Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water uptake and the gas-particle partitioning of nitrate aerosols

Nitrate uptake into particles is an important feature of thermodynamic equilibriums responsible for the high-concentration particle formation in East Asia. However, key processes including the gas-particle partitioning of HNO 3 -NO 3-and the deliquescence of particles, are not scrutinized in thermodynamic model simulations used in field studies. Using a 10 humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA), we investigated water uptake and gas-particle partitioning of nitrates for inorganic and inorganic-organic aerosols as we simulated thermodynamic models (ISORROPIA-II and E-AIM). For the best-fit to HTDMA measurements, we revised thermodynamic model simulations and conducted linear regressions. Results demonstrated that ammonium nitrate aerosols maintained deliquescence in the entire range of 10-90% relative humidity (RH) and in the range of 30-70% RH the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) and nitrates in ammonium-sulfate- 15 nitrate aerosols simultaneously evaporated. Glyoxal exhibited hygroscopicity and a synergetic effect on ALWC formation with ammonium sulfates. In ammonium-sulfate-nitrate-glyoxal aerosols, more ALWC and nitrates formation above 50% RH is likely due to the synergetic effect among ammonium, sulfates and nitrates. Considering that 30-80% RH is haze conditions in East Asia, we propose that pronounced nitrate formation in particles beyond the description of current thermodynamic model simulations includes deliquescent nature of ammonium nitrate aerosols that undergo hysteresis with an unclear efflorescence 20 RH point due to incomplete equilibriums, the evaporation of ALWC, nitrates and ammoniums in sulfate-rich aerosols, and the synergetic effect between organic and inorganic components on ALWC formation at high RH. the uptake and evaporation of ALWC, nitrates and ammoniums. Therefore, limitations in this work are uncertainties of molecular-level interactions among inorganic ions, organic compounds, and water (e.g., solvent-ion effects) that affect thermodynamic equilibriums. A detailed study of particle morphology including 285 solid/liquid-like phase, phase separation or evenly distributed mixture as a bulk, and potential condensed phase chemistry would provide better understanding of thermodynamic equilibriums in hygroscopic particles. This study of particle morphology is beyond the scope of this work. Here we focused on nitrate and water uptake interpreted by HTDMA measurements and thermodynamic model analyses.
Nuclear spirals in the inner Milky Way

We use hydrodynamical simulations to construct a new coherent picture for the gas flow in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), the region of our Galaxy within R ≲ 500 pc. We relate connected structures observed in (l, b, v) data cubes of molecular tracers to nuclear spiral arms. These arise naturally in hydrodynamical simulations of barred galaxies, and are similar to those that can be seen in external galaxies such as NGC 4303 or NGC 1097. We discuss a face-on view of the CMZ, including the positions of several prominent molecular clouds, such as Sgr B2, the 20 and 50 km s−1 clouds, the polar arc, Bania Clump 2 and Sgr C. Our model is also consistent with the larger scale gas flow, up to R ≃ 3 kpc, thus providing a consistent picture of the entire Galactic bar region.
1 Phosphorus regulates fungal biomass production in a Norway spruce forest

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are important components of the soil microbial communities and EMF biomass can potentially increase carbon (C) stocks by 3 accumulating in the soils as necromass and producing recalcitrant structures. EMF growth depends on the C allocated belowground by the host trees and the nutrient 5 limitation on tree growth is expected to influence this allocation. Therefore, studying 6 EMF production and understanding the factors that regulates it in natural soils is important to understand C cycling in forests. hyphae in combination Additionally, the Bayesian model tested the effect of seasonality (time of meshbag 18 harvesting) on fungal production and turnover. We found that turnover of EMF and was not affected by P fertilization or meshbag 21 amendment. P fertilization had a negative effect on EMF production in all the 22 meshbag amendments suggesting a reduced belowground C allocation to the 23 extramatrical mycelium under high P status. Apatite amendment significantly 24 increased EMF biomass production in comparison with the pure quartz bags in the 25 control plots but not in the P-fertilized plots. This indicates that P-rich patches 26 enhance EMF production in P limited forests, but not when P is not limiting. Urea 27 amendment had a general positive effect on EMF production, but this was 28 significantly reduced by P fertilization, suggesting that a decrease in EMF production 29 under high P status also will affect N foraging. Seasonality had a significant effect on 30 fungal production and the differences registered between the treatments were higher 31 during the warmer months and disappeared at the end of the growing season. Many studies highlight the importance of N for regulating belowground C allocation 34 to EMF in northern coniferous forests, but here we show that the P status of the forest 35 can be equally important for belowground carbon allocation to EMF production in 36 areas with high N deposition.
High-mass star formation possibly triggered by cloud-cloud collision in the H II region RCW 34

