Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning for Chondrogenic Tumor Classification through Wavelet Transform of Raman Spectra

The grading of cancer tissues is still one of the main challenges for pathologists. The development of enhanced analysis strategies hence becomes crucial to accurately identify and further deal with each individual case. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a promising tool for the classification of tumor tissues as it allows us to obtain the biochemical maps of the tissues under analysis and to observe their evolution in terms of biomolecules, proteins, lipid structures, DNA, vitamins, and so on. However, its potential could be further improved by providing a classification system which would be able to recognize the sample tumor category by taking as input the raw Raman spectroscopy signal; this could provide more reliable responses in shorter time scales and could reduce or eliminate false-positive or -negative diagnoses. Deep Learning techniques have become ubiquitous in recent years, with models able to perform classification with high accuracy in most diverse fields of research, e.g., natural language processing, computer vision, medical imaging. However, deep models often rely on huge labeled datasets to produce reasonable accuracy, otherwise occurring in overfitting issues when the training data is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a chondrogenic tumor CLAssification through wavelet transform of RAman spectra (CLARA), which is able to classify with high accuracy Raman spectra obtained from bone tissues. CLARA recognizes and grades the tumors in the evaluated dataset with 97% accuracy by exploiting a classification pipeline consisting of the division of the original task in two binary classification steps, where the first is performed on the original RS signals while the latter is accomplished through the use of a hybrid temporal-frequency 2D transform.
Validation of solar-cycle changes in low-degree helioseismic parameters from the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network

We present a new and up-to-date analysis of the solar low-degree $p$-mode parameter shifts from the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network (BiSON) over the past 22 years, up to the end of 2014. We aim to demonstrate that they are not dominated by changes in the asymmetry of the resonant peak profiles of the modes and that the previously published results on the solar-cycle variations of mode parameters are reliable. We compare the results obtained using a conventional maximum likelihood estimation algorithm and a new one based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique, both taking into account mode asymmetry. We assess the reliability of the solar-cycle trends seen in the data by applying the same analysis to artificially generated spectra. We find that the two methods are in good agreement. Both methods accurately reproduce the input frequency shifts in the artificial data and underestimate the amplitude and width changes by a small amount, around 10 per cent. We confirm earlier findings that the frequency and line width are positively correlated, and the mode amplitude anticorrelated, with the level of solar activity, with the energy supplied to the modes remaining essentially unchanged. For the mode asymmetry the correlation with activity is marginal, but the MCMC algorithm gives more robust results than the MLE. The magnitude of the parameter shifts is consistent with earlier work. There is no evidence that the frequency changes we see arise from changes in the asymmetry, which would need to be much larger than those observed in order to give the observed frequency shift.
Coupling Effects of Ionic Surfactants and Electrolytes on the Stability of Bulk Nanobubbles

As interest in the extensive application of bulk nanobubbles increases, it is becoming progressively important to understand the key factors affecting their anomalous stability. The scientific intrigue over nanobubbles originates from the discrepancy between the Epstein–Plesset prediction and experimental observations. Herein, the coupling effects of ionic surfactants and electrolytes on the stability of bulk nanobubbles is studied. Experimental results show that ionic surfactants not only reduce the surface tension but also promote the accumulation of net charges, which facilitate the nucleation and stabilization of bulk nanobubbles. The addition of an electrolyte in a surfactant solution further results in a decrease in the zeta potential and the number concentration of nanobubbles due to the ion shielding effect, essentially colloidal stability. An adsorption model for the coexistence of ionic surfactants and electrolytes in solution, that specifically considers the effect of the adsorption layer thickness within the framework of the modified Poisson–Boltzmann equation, is developed. A quantitative agreement between the predicted and experimental surface tension is found in a wide range of bulk concentrations. The spatial distribution of the surface potential, surfactant ions and counterions in the vicinity of the interface of bulk nanobubbles are described. Our study intrinsically paves a route to investigate the stability of bulk nanobubbles.
EMISSION PATTERNS AND LIGHT CURVES OF GAMMA RAYS IN THE PULSAR MAGNETOSPHERE WITH A CURRENT-INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELD

We study the emission patterns and light curves of gamma rays in the pulsar magnetosphere with a current-induced magnetic field perturbation. Based on the solution of a static dipole with the magnetic field induced by some currents (perturbation field), we derive the solutions of a static as well as a retarded dipole with the perturbation field in the Cartesian coordinates. The static (retarded) magnetic field can be expressed as the sum of the pure static (retarded) dipolar magnetic field and the static (retarded) perturbation field. We use the solution of the retarded magnetic field to investigate the influence of the perturbation field on the emission patterns and light curves, and apply the perturbed solutions to calculate the gamma-ray light curves for the case of the Vela pulsar. We find that the perturbation field induced by the currents will change the emission patterns and then the light curves of gamma rays, especially for a larger perturbation field. Our results indicate that the perturbation field created by the outward-flowing (inward-flowing) electrons (positrons) can decrease the rotation effect on the magnetosphere and makes emission pattern appear to be smoother relative to that of the pure retarded dipole, but the perturbation field created by the outward-flowing (inward-flowing) positrons (electrons) can make the emission pattern less smooth.
Influence of Soil Tillage Systems on the Yield and Weeds Infestation in the Soybean Crop

Soybean is an important crop due to its multiple uses but also due to its agronomic advantages. Regardless of the agrotechnical system practiced, in the success of the crop, a very important role is represented by weed control. Soybeans are sensitive to infestation with weeds both at the early stages of growing season until the plants cover the soil, but also to maturity after the leaves fall. A soil tillage system applied, through its effect on the soil and on weed control, influences the soybean crop. This paper presents the evolution of soybean crop weeds and soybean yield under the influence of soil tillage systems (conventional, minimum tillage and no tillage) and climatic conditions from 2017 to 2021. The soil’s mobilization by plowing significantly reduces the infestation with weeds, especially the perennial ones. Reducing the intensity of the soil tillage system and the depth of tillage causes an increase in the amount of weeding and, especially, perennial weeds. This determines a lower production of soybean crop by 23–243 kg ha−1 in the minimum tillage system and by 675 kg ha−1 in the no-tillage system, compared to the conventional system. Differentiation of the weed control strategy is required depending on the soil tillage system.
Associations between Dietary Antioxidant Vitamin Intake and the Changes in Bone Mass in Chinese Adolescents: A 2.5-Year Longitudinal Study

(1) Background: Optimal bone mass accumulation during adolescence is crucial for maximising peak bone mass during adulthood. Dietary antioxidant vitamins may contribute to bone mass accumulation. This 2.5-year-long longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the relationships between dietary vitamin A, C, and E intakes and the annual changes in bone parameters among Chinese adolescents. (2) Method: Subjects aged 10–18 years (n = 1418) were recruited from a secondary school in Jiangmen, China. Dietary vitamin A, C, and E intakes were assessed using 24 h dietary records over 3 consecutive days. The Sahara Clinical Bone Sonometer was used to measure the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and the speed of sound (SOS). Their annual changes were then calculated (i.e., BUA%/year, SOS%/year). The associations were detected after adjusting for the baseline bone phenotype; age; sex; weight; height; pubertal stage; physical activity; and dietary intakes of vitamin D, calcium and energy. (3) Results: A curvilinear relationship was found between the dietary intake of vitamin C and BUA%/year (p = 0.026); further analyses in the subgroups revealed that this relationship was observed in male adolescents (p = 0.012). A positive association was observed only in boys with a dietary vitamin C intake of ≥159.01 mg/day (β = 0.395, p = 0.036). Moreover, a linear positive association was shown between the dietary intake of vitamin E and BUA%/year in female adolescents (β = 0.082, p = 0.033). (4) Conclusion: Our findings indicated that dietary vitamin C intake has a threshold effect on bone mass gain in male adolescents and that dietary vitamin E intake could be a positive predictor of bone mass gain in female adolescents.
Mixing of pseudoscalar-baryon and vector-baryon in meson-baryon interaction and the generation of resonances

