Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching

The persistence of students' misconceptions about motion illustrates the enormous difficulty that teachers face in their attempts to overcome these with traditional physics instruction. An understanding of students' ideas about motion and ways to incorporate them into successful instructional approaches can be obtained from an analysis of historical evidence about certain aspects of dynamics previously held. Inquiry-based instruction can proceed effectively within a context that provides familiar situations to students, where teachers have an awareness of the origin and role of difficulties that inexorably lead to misconceptions about certain properties of motion. What appears as a bewildering array of views about motion can make sense when seen with a historical perspective on the evolution of human understanding about dynamics.
On piecewise constant level-set (PCLS) methods for the identification of discontinuous parameters in ill-posed problems

We investigate level-set-type methods for solving ill-posed problems with discontinuous (piecewise constant) coefficients. The goal is to identify the level sets as well as the level values of an unknown parameter function on a model described by a nonlinear ill-posed operator equation. The PCLS approach is used here to parametrize the solution of a given operator equation in terms of a L2 level-set function, i.e. the level-set function itself is assumed to be a piecewise constant function. Two distinct methods are proposed for computing stable solutions of the resulting ill-posed problem: the first is based on Tikhonov regularization, while the second is based on the augmented Lagrangian approach with total variation penalization. Classical regularization results (Engl H W et al 1996 Mathematics and its Applications (Dordrecht: Kluwer)) are derived for the Tikhonov method. On the other hand, for the augmented Lagrangian method, we succeed in proving the existence of (generalized) Lagrangian multipliers in the sense of (Rockafellar R T and Wets R J-B 1998 Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften (Berlin: Springer)). Numerical experiments are performed for a 2D inverse potential problem (Hettlich F and Rundell W 1996 Inverse Problems 12 251–66), demonstrating the capabilities of both methods for solving this ill-posed problem in a stable way (complicated inclusions are recovered without any a priori geometrical information on the unknown parameter).
Thermoplastic Response of a Linearly Hardening Cylinder Subjected to Nonuniform Heat Source and Convective Boundary Condition

Abstract An analytical model based on Tresca's yield criterion and its associated flow rule is developed to analyze the thermoelastoplastic response of a linearly hardening cylinder subjected to a nonuniform heat source and convective heat transfer condition at the external boundary. Closed form solutions are obtained for a state of generalized plane strain in different stages of elastic-plastic deformation. Considering a cylinder that is constrained axially, the plastic deformation commences at the axis and depending on the convective boundary condition, another plastic region may develop at the surface before the fully plastic state is reached. A calculation procedure is developed to determine the critical values of the heat-transfer coefficient, for which a third plastic region at the surface does not occur. The effect of various parameters on the critical heat-transfer coefficient is investigated. The residual stresses attained upon unloading are also determined and it is shown that the primary and secondary stresses fall within the shakedown regime.
Sex Differences in the In Vivo Exposure Process of Multiple Components of Gelsemium elegans in Rats

Asian Gelsemium elegans (G. elegans) has a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, its strong toxicity limits its potential development and application. Interestingly, there are significant gender differences in G. elegans toxicity in rats. This work aimed to elucidate the overall absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of whole G. elegans crude extract in female and male rats using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/QqTOF-MS), which facilitates determining the reasons for the gender differences in toxicity. A total of 25 absorbed bioactive components and 3 related produced metabolites were tentatively identified in female rats, while only 17 absorbed bioactive components and 3 related produced metabolites were identified in male rats. By comparison of peak intensities, most compounds were found to be more active in absorption, distribution and excretion in female rats than in male rats, which showed that female rats were more sensitive to G. elegans. This study was the first to investigate the multicomponent in vivo process of G. elegans in rats and compare the differences between sexes. It was hypothesized that differences in the absorption of gelsedine-type alkaloids were one of the main reasons for the sex differences in G. elegans toxicity.
THE BEHAVIOR OF BANKERS TOWARDS PROFIT AND LOSS SHARING CONTRACTS: A Modified Theory of Planned Behavior Approach

This paper aims at determining the psychological factors of bankers in implementing Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) financing contracts in Islamic banks. The phenomenon of low occurrence of PLS financing motivated the researcher to write this paper. The theory of modified planned behavior is used to explain the research problem. The research data were obtained from 139 employees of Islamic banks in Indonesia and processed using SEM-PLS. The results show that trust has an effect on attitudes; subjective attitudes and norms affect intentions; perceived behavioral control has no effect on intention and behavior; intention influences behavior; and the perception of inefficiency has a negative effect on the relationship between intention and behavior. This paper contributes to the elaboration of the psychological factors affecting the behavior of bankers in implementing PLS. The implications of this paper for designing the strategies to improve the bankers' behavior in PLS financing are: the management must boost the bankers' confidence for the PLS financing benefits; the stakeholder’s social pressure is needed; the authority of bankers in implementing PLS financing needs to be increased; the bankers' access to the partner’s financial reports needs to be expanded; and the regulators need to give appreciation to Islamic banks that have a larger PLS portfolio.
Integrating Rehabilomics into the Multi-Omics Approach in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis: The Way for Precision Medicine?

