Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Affinities of the Hawaiian Goose Based on Two Types of Mitochondrial DNA Data

ABSmAcTr. -We compared restriction fragments of mitochondrial DNA and sequences of portions of the cytochrome b gene of the following: the Hawaiian Goose (Nesochen sandvicensis), five subspecies of the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), the Pacific Black Brant (B. bernicla nigricans), and the Emperor Goose (Chen canagica). Both comparisons support the association of the Hawaiian Goose and the Canada Goose as sister taxa as well as the association of all four large-bodied subspecies of Canada Geese as separate from the one small-bodied subspecies analyzed here. Bootstrap and winning-sites tests show these associations to be statistically significant. The amount of sequence divergence implies that Hawaiian and Canada Geese diverged from a common ancestor less than three million years ago and that this divergence preceded the divergence of largeand small-bodied Canada Geese only slightly, if at all. Therefore, we suggest a North American origin for the Hawaiian Goose. Received 2 July 1990, accepted 27 December 1990.
Mechanism of Atrazine Resistance in Lambsquarters and Pigweed

Studies were conducted to determine the effect on absorption and metabolism of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] by atrazine-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). The response of isolated chloroplasts of susceptible and resistant biotypes of each species was also studied. In both species the two biotypes absorbed atrazine equally well and were unable to differentially metabolize the herbicide. The photochemical activity of R chloroplasts isolated from each species was not inhibited by atrazine but S chloroplasts were severely inhibited.
Vegetable Weed Control with Minimal Herbicide Inputs

perfect crops naturally? Will the techniques of biotechnology help Casagrandc, R.A. 1987. The Colorado potato beetle: 125 years of mismanus to outwit the pests and develop crops that fix their own N? agement. Bul. Entomol. Sot. Amer. p. 142–150. For an assessment of what lies ahead, five experienced scientists EPA. 1988. Status of chemicals in special review program. Registration discuss, in the areas of weed control, insect management, disease standards program, fiscal year 1987 report. Environmental Protection management, and fertilizer practices, the possible strategies that Agency, Washington, D.C. Thompson, H.C. and W.C. Kelly. 1957. Vegetable crops. McGraw Hill, may minimize use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. New York. p. 52.
Vocalizations of nestling noisy miners manorina melanocephala

The vocaliations of nestling Noisy Miners were investigated. There was a significant linear regression of rate of vocalization before and after feeding occurred. The rate of vocalization after feeding changed in a predictable way with increasing age of nestlings. The amplitude of vocdizations produced when visitors were present at the nest did not differ significantly from those produced when visitors were absent. There was a correlation between the structure of vocalizations and the time of vocalization. Unlike some other species, the phonic structure of vocalizations by nestlings facilitates location. This may be a consequence of the system of communal breeding by the species and vocalizations by the nestlings may be designed to facilitate location by males so that males can feed them.
Effects of sediment burial on seed germination and seedling establishment of Vallisneria natans

Burial of seeds by sediment often happens in lakes. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of burial by river sand and fishpond sediment on seed germination and seedling establishment of Vallisneria natans at depths of 0, 1, 3, and 5 cm. Sediment type had significant effects only on dry weight and total leaf area of the seedlings and did not interact with burial depth. In contrast, a significant negative correlation was observed between burial depth and all of the variables, including seed germination rate, seedling emergence rate, shoot length, dry weight, leaf number, total leaf area, root number, and total root length. Moreover, no seedlings emerged above the sediment surface in the 5 cm depth treatment in either sediment, even though seed germination was observed. In addition, the results showed that fishpond sediment was more effective than river sand in accumulation of dry matter and increase of leaf area. Therefore, taking measures to accelerate seed germination and seedling emergence could promote V. natans restoration when sowing seeds in eutrophic lakes.
Propagation, release, and evaluation of Peristenus stygicus, a newly imported parasite of lygus bugs [Lygus hesperus, alfalfa].

