Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON MORPHOLOGIC VARIATIONS OF CORPUS CALLOSUM & ITS EMBRYOLOGICAL CORRELATION IN NORTH KARNATAKA REGION

Background: Corpus callosum links the wide areas of cerebral cortex of two hemispheres & consist of approximately 2-3% of all cortical fibers. Glial cell has a significant role in the development of corpus callosum. Migratory neurons will form a midline sling so that callosal axons grow to reach the contralateral hemisphere. Absence or damage to glial cells & midline sling can result in agenesis of corpus collosum. The present study is done to find out association between the corpus callosum abnormalities with other brain anomalies and enlist the different morphological variations of corpus callosum. Materials and Methods: We searched through medical records from 2013 to 2022 for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of patients with labelled diagnosis of agenesis of corpus callosum (Ag CC) of 0-78 years age groups. Out of 31 patients, 23 patients were meeting inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Result: Partial agenesis was observed in 16 cases & complete agenesis in 7 cases. Ag CC associated with suboccipital meningoencephalocele (N=1, 4.6%), lipoma (N=2, 8.6%), cyst (N=3, 13%), Dandy-Walker malformation (N=1, 4.3%), hippocampal malformation (N=1, 4.3%
Disease prevention: childcare practices of caregivers in day-cares/pre-schools in Ibadan, Nigeria

Background: Childhood Disease prevention practices (DPP) by day-care/preschools caregivers are essential to the wellbeing of enrolled children. We assessed DPP such as hand hygiene, feeding, nutrition, handling sick children and pre-employment medical screening in day-cares /pre-schools and the factors associated with DPP.Methods: The cross-sectional study involved 799 pre-school caregivers (teachers and minders/nannies). Ten settlements were selected from five randomly selected metropolitan Local Government Areas in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected on DPP was mainly graduated on 3-point Likert like scale: ‘always responses’- allotted 2 points; ‘sometimes’- 1 point; and ‘never’- zero. Using a significance level (p value) set at 5% and higher R-squared values, associations between DPPs and explanatory variables were tested). Results: Mean age of respondents was 33.7±9.5 years. Majority, 594 (74.3%) did not have pre-employment childcare training. Self-reported hand hygiene was highest for stool moments. Most 456 (56.3%) reported formula feeds for 1-6 months and mainly staples for older children. Aggregated DPP score (80) was dichotomized using mean childcare DPP score of 24±4.5. Slightly more than half of the respondents, 453 (56.7%) had inadequate DPP. Formal childcare training p<0.001, current job specification p=0.02 and knowledge of VPD p=0.004 were associated with DPP index. Some predictors of adequate childcare DPP include facility registration status (OR=2.19, 95%CI=1.05-4.56); respondents who had childcare training (OR=1.52, 95%CI=1.083-2.144); affiliation with health (OR=2.0, 95%CI=1.227-3.262). Conclusions: This study highlights childcare DPP within the day-cares/pre-schools and provides evidence for tailored training interventions and monitoring of the facilities.
ROLE OF DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING IN GYNAECOLOGICAL DISEASE

Background: Diffusion weighted imaging [DWI] and ADC have a potential ability in diagnosing endometrial, cervical, myometrial and ovarian lesions. Purpose of our study was to determine the applicability and feasibility of DWI using multiple b values and accuracies of various respective Apparent Diffusion Coefficient [ADC] values for examining the female pelvic region and characterizing normal and pathological tissues. Material and Methods: Present study was single-center, comparative, observational study, conducted in women with various gynaecological diseases referred for MRI evaluation were considered for this study. Results: In our study, ADC values of both b 600 and 800 had the highest accuracy in differentiating normal endometrium from cancerous tissues. On increasing b values, progressive decrease in ADC values was noted i.e. mean ADC 800 was lesser than ADC 300 as shown in the example given below for endometrial cancer. For cervical cancer, best accuracy ie highest area under the curve was noted for ADC 800. Additionally efficacy of routine MR sequences and DWI in detection of early cancers [Stage I] was poor [only three cases were detected in five early cancers], however had a good accuracy in the detection of parametrial involvement and late stage of cancers. In myometrial cancers, fair accuracy was noted for ADC of b 300 and good accuracy for ADC values of b 600 and 800 in differentiating normal myometrium from fibroids. In ovarian lesions, good accuracy was noted for ADC values of all the three b values in differentiating normal ovary from solid ovarian lesions with the highest accuracy for ADC value of b 300. Conclusion: Use of DWI is complimentary to routine MRI sequences in characterization of various gynaecological lesions with best results in cervical and endometrial pathologies.
Analysis of Genetic Inheritance in a Family Quartet by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Runs in the Family The power to detect mutations involved in disease by genome sequencing is enhanced when combined with the ability to discover specific mutations that may have arisen between offspring and parents. Roach et al. (p. 636, published online 10 March) present the sequence of a family with two offspring affected with two genetic disorders: Miller syndrome and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Sequence analysis of the children and their parents not only showed that the intergenerational mutation rate was lower than anticipated but also revealed recombination sites and the occurrence of rare polymorphisms. Genomic sequencing of an entire family reveals the rate of spontaneous mutations in humans and identifies disease genes. We analyzed the whole-genome sequences of a family of four, consisting of two siblings and their parents. Family-based sequencing allowed us to delineate recombination sites precisely, identify 70% of the sequencing errors (resulting in > 99.999% accuracy), and identify very rare single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We also directly estimated a human intergeneration mutation rate of ~1.1 × 10−8 per position per haploid genome. Both offspring in this family have two recessive disorders: Miller syndrome, for which the gene was concurrently identified, and primary ciliary dyskinesia, for which causative genes have been previously identified. Family-based genome analysis enabled us to narrow the candidate genes for both of these Mendelian disorders to only four. Our results demonstrate the value of complete genome sequencing in families.
Antisocial Punishment Across Societies

