Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PrEP Scale-Up and PEP in Central and Eastern Europe: Changes in Time and the Challenges We Face with No Expected HIV Vaccine in the near Future

With no expected vaccine for HIV in the near future, we aimed to define the current situation and challenges for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The Euroguidelines CEE Network Group members were invited to respond to a 27-item survey including questions on PrEP (response rate 91.6%). PrEP was licensed in 68.2%; 95 centers offered PrEP and the estimated number on PrEP was around 9000. It was available in daily (40.1%), on-demand (13.3%), or both forms (33.3%). The access rate was <1–80%. Three major barriers for access were lack of knowledge/awareness among people who are in need (59.1%), not being reimbursed (50.0%), and low perception of HIV risk (45.5%). Non-occupational PEP was available in 86.4% and was recommended in the guidelines in 54.5%. It was fully reimbursed in 36.4%, only for accidental exposures in 40.9%, and was not reimbursed in 22.72%. Occupational PEP was available in 95.5% and was reimbursed fully. Although PrEP scale-up in the region has gained momentum, a huge gap exists between those who are in need of and those who can access PrEP. Prompt action is required to address the urgent need for PrEP scale-up in the CEE region.
Particle dynamics in the fluidized bed: Magnetic particle tracking and discrete particle modelling

In this contribution, the particle dynamics and the granular flow in a lab-scaled rotor granulator system (fluid bed rotor processor) are investigated on the scale of individual particles. The numerical approach is based on a Discrete Element Method (DEM) coupled with three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the gas phase. In this work a novel non-intrusive particle tracking technique, the Magnetic Particle Tracking (MPT) has been used to study the complex granular flow in rotor granulators. The technique allows a simultaneously and non-intrusivedescription of the translational as well as the rotational movement of a tracer particle in dense granular flow. The focus is on the analysis of the particle rotation behaviour at different process conditions.
Modulation of Burn Hypermetabolism in Preclinical Models

Severe burns elicit a state of physiological stress and increased metabolism to help the body compensate for the changes associated with the traumatic injury. However, this hypermetabolic state is associated with increased insulin resistance, cardiovascular dysfunction, skeletal muscle catabolism, impaired wound healing, and delayed recovery. Several interventions were attempted to modulate burn hypermetabolism, including nutritional support, early excision and grafting, and growth hormone application. However, burn hypermetabolism still imposes significant morbidity and mortality in burn patients. Due to the limitations of in vitro models, animal models are indispensable in burn research. Animal models provide researchers with invaluable tools to test the safety and efficacy of novel treatments or advance our knowledge of previously utilized agents. Several animal studies evaluated novel therapies to modulate burn hypermetabolism in the last few years, including recombinant human growth hormone, erythropoietin, acipimox, apelin, anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody, and ghrelin therapies. Results from these studies are promising and may be effectively translated into human studies. In addition, other studies revisited drugs previously used in clinical practice, such as insulin and metformin, to further investigate their underlying mechanisms as modulators of burn hypermetabolism. This review aims to update burn experts with the novel therapies under investigation in burn hypermetabolism with a focus on applicability and translation. Furthermore, we aim to guide researchers in selecting the correct animal model for their experiments by providing a summary of the methodology and the rationale of the latest studies.
The rank transformation—an easy and intuitive way to connect many nonparametric methods to their parametric counterparts for seamless teaching introductory statistics courses

The rank transformation refers to replacing the data by their ranks, or average ranks in case of ties, prior to performing standard statistical procedures on the ranks. There are several forms of transforming the data to ranks. RT‐1 refers to ranking all of the data together, and giving the smallest observation the rank 1, the second smallest the rank 2, and so on. RT‐2 involves ranking data within subgroups only, and not comparing data across subgroups. RT‐3 involves re‐expressing the data prior to ranking, such as subtracting a sample mean or median from the data and taking an absolute value of the difference prior to ranking. RT‐4 describes situations where data are re‐expressed within subgroups, and then ranked within subgroups.
Electrodynamic enhancement of film cooling of turbine blades

Three concepts are numerically investigated to promote lateral mixing of the cold jets and to ensure their better attachment to the surface. First, we introduce electrodynamically enhanced interaction of cool air jets with hot crossflow for improved cooling of hot surfaces. We identify mechanisms to “push” or “pull” the essentially stagnant fluid just downstream of the hole by enforcing an active pressure pulsation in streamwise and crosswise directions. Such method utilizes electrodynamic force that induces attachment of cold jet to the work surface by actively altering the body force in the vicinity using a plasma actuator for different cooling hole geometries. Second, we employ a negative pressure region just downstream of the cooling hole. This may be generated by utilizing a suction vent or other mechanisms. Third, we propose three geometric modifications of the cooling hole exit for enhancing lateral tripping of the cold jet. Detailed computation of a single row of 35 degree round holes on a flat pl.
Analyzing atomic force microscopy images using spectral methods

