Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Top‐down control of phytoplankton biomass and community structure in the monsoonal Arabian Sea

During the 1995 monsoons, phytoplankton biomass was low over large areas of the Arabian Sea in spite of often high concentrations of inorganic nutrients, characteristics typical of high‐nutrient, lowchlorophyll (HNLC) areas. The objective of this study, a part of the Arabian Sea U.S. JGOFS program, was to elucidate controls of phytoplankton biomass and community structure in these areas, using primarily pigment‐based methods. Unlike other HNLC areas, phytoplankton biomass and growth rates in the monsoonal Arabian Sea were not likely limited by the availability of trace nutrients but rather controlled by grazers. Evidence for this conclusion is high concentrations of iron, the nutrient likely limiting phytoplankton biomass in other HNLC areas; phytoplankton growth rates clearly not limited by concentrations of inorganic nutrients; blooms during grow‐out experiments in the absence of mesozooplankton; rates of microzooplankton and mesozooplankton grazing that approached rates of primary production; and the absence of blooms in situ in spite of persistently high concentrations of inorganic nutrients. A more detailed look at shifts of phytoplankton community structure with increasing levels of phytoplankton biomass, in situ and during grow‐out experiments, shows that diatoms were the only group of organisms capable of blooming in the absence of mesozooplankton, i.e., their abundance in situ was likely controlled by mesozooplankton grazing. Changes in the abundance of different picoautotroph taxa with increasing levels of phytoplankton biomass suggest that their biomass was controlled within tight bounds by microzooplankton grazing, rather than by the availability of resources. Thus, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that phytoplankton abundance and community structure in the HNLC areas of the monsoonal Arabian Sea are controlled by top‐down forces, grazing, rather than bottom‐up forces, availability of resources.
Security camera design using smart phones

The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of using information technology for security, especially for supervision. The method used in this research is a descriptive method, describing the function of using smartphones as a security tool. The results of this study that smartphones can be used as a security tool by using a cellphone camera as a surveillance camera and wireless computer network. This research was carried out with the results of analysis and experiments using previous references and supporting equipment. From the results of this study, it can be found that smartphones can be utilized as security systems. Therefore, the results of this study can be utilized by various parties or can be used as a reference in the use of technology and information.
Roosevelt Elk Density and Social Segregation: Foraging Behavior and Females Avoiding Larger Groups of Males

Abstract Intersexual social segregation at small spatial scales is prevalent in ruminants that are sexually dimorphic in body size. Explaining social segregation, however, from hypotheses of how intersexual size differences affects the foraging process of males and females has had mixed results. We studied whether body size influences on forage behavior, intersexual social incompatibility or both might influence social segregation in a population of Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) that declined 40% over 5 y. Most males and females in the population occurred in the same forage patches, meadows, but occupied different parts of meadows and most groups were overwhelming comprised of one sex. The extent of segregation varied slightly with changing elk density. Cropping rate, our surrogate of forage ingestion, of males in mixed-sex groups differed from males in male-only groups at high, but not low, elk density. In a prior study of intersexual social interactions it was shown that females avoided groups containing ≥6 males. Therefore, we predicted that females should avoid parts of meadows where groups of males ≥6 were prevalent. Across the 5 y of study this prediction held because ≤5% of all females were found in parts of meadows where median aggregation sizes of males were ≥6. Social segregation was coupled to body size influences on forage ingestion at high density and social incompatibility was coupled to social segregation regardless of elk density.
Atomizing Spray Systems for Application of Edible Coatings

Abstract: The use of edible coatings on fresh and processed food products as a means of extending shelf life by preventing or delaying spoilage, providing a partial barrier to moisture, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, improving the mechanical handling properties, and even as carriers of many functional ingredients, is rapidly growing. Edible coatings can be applied by different methods such as panning, fluidized bed, dipping, and spraying. This review presents and discusses some aspects of the application of edible coatings on food products using spraying, which is the most commonly used technique for applying food coatings and to obtain uniform layers.
The vocal repertoire of Myrmeciza loricata (Lichtenstein, 1823) (Aves: Thamnophilidae)

