Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
the Economic Development of Zambia

Background and problem: Several scholars have been trying to explain economic development and why it is flourishing in some areas and lagging behind in others. The link between Africa’s colonial background and its slow economic development has been established by multiple scholars. This previous research is however made on a quite broad level and we wish to narrow it down in our thesis. There is a gap in the current research concerning this matter and this thesis aims to fill this gap by providing research on a more sector specific level. Purpose and research question: This thesis will investigate different sectors that all have had a big impact on Zambia’s economic development since independence. The purpose of this thesis is to determine which sector that has affected Zambia’s economic development the most since independence, with objective of providing guidance for further research. Methodology: A qualitative case study has been conducted. Data was gathered from primary and secondary sources. The empirical findings were then through a template analysis compared with the theoretical framework. We used a template analysis which is highly flexible and combines the inductive and the deductive approach which is suitable for us since we have an abductive approach. Results and conclusion: The results from this thesis reveal that the mining sector is the sector that has affected Zambia's economic development the most since independence. This conclusion gets support from the fact that 75% of Zambia's total export earnings comes from copper and that Zambia’s GDP still correlates to the copper price. The unbalanced growth theory made it clear that the mining sector affects the other sectors more than they affect the mining sector. This together with the problematic Western influence over the sector, which was emphasised by postcolonialism and the dependency theory are further arguments that support the statement that mining is the sector that has affected the economic development in Zambia the most since independence.
Research analysis on urban flora and vegetation in Southeast Europe

– In the last two decades, the number of research articles with a focus on urban ecosystems in Europe has increased significantly. However, explored cities are very unevenly distributed, and most of the studies are focused on Central Europe. The aim of this analysis was to provide a realistic insight into the results of previous research on urban flora and vegetation in Southeast Europe. The analysis covers a total of 149 articles, which are classified according to the topic and concept of research. The rates of exploration of urban flora and vegetation vary considerably across the countries of Southeast Europe. The floristic approach was the most common in most of the countries. Although some countries of Southeast Europe have a significant number of floristic studies (e.g. Serbia and Croatia with more than 20 of each country), their urban flora is still insufficiently explored compared to other European regions. Also, the use of different methodologies makes it impossible to compare results in an adequate way and draw relevant conclusions. Unlike the studies in most of Europe, with a broader spatial framework and uniform methodology, in Southeast Europe they usually referred to individual cities, specific habitats or certain parts of the cities. Hence, including Southeast Europe in large-scale studies would be beneficial.
Moderate Versus Radical NGOs (dagger) JEL codes

NGOs often vary in terms of how radical they are. In this paper, we explore the effectiveness of NGO discourses in bringing about social change. We focus on animal advocacy: welfarist NGOs primarily seek to improve the conditions in which animals are raised and reduce meat consumption, while abolitionist NGOs categorically reject animal use and call for a vegan society. We design an experiment to study the respective impact of welfarist and abolitionist discourses on participants’ beliefs regarding pro-meat justifications and their actions, namely their propensity to engage in the short-run in animal welfare (charity donation, petition against intensive farming) and plant-based diets (subscription to a newsletter promoting plant-based diets, petition supporting vegetarian meals). We first show that both welfarist and abolitionist discourses significantly undermine participants’ pro-meat justifications. Second, the welfarist discourse does not significantly affect participants’ actions, while we detect a potential backlash effect of the abolitionist discourse. We show that the NGOs’ positive standard effect on actions through the change in beliefs is outweighed by a negative behavioral response to the discourses (reactance effect). Last, greater public-good contributions are associated with greater engagement in animal welfare in the presence of an NGO discourse. JEL codes: C91, Q18, Q5, D71.
Initial Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Several Medicinal Plant Extracts Collected in Vietnam

: The diversity of medicinal plants in Vietnam is a rich source to develop novel health products. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of Pluchea indica , Drynaria fortunei , Stephania glabra , lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) and lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ) mixture, and ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) and kumquat ( Citrus japonica ) mixture were evaluated. The extract of ginger and kumquat mixture exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity (85%), followed by P. indica and S. glabra (60% and 53%, respectively) at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Moreover, the agar well diffusion assay revealed that the extract of S. glabra and the extract of ginger and kumquat mixture are effective in inhibition against Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus aureus , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Specialy, the extract of S. glabra at the concentration of 100 mg/ml showed the highest inhibition zone diameter (13±1.73 mm) against B. cereus , which was significantly larger than that of Ceftriaxone (5  g/ml) and other
Numerical simulation of estuarine hydrodynamics using a depth-adapted non-orthogonal grid

