Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wage differences between immigrants and natives in Austria: The role of literacy skills

This paper analyzes wage differences between natives and immigrants in Austria. First, we show that for both groups, literacy skills are an important determinant of the hourly wage. In the second step, we show that differences in proficiency with respect to literacy can explain more than three log points of the total wage gap of 9.7 log points between natives and immigrants. When adding literacy skills to the wage decomposition, the discriminatory part vanishes completely, suggesting that the wage difference between immigrants and natives in Austria can be to a large extent explained. Furthermore, we account for a possible sample selection bias. After controlling for literacy skills, the unexplained part of the gap becomes statistically insignificant. The importance of literacy skills in explaining wage differences between natives and immigrants is robust across several sensitivity tests.
Body Satisfaction, Weight Stigma, Positivity, and Happiness among Spanish Adults with Overweight and Obesity

Although previous evidence suggests that happiness is lower among individuals with obesity, research on the correlates of subjective well-being (SWB) is warranted to increase our knowledge. We aim to explore excess weight (i.e., measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI)), body image and satisfaction, self-stigma, positivity, and happiness among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aim to investigate the predictors of SWB in this sample. A convenience sample of 100 individuals with excess weight completed self-reports on the study variables and were weighed and their height measured. On average, the participants reported body perceptions revealing minor excessive weight, moderate body satisfaction, low-to-moderate weight-related stigma, and elevated positivity and happiness. BMI and gender/sex independently affected these variables, but there were no significant interaction effects. Furthermore, individuals with overweight or obesity with higher body satisfaction and elevated positivity were more likely to report being happy, independent of their age, gender/sex, weight, and weight-related stigma. Mediation effects were found for body satisfaction and positivity in the relationship between weight and happiness. Moreover, positive orientation suppressed the pervasive influence of stigma on SWB. Our findings confirm the key role of body image dimensions and weight-related stigma for happiness and add support to the relevance of positivity for overall well-being of individuals with excess weight. These results may inform obesity management actions focused on inclusive aesthetic models, combating social stigmatization and enhancing positivity for a flourishing and fulfilling life.
Language mapping: A systematic review of protocols that evaluate linguistic functions in awake surgery

Abstract Nowadays, numerous neuropsychological tests are available for multidisciplinary teams to perform awake brain surgery but none–or very few–of them constitutes a mandatory prerequisite. No consensus has been reached about the choice of intraoperative tests, which can be relatively simple for certain primary functions, but can be much more difficult for high-level cognitive functions. This review aims to give an overview about the assessment of language during awake brain surgery in adults and focus on the analysis of the different language protocols that have been published, to compile the most used standardized tests that evaluate different linguistic cognitive processes. We performed a systematic review about awake brain surgery studies that mentioned a specific test or protocol for assessing language in adults from the last 15 years. The search yielded 3,504 articles. 120 studies reported a linguistic protocol or test. This review allowed to obtain a defined neuropsychological picture of the essential tasks that a linguistic protocol in awake surgery should compile. This review will help clinicians in selecting tasks for monitoring cognition during awake brain surgery as well as contributes to enlighten the efficacy of linguistics protocols in order to minimize language deficits in awake surgery.
Anchors Away : Field Experiments on Anchoring of Economic Valuations

One of the pillars within an entrenched branch of research psychology is the view that preferences are constructed during the value elicitation process. Experiments on anchoring effects yield perhaps the strongest evidence to support the constructed preference hypothesis, since random and clearly uninformative cues are shown to have an important effect on individual economic values. While scholars commonly generalize such effects to markets, the conditions under which such biases meaningfully influence market outcomes have not been specified. This paper takes on this challenge using two distinct field experiments. First, it explores the impact of anchors on consumer valuations in a well-functioning, naturally occurring marketplace. Using a classic anchoring task in a field experiment, we find that while there is little evidence that experienced agents can be anchored, inexperienced consumers can be anchored. Using a complementary field experiment, we find that even in those markets populated solely by inexperienced consumers, distinct anchors have only transient effects on prices and quantities traded in a bilateral bargaining institution: aggregate market outcomes converge to the intersection of the supply and demand functionals after a few market periods. JEL: C93 (Field Experiments), D11 (Microeconomic Theory)
The polar cap environment of outflowing O

