Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light-Transparent Phase Formed by Room-Temperature Compression of Graphite

Single-crystal graphite has been compressed at room temperature and found to undergo a transformation at 18 gigapascals as indicated by a drastic increase in the optical transmittance. This high-pressure phase is unquenchable; a more tranparent phase formed by the heating of this phase can be quenched at ambient conditions. This latter phase is probably «hexagonal diamond», and the present observations suggest that the structure of the transparent phase obtained by the room-temperature compression is different from the hexagonal diamond structure
Studies of levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils subjected to anthropopressure in the city of Poznan

TLC, GC and HPLC methods were employed to determine the concentrations of 16 PAHs in the surface level of soils subjected to a differentiated level of anthropopressure from the Poznan municipal area. PAH pollution was confirmed, primarily local pollution of soils at car and bus wash sites and fuel pumping stations and garden sites located in communal garden plots situated on previously recultivated areas. Research on such a broad scale was undertaken for the first time as well as a discussion in consideration of legal norms in force in Poland and worldwide. A low PAH level in the soils of the Poznan municipal area is confirmed by their biodegradation combined with the surface soil layer.
Effect of iodine dissociation in an auxiliary discharge on gain in a pulser-sustainer discharge excited oxygen–iodine laser

The paper presents the results of iodine vapour dissociation measurements in a high voltage, nanosecond pulse duration, repetitively pulsed discharge, used as an auxiliary (‘side’) discharge in an electric discharge excited oxygen–iodine laser. The side discharge, sustained in a high-pressure iodine vapour/helium mixture remained stable in the entire range of experimental conditions. Iodine dissociation fraction generated in the side discharge and measured in the laser cavity is up to 50%. However, the experiments showed that additional iodine dissociation generated in the side discharge only moderately increases laser gain, by 10–15%. Parametric gain optimization by varying main discharge pressure, O2 and NO fractions in the flow, I2 flow rate, pulsed discharge frequency and sustainer discharge power, with the side discharge in operation produces gain up to 0.08% cm−1. Two parameters that critically affect gain are the energy loading per molecule in the discharge and the NO flow rate controlling the O atom concentration in the flow. In particular, operation at the main discharge pressure of 60 Torr results in significantly higher gain than at 100 Torr, 0.080% cm−1 versus 0.043% cm−1, due to higher discharge energy loading per molecule at the lower pressure. Laser output power measured at the gain optimized conditions is 1.4 W.
Atomic‐scale study of vapour growth morphology of crystalline urea

The role of surface relaxation on habit controlling energetics and growth morphology are investigated within the framework of Burton‐Cabrera‐Frank (BCF) and Hartman‐Perdok (HP) models. The habit controlling energetics has been calculated using first principles method. The growth morphology obtained using BCF theory shows that the structural relaxation has considerable effect on growth morphology. The relaxed growth morphology obtained using BCF model match with the experimental result from vapour phase. On the other hand the shape obtained using HP model does not correspond with the experimental shape. Observed polar growth morphology of urea crystal has been discussed particularly in the context of different atomic environments of (111) and (111) faces. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamical effects in electron transfer reactions

A theoretical treatment is given for the effect of intramolecular vibrational and diffusive solvent orientational motions on the rate of electron transfer reactions. Four limiting cases are considered for the two‐electronic state problem: slow reaction, wide and narrow reaction window, and nondiffusing limits. With the aid of a decoupling approximation, an expression is derived for the reaction rate which reduces to the appropriate expression for each limiting case when the latter is approached. Under certain conditions the time dependence of the survival probability is multiexponential rather than single exponential. Because of this behavior two average survival times are defined and expressions for each are obtained. Experimental data are considered with the present treatment in mind. One feature of the present work is a more general analysis for the case that both vibrational and solvent diffusive motion contribute to the activation process. The relation to previous works in the literature is described.
Influence of different anionic polyelectrolyte dispersants on the rheological and electrokinetic properties of carbon nanotubes

