Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Content of some elements in grain of spring wheat cv. zebra depending on soil tillage systems and catch crops

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plough and conservation tillage treatment as well as various catch crops on the chemical composition of the grain of spring wheat grown in monoculture. The study was carried out in 2006 – 2008, using an experiment established in 2005. The experimental field was located on medium and heavy mixed rendzina soil. The design of a static two–factor experiment, set up using the split-plot method in four replications, included the plough tillage system (A) and two conservation tillage methods – with autumn (B) or spring (C) disking of catch crops. The other factor comprised four methods for regeneration of the spring wheat monoculture stand using the following catch crops: undersown red clover (b) and Westerwolds ryegrass (e); lacy phacelia (c) and white mustard stubble crops (d); and the control treatment without catch crops (a). The concentrations of potassium, manganese and sulphur in the spring wheat grain harvested from the ploughed plots were higher than in the conservation tillage treatment. In the plough tillage treatments, grain Mg content was higher than in the conservation tillage variant with spring disking of the catch crops. Conservation tillage had an effect on the increase in phosphorus and copper content in spring wheat grain compared to plough tillage. Zn and Fe content in the grain from the conservation tillage treatments with autumn disking of the catch crops was lower than in that from the plough and conservation tillage treatments with spring incorporation of the catch crops. Iron content in the grain obtained from the treatments with red clover and lacy phacelia was the highest. At the same time, phosphorus content in spring wheat grain was the highest in the control treatments and in the treatment with Westerwolds ryegrass and white mustard. In the plots where a lacy phacelia stubble crop had been sown, zinc and copper content in grain was determined to be the highest. In turn, the highest manganese content was found in the grain from the control treatments, whereas total sulphur content was the highest in the control plots and in the plots with the stubble crops.
Simulation of chemical reaction equilibria by the reaction ensemble Monte Carlo method: a review†

Understanding and predicting the equilibrium behaviour of chemically reacting systems in highly non-ideal environments is critical to many fields of science and technology, including solvation, nanoporous materials, catalyst design, combustion and propulsion science, shock physics and many more. A method with recent success in predicting the equilibrium behaviour of reactions under non-ideal conditions is the reaction ensemble Monte Carlo method (RxMC). RxMC has been applied to reactions confined in porous solids or near solid surfaces, reactions at high temperature and/or high pressure, reactions in solution and at phase interfaces. The only required information is a description of the intermolecular forces among the system molecules and standard free-energy data for the reacting components. Extensions of the original method include its combination with algorithms for systems involving phase equilibria, constant-enthalpy and constant-internal energy adiabatic conditions, a method to include reaction kinetics, a method to study the dynamics of reacting systems, and a mesoscale method to simulate long-chain molecule phase separation. This manuscript surveys the various applications and adaptations of the RxMC method to date. Additionally, the relationship between the RxMC method and other techniques that simulate chemical reaction behaviour is given, along with insight into some technical nuances not found in the pioneering papers.
Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Rosemary in Relation to Harvest Number

Rosemary is an important aromatic and spice plant. Its cultivation for production of its essential oil has gained importance in recent years. An experiment was conducted in a red sandy loam (Kandiustalf) soil to study the impact of cultivation of this multiharvest crop at different nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) application regimes on soil fertility and crop yield at the farm of the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Resource Center, Bangalore, during 2003–2005. The treatments consisted of all combinations of N levels (0, 150, and 300 kg per hectare per year) and K levels (0, 50, and 100 kg per hectare per year). Five harvests were taken at about 5‐month intervals. The results showed that initially the soil alone was able to meet the crop requirements for K, but with the progress of time, addition of K to the soil in the form of fertilizer became necessary for obtaining optimum yields. At the end of five harvests, exchangeable K in soil was significantly lower as application of K decreased from 100 to 50 and 0 kg per hectare per year. Soil fertility could be maintained and oil yields of rosemary from four harvests could be increased from 146.6 L to 344.7 L per hectare by application of 150 kg N and 100 kg K.
Genocidal Consolidation: Final Solutions to Elite Rivalry

Abstract Under conditions of guerrilla conflict, mass indiscriminate violence has been shown to effectively starve a guerrilla of its support. Consequently, counter-guerrilla mass violence is concentrated within territories where a guerrilla is dominant. However, in roughly 40 percent of mass violence episodes (e.g., Rwanda and Cambodia), the violence was aimed at populations within areas of secure territorial control. These episodes have therefore been explained by attributing ideological preferences to leaders or as unique cases only. I argue that leaders adopt mass indiscriminate violence against outgroups to consolidate power under conditions of elite rivalry. The violence serves two main goals. First, it helps build coalitions with constituencies that gain from violence; and second, it targets rival factions indirectly by forcing local security officials to facilitate or oppose the violence. The violence thereby provides rival supporters with an exit option, provides the regime with information on rival supporters’ private loyalties, and undermines rivals’ abilities to mount an effective resistance. These rivals can ultimately be purged from the regime. Based on newly collected original data on elite purges and on the type of mass indiscriminate violence for the years 1950 to 2004, I show that this type of mass violence, which I call “genocidal consolidation,” is intimately connected to authoritarian consolidation.
A Sensitivity Study of the Two-Fluid Model Closure Parameters (β, e) Determining the Main Gas−Solid Flow Pattern Characteristics

The closures determining the interactions of particle−particle and gas−particle are very important for gas−solid flow. A three-dimensional two-fluid modeling approach with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to simulate the hydrodynamic behaviors of a bubbling fluidized bed and a circulating fluidized bed. The influences of the coefficient of restitution and the drag model on the flow pattern are studied. The simulation results for bubbling beds are compared with the experimental results of Lin et al.(1) It is found that the coefficient of restitution has strong influence on the flow pattern of the particle phase in bubbling beds. A relationship between the coefficient of restitution and the superficial inlet velocity is correlated. The effects of restitution coefficient on the distribution of solid phase in the circulating fluidized beds were also studied. In this case, the influence of the coefficient of restitution is weaker than for bubbling fluidized beds.
Section C. Dairy Chemistry: Some aspects of the physical chemistry of the salts of milk

I t is intended in the present review to discuss the more recent work on the major milk salts and their equilibrium under various conditions, and to deal briefly with the bearing of these matters on milk-processing practices. In selecting this material the writer has been greatly aided by 'Dairy Science Abstracts'. Reference to a number of earlier investigations has also been found necessary in order to place certain aspects of the subject in perspective. Some slight overlapping with matters considered in earlier reviews and particularly the reviews of the chemistry of milk by Aschaffenburg (l) and Ling (2) has consequently been unavoidable. CONTENTS
MICROENCAPSULATION BY SPRAY DRYING

Abstract Spray drying technique has been widely used for drying heat-sensitive foods, pharmaceuticals, and other substances, because of the solvent rapid evaporation from the droplets, Although most often considered a dehydration process, spray drying can also be used as an encapsulation method when it entraps ‘active’ material within a protective matrix, which is essentially inert to the material being encapsulated. Compared to the other conventional microencapsulation techniques, it offers the attractive advantage of producing microcapsules in a relatively simple continuous processing operation. This chapter will present a brief overview of the main considerations involved in the application of spray drying for microencapsulation, with a special emphasis given to microencapsulation of volatile materials. The potential use of spray drying microencapsulation for pharmaceutical applications, particularly the preparation of microparticulate drug delivery systems, will also be discussed
Vapor–liquid equilibria of mixtures containing nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethane

Vapor–liquid equilibria of binary and ternary mixtures containing nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethane (C2H6) are studied by molecular simulation using two-center Lennard-Jones plus point quadrupole models. Pure-component models are taken from recent work. Mixtures are described using the Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules. Predictions of vapor–liquid equilibria from pure-component data alone agree well with experimental data, for example, the azeotropic behavior of the carbon dioxide + ethane system is predicted correctly. Further improvements are achieved by adjusting one parameter in the energetic term of the combining rule to binary data. For this purpose, a simple and efficient procedure is proposed. Excellent agreement between the molecular models and experimental data for vapor-liquid equilibria, saturated densities, and enthalpies of vaporization is observed for the five binary systems studied in the present work (N2+O2, CO2+C2H6, O2+CO2, N2+CO2, N2+C2H6). Vapor–liquid equilibria of two ternary mixtures (N2+O2+CO2, N2+CO2+C2H6) are predicted well without any further adjustment of model parameters. Results from molecular simulation are compared to those from the Peng-Robinson equation of state, the PC-SAFT equation of state, and the BACKONE equation of state using the same data to determine model parameters. The quality of correlations with system-specific binary interaction parameters from molecular simulation and equations of state is similar, and the predictive power of molecular simulation is clearly superior.
Blind spots in stigma research? Broadening our perspective on mental illness stigma by exploring ‘what matters most’ in modern Western societies

