Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tetanus seroprotection among children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2013–2014

Background Tetanus is a potentially fatal disease that is preventable through vaccination. While the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has continued to improve implementing routine vaccination activities throughout the country, they have struggled to maintain high childhood vaccine coverage. This study aims to examine the seroprevalence of tetanus in children 6 to 59 months to identify areas for intervention and improvement of vaccination coverage. Methods In collaboration with the 2013–2014 Demographic and Health Survey, we assessed the seroprevalence of tetanus antibodies among children in the DRC. Dried blood spot samples collected from children 6–59 months of age were processed using a prototype DYNEX Multiplier® chemiluminescent automated immunoassay instrument with a multiplex measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and tetanus assay. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with tetanus vaccination and seroprotection. Results Overall, 36.1% of children 6–59 months of age reported receiving at least 1 dose of tetanus vaccine while 28.7% reported receiving 3 doses; tetanus seroprotection was 40%. Increasing age in children was associated with decreased tetanus seroprotection, but increased number tetanus vaccinations received. Factors related to increased tetanus seroprotection included number of children in the household, wealth index of the family, urban residence compared to rural, level of maternal education, and province and geography. Conclusions Our findings in this nationally representative sample indicate that serology biomarkers may help identify children who are not fully immunized to tetanus more accurately than reported vaccination. While children may be captured for routine immunization activities, as children age, decreasing seroprevalence may indicate additional need to bolster routine vaccination activities and documentation of vaccination in school aged children. Additionally, the study highlights gaps in rural residential areas and vaccination coverage based on maternal education, indicating that policies targeting maternal education and awareness could improve the coverage and seroprevalence of tetanus antibodies in the DRC.
Antisecretory and antioxidative effects of the antidepressants fluvoxamine and mirtazapine on water immersion stress and pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats

Objectives: Although there are numerous drugs available for the treatment of gastric ulcers (GU), these drugs are not always effective. Antidepressant medications have been used for a variety of non-psychiatric indications, including antiulcer activity in various ulcer models. The purpose of this study was to compare the antiulcer effects of fluvoxamine and mirtazapine in two rat GU experimental models and to determine their relationship to antioxidant and antisecretory mechanisms. Materials and Methods: The antiulcer activities of various doses of fluvoxamine and mirtazapine on water immersion restraint stress (WIRS) and pyloric ligation-induced GU in rats have been studied against the positive control antiulcer drug famotidine. Various oxidative stress markers were evaluated. Results: Fluvoxamine and mirtazapine significantly protected against WIRS and pyloric ligation-induced gastric lesions, as evidenced by a dose-dependent decrease in ulcer index, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, lipid peroxidation, and an increase in prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide (NO), and reduced glutathione levels, as well as increased antioxidant enzyme activity. In the pyloric ligation model, fluvoxamine and mirtazapine improved GU more than famotidine. Furthermore, a 30 mg/kg dose of mirtazapine significantly improves both NO levels and MPO activity compared to famotidine. Conclusions: The results highlighted the relationship in correlating the antiulcer effect of drugs from different antidepressant classes across two animal GU models, implying that antidepressants that affected both norepinephrine and serotonin levels (mirtazapine) had a more potent antiulcer effect in WIRS-induced gastric model than drugs that only affected serotonin levels (fluvoxamine).
Brucella activates the host RIDD pathway to subvert BLOS1-directed immune defense

The phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens in lysosomes constitute central elements of innate immune defense. Here, we show that Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis, the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis globally, subverts this immune defense pathway by activating regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD) of Bloc1s1 mRNA encoding BLOS1, a protein that promotes endosome–lysosome fusion. RIDD-deficient cells and mice harboring a RIDD-incompetent variant of IRE1α were resistant to infection. Inactivation of the Bloc1s1 gene impaired the ability to assemble BLOC-1-related complex (BORC), resulting in differential recruitment of BORC-related lysosome trafficking components, perinuclear trafficking of Brucella-containing vacuoles (BCVs), and enhanced susceptibility to infection. The RIDD-resistant Bloc1s1 variant maintains the integrity of BORC and a higher-level association of BORC-related components that promote centrifugal lysosome trafficking, resulting in enhanced BCV peripheral trafficking and lysosomal destruction, and resistance to infection. These findings demonstrate that host RIDD activity on BLOS1 regulates Brucella intracellular parasitism by disrupting BORC-directed lysosomal trafficking. Notably, coronavirus murine hepatitis virus also subverted the RIDD–BLOS1 axis to promote intracellular replication. Our work establishes BLOS1 as a novel immune defense factor whose activity is hijacked by diverse pathogens.
Prevalence and predictors of non-adherence to short-term antibiotics: A population-based survey

