Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microspore culture of white cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.: Genetic improvement of non‐responsive cultivars and effect of genome doubling agents

For the efficient application of haploid induction procedures in cabbage breeding, a sufficient number of regenerants should be achieved in a broad spectrum of genotypes. However, the majority of genotypes are somewhat recalcitrant. The efficiency of microspore culture was tested by crossing a responsive (28.7 embryos per Petri dish) and a non- responsive (0.1 embryo) cabbage cultivar. The embryo yield of one progeny was intermediate (18.9) while two were superior to the best parent cultivar (52.9 and 64.0 embryos). Thus, genes for haploid embryogenesis, present in responsive lines, can be effectively transmitted to responsive × non-responsive hybrids. Abscisic acid-induced desiccation of embryos was used for the efficient regeneration of plants. High germination percentages (54.7-70.6%) followed by normal plantlet development were achieved. Spontaneous genome doubling measured at the plantlet stage differed markedly in untreated genotypes. The percentage of diploids ranged from 21 to 67%. The effects of two antimitotic drugs applied to freshly isolated microspores were determined in two experiments. In the first experiment, trifluralin (0.5 and 1.0 mg:l) had no effect on embryo induction while oryzalin partly (0.125-0.25mg/l) or completely (0.5.mg/l) inhibited the formation of embryos. In the second experiment, higher concentrations of trifluralin increased the proportion of diploidized plants. Application of anti-mitotic drugs to microspores did generally not improve the overall production of haploid plants, which was higher in an untreated control.
Feeding Habits of the Endangered Ozark Big-Eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) Relative to Prey Abundance

Feeding habits of the endangered Ozark big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) in eastern Oklahoma, USA, were studied from July 1987 through July 1988. Diets were determined from microscopic analysis of fecal pellets and compared with arthropods collected in Malaise traps. Although lepidopterans comprised only 21.5% of the available prey, they occurred in > 90% of the pellets examined and accounted for > 85% of the volume of prey consumed. Dipterans, coleopterans, and homopterans occurred in 18.3%, 10.6%, and 6.7% of the feces, respectively, but each accounted for < 5% of the volume of prey consumed. Trichopterans, hymenopterans, and neuropterans also were found in feces but in trace amounts. Our results support the classification of C. t. ingens as a moth specialist, but additional insights are needed to fully understand how its feeding tactics conform to the allotonic frequency hypothesis (i.e., avoiding detection by eared moths). Conservation of this highly endangered North American bat will require, in part, maintenance of habitats capable of supporting abundant populations of Lepidoptera.
Diversidad de especies de agave en San Miguel Tilquiapam, Ocotlán, Oaxaca

Se evaluo la diversidad de especies de agave y su distribucion en la comunidad de San Miguel Tilquiapam, Ocotlan, en Oaxaca, Mexico, que es uno de los distritos reconocidos por la elaboracion de mezcal. Primero, se evaluaron caracteristicas cuantitativas y cualitativas de las especies de agave. En recorridos de campo se ubicaron sitios de 700 m2 en donde se trazaron cinco cuadrantes de 140 m2 para evaluar la frecuencia y densidad de especies vegetales. En cada sitio, se tomaron datos de altitud, pendiente, tipo de suelo e identificaron los posibles factores de riesgo para las plantas de agave presentes (presencia de plagas, pastoreo, susceptibilidad por arrastre de suelo y susceptibilidad por corrientes de agua). Se identificaron cinco especies silvestres, Agave convallis Trel. , A. americana L. var. oaxacensis Gentry, A. marmorata Roezl. , A. potatorum y A. karwinskii. Las poblaciones de A. karwinskii y de A. potatorum tuvieron los mayores valores de densidad y frecuencia en rangos altitudinales de 1 600 a 1 648 y de 1 900 a 2 035 msnm, respectivamente. En la zona de estudio se localizaron Agave convallis Trel. y A. americana L. var. oaxacensis Gentry que no habian sido reportadas en estudios anteriores.
Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish

Summary 1. We examined published studies relating resting oxygen consumption to body mass and temperature in post-larval teleost fish. The resulting database comprised 138 studies of 69 species (representing 28 families and 12 orders) living over a temperature range of c. 40 °C. 2. Resting metabolic rate (Rb; mmol oxygen gas h–1) was related to body mass (M; wet mass, g) by Rb = aMb, where a is a constant and b the scaling exponent. The model was fitted by least squares linear regression after logarithmic transformation of both variables. The mean value of scaling exponent, b, for the 69 individual species was 0·79 (SE 0·11). The general equation for all teleost fish was 1nRb = 0·80(1nM) – 5·43. 3. The relationship between resting oxygen consumption and environmental temperature for a 50-g fish was curvilinear. A typical tropical fish at 30°C requires approximately six times as much oxygen for resting metabolism as does a polar fish at 0°C. This relationship could be fitted by several statistical models, of which the Arrhenius model is probably the most appropriate. The Arrhenius model for the resting metabolism of 69 species of teleost fish, corrected to a standard body mass of 50 g, was 1nRb = 15·7 – 5·02.T–1, where T is absolute temperature (103 × K). 4. The Arrhenius model fitted to all 69 species exhibited a lower thermal sensitivity of resting metabolism (mean Q10 = 1·83 over the range 0–30 °C) than typical within-species acclimation studies (median Q10 = 2·40, n = 14). This suggests that evolutionary adaptation has reduced the overall thermal sensitivity of resting metabolism across species. Analysis of covariance indicated that the relationships between resting metabolic rate and temperature for various taxa (orders) showed similar slopes but significantly different mean rates. 5. Analysis of the data for perciform fish provided no support for metabolic cold adaptation (the hypothesis that polar fish show a resting metabolic rate higher than predicted from the overall rate/temperature relationship established for temperate and tropical species). 6. Taxonomic variation in mean resting metabolic rate showed no relationship to phylogeny, although the robustness of this conclusion is constrained by our limited knowledge of fish evolutionary history.
International Journal of Food Engineering Separation and Concentration of Health Compounds by Membrane Filtration

The performance of nano-filtration (NF) for separating phenolic compounds from sugar in apple juice was studied using 1 and 0.25 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) spiral wound membranes. If these phenolic compounds could be recovered, they could stabilize the juice from haze formation or be added as antioxidants to foods and beverages in order to increase their health properties. Batch experiments were conducted on a pilot scale rig using a diluted clear apple juice concentrate. For the 1 kDa MWCO membrane, the research determined the effect of operating conditions on process efficiency and membrane fouling. The concentration of polyphenolics on the retentate side increased by a factor of up to 4 and the sugar concentration increased by 1.5 times under optimum conditions of lower temperature (30oC), acidic pH (2), lower transmembrane pressure (5 Bar) and higher initial sugar concentration (20 oBrix). Despite the increase in polyphenolics in the retentate, there was little difference in the phenolic composition between retentate and permeate solutions. As the molecular mass of the rejected phenolics was smaller than the membrane cut-off, this indicated that the rejection was related to the formation of a secondary membrane formed as a result of fouling. A mass balance of polyphenolics in the final retentate and permeate compared with the initial feed solution indicated that up to 4.3 gm of polyphenolics were bound per m2 of membrane. The permeate solutions collected from the 1 kDa MWCO membrane were then filtered using a 0.25 kDa MWCO membrane. Most phenolic compounds were retained by the membrane and the concentration increased by a factor of up to 2. Catechin, rutin, phloridzin and quercetin derivatives were concentrated on the retentate side. However, around 20 40% of chlorogenic acid and epicatechin was observed on the permeate side. It is concluded that membrane separation represents a potentially efficient and cost-effective technology to separate the phenolic fraction of fruit juice in a form suitable for use as a functional ingredient.
Genetic parameters for residual energy intake and energy conversion efficiency in Nordic Red dairy cattle

