Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
All Recognition is Accomplished By Interacting Bottom-Up Sensory and Top-Down Context Bias in Occipital to Frontal Cortex Neural Networks

Recognition of every word is accomplished by close collaboration of bottom-up sub-word and word recognition neural networks with top-down cognitive word context expectations. The utility of this context appropriate collaboration is substantial savings in recognition time, accuracy and cortical neural processing resources. Repetition priming, the simplest form of context facilitation, has been studied extensively, but behavioral and cognitive neuroscience research has failed to produce a common shared model. Facilitation is attributed to temporary lowered word recognition thresholds. Recent fMRI evidence identifies frontal, prefrontal, left temporal cortex interactions as the source of this priming bias. Five experiments presented here clearly demonstrate that word recognition facilitation is a bias effect. Context-Biased Fast Accurate Recognition, a recurrent neural network model, shows how this anticipatory bias is accomplished by interactions among top-down conceptual cognitive networks and bottom-up lexical word recognition networks. Signal detection theory says that this facilitation bias is offset by the cost of miss-recognizing similar, but different words. However, the prime typically creates a temporary time-space recognition window within which probability of prime recurrence is substantially raised paradoxically transforming bias into sensitivity.
Interacting tachyonic scalar field

We discuss the coupling between dark energy and matter by considering a homogeneous tachyonic scalar field as a candidate for dark energy. We obtained the functional form of scale factor by assuming that the coupling strength depends linearly on the Hubble parameter and energy density. We also estimated the cosmic age of the Universe for different values of coupling constant.
Deep Predictive Learning in Neocortex and Pulvinar

Abstract How do humans learn from raw sensory experience? Throughout life, but most obviously in infancy, we learn without explicit instruction. We propose a detailed biological mechanism for the widely embraced idea that learning is driven by the differences between predictions and actual outcomes (i.e., predictive error-driven learning). Specifically, numerous weak projections into the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus generate top–down predictions, and sparse driver inputs from lower areas supply the actual outcome, originating in Layer 5 intrinsic bursting neurons. Thus, the outcome representation is only briefly activated, roughly every 100 msec (i.e., 10 Hz, alpha), resulting in a temporal difference error signal, which drives local synaptic changes throughout the neocortex. This results in a biologically plausible form of error backpropagation learning. We implemented these mechanisms in a large-scale model of the visual system and found that the simulated inferotemporal pathway learns to systematically categorize 3-D objects according to invariant shape properties, based solely on predictive learning from raw visual inputs. These categories match human judgments on the same stimuli and are consistent with neural representations in inferotemporal cortex in primates.
The effect of the improperly scanned scan body images on the accuracy of virtual implant positioning in computer-aided design software

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the importance of the defect-free scanning of a scan body by assessing the accuracy of virtual implant positioning in computer-aided design (CAD) software when the scan body image is improperly scanned. MATERIALS AND METHODS A scan body was digitized in a dentiform model using an intraoral scanner, and scanned images with differing levels of image deficiency were generated: 5%, 10%, and 15% deficiency in the flat or rounded area. Using a best-fit image matching algorithm on each of the deficient scan body images, corresponding virtual implants were created. The accuracy of the implant position was evaluated by comparing the linear and angular discrepancies between the actual and virtual positions of the implant. Kruskal-Wallis tests and Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction were used to determine the statistical differences among the seven scanned image deficiency groups (α=.05). RESULTS In general, the linear and angular discrepancies of the implant position in the software increased as the deficiency of the scan body images increased. A 15% scan body image deficiency generated larger discrepancies than deficiency of 5% and 10%. The difference of scan defect position, flat or rounded area, did not affect the accuracy of virtual implant orientation at 5% and 10% deficiency level, but did affect the accuracy at 15% deficiency level. CONCLUSION Deficiencies in the scanned images of a scan body can decrease the accuracy of the implant positioning in CAD software when the defect is large, thus leading to the incorrect fabrication of implant prostheses.
Relationship between Dietary Protein Levels and Betaine Supplementation in Laying Hens

