Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wet-spinning of Cellulose Acetate Reinforced with Acetylated Nano-crystalline Cellulose as Carbon Fibre Precursors

The search precursors that are bio-based, renewable and biodegradable has attracted significant attention due to increased environmental awareness. Recently, nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) has been considered as a potential precursor to produce carbon fibre owing to its high crystallinity and excellent mechanical properties. However, its crystallinity prevents it from being dissolved in comment solvents. The main aims of this study were: (i) to acetylate NCC to improve its compatibility with cellulose acetate and (ii) to produce wet-spun cellulose acetate fibres reinforced acetylated and unacetylated NCC. In this study, rod-like particles of NCC with diameters in the range 2.0-4.8 nm and lengths of 46-114 nm were characterised using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The carbonyl (C=O) group of the acetyl group was confirmed using Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR), and the crystallinity of NCC was characterised using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The crystallinity indicates of the NCC before and after acetylation were 78% and 68% respectively. The morphology of wet-spun cellulose acetate reinforced acetylated NCC was smoother than reinforced NCC. The acetylation on NCC increased its compatibility with the polymer matrix.
Increasing infiltration into saturated riparian buffers by adding additional distribution pipes

Nitrate (NO3−) from artificially drained corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) fields is a major contaminant of surface waters in the US Midwest. A saturated riparian buffer is a new field-edge practice developed to remove NO3− from artificial subsurface drainage (tiles) before it reaches surface waters by diverting tile water into riparian buffer soil via shallow distribution pipes. Nitrate is removed primarily by denitrification as it infiltrates from the distribution pipe into the buffer soil and flows as shallow groundwater to the adjacent stream. Often a saturated buffer cannot infiltrate all of the tile water. Thus, there is interest in the possibility of increasing tile water infiltration by either changing the location of the distribution pipe or adding a second distribution pipe. We used numerical modeling to examine the effect of adding a second distribution pipe for increasing infiltration for a range of soil permeabilities and depths. Adding a second, midbuffer distribution pipe midway between a pipe located near the buffer-field boundary (field edge) and the stream was found to increase infiltration under constant flow conditions by 68% to 133%, depending on buffer soil permeability and the thickness of the permeable layer. However, under real-world conditions, when tile flow is intermittent and variable over the year, the increase in infiltration was closer to 50%. In contrast, when a single distribution pipe is located midbuffer, adding a second distribution pipe at the field edge increased infiltration into the buffer by only 3% to 58% under constant flow conditions and by roughly 15% under real-world conditions. For both scenarios, the impact of adding a second distribution pipe on infiltration was greatest for soils with lower permeability. Moving a single distribution pipe closer to the stream or adding a second distribution pipe increases infiltration. However both of these scenarios reduces the distance that water and NO3− moves through the buffer, reducing opportunities for denitrification and perhaps reducing overall NO3− removal.
The Large‐Scale Circulation Patterns Responsible for Extreme Precipitation Over the North China Plain in Midsummer

Extreme precipitation events over the North China Plain (NCP) in midsummer during 1979–2016 are classified into two types using objective cluster analysis: a northern pattern with heavy precipitation and a central–southern pattern with relatively moderate precipitation. The large‐scale circulation patterns responsible for the midsummer extreme precipitation are then determined. In the northern NCP type, extreme precipitation accompanies a zonal gradient between an anomalous low‐pressure system at high latitudes and the westward‐ and northward‐extended western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH). Anomalous southwesterlies flow is driven by a trough that extended from the high latitudes to the northern NCP, where it encounters southeasterly wind flow induced by an anomalously northward‐extended WNPSH and a southern low‐pressure anomaly at low latitudes. Anomalous amounts of moisture are mainly transported from the tropical western Pacific by southeasterlies. In the central–southern NCP type, remarkable anomalous low‐pressure systems control all of northern China with centers over the Sichuan Basin and northeast China. The westward‐extended WNPSH occupies further south than that of the northern NCP type. The southwesterly low‐level jet (LLJ) is more prevalent in the central–southern NCP type than in the northern NCP type. This southwesterly LLJ plays an important role in extreme precipitation over the central–southern NCP by transporting moisture primarily from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea and generating convergence. In addition, the upper‐level anomalous strong divergence that is anchored over the right entrance of the westerly jet makes a greater contribution to extreme precipitation in the northern type than in the central–southern type.
A researcher€ducator collaborative interview study of transactional comprehension strategies instruction.

