Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact Analysis of Front Line Demonstration on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) The Yield, Economics and Farmer’s Knowledge in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Rice is indeed one of the oldest types of cereal recorded in the history of mankind. The cultivation of rice in intensive subsistence agriculture becomes synonymous with agriculture. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world being superseded only by China in the gross annual output. Rice is the major cereal crop of India. About half of Indian population survives on this cereal. Cultivated under diverse agroclimatic conditions, this crop covers about 4I M ha with production of 65 M T. By turn of this century, to sustain and exist as a nation, India must produce 97 MT of rice (Nat. Comm. Agriculture. 1976). Our major concern in coming years is to increase the productivity from 1.69 to 3.04 t/ha and to stablise this level. The similar findings are supported by (Reddy and Patil 1998) who revealed that the improved technology tested International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Special Issue-10 pp. 308-313 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
DIAGNOSTIC AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ARGULUS JAPONICAS INGOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS )

This study was carried out in one of fish markets located in AL-Najaf province / Iraq during the period from October 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014. A total of 90 common goldfish (Carassius auratus) was collected and examined macroscopically and microscopically. The results indicate that all fish were infected with Argulus japonicas according to the morphology of this parasite. Gross lesion showed hemorrhage spot on fins and skin. While, histopathological examination showed focal deposition of melanocytes in the epidermal layer, skeletal muscles, at with edema and hyalinization affecting of skeletal bundles and degenerative with necrotic changes in the epithelial cell and hyperplasia of fin filaments.
Growth and Development of Mosses are Inhibited by the Common Herbicide Asulam

Abstract Protonemata of three mosses (Bryum rubens Mitt., Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid,. and Polytrichum formosum Hedw. ) were exposed in sterile cultures to low concentrations of the bracken herbicide asulam, added to the solidified growth medium. Protonemata were either exposed for 24 hours and then transferred onto media without asulam, or exposed constantly to the asulam media. Growth was measured over a three-week period as the mean of two plug diameters, and development of leafy gametophores was noted. A 24-hour exposure period to asulam had no effect on the growth or development of the mosses at concentrations of 0.001–1 g a.i. (active ingredient) l−1. The growth and development of all three species was significantly affected by continuous exposure to asulam at concentrations of 0.01 g a.i. l−1 and above. Dose-response curves were fitted to the data and EC50 values calculated. Campylopus introflexus was the least sensitive species tested and P. formosum the most sensitive, with a 10-fold difference in sensitivity between the two. The sensitivity of B. rubens was closer to that of C. introflexus than to P. formosum. The sensitivity of mosses exposed to asulam is discussed in relation to previous laboratory experiments.
Interactions between maternal effects and dispersal

90.Maternal effects and spatial processes are rightly recognised as being of greatimportance in the life histories of a number of different organisms. Previously, littleeffort has been made for investigating the potential for changes to arise frominteractions between these two crucial processes. Here I tested the outcome ofintroducing a maternal effect on a population of dispersing organisms in differentways, under both spatially homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions, through novelmodification of a well-known population model. First, I proposed that parentscontribute a proportion of offspring based on their own developmental experience. Thisis applied to dispersing organisms as well as those that remain in their natal patch tobreed. I go on to ask how the density of dispersing offspring might be influenced by amaternal effect. What happens if parents that developed under relatively good (or bad)conditions compared to current conditions invest in dispersing offspring? This relaxesthe assumption that populations have perfect knowledge of the local carrying capacity.The results highlight an interesting range of outcomes. By introducing a maternal effectinto the potential future reproductive output otherwise highly unstable populationdynamics were simplified (but not stabilised). If maternal effects affect dispersaldecisions, it is possible for regular cycles with a period consistent with many examplesfrom ecological time-series’ to arise. These results are in agreement with previousstudies, however, by investigating the effects in different aspects of life history, it ispossible to predict the direction of the impact on population dynamics. This work alsohighlights the potential for regular cycles in population dynamics to arise due tomaternal effects, in agreement with recent field studies.M. S. Fowler, Dept of Biological & Environmental Science, Univ. of Helsinki, P.O. Box65 (Viikinkaari 1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland (mike.fowler@helsink.fi).
THE ROLE OF YOLK PROTEIN DYNAMICS AND PREDATOR KAIROMONES FOR THE LIFE HISTORY OF DAPHNIA MAGNA

