Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the metasomatic agent in mantle xenoliths from Devès, Massif Central (France) using coupled in situ trace-element and O, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions

Abstract Spinel lherzolites and harzburgites from Mont-Briançon and Marais de Limagne in the Devès volcanic district display coarse-grained to porphyroclastic microstructures and the modal content of volatile-bearing phases increases with the degree of deformation. Clinopyroxene and/or spinel are partly or totally reacted to amphibole. The coupled interpretations of trace-element, rare earth element (REE) and O–Sr–Nd data for clinopyroxene and amphibole indicate that the metasomatized mantle beneath Devès is a mixture of depleted and enriched mantle associated with an alkaline, high field strength element poor, and light rare earth element, U- and Th-rich carbonate-rich silicate fluid–melt metasomatic agent. Oxygen isotope and REE data for clinopyroxene–amphibole pairs indicate a (La/Yb)N enrichment related to an increasing metasomatic agent/rock ratio.
A proposed production model of rapid subauroral ion drifts and their relationship to substorm evolution

Multisatellite data are used to examine the temporal relationship between Subauroral Ion Drifts (SAID) and the phases of an auroral substorm. Utilizing images of auroral luminosities taken by the Dynamics Explorer 1 (DE 1) spacecraft and observations of particle injection at geosynchronous orbit, we identify the time of expansive phase onset and estimate the time at which recovery begins. Noting the times at which SAID are observed simultaneously by the DE 2 spacecraft, we find that SAID typically occur well after substorm onset (more than 30 min), during the substorm recovery phase. Substantial westward ion drifts and field-aligned currents are observed well equatorward of the auroral oval during the expansion phase of a substorm, but the drifts lack the narrow spike signature associated with SAID. Prior to substorm onset and after substorm recovery, field-aligned currents are absent equatorward of the auroral oval and the ionosphere is very nearly corotating. A phenomenological model of SAID production is proposed that qualitatively agrees with the observed ionospheric signatures and substorm temporal relationship. In this model, substorm-generated, subauroral field-aligned currents close via Pedersen currents with the outward flowing, region 1 currents at higher latitudes. These Pedersen currents flow in the region of low conductivity equatorward of the auroral oval and are associated with relatively large, poleward directed electric fields. The frictional heating of the ions caused by collisions with the corotating neutral atmosphere substantially increases the rate of ion-atom interchange between O+ and N2. Subsequent fast recombination of NO+ with electrons further reduces the subauroral F region conductivities with a corresponding increase in the electric field and the frictional heating. This heating leads to thermal expansion, substantial field-aligned plasma flow, and very large depletions in the F peak concentration, thus additionally reducing the height-integrated Pedersen conductivity.
Effects of Liquid Pig Manuare Application Method on the Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil and Growth of Paddy Rice

We have researched the changes of paddy soil properties and rice yield by several different methods to treated with liquid pig manure(LPM). In the execution of this experiment, rice was cultivated to full maturity at a paddy field in Jeollabuk-do in 2011. Field experiment was designed with surface application on dry field condition+jet hose spray(Tr. 1), surface application on dry field condition+incorporation with irrigation water(Tr. 2), surface application on dry field condition+application device of fertilizer through irrigation(Tr. 3), submerged application on irrigated field condition+jet hose spray(Tr. 4), submerged application on irrigated field condition+incorporation with irrigation water(Tr. 5) and submerged application on irrigated field condition+application device of fertilizer through irrigation(Tr. 6) plot. Total N, P, K contents in used LPM were 0.44%, 0.07% and 0.14%, respectively. After the experiment, soil properties were not significant difference both several treated plots. But and contents at incorporation with irrigation water plots in paddy soil were higher than other plots. The yield was 602 kg in Tr. 2 plot compared Tr. 6 plot, which showed a value of 9.6% higher.
Halocarbon emissions estimated from Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment measured pollution events at Trinidad Head, California

