Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exsolution by spinodal decomposition II: Perthite formation during slow cooling of anatexites from Ngoronghoro, Tanzania

Perthites in slowly cooled granulite facies rocks from the Ngoronghoro structure (Tanzania) show complex microstructures reflecting several stages of exsolution and coarsening. Mesoperthites with an integrated bulk composition of Or26.5Ab71An2. 5 are comprised of lamellar intergrowth of 5 to 10 μm wide orthoclase-rich and albite-rich lamellae. Spindle perthites with a bulk composition of Or67Ab31.5An1. 5 are comprised of 2 to 10 μm wide and several 10's of μm long albite-rich spindles in an orthoclase-rich host. In the mesoperthite primary exsolution occurred by spinodal decomposition, whereas the spindle perthite formed by a nucleation and growth mechanism. The interfaces between the exsolved phases are generally incoherent. Unmixing and coarsening of the mesoperthite is discussed in the light of non-linear uphill diffusion. The microstructure evolution and successive chemical separation of the exsolved phases during cooling are modeled based on Cahn-Hilliard theory. We find that coarsening primarily occurs during the first 20 °C to 30 °C of cooling after the homogeneous precursor feldspar has entered the coherent spinodal. The extent of coarsening and the characteristic size of the exsolved phases depend on the cooling rate over this temperature interval. For geologically relevant cooling rates on the order of 5°C/Ma to 50 °C/Ma the compositions of the exsolved phases develop along the solvus down to about 480 °C to 530 °C and are “frozen in” only at lower temperatures. The compositions that are finally preserved in the orthoclase-rich and in the albite-rich phases depend on cooling rate over this temperature interval. Both the characteristic lamella width of the mesoperthite as well as the compositions of the exsolved phases indicate slow cooling at ≤ 5 °C/Ma during the coarsening stage and down to about 450 °C. During later stages of the cooling history the albite-rich phase of the mesoperthite exsolved about the peristerite gap, and the orthoclase-rich host of the spindle perthite exsolved a second generation of coherent albite-rich spindles. The incoherent phase boundaries of the primary perthite microstructures served as passageways for fluids during late stage deuteric alteration, which lead to secondary coarsening in the mesoperthite and to alteration of the albite-rich precipitates in the spindle perthite. Finally, both types of perthites were replaced by coarse grained patch perthite during deuteric alteration.
GIUH based Clark and Nash models for runoff estimation for an ungauged basin and their uncertainty analysis

Abstract Runoff estimation is an important aspect of river basin planning, development and management. Geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) approach holds a great potential for estimation of runoff from ungauged basins because of its direct application to ungauged basins, without going for cumbersome procedure of regionalization. In this study, GIUH is derived from the geomorphological characteristics of a basin and it is related to the parameters of the Clark instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) model as well as Nash IUH model for deriving its complete shape. The developed GIUH based Clark and Nash models are applied for simulation of the direct surface runoff (DSRO) hydrographs for ten rainfall‐runoff events of the Ajay basin upto Sarath gauging site of eastern India. The geomorphological characteristics of the Ajay basin are evaluated using the GIS package, Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS). A comparison of the performances of the GIUH based Clark and Nash models in simulating the DSRO hydrographs by employing some of the commonly used error functions reveals that the DSRO hydrographs are computed with reasonable accuracy by both the models, which simulate the DSRO hydrographs of the basin considering it to be ungauged. The relative sensitivity and the degree of uncertainty associated with each of the input parameters of the GIUH based Clark and Nash models have been quantified. The uncertainty analysis reveals that apart from the velocity (V) parameter, the length of the highest order stream (LO) is the only geomorphological parameter which results in higher degree of uncertainty in derivation of unit hydrograph using the GIUH based Clark and Nash models, and hence, it is to be evaluated with greater precision for accurate runoff estimation from ungauged basins.
Comparison and validation of genomic predictors for anticancer drug sensitivity.

