Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiative properties of clouds over a tropical Bolivian glacier: seasonal variations and relationship with regional atmospheric circulation

At low latitudes, strong seasonal changes in cloud cover and precipitation largely control the mass balance of glaciers. Measurements of shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes reaching Zongo glacier, Bolivia (16°S, 5060 m asl), were analysed from 2005 to 2013 to investigate cloud radiative properties. Cloud shortwave attenuation and longwave emission were greater in the wet summer season (DJF) than in the dry winter season (JJA) probably because most DJF clouds were low warm cumulus associated with local convection, whereas JJA clouds were frequently altostratus associated with extra‐tropical perturbations. Solar irradiance was high all year round and cloud radiative forcing on down‐welling fluxes was strongly negative, with monthly averages ranging from ‐60 to ‐110 W m−2 from the dry to the wet season, respectively. In the wet season, high extraterrestrial solar irradiance and low shortwave transmissivity caused very negative cloud forcing despite the high longwave emissivity of convective clouds. Reanalysis of wind and geopotential height anomalies and outgoing longwave radiation satellite data were used to characterize the regional atmospheric circulation causing thick cloud covers (10% thickest clouds) during the dry (JJA), transition (SON), and wet (DJF) seasons. Around 87% (80%) of cloud events in JJA (SON) occurred during the incursion of low‐level southern wind from southern South America to the Bolivian Andes, which caused 2–3 days of cold surge episodes in the Cordillera Real. Around 13% of cloudy days in JJA were associated with high‐level low‐pressure conditions over the Chilean coast around 45°S, including cut‐off lows. In SON, 20% of cloudy days were associated with summer conditions, characterized by an active Bolivian High and moist air advection from the Amazon basin. In the wet season, only 46% of thick cloud events were associated with low‐level southern wind incursions, the other events being associated with the South American Monsoon.
Distinguishing Earth's oldest known bryozoan (Pywackia, late Cambrian) from pennatulacean octocorals (Mesozoic—Recent)

Abstract. Bryozoans and all biomineralized metazoan phyla extend back into the Cambrian. Pywackia Landing, 2010 is confirmed as a secondarily phosphatized, late Cambrian stenolaemate bryozoan with colonial habit; mineralized zooarium (originally calcareous); granular/rarely granular-prismatic histology of its trilamellar walls; and polymorphism shown by deep autozooecia with diaphragms and hemiphragms, axial zooecia with diaphragms, and probable nanozooecia. The irregular form of Pywackia reflects growth as a 14-hedron that could not branch and a lack of structures such as thickened walls or styles that maintain regular autozooecial spacing in later stenolaemates. Pywackia is a stem group stenolaemate with a stolon modified into a budding axial zooid and autozooid budding. It is morphologically simpler than the highly evolved late Tremadocian bryozoans of South China with features such as styles, cystiphragms, thickened zooecial walls, and massive or branching colonies. As with some bryozoans, Pywackia lacks holdfasts but has lineated living chambers and variably sized autozooecia. The late Cambrian origin of bryozoans, euconodonts, polyplacophorans, and cephalopods set the stage for the Ordovician Radiation's complex communities. Pywackia is not a pennatulacean octocoral. It lacks both a pennatulacean axial rod histology and a budding zooid that remains confluent with daughter autozooids. Indeed, Pywackia walled off its axial zooid. Similarity of the 6- and 12-sided Pywackia zooarium with circular to 4-sided pennatulacean axes only includes calcareous composition and the general shapes of Pywackia zooaria and some Lituaria axial rods. The pennatulacean record does not extend from the Mesozoic into the Cambrian, and early cnidarians were not phosphatic. The diagnosis of Pywackia is modified.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Pre-adolescence school children at Al- Nasiriya city, Iraq

Objective: To examine the sociodemographic factors and determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongstudents in their early adolescent years.Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at four governmental intermediate schools located in Al-Nasiriyacity of Thi-Qar Governorate in Iraq from January 2 to February 15, 2021, and comprised students of either gender aged12-14 years. Data was gathered using a self-designed questionnaire. Body mass index was calculated after measuringthe subjects’ weight in kilograms on a properly calibrated digital scale and their height in centimetres on an appropriatetape meter scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.Results: Of the 218 subjects, 124(56.88%) were girls and 94(43.12%) were boys. Overall, 100(45.87%) subjects wereaged 13 years. There were 71(32.56%) overweight and 30(13.76%) obese subjects. Age and gender were significantlyassociated with body mass index (p<0.05). Conclusion: Students in their early adolescent years were relatively more likely to be overweight and obese. Age andgender had a correlation with body mass index.Keywords: Overweight, Body mass, Paediatric, Obesity, Demography.
The undrained capacity of skirted strip foundations under combined loading

