Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Embryonic development and intracapsular feeding in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda: Muricidae)

Spawning, phases of embryonic development, intracapsular feeding mechanism and development mode of banded murex Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) were examined using specimens from the Aegean Sea. In addition, the numbers and characteristics of non-viable nurse eggs during different phases were examined in relation to the development phases of viable embryos. Females spawned between 59 and 162 egg capsules containing 306.76 ± 50.74 eggs. Trochophore larvae first appeared on the 15th day after spawning. Nurse egg consumption began on the 17th day after spawning when the embryos reached the early veliger stage. In the beginning, veligers consumed the nurse eggs by mechanically disintegrating them with velar cilia movement. From the 18th day after spawning, embryos began to consume whole nurse eggs, although mechanical disintegration continued until hatching. Viable embryos consumed the most developed nurse eggs first. The average number of nurse eggs consumed per embryo was 24.67 by the end of the intracapsular period. The average number of hatchlings was 11.95 ± 3.81 per capsule with 1321.48 ± 133.1 μm shell length. According to our observations H. trunculus shows dispersal polymorphism, with most of the hatchlings completing metamorphosis after a short planktonic non-feeding period (up to 2 days), while others metamorphose prior to hatching. Planktonic hatchlings had both foot and well developed four-lobed velum and minimum 1 3/4 whorls. Both hatchling types could be seen in the capsule mass from the same female.
Freshwater biodiversity at regional extent: determinants of macroinvertebrate taxonomic richness in headwater streams

We studied spatial variation of macroinvertebrate species richness in headwater streams at two spatial extents, within and across drainage systems, and assessed the relative importance of three groups of variables (local, landscape and regional) at each extent. We specifically asked whether the same variables proposed to control broad-scale richness patterns of terrestrial organisms (temperature, topographic variability) are important determinants of species richness also in streams, or whether environmental factors effective at mainly local scales (in-stream heterogeneity, potential productivity) constrain species richness in local communities. We used forward selection with two stopping criteria to identify the key environmental and spatial variables at each study extent. Eigenvector-based spatial filtering was applied to evaluate spatial patterns in species richness, and variation partitioning was used to assess the amount of variation in richness attributable to purely environmental and spatial components. A prime regulator of richness variation at the bioregion extent was elevation range (increasing richness with higher topographic variability), whereas hydrological stability and temperature were unimportant. Water chemistry variables, particularly water color, exhibited strong spatially-structured variation across drainage systems. Local environmental variables explained most of the variation in species richness at the drainage-system extent, reflecting gradients in total phosphorus and water color (negative effect on richness). The importance of the pure spatial component was strongly region-dependent, with a peak (60%) in one drainage system, suggesting the presence of unmeasured environmental factors. Our results emphasize the need for spatially-explicit, regional studies to better understand geographical variation of freshwater biodiversity. Future studies need to relate species richness not only to local factors but also to broad-scale climatic variables, recognizing the presence of spatially-structured environmental variation.
The Effect of Stocking Density on Growth, Survival Rate, and Number of Marketable Fish Produced of Koi Carps, Cyprinus carpio vr. koi in Concrete Tanks

Abstract To test the effect of different stocking densities on their growth, survival rate, and number of marketable fish, advanced larvae (0.14±0.035 g) of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio vr. koiwere cultured for 90 days in 150-L concrete tanks at different densities: 0.1 fish/L (D1); 0.2 fish/L (D2); 0.3 fish/L (D3); 0.4 fish/L (D4); and 0.5 fish/L (D5). There were three replicates for each treatment, where the fish were fed daily, slightly in excess of satiation to eliminate the possibility of food supply being a limiting factor to growth. The D4 and D5 treatments recorded significantly higher (P < 0.05) values of ammonium-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, phosphate, and specific conductivity, and significantly lower (P < 0.05) values of dissolved oxygen, compared to the other treatments. Weight gain for koi carps stocked at D1 (7.28 g) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of fish in the other treatments. There was a significant difference in survival rates of koi carps among the treatments ranging from 62.43% in D5 to 93.26% in D1. The number of marketable fish above a set size of 4 g was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in D3, compared to other treatments with higher or lower stocking densities. Therefore, a stocking rate of 0.3 fish/L would be suggested as optimal.
Supplemental effects of dried yeast ( Yea-sacc 1026(P) ® ) in a low protein diet on growth performance, carcass characteristics and organ weights of broiler chicken