The effects of betaine supplementation on productivity, egg quality, blood components, and liver amino acid concentration were examined in laying hens using a diet with differing levels of CP. A total of 540 Hy-Line Brown laying hens were allotted to 6 treatments with 5 replications for 24 weeks. Treatments were designed with 3 levels of CP (14, 16 and 18%) and 2 levels of betaine supplementation (0 and 600 ppm) in the diet. Egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion were found to be improved significantly as dietary levels of protein increased (P<0.05), but the results for betaine supplementation were different. Eggshell breaking strength, eggshell thickness and Haugh units were not influenced by the supplementary betaine or the level of CP. Serum albumin concentration was significantly elevated in the group fed with 18% CP compared to those in groups fed with other amounts of CP (P<0.05). Supplemental betaine did not affect serum total protein, albumin, or BUN concentration, whereas the uric acid concentration was significantly increased in the betaine-fed groups (P<0.05). Concentrations of liver amino acids were influenced by CP levels and dietary betaine supplementation (P<0.05). In addition, betaine supplementation increased the methionine, aspartate, cystine, glutamate, glycine, proline and tyrosine levels in the livers of birds fed on the 14% CP diet (P<0.05). These results suggest that betaine does not increase productivity, but may affect serum uric acid and liver amino acids in laying hens. Betaine also increased liver amino acid levels in the lower CP groups.
Sex determination by radiographic localization of the inferior alveolar canal using cone-beam computed tomography in an Egyptian population

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible differences in the location of the inferior alveolar canal in male and female Egyptians. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional retrospective study involved the evaluation of 210 CBCT scans of Egyptian individuals (18–70 years old). The inferior alveolar canal was localized by measuring 8 linear dimensions: 2 for the vertical localization of the mental foramen (superior and inferior to the mental foramen), 4 at the first molar bifurcation for the vertical and horizontal localization of the inferior alveolar canal (superior, inferior, buccal, and lingual to the inferior alveolar canal), and 2 for the horizontal localization of the mandibular foramen (anterior and posterior to the mandibular foramen). The measurements were statistically analyzed via comparative analysis, stepwise logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Six of the 8 measured distances differed to a statistically significant extent between the sexes. Regression analysis suggested a logistic function with a concordance index of 84%. The diagnostic accuracy capabilities of the linear measurements as sex predictors were calculated using ROC analysis, and the 6 best predictors for sex determination were selected and ranked from highest to lowest predictive power. Moreover, combining these 6 predictors increased the predictive power to 84%. Conclusion The location of the inferior alveolar canal in the Egyptian population varies significantly by sex; accordingly, this anatomic landmark could be used as a reliable indicator of sexual dimorphism.
Gondwanan mesotherms and cosmopolitan eurytherms: effects of temperature on the development and survival of Australian Chironomidae (Diptera) from tropical and temperate populations

In temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, where stream thermal regimes fluctuate seasonally and predictably, temperature has a role in niche segregation and maintenance of patterns of lotic diversity and distribution, as described by the ‘Thermal Equilibrium Hypothesis’. In Australia, the role of temperature in regulating patterns of diversity and distribution has been obscure, as seasonal variation in stream temperatures can be exceeded by stochastic fluctuation in flow. The thermal responses of five lotic Chironomidae (Diptera) species, contrasting in biogeographic (evolutionary) history, from warm tropical and cool temperate Australian populations, were investigated. All species, including postulated cool-stenotherms, showed broadly eurythermic developmental and morphological responses, and maintained both survivorship and oocyte production at elevated temperatures despite reductions in overall body size. There were subtle differences among species according to biogeographic affinity, with tolerances of Gondwanan species, which were narrower than those of cosmopolitan species, best characterised as ‘mesothermic’, but there was little divergence between populations. These results have implications for the understanding of diversity and distribution of Australian chironomids, and indicate that applicability of the Thermal Equilibrium Hypothesis to Australian lotic faunas may be limited.
EXPANSION OF DIPLOPTERYS AT THE EXPENSE OF BANISTERIOPSIS (MALPIGHIACEAE)

