Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Source parameters of injection-induced microearthquakes at 9 km depth at the KTB Deep Drilling site, Germany

A fluid injection-induced seismicity experiment was undertaken in the KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) main borehole at 9 km depth. Several hundred microearthquakes were recorded by a three-component geophone at 4 km depth in the pilot hole of the KTB about 200 m west of the main hole. More than 100 of these events were also recorded with good signal-to-noise ratio by a 73-element temporary network at the surface. Several different clusters of microearthquakes with distinct waveforms were defined. Compound fault-plane solutions for the two most prominent clusters of seismic events were determined: a strike-slip mechanism for cluster 1 at an average depth of about 8.9 km and a strike-slip/reverse mechanism for cluster 4 (with the “main” ML = 1.2 event) at an average depth of 8.6 km. For both fault-plane solutions, the P axis is subhorizontal and oriented NNW-SSE, similar to the N160°E direction of maximum horizontal stress observed in the well bore. Both clusters were analyzed using an empirical Green's function method to derive the relative source time function (RSTF). Azimuthal variations of the RSTF were used to determine rupture directions and velocities. By combining the information about rupture directions with fault-plane solutions, it was possible to identify the active fault planes (NE striking nodal planes) for both clusters. Although injection-induced events are supposed to exhibit a dilatational component due to the tensile character of the source, the moment tensor inversion for both microearthquake clusters resulted in a double-couple contribution of about 90% and P axes similar to the direction of maximum horizontal stress observed in the borehole. The isotropic components of the moment tensors are insignificant due to the size of the location uncertainties. From records of the sensor at 4 km depth, we found seismic moments of the microearthquakes ranging from 107 to 1011 N-m. The spectra were corrected for Q [Q(f) = 420 f0.5 for P, and Q(f) = 230 f0.5 for S-waves, which were determined assuming an ω2 model]. Following Brune (1970, 1971), we found source radii between 12 and 28 m and stress drops between 0.01 and 6 MPa. The average ratio of S- to P-wave energy was determined as 14.2. Our relation between seismic moment and ML is log M0 = 1.01 ML + 9.68, and between energy and seismic moment, log E = 2.0 log M0 - 15.35. These seismic scaling relations suggest that stress drop increases with seismic moment for this data set. However, it cannot be precluded that our data, covering only somewhat more than three orders of magnitude, fall in a larger trend of constant-stress-drop scaling over many orders of magnitude due to the large scatter observed over several orders of magnitude.
Reward Loss as Psychological Pain

This article reviews research that suggests parallels between the mechanisms underlying physical pain and fear, and those underlying psychological pain derived from reward loss. Reward loss is a major source of emotional arousal and conflict that can be modeled in the laboratory in a preparation known as consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC). In cSNC, a group of rats is exposed to a downshift in the incentive value of a sucrose solution that leads to a sharp suppression of consummatory behavior. Research reviewed in this article demonstrates that the opioid system is normally engaged in cSNC and that individual differences in sensitivity to opioid antagonists correlate with fast recovery (resilience) and slow recovery (vulnerability) from reward loss. The co-option of the opioid system into playing a role in adjustment to situations involving psychological pain may be an evolutionary adaptation unique to mammals.
BIOMARKERS IN SCREENING FOR ADDITIONAL CARDIAC IMAGING

Introduction: Current primary prevention guidelines do not strongly support the use of cardiovascular imaging and circulating biomarkers in the risk assessment. Still, an increasing body of evidence suggests that important prognostic information can be obtained from imaging and biomarker measurements. Areas covered: In this review, we will describe the most important imaging modalities (coronary computed tomography, myocardial perfusion imaging, carotid intima media thickness, echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) and circulating biomarkers (cardiac troponins, B-type natriuretic peptides and C-reactive protein) for risk prediction in people without known cardiovascular disease. We will discuss both the prognostic performance and clinical utility of these biomarkers in the era of primary prevention with increased focus on precision medicine. Finally, we will comment on the use of cardiac biomarkers in screening for additional work-up with cardiac imaging and the combination of the entities in risk prediction. Expert opinion: We believe future primary prevention should to a larger extent integrate measurements of cardiovascular biomarkers and non-invasive imaging to enhance the precision of subclinical disease detection and risk stratification. The use of cardiovascular biomarkers as a screening tool for further testing with non-invasive imaging may be a cost-effective strategy.
ICT skills of LIS students: A survey of two library schools of the Punjab

The study aims at examining the level of ICT skills of LIS students (final year) at the University of the Punjab, Lahore (PU) and the Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB). It also finds out the LIS students' satisfaction with the teaching methodologies and ICT facilities provided by their institutes. The study not only identifies the situation of ICT skills of LIS products, but also highlights demands of LIS market in Pakistan. The research design was the survey method using questionnaire. For in-depth understanding of the phenomenon, semi structured interviews of a purposive sample were also conducted.
Modelling the Thermal Dynamics of Polygonal SoilStructures in the Permafrost of the Lena Delta,Northern Siberia

