Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vegetation Structure and Temperature Regimes of Tropical Alpine Treelines

ABSTRACT Alpine treeline ecotones can be gradual transitions, abrupt boundaries, or patchy mosaics, and these different patterns may indicate important processes and dynamic properties. We present observed spatial patterns of a wide range of tropical treelines and try to explain these patterns. Treelines were studied at seven sites in the tropical and subtropical Andes (Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela) and on a Hawaiian volcano (Haleakala, Maui). Treeline vegetation structure was described using transects perpendicular to the treeline, and air and soil temperatures were measured above and below the forest boundary. Temperature fluctuations were much larger and the average temperature was higher in alpine vegetation than in forest. Most treelines were abrupt, with surprisingly similar patterns across a wide geographical range. This abruptness could result from positive feedback processes mediated by the differences in microclimate between forest and páramo. Our data is not conclusive about the relative importance of microclimate as opposed to fire in mediating such feedbacks. However, our extensive set of comparable data from different sites in a large geographical region is an important step toward a better understanding of the nature and dynamics of tropical alpine treelines.
In situ measurements of plagioclase growth using SIMS depth profiles of 7Li/30Si: A means to acquire crystallization rates during short-duration decompression events

Abstract Numerous petrologic studies have attempted to determine crystal growth rates in volcanic systems through several methods, including analyses of crystal size distributions in natural samples and decompression experiments on hydrous magmas. Experiments have revealed that rim growth on existing crystals will occur under a wide range of decompression conditions and is favored under conditions of low to moderate undercoolings over microlite nucleation, which has typically been the focus of decompression-induced crystallization studies. For this study, samples of eruptive clasts were collected from a Vulcanian explosion that occurred following the July 12-13, 2003 dome collapse of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. Plagioclase phenocrysts were extracted and examined with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling. Lithium inflection depths within the profiles, along with the observed time interval between the peak in the collapse decompression and the explosion that ejected the examined samples, were used to calculate the growth rates as a result of magma devolatilization, with an average of 8.3 × 10-8 mm/s. Anorthite content of the plagioclase rim growth indicates an average decompression magnitude of 40 MPa, inducing an undercooling of ~45 °C that favors crystal growth over microlite nucleation. However, variability in the final anorthite contents suggests that not all phenocrysts recorded an equilibrium composition reflecting accurate pressure conditions. In such events occurring over short timescales (<10 h), lithium is a more reliable indicator of decompressioninduced growth than changing anorthite content due to lithium’s rapid diffusivity.
Analytical Solution for Fine Particle Accumulation in Soil Filters

This paper presents a mathematical solution for fine particle accumulation in soil filters. The solution accounts for particle transport in the base soil and uses a lumped parameter to account for the effects of physicochemical forces influencing particle deposition. It considers particle release without subsequent entrapment in the base soil and particle deposition without subsequent release in the filter, and thus represents an upper-bound solution. The particle capture probability approach is adopted to determine the deposition in the filter. The model is demonstrated using a soil filter typically used in practice to protect fine-grained soils, and the potential for fine particle accumulation in the filter is assessed. The results show that fine particle accumulation in the filter material is significantly influenced by a deposition coefficient which is a function not only of the physical characteristics of the material, such as its particle size and pore size distributions, but also of the pore fluid composition and the size of the migrating particles in the pore stream. Because of its closed-form nature, the solution can be easily adopted in practice to assess the potential of fine particle accumulation in soil filters. A stepwise procedure is suggested to use the solution.
Two‐Layer Model of Saline Wedge. I: Entrainment and Interfacial Friction

The arrested saline wedge geometry is characterized by two major internal demarcation lines, the density interface and the zero velocity line (ZVL). As a complement to earlier two‐layer model formulations that are based upon the density interface, a two‐layer model using the ZVL is developed. The advantage of this model is that it divides the flow into an active upper zone with high kinetic energy content and a passive lower zone as suggested by detailed experiments. Net entrainment across the ZVL drives the flow in the passive salt zone. An entrainment model is developed on the basis of stability theory and similarity theory for turbulent buoyant shear flows but includes an empirical transition to purely laminar flow in the low Reynolds number range. The model depends on two local parameters, a bulk Richardson number (or densimetric Froude number) and a bulk Reynolds number. Predicted entrainment rates agree well with available data over the range of parameters. Furthermore, the model can be extended to .
Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: Results of natural- and forced-gradient tracer experiments

