Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conservation, Duplication, and Divergence of Developmental Genes During Chordate Evolution

Developmental biology has been revolutionised by the discovery that many genes involved in pattern formation, morphogenesis and differentiation have been remarkably conserved through evolution. To what extent are the roles of these genes also conserved? Gene duplication is a major factor complicating comparison of developmental genes between divergent taxa, since duplication of genes promotes functional divergence. Surveys of homeobox gene diversity in vertebrates and amphioxus reveal that many classes of homeobox genes duplicated close to vertebrate origins. This raises the question of how widespread gene duplication was during early vertebrate evolution. We evaluate four lines of evidence for gene duplication in vertebrate evolution: surveys of gene family complexity, molecular phylogeny, chromosome mapping and genome size. These suggest that widespread gene duplication occurred close to vertebrate origins and again during the early gnathostome radiation; the second event may have involved tetraploidy of the genome. We suggest that gene duplication was often followed by the acquisition of new developmental roles; in this way, duplication may have facilitated the evolution of vertebrate body plans. The data imply that unity in developmental control between vertebrates and invertebrates will be found in the general properties of each gene family, not in detailed comparisons between individual genes.
FBNetV3: Joint Architecture-Recipe Search using Neural Acquisition Function

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) yields state-of-the-art neural networks that outperform their best manually-designed counterparts. However, previous NAS methods search for architectures under one training recipe (i.e., training hyperparameters), ignoring the significance of training recipes and overlooking superior architectures under other training recipes. Thus, they fail to find higher-accuracy architecture-recipe combinations. To address this oversight, we present JointNAS to search both (a) architectures and (b) their corresponding training recipes. To accomplish this, we introduce a neural acquisition function that scores architectures and training recipes jointly. Following pre-training on a proxy dataset, this acquisition function guides both coarse-grained and fine-grained searches to produce FBNetV3. FBNetV3 is a family of state-of-the-art compact ImageNet models, outperforming both automatically and manually-designed architectures. For example, FBNetV3 matches both EfficientNet and ResNeSt accuracy with 1.4x and 5.0x fewer FLOPs, respectively. Furthermore, the JointNAS-searched training recipe yields significant performance gains across different networks and tasks.
Regeneration of thallus fragments of Rhodochorton purpureum (Rhodophyceae, Nemalionales)

Abstract Fragments of Rhodochorton purpureum filaments regenerated frequently in culture. Most fragments produced an adhesive rhizoid from one cut end of the filament before a shoot or another rhizoid developed from the opposite cut end. Intact apical cells on fragments did not appear to inhibit regeneration or branch initiation. Similar patterns of regeneration were observed in media of 7, 17, and 31 ‰ salinity, but filaments grew most rapidly in 17‰. The patterns of regeneration observed suggest that the dispersion of R. purpureum in intertidal habitats may result from thallus fragmentation.
Irrational-slope versions of thompson's groups T and V

Abstract In this paper, we consider the $T$- and $V$-versions, ${T_\tau }$ and ${V_\tau }$, of the irrational slope Thompson group ${F_\tau }$ considered in J. Burillo, B. Nucinkis and L. Reeves [An irrational-slope Thompson's group, Publ. Mat. 65 (2021), 809–839]. We give infinite presentations for these groups and show how they can be represented by tree-pair diagrams similar to those for $T$ and $V$. We also show that ${T_\tau }$ and ${V_\tau }$ have index-$2$ normal subgroups, unlike their original Thompson counterparts $T$ and $V$. These index-$2$ subgroups are shown to be simple.
THE FUNCTION OF SONG IN WHITETHROATS SYLVIA COMMUNIS

ABSTRACT To test the mate attraction hypothesis and the territory defence (establishment) hypothesis in the Whitethroat Sylvia communis, I studied the pattern of vocal activity in the different phases of the breeding cycle in 1995 and 1996. Furthermore the response of unmated and mated males to playback was studied in 1997. The low “perch song” activity and “flight song” activity of mated males compared to unmated males suggest that song was used in mate attraction. The perch and flight song activity in the morning tended to increase during the season but only significantly in 1996. The perch song was also used in territorial defence as suggested by unmated males responding to the playback with increased song activity. The diving song was apparently used in courtship of the female, since most diving songs were directed towards females. In mated males the dscharp-call was the most frequent vocal behaviour and mated males primarily used this call in response to playback. The more discreet vocal behaviour of mated males suggests that males use a silent strategy.
Suboptimal Chlamydia trachomatis Detection Method Is Still Widely Used in China: Results of External Quality Assessments from 2013 to 2018

