Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socio-economic status of women in group membership in selected areas of Kwara State, Nigeria

This paper examines the socio-economic status of women in group membership in selected areas of Kwara State, Nigeria with a view of discussing the benefit they enjoyed from this group. It has been reported that women farmers have been disadvantaged in term of access to land and credit availability among others. The study was conducted in selected villages in Kwara State. Cluster random sampling was used for this research. Data collected from the study were subjected to Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. It was found that the average age of members in the women groups is 31 years (84%). All the women are married (100%). However, majority of the women have no formal education (86%). Most benefits enjoyed by the members of women groups are loans and credit secured (91.8%), provision of assistance during hardship (80.6%) and boosting of income (50.7%). The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that the variables (age, educational level, credit secured and income) together explained 30.3% of the total variation in group membership (R2 = 0.303). The Pearson correlation result revealed a significant relationship between age (r = -0.424, P<0.05), educational level (r = -0.440, P<0.05), credit secured (r = 0.359, P<0.05), income (r = 0.430, P<0.05) and group membership. From the results, it is recommended that the women groups should be strengthened and supported by the government through credit availability and training for the group leaders on group dynamics more than what they are experiencing presently. Moreover, the extension agents should advice and frequently follow up and visit the women group.
Assessment of Drought Impact on Groundwater Resources Using SPI Index (Case study: Shahr-e-Babak Plain, Kerman Province)

Investigation of changes in groundwater resources is of great importance in planning and sustainable management of water resources. Knowledge on the relationship between groundwater and drought is prerequisite for water resources management. In this study, climatic variables including evaporation, temperature, precipitation as well as hydrological variables i.e. discharge and groundwater depth from 50 piezometric wells were used for the period of 1992-2015 in the Shar-e-Babak plain, west of Kerman province. The SPI index, the longest period of drought and the number of years faced drought were calculated at first step. Then, trend of SPI index variation, evaporation, discharge and groundwater depth were determined using Mann-Kendall non-parametric trend test. Correlation coefficient was also investigated between groundwater depth, SPI index, evaporation and temperature. Results showed that trends of groundwater depth, evaporation, discharge and drought index were decreasing in most stations during the past 33 years. Evaporation and temperature were not significantly correlated with groundwater depth, but there was a positive correlation between groundwater depth (dependent variable) and SPI index (independent variable) on the scale of 48 months. The highest correlation and regression coefficients were 0.439 and 0.51, respectively, at 99% significance level indicating direct effect of drought on groundwater level in Shahr-eBabak plain. Changes in groundwater depth in association with drought severity and duration as well as decreasing trend indicate that all six stations were facing drought. Among the criteria in SPI index, drought duration was recognized as an appropriate criterion for indicating drought conditions in the study area. It was found that in addition to excessive use of groundwater, prolonged drought periods has more destructive effect than shorter periods on drop of groundwater level.
Middle Ordovician (Whiterockian) trilobites from the Sunblood Formation, District of Mackenzie, Canada

In the South Nahanni River area of the District of Mackenzie, the Middle Ordovician Sunblood Formation comprises mainly limestones and dolostones of intertidal and shallow-subtidal origin, as indicated by the presence of desiccation polygons, fenestral fabric, and oncolites. Faunas of well-preserved, silicified trilobites from a low-diversity, nearshore, Bathyurus-dominated biofacies are compositionally distinct from faunas in correlative strata around North America that represent different shelf to upperslope biofacies. A temporal biostratigraphy applicable to nearshore biofacies through much of the Whiterockian Series consists of five zones, in ascending order: Bathyurus mackenziensis, B. sunbloodensis, B. margareti, B. nevadensis, and B. granulosus. Twenty-six species are assigned to 18 genera, of which Ludvigsenella is new. Three new species of Bathyurus are B. mackenziensis, B. sunbloodensis, and B. margareti.
Numerical simulation of groundwater recharge from an injection well

This paper presents the numerical simulation of groundwater recharge from a point source, that is, injection well using Explicit Finite Difference Model (FDFLOW) and Galerkin Finite Element Model (FEFLOW). The proposed model aims at simulation of groundwater flow in two-dimensional, transient, unconfined aquifer for a chosen synthetic Test Case. These models are validated with reported analytical solutions for a test run period of 210 days. It is found that the FEFLOW model performed better than FDFLOW model in terms of conservation of mass and oscillations in numerical solutions. For simulation of recharge from an injection well test run period of 1500 days is considered. The accretion in groundwater volume from an injection well is analyzed. Further the effect of injection rate of a well and aquifer parameter is analyzed on model results. It is found that both the model solutions are highly sensitive to injection rate and moderately sensitive to transmissivity whereas the specific yield has negligible effect on numerical solutions. Key words: Explicit Finite Difference Model (FDFLOW), Finite Element Model (FEFLOW), model validation, mass balance, courant number, sensitivity of models to recharge rate, transmissivity and specific yield.
Accounting for positional uncertainty in historical shoreline change analysis without ground reference information

