Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Origins of Outliers of the Huronian Supergroup within the Sudbury Structure

The spatial relations between outliers of Huronian metasediment and the current outline of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) have been used previously to constrain the original size of the meteorite impact crater, despite uncertainty regarding their structure and origin. The outliers are tight to isoclinal, gently plunging synclines with northeast‐southwest‐trending axes, slightly overturned to the northwest. Major deformation of the Huronian Supergroup preceded the 1849‐Ma Sudbury meteorite impact event by sufficient time to permit peneplanation of the region. Impact occurred in a foredeep related to the subduction of the Laurentia plate under the Wisconson Magmatic Terranes. Faults truncate the northwest margins of most of the outliers. Where examined, at several localities, the northwest margin–bounding faults are invariably occupied by pseudotachylite. Structural considerations provide evidence for thousands of meters of slip along these surfaces, each of which was apparently accomplished in a single event, providing strong support for the contention that motion along these faults coincided with the collapse of the transient cavity after bolide impact to form the Sudbury Structure. The outliers, thus, owe their overall forms to preimpact folding long before the Penokean Orogeny. They owe their continued existence to large‐scale normal fault motions related to collapse of the transient cavity during the Sudbury impact event. The current map‐scale structural relations between the outliers and the outcrop area of the Sudbury Igneous Complex are largely due to the deep exhumation of a series of regional open folds that were formed during postimpact deformation, possibly at the termination of the Penokean Orogeny ca. 1840 Ma or during a later event ca. 1450 Ma.
Impact of an improved longwave radiation model, RRTM, on the energy budget and thermodynamic properties of the NCAR community climate model, CCM3

The effect of introducing a new longwave radiation parameterization, RRTM, on the energy budget and thermodynamic properties of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) community climate model (CCM3) is described. RRTM is a rapid and accurate, correlated k, radiative transfer model that has been developed for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program to address the ARM objective of improving radiation models in GCMs. Among the important features of RRTM are its connection to radiation measurements through comparison to the extensively validated line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) and its use of an improved and validated water vapor continuum model. Comparisons between RRTM and the CCM3 longwave (LW) parameterization have been performed for single atmospheric profiles using the CCM3 column radiation model and for two 5-year simulations using the full CCM3 climate model. RRTM produces a significant enhancement of LW absorption largely due to its more physical and spectrally extensive water vapor continuum model relative to the current CCM3 water continuum treatment. This reduces the clear sky, outgoing longwave radiation over the tropics by 6–9 W m−2. Downward LW surface fluxes are increased by 8–15 W m−2 at high latitudes and other dry regions. These changes considerably improve known flux biases in CCM3 and other GCMs. At low and midlatitudes, RRTM enhances LW radiative cooling in the upper troposphere by 0.2–0.4 K d−1 and reduces cooling in the lower troposphere by 0.2–0.5 K d−1. The enhancement of downward surface flux contributes to increasing lower tropospheric and surface temperatures by 1–4 K, especially at high latitudes, which partly compensates documented, CCM3 cold temperature biases in these regions. Experiments were performed with the weather prediction model of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which show that RRTM also impacts temperature on timescales relevant to forecasting applications. RRTM is competitive with the CCM3 LW model in computational expense at 30 layers and with the ECMWF LW model at 60 layers, and it would be relatively faster at higher vertical resolution.
Multiyear trends in snowpack ion accumulation and loss, northern Michigan

