Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Slower phloem transport in gymnosperm trees can be attributed to higher sieve element resistance.

In trees, carbohydrates produced in photosynthesizing leaves are transported to roots and other sink organs over distances of up to 100 m inside a specialized transport tissue, the phloem. Angiosperm and gymnosperm trees have a fundamentally different phloem anatomy with respect to cell size, shape and connectivity. Whether these differences have an effect on the physiology of carbohydrate transport, however, is not clear. A meta-analysis of the experimental data on phloem transport speed in trees yielded average speeds of 56 cm h(-1) for angiosperm trees and 22 cm h(-1) for gymnosperm trees. Similar values resulted from theoretical modeling using a simple transport resistance model. Analysis of the model parameters clearly identified sieve element (SE) anatomy as the main factor for the significantly slower carbohydrate transport speed inside the phloem in gymnosperm compared with angiosperm trees. In order to investigate the influence of SE anatomy on the hydraulic resistance, anatomical data on SEs and sieve pores were collected by transmission electron microscopy analysis and from the literature for 18 tree species. Calculations showed that the hydraulic resistance is significantly higher in the gymnosperm than in angiosperm trees. The higher resistance is only partially offset by the considerably longer SEs of gymnosperms.
Modelling the relation between income and commuting distance

We discuss the distribution of commuting distances and its relation to income. Using data from Denmark, the UK and the USA, we show that the commuting distance is (i) broadly distributed with a slow decaying tail that can be fitted by a power law with exponent γ ≈ 3 and (ii) an average growing slowly as a power law with an exponent less than one that depends on the country considered. The classical theory for job search is based on the idea that workers evaluate the wage of potential jobs as they arrive sequentially through time, and extending this model with space, we obtain predictions that are strongly contradicted by our empirical findings. We propose an alternative model that is based on the idea that workers evaluate potential jobs based on a quality aspect and that workers search for jobs sequentially across space. We also assume that the density of potential jobs depends on the skills of the worker and decreases with the wage. The predicted distribution of commuting distances decays as 1/r3 and is independent of the distribution of the quality of jobs. We find our alternative model to be in agreement with our data. This type of approach opens new perspectives for the modelling of mobility.
Do Social and Environmental Factors Affect the Emergency Service Admission Characteristics of Preschool-Aged Pediatric Trauma Patients? A Prospective Study

Objective: Studies related to the epidemiology of trauma play a major role in determining the health status of the communities living in the vicinity of the centers that they are conducted. We have found no epidemiological study related to emergency service admission conducted only on preschoolaged children in the literature. Our aim was to determine characteristics of trauma in this age group, to analyze encountered trauma types, and to investigate possible associations among epidemiological factors, characteristics of the traumavictims, and trauma itself in pediatric patients admitted to our emergency service. Methods:Weconducted a prospective studywith patients aged66months and younger, admitted to Emergency Service of Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital between July 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015. Data related to age, sex, occupational status of parents, number of siblings, Glasgow coma scale score, transport mode, admission time period of the day, general health status, type of trauma, the trauma site, involved body regions, radiologic imaging and laboratory results, consultations, clinical diagnosis and outcome, duration of emergency service stay, and treatment cost were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 688 preschool-aged cases were admitted owing to trauma. The major mode of transport was a private vehicle (98.3%), and the major cause was falling (64.0%). The major traumatized body region was head and neck (51.0%), and themajor diagnosis was soft tissue trauma (90.1%). The average duration of stay was 122.01 minutes and affected by sibling number, trauma type, and employment status. The total service fee was interrelated with the type of trauma and the site that trauma occurred; it also was strongly correlated with duration of emergency service stay. Conclusions: Our results suggest that both in-hospital and social/ environmental aspects should be improved to reduce the clinical and social burden of trauma.
Biomass production trials on [a] sodic site.

Usar soils occupy about 7 million hectare of land in India. These lands have reached a stage of very low productivity due to overuse. Twelve tree species were planted during October 1981 at uniform spacing of 1.5 × 1.5 m in plots of 40 m × 40 m. The plots were analyzed for their biomass production from two to eight years. The analysis was based on destructive sampling of trees from the surround and forming regression equations. The form of the equation was Weight = a + b D 2 H. Biomass estimations were carried out in the inner plots of 20 m × 20 m leaving a surround of 10 m all-round. The growing stock shows changing pattern. The species that grew fast in early phase did not perform well in later years. The site amelioration was studied at the beginning of thc trial and after four years. The site has shown all-round improvement though the rates vary with the species. No biomass was removed from the site and leaves, branches, pods etc. falling on the ground was permitted to recycle nutrients.
Through thick and thin: A new model for the Colorado Plateau from seismic refraction data from Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment

We have constructed a model for the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Colorado Plateau by combining newly acquired seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection data from the 1989 Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment (PACE) cross profile with data collected by Roller (1965). A combination of forward modeling methods was used to model travel times and relative amplitudes of crustal and upper mantle phases. The salient features of the model for the Colorado Plateau (hereafter referred to as the plateau) are (1) an upper crust having an average velocity of 6.1 km/s with a low vertical velocity gradient, (2) midcrustal discontinuities at depths of 30 to 38 km beneath the plateau, (3) a lower crust that varies in thickness (5 to 16 km) and has an average velocity of 6.8 km/s, (4) a transitional lower crust/upper mantle boundary, and (5) a crustal thickness of 45 ± 3 km. A comparison of our new model for the Colorado Plateau with recent models for the Basin and Range shows that the upper crusts of the two provinces are similar but that the lower crust of the plateau is thicker, particularly in the plateau's central region. These observations are consistent with the idea that the Basin and Range could have formed from crust like that of the Colorado Plateau.
The Reactions of Glial Cells and Endoneurial Macrophages in the Dorsal Root Ganglion and Their Contribution to Pain-Related Behavior After Application of Nucleus Pulposus Onto the Nerve Root in Rats

Study Design. Controlled, interventional, animal study. Objective. To observe the reaction of glial cells and endoneurial macrophages in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after application of nucleus pulposus (NP) and investigate whether activated DRG glial cells play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Summary of Background Data. Peripheral nerve injury activated DRG and spinal cord glial cells and several cytokines and neurotrophins released from these activated glial cells might induce pain hypersensitivity. Methods. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. NP harvested from the tail was applied to the left L5 DRG. Behavioral testing was performed to investigate the mechanical withdrawal threshold. The numbers of activated satellite glial cells and endoneurial macrophages were counted, and the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were examined by double-labeled immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Results. The mechanical withdrawal threshold was significantly decreased for 28 days and then gradually recovered (P < 0.05). Long-term activation of endoneurial macrophages and satellite glial cells in the DRG was observed, and the reactions of these cells correlated well with pain-related behavior. TNF-α was expressed in both endoneurial macrophages and activated satellite glial cells, and TNF-α expression was significantly increased in the early stage (P < 0.05). Activated satellite glial cells also expressed GDNF, and its expression was significantly increased and persisted for 28 days (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Activation of DRG glial cells and endoneurial macrophages plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the neuropathic pain state. TNF-α actively released from activated glial cells and endoneurial macrophages in the DRG might initiate and maintain the neuropathic pain together with TNF-α derived from the applied NP. In the recovery phase, persistent expression of GDNF from activated satellite glial cells might play an important role to restore the function of damaged neurons and recover from neuropathic pain.
Polarimetric remote sensing of aerosols over land

We present a new approach to retrieve the aerosol properties over land that uses accurate polarization measurements over a broad spectral (410–2250 nm) and angular (±60° from nadir) ranges. The approach uses longer wavelength observations to accurately estimate the surface effects, and it is incorporated into an optimal estimation framework for retrieving the particle number density and a detailed aerosol microphysical model: effective radius, variance, and complex refractive index. A sensitivity analysis shows that the uncertainties in aerosol optical thickness (AOT) increase with AOT while the uncertainties in the microphysical model decrease. The uncertainty in the single scattering albedo (SSA) is notably less than 0.05 by the time the AOT is greater than 0.2. We find that calibration is the major source of uncertainty and that perfect angular and spectral correlation of calibration errors reduces the uncertainties in retrieved quantities. Finally, we observe that shorter wavelength (<500 nm) observations are crucial for determining the aerosols vertical extent and imaginary refractive index from polarization measurements. The retrieval approach is tested under pristine and polluted conditions using observations made by the Research Scanning Polarimeter during the Aerosol Lidar Validation experiment and over California Southern wild fires. In both cases we find that the retrievals are within the combined uncertainties of the retrieval and the Aerosol Robotic Network Cimel products and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Aerosol Index. This demonstrates the unique capability of polarization measurements to accurately retrieve AOTs under pristine conditions and provide estimation of the SSA at higher AOTs.
Affirmative Action Bans and Enrollment of Students From Underrepresented Racial and Ethnic Groups in U.S. Public Medical Schools

