Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUHU TUBUH: HOMEOSTASIS DAN EFEK TERHADAP KINERJA TUBUH MANUSIA

Abstract: Body temperature is defined as one of the vital signs that indicates the health status of a person. Compared with other primates, man has a greater ability to tolerate hot temperatures due to his many sweat glands, and that his skin is covered mostly by fine hair. In our bodies, heat energy is produced by muscles (mostly), sweat glands, fats, bones, connective tissues, and nerves. Heat energy is distributed to the whole body by blood circulation, but the temperatures are not the same in all parts of the body. There is a difference (around 40C) between core and surface body temperatures. The thermoregulator system has to obtain two suitable gradients: 1) between core and surface body temperatures, and 2) between surface and ambient temperatures. The gradient between core and surface body temperatures is the most important one to maintain optimum body function. Understanding from physics the aspect of body temperature and its influence on homeostatis mechanism, gives some valuable contribution to applied clinical sciences. Key words : core temperature, skin temperature, energy. Abstrak: Suhu tubuh didefinisikan sebagai salah satu tanda vital yang menggambarkan status kesehatan seseorang. Dibandingkan dengan primata lainnya, manusia mempunyai kemampuan yang lebih besar untuk mentolerer suhu tinggi oleh karena banyaknya kelenjar keringat, dan kulitnya hanya ditumbuhi oleh rambut halus. Di dalam tubuh energi panas dihasilkan oleh jaringan aktif terutama dalam otot, kemudian juga dalam alat keringat, lemak, tulang, jaringan ikat, serta saraf. Energi panas yang dihasilkan didistribusikan ke seluruh tubuh melalui sirkulasi darah, namun suhu bagian-bagian tubuh tidak merata. Terdapat perbedaan yang cukup besar (sekitar 4°C) antara suhu inti dan suhu permukaan tubuh.6,7 Sistem termo-regulator tubuh harus dapat mencapai dua gradien suhu yang sesuai, yaitu: 1) antara suhu inti dengan suhu per-mukaan, 2) antara suhu permukaan dengan suhu lingkungan. Dari keduanya, gradien suhu inti dengan suhu permukaan adalah yang terpenting untuk kelangsungan fungsi tubuh yang optimal. Pemahaman tentang besaran suhu dan pengaruhnya terhadap mekanisme homeostatis tubuh melalui pendekatan hukum-hukum fisika setidaknya memberi kontribusi yang berarti pada bidang ilmu klinis terapan. Kata kunci : suhu inti, suhu kulit, energi.
Warm-up breathing exercises accelerate VO 2 kinetics and reduce subjective strain during incremental cycling exercise in adolescents

: Background:Breathing exercises based on the Wim Hof method, which is a combination of deep breathing and breath holds, increase arterial CO 2 concentration. (i.e., hypercapnia). Induction of hypercapnia prior to exercise is purported to elicit a sympathetic response, leading to an increase in tidal volume and elevated blood flow to skeletal muscle in a manner that may improve exercise performance. We evaluated whether pre-exercise breathing techniques may impact VO 2 kinetics during incremental cycling exercise. Methods: 16 adolescent (16.6±1.4 years) middle- and long-distance runners (8 males and 8 females) participated in our study. Participants performed two incremental cycle ergometer testing sessions consisting of two minute stages at 1, 2, 3, and 4 W·kg -1 , which were immediately preceded by either a series of deep breathing exercises and breath holdsbased on each participant`s CO 2 tolerance, or an equal duration of seated rest, the order of which was randomized. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and respiratory parameters were continually assessed throughout the cycle ergometer tests and session rating of perceived exertion (Borg scale) was obtained at the end of the test. Results: Whereas all participants completed the final testing stage (4 W·kg -1 ) during the session preceded by breathing exercises, five participants were unable to complete this testing stage in the control trial. Oxygen consumption was significantly greater during the testing stages preceded by the breathing techniques (2.4–4.9%; p<0.05) and perceived effort throughout the training session was attenuated (18.5±1.2 vs. 17.4±1.1; p<0.01) following breathing exercises.All participants completed the final testing stage preceded by breathing exercises.Without breathing exercises five participants were unable to complete this stage. Conclusions: Breathing exercises, incorporating deep breathing and breath holds, performed prior to an acute exercise bout appears to accelerate VO 2 kinetics and reduces subjective strain in young endurance athletes. vs. 55.9 ml.min -1 . kg -1 ). In the study of Voilanitis et al. (2001), a group of well-trained club rowers (n= 14) performed a 6-min all-out rowing simulation. After a submaximal rowing warm-up (SWU), a specific rowing warm-up (RWU), and a specific rowing warm-up with the addition of a respiratory warm-up (RWUplus) was used. VO 2 showed no significance difference between tests for each warm-up. This previous research showing lack of an effect of warm-up breathing exercises on VO 2 responses is in contrast to the observed acceleratedVO 2 kineticsfollowing Wim Hof breath training. This difference may be explained by the greater stimuli of near maximal effort associated with the Wim Hof technique. Additionally, we examined submaximal VO 2 responses whereas preceding studies primarily measured VO 2 during maximal exercise, where the influence of inspiratory muscle warm-up exercises may be less apparent.
Food premises inspection violations and inspection frequency during COVID-19 in Vancouver Island Health Authority

