Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A definition of thermodynamic entropy valid for non-equilibrium states and few-particle systems

From a new rigorous formulation of the general axiomatic foundations of thermodynamics we derive an operational definition of entropy that responds to the emergent need in many technological frameworks to understand and deploy thermodynamic entropy well beyond the traditional realm of equilibrium states of macroscopic systems. The new definition is achieved by avoiding to resort to the traditional concepts of "heat" (which restricts $a$ $priori$ the traditional definitions of entropy to the equilibrium domain) and of "thermal reservoir" (which restricts $in$ $practice$ our previous definitions of non-equilibrium entropy to the many-particle domain). The measurement procedure that defines entropy is free from intrinsic limitations and can be applied, $in$ $principle$, even to non-equilibrium states of few-particle systems, provided they are separable and uncorrelated. The construction starts from a previously developed set of carefully worded operational definitions for all the basic concepts. Then, through a new set of fully spelled-out fundamental hypotheses (four postulates and five assumptions) we derive the definitions of energy and entropy of any state, and of temperature of any stable equilibrium state. Finally, we prove the principle of entropy non-decrease, the additivity of entropy differences, the maximum entropy principle, and the impossibility of existence of a thermal reservoir.
A Novel Approach to Unambiguous Doppler Beam Sharpening for Forward-Looking MIMO Radar

The ambiguity problem of targets in Doppler beam sharpening (DBS) with forward-looking radar is considered. While DBS is proposed earlier to improve the angular resolution of the radar while keeping the antenna aperture size limited, such a solution suffers from ambiguities in the case of targets positioned symmetrically with respect to the platform movement. To address this problem, an approach named unambiguous Doppler-based forward-looking multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar beam sharpening scan (UDFMBSC) is proposed, based on the combination of MIMO processing and DBS. The performance of the proposed method is compared to existing approaches using simulated data with point-like and extended targets. The method is successfully verified using experimental data.
Expression of CD 14 + 16 + and CD 45 RA Monocytes in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis : A Comparative Study

Peripheral blood monocytes are a heterogeneous cell population, with phenotypes that change on activation or differentiation. We have to find out the expression of monocyte subsets (CD14+CD16+ and CD45RA) in peripheral blood of patients suffering from aggressive and chronic periodontitis and to compare with that of the normal healthy individuals. Total thirty subjects were selected for the study. The study model consisted of three groups – Group I, Group II and Group III. The subjects were allocated in the following groups as follows: Group I: Normal healthy control, having clinically healthy periodontium. Ten subjects were included in this group. Group II: Patients suffering from Chronic Periodontitis. All together ten subjects were taken in this group. Group III: Patients having Aggressive Periodontitis. Ten patients were included in this group. In group I, the mean CD14+CD16+ (mean± s.d.) of patients was . 7327 ± . 0794.In group II, the mean CD14+CD16+ (mean± s.d.) of patients was 4.3403 ± 1.7132. In group III, the mean CD14+CD16+ (mean± s.d.) of patients was 2.7650 ± 1.4720. Difference of mean CD14+CD16+ vs. three groups was statistically significant (p<0.0001). In group I, the mean CD45RA (mean± s.d.) of patients was . 3923 ± . 0904.In group II, the mean CD45RA (mean± s.d.) of patients was 1.8000 ± . 6103.In group III, the mean CD45RA (mean± s.d.) of patients was 2.2587 ± 1.4110. Difference of mean CD45RA vs. three groups was statistically significant (p<0.0001). The results show that the mean percentage of CD14+CD16+ monocytes was the maximum in the peripheral blood of chronic periodontitis patients followed by aggressive periodontitis and the healthy subjects respectively. The percentage of CD45RA level was increased in chronic periodontitis group as well as aggressive periodontitis group in comparison to the healthy group but the percentage was more in aggressive periodontitis patients.
Halo ellipticity of GAMA galaxy groups from KiDS weak lensing

We constrain the average halo ellipticity of ~2 600 galaxy groups from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, using the weak gravitational lensing signal measured from the overlapping Kilo Degree Survey (KiDS). To do so, we quantify the azimuthal dependence of the stacked lensing signal around seven different proxies for the orientation of the dark matter distribution, as it is a priori unknown which one traces the orientation best. On small scales, the major axis of the brightest group/cluster member (BCG) provides the best proxy, leading to a clear detection of an anisotropic signal. In order to relate that to a halo ellipticity, we have to adopt a model density profile. We derive new expressions for the quadrupole moments of the shear field given an elliptical model surface mass density profile. Modeling the signal with an elliptical Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile on scales <250 kpc, which roughly corresponds to half the virial radius, and assuming that the BCG is perfectly aligned with the dark matter, we find an average halo ellipticity of e_h=0.38 +/- 0.12. This agrees well with results from cold-dark-matter-only simulations, which typically report values of e_h ~ 0.3. On larger scales, the lensing signal around the BCGs does not trace the dark matter distribution well, and the distribution of group satellites provides a better proxy for the halo's orientation instead, leading to a 3--4 sigma detection of a non-zero halo ellipticity at scales between 250 kpc and 750 kpc. Our results suggest that the distribution of stars enclosed within a certain radius forms a good proxy for the orientation of the dark matter within that radius, which has also been observed in hydrodynamical simulations.
Exact polynomial solutions of second order differential equations and their applications