Over recent years, significant improvements have been made in the understanding of (epi)genetics and neuropathophysiological mechanisms driving the different forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). For example, the role and importance of the bidirectional communications between the brain and the gut—also referred to as the gut-brain axis—in the pathogenesis of MS is receiving increasing interest in recent years and is probably one of the most promising areas of research for the management of people with MS. However, despite these important advances, it must be noted that these data are not—yet—used in rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation is a cornerstone of MS patient management, and there are many techniques available to clinicians and patients, including technology-supported rehabilitation. In this paper, we will discuss how new findings on the gut microbiome could help us to better understand how rehabilitation can improve motor and cognitive functions. We will also see how the data gathered during the rehabilitation can help to get a better diagnosis of the patients. Finally, we will discuss how these new techniques can better guide rehabilitation to lead to precision rehabilitation and ultimately increase the quality of patient care.
Suppressing the formation of dwarf galaxies via photoionization

In hierarchical clustering theories, some sort of feedback mechanism is required to prevent most of the baryonic material collapsing into subgalactic objects at high redshifts. It is argued that a photoionizing background of the magnitude suggested by applying the Gunn-Peterson constraint to high-redshift quasars, would strongly suppress the cooling of a hydrogen-helium plasma and so inhibit the formation of dwarf galaxies. The effectiveness of this mechanism depends on the spectrum of the photoionizing radiation and so galaxy formation could depend on the proximity of protogalactic perturbations to unusual sources of hard photons such as luminous quasars
The Effects of Coded Focused and Unfocused Corrective Feedback on ESL Student Writing Accuracy

Purpose: This study adopted a mixed-method approach, including a classroom experiment and 24 in-depth interviews, to investigate the effects of two feedback techniques (coded focused and unfocused written corrective feedback) on ESL learners’ writing in a self-financed tertiary institution in Hong Kong. Methodology: Three intact classes of 47 students served as the experimental and control groups; the control group only received feedback on content and organization, whereas the two experimental groups also received focused and unfocused linguistic feedback, respectively. The feedback intervention was conducted over an eight-week intensive summer course, focusing on three grammar errors (articles, singular/plural nouns and verb forms). Altogether, students wrote seven pieces, four of which were analysed for the present research. Results: The study found that students who received focused written corrective feedback (WCF) significantly outperformed the other two groups, though the effects varied across error types. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between the unfocused and control groups. In-depth interviews explored how individual learners’ metalinguistic understanding and engagement affect their intake of WCF. The results revealed that learners who received focused feedback developed a deeper understanding of the linguistic nature of specific error types. Learners with limited English proficiency were less likely to apply their linguistic knowledge to revise a task or write a new one. Conclusion: Because not all errors deserve equal attention, teachers and students should consider how feedback can be used more effectively, particularly in areas where comprehensive feedback is considered obligatory. When teaching students with limited language proficiency, it is recommended that, rather than providing a wide range of error corrections, teachers provide focused feedback complemented with carefully designed metalinguistic support.
Measurement of hematological and biochemical parameters in sheep infected with intestinal protozoa and helminthes

Fifty blood samples were collected from sheep of different regions in Salah Al-Din Governorate for the period from November 2019 to April 2020 to detected some hematological and biochemical criteria and the infection with intestinal protozoa (Eimeria, Cryptosporidium) and helminthes (Marshallagia sp, Trichostrongylus sp, Ostertagia sp ,Haemonchus sp, Chabertia sp , Nematodirus sp , Toxocara sp, Cooperia sp , Oesophagostomum sp , Strongyloid sp) . The results of the study showed that the infection with intestinal protozoa and nematodes in sheep had an effect on the haematological parameters, as there was a significant decrease in the red blood cells (RBCs), volume of packed blood cells (PCV), lymphocytes compared to the control Groups reaching 4.9±1.173,21.9±7.2±1.871, 21.9± 2.881, 45.1± 3.624 respectively. While there was a significant increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) compared to the control groups reaching 13.2±3.116 respectively. Regarding biochemical parameters, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of protein and albumin, 5.308±0.552, 2.124±0.372 respectively, as well as a significant decrease in the concentration of iron and calcium, 158.6 ± 34.4, 8.73± 2.48 respectively, while no change in the concertation of magnesium and potassium was reported.
Effects of Pesticide Intake on Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Healthy Adults

