Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MAVEN Observations of Periodic Low-altitude Plasma Clouds at Mars

Ion escape to space through the interaction of solar wind and Mars is an important factor influencing the evolution of the Martian atmosphere. The plasma clouds (explosive bulk plasma escape), considered an important ion escaping channel, have been recently identified by spacecraft observations. However, our knowledge about Martian plasma clouds is lacking. Based on the observations of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, we study a sequence of periodic plasma clouds that occurred at low altitudes (∼600 km) on Mars. We find that the heavy ions in these clouds are energy-dispersed and have the same velocity, regardless of species. By tracing such energy-dispersed ions, we find the source of these clouds is located in a low-altitude ionosphere (∼120 km). The average tailward moving flux of ionospheric plasma carried by clouds is on the order of 107 cm−2 s−1, which is one order higher than the average escaping flux for the magnetotail, suggesting explosive ion escape via clouds. Based on the characteristics of clouds, we suggest, similar to the outflow of Earth’s cusp, these clouds might be the product of heating due to solar wind precipitation along the open field lines, which were generated by magnetic reconnection between the interplanetary magnetic field and crustal fields that occurred above the source.
Four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) performance test with assimilation satellite and radar data (case study of a heavy rainfall Bengkulu March 4, 2019)

Four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) is one of the assimilation techniques considering time integration to distribute observational data at time window intervals. In this study, we aim to evaluate the 4DVAR assimilation technique using satellite and radar data to simulate a heavy rainfall case in Bengkulu on March 4, 2019. The result shows that radar data assimilation (DA-RAD) can improve rainfall pattern over Bengkulu mainland areas, while the satellite data assimilation (DA-SAT) enhances rainfall over the ocean. In addition, for temporal analysis, the DA-RAD successfully correct the initial time of the event, producing the smallest error and the best correlation in statistical verification, also a small bias and higher accuracy for discrete verification. However, DA-SAT is more capable to improve rainfall accumulation with the lowest FAR value. In conclusion, compared to others, both satellite and radar can be used as assimilation data for 4DVAR methods as they have different roles in increasing the quality of model performance.
Some benefit, some are left behind: NAFTA and educational attainment in the United States

This paper examines the persistent effects of eliminating tariffs on Mexican imports, following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), on Americans’ human capital investment. We leverage quasi-experimental changes in tariffs on Mexican imports following NAFTA across birth cohorts and within states. We show that NAFTA increases the probability of ever attending college and earning a degree. These results, however, mask important heterogeneous effects within the sample. In terms of race and ethnicity, gender, and their intersection, we find white Americans drive these positive effects, which in turn are smaller for white women. In contrast, the educational attainment of racial and ethnic minorities, especially men, shrank under NAFTA, decreasing their probability of graduating from high school.
Electric Impulse Technology: Long Run Drilling in Hard Rocks

The costs of drilling in hard rock depend significantly on the available drilling technology. Conventional drill bits are especially adapted to the needs of the oil and gas industry but they are limited for drilling in crystalline formations. The Electric Impulse Technology offers a promising alternative for this purpose. The splitting effect of electrical explosions inside the rock is used to destroy the rock instead of working mechanical against the compressive strength of the rock. In a project funded by the BMWi (project number 0325253) a drill head was developed, which consists of a pulse power source of up to 500 kV and electrodes for a 12 ¼″ borehole. The drill head is designed for downhole pressures up to 1000 bar and temperatures up to 200 °C. A test stand has been implemented at the TU Dresden. Drilling tests under borehole like conditions could be performed. Drilling speeds of 1 m/h could be proven. The follow-up project started in the end of 2014. The drill head will be optimized and the power supply will be designed. The total system will be used in a test well and investigated.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Differences in the organisation of early pregnancy units and the effect of senior clinician presence, volume of patients and weekend opening on emergency hospital admissions: Findings from the VESPA Study

