Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new species of shrew (Soricomorpha: Crocidura) from West Java, Indonesia

Abstract We document the existence of a new species of shrew (Soricomorpha, Soricidae, Crocidura) in West Java, Indonesia, using both morphological and genetic data. Relative to other Southeast Asian Crocidura, the new species is medium-sized with a slender body and long tail, which together readily distinguish it from all other Javan shrews. Morphological differences between the new species and Crocidura paradoxura, another long-tailed shrew that is endemic to Sumatra, are subtle, but genetic differences suggest a long, independent evolutionary history. This description brings to 5 the total number of species of Crocidura recognized from Java. All 5 species are endemic to the island and as many as 4 occur in syntopy. Further investigation is needed to document geographical ranges of shrew species on Java, especially along the island's east–west climatic gradient, where previously proposed subspecies boundaries may be coincident with transitions in precipitation patterns.
The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences: Project-Based Learning

Any teacher or parent can tell you that many students are bored in school. But many of them tend to assume that boredom is not a problem with the best students, and that if students tried harder or learned better they wouldn’t be bored. In the 1980s and 1990s, education researchers increasingly realized that when students are bored and unengaged, they are less likely to learn (Blumenfeld et al., 1991). Studies of student experience found that almost all students are bored in school, even the ones who score well on standardized tests (Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, & Whalen, 1993). By about 1990, it became obvious to education researchers that the problem wasn’t the fault of the students; there was something wrong with the structure of schooling. If we could find a way to engage students in their learning, to restructure the classroom so that students would be motivated to learn, that would be a dramatic change. Also by about 1990, new assessments of college students had shown that the knowledge they acquired in high school remained at a superficial level. Even the best scoring students, those at the top colleges, often had not acquired a deeper conceptual understanding of material – whether in science, literature, or math (Gardner, 1991). Educators still face these critical problems today. Learning sciences research provides a potential solution to these problems. Drawing on the cognitive sciences and other disciplines, learning scientists are uncovering the cognitive structure of deeper conceptual understanding, discovering principles that govern learning, and showing in detail that schools teach superficial knowledge rather than deeper knowledge. Drawing on this research, many learning scientists are developing new types of curricula, with the goal of increasing student engagement and helping them develop deeper understanding of important ideas. Our own contribution is articulating the features of project based learning (Blumenfeld et al., 2000; Krajcik et al., 1994). Project-based learning allows students to learn by doing and applying ideas. Students engage in real world activities that are similar to the activities that adult professionals engage in.
Adaptive winter wheat populations: development, genetic characterisation and application.

1Organic Research Centre, Hamstead Marshall, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 0HR 2Humboldt University Berlin, Department of Agronomy and Crops Science, Albrecht Thaer-Weg 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany 3NIAB TAG, Morley Office, Wymondham, Norfolk NR18 9DF 4School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 237, Reading, RG6 6AR 5John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH 6Washington State University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, USA 7Bread Matters Ltd, Macbiehill Farmhouse, Lamancha, West Linton, Peeblesshire EH46 7AZ Scotland
A new species of shallow-water cerianthid (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from South Africa, with remarks on the genus Ceriantheopsis

A new species of tube anemone Ceriantheopsis austroafricanus n. sp. is described from shallow waters in the vicinity of Cape Town, South Africa. This represents the first report of a benthic cerianthid from South African waters. The cnidom and anatomy of other known species of Ceriantheopsis Carlgren are compared with those of the new species, the distributions of the species are mapped and a key provided to their identification.
Vertical Fine Structure of Particulate Matter and Nutrients in Sea Ice of the High Arctic

The vertical fine structure of particulate matter and inorganic nutrients through the bottom layers of sea ice was determined at a site in the Canadian high arctic. Intense vertical gradients of chlorophyll a, nitrate, ammonium, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate developed in the lower 6 cm of the ice as ice algae attained standing crops of 250 mg∙m−2 (up to 60 mg∙L−1) of chlorophyll a. Pigment and inorganic nutrient concentrations were closely correlated, and pools of inorganic nutrient were shown to exist in the particulate matter, suggesting that the extremely high dissolved nutrient concentrations in the bottom ice (e.g. up to 400 μmol∙L−1 nitrate) were derived at least in part from leakage of algal intracellular pools. Nitrogen and phosphorus were present in excess of algal needs, but silicon may not have been. The ratios of particulate organic carbon to chlorophyll a and to particulate organic nitrogen increased from the ice–water interface upwards, consistent with a physiological response of the ice .
Emerging need of Pharmacovigilance: Perspectives of future pharmacist in Pakistan

Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and perception of senior pharmacy students towards pharmacovigilance and reporting of adverse drug reactions. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted from Feb till July 2013 by adopting a pre validated questionnaire distributed to senior pharmacy students (fourth and final year) at different private and public sector universities of Karachi. Four hundred and thirty one students responded to the study survey. Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate students’ demographic information and their response to the questionnaire items. Chi square test was applied to evaluate the association of gender, institution and academic year of students with their response. Result: Pharmacy undergraduate students in Karachi, Pakistan showed positive attitudes towards pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting. They recognized the role of pharmaceutical companies and ministry of health in ADR reporting and agreed that the ADR reporting system in Pakistan needs further development. Conclusion: It is concluded that pharmacy students were motivated to practice pharmacovigilance during their clerkship as well as professional career. A nationwide survey including all pharmacy institutions of Pakistan would provide further evidence.
Collective orientation by nocturnally migrating australian plague locusts, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): a radar study

The collective orientation of Chortoicetes terminifera (Wlk.) migrating at night in New South Wales was studied with a radar. Measurements of the distribution of insect echoes on the radar's plan-position-indicator display provide information about the variation of both the direction and the degree of orientation with both height and time. A quantitative analysis procedure used in a detailed study of one particularly interesting series of observations is described. It was found that collective orientation occurred frequently, and that it sometimes became very well-developed. The direction of orientation remained approximately constant for long periods, but did not appear to be consistently related to any obvious directional cue; changes in direction were observed on occasions, however, and one such change was clearly associated with a change in the direction of the wind. The degree of collective orientation was a rather more variable quantity than the direction, and increases in degree were sometimes associated with increases in the number of locusts arriving at the observation site.
Dietary shifts in the copepod Temora longicornis during spring: evidence from stable isotope signatures, fatty acid biomarkers and feeding experiments

The calanoid copepod Temora longicornis occurs year-round in the southern North Sea. Owing to its limited ability to store energy, this species relies on a constant food supply. Thus, when the phytoplankton stock as the primary food source is low in winter and early spring, T. longicornis needs to utilize other food items. In this study, the feeding strategy of T. longicornis females is elucidated using a broad methodological approach. From March to May 2005 we conducted weekly grazing experiments using natural plankton ( 12.5 μm. Feeding on dinoflagellates was generally intense; diatoms were ingested mainly in March. Thus, the grazing impact of T. longicornis can be substantial on those taxa, which are selected for.
Education's Missing Link: How Private School Teachers Approach Evolution

ABSTRACT Over 5 million students and 28,000 schools are consistently marginalized or left out of statistics that describe evolution and science education. Although they are relatively few in number compared with their public school counterparts, the millions of students and hundreds of thousands of teachers in private schools need to be counted in research about teaching and learning in the biology classroom. Assumptions have been made about how teachers in these often religious schools teach evolution, but do we have verifiable data? Could teachers in these schools be similar to those in public schools in their teaching of evolution, or is there a silent undercurrent that has not been detected? It is the purpose of this study to reveal more about this underrepresented segment of the population of science teachers.
A Fast and Robust Nonparametric Monitoring Scheme for Free-Form Surface Scanning Data

The advance of new sensing technologies, such as the 3-D laser scanning, creates a data-rich environment for quality control in modern industries. The free-form surfaces of complex manufactured parts can be quickly scanned, producing thousands of data points. To monitor these large-scale surface scanning data, three major challenges have to be solved simultaneously: 1) simple parametric models are no longer sufficient to describe free-form surfaces; 2) the massive data points need fast computations; and 3) the presence of outliers calls for robust analytics. To fulfill this task, this paper proposes a novel monitoring scheme where the control chart is designed based on a new robust bilateral kernel smoothing method. A fast approximation algorithm is also developed for efficient online monitoring. This fast and robust nonparametric control chart shows significant superiority for surface monitoring in our numerical simulations. Finally, a real case study demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed scheme in monitoring the stability of a 3-D printing process. Note to Practitioners—Recently, the widespread use of 3-D laser scanners in industries enables engineers to digitize any free-form surface into thousands of data points, which provides an unprecedented opportunity for quality control of complex manufactured products. This paper proposes a monitoring scheme which caters to arbitrary geometric features on a surface. Practitioners need no prior and specific surface mathematical models. A robust estimate of the surface can be quickly derived from the noisy scanning data by an approximation algorithm. Then, a statistic calculating the deviation of this surface from the target one is plotted in a control chart to monitor the stability of the manufacturing process. In practice, this monitoring scheme can be integrated with the 3-D laser scanner as a new production module for automatic quality control and decision making.
Gençlik Merkezi Üyeleri ve Bazı Değişkenlere Göre Serbest Zaman Tatmin Düzeyleri

