Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Load and Grade on Energy Expenditure During Load Carriage, Part II: Field Study

Abstract : The metabolic costs of load carriage were measured for 8 volunteers on uphill, level and downhill grades at Yakima Training Center (YTC). Volunteers carried loads of 0, 13.6 or 27.2 kg as they walked on grades of 0% (level), +/- 14%, +/- 8.6% and approx. 12% at 3 mph. Mean values for oxygen consumption (VO2) during load carriage indicate costs increased with increasing load and uphill grade, and decreased with negative grades. A mathematical model, using a terrain factor of 1.1 for sites with gravel, was used to calculate load carriage costs. Those values were compared to field data. Results for the negative data showed no significant difference between the model and downhill measurements. For the +8.6% grade there was a significant difference between the measured and model calculated values, which underestimated the measured costs. Results obtained under field conditions were also compared to results obtained under laboratory conditions on treadmill grades of 0%, +/- 4%, +/- 8% and approx. 12%. When the field data were compared to laboratory values, the field data were also higher than the laboratory data. It is possible that the difference between observed and model calculated values reflects a difference between laboratory and field conditions.
Assessment of Alternatives in Roadside Vegetation Management

This study was conducted for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to explore both the need for and the variety of alternatives of the use of an annual application of herbicides for removing vegetation in the area immediately adjacent to the pavement edge. The study approached these questions in two different ways, developing both a literature review and a set of interviews with people who have specific knowledge or views of these issues. The authors conducted interviews with three groups of people to identify issues, maintenance alternatives, and significant literature references: (1) staff at other federal, state, and county transportation agencies, (2) staff and volunteers who work with advocacy groups, and (3) researchers at academic institutions who specialize in related areas. Their literature review contains a set of citations that present related management issues and alternative practices. The abstracts for these references were included when available. To summarize what the authors learned from the interviews and literature sources, they developed a decision framework that would be used to guide WSDOT district maintenance staff in formulating management plans for vegetation. The decision framework differs from current practice primarily in that it begins with the assumption that maintenance of the area immediately adjacent to the pavement is not necessary unless some particular, observable condition triggers the need for such maintenance.
Lateral pile response due to interface yielding

In this paper, elastic-plastic solutions are developed for laterally loaded piles. The solutions can be reduced to the available solutions for some simple cases. Various explicit expressions were developed, which compare fairly well with published (experimental and numerical) results under different load levels. The solutions allow the effect of interface yielding (also the effect of a lower layer) to be explored, which occurs at a rather lower loading level. Thus elastic-plastic solution should be adopted in general design.
Linking road traffic accidents with skid resistance: recent UK developments

When, in 1988, the UK Department of Transport first introduced requirements for skid resistance on its trunk road network, it introduced the concept of �investigatory levels� to be compared with measurements from routine skid resistance surveys. At the heart of this process was a link between the risks of wet skidding accidents occurring and the levels of measured skid resistance on the road. Initially, this was based upon a survey of a sample of the network at which the time was limited by survey capacity and computing power. The skidding standards have recently been revised and as part of this process, a new assessment of the link between accident risk and skid resistance has been made. This has involved a study of the whole Trunk Road network. This paper will review the historic background and then describe in more detail the recent study and its findings, how the results compare with the historic work and the changes that were shown to be appropriate for application in the revised standard introduced in August 2004. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E212865.
Student Perspectives on Design, Learning, and Interior Design Education

The purpose of this study is to investigate how students conceptualize their learning and design experiences in an undergraduate interior design accredited program. In particular, how do they rate their own abilities in general skills and student preparedness, what interior design skills and knowledge are important to them, as well as what design activities are most significant and least significant in the design process? Many scholars argue that prior knowledge is an essential variable in design learning. However, if students' perceptions of design are incorrect, inconsistent, or incompatible with experts, radical conceptual change is required in order to modify these misconceptions. Disciplines Art Education | Higher Education | Interior Architecture This conference proceeding is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ad_conf/2
Effect of surface topology on the wettability of superhydrophobic surfaces

Abstract In this paper, we develop a numerical model capable of predicting the apparent contact angle and the wetting state of liquid droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces using Surface Evolver. Specifically, our work investigates the effect of microscopic surface topology on contact angle and the state of wettability. Accordingly, surfaces with four different pillar geometries were investigated: square, cylindrical, parabolic, and conical. The performance of superhydrophobic surfaces was also tested for different solid-liquid material combinations. Our results reveal that cylindrical pillars prevent the transition from Cassie-Baxter to Wenzel wetting state at lower Young contact angles. Furthermore, superhydrophobic surfaces lose their repellency against organic liquids. Nonetheless, a surface with inverted conical pillars is both superhydrophobic and superoleophobic. Graphical Abstract
Cooperation in Diverse Teams: The Role of Temporary Group Membership

