Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plane‐parallel canopy radiation transfer modeling: Recent advances and future directions

Canopy radiative transfer (RT) modeling provides the basis for vegetation bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) modeling studies. RT models based on plane‐parallel geometry have been increasingly used in vegetation remote sensing due to their reasonable balance between accuracy of representing the reality and computational simplicity. In this paper, the evolution of canopy RT modeling is examined with the emphasis on reviewing the recent advances in model development, inversion and application. The most significant advances in vegetation RT modeling in recent years are concisely summarized, which include considerations of the finite‐dimension of canopy elements, canopy hotspot effect, nonleaf canopy elements and nonrandom dispersion of foliage elements, and coupled atmosphere‐canopy formulations. Various applications of canopy RT models are also reviewed in terms of model inversion, RT model aided design of optimal vegetation index, elimination of the angular effects on remotely sensed data with RT models, and calculation of vegetated land surface albedo. The issues on both modeling and application and priorities in the future are finally discussed and some recommendations are also made.
Melange- and sediment-hosted gold-bearing quartz veins, Hodgkinson gold field, Queensland, Australia

Gold-bearing quartz veins in the Hodgkinson gold field are hosted in subgreenschist facies Siluro-Devonian sandstone, conglomerate, carbonaceous shale, clast-in-matrix rock, chert, and spilite. Mineralization occurs in brittle to brittle-ductile shear zones which crosscut two previous deformations and melange. Vein systems are isolated in distinct structural and lithologic domains by postmineralization faulting. Scheelite-quartz veins may locally overprint the gold quartz mineralization, but stibnite-gold-quartz mineralization is restricted to separate domains. The strongest mineralized areas define elongate, elliptical ore shoots which plunge steeply down or across the dip of the host shear zones. Melange-hosted lodes are parallel in strike but have opposite dips to the melange cleavage. Sandstone-hosted shear zones lie within reactivated F 2 axial planes or are refracted through bedding planes. Splaying, fissure intersections, changes in attitude, and lithologic contacts are the main ore shoot controls.The gold quartz vein textural types are ribbon, buck, breccia, assimilation textured, and comb quartz. Multiple injection of quartz and multiple shear zone movement have produced complex zones of quartz separated by seams of gouge. Arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and gold (600-840 fine) constitute 5 percent of the ore shoots and occur as millimeter-scale clusters in quartz. Fluid inclusions in quartz are liquid and liquid-vapor types and give salinity ranges of 3 to 11 equiv wt percent NaCl, with a slight salinity decrease through time. CO 2 and other gases are not abundant. Homogenization temperatures of 170 degrees to 305 degrees C have been pressure corrected to 270 degrees to 355 degrees C, based on estimated formation pressure of about 1 kbar.Measured and calculated stable isotope compositions of the fluid depositing gold quartz are delta 18 O = 10 + or - 2 per mil, delta D = -100 + or - 20 per mil. Although meteoric water contributions cannot be discounted, geologic characteristics, isotopic data, quartz types, sulfide mineralogy, and ore controls favor gold deposition from an upwardly migrating, homogeneous, metamorphic, or distal magmatic fluid. Depletion of D is attributed to exchange reactions involving organic matter in the metasediments and reduced gas species rather than introduction of meteoric water. Gold mineralization accompanied brittle tectonism which was contemporaneous with regional plutonism and took place late in the evolution of the melange.
Effects of γ -aminobutyric acid supplementation on glucose control in adults with prediabetes: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is mainly known as an endogenously produced neurotransmitter. However, GABA intake from dietary sources like tomatoes and fermented foods can be considerable. Studies in rodent models have shown bene ﬁ cial effects of oral GABA supplementation on glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular health. Still, it is currently unknown whether oral GABA supplementation produces cardiometabolic bene ﬁ ts in humans. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether oral GABA supplementation can improve glucose homeostasis in individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-arm trial, 52 individuals with prediabetes (classi ﬁ ed by impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose), aged 50 to 70 y with a body mass index (cid:1) 25 kg/m 2 received either 500 mg GABA 3 times daily or a placebo for 95 days. The primary outcome was the effect of the intervention on glucose response after an OGTT. As exploratory secondary outcomes, markers of glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin, insulin, glucagon, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, and standard deviation as measured with ﬂ ash glucose monitoring), cardiovascular health (blood pressure, 24-h blood pressure, circulating triglycerides, cholesterol), and self-reported sleep quality were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Compared with placebo, GABA supplementation for 95 days did not change the postprandial glucose response (0.21 mmol/L; 95% con ﬁ dence interval: (cid:3) 0.252, 0.674; P ¼ 0.364). After correction for the false discovery rate, all other outcomes (including fasting plasma GABA concentration) showed no signi ﬁ cant effects from GABA intervention at a group level. Conclusions: GABA supplementation does not change the postprandial glucose response in individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, based on ﬁ ndings in secondary outcome measures, further research is warranted in other study populations. Research could focus on the effects of GABA in individuals with advanced diabetes or other cardiometabolic disorders. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials. gov as NCT04303468.
A synoptic-scale wave of 6-9-day period in the Atlantic tropical troposphere during summer 1981