Ion composition measurements by Dynamics Explorer 1 often show upward O+ beams at polar latitudes, with streaming energies of 1–20 eV or more. Here we utilize measurements of core (0–50 eV) and “energetic” (∼0–1 keV) ion composition, plasma waves, and auroral images from DE 1 and plasma ions and electrons from DE 2 to examine some of their properties in the context of the polar cap environment. It is found that two distinct populations of O+ beams are observed: “high-speed” (10–30 eV or higher streaming energies) and “low-speed” (generally <10-eV streaming energies). The “high-speed” polar beams show an “auroral” connection; i.e., they are observed on or near field lines threading auroral arcs seen in DE 1 images. The “low-speed” streams are on or near field lines threading the dark polar cap and may be convected from the cleft ion fountain. The low-speed streams are generally much more stable in energy and flux, while the high-speed streams tend to be bursty. In general, the streams are convecting antisunward, with velocities of 5–14 km/s in the orbital plane. We sought to obtain plasma density estimates from plasma wave measurements, through analysis of features of auroral hiss as well as upper hybrid emissions. Densities in the range 1–5 el/cm³ were indicated for one segment of a DE 1 polar cap pass; however, the measurements generally indicate little auroral hiss or upper hybrid emissions in the polar cap for the other cases considered here. Estimates of electrostatic potential drops above the DE 2 satellite have been made using energy-angle spectrograms of photoelectron data, under the assumption that the field lines of observation are “effectively” open. Potential drops often are in the 20- to 40-V range. At other times the potential falls below the ∼5-V instrument threshold, or there are insufficient photoelectron fluxes for estimation. These limited data suggest that the largest potential drops are just poleward of the cleft or near its poleward edge and there is a decline of the drop in the antisunward direction. No obvious correlation between the potential estimates and “nearby” O+ streaming energies is seen.
New periodicity in Jovian decametric radio emission

We report on the finding of a new periodicity in the Jovian decametric radio emission (DAM). Periodic bursts of non‐Io component of DAM which recur with a period 1.5% longer than the Jupiter rotation (System III) have been found in the dynamic radio spectra acquired by STEREO/WAVES, Wind/WAVES and Cassini/RPWS during the years 2002–2008. Typically, the bursts appear very periodically over several Jovian days with a decreasing intensity and they display a negative frequency drift. All the bursts were detected within the same sector of Jovian Central Meridian Longitude (III), between 300° and 60° (via 360°) of CML (III), close to the region of the non‐Io‐C source. No correlation has been found with the position of Io. Considering the simultaneous stereoscopic observations onboard STEREO‐A and STEREO‐B, as well as Wind and Cassini we can conclude that the sources of the periodic bursts most probably sub‐corotate with Jupiter.
Risk attitude and risk behavior: Comparing Thailand and Vietnam

Are responses to a simple survey item sufficiently reliable in eliciting risk attitudes? Our angle in examining reliability is to conduct comparative research across Thailand and Vietnam. We find, first, that the survey item is informative about individual risk attitude because it is plausibly related to socio-demographic characteristics (including vulnerability), it is experimentally validated and has some predictive power. Second, however, we find major differences between both countries: whereas explained variances of regressions are tentatively higher in Vietnam, the predictive value of the survey item is much lower than in Thailand. Therefore, the survey item cannot be implemented across countries in an unreflected way.
Characterization of Global DNA Methylation in Different Gene Regions Reveals Candidate Biomarkers in Pigs with High and Low Levels of Boar Taint

