Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optical configuration and optical tests of the HartRAO Lunar Laser Ranger

The telescope to be used for the HartRAO Lunar Laser Ranging system is a 1-m Classical Cassegrain donated by a French observatory called the Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur. Limited technical details of the telescope exist so tests were conducted to determine its optical characteristics and performance. The optical performance of the telescope was determined through its transmission efficiency. The optical efficiency of any telescope highly hinges on the reflectivity and surface accuracy of optics through which the laser signal is delivered. We present possible coude paths and their respective components for beaming the laser signal from its source and through the telescope. Spectroscopic measurements of each of the coude optics were conducted in order to determine the total throughput of the system. The surface accuracy of the primary mirror was validated by performing a structural analysis of the mirror under its support system. Taking into account the honeycomb geometry of the mirror, its material properties and support mechanism, a finite element analysis was done with ANSYS to predict the gravitational deformations the mirror will experience under operational angles. High optical performance telescopes require that deformations be kept to a small fraction of the wavelength of light the telescope is designed to use. A system efficiency of ~ 90% can be expected if obstructions and number of reflective surfaces are limited on the coude path.
Supply Chain Coordination Facing Boundedly Rational Strategic Customers

It is well known that strategic customers significantly impact retailers’ order quantity, therefore affecting supply chain coordination. Recently, many studies have shown that strategic customers are boundedly rational, i.e., they cannot precisely know their environments, and their decisions may deviate from reality. Therefore, this article studies supply chain coordination facing boundedly rational strategic customers. We first consider wholesale price contract and markdown money contract. Then, we show that the markdown money contract can coordinate the supply chain while the wholesale price contract cannot, and consumer's high rationality level may alleviate the double marginalization effect. We further study the supply chain coordination problem when adopting the QR strategy, which is widely used in industries with short-life products. Interestingly, wholesale price contracts can coordinate the supply chain under the QR strategy, contrary to the well-known conclusion that wholesale price contracts usually do not coordinate the supply chain. Markdown money contract can also coordinate the supply chain. Moreover, the consumer's rationality level greatly impacts the coordinative contract parameter setting. At last, we further study the supply chain coordination under quantity discount contract and revenue sharing contract, and find that these contracts can also coordinate the supply chain under certain conditions.
Assessment of diffuse pollution originating from estuarine historical landfills

Landfills were historically constructed without basal or side-wall engineering, which allowed attenuation of contaminated leachate within surrounding sediments. There is therefore potential for these sediments to act as a present day contamination source, which may pose a major threat within eroding coastal sediments. This chapter examines whether Newlands Landfill, Essex, UK has created a legacy source of contamination within surrounding marsh sediments. A detailed programme of surface samples and sediment core collection was conducted around the landfill. Elevated levels of metal contamination were identified in both surface and subsurface sediments. While an environmental concern, surface contamination was at similar levels to comparable industrial areas and not a result of the landfill. Analysis of the subsurface, via a transect of sediment cores from the landfill boundary, indicated enrichment of anthropogenic metals at depth, such as Pb (EF > 2) and Zn (EF = 1.5), likely to be associated with the historical leachate plume. Enrichment was spatially contained within 15 m of the site boundary, but represented Cu, Pb and Zn masses of c. 480, 1200 and 1650 kg respectively around the perimeter of the site, in sediments at risk of erosion. This contamination record only considers one of the 5000 landfills within the Environment Agency flood alert area. Further work is therefore required to gain a more robust insight into the national context of contamination from historical landfills (Chapter 6). Chapter 4 Metal Distribution in Sediments Adjacent to an Historical Landfill 47 4.
Epitaxy of (11–22) AlN Films on a Sputtered Buffer Layer with Different Annealing Temperatures via Hydride Vapour Phase Epitaxy

AlN epilayers were grown on magnetron-sputtered (MS) (11–22) AlN buffers on m-plane sapphire substrates at 1450 °C via hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE). The MS buffers were annealed at high temperatures of 1400–1600 °C. All the samples were characterised using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectrometry. The crystal quality of epilayers regrown by HVPE was improved significantly compared to that of the MS counterpart. With an increasing annealing temperature, the crystal quality of both MS buffers and AlN epilayers measured along [11–23] and [1–100] improved first and then decreased, maybe due to the decomposition of MS buffers, while the corresponding anisotropy along the two directions decreased first and then increased. The optimum quality of the AlN epilayer was obtained at the annealing temperature of around 1500 °C. In addition, it was found that the anisotropy for the epilayers decreased significantly compared to that of annealed MS buffers when the annealing temperature was below 1500 °C.
Nonlinear advection‐aridity method for landscape evaporation and its application during the growing season in the southern Loess Plateau of the Yellow River basin

