Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Routine vaccination of children is the most effective way to reduce hepatitis A incidence nationwide over time. Since licensure of hepatitis A vaccine in 1995, this strategy has been implemented incrementally, starting with the recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in 1996 to vaccinate children living in communities with the highest rates of infection and disease. These updated recommendations represent the next phase of this hepatitis A immunization strategy. Vaccination of children living in states and communities with consistently elevated rates of hepatitis A will provide protection from disease and is expected to reduce the overall incidence of hepatitis A. This report updates the ACIP's 1996 recommendations on the prevention of hepatitis A through immunization (MMWR 1996;45:[No. RR-151) and includes a) new data about the epidemiology of hepatitis A; b) recent findings about the effectiveness of community-based hepatitis A vaccination programs; and c) recommendations for the routine vaccination of children in states, counties, and communities with rates that are twice the 1987-1997 national average or greater (i.e., > or = 20 cases per 100,000 population) and consideration of routine vaccination of children in states, counties, and communities with rates exceeding the 1987-1997 national average (i.e., > or = 10 but <20 cases per 100,000 population). Unchanged in this report are previous recommendations regarding the vaccination of persons in groups at increased risk for hepatitis A or its adverse consequences and recommendations regarding the use of immune globulin for protection against hepatitis A.
The fall speeds of sub‐100 µm ice crystals

Estimates for the sedimentation rate of realistic ice crystals at sizes smaller than 100 µm are presented. These calculations, which exploit new results for the capacitance of ice crystals, are compared with laboratory studies and found to be in good agreement. The results highlight a weakness in contemporary ice particle fall speed parametrizations for very small crystals, which can lead to sedimentation rates being overestimated by a factor of two. The theoretical approach applied here may also be useful for calculating the sedimentation rate and mobility of non‐spherical aerosol particles. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
A Discrete Choice Model with Social Interactions ; with an Application to High School Teen Behavior

We develop an empirical discrete choice interaction model with a finite number of agents. We characterize its equilibrium properties – in particular the correspondence between the interaction strength, the number of agents, and the set of equilibria – and propose to estimate the model by means of simulation methods. In an empirical application, we analyze the individual behavior of some 8000 high school teenagers from almost 500 different school classes. We find endogenous social interaction effects to be strong for behavior closely related to school (truancy), somewhat weaker for behavior partly related to school (smoking, cell phone ownership, and moped ownership) and absent for behavior far away from school (asking parents’ permission for purchases). Intra-gender interactions are generally much stronger than cross-gender interactions.
Criteria‐based content analysis of true and suggested accounts of events

Worldwide, the criteria-based content analysis (CBCA) is probably the most widely used veracity assessment technique for discriminating between accounts of true and fabricated events. In this study, two experiments examined the effectiveness of the CBCA for discriminating between accounts of true events and suggested events believed to be true. In Experiment 1, CBCA-trained judges evaluated participants' accounts of true and suggestively planted childhood events. In Experiment 2, judges analysed accounts of recent events that were experimentally manipulated to be a (a) true experience, (b) false experience believed to be true and (c) deliberately fabricated experience. In both experiments CBCA scores were significantly higher for accounts of true events than suggested events. However, this difference was not significant for participants classified as experiencing 'full' memories for the suggested event. Self-report memory measures supported the findings of the CBCA analyses. Taken together these results suggest that the CBCA discriminative power is greatly constrained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Neuroticism Predicts Reactions to Cues of Social Inclusion

In the current paper, we hypothesized that people who are high in neuroticism (N) share a motivational predisposition to react vigilantly to threatening cues, most of which tend to be social in humans. In three studies, support for this prediction was found: based on cross-sectional and diary data, it was found that the self-esteem (SE) of individuals high in N decreases more in response to perceptions of relationship conflict and low relationship quality than that of emotionally stable ones. In a study of people’s reactions to imagined threats, neurotic individuals showed a heightened sensitivity to both nonsocial and social cues, though reactions to social cues were somewhat more pronounced. Results are consistent with principles from evolutionary and process-oriented personality psychology. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Affect Heuristic and the Attractiveness of Simple Gambles

