Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Ecological Dynamics Perspective of Return to Play Decision-Making for Extreme Sport Athletes

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 SUMMARY Background. Extreme sport participation occurs for many reasons. A commonality for many is the high risk of serious injury or death, particularly in association with mismanaged execution. Methods. This review describes a conceptual return to play decision-making model for extreme sport athletes based on considerations of ecological dynamics. Results. In guiding the extreme sport athlete through sport-specific training simulations and secondary injury prevention education, the rehabilitation clinician must develop a thorough understanding of the sport and the factors that contribute to their safe performance. Conclusions. The interaction of multiple factors including (but not limited to) experience and skill level, personality, conditioning level, overall health and injury status and the injury risks associated with many extreme sports make return to play decision-making particularly difficult.
Learner control, segmenting, and modality effects in animated demonstrations used as the before-class instructions in the flipped classroom

ABSTRACT Multimedia principles such as segmentation, learner control, and modality have been proposed to ensure animated demonstrations (AD) effectiveness. However, several studies that apply multimedia principles in different learning contexts with different learners have found boundary conditions for several effects. This study thus aimed to investigate different levels of learner control, segmenting, and modality effects on learning and cognitive load when AD was used as the before-class instructions in the flipped classroom, in which the boundary conditions include self-pacing and sufficient learning time. Two experiments (low control vs. high control) were conducted with a 2 × 2 (segmentation: nonsegmented vs. segmented; modality: narrated vs. captioned) between-subjects ANOVA design. A supplementary analysis across the two experiments was further conducted to distinguish between the main effects of learner control and segmentation. The findings of this study have important implications for the design of before-class instructions to enhance student engagement and understanding.
Association of the MTHFR 677C>T Polymorphism with Obesity and Biochemical Variables in a Young Population of Mexico

Summary Background Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms have been associated with overweight people and obesity. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship of the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism with obesity and biochemical variables in young individuals of Mexico. Methods A total of 316 young individuals were included in the study, 172 with normal weight (NW) and 144 with over weight/obesity. Body mass index (BMI) was classified as NW, overweight, and obesity. Also, waist circumference was measured. Moreover, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined. Genotyping for MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism was performed by the PCR-RFLP method. Results There was no difference in the distribution of the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism between individuals with NW and overweight/obesity; neither when they were divided by overweight vs NW, nor when we contrasted obese vs NW. However, an analysis stratified by gender showed a significant protector effect of the TT genotype against obesity in males and elevated waist circumference in females. Also, overweight/obese individuals with TT genotype had less risk of high cholesterol or triglycerides than overweight/obese subjects with the other genotypes. Conclusions These results suggest that the MTHFR 677T polymorphism might not be a risk factor for being overweight/obesity. Rather, on the basis of our results, this variant could be a protector effect. However, further large-scale population-based studies are still necessary to clarify the role of the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism in overweight, obesity, and lipid profile level.
Changes in cell shape correlate with collagenase gene expression in rabbit synovial fibroblasts

Induction of the neutral proteinase, collagenase, is a marker for a specific switch in gene expression observed in rabbit synovial fibroblasts. A variety of agents, including 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol- 13-acetate, cytochalasins B and D, trypsin, chymotrypsin, poly(2- hydroxyethylmethacrylate), and trifluoperazine induced this change in gene expression. Induction of collagenase by these agents was always correlated with a marked alteration in cell morphology, although the cells remained adherent to the culture dishes. The amount of collagenase induced was positively correlated with the degree of shape change produced by a given concentration and, to some extent, with the duration of treatment. Altered cell morphology was required only during the first few hours of treatment with inducing agents; after this time collagenase synthesis continued for up to 6 d even when agents were removed and normal flattened cell morphology was regained. All agents that altered cell morphology also produced a characteristic switch in protein secretion phenotype, characterized by the induction of procollagenase (Mr 53,000 and 57,000) and a neutral metalloproteinase (Mr 51,000), which accounted for approximately 25% and 15% of the protein secreted, respectively. Secretion of another neutral proteinase, plasminogen activator, did not correlate with increased collagenase secretion. In contrast, synthesis and secretion of a number of other polypeptides, including the extracellular matrix proteins, collagen and fibronectin, were concomitantly decreased. That changes in cell shape correlated with a program of gene expression manifested by both degradation and synthesis of extracellular macromolecules may have broad implications in development, repair, and pathologic conditions.
Tidal Stream Turbine Modelling in the Natural Environment