[1] The emissions of halogenated gases from the West Coast region of the United States are estimated from measurements from 1995 to 2003 at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment site at Trinidad Head, California. The emissions estimation procedure uses pollution events combined with population densities integrated along back trajectories, and the estimates are constrained by independent estimates of CH4 and N2O emissions from the U.S. West Coast region. The best fit, average emissions of CH4 and N2O and the average chloroform emissions in California, Oregon, and Washington combined from 1996 to 2002 are 44, 3.7, and 0.07 kg person−1 yr−1, respectively. The emissions per person of CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2), and methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) from California in 1996–1998 are calculated to be factors of approximately 2.2, 1.3, 0.7, and 1.6, respectively, less (more for CFC-113) than those reported for the northeastern United States by Barnes et al. (2003). The emission per person of all these gases in the U.S. West Coast region decreased from 1998 to 1999 by a factor of 2 or more, but from 1999 to 2002 the estimated emissions of all four gases have remained fairly constant and are 0.016, 0.048, 0.002, and 0.006 kg person−1 yr−1, respectively. The methyl chloroform estimates suggest a delay of up to 1 year in the decline of the emissions from 1996 to 1998, but otherwise, and in 1999–2000, in contrast to the Millet and Goldstein (2004) results, they are in agreement with the average methyl chloroform emissions per person for the United States based on the UNEP country by country consumption figures (A. McCulloch, private communication, 2004). Averaging the Trinidad Head and the Barnes et al. (2003) per person estimates and multiplying by the U.S. population suggests average methyl chloroform emissions in the United States of 18 Gg yr−1 in 1996 to 1998. In 2001–2002, if the ratio of the emissions per person in these two regions was the same as in 1996–1998, we estimate U.S. emissions of 2.2 Gg yr−1, which is one half of the Millet and Goldstein (2004) estimate.
Sea Ice Motion in Response to Surface Wind and Ocean Current in the Southern Ocean

Using satellite-derived daily sea ice motion, this paper presents maps showing the relationship between the ice motion and surface wind, and mean ocean current in the Southern Ocean. The daily ice motions were derived from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) images. The mean ice motion field is characterized by eastward circumpolar drift; northward drifts in the Weddell Sea, Ross Sea, and areas around 80°E; and narrow westward coastal currents. A linear formula is used to examine the relationship between the ice motion and wind. It was found that daily variation in the ice motion is closely correlated with wind speed fluctuation, and that features of mean ice motion are mainly attributable to atmospheric forcing. The speed reduction factor (ratio of ice speed to wind speed) is relatively small near the coast, and increases with distance from the coast. Surface ocean currents beneath the ice cover were derived by subtracting the wind effect from the ice motion. It is revealed that the ocean current field is associated with the bottom topography.
The birth and death of a warm core ring

The birth of a warm core ring is conceptualized as a catastrophic separation process governed by the strong inertial forces within a western boundary current. A frictionless theory based on this postulate and assumed geostrophic balance on completion of the separation process yields a description of ring geometry and velocity distribution in first-order agreement with observation. In particular, maximum velocities of the order of 1 m s−1 are predicted to occur near the perimeter. The initial decay rate of the ring is estimated from an interface friction and entrainment model (using the above maximum velocity) to be about 0.05 day−1, which reduces rapidly, however, as the ring slows down. Interface friction is found to be much more important than entrainment in producing the decay.
Changes in the soil C cycle at the arid‐hyperarid transition in the Atacama Desert