Non-adherence to antibiotics is a well-known, core player to antibiotic resistance. The current adherence behavior toward short-term antibiotic regimens has never been investigated before in Jordan. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of non-adherence to short-term antibiotics among Jordanians and investigated participants’ views about different reasons related to antibiotics non-adherence. A cross-sectional face-to-face survey-based interview was conducted in three hospital pharmacies in Jordan. Adults and mother of children (≤12 years old) who completed their short course treatment (<30 day) of oral antibiotic within the last month were recruited. A total of 2000 participants (adults: 1000 and mothers of children: 1000) were included in the study with a response rate of 91.60%. The prevalence of non-adherence was estimated to be 32.10%. Non-adherent respondents scored a lower Medication Adherence Report Scale [16.76±5.02 vs. 23.04 ±3.24] than adherent respondents (p<0.001). Adults without comorbidity and children with higher number of doses per regimen were significantly less adherent to antibiotic [(OR = 0.615, 95%CI = 0.444–0.853, p = 0.004) and (OR = 0.965, 95%CI = 0.950–0.981, p<0.001)], respectively. Patients-related factors were the most common antibiotic non-adherence reason reported by the participants. The multivariate analysis for all the participants (adults and children), indicated that mothers were 2.6 times more likely to be adherent in giving antibiotics to their children than adults (p<0.001). These findings highlight that more than half of the participants were adherent to short-term antibiotics. However, improving the current prescription-related practices and implementing pharmaceutical consultation services upon antibiotic dispensing are encouraged.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated individuals induces virus-specific nasal resident CD8 and CD4 T cells of broad specificity

Rapid recognition of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells by T cells resident in the upper airway might provide an important layer of protection against COVID-19. Whether parenchymal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection induce nasal resident T cells specific for distinct SARS-CoV-2 proteins is unknown. We collected T cells from the nasal secretion of COVID-19 vaccinees, who either experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination (n=20) or not (n=15) and analyzed their phenotype, SARS-CoV-2 specificity and function. Nasal-resident IFN-gamma producing SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells were detected exclusively in vaccinees who experienced SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection. Importantly, the vaccine priming of Spike-specific T cells does not suppress the induction of CD8 and CD4 T cells specific for different SARS-CoV-2 proteins (i.e. NP and NSP-12) that persisted in the nasal cavity up to 3 months after infection. These data highlight the importance of viral nasal challenge in the formation of SARS-CoV-2 specific antiviral immunity at the site of primary infection and further define the immunological features of SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity.
Medication Safety Incidents Associated with the Remote Delivery of Primary Care: A Rapid Review

