Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Petrological and geochronological constraints on high pressure, high temperature metamorphism in the Snowbird tectonic zone, Canada

The upper deck of the East Athabasca mylonite triangle (EAmt), northern Saskatchewan, Canada, contains mafic granulites that have undergone high P–T metamorphism at conditions ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 GPa, 890–960 °C. Coronitic textures in these mafic granulites indicate a near‐isothermal decompression path to 0.9 GPa, 800 °C. The Godfrey granite occurs to the north adjacent to the upper deck high P–T domain. Well‐preserved corona textures in the Godfrey granite constrain igneous crystallization and early metamorphism in the intermediate‐pressure granulite field (Opx + Pl) at 1.0 GPa, 775 °C followed by metamorphism in the high pressure granulite field (Grt + Cpx + Pl) at 1.2 GPa, 860 °C. U–Pb geochronology of zircon in upper deck mafic granulite yields evidence for events at both c. 2.5 Ga and c. 1.9 Ga. The oldest zircon dates are interpreted to constrain a minimum age for crystallization or early metamorphism of the protolith. A population of 1.9 Ga zircon in one mafic granulite is interpreted to constrain the timing of high P–T metamorphism. Titanite from the mafic granulites yields dates ranging from 1900 to 1894 Ma, and is interpreted to have grown along the decompression path, but still above its closure temperature, indicating cooling following the high P–T metamorphism from c. 960–650 °C in 4–10 Myr. Zircon dates from the Godfrey granite indicate a minimum crystallization age of 2.61 Ga, without any evidence for 1.9 Ga overgrowths. The data indicate that an early granulite facies event occurred at c. 2.55–2.52 Ga in the lower crust (c. 1.0 GPa), but at 1.9 Ga the upper deck underwent high P–T metamorphism, then decompressed to 0.9–1.0 GPa. Juxtaposition of the upper deck and Godfrey granite would have occurred after or been related to this decompression. In this model, the high P–T rocks are exhumed quickly following the high pressure metamorphism. This type of metamorphism is typically associated with collisional orogenesis, which has important implications for the Snowbird tectonic zone as a fundamental boundary in the Canadian Shield.
Applicability of ground‐penetrating radar as a tool for nondestructive soil‐depth mapping on Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits

Soil depth plays a decisive role in determining soil properties in mountainous regions for ecological site assessment. To evaluate the use of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for fast and high-resolution mapping within mountainous regions, we examined the possibilities and limitations of GPR to determine soil depth over bedrock and to delineate individual substrate layers formed during the Pleistocene in a periglacial environment (Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits, PPSD). Selected catenae in representative subregions of the study area (Dill catchment, SE Rhenish Massif, Germany) have been successfully mapped using GPR. A practicable method was developed using a 400 MHz antenna to reach a mean penetration depth of 1.5 m and to map different substrates and layers of PPSD based on calibrations of the GPR at soil pits along 12 catenae. Colluvium, the three types of PPSD layers, as well as the in situ bedrock could be distinguished in most sections of the GPR surveys. Characteristic GPR facies caused by intrinsic material properties of the different substrates, such as stone content and soil moisture content, could be distinguished in different geomorphologic and lithological settings. A layer-based velocity distribution was determined for characteristic substrate layers at soil pits enabling us to considerably enhance the accuracy of soil-depth prediction. Compared to traditionally surveyed soil profiles, our results demonstrate an accuracy of layer thickness surveying within a standard deviation of approx. 0.1 m. It is demonstrated that the combination of GPR with conventional soil-pit mapping is an efficient and valid method to produce high-resolution data of substrate distribution.
Numerical modelling of group effects on the distribution of dragloads in pile foundations

