Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constant‐concentration boundary condition: Lessons from the HYDROCOIN variable‐density groundwater benchmark problem

In a solute‐transport model, if a constant‐concentration boundary condition is applied at a node in an active flow field, a solute flux can occur by both advective and dispersive processes. The potential for advective release is demonstrated by reexamining the Hydrologic Code Intercomparison (HYDROCOIN) project case 5 problem, which represents a salt dome overlain by a shallow groundwater system. The resulting flow field includes significant salinity and fluid density variations. Several independent teams simulated this problem using finite difference or finite element numerical models. We applied a method‐of‐characteristics model (MOCDENSE). The previous numerical implementations by HYDROCOIN teams of a constant‐concentration boundary to represent salt release by lateral dispersion only (as stipulated in the original problem definition) was flawed because this boundary condition allows the release of salt into the flow field by both dispersion and advection. When the constant‐concentration boundary is modified to allow salt release by dispersion only, significantly less salt is released into the flow field. The calculated brine distribution for case 5 depends very little on which numerical model is used, as long as the selected model is solving the proper equations. Instead, the accuracy of the solution depends strongly on the proper conceptualization of the problem, including the detailed design of the constant‐concentration boundary condition. The importance and sensitivity to the manner of specification of this boundary does not appear to have been recognized previously in the analysis of this problem.
Early Miocene Platanistoid from the Mizunami Group, Central Japan

Abstract. A platanistoid fossil was recovered from the upper Lower Miocene Akeyo Formation, Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It consists of a right scapula, two cervical and three thoracic vertebrae, and an isolated tooth. The following key apomorphies of Platanistoidea are found in the scapula of the specimen: loss of or greatly reduced coracoids process, acromion located on the anterior edge of the scapula, and disappearance of the supraspinatus fossa on the lateral side of the scapula. This is the fourth platanistoid to be reported from Japan.
Study of J / ψ meson production inside jets in pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV

A study of the production of prompt J / ψ mesons contained in jets in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 8 TeV is presented. The analysis is based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.1 fb − 1 collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. For events with at least one observed jet, the angular separation between the J / ψ meson and the jet is used to test whether the J / ψ meson is part of the jet. The analysis shows that most prompt J / ψ mesons having energy above 15 GeV and rapidity | y | < 1 are contained in jets with pseudorapidity | η jet | < 1. The differential distributions of the probability to have a J / ψ meson contained in a jet as a function of jet energy for a ﬁxed J / ψ energy fraction are compared to a theoretical model using the fragmenting jet function approach. The data agree best with fragmenting jet function calculations that use a long-distance matrix element parameter set in which prompt J / ψ mesons are predicted to be unpolarized. This technique demonstrates a new way to test predictions for prompt J / ψ production using nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics. © open access the CC BY license Funded by SCOAP 3 .
Estimating the avalanche contribution to the mass balance of debris covered glaciers

Abstract. Avalanche from high head walls dominates the net accumulation in many debris covered glaciers in the Himalaya. These avalanche contributions are difficult to directly measure and may cause a systematic bias in glaciological mass balance measurements. In this paper we develop a method to estimate the avalanche contribution using available data, within the context of an idealised flowline model of the glacier. We focus on Hamtah glacier in Western Himalaya and estimate the magnitude of the avalanche accumulation to its specific mass balance profile. Our estimate explains the reported discrepancy between values of recent glaciological and geodetic net mass balance for this glacier. Model estimate of accumulation area ratio (AAR) for this glacier is small (0.1) even at a steady state. This shows that empirical mass balance–AAR relationships derived from glaciers which do not have a significant avalanche contribution will not apply to a large region containing a significant fraction avalanche fed ones.
A pr 2 02 1 A note on “ Algebraic approach to Casimir force between two δ-like potentials ” (

We comment on the recent work [1], and on its relations with our papers [2, 3] cited therein. In particular we show that, contrarily to what stated in [1], the Casimir energy density determined therein in the case of a single delta-like singularity coincides with the energy density obtained previously in our paper [2] using a different approach.
Seasonal Variation of Soya Current.