The vocal repertoire is a tool that can be used to support systematics, conservation, ecology and behavioural studies. We characterize the acoustic parameters of the vocal repertoire of the white-bibbed antbird (Myrmeciza loricata) and describe the possible functions of each vocalization. The male’s song is related to territorial defence, and we found three calls in the repertoire. Call I is an alarm call, and call II is used for mutual recognition and remaining in contact with one another. Call III was emitted when the animals were foraging and when the individuals of the couple were very near to each other. Males and females sing as a duet, and their songs were individually distinct. The duet is possibly related to maintaining the pair bond, synchronizing breeding and warning potential intruders of the mated condition of the pair. This work is the first to describe the vocal repertoire of the white-bibbed antbird.
Mini-Invasive Extraarticular Stabilization of the Cranial Cruciate Deficient Stifle in Dogs

The purpose of this work was to describe three mini-invasive techniques for extraarticular stabilization of the deficient stifle based of bone anchores inserted in quasi-isometric sites.Suture stabilization of the stifle consisted of placing a monofilament nylon leader line or polyethylene suture between femoral site adjacent to the distal poles of the fabella, and tibial site immediately cranial to the long digital extensor tendon, using two anchor types. Each stifle was tested (cranial drawer test and tibial compression test) before and after arthroscopic transection of the cranial cruciate ligament and after performing the assigned procedure. Surgical approach, order of procedural steps, drill hole entrance and exit points, and techniques for anchors placement, tensioning, and securing were described.The results of the cranial drawer test and tibial compression test do not show statistically significant differences between the three applied techniques. All three techniques provide passive stability to the deficient stifle.
Comparison of four pea varieties in pig feeding through digestibility and growth performance results

Zusammenfassung Vergleich von vier Erbsen-Varietaten fur die Ernahrung von Schweinen Vier Pisum sativum L. -Varietaten wurden ausgewahlt, die grose Unterschiede im Gehalt an Antitrypsinfaktoren aufweisen: die Antitrypsinaktivitaten betrugen 2,9; 2,4; 9,7 und 12,8 T.U. I. /mg in Solara, H 61, Laser und Frijaune. An vier kastrierten 35 bis 80 kg schweren intakten Schweinen wurde die scheinbare fakale Energieverdaulichkeit bestimmt, und an drei Kastraten, mit einem Lebendgewicht von 40 bis 60 kg, ausgestattet mit einer termino-terminalen, ileorektalen Anastomose, wurde die scheinbare ileale Protein- und Aminosaurenverdaulichkeit festgestellt. Auserdem wurden die Leistungen von 384 Ferkeln, 8 bis 25 kg Lebendgewicht, bei ad lib. Futterung mit Rationen, die 40% Solara, H 61, Laser oder Frijaune enthielten, gemessen. Zwischen den scheinbaren Energieverdaulichkeiten der vier Erbsenvarietaten bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied (mittlerer Energiegehalt: 16,8 MJ/kg T.S.). Die ilealen Verdaulichkeiten von Protein und Aminosauren schienen durch den ADF-Gehalt und die Antitrypsinaktivitaten der Varietaten negativ beeinflust zu sein. Ferkel, die mit Erbsen gefuttert waren, verbrauchten weniger Futter und hatten eine bessere Futterverwertung als Ferkel der Kontrollgruppe (-2,4; -6,0; und -3,7% fur den Verbrauch und 4,0; 7,0; und 6,3% fur die Futterverwertung mit Solara, Laser und Frijaune). Die Unterschiede von Protein und Aminosaurenverdaulichkeit erklaren teilweise die Unterschiede der Leistung.
The Organization, Ontogeny, and Orientation of the Cestoda

