Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of electrospinning parameters and polymer concentrations on mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion of randomly-oriented electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofiber mats

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber mats prepared by an electrospinning technique were used as an active layer for making mechanical-to-electric energy conversion devices. The effects of PVDF concentration and electrospinning parameters (e.g. applied voltage, spinning distance), as well as nanofiber mat thickness on the fiber diameter, PVDF β crystal phase content, and mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion properties of the electrospun PVDF nanofiber mats were examined. It was interesting to find that finer uniform PVDF fibers showed higher β crystal phase content and hence, the energy harvesting devices had higher electrical outputs, regardless of changing the electrospinning parameters and PVDF concentration. The voltage output always changed in the same trend to the change of current output whatever the change trend was caused by the operating parameters or polymer concentration. Both voltage and current output changes followed a similar trend to the change of the β crystal phase content in the nanofibers. The nanofiber mat thickness influenced the device electrical output, and the maximum output was found on the 70 μm thick nanofiber mat. These results suggest that uniform PVDF nanofibers with smaller diameters and high β crystal phase content facilitate mechanical-to-electric energy conversion. The understanding obtained from this study may benefit the development of novel piezoelectric nanofibrous materials and devices for various energy uses.
On Oscillations in Electron Streams

A critical discussion is given of the conventional procedure for determining whether a particular electron stream is unstable It is shown that in some cases where this analysis suggests instability the stream is stable, while in others, where instability does occur, neither the frequency nor the rate of build up of oscillations are as predicted. The physical causes of instability in an electron stream are also considered.
An effective chelating agent for labelling of monoclonal antibody with 212Bi for α-particle mediated radioimmunotherapy

The ligand N-[2-amino-3-(p-isothiocyanatophenyl)propyl]-(±)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N′,N″-pentaacetic acid has been synthesized and linked to IgG and to monoclonal antibody B72.3, and labelled with 206Bi and 212Bi to demonstrate the in vivo stability of the label and its utility for 212Bi-radioimmunotherapy.
Natural resin shellac as a substrate and a dielectric layer for organic field-effect transistors

Biocompatible and sustainable electronic-grade materials are integral for the development of electronics for biointegration and ‘use-and-throw’ applications. Herein we report the use of the natural resin shellac in organic field-effect transistors. Shellac was employed to cast robust and smooth substrates suitable for durable transistor devices. In addition shellac displays excellent insulating properties enabling its use as a high-quality dielectric layer for organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices. We demonstrate that two common organic semiconductors, pentacene and C60, show hysteresis-free operation in OFETs that employ shellac both as the substrate and as dielectric material. Shellac is a fully biocompatible (even edible) material that offers many advantages for OFET fabrication, including high dielectric breakdown fields, simple solution processing from ethanol solutions, and low temperature crosslinking at 50–70 °C. This work shows that shellac as a biomaterial can enable OFET applications where biocompatibility is necessary.
Potato Starch and Flour in Frankfurters: Effect on Chemical and Sensory Properties, and Total Plate Counts

Potato starch and flour were examined as possible constituents in frankfurter formulations. Frankfurters manufactured with 3% potato starch or 1.5% potato starch plus 1.5% potato flour in place of 3% wheat flour normally used as a binder, and stored at 4–5°C for 28 days did not differ significantly in percent shrink, water, protein, fat, ash or salt. Residual nitrite levels decreased during the storage period. Total plate counts reflect residual nitrite levels since the frankfurters (3% starch) with the lowest nitrite concentration also had the greatest number of bacteria (6.4 × 106/g) on day 28. Frankfurters formulated with 1.5% potato starch plus 1.5% potato flour were rated more tender and more juicy than those made with 3% potato starch (P≤0.05 and P≤0.01) and 3% wheat flour (P≤0.01 and P≤0.01), respectively. Fresh potato starch and wheat flour franks did not differ from each other in either characteristic but after one week's storage the potato starch samples were rated more tender (P≤0.05) and more juicy (P≤0.01). Less force was required to shear the frankfurters formulated with 3% potato starch.
Human cone photoreceptor responses measured by the electroretinogram a‐wave during and after exposure to intense illumination