Food service establishments, such as restaurants are subject to regulatory compliance, which acts to protect the health of the public from health risks and hazards that may arise in these settings. Ensuring compliance during inspections is carried out by public health professionals including Environmental Health Officers (EHOs). The COVID-19 Pandemic has impacted the public health sector, with many programs, services and professional involvement being enhanced to better support the COVID-19 response. This study investigated whether restaurant inspections on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were impacted during COVID-19, including inspection frequency, inspection violations and hazard ratings.
The Geometry of Submanifolds

Curves. General Properties of Submanifolds. Hypersurface. Submanifolds in Euclidean States. Submanifolds in Riemannian Space. Two-Dimensional Surfaces in E4. Minimal Submanifolds. Grassman Image of a Submanifold. Regular Polyhedra in E4 and EN. Isometric Immersions of Lobachevski Space into Euclidean Spaces.
Comment: Snowball versus Respondent-Driven Sampling

Leo Goodman (2011) provided a useful service with his clarification of the differences among snowball sampling as originally introduced by Coleman (1958–1959) and Goodman (1961) as a means for studying the structure of social networks; snowball sampling as a convenience method for studying hard-to-reach populations (Biernacki and Waldorf 1981); and respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a sampling method with good estimability for studying hard-to-reach populations (Heckathorn 1997, 2002, 2007; Salganik and Heckathorn 2004; Volz and Heckathorn 2008). This comment offers a clarification of a related set of issues. One is confusion between the latter form of snowball sampling, and RDS. A second is confusion resulting from multiple forms of the RDS estimator that derives from the incremental manner in which the method was developed. This comment summarizes the development of the method, distinguishing among seven forms of the estimator.
Role of Cytokines, Chemokines and IFN-γ+ IL-17+ Double-Positive CD4+ T Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is mediated by self-reactive myelin T and B cells that lead to axonal and myelin damage. The immune response in multiple sclerosis involves the participation of CD4+ T cells that produce cytokines and chemokines. This participation is important to find markers for the diagnosis and progression of the disease. In our work, we evaluated the profile of cytokines and chemokines, as well as the production of double positive CD4+ T cells for the production of IFNγ IL-17 in patients with multiple sclerosis, at different stages of the disease and undergoing different treatments. We found that relapsing–remitting patients had a significant increase in IL-12 production. About IL-5, its production showed significantly higher levels in secondarily progressive patients when compared to relapsing–remitting patients. IFN-γ production by PBMCs from secondarily progressive patients showed significantly higher levels. This group also had a higher percentage of CD4+ IFNγ+ IL-17+ T cells. The combination of changes in certain cytokines and chemokines together with the presence of IFNγ+ IL-17+ double positive lymphocytes can be used to better understand the clinical forms of the disease and its progression.
Effects of a Dog-Assisted Social- and Emotional-Competence Training for Prisoners: A Controlled Study

Background: Previous research has called for improving psychological interventions and developing new treatments for prisoners. Animal-assisted prison-based programmes have increasingly been used as an approach, but there is a lack of studies investigating the effectiveness of such programmes. Objective: To investigate the effects of a dog-assisted social- and emotional-competence training on the socioemotional competences of prisoners compared to treatment as usual. Methods: In a controlled trial, we investigated 62 prisoners that participated in either a 6-month dog-assisted psychotherapeutic programme or the standard treatment. We assessed social and emotional competences before and after the training and at a 4-month follow-up. Data were analysed with linear models. Results: The prisoners’ self-assessed social and emotional competences did not differ. The psychotherapists rated the prisoners’ emotional competences in the intervention group higher at the follow-up but not after the training. The psychotherapists did not rate the prisoners’ social competences in the intervention group differently but did find them to have higher self-regulation at follow-up and lower aggressiveness after the training than the control group. Conclusions: This study indicates that dog-assisted programmes with a therapeutic aim might be beneficial for prisoners. However, the inconsistent results indicate that more research is needed to determine the potential and limits of animal-assisted programmes in forensic settings.
Regulatable and Hardware-Based Proof of Stake to Approach Nothing at Stake and Long Range Attacks