Objective: Laboratory capacity for Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) detection is important in the diagnosis and treatment of C. trachomatis infection, appropriate clinical management of patients, and providing evidence for prevention programs. We conducted this study to assess laboratory capabilities for detecting C. trachomatis in China by analysis of external quality assessment (EQA) results from 2013 to 2018. Methods: Overall, 310/1,048 (29.58%) laboratories at national sexually transmitted disease (STD) sentinel site with 252–272 laboratories per time participated in six times of EQA. Each laboratory was requested to test the samples from EQA organization by the common method used, and the test results were reported to EQA organization for assessment. Z test and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used for data analyses. Results: Immunochromatographic test, nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), and ELISA were used and accounted for 76.69%, 21.54%, 1.77%, respectively of all participating laboratories from 2013 to 2018. The total specificity for negative samples was 94.76%, the sensitivity for positive samples with medium and high concentration of C. trachomatis samples were 94.31% and 95.51%, respectively, but the sensitivity for sample with low concentration of C. trachomatis was 36.89%, and the immunochromatographic test had the worst sensitivity for detection of this sample (21.17% [95% CIs: 18.93%–23.60%]) among the three methods. Three factors were found to be significantly associated with the sensitivity of the low-concentration sample: the location of laboratories (East China: adjusted odds ratio [AOR]= 2.98, 95% CIs: 1.69–5.25, P < 0.05; South China: AOR= 3.34, 95% CIs: 1.38–5.48, P < 0.05; Southwest China: AOR=2.75, 95% CIs: 1.37–5.48, P<0.05, as compared with Northwest China); the types of hospitals (prevention and control agencies: AOR=0.56, 95% CIs: 0.40–0.80, P<0.05, as compared with general hospitals); and the method used (NAAT: AOR=46.99, 95% CIs: 28.49–77.48, P<0.050; ELISA: AOR=5.42, 95% CIs: 2.40–12.25, P<0.05, as compared with immunochromatographic test). Conclusion: Immunochromatographic test is widely used for C. trachomatis antigen in China; however, based on its suboptimal detection sensitivity, methods with high sensitivity such as NAAT-based point-of-care diagnostic method are recommended to apply for C. trachomatis detection, and efforts should be performed to promote the high-sensitivity methods among laboratories. Key words: Chlamydia trachomatis; ELISA; external quality assurance; immunochromatographic test; nucleic acid amplification test; sensitivity
Proximity-based Networking: Small world overlays optimized with particle swarm optimization

Information dissemination is a fundamental and frequently occurring problem in large, dynamic, distributed systems. In order to solve this, there has been an increased interest in creating efficient overlay networks that can maintain decentralized peer-to-peer networks. Within these overlay networks nodes take the patterns of small world networks, whose connections are based on proximity. These small-world systems can be incredibly useful in the dissemination and lookup of information within an internet network. The data can be efficiently transferred and routing with minimal information loss through forward error correct (FEC) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). We propose a networking scheme that incorporates geographic location in chord for the organization of peers within each node's partitioned key space. When we combine this with a proximity-based neighborhood set {based on the small world structure} we can mimic the efficient of solutions designed to solve traditional small-world problems, with the additional benefit of resilience and fault-tolerance. Furthermore, the routing and address book can be updated based on the neighborhood requirements. The flexibility of our proposed schemes enables a variety of swarm models, and agents. This enables our network to as an underlying networking model that can be applied to file-sharing, streaming, and synchronization of networks.
Half-Heusler thermoelectric materials: NMR studies

