Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating the size of X-ray lamppost coronae in active galactic nuclei

Aims. We report estimates of the X-ray coronal size of active galactic nuclei in the lamppost geometry. In this commonly adopted scenario, the corona is assumed for simplicity to be a point-like X-ray source located on the axis of the accretion disc. However, the corona must intercept a number of optical/UV seed photons from the disc consistent with the observed X-ray flux, which constrains its size. Methods. We employ a relativistic ray-tracing code, originally developed by Dovčiak and Done, that calculates the size of a Comptonizing lamppost corona illuminated by a standard thin disc. We assume that the disc extends down to the innermost stable circular orbit of a non-spinning or a maximally spinning black hole. We apply this method to a sample of 20 Seyfert 1 galaxies using simultaneous optical/UV and X-ray archival data from XMM-Newton. Results. At least for the sources accreting below the Eddington limit, we find that a Comptonizing lamppost corona can generally exist, but with constraints on its size and height above the event horizon of the black hole depending on the spin. For a maximally spinning black hole, a solution can almost always be found at any height, while for a non-spinning black hole the height must generally be higher than 5 gravitational radii. This is because, for a given luminosity, a higher spin implies more seed photons illuminating the corona, which is due to a larger and hotter inner disc area. The maximal spin solution is favoured, as it predicts an X-ray photon index in better agreement with the observations.
Analogical and Relational Reasoning with Spiking Neural Networks

Raven's Progressive Matrices have been widely used for measuring abstract reasoning and intelligence in humans. However for artificial learning systems, abstract reasoning remains a challenging problem. In this paper we investigate how neural networks augmented with biologically inspired spiking modules gain a significant advantage in solving this problem. To illustrate this, we first investigate the performance of our networks with supervised learning, then with unsupervised learning. Experiments on the RAVEN dataset show that the overall accuracy of our supervised networks surpass human-level performance, while our unsupervised networks significantly outperform existing unsupervised methods. Finally, our results from both supervised and unsupervised learning illustrate that, unlike their non-augmented counterparts, networks with spiking modules are able to extract and encode temporal features without any explicit instruction, do not heavily rely on training data, and generalise more readily to new problems. In summary, the results reported here indicate that artificial neural networks with spiking modules are well suited to solving abstract reasoning.
Energetics of Trail Running, Load Carriage, and Emigration in the Column-Raiding Army Ant Eciton hamatum

For workers at 28°C, standard V̇o2 = 0.166 M.84 where V̇o2 is ml h−1 and M is mass in g. At the same temperature, pupal V̇o2 = 0.156 M.83. Gross cost of transport (GCOT) and net cost of transport (NCOT) decreased with body mass and running speed, log GCOT = 0.87 − (1.05 log s) − (0.55 log M) and log NCOT = 0.51 − (0.92 log S) − (0.66 log M) where GCOT and NCOT are ml O2 g−1 km−1, S is cm s−1, and M is mass in g: The energetics of load carriage was measured in workers carrying pupae. The mean V̇o2 Of laden ants (mean mass .0108 g) was 5.72 ml O2 g−1 h−1. The mean respiratory exchange ratio of inactive ants in a bivouac was 0.72, that of unladen workers while running was 0.68, and that of pupae was 0.64. A model is developed and presented as a computer program (BASIC) to predict the energy spent for maintaining a raiding column, for colony emigration, and for a colony while in bivouac. The energetic performance of Eciton hamatum is compared with that of a leaf-cutting ant, Atta colombica.
Recipes for Safety in Open-domain Chatbots

Models trained on large unlabeled corpora of human interactions will learn patterns and mimic behaviors therein, which include offensive or otherwise toxic behavior and unwanted biases. We investigate a variety of methods to mitigate these issues in the context of open-domain generative dialogue models. We introduce a new human-and-model-in-the-loop framework for both training safer models and for evaluating them, as well as a novel method to distill safety considerations inside generative models without the use of an external classifier at deployment time. We conduct experiments comparing these methods and find our new techniques are (i) safer than existing models as measured by automatic and human evaluations while (ii) maintaining usability metrics such as engagingness relative to the state of the art. We then discuss the limitations of this work by analyzing failure cases of our models.
Probing primordial non-Gaussianity with the bispectrum of future 21cm intensity maps

After reionisation, the 21cm emission line of neutral hydrogen within galaxies provides a tracer of dark matter. Next-generation intensity mapping surveys, with the SKA and other radio telescopes, will cover large sky areas and a wide range of redshifts, facilitating their use as probes of primordial non-Gaussianity. Previous works have shown that the bispectrum can achieve tight constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity with future surveys that are purposely designed for intensity mapping in interferometer mode. Here we investigate the constraints attainable from surveys operating in single-dish mode. In the case of the power spectrum, single-dish surveys typically outperform interferometer surveys. We find that the reverse holds for the bispectrum: single-dish surveys are not competitive with surveys designed for interferometer mode.
An Ethogram of the Blue Spiny Lizard, Sceloporus cyanogenys (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae)

