Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tests of the Ability of Five Disinfectants to Kill New Zealand Mud Snails

We exposed New Zealand mud snails (NZMS), Potamopyrgus antipodarum, to various concentrations of four different quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants (Roccal D-Plus, Hyamine 1622, benzalkonium chloride, and Stepanquat 50 NF) and to liquid dish soap (Dawn) for 15 min. After 24 h of recovery in water, survival of the exposed snails was determined. Generally, mortality increased with increased chemical concentration. A concentration of 500 mg/L of Roccal D-Plus was required to kill all NZMS. The concentrations of Hyamine 1622, benzalkonium chloride, and Stepanquat required to kill all NZMS were 1,350, 450, and 600 mg/L, respectively. Liquid dish soap was not reliably effective at killing NZMS; survival ranged between 16% and 100% for all concentrations tested. Our results demonstrate that the quaternary ammonium compounds Roccal D-Plus, Hyamine 1622, benzalkonium chloride, and Stepanquat 50 NF can all be effectively used to disinfect hatchery equipment that has potentially come in contact with NZMS.
Effect of different cold storage periods on parasitization performance of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)

The parasitism rates by Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) using Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) eggs held at 0, 4 and 8°C and for up to 31 days was measured. Parasitism was lowest on eggs held at 8°C and highest on eggs held at 0°C. The highest parasitism, 97.8%, was measured for parasitoids attacking eggs held for 3 days and stored at 0°C. Parasitism of eggs stored at all three temperatures decreased with increasing duration of storage. The number of T. cacoeciae successfully developing and emerging as adults after storage in E. kuehniella eggs held at 0, 4 and 8°C was measured. Parasitoid emergence was >83% from E. kuehniella eggs stored at 8°C for 3 weeks. Storage at 0°C caused a significant decline in parasitoid emergence after 2 weeks (P<0.05). Storage at 0°C for more than 4 weeks reduced fecundity by 50%. T. cacoeciae parasitized the highest number of E. kuehniella eggs 1 day after adult emergence. The oviposition period lasted 6–7 days, although the parasitoids lived up to 13–14 days. Impact of storage time and temperature on parasitism rates by T. cacoeciae stored while in E. kuehniella eggs was measured. As storage time and temperature increased, subsequent parasitism rates of resulting adult T. cacoeciae decreased. Eggs of E. kuehniella can be stored at 0°C for up to 31 days. Trichogramma cacoeciae developing in eggs of E. kuehniella can be stored at 4°C for up to 5 weeks prior to release.
Amino acid analysis of phloem sap from oats and barley: A combination of aphid stylet excision and high performance liquid chromatography

High performance liquid chromatography was used for amino acid analysis of phloem sap from oats and barley. The sap was obtained from severed stylets of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) excised by means of high frequency microcautery. Qualitative differences between the cereals were negligible. The proportions of different amino acids largely resembled those demonstrated for whole leaf extracts. Samples gave very weak detector responses when dissolved in water and kept at room temperature. Explanations for this are discussed and a technique to prevent this deterioration is described.
New contributions to the marine benthic ciliates from the Antarctic area, including description of seven new species (Protozoa, Ciliophora)

