Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atomic collision cascades on void evolution in vanadium

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study void evolution subject to unidirectional self-bombardment and radiation-induced variation of mechanical properties in single crystalline vanadium. 3D simulation cells of perfect body-centered cubic (BCC) vanadium, as well as those with one, two, four, and six voids, were investigated. For the no void case, the maximum number of defects, maximum volumetric swelling, and the number of defects left in bulk after a sufficiently long recovery period increased with higher primary recoil energy. For the cases containing voids, a primary recoil energy was carefully assigned to an atom so as to initiate a dense collision spike in the voids center, where some self-interstitial atoms gained kinetic energy by secondary replacement collision sequence traveling along the ⟨ 111⟩ direction. It is found that the larger or the greater the number of voids contained initially in the box, the larger the normalized void volume, and the smaller the volumetric swelling after sufficient recovery of systems. In the single void case, the void became elongated along the bombarding direction; in the multiple void cases, the voids coalesced only when the intervoid ligament distance was short. After sufficient relaxation of the irradiated specimen, a hydrostatic tension was exerted on the box, where the voids were treated as dislocation sources. It is shown that with higher primary recoil energy, the yield stress dropped in cases with smaller or fewer voids but rose in those with larger or greater number of voids. This radiation-induced softening to hardening transition with increasing dislocation density can be attributed to the combined effects of the defect-induced dislocation nucleation and the resistance of defects to dislocation motion. Moreover, as the primary recoil energy increased, the ductility of vanadium in the no void case decreased, but was only slightly changed in the cases containing void.
Projections of changes in grassland soil organic carbon under climate change are relatively insensitive to methods of model initialization

Model initialization in soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover models has often been described as a crucial step in making future projections. Model initialization by the spin‐up of pools of SOC (model equilibrium run) has been questioned, because equilibrium has to be assumed. Measured SOC pools are independent of model assumptions and are thought to reflect better real site conditions. It has been suggested that model initialization with measured SOC fractions could provide an advantage over model spin‐up of SOC pools. In this study we tested this suggestion in relatively undisturbed native grasslands in Australia. We tested the Rothamsted SOC turnover model (RothC) under climate change at 12 sites with three different initialization methods, viz. model initialization with (i) spin‐up of model pools with inert organic matter (IOM) pool size calculated from a regression equation, (ii) spin‐up of model pools with measured IOM and (iii) all pools estimated from measured fractions. Averaged over the sites and initialization methods, maximum absolute variations (absolute differences in projected SOC stocks expressed as a percentage of initial 2008 SOC stocks) as well as averaged absolute variations throughout the projection period were very small (2.2 and 1.6%, respectively). Averaged across the sites, there were no significant differences in projected grassland SOC stocks under climate change after 93 years of simulation with model initialization by different methods and averaged absolute variation was only 1.6% across initialization methods. These findings suggest that in a relatively undisturbed land‐use system such as native grassland, projections of SOC under climate change are relatively insensitive to the model initialization method.
A Study on the Deacidification of High-Acidity Crude Oil by Combined Solvents

Abstract Deacidification of high-acidity crude oil using a combined solvent was investigated by an orthogonal experiment (L16(4)5). Results indicate that the combined solvent has good deacidification performance to high-acidity crude oil. The combined solvent can be recovered and reused. In addition, the solvent can remove most of the naphthenic acid of crude oil, and the deacidification of crude oil can be reduced significantly.
Oxygen Dependency of Neutrophilic Fe(II) Oxidation by Leptothrix Differs from Abiotic Reaction

Neutrophilic Fe(II) oxidizing microorganisms are found in many natural environments. It has been hypothesized that, at low oxygen concentrations, microbial iron oxidation is favored over abiotic oxidation. Here, we compare the kinetics of abiotic Fe(II) oxidation to oxidation in the presence of the bacterium Leptothrix cholodnii Appels isolated from a wetland sediment. Rates of Fe(II) oxidation were determined in batch experiments at 20°C, pH 7 and oxygen concentrations between 3 and 120 μmol/l. The reaction progress in experiments with and without cells exhibited two distinct phases. During the initial phase, the oxygen dependency of microbial Fe(II) oxidation followed a Michaelis-Menten rate expression (KM = 24.5 ± 10 μmol O2/l, vmax = 1.8 ± 0.2 μmol Fe(II)/(l min) for 108 cells/ml). In contrast, abiotic rates increased linearly with increasing oxygen concentrations. At similar oxygen concentrations, initial Fe(II) oxidation rates were faster in the experiments with bacteria. During the second phase, the accumulated iron oxides catalyzed further oxidative iron precipitation in both abiotic and microbial reaction systems. That is, abiotic oxidation also dominated the reaction progress in the presence of bacteria. In fact, in some experiments with bacteria, iron oxidation during the second phase proceeded slower than in the absence of bacteria, possibly due to an inhibitory effect of extracellular polymeric substances on the growth of Fe(III) oxides. Thus, our results suggest that the competitive advantage of microbial iron oxidation in low oxygen environments may be limited by the autocatalytic nature of abiotic Fe(III) oxide precipitation, unless the accumulation of Fe(III) oxides is prevented, for example, through a close coupling of Fe(II) oxidation and Fe(III) reduction.
Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compounds in Research and Industry

