Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Model of a Three-Dimensional Non-Isothermal Glacier

A mathematical model is constructed for land glaciers with the thickness much less than the horizontal dimensions and radii of curvature of large bottom irregularities by means of the method of a thin boundary layer in dimensionless orthogonal coordinates. The dynamics are described by a statically determinate system of equations, so the solution for stresses is found. For the general non-isothermal case the interrelated velocity and temperature distributions are calculated by means of the iteration of solutions for velocity and for temperature. Temperature distribution is determined by a parabolic equation with a small parameter at the senior derivative. Its solution is reduced to the solution of a system of recurrent non-uniform differential equations of the first order by means of a series expansion of the small parameter. A relatively thin conducting boundary layer adjoins the upper and lower surfaces of a glacier, playing the role of a temperature damper in the ablation area. For ice divides, the statically indeterminate problem is solved, so the result for stresses depends on the temperature distribution.
Costs of Food Safety Certification on Fresh Produce Farms in Vermont

This article addresses the economic costs of good agricultural practices (GAPs) audits of small and medium size farms in Vermont. It focuses on the costs of infrastructure, equipment, and labor required to successfully pass a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) GAPs audit. In-depth interviews and surveys of produce farmers in 2011 revealed that the cost of GAPs certification ranges between $37 and $54 per acre, and an additional 7 hours were required each week during the growing season. Based on this exploratory research, certifying all the farms in Vermont would cost between $228,216 and $3,019,114. Our study explored all the criteria of the certification and measured the costs of GAPs from planning stages to daily record keeping more than one year after the certification was achieved. This study provides information to farmers who are considering GAPs certification. It also provides background information to agricultural service providers and policymakers planning for the future of the fresh produce industry.
Regulation of polyamine metabolism in transgenic poplar cell cultures

Polyamines (PA) are naturally occurring low molecular weight aliphatic amines found in all living organisms and essential for their growth and development. The present study uses the tool of transgenic manipulation to elucidate the regulation of PA pathway in poplar cells. This study was divided into two segments; the first segment provides insight into biochemistry of a putrescine overproducing cell line (HP) that overexpresses a mouse ornithine decarboxylase (mODC) under 35S-CaMV promoter, with respect to different treatments. The second segment focused on creation and biochemical characterization of a cell line (SOS1) that overexpresses ODC/SAMDC from Plasmodium falciparum controlled by the same 35S-CaMV promoter producing a bifunctional protein. From the results it is concluded that: (i) nutrient stress in the form of Ca deficiency in the growth medium is more detrimental to HP cells than control cells, (ii) the tested PA analogues and inhibitors at the tested concentrations have no major observable effect on either HP or the control cells, (iii) Cysteine and methionine although consumed faster in HP cells, are not limiting either for protein synthesis or for growth, (iv) uptake of sucrose is higher in the control cells but its incorporation into PAs is higher in HP cells, (v) SOS1 cells after stable integration of PfODC/SAMDC produce significantly increased amounts of Spd and Spm than control cells, and (vi) the simultaneous expression of both SAMDC and ODC from Plasmodium has greater impact on production of Spd/Spm than on Put in SOS1 cells.
Hepatoprotective Essential Oils: A Review

Objectives Several toxins and molecules are able to damage the liver, causing the hepato-toxicity. This disorder can be protected naturally, by some essential oils obtained from different plants. In this review we are cited some of these compounds that have been tested by their hepatoprotective effect. Methods We reviewed 83 articles published between 1981 and 2018 in English via three databases Sciencedirect, Springer and PubMed. So, we have used the keywords Hepatoprotective effect, liver disease, plants and essential oils. Results and conclusion In this work, we classified the plants; contain the essential oils, in alphabetical order as a table containing the scientific, family names, information plants, the experimental assay and the results obtained from the hepatoprotective studies. We have described 27 species belonging to 12 families Lamiaceae (7 species), Asteraceae (6 species), Umbellifereae (3 species), Apiaceae (3 species) are the main families which enclose the species that was studied. The study also includes the major compounds isolated from some of these essential oils. The most of those compounds belong to terpene class essentially cineol, carvacrol and thymol. Thus, the different essential oils that have been cited in this review were shown that have an antioxidant activity.
Efficacy of plant powders and vegetable oils against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) on stored green gram

Ten different plants powders viz., leaf and seed coat of Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgw. ; seed of Litsea citrata Bl. ; leaf, seed coat and kernel of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. ; leaf, seed coat and kernel of Melia azedarach L. and seed of Piper nigrum L. @ 5% w/w and eight vegetable oils viz., neem, castor, clove, mustard, sunflower, sesamum, coconut and groundnut oil @ 1% v/w were evaluated as grain protectants against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) on green gram seeds. All the vegetable oils and A. indica kernel powder provided maximum protection up to 2 months resulting in 2.22 to 9.11% infestation and 1.13 to 5.10% weight loss only as against 56.67 to 61.33% and 30.77 to 32.60% in untreated seeds. P. nigrum and L. citrata were fairly effective in reducing infestation and weight loss by about 60% as compared to untreated seeds up to 2 months, while Z. oxyphyllum was the least effective followed by M. azedarach. None of the plant materials adversely affected the seed germinability.
Analysis of satellite-observed tropical cloud clusters. I. Wind and dynamic fields