The growth enhancing properties of Yea-sacc 1026(P) yeast culture were evaluated in this study. Seven day old broiler chicks of the Nera breed were allotted to 5 dietary treatments with 3 replicates at 6 birds per replicate. Diet A was the control and contained 23.14% crude protein with fishmeal constituting 5% of the diet and no yeast additive. Diet B served as a basal diet containing 18% crude protein with no fish meal and no yeast additive. Diets C, D and E had the same formulation as diet B but with 0.08 %, 0.16% and 0.32% of yeast (Yea-sacc 1026(P) respectively. Average voluntary feed intake values (66-74gd -1 ) were similar (P>0.05) but greater than 47.7 gd -1 for birds on basal diets (P 0.05). This study reinforced the potential and efficacy of Yea-sacc 1026(P) Yeast culture as a growth promoter in low protein diets for broiler chicks. Yea-sacc 1026(P) improved feed intake and feed efficiency in a low protein diet with appreciable contribution to enhancing carcass characteristics and organ weights at an optimum level of 0.08% dietary inclusion. Keywords : Yea-sacc 1026(P) yeast, growth promoter, broiler chickens, performance, carcass characteristics Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 22(2) 2004: 72-77
A Topocuemical and Semiquantitative Study of The Lignification During Ageing of Bamboo Culms (Phyllostachys Viridiglaucescens)

The lignification of Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens (Carr.) Riv. & Riv. during ageing was studied topochemically by means of UV microspectrophotometry. The study revealed that p-coumaric and ferulic acids are widely distributed in P. viridiglaucescens and that their content is dependent on the anatomicallocation and the differentiation phase. The lignin in the epidermal cell wall is deposited early in the development and does not increase with age. This is in contrast with the fibres and the ground parenchyma cells where an increasing trend in lignification during the first year is shown. The early maturing fibres of the vascular bundles reveal a maximum absorbance value at 280 nm (guaiacyl peak) whereas the late maturing fibres displaya shoulder at 310-320 nm in young culms and a guaiacyl peak in older culms. The S2 fibre wall has a lamellar structure with an increasing lignin content from the centre towards the compound middle lamella. The compound middle lamellae show higher absorbance values and are richer in p-coumaric and ferulic acid esters in comparison to the S2 wall layers. The vessel walls have a low lignin content.
A Suggested Mechanism for Habitat Selection By the Juvenile Manini Acanthurus Triostegus Sandvicensis Streets

The Hawaiian manini, Acanthurus triostegus sandvicensis Streets, shows a continuing selection of habitat throughout juvenile life, and the selected habitat changes in character as the fish grows in size. Habitat selection of this kind is a complex type of choice behaviour in which the animal makes a selection from a number of (at least partly) configurational stimulus situations experienced separately over time. This sort of behaviour cannot be satisfactorily explained by reference to concepts of taxes or kineses. A mechanism is proposed to explain this process. It suggests that intensity of habitat exploration is regulated through a negative feedback mechanism by the character of the immediate environment with respect to the pertinent stimuli. A fish in an inadequate environment will show a high intensity of habitat exploration. One in an adequate environment will show a much reduced level of exploration. Twenty manini were exposed singly to four test environments of known relative value as habitats. Each fish received all four, and order of exposure was randomised. Analysis of thirteen components of behaviour showed that exploration did vary in the manner predicted. A control experiment showed that the nature of the holding environment prior to testing did not influence this variation. The variation in exploration was not a response to relative novelty of the test environments. The proposed mechanism is discussed as a general behaviour pattern. It seems an applicable approach to the study of habitat selection in other organisms.
Distribution And Seasonal Abundance Of Anopheline Mosquito Species In Nguru, Yobe State, North-Eastern Nigeria

