Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NEW TUBE‐BEARING ANTILLOCAPRINID RUDIST BIVALVES FROM THE MAASTRICHTIAN OF JAMAICA

Abstract: Two genera of tube‐bearing antillocaprinid rudist bivalves from the Maastrichtian of Jamaica are recognised: Titanosarcolites Trechmann and Parasarcolites gen. nov. Titanosarcolites is recumbent, broadly equivalve and coils parallel to the myocardinal line, with tubes on the anteriodorsal, anterior, and anterioventral regions of the inner layer; there are two teeth and two teeth‐like myophores in the left valve. Sockets for teeth have conical tabulae, those for myophores are filled with normal shell structure. A ligamental cavity is lacking. Parasarcolites is recumbent, with equal, subequal or moderately inequal valves, and the plane of coiling is at an angle of 34–63 degrees to the mediocardinal line. It has tubes in the dorsal and anterior‐dorsal regions, and a myocardinal structure with blade like myophores, with the posterior tooth and socket strongly flattened. The position of the ligament is indicated by a comma‐shaped cavity situated dorsalwards of the posterior tooth. Additional toothlets are present in the left valve. All sockets are filled with canal‐bearing shell‐structure. Five new species of Parasarcolites are described from the Upper Maastrichtian of Jamaica: Parasarcolites atkinsoni, P. baileyi, P. greeni, P. monotubularis and P. quadratus.
On the occurrence and variability of the terdiurnal tide in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere and a comparison with the Kyushu‐GCM

[1] We studied the occurrence characteristics and variability of the terdiurnal tide (8 hour period) in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), using a meteor radar at Koto Tabang (0.2°S, 100.3°E) and MF radars at Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E) and Pameungpeuk (7.4°S, 107.4°E). These locations, one being located right over the equator and the other two at conjugate points around the equator within ±10°, form a unique experimental setup to study equatorial MLT dynamics. The terdiurnal tide exists as a distinct wave signature at all three locations. While the daily amplitudes can be as large as 15 m s−1, the monthly mean amplitudes lie between 1 and 10 m s−1. The amplitude of the terdiurnal tide at Pameungpeuk is generally smaller than that observed at Tirunelveli and Koto Tabang. The seasonal variation in amplitude shows both annual and semiannual oscillations of ∼1 m s−1 at all three locations. The present observations combined with previous reports indicate that the timing of the primary maximum of the terdiurnal tide amplitude shifts from autumn to late spring and early summer as one moves from high latitudes to the equator (all with respect to the Northern Hemisphere). The amplitudes and seasonal variation in the present observations show good comparison with that simulated by the General Circulation Model (GCM) developed by Kyushu University, Japan. This study supports the occurrence of nonlinear interaction between diurnal and semidiurnal tides and shows that gravity waves play an important role in the generation of the terdiurnal tide.
Phytoplankton Productivity and Hydrology of Porto de Galinhas Reef Ecosystem (Pernambuco, Brazil)

