Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conservative compact finite difference scheme for the coupled Schrödinger–Boussinesq equation

In this article, two conserved compact finite difference schemes for solving the nonlinear coupled Schrödinger–Boussinesq equation are proposed. The conservative property, existence, convergence, and stability of the difference solutions are theoretically analyzed. The numerical results are reported to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the methods and to confirm our theoretical analysis. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 1667–1688, 2016
Value of Handheld Optical Illuminated Magnifiers for Sustained Silent Reading by Visually Impaired Adults

SIGNIFICANCE Vision rehabilitation providers tend to recommend handheld, illuminated optical magnifiers for short-duration spot reading tasks, but this study indicates that they are also a viable option to improve sustained, continuous text reading (e.g., books or magazines), especially for visually impaired adults who read slowly with only spectacle-based near correction. PURPOSE The utility of handheld optical magnifiers for sustained silent reading tasks involving normal-sized continuous text could be a valuable indication that is not recognized by vision rehabilitation providers and patients. METHODS Handheld, illuminated optical magnifiers were dispensed to 29 visually impaired adults who completed the sustained silent reading test by phone at baseline without the new magnifier and 1 month after using the magnifier. Reading speed in words per minute (wpm) was calculated from the time to read each page and then averaged across up to 10 pages or determined for the fastest read page (maximum). RESULTS From baseline without the magnifier to 1 month with the magnifier, there was a significant improvement in mean reading speed by 14 wpm (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 24; P = .02) and for maximum reading speed by 18 wpm (95% CI, 5.4 to 30; P = .005) on average across participants. Participants who had slower baseline reading speeds without the magnifier demonstrated significantly greater improvements in mean and maximum reading speeds on average with the magnifier (95% CI, 8 to 32 [P = .003]; 95% CI, 4 to 36 [P = .02]). A significantly greater number of pages were read with the new magnifier than without it (Wilcoxon z = −2.5; P = .01). A significantly greater number of pages were read with the magnifier by participants who read fewer pages at baseline (95% CI, 0.57 to 5.6; P = .02) or had greater improvements in mean reading speed (95% CI, 0.57 to 5.6; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Many visually impaired adults read more quickly and/or read a greater number of pages after using a new magnifier for a month than compared to without it. The largest gains occurred among those with more difficulty at baseline, indicating the potential to improve reading rates with magnifiers for those with greater deficits.
Optically Thin, Advection-Dominated Two-Temperature Disks

We present global models of optically thin, advection-dominated two-temperature accretion flows onto black holes, paying careful attention to transonic properties of the flows. We treat the physical quanti­ ties integrated over the vertical direction, and adopt the standard a-viscosity and the pseudo-Newtonian potential. Bremsstrahlung and synchrotron cooling amplified by Comptonizatio n is considered as to be cooling processes of electrons. It is found that when moderate synchrotron cooling is included, the electron temperature distribution in the inner part of the disk is roughly flat with temperatures slightly lower than the electron rest mass energy. This high electron temperature is appropriate to explain the hard X-rays from X-ray sources and AGNs. It is also found that in the inner part of the disks the energy input to elec­ trons from ions by the ion-electron Coulomb collision is negligible as the electron heating, i.e., the electron temperature is determined by the balance between advective heating and synchrotron cooling.
The cell cycle and cell size influence the rates of global cellular translation and transcription in fission yeast

How the production of biomass is controlled as cells increase in size and proceed through the cell cycle events is important for understanding the regulation of global cellular growth. This has been studied for decades but has not yielded consistent results, probably due to perturbations induced by the synchronisation methods used in most previous studies. To avoid this problem, we have developed a system to analyse unperturbed exponentially growing populations of fission yeast cells. We generated thousands of fixed single‐cell measurements of cell size, cell cycle stage and the levels of global cellular translation and transcription. We show that translation scales with size, and additionally, increases at late S‐phase/early G2 and early in mitosis and decreases later in mitosis, suggesting that cell cycle controls are also operative over global cellular translation. Transcription increases with both size and the amount of DNA, suggesting that the level of transcription of a cell may be the result of a dynamic equilibrium between the number of RNA polymerases associating and disassociating from DNA.
A study of nonlinear periodic systems via the point mapping method

It is well known that one way to treat nonlinear periodic dynamical systems governed by ordinary differential equations is to find first the corresponding point mappings. This approach has many advantages but it has a main obstacle in that it is difficult to obtain the exact mapping except in very special cases. Presented in this paper is a procedure which allows us to determine the point mapping in a polynomial form up to any specific degree of accuracy. The procedure when applied to linear periodic systems reduces to the one proposed by Friedmann et al.22 After presenting the algorithm for finding the point mappings, the method is applied to several problems in order to study the dynamical properties of the systems and to demonstrate the usefulness of the method.
Identifying patients with type 2 diabetes who might benefit from insulin pump therapy: Literature review, clinical opportunities, potential benefits and challenges