Abstract Using the ECMWF analyses, this study documents a tropospheric synoptic-scale wave in the tropical Atlantic during summer 1981. It has a 6–9-day period and a westward velocity of about 8.5° longitude per day. The wave structure has features similar to a mixed Rossby-gravity wave. It is suggested that it may be a normal mode of the earth atmosphere.
Natural isotopic distribution in soil surface horizons differentiated by vegetation

The isotopic composition of soil organic matter (SOM) is a useful tool for deciphering the different mechanisms underlying decomposition processes in soils. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of oak (Quercus dumosa Nutt.) and pine (Pines coulteri D. Don) vegetation on the isotopic variation occurring during decomposition by measuring δ 13 C and δ 15 N in selected litter and soil fractions. Soil samples obtained from A horizons of two lysimeter soils were separated by density and mineral size to isolate the floatable, fine silt, and clay fractions. These fractions as well as the litter samples were subjected to sequential chemical extractions to differentiate between polar and nonpolar extractives, acid-soluble carbohydrates, and acid-insoluble residues. The physical fractions varied by up to 3.5‰ for δ 13 C and 4.7‰ for δ 15 N, while acid-insoluble residues were depleted by 0.9 to 2.1‰ δ 13 C as compared with the samples before extraction. Under oak, 13 C and 15 N content progressively increased from the litter to the floatable, fine silt, and clay fractions (by 4.7‰ for δ 13 C and 4.9‰ for δ 15 N). By comparison, under pine, enrichment of the clay fraction was 1.7‰ for δ 13 C and 1.7‰ for δ 15 N as compared with the initial litter. The greater enrichment in heavy isotopes under oak vegetation as compared with the pine could not be explained based on differences in litter inputs. Results suggested instead that variation in decomposition processes by vegetation type caused the differences in heavy isotope enrichment.
Petrography, mineral chemistry, and crystallization history of olivine‐phyric shergottite NWA 6234: A new melt composition

Knowledge of Martian igneous and mantle compositions is crucial for understanding Mars' mantle evolution, including early differentiation, mantle convection, and the chemical alteration at the surface. Primitive magmas provide the most direct information about their mantle source regions, but most Martian meteorites either contain cumulate olivine or crystallized from fractionated melts. The new Martian meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 6234 is an olivine‐phyric shergottite. Its most magnesian olivine cores (Fo78) are in Mg‐Fe equilibrium with a magma of the bulk rock composition, suggesting that it represents a melt composition. Thermochemical calculations show that NWA 6234 not only represents a melt composition but is a primitive melt derived from an approximately Fo80 mantle. Thus, NWA 6234 is similar to NWA 5789 and Y 980459 in the sense that all three are olivine‐phyric shergottites and represent primitive magma compositions. However, NWA 6234 is of special significance because it represents the first olivine‐phyric shergottite from a primitive ferroan magma. On the basis of Al/Ti ratio of pyroxenes in NWA 6234, the minor components in olivine and merrillite, and phosphorus zoning of olivine, we infer that the rock crystallized completely at pressures consistent with conditions in Mars' upper crust. The textural intergrowths of the two phosphates (merrillite and apatite) indicate that at a very last stage of crystallization, merrillite reacted with an OH‐Cl‐F‐rich melt to form apatite. As this meteorite crystallized completely at depth and never erupted, it is likely that its apatite compositions represent snapshots of the volatile ratios of the source region without being affected by degassing processes, which contain high OH‐F content.
Measurements of Reynolds stress profiles in unstratified tidal flow