Rheological (viscosity) and electrokinetic (zeta-potential) properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with different anionic polyelectrolyte dispersants (polyacrylic acid (PAA), ammonium salt of polymethacrylic acid (PMAA-NH4) and polyaspartic acid (PASPA)) in aqueous systems were investigated. PMAA-NH4 stabilized MWCNT suspensions showed higher maximum solid loading and lower intrinsic viscosity than other polyelectrolytes stabilized MWCNT suspensions.
Monitoring Chromia/Alumina Catalysts in Situ during Propane Dehydrogenation by Optical Fiber UV–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

A continuous-flow reactor system with in situ monitoring of the catalyst was developed. The catalyst surface was analyzed by collecting UV‐visible diffuse reflectance spectra through an optical fiber placed in the catalyst bed. The system was tested with a series of chromia/alumina catalysts (1 wt% Cr) under the conditions of propane dehydrogenation. The fast reduction of Cr 6C to Cr 3C under propane stream could be detected. Increase in the catalytic activity with the alumina pretreatment temperature was tentatively ascribed to the presence ofµ -alumina, and decrease in the activity during calcination to incorporation of Cr 3C inside the alumina sup
Effective Contrastive Weighting for Dense Query Expansion

Verbatim queries submitted to search engines often do not sufficiently describe the user’s search intent. Pseudo-relevance feedback (PRF) techniques, which modify a query’srepresentation using the top-ranked documents, have been shown to overcome such inadequacies and improve retrieval effectiveness for both lexical methods (e.g., BM25) and dense methods (e.g., ANCE, ColBERT). For instance, the recent ColBERT-PRF approach heuristically chooses new embeddings to add to the query representation using the inverse document frequency (IDF) of the underlying tokens. However, this heuristic potentially ignores the valuable context encoded by the embeddings. In this work, we present a contrastive solution that learns to select the most useful embeddings for expansion. More specifically, a deep language model-based contrastive weighting model, called CWPRF, is trained to learn to discriminate between relevant and non-relevant documents for semantic search. Our experimental results show that our contrastive weighting model can aid to select useful expansion embeddings and outperform various baselines. In particular, CWPRF can improve nDCG@10 by upto to 4.1% compared to an existing PRF approach for ColBERT while maintaining its efficiency.
CROP RESPONSES TO INTERACTION BETWEEN PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND NUTRIENTS

SUMMARY In the present review a number of examples has been made to cover the aspects of interactions of phytohormones and nutrients in the growth and development of plants which include plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, dry weight, plant growth rate, relative growth rate, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, carbon dioxide exchange rate, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, photosynthetically active radiation, ethylene evolution, nitrate reductase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity, nutrient accumulation, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, productive use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, seed yield, seed yield merit, seed N content, nitrogen yield merit, merit of genotype biological yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil yield, oil content, acid value, iodine value and saponification value. So the present study indicates that the process of growth and development in addition to the yield of plants is significantly affected by the phytohormones along with nutrients in both irrigated and non -irrigated conditions has been described in detail.
Comparative biochemical assessment of the amniotic fluid and maternal plasma of pregnant rabbits

The following were determined for pregnant New Zealand White x Chinchilla rabbits on day 28 post-service: maternal plasma and the amniotic fluid concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (PO4), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), amylase, total proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin-globulin ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, and uric acid. The maternal plasma concentrations of Ca, CK, ALT, amylase, total proteins, albumin, globulins, cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those found in the amniotic fluid. The AP level was significantly higher in the amniotic fluid than in the maternal plasma (P<0.05). There was no cholesterol in the amniotic fluid. These findings might be relevant in prenatal detection of disease states in both the dam and the foetus.
Fabrication, Characterization, and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Cu‐Doped PbTiO3 and Its Hydrogen Production Activity

