Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sediment transport in a small stream following two successive forest fires

The transport of stream bedload sediment was monitored continuously in a small stream from 1975 to 1982 following forest fires in 1974 and 1980. The stream is located in the east subcatchment (170 ha) of Lake 239 in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. Precipitation, stream discharge, bedload transport, and concentration of suspended materials were measured quantitatively and organic debris was observed and collected. Bedload transport increased 20-fold following the first fire and threefold after the second. Particle sizes tended to increase during the period of study. Bedload data suggest a recovery period of 5–6 yr following the first fire and a shorter one following the second. A mass budget of material load transported in a single year following recovery indicated a dominance of dissolved load (87%), followed by suspended load (10%), and bedload (3%).
Fire regimes of Australia: a pyrogeographic model system

Comparative analyses of fire regimes at large geographical scales can potentially identify ecological and climatic controls of fire. Here we describe Australia's broad fire regimes, and explore interrelationships and trade‐offs between fire regime components. We postulate that fire regime patterns will be governed by trade‐offs between moisture, productivity, fire frequency and fire intensity.
Acclimation of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to Shading

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate the acclimation of Palmer amaranth to shading. Plants were grown in the field beneath black shade cloths providing 47 and 87% shade and in full sunlight (no shading). All photosynthetic measurements were taken 4 wk after initiating the shade treatments. Photosynthetic rates of Palmer amaranth grown under 47% shade increased with increasing photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) similar to 0% shade-grown plants. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates were predicted beyond the highest measured PAR of 1,200 µmol m−2 s−1 for plants grown under 0 and 47% shade. Plants acclimated to increased shading by decreasing light-saturated photosynthetic rates from 60.5 µmol m−2 s−1 under full sun conditions to 26.4 µmol m−2 s−1 under 87% shade. Plants grown under 87% shade lowered their light compensation point. Rate of increase in plant height was similar among shade treatments. Plants responded to increased shading by a 13 to 44% reduction in leaf appearance rate (leaf number growing degree days [GDD]−1) and a 22 to 63% reduction in main-stem branch appearance rate (main-stem branch number GDD−1) compared with full sunlight. Palmer amaranth specific leaf area increased from 68 to 97 cm2 g−1 as shading increased to 87%. Plants acclimated to 47% shade by increasing total leaf chlorophyll from 22.8 µg cm−2 in full sunlight to 31.7 µg cm−2 when shaded; however, the increase was not significant at 87% shading. Thus, it is concluded that Palmer amaranth shows photosynthetic and morphological acclimation to 87% or less shading. Nomenclature: Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA.
Critical readings: progress files and the production of the autonomous learner

Progress files represent a major policy initiative involving the use of Personal Development Planning (PDP) aimed at the production of autonomous learners who are capable of planning for their own career and personal futures. The paper is organized in three parts and argues for a more critical approach, which locates PDP as part of broader shifts within educational policy and practice. The first part of the paper explores the lack of conceptual clarity associated with the term PDP. It argues that ‘evidence’ of ‘what works’ is unlikely to yield useful knowledge for practitioners as long as this evidence is based on untheorized accounts of PDP. The second part of the paper explores the concept of reflection, which underpins PDP, and argues for greater critical engagement with the conditions of reflection and an understanding of the limitations of reflection. The final part of the paper takes up the broader theme of individualization and returns to the major theme of the paper that the sorts of autonomy that are assumed in the practices of PDP are neither neutral nor an accomplished fact.
Widespread cytotypic variation, cytogeography and dynamic analysis of Lysimachia mauritiana (Primulaceae) on Takarajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago of Japan

Lysimachia mauritiana displayed a comprehensive karyotypic polymorphism (18 cytotypes) in the Ryukyu Archipelago of Japan. To explore chromosome variation on Takarajima Island, karyomorphological analysis was made in 238 individuals from six localities throughout the island. Total five different chromosome numbers (2n=16, 17, 18, 19, 20) and 11 cytotypes were recognized in the area. In the localities of the island, multiple cytotypes coexisted and diversified every year among and within population, although populational coexistence of plural cytotypes was maintained. Especially, three cytotypes of 16 (6m), 17 (5m) and 18 (4m) co-occurred in every locality, indicating that they were involved in a formation of cytotypes in Takarajima Island.
Complex interactions between fish and zooplankton : quantifying the role of an open-water planktivore