Negative skin friction on pile foundations, predicted from the results of numerical analyses, is presented. Soil slip at the pile–soil interface has been found to be the most important factor in governing pile behaviour in consolidating ground. Reduction in dragload is predicted for piles in a group owing to interaction between soil and pile. It has been demonstrated that the group effect depends not only on the configuration of the pile group, but also on soil slip along the pile–soil interface, governed mainly by the interface friction coefficient and the soil settlement. Various factors should be included in an evaluation of the group effect, including the pile spacing, the number of piles in a group, the relative location of piles in a group, the pile type, the pile installation method, the surface loading and the stiffness of the soil. Existing design approaches result in overprediction of dragload for a single pile and of group effect for a pile group. Back-analysed dragloads and group effects consi.
Physiological effects on fishes in a high-CO2 world

[1] Fish are important members of both freshwater and marine ecosystems and constitute a major protein source in many countries. Thus potential reduction of fish resources by high-CO2 conditions due to the diffusion of atmospheric CO2 into the surface waters or direct CO2 injection into the deep sea can be considered as another potential threat to the future world population. Fish, and other water-breathing animals, are more susceptible to a rise in environmental CO2 than terrestrial animals because the difference in CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) of the body fluid of water-breathing animals and ambient medium is much smaller (only a few torr (1 torr = 0.1333 kPa = 1316 μatm)) than in terrestrial animals (typically 30–40 torr). A survey of the literature revealed that hypercapnia acutely affects vital physiological functions such as respiration, circulation, and metabolism, and changes in these functions are likely to reduce growth rate and population size through reproduction failure and change the distribution pattern due to avoidance of high-CO2 waters or reduced swimming activities. This paper reviews the acute and chronic effects of CO2 on fish physiology and tries to clarify necessary areas of future research.
Ground-water movement toward artificial cuts

Artificial cuts, such as open channels and highway cuts, produce an imbalance in the original ground-water system. The developed drawdowns due to these cuts under the condition of saturated steady flow are studied theoretically by analyzing the seepage through trapezoidal sections of earth entailing the complexity of the free surface. The procedure is then extended to actual cases of extensive aquifers where such cuts exist. The proposed method is compared with some of the available rigorous mathematical solutions, such as those given by Falkovich, Mikhailov, Meletchenko, Pavlovsky, and Polubarinova-Kochina. The proposed method is simpler in its application and also gives a complete solution for the free surface, the discharge face, the rate of flow, and the hydropotential distribution within the affected region, whereas the rigorous methods are planned essentially for the solution of the free surface only.
Relation of Pc 1 micropulsations to the ring current and geomagnetic storms

The Pc 1 micropulsations were recorded at College, Alaska, Thule, Greenland, and at Sodankyla and Nurmijarvi, Finland, from November 1967 through January 1970. Cross-correlation analysis disclosed a significant tendency for periodically structured Pc 1 to occur during ring current recoveries. Semistructured and unstructured Pc 1 and 2 activity tends to occur in the initial phase and in the early part of the growing phase of magnetic storms. Source lines for structured Pc 1 events are principally on the dayside. These results are related to theoretical results of Kennel and Petschek, Cornwall and associates, and Brice and Lucas; i.e., the plasmasphere fills during the storm recovery phase, preferentially on the dayside, and the intersection of the ring current with the increasing cold-plasma density of the plasmasphere results in the cyclotron instability when the stable trapping limit is reached.
Osteoarticular Sporotrichosis of the Knee Caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis: Two Similar Cases with Different Outcomes

Sporotrichosis is the most frequent subcutaneous or implantation mycosis in Latin America, and its transmission occurs as a result of traumatic inoculation into the skin by organic matter containing the thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. Although cutaneous forms are more common, another important site is the osteoarticular system, whose hematogenous involvement is commonly associated with disseminated forms, especially in people who have an immunosuppressive condition, such as HIV/AIDS, chronic steroid use, and alcohol abuse. We present two cases of osteoarticular sporotrichosis of the knee caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis and followed up at our institution, with different outcomes. In the cases presented here, aging, anatomical sites, comorbidities, subtherapeutic serum levels, low adherence to treatment, and late diagnosis for different reasons may explain the observed outcomes. Early diagnosis of Sporothrix infection is critical in preventing complications, including death. We also highlight the importance of multidisciplinary follow-up and adherence to treatment for a favorable outcome.
Step–pool evolution in the Rio Cordon, northeastern Italy

