Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fungicides and Herbicides against Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii Exner Causing Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight in maize (Zea mays L.)

Nine fungicides, one antibiotic and four herbicides including both systemic and non systemic were screened against Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii Exner ( Thanatephorus sasakii (Shirai) Tu and Kimbrough causing Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight (BLSB) in maize. All the 27 isolates of R. solani from maize and one from rice were found to be highly sensitive to systemic fungicides propiconazole, hexaconazole, tebuconazole and carbendazim which showed cent % mycelial inhibition followed by new molecules i.e. cabriotop, metiram and pyraclostrobin at recommended and half the recommended concentrations. The isolate RS 28 from rice showed 78.88 and 90.00; 76.16 and 83.33% inhibition with respect to cabriotop and metiram at recommended and half the recommended concentrations, respectively. Among the non systemic fungicides mancozeb was relatively inhibitorier than thiram. Mancozeb at recommended concentration showed 72.22 % inhibition of mycelial growth in virulent isolates RS11 and RS12 from Khammam district. At recommended concentration validamycin, completely inhibited the radial growth of the isolates RS 4, RS 22, RS 24 and RS 27 while 80.00% inhibition in rice isolate. Among the herbicides tested, systemic herbicide pendimethalin was highly effective with per cent inhibition in all the isolates except for the isolate RS12 from Yellandu mandal of Khammam district at half the recommended concentration. While the remaining herbicides i.e. atazine, 2,4-D and paraquat exhibited differential reaction indicating variability among the isolates at both the concentrations tested. The rice isolate reacted in a similar way as that of maize isolates against different fungicides and herbicides tested. et al., 1996; Zidan et al., 1998). Such studies have gained importance in the era of sustainable agriculture involving minimum use of chemical pesticides coupled with increased pressure on plant pathogens and pests.
Relative Abundance, Movements, and Habitat Use of Southeastern Blue Sucker Cycleptus meridionalis in the Lower Pearl River, Louisiana

Abstract The southeastern blue sucker population in the lower Pearl River that runs through Louisiana has been impacted historically by numerous natural and anthropogenic habitat alterations, with collection records indicating a significant population decline in this system over recent decades. Electrofishing surveys, radio telemetry, and bathymetry and habitat mapping were used to examine relative abundance, movements, and habitat associations of southeastern blue sucker in the lower Pearl River. Relative abundance of southeastern blue sucker was lower relative to other large benthic Pearl River species. Radio telemetry surveys indicated southeastern blue suckers exhibited small home ranges, limited movements, and strong associations with upstream outside edges of deep bends that were characterized by gravel substrates and woody debris. Increased consideration for elevating southeastern blue sucker conservation status in the lower Pearl River system may be warranted given their high habitat specificity, apparent low recolonization potential, and susceptibility to continuing degradation of their associated habitats.
Multilocus sequence typing of P. multocida isolates of buffalo origin from Gujarat state of India

Haemorrhagic septicaemia in Indian buffaloes is mainly caused by Pasteurella multocida serotype B: 2. The present study was conducted to characterize the P. multocida serotype B: 2 isolates of buffalo origin by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to identify the sequence types prevailing around Gujarat state in India. A total of seven field isolates collected from different regions across the state and a reference strain (P52) were used for this study. Seven housekeeping genes were specifically amplified by PCR; the gene sequences obtained were trimmed to specific length and allelic profiles were assigned to these seven loci. The assigned allelic profiles were 23, 37, 21, 17, 4, 2 and 17 for adk, est, pmi, zwf, mdh, gdh and pgi genes, respectively and all the isolates were grouped in one sequence type, sequence type 122 (ST122). eBURST analysis classified ST122 into group number 23 when group definition was 5 or more matches. But when group definition was 6 or more matches it was classified into group number 22 along with ST63. Phylogenetic and Splits Tree analysis showed that ST122 is closely related to ST63, ST127, ST162 and ST147 and all five of them were grouped in a cluster. From the study it was concluded that ST122 may be the predominant sequence type in buffaloes of Gujarat state.
Visualising the role of presynaptic calcium in hippocampal circuits using a novel, genetically encoded calcium sensor