We report $^{59}$Co, $^{93}$Nb, and $^{121}$Sb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations on a series of half-Heusler semiconductors, including NbCoSn, ZrCoSb, TaFeSb and NbFeSb, to better understand their electronic properties and general composition-dependent trends. These materials are of interest as potentially high efficiency thermoelectric materials. Compared to the other materials, we find that ZrCoSb tends to have a relatively large amount of local disorder, apparently antisite defects. This contributes to a small excitation gap corresponding to an impurity band near the band edge. In NbCoSn and TaFeSb, Curie-Weiss-type behavior is revealed, which indicates a small density of interacting paramagnetic defects. Very large paramagnetic chemical shifts are observed associated with a Van Vleck mechanism due to closely spaced $d$ bands splitting between the conduction and valence bands. Meanwhile, DFT methods were generally successful in reproducing the chemical shift trend for these half-Heusler materials, and we identify an enhancement of the larger-magnitude shifts, which we connect to electron interaction effects. The general trend is connected to changes in $d$-electron hybridization across the series.
Being published successfully or getting arXived? The importance of social capital and interdisciplinary collaboration for getting printed in a high impact journal in Physics

The structure of collaboration is known to be of great importance for the success of scientific endeavors. In particular, various types of social capital employed in co-authored work and projects bridging disciplinary boundaries have attracted researchers' interest. Almost all previous studies, however, use samples with an inherent survivor bias, i.e., they focus on papers that have already been published. In contrast, our article examines the chances for getting a working paper published by using a unique dataset of 245,000 papers uploaded to arXiv. ArXiv is a popular preprint platform in Physics which allows us to construct a co-authorship network from which we can derive different types of social capital and interdisciplinary teamwork. To emphasize the 'normal case' of community-specific standards of excellence, we assess publications in Physics' high impact journals as success. Utilizing multilevel event history models, our results reveal that already a moderate number of persistent collaborations spanning at least two years is the most important social antecedent of getting a manuscript published successfully. In contrast, inter- and subdisciplinary collaborations decrease the probability of publishing in an eminent journal in Physics, which can only partially be mitigated by scientists' social capital.
The male reproductive cycle of the Dice Snake, Natrix tessellata (Serpentes: Colubridae), in northern Iran

The Dice Snake, Natrix tessellata, is a non-venomous oviparous and diurnal snake whose distribution extends across Iran except for the south-eastern regions. We studied the spermatogenic cycle of this species in Mazandaran Province between April and November 2012. The specimens were collected from four stations in Sari where 57 adult males were investigated morphometrically and histologically. The testes included 24–192 seminiferous tubules. The length of the testes varied between 8.07 and 36.70 mm and the diameter of the tunica albuginea between 7 and 42 microns. The results indicated that spermatogenesis is composed of three phases: an active phase from May to September, a transitional phase in October, and a silent and regenerative phase from November to March. Spermatogenesis began in late May and increased in mid-August and early September, reduced in late September and October, and stopped in early November completely. The spermatogenic cycle can be characterised as aestival.
PROPERTIES OF A SUCROSE SOLUTION REUSED IN OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF APPLES

ABSTRACT The reuse of concentrated solutions for osmotic dehydration (OD) must be clearly understood to guarantee the economic viability of this process. This study was carried out to determine the modifications that a sugar solution undergoes when used 20 times during the OD of apple cubes by measuring the evolution of its different physico-chemical properties. Before beginning a new OD process, the syrup's mass was readjusted lo its initial value by the addition of crystallized sucrose. An increase of 3.4% in the mass of the syrup was observed after each OD process. The pH of the syrup stabilized after the third reuse, while its acidity, reducing sugars, and electrical conductivity stabilized after six reuses to values similar to those of the osmodehydrated apples. Under the specific conditions of this experiment, neither acid hydrolysis nor enzymatic hydrolysis in the sugar solution was observed. Microbiological analysis of syrup showed high levels of yeast and molds only after the 15th use. Progressiv.
Acoustic Observations of Gas Bubble Release by Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)

