Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of large convective eddies on the surface‐layer turbulence

Close to the surface large coherent eddies consisting of plumes and downdraughts cause convergent winds blowing towards the plume axes, which in turn cause wind shears and generation of turbulence. This mechanism strongly enhances the convective heat/mass transfer at the surface and, in contrast to the classical formulation, implies an important role of the surface roughness. In this context we introduce the stability‐dependence of the roughness length. The latter is important over very rough surfaces, when the height of the roughness elements becomes comparable with the large‐eddy Monin–Obukhov length. A consistent theoretical model covering convective regimes over all types of natural surfaces, from the smooth still sea to the very rough city of Athens, is developed; it is also comprehensively validated against data from measurements at different sites and also through the convective boundary layer. Good correspondence between model results, field observations and large‐eddy simulation is achieved over a wide range of surface roughness lengths and convective boundary‐layer heights. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Validated Models Using EHRs or Claims Data to Distinguish Diabetes Type among Adults

Purpose: Clinical data provides the opportunity for efficient and timely disease surveillance. We developed and validated advanced phenotyping models to classify adult patients with diabetes to type 1, type 2, or other/indeterminate using structured fields from EHR data. To simulate the use of claims data supplemented with medication information, we compared model performance before and after the removal of body mass index (BMI) and laboratory results. Methods: We used 3 years of EHR data from a sample of 2,465 adult patients with diabetes from a health care system’s clinical data warehouse. A weighted ratio of type 1 diabetes codes to all diabetes codes was created by down-weighting codes from care settings that do not treat diabetes. We developed two multinomial regression models and a machine learning conditional inference tree to classify patients to type 1, type 2, or other/indeterminate. The models were validated by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) relative to a gold standard. Results: For all models, the weighted ratio of type 1 diabetes was the strongest predictive factor. The models had validation statistics ≥ 93% for sensitivity; ≥ 87% for specificity; ≥ 88% for PPV, and ≥ 93% for NPV. After removal of BMI and laboratory data from the regression model the largest decline in performance from the full model was in type 2 diabetes specificity (90.8% to 89.2%). Conclusion: Prediction models and machine learning conditional inference trees using either structured fields from EHR data or claims data supplemented with medication data can be used to accurately distinguish diabetes type among adults. The inclusion of BMI and laboratory results improves model specificity for type 2
Tectonic Forcing of the Extreme Aridification of the East Asian Interior at Around 900 ka–Insights From the Spatially Inconsistent Magnetization of Chinese Loess

The upper sandy loess unit L9 on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) corresponds to marine isotope stages 22–24, and it represents aeolian deposition under conditions of extreme aridification. However, the forcing mechanism remains controversial. Numerous paleomagnetic studies in the eastern CLP show that the coarsest part of L9 is remagnetized and has a normal geomagnetic polarity. However, our results show that in loess sections in the western CLP the coarsest part of L9 records a primary reverse polarity. This spatially inconsistent magnetization pattern originates mainly from the different magnetic carriers of the characteristic remanent magnetization (hematite in the western CLP and magnetite in the eastern CLP), which suggests a different dust provenance between the western and eastern CLP. We ascribe this spatial contrast in dust provenance to the episodic uplift of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which also led to the extreme aridification of the East Asian interior at ∼900 ka.
On-Device Deep Learning for Mobile and Wearable Sensing Applications: A Review

Although running deep-learning (DL) algorithms is challenging due to resource constraints on mobile and wearable devices, they provide performance improvements compared to lightweight or shallow architectures. The widespread application areas for on-device DL include computer vision, image processing, natural language processing, and audio classification. However, mobile and wearable sensing applications are also gaining attention. They can benefit from on-device DL, given that these devices are integrated with various sensors and produce large amounts of data. This article reviews state-of-the-art studies on on-device DL for mobile and wearable devices, particularly from the sensor data analytics perspective. We first discuss the general optimization techniques of DL algorithms to meet the resource limitations of the devices. Then, we elaborate on model update and personalization techniques and review the studies by classifying them according to several aspects, including application areas, sensors, types of devices, utilized DL algorithms, mode of implementation, methods for optimizing DL algorithms for the target devices, training method, implementation toolkit/platform, performance metrics, and resource consumption analysis. Finally, we discuss the open issues and future research directions about on-device DL for mobile and wearable sensing applications.
Origin of the prestellar core mass function and link to the IMF – Herschel first results

Abstract We briefly review ground-based (sub)millimeter dust continuum observations of the prestellar core mass function (CMF) and its connection to the stellar initial mass function (IMF). We also summarize the first results obtained on this topic from the Herschel Gould Belt survey, one of the largest key projects with the Herschel Space Observatory. Our early findings with Herschel confirm the existence of a close relationship between the CMF and the IMF. Furthermore, they suggest a scenario according to which the formation of prestellar cores occurs in two main steps: 1) complex networks of long, thin filaments form first, probably as a result of interstellar MHD turbulence; 2) the densest filaments then fragment and develop prestellar cores via gravitational instability.
How Science Is Applied in Technology