In this project we used a combination of electrophysiology and fluorescent imaging to monitor synaptic transmission and calcium signalling in synaptic terminals. The study as a whole intended to examine how presynaptic calcium contributes to normal synaptic transmission within different hippocampal neuronal pathways. To this end, we used a transgenic mouse strain known as SyG37 that stably expresses a calcium sensor, SyGCaMP2-mCherry that is expressed in subsets of CNS neurones under the control of the Thy1 promoter. Our findings indicate that this new ratiometric sensor, in the SyG37 mouse strain, provides an excellent tool for detecting neural activity in acute brain slices. First, we showed that evoked calcium transients can be detected in acute brain slices prepared from SyG37 mice where electrical activation of Schaffer collaterals or mossy fibres elicited large calcium transients in area CA1 and CA3, respectively. Using immunohistochemical techniques, SyGCaMP2-mCherry co-localised with presynaptic proteins such as Bassoon, VGLUT1 and VGAT, confirming that it is expressed presynaptically in both excitatory and inhibitory terminals. Blocking fast glutamatergic and GABA/Glycinerergic transmission reduced the size of calcium transients in CA1 and CA3 by only 25 and 20% respectively indicating that the majority of the signals originated from first order presynaptic terminals. Pharmacologically, manipulating the adenosine receptor signalling pathway showed that the actions of adenosine, via the A1 receptor subtype, were different in the CA3 region compared to those in CA1. Forskolin also caused a small, concentration dependent effect on SyGCaMP2 fluorescence in response to electrical stimulation within both CA1 and CA3 regions with pronounced effects on field potential recordings. Together, with this SyG37 strain of transgenic mouse, it is possible to detect neuronal activity with fast temporal and high spatial resolution without the need for pre-incubation with organic calcium dyes or invasive viral transduction procedures.
Potential Use of Moringa Olifera in Poultry Diets

This paper reviewed researches on the use of Moringa oleifera in poultry diets. As the price of compound feed continues to escalate due to the high expense of conventional protein sources such as fishmeal and soybean meal there is an urgent need to look for alternative sources of protein and Moringa is one of such protein sources. Moringa has excellent nutritive value and therapeutic properties. The crude protein (CP) content of Moringa ranges from 71.2 to 391.7 g/kg and varies across the plant parts with the seeds having the highest CP content followed by flowers, leaves, whole plant, stems and pods. However, Moringa contains anti-nutritional factors such as tannins, phytates, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, oxalates and cyanide, which affect protein and mineral metabolism and availability to the animal.The availability of phosphorus to the birds can be enhanced through addition of phytase to break down phytate that binds phosphorus. It is apparent from the previous studies that inclusion of Moringa in poultry diets improves performance of chickens in terms of growth rate and egg production. As the cost of Moringa can be prohibitively high in some countries, economically inclusion levels should be determined.
The Effect of Mixed Feeding Schedule of Varying Dietary Protein Contents on The Growth performance, Feed Utilization and Survival of Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings

Great expansion of the aquaculture industry is hamstrung by high feed cost. A 91-day feeding trial was therefore conducted using fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (1.08±0.05 g) to study the effect of mixed feeding schedule of varying dietary protein contents on the growth performance, feed utilization and cost-effectiveness. Coppen feed served as control 1 (A) while control 2 (B) was a basal diet formulated to contain 35% crude protein. Different mixed feeding schedules of these two diets were developed. These include: one day Coppen followed with one-day basal diet feeding (1A+1B), two days Coppen followed with one-day basal diet feeding (2A+1B) and three days Coppen are followed with one-day basal diet feeding (3A+1B). Growth performance, feed utilization, survival and carcass composition were significantly better (p<0.05) between A and 3A+1B in terms of final weight, daily weight gains as well as specific growth rate. On the whole, 13.02% feeding cost savings relative to A was obtained for fingerlings maintained on 3A+1B. Fish farmers should adopt this mixed feeding schedule for cost-effective culture of C. gariepinus.
Comparative Evaluation of Different Dose of Bupivacaine for Pain Control in Cesarean Section

