Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cigarette Butts; A Little Leaven That Leaveneth the Whole Lump

Tobacco The tobacco industry has introduced the most abundant forms of plastic (microplastic) into human waste streams with no intended managerial strategies over the centuries. They have maintained monetary gain but shifted blames to the end users, making butts “it’s small, “it does not matter” the most abundant untamed litters globally. The butts are said to release over 400 carcinogenic chemicals when discarded inhumanly into the environment (air, water and land); with attended effects on the environmental resources and human beings. The basis of this study is to draw public attention and cultural waste management practices towards Cigarette butts in Bayelsa State considering the vast and high ecological sensitivity of the state and the region at large. About 240 pieces of carefully designed schedules covering demographic features, smoking frequencies, awareness, smoking environment and butts management culture were utilized to elucidate the objectives of the study. The chains of smokers were more between the ages of 36-45years and lesser between the ages of 20-25years; 92% of smokers were male making them the most likely gender to litter the environment with cigarette butts; of the totals smokers 67% respondent don’t know that cigarette butts is non-biodegradable and very toxic to the environment. 34% respondent smokes in conspicuous environment; 19% inconspicuous milieu (hideout and ghettos), 23% in controlled designated areas and 24% agreed to smoke in an undesignated environment (Streets). Dumping in trash accounted for 24%, 30% selectively discarded in shops, clubs, malls etc. while 46% admitted to have discarded butts randomly, exposing the environment to arrays of toxins. Therefore, creating awareness is necessary but holding the tobacco companies accountable for butts’ management is very optimal.
A cyberinfrastructure for community resilience assessment and visualization

Disaster resilience is a major societal challenge. Cartography and GIS can contribute substantially to this research area. This paper describes a cyberinfrastructure for disaster resilience assessment and visualization for all counties in the United States. Aided by the Application Programming Interface-enabled web mapping and component-oriented web tools, the cyberinfrastructure is designed to better serve the US communities with comprehensive resilience information. The resilience assessment tool is based on the resilience inference measurement model. This web application delivers the resilience assessment tool to the users through applets. It provides an interactive tool for the users to visualize the historical natural hazards exposure and damages in the areas of their interest, compute the resilience indices, and produce on-the-fly maps and statistics. The app could serve as a useful tool for decision makers. This app won the top 10 runners-up in the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Climate Resilience App Challenge 2014 and the top 5 in the scientific section of the ESRI Global Disaster App Challenge 2014.
Characteristic frequencies of seismic attenuation due to wave-induced fluid flow in fractured porous media

SUMMARY We analyse compressional wave attenuation in fluid saturated porous material with porous inclusions having different compressibilities and very different spatial scales in comparison with the background. Such a medium exhibits significant attenuation due to wave-induced fluid flow across the interface between inclusion and background. For the representative element containing two layers (one of them representing inclusion), we show that overall wave attenuation is governed by the superposition of two coupled fluid-diffusion processes. Associated with two characteristic spatial scales, we compute two cross-over frequencies that separate three different frequency regimes. At low frequencies inverse quality factor scales with the first power of frequency ω, while at high frequencies the attenuation is proportional to ω −1/2 . In the intermediate range of frequencies inverse quality factor scales with ω 1/2 . These characteristic frequency regimes can be observed in all theoretical models of wave-induced attenuation, but quantitative estimates of their locations have been lacking so far. The potential application of this model is in estimation of the background permeability as well as inclusion scale (thickness) by identifying these frequencies from attenuation measurements.
Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications

Plant Structures, Functions and Applications. Traditional Botanical Knowledge. Methods in Ethnobotanical Study. Traditional Botanical Knowledge and Subsistence: Wild Plant Resources. Traditional Botanical Knowledge and Subsistence: Domesticated Plants and Traditional Agriculture. Plants in Material Culture. Traditional Phytochemistry. Understanding Traditional Plant Use and Management: Indigenous Perceptions of the Natural World. The History of Plant-Human Interaction: Palaeoethnobotanical Evidence. Applied Ethnobotany: Commercialisation and Conservation. Applying Ethnobotany in Sustainable Development: Practical Considerations. Bibliography. Postscript. Index.
Effect of Linker Substituent Nature on Performance of Active Sites in UiO-66: Combined FT-IR and DFT Study

