Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of two formulations and two application techniques to deliver Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for the control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae and adults in poultry houses

A field study was carried out for 6 wks to assess, from both an efficiency and economic perspective, the effect of individual and integrated success of feeding and topical applications of two formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) in controlling house fly (Musca domestica L.) larvae and adults in poultry houses. There was no significant difference between the 1 g and 2 g L−1 spray applications of Bti. In the absence of spray applications, no significant differences in larval mortalities were observed between the 250 mg and 500 mg kg−1 feed applications. The percentage mortality of larvae accomplished as a result of using a combination of 250 mg kg−1Bti feed and 2 g L−1 spray applications was equivalent to that obtained as a result of combining 500 mg kg−1Bti and 1g L−1 spray applications. Treatment with Bti caused significant reductions in the emergence (up to 74%) of house fly adults compared to the control. The fact that the emergence of adult house flies was affected by Bti treatments implies that Bti has sublethal effects on house fly larvae. The cost–benefit analysis (expressed in terms of mortality of larvae growing) indicated that the most effective combination for house fly larvae and adult house fly emergence control was the 500 mg kg−1 of feed and 2 g L−1 spray application combination that resulted in 67% larval mortality and a 74% decrease in adult house fly emergence. This study presents commercial users with various alternatives for possible combinations of the two Bti formulations.
Spatially explicit capture–recapture analysis of bobcat (Lynx rufus) density: implications for mesocarnivore monitoring

Abstract Context. Accurate density estimation is crucial for conservation and management of elusive species. Camera-trapping may provide an efficient method for density estimation, particularly when analysed with recently developed spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models. Although camera-traps are employed extensively to estimate large carnivore density, their use for smaller carnivores has been limited. Moreover, while camera-trapping studies are typically conducted at local scales, the utility of analysing larger-scale patterns by combining multiple camera studies remains poorly known. Aims. The goal of the present study was to develop a better understanding of the utility of SECR models and camera-trapping for the estimation of density of small carnivores at local and regional scales. Methods. Based on data collected from camera-traps, we used SECR to examine density of bobcats (Lynx rufus) at four study sites in north-central Texas. We then combined our density estimates with previous estimates (from multiple methodologies) across the bobcat’s geographic range, and used linear regression to examine drivers of range-wide density patterns. Key results. Bobcat densities averaged 13.2 per 100 km2 across all four study sites, and were lowest at the site in the most heavily modified landscape. Bobcat capture probability was positively related to forest cover around camera-trap sites. At the range-wide scale, 53% of the variation in density was explained by just two factors: temperature and longitude. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate the utility of camera-traps, combined with SECR, to generate precise density estimates for mesocarnivores, and reveal the negative effects of landscape disturbance on bobcat populations. The associations revealed in our range-wide analysis, despite variability in techniques used to estimate density, demonstrate how a combination of multiple density estimates for a species can be used for large-scale inference. However, improvement in our understanding of biogeographic density patterns for mesocarnivores could be obtained from a greater number of camera-based density estimates across the range of a species, combined with meta-analytic techniques. Implications. Camera-trapping and SECR should be more widely applied to generate local density estimates for many small and medium-sized carnivores, where at least a portion of the individuals are identifiable. If such estimates are more widely obtained, meta-analytic techniques could be used to test biogeographic predictions or for large-scale monitoring efforts.
Contrasting phylogeographies inferred for the two alpine sister species Cardamine resedifolia and C. alpina (Brassicaceae)

Aim We use Cardamine alpina and C. resedifolia as models to address the detailed history of disjunctions in the European alpine system. These species grow on siliceous bedrock: C. alpina in the Alps and Pyrenees, and C. resedifolia in several mountain ranges from the Sierra Nevada to the Balkans. We explore differentiation among their disjunct populations as well as within the contiguous Alpine and Pyrenean ranges, and compare the phylogeographical histories of these diploid sister species. We also include samples of the closely related, arctic diploid C. bellidifolia in order to explore its origin and post‐glacial establishment.
Percepción de la violencia de género en las y los jóvenes universitarios