DNA methylation of different gene components, including different exons and introns, or different lengths of exons and introns is associated with differences in gene expression. To investigate the methylation of porcine gene components associated with the boar taint (BT) trait, this study used reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) data from nine porcine testis samples in three BT groups (low, medium and high BT). The results showed that the methylation levels of the first exons and first introns were lower than those of the other exons and introns. The first exons/introns of CpG island regions had even lower levels of methylation. A total of 123 differentially methylated promoters (DMPs), 194 differentially methylated exons (DMEs) and 402 differentially methylated introns (DMIs) were identified, of which 80 DMPs (DMP-CpGis), 112 DMEs (DME-CpGis) and 166 DMIs (DMI-CpGis) were discovered in CpG islands. Importantly, GPX1 contained one each of DMP, DME, DMI, DMP-CpGi, DME-CpGi and DMI-CpGi. Gene-GO term relationships and pathways analysis showed DMP-CpGi-related genes are mainly involved in methylation-related biological functions. In addition, gene–gene interaction networks consisted of nodes that were hypo-methylated GPX1, hypo-methylated APP, hypo-methylated ATOX1, hyper-methylated ADRB2, hyper-methylated RPS6KA1 and hyper-methylated PNMT. They could be used as candidate biomarkers for reducing boar taint in pigs, after further validation in large cohorts.
A pen device for injection of recombinant human growth hormone: a European usability engineering study

ABSTRACT Objective The Aluetta™ reusable pen device and instructions for use (IFU) for growth hormone (r-hGH; Saizen®, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) administration were tested for Human-Factors Usability, to ensure it could be used safely and effectively by the intended users in the intended use environment. Research design and methods Usability testing was conducted under simulated conditions in three groups of participants: pediatric or adult patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD), participants without GHD, and healthcare professionals (HCPs). The testing comprised a 45-minute training session, a 2-hour testing session, and a participant-feedback session. Results Twenty-six participants completed the training session and performed all critical tasks related to the pen use across three scenarios. The most difficult tasks were related to the preparation, checking, and maintenance of the device; only 8% of use errors occurred during tasks related to the injection process. Eighty-five percent considered the pen safe and effective to use without further modifications and the training to be clear and effective. Conclusions The pen device and associated materials benefited from Human Factors Engineering throughout the development process. These evaluations show that patients and HCPs could safely and effectively use the pen device, and the IFU and training were clear and effective.
Generic Concepts in the Platycrinitidae Austin and Austin, 1842 (Class Crinoidea)

Abstract Platycrinites is traditionally one of the more recognizable crinoids, a camerate crinoid with very few if any fixed brachials or interradials and a helically twisted column. Accordingly, many taxa have been assigned to this genus. With a better understanding of the Platycrinitidae, these characters actually unite the family Platycrinitidae rather than the genus. Further, use of different genus-diagnostic characters in Western Europe versus North America has resulted in a confused systematics for this important late Paleozoic family. Here, we objectively define genera within the Platycrinitidae and assign all species to either newly defined or newly named genera. A phylogenetic hypothesis, incorporating both parsimony-based character analysis and stratigraphic ranges, of the genera within the Platycrinitidae is presented. With consideration of the type species, Platycrinites laevis Miller, 1821, Platycrinites sensu stricto is distinguished from Platycrinites sensu lato, which is used for species that cannot be assigned with confidence to any objectively defined genus. New genera are Artaocrinus n. gen., Collicrinus n. gen., Elegantocrinus n. gen., and Laticrinus n. gen.; and Exsulacrinus Bowsher and Strimple, 1986 is designated a junior synonym of Platycrinites s.s. Collicrinus shumardi n. gen. and sp. , Laticrinus oweni n. gen. and sp. , and Laticrinus wachsmuthi n. gen. and sp. are described; and Platycrinites formosus approximatus (Miller and Gurley, 1896a) is designated a junior synonym of Platycrinites formosus (Miller and Gurley, 1895a), which is reassigned here to Collicrinus n. gen. Platycrinites s.s. now includes 14 species and species-level taxa, and 76 species are assigned to Platycrinites s.l. Ten species are designated nomina dubia, as are taxa based solely on columnals or pluricolumnals. Two species are designated nomina nuda, and two are transferred to genera outside of the Platycrinitidae. In addition, twenty-seven species and four open-nomenclature taxa are each reassigned to a different genus.
Sovereign Default Risk and Firm Heterogeneity

