Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Construction of universal Thom-Whitney-a stratifications, their functoriality and Sard-type Theorem for singular varieties

{\bf Construction. } For a dominating polynomial mapping {$F: K^n\to K^l$} with an isolated critical value at 0 ($K$ an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero) we construct a closed {\it bundle} $G_F \subset T^{*}K^n $. We restrict $ G_F $ over the critical points $Sing(F)$ of $ F$ in $ F^{-1}(0)$ and partition $Sing(F)$ into {\it 'quasistrata'} of points with the fibers of $G_F$ of constant dimension. It turns out that T-W-a (Thom and Whitney-a) stratifications 'near' $F^{-1}(0)$ exist iff the fibers of bundle $G_F$ are orthogonal to the tangent spaces at the smooth points of the quasistrata (e. g. when $ l=1$). Also, the latter are the orthogonal complements over an irreducible component $ S $ of a quasistratum only if $S $ is {\bf universal} for the class of {T-W-a} stratifications, meaning that for any $\{S_j'\}_j $ in the class, $ \Sing (F) = \cup_j S'_j $, there is a component $S' $ of an $ S_j' $ with $S\cap S'$ being open and dense in both $S $ and $ S' $. {\bf Results. } We prove that T-W-a stratifications with only universal strata exist iff all fibers of $G_F$ are the orthogonal complements to the respective tangent spaces to the quasistrata, and then the partition of $\Sing(F)$ by the latter yields the coarsest {\it universal T-W-a stratification}. The key ingredient is our version of {\bf Sard-type Theorem for singular spaces} in which a singular point is considered to be noncritical iff nonsingular points nearby are 'uniformly noncritical' (e. g. for a dominating map $ F: X \to Z $ meaning that the sum of the absolute values of the $l\times l$ minors of the Jacobian matrix of $ F $, where $ l = \dim (Z) $, not only does not vanish but, moreover, is separated from zero by a positive constant).
Numerical methods for density of states calculations

The parQ method, up to now only capable of calculating the density of states in the canonical ensemble, is extended to the grand canonical ensemble and compared to the Wang-Landau algorithm, a local-update flat-histogram method. Both algorithms have been implemented so that the performance and the respective benefits with increasing simulation time can be determined and compared.
Nutrient retention in a point-source-enriched stream

Abstract The capacity of a 3rd-order Ozark Plateau stream (Arkansas, USA) to take up (or remove) nutrient inputs from a rural wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was examined using nutrient spiraling methods. Short-term nutrient additions often are used to assess nutrient uptake length, where an exponential decline in the concentration of the added nutrient reflects gross nutrient uptake. We applied this quantitative framework using WWTP effluent as a stream nutrient addition, and estimated net nutrient uptake length (Snet), mass transfer coefficient (vf-net), and uptake rate (Unet) in Columbia Hollow, Arkansas. Water samples were collected at a reference site upstream of the WWTP input and at 6 sites downstream of the WWTP (0.3–2.7 km). Input from the WWTP significantly increased discharge, temperature, conductivity, soluble reactive P (SRP), and NH4-N, and decreased pH and NO3-N 0.3 km downstream from the point source. When P additions from the WWTP were low, stored SRP was released from the stream reach to maintain high water-column concentrations. Dissolved inorganic N was not retained in Columbia Hollow. Most or all of the NH4-N added from the point source was converted to NO3-N, resulting in net nitrification rates of 7 to 31 g NO3-N m−2 d−1. The relationship between dilution-corrected concentrations and distance from the WWTP input indicated no significant nutrient retention, or that several stream kilometers were required before N and P were taken up. Unet typically was >7- to 10-fold higher and vf-net estimates were 10- to 100-fold lower than values reported for undisturbed streams, indicating low relative nutrient demand. Rather than acting as a nutrient sink, Columbia Hollow appeared to be acting as a short-term storage zone for P and a transformer of N. Thus, the effect of this rural WWTP on the stream was profound, distorting N and P cycling in Columbia Hollow.
Incidence rates of malignancy and precancerous lesions in Newfoundland and Labrador population with immune mediated inflammatory diseases: psoriatic arthritis and rheumathoid arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) are reported to be associated with an increased risk of malignancy. Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) has one of the highest cancer rates in Canada. There is a paucity of literature on the prevalence of malignancy in NL patients diagnosed with RA and PsA. We hypothesize that the risk of malignancy in these groups of patients is higher compared to the NL general population. Objective: Evaluate the incidence of malignancy and precancerous lesions in a cohort of PsA and RA patients and compare rates with the general population. Evaluate the impact of therapy and chronic inflammation on these two diseases. Methods: Data were extracted from the charts of 700 arthritis patients (68% female) seen at a local rheumatology clinic between 2011 and 2014. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v. 21.0 (IBM Inc.). Overall cancer incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 person-years. Observed rates were compared with the rates in the NL general population. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess association between incident cancers and explanatory variables. Result: The results suggest no significant difference in cancer rates between the cohort and the NL general population (P<0.3217). We identified 37(5.3%) different types of cancers. Etanercept and combination therapy (Biologics (bDMARDs) and Methotrexate (MTX)) showed significant risk reduction: (OR=0.1, 95% CI, 0.01-0.89, P=0.039) and (OR=0.3, 95% CI, 0.02-0.44, P=0.003) respectively. Conclusion: There is no difference in the cancer rate between our study and the NL general population. We also concluded that the analyzed data was reassuring due to OR values less than 1 (OR 0.3, P=0.003) for combined therapy of MTX and Biologics. More epidemiologic studies are required to determine the cancer prevalence in NL population.
Effect of adult weight and CT-based selection on carcass traits of growing rabbits