Abstract Aims The theory of ‘what matters most’ (WMM) has been developed to understand differences in mental illness stigma between cultures, postulating that stigma becomes most pervasive in situations that matter most in a specific cultural context. The rise of populism in Western societies demonstrates that also within one cultural context, different values ‘matter most’ to different groups. We expand the WMM framework to explore the spectrum of stigma manifestations within Western societies, relating it to both conservative/authoritarian and liberal/modern values. From our findings, we will develop hypotheses on how further research into value orientations and stigma might address potential blind spots in stigma research. Methods Based on a narrative review of the literature on mental illness stigma and value orientations, we apply the WMM framework to cultural mechanisms of stigma within modern Western societies. Results There are several studies showing an association between traditional, authoritarian, conservative values with stronger mental illness stigma, while studies examining the stigma within liberal, modern value orientations are scarce. We hypothesise on situations where encountering a person with mental illness could threaten liberal values and thus might provoke stigma among persons with such value orientations. For example, living with a person with mental illness could be seen as consuming energy and time, thereby jeopardising ‘self-actualisation’, the modern value of realising one's own full potential. As a result, a person highly valuing self-actualisation might try to avoid contact with persons with mental illness. Instances of potential ‘liberal stigma’ also include structural stigma or self-stigma, when, e.g. changing assumptions of what is considered ‘normal’ increase perceptions of being fundamentally different when experiencing mental illness. Conclusions ‘WMM’ appears to be a useful framework to direct research to potential blind spots within the field of stigma research. Looking at instances where liberal values conflict with dealing with a person with mental illness could provide a more comprehensive understanding of stigma experiences among persons with mental illness. However, for measuring stigma, tapping into liberal variations of mental illness stigma is methodologically challenging. Qualitative work could be the first step to elicit potential stigma experiences based on conflicts with liberal values.
Trends in use of psychotropic medications among patients treated with cholinesterase inhibitors in Japan from 2002 to 2010 — Corrigendum

Results) Results: In 2008–2010, the most prevalently prescribed psychotropic medications to patients with dementia were sedatives-hypnotics (27.3%), antipsychotics (21.3%), antidepressants (11.4%), and mood-stabilizers (2.8%). Between 2002–2004 and 2008–2010, use of second-generation antipsychotics increased from 4.9% to 11.2%, while use of first-generation antipsychotics decreased from 17.4% to 12.1%.
Preparation of Activated Carbons from Sawdust by Chemical Activation

Activated carbons were prepared from sawdust by chemical activation with H3PO4. The effects of various parameters such as the impregnation ratio, activation temperature and time on the nitrogen adsorption isotherms, specific surface areas and pore volumes of the activated carbons were measured and analyzed in order to optimize the operational conditions. The nitrogen adsorption capacity of the activated carbons was significantly affected by the impregnation ratio and the activation temperature. The most important operational parameter in chemical activation with H3PO4 was found to be the H3PO4/sawdust impregnation ratio. The specific surface area of the activated carbon prepared with a 1:1 H3PO4/sawdust ratio and activated at 500°C for 90 min attained the relatively high value of 1642 m2/g. The experimental results show that, under the experimental conditions studied, an activated carbon containing well-developed micropores and mesopores exhibiting improved nitrogen adsorption properties can be obtained via a H3PO4 activation process under the optimum operation conditions, viz. activated with an impregnation ratio of 1.0–1.5H3PO4/sawdust at 500°C for 60–90 min.
Millimeterwave Spectral Studies of Propynal (HCCCHO) Produced by DC Glow Discharge and Ab Initio DFT Calculation

The ground-state () millimeterwave rotational spectrum of propynal (HCCCHO) produced by a DC glow discharge through a low-pressure (~10–20 mTorr) flow of propargyl alcohol (HCCCH2OH) vapor has been observed in the frequency region: 36.0–94.0 GHz. Measured rotational transition frequencies along with the previously reported microwave and millimeterwave transitions were fitted to a standard asymmetric-top Hamiltonian to determine an improved set of rotational and centrifugal distortion constant. Detailed DFT calculations were also carried out with various functional and basis sets to evaluate the spectroscopic constants, dipole moment, and various structural parameters of propynal and compared with the corresponding experimental values.
Development of an Effective Diffusivity Model for Regular Packed Liquid Extraction Columns

The accurate specification of the mass transfer coefficient plays an important role in packed columns precise design. This research is based on the substitution of effective diffusivity for molecular diffusivity in calculation of mass transfer coefficient using an experimental setup which is a regular packed extraction column. A novel correlation is obtained for effective diffusivity as a function of Reynolds number and the height of the packings. Since the effect of height is considered in estimation of the mass transfer coefficient it has less average errors comparing other available theoretical equations and is in great compatibility with experimental values.
Influence of the Hulless, Waxy Starch and Short-awn Genes on the Composition of Barleys