Patterned ground structures characterised by strong heterogeneities in surface and subsur- face properties are a common feature of permafrost landscapes in the Arctic. In this thesis, an existing permafrost model including conductive heat transfer and the phase change of water is extended to simulate the thermal dynamics of polygonal soil structures in an Arctic tundra wetland in Northern Siberia. A two-dimensional model formulation in cylindrical coordinates is implemented and coupled to a surface energy balance model. The model performance is assessed by a comparison with analytical solutions and field measurements of soil temperature and surface heat fluxes. The heat transfer in the soil is represented well with mean absolute deviations of up to 1 °C. The coupled simulations with surface energy balance calculation represent the soil temperatures with larger deviations that can be attributed to the description of the snow cover in the model. Lateral heat fluxes in the polygon only occur during limited periods and do not have a substantial impact on the thermal dynamics of the system. Simplified one-dimensional model descriptions based on averaged soil and surface parameters show a cold bias of up to 0.7 °C in the mean annual temperature of the permafrost compared with the detailed two-dimensional model. The thaw depth is simulated consistently by the models of different complexity .
HEAVY METAL TOXICITY OF RIVER RAVI AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

The assessment of river water quality has been made by physico-chemical and biological analyses. The role ofplankton as indicators offreshwater contamination by heavy metals viz. zinc, iron, manganese, cadmium, lead and nickel has been studied through the computation ofregression models. Significant variations in the concentration of heavy metals in water were due to changes in the volume of untreated industrial effluents and domestic sewage added continuously to the river system through. various effluent discharging tributaries. The concentrations of all heavy metals in water, except cadmium and mercury, were found significantly higher than the safe limits described by EPA (USA)for freshwater fisheries. The occurrence of all the heavy metals was negatively and significantly dependent upon the pH of water. The river water, throughout the stretch under study, was alkaline, however, decrease in pH of water significantly increased the heavy metal toxicity of water. Water temperature was another important factor which correlated positively and significantly (P < 0.01)with the occurrence of all heavy metals in river water. The uptake and accumulation of all the heavy metals (except lead) by the plankton were positively and significantly dependent on water temperature' also. The phytoplankton genera, viz. Bumilleria, Cladophora, Chlorella, Fragilaria, Synedra, Scendesmus, Tabellaria and Zygnema showed direct relationships with the intensity of metal pollution. Among zooplankton, Brachionus and Polyarthra were almost absent at highly polluted sampling stations. However, the genera viz. Aphanizomenon, Bacillaria, Closterium, Cyclopedia, Cocconeis, Cosmarium, Chrococus, Denticulla, Euglena, Spirulina, Spirogyra and Volvox showed considerable tolerance against heavy metal toxicity. Keratella and Filinia appeared to be the tolerant genera against heavy metal toxicity while Cyclops and Philodena were found as the sensitive forms. Metal ions in plankton have also shown direct relationships with the intensity ofwater pollution.
New moment magnitude scale, evidence of stress drop magnitude scaling and stochastic ground motion model for the French West Indies

In this study we analyse records from the 'Les Saintes' seismic sequence following the Mw= 6.3 earthquake of 2004 November 11, which occurred close to Guadeloupe (French West Indies). 485 earthquakes with magnitudes from 2 to 6, recorded at distances between 5 and 150 km are used. S-waves Fourier spectra are analysed to simultaneously determine source, path and site terms. The results show that the duration magnitude routinely estimated for the events that occurred in the region underestimate moment magnitude by 0.5 magnitude units over the whole magnitude range. From the inverted seismic moments and corner frequencies, we compute Brune's stress drops. We show that stress drops increase with increasing magnitude. The same pattern is observed on apparent stresses (i.e. the seismic energy-to-moment ratio). However, the rate of increase diminishes at high magnitudes, which is consistent with a constant stress drop model for large events. Using the results of the inversions, we perform ground motion simulations for the entire data set using the SMSIM stochastic simulation tool. The results show that a good fit (σ= 0.25) with observed data is achieved when the source is properly described by its moment magnitude and stress drop, and when site effects are taken into account. Although the magnitude-dependent stress drop model is giving better results than the constant stress drop model, the interevent variability remains high, which could suggest that stress drop depends on other parameters such as the depth of the hypocentre. In any case, the overall variability is of the same order of magnitude as usually observed in empirical ground motion prediction equations.
Climate Change Impacts and Ambiguity PRELIMINARY DRAFT - PLEASE DO NOT CITE