This paper describes an explicit finite-difference scheme for solving the depth-averaged shallow water equations on a non-orthogonal boundary-fitted mesh. The curvilinear approach provides an accurate representation of the complex shape of natural flow domains and therefore avoids the approximate 'staircase' representation associated with models based upon a regular Cartesian finite-difference grid. Special attention is given to the simulation of the exposure and re-submergence of the inter-tidal zones which cause the flow perimeter to change shape as the tide ebbs and flows. In addition, grid adaptation to deep water is used to improve the resolution of the navigation channels. The versatility of the model is demonstrated by simulating the upper reaches of the Severn Estuary on the west coast of England.
Invited Article: Polarization diversity and modulation for high-speed optical communications: architectures and capacity

Polarization is one of the fundamental properties of optical waves. To cope with the exponential growth of the Internet traffic, optical communications has advanced by leaps and bounds within the last decade. For the first time, the polarization domain has been extensively explored for high-speed optical communications. In this paper, we discuss the general principle of polarization modulation in both Jones and Stokes spaces. We show that there is no linear optical device capable of transforming an arbitrary input polarization into one that is orthogonal to itself. This excludes the receiver self-polarization diversity architecture by splitting the signal into two branches, and then transferring one of the branches into orthogonal polarization. We next propose a novel Stokes vector (SV) detection architecture using four single-ended photodiodes (PD) that can recover a full set of SV. We then derive a closed-form expression for the information capacity of different SV detection architectures and compare the capacity of our proposed architectures with that of intensity-modulated directly-detected (IM/DD) method. We next study the 3-PD SV detection architecture where a subset of SV is detected, and devise a novel modulation algorithm that can achieve 2-dimensional modulation with the 3-PD detection. By using cost-effective SV receivers, polarization modulation and multiplexing offers a powerful solution for short-reach optical networks where the wavelength domain is quickly exhausted.
Value conflicts and organizational commitment of internal construction stakeholders

Purpose The possible effect of conflicts as the consequence of differences between personal and organizational values (OV) on organizational commitment (OC) of internal construction stakeholders was an unclear issue in the areas of organizational behaviour in the construction industry, especially in Malaysia. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to focus on this issue in the Malaysian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach This paper targeted professional project consultants, who are identified as architects, engineers, and quantity surveyors, as the internal construction stakeholders. The personal-OV and the level of OC of the stakeholders were evaluated through a questionnaire survey. To achieve the research objective, comparative and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. Findings The results generated by the analyses indicated a high level of value conflicts in the construction organizations which significantly and negatively affected commitment of the internal stakeholders. Originality/value Value conflicts in construction organizations are the agenda of this paper while not many empirical studies have been conducted on this issue in Malaysia. This paper through investigating the potential effect of value conflicts on the stakeholders’ commitment reveals the importance of interaction between personal and OV in construction organizations which contributes to the extant literature of organizational behaviour as to the construction literature.
Ghana Journal of Education: Issues and Practice (GJE)

This study was conducted to determine the influence of three personality/psychological factors (creativity, locus of control and risk tolerance) on the entrepreneurial inclinations of public university students in Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to reach 2,930 students in three public universities in locations across the country that positioned them as a representative sample of the entire student body of the country. The Creativity, Locus of Control and Risk Tolerance Questionnaire (CLOCRITQ) and the Entrepreneurial Inclination Questionnaire (EIQ) were the instruments used to gather data for the study. The main data obtained were analyzed by using a stepwise multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that the three predictor variables had significant influence on entrepreneurial inclinations of students. Among the recommendations made is the need to reposition the economy towards entrepreneurial drive for job creation, wealth creation and global competitiveness of the Nigerian youths in general and the graduate in particular.
Generation of mode-locked thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser assisted by bismuthene/side polished fiber as saturable absorber

An all-fiber passively mode-locked laser is demonstrated near the 2.0 µm wavelength region utilizing thulium/holmium-doped fiber as the gain medium and bismuthene/side-polished fiber (SPF) as saturable absorber (SA). The effect of bismuthene concentration on the performance of the generated mode-locked lasers has also been investigated. In this work, bismuthene was obtained by the exfoliation of bismuth under the ultrasonication technique. Two different concentrations of bismuthene (10 and 20 mg ml−1) were prepared to coat the SPF and be further used as SA. Based on the experimental results, the SA with 10 mg ml−1 concentration of bismuthene induced the most stable mode-locked pulses with good performance. The 10 mg ml−1 bismuthene/SPF SA produced pulses at the center wavelength of 1932.69 nm with the 3 dB bandwidth of 2.59 nm and a signal-to-noise ratio value of 63 dB. The generated pulsed laser exhibits pulse energy of 421.3 pJ, peak power of 261.4 W, and average output power of 4.613 mW. Overall, this work reveals the potential of bismuthene/SPF as an SA for generating mode-locked laser pulses, which is useful in photonics applications.
Investigating project-based learning (PBL) in a STEM school in Egypt: A case study

