Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dust distribution study at the blast furnace top based on k–Sε –up model

The dust distribution law acting at the top of a blast furnace ( BF ) is of great significance for understanding gas flow distribution and mitigating the negative influence of dust particles on the accuracy and service life of detection equipment. The harsh environment inside a BF makes it difficult to describe the dust distribution. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a dust distribution k-Sε -Up model based on interphase ( gas-powder ) coupling. The proposed model is coupled with a k-Sε model ( which describes gas flow movement ) and a Up model ( which depicts dust movement ) . First, the kinetic energy equation and turbulent dissipation rate equation in the k-Sε model are established based on the modeling theory and single-Green-function two-scale direct interaction approximation ( SGF-TSDIA ) theory. Second, a dust particle movement Up model is built based on a force analysis of the dust and Newtonʼ s laws of motion. Finally, a coupling factor that describes the interphase interaction is proposed, and the k-Sε -Up model, with clear physical meaning, rigorous mathematical logic, and adequate generality, is developed. Simulation results and on-site verification show that the k-Sε -Up model not only has high precision, but also reveals the aggregate distribution features of the dust, which are helpful in optimizing the installation position of the detection equipment and improving its accuracy and service life.
A Module-level Weathering and Durability Testing on Silver Nanowire Transparent Conductors

We adopt a pseudo-module methodology for investigating the degradation behaviors of silver nanowire (AgNW) transparent conductors (TC). The pseudo-module allows assembly and disassembly for accessing TC during aging test without causing artificial damage to the AgNWs. Aging tests on the AgNWs inside pseudo-module were performed under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at elevated temperature and damp heat conditions. There was no deterioration concerning electrical DC conductivity for both UVA/75ºC and damp heat aging conditions after aging for 69 days and 100 days, respectively. However, microscopy and spectroscopy results indicated that damp heat aging resulted in significant damage to the morphologies of AgNWs, inferring the importance of encapsulation to the stability of pristine AgNWs inside modules. Morphological and junctional change of AgNWs networks caused the decrease in optical transmittance of TC. The UVA/75ºC aging results showed early sign of sulfidation after aging for 100 days. Electrical stress tests by applying stepwise current were conducted. The failure mode of both pristine AgNW TC and AgNW TC inside pseudo-module were identical. However, the AgNW TC inside pseudo-module generated higher heating temperature. Preliminary outdoor exposure has been conducted by our research team, and comprehensive investigation will be carried out in the near future.
Comprehensive parametric investigations of EOFM measurements on single FinFET transistors

Electro-optical techniques are the standard techniques for contactless fault isolation in modern IC's. And because these modern IC's are composed of FinFETs, the understanding of Electro-Optical Frequency measurements on single FinFETs is an important addition to the general picture acquired by electrooptical techniques. Electro-Optical Frequency Mapping (EOFM) is a destruction-free fault isolation method, that has been successfully used, among others, on single silicon transistors, metal-oxide-semiconductor structures and bipolar transistors. In this work, a parametric study of EOFM measurements of single n-type and p-type FinFETs has been performed. Nominal dynamic operations, as well as the behavior of the respective terminals have been studied. Furthermore, EOFM signals could be successfully acquired under subthreshold conditions for both types of transistors. In a last step, the FinFET devices have been studied under different back bias conditions.
Finding Minimum-Size Ellipsoids Covering a Subset of Points: Several Simple Heuristic Approaches

We propose several heuristic methods for finding an approximate solution to the following inherently combinatorial problem: Given N points in ℝn, construct the minimum- size ellipsoid covering exactly N − k of them, where k ≪ N. Various assumptions on the nature of the points and their amount are considered; the results of numerical experiments with the algorithms are discussed.
Blood Glucose Control In Type 1 Diabetic Rat, Considering Food Intake Effects

Diabetes is among of our times most widespread diseases. Currently, the main and effective treatment method to control blood glucose level in diabetics is insulin injection. In this research, animal experiments are done on rat as an appropriate experimental animal. The time-varying model of rat is used which considers the food intake effects, too. The controller is designed for the model (backstepping controller) to maintain blood glucose levels in a normal range and determine the insulin injection plan. Since the states of the model are not measurable totally, Kalman Filter is developed to estimate states successfully. Simulated results indicate the efficiency of the proposed backstepping controller in regulating the blood glucose level in type 1 diabetic rat.
Hysteresis Modeling of Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy using a NARMAX Structure Model