ABSTRACT Phylogenetic analyses of molecular and morphological data have shown the genus Banisteriopsis to be polyphyletic and the genus Diplopterys to be nested within Banisteriopsis subg. Pleiopterys, which is not in the clade that contains the type of the name Banisteriopsis. Therefore, it is necessary to take up the name Diplopterys for the small genus formerly called that plus subg. Pleiopterys of Banisteriopsis. A description of the amplified genus Diplopterys is provided, two new species are described (D. bahiana and D. carvalhoi), and the following new combinations in Diplopterys are proposed, with all combinations by W. R. Anderson and C. Cav. Davis: D. amplectens, D. cachimbensis, D. caduciflora, D. cristata, D. erianthera, D. heterostyla, D. hypericifolia, D. krukoffii, D. leiocarpa, D. longialata, D. lucida, D. lutea, D. nigrescens, D. nutans, D. patula, D. peruviana, D. platyptera, D. populifolia, D. pubipetala, D. rondoniensis, D. schunkei, D. sepium, D. valvata, D. virgultosa, and D. woytkowskii. Illustrations are provided for D. bahiana, D. cabrerana, D. carvalhoi, D. pauciflora, D. pubipetala, and D. valvata.
Impacts of the construction of the Port of Suape on phytoplankton in the Ipojuca River estuary (Pernambuco-Brazil)

In order to address the impact on phytoplankton, sampling was conducted monthly at 4 fixed stations, from April/86 to March/87 at diurnal low and high tide using a plankton net (65 mm mesh size) and a 1 L Van Dorn bottle. Among the 133 taxa identified, marine littoral euryhaline species were most common, outranking Gyrosigma balticum (Ehrenberg) Rabenhorst, Nitzschia sigma (Kutzing) Wm. Smith, Licmophora abbreviata Agardh, Climacosphenia moniligera Ehrenberg, Surirella febigerii Lewis, Terpsinoe musica Ehrenberg and Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reiman and Lewis. The port construction caused significant changes to the phytoplankton community with a strong influence of marine species (mainly dinoflagellate) because of the opening of the reef near the river mouth in 1983. The shallow depth and hydrodynamic brought many littoral species to the water columm. The community was composed by marine euryhaline and limnetic organisms, influenced by the salinity, rain and tide. Species diversity was high (> 3 bits.cel-1) owing to the high environmental heterogeneity (marine, freshwater and benthic interactions). After the port implantation, a strong decrease occurred in phytoplankton density owing to high loads of suspended matter. Lowest values (121,00 cells.l-1) were registered during rainy season. During dry season, when light intensity was higher, phytoplankton presented highest density ( 1,789,000 cells.l-1).
Interfaces between Biophysical and Physiological Ecology and the Population Ecology of Terrestrial Vertebrate Ectotherms

Physiological and biophysical processes interact with a suite of environmental factors to produce important patterns in the population ecology of terrestrial vertebrate ectotherms. We develop a mechanistic approach to understanding the relative contributions of these interactions. Our approach requires a distinction between a life history and a life-history phenotype and allows the incorporation of system-specific trade-offs and constraints in a manner that facilitates the generation of testable predictions for specific populations or sets of populations. We define operant sources of selection and the effects of these averaged over the lifetime of individuals exposed to different environmental factors (available foraging microhabitats, mate availability, preferred egg sites), and synthesize a probabilitistic definition of a life history. We apply this approach to understanding geographic variation in several life-history characters in the saxicolous, iguanid lizard Sceloporus merriami.
The influence of cell-free Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on the phagocytic activity of macrophages

Bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp. are classed as probiotics and are already in mainstream use both in hospitals and the consumer market. They have been shown to confer a beneficial effect upon gastrointestinal health when administered in sufficient dosage; however, little is known on how this is achieved. Past studies have shown probiotics improve a number of pathological conditions by interacting with the host immune system and have demonstrated an increase in lysozyme and production of reactive oxygen species in mononuclear phagocytes. With the aim to understand further the bacteria-host interactions, this study endeavoured to test for the up-regulation of phagocytic activity. A gentamicin protection assay was utilized to quantify Escherichia coli ingested by murine macrophages (J774) at 15, 30 and 60 min periods. A multiplicity of infection of 100:1 was adopted with a bacterial concentration of 1 × 10 7 CFU ml −1 and a macrophage cell number of 1 × 10 5 ml −1 . The assay was performed in DMEM alone or DMEM supplemented with either 20 μg ml −1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 10% cell-free Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) supernatant. Viable bacterial cells recovered from lysed macrophages at 15 min were negligible for all treatments. Following 30 min incubation, bacterial recovery was observed with 6.4, 5.3 and 3.8 E. coli recovered per macrophage from the control, LPS and LGG supernatant treatments, respectively. After 60 min incubation E. coli recovery remained the same for the control group, but declined by approximately an order of magnitude to 0.6 and 0.5 E. coli per macrophage for the LPS and LGG supernatant treatments. The reduced recovery of E. coli cells from macrophages, when treated with LPS or LGG supernatants, suggests these compounds modulate macrophage activity by enhancing phagocytic digestion of bacterial cells.
A Randomized Controlled Study to Compare Hemodynamic Effects between Clonidine and Pregabalin in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is associated with pneumoperitoneum and hemodynamic disturbances. Pregabalin and Clonidine have been used for anesthetic effects, but a better drug for controlling hemodynamic parameters is being investigated. Aims: The study was done to assess and compare the efficacy of preoperative single oral dose of pregabalin and clonidine in maintaining the hemodynamic parameters in the LC. Settings and Design: The prospective, interventional, randomized, comparative, single-blinded study was conducted in the department of anesthesia and surgery from January 2015 to September 2016 after taking approval from the institutional ethical committee. Materials and Methods: The study included a total of 90 patients, aged between 18 and 56 years of both sexes scheduled for elective LC. Patients were randomized into three groups of 30 each who received oral pregabalin 150 mg, clonidine 200 ug, and placebo. The hemodynamic parameters were recorded at various time intervals along with any adverse events. Statistical Analysis: Quantitative variables were compared using unpaired t-test (when the data sets were not normally distributed) between the two groups. Qualitative variables were compared using Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a significant increase in the heart rate (HR) and systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure during laryngoscopy and pneumoperitoneum in the control group as compared to both pregabalin and clonidine. HR was significantly lower in clonidine group after extubation and in postoperative period than both control group and pregabalin group. There was no major difference in the incidence of side effects. Conclusion: Both pregabalin (150 mg) and clonidine (200 ug) were effective in controlling the hemodynamic parameters during LC, with clonidine providing better hemodynamic stability than Pregabalin.
Epithelial lining of the endometrium during the luteal phase in patients under controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

The endometrium is receptive for the embryo and presents an implantation window for a limited time. This study is aimed at highlighting an alternation in pinopod expression and to provide more analysis of the structural characteristics of epithelial lining of the endometrium during luteal phase in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimmulation (COH). Twelve oocyte donors were used. They underwent two endometrial biopsies 2-7 days after human chronic gonadotrophin (HCG) administration. Endometrial epithelial surface appearance was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Microvilli became more uniformly distributed as the luteal phase progressed. Also the central aspects of the cells appeared to protrude more into the endometrial lumen as the cycle progressed. Apical protrusions (pinopods) were noted to develop and regress during the midluteal phase after HCG administration. Pinopods began development in the region of the glandular orifices to become much denser at the glandular orifices than in regions further away from the glands. In conclusion, epithelial lining of endometrium in stimulated cycle during the luteal phase progresses in an orderly manner. This advanced development may result in an alteration of the window of implantation between the developing endometrium and the developing blastocyst and affect pregnancy rates in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimmulation.
Effect of Oral Midazolam in Pain Relief of Patients Need Nasogastric Tube Insertion: A Clinical Trial Study