We document the widespread existence of antisocial punishment, that is, the sanctioning of people who behave prosocially. Our evidence comes from public goods experiments that we conducted in 16 comparable participant pools around the world. However, there is a huge cross-societal variation. Some participant pools punished the high contributors as much as they punished the low contributors, whereas in others people only punished low contributors. In some participant pools, antisocial punishment was strong enough to remove the cooperation-enhancing effect of punishment. We also show that weak norms of civic cooperation and the weakness of the rule of law in a country are significant predictors of antisocial punishment. Our results show that punishment opportunities are socially beneficial only if complemented by strong social norms of cooperation.
Application of RSM in modelling and Numerical optimisation of proximate composition of instant Extruded kunun - gyada(porridge) from the blend of sorghum - groundnut

, Application of RSM in modelling and Numerical optimisation of proximate composition of instant Extruded kunun - gyada(porridge) from the blend of sorghum - groundnut(2022)Journal of Food Science & Technology 7(1) :431 - 441 ABSTRACT The effect of extrusion parameters on the proximate composition of Kunun - Gyada extrudates was investigated. Fifteen experimental runs were generated using Box - Behnken (RSM) designs and were processed in a single - screw extruder (WSSH - 40, Runxiang). The results were subjected to statistical analyses to evaluate for significant (0.01 ≤ p ≤ 0.05) effects between the blends and the extrusion parameters. There was an increase in proximate mean composition of the extrudates, crude protein 11.60 to 13.70%, ash 1.00 to 1.13%, with decrease in both moisture content, crude fiber, crude fat and carbohydrates ranges from 8.60 - 7.31%, 3.03 - 2.96%, 6.99 - 5.40% and 72.32 - 75.57% respectively. The R 2 of all the models were greater than 78% and all were having a non - significant lack - of - fit test. In view of the operability in actual production, the optimal conditions were adjusted as follows: 21.0% FC, 25.0% MC and 110 o C BT. Under the adjusted conditions, the responses were 7.89% moisture content, 13.02% crude protein, 3.010% crude fibre, 5.802% fat, Ash 1.070% and 67.268% carbohydrate indicating that the model was adequate for the optimization process. The optimal result could produce kunun - gyada suitable for instant porridge which can potentially be use for industrial projection and sustainable food and nutritional security.
Increscent journey of anti-leprosy drug development

Leprosy, a chronic granulomatous disease generally caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis , remains a serious public health concern, particularly in developing countries. With the introduction of multi-drug therapy (MDT) by the World Health Organization in 1980, the prevalence of leprosy has declined globally. In the past, acid-fast bacilli frequently developed resistance to both first-line (dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine) and second-line drugs (fluoroquin-olones, minocycline and clarithromycin). According to previous research, it is reported that genes like rpoB, gyrA and folP play a role in drug resistance. Considering its exceptionally modest pace of growth, it is challenging to cultivate M. leprae in a laboratory environment on a synthetic medium. Thus, studies on animal models have assisted in evaluating anti-leprosy drugs and documentation of drug-resistant strains, as well as other basic immunological investigations examining the efficacy of vaccinations. In addition to the conventionally administered MDT treatments, several newly developed drugs have shown more impressive results, along with combinational therapies of moxifloxacin-based regimens, having much better efficacy. This review focuses on the increscent journey of anti-leprosy drugs to treat the disease and highlights
HYPOCALCAEMIA AMONG WOMEN WITH HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: The objective of the study were to estimate the proportion of hypocalcaemia among the women with preeclampsia and eclampsia of pregnancy and to use as a predictor for early diagnosis of HDP and its severity during antenatal screening. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and gynecology in a tertiary care hospital in Paschim Medinipur, for 18 months from 1st April 2021 to 31st September 2022. A total of 200 women fulfilling eligibility criteria will be included in the study. Result: All the collected data was entered into an excel data sheet. After appropriate data filtration, the data sheet was transferred and analysed using SPSS software version 20.0. Appropriate descriptive statistics like rates, percentages, proportions, mean, and standard deviation were used to describe the data variables. The results were expressed as mean +/-standard deviation. Conclusion: Serum calcium levels in eclampsia and preeclampsia were found to be lower than normal reference range and suggest that serum calcium may be used as markers for PE and preeclampsia. Decrease in serum calcium in preeclampsia and eclampsia females could be due to either decreased intake or defective intestinal absorption or decreased
Glacier systems and seasonal snow cover in six major Asian river basins: water storage properties under changing climate