From December 1982 to May 1987 the quality and quantity of snowfall and snowpack were measured at four stations in a small (176 ha) gauged watershed adjacent to Lake Superior's south shore. Annual precipitation was less than and winter precipitation greater than observed east and south of the Lake Superior basin. Snowfall averaged 37% of annual precipitation but was quite variable. Snowfall significantly increased (from 21.1 to 35.7 cm, P < 0.001) with 150 m increase in elevation. Hydrogen and SO42− were the dominant ions in precipitation and snowpack while Ca2+ and HCO3− dominated stream water. No significant time trends in winter precipitation chemistry were found. Snowpack ionic retention rarely matched precipitation input. Generally, midwinter freeze-thaw periods resulted in elevated concentrations of solutes in snow meltwater and greatly reduced snowpack ion loads prior to peak stream water discharge. All ions exhibited pulses in snowmelt each year. Preferential elution from the snowpack of SO42− and K+ was observed. Stream water H+, NH4+ and most NO3− pulses were associated with midwinter thaws. Stream water SO42− pulses were rare. For those years exhibiting the most pronounced spring increase in stream H+, NO3− and SO42− concentration, the magnitude and rate of concentration change was as great in a year of small peak snowpack ion load as it was following a more rapid ion loss from a larger snowpack load. This suggests that the pattern of snowpack melt and especially the pathway the meltwater follows to the stream may be important factors in determining whether stream water chemical pulses occur.
Topographic Partition of Watersheds with Digital Elevation Models

Digital elevation models are used to automatically map the stream channel and divide networks of a watershed. These topographic skeletons are used to partition the watershed into a set of fundamental, runoff producing subregions, each of which drains into one stream link. Construction of a code describing the network topology, along with parallel files containing attribute information of each drainage area and associated stream link may form the basis for an efficient watershed information system. Registration of remotely sensed imagery and maps of important soils information to the digital elevation model allows an effective organization of this data as input to hydrologic simulation models. The methodology described here is designed to aid in the efficient parameterization of a distributed components approach to watershed simulation.
An ammonia budget for Australia.

The paper reviews research into sources and sinks of ammonia (NH3) in the Australian landscape and presents an NH3 budget for the continent. Emissions from uncultivated land areas were reckoned to be the most important source, followed by excreta from domestic animals, emissions from fertilized fields, and biomass burning. Coal burning and excreta from wild animals (kangaroos) were of minor importance. The total emission of NH3 was estimated to be 1.9 Tg N y-1, 1.6% of the global total. In a comparable budget for the globe, biomass burning was listed as the biggest source, but this and emissions from uncultivated land areas are the biggest unknowns in both budgets. Ammonia concentrations and deposition rates in Australia are presently too small to constitute serious pollution problems as they do in parts of Europe, but the depositions may be large enough to play an important role in the nitrogen (N) economy of native plant and microbial ecosystems.
Albedo decline on Greenland's Mittivakkat Gletscher in a warming climate

Albedo is one of the parameters that govern energy availability for snow and ice surface ablation, and subsequently the surface mass balance conditions of temperate glaciers and ice caps (GIC). Here, we document snow and ice albedo changes for Mittivakkat Gletscher (MG) in Southeast Greenland (2000–2013), for which an 18‐year record of direct surface mass balance measurements exists. The MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS MCD43A3) albedo product was used to study MG's snow and ice albedo, evaluated against supraglacial automatic weather station (AWS) observations. In general, by the end of the mass balance year (EBY), MG's AWS observed bare ice albedo reached ∼0.3 only just exceeding values observed for proglacial bedrock (∼0.2). The analysis reveals negative mean trends in the MODIS‐derived MG EBY albedo for the period 2000–2013 with a significant decline in mean glacier‐wide albedo of 0.10. The greatest decline in albedo, of 0.25, occurred near the equilibrium line altitude (ELA), an important surface cover and albedo transitional zone. The EBY albedo correlates significantly with ELA and net winter and summer glacier mass balance records.
Distinctive phosphoinositide- and Ca 2 (cid:2) -binding properties of normal and cognitive performance–linked variant forms of KIBRA C2 domain

Kidney- and brain-expressed protein (KIBRA), a multifunctional scaffold protein with around 20 known binding partners, is involved in memory and cognition, organ size control via the Hippo pathway, cell polarity, and membrane trafficking. KIBRA includes tandem N-terminal WW domains, a C2 domain, and motifs for binding atypical PKC and PDZ domains. A naturally occurring human KIBRA variant involving residue changes at positions 734 (Met-to-Ile) and 735 (Ser-to-Ala) within the C2 domain affects cognitive performance. We have elucidated 3D structures and calcium- and phosphoinositide-binding proper-tiesofhumanKIBRAC2domain.BothWTandvariantC2adopt
Modeling alluvial landform change in the absence of external environmental forcing