Consideration of the organization, ontogeny, and orientation of tapeworms, and comparison with the structure and development of other invertebrates, support the opinion that the cestode is an individual rather than a colony and that the transformation of the oncosphere to a procercoid or cysticercoid is a true metamorphosis in which there is a reversal of the antero-posterior axis.
Sibling resemblance in natal dispersal distance and direction in the Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana

Natal dispersal distance and direction determine the likelihood that siblings will settle close together and hence the risk of inbreeding. Several studies have shown a sibling resemblance in dispersal distance, but few studies have analysed sibling resemblance in dispersal direction or the distance between siblings after dispersal at the landscape level. I studied the entire Norwegian population of Ortolan Buntings Emberiza hortulana, which is patchily distributed in an area covering c. 500 km 2 . Males and females did not differ in dispersal distance (overall median 3.7 km), but directions were different. Natal dispersal distances and directions were positively related within sibling pairs, but comparisons with control individuals suggested that any effects were due to spatial effects of configuration of habitat patches in the study area. Brother-sister pairs (n = 16) were at least as similar as brother-brother pairs (n = 18). Distance between siblings after natal dispersal increased with dispersal distance, but even so, five of 35 sibling pairs settled < 1 km apart, despite dispersal distances of 8.3-9.9 km for two of these pairs. Including movements later in life, eight sibling pairs were < 1 km apart at some time (four pairs of brothers and four brother-sister pairs), and in one case a brother mated with its sister. Another case of mating between close relatives (father and daughter) involved short female natal dispersal. These data indicate that female-biased natal dispersal and long-distance dispersal may reduce, but do not exclude, the possibility of inbreeding.
The leucocyte population of the unstimulated peritoneal cavity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The leucocyte population of the resting (unstimulated) peritoneal cavity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) weighing from 100 to 200 g and kept at 10, 15 or 20° C was analysed. The values for total leucocytes were not significantly different for the three temperatures studied, the average being 4·35±1·76×106per cavity. In performing differential counts of Wright-stained preparations, 9 to 13% of the cells could not be characterised with confidence (because large lymphocytes and small macrophages are impossible to distinguish), 33 to 39% were macrophages, 46 to 53% were small lymphocytes and 1·3 to 2·2% were neutrophil granulocytes. Electron microscopy observations suggest that most of the cells which were difficult to characterise by light microscopy would be small macrophages. Thrombocytes (identified by electron microscopy) and eosinophilic granular cells (EGC) were very rarely seen. Light microscopy cytochemistry showed that: (1) macrophages and some lymphocytes were non-specific esterase positive; (2) macrophages and a few lymphocytes were acid phosphatase positive; (3) macrophages and lymphocytes were alkaline phosphatase negative and peroxidase negative; and (4) neutrophils were alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase positive. This latter characteristic allows for the clear distinction between macrophages and neutrophils, the strong, granular peroxidase staining being particularly evident. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of samples processed for peroxidase activity showed that the neutrophil cytoplasmic granules, irrespective of size and shape, were positive, while all the other leucocytes were negative. The characteristic peroxidase staining of the nuclear and rough endoplasmic cisternae found in mammalian resident peritoneal macrophages was not seen in the resident macrophages of the resting rainbow trout peritoneal cavity. Ultrastructural cytochemistry for acid phosphatase showed positively stained cytoplasmic granules in the macrophages, in neutrophils and in a few small lymphocytes.
Potencial alelopático de duas neolignanas isoladas de folhas de Virola surinamensis (Myristicaceae)