Proof of Stake powered blockchains account for general trends in existing consensus mechanisms. However, existing PoS protocols are vulnerable to the nothing at stake and long range attacks, which allow attackers to gain unfair shares based on costless simulations and malicious sale information. In a decentralized setting, these securities are limited as each node is unregulated. To address these problems, we introduce a proof-of-hardware-stake (PohS) consensus mechanism and a regulatory mechanism based on a consortium blockchain. Our approach is implemented in a sharding blockchain to scale the consensus. Since any node on the network cannot fake information, the blockchain trustless won not be decreased by the reliance on a consortium blockchain. Under the competing rule of PohS consensus mechanism, adversaries can issue the long range attack with at most <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{-3}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="feng-ieq1-3201568.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> probability. The regulatory mechanism implements the regulation of costless simulations at the nothing stake attack. We prove that our design is secure (e.g., 51% and selfish mining) against adversarial stakes less than 51% by adopting the square root of stakes for competition. Our proof also highlights the security of double-spending and long range attacks. Simulations are conducted to compare the efficiency of our approach with Ethereum and Ouroboros.
A Holographic Approach to Spacetime Entanglement

Recently it has been proposed that the Bekenstein-Hawking formula for the entropy of spacetime horizons has a larger significance as the leading contribution to the entanglement entropy of general spacetime regions, in the underlying quantum theory [2]. This `spacetime entanglement conjecture' has a holographic realization that equates the entropy formula evaluated on an arbitrary space-like co-dimension two surface with the differential entropy of a particular family of co-dimension two regions on the boundary. The differential entropy can be thought of as a directional derivative of entanglement entropy along a family of surfaces. This holographic relation was first studied in [3] and extended in [4], and it has been proven to hold in Einstein gravity for bulk surfaces with planar symmetry (as well as for certain higher curvature theories) in [4]. In this essay, we review this proof and provide explicit examples of how to build the appropriate family of boundary intervals for a given bulk curve. Conversely, given a family of boundary intervals, we provide a method for constructing the corresponding bulk curve in terms of intersections of entanglement wedge boundaries. We work mainly in three dimensions, and comment on how the constructions extend to higher dimensions.
Impact of Desaturation Patterns versus Apnea–Hypopnea Index in the Development of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

Abstract Various phenotypes of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been recently described and are poorly assessed by the commonly used polysomnographic indices, such as the apnea–hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index. Nocturnal hypoxemia is the hallmark of OSA and new quantitative markers, as hypoxic burden or desaturation severity, have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular (CV) mortality. The purpose of this overview is to review the endophenotypical and clinical characteristics of OSA, the current metrics, and to analyze different measurements of hypoxemia in OSA to predict the cardiovascular impact (eg hypoxic burden). Potential interest of multidimensional models to classify OSA, such as BAVENO classification, is also discussed, with the goal of focusing on specific endophenotypes that are likely to develop CV comorbidities, in order to guide clinicians to more aggressive management of OSA in these individuals.
Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiovascular Surgical Patients: Single Center Practice and Experience

Background : In view of the role of mechanical circulatory support in patients with severe cardiac insufficiency during perioperative period, we searched the relevant articles on mechanical circulatory support at Fuwai Hospital, and analyzed the indications and complications of different mechanical circulatory support methods. Methods : Relevant studies were identified by computerized searches of PubMed, Ovid, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang Data, VIP Data, Chinese BioMedical Literature & Retrieval System (SinoMed), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), using search words (“intra-aortic balloon counter pulsation” OR “IABP” OR “extracorporeal membrane oxygenation” OR “ECMO” OR “ventricular assist device” OR “VAD”) AND (“Fuwai” OR “fuwai”). All studies concerning the application of IABP, ECMO, and VAD at Fuwai Hospital were included, exclusion criteria included: (1) studies published as review, case report or abstract; (2) animal or cell studies; (3) duplicate publications; (4) studies lacking information about outcomes of interest. Results : A total of 36 literatures were selected for analysis. The specific mechanical circulatory support methods of ECMO and VAD retrieved from the studies were VA-ECMO and LVAD. The number of cases using IABP, ECMO, LVAD was 1968, 972, 67; and the survival rate was 80.4%, 54.9%, 56.7%, respectively. The major complications of IABP, ECMO and LVAD were hemorrhage (1.2%, 35.9% and 14.5%), infection (3.7%, 12.7% and 9.7%), acute kidney injury (9.1%, 29.6% and 6.5%), the secondary complications were limb ischemia, neurological events, cardiovascular events and thrombosis. Conclusions : The present study suggested that, IABP, ECMO and VAD, either alone or in combination, were effective and safe mechanical circulation support when managing cardiovascular surgical patients with severe hemodynamic instability at Fuwai Hospital.
Fruitomics: The Importance of Combining Sensory and Chemical Analyses in Assessing Cold Storage Responses of Six Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Cultivars