[1] We examined soil organic C (OC) turnover and transport across the rainfall transition from a biotic, arid site to a largely abiotic, hyperarid site. With this transition, OC concentrations decrease, and C cycling slows precipitously, both in surface horizons and below ground. The concentration and isotopic character of soil OC across this transition reflect decreasing rates of inputs, decomposition, and downward transport. OC concentrations in the arid soil increase slightly with depth in the upper meter, but are generally low and variable (∼0.05%; total inventory of 1.82 kg m−2); OC-Δ14C values decrease from modern (+7‰) to very 14C-depleted (−966‰) with depth; and OC-δ13C values are variable (−23.7‰ to –14.1‰). Using a transport model, we show that these trends reflect relatively rapid cycling in the upper few centimeters, and spatially variable preservation of belowground OC from root inputs, possibly during a previous, wetter climate supporting higher soil OC concentrations. In the driest soil, the OC inventory is the lowest among the sites (0.19 kg m−2), and radiocarbon values are 14C-depleted (−365‰ to –696‰) but show no trend with depth, indicating belowground OC inputs and long OC residence times throughout the upper meter (104 y). A distinct depth trend in δ13C values and OC/ON values within the upper 40 cm at the driest site may reflect photochemical alteration of organic matter at the soil surface, combined with limited subsurface decomposition and downward transport. We argue that while root inputs are preserved at the wetter sites, C cycling in the most hyperarid soil occurs through infrequent, rapid dissolved transport of highly photodegraded organic matter during rare rain events, each followed by a pulse of decomposition and subsequent prolonged drought. These belowground inputs are likely a primary control on the character, activity, and depth distribution of small microbial populations. While the lack of water is the dominant control on C cycling, very low C/N ratios of organic matter suggest that when rainfall occurs, hyperarid soils are effectively C limited. The preservation of fossil root fragments in the sediment beneath the driest soil indicates that wetter climate conditions preceded formation of this soil, and that vadose zone microbial activity has been extremely limited for the past 2 My.
CAUSES OF UGHT AVI'ENUATION IN TAMPA BAY AND CHARLOTTE HARBOR, SOUTHWESTERN FLORIDA

: Vertical attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in clear waters of central Florida theoretically can vary almost 50 percent during a sunny summer day as a result of changing solar elevation. We used a simple formula to partially adjust the attenuation coefficient in Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor for changing solar elevation of the direct beam and then used multiple regression analysis to estimate the relative contribution of different water properties or constituents to the adjusted attenuation coefficient, kadj. Color, on an average, was responsible for 18 percent of kadj, chlorophyll a for 21 percent, nonchiorophyll suspended matter for 55 percent, and seawater for the remaining 6 percent. In both estuaries, kadj increased with decreasing salinity as a result of freshwater runoff adding color, suspended matter, and nutrients. Nutrients affected attenuation by stimulating phytoplankton growth and increasing concentrations of chlorophyll a. Reduced nutrient loading to upper Tampa Bay (Hilisborough Bay) in the early to mid-1980's appears to have decreased concentrations of chlorophyll a, increased water clarity, and increased seagrass recolonization. Assuming other attenuating substances remained unchanged, the decrease in the average concentration of chlorophyll a from 30 to 15 μg L−1 would correspond to an increase in the depth of light penetration necessary for seagrass survival (>10 percent incident light) from 1.0 to 1.5 m, which, on a relatively flat sea bed (slope of 2 m/km), would increase the area potentially available for seagram recolonization by 0.25 km2/km of shoreline.
Soil Rehabilitation through Afforestation: Evaluation of the Performance of Prosopis juliflora , Dalbergia sissoo and Eucalyptus tereticornis Plantations in a Sodic Environment

A field study was initiated in 9-year-old rehabilitation plots, in the Sultanpur district (26° 10'-26° 40'N, 81° 45'-82° 30'E) of Uttar Pradesh, India, to evaluate the efficiency of Prosopis juliflora, Dalbergia sissoo, and Eucalyptus tereticornis to improve the chemical properties of sodic soil. It was found that the soil reaction and exchangeable Na + percentage had declined and the amount of organic C, Kjeldahl N, NaHCO 3 extractable P, and NaOAc K + had increased in all the three plantations under study. P. juliflora proved more efficient in reducing soil pH, displacing Na + from exchange complex and raising the organic carbon and nutrient status in comparison to D. sissoo and E. tereticornis.
Multiphase deformation and its relationship to metamorphic crystallisation at Haast River, South Westland, New Zealand