Seasonal variation of Soya Current along the Hokkaido coast in the Sea of Okhotsk was investigated both by the long-term current record obtained at the moored station off Sarufutsu and adjusted sea level record at the tidal stations along the Hokkaido coast. The current record shows significant seasonal variation, i.e., strong in summer and weak in winter. The current variation is closely correlated with the sea level difference between by high sea level in the Japan Sea compared with that in Sea of Okhotsk, while the weak current in winter is due to small difference of the sea level between both seas. This fact strongly depends on the unique seasonal variation of the sea level along the Hokkaido coast in the Sea of Okhotsk, i.e., maximum in winter and minimum in spring. The high sea level in winter is retained by the low salinity water in the subsurface layer of the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk (Ito, 1997) and found along the southern coast of Hokkaido. The interannual variation of sea level along the Hokkaido coast in the Sea of Okhotsk in winter correlates with the Monsoon-Index (MOI) variation defined as difference of atmosphere pressure between Irkutsk in Russia and Nemuro in Hokkaido.
Mechanisms and predictability of multiyear ecosystem variability in the North Pacific

Aleutian Low variations provide vorticity, buoyancy, and heat‐flux forcing to the North Pacific Ocean, which in turn cause changes in ocean circulation, mixed layer characteristics and sea ice coverage. In this process the white noise atmospheric characteristics are integrated dynamically and thermodynamically to generate red noise ocean spectra. Using the Community Earth System Model (version 1.0.3) we study the resulting biogeochemical and ecosystem responses in the North Pacific. We find that ocean dynamical variables have an impact on the tendencies of key nutrients and biological production, which leads to a further reddening of biogeochemical spectra resulting in potential predictability on time scales of 2–4 years. However, this low‐pass filtering does not apply to all biogeochemical variables and is regionally dependent. It is shown that phytoplankton biomass in the Central North Pacific adjusts to the much shorter‐term variability associated with changes in mixed layer depth, light availability, and zooplankton grazing, thus limiting the predictability of phytoplankton anomalies to about 1 year. In the eastern North Pacific the slow advection of anomalous nutrient concentrations leads to longer persistence of phytoplankton variability and increased potential predictability of up to 3 years.
Hygrothermal Simulations of Cool Reflective and Conventional Roofs

When solar radiation hits a roof surface, a part of solar energy is reflected and part is absorbed. The absorbed part of solar energy results in an increase in the roof’s surface temperature. Cool reflective (white) roofs use bright surfaces to reflect the incident short-wave solar radiation, which lowers the surface temperature compared with conventional (black) roofs with bituminous membranes. As such, white roofs help reduce the urban heat island effect during the summer. The question is: “Do white roofs lead to moisture-related problems in northern and southern climates? ” To answer this question, numerical simulations are conducted to compare the hygrothermal performance of white and black roofs under different outdoor and indoor conditions. The outdoor conditions are obtained from the weather database of the National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC). The indoor conditions are taken based on European standard (EN 15026) and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recommendations for conditioned space. The roof types considered in this study are polymer-modified
Coral fauna of the Imo Formation, uppermost Chesterian, north-central Arkansas

The Chesterian Imo Formation of northern Arkansas represents the highest Mississippian strata present on the Ozark platform and contains a unique, although sparse, coral fauna that is transitional between Mississippian and Pennsylvanian assemblages. Of the four most abundant genera represented, Lophophyllidium, Bradyphyllum, and Tectamichelinia are characteristic of Pennsylvanian assemblages and only Amplexizaphrentis is a typical Mississippian form. The fauna is interpreted as part of a shallow-water, muddy bottom community. Of the 11 rugosans and single tabulate coral described, the following are new: Bradyphyllum lesliense n. sp. , Amplexizaphrentis maneri n. sp. , Lophophyllidium imoense n. sp. , and Tectamichelinia mangeri n. gen. and sp.
The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay: Techniques and a Rotation Curve

We are undertaking a large-scale radial velocity survey of the Galactic bulge that uses M giant stars selected from the Two Micron All Sky Survey catalog as targets for the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 4 m Hydra multiobject spectrograph. The aim of this survey is to test dynamical models of the bulge and to quantify the importance, if any, of cold stellar streams in the bulge and its vicinity. Here we report on the kinematics of a strip of fields at -10° < l < +10° and b = -4°. We construct a longitude-velocity plot for the bulge stars and the model data and find that, contrary to previous studies, the bulge does not rotate as a solid body. From -5° < l < +5° the rotation curve has a slope of roughly 100 km s-1 kpc-1 and flattens considerably at greater l, reaching a maximum rotation of 45 km s-1. We compare our rotation curve and velocity dispersion profile to both the self-consistent model of Zhao and to N-body models; neither fits both our observed rotation curve and velocity dispersion profile. The high precision of our radial velocities (~3 km s-1) yields an unexpected result: hints of cold kinematic features are seen in a number of the line-of-sight velocity distributions.
Performance Analysis of Sequential Method for Handover in Cognitive Radio Systems

