Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of sedimentation from surface currents generated by turbulent plumes

A theoretical model was developed for the dynamics and deposition pattern from gravity currents generated by axisymmetric particle-laden plumes. This model incorporates the interaction between the particles in the environment and the continuing plume. This interaction plays a central role in the evolution of the behavior of the plume and on the sedimentation patterns on the surrounding floor. Theoretical predictions for the deposition patterns were successfully compared with data from laboratory experiments for environments of both infinite and finite lateral extent. The evolution of the particle concentration in the environment and in the surface current until steady state is attained was also examined. A simple analytical expression is proposed for the sedimentation rate on the ground in the case of dilute plumes. The application of these new results to estimate the patterns of sedimentation from industrial chimney emissions is also discussed.
Wavelengths and Transition Probabilities for Atoms and Atomic Ions. Part I. Wavelengths. Part II. Transition Probabilities

Abstract : Wavelengths for about 47,000 spectral lines of atoms and atomic ions, as well as transition probabilities A for about 5000 lines, are tabulated. The data were selected in such a way as to include the prominent lines over a wide spectral region. Part I contains wavelengths of lines of neutral through quadruply ionized atoms in the range 40 to 40,000 A. This information is presented in two different ways: (1)separate line lists grouped according to chemical element and further subdivided according to stage of ionization; and (2) a general table of wavelengths ordered numerically, with relative intensity, chemical element, and stage of ionization indicated for each line. Part II contains transition probability data for atoms in various stages of ionization, with emphasis on the neutral and singly ionized species. This table is arranged according to the chemical element and is further subdivided according to stage of ionization. Estimates of the accuracies of the A-values are provided. Wavelengths, energy levels, and statistical weights serve to identify the lines and to provide useful data for plasma spectroscopy applications. (Author)
MEJORAMIENTO DE LOS FLUIDOS DE PERFORACIÓN USANDO NANOPARTÍCULAS FUNCIONALIZADAS: EDUCCIÓN DE LAS PÉRDIDAS DE FILTRADO Y DEL ESPESOR DE LA RETORTA

Using drilling fluids (DF) in field operations is associated with several problems including formation damage, lost circulation and the formation of a mudcake. High permeability of the mudcake causes instability in wellbore, pipe sticking and swelling of clay formations in the case of Water Based Muds (WBM). In order to minimize some of these associated problems with the use of DF, a new fluid is proposed by inclusion of four different functionalized nanoparticles in a WBM at different concentrations. The functionalization of the nanoparticles was performed by incipient impregnation technique. Virgin and functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K (physisorption) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Bentonitic WBM were evaluated (with a constant density of 8.5 lbm/gal) and also modified with the addition of functionalized nanoparticles. Such fluids were tested by a rheological study, measurement of physicochemical properties (density and pH) and through the American Petroleum Institute (API) filter test following the standard API RP 13B -1. The original or base DF showed a non-Newtonian rheological behavior independent of the time, as well as the modified DF using nanoparticles. The density and the pH remained constant after the addition of nanoparticles. Silica nanoparticles functionalized with CMC were those which showed best results based on the fluid loss and reducing the thickness of the mudcake. The results obtained with silica nanoparticles funcionalizated with CMC showed reduction in fluid loss and in the thickness of the mudcake of 23 and 70%, respectively. This behavior is due to that silica nanoparticles do not generate adverse effects on the properties of the DF, such as density, viscosity and pH. Another important characteristic of the silica nanoparticles are the silanol groups (SiOH) which act as adsorption centers, allowing functionalization with CMC and viscosifying properties that favors the DF performance.
Effect of green manures and urea on nitrogen mineralization in relation to growth of rice under Upper Brahmaputra Valley zone of Assam

