Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Operating Variables on Functional Parameters of Ammonia Synthesis Reactor Influence of Operating Variables on Functional Parameters of Ammonia Synthesis Reactor

The synthesis of ammonia involves several parameters that require appropriate control measures. Hence, this study investigated the effects of operating temperature and pressure on size, space velocity, mean residence time and heat generated per unit reactor volume at capacity of 430,000 tons of ammonia production per year. The analysis was performed at temperature and pressure ranges of 673 – 773 K and 150 – 300 atm. At constant conversion, the volume and mean residence time decreased with increase in operating temperature and pressure, while space velocity and heat generated per unit reactor volume increased with increasing temperature and pressure. For instance, from 698 – 773 K and at constant pressure of 250 atm and 0.32 conversion, volume and mean residence time decreased from 3.717 to 0.501 m and 7.01 x 10 to 9.46 x 10 hr, while space velocity and heat generated per unit reactor volume increased from 1.698 x 10 to 1.259 x 10 hr and 1.40 x 10 to 1.57 x 10 kJ/hr.m respectively. The temperature and pressure ranges may be realistic, but 698 K and 250 atm is considered for the designed capcity based on the process economics, size and heat requirement.
Effect of chitosan on ripening, enzymatic activity, and disease development in mango (mangifera indica) fruit

Abstract The effects of chitosan on mycelial growth and spore germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were investigated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% (w/v) chitosan dissolved in 0.5% acetic acid. Complete inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination was observed in the medium containing only 0.5% acetic acid. Media containing chitosan were less inhibitory, but the highest concentrations of chitosan, at 1.5% and 2.0%, were more inhibitory than the lower concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%). Chitosan treatment (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) of mangoes {Mangifera indica) previously inoculated with C. gloeosporioides resulted in a lower rate of disease progression compared with the controls. Chitosan concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0% had stimulatory effects on chitinase and P‐l,3‐glucanase activities. Additionally, chitosan coatings in mangoes delayed ripening and reduced respiration rate, ethylene production, and the loss of weight, ascorbic acid, and total titratable acidity. However, the firmness of mangoes treated at concentrations above 1% caused a perceptible decline in sensory quality.
The Costs of Workplace Favoritism: Evidence from Promotions in Chinese High Schools∗

This paper studies the productivity consequences of favoritism in employee promotions within organizations. Using data from public high schools in four Chinese cities, I first show that teachers with hometown or college ties to the school principal are twice as likely to be promoted, after controlling for characteristics on their application profiles and their value-added in teaching. I then use the results from a survey in which I asked teachers to select anonymous peers to promote from a pool of applicants applying for promotion to infer each teacher’s revealed fairness views regarding promotion qualifications. Contrasting these with actual past promotions in turn allows me to measure if and when a teacher might have observed unfair promotions in her own school in the past. Exposure to unfair promotions adversely affects nonapplicant teachers’ output, lowering their value-added and raising the probability that high-value-added teachers quit. The value-added effect appears to be driven primarily by teachers’ social preferences for peer workers and the consequent erosion of their morale when peers suffer unfair treatment, while the quitting effect comes mainly from non-favored prospective applicants’ career concerns as they learn about the principal’s bias and leave due to poor promotion prospects. These adverse spillover incentive effects lead to a substantial reduction in school-wide performance. Finally, a transparency reform that required principals to disclose to their peers the profiles of promotion applicant teachers reduced the principals’ bias and improved the overall productivity of schools. ∗I am indebted to W. Bentley MacLeod, Jonas Hjort and Doug Almond for their guidance and support throughout this project. I also thank Michael Best, Nick Bloom, Mitch Downey, Ray Fisman, Francois Gerard, Bob Gibbons, Wojciech Kopczuk, Kieu-Trang Nguyen, Brendan O’Flaherty, Albert Park, Torsten Persson, John Van Reenen, Jonah Rockoff, Miikka Rokkanen, Miguel Urquiola, Yongxiang Wang, Scott Weiner, Danyan Zha for helpful advice and comments; and seminar audiences at the 2019 Empirical Management Conference 2019, Columbia, IIES Stockholm University, Arizona State University, Hong Kong University, HKUST, Syracuse University, Binghamton University for great feedback. Several unnamed officials in the department of education of a Chinese province provided invaluable data support. All errors are my own. †xuanli@ust.hk, Department of Economics, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
Seed dormancy, germination, seedling emergence, and survival of some temperate perennial pasture grasses in northern New South Wales