Various statistical quantities (such as average, peak-to-valley, and root-mean-square roughness) have been applied to characterize surface topography. However, they provide only vertical information. Because spectral analysis provides both lateral and longitudinal information, it is a more informative measurement than all these commonly used statistical quantities. Unfortunately, a standard method to calculate power spectral density (PSD) is not available. For example, the dimensions of PSD are often denoted as either (length)3 or (length)4. This may lead to confusion when utilizing spectral analysis to study surface morphology. In this paper, we will first compare the definitions of PSD commonly used by various authors. Using silicon surface roughness measurements as examples, we will demonstrate the advantages of spectral methods on atomic force microscopic (AFM) image analysis. In this context, we study the effects of typical AFM imaging distortions such as image bow, drift, tip-shape effects, and acou.
ALOE VERA (L.) BURM. F. : A HIGHLY USEFUL INDIAN TRADITIONAL PLANT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MAIZE STORAGE PEST, SITOPHILUS ORYZAE L. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. is an important Indian traditional plant possessing wide range of biological activities. The present study is aimed to determine the repellent and contact toxicity of methanolic extracts of gel, root and leaf peel parts of fifteen A. vera accessions collected from 15 locations in India against maize storage pest, Sitophilus oryzae(L.). Petri dish choice bioassay and filter paper impregnation methods were used to determine repellent and contact toxicity respectively. Analysis of the results reveals that aloin A, the major metabolite of A. vera, at 0.02% w/v concentration possessed strong repellent activity (85.2 %) than sample AV 11a (gel of A. vera) at 5% w/v (82.7%) after 24-h of exposure. Interestingly, the percent repellency increases up to 5-h in all extracts screened. Aloin A at 0.0024 mg/cm2 showed 58.0% mortality against S. oryzae followed by sample AV 13b (leaf peel) at 0.6 mg/cm2 (56.0%) after 14 days of treatment. The content of Aloin A present in the six A. vera extracts, exhibiting highest toxicity and repellency, was determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography. The percent repellency and toxicity of A. vera vary with geographical location, plant parts, major metabolite concentration and exposure time. The potentiality of these plant extracts could be useful towards the development of effective bio repellent to S. oryzae in stored maize.
Characteristics of Shallow Flows in a Vegetated Pool—An Experimental Study

Pools are often observed in gravel-bed rivers, together with the presence of vegetation patches. In the present study, a conceptual model of a gradual varied flow with both convective deceleration and acceleration flow sections has been constructed in a flume to study turbulent flow structures. Vegetation patches with extended canopies were planted in the pool sections in order to increase the thickness of the boundary layer inside the inner zone. The effects of different flows (namely decelerating, uniform and accelerating flows) along an artificial pool on flow velocity, shear stress and bursting events have been investigated. In addition, due to the occurrence of secondary currents in shallow streams, the characteristics of turbulent shallow flow have been investigated along two axes that are parallel to the sidewall of the flume. The results showed that the application of the log law should be used with care to estimate shear velocity along a pool with a vegetated bed. The presence of a vegetation patch causes an increase in Reynolds shear stress, especially along the entrance section of the pool where the flow decelerates. The results of the quadrant analysis reveal that the sweep and ejection events have the most dominant influence over the vegetation patch in the pool; however, the contributions of outward and inward events increase near the bed, especially in the entrance section of the pool where the flow is decelerating. The distribution of stream-wise RMS of turbulence intensity along the pool generally presents a convex shape.
Current and Future Therapeutic Approaches of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Children with Cystic Fibrosis in the Era of Personalized Medicine

This review presents current updates of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in children with cystic fibrosis based on literature published in the last decade and some special considerations regarding pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in the era of new therapies, such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapies. Few articles evaluate the efficacy of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in the pediatric population, and most studies also included children and adults with cystic fibrosis. Approximately 85% of cystic fibrosis patients have exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and need pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Fecal elastase is the most commonly used diagnostic test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, although this value can fluctuate over time. While it is used as a diagnostic test, it cannot be used for monitoring the effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy and for adjusting doses. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, the actual treatment for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, is essential in children with cystic fibrosis to prevent malabsorption and malnutrition and needs to be urgently initiated. This therapy presents many considerations for physicians, patients, and their families, including types and timing of administration, dose monitoring, and therapy failures. Based on clinical trials, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is considered effective and well-tolerated in children with cystic fibrosis. An important key point in cystic fibrosis treatment is the recent hypothesis that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators could improve pancreatic function, further studies being essential. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is addressed a complication of the disease (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency), while modulators target the defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis remains an active area of research in this era of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapies. This new therapy could represent an example of personalized medicine in cystic fibrosis patients, with each class of modulators being addressed to patients with specific genetic mutations.
Visualization and Characterization of Cumulative Arc Erosion Behavior Using 2-D Microscopic Images