The nature of organic linker substituents plays an important role in gas sorption and separation as well as in catalytic applications of metal–organic frameworks. Zirconium-based UiO-66 is one of the most tunable members of this class of materials. However, the prediction of its properties is still not a fully solved problem. Here, the infrared spectroscopic measurements using highly sensitive CO probe molecules, combined with DFT calculations, are used in order to characterize the performance of different acidic sites caused by the presence of different organic linker substituents. The proposed model allowed differentiation between various active sites over the UiO-66 and clarification of their behavior. The experimental IR bands related to CO adsorption can be unambiguously assigned to one type of site or another. The previously undescribed highly red-shifted band is attributed to CO adsorbed on coordinatively unsaturated zirconium sites through an O atom. The results confirm the lower and higher Lewis’s acidity of coordinatively unsaturated Zr sites on linker defects in the UiO-66 structure when electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups are, respectively, included in a terephthalate moiety, whilst the Brønsted acidity of zirconium oxo-cluster remains almost unchanged.
Reconciliation studies and reserve estimation

Abstract Reconciliation studies involve the comparison of different sets of data, and the analysis of differences between them in terms of accuracy and precision. Such studies are important during reserve estimation as a means of validating input data and modelling techniques used, as well as providing a means of checking the accuracy and precision of the resultant models. Examples of such studies from work done at the Neves-Corvo copper-tin mine in southern Portugal are given. It is argued that reconciliation studies should form an integral part of any reserve estimation, as a means of controlling the quality of the estimation procedures used.
I’ll have what they’re having: a descriptive social norm increases choice for vegetables in students

ABSTRACT Social information, such as norms, influences behavior. Descriptive norms can be used to guide behavior toward healthier choices. Here, we examined the effect of a descriptive norm on the choice between two similar products (vegetables or fruits). Participants were exposed to a norm promoting vegetables, fruits, or no norm in a remote confederate design. A descriptive norm signaling that a greater proportion of previous participants had chosen a vegetable over a fruit basket tripled the odds of participants choosing vegetables. We found no to small effects of norms on intentions to consume fruits and vegetables or on taste expectations and experiences in a taste test. These findings suggest that descriptive norms may serve as a heuristic to guide food choices in certain choice settings involving similar options.
Foley catheter for induction of labor after cesarean section

Induction of labor may be necessary in around twenty-five to thirty percent of a woman's subsequent pregnancies when she has already given birth through cesarean section. During our research, the objective had been to ascertain the rate of spontaneous vaginal birth, rate of cesarean section, and rate of complications that followed the induction of labor with transcervical foley catheter in females who had previously had 1 cesarean section. This retrospective cohort trial was performed in the largest city in Palestine at a tertiary teaching hospital. In subsequent pregnancy, pregnant cases with a history of a prior CS delivery (n = 306) underwent labor induction at term with a Foley catheter. Women who underwent labor induction with transcervical foley catheter at Al-Ahli Hospital in Hebron, Palestine. From April 2017 until March 2020. Our research revealed that 46.7 percent of women had spontaneous vaginal births, 14.4 percent had assisted vaginal births, and one woman experienced uterine rupture. The frequency of postpartum hemorrhage is 30 percent, the most prevalent complication. 10 percent and 5 percent of mothers experienced intrapartum and postpartum infections, correspondingly. 5% of newborns had a confirmed infection, and there was one perinatal fatality related to uterine rupture.
Quasi-Static Explicit Expression for the Flux Linkage Between Noncoplanar Coils in Wireless Power Transfer Systems Above a Lossy Ground