As a kind of smart material-based product, the magnetic shape memory alloy based actuator (MSMABA) is widely used in nano-positioning applications. However, the serious hysteresis in the MSMABA severely impacts its application in the field of micro/nanotechnology. To model the hysteresis of the MSMABA which possesses the multi-valued mapping characteristics and the rate-dependent behavior, a nonlinear auto-regressive moving average with exogenous inputs structure (NARMAXS) model is developed. In this method, the Bouc-Wen (BW) model as an exogenous variable function (EVF) is used to construct the NARMAXS model, and the proposed model can be applied to describe the behavior of hysteresis with multi-valued mapping. Based on the powerful function approaching capability, a wavelet neural network (WNN) is used to replace the nonlinear function of the NARAMXS model. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the NARAMX model based on the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is used for comparison. The experiment results illustrate that the proposed NARMAXS model presents excellent modeling ability for hysteresis of the MSMABA.
Switched Adaptive Observer for Structure Identification in Gene Regulatory Networks

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) perform a pivotal task in conducting cellular functions. Reconstruction of these complex networks is necessary to understand underlying mechanisms directing cellular behavior. This paper deals with structure identification for gene regulatory networks. To do this end, adaptive observer is employed to estimate unknown parameters. In this method, convergence of parameter estimation to the true values depends on persistency of excitation condition. Since many real gene networks don't satisfy this condition, we propose a new method to derive these parameters. This approach is based on introducing a switching mechanism in gene networks by using biochemical perturbations. Moreover, an adaptive observer for switching systems is designed and sufficient conditions for convergence of its parameters are derived based on stability of switching systems. Proposed adaptive observer provide exponential convergence of parameters estimation and switching mechanism improve persistency of excitation. By several simulations, it is shown that the proposed method indicates better performance in contrast to the existing methods for structure identification. Regarding the obtained results, our method leads to faster convergence, handles larger unknown parameter cases and estimates true values while other methods fail.
A Critical Evaluation of Aerial Datasets for Semantic Segmentation

Drone perception systems use information from sensor fusion to perform tasks like object detection and tracking, visual localization and mapping, trajectory planning, and autonomous navigation. Applying these functions in real environments is a complex problem due to three-dimensional structures like trees, buildings, or bridges since the sensors (usually cameras) have limited viewpoints. We are interested in creating an application that is aimed towards inspection of forests with a focus on deforestation, with the main objectives being building a 3D semantic map of the environment and visual inspection of trees. In this paper, we evaluate three new datasets recorded at various flight altitudes, in terms of class balance, training performance on the semantic segmentation task, and the ability to transfer knowledge from one set to another. Our findings showcase the strengths of these datasets, while also pointing out their shortcomings, and offering future development ideas and raising research questions.
Stormwater Pond Sediments: Temporal Trends in Heavy Metal Concentrations and Sediment Removal

Temporal trends in stormwater pond sediment quality were evaluated by conducting field sediment surveys in 1998 and 2006. A sediment removal process in 2006 was also assessed. Results show that, for both years, the sediment closest to the inlet had the lowest concentrations of metals. The results from 1998 showed no significant differences in sediment heavy metal concentrations depth while the results from 2006 showed a decreasing trend with depth. A significant difference between the two years could be seen for Cr, Cu, and Pb. The water phase in the pond showed a difference before and after the removal of sediment. The water samples after emptying showed higher concentrations of metals as a result of disturbing and re-suspending the bottom sediment. No significant difference could be found in the samples taken from the bottom sediment before the removal of the sediment and from the sediment pile formed during the removal process. The total heavy metal concentration in water exceeded the threshold limits for the selected quality guidelines and, according to soil quality guidelines, the sediment would be classified moderately serious to serious.
Fire Interactions and Pulsation - Theoretical and Physical Modeling

The study of fire behavior has numerous applications, from the control of destructive wildfires to the design of more efficient combustion engines. Two phenomena of freely burning flames, fire pulsation and flame interaction, have significant consequences for the understanding and control of fire.Fire pulsation is a feature of freely burning flames, and is characterized by periodic, large scale fluctuations in flame structure which appear to be only dependent on the scale of the fire. To help understand the origins of these pulsations, both laminar and turbulent pool fires were filmed using a high speed camera. Fluctuations in image intensity, which occur throughout the pulsation cycle, were quantitatively analyzed to identify the existence of dominant pulsation frequencies. The measured pulsation frequencies agreed well with existing experiments from the literature. The imagery was also used to support a new theoretical model which proposes that pulsation is initially triggered by thermals, discrete convective instabilities which develop at the base of the flame before rising and disturbing the flame structure.Fire interactions occur when two or more flames are placed adjacent to each other. Flame height, angle of tilt, burning intensity, and rate of spread have all been observed to increase as proximate fires converge. To explain the flame tilting phenomena, a model based on the conservation of linear momentum is developed, and it is shown that entrainment in the inner region between flames is restricted as a result of flame configuration. The model is validated by using cross-correlation image analysis to analyze the behavior of passive tracer smoke placed in the entrainment field of two stationary pool fires. In addition, the heat transfer aspects of flame merging are discussed in detail, and modifications to existing fire spread models to accommodate an adjacent flame front are proposed.
New Energy Transformation Model for the Unclamped Inductive Switching (UIS) Test

