Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cellular characteristics and growth behavior of iron‐limited Microcystis aeruginosa in nutrient‐depleted and nutrient‐replete chemostat systems

Cellular responses of Fe‐limited Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated under nutrient‐depleted and ‐replete conditions. Cellular growth, Fe quota and Fe uptake kinetics were examined in chemostat systems using nutrient‐replete Fraquil* (where all nutrients except for Fe are present at sufficient level to achieve optimal growth) and nutrient‐deplete Fraquil* (where some nutrients in addition to Fe are potentially growth‐limiting factors). For both nutrient conditions, cellular Fe quota increased with increasing dilution rate in a manner consistent with Droop theory. However, the Fe quota in nutrient‐deplete Fraquil* was determined to be lower, indicating lower cellular Fe requirement in the nutrient‐depleted condition. Short‐term Fe uptake assays indicated that cells acclimated in nutrient‐replete conditions adjust to various degrees of Fe stress by solely increasing maximum Fe uptake rate, consistent with expected negative feedback regulation. In contrast, the maximum Fe uptake rate decreased with increasing degree of Fe limitation in the nutrient‐depleted chemostat (particularly nitrate and molybdenum in this study). This non‐negative feedback regulation is likely associated with lower Fe requirement for specific functions (e.g., intracellular nitrate reduction). Cellular affinity for Fe uptake and cellular size were independent of degree of Fe stress for both nutrient conditions.
Rodents, Rabbits and Tularemia in North America: Some Zoological and Epidemiological Considerations1

The term “rodents” is often used to include all small mammals, particularly those of an injurious nature, yet, properly speaking, the rodents, Order Rodentia, are a definite zoological group best characterized by the chisel-like incisor teeth, four in number, and the absence of canine teeth. The rabbits, which were previously classed as a suborder of the rodents, are now placed by most mam-malogists in a separate order, the Lagomorpha, which was proposed by Gidley (1912). The rabbits differ markedly from the true rodents in their parasites, diseases, and reactions to disease. Tularemia is stated by most writers to be a rodent disease but practically all have failed to distinguish between true rodents and rabbits. Simpson (1929) states, “Tularemia exists primarily as an infectious disease of wild rodents particularly rabbits. ” Green (1931) says, “Tularemia is known to be a disease of rabbits as well as many other rodents. ”
SCREENING OF MARINE VIBRIO SP ISOLATED FROM THE BAY OF BENGAL, INDIA FOR CHITINASE ENZYME PRODUCTION

A total of 12 water, sediment and plankton samples were collected from different sampling stations of open sea off the Bay of Bengal coast of Chennai, Tamilnadu, India and 160 isolates of marine Vibrio sp were isolated using Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Sucrose (TCBS) agar medium. The entire isolates were screened for the production of chitinase enzyme on to colloidal chitin agar plates. One of these strains with high ability to produce chitinase was selected and identified as Vibrio alginolyticus JN863235 by morphological and biochemical properties along with 16S rDNA partial gene sequence analysis. The production of chitinase by Vibrio alginolyticus JN863235 was optimized using different substrate concentrations, pH, and temperature and incubation period. The maximum chitinase production was observed with 0.6% colloidal chitin at pH 6.5 at temperature 30°C after 3 days incubation. Whereas the chitinase production on the media containing colloidal chitin and its combination with glucose, yeast extract, K2HPO4 showed that the highest activity 19.31, 19.28, 17.11 U/ml respectively was achieved on day 3.
Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) Control in Soybean (Glycine max) with Single and Sequential Herbicide Applications

Field studies were conducted in 1991 to 1993 to determine the effects of PRE and POST herbicides alone and in factorial combinations on sicklepod control, weed biomass, and soybean seed yields. Herbicides evaluated were metribuzin PRE, metribuzin + chlorimuron PRE, imazaquin PRE and POST, chlorimuron POST, and AC 263,222 POST POST herbicides alone provided better sicklepod control than PRE herbicides alone. However, sequential (SEQ) treatments [PRE followed by (fb) POST] provided better sicklepod control than single herbicide treatments. Metribuzin and metribuzin + chlorimuron alone or used in a SEQ program provided similar PRE control of sicklepod, and both controlled sicklepod better than imazaquin in 1991 and 1992. Chlorimuron alone or in a SEQ program provided better POST control than AC 263,222 or imazaquin alone when soil moisture levels at planting favored weed seed germination. When soil moisture levels at planting were unfavorable for weed seed germination, the residual activity of imazaquin provided the best season-long control. SEQ herbicide applications allowed soybean to attain higher seed yields than single (PRE or POST) herbicide treatments all 3 yr. However, only metribuzin fb chlorimuron in 1991 and 1992 and imazaquin fb imazaquin and imazaquin fb chlorimuron in 1993 allowed soybean to achieve seed yields similar to weed-free soybean. Soybean seed yields were greater with POST than with PRE herbicides 2 of 3 yr, but no single herbicide treatment provided soybean seed yields similar to weed-free soybean.
Assessment of chemokine responses involved in the cerebral and mild malaria in murine model

