Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Young Magellanic Cluster NGC 2004

Results are presented of new CCD photometric observations conducted at the 2.2-m ESO/MPI telescopes at La Silla of stars in the field of the LMC cluster NGC 2004, which include B, V photometry for more than 1500 objects. A new color-magnitude (CM) diagram is presented, showing a well-defined blue sequence (BS) of H-burning stars, running from V of about 21 mag up to V of about 13 mag; a group of cluster He-burning red supergiants with V of about 13 mag; and a clump of field red giants at V of about 19 mag. Theoretical evolutionary computations covering the range of massive stars evolving in the cluster were found to match the observed CM diagram under condition that a low-efficiency luminosity function is adopted. A comparison of the theoretical luminosity function with the upper portion of the observed BS distribution indicates a cluster age of about 8 million years. 30 refs.
Vibration and damping analysis of cylindrical shells with constrained damping treatment - a comparison of three theories

Cylindrical shells with a constrained damping layer treatment are studied using three theories. The finite element method is made use of in the study. The nondimensional frequencies and loss factors predicted by the three theories are compared and the theories are evaluated. The importance of inclusion of the extensional effects in the core and its effect on the loss factor is brought out in this study
Speech reception thresholds in noise for native and non‐native listeners

The noise level at which native and non‐native listeners could repeat about 50% of very simple English sentences was measured with an adaptive procedure. The 14 non‐native listeners were primarily native French speaking and were 19 to 53 years old. Four native listeners were 16 to 53 years old. On each trial the listener repeated one sentence presented at 70 dB SPL via loudspeakers in an anechoic chamber. If the entire sentence was correct, the noise level was increased; otherwise it was decreased. the step size was 5 dB until the first reversal and 2 dB thereafter. The speech reception threshold, SRT, was defined as the average noise level of ten trials following the first reversal. Three SRTs were measured for each listener. All listeners could repeat eight practice sentences presented in the quiet with 100% accuracy. The average SRTs were 57 dB SPL for listeners with minimal experience in English, 62 dB SPL for listeners with moderate experience, and 68 dB SPL for listeners with extensive experience. N.
Redox Regulation of Autophagy in Cancer: Mechanism, Prevention and Therapy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), products of normal cellular metabolism, play an important role in signal transduction. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process in response to various stress conditions, such as nutritional deprivation, organelle damage and accumulation of abnormal proteins. ROS and autophagy both exhibit double-edged sword roles in the occurrence and development of cancer. Studies have shown that oxidative stress, as the converging point of these stimuli, is involved in the mechanical regulation of autophagy process. The regulation of ROS on autophagy can be roughly divided into indirect and direct methods. The indirect regulation of autophagy by ROS includes post-transcriptional and transcriptional modulation. ROS-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of autophagy includes the post-translational modifications and protein interactions of AMPK, Beclin 1, PI3K and other molecules, while transcriptional regulation mainly focuses on p62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Notably, ROS can directly oxidize key autophagy proteins, such as ATG4 and p62, leading to the inhibition of autophagy pathway. In this review, we will elaborate the molecular mechanisms of redox regulation of autophagy in cancer, and discuss ROS- and autophagy-based therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
Expected effects of hot CCD pixels on detection of transits of extra-solar planets with the Kepler Mission

Detection of Earth sized extra-solar planets by the transit method requires measurement of quite small variations (~8x10-5) in the brightness of candidate stars. Noise contributed by hot pixels in CCD detectors operating in the space environment, among other noise sources, must be understood and controlled in order to design transit experiments like the Kepler Mission, which will attempt to measure the distribution of planets as small as the Earth around solar type stars from space. We have analyzed the hot pixel statistics for CCD detectors on several operating space instruments and conclude that neither the amplitude nor the variability of hot pixels will significantly impair the ability of the Kepler Mission to detect transits of earth sized planets transiting solar type stars. The Kepler Mission is currently in the design stage and is expected to begin operation in 2007.
Difference approximation to Aubry–Mather sets of the forced Burgers equation

Jauslin–Kreiss–Moser and W E made clear the connection between the Aubry–Mather theory and the inviscid forced Burgers equation with a -periodic forcing term and established the smooth approximation of -periodic entropy solutions of the PDE. This paper presents results of a difference approximation to the Aubry–Mather sets. We prove the convergence of the Lax–Friedrichs scheme for the -periodic entropy solutions. This result leads to difference approximations of the corresponding effective Hamiltonian and -periodic viscosity solutions of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. We numerically construct the Aubry–Mather sets through the approximate entropy solutions, based on the dynamical properties of the Aubry–Mather sets.
Atomic data from the IRON project - XLVI. Electron excitation of $\mathsf{3s3p^6 and 3s^{2}3p^{4}3d}$ fine-structure transitions in Fe x

