Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing

Microdosing is the practice of regularly using low doses of psychedelic drugs. Anecdotal reports suggest that microdosing enhances well-being and cognition; however, such accounts are potentially biased by the placebo effect. This study used a ‘self-blinding’ citizen science initiative, where participants were given online instructions on how to incorporate placebo control into their microdosing routine without clinical supervision. The study was completed by 191 participants, making it the largest placebo-controlled trial on psychedelics to-date. All psychological outcomes improved significantly from baseline to after the 4 weeks long dose period for the microdose group; however, the placebo group also improved and no significant between-groups differences were observed. Acute (emotional state, drug intensity, mood, energy, and creativity) and post-acute (anxiety) scales showed small, but significant microdose vs. placebo differences; however, these results can be explained by participants breaking blind. The findings suggest that anecdotal benefits of microdosing can be explained by the placebo effect.
Subjective caregiver burden and anxiety in informal caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

There is increasing evidence that subjective caregiver burden is an important determinant of clinically significant anxiety in family carers. This meta-analysis aims to synthesise this evidence and investigate the relationship between subjective caregiver burden and anxiety symptoms in informal caregivers. We searched PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO up to January 2020. Combined estimates were obtained using a random-effects model. After screening of 4,312 articles, 74 studies (with 75 independent samples) were included. There was a large, positive association between subjective caregiver burden and anxiety symptoms (r = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.47, 0.54; I2 = 0.0%). No differences were found in subgroup analyses by type of study design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal), sampling, control of confounders or care-recipient characteristics. Subjective caregiver burden is an important risk factor for anxiety in informal caregivers. Targeting subjective caregiver burden could be beneficial in preventing clinically significant anxiety for the increasing number of family carers worldwide.
CONTAMINATION OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER BY AN UNPAVED FEEDLOT

An unpaved feedlot on a Guelph loam soil was monitored for its effects on shallow groundwater. Elevated concentrations of nitrate (plus nitrite) nitrogen, chloride, sodium and total carbon were found to follow a distinct contamination plume downslope from the feedlot. Maximum nitrate (plus nitrite) concentrations were observed at a distance of approximately 20 m from the feedlot. Within this distance from the feedlot, organic nitrogen was mineralized and then nitrified. Beyond this zone, nitrogen concentrations declined more rapidly than chloride. Denitrification was likely the cause of this more rapid decline, chloride decline being influenced only by dilution. Contamination of groundwater by nitrate extended to a distance of about 60 m from the feedlot. Phosphorus movement was negligible; it was not detected beyond the lower edge of the feedlot. Contamination by chloride and sodium was evident in migrating groundwater.
The case for “investigate all”: Assessing the cost‐effectiveness of investigating no CODIS hit cases in a sexual assault kit initiative

An increasing number of US jurisdictions have begun to submit their previously untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) for DNA testing. However, best practices for what should happen after testing are not well established. Should all cases be investigated regardless of the testing outcome or only those that returned a DNA hit? We examine an early‐adopter jurisdiction that has completed testing and investigating all 5165 previously never tested kits. We explore and compare the criminal justice outcomes and cost‐effectiveness of investigating: all cases, those with CODIS hits, and those without CODIS hits. Findings indicate the SAK initiative produced a cost savings to the community: $26.48 million ($5127 p/kit) after the inclusion of tangible and intangible costs of future sexual assaults averted through convictions, of which $9.99 million ($1934 p/kit) was from also investigating no CODIS hit cases. When considering only the costs to law enforcement, investigating all cases cost $12,000 p/additional conviction. Findings also illustrate the cost‐effectiveness of investigating no CODIS hits cases and support an “investigate all” approach. This study enhances our understanding of the economic value of what comes after testing kits and investigating cases and provides a framework for jurisdictions for prioritizing resources and maximizing outcomes from testing.
Estimation of water percolation by different methods using TDR