In organizations, some team members are assigned to a team for a predefined short period of time, e.g., as they have a temporary contract, while others are permanent members of the same team. In a laboratory experiment we analyze the cooperation levels resulting from diverse teams, where some team members remain with a team and others are switching teams. Our results reveal that teams consisting partly of members with temporary membership display a lower productivity compared to teams of permanent team members only. First, temporary team members cooperate less than permanent team members. Second, individual effort decisions increase with the number of team mates who are of the same type. This second effect holds for both temps and permanents. We argue that social identity is affected by team composition and the individuals' role in a team.
Tracking Topics and Frames Regarding Sustainability Transformations during the Onset of the COVID-19 Crisis

Many researchers and politicians believe that the COVID-19 crisis may have opened a “window of opportunity” to spur sustainability transformations. Still, evidence for such a dynamic is currently lacking. Here, we propose the linkage of “big data” and “thick data” methods for monitoring debates on transformation processes by following the COVID-19 discourse on ecological sustainability in Germany. We analysed variations in the topics discussed by applying text mining techniques to a corpus with 84,500 newspaper articles published during the first COVID-19 wave. This allowed us to attain a unique and previously inaccessible “bird’s eye view” of how these topics evolved. To deepen our understanding of prominent frames, a qualitative content analysis was undertaken. Furthermore, we investigated public awareness by analysing online search behaviour. The findings show an underrepresentation of sustainability topics in the German news during the early stages of the crisis. Similarly, public awareness regarding climate change was found to be reduced. Nevertheless, by examining the newspaper data in detail, we found that the pandemic is often seen as a chance for sustainability transformations—but not without a set of challenges. Our mixed-methods approach enabled us to bridge knowledge gaps between qualitative and quantitative research by “thickening” and providing context to data-driven analyses. By monitoring whether or not the current crisis is seen as a chance for sustainability transformations, we provide insights for environmental policy in times of crisis.
Farm level impact of Bt cotton in South Africa

This paper describes the method and findings of the first independent survey of smallholder farmers in the Republic of South Africa designed to explore the economic benefits of their adoption of Bt cotton. The study found that the Bt variety generally resulted in a per hectare increase in yields, value of output and reduction of pesticide costs which outweighed the increase in seed costs to give a substantial increase in gross margins. There are several surveys being carried out at the moment on different aspects of the Makhathini experience. The Monitor will be reporting on their results as these become available.
Promises and partnership in human-robot interaction

Understanding human trust in machine partners has become imperative due to the widespread use of intelligent machines in a variety of applications and contexts. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether human-beings trust a social robot - i.e. a human-like robot that embodies emotional states, empathy, and non-verbal communication - differently than other types of agents. To do so, we adapt the well-known economic trust-game proposed by Charness and Dufwenberg (2006) to assess whether receiving a promise from a robot increases human-trust in it. We find that receiving a promise from the robot increases the trust of the human in it, but only for individuals who perceive the robot very similar to a human-being. Importantly, we observe a similar pattern in choices when we replace the humanoid counterpart with a real human but not when it is replaced by a computer-box. Additionally, we investigate participants' psychophysiological reaction in terms of cardiovascular and electrodermal activity. Our results highlight an increased psychophysiological arousal when the game is played with the social robot compared to the computer-box. Taken all together, these results strongly support the development of technologies enhancing the humanity of robots.
A MECHANISTIC DESIGN APPROACH FOR UNSEALED MINE HAUL ROADS

This paper presents an approach to proportioning the thickness of unsealed mine haul roads based upon mechanistic design principles. These principles involve: (i) the calculated response by elastic analysis of a layered pavement to wheel loads; (ii) the application of limiting criteria for specific response characteristics such as stress or strain in critical parts of the pavement and vertical deflection at the surface. A case study of mine haul roads at Tarong, south-east Queensland, describes how a falling weight deflectometer was used to assess variations to dynamic non-destructive loading along about 4 km of haul road. This testing provided guidance in the development of Young's modulus values for use in elastic analysis of the pavement using CIRCLY. Wheel loads ranging from 320 to 620 kN were applied to examine subgrade strain and stress and surface deflection for arange of pavement thicknesses. Implications of the magnitude of these parameters for haul road performance are then discussed. The results of thestudy have been used to recommend pavement thicknesses less than those obtained by empirical approaches. It is also possible to provide comment onthe impact of greater wheel loads than those currently in use on an existing haul road system. (a) For the covering abstract of this conference see IRRD abstract no. 861222.
Recognition of identity and expressions as integrated processes

