Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE RESPONSE OF TWO CULTIVARS OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) FOR FOLIAR FERTILIZATION FOR DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2018-2019 in Al-Sadda region belonging to Babylon province according to the order of split-split-plots within the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replicates, where the cultivars (Abu Ghraib and IPA 99) occupied the main plots, which is symbolized by (A1, A2) while spraying dates (branching stage, elongation stage, booting stage) occupied sub-plots which is symbolized by (B1, B2, B3). The concentrations of foliar spraying (0, 5, 10 mg.L) occupied sub-sub-plots which is symbolized by (C1, C1, C3). Spraying was conducted using nutritious fertilizer (University fertilizer). The results showed that there was a difference between the cultivars, where the A2 cultivar was excelled in all traits of the yield and quality, except the trait of Biological yield by giving it the highest yield amounted to (5.68 tons.ha). The results showed that there was a significant effect for the spraying dates, where the spraying date B3 was excelled in the traits of the number of grains per spike, the weight of 1000 grains, the biological yield, the harvest index, the grain yield amounted to (5.69 tons.ha), the percentage of protein and the percentage of Gluten. While the spraying date B2 was excelled in the trait of the number of spikes only. As for Concentrations, the C2 concentration was excelled in the traits of the number of spikes and number of grains per spike, the weight of 1000 grains, biological yield, harvest index, and grain yield which amounted to (5.38 tons.ha), It also excelled in the percentage of protein and Gluten. The interaction between A and B showed an excelling the combination of B3A2 in the traits of the number of grains per spike, weight of 1000 grains, biological yield, the percentage of protein and Gluten. The interaction between C and A showed excelling the combination of (A2 + C2) in the number of spikes.m and the grain yield which amounted to (5.88 tons.ha). As well as, the percentage of protein and Gluten has excelled. As for the interaction between C and B, The combination of (C2 + B3) was excelled in the traits of the number of grains per spike, weight of 1000 tablets, grain yield which amounted to (6.09 tons.ha), the percentage of protein and the percentage of Gluten. While the triple interaction showed a significant effect, where the combination of (C2 + B3 + A2) in the traits of the weight of 1000 grains, the grain yield amounted to (6.63 tons.ha) and the percentage of the Gluten.
Postnatal maturation of the opioid and endocannabinoid signalling systems within the descending pain pathway of the rat

Significant opioid- and endocannabinoid-dependent changes occur within the periaqueductal grey (PAG), rostroventral medulla (RVM) and spinal cord (DH) during postnatal development of the rat (Sprague Dawley). These changes are involved in the differential descending control of spinal excitability between young and mature rats. Microinjection of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist DAMGO (30ng) into the PAG of rats increased spinal excitability and lowered mechanical threshold to noxious stimuli in postnatal day (P)21 rats, but had inhibitory effects in adults and lacked efficacy in P10 pups. A tonic opioidergic tone within the PAG was revealed in adult rats by intra-PAG microinjection of CTOP (120ng, MOR antagonist) which lowered mechanical thresholds and increased spinal reflex excitability. Spinal adminstration of DAMGO inhibited spinal excitability in all ages yet the magnitude of this was greater in younger animals than in adults. The expression of MOR and related peptides were also investigated using TaqMan RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peaked at P21 in the ventral-PAG, and MOR increased significantly in the DH as the animals aged. CB1/CB2 receptor activation by WIN55212 (4µg, CB1/CB2 agonist) and HU210 (4µg, CB1/CB2 receptor agonist) in the PAG, RVM and DH was anti-nociceptive in both young (P10, P21) and adult rats, but GPR55 receptor activation by LPI (12µg, endogenous GPR55 agonist) and AM251 (2.77µg, CB1 antagonist, GPR55 agonist) was exclusively inhibitory in young rats. Micro-injection of LPI into the adult RVM facilitated spinal reflex excitability, suggesting that GPR55 receptor activation in mature animals is pro-nociceptive. The expression of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid-synthesising enzymes was investigated with immunohistochemical and TaqMan RT-PCR techniques. Overall the expression of CB1 receptors and the anandamide synthesising enzyme NAPE-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) increased within the descending pain pathway with age, whereas the expression of the 2-AG synthesising enzyme Diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) decreased. These results illustrate that profound differences in the endogenous-opioidergic and endocannabinoid signalling systems occur within the descending pain pathway throughout postnatal development.
Deeply-Sparse Signal rePresentations (D$\text{S}^2$P)