El prensente documento presenta los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento de la investigacion "Violencia de Genero y en las y los jovenes Universitarios", que se realizan en el Centro de Estudios de la Mujer, de la Escuela Nacional de Trabajo Social de la UNAM, con el apoyo del Programa de Apoyo a proyectos para la Innovacion y Mejoramiento de la Ensenanza (PAPIME-DGAPA). Teniendo como principal interrogante conocer cuales son las actitudes, percepciones, crencias, mitos y conocimientos cotidianos que tienen las y los jovenes sobre la violencia de genero. Para lo cual se llevo a cabo una investigacion en la UNAM, campus CU y la UAM campus Xochimilco
Comparison of N2 Fixation and Yields in Cajanus cajan between Hydrogenase-Positive and Hydrogenase-Negative Rhizobia by In Situ Acetylene Reduction Assays and Direct 15N Partitioning

Pigeon peas [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. ] were grown in soil columns containing 15 N-enriched organic matter. Seasonal N 2 fixation activity was determined by periodically assaying plants for reduction of C 2 H 2 . N 2 fixation rose sharply from the first assay period at 51 days after planting to a peak of activity between floral initiation and fruit set. N 2 fixation (acetylene reduction) activity dropped concomitantly with pod maturation but recovered after pod harvests. Analysis of 15 N content of plant shoots revealed that approximately 91 to 94% of plant N was derived from N 2 fixation. The effect of inoculation with hydrogenase-positive and hydrogenase-negative rhizobia was examined. Pigeon peas inoculated with strain P132 (hydrogenase-positive) yielded significantly more total shoot N than other inoculated or uninoculated treatments. However, two other hydrogenase-positive strains did not yield significantly more total shoot N than a hydrogenase-negative strain. The extent of nodulation by inoculum strains compared to indigenous rhizobia was determined by typing nodules according to intrinsic antibiotic resistance of the inoculum strains. The inoculum strains were detected in almost all typed nodules of inoculated plants. Gas samples were taken from soil columns several times during the growth cycle of the plants. H 2 was never detected, even in columns containing pigeon peas inoculated with hydrogenase-negative rhizobia. This was attributed to H 2 consumption by soil bacteria. Estimation of N 2 fixation by acetylene reduction activity was closest to the direct 15 N method when ethylene concentrations in the gas headspace (between the column lid and soil surface) were extrapolated to include the soil pore space as opposed solely to measurement in the headspace. There was an 8-fold difference between the two acetylene reduction assay methods of estimation. Based on a planting density of 15,000 plants per hectare, the direct 15 N fixation rates ranged from 67 (noninoculated) to 134 kilograms per hectare, while grain yields ranged from 540 to 825 kilograms per hectare. Grain yields were not increased with N fertilizer.
Coevolution of traits determining migratory tendency: correlated response of a critical enzyme, juvenile hormone esterase, to selection on wing morphology

Migratory tendency in insects is a complex trait, composed of a suite of correlated behavioural, physiological, morphological and life history traits. We investigate the genetic and physiological basis of the coevolution of this suite of traits using laboratory lines of the wing dimorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus, selected for increasing and decreasing incidence of macroptery. Selection on wing morphology has produced strong direct responses in proportion macropterous as well as correlated (indirect) responses in wing muscle histolysis, flight propensity and fecundity. We investigate the hypothesis that these responses have been mediated by changes in the metabolism of juvenile hormone (JH) during the final nymphal stadium (the critical period for wing morph determination). Previous studies of Gryllus sp. have established that JH titre in this period is determined primarily by the activity of the degradative enzyme, juvenile hormone esterase (JHE). Assays of JHE activity in the final nymphal stadium of the replicated control and selected lines demonstrate highly significant differences in both mean activity and the probability of macroptery for a given level of activity (i.e., the threshold activity required to induce wing formation). These correlated responses in JH metabolism support the general hypothesis that the correlations among traits determining migratory tendency result at least in part from the common influence of JH during the final nymphal stadium. We discuss these results in the context of the quantitative genetic model for the evolution of polygenic, dichotomous traits (the threshold model), and present four general predictions concerning the coevolution of traits associated with ecological (i.e., trophic, life history, behavioural) dimorphisms.
Plasticity in reproductive timing by crabs in adjacent tidal regimes