Resource allocation for reproduction of daphniids is strongly determined by the production of yolk protein. It is the main process channeling material into the reproductive pool of the animals. My investigations of yolk protein dynamics provided evidence that Daphnia are able to exhibit flexible brood reduction behavior and that individuals do not use all of the produced yolk protein for reproduction. The animals show parental optimism, meaning that they start to produce more material for offspring than they actually release. Yolk protein dynamics were influenced by predator-released kairomones. Fish kairomones influenced the beginning of yolk production resulting in a shorter time until first reproduction. In addition, daphniids exposed to fish kairomones used more of the produced yolk protein for reproduction than did control animals. The fish kairomone did not influence the rate of yolk production. In contrast, Chaoborus kairomones influenced the rate of yolk production, but did not change either the beginning of yolk production or the proportion of yolk that was used for egg production. The yolk protein dynamics of daphniids and their ability to exhibit flexible brood reduction behavior can help to explain kairomone-induced life history modifications of daphniids in numerous life history experiments.
BESOUROS ESCARABEÍNEOS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DA CAATINGA PARAIBANA, BRASIL

RESUMO Besouros escarabeineos sao reconhecidos como organismos importantes no funcionamento de ecossistemas terrestres tropicais por participarem ativamente no ciclo de decomposicao da materia orgânica. No entanto, a ecologia das especies que habitam o bioma Caatinga, no nordeste do Brasil, e praticamente desconhecida. Neste trabalho sao apresentadas 20 especies da subfamilia Scarabaeinae coletadas durante 15 campanhas realizadas na regiao do Cariri, RPPN Fazenda Almas, Paraiba, entre os anos de 2003 e 2006. Houve um padrao sazonal definido pelas chuvas, sendo que apos o inicio do periodo seco nao ha nenhuma especie que mantenha adultos ativos nesta regiao de extrema aridez. Os resultados incluem tambem caracteristicas ecologicas das especies como abundância relativa, tamanho do corpo, horario de atividade e preferencia alimentar. Palavras-chave: Diversidade, ecologia, riqueza de especies, Scarabaeinae
Effect of exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide on the biochemical aspects in liver of the fresh water fish, Labeo rohita

Sodium Cyanide, Labeo rohita, Protein profile, Free Amino Acid, Protease Activity The effects of exposure to a sublethal concentration (0.2 mg/L) (1/5 th of LC50) of sodium cyanide, on biochemical changes in the liver of freshwater fish, Labeo rohita for a period of 10 and 20 days and further allowed to undergo a recovery of 14 days. Results in variation in the levels of protein, free amino acid and protease enzyme activity with respect to control. The changes were in a manner that suggested the possible existence of an oscillatory phase in biochemical turnover towards a more synthetic phase leading to the establishment of convalescence and adaptation phenomena. Yet, sodium cyanide being toxic component needs attention towards its neutralization prior to its disposal. Further, these observations indicated that even sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide might not be fully devoid of deleterious influence biochemical endpoints in the freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Based on the outcome of the present study, it is therefore suggested that appropriate measures be taken for detoxification of sodium cyanide before it is discharged in to streams, as it can compromise the survival of aquatic habitat consequently resulting in the disturbances of aquatic ecosystem. We suggest that the alterations in biochemical parameters of fish may be useful in environmental biomonitoring and to assess the health of fish in freshwater habitat contaminated with sodium cyanide.
Effect of low temperature storage of trichocards parasitised by Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) and Trichogramma japonicum (Ashmead)