An ethogram of the blue spiny lizard, Sceloporus cyanogenys, was derived from laboratory studies of feral populations in various enclosures designed to maximize the expression of behavior patterns by providing a diversity of natural and semi-natural environ- mental cues. A behavior inventory enumerating and defining 76 distinctive postures, orienta- tions, and simple movements is presented and then inventory units are grouped into functional categories for discussion. Thermoregulatory behavior was divided into basking and thermal comfort patterns. Perching behavior was characterized by distinctive postures which suggested a readiness to act rapidly. Both perching and basking behavior took place not only at exposed sites but also within a shelter or at its inner threshold. Predatory behavior consisted of two distinct strategies: perch feeding in which lizards fed opportunistically on moving prey, and foraging, in which lizards would move in the environment investigating non-moving potential prey. Feeding was generally inertial but supplemented with shaking and scraping movements when a lizard was contending with large prey. Courtship behavior and mating were typical of iguanid lizards but courtship included an unusual tail-grip "restraint" by a male of a retreating female. "Assertive" and "aggressive" displays could be distinguished by both form and context.
Welfare, Remarriage, and Marital Search

Between 1964 and 1974 female-headed families with children under 18 increased as a proportion of all U.S. families by 40 percent. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) caseload more than doubled. Though increased female headship undoubtedly contributed to caseload growth, the AFDC program's structure may have simultaneously encouraged female headship. By focusing payments on families without husbands, the program could conceivably promote marital separations and discourage remarriage, thereby contributing to the growth of femaleheaded families. ' The testing of such hypotheses bears on a number of policy issues. We need to understand the degree to which the AFDC program's goal of alleviating the financial problems of female-headed families induces the formation and continuation of such families. In addition, we need to determine the extent to which growth in the AFDC caseload is caused by these separation and remarriage incentives. Finally, we need to know whether alternative support programs could reduce the problem. This paper focuses upon one aspect of this complex issue: the effect of AFDC transfers on the probability of remarriage for female heads with children. In the first section search theory is applied to marriage, establishing hypotheses on the links between remarriage, AFDC transfers, and other observable socioeconomic variables. The second section presents empirical tests of these hypotheses.
Setiferous Plaques on Antennal Pedicels of Muscoid Diptera: Appearance in Various Species and Tests of Function

The antennal pedicel of the green bottle fly Phoenicia sericata (Meigen) possesses a dozen or so plaques, each surmounted by a bulbous seta and containing a tuft of microsetae. Twenty-nine muscoid species and one drosophilid have been studied with the scanning electron microscope to ascertain the presence or absence of these structures, interspecific differences, and intraspecific variation. Green bottle flies with Vaseline™ -coated pedicels behaved like controls in response to 5% acetic acid, 0.1% trimethylamine, or 0.1% indole in T-tube preference tests. Treated house flies, Musca domestica L. , responded like controls to 3 concentrations of ammonia. Virgin, treated green bottle flies of either sex responded like controls when virgin flies of either sex were used as the attractant. These results suggest that the structures on the pedicel do not have an olfactory function.
Spatial and temporal variation in the abundance and taxonomic composition of estuarine and terrestrial macrofauna associated with mangrove logs

Brazilian mangroves have ecological and economic importance, with molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes being diverse and common faunal groups. The present study characterizes the macrofauna associated with logs from two mangrove forests in Pará State, northern Brazil, sampled in September, January and April, between 2008 and 2010, at three different distances from a tidal channel (2, 10, 20 m). In each forest, five logs (diameter/length: 10/40 cm) were randomly selected at each distance, totalling 15 logs per sampling date. The macrofauna was removed, counted and identified. Three-way analysis of variance was used to compare mean numbers of individuals, numbers of taxa and Berger–Parker dominance per log, between forests and among sampling dates and distances from the tidal channel. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and permutational multivariate analyses of variance were used to investigate macrofaunal structure in relation to the three factors. A total of 5437 individuals from both estuarine and terrestrial faunas was found in both forests, with 85 taxa distributed among Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda and Nemertea. Abundance increased from September through January to April in both mangrove forests. The most dominant species was Neoteredo reynei, representing 48% of total abundance. No significant difference in any variable was found among the two forests and between the three distances. Logs may represent a stable microhabitat for the macrofauna, with little variation in humidity, salinity or temperature, despite different distances from the tidal channel. However, macrofaunal structure varied significantly between forests and among sampling dates, probably due to seasonal differences in precipitation and salinity between both locations.
Variation of wood density in radiata pine grown from four seed sources at two sites in Greece.

