Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clair appraisal: the benefits of a co-operative approach

The Clair discovery lies 75 km west of the Shetlands, and comprises an elongate ridge of Lewisian basement and an associated roll-over of variable quality Devonian–Carboniferous continental red beds. Clair was discovered in 1977, when 206/8-1A tested 25° API oil at 1500 BOPD from the red beds at the crest of the roll-over. Well 206/7-1 followed, producing 960 BOPD from fractured basement on the ridge. Ten further wells drilled between 1977 and 1985 indicated an oil in place measurable in billions of barrels, but test results were disappointing. The success of the discovery well was never repeated and commercial test production rates were never achieved. In 1990, the companies with licence interests over Clair agreed to pool their resources and expertise and collaborate in a joint appraisal programme. A series of reservoir studies quantified the importance of different fracture types to productivity and predicted that the right combination of fractures and matrix could yield much higher flow rates than had previously been achieved. A 3D seismic survey over the central area of the discovery led to a significant improvement in understanding and visualization of the structure. Two joint appraisal wells were drilled in 1991. The first, a horizontal well in fractured basement, tested at 2100 BOPD after acid wash stimulation. The second well tested the red beds on the flank of the roll-over and achieved sustained flow rates of over 3000 BOPD from two zones (one of which had been hydraulically fractured) with a significant contribution from previously unidentified open natural fractures. The orientation of these open fractures suggests they are related to a late Cretaceous episode of faulting. Two further appraisal wells and an extension to the 3D seismic coverage are planned for 1992. There are still many uncertainties associated with Clair, but the 1991 wells have finally demonstrated that significant and potentially commercial flow rates are achievable. The behavioural change associated with the joint approach has been the catalyst for the success of this new initiative on Clair.
Characterisation and diachronous initiation of coarse clastic deposition in the Magallanes–Austral foreland basin, Patagonian Andes

Magallanes–Austral Basin (MAB) fill is preserved along a >1000 km north–south trending outcrop belt in the southern Patagonia region of Argentina and Chile. Although the stratigraphic evolution of the MAB has been well documented in the Chilean sector (referred to as the Magallanes Basin), its northern terminus in southern Argentina (Austral Basin) is poorly constrained. We present new stratigraphic and geochronologic analyses of the early basin fill (Aptian–Turonian) from the Argentine sector (49–51°S) of the MAB to document spatial variability in stratigraphy and timing of deposition during the initial stages of basin evolution. The initiation of the retroarc foreland basin fill is marked by the transition from mudstone to coarse‐clastic deposition, which is characterised by the consistent presence of sandstone beds > ca. 20 cm thick interpreted to represent sediment gravity flows deposited in a submarine fan system. Depositional environments within the early fill of the basin range from lower to upper deep‐water fan settings as well as previously undocumented slope deposits. These facies are present as far north as El Chalten, Argentina (ca. 49°S), indicating that facies‐equivalent rocks can be traced along‐strike for at least 5 degrees of latitude, based on correlation with strata as far south as the Cordillera Darwin (ca. 54°S). Eight new U‐Pb zircon ages from ash beds reveal an overall southward younging trend in the initiation of coarse clastic deposition. Inferred depositional ages range from ca. 115 ± 1.9 Ma in the northernmost study area to not older than 92 ± 1 Ma and 89 ± 1.5 Ma in the central and southern sectors respectively. The apparent diachronous delivery of coarse detritus into the basin may reflect (1) gradual southward progradation of a deep‐water fan system from a northerly point source and/or (2) orogen‐parallel variations in the timing and magnitude of thrust‐belt deformation and erosion that provided more local sources for sediment delivery.
Contract based Web service composition

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is focused on building loosely coupled distributed systems with minimal shared understanding among system components. The main building blocks in SOA are services. Services are selfdescriptive, self-contained, platform-independent and openly-available components that interact over the network. The main goal of SOA is transparent, flexible and dynamic interaction of services and their clients over multiple interconnected domains. While native capabilities of service-oriented architectures, such as description, discovery, communication and binding, have been well understood and standardized, the issue of service composition has not yet been satisfactorily solved. This dissertation challenges the SOA postulate that service should disclose only basic functional signature, and demonstrates that based on semantic service description, including functional and non-functional properties, a viable solution for service composition can be developed (composable service architecture), that supports: 1) Extended descriptive and search capabilities by developing contract-based description language including non-functional properties such as security, dependability, timeliness; 2) Verification of composition correctness by modeling services as abstract machines and developing a formal composition language, and 3) Automatic service composition by treating automated and dynamic selection of composition partners as a search problem and developing search algorithms for that purpose. Finally, in order to show the viability of the proposed architectural solution, a prototype of Web Services composition server is described including design and implementation.
Tree top detection using local maxima filtering: a parameter sensitivity analysis