I Transport of indigenous bacteria through sandy aquifer sediments was investigated in forcedand natural-gradient tracer tests. A diverse population of bacteria was collected and concentrated from groundwater a t the site, stained with a DNA-specific fluorochrome, and injected back into the aquifer. Included with the injectate were a conservative tracer (Bror C1-) and bacteria-sized (0.2-1.3-pm) microspheres having carboxylated, carbonyl, or neutral surfaces. Transport of stained bacteria and all types and size classes of microspheres was evident. In the naturalgradient test, both surface characteristics and size of microspheres affected attenuation. Surface characteristics had the greatest effect upon retardation. Peak breakthrough of DAPI-stained bacteria (forced-gradient experiment) occurred well in advance of bromide at the more distal sampler. Transport behavior of bacteria was substantially different from that of carboxylated microspheres of comparable size.
Slope-failure Analysis and Classification: Review of a Century of Effort

The geoscience literature is replete with bewildering descriptions and classifications resulting from a century of analysis of gravitative transfer of materials downslope. The complexity of mass-movement phenomena has led to a profusion of confusing terminology that this paper attempts to clarify. International recognition of the hazard to life and property posed by slope failure highlights the need for increased precision in its description in a quest for prediction, control, and remediation of the diverse phenomena. The most useful classifications are those that employ as their primary criteria the type of movement (e.g., fall, topple, slide, spread, flow) and the type of material (e.g., rock, debris, earth) involved, with secondary considerations of velocity and the amount and phase of H2O. Recently, interest has focused on the massive, subaqueous failures that can generate huge tsunamis, as well as the massive, dangerous collapses of volcanoes. Future slopefailure research is expected to incorporate quantitative and geotechnical assessments of process mechanics, including remote sensing, numerical indices and modeling, and advanced assessments of flow rheology.
MrERF039 transcription factor plays an active role in the cold response of Medicago ruthenica as a sugar molecular switch.

Cold stress severely restricts plant development, causing significant agricultural losses. We found a critical transcription factor network in Medicago ruthenica was involved in plant adaptation to low-temperature. APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor MrERF039 was transcriptionally induced by cold stress in M. ruthenica. Overexpression of MrERF039 significantly increased the glucose and maltose content, thereby improving the tolerance of M. ruthenica. MrERF039 could bind to the DRE cis-acting element in the MrCAS15A promoter. Additionally, the methyl group of the 14th amino acid in MrERF039 was required for binding. Transcriptome analysis showed that MrERF039 acted as a sugar molecular switch, regulating numerous sugar transporters and sugar metabolism-related genes. In addition, we found that MrERF039 could directly regulate β-amylase gene, UDP glycosyltransferase gene, and C2H2 zinc finger protein gene expression. In conclusion, these findings suggest that high expression of MrERF039 can significantly improve the cold tolerance of M. ruthenica root tissues during cold acclimation. Our results provide a new theoretical basis and candidate genes for breeding new legume forage varieties with high resistance.
Fitossociologia do componente arboreo de um fragmento de floresta ombrofila mista montana, Curitiba, PR, BR

A phytosociological study on the tree, species of the Mixed Ombrophilous Montane Forest at Barigui Park, Municipality of Curitiba, Parana State, Brazil, was carried out. The sampling method used was the point-centered quarter method. The criterion of inclusion adopted was: trees with PBH between 10 and 29 cm for the lower size stratum, and equal or above 30 cm for the higher size stratum. In total, 150 centered points were established. In the first group (the lower one) were found 77 species and 34 families, and in the second group 67 species and 32 families. In both groups, the richest families were Myrtaceae (17 species) and Lauraceae (eight). The highest diversity was found in the group with smaller size due to species association of both strata (species exclusive from the lower stratum and species from the higher stratum represented by young individuals).
Predicting time-lapse stress effects in seismic data

Time-lapse changes in seismic data are commonly evaluated in terms of changes in reservoir properties such as pressure, saturation, or temperature. Traditionally, the evaluation of time-lapse seismic data has focused on changes of seismic signatures within the reservoir interval. Recent studies, however, have shown convincingly that time-lapse seismic changes occur not only in the reservoir, but also in the overburden and (generally) in the rock mass surrounding the reservoir. These time-lapse changes can be explained by production-induced stress changes in the rocks surrounding the reservoir.
Holocene development of multiple dune generations in the northeast Rub’ al-Khali, United Arab Emirates

It has been hypothesised that in sand seas where multiple dune generations occur, each generation represents a distinct terrestrial response to contrasting palaeoatmospheric circulation conditions (Lancaster N, Kocurek G, Singhvi A, Pandey V, Deynoux M, Ghienne J-F et al. (2002) Late Pleistocene and Holocene dune activity and wind regimes in the western Sahara Desert of Mauritania. Geology 30: 991–994). However, reconstructing dunefield accumulation and preservation chronologies has often utilised a limited suite of samples because of the difficulties realised in accessing unconsolidated aeolian sands, which has limited the capacity to test this hypothesis. In the eastern United Arab Emirates, artificial excavation for quarrying and construction have generated a unique opportunity to examine and sample the internal structures of dune systems, and to generate data to test the hypothesis of dune generational development. This paper presents new data and chronologies from a multigenerational analysis of dune accumulation in the northeast dunefield of the Rub’ al-Khali. A complex developmental history during the Holocene is revealed, which does not fully conform to the notion of each dune generation forming in distinct palaeoclimatic phases, since the age ranges represented in the accumulation of secondary dunes is also found within a longer suite of accumulation ages from the underlying megaridges.
An Early Permian brachiopod–gastropod fauna from the Calytrix Formation, Barbwire Terrace, Canning Basin, Western Australia