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the carcass traits of different genotypes. Maternal line (M; n=31; adult weight/AW/4.0-4.5kg) (selected for number of kits born alive), Pannon White (P; n=32; AW: 4.3-4.8kg), and Large type line (L, n=32; AW: 4.8-5.4kg) (P and L were selected for carcass traits based on CT/Computer tomography/data) rabbits were analysed. Rabbits were slaughtered at 11 wk of age. P rabbits showed the highest dressing out percentage (M=60.2, P=61.3 and L=61.1%, with a significant difference between groups M and P, P<0.05), the lowest ratio of fore part (M=26.0, P=25.7 and L=26.9%, differences were significant between groups M-P and L, P<0.05), and the largest ratio of the hind part (M=37.3, P=38.2 and L=37.2%, differences were significant between groups M-L and P, P<0.05) to the reference carcass. It can be concluded that carcass traits were influenced by CT-based selection.
Isolation, Pathogenicity and Safety of Curvularia eragrostidis Isolate QZ-2000 as a Bioherbicide Agent for Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)

A pathogen isolated from lesions on blighted leaves of crabgrass in three different locations of China was identified as Curvularia eragrostidis. Isolate QZ-2000 was the most virulent of six isolates tested. Experiments on morphology, pathogenicity, effect of environmental factors, and host-range of isolate QZ-2000 were conducted in the laboratory, greenhouse and field to assess the potential of this isolate as a biocontrol agent for grassy weeds. Pathogenicity was quantitatively determined based on mortality and dry-weight reduction of infected large crabgrass. Inoculum concentration, rapeseed oil concentration in formulaton, post-inoculation dew temperature and duration, and plant growth age all significantly influenced the efficacy of the isolate. A total of 85-100% control of large crabgrass was obtained when inoculum concentrations were ≥1×106 conidia mL−1, oil concentrations ≥0.9% (v/v), dew period ≥24 h and air temperatures 20-30°C in the greenhouse. A total of 51 plant species in 20 families were screened against isolate QZ-2000 in host-range studies. Six other species of grassy weeds were susceptible to isolate QZ-2000, but no mortality or significant dry-weight reduction was observed for maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), soya bean (Glycine max), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), or any other economically important crops and plants. In field trials, with 5×106 conidia mL−1 inoculum density, 60-7% reduction in dry weight was achieved for large crabgrass seedlings under natural dew-free conditions. These results indicate that isolate QZ-2000 is a potential microbial bioherbicide for control of large crabgrass in crops such as corn, soybean, cotton, water-melon, and peanut.
Automated Hints Generation for Investigating Source Code Plagiarism and Identifying The Culprits on In-Class Individual Programming Assessment