BACKGROUND An enduring challenge in personalized medicine lies in selecting the right drug for each individual patient. While testing of drugs on patients in large trials is the only way to assess their clinical efficacy and toxicity, we dramatically lack resources to test the hundreds of drugs currently under development. Therefore the use of preclinical model systems has been intensively investigated as this approach enables response to hundreds of drugs to be tested in multiple cell lines in parallel. METHODS Two large-scale pharmacogenomic studies recently screened multiple anticancer drugs on over 1000 cell lines. We propose to combine these datasets to build and robustly validate genomic predictors of drug response. We compared five different approaches for building predictors of increasing complexity. We assessed their performance in cross-validation and in two large validation sets, one containing the same cell lines present in the training set and another dataset composed of cell lines that have never been used during the training phase. RESULTS Sixteen drugs were found in common between the datasets. We were able to validate multivariate predictors for three out of the 16 tested drugs, namely irinotecan, PD-0325901, and PLX4720. Moreover, we observed that response to 17-AAG, an inhibitor of Hsp90, could be efficiently predicted by the expression level of a single gene, NQO1. CONCLUSION These results suggest that genomic predictors could be robustly validated for specific drugs. If successfully validated in patients' tumor cells, and subsequently in clinical trials, they could act as companion tests for the corresponding drugs and play an important role in personalized medicine.
Comparison of induced polarisation measurements over the Elura orebody

Resistivity and induced polarisation measurements have been performed at identical locations over the Elura orebody using 100 m dipole? dipole arrays by operators of three advanced IP systems. While the three resistivity data sets correlate extremely well, the three sets of induced polarisation measurements correlate poorly. The polarisation response of the Elura deposit is most clearly shown by chargeability values measured using a HUNTEC Mark IV receiver. Phase measurements at 0.125 Hz using a ZERO GDP-12 receiver support the character of the chargeability pattern. Low frequency phase measurements acquired using the Phoenix Multispectral IP system were adversely affected by telluric noise, for which (owing to survey time limitations) inadequate signal stacking was employed. By contrast, the accompanying high frequency phase data contain useful information concerning the geoelectrical section and the electromagnetic response of the orebody. This case history may assist users of advanced IP systems in making the appropriate compromise between survey production and data quality.
High-throughput cultivation of heterotrophic bacteria along a spring 1 phytoplankton bloom in the North Sea

On-going have indicated that many of the bacterial taxa have not yet been cultivated. A high-throughput approach combining whole 24 cell matrix assisted laser desorption ion - time of flight mass spectroscopy with 16S rRNA 25 gene sequencing was applied to the spring bloom of 2016. Aiming at an assessment of 26 cultivability along a spring bloom we had to use cultivation on solid marine media as a 27 dilution to extinction would not be doable in a high-throughput approach as performed in 28 this study. A total of 5,023 isolates were obtained from nine weekly samples, from early 29 bloom to post bloom, on eight different solid media. Most of the 4,136 identified strains 30 affiliated with Bacteroidetes (13.3%), Gammaproteobacteria (26.9%), 31 Alphaproteobacteria (40.6%) and Actinobacteria (6.7%). Of 271 operational phylogenetic 32 units (OPUs) identified, 13 likely represent novel genera and 143 novel species. A 33 comparison with 16S rRNA gene tag data indicated that most of the isolates were rather 34 rare in surface waters, with the exception of five OPUs affiliating with Rhodobacteraceae , 35 Polaribacter , Psychromonas and Pseudoalteromonas . The effort yielded many novel 36 isolates, yet most of the abundant heterotrophic bacteria still remain elusive. The large 37 strain collection obtained will not only provide insights into the succession of the 38 cultivable fraction of the bacterioplankton, but also enable fine-tuned taxonomic and 39 physiological follow-up studies to improve our knowledge on heterotrophic bacteria in the 40 North Sea waters.
Mechanisms for Lateral Exchange with Oceanic Convection Sites

Competing influences of baroclinic instability and ambient mean flow in the shutdown of convection in the ocean are studied using a primitive equation model. A mean flow over isolated bottom topography is one way to generate convection on the horizontal scales seen in the ocean. Modeling of this process suggests that the convective deepening is arrested when horizontal fluxes of heat due to the mean flow balance surface cooling. The topographically trapped convective chimney is not prone to baroclinic instability because the mean flow advects anomalies away from the chimney faster than they can grow locally. This behavior is unlike that seen in model chimneys forced by isolated, circular shaped, cooling regions in which baroclinic eddies provide the horizontal fluxes of heat required to shut down convection. In order to elucidate the suppression of baroclinic instability by the presence of an ambient mean flow, a series of experiments is carried out with a circular cooling region used to parameterize the preconditioning effect of the topography. For small mean flows the chimneys generated reproduce the robust baroclinic instability seen in previous studies. In this case, the final depth ventilated by the convection is determined by the horizontal fluxes due to baroclinic eddies. For large mean flows instability growth is suppressed, and the mean flow provides the horizontal fluxes that determine the final depth of ventilation, as in topographic preconditioning experiments. Some possible implications for the parameterization of convection in global general circulation models are discussed.
Late-Holocene climatic changes as detected by the growth and decay of ice wedges on the southern shore of Hudson Strait, northern Québec, Canada

