Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A pathological study of Lewy bodies and senile changes in the amygdala in diffuse Lewy body disease

A quantitative study of the distribution and incidence of Lewy bodies (LB) and senile changes was performed in seven subnuclei of the amygdala in 12 cases with diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD). The results were compared with those in six cases of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), six cases of Alzheimer‐type dementia (ATD) and six cases of non‐demented controls. Ubiquitin immunohisto‐chemistry for LB, methenamine‐silver stain for senile plaques (SP) and Gallyas stain for neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) were used in this study. In all DLBD cases and four PD cases, cortical LB occurred in all subnuclei with a tendency for their preferential occurrence in certain sub‐nuclei. The probable dysfunction in these subnuclei may contribute to the memory impairment of DLBD. Senile plaques and NFT occurred significantly more frequently in the baso‐lateral nuclear group than in the cortico‐medial nuclear group of the amygdala in DLBD cases as well as in ATD cases, although a tendency for these to occur predominantly in certain subnuclei was not observed. In the central amygdaloid nucleus (CE), many characteristic spherical or fusiform structures were stained positively with ubiquitin immunohistochemistry in all DLBD and PD cases, although the number was less in PD cases. These immunohistochemically ubiquitin positive structures were densely packed electronmicroscopically with ubiquitin‐positive granular and vesicular components. They might have arisen from selective degeneration of the terminal or distal axons of noradrenergic and dopaminergic afferents from the locus ceruleus and substantia nigra, respectively, to the CE.
Cuticle Micromorphology of Caribbean and Central American Species of Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae)

The cuticle micromorphology of leaves of 13 species of Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae), nine from the Caribbean Islands and four from Central America, was studied with scanning electron microscopy. They include five of the seven species of section Pumilis (Podocarpus aristulatus, P. buchii, P. ekmanii, P. urbanii, and P. victorinianus), four of the seven species of section Nemoralis (P. guatemalensis, P. hispaniolensis, P. purdieanus, and P. trinitensis), three of the six species of section Lanceolatus (P. coriaceus, P. costaricensis, and P. matudae), and one of the three species of section Pratensis (P. oleifolius). The external and internal features of the adaxial and abaxial cuticles are described for all species and are compared with other known Podocarpus species (especially section Scytopodium). Leaves are hypostomatic, with stomata arranged in discontinuous rows parallel to the leaf axis. The external cuticles of all studied species possessed Florin rings. Stomatal plugs were observed in all species except P. buchii and P. costaricensis. The number of subsidiary cells varies from two to six, with two or three being most common. Polar subsidiary cells are constantly absent in seven species and present in six species, although in three of these, they are sometimes absent. The internal cuticle on subsidiary cell surfaces is smooth to slightly rugose and is sometimes pitted. The cuticle on guard cell surfaces is usually granular to rugose, sometimes with pits. Polar extensions occur in all species; they are thin in the studied species of section Pumilis but thick in those belonging to the other three sections. Epidermal cell outlines are straight to undulating. The cuticle on epidermal cell surfaces is rugose and pitted in all the Caribbean species except for P. trinitensis but much smoother to granular in P. trinitensis and the Central American species. The most useful characters to distinguish species are the micromorphology of the cuticle on guard cell surfaces, the presence or absence of polar subsidiary cells, the periclinal epidermal cell texture, and the epidermal cell shape and size. No synapomorphic characters of the leaf cuticle were found that supported any of the sections proposed in the 1985 revision of Podocarpus by de Laubenfels, but some qualitative characters were correlated with geographical distribution. Quantitative characters showed considerable variation between species, often providing distinguishing characters, but none of this variation was correlated either with the current taxonomic classification or with geography.
Inconsistency of the Maximum-parsimony Method: the Case of Five Taxa With a Molecular Clock

