Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geomagnetic field intensity at Hawaii for the last 420 kyr from the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project core, Big Island, Hawaii

Four hundred twenty five new paleointensity (Thellier-Thellier) determinations (out of 545 analyzed samples) have been obtained from core HSDP, which penetrates about 1000 meters (208 flows) of the Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea volcanic series encompassing the last 420 kyr. Rock magnetic investigations identify pseudo-single-domain magnetite as the main magnetic mineral. Inclinations are shallower than expected from a geocentric dipole field but are consistent with data from other geographical regions at the same latitude. The inclination record reveals three episodes of negative inclination whose interpolated age correlates well with that of known geomagnetic events. The paleointensity record from the Mauna Loa sequence is not very detailed and does not allow precise comparison with other data in the 0-50 kyr interval. The record from the Mauna Kea sequence, on the contrary, is very detailed and documents relatively short-lived episodes of low and high field strength from 15 to 60 μT. The average virtual dipole moment (8.7 ± 3.0 10 22 A.m 2 ) is not significantly different from the value reported by Kono and Tanaka [1995] for the last 2.5 Myr. A comparison with other data from Hawaii and other geographical regions is described in detail. There are no drastic changes in paleointensity with the inclination anomaly, in agreement with previous results from Hawaii but in contrast with most published results which, however, consider data from polarity transition. Spectral analysis of a particularly detailed portion of the record, between 420 and 326 kyr, documents significant periodicities at 36, 8, 5, and 4 ka in the inclination record but not in the intensity record, suggesting that changes in time of the inclination are to a certain extent independent from those of the intensity.
Variations of zonal currents in the central tropical Pacific during 1970 to 1987: Sea level and dynamic height measurements

The annual and interannual variations of the major zonal currents of the central tropical Pacific for the period 1970–1987 are described by analyzing two data sets: sea level data from a few selected island stations and ship-of-opportunity expendable bathythermograph (XBT) observations. The annual cycles of geostrophic surface current indices (dynamic height or sea level difference between the ridge and the trough defining the current) in the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) are found to be in phase (maxima in November), to be strong, and to explain about 50% of the total variance. The annual cycle of volume transport relative to 400 dbar in the NECC is also strong, but NEC volume transport has a weak annual cycle. The discrepancy between the NEC surface current and the transport is due to the variation of the surface current being larger than that of the deep currents. The annual cycle of the transport of the South Equatorial Current (SEC) is 6 months out of phase with that of the NEC and NECC. Phases of the annual cycles of the sea level and dynamic height indices of flow agree well in general, but there are significant differences between the annual amplitudes of the two types of measurements. These differences arise from a variety of sources: dynamic height reference level assumptions, longitudinal spacing of sea level gauges, meridional resolution of sea level array, and different signal to noise ratios for the two sets of indices. The NECC shows marked flow maxima during the peaks of the strong Ninos of 1972 and 1982, which were followed by near disappearance of the current the following year; these fluctuations are clearly present in both the surface current indices and the volume transport. In 1976 and 1986–1987 (moderate Ninos) the same pattern is not marked. The El Nino signal in NEC transport is weak. There was a strong rise of equatorial sea level during the early phases of the 1972 and 1982 Ninos followed by a fall the next year. This resulted in a decrease of the transport of the SEC in the first year followed by an increase to a maximum during the second year; the maximum coincides with a minimum in NECC transport.
Impact of climate variability on Alpine glaciers in northwestern Italy

We analyzed glacier snout fluctuation data in Piedmont and Val d'Aosta (Italy) and studied the impact of climate variability on valley glaciers in the western Italian Alps. The study period covered about 70 years in the 20th century; we focused on the last 50 years where a large number of temperature and precipitation time series are available. Superposed onto a general recession trend, we detected strong oscillations on shorter time scales and we showed that they are significantly correlated with fluctuations in winter precipitation rates and average summer temperatures. On the basis of these results, we constructed a simple lagged‐linear empirical stochastic model that explained upto 66% of the variance of the snout fluctuation data. The model produces reliable out‐of‐sample predictions of the impact of climate variability on the glaciers of the western Alps and it can be used to estimate the average response of Alpine glaciers to different scenarios of climate change, provided the morphology of the individual glaciers does not change completely. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Dual Agent Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Enhanced Antitumor Activity in a Multidrug-Resistant Breast Tumor Eenograft Model

