were processed by water flotation and wet sieving, then examined for wood charcoal and charred conifer-needle fragments. Charred particles were largest and most numerous in samples from the subalpine forest. Particle size and abundance decreased abruptly in a narrow zone just above timberline, but showed only slight further decrease at higher elevations. Seventy-one percent of 31 alpine-tundra samples contained megascopic charcoal. Charred particles with geometric mean diameters of 1 to 2 mm were found on rocky summits above 4000 m and in windswept fellfields as much as 1.6 km from the nearest forest outlier. Longdistance eolian transport of charred material is attributed to raging crown fires in the subalpine forest, and to the region's characteristically high wind velocities. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates for charcoal from archaeological features above tree limit in the Front Range should be attributed to human occupation only if particle diameters exceed 3 mm, or independent age evidence strongly supports a cultural origin.
Historical and projected land-use / land cover changes of the Welmel River Watershed, Genale Dawa Basin, Ethiopia

: Human activities on land have grown significantly changing the entire landscape, while most of the changes have occurred in the tropics. The change has become a serious environmental concern at the local, regional and global scales. The intensity, speed, and degree of land use / land cover (LULC) changes are nowadays quicker compared to the past because of the development of society. Moreover, the rapid increase in population resulted in disturbing a large number of landscapes on the Earth. The main objective of this study was to detect historical (1990– 2020) and predicted (2020–2050) LULC changes in the Welmel River Watershed, which is located in the Genale-Dawa Basin, South Eastern Ethiopia. The dataset of 1990, 2005, and 2020 was generated from Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 respectively to determine the historical LULC map. The result of this study revealed that agriculture/ settlement increased by 6.85 km 2 ∙y –1 , while forestland declined by 9.16 km 2 ∙y –1 over the last 31 years between 1990 and 2020. In the coming 31 years (by 2050), if the existing trend of the LULC change continues, agriculture/settlement land is expected to increase from 290.64 km 2 in 2020 to 492.51 km 2 in 2050 at the rate of 6.73 km 2 ∙y –1 , while forestland is expected to shrink from 690.48 km 2 in 2020 to 427.01 km 2 in 2050 by a rate of 8.78 km 2 ∙y –1 .
An experimental exploration of the transport and capture of abiotic colloids in a single fracture

The effect of microscale surface roughness in fracture walls is shown to accelerate colloid transport relative to a tracer and to increase colloid capture. These results are from experiments on duplicate laboratory experiments using synthetic, neutrally buoyant, abiotic, colloidal particles and two dense rhyolitic tuff cores. One core has a single, rough‐walled fracture with an average aperture of 450 μm. We have used a profilometer to measure the fracture topography and calculate aperture distributions and surface areas in the reconstructed core. The other core has a smooth, channelized slit that is a parallel‐plate analogue to the fractured core. Identical tracer and particle pulses were injected into each core. Particle capture by electrostatic attachment in the parallel‐plate core gives a retention capacity of 55×109 particles m−2. In the rough‐walled fracture core, average particle transport rates are a full fracture volume faster than average tracer transport rates. Reynolds flow simulation indicates the presence of highly channelized fluid flow that likely contributes to this accelerated particle transport. Capture in the fractured core was 90×109 particles m−2; retention capacity is unknown because particle concentrations in the effluent achieved a steady state value of only 85% of the injected concentration.