ABSTRACT Systematic shifts in shoreline position are important indicators of environmental change. Shoreline position interpreted from historical aerial imagery is frequently used to assess shoreline change. Although most published studies do not formally consider the effects of source error and interpretation error when analysing shoreline change, the effects of these errors may be significant. This article introduces and evaluates a new uncertainty-aware approach to assessing shoreline change in the presence of positional uncertainty and without ground-reference data, which is typical for historical coastline analysis. The overlapping double buffer (ODB) approach extends the epsilon band model to account for the effects of source and interpretation errors on shoreline position, and assesses the degree of overlap in order to distinguish between significant change and noise. This approach improves upon standard shoreline change analytical techniques that use regularly spaced shore–normal transects to measure the direction and magnitude of shoreline change without accounting for error. Shoreline position interpreted from historical aerial images for four sites along the Michigan (USA) coast between 1938 and 2010 were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the ODB approach. An epsilon band was constructed around each shoreline with radius equal to the combined source and interpretation error for each image. These bands were merged and intersected to test whether the observed change was real or an artefact caused by uncertainty in the data sources. The most significant advantage of the ODB approach is its ability to account for uncertainty in shoreline position where ground-reference information does not exist, as is often the case with historical aerial imagery. Results indicate that the overlapping epsilon band method is viable for analysing change in linear features in the absence of a higher-accuracy reference dataset, and that source error contributed more to the positional uncertainty than did interpretation error.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Physiopathology, Molecular Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Approaches

This in-depth study explores various aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis, shedding light on the physiopathology of the infection, advances in molecular diagnostic techniques, and therapeutic approaches currently in development. Our investigation seamlessly integrates fundamental and clinical research data to provide a comprehensive perspective on this debilitating disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, primarily manifested through skin lesions, poses a significant diagnostic challenge. We delve into molecular diagnostic methods, especially PCR, emphasizing their crucial role in accurately detecting the infection. Simultaneously, we examine the implications of the physiopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis, unveiling the complex mechanisms underlying this disease. In terms of treatment, we scrutinize current therapeutic approaches, highlighting limitations associated with using antimonials. Our study also explores alternative solutions, investigating the potential benefits of flavonoids and other natural compounds, thus offering innovative therapeutic perspectives. In conclusion, this research aims to enhance the understanding of cutaneous leishmaniasis from a diagnostic and therapeutic standpoint. This review is an essential resource for healthcare professionals and researchers, laying the groundwork for an integrated and holistic approach to better comprehend and treat this complex disease.
Serological and Molecular Characterization of Occult HBV Infection in Blood Donors from South Italy

