Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRANSCULTURAL-PSYCHIATRIC EXPERIENCES FROM THE AFRICAN GUINEA by V. JAKOVLJEVIC, Belgrad, Yugoslavia. Typescript, 71 pp. and appendices

other hospitals and during consultations in prisons and courts. The psychiatric division of the Central Hospital is the only Western psychiatric facility in the country and commenced operation in 1060. The Guinea population of three million comprises diverse linguistic and cultural groups including the Islamic Foula, the Malinke, who still bear the traces of their once powerful medieval feudal state, and the many other more primitive groups that tend to reside within the tropical rain-forest belt along the Atlantic littoral (these include the Guerze, Kissi, Toma, and Baga.) The following represents some highlights culled from the author’s main observations and conclusions. Generally speaking, and especially among the more primitive strata of the populace, normal individuals are characterized by ’fixations’ on the lower levels of maturation (e.g. syncretistic participation, concretization of reality, belief in magic, etc.) Regressions are very frequent and almost universal in mental disorders as a result of both psychogenic and physical factors; panic or stupor reactions are common with minimal stress. There is, however, a rapid restitution to the normal level.
Effects of enhanced UV‐B radiation on pea (Pisum sativum L.) grown under field conditions in the UK

A new modulated lamp system is described. This system has successfully provided an ultraviolet-B (UV-B) supplement in proportion to ambient UV-B. The modulated system was used to simulate the UV-B environment resulting from an annual mean reduction of 15% in the stratospheric ozone under UK field conditions, but taking account of seasonal variation in depletion. The effects of this enhanced level of UV-B on the growth, physiology and yield of four cultivars of pea were assessed. Enhanced UV-B resulted in small reductions in the number of stems and total stem length per plant (respectively 4.7 and 8.7%). There were also significant decreases in the dry weight of peas (10.1%), pods (10.3%) and stems (7.8%) per plant. UV-B treatment had no effect on the number of peas per pod or average pea weight, but did significantly reduce (12.1%) the number of pods per plant. This decrease in pod number was partly due to enhanced abscission of pods during the final month of plant growth. UV-B treatment had no significant effect on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics or CO2assimilation rate per unit leaf area. These results are consistent with previous controlled environment experiments, and suggest that reduction in yield may be due to direct effects of UV-B on plant growth rather than a decrease in photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area.
Determination of degradability of treated soybean meal and its proteins fractions

This study was carried out to determine the effects of xylose and moisture heating treatments (0, 5 and 10 g/kg DM) of soybean meal (SBM) on in situ rumen degradability characteristics in cow and its proteins sub-units fractions by a SDS-PAGE discontinues system. In the experiments, three ruminally cannulated male Taleshi cow were used to measure in situ rumen degradability characteristics of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of different treated SBM samples. SBM were treated with xylose (5 and 10 g/kg DM) and moisture heating. Xylose and moisture heated treatment significantly (P reduced degradability values of DM and CP for SBM. Rumen effective protein degradability values of SBM (k = 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 h-1) were significantly decreased by all treatments (P degradability of DM (k = 0.05 h-1) were 65.17, 64.90, 61.77 and 58.50 g/kg and CP was 63.77, 61.97, 60.83 and 60.23 g/kg for NTSBM (non treated SBM), TSBM (SBM + 30 min moisture heating treated), TSBM 5 g/kg (SBM + 30 min moisture heating treated + 5 g/kg xylose) and TSBM 10 g/kg (SBM + 30 min moisture heating treated + 10 g/kg xylose) treatments, respectively. Treatment of SBM with 5 and 10 g/kg of DM caused a reduction in the dry matter and effective crude protein degradability compared with NTSBM. Electrophoretic patterns of untreated and treated SBM protein residues revealed that -conglycinin ,  and  subunit were degraded completely within 4h of incubation in the rumen, whereas the acidic and basic subunits of glycinin were degraded after 48h incubation in treated SBM with Xylose. It is concluded that SBM proteins can be effectively protected from degradation in the rumen by xylose and moisture heating treatment.
Accuracy of bittern location by acoustic triangulation