1 We recorded the a‐wave of the electroretinogram from human subjects with normal vision, using a corneal fibre electrode and ganzfeld stimulation under photopic conditions, so as to extract the parameters of cone phototransduction. The amplitude of bright flash responses provided a measure of the massed circulating current of the cones, while the amplitude of dim flash responses provided a measure of the product of the fraction of cone photopigment present, and the amplification constant of transduction within the cones. 2 In the presence of steady background illumination, the cone circulating current declined to half at 3000 photopic trolands, and to a quarter at 20 000 photopic trolands. 3 At very early times after the delivery of a near‐total bleach, we could not determine the level of circulating current as our bright flashes did not appear to saturate the a‐wave (presumably because so little pigment was present). However, by 20–30 s after a total bleach, the cone circulating current had returned to its dark‐adapted level. 4 Following smaller bleaches (when ca 50 % of the pigment remained present) the bright flashes were able to saturate the a‐wave even at very early times. Within 3 s of extinction of the illumination, the cone circulating current had returned to its dark‐adapted level. 5 This is at least a factor of 300 times faster than the period of ca 15 min required for full recovery of rods exposed to the same level of bleach, and indicates a major difference between rods and cones in the way that they cope with the photoproducts of bleaching. 6 Despite the very rapid recovery of circulating current after bleaches, the recovery of dim‐flash sensitivity was much slower, with a time constant of ca 1.5 min after a near‐total bleach. This time course is very similar to previous measurements of the regeneration of cone photopigment, and it seems highly probable that the reduction in dim‐flash sensitivity results from pigment depletion.
Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys by Soluble Chromates, Chromate Coatings, and Chromate-Free Coatings

Abstract This review covers the aqueous chemistry of chromium and the origins of chromium toxicity. Evidence from older and more recent studies is presented showing that inhibition of Al corrosion is derived from both inhibition of oxygen reduction and inhibition of metal dissolution reactions mainly due to a delay in the onset of pitting. Inhibition of corrosion by chromates appears to be closely linked to their ability to irreversibly adsorb on to metal and oxide surfaces. With respect to chromate conversion coatings (CCCs), the evolution of modern coating formulations is presented with a focus on key advances that led to process simplification and improved coating performance. The current understanding of CCC formation, protection, and aging is presented. In the last section of the paper, processing and properties of selected chromate-free conversion coating chemistries is discussed. This discussion focuses on coatings that offer particularly attractive attributes such as self-healing and excellent adh.
The Effect of Fats in Whey Protein Isolate Powder

This research has studied the effects of using different types of whey protein isolate (WPI) powders with different fat concentrations on the surface concentrations and morphology of spray-dried powders and on the yields of powders from spray drying. Three different whey protein isolate (WPI) sources with three different trademarks, giving powders with different protein levels and fats concentrations, have been investigated in the present work by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The results showed that the WPI powders (NHS and Dr. Earth) with a high percentage of fats (1.5% and 10%, respectively) showed the greatest fat surface coverage of spray-dried WPI powders (inlet temperature 190°C, outlet temperature 95°C), with relatively low yields, 66% and 58%, respectively. The trademark (Fitlife) with the smallest amount of fats (0.5%) showed the maximum yield of 80%, with the greatest protein coverage on the outer surface. Furthermore, the XPS analysis of the spray-dried powders (inlet temperature 190°C, outlet temperature 95°C) also showed the maximum atomic percentage 18.6% N (from proteins) on the surface, in the case of the Fitlife source, followed by 0.2% and 2.4% for the other trademarks (Dr. Earth and NHS, respectively). Higher drying outlet temperatures (95°C) increased the yields but gave lower protein surface coverages due to rapid skin formation in the particles.
Zooplankton in the Po river during the summer of 1985

