Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Note on Hamiltonicity of basis graphs of even delta-matroids

We show that the basis graph of an even delta-matroid is Hamiltonian if it has more than two vertices. More strongly, we prove that for two distinct edges $e$ and $f$ sharing a common end, it has a Hamiltonian cycle using $e$ and avoiding $f$ unless it has at most two vertices or it is a cycle of length at most four. We also prove that if the basis graph is not a hypercube graph, then each vertex belongs to cycles of every length $\ell\ge 3$, and each edge belongs to cycles of every length $\ell \ge 4$. For the last theorem, we provide two proofs, one of which uses the result of Naddef (1984) on polytopes and the result of Chepoi (2007) on basis graphs of even delta-matroids, and the other is a direct proof using various properties of even delta-matroids. Our theorems generalize the analogous results for matroids by Holzmann and Harary (1972) and Bondy and Ingleton (1976).
Out-of-Distribution Detection for Monocular Depth Estimation

In monocular depth estimation, uncertainty estimation approaches mainly target the data uncertainty introduced by image noise. In contrast to prior work, we address the uncertainty due to lack of knowledge, which is relevant for the detection of data not represented by the training distribution, the so-called out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Motivated by anomaly detection, we propose to detect OOD images from an encoder-decoder depth estimation model based on the reconstruction error. Given the features extracted with the fixed depth encoder, we train an image decoder for image reconstruction using only in-distribution data. Consequently, OOD images result in a high reconstruction error, which we use to distinguish between in- and out-of-distribution samples. We built our experiments on the standard NYU Depth V2 and KITTI benchmarks as in-distribution data. Our post hoc method performs astonishingly well on different models and outperforms existing uncertainty estimation approaches without modifying the trained encoder-decoder depth estimation model.
Identifying key policy objectives for strong primary care: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to identify key policy objectives by investigating the perception of important stakeholders and affected professionals concerning relevance and feasibility of a successful primary care (PC) reform. Background: Since 2013, the Austrian PC system has been undergoing a reform process to establish multiprofessional primary care units. The reforms have various defined objectives and lack clear priorities. Methods: After the definition and consensus-based selection of 12 policy objectives, a cross-sectional online survey on their relevance and feasibility was distributed via email and social media to PC and public health networks. The survey was conducted in the period from January to February 2020. Results were analyzed descriptively, and further, Pearson Chi-Square Test or Fisher’s Exact Test was performed for group comparison regarding respondents’ characteristics. Open-ended responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings: In total, 169 questionnaires were completed. A total of 46.3% of the responders had more than 20 years of professional experience (female: 60.5%). A mandatory internship in general practice, vocational training for general practice, and a modern remuneration system were the three top-rated policy objectives regarding relevance. A mandatory internship in general practice, specialization in general practice, and coding of services and diagnosis were assessed as the most feasible objectives. The group comparisons regarding working field, years of professional experience, age, and sex did not show any meaningful results in the evaluation of relevance and feasibility. Discussion: In the view of the study participants, easily obtainable objectives include adapting the duration and setting of internships for medical students, as well as mandatory vocational training for GP trainees. Further efforts are necessary to achieve complex objectives such as the adoption of a modern remuneration scheme and a comprehensive quality assurance program. Building capacity and creating team-oriented environments are also important aspects of a successful PC reform.
Understanding the Contribution of Recommendation Algorithms on Misinformation Recommendation and Misinformation Dissemination on Social Networks

Social networks are a platform for individuals and organizations to connect with each other and inform, advertise, spread ideas, and ultimately influence opinions. These platforms have been known to propel misinformation. We argue that this could be compounded by the recommender algorithms that these platforms use to suggest items potentially of interest to their users, given the known biases and filter bubbles issues affecting recommender systems. While much has been studied about misinformation on social networks, the potential exacerbation that could result from recommender algorithms in this environment is in its infancy. In this manuscript, we present the result of an in-depth analysis conducted on two datasets (Politifact FakeNewsNet dataset and HealthStory FakeHealth dataset) in order to deepen our understanding of the interconnection between recommender algorithms and misinformation spread on Twitter. In particular, we explore the degree to which well-known recommendation algorithms are prone to be impacted by misinformation. Via simulation, we also study misinformation diffusion on social networks, as triggered by suggestions produced by these recommendation algorithms. Outcomes from this work evidence that misinformation does not equally affect all recommendation algorithms. Popularity-based and network-based recommender algorithms contribute the most to misinformation diffusion. Users who are known to be superspreaders are known to directly impact algorithmic performance and misinformation spread in specific scenarios. Findings emerging from our exploration result in a number of implications for researchers and practitioners to consider when designing and deploying recommender algorithms in social networks.
Guidelines for Designing Social Networking Sites for Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Thematic Synthesis

