Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physics studies in W7-AS

A review of experiments with ECRH- and NBI-heated plasmas in W7-AS is given. Global results of W7-AS are summarized. Particular emphasis is put on electron cyclotron current drive, comparative analysis of electron heat transport derived from power balance and perturbative studies, and particle transport under combined ECRH- and NBI-heating conditions. The role of the plasma boundary field configuration as a necessary condition for the existence of the H-mode in W7-AS is discussed and first observations of coherent global Alfven eigenmodes and turbulent temperature fluctuations in the plasma core are reported.
The degeneration of large-scale interfacial gravity waves in lakes

Mechanisms for the degeneration of large-scale interfacial gravity waves are identified for lakes in which the effects of the Earth's rotation can be neglected. By assuming a simple two-layer model and comparing the timescales over which each of these degeneration mechanisms act, regimes are defined in which particular processes are expected to dominate. The boundaries of these regimes are expressed in terms of two lengthscale ratios: the ratio of the amplitude of the initial wave to the depth of the thermocline, and the ratio of the depth of the thermocline to the overall depth of the lake. Comparison of the predictions of this timescale analysis with the results from both laboratory experiments and field observations confirms its applicability. The results suggest that, for small to medium sized lakes subject to a relatively uniform windstress, an important mechanism for the degeneration of large-scale internal waves is the generation of solitons by nonlinear steepening. Since solitons are likely to break at the sloping boundaries, leading to localized turbulent mixing and enhanced dissipation, the transfer of energy from an initial basin-scale seiche to shorter solitons has important implications for the lake ecology.
Unsteady measurements in a separated and reattaching flow

Measurements of fluctuating pressure and velocity, together with instantaneous smoke-flow visualizations, are presented in order to reveal the unsteady structure of a separated and reattaching flow. It is shown that throughout the separation bubble a low-frequency motion can be detected which appears to be similar to that found in other studies of separation. This effect is most significant close to separation, where it leads to a weak flapping of the shear layer. Lateral correlation scales of this low-frequency motion are less than the reattachment length, however; it appears that its timescale is about equal to the characteristic timescale for the shear layer and bubble to change between various shedding phases. These phases were defined by the following observations: shedding of pseudoperiodic trains of vortical structures from the reattachment zone, with a characteristic spacing between structures of typically 60% to 80% of the bubble length; a large-scale but irregular shedding of vorticity; and a relatively quiescent phase with the absence of any large-scale shedding structures and a significant ‘necking’ of the shear layer downstream of reattachment. Spanwise correlations of velocity in the shear layer show on average an almost linear growth of spanwise scale up to reattachment. It appears that the shear layer reaches a fully three-dimensional state soon after separation. The reattachment process does not itself appear to impose an immediate extra three-dimensionalizing effect upon the large-scale structures.
Random Effects Analysis of Children's Blood Pressure Data

Some analyses of longitudinal blood pressure data have fo- cussed on the question of whether a current value of blood pressure is predictive of subsequent rate of change. A positive correlation between blood pressure values at the beginning of a longitudinal study and rate of change over the course of the study has been found in studies of adults. Negative correlation, however, has been found in a study of children. These studies, either implicitly or explicitly, rely on linear growth curve models in which subjects' blood pressure observations are assumed to fol- low simple linear regression models with slopes and intercepts varying among subjects, but with the slopes constant over time. Our analysis of a longitudinal data set of 2,203 measurements of sys- tolic blood pressure from 216 children also provided a negative estimate of the correlation. However, smoothed plots of cross products of residu- als suggested that an alternative random effects model, in which rate of change of systolic blood pressure is not treated as constant over time, might better fit the data. It is possible that the negative estimates of the correlation found in children's blood pressure data are an artifact of assuming a constant rate of change when the data actually follow the al- ternative model. It is shown that the expected result of fitting the linear growth curve model to data that follow the alternative model is an ap- parent negative correlation between slope and intercept. In the data, the observed estimates of the parameters of the linear growth curve model are consistent with the observed estimates of the parameters of the al- ternative model.
BRAF V600E and Novel Somatic Mutations in Thyroid Cancer of Libyan Patients