Abstract The temporal and spatial relationships between multiphase folding, faulting, dike swarm intrusion, and metamorphic crystallisation are discussed for a suite of meta-morphic rocks from the Haast River area (S87, S98), South Westland. Metamorphic reconstitution is sufficiently far advanced in the map area that most structures developed contemporaneous with sedimentation in the New Zealand Geosyncline are now obliterated. The oldest recognisable mesoscopic structures, representing the initiation of Rangitata Orogenic movements in this area, are tight mesoscopic, isoclinal F1 folds. Macroscopic folds of the same generation are considered to be recumbent isoclinal folds or nappes. In localised areas F1 folds are refolded by a second synmetamorphic folding phase, F2. The hinge zone of a macroscopic, isoclinal, F2 antiformal fold has been located and mapped out in the eastern sector of the map area. Although metamorphic temperatures were maintained at high values during F1 and especially F2 deformation,.
Error analysis of linearized semi-implicit Galerkin finite element methods for nonlinear parabolic equations

This paper is concerned with the time-step condition of commonly-used linearized semi-implicit schemes for nonlinear parabolic PDEs with Galerkin finite element approximations. In particular, we study the time-dependent nonlinear Joule heating equations. We present optimal error estimates of the semi-implicit Euler scheme in both the $L^2$ norm and the $H^1$ norm without any time-step restriction. Theoretical analysis is based on a new splitting of the error and precise analysis of a corresponding time-discrete system. The method used in this paper can be applied to more general nonlinear parabolic systems and many other linearized (semi)-implicit time discretizations for which previous works often require certain restriction on the time-step size $\tau$.
Application of dipmeter data in structural interpretation, Niger Delta

Abstract Modern 3D seismic techniques provide both high resolution and dense coverage for interpretation of subsurface structures, and are a great improvement on older 2D methods. Features at the lower limit of seismic resolution, however, are often not resolved and interpretation can be ambiguous. Structures at this scale, in particular small-scale faults, are critical for optimum placement of production wells and enhanced field development. Integration of structural analysis techniques from borehole dipmeter data with 3D seismic data allows re-examination of an interpretation and enhancement of such small-scale features. Dipmeter analysis of a faulted structure in the Niger Delta has enhanced the structural model derived from 3D seismic. The faulted intervals were first identified using vertical dip trend analysis, and the faults were orientated by applying stereographic techniques to bedding dips in zones of fault-related deformation. Near-wellbore structure was then modelled by constructing dipmeter-based cross-sections using an interactive workstation, and minimum fault throw was estimated from these models. Accurate positioning of the faults on the seismic data was achieved by time-indexing the dipmeter log, and the structure was integrated with the present-day stress regime using borehole breakout analysis. Application of these methods has allowed faults that were below seismic resolution to be identified and oriented, and for these to be explained in terms of the regional structural regime.
Attitudes towards road safety and aberrant behaviour of drivers in Pakistan

The aberrant behaviour of drivers is regarded as the most significant contributory factor in road traffic accidents in Pakistan. This research is founded on the premise that personal attitudes are key determinant of driving behaviours, and aims to identify the key socio-cognitive determinants of aberrant driving in response to the lack of road safety research in the country. A multi-method approach is taken and three studies have been carried out. Study 1, a qualitative study, based on interviews, provides a common understanding of the road safety issues in Pakistan. Study 2, a quantitative study, used the results of Study 1 to generate an Attitudinal Questionnaire (AQ) which was inspired by the Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB: Ajzen 1991), and a modified Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ: Lawton et al. 1997) focusing on intentional traffic violations. The study obtained self-reports of attitudes, norms, perceived control and opinion of drivers regarding a number of road traffic violations and enforcement as well as their aberrant behaviours. The responses to the statements in the questionnaires were first factor analysed to identify underlying attitudinal and behavioural constructs. Later, Cluster Analysis used attitudinal constructs to group drivers into four distinct clusters, namely the autonomous, opportunists, regulators and risk-averse. In Study 3, the real-world driving behaviours of a sample of the drivers in each of the four clusters were observed using the Wiener Fahrprobe (WF: Risser 1985) technique. The collective results from the studies indicate that the behaviours of drivers are interpretable in relation to their attitudes, and are partly influenced by their socio- demographic characteristics and driving environment. Specifically, attitudes towards enforcement and rule-compliance appear to be the strongest determinant of behaviours of drivers in Pakistan. Results in particular indicate that being affluent, female and student negatively influence driving behaviours in the country. The research also examines the suitability and applicability ofthe AQ, DBQ, and the WF techniques and methods within a Pakistani context. Finally, the research findings are used to recommend targeted as well as general information-based road safety solutions.
GPS derived spatial ionospheric total electron content variation over South-Indian latitudes during intense geomagnetic storms

