Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pattern in Ponderosa Pine Forests

Esau, Katherine. 193. Plant anatomy. John Wiley & Sons, Tuec. , N-C\ew Nork. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. 8th Eld. Americani Book Company, New York. Gleason, H. A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated dora of northeastern United States and a(ljacent Caniada. Lancaster Press, Lancaster, Pa. Harrington, H. D. 1954. Mlantual of plants of Colorado. Sage Boolok, 1 )e'nver. Hayward, H. E. 1948 The structure of economic l)lants. NMacl\fillani Co., New York. Jones, G. N. 1950. Flora of Illinois. Am. Midland Naturalist, Moiograph #5, U. of Notre Dame Press. Kearney, T. H. , and R. H. Peebles. 1942. Flowering plants and ferns of Arizona. U. S. (Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Kelting, R. W. 1954. Effects of moderate grazing on the composition and plant production of a native tall-grass prairie in central Oklahoma. Ecology 35: 200-206(. Knobel, E. D., and 0. H. Brensing. 1942. Soil survey of Tulsa County, Supt. of Documents, Washington, 1). C. Little, V. A. 1957. General and applied entomology. Harper & Bros. , New York. MacMillan, C. 1892. Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley. Geol. and Natural History Survey, Minneapolis. Oakes, M. C. 1952. Geologic map of Tulsa County, Oklahoma. Ross, H. H. 1956. A textbook of entomology. John \Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Rydberg, P. A. 1922. Flora of Rocky Mountains and adjacent l)lains. Published by author, New York. 1932. Flora of the prairies and l)lains of central North America. New York Bot. Garden. Scott, F. M. , and H. M. Sharsmith. 1930. Transition region in seedling of Ricinlnts coninzonis, a physiological interpretation. Am. J. of Botany, 20: 176-187. Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southern flora. Science Press Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. Tidestrom and Kittell. 1941. Flora of Arizona and New Mexico. Catholic Univ. Press, Washington, D. C. Turner, B. L. 1950. Texas species of Dcsiuzanthus (Leguminosae). Field and Laboratory 18: 54-65. 1950. Vegetative key to Texas Desian thus (Leguminosae) and similar genera. Field and Laboratory 18: 51-54. Waterfall, U. T. 1957. Keys to the flora of Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
Microbial occurrence and distribution at different rhizosphere depths of Musa sapientum var parasidiaca and Senna occidentalis.

In this study, we focussed on the isolation, enumeration, distribution and occurrence of rhizomicroflora of Musa sapientum var parasidiaca and Senna occidentalis . The population, occurrence and distribution of culturable bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm depths rhizosphere samples of Musa sapientum var parasidiaca and Senna occidentalis growing in the botanical garden of the University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria, were investigated using standard plate count and biochemical techniques. Bacteria were the most predominant in the rhizosphere of both plants, followed by fungi, then actinomycetes. The culturable microbial population was at its maximum for depths rhizospheres. Rhizosphere depth of 10 cm had 100% distribution of bacteria, and the least bacterial distribution was found at 20cm. Fungi were most distributed at 15cm rhizosphere of M. sapientum var parasidiaca and at 10 and 15 cm rhizosphere of S. occidentalis . Rhizopus stolonifer had 100% distribution and the highest % occurrence in the rhizosphere of both plants with Aspergillus niger having 100 and 75% distribution in the rhizosphere of M. sapientum and S. occidentalis respectively. Actinomycetes were most distributed at 10 cm (60 and 80% in rhizosphere of M. sapientum and S. occidentalis respectively). Streptomyces sp had the highest distribution in the rhizosphere of both plants and 58.33 and 55.17% occurrences in rhizosphere of M. sapientum and S. occidentalis respectively. Streptomyces alanosinicus and S. gancidicus were absent among the rhizosphere isolates of M. sapientum . Similarly, S. globosus and S. sampsonii were not found in the rhizosphere of S. occidentalis . The abundance of the microorganisms in these rhizospheres is typical of an environment with high species richness and functional diversity.
Genetic and Environmental Influences upon Solids-Not-Fat Content of Cow's Milk

Summary Monthly composite milk samples from the Holstein and Guernsey herds of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station were taken from July, 1953, to February, 1958. Solids-not-fat (SNF) content was determined by formulas based on specific gravity (Watson Pattern Lactometer) and fat percentage (Babcock fat test). A study of 4,772 samples from 222 cows revealed no specific yearly trends in SNF content, although 1954 was significantly lower with Holsteins, and 1956 significantly higher with Guernseys, than the averages of the remaining years. Month effects were significant and similar for both breeds. SNF content was high in December and January and low in June and July. Although stage-of-lactation effects were more extreme on Holsteins, SNF content of both breeds was high shortly after parturition, dropped to a lactation low at 40 to 60 days, increased very slowly to 6 mo. , and then increased rapidly to 10 mo. Pregnancy effects were noticeable at the 4th or 5th mo. of gestation, and accounted for most of the SNF increase in the latter stages of lactation. Two types of lactation averages were calculated: (1) based on all tests from parturition to 305 days, and (2) based on the second through sixth tests. Records from 182 cows by 50 sires were studied. SNF content of 310 Holstein records averaged (1) 8.48 and (2) 8.42%; 110 Guernsey records averaged (1) 8.95 and (2) 8.93%, respectively. SNF content decreased with age in a curvilinear manner. Intra-cow repeatabilities were (1) 0.61 and (2) 0.56, showing the 305-day record (1) to be slightly more desirable. Heritability estimates calculated from paternal half-sib correlations were 0.93 and 0.97. Doubling the intra-breed dam-daughter regression coefficient obtained from 87 dam-daughter pairs resulted in a heritability estimate of 0.57.
Interactions of two strains of Magnaporthe grisea with rice, goosegrass, and weeping lovegrass.

Two strains of the fungus Magnaporthe grisea caused responses in goosegrass, weeping lovegrass, and rice that varied from no visible symptoms, through isolated discrete lesions with or without brown margins, to coalescing lesions that completely killed the inoculated areas of the leaf. The fungus sporulated under conducive conditions in all of the five plant–strain combinations that produced visible symptoms, but the degree of sporulation varied considerably. Microscopical examination revealed a previously unreported dimorphism in the infection hypha in all three plant species. In all combinations, some appressoria failed to form infection hyphae. In all but one combination, some infection hyphae failed to differentiate and (or) became restricted to a single epidermal cell with autofluorescent walls. Quantitative data showed that the presence and density of lesions reflected the frequency with which appressoria formed growing fungal colonies; lesion appearance depended on the interaction between such colo.
Rabbit warren distribution in relation to pasture communities in Mediterranean habitats: consequences for management of rabbit populations

Iberian wild rabbit numbers have decreased in the last decades. The management implemented to recover rabbit populations includes several techniques, one of the most common being the construction of artificial rabbit warrens. To optimally distribute the artificial warrens in the field it is essential to understand natural warren microhabitat. Few studies have investigated the relationship between rabbits and grassland communities. In this work we study the spatial distribution and characteristics of rabbit warrens as well as their relation to grasslands in Mediterranean woodlands of central Spain. During the summer of 2001, three 12.5-ha study plots, including the most representative grassland communities of the area, were selected. All rabbit warrens were surveyed and the active and total entrances, shrub cover, grassland community and warren cover type were characterised. A grassland community selection index was calculated and the warren spatial distribution analysed. Ploughed lands and shallow soils were unsuitable for warren establishment. The mean number of burrow entrances per warren was 5.8 (4.4 active), and warren clustering occurred only in ploughed plots. However, pasture communities composed of annual and perennial species growing on unploughed deep sandy soils were preferentially selected. Most warrens (81.4%) were dug under some kind of protection such as shrub roots and rocks. According to our results, when designing rabbit restocking programs that include the provision of artificial warrens, unploughed deep soils with plenty of shrubs and rocks should be preferentially selected to locate the artificial warrens, which should be spaced so there are ~10 warrens per hectare and ~5–6 burrow entrances per warren.
The salivary gland chromosomes of the black fly Simulium (Simulium) singtamense (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Standard maps of polytene salivary gland chromosomes of black fly species Simulium (Simulium) singtamense have been prepared. It revealed normal simuliid complement of n=3 chromosomes. Two homologues of each polytene chromosomes are tightly synapsed and are provided with identifiable centromeres. First two chromosomes are metacentric while the third one is submetacentric. Characteristic landmarks of polytene chromosomes such as Balbiani Ring, nucleolar organiser, puff and characteristic banding patterns have been described and compared with those of congeneric species.
Studies on the Role of Enzyme Supplements and Water Treatment for Improving the Nutritional Value of Barley

Abstract RECENTLY it was found that the nutritive value of barley could be improved by either a simple water treatment (Fry et al., 1957) or supplementation with enzymes (Jensen et al., 1957). These observations have been confirmed and extended by Anderson (1958), Arscott (1958), Wharton et al. (1958), and Fry et al. (1958a). The experiments reported herein were conducted to determine the effect on chick growth and feed efficiency of (1) various enzyme preparations; (2) enzyme supplementation and water treatment of several varieties of barley; and (3) autoclaving barley in the presence of added moisture. In addition, the effect of enzyme supplementation and various treatments of barley on feed and water consumption and ash and moisture content of feces was studied. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE New Hampshire chicks from dams maintained on a practical breeder diet were used in these experiments. Essentially the same procedures were followed in all experiments. Three groups of …
Reproductive Cycle of the Striped Eel Catfish Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg)