A recent line of work shows that a deep neural network with ReLU nonlinearities arises from a finite sequence of cascaded sparse-coding models, the outputs of which, except for the last element in the cascade, are sparse and unobservable. We show here, using techniques from the dictionary-learning literature that, if the measurement matrices in the cascaded sparse-coding model (a) satisfy RIP and (b) all have sparse columns except for the last, they can be recovered with high probability. We propose two algorithms: one that recovers the matrices in a forward sequence, and another that recovers them in a backward sequence. The method of choice in deep learning to solve this problem is by training an auto-encoder. Our algorithms provide a sound alternative, with theoretical guarantees, and upper bounds on sample complexity. The theory shows that the learning complexity of the forward algorithm depends on the number of hidden units at the deepest layer and the number of active neurons at that layer (sparsity). In addition, the theory relates the number of hidden units in successive layers, thus giving a practical prescription for designing deep ReLU neural networks. Because it puts fewer restrictions on the architecture, the backward algorithm requires more data. We use simulated data and patches from natural images to demonstrate the deep dictionary-learning algorithm. Finally, we conjecture a lower bound on sample complexity that gives some insight as to why deep networks require more data to train than shallow ones.
Product Innovation Investment under Technological Uncertainty and Financial Constraints∗

We analyze the role of financial contraints for the speed of product innovation in a market characterized by technological and demand uncertainty. In a dynamic market setting we characterize the optimal R&D investment strategy of a monopolistic incumbent firm that can invest to develop a new product with uncertain demand. The size of the R&D investment flow determines the distribution of the stochastic innovation time and at the same time influences the dynamic evolution of firm’s liquidity. If liquidity is negative the firm faces bankruptcy risk. We show that optimal investment is a U-shaped function of liquidity and characterize under which circumstances it is optimal for the firm to go into debt in order to speed up innovation. Furthermore, we show that, due to the existence of financial constraints, the relationship between the incumbent’s profit on the existing market and the expected innovation time for the new product is non-monotone and follows a titled-z shape.
RESPIRE: An in situ particle interceptor to conduct particle remineralization and microbial dynamics studies in the oceans’ Twilight Zone

Sinking biogenic particles are centers of remineralization in the ocean's interior, a stratum which has large vertical biogeochemical gradients in the mesopelagic (i.e., 100–1000 m depth) realm. Due to difficulties in studying this region, our understanding of particle remineralization is based upon investigations employing biogeochemical algorithms, proxies, or shipboard incubations of deep‐water samples. Here we circumvent many of these issues by fabricating and deploying a REspiration of Sinking Particles In the subsuRface ocEan (RESPIRE) particle interceptor in the open ocean to nonintrusively intercept settling particles at fixed depths (100–300 m). After a preprogrammed particle interception phase, the RESPIRE interceptor switches to a particle incubation mode, during which remineralization rate at in situ temperature and pressure is tracked using a dissolved‐oxygen optode time series. A rotating (every 10 min) indented sphere transfers particles into a chamber that houses the dissolved‐oxygen optode, and minimizes access to particles by mesozooplankton. Deployments of typically 72 h (36 h interception: 36 h incubation) yield rates of particle remineralization primarily by attached microbes, and concurrently provide samples for geochemical analyses and microbial assays to explore the relationship between bacterial community structure, enzymatic solubilisation, and trends in particle remineralization. The interceptor has also been used to follow temporal changes in microbial dynamics associated with remineralization. RESPIRE provides more realistic conditions within which remineralization rates can be measured in the ocean's interior, and will foster new linkages between the disparate disciplines of microbial physiology and particle biogeochemistry in the ocean's Twilight Zone.
BIOSTRUCTURES AND RADIATION ORDER DISORDER