We find all polynomials Z(z) such that the differential equation where X(z), Y(z), Z(z) are polynomials of degree at most 4, 3, 2, respectively, has polynomial solutions S(z) = ∏ni = 1(z − zi) of degree n with distinct roots zi. We derive a set of n algebraic equations which determine these roots. We also find all polynomials Z(z) which give polynomial solutions to the differential equation when the coefficients of X(z) and Y(z) are algebraically dependent. As applications to our general results, we obtain the exact (closed-form) solutions of the Schrödinger-type differential equations describing: (1) two Coulombically repelling electrons on a sphere; (2) Schrödinger equation from the kink stability analysis of ϕ6-type field theory; (3) static perturbations for the non-extremal Reissner–Nordström solution; (4) planar Dirac electron in Coulomb and magnetic fields; and (5) O(N) invariant decatic anharmonic oscillator.
Hankel operators on the Fock-Sobolev spaces

In this paper, we study operator-theoretic properties (boundedness and compactness) of Hankel operators on the Fock-sobolev spaces $ \mathscr{F}^{p,m} $ in terms of $ \mathcal{BMO}_r^p $ and $ \mathcal{VMO}_r^p $ spaces, respectively, for a non-negative integers $ m $, $ 1 \leq p 0 $. Along the way, we also study Berezin transform of Hankel operators on $ \mathscr{F}^{p,m} $. The results in this article are analogous to Zhu's characterization and Per\"al\"a's characterization of bounded and compact Hankel operators on the Bergman spaces of unit disc and the weighted Fock spaces, respectively.
Characterizing entanglement entropy produced by nonlinear scalar interactions during inflation

The density fluctuations that we observe in the universe today are thought to originate from quantum fluctuations produced during a phase of the early universe called inflation. By evolving a wave function describing two coupled Fourier modes of a scalar field forward through an inflationary epoch, we demonstrate that nonlinear effects can result in a generation of entanglement entropy between modes with different momenta in a scalar field during the inflationary period when just one of the modes is observed. Through this mechanism, the field would experience decoherence and appear more like a classical distribution today; however the mechanism is not sufficiently efficient to explain classicality. We find that the amount of entanglement entropy generated scales roughly as a power law S{proportional_to}{lambda}{sup 1.75}, where {lambda} is the coupling coefficient of the nonlinear potential term. We also investigate how the entanglement entropy scales with the duration of inflation and compare various entanglement measures from the literature with the von Neumann entropy. This demonstration explicitly follows particle creation and interactions between modes; consequently, the mechanism contributing to the generation of the von Neumann entropy can be easily seen.
Some remarks on MCMC estimation of spectra of integral operators

We prove a law of large numbers for empirical approximations of the spectrum of a kernel integral operator by the spectrum of random matrices based on a sample drawn from a Markov chain, which complements the results by V. Koltchinskii and E. Gin\'{e} for i.i. d. sequences. In a special case of Mercer's kernels and geometrically ergodic chains, we also provide exponential inequalities, quantifying the speed of convergence.
On The Error Estimate for Cubature on Wiener Space

Abstract It was pointed out by Crisan and Ghazali that the error estimate for the cubature on Wiener space algorithm developed by Lyons and Victoir requires an additional assumption on the drift. In this paper we demonstrate that it is straightforward to adopt the analysis of Kusuoka to obtain a general estimate without an additional assumptions on the drift. In the process we slightly sharpen the bounds derived by Kusuoka.
Structural Equation Modeling of Adherence to Treatment on Emotional Regulation Mediated by Coping Strategies by in Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy

Background: Cancer is a complex, debilitating, and common disease with many dimensions, consequences, and psychological, biological, and social complications. We aimed to investigate the structural equations of treatment adherence based on emotional, cognitive regulation mediated by coping styles in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: The present study was a correlational study using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included patients with breast cancer referred to specialized cancer clinics in Tehran between October and February 2018. The sample consisted of 250 patients with breast cancer who were selected by convenience sampling. Data were obtained using the Folkman and Lazarus Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Data were also analyzed using correlation coefficients, Pearson’s correlation matrix, multiple regression, and structural equation modeling. Also, all statistical calculations were performed using Amos 22 and SPSS 22 software. Results: Emotion regulation had a direct effect on coping strategies (β=0.48, P<0.001) and adherence to treatment (β=0.63, P<0.001). Coping strategies had a mediating role in the relationship between emotion regulation and adherence to treatment (AGFI=0.98, RMSEA=0.067). Conclusion: There is a relationship between emotion regulation and adherence to treatment and coping strategies has a mediating role in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy.
On the local Langlands correspondence for quasi-split even orthogonal groups