The advection‐aridity approach to estimate actual evaporation from natural land surfaces is one of the better known implementations of Bouchet's complementary principle. Detailed measurements at 2, 12, and 32 m above the ground surface during the growing seasons of 2004–2007 allowed validation of a generalized nonlinear form of this approach above the highly variable terrain in Changwu County in the southern Loess Plateau of the Yellow River basin in China. The obtained values of the parameters were found to lie well within the ranges to be expected on physical grounds or from previous measurements by different experimental means; calibration on the basis of any one year of data allowed predictions within roughly 5% on average. Relative to the corresponding observed turbulent vapor fluxes, the evaporation rates calculated with measurements at the highest level of 32 m displayed the least scatter but only slightly less than those calculated with measurements at the lower level of 12 m; however, those based on measurements at the lowest level of 2 m displayed considerably more scatter than those derived at the two higher levels. This is consistent with the existence of a blending height at higher elevations above the ground, where the effects of surface variability tend to fade away.
Relationships of Seismic Source Scaling in the Taiwan Region

Source scaling relationships are analyzed for the Taiwan region through the estimates of source parameters. Such estimated parameters include corner frequency, source dimension, stress drop, average slip and seismic moment. The ultimate goal of this study is to provide regional scaling laws on the above source parameters for the Taiwan region. The corner fre­ quency and seismic moment are first estimated independently from strong­ motion recordings after having been corrected for geometrical spreading, high-frequency decay and anelastic attenuation. The results reveal that earthquakes in the Ilan-Hualien source area are mainly associated with the northward subduction of the Philippine Sea plate beneath the Eurasian plate. The stress drop values of earthquakes in this area are statistically smaller than those occurring on Taiwan Island. This implies that earth­ quakes occurring on the island with shallow focal depth are most likely intra-plate events. In general, the stress drop of earthquake events in the Taiwan region shows an increasing trend with regard to the earthquake magnitudes. Based on the results of M 6, the stress drop of earthquakes in the subduction zone is usually under 220 bars, while that of earthquakes on Taiwan Island is not greater than 290 bars. The empirical scaling laws for the source parameters of the northeast seismic zone are more reliably es­ tablished, and thus are better results than those of the three other source areas in the Taiwan region. The use of Brune's source model tends to over­ estimate the corner frequency, and therefore underestimate the radius of the source dimension. Accordingly, the stress drop and average slip are overestimated. As a result, the corner frequency, stress drop and average slip obtained in this study should be treated as upper-bound values, and the diameters of the source rupture area estimated should be considered lower-bound values of the rupture length for earthquake events in the Tai­ wan region.
Darwinism versus neo-Darwinism in the study of human mate preferences

Contemporary mate preferences can provide important clues to human reproductive history. Little is known about which characteristics people value in potential mates. Five predictions were made about sex differences in human mate preferences based on evolutionary conceptions of parental investment, sexual selection, human reproductive capacity, and sexual asymmetries regarding certainty of paternity versus maternity. The predictions centered on how each sex valued earning capacity, ambitionindustriousness, youth, physical attractiveness, and chastity. Predictions were tested in data from 37 samples drawn from 33 countries located on six continents and five islands (total N = 10,047). For 27 countries, demographic data on actual age at marriage provided a validity check on questionnaire data. Females were found to value cues to resource acquisition in potential mates more highly than males. Characteristics signaling reproductive capacity were valued more by males than by females. These sex differences may reflect different evolutionary selection pressures on human males and females; they provide powerful cross-cultural evidence of current sex differences in reproductive strategies. Discussion focuses on proximate mechanisms underlying mate preferences, consequences for human intrasexual competition, and the limitations of this study.
A comprehensive 3D seismic velocity model for the eastern Taiwan-southernmost Ryukyu regions.

We describe the construction of a 3D seismic velocity model that may serve as a reference for geophysical investigations in eastern Taiwan, where the westernmost Ryukyu subduction zone connects to the active arc-conti­ nent collision zone. For offshore region where local tomography is not available, we construct the model by integrating multiple geophysical data sources in order to characterize, in geometry as well as in velocity, the dif­ ferent structures existing in the area. The multiple data sources used to create the offshore model mainly consist of seismic reflection and refrac­ tion data to identify crustal structures and a global hypocenter dataset to define the subduction geometry. The offshore velocity model is then com­ bined with a local onland tomography model in order to create the new 3D P-velocity model. The structures distinguished in this work include the water layer, sedimentary units (e.g., forearc basins and accretionary prism), the oceanic crustal basement of the Philippine Sea plate, the thickened crust of the Luzon Arc, the subducted Philippine Sea slab, and the curved Ryukyu margin. This investigation results in the first comprehensive Vp velocity model for the region and covers the area from 121.0-124.4°E and 22.025. 30N, with its depth reaching 120 km. (
Death of a reviewer or death of peer review integrity? the challenges of using AI tools in peer reviewing and the need to go beyond publishing policies

