Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brittle failures and vein formation in the evolution of the South Qiangtang accretionary complex in the Tibetan Plateau

The genesis of the subduction mélange in the central Qiangtang terrane has been a long hot debate. However, little research has been conducted on the brittle failure within the accretionary wedge, which is very important to unveil the structural evolution of the mélange. In this study, based on the recognition of multiple deformational phases, we analyse the characteristics and formation history of the vein system in the Gangma Co mélange. Six groups of quartz veins are recognized. Foliation‐parallel extension veins (G1 veins), shear veins (G2 veins) and foliation‐perpendicular extension veins (G4 veins) are supposed to have formed during the subduction of oceanic crust, recording the repeated low‐angle thrust‐sense frictional sliding, tensile fracturing and stress changes generated by subduction‐related earthquakes. Subsequent vertical extension veins (G5 veins) are suggested to be related to the exhumation of the underplated mélange, while the horizontal extension veins (G6 veins) in the last phase represent the final horizontal thrusting. The temperature conditions for shear vein formation were examined by fluid inclusion analysis, ranging from 120 to 200°C, coinciding with the temperature conditions of the slow earthquake region where episodic tremors and slow slip occur. This contribution supports that the Gangma Co mélange represents an in situ subduction zone and that its internal vein system is a response to the tectonic evolution of the Longmu Co‐Shuanghu Tethys Ocean.
Multicolour time series photometry of the T Tauri star CVSO 30

Five consecutive runs of at least five hours, and two shorter runs, of V(RI)C time series photometry of CVSO 30 are presented. No evidence could be seen for planetary transits, previously claimed in the literature for this star. The photometry described in this paper, as well as earlier observations, can be modelled by two non-sinusoidal periodicities of 8 and 10.8 h (frequencies 3 and 2.23 d−1) or their 1 d−1 aliases. The possibility is discussed that star-spots at different latitudes of a differentially rotating star is responsible for the brightness modulations. The steep wavelength dependence of the variability amplitudes is best described
Pan evaporation estimation by relevance vector machine tuned with new metaheuristic algorithms using limited climatic data

This study investigates the feasibility of a relevance vector machine tuned with improved Manta-Ray foraging optimization (RVM-IMRFO) in predicting monthly pan evaporation using limited climatic input data (e.g. temperature). The accuracy of the RVM-IMRFO was evaluated by comparing it with RVM tuned by gray wolf optimization, RVM tuned with a whale optimization algorithm, and RVM tuned with Manta Ray foraging optimization concerning root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE), determination coefficient (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and new graphical inspection methods. The models were assessed using data acquired from two stations in China and data were divided into three equal parts. The models were tested using each data set. The application outcomes revealed that the proposed algorithm considerably improved the accuracy of a single RVM in monthly pan evaporation prediction by an average improvement in RMSE, MAE, R2, and NSE as 27.65%, 27.53%, 8.40% and 8.63%, respectively. It is also found that the proposed algorithm showed significant dominance over others models with respect to improvement in overall mean values of RMSE, MAE, R2, and NSE statistics from 34.7–38.2 to 18.2–19.5, 36.2–36.4 to 19.1–18.5, 12.5–13.8 to 3.6–3.7, and 12.4–14.6 to 3.6–3.9%, for both climatic stations, respectively. Importing extraterrestrial radiation and periodicity component (month number of the data) into the model inputs improved the prediction accuracy of the implemented models. The outcomes revealed that the RVM-IMRFO performed superior to the other methods in predicting monthly pan evaporation using only temperature data which is essential, especially in developing countries where other climatic data are missing or unavailable. The RVM model was also compared with standard multi-layer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN) and found that the first acts better than the latter in monthly pan evaporation prediction.
Immersing Projective Spaces