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common endocrine malignancy that frequently harbours the oncogenic V600E BRAF mutation. This mutation has received considerable attention in recent years for its potential utility in the risk stratification and management of TC. This study aims to investigate BRAF mutational status in thyroid cancer of Libyan patients and their association with clinicopathological factors. Methods: 44 thyroid tissue samples were analysed for mutations in exon 15 of the BRAF gene by performing polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. The results of BRAF mutation screening were correlated to clinical and pathological characteristics of the studied thyroid cancer patients. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results: The BRAF exon 15 mutations were detected in 19 (43.2%) of the thyroid cancer cases. The V600E was the most frequent one found in 15/44 (34.1%) cases. We also detected 6 other variants in 7 patients (15.9%), the S616F, the W619R and the T599S. Three mutations were associated with V600E, the L584I, the D587Y and the synonymous L597L. None of these mutations were reported previously in thyroid cancers. No statistical association was found between BRAF mutations and clinicopathological factors except with papillary thyroid cancer type (p= 0,032). Conclusions: Novel BRAF mutations and V600E were frequently detected in thyroid cancer of Libyan patients; this suggests a potential role of these novel mutations in carcinogenesis and in anti-EGFR therapy resistance.
Graphs without cycles of even length

Dedicated to George Szekeres on his ninetieth birthday In this paper we prove that a bipartite graph with parts of sizes M and N, having no cycles of even length less that or equal to 2(2k + 1), where k is a positive integer, has at most (NM)(k+1)/(2k+1) + Dk(N + M) edges, where Dk only depends on k. In particular, we show that when k = 1, D1 = 1 is possible.
Effects of linear projections on the performance of target detection and classification in hyperspectral imagery

We explore the use of several linear dimensionality reduction techniques that can be easily integrated into the hyperspectral imaging sensor. We investigate their effect on the performance of classical target detection and classification techniques for hyperspectral images. Specifically, each N-dimensional spectral pixel is embedded to an M-dimensional measurement space with M ≪ N by a linear transformation (e.g., random measurement matrices, uniform downsampling, principal component analysis). The detectors/classifiers are then applied to the M-dimensional measurement vectors and their performances are compared to those obtained from the entire N-dimensional spectrum. Through extensive experiments on several hyperspectral imagery data sets, we demonstrate that only a small amount of measurements are necessary to achieve comparable performance to that obtained by exploiting the full N-dimensional pixels.
Built Environment Professionals’ Perception of the Importance of Facility Management Professionals at the Design Stage

There is a misconception that facility management (FM) professionals are needed only after a building has been completed, in order to manage maintenance and operating expenses. Hence, they are hardly considered an essential part of the design team. To query this notion, this study investigated the perception of built environment professionals on the importance of FM professionals at the design stage. Quantitative research using a questionnaire survey was adopted. Three hundred and forty questionnaires were administered to four categories of built environment professionals (engineers - civil, electrical and mechanical; architects; quantity surveyors, and builders) in Lagos, Nigeria and 266 (78%) of the questionnaires were found useful for analysis. The data was analysed using percentages, mean, relative importance index (RII) and Kruskal-Wallis test. The outcome of the analysis showed that respondents agree that FM professionals are important at the design stage in order to review design from a maintenance, operation, and serviceability perspective. The study also revealed that architects and quantity surveyors are fully convinced that FM professionals are crucial at the design stage, while builders and engineers are not. It was suggested that the governing body of FM professionals, the International Facility Management Association (IFMA), should organize forums where other built environment professionals can be educated on the importance of involving FM professionals at the design stage. Moreover, IFMA should leverage its membership base to secure meetings with owners of facilities with high running costs and demonstrate to them the savings accruable had they engaged FM professionals at the design stage. This is with a view to encouraging such owners to engage IFMA members from the onset of their subsequent projects. Doing so will ensure the delivery of cost-efficient facilities.
Reproductive Disorders of Cattle in the Tole District of Southwest Ethiopia and Their Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors

Reproduction is a basic requirement for efficient cattle production to continue or cease; whereas, reproductive disorders are the leading cause of economic loss in the cattle industry. To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of major reproductive disorders in cattle in the Tole district, a cross-sectional study design was conducted from October, 2020, to October, 2021. To identify potential risk factors for cattle reproductive disorders, a multivariable random effect logistic regression analysis was used. A total of 400 randomly selected cows were examined, and 37.8% of them had at least one reproductive disorder. The three main reproductive disorders observed in the study area were abortion (17.8%), stillbirth (4.8%), and dystocia (3.3%). Risk factors for reproductive disorders in the study area included the calving season (OR = 3.7, 95% CL-1.37–7.18) and the accessibility of dogs to cattle (OR = 2.5, 95% CL-1.64–3.85). Accessibility of dogs to cattle in the study areas was also a risk factor for abortion (OR = 7.5, 95% CL-3.59–15.54). The present study also identified parity (OR = 5.2, 95% CL-1.05–26.04) as a risk factor for dystocia in cattle in the study areas. This demonstrated that losses in cattle production in the study areas are significantly attributed to reproductive problems. Hence, it is essential to increase public awareness of how reproductive disorders affect cattle production and to develop and implement appropriate control measures for these disorders. The causes of abortion and dystocia in various areas should be precisely identified and described through further research.
Experimental Rarefied Heat Transfer at Hypersonic Conditions over 70-Degree Blunted Cone

