Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of molasses and formic acid addition in sainfoin silage harvested at different maturities on silage quality and digestibility.

ÖZET Bu araştırma iki ayrı vejetasyon döneminde hasat edilen korungaya (Onobryctis Sativa L.) formik asit, melas ve formik asit+melas ilavesinin silaj kalitesi ve invitro kuru madde sindirilebilirliği üzerine etkilerini araştırmak amacı ile yapılmıştır. Her iki vejetasyon döneminde hasat edilen korungalar (I. biçim, II. biçim), katkısız (K), %5 düzeyinde melas (M), %0.5 düzeyinde formik asit (FA) veya bu iki katkının aynı düzeylerdeki kombinasyonu ilave edilerek 1 litrelik cam kavanozlarda silolanmıştır. Silaj örneklerinde ham besin madde analizleri ile pH, NH3-N ve organik asit analizleri (laktik, asetik ve propiyonik asit) yapılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca in vitro kuru madde sindirilebilirlikleri belirlenmiştir. Her iki vejetasyon döneminde melas katkısı tek başına katıldığı silajların kuru madde düzeylerini önemli derecede yükseltmiştir (P<0.01). K+FA+M katkılı silajlarda ham protein düzeyi iki dönemde de katkısız gruba göre önemli oranda yüksek tespit edilmiştir (P<0.01). Silajların pH değerlerini hem formik asit hem de melas katkısının kontrol silajlarına göre önemli derecede düşürdüğü (P<0.01); bunun yanı sıra FA katkısının silajın NH3-N içeriğini kontrole göre genel olarak önemli oranda düşürdüğü belirlenmiştir (P<0.01). Silajlarda melasın tek veya formik asitle birlikte kullanımı NDF ve ADF içeriklerinde önemli düzeyde düşüş sağladığı ve yine melasın tek veya formik asitle birlikte kullanımı her iki biçimde de silajın in vitro sindirilebilirliğini önemli olarak artırdığı görülmüştür (P<0.01). Silajların laktik asit içeriklerini katkılar rakamsal olarak arttırmış fakat bu etki istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, silaj yapımında düşük karbonhidrat ve yüksek protein içeriğinden dolayı daha çok kurutularak konservasyonu tercih edilen korungaya %5 düzeyinde melasın tek veya %0.5 düzeyinde formik asitle kombine olarak kullanılmasının silaj kalitesi ve sindirilebilirliğini genel olarak iyileştirdiği ve uygun bir silo yemi olarak kullanılabilirliğini artırdığı görülmüştür.
Observed changes in water mass properties in the Indian Sundarbans (northwestern Bay of Bengal) during 1980-2007.

We present evidence that the Indian Sundarbans is experiencing the effects of climate change over the last three decades. Observations of selected variables, such as the surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and transparency show significant long-term variation over a period of 27 years (1980-2007). Specifically, the temperature in these waters has risen at the rate of 0.5°C per decade, much higher than that observed globally or for the Indian Ocean. Increasing melting of Himalayan ice might have decreased the salinity at the mouth of the Ganges River, at the western end of this deltaic complex. At the same time, salinity has increased on the eastern sector, where the connections to the meltwater sources have become extinct due to heavy siltation of the Bidyadhari Channel. The long-term changes in dissolved oxygen, pH level, transparency and water quality are also examined. The ecological impact of such changes warrants future study.
Somatostatin Through Its Specific Receptor Inhibits Spontaneous and TNF-α- and Bacteria-Induced IL-8 and IL-1β Secretion from Intestinal Epithelial Cells1

