Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oxytocin and testosterone administration amplify viewing preferences for sexual images in male rhesus macaques

Social stimuli, like faces, and sexual stimuli, like genitalia, spontaneously attract visual attention in both human and non-human primates. Social orienting behaviour is thought to be modulated by neuropeptides as well as sex hormones. Using a free viewing task in which paired images of monkey faces and anogenital regions were presented simultaneously, we found that male rhesus macaques overwhelmingly preferred to view images of anogenital regions over faces. They were more likely to make an initial gaze shift towards, and spent more time viewing, anogenital regions compared with faces, and this preference was accompanied by relatively constricted pupils. On face images, monkeys mostly fixated on the forehead and eyes. These viewing preferences were found for images of both males and females. Both oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide linked to social bonding and affiliation, and testosterone (TE), a sex hormone implicated in mating and aggression, amplified the pre-existing orienting bias for female genitalia over female faces; neither treatment altered the viewing preference for male anogenital regions over male faces. Testosterone but not OT increased the probability of monkeys making the first gaze shift towards female anogenital rather than face pictures, with the strongest effects on anogenital images of young and unfamiliar females. Finally, both OT and TE promoted viewing of the forehead region of both female and male faces, which display sexual skins, but decreased the relative salience of the eyes of older males. Together, these results invite the hypothesis that both OT and TE regulate reproductive behaviours by acting as a gain control on the visual orienting network to increase attention to mating-relevant signals in the environment. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours’.
Against Paretianism: A Wealth Creation Approach to Business Ethics

How should we distinguish between ethical and unethical ways of pursuing profit in a market? The market failures approach (MFA) to business ethics purports to provide an answer to this question. I argue that it fails to do so. The source of this failure is the MFA’s reliance on Pareto efficiency as a core ethical principle. Many ethically “preferred” tactics for seeking profit cannot be justified by appeal to Pareto efficiency. One important reason for this is that Pareto efficiency, as understood by the theory of welfare economics upon which the MFA relies, assumes a static conception of efficiency. This is a problem because many ethically “preferred” tactics can only be justified by appeal to dynamic efficiency considerations. I argue that, instead of Pareto efficiency, we should look to the value of wealth creation to understand the ethical constraints on how market actors may pursue profit.
Power couples, cities, and wages

Power couples, defined as pairs of highly educated partners, tend to cluster in cities to take advantage of more developed labor markets, better jobs, and higher wages. This research examines to what extent being a partner in a power couple brings additional wage income benefits. We examine what the effects of power couple partnering is on wage income. Furthermore, we examine how the results are affected by gender and place of residence. To determine this, the research uses detailed Swedish micro data on power couples 23–39 years of age over the period 2007–2016. Our analysis finds positive and significant results from being in a power couple on wage income after controlling for individual, workplace, and geographical characteristics. This is the case for both men and women in power couple households without children, but for women only when children are present. For power couples in denser urban areas, we find a positive effect for men in power couples with or without children. We suggest this effect is due to a more equal “balance of power” between partners in highly educated power couples located in bigger cities, where norms and values may favor a relatively greater sharing of household duties between men and women, and where men face a different competitive situation in the labor market.
Almost L2 matrix coefficients.

The purpose of this note is to insert into the literature two long-but-not-wellknown facts about matrix coefficients of unitary representations. Our first theorem concerns general locally compact groups G: a positive definite function belonging to L(G) for every ε in ffi is in fact a matrix coefficient of a unitary representation weakly contained in the regul r representation. This generalises the famili r theory of square integrable representations (see e.g. [Dix]) to give Information "about almost square integrable representations". Our second theorem is about real and p-adic semisimple algebraic groups: we obtain growth estimates for the X-finite matrix coefficients of unitary representations weakly contained in the regul r representation which imply in particular that they belong to L(G) for every s in ΛΡ. This is related to estimates of Harish-Chandra and other authors on the behaviour of matrix coefficients at infinity. Both our results are simple to state and to prove. Together, they characterise matrix coefficients of tempered representations of semisimple groups, and Spotlight the dramatic difference between abelian and semisimple harmonic analysis.
Plant diversity improves resistance of plant biomass and soil microbial communities to drought