The sensitivity of a treetop detection algorithm is investigated by automated evaluation of detection performance for several parameter combinations. The algorithm consists in digital elevation models computation, morphological filtering, Gaussian smoothing and local maxima extraction and selection. The analysis is performed on three field plots located in the French Alps. One is a Norway spruce stand while the two others are dominated by Silver fir and European beech. Detection rates above 42.9% are achieved with less than 4.1% of false positives. Even though some similarities exist regarding resolution and morphological filtering, optimal settings determined on one plot performed uncertainly on the others. Besides, optimised parameters may depend on both the laser data mainly point density and on the forest structure and species.
MICA sounding rocket observations of conductivity‐gradient‐generated auroral ionospheric responses: Small‐scale structure with large‐scale drivers

A detailed, in situ study of field‐aligned current (FAC) structure in a transient, substorm expansion phase auroral arc is conducted using electric field, magnetometer, and electron density measurements from the Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Alfvén Resonator (MICA) sounding rocket, launched from Poker Flat, AK. These data are supplemented with larger‐scale, contextual measurements from a heterogeneous collection of ground‐based instruments including the Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar and nearby scanning doppler imagers and filtered all‐sky cameras. An electrostatic ionospheric modeling case study of this event is also constructed by using available data (neutral winds, electron precipitation, and electric fields) to constrain model initial and boundary conditions. MICA magnetometer data are converted into FAC measurements using a sheet current approximation and show an up‐down current pair, with small‐scale current density and Poynting flux structures in the downward current channel. Model results are able to roughly recreate only the large‐scale features of the field‐aligned currents, suggesting that observed small‐scale structures may be due to ionospheric feedback processes not encapsulated by the electrostatic model. The model is also used to assess the contributions of various processes to total FAC and suggests that both conductance gradients and neutral dynamos may contribute significantly to FACs in a narrow region where the current transitions from upward to downward. Comparison of Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar versus in situ electric field estimates illustrates the high sensitivity of FAC estimates to measurement resolution.
On asymptotic stability of solitons for nonlinear Sch

The long-time asymptotics is analyzed for finite energy solutions of the 1D Schr\"odinger equation coupled to a nonlinear oscillator; mathematically the system under study is a nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, whose nonlinear term includes a Dirac delta. The coupled system is invariant with respect to the phase rotation group U(1). This article, which extends the results of a previous one, provides a proof of asymptotic stability of solitary wave solutions in the case that the linearization contains a single discrete oscillatory mode satisfying a non-degeneracy assumption of the type known as the Fermi Golden Rule.
Dilemmas and Delights of Designing with Terrain Vague and Postmodern Concepts

Title: Dilemmas and Delights of Designing with Terrain Vague and Postmodern Concepts Solà-Morales’s terrain vague reconceptualises underused and derelict lands using a postmodernist lens concluding their worth is in their contrast to conventional space. However, this stands in opposition to the traditional modernist thought, which perceive these spaces as detritus, whose only value lies in its redevelopment. As postmodern thought gains traction in landscape architecture, the question of how designers respond and utilize the terrain vague context is becoming more relevant. Through a case study of three spaces that utilize their respective terrain vague conditions “as material” in their reimaging, this thesis explores the strategies and results of designers referencing this oft dismissed phase of neglect. Using a structured case study approach, this study finds that sites invoking terrain vague as context to their design invariably destroys the terrain vague condition, make temporality explicit in their new design, and employ an inclusive, multi-stakeholder design process.
Leaching of macronutrients and metals from undisturbed soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge. 1. Leaching of macronutrients

The extent of metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) leaching from soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge was examined using large undisturbed soil lysimeters of 5 different New Zealand soils (2 pasture and 3 forest soils). Metal leaching from the soils was monitored continuously over a period of 3 years following a single application of sewage sludge. Metal speciation in leachates was estimated using GEOCHEM-PC. Application of the sludge resulted in decreased pH and increased concentrations and total amounts of Cd, Ni, and Zn in drainage leachates from some of the soils, but had little effect on, or decreased concentrations of, Cr, Cu, and Pb. In the case of Cu, and to a lesser extent Pb, the reduced leaching of these metals in the forest soils was considered related to the lack of plant cover and reduced pH and soluble organic C in leachates from the sludge-treated lysimeters. The peaking of Ni and Zn concentrations well before 1 pore volume of water had passed through the lysimeters indicated that macropore flow was an important process facilitating the leaching of these metals. The extent of metal leaching varied greatly between soils and was dependent on a number of soil properties and other factors, including plant cover (pasture v. forest soils). However, even under the extreme conditions of the study, very small proportions (~1% or less) of the applied metals were leached over the 3-year period. In some cases, Ni and Zn concentrations in drainage leachates exceeded drinking water and/or environmental standards. However, with further attenuation and dilution in the vadose zone, in the short-term at least, the leaching of these metals would seem unlikely to pose a major environmental threat.
Roughness, resistance, and dispersion: Relationships in small streams