Intestinal epithelial cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are crucial in mucosal defense. However, this secretion must be tightly regulated, because uncontrolled secretion of proinflammatory mediators may lead to chronic inflammation and mucosal damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether somatostatin, secreted within the intestinal mucosa, regulates secretion of cytokines from intestinal epithelial cells. The spontaneous as well as TNF-α- and Salmonella-induced secretion of IL-8 and IL-1β derived from intestinal cell lines Caco-2 and HT-29 was measured after treatment with somatostatin or its synthetic analogue, octreotide. Somatostatin, at physiological nanomolar concentrations, markedly inhibited the spontaneous and TNF-α-induced secretion of IL-8 and IL-1β. This inhibition was dose dependent, reaching >90% blockage at 3 nM. Furthermore, somatostatin completely abrogated the increased secretion of IL-8 and IL-1β after invasion by Salmonella. Octreotide, which mainly stimulates somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5, affected the secretion of IL-8 and IL-1β similarly, and the somatostatin antagonist cyclo-somatostatin completely blocked the somatostatin- and octreotide-induced inhibitory effects. This inhibition was correlated to a reduction of the mRNA concentrations of IL-8 and IL-1β. No effect was noted regarding cell viability. These results indicate that somatostatin, by directly interacting with its specific receptors that are expressed on intestinal epithelial cells, down-regulates proinflammatory mediator secretion by a mechanism involving the regulation of transcription. These findings suggest that somatostatin plays an active role in regulating the mucosal inflammatory response of intestinal epithelial cells after physiological and pathophysiological stimulations such as bacterial invasion.
The Winteraceae of the Old World. I. Pseudowintera and Drimys — Morphology and taxonomy

The primitive woody Angiosperm family Winteraceae is centred in the southwest Pacific, has an outpost in Madagascar (1 species), and a section of Drimys (4 species) in the New World. Pseudowintera is restricted to New Zealand, the Old World section Tasmannia of Drimys extends from the Philippines to Tasmania. Since A. C. Smith’s review of the family in 1943 about ten times as much material has become available and it appears that the taxonomy of the section Tasmannia is far more complicated than it seemed to be in 1943. This induced me to make a field study in New Guinea and to pay special attention to its morphology in the hope of finding additional criteria. On this basis the Australian species of Drimys could be better defined but the characters of the New Guinean taxa (Smith: 29 species) proved to be highly unstable. It was found that in the section Tasmannia the stomata are occluded by waxy plugs. The structure of the inflorescence is described and compared with that in section Drimys. In the flower two zones are distinguished. In the lower zone the floral appendages are arranged in (sub)opposite pairs, in the higher zone they are arranged according to the space available at the greatest possible distance from a focus of the floral apex which I termed ‘activity centre’; this centre often does not coincide with the ‘topographical apex’. The tilt of the floral apex appears to influence the arrangements as well. Shifting of determination factors in relation to the available locations on the floral apex is assumed to play an important role. As for the specific delimitation, the New Guinean material appeared to be the crux. The very heterogeneous material did not show correlated discontinuities in characters, which made it impossible to reach a division into species. The variability of the resulting very complex species Drimys piperita is described with the aid of a non-taxonomic subdivision, the units of wich are called ‘entities’. Field studies revealed that local populations are often very stable, but the morphological discontinuities between such local populations are obscured by material from other localities. It is supposed that vegetative propagation as observed in the field, combined with incidental cross-breeding, may be of importance in establishing such a situation. In Australia besides D. piperita four other species can be distinguished. The sections of Drimys are maintained, although Ehrendorfer c.s. and Smith proposed raising them to generic rank. In Pseudowintera the arrangement within the inflorescence is spiral, not decussate as described earlier, and a terminal flower is present. Minute hairs on bracts and young leaves, the mode of opening of the calyx cupule, and details of the lower leaf surface are used as a new set of specific characters. The fact that about twenty per cent of the specimens show varying combinations of specific characters is thought to be caused by hybridisation.
Humans before humanity : an evolutionary perspective

Preface. 1. A Question of Evolution. 2. Why Darwinism? 3. What are Human Beings? 4. When did we become Human? 5. Was Human Evolution Progressive? 6. Why Africa? 7. Is Human Evolution Adaptive? 8. Why are Humans such an Evolutionary Rarity? 9. How do we Explain the Evolution of Humans? 10. Does Human Evolution Matter? A Tabular Guide to the Naming and Discovery of Hominid Species and Subspecies. Notes. References. Index.
Estimation de la valeur énergétique des aliments pour le porc

