Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the mode-segregated aerosol particle number concentration load : contributions of primary and secondary particles in Hyytiälä and Nanjing

1) Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 2) Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research and Development, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland 3) Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences & School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China 4) Institute for Climate and Global Change Research & School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
The tide that lifts all boats? Acquisitions and CEO-TMT pay disparity in the Netherlands

The purpose of this paper is to examine how firm growth, and its decomposition into acquisitive and organic growth, can serve as an antecedent to the disparity in pay between the CEO and other top management team (TMT) members. ,Drawing on tournament theory, the authors argue that acquisitive and organic growth strategies have different effects on CEO-TMT pay disparity. ,The authors find that acquisitive growth, measured through the number and size of acquisitions, increases CEO-TMT pay disparity while organic growth has no effect on CEO-TMT pay disparity. ,The findings, based in the context of the Netherlands, imply that boards in their monitoring activity may need to take into account the potential incentive effects of acquisitive activity as CEOs may have a greater motivation to engage in acquisitions than their fellow TMT members. ,This paper contributes to the literature on relative compensation and incentives and the literature on managerial compensation and firm strategy. To investigate the role of firm growth in increasing CEO-TMT pay disparity, the authors adopt a fine-grained approach along two dimensions. First, the authors disaggregate firm growth into organic and acquisition driven firm growth. Second, the authors disaggregate pay disparity in these components.
The Agulhas Plateau: Structure and evolution of a Large Igneous Province

SUMMARY Large Igneous Provinces (LIP) are of great interest due to their role in crustal generation, magmatic processes and environmental impact. The Agulhas Plateau in the southwest Indian Ocean off South Africa has played a controversial role in this discussion due to unclear evidence for its continental or oceanic crustal affinity. With new geophysical data from seismic refraction and reflection profiling, we are able to present improved evidence for its crustal structure and composition. The velocity‐depth model reveals a mean crustal thickness of 20 km with a maximum of 24 km, where three major units can be identified in the crust. In our seismic reflection records, evidence for volcanic flows on the Agulhas Plateau can be observed. The middle crust is thickened by magmatic intrusions. The up to 10 km thick lower crustal body is characterized by high seismic velocities of 7.0‐7.6 km s −1 . The velocity‐depth distribution suggests that the plateau consists of overthickened oceanic crust similar to other oceanic LIPs such as the Ontong-Java Plateau or the northern Kerguelen Plateau. The total volume of the Agulhas Plateau was estimated to be 4 × 10 6 km 3 of which about 10 per cent consists of extruded igneous material. We use this information to obtain a first estimate on carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide emission caused by degassing from this material. The Agulhas Plateau was formed as part of a larger LIP consisting of the Agulhas Plateau itself, Northeast Georgia Rise and Maud Rise. The formation time of this LIP can be estimated between 100 and 94 (± 5) Ma.
Enhancing Intelligence: From the Group to the Individual

Research aimed at testing whether short-term training programs can enhance intelligence is mainly concentrated on behavior. Expected positive effects are found sometimes, but the evidence is far from conclusive. It is assumed that training must evoke changes in the brain for observing genuine improvements in behavior. However, behavioral and brain data are seldom combined in the same study. Here we present one example of this latter type of research summarizing, discussing, and integrating already published results. The training program was based on the adaptive dual n-back task, and participants completed a comprehensive battery measuring fluid and crystallized ability, along with working memory and attention control, before and after training. They were also submitted to MRI scanning at baseline and post-training. Behavioral results revealed positive effects for visuospatial processing across cognitive domains. Brain imaging data were analyzed by longitudinal voxel-based morphometry, tensor-based morphometry, surface-based morphometry, and structural connectivity. The integration of these multimodal brain results provides clues about those observed in behavior. Our findings, along with previous research and current technological advances, are considered from the perspective that we now live in ideal times for (a) moving from the group to the individual and (b) developing personalized training programs.
Glaucoma Sources of Structural Autofluorescence in the Human Trabecular Meshwork

Citation: Huang AS, Gonzalez Jr JM, Le PV, Heur M, Tan JCH. Sources of structural autofluorescence in the human trabecular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:4813– 4820. DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-11235 PURPOSE. In situ 2-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) of the human trabecular meshwork (TM) reveals beams of heterogeneous autofluorescence (AF) comprising high intensity fluorescent fibers (AF-high) on a background of lower intensity fluorescence (AF-low). To determine the sources of this AF heterogeneity, we imaged human TM to characterize AF, second harmonic generation (SHG) for collagen, and eosin-labeled fluorescence identifying elastin.
9th grade students’ understanding and strategies when solving 
x(t)
 problems in 1D kinematics and 
y(x)
 problems in mathematics