We report herein the fabrication of visible‐light responsive n‐type PbTiO3 by a combustion method and p‐type Cu‐doped PbTiO3 by an impregnation method to improve hydrogen production activity. Copper was doped into the PbTiO3 lattice up to 1 wt %; any further increase in the loading resulted in the formation of CuO on the surface of the sample. Photoluminescence confirmed that 1 wt % Cu‐doped PbTiO3 effectively suppressed the defects in PbTiO3, which helped to reduce the recombination rate of the photoinduced charge carriers. The prepared PbTiO3 photocatalyst behaves as an n‐type semiconductor, whereas 1 wt % Cu‐doped PbTiO3 behaves as a p‐type semiconductor. The photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of PbTiO3 increased with increasing Cu content up to 1 wt % and thereafter decreased upon further loading. The 1 wt % Cu‐doped PbTiO3 sample showed higher activity for hydrogen liberation than pristine PbTiO3 (2.5 times) and all of the other CuO‐loaded samples. The energy conversion efficiency of 1 wt % Cu‐doped PbTiO3 was 5.95 % for hydrogen production under visible‐light irradiation. The enhanced hydrogen production activity of Cu‐doped PbTiO3 was discussed on the basis of optimum copper doping, photoluminescence intensity, and their band‐edge positions. However, the higher activity of CuO‐loaded (>1 wt %) PbTiO3 relative to that of neat PbTiO3 is perhaps a result of the extensive light absorption properties of the CuO nanoparticles, which help to generate more electron–hole pairs on the surface.
3-D Simulation and Visualization of Laminar Flow in a Microchannel with Hair-Pin Curves

The purpose of the present study was to investigate fluidic behavior in a microchannel with hair-pin curves, using a three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics simulation, and to observe the 3-D flow pattern, to validate the simulation. The microchannel used was fabricated on a PMMA plate using a flat-end mill. The channel width and depth were 210 and 205 μm, respectively, and the radius of each hair-pin curve was 500 μm. Two liquids; purified water and an aqueous solution of 50 μmol/L fluorescein, were introduced into the microchannel through different inlets and were merged, forming a side-by-side parallel flow in the straight channel. When the average velocity was 25 mm/s, the liquid was thrust outward by centrifugal force and, as a result, the vertical line that crossed the central axis was distorted after passing the first hair-pin curve. At the second hair-pin curve, the centrifugal force was exerted in the opposite direction, and the distorted line returned nearly to an initial vertical line. When the average velocity was 125 mm/s, however, the vertical line, which was distorted at the first hair-pin curve, did not recover to the initial vertical line after the second curve. The interface between the two liquids was permanently waved. The simulation was in good agreement with the experimental data. The results suggest that the diffusion rate through the interface of two liquids in microchannels with hair-pin curves can increase, compared to that in straight microchannels. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1530–1535, 2004
Physical and Sensory Properties of Vacuum Microwave Dehydrated Shrimp

Abstract Physical and sensory properties of vacuum microwave dried shrimp were evaluated and compared with those of air and freeze dried samples. Samples prepared by vacuum microwave drying of 4 kW, 100 mm Hg (V4-1) had less shrinkage as well as higher rehydration potential (RP) and water retention ability (WRA) than air dried samples. Reducing microwave power or increasing pressure resulted in higher shrinkage and tougher texture with losses of RP and WRA. Although inferior in structure retention, RP, and WRA, rehydrated V4-1 shrimp were comparable in sensory ratings for color, texture, aroma/flavor, and overall acceptability to the rehydrated freeze dried samples.
ToF‐SIMS characterization of the lipid layer on the hair surface. II : Effect of the 18‐MEA lipid layer on surface hydrophobicity

