Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forecasting propagation and evolution of CMEs in an operational setting: What has been learned

One of the major types of solar eruption, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) not only impact space weather, but also can have significant societal consequences. CMEs cause intense geomagnetic storms and drive fast mode shocks that accelerate charged particles, potentially resulting in enhanced radiation levels both in ions and electrons. Human and technological assets in space can be endangered as a result. CMEs are also the major contributor to generating large amplitude Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs), which are a source of concern for power grid safety. Due to their space weather significance, forecasting the evolution and impacts of CMEs has become a much desired capability for space weather operations worldwide. Based on our operational experience at Space Weather Research Center at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://swrc.gsfc.nasa.gov), we present here some of the insights gained about accurately predicting CME impacts, particularly in relation to space weather operations. These include: 1. The need to maximize information to get an accurate handle of three‐dimensional (3‐D) CME kinetic parameters and therefore improve CME forecast; 2. The potential use of CME simulation results for qualitative prediction of regions of space where solar energetic particles (SEPs) may be found; 3. The need to include all CMEs occurring within a ~24 h period for a better representation of the CME interactions; 4. Various other important parameters in forecasting CME evolution in interplanetary space, with special emphasis on the CME propagation direction. It is noted that a future direction for our CME forecasting is to employ the ensemble modeling approach.
Master-Key Regulators of Sex Determination in Fish and Other Vertebrates—A Review

In vertebrates, mainly single genes with an allele ratio of 1:1 trigger sex-determination (SD), leading to initial equal sex-ratios. Such genes are designated master-key regulators (MKRs) and are frequently associated with DNA structural variations, such as copy-number variation and null-alleles. Most MKR knowledge comes from fish, especially cichlids, which serve as a genetic model for SD. We list 14 MKRs, of which dmrt1 has been identified in taxonomically distant species such as birds and fish. The identification of MKRs with known involvement in SD, such as amh and fshr, indicates that a common network drives SD. We illustrate a network that affects estrogen/androgen equilibrium, suggesting that structural variation may exert over-expression of the gene and thus form an MKR. However, the reason why certain factors constitute MKRs, whereas others do not is unclear. The limited number of conserved MKRs suggests that their heterologous sequences could be used as targets in future searches for MKRs of additional species. Sex-specific mortality, sex reversal, the role of temperature in SD, and multigenic SD are examined, claiming that these phenomena are often consequences of artificial hybridization. We discuss the essentiality of taxonomic authentication of species to validate purebred origin before MKR searches.
Competing effects of Mn-doping and strain on electrical transport of NdNi1−xMnxO3 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.10) thin films

We have deposited NdNi1−xMnxO3 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.10) thin films on two different substrates, YAlO3 (1 0 0) and NdGaO3 (0 0 1), respectively, to explore the effects of Mn-doping with compressive and tensile strain. These films show metal–insulator transitions, except for two films with x = 0.10. The Hall coefficient measurements show that the majority of charge carriers are holes in these films. Increasing Mn-doping linearly decreases the temperature coefficient of resistance in the conducting temperature-region. The resistivity increases systematically with increasing Mn-doping in the films with tensile strain, whereas it non-monotonically decreases with doping in thin films with compressive strain. This study reveals competition and combination of different effects of the Mn-doping and of the strain, where the competition and the combination depend on the temperature-region and the type of strain. In addition to the effects of electronic configuration of Mn ions on the free carrier concentration, we find that the effects of Mn-doping on the resistivity are also mediated by the structure, and moulded under the influence of strain. The effects of Mn-doping and strain are distinguished and explained here.
Distinct Responses of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) to Drought Intensity and Length—A Review of the Impacts of the 2003 and 2018–2019 Drought Events in Central Europe