An open-water planktivore, the gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), can drive complex interactions among fish and zooplankton in Ohio reservoirs. In Kokosing Lake, crustacean zooplankton density declined to near zero immediately after larval gizzard shad abundance peaked during 1987 and 1988. This decline can be attributed to increased death rates, due to predation, and to reduced number of eggs per cladoceran. In an enclosure/exclosure experiment, young-of-year gizzard shad at lake densities significantly reduced density of crustacean zooplankton and rotifers within 2 wk. In addition, phytoplankton that were edible to zooplankton were reduced in enclosures, likely due to a combination of direct herbivory by gizzard shad and reduced nutrient availability due to uptake by the growing gizzard shad. Gizzard shad not only directly influenced zooplankton via predation, they also indirectly affected zooplankton by reducing phytoplankton abundance. Because larval bluegill (Lepomis macrochira) migrated to the limn.
Response of Overseeded Alfalfa and Bermudagrass to Alfalfa Row Spacing and Nitrogen Rate

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a rare forage crop on Coastal Plain soils. Acid soils, wet conditions, and the prevalence of perennial, warm-season grasses limit alfalfa production. Development of grazing-tolerant varieties raised interest in growing alfalfa on the Coastal Plain. This three-year dryland field study was conducted to evaluate coincident production of Alfagraze' alfalfa and 'Coastal' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ] as a sustainable forage system. Limestone (effective calcium carbonate equivalence ECCE 72%) at a rate of 6.1 t ha -1 was incorporated by roto-tilling 15 cm deep in an established sod of Coastal bermudagrass on a Darco loamy fine sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults) in late winter 1990, with an additional 3 t ha -1 surface-applied in June 1991. Alfalfa was seeded in October 1990 at 23, 46, 69, and 92 cm between rows in main plots of a split-plot design. Nitrogen rates from 0 to 112 kg ha -1 in increments of 28 kg ha ' were applied to subplots for every bermudagrass regrowth cycle. Other plant nutrients (including P, K, Mg, S, B, Zn, and Cu) were applied at rates considered adequate for alfalfa on a low-fertility soil. Yield of alfalfa at the 23-cm row spacing in 1991 was 8.8 t ha -1 and declined to 6.7 t ha ' at 69 cm (P = 0.05), while yield of bermudagrass increased from 3.2 to 5.7 t ha -1 , respectively, at these row spacings. In 1992, alfalfa yield increased an additional 2.2 t ha -1 at each row spacing, with a compensating decline in bermudagrass production. Alfalfa yielded 11 t ha - 1 at all row spacings in 1993, despite a midseason drought, while bermudagrass yield was <450 kg ha -1 , Row spacing had no effect on total forage production in any year. Higher N rates increased bermudagrass yield the first two years. Applied N increased alfalfa yield at certain harvests, but had no effect on total annual production. Crude protein in alfalfa declined or remained similar as row spacing was widened. Soil pH was lowered by increasing N rates and by narrower alfalfa row spacings. Results indicate that alfalfa competes well with Coastal bermudagrass, even in drought conditions.
Tree use, diet and home range of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) at Blair Athol, central Queensland

Free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) were monitored by means of radio-relocation in the area of Blair Athol Coal Mine and surrounding properties. Daytime tree use, home range and diet of these koalas was determined in spring and autumn, as was the leaf moisture composition of potential fodder species. Koalas used on average 93 (male koalas) and 56 (female koalas) trees during the period of observation, occupying home ranges of 135 and 101 ha respectively. Mean sightings per tree were 1.19 for both males and females and home-range sizes were not significantly different between sexes or seasons. Koalas were observed returning to previously used daytime roosting trees infrequently (<12%). Although koalas were observed roosting in trees of the species that they ate, proportional species representation in the diet of these koalas during spring and autumn did not accurately reflect concurrent observations of their daytime tree-roosting behaviour. Koalas were observed to utilise non-fodder species for daytime roosting, and patterns of daytime tree use and diet selection varied between individuals inhabiting adjacent communities within the site. Leaf moisture of tree species represented in koala diets was greater in autumn than spring.
Stock and parental effects on embryonic and early larval development of winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum)

