Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-polynomial scalar field potentials in the local potential approximation

We present the renormalisation group analysis of O(N) invariant scalar field theory in the local potential approximation. Linearising around the Gaussian fixed point, we find the same eigenoperators solutions exist for both the Wilsonian and the Legendre effective actions, given by solutions to Kummer’s equations. We find the usual polynomial eigenoperators and the Hilbert space they define are a natural subset of these solutions given by a specific set of quantised eigenvalues. Allowing for continuous eigenvalues, we find non-polynomial eigenoperator solutions, the so called Halpern-Huang directions, that exist outside of the polynomial Hilbert space due to the exponential field dependence. Carefully analysing the large field behaviour shows that the exponential dependence implies the Legendre effective action does not have a well defined continuum limit. In comparison, flowing towards the infrared we find that the non-polynomial eigenoperators flow into the polynomial Hilbert space. These conclusions are based off RG flow initiated at an arbitrary scale, implying non-polynomial eigenoperators are dependent upon a scale other than k. Therefore, the asymptotic field behaviour forbids self-similar scaling. These results hold when generalised from the Halpern-Huang directions around the Gaussian fixed point to a general fixed point with a general non-polynomial eigenoperator. Legendre transforming to results of the Polchinski equation, we find the flow of the Wilsonian effective action is much better regulated and always fall into the polynomial Hilbert space. For large Wilsonian effective actions, we find that the non-linear terms of the Polchinski equation forbid any non-polynomial field scaling, regardless of the fixed point. These observations lead to the conclusion that only polynomial eigenoperators show the correct, self-similar, scaling behaviour to construct a non-perturbatively renormalisable scalar QFT.
Syntactic complexity and inflections in the written production of L1 and L2 French

Very little is known about the effect of syntactic complexity on written language production. This study investigated the effect of syntactic complexity on the accuracy of gender marking in written L1 and L2 French. We conducted two experiments in which L1 learners (n = 28) and L2 learners (n = 26) of French were asked to complete a fill-in-the-gap task. The test items were controlled for three types of gender agreement configurations with different syntactic complexity. The results show that the syntactic complexity of the agreement configuration has an effect on the accuracy of both L1 and L2 written gender marking. We conclude that, similarly to spoken L1 production, the accuracy of gender marking is influenced by syntactic complexity. Furthermore, we conclude that the observed effect of syntactic complexity does not only hold for L2 learners at the beginners level, but is still present in advanced L2 learners of French.
Weighted Frobenius-Perron operators and their spectra

First, some classic properties of a weighted Frobenius-Perron operator $\mathcal {P}_\varphi ^u$ on $L^1(\Sigma )$ as a predual of weighted Koopman operator $W=uU_\varphi $ on $L^\infty (\Sigma )$ will be investigated using the language of the conditional expectation operator. Also, we determine the spectrum of $\mathcal {P}_\varphi ^u$ under certain conditions.
Numerical analyses of JT-60SA tokamak with tungsten divertor by COREDIV code

An analysis of radiative power exhaust for the JT-60SA tokamak with a tungsten divertor is performed with the help of the self-consistent, core-edge integrated COREDIV code. Two scenarios of operation (low and high density) were investigated in the scope of different parameters (electron density at the separatrix and the perpendicular transport in the scrape-off layer) with impurity seeding (Ne and Kr). The calculations show that in the case of the tungsten divertor the power load to the divertor plate is mitigated and the central plasma dilution is smaller compared to the carbon divertor. In the most cases the energy flux through the separatrix is above the L–H transition threshold. For the high density case with neon seeding operation in full detachment mode is observed. Changing the diffusion coefficient in the SOL has a strong influence on the result of the calculations as increased radial transport causes stronger screening effect. Also by changing the electron density on the separatrix the influx of heavy impurities (W, Kr) into the core region can be reduced. The results demonstrate that it is easier to achieve sustainable conditions in the divertor region for the high density scenario, whereas for the low density one reducing the auxiliary heating power seems unavoidable to prevent damaging of the target plate, even for strong seeding gas influx.
A framework for overparameterized learning

An explanation for the success of deep neural networks is a central question in theoretical machine learning. According to classical statistical learning, the over-parameterized nature of such models should imply a failure to generalize. Many argue that good empirical performance is due to the implicit regularization of ﬁrst order optimization methods. In particular, the Polyak-Łojasiewicz condition leads to gradient descent ﬁnding a global optimum that is close to initialization. In this work, we propose a framework consisting of a prototype learning problem, which is general enough to cover many popular problems and even the cases of inﬁnitely wide neural networks and inﬁnite data. We then perform an analysis from the perspective of the Polyak-Łojasiewicz condition. We obtain theoretical results of independent interest, concerning gradient descent on a composition ( f ◦ F ) : G → R of functions F : G → H and f : H → R with G, H being Hilbert spaces. Building on these results, we determine the properties that have to be satisﬁed by the components of the prototype problem for gradient descent to ﬁnd a global optimum that is close to initialization. We then demonstrate that supervised learning, variational autoencoders and training with gradient penalty can be translated to the prototype problem. Finally, we lay out a number of directions for future research.
Australian Journal of Teacher Education the Influences on Teaching Perspectives of Australian Physical Education Teacher Education Students: the First-year Influences on Teaching Perspectives Exploratory (fit-pe) Study the Influences on Teaching Perspectives of Australian Physical Education Teacher 