We investigated the reproductive cycle of the striped eel catfish Plotosus lineatus. Specimens were sampled in the coastal waters of Sungsan and Jocheon, east of Jeju, Korea, from September 2001 to August 2002. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) in females and males were reached a maximum in June and July , respectively. Based on histological observations and GSI variation, the reproductive cycle was classified into the following successive stages: in females, growing (September-April), mature (April-June), spawning (June-July), and degenerative and recovery (July-September) and in males, growing (August-December), mature (September-May), spent (April-July), and degenerative and recovery (June-August). The total length at 100% maturity exceeded 15 cm and the fecundity ranged from 525 to 1176 eggs. The fecundity was correlated positively with total length and body weight. Histological observations of the gonads suggest that this species is a spring-summer spawner with group-synchronous type oocyte development.
Response of Hybrid and Open-Pollinated Safflower to Plant Population

Four safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars were evaluated at five plant populations in experiments over 2 yr at three North Dakota locations. Differences in achene yield due to plant population were not significant. Hybrid AGC-353 produced significantly higher achene yield than the other cultivars. Number of capitula per plant and achenes per capitulum were the yield components most influenced by plant population. Cultivar effects were significant for all yield components. Plant population did not influence achene oil content; however, significant differences among genotypes occurred. Cultivar S-541 and hybrid AGC-353 produced significantly higher and lower achene oil percent, respectively, than the other cultivars. The significantly higher hull content of hybrid AGC-353 compared with the other cultivars caused the low oil content
Are age-structured models appropriate for catch-effort data?

Simulated data have been used to evaluate the performance of schemes for estimating optimum fishing effort using a simple stock-production model and R. B. Deriso's age-structured model Even when the data are generated using Deriso's model, the simpler production model generally gives as good or better estimates for the optimal effort. The only exception to this result is when data are provided with unrealistically large contrasts in effort and catch per unit effort over time. The implication of these findings is that simple production models should often be used in stock assessments based on catch/effort data, even when more realistic and structurally correct models are available to the analyst; the best choice depends on how much contrast has occurred in the historical effort and catch per unit effort data, rather than on prior knowledge about which model structure is biologically more realistic.
Lixiviação do imazethapyr em solo de várzea sob dois sistemas de manejo

Imazethapyr has been widely used in Rio Grande do Sul since the development of Clearfield TechnologyTM(CL) on rice, in a formulated mixture of imazethapyr + imazapic (75 + 25g L-1). However, the use of such technology raised the problem of herbicide carryover, which might affect non-tolerant crops in rotation with different intensities. The plant injury is related, among other factors, with the herbicide position in the soil profile. The present work had the objective of determining the depth positioning of imazethapyr on a lowland soil cultivated with rice in two soil tillage system: conventional system (CS) and no till system (NT), in an area where CL rice had been cultivated for two years followed by non tolerant rice in the third year. Herbicide concentration in soil samples was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. There is a higher concentration of imazethapyr in the topsoil (0-5cm) on the CS, when compared to the NT, while it leached until 20cm in both systems. In the CS, imazethapyr were uniformly distributed in the first 15 cm of soil, whereas in NT, imazethapyr were accumulated in 5-10 and 10-15cm layers.
FOOD AS A MECHANISM OF DENSITY-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF BREEDING NUMBERS IN THE MERLIN, FALCO COLUMBARIUS

Population regulation of Merlins (Falco columbarius) was studied during 16 years in a small area supporting up to 11 breeding pairs, and during seven years in an expanded area where breeding numbers varied between 28 and 38 pairs. During the study period, the previously regular 4-yr cyclicity in rodent abundance disappeared, for unknown reasons. The functional form of density dependence agreed with a version of the Ricker equation, which showed that there was direct density dependence in the number of Merlin pairs attempting to breed. Moreover, in seasons with high small-rodent density, local population density of Merlins increased, and breeding territories were established in areas that, in other years, did not sustain breeders. Overwinter loss of males was directly related to breeding population size in the preceding year, as well as to small-rodent density. In contrast, overwinter loss of females appeared to be independent of breeding population size and food abundance in the preceding year.
Rodents, cowpox virus and islands: densities, numbers and thresholds