Alluvial fan evolution and morphology are often considered to respond primarily to external forcing (e.g., tectonics, climate, and base-level change). Here we present a numerical model of alluvial fan evolution that shows that dramatic and persistent fan entrenchment may occur in the absence of such forcing. This process is driven by positive autogenic feedbacks between flow width, sediment transport, and rate of fan aggradation. Entrenchment is initiated where sediment accommodation space limits continued fan growth. Our results highlight a need to rethink both the representation of fluvial width adjustment in landscape evolution models and the established framework for the interpretation of fluvial landforms as archives of environmental change.
Cloud structure, microphysics, and precipitation in tropical clouds inferred from satellite data

Cloud Structure, Microphysics, and Precipitation in Tropical Clouds Inferred From Satellite Data Terence L. Kubar Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Dennis L. Hartmann Department of Atmospheric Sciences Satellite cloud and precipitation data are used to show that optically thick high cloud fraction is a good proxy for rain rate. In the ITCZ, the ensemble of high clouds in the East Pacific (EP) induces considerably more net TOA radiative cooling compared to the West Pacific (WP), primarily because of more high, thin cloud in the WP. We investigate whether anvil cloud temperature is more convectively or radiatively driven. The level of neutral buoyancy seems to influence the temperatures of the coldest, thickest clouds, but has no simple relation to anvil cloud. Instead, median anvil cloud temperature closely follows the temperature of the clear-sky convergence peak. The radiatively-driven clearsky convergence profiles are consistent with warmer anvil clouds in the EP than the WP. Cloud radar data are used to investigate the relation of cloud structure and precipitation. Heavily precipitating clouds have high tops that are nearly two km deeper than moderately or non-raining high clouds. As cloud tops rise from 12 km to the tropical tropopause, a nearly tenfold rain rate increase is observed. Clouds with tops below 9.5 km contribute 38% to total rainfall in the WP and 47% in the EP. The importance of macrophysical variables (cloud thickness, liquid water path LWP) and microphysical variables (effective radius re, effective droplet concentration Neff) on warm drizzle intensity and frequency is studied using satellite optical and cloud radar data. Cloud top height and LWP substantially increase as drizzle increases. Droplet radius estimated from MODIS also increases with cloud radar reflectivity (dBZ), but levels off as dBZ>0, except where the influence of continental pollution is present, in which case a monotonic increase of re with drizzle intensity occurs. Drizzle frequency increases nearly uniformly when cloud tops grow from one to two km. Drizzle frequencies exceed 90% in all regions when LWPs exceed 250 g m and Neff values are below 50 cm , even in regions where drizzle occurs infrequently on the whole.
Plasma corticotropin and cortisol responses to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), CRH plus AVP, and CRH plus metyrapone in patients with Cushing's disease.

The CRH test may sometimes be useful in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, because most patients with pituitary ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome (Cushing's disease) respond to CRH, but those with other causes of Cushing's syndrome usually do not. However, about 10% of Cushing's disease patients fail to respond to CRH. We wondered if we could eliminate these false negative results either by exploiting the potential additive or synergistic effects of another ACTH secretagogue or by reducing glucocorticoid inhibition of CRH's ACTH-releasing effect. We compared the effect on plasma ACTH and cortisol in 51 patients with Cushing's disease of administering ovine CRH (1 microgram/kg BW, i.v.) alone, arginine vasopressin (AVP; 10 U, i.m.) alone, the combination of CRH and AVP, and CRH after pretreatment with metyrapone (1 g, orally, every 4 h for three doses; CRH + MET). The rates of nonresponse (ACTH increment, < 35%; cortisol increment, < 20%) to AVP and CRH alone were 26% and 8%, respectively; all patients responded to CRH + AVP. The lack of response was not due to improper administration or rapid metabolism of the agonist, because plasma CRH and AVP concentrations were similar in responders and nonresponders. A synergistic ACTH response to CRH + AVP occurred in 65% of the patients. MET pretreatment increased basal plasma ACTH levels in most patients and induced the greatest mean peak ACTH response to CRH, but 8% of the patients did not respond to CRH + MET with an ACTH increment of 35% or more. Because all of the Cushing's disease patients tested in this study responded to the combination of CRH + AVP, whereas 8% failed to respond to CRH alone, we conclude that CRH + AVP administration may provide a more reliable test for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome than administration of CRH alone. Whether this improved sensitivity is accompanied by unaltered specificity for Cushing's disease must be tested in patients with chronic ectopic ACTH syndrome.
Validation of a vegetated filter strip model (VFSMOD)