During this Thesis we have used Chiral Perturbation Theory and its extensions with the Hidden Gauge Formalism to face many problems in hadron physics. Mainly, we have studied the meson-baryon interaction to describe hadronic resonances and their properties, such as mass, width, partial decay widths, radiative decay and helicity amplitudes. The study of the vector meson - baryon interaction has been extended mixing pseudoscalar mesons with vector mesons in an approach that allows a better understanding of the nature of those hadronic states. We have used this formalism to calculate the transition diagrams to obtain the amplitudes in coupled channels that are included in the $V$ potential matrix. Then we have used the Bethe-Salpeter equation to calculate the unitarized T-matrix using the $G$ function, dimensional regularized with a subtraction constant. We look for poles in the complex plane changing to the second Riemann sheet and then we calculate the couplings for each channel that are determined as the residues of the poles. This procedure has been used to study $N^*$ states with $J^P=1/2^-$ and $3/2^-$ with much success, and we have shown that the mixing of the interaction of pseudoscalar meson - baryon with vector meson has been crucial when one tries to reproduce the experimental widths and branching ratios. Other problems involving meson - meson interaction with the few body approach or the finite volume have also been studied.
Survey of Fungal Foliar and Panicle Diseases in Smallholder Sorghum Cropping Systems in Different Agro-Ecologies of Lower Eastern Kenya

Sorghum is a staple food crop and plays a critical role in subsistence farming in Kenya due to its adaptability to marginal agro-ecological zones. However, fungal diseases are among the major biotic constraints of sorghum production, causing over 70% yield loss in susceptible cultivars. Information on the distribution and severity of fungal diseases is important to establish efficient and improved strategies for integrated disease management of sorghum fungal diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence, severity and spatial distribution of fungal diseases on sorghum across agro-ecological zones of lower eastern Kenya. A total of 384 smallholder farmers’ fields were surveyed, and in each field, 30 plants were assessed for prevalence and incidence of fungal diseases using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. Sorghum anthracnose was the most prevalent disease (71%), followed by leaf blight (70.18%), rust (68.41%), smut (63.02%), sorghum mildew (55.33%), Alternaria leaf spot (48.39%) and rough leaf spot (46.02%). Disease prevalence, incidence and severity varied among the investigated agro-ecological zones. There was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in fungal disease severity across the investigated agro-ecological zones. Spatially interpolated disease maps showed a high variation in the distribution of various sorghum fungal diseases across the investigated agro-ecological zones of lower eastern Kenya. Morpho-cultural identification revealed the association of Colletotrichum sublineola with anthracnose, Curvularia lunata and Bipolaris cynodontis with leaf blight, Puccinia purpurea with rust, Peronosclerospora sorghi with downy mildew, Alternaria alternata with Alternaria leaf spot, Ascochyta sorghi with rough leaf spot and Sporisorium sorghi with covered kernel smut symptoms. Information obtained in this study will be useful to update knowledge on sorghum fungal diseases and provide a basis for the development of strategies for management and control of the investigated diseases.
Resource use efficiency in cotton production in Palwal district of Haryana

This paper examines productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency of cotton production in Palwal district of Haryana (India). The study is based on primary data collected from a total of 120 farmers selected randomly using two-stage sampling and data related to agricultural year 2017-18. Analytical tools like farm business analysis and production function approach is applied to summarise data. Results have revealed that large farms were more productive and earned higher profit from cotton production than small and medium farms. The regression results have shown that factors like human labour, phosphatic fertilizer, farm machinery and zinc had positive and significant impacts on cotton yield. The MVP of human labour, and phosphatic fertilizer were greater than unity indicating underutilization. However, other resources were applied in excess and suggested to utilize optimally to improve the yield of cotton.
COMPOSITION OF LOW-REDSHIFT HALO GAS