O conhecimento acurado da percolacao de agua no solo e crucial para resolucao de problemas de drenagem, recarga e poluicao de aquiferos subterrâneos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a percolacao estimada com TDR em lisimetro de drenagem. Utilizou-se da Lei de Darcy com funcoes K(θ) determinadas por metodos de campo e laboratorio, bem como pela variacao de armazenagem de agua no perfil do solo com 16 pontos de medidas de umidade em diferentes intervalos de tempo. Um solo de textura argiloarenosa foi saturado e coberto com lona plastica para evitar a evaporacao, procedendo-se um ensaio de drenagem interna em um lisimetro de drenagem. A avaliacao da relacao entre os valores de percolacao estimados e observados foi feita mediante analise de regressao linear. Os resultados sugerem que a estimativa da percolacao em nivel de campo ou laboratorio pode ser realizada a partir do monitoramento continuo e em curtos intervalos de tempo da variacao de armazenagem de agua no solo com TDR. Esse metodo apresentou precisao e acuracia proxima a de lisimetro e algumas vantagens sobre os demais avaliados, como a possibilidade de estimativas de percolacao em curtos intervalos de tempo e a nao necessidade da predeterminacao de propriedades hidraulicas do solo como curva de retencao e condutividade hidraulica. Verificou-se que o uso da equacao de Darcy-Buckingham para estimativa das lâminas de percolacao com uso da funcao K(θ) predita pelo metodo de Hillel et al. (1972) proporcionou estimativas de percolacao de agua com valores compativeis aos obtidos no lisimetro de drenagem para intervalos de tempo maior que 1 h. Os metodos de Libardi et al. (1980), Sisson et al. (1980) e van Genuchten (1980) subestimaram os valores de percolacao de agua estimados.
The Gapon coefficient and the exchangeable sodium percentage-sodium adsorption ratio relation.

A recent, corrected thermodynatnic equation for the Gapon cation exchange selectivity coefficient produces a relation between the exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) that is indistinguishable from the widely used, empirical ESR-SAR relation when SAR s£ 40. In this sense, the thermodynamic theory of cation exchange is consistent with the empirical ESR-SAR relation over the range of SAR values that has practical importance in the management of sodium-affected soils. Additional Index Words: cation exchange, exchangeable sodium. Oster, J. D. , and G. Sposito. 1980. The Gapon coefficient and the exchangeable sodium percentage-sodium adsorption ratio relation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:258-260. I RECENT PAPERS Sposito (1977) and Sposito and Mattigod (1979) presented arguments to demonstrate that no limiting condition of ideal behavior allows the activity of a component in an exchanger phase to equal its equivalent fraction. Based on this premise, it may be concluded that the traditional expression for the Gapon cation exchange selectivity coefficient, KG, is in error. For the case of Na—Ca exchange, the correct expression is (Sposito, 1977): KG = SAR* 2£Na (i-£W* [1] where SAR» = [Na]/[Ca]^ is the sodium ad1 Contribution from the U. S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARSEA, Riverside, CA 92501 and the Dep. of Soil & Environmental Sciences, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521. Received 4 June 1979. Approved 23 Oct. 1979. 2 Soil Scientist, U. S. Salinity Laboratory, and Professor of Soil Science, Univ. of California, Riverside, respectively. sorption ratio based on molar free-ionic concentrations, and £Na is the equivalent fraction of Na in the exchanger phase, i.e., the ratio of the charge of exchangeable Na to the total charge expressed by the cation exchange capacity. An approximate expression for the exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP (= 100 £Na), was derived by Sposito (1977) from Eq. [1] and the assumption that (l-£Na) could be replaced by
Gypsum dissolution is not a universal integrator of ‘water motion’