An experiment was conducted during 1995 and 1996 at Jorhat to study the nitrogen mieralization and growth of rice treated with green manures, viz Sesbania rqstrata L. , Sesbania aculeata L. and urea. Nitrogen was applied @ 40 kg N/ha and 'Lachit' rice (Oryza satiya L.) was used as the test crop. Incorporation of green manure delayed the release of exchangeable NH 4 ± N than that of urea. Addition of green manure and urea increased grain yield, straw yield and N uptake significantly than the control. More N was retained in the soil from green manure than from urea indicating higher residual effect of green manures.
A Small, Fast-Response Probe to Measure Density

Abstract : The work arose from a need to measure density in a variable density plane turbulent mixing layer between two different gas streams, usually nitrogen and helium. A small sampling volume, an output independent of the velocity of the fluid relative to the probe, and a response time of milli-seconds or less were essential requirements to be met. Probe design and testing are discussed.
Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Strains from Decomposing Hazelnut Husk

ABSTRACT Composting is the microbial decomposition of materials that are biologically degradable. The structure of the initial organic materials differs from that of the decomposed materials in terms of C/N ratio and other related chemical properties. During the decomposition process, various microorganisms degrade intermediate organic products. The objectives of this study were to determine the bacteria enabling the degradation of hazelnut husks and some chemical properties of decomposing hazelnut husks, which are an agricultural waste. For that purpose, 1 m3 of hazelnut husks collected from hazelnut orchards were heaped on bare soil and left to decompose aerobically. The bacterial strains that utilize hazelnut husks were sampled periodically for 2 years. Thirty bacterial isolates were cultured; the majority of the bacterial isolates were affiliated with Actinobacteria, especially Streptomyces spp. with seventeen strains. The total N, pH, and electrical conductivity of the hazelnut husk heap increased significantly over the 2-year period, with the highest values obtained at the end of the study period. The initial C/N ratio was 55.7 and after the 24 months, the final ratio was 22.6.
Changes of organic acids and phenolic compounds contents in grapevine berries during their ripening

AbstractChanges of total content of phenolic substances, alteration in total titratable acidity and differences in tartaric acid content in grapes of four white (Müller-Thurgau — MT, Pinot Blanc — Rulandské bílé in Czech, RB, Sauvignon (Sg), and Muscat Ottonel — Muškát Ottonel in Czech, MO) and two blue (Dornfelder — Df and Blue Frankish — Frankovka in Czech, Fr) grapevine varieties throughout their growth, ripening and maturing (July–November). Potentiometric titration was applied for the determination of total titratable acids in grapes (expressed as tartaric acid equivalents in g L−1). A spectrophotometric method according Rebelein based on the formation of a colored complex of ammonium metavanadate and tartaric acid was used for determination of tartaric acid in green juice made by pressing unripe grapes. A spectrophotometric method based on reduction of phosphomolybdato-tungsten complex in alkaline solution using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent was applied for determination of total content of phenolic substances (TCP).
Processing of LEU targets for {sup 99}Mo production -- Dissolution of metal foils by nitric-acid/sulfuric-acid mixtures

The first step in processing low-enriched uranium (LEU) targets for production of {sup 99}Mo is to dissolve the neutron-irradiated uranium foil coming from the reactor. Appropriate conditions for dissolving the foils were determined by measuring the dissolution rates for uranium foil over a wide range of temperatures and acid concentrations. On the basis of these dissolution rates, the process chemistry, and a model that integrates dissolution rates as a function of temperature and composition, a closed stainless-steel dissolver was designed, built, and tested for dissolving up to 18 g of uranium foil. The results were quite successful, with the uranium foil being dissolved within one hour as desired. To do this, the dissolver temperature must be in the range from 97 to 102 C, and the dissolver solution (cocktail) must have a composition of 3M nitric acid and 2M sulfuric acid. The final dissolver solution is subsequently processed to separate {sup 99}Mo from uranium, fission products, and other elements.
Reset-Free Lifelong Learning with Skill-Space Planning

