Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unroofing Sequence and Foreland Basin Development of the Central Alaska Range: Implications from the Nenana Gravel - Abstract

Facies architecture, petrofacies, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses of sediments from key measured sections in the Nenana Gravel reveal a history of uplift and erosion of the central Alaska Range during the first half of the late Cenozoic orogeny. Nenana Gravel deposits within the Cantwell trough are very coarse, contain unconformities marked by thin coal beds, and were deposited within drainages that either were tectonically disrupted and became stagnant or became antecedent to subsequent structures. These sections were deposited in a wedge-top depozone on top of the deforming orogenic wedge. Sections just north of the Mt. Healy Anticline (our term for the regional anticlinal upland of schist forming the northern margin of the Cantwell trough) characterize deposition in a foredeep to wedge-top transitional depozone. Gravel aggradation began here shortly after deposition of the Grubstake tephra, recently re-dated at 6.4 ± 0.6 Ma, in the form of a distal to proximal transitional alluvial braidplain dominated by sandy and gravelly stream-flow deposits. This timing is in close agreement with estimates on the onset of rapid uplift and denudation of the McKinley pluton provided independently by fission track thermochronology (Fitzgerald et al., 1995). Two coarsening upward megasequences are next. Each records a transition from stream-flow to sheetflood deposits. We interpret this facies transition as indicative of increasing sedimentation rate, probably due to the tectonically induced stripping of unconsolidated Nenana Gravel and Usibelli Group deposits upstream. Statistical analysis of a pebble count dataset collected by Clyde Wahrhaftig nearly 50 years ago reveals successive erosion of rocks from three south to north source areas. They are 1), rocks south of the Denali fault (DF) and the upper Cantwell Formation, 2), the lower Cantwell Formation and terranes within the Cantwell trough uplifted along steep re-activated thrust faults, and 3), Nenana Gravel and Usibelli Group deposits in the Cantwell trough and schist of the Mt. Healy Anticline. Pebble counts from distal sections also indicate that growing schist uplands emergent in the mid to late Nenana Gravel time diverted braidplain deposits from the south and were themselves a local source of alluvial deposits. We take this as evidence for the basinward progression of the underlying orogenic wedge. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analysis of potassium feldspar grains from sands and granitic clasts collected from the Suntrana Creek section independently supports this model by indicating that granite plutons south of the DF were eroded early in the orogeny and that plutons north of the DF were not eroded until during stage 2.
Study of sediment transport in granular avalanches

Understanding the characteristics and mechanics of granular avalanches along sloping channels is fundamental and vital for the study of different geophysical flows in the field. By using the discrete element method (DEM), three‐dimensional (3D) granular (mass) flows along a sloping channel are numerically modelled to study the contact behaviour between solid particles. The evolution of 3D unsteady granular flows from a quasi‐static state to an inertial flow is systematically investigated through numerical simulations. Captured velocity profiles along the flow height show variation in the flow regimes, while utilisation of the definition of the Savage number allows study of the vibration of solids inside a granular body along the sloping channels. These numerical results are compared with field measurements to observe the effect of channel confinement on the solids discharge per unit width of granular flows. This particulate study illustrates that, for unsteady granular flows, solid particles in the front head are more collision dominated, with shear rates and Savage numbers greatly enhanced. Also, the solids discharge inside a granular body is not uniformly distributed. Finally, channel width acts as a confinement to the granular debris flow, which can significantly affect sediment transport.
The Marine Environmental Impacts of Artificial Island Construction Dubai, UAE