α-, β-, and γ-Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of six, seven, or eight glucose units, which can be obtained on a large scale from starch. They form inclusion compounds with smaller molecules which fit into their 5—8 A cavity. These (crystalline) complexes are of interest for scientific research as, contrary to the classical clathrates, they exist in aqueous solution and can be used to study the hydrophobic interactions which are so important in biological systems. Cyclodextrins also serve as models both for polymeric starch and, in the form of their polyiodide complexes, for “blue iodine-starch”. As cyclodextrins catalyze several chemical reactions they and their functionalized derivatives provide useful enzyme models. Cyclodextrins can be used to advantage in the production of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, foodstuffs, and toilet articles—the (micro-encapsulated) active and aromatic substances enclosed within them are protected from the effects of light and atmosphere and can be easily handled and stored in powder from. Substances which are not very soluble in water become more soluble in the presence of cyclodextrins—creams and emulsions can be stabilized, and the growth and yield of grain harvests can be increased. Cyclodextrins can be chemically modified for many different purposes; polymerized cyclodextrin or cyclodextrin bound to a polymer carrier have already been employed in gel inclusion and affinity chromatography.
Kinetics of phosphate adsorption on iron oxides formed under the influence of citrate.

The influence of organic acids on the formation of Fe oxyhydroxides and oxides has been intensively studied. However, scant attention has been paid to the subsequent effect on surface chemistry of the Fe oxides formed. The kinetics and mechanisms of phosphate adsorption by the Fe oxides formed in the presence of citrate ligands at initial citrate/Fe(II) molar ratios (MR) of 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 were investigated using the conventional batch method. The adsorption studies were conducted at the initial phosphate concentration of 0.5 mM and pH 4.0 during the reaction period from 2 min to 56 h at 278, 288, 298, and 313 K. The results show that the phosphate adsorption followed multiple second-order kinetics and had two distinct rates in each reaction system. The amount, rate coefficient, activation energy and pre-exponential factor of phosphate adsorption by the Fe oxides formed greatly varied with their structural and surface properties. These properties, which included crystal structure, specific surface.
Promoted CO 2 absorption in aqueous ammonia

Aqueous ammonia is a promising solvent for post combustion CO 2 capture but the CO 2 absorption rate in aqueous ammonia alone is low. This short communication investigates the effect of seven additives as potential promoters of CO 2 absorption in aqueous ammonia, and aims to inspire more research to develop effective promoters to increase CO 2 absorption in aqueous ammonia and further advance the aqueous ammonia‐based capture process. The additives were monoethanolamine, piperazine, 1‐methyl piperazine, 4‐amino piperidine and the sodium salts of three amino acids: sarcosine, taurine and glycine. Experiments were performed on a wetted wall column at an absorption temperature of 15 °C using 3 M (mol/L) NH 3 in the presence and absence of 0. 3 M of each additive. CO 2 mass transfer coefficients increased to different extents in the presence of different additives. Piperazine, 1‐methyl piperazine and sarcosine sodium salt promoted CO 2 absorption in aqueous NH 3 to a greater extent than the other additives. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Urea Decreases Nitrous Oxide Emissions Compared with Anhydrous Ammonia in a Minnesota Corn Cropping System

Quantifying N 2 O emissions from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] fields under different fertilizer regimes is essential to developing national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this study was to compare N 2 O emissions in plots managed for more than 15 yr under continuous corn (C/C) vs. a corn-soybean (C/S) rotation that were fertilized during the corn phase with either anhydrous NH 3 (AA) or urea (U). During three growing seasons, N 2 O emissions from corn following corn were nearly identical to corn following soybean. In both systems, however, N 2 O emissions with AA were twice the emissions with U. After accounting for N 2 O emissions during the soybean phase, it was estimated that a shift from C/S to C/C would result in an increase in annual emissions of 0.78 kg N ha -1 (equivalent to 0.11 Mg CO 2 -C ha -1 ) when AA was used, compared with only 0.21 kg N ha -1 (0.03 Mg CO 2 -C ha -1 ) with U. In light of trends toward increased use of U, these results suggest that fertilizer-induced soil N 2 O emissions may decline in the future, at least per unit of applied N, although further study is needed in different soils and cropping systems. While soil CO 2 emissions were 20% higher under C/C, crop residue from the prior year did not affect soil inorganic N or dissolved organic C during the subsequent season. We also compared different flux-calculation schemes, including a new method for correcting chamber-induced errors, and found that selection of a calculation method altered N 2 O emissions estimates by as much as 35%.
Gate Oxide Reliability of Poly-Si and Poly-SiGe CMOS Devices