The inconsistency of the maximum-parsimony method for the case of five taxa with a molecular clock was studied using an analytical approach and Monte Carlo simulation. The inconsistency occurs in the case of a symmetrical tree with short internal branches and long external branches but can be avoided by using slowly evolving sequences. The neighbor-joining method is consistent if the evolutionary distances between taxa are estimated accurately. How? ever, for short sequences, estimates of distances are subject to large statistical errors, and the probability of obtaining a certain erroneous tree by this method can be larger than the probability of obtaining the true tree. The implications for phylogenetic reconstruction are discussed. (Phy? logeny; parsimony; neighbor joining; evolutionary rates; inconsistency; sequence length.)
Uganda

L A Wilson Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; tonywislon@gmail.com T he intern is presenting the history of an ‘‘elderly man’’ who has lost the use of his legs over the past three days. And while he talks, I worry that my anguish at the minimal prospects of neurological help for such patients may evolve into resigned acceptance, as my time as a neurologist in London becomes more remote. 416 Practical Neurology
STRUCTURED TRIACYLGLYCEROLS CONTAINING BEHENIC ACID: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES

Low-calorie structured lipids (SL) containing behenic and oleic acids were prepared using interesterification of olive oil with hydrogenated high erucic acid rapeseed oil and acidolysis of olive oil with behenic acid. The reactions were catalyzed by the Lipozyme RM IM enzyme. Triacylglycerols (TAGs), obtained by interesterification (TAGSLHE), contained 20.9 and 45.3% of behenic and oleic acids, respectively, whereas those obtained by acidolysis (TAGSLB) contained 34.6 and 49.6% of these acids, respectively. In both cases, behenic acid was mainly incorporated in the sn-1,3 positions of the TAG molecules (∼93%). The distribution of oleic acid in the individual positions was different for each product. The content of oleic acid in the sn-2 position of TAG was 50.2 and 80.3% for TAGSLHEand TAGSLB, respectively. The melting temperature of TAGSLHE(45.5%) was higher than that of TAGSLB(37.5%). Because of the suitable solid fat content characteristics of TAGSLBas a function of temperature, it is possible to use TAGSLBin bakery and in confectionery industries for production of margarines and blends, among others.
Rhagada revisited: on the taxonomy of species from the Kimberley and Dampierland, Western Australia (Pulmonata, Camaenidae)

The genus Rhagada is the second most diverse camaenid genus in Australia. We examined anatomical and mitochondrial characters of previously unidentified material from the Kimberley that was earmarked to potentially represent new species in recently published molecular phylogenetic studies. Our comparisons revealed that specimens from Gibbings Island (‘R. sp. Gibbings’) were morphologically and genetically most similar to Rhagada cygna from the Dampier Peninsula. Hence, ‘R. sp. Gibbings’ is considered to be identical to R. cygna. In addition, we found that R. cygna as so delimited is not clearly distinguished from the second species on the Dampier Peninsula, Rhagada bulgana. Both species differ rather subtly in anatomical and mitochondrial characters, indicating their close relationships and potentially incomplete evolutionary differentiation. Furthermore, we describe two new species based on comparative morphology and mitochondrial sequences: Rhagada worora n. sp. from the Prince Regent Reserve in the Kimberley and Rhagada karajarri n. sp. from Dampierland. The present study confirms that species in Rhagada are best identified by means of both morphological and molecular data. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:556E1866-6F9E-4CC0-8ACF-CD56E929501F
Effectiveness of the GAEC cross-compliance standard Short-term measures for runoff water control on sloping land (temporary ditches and grass strips) in controlling soil erosion