BACKGROUND The percentage of U.S. physicians who identify as being from an underrepresented racial or ethnic group remains low relative to their proportion in the U.S. population. How this percentage may have been affected by state bans on affirmative action in public postsecondary institutions has received relatively little attention. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between state affirmative action bans and percentage of enrollment in U.S. public medical schools from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups. DESIGN Event study comparing public medical schools in states that implemented affirmative action bans with those in states without bans. SETTING U.S. public medical schools. PARTICIPANTS 21 public medical schools in 8 states with affirmative action bans matched to 32 public medical schools in 24 states without bans from 1985 to 2019. MEASUREMENTS Percentage of total enrollment from racial and ethnic groups underrepresented in medicine (Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander). RESULTS The percentage of enrollment from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups was 14.8% in U.S. public medical schools in the year before ban implementation in states with bans. The adjusted percentage of underrepresented students in ban schools decreased by 4.8 percentage points (95% CI, -6.3 to -3.2 percentage points) 5 years after ban implementation relative to the year before implementation, whereas the adjusted percentage in control schools increased by 0.7 percentage point (CI, -0.1 to 1.6 percentage points), for a relative difference, or difference-in-differences estimate, of -5.5 percentage points (CI, -7.1 to -3.9 percentage points). LIMITATION Inability to account for the effect of these bans on undergraduate enrollment. CONCLUSION State affirmative action bans were associated with significant reductions in the percentage of students in U.S. public medical schools from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None.
Some observational constraints on the global‐scale wind systems of Mars

Wind direction measurements from a variety of indicators, taken over several Mars years and covering the entire planet, have been collected. These include observations of lee wave clouds not previously studied. The data exhibit a high degree of consistency and seasonal reproducibility, making it possible to interpret most of the observations in terms of the zonally symmetric circulation of Mars. We examine these data in the context of the constraints the observed wind directions place upon the thermal and polar cap mass flux fields which force the flows. Within the limitations of the data set, mid- and high-latitude winds appear to be controlled by the thermal field during mid and late summer and winter, and in the northern hemisphere, during early spring and early summer. At other times, the cap flows dominate. At high latitudes, the strongest yearly winds are probably generated by cap formation in the north and cap recession in the south. The hemispheric asymmetry seems to result primarily from the effects of global dust storms on the north polar cap. Turning of the prograde wind from poleward to equatorward in midautumn is observed, consistent with reduced poleward mass flux and increased meridional temperature gradient at that time. The latitudinal extent of the equatorial Hadley cell, when observed, is probably larger than that predicted by nearly inviscid models of low-latitude circulation. The cross-equational Hadley cell, and high-latitude poleward flows which occur in both hemispheres during the summer seasons, may set additional constraints on the thermal forcing mechanisms at these times.
Climate response of the South Asian monsoon system to anthropogenic aerosols

The equilibrium climate response to the total effects (direct, indirect and semi-direct effects) of aerosols arising from anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions on the South Asian summer monsoon system is studied using a coupled atmosphere-slab ocean model. Our results suggest that anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols generally induce a reduction in mean summer monsoon precipitation over most parts of the Indian subcontinent, strongest along the western coastline of the Indian peninsula and eastern Nepal region, but modest increases also occur over the north western part of the subcontinent. While most of the noted reduction in precipitation is triggered by increased emissions of aerosols from anthropogenic activities, modest increases in the north west are mostly associated with decreases in local emissions of aerosols from forest fire and grass fire sources. Anthropogenic aerosols from outside Asia also contribute to the overall reduction in precipitation but the dominant contribution comes from aerosol sources within Asia. Local emissions play a more important role in the total rainfall response to anthropogenic aerosol sources during the early monsoon period, whereas both local as well as remote emissions of aerosols play almost equally important roles during the later part of the monsoon period. While precipitation responses aremore » primarily driven by local aerosol forcing, regional surface temperature changes over the region are strongly influenced by anthropogenic aerosols from sources further away (non-local changes). Changes in local anthropogenic organic and black carbon emissions by as much as a factor of two (preserving their ratio) produce the same basic signatures in the model's summer monsoon temperature and precipitation responses. « less
Architecture of the linker-scaffold in the nuclear pore

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole bidirectional gateway for nucleocytoplasmic transport. Despite recent progress in elucidating the arrangement of the structured scaffold building blocks in the NPC symmetric core, their cohesion by multivalent unstructured linker proteins remained elusive. Combining biochemical reconstitution, high resolution structure determination, docking into cryo-electron tomographic reconstructions, and physiological validation, we elucidated the architecture of the entire linker-scaffold, yielding a near-atomic composite structure of the symmetric core accounting for ∼77 MDa of the human NPC. Whereas linkers generally play a rigidifying role, the linker-scaffold of the NPC provides the plasticity and robustness necessary for the reversible constriction and dilation of its central transport channel. Our results complete the structural characterization of the NPC symmetric core, providing a rich foundation for future functional studies. One sentence summary An interdisciplinary analysis established the near-atomic molecular architecture and evolutionary conservation of the linker-scaffold of the human nuclear pore complex.
Hygroscopic growth of ultrafine sodium chloride particles