This work deals with the proposal to derive an explicit analytical expression for the mutual inductance between two coaxial circular coils placed above a conducting medium. The integral representation for the inductance is evaluated starting from expanding the product of the exponential factor and one of the Bessel functions of the integrand into a power series of the integration variable, which coincides with the radial wavenumber. Then, Bessel's differential equation is used to turn the generic power of the integration variable into a linear differential operator with respect to the radius of the source coil. This allows to convert the semiinfinite integral describing the inductance into an infinite sum of simpler integrals whose analytical evaluation is straightforward. Thus, after carrying out term-by-term integration, the mutual inductance is expressed in series form as a combination of spherical Hankel functions and products of cylindrical Bessel functions. The outcomes from the obtained formula for the inductance are compared with the data provided by both numerical integration of the original field integral and the previously published quasi-static solution to the same problem, valid for the special case that the two coils lie at the air–ground interface under the assumption of small receiving coil. The plotted curves reveal that, accuracy being equal, the proposed solution is less time consuming than numerical quadrature schemes, and that it provides accurate results even in the situations where numerical integration fails.
The Axial Spin of the Carotid Bifurcation

(1) Background: Twisted carotid bifurcations (CBs) lead to lateralized external carotid arteries (ECAs). Such variants are usually reported on a case-by-case basis. We aimed to study the anatomical possibilities of the axial spin of CB. (2) Methods: Determinations were made bilaterally on a retrospectively assessed sample of 150 cases, 88 males and 62 females. The following types of the axial spin of the CB were determined: type CK1–CB in the coronal plane, with ICA lateral of ECA; type CK3–CB in the coronal plane, with ECA lateral of ICA; the oblique type OK1, with the ECA antero-medial of ICA; the oblique type OK3a, with the ICA antero-medially; the oblique type OK3b, with the ICA postero-laterally; the sagittal type SK2a, with ECA anterior of ICA. (3) Results: In the overall group of 300 CBs, type OK1 was found in 40%, type OK3a in 1%, type OK3b in 2%, type CK1 in 9%, type CK3 in 5.67%, and type SK2a in 42.33% of the bilateral BC group. The types SK2a (46.67%) and OK1 (33.33%) prevailed on the right side. The types OK1 (46.67%) and SK2a (38%) prevailed on the left side. There was no statistically significant association between gender and left or right subtypes. A very strong symmetry existed between the left and right sides (Pearson Chi2 = 53.93 p < 0.001) for types OK1 and SK2a. Asymmetrical types were found in different bilateral combinations. (4) Conclusions: The spin of the CB is relatively symmetrical bilaterally, especially for the variants with the ECA antero-medial or anterior to ICA.
Transcriptional profile reveals the physiological responses to prey availability in the mixotrophic chrysophyte Poterioochromonas malhamensis

Mixotrophic flagellates, which have diverse nutritional modes and play important roles in connecting the microbial loop with the classical food chain, are ideal models to study the mechanisms of adaptation between different nutritional modes in protists. In their natural ecosystems, mixotrophic flagellates may encounter microalgal prey of different digestibility, which may affect the carbon flow. To date, a molecular biological view of the metabolic processes in the mixotrophic flagellate Poterioochromonas malhamensis during nutritional adaptation and feeding on microalgal prey of different digestibility is still lacking. Accordingly, this study focused on the gene expression differences in P. malhamensis under autotrophy, being fed by the digestible microalga Chlorella sorokiniana GT-1, and being fed by the indigestible microalga C. sorokiniana CMBB-146. Results showed that the growth rate of P. malhamensis under autotrophy was much lower than that when fed by digestible microalgae. Addition of C. sorokiniana CMBB-146 could only increase the growth rate of P. malhamensis in the first 3 days, but the cell concentration of P. malhamensis started to decrease gradually after 4 days. Compared to autotrophic P. malhamensis, total 6,583 and 3,510 genes were significantly and differentially expressed in P. malhamensis fed by digestible microalgae and indigestible microalgae, respectively. Compared to autotrophic cells, genes related to the ribosome, lysosome, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, β-oxidation, duplication, and β-1,3-glucan in P. malhamensis grazing on digestible prey were up-regulated, while genes related to light harvesting and key enzymes referring to chlorophyll were down-regulated. Genes related to apoptosis and necrosis in P. malhamensis were up-regulated after grazing on indigestible microalgae compared to the autotrophic group, which we suggest is associated with the up-regulation of genes related to lysosome enzymes. This study provides abundant information on the potential intracellular physiological responses of P. malhamensis during the process of nutritional adaptation.
Losing vigilance in diagnosing pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: A report on four cases