Despite good vaccine coverage and careful blood donor selection policies, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still the most frequent viral infection among blood donors (BDs) in Italy, mostly in the occult form (OBI). We studied the virological features of OBI in BDs from South Italy by serology, molecular testing for HBV-DNA, and sequencing for HBV genotypes and mutations. One hundred and two samples from 95 BDs (22.1% first time, 87.9% regular, median age 57 years) positive for HBV-DNA and negative for HBsAg were retrospectively analyzed. HBV biomarkers were detected in 96.9% (anti-HBc in 44.2%, anti-HBc plus anti-HBs in 49.5%, anti-HBs alone in 3.2%). No risk factor was declared by 45.3% of donors. HBV-DNA levels were very low (median: 7 IU/mL). All samples harbored HBV genotype D and single or multiple mutations in the S gene were found in 28/36 sequences analyzed and in 75% of donors. Mutations were unrelated to gender, donor group or serological patterns. An HBsAg assay with enhanced sensitivity was positive in samples from seven donors (7.4%), two of which negative for HBV-DNA by real-time PCR. OBI still represents a risk for HBV transmission from blood donations; screening by highly sensitive serological and molecular assays is warranted.
THE CONTENT OF PROSTANOIDS AND CYCLOOXYGENASES IN COLON TISSUE IN EXPERIMENTAL ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Introduction. The article examines changes in the content of prostaglandins and cyclooxygenases (COX) in colon tissue in ulcerative colitis induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) in a 50% ethanol solution. Based on the obtained results, the authors conclude that changes in the content of the studied parameters, except PGI2, are due to ethanol effect, not DNBS. Both COX isozymes are expressed in normal colon and reduced in ulcerative colitis. The aim. To study the prostanoids (PGE2, PGI2, PGF2α, TBX2 and 8-iso-PGF2α) and COX-1 and -2 contents in colon tissue in experimental ulcerative colitis. Materials and methods. The determination of prostanoids and cyclooxygenases contents in colon tissue by enzyme immunosorbent assay was carried out on three groups of sexually mature laboratory rats of both sexes of the WAG population (1st control group – intrarectal injection of saline; 2nd control group – injection of 50% ethanol; experimental group – injection of DNBS in 50% ethanol). Results. PGE2 and PGI2 contents in colon tissue of experimental group rats were statistically significantly higher compared 1st and 2nd control groups. The content of PGE2 was also increased in 2nd control group versus 1st control one. The increasing PGI2 in 2nd control group versus 1st control was not significant. TBX2 and PGF2α contents in experimental and 2nd control groups were significantly lower compared 1st control. 8-iso-PGF2α (non-enzymatically derived prostanoid) level in experimental group rats was significantly higher compared both controls. 8-iso-PGF2α content in 2nd control group was significantly higher compared 1st one. The content of both COX isoforms in colon tissue in experimental group and 2nd control group rats was significantly lower compared to 1st control group. Conclusions. Both isoforms of COX are expressed in control group colon indicating COX-2 involvement in supporting physiological functions of normal colon tissue. All studied indicators changes, except PGI2, are due to ethanol, not DNBS. Both 50% ethanol and DNBS in 50% ethanol stimulate lipid peroxidation, confirmed by significant increase in 8-iso-PGF2α content. PGE2 and PGF2α contents changes against the background of reduced levels of COX-1 and COX-2 in experimental ulcerative colitis are most likely an adaptive response aimed at maintaining colon homeostasis. PGI2 content changes are due to DNBS, and not to ethanol.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ACID AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES IN MONIEZIA EXPANSA (RUDOLPHI, 1805)

Cestodes or true tapeworms are important group of the Platyhelminthes, endoparasitic in the alimentary tract and associated ducts of various vertebrates and therefore, of great interest to the medical and veterinary profession.Moniezia expansa, the tapeworm under study is the common parasite of oldest domesticated animal sheep. It inhabits the small intestine especially the lower portion and absorb the nutrition of host from the intestine and deprive it of many important nutrients and thus deteriorates the quality of meat, wool, skin of host which leads to ecomical losses as well.Phosphatases are enzymes hydrolysing esters of phosphoric acid and play an important role in many metabolic processes. The histochemical localization of acid and alkaline phosphatase has been studied in Moniezia expansa as an effort to study some of its biological aspects which would help in its control and chemotherapy.Acid phosphatase was found to be localized in tegument, subtegumental cells, parenchymal muscles, interproglottidal gland tegument, Mehlis glands, testes, uterine wall and eggs and was not observed in parenchyma, interproglottidal gland cells, excretory vessels, ovaries and vitellaria. Alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in tegument, subtegumental cells, parenchymal muscles, parenchyma, interproglottidal glands, excretory vessels, membranes enclosing ovaries, vitellaria, Mehlis gland, testes, uterine wall and eggs.The presence of acid phosphatase in testes, mehlis' glands, uterine wall and eggs as well as alkaline phosphatase in eggs in Moniezia expansa has been reported for the first time.Both the acid and alkanine phosphatases showed the variations in their activity in the tegument along the strobila with highest in mature region. This gives the idea of high metabolic activity in the mature region of the cestode. These phosphatases play important role in metabolism of the parasite and seems to be involved in transportation, digestion, distribution of nutrients and metabolites and absorption of metabolic end products.
Evolution of the Taieri River catchment, East Otago, New Zealand