Animal experiments have indicated that pesticides may affect gut microbiota, which is responsible for the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyamines. Here, we present a preliminary observation of the relationship between pesticide exposure and fecal SCFAs and polyamines in Japanese adults. In total, 38 healthy adults aged 69 ± 10 years (mean ± SD) were recruited and subjected to stool and spot urine tests. Urinary dialkylphosphates (DAP), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and glyphosate were assayed as pesticide exposure markers of organophosphorus insecticide (OP), a pyrethroid insecticide, and glyphosate, respectively. Significant negative correlations (p < 0.05, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient) were found between urinary DAP, fecal acetate (r = −0.345), and lactate (r = −0.391). Multiple regression analyses revealed that urinary DAP was a significant explanatory variable of fecal acetate concentration (p < 0.001, β = −24.0, SE = 4.9, t = −4.9) with some vegetable intake (adjusted R-square = 0.751). These findings suggest that OP exposure is independently associated with lower fecal acetate levels, which may contribute to human health in middle-aged and older adult groups. Given that the human gut environment has long-term effects on the host, studies on wide-range age groups, including children, are necessary.
Prevalence of loneliness and its correlates among patients with schizophrenia

Background: There are limited data on loneliness and its correlates in patients with schizophrenia. Objective: To evaluate prevalence and correlates of loneliness in patients with schizophrenia, currently in clinical remission. Methodology: A total of 160 patients of schizophrenia in clinical remission were assessed on UCLA Loneliness Scale, Positive and Negative syndrome scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Brief COPE, Beck’s Hopelessness Scale, Brief Dyadic Scale of Expressed Emotions, and Self-report Quality of Life Measure. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 34.99 (SD = 9.13) years. The prevalence of loneliness in the study sample was 80%, with mean total UCLA-loneliness scale score of 30.04 (16.9). Compared to participants without loneliness, those with loneliness had had higher CDSS score, had poor quality of life, lower self-esteem, experienced higher level of stigma, more often used maladaptive coping strategies such as self-blaming and reported a higher level of hopelessness. In the correlation analysis, higher level of loneliness was associated higher severity of depression, higher level of stigma (except for stigma resistance) and discrimination, poorer quality of life, lower self-esteem, perception of a higher level of expressed emotions, higher use of maladaptive coping in the domains of behavioral disengagement, and self-blaming, and a higher level of hopelessness. In regression analysis, the maximum variance of loneliness was explained by quality of life score (29%), followed by hopelessness score (8.8%) and discrimination score (2%). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of loneliness in patients with schizophrenia, and there is a need to routinely evaluate the patients of schizophrenia for loneliness and address the same.
Crystal structure of LGR ligand α2/β5 from Caenorhabditis elegans with implications for the evolution of glycoprotein hormones

Significance Glycoprotein hormones of vertebrate animals act through LGR receptors, which mediate physiological responses in reproductive organs and the thyroid. These hormones are disulfide-bridged heterodimers composed from remotely related α and β protein chains. While glycoprotein hormones are found only in vertebrates, all bilaterally symmetric animals possess homologous dimers, identified as α2β5, and their cognate LGR receptors. The structure described here for the α2β5 hormone from a nematode worm provides a basis for reconstructing the molecular evolution of the family of LGR ligands—from a putative α2 homodimer in basal metazoan animals (sponges and comb jellies, for example) to glycoprotein hormones in humans.
The Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases Involved in the Degradation of Volatile Esters Produced in Strawberry Fruits

Volatile ester compounds are important contributors to the flavor of strawberry, which affect consumer preference. Here, the GC-MS results showed that volatile esters are the basic aroma components of strawberry, banana, apple, pear, and peach, and the volatile esters were significantly accumulated with the maturation of strawberry fruits. The main purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between carboxylesterases (CXEs) and the accumulation of volatile ester components in strawberries. FaCXE2 and FaCXE3 were found to have the activity of hydrolyzing hexyl acetate, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, and E-2-hexenyl acetate to the corresponding alcohols. The enzyme kinetics results showed that FaCXE3 had the higher affinity for hexyl acetate, E-2-hexenyl acetate, and Z-3-hexenyl acetate compared with FaCXE2. The volatile esters were mainly accumulated at the maturity stages in strawberry fruits, less at the early stages, and the least during the following maturation stages. The expression of FaCXE2 gradually increased with fruit ripening and the expression level of FaCXE3 showed a decreasing trend, which suggested the complexity of the true function of CXEs. The transient expression of FaCXE2 and FaCXE3 genes in strawberry fruits resulted in a significantly decreased content of volatile esters, such as Z-3-hexenyl acetate, methyl hexanoate, methyl butyrate, and other volatile esters. Taken together, FaCXE2 and FaCXE3 are indeed involved in the regulation of the synthesis and degradation of strawberry volatile esters.
Clinical Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome

This study compared the biometric accuracy and refractive outcomes, and ocular surface changes after cataract surgery in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS, S group), non-SS dry eye patients (D group), and healthy controls (C group). The medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery and met certain inclusion criteria were reviewed. In total, 167 eyes of 87 patients were enrolled. Refractive parameters were analyzed via optical biometry and combined ultrasound biometry and automated refractokeratometry. The mean absolute errors (MAEs), the uncorrected distance visual acuities (UDVAs), changes in the ocular staining score (OSS), and anterior chamber cell grades were compared for 12 months postoperatively. The S group evidenced more severe and persistent OSS exacerbation after cataract surgery; the OSS returned to baseline by 3 months postoperatively. The mean keratometric values showed a significant linear correlation. There was no significant intergroup difference in either the MAEs (p > 0.530) or anterior chamber inflammation (p > 0.436). The postoperative UDVA of the S group was poorer than that of the C group from 3 months postoperatively (p < 0.047) but not different from that of the D group (p > 0.311). With preoperative ocular surface optimization and optimal postoperative treatment of superficial keratitis, the refractive outcomes of SS patients were comparable to those of other groups and the postoperative UDVA was not inferior to that of non-SS dry eye patients.
Preterm Birth: An Overview

Birth order has a significant impact on perinatal and long-term outcomes. Preterm birth rates, ranging from 5% to 18%, are regrettably still high in industrialized and developing countries, making them the main contributor to infant mortality and morbidity. Infection, cervical pathology, uterine overdistension, progesterone deficiency, stress on the mother and fetus, allograft reaction, allergic phenomena, and likely more unknown factors are just a few of the causes of preterm birth syndrome. These several causes may improperly stimulate the usual pathway between the decidua and the fetal membranes, resulting in cervical ripening, membrane rupture, and uterine contractility. Some of the mechanisms underpinning these actions include receptors, chemokines, and inflammatory cytokines. For early identification, treatment, and avoidance of negative consequences, it is essential to understand the cellular and metabolic mechanisms that cause preterm labor. Clinicians and researchers are crucial to improving our knowledge of the biochemistry of preterm delivery, identifying risk factors, and creating treatments for this challenging condition. Intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia or eclampsia are frequent causes of suspected preterm births. “Spontaneous preterm births” occur after preterm labor that develops without warning with an early membrane rupture. It is thought that the condition that may cause these births may have several causes, such as uterine overdistension, vascular disease, infection, or inflammation. Unplanned preterm births have several reasons, including the black race, periodontal disease, low mother body mass index (BMI), and previous preterm births. A short cervical length and a high cervical-vaginal fetal fibronectin concentration are the two best signs of premature birth.
Interfacial Characteristics of Graphene−Reinforced Iron Composites: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Interface has a significant effect on mechanical properties of graphene reinforced metal composites. Taking graphene nanosheet reinforced iron composite (Gr/Fe) as an example, the interfacial characteristics of Gr/Fe (110), (111), (112¯), and (001) interfaces have been studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Two types of interfacial bonding have been examined: physical and chemical bonding. The results show that when the graphene and iron form a physical adsorption (weak−bonded) interface, the interactive energy of the graphene and Fe (110), (111), (112¯), and (001) interface is −1.00 J/m2, −0.73 J/m2, −0.82 J/m2, and −0.81 J/m2, respectively. The lengths of the Fe−C bonding are distributed in the range of 2.20–3.00 Å without carbide formation, and no distinct patterns of atomic structure are identified. When the graphene and iron form a chemical (strong−bonded) interface, the corresponding interactive energy is −5.63 J/m2, −4.32 J/m2, −4.39 J/m2, and −4.52 J/m2, respectively. The lengths of the Fe−C bonding are mainly distributed in the ranges of 1.80−2.00 Å and 2.30−2.50 Å, which the carbides such as Fe3C and Fe7C3 are formed at the interface. Moiré patterns are observed at different−oriented interfaces, because of the lattice geometrical mismatch between graphene and different−oriented iron crystal structures. The pattern of diamond stripe is at the (110) interface, which is in good accordance with the experiment. Other patterns are the hexagonal pattern at the (111) interface, the wavy stripe pattern at the (112¯) interface, and the chain pattern at the (001) interface. These moiré patterns are formed through the competition and coordination of the three binding sites (Hollow, Bridge, and Top) of graphene with Fe atoms.