Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The connectivity of eddy variability in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean

A set of numerical simulations is used to investigate the connectivity of mesoscale variability in the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. The primitive equation models used for these simulations have a free surface and realistic coastline geometry including a detailed representation of the Lesser Antilles island arc. Two simulations have 1/4° resolution and include a 5.5-layer reduced gravity and a 6-layer model with realistic bottom topography. Both are wind forced and include the global thermohaline circulation. The third simulation is from a 1/2° linear wind-driven model. In the two nonlinear numerical simulations, potential vorticity from decaying rings shed by the North Brazil Current retroflection can be advected through the Lesser Antilles. This potential vorticity acts as a finite amplitude perturbation for mixed barotropic and internal mode baroclinic instabilities, which amplify mesoscale features in the Caribbean. The eddies associated with the Caribbean Current are primarily anticyclonic and transit a narrow corridor across the Caribbean basin along an axis at 14° to 15°N with an average speed of 0.15 m/s. It takes them an average of 10 months to transit from the Lesser Antilles to the Yucatan Channel. Along the way, many of the eddies intensify greatly. The amount of intensification depends substantially on the strength of the Caribbean Current and is greatest during a multiyear period when the current is anomalously strong owing to interannual variation in the wind forcing. Some Caribbean eddies squeeze through the Yucatan Channel into the Gulf of Mexico, where they can influence the timing of Loop Current eddy-shedding events. There is a significant correlation of 0.45 between the Loop Current eddy shedding and the eddies near the Lesser Antilles with a time lag of 11 months. However, Caribbean eddies show no statistically significant net influence on the mean eddy-shedding period nor on the size and strength of shed eddies in the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, no significant correlation is found between eddy shedding in the Gulf of Mexico and transport variations in the Florida Straits, although transport fluctuations in the Florida Straits at 27°N and the Yucatan Channel and showed a correlation of about 0.7 with a lag of 15 days. The linear solution exhibited a multiyear anomaly in the strength of the Caribbean circulation that was concentrated in the central and eastern Caribbean due to a multiyear anomaly in the wind field over the basin. In the nonlinear simulation this anomaly extended into the western Caribbean and across the entire Gulf of Mexico. This westward extension resulted from the nonlinearity and instability of the Caribbean Current, the westward propagation of the eddies, and the passage of Caribbean eddies through the Yucatan Channel into the Gulf of Mexico.
Static Coulomb failure function and aftershocks of 1995 Kobe earthquake: A statistical test

The hypothesis that aftershocks are triggered by a change of the static Coulomb Failure stress is statistically tested for 1995 Kobe (Hyogo‐ken nanbu) Earthquake. We focus on the focal mechanisms of the aftershocks for the first 7 months and investigate whether these mechanisms are consistent with the static CFF triggering hypothesis. Two slip distribution models for the mainshock are tested and both explain focal mechanisms of more than 3/4 of the aftershocks. From a bootstrap statistical test, however, we find that such a high consistency rate between the observation and CFF based prediction is not statistically significant. The static CFF triggering is thus not a statistically strong hypothesis for 1995 Kobe aftershocks.
The site-specific distribution of atheromatous plaques in the coronary arteries