The hygroscopic growth properties of ultrafine NaCl particles between 8 and 50 nm in mobility diameter have been studied using an ultrafine tandem differential mobility analyzer. The data include determination of hygroscopic growth curves, deliquescence behavior, and hysteresis. The measured growth factors are clearly smaller for the nanometer-sized particles compared with particles in the size range of 0.1 μm and larger. While this behavior of the ultrafine particles can be qualitatively predicted by accounting for the Kelvin effect, quantitative differences to the experimental data remain even after the differential mobility analyzer data have been corrected to account for the cubic shape of the particles. We conclude that the differences are related to size-dependent density and/or shape/structure of nanometer-sized NaCl crystals. The deliquescence relative humidities obtained in this work for nanometer-sized particles also show clear differences from the literature value obtained for large particles. The quantitative values of hygroscopic growth factors and deliquescence relative humidities for small particles have not been available previously, and our data are important in studies of the formation and properties of atmospheric aerosols.
Effect of a Pharmacist Intervention on Clinically Important Medication Errors After Hospital Discharge

BACKGROUND Clinically important medication errors are common after hospital discharge. They include preventable or ameliorable adverse drug events (ADEs), as well as medication discrepancies or nonadherence with high potential for future harm (potential ADEs). OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a tailored intervention on the occurrence of clinically important medication errors after hospital discharge. DESIGN Randomized, controlled trial with concealed allocation and blinded outcome assessors. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00632021) SETTING Two tertiary care academic hospitals. PATIENTS Adults hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes or acute decompensated heart failure. INTERVENTION Pharmacist-assisted medication reconciliation, inpatient pharmacist counseling, low-literacy adherence aids, and individualized telephone follow-up after discharge. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was the number of clinically important medication errors per patient during the first 30 days after hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes included preventable or ameliorable ADEs, as well as potential ADEs. RESULTS Among 851 participants, 432 (50.8%) had 1 or more clinically important medication errors; 22.9% of such errors were judged to be serious and 1.8% life-threatening. Adverse drug events occurred in 258 patients (30.3%) and potential ADEs in 253 patients (29.7%). The intervention did not significantly alter the per-patient number of clinically important medication errors (unadjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.77 to 1.10]) or ADEs (unadjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.09 [CI, 0.86 to 1.39]). Patients in the intervention group tended to have fewer potential ADEs (unadjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.80 [CI, 0.61 to 1.04]). LIMITATION The characteristics of the study hospitals and participants may limit generalizability. CONCLUSION Clinically important medication errors were present among one half of patients after hospital discharge and were not significantly reduced by a health-literacy-sensitive, pharmacist-delivered intervention. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Provenance of Franciscan graywackes in coastal California

A systematic comparison of available detrital modes for graywacke sandstones of the Franciscan subduction complex and for coeval sandstones of the Great Valley sequence in the California Coast Ranges indicates that both were apparently derived from the same general sources. The inferred provenance terrane was the ancestral Sierran-Klamath magmatic arc, from which mixed volcanic and plutonic detritus readily entered the adjacent Great Valley forearc basin. At intervals along the trend of the arc-trench system, arc-derived detritus also bypassed the forearc region through submarine canyons that fed the Franciscan trench. Longitudinal flow along both the Great Valley trough and the Franciscan trench achieved wide dispersal of the turbidite sediment. Suites of both Franciscan and Great Valley samples include an array of subquartzose compositions ranging from feldspatholithic to lithofeldspathic. Mean framework modes of 17 Franciscan suites comprising 203 individual samples, and of 23 Great Valley suites comprising 410 individual samples, range from 14% to 44% quartz grains, 15% to 54% feldspar grains, and 7% to 71% total lithic fragments. The ratio of quartz to feldspar remains relatively constant as the proportion of lithic fragments changes. The compositional variations reflect differences mainly in the admixture of lithic fragments derived principally from volcanic cover with quartz, and feldspar derived principally from erosion of underlying plutons. Despite major overlap in the compositions of the two sets of samples, some Franciscan sandstones are somewhat more feldspathic and less lithic than any known Great Valley counterparts and were probably derived from segments of the arc terrane where exposures of plutons were more extensive than within typical Great Valley sources. Higher proportions of non-volcanic to volcanic lithic fragments in some Franciscan sandstones probably reflect complex recycling processes on the trench slope. Diagenetic effects in many Franciscan suites include apparent wholesale replacement of K-feldspar by albite. Present age control is inadequate to test fully for time-dependent trends in the compositions of Franciscan sandstones analogous to the known stratigraphic variations in the composition of Great Valley sandstones. This question ought to be investigated in future studies.