Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How values in education affect children's environmental knowledge

In this study we analysed the familiarity and understanding of 10 environmental concepts amongst Mexican and English school children (aged 7 to 9). The investigation considered the impact of the educational systemand the school ethos on the formation of environmental concepts. Results reveal that in general, children ofthis age have a low to moderate level of environmental literacy. The educational system and pedagogical approach affect the way children learn environmental concepts. Schools with a strong orientation towards the environment seem more capable of helping children with their understanding of environmental concepts. School and television were the major sources of environmental information, but this varied with school ethos. The development of effective environmental policies in schools needs to be considered in order to promote environmental knowledge in the school population.
PELANGGARAN PRINSIP KERJA SAMA STAF DESA CISEREH, TANGERANG (KAJIAN PRAGMATIK)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan berbagai bentuk pelanggaran prinsip kerja sama dalam percakapan tiga Staf Desa Cisereh dengan Sekretaris Desa (Sekdes) Cisereh, Tangerang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Bentuk penelitiannya adalah deskriptif. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa 12 tuturan yang mengandung pelanggaran prinsip kerja sama yang dilakukan oleh staf Desa terhadap Sekretaris Desa. Data-data tersebut diperoleh dari interaksi staf dan Sekretaris Desa secara langsung di kantor Desa Cisereh. Pelanggaran prinsip kerja sama telah mengakibatkan kegagalan komunikasi antara penutur dengan lawan tutur. Standar prinsip kerja sama dalam komunikasi mengacu pada empat jenis maksim, yaitu maksim kualitas, kuantitas, relasi, dan maksim cara. Pada hasil penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa ada pelanggaran maksim carayang berjumlah 4 data, pelanggaran maksim kualitas yang berjumlah 3 data, pelanggaran maksim kuantitas yang berjumlah 3 data, dan pelanggaran maksim relasi yang berjumlah hanya 2 data. Oleh sebab itu, disimpulkan bahwa pelanggaran prinsip kerja sama yang paling dominan dalam pertuturan antara staf dengan Sekdes adalah prinsip maksim cara.
Conditions for Triggering Seismic Ruptures and/or Slow Slip Events in the Framework of a Poro‐Plastic Fault Zone Model

Active fault zones are not simple frictional interfaces. They are complex, evolving 3‐D structures that contain pore fluids in drained or undrained conditions. They show stable or unstable slip, dilatant or contractant elastic or plastic local deformations in response to far‐field extensive or compressive displacements. Pore fluid pressure variations induce effective stress and fluid compressibility changes, possibly up to degassing. For these reasons, we choose to use an analytical model in which the fault zone is schematized by a mesoscale poroplastic interface surrounded by two symmetrical elastic pads to investigate the conditions that can lead to slow slip vs. seismic slip. The chosen end‐cap plastic failure criterion and associated flow rule account for hardening/softening regimes. The model computes stress paths, normal/tangential displacement, and fluid pressure variations of the fault zone with time. Depending on the initial stress, pore pressure conditions, far‐field loading rate, and fluid compressibility, scenarios emerge that link together stable plastic deformation regimes (months to years, small displacements) and unstable regimes (seconds, metric displacements). While some scenarios show the occurrence of instability preceded or not by slow slip events, others show slow events without instability (mainshock). Also investigated are the effect of a switch from undrained to drained condition and the role of the change in fluid compressibility due to dilatancy. Finally, we discuss the geodetic and geophysical data necessary to calibrate the parameters of the empirical relationships. Slow slip event areas are therefore not necessarily “safe” and might produce earthquakes if conditions change.
Primary and secondary findings in a series of attempts to transplant cerebral cortex in the albino rat

This paper is to report the findings of a somewhat extended attempt to transplant cerebral cortex. In two instances, a t least, the attempt to keep alive the neurons within the tissue seemed to meet with success, although not in the manner desired, since the tissue transferred from one animal to a second animal became adherent in a position such that the extending axons could not grow into adjacent nervous tissue. The secondary findings have some interest also, and the entire problem has a value because of its bearing on the question of the vitality of nervous tissues. Continuation of the life and growth of nervous tissue in vitro has been accomplished successfully, Harrison, '07, Burrows, '1 1, Lewis, '12, but the perpetuation of the vitality of n~rvous tissue transferred from one region of the nervous system to another region has met with greater difficulties. In the earlier attempts at transplantation it was found that the transplanted mass did not disintegrate entirely and disappear, but that the neurons died, leaving the supporting structures to represent the original transplanted portion. Of the earlier attempts at transplantation those of W. Gilman Thompson, '90, of Saltykow, '05, and of Del Conte, '07, may be cited. In
Histopathological and electron microscopic studies of gills of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, from acidified lakes

