Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spicule Jets in the Solar Atmosphere Modeled with Resistive MHD and Thermal Conduction

Using numerical simulations, we study the effects of magnetic resistivity and thermal conductivity in the dynamics and properties of solar jets with characteristics of Type II spicules and cool coronal jets. The dynamic evolution of the jets is governed by the resistive MHD equations with thermal conduction along the magnetic field lines on a 2.5D slice. The magnetic field configuration consists of two symmetric neighboring loops with opposite polarity, used to support reconnection and followed by the plasma jet formation. In total, 10 simulations were carried out with different values of resistivity and thermal conductivity that produce jets with different morphological and thermal properties we quantify. We find that an increase in magnetic resistivity does not produce significant effects on the morphology, velocity, and temperature of the jets. However, thermal conductivity affects both temperature and morphology of the jets. In particular, thermal conductivity causes jets to reach greater heights and increases the temperature of the jet-apex. Also, heat flux maps indicate the jet-apex and corona interchange energy more efficiently than the body of the jet. These results could potentially open a new avenue for plasma diagnostics in the Sun’s atmosphere.
Black hole gravitational waves in the effective field theory of gravity

We investigate the propagation of gravitational waves on a black hole background within the low energy effective field theory of gravity, where effects from heavy fields are captured by higher dimensional curvature operators. Depending on the spin of the particles integrated out, the speed of gravitational waves at low energy can be either superluminal or subluminal as compared to the causal structure observed by other species. Interestingly however, gravitational waves are always exactly luminal at the black hole horizon, implying that the horizon is identically defined for all species. We further compute the corrections on quasinormal frequencies caused by the higher dimensional curvature operators and highlight the corrections arising from the low energy effective field.
Multi-gene Region Phylogenetic Analysis of the Grape Family (Vitaceae)

Abstract— Phylogenetic relationships of 34 species and 11 out of 14 Vitaceae genera, were evaluated using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of four plastid DNA sequence regions (trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer, atpB-rbcL spacer, and rps16 intron). Vitaceae were shown to be monophyletic and at infrafamilial level, well-supported groups included a Cayratia-Cyphostemma-Tetrastigma clade, an Ampelopsis-Cissus striata-Rhoicissus clade, and a Nothocissus-Pterisanthes clade. However, the relationships among the remaining genera remained unresolved. Cyphostemma, Tetrastigma, and Vitis were clearly monophyletic, while both Ampelopsis and Cayratia were paraphyletic and Cissus was polyphyletic. Parsimony based studies of character evolution suggested that 5-merous flowers, leaf-opposed inflorescences, and a hermaphroditic sexuality are ancestral character states in the family.
A Review of Livestock Grazing and Wheat Grain Yield: Boom or Bust?

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown as a dual-purpose crop is a unique and economically important resource, especially in the southern Great Plains. Since the last major review of grazing effects on grain yield, in 1956 wheat cultivars have been developed that may affect the productivity of the grazing-grain enterprise. Thus, we decided to review current research on grazing winter wheat and the effects on grain yield in light of earlier information. During a year of favorable precipitation and adequate to excess soil fertility, tall winter wheat cultivars grazed prior to jointing experienced increased grain yield relative to nongrazed wheat, because of reduced lodging. Current research suggests that the grain yield of semidwarf wheat cultivars is more sensitive to forage removal than for tall cultivars. Grazing termination dates necessary to prevent grain yield reduction of semidwarf cultivars also appear to be much earlier than for taller wheat cultivars. The reason for the difference in grazing tolerance is not clear; however, research suggests that semidwarf cultivars require maximum leaf area at anthesis for maximum grain yield. Tall wheat cultivars are not affected in the same manner, and decreased leaf area due to later grazing does not reduce grain yield of taller wheat cultivars to the same extent as for the semidwarf cultivars. Thus, taller wheat cultivars have the potential for extending the grazing period for livestock producers while producing grain yield similar to that of semidwarf wheat cultivars (which generally produce more grain in a nongrazed situation)
Tendências temporais de índices de vegetação nos campos do Pampa do Brasil e do Uruguai