The publications in this series cover a wide range of subjects—from computer modeling to experience with water user associations—and vary in content from directly applicable research to more basic studies, on which applied work ultimately depends. Some research reports are narrowly focused, analytical and detailed empirical studies; others are wide-ranging and synthetic overviews of generic problems. Although most of the reports are published by IWMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IWMI staff, and by external reviewers. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (www.iwmi.org) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. About IWMI IWMI's mission is to improve the management of land and water resources for food, livelihoods and the environment. In serving this mission, IWMI concentrates on the integration of policies, technologies and management systems to achieve workable solutions to real problems—practical, relevant results in the field of irrigation and water and land resources. Glacier systems and seasonal snow cover in six major Asian river basins: water storage properties under changing climate. / glaciers / monitoring / seasonality / snow cover / river basins / climate change / impact assessment / remote sensing / water resources / water availability / water storage / hydrological cycle / mountains / surveys / models / institutions / Asia / during the search for published literature and in primary data acquisition, or both. Online resources of NSIDC, World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) and ICIMOD were extensively used, and Graham Cogley (Trent University, Canada) is thanked, in particular, for sharing the World Glacier Inventory-Extended Format (WGI-XF). The assistance of Ameer Rajah and Salman Siddiqui (both of IWMI, Colombo) was essential in downloading and processing data on seasonal snow. Switzerland) for many fruitful discussions and valuable advice. Constructive comments and criticism of two anonymous reviewers and Peter McCornick (IWMI, Colombo) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are also indebted to the late Mark Dyurgerov (University of Colorado Boulder, USA) for sharing his ideas and general insights years before this study materialized.
RELATION OF INSULIN RESISTANCE IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common hepatic disorder characterized by fat accumulation in the liver, identical to that seen in alcoholic fatty liver disease, but in patients who do not drink excessive amounts of alcohol (<20 gram/day). It is now considered to be the commonest problem in the western world affecting 15-40% of the general population and in Asian countries from 9-40%. NAFLD is strongly associated with both hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance as well as reduced whole-body insulin sensitivity. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based observational and analytical study conducted among in the Department of General Medicine, M.K. C.G Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur. Total 50 cases of NAFLD and 50 control groups without NAFLD. All patients fulfilling inclusion criteria in which NAFLD is detected by means of USG performed for any reason will be considered as cases. Subjects will be considered as cases if they have fatty liver according to the standard criteria accepted by the American gastroenterology association i.e., an increase in hepatic echogenicity as a reference, the presence of enhancement and lack of differentiation in periportal intensity and the vascular wall due to great hyperechogenicity in the parenchyma. Result: Out of 50 cases, 46% patients had grade 1 fatty liver, 46 % had grade 2 with 4% patients presented with grade 3 fatty liver according to USG finding. Mean FBS was found to be significantly higher (P value 0.001) in NAFLD with insulin resistance patients (124.0±23.4) as compared to NAFLD without insulin resistance (96.3±10.6). Mean serum insulin was found to be significantly higher (P value 0.0001) in NAFLD with insulin resistance patients (13.6±3.5) as compared to NAFLD without insulin resistance (7.3±1.8). Serum bilirubin, ALT, AST was found to be not significant (p value>0.05) in NAFLD with insulin resistance (0.8±0.2mg/dl, 53.59±15.4IU/L, 40.2±10.9IU/L) as compared to NAFLD without insulin resistance (O.9±0.1mg/dl, 60.7±22.6IU/L, 46.4±16.4IU/L) respectively. Conclusion: This important statistical observation revealed that in insulin resistance patients there is continuous positive linear correlation with FBS, fasting serum insulin, serum TG, total cholesterol and LDL. Insulin resistance is found to be reliable indicator of severity of NAFLD. Our study revealed that there is a higher prevalence of insulin resistance in cases of NAFLD. Hence whenever NAFLD cases are encountered in clinical setting, all the patients must be evaluated for presence of insulin resistance which is calculated by HOMA-IR index.
The avifauna of the Barito Ulu region. Central Kalimantan