Peer review facilitates quality control and integrity of scientific research. Although publishing policies have adapted to include the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), in the preparation of manuscripts by authors, there is a lack of guidelines or policies on whether peer reviewers can use such tools. The present article highlights the lack of policies on the use of AI tools in the peer review process (PRP) and argues that we need to go beyond policies by creating transparent procedures that will enable journals to investigate allegations of non-compliance and take decisions that will protect the integrity of the peer review system. Reviewers found to violate relevant policies must be excluded from the process to safeguard the integrity of the peer review system.
ISOTOPE GEOLOGY AND FENNOSCANDIAN LITHOSPHERE EVOLUTION

The isotope laboratory at GTK has contributed enormously to geological research in Finland ever since its inception in the early sixties. The main analytical methods used have been U-Pb, Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, Pb-Pb and light stable isotopes, and with the recent LA-MC-ICPMS instrument installation, the repertoire is increasing. Isotope research has contributed to many joint projects over a wide range of topics including modelling, mapping, mineral exploration, investigations related to nuclear waste disposal, hydrogeology and GTK consortium mapping projects abroad. Co-operation with universities has been important and isotope geology has had a role in numerous Ph.D. theses in Finland. Building a full picture of the evolution of a piece of the Earth’s crust requires a large amount of radiometric age and isotopic data that can only be supplied by a premiere isotope facility. Examples of the types of information the GTK isotope laboratory has produced include: 1. The oldest rocks so far discovered in Fennoscandia are the 3500 million years old Siurua gneisses, but signs of even older crust are evident in these rocks. 2. The main periods of crustal growth in Finland were related to collisional events at 2.8–2.7 Ga and ca. 1.9 Ga. Yet sediments produced over a wide region during the 1.9 Ga event contain abundant ca. 2.0 Ga zircons, for which there is no obvious source, suggesting that a major block of still unlocated crust must have existed somewhere nearby and supplied abundant detritus to proximal ocean basins ca. 1.9 billion years ago. 3. Before the breakup of the ancient Archean continental core, several pulses of mafic magmatism have been recognized between 2.44 Ga and 2 Ga, and these intrusions have proven to be particularly important as they contain some of the major ore bodies in Finland. These and other important results are briefly described in this paper to illustrate the importance of isotope geology in deciphering the geological history of the Fennoscandian Shield, and Finland in particular.
Breaking barriers, Building bridges: Collaborative forest landscape restoration handbook

Breaking Barriers, Building Bridges: Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Handbook explores the various barriers to landscape-scale, collaborative forest restoration and the innovative ways to bridge those barriers. The handbook, which is published by the ERI, features a foreword by Dr. W. Wallace Covington, chapters about collaboration, ecological economics, planning and NEPA development, multi-party monitoring, implementation, and adaptive management all within the context of landscape-scale forest restoration projects across the American West. It also chronicles pioneering ventures in large-scale, collaborative forest restoration and the emerging process that stakeholders, agencies, environmental groups, Native American tribes, and others have begun under the auspices of the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program and other collaborative efforts. While the process is an evolving one, people with diverse interests continue to work collectively under a shared goal: to restore health and resiliency to the nation's forested landscapes, while protecting people, communities, and enhancing local and regional economies.
MARGO (Massively Automated Real-time GUI for Object-tracking), a platform for high-throughput ethology

Fast object tracking in real time allows convenient tracking of very large numbers of animals and closed-loop experiments that control stimuli for multiple animals in parallel. We developed MARGO, a real-time animal tracking suite for custom behavioral experiments. We demonstrated that MARGO can rapidly and accurately track large numbers of animals in parallel over very long timescales. We incorporated control of peripheral hardware, and implemented a flexible software architecture for defining new experimental routines. These features enable closed-loop delivery of stimuli to many individuals simultaneously. We highlight MARGO’s ability to coordinate tracking and hardware control with two custom behavioral assays (measuring phototaxis and optomotor response) and one optogenetic operant conditioning assay. There are currently several open source animal trackers. MARGO’s strengths are 1) robustness, 2) high throughput, 3) flexible control of hardware and 4) real-time closed-loop control of sensory and optogenetic stimuli, all of which are optimized for large-scale experimentation.
A Novel EEG-Based Parkinson’s Disease Detection Model Using Multiscale Convolutional Prototype Networks