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of genotype on chemical components of barley which influence nutritional value. Six barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) isotypes, expressed in Compana (CI 5438) and Betzes (CI 6398) cultivars with genetic combinations non-waxy (WXWX) and waxy (wxwx) starch in covered (NN) and hulless (nn) kernels and long-awn (LK2LK2) and short-awn (lk2lk2) traits, were grown in 1987, 1988 and 1989. Analyses were made for protein, fat, starch, free sugars, total dietary fibre (TDF ), TDF components and extract viscosity. The hulless gene reduced TDF by preventing the hulls from adhering to the kernel, thus concentrating the remaining components. Waxy barleys contained less (P<0·001) starch, but more (P<0·001) free sugars and ether extract (P<0·001). Increased (P<0·02) TDF in waxy barleys was due to an increase (P<0·001) in total and soluble β-glucans. The short-awn gene had no effect other than to increase (P<0·04) extract viscosity, and to reduce test weight (P<0·008) and % plump kernels (P<0·03). The expression of the hulless and waxy genes in barley is desirable for use in human food products due to increased levels of soluble dietary fibre, particularly β-glucans, but reduces malting potential and feed value for poultry.
Improvement of the Nanoparticle Charging Efficiency of a Single-Wire Corona Unipolar Charger by Using Radial Sheath Airflow: Numerical Study

A single-wire corona unipolar charger with radial sheath air was proposed to enhance the nanoparticle charging efficiency. The charger consists of an insulated Teflon tube (inner diameter = 6.35 mm) with a 6 mm-long grounded porous metal tube placed at its center from which radial sheath air is introduced, and a discharge gold wire of 50 μm in the outer diameter and 6 mm in the effective length. The performance of the charger was evaluated and optimized numerically. The effect of the position of the sheath air opening on reducing charged particle loss was found to be important and two designs were studied. In design 1, both ends of the 6 mm wide sheath air opening are aligned with the ends of the 6 mm-long discharge wire, while in design 2 the sheath air opening is shifted 2 mm toward the left of the leading edge of the wire. At the same operating condition, design 2 was found to have less electrostatic loss than design 1 because of its smaller deposition region for charged particles. Compared to two unipolar chargers with the highest extrinsic charging efficiency for particles smaller than 10 nm in diameter, design 2 operated at the applied voltage of +3.5 kV, aerosol flow rate of 0.5 L/min, and sheath airflow rate of 0.7 L/min has a comparable extrinsic charging efficiency of 17.2%–70.5% based on particle number for particles ranging from 2.5 to 10 nm in diameter. Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research
Chemical Synthesis, Electronic Study, and Vibrational Analysis of a New Organic Copolymer Based on PVK and 3-nhexylthiophene

Conjugated polymers containing carbazole moieties either in the main or in the side chains have attracted much attention because of their unique electronic properties, to their high photoluminescence quantum efficiency, and thermal stability. The aim of this work is to study a new organic copolymer which combines the PVK properties and those of PHT. We will describe in this study the protocol synthesis, the chemical structure, and the electronic and vibrational properties of the resulting copolymer. The experimental and theoretical studies are combined in order to describe the properties of this material. These properties suggest this compound (PVK-PHT) to be a good candidate for optoelectronic application.
Comparisons of methods for measuring the leaching of mineral nitrogen from arable land

SUMMARY Comparisons were made between 1988 and 1991 to evaluate three methods of estimating the leaching of mineral nitrogen (N) from unstructured freely draining sandy loam and loamy sand soils. The studies compared the drainage patterns and quantities of N (almost exclusively nitrate) leached from monolith lysimeters with those estimated from ceramic suction cups and soil core extracts. The latter two methods gave direct measurements of the mineral N concentrations in drainage, but required an estimate of the drainage volume calculated from meteorological observations and evapotranspiration equations to give total N leached. A bromide tracer was also used to confirm conclusions from nitrate leaching studies. There was a delay in the onset of drainage from free draining lysimeters because they lack the subsoil matric potential of field soils. However, total annual drainage measured by lysimeters or calculated from meteorological observations was similar, providing that return to field capacity was correctly identified in the field soil. During the first year there were discrepancies between methods which were attributed to soil disturbance during lysimeter and/or ceramic cup installation. In the second and third years of the experiment, estimates of N leaching losses using the lysimeters and ceramic cups were in good agreement. Nitrate concentrations in soil solution at a depth of 130 cm measured from soil core extracts were smaller than found by the other methods during the second year and the peak concentrations were significantly different (P<0.05). However, total overwinter N leached was not significantly different. Thus, while lysimeters and cups can be used to quantify leaching losses on unstructured, free draining soils if used correctly, the use of soil core extracts is questionable.