The global prevalence and increasing incidence rates of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have rippling effects on healthcare costs and diminishing quality of life. Despite advances in technology, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), or insulin pump therapy, is rarely being recommended by healthcare professionals and is underutilized in T2D management. This review analyses the available literature on CSII use in T2D patients. In addition, it discusses which groups of patients may benefit from CSII, identifies potential challenges associated with CSII use, and suggests future directions for research to expand the applicability of this technology to the broader T2D population.
Potentials in Bi-Anisotropic Media

Potential representations for electromagnetic fields are considered for linear bi-anisotropic media. Representations in terms of two vector potentials are possible for any bi-anisotropic media. However, representations in terms of two scalar potentials are associated with media in which fields can be decomposed in two partial fields with special polarization restrictions. This kind of media have been studied before and they define the class of decomposable bi-anisotropic media. Potential representations in terms of two scalar potentials are derived for fields in decomposable bi-anisotropic media in two different ways and the results are shown to coincide. The expressions obtained give the previously known potential representations in isotropic and decomposable anisotropic media as special cases.
Comments on "A field iterative method for computing the scattered electric fields at the apertures of large perfectly conducting cavities"

An iterative method is developed for computing the scattered electric fields at the apertures of large perfectly conducting cavities. The field iterative method (FIM) uses Kirchhoff's approximation to initiate a two stage iterative process (i.e., the method of successive approximations), involving both the magnetic field integral equation and the electric field integral equation, to calculate the electric currents on the internal cavity walls and the electric fields across the aperture of the cavity. The technique combines the flexibility of the boundary-integral method with the speed necessary to efficiently analyze large scale cavity problems. The paper presents the general theory, and applies the technique to the problem of TE scattering from two-dimensional perfectly conducting cavities. >
Hospitalized patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies who have low complement levels are at increased risk for death—a retrospective cohort study

Purpose To investigate whether low complement levels can predict worse outcomes in patients hospitalized with positive anti-phospholipid antibodies. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study. We obtained demographics, laboratory, and prognostic data of all consecutive patients hospitalized between 2007 and 2021, for whatever reason, with at least one positively abnormal anti-phospholipid antibody, who were also tested for complement levels (C3 or C4). We then compared the rates of long-term mortality, 1-year mortality, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary emboli between groups of low complement and normal complement levels. Multivariate analysis was used to control for levels of clinical and laboratory confounders. Results We identified 32,286 patients tested for anti-phospholipid antibodies. Of those patients, 6800 tested positive for at least one anti-phospholipid antibody and had a documented complement level. Significant higher mortality rates were found in the low complement group, with an odds ratio for mortality (OR 1.93 CI 1.63–2.27 p < .001). Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli rates were similar. Multivariate analysis confirmed that low complement was an independent predictor for mortality after controlling for age, sex, dyslipidemia, chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and anemia. Conclusions Our study results indicate that low complement is associated with significantly higher mortality rates in admitted patients with elevated levels of anti-phospholipid antibodies. This finding correlates with recent literature suggesting a vital role for complement activation in anti-phospholipid syndrome.
Challenges of Shared Decision-making by Clinicians and Patients With Low-risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Ethnography.

Importance Several international guidelines have endorsed more conservative treatment of low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (LRDTC), yet patients are facing more treatment options with similar oncologic outcomes and are expressing feelings of confusion, dissatisfaction, and anxiety. Shared decision-making, which considers the patient's values and preferences along with the most reliable medical evidence, has been proposed to optimize patient satisfaction in the context of the current clinical equipoise. Objectives To understand key individual and behavioral factors affecting the patient and clinician decision-making process in treatment decision for LRDTC. Evidence Review This systematic review and meta-ethnography involved a comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and CINAHL databases for qualitative and mixed-method studies on patient and clinician experiences with the decision-making process for LRDTC treatment. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool; meta-ethnography was used for data analysis. Primary and secondary themes of the included studies were extracted, compared, and translated across articles to produce a lines-of-argument synthesis. Findings Of 1081 publications identified, 12 articles met the inclusion criteria. The qualitative synthesis produced 4 themes: (1) a bimodal distribution of patient preferences for treatment decisions; (2) clinician anxiety affected equipoise and biased their recommendations; (3) clinicians struggled to identify patient concerns and preferences; and (4) the clinician-patient relationship and psychosocial support were key to shared decision-making but were frequently overlooked. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this systematic review and meta-ethnography emphasize the need for better patient-clinician communication, particularly with respect to eliciting patient concerns and preferences. With an ever-increasing pool of thyroid cancer survivors, future efforts should be directed at establishing and evaluating tools that will aid in shared decision-making for treatment of patients with LRDTC. Trial Registration PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42022286395.
Recommendations for Use of Video Directly Observed Therapy During Tuberculosis Treatment — United States, 2023