Objective To determine whether the participation of consultant gynaecologists in delivering early pregnancy care results in a lower rate of acute hospital admissions. Design Prospective cohort study and emergency hospital care audit; data were collected as part of the national prospective mixed-methods VESPA study on the “Variations in the organization of EPAUs in the UK and their effects on clinical, Service and PAtient-centred outcomes”. Setting 44 Early Pregnancy Assessment Units (EPAUs) across the UK randomly selected in balanced numbers from eight pre-defined mutually exclusive strata. Participants 6606 pregnant women (≥16 years old) with suspected first trimester pregnancy complications attending the participating EPAUs or Emergency Departments (ED) from December 2016 to July 2017. Exposures Planned and actual senior clinician presence, unit size, and weekend opening. Main outcome measures Unplanned admissions to hospital following any visit for investigations or treatment for first trimester complications as a proportion of women attending EPAUs. Results 205/6397 (3.2%; 95% CI 2.8–3.7) women were admitted following their EPAU attendance. The admission rate among 44 units ranged from 0% to 13.7% (median 2.8). Neither planned senior clinician presence (p = 0.874) nor unit volume (p = 0.247) were associated with lower admission rates from EPAU, whilst EPAU opening over the weekend resulted in lower admission rates (p = 0.027). 1445/5464 (26.4%; 95%CI 25.3 to 27.6) women were admitted from ED. There was little evidence of an association with planned senior clinician time (p = 0.280) or unit volume (p = 0.647). Keeping an EPAU open over the weekend for an additional hour was associated with 2.4% (95% CI 0.1% to 4.7%) lower odds of an emergency admission from ED. Conclusions Involvement of senior clinicians in delivering early pregnancy care has no significant impact on emergency hospital admissions for early pregnancy complications. Weekend opening, however, may be an effective way of reducing emergency admissions from ED.
Pin-fin heat transfer - Contribution of the wall and the pin to the overall heat transfer

The differences in the heat transfer coefficient between the pin and the wall in pin-fin heat transfer was determined for three pin length to diameter ratios. A staggered pin-fin array was used with a 50% duct flow blockage by the pins. The axial pitch-to-pin diameter ratio, X/D, was 1.5 and the transverse pitch-to-diameter ratio, S/D, was 2.0. Three pin length-to-diameter ratios, T/D, of 0.7. 1.0 and 2.2 were investigated. The mean heat transfer coefficient results were very similar to previous work for similar geometries. The axial variation of heat transfer coefficient showed this to be fairly uniform with a small peak at the fourth row. Around each pin four measurements of the heat transfer coefficients were made with four on the fin surface at each end. Thus 12 local heat transfer coefficients were made per pin-fin. These showed that for all three geometries the wall or fin heat transfer was always greater by 15–35% than the pin for the same velocity and Re.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
Comparative effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at castration and tail-docking in neonatal piglets

This study assessed the efficacy of meloxicam, flunixin, and ketoprofen in piglets undergoing routine castration and tail-docking. Six-day-old male piglets (8/group) received one of five randomized treatments: intramuscular saline (SAL PROC), meloxicam (MEL; 0.4 mg/kg), flunixin (FLU; 2.2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (KETO; 3.0 mg/kg) or sham (SAL SHAM; saline injection, no processing). Two hours post-dose, piglets were castrated and tail-docked. Plasma cortisol, interstitial fluid (ISF) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and activity levels via Actical® monitoring were used to estimate pain. SAL SHAM and FLU exhibited lower cortisol concentrations than SAL PROC at the time of processing (p = 0.003 and p = 0.049, respectively), and all NSAIDs exhibited lower PGE2 than SAL PROC at 3.69 hours (MEL p = 0.050; FLU p = 0.043 and KETO p = 0.031). While not statistically significant, PGE2 was higher in SAL PROC piglets vs. other treatment groups at most time points. There was also a high degree of variability between piglets, especially for SAL PROC. Activity levels were significantly decreased at multiple time points in SAL PROC and MEL piglets following processing. However, FLU and KETO piglets had increased activity levels closer to that of the SAL SHAM group, suggesting that these NSAIDs are more effective than MEL in providing analgesia. These results demonstrate that management strategies including administration of intramuscular flunixin or ketoprofen to reduce pain associated with processing will likely improve piglet health and welfare in the United States.
Effects of a social support family caregiver training program on changing blood pressure and lipid levels among elderly at risk of hypertension in a northern Thai community

Hypertension is becoming increasingly prevalent among the elderly. Family caregivers play an important role in caring for elderly people and empowering them to care for themselves. This study’s goal was to see how social support training for family caregivers affected changes in hypertension, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and how such support led to the prevention of hypertension behaviors among the elderly in rural areas. This was a quasi-experimental study with 268 elderly people at risk of hypertension and their caregivers. Sixty seven pairs of elderly people and their caregivers were assigned to the intervention and control groups. Baseline data were collected in November 2020. The intervention group received the Social Support Family Caregiver Training Program (SSFCTP), while the control group received a regular program from the local health authority. The activity lasted 12 weeks, with home visits and telephone check-ups along the way, and data collection took place after the program ended. The final data were collected three months after the end of the intervention. An analysis of repeated measures ANOVA showed the overall effect of the SSFCTP on knowledge, self-efficacy, health care behaviors, and blood pressure among elderly people during three different time periods (p<0.05). Furthermore, the intervention program had a time-dependent effect on knowledge, blood pressure, and total cholesterol levels (p<0.05). In terms of caregiver outcomes, there was an overall difference among the degrees of knowledge, self-efficacy, and behaviors toward health care displayed by elderly hypertensive patients during the three different time periods (p<0.05). The average knowledge and self-efficacy of the participants improved after the intervention. As a result, better self-care behaviors and lower blood pressure and total cholesterol levels were observed among the elderly participants after the intervention. The programs emphasized the importance of caregivers’ roles in providing social support, boosting confidence, and encouraging participation in caring, monitoring, and assisting the elderly in controlling blood pressure and other health issues.
Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) acoustic foraging behavior and applications for long term monitoring