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reducao do vigor vegetativo da cobertura vegetal do Pampa do Brasil e do Uruguai, por meio da identificacao de tendencias negativas em series temporais de imagens. Utilizaram-se series temporais de imagens de NDVI/EVI do sensor Modis, de 2000 a 2011; imagens de indices de umidade do solo do "climate forecast system reanalysis"; e dados de precipitacao pluvial de estacoes meteorologicas. O estudo quantificou tendencias lineares e nao lineares nas series de NDVI e EVI, em areas de campos. Na tendencia monotonica de Mann-Kendall, a 5% de probabilidade, 81,9% da area total estudada foi significativa com o NDVI, e 74,8%, com o EVI; no entanto, o EVI apresentou contraste superior na estimativa dos parâmetros. Os resultados mostraram maior sinal negativo a oeste, com valores medios de R2>0,15, r<-0,3 e τ <-0,15 na tendencia dos indices de vegetacao, e tendencia decrescente para NDVI, EVI e precipitacao pluvial, com menores valores medios de umidade do solo. A tendencia negativa dos indices de vegetacao, relacionada a combinacao da ocorrencia de deficit hidrico em solos rasos com o sobrepastoreio, indica alteracoes no padrao de cobertura vegetal do Pampa, com reducao do vigor vegetativo.
Defaunation Leads to Cannibalism in Primary Reproductives of the Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Abstract Soon after swarming, the alates of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), drop their wings, form tandem pairs, and look for new nesting sites to form incipient colonies. In ≈10% of the several hundred incipient colonies kept in laboratory, both the male and female were found to cannibalize their progeny and die of starvation. Examination of such adults revealed that all of them had lost most of their gut fauna, essential for the digestion of wood. We used antibiotic (gentamicin) and a combination of gentamicin and antiprotozoal (metronidazole) compounds during 2002 and 2003, respectively, to induce defaunation in 30-d-old adults after they had laid 30–40 eggs. The progeny of treated pairs compared with control pairs was significantly lower 30 and 60 d after treatment. Feeding on these chemicals during 2003 caused total loss of spirochetes and one of the three flagellates, while the numbers of the other two flagellates were greatly reduced. It is suggested that, in the absence of gut fauna, the adult termites cannot effectively feed on wood, and the ensuing hunger results in cannibalism of their progeny.
Detection of the Diffuse H i Emission in the Circumgalactic Medium of NGC 891 and NGC 4565

We present detections of 21 cm emission from neutral hydrogen (H i) in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of the local edge-on galaxies NGC 891 and NGC 4565 using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT). With our 5σ sensitivity of cm−2 calculated over a 20 km s−1 channel, we achieve detections out to along the minor axes. The velocity width of the CGM emission is as large as that of the disk km s−1, indicating the existence of a diffuse component permeating the halo. We compare our GBT measurements with interferometric data from the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). The WSRT maps the H i emission from the disk at high signal-to-noise ratio but has limited surface brightness sensitivity at the angular scales probed with the GBT. After convolving the WSRT data to the spatial resolution of the GBT (FWHM = 9.′1), we find that the emission detected by the WSRT accounts for % ( %) of the total flux recovered by the GBT from the CGM of NGC 891 (NGC 4565). The existence of significant GBT-only flux suggests the presence of a large amount of diffuse, low column density H i emission in the CGM. For reasonable assumptions, the extended diffuse H i could account for 5.2 ± 0.9% and 2.0 ± 0.8% of the total H i emission of NGC 891 and NGC 4565.
Monitoring Fetal Electroencephalogram Intrapartum: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: Studies about the feasibility of monitoring fetal electroencephalogram (fEEG) during labor began in the early 1940s. By the 1970s, clear diagnostic and prognostic benefits from intrapartum fEEG monitoring were reported, but until today, this monitoring technology has remained a curiosity. Objectives: Our goal was to review the studies reporting the use of fEEG including the insights from interpreting fEEG patterns in response to uterine contractions during labor. We also used the most relevant information gathered from clinical studies to provide recommendations for enrollment in the unique environment of a labor and delivery unit. Data Sources: PubMed. Eligibility Criteria: The search strategy was: (“fetus”[MeSH Terms] OR “fetus”[All Fields] OR “fetal”[All Fields]) AND (“electroencephalography”[MeSH Terms] OR “electroencephalography”[All Fields] OR “eeg”[All Fields]) AND (Clinical Trial[ptyp] AND “humans”[MeSH Terms]). Because the landscape of fEEG research has been international, we included studies in English, French, German, and Russian. Results: From 256 screened studies, 40 studies were ultimately included in the qualitative analysis. We summarize and report features of fEEG which clearly show its potential to act as a direct biomarker of fetal brain health during delivery, ancillary to fetal heart rate monitoring. However, clinical prospective studies are needed to further establish the utility of fEEG monitoring intrapartum. We identified clinical study designs likely to succeed in bringing this intrapartum monitoring modality to the bedside. Limitations: Despite 80 years of studies in clinical cohorts and animal models, the field of research on intrapartum fEEG is still nascent and shows great promise to augment the currently practiced electronic fetal monitoring. Prospero Number: CRD42020147474.
Contradistinguisher: Applying Vapnik's Philosophy to Unsupervised Domain Adaptation