Professor Franco Bistolfi has written a book which is perfectly timed in history. During the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in the effects of nonionizing radiation (NIR) on biological systems. NIR's have been shown to regenerate nerves, promote soft tissue healing, induce osteochondrogenesis, enhance DNA synthesis, increase transcription and translation and stimulate neurotransmitter intensification. I think Bistolfi has rightly looked at the data and concluded that there is a new avenue of inquiry that must be followed. This vision incorporates explanatory mechanisms of biophysics as well as biochemistry. Bistolfi has produced a didactic, creative, critically important compendium of information from a majority of thinkers who have contributed in this area. He gives us a view of the human body which manifests a universe of electrical and magnetic interactions concomitant with the grosser biochemical changes. We look at subatomic vicissitudes in terms of fundamental physical phenomena as mechanical electromagnetic photon/phonon transductions lead a bioconductive connectional system (BCS) which is piezoelectric in nature. Various elements of the BCS such as cytoskeletal structures, keratin filaments of desmosomes (intercellular cohesion) and collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix serve as dissipative structures and are morphological expressions of a large and unitary cooperative system for coherent communications. In point of fact, the protein matrix of enzymes is today considered not only a mechanical mediator between active and medium site, but also a structure capable of directing anisotropically the isotropic energy of medium. This notion melds with Frolich's theory of coherent excitations and is as well in perfect accord with the hydrogen harps model of Bistolfi. In this, he gives a vision of hydrogen bonds seen as strings in a harp and correlates molecular vibrational frequencies with a song of life. This concept is brilliant as well as beautiful.
The Interval-Force Relationship of the Heart: Bowditch Revisited

Contributors Introduction Part I: 1. On the peculiarities of excitability which the fibres of the cardiac muscle show translated by J. Schaefer, W. Deppert, R. K. Lie, B. Lohff, M. I. M. Noble with a historical note H. P. Bowditch Part II. The General Process: 2. The interval-strength relationship of cardiac muscle: past, present, and future D. G. Allen 3. A model for interval-force phenomena: unresolved issues I. C. Cooper and M. I. M. Noble Part III. Cellular Processes Underlying Interval-Force Behaviour and their Control: 4. Relationships between intracellular free calcium and force with changes of interval D. T. Yue 5. The role of intracellular calcium, sodium, and pH in rate-dependent changes of cardiac contractile force M. R. Boyett, J. E. Frampton, S. M. Harrison, M. S. Kirby, A. J. Levi, E. McCall, D. R. Milner and C. H. Orchard 6. Quantitative aspects of cellular calcium regulation during post-rest stimulation in cardiac muscle: implications for steady-state conditions B. Lewartowski 7. Calcium compartmentation and contractive function of the heart G. A. Langer Part IV. The expression of interval-force phenomena in cardiac muscle: 8. Myocardial excitation and contraction: factors influencing peak force B. Wohlfart, P. Arlock and S. E. J. N. Morner 9. Mechanical restitution in cardiac muscle M. Johannsson 10. Post-rest potentiation and its decay U. Ravens 11. Post-extrasystolic potentiation and its decay H. E. D. J. ter Keurs 12. The cellular basis of pulsus alternans M. J. Lab and C. I. Spencer 13. Applicability of myocardial interval-force relationships to the whole ventricle: studies in isolated perfused hearts D. Burkhoff and W. C. Hunter 14. Interval-force effects in the pulse variation of atrial fibrillation: a statistical approach K. P. Pfeiffer, T. Kenner and S. M. Hardman 15. Interval-force processes in the intact animal and human heart W. A. Seed Author index Subject index.
Universal Scaling of Linear and Nonlinear Rheological Properties of Semidilute and Concentrated Polymer Solutions