As part of the more general studies of the Barito Ulu Project, a detailed study was made of the avifauna in July-September 1989. The survey area, which lies at the geographical centre of the island of Borneo, consists mainly of primary forest in hilly terrain, and this Is the first detailed study that has been made In the hills of Kalimantan for many decades. A week was also spent in montane forest at 800-1000 m. An appendix lists 226 species that were recorded. The avifauna includes 15 Bornean endemics, and extensions to known range are made for Spizaetus alboniger , Arborophila hyperythra and Megalaima eximia . Data are provided also on 20 species for which there are no recent Kalimantan records. While species described as 'slope specialists' predominated, the presence of some 26 'extreme lowland specialists' may have significance for conservation, for example Lophura erythrophthalma , Melanoperdix nigra . Pitta baudi , Malacopteron albogulare and Pityriasis gymnocephala .
Computed Tomography-Guided Biopsy for Potts Disease: An Institutional Experience from an Endemic Developing Country

Study Design A retrospective chart review. Purpose In endemic resource poor countries like Pakistan, most patients are diagnosed and treated for Potts disease on clinical and radiological grounds without a routine biopsy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use and effect of computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy in the management of Potts disease since the technique is becoming increasingly available. Overview of Literature CT-guided biopsy of spinal lesions is routinely performed. Literature on the utility of the technique in endemic resource poor countries is little. Methods This study was conducted at the Neurosurgery section of Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. All the patients with suspected Potts disease who underwent CT-guided biopsy during the 7 year period from 2007 to 2013 were included in this study. Details of the procedure, histopathology and microbiology were recorded. Results One hundred and seventy-eight patients were treated for suspected Potts disease during the study period. CT-guided biopsies of the spinal lesions were performed in 91 patients (51.12%). Of the 91 procedures, 22 (24.2%) were inconclusive because of inadequate sample (10), normal tissue (6) or reactive tissue (6). Sixty-nine biopsies were positive (75.8%). Granulomatous inflammation was seen in 58 patients (84.05%), positive acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear in 4 (5.7%) and positive AFB culture in 12 patients (17.3%). All 91 cases in which CT-guided biopsy was performed responded positively to antituberculosis therapy (ATT). Conclusions 75.8% of the specimens yielded positive diagnoses. Granulomatous inflammation on histopathology was the commonest diagnostic feature. In this series, the rates of positive AFB smear and culture were low compared to previous literature.
RISK FACTORS FOR RECURRENT LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION

Background: Recurrent lumbar disc herniation (rLDH) is a major cause of post-operative morbidity and is predictive of poor outcomes after lumbar discectomy surgery. While studies describing risk factors for primary LDH are umpteen, very few studies attempted to delineate these risk factors of rLDH in our setting. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors that could predict recurrent disc herniation in a patient population admitted and operated in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala, India. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all the patients who underwent lumbar discectomy for primary lumber disc herniation, and patients who were admitted with rLDH requiring revision surgery, during the study period from January 2016 to December 2020 at Department of Neurosurgery, Government Medical College, Thrissur, India. Patients presenting with radicular pain for 6 weeks not responding to conservative management, with MRI showing lumber disc herniation were considered for surgery and included in the primary group. This cohort was followed for a mean duration of 12 months to make sure they did not fall into the rLDH group. All patients with a recurrence of symptoms after a symptom free period of 6 months following lumbar discectomy with MRI findings suggestive of findings at the same side and level were included in the recurrent group. Age, gender, height, weight, BMI, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension were the variables studied Results: Mean age in the 2 groups were almost comparable 49.3±10.4years in the non-recurrence group vs 46.05±13.25years in the recurrence group. The male to female ratio of the non-recurrence cohort was 1.46:1, whereas in the recurrence cohort it was 1.75:1. Patients in the rLDH group had a higher average weight (73.77 ± 6.561 vs 69.57 ± 5.49) and higher BMI (26.35 vs 24.78) and were statistically significant. Only 36.9% of patients were smokers in the non-recurrence group in comparison to 40.9% in the recurrence cohort. 20.7% people in the non-recurrence group had diabetes mellitus when compared to 27.2% in the recurrence group. There was also a slightly higher incidence of hypertension (18.1% vs 12.6%) in the recurrence group. On comparing the occupational workload between the 2 groups, heavy workload had a significantly increased odds of rLDH (OR 13.39). Conclusion: Out of the variables studied gender, a higher average weight/BMI, heavy workload and smoking showed a statistically significant difference between the 2 cohorts.