A combined severe heatwave and drought, starting in 2018 and lasting for several months, restarted the discussion on the resistance of European beech to climatic changes, with severe growth reductions, early leaf senescence, leaf browning, and diebacks reported across Central Europe. These responses may result in long-term impacts such as reduced vitality of beech, especially under potential future drought periods. While the 2003 drought caused severe crown damage and defoliation and a loss in vitality, resulting in insect and fungal infestations and subsequent dieback, the drought in 2018 was even more severe in terms of geographical scale, duration, and intensity with reports of complete diebacks and severe mortality across Central Europe. These impacts were exacerbated in some regions by the consecutive drought in 2019 and secondary attacks from pathogens, as well as a further loss in vitality. Such enhanced drought exposure of beech trees could push them beyond their hydraulic safety margins. Moreover, growth legacy effects due to past droughts may lead to lower recovery over time, potentially leading to subsequent tree death. In order to better predict the future of beech growth and vitality in Central Europe, both short- and long-term legacy effects of defoliation and their influence on post-drought growth should be explored, and adaptive forest management strategies evaluated. Moreover, synergistic or additive interactions of legacy effects with drought, as well as with biotic disturbances, require further investigation. Long-term forest monitoring data facilitates investigations of drought responses of beech.
Kinetic Alfvén wave instability driven by electron temperature anisotropy in high-β plasmas

Based on the kinetic dispersion equation in the low-frequency condition of ω<Ωi (the ion cyclotron frequency), the instability driven by the electron temperature anisotropy in high-β plasmas, which is associated with kinetic Alfven waves in the wave vector range of k∥λI⪡1 and k⊥ρi⪡1 (where λI and ρi are the ion inertial length and gyroradius, respectively), is investigated. The results show that the structures of both the growth rate and the real frequency are different from those driven by the ion temperature anisotropy. The growth rate is larger than that driven by the ion anisotropy. The critical instability condition is modified dramatically, in which the electron driven growth rate does not vanish at the classical critical point and its deviation from zero increases with the kinetic effect due to the short-wavelength modification.
Nematic liquid crystals in lens shape geometry

ABSTRACT Sessile nematic droplets provide a possibility to study the combined effect of anchoring at solid and gas interfaces. The combination of various alignments at the two surfaces and external fields results in a variety of director distribution schemes, ranging from a defect-free, almost homogeneous state to configurations with point-, line- and wall defects. This paper reviews recent results obtained on sessile droplets of uniaxial nematic liquid crystals, such as temperature-controlled anchoring transitions, formation and dynamics of Néel wall type metastable inversion walls in magnetic and/or electric fields. The structures of the recently discovered twist-bend and ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals will also be briefly discussed. Graphical abstract
Heterogeneity in the Utilization of Fecal Occult Blood Testing and Colonoscopy among Migrants and Non-Migrants in Austria: Results of the Austrian Health Interview Survey

Many European studies report lower participation in colorectal cancer screening among migrants than non-migrants. A major limitation of these studies is that usually, the heterogeneity of migrants cannot be accounted for. The aim of this investigation was to examine differences in the utilization of fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy between non-migrants and the five largest migrant groups residing in Austria using data from the Austrian Health Interview Survey 2019. The two outcomes were compared between non-migrants and migrants using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for socioeconomic and health variables. Migrants from a Yugoslav successor state (OR = 0.61; 95%-CI: 0.44–0.83), Turkish (OR = 0.35; 95%-CI: 0.22–0.55), Hungarian (OR = 0.37; 95%-CI: 0.16–0.82) and German migrants (OR = 0.70; 95%-CI: 0.51–0.98) were less likely to have used a fecal occult blood test compared to non-migrants. Participation in colonoscopy was lower among Turkish migrants (OR = 0.42; 95%-CI: 0.27–0.67) and migrants from a Yugoslav successor state (OR = 0.56; 95%-CI: 0.42–0.75) than among non-migrants. The findings are consistent with studies from other countries and highlight barriers migrants face in accessing the health care system. To address these barriers, the heterogeneity of the population must be taken into account when developing educational materials in order to promote informed decisions about whether or not to participate in colorectal cancer screening.
Explosion of Bare and Insulated Copper Wires