The present investigations were undertaken on laboratory studies of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) and Trichogramma japonicum (Ashmead) during the year 2013-2014 in the bio-control laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Dapoli (Maharashtra). Effect of low temperature storage at 150C temperature for varying period on egg cards parasitised by T. chilonis and T. japonicum, 4 day after parasitisation revealed that parasitised trichocards after 4 days of parasitisation can effectively stored up to 15 days without much effect on adult emergence.
Effect of nitrogen fertilization timing on the demographic processes of wild oat (Avena fatua) in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Abstract Wild oat is the most important weed in Argentine barley and one of the worst weeds in wheat and barley worldwide. During 1997 and 1998, field experiments were performed to determine the response of wild oat to N fertilizer at planting and at early tillering at 55 kg ha−1 with and without the use of diclofop-methyl. Seedling emergence and survival rate, individual fecundity, and preharvest seed dispersal rate of wild oat were assessed. The effect on the individual growth of wild oat was also studied. N fertilizer increased both wild oat seedling survival rate and fecundity, especially when it was applied at early tillering. However, the effect of N fertilization was negligible with diclofop-methyl treatment. In addition, the application of N fertilizer reduced the seed dispersal rate immediately before crop harvest. Quantification of the effects of each agronomic practice, such as N fertilization, is useful to develop simulation models that predict the population dynamics. When N was applied at sowing, the annual growth rate of the wild oat population was almost 25% lower than when applied at early tillering. Nomenclature: Diclofop; wild oat, Avena fatua L. AVEFA; barley, Hordeum vulgare L. ; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
Soil compaction of various Central European forest soils caused by traffic of forestry machines with various chassis

Aim of study: The primary objective of this paper was to compare the effects of different types of forestry machine chassis on the compaction of the top layers of soil and to define the soil moisture content level, at which machine traffic results in maximum compaction. Area of study: Measurements were conducted in eight forest stands located in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The soil types in the stands subjected to the study were luvisols, stagnosols, cambisols, and rendzinas. Material and Methods: The measurements were focused on tracked and wheeled (equipped with low pressure tyres) cut-to-length machines, and skidders equipped with wide and standard tyres. The bulk density of soil was determined from soil samples extracted from the ruts, the centre of the skid trail, and the undisturbed stand. To determine soil moisture content, at which the soil is the most susceptible to compaction, the Proctor standard test was employed. Main results: The moisture content for maximal compaction fluctuated from 12% to 34.06%. Wheeled machines compacted the soil to 1.24 – 1.36 g.cm -3 (30.3 – 35.4 % compaction) in dried state. Bulk density of soil in stands where tracked machine operated was lower, ranging from 1.02 to 1.06 g.cm -3 (25.3 % compaction). Research highlights: All wheeled machines caused the same amount of soil compaction in the ruts, despite differences in tyres, machine weight, etc. Maximum compaction caused by forestry machines occurred at minimal moisture contents, easily achievable in European climatic conditions. Keywords: soil compaction; bulk density; soil moisture content limits; cut-to-length machines; skidders.
BIOCLIMATIC STUDIES OF THE MEXICAN FRUIT FLY

California fruit growers noted with interest and much concern the discovery early in 1954 of an adult Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), in one of a series of insect survey traps just below the international border in northwestern Mexico. The potential consequences of this occurrence of an insect pest hitherto known only from eastern and southern Mexico, Central America, and south Texas were serious. Quarantines and restrictions in commodity movement, eradication operations, destruction of all fallen, prematurely colored, or ripe host fruits, and, should infestations become well established and widespread, costly control procedures were factors confronting these growers.
Tracking DNA double-strand breaks