In this paper we introduce a theoretical framework to establish a relationship between climate change impacts and global greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations that takes into account the ambiguity - i.e. the structural uncertainty - that decision makers face when they have to assess future climate change impacts. We use US agriculture as a case study and estimate the sensitivity of agricultural land values and climate using a Ricardian model that distinguishes between cropland and non-cropland counties. We start by assessing climate change impacts for three SRES emission scenarios, in 2030, 2065 and 2100 for about 20 General Circulation Models (GCM). We show that deterministic chaos dominates the GCM scenarios and it discourages their use. For this reason we proceed by using simpler climate change models that generate probability density functions for climate sensitivity. We propose a simple decision-theoretic framework that takes into account ambiguity over climate sensitivity and helps decision makers visualize the full range of agricultural outcomes associated to a particular emissions trajectory. Nesting in a parametric fashion simple averaging and best/worst-case analysis, our model is intuitive, captures decision makers’ ambiguity attitudes (i.e., tastes), and enables simple sensitivity analysis. We couple it to our Ricardian model of climate impacts to better discern the future eects of climate change on US agriculture.
Use of High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) in Future Nuclear Applications

shapes and sizes of the Gibbs free energy curves can produce different combinations of thermodynamically stable phases. Due to the compositional complexity from several principal alloying elements, the system will typically exhibit a large entropy contribution to Gibbs free energy. This can surpass the enthalpy contribution in Gibbs free energy for ordered phases in relevant operating temperatures. The end result is an alloy which is thermodynamically favored to maintain a single-phased microstructure
Ice Keel-Seabed Interaction: Numerical Modelling for Sands

A large degree of uncertainty still exists in the Arctic where first year, multi-year and glacial (iceberg) ice features pose significant risk to potential oil and gas seabed developments. With advances in computational methods to evaluate ice-soil interaction, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the challenges such developments present. This paper presents numerical icesoil interaction models developed for sand with emphasis on improving solution mesh dependency where computational limitations existed in prior studies. Based on physical observations, new models yield a better representation of actual behaviour in more clearly defining shear deformations in the soil medium, stress effects and cyclic failure mechanism. In addition, traditional sand constitutive behaviour has been enhanced to capture the effects of variable dilation.
Global Assimilation of Multiangle and Multipolarization SMOS Brightness Temperature Observations into the GEOS-5 Catchment Land Surface Model for Soil Moisture Estimation

AbstractMultiangle and multipolarization L-band microwave observations from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are assimilated into the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 (GEOS-5), using a spatially distributed ensemble Kalman filter. A variant of this system is also used for the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Level 4 soil moisture product. The assimilation involves a forward simulation of brightness temperatures (Tb) for various incidence angles and polarizations and an inversion of the differences between Tb forecasts and observations into updates to modeled surface and root-zone soil moisture, as well as surface soil temperature. With SMOS Tb assimilation, the unbiased root-mean-square difference between simulations and gridcell-scale in situ measurements in a few U.S. watersheds during the period from 1 July 2010 to 1 July 2014 is 0.034 m3 m−3 for both surface and root-zone soil moisture. A validation against gridcell-scale measurements and point-scale measurements from .
Education Quarterly Reviews

Concerns about social appearance, which are common especially among young people, and their preferences in communication based on these concerns have come to a remarkable level. From this point of view, the study aimed determined to examine the relationship between social appearance anxiety and communication skills levels on the students in the faculties of sports sciences. Following the aim, the research was performed on 220 students in total, and male and female students were selected randomly. The sample of the study, in which the relational screening model, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used as a method. Besides, the "Social Appearance Anxiety Scale" (SAAS) and the " Communication Skills Assessment Scale (CSAS) was used, and ANOVA and t-tests were used in the statistical evaluation of the data. In the evaluation of the data, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the sub-dimensions of communication skills in terms of communication skills depending on gender (p<0.05). Moreover, it was understood that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of social appearance anxiety related to the gender variable (p>0.05).
Three-dimensional modeling of a shoreface-shelf parasequence reservoir analog: Part 2. Geologic controls on fluid flow and hydrocarbon recovery