Unlike basic sciences, scientific research in advanced technologies aims to explain, predict, and (mathematically) describe not phenomena in nature, but phenomena in technological artefacts, thereby producing knowledge that is utilized in technological design. This article first explains why the covering‐law view of applying science is inadequate for characterizing this research practice. Instead, the covering‐law approach and causal explanation are integrated in this practice. Ludwig Prandtl’s approach to concrete fluid flows is used as an example of scientific research in the engineering sciences. A methodology of distinguishing between regions in space and/or phases in time that show distinct physical behaviours is specific to this research practice. Accordingly, two types of models specific to the engineering sciences are introduced. The diagrammatic model represents the causal explanation of physical behaviour in distinct spatial regions or time phases; the nomo‐mathematical model represents the phenomenon in terms of a set of mathematically formulated laws.
Combination of Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma (FAST) Scan and Detection of Hematuria to Exclude Intra-abdominal Injuries Following Blunt Abdominal Trauma

Background Blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) is the most common pattern of abdominal traumas. It may be associated with intra-abdominal injuries (IAIs). Exploratory laparotomies are only needed in a minority of patients after BAT. Methodology All BAT patients who presented to the El Demerdash Hospital of Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt during the study period were traced. Parameters including demographic data, focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) scan, CT scan results, and hematuria were collected. The cohort was divided according to the CT scan results into two groups: patients with IAIs and patients without IAIs. Results Males represented 78.2% of the patients, and the mean age of the recruited patients was 32.1 ± 18 years. Road traffic accidents represented the main cause of trauma (58%). Patients with IAIs detected by CT scan represented 1.62%, and hematuria was detected in 88.9% of them. The specificity of FAST was 97.1%, and that of hematuria was 84.1%, and for the combination of both tests, the specificity was 99.3%. Conclusion IAIs after BAT can usually be excluded if both FAST and hematuria are negative, provided that the patient is stable.
Optimal fault detection with nuisance parameters and a general covariance matrix

Optimal fault detection is addressed within a statistical framework. A linear model with nuisance parameters and a general covariance matrix (not necessarily diagonal) is considered. It is supposed that the nuisance parameters are unknown but non‐random; practically, this means that the nuisance can be intentionally chosen to maximize its negative impact on the monitored system (for instance, to mask a fault). Two different invariant tests can be designed in such a case. It is shown that these methods are equivalent. An example of the ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) integrity monitoring in the case of an arbitrary diagonal covariance matrix of the pseudorange errors illustrates the relevance of the proposed approaches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy band alignment in GaAs:(Al,Ga)As heterostructures: The dependence on alloy composition

The band alignment in GaAs:(Al,Ga)As heterostructures has been investigated over the full range of alloy composition. The valence‐band discontinuity ΔEv is determined by measuring the activation energy for thermionic emission of holes from p‐GaAs over an undoped, square (Al,Ga)As barrier. The use of p‐type structures to measure ΔEv circumvents a number of complications involved in the measurement of ΔEc. The parameters required for analysis are determined by different measurements on the same structures and the analysis is performed so that the activation energy, extrapolated to zero bias, yields ΔEv directly. It is found that ΔEv is a linear function of the aluminum mole fraction xAl: ΔEv ≂0.55xAl (eV) (0≤xAl≤1). The validity of these data is supported by measurements of ΔEc in the direct band‐gap regime, where complementary values of ΔEv and ΔEc add up to the expected band‐gap difference. This relationship provides a simple description of the full band alignment in this heterosystem and should prove val.
Fault-Tolerant Consensus Control for Discrete-Time Multi-Agent Systems: A Distributed Adaptive Sliding-Mode Scheme