Taboada, A.C. , Mory, A.J., Shi, G.R. , Haig, D.W. & Pinilla, M.K. , 12.11. 2014. An Early Permian brachiopod–gastropod fauna from the Calytrix Formation, Barbwire Terrace, Canning Basin, Western Australia. Alcheringa 39, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518 A small brachiopod–gastropod fauna from a core close to the base of the Calytrix Formation within the Grant Group includes the brachiopods Altiplecus decipiens (Hosking), Myodelthyrium dickinsi (Thomas), Brachythyrinella narsarhensis (Reed), Neochonetes (Sommeriella) obrieni Archbold, Tivertonia barbwirensis sp. nov. and the gastropod Peruvispira canningensis sp. nov. The fauna has affinities with that of the late Sakmarian‒early Artinskian Nura Nura Member directly overlying the Grant Group in other parts of the basin but, as with all lower Cisuralian (and Pennsylvanian) glacial strata in Western Australia, its precise age remains poorly constrained, especially in terms of correlation to international stages. Although the Calytrix fauna lies within the Pseudoreticulatispora confluens Palynozone, the only real constraint on its age (and that of the associated glacially influenced strata) is from Sakmarian (Sterlitamakian) and stratigraphically younger faunas. A brief review of radiometric ages from correlative strata elsewhere in Gondwana shows that those ages need to be updated. The presence of Asselian strata and the position of the Carboniferous‒Permian boundary remain unclear in Western Australia. Arturo César Taboada [ataboada@unpata.edu.ar], CONICET-Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad (LIEB), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Sede Esquel, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ‘San Juan Bosco’, Edificio de Aulas, Ruta Nacional 259, km. 16,5, Esquel U9200, Chubut, Argentina; Arthur Mory [arthur.mory@dmp.wa. gov.au], Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, WA 6004, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Guang R. Shi [grshi@deakin.edu. au], School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; David W. Haig [david.haig@uwa.edu. au], School of Earth and Environment (M004), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; María Karina Pinilla [mkpinilla@fcnym.unlp. edu.ar], División Paleozoología Invertebrados, Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Imagining the unimaginable: bisexual roadmaps for ageing

Life, as the old cliche states, is a journey. We journey into our own ageing but, apart from the end point of our eventual death, most people do not know where they are going to end up or the route they will take to get there. We use roadmaps to guide us into the unknown territory of our futures, roadmaps that give us a representation of the route we might take. These maps usually include major landmarks on the way, which will allow us to check that we haven't got lost and give a sense of predictability and progress to our journey. Conventionally, these major landmarks might be life events such as education, starting paid work, marriage, having children and retirement. We may also navigate by following well-worn roads or, if the path we are following is less-travelled, we may follow a trailblazer. While many people's journeys turn out to be different from the ones they had anticipated, whether through unwillingly becoming lost or a more positive choice to change the route, roadmaps for some people's journeys are much more difficult to identify. This chapter discusses the roadmaps produced by one group for whom traditional roadmaps may be less useful; bisexual-identified adults with a high degree of unconventional life course features. It introduces the particular challenges of imagining bisexual ageing and examines the ways in which using creative methods in an unusual research setting enabled them to overcome this difficulty.
Rock Nomenclature with Particular Relation to Deformation and Recrystallisation Textures in Olivine-Bearing Xenoliths

The terminology used for olivine-bearing xenoliths found in kimberlites and basalts is reviewed with attention to those textural varieties showing varying degrees of deformation and recrystallization. A set of consistent textural terms and rock names is presented and correlated with previous terminology. Definitions are presented emphasizing descriptive rather than genetic elements. The principal xenolith textural types defined are: coarse, porphyroclastic, mosaic-porphyroclastic, and granuloblastic. Subtypes of these principal types are recognized on the basis of other textural characteristics defined as: equant, tabular, laminated, fluidal, and disrupted.
Precipitation characteristics of the Eurasian Arctic drainage system