Powerful spectrum handover schemes enable cognitive radios (CRs) to use transmission opportunities in primary users' channels appropriately. In this paper, we consider the cognitive access of primary channels by a secondary user. We evaluate the average detection time and the maximum achievable average throughput of the secondary user when the sequential method for hand-over (SMHO) is used. We assume that a prior knowledge of the primary users' presence and absence probabilities are available. When investigating the maximum achievable throughput of the secondary user, we end into an optimization problem, in which the optimum value of sensing time must be selected. In our optimization problem, we take into account the spectrum hand over due to false detection of the primary user. We also propose a weighted based hand-over (WBHO) scheme in which the impacts of channels conditions and primary users' presence probability are considered. This Spectrum handover scheme provides higher average throughput for the SU than the SMHO method. The tradeoff between the maximum achievable throughput and consumed energy is discussed, and finally an energy efficient optimization formulation for finding a proper sensing time is provided.
Active Galactic Nuclei with Double-Peaked Balmer Lines. I. Black Hole Masses and Eddington Ratios

Using stellar population synthesis, we model the stellar contribution for a sample of 110 double-peaked broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The stellar velocity dispersions (σ*) are obtained for 52 double-peaked AGNs with obvious stellar absorption features, ranging from 106 to 284 km s-1. We also use multicomponent profiles to fit O III λλ4959, 5007 and Hβ emission lines. Using the well-established Mbh-σ* relation, the black hole masses are calculated to range from 1.0 × 107 to 5.5 × 108 M☉, and the Eddington ratio from ~0.01 to ~1. Comparing these with the known RBLR-L relation, we can find the factor f, which indicates the BLRs' geometry, inclination, and kinematics. We find that f deviates greatly from 0.75, suggesting the nonvirial dynamics of broad-line regions. The peak separation is mildly correlated with the Eddington ratio and SMBH mass with almost the same correlation coefficients. This implies that it will be difficult to detect obvious double-peaked AGNs with higher Eddington ratios. Using the monochromatic luminosity at 5100 Å to trace the bolometric luminosity, we find that external illumination of the accretion disk is needed to produce the observed strength of the Hα emission line.
The Asian–Pacific Oscillation pattern in CMIP5 simulations of historical and future climate

Based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations, this article evaluated the performance of 33 coupled models in simulating the summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) pattern and projected its change under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The results show that most of the individual models have good capacity to simulate the climate mean state of the spatial structure of the summer APO pattern, while some have poor skill in modelling its secular trend and interannual variability. The multimodel ensemble mean (MME) generally outperforms the individual models. It not only well reproduces the spatial distribution of the observed APO pattern, but also reasonably captures the observed negative trend and interannual variability of the APO. The MME projects a decrease in the APO intensity towards the end of 21st century under both the RCP4.5 and the RCP8.5 scenarios. Large differences in projected change under the two forcing scenarios start to emerge about in the 2040s, with larger decreasing under the RCP8.5 than that under the RCP4.5. Over the course of the second half of the 21st century, the APO pattern will shift eastward slightly in addition to the weakening in intensity as compared to the 1950–2005 mean climate. For the individual models, the majority of models agree on the sign of projected decreasing change in the APO intensity and also exhibit a stronger change under the RCP8.5 scenario than under the RCP4.5 scenario.
Estimating vertical velocity on the equator

Vertical velocity on the equator in the Central Pacific is estimated in four ways using mean CTD measurements assuming the following: 1) that the Equatorial Undercurrent core is a trajectory of flow; 2) that the flow is along isotherms; 3) that mass is conserved in the meridional-vertical plane; and 4) that mass is conserved three-dimensionally. It is remarkable that by using such simple and independent methods, all results agree so well, exhibiting an average vertical velocity at 90 m of 1.9 x 10 super(-3) cm s super(-1), with a standard deviation of only 0.3 x 10 super(-3) cm s super(-1). The results reported here demonstrate the ease with which reliable estimates of vertical velocity may be obtained on the equator, which may be useful in studies of the effects of upwelling on productivity and chemical nutrient renewal in the equatorial surface layer.
Cenozoic deformation and exhumation history of the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan

New low‐temperature thermochronological data from 80 samples in eastern Kyrgyzstan are combined with previously published data from 61 samples to constrain exhumation in a number of mountain ranges in the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan. All sampled ranges are found to have a broadly consistent Cenozoic exhumation history, characterized by initially low cooling rates (<1°C/Myr) followed by a series of increases in exhumation that occurred diachronously across the region in the late Cenozoic that are interpreted to record the onset of deformation in different mountain ranges. Combined with geological estimates for the onset of proximal deformation, our data suggest that the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan started deforming in the late Oligocene‐early Miocene, leading to the development of several, widely spaced mountain ranges separated by large intermontane basins. Subsequently, more ranges have been constructed in response to significant shortening increases across the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan, notably in the late Miocene. The order of range construction is interpreted to reflect variations in the susceptibility of inherited structures to reactivation. Reactivated structures are also shown to have significance along strike variations in fault vergence and displacement, which have influenced the development and growth of individual mountain ranges. Moreover, the timing of deformation allows the former extent of many intermontane basins that have since been partitioned to be inferred; this can be linked to the highly time‐transgressive onset of late Cenozoic coarse clastic sedimentation.
Discovery of Pulsations in the X-Ray Transient 4U 1901+03