The principle that formative events, punctuated by periods of evolution, recovery or temporary periods of steady‐state conditions, control the development of the step–pool morphology, has been applied to the evolution of the Rio Cordon stream bed. The Rio Cordon is a small catchment (5 km2) within the Dolomites wherein hydraulic parameters of floods and the coarse bedload are recorded. Detailed field surveys of the step–pool structures carried out before and after the September 1994 and October 1998 floods have served to illustrate the control on step–pool changes by these floods. Floods were grouped into two categories. The first includes ‘ordinary’ events which are characterized by peak discharges with a return time of one to five years (1·8–5·15 m3 s−1) and by an hourly bedload rate not exceeding 20 m3 h−1. The second refers to ‘exceptional’ events with a return time of 30–50 years. A flood of this latter type occurred on 14 September 1994, with a peak discharge of 10·4 m3 s−1 and average hourly bedload rate of 324 m3 h−1. Step–pool features were characterized primarily by a steepness parameter c = (H/Ls)/S. The evolution of the steepness parameter was measured in the field from 1992 to 1998. The results indicate that maximum resistance conditions are gradually reached at the end of a series of ordinary flood events. During this period, bed armouring dominate the sediment transport response. However, following an extraordinary flood and unlimited sediment supply conditions, the steepness factor can suddenly decrease as a result of sediment trapped in the pools and a lengthening of step spacing. The analogy of step spacing with antidune wavelength and the main destruction and transformation mechanism of the steps are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 0.5V 22.5ppm/°C Bandgap Voltage Reference With Leakage Current Injection for Curvature Correction

This brief presents a switched-capacitor network (SCN)-based bandgap voltage reference (BGR) with a leakage current injection technique for curvature correction, improving performance in terms of temperature coefficient (TC). A deep N-well NMOS transistor biased with a complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage generates a leakage current with a concave upward curvature. Subsequently, we inject this current into the SCN during the holding state for curvature correction. The injected leakage current changes the sampled CTAT voltage, achieving TC compensation without consuming too much additional power. The proposed BGR, fabricated in 65nm CMOS, occupies an active area of 0.0442 mm2. Measurements from 5 chips show that the achieved reference voltage is 432.4 mV under a 0.5 V supply. The average TC is 22.5ppm/°C over a temperature range of $-40^{\circ }\text{C}$ to 120°C, significantly improving on TC while the power consumption is only 29 nW, which is comparable to previous SCN BGRs. This validates the effectiveness of the proposed leakage current injection technique for curvature correction.
Redistribution of Gold within Arsenopyrite and Löllingite during Pro- and Retrograde Metamorphism: Application to Timing of Mineralization

The association of gold and Fe + S ± As phases in mesothermal gold deposits is ubiquitous. Arsenopyrite-lollingite-pyrrhotite-gold textures in amphibolite to granulite facies host rocks have been used to determine the timing of mineralization relative to peak metamorphism at a number of locations. The relative timing of gold deposition versus metamorphism is critically important to crustal-scale genetic models for the evolution of gold-producing regions. By analysis of experimental and natural samples we investigate the behavior of gold relative to these phases during prograde and retrograde metamorphism. We find that during prograde metamorphism gold is first expelled from arsenopyrite before being partitioned into lollingite. The occurrence of invisible gold in lollingite, therefore, does not unequivocally indicate gold deposition synchronous with peak metamorphism. Diffusional processes control both the partitioning of gold into lollingite during prograde metamorphism, and the exsolution of gold from lollingite during retrograde metamorphism. Experiments show that arsenopyrite produced during retrograde metamorphism is not able to incorporate invisible gold significantly. These results have implications for textural interpretations of the coexisting phases. We show that identical textural associations described at several deposits, elsewhere described as synpeak metamorphic, could have formed by metamorphism of a preexisting gold deposit.
Crescimento inicial de arbóreas nativas em solo salino-sódico do nordeste brasileiro tratado com corretivos