In the United Arab Emirates, Dubai is building three colossal artificial islands— each in the shape of a palm tree—in the Arabian Gulf. This has prompted several other Gulf countries to construct artificial islands. To determine the impacts of the first of these Palm Islands, The Palm Jumeirah, I traveled to Dubai and interviewed governmental agencies, environmental groups, and the developer’s environmental scientists. I analyzed the island’s impacts on marine wildlife as well as the developer’s mitigation efforts and the developer’s compliance with the relevant environmental laws. The Palm Jumeirah has buried and asphyxiated wildlife, increased turbidity, and changed the alongshore sediment transport. It has also created habitat along its rocky breakwater and within its lagoons. The developer has implemented several environmental mitigation measures, and has generally adhered to the Equator Principles. However, the developer missed a few important opportunities to mitigate. Also, due to political pressure and legal loopholes the developer has been allowed to ignore relevant environmental laws. In the future, developers should adhere to local environmental laws, avoid building islands on coral reefs, and adhere to the Equator Principles meticulously.
Global to regional simulations of California wintertime precipitation

A global to regional modeling system, capable of making large-scale climate simulations and forecasts and then downscaling these forecasts and simulations to regional scales, is evaluated for the California region. Regional climate simulations of wet and dry winters compare well with available observations, especially in comparison to global simulations. While the global model paints a broad swath of precipitation across the western United States, the regional model, forced by the large-scale background flow produced by the global model, more accurately simulates the increased precipitation over the Sierra Nevada and coastal regions. The regional model is especially advantageous for intense precipitation events at regional spatial scales. Although the regional simulations do not significantly alter the imposed large-scale features, they do significantly enhance the spatial as well as temporal variations of the hydrologic variables. Basically, down-scaling by a regional model is a dynamically consistent method, which extends the usefulness of global climate forecasts. Still, current regional simulations are not perfect. Even higher resolution and further improvement in physical parameterizations are still needed.
Tunnel valley genesis

Tunnel valleys are elongate depressions with overdeepened areas along their floors cut into bedrock or unconsolidated sediment. They are frequently sinuous and form anastomosing networks, although they also exist as independent, straight valleys. Their sedimentary infill is variable but is characteristically dominated by sediment gravity flow facies and thick units of glaciofluvial sands. Till tends to be rare and, where present, occurs along valley sides. Three main theories of tunnel valley formation exist at present. The first ascribes the formation of tunnel valleys cut into unconsolidated sediment to the creep of deformable subglacial sediment into a subglacial conduit from the sides and below, followed by removal of this material through the conduit by meltwater flow. Tunnel valleys are thus created by lowering of the sediment surface on either side of the conduit. The second theory argues that tunnel valleys form during deglaciation, at or close to the ice margin, by subglacial meltwater erosion and that the valleys are time transgressive. The third theory also argues for an origin by subglacial meltwater erosion but claims that the discharges involved took the form of catastrophic channelized floods and that the tunnel valleys within anastomosing networks formed synchronously. Following an outline of tunnel valley geomorphol ogy and sedimentology, each theory is critically reviewed and conclusions are drawn. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of sedimentological and geomorphological field observations as a basis for formulating models of tunnel valley genesis.
Perennial névés and the hydrology of rock glaciers

From 1986 to 1990 water tracing was carried out in three rock glaciers in the Upper Val de Rechy. Results indicate different patterns of circulation depending on the size and degree of activity of the rock glaciers. Two rock glaciers show rapid superficial flow and one has slow interstitial flow. This is analogous to supra- and subglacial flow. Intra-flow is also seen in one rock glacier. The importance of perennial neves at the roots of rock glaciers is demonstrated. Meltwater supplies the risings and, by refreezing, probably also increases the ice mass of the rock glaciers. De 1986 a 1990, des tracages des eaux ont ete realises dans trois glaciers rocheux de la vallee superieure de Rechy. Les resultats indiquent l'existence de differents reseaux de circulation des eaux qui peuvent ětre mis en relation avec la taille et le degre d'activite des glaciers rocheux. Deux glaciers rocheux actifs montrent un ecoulement superficiel rapide et l'un d'entre eux montre, en outre, un ecoulement intersticiel lent. Ceux-ci sont semblables aux ecoulements supra et sous-glaciaire. Un ecoulement interne a ete aussi observe dans un glacier rocheux inactif. L'importance des neves perennes localises a la partie superieure des glaciers rocheux est demontree. Leurs eaux de fonte alimentent les crues et, par regel, augmentent probablement la masse de glace qui se trouve au sein du glacier rocheux.
Long‐term changes in seasonal temperature extremes over Saudi Arabia during 1981–2010