Most source code plagiarism detection tools only rely on source code similarity to indicate plagiarism. This can be an issue since not all source code pairs with high similarity are plagiarism. Moreover, the culprits (i.e., the ones who plagiarise) cannot be differentiated from the victims even though they need to be educated further on different ways. This paper proposes a mechanism to generate hints for investigating source code plagiarism and identifying the culprits on in-class individual programming assessment. The hints are collected from the culprits’ copying behaviour during the assessment. According to our evaluation, the hints from source code creation process and seating position are 76.88% and at least 80.87% accurate for indicating plagiarism. Further, the hints from source code creation process can be helpful for indicating the culprits as the culprits’ codes have at least one of our predefined conditions for the copying behaviour.
Comparison of a Point-of-Care Testing with Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique and Liquid Chromatography Combined With Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Mycophenolic Acid: A Preliminary Study

Background: For mycophenolic acid (MPA), therapeutic drug monitoring is an essential tool for dosage optimization in transplant recipients and autoimmune diseases. In China, a new commercial kit using an immunochromatographic assay (FICA) with a point-of-care testing system was approved for therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA. However, corroboration between FICA and clinically used assays remains unknown. The authors evaluated MPA concentrations in heart transplant recipients obtained by FICA, high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT). Methods: Nine heart transplant recipients administered a single mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dose, and 4 administered multiple MMF doses were enrolled. MPA samples were collected before administration, and after 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours, and assessed by 2 immunoassays (EMIT and FICA) and LC-MS/MS. Consistency between methods was evaluated using Passing–Bablok regression and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: For Passing–Bablok regression between FICA and LC-MS/MS, FICA = 0.784 LC-MS/MS + 0.360 (95% CI slope: 0.739 to 0.829, 95% CI intercept: 0.174–0.545). Regardless of a significant observed correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9126), statistical analyses revealed a significant difference between FICA and the reference LC-MS/MS method. The mean absolute bias was 0.69 mcg/mL between FICA and LC-MS/MS. Bland–Altman plots showed a mean bias of −0.23 mcg/mL (±1.96 SD, −2.19 to 1.72 mcg/mL) and average relative bias of 14.73% (±1.96 SD, −67.91% to 97.37%) between FICA and LC-MS/MS. Unsatisfactory consistency was observed between EMIT and LC-MS/MS, and FICA and EMIT. Differences between pharmacokinetic parameters after a single or 7 days of MMF administration, by LC-MS/MS and FICA, were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The consistency of the new FICA using a point-of-care testing device with LC-MS/MS and EMIT was inadequate, and the accuracy of EMIT and LC-MS/MS was inappropriate. Clinicians should be informed when switching MPA detection methods to avoid misleading results.
The paradox of the “paradox of the plankton”

The paradox of the “paradox of the plankton”. Science, 71: 236–240. One of the central orienting questions in biodiversity theory and ecology is the “paradox of the plankton”, which asks how it is possible for many species to coexist on limited resources given the tendency for competition to exclude species. Over the past ﬁve decades, ecologists have offered dozens of solutions to the paradox, invoking game theory, chaos, stochastics, and many other concepts. Despite the plentitude of solutions to the paradox, ecologists continue to offer up novel solutions. Ocean modellers are now faced with the opposite paradox: given the overabundance and the diversity of solutions to the paradox, what is the appropriate way to build coexistence into ecosystem models? Ocean ecosystem models have a very standardized form—nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton (NPZ)-type systems of differential equations—where competitive exclusion is a common model behaviour. We suggest approaching the problem from the perspective of community-level patterns. We offer a prototype for building coexistence into NPZ models. The model allows for diverse assemblages of phytoplankton or zooplankton groups to persist and produces accurate community-level patterns. The approach is simple, adding only one additional parameter, and allows us to test the effects of trait distributions and environmental variables on diversity.
Quality characteristics of noodles made from selected varieties of Sri Lankan rice with different physicochemical characteristics