Twenty‐six marine benthic ciliates including seven new species were isolated from King George Island, Antarctic. The morphology and taxonomy of 19 of them are described in the present paper: Aegyriana paroliva, Amphileptus sp. , Amphisiella antarctica nov. spec. , Condylostoma cf. magnum, Dysteria parovalis nov. spec. , Folliculina ? sp. , Hartmannula cf. angustipilosa, Hemigastrostyla szaboi nov. spec. , Heterostentor coeruleus, Holosticha sp. , Intranstylum antarcticum nov. spec. , Metaurostylopsis rubra, Orthodonella shenae, Philasterides cf. armatalis, Pithites pelagicus nov. spec. , Pleuronema coronatum, Strombidium apolatum nov. spec. , Telotrochidium sp. , and Thigmokeronopsis magna nov. spec. Based on the new observations, an improved diagnosis for the genus Aegyriana is suggested: dorsoventrally flattened Dysteriidae with tail‐shaped podite, which is positioned subcaudally in a glabrous region within somatic kineties; oral structure in two parts: ca three close‐set fragments on right and one preoral kinety on left; left postoral kineties shortened posteriorly and continuous with right ones, leaving no median gap or suture; cytopharyngeal rods dominant. According to the new understanding and information obtained, a refined diagnosis of the genus Hemigastrostyla is also suggested: hypotrich with Oxytricha‐like cirral pattern; eight to ten frontal (including one buccal) and five to seven ventral cirri; five transverse and three caudal cirri; no right‐lateral anlagen of dorsal kineties occurring and the old adoral zone will be partly replaced by newly formed structure during morphogenesis; dorsal cilia located in small pits, fibre system highly developed; marine habitat.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE ROOTS AND ROOT HAIRS OF A WINTER RYE PLANT (SECALE CEREALE)

AS AN element of the plant cover, grasses are efficient as soil binders and occupy a particularly prominent place in erosion studies. Their compact fibrous root systems develop mainly in the upper soil levels which gives them a very advantageous position in soil binding. Fortunately their economic importance as field and forage crops makes their cultivation porfitable from an agricultural standpoint as well as from one of soil conservation. The investigations by Weaver and his associates (1926) have given a general picture of the subterranean parts of many plants. Reports of these investigations deal more particularly with the horizontal and vertical distribution of root systems. A recent paper by Pavylechenko (1937) is one of the first attempting a quantitative survey of the roots of a mature plant. In this study, dealing with competition between weed and crop plants, Pavylechenko reports the total root length of several individual field grasses -namely, wild oats, 54.3 miles; Marquis wheat, 44.2 miles; and Prolific spring rye, 49.1 miles. These figures were based upon measurements of single plants grown widely separated. The survey of the root systems of these plants did not include all roots. Pavylechenko states there were "further subdivisions" which were neither counted nor measured. Had these, the quaternary roots, been included, the total figures would certainly have been much higher, probably doubling his reported totals. In general the work on root hairs has been carried on by a group of investigators whose interests have been mainly in growth responses as influenced by external factors, and apparently none of them has made a count of root hairs for an entire well-developed plant. This paper gives the figures for the root and root hair systems of a single cereal plant, Secale cereale L. Of several grasses studied in a preliminary waynamely, Andropogon furcatus Muhl. , Sorgastrum nutans (L.) Nash. , Poa pratensis L. , and Triticum sativum L. -winter rye was selected because it has been used successfully in retarding erosion and also because of its importance as a grain and forage crop. Studies in progress deal similarly with several other grasses. The seedling of winter rye produces a whorl of four primary roots. These function for a number of weeks but disappear later as numerous permanent adventitious roots grow out from the base of the stem area and become the main roots of the plant. Branches from these are the more numerous secondary roots which in turn give rise to the tertiary
Multi-Agent Deep Learning for Multi-Channel Access in Slotted Wireless Networks

As the number of devices connected to the internet and the amount of data they generate increases, the wireless spectrum is becoming an essential and scarce resource. Most connected devices use wireless technologies that use the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio bands. As a result, different technologies are interfering with each other. Today’s existing collision avoidance techniques either apply a random back-off when a signal collision is detected or assume that knowledge about other nodes’ spectrum occupation is known. These approaches are competent approaches to optimise inter-network spectrum usage, but fail to optimise overall channel capacity and throughput of all neighbouring wireless networks. In this paper, we present a Deep Neural Network (DNN) approach that can predict spectrum occupation of unknown neighbouring networks in the near future by using online supervised learning in a multi-agent setting. This prediction can be employed by existing network schedulers to avoid collisions with surrounding networks or other electromagnetic sources. The DNN is trained in an online way, as the problem is a partially observable stochastic game with continuous action space. Our findings show a reduction in the number of collisions between the own network and neighbouring networks of 30%, and an increase in overall throughput of 10% in a medium-sized network with an unknown set of neighbouring networks.
Occurrence of the alien sea hare Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 (Opisthobranchia, Aplysiidae) in Malta