The geomagnetic storms are turbulence in geomagnetic field when interplanetary magnetic field driven by solar wind move southward and continue for extended period of time. Although these occur less frequently, but may energize ionospheric electrons and particles adversely affecting ground- and space-based electronic systems. Ionosphere at higher latitude is more prone to geomagnetic storms. Over lower latitude region like Indian sub-continent, the effect is less prominent but still can exhibit many distinctive effects like scintillations, equatorial ionization anomaly, fountain effect and equatorial electrojets. The increased numbers of free electrons in ionosphere introduce delays in global positioning system (GPS) satellite signals resulting in errors during GPS positioning. In a dual frequency GPS receiver, the line integral of free electron density along the pathway of signal through the ionosphere (i.e., Total Electron Content, TEC) can be measured. In this present paper, GPS observation data of three low latitude GPS stations in India located at Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai during four severe geomagnetic storms from 2003-2005, are processed to measure ionospheric TEC during the events. The measured TEC at each of the station is compared with quietest days of the months to investigate its abnormal changes in responses to severe geomagnetic storms. The consequences of TEC variation is analyzed and correlated with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF-Bz), geomagnetic Kp and Dst-indices to study its behavioral changes during the storms. Eventually the aim of the study is to estimate the influence of ionospheric condition on GPS positioning to devise suitable method for accurate position measurements in the low latitude Indian region.
Sedimentology of the Palaeoproterozoic Barney Creek Formation in DDH BMR McArthur 2, southern McArthur Basin, Northern Territory

The 122 m‐long diamond drillcore DDH BMR McArthur 2 was collared in Reward Dolomite approximately 23 km southwest of McArthur River Mine. It intersected 25 m of Reward Dolomite and was terminated in the underlying Barney Creek Formation, comprising 97 m of grey to black dolomitic siltstone and shale. Facies and geochemical characteristics suggest that the lowermost 15 m of the intersection represent the upper part of the W‐Fold Shale Member, and the overlying 82 m has a close affinity to the HYC Pyritic Shale Member. Sedimentary‐facies‐based analysis of the core indicates that the entire succession accumulated in a quiet, reduced, sub‐wave‐base environment. However, the restriction of key facies to discrete stratigraphic intervals indicates subtle fluctuations in environmental conditions, chiefly water depth, during deposition. A schematic relative water depth curve has been constructed that identifies two periods of increasing water depth (one from the W‐Fold Shale Member into the lower part of the HYC P.
Tourist expenditures: the state of the art

This article explores the spending literature in the field of hospitality and tourism management to achieve a better understanding of the evolution of this stream. The paper uses a bibliometric approach and is based on 124 papers published in seven leading hospitality and tourism journals from 1990 to 2011. The findings have revealed that the weight of spending literature appeared less than expected. The amount of spending research was primarily published in tourism journals, and in particular in the Journal of Tourism Research, followed by Annals of Tourism Research. In contrast, hospitality journals contributed marginally to the debate. Two fields of analysis emerge as primary research areas: determinants of tourist expenditures and measurement of economic impacts. The former stream contains a large number of research studies. The sample is primarily composed of empirical papers, while theoretical work remains at a consistently low level. Empirical evidences are primarily related to North America.