Biodiversity is known to affect ecosystem resistance and have implications for the maintenance of ecosystem functions and services under climate change. Compared to numbers of studies focusing on above‐ground vegetation, the response of below‐ground communities to abiotic stresses along plant diversity gradients is often ignored and is considered an important knowledge gap in ecosystem ecology. Here we conducted an integrative research to evaluate the resistance of plant biomass, and soil microbial communities and associated functional profiles to drought under varying plant diversity. We carried out a 3‐year manipulation experiment by factorially controlling plant diversity gradient (1, 2, 4 and 8 species richness) and soil moisture treatment (drought and non‐drought), and investigated the responses of plant biomass, soil bacterial and fungal diversity and community composition, soil glomalin, and five key soil enzymes. We found that plant diversity significantly improved the resistance of soil fungal communities and microbial functional profiles characterized by soil glomalin and five key enzymes, which was partly driven by the availability and accessibility of soil resources (e.g. soil moisture and organic matter) mediated by plant diversity. Furthermore, our results indicated that the enhanced resistance of fungal communities was consistent with ecological insurance theory that diverse fungal communities at high plant diversity had a higher probability of containing taxa that adapt to drought. Synthesis. Our study provides novel empirical insights into the mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of plant diversity on resistance of above‐ground vegetation and below‐ground biota to drought, with implications for understanding ecosystem response to climate change and improving biodiversity conservation practices.
Absorptive roots drive a larger microbial carbon pump efficacy than transport roots in alpine coniferous forests

Root activity creates a unique microbial hotspot in the rhizosphere and profoundly regulates soil carbon (C) dynamics, but empirical assessments of the soil microbial carbon pump (MCP, the iterative accumulation of necromass after microbial anabolism) and associated ecological consequences on soil C storage based on insight of the rhizosphere are still neglected, especially for different root functional modules. We assessed the soil MCP efficacy (i.e. the contribution of microbial necromass to SOC) by investigating the divergent contribution of microbial necromass based on amino sugar extrapolations to soil organic C (SOC) in the rhizosphere of two root functional modules (i.e. absorptive roots and transport roots) and the bulk soil in an alpine coniferous forest. The results showed that the MCP efficacy in both rhizosphere and bulk soil was more than 50%, suggesting that microbial necromass plays a key role in SOC formation. More importantly, absorptive roots drove a greater rhizosphere MCP efficacy (56%) than transport roots (51%). Synthesis. These observations suggest that the microbial necromass is a major contributor to SOC storage in both rhizosphere and bulk soil in alpine coniferous forests. The magnitude of the contribution of microbial necromass to rhizosphere SOC depends on root functional differentiation. Our study provides novel and direct empirical evidence for the active soil MCP functions in SOC sequestration from the perspective of the rhizosphere.
Accessing GPDs from experiment --- potential of a high-luminosity EIC ---

We discuss modeling of generalized parton distributions (GPDs), their access from present experiments, and the phenomenological potential of an electron-ion collider. In particular, we present a comparison of phenomenological models of GPD H, extracted from hard exclusive meson and photon production. Specific emphasis is given to the utilization of evolution effects at moderate x_Bj in a future high-luminosity experiment within a larger Q^2 lever arm.
Optimum Sparse Subarray Design for Multitask Receivers

The problem of optimum sparse array configuration to maximize the beamformer output signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (MaxSINR) in the presence of multiple sources of interest (SOI) has been recently addressed in the literature. In this paper, we consider a shared aperture system where optimum sparse subarrays are allocated to individual SOIs and collectively span the entire full array receiver aperture. Each subarray may have its own antenna type and can comprise a different number of antennas. The optimum joint sparse subarray design for shared aperture based on maximizing the sum of the subarray beamformer SINRs is considered with and without SINR threshold constraints. We utilize Taylor series approximation and sequential convex programming techniques to render the initial nonconvex optimization a convex problem. The simulation results validate the shared aperture design solutions for MaxSINR for both cases where the number of sparse subarray antennas is predefined or left to constitute an optimization variable.
Diversity and task-dependence of task representations in V1 during freely-moving decisions

Neurons in primary visual cortex (area V1) are strongly driven by both sensory stimuli and non-sensory events. However, although the representation of sensory stimuli has been well characterized, much less is known about the representation of non-sensory events. Here, we characterize the specificity and organization of non-sensory representations in rat V1 during a freely-moving visual decision task. We find that single neurons encode diverse combinations of task features simultaneously and across task epochs. Despite heterogeneity at the level of single neuron response patterns, both visual and non-visual task variables could be reliably decoded from small neural populations (5-40 units) throughout a trial. Interestingly, in animals trained to make an auditory decision following passive observation of a visual stimulus, some but not all task features could also be decoded from V1 activity. Our results support the view that even in V1— the earliest stage of the cortical hierarchy—bottom-up sensory information is combined with top-down non-sensory information in a task-dependent manner.
Synthetic analysis of chromatin tracing and live-cell imaging indicates pervasive spatial coupling between genes