In this brief, a fully distributed sliding mode controller with fault compensation is designed to deal with the consensus problem of discrete-time first-order multi-agent systems with actuator faults. A novel fully distributed integral sliding surface (ISS) without global information is proposed to guarantee consensus when agents move on the sliding surface. Based on such a sliding manifold combined with identified faults, a fully distributed sliding mode fault-tolerant controller is constructed, while a sufficient condition is derived to guarantee the finite-time reachability of the distributed ISS. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
Costs During the Last Five Years of Life for Patients with Clinical and Pathological Confirmed Diagnosis of Lewy Body Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: Little is known regarding healthcare expenditures for patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) during the end of life. Objective: This study estimated Medicare expenditures during the last 5 years of life in a decedent sample of patients who were clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or DLB and had autopsy confirmed diagnosis. Methods: The study included 58 participants clinically diagnosed with mild dementia at study entry (AD: n = 44, DLB: n = 14) and also had autopsy-confirmed diagnoses of pure AD (n = 32), mixed AD+Lewy body (LB) (n = 5), or pure LB (n = 11). Total Medicare expenditures were compared by clinical and pathology confirmed diagnosis, adjusting for sex, age at death, and patient’s cognition, function, comorbidities, and psychiatric and extrapyramidal symptoms. Results: When pathology diagnoses were not considered, predicted annualized total Medicare expenditures during the last 5 years of life were similar between clinically diagnosed AD ($7,465±1,098) and DLB ($7,783±1,803). When clinical diagnoses were not considered, predicted expenditures were substantially higher in patients with pathology confirmed mixed AD+LB ($12,005±2,455) than either pure AD ($6,173±941) or pure LB ($4,629±1,968) cases. Considering clinical and pathology diagnosis together, expenditures for patients with clinical DLB and pathology mixed AD+LB ($23,592±3,679) dwarfed other groups. Conclusion: Medicare expenditures during the last 5 years of life were substantially higher in patients with mixed AD+LB pathology compared to those with pure-AD and pure-LB pathologies, particularly in those clinically diagnosed with DLB. Results highlight the importance of having both clinical and pathology diagnoses in examining healthcare costs.
Genomic relatedness and dissemination of blaNDM-5 among Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospital environments and clinical specimens in Thailand

Background Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an important cause of nosocomial infection, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). It has the propensity to tolerate various environments and multiple classes of antibiotics. Our study aimed to characterize the comparative genomes of A. baumannii from hospital environments and clinical isolates. Methods Clinical and environmental A. baumannii isolates were collected from a university hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were characterized, and repetitive element palindromic-PCR (rep-PCR) typing was performed. Eight representative A. baumannii isolated from environmental and clinical samples from the same wards were selected for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using the Illumina platform. Results A total of 106 A. baumannii isolates were obtained from 312 hospital environmental samples. A high percentage of samples with A. baumannii colonization were detected from AMBU bags (77.9%), followed by bedrails (66.7%) and suction tubes (66.7%). We found that 93.4% of the environmental isolates were multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB), and 44.7% were extremely drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDRAB). blaOXA-23 blaNDM, and blaOXA-58 were present in 80.2%, 78.3%, and 0.9% of all isolates, respectively. Sixty-one A. baumannii isolates were collected from patient specimens in the same ward. Among all A. baumannii clinical isolates, MDRAB and XDRAB accounted for 82% and 55.7%, respectively. The most dominant ARGs identified was blaOXA-23 (80.3%), followed by blaNDM (55.7%). The genetic diversity of all isolates using rep-PCR could be divided into 33 genotypes. The genome size of eight A. baumannii ranged from 3.78–4.01 Mb. We found six of eight strains to be blaNDM-5-harboring A. baumannii. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as integron1 (intl1), located upstream of blaNDM-5 were observed. The phylogenomic relationship of the core and pan genomes as well as the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) count matrix revealed the genetic similarity of A. baumannii environmental and clinical strains obtained from the same ward. Conclusion This study confirmed that A. baumannii colonized in hospital environments were the main reservoir of nosocomial infection and provides critical information to guide the control of A. baumannii infection.
Pediatric Forearm Fracture Characteristics as Prognostic Indicators of Healing

Background This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics, complications, radiologic features, and clinical course of patients undergoing reduction of forearm fractures to better inform patient prognosis and postoperative management. Methodology We conducted a retrospective chart review of 75 pediatric patients treated for forearm fractures between January 2014 and September 2021 in a 327-bed regional medical center. A preoperative radiological assessment and chart review was performed. Percent fracture displacement, location, orientation, comminution, fracture line visibility, and angle of angulation were determined by anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs. Percent fracture displacement was calculated as 𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 / 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 100% = % 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡. The angle of angulation and percent fracture displacement were calculated by averaging AP and lateral radiograph measurements. Results A total of 75 cases, averaging 11.6 ± 4.1 years, were identified as having a complete fracture of the radius and/or ulna, with 66 receiving closed reduction and nine receiving fixation via an intramedullary device or percutaneous pinning. Eight (10.7%) patients experienced complications, with four resulting in a refracture and four resulting in significant loss of reduction without refracture. Fractures in the proximal two-thirds of the radius were associated with a significant increase in complications compared to fractures in the distal one-third of the radius (33.3% vs 3.6%) (p = 0.0005). Likewise, a greater fracture displacement percentage was associated with a lower risk of refracture post-reduction as those experiencing complications had over 30% greater total displacement pre-reduction compared to patients who did not experience complications such as refracture or loss of reduction (p < 0.0001). No elevated risk of complications was found based on fracture orientation, angulation, fracture line visibility, forearm bone(s) fractured, sex, age, or arm affected. Conclusions Our results highlight radius fracture location and percent fracture displacement as markers with prognostic value following forearm fracture. These measurements are simply calculated via pre-reduction radiographs, providing an efficient method of informing the risk of complications following forearm fracture reduction.
High birefringence and near‐zero dispersion control of nonlinear photonic crystal fibers with a double‐cladded coaxial core