Social networking site (SNS) inaccessibility remains a barrier for many older adults. Increasingly, research has sought to address these shortcomings with recommendations for design. However, commercial uptake of these findings remains limited, in part, due to the scattering of recommendations across publications, heterogeneity in the SNS systems and features examined, and a lack of sensitivity within the existing guidelines to the heterogeneity of the target demographic. To counter these challenges, we conducted a systematic review following a thematic synthesis approach of 25 empirical studies on SNS design recommendations for older adults. From these, we synthesized a cohesive set of ten distinct design recommendations. These include ensuring an easy-to-use interface, improving social connection features, ensuring personal privacy, and introducing customized features and personalized content. In synthesizing the results, particular care was taken to capture the ways in which population diversity moderates recommendations. The results of this review can serve as a resource for designers and practitioners working on inclusive SNS for older adults. They also highlight the need for additional research into understanding user diversity in relation to SNS accessibility.
The elevation of a unique population of Corynosoma strumosum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from the Caspian seal, Pusa caspica, in the Caspian Sea to Corynosoma neostrumosum n. sp.

Abstract An isolated population of 700 specimens initially described as Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904 and currently reassigned to Corynosoma neostrumosum n. sp. was collected from one young male Caspian seal, Pusa caspica (Gmelin) in the southern land-locked Caspian Sea in April 2009. Collected worms were morphologically unique compared with those reported by other observers in open waters, especially in shape and distribution of proboscis hooks and trunk spines, dorso-ventral differences in proboscis hooks and their organization, the baldness of anterior proboscis, consistently smaller size of trunk and testes, larger eggs, the rough egg topography, epidermal micropores, and variations in the female gonopore. Molecular data from the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA and the mitochondrial cox1 gene was also provided to supplement the morphological study of the new species.
Runoff and sediment yield predictions in a semiarid region of Brazil using SHETRAN

A display system and method of displaying data relating to a generator control unit for an aircraft having a first memory of a first type and a second memory of a second type. The first memory contains display data relating to a generator control unit for an aircraft and a plurality of file markers interspersed among the display data, with each of the file markers occupying a respective position in the first memory. The first memory is searched to locate the positions of the file markers. Those positions are stored in the second memory, which is preferably a random-access semiconductor memory. The display data in the first memory is displayed by retrieving a portion of the display data from the first memory based upon the positions stored in the second memory.
The Ross–Delamerian Orogen in the southwest Pacific and Antarctica: an active plate boundary for Gondwana in the late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian

ABSTRACT Neoproterozoic and Cambrian tectonic and magmatic events in southeast Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and the Transantarctic Mountains have been described as aspects of the Ross–Delamerian Orogeny. Summaries of the salient points suggest they are parts of the same active margin that developed along a paleo-Pacific rifted edge of the fragmented Rodinia supercontinent. Late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian subduction produced a major magmatic arc that cuts Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian rocks. The Ross–Delamerian Orogen includes two exotic blocks, the Beardmore and VanDieland microcontinents, which accreted in the early Cambrian and middle Cambrian respectively. Other possible exotic elements are the Bowers Terrane in northern Victoria Land and the Takaka Terrane in New Zealand, with both sharing a common middle to late Cambrian history. Compressive deformation occurred at poorly constrained intervals in the early Cambrian but is well constrained in the middle Cambrian. In Australia and Victoria Land of Antarctica, magma compositions changed in the late Cambrian reflecting a change to extension. Bi-modal volcanism and stratigraphy in the Pensacola Mountains of Antarctica are similarly interpreted. Subduction slowed and ceased towards the end of the Cambrian implying a change in relative motion along the Australian–Antarctica segment of the Gondwanan plate boundary.
UK Climate Projections science report: Projections of future daily climate for the UK from the Weather Generator

In this report the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) Weather Generator (WG) is introduced. This report covers the needs and principles and how it can be used to assess changes in extremes at spatial and temporal scales finer than the UKCP09 probability distribution functions (PDFs) can provide. Further, an illustration in the way the WG is perturbed to account for future climate change works and some illustrative maps of changes in extremes across the UK are also provided
Meta-analysis of the human upper respiratory tract microbiome reveals robust taxonomic associations with health and disease