Initial growth of native trees on saline-sodic soil from northeastern Brazil using amendments Salts and sodium in excess on soil is one of the main factors that contribute to chemical degradation of soils from arid and semiarid irrigated areas. The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil amendments effect on the recovery of a soil degraded by salts and sodium in excess and on the initial growth of five native trees of Caatinga biome on saline-sodic soil. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse at CCTA/UFCG, using samples of a saline-sodic soil. The first experiment consisted of five soil amendment treatments: without correction, agricultural gypsum at the rate of 100% of the gypsum need (NG), agricultural gypsum at the rate of 50% NG + organic matter (OM), elementary sulfur (S) at the rate of 100% NG and elementary sulfur at the rate of 50% NG + OM, with 15 replicates. In the second experiment, the treatments were conducted in a factorial scheme 5 x 5, with five native trees species [tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum), sabia (Mimosa caelsalpiniifolia), jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), craibeira (Tabebuia aurea) e pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium) and with the five soil amendment treatments from the first
Rapid grounding line migration induced by internal ice stream variability

Observations indicate that the grounding line position of West Antarctica is sensitive to both forced and unforced ice stream variabilities. This study endeavors to characterize and understand unforced ice stream variability and associated grounding line migration. We use a flowline ice stream model with an undrained plastic bed, lateral shear stresses, and a stretched grid refined in the grounding zone. This model exhibits parameter space structure and hysteresis behavior similar to simpler ice stream models. Low prescribed temperature at the ice surface or weak geothermal heating produces thermal oscillations between active and stagnant phases. As in previous spatially resolved ice flow models, thermal activation propagates as an “activation wave. ” This model's fine resolution of the grounding zone allows for accurate simulations of transient, unforced grounding line migration. Upstream of the grounding zone, horizontal grid spacing of 1 km is required to accurately resolve activation waves. Activation waves induce the grounding line to migrate over 100 km at a rate that can exceed 1 km/yr. This is followed during the active phase by retreat, which then continues for the duration of the stagnant phase. Grounding line retreat is the result of a negative mass balance near the grounding line but is not necessarily associated with negative mass balance for the entire ice stream in our simulations of internal variability. The novel approach and experiments described in this study show that there can be large excursions in grounding line position in the absence of either external forcing or retrograde slopes.
Sound velocity of some germanate compounds and its relation to the law of corresponding states

The compressional and shear velocities of polycrystalline germanates were measured at room temperature by the ultrasonic pulse transmission method. The values of υp and υs at zero porosity were estimated from these data to be 4.1 and 2.55 km/sec for GeO2 (quartz), 7.9 and 4.85 km/sec for GeO2 (rutile), and 7.4 and 4.4 km/sec for Mg2GeO4 (olivine). These results were used with existing data on silicate compounds to formulate the following empirical relationships of sound velocity, density, and mean atomic weight: υp=(613±36)ρ1. 5/m¯2 and υs=(361±23)ρ1. 5/m¯2. These relationships are also used to estimate the value of m¯ in the mantle.
Grief Support and Coping Mechanism Mediate the Effect of Grief on Burnout Among Intensive Care Unit Nurses

