Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Onset of Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults Living with HIV in an Urban Area in Brazil: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Introduction Highly active antiretroviral therapy has been available since 1996. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to improved therapeutic response and reduced HIV transmission. However, a significant number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) still start treatment late. Objective This study aimed to analyze characteristics and factors associated with late initiation of ART among HIV-infected treatment-naïve patients. Methods This cross-sectional study included PLHIV older than 17 years who initiated ART at two public health facilities from 2009 to 2012, in a city located in Midwestern Brazil. Pregnant women were excluded. Data were collected from medical records, antiviral dispensing forms, and the Logistics Control of Medications System (SICLOM) of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Late initiation of ART was defined as CD4+ cell count < 200 cells/mm3 or presence of AIDS-defining illness. Uni- and multivariate analysis were performed to evaluate associated factors for late ARV using SPSS®, version 21. The significance level was set at p<0.05. Results 1,141 individuals were included, with a median age of 41 years, and 69.1% were male. The prevalence of late initiation of ART was 55.8% (95%CI: 52.9-58.7). The more common opportunistic infections at ART initiation were pneumocystosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, and histoplasmosis. Overall, 38.8% of patients had HIV viral load equal to or greater than 100,000 copies/mL. Late onset of ART was associated with higher mortality. After logistic regression, factors shown to be associated with late initiation of ARV were low education level, sexual orientation, high baseline viral load, place of residence outside metropolitan area, and concomitant infection with hepatitis B virus. Conclusion These results revealed the need to increase early treatment of HIV infection, focusing especially on groups of people who are more socially vulnerable or have lower self-perceived risk.
Interactive nature of climate change and aerosol forcing

The effect of changing cloud cover on climate, based on cloud‐aerosol interactions, is one of the major unknowns for climate forcing and climate sensitivity. It has two components: (1) the impact of aerosols on clouds and climate due to in situ interactions (i.e., rapid response) and (2) the effect of aerosols on the cloud feedback that arises as climate changes—climate feedback response. We examine both effects utilizing the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE2 to assess the indirect effect, with both mass‐based and microphysical aerosol schemes, in transient twentieth century simulations. We separate the rapid response and climate feedback effects by making simulations with a coupled version of the model as well as one with no sea surface temperature or sea ice response (“atmosphere‐only” simulations). We show that the indirect effect of aerosols on temperature is altered by the climate feedbacks following the ocean response, and this change differs depending upon which aerosol model is employed. Overall, the effective radiative forcing (ERF) for the “direct effect” of aerosol‐radiation interaction (ERFari) ranges between −0.2 and −0.6 W m−2 for atmosphere‐only experiments, while the total effective radiative forcing, including the indirect effect (ERFari+aci) varies between about −0.4 and −1.1 W m−2 for atmosphere‐only simulations; both ranges are in agreement with those given in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013). Including the full feedback of the climate system lowers these ranges to −0.2 to −0.5 W m−2 for ERFari and −0.3 to −0.74 W m−2 for ERFari+aci. With both aerosol schemes, the climate change feedbacks have reduced the global average indirect radiative effect of atmospheric aerosols relative to what the emission changes would have produced, at least partially due to its effect on tropical upper tropospheric clouds.
Effects of vegetation burning on the foraging strategy of waterbuck, wildebeest and reedbuck in a moist savanna of Tanzania

Savannah grasslands are occupied by large mammal herbivores whose ecological separation between and within each guild have resulted to different foraging strategies and preference for forage differing in attributes to reduce competition between them. Therefore, the current study aimed at: 1) measuring the relative use of burnt and non-burnt areas by waterbuck, wildebeest and reedbuck, and their possible shifts between the two patches over time; 2) assessing forage characteristics in grazed sites on burnt and nonburnt sites along with the post fire nutritive quality of the grasses; and 3) testing the notion that waterbuck is an intermediate grazer between wildebeest, a bulk grazer and Bohor reedbuck, a selective grazer. The study was conducted during dry season in Saadan National Park, a moist, tall-grass savanna. The animals were found not equally distributed between the two grassland patches, with most occupying burned areas. On the other hand, previously grazed patches were actively selected for feeding, and Nitrogen content of the main forage grass species was high in grass samples collected 80 days since fire. Contrary, NDF and ADF concentrations were very low in grass samples collected 80 days post fire but increased after six months. Reedbuck had the shortest bout lengths for all behaviours whereas waterbuck showed the longest bout sessions. Reedbuck grazed at taller grass height than waterbuck and wildebeest grazed the shortest grassland patches. Wildebeest grazed mainly on Panicum infestum despite of its greenness status while the waterbuck and reedbuck grazed mostly on green materials. The non-random patterns in animal’s distribution between burnt and non-burnt grassland patches suggests that fire is an important adaptive management strategy for Saadani National Park. ii
The neglect of northern England’s Neolithic and Early Bronze Age structures in the archaeological literature of Britain