This study examines characteristics of precipitation over the major watersheds of the Eurasian Arctic drainage system over the period 1960–92. In addition to the Ob, Yenisey and Lena (the three largest drainage systems), we examine the combined Kolyma–Indigirka in eastern Eurasia. Each basin exhibits approximately symmetric mean annual cycles of monthly total precipitation and daily event size, with winter minima and July maxima. These are strikingly similar to the annual cycles of total column water vapour (precipitable water), which fundamentally reflects the control on saturation vapour pressure by temperature. Effective precipitation mechanisms exist in all seasons. However, because of the long distance from strong moisture sources (continentality), precipitation tends to follow the seasonality in column water vapour. An effective contrast is presented for the Iceland sector. Here, the annual cycle of precipitation is tied not to the seasonality in column water vapour, but to the stronger precipitation‐generating mechanisms in winter. Hence, the annual cycles of precipitation and column water vapour in this region oppose each other.
Surface deformation in the region of the 1905 Kangra Mw = 7.8 earthquake in the period 1846–2001

One century after the Mw = 7.8 Kangra earthquake of 4 April 1905, we report weak constraints on its rupture parameters based on the remeasurement of historic triangulation points in the epicentral region. The western corner of the 1905 rupture is constrained to within 20 km and its SW edge strikes N135 ± 15W. The down‐dip width of the rupture is inferred from the location of the interseismic locking‐line to have been less than 55 km. Scaling laws and revised MSK intensities suggest an along‐arc rupture length of ≈100 km with uniform slip of ∼4 m. Because the earthquake ruptured <60% of the width of the plate boundary and released a fraction of the inferred slip deficit, complacency about its re‐rupture in the distant future is unwarranted. The Kangra rupture could fail again today in a Mw = 7.5 earthquake (1.4 m of slip) or as part of a much larger earthquake (Mw ≈ 8.6).
Hydrography and circulation off the west coast of India during the southwest monsoon 1987

During June-August 1987 thirteen hydrographic sections, each approximately perpendicular to the coast, covered the coastal region off western India. The southernmost section showed occurrence of upwelling, the nearshore surface temperature being about 2.5°C lower than farther offshore. There was a shallow (approximately 75 to 100 m deep) equatorward surface current, below which there were signatures of downwelling indicative of a poleward undercurrent hugging the continental slope. T-S characteristics showed that the undercurrent carried low salinity water found in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. Conditions similar to those found at this section existed up to around 15N but the intensity of upwelling, and the signatures of the surface current and the undercurrent grew weaker progressively from the south to the north, and ceased to be noticeable at about 20N. The width of the surface current was about 150 km, whereas the undercurrent was about 40 km wide. The transport in the equatorward surface current increased from less than 0.5 × 10 6 m 3 /s to about 4 × 10 6 m 3 /s from the north to the southern end of the coast. The winds during the observation varied between west-northwesterly near the southern end of the coast to west-southwesterly near the northern end. The longshore component of the wind stress was generally equatorward. Its magnitude was maximal (0.5 dyn/cm 2 ) near the southern end. On the basis of these observations we propose that the circulation off the west coast of India during the southwest monsoon, though weak, is dynamically similar to the wind-driven eastern boundary currents found elsewhere in the oceans.
The distribution of the fauna in the interstitial habitats of riverine sediments of the Danube and the Piesting (Austria)

The Danube, 2900 km in length, is the second longest european river. It is commonly divided.in 3 sections: the upper Danube, middle Danube and lower Danube (see Fink, 1967). In Austria (upper Danube section) the river flows in an area varying in altitude between 293 m (Passau) and 139 m (Hainburg), and it is a typical mountain river, receiving a large amount of water from the Inn tributary (Liepolt, 1961). Water flow and erosion are strong; large amounts of sand, pebbles and gravel are carried and redeposited downstream in quiet sites near the shores where they form large sediment banks; water turbidity is high. The water level varies markedly up to 8 meters during the year; in the later part of the summer, in autumn and winter it drops and large sediment banks are exposed (this is especially noticeable in Lower Austria, downstream from the Ybbs-Persenbeug dam-lake). The aquatic interstitial fauna living in the riverine sediments of the Danube was investigated in the Federal Republic of Germany by Schwoerbel and ecological and faunistical results were published by this author (1959a, 1959b, 1961a, 1961b, 1962, 1964a, b, 1967), Laff1er (1961), and An der Lan (1962), in Czechoslovakia by Ponyi and Ponyi (1961) and also by Andrassy (1962), in Hungary by Dudich, Laszloffy (informations in Schwoerbel, 1967) and Andrassy (1962), in Romania by Motas and coworkers (1947) and also by Orghidan and Dumitrescu (informations in Schwoerbel, 1967). In Austria Vornatscher (1938, 1974) only gave some faunistical information concerning the riverine interstitial fauna of the Danube in several springs emerging in the bed of a dead arm of the Danube (Lusthauswasser) near the Prater in Vienna. Schwoerbel (1964b and 1967) reviewed the data concerning the interstitial