Long‐term changes in seasonal temperature extremes based on daily data across Saudi Arabia for the period 1981–2010 are analysed by assessing the trends for the four conventional seasons. Surface observations of daily maximum and minimum temperatures from high‐quality datasets at 27 stations are used as the input. The trend throughout each season is then derived by employing Sen's slope estimator to four extreme value indices, four relative indices and three mean value indices. Warming trends for extreme value indices are observed for the majority of stations, particularly significant (at 95% level) in spring and summer seasons, however, mixed increase/decrease trends are found for the cold temperature extremes in autumn and winter seasons. Relative indices show significant warming trends for the majority of stations in all seasons; however, strong warming (above 5 days decade−1) is witnessed in the spring, summer and autumn seasons. The rapid rise (fall) of the number of warm (cool) days compared to warm (cool) nights is observed in the winter, summer and autumn (winter and spring) seasons. Warming of cool/warm nights is insignificant for the majority of stations in winter. The national average of mean value index diurnal temperature range shows an increasing trend for all seasons; however, its mixed increase/decrease trends are observed for the majority of stations in summer and autumn seasons. Time series analysis reveals that irrespective of seasons, warming is clearly visible in Saudi Arabia after 1997. Variations of warming for different regions across the country are also noticed.
Laboratory Investigation of Turbulent Flow Structure around a Bed-Mounted Cube at Multiple Flow Stages

This research compares the spatially distributed turbulent wake characteristics associated with a submerged bed-mounted cube at three flow stages. The experiments were conducted in a large laboratory flat-bed flume at high Reynolds numbers. The velocity gradient under each flow condition was kept near constant, which yielded novel data that isolated the effect of flow depth on turbulent flow structure in the wake. Spatially distributed instantaneous three-dimensional velocities were recorded using multiple acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADVs). With decreasing relative depth, marked variations in the spatial distributions of mean and turbulence statistics were observed that have important implications for local sediment mobility and fish habitat.
The last phase of deposition in the Swiss Molasse Basin: from foredeep to negative‐alpha basin

The Molasse Basin of Switzerland evolved through a distinct late Neogene history with initial development as a classic foredeep or foreland basin in response to loading of the lithosphere by the Alpine orogen. In the central and western foreland, the foredeep behaviour was terminated by deformation and uplift of the Jura Mountains in the distal regions of the foredeep. Following the Jura deformation the Plateau Molasse remained largely undeformed as it rode ‘piggy‐back’ style above the decollement feeding displacement into the Jura. Sediment accumulation data for the Molasse suggests that sedimentation in the Plateau Molasse region continued until the basin was inverted at about 5 Ma. We present a mechanical model for this sequence of events in which deformation jumps across much of the basin to the distal Jura because of the dip on the weak evaporitic decollement and the wedge‐shape of the foredeep basin. Subsequently, the Plateau Molasse remained largely undeformed as a result of continued sedimentation in a wedgetop basin, where the physical properties and geometry of the orogenic wedge combine to produce a critical wedge whose critical surface slope would be less than zero and thus should dip towards the Alpine interior. Accommodation space is created over this negative surface–slope segment of the wedge and sedimentation maintains this slope near zero, stabilizing the wedge. We present a simple analytical theory for the necessary conditions for such a ‘negative‐alpha basin’ to develop and be maintained. We compare this theory to the late Neogene evolution of the Alps, Molasse Basin and Jura Mountains and infer physical properties for the decollement.
The Analytical study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kermanshah (2011-2012)

Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is known as one of the world health issues, which is considered endemic in about 98 countries in the world including Iran. Regarding the remarkable increase of this disease in Kermanshah province, this study was conducted to evaluate the current situation of CL in Kermanshah province during 2011 and 2012. Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, all of the CL Patients in Kermanshah province during 2011 and 2012 were examined. The patients’ data were collected using questionnaire, and the microscope slides containing the smears of the serous fluids of their wounds were stained with Giemsa stain and examined using light microscope. Collected data were later analyzed using SPSS-19 and Pearson correlation. Results: during 2011 and 2012 totally 287 cases of CL were reported in Kermanshah province. The overall prevalence of the disease between 2011 and 2012 were about 5.6 and 3.8 cases per 100,000 persons, respectively. Most of the CL cases were seen in Qasr-e-Shirin district, which were approximately 47% of totall cases of the province. The prevalence of CL in males and females was 56.8% and 43.2% respectively. Most of the CL cases were seen in housewives (32.1%) and in addition, the most CL cases were seen in the patients between 20 and 29 years old (19.9%). Also, most of the cases were seen in winter (41.8%) and fall (28.9%). Conclusion: Findings suggest that CL has increased remarkably in the province during these two years, and since Qasr-e-Shirin is the most infected district of the province, it seems important to concentrate on it more seriously and specifically.
Low‐ and high‐frequency sea‐level changes control peritidal carbonate cycles, facies and dolomitization in the Rock of Gibraltar (Early Jurassic, Iberian Peninsula)

The Rock of Gibraltar comprises two tectonically separated limbs of an isolated klippe of Liassic Gibraltar Limestone Formation. Both limbs have similar, c. 400 m thick sequences of inner carbonate platform facies arranged in high‐frequency, metre‐scale, shallowing‐upward, peritidal cycles with emergent, caliche caps. Four cycle types are recognized on the basis of vertically repeated successions of different sedimentary structures, lithologies, facies and biota. When compared with other Liassic cycles from fault‐bound platforms of the western Mediterranean region all are found to be of similar scale, facies and cycle type. Likely common origins are through Milankovitch band allocyclicity, or autocyclic tidal flat progradation superimposed on regional subsidence. Within the Gibraltar Limestone high‐frequency cycles are superimposed on a low‐frequency (third order? ) cyclicity that is revealed, through the use of Fischer plots, to control the occurrrence of facies, biota, high‐frequency cycle types and dolomitization. Falling sea‐level and lowstand phases, with reduced accommodation space, are typified by restricted, inner platform facies and cycles and by early reflux dolomitization. Transgressive and highstand phases, with more accommodation space, are characterized by the absence of early dolomites, the incoming of inner platform microfossils (i.e. foraminifera and calcareous algae) and by less restricted marine facies (i.e. oncoids, shelly rudstones, packstones and grainstones). Fischer plots have demonstrable value in the correlation and analysis of tectonically separated and geographically isolated cyclic sequences that lack prominent marker beds or stratigraphically useful biotas.
A monograph on sediment transport in alluvial streams

2. SEDIMENT PROPERTIES 2. 1 General remarks 2.2 Particle size characteristics 2. 3 Specific gravity 2.4 Settling velocity 2. 5 Other properties 3. HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL STREAMS 3. 1 Some general definitions 3.2 Critical bed shear 3.3 Transport mechanisms 3.4 Bed configurations 3. 5 Shape effect 3. 6 The effective bed shear 4. THE SIMILARITY PRINCIPLE 4. 1 Basic parameters 4. 2 Hydraulic resistance of alluvial streams 4.3 Sediment discharge 4.4 Limitation of the theory 5. FLUVIOLOGY 5. 1 General aspects 5.2. Application of the principle of similarity 6. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 6. 1 Prediction of stage-discharge relations 6.2 Design of channels
Complications and outcome of a new modified Maquet technique for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in 82 dogs