The essence of this study was to identify Anopheles mosquito species in Nguru, Yobe State and to determine their distribution and relative abundance in the months of the year. Insecticide and aspirator were used to collect mosqutoes in human dwellngs and preserved in 2% formalin for identcation using dissectng microscope. Anopheles gambiae (1145); Anopheles funestus (1220) and Anopheles arabiensis (827) were the major anopheline species prevalent in the town. The results obtained showed that An. gambiae were mostly abundant in wet months, followed by Anopheles funestus at the end of the rainy season, and Anopheles arabiensis in drier months. Based on the observation of Anopheles monthly distributon and supported data on malaria prevalence, the three species seem to complement one another and sustain the endemcity of malaria in the town. The study demonstrates the occurrence of malaria vectors all year round due to the favourable environmental conditions associated with Nigerian arid zone. Keywords : Malaria, Mosquito species, Distribution, Prevalence, Seasons, Arid savanna zone, Nigeria
Comparing foraging behaviour of small and large honey‐bee colonies by decoding waggle dances made by foragers

1. We compared the foraging behaviour of two small (approximately 6000 bees) and two large (approximately 20 000 bees) honey-bee colonies over 6 days. We determined where the bees of each colony foraged, whether they collected nectar or pollen, the number of patches foraged at, the number of bees engaged in foraging, and the concentration of the nectar collected. 2. Even though the colonies were located in the same environment and had the same genetic background, foragers from different colonies used different forage patches. 3. Small and large colonies foraged at a similar distance in July when forage was abundant (mean foraging distance for small and large colonies was 67 and 62 km, respectively) whereas the large colonies foraged significantly further in August when forage was scarce (mean foraging distance for small and large colonies was 43 and 85 km, respectively). 4. Small colonies foraged at approximately the same number of patches as large colonies. The total number of foragers returning to the small colonies per minute was significantly lower than the number of foragers returning to the large colonies. This means that, relative to their size, small colonies foraged at more patches than large colonies. 5. The quality of the nectar collected by foragers of the small and large colonies did not differ. However, small colonies did collect more pollen than large colonies.
A correlated light and electron microscopic study of symbiotic growth and differentiation in Pisum sativum root nodules

Plants of the garden pea Pisum sativum cv. Little Marvel were grown in aeroponic culture to facilitate observations and microscopy and were inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum, and nodules were sampled at five weekly intervals for light and electron microscopy. The invasion of the cortical cells by the infection thread, the structure of the infection thread, and the release of bacteria from it into the host cytoplasm and the subsequent symbiotic growth and differentiation of the two organisms are described in detail. The fine structure of the nodule is correlated with light microscopic observations and morphogenesis. A restriction in the use of the term 'vesicle' is proposed because of the current multiple and confusing usage of the term. The loss of the nodule meristem and its morphogenetic significance are discussed.
Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo subprodutos do arroz formuladas com base nos conceitos de proteína bruta e ideal

One experiment was conducted to evaluate the utilization of rice by-products in diets based on crude and ideal protein concepts for broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Seven hundred and twenty male chicks, one day old, Hybro strain, were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangment, three diets (without by-product, whole rice meal and broken rice) and two ration formulation concepts (crude and ideal protein), totalizing six treatments and four replications of 30 birds. Weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio were evaluated at 21 and 42 days, and carcass characteristics at 42 days of age. In conclusion, birds fed diets formulated by the traditional concept (based on crude protein) showed better feed:gain ratio and lower deposition rate of abdominal fat.
Eating quality of ‘Flor de Invierno’ pears: chemical and structural aspects

