Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross-Dialectal Communication Strategies among Heritage Speakers of Arabic in the United States

This research investigates cross-dialectal Arabic interactions among Arabic heritage speakers in the United States. It serves to analyze AHS’ use of Arabic with heritage speakers of dialects other than their own and how their use of Arabic varies according to the language stability of the speech community they live in. Fifteen AHS participated in this study, seven of which were in Gainesville and eight were in Dearborn. All participants completed a knowledge gap task in pairs. They were instructed to carry out the interactions strictly in Arabic. Each participant employed her/his knowledge of Arabic in cooperation with her/his partner to reach a common goal. This resulted in participants employing a number of communication strategies, such as semantic negotiation, circumlocution, accommodation, and borrowing from English, to mitigate dialectal and proficiency barriers. Variations in the use of Arabic were also detected according to the region; pairs from Gainesville were more likely to circumlocute and negotiate, while pairs in Dearborn were more likely to accommodate and borrow.
GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TeV-DETECTED BLAZARS

The synergy between the Fermi-LAT and ground-based Cherenkov telescope arrays gives us the opportunity for the first time to characterize the high-energy emission from blazars over 5 decades in energy, from 100 MeV to 10 TeV. In this study, we perform a Fermi-LAT spectral analysis for TeV-detected blazars and combine it with archival TeV data. We examine the observational properties in the γ-ray band of our sample of TeV-detected blazars and compare the results with X-ray and GeV-selected populations. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) that result from combining Fermi-LAT and ground-based spectra are studied in detail. Simple parameterizations such as a power-law function do not always reproduce the high-energy SEDs, where spectral features that could indicate intrinsic absorption are observed.
Constructing Dualities from Quantum State Manifolds

The thesis develops a systematic procedure to construct semi-classical gravitational duals from quantum state manifolds. Though the systems investigated are simple quantum mechanical systems without gauge symmetry many familiar concepts from the conventional gauge/gravity duality come about in a very natural way. The investigation of the low-dimensional manifolds link existing results in the $AdS_2/CFT_1$ literature. We are able to extend these in various ways and provide an explicit dictionary. The higher dimensional investigation is also concluded with a simple dictionary, but this dictionary requires the inclusion of many bulk coordinates. Consequently further work is needed to relate these results to existing literature. Possible ways to achieve this are discussed.
A new dynamo pattern revealed by solar helical magnetic fields

A previously unobservable mirror asymmetry of the solar magnetic field – a key ingredient of the dynamo mechanism which is believed to drive the 11-year activity cycle – has recently been measured. This was achieved through systematic monitoring of solar active regions carried out for more than 20 years at observatories in Mees, Huairou and Mitaka. In this Letter we report on detailed analysis of vector magnetic field data, obtained at Huairou Solar Observing Station in China. Electric current helicity (the product of current and magnetic field components in the same direction) was estimated from the data and a latitude–time plot of solar helicity during the last two solar cycles has been produced. We find that like sunspots helicity patterns propagate equatorwards, but unlike sunspot polarity helicity in each solar hemisphere does not change sign from cycle to cycle, thus confirming the theory. There are, however, two significant time–latitudinal domains in each cycle when the sign briefly inverts. Our findings shed new light on stellar and planetary dynamos and are yet to be included in the theory.
WISEP J180026.60+013453.1: A NEARBY LATE-L DWARF NEAR THE GALACTIC PLANE

We report a nearby L7.5 dwarf discovered using the Preliminary Data Release of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the Two Micron All Sky Survey. WISEP J180026.60+013453.1 has a motion of 0.42 arcsec yr−1 and an estimated distance of 8.8 ± 1.0 pc. With this distance, it currently ranks as the sixth closest known L dwarf, although a trigonometric parallax is needed to confirm this distance. It was previously overlooked because it lies near the Galactic plane (b = 12°). As a relatively bright and nearby late L dwarf with normal near-infrared colors, W1800+0134 will serve as a benchmark for studies of cloud-related phenomena in cool substellar atmospheres.
X-ray Echo from the Sagittarius C Complex and 500-year Activity History of Sagittarius A*

This paper presents the Suzaku results obtained for the Sagittarius (Sgr) C region using the concept of X-ray reflection nebulae (XRNe) as the echo of past flares from the super massive black hole, Sgr A*. The Sgr C complex is composed of several molecular clouds proximately located in projected distance. The X-ray spectra of Sgr C were analyzed on the basis of a view that XRNe are located inside the Galactic center plasma X-ray emission with an oval distribution around Sgr A*. We found that the XRNe are largely separated in the line-of-sight position, and are associated with molecular clouds in different velocity ranges detected by radio observations. We also applied the same analysis to the Sgr B XRNe and completed a long-term light curve for Sgr A* occurring in the past. As a new finding, we determined that Sgr A* was experiencing periods of high luminosity already 500 years ago, which is longer than the previously reported value. Our results are consistent with a scenario that Sgr A* was continuously active with sporadic flux variabilities of Lx = 1-3 x 10^39 erg s^-1 in the past 50 to 500 years. The average past luminosity was approximately 4-6 orders of magnitude higher than that presently observed. In addition, two short-term flares of 5-10 years are found. Thus, the past X-ray flare should not be a single short-term flare, but can be interpreted as multiple flares superposed on a long-term high state.
Energy levels of triangular and hexagonal graphene quantum dots: A comparative study between the tight-binding and Dirac equation approach