A hierarchical breeding design was used to determine if winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus embryos and yolk-sac larvae sired by Georges Bank males developed and grew larger than fish sired by Passamaquoddy Bay males, and to examine parental contributions to variations in fertilization success, time to 50% hatch, hatch success and larval morphological development. Significant stock effects were detected for time to hatch and larval development. Eggs fertilized by Passamaquoddy Bay males reached 50% hatch significantly earlier than eggs fertilized by Georges Bank males. Larvae sired by Georges Bank males were significantly larger during larval development for four of the six traits measured at 12 days post-hatch: head depth, jaw length, myotome height and body area. Embryo and larval development were strongly influenced by maternal contributions; there were significant maternal variance components for the majority of the variables measured. Paternal variance components were significant for fertilization success, time to hatch, larval jaw length and larval head depth, however, they acted principally through parental interactions. This information has important implications for the long-term sustainable development of winter flounder for aquaculture purposes as well as for understanding winter flounder genetic variation in the wild.
Wild felid diversity and activity patterns in Sabangau peat-swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo

Abstract A study to identify the felid biodiversity of the Sabangau Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, was initiated in May 2008 and involved continuous sampling until October 2009. A total of 44 cameras in 27 locations were used and 5,777 functional trap nights (of 6,542 survey nights) resulted in confirmed sightings of the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis, marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata and flat-headed cat Prionailurus planiceps, representing four of the five wild felids of Borneo. The long-term use of fixed and roving cameras provided insight into the movements, occurrence and activity patterns of these elusive felids within a disturbed peat-swamp forest. In an area of 145 km2 (including buffer) the clouded leopard was the most commonly photographed felid (22 photo-captures of 53 total captures), followed by the leopard cat (21), flat-headed cat (7) and marbled cat (3). A total of 231 camera-trap nights were required to obtain the first photograph of a felid, the leopard cat, 704 for the clouded leopard, 3,498 for the flat-headed cat, and 5,423 (476 calendar days) for the marbled cat. A female clouded leopard was not photographed until 5,764 trap nights. This highlights the importance of long-term camera-trapping studies to maximize capture probability of these elusive felids and especially to account for potential differences in home range size and use by clouded leopard males and females.
Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on the yield and quality of six cultivars of autumn-sown wheat

Abstract A Held experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various rates and timings of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application on yield, grain quality, quantities of various classes of proteins, and milling and baking characteristics of New Zealand wheat cultivars. Six cultivars of autumn-sown wheat—‘Batten’, ‘Kotare’, ‘Oroua’, ‘Rongotea’, ‘Ruapuna’, and ‘Tui’—were grown under five N fertiliser treatments: no N; 50kg N/ha applied at late tillering; 50 kg N/ha applied at both late tillering and booting; 100 kg N/ha applied at late tillering; and 100 kg N/ha applied at late tillering and 50 kg N/ha applied at booting. The site was severely N depleted and ear numbers were low. However, weight per grain was high andrelatively unaffected by N fertiliser. Grain yield, grain protein, and Mechanical Dough Development (MDD) Bake Score increased with increasing fertiliser N, irrespective of time of application,but, between cultivars,yield was inversely related to both grainprotein and bake score. No one cultiv.
Cymothoidae from Fishes of Kuwait Arabian Gulf (Crustacea: Isopoda)