The alien sea hare Aplysia dactylomela , which is already established in several localities in the central and eastern Mediterranean, is recorded for the first time from Malta on the basis of a specimen photographed at Cirkewwa (northern Malta). It is hypothesised that the occurrence of this species in Malta is a recent event and may be due to range expansion of the species.
Molecular divergence and morphological diversity among four cryptic species of Plocamium (Plocamiales, Florideophyceae) in northern Europe

The Plocamiaceae currently includes two genera: the free-living Plocamium and the adelphoparasite, Plocamiocolax. Plocamium includes ca. 40 species that are widely distributed throughout the world's oceans. Most species are clearly defined anatomically and biogeographically; however, the type species Plocamium cartilagineum (type locality: considered northern Europe) is an exception. Although reportedly cosmopolitan in distribution, our investigations unequivocally indicate that there is substantial genetic diversity among isolates from different geographic locations and that there are at least eight divergent cryptic species currently included in P. cartilagineum. In this investigation we focused on populations of P. cartilagineum from northern Europe. We used a combination of molecular and morphological characters in order to establish boundaries between four cryptic species in this geographical area. Our molecular results not only resolve these four entities as distinct, but also indicate that they are among the most divergent of all Plocamium species worldwide. As a result, we now recognize P. cartilagineum, Plocamium subtile, Plocamium nanum sp. nov. and Plocamium maggsiae sp. nov. in northern Europe. A preliminary assessment of ‘P. cartilagineum' in other geographical areas is provided.
The effect of forest floor manipulation on nitrogen status and tree growth in an eastern Ontario jack pine ecosystem

Four forest floor manipulation treatments were applied to an eastern Ontario jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) ecosystem. These included a one-time complete removal of the forest floor to mineral soil; annual removal of the total forest floor to mineral soil; one-time removal of the forest floor, ashing of the material, and broadcast spreading of the ash onto exposed mineral soil; and an untreated control. Eight years after treatment radial tree growth on the treated plots showed a 30% reduction compared with the untreated plot. Annual removal of the forest floor caused most severe nitrogen depletion in jack pine foliage, forest floor, and mineral soil. Effects of one-time removal and burning treatments were less severe, but significant. Any interference with the normal buildup of the forest floor during stand development should be avoided if site quality is to be maintained for tree growth.
Digital Electrical Substation Communications Based on Deterministic Time-Sensitive Networking Over Ethernet

This work presents a novel use case with Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN) for implementing a deterministic system allowing the joint transmission of all substation communications over the same Ethernet-based infrastructure. This approach streamlines the transition to Smart Grid by simplifying the typically complex architecture of electrical substations, characterized by multiple field buses and bridging devices. Thus, Smart Grid represents a disruptive innovation advancing substations to an “all-digital” environment with a uniform interface to access, manage, and update their communications and variables. TSN can serve as its underlying foundation as it is based on open, interoperable standards and enhancements for Ethernet that can establish deterministic communications with bounded end-to-end latency. This is shown with a TSN Proof of Concept (PoC) in a real-life substation that can integrate its most usual signals: digitized analog triggers for critical events or interlocks, GOOSE signaling (IEC 61850), and Best-Effort “Internet-like” traffic. This TSN PoC is shown to be versatile enough to propagate digitized critical events around $160~\mu \text{s}$ earlier than legacy substation equipment while preserving the integrity of background traffic. Furthermore, its flexibility was characterized in-depth in controlled laboratory tests, thereby confirming TSN as a viable alternative for supporting Smart Grid so long as the appropriate configuration is supplied.
Monitoring indicates rapid and severe decline of native small mammals in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia

Context. Australia has a lamentable history of mammal extinctions. Until recently, the mammal fauna of northern Australia was presumed to have been spared such loss, and to be relatively intact and stable. However, several recent studies have suggested that this mammal fauna may be undergoing some decline, so a targeted monitoring program was established in northern Australia’s largest and best-resourced conservation reserve. Aims. The present study aims to detect change in the native small-mammal fauna of Kakadu National Park, in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia, over the period of 1996–2009, through an extensive monitoring program, and to consider factors that may have contributed to any observed change. Methods. The small-mammal fauna was sampled in a consistent manner across a set of plots established to represent the environmental variation and fire regimes of Kakadu. Fifteen plots were sampled three times, 121 plots sampled twice and39plotsonce.Resamplingwastypicallyat5-yearlyintervals.Analysisusedregression(ofabundanceagainstdate),and Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests to assess change. For resampled plots, change in abundance of mammals was related to fire frequency in the between-sampling period. Key results. A total of 25 small mammal species was recorded. Plot-level species richness and total abundance decreased significantly, by 54% and 71%, respectively, over the course of the study. The abundance of 10 species declined significantly, whereas no species increased in abundance significantly. The number of ‘empty’ plots increased from 13% in 1996 to 55% in 2009. For 136 plots sampled in 2001–04 and again in 2007–09, species richness declined by 65% and the total number of individuals declined by 75%. Across plots, the extent of decline increased with increasing frequency of fire. The most marked declines were for northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus, fawn antechinus, Antechinus bellus, northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus, common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, and pale fieldrat, Rattus tunneyi. Conclusions. The native mammal fauna of Kakadu National Park is in rapid and severe decline. The cause(s) of this declinearenotentirelyclear,andmayvaryamongspecies.Themostplausiblecausesaretoofrequent fire,predationbyferal cats and invasion by cane toads (affecting particularly one native mammal species). Implications. The present study has demonstrated a major decline in a key conservation reserve, suggesting that the mammal fauna of northern Australia may now be undergoing a decline comparable to the losses previously occurring elsewhere in Australia. These results suggest that there is a major and urgent conservation imperative to more precisely identify, and more effectively manage, the threats to this mammal fauna.
High α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum):some nutritional properties in humans

Although high α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissitmum) is one of the richest dietary sources of α- linolenic acid and is also a good source of soluble fibre mucilage, it is relatively unstudied in human nutrition. Healthy female volunteers consumed 50 g ground, raw flaxseed/d for 4 weeks which provided 12–13% of energy intake (24–25 g/100 g total fat). Flaxseed raised α-linolenic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in both plasma and erythrocyte lipids, as well as raising urinary thiocyanate excretion 2.2- fold. Flaxseed also lowered serum total cholesterol by 9 % and low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol by 18%. Changes in plasma α-linolenic acid were equivalent when 12 g α-linolenic acid/d was provided as raw flaxseed flour (50 g/d) or flaxseed oil (20 g/d) suggesting high bioavailability of α-linolenic acid from ground flaxseed. Test meals containing 50 g carbohydrate from flaxseed or 25 g flaxseed mucilage each significantly decreased postprandial blood glucose responses by 27%. Malondialdehyde levels in muffins containing 15 g flaxseed oil or flour/kg were similar to those in wheat-flour muffins. Cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin, linustatin, neolinustatin) were highest in extracted flaxseed mucilage but were not detected in baked muffins containing 150 g flaxseed/kg. We conclude that up to 50 g high-α-linolenic acid flaxseed/d is palatable, safe and may be nutritionally beneficial in humans by raising n-3 fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes and by decreasing postprandial glucose responses.
A Programmable EEG Monitoring SoC With Optical and Electrical Stimulation for Epilepsy Control