Cet article presente la demarche adoptee pour le calcul des donnees de valeur energetique, pour le porc, des matieres premieres (n = 120) des Tables publiees par l'INRA et l'AFZ en 2002. Elle propose egalement des methodes simplifiees pour le calcul des valeurs energetiques de produit dont la composition chimique differe de celle rapportee dans les Tables. Les resultats sont bases sur la compilation des donnees de la bibliographie et l'utilisation des connaissances les plus recentes en termes de concepts. Six valeurs energetiques resultant de la combinaison de trois modes d'expression (ED, EM ou EN) et de deux stades physiologiques (porc en croissance et truie adulte) sont proposees. Les effets de facteurs de variation de la valeur energetique tels que la technologie (granulation, broyage .) ou le niveau d'alimentation sont egalement abordes, mais les donnees disponibles dans la bibliographie ne permettaient pas de les prendre en compte, du moins de facon systematique.
Composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids in tegu lizard Tupinambis merianae fat bodies

Se realizo un analisis detallado de los lipidos neutros y polares en los cuerpos grasos de lagartos Tupinambis merianae, criados en cautiverio y alimentados con una dieta estandar de criadero. Los lipidos se separaron por cromatografia de capa fina. Para determinar la composicion en acidos grasos, los metilesteres se analizaron mediante cromatografia de reparto gas-liquida. El colesterol se cuantifico mediante un ensayo enzimatico disponible comercialmente. Los triacilgliceridos representaban aproximadamente el 97% del total de lipidos, seguido por los acidos grasos libres (~1,8%) y diacilgliceridos (~1,3%). Los acidos grasos oleico (18:1), palmitico (16:0), linoleico (18:2) y palmitoleico (16:1) fueron los mas abundantes en los triacilgliceridos. En diacilgliceridos, los acidos grasos palmitico, estearico (18:0), oleico y linoleico fueron los principales. En los acidos grasos libres, el acido palmitico fue seguido por los acidos palmitoleico y estearico, presentando esta fraccion lipidica el indice de insaturacion mas bajo. Los fosfolipidos estan presentes en bajas cantidades en los cuerpos grasos, siendo la fosfatidilcolina el constituyente principal (aproximadamente el 65% del contenido total). La composicion de acidos grasos de los fosfolipidos totales mostro que estaban enriquecidos con acidos grasos con cadenas de 18 atomos de carbono, siendo el componente principal el acido oleico. La prevalencia de acidos grasos insaturados hace de los cuerpos grasos de Tupinambis merianae una potencial fuente de grasa para propositos cosmeticos, farmaceuticos o alimentarios.
Estimation of Genetic Variability, Heritibility and Correlation for Some Morphological Traits in Spring Wheat

This study was conducted to assess correlation among the six wheat genotypes and their nine crosses at cool climatic conditions of Rawalakot, Azad Jammu & Kashmir. High heritability was observed in flag leaf area, peduncle length and spike length, whereas 1000-grain weight, number of spikelets per spike and plant height showed moderate heritability. Peduncle length, grain yield and plant height, flag leaf area and days to 50% heading showed low genetic advance. Positive direct effect was observed by flag leaf area, numbers of tillers per plant, plant height and number of spikelets per spike while days to 50% heading, number of spikelets per spike and 1000-grain weight showed direct negative effects on yield. High genotypic and phenotypic variability was observed by plant height, peduncle length and grain yield per plant. Values of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits under study. Key words: Spring Wheat, Heritability, Genetic Variability, Correlation and Flag leaf.
Protection of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes, Gmelin, 1790 population: the Gaztelugatxe Marine Reserve (Basque Country, northern Spain)

Marine protected areas are expected to play a prominent role in the conservation of marine resources and fisheries management. In the Basque Country (northern Spain) the small Marine Reserve of Gaztelugatxe (158 ha) was established in 1998. One of the aspects taken into account in protecting this area was the overexploitation of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes . Now, after five years of protection, differences in density, biomass, size and weight of the goose barnacle are investigated inside the protected area (Aketze and Gaztelugatxe locations) and outside of it, at the nearest locations (Izaro and Ogono) which have been continuously exploited. This contribution demonstrates that the reserve could be an efficient tool in preserving the goose barnacle populations in the area. Hence, density, biomass and allometric coefficients are higher in the protected areas. These locations are also associated with higher percentages of juveniles, together with a high number of large-sized individuals.
ALTERNATIVE INDICATORS FOR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF FAECAL POLLUTION