This paper measures the output costs of sovereign risk by combining a sovereign debt model with firm- and bank-level data. In our framework, an increase in sovereign risk lowers the price of government debt and has an adverse impact on banks’ balance sheets, disrupting their ability to finance firms. Importantly, firms are not equally affected by these developments: those that have greater financing needs and borrow from banks that are more exposed to government debt cut their production the most in a debt crisis. We show that the response of aggregate output to an increase in sovereign risk depends on these cross-sectional firm-level elasticities. We use Italian data to measure them and parameterize the model to match the cross-sectional facts. In counterfactual analysis, we find that heightened sovereign risk was responsible for one-third of the observed output decline during the 2011-2012 crisis in Italy.
What are Disciplinary Literacies in Dance and Drama in the Elementary Grades

Disciplinary literacies in dance and drama are underrepresented in classrooms and in scholarship, especially at the elementary level. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine how preservice teachers constructed meaning of the disciplinary literacies in dance and drama. The theoretical framework guiding this study was drawn from social constructivism. Data was examined from three tenets: (a) learning from others; (b) learning through dialogue; and (c) learning by doing. Data sources included observation notes, artifacts, and a focus group interview. A combination of conventional and directed content analysis tools coupled with writing as an analytical tool were applied to examine the data. Five findings emerged: the preservice teachers (a) utilized instructional practices to teach comprehension with the complex texts of dance or drama, (b) supported students who had academic knowledge gaps in dance or drama, (c) taught the academic vocabulary unique to dance or drama, (d) customized literacy strategies unique to dance or drama, and (e) included instructional spaces for the inquiry process. We assert that in socially constructed environments, preservice elementary teachers can realize disciplinary literacies in dance and drama. Moreover, the notion of embodied literacies emerged as one of the disciplinary literacies in dance and drama.
Empirical assessment of bias in machine learning diagnostic test accuracy studies

OBJECTIVE Machine learning (ML) diagnostic tools have significant potential to improve health care. However, methodological pitfalls may affect diagnostic test accuracy studies used to appraise such tools. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and reporting of design characteristics within the literature. Further, we sought to empirically assess whether design features may be associated with different estimates of diagnostic accuracy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically retrieved 2 × 2 tables (n = 281) describing the performance of ML diagnostic tools, derived from 114 publications in 38 meta-analyses, from PubMed. Data extracted included test performance, sample sizes, and design features. A mixed-effects metaregression was run to quantify the association between design features and diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS Participant ethnicity and blinding in test interpretation was unreported in 90% and 60% of studies, respectively. Reporting was occasionally lacking for rudimentary characteristics such as study design (28% unreported). Internal validation without appropriate safeguards was used in 44% of studies. Several design features were associated with larger estimates of accuracy, including having unreported (relative diagnostic odds ratio [RDOR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-3.1) or case-control study designs (RDOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.97-1.66), and recruiting participants for the index test (RDOR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.08-2.59). DISCUSSION Significant underreporting of experimental details was present. Study design features may affect estimates of diagnostic performance in the ML diagnostic test accuracy literature. CONCLUSIONS The present study identifies pitfalls that threaten the validity, generalizability, and clinical value of ML diagnostic tools and provides recommendations for improvement.
The Latent Structure of Spatial Skills and Mathematics: A Replication of the Two-Factor Model