ABSTRACT Machado, R.C. A. ; Feitosa, F.A. N. ; Koening, M.L. ; Flores Montes, M.J.; Bastos, R.B. , and Jales, M.C. , 2014. Phytoplankton productivity and hydrology of Porto de Galinhas reef ecosystem (Pernambuco, Brazil). Porto de Galinhas beach is located on the south coast of Pernambuco, Brazil, around 50 km from Recife, has sandstone fringing reefs, and has intense tourist activity. To contribute to the environmental water quality, the phytoplankton biomass and productivity were analyzed, as well as some hydrological parameters at three fixed collection points. Water samples were collected in 3 months of both dry and rainy seasons, from the water column surface, at three fixed points between the reef and the beach, at high and low tides and diurnal spring tides. Temperature ranged from 26°C to 31°C, salinity ranged from 33 to 37, the saturation index of dissolved oxygen ranged from 97.16% to 174.54%. Nitrite and phosphate were lower than 1 μmol L−1, nitrate was <2.5 μmol L−1, and silicate ranged from 5.01 to 37.12 μmol L−1. Chlorophyll a ranged between 1.17 and 3.23 mg m−3, productivity ranged between 1.36 and 23.90 mg C m−3 h−1, and the assimilation rate was between 0.93 and 8.62 mg C mg Chl a −1 h−1. The environmental parameters oscillated more in relation to seasonality than regarding the different tide stages and spatiality. According to the principal component analysis, rainfall was the most important physical forcing mechanism for the studied system, presenting direct correlation with suspended particulate material and nitrite and inverse correlation with the saturation index of dissolved oxygen, temperature, and transparency. The reef ecosystem is still free from the anthropogenic eutrophication process. It ranged from oligotrophic (dry season) to eutrophic (rainy season), and in the rainy season, the Maracaípe River plume can change the environmental conditions in the system. Although the reef area is under strong anthropogenic pressure due to intense local tourist activity, this impact has not been perceptible in the pelagic environment.
Spatial variability of floodplain sedimentation at the event scale in the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands

This article addresses spatial variability of comtemporary floodplain sedimentation at the event scale. Measurements of overbank deposition were carried out using sediment traps on 11 floodplain sections along the rivers Waal and Meuse in The Netherlands during the high-magnitude flood of December 1993. During the flood, sand sheets were locally deposited behind a natural levee. At distances greater than 50 to 100 m from the river channel the deposits consisted mainly of silt- and clay-sized material. Observed patterns of deposition were related to floodplain topography and sediment transporting mechanisms. Though at several sites patterns were observed that suggest transport by turbulent diffusion, convection seems the dominant transporting mechanism, in particular in sections that are bordered by minor embankments. The average deposition of overbank fines ranged between 1·2 and 4·0 kg m−2 along the river Waal, and between 1·0 and 2·0 kg m−2 along the river Meuse. The estimated total accumulation of overbank fines (not including sand sheets) on the entire river Waal floodplain was 0·24 Mton, which is 19 per cent of the total suspended sediment load transported through the river Waal during the flood. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient retention by benthic macrofaunal biomass of Danish estuaries: importance of nutrient load and residence time

Abstract The response of macrobenthic faunal abundance and biomass to nutrient load, and factors that may modify this response are examined by means of inter-estuary comparisons of 14 shallow Danish estuaries. Data for this analysis are the physicochemical and biological variables monitored by local authorities mainly during the period 1989–95. A clear positive effect of nutrient load is demonstrated on benthic biomass, over a wide range of total N-load as the model substance from 2–200 g m−2year−1. The relationship was curvilinear with a levelling off or even depression of biomass at high total N-load (above c. 35 g m−2year−1). A mixed chemostat model using total load and hydraulic residence time for estuaries was applied to estimate the load that could be realized into primary production, and consequently enter into benthic production. Two measures, the load corrected for winter export (the realized N-load) and the nutrient pool available for the spring bloom (SBNP) were calculated. The benthic metabolic demand inferred from biomass, assuming an annual P:B ratio of 1 (P, secondary production; B, benthic biomass), was approximately of the same magnitude as both total N-load and realized N-load. A positive correlation was still found between benthic biomass/production and the realized N-load, but the linearity of the regression between them was not improved compared to the corresponding relationship with total load. The best linearly proportional relationship was obtained with the spring bloom N-pool (SBNP) calculated from the chemostat model. Stoichiometry suggested, however, that the spring bloom is of little importance for supporting benthic standing stock in these well flushed estuaries. To explain the strong statistical relationship, despite poor causality, with SBNP, it is suggested that the algorithm behind SBNP reflects the ability of the estuary to retain nutrients in the water mass in the productive period, both as free molecules and included into biological particles. These findings strongly indicate that benthic standing stock system-wide is food limited and indicate the importance of interaction between loading and estuary residence time (flushing) for the outcome of eutrophication. The findings are in agreement with reports that high estuary flushing rate may modify effects of eutrophication, and they deviate from previous studies in shallow coastal areas reporting either no effect, or negative effects, of eutrophication on benthic biomass.
Three-field photometer observations of short-period gravity wave intrinsic parameters in the 80 to 100 km height region

