Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Updated ACR Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems in risk stratification of thyroid nodules: 1-year experience at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Al-Qassim

Background Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) is assessment of risk stratification of thyroid nodules, using a score. A novel ACR (American College of Radiology) TI-RADS has been recently suggested by American College of Radiology. But, the utility of ACR TI-RADS in risk stratification for thyroid lesion needs further evaluation. Aim Of this study was to evaluate ACR TI-RADS classification in discriminating benign and from other thyroid lesions as detected by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Methods This retrospective study included all patients referred to our institute for FNAC of a thyroid nodule over 1 year. Thyroid nodules were categorized according to the 2017 ACR TI-RADS. Ultimately, efficacy of ACR TI-RADS in differentiating benign from non-benign nodules was assessed using ROC curve, cross-tabulation, and Chisquare tests. According to the results of FNAC, nodules were classified into 2 groups; benign lesions (Bethesda II) and malignant lesions (Bethesda IV, V). Results The percentages of Bethesda IV and V lesions defined in our ACR-TIRADS were as follows: ACR TI-RADS 1, 2 (0%), ACR TI-RADS 3 (4%), ACR TI-RADS 4 (6.6%), and ACR TI-RADS 5 (22.6%). ROC curve analysis for ACR TI-RADS to differentiate benign from non-benign pathology showed (AUC 0.60, 95% CI: 0.505–0.713). ACR TI-RADS had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value 75%, 62.35 %, 15.7%, 96.3% respectively. Conclusion Differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid lesion can be suggested from the ultrasound based ACR TI-RADS system. FNAC might be deferred in patients having ACR TI-RADS 1 and 2.
Knowledge and perception regarding surgical antibiotic prophylaxis among physicians in the department of obstetrics and gynecology

Background: Evidence shows that compliance with surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) among obstetricians and gynecologists is poor. This study evaluates the knowledge and perceptions regarding SAP among doctors in Obstetrics and Gynecology units. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among physicians in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in two public tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Data was collected using a 30-item validated and pre tested self-administered questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS. Results: A total of 41 respondents (response rate: 68.3%) returned the survey with a male preponderance (61%). Medical officers (Senior Registrars and Registrars) constituted almost two-third (63.4%) of the respondents. Only 26.8% had attended a workshop, seminar, conference or clinical meeting regarding SAP. Most respondents were not aware of the most common organism that causes surgical site infection and the appropriate time and duration of SAP. However, majority (90%) knew that the inappropriate use of SAP could lead to antibiotic resistance. More than two-third agreed that SAP malpractices were due to the lack of knowledge about SAP and poor awareness regarding antibiotic resistance. More than 90% agreed that education, audit and feedback, and guidelines would improve compliance with SAP. Respondents with 6–10 years working experience had significantly higher knowledge score than those with 1 –5 years experience. Respondents who had not attended any workshop or course pertaining to SAP had more positive perception. Conclusion: Respondents demonstrated inadequate knowledge of SAP and most of them were aware that inappropriate use of SAP could lead to antibiotic resistance.
Different 2D ultrasound calculation methods to evaluate tongue volume for prediction of difficult laryngoscopy

Background and Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare three different ultrasonographic calculation methods for tongue volume in a real time 2D ultrasonography and correlate with Modified Cormack–Lehane grading observed under direct laryngoscopy. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care institute. Tongue volume was assessed ultrasonically in 50 adult patients using three techniques in all the patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia and correlated with Modified Cormack–Lehane grading. In METHOD A, the tongue volume was calculated as multiplication of mid sagittal cross-sectional area and width in transverse plane; METHOD B, Cross-sectional area obtained in vertical plane was multiplied with the maximum width of tongue in transverse plane; METHOD C. the volume was calculated by multiplying length, width, and height in vertical, transverse, and mid-sagittal/oblique plane, respectively. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to find out cutoff point of different methods for predicting difficult laryngoscopy. Results: The specificity and sensitivity of three different methods were statistically compared and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for method A, B, and C was 0.562, 0.502, and 0.548, respectively. Conclusion: In our study, we found all three methods to calculate tongue volume to be equally good to assess difficult laryngoscopy.
Emergency preparedness of oral health professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: A knowledge, attitude, and practices study