The dissolution of gypsum or plaster of Paris has been widely used as an inexpensive integral measure of ‘water motion’ in the field and in laboratory tanks for studies of physical‐biological interactions. Commonly, gypsum‐dissolution rates have been calibrated to steady flow speed or velocity in the laboratory and the calibrations have been applied to dissolution (i.e., mass‐transfer) rates in the field or in tanks. We evaluated the gypsum‐dissolution technique in a steady‐flow, a fluctuating‐flow, and a mixed‐flow environment by comparing dissolution rate to direct flow measurements with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. We found that dissolution rates were related to steady flow and to fluctuation intensity in the exclusively steady‐flow and fluctuating‐flow environments, respectively. The relationships were weak in the mixed‐flow environment. Finally, dissolution and thus mass‐transfer relationships were different in each flow environment, and the effects of steady flow and fluctuation intensity were not additive. Providing that it is rigorously checked and appropriately calibrated, the dissolution technique can be used to measure steady flow speed or fluctuation intensity in a steady‐flow or fluctuating‐flow environment, respectively. However, comparisons of dissolution rates between steady‐flow, fluctuating‐flow, and mixed‐flow environments or within environments that change over time to determine water motion will be misleading. The gypsum‐dissolution tech‐nique can be used as a good direct indicator of mass‐transfer rates. However, mass‐transfer rates are different in different flow environments. The gypsum‐dissolution technique is not a universal integrator of ‘water motion. ’
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) has in recent years become an increasingly valuable tool for the study of the electronic and defect struc­ tures of materials. Owing to the ability of the positron to annihilate from a variety of specific states in solids, ranging from an extended state in a defect-free lattice to highly localized states in lattice defects, PAS can yield unique information regarding various properties of materials. The unique aspects of PAS arise from the fact that the positron-electron pair annihilation process, which proceeds by the emission of y rays, can yield detailed information regarding both the electron density and the electron momenta in the region from which the positron annihilates. The physical basis of positron annihilation in condensed matter and the applications of PAS to the study of solids have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (1-4). In addition, several reviews of various aspects of the application of PAS to the study of electronic structure (5-10) and defects in materials (1 1-20) have been published. The present paper is intended as a brief introduction to positron annihilation, and its recent literature, and to the applications of PAS in the area of materials science, with particular emphasis on metals and alloys. As such, this review will use selected examples from the literature to discuss some recent advances in this relatively new research area as well as some of the future potential of PAS for the study of materials. The present work is based, in part, on a previous short review (20) by this author.
Perturbed-Chain SAFT: An Equation of State Based on a Perturbation Theory for Chain Molecules

A modified SAFT equation of state is developed by applying the perturbation theory of Barker and Henderson to a hard-chain reference fluid. With conventional one-fluid mixing rules, the equation of state is applicable to mixtures of small spherical molecules such as gases, nonspherical solvents, and chainlike polymers. The three pure-component parameters required for nonassociating molecules were identified for 78 substances by correlating vapor pressures and liquid volumes. The equation of state gives good fits to these properties and agrees well with caloric properties. When applied to vapor−liquid equilibria of mixtures, the equation of state shows substantial predictive capabilities and good precision for correlating mixtures. Comparisons to the SAFT version of Huang and Radosz reveal a clear improvement of the proposed model. A brief comparison with the Peng−Robinson model is also given for vapor−liquid equilibria of binary systems, confirming the good performance of the suggested equation of state.
Functional specialization within the inferior parietal lobes across cognitive domains

The inferior parietal lobe (IPL) is a key neural substrate underlying diverse mental processes, from basic attention to language and social cognition, that define human interactions. Its putative domain-global role appears to tie into poorly understood differences between cognitive domains in both hemispheres. Across attentional, semantic, and social cognitive tasks, our study explored functional specialization within the IPL. The task specificity of IPL subregion activity was substantiated by distinct predictive signatures identified by multivariate pattern-learning algorithms. Moreover, the left and right IPL exerted domain-specific modulation of effective connectivity among their subregions. Task-evoked functional interactions of the anterior and posterior IPL subregions involved recruitment of distributed cortical partners. While anterior IPL subregions were engaged in strongly lateralized coupling links, both posterior subregions showed more symmetric coupling patterns across hemispheres. Our collective results shed light on how under-appreciated hemispheric specialization in the IPL supports some of the most distinctive human mental capacities.
Association Between Ionized Calcium Concentrations During Hemostatic Transfusion and Calcium Treatment With Mortality in Major Trauma