Vegetated filter strips (VFS) are designed to reduce sediment load and other pollutants into water bodies. However, adaptation of VFS in the field has been limited owing to lack of data about their efficiency and performance under natural field conditions. A number of models are available that simulate sediment transport and trapping in VFS, but there is a general lack of confidence in VFS models owing to limited validation studies and model limitations that prevent correct application of these models under field conditions. The objective of this study is to test and validate a process‐based model (VFSMOD) that simulates sediment trapping in VFS. This model links three submodels: modified Green–Ampt's infiltration, Quadratic overland flow submodel based on kinematic wave approximation and University of Kentucky sediment filtration model. A total of 20 VFS, 2, 5, 10 and 15 m long and with various vegetation covers, were tested under simulated sediment and runoff conditions. The results of these field experiments were used to validate the VFS model. The model requires 25 input parameters distributed over five input files. All input parameters were either measured or calculated using experimental data. The observed sediment trapping efficiencies varied from 65% in the 2‐m long VFS to 92% in the 10‐m long filters. No increase in sediment removal efficiency was observed at higher VFS length. Application of the VFS model to experimental data was satisfactory under the condition that actual flow widths are used in the model instead of the total filter width. Predicted and observed sediment trapping efficiencies and infiltration volume fitted very well, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0·9 and 0·95, respectively. Regression analyses revealed that the slope and intercept of the regression lines between predicted versus observed infiltration volume and trapping efficiency were not significantly different than the line of perfect agreement with a slope of 1·0 and intercept of 0·0. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoción, Prevención, Municipalización y Aseguramiento en Salud, en Siete Municipios

Bajo la premisa de que el ente politico administrativo fundamental del Estado en el nivel local es el municipio, se realizo un estudio de casos para identificar relaciones potenciales entre la promocion de la salud y la prevencion de la enfermedad, segun el Plan de Atencion Basica y el Plan Obligatorio de Salud, y los procesos de municipalizacion y aseguramiento en salud. La municipalizacion en salud se interpreto como la capacidad de asumir competencias y responsabilidades desde lo local y la descentralizacion como el otorgamiento de la certificacion al municipio que cumple los requisitos establecidos en el pais al respecto. Se estudiaron tres municipios certificados y cuatro no certificados y se analizaron los grados de desarrollo de la municipalizacion y las coberturas de aseguramiento en salud. Se encontro que mayores desarrollos en promocion y prevencion se relacionan con mayores desarrollos en la municipalizacion, independiente de que el municipio se haya descentralizado. En el proceso de aseguramiento el avance mas importante es la responsabilidad del municipio en la afiliacion de la poblacion al regimen subsidiado.
Controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by bed‐material load along the Sacramento River, California