Background: Spinal anesthesia is the preferred choice of anesthesia for the conduct of emergency and e lective cesarean section. Hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarea n s ction continues to be a major problem. Aim: The present study investigated the safety and efficacy of 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine on the incidence of visceral pain during cesarean section performed under subarachnoid anesthesia. Subjects and Methods: Sixty patients who were scheduled for elective cesa rean section, allocated randomly to one of three groups, according to patient`s height. Group 1, 2 a nd 3 received 3.2-3.6 mL (8-9 mg), 3.6-4.0 mL (9-10 mg) and 4.0-4.4 mL (10-11 mg) of 0.25% hyperbaric bupivacaine, respectively. Results: There was no difference in the incidence of viscera l pain between three groups (p>0.05), but the quality of intraoperative analgesia, as nee ds for general anesthesia was significantly lower i n group 3 than groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, hyperbaric 0.25% bupivacaine in the dose of 10-11 mg is safe and effective in obtaining better quality of block in cesarean section, in order of reducing the severity of visceral pain.
Avaliação da qualidade do colostro e transferência de imunidade passiva em animais mestiços Holandês Zebu (Colostrum quality evaluation and passive immunity transfer in crossbred Holstein Zebu cattle)

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper was to evaluate crossbred Holstein Zebu cows colostrum quality and passive immunity transfer to their calves. Parity, calf sex, season of the year and cow genetic group effects in both responses were analyzed. Quality (immunoglobulin – Ig – concentration) was measured in colostrum samples of 186 crossbred cows from four different genetic groups with a colostrometer. Calf’s blood samples were collected on the third day of life. Serum total protein concentration (PT) was measured through refractometry and spectrophotometry. Colostrum samples were classified as high quality and showed mean Ig concentrations of 78.5mg/mL. Passive immunity transfer was successful, since 88.3% of calves had PT higher than 5.5g/dL. There was no effect of parity, calf sex, season of the year or cow genetic group in colostrum quality or serum total protein concentration (P>0.05). Crossbred Holstein Zebu cows produced high quality colostrums. There was success in passive immunity transfer to the calves. Keywords: calf, colostrometer, immunoglobulin, specific gravity
On critical night lengths and temperature compensation in the photoperiodic response of two geographical clones of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae

Photoperiodic response curves were determined for two clones of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, at three temperatures, 12.5, 15 and 17.5°C. Critical night lengths for the induction of winged females in an English clone (52° N) were 10.5, 11 and 11.5 h, respectively, and 10, 10.5 and 11 h in a Scottish clone (57° N). Critical night lengths for male induction were 10.5, 11 and 11 h at 12.5, 15 and 17.5°C in the English clone, and 10, 10.5 and 10.5 h, respectively, in the Scottish clone. High incidences of winged females and males were observed at all scotophases longer than the critical night length in both clones. In addition, in the English clone, the incidences of winged female and male producers in continuous darkness were 0% at 15 and 17.5°C, and 6% at 12.5°C. In the Scottish clone, however, continuous darkness resulted in high incidences of both winged female and male producers at 12.5 and 15°C, but 0% winged female producers and 6% male producers at 17.5°C. In scotophases shorter than the critical night length, including continuous light, no males or winged females were observed in either clone under the non‐crowded rearing conditions used. The results are discussed in terms of the ‘double circadian oscillator model’ for photoperiodic induction.
The analysis of genome stability maintenance mechanisms in human cancer cells and stem cells