This thesis focuses on the gate oxide reliability of poly silicon (poly-Si) and poly Silicon-Germanium(poly-Si0:7Ge0:3) dual gate CMOS devices. The conduction mechanism (I-V), Stress-Induced Leakage Current (SILC) and time-tobreakdown (tbd) of these devices on (ultra-)thin gate oxides is studied. P+ and n+-gates with poly-Si and poly-SiGe are used to study the in uence of gate workfunction on gate current and SILC current. Poly-SiGe is chosen since its allows modification of the workfunction of the gate for p+-poly gate devices. Moreover, it is fully compatible with (poly-)Si technology.
A molecular interpretation of the toughness of glassy polymers

A model is proposed that describes the failure of glassy polymers in the crazing regime. This model is based on the realization that the cross-tie fibrils, which are known to exist between primary fibrils in all crazes, can have a profound effect on the failure mechanics of a craze as they can transfer stress between the broken and unbroken fibrils. A very simple model of crack tip stress amplification caused by the cross-ties is shown to work well in the prediction of the fracture toughness of a bulk, high molecular weight, glassy polymer
Kinetics of carbothermal reduction and nitridation of silicon dioxide/carbon mixture

The carbothermal reduction and nitridation kinetics of silicon dioxide/carbon pellet were studied under conditions of various reaction parameters including gas flow rate, pellet size, pellet-forming pressure, C/SiO 2 molar ratio, grain sizes of both carbon and silicon dioxide, and reaction temperature by using a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. The rate equation and kinetic model expressions of the nitridation process in the chemical reaction-controlled region were presented. The activation energy investigated in the temperature range between 1623 and 1748 K was 448±10 kJ/mol. The reaction mechanism including the formation of a gaseous SiO intermediate was also discussed. The SiO formed from SiO 2 being a rate-determining step was confirmed by experimental results. These theoretical developments correlated sufficiently with observed experimental results
Water sorption in wood and modified wood at high values of relative humidity. Part 2: Appendix. Theoretical assessment of the amount of capillary water in wood microvoids

Abstract A theoretical study of the amount of moisture held in wood as capillary condensed water in the relative humidity (RH) range of 90–99.9% is carried out. The study is based on idealized geometries of the softwood structure related to micrographs. It is confined to structural elements such as bordered pits and the pointed ends of tracheids. The theoretical amount of water in these elements is found by employing the Kelvin equation. An equal amount of earlywood and latewood cells with different geometries and with different amounts of pits is assumed. The effect of pit aspiration is considered, and different degrees of pit aspiration are assigned to earlywood and latewood. We suggest based on the results that capillary condensation makes only a very small contribution to the equilibrium moisture content. At 99.9% RH the contribution amounts to less than 0.0035 kg water per kg dry wood. This is in line with the experimental results presented in Part 1 of this study.
Heat transfer from electrically heated cylinders

The heat transfer from small electrically heated cylinders has been studied with particular reference to the performance of hot-wire anemometers. The thermal equilibrium for a cylinder normal to the flow was investigated in detail and the convective transfer to the fluid, conductive flow to the supports and the radiation losses were measured. A simple model of the heat transfer at the surface showed that the Nusselt number was proportional to the product of the skin friction coefficient, Cf, and the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, and was in good agreement with the measurements. At the same time it was argued that the skin friction coefficient was independent of the temperature of the cylinder, provided that the fluid properties are evaluated for the conditions at the surface in the absence of heat transfer. This is in general agreement with published results and the measurements described here. The same model showed that the coefficient of local heat transfer was expressed by hw = CfρVcvkw/πk0, where kw is the conductivity of air at the temperature of the wire surface. This expression was also in good agreement with the measurements which showed that the temperature dependence of the heat transfer coefficient can be expressed as hw = h0(1 + βT), if it is assumed that kw = k0(1 + βT). The measurements also showed that h0 was proportional to the product of the mass flux and the skin friction coefficient, Cf. The chief source of experimental error in the measurement of Nusselt number was found to be in the estimation of the surface temperature of the wire, the reason being that the hot wire itself was used as a resistance thermometer for this purpose. This difficulty is a major factor in the large scatter among Nusselt number measurements by different observers.
On the Incorporation of a Developmental Process in a System of Self-Replicating Programs