The etiology of atherosclerosis is still unknown, but there are several hypotheses trying to explain this complex disease. Most consider atherosclerosis as a cholesterol storage disease. However, hypercholesterolemia is not a cause but a risk factor. Besides, like other well-known systemic risk factors, it does not explain the uneven distribution of atheromatous plaques in the vasculature. Atherosclerotic lesions develop mainly at vulnerable “risk points” of the arterial wall such as curvatures and near side branches, and predominantly in the left anterior descending (LAD), while the left circumflex (LCx) artery is relatively spared. Furthermore, atheromatous plaques are present mainly in the proximal segments in the LAD and LCx, in contrast to the right coronary artery (RCA), where plaques are more evenly distributed. The hemodynamic theory explains to some extent the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions and considers atherosclerosis as a reactive biological response of endothelial cells to wall shear stress. In this review, we discuss the interplay of concentration of low-density lipoproteins at the luminal surface and local hemodynamic forces (disturbed flow) that reduce wall shear stress in the process of plaque formation. Moreover, we present the distribution of atheromatous plaques in the coronary arteries in autopsy studies and imaging methods such as cardiac computed tomography angiography and invasive coronary angiography.
Gastrointestinal/genitourinary adverse event after intensity modulated versus three-dimensional primary radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in the world. The potential benefits of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) over three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for PCa primary radiation therapy treatment have not yet been clarified. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to assess whether IMRT could improve clinical outcomes in comparison with 3D-CRT in patients diagnosed with PCa. Materials and methods: Relevant studies were identified through searching related databases till December, 2022. Hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio (RR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as pooled statistics for all analyses. Results: The incidence of grade 2 or worse acute adverse gastrointestinal (GI) event was analyzed and the pooled data revealed a clear decreasing trend in the IMRT compared with 3D-CRT (RR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.45-0.84, p=0.002). IMRT slightly increased the grade ≥ 2 acute genitourinary (GU) adverse event in comparison with the 3D-CRT (RR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.19, p=0.015). The IMRT and the 3D-CRT of patients showed no substantial differences in grade ≥ 2 late GI adverse event (RR =0.62, 95% CI: 0.36-1.09, p=0.1). In those included studies, there was no significant difference between IMRT and 3D-CRT in grade 2-4 late GU adverse event (RR =1.08, 95% CI: 0.77-1.51, p=0.65). There was a significant difference in biochemical control favoring IMRT (RR =1.13, 95% CI: 1.05-1.22, p=0.002). IMRT showed modest increase in biochemical control in comparison with 3D-CRT. Conclusion: In general, based on the above results, IMRT should be considered as a better choice for the treatment of PCa. More randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the subset of patients diagnosed with PCa.
Remote sensing of subsurface fractures in the Otway Basin, South Australia

Naturally occurring fractures were remotely detected in a 3‐D seismic volume from the Penola Trough in South Australia's Otway Basin and validated through an integrated approach. Identified in image logs are 508 fractures and 523 stress indicators, showing maximum horizontal stress orientation in the Penola Trough is 127°N. Two fracture types were identified: (1) 268 electrically conductive (potentially open to fluid flow) fractures with mean NW‐SE strikes and (2) 239 electrically resistive (closed to fluid flow) fractures with mean E‐W strikes. Core from Jacaranda Ridge‐1 shows that open fractures are rarer than what image logs indicate, due to the presence of fracture‐filling siderite, an electrically conductive cement which may cause fractures to appear hydraulically conductive in image logs. The majority of fractures detected is favorably oriented for reactivation under in situ stresses, although it is demonstrated that fracture fills primarily control which fractures are open. Seismic attributes calculated from the 3‐D Balnaves/Haselgrove survey are mapped to the Pretty Hill Formation to enhance observations of structural fabrics, showing linear discontinuities likely representing faults and fractures. Discontinuity orientations are consistent with natural fracture orientations identified in image logs, striking E‐W and NW‐SE, limited to zones around larger faults. However, it is unlikely that a large proportion of these fractures are open given observations of core and image logs, limiting possible fracture connectivity and therefore significant secondary permeability in the Penola Trough. The integrated methodology presented herein provides an effective workflow for remote detection of subsurface fractures and determining if electrically conductive fractures are also hydraulically conductive.
Evolution of the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Sedimentary Basin in Saskatchewan