Summary 1. The population dynamics of bank voles and wood mice, and of cowpox virus infection in these two species, was studied over a 2-year period in a mainland population and in 14 nearby island populations of varying sizes. 2. For both species, there was no intrinsic variation in the pattern of host dynamics with island size: small island populations behaved as though they were small subsamples of a larger population, displaying no more than the expected random variation from the general pattern. 3. None the less, the relative numbers of bank voles to wood mice increased markedly with decreasing island size; and bank vole densities tended to be higher on smaller islands. 4. Only 22 animals were discovered to have moved either between islands or between the mainland and the islands, out of 1883 captured in all. None the less, it was apparent that males were more likely to move than females. 5. Overall patterns of cowpox virus dynamics were similar in all cases. However, on all islands there were extended periods when cowpox virus infection was apparently absent, and on the small islands the numbers of infected individuals were mostly very low and in many cases infection was never found. 6. For both host species, there was no evidence for a threshold population size for cowpox virus (critical community size) in terms of density, but clear evidence for one in terms of the numerical size of populations. This suggests little support for density-dependent transmission, despite this having been the usual default assumption for non-sexually transmitted infections. 7. There was also evidence for a separate invasion threshold (between ecological and epidemiological invasion) and persistence threshold (between epidemiological invasion and persistence). This is contrary to the output of the most-quoted (deterministic) models ‐ persistence and invasion threshold one and the same ‐ highlighting the fact that little attention has been paid in the past to the practical meaning of the theoretical concept of a threshold. 8. In the case of the wood mice, a superficial similarity to the bank vole thresholds was potentially misleading. Wood mouse thresholds were influenced at least as much by the bank vole thresholds as they were by the dynamics within the wood mouse populations themselves.
Taxonomic sufficiency in ecological studies of terrestrial invertebrates

The concept of taxonomic sufficiency (identifying organisms only to a level of taxonomic resolution sufficient to satisfy the objectives of a study) has received little attention in ecological studies of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages. Here we critically evaluate three approaches to taxonomic sufficiency: the use of morphospecies, genera and functional groups. The objective was to compare estimates of richness (α diversity) and turnover (β diversity) of ant assemblages generated by these data with estimates produced using data for ant species. Ground-active ants were sampled using pitfall trapping within three habitat types: a eucalypt plantation, woodland regrowth patches and the surrounding grassland at a study site in the upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales. Comparisons of assemblage richness and turnover among taxonomic data sets and habitats and after different data transformations used univariate (simple correlation and ANOVA) and multivariate (Mantel tests, ANOSIM and SSHMDS) techniques. Our study found: (i) morphospecies and genus richness was highly correlated with species richness over the study area; (ii) ordination scatterplots using species, morphospecies and genus data revealed similar patterns of site separation for the three habitats; (iii) the results were very similar using untransformed, log transformed and binary data; (iv) functional group ordinations separated all three habitat types for untransformed abundance data; and (v) estimates of species turnover were highly correlated with estimates of morphospecies and genus turnover. These results are discussed in relation to future monitoring of ant community structure.
TILOSOMES IN ROOTS OF ORCHIDACEAE: MORPHOLOGY AND SYSTEMATIC OCCURRENCE

Tilosomes, also called "fibrous bodies" or "rod bodies" in older literature, are lignified excrescences from the walls of cells of the innermost velamen cell layer adjacent to thin-walled passage cells of the exodermis in roots of many epiphytic orchids. Seven broad morphological types are recognized: spongy, lamellate, discoid, webbed, meshed, baculate, and plaited. Some types characterize specific genera or subtribes of Orchidaceae. Of the 350 species in 175 genera included in a survey of the family, tilosomes occur in 95 species and 39 genera and are concentrated in tribe Polystachyeae and subtribes Sobraliinae, Coelogyninae, Laeliinae, Pleurothallidinae, Bulbophyllinae, Lycastinae, and Maxillariinae. With the exception of the pantropical genera Bulbophyllum and Polystachya and the Paleotropical subtribe Coelogyninae, tilosomes are almost exclusively Neotropical phenomena.
Echolocation and feeding behaviour in four species of Myotis (Chiroptera)

We have compared the echolocation and feeding behaviours of Myotis lucifugus, M. californicus, M. volans, and M. auriculus based on observations and recordings of bats in the field. Myotis lucifugus and M. californicus appeared to detect prey at close range (≤ 1 m) and regularly made several attempts to capture insects over short distances; both used similar frequency-modulated echolocation calls. Myotis volans detected prey at greater distances (5–10 m), made only one attempt to capture insects per pass through a feeding area, and used an echolocation call with a distinct constant-frequency component. Myotis auriculus fed mainly on resting insects, mostly moths. The echolocation calls of this species were of shorter duration, lower intensity, broader frequency range with a higher frequency of maximum energy, and showed an initial upward sweep in frequency relative to the calls of the other Myotis we studied. Myotis auriculus did not increase their pulse repetition rate as they closed with stationary prey.
ANALYSE DES CONDITIONS DE LA FÉCONDATION IN VITRO DE L'ŒUF DE LA LAPINE

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. ANALYSE DES CONDITIONS DE LA FÉCONDATION IN VITRO DE L’ŒUF DE LA LAPINE C. Thibault, L. Dauzier, Micheline Gérard, Éliane Goussopoulos