Surface heat transfer rates have been measured over a 70-deg spherically blunted cone chosen as a test case model to provide both experimental and computational databases. Under raree ed and hypersonic conditions, heating rate distributions are measured along the model and presented at angles of attack varying from 0 to 30 deg. Experiments have been conducted in the SR3 facility at a freestream Mach number close to 20. Three e ow rarefactions have been considered, which correspond to Reynolds numbers of 1420, 4175, and 36,265. Reynolds numbers are calculated using freestream conditions and the model base diameter. In parallel to the experimental work, e ow calculations were executed by an international group of researchers for identical test conditions. Comparisons between experimental and computational heating rates are also presented.
The LAD estimation of the change-point linear model with randomly censored data

Abstract In this paper, a change-point linear model with randomly censored data is investigated. We propose the least absolute deviation estimation procedure for regression and change-point parameters simultaneously. The asymptotic properties of the change-point and regression parameter estimators are obtained. We show that the resulting regression parameter estimator is asymptotically normal, and the change-point estimator converges weakly to the minimizer of a given random process. The extensive simulation studies and the analysis of an acute myocardial infarction data set are conducted to illustrate the finite sample performance of the proposed method.
Breakfast Cereal Products Consumption and Consumer Preferences: A study on Dietary Fibre Content Awareness

It is well established that BCP could have several health benefits, mainly related to its fibre content. This study aimed to evaluate the BCP consumption in Portugal, the reasons behind the consumers’ choices, and evaluate consumer awareness on fibre content and health benefits. The hypotheses were that i) consumers are not aware of the dietary fibre benefits nor the relationship between daily intake and benefits; ii) BCP are a good strategy to increase fibre intake. The novelty of this work is related to the fibre awareness evaluation and whether the increase in fibre content on BCP could increase its consumer interest. A cross-sectional study with both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (focus group) approaches was performed. A total of 1126 participants completed the survey, and two focus group were performed, one focus group with people with 24-31 years old and another with parents with ages between 33-41 years old. It was assessed the effect of parenting on BCP perception, consumption, and purchase. More than half of the Portuguese population consume BCP at least once a week, mainly at breakfast, for convenience, taste, and healthiness. Granola and flakes are the mainly consumed by adults, and extruded and flakes by children. Consumers identify a lack of products that combine taste and healthiness. Fibre content does not determine the BCP purchase, and consumers are not aware of all the health benefits of fibre nor its daily recommendation. When enlightened, consumer defended that this information should be shared massively, as well as how to achieve its recommended amount. The BCP approach is different among adults with or without children. Consumers demand for healthy & tasty BCP. Informed consumers on fibre benefits (besides the satiety and intestinal health) and daily recommended amount have higher willingness to purchase BCP rich in fibre.
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutation in WHO high-Grade Astrocytomas

Purpose and background: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation and O-6 methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT) methylation are surrogate biomarkers of improved survival in gliomas. This study aims at studying the ability of semantic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features to predict the IDH mutation status confirmed by the gold standard molecular tests. Methods: The MRI of 148 patients were reviewed for various imaging parameters based on the Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images (VASARI) study. Their IDH status was determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fisher’s exact or chi-square tests for univariate and logistic regression for multivariate analysis were used. Results: Parameters such as mild and patchy enhancement, minimal edema, necrosis < 25%, presence of cysts, and less rCBV (relative cerebral blood volume) correlated with IDH mutation. The median age of IDH-mutant and IDH-wild patients were 34 years (IQR: 29–43) and 52 years (IQR: 45–59), respectively. Mild to moderate enhancement was observed in 15/19 IDH-mutant patients (79%), while 99/129 IDH-wildtype (77%) had severe enhancement (p-value <0.001). The volume of edema with respect to tumor volume distinguished IDH-mutants from wild phenotypes (peritumoral edema volume < tumor volume was associated with higher IDH-mutant phenotypes; p-value < 0.025). IDH-mutant patients had a median rCBV value of 1.8 (IQR: 1.4–2.0), while for IDH-wild phenotypes, it was 2.6 (IQR: 1.9–3.5) {p-value = 0.001}. On multivariate analysis, a cut-off of 25% necrosis was able to differentiate IDH-mutant from IDH-wildtype (p-value < 0.001), and a cut-off rCBV of 2.0 could differentiate IDH-mutant from IDH-wild phenotypes (p-value < 0.007). Conclusion: Semantic imaging features could reliably predict the IDH mutation status in high-grade gliomas. Presurgical prediction of IDH mutation status could help the treating oncologist to tailor the adjuvant therapy or use novel IDH inhibitors.
FAST LINEAR ESTIMATION METHODS FOR VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE MOVING‐AVERAGE MODELS