In this paper, we highlight and state precisely the local Langlands correspondence for quasi-split O_{2n} established by Arthur. We give two applications: Prasad's conjecture and Gross--Prasad conjecture for O_{n}. Also, we discuss the Arthur conjecture for O_{2n}, and establish the Arthur multiplicity formula for O_{2n}.
Space like strong unique continuation for sublinear parabolic equations

In this paper, we establish space like strong unique continuation property for uniformly parabolic sublinear equations under appropriate structural assumptions. Our main result Theorem 1.1 constitutes the parabolic counterpart of the strong unique continuation result recently established in (Ruland, J. Differential Equations 265 (2018) 6009–6035) for elliptic sublinear equations with analogous structure conditions. Similar to that in (Ruland, J. Differential Equations 265 (2018) 6009–6035), this is accomplished via a new L2−L2 type Carleman estimate for a class of sublinear parabolic operators.
Galois theory of quadratic rational functions

For a number field K with absolute Galois group G_K, we consider the action of G_K on the infinite tree of preimages of a point in K under a degree-two rational function phi, with particular attention to the case when phi commutes with a non-trivial Mobius transfomation. In a sense this is a dynamical systems analogue to the l-adic Galois representation attached to an elliptic curve, with particular attention to the CM case. Using a result about the discriminants of numerators of iterates of phi, we give a criterion for the image of the action to be as large as possible. This criterion is in terms of the arithmetic of the forward orbits of the two critical points of phi. In the case where phi commutes with a non-trivial Mobius transfomation, there is in effect only one critical orbit, and we give a modified version of our maximality criterion. We prove a Serre-type finite-index result in many cases of this latter setting.
Trade-off coding for universal qudit cloners motivated by the Unruh effect

A ‘triple trade-off’ capacity region of a noisy quantum channel provides a more complete description of its capabilities than does a single capacity formula. However, few full descriptions of a channel’s ability have been given due to the difficult nature of the calculation of such regions—it may demand an optimization of information-theoretic quantities over an infinite number of channel uses. This work analyses the d-dimensional Unruh channel, a noisy quantum channel which emerges in relativistic quantum information theory. We show that this channel belongs to the class of quantum channels whose capacity region requires an optimization over a single channel use, and as such is tractable. We determine two triple-trade off regions, the quantum dynamic capacity region and the private dynamic capacity region, of the d-dimensional Unruh channel. Our results show that the set of achievable rate triples using this coding strategy is larger than the set achieved using a time-sharing strategy. Furthermore, we prove that the Unruh channel has a distinct structure made up of universal qudit cloning channels, thus providing a clear relationship between this relativistic channel and the process of stimulated emission present in quantum optical amplifiers.
Construction, classification and parametrization of complex Hadamard matrices

The intended purpose of this work is to provide the reader with a comprehensive, state-of-the art presentation of the theory of complex Hadamard matrices, or at least report on the very recent advances. This manuscript consists of three chapters, each describing one of three distinct faces of this field whose treatment require various mathematical tools ranging from combinatorics, functional analysis to symbolic computation. Although we firmly believe that these beautiful objects are interesting on their own and worth investigating from a purely mathematical perspective we make considerable efforts to highlight some of their applications we aware of.
Malicious DNS Tunnel Tool Recognition Using Persistent DoH Traffic Analysis

DNS over HTTPS (Do) can mitigate the risk of privacy breaches but makes it difficult to control network security services due to the DNS traffic encryption. However, since malicious DNS tunnel tools for the DoH protocol pose network security threats, network administrators need to recognize malicious communications even after the DNS traffic encryption has become widespread. In this paper, we propose a malicious DNS tunnel tool recognition system using persistent DoH traffic analysis based on machine learning. The proposed system can accomplish continuous knowledge updates for emerging malicious DNS tunnel tools on the machine learning model. The system is based on hierarchical machine learning classification and focuses on DoH traffic analysis. The evaluation results confirm that the proposed system is able to recognize the six malicious DNS tunnel tools in total, not only well-known ones, including dns2tcp, dnscat2, and iodine, but also the emerging ones such as dnstt, tcp-over-dns, and tuns with 98.02% classification accuracy.
Extensions of Some Classical Local Moves on Knot Diagrams