Peristenus stygicus Loan, a parasite of Lygus , was released in an alfalfa hay field near Bakersfield, Calif. , in 1973. The program was evaluated by dissecting a large number of 3rd to 5th instar Lygus (primarily L. hesperus Knight) to determine percent parasitization. Four peaks of parasitized lygus bug nymphs occurred in 1973. The 1st 3 peaks were of increasing magnitude while the 4th peak was much lower. P. stygicus survived the winter of 1973 to 1974 and was active in the release plot in 1974. There were 4 generation peaks of parasite larvae in 1974. However, the 4 peaks were of decreasing magnitude and irregularly spaced. The parasite also survived the following winter and was active in the release plot in the spring of 1975. However, its population did not increase in 1974 and in the spring of 1975 when compared to the number of larvae found in 1973.
Contamination of Paddy Soil by Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Affects Soil Microbe Abundance and Diversity

We describe the effect on the population of Eubacteria and Archaea species of adding the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) nonylphenol (NP) or dibutylphthalate (DBP) to a typical paddy soil. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization was used to discriminate between the two phyla, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of an amplified fragment of the 16S rRNA locus was used to profile the species present. The population of both Eubacteria and Archaea species was reduced by the presence of NP or DBP, and the deleterious effect was greater for the Eubacteria. The DGGE profiles were used to assess the species diversity in the polluted and non-polluted soil samples. This showed that DBP was less damaging than NP50. It was clear that EDCs can significantly affect paddy soil microbial diversity, both with respect to population size and species representation.
Are postoperative hearing results better with titanium ossicular reconstruction prostheses?

The above articles, published online July 1, 2009, have been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Journal Editor-in-Chief, Jonas Johnson, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. These retractions have been agreed as the articles were incorrectly formatted for Early View publication and inaccurately represent The Triological Society’s Trio BP article series. These articles will be reformatted for publication in the November issue of The Laryngoscope, and will be given new DOI numbers.
Regulation of Polarized Protein Transport to Axons, Dendrites, and Sensory Cilia in Caeborhabditis Elegans Neurons

Three proteins implicated in apparently distinct aspects of axon differentiation are the microtubule-binding protein CRMP, which promotes axon specification, the kinesin UNC104/Kif1A, which directs axonal traffic, and ankyrinG, which prevents dendritic protein diffusion into axons. The relationships among these molecules are unknown. We show here that the C. elegans CRMP homolog UNC-33 and ankyrin homolog UNC-44 act together to establish asymmetric sorting signals for both axons and dendrites. UNC-33 is localized to axons by UNC-44, and enriched in an axon segment near the cell body that suggests analogies with the vertebrate axon initial segment. In unc-33 and unc-44 mutants, axonal proteins are distributed randomly between axons and dendrites, dendritic proteins are partly localized to axons, and the distinctive organization of axonal and dendritic microtubules is disrupted. Dendrite integrity is corrupted by misregulated UNC104/KIF1A, which actively transports axonal proteins to dendrites. Although homologs of UNC-33 and UNC-44 are known to affect axons, the unexpected effects on dendrites suggest a broader function on asymmetric traffic. We propose that microtubules organized by UNC-33 capture the axonal motor UNC-104 to segregate axonal and dendritic sorting
The effects of nutrient availability on foraging in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea

(1) The growth forms of genetically identical clones of the perennial herb Glechoma hederacea were compared under three soil nutrient regimes: (i) all ramets were rooted in nutrient-rich sand, (ii) all ramets were rooted in nutrient-deficient sand, (iii) all ramets produced by one primary stolon were rooted in nutrient-rich sand while all ramets produced by the other stolon were rooted in nutrient-deficient sand (split treatment). (2) Clones growing in nutrient-rich sand had short stolon-internodes, copious branching and a rapid accumulation of many large ramets with large leaf-areas. Proportional allocation of dry weight to leaves and petioles was high, whereas allocation to stolons and roots was low. (3) Clones growing in nutrient-poor sand had long stolon-internodes, less frequent branching and a few small ramets with small leaf-areas. Proportional allocation of dry weight to leaves and petioles was low, whereas allocation to stolons and roots was high. (4) Results for the split treatment were intermediate between those of the two singular treatments. There were few significant differences between the half of the split treatment receiving a given treatment and the complete clone receiving the corresponding treatment. Analysis of the split treatment provided no evidence for integration between primary stolons subjected to different nutrient levels. (5) Leaf areas, stolon lengths, number of ramets, stolon branching and dry weight of the primary structures and whole clone increased with clonal age in all treatments. Rate of increase was highest for the nutrient-rich clones, and intermediate in the split treatment clones. (6) The phenotypic plasticity of growth revealed in this experiment may be beneficial since it enables Glechoma hederacea to consolidate its occupation and exploitation of favourable sites (intense foraging), and to pass rapidly through less favourable sites, which may increase the probability of escape into more favourable sites (extensive foraging). The lack of integration between primary stolons may be beneficial in enabling ramets in favourable sites to develop rapidly rather than diverting their accumulated resources to ramets in less favourable areas, which might limit clonal expansion.
Effects of desiccation and dilution on germinability of almond pollen

SummaryThe effects of desiccation and dilution of almond pollen on its germinability were studied as part of a study of artificial pollination of cultivated crop plants. Insufficient pollination was suggested as an important factor in limiting current yields of almonds. Therefore, since 1994 we conducted experiments on the artificial supplementation of pollen to flowering almond trees, with the aim of increasing yield. We constructed a machine for electrostatic pollination (i.e. transport of electrostatically charged pollen to flowers) and tested it under laboratory and field conditions. We used pure almond pollen of cv. Fritz and found it to be sticky and clumped, and, therefore, unsuitable for this method. We tested several methods for improving the flow of pollen grains, and their effects on pollen germinability: (1) pollen grains were dried, either rapidly in a specially designed drying machine, or slowly under room conditions; (2) the pollen was diluted by mixing the grains with either talc or silica.
Use of Plant Based Calcium Salt of Fatty Acids in Broiler Diets

This study carried out to evaluate the effect of plant based calcium salt of fatty acids (fat powder) on broiler chicken performance, carcass, organs and some plasma characteristics. A total of 320 one-day old broiler chicks of a commercial breed (Ross 308) from both sex with equal ratio were placed in 16 pens, twenty in each pen. Treatments were included Ca-salt of fatty acids at 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%. Each treatment replicated four times. Inclusion of fat powder had no significant effect on feed intake. Feeding different levels of fat powder significantly (P<0.05) decreased weight gain in 7-21 and 7-49 day old chicks, and in other ages decreased weight gain numerically. Using of calcium salts of fatty acid significantly (P<0.05) increased feed conversion ratio in 7-21 and 7-49 days old broiler chicken. Inclusions of fat powder in diet dose not affect carcass, abdominal fat, liver, pancreas, intestine and heart percentages. No significant differences were observed in plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Our finding showed that using of fat powder could not improve broiler chickens performance.
Fossil Occurrences of Cercartetus Nanus (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) in South Australia

Summary This study documents the known prehistoric distribution of the eastern pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus in South Australia. This is based on 10 caves (Bat Cave, Cathedral Cave, Comaum Forest Cave, Haystall Cave, Henschke Fossil Cave, Kilsbys Hole, Robertson Cave, Sleeping Cave, Victoria Fossil Cave, and Wet Cave) and one rockshelter deposit (Narcurrer Shelter) all from the south-east of South Australia. Comparison of prehistoric and modern distribution records for C. nanus suggest a recent northward range contraction. The oldest fossil C. nanus are from Cathedral Cave where dates as old as 279,000 years have been established. The bone assemblages were reported to be the result of natural pitfall death-traps or from predatory species such as owls and mammalian carnivores depositing prey remains in caves.
Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity in Diabetes Mellitus