In this paper we present a method for measuring profiles of turbulence quantities using a broadband acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP). The method follows previous work on the continental shelf and extends the analysis to develop estimates of the errors associated with the estimation methods. ADCP data was collected in an unstratified channel and the results of the analysis are compared to theory. This comparison shows that the method provides an estimate of the Reynolds stresses, which is unbiased by Doppler noise, and an estimate of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) which is biased by an amount proportional to the Doppler noise. The noise in each of these quantities as well as the bias in the TKE match well with the theoretical values produced by the error analysis. The quantification of profiles of Reynolds stresses simultaneous with the measurement of mean velocity profiles allows for extensive analysis of the turbulence of the flow. In this paper, we examine the relation between the turbulence and the mean flow through the calculation of u * , the friction velocity, and C d , the coefficient of drag. Finally, we calculate quantities of particular interest in turbulence modeling and analysis, the characteristic lengthscales, including a lengthscale which represents the stream-wise scale of the eddies which dominate the Reynolds stresses.
Women and tourism in White Harbour, Newfoundland: Filling the Gap between Tradition, Innovation, and Globalization

Rural communities, often called outports, throughout Newfoundland are currently experiencing important socio-economic changes. External forces, such as the ever-growing oil industry in Alberta and provincial planning based upon centralization, are undoubtedly reconfiguring the life and future of people living in small, isolated outports. For many of them, tourism has become a way to secure their present and future by exploiting their rich historical and natural heritage. A highly successful example of a tourism oriented endeavor in rural Newfoundland is the Viking settlement at L’Anse aux Meadow in the Northern Peninsula. White Harbour is a small community on the Baie Verte Peninsula of Newfoundland and is used here as an example in a study attempting to understand the reasons behind the lack of tourism-related initiatives, particularly on the part of women. White Harbour has it all: an important archeological site, a museum, rich history, traditions, and a wonderful natural setting. Women in White Harbour, most of them aged 30–60, stay home and do not seasonally migrate to Alberta as many men do. They perfectly understand the potentiality of their place but most do not attempt any tourist-related entrepreneurship. As the study will reveal, there are many, often contrasting reasons why women do not become entrepreneurs. These reasons, which may be personal, cultural, or economic are very different in character and constitute a complex web that often discourages women from starting small businesses like coffee shops, art galleries, or bed and breakfasts. This study aims to uncover some of these difficulties and offers a unique opportunity to reflect upon them. The findings are discussed in light of the latest works on rural communities, women, tourism, and globalization.
Flux transfer events produced by the onset of merging at multiple X lines

We present two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model predictions for the signatures of flux transfer events (FTEs) at the dayside magnetopause produced by the onset of merging along two or more extended X lines. We consider three scenarios: (1) equal merging rates with identical resistivities south (η 1 ) and north (η 2 ) of the equator, (2) unequal merging rates with η 1 > η 2 , and (3) equal merging rates in the presence of a background northward magnetosheath flow velocity (V z = 0.15B sph / √ρ msh μ 0 ). Realistic ratios of magnetosheath to magnetospheric parameters are chosen to conform with in situ observations and our previous simulations [Ku and Sibeck, 1997, 1998a, b]: ρ msh /ρ sph = 10, B msh /B sph = 0.5, and T msh /T sph = 0.175. In case 1, a stationary magnetic island forms between two bulges accelerating away from the subsolar point. In case 2, the magnetic island formed between the two X lines pursues the bulge created near the line with smaller resistivity. In case 3 the island formed between the two X lines pursues the bulge by moving in the direction of the background flow. All three scenarios produce events with characteristics similar to those in the single X line model: strong asymmetric bipolar magnetic fields and plasma velocities normal to the magnetopause in the magnetosheath and no significant signatures in the magnetosphere (with the magnitude of the trailing pulse exceeding that of the leading edge). However, the islands produced in cases 2 and 3 also generate more symmetric signatures typical of FTEs in both the magnetosheath and magnetosphere. By comparison with observations, the transition parameter plots that we present can be used to discriminate between the merging scenarios.
Linearized least‐squares method for interpretation of potential‐field data from sources of simple geometry