Histopathological and electron microscopic studies of gill tissue were carried out in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, from wild populations inhabiting three acidified lakes and in others from three nonacidified lakes located in the Canadian Shield (Quebec). The acidified lakes were characterized by low pH (5.5), poor buffering capacity, and low conductivity. By comparison with trout from nonacidified lakes, gills of trout from acidified lakes showed extensive epithelial damage, mainly separation of the epithelial layer from underlying tissue, deformation of secondary lamellae, and degeneration of chloride cells, which was accompanied by pronounced hyperplasia of undifferentiated epithelial cells in the primary lamellae. Histopathological changes were quantified by morphometry. Most damaged gills were also shown to contain a higher concentration of aluminum. The observed changes in gill cells and tissues are interpreted as reactions to sublethal environmental conditions adverse to the osmoregulatory ba.
Antioxidative Effect of Human Saliva on Lipid Peroxidation

Lipid peroxidation has attracted much attention in relation to oxidative damage that leads to a wide variety of pathological conditions. In addition, it has become apparent that the human body possesses a well-organized cellular and extracellular defense system against lipid peroxidation and its related-oxygen radicals. This system involves low molecular weight antioxidants such as tocopherols, ascorbic acid and uric acid.1 ~ 3) Humansaliva plays an essential role in maintaining the physiological conditions of oral tissues.4) The processes for mastication and digestion of ingested foods seem to promote a variety of reactions, including lipid peroxidation. Secretion of this extracellular fluid may also participate in the defense system against lipid peroxidation, because uric acid is known to be present in human saliva.5) The purpose of this work is to learn whether human saliva can exert an antioxidative effect of lipid peroxidation that occurs in ingested foods. We examined the effect of parotid saliva on the peroxidation ofliposomes of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) and homogenates from cooked fish. The results strongly suggest that humansaliva has a role in suppressing the lipid peroxidation of ingested foods. Egg yolk PC (99% grade) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). PC hydroperoxides (PC-OOH) were prepared by a photosensitized oxidation of egg yolk PC according to the method described previously6). 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochlor-
Biological, Nutritional and Economic Benefits of Cassava-Maize-Bean Intercropping in Kirimiro and Mumirwa Agro-ecological zones, Burundi

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-maize (Zea mays L.)-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping system is common in Burundi. Nevertheless, despite the undeniable predominance of varied intercropping systems in the current Burundi agriculture landscape, national research programs remain focused on monoculture systems. The global objective of this investigation initiated by ADISCO/UPH was to evaluate the comparative advantages of the cassava-maize-bean intercropping system, relative to corresponding monoculture systems under two major Burundi agro-ecological zones, Kirimiro and Mumirwa. The two cropping systems were assessed on their effects on soil fertility, land equivalent ratio (LER), area x time equivalent ratio (ATER), nutrient value (energy, proteins) and economic benefits (total and net returns, value/cost). The study revealed that cassava-maize-bean intercropping resulted in greater biological land-use efficiency (+ 55 %) and an increase in soil fertility parameters (% C, % N, CEC, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+). Above all, compared to monoculture systems, the gains in energy (kilocalories) associated with the intercropping system varied between + 36% (Kirimiro) and + 59 % (Mumirwa), while those of protein (kg) content ranged from + 28 % to + 51 %, respectively in Kirimiro and Mumirwa. However, the economic efficiency based on the value/cost ratio was low for both cropping systems (V/C=0.6-1.3). From this study, it is transparent that for most farmers, obtaining a well-balanced and regular diet for their family is more meaningful than any other intercropping benefits. In this context, it is more than urgent to find the right crop combinations that would yield better and, at the same time, produce a reasonably well-balanced diet. We then conclude that the development and dissemination of such cropping systems, appropriate to the Burundi rural reality, adapted to climate change, while meeting the nutritional and economic requirements for farmers is, with no doubt the today major challenge for agronomists, extensionists and policymakers alike.
Optical properties of ocean waters in the vicinity of the Chatham Rise, South Pacific Ocean

Apparent optical properties of the water at 21 ocean stations in the South Pacific, east of New Zealand in the vicinity of the Chatham Rise, have been studied. Spectral irradiance attenuation and reflectance, and PAR irradiance attenuation, were measured in Sub-tropical and Sub-antarctic water masses, in the Sub-tropical Convergence zone between them, and in coastal waters. The waters studied are considered to be predominantly Jerlov optical types II and III. Anomalous features at wavelengths above 590 nm in the spectra of reflectance and of the vertical attenuation coefficient for upward irradiance were attributed predominantly to Raman emission with a contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence at longer wavelengths.
Fluctuating asymmetry in Podarcis muralis populations from Southern Montenegro: detection of environmental stress in insular populations