U.S. clinical practice guidelines recommend directly observed therapy (DOT) as the standard of care for tuberculosis (TB) treatment (1). DOT, during which a health care worker observes a patient ingesting the TB medications, has typically been conducted in person. Video DOT (vDOT) uses video-enabled devices to facilitate remote interactions between patients and health care workers to promote medication adherence and clinical monitoring. Published systematic reviews, a published meta-analysis, and a literature search through 2022 demonstrate that vDOT is associated with a higher proportion of medication doses being observed and similar proportions of cases with treatment completion and microbiologic resolution when compared with in-person DOT (2-5). Based on this evidence, CDC has updated the recommendation for DOT during TB treatment to include vDOT as an equivalent alternative to in-person DOT. vDOT can assist health department TB programs meet the U.S. standard of care for patients undergoing TB treatment, while using resources efficiently.
Spatiotemporal bioavailability of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in wild mussels from the Portuguese Atlantic coast

Abstract This study aimed to assess the spatiotemporal bioavailability of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in wild adult mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected along the Portuguese Atlantic coast between 2009 and 2020. The work is part of a national environmental monitoring program. The purpose was to evaluate the dioxins’ temporal trends, the human and ecological risks, and the correlation between mussels’ location and the main pollutant sources in Portugal. The levels and congener patterns of the most toxicity-relevant 17 PCDD/Fs and 12 dl-PCBs were determined, with the dl-PCBs dominant. The sum of Σ17PCDD/Fs and Σ12dl-PCBs values ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 ng WHO-TEQ kg−1, (wet weight basis), below the limits established by the European Commission for contamination in fish and fishery products (6.5 ng per kg−1). The study included five years – 2009, 2010, 2016, 2018 and 2020 –, allowing to verify the impact of European Directive 2013/39/UE against the pollution of water in Portugal; it was observed that dioxin levels in mussels diminished over the time. Statistical analysis allowed verification of different spatial trends of dl-PCB profiles along the Portuguese Atlantic coast. The mono-ortho dl-PCB pentachlorinated congener IUPAC #118 prevailed in 2009 and 2018 in all sampling sites, and it was predominant in 2010, 2016 and 2020, followed by the congeners IUPAC #105, #156 and #167. The IUPAC #167, #169 and #123 were the most abundant hexachlorinated congeners, and the IUPAC #77 the most abundant tetrachlorinated congener. This work emphasises the importance of monitoring dioxins and mapping the congeners in Atlantic coastal ecosystems, to contribute to their elimination. Graphical Abstract
Experimental Evidence That Phenotypic Evolution but Not Plasticity Occurs along Genetic Lines of Least Resistance in Homogeneous Environments

Genetic correlations concentrate genetic variation in certain directions of the multivariate phenotype. Adaptation and, under some models, plasticity is expected to occur in the direction of the phenotype containing the greatest amount of genetic variation (gmax). However, this may hinge on environmental heterogeneity, which can affect patterns of genetic variation. I use experimental evolution to test whether plasticity and phenotypic evolution follow gmax during adaptation to environments that varied in environmental heterogeneity. For >25 generations, Drosophila melanogaster populations were exposed to six homogeneous or spatially and temporally heterogeneous treatments involving hot (25°C) and cold (16°C) temperatures. Five wing traits were assayed in both temperatures. Wing morphology diverged between populations evolving in homogeneous hot and cold temperatures in a direction of the phenotype containing a large proportion of genetic variance and that aligned closely with gmax at 16°C but not at 25°C. Spatial heterogeneity produced an intermediate phenotype, which was associated with similar genetic variance across assay temperatures compared with all other treatments. Surprisingly, plasticity across assay temperatures was in a different direction to phenotypic evolution and aligned better with maternal variance than gmax. Together, these results provide experimental evidence for evolution along genetic lines of least resistance in homogeneous environments but no support for predicting plastic responses from the orientation of genetic variation. These results also suggest that spatial heterogeneity could maintain genetic variation that increases the stability of genetic variance across environments.
Towards a Greater Understanding of Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure Policy Documents