Tidal stream renewable energy is becoming a viable source of electricity as part of a diversified low carbon energy mix. Across the world sites are being identified where the currents are sufficiently strong to enable economically attractive levels of energy extraction. Academic interest in the sector is growing in parallel to the growth of industrial investment. A large number of papers have now been published, ranging from device design, through environmental impact, to the hydrodynamic performance of devices, individually and in arrays. It is one of the remaining issues that this work seeks to inform. Inspired by Draper et. al. [1], marine currents around a headland are modelled with a single row fence of turbines placed offshore from the headland at various blockage ratios. Power performance estimates and downstream wakes are created showing increased power per device, and improved total power production as the blockage ratio rises from 0.13 to 0.20. This work uses a RANS computational fluid dynamics model with an embedded blade element actuator disk, described in [2], to investigate various aspects of this problem. Introduction To understand the effect of placing arrays of marine turbines close to a headland, it is useful to study the flow blockage caused by these turbines. Draper et. al. [1] demonstrate a method for predicting potential power extraction over a full tidal cycle using a method similar to the classic actuator disc model expressed over a lateral fence. The fence is situated off the tip of the headland at a location capturing the maximum kinetic flux within the domain. The authors perform their simulations utilising a 2D mesh representing a depth averaged domain. Described in their work is the blockage ratio; the ratio of turbine area and channel area confined to the pitch of turbines in the lateral fence array. In our work we study the effects on flow within a 3D domain using the BEMCFD model to determine if the characteristics observed in [1] are comparable. The method is described in, and applied to arrays in [3]. Our study uses a turbine of diameter 10m situated in a 30m uniform depth channel at a location consistent with [1]. The rotors operate at a TSR of 3.0, i.e. 2.32 − 2.62rad/s. It is a trivial extension to consider depth variation. For our simulations we use blockage ratios of 0.13, 0.17, and 0.20. This provides a more realistic density of devices for our study as we do not simulate the sloping bathymetry of the coastline. In summary the mesh resolution of the blade region is a structured grid at 0.2m resolution orthogonal to the flow, and 0.1m in the flow direction. The area around the blade has an unstructured resolution of 0.5m. The near wake and upstream region is 1.0m. The far wake region is 2.0m, and the remaining domain is 4.0m maximum resolution.
ASSESSMENT OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF FORCE AND MOTION. BY UGWUANYI,

This project work was based on the assessment of senior secondary school students’ conceptual understanding of force and motion. Four researcher questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. Two research designs were adopted for the study namely: descriptive survey and Ex-post facto designs. Two hundred and twenty two senior secondary two (SS2) physics students in seven intact classes from six senior secondary schools that were purposively sampled from the area of study constituted the sample for the study. Those seven intact classes were drawn through simple random sampling within the SS2 physics classes in each of the six schools. The instrument for data collection was Force Motion Concept Evaluation (FMCE) developed by Thornton and Sokoloff, (1998). This instrument was adapted by the present researcher. Data collected was analyzed using WinBUGS computer program, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test of independent samples. While WinBUGS computer program, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, t-test of independent samples was used to test the null hypotheses. The results of the study showed that: (1) most of the Students responded to force and motion concepts using the impetus model (model 2) which is not exactly the correct model. (2) The nature of items determines the students’ choice of models. (3) Gender has a significant influence on the students’ conceptual understanding of force and motion in the direction of the female students. (4) School location has no significant influence on the students’ conceptual understanding of force and motion. The implications of the above findings as well as recommendations were highlighted.
Characterizing Human Eﬀort in Wireless Voice Over IP

Skype Voice Over IP (VoIP) traces from an experimental WiFi network were analyzed to detect and characterize user eﬀorts that go into these calls. Our analysis shows that users have a very low tolerance threshold when it comes to putting eﬀorts for getting the conversation going (they prefer rather eﬀort-less conversation). A wireless VoIP session is highly likely to be abandoned prematurely by the user if the eﬀort threshold is exceeded during the call. Our results also suggest that after exceeding the eﬀort threshold, users are likely to spend quite a bit of time in the call before ﬁnally abandoning it. These eﬀort patterns are found to be consistent across multiple users, with the actual value of the eﬀort threshold being sensitive to the user. An important outcome is that it is possible to reliably generate warnings for calls that are going to face premature ending by simply monitoring the number of times the user has put eﬀorts into the call. Besides reliability, these warnings can be generated well in advance giving plenty of time to network controllers for possible repair of the wireless connection and avoidance of premature call ending. Using the eﬀort data captured from our experimental network, we conduct discrete event simulations of a WiFi VoIP network to evaluate the eﬀectiveness of dynamic resource allocation in addressing such warnings. The experiments show that resource allocation schemes which are capable of exploiting the long warning lead times of eﬀort-based predictions, can ﬁnd additional resources with a high probability.
Use of camera-traps in natural trails and shelters for the mammalian survey in the Atlantic Forest