Abstract Zooplankton samples collected from a fixed station in the middle reach of the Po River during the summer of 1985 were examined. Changes in biocoenosis structure were analyzed in relation to variations in hydrometric and hydrological parameters (river flow rate, pH, dissolved oxygen). Under scanty flow conditions, the river waters show up a high trophic degree and Zooplankton, mainly represented by Rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus is the dominant species), attain very high densities (up to 6600indl‐1): under these conditions the biocoenosis is characterized by a marked stability, i.e. persistence in time and space of composition, abundance and diversity. An abrupt increase in flow acts as a disturbance factor destabilizing the biocoenosis organization.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ELECTROKINETIC MICROFLUIDICS IN COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT A numerical scheme is presented for simulating electrokinetic microfluidics in systems with arbitrary morphology. This scheme is based on a numerical solution of the coupled Poisson, Nernst–Planck, and Navier–Stokes equations. While traditional finite-difference methods were used to resolve the first two problems, the lattice Boltzmann method was applied to the latter. The developed numerical approach was used for the simulation of electroosmotic flow through a simple cubic array of hard (impermeable, nonconducting) micro-sized spheres. Volumetric electroosmotic flow was studied for dependence on electrical field strength, ζ-potential at the solid-liquid interface, electrical double layer interaction, and numerical grid resolution. Colloid stability and electrokinetics in microfluidic devices with particulate or monolithic fixed-bed elements represent two potential applications of this work.
The effect of Mg: Ca ratio and osmotic potential of nutrient solutions on calcium transport into emergent leaves of the strawberry plant cv. Cambridge favourite

Abstract Strawberry plants, cv. Cambridge Favourite were grown at osmotic potentials of ‐0.2 and ‐0.8 bars in nutrient solutions with magnesium : calcium ratios ranging from 0.3 to 5.6: 1. When the OP was ‐0.8 bars, all plants showed leaf tipburn, guttated little, yielded small volumes of exudate overnight from cut stolons and had small calcium concentrations and contents in their emergent leaves, regardless of the Mg: Ca ratio of the nutrient. No symptoms were seen in plants grown at an OP of ‐0.2 bars, although the calcium concentration in the emergent leaves was smaller when the Mg: Ca ratio of the nutrient exceeded 0.8: 1. The overall salt concentration, which reduced the water potential gradient through the root and prevented development of root pressure at night, was more important than the magnesium to calcium balance of the nutrient solution in causing a local calcium deficiency in emergent leaves of the strawberry plant.
Theoretical Study of the Alkaline Hydrolysis of a Bicyclic Aza-β-lactam

Various mechanisms for the alkaline hydrolysis of an aza-β-lactam in the gas phase were studied by ab initio calculations at the RHF/6-31+G*//RHF/6-31+G*, MP2/6-31+G*//MP2/6-31+G*, and B3LYP/6-31+G*//B3LYP/6-31+G* levels. Solvent effects were considered via IPCM (isodensity polarizable continuum model) calculations at the IPCM/6-31+G*//RHF/6-31+G* level. The alkaline hydrolysis of β-lactams begins with a nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl ion on the carbonyl of the β-lactam ring. The tetrahedral intermediate thus formed undergoes cleavage of the C7−N4 bond to give the reaction end products. In addition to the typical cleavage reaction, the β-lactam studied can undergo opening at the C7−N6 bond (Scheme 1). Both processes have a similar activation energy that varies slightly depending on the particular computation method used. The most stable end products are those formed via the typical mechanism. In any case, both mechanisms yield products possessing a carbamate group, which suggests that the starting az.
Deposition of Ultrafine Aerosols and Thoron Progeny in Replicas of Nasal Airways of Young Children