Objective: Due to the presence of pain during nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion and related complications and lack of positive clinical response of nasopharyngeal anesthesia with lidocaine and the related side effects and limitations in ketamine and intravenous midazolam, this study aims to determine the efficacy of oral midazolam in relieving pain in the patients requiring NGT insertion. Methods: A randomized, triple-blind clinical trial was performed on the patients in the Emergency Department of Zanjan Valiasr and Mousavi Hospitals in Iran, who were nominated for NGT. In each group, 100 patients were examined. Two milligram syrups of midazolam and placebo were administered 20 min before the procedure. In two groups, the pain based on the Visual Analog Scale and satisfaction rate of patients during the NGT insertion were compared. The data were analyzed through the SPSS software version 16.0. Findings: There was no statistically significant difference in the demographic characteristics of two groups. Despite the effects of potential confounding variables, the cause of the referral and indication of NGT, as well as the use of midazolam syrup, had a significant relationship with the outcome, so that midazolam group experienced less pain. The mean and standard deviation of the examined outcomes (feeling of pain and satisfaction with NGT insertion) was statistically significantly different in the midazolam group as compared to the placebo group (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Midazolam was effective in decreasing pain and increasing the satisfaction of patients after NGT insertion. This manuscript is registered in Irct. com with code IRCT20110629006922N4.
THREADFIN BREAM (NEMIPTERUS) RESOURCES ALONG THE KERALA COAST WITH NOTES ON BIOLOGY OF NEMIPTERUS JAPONIC US

Nemtpterids are a group of quantitatively imporlEnl fsh alcng the Kerala coast. The greater concentratioi) of Nemipterush in 30-50m depth and the peak landing is in September. This is a carnivorous fish and feeding does not cease during spawning season. N. Japonicus attains a length of 136 mm at the end of 1 year, 186 mm at the end of II year and 236 mm at the end of HI year.
Laboratory surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in India: Performance of testing & descriptive epidemiology of detected COVID-19, January 22 - April 30, 2020

Background & objectives: India has been reporting the cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since January 30, 2020. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) formulated and established laboratory surveillance for COVID-19. In this study, an analysis of the surveillance data was done to describe the testing performance and descriptive epidemiology of COVID-19 cases by time, place and person. Methods: The data were extracted from January 22 to April 30, 2020. The frequencies of testing performance were described over time and by place. We described cases by time (epidemic curve by date of specimen collection; seven-day moving average), place (area map) and person (attack rate by age, sex and contact status), and trends were represented along with public health measures and events. Results: Between January 22 and April 30, 2020, a total of 1,021,518 individuals were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Testing increased from about 250 individuals per day in the beginning of March to 50,000 specimens per day by the end of April 2020. Overall, 40,184 (3.9%) tests were reported positive. The proportion of positive cases was highest among symptomatic and asymptomatic contacts, 2-3-fold higher than among those with severe acute respiratory infection, or those with an international travel history or healthcare workers. The attack rate (per million) by age was highest among those aged 50-69 yr (63.3) and was lowest among those under 10 yr (6.1). The attack rate was higher among males (41.6) than females (24.3). The secondary attack rate was 6.0 per cent. Overall, 99.0 per cent of 736 districts reported testing and 71.1 per cent reported COVID-19 cases. Interpretation & conclusions: The coverage and frequency of ICMR's laboratory surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 improved over time. COVID-19 was reported from most parts of India, and the attack rate was more among men and the elderly and common among close contacts. Analysis of the data indicates that for further insight, additional surveillance tools and strategies at the national and sub-national levels are needed.