Multidrug-resistant breast cancers have limited and ineffective clinical treatment options. This study aimed to develop PLGA nanoparticles containing a synergistic combination of vincristine and verapamil to achieve less toxicity and enhanced efficacy on multidrug-resistant breast cancers. The 1:250 molar ratio of VCR/VRP showed strong synergism with the reversal index of approximately 130 in the multidrug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cells compared to drug-sensitive MCF-7 cells. The lyophilized nanoparticles could get dispersed quickly with the similar size distribution, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency to the pre-lyophilized nanoparticles suspension, and maintain the synergistic in vitro release ratio of drugs. The co-encapsulated nanoparticle formulation had lower toxicity than free vincristine/verapamil combinations according to the acute-toxicity test. Furthermore, the most effective tumor growth inhibition in the MCF-7/ADR human breast tumor xenograft was observed in the co-delivery nanoparticle formulation group in comparison with saline control, free vincristine, free vincristine/verapamil combinations and single-drug nanoparticle combinations. All the data demonstrated that PLGANPs simultaneously loaded with chemotherapeutic drug and chemosensitizer might be one of the most potential formulations in the treatment of multidrug-resistant breast cancer in clinic.
Sensitivity of Global Modeling Initiative model predictions of Antarctic ozone recovery to input meteorological fields

[1] We use the Global Modeling Initiative chemistry and transport model to simulate the evolution of stratospheric ozone between 1995 and 2030, using boundary conditions consistent with the recent World Meteorological Organization ozone assessment. We compare the Antarctic ozone recovery predictions of two simulations, one driven by an annually repeated year of meteorological data from a general circulation model (GCM), the other using a year of output from a data assimilation system (DAS), to examine the sensitivity of Antarctic ozone recovery predictions to the characteristic dynamical differences between GCM- and DAS-generated meteorological data. Although the age of air in the Antarctic lower stratosphere differs by a factor of 2 between the simulations, we find little sensitivity of the 1995–2030 Antarctic ozone recovery between 350 and 650 K to the differing meteorological fields, particularly when the recovery is specified in mixing ratio units. Percent changes are smaller in the DAS-driven simulation compared to the GCM-driven simulation because of a surplus of Antarctic ozone in the DAS-driven simulation which is not consistent with observations. The peak ozone change between 1995 and 2030 in both simulations is ∼20% lower than photochemical expectations, indicating that changes in ozone transport due to changing ozone gradients at 450 K between 1995 and 2030 constitute a small negative feedback. Total winter/spring ozone loss during the base year (1995) of both simulations and the rate of ozone loss during August and September is somewhat weaker than observed. This appears to be due to underestimates of Antarctic Cly at the 450-K potential temperature level.
NUMERICAL METHOD OF COMPUTING FLOW PROFILES

A simple rapidly converging iterative method of computing gradually varied steady flow profiles in open channels of any shape, prismatic or nonprismatic, is presented. The method is also applicable to spatially varied steady flow. It is not necessary to determine the shape of the expected profile or the type of flow in advance to proceed with the solution. Computations can proceed either upstream or downstream, regardless of the type of flow, once the channel, discharge, and the initial depth of flow are specified. The procedure for hand computation is illustrated by an example and a Fortran program is given.
Conditional Maximum Covariance Analysis and Its Application to the Tropical Indian Ocean SST and Surface Wind Stress Anomalies

Abstract This study introduces the conditional maximum covariance analysis (CMCA). The normal maximum covariance analysis (MCA) is a method that isolates the most coherent pairs of spatial patterns and their associated time series by performing an eigenanalysis on the temporal covariance matrix between two geophysical fields. Different from the normal MCA, the CMCA not only isolates the most coherent patterns between two fields but also excludes the unwanted signal by subtracting the regressed value of each employed field that depends on the unwanted signal. To evaluate the usefulness of the CMCA, it is applied to the tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature and surface wind stress anomalies, from which the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal is removed. Results show that the first mode of the CMCA represents an east–west contrast pattern in SST and a monopole pattern in the zonal wind stress centered at the equatorial central Indian Ocean. The corresponding expansion coefficients are complete.
Sensitivity of Soil Moisture to Doubling of Carbon Dioxide in Climate Model Experiments. Part II: The Asian Monsoon Region

Abstract This is a sequel to a comparative study of the performance of five climate models over North America; here we investigate their performance over the region most directly under the influence of the Asian monsoon (taken to be equator to 60°N, 60° to 140°E). Emphasis is on soil moisture, since it is a difficult parameter to calculate and therefore provides a severe test of the climate models. Furthermore, soil moisture is a quantity of considerable concern to agriculture and the management of ecological systems generally. The five models compared were those of GFDL, GISS, NCAR, OSU and UKMO. While there were many significant differences in detail between the soil moisture distributions produced by the various control runs for winter and for summer, and also between the model climates and the observed climate of the region, the largest scale features were generally simulated quite well. These features are a considerably drier average climate in the northern part of our region compared to the southern.
Evaluation of stone durability using a combination of ultrasound, mechanical and accelerated aging tests

