Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding and improving modern web traffic caching

The WorldWide Web is one of the most popular and important Internet applications, and our daily lives heavily rely on it. Despite its importance, the current Web access is still limited for two reasons: (1) the Web has changed and grown significantly as social networking, video streaming, and file hosting sites have become popular, requiring more and more bandwidth, and (2) the need for Web access also has grown, and many users in bandwidth-limited environments, such as people in the developing world or mobile device users, still suffer from poor Web access. There was a burst of research a decade ago aimed at understanding the nature of Web traffic and thus improving Web access, but unfortunately, it has dropped off just as the Web has changed significantly. As a result, we have little understanding of the underlying nature of today’s Web traffic, and thus miss traffic optimization opportunities for improvingWeb access. To help improveWeb access, this dissertation attempts to fill the missing gap between previous research and today’s Web. For a better understanding of today’sWeb traffic, we first analyze five years (2006-2010) of real Web traffic from a globally-distributed proxy system, which captures the browsing behavior of over 70,000 users from 187 countries. Using this data set, we examine major changes in Web traffic characteristics that occurred during this period. We also develop a new Web page analysis technique that is better suited for modern Web page interactions. Using our analysis technique, we analyze various aspects of page-level changes, and present a simple Web traffic model that we develop based on our findings. Finally, we investigate the redundancy of this traffic, using both traditional object-level caching as well as content-based approaches that use the caching technique at the sub-object or packet level. Among many findings, we observe a huge potential benefit of the content-based caching approaches - the byte hit rate is almost twice as large as that of the traditional object-level caching approach. Motivated by the possible benefits from content-based caching approaches, we also develop Wanax, a scalable and flexible wide-area network (WAN) accelerator that is designed for low-bandwidth and resource-limited developing world environments. It uses a novel multi-resolution chunking (MRC) scheme that provides high compression rates and high disk performance for a variety of content, while using much less memory than existing approaches. Wanax exploits the design of MRC to perform intelligent load shedding to maximize throughput even when running on resource-limited shared platforms. Finally, Wanax exploits mesh network environments, instead of just the star topologies common in enterprise branch offices. Equally importantly, the designs of Wanax can be applied to enterprise environments, providing the same benefits.
STRESS TRANSFER AND DEFORMATION MECHANISMS AROUND A DIAPHRAGM WALL PANEL

Practicing engineers and researchers are becoming aware of the importance of ground movements and stress ~hanges in the ground . that may occur during the construction of a diaphragm wall type of retaining w~ls. In this p~per, ~e cons~ruc~on sequence of a typical diaphragm wall panel in stiff clay is fully simulated usmg a three-dimenSIOnal firute difference program. Computed results are compared with some reported results of centrifuge model tests and relevant case histories. It has been found that the influence zone due to the diaphragm wall panel installation falls within a nonnal distance of approximately one panel depth, D, from the f~ce . of the pa? el, 1I3D below fro~ the toe and 1/3L from the edge and along the length of the panel (L). Slgmficant honzontal stress reduction behind the center of the panel is attributed to both the downward load transfer and the horizontal arching mechanisms. A settlement bowl appears behind the panel. The maximum settlement occurs at a distance of about D.W behind the wall and settlements beyond the influence zone are found to be insignificant.
The Influence of Perceived Reason for Being Bullied on the Relation between Type of Bullying and Depressive Symptoms

ABSTRACT The present study investigates the role of perceived reason for being bullied on the outcomes of bullying. Using a sample of bullied youth from the 2017 administration of the PNA survey (n = 3,373), the present study tested the moderating effect of perceived reason for bullying on the relation between type of bullying experienced and depressive symptoms. Including perceived reason for being bullied eliminated the significant difference in depressive symptoms between in-school and cyberbullying. However, experiencing in-school and cyberbullying simultaneously (i.e., co-occurring victimization) was still associated with more depressive symptoms than in-school bullying or cyberbullying alone. Depressive symptoms were amplified when cyberbullying was perceived to be due to a sexual identity reason, suppressed when co-occurring victimization was perceived to be due to a social reason, and amplified when co-occurring victimization was perceived to be due to a status reason. Possible mechanisms of these interactions and implications are discussed.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among School Teenagers in Mbouda, Western Cameroon: A Cross Sectional Study