Background: The role of chemokines on the integrity of Central Nervous system (CNS) during malaria infection remains unclear; we therefore, in this study investigated the alternation in gene expression of chemokines in the Brain samples of P. yoelii 17XL infected mice with Cerebral Malaria (CM) as well as Mild Malaria (MM). Objective: To evaluate the pro-inflammatory chemokine expression in the brain samples of murine CM and MM Methods: mRNA levels of IFN ? , IP-10, RANTES, MIP1-? , MIP1-? and MCP were measured by qRT-PCR in Brain samples of P. yoelii 17XL infected mice. GAPDH was used as the housekeeping gene. Histopathological studies of brain samples from infected and uninfected mice were conducted. Results: CM mice had highly up-regulated of all chemokines except IFN ? and RANTES than MM mice (all P<0.0001)); IFN ? (P=0.5133) and RANTES (P=0.9292) were found to be decreased in CM as compared to MM wherein IP-10 (P=0.1419), MIP1-? (P=0.1664), MIP1-? (P=0.6294) and MCP (P=0.8262) mRNA were significantly up regulated at peak parasitemia and remains high in the CM of experimental mouse model. Histopathology results revealed tissue section in severely parasitized mice exhibited massive degeneration of the parenchyma, consistent with marked inflammation. Conclusion: It might be concluded from the findings of the present study that up regulation of IP-10, MIP1? , MIP 1? and MCP-1 and low expression of IFN ? and RANTES in the brains of CM mice are associated with mortality of P.yoelii 17XL infected CM mice as compared to mice with MM.
Length–weight and length–length relationships of five Mystus species from the Ganges and Rupsha rivers, Bangladesh

Summary This study focused on the length–weight and length–length relationships of five Mystus species from Bangladesh. A sum of 398 individuals (Mystus bleekeri = 47, Mystus cavasius = 171, Mystus gulio = 59, Mystus tengra = 65, and Mystus vittatus = 56) was collected from the Ganges and Rupsha rivers, Bangladesh. Fishes were caught by gill net (mesh sizes: 2.0–4.0 cm) and cast net (mesh sizes: 1.5–3.0 cm) from July 2014 to June 2015. Total length (TL), fork length (FL) and standard length (SL) were measured to 0.1 cm, while whole body weight (W) was taken to the nearest 0.1 g for each individual. The TL ranged from 6.0–13.5 cm for M. bleekeri, 5.0–15.0 cm for M. cavasius, 7.4–17.2 cm for M. gulio, 4.6–11.6 cm for M. tengra and 5.5–12.3 cm for M. vittatus. The W varied from 3.0–18.2 g for M. bleekeri, 1.3–30.4 g for M. cavasius, 6.1–62.2 g for M. gulio, 1.7–15.1 g for M. tengra and 2.7–19.2 g for M. vittatus. All LWRs were highly significant (p < .001), with all r2 values ≥. 950. The LLRs were also highly significant (p < .001), with all r2 ≥. 980. This study provides information on LWRs and LLRs for M. gulio and M. tengra for the first time. The results of this study can be very effective for stock assessment of Mystus species in the Ganges and Rupsha rivers as well as in the surrounding ecosystems.
How many people need palliative care for cancer and non-cancer diseases in a middle-income country? Analysis of mortality data