The durability of a rock when exposed to decay agents is an important criterion when assessing its quality as a building material. Our study focuses on six varieties of natural stone (two limestones, one dolostone, one travertine and two sandstones) that are widely used in both new and historical buildings. In order to assess their quality, we measured and characterized their dynamic elastic properties using ultrasounds, we measured their compressive strength using the uniaxial compression test and we evaluated their durability by means of accelerated aging tests (freeze-thaw and salt crystallization). In order to get a full picture of the decay suffered by the different stones, we determined the composition and amount of the clay fraction of the six stones. We also observed small fragments subjected to the salt crystallization test under an environmental scanning electron microscope to study any textural change and measured the changes of colour on the surface with a spectrophotometer. Finally, we analysed the pore system of the stones before and after their deterioration using mercury injection porosimetry. We then compared the results for the different stones and found that dolostone obtained the best results, while the two limestones proved to be the least durable and had the lowest compressive strength.
Preservation of Early Cambrian animals of the Chengjiang biota

The Chengjiang biota of Yunnan, China, documents the earliest extensive radiation of the Metazoa recorded in the fossil record. Gauging preservational bias is crucial in providing an assessment of the completeness of this biota and thereby elucidating whether it represents a comprehensive depiction of Early Cambrian life. We here present a model to explain the nature of the exceptional preservation of the Chengjiang biota and details of the decay process. This study indicates that Chengjiang fossils were preserved through two taphonomic pathways that may have captured tissues of distinct compositions, and this finding should provide a foundation for the interpretation of Chengjiang fossils. Many Chengjiang fossils are preserved by pyrite (later pseudomorphed by iron oxides); the clay-rich host sediment was deficient in organic carbon but replete in available Fe, and this composition ensured that a decaying carcass acted as a local substrate for Fe- and S-reducing bacteria. Pyrite morphology probably reflects contrasts in the decay rate, and hence the H 2 S production rate, of different tissues in a carcass. Reactive, rapidly decaying tissues would have quickly supplied H 2 S, producing many pyrite nuclei, resulting in framboidal habits. More recalcitrant tissues would have produced H 2 S more slowly, so that crystal growth operated on fewer nuclei, resulting in larger euhedral pyrite crystals. Reflective films, especially common on Chengjiang arthropods, represent the remains of degraded carbon.
Intragraft Tubular Vimentin and CD44 Expression Correlate With Long-Term Renal Allograft Function and Interstitial Fibrosis and Tubular Atrophy

Background. Development of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) is the main histologic feature involved in renal allograft deterioration. The aim of this study was to validate whether de novo tubular expression of CD44 (transmembrane glycoprotein) and vimentin (mesenchymal cell marker), both involved in renal fibrosis, can operate as surrogate markers for late IF/TA and renal function. Furthermore, we wanted to establish the interrater reproducibility for the scoring system, which can be a problem in histologic assessments. Methods. Six-month protocol renal allograft biopsies (n=30 for matching 12 months estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from which 20 matched the 12-month protocol biopsy) were immunostained for CD44 and vimentin, semiquantitatively scored by three observers of two centers, and correlated with IF/TA and eGFR at 12 months. Results. The interobserver agreement was excellent for CD44 (Kendall's W-coefficient: 0.69; P<0.001) and vimentin (Kendall's W-coefficient: 0.79; P<0.001). CD44 and vimentin expression at 6 months were significantly correlated with IF/TA (&rgr;=0.481 for CD44 and &rgr;=0.619 for vimentin) and eGFR (&rgr;=−0.569 for CD44 and &rgr;=−0.376 for vimentin) at 12 months. Conclusions. Summarizing, de novo tubular expression of CD44 and vimentin can function as surrogate marker for IF/TA and eGFR at 12 months. Further area under receiver operator characteristic curve analysis has to establish the predictive value for both biomarkers.
Porosity and permeability in Miocene carbonate platforms of the Marion Plateau, offshore NE Australia: relationships to stratigraphy, facies and dolomitization