THEOREM 2. (a) HPn immerses in R8 n-Ea(n)-3J. (b) For n even, CPn immerses in R4ln-a(n)-1]. (c) For n odd, CPn immerses in R4n-a(n). Here a(n) is the number of ones in the dyadic expansion of n, and k(n) is a non-negative function depending only on the mod (8) residue class of n with k(1) = 0, k(3) = k(5) = 1 and k(7) = 4. As a consequence, for every j>O there is some n so that RPn immerses in R2f-. From the techniques used to prove these theorems, we also obtain some results on the existence of non-singular bilinear maps.
The Effects of Exergaming on Attention in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Despite growing evidence showing the effects of exercise and cognitive trainings on enhancing attention, little is known about the combined effects of exergame on attention in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Exergame, a form of exercise using a video game, has both cognitive stimulation and physical activity components and has been shown to improve cognitive function in children. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exergaming on attention and to compare the effect induced by exergaming with the effect of aerobic exercise on attention in children with ADHD. Methods In all, 30 children with ADHD, aged 8-12 years, were randomly divided into an exergaming group (EXG; n=16) or a bicycle exercise group (BEG; n=14). Before and after the 4-week intervention, the Frankfurter Aufmerksamkeits-Inventar (FAIR; Frankfurt Attention Inventory) test was administrated, and event-related potentials during the Go/No-go task was measured to assess attention. Results After intervention, both the EXG and BEG had significantly increased selective attention and continuous attention (all P<.001), as well as self-control on the FAIR test (EXG: P=.02 and BEG: P=.005). Similarly, both the EXG and BEG had significantly reduced response time on the Go/No-go test (all P<.001). For the Go response, the N2 amplitude (frontocentral maximal negativity) was significantly increased in Fz (midfrontal line) in the EXG (P=.003) but was not changed in the BEG (P=.97). Importantly, the N2 amplitude in Fz was significantly greater in the EXG compared to the BEG (Go: P=.001 and No-go: P=.008). Conclusions Exergaming has the comparable effects to bicycle exercise to enhance attention in children with ADHD, suggesting that exergaming can be used as an alternative treatment for children with ADHD. Trial Registration Clinical Research Information Service KCT0008239; https://tinyurl.com/57e4jtnb
The Potency of Goat Milk in Reducing the Induced Neurotoxic Effects of Valproic Acid in Rat Pups as a Rodent Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a progressively prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with substantial clinical heterogeneity. Despite the considerable interest in dietary interventions, no consensus has been reached regarding the optimal nutritional therapy. The present study aimed to investigate the possible positive effect of goat’s milk (GM) compared to cow’s milk (CM) on ASD autistic features in a valproic acid (VPA; 600 mg/kg)-induced white albino rat model of autism. All tests were conducted on rats that were divided into four groups (n = 15/group): control with goat milk (GM) treatment, control with cow milk (CM) treatment, autistic with goat milk (GM) treatment, and autistic with cow milk treatment. The casein levels were also measured in GM and CM. Social behavior was assessed by three-chambered sociability to test social interaction after the intervention. After 15 days of intervention, selected biomarkers, such as glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), neurotransmitter dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and glutamate (GLU), were measured in blood serum and brain homogenates. The results showed a significant positive effect on social interaction in the VPA rat ASD model fed GM. Blood serum and brain samples showed a positive increase in TBARS in the VPA rat model fed GM, but brain and serum serotonin levels were lower in both VPA-GM and VPA-CM groups. Dopamine in serum was also lower in the VPA-CM group than in the VPA-GM group. IL-6 levels were slightly lower in the VPA-GM group than in the VPA-CM group. In comparison with cow’s milk, goat’s milk was effective in ameliorating the neurotoxic effects of VPA. Goat’s milk may be considered a suitable source of dairy for children diagnosed with ASD. Autistic children with allergies to cow’s milk could possibly convert to goat’s milk. Nevertheless, more in-depth studies and clinical trials are recommended.
Diffraction by lossy dielectric wedges using both heuristic UTD formulations and FDTD