The dating of cryoturbated palaeosols associated with past ice-wedge activity on late-Holocene sandy fluvial terraces in a region of continuous permafrost leads to an interpretation of periods of ice-wedge growth and active cracking that alternated with periods of decay, dormancy and active layer deepening. The reconstruc tion corresponds with palaeoclimatic information obtained from existing Arctic-wide and regional proxy rec ords. The ‘Little Ice Age’ stands out as a period of intense ice-wedge activity in the study area. It was followed by a warm thawing interval during the first half of the twentieth century. From ad 1946 to 1991, a well-documented cooling of the climate took place, which reactivated 94% of the studied ice wedges. The pyramidal shape of ice-wedge tops and the depths of the upgrowth features could be correlated between sites several kilometres apart, clearly indicating a regional climatic response. The mean annual air temperature dropped from about–7.8°C in 1946 to–8.9°C in 1991. The threshold temperature for active ice wedges probably lies within this range.
Relationships between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and water mass structures in the Ionian Sea (winter 1999)

[1] Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) distribution in the water column were investigated at eight hydrological stations, located in the Ionian Sea, during January 1999. DOC and POC exhibited values in the range 50–73 μM and 0.7–2.7 μM, respectively, in the surface waters, and 31–62 μM and 0.2–0.8 μM in the intermediate and deep waters. The main water masses circulating in the Ionian were identified through potential temperature (θ) versus salinity (S) diagrams and their distribution patterns were verified in the cross-basin longitudinal sections of temperature and salinity. In particular, the water masses formed in the Cretan Sea (southern Aegean), specifically the Cretan Intermediate Water (CIW) and the Cretan Deep Water (CDW), outflowing through the Cretan straits, occupy similar deep horizons as the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water (EMDW) of Adriatic origin, respectively. DOC exhibited different concentrations in each water mass; its range was 39–42 μM in the LIW, 54–62 μM in the CIW, 31–36 μM in the EMDW of Adriatic origin, 43–47 μM in the CDW, and 44–48 μM in the EMDW of the western-central Ionian. The highest DOC concentrations were found in the water masses originated in the Aegean Sea and in the EMDW of the western-central Ionian. Further, DOC versus apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) relationships were investigated within each water mass. In both intermediate and deep waters the results showed linear correlations between DOC and AOU, although with a different sign and slope.
The role of deformation partitioning in the deformation and recrystallization of plagioclase and K‐feldspar in the Woodroffe Thrust mylonite zone, central Australia

ABSTRACT In the Woodroffe Thrust mylonite zone, central Australia, recrystallization in plagioclase and K-feldspar involved subgrain rotation, assisted by grain-boundary or kink band boundary bulging, without contribution from a change in the chemical composition from host grains to new grains. The size of subgrains and new grains changes across the mylonite zone, apparently as a function of the strain rate and the H2O content of the rock. The partitioning of deformation into zones of progressive shearing and progressive shortening controls the sites of recovery and recrystallization in feldspar during mylonitization. The size of feldspar porphyroclasts in well developed mylonites is governed by the scale of deformation partitioning reached in the earlier stages of mylonitization, before the formation of a large proportion of fine-grained matrix that can accommodate the progressive shearing component of the deformation. Recrystallization occurs in microcline, apparently without involving a translation to a monoclinic structure, as microcline-twinned new grains are common adjacent to microcline-twinned host grains. K-feldspar triclinicity values calculated from XRD traces increase from the margins to the interior of the mylonite zone, in conjunction with deformation intensity. K-feldspar host grains locally have cores of orthoclase or untwinned microcline, surrounded by mantles of twinned microcline, suggesting a relationship between the presence of microcline twinning and the degree of K-feldspar triclinicity.
ENSO and Extreme Rainfall Events in South America

Abstract The influence of the opposite phases of ENSO on the frequency of extreme rainfall events over South America is analyzed for each month of the ENSO cycle on the basis of a large set of daily station rainfall data and compared with the influence of ENSO on the monthly total rainfall. The analysis is carried out with station data and their gridded version and the results are consistent. Extreme events are defined as 3-day mean precipitation above the 90th percentile. The mean frequencies of extreme events are determined for each month and for each category of year (El Nino, La Nina, and neutral), and the differences between El Nino and neutral years and La Nina and neutral years are computed. Changes in the mean intensity of extreme events are also investigated. Significant ENSO signals in the frequency of extreme events are found over extensive regions of South America during different periods of the ENSO cycle. Although ENSO-related changes in intensity show less significance and spatial coherence.
18O/16O and D/H studies along a 500 km traverse across the Coast Range batholith and its country rocks, central British Columbia