ABSTRACT This paper synthesises geological and biological data to develop an evolutionary history for the Taieri River that currently follows a circuitous 200 km course as one of the main drainages in Otago. The ancestral Taieri River drained only coastal hills initiated in the Miocene, and much of what is now the upper Taieri catchment flowed into the ancestral Clutha River. Major river reorientation events occurred in the upper half of the catchment because of rise of antiformal fold mountains in the Pleistocene, forming a new divide between the Taieri and Clutha catchments. Coeval incision of a gorge through a volcanic rock barrier connected the upper catchment to the lower Taieri River. The sparse Pleistocene sedimentary record documents these drainage changes via contrasting distribution of distinctive clasts derived from greywacke mountains on the northern edge of the Otago Schist belt. These major capture events are also supported by distributions and genetic divergences of freshwater galaxiid fish species. Erosion during Pleistocene rise of the antiformal mountains caused recycling of placer gold into Clutha tributaries before the Taieri River evolved to its present geometry, thereby limiting the placer gold content of the modern Taieri catchment.
Blood-Induced Arthropathy: A Major Disabling Complication of Haemophilia

Haemophilic arthropathy (HA) is one of the most serious complications of haemophilia. It starts with joint bleeding, leading to synovitis which, in turn, can cause damage to the cartilage and subchondral bone, eventually inducing degenerative joint disease. Despite significant improvements in haemophilia treatment over the past two decades and recent guidelines from ISTH and WFH recommending FVIII trough levels of at least 3 IU/dL during prophylaxis, patients with haemophilia still develop joint disease. The pathophysiology of HA is complex, involving both inflammatory and degenerative components. Early diagnosis is key for proper management. Imaging can detect joint subclinical changes and influence prophylaxis. Magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) and ultrasound are the most frequently used methods in comprehensive haemophilia care centres. Biomarkers of joint health have been proposed to determine osteochondral joint deterioration, but none of these biomarkers has been validated or used in clinical practice. Early prophylaxis is key in all severe haemophilia patients to prevent arthropathy. Treatment is essentially based on prophylaxis intensification and chronic joint pain management. However, there remain significant gaps in the knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for HA and prognosis-influencing factors. Better understanding in this area could produce more effective interventions likely to ultimately prevent or attenuate the development of HA.
First year of the new Arctic AWIPEV-COSYNA cabled Underwater Observatory in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen.

15� Abstract. A combined year round assessment of selected oceanographic data and a macrobiotic community assessment was performed from October 2013 to November 2014 in the littoral zone of the polar fjord systems Kongsfjorden on the west coast of Svalbard (Norway). A state of the art remote controlled cabled underwater 20� observatory technology was used for daily vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and turbidity together with a stereo-optical assessment of the macrobiotic community, including fish. The results reveal a distinct seasonal cycle in total species abundances with a significantly higher total abundance and species richness during the polar winter when no light is available under water compared to the summer months when 25� 24-h light is available. During the winter months, a temporally highly segmented community was observed with respect to species occurrence with single species dominating the winter community for restricted times. In contrast, the summer community showed an overall lower total abundance, as well as a significantly lower number of species. The study clearly demonstrates the high potential of cable 30�
Knowledge, Adherence, and Perception of Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis to Treatment Regimens at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan

Background The management of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) demands meticulous adherence to treatment regimens, encompassing hemodialysis (HD) sessions, medication protocols, dietary guidelines, and fluid restrictions. The intricate interplay of factors impacting treatment adherence warrants comprehensive exploration, particularly within Pakistan. Objective To assess knowledge, adherence, and perception regarding the treatment regimens and their determinants among ESRD patients. Methodology Employing a nonprobability, consecutive sampling method, this prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in July and August 2023 at Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. It exclusively enrolled adult patients with a minimum three-month history of hemodialysis. Thorough demographic data were collected, followed by the meticulous administration of a translated version of the End Stage Renal Disease-Adherence Questionnaire (ESRD-AQ) through face-to-face interviews in the native language. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) was used to acquire descriptive statistics, as well as Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations and univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results The study encompassed 119 patients, with a mean age of 43.13 ± 14.99 years. Adherence scores revealed means of 921.83 ± 28.37 for males and 865.18 ± 28.81 for females, out of 1200. Notably, only 10.1% demonstrated good adherence, 31.9% displayed moderate adherence, and 58% exhibited poor adherence. A statistically significant association emerged between better adherence and access to personal transportation (β=-0.225; 95% CI -178.24 to -20.77, p=0.014), with no other demographic factors predicting adherence. Conclusion The study underscores the sobering reality of minimal optimal adherence. Chief impediments include anxiety, alongside challenges such as fistula complications, financial constraints, transportation barriers, and inadequate counseling and motivation. Evidently, robust patient education, sustained motivation, and unwavering support from healthcare providers and institutional entities are imperative to surmount the multifaceted barriers that compromise treatment adherence.