A series of seed and seedling studies was undertaken in northern New South Wales for the temperate perennial grasses phalaris (Phalaris aquatica cv. Sirosa and Australian), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Demeter), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Kangaroo Valley), and 2 wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia bipartita syn. Danthonia linkii cv. Bunderra and A. richardsonii syn. D. richardsonii cv. Taranna). Studies were conducted to determine the level of dormancy in freshly harvested seed and the time required to overcome it, effects of alternating daily temperatures on the germination of non-dormant seed, effect of time-of-sowing on seedling emergence (2 studies) and survival, levels of seed production and soil seedbanks, and the effect of litter cover and soil type on the emergence of Sirosa phalaris seedlings. Grass species, time, and their interaction all had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on both dispersal unit and caryopses germination. One month after harvest, germination of caryopses was lower (P < 0.05, 2 and 1%, respectively) for Taranna and Bunderra than for Sirosa (79.5%). In March 1993, germination of the 2 wallaby grasses was also lower (P < 0.05) than that of Sirosa. Dormancy of freshly harvested seeds of Sirosa was mainly associated with the structures surrounding the caryopses (7.7 v. 79.5% mean germination), but for Taranna and Bunderra it was related to physiological dormancy of the caryopses. Germination levels that were not significantly different to the maximum occurred for temperature ranges of 35/30–15/10°C [Sirosa (commercial)], 35/25–15/10°C (Australian phalaris), and 35/30–15/05°C (Kangaroo Valley ryegrass). In contrast, maximum germination of wallaby grasses only occurred for Taranna in the temperature range 25/20–20/10°C, and for Bunderra at 25/15 and 20/15°C. Seedling emergence in the field was episodic, occurring on only 3 occasions from 1993 to 1996. No seedlings of Sirosa phalaris, Demeter tall fescue, or Kangaroo Valley ryegrass were successfully recruited, but Taranna and Bunderra successfully recruited new plants from natural seedfalls. Whereas seed production of the perennial grasses studied was relatively high (~10 000 seed/m2 in 1992), soil seedbank levels were much lower (generally <1000 seeds/m2). These data were used to indicate the likely successful establishment of sown perennial grasses or by regeneration from natural seedfall.
Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) community composition and temporal variation in the Pampas, Argentina

Abstract To evaluate temporal changes in grasshopper communities over a 5-y period (1997–2001), density and species relative abundance were estimated at 27 sites in Benito Juárez county, Southern Pampas, Argentina, established across vegetation associations with different disturbance histories. A total of 22 grasshopper species were collected, Melanoplinae being the most abundant and diverse subfamily, followed by Gomphocerinae, Acridinae, Copiocerinae and Leptysminae. Results allowed us to categorize years into nonoutbreak (1997, 1998, 1999), transitional (2000) and outbreak (2001) based on the spatiotemporal characteristics of grasshopper density trends. On average, grasshopper density was over 7 times greater in 2001 than in nonoutbreak years. During nonoutbreak years, grasshopper densities showed no significant variation across disturbance categories. During the outbreak year, densities were significantly higher in pastures and halophilous steppes, with highly disturbed pastures being the most affected sites of all. Species richness changed significantly in outbreak versus nonoutbreak years: nearly twice as many species were collected during the outbreak year. Although 22 species were collected, results showed that a small number influence overall abundance from nonoutbreak to outbreak conditions. Although Dichroplus elongatus, Covasacris albitarsis, and Scotussa lemniscata were the three topranked species throughoutthe studied period, D. elongatus contributed most to overall shifts in grasshopper density.
Some general and theoretical considerations on the fish yield of African rivers

The factors regulating fish production from river systems remain poorly studied and understood. Rivers conform to physical and chemical laws which determine their morphology. From these laws relationships are calculated which estimate the total length and number of streams of different order on the African continent. Edaphic factors very less than morphological ones and the chemical and physical conditions in the major river channels tend to resemble each other closely. The present catch from African rivers, evaluated from catch statistics, by country and by river system, resembles a theoretical figure derived from the basin area. However, these statistics are drawn only from major fisheries and there remain a very large number of smaller streams whose production does not enter into this calculation. A theoretical approach to this problem is proposed which gives an estimate of annual yield of 530 000 t of fish at present levels of catch. Deviations from the theoretical yield in individual river systems arise from differences in both edaphic and morphological characteristics.
Community Based NGOs in Grassroots Peacebuilding and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland

In Northern Ireland, and for those who study the conflict, there is an acceptance that addressing the problems that have plagued this region of the United Kingdom at the macro-level is insufficient (Knox and Quirk 2000: 50). However, it is the macro-level that has been the recipient of the majority of international and academic coverage since the 1994 paramilitary ceasefire (Hancock 2008: 218). This is in sharp contrast to the feelings on the ground that the conflict was being perpetuated by a minority of extremists on both sides (Knox and Hughes 1996: 90) and that grassroots initiatives were the most likely form of peacebuilding activity to bring about a viable solution to the chronic instability of this troubled region (Thiessen et al. 2010). A multi-modal approach has been taken to peacebuilding in Northern Ireland (Byrne 2001). At the elite level a consociotional model has been adopted in Northern Ireland, courtesy of the Good Friday Agreement (GFA), agreed in 1998, which has sought to remedy the structural causes of conflict and instability through widespread economic, political, and institutional reform. Meanwhile, the job of reconciling and transforming the relationship of the Protestant/Unionist and Catholic/Nationalist communities has been ‘outsourced’ to the voluntary and community sector through the Community Relations Council to encourage groups who may have been resistant to direct government funding to engage in community relations work (Hughes 2007, Aiken 2010). The segregation of the communities since the rioting that marked the beginnings of ‘the Troubles’ in the period 1969-1973 have been highlighted as one of the major issues that has led to the protracted nature of the conflict in Northern Ireland, and the deep-seated hostile attitudes between these two communities (Dixon 1997). Breaking down the negative stereotypes and prejudices held towards the ‘other side is, therefore, vital to the peacebuilding process in Northern Ireland, with the NGO community in a unique position to facilitate this process. With unprecedented access to resources and a large NGO sector, Northern Ireland offers a testing ground for grassroots peacebuilding initiatives to other societies attempting to emerge from protracted conflict (MacGinty et al. 2007).
MEASUREMENT OF E-LEARNING SUCCESS WITH ADOPTING THE DELONE & MCLEAN MODEL (UNIVERSITY STUDY CASE IN SOUTH JAKARTA)

Many universities nowadays have been trying to implement an integrated information system, such as automated scheduling and e-learning, to provide added value for students and efficiency in the business process. A university located in South Jakarta has implemented an integrated system with e-learning portals for lecturers and students, but the success of the information system implementation has never been measured. As we know, the investment of information systems implementation could cost a lot of resources, time, and cost, which makes the measurement of the success of information systems a very important thing to do. The aim of this research is to measure the success of the e-learning system that was implemented in the university using the updated DeLone and McLean IS Success model (2003), with the objective to understand whether implementing an e-learning model really helped produced organizational benefits in the university such as good corporate image, and also to understand whether or not the updated DeLone and McLean IS Success model could really be used to assess the success of implementing e-learning in the university.
Role of IL-1β and corticosteroids in the regulation of the C/EBP-α, β and δ genes in vivo

Abstract We have examined the regulatory effects of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) on the activation of three different isoforms of the C/EBP family of transcription factors (α, β and δ), in hepatocytes of normal and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. C/EBP-β and δ mRNA levels were enhanced by IL-1β, whereas that of C/EBP-α was not affected by treatment with this interleukin in both normal and adrenalectomized rats. The magnitude of the induction was strikingly higher for C/EBPδ in adrenalectomized animals, indicating a suppressive effect of cortico-steroids in the IL-1β regulatory pathway. The pattern of C/EBP protein synthesis did not always reflect the mRNA findings. For C/EBP-α the protein synthesis was higher than expected in IL-1β treated ADX animals compared to normal rats. The pattern of C/EBP synthesis was the one that better reflected the pattern of the mRNA transcription. Differently, the induction of C/EBP-δ was not as pronounced as that of the corresponding mRNA in IL-1β treated ADX rats. Hormonal modulation of C/EBP transcription factors was studied in parallel with the hormonal induction of the Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AGP) gene, which is known to be highly induced in rat liver during the acute phase response. This short report also indicates an important role of corticosteroids in the regulation of transcription factors involved in IL-1β signalling during the acute phase response.
Effects of sumithion on growth and production of phytoplankton and zooplankton in aquaculture ponds

Sumithion is an organophosphorous pesticide widely used to control tiger bugs in fish larval rearing pond. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of sumithion on plankton population abundance in aquaculture pond. The experiment was carried out with three treatments, i.e. ponds with no sumithion (T1), ponds with 1.0 ppm sumithion (T2) and those with 2.0 ppm sumithion (T3). The water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and total alkalinity were almost unchanged throughout the study period whereas transparency, NO 3 -N and PO 4 -P values declined with an increase in sumithion concentrations but differences were not significant ( p <0.05). No distinct changes were observed in population densities of phytoplankton (x cells L -1 ). On the other hand, the zooplankton population densities (x Ind L -1 ) significantly ( p <0.05) decreased with toxicity of sumithion after 30 days up to the end of experimental period in both T2 and T3 compared to the control group (T1). The ranges of pH, organic carbon (%), available phosphorus (ppm) and total nitrogen (%) of pond bottom-sediment did not differ irrespective of the treatments. This study demonstrated that sumithion has adverse effects on zooplankton which may influence the production in aquaculture pond.
Vortex and drag control mechanism in turbulent flows using riblets