The human upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiome, like the gut microbiome, varies across individuals and between health and disease states. However, study-to-study heterogeneity in reported case-control results has made the identification of consistent and generalizable URT-disease associations difficult. In order to address this issue, we assembled 26 independent 16S amplicon sequencing data sets from case-control URT studies, with approximately 2-3 studies per respiratory condition and ten distinct conditions covering common chronic and acute respiratory diseases. We leveraged the healthy control data across studies to investigate URT associations with age, sex and geographic location, in order to isolate these associations from health and disease states. We found several robust genus-level associations, across multiple independent studies, with either health or disease status. We identified disease associations specific to a particular respiratory condition and associations general to all conditions. Ultimately, we reveal robust associations between the URT microbiome, health, and disease, which hold across multiple studies and can help guide follow-up work on potential URT microbiome diagnostics and therapeutics.
CD20 is a mammalian odorant receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators

The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates between millions of odorants to elicit appropriate behavioral responses. While much has been learned about how olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and signal their presence, how specific innate, unlearned behaviors are initiated in response to ethologically relevant odors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the 4-transmembrane protein CD20, also known as MS4A1, is expressed in a previously uncharacterized subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium of the murine nasal cavity and functions as a mammalian odorant receptor that recognizes compounds produced by mouse predators. While wild-type mice avoid these predator odorants, mice genetically deleted of CD20 do not appropriately respond. Together, this work reveals a novel CD20-mediated odor-sensing mechanism in the mammalian olfactory system that triggers innate behaviors critical for organismal survival.
Mycobacterial formation of intracellular lipid inclusions is a dynamic process associated with rapid replication

Intracellular lipid inclusions (ILI) are triacylglyceride rich organelles produced by mycobacteria thought to serve as energy reservoirs. It is believed that ILI are formed as a result of a dosR mediated transition from replicative growth to non-replicating persistence (NRP). ILI rich Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacilli have been reported during infection and in sputum, establishing their importance in Mtb pathogenesis. Studies conducted in mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium abscessus, or lab Mtb strains have demonstrated ILI formation in the presence of hypoxic, nitric oxide, nutrient limitation, or low nitrogen stress, conditions believed to emulate the host environment within which Mtb resides. Here, we show that M. marinum and clinical Mtb isolates make ILI during active replication in axenic culture independent of environmental stressors. By tracking ILI formation dynamics we demonstrate that ILI are quickly formed in the presence of fresh media or exogenous fatty acids but are rapidly depleted while bacteria are still actively replicating. We also show that the cell envelope is an alternate site for neutral lipid accumulation observed during stationary phase. In addition, we screen a panel of 60 clinical isolates and observe variation in ILI production during early log phase growth between and among Mtb lineages. Finally, we show that dosR expression level does not strictly correlate with ILI accumulation in fresh clinical isolates. Taken together, our data provide evidence of an active ILI formation pathway in replicating mycobacteria cultured in the absence of stressors, suggesting a decoupling of ILI formation from NRP.
Heterogeneity of synaptic NMDA receptor responses within individual lamina I pain processing neurons across sex in rats and humans

Excitatory glutamatergic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are key regulators of spinal pain processing, and yet the biophysical properties of NMDARs in dorsal horn nociceptive neurons remain poorly understood. Despite the clinical implications, it is unknown whether the molecular and functional properties of NMDAR synaptic responses are conserved between males and females as well as from rodents to humans. To address these translational gaps, we systematically compared individual and averaged excitatory synaptic responses from lamina I pain-processing neurons of adult Sprague Dawley rats and human organ donors, including both sexes. By combining patch-clamp recordings of outward miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents with non-biased data analyses, we uncovered a wide range of decay constants of excitatory synaptic events within individual lamina I neurons. Decay constants of quantal synaptic responses were distributed in a continuum from 1-20 ms to greater than 1000 ms, suggesting that individual lamina I neurons contain AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-only as well as GluN2A-, GluN2B-, and GluN2D-NMDAR-dominated synaptic events. This intraneuronal heterogeneity in AMPAR– and NMDAR-mediated decay kinetics was observed across sex and species. However, we discovered a decreased relative contribution of GluN2B-dominated NMDAR responses as well as larger amplitude GluN2D-like events at human lamina I synapses compared to rodent synapses, suggesting species differences relevant to NMDAR subunit-targeting therapeutic approaches. The conserved heterogeneity in decay rates of excitatory synaptic events within individual lamina I pain-processing neurons may enable synapse-specific forms of plasticity and sensory integration within dorsal horn nociceptive networks.
Is the social gradient of female obesity in lower income settings reversing and why? An investigation into the association between wealth, education and obesity