Early Tertiary and Mesozoic ground waters in British Columbia were low in δ18O and δD, making it easy to document interactions of meteoric-hydrothermal H2O with the Coast Range plutons. The isotopic data on the igneous rocks can be grouped as follows:Zone I represents the gneissic migmatite core of the batholith, west of the quartz-diorite line. Zone II is the granodioritic eastern part of the batholith, and Zone III is a broad zone that includes the Jurassic Topley intrusions and extends from the eastern edge of the batholith to the Pinchi fault zone. Only in Zone I are isotopically 'normal' plutonic rocks found, and even there small amounts of meteoric water were apparently responsible for the late sericitization. All of the rocks in Zones II and III underwent widespread interaction with hot meteoric H2O, including the volcanic and sedimentary country rocks which have δD = −113 to −167 and δ18O = 1.9 to 10.8. Values of δD biotite < −140 are found in essentially all of the low-18O rocks, as well as in th.
Estimation of mean rain rate: Application to satellite observations

A method for the estimation of the mean area average rain rate from dependent data is developed and applied to the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment GATE data. The method consists of fitting a mixed distribution, containing an atom at zero, by minimum chi-square in combination with certain time-space sampling designs. In modeling the continuous component of the mixed distribution it is shown that the lognormal distribution provides a very close fit for the nonzero area average rainrates. A comparison with the gamma distribution shows that the lognormal distribution is a better choice as expressed by the minimum chi-square criterion. Some of the time-space sampling designs correspond to satellite sampling. The results indicate that a satellite visiting an area of about 350 {times} 350 km{sup 2} in the tropics approximately every 10 hours over a period can provide a rather close estimate for the mean area average rain rate.
Analysis of Genes Expressed at the Infective Larval Stage Validates Utility of Litomosoides sigmodontis as a Murine Model for Filarial Vaccine Development

ABSTRACT We used an expressed sequence tag approach to analyze genes expressed by the infective larvae of the rodent filarial parasiteLitomosoides sigmodontis. One hundred fifty two new genes were identified, including several proposed as vaccine candidates in studies with human filarial parasites. Our findings have important implications for the use of L. sigmodontis as a model for filarial infection.
The role of infrastructure in improving human settlements

This paper considers how the provision of integrated household-level infrastructure – particularly water and environmental sanitation (including water supply, sewerage, roads, storm drainage and solid waste management) – can play a leading role in improving the conditions in slum settlements. Around 700 socio-economic interviews were carried out in India and South Africa to investigate an innovative approach called slum networking, which sees the strong correlation between slum locations and drainage paths as an opportunity for improving the wider urban environment. This recognition allows resources to be mobilised locally, thereby removing the need for external aid funding. The evidence from the 700 families shows that communities perceive water and sanitation inputs to be their top priority and are willing to contribute to the costs. If slum upgrading is led with access to integrated water and environmental sanitation at household level with community contributions to the cost of infrastructure, then sl.
Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska

Alaska hosts within its borders over 80 major volcanic centers that have erupted during Holocene time (<10,000 years). At least 29 of these volcanic centers (table 1) had historical eruptions and 12 additional volcanic centers may have had historical eruptions. Historical in Alaska generally means the period since 1760 when explorers, travelers, and inhabitants kept written records. These 41 volcanic centers have been the source for >265 eruptions reported from Alaska volcanoes.
A limulid trace fossil from the Scarborough Formation (Jurassic) of Yorkshire; its occurrence, taxonomy and interpretation

SUMMARY A new trace fossil, Selenichnus hundalensis, is described and figured from a sandstone in the Middle Jurassic Scarborough Formation of the Yorkshire coast. The trace is preserved as a shallow, sub-oval, positive hypichnion, wider than long, with a rounded anterior margin and paired convex lunate lobes directed anterolaterally. It is considered to have been made by a limulid during shallow burrowing but because of its morphology it cannot be accommodated in the existing ichnogenera Kouphichnium or Limulicubichnus. The ichnospecies Kouphichnium rossendalensis and K. cordiformis are reassigned to this new ichnogenus. Principles of ichnotaxonomy of arthropod burrows are discussed and the trace fossil interpreted by analogy with the burrowing behaviour of living Limulus polyphemus. This is the first record of such a trace fossil from the Jurassic rocks of Britain.