Introduction: Ageing of the population and the accompanying increase in prevalence of chronic illnesses mean that more people will need palliative care. This need has not been extensively quantied in middle-income countries to policy planning and expanding health-care. Objective: Provide an estimate of the need of palliative care services in Colombia and compare these needs with the current available offer. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on mortality statistics for Colombia for the period 2012–2016. We calculated age- and sex-specic numbers of deaths and mortality rates from death certicates for dened chronic illnesses to estimate the prevalence of palliative care need in Colombia, and contrasted this information with the current offer according to the Colombian Observatory of Palliative Care. Results: The numbers of deaths requiring palliative care increased from 107,065 in 2012 to 128,670 in 2016 (61.2% of total deaths). The causes of these deaths vary by age group, with a clearly more important proportion of heart and cerebrovascular diseases and dementia in advances ages, and HIV/AIDS in young ages. In all age groups, malignant neoplasms are an important part of the causes of deaths of those requiring palliative care (31.3% of all deaths in 2016). Contrasting this needs, in most areas there is no or very limited offer of palliative care services. Conclusions: A real palliative care policy, including a vast increase in training opportunities in the eld and regulation allowing a wide range of health practitioners to be involved in palliative care, is necessary in Colombia to improve the palliative care offer.
Manipulación de la fermentación en ensilajes de caña de azúcar y su valor alimenticio para borregos.

Se efectuaron 3 experimentos con objeto de estudiar el efecto de adicionar NaOH y/ o marchitar al momento de ensilar cana de azucar, en el crecimiento, el consumo voluntario y la fermentacion ruminal de ovinos. En el primero, con 16 borregos Tabasco de 28.4 kg, la adicion de 4% de NaOH permitio una mayor ganancia diaria de peso (P ~0.05) (64 vs. 31 g) y un mayor consumo voluntario de cana (458 vs. 364 g diarios) (P < 0.01) respecto al testigo. En el segundo experimento, con 24 borregos Merino de 20.5 kg, la adicion de NaOH resulto en un mayor consumo voluntario (687 y 739 vs. 345 y 401 g) y permitio un aumento significativo en ganancia diaria de peso (133 y 127 vs. 86 y 98 g) (P < 0.05) ; no se observo efecto del marchitado. En el tercer experimento, la produccion de acido propionico en rumen fue significativamente mayor en los animales consumiendo ensilaje de cana de NaOH, lo que permite pensar que las diferencias en aumento de peso de los experimentos 1 y 2 fueron resultado no solamente de la mayor cantidad de silo consumido, sino tambien del mayor porciento de acido propionico producido en el rumen.
Evolution and systematic value of fruit and seed characters in Adoxaceae (Dipsacales)

This study presents a description of the morphology and anatomy of the fruits and seeds of Adoxa, Sambucus, and Viburnum. A phylogenetic study included Adoxa moschatellina, Sinadoxa corvdalifolia, Sambucus, Tetradoxa omeiensis, and Viburnum. All major clades of Caprifoliaceae, the sister family of Adoxaceae, were sampled and used as outgroup. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference optimality criteria were used to analyze three datasets, molecular data (ITS, trnK, matK), morphological data (21 fruit and seed characters), and a combined dataset. We used parsimony optimization to study character evolution. Results of the phylogenetic analyses were congruent with previously published results. Viburnum is the basalmost lineage in the family and sister to subfamily Adoxoideae. In Adoxoideae, Sambucus is sister to the Adoxina clade (i.e., Adoxa, Sinadoxa, and Tetradoxa). Our results also confirmed the sister relationship between Sinadoxa corydalifolia and Adoxa plus Tetradoxa. For the first time, clear autapomorphies are described for Sambucus, such as a long, slender, cylindrical embryo, sclereids with a u-shaped sclerification pattern, a rugose endocarp surface, and numerous, small calcium oxalate crystals in the endocarp sclereids. Character evolution in Sambucus, however, is complex and a broader sampling is required to draw firm conclusions. The evolution toward Viburnum is marked by a number of shifts such as the development of small, amorphous crystals in endosperm cells and a well-developed, parenchymatous seed coat. Based on our results and previous studies we hypothesize a paedomorphic event took place at the origin of Adoxina. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is the presence of green fruits, weakly sclerified endocarp sclereids, small seeds, and semi-inferior ovaries in Adoxina. Finally, our results indicate that the first Adoxaceae were characterized by tricarpellate ovaries with an endocarp composed of an outer layer of sclereids and an inner layer of fibers. A thorough study of the fruits and seeds of Sinadoxa and Tetradoxa is vital to fully understand fruit and seed evolution in Adoxaceae.
Effects of Rhizobium inoculation on field-grown soybeans in Western Nigeria and assessment of inoculum persistence during a two-year fallow

