Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Canopy gradients in leaf intercellular CO2 mole fractions revisited: interactions between leaf irradiance and water stress need consideration

Intercellular CO 2 mole fractions ( C i ) are lower in the upper canopy relative to the lower canopy leaves. This canopy gradient in C i has been associated with enhanced rates of carbon assimilation at high light, and concomitant greater draw-downs in C i . However, increases in irradiance in the canopy are generally also associated with decreases in leaf water availability. Thus, stress effects on photosynthesis rates ( A ) and stomatal conductance ( G ), may provide a further explanation for the observed C i gradients. To test the hypotheses of the sources of canopy variation in C i, and quantitatively assess the influence of within-canopy differences in stomatal regulation on A , the seasonal and diurnal variation in G was studied in relation to seasonal average daily integrated quantum flux density ( Q int ) in tall shadeintolerant Populus tremula L. trees. Daily time-courses of A were simulated using the photosynthesis model of Farquhar et al. ( Planta 149, 78‐90, 1980). Stable carbon isotope composition of a leaf carbon fraction with rapid turnover rate was used to estimate canopy gradient in C i during the simulations. Daily maximum G ( G max ) consistently increased with increasing Q int . However, canopy differences in G max decreased as soil water availability became limiting during the season. In water-stressed leaves, there were strong mid-day decreases in G that were poorly associated with vapour pressure deficits between the leaf and atmosphere, and the magnitude of the mid-day decreases in G occasionally interacted with long-term leaf light environment. Simulations indicated that the percentage of carbon lost due to mid-day stomatal closure was of the order of 5‐10%, and seasonal water stress increased this percentage up to 20%. The percentage of carbon lost due to stomatal closure increased with increasing Q int . Canopy differences in light environment resulted in a gradient of daily average C i of approximately 20 m mol mol - 1 . The canopy variation in seasonal and diurnal reductions in G led to a C i gradient of approximately 100 m mol mol - 1 , and the actual canopy C i gradient was of the same magnitude according to leaf carbon isotope composition. This study demonstrates that stress effects influence C i more strongly than within-canopy light gradients, and also that leaves acclimated to different irradiance and water stress conditions may regulate water use largely independent of foliar photosynthetic potentials.
The determination of phaseic acid by monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay

A monoclonal antibody PA3-2-B3, IgG1 (Λ) is described which specifically recognizes phaseic acid and shows very little cross-reactivity (0.14%) with abscisic acid or dihydrophaseic acid (0.88%). Based on this antibody, an enzyme immunoassay was developed which displays a linearity range from 15 pg to 3 ng of phaseic acid. Results obtained with this assay agree with those obtained by gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Using the novel enzyme immunoassay, as well as an established immunoassay for abscisic acid, levels of these two compounds in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris were determined as a function of plant age, water stress, recovery from stress, and feeding of abscisic acid through the transpiration stream. The production of phaseic acid in a microsomal system from bean leaves was demonstrated. The results show a regulation of the plant's capacity to metabolize abscisic acid to phaseic acid as a function of water stress.
Unexpected Event during Surveys Design: Promise and Pitfalls for Causal Inference

An increasing number of studies exploit the occurrence of unexpected events during the fieldwork of public opinion surveys to estimate causal effects. In this paper we discuss the use of this identification strategy based on unforeseen and salient events that split the sample of respondents into treatment and control groups: the Unexpected Event during Surveys Design (UESD). In particular we focus on the assumptions under which unexpected events can be exploited to estimate causal effects and we discuss potential threats to identification, paying especial attention to the observable and testable implications of these assumptions. We propose a series of best practices in the form of various estimation strategies and robustness checks that can be used to lend credibility to the causal estimates. Drawing on data from the European Social Survey we illustrate the discussion of this method with an original study of the impact of the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks (Paris, 01/07/2015) on French citizens’ satisfaction with their national government. ∗This research has received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities through the research grant CSO2017-89085-P. We are grateful to Lucas Leeman, Silja Häusermann, Macarena Ares, Guillem Rico, Salomo Hirvonen, the editor and anonymous reviewers of Political Analysis, and participants at the University of Zurich IPZ publication seminar, the Autonomous University of Barcelona DEC Seminar, and the 2018 EPSA conference for helpful comments and suggestions. We are especially grateful to Erik Gahner Larsen for his detailed and insightful comments, and for genereously sharing with us his collection of UESD references. Enrique Hernández also thanks the University of Zurich Political Science Department for hospitality during the spring of 2018. Replication materials are available at the Political Analysis Dataverse: doi.org/10.7910/DVN/RDIIVL (Hernández et al., 2019).
Energetic Demands During Incubation and Chick Rearing in a Uniparental and a Biparental Shorebird Breeding in the High Arctic