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare chronic lung disease characterized by calcium and phosphate deposition in the alveolar lumen throughout the parenchyma of both lungs, with predominance in the middle and lower lung fields. It is caused by mutations in the recessive gene, SLC34A2, on the autosomal chromosome. In this article, we characterize four cases of PAM and analyze the loss of diagnostic vigilance in two of them. Patients came to medical facilities with clinical manifestations such as cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. The initial diagnosis was unclear in two cases because the X-ray film’s quality was not good enough and the medical staff had little experience in clinical and chest X-ray interpretations for PAM. The definitive diagnosis was based on a combination of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid testing. In addition, chest X-ray and high-resolution CT enable the assessment of the stage, progression, and severity of the disease. There is currently no specific treatment for PAM other than lung transplantation.
Cryogenic weathering of granite, northern Victoria land, Antarctica

Cavernous weathering phenomena (‘tafoni’) are well developed on the granitic and gneissic metasedimentary rock of the Northern Foothills region of Antarctica. Thin sections of weathered bedrock indicate that physical disintegration is associated with the preferential micro-fracturing of quartz minerals. The enhanced susceptibility of quartz to fracture under cryogenic conditions, especially when salts lower the freezing temperature, is thought to explain why this unusual type of granite weathering is especially well developed in extremely cold and arid polar deserts. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RESUME Des phenomenes d'alteration donnant des debuts de cavernes (des tafonis) sont bien developpes dans des granites et des roches gnecissiques metasedimentaires de la region de l'Antarctique denomme Northern Foothills. Des sections fines de la roche alteree indiquent que la desintegration physique est associee avec une micro-fracturation preferentielle des quartz. La susceptibilite accrue des quartz a la fracturation sous des conditions cryogeniques, specialement quand des sels abaissent la temperature de congelation, explique sans doute pourquoi cette alteration inhabituelle du granite est particulierement bien developpee dans les deserts polaires extremement froids et arides. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoreline changes during the last 2000 years on the Saurashtra coast of India: Study based on archaeological evidences

Shoreline shift coupled with sea-level change have always remained intriguing aspects due to wider ramifications for the populations living on the coast. Different methods are employed to understand and explain their causes and quantum. In this communication an attempt is made to study shoreline and sea-level changes during the last 2000 years on the basis of archaeological evidence. Archaeological excavations undertaken at Bet Dwarka (western most part of India) revealed an interesting cultural sequence commencing from protohistoric period (3800 yrs BP) to historical period (1600 yrs BP). Excavation was undertaken in six trenches up to the lowest level of archaeological findings. The results from these trenches suggest that the oldest habitation was situated below the present high water line. This is an indication of a lower sea level during that period of settlement. 14 C ages and archaeological data suggest a time bracket for these habitations between 2050 and 1650 yrs BP (calibrated). Analysis of sea level versus ancient settlement suggests that around the Christian era sea level was lower by 2 m than the present. The remains from the excavation also suggest that one of the attractions for early settlers was the availability of marine resources around the island. Data from early historical period and other archaeological sites situated along the Indian coast confirm this finding.
Causes and effects of Shisper glacial lake outburst flood event in Karakoram in 2022