Teenagers are a particularly vulnerable age group to Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risks factors of IDA among apparently healthy school teenagers in Mbouda, West-Cameroon. Blood samples, up to 778 were randomly collected from adolescents aged 10-19 years of four schools in Mbouda. For this cross-sectional study, participants collaborated to fill a questionnaire with us on socio-economic and demographic status. The methods of 24 hours recall, and dietary history were used to determine the dietary habits, the type of food and the consumed meal frequencies during a day. Appropriate indicators including hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, and total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation were determined using standard methods. Our findings showed that the prevalence of IDA was 82.4 % and 17.64 % in participants aged 13-19 years and 10-12 years respectively. High significant difference in the mean values of Serum Iron (p = 0.001), Serum ferritin (p<0.001), TIBC (p<0.001), CST (0.001) and Hemoglobin (p<0.001, CI = 2) were observed in participants without IDA compared to those with IDA. The sociodemographic risk factors of IDA in school adolescents were sex [P = 0.001, OR = 0.39 (0.22–0.69)], residence areas [P = 0.001, OR = 3.30 (1.55–7.02)] and school sites [P = 0.002]. Consumption of vegetable [OR: 0.30 (0.17–0.54)], fruits, [OR: 0.26 (0.12–0.52)] and fats [OR: 0.33 (0.12–0.91)] significantly decreased the risk of IDA (p <0.05), whereas the consumption of legumes [OR: 2.60 (1.57–4.32)] significantly increased the risk of IDA. This study suggested that IDA could be prevented by providing proper knowledge on the healthful diet including fats animal food sources, fruit and vegetables, improved lifestyle, and on the harmful effects of IDA to the teenager’s productivity.
Developing a Multi-Dimensional Measure of Hotel Brand Customers’ Online Engagement Behaviors to Capture Non-Transactional Value

While the historical focus of customer value research has been on transactional values, it is important to also understand the non-transactional values co-created by customer online engagement behaviors. However, online engagement research in tourism has focused almost exclusively on experience sharing behaviors via online review websites. This research is purposed to develop a multi-dimensional measure of non-transactional values created via online brand community members’ engagement behaviors. Focusing on Marriott Bonvoy Insider Brand Community members, scale development procedures were used to identify four dimensions of non-transactional value: influential-experience value, C-to-B innovation value, relational value, and functional value. The scale achieves good validity and reliability. Relationships with both antecedents (e.g., internal and external motivations) and consequences (e.g., brand attachment and brand loyalty) were examined to assess nomological validity. Tourism researchers and managers can employ this scale to diagnose the non-transactional values co-created by customer online engagement behaviors.
Efficient and Effective Data Imputation with Influence Functions

Data imputation has been extensively explored to solve the missing data problem. The dramatically rising volume of missing data makes the training of imputation models computationally infeasible in real-life scenarios. In this paper, we propose an efficient and effective data imputation system with influence functions , named EDIT, which quickly trains a parametric imputation model with representative samples under imputation accuracy guarantees. EDIT mainly consists of two modules, i.e., an imputation influence evaluation (IIE) module and a representative sample selection (RSS) module. IIE leverages the influence functions to estimate the effect of (in)complete samples on the prediction result of parametric imputation models. RSS builds a minimum set of the high-effect samples to satisfy a user-specified imputation accuracy. Moreover, we introduce a weighted loss function that drives the parametric imputation model to pay more attention on the high-effect samples. Extensive experiments upon ten state-of-the-art imputation methods demonstrate that, EDIT adopts only about 5% samples to speed up the model training by 4x in average with more than 11% accuracy gain.
Guided inquiry with sparkol videosribe in science learning: a study of students' scientific attitudes

Scientific attitude is an important element in learning Natural Sciences (IPA) which must be instilled early on. However, many studies reveal that students in elementary schools still have a low scientific attitude so it takes some effort to improve it. Efforts that can be done include implementing a learning model and media that are thought to facilitate students in developing their scientific attitude, one of which is the Guided Inquiry model with Sparkol Videoscribe learning media. This research has the aim of improving students' scientific attitudes by applying the Guided Inquiry model assisted by Sparkol Videoscribe in science learning. The method used in this study is a quasi-experimental type of experimental research and the Nonequivalent control group design. The population in this study were all grade 5 students of elementary schools in Cigasong Sub-district, Majalengka with the sample being grade 5 students of SDN Cicenang 1, Majalengka of two classes. The results of the study illustrate that the scientific attitude of students who obtained the Guided Inquiry model assisted by Sparkol Videoscribe was better than students who obtained conventional learning. From these results, it can be concluded that the Guided Inquiry model assisted by Sparkol Videoscribe is effective in improving students' scientific attitudes.
Family medicine academy trainers’ satisfaction in King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: The influence of family physicians on the health care system is indisputable. Medical doctors' satisfaction is a critical measure of their wellness which has been negatively associated with physicians' burnout. The satisfaction of physicians is also linked with different health care outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to measure the family medicine academy trainers' satisfaction in King Saud Medical City (KSMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2020 among KSMC trainers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected by a pretested questionnaire. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Percentage and frequency were used to describe the categories. The Chi-square test was used to assess the differences in satisfaction levels among different categories. Results: A total of 80 participants were included with a mean age of 40.6 years. Most of the participants were married (86.3%). Furthermore, it was found that 37.5% were extremely satisfied, whereas 3.8% were dissatisfied. Moreover, it was also found that the social level of the trainer was a predictor of their satisfaction, as those with a more stable social life, married or lived with parents, and those who lived together had a significantly higher level of satisfaction. Conclusion: Most trainers were satisfied with the training program; however, limitations in tools, resources, and technology represented the most common concern for them.
Obstetric Safety and Quality at Istishari Arab Hospital: Where Are We Now and How Can We Improve