Abstract The Mannville sedimentary basin in Saskatchewan was activated by a Late Jurassic to Neocomian reorganization of the marine Jurassic setting centred on the Williston Basin and its western arm to the Rocky Mountain Geosyncline through the Belt-Big Snowy Trough of central Montana. Uplift of the Swift Current Platform in southwestern Saskatchewan coincided with subsidence of the intervening Punnichy Arch of eastern Saskatchewan. The last event removed the barrier to a Mannville trough trending southeasterly from central Alberta, and made possible its extension into the Williston Basin along the axis of a predecessor Middle Devonian Elk Point Basin. The Mannville sedimentary pattern was woven by an interplay of marine, estuarine and fluviatile agents acting in a setting controlled by paleotopographic relief and eustatic and tectonic changes in relative sea-levels. Sediments came from local land forms, the Precambrian Shield and from rising volcanic uplands of the Rocky Mountain geosyncline of western Montana. The Lloydminster, Rex and Waseca members are dominated by upward coarsening sedimentary facies associations. Full-section sand sheets of these members are conspicuous in southeastern and west central Saskatchewan, where they reflect input from outcrops of the Success Formation, and buildup and coalescence of off-shore and shoreface deposits generally elongated to the northwest. In the General Petroleums and Sparky members these facies are concentrated north of the Punnichy Arch and in conjunction with widespread Sparky coal beds in western central Saskatchewan, indicate the Mannville basin at maximum regression. Narrow estuarine and fluviatile channel deposits of the Lloydminster, Rex and Waseca members intersect the sand sheets and meander for lengths up to 90 km. These deposits are survivors of truncation by succeeding transgressive strands. On the other hand, General Petroleums and Sparky channel sandstone bodies, are distributed across central Saskatchewan and indicate fluviatile input and strand alignments across and along a renascent Punnichy Arch. Mudflats blanket the Arch in the Lloydminster and Rex members and the Williston Basin region to the south in the Sparky and General Petroleums. Waseca mudstones, representative of tidal mudflats, flank eastern slopes of the Swift Current Platform in southwestern Saskatchewan. The dominance of shale in the Lloydminster Member of northwestern Saskatchewan reflect facies of the deeper Clearwater basin. Uplift of the Punnichy Arch terminated Cantuar deposition. Erosional planing of Cantuar sediments on the Arch accompanied a southerly tilt and episodic subsidence of the Swift Current Platform into an expanding northern arm of the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming. Rise of sea level expanded the succeeding Pense seaway across Saskatchewan. Offshore deposits accumulated to maximum thickness on the Swift Current Platform apparently from recycled Cantuar sediments. In west-central Saskatchewan equivalent strata (McLaren, Colony) remained a mixed shoreline and backshore facies.
A Fast, Non-Saturating Magnitude Estimator for Great Earthquakes

The concept of a body-wave magnitude was developed by Gutenberg (1945a, 1945b) using intermediate to long-period displacement recordings of earthquakes with magnitudes 6 and above. In contrast to the commonly determined short-period P -wave magnitude m b that already saturates at values between about 6 and 7, m B yields reliable magnitude estimates up to magnitudes of about 8 (Abe 1981; Kanamori 1983; Bormann and Saul 2008). Since Gutenberg proposed to measure the maximum ratio of displacement amplitude A divided by its period T, m B is related to ground motion velocity and thus energy. This allowed Gutenberg and Richter (1956) to propose a semi-empirical relationship between m B and the released seismic energy ES based on the equation for a wave group from a point source. IASPEI (2005) recommended reintroducing m B into global seismological practice and proposed measurement standards. m B should preferably be determined by directly measuring the maximum P -wave ground-motion velocity amplitudes on modern digital broadband records and calibrating them with the QPV (Δ, h ) values published by Gutenberg and Richter (1956) for vertical component P waves (where Δ is the epicentral distance and h the source depth). This new type of standard m B is termed m B(BB). Meanwhile, an automatic online procedure for m B(BB) determination has been developed, tested, and implemented in the operational prototype of the German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS; http://www.gitews.org/; Bormann and Saul 2009). When applied only to records at Δ > 20°, as recommended by the IASPEI standard procedure, it yields stable m B(BB) estimates within eight to 15 minutes after origin time (OT), depending on station availability (Bormann and Saul 2008). However, alarm times can be reduced to about five minutes by making use of a …
Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe: An update through 2004