The electrical arc erosion behavior extremely limits the lifespan of electromechanical switching devices. Observation of the gradual evolution of arc erosion is highly beneficial for to understand the arc ignition and the contact degradation. In this article, the erosion of contact materials is simulated and visualized in situ with the recorded 2-D microscopic images. A novel method for erosion area identification is proposed with the combination of difference image method and mathematical morphology operations. The variation in erosion area as a function of switching current cycles is demonstrated, and the center of erosion zone that migrates continuously during the endurance experiment is determined. Finally, not only three types of arc erosion regimes (centralized arc erosion, separated arc erosion, and commutated arc erosion) are revealed, but also the associated occurrence probabilities during 1000 cycles are provided.
Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Different Hospitals in Pakistan: Findings and Implications

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced antimicrobial use in hospitals, raising concerns regarding increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through their overuse. The objective of this study was to assess patterns of antimicrobial prescribing during the current COVID-19 pandemic among hospitals in Pakistan, including the prevalence of COVID-19. A point prevalence survey (PPS) was performed among 11 different hospitals from November 2020 to January 2021. The study included all hospitalized patients receiving an antibiotic on the day of the PPS. The Global-PPS web-based application was used for data entry and analysis. Out of 1024 hospitalized patients, 662 (64.64%) received antimicrobials. The top three most common indications for antimicrobial use were pneumonia (13.3%), central nervous system infections (10.4%) and gastrointestinal indications (10.4%). Ceftriaxone (26.6%), metronidazole (9.7%) and vancomycin (7.9%) were the top three most commonly prescribed antimicrobials among surveyed patients, with the majority of antibiotics administered empirically (97.9%). Most antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis were given for more than one day, which is a concern. Overall, a high percentage of antimicrobial use, including broad-spectrums, was seen among the different hospitals in Pakistan during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Multifaceted interventions are needed to enhance rational antimicrobial prescribing including limiting their prescribing post-operatively for surgical prophylaxis.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Wearable Cameras to Assess Self-care in People With Heart Failure: Pilot Study

Background Heart failure (HF) is a common chronic condition that affects over 26 million people worldwide. It is a progressive and debilitating disease with a broad symptom profile, intermittently marked by periods of acute decompensation. People with HF generally do not self-manage their condition well (eg, monitoring symptoms, taking medications regularly, physical activity, etc). A better understanding of self-care activities and what factors may indicate deterioration is warranted. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of using wearable cameras to assess self-care activities in people with HF. The study objectives were to (1) explore whether changes in self-care activities could be identified prior to hospitalization and (2) determine the acceptability of wearable cameras to people with HF. Methods A total of 30 people recently diagnosed with HF wore a camera for a maximum of 30 days; the camera took a photo every 30 seconds in the forward-facing direction. At the end of the study, all 30 participants were presented with 8 statements of acceptability, scored on a 5-point Likert scale. To determine whether camera images could identify changes in self-care activities and lifestyle risk factors before hospitalization, we analyzed images from participants (n=8) who were hospitalized during the 30-day study period. Images from the period immediately prior to hospitalization and a comparison were selected for each participant. Images were manually coded according to 9 different event categories relating to self-care and lifestyle risk factors, and events were compared between the 2 periods. Results The participants reported high acceptability for wearing the cameras, as most strongly agreed or agreed that they were comfortable to wear (28/30, 93%) and easy to use (30/30, 100%). The results of the camera image analysis showed that participants undertook fewer activities of daily living (P=.008) and were more sedentary (P=.02) prior to being hospitalized, compared to a period nonadjacent to hospitalization. Conclusions Adults with HF were accepting of using a wearable camera for periods within a 30-day time frame. Wearable cameras were a feasible approach for providing data on selected self-care activities and lifestyle risk factors for HF and offer the potential to be a valuable tool for improving our understanding of self-care.
A Generalization of an Addition Theorem of Kneser