ABSTRACT In a previous study, Mix et al. (2016) reported that spatial skill and mathematics were composed of 2 highly correlated, domain-specific factors, with a few cross-domain loadings. The overall structure was consistent across grade (kindergarten, 3rd grade, 6th grade), but the cross-domain loadings varied with age. The present study sought to replicate these patterns. Using the data from Wave 1 (n = 854) and data collected from a 2nd sample of kindergarten (n = 251), 3rd-grade (n = 247), and 6th-grade students (n = 241) with the same measures as in Wave 1, we carried out a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to compare the 2 waves. We also completed several analyses of the Wave 2 data alone. The overall pattern obtained in Wave 1—2 highly correlated domain-specific factors—was clearly replicated in Wave 2. However, more subtle effects involving cross-domain loading were only partially replicated and generally appear fragile and context-specific. In Wave 2, we also included 2 new measures (i.e., proportion matching and fraction identification) that were analyzed in a separate model. Including these new measures did not change the overall pattern of factors and domain-specific factor loadings but did alter some of the cross-domain loadings.
X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies - II. Hot interstellar medium

We study the emission from the hot interstellar medium (ISM) in a sample of nearby late-type galaxies defined in Paper I. Our sample covers a broad range of star formation rates (SFRs) from ∼0.1 to ∼17 M⊙ yr−1 and stellar masses from ∼3 × 108 to ∼6 × 1010 M⊙. We take special care of systematic effects and contamination from bright and faint compact sources. We find that in all galaxies at least one optically thin thermal emission component is present in the unresolved emission, with the average temperature of 〈kT〉 = 0.24 keV. In about ∼1/3 of galaxies, a second, higher temperature component is required, with 〈kT〉 = 0.71 keV. Although statistically significant variations in temperature between galaxies are present, we do not find any meaningful trends with the stellar mass or SFR of the host galaxy. The apparent luminosity of the diffuse emission in the 0.5–2 keV band linearly correlates with the SFR with the scale factor of erg s−1 (M⊙ yr−1)−1, of which in average ∼30–40 per cent is likely produced by faint compact sources of various types. We attempt to estimate the bolometric luminosity of the gas and obtain results differing by an order of magnitude, , depending on whether intrinsic absorption in star-forming galaxies is allowed or not. Our theoretically most accurate, but in practice the most model-dependent result for the intrinsic bolometric luminosity of the ISM is erg s−1 (M⊙ yr−1)−1. Assuming that core-collapse supernovae are the main source of energy, it is implied that of mechanical energy of supernovae is converted into thermal energy of the ISM.
Validating the Paradigm That Biomechanical Forces Regulate Embryonic Cardiovascular Morphogenesis and Are Fundamental in the Etiology of Congenital Heart Disease

The goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the biomechanical maturation and regulation of vertebrate cardiovascular (CV) morphogenesis and the evidence for mechanistic relationships between function and form relevant to the origins of congenital heart disease (CHD). The embryonic heart has been investigated for over a century, initially focusing on the chick embryo due to the opportunity to isolate and investigate myocardial electromechanical maturation, the ability to directly instrument and measure normal cardiac function, intervene to alter ventricular loading conditions, and then investigate changes in functional and structural maturation to deduce mechanism. The paradigm of “Develop and validate quantitative techniques, describe normal, perturb the system, describe abnormal, then deduce mechanisms” was taught to many young investigators by Dr. Edward B. Clark and then validated by a rapidly expanding number of teams dedicated to investigate CV morphogenesis, structure–function relationships, and pathogenic mechanisms of CHD. Pioneering studies using the chick embryo model rapidly expanded into a broad range of model systems, particularly the mouse and zebrafish, to investigate the interdependent genetic and biomechanical regulation of CV morphogenesis. Several central morphogenic themes have emerged. First, CV morphogenesis is inherently dependent upon the biomechanical forces that influence cell and tissue growth and remodeling. Second, embryonic CV systems dynamically adapt to changes in biomechanical loading conditions similar to mature systems. Third, biomechanical loading conditions dynamically impact and are regulated by genetic morphogenic systems. Fourth, advanced imaging techniques coupled with computational modeling provide novel insights to validate regulatory mechanisms. Finally, insights regarding the genetic and biomechanical regulation of CV morphogenesis and adaptation are relevant to current regenerative strategies for patients with CHD.