ABSTRACT. — Rearing of young has long been considered the energetically most demanding phase of the avian breeding cycle. Arctic-breeding shorebirds expend large amounts of energy during breeding. Because they are too small to carry sufficient stores to sit out the incubation period, they regularly interrupt incubation to feed and still can run short of energy, particularly in species in which one adult takes care of the eggs and chicks alone (uniparental). We measured daily energy expenditure (DEE) and time budgets during incubation and chick rearing in the smallest uniparental Arctic shorebird, the Little Stint (Calidris minuta). Daily energy expenditure decreased with increasing temperature but did not differ between the incubation and chick-rearing periods. Because of the increase in potential foraging time from incubation to the chick-rearing phase, the foraging intake rate required to balance the budget dropped by two-thirds. To evaluate the effect of uniparental care on energy budgets, we also measured DEE in the Dunlin (C. alpina), a sympatric congener in which both parents incubate but the female deserts the brood after hatching. Daily energy expenditure decreased with temperature, was the same during incubation and chick rearing, and was higher in males. Our results are discussed in relation to the timing of breeding of Arctic shorebirds with different systems of parental care.
Do museum specimens accurately represent wild birds? A case study of carotenoid, melanin, and structural colours in long-tailed manakins Chiroxiphia linearis

Museum specimens continue to be an invaluable resource for taxonomic, systematic, and comparative studies, and are increasingly relied upon for novel research purposes. Evaluating variation in the colour of avian study skins forms the basis for a broad range of research questions, yet few studies have investigated whether the plumage colouration of museum specimens accurately reflects colouration in wild birds. In this study, we use reflectance spectrometry to compare the plumage reflectance of avian museum skins and wild birds. We use long-tailed manakins Chiroxiphia linearis ,t o investigate these potential differences in colour. Long-tailed manakins are ideal for this type of study as their colourful plumage patches result from three primary plumage colouration mechanisms found in birds: melanin pigmentation, carotenoid pigmentation, and structural colouration. These features of their plumage allowed us to independently assess variation in each plumage colouration mechanism. Reflectance spectra obtained from museum specimens were very similar to those obtained from wild birds, and the colouration of specimens was usually well within the range of variation observed in wild birds. As such, museum specimens can accurately represent the colouration of wild birds. Nevertheless, we found significant differences in colouration between museum skins and wild birds. We documented differences in brightness, hue, saturation, and chroma, although the direction and magnitude of these differences varied by mechanism of colouration. Multivariate analyses revealed that the age of museum specimens and the time of year at which they were collected contributed to some of these differences. We discuss potential proximate causes of these changes in colour, many of which apply to both museum specimens and wild birds, and identify the types of studies that are likely to be most sensitive to these changes.
Energy Optimization for Virtualized Network Environments

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been estimated to consume 10% of the total energy consumption in industrial countries. According to the latest measurements, this amount is rapidly increasing by 6% annually. With the evolved new business model in which Service Providers (SPs) are separated from Infrastructure Providers (InPs), Virtualized Network Environments (VNEs) have been regarded as a promising technology for flexibly utilizing shared communication network resources. VNEs also play a fundamental role toward virtualizing data centers. In this thesis, we suggest different feasible solutions to optimize the energy consumption in a VNE. In this regard, first, we review the corresponding literature in regard to the architecture of a VNE, its performance modelling, several power models, and also existing energy-saving solutions for VNEs. We approach the objective of optimizing the energy consumption in a VNE by defining and solving two main problems. The first problem optimizes the energy consumption in a VNE during the off-peak period. This is feasible by reconfiguring the mapping of already embedded virtual networks for the off-peak time. This is planned in two smaller and simpler sub-problems with increasing the complexity and higher energy-saving levels. Our solutions enable the providers to adjust the level of the reconfiguration and accordingly control the possible traffic disruptions. In the second problem, we propose a novel energy-efficient embedding method that maps heterogeneous MapReduce-based virtual networks onto a heterogeneous data center physical network, energy-wise. We introduce a new incast problem that specifically may happen in Virtualized Data Centers (VDCs). The proposed embedding process also controls the incast queueing delay.
Influence of Sex and Reproductive Status on Seasonal Movement of Lake Sturgeon in Namakan Reservoir, Minnesota–Ontario