Halo gas in low-z (z < 0.5) ⩾0.1 L* galaxies in high-resolution, large-scale cosmological hydrodynamic simulations is examined with respect to three components: cold, warm, and hot with temperatures of <105, 105–6, and >106 K, respectively. Utilizing O vi λλ1032, 1038 absorption lines, the warm component is compared to observations, and agreement is found with respect to the galaxy–O vi line correlation, the ratio of the O vi line incidence rate in blue to red galaxies, and the amount of O vi mass in star-forming galaxies. A detailed account of the sources of warm halo gas (stellar feedback heating, gravitational shock heating, and accretion from the intergalactic medium), inflowing and outflowing warm halo gas metallicity disparities, and their dependencies on galaxy types and environment is also presented. With the warm component securely anchored, our simulations make the following additional predictions. First, cold gas is the primary component in inner regions with its mass comprising 50% of all gas within galactocentric radius r = (30, 150) kpc in (red, blue) galaxies. Second, at r > (30, 200) kpc in (red, blue) galaxies the hot component becomes the majority. Third, the warm component is a perpetual minority, with its contribution peaking at ∼30% at r = 100–300 kpc in blue galaxies and never exceeding 5% in red galaxies. The significant amount of cold gas in low-z early-type galaxies, which was found in simulations and in agreement with recent observations (Thom et al.), is intriguing, as is the dominance of hot gas at large radii in blue galaxies.
Problematika Orang Tua Mendampingi Anak Saat Pembelajaran Daring Di Masa Pandemi COVID-19 Dan Solusi Pemecahannya

Kasus pandemi yang di sebabkan oleh Corona virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), sangat berdampak bagi sebagian sektor di Indonesia, salah satunya di bidang pendidikan. Untuk mengurangi penyebaran covid-19, pemerintah memberikan himbauan melalui Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan yaitu dengan menerapkan kebijakan learning from home atau belajar dari rumah (BDR) dalam membantu mengurangi penyebaran virus corona. Melalui beberapa metode yang digunakan oleh guru selama proses pembelajaran daring, tidak lepas dari dampak permasalahan yang muncul, terutama permasalahan yang berasal dari faktor orang tua sebagai pendamping selama proses pembelajaran daring di rumah. Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya penanganan khusus dalam upaya membantu pemecahan penyelesaian masalah selama daring. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis problematika pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi covid-19 dan solusi pemecahannya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi literatur atau penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan sumber data sekunder yang dikumpulkan melalui buku teks, e-book, perodical, peraturan perundang-undangan, website, dan sumber-sumber lain yang relevan dengan masalah penelitian. Data penelitian ini dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan model interaktif, yang terdiri dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi covid-19 memiliki beragam problematika, terutama bagi orang tua yang mendampingi anak selama proses daring. Beberapa faktor yang menjadi penyebab munculnya permasalahan yaitu berasal dari faktor intrinsik dan ekstrinsik yang bersumber dari orang tua dan anak. Beragam permasalahan tersebut dapat diatasi dengan meningkatkan pemahaman orang tua terhadap beberapa penyebab permasalah dan hubungan komunikasi yang baik antara orang tua dengan guru selama proses pembelajaran daring.
Using microlensed quasars to probe the structure of the Milky Way

This paper presents an investigation into the gravitational microlensing of quasars by stars and stellar remnants in the Milky Way. We present predictions for the all-sky microlensing optical depth, time-scale distributions and event rates for future large-area sky surveys. As expected, the total event rate increases rapidly with increasing magnitude limit, reflecting the fact that the number density of quasars is a steep function of magnitude. Surveys, such as Pan-STARRS and LSST, should be able to detect more than 10 events per year, with typical event durations of around 1 month. Since microlensing of quasar sources suffers from fewer degeneracies than lensing of Milky Way sources, they could be used as a powerful tool for recovering the mass of the lensing object in a robust, often model-independent, manner. As a consequence, for a subset of these events, it will be possible to directly ‘weigh’ the star (or stellar remnant) that is causing the lensing signal, either through higher order microlensing effects and/or highprecision astrometric observations of the lens star (using e.g. Gaia or SIM-lite). This means that such events could play a crucial role in stellar astronomy. Given the current operational timelines for Pan-STARRS and LSST, by the end of the decade, they could potentially detect up to 100 events. Although this is still too few events to place detailed constraints on Galactic models, consistency checks can be carried out and such samples could lead to exciting and unexpected discoveries.
AIRE in Male Fertility: A New Hypothesis