A study based upon two 10-year-old, experimental plantings of four seed sources of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. DON) growing in two locations in Greece was undertaken to provide information related to wood density variation. The trees of the four seed sources were grown in a randomized complete block design with ten tree plots in each of the four replications. The whole experiment was replicated in two locations; Borsi, located in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula, and near Procopi village, in the north part of Evia island. At the age of ten years (fall 1977), every second tree in each row was removed and Cross sectional disks were taken at brea,st height for wood density determination. Analysis of the data showed that: 1. There is a large variability in wood density amoing trees of radiata pine growing under the Same environmental conditions. 2. The seed source had no significant effect on the wood density produced and it was speculated that this may have resulted from the nature of the materials used in the study (cultivated seed sources and not native origins were used). 3. The site where trees were grown, strongly influences the wood density produced. Trees growing in the southern warmer climate produce woad of higher density. 4. No evidence was found for any seed source X lolcation interaction of significant importance. 5. Wood density of radiata pine appears to show a weak negative relationship with DBH and is unrelated to height. 6. Selection of individual treeis for irnproving wood density is promising, while selection in the level of seed solurce is not expected to result in any Progress.
Some Effects of Alternating Temperatures on the Growth and Metabolism of Cutworm Larvae

The first part of this paper presents the results of experiments in which larvae of Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr. were reared with daily alternations of high and low temperature. It was found that growth was accelerated by these alternations, the highest acceleration being for an eight hour exposure to high temperatures. In the second part of the paper, experiments are discussed in which the metabolism of larvae of Chortragrotis auxiliaries Grt. was measured after varying exposures to high temperatures. Here also it was found that metabolism, as measured by carbon dioxide output, also showed a maximum for an eight hour exposure. Both sets of experiments are discussed in relation to current chemical theories, and a time-temperature-rate surface is developed which shows the general relationship.
Comparison of Encounter Model Predictions with Observed Size-Selectivity by Stream Trout

Observed size-selective predation on the amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus by trout was compared with encounter model predictions based on drift and benthic samples over seven months. The generalized encounter model used predicts that the proportion (F<sub>i</sub>) of prey size i in the diet will be: F<sub>i</sub>=L<sub>i</sub><sup>α</sup>· N<sub>i</sub>/Σ L<sub>i</sub><sup>α</sup>· N<sub>i</sub> where L<sub>i</sub> = size (length) of prey group i, N<sub>i</sub> = density of prey group i in the environment, and α = an exponent related to the reactive field searched. In five of seven months, the encounter model reasonably predicted prey-sizes consumed (percent similarities > 85%). For four of these months, benthic size-distributions resulted in the best predictions; the drift size-distribution resulted in best fit in August. Observed size-selectivity in May and July was greater than predicted with commonly used values of α, showing that factors other than encounter were also involved in prey size-selectivity.
Ecology of Desert Plants. II. The Effect of Rain and Temperature on Germination and Growth

In the previous article (Went, '48) observations were reported, showing that the difference in summer and winter vegetation of annual plants in desert areas is due to differential germination, and is not caused by competition, or by differential dying of seedlings or older plants. To supplement these field observations and to test the validity of the conclusions reached, experiments were carried out in the air-conditioned greenhouses at the California Institute of Technology (Went, '43). The experiments on germination of individual seed lots will be reported later, giving a purely physiological analysis of each species. Some work of this kind on other plants has been reported earlier (Lewis and Went, '45). The present paper deals with top soil carrying its normal content of seeds; when such soil is brought under controlled conditions, it is possible to determine to what extent the density of vegetation and floristic composition of a given area are limited by (1) the seed present, (2) the germination conditions, and (3) the climatic conditions that are influential in seedling survival and later growth.
Environment and morphological variation of Mitopus morio (Fabr.) (Opiliones) in Norway

The morphology of Mitopus morio was studied at twenty-five localities in Norway, 1971-77. Body length and leg lengths varied according to Bergmann's and Allen's rules. A combination of latitude, altitude and exposition could account for 72-80% of femur length variation, long legs being found at low latitude and altitude and on south-facing slopes. Long-term summer maxi- mum temperature alone could account for 50-81%. When the latter variable was held constant the partial correlation with the long-term summer precipitation was significant and positive. Shorter femurs were found in mature forest compared with a nearby clear- felled area. Significant variation in femur length was established in relation to trapping date and year within single localities. Corpus penis length was also negatively correlated with trapping date. The growth increment for femur length of the successive ecdyses could closely be approximated by a second degree equation. According to the lengths of corpus penis and glans penis, the specimens
HOPI PROTECTION OF HELIANTHUS ANOMALUS, A RARE SUNFLOWER