Optical propagation characteristics of high birefringence (HB), near‐zero chromatic dispersion, and small effective mode area are first investigated along with simultaneously effective controllability for the new double‐cladded coaxial core photonic crystal fibers with the breakthrough air‐hole defects at the middle‐top, middle‐bottom, right‐top, and left‐bottom, as pairs, which enable the adaptation of novel systematic approach for design goals in the inner first hexagonal cladding layer. Compared with results (around 3.2 × 10−4) of well‐known HB optical fibers, superior performance for preserving the lightwave polarization state by about three times higher HB levels has been achieved with additive advantages of fabrication from only pure fused silica material and broadly unlimited stable single‐mode operation.
Ubi-Asthma: Toward Ubiquitous Asthma Detection Using the Smartwatch

Asthma is a common respiratory disease in modern society. However, people are rarely aware of the symptoms of asthma because the early stage of asthma is similar to that of the common cold (e.g., wheeze, cough, and shortness of breath). To tackle this challenge, we propose an asthma detection system, Ubi-Asthma, based on the smartwatch. Ubi-Asthma combines breathing signals and guttural sound (e.g., cough sound and throat-clearing sound) signals to realize passive and accurate asthma detection without interrupting the user. Not only can Ubi-Asthma extract breathing signals from the user even if the user is walking but also recognize guttural sound signals when the user is engaged in voice communication without being disturbed by noise. The features of breathing and guttural sound are combined to improve the accuracy of asthma detection. We have implemented a fully functional prototype using an off-the-shelf smartwatch. Fifty volunteers participate in an extensive experiment of up to 150 h to train Ubi-Asthma. As a result, Ubi-Asthma can reach a detection accuracy of 98.4%, which is higher than breath- or guttural-based asthma detection systems. Ubi-Asthma is expected to provide a potential solution for smart-home applications in the future.
Phylogenetic Tree Construction Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Abstract We describe a Bayesian method based on Markov chain simulation to study the phylogenetic relationship in a group of DNA sequences. Under simple models of mutational events, our method produces a Markov chain whose stationary distribution is the conditional distribution of the phylogeny given the observed sequences. Our algorithm strikes a reasonable balance between the desire to move globally through the space of phylogenies and the need to make computationally feasible moves in areas of high probability. Because phylogenetic information is described by a tree, we have created new diagnostics to handle this type of data structure. An important byproduct of the Markov chain Monte Carlo phylogeny building technique is that it provides estimates and corresponding measures of variability for any aspect of the phylogeny under study.
Application of Home Medication Review (HMR) on Patient Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Blood Sugar Management

: Non-adherence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in treatment will impact expected clinical outcomes, risk of complications, and poor quality of life. Home medication review (HMR) is designed to help achieve optimal treatment, such as patient adherence. This study aimed to determine adherence levels and T2DM blood sugar management. This study with a pretest-posttest control group design was carried out at Andalas Public Health Center, Padang City, West Sumatra-Indonesia with 62 randomly selected respondents and then divided into two groups (pillbox and non-pillbox). The adherence levels were assessed by the pill count method. Changes in blood sugar levels are associated with adherence levels. The results showed an increase in the T2DM adherence level of patients using the pillbox at 7.360% and a decrease in blood sugar levels in those who used the pillbox at 61.161 mg/dL. There was a significant difference in the adherence between patients' levels using the pillbox and non-pillbox with a value of 0.011 (p <0.05). Similarly, the patient's blood sugar levels between the two groups showed a significant difference with a value of 0.007 (p<0.05). The application of HMR to patient adherence is considered to have a role in managing T2DM blood sugar.
Likelihood inference for Birnbaum–Saunders frailty model with an application to bone marrow transplant data

Cluster failure time data are commonly encountered in survival analysis due to unobservable factors such as shared environmental conditions and genetic similarity. In such cases, careful attention needs to be paid to the correlation among the subjects within the same cluster. In addition, some diseases are curable due to the advancement of modern medical techniques. In this paper, we extend the frailty model based on Birnbaum–Saunders frailty distribution to incorporate the cure proportion. In addition, the marginal likelihood approach using Monte Carlo approximation and Expectation-Maximization algorithm are also developed for the determination of the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the proposed model. An extensive simulation study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed model and the methods of inference. Finally, the proposed model is applied to a real data set to analyse the effect of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplant treatment on acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients.