Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relations of geometry and space -time to general-purpose quantum parallel computing and artificial intelligence

: Parallel computing execute the manipulations of spatial relations or the corresponding pattern transformations among the processors. A general-purpose quantum parallel computing scheme of this nature has been presented earlier. It is shown that the quantum computing can exist only through the employment of huge bundles addition-rule based one-dimension cellular automaton (CA) with the type of quantum processor such as the one that is presented. It is symbolic substitution rules that must be employed rather than the use of quantum logic gates and qubit concept is fundamentally flawed for general-purpose computing. The processor (US Patent 8,525,544) possesses four instructions on a two-bit cell and stores two one-bit data. The consequences of this scheme are that geometry, physics and quantum computing are intertwined and many different forms of computing existed are geometry-controlled through the spatial relations among the processors. Because the addition-rules in the CA impose a Euclidean Plate (EP) concept, the necessary wiring connections of the quantum processors in the CA must have three distinctive intrinsic lengths through a Euclidean geometry requirement. In this work, we discuss first the space-time relation for quantum parallel computing and its relation to the artificial intelligence and the irreversibility in computing. Then we show when the intrinsic wiring lengths are interchanged, it will transform the EP structure of CA into that of Non-Euclidean-Plate (NEP) structures. Addition rules are reduction processes from the CA rules and an addition operation generates a proper space-time block at CA. If an equal probability is imposed on those CA transition rules, then birth-and-death of space-time blocks performed by the processors can be achieved by a seed, which is Non-Euclidean computing in nature. The relation between geometry and physics is well-known as well as the relation between physics and computing. Here we show directly that geometry and quantum parallel computing are related and the relevant intrinsic wiring lengths of the processors are the critical concept. Thus “a new kind of science” from CA is originated from NEP. The spatial relations other than the EP concept are to be incorporated into the general-purpose computing for artificial intelligence.
Quantificação e caracterização energética da madeira e casca de espécies do cerrado.

The purpose of this work was to study the production of energy in an area of sensu stricto cerrado located on the Agua Limpa Farm, University of Brasilia - Brazil. Aerial biomass and the characteristics of the wood and bark of the species found in the total area of 63.56 ha were determined. In ten 20 m x 50 m plots, the total height and diameter, of all the trees whose diameters were either equal to or greater than 5 cm, at 30 cm from the ground, were measured. Seven diameter classes were pre-determined. Then, three trees of each species were cut down at random and classified according to its diameter class. The green biomass of the stem and branches of each species was measured in the field. In laboratory, humidity, the wood/bark ratio, specific gravity, heat combustion, the content of fixed carbon, volatile material and ash of the wood and bark were obtained from cross-sections. It was also possible to estimate the dry mass of the wood and branches per tree, species and hectare as well as the amount of heat generated by this cerrado community. Forty-seven species were identified. The dry biomass of the community comprised 71% of wood and 29% of bark and trees had an average 53% of branches and 47% of stem. The mean production of total dry biomass in the area was 12.38 t/ha. Mean tree production was 18.39 kg. The specific gravity of the wood ranged from 0.2 g/cm 3 to 0.78 g/cm 3 , and the bark from 0.17 g/cm 3 to 0.67 g/cm 3 . The heat combustion of the woods varied from 4,516 kcal/kg to 4,989 kcal/kg, whereas that of the bark ranged from 17,526 kJ/kg to 24,019 kJ/kg. The mean heat combustion of the wood was 19,937 kJ/kg. The mean fixed carbon content was 20.73% in the wood and 25.19% in the bark. Vochysia thyrsoidea presented a great energy production (1,643 MJ/tree, 20 trees/ha e 32,859.00 MJ/ha) due to a great biomass production, but with specific gravity low (0.49 g/cm 3 ) and heat combustion low (19,728 kJ/kg). Acosmium dasycarpum showing wood with good characteristics (heat combustion – 20,883 kJ/kg, specific gravity – 0,74 g/cm 3 ) did not outstand in the community due to their energy production (318.26 MJ/tree, 1 tree/ha e 318.26 MJ/ha) because their biomass production was low. Nonetheless, there were species that presented wood with good characteristics and high dry biomass production: Sclerolobium paniculatum (1,279 MJ/trees, 46 trees/ha, 58,834 MJ/ha, 0,72 g/cm 3 e 20,298 kJ/kg), Dalbergia miscolobium (336 MJ/tree, 84 trees/ha, 28,224 MJ/ha, 0,77 g/cm 3 e 20,495 kJ/kg) e Pterodon pubescens (1,983 MJ/tree, 14 trees/ha, 27,760 MJ/ha, 0,73 g/cm 3 e 20,733 kJ/kg).
Responses of the Two Chaffinch Species On Tenerife (Fringilla Teydea and F. Coelebs Tintillon) To Playback of the Song of Their Own and the Other Species