[1] A three-field photometer (3FP) for making observations of airglow in the Mesosphere Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region has been operated at the center of the large MF aerial array located near Adelaide (138°E, 35°S) since 1993. Observations of the 557.7 nm airglow intensity emitted by atomic oxygen (OI) at heights near 97 km and the 730.0 nm airglow intensity emitted by hydroxyl (OH) near 87 km have been made simultaneously with MF spaced antenna observations of wind velocities in the 80–100 km height region. The 3FP measures the intensity of the 557.7 nm airglow in three fields separated by about 13 km at heights near 97 km, and then the intensity of the 730 nm airglow in three fields separated by about 12 km at heights near 87 km, on a 60 s cycle. These data have been analyzed to yield gravity wave observed phase speeds and horizontal wavelengths. Simultaneous MF radar data have been analyzed to yield measurements of the neutral wind velocity in 2 km height steps in the 80–100 km height interval every 2 min, and these have been used together with the observed wave parameters to calculate intrinsic gravity wave parameters. This paper presents a very brief overview of the system, the motivation for the work, and preliminary analysis of the data from 1995 until 2000.
Pore pressure response during failure in soils

Three experiments were performed on natural slopes to investigate variations of soil pore-water pressure during induced slope failure. Two sites in the Wasatch Range, Utah, and one site in the San Dimas Experimental Forest of southern California were forced to fail by artificial subsurface irrigation. The sites were instrumented with electronic piezometers and displacement meters to record induced pore pressures and movements of the slopes during failure. Piezometer records show a consistent trend of increasing pressure during the early stages of infiltration and abrupt decreases in pressure from 5 to 50 minutes before failure. Displacement meters failed to register the amount of movement, due to location and ineffectual coupling of meter pins to soil. Observations during the experiments indicate that fractures and macropores controlled the flow of water through the slope and that both water-flow paths and permeability within the slopes were not constant in space or time but changed continually during the course of the experiments.
Thick-skin orogen–foreland interactions and their controlling factors, Northern Andes of Colombia

Abstract The study draws from reflection seismic, in-situ stress and low-temperature geochronology data on the Eastern Cordillera–Llanos foreland basin system of Colombia, which is an example of the retro-wedge of the orogen with an advancing subduction zone. The system was obliquely converging during deposition of the Lower Oligocene–Lower Miocene Carbonera to recent Guayabo formations, recording it by the northeastward depocentre shift in the proximal Llanos Basin. While the southern portion of the foreland did not flex and undergo flexural normal faulting after Carbonera deposition, the northern portion did. The earthquake data indicate that the northern Eastern Cordillera undergoes strengthening by internal deformation, while the southern segment is already strong enough to undergo significant displacements dominantly along its bounding fault systems. Furthermore, the southern segment initiated detachment of the first thick-skin blocks from the proximal Llanos Basin. Such co-existence of different convergence maturity stages along the orogen strike allows unravelling of its development starting with internal deformation and foreland flexure, followed by mountain building and large-scale boundary fault displacements, to the large-scale foreland deformation. The onset of new foreland accretion seems to be controlled by the resistance of the foreland plate to flexing, given that the orogenic engine continues to drive convergence. Supplementary material: Discussion of evidences for dextral transpression in the Eastern Cordillera, data on exhumation history of the Eastern Cordillera and colour versions of Figures 4–6 are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18629
“Spider” lightning in intracloud and positive cloud-to-ground flashes