Reading educators are translating the comprehension strategies research of the 1970s and 1980s into strategies-based reading instruction, meshing decoding, comprehension, and interpretational strategies into transactional strategies instruction. The teachers in one prototypical program were interviewed to determine their perceptions of program effects. Teacher satisfaction with program effects was also tapped, as were teachers'perceptions about program shortcomings. A unique feature of this study was that the educators responsible for the program helped determine what they would be asked during the systematic interview; that is, an attempt was made to take full advantage of the insider information possessed by the program developers and teachers
Effect of Different Potting Media on Survival and Growth of Air Layered Litchi cv. Dehradun

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is one in all the foremost necessary subtropical evergreen fruit crops belongs to Sapindaceae family; comprising about 125 genera and more than 1000 species. Fruit plants are propagated either by sexual (seed) or vegetative means and litchi is propagated by vegetative means which includes air layering, budding, grafting and cuttings. Production of quality planting material with vigorous growth is initiative in achieving production and productivity in litchi (Kumar et al., 2014). Massive scale International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 10 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Pacific Meridional Mode‐Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Linkage Explained by Tropical Pacific Quasi‐Decadal Variability

Previous studies argued that the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) impacts tropical cyclone (TC) genesis variability over the southeastern part of the western North Pacific (SE‐WNP). Here, we find that the statistical relationship between PMM and SE‐WNP TC genesis frequency is dominated by their co‐variability on decadal timescales. The decadal component of the PMM exhibits very similar temporal and spatial features to quasi‐decadal tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability. The latter can affect SE‐WNP TC activity via changes in both zonal vertical wind shear and low‐level vorticity. In contrast, the interannual component of the PMM exhibits no statistically significant correlation with SE‐WNP TC genesis. Furthermore, observations show that both interannual and decadal variability of SE‐WNP TC activity are well correlated with the commonly used Niño3. 4 El Niño‐Southern Oscillation index. Thus, equatorial Pacific SST variability is the dominant source of SE‐WNP TC activity predictability on different timescales.
Angle of progression measurements of fetal head at term: a systematic comparison between open magnetic resonance imaging and transperineal ultrasound

Objectives: During labor, transperineal sonography is increasingly used to evaluate fetal head descent. The aim of the present study was to compare the angle of progression assessed by open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus transperineal ultrasound. Methods: 31 pregnant women at term (>37 weeks), who were not in labor, underwent a MRI in an open 1.0 Tesla system. A midsagittal plane of the maternal pelvis was stored. Immediately after, without changing the supine position, a transperineal ultrasound was performed. The angle of progression was measured off-line by transperineal ultrasound and MRI. Results The angles of progression measured by transperineal ultrasound (mean 79.05°, SD 11.44) and MRI (mean 80.48°, SD 11.06) correlated significantly (p<0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.78–0.94). Conclusion: The angle of progression measurements obtained by transperineal ultrasound and open MRI showed very good agreement. This ultrasound technique provides reliable reproducible information of the fetal head station and it can become a ueful easy bed side tool to help in the clinical decision making of a trial of instrumental delivery versus a C-section at full dilatation
Some Solutions to a Lens Model With Applications to Warm-Core Eddies

SOME SOLUTIONS TO A LENS MODEL WITH APPLICATIONS TO WARM-CORE EDDIES Juping Liu Old Dominion University, 1992 Director: Dr. A. D. Kirwan, Jr. A model of lens-shaped anticyclonic eddies based on nonlinear shallow water equa­ tions is developed. The model is a three-layer fluid and allows for one asymmetric mode as well as specified environmental flows. The solution scheme is a polynomial expansion of the field variables. When inserted into the hydrographic equations, the expansion yields eight first-order differential equations for the time dependent ampli­ tudes. This system of ordinary differential equations is numerically tractable. As long as the initial values meet the requirement of elliptical structure and the prescribed external force is tolerable for the initial values, the numerical solutions are stable. Numerical solutions are developed which show a wide variety of characteristics. Us­ ing different assumptions, six analytical solutions are obtained and discussed. For isolated lenses, three special solutions show different oscillations of the amplitudes. One has only the inertial frequency. The other two have superinertial and subinertial frequencies, respectively. For forced lenses, three special solutions are related to dif­ ferent exterior prescribed flows. One is an equilibrium solution having a steady-state external flow. The two other solutions are derived from external flows with subiner­ tial and inertial frequencies, respectively. An attem pt is made to apply the special R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. solutions to observations of warm-core eddies in the Gulf of Mexico and other regions of the world ocean. The simulations of warm-core eddies with the special solutions are in general agreement with available data. R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
Development of Biocomposites of MCC Extracted From Non-Wood Sources