We design, validate, and administer a 24-item test to study student understanding of linear functions in 1D kinematics [xðtÞ] and mathematics [yðxÞ] in the 9th grade. The items assess identification and comparison of initial position and velocity in 1D kinematics and of the y intercept and slope in mathematics using a graph or an algebraic formula. Results show that students’ performance on most mathematics items is significantly better than on their isomorphic kinematic counterparts, but also that most of the easiest as well as the most difficult items are kinematics items. Students achieve the highest accuracies on graphical questions in which they must compare two positive slopes, and they achieve the lowest accuracies on questions in which they must determine or compare a negative slope. We find that students have more difficulties with the y intercept in mathematics and with the slope in kinematics. Furthermore, questions in symbolic representation result in far lower accuracies compared to questions in graphical representation, particularly when the y intercept or the slope has to be determined instead of compared. We also analyze the results qualitatively by categorizing the students’ strategies and errors. We find frequent confusion between the x intercept and the y intercept in mathematics, but far less in kinematics. Negative velocities in kinematics are by far the largest pitfall, whereas negative slope in mathematics is rarely an issue. The results also show a significant frequency of interval or point confusions in kinematics but very little in mathematics. We reaffirm the occurrence of the interval or point confusion in questions with graphs and discuss three different cases of interval or point confusions in questions with algebraic expressions: numerical, algebraic, and unit based. Our results indicate a weak link between kinematics and mathematics and we suggest that closer integration between these two contexts during education could benefit student understanding of linear functions and linear phenomena in kinematics.
Smartphone Usage Among Malaysian Undergraduate Nursing Students During Clinical Placement

Introduction: Smartphone has become one of the basic needs for each person in daily life especially in health care setting. It acts as medium for the healthcare providers to communicate through e-mail, access information regarding the disease and drug information as well as managing their schedule. The adoption of smartphone had given the positive impact on nursing students in clinical learning experiences. However, as the number in utilizing it increases, it may expose the healthcare providers to risk of violation of patient privacy and confidentiality as well affecting their professionalism. Objectives: This study was aimed to examine the smartphone usage among undergraduate nursing students during clinical placement. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at one of the university in Malaysia. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample and 202 participants were involved in this study. The data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Result: The result showed that majority of the nursing students in this study (82.7%) have used smartphone during their work hours in clinical practice. They mainly used the smartphone for work-related purposes including searching for information on drugs, patients’ medical or health condition, patient care and patient education materials as well as communicating with their teammates. Yet, there were students who used smartphone for non-work-related activities such as online shopping, checking or posting status on social media and playing online games as well as communicating with friends and family.
Instability of a Diffusive Boundary Layer beneath a Capillary Transition Zone

Natural convection induced by carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolution from a gas cap into the resident formation brine of a deep saline aquifer in the presence of a capillary transition zone is an important phenomenon that can accelerate the dissolution process, reducing the risk of CO2 leakage to the shallower formations. Majority of past investigations on the instability of the diffusive boundary layer assumed a sharp CO2–brine interface with constant CO2 concentration at the top of the aquifer, i.e., single-phase system. However, this assumption may lead to erroneous estimates of the onset of natural convection. The present study demonstrates the significant effect of the capillary transition zone on the onset of natural convection in a two-phase system in which a buoyant CO2 plume overlaid a water-saturated porous layer. Using the quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA), we performed a linear stability analysis to assess critical times, critical wavenumbers, and neutral stability curves as a function of Bond number. We show that the capillary transition zone could potentially accelerate the evolution of the natural convection by sixfold. Furthermore, we characterized the instability problem for capillary-dominant, in-transition, and buoyancy-dominant systems. In the capillary-dominant systems, capillary transition zone has a strong role in destabilizing the diffusive boundary layer. In contrast, in the buoyancy-dominant systems, the buoyancy force is the sole cause of the instability, and the effect of the capillary transition zone can be ignored. Our findings provide further insight into the understanding of the natural convection in the two-phase CO2–brine system and the long-term fate of the injected CO2 in deep saline aquifers.
A Method for Identifying Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems in Radar Mosaics. Part II: Tracking