Using oscillatory and steady-shear rheometry on polystyrene (PS) solutions in tricresyl phosphate (TCP) with three nearly monodisperse molecular weights at six values of the reduced concentration c/ce, where ce is the entanglement concentration, we show that for each value of c/ce below 2.0 rheological functions are successfully superimposed using de Gennes “blob” scaling laws for the concentration-dependent plateau modulus GN0, and the equilibration time τe,scaling using the literature value of the solvent-quality exponent ν = 0.53 (Solomon, M. J.; Muller, S. J. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. 1996, 334, 181−192). However, once the polymer volume fraction exceeds the “swelling volume fraction” ϕs, above which the polymer takes a random walk configuration on all length scales even in a good solvent, this universal scaling breaks down and the polymer conformation appears to be governed by Colby−Rubinstein’s scaling laws for Θ solutions. We estimate that all polybutadiene solutions in phenyl octane (a good sol.
Chemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Cookies Baked from the Blends from the Blends of Soya Bean and Maize Flours

Cookies were produced from the blends of maize flour (MF) and soya bean flour (SF). The functional properties of the MF and SF were determined using standard methods. Proximate composition, mineral analysis and sensory evaluation of the baked cookies from the flour blends were carried out . The SF possessed good water and oil absorption capacities (310%; 160%) than the MF (169%; 120%); the bulk density of SF (0.52%) was significantly lower than that of the MF (0.80%). The protein content of the cookies increased from 4.5% in 100% maize cookies to 7.00% for cookies with 30% soya bean flour. Substitution of soy-flour also significantly increased the ash (1.00%1.8%), fibre (0.24%-0.94%) and fat (16.10%-18.13%) contents of the cookies. However, the moisture and carbohydrate contents decreased with addition of soy-flour while the mineral contents of the cookies samples increased with increase in soy-flour inclusion. Sensory evaluation showed that the cookies samples were not significantly different (p>0.05) in terms of colour, aroma, crunchiness, sweetness, flavour and general acceptability. Cookies produced from the blends of 70% MF+30% SF were the most acceptable of all the samples.
A high pressure X-ray diffraction study of aragonite and the post-aragonite phase transition in CaCO3

Abstract CaCO3-aragonite has been examined to pressures of 50 GPa using angle-dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction at 300 K. A progressive pressure-induced change takes place in the diffraction patterns, with the (021) and (111) diffraction lines of aragonite converging toward one another with compression. The ultimate convergence of these lines and shifts in intensity in the diffraction pattern imply that CaCO3-aragonite undergoes a transition to a trigonal structure near 50 GPa. This transition is similar to that occurring in BaCO3 at 7 GPa and SrCO3 at 35 GPa. Indeed the b/a ratio of aragonite at 50 GPa is √3: the critical value for producing a transition to a trigonal structure, and similar to that of BaCO3 at low pressure. The occurrence of this phase transition is in general accord with systematics in aragonite-structured divalent cation carbonates. If free CaCO3 exists in the deep mantle, either as a consequence of subduction or carbonatite melt fractionation, we anticipate that it is likely to occur as a trigonal phase.
Robust Screens for Noncompetitive Bidding in Procurement Auctions

We document a novel bidding pattern observed in procurement auctions from Japan: winning bids tend to be isolated, and there is a missing mass of close losing bids. This pattern is suspicious in the following sense: its extreme forms are inconsistent with competitive behavior under arbitrary information structures. Building on this observation, we develop systematic tests of competitive behavior in procurement auctions that allow for general information structures as well as nonstationary unobserved heterogeneity. We provide an empirical exploration of our tests, and show they can help identify other suspicious patterns in the data.
Technofunctional and Nutritional Characterization of Gluten-Free Cakes Prepared from Water Chestnut Flours and Hydrocolloids