Although relationships between roughness, flow, and transport processes in rivers and streams have been investigated for several decades, the prediction of flow resistance and longitudinal dispersion in small streams is still challenging. Major uncertainties in existing approaches for quantifying flow resistance and longitudinal dispersion at the reach scale arise from limitations in the characterization of riverbed roughness. In this study, we characterized the riverbed roughness in small moderate‐gradient streams (0.1–0.5% bed slope) and investigated its effects on flow resistance and dispersion. We analyzed high‐resolution transect‐based measurements of stream depth and width, which resolved the complete roughness spectrum with scales ranging from the micro to the reach scale. Independently measured flow resistance and dispersion coefficients were mainly affected by roughness at spatial scales between the median grain size and the stream width, i.e., by roughness between the micro‐ and the mesoscale. We also compared our flow resistance measurements with calculations using various flow resistance equations. Flow resistance in our study streams was well approximated by the equations that were developed for high gradient streams (>1%) and it was overestimated by approaches developed for sand‐bed streams with a smooth riverbed or ripple bed.
Temporal Dynamics of Sediment Transport and Transient In‐channel Storage in a Highly Erodible Catchment

Elucidating the links between catchment and channel geomorphic processes helps the understanding of landscape evolution and the geomorphic development of river basins, and then the land degradation processes. In this study, we analyse suspended sediment dynamics and its relationship with rainfall, discharge and in‐channel sediment storage in a highly dynamic Mediterranean montane catchment (the River Isáben, Southern Pyrenees, NE Iberian Peninsula). The aim is to assess hydrological controls on and temporal patterns of the suspended sediment load. High loads in this basin occur as a consequence of intense erosion in badlands located in the middle of the catchment. This study focuses on a reach located downstream from the main badland areas, where rainfall, discharge (Q), sediment transport (SSC) and in‐channel sediment storage were monitored for a 1‐year period. Marked seasonality in water and sediment load was observed; whereas most of the discharge occurred in winter and spring, most of the sediment was transported during summer and autumn. Q‐SSC hysteretic loops revealed the importance of sediment availability (whether stored in the channel or originating from wider catchment source areas) in the river's sedimentary response. Clockwise loops dominated during winter and spring, whereas counter‐clockwise loops occurred mostly in summer and autumn, when in‐channel storage reached its maximum. There were significant correlations between rainfall intensity in the sediment source areas, in‐channel sediment storage and sediment yield. These correlations emphasize the importance of understanding sediment availability when analysing the temporal dynamics of sediment transport, especially in catchments where different source areas (slopes and riverbed) may contribute to the load to differing degrees and at different times of the year. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Controls on Leakage from a Natural CO2 Geologic Storage Site – Central Utah, USA

We present outcrop studies of a leaky natural CO2 accumulation in central Utah, U.S.A. The fluid migration history through the faulted stratigraphy is established from field relationships. Fluids charged and diffused through a carrier bed, migrating up-dip to pool in the structural high created by the faulted, Green River Anticline. The fault forms a lateral seal, while overlying clay-rich cap rocks provide a transient top seal. Fractures in the damage zone to the fault compromise the sealing integrity of this top seal and enable vertical migration of fluids, preferentially around structurally complexities where the fracture network is most intense. The fluids subsequently charge a shallower sand-rich carrier bed and the process continues through the faulted sequence. The dependence of folding and fault-associated fracture permeability is paramount in controlling fluid flow in the study area and emphasizes the influence structure plays on the migration of fluids in sedimentary basins. These results emphasise the need for detailed fault analysis of structures within future engineered CO2 storage sites, and consideration of the burial history and timing of fault activity to assess the risk of CO2 leakage through cap rocks, fault cores and fault damage zones.
An investigation of the relationship between Western Australian nickel laterites’ leaching performance and their mineralogical properties