The eating quality of 'Flor de Invierno' pears in ambient conditions was studied. The samples were stored for 7 months in refrigeration and then for different periods (0, 7, 14 and 20 days) at 20 °C without atmosphere control. The samples were analysed using various different techniques: instrumental texture (penetration), microstructure (Cryo-SEM and LM), image analysis, acidity, soluble solids, cell wall enzyme activity (PME, Endo-PG), and consumer acceptance/rejection. The acceptance percentage of the pear samples fell with storage time at 20 °C, from more than 80% on day 0, to 30% for 14 and 20-day samples. This drop in acceptability was related to losses in texture (softer and less crisp fruits) and lower acid/sugar ratio, as well as to a loss of cell wall integrity observed at a microscopic level as a result of the activation of the PME and PG enzymes during ripening.
GENETIC VARIATION AND POPULATION STRUCTURE IN KOREAN POPULATIONS OF EURYA JAPONICA (THEACEAE)

addition, mean observed population heterozygosity (Hop = 0.425), expected heterozygosity (Hep = 0.462), and total genetic diversity (HT = 0.496) were substantially higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. Although significant differences in allele frequency were detected between populations at all loci (P < 0.001), <7% of the genetic variation was found among populations (FST = 0.069). There was a significant negative correlation between genetic identity and distance between populations (r = -0.341; P < 0.05), but this explained only a small amount of the diversity among populations. Indirect estimates of the number of migrants per generation (Nm) (3.37, calculated from FST; 3.74, calculated from the mean frequency of eight private alleles) indicate that gene flow is extensive among Korean populations of E. japonica. Factors contributing to the high levels of genetic diversity found within populations of E. japonica include large and contiguous populations, obligating outcrossing (dioecious plant), high fecundity, and long generation time. Occasional seed dispersal by humans and pollen movement by domesticated honey bees may further enhance gene flow within the species.
NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF SEVERAL BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE

LITTLE ATTENTION has been given to the more general features of the physiology of the blue-green algae. Specific attention has been given to nitrogen fixation (e.g., Allison et al., 1937; Burris and Wilson, 1946; Fogg, 1947) and limited aspects of photosynthesis (e.g., Emerson and Lewis, 1942; Frenkel et al., 1950; Duysens, 1952; Brown and Webster, 1953). Nutritional requirements have been investigated, notably by Fogg (1949), Gerloff et al. (1950, 1952) and Allen (1952). However, no study has been carried to the point of developing a blue-green alga as a reliable tool organism for physiological studies. There have been two obstacles to such development. One may be attributed to the difficulties of isolation and the lack of species in pure culture which suspend readily and submit to simplicity of manipulation possible with green algae such as Chlorella and Scenedesmus. A second difficulty arises from inadequate provision of carbon dioxide inherent in most of the culture methods used. Nutritional requirements have been defined in terms of the maximum growth yield obtained in cultures in cotton-stoppered flasks. Methods have not been developed for routine study of growth rate, a characteristic far more useful and interpretable for physiological work. The' present paper presents a development of culture media and methods which has led to description of the salient growth characteristics of three blue-green algae: Anabaena variabilis, Anacystis nidulans, and Nostoc muscorum G. Fragmentary data on three other blue-green algae are included. MATERIALS AND METHODS. -Because of the uncertainties of taxonomy of the simpler algae the species used will be described in terms of their history. 1. Anabaena variabilis (Kiitzing). Filamentous, but filaments very short in turbulent culture; isolated by and obtained from R. C. Hecker as Cylindrospermum sp. (1950); revised identification by E. G. Pringsheim. 2. Anacystis nidulans. Twoto four-cell filaments, but unicellular in turbulent culture; established as a unicellular culture by one of us (WK) and purified by M. B. Allen, tentative identification by F. Drouet; original description not found. 3. Nostoc muscorum G (Kiitzing). Filamentous, but filaments short in turbulent culture; obtained from G. C. Gerloff. 4. Nostoc muscorum A (Kiitzing). Filamentous, forming clumps even in turbulent culture; isolated by and obtained from F. E. Allison. 5. Anabaena cylindrica (Lemmerman) . Fila-
Distribution, migrations, and growth of tagged sea trout released into the Vistula River