Traditional faecal indicator bacteria such as faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci have long been used as indicators of faecal pollution in environmental waters. However, the realiability of these tradotional indicators has been questioned in terms of their ability to predict the likely sources of pathogens. Another limitation of these indicators is that they cannot be used to distinguish the sources of faecal pollution which need to be known to ensure the improved managementof water quality and the assessment of health risks. In recent years, the use of alternative microbial faecal indicators such as faecal anaerobes (i.e. Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium perfringens, and viruses (phage), and chemical indicators (faecal sterols, caffeine, and optical brightners) has become popular because these can provide sensitive and accurate measurement of faecal pollution in environmental waters. In this paper, the advantages and limitations of using alternative indicators for predicting the sources of faecal pollution are briefly evaluated. The correlations between alternative indicators and pathogens in environmental waters are discussed. A combination of traditional indicators along with alternative indicators and markers is suggested for monitoring faecal pollution, and future research directions for direct pathogen monitoring are also discussed
The Importance of RNA Pairing Stability and Target Concentration for Regulation by MicroRNAs

Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes is highly precise and complex. Changes in expression can define the fate of each cell, convert healthy tissues to diseased ones, and even lead to speciation. Regulation occurs at the steps of transcription, mRNA processing and stability, and translation. In the last decade, the scope of post-transcriptional regulation has been dramatically widened through uncovering widespread small RNAs as critical regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) compose a major class of small regulatory RNAs. They are ~22-nt in length and bind to complementary sites in messenger RNAs to direct their degradation and translational repression. A central question for uncovering the biological roles of miRNAs is to understand how they find their target mRNAs, and a decade of work has highlighted one feature as most critical: base pairing between the 5′ end of the miRNA and a complementary site usually located in the 3′ UTR. One particular miRNA from the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, called lsy-6, had in earlier studies not followed this principal, as most complementary sites were not repressed, which both intrigued and confounded the field. This thesis presents studies of lsy-6 targeting, conducted in human cell lines using heterologous reporter assays, which uncovered the reasons for this miRNA’s generally poor targeting proficiency. These reasons are the weak pairing stability between lsy-6 and a target site in an mRNA, as well as the high number of endogenous mRNAs lsy-6 can bind to. Through a collaboration, the importance of RNA pairing stability and target concentration for miRNA targeting was extended to other miRNAs and siRNAs. Besides reconciling the unusual targeting behavior of lsy-6 with the widely accepted model of miRNA targeting, these results also further suggest a mechanism of repression of its in vivo targets that is more complex than for most other miRNAs. Thesis Advisor: David P. Bartel Title: Professor
Determinants Of Missed Opportunities For Immunization Among Under-five Children In Ilorin Metropolis

Missed opportunities in immunization had been a global public health obstacle to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goal of reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. Studies have also shown that missed opportunities in both routine and supplementary immunization contribute significantly to the low immunization coverage rates in many parts of Nigeria. This study set out to determine the reasons of missed opportunities in routine immunization among under-five year old children in Ilorin metropolis. This descriptive cross sectional survey was carried out in the second quarter of 2014 among under-five year old children in Ilorin metropolis. A pretested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to recruit 500 respondents into the study using multistage s ampling method. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Frequency tables and simple percentages were used to present the descriptive statistics generated. Cross tabulation of important variables was also done. Chi-square test was used to determine the statistical significance of differences in variables observed. The level of statistical significance was predetermined at p-value of less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Majority of the (95.2%) of respondents were aware of immunization even though, 59.0% of them had actual knowledge of it. The prevalence of missed opportunities was 24.4%. Yellow fever and measles vaccines often missed compared to others. Factors responsible for the missed opportunities included the attitude of the health worker, prolonged time of waiting to receive vaccine, immunization clashing with other schedules and transportation problem. Respondents’ level of knowledge on immunization and educational background were significantly associated with the prevalence of missed opportunities. Missed opportunities in immunization are still widespread in the study area. Female education and women empowerment should be given more attention and priority. Key words: immunization, Ilorin, missed opportunity.
Studies on heterosis and yield stability in improved mulberry hybrids under irrigated gangetic alluvial soils of West Bengal.