The response of skirted foundations to combined vertical, horizontal and moment loading is important for the design of offshore installations. The vertical skirts beneath the footing interact with the soil and increase the foundation capacity, compared with a surface footing. Previous researchers have assumed that the soil within the skirts remains rigid during undrained loading, but this assumption has not been investigated rigorously. A series of plane-strain finite element analyses has been conducted to investigate directly how the skirt geometry affects the undrained strip foundation capacity under combined horizontal–moment loading and the mechanisms occurring at failure. Conditions of both uniform and non-uniform undrained strength soil have been considered. The results show that deformation of the soil between external skirts can lead to significantly less foundation capacity than that of an equivalent solid embedded foundation. Hence the specific geometry of the foundation must be considered in de.
Learning and Change in Rural Regions: Understanding Influences on Sense of Place

This thesis is about how people develop attachments to places, and what this means for natural resource management. The concept of ‘sense of place’ is generating strong interest in the domain of natural resource management. In particular, the concept offers considerable potential as a way of integrating social, ecological and economic dimensions of environment. This makes the concept highly relevant to an emerging agenda from a range of disciplines and management approaches concerned with the links between social systems and natural systems at local and regional scales (Berkes and Folke 1998; Cheng Kruger and Daniels 2003; Plumwood 2002). Recent interest in place has led to a research agenda for exploring how this concept can play a greater role in resource management (Cantrill and Senecah 2001). Central to this research agenda are questions of how attachments to places are influenced and how sense of place changes over time. In response to the emerging role of sense of place in natural resource management and the research agenda for exploring this concept, this thesis is concerned with three questions: what are the key influences on sense of place? ; what is the relationship between sense of place and activities in practice? ; and how do people learn about places and respond to change? To explore these questions, the thesis presents findings from interviews with 40 participants in case studies of the Atherton Tablelands and Woodstock, north Queensland. The research employed a purposeful sampling design with the aim of capturing as many different senses of place as possible within the limits of this study. Participants represented a broad range of land uses,
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Using simulated learning to account for tone typology

This study reports on the first investigation into the learnability of tone spread and shift patterns, as determined by computer simulations of the learning process. Our simulations are cast within the context of a synchronic analytical framework developed in earlier work. The framework uses licensing constraints and foot structure to drive various kinds of tonal reassociation. One problem with the framework was that it was able to generate various unattested patterns. We address this problem through the learnability simulations; our results show that the representable-but-unattested patterns are harder to learn, explaining their non-attestation. This way, we demonstrate that learnability simulations are a meaningful tool for a typological account of tonal phenomena.
Ordovician volcano-tectonics in the English Lake District

Although the major late Caledonian (Acadian) deformation of the British slate belts south of the Iapetus suture took place in early Devonian time, two intra-Ordovician unconformities are present in the Lower Palaeozoic succession of NW England which have been interpreted as due to regional compressional events. These unconformities are at the base and top of the Caradocian Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) and have been associated respectively with a pre-BVG orogenic cycle affecting the early Ordovician Skiddaw Group (SG) and with ‘pre-Bala’ folding of the BVG. A problem has been that no consistent sets of minor structures attributable to these deformations have been demonstrated in the Skiddaw Group. Recent advances in understanding of the volcanic history of the Lake District lead to a radical reinterpretation of the significance of these two unconformities. In the ‘pre-Bala’ (intra-Caradocian) deformation of the BVG, flexuring is now seen to be much less important than volcano-tectonic faulting and block tilting associated with caldera collapse and the eruption of voluminous ash flows in the upper part of the pile. Foundering of the volcanic edifice accounts for the preservation of this thick subaerial sequence beneath the overstepping late Ordovician marine deposits. More tentatively, we suggest that the unconformity beneath the Borrowdale Volcanic Group reflects regional uplift due to buoyancy effects associated with the generation of andesitic melt by Iapetus subduction and its rise through the over-riding wedge of continental lithosphere; several such mechanisms have been proposed to account for the topographic elevation of present day continental margin magmatic arcs. The new model removes the evidence for Ordovician N–S regional compression from the geological record of NW England and this has geotectonic implications: the evidence for late Ordovician collision is weakened and the direction of Iapetus subduction beneath southern Britain may not have been southward.
Low-frequency variability in the wind-driven circulation

