Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nontidal oceanic contribution to length-of-day changes estimated from two ocean models during 1992-2001

[1] Contributions of ocean bottom pressure and currents to changes in the length of day (LOD) during 1992–2001 are evaluated at seasonal timescales by using two different ocean general circulation model products developed at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Maryland. The annual amplitudes for the two bottom pressure terms of oceanic angular momentum (OAM) differ by approximately a factor of 3, while their annual phases are similar. Comparing the gravity-derived nonatmosphere LOD changes with the two OAM bottom pressure terms at annual frequency, we find obvious discrepancies in phase. This result indicates that excitation of LOD changes by other sources, such as hydrology, is also important. The annual amplitudes and phases of the two OAM current terms compare well with those of the observed LOD minus gravity-derived LOD changes and axial atmosphere angular momentum wind term but only if wind effects between 10 and 0.3 hPa levels are not included in the latter. The two OAM series have similar seasonal amplitudes and phases, but they differ substantially when examined in different latitudinal bands. The annual amplitudes of two OAM-induced LOD changes are comparable with that of the nonatmosphere LOD changes, but the semiannual amplitudes are far smaller. Our study indicates that the oceanic effects on LOD should continue to be examined. In addition, the effects of zonal winds (10–0.3 hPa) on LOD are more significant than that of atmospheric surface pressures at semiannual frequency, while they play almost the same roles for annual term.
Zonal wind behavior in the equatorial stratosphere and lower mesosphere

Two years of rocket wind data from Ascension Island (8°S) and Barking Sands, Hawaii (22°N), were used in conjunction with routine balloon observations in a study of the mean zonal wind distribution and the annual and semiannual zonal wind variations in the equatorial stratosphere and lower mesosphere. Four main results were found: (1) The long-term mean zonal wind near the equator is easterly in the stratosphere and westerly in the lower mesosphere. The speed of the easterlies varies from near zero at the tropopause to about 15 m sec−1 between 30 and 40 km. (2) The annual cycle increases rapidly in amplitude outward from the equator. At Ascension Island the maximum amplitude is located at a height of 40 km and has a value of about 20 m sec−1. The maximum value of nearly 50 m sec−1 at Barking Sands occurs at a higher level, approximately 60 km. Maximum westerlies are achieved in early winter or late fall near the stratopause and a month or two later in the lower stratosphere. (3) The semiannual cycle is strongest at the equator, where it attains a maximum amplitude of 30 m sec−1 near 50 km. Strongest west winds occur shortly after the equinoxes in the lower mesosphere and progressively later at the lower levels. (4) In summer a core of maximum east winds (or jet stream) appears to exist at 15° latitude in the layer between 40 and 45 km.
Boundary conditions for rock fracture analysis using the boundary element method

Successful numerical models of faults, joints, and other fractures in a rock mass require specification of appropriate boundary conditions, but the choice may not be obvious. To illustrate potential pitfalls, a single two-dimensional fracture is modeled by the displacement discontinuity method of boundary elements using both displacement boundary conditions and traction boundary conditions. The results are compared with the analytical solution for a mode I (opening) crack. It is shown that the traction boundary conditions can provide a satisfactory solution, while displacement boundary conditions, applied to a problem with both continuous and discontinuous displacement components, can introduce significant errors.
Mixing of passive heterogeneities by mantle convection

The kinematic processes by which thermal convection can mix together large-scale mantle heterogeneities are described theoretically and with a series of numerical experiments. We have analyzed the time evolution of a large-scale passive, diffusive scalar anomaly subject to two models of mantle flow: (1) turbulent flow, in which material elements are elongated exponentially with time, and (2) laminar flow, in which material elements are elongated according to a power law function of time. Mixing time scales are computed for both models. They are found to depend on the initial volume of the heterogeneity, the sample volume (the volume of the mantle which is averaged in process of measuring the anomaly), and the Peclet number, the ratio of strain rate to diffusive transport rate. Predictions from the two models have been tested against numerical simulations of mixing in a cellular convective eddy, at high Peclet numbers. The transport equation was integrated using the Lagrangian method of tracking particles, with the particle density being proportional to the anomaly magnitude. Diffusion was included by adding Gaussian-random displacements at each time step. Simulations were made with up to 40,000 particles. Mixing times from the numerical experiments agree most closely with predictions from the laminar theory. The theory and the numerical experiments indicate the following: (1) Mixing by creeping flow in the mantle is a cascade phenomenon. Individual Fourier components of an anomaly are transferred up the wave number spectrum at a rate proportional to the mean Lagrangian strain rate. Because of the cascade effect, the time scale for mixing thermal anomalies is short, in the range 75–200 m.y. , depending on the initial scale of the anomaly. The time scale for mixing large-scale compositional anomalies is far longer, approximately the age of the earth. (2) Mixing of compositional anomalies tends to produce a laminated upper mantle, in which ancient heterogeneity is stretched into thin subhorizontal layers.
Annual cycle of horizontal in‐mixing into the lower tropical stratosphere