New data acquisitions are used to examine recent global trends in maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and the diurnal temperature range (DTR). On average, the analysis covers the equivalent of 71% of the total global land area, 17% more than in previous studies. Consistent with the IPCC Third Assessment Report, minimum temperature increased more rapidly than maximum temperature (0.204 vs. 0.141°C dec−1) from 1950–2004, resulting in a significant DTR decrease (−0.066°C dec−1). In contrast, there were comparable increases in minimum and maximum temperature (0.295 vs. 0.287°C dec−1) from 1979–2004, muting recent DTR trends (−0.001°C dec−1). Minimum and maximum temperature increased in almost all parts of the globe during both periods, whereas a widespread decrease in the DTR was only evident from 1950–1980.
Geographic dispersion in teams : its history, experience, measurement, and change

This thesis begins with the simple argument that geographic dispersion has gone surprisingly unexamined despite its role as the domain-defining construct for geographically dispersed teams (a.k.a. “virtual teams”). The last few years have seen slow but steady growth in field studies of such teams, but our understanding of geographic dispersion and the role it plays in work is still quite limited. The thesis attempts to open the “black box” of geographic dispersion, show that it is far from a new phenomenon in organizations, understand the ways in which it is experienced, propose ways in which it can be measured, and understand the effects of doing work at increasing degrees of dispersion. It does so through three studies which combine qualitative and quantitative methods, and draw on archival, survey, observational, and interview data. Study 1 uses rich archival data covering more than two centuries (1670-1950) of the life of one firm – i.e., the Hudson’s Bay Company – to understand its far-flung managers’ experience of dispersion. It shows that the managers experienced their dispersion through a combination of coordination, communication, isolation, and control challenges. It also serves as a “typifier,” showing that modern “virtual” teams have deep historical roots. Study 2 proposes a multidimensional definition of dispersion, including spatial-temporal distance and configuration, as well as a series of new measures to capture those dimensions. It explores the measures and their relationship to communications frequency in a sample of 115 dispersed project teams from a Fortune 500 company. Study 3 is based on field research with nine geographically dispersed internal consulting teams in a large, national humanitarian aid organization. It follows them from the inception to the completion of their work and compares two teams in detail. One team was moderately dispersed and one was a pilot for a more fully dispersed approach to the internal consulting projects. It finds that perceptions about timing and dispersion differ from more objective measures like those in Study 2. It also shows how dispersion is a challenge for team boundaries and calls for more attention to the weighting of different team effectiveness criteria.
Invasion of the abyssal North Atlantic by modern anthropogenic lead

While anthropogenic emissions have dramatically elevated lead concentrations in the North Atlantic troposphere and surface waters by orders of magnitude above natural levels [Murozumi et al., 1969; Schaule and Patterson, 1983; Boyle et al., 1986], it has been assumed that the relatively low lead levels in North Atlantic abyssal waters are not yet contaminated [Schaule and Patterson, 1981; Flegal and Patterson, 1983]. That misperception is redressed by the following stable lead isotopic composition data which reveal the advective transport of industrial lead into those deep basin waters through the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Additionally, spatial gradients in the isotopic signatures of anthropogenic lead within the North Atlantic abyss appear to serve as transient tracers of contaminant penetration rates.
COMPOSITIONAL ZONING OF RAPAKIVI FELDSPARS AND COEXISTING QUARTZ PHENOCRYSTS