The current waveforms obtained by exploding various sizes of copper wires by the discharge of a large condenser bank revealed that the (V, l) plane (V =initial voltage, l = length of the wire) can be divided into various zones with each zone characterising a particular type of explosion. In particular the current pause was observed only in one zone. Below a certain initial voltage no pause in the current could be induced. The restrike length of enamel insulated wires was found to be considerably more and the pause duration considerably less than for bare wires. In this case thermally emitted electrons trapped in the insulation are considered responsible for a reduction in the pause duration and an increase in the restrike length. The increased restrike current for enamel insulated wires vis a vis bare wires may be due to the arc shunting as suggested by the current wave forms obtained from exploding coils. The energy absorbed by an exploding coil depends upon its pitch.
A numerical case study of a polar low in the Labrador Sea

A mesoscale (15 km) version of the Canadian regional finite-element model is used to study a polar low that developed in the Labrador Sea on 11 January 1989, in the wake of an intense cold air outbreak associated with a major synoptic-scale system located to the east of Greenland. The rapid evolution of the polar low is well revealed from satellite imagery showing a complex structure with strong surface winds near the vortex and deep convection nearby during the mature stage. The simulated structure of the polar low agrees quite well with observed features. Based on the detailed mesoscale model outputs, the evolution of the Labrador Sea polar low is discussed at the initiation and mature stages. The polar low developed under a combination of baroclinic and convective processes. At an early stage, baroclinic development takes place in conditions of reversed shear flow, marked by low-level baroclinicity near the ice edge and a mobile upper-level short wave. Rapid modification of the Arctic boundary layer by strong surface heat fluxes is similar to that observed in other areas. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the mutual interaction between the upper-level potential vorticity anomaly and the low-level baroclinicity at the Arctic front, favoured by the deep convective boundary layer, appears to trigger the polar low. At the onset of the mature stage, the approach of a cold air dome favours the outbreak of deep convection, in agreement with satellite imagery. As shown by sensitivity experiments, latent heat release from organized convection contributes to the major part of the rapid deepening of the polar low in its mature stage, and sea surface evaporation is the primary feeding mechanism for condensation processes. The structure of the polar low is characterized by a warm core due to the combined effects of warm air seclusion and diabatic heating. Comparisons with previously studied polar lows developing in similar conditions of reversed shear at other locations are discussed. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1996. t01-2-00003.x
Which factors influence the success in pedigree analysis?

ABSTRACT Pedigree problems are typical tasks in school genetics classes. However, they are perceived as difficult and often are not successfully completed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine relevant factors that might have an impact on success in pedigree analysis. Based on previous research, we investigate the influence of the superficial appearance of the pedigree (relating to a well-known misconception), the mode of inheritance, content knowledge, reasoning abilities, the last biology grade, and mental effort. This means, we are simultaneously examining student and task characteristics. For this purpose, we analyse data from N = 135 students, who solved four pedigree problems each, using Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs). Specifically, we use multilevel logistic regression to determine the influence of the variables in question. The final model shows mixed results: For example, the represented mode of inheritance has no significant influence. The superficial appearance of the pedigree, in contrast, is one of the important predictors of success in identifying the present mode of inheritance. Therefore, our results imply that students make decisions based on misconceptions when analysing pedigree problems. This and all other results are discussed in order to infer implications for teaching and learning pedigree analysis.
The Einstein Tensor and Its Generalizations

The Einstein tensorGij is symmetric, divergence free, and a concomitant of the metric tensorgab together with its first two derivatives. In this paper all tensors of valency two with these properties are displayed explicitly. The number of independent tensors of this type depends crucially on the dimension of the space, and, in the four dimensional case, the only tensors with these properties are the metric and the Einstein tensors.
Antibiotic-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles: A Nano-Arsenal against ESBL Producer-Resistant Pathogens