Abstract Our aim was to estimate the genetic parameters of residual energy intake (REI) and energy conversion efficiency (ECE), and their relationships with milk, feed intake and body weight (BW) and condition in Nordic Red dairy cattle with data from 400 animals. These data were analysed with repeatability and random regression models. The highest heritabilities for energy efficiency traits were obtained in the beginning and the end of the 30 week lactation period (0.21–0.40). The results suggest that the energy efficiencies in early- and mid-lactation periods are partially different traits. The genetic correlations of REI were moderate to high and positive with the other studied traits, and high and positive for ECE with milk, but moderate to low and negative with dry matter intake, BW and body condition score. Further improvements are still needed in modelling the energy efficiency traits of cows during lactation.
Host Selection and Invasion by the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, in Coastal Douglas-fir Forests

Abstract The dispersal flight of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, is oriented toward fresh windthrown and cut trees when these are present in the stand, the beetle being attracted by oleoresin, particularly its alpha-pinene, camphene, and limonene fractions. In the absence of such material the pioneer beetle dispersal appears to be rather uniform throughout the stand. This host attraction precedes the beetle attraction which is produced by unmated females shortly after entering the host and which results in mass concentration of beetles around the center of attraction. Of these two phases in the attraction process, the secondary attraction is far stronger than that caused by the fractions of the host oleoresin. Attraction centers are established only in freshly downed trees and in standing trees of subnormal physiological condition under both latent and epizootic conditions; however, under epizootic conditions, the beetles can invade even vigorous trees in the perimeter of attraction. The survival of such trees depends on their ability to exude oleoresin, which in turn is influenced greatly by environmental factors. The susceptibility of trees to successful beetle invasion is characterized by their oleoresin exudation pressure, which reflects water disturbances in the tree. Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of the resin pressure are discussed in relation to beetle flight and invasion, and the resin effects upon the beetle (both mechanical and chemical) are considered. The beetles are found to be repelled by Douglas-fir resin and its fractions, i.e. alpha- and beta-pinene, camphene, limonene, terpineol and geraniol, when tested at close range in the laboratory.
Effect of genotype on haematology and serum biochemistry values of Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) reared in Southern Nigeria.

Received: Revised: Accepted: August 18, 2013 September 19, 2013 October 12, 2013 The present study was conducted to evaluate haematological profile and serum biochemistry in different genotype of Turkey. The study was carried out using 30 birds in each genotype of turkey. All the turkey birds were reared in pens under uniform standard management conditions. The mean values for RBC (x 10/μl) differed significantly (P<0.05) between different genotypes of the bird. Mean values for hemoglobin (g/dl) differed significantly (P<0.05) between different genotype of poultry. In turkey, highest hemoglobin was recorded in local (15.09 g/dl), followed by Exotic (14.31g/dl and least in crossbred (12.42 g/dl). The mean values for PCV (%) were significantly (P<0.05) different with highest in exotic (36.00) followed by crossbred (33.01) and least in local turkey (32.62). Mean values for MCV (fl) were significantly (P<0.05) highest in crossbred (160.23) followed by exotic (156.24) and least in local (146.71). The mean values for MCH (pg) were significantly (P<0.05) highest in exotic (73.83), followed by local (69.33) and least in crossbred (59.47). The mean value of MCHC (g/dl) were significantly (P<0.01) highest in exotic (48.13) followed by local (47.05) crossbred (41.51). There was significant (P<0.05) differences between the genotypes in the total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, urea, sodium(Na+) , potassium (K+), calcium and phosphorus of the genetic groups. The crossbred and exotic genotype however, had the highest significant albumin (1.43 and 1.41 ml) and lower globulin values (3.87 ml) were observed in the crossbred compared to the other turkey genotypes. Variation in these results may be due to difference in breeds. It is concluded that significant differences in haematological value and erythrocyte indices and serum biochemistry among different genotype of turkey could be considered as a references values and this may serve as a guide to assess the state of health in the monitored birds.
Population dynamics and survival of strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on citrus in Florida.