For many years, it has been noted, from my own personal observations and from literature referring to the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (N/EBA) structures in northern England, that there has been a neglect in referencing these sites. Nevertheless, there are numerous impressive monuments and landscapes in northern England. These include seventy Cumbrian stone circles, 1500 Bronze Age barrows in Yorkshire, amazing Northumbrian rock art, and henge and cursus complexes, as well as Neolithic round and long mounds in North Yorkshire. The earliest antiquarians were fascinated by southern Britain’s prehistoric structures. They have assumed that these monuments are the best and the most interesting examples or type-sites in Britain. Although northern sites have provided early dates and new archaeological material and information, many British archaeologists have not referenced these structures. In fact, even in books and articles about northern England’s prehistoric structures, the author(s) often provide comparisons of structures within southern Britain, rather than presenting their data in its own right or comparing it with another site elsewhere. While the Wessex and Orkney monuments are awe-inspiring, some of their sites have been under continual scrutiny, investigation and constant publication, with some archaeologists unable to see the magnificence beyond. Despite many references to this disparity, for example, Barclay (2001, 13) or Harding (2013, 1-2), the situation continues. In fact, this issue has been unresolved for forty years (Miket 1976, 113). This thesis was therefore undertaken to see whether this could or could not be proven, by analysing various syntheses from a national perspective. Books written about the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, with Britain in the title, would be studied. The variety and complexity of northern England’s structures within their N/EBA landscapes will be discussed ideas will be offered for future research.
MICROFOSSILS FROM THE LATE PRECAMBRIAN DRAKEN

An intraformational "flake" conglomerate within the Late Precambrian (700-800 m.y.) Draken Conglomerate of Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen, contains abundant, well preserved microfossils in silicified shards of microbial mats, as well as in associated silicified clasts of non-stromatolitic mud. Sedimentation apparently took place in a lagoonal environment subjected to occasional storms. Within one local area, three distinct microbial mat associations can be recognized, each dominated by a single filamentous cyanobacterial mat builder occurring in densely interwoven patterns oriented parallel to bedding. One mat association often contains an associate mat building filament, and two of the three associations harbor mat-specific stromatolite dwelling blue-greens. Three taxa, all probable cyano- bacteria, apparently lived as microbenthos in the non-stromatolitic mud. Approximately a dozen planktonic taxa have been recognized in this microbiota; these occur as randomly scattered individuals and clusters in all three mat associations and in the carbonate mud. The Draken microbiota provides a case study of the ecological heterogeity and microbial distribution within a single late Precambrian environment, and suggests the importance of paleoecology in analyses of Proterozoic evolution and biostratigraphy. Twenty-eight taxa are recognized of which eight are formally described as new: Salome svalbardensis n. gen. et sp. , Synodophycus euthemos n. gen. et sp. , Sphaerophycus wilsonii n. sp. , Eosynechococcus brevis n. sp. , Eosynechococcus depressus n. sp. , Gloediniopsis mikros n. sp. , Myxococcoides cantabrigiensis n. sp. , and Myxococcoides ovata n. sp.
Morphological response to reduced discharge on a losing Catawba River bifurcate

River Channel bifurcations resulting from partial avulsions are features of fluvial systems that remain poorly understood. The southeastern Piedmont of North Carolina is an area where large bifurcated rivers are uncommon, yet in an area near the foot of the Blue Ridge Escarpment several prominent contemporary examples exist. The initiation of these uncommon bifurcations and the subsequent persistence of split flow in these river reaches (Catawba, Linville, Yadkin Rivers and Wilson Creek) are yet to be fully understood. This study entailed GIS spatiotemporal analysis of planform morphology, hydraulic geometry and geomorphic analysis of river bank sedimentation and channel narrowing in the losing branch of a prominent Catawba River bifurcation, that are believed to influence the long-term stability of bifurcated channel patterns, and allows for determining pre- and post- bifurcation states, morphostratigraphic surveys of channel bank deposits, the nature of sedimentation events contributing most to channel adjustments over the last 39 years. It is important to study and understand the evolution of river bifurcations and the processes of avulsion that produce them because of the significant implications of these events pertaining to infrastructure management (roads, bridges and dwellings), flood hazard assessment and zonation, land conservation, as well as riverine ecosystems.
The spatial dimensions of savanna fire ecology in Kruger National Park, South Africa