Este trabalho teve por objetivos isolar, identificar e caracterizar a atividade alelopatica de substâncias quimicas presentes nas folhas de Virola surinamensis. O processo de isolamento e identificacao das substâncias quimicas envolveu o uso de solventes orgânicos e de Ressonância Magnetica Nuclear (RMN 1H, RMN 13C e RMN 13C-DEPT), espectro de COSY e de HETCOR. A avaliacao da atividade alelopatica foi realizada em bioensaios de germinacao de sementes, em condicoes de 25 oC de temperatura constante e fotoperiodo de 12 horas, e de desenvolvimento da radicula e do hipocotilo, com 25 oC de temperatura constante e fotoperiodo de 24 horas, empregando-se concentracoes variando de 1,0 a 8,0 mg L-1. Como plantas receptoras, foram utilizadas as especies daninhas Mimosa pudica, Senna obtusifolia e Senna occidentalis. Foram isoladas e identificadas duas neolignanas: a surinamensina e a virolina. A tendencia geral observada nos resultados foi de aumento da intensidade dos efeitos alelopaticos inibitorios em funcao do aumento da concentracao, com inibicoes maximas obtidas, sempre, na concentracao de 8,0 mg L-1. A surinamensina apresentou maior potencial para inibir a germinacao e o desenvolvimento da radicula e do hipocotilo do que a virolina, independentemente da especie receptora e do fator da planta analisado. Considerando-se as intensidades dos efeitos promovidos sobre os tres fatores das plantas, o desenvolvimento da radicula e o do hipocotilo foram mais intensamente inibidos pelas duas substâncias do que a germinacao das sementes. A excecao dos efeitos verificados sobre o desenvolvimento do hipocotilo, malicia foi a especie de maior sensibilidade aos efeitos alelopaticos das duas neolignanas, enquanto mata-pasto foi aquela que evidenciou inibicoes de menor magnitude.
Sensitivity of C Sequestration in Reintroduced Sphagnum to Water‐Level Variation in a Cutaway Peatland

The reintroduction of Sphagnum fragments has been found to be a promising method for restoring mire vegetation in a cutaway peatland. Although it is known that moisture controls Sphagnum photosynthesis, information concerning the sensitivity of carbon dynamics on water‐level variation is still scarce. In a 4‐year field experiment, we studied the carbon dynamics of reintroduced Sphagnum angustifolium material in a restored (rewetted) cutaway peatland. Cutaway peatland restored by Sphagnum reintroduction showed high sensitivity to variation in water level. Water level controlled both photosynthesis and respiration. Gross photosynthesis (PG) had a unimodal response to water‐level variation with optimum level at −12 cm. The range of water level for high PG (above 60% of the maximum light‐saturated PG) was between 22 and 1 cm below soil surface. Water level had a dual effect on total respiration. When the water level was below soil surface, peat respiration increased rapidly along the lowering water level until the respiration rate started to slow down at approximately −30 cm. Contrary to peat respiration, the response of Sphagnum respiration to water‐level variation resembled that of photosynthesis with an optimum at −12 cm. In optimal conditions, Sphagnum reintroduction turned the cutaway site from carbon source to a sink of 23 g C/m2 per season (mid‐May to the end of September). In dry conditions, lowered photosynthesis together with the higher peat respiration led to a net loss of 56 g C/m2. Although the water level above the optimum amplitude restricted CO2 fixation, a decrease in peat respiration led to a positive CO2 balance of 9 g C/m2.
Cell culture of rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes: Proliferative and synthetic response to growth factors and ascorbate

This study was undertaken to determine whether the cells of the fibrocartilaginous meniscal substance are capable of proliferation and matrix synthesis. Cells were isolated from the fibrocartilaginous menisci of young New Zealand white rabbits, and grown in two alternative culture regimens differing only in the basal nutrient medium used to initiate primary monolayer growth. Under each culture regimen, the cells attached and proliferated both initially and after passage into secondary (2°) culture. Differences were noted in cell morphology and time to reach confluence in primary (1°) culture. Upon passage into 2° culture, the fibrochondrocytes assumed two distinct morphological changes were accompanied by differences in the population doubling time and incorporation of 35SO4 into sulfated proteoglycans. The proliferation of both fibrochondrocyte subtypes was stimulated by the addition of either pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or human platelet lysate in a dosedependent manner. Both FGF (10 ng/ml) and ascorbate (40 μg/ml) decreased 35‐sulfate incorporation, whereas only ascorbate was found to alter the amount of sulfated glycosaminogly can in the pericellular coat. We conclude that the fibrochondrocytes of the meniscal substance are capable of replication and synthesis of matrix macromolecules if given the proper stimuli. Additionally, there may be two subpopulations of fibrochondrocytes that can be distinguished by their in vitro behavior.
Oat β-glucans: An evaluation of eastern Canadian cultivars and unregistered lines