The nature of visible, horizontally stratified lightning channels propagating over large distances near the cloud base during the decaying stage of a storm (also called “spider” lightning) was investigated. The study was effectuated through the use of the coordinated observations of a VHF interferometer, a high-speed image-intensified video system, measurements of electric and magnetic fields, and optical transients. Spider-lightning events were found to be negative leaders similar to stepped leaders in negative cloud-to-ground flashes, with a similar average speed of propagation horizontally of 2–4 × 105 m s−1. Being slow negative leaders, spider-lightning events are part of intracloud flashes and positive cloud-to-ground flashes occurring prior to and during the inverted (fair weather polarity) phase of the End of the Storm Oscillation in the ground electric field. Spider lightning is characterized by both the pulsing luminosity at the tips of its branched channels and the continuous luminosity (for tens to hundreds of milliseconds) which is maintained by the continuing current flow. The interferometer produced mapping of radiation sources closely resembling the spider-lightning channels (negative leaders) but only a weak trace of radiation sources associated with positive leaders to ground. Both the video images and a few radiation sources of positive leaders were obtained within 1 ms of the leader's ground attachment. The interferometer, however, failed to map fast negative leaders that occurred intermittently during the spider-lightning events.
Geochemistry and detrital geochronology of stream sediments from East Timor: implications for the origin of source units

Crustal fragments with Asian and Australian affinities that outcrop on the island of Timor were stacked together owing to the collision between the Banda volcanic arc and the Australian continent. Geochemistry of floodplain sediments (11 samples) and detrital zircon geochronology of bedload sediments (5 samples) are used to interpret the geological nature of the source units exhumed in East Timor. The geochemical data revealed source rocks with widely variable proportions of felsic and mafic material. In general, the Banda Terrane units supply higher proportions of mafic material, which tend to have lower zircon productivity, than the Australia Passive Margin or Gondwana sequences. Zircon with ages of 2150–1500 and 365–210 Ma constitute the most common populations in all stream samples. Sampling sites that are not sourced exclusively by the Gondwana Sequence and have Banda Terrane units in their watersheds are characterised by high proportions of Triassic zircon, which are common in the Sula Spur, and discordant grains. It is proposed that a significant component of the zircon found in the allochthonous units of Timor is inherited from Australian-related crustal fragments that drifted from the Sula Spur. These units were carried south as the Banda Arc progressed towards the Australian continent and emplaced in Timor with the Banda Terrane.
CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein β induces motility and invasion of glioblastoma cells through transcriptional regulation of the calcium binding protein S100A4

We have previously shown that decreased expression of CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) inhibits the growth of glioblastoma cells and diminishes their transformation capacity and migration. In agreement with this, we showed that C/EBPβ depletion decreases the mRNA levels of different genes involved in metastasis and invasion. Among these, we found S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) to be almost undetectable in glioblastoma cells deficient in C/EBPβ. Here, we have evaluated the possible role of S100A4 in the observed effects of C/EBPβ in glioblastoma cells and the mechanism through which S100A4 levels are controlled by C/EBPβ. Our results show that C/EBPβ suppression significantly reduced the levels of S100A4 in murine GL261 and human T98G glioblastoma cells. By employing an S100A4-promoter reporter, we observed a significant induction in the transcriptional activation of the S100A4 gene by C/EBPβ. Furthermore, overexpression of S100A4 in C/EBPβ-depleted glioblastoma cells reverses the enhanced migration and motility induced by this transcription factor. Our data also point to a role of S100A4 in glioblastoma cell invasion and suggest that the C/EBPβ gene controls the invasive potential of GL261 and T98G cells through direct regulation of S100A4. Finally, this study indicates a role of C/EBPβ on the maintenance of the stem cell population present in GL261 glioblastoma cells.
Fossil hot spot‐ridge interaction in the Musicians Seamount Province: Geophysical investigations of hot spot volcanism at volcanic elongated ridges