Savannas are thought to be bistable with forests potentially occurring above 650 mm yr−1 of Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) due to the limiting effects of fire on tree cover. This is predicated on two assumptions: 1) fires increasingly limit woody cover in more mesic (≥ 650 MAP) savannas and 2) increasing tree cover produces feedbacks that reduce fire intensity. These assumptions are investigated in a spatially explicit framework. We use Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa as our study system, in part due to the wide range of frequency of fires, the large variation in natural communities and rainfall, and the large body of previous research for comparisons and modeling efforts. To investigate whether tree cover produces feedbacks on fire intensity, we measured fire behavior as a function of grass fuel load and woody cover in experimental burns within KNP. We found weak but positive relationships (not negative, as assumed) between woody cover and fire intensity, independent of grass fuel load, and no relationship between tree cover and grass fuel load. At a landscape scale, we modeled the factors predicted to drive fire severity in KNP. We observed that fireline intensity is a strong predictor of many estimations of fire severity in small fires, but across larger fires, rainfall and woody cover likewise can predict impacts on herbaceous consumption and woody cover, respectively. Lastly, to investigate whether trees escape fire less often in more mesic savannas, we used a stochastic model parameterized with real data. After a review of published growth rates, we modeled fire escape probability using mean annual precipitation, fire frequency, and fireline intensity values across KNP. When accounting for species turnover across rainfall gradients, we found a nearly flat relationship between the
The spatial structure of domestic tourist trips of Polish residents in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic

In Poland in 2020, the number of domestic tourist trips decreased by over one fi ft h (more for short-term than long-term trips), which was probably related to the Covid-19 pandemic. This large decline in the number of domestic tourist trips was not associated with significant changes in their spatial structure. The recovery in domestic tourist trips in 2022 also did not affect their spatial structure, which continues to be mainly determined by the distribution of tourist attractions in the country. The analysis at the voivodeship level showed no preference were observed during the Covid-19 pandemic for domestic trips to voivodeships with a lower level of urbanization (i.e. voivodeships with a greater share of rural areas, less frequently visited so far - generally with lower tourist values). The spatial structure of the recovery in domestic tourism turned out to be sensitive to the level of Covid-19 deaths, which slowed it down. In 2022, the recovery in domestic tourist traffi c was somewhat influenced by the war in neighboring Ukraine, which had a significant slowing effect in the eastern voivodeships of Poland.
Influence and Implications of Parenting Styles on Young Children's Concentration

This study explores the relationship between parenting styles and children's ability to concentrate. The focus of this research is to investigate the influence of parental parenting styles on children's attentional abilities, as parenting styles play a crucial role in shaping children's behaviors, cognitive development, and various abilities. While several studies have examined the link between parenting styles and different aspects of child development, research specifically investigating the relationship between parenting styles and children's ability to concentrate is limited. To address this research gap, a total of 133 children aged between 5 and 7 years, along with their parents, participated in this study. Parenting styles were assessed using a parenting style questionnaire, and interviews were conducted with parents regarding their young children's ability to concentrate. The results revealed a positive association between authoritative and democratic parenting styles and high levels of child attention. In contrast, doting and neglectful parenting styles showed negative associations with children's concentration abilities. Additionally, the study explored the role of gender in moderating the relationship between parenting styles and attention. These findings contribute to understanding parental influences on children's cognitive development and provide insights into potential educational and parental interventions to enhance children's ability to concentrate.
NON-LINEAR EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON OIL PALM YIELD: A NOTE BASED ON PANEL THRESHOLD ANALYSIS

The effect of climate change on agriculture and food production has emerged as one of the major concerns of major global economies, especially given that the global population is projected to reach 10.9 billion people by the end of the 21st century (United Nations, 2019). Crops react differently to climate change and hence it is crucial to understand its effect on specific agricultural plants. Specifically, the impact of climate change on agriculture yield may not be linear. As such, this study investigated the impact of climate factors on oil palm yield using state level data from Malaysia. The results suggested that temperature and oil palm yield have a non-linear inverted U-shaped relationship. In addition, rainfall has a positive impact on oil palm yield.
Considerazioni biogeografiche sulla presenza di specie aliene nella flora vascolare del Mediterraneo