BACKGROUND: Transfusion of citrated blood products may worsen resuscitation-induced hypocalcemia and trauma outcomes, suggesting the need for protocolized early calcium replacement in major trauma. However, the dynamics of ionized calcium during hemostatic resuscitation of severe injury are not well studied. We determined the frequency of hypocalcemia and quantified the association between the first measured ionized calcium concentration [iCa] and calcium administration early during hemostatic resuscitation and in-hospital mortality. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all admissions to our regional level 1 trauma center who (1) were ≥15 years old; (2) presented from scene of injury; (3) were admitted between October 2016 and September 2018; and (4) had a Massive Transfusion Protocol activation. They also (1) received blood products during transport or during the first 3 hours of in-hospital care (1st3h) of trauma center care and (2) had at least one [iCa] recorded in that time. Demographic, injury severity, admission shock and laboratory data, blood product use and timing, and in-hospital mortality were extracted from Trauma Registry and Transfusion Service databases and electronic medical records. Citrate load was calculated on a unit-by-unit basis and used to calculate an administered calcium/citrate molar ratio. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses for the binary outcome of in-hospital death were performed. RESULTS: A total of 11,474 trauma patients were admitted to the emergency department over the study period, of whom 346 (3%; average age: 44 ± 18 years; 75% men) met all study criteria. In total, 288 (83.2%) had hypocalcemia at first [iCa] determination; 296 (85.6%) had hypocalcemia in the last determination in the 1st3h; and 177 (51.2%) received at least 1 calcium replacement dose during that time. Crude risk factors for in-hospital death included age, injury severity score (ISS), new ISS (NISS), Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) head, admission systolic blood pressure (SBP), pH, and lactate; all P < . 001. Higher in-hospital mortality was significantly associated with older age, higher NISS, AIS head, and admission lactate, and lower admission SBP and pH. There was no relationship between mortality and first [iCa] or calcium dose corrected for citrate load. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, though most patients had hypocalcemia during the 1st3h of trauma center care, neither first [iCa] nor administered calcium dose corrected for citrate load were significantly associated with in-patient mortality. Clinically, hypocalcemia during early hemostatic resuscitation after severe injury is important, but specific treatment protocols must await better understanding of calcium physiology in acute injury.
Effect of Blinatumomab vs Chemotherapy on Event-Free Survival Among Children With High-risk First-Relapse B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Blinatumomab is a CD3/CD19-directed bispecific T-cell engager molecule with efficacy in children with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Objective To evaluate event-free survival in children with high-risk first-relapse B-ALL after a third consolidation course with blinatumomab vs consolidation chemotherapy before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Design, Setting, and Participants In this randomized phase 3 clinical trial, patients were enrolled November 2015 to July 2019 (data cutoff, July 17, 2019). Investigators at 47 centers in 13 countries enrolled children older than 28 days and younger than 18 years with high-risk first-relapse B-ALL in morphologic complete remission (M1 marrow, <5% blasts) or with M2 marrow (blasts ≥5% and <25%) at randomization. Intervention Patients were randomized to receive 1 cycle of blinatumomab (n = 54; 15 μg/m2/d for 4 weeks, continuous intravenous infusion) or chemotherapy (n = 54) for the third consolidation. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was event-free survival (events: relapse, death, second malignancy, or failure to achieve complete remission). The key secondary efficacy end point was overall survival. Other secondary end points included minimal residual disease remission and incidence of adverse events. Results A total of 108 patients were randomized (median age, 5.0 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 4.0-10.5]; 51.9% girls; 97.2% M1 marrow) and all patients were included in the analysis. Enrollment was terminated early for benefit of blinatumomab in accordance with a prespecified stopping rule. After a median of 22.4 months of follow-up (IQR, 8.1-34.2), the incidence of events in the blinatumomab vs consolidation chemotherapy groups was 31% vs 57% (log-rank P < .001; hazard ratio [HR], 0.33 [95% CI, 0.18-0.61]). Deaths occurred in 8 patients (14.8%) in the blinatumomab group and 16 (29.6%) in the consolidation chemotherapy group. The overall survival HR was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.18-1.01). Minimal residual disease remission was observed in more patients in the blinatumomab vs consolidation chemotherapy group (90% [44/49] vs 54% [26/48]; difference, 35.6% [95% CI, 15.6%-52.5%]). No fatal adverse events were reported. In the blinatumomab vs consolidation chemotherapy group, the incidence of serious adverse events was 24.1% vs 43.1%, respectively, and the incidence of adverse events greater than or equal to grade 3 was 57.4% vs 82.4%. Adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation were reported in 2 patients in the blinatumomab group. Conclusions and Relevance Among children with high-risk first-relapse B-ALL, treatment with 1 cycle of blinatumomab compared with standard intensive multidrug chemotherapy before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant resulted in an improved event-free survival at a median of 22.4 months of follow-up. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02393859.
Global patterns of forest autotrophic carbon fluxes