: Tidal variation may cause reproductive timing by fiddler crabs Uca pugilator (Bosc) to vary geographically and seasonally. Fiddler crabs in a semidlurnal tidal regime along the Atlantic coast of the USA were previously shown to release larvae synchronously during maximum ampl~tude evening high tides near new and full moons throughout the reproductive season. In the present study, fiddler crabs in a diurnal tldal regime on the Gulf coast of the USA released larvae during internledlate amplitude flood tldes near dawn regardless of lunar phase throughout most of the reproductive season. Late in the summer, peak larval release occurred near maximum amplitude high tides as on the Atlantic coast. In a mixed semidlurnal tidal regime on the Gulf coast, peak larval release by flddler crabs occurred during Intermediate amplitude high tldes near dawn, but biweekly period~city was weak late in the reproductive season. Intraspecific variation in reproductive timing arose because nocturnal maximum high tides dld not occur along the Gulf coast during most of the summer, but these tides returned during late summer In the diurnal tidal regime. Reproductive timing changed concomi-tantly with changing phase relationships of tides with light-dark and lunar cycles. Variation in repro- ductive timiny is phenotypic because crabs thdt were translocated reciprocally between diurnal and mixed semidiurnal tidal regimes entrained to the timing patterns of local crabs. A hierarchy of rhythms regulating reproductive timing was revealed by the degree to which larval release kept phase with lunar, tidal amplitude, tidal and light-dark cycles. These hierarchies enabled crabs to trnck phase shifts of cycles in variable tidal environments and may enhance mcdn reproductive succrss throughout the range of the specles
Comparative Toxicology of Laboratory Organisms for Assessing Hazardous Waste Sites

Multi-media/multi-trophic level bioassays have been proposed to determine the extent and severity of environmental contamination at hazardous waste sites. Comparative toxicological profiles for algae (Selenastrum capricornutum), daphnia (Daphnia magna), earthworms (Eisenia foetida), microbes (Photobacterium fisherii, mixed sewage microorganisms) and plants; wheat Stephens, (Triticum aestivum), lettuce, butter crunch, (Lactuca sativa L.) radish, Cherry Belle, (Raphanus sativa L.), red clover, Kenland, (Trifolium pratense L.) and cucumber, Spartan Valor, (Cucumis sativa L.) are presented for selected heavy metals, herbicides and insecticides. Specific chemical EC/sub 50/ values are presented for each test organism. Differences in standard deviations were compared between each individual test organism, as well as for the chemical subgroup assayed. Algae and daphnia are the most sensitive test organisms to heavy metals and insecticides followed in order of decreasing sensitivity by Microtox (Photobacterium fisherii), DO depletion rate, seed germination and earthworms. Higher plants were most sensitive to 2,4-D, (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) followed by algae, Microtox, daphnia and earthworms. Differences in toxicity of 2,4-D chemical formulations and commercial sources of insecticides were observed with algae and daphia tests.
Themeda australis grasslands on the Basalt Plains, Victoria: floristics and management effects

The floristic composition of remnants ofThemeda australis grasslands from basaltic areas of western Victoria was described using methods employed by the Zurich-Montpellier school of phytosociology. Most sites sampled were managed by either regular burning (rail sites) or grazing, or were not subject to any regular management practices (roadside sites). Rail sites contained relatively open, species-rich vegetation with a smaller proportion of introduced species than the other two types of site. Grazed paddock sites contained relatively open, species-poor vegetation, whilst roadside sites contained relatively dense, species-poor vegetation. Such site differences appear to be related to the effect of management practices upon the competitive ability of T. australis and to species tolerance of them.
Effect of cereal harvesting method on a recent population decline of Corn Buntings Emberiza calandra on the Western Isles of Scotland

Capsule Population decline since 1995 is associated with the harvesting of cereals as arable silage. Aim To survey Corn Bunting populations on the Western Isles and test whether population changes since 1995 are associated with change in cereal harvesting methods. Methods Twelve areas of machair on the Uists and Benbecula were re-surveyed in 2002, after previous surveys in 1983 and 1995. These and other areas of suitable habitat on these islands, plus Berneray, Baleshare, Vallay, Barra and Vatersay, were surveyed in 2003–05 to provide a breeding population estimate for the Western Isles. Cereal strips in the 12 core survey areas were mapped in 2002 and the timing and method of harvesting of each was recorded. Cattle-feeding stands in 24 crofting townships were visited in March 2003 to record the type of fodder available, measure grain abundance and ripeness in fodder samples, and record foraging Corn Buntings. Experimental trials tested whether Corn Buntings selected fodder with riper grain. Results The Western Isles Corn Bunting population was estimated at 117 occupied territories in 2005, a decline of 17% since 2002/03, and of at least 62% since 1995. Population decline was greater in areas with higher proportions of the cereal area harvested as arable silage. Arable silage contained fewer and less-ripe grains than traditionally harvested cereal, and was less likely to attract feeding Corn Buntings. Corn Buntings preferred to feed on silage containing riper grain. Conclusions The remaining Corn Bunting population of the Western Isles is declining rapidly, probably because of reduction in winter grain supply caused by change from traditional reaper-binder harvesting and stacking of fully ripe cereals to harvesting the crop as unripe or partially ripe arable silage. Management change to restore a supply of ripe grain over winter is likely to be essential if this population decline is to be halted and reversed.
Components of NMDA-induced Ca2+ signal in mouse hippocampal slices and acute effects of corticosterone on each component

(CORT), which is a principal glucocorticoid synthesized in the rodent adrenal cortex and secreted in response to stress, on each component. It has been reported that CORT acutely (non-genomically) suppress the NMDA-induced Ca 2+ signal in the CA1 region. The present results, however, led us to a new finding that CORT enhanced the TTX-insensitive component and the suppressive effect of CORT reported so far should be attributed to the effect on the TTX-sensitive component.
Development of the exocrine pancreatic function in chronically cannulated calves from the preweaning period up to early rumination

Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der exokrinen Pankreasfunktion bei Kalbern mit Kanulen im Pankreasgang wahrend der Trankeperiode bis zum Beginn des Wiederkauens Um die postnatale exokrine Pankreasfunktion zu erfassen, erhielten sechs Bullkalber drei Tage nach der Geburt eine Kanule in den Pankreasgang und eine reentrant-Kanule in das Jejunum. Es konnte uber den gesamten Versuch (bis 10 Wochen) keine Stimulierung der exokrinen Pankreasfunktion 3 Stunden postprandial beobachtet werden. Bei 3–6 Wochen alten Tieren lag die Proteinausscheidung uber dem Pankreassaft und die Trypsinaktivitat vor der Mahlzeit und 3 Stunden postprandial hoher als bei bis zu 3 Wochen alten Tieren. Diese Tendenz setzte sich bei 7–10 Wochen alten Kalbern fort. Ein signifikanter Anstieg der gemessenen Parameter wurde wahrend der Futterung von flussigem Futter bei noch nicht wiederkauenden Tieren beobachtet. Die hormonelle Stimulierung durch Injektion von CCK-8 und Sekretin fuhrte zur Erhohung des Pankreasflusses, der Protein- und Trypsinausscheidung. Die groste Stimulierung der Pankreassekretion durch Futterzufuhr oder hormonelle Stimulation wurde im Alter bis 3 Wochen festgestellt. Aus den Ergebnissen last sich schliesen, das die exokrine Pankreasfunktion abhangig von der Ration und der Vormagenentwicklung ist. Der Abfall der Pankreassaftsekretion nach den ersten 3 Lebenswochen, das Fehler der postprandialen Stimulierung, der Verlust der cephalischen Phase der Pankreassekretion bei der Entwicklung des Wiederkauens und die Fahigkeit (schon in der ersten Lebenswoche) auf eine hormonelle Stimulierung zu reagieren ist typisch fur diese Tierspezies.
Detection of Predators and Habitat Choice by Small Bluegills: Effects of Turbidity and Alternative Prey