[1] Based on the HALOE and SHADOZ observations of ozone (O3) and on a simple conceptual model of transport and photochemistry, the seasonality of O3 within the stratospheric part of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) extending between 360 and 420 K potential temperature is discussed. We show that the seasonality of O3 diagnosed on pressure (p) surfaces has a significantly larger annual cycle compared with the same kind of analysis on surfaces with constant potential temperature (θ), in particular around p = 80 hPa, where the strongest annual variation in tropical temperature occurs. Thus by using θ instead of p as the vertical coordinate, the (seasonal) adiabatic variability is removed, and consequently, a much smaller seasonal cycle of O3 remains, which can be understood as a consequence of chemistry, cross-isentropic transport (upwelling), and horizontal, i.e., quasi-isentropic, transport (in-mixing). Furthermore, we show that the observed, θ-related seasonality of O3, with highest values during boreal summer, cannot be understood only by photolytical O3 production in slowly rising air masses, which are well isolated from the extratropics. By using the SHADOZ climatology at θ = 360 K and quantifying the photochemical production of O3 in ascending air above θ = 360 K, we determine the residual variability between the observations (SHADOZ, HALOE) and the calculated O3 values and, consequently, interpret this residuum as horizontal in-mixing from the extratropical stratosphere. We find that between 380 and 420 K, in-mixing contributes to about 40% of the observed O3 mixing ratios during boreal summer.
Mixed layer depth variability and barrier layer formation over the North Pacific Ocean

Seasonal variability in the isothermal and isopycnal surface mixed layers of the North Pacific Ocean is examined using the Naval Research Laboratory Ocean Mixed Layer Depth (NMLD) Climatology. A comparison with observations from 11 ocean weather stations in the northeast Pacific Ocean is performed that validates the NMLD climatology in this region. The general features of the isothermal layer depth (ILD) and mixed layer depth (MLD) obtained from these mixed layers are explained with wind stress, surface net heat flux, and freshwater flux climatologies, given guidance from a mixed layer model. Departures from a surface-forced interpretation of turbulent mixing are found near the Kuroshio, where horizontal heat transport is important. The much deeper ILD in the northeast Pacific in winter and spring relative to the MLD reveals a 50 m “barrier layer” between the bottom of the MLD and the top of the thermocline. A detailed analysis shows this barrier layer extends over most of the North Pacific subpolar gyre. It forms when the seasonal thermocline is deepened in winter by surface cooling, such that salinity stratification due to evaporation minus precipitation less than zero (E - P <0) becomes important in the formation of the MLD. A shallower halocline forms over the subpolar gyre than in other regions of the North Pacific because of precipitation dominating over evaporation in the annual mean. A mechanism for maintaining the shallow halocline is provided by upward vertical motion driven by positive wind stress curl in the presence of diapycnal mixing. Numerical models show this as part of a shallow meridional overturning cell.
Image Projection Network: 3D to 2D Image Segmentation in OCTA Images

We present an image projection network (IPN), which is a novel end-to-end architecture and can achieve 3D-to-2D image segmentation in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. Our key insight is to build a projection learning module (PLM) which uses a unidirectional pooling layer to conduct effective features selection and dimension reduction concurrently. By combining multiple PLMs, the proposed network can input 3D OCTA data, and output 2D segmentation results such as retinal vessel segmentation. It provides a new idea for the quantification of retinal indicators: without retinal layer segmentation and without projection maps. We tested the performance of our network for two crucial retinal image segmentation issues: retinal vessel (RV) segmentation and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) segmentation. The experimental results on 316 OCTA volumes demonstrate that the IPN is an effective implementation of 3D-to-2D segmentation networks, and the uses of multi-modality information and volumetric information make IPN perform better than the baseline methods.
Post-hatchling cranial ontogeny in the Early Triassic diapsid reptile Proterosuchus fergusi

• Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. • Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. • User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (? ) • Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain.
Movement patterns of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, off South Australia

Abstract Movement patterns of the southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii were determined from 14 280 tag‐recapture events across South Australia between 1993 and 2003. In total, 68% of lobsters were recaptured within 1 km of their release site and 85% within 5 km. The proportion of lobsters moving >1 km in marine fishing areas (MFAs) ranged from 13% to 51%. Movement rates were noticeably high in the south‐east and at Gleesons Landing lobster sanctuary off the Yorke Peninsula but patterns of movement differed spatially. In the south‐east, lobsters moved distances of <20 km from inshore waters to nearby offshore reefs whereas at the Yorke Peninsula, individuals moved distances > 100 km from within the sanctuary to sites located on the north‐western coast of Kangaroo Island and the southern end of Eyre Peninsula. In total, 85% of all lobsters released inside the sanctuary moved distances >1 km. Movement was highest in immature females within most MFAs. Females also remained at large an average of 124 days longer than males. The high variation in lobster movement observed across South Australia highlights the need for locally derived, regionally specific data when assessing the proposed location and subsequent modelling of marine protected areas. This is of particular importance to inshore areas, where movement rates of lobsters were highest.
Rapid uplift and crustal growth in extensional environments: An isotopic study from the Death Valley region, California