Abstract Ecological studies and population surveys sometimes require information on the position of individuals. Because many birds are more audible than visible, we tested the potential of acoustic triangulation for locating Great Bitterns (Botaurus stellaris) within extensive reed marshes in the Camargue, France. During the breeding season, and predominantly at dawn, male bitterns produce a series of loud calls (booms). In the field, the direction of booming was estimated with a bearing compass by an observer walking along a linear path at the reedbed edge, taking enough measurements to cover a 90° wide angle between the first and last bearing. We used a probability model with an Andrews estimator to locate each bittern based on the intersection point of the bearings taken in the field. Bearing error was estimated by comparing these bearings with those derived from the real or estimated bird position. In a first experiment, we identified the factors influencing the variation in bearing error using six observers, 237 directional bearings, and 19 bitterns. In a second experiment, we quantified the bearing accuracy under optimal conditions based on three observers using 47 directional bearings to locate a bittern of known position. There was no observer effect, but wind speed above 10 km/h, occurrence of poor booms, and bittern distance under 200 m significantly increased bearing error. Bitterns calling normally under windless conditions could be located with a mean bearing accuracy of ±13.6°. Location accuracy depended primarily on the bird distance and number of bearing angles. We propose an optimal bearing effort to locate booming males in large reedbeds with an accuracy of a 40-m radius irrespective of the bittern distance. This protocol can be applied to other bird species once the bearing accuracy corresponding to their call and habitat has been estimated. Acoustic triangulation appears to be a useful, non-invasive, technique for locating bitterns and other bird species.
BACTERIAL PROBIOTIC ADDITIVE (PEDIOCOCCUS ACIDILACTICI) AND ITS IMPACT ON BROILER CHICKENS HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE

SUMMARY Antibiotics were very important pieces of the puzzle that enabled the poultry production to move from a backyard flock based industry to the large-scale production facilities of today. Public health professionals have suggested that the use of subtherapeutic antibiotics in animal production may be partially responsible for the development of antibiotic resistant bacterial populations. The probiotics may be substituted by antibiotics (growth promoting) in certain cases. Pediococcus acidilactici is a bacterial probiotic used in this experience.16000 broiler chickens were assigned in two experimental groups: treatment (10 9 cfu/kg of feed of Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M) and control. In each group 8000 broiler chickens were allocated in the same batch and divided by a physical barrier. Individual live weight of a sample of 200 birds for each group from day 0 to day 56 was measured weekly. Feed intake, feed efficiency, mortality, carcass quality, serum lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and number of white blood cells, were recorded per group. The administration of Pediococcus acidilactici affected positively the growth performance of broilers (2586.43 vs 2252.79 g and feed conversion ratio (2.00 vs 2.5). There were no significant difference between groups in dressing, breast meat and thigh percent, at the end of day 56. Analysis of variance showed significant difference between treatments for serum lipids (p≤0.01). Mortality was almost similar in both groups (6.56 vs 6.51). The numbers of white blood cells were significantly affected by dietary treatment.
Antifungal and antioxidant activity of crude extracts of three medicinal plants from Cameroon pharmacopea

Three medicinal plant (Milletia laurentii, Tephrosia vogelii, Croton macrostachyus) extracts traditionally used in Cameroon to manage infectious diseases, were chosen and screened for their phytochemicals composition, antioxidant properties and antifungal activity againstTrichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton violaceum. Plant powders were extracted by maceration in methanol and water. Afforded extracts were studied for their: phytochemical composition using indicators, antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging methods and antifungal activity using the agar dilution methods. Extraction yield were better with methanol than water for all the medicinal plants. Amongst the 11 phytochemical compounds (alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponines, anthraquinones, tannins, anthocyanins, coumarins, essential oils, steroids, glycosides, lipids) tested, 9 were differently present in relative high amount in extracts, while glycosides and steroids were absent in all plant extracts. Aqueous extracts of T. vogelli showed the best antioxidant activity while methanolic extract of C. macrostachyus showed the lowest with IC50 values of 0.30 and 0.11 mg/ml, respectively.M. laurentii showed IC50 of 0.19 and 0.21 mg/ml for aqueous and methanolic extracts, respectively. All the extracts tested showed significant activity against the threeTricophyton species tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) varying from 17.50 to 27.50 and 20 to 30 mg/ml, respectively. These findings support the continued sustainable screen of medicinal plants as source of bioactive principles. Key words: Medicinal plant, phytochemical screening, antifungal, antioxidant.
Comparison of behavioural development between Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) during early life stages

Summary Behavioural development was compared between two flatfish species (Japanese flounder and spotted halibut) from hatching to settlement (juvenile stage) in order to speculate on the ecology of their early life stages and to provide fundamental knowledge for improving seedling production techniques for stock enhancement. Fish were cultured under identical rearing conditions (500-L tank maintained at 17.8 ± 0.4°C, 34 ppt, 10L : 14D light regime and an initial stocking density of 20 larvae L−1). Behavioural observations were conducted at about 4-day intervals from hatching to the juvenile stage. Fish were sampled randomly from the rearing tank, and one fish was transferred into a 250-ml observation container. Behaviour was video-recorded for 5 min without food and for an additional 5 min with live feed (rotifer or Artemia). All behavioural data were sorted according to eight developmental stages and compared among developmental stages and between species. The average standard length of the spotted halibut was significantly greater than that of the Japanese flounder in all developmental stages, while the development of Japanese flounder was faster than that of the spotted halibut. For Japanese flounder, feeding, swimming and Ohm-posture (typical shivering behaviour observed during early life stages in flatfishes) frequency were highest before metamorphosis (mean ± SD; 1.0 ± 2.0 attacks min−1, 24.0 ± 9.6 actions min−1, 1.1 ± 1.1 counts min−1, respectively). Spotted halibut expressed feeding behaviour frequently from the beginning of metamorphosis (3.6 ± 5.2 attacks min−1), had relatively low swimming activity during all developmental stages, and showed a peak of Ohm-posture frequency during the flexion stage (2.6 ± 1.0 counts min−1).
Growth, recovery, and yield of dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) in the medium-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia

Abstract. The effect of grazing of vegetative canola (Brassica napus) with sheep on crop growth and yield was investigated in two field experiments (Expts 1 and 2) in 2008 at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. The experiments included a range of cultivars, sowing rates, and grazing periods to investigate the influence of these factors on grazing biomass, crop recovery, and grain yield. Three spring canola cultivars (representing triazine-tolerant, conventional, and hybrid types) were used in both experiments and were sown at three sowing rates and grazed by sheep for 7 days in midwinter in Expt 1, while two different grazing periods were compared in Expt 2. Supplementary irrigation was applied to Expt 1 to approximate average growing season conditions, while Expt 2 received no irrigation. Increased sowing rate produced greater early shoot biomass for grazing, but the-triazine tolerant cultivar produced less biomass than the conventional or hybrid cultivars in both experiments. Grazing reduced dry matter and leaf area by >50%, delayed flowering by 4 days on average, and reduced biomass at flowering by 22–52%. However, there was no impact of cultivar or sowing rate on the recovery of biomass and leaf area after grazing. Grazing had no effect on final grain yield under supplementary irrigation in Expt 1, but reduced grain yield under the drier regrowth conditions in Expt 2. The results demonstrate that grazing canola is feasible under average seasonal conditions in a medium-rainfall environment (400–600 mm) without yield penalty, provided the timing and intensity of grazing are matched to available biomass and anticipated seasonal water supply to support grain production. More broadly, we suggest that grain yield reductions from grazing could be avoided if suitable conditions for regrowth (residual dry matter, length of regrowth period, and adequate moisture) can generate biomass levels in excess of a target value of ∼5000 kg ha–1 at flowering. This target value represents a biomass level where >90% of photosynthetically active radiation was intercepted in our study, and in other studies represents a biomass level above which there is little further increase in potential yield. Such a target provides a basis for more objective grazing management but awaits further confirmation with experimentation and modelling.
Physiological response of Pectinatus frisingensis, a beer spoilage bacterium, to mild heat treatments

Genus Pectinatus is strictly anaerobic bacteria described as a new beer spoilage flora. The physiological response of Pectinatus frisingensis to increasing heat treatments has been studied. Cell death occurred at temperatures higher than 50°C and increased with time. During heat treatment at 50°C, a potassium efflux of more than 50% of the internal potassium was measured at pH 6.2 in starving bacteria, whereas a small transient potassium efflux was measured with a similar 50°C treatment in energized cell suspensions. At beer pH values (pH 4.0), potassium content of P. frisingensis cells was not changed by a moderate heat treatment. Internal pH values of cells were only slightly (0.1 pH unit) decreased upon heat treatments. In contrast, membrane potential value was lowered by a heat treatment at pH 6.2 in deenergized cells, while only a transient decrease of ΔΨ was measured with glucose in the medium. A moderate heat treatment at 50°C had no effect on the membrane potential value at pH 4.0, even afte r1ho f treatment. In addition, compared with a high level of adenylate energy charge (AEC) measured in energized cell suspensions, an AEC of 0.7 was routinely measured in starving cell suspensions. Moderate heat treatments at pH 4.0 lowered the AEC of cells to 0.6. The physiological response of P. frisingensis to mild heat treatments demonstrated a significant ability of the cell to maintain internal homeostasis at pH conditions encountered in beer.
Abstracts and Reviews : 1 General and Theoretical Issues

Current Perspectives in Cultural I’sychicctry comprises a collection of papers read at four panels during the 1976 American Psychiatric Association annual conference. They have all the unevenness and much of the ephemerality that is to be expected of papers which conform to conference time limits and do not undergo strict editorial screening. Nevertheless, the book as a whole has an unexpected unity which is reflected in the term &dquo;perspectives&dquo; in its title and for this reason it might earn a place on one’s bookshelf. The second book, being written by only two authors, hinting at an exploration of social aetiology (&dquo;roots&dquo;), and seeming to promise new epidemiological data, would appear to merit its place on the bookshelf still more, but unfortunately this is not the case. It is a students’ text-
Pocket gophers in ecosystems: patterns and mechanisms