We report a possibility that the high-mass star located in the HII region RCW 34 was formed by a triggering induced by a collision of molecular clouds. Molecular gas distributions of the $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO $J=$2-1, and $^{12}$CO $J=$3-2 lines toward RCW 34 were measured by using the NANTEN2 and ASTE telescopes. We found two clouds with the velocity ranges of 0-10 km s$^{-1}$ and 10-14 km s$^{-1}$. Whereas the former cloud as massive as ~2.7 x 10$^{4}$ Msun has a morphology similar to the ring-like structure observed in the infrared wavelengths, the latter cloud with the mass of ~10$^{3}$ Msun, which has not been recognized by previous observations, distributes just likely to cover the bubble enclosed by the other cloud. The high-mass star with the spectral types of O8.5V is located near the boundary of the two clouds. The line intensity ratio of $^{12}$CO $J=$3-2 / $J=$2-1 yields high values (~1.5) in the neighborhood of the high-mass star, suggesting that these clouds are associated with the massive star. We also confirmed that the obtained position-velocity diagram shows a similar distribution with that derived by a numerical simulation of the supersonic collision of two clouds. Using the relative velocity between the two clouds (~5 km s$^{-1}$), the collisional time scale is estimated to be $\sim$0.2 Myr with the assumption of the distance of 2.5 kpc. These results suggest that the high-mass star in RCW 34 was formed rapidly within a time scale of ~0.2 Myr via a triggering of cloud-cloud collision.
The Surface Brightness-color Relations Based on Eclipsing Binary Stars: Toward Precision Better than 1% in Angular Diameter Predictions

In this study we investigate the calibration of surface brightness–color (SBC) relations based solely on eclipsing binary stars. We selected a sample of 35 detached eclipsing binaries with trigonometric parallaxes from Gaia DR1 or Hipparcos whose absolute dimensions are known with an accuracy better than 3% and that lie within 0.3 kpc from the Sun. For the purpose of this study, we used mostly homogeneous optical and near-infrared photometry based on the Tycho-2 and 2MASS catalogs. We derived geometric angular diameters for all stars in our sample with a precision better than 10%, and for 11 of them with a precision better than 2%. The precision of individual angular diameters of the eclipsing binary components is currently limited by the precision of the geometric distances (∼5% on average). However, by using a subsample of systems with the best agreement between their geometric and photometric distances, we derived the precise SBC relations based only on eclipsing binary stars. These relations have precisions that are comparable to the best available SBC relations based on interferometric angular diameters, and they are fully consistent with them. With very precise Gaia parallaxes becoming available in the near future, angular diameters with a precision better than 1% will be abundant. At that point, the main uncertainty in the total error budget of the SBC relations will come from transformations between different photometric systems, disentangling of component magnitudes, and for hot OB stars, the main uncertainty will come from the interstellar extinction determination. We argue that all these issues can be overcome with modern high-quality data and conclude that a precision better than 1% is entirely feasible.
Intermittency of gravity wave potential energies and absolute momentum fluxes derived from infrared limb sounding satellite observations