Background: Indicators for tracking progress in maternal and newborn health have been recommended by a number of global monitoring initiatives. Quality of care is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of maternal and newborn health, particularly in the labor and delivery and immediate postnatal period. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to estimate the frequency of obstetric complications. Furthermore, in 2018, Istishari Arab Hospital assessed the safety and quality of obstetrical procedures. Identifying risk factors that contributed to adverse events in the obstetric department. Methods: A retrospective study is dependent on the use of electronic medical records from inpatient hospitals. Research was conducted in the field of inquiry in an electronic database, as well as related studies. Maternal morbidity and adverse outcomes were identified using diagnosis and procedure codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10-CM) within the health information system. Aside from the paper files. SPSS was used for descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analysis. Results This study included 418 women, with 62.2 percent of them having their babies delivered by CS. The average age of the women in this study was 27.84. 8 years, with 58.1 percent of them coming from Ramallah. Following a multivariate analysis using logistic regression, our study discovered a positive correlation with P-value 0.05 between educational level and prior CS on one side and surgical site infection on the other. Furthermore, our study found a link between the rate of CS on one side and maternal age, diabetes, hypertension, and gynecological factors on the other (prematurity, multiple gestation). Conclusion: Regardless of the number, patients with a lower education level or a history of CS have a higher risk of surgical site infection and other complications. By focusing on these factors and increasing awareness and education, we may be able to reduce obstetric complications in the future.
Thermal-hydraulic analysis under partial loss of flow accident hypothesis of a plate-type fuel surrounded by two water channels using RELAP5 code

Thermal-hydraulic analysis of plate-type fuel has great importance to the establishment of safety criteria, also to the licensing of the future nuclear reactor with the objective of propelling the Brazilian nuclear submarine. In this work, an analysis of a single plate-type fuel surrounding by two water channels was performed using the RELAP5 thermal-hydraulic code. To realize the simulations, a plate-type fuel with the meat of uranium dioxide sandwiched between two Zircaloy-4 plates was proposed. A partial loss of flow accident was simulated to show the behavior of the model under this type of accident. The results show that the critical heat flux was detected in the central region along the axial direction of the plate when the right water channel was blocked.
Impact of COVID‐19 on changing consumer behaviour: Lessons from an emerging economy

Abstract The present study investigates the impact of COVID‐19 on Consumers' changing way of life and buying behaviour based on their socio‐economic backgrounds. A questionnaire survey was carried out to understand the impact of COVID‐19 on consumers' affordability, lifestyle, and health awareness and how these effects influenced their buying behaviour. A total of 425 usable responses were analysed using the structural equation modelling considering Consumers' socio‐economic background as exogenous variables and Consumers' changing way of life and Adaptation in consumers’ buying behaviour as endogenous variables. The study reveals that COVID‐19 has affected the consumers in the unorganised sectors more than others and induced an increase in the demand for affordable substitutes for daily necessities. The demand for wellness and entertainment products is found to depend upon the occupation and family earning status of consumers which is jointly mediated by affordability and lifestyle changes. Further, the findings show that the demand for health and hygiene products depends on the current employment status and family earning status of consumers which is jointly mediated by affordability and awareness towards health and hygiene. The model developed in the present study allows the decision‐makers to identify which segments of the population with certain socio‐economic backgrounds could be targeted for wellness products and which ones could be targeted for health and hygiene products. In addition, the model provides rich insights to the managers as to what kind of product substitution would be viable in the market during the pandemic.
Factors affecting physical activity among prediabetic women: the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background and aims: Prediabetic individuals are more at risk for developing diabetes mellitus (DM). Physical activity (PA) is a significant factor contributing to health maintenance and promotion. This study aimed to assess the factors affecting PA among prediabetic women based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on 100 prediabetic women selected from comprehensive healthcare centers in Arak, Iran. A demographic questionnaire, a TPB-based questionnaire, and Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed through the Spearman’s correlation analysis and the linear regression analysis with the backward method. Results: The mean score of PA was 0.56±0.8 (in the possible range of 0–2). Around 61% of participants had limited PA, 16% of them had moderate PA, 19% of them had adequate PA and 4% no response. Perceived behavioral control explained 5.5% of the variance of the PA behavior. Conclusion: Given the significant effects of perceived behavioral control on PA, TPB-based educations may be helpful in promoting PA among prediabetic women.
Labor Analgesia in South West Nigeria: Methods and Self-reported Effectiveness