Male infertility affects approximately 14% of all European men, of which ~44% are characterized as idiopathic. There is an urgency to identify the factors that affect male fertility. One such factor, Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE), a protein found in the thymus, has been studied in the context of central tolerance functioning as a nuclear transcription modulator, responsible for the expression of tissue-restricted antigens in specialized thymic cells that prevent autoimmunity. While its expression in the testes remains enigmatic, we recently observed that sterility in mice correlates with the absence of Aire in the testes, regardless of the deficient expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells or cells of the hematopoietic system. By assessing the Aire transcript levels, we discovered that Sertoli cells are the exclusive source of Aire in the testes, where it most likely plays a non-immune role, suggesting an unknown mechanism by which testicular Aire regulates fertility. Here, we discuss these results in the context of previous reports which have suggested that infertility observed in Aire deficient mice is of an autoimmune aetiology. We present an alternative point of view for the role of Aire in testes in respect to fertility altering the perspective of how Aire’s function in the testes is currently perceived.
MODELING THE NON-RECYCLED FERMI GAMMA-RAY PULSAR POPULATION

We use Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope detections and upper limits on non-recycled pulsars obtained from the Large Area Telescope (LAT) to constrain how the gamma-ray luminosity Lγ depends on the period P and the period derivative . We use a Bayesian analysis to calculate a best-fit luminosity law, or dependence of Lγ on P and , including different methods for modeling the beaming factor. An outer gap (OG) magnetosphere geometry provides the best-fit model, which is where a = 1.36 ± 0.03 and b = 0.44 ± 0.02, similar to but not identical to the commonly assumed . Given upper limits on gamma-ray fluxes of currently known radio pulsars and using the OG model, we find that about 92% of the radio-detected pulsars have gamma-ray beams that intersect our line of sight. By modeling the misalignment of radio and gamma-ray beams of these pulsars, we find an average gamma-ray beaming solid angle of about 3. 7π for the OG model, assuming a uniform beam. Using LAT-measured diffuse fluxes, we place a 2σ upper limit on the average braking index and a 2σ lower limit on the average surface magnetic field strength of the pulsar population of 3.8 and 3.2 × 1010 G, respectively. We then predict the number of non-recycled pulsars detectable by the LAT based on our population model. Using the 2 yr sensitivity, we find that the LAT is capable of detecting emission from about 380 non-recycled pulsars, including 150 currently identified radio pulsars. Using the expected 5 yr sensitivity, about 620 non-recycled pulsars are detectable, including about 220 currently identified radio pulsars. We note that these predictions significantly depend on our model assumptions.
Stellar mergers are common

The observed Galactic rate of stellar mergers or the initiation of common envelope phases brighter than M_V=-3 (M_I=-4) is of order 0.5 (0.3)/year with 90% confidence statistical uncertainties of 0.24-1.1 (0.14-0.65) and factor of 2 systematic uncertainties. The (peak) luminosity function is roughly dN/dL L^(-1.4+/-0.3), so the rates for events more luminous than V1309 Sco (M_V=-7 mag) or V838Mon (M_V=-10 mag) are lower at r~0.1/year and 0.03/year, respectively. The peak luminosity is a steep function of progenitor mass, L M^(2-3). This very roughly parallels the scaling of luminosity with mass on the main sequence, but the transients are ~2000-4000 times more luminous at peak. Combining these, the mass function of the progenitors, dN/dM M^(-2.0+/-0.8), is consistent with the initial mass function, albeit with broad uncertainties. These observational results are also broadly consistent with the estimates of binary population synthesis models. While extragalactic variability surveys can better define the rates and properties of the high luminosity events, systematic, moderate depth (I>16 mag) surveys of the Galactic plane are needed to characterize the low luminosity events. The existing Galactic samples are only ~20% complete and Galactic surveys are (at best) reaching a typical magnitude limit of <13 mag.