The initiative of STEM Schools in Egypt with a boys’ school in 6 of October and a girls’ school in Maadi can be considered a turning point in the teaching and learning of science and mathematics in Egypt. Applying Project-based learning (PBL) in STEM schools is innovative to the educational system in Egypt. Project-based learning is the main pedagogical method representing 60% of students’ final scores in grade one and two and 20% of students’ final scores in grade three for STEM School students. The goal of this study was to investigate PBL in 6 of October STEM High school for Boys, the first STEM School in Egypt, and the model for the new seven STEM schools that started in Egypt in October, 2015. This investigation was to understand students’ perceptions of PBL. A focus group protocol was carried out by three trained teachers from the school with six groups of students, two from each grade. Data collected through the focus groups were analyzed according to three themes: (1) students’ perceptions of PBL (1) students’ learning, and (2) students’ collaboration. Findings of the study suggested that students were able to voice clear perceptions; and they believe that applying PBL has enhanced their learning of subjects integrated in their projects as well as increasing their collaborations with each other in the projects’ groups. However, they also suggested that more attention should be given to grade one students since doing projects is a new experience for them. Findings also suggested that students’ grade level as well as their previous exposure to PBL influenced their perceptions of PBL. INVESTIGATING PROJECT-BASED LEARNING IN A STEM SCHOOL IN EGYPT: A CASE STUDY 4
Planning optimization in prostate and head-and-neck radiation therapy

This work focuses on the optimization of planning in prostate and head-and-neck radiation therapy. In order to improve the dose calculation, the Pencil Beam method was firstly modified by considering a spherical coordinate system, by improving the heterogeneities correction method and by accelerating the calculation by performing the convolution operations using the Fast Fourier Transform. The proposed approach was compared to conventional methods using different numerical phantoms. This evaluation demonstrated the accuracy of the proposed method and the acceleration of the calculations by a factor 40 by the method using the Fast Fourier Transform, but at the cost of deterioration in the accuracy of the results. In a second step, the incorporation of biological criteria in the optimization of the treatment plan has been implemented through an equivalent convex NTCP constraints and its optimization. The evaluation of this approach has been performed on the data of ten patients treated for prostate cancer and has shown that the proposed method produces clinically satisfactory plans with better results in terms of predicted toxicity. A method to compensate geometric uncertainties occurring during treatment has also been proposed, based on the expansion in series of Taylor and a Butterworth filter. Its evaluation has shown its effectiveness in reducing high-frequency oscillations as well as the presence of hot and cold spots. Finally, in the context of adaptive radiotherapy in head and neck, a study was conducted to identify the optimal scenario of replannings, i.e. the number and timing of replannings. The comparison criteria were based on the calculation of the cumulative dose received by the parotid during the whole treatment. The effectiveness of the replanning has been demonstrated, for example with a decreased risk of toxicity 9% for the optimal scenario. The perspectives of this work relate to the combination of these methods in a comprehensive planning process to assess their clinical impact.
Psychometric validation of a tool that assesses safety culture in Primary Care

Objective: To analyze the reliability and validity of psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Survey on Patient Safety Culture in Primary Care. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study conducted with multidisciplinary team professionals working in Primary Health Care in a city in the Northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The tool used was “ Pesquisa sobre Cultura de Segurança do Paciente para Atenção Primária à Saúde ” (Survey on Patient Safety Culture in Primary Care). Results: Cronbach’s alpha was considered satisfactory. Factorial analysis reached satisfactory loads in all its factors. The tool showed feasibility of application and potential structure assessment for which it is proposed. Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the questionnaire proved to be valid and reliable and could contribute to research on Patient Safety Culture in Primary Care in the country. El análisis factorial alcanzó cargas satisfactorias en el conjunto de sus factores. El instrumento presentó viabilidad de aplicación y potencial de evaluación de la estructura para la que se propone. Conclusión: La versión brasileña del cuestionario demostró ser válida y confi able, de esta forma puede contribuir con estudios sobre la cultura de seguridad del paciente en la Atención Primaria de Salud en el país.
Early childhood aggression trajectories: Associations with teacher-reported problem behavior