: The present work mainly focuses on the estimation of various components and the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from non-wood sources like Country Almond/Badam shell through acid hydrolysis. This hydrolyzed MCC was successfully used as reinforcement for development of biocomposites. Country Almond/Badam trees are found all over Kerala, India and they give nuts once in a year. Usually the nut shells are discarded and are becoming one of the sources of agricultural waste. During this investigation various components were isolated from the Country Almond shells and they were characterised using different spectral and analytical techniques thereby the composition of Country Almond shells was successfully determined for the first time. The properties of MCC especially the crystalline nature depends on the source from which is isolated. FT-IR spectra give evidence for the chemical structure of MCC. Morphology of MCC was evidenced from scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy reveal the agglomerated bundles of particles and rough surface of MCC. The extracted MCC was found to contain Cellulose I and Cellulose II polymorphs, and this was confirmed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The MCC extracted from Country Almond shells has reasonably good thermal stability. Solution casting method was adopted for the development of green composite of Poly (vinyl alcohol) reinforced with MCC extracted from Country Almond shell. The mechanical property of developed composites has been enhanced by the addition of MCC. The dispersion of MCC in the PVA matrix and flocculation of MCC significantly influence the mechanical strength.
Hierarchical Bimetallic Hydroxides Built by Porous Nanowire‐Lapped Bundles with Ultrahigh Areal Capacity for Stable Hybrid Solid‐State Supercapacitors

Exploring advanced electrode materials with superb energy/power densities and long lifetime as well as low cost is the recent focus of hybrid solid‐state supercapacitor (HSSC). This study reports a novel hierarchical bimetallic hydroxide (Ni1Co1‐OH) built by nanowire‐lapped bonfire‐like bundles through a facile and scalable method, and provides thorough insights into possible formation mechanism and structural merits of the interesting hierarchical architecture. Benefiting from multistep redox reactions, high accessible surface area and fast kinetics contributed by the unique structure, Ni1Co1‐OH using 2 m KOH electrolyte can achieve highly improved gravimetric capacity/capacitance of 876.8 C g−1/1753.6 F g−1 at active mass loading of 3 mg cm−2 at 1 A g−1, and especially deliver a record‐high areal capacity of 7.6 C cm−2 at 1 A g−1 under a commercial loading of 15 mg cm−2. 1.5 V Ni1Co1‐OH based HSSC with the poly(vinyl alcohol)/KOH gel electrolyte verifies the intriguing performance including high energy/power densities of 27.9 Wh kg−1/13812.9 W kg−1, a long life over 10 000 cycles, and a low self‐discharge rate with a voltage decline of 20% after 24 h. The findings identify the scalable production of high‐performance bimetal compounds, which will boost the development of highly demanding HSSC devices.
Scale of time-averaging in archaeological shell middens from the Canary Islands

Characterizing the degree of disturbance in archaeological deposits is critically important for archaeologists assessing foraging strategies, environmental conditions, or behavior patterns of ancient human groups. Qualitative techniques (e.g. micromorphology analysis) have previously been applied to assess the degree of disturbance (age-mixing) in archaeological sites; however, quantitative dating of material in the sites provides a more robust assessment of potential age-mixing. Unfortunately, because of budget constraints, archaeologists are frequently forced to rely on few quantitative age dates for an assemblage, thus obfuscating the signal of age-mixing of the deposit. The development of an affordable and rapid carbonate-target accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) dating method provides a cost-effective way to retrieve more quantitative dates from carbonate material in archaeological assemblages to assess the degree of age-mixing in the deposit. This study tests this new technique and dates numerous harvested marine limpet shells from archaeological sites in the Canary Islands to determine whether there is multidecadal to multicentennial age-mixing. A total of 58 shells retrieved from six sites and three islands yielded uncalibrated radiocarbon ages ranging from 2265 ± 40 to 765 ± 35 BP, coinciding with the time of prehistoric human occupation in these islands. While most shells from the same stratum showed statistically equivalent ages, in some cases we detected age ranges that exceeded the imprecisions from analytical errors. This investigation is one of the first to quantitatively illustrate that shells retrieved from depth intervals without evident stratigraphic disturbance do not always contain contemporaneous remains and, therefore, dating each specimen is valuable for developing further paleoclimatic and paleoanthropological inferences. This study presents the first report of carbonate-target 14C ages from archaeological shell middens, and suggests that this novel radiocarbon methodology can be applied to these sites, thus allowing the generation of a more comprehensive chronology.
PV Cell Orientation Angles Optimization for a Base Station Equipped With Several PV Cells

We jointly optimize the orientation angles of ${N}$ photovoltaic (PV) cells powering one base station (BS). There are more degrees of freedom for matching the energy generation profile of the PV cells to the energy consumption profile of the BS by deploying the PV cells with potentially different orientation angles. We derive analytically the energy generation profile of any randomly inclined and oriented PV cell from the irradiance values received at a horizontally mounted PV cell at the same location. The energy drawn per day from the main grid by the BS given its energy consumption profile is used as the performance metric to determine the optimal orientation angles. Our results show that deploying one PV cell (or several PV cells) with the (same) optimized orientation angle is recommended for BSs with an energy consumption profile that has one significant local maximum between sunrise and sunset. Deploying two PV cells (or two equal-sized groups of PV cells) where the two orientation angles (of the two groups) are jointly optimized is recommended for BSs with an energy consumption profile that has significant local maxima in the morning as well as in the afternoon or with a constant energy consumption profile.
Links of Extracellular Enzyme Activities, Microbial Metabolism, and Community Composition in the River‐Impacted Coastal Waters