Abstract Analyses of porosity and permeability are examined from cores drilled in two Miocene carbonate platforms cored by ODP Leg 194, seaward from the Great Barrier Reef, including one site in the Northern Marion Platform (NMP; mostly preserved as limestone) and two sites in the Southern Marion Platform (SMP; mostly dolomitized). The majority of plug samples are from coarse bioclastic facies and their dolomitized equivalents. Dolomitization probably occurred by circulation of normal to slightly modified sea-water. Increasing fabric destruction at greater depth in the SMP may reflect overprinting of multiple dolomitization episodes in older strata, perhaps related to successive cycles of sea-level fluctuation. Both limestones and dolostones show similarly wide variation in porosity and permeability, reflecting extreme metre-scale heterogeneity of lithologies and diagenetic responses. The limestones show poorer porosity-permeability correlation, with generally lower permeability for given porosity compared with the dolostones, but with similar maximum permeabilities. Despite wide textural diversity, the dolostones cluster along a single trend that parallels the ideal relationship described by the Kozeny equation and characteristic of well-sorted sandstones. The low permeability-for-given-porosity of many limestones is explained by the fine grain size of some samples and, in other cases, by isolation of macropores behind mud matrix. Pore systems in the dolostones, however, tend to be dominated by interparticle macroporosiity, consisting of either relict intergranular pores (grainstones with fabric-preserving dolomitization) or intercrystalline pores (fabric-destructive dolostones and packstones with fabric-preserving dolomitization). Although many dolostones have vuggy pore systems, the vugs appear to be effective for fluid flow because they are connected by the enclosing system of interparticle macropores.
Toward mitigating the double ITCZ problem in NCAR CCSM3

The appearance of a spurious Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone south of the equator in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, in addition to the observed one north of the equator, is a common problem in coupled global climate models. The present study investigates this “double ITCZ” problem in the NCAR CCSM3. It shows that use of a modified Zhang‐McFarlane convection scheme significantly mitigates the double ITCZ problem in boreal summer. This has a profound impact on the simulated sea surface temperature through cloud radiative forcing feedback. Both the warm bias in the southern ITCZ region and the cold bias in the cold tongue over the equator are reduced. Examination of the time series of precipitation, SST and surface energy fluxes shows that, depending on the convection parameterization used, double or single ITCZ emerges quickly within the first few months after the model start.
Transport of freshwater by the oceans

Abstract The global distribution of freshwater transport in the ocean is presented, based on an integration point at Bering Strait, which connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans via the Artic Ocean. Through Bering Strait, 0.8 × 106 m3 s−1 of relatively fresh, 32.5 psu, water flows from the Pacific into the Arctic Ocean. Baumgrtner and Reichel's tabulation of the act gain of freshwater by the ocean in 5° latitude intervals is then integrated from the reference location at Bering Strait to yield the meridional freshwater transport in each ocean. Freshwater transport in the Pacific is directed northward at nearly all latitudes. In the Atlantic, the freshwater transport is directed southward at all latitudes, with a small southward freshwater transport out of the Atlantic across 35°S. Salt transport, which must be considered jointly with the freshwater transport, is northward throughout the Pacific and southward throughout the Atlantic (in the same direction as the freshwater flux) and is equal to the sal.
Timing and slip for prehistoric earthquakes on the Superstition

Trenches excavated across the Superstition Mountain fault in the Imperial Valley, California, have exposed evidence for four prehistorical earthquakes preserved in displaced lacustrine stratigraphy associated with ancient Lake Cahuilla. The presence of shoreline peat accumulations along with abundant detrital charcoal allows for high-precision age determination of some stratigraphic units, thereby providing constraints on the timing of three of the paleoearthquakes. These three events occurred within a 480- to 820-year interval during the past 1200 years. The most recent earthquake (event 1) occurred during a fluvial phase of deposition between A.D. 1440-1637, immediately prior to the inundation of the Cahuilla basin at about A.D. 1480 and 1660. A channel margin was offset 2.2 +0.4/-0.15 m in this rupture, suggesting an earthquake with a magnitude ≥7. The penultimate event (event 2) also occurred during fluvial deposition after A.D. 1280 but before another lakestand at A.D. 1440-1640. Lateral slip could not be resolved for event 2. However, based on juxtaposition of dissimilar units and the amount of deformation produced by this event, it is presumed that this was also a large earthquake. The timing of event 3 is constrained to have occurred between about A.D. 820 and 1280. This event is represented by several fractures and small displacements that rupture up to a distinct stratigraphic level or event horizon. Slip was not resolved for this event. Finally, the timing of event 4 is very poorly constrained to between A.D. 964 and 4670 B.C. Undoubtedly, many events may have occurred during this period. Notably, the past three earthquakes occurred within a period of less than 820 years, and it has been over 350 years since the last earthquake.
Analytical solutions to hillslope subsurface storm flow and saturation overland flow

We present the analytical solutions to a hillslope‐based formulation of subsurface storm flow and saturation overland flow. Here a hillslope is defined as the area between two streamlines originating from two ends of a channel link or from the channel head and ending at the ridgelines. The three‐dimensional soil mantle of a hillslope is reduced to a one‐dimensional profile along which the soil moisture and discharge are modeled. Continuity and a kinematic form of Darcy's law lead to quasi‐linear wave equations solvable with the method of characteristics. Examples are given to illustrate the ability and limitations of the solutions in capturing the essential runoff behavior of different slope types.