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus and was first reported in Wuhan, China. Affecting almost 207 countries, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. [1] Considering social distancing as first-line measure of reducing the transmission of disease, nationwide lockdown in India was announced. Health-care professionals and first responders are considered to be high-risk groups for the transmission of the virus. As oral health professionals form, a significant risk group for infection and need to take all transmission-based precautions to prevent the transmission of the disease. Keeping that in view, various advisories were also issued to provide interim guidance to the dental practitioners during this pandemic. This study was designed to have an insight into problems and deficiencies faced by the dental fraternity in the practical application of their knowledge in today's changing scenario. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of dentists across North India during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Dental practitioners across North India were requested to take part in the online survey. Survey forms were sent in the form of Google document. Four hundred and ten survey questionnaires were sent to dental practitioners in the northern Indian region. Three hundred and thirty responses were received with response rate equivalent to 80.4%. Statistics were applied to analyze the responses. Conclusion: Dentists across North India are well informed and aware of the changing scenarios during COVID-19 Pandemic. They seemed to be optimistic and trying to keep themselves abreast of the latest guidelines and providing emergency dental care in the best possible way with an intent to serve their community.
Psychological morbidity in soldiers after spinal cord injury

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients usually experience multiple and ongoing, neurological, and other medical problems with significant damage to the social and psychological well-being of themselves and their families. Materials and Methods: Soldiers with SCI transferred to the regional centre after suitable stabilization of their fractures and general physical condition were included in the study. The baseline assessment included a diagnostic interview and review of case notes for a comprehensive, multi-axial diagnosis. The participants were assessed using the Barthel's Index, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the General Health Questionnaire, Quality of life (QOL) Index, AFMC stressful life event Scale, and the Social Support Survey with the current defense or coping style also being recorded. Similar assessments were repeated at 1 month, 6 months, and at 1 year after intake. Results: It was noticed that the mean scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were below the cut-off point for diagnosable disorder, or in the mild end of the spectrum. However, the measures of psychological distress and QOL showed significantly high mean scores. Anxiety Scores showed little variation over time initially, and none of the mean differences (t values) reached statistical significance. However, when the scores of intake and those at 6 months are compared, there was a statistically significant improvement. Depression scores, on the other hand, showed a steady improvement with each assessment. General lack of well-being and psychological distress along with poor QOL remained high throughout the period of assessment with little variation over time . These morbidity measures could not be accounted for by variations in stressful life-event scores or by variations in degree of disability. Although the negative correlation between anxiety and depression scores and those on the QOL index approached conventional levels of significance, there was little correlation overall between morbidity measures and the putative modifying variables at any stage of assessment. Conclusions: Although psychological symptoms of depressive and anxious spectrum was virtually universal, psychiatric illness at syndromal intensity warranting a formal psychiatric referral and management was rare in patients with SCI in the 1st year. The general well-being and QOL were expectedly dismal throughout. Expected correlations between the measures of social support and degree of disability with the measures of anxiety, depression, subjective distress, and QOL were not demonstrated . There is a need to look beyond these and explore factors such as lack of information, physical morbidity, quality of social support, and dependence for the activities of daily living to evolve a nuanced approach toward the challenge that these clientele represent.
A randomised comparative study of “videoendoscope” with the Truview EVO2, C-MAC D blade videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope

Background and Aims: Videolaryngoscopes are crucial components of a difficult airway cart. Issues of cost and availability, however, remain a problem. We compared the combination of an endoscope used in conjunction with the Macintosh laryngoscope with established videolaryngoscopes and the Macintosh laryngoscope using the intubation difficulty scale (IDS) score. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomised study including 120 adult patients, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I–III, with an anticipated difficult airway scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated to one of four groups: Truview EVO2 (group 1), C-MAC D Blade (group 2), videoendoscope (group 3), or Macintosh laryngoscope (group 4). The IDS score was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the Cormack–Lehane grade, time to tracheal intubation, haemodynamic responses, and adverse events. Results: A significant proportion of patients in groups 2 and 3 had an IDS score of zero (73.3 and 70%, respectively). IDS scores were significantly lower in the C-MAC D blade and videoendoscope groups attributable to differences in parameters N4, N5 and N6 [C/L grades, lifting force and laryngeal pressure required] (P < 0.001). The C-MAC D blade and the Macintosh laryngoscope required less time for intubation as compared to the Truview EVO2 and videoendoscope. No differences were noted in post-intubation haemodynamic parameters and other adverse events. Conclusion: The performance of videoendoscope was comparable to C-MAC D Blade and superior to Truview EVO2 and Macintosh laryngoscope with respect to the IDS score and may thereby provide an effective alternative to commercial videolaryngoscopes in low resource settings.
Choice of delivery positions among multiparous women in Kano