Abstract We evaluated the influence of sex and reproductive condition on seasonal distribution and movement patterns of Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in Namakan Reservoir, Minnesota–Ontario. Blood samples were collected from 133 Lake Sturgeon prior to spawning and plasma concentrations of testosterone and estradiol-17s were analyzed using radioimmunoassay. Steroid concentrations were used to determine sex and the reproductive stage of each sturgeon. A subset of 60 adults were implanted with acoustic transmitters prior to spawning in 2007 and 2008. Movement was monitored using an array of 15 stationary receivers covering U.S. and Canadian waters of Namakan Reservoir and its tributaries. Of the monitored sturgeon, there was no significant difference in the minimum distance traveled between sexes or among seasons. Site residency did not differ between sexes but differed significantly among seasons, and Lake Sturgeon of both sexes had higher residency during winter (mean = 24 d). Five females implanted w.
Pressure–Volume Analysis of a Range of Poikilohydric Plants Implies the Existence of Negative Turgor in Vegetative Cells

Pressure–volume (PV) isotherms were determined for a range of poikilohydric plants. The plants included a lichen, a filmy fern, three bryophytes and two angiosperms. Graphs of turgor potential (ψp) as a function of relative water content (RWC) derived from the PV curves suggested that most of the cryptogams, but not the angiosperms, contained significant amounts of intercellular water when fully hydrated. In several species part of the PV curve fell below the extrapolated linear portion of graph, implying that over this range of RWCs the plant's cells have negative turgor; values as low as -0.3 MPa were recorded. Negative turgor occurred in those species with a high bulk modulus of elasticity, implying that it develops only in plants that have cells with rigid walls. Plants that can display negative turgor will undergo cytorrhysis at lower RWCs than plants in which negative turgor does not occur. The significance of these findings for the water relations of poikilohydric plants is discussed.
Positional Modulation Design Based on Multiple Phased Antenna Arrays

Traditional directional modulation designs are normally based on a single phased array, with the assumption that eavesdroppers and desired users are in different directions. However, it is not always the case, as it is possible that they are in the same direction. As a result, signals received by eavesdroppers will be approximately the same as desired users. To solve the problem, a multiple antenna array model is introduced, and the principle of the design is that the eavesdropper located in the same direction as the desired user for one antenna array may not be in the same direction for another antenna array. Based on such a model, in this paper, a power minimization constraint for the design is proposed, and an artificial noise component is included, resulting in a scrambled phase response for eavesdroppers. Beam pattern, phase pattern, and bit error rate are used as metrics to show the effectiveness of the designs based on multiple fixed antenna arrays and location optimized antenna arrays, respectively.
Genotype-environment interaction in tropical maize varieties developed for the tropical region of Veracruz, Mexico

SUMMARY In the humid tropics of Mexico, maize (Zea mays L.) improved varieties with desirable plant agronomic characteristics and grain quality protein are required. The synthetic varieties of maize are adequate for rainfall agriculture the farmers do not need to buy seeds every year. In order to identify the best synthetics with high grain yield and lower genotype-environment interaction (GEI), eight maize synthetic varieties were evaluated in four sites of the State of Veracruz, Mexico, during 2009, 2010 and 2011. A randomized complete block design with two replications was used. The GEI effect was estimated by using the model of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI). Results showed that the two main principal components (PCA) of the model AMMI had not significance (P≥0.05); however, accumulatively they contributed 73% of the total variation. The variance due to environments was greater than that due to genotype differences. According to PCA1, the ‘synthetic-2’ had a more stable behavior. The AMMI model allowed grouping the environments in two relatively homogeneous groups: the first one formed by the environments E2 and E3, and the second, by E1 and E4. The biplot technique was used to identify genotypes for general or specific adaptability. In conclusion, there were different responses among the synthetic varieties evaluated in the environments, and little association among the high grain yielding varieties and the more productive environments. The best grain yielding genotypes are appropriate to further develop a better variety or to develop inbred lines to form better maize hybrids.
Anger in children with autism spectrum disorder : parent's perspective

Anger related behaviours such as aggression are known to be an area of difficulty for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A national internet forum for parents of children with ASD was selected out of other similar forums from six English speaking countries. Information about the angry episodes of 121 children with ASD as described by 120 parents on this forum was analysed. From the parents’ perspective, children with ASD were angry frequently with aggressive behaviours, their anger was target and context specific, and they could not control their own behaviours during their angry episodes but some were apologetic afterward. These behaviours impacted on the whole family, their parents, their siblings and the children with ASD. These episodes were influenced by their being physically or emotionally unwell, and antecedents included inaccessibility to preferred items, and changes in routines/environments. There might be improvement over time and possible gender difference in these behaviours.
Three genetic stocks of frigate tuna Auxis thazard thazard (Lacepede, 1800) along the Indian coast revealed from sequence analyses of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