Female levels of obesity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are rising. Obesity prevalence has been the greatest in high socio-economic status (SES) groups, but recent evidence suggests a changing pattern with the prevalence of obesity rising rapidly among lower SES groups and exceeding the former - a reversal of the social gradient of obesity. However, inconsistencies in the gradient by SES indicator have put the reversal into question. Using nationally representative surveys, the thesis: 1) examines the time variation in the SES-obesity association splitting SES into two components; and 2) tests the hypothesis that education protects against the obesogenic effects of improved material circumstances through cognitive skills and their influence on media exposure and dietary behaviour. Egypt (~40% female obesity prevalence) is investigated using Demographic and Health Surveys data. Changes in the SES-obesity association over the period 1992-2008 are examined including the separate and joint effects of education and material circumstances on obesity. Then, Egypt is compared with countries of different levels of economic development: Benin, Nigeria, India, Jordan, Peru, Colombia (DHS data) and China (Four-Provinces survey data). Finally, literacy, TV exposure and sweet snack use are investigated as mediators. All estimates are adjusted for age group, area of residence, and number of children using multivariate logistic regression. The findings showed variation over time and by country consistent with the reversal of the social gradient. Education significantly modified the association between material circumstances and obesity at middle levels of country income. There was evidence that literacy and TV exposure may mediate this inter-relationship but the study power limited inferences on dietary behaviour. The findings support the possibility that education drives the reversal of the social gradient of female obesity and that cognitive skills may be more important than material circumstances in preventing female obesity. Thus, investments in education could be viewed as preventive medicine.
Psychological Correlates of Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Among Social Media Users

The recent burgeon on social media usage has contributed to much research examining the role of enmeshing psychological and psychosocial factors. Concerning the existing scenario, this study investigates the networking between narcissism, self-esteem and perfectionistic self-presentation among Facebook and Instagram users. Perfectionistic self-presentation is a major constituent of young people’s identity development and may intensify during the transition to college. Against this backdrop, the study was conducted on 578 Indian students who belonged to the age range of 18-24 years. The result showed that perfectionistic self-presentation was predicted by self-esteem, narcissism, and intense usage of Instagram. The result also divulged the current trend and proclaimed that Instagram is a major online platform where perfectionistic self-presentation is portrayed to salvage the deflated self-esteem.
Reviews

Over the past two decades, the US federal government has devoted a great deal of money to prepare schools for the 21st century: providing funding for computers and hard-wiring, support for institutional infrastructure, and technology training for teachers (US Office of Technology Assessment 1995, Means and Olson 1997, US Department of Education 1998, Culp et al. 2003). Expectantly hoping that computers can be used as a leveraging point toward more successful and more efficient education, government agencies and taxpayers now wait to see if the investment in technology will pay off. In Overused and Undersold: Computers in the Classroom, Cuban provides a unique and thought-provoking perspective on a possibly unsettling answer to this question. This book is a groundbreaking investigation into the nature of technology in schools. It moves beyond current preoccupations with infrastructure and training and instead situates educational technology in personal, political, and historical contexts. Lowtech teachers are portrayed as intelligent professionals negotiating multiple demands rather than as recalcitrant luddites. Cuban dares to suggest that perhaps the biggest problems with technologies for learning have less to do with the technologies themselves and more to do with cultural assumptions about learning. The importance of these ideas cannot be underestimated. Those who position themselves as research and policy advocates of educational technology, however, may find themselves challenged, and possibly even angered, by many of the assertions in this book. Overused and Undersold describes several studies Cuban and colleagues conducted in pre-school, high school, and university classrooms in the areas surrounding California’s San Jose and Palo Alto, a region densely populated by high-tech industry and popularly known as ‘Silicon Valley’. These studies combined ethnographic observations, interviews, opportunistic sampling, surveys, and archival research, and sought to capture the state of educational technology integration in this area of the US. Cuban presents the book as a cross-sectional inquiry into whether or not computers in schools have succeeded in transforming education and are thus worth ‘the financial investment’ (p. 178). As someone who specializes in qualitative research on technology in education and culture, I must confess that I was initially put off by this premise of cost-benefit analysis. My own work is driven by constructivist and socio-cultural perspectives, and I focus on the ways individuals and groups assign meaning and value to the various technologies in their surroundings. Computers, to me, are tools, and the meanings and outcomes characterizing their design and use are largely socially constructed. Thus, the issue of whether or not computers can ‘revolutionize’ anything all by themselves