Extracellular enzymatic activity (EEA), production, respiration, and composition of the bacterial community were determined along environmental gradients in the river‐impacted coastal waters in the South China Sea during summer in order to examine the links of EEA, metabolic activity, and composition of the bacterial community. The initial step of substrate utilization was coupled with metabolic activity of the bacterial community. The activity of leucine aminopeptidase was closely related to the level of phytoplankton biomass, suggesting that leucine‐containing compounds primarily resulted from phytoplankton, which was likely partly responsible for the close link between bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in marine environments. A shift from the dominance of leucine aminopeptidase in EEA in eutrophic environments to chitobiases in pristine waters was attributed to bacterial preference for leucine‐containing compounds and spatial variability in substrate supply. Spatial pattern of the enzymatic rates along an environmental gradient differed at the community and the cellular level. The enzymatic rates of the bacterial community decreased offshore, which were linked to substrate supply and the bacterial community composition. However, cell‐specific enzymatic rates were modulated by not only the bacterial community composition but also the carbon partition between anabolic and catabolic processes as environmental conditions changed, both of which eventually altered bacterial abundance. Functional redundancy of bacterial groups existed despite shifts in the bacterial community composition, suggesting that the bacterial community might maximize their function of hydrolyzing substrates across marine environments. Our findings improved the understanding of the connection of extracellular enzymatic activity, metabolic activity, and community composition of bacterioplankton.
The Variable Effects of Religiosity and Denomination on Adolescent Self-Reported Alcohol Use by Beverage Type

Homogeneous effects logistic regression is used to examine the effects of personal religiosity and denomination on adolescent self-reported frequency of alcohol use by beverage type. Survey data from a sample of 3,065 male and female adolescents in grades seven through twelve in three midwestern states are employed. The findings are somewhat consistent with a hypothesis generated from the different cultural images of alcoholic beverages. For adolescents, the use of beer and liquor are largely restricted to recreational purposes, while wine has both functional and recreational uses. Because purely recreational use of psychotropic substances violates religious standards of asceticism, the effects of religiosity on the use of beer and liquor should be stronger than on the use of wine. The results show that the effects of personal religiosity are weakest for use of wine, but are relatively identical for beer and liquor.
Microfacies characteristics and depositional evolution of typical wave-dominated littoral deposits – A case of Carboniferous ‘Donghe sandstones’ in Hudson Oilfield, Tarim basin, NW China

Hudson Oilfield, which located in the northern Uplift of Tarim Basin, is considered to be the largest whole-shaped oilfield in China, and the extensive Carboniferous ‘Donghe sandstones’, one of the most important marine sandstones units for oil and gas exploration in Tabei Uplift, constitutes the main reservoir. However, not all this sandstones are with good physical properties, and hence, the sedimentary characteristics and depositional evolution is believed to be critical to prediction of reservoir. It is determined that wave-dominated clastic littoral deposits with no barrier are the main depositional environment based on the modern sedimentary theory and related data analysis including ancient landform characteristics. And transitional zone, shoreface, foreshore, backshore and dune are considered as the five subenvironments. Through data of high resolution dipmeter logging and imaging logging, different sedimentary structures and other facies marks observed from cores of research regions are demarcated, and thirteen microfacies are further identified. Based on the detailed microfacies types, the evolution process of Carboniferous ‘Donghe sandstones’ can be divided to four main periods, in which, early highstand systems tract (HST) deposits in Period 1-2, and late HST deposits in Period 3-4.
Interactions entre tectonique, érosion, altération des roches silicatées et climat à l'échelle des temps géologiques : rôle des chaînes de montagnes

Cette these explore l'influence des orogeneses sur le climat de la Terre a travers l'etude quantitative des interactions entre dynamique climatique, erosion des continents, taux d'alteration chimique des roches silicatees et cycle geologique du carbone. Le premier chapitre detaille les mecanismes par lesquels les reliefs affectent la circulation atmospherique et oceanique, l'emphase est mise sur la circulation thermohaline. Le second chapitre compare les effets des changements de dynamique climatique et d'erosion lies a la presence de montagnes sur l'alterabilite des continents. Le troisieme chapitre developpe un modele dynamique de regolithe applicable a l'echelle globale et etudie son comportement en regime transitoire, ainsi que la reponse du cycle du carbone a un degazage de CO2. Enfin, le quatrieme chapitre s'attache a modeliser le cycle isotopique continental du lithium, potentiel traceur de l'alteration dans le passe de la Terre. Ce modele est applique au cas du bassin amazonien.