Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SOIL WATER EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION BY SAND MULCHES

This paper reports experiments performed to study sand as a soil mulch. The objective was to determine the comparative effectiveness of 0-, 2-, and 6-cm-thick covering sand layers in suppressing evaporation from columns of soil. Measurements were made by using potential evaporation rates of 1.1 and 0.55 cm/d. In addition to evaporation, soil water distribution with depth was measured for the different sand-cover treatments. Five treatments were studied: check (no sand mulch), 6 cm of coarse sand (C6), 6 cm of fine sand (F6), 2 cm of coarse sand (C2), and 2 cm of fine sand (F2). After 35 d of experiment, the cumulative evaporations for the check, C6, F6, C2, and F2 treatments were measured as 6.79, 1.50, 1.55, 3.76, and 4.62 cm of water, respectively, at a potential evaporation of 1.1 cm/d and, for the potential evaporation of 0.55 cm/d, was correspondingly 6.68, 0.95, 1.21, 2.71, and 4.28 cm. These sets of numbers show that there was marked evaporation reduction for the sand mulches with respect to bare soil (check). The 6-cm sand mulches were the most effective evaporation suppressors. For equal mulch thickness, coarse sand was only slightly more effective than fine sand. Results from soil water distributions with depth for the various treatments also indicated that the sand mulches were effective in conserving soil water against evaporation losses. The mulches were effective in this order: C6 > F6 > C2 > F2.
Nitrification by Heterotrophic Soil Microorganisms

Heterotrophic soil bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi produced nitrite when grown in media containing various reduced forms of nitrogen. Amines, amides, N-alkylhydroxylamines, oximes, hydroxamic acids, and aromatic nitro compounds served as substrates for nitrite formation by individual microorganisms. The yield of nitrite varied with the organism and the substrate, ranging from 190 ppm of nitrite-nitrogen with acetaldoxime as a nitrogen source to a few ppm with certain substituted ureas. None of the microorganisms formed nitrate from the substrates tested. One isolate, identified as a species of Fusarium, converted more than 90% of the nitrogen of pyruvic oxime to nitrite. Cell extracts of the fungus catalyzed the production of nitrite from the oxime.
Advective Diffusion of Contaminants in the Surf Zone

AbstractA theory on the horizontal spreading of contaminants in the surf zone is described in this paper. The surf zone is viewed as a narrow strip comparable to the characteristic wavelength, in which turbulence caused by wave breaking is strong. Flows inside the surf zone consist of both oscillatory motions and a steady current induced by breaking waves. The wave field in the shoaling zone is modeled by the linear theory for monochromatic waves, and it is assumed that the breaking wave height is proportional to the local depth in the surf zone. The simplest scenario of longshore current on a straight beach of constant slope is considered, for which the longshore current velocity is predicted by a slightly modified version of Longuet-Higgins' original theory developed in the 1970s. On the basis of the estimation that the time scale of horizontal diffusion is much longer than the wave period, the perturbation method of multiple scales is applied to derive the transport equation for the advective diffusion.
Magnetic properties of deep-sea sediments off southwest Greenland: Evidence for major differences between the last two deglaciations

High-resolution rock magnetic data, atomic mass spectroscopy 14 C dates, δ 18 O, and grain-size analyses from a piston core (HU90-013-013) located off southwest Greenland provide a record of the last two deglaciations. During Termination I, a welldefined interval having high volumetric magnetic susceptibility (k) and a low ratio of anhysteretic susceptibility to volumetric magnetic susceptibility ( k ARM / k ) postdates the Younger Dryas and the δ 18 O change marking the stage 2/1 boundary and correlates with sedimentological and geomorphological evidence for Greenland ice-sheet retreat from the coastline to the continental interior. During Termination II, a very similar magnetic signal coincides with the δ 18 O shift marking the stage 6/5 glacial-interglacial transition and continues throughout substage 5e. We suggest that this magnetic signal, during both Termination I and Termination II, marks continental meltwater–carried detritus from Greenland. If so, the synchronous changes in magnetic and oxygen isotopic records at Termination II indicate very early and rapid deglaciation of Greenland, in contrast to the relatively late deglaciation observed for Termination I. Distinct fluctuations in k and k ARM / k occur below the onset of the δ 18 O change at Termination I (where they occur at ∼16 900 yr B.P.) and at Termination II. These fluctuations are interpreted as due to sudden influxes of detritus into the basin caused by unpinning of ice from the continental shelf at the inception of deglaciation.
The Diurnal Cycle of the Summertime Atmospheric Hydrologic Cycle over the Southwestern United States