The agronomic measures made obligatory by the cross-compliance Standard Temporary measures for runoff water control on sloping land included in the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (MiPAAF) decree on cross compliance until 2008, and by Standard 1.1 Creation of temporary ditches for the prevention of soil erosion in the 2009 decree, certainly appear to be useful for the control of soil erosion and runoff. The efficacy of temporary drainage ditches and of grass strips in controlling runoff and erosion has been demonstrated in trials conducted in field test plots in Italy. When level temporary drainage ditches are correctly built, namely with an inclination of not more than 2.5% in relation to the maximum hillslope gradient, they allow the suspended sediment eroded upstream to settle in the ditches, retaining the material carried away on the slope and, as a result, reducing the quantity of sediment delivered to the hydrographic network. In particular, among all the results, the erosion and runoff data in a trial conducted in Guiglia (Modena) showed that in corn plots, temporary drainage ditches reduced soil erosion by 94%, from 14.4 Mg ha-1 year-1 (above the limit established by the NRCS-USDA of 11.2 Mg ha-1 year-1) to 0.8 Mg ha-1 year-1 (within the NRCS limit and also within the more restrictive limit established by the OECD of 6.0 Mg ha-1 year-1). With respect to the grass buffer strips the most significant research was carried out in Volterra. This research demonstrated their efficacy in reducing erosion from 8.15 Mg ha-1 to 1.6 Mg ha-1, which is approximately 5 times less than the erosion observed on bare soil. The effectiveness of temporary drainage ditches was also assessed through the application of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) erosion model to 60 areas under the control of the Agency for Agricultural Payments (AGEA) in 2009, comparing the risk of erosion in these sample areas by simulating the presence and absence of drainage ditches at a distance of 80 metres from each other as required by the Standard. The results of the scenario analysis showed that the presence of ditches on average decreases erosion by 67%. To sum up, the Standard was found to be effective from a hydraulic point of view, as the results have demonstrated the adequacy of temporary ditches for the control of runoff water. Another important result of this study was the production of a simple equation that can be directly used by farmers or, more realistically, by the farm advisory system to provide farmers with the information necessary for the realisation of temporary drainage ditches (depth and section that can be obtained with the most widespread types of ditch diggers) so that these ditches are effective and maintain their hydraulic efficacy throughout the entire cropping period. This equation would also be useful for cross-compliance control by the AGEA and regional control bodies.
Factors controlling the temporal dynamics of egg production in the copepod Temora longicornis

The factors controlling the temporal dynamics of egg production rate (EPR) in Temora longicornis were investigated during a 3 yr study. T. longicornis produced eggs all year round, with an annual maximum (EPRmax) between 27 and 48 eggs female -1 d -1 during spring/summer and mini- mum of 1.4 eggs female -1 d -1 in autumn/winter. The highest EPR values were measured when cope- pods were heaviest and in situ chlorophyll a (chl) increased above ~1 to 3.5 µg l -1 , irrespective of ambient temperature. EPR was positively related to copepod body weight (BW) and chl, whereas it was negatively related to suspended particulate matter (SPM) and temperature. Stepwise multivari- ate analysis showed that copepod BW, chl and SPM explained most of the variability associated with fecundity, outweighing the effect of temperature. Moreover, the lower EPRmax measured in spring 1996, as compared to 1997 and 1998, suggests that food nutritional quality was probably another important factor affecting copepod fecundity. Since BW was inversely related to temperature, by con- trolling copepod BW, temperature indirectly determined the maximum potential reproductive output of T. longicornis. Acting on at least in situ physical parameters like temperature and SPM, climate change could represent an important modulator of secondary production in this and other copepod species.
Characterization and Technological Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Production of “Sorghurt,” a Cereal-Based Product