Cold storage is used to extend peach commercial life, but can affect quality. Quality changes are assessed through the content of nutritionally relevant compounds, aroma, physical characters and/or sensorially. Here, six peach and nectarine cultivars were sampled at commercial harvest and after 7 days of 1 °C storage. A trained panel was used to evaluate sensorial characters, while carotenoids, phenolics, vitamin C, total sugars, and qualitative traits including firmness, titrable acidity and soluble solid content were integrated with volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis previously reported. The different analyses reveal interesting patterns of correlation, and the six cultivars responded differently to cold storage. Sensory parameters were correlated with 64 VOCs and seven intrinsic characters. Acidity, firmness, and 10 VOCs were strongly negatively correlated with harmony and sweetness, but positively correlated with bitterness, astringency, and crunchiness. In contrast, Brix, b-carotene, and six VOCs were positively correlated with harmony and sweetness.
Membranolytic Mechanism of Amphiphilic Antimicrobial β-Stranded [KL]n Peptides

Amphipathic peptides can act as antibiotics due to membrane permeabilization. KL peptides with the repetitive sequence [Lys-Leu]n-NH2 form amphipathic β-strands in the presence of lipid bilayers. As they are known to kill bacteria in a peculiar length-dependent manner, we suggest here several different functional models, all of which seem plausible, including a carpet mechanism, a β-barrel pore, a toroidal wormhole, and a β-helix. To resolve their genuine mechanism, the activity of KL peptides with lengths from 6–26 amino acids (plus some inverted LK analogues) was systematically tested against bacteria and erythrocytes. Vesicle leakage assays served to correlate bilayer thickness and peptide length and to examine the role of membrane curvature and putative pore diameter. KL peptides with 10–12 amino acids showed the best therapeutic potential, i.e., high antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic side effects. Mechanistically, this particular window of an optimum β-strand length around 4 nm (11 amino acids × 3.7 Å) would match the typical thickness of a lipid bilayer, implying the formation of a transmembrane pore. Solid-state 15N- and 19F-NMR structure analysis, however, showed that the KL backbone lies flat on the membrane surface under all conditions. We can thus refute any of the pore models and conclude that the KL peptides rather disrupt membranes by a carpet mechanism. The intriguing length-dependent optimum in activity can be fully explained by two counteracting effects, i.e., membrane binding versus amyloid formation. Very short KL peptides are inactive, because they are unable to bind to the lipid bilayer as flexible β-strands, whereas very long peptides are inactive due to vigorous pre-aggregation into β-sheets in solution.
Sociodemographic and dietary influences on perceptions of eating habits in Jamaica

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate how sociodemographic factors and food intake affect survey respondents’ perceptions of the quality of their diet. Methods. This cross-sectional analysis is based on a nonprobability sample of 374 participants in Jamaica aged ≥18 years. The three-stage process used a simple random sample to select three parishes; the main commercial areas of each parish were chosen for sampling. To ensure the inclusion of a cross-section that was as representative as possible, the sample included both public and private sector businesses, such as those in retail, hospitality and tourism as well as nongovernmental organizations. Employees and patrons completed a questionnaire regarding their food consumption and their perception of their own diet. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to evaluate the nonlinear relationships among the variables. The results of the analysis guided the specification of a multivariate logistic regression model that was used to estimate the relationship between sociodemographic factors, food intake and perceived eating patterns. Results. The average predicted probability of perceiving a diet as unhealthy was reduced when the respondent was male, economically active, in good health, and married or in a common-law relationship. The probability of perceiving a diet as unhealthy was increased for respondents with a college degree and those living in a household that had a male as the sole head. Consuming healthful food and drink reduced the perception of having a poor diet and vice versa, indicating there are possibly connections between food intake, the perception of diet quality and actual diet quality. Conclusions. This exploratory analysis established links between perceived diet quality, eating habits and sociodemographic factors. The impact on the perception of diet quality can be negative or positive, depending on the variable under consideration.
Oxford Guide to Brief and Low Intensity Interventions for Children and Young People

Brief and low intensity (LI) interventions are a relatively new approach to delivering evidence-based psychological treatments for adults presenting with common mental health problems, and an even newer approach for working with children and young people. Over recent years, empirically validated brief and LI psychological treatments for children and young people have started to emerge and are being used within services across the world. The potential utility of these brief and LI interventions for children and young people is wide-ranging, but the existing evidence and guidance for their application has not been collated into a single comprehensive source. In this book, readers will learn about the research evidence and practical applications of brief and LI interventions for children and young people, including approaches using diverse delivery methods (e.g. single sessions, online, face-to-face, bibliotherapy, and telehealth) and targeting a wide variety of clinical problems (from depression and anxiety to psychosis and autism spectrum disorder). There are numerous case examples for practitioners, as well as chapters on supervision models and implementation in services for supervisors and managers. The final section includes chapters on exciting new updates on the most recent advances in the field.