Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monitoring bacterial populations in an agricultural greenhouse production system irrigated with reclaimed wastewater

Summary While much attention has been given to evaluations of potential health risks associated with the irrigation of crops by treated urban waste water in open fields, no information is available concerning irrigation with waste water in closed greenhouses in soilless cultivation. The fate of human pathogens originating from waste water applied in a greenhouse environment, and throughout the marketing chain, has never been assessed. The aim of this study was to examine the fate of indicators of faecal pollution in a greenhouse production system for roses irrigated with waste water under soilless cultivation. Rose plants grown in mineral (perlite) or organic (coconut fibre) soilless media were irrigated with potable or secondary (treated) urban waste water. Prior to chlorination, 2 CFU Escherichia coli ml–1, a bacterium used as an indicator of faecal pollution, were detected in the treated effluent water source. Following routine chlorination, no E. coli were detected in the source water, fertigation solution, or soilless media. In addition, E. coli was not found on leaf surfaces, in the air inside or outside the greenhouse, or in the vase water of the cut-flowers. The 0.6 – 0.7 CFU E. coli ml–1 identified in the drainage solution demonstrated that some viable E. coli cells survived chlorination, and accumulated to reach detectable levels in the leachates. Chlorination also suppressed the population of coliforms and total aerobic bacterial counts throughout the greenhouse water system, as well as all total fungal and yeast counts in the source water.
When are rare species not there

Rare species are very common; a significant proportion of every community is made up of species with small populations (e.g. Morse et al. 1988). Such species pose a real problem for ecologists studying diversity, species composition and turnover. The chief problem is: when is a rare species not there? Clearly this can only be determined absolutely by an exhaustive, 100% efficient, search of the entire habitat. This is usually impractical. If the search is incomplete, say by sampling the habitat, the absence of the species from the sample may be because the species is truly absent or because the worker did not look hard enough. Only a probabilistic statement is possible; the more complete the search, the firmer the statement can be. There is a relationship between the number of sampling units taken from the habitat, the rarity of the species, and the probability it will be detected in the sample. Let N be the number of sampling units taken randomly from the habitat, p be the probability of the species appearing in a single sampling unit, and a is the probability or confidence that the species will be detected in the sample of N units. For rare species p would usually be less than 0.05; that is, the species would be expected to appear in less than 5 out of every 100 sampling units. The relationship can be described by a simple application of probability theory (though the same result can be derived via the binomial or even the negative binomial distribution). (l-p) is the probability of the species not appearing in a sampling unit, so (l-p)N is the probability of the sample not detecting that species. Thus the probability of the species appearing in the sample is
Two new Myxosporidia (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) of the genus Myxobolus Butschli, 1882 from cornea of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) caught from a fish farm in India

Myxobolus clariae sp. nov. and Myxobolus utlouensis sp. nov. were found in the cornea of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758). The fish were collected from a farm at Utlou, Manipur, India. These two new species were compared with closely related species. Spores of M. clariae sp. nov. were typically ellipsoidal. Anterior portion of the spores was slightly narrower than the posterior end. Spore valves were symmetrical, thick and smooth. The two polar capsules were equal. Spores of M. utlouensis sp. nov. were ellipsoidal and uniform with symmetrical and smooth spore valves. The two polar capsules were equal. There was comparatively large double crescent shaped intercapsular ridge which occupied the anterior portion of the spore.
Dry Eyes, Vision Problems, and Psychiatric Symptoms: Are We Missing Something?

Problemi vida i patologija oka često su u komorbiditetu s psihijatrijskim stanjima. Ovaj rad pruža pregled dostupnih istraživanja o takvim vezama i podiže osviješćenost o mogućem značenju i učincima različitih očnih simptoma i oštećenja vida na psihijatrijska stanja i psihičke simptome. Dodatno, psihološke karakteristike i psihijatrijska stanja razmatraju se kao mogući uzroci problema oka i vida. Većina istraživanja otkriva povezanost između problema oka i vida s psihijatrijskim stanjima i psihičkim smetnjama. Blaži oftalmološki problemi najčešće su povezani s poremećajima raspoloženja, a manje s ostalim psihijatrijskim stanjima. Ozbiljni oftalmološki problemi, poput gubitka oštrine vida, povećavaju rizik za reaktivnu depresiju. Manji broj istraživanja potvrđuje vezu između psihotičnih poremećaja i vida, koja uglavnom mijenja vidnu percepciju. Zaključno, razmotrene su moguće interakcije i odnosi između psihijatrijskih stanja i problema oka i vida te preporuke za buduća istraživanja. U preporukama za usmjeravanje i zbrinjavanje pacijenata naglašen je holistički pristup u tretmanu pacijenata.
Autologistic Model of Spatial Pattern of Phytophthora Epidemic in Bell Pepper: Effects of Soil Variables on Disease Presence