The Dirac equation is solved for triangular and hexagonal graphene quantum dots for different boundary conditions in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. We analyze the influence of the dot size and its geometry on their energy spectrum. A comparison between the results obtained for graphene dots with zigzag and armchair edges, as well as for infinite-mass boundary condition, is presented and our results show that the type of graphene dot edge and the choice of the appropriate boundary conditions have a very important influence on the energy spectrum. The single-particle energy levels are calculated as a function of an external perpendicular magnetic field that lifts degeneracies. Comparing the energy spectra obtained from the tight-binding approximation to those obtained from the continuum Dirac equation approach, we verify that the behavior of the energies as a function of the dot size or the applied magnetic field are qualitatively similar, but in some cases quantitative differences can exist.
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles, 2nd Edition

Thermal Radiation and Planck's Postulate. Photons--Particlelike Properties of Radiation. De Broglie's Postulate--Wavelike Properties of Particles. Bohr's Model of the Atom. Schroedinger's Theory of Quantum Mechanics. Solutions of Time-Independent Schroedinger Equations. One-Electron Atoms. Magnetic Dipole Moments, Spin, and Transition Rates. Multielectron Atoms--Ground States and X-Ray Excitations. Multielectron Atoms--Optical Excitations. Quantum Statistics. Molecules. Solids--Conductors and Semiconductors. Solids--Superconductors and Magnetic Properties. Nuclear Models. Nuclear Decay and Nuclear Reactions. Introduction to Elementary Particles. More Elementary Particles. Appendixes.
Evolution of the Red Sequence Giant to Dwarf Ratio in Galaxy Clusters out to z 0.5

We analyze deep gand rband data of 97 galaxy clusters imaged with MegaCam on the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope. We compute the number of luminous (giant) and faint (dwarf) galaxies using criteria based on the definitions of de Lucia et al. (2007). Due to excellent image quality and uniformity of the data and analysis, we probe the giant-to-dwarf ratio (GDR) out to z � 0.55. With X-ray temperature (Tx) information for the majority of our clusters, we constrain, for the first time, the Tx-corrected giant and dwarf evolution separately. Our measurements support an evolving GDR over the redshift range 0.05 6 z 6 0.55. We show that modifying the (gr ' ), mrand K- correction used to define dwarf and giant selection do not alter the conclusion regarding the presence of evolution. We parameterize the GDR evolution using a linear function of redshift (GDR = αz +β) with a best fit slope of α = 0.88±0.15 and normalization β = 0.44±0.03. Contrary to claims of a large intrinsic scatter, we find that the GDR data can be fully accounted for using observational errors alone. Consistently, we find no evidence for a correlation between GDR and cluster mass (via Tx or weak lensing). Lastly, the data suggest that the evolution of the GDR at z < 0.2 is driven primarily by dry merging of the massive giant galaxies, which when considered with previous results at higher redshift, suggests a change in the dominant mechanism that mediates the GDR.
Reflexivity and the separable quotient problem for a class of Banach spaces

AbstractLet E be a Banach lattice and let X be its closed subspace such that:X is complemented in E, or the norm of E is order continuous. Then Xis reﬂexive iﬀ X ∗ contains no isomorphic copy of ` 1 iﬀ for every n ≥ 1,the nth dual X (n) of X contains no isomorphic copy of ` 1 iﬀ X has noquotient isomorphic to c 0 and X does not have a subspace isomorphicto ` 1 (Theorem 2). This is an extension of the results obtained earlierby Lozanovski˘i, Tzafriri, Meyer-Nieberg, and Diaz and Fern´andez. Thetheorem is applied to show that many Banach spaces possess separablequotients isomorphic to one of the following spaces: c 0 , ` 1 , or a reﬂexivespace with a Schauder basis. 2000 MS Classiﬁcation: 46B10, 46B25, 46B42,Key words: reﬂexivity of Banach spaces, embeddability of ` 1 , Banach lattices,separable quotients of Banach spaces1. Introduction. In the present paper the letter X denotes a Banach space,and X ∗ denotes its topological dual. The letter E stands for a (real) Banachlattice. All spaces, their subspaces, and quotients are of inﬁnite dimension. Weassume that the reader is familiar with the theory of Banach lattices presentede.g. in the monographs [2], [23], [31]. The main purpose of this article is to indicate a large class of Banach spacesin which reﬂexivity is equivalent to the non-containment of an isomorphic copyof `
The deep time perspective: How insights from millennia of evolving and extinct animals can inform robot design decision making