Abstract Diurnal variations in the climatological large-scale summertime hydrologic cycle over the southwestern United States are examined using surface and upper-air observations along with regional model output. Rainfall rates are greatest during the daytime, but the hydrologic balance that supports this rainfall changes as the day progresses. During the late morning and early afternoon, the area-averaged rainfall is balanced predominantly by evapotranspiration augmented by low-level moisture convergence; moisture from these two sources is redistributed via eddy diffusion, resulting in an overall moistening of the atmosphere and a divergence of moisture aloft. During the late afternoon, vertical redistribution via eddy diffusion weakens considerably, although precipitation continues at approximately the same rate because of drying aloft, which also supports continued large-scale divergence of moisture at these levels. This large-scale divergence aloft persists at all times of day, suggesting that for th.
The connection between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Indian Summer Monsoon in Bergen Climate Model Version 2.0

[1] A pre-industrial multicentury simulation with Bergen Climate Model Version 2 (BCM in brief) is used to investigate the linkage between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). The results suggest that the model reproduces the general characters of the observed linkage between AMO and ISM, and that a positive AMO favors more rainfall over India from July to October. The ISM is intensified and the seasonal withdrawal of ISM delayed with one month, in agreement with previous observational and model's results. Further diagnoses indicate that this impact is achieved through an atmospheric teleconnection pattern. A propagating Rossby wave train from the North Atlantic across South Asia leads to enhanced South Asia high and consequently a strengthening of the ISM.
Seasonal changes in the cold-air pool formation in a subalpine hollow, central Japan

An observational study has been conducted into the seasonal characteristics of the cold-air pool formation in a hollow in the subalpine area of the Yatsugatake Range during the warm seasons from 1995 through to 1997. The uniqueness of the present study is a detection of seasonal differences in the formation processes based on a 3-year observation. The maximum inversion (maximum difference of nighttime air temperature between the bottom and summit of the hollow) is used to determine the cold-air pool formation, which frequently occurred on more than half of the observational days, and to examine its seasonal variation and intensity. The classification of the type of pressure pattern under which the cold-air pool is formed reveals that the North Pacific anticyclone (Type 5) and migratory anticyclone (Type 3) are closely associated with remarkable cold-air pool formation. The cold-air pool exhibits a seasonal variability and can be categorized into two types: the summer and the autumn types. As for the summer type, cold-air pools are formed gradually, from sunset to midnight, and the intensity of the inversion is relatively weak. This weak inversion may be due to increased downward long-wave radiation, which is inferred from the increased cloud amounts and water vapour content. The high content of water vapour, associated with cloud formation, is advected by the thermally induced winds. On the other hand, the autumn type is characterized by conditions favourable for cold-air pool formation, with fine weather and dry air conditions throughout the day. In brief, cold-air pool formation is governed by both the effects of local humidity and synoptic weather conditions in central Japan. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society.
Age and early metamorphic history of the Sanbagawa belt: Lu–Hf and P–T constraints from the Western Iratsu eclogite

Two distinct age estimates for eclogite‐facies metamorphism in the Sanbagawa belt have been proposed: (i) c. 120–110 Ma based on a zircon SHRIMP age for the Western Iratsu unit and (ii) c. 88–89 Ma based on a garnet–omphacite Lu–Hf isochron age from the Seba and Kotsu eclogite units. Despite the contrasting estimates of formation ages, petrological studies suggest the formation conditions of the Western Iratsu unit are indistinguishable from those of the other two units—all ∼20 kbar and 600–650 °C. Studies of the associated geological structures suggest the Seba and Western Iratsu units are parts of a larger semi‐continuous eclogite unit. A combination of geochronological and petrological studies for the Western Iratsu eclogite offers a resolution to this discrepancy in age estimates. New Lu–Hf dating for the Western Iratsu eclogite yields an age of 115.9 ± 0.5 Ma that is compatible with the zircon SHRIMP age. However, petrological studies show that there was significant garnet growth in the Western Iratsu eclogite before eclogite facies metamorphism, and the early core growth is associated with a strong concentration of Lu. Pre‐eclogite facies garnet (Grt1) includes epidote–amphibolite facies parageneses equilibrated at 550–650 °C and ∼10 kbar, and this is overgrown by prograde eclogite facies garnet (Grt2). The Lu–Hf age of c. 116 Ma is strongly skewed to the isotopic composition of Grt1 and is interpreted to reflect the age of the pre‐eclogite phase. The considerable time gap (c. 27 Myr) between the two Lu–Hf ages suggests they may be related to separate tectonic events or distinct phases in the evolution of the Sanbagawa subduction zone.
Vertical Variability of the Undrained Shear Strength of Golden Horn Clay

In this study, a stochastic method was applied to investigate if there exists a statistical correlation between values of undrained shear strength at various vertical distances along Golden Horn. Therefore, the undrained shear strength values measured by field vane shear tests at different depths were used to determine the depth dependent variation of the mean value and standard deviation. Futhermore, autocorrelation functions were defined to describe the correlation between values of cu at different depths. The study showed that the applied method might provide a statistical range to estimate the undrained shear strength value at depths where no measurements are undertaken.
Wave forecasting at the Spanish coasts