Energy handling capability based on the inductive load is one of the major concerns for the automotive applications. In this paper, a new unclamped inductive switching (UIS) test model is proposed that accounts for the impact of inductance on measurements for the first time. During the measurement it is found that the inductance at the current ramp-up period is higher than that at the current ramp-down period due to the hysteresis induced inductance decrease. Based on two different inductances for two different periods, the UIS test model is proposed and validated that can well match with the measured experimental results.
Proposing a New Hybrid Model for LFC and AVR Loops to Improve Effectively Frequency Stability Using Coordinative CPSS

In order to get an accurate insight to load frequency control (LFC) issue in a realistic environment, taking into account the possible interactions between the frequency and voltage control loops is important. To obtain a realistic results, a complete dynamic model including the LFC and excitation control loops is required. In current article, a novel hybrid dynamic model is presented to analyze the mutual effects between the LFC and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loops. For this purpose, the linearized LFC system is developed to include the excitation control system. So, a linearized Phillips-Heffron model of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system is mixed with a single area LFC system model. A conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS) is also considered in the excitation control loop to improve the LFC performance. The proposed hybrid dynamic model is presented for a single area multi-unit power system incorporating gas, reheat thermal and hydro units with regarding the physical limitations of generation rate constraint (GRC) and governor dead-band (GDB). In the proposed hybrid dynamic model, the adjustable parameters of the CPSS and LFC loop are adjusted simultaneously using an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) technique under a 0.01 pu step load perturbation. Moreover, the system dynamic responses under a small-signal disturbance in reference voltage of the AVR is evaluated. Simulation results show that by employing this hybrid model, the damping performance of LFC system is augmented due to effective contribution of the CPSS in mitigation of the area low frequency oscillation (LFO).
A Continuous Heat-Acid Coagulation Unit for Continuous Production of Chhana

Chhana, an Indian counter part of soft cottage cheese, is a heat-acid coagulated product of milk. The production of chhana is manual, batch wise, time consuming, labor intensive, and lacks quality control in the chhana. In the present research, a continuous heat-acid coagulation unit attached with a vacuum assisted strainer has been developed for continuous production of chhana. The moisture content of the chhana obtained in the unit was 0.583 kg per kg milk whereas the yield ofchhana was 0.203 kgper kg milk, when the total milk solid in the milk used for coagulation was 0.141 kg per kg milk. The total milk solid recovery in chhana was 0.602 kg per kg milk solid when holding time of chhana was 135s and 680 mm Hg vacuum was maintained inside the vacuum chamber.
Use of Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbon for Chromium (VI) Removal

Chromium is often found in industrial wastewaters, the largest chromium pollution sources being metal finishing, electroplating, leather tanning, and textile industries. The effluents from these industries may contain toxic hexavalent chromium, in concentrations of some ten to a few hundred mg/L. In many newly industrializing countries, plating plants are numerous and often of small size; they contribute considerably to surface water pollution. Various treatment techniques· can be applied; among these (i) reduction and precipitation, and (ii) ion exchange are most commonly used. The first method is reliable, but requires large settling tanks for precipitation of voluminous chromium hydroxides, and subsequent sludge treatment. Ion exchange has the advantage of recovery of Cr(VI) , but it is more expensive and sophisticated. Recently, removal of Cr(VI) by use of activated carbon has been developed into a promising alternative; even for smaller plating plants, the method appears to be economically feasible (EPA, 1971) . This holds particularly for locally produced activated carbon, as is the case in Thailand, from waste coconut shell. The aims of this study are : to gain insight into the conditions for the removal of Cr(VI) , i.e. adsorption onto and reduction by coconut shell based activated carbon (CSBAC) ; to compare the Cr(VI) removal performance between CSBAC and other activated carbons. For this purpose laboratory batch and continuous flow-through tests were performed, on Cr(VI) and Cr(VI)/Ni/Cu solutions. In most cases, the initial pH of the solutions was set at 2.5 , to better reflect acid electroplating wastewater conditions.
Coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes among patients with rheumatic diseases 6 months into the pandemic