There has been a paucity of literature investigating the teaching beliefs and intentions of Australian physical education teacher education (PETE) students that enter teacher training. The First-year Influences on Teaching Perspectives Exploratory (FIT-PE) study explores the teaching perspectives of first year PETE students; including teaching perspectives predicted as being dominant and important for physical education teaching. The teaching perspectives inventory (TPI) was administered to 105 Australian PETE students. Independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA statistical tests were conducted to compare average teaching perspective summary scores across demographic variables. The FIT-PE study findings revealed 18 year olds (compared to 20-25 year olds) and PETE students from rural backgrounds (compared to regional) had significantly higher average summary scores for the transmission (content-oriented) teaching perspective. This paper provides reflective opportunities for teacher training programs of the underlying core teaching values (beliefs and intentions) of students at the entry point of PETE training.
An INAR(1) model based on a mixed dependent and independent counting series

ABSTRACT A mixed integer-valued autoregressive model of order one, based on the binomial and the generalized binomial thinning operator is introduced. Geometric marginal distribution is considered. Properties of the model are analysed, unknown parameters are estimated and some numerical results of the estimates are obtained. Finally, model is applied on two real data sets and compared to some relevant models.
The effectiveness of formative assessment: student views and staff reflections

Abstract This article reports on the implementation of formative e-assessments in courses taken by first-year students. The central aim is to measure the effectiveness of the formative e-assessments with reference to the student voice and staff reflections. Students engaged with the formative assessments and the evidence gathered via questionnaires show that students perceived that formative e-assessments helped them to monitor their progress; encouraged further study and increased their learning and understanding. The findings also allowed academics to reflect on the benefits of adopting formative e-assessments to foster student engagement and permit early intervention. By focussing on the student view (rather than student performance) the findings add to our understanding of the benefits of integrating regular formative assessment in first-year courses.
Prevalence of anemia and nutritional status among HIV-positive children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Harar, eastern ethiopa

Purpose: Anemia and growth retardation are common manifestations of HIV-positive children, which threaten their lives. Therefore, this study tried to assess the burden of anemia and the nutritional status of HIV-positive children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in eastern Ethiopa. Patients and methods: A total of 108 records of children on ART followed up in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital from 2007 to 2010 were retrospectively reviewed from November 1 to November 30, 2011. Results: Approximately 54.4% of the children had been anemic before the initiation of their ART (at baseline): 7.8% were severely anemic and 44.7% were moderately anemic. These per-centages were higher in preschool children than in school children (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 4.80 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.96, 11.75]), and were higher in males than in females (AOR: 2.61 [95% CI: 1.06, 6.45]). The prevalence of anemia was reduced to 39.2% 1 year after initiation of ART. The increasing of hemoglobin values was highly significant for both zidovudine (AZT)- and stavudine (d4T)-based ART ( P , 0.05). At baseline, 51.6% of the study subjects were underweight (weight-for-age Z score less than - 2 standard deviation [SD]); 49.1% were stunted (height-for-age Z score less than - 2 SD); and 31.5% were wasted (body mass index less than - 2 SD), which, after a year on ART, declined to 8.9%, 15.9%, and 9.8%, respectively. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of anemia and growth failure among HIV-infected children in the study area. However, there was a decline after initiation of ART. Therefore, adherence counseling to strengthen the uptake of ART is recommended. Moreover, large-scale, prospective studies should be done to understand the magnitude and etiology of the problems with HIV-negative control groups. cross-tabulated with different study Association of the by using chi–square 95% as statistically significant difference. Paired t -tests were used to compare an increase in hemoglobin and CD4 values after ART. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were employed to identify the possible risk factors of anemia.
HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda

Background: Although India has demonstrated success in the overall reduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence by 57% in the past 10 years, its control among men who have sex with men (MSM) remains a critical challenge. This paper describes the current status, geographic variability, and factors associated with HIV among MSM from the national perspective. Methods: Data on the levels and trends of HIV seropositivity and associated risk behaviors among MSM were analyzed and presented from the following data sources: 1) annual HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) conducted during 2003–10, 2) two rounds of the high-risk group size estimation conducted in 2005 and 2009, 3) two rounds of the Behavioral Surveillance Survey conducted in 2006 and 2009, and 4) the Integrated Bio-behavioral Assessment Round 2. Data were analyzed according to selected sociodemographic characteristics and sexual identities of MSM to understand the factors associated with high HIV prevalence. Results: HSS data indicate that at the national level, HIV prevalence among MSM overall is declining (from 12.3% in 2003 to 4.43% in 2010). However, marginal increasing trends were observed in Chandigarh (from 1.4% in 2004 to 2.8% in 2008) and Haryana (from 0% in 2006 to 3.2% in 2008). HSS data indicate high ( . 5%) levels and increasing trends in HIV prevalence among MSM in eight states of India during 2003–10. Analysis of 2010 HSS data indicates that HIV prevalence was . 10% in seven states. The factors associated with high HIV prevalence among MSM were being a kothi (the receptive partner in oral and anal sex, and typically with effeminate mannerisms) or a double-decker (both penetrative and receptive partner) rather than being a panthi (the penetrative partner in oral or anal sex) (8% vs 4.3%; P , 0.05), being older than 25 years in age than their younger counterparts (9% vs 4.5%; P , 0.05), illiterate rather than literate MSM (9.5% vs 6.9%; P , 0.05), and employed versus unemployed MSM (9.1% vs 7.8%; P , 0.05). Conclusion: While HIV prevalence among MSM at the national level is declining, it continues to remain high in some states and cities. Programs need to build on the successes in reducing HIV among female sex workers in order to control the high HIV prevalence among MSM in India.
FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN COIN TOSSING SEQUENCES

FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN COIN TOSSING SEQUENCES 0. Struve, The Universe (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1962). Brian Marsden, letter to the author dated 1976. B. A. Read, The Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 8 (1970), pp. 428-438. F.X. Byrne, Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. , Vol. 6 (1974), pp. 426-427. L. H. Wasserman, et al. , Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc, Vol. 9 (1977), p. 498. FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN COIN TOSSING SEQUENCES MARK FINKELSTEIN and ROBERT WHITLEY University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 The Fibonacci numbers and their generating function appear in a natural way in the problem of computing the expected number [2] of tosses of a fair coin until two consecutive heads appear. The problem of finding the expected number of tosses of a p-coin until k consecutive heads appear leads to clas- sical generalizations of the Fibonacci numbers. First consider tossing a fair coin and waiting for two consecutive heads. Let 0 n be the set of all sequences of H and T of length n which terminate in BE and have no other occurrence of two consecutive heads. Let S n be the num- ber of sequences in 0 n . Any sequence in 0 n either begins with T, followed by a sequence in 0 n -i, or begins with ET followed by a sequence in C n _ 2 . Thus, S n = S n -1 + Sn-2, Si = 0, S 2 Consequently, S n -i = F ny the nth Fibonacci number. termination in n trials is S n /2 n . Letting The probability of Z 2 n^ n > and using the generating function (1 - x - x 2 ) ~ l for the Fibonacci numbers, yields g{x) = x 2 /(1 - x - x 2 ). Hence, the expected number of trials is J2nS n /2 n n = l We generalize this result to the following Tk<lOKQjn'. Consider tossing a p-coin, Pr(E) = p, repeatedly until k consec- utive heads appear. If P n is the probability of terminating in exactly n trials (tosses), then the generating function G(x) =Y,F n x n k is given by G(x) r The expected number of trials, G (l) 1/p + 1/p + . + l/p k (px) 1 - x + -^ U-px) ^-(px) k is = r P\ X k VtiOO^: Let 0 n be the set of all sequences of H and T of length n which terminate in k heads and have no other occurrence of k consecutive heads. Let S n be the number of sequences in 0 n and P n = Pr(O n ) be the probability of the event 0 n . One possibility is that a sequence in 0 n begins wi h a T, followed by a sequence in 0 n _i\ the probability of this is
Radio Luminosity Function of Flat-spectrum Radio Quasars

We present the radio luminosity function (LF) of flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQ), using the the largest and most complete sample to date. Cross-matching between the FIRST 20 cm and GB6 6 cm radio surveys, we find 638 flat-spectrum radio sources above 220 mJy at 1.4 GHz; of these, 327 are are classified and verified using optical spectroscopy data, mainly from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12. We also considered flat-spectrum radio sources that lack both literature references and optical spectroscopy, and we identified 12 out of the 43 such sources to potentially be FSRQs, using their WISE colors. From the fully identified sample of 242 FSRQs, we derived the radio LF and cosmic evolution of blazars at 1.4 GHz, finding good agreement with previous work at 5 GHz. The number density of FSRQs increases dramatically to a redshift of z ∼ 2 and then declines for higher redshifts. Furthermore, the redshift at which the quasar density peaks is clearly dependent on luminosity, with more luminous sources peaking at higher redshifts. The approximate best-fit LF for a luminosity-dependent evolutionary model is a broken power-law with slopes ∼0.7 and ∼1.7 below and above the break luminosity, erg s−1, respectively.
Suicidal Behavior at Work Scales: Development and Validation of the Work-Related Suicidal Ideation, Defeat, and Entrapment Brief Scales Escalas