According to the dominant account of face processing, recognition of emotional expressions is implemented by the superior temporal sulcus (STS), while recognition of face identity is implemented by inferior temporal cortex (IT) (Haxby et al., 2000). However, recent patient and imaging studies (Fox et al., 2011, Anzellotti et al. 2017) found that the STS also encodes information about identity.Jointly representing expression and identity might be computationally advantageous: learning to recognize expressions could lead to the emergence of representations that support identity recognition. To test this hypothesis, we trained a deep densely connected convolutional network (DenseNet, Huang et al., 2017) to classify face images from the fer2013 dataset as either angry, disgusted, afraid, happy, sad, surprised, or neutral. We then froze the weights of the DenseNet and trained linear layers attached to progressively deeper layers of this net to classify either emotion or identity using a subset of the Karolinska (KDEF) dataset. Finally, we tested emotion and identity classification in left out images in the KDEF dataset that were not used for training.Classification accuracy for emotions in the KDEF dataset increased from early to late layers of the DenseNet, indicating successful transfer across datasets. Critically, classification accuracy for identity also increased from early to late layers of this DenseNet, despite the fact that it had not been trained to classify identity. A linear layer trained on the DenseNet features vastly outperformed a linear layer trained on pixels (98.8% vs 68.7%), demonstrating that the high accuracy obtained with the DenseNet features cannot be explained by low-level confounds. These results show that learning to recognize facial expressions can lead to the spontaneous emergence of representations that support the recognition of identity, thus offering a principled computational account for the discovery of expression and identity representations within the same portion of STS.
Innovation Tournaments: Creating and Selecting Exceptional Opportunities

Managers, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists all seek to maximize the financial returns from innovation, and profits are driven largely by the quality of the opportunities they pursue. Based on a structured and process-driven approach this book demonstrates how to systematically identify exceptional opportunities for innovation. An innovation tournament, just like its counterpart in sports, starts with a large number of candidates, with opportunities as the players. These opportunities are pitted against each other until only the exceptional survive. This book provides a principled approach for the effective management of innovation tournaments - identifying a wealth of promising opportunities and then evaluating and filtering them intelligently for greatest profitability. With a set of practical tools for creating and identifying new opportunities, it guides the reader in evaluating and screening opportunities. The book demonstrates how to construct an innovation portfolio and how to align the innovation process with an organization's competitive strategy. Innovation Tournaments employs quirky, fresh examples ranging from movies to medical devices. The authors' tool kit is built on their extensive research, their entrepreneurial backgrounds, and their teaching and consulting work with many highly innovative organizations.
Emerging Energy-Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technologies for the Pulp and Paper Industry

LBNL-XXXX E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Emerging Energy-Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technologies for the Pulp and Paper Industry Lingbo Kong, Ali Hasanbeigi, Lynn Price China Energy Group Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory November 2012 This work was supported by the China Sustainable Energy Program of the Energy Foundation and Dow Chemical Company (through a charitable contribution) through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE- AC02-05CH11231.
Spermiogram of Wild and Captive Malaysian Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus gigas) from Pantai Balok, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Horseshoe crab (HSC) populations around the world are declining in recent decades mainly due to destruction of breeding grounds and habitats. A short-term solution for this problem is captive breeding and artificial rearing. This experiment aimed at looking for a source of good sperm donors for in-vitro fertilization and captive breeding. Tachypleus gigas were collected from Balok Beach, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Crabs were divided to wild and captive groups. Wild T. gigas sperm was collected on the same day, while sperm of captive T. gigas was collected after 5 months of captivity to assess captivity effect on sperm traits. Sperm density and sperm viability were studied and correlated to morphometric measurements. The results indicated that T. gigas from Balok is a good sperm donor. Captivity was found to affect sperm traits where sperm density dropped significantly and sperm viability increased slightly. Intraocular width to carapace width ratio (IO-Car) of the HSC body correlated to sperm density, hence can be used as an indicator for donor selection during sampling. In conclusion, T. gigas from Balok can be used as a sperm donor for in-vitro fertilization for T. gigas propagation.
Passive wake detection using seal whisker-inspired sensing