The advent of new antibiotics has helped clinicians to control severe bacterial infections. Despite this, inappropriate and redundant use of antibiotics, inadequate diagnosis, and smart resistant mechanisms developed by pathogens sometimes lead to the failure of treatment strategies. The genotypic analysis of clinical samples revealed that the rapid spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) genes is one of the most common approaches acquired by bacterial pathogens to become resistant. The scenario compelled the researchers to prioritize the design and development of novel and effective therapeutic options. Nanotechnology has emerged as a plausible groundbreaking tool against resistant infectious pathogens. Numerous reports suggested that inorganic nanomaterials, specifically gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), have converted unresponsive antibiotics into potent ones against multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains. Interestingly, after almost two decades of exhaustive preclinical evaluations, AuNPs are gradually progressively moving ahead toward clinical evaluations. However, the mechanistic aspects of the antibacterial action of AuNPs remain an unsolved puzzle for the scientific fraternity. Thus, the review covers state-of-the-art investigations pertaining to the efficacy of AuNPs as a tool to overcome ESBLs acquired resistance, their applicability and toxicity perspectives, and the revelation of the most appropriate proposed mechanism of action. Conclusively, the trend suggested that antibiotic-loaded AuNPs could be developed into a promising interventional strategy to limit and overcome the concerns of antibiotic-resistance.
Severe Lenalidomide-Associated Hyperbilirubinemia

Immunomodulatory drugs (IMids), such as thalidomide and lenalidomide, are used to treat plasma cell neoplasms and B-cell malignancies. We present a case of severe direct hyperbilirubinemia in a patient taking lenalidomide-based therapy for plasmacytoma. Imaging was unrevealing, and liver biopsy showed only mild sinusoidal dilation. Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment (RUCAM) score was 6, indicating lenalidomide was a probable cause of the injury. To our knowledge, this is the highest reported direct bilirubin regarding lenalidomide drug-induced liver injury (DILI), with a peak bilirubin of 41mg/dL. While a clear pathophysiology was not identified, this case provides important considerations regarding lenalidomide safety.
Nonlinear balanced models for stratified fluids conserving Ertel–Rossby PV

A derivation of consistent balanced models for stratified fluids conserving the Ertel–Rossby potential vorticity (PV) is presented. It is used to develop a set of balanced models incorporating new omega equations valid for flow regimes from synoptic scale to mesoscale. The models are developed for quasi‐Boussinesq and real atmospheres, and for adiabatic and frictionless as well as non‐conservative processes. The new omega equations allow the identification of additional forcing of the vertical velocity due to the ageostrophic and stability effects, and the modification of atmospheric response due to the non‐Boussinesq effects. It is shown that the new omega equation, valid beyond the limit of small Rossby number, allows for a subjective analysis of the vertical‐velocity forcing based on an approach involving the isentropic upgliding, Ertel–Rossby PV advection and boundary temperature advection. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
FABP4 Expression in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Is Independently Associated with Circulating Triglycerides in Obesity