A total of 57 predominant LAB strains isolated from cassava and maize grains fermentation processes for fufu and ogi were identified using phenotypic and genomic fingerprinting methods such as rep-PCR and ARDRA. They were divided into facultatively heterofermentative rods (26.3%), obligately heterofermentative rods (31.6%), and tetrad forming homofermentative cocci (42.1%). Selected strains were further identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA gene. Technological studies such as acidification, hydrogen peroxide production, starch hydrolysis, enzymatic activities, degradation of oligosaccharides, and in vitro adherence properties were carried out. Lactobacillus plantarum strains demonstrated better and rapid acid production capability, followed by the Pediococcus strains, while L. fermentum strains exhibited slower acid production. Hydrogen peroxide production was observed among the LAB groups. The test strains utilized the indigestible sugars raffinose and stachyose. Only L. pentosus demonstrated high amylase activity comparable to that of L. amylovorus DSM 20531. Lactobacillus plantarum and L. fermentum strains showed high β-glucosidase activity. Six strains were selected as starter cultures. The strains were tolerant to acidic pH levels and bile salt. The yoghurt-like “sorghurt” produced using the selected starter cultures had a final pH of less than pH 4.0, and a viable count of less than 5.5 Log10cfu/mL at the end of a 24 h fermentation period. The samples were generally acceptable to the taste panelists. The starter organisms demonstrated varying degree of adherence to HT29 MTX cell line. Therefore, employing functionally defined LAB strains may be one practical approach for incorporating health-promoting features into appropriate food products suitable for targeted population.
Mitotic and meiotic behaviour of B-chromosomes of Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. ssp. scabra (Compositae)

SUMMARYGuizotia scabra ssp. scabra plants grown from seeds originating from southwest Ethiopia were found to carry 1–4 and 1–6 B-chromosomes in root tip cells and pollen mother cells, respectively. The B-chromosomes were of three morphological types, being large in size with a median or submedian centromere or smaller in size with a likely median centromere. They are all numerically stable within and between root tips, but in most of the plants their numbers in the pollen mother cells were higher than in the roots. When single, a B-chromosome remained as a univalent. When two or more were present, they paired with one another, most frequently as bivalents, with chiasmata in one or both arms. They had a high frequency of normal segregation at anaphase I and subsequent stages of meiosis. After application of C-banding technique, the large B-chromosomes with a median centromere did not show C-bands.
The microfungal communities of a mixed mire in northern Sweden

The microfungal communities of a mire in northern Sweden were studied. Three plant communities were sampled at two depths, one dry ombrotrophic, one wet ombrotrophic, and one wet minerotrophic site. The fungi were isolated on malt agar using the dilution-plate technique. The most commonly isolated species were Chaunopychnis alba, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella pulchella, Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Penicillium spinulosum, and a sterile isolate. Penicillium spinulosum, Penicillium thomii, and Mortierella pulchella were dominant in the hummocks, whereas Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Cladosporium sp. , and one unidentified isolate were found more often in the wet plant communities. Chaunopychnis alba was isolated more frequently at the minerotrophic site compared with the other two sites. Cladosporium sp. , Verticillium bulbillosum, a sterile isolate, and several yeast taxa were most abundant close to the surface. Species composition was most different between the dry hummocks and the two wet sites. In the hummocks the fungal community was more similar between the two depths than in the lawns where the groundwater surface was close to the vegetation surface. (Less)
Evaluation of Separate and Combined Effects of Choline and Betaine in Diets for Male Broilers

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of corn-soybean meal based diets with betaine and choline on live performance and breast meat yield of male broiler chicks. Diets formulated to meet nutrient levels of top broiler companies were supplemented with either 0 or 1000 mg/kg betaine in combination with either 0 or 1000 mg/kg choline. Betaine supplementation was carried out either for the full 49 d feeding trial or initiated at 35 d of age. Each dietary treatment was assigned to eight replicate pens of 60 male chicks of a commercial strain. At 42 and 49 d of age samples of birds were processed under commercial conditions and dressing percentage and breast yield determined. The results of this study indicate little or no positive benefit in terms of body weight gain, feed conversion, or mortality from the addition of betaine to nutritionally adequate corn-soybean meal based diets for broiler chicks in situations where disease challenge from coccidiosis is not a major issue. Improvements in dressing percentage were obtained from betaine supplementation and in breast yield from choline supplementation at 42 d of age but not at 49 d of age. Therefore, age of bird might be a consideration for using these supplements as birds processed at younger ages might be more responsive to these nutrients. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential effect of age on response to choline and betaine.
Changes in alpine vegetation related to geomorphological processes and climatic change on Hill One, Southern Range, Tasmania, 1989–2000