The slow-growing orange (SGO) strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes postbloom fruit drop disease of citrus, whereas the fastgrowing gray (FGG) strain is primarily saprophytic on senescent and dead tissue. Propagule densities of the SGO and FGG strains were compared on various tissues under field conditions and on inoculated leaves in the laboratory and greenhouse by assay on a selective medium to compare the survival of the two strains. In field studies in Florida, the SGO strain reached high populations densities on flower petals during bloom. This strain persisted on vegetative tissues, but population densities declined with time after bloom. Propagule densities of the FGG strain were relatively stable throughout the year [. ]
Postnatal Ontogeny of the Skull in the Extant North American Turtle Sternotherus odoratus (Cryptodira: Kinosternidae)

Abstract There are few published data addressing the types, levels, and patterns of intraspecific variation in gross anatomical structures for nonavian reptiles, especially considering the widespread interest in their morphology and evolutionary history. This study examines variation in both discrete and continuous characters of the postnatal skull for a single population of the kinosternid turtle Sternotherus odoratus. The primary purpose of the study was to elucidate those features that exhibit transformations (and by default those that do not) in the latter two-thirds of postnatal ontogeny—that portion heavily relied upon in phylogenetic analyses of macroanatomical features and most often preserved in the vertebrate fossil record. Data are presented for cranial characters historically used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships in turtles and to assess fossil specimens taxonomically. Results indicate that the number of characters exhibiting postnatal variation, and the levels at which they vary, are surprisingly high considering the conservative nature of both the taxonomic sample and the pool of examined characters. Features associated with the feeding apparatus are among the most variable cranial structures—for both continuous and discrete characters. A relatively large number of discrete transformations occur in structures derived from those cranial elements preformed in cartilage. This concentration demonstrates that developmental trajectories apomorphic for deep nodes in vertebrate phylogenetic history result in relatively late-stage postnatal transformations and high levels of variation in characters informative at much more restricted taxonomic levels. This study provides a baseline of data that future studies examining the ontogenetic and evolutionary history of variation can build upon and it represents a necessary step in understanding the complex system by which variability in developmental modules becomes integrated in the reptile skull.
A new insight into the ageing of Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago ‐ the value of contrast within the wing coverts of adults

The ageing criteria for Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago are complex, and a significant proportion of birds in autumn which have completed moult cannot be aged. Jeziorsko Reservoir is an important stopover site for Common Snipe during autumn migration through central Poland. Detailed studies of wing coverts show that in a proportion of adult birds a contrast or moult limit between old, faded feathers and new ones grown during the moult can be used as an additional criterion to distinguish adults from first‐year birds that have completed their post‐juvenile moult. In particular, the presence of one or more old humeral coverts allowed a high proportion of birds, otherwise of indeterminate age, to be identified as adults. Since these feathers are normally hidden under the scapulars, careful plumage examination is needed to age birds correctly.
Improvement of palm oil and sunflower oil blends by enzymatic interestrification

Summary Palm oil (PO) and sunflower oil (SFO) blends with varying proportions were subjected to enzymatic interesterification (EIE) using a 1,3-specific immobilised lipase. The interesterified blends were evaluated for their slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC) at 10–40 °C, p-anisidine value, peroxide value, free fatty acids (FFA), induction period of oxidation at 110 °C (IP110) and composition of fatty acids by gas chromatography. Under EIE treatment, the blends of PO and SFO in different proportions (20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40 and 80:20) had saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content in the range of 37.6–52.0% and 48.0–62.4%, respectively. The blends showed a considerable reduction in their SFC, SMP, peroxide value and oxidative stability at 110 °C, but presented increase in FFA and p-anisidine value. The optimum condition for minimising the fatty acid in oil was obtained, at 64 °C, using 8.9% enzyme and 3 h reaction time.
GENETIC VARIABILITY IN GREENGRAM (VIGNA RADIATA) (L.) WILCZEK