Pocket gophers, despite their relatively small size, are an important element controlling ecosystem structure and development. Mielke (1977, p. 171) argues that ". Geomyidae provide a dynamic force to direct the biogeochemical attributes of the North American Prairie lands . [T]he activities of fossorial rodents may provide an explanation for the genesis of North American Prairie soils," and Grinnell (1923, p. 148) asserts that ". our native plant life, on hill and mountainside, in canyon and mountain meadow, would soon begin to depreciate, were the gopher population completely destroyed. " Effects on the productivity, heterogeneity, and trophic structure of ecosystems, occurring on various temporal and spatial scales, have been described for pocket gophers. Gophers influence the physical environment, altering patterns and rates of soil development and nutrient availability, microtopography, and the consequent abiotic environment. They affect the demography and abundance of plant species, changing vegetational patterning and diversity. They affect the behavior and abundance of other herbivores, from grasshoppers and ground squirrels to large grazers. In this article, we review the reThe activities of pocket gophers cascade through the trophic web
GROWfH ANALYSIS OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) UNDER VARYING FERTILITY LEVELS AND AZOTOBACTER STRAINS

A field experiment was carried out during winter seasons of 1996–97 and 1997–98 on a sandy loam soil, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, rich in available potassium and slightly alkaline in reaction. The treatment combinations were comprised of six fertility levels viz., 0, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg N/ha and 10 t OM + 90 kg N/ha in main plots and four Azotobacter striilits namely, AC-4, AC-5, Mac-27 and control in sub-plots. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design and replicated thrice. The results revealed that increase in nitrogen levels upto 120 kg/ha caused a significant increase in growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation and grain yield. The growth and grain yield were significantly higher with the application of 10 t OM + 90 kg N/ha over 120 kg N/ha but remained at par with 150 kg N/ha. The Azotobacter strains Mac-27 and AC-5 proved to be significantly superior to the other strains for growth parameters and grain yield of wheat.
CSR ecological strategies and plant mating systems: outcrossing increases with competitiveness but stress-tolerance is related to mixed mating

A number of plant traits influence the success of fertilization and reproduction in plants. Collectively these traits represent ecological syndromes that are of evolutionary significance. However, while an association between mating system and colonizing ability has been proposed, the existence of a broader relationship between mating system and a species’ position in ecological succession has not been extensively investigated. Grime’s CSR theory stresses that an ecological succession can involve changes from colonizing to either competitive or stress-tolerant strategies. How distinct dimensions of competitiveness and stress tolerance covary with mating systems has still not been considered. We designed a comparative approach to evaluate the link between mating system, life form and CSR strategies for 1996 herbaceous and woody species. We found that CSR strategies are significantly related to mating systems. Ruderal species – colonizers in early succession – were mostly selfers while more competitive species were more often outcrossers. On the other hand, greater physiological stress tolerance was associated with mixed mating systems. Outcrossing is classically expected to be advantageous for most life history strategies other than colonizers, but we suggest that reproductive assurance can counterbalance this effect in stressful environments where populations are sparse and pollinators are rare. Therefore, our results emphasize that competition and abiotic stresses are not equivalent selective pressures on the evolution of mating systems. Finally, we found plant life span to convey additional information on mating system variation, supporting its role for mating system evolution. These findings encourage further investigation of the evolutionary role of ecological strategies as syndromes of traits and suggest that the emergence of large databases of plant traits will help address the major evolutionary hypotheses on such syndromes.
Adubação de cultivares de feijoeiro comum em várzeas tropicais

The bean crop has a high economic and social importance for the Brazilian population. However, some aspects should be improved in its cropping system, such as the plants fertilization management. The common bean sub-irrigation, in the rice intercropping, has been a viable alternative for grain yield, in the lowland ecosystem. However, there are just a few studies on fertilization in tropical lowland conditions. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the yield of common bean cultivars grown under tropical lowland conditions and sub-irrigation, in Lagoa da Confusao, Tocantins State, Brazil, in the winter of 2008, by using different fertilizers sources, doses and splittings. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme (cultivars x forms of fertilization), with cultivars divided into groups (black, carioca and special). The common bean yield was higher with the early nitrogen fertilization, and even higher when it was combined with potassium in topdressing fertilization, being the Ouro Negro (black group), Pitoco (carioca group) and Cranberry and BRS Embaixador (special group) the cultivars that reached the highest grain yields. When the recommended fertilization was used, Ouro Negro (black group), Carioca (carioca group) and Jalo Precoce and BRS Embaixador (special group) reached the highest grain yield, for each grain group. Yield was higher for the black group cultivars, when compared to the carioca and special groups.