Maintaining genome stability is essential for all dividing cells and it promotes longevity. The centromere is one region where stability is critical, as this is where the kinetochore identifies and attaches the spindle microtubules so that each sister chromatid can faithfully segregate. Our knowledge of centromere mechanism has improved vastly over the last decade. A functional role for homologous recombination within centromeric DNA has been proposed whereby covalently closed DNA loops (CCLs) are formed. We examined this model by studying the sites of deposition of the centromere marker, CENP-A, in cells that accumulate Holliday structures throughout there chromosomes. Whilst we found no direct evidence for CENP-A deposition at Holliday junction, tools for further analysis of this important question were developed. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. ESCs give rise to lineages leading to all the somatic cells of the developing embryo. Therefore, any epigenetic disturbances or genome defects that occur in the genome at this early stage would have detrimental consequences for the embryo as a whole. Hence, these cells are likely to possess high fidelity genome maintenance mechanisms. It has been shown that human stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells do not show the same checkpoint-dependent response to DNA replication inhibition. In the present study, we used the SW480 and HCT116 cancer cell lines as non-stem cell controls, with the expectation that these cells would behave like somatic cells. We also used these cells to derive so called colonospheres, which are a proliferating population arising from these cells lines that have some key characteristics of cancer stem cells. We clearly demonstrated that cancer cells appear to respond distinctly to certain chemotherapeutic genome damaging agents when they transition to a more stem cell-like state. A key observation was the dramatic reduction in BLM and GEN1 levels in parallel with the appearance of stem cell markers upon sphere formation. The implications for chromosomal instability following DNA replication stress were also explored and assessed. We also successfully generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human fibroblasts using modified mRNA. We used these cells and their isogenic parental cells to determine whether these cells differ in responses DNA damaging agent from isogenic fibroblast and/or embryonic stem cells.
Sublethal effects of bifenazate on life history and population parameters of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract Traditional estimating only by measuring the lethal effect of acaricides may underestimate the total effects of acaricides on the pest mites. In order to investigate the sublethal effect of bifenazate on life history and population parameters of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, the newly emerged females were treated with two lethal concentrations of bifenazate: LC10 (4.92 µg/mL) and LC20 (8.77 µg/mL). Subsequently, the development and fecundity of the progeny generations were observed. Compared to the control, exposure to the 10% lethal concentrations (LC10) and LC20 of bifenazate severely affected the parental generation of T. urticae, including survival rate (reduced 9% and 13%), oviposition period (reduced 77.6% and 83.1%), fecundity per female (decreased 89.2% and 76.9%) and longevity (decreased 79.2% and 83.1%). Besides, the population parameters of the progeny generation from the treated females were also investigated. The results showed that the progeny generation had lower intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ), longer mean generation time (Tc) compared to the control. The results suggested that the sublethal effects of bifenazate on population growth of T. urticae were significant, and the results of this study could be used as a guide for the rational use of bifenazate in the field for better managing pest mites.
ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE

Anew carbapenem antibiotic, C-19393 E5, was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces griseus subsp.cryophilus C-19393 as a lninor component. The chemical structure of the antibiotic was determined by comparlng its spcctral data with those of the known 5,6-ci5 carbapenem antibiotics and confirmed by partial synthesis from epithienamycin B as shown in Fig. 1.The antibiotic has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and shows strong inhibitory actMty againStβ 一lactamases.
Prvi podaci o unesenoj algi Antithamnion amphigeneum (Rhodophyta) u Jadranskom moru ; First record of the alien alga Antithamnion amphigeneum (Rhodophyta) in the Adriatic Sea