The Musicians Seamount Province is a group of volcanic elongated ridges (VERs) and single seamounts located north of the Hawaiian Chain. A 327° trending seamount chain defines the western part of the province and has been interpreted as the expression of a Cretaceous hot spot beneath the northward moving Pacific Plate. To the east, elongated E-W striking ridges dominate the morphology. In 1999, wide-angle seismic data were collected across two 400 km long VERs. We present tomographic images of the volcanic edifices, which indicate that crustal thickening occurs in oceanic layer 2 rather than in layer 3. This extrusive style of volcanism appears to strongly contrast with the formation processes of aseismic ridges, where crustal thickening is mostly accommodated by intrusive underplating. High-resolution bathymetry was also collected, which yields a detailed image of the morphology of the VERs. From the occurrence of flat-top guyots and from the unique geomorphologic setting, two independent age constraints for the Pacific crust during the Cretaceous “quiet” zone are obtained, allowing a tectonic reconstruction for the formation of the Musicians VERs. Hot spot-ridge interaction leads to asthenosphere channeling from the plume to the nearby spreading center over a maximum distance of 400 km. The Musicians VERs were formed by mainly extrusive volcanism on top of this melt-generating channel. The proposed formation model may be applicable to a number of observed volcanic ridges in the Pacific, including the Tuamotu Isles, the eastern portion of the Foundation chain, and the western termination of the Salas y Gomez seamount chain.
Comparison of different mass transport calculation methods for wind erosion quantification purposes

Quantitative estimation of the material transported by the wind under field conditions is essential for the study and control of wind erosion. A critical step of this calculation is the integration of the curve that relates the variation of the amount of the material carried by the wind with height. Several mathematical procedures have been proposed for this calculation, but results are scarce and controversial. One objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of three mathematical models (a rational, an exponential, and a simplified Gaussian function) for the calculation of the mass transport, as compared to the linear spline interpolation. Another objective of this study was to compare the mass transport calculated from field measurements obtained from a minimum of three discrete sampling heights with measurements of nine sampling heights. With this purpose, wind erosion was measured under low surface roughness conditions on an Entic Haplustoll during 25 events. The rational function was found to be mathematically limited for the estimation of wind eroded sediment mass flux. The simplified Gaussian model did not fit to the vertical mass flux profile data. Linear spline interpolation generally produced higher mass transport estimates than the exponential equation, and it proved to be a very flexible and robust method. Using different sampling arrangements and different mass flux models can produce differences of more than 45% in mass transport estimates, even under similar field conditions. Under the conditions of this study, at least three points between the soil surface and 1·5 m high, including one point as closest as possible to the surface, should be sampled in order to obtain accurate mass transport estimates. Additionally, the linear spline interpolation and the non‐linear regression using an exponential model, proved to be mathematically reliable methods for calculating the mass transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barometric fluctuations in wells tapping deep unconfined aquifers

Water levels in wells screened only below the water table in unconfined aquifers fluctuate in response to atmospheric pressure changes. These fluctuations occur because the materials composing the unsaturated zone resist air movement and have capacity to store air with a change in pressure. Consequently, the translation of any pressure change at land surface is slowed as it moves through the unsaturated zone to the water table, but it reaches the water surface in the well instantaneously. Thus a pressure imbalance is created that results in a water level fluctuation. Barometric effects on water levels in unconfined aquifers can be computed by solution of the differential equation governing the flow of gas in the unsaturated zone subject to the appropriate boundary conditions. Solutions to this equation for two sets of boundary conditions were applied to compute water level response in a well tapping the Ogallala Formation near Lubbock, Texas from simultaneous microbarograph records. One set of computations, based on the step function unit response solution and convolution, resulted in a very good match between computed and measured water levels. A second set of computations, based on analysis of the amplitude ratios of simultaneous cyclic microbarograph and water level fluctuations, gave inconsistent results in terms of the unsaturated zone pneumatic properties but provided useful insights on the nature of unconfined-aquifer water level fluctuations.