The role of the spatial organization of chromosomes in directing transcription remains an outstanding question in gene regulation. Here, we analyze two recent single-cell imaging methodologies applied across hundreds of genes to systematically analyze the contribution of chromosome conformation to transcriptional regulation. Those methodologies are: 1) single-cell chromatin tracing with super-resolution imaging in fixed cells; 2) high throughput labeling and imaging of nascent RNA in living cells. Specifically, we determine the contribution of physical distance to the coordination of transcriptional bursts. We find that individual genes adopt a constrained conformation and reposition toward the centroid of the surrounding chromatin upon activation. Leveraging the variability in distance inherent in single-cell imaging, we show that physical distance – but not genomic distance – between genes on individual chromosomes is the major factor driving co-bursting. By combining this analysis with live-cell imaging, we arrive at a corrected transcriptional correlation of ϕ ≈ 0.3 for genes separated by < 400 nm. We propose that this surprisingly large correlation represents a physical property of human chromosomes and establishes a benchmark for future experimental studies.
Density and maximality of arithmetic subgroups.

Let G be a connected semi-simple group defined over the field Q of rational numbers and H an arithmetic subgroup of G. By definition, then, H is a subgroup of GQ and if £ :G->GL W is an injective Jg-morphism, then ρ(Η) is commensurable with Q(G)Z (see [4]). We show that if G fulfills an obviously necessary condition, H is Zariski-dense in G (Thm 1), and is contained in only finitely many discrete subgroups of GR (Gor. to Thm 4). Theorem 2 describes the group C(H) of elements g£Gc such that g · H · g~ is commensurable with H. In particular, C(H) is equal to GQ if G has no normal Jg-subgroup N Φ {e} whose group NR of real points is compact. Similar results hold for groups defined over a number field k of finite degree over Q (Thms 3, 5). In § 7 we consider the case where G "splits over A" and H is the group of units of certain lattices, and prove that H is then discrete maximal if either k = Q or k has class number one and G has no center (Thm 7). Theorem l is closely related to the density theorem of [1]; s a matter of fact, it can easily be derived from it and from the finiteness of the volume of GRIH. Theorem 2 was stated in [2], For both, the proofs given here are different from the original ones and were obtained jointly with J.-P. Serre. Theorem 4 generalizes a result of Ramanathan [11] and the proof is in part patterned after bis. Theorem 7 applies in particular to 5/>(2n, Z), S L (n, Z) or the group of units of the Standard quadratic form of maximal index in 2n variables; in those eases, it is proved in [11] (and goes back to Hecke for 5X(2, Z)). Theorem 7 was suggested by these results. For algebraic groups, we follow the notation and conventions of [5]. In particular: -group or "algebraic group defined over a field A" are used synonymously; the identity component of a /c-group G is denoted G°; a connected semi-simple /c-group is almost simple over k if it has no normal connected A-subgroup N φ {e}. Often, °A Stands for g ' A ·g~\ Throughout this paper, k is a number field of finite degree over Q, k an algebraic closure of A, o the ring of integers of k, G a connected semi-simple k-group, and H an arithmetic subgroup of G.
Age-associated changes in knee osteoarthritis, pain-related behaviors, and dorsal root ganglia immunophenotyping of male and female mice

Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic pain, yet OA pain management remains poor. Age is the strongest predictor of OA development, and mechanisms driving OA pain are unclear. While injury-induced OA models are useful, only a subset of OA is linked to traumatic injury. Here, we aimed to characterize age-associated joint damage, mechanical sensitization, and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) immune phenotypes in mice of both sexes. Methods Male or female mice aged 6- or 20-months old were evaluated for histopathologic knee OA, pain-related behaviors, and L3-L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) immune characterization via flow cytometry. DRG gene expression in aged mice and humans was also examined. Results Twenty-month old male mice had worse cartilage degeneration than 6-month old mice. Older female knees showed increased cartilage degeneration, but to a lesser degree than males. Older mice of both sexes had worse mechanical allodynia, knee hyperalgesia, and grip strength compared to younger mice. For both sexes, DRGs from older mice showed decreased CD45+ cells, and a significant increase in F4/80+ macrophages and CD11c+ dendritic cells. Older male DRGs showed increased expression of Ccl2 and Ccl5 and older female DRGs showed increased Cxcr4 and Ccl3 compared to 6-month DRGs, among other differentially expresssed genes. Human DRG analysis from six individuals >80 years old revealed elevated CCL2 in male DRGs compared to females, whereas CCL3 was higher in female DRGs. Conclusions Here we show that aging in male and female mice is accompanied by mild knee OA, mechanical sensitization, and changes to immune cell populations in the DRG, suggesting novel avenues for development of analgesic therapies.
Transcellular progression of infection threads in Medicago truncatula roots is controlled by locally confined cell wall modifications