This research is Part II of a two-part study that evaluates the ability of image-processing and select machine-learning algorithms to detect, classify, and track midlatitude mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in radar-reflectivity images for the conterminous United States. This paper focuses on the tracking portion of this framework. Tracking is completed through a two-step process using slice (snapshots of instantaneous MCS intensity) data generated in Part I. The first step is to perform spatiotemporal matching, which associates slices through temporally adjacent radar-reflectivity images to generate swaths, or storm tracks. When multiple slices are found to be matches, a difference-minimization procedure is used to associate the most similar slice with the existing swath. Once this step is completed, a second step combines swaths that are spatiotemporally close. Tracking performance is assessed by calculating select metrics for all available swath-building perturbations to determine the optimal approach in tracking. Frequency maps and time series generated from the swaths suggest that the spatiotemporal occurrence of these swaths is reasonable as determined from previous work. Further, these events exhibit a diurnal cycle that is distinct from that of overall convection for the conterminous United States. Last, machine-learning predictions are found to limit areas of high MCS frequency to the central and eastern Great Plains.
LASEC: Instant Fabrication of Stretchable Circuits Using a Laser Cutter

This paper introduces LASEC, the first technique for instant do-it-yourself fabrication of circuits with custom stretchability on a conventional laser cutter and in a single pass. The approach is based on integrated cutting and ablation of a two-layer material using parametric design patterns. These patterns enable the designer to customize the desired stretchability of the circuit, to combine stretchable with non-stretchable areas, or to integrate areas of different stretchability. For adding circuits on such stretchable cut patterns, we contribute routing strategies and a real-time routing algorithm. An interactive design tool assists designers by automatically generating patterns and circuits from a high-level specification of the desired interface. The approach is compatible with off-the-shelf materials and can realize transparent interfaces. Several application examples demonstrate the versatility of the novel technique for applications in wearable computing, interactive textiles, and stretchable input devices.
Automatic Cavity Identification and Decomposition into Subpockets with CAVIAR

<p><b>Motivation. </b> The detection of small molecules binding sites in proteins is central to structure-based drug design and chemical biology. Many tools were developed in the last 40 years, but few of them are still available in 2020, open-source, and suitable for the analysis of large databases or for the integration in automatic workflows. No software can characterize subpockets solely with the information of the protein structure, a pivotal concept in fragment-based drug design. </p> <p><b>Results. </b> CAVIAR is a new open source tool for protein <u>cav</u>ity <u>i</u>dentification <u>a</u>nd <u>r</u>ationalization, supporting PDB and mmCIF files as well as DCD trajectories from molecular dynamics simulations. The protein structure serves as input for automatic cavity detection and computation of properties, including ligandability. A subcavity segmentation algorithm decomposes binding sites into subpockets without requiring the presence of a ligand. The defined subpockets mimick the empirical definitions of subpockets in medicinal chemistry projects. A tool like CAVIAR may be valuable to support chemical biology, medicinal chemistry and ligand identification efforts. Our analysis of the PDB shows that liganded cavities tend to be bigger, more hydrophobic and more complex than apo cavities. Moreover, in line with the paradigm of fragment-based drug design, the binding affinity scales relatively well with the number of subcavities filled by the ligand. Compounds binding to more than three subcavities are mostly in the nanomolar or better range of affinities to their target. </p> <p><b>Availability and implementation. </b>Installation notes, user manual and support for CAVIAR are available at <a href="https://jr-marchand.github. io/caviar/">https://jr-marchand.github. io/caviar/</a>. The CAVIAR GUI and CAVIAR command line tool are available on GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/jr-marchand/caviar">https://github.com/jr-marchand/caviar</a> and a conda package is hosted on Anaconda cloud at <a href="https://anaconda.org/jr-marchand/caviar">https://anaconda.org/jr-marchand/caviar</a>. The software suite is free and all of the source code is available under a permissive MIT license. The lists of PDB files used for validation, as well as the results of subpocket decomposition with CAVIAR and DoGSite are hosted on GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/jr-marchand/caviar/tree/master/validation_sets">https://github.com/jr-marchand/caviar/tree/master/validation_sets</a>. </p> <p><b>Contact: </b><a href="mailto:jean-remy.marchand@novartis.com">jean-remy.marchand@novartis.com</a>; <a href="mailto:finton.sirockin@novartis.com">finton.sirockin@novartis.com</a> </p><br>
GROWTH STRESSES AND CELLULOSE STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS IN TENSION AND NORMAL WOOD FROM THREE TROPICAL RAINFOREST ANGIOSPERMS SPECIES