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) has been associated with an increased risk of pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue plays a major role in lipid metabolism, mobilization and distribution. We have compared the histological and transcriptomic profiles of the subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues from subjects with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery with (Ob-HTG, n = 37) and without HTG (Ob-NTG, n = 67). Mean age and BMI were 51.87 ± 11.21 years, 45.78 ± 6.96 kg/m2 and 50.03 ± 10.17 years, 44.04 ± 4.69 kg/m2, respectively. The Ob-HTG group showed higher levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and prevalence of hypertension. The degree of fibrosis was increased by 14% in SAT from the Ob-HTG group (p = 0.028), while adipocyte size distribution was comparable. Twenty genes were found differentially expressed in SAT and VAT between study groups. Among them, only SAT expression of FABP4 resulted significantly associated with circulating triglyceride levels after adjusting for other covariates and independently explained 5% of the variance in triglyceride levels in the combined model. This relationship was not found in the cohort of lean or overweight patients with normotriglyceridemia (non-Ob, n = 21). These results emphasize the contribution of SAT to triglyceride concentrations in obesity and indicate that FABP4 may be a potential drug target for the treatment of HTG.
Increased national mortality in acute myocardial infarction hospitalization during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract This retrospective study describes the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on epidemiologic trends and highlights disparities in outcomes among acute myocardial infarction (AMI) hospitalizations. The National Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2020 was searched for hospitalizations of adult patients with AMI as a principal diagnosis using Clinical Classifications Software Refined codes. The admission rate for each calendar year was obtained as admission per 1000 adults hospitalized. The primary outcome was a comparison of inpatient mortality, and the secondary outcomes were the length of hospital stay and total hospital charge between prepandemic and pandemic years. During the pandemic (2020), the admission rate for AMI was 31.1 admissions per 1000 adults hospitalized compared to 33.4 admissions in 2019 (prepandemic) (P < 0.001). When compared to the prepandemic admissions, those admitted during the pandemic had a lower mean age (66.5 ± 13.2 vs 66.9 ± 13.4, P < 0.001), with more women (36.3% vs 37.3%, P < 0.001). The inpatient mortality during the pandemic was 5.0% compared to 4.5% in 2019 (P < 0.001). Mortality increased 12.0% in women vs 9.5% in men, 13.2% in Blacks vs 8.9% in Whites, and 6.5% in low-income vs 4.3% in high-income household hospitalizations. In conclusion, our study showed a statistically significant reduction in AMI admission rates during the pandemic and an increase in inpatient mortality. There were significant disparities in the increase in mortality across sociodemographic groups.
Climate Simulations Using MRI-AGCM3.2 with 20-km Grid

A new version of the atmospheric general circulation model of the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), with a horizontal grid size of about 20 km, has been developed. The previous version of the 20-km model, MRIAGCM3.1, which was developed from an operational numerical weather-prediction model, provided information on possible climate change induced by global warming, including future changes in tropical cyclones, the East Asian monsoon, extreme events, and blockings. For the new version, MRI-AGCM3.2, we have introduced various new parameterization schemes that improve the model climate. Using the new model, we performed a present-day climate experiment using observed sea surface temperature. The model shows improvements in simulating heavy monthly-mean precipitation around the tropical Western Pacific, the global distribution of tropical cyclones, the seasonal march of East Asian summer monsoon, and blockings in the Pacific. Improvements in the model climatologies were confirmed numerically using skill scores (e.g., Taylor’s skill score).
Stability of vortices in a two-layer ocean with uniform potential vorticity in the lower layer

It is well-known that oceanic vortices exist for years, whereas almost all theoretical studies indicate that they must be unstable. A rare exception is the work by Dewar & Killworth (1995), who demonstrated that a Gaussian vortex in the upper layer of a two-layer ocean becomes stable if accompanied by a weak co-rotating circulation in the lower layer. Note that this paper assumed the lower-layer circulation to have the same profile as the main (upper-layer) vortex. The present paper considers the case where the profile of the circulation in the lower layer is determined by the condition that potential vorticity (PV) there is constant – which models a vortex surrounded by water of a different origin. Given that most oceanic vortices are shed by frontal currents, such model appears to be more realistic than any ad hoc choice. The stability of vortices with uniform lower-layer PV is examined for both quasigeostrophic and ageostrophic cases, numerically and asymptotically, assuming that the upper layer of the ocean is thin. It is shown that such vortices are stable for a wide range of parameters. The effect of vortex stabilization is interpreted through representation of the unstable disturbance by two phase-locked Rossby waves, rotating around the vortex in the upper and lower layers. Then, if the lower-layer PV gradient is zero, it cannot support the corresponding wave, which inhibits the instability.