Abstract. Atmospheric gravity waves contribute significantly to the driving of the global atmospheric circulation. Because of their small spatial scales, their effect on the circulation is usually parameterized in general circulation models. These parameterizations, however, are strongly simplified. One important but often neglected characteristic of the gravity wave distribution is the fact that gravity wave sources and, thus, the global distribution of gravity waves are both very intermittent. Therefore, time series of global observations of gravity waves are needed to study the distribution, seasonal variation, and strength of this effect. For gravity wave absolute momentum fluxes and potential energies observed by the High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) limb sounding satellite instruments, we investigate the global distribution of gravity wave intermittency by deriving probability density functions (PDFs) in different regions as well as global distributions of Gini coefficients. In the stratosphere, we find that intermittency is strongest in mountain wave regions, followed by the polar night jets and by regions of deep convection in the summertime subtropics. Intermittency is weakest in the tropics. A better comparability of intermittency in different years and regions is achieved by normalizing observations by their spatially and temporally varying monthly median distributions. Our results are qualitatively in agreement with previous findings from satellite observations and quantitatively in good agreement with previous findings from superpressure balloons and high-resolution models. Generally, momentum fluxes exhibit stronger intermittency than potential energies, and lognormal distributions are often a reasonable approximation of the PDFs. In the tropics, we find that, for monthly averages, intermittency increases with altitude, which might be a consequence of variations in the atmospheric background and, thus, varying gravity wave propagation conditions. Different from this, in regions of stronger intermittency, particularly in mountain wave regions, we find that intermittency decreases with altitude, which is likely related to the dissipation of large-amplitude gravity waves during their upward propagation.
A Novel Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus Vascular Graft Infection Noninvasive Imaging of Bio ﬁ lm Development in Vivo

Staphylococcus aureus causes very serious infections of vascular grafts. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of this disease is largely lacking because of the absence of representable models. Therefore, the aim of thisstudy was to set up a mouse model of vascular graftinfections that closely mimicsthe human situation.A catheter was inserted into the right carotid artery of mice, which acted as a vascular graft. Mice were infected i.v. using 8 different S. aureus strains,and development of the infection was followed up. Although all strains had varying abilities to form bio ﬁ lm in vitro and different levels of virulence in mice, they all caused bio ﬁ lm formation on the grafts. This graft infection was monitored using magneticresonance imaging (MRI)and 18 F- ﬂ uordeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). MRI allowed the quanti ﬁ cation of blood ﬂ ow throughthearteries,whichwasdecreasedinthecatheterafterinfection.FDG-PETrevealedhighin ﬂ ammation levelsatthesiteofthecatheterafterinfection.Thismodelcloselyresemblesthesituationinpatients,whichischaracterizedbyatightinterplaybetweenpathogenandhost,andcanthereforebeusedforthetestingof novel treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. In addition, combining MRI and PET with microscopic techniquesprovidesanappropriatewaytocharacterizethecourseoftheseinfectionsandtopreciselyanalyze (Am
Long-term upper-troposphere climatology of potential contrail occurrence over the Paris area derived from radiosonde observations

Abstract. Condensations trails (or contrails) that form behind aircraft have been of climatic interest for many years; yet, their radiative forcing is still uncertain. A number of studies estimate the radiative impact of contrails to be similar to, or even larger than, that of CO2 emitted by aviation. Hence, contrail mitigation may represent a significant opportunity to reduce the overall climate effect of aviation. Here we analyze an 8-year data set of radiosonde observations from Trappes, France, in terms of the potential for contrail and induced cirrus formation. We focus on the contrail vertical and temporal distribution and test mitigation opportunities by changing flight altitudes and fuel type. Potential contrail formation is identified with the Schmidt–Appleman criterion (SAc). The uncertainty of the SAc, due to variations in aircraft type and age, is estimated by a sensitivity study and is found to be larger than the radiosonde measurement uncertainties. Linkages between potential contrail formation layers and the thermal tropopause, as well as with the altitude of the jet stream maximum, are determined. While non-persistent contrails form at the tropopause level and around 1.5 km above the jet stream, persistent contrails are located approximately 1.5 km below the thermal tropopause and at the altitude of the jet stream. The correlation between contrail formation layers and the thermal tropopause and jet stream maximum allows to use these quantities as proxies to identify potential contrail formation in numerical weather prediction models. The contrail mitigation potential is tested by varying today's flight altitude distribution. It is found that flying 0.8 km higher during winter and lowering flight altitude in summer reduces the probability for contrail formation. Furthermore, the effect of prospective jet engine developments and their influence on contrail formation are tested. An increase in propulsion efficiency leads to a general increase in the potential occurrence of non-persistent and persistent contrails. Finally, the impact of alternative fuels (ethanol, methane, and hydrogen) is estimated and found to generally increase the likelihood of non-persistent contrails and, to a more limited extent, persistent contrails.
GROWTH, YIELD, AND FIBER MORPHOLOGY OF KENAF ( cannabinus VARIETIES INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NPK FERTILIZERS