Animals on the visible scale have been experimenting with body form and function in enumerable enviroments for the last 540 million years. Almost all of the variation in the history of life is now gone, leaving only a tiny fraction of what is possible alive in modern animals. Recently biological and engineering techniques have made it possible to robustly answer questions only the fossil record can provide, such as the history and original functions of certain behaviors. Robotics has already begun to champion inspiration from biology, but only from the small variation seen in extant taxa. In this chapter we introduce paleontological study of a now famous source of bioinspiration: The modern African Cheetah. We discuss additional forms of high-speed pursuit predators from the lineage that demonstrate an evolutionary experiment in manuverability on uneven terrain. We also discuss how the evolution of sensing and perception does not always follow or work in concert with the evolution of the musculoskeletal system. We end by summarizing the process of our analysis so that our methods can be repeated for other animals that inspire engineers. We hope this brief primer introduces paleobiology to roboticists and demonstrates the need for biologically inspired robotics to engage with paleobiological processes, to the benefit of both robotics in developing new technology and paleobiology in answering long-standing questions about relationships between extinct forms and their functions.
The H II galaxy Hubble diagram strongly favours R-h = ct over Lambda CDM

National Basic Research Program ('973' Program) of China [2014CB845800, 2013CB834900]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [11322328, 11373068, 11603076]; Youth Innovation Promotion Association [2011231]; Strategic Priority Research Program 'The Emergence of Cosmological Structures' of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDB09000000]; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK20161096]; Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics; Amherst College; Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorships for Senior International Scientists [2012T1J0011]; Chinese State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs [GDJ20120491013]
THERMAL PRESSURES IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM OF THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS

We discuss the thermal pressures (nHT) in predominantly cold, neutral interstellar gas in the Magellanic Clouds, derived from analyses of the fine-structure excitation of neutral carbon, as seen in high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectra of seven diverse sight lines in the LMC and SMC. Detailed fits to the line profiles of the absorption from C i, C i*, and C i** yield consistent column densities for the three to six C i multiplets detected in each sight line. In the LMC and SMC, N(C itot) is consistent with Galactic trends versus N(Na i) and N(CH), but is slightly lower versus N(K i) and N(H2). As for N(Na i) and N(K i), N(C itot) is generally significantly lower, for a given N(Htot), in the LMC and (especially) in the SMC, compared to the local Galactic relationship. For the LMC and SMC components with well-determined column densities for C i, C i*, and C i**, the derived thermal pressures are typically factors of a few higher than the values found for most cold, neutral clouds in the Galactic ISM. Such differences are consistent with the predictions of models for clouds in systems (like the LMC and SMC) that are characterized by lower metallicities, lower dust-to-gas ratios, and enhanced radiation fields—where higher pressures are required for stable cold, neutral clouds. The pressures may be further enhanced by energetic activity (e.g., due to stellar winds, star formation, and/or supernova remnants) in several of the regions probed by these sight lines. Comparisons are made with the C i observed in some quasar absorption-line systems.
The Links-Gould Invariant

The ``Links-Gould invariant'' is a two-variable Laurent polynomial invariant of oriented (1,1) tangles, which is derived from the representation of the braid generator associated with the one-parameter family of four dimensional representations with highest weights (0,0|a) of the quantum superalgebra U_q[gl(2|1)]. We use an abstract tensor state model to evaluate the invariant, as per the construction of the bracket polynomial state model used by Louis Kauffman to derive the Jones polynomial. This model facilitates both computation and theoretical exploration. Our family of representations has a two-variable quantum R matrix (unique up to orthogonal transformations). Choosing this R matrix to yield the representation of the braid generator ensures that our polynomial invariant will also have two variables. We construct this R matrix from first principles. We have evaluated the invariant for several critical link examples and numerous other links of special forms. Throughout, the assistance of Mathematica has been invoked. We observe that the Links-Gould invariant is distinct from the two-variable HOMFLY polynomial in that it detects the chirality of some links where the HOMFLY fails. Notably, it does not distinguish inverses, which is not surprising as we are able to demonstrate that no invariant of this type should be able to distinguish between inverses. It also does not distinguish between mutants.
Analysis of Willingness to Pay And Willingness to Accept for The Existence of Broiler Chicken Farm