Bowman, Thomas E. , and Inam U. Tareen. Cymothoidae from Fishes of Kuwait (Arabian Gulf) (Crustacea: Isopoda), Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 382, 30 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables, 1983. —Cymothoid isopods, parasites of fishes, are reported from Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. Six genera (1 new) and 9 species (6 new) are reported, including the new genus Joryma and the new species Joryma sawayah, Anilocra monoma, Nerocila kisra, N. sigani, N. arres, and Catoessa gruneri. Nerocila phaiopleura Bleeker is illustrated and redescribed. Notes and illustrations are given for Cymothoa eremita (Briinnich) and a species of Mothocya that is not identified to species because the single specimen is immature. A key is given to the species of Nerocila having serrate margins on the uropodal endopods. Three species of Agarna, A. engraulidis Barnard, A. brachysoma Pillai, and A. tartoor Pillai, are transferred to the new genus Joryma. Agarna malayi Tiwari, which had been transferred to Idusa, is returned to its original genus. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavemosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bowman, Thomas E. Cymothoidae from fishes of Kuwait (Arabian Gulf) (Crustacea, Isopoda) (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 382) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no. : SI 1.27:382 1. Cymothoidae—Classification. 2. Fishes—Persian Gulf—Parasites. 3. Crustacea—Classification. 4. Crustacea—Persian Gulf—Classification. I. Tareen, Inam U. II. Title. III. Series. QL1.S54 no. 382 591s [595.372} 83-600096 [QL444.M34]
Cyclone damage to tropical rain forests: Species‐ and community‐level impacts

Severe Tropical Cyclone ‘Larry’ caused damage to 10 long-term 0.5 ha monitoring plots in the rain forests of Queensland's Wet Tropics on 20 March 2006. We assessed the community-level damage and the impact of the cyclone on the most abundant tree species in each plot. Damage was positively correlated with distance from the cyclone eye, though some plots received less damage than predicted owing to topographic shielding. Damage was patchy within plots, which is reflected in the range of damage-classes recorded for each species, but there are broad trends in the type of response shown by different species. At the plot level, some species were either more susceptible or less susceptible to damage than the rest of the community. Species tended to show similar patterns of damage between plots with different community damage ratings. We discuss these response types in terms of adaptive tolerance to particular wind speeds and the trade-off between frequently losing canopy volume in light winds, or rarely suffering substantial damage. We suggest that increased frequency of intense cyclones may affect the distribution of some species in the future, with those species most susceptible to high levels of damage at lower wind speeds becoming restricted to leeward-facing slopes and upland areas away from the coast, and an increased abundance of resilient species in lowland coastal areas.
The Phylogenetic Position of the Rodent Genus Typhlomys and the Geographic Origin of Muroidea

Abstract In this report, we provide the 1st phylogenetic assessment of the evolutionary relationships of Platacanthomyidae. This enigmatic family of rodents comprises 2 genera, Platacanthomys and Typhlomys, that are distributed disjunctly in western India and southern Asia, respectively. We analyze sequence data from the nuclear genes encoding the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and the growth-hormone receptor (GHR) to address the relationships of Typhlomys cinereus to other rodents, with a particular focus on testing whether its evolutionary affinities lie with glirids or muroids. Our results provide compelling evidence that Typhlomys is a muroid and that it represents the earliest split within this clade. We use the resulting phylogeny to explore the origin and evolutionary history of muroid rodents. We conclude that both Myodonta and Muroidea originated in Eurasia and that the 3 earliest divergences within Muroidea were restricted to the Eurasian supercontinent. Moreover, our analyses support the view that global muroid diversity resulted from independent radiations in separate continental regions.
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF NITROGEN-FERTILIZED GRASS HAYS BY WETHERS

Conventional digestion experiments were conducted with wethers to determine the effects of varying nitrogen fertilizer application rates to grass on the intake and digestibility of mature grass hays.Nitrogen fertilizer rates had little effect on dry matter intake.The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased and that of dry matter and nitrogen-free extract decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates.The mean dry matter intake was greater (P < 0.01) per unit body weight and less (P < 0.01) per unit metabolic body size (wt. 0.75) than that previously reported for concurrent digestion experiments with steer calves fed these forages. The apparent digestibility of the dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract was less (P < 0.01) in wethers than in steers. There were no significant interactions of species × nitrogen rates for intake and nutrient digestibility.
Importance of hardwood competition to American chestnut survival, growth, and blight development in forest clearcuts