The physicochemical properties of eight popular Sri Lankan rice varieties (Bg 300, Bg 352, Bg 403, Bg 94-1, Ld 356, Bw 272-6b, At 405 and At 306) and the quality characteristics of noodles made from these varieties of rice were investigated. The physicochemical properties investigated were amylose content (AC), crude protein, fat content, starch properties and amylograph pasting properties. Rice noodles were prepared by gelatinization of dough made with rice flour followed by cold extrusion. Rice noodle samples were evaluated for cooking loss, swelling ratio, tensile strength, extensibility, elastic recovery, firmness and sensory properties. AC of rice varieties ranged from 18.65±1.19% in At 405 to 30.43±0.20 % in Bg 94-1. Swelling volume and swelling power were significantly different (p Keywords: Amylose, amylograph viscosity, cooking property, noodles, rice, textural quality. Doi: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v39i1.2923 J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 2011 39 (1):53-60
Evaluation of Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index in the 12 Years Old Students of Tehran City, Iran

Aim: The main aim of this study was to Evaluate of Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index in 12 Year Old Students of Tehran City, and to identify related factors that affect dental caries within this group. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among students of 12 years old in Tehran, Iran. Dental caries status was assessed in terms of decayed teeth (DT), filled teeth (FT) and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT). “Data were analysed using SPSS version 22; a multivariate regression analysis was used to determine statistically significant associations between DMFT and other variables (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 416 respondents participated in the study. The mean age of the students was10.94 (SD=0.628) years, and the mean DMFT was 1.03 (SD=1.41). So that, in this study DT (0.53 ± 0.95) had the highest and MT (0.14 ± 0.47) had the lowest mean. A multivariate regression analysis model results showed a significant relation between high DMFT scores and such variables as increasing age, lower levels of mother's education, higher family income, lower frequency of tooth brushing and dental flossing, having a history of no visits to the dentist (P<0.05). Conclusion: The current study shows that Iranian female students have a poor oral health behavior, as very few subjects use dental floss on a regular basis. Although there appeared to be a significant relationship between caries scores and demographic factors such as age and socio-behavioral variables include family income, the level of mothers' education, the frequency of dental brushing and flossing, and both the frequency and type of visit to a dentist.
Exploring factors among healthcare professionals that inhibit effective pain management in cancer patients

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the barriers to good cancer pain management between physicians, nurses, and pharmacists in Jordan. Design: A descriptive correlational design was used to answer the research questions of this study. Methods: A group of 473 participants completed the study questionnaires (Barriers Questionnaire - II and Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey). Results: Fears related to analgesic use, fears related to opioid side effects, communication, cultural beliefs, and lack of knowledge were the most clearly identified barriers to cancer pain management. Cancer pain management has not previously been an area of interest for the Jordanian health authorities. Conclusion: The information that emerged from this study helps to identify the current barriers and misconceptions among health professionals that prevent effective pain management for cancer patients. To maximize the role of health professionals in this area, health administrators need to provide them with more specialized training and empowerment.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE HILDENBRANDIALES (RHODOPHYTA): GENE SEQUENCE AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSES OF GLOBAL COLLECTIONS 1

Fifty‐seven collections of marine and freshwater Hildenbrandia from North America, South America, Europe, and Africa were compared with 21 type and historically important specimens using multivariate morphometrics. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses of 48 specimens of Hildenbrandia and two specimens of Apophlaea were carried out based on sequences of the rbcL chloroplast gene and the nuclear 18S rRNA gene. Morphometric analyses based on vegetative cell and filament dimensions distinguished two groups of freshwater Hildenbrandia specimens, the first corresponding to those collections from North America and the Philippines and the second to those from Europe and the Canary Islands. The first group had smaller mean cell and filament dimensions (cells 4.0 × 4.4 μm, filaments 46.5 μm) and corresponded to H. angolensis, whereas the second group had larger mean dimensions (cells 5.8 × 6.6 μm, filaments 55.3 μm) and represented H. rivularis. Marine specimens were morphometrically distinguishable into two groups based on tetrasporangial division pattern as well as other thallus characters. However, measurements and character determinations of some type specimens differed greatly from the original descriptions, and thus further work to determine the stability of these characters is required. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the 18S rRNA gene and rbcL gene sequence data generally demonstrated separation of the marine and freshwater forms of Hildenbrandia, with some marine taxa forming monophyletic groups (e.g. H. lecannellieri and H. occidentalis) and others forming paraphyletic groups (e.g. H. rubra). The two specimens of Apophlaea formed a monophyletic group within the paraphyletic genus Hildenbrandia.
Verona Service Satisfaction Scale- 32 (VSSS-32): Persian Translation and Cultural Adaptation