Disturbances in neurological function are among the most common of the complications of diabetes. The reported incidence of neurologic involvement varies from 25 to 90 per cent of adult diabetic patients. " The severity of the symptoms associated with diabetic neuropathy may vary from a degree so mild as to be unnoticed to a disorder so distressing that chronic invalidism results. The most common neurologic disturbance in diabetes is involvement of the peripheral nerves. The early symptoms of peripheral nerve involvement are usually sensory. Evaluation is often difficult because of variation in the patients' interpretation of the symptoms, as well as the inherent subjectivity of sensory examination. Therefore, a physical method for documentation and quantitation of peripheral nerve function could be of great aid in the study of diabetic neuropathy. The precise measurement of the conduction velocity of peripheral motor nerve fibers offers such a method. Even though many of the clinical disturbances in diabetic neuropathy are sensory, it could be postulated that altered excitability of the efferent fibers may occur without obvious weakness of muscles supplied by these motor fibers and that conduction velocity may reflect the general state of function of the peripheral nerve. Our studies utilizing measurement of nerve conduction velocity in 103 diabetic patients appear to confirm this hypothesis. METHODS Determinations of the conduction velocity of the peripheral motor fibers in the ulnar and peroneal nerves were made in 103 diabetic patients selected from the outpatient clinic or from hospitalized patients admitted
LIFE HISTORY OF COLPOMENIA SINUOSA (SYCTOSIPHONACEAE, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN THE AZORES 1

Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès and Solier (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) is a common species on the rocky intertidal shores of the Azores, where reproductive gametophytes occur throughout the year. Life‐history studies of this species were carried out in culture, and both sexual and asexual reproduction were observed. Anisogamous gametes fused to form zygotes. The zygotes gave rise to a filamentous prostrate sporophyte generation bearing unilocular sporangia, under both short‐day and long‐day conditions at 15 and 22°C, and to both unilocular and plurilocular sporangia, under the lower temperature condition. Unispores developed into gametophytes, and plurispores gave rise to filamentous sporophytes. Asexual reproduction was carried out by unfused female gametes and asexual plurispores produced from the same gametophyte. Unfused gametes developed into filamentous prostrate sporophytes producing unilocular sporangia in both culture conditions, and unispores released from the sporangia gave rise to gametophytes. Asexual plurispores from field gametophytes, under both culture conditions, developed directly into new gametophytes. The species exhibited three types of life history: a heteromorphic, diplohaplontic; a heteromorphic, monophasic (both with alternation between the erect and filamentous prostrate thalli); and a monomorphic, monophasic.
Influence of bile salts on β‐glucuronidase activity of intestinal bacteria

T. FUJISAWA AND M. MORI. 1996. The β‐glucuronidase activity of intact cells of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens was increased in the presence of bile salts. In contrast, bile salts had inhibitory effects on the activity of β‐glucuronidase extracted from the lysed cells. These results suggest that the permeability of the bacterial cells is increased by the presence of bile salts, and that bile salts may significantly enhance bacterial β‐glucuronidase activity in the intestinal tract.
Cannabinoid receptor ligands as potential anticancer agents — high hopes for new therapies?

Objectives The endocannabinoid system is an endogenous lipid signalling network comprising arachidonic‐acid‐derived ligands, cannabinoid (CB) receptors, transporters and endocannabinoid degrading enzymes. The CB1 receptor is predominantly expressed in neurons but is also co‐expressed with the CB2 receptor in peripheral tissues. In recent years, CB receptor ligands, including Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, have been proposed as potential anticancer agents.
Effects of selenium application on the selenium content,yield and qualities of carrot