Abstract A theorem of Kneser states that in an abelian group G, if A and B are finite subsets in G and AB={ab:a∈A,b∈B}, then ∣AB∣⩾∣A∣+ ∣B∣− ∣H(AB)∣ where H(AB)={g∈G:g(AB)=AB}. Motivated by the study of a problem in finite fields, we prove an analogous result for vector spaces over a field E in an extension field K of E. Our proof is algebraic and it gives an immediate proof of Kneser's Theorem.
Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Cash Flow, Likuiditas dan Net Working Capital terhadap Cash Holding dengan Ukuran Perusahaan sebagai Variabel Moderating pada Perusahaan Real Estate dan Properti di Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh profitabilitas, cash flow, likuiditas dan net working capital Terhadap Cash Holding dengan ukuran perusahaan sebagai variabel moderasi. Dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi populasi adalah perusahaan Real Estate dan Property yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada tahun 2019. Dari jumlah populasi tersebut, sampel ditentukan sebanyak 34 perusahaan. Teknik analisis data dalam penilitian ini menggunakan 2 metode analisis data yaitu regresi berganda dan Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Berdasarkan temuan penelitian profitabilitas, Cash Flow dan Net Working Capital berpengaruh signifkan terhadap Cash Holding. Sedangkan Likuiditas tidak berpengaruh signifkan terhadap Cash Holding. Ukuran perusahaan memoderasi pengaruh profitabilitas, Cash Flow dan Net Working Capital terhadap Cash Holding. Akan tetapi Ukuran perusahaan tidak memoderasi pengaruh likuiditas Cash Holding. This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, cash flow, liquidity, and net working capital on Cash Holding with firm size as a moderating variable. In this study, the population is Real Estate and Property companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019. From the total population, the sample is determined as many as 34 companies. The data analysis technique in this research uses 2 methods of data analysis, namely multiple regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Based on the findings of profitability research, Cash Flow and Net Working Capital have a significant effect on Cash Holding. Meanwhile, Liquidity has no significant effect on Cash Holding. Firm size moderates the effect of profitability, cash flow, and net working capital on cash holding. However, company size does not moderate the effect of Cash Holding's liquidity.
The Effect of Chinese Agarwood Essential Oil with Cyclodextrin Inclusion against PCPA-Induced Insomnia Rats

Objective: To study the extraction process of agarwood active ingredients (AA) and investigate the safety and effectiveness of AA in the treatment of insomnia rats by nasal administration. Method: A β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion compound (a-β-CD) was prepared from agarwood essential oil (AEO), and the preparation process was optimized and characterized. The safety of AA in nasal mucosa was evaluated through Bufo gargarizans maxillary mucosa and rat nasal mucosa models. Insomnia animal models were replicated by injecting p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), conducting behavioral tests, and detecting the expression levels of monoamine neurotransmitters (NE and 5-HT) and amino acids (GABA/Glu) in the rat hypothalamus. Results: The optimum inclusion process conditions of β-CD were as follows: the feeding ratio was 0.35:1.40 (g:g), the inclusion temperature was 45 °C, the inclusion time was 2 h, and the ICY% and IEO% were 53.78 ± 2.33% and 62.51 ± 3.21%, respectively. The inclusion ratio, temperature, and time are the three factors that have significant effects on the ICY% and IEO% of a-β-CD. AA presented little damage to the nasal mucosa. AA increased the sleep rate, shortened the sleep latency, and prolonged the sleep time of the rats. The behavioral test results showed that AA could ameliorate depression in insomnia rats to a certain extent. The effect on the expression of monoamine neurotransmitters and amino acids in the hypothalamus of rats showed that AA could significantly reduce NE levels and increase the 5-HT level and GABA/Glu ratio in the hypothalamus of insomnia rats. Conclusion: The preparation of a-β-CD from AEO can reduce its irritation, improve its stability, increase its curative effect, and facilitate its storage and transport. AA have certain therapeutic effects on insomnia. The mechanism of their effect on rat sleep may involve regulating the expression levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and amino acids in the hypothalamus.
Pandemic nationalisms

This paper examines how the pandemic emergency as a global challenge – the first of its kind since WWII – has activated what I call a ‘pandemic nationalism’ that was simultaneously both inclusionary and exclusionary. On one hand, the national community was re-defined in relation to their common fate (of facing the pandemic together because residing in the same territory) extending hence the boundaries of membership to temporary residents or those with precarious status. On the other hand, it became increasingly closed towards the exterior enhancing what has been labelled ‘vaccine nationalism’ and a sense of being in competition with other nations on a common, global public good (notably vaccines and cures addressing the virus). Closures and exclusions arose also internally against those minorities that were associated with the ‘external threat’ notably people of east Asian origin. At the face of these contradictory developments, the question arises whether we could consider the Covid-19 pandemic as a turning point that signals a new phase of development of nationalism. Such nationalism is meant to respond to the increasing challenges of globalisation by incorporating those who serve the community while Othering those who are perceived to threaten its well-being.