An improvement of the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) coefficient for the case of a lossy dielectric wedge when a transmitted ray exists is presented. We elaborated two new terms that are added to the classical UTD diffraction coefficient, so that we obtain continuity of the total field. This new UTD formulation is compared to a numerical method based on finite difference time domain (FDTD). We outline the adaptation of the FDTD grid calculation, which was necessary to isolate only one edge diffraction and to treat two-dimensional (2-D) structures with two infinite sides. This comparison allows one to conclude that the new diffraction coefficient is relevant for the case of a lossy dielectric wedge. Then we present a comparison between two different versions of the UTD diffraction coefficient based on single or multiple reflection in the case of a dielectric slab. Thus, we can conclude to the significance of the multipaths for modeling dielectric structures. Finally, we analyze the results obtained with two consecutive wedge vertices in order to show that the slope diffraction related to the doubly diffracted field allows one to predict the field behind the structure when the transmitted field does not exist.
Transition Beneath Vortical Disturbances

Theory and computer simulations have led to advances in the fundamental understanding of how vortical disturbances induce transition in an underlying boundary layer. It is an intriguing process whereby the shear filters the disturbance, admitting only long streamwise wavelengths into the boundary layer. These develop into strong jets in the perturbation velocity field, which lift up into the upper portion of the layer. Then shorter wavelength perturbations trigger breakdown, ultimately producing a turbulent patch near the wall. Pertinent linear theory has evolved with time, but only with recent computer simulations has it been fitted into a picture of transition beneath vortical disturbances.
Finite strain analysis of nonlinear vibrations of symmetric laminated composite Timoshenko beams using generalized differential quadrature method

In this study, free vibrations of laminated composite Timoshenko beams undergoing finite strain have been studied. The Green-Lagrange strain tensor according to finite strain assumption has been used to obtain governing equations and boundary conditions of the beam. The generalized differential quadrature method has been employed for solving the governing equations and boundary conditions. Frequencies of the beam have been calculated for carbon/epoxy material subjected to different boundary conditions. The dimensionless frequencies of the beam for different lay-ups based on finite strain and von Karman assumptions have been obtained and compared to each other. Also, the effects of fiber orientation change and lay-ups sequence of angle-ply composite beams have been investigated on the lateral frequency of the beam.
Dependence of 57 Fe hyperfine field in yttrium iron garnet on ionic radius of diamagnetic defects: NMR study

Satellite structure in 57Fe NMR spectra of In3+ , Sc3+ , Ga3+ and Al3+ substituted yttrium iron garnets (YIG) was analysed taking into account results previously obtained for ‘antisit’ defects (Y3+ ions on Fe3+ sites) in nominally pure YIG. The influences of the diamagnetic substitution on the hyperfine field at the neighbouring iron nuclei were found to be remarkably dependent on the ionic radius of the substituent. In the case of two substituents in the vicinity of the resonating iron, an additivity of their effects within a 15% tolerance interval was verified.
Quantum confinement of volume plasmons and interband transitions in germanium nanocrystals

The plasmonic properties of individual quantum-sized Ge nanocrystals (NCs) were observed and systematically analyzed by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). For this purpose, Ge NCs embedded in an SiO${}_{2}$ matrix with controllable size, density, and structure were fabricated using magnetron sputtering. The size dependence of the Ge plasmon energies in the size range of 5\char21{}9 nm is shown to be well depicted by the so-called medium quantum confinement (QC) model, with an effective mass of 0.57${m}_{0}$ (contrary to expectations of a stronger quantum effect). In the very low-loss region of the EEL spectra, an apparent blue shift of the ${E}_{2}$ interband transition peak up to 2 eV and a strong reduction in the oscillator strength were measured for the NCs in the size range of 4\char21{}6 nm. It indicates for this smaller size range a transition to a QC regime where the band structure and the density of states are modified dramatically. These trends are explained by a combination of low-loss and core-loss EELS results, which show that the Ge NCs are surrounded uniformly by nearly stoichiometric SiO${}_{2}$. This local chemistry is shown to provide an infinite potential barrier and to confine electrons and holes in the spherically shaped Ge NCs. In addition to pure QC effects in the Ge NCs, the SiO${}_{2}$ matrix thus plays an important role in the strength of the observed QC and interband transitions.
Effect of Iron Content on Thermal Conductivity of Ferropericlase: Implications for Planetary Mantle Dynamics