In this study, the effect of the damage level of 18‐MEA on the hydrophobicity of hair surfaces and the mechanism of technology for replenishment of the lipid on damaged hair surfaces were examined using Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). The surface amount of 18‐MEA was measured in Japanese women by ToF‐SIMS. It was obvious that the 18‐MEA was decreased drastically by coloring treatments, especially in individuals who underwent such treatments more than two times per year. Additionally, even in hair without any chemical treatments, more than 80 percent of 18‐MEA was removed at the portion 40 cm from the hair root. The relationship between the surface contact angle of the hair fiber and the 18‐MEA amount showed that 18‐MEA played an important role in surface hydrophobicity. It was found that, as a replenishment technology of the surface lipid layer, 18‐MEA conditioner treatment combined with a specific cationic surfactant (Stearoxypropyldimethylamine: SPDA) effectively results in persistent hydrophobicity and low friction on damaged hair surfaces. ToF‐SIMS analyses revealed that the homogeneous adsorption layer provided by 18‐MEA/SPDA treatment resulted in effective hydrophobicity in damaged hair. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron microscopic study of deformation in polyethylene

Thin films of polyethylene prepared from blends of fractionated polymer and a linear hydrocarbon (n-C32H66) have been used to study the role of intercrystalline links in the deformation of semicrystalline polymer under uniaxial stress. These links have been found to be strong and virtually inextensible elements of the structure. It is shown that they are firmly attached to the chain-folded lamellar crystals they bridge (both within the same spherulite and across boundaries between adjacent spherulites) and that, by concentrating applied stress, they commonly induce these lamellae to begin yielding in regions close to their points of attachment. Where there are many closely spaced links the stress is distributed fairly evenly, and drawing is relatively smooth and uniform. With more sparsely distributed links, however, stresses tend to be concentrated at widely separated points; deformation then tends to be severe and highly localized, often resulting in failure of the material upon drawing. There are indications that stress is also transmitted between chain-folded lamellae in ways other than by intercrystalline links. One such way is by means of chain ends and molecular loops that emerge from the surfaces of these crystals and are embedded in interlamellar material. Experiments in which the deformed films were subsequently heated confirm earlier conclusions that extended chains in drawn polymer may undergo refolding during annealing.
Natural Sources of Metals to the Environment

Almost all metals present in the environment have been biogeochemically cycled since the formation of the Earth. Human activity has introduced additional processes that have increased the rate of redistribution of metals between environmental compartments, particularly since the industrial revolution. However, over most of the Earth's land surface the primary control on the distribution of metals is the geochemistry of the underlying and local rocks except in all but the worst cases of industrial contamination and some particular geological situations. Fundamental links between chemistry and mineralogy lead to characteristic geochemical signatures for different rock types. As rocks erode and weather to form soils and sediments, chemistry and mineralogy again influence how much metal remains close to the source, how much is translocated greater distances, and how much is transported in solutions that replenish ground and surface water supplies. In addition, direct processes such as the escape of gases and fluids along major fractures in the Earth's crust, and volcanic related activity, locally can provide significant sources of metals to surface environments, including the atmosphere and sea floor. As a result of these processes the Earth's surface is geochemically inhomogeneous. Regional scale processes lead to large areas with enhanced or depressed metal levels that can cause biological effects due to either toxicity or deficiency if the metals are, or are not, transformed to bioavailable chemical species.
Microbial oxidation of arsenite and occurrence of arsenite‐oxidizing bacteria in acid mine water from a sulfur‐pyrite mine

Abstract The acid mine waters (pH 2.0–2.4) discharged from the Matsuo sul‐fur‐pyrite mine contained high concentrations of dissolved inorganic arsenic (2–13 ppm). Arsenic in the superficial acid mine waters was predominantly in the (V) state (arsenate); however, the element in the water from a deep mine drift was almost in the (III) state (arsenite). Microbial arsenite oxidation occurred in the acid mine waters and along the stream of the river, which was contaminated with a large volume of the mine drift water. Arsenite (500 ppm As)‐resistant bacteria (0–27 colonies/ml) were detected in the water samples and 208 slant cultures were obtained. Arsenite‐oxidizing activities of all the cultures were determined and six strains with strong arsenite‐oxidizing activity were isolated. These bacteria were acidophilic (optimum growth pH, 3—4), gram‐negative, aerobic, and rod‐shaped. They could not oxidize ferrous iron and elemental sulfur as a sole energy source and not derive the energy for chemoautotrophic growth.
Fluorescent copper(I) complexes: correlation of structural and emission characteristics of [{Cul(quin)2}2] and [Cu4I4(quin)4](quin = quinoline)