We examined degree of between-sides difference in number of femoral pores (fluctuating asymmetry, FA) in Podarcis muralis populations, distributed on islands and in coastal area of Lake Skadar (Southern Montenegro). The aim of this study was to test sensitivity of fluctuating asymmetry of chosen trait to isolation effect in the absence of anthropogenic impacts. The results indicate that FA in the number of femoral pores do not vary significantly between insular populations of P. muralis. Generally, there is negative but non-significant correlation between island size and FA level. Also, overdominance hypothesis of enhanced developmental homeostasis at higher levels of heterozygosity was not confirmed in this study. The results support earlier conclusions obtained from electrophoretic studies, that analyzed insular populations from Lake Skadar archipelago still do not suffer deleterious effects as a result of isolation.
Community ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi: an advancing interdisciplinary field

Summary A long-term goal of community ecology is to identify spatial and temporal factors that underlie observed community structures. Ultimately, ecologists seek to relate community patterns to ecosystem processes and functions. Since the mid 1990s, ectomycorrhizal (ECM) research has been equipped with tools to identify and fully quantify the taxonomic diversity in below-ground ECM fungal communities in detail and address such questions. Many of the most important functions of terrestrial ecosystems, as well as interactions, between plants take place below ground and mycorrhizal fungi are among the key players in soil ecology. Here the rapidly increasing knowledge of ECM fungal community ecology is reviewed and the prospects discussed for elucidating processes that structure ECM fungal communities and the way in which such knowledge might be integrated with, and advance, the understanding of plant ecology and ecosystem processes.
The regulation of synaptic function by α-synuclein

The cytosolic protein α-synuclein is enriched at the pre-synaptic terminals of almost all types of neurons in the central nervous system. α-Synuclein overexpression and the expression of three different mutants have been shown to sustain the pathogenesis of selected forms of Parkinson’s disease. The localization of the protein and the defects found in knocked out or transgenic animals suggest a role of α-synuclein in the regulation of synaptic efficiency. However, the precise function of the protein and the molecular mechanisms of its action are still unclear. At synapses the synaptic vesicle release cycle is a finely tuned process composed of sequential steps that require the interconnected participation of several proteins and cytoskeletal elements. Actin microfilaments are required for the regulation of synaptic vesicle mobilization between different functional pools, for their organization at the active zone and influence the exocytotic process. We recently identified actin as a possible target of α-synuclein function. Through its binding to actin and the regulation of actin dynamics, α-synuclein could participate in the tuning of the vesicle release process, thereby modulating synaptic function and plasticity.
Performance analysis of a process‐based stand growth model using Monte Carlo techniques

The performance of a carbon‐balance model of tree growth is analysed, using a generalized sensitivity test based on Monte Carlo techniques. The tree growth model allocates carbon to different biomass compartments according to the principle of functional balance and the pipe‐model theory. A simple stand‐level version of the model is presented, based on average tree growth and canopy interactions through shading. Plausible ranges of parameter values are estimated from the literature for Scots pine. The results are compared with yield tables for 4 growing sites, and the most critical parameters and assumptions with respect to model validity are identified. The results indicate that a better understanding of the formation of the woody structure of trees is crucial for the further development of the approach. More reliable data are necessary on the parameters related with sapwood respiration and senescence. Secondly, the results are sensitive to light interception, suggesting that the assumption of horizontal .
Insight into Positional Isomerism of N-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-o/m/p-Nitrobenzamide: Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis and Interaction Energy

The functionalization of N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzamide with a nitro (NO2) substituent influences the solid-state arrangement, absorption and fluorescence properties of these compounds. Each of these compounds crystallised in a different crystal system or space group, namely a monoclinic crystal system with P21/n and C2/c space groups for o-NO2 and m-NO2 derivatives, respectively, and an orthorhombic crystal system (Pbcn space group) for p-NO2 derivative. The o-NO2 substituent with intrinsic steric hindrance engendered a distorted geometry. Conversely, the m-NO2 derivate displayed the most planar geometry among the analogues. The solid-state architectures of these compounds were dominated by the N−H···N and C−H···O intermolecular hydrogen bonds and were further stabilised by other weak interactions. The dimer synthons of the compounds were established via a pair of N−H···N hydrogen bonds. These findings were corroborated by a Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional (2D) fingerprint plot. The interaction energies within the crystal packing were calculated (CE-B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)) and the energy frameworks were modelled by CrystalExplorer17.5. The highly distorted o-NO2 congener synthon relied mainly on the dispersion forces, which included π–π interactions compared to the electrostatic attractions found in m-NO2. Besides, the latter possesses an elevated asphericity character, portraying a marked directionality in the crystal array. The electrostatic and dispersion forces were regarded as the dominant factors in stabilising the crystal packing.
The two cryptic species of Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae) occur in Italy : evidence from echolocation and social calls