The objective of lifelong reinforcement learning (RL) is to optimize agents which can continuously adapt and interact in changing environments. However, current RL approaches fail drastically when environments are non-stationary and interactions are non-episodic. We propose Lifelong Skill Planning (LiSP), an algorithmic framework for non-episodic lifelong RL based on planning in an abstract space of higher-order skills. We learn the skills in an unsupervised manner using intrinsic rewards and plan over the learned skills using a learned dynamics model. Moreover, our framework permits skill discovery even from offline data, thereby reducing the need for excessive real-world interactions. We demonstrate empirically that LiSP successfully enables long-horizon planning and learns agents that can avoid catastrophic failures even in challenging non-stationary and non-episodic environments derived from gridworld and MuJoCo benchmarks.
Crop Yield, N Uptake and Nitrates in a Fluvo-Aquic Soil Profile

The effects of different chemical fertilizer combinations (N, P and K) on crop yield, N uptake and nitrate distribution and accumulation to a depth of 100 cm were studied in a cinnamon fiuvo-aquic soil profile (Beijing) with a continuous winter wheat-summer maize cropping system for nine years. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments: no fertilizer control (CK); N alone, N in combination with K (NK), P (NP), and P and K (NPK and N1PK); and P and K in combination without N (PK). The rate of N was 150 kg ha-1 for the N treatments except Treatment N1PK with higher N rate (195 kg ha-1), and the rates of P (P2O5) and K (K2O) were 75 and 37.5 kg ha-1, respectively. The applications of N combined with P and K (NK, NP and NPK) resulted in higher crop yields than a single application of N. The yields followed the order: NPK ＞NP ＞ N1PK ＞ PK ＞ NK ＞ N ＞ CK for winter wheat, and NPK ＞ N1PK ＞ NP ＞ NK ＞ N ＞ PK ＞ CK for summer maize. Supplement of N with P or K, or both P and K resulted in a higher average N uptake of the two crops, which was in a decreasing order NPK ＞ NP ＞ N1PK ＞ NK ＞ N ＞ PK ＞ CK. The combinations also increased apparent N recovery more than N alone and CK. The nitrate content in the profile was thus reduced more in the combination treatments. The nitrate accumulation in the soil profiles followed the order:N ＞ NK ＞ N1PK ＞ NPK ＞ NP ＞ CK ＞ PK. Higher N uptake by the adequately fertilized crops (Treatment NPK) reduced nitrate accumulation in the profile and thus reduced nitrate leaching. The optimum N:P:K ratio was thus of paramount importance in increasing yields and N uptake of crops and reducing nitrate leaching losses.
Hole size and energetics in double helical DNA: Competition between quantum delocalization and solvation localization

The transition between single step long-range tunneling and multistep hopping transport in DNA electron transfer depends on a myriad of factors including sequence, distance, conformation, solvation and, consequently, hole state energetics. We show that the solvation energetics of hole (radical cation) states in DNA is comparable to the quantum delocalization energetics of the hole. That is, the solvation forces that tend to localize the hole compete with the quantum effects that give rise to hole delocalization. The net result is that the hole states are predicted to be relatively compact (one to three base pairs in length) and that the “trap depth” of these holes is expected to be much shallower than anticipated by gas-phase quantum chemical analysis of base stacks. This analysis predicts guanine oxidation potential dependence on the length of GC runs to be modest (differences <0.1 V for holes from one to three base pairs). The lowering of the trapped hole binding energy has significant implications for .
Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on Physicochemical Characteristics of Sea Cucumber

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on sea cucumber qualities, such as shelf-life, autoenzyme, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), mucopolysaccha ride and protein, were investigated experimentally. The shelf-life of sea cucumber was greatly prolonged by HHP treatment. High pressure treatment of sea cucumber significantly reduced the activity of autoenzyme at 550 MPa. The TVB-N content was 8.4 mg/100 g in the HHP-treated samples after 38 days' storage at 4 °C, while it had already reached 11.2 mg/100 g in the untreated ones after 5 days' storage under the same condition. The relative mucopolysaccharide content of the HHP-treated samples was 94.3%, while that of the heat-treated ones was only 35.5%. The sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), ANS fluorescence probe method and fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results indicated some changes in protein subunits, denaturation, surface hydrophobicity and secondary structure of sea cucumber protein. This study has provided complementary information of pressure-induced structural changes on both the molecular and the sub-molecular level of sea cucumber protein.
Molecular Size Based Approach To Estimate Partition Properties for Organic Solutes