Genotypic coefficents off variations (GCV), heritabilisy and genetic advance were assessed in 17 diverse genotypes of greengram. Genotypes different significantly for all the characters studied except 100-seeds weight. Most of the characters showed hight heritability values. Seeds yield expressed high genetic advance coupled with high heritability and GCV indicating thereby the prepondance of addative gene effects for this trait.
Revision of Autolytinae (Syllidae: Polychaeta)

Autolytinae is revised based on available types, and newly collected specimens. Out of 170 nominal species, 18 are considered as incertae sedis, 43 are regarded as junior synonyms, and 25 are referred to as nomina dubia. The relationships of Autolytinae is assessed from 51 morphological characters and 211 states for 76 ingroup-taxa, and 460 molecular characters from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear 18S rDNA for 31 ingroup-taxa; outgroups include 12 non-autolytine syllid polychaetes. Two analyses are provided, one including morphological data only, and one with combined morphological and molecular data sets. The resulting strict consensus tree from the combined data is chosen for a reclassification. Three main clades are identified: Procerini trib. n. , Autolytini Grube, 1850, and Epigamia gen. n. Proceraea Ehlers, 1864 and Myrianida Milne Edwards, 1845 are referred to as nomen protectum, while Scolopendra Slabber, 1781, Podonereis Blainville, 1818, Amytis Savigny, 1822, Polynice Savigny, 1822, and Nereisyllis Blainville, 1828 are considered
PH—Postharvest Technology: Enzyme Kinetics Based Modelling of Respiration Rate for Apple

A respiration rate model, based on enzyme kinetics and the Arrhenius equation, was proposed for predicting respiration rates of fresh apple as a function of O2and CO2concentration and storage temperature. Several experiments were conducted at different storage temperatures for generating respiration data by using a closed system method of respiration measurement. In this model, the dependence of respiration rate on O2and CO2was found to follow the uncompetitive inhibition. The enzyme kinetic model parameters, calculated from the respiration rate at different O2and CO2concentrations, were used to fit the Arrhenius equation against different storage temperatures. The activation energy and respiration pre-exponential factor could be used to predict the model parameters of enzyme kinetics at any storage temperature between 0 and 30°C. Respiration rates of apple predicted by the proposed model were found in good agreement with those obtained experimentally.
The significance of bottom-up effects for host plant specialization in Chrysomela leaf beetles

376.The leaf beetle species Chrysomela lapponica, which belongs to the so-called C.interrupta group, forms distinct allopatric populations either on willows (Salicaceae) orbirches (Betulaceae). It was recently suggested that, on several occasions, host plantshifts from Salicaceae to Betulaceae occurred independently within the C. interruptagroup. Our study aims to elucidate bottom-up effects of the host plants that might haveshaped the evolution of host plant specialization in the populations of C. lapponica,and thus, to shed some light on the driving forces of host shifts within the C. interruptagroup, too. We compared the oviposition behaviour and performance of two C.lapponica populations, one of which has adapted to birches and the other to willows.The studies were conducted under laboratory conditions, eliminating the impact ofnatural enemies. Experiments involving the transfer of individuals of the birch-specialized population to willows and vice versa with individuals of the willow-specialized population to birches aimed to examine the plasticity in host plant use.Females of each population almost exclusively chose their natural host plant foroviposition, when offering birch and willow in dual choice experiments. Whenspecimens of the two C. lapponica populations were reared on their natural hostplants, the birch specialists suffered higher mortality, needed a longer period ofdevelopment and produced less larval defensive secretion than the willow specialists.When the birch specialists were fed with willow, these performance parametersdecreased even more. Other parameters, such as body weight and fecundity, did notdiffer between birch and willow specialists when they were fed with their natural hostplant. While individuals of the birch-specialized population could be reared on willow,all neonate larvae from the willow-specialized population died after being transferredto birch. The significance of these bottom-up effects for the evolution of host plantspecialization in C. lapponica is discussed.J. Gross, N. E. Fatouros and M. Hilker, Institut fu¨r Biologie, Freie Universita¨t Berlin,Haderslebener Str. 9, DE-12163 Berlin, Germany (hilker@zedat.fu-berlin.de).