localized induction of Dna damage is a valuable tool for studying cellular Dna damage responses. in the last decades, methods have been developed to generate Dna damage using radiations of varying types, including photons and charged particles. Here we describe a simple ultrasoft X-ray multi microbeam system for high dose-rate, localized induction of Dna strand breaks in cells at spatially and geometrically adjustable sites. our system can be combined with fixedand live-cell microscopy to study responses of cells to Dna damage. keywords: soft X-rays, microbeam irradiation, Dna damage, Dna doublestrand breaks, live-cell microscopy
Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from Freshwater and Terrestrial Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are a prolific source of biologically active secondary metabolites. Although many studies have been done on cyanobacterial secondary metabolites, these studies have been mainly focused on cyanobacterial blooms from both freshwater and marine environments. Non-bloom forming cyanobacteria that appear only as small colonies in the environments still remain under-explored. In this study, we employed culture-dependent approach to explore chemistries of non-bloom forming cyanobacteria that we isolated from field-collected samples (UIC) and also acquired from three commercial culture collections (UTEX, SAG and CCALA). An extract library was prepared and screened for antiproliferative activity against cancer cells and brine shrimp toxicity. Active extracts were subjected to fractionation followed by dereplication using LC-MS and 1H NMR in combination with HPLC-based activity profiling that associated LC chromatogram with activity. This was used to identify active peaks at fraction level. Based on the results of dereplication as well as HPLC-based activity profiling, the strains Anabaena minutissima (UTEX 1613), Cf. Anabaena sp. (UIC 10035), Nostoc sp. (UIC 10062) and Oscillatoria sancta (SAG 74.79) were selected for further chemical investigation. Twelve cyclic lipodecapeptides, named minutissamides A-D and homesteadamides A-H, were isolated from the cultured cyanobacteria Anabaena minutissima (UTEX 1613) and Cf. Anabaena sp. (UIC 10035), respectively. The planar structures were determined using various spectroscopic techniques including HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The amino acid sequences determined from 2D NMR analysis was further confirmed by analyzing fragmentation pattern acquired from the tandem MS/MS spectra. The absolute configurations of the α-amino acid residues were assigned using Marfey’s method after acid hydrolysis. The absolute configuration of a β-amino acid residue was assigned by a combination of the advanced Marfey’s method, J-based configurational analysis and ROE spectroscopic analysis. The structures of minutissamides A-D and homesteamides A-H were characterized by the presence of three non-standard α-amino acid residues (α,β-dehydro-α-aminobutyric acids, O-methylated Thr and one N-methylated Asn) and one β-amino acid residue (2-hydroxy-3-amino-4-methyl dodecanoic acid or 2-hydroxy-3-amino-4-methyl hexadecanoic acid). Minutissamides A-D and homesteadamides A-H exhibited antiproliferative activity against cancer cells with low micromolar IC50 values ranging between 1 and 10 μM. Two cyclophanes, named merocyclophanes A and B, were isolated from the cell extract of a cultured terrestrial Nostoc sp. (UIC 10062), obtained from a sample collected at Grand Mere State Park in Michigan. Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic techniques including HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR analyses. The stereoconfiguration was assigned on the basis of X-ray crystallographic and CD analyses. The structures of merocyclophanes A and B established a…
Children and the Covid-19 Transition: Psychological Reflections and Suggestions on Adapting to the Emergency

The current period of transition due to COVID-19 emergency may negatively affect the psychological functioning of children and require resources aimed at supporting post-transition adaptation. Few contributions exist which specifically focus on what to do in such circumstances in order to assist the mental health of both children and parents. It seems therefore critical to provide strategies, which support the adjustment of children during the pre-existing and post-transition periods. Furthermore, screening projects are required in order to identify those children with increased levels of emotional and behavioural issues, beyond the COVID-19 transition, in order to plan specific interventions.
Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of some medicinal plants essential oils against Botrytis cinerea , causal agent of postharvest apple rot, in vitro

In this survey, antifungal activity of 13 species of medicinal plants essential oil was studied against apple gray mold through pour plate method and production of volatile compounds. The results showed that essential oils of Anise, Cumin, Caraway, Ammin, Pennyroyal, Thyme and Cinnamon in pour plate method at all concentrations of 250, 500, 750 microliters per liter, have a significant effect against Botrytis cinerea on PDA culture.By the volatile compounds production method, essence of Cumin, , Ammin, Pennyroyal, Dill, Cinnamon, Anise and Caraway showed the most inhibitory effect and the others somewhat illustrated fungistatic power. The results also indicated that the antifungal activity against B. cinerea increases parallel with raising concentrations of plant essential oils .
PDO-eConvs: Partial Differential Operator Based Equivariant Convolutions