The two chaffinch species on Tenerife (Fringilla teydea and F. coelebs tintillon) were tested with playback of their own and the other species song in areas where only one of the two occurs. They were also tested in this non-overlap zone with the song of the European chaffinch (F. c. gengleri was used) to test the hypothesis that they would respond more to it than to the competing species as their songs appear to have diverged from the European form in opposite directions. The results were broadly in line with this prediction. Playback of teydea and tintillon song in the zone of overlap between the two species led to heterospecific response in only a few cases, indicating that they are not usually inter-specifically territorial. Response to the other species song was less strong than outside the area of overlap, suggesting that habituation may lead birds to respond less to the other species where it is present.
The axhs1 / dwf4 auxin-hypersensitive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana defines a link for integration of auxin and brassinosteroid mediated root elongation

To understand the molecular mechanism of auxin-mediated root elongation, we carried out screening to isolate auxin-hypersensitive (axhs) mutants. The T-DNA insertional mutant axhs1 was selected on the basis of root phenotypes associated with auxin sensitivity. Results from brassinosteroid (BR) feeding experiments, Tail-PCR and genetic analyses indicate that AXHS1 encodes DWF4, which catalyzes the rate limiting step of BR biosynthesis. The axhs1 mutant shows increased sensitivity to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), auxin transport inhibitors such as 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), and the antiauxin p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) for the root elongation response. Analysis of the expression of the DR5:GUS and HS:AXR3NT-GUS reporter genes in wild type and axhs1 genotypes, and characterization of double mutants between axhs1 and mutants affected in auxin biosynthesis (wei2-1), auxin transport (aux1-7, eir1-1) and auxin signal transduction (tir1-1, axr1-3, axr2-1) indicate that auxin hypersensitivity in axhs1 is mediated by the auxin-signaling pathway and an AUX1, EIR1/ PIN2 dependent auxin uptake.
ON STABILISING THE NAMES OF THE INFRAORDERS OF THALASSINIDEAN SHRIMPS, AXIIDEA DE SAINT LAURENT, 1979 AND GEBIIDEA DE SAINT LAURENT, 1979 (DECAPODA)

The names Gebiidea and Axiidea, erected by de Saint Laurent (1979), have priority over others for the two infraorders of shrimps previously included in Thalassinidea. Importantly, Thalassinidea are not monophyletic and the name should be replaced. Gebiidea and Axiidea, besides having priority and describing two monophyletic taxa, are now in common use (130 citations) and are more stable than alternative schemes proposed by Sakai (2005 and later). The history of the names of higher taxa applied to these groups is reviewed, and all family-group taxa listed.
Range extension and first record of Euryzygomatomys spinosus (Rodentia, Echimyidae) in the Brazilian Cerrado

We present herein the first record of Euryzygomatomys spinosus (G. Fischer, 1814) in the Brazilian Cerrado, based on two adult male specimens collected in a “campo limpo” (dry grassland) area at Sempre Vivas National Park, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, in June and August 2014. This taxon was previously known only from the Brazilian Pampas, Paraguayan Chaco Humedo and Atlantic Forest of southeastern and southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina and southern Paraguay. Our records increased the species geographic range 250 km northward, into the Cerrado ecoregion.
CHANGES IN AMINO ACIDS, ENZYME ACTIVITIES, AND BIOMASSES DURING SOIL MICROBIAL GROWTH