Prior studies have observed that the attractiveness of playing a simple gamble (7/36 to win $9; otherwise win nothing) is greatly enhanced by introducing a small loss (7/36 win $9; otherwise lose 5¢). The present studies tested and confirmed an explanation of this finding based on the concept of evaluability and the affect heuristic. Evaluators of the “noloss” gamble lack a precise feeling for how good $9 is, hence give it little weight in their judgment. In the second gamble, comparison with the small loss makes $9 “come alive with feeling” and become weighted in the judgment, thus increasing the attractiveness of the gamble. These results demonstrate the importance of contextual factors in determining affect and preference for simple risk-taking opportunities. They show that the meaning, utility, and weighting of even a very familiar monetary outcome such as $9 is not fixed, but depends greatly on these contextual factors.
Late Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequences in the Vojvodina region , north Serbia

Late Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequences are widespread in the Vojvodina region, with thicknesses reaching a maximum of about 20 m. Our investigations include more than 40 of these loess sections. Geochronology of the last glacial loess-palaeosol sequences, based on luminescence dating and amino acid racemisation, provides correlations between Upper Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sediments in Vojvodina and comparable deposits at other European localities. Sedimentary logs of magnetic susceptibility, grain-size measurements and carbonate content, combined with malacological evidence, indicate two main relatively cold and arid phases during the last glacial period, related to intensive accumulation of loess units L1L1 and L1L2, as well as many brief episodes of dry and windy climatic conditions, suggesting a possible relationship with cold events recorded in the North Atlantic region. Generally, late Pleistocene climate in the region was dry and relatively warm, compared with glacial period sites in central Europe, and was characterised by sharp differences between glacial and interglacial modes. New data and interpretations presented in this study emphasise the significance of loess-palaeosol sequences in Vojvodina for the reconstruction of the temporal and spatial evolution of late Pleistocene palaeoclimate in this part of Europe. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the Testing Effect with Open-and Closed-book Tests

SUMMARY Two experiments examined the testing effect with open-book tests, in which students view notes and textbooks while taking the test, and closed-book tests, in which students take the test without viewing notes or textbooks. Subjects studied prose passages and then restudied or took an open-or closed-book test. Taking either kind of test, with feedback, enhanced long-term retention relative to conditions in which subjects restudied material or took a test without feedback. Open-book testing led to better initial performance than closed-book testing, but this benefit did not persist and both types of testing produced equivalent retention on a delayed test. Subjects predicted they would recall more after repeated studying, even though testing enhanced long-term retention more than rest-udying. These experiments demonstrate that the testing effect occurs with both open-and closed-book tests, and that subjects fail to predict the effectiveness of testing relative to studying in enhancing later recall. A growing body of research has shown that taking a test can do more than simply assess learning: Tests can also enhance learning and improve long-term retention, a phenomenon known as the testing effect When subjects study and then take a test over material, they recall more on a delayed criterial test than if they had just studied the material once or if they had studied it repeatedly (see Roediger & Karpicke, 2006a, for review). The testing effect indicates that retrieval processes used when taking a test have powerful effects on learning and long-term retention. The fact that students engage in cognitive processes that promote learning when taking a test is often overlooked in education. Research aimed at understanding these processes has important implications for educational practice. The purpose of the present research was to examine the testing effect with two types of tests commonly found in education: closed-book tests, the traditional method of testing students, and open-book tests, a method gaining popularity in primary, secondary and higher education (e.g. Closed-book tests represent the norm, especially in higher education. During a closed-book test, students take the test without the aid of their notes or textbooks, and consulting APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
The recognition heuristic in memory‐based inference: is recognition a non‐compensatory cue?

The recognition heuristic makes the strong claim that probabilistic inferences in which a recognized object is compared to an unrecognized one are made solely on the basis of whether the objects are recognized or not, ignoring all other available cues. This claim has been seriously challenged by a number of studies that have shown a clear effect of additional cue knowledge. In most of these studies, either recognition knowledge was acquired during the experiment, and/or additional cues were provided to participants. However, the recognition heuristic is more likely to be a tool for exploiting natural (rather than induced) recognition when inferences have to be made from memory. In our study on natural recognition and inferences from memory, around 85% of the inferences followed recognition information even when participants had learned three cues that contradicted recognition and when some of the contradictory cues were deemed more valid than recognition. Nevertheless, there were strong individual differences in the use of recognition. Whereas about half of the participants chose the recognized object regardless of the number of conflicting cues—suggestive of the hypothesized noncompensatory processing of recognition—the remaining participants were influenced by the additional knowledge. The former group of participants also tended to give higher estimates of recognition's validity. In addition, we found that the use of recognition for an inference may be affected by whether additional cue knowledge has been learned outside or within the experimental setting. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability and sensitivity comparisons and average run lengths of CUSUM scale chart

ABSTRACT The cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart is considered one of the best methods used to detect process shifts. It has been observed that there are certain studies which focused on the analysis and description of the distribution of run-length of CUSUM charts under shifts in process variance. Keeping this in view, an efficient and accurate algorithm based on the distribution of run length of CUSUM chart for examining the variance changes of normal process is developed in this research. Since one of the measures for evaluating the performance of control chart is average run length (ARL), therefore it is considered for comparing the reliability and sensitivity of CUSUM scale chart. Simulation studies have been carried out to generate the data through which both in-control and out-of-control ARLs are calculated by varying sample size, decision limits and reference values. The efficiency of the proposed control chart is shown in terms of ARLs. A numerical example is given to illustrate the practical application of the proposed scheme.
Strong Converse Theorems for Classes of Multimessage Multicast Networks: A Rényi Divergence Approach

This paper establishes that the strong converse holds for some classes of discrete memoryless multimessage multicast networks (DM-MMNs) whose corresponding cut-set bounds are tight, i.e., coincide with the corresponding sets of achievable rate tuples. Our strong converse result implies that for any DM-MMN of these classes, the average error probabilities of any sequence of codes operated at a rate tuple belonging to the exterior of the cut-set bound must tend to one (and are not simply bounded away from zero) as the block length grows. Examples in the classes of DM-MMNs include wireless erasure networks, DM-MMNs consisting of independent discrete memoryless channels (DMCs) as well as single-destination DM-MMNs consisting of independent DMCs with destination feedback. Our elementary proof technique leverages properties of the Renyi divergence.
Device-length changes and implant function following surgical implantation of the Kinespring in cadaver knees

and The present study was undertaken to determine length changes of the implanted KineSpring in response to a range of knee positions, external knee loads, and placements by different orthopedic surgeons. KineSpring system components were implanted in ten cadaver leg specimens by ten orthopedic surgeons, and absorber-length changes were measured under combined loading and in different positions of the knee. Results and conclusion: Spring compression consistent with knee-load reduction, and device lengthening and shortening to accommodate knee loads and motions were seen. These confirm the functionality of the KineSpring when implanted medially to the knee.
The political economy of the German Länder deficits: weak governments meet strong finance ministers

We analyse the deficits of the German Länder (regional states) for the period 1960 to 2005 and test a number of hypotheses derived from the literature on the political economy of public deficits. We find evidence for the weak government hypothesis, that is, coalition governments issue significantly more debt than single party governments – a result that is typically explained by the common pool problem. As our data suggest, this result crucially hinges on the position or strength of the finance minister within coalition governments. We find that coalition governments with a strong finance minister are – in terms of borrowing – not significantly different from single party governments. In addition, we find (weak) evidence for an opportunistic political business cycle. As borrowing is significantly lower in pre-election years it appears that German voters favour fiscal discipline. There is no evidence for partisan behaviour, so party ideology seems to play a negligible role.
Measurement of Ar resonance and metastable level number densities in argon containing plasmas

The resonance 1s4 (3P1), 1s2 (1P1) and metastable 1s5 (3P2), 1s3 (3P0) level number densities of argon are determined by means of the branching fraction method in an inductively coupled plasma at 5 Pa and 10 Pa in argon with admixture of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The 1s5 (3P2) densities are compared to laser absorption spectroscopy measurements to evaluate the reliability of the branching fraction method and its limitations. The results are in good agreement and the use of a compact, low cost, low resolution spectrometer (Δλ = 1.3 nm) is sufficient to reliably determine the first four excited states of argon in argon-hydrogen and argon-oxygen mixtures. The addition of nitrogen results in unreliable densities, as the observed argon lines overlap with emission of the N2(B3Πg−A3Σu+) transition.
Coalitional Colonel Blotto games with application to the economics of alliances ["Colonel Blotto"-Koalitionsspiele mit Anwendung auf die ökonomische Theorie von Allianzen]

This paper examines a multi-player and multi-front Colonel Blotto game in which one player, A, simultaneously competes in two disjoint Colonel Blotto games, against two separate opponents, 1 and 2. Prior to competing in the games, players 1 and 2 have the opportunity to form an alliance to share their endowments of a one-dimensional resource (e.g., troops, military hardware, money). This paper examines „non-cooperative“ alliances in which only individually rational ex ante transfers of the resource are allowed. Once these transfers take place, each alliance member maximizes his payoff in his respective Colonel Blotto game, given his resource constraint and player A's allocation of its endowment across the two games. No ex post transfers are enforceable. Remarkably, there are several ranges of parameters in which endogenous unilateral transfers take place within the alliance. That is, one player gives away resources to his ally, who happily accepts the gift. Unilateral transfers arise because they lead to a strategic shift in the common opponent's force allocation away from the set of battlefields of the player making the transfer, towards the set of battlefields of the player receiving the transfer. Our result demonstrates that there exist unilateral transfers for which the combination of direct and strategic effects benefits both allies. This stands in stark contrast to the previous literature on alliances (see Sandler and Hartley, 2001), which relies on the assumption of pure or impure public goods.
Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prospective Study of Prevalence, Course, and Predictors in a Sample With Major Burn Injuries

This is one of the largest prospective studies of patients with major burn injuries to use psychometrically sound methods to track and predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across 2 years after burn. The principal objectives were to investigate the utility of self-report measures in detecting acute stress disorder (ASD) and PTSD, and in tracking and predicting PTSD. Participants were adult patients admitted for treatment of a major burn injury. The Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) was used to assess ASD symptomatology at discharge (n = 178), and the Davidson Trauma Scale was used to assess PTSD symptoms at scheduled follow-ups at 1 (n = 151), 6 (n = 111), 12 (n = 105), and 24 (n = 71) months after burn. The prevalence of in-hospital ASD was 23.6%, and 35.1, 33.3, 28.6, and 25.4% of the participants met PTSD criteria at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Clinically significant and reliable change in PTSD symptomatology during the 24 months was uncommon. SASRQ diagnostic cutoff and total scores each robustly predicted PTSD at the first three follow-ups and all four follow-ups, respectively. A SASRQ empirically derived cutoff score (≥40) yielded moderate-high sensitivities (0.67–0.71) and specificities (0.75–0.80), and predicted PTSD at each follow-up. In conclusion, ASD and PTSD are prevalent following major burn injuries, ASD symptomatology can reliably predict PTSD up to 24 months later, and, once established, PTSD usually persists. Research is needed to determine whether early recognition and treatment of persons with in-hospital ASD can improve long-term outcomes.
Oligopoly, Open Shop Unions and Trade Liberalisation

In an international oligopoly model, we investigate how trade liberalisation impacts on collective bargaining outcomes when workers are represented by open shop unions. We find that, with intermediate levels of union density, trade liberalisation may lead to higher negotiated wages even if no trade occurs in equilibrium. In addition, we show that union wages may be higher with free trade than in autarky.
Is the Awareness of the Aerosol State Useful in Predicting Enhanced Lightning for Lightning-Producing Storms over Northern Alabama?

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from the Terra and Aqua satellites currently provide the largest satellite aerosol dataset for investigating relationships to meteorological phenomena, such as aerosol impact on electrification in deep convection. The usefulness of polar-orbiting satellite aerosol retrievals in lightning inference is examined by correlating MODIS AOD retrievals with lightning observations of the thunderstorms in the summers during 2002–14 over northern Alabama. Lightning flashes during the 1400–1700 local standard time peak period show weak but positive correlations with the MODIS AOD retrievals 2–4 h earlier. The correlation becomes stronger in particular meteorological conditions, including weak vertical wind shear and prevailing northerly winds over northern Alabama. Results show that the MODIS AOD retrievals are less useful in predicting enhanced lightning flash rate for lightning-producing storms than the forecasts of other meteorological variables that are more closely linked to the intensification of convective storms. However, when relatively weaker convective available potential energy (CAPE) is forecast, the probability of enhanced lightning flash rate increases in a more polluted environment, making the knowledge of aerosols more useful in lightning inference in such CAPE regimes. The aerosol enhancement of lightning, if present, may be associated with enhanced convergence in the boundary layer and secondary convection.
Semantic Bootstrapping: A Theoretical Perspective

Knowledge acquisition is an iterative process. Most prior work used syntactic bootstrapping approaches, while semantic bootstrapping was proposed recently. Unlike syntactic bootstrapping, semantic bootstrapping bootstraps directly on knowledge rather than on syntactic patterns, that is, it uses existing knowledge to understand the text and acquire more knowledge. It has been shown that semantic bootstrapping can achieve superb precision while retaining good recall on extracting isA relation. Nonetheless, the working mechanism of semantc bootstrapping remains elusive. In this extended abstract, we present a theoretical analysis as well as an experimental study to provide deeper insights into semantic bootstrapping.