Photographs of 84 plots in alpine vegetation, largely consisting of fjaeldmark and bolster heath, on Hill One, Southern Range, Tasmania, were taken in both 1989 and 2000 to compare cover characteristics. Between these two observations, vegetation cover declined in the fjaeldmark, largely as a result of erosion. Declines also occurred on the active depositional lobes, through burial of bolster heath. Within the parts of Hill One where vegetation cover was not lost, graminoids decreased and Pterygopappus lawrencei increased in the bolster heath and tall shrubs displaced bolster heath. Thirty-six per cent of the rocks visible in the 1989 photographs had moved by 2000, the mean area of the individual rocks that moved being 95 cm2. Larger rocks were moved on the exposed western slope than on the leeward eastern slope. Analyses of climatic data from nearby stations for 1979–2000 indicated a decline in both precipitation and temperatures and an increase in the frequency of the highest wind speeds, all of which are consistent with the nature of vegetation and geomorphological changes that occurred on the mountain, although a climatic cause is far from proven. Localised cooling and drying, in the two hottest and wettest decades recorded for the globe, emphasises the importance of local data in determining the possible impacts of climatic change on biota.
Metabolic Fluxes in Lactic Acid Bacteria—A Review

The technological role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has consistently increased in the recent decades. This is due to its large cellular production capabilities of metabolites with commercial interest and to its innocuous and beneficial characteristic of being considered generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and food tradition found virtually in all food categories. With the advent of the 21st century and Omics technologies, it has been possible for LAB to become metabolite overproducers, delivery vectors, and live vaccines, as well as improve in-situ technological properties, among many other applications. The present review offers an introduction to the LAB metabolism, showing that the main products are able to be secreted and diverted toward a specific molecule of value for bioproduction by directing the flux of pyruvate. Thus, a general overview of the metabolic flux analysis, isotopic techniques, and software calculations including examples in LAB is presented. Furthermore, flux distribution of the metabolic pathways in LAB enables the evaluation of the metabolic state and provides useful answers to improve target productivity in food, medical and industrial applications. It is clear that with the advances in genomics (more than 200 whole genome sequences) LAB will play a key role in the generation of environmentally friendly new bio-products, functional foods, biomaterials, and therapeutics products in the era of systems biology.
Human Neuroanatomy

The third edition of this work by the late Oliver S. Strong and Adolph Elwyn of Columbia University continues without essential change from its first and very successful plan. Some additions have been made in the way of further illustrations, and the text has been supplemented by reference to the recent advancement concerning our knowledge of the cerebellum, the thalamus, and in particular of the reticular system of the brain stem. This treatise sets out to be one thing only: a textbook of neuroanatomy. Its whole orientation is toward the classroom and the laboratory. I t is obvious to anyone actively engaged in teaching the subject that the methods of presentation have been tried in the fire of repeated teaching experience. The subjcts are presented in the order in which they are met in the laboratory, proceeding from the spinal cord to the brain stem and thence to the cerebral hemispheres, stopping at each level to identify the structures presented both from the gross specimen and from the prepared section. In this way the textbook is very definitely its own laboratory guide, and this feature appeals most to the teacher. There is no easy way of learning the morphology of any subject; it has to be presented piece by piece in a dissected manner. Thus, the basic value of the book is its recognition that the science of neuroanatomy must be learned in its detached component units. The authors wisely provide for integration of all this scattered material, and at appropriate places in the text a presentation of a total system is introduced. An excellent example of this is the detailed description of the brain stem. No attempt is being made to conceal the multitude of structures, and yet when they are identified in the laboratory by students, unification into functional systems is provided. Thus each cranial nerve is discussed as a system of anatomic units with its connections with other systems, and a description of its functions and the symptoms which arise from the loss of such functions. The authors provide an adequate description of the gross anatomy of the nervous system. In those laboratories where good gross material is available, however, the text may need some supplementation. Attention is called to the excellent chapter on the blood supply of the brain. This presents material which is not readily available in textbooks of general anatomy and which is greatly neglected in the teaching of neu-