Recent research has shown that incorporating equivariance into neural network architectures is very helpful, and there have been some works investigating the equivariance of networks under group actions. However, as digital images and feature maps are on the discrete meshgrid, corresponding equivariance-preserving transformation groups are very limited. In this work, we deal with this issue from the connection between convolutions and partial differential operators (PDOs). In theory, assuming inputs to be smooth, we transform PDOs and propose a system which is equivariant to a much more general continuous group, the $n$-dimension Euclidean group. In implementation, we discretize the system using the numerical schemes of PDOs, deriving approximately equivariant convolutions (PDO-eConvs). Theoretically, the approximation error of PDO-eConvs is of the quadratic order. It is the first time that the error analysis is provided when the equivariance is approximate. Extensive experiments on rotated MNIST and natural image classification show that PDO-eConvs perform competitively yet use parameters much more efficiently. Particularly, compared with Wide ResNets, our methods result in better results using only 12.6% parameters.
Opimization of DNA isolation and PCR protocol for RAPD analysis of Mangifera indica L.

C, which resulted, optimal amplification. In all PCR reactions Reproducible amplifiable products were observed. Thus the results indicate that the optimized protocol for DNA isolation and PCR was applicable to plant cultivars/species belonging to different genera and this process is suitable for further work on diversity analysis. Ferthermore here we used suitable DNA isolation protocol for RAPD analysis to study the genetic variation in the future in Anacardiaceae species.
Growth, Water use and nutrient uptake from the subsoil by grass swards

1. Plant nutrients, N, P and K, were applied to the soil surface or injected at a depth of 18 in. or 30 in. in perennial ryegrass swards, when the upper horizons of the soil profile were dry. 2. When the surface soil was dry and a soil water deficit of 2 in. existed there was no response to surface applied N but injection of N into moist soil at a depth of 18 in. produced a marked increase of growth. At this depth of injection there was a significant positive interaction between N and PK. 3. There was a substantial recovery in the herbage (59–80%) of the nitrogen applied to the subsoil, provided water was available in the soil horizon in which the nitrogen was applied. 4. Failure of a grass sward to regrow after cutting when the water available to the plant has been removed from the uppermost soil horizons is largely due to a deficiency of plant nutrients in the subsoil. The major deficiency is that of nitrogen.
Influence of oxygen availability during skin-contact maceration on the formation of precursors of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol in Müller-Thurgau and Sauvignon Blanc grapes

Background and Aims Grape maceration plays an important role in the formation of precursors of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH), 3-S-glutathionyl mercaptohexan-1-ol (GSH-3MH) and 3-S-cysteinyl mercaptohexan-1-ol (Cys-3MH), but its contribution is still not well understood. The aim of this paper was to study the effect of oxygen deprivation on the concentration of these 3MH precursors during skin-contact maceration in two grape cultivars. Methods and Results Muller-Thurgau (n = 19) and Sauvignon Blanc (32) grapes from Trentino (Italy) were hand harvested and processed under the following conditions: reductive (air protected; 80 mg/kg sulfur dioxide, 80 mg/kg L-ascorbic acid, and 200 mg/kg dimethyl dicarbonate) and oxidative (no addition of adjuvants and air contact). After maceration, GSH-3MH and Cys-3MH were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and isotopic dilution. Conclusions Both GSH-3MH and Cys-3MH were identified for the first time in Muller-Thurgau juices. Oxidative maceration increased the GSH-3MH concentration in 16 out of 19 Muller-Thurgau and in 23 out of 32 Sauvignon Blanc juices, while Cys-3MH was higher in 13 and 20 juices, respectively, of the two cultivars. Parametrical and non-parametrical statistical tests confirmed that oxidative maceration of Muller-Thurgau increased GSH-3MH concentration significantly (P < 0.01). Significance of the Study This work highlights the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the potential de novo formation of thiol precursors.