Abstract Karakoram Himalayas are vulnerable to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), which cause catastrophic floods in the surrounding areas. The increasing natural and anthropogenic activities, especially in the Indo-Gangetic Plains at the southern flank of the towering Himalayas, could be the cause of climate change affecting the frequency of the natural hazards in the Himalayas. In the present study, a detailed analysis of the Shisper Lake breach of 7 May 2022 is carried out using satellite remote sensing. A decreasing trend in the glacial mass balance is observed between 2017 and 2021; in this period, frequent GLOF episodes occurred. A pronounced decline in the snow cover and glacial debris (before the cascade) and an abnormal increase in land surface temperature (LST) retrieved from satellite data could be responsible for the enhanced snow/glacial melting prior to the breach. Alteration in glacial mobility (cm/12 days) is observed at the locations where the glacier melts due to an increase in LST with increased debris cover. In the paper, we have studied changes in water quality and land cover along the stream after the GLOF. An increment in normalized difference turbidity index (NDTI) is observed before the flood showing turbulence and sediment load. Increased glacial melt contribution into the stream results in increased flow rate and decreased water quality as observed through normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference chlorophyll index (NDCI), near the Karakoram Highway Bridge. Sentinel-1 backscatter coefficient indicates increased discharge from the melting of glaciers. A significant reduction in co-flood coherence is observed, attributed to the bridge collapse and severe bank erosion.
Death of a sand sea: an active aeolian erg systematically buried by the Etendeka flood basalts of NW Namibia

Here we report on a ‘fossilized’ sand sea that was progressively engulfed by the basal Etendeka flood basalts in NW Namibia. Preserved relict aeolian landforms include transverse barchanoid dunes and isolated barchan dunes. Present‐day preferential erosion of the lava flows exhumes relict aeolian bedforms preserved in the position in which they were migrating at the time of burial (c. 133 Ma). A passive eruption style of inflated pahoehoe flows has preserved the bedforms without significant deformation. The sediment interlayers record a decrease in sand supply and a change in palaeowind direction, which may have been driven by the ongoing break‐up of west Gondwana, or may be a direct result of the widespread volcanism itself.
Impact of self‐attraction and loading on Earth rotation

The impact of self‐attraction and loading (SAL) on Earth rotation has not been previously considered except at annual timescales. We estimate Earth rotation excitations using models of atmospheric, oceanic, and land hydrology surface mass variations and investigate the importance of including SAL over monthly to interannual timescales. We assess SAL effects in comparison with simple mass balance effects where net mass exchanged with the atmosphere and land is distributed uniformly over the global ocean. For oceanic polar motion excitations, SAL impacts are important even though mass balance impact is minor except at the annual period. This is true of global (atmosphere + land + ocean) polar motion excitations as well, although the SAL impacts are smaller. When estimating length‐of‐day excitations, mass balance effects have a dominant impact, particularly for oceanic excitation. Although SAL can have a significant impact on estimated Earth rotation excitations, its consideration generally did not improve comparisons with geodetic observations. This result may change in the future as surface mass models and Earth rotation observations improve.
Molecular Simulation of Coal Molecular Diffusion Properties in Chicheng Coal Mine

In order to study the importance of the diffusion mechanism of CH4 and CO2 in coal for the development of coalbed methane, the aim of this paper is to reveal the influence mechanism of pressure, temperature, water content and other factors on the molecular diffusion behavior of gas at the molecular level. In this paper, non-sticky coal in Chicheng Coal Mine is taken as the research object. Based on the molecular dynamics method (MD) and Monte Carlo (GCMC) method, the diffusion characteristics and microscopic mechanism of CH4 and CO2 in coal under different pressures (100 kPa–10 MPa), temperatures (293.15–313.15 K) and water contents (1–5%) were analyzed in order to lay a theoretical foundation for revealing the diffusion characteristics of CBM in coal, and provide technical support for further improving CBM extraction. The results show that high temperature is conducive to gas diffusion, while high pressure and water are not conducive to gas diffusion in the coal macromolecular model.