Abstract. Three linear methods for estimating parameter values of vector auto‐regressive moving‐average (VARMA) models which are in general at least an order of magnitude faster than maximum likelihood estimation are developed in this paper. Simulation results for different model structures with varying numbers of component series and observations suggest that the accuracy of these procedures is in most cases comparable with maximum likelihood estimation. Procedures for estimating parameter standard error are also discussed and used for identification of nonzero elements in the VARMA polynomial structures. These methods can also be used to establish the order of the VARMA structure. We note, however, that the primary purpose of these estimates is to generate initial estimates for the nonzero parameters in order to reduce subsequent computational time of more efficient estimation procedures such as exact maximum likelihood.
THE DOPPLER EFFECT AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS (II)*

AT present the positaon is, to put it bluntly, that our conceptions are inadequate to explain the Doppler effect. Whatever theory we adopt, we can imagine situations in which we cannot predict what would be observed. Here is an example. Consider two exactly similar observers, A and Z, alone in space and relatively at rest at a distance X apart. They carry synchronised clocks, and continuously radiate the same monochromatic light. At
Asymptotic Results of a Nonparametric Conditional Quantile Estimator for Functional Time Series

We consider the estimation of the conditional quantile function when the covariates take values in some abstract function space. The main goal of this article is to establish the almost complete convergence and the asymptotic normality of the kernel estimator of the conditional quantile under the α-mixing assumption and on the concentration properties on small balls of the probability measure of the functional regressors. Some applications and particular cases are studied. This approach can be applied in time series analysis to the prediction and building of confidence bands. We illustrate our methodology with El Niño data.
Laser-induced surface potential transients observed in III-nitride heterostructures

We report on very long surface potential transients induced by ultraviolet laser illumination, which have been observed in nitride heterostructures. These surface potential transients correlate with current transients when measured simultaneously. Under illumination, electron–hole pairs are generated, which screen the electric field in the AlGaN barrier layer causing the surface potential to decrease. The holes move toward the surface assisted by the electric field in the AlGaN while the electrons increase the sheet charge concentration at the AlGaN/GaN interface, decreasing the net charge dipole across the barrier layer. This reduction can cause the surface potential to vary as much as 1 V between the unilluminated and illuminated states. The long transient response observed after the laser is turned off is explained by the slow recombination of the holes with the electrons thermionically emitted from the potential well at the interface. The thermionic emission is modeled by a continuously varying barrie.
Terahertz conductivity of thin metal films

The conductivities of thin Al, Au, and Ag films were measured via their transmission at terahertz frequencies. The conductivities of all the films, particularly the thinner films and Al films, were much smaller than their bulk dc values. This reduced conductivity can be quantitatively understood in terms of an increased scattering rate from defects. The transmission is consistent with a frequency independent conductivity, implying a very fast electron scattering time.
A Note on Resampling the Integration Across the Correlation Integral with Alternative Ranges

Abstract This paper reconsiders the nonlinearity test proposed by Ko[cbreve]enda (Ko[cbreve]enda, E. (2001). An alternative to the BDS test: integration across the correlation integral. Econometric Reviews20:337–351). When the analyzed series is non‐Gaussian, the empirical rejection rates can be much larger than the nominal size. In this context, the necessity of tabulating the empirical distribution of the statistic each time the test is computed is stressed. To that end, simple random permutation works reasonably well. This paper also shows, through Monte Carlo experiments, that Ko[cbreve]enda's test can be more powerful than the Brock et al. (Brock, W., Dechert, D., Scheickman, J., LeBaron, B. (1996). A test for independence based on the correlation dimension. Econometric Reviews15:197–235) procedure. However, more than one range of values for the proximity parameter should be used. Finally, empirical evidence on exchange rates is reassessed.
A frequency analysis of new observations of the rapidly oscillating Ap star HD 137949 (33 Lib) : an apparent change of frequency and detection of the first harmonic

Fifty hours of new high-speed photometric observations of the rapidly oscillating Ap star HD 037949, obtained mostly in 1987 with the 1.0 and 1.9 m telescopes of the SAAO, are presented. These new observations have less noise than the previous observations made in 1981 with a 0.5 m telescope. The principal frequency in HD 137949 in the 1987 data is 2014.781 ± 0.001 μHz, in the 1981 data it is 2014.821 ± 0.003 μHz. This indicate that d(ln ν)/dt is about two orders of magnitude larger than expected theorically from evolution. There is however, possibly a second frequency at, or near, 1975 μHz, and other unresolved secondary frequencies that could perturb the measurement of the principal frequency.