Wave-dominated, shoreface-shelf parasequences are commonly modeled as simple layer-cake reservoirs, yet analysis of modern and ancient analogs demonstrates that these intervals contain a more complex physical stratigraphy. We investigate the impact of depositional and diagenetic heterogeneity associated with gently dipping clinoform surfaces on fluid flow and recovery during water flooding, using a three-dimensional model reconstructed from a well-exposed outcrop analog. We demonstrate that the volume of oil in place is affected by variations in facies thickness associated with interfingering along clinoforms, whereas waterflood sweep efficiency is affected by barriers to flow along clinoform surfaces, such as calcite-cemented layers, mudstones, and siltstones. Sweep efficiency is low when water flooding is down depositional dip because oil is bypassed at the toe of each clinothem as water flows preferentially through high-quality sandstone facies in the upper part of the parasequence. Sweep efficiency is higher when water flooding is up depositional dip because the gravity-driven, downward flow of water sweeps poorer-quality sandstone facies in the lower part of the parasequence. In both cases, injectors may offer limited pressure support to producers. Water flooding along depositional strike yields good pressure support but poor sweep because the gravity-driven flow of water into the lower part of the parasequence is significantly reduced. This yields highly variable fluid saturations but a uniform pressure gradient, which is consistent with pressure and fluid saturation data from the mature Rannoch Formation reservoir, Brent field, United Kingdom North Sea. Simple layer-cake models fail to capture the range of flow behaviors described above and overpredict recovery by up to 20% as a result.
An iterative classification approach for mapping natural resources from satellite imagery

Abstract This project explores an iterative classification process as an alternative to two-stage classifications. In the iterative classification approach cover types are classified, one or two at a time, and the band selection process is repeated in each iteration, so that the combination of bands that provides the best separability among the classes that remain to be classified is selected. The optimum number of bands to perform the classification is also determined for each iteration, so that the classification of the area that is masked in each iteration achieves the highest possible accuracy. Spectral Pattern Analysis, and Spectral Separability Indices are used in the band selection process. GIS analysis is used to obtain prior probabilities, and to determine if variables such as elevation, slope, and aspect can result in a source of information for segmentation of the study area into more homogeneous strata. The results of this study show that: (1) The proposed iterative classification approach is .
Identification of SEC61G as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a heterogeneous malignancy originating from the oral mucosal epithelium. Detecting novel biomarkers can offer crucial information on disease aggressiveness and expected clinical outcomes for individual patients. SEC61G, an aberrantly expressed gene in various cancers, has been associated with negative clinical outcomes. However, its expression and clinical significance in OSCC is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the SEC61G expression level in OSCC using bioinformatic and immunohistochemical analyses. Additionally, our findings revealed a significant correlation between SEC61G expression and clinicopathological characteristics, as well as a worse prognosis in OSCC patients. Notably, flow cytometry analysis on patient samples revealed that SEC61G expression was also linked to decreased immune infiltration in OSCC patients. In conclusion, our study provides evidence supporting SEC61G’s role as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic marker in OSCC.
Novel fluorescent probes and analysis methods for single-molecule and single-cell microscopy

Single-molecule ﬂuorescence microscopy studies of bacteria provide unique insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and protein machineries in ways that are unrivalled by any other technique. With the cost of microscopes dropping and the availability of fully automated microscopes, the volume of microscopy data produced has increased tremendously. These developments have moved the bottleneck of throughput from image acquisition and sample preparation to data analysis. Furthermore, requirements for analysis procedures have become more stringent given the demand of various journals to make data and analysis procedures available. To address these issues we have developed a new data analysis package for analysis of ﬂuorescence microscopy data from rod-like cells. Our software ColiCoords structures microscopy data at the single-cell level and implements a coordinate system describing each cell. This allows for the transformation of Cartesian coordinates from transmission light and ﬂuorescence images and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) data to cellular coordinates. Using this transformation, many cells can be combined to increase the statistical power of ﬂuorescence microscopy datasets of any kind. ColiCoords is open source, implemented in the programming language Python, and is extensively documented. This allows for modiﬁcations for speciﬁc needs or to inspect and publish data analysis procedures. By providing a format that allows for easy sharing of code and associated data, we intend to promote open and reproducible research.
Spatial and temporal variations of Fennoscandian seismicity

SUMMARY We present an evaluation of the seismicity in Fennoscandia. b-values have been assessed for the region between 54-72"N and 4-32"E and for the time period 1967-83. A presented contour map with different b-values indicates the relative seismicity between different regions, during the time period considered. Strain release rate has also been mapped and recalculated to give the possible maximummagnitude earthquake at a given point for time intervals of 17 and 90yr. The observed time variation of b, in epicentral regions of some of the major earthquakes that occurred in Fennoscandia, reveals that b has the tendency to increase several years prior to the occurrence of the event and decreases again about two years before the event takes place. This has been the case for at least two of the major Fennoscandian events, i.e. for the Solberg 1983 earthquake in Sweden and the southwestern Norway event in 1989. On the other hand, similar changes in the behaviour of b have not been observed for the Skovde 1986 earthquake in southern Sweden. Space-time variations of b were studied for the region with the highest observed b-value, i.e. for the region between 64-68"N and 17-32"E (not associated with any particular event) as well as in the vicinity of the epicentre of the Solberg earthquake. We will be discussing temporal and spatial variations of b in relation to the state of stress in the region and we believe that a better understanding of the behaviour of b may well help our efforts towards medium-term earthquake