National fuels use is on the rise, so is its subsidies, which makes a large chunk of national annual budgets.This study concerns with drag reduction efforts which is related to vehicles efficiencies by way of aerodynamics effects. The study supports national agenda of reducing fuels use. Highly ordered and directional rough surfaces, known as riblets aligned in the flow direction are known to reduce skin friction by 8-10%. Riblets have been used on aeroplanes to reduce drags which normally accounts for 40-50% of its fuel use. Riblets have also been used as a passive flow control tool i.e. for lift and heat transfer enhancements, separation delay and etc. Decelerating flows over smooth surfaces due to the geometry of such shapes that creates an adverse pressure gradient (APG) environment also reduces the skin friction. Studies have shown that if the riblets were arranged into a diverging and a converging direction (with an angle in the direction of the flow), the boundary layer thickens in the converging areas and vice versa. The effects in the converging region is similar to one caused by APG i.e. reduction in skin friction. However it is not known if the diverging region produces the opposite effects therefore producing no net skin friction reduction. This study seeks to understand the role of riblets in a diverging and a converging direction in the presence of APG using state of the art 2-dimensional traverse and constant temperature anemometer (CTA). The experiments are to be performed in APG turbulent flows where diverging and converging riblets are applied onto wind tunnel’s floors. Energy spectra from the different flows will be analyzed to observe the effects of riblets and APG independently, towards the near-wall vortices and the so-called large-scales features in the logarithmic region.
Chapter 20-Mesenchymal Stromal Cells From Whartons Jelly WJ-MSCs: Coupling Their Hidden Differentiative Program toTheir Frank Immunomodulatory Phenotype

The first complete description of the umbilical cord (UC) tissue was given by Thomas Wharton, whose book “Adenografia sive glandularum totius corporis descriptio,” was published in London in 1656. This allowed to first define the features of the peculiar tissue constituting the bulk of the cord, now known as Wharton’s jelly (WJ), that is nowadays classified as a mature mucoid connective tissue. The embryological origin of the UC is quite complex because different extraembryonic tissues concur to its formation: extraembryonic mesoderm, extraembryonic endoderm, amnioblasts. There is a vast literature on the development of the UC tissues since the first phases of differentiation and specification of its constituents. With respect to the difficulties to work with human embryos, studies on animal models shed new light on the developmental origin of the cells found in mature UC. The mesoblast is the key tissue that evolutionarily differentiates the triblastic embryos from the diblastic ones. And in human development, differently from well-known animal models as the mouse, the first 2 weeks are devoted principally to the development of extraembryonic tissues. During implantation, a key phenomenon occurs in the embryoblast cells: these cells organize themselves in a planar arrangement constituted by two epithelial layers, the epiblast, characterized by mainly columnar cells, and the hypoblast. The second half of the second week of development is characterized by the formation of other key extraembryonic tissues. At day 11, a deepithelization and cavitation process starts in the epiblast layer, giving rise to the formation of the first amnioblast cells. These will proliferate and cover the overlying cytotrophoblast to create the primordium of the amniotic cavity. Around days 12e13, another extraembryonic tissue appears, namely, extraembryonic mesoderm or mesoblast. The origin of this tissue in human embryo is still a debated
Relationship Communication and Customer Satisfaction as Predictor of Customer Engagement

Customer engagement reflects the level of customer involment related to the company's products, services, and activities. This study aims to analyze and explain the effect of relationship communication on Customer satisfaction and customer engagement. The research was conducted in five Islamic customer Banks in Makassar. The research used the survey method and purposive sampling technique with the total sample 250 respondents. The types of data used in the research were the quantitative data collected from the sources of the primary and secondary data. The data were then analyzed using regression analysis with SmartPLS technique. The research results proved that relationship communication has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction and customer engagement. The more effective communication implemented by the company, will encourage the higher level of customer engagement of Islamic banking customers.
Post-Hydropower System Delayed Mortality of Transported Snake River Stream-Type Chinook Salmon: Unraveling the Mystery

Abstract Past research indicates that on an annual basis, smolts of stream-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha collected at Snake River dams and transported by barge to below Bonneville Dam have greater post-hydropower system mortality than smolts that migrate in-river. To date, this difference has most commonly been attributed to stress from collection and transportation, leading to decreased disease resistance or predator avoidance ability. Using both hatchery and wild passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged Chinook salmon, we explored two mechanisms that either separately or jointly contributed to an alternative explanation: Altered timing of ocean entry and lost growth opportunity leading to size-selective predation. Based on weekly estimates of in-river survival and adult return rates of smolts that were transported or that migrated in-river between Lower Granite and Bonneville dams, we found greater post-hydropower system mortality for smolts transported early in the season but greater .