The deposition efficiencies of ultrafine aerosols and thoron progeny were measured in youth nasal replicas. Clear polyester-resin casts of the upper airways of 1.5-yr-old (Cast G), 2.5-yr-old (Cast H), and 4-yr-old (Cast I) children were used. These casts were constructed from series of coronal magnetic resonance images of healthy children. The casts extended from the nostril tip to the junction of the nasopharynx and pharynx. These casts were similar in construction to those used in previous studies (Swift et al. 1992; Cheng et al. 1993). Total deposition was measured for monodisperse NaCl or Ag aerosols between 0.0046 and 0.20 (Jim in diameter at inspiratory and expiratory flow rates of 3, 7, and 16 L min−1 (covering a near-normal range of breathing rates for children of different ages). Deposition efficiency decreased with increasing particle size and flow rate, indicating that diffusion was the main deposition mechanism. Deposition efficiency also decreased with increasing age at a given flow rate and.
Bent-shaped mesogens without an azomethine joint

A new series of banana-shaped mesogens with ethylene links in the branches and laterally substituted are presented. They form B1, B2, B6 and B7-like phases. The B7-like and B2 phases are not miscible although identical crystallographic structures are deduced from X-ray studies. The switching in the B7-like phase is without a threshold and occurs only in a small number of domains. Dielectric measurements do not confirm ferroelectric properties for the B7-like phase, and only a weak non-collective relaxation process was observed. In the B2 phase a collective and weak dielectric mode was detected. The B1 phase exhibits a columnar structure with a large rectangular cell 111.6 × 51 A2.
STORAGE STABILITY AND SENSORY ANALYSIS OF UHT‐PROCESSED WHEY‐BANANA BEVERAGES

ABSTRACT Selected characteristics of whey-fortiﬁed banana beverages stored at 4,20,30and40Cweremonitoredatspeciﬁctimeintervalsovera60-daystorageperiod.Theparticlevolumemeandiameter(D43)remainedunchangedfortheentire study and the particle surface area mean diameter (D32) changed onlyin the ﬁrst week. The products remained light-colored ( L * ~ 71) for 60 days;redness ( a *), yellowness ( b *) and saturation ( C *) increased with time atelevated storage temperatures. The Hue ( H *) was smaller at elevated tem-peratures. A sensory descriptive analysis panel generated terms to describeand quantify the sensory characteristics of the whey-banana beverage storedat 4C. The product was a sour, sweet, smooth beverage, with distinctivebanana ﬂavor and minimum off-ﬂavor. A consumer panel indicated that sour-ness and acidity were critical quality factors. The main differences detectedwere for sedimentation (greater at 40C) and serum separation (minimum at4C). INTRODUCTION Heat processing of whey beverages is required to eliminate microorgan-isms, making the beverages suitable for human consumption. However, wheycomponents undergo a number of heat-induced physical and chemicalchanges, the magnitude of which are linked to reaction conditions (pH, con-centration, temperature, ionic strength) (de Wit 1981; Jelen and Bucheim1984; Lupano 1994; Rattray and Jelen 1997; Alting
Rheological behaviour of clarified mango juice concentrates.

The rheological behaviour of clarified mango juice was measured at temperatures 15-85C and concentrations 15-66 °Brix, using a rotoviscometer. Mango juice free of pectin and pulp behaves as a Newtonian fluid. The effect of temperature can be described by an Arrhenius-type equation. The activation energy for viscous flow was in the range of 1.64-8.44 kcal/g-mol, depending on the concentration. The effect of concentration was modelled better by an exponential relationship than a power-law relationship. Simple equations are proposed for describing the combined effect of temperature and soluble solids content on the juice viscosity.
Labour Epidural Analgesia: Patient Satisfaction and Outcome of Labour at a Quaternary Care Center-A Prospective Observational Study