The behavior of CO2 production, urease, phosphatase, and protease activities, amino acids, amino sugars, bacteria, and fungi was investigated during the microbial growth after the addition of a glucose-sodium nitrate solution to a red earth soil. The peak of the CO2 evolution rate preceded all other tested biochemical and microbiological criteria. Urease and phosphatase activities were significantly correlated with bacterial but not with fungal biomass. All other biochemical criteria tested did not show a correlation, on normal regression analysis, with biomass. Fungal growth occurred both in the glucose-amended soil and in the control. The temporal sequence observed among the tested enzymes was due to their different roles in the soil metabolism of glucose, as well as to their different cellular locations. The newly synthesized, acid-soluble, amino acids nitrogen and protease activity were short lived. Yet, some sort of stabilization for urease and phosphatase activities occurred. The changes in total amino acids nitrogen were due to behaviors of neutral and acidic amino acids. Of the amino acids tested, lysine, histidine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine showed negligible differences among values of corresponding soil samples moistened with glucosenitrate solution and with distilled water. The results show that no one measurement of activity is sufficient to interpret microbial growth in the soil system. Each of the indices measured must be used in conjunction with other tests to have a complete picture of the system.
Recovery of Amphibian and Reptile Assemblages During Old‐Field Succession of Tropical Rain Forests

Conversion of tropical forests to agriculture affects vertebrate assemblages, but we do not know how fast or to what extent these assemblages recover after field abandonment. We addressed this question by examining amphibians and reptiles in secondary forests in southeastern Mexico. We used chronosequence data (12 secondary forests fallow for 1–23 yr and 3 old‐growth forest sites) to analyze successional trajectories and estimate recovery times of assemblage attributes for amphibians and reptiles. We conducted 6 surveys at each site over 14 mo (1200 person‐hours) and recorded 1552 individuals, including 25 species of amphibians and 36 of reptiles, representing 96 and 74 percent of the expected regional number of species, respectively. Abundance, species richness, and species diversity of amphibians increased rapidly with successional age, approaching old‐growth forest values in < 30 yr. Species richness and species diversity of reptiles reached old‐growth forest values in < 20 yr. By contrast, the abundance of reptiles and the assemblage composition of amphibians and reptiles recovered more slowly. Along the chronosequence, we observed more species replacement in reptile assemblages than in amphibian assemblages. Several species in the old‐growth forest were absent from secondary forests. Dispersal limitation and harsh conditions prevailing in open sites and early successional environments appear to preclude colonization by old‐growth forest species. Furthermore, short fallow periods and isolation of forest remnants lead to the formation of new assemblages dominated by species favored by human disturbances.
Hipervitaminose D em animais

Through revision of the literature, data are presented about vitamin D metabolism and the toxicological, clinical, biochemical, macro and microscopic, ultrastructural, immunhistochemical and radiographic aspects in animals of different species poisoned natural and experimentally by the vitamin. We aimed to show the existence of many lacunae in the knowledge of physiological and pathological tissue mineralization, especially regarding the hormonal metabolism of vitamin D, and to alert for risk of the poisoning.
Bone talk: Klotho and FGF23 signaling

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) was identified as a phosphate wasting factor, or phosphatonin, in 2000 (1), when the FGF23 gene was shown to harbor gainof-function mutations that cause autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (2) and FGF23 was determined to be a phosphate-wasting signal elaborated by tumors in oncogenous osteomalacia (3). FGFs and their receptors are ubiquitous, but the phosphaturic signal is specific: the clinical syndrome of FGF23 excess consists of phosphate wasting and impaired synthesis of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D, both functions of the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Urakawa et al. (4) have now reported a startling explanation for the paradox of FGF23 specificity: the principal FGF23 receptor, FGFR1(IIIc), responds to FGF23 only when the Klotho protein is present as a coreceptor, and Klotho is present only in the kidney, parathyroid and pituitary. The klotho phenotype, though it was originally described as a form of premature aging, is the result of FGF23 resistance.
A re-examination of Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis using modern techniques