Distribution, migrations, and growth of tagged sea trout released into the Vistula River The aim of the study was to determine the distribution, migrations, and growth of summer Vistula sea trout, Salmo trutta L. , released as smolts into the lower Vistula River. During the 1972-1977 period, 16985 2+ smolts with external tags were released, and 1696 tag returns were obtained (10.0%), including 1412 returns from sea trout whitling (8.3%) and 284 (1.7%) from smolts and post-smolts. Almost immediately after being released into the Vistula River, the sea trout smolts descended to the sea and then migrated throughout the Baltic mainly toward the east reaching the Bothnian Bay and the Gulf of Finland. These fish were mainly caught in the southern Baltic, especially in the region of the Gdańsk Bay and the Vistula River mouth in the second year after stocking (65.7%). They were noted in the southern part of the Gdańsk Bay and the Vistula River mouth more frequently in the first year after stocking during the period from November to March, while in the second year after stocking more were noted during the period from July to March. Most of the tag returns were received from Polish fishers (80.7%). One year after stocking the sea trout had attained a mean body length of 57 cm and a mean weight of 1523.3 g. The mean lengths and weights two and three years after stocking were 69.6 cm and 4355.7 g and 78.7 cm and 6035.7 g, respectively. Rozsiedlenie, wędrówki i wzrost znakowanych troci wiślanych wypuszczonych do Wisły Celem pracy było określenie rozsiedlenia i wędrówek oraz wzrostu troci wiślanych Salmo trutta L. letnich wypuszczonych jako smolty do dolnej Wisły. W latach 1972-1977 wpuszczono 16985 dwurocznych smoltów poznakowanych znaczkami zewnętrznymi. Otrzymano 1696 zwrotów (10,0%), w tym 1412 (8,3%) zwrotów z ryb starszych i 284 (1,7%) ze smoltów i postsmoltów. Smolty troci po wypuszczeniu do Wisły niemal natychmiast zaczęły spływać do morza i dalej wędrowały po całym Bałtyku, głównie w kierunku wschodnim docierając do Zatoki Botnickiej i Fińskiej. W największym stopniu były poławiane w południowym Bałtyku, a szczególnie w rejonie Zatoki Gdańskiej i ujściu Wisły, w drugim roku po zarybieniu (65,7%). W okolicach ujścia Wisły i w południowej części Zatoki Gdańskiej były obserwowane częściej w pierwszym roku po zarybieniu w okresie od listopada do marca, natomiast w drugim roku w okresie od lipca do marca. Najwięcej zwrotów znaczków otrzymano od polskich rybaków (80,7%). Po pierwszym roku od zarybienia trocie osiągnęły średnią długość ciała 57 cm i masę 1523,3 g, po drugim 69,6 cm i 4355,7 g, a po trzecim 78,7 cm i 6035,7 g.
Is DNA polymerase β important in thermal radiosensitization?

Thermal radiosensitization was tested in a pair of mouse cells (MB+ wild-type and MB−, DNA polymerase β knockout cells) and in human breast carcinoma cells (MCF7 wild-type and C716 transfected to give elevated DNA polymerase β expression). Results showed that neither reducing DNA polymerase β (involved in base excision repair) nor increasing it had any significant effect on thermal radiosensitization. The data indicated that polymerase β was not involved in thermal radiosensitization, and since hyperthermia is known as a radiation damage repair inhibitor, other repair pathways might be involved and need to be explored.
Effects of added limestone and potassium on yield and storage losses of cabbage

The effects of added limestone and potassium on the yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) were investigated at different locations each year for three consecutive years. The cultivars, Excel, Green Winter and Houston Evergreen were grown at each location and after harvest were held for 5 mo in storages maintained at about 2 °C and 95% RH and at about 6 °C and 90% RH. An application of dolomitic limestone at 6.7 t/ha, prior to transplanting, on soils with pH levels of 4.8–5.4 increased marketable yields. The addition of potassium at 224 kg/ha compared to 56 kg/ha also increased yields. The lime treatment reduced the percent weight loss due to dehydration in storage, but neither the lime nor the potassium treatment had any significant effect on the proportion of the original weight placed in storage that remained in marketable condition.Key words: Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, cold storage, lime, potassium, fertilizer