Helianthus anomalus is a rare endemic to sand dune and swale habitats in southern Utah and northern Arizona. It is known from less than 25 localities, often with fewer than 250 plants in each locale. Several populations persist in fields around Third Mesa on the Hopi Indian Reservation, near one of the oldest continuously inhabited villages in North America. In at least one field-orchard complex, it is consciously protected or tolerated by Hopi farmers, for this sun- flower's ceremonial significance. Helianthus anomalus Blake is a xerically adapted species known from less than 25 localities in Utah and Arizona over a geographic range of 46,000 km2 (Heiser, 1961; Blauer, 1965; Seller, pers. comm.; Arizona Natural Herit- age, unpubl.). Of the seven populations visited in 1980 by Gerald Seller, five were of 250 individual plants or less, and one was destined for destruction by road construction. The species appears to be endemic to sand dune and swale habitats between 1200-2000 m elevation, and is therefore limited in
Varietal Diversity of Seed Gluco-sinolates Content and its Composition in Japanese Winter Rape(Brassia napus L.)

To identify varietal diverity of seed glucosinolates content in Japanese rape (Brassica napus L.), total amount and composition of seed glucosinolates content were analysed on 65 Japanese rape and 11 European and North American low glucosinolates rape (Table 1) by means of Palladium-glucosinolate complex method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The average of total amount of glucosinolates of Japanese cultivars varied from 60. 5 μmol/g of Norin 18 to 161. 4 1lmol/g of Norin 12 (Fig. 1) . In 50 Japanese cultivars, Norin 18 (60. 5 pmol/g) and Norin 16 (65. 4 μmol/g) showed the lowest glucosinolates contents. On the other hand, glucosinolates content of Norin 12 (161.4μImol/g) and Isuzunatane (150.9 μmol/g) were the highest. These four cultivars were originated from interspecific crossing of B. napus X B. campestris. HPLC analysis of seed glucosinolates revealed that rapeseed had 10 main peaks (Fig. 2) . In these peaks, 9 glucosinalates were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Low gluco-sinolates contents in Norin 18 and Norin 16 resulted from the reduction of Progoitrin and Gluconapin which are Aliphatic glucosinolate. Though, Japanese cultivars have been bred by three different breeding methods, e. g. pure line selection, varietal crossing (B. napus X B. napus) and interspecific crossing (B. napus X B. campestris), each glucosinolate content was not related to the breeding method (Table 2)
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activities of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth

Occurring widely in Africa and beyond is Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth, a medicinal plant with several attributes and considerable potentials. Various parts of the plant are used locally to treat cancer, ulcer, gynecological disorders, genital infections, skin diseases, diabetes, epilepsy, bacterial and fungal infections as well as being used as cosmetics. The antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of some parts of the plant have been explored for therapeutic purposes. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of a wide range of secondary metabolites. Toxicological effects of different extracts of the fruit, stem bark and leaf have been reported. In this review we provide an up-to-date information on established pharmacological and toxicological properties, as well as phytochemical constituents responsible for these activities in Kigelia africana .
Evaluation of the health attention to pregnant women with HIV: comparison between primary and specialized service

ABSTRACT The public network for health care of pregnant women with HIV, in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, includes primary and specialized care services. Objective: Evaluating whether the type of service interferes in the quality score of the health care in the experience of the pregnant women with HIV. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with data collection from April-November/2014, with 78 participants. The Primary Care Assessment Tool-Brazil instrument was applied and the Pearson's Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used. Results: The quality of care received was evaluated as unsatisfactory both in primary care (6.50) and in specialized care (6.35). Conclusion: The type of service interferes with the quality of care, which can affect women's choice of service. It is necessary to improve the quality of both types of services and to search for the management of shared care to attend both the usual care of gestation and the specificity of infection.
Iodine Redistribution During Trauma, Sepsis, and Hibernation: An Evolutionarily Conserved Response to Severe Stress

Objective: We performed these studies to learn how iodine in the form of free iodide behaves during stress. Design: Prospective observational trial using samples obtained from human trauma patients and retrospective observational study using remnant samples from human sepsis patients and arctic ground squirrels. Preclinical interventional study using hind-limb ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice. Setting: Level I trauma center emergency room and ICU and animal research laboratories. Subjects: Adult human sepsis and trauma patients, wild-caught adult arctic ground squirrels, and sexually mature laboratory mice. Interventions: Ischemia and reperfusion injury was induced in mice by temporary application of tourniquet to one hind-limb. Iodide was administered IV just prior to reperfusion. Measurements and Main Results: Free iodide was measured using ion chromatography. Relative to iodide in plasma from normal donors, iodide was increased 17-fold in plasma from trauma patients and 26-fold in plasma from sepsis patients. In arctic ground squirrels, iodide increases over three-fold during hibernation. And during ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, iodide accumulates in ischemic tissue and reduces both local and systemic tissue damage. Conclusions: Iodide redistributes during stress and improves outcome after injury. Essential functions of iodide may have contributed to its evolutionary selection and be useful as a therapeutic intervention for human patients.