Abstract Frigate tuna Auxis thazard thazard is a cosmopolitan species and one of the smallest members of the tribe Thunnini (the true tunas), and currently managed as a single stock. In the present study, genetic variation was surveyed using sequence data of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region to test for the presence of genetic stock structure of frigate tuna along the Indian coast. A total of 364 individuals were sampled from 8 major fishing zones along the Indian coast. Significant genetic heterogeneity was observed for the sequence data (ΦST = 0.0439, P = < 0.001). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed significant genetic variation among the three groups analysed (ΦCT = 0.1223, P = < 0.05), which was also supported by spatial AMOVA results. Therefore, the null hypothesis of single panmictic population of frigate tuna along the Indian coast can be rejected. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences demonstrated that frigate tuna can be grouped into three different mitochondrial clades (Clades I, II and III). However, there were no significant genealogical branches or clusters of samples corresponding to sampling locality. The results of the present study suggest the possibility of three genetically differentiated units of frigate tuna across the coastal waters of India.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship between Profitability Persistence and Firms' Choice of Business Model: Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the influence of a firm's business model on the relative persistence of profitability in the U.S. airline industry. The strategic management literature describes a firm's business model as reflecting how that firm chooses to compete in the marketplace. Given this linkage between business model, competition, and the marketplace, we conjecture that the persistence of profit margin and asset turnover ratios will be influenced by firms' choices of business model. Further, we hypothesize that this choice of business model influences the relative persistence of the individual revenue and expense components of current profit margin and asset turnover ratios for future profitability ratios. We test these conjectures by (1) partitioning our sample firms according to business model (network carriers versus low-cost carriers), and (2) decomposing sample firms' profit margin and asset turnover ratios into components relating to pricing policy, input cost control, and productivity. We fin.
Movement of plankton through lake‐stream systems

SUMMARY 1. River plankton are often assumed to come from upstream lakes, but the factors controlling the movement of plankton between lakes and rivers into outflow streams are unclear. We tested the possibility that the physical structure of the littoral zone near the lake outlet (depth, presence of macrophytes) and diurnal differences in plankton composition at the lake surface influence the movement of plankton from the lake into the stream and determine their persistence downstream. 2. Zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass, community composition and mean body size were compared between two deep lakes without macrophytes at the lake edge and two shallow lakes with macrophytes at the lake edge. Samples were collected day and night on three dates, in the lake centre, in the littoral zone adjacent to the lake outlet, at the outlet and at two sites downstream in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada. 3. The morphology of lake edges clearly affects the movement of lake zooplankton into outlet streams. Outlets draining deeper littoral zones had higher zooplankton biomass than shallow littoral outlets (P < 0.0001), but these differences disappeared within 50 m downstream of the lake. There was no difference in mean zooplankton body size among lake outlets or between littoral and outlet samples. However, shallow littoral zones were dominated by cyclopoid copepods and deeper littoral zones were dominated by Bosmina longirostris. In contrast, phytoplankton biomass entering the outlet was similar to that found within the lake and did not vary with lake outlet morphology. These effects were consistent across several sampling weeks and were not affected by surface zooplankton biomass changes associated with diurnal vertical migration in the lake centre. 4. A comparison with published river zooplankton data suggests that zooplankton are rapidly eliminated from shallow outlet streams (£1 m deep) but persist in most deeper outlet rivers (‡2 m deep). Because the depth of an outlet river determines downstream zooplankton community development, the contribution of lakes to river plankton communities may be influenced by the location of each lake within the drainage basin. These findings suggest that lake and outflow physical structure influences connection strength between spatially successive habitats.
Death and reproductive rates of Sheep in relation to flock culling and selection

Summary The records of a number of commercial sheep flocks, kept in such manner as permitted the collection of reliable data relating to the births, deaths, and other causes of decrement and accretion of flock numbers, have been used to compile tables of mortality, ewe and lamb survival, selection and culling factors, and similar information derivable therefrom. The number of breeding ewes “exposed to risk” totalled 83,113 and observations extended over a period of 6 years, during which 77,493 lambs were born and survived to docking, yielding a mean lambing percentage of 93.9, expressed as the number of lambs docked and marked in relation to the number of ewes mated. Ewe deaths numbered 7,042, and lamb deaths prior to 1½ years of age totalled 8,056, or 10.4% of those docked. Regression analysis indicated that an equation of the form: log. qx = 0.156 x + 0.24, where “qx” is the death-rate per cent at age (x), fitted the basic data with a correlation coefficient of 0.937. A formula, embodying derived factor.