In a Western Nigerian soil low in available N, soybean nodulation by indigenous rhizobia was much better on the Indonesian cultivar Orba than on the American-bred cultivars TGm 80 (Bossier) and TGm 294-4. The American cultivars responded to 12 inoculation treatments with significant improvements in nodulation, shoot growth, N content and seed yield. The responses of the Indonesian cultivar varied with the rhizobial strain; some strains significantly improved nodulation, acetylene reduction activity and/or shoot growth, but only one increased seed yield. After a two-year fallow, uninoculated soybeans were replanted in the same plots. Serological typing of the nodules of TGm 80 and TGm 294-4 revealed a high frequency of occupancy by inoculant rhizobia demonstrating their survival in the soil without the host legume. However, nodulation was reduced after the fallow and seed yields of TGm 80 and TGm 294-4 were not consistently higher in previously inoculated plots, indicating a need to inoculate American soybeans at yearly intervals.
On Mesozoic laetmogonid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida)*

A comparative systematic survey of fossil Mesozoic laetmogonid sea cucumbers (Elasipodida) and their relatives is presented. A re-examination of the fossil record shows that only 13 fossil taxa can be recognised as belonging to this group. Four further known ‘laetmogonid’ taxa can be regarded as incertae sedis . An analysis of the results supports the following taxonomic changes. Palaeocaudinidae Boczarowski, 2001 represents a junior synonym of the Laetmogonidae Ekman, 1926. The subfamily Staurocaudininae Boczarowski, 1997 is restricted to the type species of Staurocaudina . The new family Palaeolaetmogonidae comprises probable stem group members of the Laetmogonidae. Three new species ( Palaeocaudina rugia , Priscolaetmogone oloughlini , Palaeolaetmogone frankwiesei ) are described from Late Cretaceous sediments of Europe. Two new genera ( Palaeolaetmogone , Priscolaetmogone ) are erected. The geographic distribution and phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic and Cenozoic laetmogonid holothurians are analysed and discussed.
Cecilanthus polymerus, a novel multiparted flower from the mid-Cretaceous Rocky Point locality, Maryland

A flower from the early Cenomanian of northeastern Maryland, Cecilanthus polymerus gen. et sp. nov., is described using SEM and synchrotron X-ray microtomography. The flower has >20 strap-shaped tepals, ca. 50 spatulate stamens with embedded adaxial pollen sacs and possibly H-valvate dehiscence, and ca. 100 more-or-less plicate carpels. Floral phyllotaxis is whorled, with >10 parts per whorl, but slightly irregular. Pollen and ovules are not preserved, but locule shape suggests that the carpels are uniovulate. Similar characters occur in extant Magnoliales and the basal ANITA grade, but never in combination. In an attempt to resolve these ambiguities, we performed morphological phylogenetic analyses, with the arrangement of extant taxa constrained to trees based primarily on molecular data. With anther dehiscence and ovule number treated as unknown, Cecilanthus has several most-parsimonious positions: nested in Nymphaeales, nested in Magnoliales, sister to Laurales, and sister to Chloranthaceae. However, .
New specimens of horned dinosaurs from the Aguja Formation of West Texas, and a revision of Agujaceratops