The development of broiler chicken farm business is not only able to meet the community need for protein, but also causes disturbance to the surrounding environment, especially when it is closely located to residential areas. Business waste can be in the form of physical waste such as wastewater and the presence of flies, as well as social waste in the form of unpleasant odors. This study was aimed to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of chicken owners for the impact of the waste produced, willingness of the community around the farm to accept compensation (WTA) for the impacts received, the percentage of environmental costs to the total cost structure and the factors that affect the value of willingness to accept compensation. The data analysis used is the Contingent Valuation Method with a bidding game question system and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that mean WTP value from farm owners for physical waste was Rp. 3.103. 300,-/owner/production period and for social waste was Rp. 280,000,-/head of family/production period. Moreover, the mean WTA value of the community was Rp. 271,866,74,-/head of family/production period. Factors that affected the WTA value included education, income, knowledge, and number of family members.
Bioenrichment of Papaya Leaf Meal (Carica papaya) with Different Feed Formulation to Increase Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Growth

The level of absorption of fish nutrients is highly dependent on the source and components of the feed. Feeds with high protein have not been able to be absorbed optimally by fish. The use of synthetic enzymes as proteolytic agents to convert proteins into amino acids that are easily absorbed by fish has been widely used. However, synthetic enzymes has side effects and is quite expensive. The application of papain enzymes derived from papaya leaf as a substitute for synthetic enzymes is very necessary. This purpose of this study to examine the effect of commercial feed with the addition of papaya leaf meal (C. papaya) on the growth out of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The feed treatment was given with a mixture of papaya leaf with 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% concentrations. The result of this study showed tha absolute growth ranged from 1.04 – 1.36 grams, specific weight growth ranged from 3.47 – 4.53%, absolute length growth ranged from 2.52 – 2.87 cm, survival rate ranged from 63 – 80%, and FCR ranged from 0.93 – 0.99. However, after the analysis of variance showed that the results were not significantly different (P>0.05) on all observed parameters. Based on the results of the study, the use of papaya leaf meal (C. papaya) as a commercial feed mixture with the best composition was 2%.
Application of Electron-Cloud Equivalent Volume in Analyzing the Effect of Composition on Band Gap

In this paper, the variation in band gap E g with composition has been investigated by means of the parameter V e (V e is the electron-cloud equivalent volume of the outmost electron in a molecular). The reasoning indicates that E g is correlated with V e. The measured data of some alkaline earth metal halides support the reasoning. On this basis, with the help of the relationship between composition and V e, the correlation among composition, V e and E g is determined. Since the Nephelauxetic effect affects V e, it also affects E g, that is, from the perspective of parameter V e, the Nephelauxetic effect is a factor affecting E g. A simple method for analyzing the effect of composition on E g by means of the Nephelauxetic effect and the chemical bond property is proposed. For the alkaline earth metal halides, Mg-doped ZnO crystal, elements of group 4A in the periodic table and some phenomena, the effect of composition on E g is analyzed by using this method, and the analysis results are consistent with their realities, which verify the effectiveness of this method. This work helps to adjust E g by changing the composition and develop new materials efficiently.
Periodically driven quantum matter: The case of resonant modulations

Quantum systems can show qualitatively new forms of behavior when they are driven by fast time-periodic modulations. In the limit of large driving frequency, the long-time dynamics of such systems can often be described by a time-independent effective Hamiltonian, which is generally identified through a perturbative treatment. Here, we present a general formalism that describes time-modulated physical systems, in which the driving frequency is large, but resonant with respect to energy spacings inherent to the system at rest. Such a situation is currently exploited in optical-lattice setups, where superlattice (or Wannier-Stark-ladder) potentials are resonantly modulated so as to control the tunneling matrix elements between lattice sites, offering a powerful method to generate artificial fluxes for cold-atom systems. The formalism developed in this work identifies the basic ingredients needed to generate interesting flux patterns and band structures using resonant modulations. Additionally, our approach allows for a simple description of the micromotion underlying the dynamics; we illustrate its characteristics based on diverse dynamic-lattice configurations. It is shown that the impact of the micromotion on physical observables strongly depends on the implemented scheme, suggesting that a theoretical description in terms of the effective Hamiltonian alone is generally not sufficient to capture the full time evolution of the system.
The Relation of Cultural Value Orientation to the Poverty of Communities Around Mangrove Forests and Peatlands in Kayan Sembakung Delta

Kayan Sembakung delta is a strategic area located in North Kalimantan, Indonesia, which is used for various human activities, such as agricultural cultivation, fisheries and forestry activities, particularly by using mangrove forest areas and peatlands as a production area to generate income, which is then used for public consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to internalize cultural values that can encourage higher decent life for the community and the realization of the preservation of mangrove forests and peatlands. In this regard, this study was aimed to describe the profile of cultural value orientation, poverty and the relation between the two, using a descriptive correlative research approach. The results showed that the life issues consisting of the nature of life, the nature of work, the nature of the human relation with time and the nature of the human relation with nature had a significant relation to the poverty line (p-value < alpha), while the nature of the human relation with humans do not have a significant relation (p-value > alpha).