Background: Confining women to hospital bed with limited power of movement and involvement of decision making during labor process and restricting them to supine position in second stage of labor might contribute significantly to aversion to hospital delivery. Objective: To determine the different delivery positions women take during home delivery. Method: This was a cross sectional survey among 285 multiparous women who had vaginal delivery of life singleton babies. They were interviewed using questionnaire at Murtala Muhammad Specialist hospital Kano on choices of delivery position. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the state. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS Version 19. Qualitative data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Chi (χ2) test was used for categorical data. A P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age (±SD) of the respondents was 28.9 ± 7.12 years. Majority of the women that delivered at home assumed the squatting position for delivery (60%) and were mainly assisted by traditional birth attendants (TBA) (41.3%). Over 50% of those that delivered at home were instructed to take the position they delivered in by their assistants at delivery while those that chose their position by themselves did that because they felt more comfortable in that position (85%). Over 80% of those that were instructed to take a position at delivery did not ask their assistant the reason for advising on that position. There was statistically significant association between educational level and right to decide in which position to deliver the baby (χ2=28.517, P = 0.000). Conclusion: Squatting position was the most assumed position following home delivery. There was statistically significant association between educational level and right to decide in which position to deliver the baby.
IMPLICATIONS OF MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CRITERIA IN TAXONOMY OF LAURACEAE JUSS.

Taxonomic relationships of eight taxa (representing three tribes, four genera and seven species) of Lauraceae grown in Egypt were studied, using both the morphoarchitectural leaf pattern, as well as inter-simple sequence repeat ISSR analysis. The morphoarchitectural leaf patterns were investigated by LM. The genetic differentiation among the studied taxa was analyzed by a genotyping method using 13 ISSR primers. The recorded data achieved from the morpho-architectural patterns and 13 ISSR primers were analyzed using the Dice coefficient to compute the similarity matrix. This similarity matrix was used to produce dendrograms using the UPGMA clustering method. The traditional morphological characters were insufficient to resolve relationships within the studied taxa and did not provide generic delimitation. The results obtained from ISSR analysis demonstrated that the genetic analysis were sufficient to resolve relationships within Lauraceae. It also supported previous researches which concluded that Cinnamomum was rejected as monophyletic group.
Effect of Obesity on Pulmonary Vascular Hemodynamics

Context: Obesity-related pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with hypoxia and metabolic abnormalities. Although right heart catheterization is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of PAH, Doppler echocardiography is more common. On the other hand, there is no definite echocardiographic parameter for PAH diagnosis. Novel echocardiographic parameter, pulmonary pulse transit time (pPTT), is assumed to be a surrogate marker for the assessment of PAH. Aims: The aim was to evaluate whether pPTT might be valuable for evaluating pulmonary vascular hemodynamics in obese patients. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional observational study. Methods: A total of 130 consecutive obese patients and 50 controls were included. Obese patients were divided into three groups according to body mass index (BMI): 25 < BMI <30 kg/m2 formed Group 1, 30 < BMI <35 kg/m2 formed Group 2, and 35 2 formed Group 3. All patients underwent a standard echocardiography including pPTT measurement. pPTT was defined as the interval between R-wave in the electrocardiography and the corresponding peak late systolic pulmonary vein flow velocity measured by pulse wave-Doppler in the pulmonary vein. Statistical Analysis Used: Intergroup differences were analyzed with analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis was used for correlation, multivariate logistic regression analysis, and regression. Results: Statistically significant reduction in pPTT was detected as early as in the first group (361.24 ± 25.54 vs. 391.26 ± 15.07; P = 0.015) and continued throughout Groups 2 and 3 (299.92 ± 35.10 vs. 391.26 ± 15.07;P < 0.0001, and 245.46 ± 11.25 vs. 391.26 ± 15.07;P < 0.0001, respectively). There was a strong negative correlation between pPTT and BMI (r = −0.848, P = 0.001). On linear regression analysis, BMI was found to be an independent risk factor for pPTT (confidence interval: −9.164–6.379, β = −0.525, P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that obesity leads to an increase in PAH, and pPTT allows noninvasive determination of the pulmonary hemodynamics in obese patients. pPTT might be a useful parameter in terms of predicting pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular alterations in obese patients. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the association between obesity and PAH.
Dermanyssus gallinae infection as a cause of high mortality of duck broilers

A sudden increase of mortality was observed in the second and third weeks of fattening in a ducking broiler farm with 18 000 birds. Post-mortem and laboratory examinations gave no convincing cause of this high mortality. Single mites belonging to the species of Dermanyssus gallinae were found on dead birds. Thorough examinations performed in this farm revealed a widespread presence of these parasites. Treatment combined with disinfestations of the poultry-houses with Pularyl preparation (carbaryl) did not give satisfactory results. The decrease in mortality of the birds was achieved after transferring them to new poultry-houses and disinfestations with 0.2% of Biocyd preparation (diazinon). After transferring the birds to new pens, further fattening was carried out with no difficulties. The birds reached normal slaughter weight at proper term and the percentage of birds rejected because of small weight was very low.
The Spanish "Ser/Estar" Distinction in Bilingual Children's Reasoning about Human Psychological Characteristics.