We describe observations of the 2003 outburst of the hard-spectrum X-ray transient 4U 1901+03 with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The outburst was first detected in 2003 February by the All-Sky Monitor and reached a peak 2.5-25 keV flux of 8 × 10-9 ergs cm-2 s-1 (around 240 mcrab). The only other known outburst occurred 32.2 yr earlier, likely the longest currently known recurrence time for any X-ray transient. Proportional Counter Array (PCA) observations over the 5 month duration of the 2003 outburst revealed a 2.763 s pulsar in a 22.58 days orbit. The detection of pulsations down to a flux of 3 × 10-11 ergs cm-2 s-1 (2.5-25 keV), along with the inferred long-term accretion rate of 8.1 × 10-11 M☉ yr-1 (assuming a distance of 10 kpc), suggests that the surface magnetic field strength is below ~5 × 1011 G. The corresponding cyclotron energy is thus below 4 keV, consistent with the nondetection of resonance features at high energies. Although we could not unambiguously identify the optical counterpart, the lack of a bright IR candidate within the 1' RXTE error circle rules out a supergiant mass donor. The neutron star in 4U 1901+03 probably accretes from the wind of a main-sequence OB star, like most other high-mass binary X-ray pulsars. The almost circular orbit (e = 0.036) confirms the system's membership in a growing class of wide, low-eccentricity systems in which the neutron stars may have received much smaller kicks as a result of their natal supernova explosions.
A modelling analysis to determine N-risk indicators

The APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems SIMulator) model was used to determine risk indicators of nitrate leaching from urine patches. The simulations used climate data from three climate stations within the Canterbury area, with average annual rainfall of 600, 800 and 1200 mm, and average annual temperatures ranging from 9.8 to 11.8 o C. Six different generic soil types were used in the simulations. Deposition of a urine patch was simulated by applying an equivalent of 250 or 750 kg N/ha, and these depositions were, in separate simulation runs, done every month. The total amount of N leached was summed over three years following the urine deposition. The indicators of risk of N leaching were determined by stepwise regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. The month of urine deposition largely affects the risk of N leaching, with a higher leaching risk from January to April, and a lower risk from May to December. Also N leaching was higher in the sandy soil compared with finer textured soils. The most important predictive variable for N leaching in the sandy soil was cumulative precipitation in the 3 month following urine deposition, followed by cumulative rain in the first week after deposition, and the average nitrate amount in the top 20 cm of the soil 2 weeks prior to deposition. The above results are an initial step to identify indicators of areas and timings with high risk of N leaching.
Effects of motivations in marine protected areas: The case of Galápagos Islands

This research proposes: (i) analyze push and pull motivations in insular marine protected areas, and (ii) determine their effects on tourists’ satisfaction, positive recommendations and loyalty in terms of returning. The study was conducted in the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador; a renowned marine protected area with a National Park being a Natural Heritage Site of Humanity by UNESCO. An exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), followed by a stepwise multiple regression analysis applied on a sample of 407 tourists in the Galápagos Islands showed four push and pull motivational factors in this destination: "passive marine," "active marine," "novelty and escape," and "social relations". "Passive marine" and "social relations" were the most prominent factors influencing tourist satisfaction and return intentions. Moreover, "passive marine" and "novelty and escape " highly influenced visitors’ intention to recommend and give positive feedback about this place. These findings constitute action guides for the adequate management of marine protected areas.
Tracking diachronic sentiment change of economic terms in times of crisis: Connotative fluctuations of ‘inflation’ in the news discourse

The present study focuses on the fluctuation of sentiment in economic terminology to observe semantic changes in restricted diachrony. Our study examines the evolution of the target term ‘inflation’ in the business section of quality news and the impact of the Great Recession. This is carried out through the application of quantitative and qualitative methods: Sentiment Analysis, Usage Fluctuation Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, and Discourse Analysis. From the diachronic Great Recession News Corpus that covers the 2007–2015 period, we extracted sentences containing the term ‘inflation’. Several facts are evidenced: (i) terms become event words given the increase in their frequency of use due to the unfolding of relevant crisis events, and (ii) there are statistically significant culturally motivated changes in the form of emergent collocations with sentiment-laden words with a lower level of domain-specificity.