Eight newly developed mulberry (Morus sp.) hybrids viz., C-2036, S-1908, C-2037, C-2038, C-2039, C-2040, C-2041 and C-2042 were evaluated against S-1635 as check variety for growth, yield, physio-biochemical and bioassay parameters under irrigated conditions and zonal schedule of package of practices for cultivation in the alluvial soils of Gangetic plains of West Bengal. Among the test hybrids, C2038 was recorded to have higher number of shoots per plant (10.93), total shoot length (1059.95 cm), unit leaf area (284.06 cm), unit leaf weight (4.87 g), net photosynthetic rate (13.53 μ mol m s), physiological water use efficiency (1.028), carboxylation efficiency (0.0442), chlorophyll content (2.53 mg g fr wt), total soluble protein (31.44 mg g fr wt), total soluble sugar (37.41 mg g fr wt) and leaf yield (55.23 mt/ha/year) and better economic parameters of cocoon showing its superiority over check and other test hybrids. Heterosis was studied for leaf yield and its attributing characters in 8 hybrids developed. Significant positive heterosis ranging from 5.95 to 159.31% over better parent, 13.92 to 159.31% over mid parent and 1.50 to 27.79% over standard variety (S-1635) was observed among the crosses for leaf yield. The leaf yield performance of eight hybrids and one check was tested for 3 years through stability analysis for 5 crop seasons per year. Significant genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was observed. Variance for deviation from regression (Sdi) of hybrids S-1908 and C-2039 did not differ significantly from zero. The bi value of these two hybrids is also not significantly different from unity hence these may be considered to be stable ones. The hybrid C-2038 having bi not significantly different from unity (1.023) and moderate but significant Sdi (0.35) emerged as a high yielder with high heterotic value for leaf yield. This hybrid has been recommended for national trial before field level exploitation and S-1908 and C-2039 may be considered as stable parents in future breeding programmes
The adequacy of the fossil record

Introduction - adequacy versus incompleteness, Stephen K. Donovan and Christopher R.C. Paul adequacy, completeness and the fossil record, Christopher R.C. Paul determining stratugraphics ranges, Charles R. Marshall resolution of the fossil record - the fidelity of preservation, David M. Martill the completeness of the Pleistocene fossil record - implications for stratigraphic adequacy, Benjamin J. Greenstein et al an overview of the completeness of the fossil record, Christopher R.C. Paul and Stephen K. Donovan fossil solids and completeness of the rock and fossil records, Gregory J. Retallack phylogenetic analyses and the quality of the fossil record, Peter J. Wagner "taxonomic barriers" and other distortions within the fossil record, Carl F. Koch patterns of occurrence of benthic Foraminifera in time and space, Stephen J. Culver and Martin A. Buzas the fossil record of cheilostome bryozoa in the Neogene and Quaternay of tropical America - adequacy for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies, Alan H. Cheetham and Jeremy B.C. Jackson the fossil record of bivalue molluscs, Elizabeth M. Harper the quality of the fossil record of the vertebrates, Michael J. Benton.
Insects and Pathogens Associated with Rice Grain Discoloration and Their Relationship in the Philippines

Species of pathogens and insects associated with grain discoloration in the Philippines were indentified. Leptocorisa oratorios was the most dominant insect species causing discoloration. Pathogenicity tests of fungal organisms isolated from discolored grains showed that Drechslera oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Trichoconiella padwickii, Sarocladium oryzae, Alternaria tenuis, and Fusarium solani were the common pathogens responsible for 'dirty panicle' disease of rice. Discoloration incidence was higher on treatment when both pests were present than when they occurred singly. The discoloration severity was attributed to the pathogens whereas rice bug caused a high decrease in grain weight and unfilled grains. Rice bug feeding on grains enhances the infection caused by the pathogen. Due to this, the quantity and quality of grains produced were affected, resulting in yield reduction.