A complex combination of simultaneous supervised-unsupervised learning is believed to be the key to humans performing tasks seamlessly across multiple domains or tasks. This phenomenon of cross-domain learning has been very well studied in domain adaptation literature. Recent domain adaptation works rely on an indirect way of first aligning the source and target domain distributions and then train a classifier on the labeled source domain to classify the target domain. However, this approach has the main drawback that obtaining a near-perfect alignment of the domains in itself might be difficult or impossible (e.g., language domains). To address this, we follow Vapnik's idea of statistical learning that states any desired problem should be solved in the most direct way rather than solving a more general intermediate task and propose a direct approach to domain adaptation that does not require domain alignment. We propose a model referred Contradistinguisher that learns contrastive features and whose objective is to jointly learn to contradistinguish the unlabeled target domain in an unsupervised way and classify it in a supervised way on the source domain. We demonstrate the superiority of our approach by achieving state-of-the-art on eleven visual and four language benchmark datasets in both single-source and multi-source domain adaptation settings.
PHYTOCYSTATINS AND THEIR TARGET ENZYMES: FROM MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TO PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A REVIEW

Cystatins are protein inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. Oryzacystatin I (OC-I) has been cloned and is apparently the first well-defined cystatin of plant origin (phytocystatin). Besides OC-I, various other phytocystatins occur in rice, corn, wheat and soybean. Phytocystatins have endogenous target enzymes whose expression is induced by gibberellin, and also exogenous target enzymes from viruses and insects. It is thus likely that phytocystatins are involved in the regulation of intracellular protein catabolism as well as in the defense from infection. Better understanding of this phenomenon and cloning of appropriate genes will facilitate the creation of transgenic crops with enhanced resistance to viruses and insects.
Joint Stochastic Approximation and Its Application to Learning Discrete Latent Variable Models

Although with progress in introducing auxiliary amortized inference models, learning discrete latent variable models is still challenging. In this paper, we show that the annoying difficulty of obtaining reliable stochastic gradients for the inference model and the drawback of indirectly optimizing the target log-likelihood can be gracefully addressed in a new method based on stochastic approximation (SA) theory of the Robbins-Monro type. Specifically, we propose to directly maximize the target log-likelihood and simultaneously minimize the inclusive divergence between the posterior and the inference model. The resulting learning algorithm is called joint SA (JSA). To the best of our knowledge, JSA represents the first method that couples an SA version of the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm (SAEM) with an adaptive MCMC procedure. Experiments on several benchmark generative modeling and structured prediction tasks show that JSA consistently outperforms recent competitive algorithms, with faster convergence, better final likelihoods, and lower variance of gradient estimates.
Comparison of stellar populations in simulated and real post-starburst galaxies in MaNGA