Background: Suicide is a health problem around the world, since suicide rates among Americans aged 45 to 54 is the highest, and most of these individuals were employed at the time of their death. Thus, there is a need to better understand suicidal behavior at work by developing appropriate measurement instruments in order to create prevention and treatment programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate three brief self-report measures of suicidal behavior at work: defeat, entrapment, and work-related suicidal ideation. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,829 employed individuals from different organizations in Puerto Rico participated in this cross-sectional research design. We conducted item, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analyses. Also, we tested measurement invariance of the new brief scales of suicidal behavior at work. Results: The final version of the suicidal behavior at work brief scales obtained excellent reliability coefficients using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega techniques. The results of the EFA and CFA support their internal structure. The new scale appears to be invariant among groups. Conclusion: The scores of the new suicidal behavior at work brief scales appear to be reliable, valid, and invariant, which will help to study and to better understand these behaviors in order to create treatments and prevention programs in our workplaces.
A Large RGB-D Dataset for Semi-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation

The recent advance of monocular depth estimation is largely based on deeply nested convolutional networks, combined with supervised training. However, it still remains arduous to collect large-scale ground truth depth (or disparity) maps for supervising the networks. This paper presents a simple yet effective semi-supervised approach for monocular depth estimation. Inspired by the human visual system, we propose a student-teacher strategy in which a shallow student network is trained with the auxiliary information obtained from a deeper and accurate teacher network. Specifically, we first train the stereo teacher network fully utilizing the binocular perception of 3D geometry, and then use depth predictions of the teacher network for supervising the student network for monocular depth inference. This enables us to exploit all available depth data from massive unlabeled stereo pairs that are relatively easier-to-obtain. We further introduce a data ensemble strategy that merges multiple depth predictions of the teacher network to improve the training samples for the student network. Additionally, stereo confidence maps are provided to avoid inaccurate depth estimates being used when supervising the student network. Our new training data, consisting of 1 million outdoor stereo images taken using hand-held stereo cameras, is hosted at the project webpage. Lastly, we demonstrate that the monocular depth estimation network provides feature representations that are suitable for some high-level vision tasks such as semantic segmentation and road detection. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method in various outdoor scenarios.
Correcting for mesh size dependency in a regional model's representation of tidal turbines

When regional-scale hydrodynamic models use fine mesh sizes, such that the cross-section of a cell approaches that of a turbine, an error emerges in the calculation of turbine thrust. This error can be corrected using a method derived from actuator disk theory. We demonstrate this error, explain its source, and then present and test a new MATLAB package to correct for it. Although some minor mesh dependency remains after the correction, its effect is reduced by an order of magnitude. Keywords—numerical modelling, marine renewable energy, tidal energy, energy extraction, MIKE 3
Asymptotics of the solution to the conductivity equation in the presence of an inclusion with eccentric core-shell geometry

In this paper, we analyze the gradient blow-up of the solution to the conductivity equation in two dimensions in the presence of an inclusion with eccentric core-shell geometry. We derive an asymptotic approximation for the solution in terms of the single and double layer potentials with line charges, assuming that the core and shell have circular boundaries and the distance between the two boundaries is very small. The integral asymptotic expression explicitly shows the gradient blow-up feature when the core is located nearly touching to the shell's boundary.
Hierarchical Bayesian spatial regression models with applications to non-life insurance

In this thesis the modelling of overdispersed spatial count regression data is addressed. Particular emphasis is given to the Generalized Poisson distribution and zero inflated models. Further, the incorporation of spatial random effects which allows for the modelling of an underlying spatial dependency pattern, forms a central part. For the considered models efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are developed and implemented. In particular a novel Gibbs sampler for spatial Poisson regression models is developed using data augmentation techniques and compared to existing methods. An application to a comprehensive data set from a German car insurance company is given. Spatial regression models for the number of claims and claim size are developed. In contrast to the classical compound Poisson model we allow for dependencies between claim frequency and claim size. Based on these models the total claim sizes are simulated which are fundamental for premium calculation in insurance.
Researching measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies

In cross-cultural comparative studies it is essential to establish equivalent measurement of relevant constructs across cultures. If this equivalence is not confirmed it is difficult if not impossible to make meaningful comparison of results across countries. This work presents concept of measurement equivalence, its relationship with other related concepts, different equivalence levels and causes of inequivalence in cross-cultural research. It also reviews three main approaches to the analysis of measurement equivalence – multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, differential item functioning, and multigroup latent class analysis – with special emphasis on their similarities and differences, as well as comparative advantages.