Composited Northern Hemispheric Data Tabulation rawinsonde data has been gathered relative to three classes of satellite-observed tropical weather systems in the Western Pacific (Eq.–18° N) and in the West Indies (∼15–30° N). These systems include the ∼4° wide cloud cluster, the cloud cluster environment (∼2–6° latitude around the cluster center), and the clear region. Information is presented for the years 1967 and 1968. The data gathering philosophy and methodology follows that discussed in a previous report by Williams & Gray (1973). Composited information is presented on individual weather system winds, divergence, vorticity, etc. Emphasis is put on the regional differences between the Western Pacific and the West Indies weather systems. Significant differences exist. The mean cloud cluster vorticity budget is calculated. The horizontal divergence of the vorticity transport is the predominant term in the budget in both regions. It is necessary to hypothesize a large eddy transport of vorticity from the lower to the upper troposphere. Other observational findings are also presented. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976. tb00689.x
Fertilization and early embryology: Sexual differentiation and preimplantation cell growth

Growth rates of human preimplantation embryos fertilized in vitro were assessed and compared to the sex of the pregnancy outcome. The likelihood of a liveborn male was significantly greater than that of a female if the mean number of cells/embryo was four or greater at the scheduled time of transfer (odds ratio of 6:1). This finding suggested that the Y chromosome expresses factors which influence embryonic growth rates immediately after fertilization.
A study of the protein quality of shrimp meal and krill meal in diets fed to rainbow trout

Rainbow trout of approximately 2.5 grams were fed diets in which herring meal was the major protein source. Shrimp meal, freeze-dried krill meal, cooked krill meal and soybean were incorporated into the diets at two levels of replacement 11% and 22% of total protein. The total protein content of these diets was 28%. An additional series of diets containing 36% protein was fed where 17% of the protein was replaced by test ingredients. The diets containing shrimp meal and freeze-dried krill meal produced the best growth responses and showed most efficient feed conversion, protein utilization and energy utilization. Soybean meal and cooked kril l meal produced favourable results at the low level of inclusion but at the higher level growth response and feed utilization were slightly depressed. The possibility that chitin can be used to spare protein and energy is also discussed.
Antifungal activity of isothiocyanates and related compounds. II. Mononuclear aromatic isothiocyanates.

Antifungal activity on Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, and Rhizopus oryzae, as well as on additional saprophytic and parasitic fungi, was determined in 57 substituted derivatives of phenylisothiocyanate. Most of the investigated compounds displayed rather equal activity against the three mentioned fungi, in contradistinction to the analogues of natural benzyl- and beta-phenylethylisothiocyanate with their characteristic low activity against R. oryzae. Differences occurred in the type of activity of compounds in which the -NCS group is directly bound on the aromatic moiety, as compared with those compounds in which this group is bound to the aliphatic radical or to the aromatic moiety indirectly by means of the methyl group or by a longer aliphatic chain. The results obtained confirm the negative influence of ionized substituents on the aromatic moiety, i.e., of -COOH, -CH(2)- COOH, and -SO(3)H groups, as well as of substituents which cause an extreme increase in reactivity of the -NCS group resulting in a high instability of the entire isothiocyanate molecule.
The Cost of Burrowing by the Social Mole Rats (Bathyergidae) Cryptomys damarensis and Heterocephalus glaber: The Role of Soil Moisture

The cost of burrowing (oxygen consumption) was compared between two social mole rats, Cryptomys damarensis and Heterocephalus glaber, in damp and dry sand. Cryptomys damarensis had a digging metabolic rate (DMR) of 2.86 ± 0.31 cm³ · g⁻¹ · h⁻¹ in damp sand and of 2.58 ± 0.32 cm³ · g⁻¹ · h⁻¹ in dry sand. The DMR was 4.53-5.03 times the resting metabolic rate (RMR). Its burrowing speed was 3.53 ± 0.75m · h⁻¹ in damp sand and 0.92 ± 0.33m · h⁻¹ in dry sand. Body temperature Tb increased by 1.3° C during burrowing in dry sand. Heterocephalus glaber had a DMR of 3.36 ± 0.25 cm³ · g⁻¹ · h⁻¹ in damp sand and of 2.78 ± 0.25 cm³ · g⁻¹ · h⁻¹ in dry sand. The DMR was 4.34–5.25 times RMR. Its burrowing speed was 0.75 ± 0.23 m · h⁻¹ in damp sand and 0.30 ± 0.02 m · h⁻¹ in dry sand. There was a 2.3° C drop in Tb during burrowing in damp sand. For both species, the cost of burrowing was 1.5–3.7 times greater in dry sand than in damp sand. These data are compared with those of other subterranean mammals. Arguments are presented that suggest that the cost of burrowing may be an important factor selecting for body size, differentiation of labor, and polyethism in the bathyergids.
Evolutionary Patterns in the Paleozoic Bivalvia: Documentation and Some Theoretical Considerations