Cook Inlet, Alaska, is home to an endangered and declining population of 279 belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). Recovery efforts highlight a paucity of basic ecological knowledge, impeding the correct assessment of threats and the development of recovery actions. In particular, information on diet and foraging habitat is very limited for this population. Passive acoustic monitoring has proven to be an efficient approach to monitor beluga distribution and seasonal occurrence. Identifying acoustic foraging behavior could help address the current gap in information on diet and foraging habitat. To address this conservation challenge, eight belugas from a comparative, healthy population in Bristol Bay, Alaska, were instrumented with a multi-sensor tag (DTAG), a satellite tag, and a stomach temperature transmitter in August 2014 and May 2016. DTAG deployments provided 129.6 hours of data including foraging and social behavioral states. A total of 68 echolocation click trains ending in terminal buzzes were identified during successful prey chasing and capture, as well as during social interactions. Of these, 37 click trains were successfully processed to measure inter-click intervals (ICI) and ICI trend in their buzzing section. Terminal buzzes with short ICI (minimum ICI <8.98 ms) and consistently decreasing ICI trend (ICI increment range <1.49 ms) were exclusively associated with feeding behavior. This dual metric was applied to acoustic data from one acoustic mooring within the Cook Inlet beluga critical habitat as an example of the application of detecting feeding in long-term passive acoustic monitoring data. This approach allowed description of the relationship between beluga presence, feeding occurrence, and the timing of spawning runs by different species of anadromous fish. Results reflected a clear preference for the Susitna River delta during eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon spawning run periods, with increased feeding occurrence at the peak of the Chinook and pink salmon runs.
The use of heuristics in genetic testing decision-making: A qualitative interview study

Background Decision-making concerning predictive genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes is inherently complex. This study aims to investigate what kind of complexities adults undergoing genetic counseling in Switzerland experience, how they deal with them, and what heuristics they use during the decision-making process. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews with eighteen Swiss adults seeking genetic counseling for hereditary cancer syndrome genetic testing and two counseling physicians were conducted and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results Counselees stated that once they were aware of their eligibility for genetic testing they perceived an inevitable necessity to make a decision in a context of uncertainties. Some counselees perceived this decision as simple, others as very complex. High emotional involvement increased perceived complexity. We observed six heuristics that counselees used to facilitate their decision: Anticipating the test result; Focusing on consequences; Dealing with information; Interpreting disease risk; Using external guidance; and (Re-)Considering the general uncertainty of life. Limitations Our findings are limited to the context of predictive genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes. This qualitative study does not allow extrapolation of the relative frequency of which heuristics occur. Conclusions The use of heuristics is an inherent part of decision-making, particularly in the complex context of genetic testing for inherited cancer predisposition. However, some heuristics increase the risk of misinterpretation or exaggerated external influences. This may negatively impact informed decision-making. Thus, this study illustrates the importance of genetic counselors and medical professionals being aware of these heuristics and the individual manner in which they might be applied in the context of genetic testing decision-making. Findings may offer practical support to achieve this, as they inductively focus on the counselees’ perspective.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Three Different Acupuncture Methods for TMD-Related Pain: A Randomized Clinical Study

Purpose This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three acupuncture methods for temporomandibular disorders- (TMDs-) related pain. Materials and Methods Different locations of pain, according to DC/TMD clinical assessment, were considered: temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, head, and neck. Sixty patients were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups (20 patients in each): group BA received body acupuncture, group EA received electroacupuncture, and group CA received acupuncture + cupping. The groups were compared in terms of pain (verbal numeric scale), pain-related disability (Brief Inventory Pain, BPI), and impression of the treatment's effectiveness (Patients' Global Impression of Improvement Scale, PGI-I). These were recorded before sessions of acupuncture treatment (T0), after 8 sessions of acupuncture treatment (T1), and after 4 weeks of follow-up after treatment (T2). The between-group and within-group differences in the data were analyzed statistically. The baseline characteristics were similar in all groups (p > 0.05). Results Significant improvements were noted in all types of pain compared to baseline values in all groups (all p < 0.05). No significant differences were noted in the improvement of TMDs-related pain according to the different acupuncture techniques (all p > 0.05). All acupuncture methods used resulted to be significantly effective in improving the pain-related interference in the patient's common activities and quality of life. EA resulted to be significantly more effective than BA and CA in improving the interference of pain with patients' mood (p=0.015) and quality of sleep (p=0.014). Conclusion BA, EA, and CA are all effective acupuncture methods in reducing pain and pain interference with common activities and quality of life in patients affected by TMD.
Vocational Education and Training in the UK Strategies to overcome skill gaps in the workforce