In the present paper, we consider local moves on classical and welded diagrams: (self-)crossing change, (self-)virtualization, virtual conjugation, Delta, fused, band-pass and welded band-pass moves. Interrelationship between these moves is discussed and, for each of these move, we provide an algebraic classification. We address the question of relevant welded extensions for classical moves in the sense that the classical quotient of classical object embeds into the welded quotient of welded objects. As a by-product, we obtain that all of the above local moves are unknotting operations for welded (long) knots. We also mention some topological interpretations for these combinatorial quotients.
Recreational Drugs and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma represents an important contributor to the global cancer-related burden, and liver cirrhosis is the main risk factor for its development. Conventional or illegal drug consumption is a potential but infrequent cause of cirrhosis. However, the causal relationship between recreational drugs and the risk of developing liver cancer has not been studied in detail thus far. The aim of this review is to synthesize the available published evidence on legal and illegal recreational drug use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver tumors. Expanding our knowledge about the contributions of these substances to the appearance of liver cancers is important for combatting this preventable cause of cancer. Abstract Recreational or aesthetic drug use is a distinctive behavior of humans, principally attested in the last century. It is known that recreational and illegal drugs are major contributors to the universal morbidity rate worldwide. Many of these substances have a well-established hepatotoxic potential, causing acute or chronic liver injury, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, but their implications for hepatocellular carcinoma or other varieties of liver tumors are little known. In this article, we perform an extensive literature review, aiming to provide updated information about recreational drug use and the risk of developing liver tumors. Khat use and pyrrolizidine alkaloid consumption (present in some natural plants) have been linked to liver cirrhosis. Kava intake is associated with different liver tumors in animal models but not in humans. Cannabis’ potential to accelerate liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis is controversial according to the existing data. Cigarette smoking is an important contributor to hepatocellular carcinoma, and anabolic androgen steroids are well-defined causes of a variety of liver cancers and other hepatic tumors. Long-term follow-up studies of subjects who have developed injuries in association with the use of recreational drugs are warranted so as to better define the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in association with these substances and, thus, to implement health care policies to combat this preventable cause of cancer.
Effects of Physical Activity Interventions in the Elderly with Anxiety, Depression, and Low Social Support: A Clinical Multicentre Randomised Trial

The percentage of older people is increasing worldwide. Loneliness and anxious–depressive states are emerging health conditions in this population group, and these conditions give rise to higher morbidity and mortality. Physical activity (PA) and social relationships have been linked to physical and mental health. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a 4-month programme of moderate PA in a group would improve the emotional state, levels of social support, and quality of life in a sample of individuals >64 years of age. A multicentre randomised clinical trial was designed in primary care. Ninety (90) participants were selected. After the intervention, there were positive differences between the groups, with significant improvements in the intervention group (IG) in depression, anxiety, health status perception, and social support. Walking in a group two days per week for 4 months reduced clinical depression and anxiety by 59% and 45%, respectively. The level of satisfaction was very high, and adherence was high. In conclusion, the moderate group PA programme improved clinical anxiety, depression, social support, and perceptions of health status in the patients studied.
Random matrix averages and the impenetrable Bose gas in Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions

The density matrix for the impenetrable Bose gas in Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions can be written in terms of 〈∏l=1n|cos φ1−cos θl||cos φ2−cos θl|〉, where the average is with respect to the eigenvalue probability density function for random unitary matrices from the classical groups Sp(n) and O+(2n), respectively. In the large n limit log-gas considerations imply that the average factorizes into the product of averages of the form 〈∏l=1n|cos φ−cos θl|〉. By changing variables this average in turn is a special case of the function of t obtained by averaging ∏l=1n|t−xl|2q over the Jacobi unitary ensemble from random matrix theory. The latter task is accomplished by a duality formula from the theory of Selberg correlation integrals, and the large n asymptotic form is obtained. The corresponding large n asymptotic form of the density matrix is used, via the exact solution of a particular integral equation, to compute the asymptotic form of the low lying effective single particle states and their occ.
The Switching Rates of Dynamic Functional Networks Differently Contribute to Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND The relationship between switching rate of multilayer functional network and cognitive ability in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimers' disease remains unclear. METHODS We followed up MCI patients for one year and analyzed the association of switching rates with cognitive decline. The iterative and ordinal Louvain algorithm tracked the switching of functional networks, while elastic network regression and Bayesian belief networks were used to test the relationship between network switching rate and cognitive performance cross-sectionally and longitudinally. RESULTS The switching rate of the default mode network positively correlated with better cognitive function, while that of salience and executive control network was negatively associated with memory and executive function. The lower default mode network (DMN) switching rate predicted MCI progression to dementia, while the lower sensorimotor network switching rate heralded in slower cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS The present study investigated the predictive effect of switching rate on cognitive performance, as well as MCI progression to dementia. The inverse effect from different functional networks may become useful for early diagnosis and revealing the mechanism of neural networks in cognitive decline.