Psittacosaurus is one of the most specimen-rich dinosaurs known, and the large number of specimens provides a unique opportunity to better understand dinosaurs at the specific level through quantitative statistical analyses as well as qualitative primary description. Intraspecific diversity in dinosaurs is little known as the majority of dinosaurs are based on single, often incomplete specimens. In this dissertation Psittacosaurus is examined using geometric morphometrics, qualitative osteological description, traditional morphometrics, and bone histology. Geometric morphometric analyses demonstrate that taphonomic postmortem distortion drives the location in morphospace of each specimen and obscures true biologic shape, making assessments of intraspecific and ontogenetic variability in P. lujiatunensis difficult. Comparisons with a modern, undeformed dataset show that taphonomic deformation can account for up to 30% of observed shape variation in P. lujiatunensis. These studies demonstrate that taphonomy is a critical factor to consider in geometric morphometric-based studies of shape changes in fossil organisms. I also examine a small monospecific deposit that includes a large Psittacosaurus specimen and twenty-four juveniles, and describe it using osteological, histologic, and taphonomic methods to elucidate morphological and microstructural changes that occur during Psittacosaurus ontogeny as well as determine the burial history of the deposit. Finally, though this particular bonebed assemblage has been interpreted as a possible nesting structure, I provide taphonomic evidence, including petrographic thin sections and x-ray diffraction of the surrounding rock, that suggests that the animals were more likely entombed by a fluvial or lahar flow. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Earth & Environmental Science First Advisor Peter Dodson
Physiological adaptations of the living agnathans

ABSTRACT The modes of life and environments of the extant agnathans (cyclostomes) are discussed in relation to their adaptations to temperature, light, oxygen and salinity. As their antitropical distribution indicates, both hagfishes and lampreys are cold water groups. Since hagfishes live in deeper waters than lampreys, they are not exposed to the marked seasonal changes in temperature and light which influence major events in the lamprey life cycle. Both groups tend to be nocturnally active, either burrowing during daylight as in the case of larval lampreys (ammocoetes) and most hagfishes, or showing cryptic behaviour as in the case of adult lampreys. Olfaction plays a major part in the location of prey, presumably aided in adult lampreys by their eyes and sensitive electrosensory system. Rates of standard oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and heart rate of adult lampreys increase at night. Standard oxygen consumption is relatively low in ammocoetes (as it also is in hagfishes) but increases markedly during metamorphosis into the adult lamprey. Ammocoetes and hagfishes, and to a lesser extent adult lampreys, are resistant to reduced environmental oxygen tensions. Differences in the oxygen dissociation curves of ammocoetes, adult lampreys and hagfishes can be related to differences in the characteristics of their monomeric haemoglobins and their environments and modes of life. The extraordinary tolerance of the hagfish heart to hypoxia is a reflection of a robust capacity for glycolysis, an LDH isozyme geared towards anaerobic functioning and a low work output. The hagfishes, which are restricted to marine waters, are osmoconformers. The osmolality of their blood, which is almost wholly attributable to inorganic ions, is virtually identical to that of full strength sea water (c. 1000 mOsmkg−1). By contrast, the osmolality of the blood of larval and adult lampreys when in fresh water is only 205-260 mOsm kg−1, i.e. about one quarter to one fifth of those of hagfish, and these rise only to 240-270 mOsm kg−1 in the adults of anadromous lampreys in sea water. The regulation of ions by adult lampreys is achieved by mechanisms similar to those adopted by teleosts. The implications of the contrasting ionic and osmotic physiology of the two living groups of agnathans are discussed in relation to their possible environmental history and against the background of their Carboniferous fossil representatives.
The radical model of Alzheimer's disease: Specific recognition of Gly29 and Gly33 by Met35 in a β-sheet model of Aβ: An ONIOM study