A wave forecasting system developed by Puertos del Estado (The Spanish holding of harbours) to predict waves at the coast is run in a twice a day cycle with a forecasting horizon of 72 h. This system is driven by wind fields supplied by the Spanish Meteorological Service from the HIRLAM model. Nested within this model a set of local forecasting systems, one for each harbour, covering an area of around 25 × 25 km, has been developed. The narrowness of the Spanish continental shelf requires very high resolution grids to be applied to localised regions near the coast. This fact involves the use of modelling techniques that makes this forecasting system different from other systems implemented in other regions. This article describes the wave forecasting system and the different techniques developed at Puertos del Estado to implement it.
Unraveling middle-crust conductive layers in Paleozoic Orogens through 3D modeling of magnetotelluric data : The Ossa-Morena Zone case study (SW Iberian Variscides)

[1] In recent years a number of magnetotelluric (MT) surveys have been carried out in the southern branch of the Iberian Variscan Massif, namely in the Ossa Morena Zone (OMZ) and its neighboring areas, the South Portuguese Zone (SPZ) and the Central Iberian Zone (CIZ), in order to determine the geoelectrical structure of this transpressive orogen and gain insight into its internal architecture. New MT data collected across the OMZ complete a dense database that covers the whole belt and its boundaries. This paper presents an integrative three-dimensional model of the available MT data from the apparent resistivities (four components), impedance phases and geomagnetic transfer functions from 61 stations. Given the location of the study area, near the Atlantic Ocean, coast effect on the data was analyzed as well as the stability of the mesh due to the strong resistivity contrasts. A mesh of 80 × 77 × 76 cells was finally used, with an average cell size of 4 × 4 km in the horizontal direction, and increasing thickness in the vertical direction from 25 m in the shallower layers to 5 km in the deepest ones. The most striking feature is, in addition to the conductive anomalies associated with the sutures between the SPZ-OMZ and the OMZ-CIZ, a conductive layer which spans the whole Ossa Morena middle to lower crust. The top of this conductive layer is interpreted as a major decollement between the granulitic basement and the overlying meta-sedimentary pile.
The morphology of loanwords in Urdu : the Persian, Arabic and English strands

The Morphology of Loanwords in Urdu: the Persian, Arabic and English Strands Language contact and the influence of one language on another are very common phenomena. Persian, Arabic and English have influenced various languages globally. Urdu is one of the recipient languages from these three sources, and shows linguistic features borrowed from them. This study focuses on the Persian, Arabic and English loanword
Surface and melt pond evolution on landfast first‐year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

The evolution of landfast sea ice melt pond coverage, surface topography, and mass balance was studied in the Canadian Arctic during May–June 2011 and 2012, using a terrestrial laser scanner, snow and sea ice sampling, and surface meteorological characterization. Initial melt pond formation was not limited to low-lying areas, rather ponds formed at almost all premelt elevations. The subsequent evolution of melt pond coverage varied considerably between the 2 years owing to four principle, temporally variable factors. First, the range in premelt topographic relief was 0.5 m greater in 2011 (rougher surface) than in 2012 (smoother surface), such that a seasonal maximum pond coverage of 60% and maximum hydraulic head of 204 mm were reached in 2011, versus 78% and 138 mm in 2012. A change in the meltwater balance (production minus drainage) caused the ponds to spread or recede over an area that was almost 90% larger in 2012 than in 2011. Second, modification of the premelt topography was observed during mid-June, due to preferential melting under certain drainage channels. Some of the lowest-lying premelt areas were subsequently elevated above these deepening channels and unexpectedly became drained later in the season. Third, ice interior temperatures remained 1–2°C colder later into June in 2012 than in 2011, even though the ice was 0.35 m thinner at melt onset, thereby delaying permeability increases in the ice that would allow vertical meltwater drainage to the ocean. Finally, surface melt was estimated to account for approximately 62% of the net radiative flux to the sea ice cover during the melt season.
Unusual behavior in the condensation nuclei concentration at 30 km

The results obtained with an improved balloon-borne condensation nuclei (cn) counter that is capable of operating to altitudes of at least 30 km are presented. Of major interest is the appearance of a quasiannual variation near 30 km which could be described by a sudden concentration increase of unusually small particles occurring in the winter or spring followed by a 1- to 3-month decay period to background levels. The magnitude of the variation has increased dramatically following the recent generally higher levels of volcanic activity affecting the lower stratosphere. Several potential explanations for the event are considered, but none appear entirely satisfactory or complete at the present time. The explanation with the fewest drawbacks would attribute the production of growth of the new cn to a highly supersaturated H2SO4 vapor layer generated by any one of several proposed processes in the upper high latitude stratosphere.
Update on benefit of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in melanoma: the changing landscape