High and stable levels of aggression and the presence of aggressive behavior in multiple settings according to different informants are risk factors for later problems. However these two factors have not been investigated in early childhood. The present study investigates trajectories of parent-reported child aggression from 1.5 up to 6 years of age and their association with aggressive behavior, attention problems and rule breaking behavior in a different setting, as reported by the teacher. In a longitudinal population-based cohort study, parent-reported measures of aggressive behavior were obtained using the CBCL when children were 1.5, 3 and 6 years of age (n = 4,781). Teacher-reported problem behavior at school was assessed at age 6.5, using the TRF questionnaire (n = 2,756). Growth mixture modeling yielded three aggression trajectories, with high increasing (3.0%), intermediate (21.3%) and low decreasing (75.7%) aggression levels. Children in trajectories with higher and increasing levels of aggression showed more teacher-reported aggressive behavior, attention problems and rule breaking behavior. However, parent-reported aggression at age six predicted problem behavior at school to the same extent as did the aggression trajectories, suggesting that the incremental value of trajectories is not always self-evident.
In Vivo 14NNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Tumors: Detection of Ammonium and Trimethylamine Metabolites in the Murine Radiation Induced Fibrosarcoma I1

The in vivo I4N nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of s.c. implanted murine radiation induced fibrosarcomas (RIF-1) display narrow reso nances assignable to betaine and other trimethylamines and broad reso nances due to amino acids and peptides. In 19 of the 41 tumors studied a distinct resonance from the ammonium ion is detectable. The accumu lation of ammonium in the tumor to nuclear magnetic resonance detect able levels may result from glutaminolysis (a possible pathway for energy production in the tumor), from the degradation of peptides and proteins, or from the deamination of adenine nucleotides. Estimates of the tissue ammonium concentration were obtained from the in vivotumor spectrum and the spectrum of the nonlabile trimethylamines in the perchloric acid extract. In the extract, the "\ resonances of betaine, carnitine, choline, phosphorylcholine, and glycerophosphorylcholine Â»ereresolved, and a relatively high level of tissue urea was observed. Spin-lattice relaxation times were obtained for the "N nucleus of each of these metabolites in phosphate buffer.
A D H E R E N C E A M O N G ADOLESCENTS PRESCRIBED MEDICATION FOR SYMPTOMS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIV ITY DISORDER by JENEVA

Attention Deficit.Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common psychiatric disorder that is characterized by inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactive-impulsive behaviours. Although stimulant medication is known to be an effective way to manage ADHD symptoms for adolescents with the disorder, there has been a lack of research into behaviours that may compromise the effectiveness, of this treatment, such as nonadherence to the medication. This study was designed to investigate the association between parent and adolescent reported rates of adherence and rationally derived factors that were hypothesized to relate to adherence amongst adolescents with ADHD. In this study, none of the rationally derived factors that showed adequate evidence for internal reliability (i.e., perceived barriers to medication taking, perceived benefits to medication taking, individual characteristics, and social influences) correlated With or predicted adherence reports for 29 adolescents prescribed medication for ADHD symptoms. Exploratory analyses revealed that two items from the interview used were correlated with adherence reports; these indicated that adolescents who perceived their medication as addictable were less adherent, and adolescents who perceive their disorder as heritable were more adherent. Adherence reports also correlated with parent reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. The two items identified by the exploratory analyses, in addition to the parent reported anxious/depressed symptoms, accounted for 23% of the variance in adherence reports. Another interesting result was the high rates of reported adherence, in contrast to low rates that were expected. Possible explanations for these results, in addition to directions for future research in this area, are discussed. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract : ii . List of Tables '. -. iv Introduction 1 Methods 27 Results 34 Discussion 45 References ". -57 Appendix A Factors Affecting Adherence Interview 66
Wide Bandgap Engineering of β -(Al, Ga) 2 O 3 Mixed Crystals

: Bandgap tunable β -(Al, Ga) 2 O 3 mixed crystals with different Al 3+ concentration were grown by the optical floating zone (OFZ) method. When the nominal Al 3+ doping concentration was close to 0.26, cracking appeared. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that β -(Al, Ga) 2 O 3 mixed crystals kept the crystal structure of β -Ga 2 O 3 without foreign phases and the lattice parameters decreased with the increasing Al 3+ concentration. 27 Al magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that Al 3+ occupied Ga 3+ positions and the ratio of Al 3+ (IV)/ Al 3+ (VI) was about 1:3 . The transmittance spectra were measured to investigate the bandgap of β -(Al, Ga) 2 O 3 mixed crystals. Results showed that the bandgap increased continuously with the Al 3+ concentration increasing from 4.72 eV to 5.32 eV, which may extend the application of β -Ga 2 O 3 crystal in optoelectronic devices operating at shorter wavelength.