In order to evaluate the efficiency of different mammalian survey methods, we compared traditional sampling techniques (use of camera-traps on roads and artificial trails, track censuses, and direct field visualization) with an alternative sampling design (camera-traps positioned in natural areas such as natural trails and shelters). We conducted the study in a deciduous Atlantic-Forest park in southern Brazil, and additionally compared our results with a previous intensive study carried out in the same area. Our considerably smaller sampling effort (example: 336 trap.day for our camera-traps versus 2,154 trap.day for the earlier study) registered the presence of 85% of the local known species, with camera-traps being 68% efficient. Moreover, shelter camera-traps revealed a different species composition regarding most of other sampling methods. This sampling strategy involving natural forest sites was therefore able to effectively optimize the chances of evaluating species composition in a shorter period, especially with respect to lower-density and cryptic species, as well as to detect species that avoid open, disturbed sites such as roads and man-made forest trails.
The Effect of Concept Mapping and Mind Mapping on Creativity in Ecology of Senior Secondary Schools’ Students in Nigeria

This study examined the effects of Concept Mapping (CM) and Mind Mapping (MM) on the creativity of the ecology of senior secondary schools’ students in Nigeria. The study employed quasi-experimental, which adopted the Pre-test Post-test non-equivalent group design to achieve the research objectives. Three components of creativity (fluency, flexibility and originality) were used to test the level of the creative ability of the students by using the CM and the MM as pedagogy in the classroom. The two groups (CM and MM) were all experimental. A sample of 78 students in two intact classes of two different senior secondary schools in Plateau State, Nigeria, were used for the study. The collection of data was carried out using the Ibadan Creativity Assessment Scale (ICAS) as the instrument, and MANOVA was used for data analysis. The findings show that there is a significant difference between the two experimental groups; that is, there are variations among the students in terms of their creative ability on ecology in favour of the CM group. However, this study will serve as an instructional strategy for teachers in teaching Ecology and improve the creativity of students in Nigeria.
Big Banana Cultivation: Agricultural Productivity and Return Analysis

This study aims to ascertain factors for enhancing productivity and analysing return in terms of big banana cultivation. The research asked how to obtain the sustainable return and productivity for big banana cultivation. Questionnaires were responded to by 157 Thai agricultural households including 33 volunteered agricultural households who were interviewed through semi-structured interviews for collecting data. Statistical techniques were used for analysing questionnaires while interview transcripts were analysed using content analysis with a phenomenological research approach. The result discovered that agriculturists’ competency; appropriate cultivated processes; demand and supply equilibrium for agricultural products; selection for sustainable agricultural product market; investment for cultivation; and agriculturists’ resources management approach, these crucial factors must be concentrated to enhance the productivity and economic return including reducing cultivated costs by Thai agricultural households especially agriculturist’s competency which has been important, as partially transmitted from their ancestors, and impacted the agricultural productivity and the rate of cultivated returns on investment. Another result revealed all factors impacting cultivated operation have directly and positively influenced the successful big banana cultivation of agricultural households whether higher agricultural products targeted price and returns; increasable quantity and quality of target agricultural productivities; and their happily wellbeings. This study can be used for assessing farmers’ decision-making for cultivated investment.
The Promotion of Multicultural Education in Schools: A study of Teaching Multidisciplinary Courses in Indonesian Schools

In the era of globalisation expansion, the world is now focussing on multicultural discourse. The current study is conducted in Indonesia and aims to explore the benefits of multicultural education in schools. The present study uses quantitative research to gather the data. A structured questionnaire was prepared to obtain data from in the field. The total number of 400 respondents were selected through purposive random sampling techniques. The researcher visited three central regions in East Java to collect the data. The findings show that multicultural education is implementing a cultural education, religious harmony, and promoting tolerance in the subject. The study also shows that student pluralism is an excellent strategy to promote understanding and harmony among students in schools.
Job Satisfaction as a Mediator between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behaviours

Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) involves voluntary activities which do not form part of the organizational roles of workers and do not explicitly take into account the formal organizational compensation structure even though they improve the organization's general efficiency. To create a safer working environment and enhance job efficiency, education institutions must embrace and promote the OCBs. When workforce demonstrates OCBs actions, and they will increase their level of engagement and improve the performance of institutions. Such organizations would now be able to fulfil their objectives and better serve society. The purpose of the study to examine the impact of Transformational Leadership (TL) on organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs), as well as the mediating role of job satisfaction (JS) in the Iraqi primary schools. Data collected from 172 teachers in some selected schools in Al Anbar Governorate through questioners and the data analysed by Smart PLS 3.2. 9. The results indicated that Transformational leadership impacted teachers OCBs positively. Furthermore, Job satisfaction positively impacted OCBs and mediated between TL and OCBs. Implications the study emphasizes the importance of teachers OCBs and recommends that schools should encourage their mangers and administrative to exhibit more TL (Motivational, stimulating and creative actions). This study demonstrates the degree to which the internal motives of Teachers, particularly their Job satisfaction, lead to extra roles and affect OCBs-leaders from developing country prospects.
Confidential manuscript submitted to Reviews of Geophysics Model Hierarchies for Understanding Atmospheric Circulation

22 In this review, we highlight the complementary relationship between simple and comprehensive mod23 els in addressing key scientific questions to describe Earth’s atmospheric circulation. The systematic 24 representation of models in steps, or hierarchies, connects our understanding from idealized systems 25 to comprehensive models, and ultimately the observed atmosphere. We define three interconnected 26 principles that can be used to characterize the model hierarchies of the atmosphere. We explore 27 the rich diversity within the governing equations in the dynamical hierarchy, the ability to isolate 28 and understand atmospheric processes in the process hierarchy, and the importance of the physical 29 domain and resolution in the hierarchy of scale. 30 We center our discussion on the large scale circulation of the atmosphere and its interaction with 31 clouds and convection, focusing on areas where simple models have had a significant impact. Our 32 confidence in climate model projections of the future is based on our efforts to ground the climate 33 predictions in fundamental physical understanding. This understanding is, in part, possible due to 34 the hierarchies of idealized models that afford the simplicity required for understanding complex 35 systems. 36
Recent Trends in Bank Privatization

This paper revisits trends in bank privatization and analyzes their economic impact over the past 25 years. Building on a novel data set of privatization events for 70 developed and developing countries, it shows that bank privatization became more frequent since the Global Financial Crisis, especially in emerging markets such as China and India, but also smaller in that the fraction of a bank's ownership relinquished during privatization events declined. The majority of privatizations happened via public sales in domestic capital markets. The banks that were chosen to be privatized tended to underperform their peers and had weaker asset quality pre-privatization, but the empirical evidence on banks'post-privatization performance is mixed. The paper finds that privatized banks turn toward more traditional banking models and increase credit extension with no apparent negative distributional implications. However, the analysis does not reveal significant differences in bank profitability post-privatization, although differences exist between developed and developing countries. Notably, banks that have been recapitalized prior to privatization perform significantly better afterward privatization.
Convergence and parallelism: is a new life ahead of old concepts?

In comparative biology, character observations initially separate similar and dissimilar characters. Only similar characters are considered for phylogeny reconstruction; their homology is attested in a two‐step process, firstly a priori of phylogeny reconstruction by accurate similarity statements, and secondly a posteriori of phylogeny analysis by congruence with other characters. Any pattern of non‐homology is then a homoplasy, commonly, but vaguely, associated with “convergence”. In this logical scheme, there is no way to analyze characters which look similar, but cannot meet usual criteria for homology statements, i.e., false similarity detected a priori of phylogenetic analysis, even though such characters may represent evolutionarily significant patterns of character transformations. Because phylogenies are not only patterns of taxa relationships but also references for evolutionary studies, we propose to redefine the traditional concepts of parallelism and convergence to associate patterns of non‐homology with explicit theoretical contexts: homoplasy is restricted to non‐similarity detected a posteriori of phylogeny analysis and related to parallelism; non‐similarity detected a priori of phylogenetic analysis and necessarily described by different characters would then correspond to a convergence event s. str. We propose to characterize these characters as heterologous (heterology). Heterology and homoplasy correspond to different non‐similarity patterns and processes; they are also associated with different patterns of taxa relationships: homoplasy can occur only in non‐sister group taxa; no such limit exists for heterology. The usefulness of these terms and concepts is illustrated with patterns of acoustic evolution in ensiferan insects.