Objective In earlier studies, patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease (RMD) who got infected with COVID-19 had a higher risk of mechanical ventilation than comparators. We sought to determine COVID-19 outcomes among patients with RMD 6 months into the pandemic. Methods We conducted a cohort study at Mass General Brigham in Boston, Massachusetts, of patients with RMD matched to up to five comparators by age, sex and COVID-19 diagnosis date (between 30 January 2020 and 16 July 2020) and followed until last encounter or 18 August 2020. COVID-19 outcomes were compared using Cox regression. Risk of mechanical ventilation was compared in an early versus a recent cohort of patients with RMD. Results We identified 143 patients with RMD and with COVID-19 (mean age 60 years; 76% female individuals) and 688 comparators (mean age 59 years; 76% female individuals). There were no significantly higher adjusted risks of hospitalisation (HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.68–1.11), intensive care unit admission (HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.86–1.86), or mortality (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.53–1.95) in patients with RMD versus comparators. There was a trend towards a higher risk of mechanical ventilation in the RMD cohort versus comparators, although not statistically significant (adjusted HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 0.93–2.44). There was a trend towards improvement in mechanical ventilation risk in the recent versus early RMD cohort (10% vs 19%, adjusted HR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.17–1.12). Conclusions Patients with RMD and comparators had similar risks of poor COVID-19 outcomes after adjusting for race, smoking and comorbidities. The higher risk of mechanical ventilation in the early RMD cohort was no longer detected in a recent cohort, suggesting improved management over time.
Decentralized Coordinated Tie-Line Scheduling Based on Decomposition Methods in Case of Multiple Markets

The growing demand for electric energy and the increasing penetration rate of renewable energy sources have led to the development of regional electricity markets internationally. In this paper, decentralized power exchange scheduling methods are discussed, in terms of tie-lines of interconnected areas, where each area has a separate electricity market. These methods include auxiliary problem principle (APP), optimality condition decomposition (OCD) and alternative direction multiplier (ADM), and it has been tried to compare different aspects of the operation to identify their efficacy under different conditions. The comparisons made in this paper are more comprehensive than previous studies and it has been tried to identify the positive aspects and challenges of each method with respect to network conditions and the superior method for coordinated scheduling of the tie-lines is determined. Simulation studies have been performed on a three-area (triangular structure) test system to create a loop between the intersecting tie-lines. Also, different tie-line capacities between the areas and different choice of references buses are considered. The efficacy of these methods in each case is described.
A Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Based Analogue Phase Shifter for High-Frequency Applications

We present a graphene-based phase shifter for radio-frequency (RF) phase-array applications. The core of the designed phase-shifting system consists of a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) used in a common source amplifier configuration. The phase of the RF signal is controlled by exploiting the quantum capacitance of graphene and its dependence on the terminal transistor biases. In particular, by independently tuning the applied gate-to-source and drain-to-source biases, we observe that the phase of the signal, in the super-high frequency band, can be varied nearly 200° with a constant gain of 2.5 dB. Additionally, if only the gate bias is used as control signal, and the drain is biased linearly dependent on the former (i.e., in a completely analogue operation), a phase shift of 85° can be achieved making use of just one transistor and keeping a gain of 0 dB with a maximum variation of 1.3 dB. The latter design can be improved by applying a balanced branch-line configuration showing to be competitive against other state-of-the-art phase shifters. This work paves the way towards the exploitation of graphene technology to become the core of active analogue phase shifters for high-frequency operation.
A Survey on Automatic Bug Fixing

To reduce the cost of software debugging, Automatic Bug Fixing (ABF) techniques have been proposed for efficiently fixing and maintaining software, aiming to rapidly correct bugs in software. In this paper, we conduct a survey, analysing the capabilities of existing ABF techniques based on the test case set. We organize knowledge in this area by surveying 133 high-quality papers from 1990 to June 2020 and supplement 57 latest high-quality papers from 2017 to June 2020. This paper shows that existing ABF approaches can be divided into three main strategies: search-based, semantic-based, and template-based. Search-based ABF considers using search strategies, such as genetic programming, context similarity, to change the programs into the correct one. Semantic-based ABF involves symbolic execution and constraint solving, such as satisfiability modulo theories solver, contracts, to fix bugs. Different from the two kinds of theories above, template-based ABF is mainly based on fixing templates, such as other programs, bug reports, to fix bugs. Besides, we provide a summary of the commonly used defect benchmarks and all the available tools that are frequently used in the field of ABF. We also discuss the empirical foundations and argumentation in the area and prospect the trend of future study.
Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere

1. An overview 2. The interaction of energetic solar photons with the upper atmosphere 3. The interaction of energetic electrons and ions with the upper atmosphere 4. Collisions and reactions 5. Ion and neutral composition of the upper atmosphere 6. Temperatures in the upper atmosphere 7. Spectroscopic emissions 8. Dynamics of the thermosphere and ionospere Appendices Index.