The fossil record of the Paleozoic Bivalvia can be described in terms of directional and repetitive evolutionary trends. The directional aspect is reflected in long-term generic diversification, and in increased abundance and dominance of cosmopolitan genera. These changes are believed to have resulted from an increase in the degree of environmental variability in shallow-marine, continental margin regimes. Repetitive evolution is recorded in the temporal-geographic pattern of speciation and extinction; it appears that when shallow-marine environments were disrupted periodically, presumably by some major physical event, the bivalve populations responded in much the same way each time. Thus, given measurements of bivalve geographic and stratigraphic distribution, evolutionary hypotheses can be formulated: Hypothesis 1. Fluctuations in total standing generic diversity in an ecologically and phylogenetically coherent group of organisms undergoing long-term diversification describe a pattern in which numerical differences between the successive levels of high diversity are related by a constant multiplier. Hypothesis 2. Following a major extinction event, faunal replacement occurred in two distinct waves separated by a period of little faunal change—the second replacement wave immediately preceding the next extinction event. Hypothesis 3. Patterns of speciation and extinction are reflected in repetitious endemic-cosmopolitan interactions. Major extinction events, probably the result of a continual deterioration of the physical environment, progressively affect more widely distributed populations as the physical event approaches a climax. Thus populations with a history of cosmopolitanism have a high probability of surviving as stock populations that give rise to subsequent diversifications, the first of which also tends to be predominantly cosmopolitan. After this initial radiation, there is a period of low faunal turnover, followed by another radiation dominated by endemics, which, in turn, are susceptible to the factors responsible for the next extinction event. Hypothesis 4. Those higher taxa (for example, superfamilies, orders) whose earliest representatives (genera) tend to be highly endemic and which retain this endemism for a few epochs are less long-lived than higher taxa that initially have a cosmopolitan representation, albeit a numerically sparse one. Many paleontological studies have documented directional patterns in evolution—changes in size or in morphological complexity within a given taxon, or increase in biotic diversity throughout Phanerozoic time—but the recognition of repetitive patterns in the fossil record may stimulate the eventual development of predictive theories, especially regarding the times of the conditions for mass extinctions. Both types of evolutionary patterns require the development of hypotheses that can be tested and conditionalized utilizing data other than those presented herein.
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: computed tomography findings in 36 patients

Objective To analyze the computed tomography (CT) findings of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP). Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and CT findings of 36 patients with LIP, including 25 women and 11 men, with a mean age of 52.5 years (age range, 22-78 years). Results The main associated diseases with LIP were Sjögren syndrome (42%), human immunodeficiency virus infection (17%), amyloidosis (17%), Sjögren syndrome associated with secondary amyloidosis (11%), idiopathic (8%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (5%). The predominant CT abnormalities were multiple cystic airspaces (n = 35), small nodules (n = 15), ground-glass opacities (n = 13), bronchiectasis and/or bronchiolectasis (n = 8), and thickening of the bronchovascular bundles (n = 8). Other CT findings included reticular opacities (n = 7), calcified nodules (n = 4), airspace consolidation (n = 4), emphysema (n = 3), honeycombing (n = 3), lymph node enlargement (n = 2), mosaic attenuation pattern (n = 1), and cavitated nodules (n = 1). Conclusion The main CT findings of LIP were multiple cysts, small nodules, and ground-glass opacities.
The impact of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome on academic performance of college students, and their willingness to seek help

Objective: To reveal the characteristics and prevalence of dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among college students and to investigate their impact on their academic performance. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2017 and January 2018 at Koç University, Turkey. An online survey that included multiple-choice and short paragraph questions was prepared. Female students aged between 18 and 27 years were invited with an email to provide online informed consent to proceed to the survey. Results: The final analysis included 352 students. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was found as 90.1%. Fifty-six percent of the participants reported lower academic performance during menstruation. However, only 32.8% of the students with dysmenorrhea presented to the gynecology clinic. The prevalence of PMS alone and with dysmenorrhea was 71.3% and 65.9%, respectively. The most common symptom among those who reported affected academic performance was depression (prevalence of 27.5%). However, only 19.9% of students with PMS consulted a healthcare professional. Conclusion: Symptoms of dysmenorrhea and PMS are generally neglected by students. Quality of life can be affected more than estimated. Considering the reluctance to disclose menstrual disorders, health care providers should be aware of them and ask women about their symptoms during routine visits.
OCORRÊNCIA DE ESPÉCIES DE CUPINS DE MONTÍCULO EM PASTAGENS NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS

This study had the purpose of identifying species and occurrence areas of mound termites in Goias, Brazil, in order to establish control strategies. The survey was done in 133 municipalities evaluating the number of mounds/ha and mean diameter of mounds. We found an average of 72.68 mound/ha with a mean diameter of 83.02 cm. Nineteen insect genera were identified. Of these, 58% were identified as Cornitermes snyderi, 13.85% as C. cumulans, 6.35% as Procornitermes araujoi, 3.77% as species of Syntermes, and 15.74% were considered of minor importance. KEY-WORDS: Insecta; termites; distribution; pastures.
La variabilité des performances animales en élevage porcin: description et implications pratiques

Pig breeders can cope with variation in sow prolificacy as long as the total number of piglets born alive does not exceed the total number of functional teats of the sows in the farrowing unit. Cross-fostering allows adjusting the size of the litter to the milk production potential of the sow. When prolificacy increases, this objective becomes more difficult to achieve. In addition, the within-litter variation of birth weight increases with prolificacy, compromising the survival chance of small piglets. Short-term solutions can be obtained by providing additional care around birth, by grouping of pigs of similar body weight and by providing appropriate feeding strategies. Nevertheless, variability is still observed at the end of the fattening period. This results in difficulties to find the best slaughtering strategy, especially when the economic return depends on a payment grid that is based partly on carcass weight. Although genetic selection may eventually reduce the variation in performance in sows and piglets, feeding strategies that account for the individual requirement of the gestating sow can already be used to improve the farrowing process. Although this helps to improve piglet vitality at birth, to date, it is not effective in reducing within-litter variation in birth weight. Most of these improvements have been reported for sows and piglets kept in experimental facilities. It remains a challenge to obtain these results in production units.
A Theory of Water Percolation in Snow

Abstract A theory is developed to describe the vertical percolation of water in isothermal snow. The general theory of Darcian flow is reviewed to establish a reasonable physical basis for the construction of a model. It is shown that in simple gravity drainage, capillarity is negligible compared with gravity since values of water saturation are generally in the “mid-range”. It is postulated that the permeability to the water phase increases as a certain function of the water saturation, and porosity is assumed to decrease linearly with depth. Ice layers and other inhomogeneities are treated in the theory by considering the permeability of the snow with the inhomogeneities included. A method by which this value of permeability can be calculated is presented using the method of characteristics. The theory is applied to the Seward Glacier firn where Sharp measured water fluxes at various depths. A periodic surface flux is assumed and the particular solution for water flux at any depth is given. From this solution the wave forms passing each depth are constructed and compared with the measured ones. Although the experimental data are affected by the presence of ice layers, the comparison between theory and experiment is favorable and the theory is thought to be essentially correct.
The early evolution of cooperation in humans. On cheating, group identity and group size

The evolution of cooperation is difficult to understand, because cheaters — individuals who profit without cooperating themselves — have a benefit in interaction with cooperators. Cooperation among humans is even more difficult to understand, because cooperation occurs in large groups, making cheating a bigger threat. Restricting cooperation to members of one’s own group based on some tag-based recognition of non-group members (allorecognition) has been shown to stabilise cooperation. We address how spatial structure and group size affect the opportunities for cheating such tag-based cooperation in a spatially explicit simulation. We show that increased group diversity, under conditions of limited dispersal, reduces the selective opportunities for cheaters. A small number can already be sufficient to keep cheating at a low frequency. We discuss how marginal additional benefits of increased group size, above the benefits of local cooperation, can provide the selective pressure to reduce the number of group identities and discuss possible examples.
Wastewater Engineering Treatment Disposal Reuse

Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
Descrição de uma nova espécie de Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes, Colubridae) do nordeste brasileiro, com comentários sobre o gênero.

Description of a new species of Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes, Colubridae) from northeastern Brazil, with comments on the genus. Thamnodynastes almae sp. nov. is described based on three specimens from Rodelas Municipality, state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed by its pale coloration and keeled dorsal scales arranged in 19 rows at midbody and 15 rows posteriorly. Characters for distinguishing T. almae from other Brazilian species of Thamnodynastes are provided.
Measurement of acoustoelastic and third-order elastic constants for rail steel

Measurements of the stress‐induced changes in ultrasonic wave speeds in several samples of steels typically used in railroad rails are presented. All of the five possible relative changes in wave speeds for an initially isotropic material subjected to a uniaxial state of stress have been determined and agree to within the limits of accuracy of the measurement with the second‐order theory of Hughes and Kelly. The third‐order elastic constants are calculated from the acoustoelastic data.