Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the gating behavior of a K+- selective channel from the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane

A voltage-dependent, K+-selective ionic channel from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle has been studied in a planar phospholipid bilayer membrane. The puppose of this work is to study the mechanism by which the channel undergoes transitions between its conducting and nonconducting states. Thermodynamic studies show that the "open" and "closed" states of the channel exist in a voltage- dependent equilibrium, and that the channel displays only a single open state; the channel conductance is 120 pmho in 0.1 M K+. The channel's gating process follows single exponential kinetics at all voltages tested, and the individual opening and closing rate constants are exponentially dependent on voltage. The individual rate constants may also be determined from a stochastic analysis of channel fluctuations among multiple conductance levels. Neither the thermodynamic nor the kinetic parameters of gating depend on the absolute concentration of channels in the bilayer. The results are taken as evidence that the channel gates by an unusually simple two-state conformational mechanism in which the equivalent of 1.1 net charges are moved across the membrane during the formation of the open channel.
Habitat Use and Movement Patterns of Northern Alligator Lizards (Elgaria coerulea) and Western Skinks (Eumeces skiltonianus) in Southeastern British Columbia

Abstract Many reptiles have different habitat requirements for different activities (e.g., hibernation and nesting/gestation) that may not be satisfied by a single location. Suitable habitat may not only be limited, but also fragmented, making it difficult for animals to move between sites. In this study, we examine habitat use and movement patterns of Northern Alligator Lizards (Elgaria coerulea) and Western Skinks (Eumeces skiltonianus). In particular we determine the characteristics of hibernation and summer sites for both species and the extent of movement in both species, particularly whether migration occurs between summer and winter habitats. We used mark-recapture (PIT-tags and toe-clips) to do this. Both species coexisted at many of the same study sites, although some sites had only one of the species, and individuals were found in approximately the same locations in spring, summer, and fall. Thus, hibernation apparently occurs in the same habitat where lizards are active during the summer and no seasonal migration occurs. In fact, individuals of either species were recaptured on average within 10 m of a previous capture. Both species were rarely found in the open and more often under rocks than in vegetation or under logs; they also remained close to shrubs and forest edges. Roads apparently are not a major hazard for either species because they have high site-fidelity and do not make long-distance movements between hibernation or summer sites. Their requirement for cover means that any disturbance or removal of rocks from their habitats would be detrimental to both species.
Aerial dispersal by Actinopus spiderlings (Araneae: Actinopodidae)

Abstract Ballooning, a form of dispersal rarely seen in mygalomorph spiders, was observed in 13 individuals of an undetermined species of Actinopus under laboratory conditions. After ascending a stick, each spiderling initiated ballooning from either the horizontal lines between sticks or from the stick's edges. They became airborne by dropping and dangling from a dragline, which then gradually lifted and lengthened to 10–15 cm in the breeze, broke at its attachment point, and served as a ballooning thread. This method of ballooning has also been observed in araneomorphs and other species of mygalomorphs, and this is probably a more primitive and shorter distance form of ballooning than that typically practiced by higher araneomorphs, which produce airborne silk lines that are pulled from the spider by air currents and are used either as spanning lines or as balloon lines that allow the spider itself to become airborne.
A quantitative model for loss of primary dormancy and induction of secondary dormancy in imbibed seeds of Orobanche spp

(Roberts, 1988; Murdoch and Ellis, 1992). In seeds of parasitic plants such as Striga and Orobanche, a moist Seeds of three species of Orobanche were conditioned pretreatment known as ‘conditioning’ is a prerequisite for (i.e. stored fully imbibed in darkness) for periods up to germination (Joel et al., 1991). The seeds become respons210 d in order to model relief of primary dormancy and ive to a germination stimulant which, in the natural induction of secondary dormancy. The data were con- environment, originates from the host plant. Extending sistent with the hypothesis that periods for loss and the pretreatment also results in reduced germination due induction of dormancy and loss of viability are normally to secondary dormancy which was called ‘wet dormancy’ distributed in populations of imbibed seeds and that by Vallance (1950). For example, Brown et al. (1951) these three processes are independent. There was a reported that O. minor Sm. seeds conditioned at 25°C positive, linear relationship between the rate of loss showed a maximum loss of dormancy after 14 d and that of primary dormancy and temperature from 10‐30°C the germination capacity of some seed lots decreased in O. aegyptiaca and O. cernua and 10‐25° Ci n rapidly thereafter. Van Hezewijk (1994) also reported O. crenata. In all three species, the rate of induction that prolonged conditioning resulted in a decrease in of secondary dormancy was highest at 10°C and germination of O. crenata Forsk. This decrease in gerdecreased with increase of temperature up to about mination was greater at 15°C and 10°C than at 20° Ci n 20°C, above which there was little further change in one of the two seed lots tested. Vallance (1950) observed the rate with temperature. The resulting model that germination of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. explained over 90% of the variation in germination seeds was lower when the conditioning period was longer after conditioning in both O. aegyptiaca and O. cernua. than that necessary to obtain maximum germination, In O. crenata, however, this model was only satisfact- which at 22°C was 6 d. ory at 10 and 15°C. At higher temperatures, dormancy During conditioning the two processes of loss of primwas relatively stable for periods of conditioning from ary dormancy and induction of secondary dormancy are 70 to about 154 d. Possible explanations for this are occurring perhaps simultaneously, perhaps independently discussed. Applications of these models for estimating and certainly at diVerent rates. As such, there is a close the time required to reduce Orobanche infestations in analogy with the prechilling response of Rumex and Picea the field are also briefly discussed.
The Young Gametophyte of Lycopodiella lateralis and the Role of the Intermediate Shaft in Development of Lycopodiella Gametophytes