Bu calismanin amaci Ankara, Bolu ve Duzce’deki genclik merkezleri uyelerinin serbest zaman tatmin duzeylerinin arastirilmasi ve genclik merkezi uyelerinin bazi demografik ozellikleri ile serbest zaman tatmin duzeyleri arasindaki iliskilerin belirlenmesidir. Arastirmanin evrenini bu ilerdeki genclik merkezi uyeleri olustururken orneklem grubu ise bu merkezlerden ulasilabilir orneklem yoluyla secilen ve arastirmaya gonullu olarak katilan 155’i kadin ve 216’si erkek olmak uzere toplam 371 uyeden olusmustur. Arastirma verileri toplanmasinda, “Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS)” Serbest Zaman Tatmin Olcegi (SZTO – Uzun Versiyon) kullanilmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore, cinsiyet degiskeni ile serbest zaman tatmin duzeyi arasinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli bir fark bulunmustur. Ayrica, genclik merkezine uyelik suresi, genclik merkezine devam etme sikligi ve uye olunan genclik merkezleri degiskenleri ile serbest zaman tatmin duzeyi arasinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli pozitif iliskiler belirlenmistir
Intraspecific seed trait variations and competition: passive or adaptive response?

Summary 1. The phenotype of offspring depends on the abiotic and biotic environment in which the parents developed. However, the direct effects of competition experienced by parent plants on single-seed traits are poorly documented despite their impact on plant fitness. 2. We hypothesize that single-seed traits can differentially respond to the resource deficiencies of parent plants due to competition: seed quality may decrease as seed number does, magnifying the negative effects of competition for offspring ('passive response' hypothesis), or increase and then enhance offspring fitness to offset the reduction in offspring number ('adaptive response' hypothesis). Here we tested these hypotheses for four single-seed traits. We assessed the sensibility of their responses to changes in competition intensity due to species with different competitive effects and to contrasting soil nitrogen conditions. 3. In a common-garden experiment, four single-seed traits related to fitness - seed mass, seed nitrogen concentration (SNC), germinability and the timing of germination - were measured on a phytometer species transplanted in 14 different neighbours grown in monoculture with and without soil nitrogen limitation. 4. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, the responses of SNC and of the timing of germination were passive and mainly related to the effects of neighbours on soil nitrogen availability, as shown by the increase in SNC with N-fixing neighbours. Within-individual seed mass variability decreased with increasing competition intensity, as an adaptive response to counterbalance the reduction in seed production. With nitrogen supplementation, competitors had no detectable effect on single-seed traits despite an overall increase in SNC and germination rate, confirming their nitrogen-dependent passive responses to competition. Germinability did not change among treatments. 5. The impact of competition on single-seed traits depends on both phytometer trait identity and resource modulation by neighbours. The passive response of seed chemical composition to competitors may magnify the competitive effects on offspring. By contrast, the adaptive response of seed size variability may offset these competitive effects. As a consequence, experiments looking at the fitness consequences of competition should not only consider the effects on fitness parameters of a target plant but also on the offspring.
Checklist of fishes of Lower Subansiri river drainage, Northeast India

Two hundred and four fish species belonging to 34 families were collected from natural water bodies of downstream Subansiri river drainage. Cyprinidae found to be the dominant family with 72 species. Bagridae, Sisoridae, Erethistidae, Nemacheilidae, Cobitidae, Channidae, Schilbeidae, Osphronemidae and Siluridae were the other species rich families containing five to sixteen fish species. The collection contained 4, 5 and 22 fish species belonging to Endangered, Vulnerable and Near Threatened categories respectively. Further, 16 Data Deficient fishes were also collected during the study. Accumulation of such a large number of fish species from a single river is rare in entire Indian subcontinent and elsewhere. The checklist of fishes presented herein will serve as a database for future management of fishes in Northeastern region of India.
Predators and Predation Rates of Skylark Alauda arvensis and Woodlark Lullula arborea Nests in a Semi-Natural Area in the Netherlands