Background Patients' death caused the intensive care unit (ICU) nurses to grieve, which led to their burnout. Intensive care unit nurses use various coping mechanisms and need support to overcome grief. Objective The aim of this study was to identify the mediation effects of coping mechanisms and grief support on the impact of grief on burnout. Method This cross-sectional study among 660 ICU nurses from 9 hospitals used 4 self-reported instruments to collect data, apart from the sociodemographic and employment-related variables. A final model was developed through structural equation modeling after establishing the construct validities of the measures through confirmatory factor analysis. Results The representation of ICU nurses from each hospital was greater than 50%, with the majority being female (90.8%) with a mean age of 27.27 years. Most nurses perceived the absence of grief, low burnout, and moderate to low grief support. The nurses use various coping mechanisms. Grief support significantly mediated the relationship between grief and burnout using a bootstrapping method with a mediation strength using the variance counted for (VAF) of 34.95%. The final model fit indices with acceptable values validated the direct and indirect relationships of grief, grief support, and coping mechanisms on burnout. Discussion The significant influence of grief support in mediating the effect of grief on burnout is an important finding. The nursing and hospital management can use this finding to provide grief support to ICU nurses, enhance the grief support resources, and promote future studies to test the model's validity and applicability to health care professionals who frequently face patients' death.
The dynamic interactions in Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety and Foreign Language Enjoyment of pupils aged 12 to 18 . A pseudo-longitudinal investigation

The combined effect of positive and negative emotions in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) has attracted the attention of researchers influenced by the Positive Psychology movement (Dewaele & MacIntyre, 2014; 2016a). The current study is based on a pseudolongitudinal design to investigate how the positive and negative emotions of 189 foreign language pupils in two London schools evolved over time. A comparison of the mean values of Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE) and Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety (FLCA) among 12-13 year olds (age group 1), 14-15 year olds (age group 2) and 16-18 year olds (age group 3) showed little variation in FLCA and a slight increase in FLE. Multiple regression analyses revealed that fewer independent variables (learner-internal and teacher-centred variables) predicted FLE and FLCA at the start and at the end of the secondary education compared to the middle phase. These findings suggest that the causes of positive and negative emotions are dynamic and change over time. Moreover, the nature of the relationships changes.
A Simple Field Method to Qualify the State of Saturation in Capillary Barriers

A simple and straightforward field method to rapidly qualify the state of saturation of moisture retaining layers (MRL) is proposed and the details of its calibration and operation, described. The technique is based on the simple fact that if gas samples cannot be taken from a stainless tube that is inserted to the desired depth within the MRL, the air filled voids at that depth are not interconnected and the material can be qualified, for all practical purposes, as saturated. In this case, the threshold degree of saturation beyond which gas flux substantially decreases (approximately 85 %), has been attained. In several sites covered with deinking by-products (DBP), an industrial residue that can be used as alternative construction material for landfills and acid-producing mine sites covers, it has been often impossible to collect gas samples below approximately 20 cm from the surface of the DBP layer. The question was thus to know if this is a reliable indicator that the threshold degree of saturation has or not been attained and that the layer is performing its role of gas barrier. In order to answer this question, a calibration was performed in the laboratory and in the field. The calibration consisted mainly on attempting to extract gas from samples compacted at different degrees of saturation. The results show that the threshold degree of saturation for DBP is attained at approximately 83 %.
Estimating photosynthetic light‐use efficiency using the photochemical reflectance index: the effects of short‐term exposure to elevated CO2 and low temperature

There is growing interest in using the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to estimate photosynthetic light‐use efficiency (LUE) in studies of terrestrial carbon exchange. However, evidence suggests that the PRI is correlated with LUE only while there is coordinated adjustment between PSII (photosystem II) photochemical efficiency (ΔF/Fm′) and the CO2 fixation rate. The range of environmental conditions under which this occurs has yet to be fully explored. In this study we examined for 13 species the response of ΔF/Fm′, LUE, and the PRI to short‐term exposure to elevated CO2 and low temperature. The PRI was linearly correlated with both ΔF/Fm′ and LUE under all conditions. Under elevated CO2, LUE was considerably enhanced without significantly affecting either ΔF/Fm′ or the PRI. This is consistent with current mechanistic understanding of the basis of the PRI/LUE relationship. In contrast, ΔF/Fm′, LUE, and the PRI were on average reduced proportionally by low temperature. This suggests simple multiplicative scaling may be sufficient to account across species for the effect of typical diurnal temperature variations in PRI/LUE relationships.