Few studies have been conducted about relation between cellulose parameters and biomechanical properties of wood in tropical angiosperms species. For this purpose, on 13 trees from 3 species of French Guyana tropical rainforest in a clear active process of restoring verticality, i) growth strains were measured in situ in order to determine the occurrence of tension wood within samples and ii) cellulose structural parameters were estimated on all the samples using X-ray diffraction method. Crystallite size was estimated from the full-width at halfmaximum of the Miller index (002) arc diffraction and angle T was measured following Cave’s method. Relationships between these parameters and growth stresses were good and the variations between normal and tension wood were significant, i.e. a lower angle T and a larger crystallite size in tension wood. In order to have a good estimation of the microfibril angle in the main layer of the secondary wall for each species, an experimental calibration was done between angle T and microfibril angle observed with scanning electron microscopy.
COMPARISON OF INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FROM TASK-AND SYSTEM-BASED WORK ANALYSES

Cognitive engineers commonly use either system-based or task-based analysis methods to identify information content requirements for system design. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between these two classes of methods. This article provides a comparison of the requirements generated by one system-based analysis and two task-analyses in designing an interface for a complex production process. A comparison of the requirements identified by each analysis revealed that, while there was a substantial overlap between them, the two classes of methods produced largely complementary information. Further analysis revealed that the existing instrumentation system in the plant was not sufficient to support many of the content requirements, and that this limited the effectiveness of the existing interface. These findings yield important implications for the design of complex human-machine systems.
The mobile internet in the wild and every day: Digital leisure in the slums of urban India

The wild and the everyday point at once to twinned aspects of life and, in this article, to a technological imaginary drawing upon the use of the mobile internet in urban slums of India. The article responds to the rather untethered way, from the point of view of state regulation, in which the telecom market in India has devolved to include poor populations, stoking a repertoire of unconventional daily use of the internet by youth living in slums. This article serves to locate the ‘wild and everyday’ as a specific sociocultural space in relation to use of mobile Facebook among young populations invisible to mainstream research on internet and culture. While development, as conventionally understood, is not focused on purposive outcomes of digital leisure practice (romance, play, entertainment), we argue that online engagements such as these are powerful precursors to ecologies of learning, reconstituting our understandings of global and mobile internet practice.
Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty

We develop a new index of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) based on newspaper coverage frequency. Several types of evidence – including human readings of 12,000 newspaper articles – indicate that our index proxies for movements in policy-related economic uncertainty. Our US index spikes near tight presidential elections, Gulf Wars I and II, the 9/11 attacks, the failure of Lehman Brothers, the 2011 debt-ceiling dispute and other major battles over fiscal policy. Using firm-level data, we find that policy uncertainty raises stock price volatility and reduces investment and employment in policy-sensitive sectors like defense, healthcare, and infrastructure construction. At the macro level, policy uncertainty innovations foreshadow declines in investment, output, and employment in the United States and, in a panel VAR setting, for 12 major economies. Extending our US index back to 1900, EPU rose dramatically in the 1930s (from late 1931) and has drifted upwards since the 1960s.
Unintended Pregnancy and Associated Factors among Ethiopian Women

Background: Unintended pregnancy is a pregnancy that is either mistimed or unwanted at the time of conception. From 210 million pregnancies that occur each year globally, 80 million are unintended which 42 million results in induced abortions. Objective: To determine the magnitude and identify associated factors of unintended pregnancy among 15-49 years Ethiopian women who had a live birth within five years preceding the survey. Method: Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011 data was used. A total of 7759 women were included in the analysis. Association between unintended pregnancy and the categorical independent variables was assessed using Bivariate and Multivariable logistic regression analysis at 95% confidence level by STATA ver.11. 0 statistical software.
Consumption Growth and Inequality in a Heterogeneous Agent Model: Theory and Evidence from German Data

This paper studies the structure and dynamics of consumption and consumption growth inequality. The theoretical framework is a heterogeneous agent model with stochastic labor endowments, where the group mean consumption serves as consumption externality. The main finding is that households’ preferences affect the within-group inequality through asset holding decisions: it decreases with groups’ degree of patience, and increases with households’ eagerness to keep up with the group average. The relationship between the group average consumption growth and within-group inequality predicted by the model is shown as slightly positive yet significant in a synthesis study combining the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and the Einkommensund Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS). Age and household size are crucial for within-group inequality, as young and/or small households are more sensitive to income and consumption shocks. Large and well-educated households with unskilled jobs have undergone surprisingly inferior performance in consumption growth and growth variance. Moreover, the data also shows increases of within-group inequality directly after the reunification and the introduction of the euro.