Objective and accurate detection of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is crucial for timely intervention and treatment. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been proven to characterize PD by measuring brain activity. In recent years, deep learning methods have gained great attention in automated PD detection, but their performance is limited by insufficient data samples. In this article, we propose a novel PD automated detection model named the multiscale convolutional prototype network (MCPNet), which integrates and improves upon multiscale convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and prototype learning. On the one hand, it employs multiscale CNNs to extract brain features from different scales, enhancing feature diversity and utilization. On the other hand, a prototype calibration strategy is introduced to mitigate the effect of data noise on prototype generation, improving the generalization performance of model. Multiple within-dataset and cross-dataset experiments on three different datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in PD detection. The leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) results of within-dataset experiments show that MCPNet achieves an accuracy of 92.5%, a sensitivity of 93.1%, a specificity of 91.9%, and an AUC of 92.4% in cross-subject classification between PD patients and healthy controls. In the cross-dataset classification, the performance of MCPNet is somewhat weakened due to dataset variations. However, this weakening is partially compensated by introducing the prototype calibration strategy. With the introduction of the calibration strategy, the accuracy of cross-dataset classification increases to 90.2%, a 4.0% improvement compared to when it is not used. These results indicate that the proposed model may be a promising tool for automated PD diagnosis.
Multi-dimensional situation prediction of digital twin active power grid based on LSTM algorithm

In order to understand the multidimensional situation prediction of digital twin active power grid, a research on multidimensional situation prediction of digital twin active power grid based on LSTM algorithm is proposed. In this paper, firstly, a multi-dimensional situation prediction algorithm of power grid key indicators based on LSTM is established to realize the change prediction of key indicators attributes of digital twin active power grid. Secondly, the data of several key indicators such as load characteristics are collected, and a multi-dimensional system prediction model is established, which can control the state of active power grid; The LSTM prediction algorithm is proposed to fit the characteristics of multi-dimensional data, and the next stage of multi-dimensional data prediction is mapped to the power digital twin, so as to realize the synchronous implementation and intelligent regulation of smart energy system operation planning. Finally, a simulation test model is established, and an example shows that the multi-dimensional situation prediction method of digital twin power grid based on deep learning can better predict and distinguish the power grid situation, and provide decision support for accurate planning of energy system in the future.
Juvenile - mature wood transition in second-growth coastal Douglas-fir

The t r a n s i t i o n from old-growth t o second-growth B r i t i s h Columbia c o a s t a l D o u g l a s f i r has r e s u l t e d i n r e d u c t i o n o f log s i z e and i n c r e a s e d p r o p o r t i o n o f j u v e n i l e (core or crown-formed) wood. Determination o f the zone o f t r a n s i t i o n from j u v e n i l e t o mature wood i s c r i t i c a l t o the d e f i n i t i o n o f wood q u a l i t y and timber va l u e . T h i r t e e n unpruned, two pruned second-growth, and two unpruned plantation-grown c o a s t a l D o u g l a s f i r t r e e s were sampled t o an a l y z e the hy p o t h e s i s t h a t the t r a n s i t i o n i n r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y from j u v e n i l e t o mature wood occurs a t t h e base o f the l i v e crown. X-ray d e n s f t o m e t r i c techniques were u t i l i z e d t o determine y e a r l y p i t h t o bark r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y data o f f i v e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l d i s c s from each t r e e . Segmented l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n techniques were u t i l i z e d t o estimate the j u v e n i l e mature wood t r a n s i t i o n age from the data. The average number o f growth increments from the p i t h a t which j u v e n i l e mature wood t r a n s i t i o n o c c u r r e d on s e c t i o n s sampled a t b r e a s t h e i g h t , 20 percent and 40 percent o f t o t a l h e i g h t was 22.18. When the hypothesis was t e s t e d on unpruned t r e e s , b e f o r e and a f t e r h a r v e s t , the j u v e n i l e mature wood t r a n s i t i o n o c c u r r e d below the base o f the l i v e crown. When t h e h y p o t h e s i s was t e s t e d o n p r u n e d t r e e s , t h e t r a n s i t i o n o c c u r r e d a t t h e b a s e o f t h e l i v e c r o w n , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t e d t h e u p p e r l i m i t o f p r u n i n g h e i g h t . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n may p r o v i d e a g r e a t e r i n s i g h t i n t o j u v e n i l e m a t u r e wood t r a n s i t i o n . I t wi11 l i k e l y a s s i s t i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f wood q u a l i t y a n d e c o n o m i c v a l u e o f f o r e s t p r o d u c t s m a n u f a c t u r e d f r o m s e c o n d g r o w t h c o a s t a l D o u g l a s f i r .