This paper describes work I intend to pursue over the course of my PhD (although it presents a discussion of general ideas rather than a detailed research proposal—that will come later). My primary research interest is in the study of evolutionary processes through the use of computational models. In particular, I intend to study evolution in systems of self-replicating programs, especially those in which there is a developmental process to map genotypes to phenotypes. The reasons for this choice, and discussion of the analogy I wish to draw between the proposed digital system and existing biological systems, are explained. I believe that this work will be of interest both from the perspective of making some contribution to our understanding of biological evolution and also from the perspective of the evolution of computer programs in their own right.
Equilibrium uptake, sorption dynamics, process optimization, and column operations for the removal and recovery of malachite green from wastewater using activated carbon and activated slag

The waste slurry generated in fertilizer plants and slag (blast furnace waste) have been converted into low-cost adsorbents, activated carbon and activated slag, respectively, and these are utilized for the removal of malachite green (a basic dye) from wastewater. In the batch experiments, parameters studied include the effect of pH, sorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, temperature, and contact time. Kinetic studies have been performed to have an idea of the mechanistic aspects and to obtain the thermodynamic parameters of the process. The uptake of the dye is greater on carbonaceous material than on activated slag. Sorption data have been correlated with both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The presence of anionic surfactants does not affect the uptake of dye significantly. The mass transfer kinetic approach has been applied for the determination of various parameters necessary for the designing of fixed-bed contactors. Chemical regeneration has been achieved with acetone in order to recover the loaded dye and restore the column to its original capacity without dismantling the same.
Long-term change in healthy food consumption in Finland during 1985-2016: An age-period-cohort analysis

Societal change is reflected in food consumption habits. In postindustrial societies consumers are increasingly emphasizing health, ethical, and ecological aspects in their consumption habits. This study investigated the changes in food consumption in Finland during 1985? 2016. Fruits and berries, vegetables, and fish were used as indicators of healthy and contemporary food habits. To untangle the dynamics of change, time series data of Finnish household budget surveys from 1985 to 2016 and novel age-period-cohort models were used. The share of total food expenditure of all examined foods increased during the study period. Increasing vegetable and fruit consumption was reflected in the younger birth cohorts consuming more than the preceding ones. The food expenditure shares of fruit, berries, and fish were highest and rose most in over-50 age groups. However, the food expenditure shares of vegetables, and fruit and berries also rose in younger age groups during the most recent period. Cohort differences could not be explained by rising incomes, educational level or urbanization.
REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL WITH SUCKERMOUTH ARMORED CATFISH AND ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE AND INTESTINAL MORPHOLOGY OF INDIGENOUS THAI CHICKEN

Two hundred, one-day old Thai native chickens were investigated for the effects of growth performance and intestinal morphology, when replacing their fish meal (FM) with suckermouth armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) meal (PPM) in diets. Experimental groups were fed ad libitum; the basal diet with 100% FM (control), and the basal diet with PPM 25% (T1), 50% (T2), 75% (T3), and 100% (T4). Twenty chickens (4 chickens per each group) were euthanized and small intestinal tissues were collected in order to determine the morphology. From 1-84 days of age; chickens in the control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 groups presented no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performances (average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio). However, villus height, and villus height per crypt depth ratio were greatest in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal tissue segments of chickens in the T1 group (P≤0.05). Our preferred interpretation is that PPM can may be used to replace FM in chicken diet without any adverse impacts on growth performance. Moreover, our results demonstrate that replacement of FM with PPM can be improved intestinal lumen health, as indicated by villus height.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) L 1 Dutch vs L 2 English and the initial stages of L 3 French acquisition

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DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY AND DINAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF PHENOL-RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS

Differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) and dinamic mechanical analysis ( DMA ) were use to study the curing reactions of two phenol - resorcinol- formaldehyde ( PRF ) adhesives with 15 and 25 % resorcinol content, synthesized in laboratory. The PRF resin with lower resorcinol content ( PRF1 ) shows a double exothermic peak ( 99.9 and 158.2 °C ) while PRF2 ,with greater resorcinol content ( 25 %) shows only one peak at 93.9 °C. The DMA storage modulus E' confirm the differences in the curing behavior of PRF adhesives. In the delamination resistance test during accelerated exposure only PRF2 with a greater content of resorcinol, fulfilled the ASTM D 2559 requirements for beams treated with two CCA retention levels. The cross-linking reactions was produced in the curing process at lower temperature in PRF2 , enhanced the adhesion durability to glulams treated with CCA preservatives
Use of probiotics in Dermatology-Review Uso dos probióticos em Dermatologia-Revisão

The number of evidence supporting the existence of a “gut-skin axis” correlation has grown. There is also a suggestion that the intestinal microbiota modulation may play an essential role in dermatological diseases. Studies have shown that probiotics' oral use can have beneficial effects in treating skin diseases with inflammatory origins such as atopic dermatitis, acne, and others. However, there is no standardization as to what doses or species should be used for the treatments. We provide an overview of the use of probiotics as a treatment for dermatological diseases, focusing on mechanisms of action and clinical results reported in the literature.