We present a new method for interpreting isolated potential-field (gravity and magnetic) anomaly data. A linear equation, involving a symmetric anomalous field and its horizontal gradient, is derived to provide both the depth and nature of the buried sources. In many currently available methods, either higher order derivatives or postprocessing is necessary to extract both pieces of information; therefore, data must be of very high quality. In contrast, for gravity work with our method, only a first-order horizontal derivative is needed and the traditional data quality is sufficient. Our proposed method is similar to the Euler technique; it uses a shape factor instead of a structural index to characterize the buried sources. The method is tested using theoretical anomaly data with and without random noise. In all cases, the method adequately estimates the location and the approximate shape of the source. The practical utility of the method is demonstrated using gravity and magnetic field examples from the United States and Zimbabwe.
Flow enhancement of a rough fracture

We study experimentally and numerically the permeability of a rough fracture at laboratory scale when viscous forces are dominating (low Reynolds number). The experimental setup includes a granite fracture surface (10 × 10 cm²) opened in mode I. It allows a continuous opening of the fracture parallel to its mean plane. The fracture roughness is measured and characterized in terms of self‐affine heterogeneities. Its isotropy is checked. The departure from the cubic law is measured as a function of the aperture opening (for mean separations between 4.0 and 10.3 mm) and the pressure drop orientation by rotating the fracture by 90 degrees. A strongly anisotropic hydraulic behavior is observed and results from the geometrical heterogeneities that exist up to the fracture macro‐scale.
Polymagmatic Activity at the Monogenetic Mt Gambier Volcanic Complex in the Newer Volcanics Province, SE Australia: New Insights into the Occurrence of Intraplate Volcanic Activity in Australia

Monogenetic volcanism can produce eruptive suites showing considerable complexity in compositional features and pre-eruptive magma evolution. The � 5 ka Mount Gambier Volcanic Complex (MGVC), a monogenetic volcanic centre in SE Australia’s Newer Volcanics Province (NVP), is a good example. It displays a complex stratigraphy of interbedded deposits related to different eruption styles from a multi-vent system. Formation of the MGVC proceeded through simultaneous eruption of two alkali basaltic magma batches: a more alkaline and light rare earth element enriched basanite batch (Mg# 58^62) in the west and a trachybasalt batch (Mg# 58^64) enriched in SiO2 and CaO in the east. Trace element modelling suggests an origin of both magma batches from a single parental melt formed by 4^5% partial melting of a metasomatized lherzolite source in the asthenospheric mantle (2· 2G Pa; � 80 km). At the base of the lithosphere, part of this parental melt interacted with a deep-seated pyroxenite contaminant to form the trachybasaltic suite. Further modification of either magma batch at crustal levels appears to have been negligible. Isotope and trace element signatures are consistent with the inferred asthenospheric magma source; Pb isotopes in particular suggest a source with mixed Indian mid-ocean ridge basalt^Enriched Mantle 2 affinities, the latter perhaps related to metasomatic overprinting. It is argued that Cenozoic NVP volcanism in SE Australia is not necessarily related to a mantle plume but can be explained by other models involving asthenospheric upwelling. Fast magma ascent rates in the lithosphere evidenced by the presence of mantle xenoliths may reflect reactivation of lithospheric structures that provide magma pathways to the surface.
Exploratory High-Resolution Climate Simulations using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)