Sulphide nickel resources are becoming exhausted. However there are vast resources of low grade (<0.8 wt.% Ni) nickel laterites in Western Australia that are currently uneconomic to process. Nickel is associated with iron rich minerals such as goethite and nontronite in these ores. Some ores leach well while other superficially similar ores are acid resistant, leaching slowly with variable percentage of nickel and iron extracted. The differences between these ores have not been well characterised or understood. The investigation of the influences of mineralogy on leaching, the prediction of leaching behaviour and improvements in leaching technology require accurate quantitative phase analysis (QPA). However, the QPA for nontronite, which is an important nickel resource in the Western Australian laterite profile, has proven to be difficult as this clay mineral is always turbostratically disordered. To facilitate the characterisation of the turbostratically disordered nontronite, two QPA approaches improving both the quantification accuracy and the fitting of its complex X-ray diffraction peak profiles were developed. In the first approach, the envelope fitting in the original PONKCS method (Scarlett & Madsen, 2006) was modified by using spherical harmonics as peak shape modifiers for Pawley phase and independent peak shape descriptions for Peaks phase. The modified PONKCS method resulted in absolute quantitative analysis of nontronite with an error of less than 5 wt. % using laboratory X-ray diffraction data. In the second approach, a supercell model compatible with the Rietveld approach developed by Ufer et al. (2004) was translated into TOPAS syntax with a novel calibration method resulting in accurate nontronite quantification with less than 1 wt. % error. The mineralogical compositions of the Western Australian nickel laterite ore samples characterised by the laboratory X-ray diffraction suggest most samples contain goethite and about half of them also contain nontronite, both of which are known as nickel containing phases. The column leaching rates of the laterite ore samples were assessed by the Kabai (1973) model. An original method similar to the two lines fitting approach (Schwertmann &
Investigation of Soil Shear-Strength Parameters and Prediction of the Collapse of Gully Walls in the Black Soil Region of Northeastern China

The collapse of gully walls is an important mode of gully erosion, and it depends strongly on two soil shear-strength parameters: cohesion and the internal friction angle. However, little research has examined these parameters in China's black soil region. In the present study, we sampled six groups of surface soils from four different land uses, and two groups of soils at depths of 30 cm and 60 cm. The cohesion (c) and internal friction angle (φ) of each group were determined at 10 levels of water content. The results show that c increased with increasing water content until a certain level (12% for the surface soils, and 14% for the deeper soils), after which c decreased. Internal friction angle generally decreased with increasing water content. We developed a model predicting collapse of gully walls based on four parameters: dry bulk density, water content, crack depth, and the width of the soil collapse. The model predicts that soil collapse would occur at two levels of water content: dry and wet conditions. Field data showed that collapse only occurred under the wet condition; the critical mass water content given by the model is between 31.0% and 33.8% moisture.
Diseño de un programa de fertilización para crisantemo en base a extracción de macronutrimentos* Design of a fertilization program for chrysanthemum based on extraction of macronutrients

Studies on nutrient extraction allow establishing the basis to adjust fertilization to crop cycle, optimizing inputs. In the present study macronutrients extraction was modeled for chrysanthemum. Biomass accumulation increased from the start of short days, with a similar pattern in the extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg; however, this was much higher during the flowering stage. At the start of short days, there was greater extraction of N and K than P, Ca and Mg, whereas in the flowering stage, extraction of P, Ca and Mg increased. The greatest accumulation of N and K was in the last 30 days of the cycle, but for P, Ca and Mg this was in the last 15 days. Most of the absorbed nutrients accumulated in stems and leaves, followed by inflorescence and root. The nutritional requirements at the start of short days was: K ≈ N ˃ P> Ca ≈Mg while in the development phase of inflorescence was: N ≈ K ˃ P> Ca> Mg. Considering an efficiency of 50%, 40%, 80%, 75% and 75% in the use of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, and a population density of 69 plants m -2 , total nutrient demand in Chrysanthemum is 40.25 g m -2 N, 17.44 g m -2 P, 19.2 g m -2 K, 5.01 g m -2 Ca and 4.4 g m -2 Mg.
Implications of the 750 GeV γγ Resonance as a Case Study for the International Linear Collider

If the gamma-gamma resonance at 750 GeV suggested by 2015 LHC data turns out to be a real effect, what are the implications for the physics case and upgrade path of the International Linear Collider? Whether or not the resonance is confirmed, this question provides an interesting case study testing the robustness of the ILC physics case. In this note, we address this question with two points: (1) Almost all models proposed for the new 750 GeV particle require additional new particles with electroweak couplings. The key elements of the 500 GeV ILC physics program---precision measurements of the Higgs boson, the top quark, and 4-fermion interactions---will powerfully discriminate among these models. This information will be important in conjunction with new LHC data, or alone, if the new particles accompanying the 750 GeV resonance are beyond the mass reach of the LHC. (2) Over a longer term, the energy upgrade of the ILC to 1 TeV already discussed in the ILC TDR will enable experiments in gamma-gamma and e+e- collisions to directly produce and study the 750 GeV particle from these unique initial states.
Estimation of rice-planted area in the tropical zone using a combination of optical and microwave satellite sensor data

The area planted with rice in Indramayu Province, Indonesia was estimated using satellite sensor data. We determined the arable land area using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data acquired in the dry season and identified newly rice-planted fields using JERS-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data acquired in the rainy season (planting season). Two rice crops per year are common and rice is not planted simultaneously in this region. Since the planted area changes monthly, some asumptions were necessary for estimating the planted area. Our estimates suggested that the actual rice-planted area in Indonesia was 12-14% smaller than that reported by the Indonesian government.