Abstract The origins of low-frequency variability in a simple homogenous ocean model, forced by a double gyre Ekman suction, are examined numerically. It is found that irregular, large amplitude vacillations in the structure of the circulation typify the behavior of such a model when it is forced sufficiently strongly. These oscillations are associated with order-one changes in the size and transport of the inertial recirculation gyres that lie near the western boundary. It is suggested that this behavior arises as a result of a subcritical homoclinic bifurcation. The aperiodic solutions do not exhibit a strong tendency to linger near any of the simpler unstable solutions that were found for this system. Instead, the latter solutions appear to constrain the aperiodic solutions, confining them to a limited region of phase space for a range of values of the Munk boundary layer scale δM. The form of the aperiodic solutions suggests that there may be an interesting unstable solution that could not be isolated.
Eocene oil shales from Jordan - their petrography, carbon and oxygen stable isotopes

Sediment petrographic studies combined with carbon and oxygen stable-isotope analyses are considered to be powerful tools in deciphering the depositional and diagenetic history of carbonate rocks. These studies have been found valuable for understanding the environmental controls and global changes of climate and oceanography. Two cores of Eocene bituminous marls (OS-22 and OS-23) from central Jordan with thicknesses of 222.4 m and 256.3 m, respectively, were logged. A total of 103 thin sections were analyzed for sediment petrographic investigations. Another 295 bulk rock samples from Core OS-23 were selected for stable-isotope analysis (δ13C, δ18O). The two cores show similar lithologic variations that correspond to third-order sea-level changes. The sediment petrographic study reveals the presence of six major microfacies that range from mudstones to grainstones. The distribution of these six types of microfacies in the two cores indicates an overall shallow-marine environment in an interior carbonate-platform setting. Within this environment, conditions fluctuated between open and restricted marine. The stratigraphic variability of the carbon-isotope data of Core OS-23 reflects a highly dynamic depositional system that exhibits a variable rate of organic matter accumulation in the sediments, which can be directly linked to the interaction between primary organic-matter burial and oxidative weathering of reworked organic matter. Within the overall diagenetically controlled δ18Ocarb profile an excursion is observed for a specifically enriched organic matter interval. This excursion is believed to coincide with the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), suggesting that next to seawater, porewaters were influenced by this event and making it the first record of this event in the region.
Project Report for the Southern California Exotics Expedition 2000 A Rapid Assessment Survey of Exotic Species in Sheltered Coastal Waters

Andrew N. Cohen, San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland CA Leslie H. Harris, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles CA Brian L. Bingham, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA James T. Carlton, Williams College-Mystic Seaport Maritime Studies Program, Mystic CT John W. Chapman, Hatfeld Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR Charles C. Lambert, University of Washington, Friday Harbor WA Gretchen Lambert, University of Washington, Friday Harbor WA John C. Ljubenkov, Dancing Coyote Ranch Environmental, Pauma Valley CA Steven N. Murray, California State University, Fullerton CA Linda C. Rao, State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento CA Kathleen Reardon, Island Institute, Rockland ME Evangelina Schwindt, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
INSTRUCTIONAL SCREENCAST: A RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The literature review indicates that the benefit of screencast as an instructional media has not clearly proved effective for all categories of students. This is due to the individual differences in processing the information. Inadequate screencast design will cause strain to students’ cognitive process which might impede learning. This shortcoming can be reduced by imposing principles of reducing the external processing in screencast design. However, the exact design effectiveness of screencast also depends on the cognitive style and learning style of the students. The cognitive style will ultimately affect how information is processed in the students’ memory structure. Students will also easily process the given information, if it is performed in accordance with their dominant learning style. Taken together, this article discusses the conceptual framework design of screencasts for instructional purpose.
EFFECT OF HOUSE STORAGE ON WATER’S QUALITY IN RURAL AREAS OF TANGIER-TETUAN REGION (MOROCCO)

Rural residents of Tangier-Tetuan Region (Northern of Morocco) are still pending on groundwater supplies for drinking water without any treatment. The storage of this water in household containers for a long time as well as the handling might lead to a quality deteriorated and become unsuitable for human consumption. In order to evaluate the effect of long storage on the chemical and bacteriological quality, households stored water of twenty springs were selected for the investigations on chemical and bacteriological parameters. The physicochemical properties showed that the majority of the stored water samples are considered acceptable, except some samples that don’t meet the standards recommended. Our study revealed also a positive correlation between storage and concentrations of microbial agents. Monitoring the chemical and bacteriological quality of stored drinking water is essential to prevent population health risks.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from hydroxyl radical oxidation and ozonolysis of monoterpenes