In this paper, a cross-domain integration system composed of a gene transfer technique with a pre-clinical trial, an on-chip circuit design, an off-chip hardware with peripheral unit integration, and a custom software is presented. Opsin protein–gene transfer is successfully conducted to demonstrate that gene transfer treatment with optical stimulation has several benefits compared with electrical treatment. The proposed wireless programmable stimulating system on chip (WPSSoC) is composed of two sensing channels combined with a decimation filter to acquire intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), an epilepsy detection unit (EDU), a stimulator with a waveform controller, and an ultra-low-power embedded transceiver. The equivalent sample rate of sensed data is 375 samples/s with 16-bit output data. The performance of intermodulation distortion with a third order (IMD<sub>3</sub>) is approximately 68 dB. The EDU extracts approximate entropy (ApEn) and spectrum bins for the classifier. The stimulator with controller features on the waveform-adjustable function to provide 0–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$510~\mu \text{A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of electrical stimulation and 0–50 mW of optical stimulation. The proposed transceiver is implemented with a 2.45 GHz on–off keying (OOK) carrier frequency. Transmitter and receiver front-ends perform at 50.6 and 12.7 pJ/bit of energy per bit, respectively. Power consumption and area of WPSSoC are about 1 mW and 13.67 mm<sup>2</sup> in a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.18~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> process, respectively. Circuits of each part are integrated in a 4.3 cm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm printed circuit board. The shrunk device is verified with Thy1-ChR2-YFP gene transfer in C57BL/6 mice by using a custom software which is used to provide commands and monitor iEEG.
Further studies on the influence of suckling

It has recently beeii shown, iii experiments on rats and mice (Sclye, '34)' that cessation of secretion and iiivolutioii of tlic mammary glands whicli follow removal of the litter a re due, not to tlic accumulation of milk within the gland, but rathcr to the withdrawal of tlic stiiriulus o€ suckling; and it has also been shown that the application of this stimulus to normal adult females leads to clcrelopment of the mammary glands and evenlually t o milk secretion (Selye and McReowii, '34 a) , and to prolonged, almost coiitinuous dioestrus, with chaiigcs in thc uterus, ovaries, and hypophy sis (Sclye aiid McI<eowii, '34 1 ) ) which led a s to describe the condition as ' suckling pseudopregnancy. ' It seemed desirable to extend tlicse studics, and to reconsider certain current itleas of the physiology of lactation, in the light of tlie cmphasis now placed oil the influence of the act of suclillng. It is \veil known, for instance, that lactation cannot be niaiiitained indefinitely, even though l,hc milk is continually removed from bhc mammary gland. Thus in dairy cattle, even if the animals arc regularly milked, the milk lxoduction eventually decreases, and irivolutioiiary changes in the ? land have been made in other species. In a group of eight lactatiiig iri'ce, we maintained the stimulus of sackling for a coiisiclcrnblc period beyond the usual span by replaciiig tlic growing litters from time to time by very young ones; in this way it was possible to be
Sampling and histological procedures for diagnosis of ash yellows.

Repetitive sampling of the root systems of 30 F. americana revealed that, within limits of the DAPI technique, the testing of one root per tree would give a false-negative result for the tree as a whole in fewer than 10% of cases. MLOs were detected by the DAPI test in the roots of 68% of 108F. americana that were growing slowly or showing dieback but lacked witches'-brooms or deliquescent branches. Deliquescent branching was a strong indicator but not a definitive diagnostic sympton of MLO infection
Radial Variations of Anatomical Characteristics and Specific Gravity in Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Clones

Five superior clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis from in vitro propagation or tissue culture at the Sra Keaw plantation site in the eastern part of Thailand were selected for examining radial variations of anatomical characteristics and specific gravity. The age of the clones was 5 years at harvest. A 9-year-old tree grown from seed in the same site was also investigated. Results were as follows: 1) Mean specific gravity showed significantly different values among the 5 clones and the seedling. 2) Vessel density rapidly decreased in the first 2–4 cm from the pith in the clones and in 5 cm from the pith in the seedling. 3) Fiber lengths of the clones slowly increased from the pith outwards, while that of the seedling rapidly increased. 4) Each clone and the seedling had a different specific gravity and anatomical characteristics. 5) Clones had a narrower juvenile wood zone than the seedling due to the older cambial age of the clones.