Biogeographia vol. XXX - 2011 (Pubblicato il 23 dicembre 2011) La Biogeograﬁa della Sicilia Considerazioni biogeograﬁche sulla presenza di specie aliene nella ﬂora Vascolare del Mediterraneo GIANNIANTONIO DOMINA, PIETRO MAZZOLA Dipartimento di Biologia Ameientale e Biodiversita, Universita a’egli Studi di Palermo, via Arc/airaﬁ 38, 90123 Palermo (Italy) Key words: alien vascular ﬂora, islands, Mediterranean, statistics. SUMMARY Relations between the occurrence of aliens and biogeographic Features of some territories in the Mediterranean are analysed. Mediterranean islands host a higher percentage of aliens in comparison with the mainland. The most ‘ important relations have been observed between aliens occurrence and human population density in small islands and between aliens occurrence and floristic density in large islands. Other territorial factors, such as the island area and altitudinal range or the distance of the island from the mainland show a little influence as regards aliens oc- currence and contribute only to a low percentage ofvariation. INTRODUZIONE Le invasioni biologiche costituiscono un pericolo per la biodiversita per- che il tasso d’estinzione associato e maggiore di quello della speciazione che ne deriva (Sax e Gaines, 2003). Le invasioni dovute all’uomo, che E: il prin- cipale vettore di diaspore da un continente all’altro, assumono spesso pro- porzioni tali da divenire incontrollabili. Il bacino del Mediterraneo, uno dei centri ad alta ﬁtodiversita, secondo Hulme (2004), e meno soggetto rispet— to al continente americano e alle regioni tropicali alle invasioni biologiche. D’altra parte e stato piu volte dimostrato che il numero di specie esotiche naturalizzate e positivamente correlato con la ricchezza ﬂoristica di una re— gione (Sax e Gaines, 2006). La maggior parte di questi studi e stata condor- ta su isole oceaniche o su territori del centro Europa (Lonsdale, 1999; Pysek e Richardson, 2006; Pysek et al., 2009; Sax e Gaines, 2006). Nel Mediter— raneo uno studio comparato E: state reso piir difﬁcoltoso dall’uso difforme di categorie, criteri e nomi adottati nel deﬁnite le specie esotiche (Greuter, 1971). In particolare, le checklist dei paesi europei tengono conto della com—
THE EFFECT OF SELF-CONFIDENCE, LEARNING MOTIVATION, AND PEER ENVIRONMENT ON STUDENTS LEARNING OUTCOMES IN PRACTICUM LEARNING CURRENT ACCOUNTING COMPANY SERVICES, TRADE, AND MANUFACTURING CLASS XI ACCOUNTING AT VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL IN CENTRAL JAKARTA

This study aims to determine: 1) the effect of self-confidence on student learning outcomes, 2) the effect of learning motivation on student learning outcomes, 3) the effect of peer environment on student learning outcomes, 4) the effect of self-confidence, learning motivation, and peer environment. on student learning outcomes. The method in this study uses a survey method with a correlational approach. The affordable population used was 140 students, with a sample of 104 students. The results of this study indicate that: 1) Self-confidence has a positive and significant influence on student learning outcomes with a tcount of 9,029 > ttable 1,984 and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. 2) Learning motivation has a positive and significant effect on student learning outcomes with a tcount of 7.057 > ttable 1.984 and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. 3) The peer environment positively and significantly influences student learning outcomes with a tcount 5.292 > ttable 1.984 and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. 4) Simultaneously, self-confidence, learning motivation, and peer environment positively and significantly influence student learning outcomes with Fcount 30.264 > Ftable 2.70 and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05
Triaxial tests of expansive soil reinforced with basalt fiber geogrid

The expansive soil samples reinforced with basalt fiber geogrid with the size ofφ101 mm × 200 mm were adopted to carry out a series of CU triaxial tests for reinforced and unreinforced,saturated and unsaturated soil samples under different confining pressures.The strength characteristics of reinforced expansive soil samples were researched.The results showed that the failure mode of saturated soils was the plastic damage and that of unsaturated soil samples was partial brittle failure.The axial strain(less than 5%) of the unsaturated soil sample on peak strength was obviously less than the strain(about 11%) of saturated soils,and there was a significant increase in the peak intensity.With the same types of reinforcement,the cohesion of the unsaturated soil was far greater than that of the saturated soil,and the internal friction angle improvement was relatively small.No matter saturated or not saturated,compared with the unreinforced expansive soil,the initial yield stress and the peak strength increased,and the increment was more evident with more layers of geogrid.No matter saturated or not saturated,the internal friction angle of the reinforced expansive soil was only improved a little,but the cohesion was obvious increased.
The Intraseasonal Oscillation of Eastern Tibetan Plateau Precipitation in Response to the Summer Eurasian Wave Train

AbstractThis study examines the characteristics and mechanisms associated with the dominant intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) that controlled eastern Tibetan Plateau summer rainfall (ETPSR) over the period 1979–2011. The results of both power and wavelet spectrum analysis reveal that ETPSR follows a significant 7–20-day oscillation during most summers. The vertical structure of the ETPSR ISO in the dry phase is characterized by a vertical dipole pattern of geopotential height with a positive center on the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and a negative center on the western TP. The wet phase shows the opposite characteristics to the dry phase. The transitions between the dry and wet phases during an ETPSR ISO cycle are related to a Rossby wave train that presents as large anomalous anticyclonic and cyclonic centers that alternate along the pathway from the eastern Atlantic to southern China via the TP. It corresponds to the evolution of the phase-independent wave-activity W, which implies an eastward/southeastw.