Summary. - We provide evidence based on the analysis of echolocation pulses and social calls that both cryptic species of pipistrelle P. pipistrellus occur in Italy. We analysed the echolocation calls that 76 bats emitted when they were foraging, emerging from roost or hand-released . Recordings were carried out in Campania, Lazio, Tuscany and Sardinia. Frequencies of highest energy of calls from peninsular Italy bats clearly followed a bimodal normal distribution, and averaged 47.4 kHz and 57.3 kHz, corresponding to the 45 kHz and 55 kHz phonic types respectively. At least in Southern Italy both cryptic species occur in sympatry. Social calls emitted by foraging pipistrelles echolocating at frequencies 52 kHz respectively differed significantly in frequency and time parameters, and could be separated by a discriminant analysis. As these signals are species-specific and are distinct only between the two pipistrelle species, the differences we observed give further evidence that both cryptic species occur in the country. Resume. - L'analyse des cris d'echolocation et des cris sociaux demontre la presence en Italic des deux especes jumelles de pipistrelle « commune » P. pipistrellus. Nous avons analyse les cris d'echolocation de 76 pipistrelles en chasse, a la sortie du gite ou lors de leur liberation apres capture. Les enregistrements ont ete effectues en Campanie, Latium, Toscane et Sardaigne. Les frequences d'energie maximale des cris d'echolocation des pipistrelles « communes » en Italie peninsulaire suivent une distribution normale bimodale avec des valeurs moyennes de 47,4 kHz et 57,3 kHz correspondant respectivement aux types phoniques 45 kHz et 55 kHz. Dans le sud de Italic, au moins, les deux especes se revelent sympatriques. Les cris sociaux des pipistrelles qui, pendant les vols de chasse, emettaient des cris d'echolocation avec des frequences 52 kHz respectivement, different de fagon significative en frequence et caracteristiques temporelles, et peuvent etre distingues par une analyse discriminante. Comme ces signaux sont specifiques, les differences observees constituent une preuve supplemental de la presence des deux especes jumelles en Italic.
Identification of QTLs involved in pod-shatter resistance in Brassica napus L.

Abstract. Seed loss caused by pod-shatter during harvesting is one of the main problems in rapeseed production worldwide. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pod-shatter based on genetic mapping would help breeders develop cultivars resistant to pod-shatter. In this study, we constructed a genetic map of Brassica napus containing 107 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 68 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers using a doubled-haploid (DH) population of 276 lines derived from the cross H155 × Qva. This map covered 1382.8 cM with an average marker interval of 7.9 cM. In total, 13 QTLs for pod-shatter resistance were identified in this DH population at two experimental sites (in Wuhan and Zhengzhou); three of the QTLs were present at both locations. At Zhengzhou, nine QTLs, identified in linkage groups A1, A7, A8, C5, and C8, together explained 49.0% of the phenotypic variation. At Wuhan, four QTLs were mapped on the A1, A4, A7, and C8 linkage groups. These QTLs explained 38.6% of the phenotypic variation. These results may serve as a valuable basis for further molecular dissection of pod-shatter resistance in B. napus, and for development of the markers related to QTLs that may be useful for marker-assisted selection of pod-shatter resistant cultivars.
Influence of phosphorus inputs and sheep treading on soil macrofauna and mesofauna in hill pastures

Abstract Earthworm abundance increased and Oribatida abundance decreased on a Brown soil with increasing inputs of phosphorus (P) fertiliser and sheep stocking rates. To determine if the same response to increasing management intensity is found in Allophanic soil, samples were collected from a long-term sheep-grazed trial with two contrasting management regimes, low and high intensity. As pastures on the Allophanic soil became more productive and were grazed with more sheep, there was a tendency for earthworm abundance to increase and oribatid abundance to decrease. Both these trends were consistent with those on the Brown soil, supporting the potential of earthworms and Oribatida as biological indicators. Oribatid mites, which produce nutrient rich faecal pellets, were positively correlated with porosity. The higher earthworm abundances in more intensive sheep grazed pastures may have a positive influence on ecosystem services such as air and water movement, and organic matter incorporation.
The role of cytokinin and auxin in rapid multiplication of shoots of Eucalyptus globulus grown In vitro

Summary Exogenous cytokinin was a major limiting and controlling factor for shoot multiplication of Eucalyptus globulus Labili, grown in culture. Benzylaminopurine (BAP) was more effective than kinetin in promoting shoot formation. Auxin (indolebutyric acid, IBA) was also important and could compensate for low cytokinin levels. The highest rates of shoot multiplication of E globulus in culture were obtained with 1.1 or 2. 2μmole 1−1 BAP and 0. 5μmole 1−1 IBA, in a de Fossard (1974) medium. Auxin, in the absence of cytokinin, induced root formation and the rooted shoots were successfully planted in the field.