Context: Labor exposes many women to severe pain. Effective labor pain management is one of the prerequisites for a satisfying labor experience. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the labor pain management practices and patients’ assessment of adequacy of pain relief in two tertiary hospitals in South West Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 132 pregnant women who had a noninstrumental vaginal delivery at the obstetric units of Babcock University Teaching Hospital and Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, between December 2017 and May 2018. A structured questionnaire was administered to women within 24 h of delivery to record details of labor and delivery, the form of labor analgesia administered and respondents’ perceived effectiveness of the analgesia. Data were analyzed using the IBM-SPSS statistics for Windows version 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York). Results: Sixty-six (50%) women rated labor pain to be severe. Thirty-eight women (28.8%) did not receive any pain relief during labor. Nonpharmacological pain management practices such as back massage, breathing exercises, and companionship were administered to 45(34.1%), 79(59.8%), and 45(34.1%) women, respectively. Nine women (6.8%) received intramuscular pentazocine (30 mg) for labor analgesia. There was a statistically significant association between use of back massage and severe labor pain perception (χ2 = 4.080; P = 0.043). Self-reported effectiveness was highest among users of back massage (82.2%) and companionship (77.8%). Conclusions: There is a large unmet need for labor analgesia in South West Nigeria. Nonpharmacological pain management practices were the most frequently used methods, and most patients experienced reduction in severity of pain. There is need for improvements in obstetric analgesia services in our maternity units.
Subsurface gas generation at a landfill in Johannesburg

Landfill gas (LFG) consisting of 50-60 % v/v CH4 contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions as well as to local air pollution and nuisance odours; in addition, the uncontrolled subsurface migration of LFG can pose an explosion hazard. LFG is explosive mostly due to its CH4 content. CH4 is explosive at concentrations of 5-15 % in air. Venting of the gas to the atmosphere prevents any explosion risk; however, the concern lies with the lateral migration of CH4 through soil and along cracks and its subsequent accumulation. This highlights the importance of subsurface LFG monitoring. In this study, subsurface LFG generation is measured at a solid waste disposal site situated approximately 20 km west of Johannesburg. The results of three first-order kinetic models (to estimate LFG generation) for the site are compared. The three models are LandGEM, GasSim and the IPCC model contained in the 2006 UNFCCC 2006 National Inventory Guidelines for waste. High LFG concentrations are recorded along the northern boundary of the site (exceeding 60% v/v). Modelled LFG generation simulations are slightly higher from LandGEM whilst the IPCC Waste Model predicts the lowest concentrations.
Optical biosensors: SPARROW biosensor and photonic crystal-based fluorescence enhancement

Optical Biosensors: SPARROW Biosensor and Photonic Crystal-Based Fluorescence Enhancement Joshua Ryan Nightingale Biosensors are used to convert a biological change into a quantifiable signal that can be output via a transducer and are commonly used for the detection and identification of biological agents. Optical biosensors are a class of biosensors that make use of light as the transduced signal and are desirable for their highly sensitive, often non-destructive analyte analysis. Two such optical biosensors being investigated are the Stacked Planar Affinity Regulated Resonant Optical Waveguide (SPARROW) biosensor and the photonic crystal-based, resonant-enhanced fluorescence sensor. These sensors make use of stacked, planar, resonant dielectric waveguides and periodic optical nanostructures, respectively, for biomolecule detection. This thesis describes the theory, design, and fabrication of these optical biosensors. For the SPARROW sensor, focus is given to the optimization and characterization of stacked, low loss dielectric waveguide structures deposited via electron beam evaporation, Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD). Time and frequency domain simulations for the fluorescence-based, photonic crystal sensor are presented for use in the sensor’s design and theoretical characterization. Photonic crystal structures are explored experimentally via the design, fabrication, and optical testing of onedimensionally periodic Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) structures.