Copper(I) iodide forms complexes of stoicheiometry 1:1:2 and 1:1:1 with quinoline(quin). [{Cul(quin)2}2](1)[monoclinic, space group A2/a, a= 25.620(6), b= 7.495(2), c= 20.314(4)A, β= 111.60(1)°, Z= 8, R= 0.082 for 1 828 observed reflections] crystallizes with isolated rhombohedra of Cu2I2, each copper bound to the nitrogen atoms of two quinoline groups. Complex (1) displays a broad-band emission spectrum (λmax. 620 nm) which is independent of temperature. [Cu4I4(quin)4](2)[triclinic, space group P, a= 12.161(8), b= 15.142(8), c= 12.162(6)A, α= 103.75(4), β= 109.54(5), γ= 107.18(5)°, Z= 2, R= 0.095 for 2 802 observed reflections] displays a distorted parallelogram of four copper atoms, bridged on opposite edges by iodine atoms and with two additional iodine atoms face-bridging sets of three copper atoms on opposite sides of the parallelogram. The room temperature emission band (λmax. 625 nm) is broad and featureless whereas the 15-K spectrum displays considerable fine structure (490–620 nm).
A "HYDRODYNAMIC" MODEL OF LONG POLYMER CHAIN MOTION IN PULSED FIELD

Предложена “гидродинамическая” модель движения полимерных цепей, учитывающая упругие силы натяжения цепи, призванная заменить диффузионную теорию рептаций при описании динамики длинных полимерных цепей в процессе импульсного гель-электрофореза фрагментов ДНК. Для свободно сочлененной цепи на основе статистического подхода получено термодинамическое уравнение состояния отрезка цепи в поре геля, связывающее упругую силу и плотность длины цепи в поре. Равновесие электрических сил, градиента упругих сил и сил трения для отрезка цепи в поре геля описывается нелинейным уравнением диффузионного типа. На кластере из 11 компьютеров проведены обширные численные расчеты, подвердившие способность предложенной модели “одномерной гидродинамики” описывать сложное трехмерное поведение длинных цепей ДНК в процессе импульсного гель-электрофореза. Выявлена важная роль ветвлений цепи в динамике ее движения.
Reaction Kinetics of Wet Combustion of Crude Oils

The application of wet forward combustion requires reliable kinetic data for the chemical reactions occurring during process. The presence of water in injected air seems to have a significant effect on the process. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of water on combustion reaction kinetics in limestone packs containing heavy oils where simultaneous injection of air and water was realized. During this work, experiments were conducted in a reaction kinetics cell made of stainless steel. Five different crude oils from Turkish oil fields were investigated. In all experiments, water (0.35 cc/min) was simultaneously injected with air (1.5 lt/min). Linearly increasing temperature at a rate of 1°C/min was used and reaction products of CO2, CO, and O2, and temperature were recorded continuously. Arrhenius constant, relative reaction rates, activation energies were determined using reaction kinetics model. Results showed that partial pressure of oxygen had on effect in reaction parameters and considerable difference existed when comparison is made with experiments where only air was used. Product gases, CO2, CO, and O2 were lower when water was present. The logarithmic relationship between atomic H/C and temperature was observed however the constants of the equation were lower in simultaneous air-water injection. At higher temperatures where fuel combustion reaction occurs, activation energies were higher when water was present. For low temperature reactions, activation energies were lower.