AbstractExtended, high-resolution (0.23° latitude × 0.31° longitude) simulations with Community Atmosphere Model versions 4 and 5 (CAM4 and CAM5) are examined and compared with results from climate simulations conducted at a more typical resolution of 0.9° latitude × 1.25° longitude. Overall, the simulated climate of the high-resolution experiments is not dramatically better than that of their low-resolution counterparts. Improvements appear primarily where topographic effects may be playing a role, including a substantially improved summertime Indian monsoon simulation in CAM4 at high resolution. Significant sensitivity to resolution is found in simulated precipitation over the southeast United States during winter. Some aspects of the simulated seasonal mean precipitation deteriorate notably at high resolution. Prominent among these is an exacerbated Pacific “double ITCZ” bias in both models. Nevertheless, while large-scale seasonal means are not dramatically better at high resolution, realistic tropica.
Why are Beveridge-Nelson and Unobserved-Component Decompositions of GDP so Different?

Two widely used methods of decomposing GDP into trend and cycle yield starkly different results. The unobserved component approach implies smooth trend with large, persistent cycle. In contrast, the Beveridge and Nelson (1981) approach implies most of the variation is attributable to trend. This conflict has been widely noted. It should surprise us that the two approaches produce very different trend-cycle decompositions since both are model-based. This paper attempts to find out why we do not, after decades of research, have a consistent picture of how variation in a series like real GDP should be allocated between trend and cycle.
40Ar/39Ar age spectra of Apollo 15 impact melt rocks by laser step‐heating and their bearing on the history of lunar basin formation

We have obtained 26 high-resolution (16–51 steps) 40Ar/39Ar age spectra using a continuous laser system on submilligram fragments of recrystallized melt and single-crystal plagioclase clasts from 12 Apollo 15 impact melt rocks collected at the Apennine Front where the Imbrium and Serenitatis basins intersect. These melt rocks represent a wide range of compositions and at least half a dozen different impacts. Six of the melt rocks have reproducible, intermediate-temperature plateaus over 40% or more of the 39Ar released; the plateaus are interpreted as crystallization (impact) ages and much of the non-plateau behavior is attributable to recoil. Samples 15294,6,21,15304,7,69, 15314,26,156, 15357,15, and 15359,12 have mean 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages that are statistically indistinguishable and fall within the narrow range 3852 ± 14 (2σ) Ma to 3870 ±12 Ma with a weighted mean of 3865 ± 5 Ma. Sample 15356,9 has a mean plateau age of 3836 ± 11 Ma and may represent a distinctly younger impact. A seventh sample (15314,30,158) has a peculiar but reproducible double plateau; a low-T one at 3873 ± 9 Ma, which we think records the crystallization age, and a high-T one of 3831 ± 10 Ma, which we interpret as an experimental (39Ar recoil) artifact. Four of the remaining melt rocks (15308,9, 15414,2,37, 15436,2, 15445,253) have complex 40Ar/39Ar age spectra that indicate that they either formed in or were disturbed by impacts that occurred ≤3850 Ma but did not completely reset the K-Ar isotopic system. Sample 15414,3,36 is different. Its spectrum may represent release mainly from clasts that were not well degassed in a melt event at 3870 Ma; the melt phase contains little potassium. Because most of the Apennine Front material must be coeval with or predate formation of the Imbrium Basin, it seems likely that the Imbrium impact is no older than 3870 Ma and probably no older than 3836 Ma. So far there is no convincing evidence in the lunar record for melt-producing impacts, such as basin formation, older than about 3.9 Ga.
Deep‐sea volcaniclastic sedimentary systems: an example from La Fournaise volcano, Réunion Island, Indian Ocean

A volcaniclastic sedimentary fan extending to water depths of 4000 m is characterized using gravity cores, camera surveys, high‐resolution sonar images, seismic records and bathymetry from the submarine portion of La Fournaise volcano, Réunion Island, a basaltic shield volcano in the SW Indian Ocean.