Electron excitation collision strengths for fine-structure transitions 3s 2 3p 5 -3s3p 6 , 3s 2 3p 5 -3s 2 3p 4 3d and 3s3p 6 -3s 2 3p 4 3d in Fe x, are calculated using a 180-level Breit-Pauli R-matrix calculation containing the above levels together with those from 3s3p 5 3d and 3s 2 3p 3 3d 2 configurations. The collision strength is averaged over a Maxwellian velocity distribution to obtain the effective fine-structure collision strengths as a function of electron temperature from $\log T({\rm K})=5.4-7.0$. We show that low-energy resonances enhance the effective collision strength, with significant effects on level populations.
Reasoning to and from belief: Deduction and induction are still distinct

Along with others we believe there has been a distinct paradigm shift in the psychology of deductive reasoning. Many authors have moved away from a model of rational reasoning based on extensional bivalent logic in favour of a Bayesian approach in which all premises and conclusion are represented with a degree of uncertainty. This leaves the important question of whether deductive reasoning is now distinct from inductive inference, which has traditionally been studied in separate literatures. We argue that induction remains both logically and psychologically distinct from the probabilistic deduction of the new paradigm. Although both forms of inference lead to conclusions with degrees of uncertainty, inductions cannot be probabilistically valid. That is, their conclusions are by their nature more uncertain than their premises. By contrast, valid deduction from uncertain premises cannot increase that uncertainty. The two forms of inference also have distinct purposes: induction adds new beliefs whereas deduction draws out implications from what is already believed.
Combinatorial investigation of the isolated nanoparticle to coalescent layer transition in a gradient sputtered gold nanoparticle layer on top of polystyrene

Within a combinatorial investigation, a gradient sputtered gold layer on top of polystyrene on silicon substrate is addressed. Results from a real-space inspection by transmission electron microscopy are compared with surface-sensitive microbeam grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering. The combinatorial approach allows distinguishing different morphologies prepared under exactly the same environmental conditions on one single substrate. The transition of a coalescent layer to an isolated nanoparticle layer is determined as a function of sputter rate. Though optical spectra show only slight differences, the morphology and structure are distinctly different from evaporated layers prepared with same mass thickness.
A Search for Very Low Mass Pre-Main-Sequence Stars in Taurus

We present the initial results of a deep CCD survey for very low mass pre–main-sequence (PMS) stars in selected fields of the Taurus molecular cloud complex. The results reported herein span a little over half a square degree in the dark clouds L1495, L1529, L1551, and B209. Our survey is complete down to IC ∼ 19 at (R - I)C ∼ 2.5, which enables us to probe well below the hydrogen burning limit at 1–2 Myr. From follow-up spectroscopic observations we have identified nine new low-mass T Tauri stars (TTSs). A large fraction of the new PMS objects (5/9) have very low masses as inferred from their late spectral types (≥M5), and comparison with recent evolutionary tracks and Pleiades brown dwarfs suggests that our M6–M6.5 new TTSs are very young brown dwarfs. Two of the new TTSs may constitute a new, moderately embedded, binary classical T Tauri system. The new young stars represent a ∼38% increase in the known PMS population of our survey area and a factor of ∼2 increase in the number of known late-type TTSs. In spite of our sensitivity, we detect no young stars with spectral types later than ∼M7. Our results illustrate the importance of spectroscopy in eliminating foreground M stars.
Optimizing the distance for bacterial treatment using surface micro-discharge plasma

Reactive plasma species generated by a surface micro-discharge (SMD) electrode are delivered to the target by diffusion and/or convection. In humid air conditions, the diffusion process is coupled with complicated plasma chemical reactions, which affect the density profiles of bactericidal agents. One may expect that the production of reactive plasma species can be optimized at a certain distance. Our experimental results found the optimum distance for achieving the highest bactericidal efficiency with plasma treatment using an SMD electrode. The optimum distance is about 2–4 mm from the SMD electrode to the target and depends on the geometry of the experiment. The bactericidal efficiency in the plasma-treated area can be improved by a factor of 30 if the bacterial samples are placed at the optimum distance. The results show the predominant role of the long-lived reactive plasma species. It is seen that the diffusion model of multi-plasma species with coupled plasma chemical reactions would be highly important for understanding the bactericidal property of cold atmospheric plasmas and therefore for optimizing cold atmospheric plasma sources for medical and biological applications.
A simple experiment to investigate two-dimensional mixing by Rayleigh-Taylor instability