Gluten-free cakes were prepared from two different varieties of water chestnut (Kashmir [WCF K] and Punjab [WCF P]) flours. Hydrocolloids (sodium alginate, guar gum and carboxy methyl cellulose) were added to obtain desired body and texture. Proximate analysis and characterization of cakes was carried out. Cakes prepared from WCF (K) with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (1%) had lower moisture, whereas WCF (K) with sodium alginate (1%) had higher ash content. Protein content was found higher in control sample followed by cake prepared from WCF (K) with sodium alginate (1%). Calorific value was higher in WCF (P) sodium alginate (1%) added cake and lower in case of WCF (K) prepared cake containing CMC (1%). Firmness was higher in cake prepared from WCF (K) with guar gum (1%), and cakes prepared from WCF (P) with guar gum (1%) were more acceptable in terms of physical appearance, crust, crumb color, flavor and mouthfeel. Practical Applications Higher incidence of celiac diseases in Northern India is necessitating the need for development of gluten-free products. Water chestnut flour is abundantly and cheaply available and can serve as a low-cost alternative to combat this disease. This study, i.e., development of gluten-free cake, is a prelude to this step and will open new horizons for utilization of water chestnuts in the food industry.
Changes in Soil pH and Extractable Phosphorus Following Application of Turkey Manure Incinerator Ash and Triple Superphosphate

During the incineration of turkey manure, a wide variety and concentration of nutrients are conserved in the turkey manure ash (TMA). In particular, the high concentration of citrate-soluble phosphorus (P) (43 g kg−1) may make it a suitable P source for crop production. The ash is alkaline with a pH of 12.2. We conducted a soil incubation study using a low-P soil with a pH of 6.2 to evaluate the effects of TMA on soil pH and extractable P. Two TMA rates, based on citrate-soluble P (10.9 and 21.9 mg kg−1), were compared with equivalent rates of triple superphosphate (TSP). In addition, a 0-P control was included. At the rates tested, TMA slightly increased soil pH, but this increase would be of minor agronomic importance. At equivalent P rates, changes in water-soluble P (WSP) concentrations with TMA and TSP were similar. Changes in iron-oxide-strip–extractable P (FeO P) and Bray 1 P concentrations were greater with TMA than with TSP. In contrast, changes in Olsen P concentrations were greater with TSP than with TMA for up to 32 days. For TMA, the ability of the tests to extract P was ranked, from highest to lowest, as Bray 1 P > FeO P > Olsen P > WSP, and for TSP they were ranked Bray 1 P ≥ Olsen P ≥ FeO P > WSP. However, the Bray 1 P and FeO P tests tended to overestimate plant-available P because they measured more citrate-soluble P than that added with TMA. We conclude that TMA can be used as a P source for crop production and that the Olsen test may provide a better estimate of plant-available P in TMA-amended soil.
Optimisation of the dynamical behaviour of the anisotropic united atom model of branched alkanes: application to the molecular simulation of fuel gasoline

In the present work, we have optimised the dynamical behaviour of the anisotropic united atom (AUA) intermolecular potential for branched alkanes developed by Bourasseau et al. [E. Bourasseau, P. Ungerer, A. Boutin, and A.H. Fuchs, Monte Carlo simulation of branched alkanes and long chain n-alkanes with anisotropic united atoms intermolecular potential, Mol. Sim. 28 (2002), pp. 317–336], by a modification of the energetic barrier of the torsion potential. The new potential (AUA(4m)) preserves all the intermolecular parameters and only explores an increment in the trans–gauche and gauche+–gauche − transition barrier of the torsion potential. This modification better reproduces transport properties like the shear viscosity, keeping the accuracy achieved in the original work for equilibrium properties. An extensive investigation of the shear viscosity of 12 different types of branched alkanes in a wide range of pressures and temperatures, shows that the AUA(4m) improves the accuracy of the original AUA4, reducing the absolute average deviation from 24 to 15%. In addition, molecular simulation results of the shear viscosity of olefins reveal that the original AUA potential is accurate enough to reproduce the experimental data with less than 12% of deviation. Finally, we present a consistent lumping methodology to perform molecular simulations on complex multi-component systems such as fuel gasoline by representing the real system by a simplified mixture with only tenths of species.