A model is presented that achieves a remarkable reduction in the number of parameters used to predict the log octanol−water partition coefficient (log P) by using a three-dimensional estimate of molecular size. An algorithm combining analytical and numerical techniques is used to compute van der Waals molecular volume and surface area. Using this computed volume, a simple equation that adequately describes log P for a wide variety of organic compounds is obtained by introducing only one additional parameter. Its value is determined by the oxygen- or nitrogen-containing functional groups present in the molecule and correlates with hydrogen bond acceptor basicity. The corresponding free energy change agrees well with that accepted for hydrogen bonding in water. Tested on over 700 organic compounds comprising various pharmaceutically useful molecules, including even neutral peptides, this distinctively simple and fully computerized 3D approach compares favorably with empirical, complicated, “two-dimensional”.
THE SIMPLE SEPARATING SYSTOLE FOR HYPERBOLIC SURFACES OF LARGE GENUS

Abstract In this note we show that the expected value of the separating systole of a random surface of genus g with respect to Weil–Petersson volume behaves like $2\log g $ as the genus goes to infinity. This is in strong contrast to the behavior of the expected value of the systole which, by results of Mirzakhani and Petri, is independent of genus.
Spin Hall effect generated by fluctuating vortices in type-II superconductors

We theoretically investigate the vortex spin Hall effect, i.e., a novel spin Hall effect driven by the motion of superconducting vortices, by focusing on the role of superconducting fluctuations. Within the BCS-Gor'kov microscopic approach combined with the Kubo formula, we find a strong similarity between the vortex spin Hall effect and the vortex Nernst/Ettingshausen effect. Calculated temperature dependence of the voltage signal due to the inverse vortex spin Hall effect exhibits a strong enhancement by vortex fluctuations. This result not only provides a possible explanation for a prominent peak found in the spin Seebeck effect in a NbN/Y$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{12}$ system, but also leads to a proposal of new experiments using other superconductors with strong fluctuations, such as cuprate or iron-based superconductors.
Penyerapan Ion Aluminium dan Besi dalam Larutan Sodium Silikat Menggunakan Karbon aktif

Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap kemampuan karbon aktif sebagai adsorben untukmenyerap ion Al dan Fe dalam larutan sodium silikat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalamskala laboratorium menggunakan metode batch. Penentuan kondisi optimum meliputi massaadsorben, pH, waktu kontak dan temperatur larutan. Hasil analisis dengan Spektrofotometer SerapanAtom (SSA) menunjukkan efisiensi adsorpsi tertinggi oleh karbon aktif aktivasi HCl padalarutan sodium silikat mencapai 88,43% untuk ion Al dan 41,6% untuk ion Fe, sedangkan padakarbon aktif aktivasi H2SO4 57,09 % untuk ion Al dan 35 % untuk ion Fe dan karbon aktifkomersil menyerap ion Al sebesar 87,74% dan 11,35% untuk ion Fe.
Comparison of odour thresholds and odour qualities of the enantiomers of 4‐mercapto‐2‐alkanones and 4‐acetylthio‐2‐alkanones