A simple experiment to study the mixing of two different density fluids by the Rayleigh–Taylor instability has been performed. Several experiments are reported for nominally one‐dimensional homogeneous mixing and for experiments characterized by a large two‐dimensional motion superimposed on the mixing process. The one‐dimensional experiments show a plane mixing region that expands by Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. The two‐dimensional experiments show a contraction in the width of the mixing interface that is a result of the stretching action of the large‐scale motion. Image analysis techniques have been developed to provide quantitative measurements for use in a ‘‘two‐fluid’’ model of the mixing phenomena.
Hubble Space Telescope photometry of the central regions of Virgo cluster elliptical galaxies. 3: Brightness profiles

We have used the Planetary Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to study the morphology and surface brightness parameters of a luminosity-limited sample of fourteen elliptical galaxies in the Virgo cluster. The total apparent blue magnitudes of the galaxies range between 9.4 and 13.4. In this paper, the core brightness profiles are presented, while the overall morphology and the isophotal shapes are discussed in two companion papers (Jaffe et al. (1994); van den Bosch et al. (1994)). We show that, in spite of the spherical aberration affecting the HST primary mirror, deconvolution techniques allow recovery of the brightness profile up to 0.2 arcsec from the center of the galaxies. We find that none of the galaxies has an isothermal core. On the basis of their morphological and photometrical properties, the galaxies can be divided in two physically distinct groups, referred to as Type I and Type II. All of the Type I galaxies are classified as E1 to E3 in the Revised Shapley Ames Catalog (Sandage & Tammann 1981), while Type II galaxies are classified as E5 to E7. The characteristics of Type II galaxies are explained by the presence of disks component on both the 1 arcsec and the 10 arcsec scales, while Type I galaxies correspond to the classical disk-free ellipticals.
Pixelated phase mask as novel lithography RET

Novel RET-Pixelated Phase Mask (PPM) is proposed as a novel Resolution Enhancement Technique (RET). PPM is made of pixels of various phases with lateral dimensions significantly smaller than the illuminating radiation wavelength. Such PPM with a singular choice of pixel dimensions acts as a mask with variable phase and transmission due to radiation scattering and attenuation on pixel features with the effective intensity and phase modulated by the pixel layout. Key properties of the pixelated phase masks, the steps for their practical realization, and the benefits to random logic products discussed. Wafer patterning performance and comparative functional yield results obtained for a 65nm node microprocessor patterned with PPM, as well as current PPM limitations are also presented.
Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling

1. Review of Some Key Latent Variable Principles 2. Longitudinal Measurement Invariance 3. Structural Models for Comparing Dependent Means and Proportions 4. Fundamental Concepts of Stability and Change 5. Cross-Lagged Panel Models 6. Latent State-Trait Models 7. Linear Latent Growth Curve Models 8. Nonlinear Latent Growth Curve Models 9. Latent Difference Score Models 10. Latent Transition and Growth Mixture Models 11. Time Series Analysis 12. Survival Analysis Models 13. Missing Data and Attrition Appendix A: Notation Appendix B: A Primer on the Calculus of Change
VIBRATION OF THICK CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ON THE BASIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL THEORY OF ELASTICITY

Abstract In this paper, an approximate analysis using a layerwise approach is presented to study the vibration of thick circular cylindrical shells on the basis of three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The boundary conditions studied are simply supported–simply supported and clamped–clamped boundary conditions. In this approach, the thick cylindrical shell is discretized into an arbitrary number of thin cylindrical layers in the thickness direction and each layer assumes a three-dimensional stress state. The approach is similar in concept to the finite-strip method. The displacements for each layer are approximated by trigonometric functions in the axial and circumferential directions and by some linear-shape functions in the thickness direction. The governing equation is obtained using an energy minimization principle. Extensive frequency parameters, never seen in the literature before, have been presented for a wide range of thickness-to-radius ratios and thickness-to-length ratios. In addition, the frequency characteristics of thin and thick cylindrical shells are also studied and the displacement fields in the thickness direction for various thickness-to-radius ratios are also presented. The analysis has been verified by comparing results with those in the literature and excellent agreement is obtained.
Arbitrary Initial Term Structure within the CIR Model: A Perturbative Solution

Single‐factor interest rate models with constant coefficients are not consistent with arbitrary initial term structures. An extension which allows both arbitrary initial term structure and analytical tractability has been provided only in the Gaussian case. In this paper, within the context of the HJM methodology, an extension of the CIR model is provided which admits arbitrary initial term structure. It is shown how to calculate bond prices via a perturbative approach, and closed formulas are provided at every order. Since the parameter selected for the expansion is typically estimated to be small, the perturbative approach turns out to be adequate to our purpose. Using results on affine models, the extended CIR model is estimated via maximum likelihood on a time series of daily interest rate yields. Results show that the CIR model has to be rejected with respect to the proposed extension, and it is pointed out that the extended CIR model provides a more flexible characterization of the link between risk neutral and natural probability.
The Extreme-Ultraviolet Structure and Properties of a Newly Emerged Active Region