Recent integral field spectroscopic (IFS) surveys have revealed radial gradients in the optical spectral indices of post-starburst (PSB) galaxies, which can be used to constrain their formation histories. We study the spectral indices of post-processed mock IFS datacubes of binary merger simulations, carefully matched to the properties of the MaNGA IFS survey, with a variety of black hole (BH) feedback models, progenitor galaxies, orbits, and mass ratios. Based on our simulation sample, we find that only major mergers on prograde–prograde or retrograde–prograde orbits in combination with a mechanical BH feedback model can form galaxies with weak enough ongoing star formation, and therefore absent H α emission, to be selected by traditional PSB selection methods. We find strong fluctuations in nebular emission line strengths, even within the PSB phase, suggesting that H α selected PSBs are only a subsample of the underlying population. The global PSB population can be more robustly identified using stellar continuum-based approaches. The difficulty in reproducing the very young PSBs in simulations potentially indicates that new sub-resolution star formation recipes are required to properly model the process of star formation quenching. In our simulations, we find that the starburst peaks at the same time at all radii, but is stronger and more prolonged in the inner regions. This results in a strong time evolution in the radial gradients of the spectral indices that can be used to estimate the age of the starburst without reliance on detailed star formation histories from spectral synthesis models.
Using nonlocal surface transport to identify the axion insulator

The axion is a hypothetical particle still undetected in experiments. Recently, the antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi$_2$Te$_4$ has been predicted to host the axion insulator, but the experimental evidence remains elusive. We propose a nonlocal surface transport device to detect the axion insulator. The axion insulator is characterized by "half-quantized" chiral currents, which run parallel at the hinges of the top and bottom surfaces. The proposed device has multiple electrodes on each surface. By applying a current between two neighbouring electrodes and measuring nonlocal voltages between other electrodes, the "half-quantized" chiral currents in the axion insulator show distinct nonlocal surface transport properties, compared to those in normal insulators. In this way, the axion insulator can be identified. More importantly, we show that the nonlocal surface transport in the axion insulator is robust against disorder. This proposal will be insightful for the search of the axion insulator and axion in topological matter.
Active fuzzing for testing and securing cyber-physical systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) in critical infrastructure face a pervasive threat from attackers, motivating research into a variety of countermeasures for securing them. Assessing the effectiveness of these countermeasures is challenging, however, as realistic benchmarks of attacks are difficult to manually construct, blindly testing is ineffective due to the enormous search spaces and resource requirements, and intelligent fuzzing approaches require impractical amounts of data and network access. In this work, we propose active fuzzing, an automatic approach for finding test suites of packet-level CPS network attacks, targeting scenarios in which attackers can observe sensors and manipulate packets, but have no existing knowledge about the payload encodings. Our approach learns regression models for predicting sensor values that will result from sampled network packets, and uses these predictions to guide a search for payload manipulations (i.e. bit flips) most likely to drive the CPS into an unsafe state. Key to our solution is the use of online active learning, which iteratively updates the models by sampling payloads that are estimated to maximally improve them. We evaluate the efficacy of active fuzzing by implementing it for a water purification plant testbed, finding it can automatically discover a test suite of flow, pressure, and over/underflow attacks, all with substantially less time, data, and network access than the most comparable approach. Finally, we demonstrate that our prediction models can also be utilised as countermeasures themselves, implementing them as anomaly detectors and early warning systems.
Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of “Bias” in NLP