Carbon (C) fixation, allocation, and metabolism by trees set the basis for energy and material flows in forest ecosystems and define their interactions with Earth's changing climate. However, while many studies have considered variation in productivity with latitude and climate, we lack a cohesive synthesis on how forest carbon fluxes vary globally with respect to climate and one another. Here, we draw upon 1,319 records from the Global Forest Carbon Database, representing all major forest types and the nine most significant autotrophic carbon fluxes, to comprehensively review how annual C cycling in mature, undisturbed forests varies with latitude and climate on a global scale. Across all flux variables analyzed, rates of C cycling decreased continuously with absolute latitude—a finding that confirms multiple previous studies and contradicts the idea that net primary productivity of temperate forests rivals that of tropical forests. C flux variables generally displayed similar trends across latitude and multiple climate variables, with no differences in allocation detected at this global scale. Temperature variables in general, and mean annual temperature or temperature seasonality in particular, were the best single predictors of C flux, explaining 19%–71% of variation in the C fluxes analyzed. The effects of temperature were modified by moisture availability, with C flux reduced under hot and dry conditions and sometimes under very high precipitation. Annual C fluxes increased with growing season length and were also influenced by growing season climate. These findings clarify how forest C flux varies with latitude and climate on a global scale. In an era when forests will play a critical yet uncertain role in shaping Earth's rapidly changing climate, our synthesis provides a foundation for understanding global patterns in forest C cycling.
Association between educational level and smoking cessation in an 11-year follow-up study of a national health survey

Aims: There is a lack of longitudinal, population-based studies on the association between education and smoking cessation. A more thorough examination of this association is needed to address inequalities in smoking. Methods: The longitudinal Health 2000 Survey and Health 2011 Survey, representing the Finnish population aged ⩾30 years, were analysed. Of the 1352 baseline daily smokers, 945 (70%) provided a smoking status at the follow-up. The analytic sample size was 884 (excluding the follow-up occasional smokers). Self-reported questionnaire data and measurements (e.g. plasma cotinine) from the baseline were utilised. The outcome variable was smoking cessation at the follow-up, and the main explanatory variable was education. Logistic regression was the main method for statistical analyses. All of the analyses accounted for the sampling design. Results: At the follow-up, 28% of the baseline daily smokers had quit smoking. An adjusted regression model showed that highly educated respondents had a higher likelihood of quitting smoking compared with those with basic education. Controlling for demographic and health-related variables had a modest effect on this association. Higher scores for plasma cotinine, symptoms of depression and heavy alcohol use were associated with a lower likelihood of quitting smoking. The association between education and smoking cessation was weaker for women than it was for men. Conclusions: High education is associated with smoking cessation among the general adult population, especially among men. A higher plasma cotinine level is strongly associated with continued smoking among both sexes. Background variables only modestly affected the association between education and smoking cessation.