Abstract. Oxidation by hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozonolysis are the two major pathways of daytime biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) oxidation and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, we investigated the particle formation of several common monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene) by OH-dominated oxidation, which has seldom been investigated. OH oxidation experiments were carried out in the SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction) chamber in Julich, Germany, at low NOx (0.01 ~ 1 ppbV) and low ozone (O3) concentration (
Secondary organic aerosol formation from in situ OH, O 3 , and NO 3 oxidation of ambient forest air in an oxidation flow reactor

Abstract. Ambient pine forest air was oxidized by OH, O3, or NO3 radicals using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) during the BEACHON-RoMBAS (Bio–hydro–atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen – Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study) campaign to study biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and organic aerosol (OA) aging. A wide range of equivalent atmospheric photochemical ages was sampled, from hours up to days (for O3 and NO3) or weeks (for OH). Ambient air processed by the OFR was typically sampled every 20–30 min, in order to determine how the availability of SOA precursor gases in ambient air changed with diurnal and synoptic conditions, for each of the three oxidants. More SOA was formed during nighttime than daytime for all three oxidants, indicating that SOA precursor concentrations were higher at night. At all times of day, OH oxidation led to approximately 4 times more SOA formation than either O3 or NO3 oxidation. This is likely because O3 and NO3 will only react with gases containing C = C bonds (e.g., terpenes) to form SOA but will not react appreciably with many of their oxidation products or any species in the gas phase that lacks a C = C bond (e.g., pinonic acid, alkanes). In contrast, OH can continue to react with compounds that lack C = C bonds to produce SOA. Closure was achieved between the amount of SOA formed from O3 and NO3 oxidation in the OFR and the SOA predicted to form from measured concentrations of ambient monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes using published chamber yields. This is in contrast to previous work at this site (Palm et al., 2016), which has shown that a source of SOA from semi- and intermediate-volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) 3.4 times larger than the source from measured VOCs is needed to explain the measured SOA formation from OH oxidation. This work suggests that those S/IVOCs typically do not contain C = C bonds. O3 and NO3 oxidation produced SOA with elemental O : C and H : C similar to the least-oxidized OA observed in local ambient air, and neither oxidant led to net mass loss at the highest exposures, in contrast to OH oxidation. An OH exposure in the OFR equivalent to several hours of atmospheric aging also produced SOA with O : C and H : C values similar to ambient OA, while higher aging (days–weeks) led to formation of SOA with progressively higher O : C and lower H : C (and net mass loss at the highest exposures). NO3 oxidation led to the production of particulate organic nitrates (pRONO2), while OH and O3 oxidation (under low NO) did not, as expected. These measurements of SOA formation provide the first direct comparison of SOA formation potential and chemical evolution from OH, O3, and NO3 oxidation in the real atmosphere and help to clarify the oxidation processes that lead to SOA formation from biogenic hydrocarbons.
THE INFLUENCE OF MICROCLIMATES CONDITIONS ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN PIGS

This study is realised for appreciate the influence of physical and chemical factors of the microclimate and their impact on the health and production of swine. The research has been done in 2 types of housing (shelter classic and shelter summer) from an intensive swine farm in spring, summer and autum conditions. The physical (temperature, U.R. and stream of air) and chemical (CO2, NH3 and H2S) factors features of the microclimate have been determined through methods specific. The study has also had in view assessment the medium weight from weaning to finishing and pigs mortality. The level of the microclimatic factors analysed did not correspond always to growth parameters of pigs. The results obtained show significant differences between the 2 type of housing systems. The weight at 280 days was 98.3 kg for pigs increase in shelter classic versus 101.2 kg for pigs increase in shelter summer. For fattening period average daily gain was 0,385 kg/day versus 0,407 kg/day and feed conversion rate was 4.72 kg versus 4.52 kg. At pigs studied, no mortality was recorded throughout the experiment, which shows very good resistance of this to deseases.
Dynamics of organic matter in soil as determined by variations in 13C/12C isotopic ratios and fractionation by ease of oxidation

Management of organic matter in soils requires techniques that accurately monitor changes in soil organic matter over the short term and long term. This study was carried out in a glasshouse pot experiment to examine changes in soil carbon under the influence of long-term cropping, plant residue, and fertiliser application, using variations in 13C/12C isotopic ratios of organic materials and fractionation by ease of oxidation. The study examines the changes in carbon contents of adjacent soil samples with different cropping histories as affected by application of fertiliser and crop residue and the growth of wheat. Significant increases in soil carbon values were observed with residue application. The effects of the applied fertiliser on soil carbon levels depend on the presence or absence of wheat. A higher amount of labile carbon was found in the native soil than in cultivated soil.