Different levels of NPK fertilizer were used to improve the growth, yield, and fiber morphology of two kenaf varieties. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in the summer season of 2021 at the Grdarasha Field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil. The results revealed that adding NPK at the rate of 100 kg/ha caused improved growth and yield characteristics includes; plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and total fresh stem yield by almost (3.35 m, 25.88 mm, 250.10, and 246.93 t/ha), respectively. While, the best values of fresh and dry matter of core and bast fibers were recorded when NPK was applied at the proportion of 150 kg/ha which were (98.40, 57.80, 39.73, and 15.13 t/ha), respectively. Morphological properties of the kenaf bast fiber were also improved by adding NPK fertilizer. Both levels of NPK 100 and 150 kg/ha were noted to be the best for enhancing kenaf bast fiber compared to the control treatment. Finally, based on the results could recommend the farmers to use NPK fertilizer as a factor to increase fiber yield and improve its quality.
A NUMERICAL MODELING OF SHIP BOW WAVES

A two-dimensional numerical wavemaker model is used to predict the three-dimensional bow wave pattern caused by a wedge-shaped model moving at constant velocity. Solutions with linear and nonlinear free-surface conditions agree well with the experimental result. A formula derived from dimensional analysis is proved to be a good approximation of the numerical solution based on the linear formulation. A wave splashing phenomenon is predicted at high velocity by the nonlinear theory. The numerical results are compared with previously-reported analytic and experimental results. The improvements given by the nonlinear formulations are observed to be in the correct direction.
Inverse modelling of Chinese NOx emissions using deep learning: integrating in situ observations with a satellite-based chemical reanalysis

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column density measurements from satellites have been widely used in constraining emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2). However, the utility of these measurements is impacted by reduced observational coverage due to cloud cover and their reduced sensitivity toward the surface. Combining the information from satellites with surface observations of NO2 will provide greater constraints on emission estimates of NOx. We have developed a deep-learning (DL) model to integrate satellite data and in situ observations of surface NO2 to estimate NOx emissions in China. A priori information for the DL model was obtained from satellite-derived emissions from the Tropospheric Chemistry Reanalysis (TCR-2). A two-stage training strategy was used to integrate in situ measurements from the China Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) observation network with the TCR-2 data. The DL model is trained from 2005 to 2018 and evaluated for 2019 and 2020. The DL model estimated a source of 19.4 Tg NO for total Chinese NOx emissions in 2019, which is consistent with the TCR-2 estimate of 18.5 ± 3.9 Tg NO and the 20.9 Tg NO suggested by the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC). Combining the MEE data with TCR-2, the DL model suggested higher NOx emissions in some of the less-densely populated provinces, such as Shaanxi and Sichuan, where the MEE data indicated higher surface NO2 concentrations than TCR-2. The DL model also suggested a faster recovery of NOx emissions than TCR-2 after the Chinese New Year (CNY) holiday in 2019, with a recovery time scale that is consistent with Baidu “Qianxi” mobility data. In 2020, the DL-based analysis estimated about a 30 % reduction in NOx emissions in eastern China during the COVID-19 lockdown period, relative to pre-lockdown levels. In particular, the maximum emission reductions were 42 % and 30 % for the Jing-Jin-Ji (JJJ) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) mega-regions, respectively. Our results illustrate the potential utility of the DL model as a complementary tool for conventional data-assimilation approaches for air quality applications.
On the formation of highly oxidized pollutants by autoxidation of terpenes under low-temperature-combustion conditions: the case of limonene and α-pinene