Abstract Spores of Lycopodiella lateralis germinate rapidly in illuminated cultures as is typical for most Lycopodiella spores. The young gametophyte develops into a solid, green, spherical primary tubercle. Mature gametophyte development occurs at the top of the primary tubercle by the formation of a crown with photosynthetic lobes. An intermediate shaft reported for other Lycopodiella gametophytes fails to form. Comparisons were made between intermediate shafts of Lycopodiella gametophytes growing in nature and in culture. In well illuminated conditions the intermediate shaft does not form as it does on poorly illuminated gametophytes. If the gametophyte development starts partially covered by soil, long intermediate shafts can be produced. The intermediate shaft raises the top of the young gametophyte to the top of the soil where a sexually-mature gametophyte develops and sexual reproduction can take place. The intermediate shaft provides the possibility for a young gametophyte in unsuitable illumination to grow into more suitable illumination for gametophyte maturation.
R esearch A rticle CULTURE OF LEAVES AND IMMATURE FRUITS OF MAERUA CRASSIFOLIA IN VITRO

Leaves and immature fruits of M. crassifolia were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. When the leaves were inoculated on MS +Indolebutyric acid (IBA) 1 mg/l, a small green branches were directly formed from basal part as well as radicles covered with root hairs after two weeks, the branches were increased in growth and reached 0.3, 1and 1.3 cm in length after 14, 30,45 days res pectively. Those branches were sub cultured on MS+ Benzyl adenine (BA) (2mg|l), no any further responses were observed, but their color was changed to brown after two weeks. In the case of using immature fruits as explants on MS+2,4 - Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid 2,4 - D (2mg/l)+kinetin (0.5mg/l), friable white calluses were obtained after 7 days, their growth were increased after 12 weeks. When the callus subculture on MS+2,4 - D (2mg/l)+kin (1.5mg/l) and on MS+ Naphthalene acetic acid NAA(1.5 mg/l) + kin (3.5mg/ l), no any responses were noticed after 4 weeks.
Effects of high dose rate gamma radiation on survival and reproduction of Biomphalaria glabrata

Ionising radiations can cause mutagenesis and death depending on the dose. Based on this, the effects of 60Co gamma radiation at high dose rate on the survival and reproduction of Biomphalaria glabrata, one of the hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, were evaluated in this paper. The results demonstrated lethality in all irradiated groups, despite the lack of high dose rate on the lethality, compared to low dose rate. Nevertheless, our data suggest effects of dose rate on the reproduction. On all dose levels, radiation improved the production of embryos for all exposed individuals, but the viability indexes were below 6% and, even 65 days after irradiation, fertility was not recovered. Based on these results, the doses of 20 and 30 Gy seem appropriate for protocols of population control of B. glabrata. This research evidenced the great potential of high dose rate gamma radiation on B. glabrata population control.
Effects of limnological and morphometric factors upon Zmin, Zmax and width of Egeria spp stands in a tropical reservoir

In this work, regression analyses were used to test the effects of fetch, littoral slope and Secchi disk depth upon the stand width (Wi) and maximum (Zmax) and minimum (Zmin) colonization depths of Egeria spp in a large tropical reservoir (Rosana Reservoir). Littoral slope was the only variable correlated with Wi, which was larger in locations with lower slopes. The higher Wi values (up to 260m) were found in locations where slopes were lower than 0.05 m.m-1. Zmin and Zmax were correlated positively with fetch. Nevertheless, different relationships were found at lower and higher fetch values observed in the arms and in the main body of the reservoir, respectively. At lower values, Secchi disk depth was the main variable explaining Egeria Zmax. On the other hand, in locations where fetch was longer (i.e. in the main axis of the reservoir), it was the only variable that explained Zmax significantly. Despite the great variability, the results indicated that the measured limnological (Secchi disk) and morphometric (fetch and slope) variables were important determinants of Egeria spp colonization in the Rosana Reservoir.
Modeling of Glyphosate Application Timing in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean

Abstract The introduction of herbicide-resistant crops and postemergence herbicides with a wide action spectrum shifted the research focus from how to when crops should be treated. To maximize net return of herbicide applications, the evolution of weed–crop competition over time must be considered and its effects quantified. A model for predicting the yield trend in relation to weed removal time, considering emergence dynamics and density, was tested on data from glyphosate-resistant soybean grown in cropping systems in Italy and Argentina. Despite an ample variation of weed emergence dynamics and weed load in the four trials, the model satisfactorily predicted yield loss evolution. The estimated optimum time for weed control (OTWC) varied from about 18 d after soybean emergence in Argentina to 20 to 23 d in Italy, with time windows for spraying ranging from 14 to 28 d. Within these limits a single glyphosate application ensures good weed control at low cost and avoids side effects like the more probable unfavorable weed flora evolution with double applications and the presence of residues in grains. Despite the apparent simplicity of weed control based on nonselective herbicides, the study outlines that many variables have to be considered to optimize weed management, particularly for the time evolution of the infestation and, subsequently, a proper timing of herbicide application. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. , ‘Asgrow ASRR19’, ‘Asgrow XP2101R’, ‘Asgrow 6401’.
Comparison of DL-Methionine, DL-Methionine-Na, DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue-Ca, and DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue Free Acid in Broilers by Using a Crystalline Amino Acid Diet

Abstract The biological methionine activity of DL-methionine, DL-methionine-Na, the calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analogue (DL-MHA-Ca), and methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (DL-MHA-FA) was studied in a chick feeding test by using a crystalline amino acid basal diet. DL-Methionine and DL-methionine-Na were, as measured by gain and feed conversion efficiency, equally effective methionine sources on an equimolar basis. Performance of the chicks fed the DL-MHA-Ca supplemented diets was distinctly inferior to those fed equimolar quantities of DL-methionine. From our results, it was deduced that the biological activity of DL-MHA-Ca was approximately 81% that of DL-methionine on an equimolar basis, which is 67% on a weight basis of the commercial product. The poorest results were obtained with DL-MHA-FA as a methionine source. The DL-MHA-FA was only 76% as effective as DL-methionine on an equimolar basis, which is 66% by weight of the commercial product used.
Diseases of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Abstract The paper reviews much of the literature relating to the major bacterial, viral and fungal diseases of cassava and presents this together with additional information gained by the authors. The importance of these diseases in reducing yields of this important source of carbohydrate is stressed. However, while much information is presented on symptoms and nature of the pathogens, little data is available on control measures. The authors emphasise the need for more active research, in particular into identifying and describing sources of disease resistance and into other simple means of disease control.
The effect of sodae herbal capsule on migraine headaches

The effect of sodae herbal capsule on migraine headaches Mansour Rezaei, Daryoush Afshari, Negin Fakhri 1 Professor of Biostatistics, Biostatistics Department, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2 Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 3 MSc of Biostatistics Student, Student’s Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Northeast Plaza at the Smith Creek Mound Site (22Wk526), Wilkinson County, Mississippi