Most horned dinosaur remains recovered from the Aguja Formation in West Texas are referable to the endemic chasmosaurine Agujaceratops mariscalensis. One specimen, however, differs sufficiently to justify its designation as the holotype of a new species, Agujaceratops mavericus sp. nov. This specimen and an isolated postorbital horncore from the same vicinity are stratigraphically the highest found in the Aguja Formation. A well-preserved juvenile specimen exhibits some unique features, and others compatible with A. mavericus, but due to its immature condition cannot be identified with certainty. A parietal referred to A. mariscalensis is the most complete thus far known, and shows that the frill of this taxon is more elaborately ornamented than previously believed, bearing a set of large horn-like spikes at the posterolateral corners. These two species share features of the premaxilla and squamosal, which warrant their inclusion in the same genus. However, characters thought to distinguish the two species vary in a manner similar to that found in other chasmosaurines, where debate persists as to their taxonomic significance. A consensus species concept has yet to be adopted for ceratopsid genera, of which most are monotypic. As a result, the two Agujaceratops species could be interpreted as arbitrary anagenetic stages in a single lineage, end-members in a spectrum of ontogenetic and sex-associated variation in that lineage, or two sympatric lineages that occupied separate niches in the same range. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1846D524-AC7F-4126-8787-33B26D80CF52
A note on challenge trials to determine the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Abstract In the EU, food is considered safe with regard to Listeria monocytogenes if the number of micro-organisms does not exceed 100 colony forming units (cfu)/g throughout its shelf-life. Therefore, it is important to determine if a food supports growth of L. monocytogenes. Guidelines for conducting challenge tests for growth assessment of L. monocytogenes on foods were published by the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) in 2014. The aim of this study was to use these guidelines to determine if refrigerated, fresh, whole, closed-cap, prepackaged mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) support the growth of L. monocytogenes. Three batches of mushrooms were artificially inoculated at approximately 100 cfu/g with a three-strain mix of L. monocytogenes and incubated for 2 days at 8°C followed by 4 days at 12°C. L. monocytogenes numbers were determined (in triplicate for each batch) on days 0, 2 and 6. Water activity, pH and total bacterial counts were also determined. There was no increase in the number of L. monocytogenes above the threshold of 0.5 log cfu/g in any of the replicates. In 8 of 9 replicates, the numbers decreased indicating that A. bisporus do not support the growth of L. monocytogenes. As the EU regulations allow < 100 cfu/g if the food cannot support growth of L. monocytogenes, the significance of this study is that mushrooms with < 100 cfu/g may be within the regulations and therefore, quantitative rather than qualitative determination may be required.
Parasite ecology in freshwater wetlands: Consequences for hosts, communities and ecosystems

Parasites can exert effects on multiple levels of ecological organizations, including individuals, populations, communities, and whole ecosystems. Historically, however, most research on wildlife diseases has rarely integrated across ecological scales. I used a combination of laboratory experiments and field surveys to examine how parasites in freshwater wetlands affect individual host behavior, food web structure, and ecosystem processes. First, I explored how individual behavioral responses to parasites compare to well-known behavioral responses to predators. In both the laboratory and an outdoor mesocosm experiment, I found no evidence that tadpoles alter their behavior to reduce the risk of infection prior to direct contact with parasites, despite showing strong responses to predation risk. After infection, however, tadpoles reduced activity in predictable ways based on traits of the host, the parasite, and their interaction. Such behavioral changes likely have consequences for community interactions including, competition, predation and parasite transmission. I then examined the roles of parasites
The efficacy of windbreaks in reducing the spread of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri

The effects of windbreaks and copper (Cu) bactericide applications alone and in combination on the spread of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Xcc) and incidence of citrus canker were tested in Argentina during 1990 and 1991. The monomolecular temporal model was the most appropriate for describing citrus canker disease progress. The monomolecular rate of disease progress was significantly less for Cu bactericide and windbreaks compared to an untreated control; however, more significant reductions of disease progress occurred with the use of windbreaks alone or in combination with Cu bactericide. Disease gradients were significantly less extensive when a Cu bactericide was used compared to untreated control plots, with significant additional reductions when windbreaks were employed. Temporal and spatial analyses of citrus canker epidemics indicated that the use of windbreaks was a more effective disease control strategy than the use of a Cu bactericide and significantly reduced temporal disease increase and spatial spread of citrus canker over time. As expected, Cu bactericide did reduce disease increase and spread but not as effectively as windbreaks. Temporal increase and spatial spread of disease associated with A-strain and B-strain of Xcc in lemon plantings were not significantly different indicating that for a susceptible host such as lemon, the two strains are equivalent in virulence and epidemiological potential.
The other Bose: an account of missed opportunities in the history of neurobiology in India

Despite their antiquity, Indian medical traditions are often viewed as 'traditional' and pre-scientific, and not having contributed much to the recent developments in medicine. A series of systematic observations regarding the uses of reserpine, initially derived from traditional medicine, was critical to the entire field of modern psycho-pharmacology, as well as providing useful insights into neuro-biology. However, despite the early promise of the work on reserpine in India, most of the later research work, and industrial development, was accomplished outside India. A locally available, inexpensive, plant-based product, laid the base for a multi-billion industry of anti-depressants and anti-psychotics, based upon the insights provided by reserpine. We need to pay more attention to the local sciences, as well as our botanical and human diversity, to develop novel strategies to understand neurobiology, and thus combat neuro-psychiatric diseases, and many other complex disorders.