This paper presents an overview of recent literature concerning skill gaps and vocational training in the UK. There is considerable employer influence in the market-led UK training system and the government typically encourages employer-funded training via policy and through the institutional and qualification frameworks. This approach is in contrast to much of the training policy across Europe. Employers in the UK train for a variety of reasons, primarily led by business needs. There are distinct patterns of who receives employer-funded training, and how intensive any training received is. This is linked to the prioritisation of the training, within a limited budget, to best meet business needs and which is likely to lead to the largest return on investment via benefits such as increased productivity. The UK training system faces a number of challenges in the future, including an ageing workforce, trying to increase the take-up and quality of vocational training and breaking the low skills, low quality cycle resulting from businesses competing on cost.
How special are black holes? Correspondence with objects saturating unitarity bounds in generic theories

Black holes are considered to be exceptional due to their time evolution and information processing. However, it was proposed recently that these properties are generic for objects, the so-called saturons, that attain the maximal entropy permitted by unitarity. In the present paper, we verify this connection within a renormalizable SU(N) invariant theory. We show that the spectrum of the theory contains a tower of bubbles representing bound states of SU(N) Goldstones. Despite the absence of gravity, a saturated bound state exhibits a striking correspondence with a black hole: Its entropy is given by the Bekenstein-Hawking formula; semi-classically, the bubble evaporates at a thermal rate with a temperature equal to its inverse radius; the information retrieval time is equal to Page’s time. The correspondence goes through a trans-theoretic entity of Poincaré Goldstone. The black hole/saturon correspondence has important implications for black hole physics, both fundamental and observational.
Dyadic Human Motion Prediction

Prior work on human motion forecasting has mostly focused on predicting the future motion of single subjects in isolation from their past pose sequence. In the presence of closely interacting people, however, this strategy fails to account for the dependencies between the different subject's motions. In this paper, we therefore introduce a motion prediction framework that explicitly reasons about the interactions of two observed subjects. Specifically, we achieve this by introducing a pairwise attention mechanism that models the mutual dependencies in the motion history of the two subjects. This allows us to preserve the long-term motion dynamics in a more realistic way and more robustly predict unusual and fast-paced movements, such as the ones occurring in a dance scenario. To evaluate this, and because no existing motion prediction datasets depict two closely-interacting subjects, we introduce the LindyHop600K dance dataset. Our results evidence that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art single person motion prediction techniques.
Joint Cluster Head Selection and Trajectory Planning in UAV-Aided IoT Networks by Reinforcement Learning With Sequential Model

Employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has attracted growing interests and emerged as the state-of-the-art technology for data collection in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In this article, with the objective of minimizing the total energy consumption of the UAV-IoT system, we formulate the problem of jointly designing the UAV’s trajectory and selecting cluster heads in the IoT network as a constrained combinatorial optimization problem, which is classified as NP-hard, and challenging to solve. We propose a novel deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with a sequential model strategy that can effectively learn the policy represented by a sequence-to-sequence neural network for the UAV’s trajectory design in an unsupervised manner. Through extensive simulations, the obtained results show that the proposed DRL method can find the UAV’s trajectory that requires much less energy consumption when compared to other baseline algorithms and achieves close-to-optimal performance. In addition, simulation results show that the trained model by our proposed DRL algorithm has an excellent generalization ability to larger problem sizes without the need to retrain the model.
Investigation of Training Label Error Impact on RNN-T

In this paper, we propose an approach to quantitatively analyze impacts of different training label errors to RNN-T based ASR models. The result shows deletion errors are more harmful than substitution and insertion label errors in RNN-T training data. We also examined label error impact mitigation approaches on RNN-T and found that, though all the methods mitigate the label-error-caused degradation to some extent, they could not remove the performance gap between the models trained with and without the presence of label errors. Based on the analysis results, we suggest to design data pipelines for RNN-T with higher priority on reducing deletion label errors. We also find that ensuring high-quality training labels remains important, despite of the existence of the label error mitigation approaches.