The autologistic model is a flexible model for predicting presence or absence of disease in an agricultural field, based on soil variables, while taking spatial correlation into account. In the autologistic model, the log odds of disease in a particular quadrat are modeled as a linear combination of disease presence or absence in neighboring quadrats and the soil variables. Neighboring quadrats can be defined as adjacent quadrats within a row, quadrats in adjacent rows, quadrats two rows away, and so forth. The regression coefficients give estimates of the increase in odds of disease if neighbors within a row or in adjacent rows show disease symptoms; thus, we obtain information about the degree of spread in different directions. The coefficients for the soil variables give estimates of the increase in odds of disease as soil water content or pathogen population density increase. In this problem, the soil variables may also be highly correlated over quadrats, and disease incidence in within-row neighbors may be highly correlated with disease incidence in adjacent-row neighbors. This collinearity makes estimation and interpretation of the parameters of the autologistic model more difficult. We discuss fitting the autologistic model and tools for evaluating the aptness of the model.
SPATIO: end-uSer Protection Against ioT IntrusiOns

—The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology ﬁeld where large numbers of physical objects communicate between themselves using Internet technology. IoT solutions are very diverse, ranging from simple toys to industrial applications. There are currently billions of IoT devices connected to the Internet, and this number has been growing exponentially in the recent years. The large amount of data being generated from the many devices in an IoT network makes it difﬁcult to collect and analyse all the data. However, with this growth there also comes a growing security concern. With the use of IoT devices in the industrial and healthcare sectors, for example, a security incident can have far reaching consequences in the real world. It is imperative to detect attacks as fast as possible, in time to prevent signiﬁcant damage. The continuous ﬂow of data may be handled with a stream processing approach, a data processing paradigm in which high-rate data sources are processed and generate results on-the-ﬂy. Based on this approach, we propose SPATIO (end-uSer Protection Against ioT IntrusiOns), an anomaly detection system designed for the IoT using machine learning to discover and alert on anomalies happening in an IoT network but takes a fog computing approach by using devices on the IoT network, such as routers, to collect and transform network trafﬁc into ﬂow metrics. Doing this transformation closer to the edge reduces the bandwidth cost on the network and allows anonymization of data before being sent outside the network, to the cloud or a server running outlier detection algorithms to generate timely alerts of network anomalies. We evaluate SPATIO by developing a prototype testing it on an existing public dataset of IoT attacks. We measured the accuracy of the machine learning approach, reaching close to 80% detection rate in the best scenario, and compared the performance of ofﬂoading work to gateway devices in the IoT network versus a centralized approach, in which the fog approach shows advantages in both network load as well as attack detection latency.
Family composition and the labour supply choices of married immigrant women

This article reports on an analysis of difference in the labour supply behaviour of immigrant and non-immigrant married women using Australian Population Census data. The results reveal that labour supply responses to different family composition variables, especially the presence of young children and other adult members, vary between married immigrant women from non-English-speaking backgrounds (NESB) and other married women. In particular, the presence of young children is found to have less of an inhibiting effect on the participation decision of married NESB women. This effect, however, is only pronounced with respect to full-time participation in the labour market.
Current psychology letters, Vol. 25, Issue 1, 2009 | 2009

This paper focuses on the maturation of the temporal aspect of phasic attention. 96 children (age range from 6 to 10 years) performed a detection task either alone or preceded by a visual alert signal. The Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) between the alert and the visual target was manipulated (100, 450 and 800 ms). Analysis of the mean RT (taking into account the SOA) and the response distribution (delta plot) converged on two points: (1) 6-year-old children experienced difficulties using the alert signal, and (2) alertness capacities emerged around the age of 7-8 years associated with a decrease of the delay beyond which the alert signal became efficient with increasing age. Distributional analysis distinguished erroneous or impulsive responses in reaction to the alert signal from those for which the alert was used correctly to prepare detection of the target. Le développement des aspects temporels de l’attention phasique a été étudié dans ce travail. 96 enfants (âgés de 6 à 10 ans) ont réalisé une tâche de détection simple précédée ou non par une alerte. L’intervalle de temps entre alertes et cibles visuelles était manipulé (“Stimulus Onset Asynchrony”: SOA de 100, 450 et 800 ms). L’analyse des temps de réponse (prenant en compte le SOA) et leur distribution (delta plot) convergent sur deux points : (1) à 6 ans, les enfants ne semblent pas capables d’utiliser efficacement l’alerte, et (2) les capacités d’alerte deviendraient efficientes à partir de 7-8 ans, pouvant être mobilisées de plus en plus rapidement à mesure que l’age des enfants augmente. L’analyse distributionnelle permet de distinguer les réponses erronées ou impulsives qui sont données en réponse à l’alerte de celles pour lesquelles l’alerte a été utilisée de façon correcte pour préparer la détection de la cible.
Performance Analysis of Prioritized TCP ACK Schemes in the IEEE 802.11e WLANs