Abstract Studies of sunfish Lepomis spp. have demonstrated that predation regulates size-specific habitat use and competitive interactions both within and among species. However, all of these studies were conducted in clear-water systems with dense littoral vegetation, resulting in well-defined littoral and open-water habitats. In contrast, little is known about predator–prey interactions among fishes that inhabit turbid lakes and reservoirs. In these systems, turbidity reduces detection (reaction) distance for both predator and prey, and can eliminate submerged vegetation that serves as a refuge. In laboratory experiments, we quantified reaction distance of juvenile bluegills Lepomis macrochirus to a predator, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and determined shifts by bluegills between nearshore and offshore habitats across a turbidity gradient. Bluegill reaction distance declined as a negative power function of turbidity from less than 2 m in clear water to 23 cm at 10 nephelometric turbidity units.
Effect of virginiamycin and sodium bicarbonate on milk production, milk composition and metabolism of dairy cows fed high levels of concentrates

Milk production and composition were measured for 63 days in 153 Holstein–Friesian cows offered either 7, 10 or 13 kg/day (as fed) of a rolled, 74% barley/26% lupin grain mixture together with either no feed additive, 300 mg/day of virginiamycin (VM) or 300 mg/day of virginiamycin plus 200 g/day of sodium bicarbonate (VM + NaHCO3). All cows were fed 1 kg/day of a pelleted mineral supplement containing the additives. The cows were grazed as a single herd on perennial ryegrass–subterranean clover pasture with pasture silage available during periods of pasture shortage. Rumen fluid was analysed for pH and volatile fatty acids, blood for plasma glucose, beta-hydroxy-butyrate, urea and D- and L-lactic acid, faeces for dry matter and pH, and both urine and milk for urea and sodium. The incidence of grain bloat in all treatments was low. There was no main effect of dietary additive treatment on grain intake, but at the highest grain level, cows offered VM or VM + NaHCO3 ate more grain than those offered no dietary additive. There were no significant differences between the dietary additive treatments in milk production, milk composition, cell count, liveweight and condition score. Mean daily covariance-corrected yields of milk and protein (kg), and milk protein content (g/kg) respectively, were significantly (P<0.01) greater for cows fed 11 (28.0, 0.86, 30.6) and 14 kg/day (28.7, 0.88, 31.0) of concentrate compared with those fed 8 kg/day (26.4, 0.78, 29.7). Mean milk fat content (g/kg) was significantly (P<0.01) lower in milk from cows fed 14 kg/day (32.0) of concentrate compared with those fed 8 (35.9) or 11 (34.7) kg/day. There were no significant differences between concentrate feeding levels in milk fat yield or milk somatic cell count. Covariance-corrected liveweight and condition score were significantly (P<0.01) higher for cows fed 14 kg/day of concentrate compared with cows fed at the lower concentrate levels. There were no significant interactions between concentrate level and dietary additive for all milk production parameters. No significant differences were recorded between the different levels of concentrate in the concentration of total rumen volatile fatty acids, or in blood plasma concentrations of glucose and L-lactate. The rumen molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were significantly (P<0.01) lower, and propionate and valerate significantly (P<0.01) higher at the higher levels of concentrate offered. The molar ratio of acetate plus butyrate to propionate was significantly (P<0.01) higher in cows fed 8 kg/day of concentrate compared with cows fed 11 and 14 kg/day. It was concluded that the inclusion of virginiamycin, or virginiamycin together with sodium bicarbonate, in high grain rations cannot be recommended for improving milk production in grazing dairy cows already adapted to high levels of barley and lupin grain.