The Willow Spring Diorite, in the Black Mountains of the central Death Valley extended terrain, yields a U-Pb zircon age of 11.6 {plus minus} 0.2 Ma. {sup 40}Ar-{sup 39}Ar analyses of hornblende and U-Pb analyses of sphene from this sample give ages of about 10 Ma, indicating that the batholith remained above about 500 C for about 1.5 m.y. after crystallization. Geologic relations indicate that the diorite was exposed to erosion by about 5 Ma, bracketing the evolution of the diorite within the time between onset of extension and uplift of the Black Mountain crustal block. Initial {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr ratios range from 0.7060 (mafic diorite) to 0.7083 (felsic diorite) in samples collected from an area 200 x 100 m. These data, combined with structural and petrologic evidence, suggest that the batholith represents a rare view of a mid-crustal zone of mixing between mantle-derived magma and crustal material, often suggested to exist on the basis of observations of intermediate volcanic rocks. The Black Mountains may therefore expose a cross section through a continental rift magmatic system, from partially contaminated mafic to intermediate intrusive rocks in the deep crust up to their volcanic equivalents. The relatively low initial {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Srmore » and high {epsilon}{sub Nd} ({minus}1.4) of the diorite, which is within Proterozoic basement with {epsilon}{sub Nd} {approximately}{minus}18, is consistent with significant amounts of mantle input in continental rifts inferred from geophysical data and measurement of He isotopic ratios. Such additions to the crust in continental rights may represent a significant process of crustal growth. Furthermore, the emplacement of igneous bodies with a large mantle component may help reconcile the large crustal pull apart in the Basin and Range (in excess of 140 km) with the fact that the crust still has as normal thickness of about 30-35 km. « less
Intra-specific Variation in Resource Use by Red Mullet, Mullus barbatus

Abstract The distribution patterns and feeding habits of red mullet were studied for fish collected during experimental seasonal trawl surveys along the Cretan continental shelf (1988–1991) and monthly sampling of Iraklion Gulf (1991–1993). Depth, temperature and salinity data were combined with biological data on abundance, biomass, and fish size, to establish the ranges of bottom depth, temperature and salinity over which red mullet are distributed. Despite their distribution overlap, depth and temperature selection differed considerably between the size classes of the species. In general, fish size increased with depth, and smaller individuals tended to occur in shallower and warmer water. Abundance increased in mid-shelf waters during spring, indicating a movement across the shelf towards deeper water, associated with the spawning behaviour of the species. The factor controlling the timing of that movement to deep water seems to be the maturity of individual fish. Stomach content analysis revealed that red mullet fed mainly on benthic invertebrates, and that each size class consumed a narrow range of prey species. However, the composition of the prey consumed varied considerably with fish size and there were differences in mean prey size for each size class. Trophic diversity was low and decreased significantly with fish size, but in general was not affected by season. Intra-specific differences in preference and utilization of prey are related to the distribution patterns of the size classes. In particular, younger individuals exhibited the most restricted distribution and appeared to have a broader trophic niche than the larger size classes that occurred over a wider depth range.
Monitoring Urban Sprawl in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Urbanization in Abuja and its environs was largely due to the movement of the Federal Capital Territory to Abuja in 1991 causing the influx of internal/national and international migrants and natural increase of birth rate over mortality. This increase has not only put pressure on the city (Abuja) but the surrounding settlements by posing a threat to the limited resources thereby resulting to high cost of living. Abuja city was planned for limited people as opposed to what is obtained now. The research set out to measure the changes in landmass or landuse/landcover and population increase in the study area. Multi-date Satellite images of 1987, 1999 and 2007 (Landsat TM, Landsat ETM and Nigeriasat 1) were acquired from National Centre for Remote sensing Jos and used in analyzing the physical expansion of the city overtime. Using supervised classification algorithm, the images were classified into built up, rock-outcrop, vegetation and water bodies and used to carry out change detection or time series analysis. In addition, coordinates of locations in the area were obtained using a GPS while figures from National Population Commission were used. Change detection analysis was carried out on the imageries to obtain the physical expansion of the area. Using change detection method, it was found that the builtup area increased from 8% in 1987 to 22% in 2007, rock-outcrop decreased from 74% to 37%, vegetation decreased from 40% to 17%, while the area occupied by water body has remained constant overtime. Also projection was done for population in the next nine years and 1,925,464.089 figures which are about 37% is expected. To support this increase in population and physical growth rate observed, constant monitoring of the urban growth is required to be sustained by anthropogenic activities. Key words: Monitoring, Urban sprawl, Urbanization, Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS), change detection
A comparison of feature selection methods for multitemporal tree species classification