We survey 146 papers analyzing “bias” in NLP systems, finding that their motivations are often vague, inconsistent, and lacking in normative reasoning, despite the fact that analyzing “bias” is an inherently normative process. We further find that these papers’ proposed quantitative techniques for measuring or mitigating “bias” are poorly matched to their motivations and do not engage with the relevant literature outside of NLP. Based on these findings, we describe the beginnings of a path forward by proposing three recommendations that should guide work analyzing “bias” in NLP systems. These recommendations rest on a greater recognition of the relationships between language and social hierarchies, encouraging researchers and practitioners to articulate their conceptualizations of “bias”---i.e., what kinds of system behaviors are harmful, in what ways, to whom, and why, as well as the normative reasoning underlying these statements—and to center work around the lived experiences of members of communities affected by NLP systems, while interrogating and reimagining the power relations between technologists and such communities.
Carotenoids of Different Types and Concentrations in Commercial Formulated Fish Diets Affect Color and Its Development in the Skin of the Red Oranda Variety of Goldfish

Abstract The skin color of an orange–red hue in the Red Oranda variety of goldfish Carassius auratus is identified as a desirable and essential sales factor by hobbyists and commercial producers. This study used six different commercial diets (Arkat, BioKyowa, Silver Cup, Southern States, VibraGro, and Zeigler Tropical) to demonstrate the highly variable effect commercial diets could have on the skin coloration, survival, and growth of juvenile Red Oranda goldfish. Diets were selected based on their popular use in the tropical fish industry, the manufacturers' guaranteed nutritional analysis, and advertised color-enhancing ability. Goldfish were raised for 20 weeks in well water or pond water. Goldfish exhibited the best orange–red skin coloration when fed the VibraGro, Silver Cup, and Zeigler Tropical diets. BioKyowa feed imparted greenish-yellow skin coloration, and fish exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) faster growth. The Arkat and Southern States feeds produced light olive to greenish-yellow skin col.
Minkowski decompositions for generalized associahedra of acyclic type

We give an explicit subword complex description of the generators of the type cone of the g-vector fan of a finite type cluster algebra with acyclic initial seed. This yields in particular a description of the Newton polytopes of the F-polynomials in terms of subword complexes as conjectured by S. Brodsky and the third author. We then show that the cluster complex is combinatorially isomorphic to the totally positive part of the tropicalization of the cluster variety as conjectured by D. Speyer and L. Williams.
Approximate Message Passing With Unitary Transformation for Robust Bilinear Recovery

Recently, several promising approximate message passing (AMP) based algorithms have been developed for bilinear recovery with model <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol{Y}=\sum _{\boldsymbol{k}=1}^{\boldsymbol{K}} \boldsymbol{b}_{\boldsymbol{k}} \boldsymbol{A}_{\boldsymbol{k}} \boldsymbol{C}+\boldsymbol{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lbrace \boldsymbol{b}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\rbrace$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol{C}$</tex-math></inline-formula> are jointly recovered with known <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol{A}_k$</tex-math></inline-formula> from the noisy measurements <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol{Y}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The bilinear recovery problem has many applications such as dictionary learning, self-calibration, compressive sensing with matrix uncertainty, etc. In this work, we propose a new approximate Bayesian inference algorithm for bilinear recovery, where AMP with unitary transformation (UTAMP) is integrated with belief propagation (BP), variational inference (VI) and expectation propagation (EP) to achieve efficient approximate inference. It is shown that, compared to state-of-the-art bilinear recovery algorithms, the proposed algorithm is much more robust and faster, leading to remarkably better performance.
Evidence for genomic imprinting in unisexual triploid hybrid frogs

The hybridogenetic hybrid R. esculenta arose through hybridization between R. ridibunda and R. lessonae . Usually hybrids are diploid. In some populations, however, they are triploid, with one genome from R. ridibunda and two genomes from R. lessonae (LLR-genotype). These triploids live with and mate with R. ridibunda . Thus, hybrids and R. ridibunda are sexual competitors. I studied the influence of the additional lessonae genome (dosage effect) on the morphology, biology and the electrophoretic pattern of two polymorphic proteins of triploid hybrids. The two lessonae genomes are not expressed according to a simple dose effect. Genetic information of the lessonae genome is obviously switched off because it would increase the dissimilarity between triploids and R. ridibunda , the parental species upon which reproduction of hybrids depends. Imprinting can account for the observed unusual pattern of inheritance.