The (1-3), (1-4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan) content of a number of domestic Canadian oat cultivars and selected unregistered lines was determined to establish the range of β-glucan content in eastern Canadian oat varieties. Seed samples were taken from oats grown at five locations over 3 years in an attempt to assess the effect of environment on variation in β-glucan content. Analysis of variance indicated that the greater source of variation in β-glucan content was due to genetic rather than environmental factors. The highest β-glucan cultivar (Marion) was about 30% higher than the lowest cultivars (OA516-2 and Donald). Differences in β-glucan content among the intermediate cultivars were generally smaller, and in some cases not significant, although the rank order of the cultivars among environments was consistent. A low, but significant, negative association between β-glucan content and precipitation, and a low, but significant, positive association between β-glucan content and temperature was found, but th.
Carotenes in typical and dark orange carrots

Analyses qualitative et quantitative, par chromatographie liquide haute performance, de la fraction carotenes de carottes de differentes origines genetiques. On constate qu'une lignee orange fonce presente une teneur en carotenes deux fois plus elevee que toutes les autres independamment de l'annee et du lieu de culture
Production and survival during storage of spray‐dried Bradyrhizobium japonicum cell concentrates

Production of Bradyrhizobium japonicum cell concentrates by spray-drying in skim milk plus sucrose medium and the feasability of storing dried inocula over long periods were investigated. Storage of spray-dried cells under mild vacuum was equivalent to storage under nitrogen. Oxygen and ambient temperature were found detrimental for survival of dried cells. High initial cell concentration and storage under low relative humidities ( 10 9 cfu g -1 during at least a 25 week storage period) without altering the symbiotic properties of B. japonicum
Variations in lake-outlet Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera communities amongst regions of eastern Newfoundland, Canada.

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera communities at 23 lake-outlet sites in four regions of boreal eastern Newfoundland, Canada, are described and compared. Faunal richness was low, with a total of 51 taxa collected (14 for Ephemeroptera, 3 for Plecoptera, and 34 for Trichoptera). Hydropsychids (Trichoptera) predominated in both di- versity and abundance of taxa. Analysis of variance revealed differences in taxon diversity and abundance among re- gions, even within the relatively small geographic area studied. Diversity and abundance also varied among sites within regions, despite the low diversity and large number of widespread taxa. The data show that lake outlets are useful for comparative studies, even in areas with a reduced insect fauna. Resume : On trouvera ici la description des communautes d'ephemeres, plecopteres et trichopteres de 23 emissaires en quatre regions du nord-est de Terre-Neuve, Canada. La faune y etait plutot pauvre et seulement 51 taxons ont ete re- coltes (14 Ephemeropteres, 3 Plecopteres et 34 Trichopteres). Tant du point de vue de la diversite que de l'abondance, la faune etait dominee par les hydropsychides (Trichopteres). Une analyse de variance a revele des differences de di- versite et d'abondance entre les regions, meme si la region geographique etudiee etait relativement restreinte. Il y avait egalement des differences de diversite et d'abondance entre les sites au sein d'une region, en depit de la faible diver- site et du grand nombre de taxons a vaste repartition. Les donnees demontrent que les sorties de lac sont des milieux qui se pretent bien aux etudes comparatives, meme dans les zones ou la faune des insectes est limitee. (Traduit par la Redaction) 1543