4-Mercapto-2-alkanones constitute a class of naturally occurring polyfunctional thiols; 4-mercapto-2-heptanone, for example, has been reported in cooked red bell pepper. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the chain length on the odour thresholds and the odour qualities of the enantiomers of these chiral volatiles. 4-Acetylthio-2-pentanone and 4-acetylthio-2-hexanone and the corresponding 4-mercapto-2-alkanones were synthesized by the addition of thioacetic acid to 3-alkene-2-ones and subsequent lipase-catalysed hydrolysis. The absolute configurations and the gas chromatography (GC) elution order of the enantiomers on a chiral stationary phase were determined on the basis of 1H NMR anisotropy effects in combination with lipase-catalysed enantioselective hydrolysis. These compounds were included into a homologous series of 4-mercapto-2-alkanones and 4-acetylthio-2-alkanones exhibiting alkyl carbon chain lengths from 5 to 10. The odour thresholds of the enantiomers were compared using capillary gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). The odour thresholds of the mercapto-compounds were consistently lower than those of the corresponding acetylthio-compounds. Both series of compounds exhibited minima of the odour thresholds at alkyl carbon chain lengths of 7 and 8, respectively. Odour thresholds of the (S)-enantiomers of 4-mercapto-2-hexanone and 4-acetylthio-2-hexanone were significantly lower than those of the corresponding (R)-enantiomers. The (S)-enantiomers of the mercapto-compounds had more fruity and pleasant notes than the (R)-enantiomers. Although the number of judges was limited, the comparative data demonstrate the impact of the chain length on odour thresholds and odour qualities of members of a homologous series and underline the role of the configurations for the sensory properties of chiral volatiles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RADON REMOVAL FROM GASEOUS XENON FOR THE ENRICHED XENON OBSERVATORY

Neutrino oscillation experiments have shown definite evidence for non-zero neutrino masses. However, these experiments only tell us about neutrino mass differences, and nothing about the absolute masses themselves. The observation of neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ) decay, a hypothetical nuclear transition, would provide the first absolute mass scale measurement of the neutrino outside of cosmology. This decay would imply the neutrino to be a Majorana particle, the first fermion of its kind. 0νββ decay would also be the first observation of lepton number violation. The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) is currently searching for 0νββ decay in Xe with a half-life greater than 10 years. EXO-200 is the first experiment of the EXO physics program, which has observed twoneutrino double beta decay (2νββ) in Xe for the first time, with a half-life of 2.165 ± 0.075× 10 years [1]. This is the longest measured half-life to date. EXO is now designing a 5-tonne scale detector, nEXO, to be sensitive to the inverted-scale hierarchy. Despite the careful selection of radiopure substances for the detector, the existence of trace levels of Rn is inevitable. One of the daughters of Rn, Bi, can emit photons at the Q-value for 0νββ decay, making it a critical background. This dissertation investigates the method of Rn removal from gaseous Xe through the use of a Cu wool trap.
Stable sulfate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles

The importance of atmospheric aerosols to the global radiation balance, to cloud formation, and to alleged human health effects has motivated us to investigate the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosol particles. Formation of new atmospheric particles (diameter between 3 and 10 nm) has been observed in a wide variety of low and high altitude locations. These aerosol particles are a source of Aitken mode nuclei and, after growing, one of the major sources of atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) thus affecting cloud formation and global radiation balance. While some studies show that the measured new particle formation rates could be explained by binary sulphuric acid - water nucleation, others, particularly those in the marine boundary layer, or over the continental sites, indicate that observed ambient nucleation rates exceed those predicted by the binary scheme. The observed ambient H2SO4 concentrations are much less than needed for binary nucleation but appropriate for ternary nucleation (w.
Effects of Ionic Additives and Ionic Comonomers on the Temperature and Pressure Responsive Behavior of Thermoresponsive Polymers in Aqueous Solutions

The cloud points of the aqueous solutions of poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) (PNVIBA) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) were measured down to a subzero temperature under elevated pressures, and the effects of ionic additives and the ionic comonomer were studied. The polymers with higher molecular weight showed lower transition pressure (Pt) and smaller ellipsoids, due to larger absolute values of ΔCp and Δβ. Addition of 0.02% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) into aqueous solutions of these polymers apparently extinguished the clouding phenomenon, but even under these conditions the dynamic light scattering measurement showed the chain collapse of the random coil preceding the interchain aggregations. Pt and transition temperature (Tt) were highly dependent on the addition of inert anions. Less lyotropic ions showed lower Pt and Tt, producing smaller ellipses as a result, while additions of SCN- and I- caused a slight increase in both Pt and Tt and therefore larger ellipses. Introduction of ionic comonomer (.