Selenium is indispensable to human being and domestic animals and it's an important component part of GSH-Px.Se deficiency or excess of Se in the environment has been found to be associated with a variety of diseases in humans and domestic animals.Qinghai plateau is belongs to region with Se deficiency.Selenium application is an effective method to rectify the deficient selenium state of human being and domestic animals.In this experiment,selenium was sprayed on the leaves of carrot to examine the effect of Se on Se uptake and transform,yield and quality of carrot.This experiment consisted of 6 treatments: 0,0.5,10.0,50.0,100.0 and 500.0 mg/kg of Se as Na_2SeO_3. The results showed that foliage application of selenium significantly increased the Se content of all morphology in carrot.With the(increment) of application rate of Se,the transformation rate of organic selenium went up.Total selenium and organic selenium reach the peak at the highest concentration treatment of 500 mg/kg,which were 15.9 and 26.6 times of that of control respectively.Se application decreased the carrot yield compared with control,but it did reach the statistical significant.As for the quality of carrot,using a special concentration of selenium on the carrot increased total sugar,carotin,crude-fibre content and the absorption of calcium,magnesium,iron and potassium in carrot to different extents.However,the vitamin C content decreased and the absorption of phosphorus was unconformity.Comprehensive considering the effects of selenium application on the selenium content,yields and various quality factors of carrot,as well as food safety for human and livestock health,the appropriate application rate of Se should not be more than 1.0 mg/kg.
Short Note: Air Release from the Left Orbit of an Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus): Symptomatic and Anatomical Aspects

An unusual release of gas bubbles is described in an adult female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). We will refer to this gaseous mixture from the respiratory tract as air, although we recognize that it is not the exact composition of atmospheric air after respiration has occurred. This air bubble release was observed under water (~10 m depth, 10 to 15 m clarity) in June 2006 outside Chichi-Jima harbor, Ogasawara, Japan, during an eco-tour program involving swimming with a mixed group of spinner (Stenella longirostris) and bottlenose (T. truncatus) dolphins (Figure 1). Underwater observations of this air release were documented by John Anderson (video) and James Brinck (still frames), both associates of the primary author. The dolphin, which had distinctive scarring that would facilitate re-identification, swam up from the sea floor to the surface. During the ascent, she released a stream of bubbles from the region of her left orbit. Her ascent, air release, and following respiration at the surface were captured on video and transparency (Figure 2). Field-by-field video motion analysis confirmed that the point of bubble emergence was the medial angle of her left eye. The pathway for this unusual air release likely involves a communication with the respiratory tract.
Comparative Anatomy and Chemistry of the Venom Apparatus and Mandibular Glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guérin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

The venom apparatus of Dinoponera grandis is anatomically similar in certain key characteristics to that of Paraponera clavata and other ponerines, and also to myrmeciines. The furcula in these two species is X shaped. The gonostyli are bilobed, with the distal gonostylar lobe the smaller of the two. Very large mandibular glands attach to the mesal side of each mandible and extend into the cephalic chamber to an area adjacent to the antennal sockets. Dufour's gland secretion in D. grandis workers contains a series of saturated, monounsaturated, and diunsaturated hydrocarbons in the range from C13 to C19, with pentadecane being the major alkane present. The mandibular gland secretion consists of 2,5-dimethyl-3- n -propylpyrazine and 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine. Dufour's gland secretion of workers of P. clavata is dominated by nonadecadiene, pentacosadiene, and heptacosadiene, with a series of alkanes and alkenes from C16 to C29 also present. Mandibular gland secretions consist of a mixture of 4-methyl-3-heptanone and 4-methyl-3-heptanol. Workers of P. clavata and D. grandis exhibited no reactions when exposed to either extracts of their cephalic glands or the neat compounds.
Fecundity and Longevity of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effects of Multiple Mating

Under a reverse photoperiod, the effects of multiple mating by female and male Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) moths on female reproductive fitness were investigated. Comparisons of numbers of eggs laid and longevity of singly and multiply mated females revealed a positive relationship between the number of spermatophores received by a female and her oviposition rate in eggs laid per day and fecundity, and a negative relationship between the number of spermatophores and longevity. Male mating history had a significant influence on female fecundity. The fecundity of females mated to virgin males was higher than the fecundity of females mated to previously mated males. These results are discussed in relation to the possible benefits derived by females from multiple mating.