The root nodule symbiosis with its global impact on nitrogen fertilization of soils is characterized by an intracellular colonization of legume roots by rhizo-bacteria. While the symbionts are initially taken up by morphologically adapted root hairs, rhizobia persistently progress within a membrane-confined infection thread through several root cortical and later nodular cell layers. Throughout this transcellular passaging, rhizobia have to repeatedly pass host plasma membranes and cell walls. Here, we genetically dissected this essential process and describe the concerted action of the symbiosis-specific pectin methyl esterase SyPME and the pectate lyase NPL at the infection thread and transcellular passage sites. Their coordinated function mediates spatially confined pectin alterations in the cell-cell interface that result in the establishment of an apoplastic compartment where bacteria are temporarily released into and taken up from the subjacent cell. This process allows successful intracellular progression of infection threads through the entire root cortical tissue.
Multi-modal profiling of peripheral blood cells across the human lifespan reveals distinct immune cell signatures of aging and longevity

Age-related changes in immune cell composition and functionality are associated with multimorbidity and mortality. However, many centenarians delay the onset of aging-related disease suggesting the presence of elite immunity that remains highly functional at extreme old age. To identify immune-specific patterns of aging and extreme human longevity, we analyzed novel single cell profiles from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 7 centenarians (mean age 106) and publicly available single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets that included an additional 7 centenarians as well as 52 people at younger ages (20-89 years). The analysis confirmed known shifts in the ratio of lymphocytes to myeloid cells, and noncytotoxic to cytotoxic cell distributions with aging, but also identified significant shifts from CD4+ T cell to B cell populations in centenarians suggesting a history of exposure to natural and environmental immunogens. Our transcriptional analysis identified cell type signatures specific to exceptional longevity that included genes with age-related changes (e.g., increased expression of STK17A, a gene known to be involved in DNA damage response) as well as genes expressed uniquely in centenarians’ PBMCs (e.g., S100A4, part of the S100 protein family studied in age-related disease and connected to longevity and metabolic regulation). Collectively, these data suggest that centenarians harbor unique, highly functional immune systems that have successfully adapted to a history of insults allowing for the achievement of exceptional longevity.
Putting the F in FBD analyses: tree constraints or morphological data ?

The fossilized birth-death (FBD) process provides an ideal model for inferring phylogenies from both extant and fossil taxa. Using this approach, fossils (with or without character data) are directly considered as part of the tree. This leads to a statistically coherent prior on divergence times, where the variance associated with node ages reflects uncertainty in the placement of fossil taxa in the phylogeny. Since fossils are typically not associated with molecular sequences, additional information is required to place fossils in the tree. Previously, this information has been provided in two different forms: using topological constraints, where the user specifies monophyletic clades based on established taxonomy, or so-called total-evidence analyses, which use a morphological data matrix with data for both fossil and extant specimens in addition to the molecular alignment. In this work, we use simulations to evaluate these different approaches to handling fossil placement in FBD analyses, both in ideal conditions and in datasets including uncertainty or even errors. We also explore how rate variation in fossil recovery or diversification rates impacts these approaches. We find that the extant topology is well recovered under all methods of fossil placement. Divergence times are similarly well recovered across all methods, with the exception of constraints which contain errors. These results are consistent with expectations: in FBD inferences, divergence times are mostly informed by fossil ages, so variations in the position of fossils strongly impact these estimates. On the other hand, the placement of extant taxa in the phylogeny is driven primarily by the molecular alignment. We see similar patterns in datasets which include rate variation, however one notable difference is that relative errors in extant divergence times increase when more variation is included in the dataset, for all approaches using topological constraints, and particularly for constraints with errors. Finally, we show that trees recovered under the FBD model are more accurate than those estimated using non-FBD (i.e., non-time calibrated) inference. This result holds even with the use of erroneous fossil constraints and model misspecification under the FBD. Overall, our results underscore the importance of core taxonomic research, including morphological data collection and species descriptions, irrespective of the approach to handling phylogenetic uncertainty using the FBD process.