Differences in the nature and quantity of sediment filling oxbow lakes have significant implications for the evolution of meandering rivers and the development of floodplains, influencing rates of meander migration and the valley width over which migration takes place. In an effort to identify the controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by coarse bed material, this study examined the sedimentary records stored within oxbow lakes of the Sacramento River of California, USA, and found that the volume of gravel in storage correlated negatively with the diversion angle separating flow between the river channel and the entrance into each lake. A method was devised for estimating the original channel bathymetry of the studied lakes and for modelling the hydraulic and sediment‐transport effects of the diversion angle within channels recently abandoned by meander cut‐off. The diversion angle determines the width of a flow separation within the abandoned‐channel entrance, reducing the discharge diverted from the river channel and thus limiting the ability of the abandoned channel to transport bed material. Aggradation rates are faster within entrances to abandoned channels with high diversion angles, resulting in the rapid isolation of lakes that store only a small volume of coarse‐grained sediment. Aggradation rates are slower within channel entrances where diversion angles are low, resulting in the slow transitioning of such channels into oxbow lakes with a larger and more extensive accumulation of coarse‐grained sediment. These findings compare well with observations in other natural settings and the mechanism which is described for the control of the diversion may explain why some oxbow lakes remain as open‐water environments for centuries, whereas others are filled completely within decades of cut‐off.
Achieving a more realistic assessment of rockfall hazards by coupling three‐dimensional process models and field‐based tree‐ring data

Sound knowledge of the spatial and temporal patterns of rockfalls is fundamental for the management of this very common hazard in mountain environments. Process‐based, three‐dimensional simulation models are nowadays capable of reproducing the spatial distribution of rockfall occurrences with reasonable accuracy through the simulation of numerous individual trajectories on highly‐resolved digital terrain models. At the same time, however, simulation models typically fail to quantify the ‘real’ frequency of rockfalls (in terms of return intervals). The analysis of impact scars on trees, in contrast, yields real rockfall frequencies, but trees may not be present at the location of interest and rare trajectories may not necessarily be captured due to the limited age of forest stands. In this article, we demonstrate that the coupling of modeling with tree‐ring techniques may overcome the limitations inherent to both approaches. Based on the analysis of 64 cells (40 m × 40 m) of a rockfall slope located above a 1631‐m long road section in the Swiss Alps, we illustrate results from 488 rockfalls detected in 1260 trees. We illustrate that tree impact data cannot only be used (i) to reconstruct the real frequency of rockfalls for individual cells, but that they also serve (ii) the calibration of the rockfall model Rockyfor3D, as well as (iii) the transformation of simulated trajectories into real frequencies. Calibrated simulation results are in good agreement with real rockfall frequencies and exhibit significant differences in rockfall activity between the cells (zones) along the road section. Real frequencies, expressed as rock passages per meter road section, also enable quantification and direct comparison of the hazard potential between the zones. The contribution provides an approach for hazard zoning procedures that complements traditional methods with a quantification of rockfall frequencies in terms of return intervals through a systematic inclusion of impact records in trees. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptional activation of the human prostatic acid phosphatase gene by NF-κB via a novel hexanucleotide-binding site

Human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) is a prostate epithelium-specific differentiation antigen. Cellular PAcP functions as a neutral protein tyrosine phosphatase and is involved in regulating androgen-promoted prostate cancer cell proliferation. Despite the fact that the promoter of the PAcP gene has been cloned, the transcriptional factors that regulate PAcP expression remain unidentified. This article describes our analyses of the promoter of the PAcP gene. Deletion analyses of the promoter sequence up to −4893 (−4893/+87) revealed that a 577 bp fragment (−1356/−779) represents the unique positive cis-active element in human prostate cancer cells but not in HeLa cervix carcinoma cells. Interestingly, the 577 bp fragment contains a non-consensus nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-binding site that is required for NF-κB up-regulation in prostate cancer cells, while NF-κB failed to have the same effect in HeLa cells. Conversely, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway stopped p65 NF-κB activation of the p1356 promoter activity. Gel shift and mutation analyses determined that AGGTGT (−1254/−1249) is the core sequence for NF-κB-binding and activation. Biologically, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activated endogenous PAcP expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. The data collectively indicate that NF-κB up-regulates PAcP promoter activity via its binding to the AGGTGT motif, a novel binding sequence located inside the cis-active enhancer element in human prostate cancer cells.