Ten years after clear-cutting forest stands in Virginia and West Virginia, competing hardwoods around American chestnut trees were either periodically cut (managed) or not cut (control or unmanaged). Blight epidemics occurred in all clear-cut plots prior to their establishment in 1984. For the control plots, the number of chestnut sprout clusters (group of stems sprouting from a single stump) with blighted live stems had decreased by 1989, but between 1985 and 1988 there was a general increase in blighted chestnut stems for the managed clearcut plots. The number of apparent superficial cankers increased in two of three managed plots between 1986 and 1989. Survival of chestnut clusters was high in managed plots between 1985 and 1989, but decreased in one control plot to zero by 1988. Mean diameters at breast height of measurable chestnut stems (> 0.8 cm) declined or remained constant in control plots, but generally increased in managed plots after initial declines. Similar but greater responses were observ.
Crop canopy development and structure influence weed suppression

Weed suppression characteristics of different winter cereal species and cultivars were studied in two field experiments in two successive years. Two cultivars each of barley, oats and wheat were studied using the weed Galium aparine L. at a range of densities. Significant differences were found in the suppressive abilities of the crop species: oats being the most suppressive, followed by barley and then wheat. Percentage yield loss was related to G. aparine density using a rectangular hyperbolic model. In 1995-96, significant differences between the two wheat cultivars were found, with cv. Avalon being able to suppress G. aparine growth much more effectively than cv. Spark. However, in 1996-97, high rainfall in May, June and July enabled G. aparine to escape suppression by the cultivars. Cultivar competitive ability was associated with high overall leaf area, resistance to loss of tillers under competitive pressure, greater height, canopy structure and development. The oat cultivars were more competitive at early growth stages than could be accounted for by their canopy structure; the possible contribution of allelopathic exudates to their suppressive ability is discussed.
PARALIA THYBERGII SP. NOV.—ANOTHER FOSSIL PARALIA

A diatom species belonging to the genus Paralia dominates assemblages in Oligocene deposits from the northern North Sea. The species resembles P. crenulata (Grun.) Glezer in the light microscope. SEM studies, however, show that the species differ in mantle structure. The new species is given the name Paralia thybergii and described on the basis of light and scanning electron microscopy.
First Description of Larval Stage 1 from a Non-African Fish Parasite Dolops (Branchiura)

ABSTRACT The genus Dolops is one of only four genera in Branchiura, and as most other members of the group it is also ectoparasitic on freshwater fish. The large majority of investigations of the genus concern the single species of Dolops found in southern Africa, D. ranarum, although most of the remaining species are found in South America. In this paper, we present the first morphological description of the larva of D. carvalhoi using light- and scanning electron microscopy. This is the first detailed account of the larvae of any non-African species of Dolops, and our comparison of the larvae of D. carvalhoi and D. ranarum based on literature data show them to be surprisingly alike. The general implications of these findings are discussed in a phylogenetic context, with special emphasis on the different larval types found in the other genera of Branchiura.
Extinction‐Rate Estimates for a Modern Neotropical Flora

Abstract: Concerns about elevated extinction rates in the tropics are a common feature of the conservation literature, but direct measurements are rare. We present the first quantitative estimates of extinction rate in a complete Neotropical flora based on historical plant‐collection records, quantitative measurements of forest loss and plant diversity, and the conservation status of endemic plant species in Ecuador. Our analyses suggest that 19–46 endemic plant species have gone extinct in Ecuador over the last 250 years, mostly because of habitat loss, and therefore are now globally extinct. An additional 282 species, nearly 7% of Ecuador's endemic flora, qualify as critically endangered. We found evidence of impending large‐scale plant extinctions in the country's coastal and Andean forests, but little extinction and low potential for extinction in the Amazonian lowlands.