Abstract. The oxidation of monoterpenes under atmospheric conditions has been the subject of numerous studies. They were motivated by the formation of oxidized organic molecules (OOMs), which, due to their low vapor pressure, contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Among the different reaction mechanisms proposed for the formation of these oxidized chemical compounds, it appears that the autoxidation mechanism, involving successive events of O2 addition and H migration, common to both low-temperature-combustion and atmospheric conditions, leads to the formation of highly oxidized products (HOPs). However, cool-flame oxidation (∼500–800 K) of terpenes has not received much attention even if it can contribute to atmospheric pollution through biomass burning and wildfires. Under such conditions, terpenes can be oxidized via autoxidation. In the present work, we performed oxidation experiments with limonene–oxygen–nitrogen and α-pinene–oxygen–nitrogen mixtures in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) at 590 K, a residence time of 2 s, and atmospheric pressure. Oxidation products were analyzed by liquid chromatography, flow injection, and soft-ionization–high resolution mass spectrometry. H–D exchange and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivatization were used to assess the presence of OOH and C=O groups in oxidation products, respectively. We probed the effects of the type of ionization used in mass spectrometry analyses on the detection of oxidation products. Heated electrospray ionization (HESI) and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in positive and negative modes were used. We built an experimental database consisting of literature data for atmospheric oxidation and presently obtained combustion data for the oxidation of the two selected terpenes. This work showed a surprisingly similar set of oxidation products' chemical formulas, including oligomers, formed under the two rather different conditions, i.e., cool-flame and simulated atmospheric oxidation. Data analysis (in HESI mode) indicated that a subset of chemical formulas is common to all experiments, independently of experimental conditions. Finally, this study indicates that more than 45 % of the detected chemical formulas in this full dataset can be ascribed to an autoxidation reaction.
Predicting The Orbit of TRAPPIST-1i

The TRAPPIST-1 system provides an exquisite laboratory for advancing our understanding exoplanetary atmospheres, compositions, dynamics and architectures. A remarkable aspect of TRAPPIST-1 is that it represents the longest known resonance chain, where all seven planets share near mean motion resonances with their neighbors. Prior to the measurement of 1h's period, Luger et al. (2017) showed that six possible and highly precise periods for 1h were expected, assuming it also participated in the resonant chain. We show here that combining this argument with a Titius-Bode law fit of the inner six worlds narrows the choices down to a single precise postdiction for 1h's period, which is ultimately the correct period. But a successful postdiction is never as convincing as a successful prediction, and so we take the next step and apply this argument to a hypothetical TRAPPIST-1i. We find two possible periods predicted by this argument, either 25.345 or 28.699 days. If successful, this may provide the basis for planet prediction in compact resonant chain systems. If falsified, this would indicate that the argument lacks true predictive power and may not be worthwhile pursuing further in our efforts to build predictive models for planetary systems.
Running Head: THIN SLICES OF NEGOTIATION Thin slices of negotiation: Predicting outcomes from conversational dynamics within the first five minutes

In this research we examine whether conversational dynamics occurring within the first five minutes of a negotiation can predict negotiated outcomes. In a simulated employment negotiation, micro-coding conducted by a computer showed that activity level, conversational engagement, prosodic emphasis, and vocal mirroring predicted 30% of the variance in individual outcomes. The conversational dynamics associated with individual success among high-status parties were different from those associated with individual success among low-status parties. Results are interpreted in light of theory and research exploring the predictive power of “thin slices” (Ambady & Rosenthal, 1992). Implications include the development of new technology to diagnose and improve negotiation processes.