Children’s reasoning about the stability of human psychological characteristics was investigated in relation to the obligatory distinction between the Spanish verb forms ser and estar (which convey different information about the stability of characteristics) and the corresponding English form to be. Participants (85 bilingual children, ages 6 to 10 years) were interviewed to determine (a) whether the ser/estar distinction is relevant to reasoning about the stability of human characteristics and (b) whether beliefs about the stability of psychological characteristics relate to differences in the use of ser and estar to describe and explain social events. Children treated ser and to be as more likely than estar to convey the stability of psychological characteristics. Children who tended to endorse stable views of psychological characteristics were especially likely to use the ser form in their descriptions and explanations.
Petrocosmea shilinensis,a New Species of Gesneriaceae from Yunnan,China

Petrocosmea shilinensis,a new species of Gesneriaceae,is described and illustrated. The new species was collected at Guishan region of Shilin County,Yunnan Province in 2008. It is different from its similar species P.sericea ,in its cordate base of leaf,retrorse indumentums on petioles and the abaxial surfaces of leaf,geniculate filaments with dense ca. 1.5 mm long beard-like indumentums in the middle.
A vulnerability index for COVID-19: spatial analysis at the subnational level in Kenya

Background Response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic calls for precision public health reflecting our improved understanding of who is the most vulnerable and their geographical location. We created three vulnerability indices to identify areas and people who require greater support while elucidating health inequities to inform emergency response in Kenya. Methods Geospatial indicators were assembled to create three vulnerability indices; Social VulnerabilityIndex (SVI), Epidemiological Vulnerability Index (EVI) and a composite of the two, that is, Social Epidemiological Vulnerability Index (SEVI) resolved at 295 subcounties in Kenya. SVI included 19 indicators that affect the spread of disease; socioeconomic deprivation, access to services and population dynamics, whereas EVI comprised 5 indicators describing comorbidities associated with COVID-19 severe disease progression. The indicators were scaled to a common measurement scale, spatially overlaid via arithmetic mean and equally weighted. The indices were classified into seven classes, 1–2 denoted low vulnerability and 6–7, high vulnerability. The population within vulnerabilities classes was quantified. Results The spatial variation of each index was heterogeneous across Kenya. Forty-nine northwestern and partly eastern subcounties (6.9 million people) were highly vulnerable, whereas 58 subcounties (9.7 million people) in western and central Kenya were the least vulnerable for SVI. For EVI, 48 subcounties (7.2 million people) in central and the adjacent areas and 81 subcounties (13.2 million people) in northern Kenya were the most and least vulnerable, respectively. Overall (SEVI), 46 subcounties (7.0 million people) around central and southeastern were more vulnerable, whereas 81 subcounties (14.4 million people) were least vulnerable. Conclusion The vulnerability indices created are tools relevant to the county, national government and stakeholders for prioritisation and improved planning. The heterogeneous nature of the vulnerability indices underpins the need for targeted and prioritised actions based on the needs across the subcounties.
Anti-Nuclear Antibody Production in and Dendritic Cells for Germinal Center Requirement for MyD88 Signaling in B Cells

The intracellular tyrosine kinase Lyn mediates inhibitory receptor function in B cells and myeloid cells, and Lyn 2 / 2 mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune and inﬂammatory disease that closely resembles human systemic lupus erythematosus. TLR-signaling pathways have been implicated in the production of anti-nuclear Abs in systemic lupus erythematosus and mouse models of it. We used a conditional allele of Myd88 to determine whether the autoimmunity of Lyn 2 / 2 mice is dependent on TLR/ MyD88 signaling in B cells and/or in dendritic cells (DCs). The production of IgG anti-nuclear Abs, as well as the deposition of these Abs in the glomeruli of the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis in Lyn 2 / 2 mice, were completely abolished by selective deletion of Myd88 in B cells, and autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis were delayed or decreased by deletion of Myd88 in DCs. The reduced autoantibody production in mice lacking MyD88 in B cells or DCs was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the spontaneous germinal center (GC) response, suggesting that autoantibodies in Lyn 2 / 2 mice may depend on GC responses. Consistent with this view, IgG anti-nuclear Abs were absent if T cells were deleted (TCR b 2 / 2 TCR d 2 / 2 mice) or if T cells were unable to contribute to GC responses as the result of mutation of the adaptor molecule SAP. Thus, the autoimmunity of Lyn 2 / 2 mice was dependent on T cells and on TLR/MyD88