An introduction of species into new environments has taken place for a long time, but the number of non-native species in the Mediterranean Sea has been growing exponentially in the last few decades (ZENETOS et al., 2010). Introduction and spread of non-native species are considered one of the main threats to biodiversity at different scales and extent (GALIL, 2007; STREFTARIS & ZENETOS, 2006). Due to the above said and to possible negative effects of alien species on human health and economy, the considerable international effort is being dedicated to collect information on the distribution and ecology of non-native species (OCCHIPINTIAMBROGI et al., 2011; ZENETOS et al., 2010). A red alga species Antithamnion amphigeneum A. Millar 1990 (Rhodophyta: Ceramiaceae) was initially described by MILLAR (1990) from New South Wales (Eastern Australia) and almost at the same time it was also described by VERLAQUE & SERIDI (1991) as a different species, Antithamnion algeriense M.Verlaque & Seridi 1991 from Bjord-El-Kiffan (Algeria). Later on, this taxon was reported from the Island of Alboran, Spain (RIBERA & SOTO 1992), the Medes islands, Spain (E. BALLESTEROS, personal observation), several localities from Morocco (GONZÁLEZ & CONDE 1994), the western coast of Italy (La Spezia) (RINDI et al., 1996), Monaco (VERLAQUE & BERNARD, 1998) and the French Mediterranean coast (KLEIN & VERLAQUE, 2011). This species was first reported in the Atlantic Ocean from the area of the harbor of Bilbao, Spain (SECILLA et al., 1997) where reproductive structures (tetrasporangia) were found. In the area of Biscay, A. amphigeneum invaded about 90 km of coast in less than 10 years (SECILLA, 2012). Subsequently, it has been also reported from different areas of the Atlantic Spanish coasts (DÍAZ et al. 2008; BÁRBARA et al., 2012). We report on the alien red alga Antithamnion amphigeneum from the coast of the Adriatic Sea, which represents the easternmost distribution record in the Mediterranean. Being A. amphigeneum a small filamentous alga, it can be easily overlooked therefore it is probably more widespread. Further surveys on Montenegro and other Mediterranean areas – mainly in harbors and other polluted places will provide more accurate information on its current distribution.
Extremely low infection levels of pathogens and nematodes in Trypodendron spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract The striped ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum and T. domesticum are timber forest pests in the Palearctic region and North America. Because only a few pathogens are known for Trypodendron species, the aim of this work was to determine the spectrum of pathogen species of T. lineatum, T. laeve, and T. domesticum. Trypodendron species were collected in pheromone traps at nine localities in the Czech Republic, five localities in Poland, and one locality in Austria. In total, 2,439 T. lineatum, 171 T. domesticum, and 17 T. laeve beetles were dissected and examined. Infection was found in only two of the 17 specimens of T. laeve and in only two of the 171 specimens of T. domesticum; in all four cases, the parasites were nematodes. Parasitisation of T. lineatum by nematodes was found in T. lineatum at eight localities with a mean (± SE) parasitisation level of 8.1 ± 4.7%. A Chytridiopsis sp. was detected in cells of the midgut epithelium of one T. lineatum specimen, and Gregarina sp. was detected in the midgut lumen of two T. lineatum specimens; no other pathogens were found in T. lineatum. The low infection rates and the tendency for infection by nematodes can be explained by the monogamy of Trypodendron spp. and their feeding on fungi in short galleries that are not connected to the galleries of conspecifics.
Attraction comes from many sources: Attentional and comparative processes in decoy effects

The attraction effect emerges when adding a seemingly irrelevant option (decoy) to a binary choice shifts preference towards a target option. This suggests that choice behaviour is dynamic, i.e., choice values are developed during deliberation, rather than manifesting some pre-existing preference set. Whereas several models of multialternative and multiattribute decision making consider dynamic choice processes as crucial to explain the attraction effect, empirically investigating the exact nature of such processes requires complementing choice output with other data. In this study, we focused on asymmetrically dominated decoys (i.e., decoys that are clearly dominated only by the target option) to examine the attentional and comparative processes responsible for the attraction effect. Through an eye-tracker paradigm, we showed that the decoy option can affect subjects’ preferences in two different and not mutually exclusive ways: by focusing the attention on the salient option and the dominance attribute, and by increasing comparisons with the choice dominant pattern. Although conceptually and procedurally distinct, both pathways for decoy effects produce an increase in preferences for the target option, in line with attentional and dynamic models of decision making. Eye-tracking data provide further details to the verification of such models, by highlighting the context-dependent nature of attention and the development of similarity-driven competitive decisional processes.
An annotated checklist of the earthworm fauna of Turkey (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae)

A checklist of the Lumbricid earthworms in Turkey is presented. Each entry is accompanied by complete references and, where it is appropriate, remarks are also added. The present list consists of 66 species of which 24 spp. (36.4%) seem to be Anatolian endemics. This indicates a highly specialized earthworm fauna predominated by the representatives of the genera Healyella Omodeo & Rota, 1989 and Dendrobaena Eisen, 1874.