The Radical Model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is presented in some detail. The model provides a unified picture for the role of the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta), Met35, copper ions, oxygen, beta sheet secondary structure, and the generation of hydrogen peroxide, in mediating oxidative stress in AD. It predicts a role for glycyl radicals as long-lived species which can transport the damage into cell membranes and initiate lipid peroxidation. Previous work has established the thermodynamic and kinetic viability of most of the steps. In the present work, QM/MM and Amber calculations reveal that self assembly of antiparallel beta-sheet which brings Met35 into the required close proximity to a glycine residue is more likely if the residue is Gly29 or Gly33, than any of the other four glycine residues of Abeta.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment and fish from the Warri River at Ubeji, Niger Delta, Nigeria

The Warri River at Ubeji, Nigeria, receives pollutants from an oil refinery. The levels of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, sediment and the tissue of tilapia from the Warri River were investigated in 2010 using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Eleven PAHs were found in the sediment and nine in fish and water, with total mean concentrations of 4 587.7 ng g−1, 1 098.5 ng g−1 and 34 ng ml−1 in sediment, fish tissues and water, respectively. Lower molecular weight PAHs were predominant, with naphthalene accounting for the highest concentration in all samples. Carcinogenic PAHs detected included benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene. The predominance of lower molecular weight PAHs in the study area is an indication of recent pollution of petrogenic origin from the Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company's refinery.
Bioelectric Fields in Sea Water and the Function of the Ampullae of Lorenzini in Elasmobranch Fishes

The ampullae of Lorenzini, so characteristic of sharks and rays, have been examined by electrophysiological techniques, and were found not only very sensitive to thermal stimuli, but also remarkably responsive to weak mechanical and electrical stimuli. With these results, the ancient question about the function of these curious sense organs remained, however, unanswered. Subsequently, Dukgraaf and Kalmijn made a behavioral study of the electrical sensitivity of sharks and rays. They found 1. that the shark Scyliorhinus canicula and the ray Raja clavata react reflexly to very weak electric fields in the surrounding sea water, and 2. that the ampullae of Lorenzini are the sense organs by which these reflex actions are mediated. In the following years, Kalmjjn investigated especially the biological significance of the electrical sensitivity. It was demonstrated that 1, the plaice Pleuronectes platessa produces electric fields in the surrounding sea water that are sufficiently strong to be detected by sharks and rays, and 2. that the sharks and rays do not only respond reflexly to these fields, but are also capable of using them in localizing the plaice, even if it has burrowed into the sand. To what extent do sharks and rays in their natural habitat employ their electrical sensitivity? In order to answer this question it was necessary 1. to perform a more extensive study of the electric fields occurring in sea water, and 2, to determine the role these fields play in the life of sharks and rays. The first half of the three month stay at Banyuls was spent in collecting data on these two topics. What is the biological significance of the thermal and mechanical sensitivities of the ampullae of Lorenzini? Sand and Murray demonstrated the thermal and mechanical sensitivities in freshly killed specimens of which the ampullae of Lorenzini were partly or even completely severed from the rest of the animals. Moreover, they applied rather unnatural test stimuli. However, how do these sense organs respond in living animals to more natural stimuli? To examine this aspect, a method was developed by which the activity of the ampullary nerves could be recorded from live, free-swimming sharks. The preliminary results were promising, but, due to lack of experimental animals, this method could not be applied extensively in Utrecht, Therefore, the second half of the time available at Banyuls was reserved for these experiments,
Ölpflanzen in Europa

Nachwachsende Rohstoffe erhalten zunehmende Bedeutung in Industrie und Technik. Olpflanzen liefern Pflanzenole, die fur unsere Ernahrung wichtig sind und gleichzeitig als Industrierohstoff eingesetzt werden konnen. Sie werden mittlerweile nicht nur als Treibstoff verwendet, sondern auch zur Herstellung von Schmierstoffen, Hydraulikolen, Waschmitteln, Farben und Lacken und zahlreichen weiteren Produkten. In Europa ist Raps die vorherrschende Olpflanze, gefolgt von der Sonnenblume und der Olive. Rapsol wird fur die Sauglingsernahrung empfohlen, weil es eine hohe Konzentration an α-Linolensaure enthalt, die einen wichtigen Baustein fur die Gehirnentwicklung liefert.