With the advent of multimedia applications over Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), the IEEE 802.11e standard was proposed to incorporate Quality of Service (QoS) parameters in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. It has been found through previous research work that the throughput of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is less when compared to that of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in the IEEE 802.11e MAC layer protocol. This is because the TCP ACK (Acknowledgement) packets are queued up at the Access Points (APs), as the TCP ACK packets are not prioritized. In this research work, the performance of TCP traffic in the IEEE 802.11e MAC layer protocol is evaluated and two TCP ACK prioritizing schemes are proposed. The proposed schemes improve the overall throughput of TCP in the IEEE 802.11e MAC layer protocol while maintaining the QoS requirements of the IEEE 802.11e MAC layer protocol. We also analyze the problem of starvation of lower priority traffic in the IEEE 802.11e MAC layer protocol and its effects on the performance of lower priority TCP traffic in particular. The proposed second scheme of TCP ACK prioritization aims at improving the throughput of the lower priority TCP traffic in particular under heavy network load while maintaining the QoS requirements of the higher priority traffic. The schemes have been verified through extensive simulation results.
Relative success of overwater and upland mallard nests in southwestern Manitoba

Studies of nest success in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) typically focus on upland nesting habitats but mallards also nest over water where their success rates may differ from upland habitats. We monitored overwater and upland mallard nests in southwestern Manitoba as part of other ongoing research projects during 1985-91. Nest success estimates (Mayfield method) were higher (P = 0.005) for overwater nests (43.9%; n = 47) than for upland nests (12.2%; n = 49). Overwater nests were more likely (P = 0.0002) to be parasitized (primarily by redheads; Aythya americana) than were upland nests (11% vs. 0% parasitized, respectively). Parasitized nests contained an average of 1.2 fewer (P = 0.03) mallard eggs and had 23% lower (P = 0.006) egg success than unparasitized nests, but these costs were not sufficient to offset the large advantage in nest success that was associated with overwater nesting
Can environmental DNA be used to detect first arrivals of the cane toad,
 Rhinella marina
 , into novel locations?

Eradicating invasive species is difficult, but success is more likely when populations are small after arrival. The cane toad, Rhinella marina, is an invasive pest species that threatens native fauna worldwide. Increasingly, environmental DNA (eDNA) is used as a technique to monitor the presence of invasive species given its power to detect low numbers of individuals. We aimed to investigate eDNA persistence in freshwater at three different temperatures (25, 30 and 35°C) and eDNA detection thresholds for R. marina using controlled experiments in aquaria. For the latter, two water volumes and two cane toad exposure times were used (800 or 200 L volume with 5 or 30 min exposure). A 15‐ml water sample was collected from each replicated aquaria and preserved with 5 ml Longmire's buffer. Environmental DNA was extracted and four technical quantitative PCR replicates were analyzed targeting the cane toad 16S rDNA mitochondrial gene. Environmental DNA decayed rapidly in water and was reliably detected for up to 3 days after cane toad removal, regardless of the temperature treatment. Also, cane toad eDNA was detected in the water after a 5‐min initial exposure of a single individual in 800 L of water. Under the physical parameters tested here, a positive detection means that a cane toad has been in contact with the water body between 1 and 3 days prior to the sampling event. The results of the present study show the importance of eDNA for determining the presence of a species that occurs at low abundance in a small water body, such as at the onset of a cane toad invasion.
Generalizing π-regular rings

We introduce the class weakly nil clean rings, as rings R in which for every a ∈ R there exist an idempotent e and a nilpotent q such that a − e − q ∈ eRa. Every weakly nil clean ring is exchange. Weakly nil clean rings contain π-regular rings as a proper subclass, and these two classes coincide in the case of central idempotents. Every weakly nil clean ring of bounded index and every weakly nil clean PI-ring is strongly π-regular. The center of a weakly nil clean ring is strongly π-regular, and consequently, every weakly nil clean ring is a corner of a clean ring. These results extend Azumaya [3], McCoy [24], and the second author [33] to a wider class of rings and provide partial answers to some open questions in [13] and [33]. Some other properties are also studied and several examples are given.
Semantic segmentation and colorization of grayscale aerial imagery with W‐Net models