The structure and properties of a newly emerged solar active region (NOAA Active Region 7985) are discussed using the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) and the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. CDS obtained high-resolution EUV spectra in the 308-381 Å and 513-633 Å wavelength ranges, while EIT recorded full-disk EUV images in the He II (304 Å), Fe IX/X (171 Å), Fe XII (195 Å), and Fe XV (284 Å) bandpasses. Electron density measurements from Si IX, Si X, Fe XII, Fe XIII, and Fe XIV line ratios indicate that the region consists of a central high-density core with peak densities of the order of 1.2 × 1010 cm-3, which decrease monotonically to ~5.0 × 108 cm-3 at the active region boundary. The derived electron densities also vary systematically with temperature. Electron pressures as a function of both active region position and temperature were estimated using the derived electron densities and ion formation temperatures, and the constant pressure assumption was found to be an unrealistic simplification. Indeed, the active region is found to have a high-pressure core (1.3 × 1016 cm-3 K) that falls to 6.0 × 1014 cm-3 K just outside the region. CDS line ratios from different ionization stages of iron, specifically Fe XVI (335.4 Å) and Fe XIV (334.4 Å), were used to diagnose plasma temperatures within the active region. Using this method, peak temperatures of 2.1 × 106 K were identified. This is in good agreement with electron temperatures derived using EIT filter ratios and the two-temperature model of Zhang et al. The high-temperature emission is confined to the active region core, while emission from cooler (1-1.6) × 106 K lines originates in a system of loops visible in EIT 171 and 195 Å images. Finally, the three-dimensional geometry of the active region is investigated using potential field extrapolations from a Kitt Peak magnetogram. The combination of EUV and magnetic field extrapolations extends the "core-halo" picture of active region structure to one in which the core is composed of a number of compact coronal loops that confine the hot, dense, high-pressure core plasma while the halo emission emerges from a system of cooler and more extended loops.
Two-point priors and minimax estimation of a bounded parameter under convex loss

The problem of minimax estimation of a parameter θ when θ is restricted to a finite interval [θ0, θ0 +m] is studied. The case of a convex loss function is considered. Sufficient conditions for existence of a minimax estimator which is a Bayes estimator with respect to a prior concentrated in two points θ0 and θ0 +m are obtained. An example is presented.
Light induced instabilities in amorphous indium–gallium–zinc–oxide thin-film transistors

The effect of exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the characteristics of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc–oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabricated by sputtering is investigated. After illumination with 1.5 mW cm−2 of 365 nm radiation, in the absence of any bias stress, a persistent negative shift in the characteristics is observed in the dark. The magnitude of the shift increases with exposure time, saturating after about 10 min. Under these conditions the subthreshold exhibits a rigid shift of around 3.6 V and 7.5 V for TFTs with an active layer thickness of 20 nm and 50 nm, respectively. The shift in the dark increases (decreases) when a negative (positive) bias stress is applied under illumination. The instability behavior caused by exposure to light, in the absence of any bias stress, can be explained on the basis of ionization of neutral oxygen vacancies.
Statistical modelling of the wavelet coefficients with different bases and decomposition levels

Various wavelet coefficient statistics are useful to increase the compression efficiency of images. The distribution of the wavelet coefficients within a sub-band affects how the decompression values should be adjusted. A generalised Gaussian distribution model is seen to be applicable from a theoretical point of view, and a convenient way is provided to estimate the parameters from the empirical data. This knowledge is applied to examine the best statistical modelling of the wavelet coefficients for different wavelet bases and decomposition levels.
A chiral quantum router with Rydberg atoms

We exploit controlled breaking of time-reversal symmetry to realize coherent routing of quantum information in spin networks. The key component of our scheme is a spin triangle whose chirality is determined by the quantum state of a control qubit which thus defines the propagation direction, or a superposition thereof, of the quantum information. We then consider a particular realization of a coherent router using Rydberg atoms. Our results can facilitate scalable quantum information processing and communication in large arrays of Rydberg atoms.
AutoDIR: Automatic All-in-One Image Restoration with Latent Diffusion

In this paper, we aim to solve complex real-world image restoration situations, in which, one image may have a variety of unknown degradations. To this end, we propose an all-in-one image restoration framework with latent diffusion (AutoDIR), which can automatically detect and address multiple unknown degradations. Our framework first utilizes a Blind Image Quality Assessment Module (BIQA) to automatically detect and identify the unknown dominant image degradation type of the image. Then, an All-in-One Image Refinement (AIR) Module handles multiple kinds of degradation image restoration with the guidance of BIQA. Finally, a Structure Correction Module (SCM) is proposed to recover the image details distorted by AIR. Our comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that AutoDIR outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by achieving superior restoration results while supporting a wider range of tasks. Notably, AutoDIR is also the first method to automatically handle real-scenario images with multiple unknown degradations.