Methods: After getting approval from Institutional Ethics Committee, we included 120 parturients admitted for delivery at our institution between January 2017 and June 2019 in the prospective observational study. Demographic details and vital parameters were obtained at admission. Twentyfour hours after delivery under labour epidural analgesia, a questionnaire was distributed to them. All continuous variable were compared using unpaired "t" test / Mann-Whitney test between groups and paired "t" test within groups at various follow-ups. Pearson Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test was used to find the association between the categorical variable.
dsorption of lead, zinc and cadmium ions on polyphosphate-modified kaolinite clay

The aim of this research work is to determine the potential of application of sodium polyphosphate-modified kaolinite clay as an adsorbent for the removal of lead (II), zinc (II) and cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature and contact time were investigated. The adsorption isotherms of all three metal ions followed well Langmuir equation. Modified sodium polyphosphate-kaolinite clay was found to remove heavy metal ions efficiently from aqueous solutions with selectivity in the order of Pb
Impact of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) on Parameter Sensitivity of a Kinetic Ozone Decomposition Model

Ozone decomposition in real water is often empirically modeled due to the system complexity. Mechanistic models, however, can be of great value in view of engineering applications. The high number of model parameters often restricts their applicability. In this study, sensitivity analyses were used to determine the most important elementary reactions from a kinetic model and to understand the reaction mechanism. Only seven of the 28 rate constants showed to impact ozone and hydroxyl radical concentrations. Mass-transfer related parameters were of major importance. Ozone decomposition was extremely sensitive to parameters involving dissolved organic matter (DOM) at very low scavenger levels implying that even in “ultrapure” water systems impurities should be considered. To increase the applicability of mechanistic ozonation models, simplification of the elementary radical scheme combined with a more detailed description of reactions involving DOM is needed.
Effect of abnormal fibres on the mechanical properties of paper made from Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a variety of abnormal fibres on the mechanical properties of paper made from Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Fibres representing abnormality were obtained from trees treated by irrigation and fertilisation. Moreover, fibres from compression wood and its accompanying opposite wood were isolated. The effect of dislocations on paper quality was studied on four mixtures (20, 40, 60 and 80% fibres with induced dislocations) of untreated/compressed fibres. Two more groups consisting of control untreated samples and samples with 100%-induced dislocations were also included in the test. The mechanical properties of the paper were tested and the results were compared to those of control samples. Abnormal fibres reduced the desired mechanical properties of the final paper concerning tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and tear-tensile index. Irrespective of the type of treatment, all morphological changes introduced in fibre cell walls appear to directly affect changes in the mechanical properties of the paper. Control samples had a tear index of 25 compared to 10 mN m2 g-1 of samples containing 100% dislocations. It is obvious that 20% of dislocations, an amount that is expected to be induced in pulp under mechanical processing and transport, will contribute to a decrease in tear index with an average of 3 mN m2 g-1, i.e., 10% of the total value.
Effect of Planting Date and Boll Position on Fiber Strength of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The effect of planting date and boll position on cell wall thickening of cotton fiber and development of fiber strength were studied by comparing the time course of the activity of key enzymes β-1,3-glucan synthase (callose) and sucrose synthase (SuSy) involved in cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose content and the indices of fiber structure X-ray diffraction of the fiber that developed at different planting dates or boll positions. The results showed that during the fiber cell wall thickening and fiber strength formation stage (25-50 days post-anthesis, DPA), there was an interactive effect between planting date and boll position. Different planting dates resulted in different mean daily temperatures during 2550 DPA (T DPA 25-50 ), which was always an important factor that influenced fiber strength, while the impact of boll position in different temperature conditions was variable. When TDPA 25-50 was above 22.0°C, boll position might affect the cell wall thickening process and the fiber strength, while when T DPA25-50 was lower than 20.0°c, boll position affect little. The optimum conditions for the development of fiber cell wall thickening and the formation of fiber strength may be the eighth nodal position of the fruiting branch (PFB) and with the TDPA 25 -50 of about 26.0°C. Research Article