The semantic segmentation of remotely sensed aerial imagery is nowadays an extensively explored task, concerned with determining, for each pixel in an input image, the most likely class label from a finite set of possible labels. Most previous work in the area has addressed the analysis of high‐resolution modern images, although the semantic segmentation of historical grayscale aerial photos can also have important applications. Examples include supporting the development of historical road maps, or the development of dasymetric disaggregation approaches leveraging historical building footprints. Following recent work in the area related to the use of fully‐convolutional neural networks for semantic segmentation, and specifically envisioning the segmentation of grayscale aerial imagery, we evaluated the performance of an adapted version of the W‐Net architecture, which has achieved very good results on other types of image segmentation tasks. Our W‐Net model is trained to simultaneously segment images and reconstruct, or predict, the colour of the input images from intermediate representations. Through experiments with distinct data sets frequently used in previous studies, we show that the proposed W‐Net architecture is quite effective in colouring and segmenting the input images. The proposed approach outperforms a baseline corresponding to the U‐Net model for the segmentation of both coloured and grayscale imagery, and it also outperforms some of the other recently proposed approaches when considering coloured imagery.
Ontologies relevant to behaviour change interventions: a method for their development

Background: Behaviour and behaviour change are integral to many aspects of wellbeing and sustainability. However, reporting behaviour change interventions accurately and synthesising evidence about effective interventions is hindered by lacking a shared, scientific terminology to describe intervention characteristics. Ontologies are standardised frameworks that provide controlled vocabularies to help unify and connect scientific fields. To date, there is no published guidance on the specific methods required to develop ontologies relevant to behaviour change. We report the creation and refinement of a method for developing ontologies that make up the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology (BCIO). Aims: (1) To describe the development method of the BCIO and explain its rationale; (2) To provide guidance on implementing the activities within the development method. Method and results: The method for developing ontologies relevant to behaviour change interventions was constructed by considering principles of good practice in ontology development and identifying key activities required to follow those principles. The method’s details were refined through application to developing two ontologies. The resulting ontology development method involved: (1) defining the ontology’s scope; (2) identifying key entities; (3) refining the ontology through an iterative process of literature annotation, discussion and revision; (4) expert stakeholder review; (5) testing inter-rater reliability; (6) specifying relationships between entities, and; (7) disseminating and maintaining the ontology. Guidance is provided for conducting relevant activities for each step. Conclusions: We have developed a detailed method for creating ontologies relevant to behaviour change interventions, together with practical guidance for each step, reflecting principles of good practice in ontology development. The most novel aspects of the method are the use of formal mechanisms for literature annotation and expert stakeholder review to develop and improve the ontology content. We suggest the mnemonic SELAR3, representing the method’s first six steps as Scope, Entities, Literature Annotation, Review, Reliability, Relationships.
A study on awareness levels of rural mothers on child nutritional care practices in Mahabubnagar District of Telangana

The present study was undertaken to assess the Level of Awareness among rural mother’s with respect to Nutritional care Practices for children in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state. A total sample of 60 rural mothers of children in the age range of 0-3 years were selected for the study. Ex-post facto research design was used for the study. A self-designed interview schedule was developed to study the socio-demographic characteristics and awareness levels on nutritional care practices. The data was analysed using frequencies and percentages. This study revealed that awareness levels on Nutritional care practices (minimum care recommended by WHO for proper growth and development) in terms of breast feeding, supplementary feeding and complementary feeding was poor among forty percent and nearly similar percent were aware to some extent and only few were well aware. The study recommends a great need to conduct awareness programmes on infant and toddler nutrition carepractices to the rural mothers.
Short communication: Application of Embryo Rescue Technique inJuglans regia L. x J. nigra L. Hybridization

Embryo culture were used to produce inter specific walnut hybrid plants between Juglans nigra L. and J. regia L. Developed ovaries were collected from J. rejia female flowers which were pollinated with J. nigra pollen grain by high dusting on a mature tree. In order to isolate embryos, exocarps were aseptically removed. Isolated embryos from ovules at different developmental stages were transferred to the different kind of growthregulators hormone free media (MS, Half-MS, MS and Half-MS supplemented with 1 mg/l BA +0.1 mg/l NAA) for embryo development and germination. There was a significant difference between media for embryo germination α= 0.05 level. Highest percentage of embryo germination was observed in MS hormone free medium (13.7%). Because of long period required for embryo development, isolation of embryo less than 45 days old embryos were impractical. There were a highly significant difference between age of embryos for embryo germination α= 0.01 level. Embryo with more than 45 days old germinated and produced plants on all applied media. Highest germination rate were observed on cross-pollinated embryos which was isolated from 90 old ovaries. Before being transferred to the potting soil and green-house, plantlets sub cultured in the same medium within jars. Thirteen successful acclimatized plantlets were transferred to the field.