The problem of feature selection is a significant one in classification problems, where the addition of too many features to the classification fails to lead to significant increases in classification accuracy. This problem is especially significant within the context of multitemporal remote sensing classifications, where the costs and efforts associated with the acquisition of additional imagery can be extensive. It would thus be beneficial to identify the most important seasons for acquiring imagery for specific land cover types. This study uses a phenologically-adjusted 21 date RapidEye time-series in order to evaluate two methods of feature selection. The two methods compared in this study are a genetic algorithm (GA) and a semi-exhaustive method (EXH), both of which compare permutations of sequential date and band combinations. These methods are employed using a seven class support vector machine classification on a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)-transformed dataset. Overall accuracy (OAA) is used as the performance metric, and OAA significance is assessed using the McNemar test. The results from the feature selection methods are compared on the basis of phenological seasons selected across all iterations and the ideal number of combinations, based on the ratio of better performing classifications to all other classifications. The results suggest that the GA has a moderate but insignificant correlation when compared with the EXH for identifying ideal phenological seasons (overall Spearman’s ρ= 0.60, p = 0.13), but is comparable when considering the number of seasons and image combinations.
Evaluation of remote sensing of vegetation fluorescence by the analysis of diurnal cycles

Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChF) emission is a direct indicator of the photosynthetic activity of vegetation, which is a key parameter of the carbon cycle. This paper analyses chlorophyll fluorescence evolution at leaf level during a complete diurnal cycle in simulated and natural conditions, for two species under different stress conditions. Absolute spectral radiance of the ChF emission is obtained allowing a quantitative derivation of the fluorescence yield of the ChF, which correlates well with established fluorescence instruments. The studied cases show that the ChF emission is mainly driven by the photosynthetic active radiation during the whole cycle, but the fluorescence yield is severely reduced during the central hours of the day when the plant is under stress due to light and heat. Results show that the Fraunhofer Line Discriminator method is an accurate way of retrieving quantitative values of ChF from remote sensing sensors at 760 nm and suggest that the mid‐morning period is the best time of the day to maximize signal levels while identifying vegetation stress state.
Surgical Determinants of Patient-Reported Outcomes following Postmastectomy Reconstruction in Women with Breast Cancer

Background: This national prospective cohort study compared the patient-reported outcomes of breast cancer patients undergoing postmastectomy autologous reconstruction to those who had breast implants, in terms of aesthetic appearance; levels of psychological, physical, and sexual well-being; and overall satisfaction. Methods: Of 5063 women who underwent immediate reconstruction (n = 3349) or delayed reconstruction (n = 1714) between January 1, 2008, and March 31, 2009, in England, 2923 women who gave informed consent were sent validated, procedure-specific, 18-month follow-up questionnaires. Outcome scale scores ranged from 0 (poor) to 100 (excellent); multiple linear regression was used to adjust scores for patient and treatment characteristics. Results: Two thousand two hundred eighty-nine women (78 percent) returned completed questionnaires (immediate reconstruction, n = 1528; delayed reconstruction, n = 761). For immediate reconstruction, mean overall satisfaction scores for the various techniques ranged from 67 to 85 (median, 67 to 93). For delayed reconstruction, mean overall satisfaction scores ranged from 70 to 85 (median, 75 to 100). For both groups, similar gradients were observed for the other outcome scales across techniques. Reconstruction using patients’ own tissues tended to have higher mean adjusted scores compared with those techniques using implants alone (p < 0.0001 for aesthetic appearance, psychological well-being, sexual well-being, and satisfaction with outcomes for immediate and delayed reconstruction groups). Conclusions: Women who underwent autologous reconstruction tended to report greater satisfaction than those who underwent implant reconstruction. These results can inform patients of the anticipated outcomes of their selected surgery, but further research is required to confirm whether autologous reconstruction is superior in general. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, II.
An early stage of conceptual combination: Superimposition of constituent concepts in left anterolate

An early stage of conceptual combination: Superimposition of constituent concepts in left anterolateral temporal lobe Sean G. Baron , Sharon L. Thompson-Schill , Matthew Weber & Daniel Osherson To cite this article: Sean G. Baron , Sharon L. Thompson-Schill , Matthew Weber & Daniel Osherson (2010) An early stage of conceptual combination: Superimposition of constituent concepts in left anterolateral temporal lobe, Cognitive Neuroscience, 1:1, 44-51, DOI: 10.1080/17588920903548751 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17588920903548751