Objective: To translate Verona Service Satisfaction Scale-32 (VSSS-32) to Persian, to adapt it for Iranian culture and to investigate the performance characteristics of the Persian version intended to measure patient satisfaction with psychiatric care. Method: The VSSS-32 was translated to Persian using an elaborated methodology according to World Health Organization guideline. In addition, understandability and feasibility, of the measure were investigated in 121 patients and 74 relatives. Results : Few changes or few adaptations were made to bring about crosscultural comparability. The VSSS-32 questions were generally understandable and acceptable for Iranian patients and relatives. The instrument was feasible to be administered in both participants and interviewers point of view. Conclusion: The VSSS-32 Persian version appears to be a good crossculturally equivalent of the original English version. Understandability and applicability of the instrument was good.
Agency Risk and Firm Valuation: An Empirical Analysis of Venture Capitalists' Private Expectations

This study empirically evaluates the price impact of agency risk in firm valuation. Using a unique data set comprised of internal valuation documents, we find that venture capitalists use risk discounts to cope with expected agency risks. These effects are economically large: e.g., whenever investors deem the management team inexperienced or recent performance inadequate, a firm’s equity value drops by 17-25%. This effect is robust to i) controlling for private business risk expectations, ii) controlling for financial statement data, firm and market characteristics, and iii) examining the effect of financial contracting mechanisms to reduce agency risks.
The role of photosynthesis in the recruitment of juvenile Quercus gambelii into mature Q. gambelii communities

Abstract Previous work with Quercus gambelii (Gambel's oak), a widespread oak species from the mountains of the western United States and northern Mexico, showed high juvenile density (< 3 cm in DBH [diameter at breast height] or less than 150 cm in height), but few or no small (3–5 cm in DBH) tree sized plants, suggesting a recruitment bottleneck. We postulate that there could be several factors preventing the recruitment of juveniles into the adult population, including reduced light levels, herbivory, competition for soil resources, or a combination of these factors. In this study, we evaluated the response of leaves of Q. gambelii to various light levels. Surface light levels and leaf gas exchange rates were measured for sun (open) and shade (understory) Q. gambelii seedlings in Q. gambelii communities in the Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico, USA. Mean daily photosynthetic flux densities (PFD) in the understory during the monsoon period (wet season) were 40 ± 46 µmol m−2 sec−1, or 6% of the open community levels (622 ± 461 µmol m−2 sec−1); and 124 ± 109 µmol m−2 sec−1 or 15% of open community levels (835 ± 597 µmol m−2 sec−1) after the monsoon. Light response curves indicated that sun plants had significantly higher maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax = 23.42 ± 2.58 µmol CO2 m−2 sec−1) than shade plants (Amax = 11.21 ± 1.68 µmol CO2 m−2 sec−1). At higher light levels, photosynthetic rates were significantly greater for sun plants than shade plants, however at lower light levels, no significant differences in photosynthetic rates were found. The light compensation points (Lcp) for the sun and shade plants were significantly different at 23.3 ± 2.9 and 13.7 ± 8.1 µmol m−2 sec−1, respectively. Respiratory rates of the shade plants were significantly lower than the sun plants. There were no significant differences in mean stomatal conductance or transpiration rates for sun or shade plants at the maximum light levels (2000 µmol m−2 sec−1) measured. Reduction of photosynthetic rates below the canopy by reduced light levels may prevent juvenile plants from entering the adult population, but coupling reduced photosynthetic rates to a second inhibitory factor such as competition for soil resources or browsing by Cervus elaphus (elk = red deer) would reduce the possibility of recruitment even lower.