Oscar Leonardo Aguila. “Zooarchaeological Analysis of The Northeast Plaza at The Smith Creek Mound Site (22Wk526), Wilkinson County, Mississippi” (under the direction of Drs. Megan C. Kassabaum and Katherine M. Moore) This thesis presents the data and interpretation of a faunal assemblage excavated from a midden in the Northeast Plaza of the Smith Creek site, a Native American mound site in Wilkinson County, Mississippi. Previous analysis of the faunal material from a flank midden on Mound A at the site revealed various taxa present at the site and led to a discussion of whether Smith Creek hosted large-scale feasting or elite provisioning activities. The analysis presented here focuses on comparing the Northeast Plaza and Mound A faunal assemblages in order to gather more information about Smith Creek’s usage of animal resources as a whole. Comparisons between the two contexts focus on characteristics such as taxa abundance, heat-alteration, and element completeness. In addition, the differences between taxa lists allow for a more thorough understanding of which animals were being consumed at the site, and the potential reasons for their presence in the various middens. A reexamination of both the feasting and provisioning hypotheses concludes that the data from the Northeast Plaza continue to support the provisioning hypothesis suggested by the analysis of the Mound A materials. The addition of data from the Northeast Plaza to the overall Smith Creek faunal assemblage situates Smith Creek as an important site in both the Lower Mississippi Valley and the greater Southeast region. By combining both mound and plaza contexts, Smith Creek can be broadly compared to sites that were occupied during the same cultural periods. Further analysis of faunal material from other parts of the site is a logical next step for faunal research at Smith Creek.
Genetic Variability and Character Association in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Forty four genotypes were evaluated for thirteen characters. Characters such as marketable yield (kg plot−1), total tuber yield (kg plot−1) and number of tubers per plant had higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, whereas the moderate magnitude of PCV and GCV was observed for per cent emergence, fresh weight of shoots plant−1 and plant height. High heritability estimates for the characters fresh weight of shoots plant−1, harvest index, dry weight of tubers plant−1, per cent emergence, total number of leaves plant−1, fresh weight of tubers plant−1, total tuber yield plot−1, plant height and dry weight of shoots plant−1. High genetic advance as percentage of mean was obtained for characters namely dry weight tubers plant−1 and total tuber yield plot−1. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for the traits viz. dry weight of tubers (g plant−1) and total tuber yield plot −1. Result reveal that the genotypic coefficient of variation, high heritability and genetic advance may be exploited in further breeding programme. The tuber yield showed significant positive correlation with marketable tuber yield both at the genotypic and phenotypic levels, whereas, the tuber yield was recorded having positive and significant correlation both at phenotypic and genotypic levels with per cent plant emergence, number of tubers plant−1 and fresh weight of tubers plant−1. Association of component characters revealed positive and highly significant correlation of marketable tuber yield with per cent plant emergence, fresh weight of tubers plant−1 and number of compound leaves plant−1 at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Dry matter content of tubers plant−1 exhibited positive and highly significant correlations both at phenotypic and genotypic levels with fresh weight of tubers plant−1 and harvest index. Similarly number of tubers plant−1 exhibited significant and positive correlation with the number of shoots plant−1 at genotypic levels. Fresh weight of tubers plant−1 showed positive and highly significant correlation for number of compound leaves plant−1 and number of shoots plant−1 (0.592) at genotypic levels. Hence, the characters namely tuber yield plant−1, number of tubers plant−1, fresh weight of tubers plant−1, number of shoots plant−1 and number of compound leaves plant−1 recorded to be key traits and may be may be given prime importance while making selections for improvement of potato for Chhattisgarh Plains.
Regulation of metabolism in transgenic plants

This review discusses how genetically manipulated plants are being used to study the regulation of metabolism in plants, using carbohydrate metabolism as an example. The molecular tools required are introduced, including the history of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer and other transformation techniques, the availability of promoters to achieve a specific or induced expression, strategies to target proteins to subcellular compartments of the cell, and the use of antisense or cosuppression to inhibit expression of endogenous genes. A discussion then follows of how such plants can be used in biochemical and physiological experiments to identify and quantify the importance of enzymes and processes that control metabolic fluxes, storage, and growth. These results are leading to a reassessment of ideas about metabolic regulation and have consequences for design of bioengineering strategies in plants. Emerging commercial applications are also surveyed.
SMEs' External Technological Information Network Diversity and Sales Growth : The Mediating Impact of the Productivity Improvement and the Moderating Effect of the Technology Development Driven by CEO

This research empirically analyzes not only the direct impact of the external technological information network diversity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) on the sales growth from their technology development but also the mediating impact of their productivity improvement and the moderating effect of the technology development driven by CEO on this direct impact in order to deepen the research stream on SMEs’ external technological information network. Based on the ordinary least squares regression by using 2,200 data of South Korean SMEs, this study reveals the three findings. First, SMEs’ external technological information network diversity positively influences their sales growth from technology development. Second, SMEs’ productivity improvement partially mediates this positive influence of the external technological information network diversity. Third, SMEs’ technology development driven by CEO moderates the positive influence.
Factors Affecting To Personal Financial Management Behaviours Of GOVERNMENT Employees In Sri Lanka

This study attempts to investigate factors affecting to personal financial management behaviours of government employees in Sri Lanka by examining the relationship among the factors including Financial attitude, Financial knowledge, Locus of control and Personal financial management behaviours. Financial attitude, financial knowledge and Locus of control are the independent variables and Personal financial management behaviour is the dependent variable in this study. The fundamental purpose of this study is to identify the financial behaviour of government employees in Sri Lanka. A survey approach on the government employees in Anuradhapura and Kegalle districts has been used to examine the research model. Researchers have used purposive sampling method; 200 questionnaires have been issued by the researchers and 180 responses have been received. Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation, regression analysis has been used as statistical tools to measure the relationship among the variables and SPSS has been used as a statistical software for analysing the data. According to the findings, financial attitudes and financial knowledge relate positively to financial management behaviour (significant at the 0.05 or 0.01 levels) besides locus of control relates negatively to financial management behaviour (significant at the 0.05 level). Moreover, according to R of multiple regression analysis, impact towards dependent variable from the independent variables is around 75% (R=0.74). It is expecting that this study will bridge the existing research gap in the area of personal financial management in Sri Lankan context to some extent. Beside these findings will be helpful for further studies related to personal finance management and institutions which are interested in enhancing personal financial management in developing countries like Sri Lanka.