We have simultaneously measured thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (κ) for polycrystalline ferropericlase with different Fe contents (Fp3, Fp5, Fp10, Fp20, Fp30 and Fp50) up to 23 GPa and 1100 K by a pulse heating method. Experiment results reveals that even small amounts of Fe in ferropericlase can strongly reduce the thermal conductivity by several times at low temperature compared with MgO periclase. With increasing Fe in ferropericlase, both their pressure and temperature dependence decrease. λ of Fe‐bearing ferropericlase is not sensitive to temperature compared with silicates and shows a tendency of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing temperature. A universal equation was derived to estimate λ of ferropericlase with arbitrary composition under mantle conditions. The low λ values of Fe‐rich ferropericlase can explain one possible origin of ultralow velocity zones. This study suggests that Fe content in ferropericlase is an important factor controlling the cooling history of terrestrial planets.
Implicit Cross-Lingual Word Embedding Alignment for Reference-Free Machine Translation Evaluation

As we know, cross-lingual word embedding alignment is critically important for reference-free machine translation evaluation, where source texts are directly compared with system translations. In this paper, it is revealed that multilingual knowledge distillation for sentence embedding alignment could achieve cross-lingual word embedding alignment implicitly. A simplified analysis is given to explain the implicit alignment reason. And according to the analysis, it could be deduced that using the last layer embeddings of the distilled student model will have the best alignment effect, which is also validated by the experimental results on the WMT19 datasets. Furthermore, with the assistant of a target-side language model, BERTScore and Word Mover’s Distance using the cross-lingual word embeddings get very competitive results (4 best average scores on 3 types of language directions and ranking first among more than half of all 18 language pairs for the system-level evaluations) in the WMT19’s reference-free machine translation evaluation tasks when the current state-of-the-art (SOTA) metrics are chosen for comparison.
Free Subgroups in Maximal Subgroups of GL1(D)

Abstract Let D be a division algebra of finite dimension over its center F . Given a noncommutative maximal subgroup M of D * ≔ GL 1 ( D ), it is proved that either M contains a noncyclic free subgroup or there exists a maximal subfield K of D which is Galois over F such that K * is normal in M and M / K * ≅ Gal( K / F ). Using this result, it is shown in particular that if D is a noncrossed product division algebra, then M does not satisfy any group identity.
Zhang-Zhang Polynomials of a Class of Pericondensed Benzenoid Graphs 1

The Zhang-Zhang polynomial of hexagonal systems is introduced by H. Zhang and F. Zhang, which can be used to calculate many important invariants such as the Clar number, the number of Kekule structures and the first Herndon number, etc. In this paper, we give out an explicit expression for the Zhang- Zhang polynomials of a class of pericondensed benzenoid graphs, and determine their numbers of Kekule structures and Clar formulas, their Clar numbers and their first Herndon numbers.
THE INDEX THEOREM IN RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY

The Morse index theorem, in its most widely recognized form, does the following. Consider a geodesic segment 0 in a Riemannian manifold M, running from t(a) to t(b). Consider a submanifold K of M through t(a) which is perpendicular to 0 at t(a). Then one is interested in how many essentially different shorter routes there may be from K to t(b), which lie near 5. The Morse focal point theorem (or index theorem) gives an answer to this in terms of focal points; it says this number is the sum of the orders of the focal points of K along 5. It is the purpose of this paper to extend this theorem to the case where the point t(b) is generalized to a submanifold L through t(b), i.e., to the so-called case of two variable end points. Morse himself has an extension of his theorem to this case but, so far as we can tell, our generalization is more natural. Following Morse, we consider this "number of essentially different shorter routes" in terms of the index form 'ST, where S is the set of infinitesimal conditions at t(a) imposed by K, and T the set imposed by L. We call S and T boundary conditions. We define the notion of a conjugate point of an ordered pair of boundary conditions and then obtain an index theorem which says the index of ,ST is the sum of the orders of the conjugate points of the ordered pair, S and T, plus a convexity term. Morse has introduced such a term, which he calls "concavity" but since it seems unlikely that his concept is the same as ours we call ours "convexity". It has a simple definition in terms of second fundamental forms, so its geometrical meaning in terms of convexity is easily seen. (The simplest examples make clear the need for some such term in any theorem of this type.) Our definition of a conjugate point of an ordered pair of boundary conditions, and also our relative convexity notion, requires some new considerations involving translates of boundary conditions. The introduction of these translates and the complications associated with them are the essential new feature of this paper. The proof of our index theorem, once this setting is obtained, follows in broad outline Morse's proof of his theorem; however some matters become essentially more complicated
A focused review of carbon corrosion mechanism in proton exchange membrane fuel cell during start-up and shut-down processes

ABSTRACT Degradation and poor performance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells can be traced back to corrosion of the carbon produced by electrochemical activities at the catalyst layers. With greater potential, such as those present during startup and shutdown, carbon corrosion can be more severe. Understanding the carbon degradation mechanism when subjected to the anhydrous and electrochemical conditions in the fuel cell is highly critical, especially at the start-up and shut-down successions. Insight into carbon corrosion in proton exchange membrane fuel cell settings is provided by this review. In this article, we discuss how hydrogen and oxygen can affect carbon corrosion, and how microscopic inspection can be used to determine the corrosion mechanism. Through this systematic review, the risk of oxidation of the carbon support at high cathode voltage can be mitigated by employing good system methods for start-up and shut-down involving catalyst-support technology. Furthermore, utilizing a high flow rate of hydrogen during start-up and a high flow rate of air cleansing of the anode during shut-down can diminish carbon corrosion. Carbon corrosion can be reduced, and fuel cell performance enhanced by following the advice provided in this evaluation and making use of more stable carbon support material and cost-effective system processes.
The apparent shape of a rotating charged black hole, closed photon orbits and the bifurcation set A 4

The apparent shapes of various Kerr-Newman spacetimes are plotted. For this purpose the geometry of closed photon orbits is studied, forming a subset of the bifurcation set A 4 , well known in elementary catastrophe theory. One additional result is that the cosmic censorship hypothesis guarantees that the spacetime casts a shadow, whereas naked ring singularities enable the visibility of the `anti-world' of negative radii r through its interior. Moreover, the optical restrictions to the observability of the shadow of an astronomical black hole are inferred.
An Analysis of an Exercise is Medicine on Campus ® Program: A Case Report

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an Exercise is Medicine on Campus® program on university student biometrics and muscular endurance. It was hypothesized that participants in the 12-week program would experience significant improvements in body mass index, blood pressure, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and muscular endurance. Methods: To be eligible for the program, participants must have met two of the three criteria: (1) blood pressure over 140 and/or 90 (3 consecutive measurements over 2 weeks), (2) BMI over 30, and/or (3) diagnosed chronic condition or currently taking medication for chronic condition. Participants engaged in six bi-weekly exercise instructional meetings that lasted approximately 30 minutes in length. Participants completed measures of resting heart rate, waist-to-hip ratio, body composition percentage via bioelectrical impedance, and muscular endurance before and after the program. Results: Although not statistically significant, there was a decrease in BMI, blood pressure, body fat percentage, and waist circumference from pre- to post-program. Two-tailed t-tests revealed significant improvements in squats (P = .04), pushups (P = .05), and curl-ups (P = .03) from pre- to post-program. Conclusion: The results are discussed in terms of current research and future university campus application.