The compositional zoning of plagioclase-mantled K-feldspar, defining the rapakivi texture, and of the associated quartz phenocrysts from the Paleozoic Land’s End (U.K.) and Altenberg–Frauenstein (Germany) granites, and the Proterozoic Hammarudda (Finland) granite porphyry, has been investigated by laser-ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry, electron-probe micro-analyses, cathodoluminescence and thermal ionization mass spectrometry in order to investigate the formation of the rapakivi texture in two different eons. Recent analytical developments and the Ti-in-quartz geothermometer lead to interpretations of the trace-element zoning in quartz phenocrysts coexisting with rapakivi feldspars. There is an approximate coincidence with Ba-rich growth zones in plagioclase-mantled K-feldspar and Ti-rich zones in coexisting quartz phenocrysts. Both types of zoning indicate increasing temperatures of crystallization. The formation of the plagioclase mantles seems to be related to quartz-resorption events. The inferred temperature of crystallization increased after marginal resorption of quartz phenocrysts by about 82°C in the Altenberg–Frauenstein magma and 44°C in the Hammarudda magma, on the basis of the Ti-in-quartz geothermometer. The temperature increase is correlated positively with the crystallization of plagioclase mantles on the K-feldspar. The quartz phenocryst in the Land’s End granite shows normal core-to-rim zoning of Ti (decreasing concentrations), indicating a gradual decrease in magma temperature. We contend that the increase in the quartz-crystallization temperature of >25°C after a resorption event is indicative for the interaction with mafic magma. Therefore, the interaction of a crystal-saturated granitic magma and a mafic magma is the driving force causing nucleation and crystallization of plagioclase on K-feldspar phenocrysts, even though the Pb isotope, Ba, Sr, and Rb zoning of the mantled K-feldspar phenocryst have not clearly recorded an interaction between granitic and mafic magmas. The frequency of rapakivi feldspars in the rock correlates with the portion of mafic magma involved in the mingling and mixing process. Isothermal decompression during adiabatic magma ascent may have contributed to the plagioclase mantle formation in the case of the Altenberg–Frauenstein and Hammarudda granites. The rare rapakivi feldspars in the Land’s End granite developed during an early stage of magmatic evolution; as a result, tracing the conditions of formation of the rapakivi texture is speculative in that case.
Coupled dynamics of the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, and the Pacific Ocean

The complex geometry, the seasonally reversing monsoon winds, and the connectivity with the Pacific Ocean all contribute to the coupled dynamics of the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS), the Sulu Sea, and the region around the Philippine Islands. The 1/2°, 1.5-layer global reduced gravity thermodynamic Navy layered ocean model (NLOM) is used to separate these components and to investigate the role of each one. When forced by the Hellerman and Rosenstein [1983] (HR) monthly wind stress climatology, the basic features of the model solution compare well with observations, and with higher-resolution NLOM versions. The dynamics of the flow from the Pacific Ocean into the SCS via the Luzon Strait are emphasized. The effects of Ekman suction/pumping due to wind curl are examined by forming monthly spatial averages of the winds over the SCS/Sulu Sea basins. This maintains a monthly varying stress but with a region of zero curl. Forcing the model with these modified winds leaves the mean Luzon Strait transport unchanged, and the variability actually increases slightly. These results suggest that it is the pressure head created by the pileup of water from the monsoonal wind stress that controls the variability of the Luzon Strait transport. The forcing for wind stress pileup effects could be either internal or external to the SCS/Sulu Sea basin. The effects of internal forcing are studied by applying monthly winds within this basin but annual HR winds outside the region. With this forcing the mean Luzon Strait transport is essentially unchanged, but the variability is only 44% of the standard case value. The external forcing is defined as zero stress in the SCS/Sulu Sea basins and HR monthly winds outside. Again, the mean Luzon Strait transport is unchanged, and here the variability is 60% of the standard case. The mean Luzon Strait transport is largely a function of the model geometry. When the Sulu archipelago is opened, a net cyclonic flow develops around the Philippines, which is essentially an extension of the northern tropical gyre. The bifurcation latitude of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) at the Philippine coast is also affected by the amount of transport through the Sulu archipelago. Opening this archipelago causes the NEC split point to move southward and increases the transport of the Kuroshio east of Luzon while decreasing the Mindanao Current. Opening or closing the Sunda Shelf/Java Sea or the Sulu archipelago does not affect the transport of the Pacific to Indian Ocean throughflow.