Bug bounty programmes and vulnerability disclosure programmes, collectively referred to as Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure (CVD) programmes, open up an organisation’s assets to the inquisitive gaze of (often eager) white-hat hackers. Motivated by the question What information do organisations convey to hackers through public CVD policy documents? , we aim to better understand the information available to hackers wishing to participate in the search for vulnerabilities. As such, in this article we consider three key issues. First, to address the differences in the legal language communicated to hackers, it is necessary to understand the formal constraints by which hackers must abide. Second, it is beneficial to understand the variation that exists in the informal constraints that are communicated to hackers through a variety of institutional elements. Third, for organisations wishing to better understand the commonplace elements that form current policy documents, we offer broad analysis of the components frequently included therein and identify gaps in programme policies. We report the results of a quantitative study, leveraging deep learning based natural language processing models, providing insights into the policy documents that accompany the CVD programmes of thousands of organisations, covering both stand-alone programmes and those hosted on 13 bug bounty programmes. We found that organisations often inadequately convey the formal constraints that are applicable to hackers, requiring hackers to have a deep understanding of the laws that underpin safe and legal security research. Furthermore, a lack of standardisation across similar policy components is prevalent, and may lead to a decreased understanding of the informal constraints placed upon hackers when searching for and disclosing vulnerabilities. Analysis of the institutional elements included in the policy documents of organisations reveals insufficient inclusion of many key components. Namely, legal information and information pertaining to restrictions on the backgrounds of hackers is found to be absent in a majority of policies analysed. Finally, to assist ongoing research, we provide novel annotated policy datasets that include human-labelled annotations at both the sentence and paragraph level, covering a broad range of CVD programme backgrounds.
Tail events of simulated annealing Markov chains

We consider non-homogeneous Markov chains generated by the simulated annealing algorithm. We classify states according to asymptotic properties of trajectories. We identify recurrent and transient states. The set of recurrent states is partitioned into disjoint classes of asymptotically communicating states. These classes correspond to atoms of the tail sigma-field. The results are valid under the weak reversibility assumption of Hajek.
Self-consistent gyroviscous fluid model of rotational discontinuities

One-dimensional steady state equilibrium structures of rotational discontinuities (RDs) have been constructed by use of a nondissipative gyroviscous two-fluid model in which electron inertia is neglected. The gyroviscous terms in the pressure tensor, due to first-order finite ion Larmor radius effects, are included, but the plasma pressure is assumed to be isotropic. The gyroviscous two-fluid RDs presented in this paper satisfy the MHD jump conditions for RDs exactly, i.e., all plasma properties as well as the magnetic field magnitude are identical and uniform on both sides of the layer, and νx, the normal flow speed there, is equal to the Alfven speed based on the normal magnetic field component Bx. A necessary condition for the existence of RD solutions is derived by performing fixed-point analysis at the possible upstream and downstream states of RDs. This analysis shows that in the ByBz plane the magnetic structure near the fixed point is either a center or a saddle point. For those upstream conditions that give rise to a center point, no RD structure exists; when the fixed point examined is a saddle point, numerical integration of the one-dimensional, steady state, nonlinear gyroviscous two-fluid equations indicates that self-consistent complete RD structures may sometimes (but not always) exist. These structures involve a rotation of the tangential magnetic field by an angle ϕ that is determined by the angle θ between the upstream (or downstream) magnetic field and the vector normal to the discontinuity, by the plasma beta value, β = 2μop/B², and by the electron to ion temperature ratio Te/Ti. Only electron-polarized structures have been found to date: within these discontinuities the field magnitude |B| always displays a maximum. If ion-polarized RDs exist, they would contain a minimum in |B|. However, no such structures have been found. Instead, ion polarization leads to what appears to be chaotic behavior in which a solution “trajectory” emerging from one fixed point (the upstream state, say) is extremely sensitive to initial conditions and integration step length. It does not connect to a second fixed point (the downstream state) but rather winds around indefinitely in solution space. RD structures in the limit of the ordinary two-fluid model, i.e., including the electron inertia terms as well as the Hall term but excluding gyroviscous stresses, are examined in an appendix. Under certain, rather special conditions, a pulselike two-fluid RD structure can be found, in which the tangential field rotates in the ion sense by a fixed but now very small angle ϕ. These solutions owe their existence to the electron inertia terms in the generalized Ohm's law; the ion inertia (Hall current) term alone leads to an RD of infinite thickness.
Pseudopotential Study of Bonding in the Superionic Material AgI

The bonding nature of the superionic material AgI is studied by using a pseudopotential theory. The result is compared with that for GaAs, which is a well-known semiconductor. It is found that the real space valence electron distribution between these compounds differs qualitatively, and that the bonding in AgI is determined mainly by the iodine. It is also suggested that the local electronic excitations from the bonding to the antibonding orbitals can trigger the migration of the mobile species, initiating in this way the superionic transport.