Predation is a major cause of breeding failure in bird species with open nests. Although many studies have investigated nest predation rates, direct identification of nest predators is sporadic, especially in (semi-)natural habitats. We quantified nest success and identified nest predators in a population of Skylarks Alauda arvensis and Woodlarks Lullula arborea breeding in a protected semi-natural area dominated by heathland and different succession states of grassland on nutrient-poor soil in The Netherlands. We monitored 54 nests by means of continuous video surveillance to determine survival times and predators, and monitored another 44 nests without a camera. Fates of the 58 (40) Skylark (Woodlark) nests were: fledging 41 (27), depredation 13 (12), egg desertion 1 (0) and nestling death 3 (1). The overall nest success of all monitored nests (58 (40), Mayfield estimate) was 33% (22%; all mortality factors considered) or 43% (25%; only depredation). Predators of Skylark nests were Red Fox Vulpes vulpes (5), Carrion Crow Corvus corone (1) and European Adder Vipera berus (1). Woodlark nests were depredated by Carrion Crow (2), Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius (1) and Red Fox (1). Results suggest that the main nest predators might differ between the two co-occurring lark species; Skylark nests located in more open sites were preyed upon mainly by Red Fox, while the main predators of Woodlark nests, located generally closer to trees, are corvids.
Nitrogen and phosphorus allocation in leaves, twigs, and fine roots across 49 temperate, subtropical and tropical tree species: a hierarchical pattern

Summary 1. Hierarchical branching is a fundamental feature of trees. Understanding how tree architecture is linked to tissue nutrient concentrations, metabolic rates, and life cycles is important for predicting ecosystem processes such as respiration, module turnover, and organic matter decomposition. 2. Here, we examined branch order–nutrient relationships in above- and belowground tree branching systems by analysing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and N : P ratio in leaves, the first three orders of twigs, and the first five orders of roots in 49 tree species, including 21 temperate angiosperm species, six temperate gymnosperm species, and 22 subtropical-tropical angiosperm species. 3. Tissue [N] and [P] declined linearly with increasing twig and root orders across all species. The slope of the linear regression between root order and root [N] was the same between temperate and subtropical-tropical angiosperms, but steeper in angiosperms than gymnosperms. In contrast, root order–[P] relationship differed between biomes but not between phylogenetic groups, probably due to the significantly lower P availability in subtropical-tropical soils. Additionally, the magnitude of change in tissue [N] and [P] between successive shoot and root branch orders was not constant across branching levels. Among all fine root orders, first order root tips had [N], [P], and N : P ratio most similar to those of leaves. 4. These results demonstrate that there is a general inverse order–nutrient relationship in above- and belowground modules, though specific patterns of this relationship differed between N and P, and between species groups. Moreover, among all root orders within the fine root guild, root tips are the best parallels of leaves in nutrient concentrations. The order–nutrient relationships presented here advances our understanding of functional module construction in trees, and provide a basis for modelling tissue chemistry-regulated processes such as respiration and decomposition in forest ecosystems.
Data Insights : Jobs, Skills and Migration Trends Methodology and Validation Results

The World Bank Group-LinkedIn partnership pilots the use of private company data for generating insights on development trends. This partnership is a three-year effort between the WBG and LinkedIn to investigate the extent to which LinkedIn's data can inform policy. The first phase of the partnership evaluates LinkedIn data covering 100 countries with at least 100,000 LinkedIn members, distributed across 148 industries and 50,000 skills categories. The second and third phase focus on automating and scaling insights, and expanding joint research. This methodology report describes the construction and validation of metrics on skills, industry employment, and talent migration in over 100 countries. This report has three objectives: (1) document the characteristics and coverage of LinkedIn data; (2) report the methods used to develop new metrics; and (3) showcase examples of policy questions that can be answered with this non-traditional data. Because this is the first time that LinkedIn has shared a non-traditional dataset with a third-party organization globally as a public good (strictly unremunerated), it is important that we make these methodology and validation results available so that researchers and policy-makers can build on this initial effort by the WBG and LinkedIn.
The effect of plant density on epiphytic macroinvertebrates associated with a submerged macrophyte, Lagarosiphon ilicifolius Obermeyer, in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe

The effect of variations in the density of a submerged macrophyte, Lagarosiphon ilicifolius, on epiphytic macroinvertebrate community structure in the shallow waters of a sheltered bay of Lake Kariba were investigated. The body size class distributions of a mayfly, Cloeon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), and the damselfly family, Coenagrionidae, were also assessed with respect to variation in vegetation density. Macroinvertebrates were sampled from low-, moderate- and high-density beds of L. ilicifolius. There were no significant differences in individual taxon and total macroinvertebrate abundances, macroinvertebrate richness and diversity with respect to vegetation density. In all three density categories the functional feeding group (FFG) composition was dominated by collector-gatherers and collector-filterers. The abundance of the two FFGs did not change significantly within each, as well as among, the three vegetation-density categories (ANOVA, p > 0.05). The largest size class of Cloeon occurred only in high-density beds, whereas the largest coenagrionid individuals were obtained from low- and moderate-density beds and were absent from high-density beds. The results suggest that variation in the density of Lagarosiphon does not affect epiphytic macroinvertebrate community structure, but does affect body-size distributions of macroinvertebrate taxa, probably by affecting predator-prey interactions.