Abstract : This thesis is motivated by biological experiments, which display the harbor seal's ability to track the wake of an object several seconds after it swam by. In this work, I elucidate the basic fluid mechanisms that seals may employ to accomplish this detection. Key are the unique vortex-induced vibration (VIV) properties resulting from the geometry of the harbor seal whisker. First, force measurements and flow visualizations on a rigid whisker model undergoing 1- D imposed oscillations show that the geometry passively reduces VIV (factor of 10), despite contributions from effective added mass and damping. This suggests that harbor seal whiskers would detect details of the oncoming flow with reduced background noise. Next, a biomimetic whisker sensor is designed by mounting the model on a four-armed flexure, allowing it to freely vibrate, and using strain gauges to measure deflections at the whisker base. Finally, this whisker device is towed behind an upstream cylinder with larger diameter. In the wake, the whisker oscillates with large amplitude and at the Strouhal frequency of the upstream cylinder. A slaloming motion among the wake vortices drives this interaction, and it enables detection of the upstream wake.
Emotional Demands and Moral Rewards: A Story Told by Fifteen Teachers

ABSTRACT In several publications, Doris Santoro has argued that modern schools emphasize success to such a degree that they exclude the possibility of the moral rewards embedded in good teaching. Lack of such rewards, she says, leads to demoralization that is commonly misdiagnosed as burnout. Commenting on her work, Jeff Frank has argued that teachers may need to live with the fact that their work cannot in the foreseeable future be the way it should be. This paper is based on interviews with 15 teachers in Iceland and Greece. They all described boosts and payoffs in terms that fit into Santoro’s account of moral rewards. The stories they told us indicate that although the dark clouds of demoralization hang over their workdays, they also enjoy the sunlight of pedagogical freedom and professional autonomy. The reality they experience is a mixture of shadows and light.
Exploration of plus-size female teens' apparel fit and sizing in the United States

The purpose of this study was to investigate apparel issues experienced by plus-size female teens aged 12-17 in the context of the functional, expressive, and aesthetic (FEA) consumer needs model. The specific objectives were to: (1) Examine whether current American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) sizing categories meet the measurement needs of participants; (2) identify specific areas of the body where these individuals were not satisfied with the fit of their current ready-to-wear apparel; and (3) explore the current U.S. ready-to-wear apparel FEA needs for this target group. Mixed-methods approach was used for this study with 30 female teens, representing six separate ethnic backgrounds, with body mass indexes in the overweight or obese categories. Data collection included 3D body scans to capture anthropometric body measurements and shape at 37 key apparel fit locations and interviews to obtain demographic information and in-depth responses from participants and family members. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed, compared, and combined to corroborate findings. ASTM standardized sizes were compared to both individual and group averaged body measurements at 37 key locations to identify where differences existed. Body measurements, shape, and apparel size were examined, in combination with interviews, to determine participant’s satisfaction with fit and the FEA attributes of their apparel. Participant characteristics were cross-tabulated with interview themes and subthemes using content analysis approach. Findings revealed functional apparel fit needs with this group have not been addressed by the current ASTM standardized sizes. Additionally, their expressive and aesthetic desires have not been satisfied by the apparel available to them. Previously
THE EFFECTS OF CAR SHARING ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR: ANALYSIS OF CARSHARING PORTLAND'S FIRST YEAR

This article presents a review and analysis of the mobility behavior of CarSharing Portland (CSP) members during its first year of operation. Comprehensive surveys and 1-week trip diaries were administered before individuals joined the organization and at the end of the first year. A periodic need for a vehicle was the primary reason for joining CSP. The effect of membership in CSP on overall vehicle travel was either no change or a slight increase in vehicle miles traveled. However, members reported an increasing frequency of bus trips, walking, and bicycling. In addition, 26% sold their private vehicle and 53% were able to avoid purchasing one. These results are discussed in terms of the psychology of the car sharing experience and how membership in CSP affected travel behavior.
NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project: Results of the August 1999 Aerosol Measurement Intercomparison Workshop, Laboratory Phase

During August 1-14, 1999, NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP) convened a workshop at the NASA Langley Research Center to try to determine why such a wide variation in aerosol emissions indices and chemical and physical properties have been reported by various independent AEAP-supported research teams trying to characterize the exhaust emissions of subsonic commercial aircraft. This workshop was divided into two phases, a laboratory phase and a field phase. The laboratory phase consisted of supplying known particle number densities (concentrations) and particle size distributions to a common manifold for the participating research teams to sample and analyze. The field phase was conducted on an aircraft run-up pad. Participating teams actually sampled aircraft exhaust generated by a Langley T-38 Talon aircraft at 1 and 9 m behind the engine at engine powers ranging from 48 to 100 percent. Results from the laboratory phase of this intercomparison workshop are reported in this paper.