Summary Objectives: To describe the complications, short and long-term outcome and owner satisfaction of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture treated with a recently described new osteotomy for the modified Maquet technique (N-MMT). Materials and methods: Medical records and radiographs of 82 dogs (84 stifles) were reviewed. Details regarding short-term outcome and complications were recorded from the medical records. Long-term follow-up information was obtained by telephone interview. Historical data and complications were statistically analysed. Results: Major complications occurred in 34/84 stifles. Intra-operative complications occurred in 26/84 stifles, all of which were fissures or fractures of the cortical hinge. Twenty-one of these fractures or fissures were repaired with a figure-of-eight wire. The second most common major complication was late meniscal tears in 3/84 stifles. One dog sustained a complete tibial fracture. Non-displaced fracture of the cortical hinge was the most common postoperative minor complication, which occurred in 5/84 stifles. The median preoperative lameness score was 3 out of 6. Final in-hospital re-evaluation of limb function was available in 58 dogs. The median lameness score at that time was 0 out of 6. Development of osteotomy related complications was not associated with a significant change in the postoperative lameness score. Clinical significance: Subjectively assessed clinical outcome with the N-MMT was good to excellent in this cohort of dogs. However, a high rate of intra- and postoperative complications of the N-MMT procedure was also present in these dogs.
Ramp-flat detachment faulting and low-angle normal reactivation of the Tule Springs thrust, southern Nevada

Detailed geological mapping of the southern and central Tule Springs Hills and northern East Mormon Mountains, Nevada, reveals details of the interaction between a Mesozoic thrust system and Tertiary detachment faults. The main structure in the area is the subhorizontal Tule Springs detachment, along which a highly deformed hanging wall of Paleozoic and sparse Tertiary strata overlies a much less deformed footwall of Permian to Jurassic beds. The hanging wall was emplaced in Mesozoic time along a decollement-style thrust with a ramp-flat footwall geometry, then extended in Neogene time synchronous with normal reactivation of the flat and upper part of the ramp. Below that point the detachment diverged from the thrust ramp, cutting more steeply into the thrust footwall, forming a similar ramp-flat detachment geometry. The Middle Member of the Jurassic Kayenta Formation forms the flat, for ∼14 km in the Tertiary transport direction. This part of the detachment dipped 3°-15° toward the transport direction and was shallower than 5 km at the onset of normal slip. Much slip may have occurred in weak subjacent siltstone. The detachment ramp is also now subhorizontal, having been rotated from an initial moderate west dip, probably due to isostatic rebound during tectonic unloading along the ramp. Permian to Jurassic strata beneath the detachment ramp in the southwestern Tule Springs Hills now dip moderately east-northeast, having been tilted from subhorizontal while the detachment ramp was flattened. Those beds now form the west limb of a range-scale asymmetric syncline, and footwall beds below the detachment flat form the east limb. In the northern East Mormon Mountains, the detachment is represented by the Toquop Chaos fault zone, which cuts downsection through lower Paleozoic strata that also probably belong in the west limb of the syncline, beneath the detachment ramp. The basal nonconformity there dips east also, so the syncline deformed the entire stratified sequence and the underlying crystalline basement. A large klippe of the detachment (∼185 km 2 ) is characterized by north- trending ridges and valleys ∼2 km wide. These are bounded by moderately dipping or listric normal faults, many of which demonstrably end at, or merge with, the detachment. The topography of the klippe mimics the linear basins and ranges of the Great Basin at a smaller scale. If the structural style is also analogous, then many Great Basin range-valley pairs may be underlain by detachments at relatively shallow depths, rather than being bounded by deeply penetrating faults. Large north-striking faults that cut the Tule Springs detachment control range- scale topography, are each several kilometers long, and cut all other structures in the map area. They postdate detachment slip. One of them cuts Pliocene(? ) calcrete-cemented alluvium that is younger than the detachment, and another has ∼8 km of left-lateral offset.