: Malignant melanoma is on the rise. There have been recent advances in targeted agents and immunotherapies that have improved the management and treatment of patients with advanced melanoma. This review discusses the clinical efficacy and unique side effects of targeted immunotherapy and the role of predictive biomarkers in better selection of patients who would derive most benefit from specific treatments. Additionally, this review addresses concerns about the best sequencing algorithms for the currently available targeted agents. By thoroughly and extensively researching through PubMed and the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 69 published articles and abstracts were identified as addressing topics related to malignant melanoma and immunotherapy. The research was divided into subcategories discussing cytokine-based therapy, immunotherapy, molecularly targeted agents, other novel targeted agents, and combination regimens for malignant melanoma. New immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted agents are able to improve immune-mediated regulatory effects against tumors and, specifically in advanced melanoma, are associated with improvement in overall survival. These new agents have distinct side effects that are often controlled and reversed with dose reductions and/or use of corticosteroids. Currently, there are clinical trials underway to assess the role of combination therapy, whereas other trials are focusing on devising algorithms to delineate how best to sequentially administer these drugs. Although there has been tremendous progress in the management of advanced melanoma with immunotherapy and targeted agents, there is still much to be learned about clinically useful predictive biomarkers and combination therapies as well as how to administer these agents safely.
The effect of anisotropic surface roughness on flow and transport in fractures

The topography of natural fracture surfaces has a strong influence on the flow and transport properties of fractures. In this paper we investigate the role of anisotropic surface roughness on fluid flow, solute transport, and electrical current flow in fractures. Our results show that the directional characteristics of the surfaces are more important in determining fracture transport properties than is the degree of roughness. Roughness oriented parallel to the primary flow direction substantially enhances fluid and solute transport rates through fractures, with the effect becoming more apparent as the amount of contact area between the surface increases. Roughness oriented transverse to the flow direction inhibits flow rates and delays the movement of solute through the fracture.
P and PcP travel time tomography for the core-mantle boundary

PcP arrival times reported to the International Seismological Centre (ISC) are inverted for vertical travel time anomaly at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). We first invert about 2×106 ISC first P arrival data for the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the mantle and hypocenter locations iteratively. The PcP data are corrected for the relocated hypocenters and the 3-D structure. This correction has reduced the observed PcP residuals. The corrected PcP data are then inverted for the vertical travel time anomalies at the CMB, which are due either to velocity anomaly or topographic anomaly. The spherical average of the inverted structure requires either a velocity reduction in the boundary layer just above the CMB (by ∼3% if the layer is 20 km thick) or a lowering of the CMB by 3 km. The heterogeneity pattern of the CMB is drastically different from that of the overlying D′′ layer. Negative vertical travel time anomalies appear in the northern high-latitude region, and positive anomalies appear under Southeast Asia and Middle to South America. The lateral dimensions of these anomalies are of the order of 40°. The anomalies can be interpreted as either a velocity perturbation in the boundary layer (±∼7% if the layer is 20 km thick) or an undulation of the CMB (±∼7 km). Various tests including the error and resolution estimations indicate that these three anomalies are the significant, resolvable features of the CMB. These anomalies are also corroborated by the result of the joint inversion of P and PcP for both the 3-D mantle and the 2-D CMB. Assuming that the layer is laterally heterogeneous in iron content and deforms at the base in isostatic equilibrium with the outer core, the PcP data are also inverted for the isostatic figure of the boundary layer. The velocity perturbation in this case is 5∼6% if the layer is 20 km thick, and the CMB undulation is only ±1∼2 km. Regardless whether the CMB heterogeneity is due to velocity and/or topographic perturbations, it is dominant in the zonal component of degree 2, while the degree 2 pattern in the lower mantle, including the D′′, is dominant in sectorial component.
Consolidation of Nonhomogeneous Clay Layers

The application of the Terzaghi theory of consolidation of loaded clay layers assumes that the coefficients of permeability and compressibility of the clay are constant through the thickness of the stratum. However, the permeability and compressibility generally are not constants. These parameters may vary spatially, due to variations of soil type, initial state of stress, and previous stress history. Theprogress of consolidation in a stratum of clay through which there is a known continuous variation of the consolidation parameters is studied. A theory is presented to account for these changes. Analytical and numerical methods are presented to solve the governing equations. A series of cases are presented for variations of k and m sub v with depth, in which the effects of these parameters are analyzed in terms of the excess pore pressure isochrones and time-settlement relations. An analysis is presented for the consolidation of thick clay layers. The consolidation of thick normally consolidated clay layers is examined in terms of the modified theory presented; an analysis is made of the London clay, as an example.