Background The COVID-19 pandemic triggered rapid, fundamental changes in how healthcare is delivered in communities, notably increased remote delivery of primary care. While the impact of these changes on medication safety are not yet fully understood, research conducted before the pandemic may provide evidence for possible consequences. This rapid review examines the published literature on medication safety incidents associated with the remote delivery of primary care. Objective(s) To examine the published literature on medication safety incidents associated with the remote delivery of primary care, with a focus on telemedicine and electronic prescribing. Methods A rapid review was conducted according to the Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group guidance. An electronic search was carried out on Embase and Medline (via PubMed) using key search terms "medication error", "electronic prescribing", "telemedicine" and "primary care". Identified studies were synthesised narratively; reported medication safety incidents were categorised according to the WHO Conceptual Framework for the International Classification for Patient Safety. Results Fifteen studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review. All fifteen studies reported medication incidents associated with electronic prescribing; no studies were identified that reported medication safety incidents associated with telemedicine. The most commonly reported medication safety incidents were 'wrong label/instruction' and 'wrong dose/strength/frequency'. The frequency of medication safety incidents ranged from 0.89 to 81.98 incidents per 100 electronic prescriptions analysed. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first review to examine the literature on medication safety incidents associated with the remote delivery of primary care. Common incident types associated with electronic prescriptions were identified. There was wide variation in reported frequencies of medication safety incidents associated with electronic prescriptions. A gap in the literature was identified regarding medication safety incidents associated with telemedicine. Further research is required to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medication safety in primary care.
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS SEROTYPES IN ABNORMAL CERVICAL SMEARS IN CALABAR CROSS RIVER STATE A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted and constitutes the major cause of cancer of the cervix and could be detected using cervical smear screening test. Aim and objective To determine the frequency of high risk HPV serotypes (16,18,33,45)in abnormal cervical smears in women aged 18-65 years in Calabar, Cross River State using cytological method over a period of one year from 1st March, 2017 to 28th February, 2018 in Cross River State, Nigeria. Materials and method The study was a cross sectional study carried out in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar on women aged 18-65 years who met the study inclusion criteria and were consecutively selected for conventional cervical screening test from the three provinces of Efik, Efut and Qua provinces. Females who were positive for squamous intraepithelial lesion after screening results were subjected to Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid HPV DNA) testing. Results 304 women aged 18-65 years were recruited into the study. Of these only 30 had intraepithelial lesions. Low grade squamous lntraepithelial lesions (LSIL) predominated with 63.3%(19) as compared with High grade squamous lntraepithelial lesion of 36.6%(11). HPV DNA was observed in all the abnormal cytology subjected to HPV DNA test. The prevalence rate of high risk HPV in this study was 9.9 %. The commonest serotypes found among study participants were HPV 16,33,and 45 with prevalence of 4.7%, 100% and 61.9% respectively. Among participants infected with HPV 33 and HPV 45, 13(61.9%) and 8(38.1%) had low grade squamous Intraepithelial lesion respectively while 8(38.1%) and 5(23.8%) had high grade squamous Intraepithelial lesion respectivelyIn this study,66.67%(14) out of 21 participants had HPV DNA co infection . CONCLUSION The prevalent HPV serotypes were 16,33 and 45 from this study with serotypes 33 being the commonest. Advocacy for HPV vaccine for reproductive age females should be encouraged and this should be included with established cervical cancer screening programs in government hospitals.
Differences in Dietary Intake Exist among U.S. Adults by Diabetic Status Using NHANES 2009–2016

Objectives: Insulin takers' diets have rarely been described although insulin dosing is highly dependent on dietary intake. The objective of this paper was to determine the most frequently consumed food or beverage items, food subcategories, and food categories, and those that contributed most to total energy intake among U.S. insulin takers, those with type 2 diabetes (T2D) not taking insulin and those without diabetes; the groups were also compared at the broad food category level. Methods: The Laboratory tests and questionnaires of the NHANES 2009-2016 classified 774 insulin takers, 2,758 T2D not taking insulin, and 17,796 participants without diabetes. USDA assigned 8-digit food codes identifying each food item and its membership to a category and subcategory of foods were used to categorize foods based on the WWEIA categories. Raw and weighted frequency and energy contributions of each food item, food subcategory, and food category were calculated and ranked. Comparisons among groups by broad food category used the Rao-Scott modified chi-square test. Results: Diet soft drinks ranked as the 4th and 7th most consumed food subcategory in insulin takers and T2D not taking insulin, respectively. Soft drinks ranked as the 8th and 6th most consumed food subcategory in T2D not taking insulin and those without diabetes, and contributed 5th and 2nd most to energy, respectively. Protein foods represented 4 of the top 10 highest energy contributing food subcategories among insulin takers, 3 of the top 10 food subcategories among those with T2D not taking insulin, and only 1 subcategory among those without diabetes. Insulin takers had higher consumption frequency of grains, and lower consumption frequency of sweets and alcohol, and a larger share of energy comprising protein, vegetables, and grains, and a smaller share of energy comprising beverages and alcohol compared to participants without diabetes. Conclusions: Differences in dietary intake exist among U.S. adults by diabetic status. Insulin takers are likely to consume more protein foods and less regular soft drinks compared to other 2 groups. Lists of the most frequently reported foods and foods contributing most to energy may be helpful for nutrition education, prescribing diets, and digital based dietary assessment for insulin takers.
Effects of psychological stress and cortisol on decision making and modulating factors: A systematic review

Evidence suggests that psychological stress has effects on decision making, but the results are inconsistent, and the influence of cortisol and other modulating factors remains unclear. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, 18 studies carried out between 2015 and 2020 that examined the effects of psychological stress on decision making and measured cortisol levels were selected. Eight studies employed uncertainty‐based economic tasks, five studies used decision‐making tasks in hypothetical situations that can be encountered in real life or in a specific setting and five studies employed prosocial decision tasks. Seventeen studies assessed acute stress, and two assessed chronic stress; eight evaluated the influence of sex. Most of the studies that explored the association between stress and decision making using uncertainty‐based economic tasks found statistically significant differences as a function of stress exposure and the cortisol response to stress, whereas most of the studies that employed non‐economic decision‐making tasks in hypothetical situations did not find statistically significant differences. When prosocial decision making was evaluated, more altruistic decisions were found after acute stress, and these decisions were positively associated with cortisol. Half of the studies that assessed the role of sex observed a greater impact on decision making after stress in women. Results suggest that it is important to consider modulating factors—the type of decision‐making task, the cortisol response to stress, the characteristics of the psychological stressor or the subject's sex—when trying to understand psychosocial stress phenomena.
Variations of microbial communities and substrate regimes in the eastern Fram Strait between summer and fall.

Seasonal variations in day length and temperature, in combination with dynamic factors such as advection from the North Atlantic, influence primary production and the microbial loop in the Fram Strait. Here, we investigated the seasonal variability of biopolymers, microbial abundance, and microbial composition within the upper 100 m during summer and fall. Flow cytometry revealed a shift in the autotrophic community from picoeukaryotes dominating in summer to a 34-fold increase of Synechococcus by fall. Furthermore, a significant decline in biopolymers concentrations covaried with increasing microbial diversity based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing along with a community shift towards fewer polymer-degrading genera in fall. The seasonal succession in the biopolymer pool and microbes indicates distinct metabolic regimes, with a higher relative abundance of polysaccharide-degrading genera in summer and a higher relative abundance of common taxa in fall. The parallel analysis of DOM and microbial diversity provides an important baseline for microbe-substrate relationships over the seasonal cycle in the Arctic Ocean. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Velocity-Based Resistance Training Monitoring: Influence of Lifting Straps, Reference Repetitions, and Variable Selection in Resistance-Trained Men

Background: Using lifting straps during pulling exercises (such as deadlift) may increase absolute velocity performance. However, it remains unclear whether lifting straps could also reduce the degree of relative fatigue measured by velocity decline and maintenance in a training set. Hypothesis: There will be less mean velocity decline (MVD) and greater mean velocity maintenance (MVM) for deadlifts performed with (DLw) compared with without (DLn) lifting straps, and an underestimation of MVD and MVM when using the first compared with the fastest repetition as a reference repetition. Study Design: Randomized cross over design. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 16 resistance-trained men performed a familiarization session, 2 1-repetition maximum [1RM] sessions (1 with and 1 without lifting straps), and 3 randomly applied experimental sessions consisting of 4 sets of 4 repetitions: (1) DLw against the 80% of DLn 1RM (DLwn), (2) DLn against the 80% of the DLn 1RM (DLnn), and (3) DLw against the 80% of the DLw 1RM (DLww). MVD and MVM were calculated using the first and the fastest repetition as the reference repetition. Results: MVD was significantly lower during DLwn and DLnn compared with DLww (P < 0.01), whereas MVM was greater during DLwn and DLnn compared with DLwn (P < 0.01) with no differences between DLwn and DLnn for both MVD and MVM (P > 0.05). The second repetition of the set was generally the fastest (54.1%) and lower MVD and higher MVM were observed when the first repetition was used as the reference repetition (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Lifting straps were not effective at reducing MVD and increasing MVM when the same absolute loads were lifted. Furthermore, using the first repetition as the reference repetition underestimated MVD, and overestimated MVM. Clinical relevance: The fastest repetition should be used as the reference repetition to avoid inducing excessive fatigue when the first repetition is not the fastest.
Robust Bayesian meta-analysis: Addressing publication bias with model-averaging.

Meta-analysis is an important quantitative tool for cumulative science, but its application is frustrated by publication bias. In order to test and adjust for publication bias, we extend model-averaged Bayesian meta-analysis with selection models. The resulting robust Bayesian meta-analysis (RoBMA) methodology does not require all-or-none decisions about the presence of publication bias, can quantify evidence in favor of the absence of publication bias, and performs well under high heterogeneity. By model-averaging over a set of 12 models, RoBMA is relatively robust to model misspecification and simulations show that it outperforms existing methods. We demonstrate that RoBMA finds evidence for the absence of publication bias in Registered Replication Reports and reliably avoids false positives. We provide an implementation in R so that researchers can easily use the new methodology in practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).