Evidence is given to show that Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) release gas bubbles during diel vertical migration and while holding in strong currents. The evidence includes hydroacoustic observations of echoes from both fish concentrations and gas bubbles. The fish are identified as herring on the basis of historical fisheries data and, in some cases, direct capture. Echoes from objects emanating form the fish concentrations are attributed to gas bubbles based on similarity to acoustic observations of gas bubbles in many other circumstances, as well as direct observation of bubbles at the surface in some cases. Since conclusive evidence exists that herring do not have gas secretion capability, two alternative hypotheses are presented to explain the source of the gas. One hypothesis is that the gas results from fermentation in the gut. A second is that herring gulp gas at the surface prior to descent to daytime depths. One consequence of differing amounts of gas would be changes in the acoustic .
Multi-Agent Cross-Translated Diversification for Unsupervised Machine Translation

Recent unsupervised machine translation (UMT) systems usually employ three main principles: initialization, language modeling and iterative back-translation, though they may apply these principles differently. This work introduces another component to this framework: Multi-Agent Cross-translated Diversification (MACD). The method trains multiple UMT agents and then translates monolingual data back and forth using non-duplicative agents to acquire synthetic parallel data for supervised MT. MACD is applicable to all previous UMT approaches. In our experiments, the technique boosts the performance for some commonly used UMT methods by 1.5-2.0 BLEU. In particular, in WMT'14 English-French, WMT'16 German-English and English-Romanian, MACD outperforms cross-lingual masked language model pretraining by 2.3, 2.2 and 1.6 BLEU, respectively. It also yields 1.5-3.3 BLEU improvements in IWSLT English-French and English-German translation tasks. Through extensive experimental analyses, we show that MACD is effective because it embraces data diversity while other similar variants do not.
IC-Network: Efficient Structure for Convolutional Neural Networks

Neural networks have been widely used, and most networks achieve excellent performance by stacking certain types of basic units. Compared to increasing the depth and width of the network, designing more effective basic units has become an important research topic. Inspired by the elastic collision model in physics, we present a universal structure that could be integrated into the existing network structures to speed up the training process and increase their generalization abilities. We term this structure the "Inter-layer Collision" (IC) structure. We built two kinds of basic computational units (IC layer and IC block) that compose the convolutional neural networks (CNNs) by combining the IC structure with the convolution operation. Compared to traditional convolutions, both of the proposed computational units have a stronger non-linear representation ability and can filter features useful for a given task. Using these computational units to build networks, we bring significant improvements in performance for existing state-of-the-art CNNs. On the imagenet experiment, we integrate the IC block into ResNet-50 and reduce the top-1 error from 22.85% to 21.49%, which also exceeds the top-1 error of ResNet-100 (21.75%).
Flora of Alberta: Sparganium angustifolium and Erigeron trifidus

Evidence is presented to justify two taxonomic treatments that appear in the revised Flora of Alberta. They are the inclusion of Sparganium emersum Rehm. (S. multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb. ) and Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. in Sparganium angustifolium Michx. and the recognition of Erigeron trifidus Hook. as a distinct species.
Nurse is Closer to Woman than Surgeon? Mitigating Gender-Biased Proximities in Word Embeddings

Abstract Word embeddings are the standard model for semantic and syntactic representations of words. Unfortunately, these models have been shown to exhibit undesirable word associations resulting from gender, racial, and religious biases. Existing post-processing methods for debiasing word embeddings are unable to mitigate gender bias hidden in the spatial arrangement of word vectors. In this paper, we propose RAN-Debias, a novel gender debiasing methodology that not only eliminates the bias present in a word vector but also alters the spatial distribution of its neighboring vectors, achieving a bias-free setting while maintaining minimal semantic offset. We also propose a new bias evaluation metric, Gender-based Illicit Proximity Estimate (GIPE), which measures the extent of undue proximity in word vectors resulting from the presence of gender-based predilections. Experiments based on a suite of evaluation metrics show that RAN-Debias significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art in reducing proximity bias (GIPE) by at least 42.02%. It also reduces direct bias, adding minimal semantic disturbance, and achieves the best performance in a downstream application task (coreference resolution).
Significance of near-bottom copepod aggregations as food resources for the juvenile red sea bream in Shijiki Bay

The significance of copepod swarmlng near the bottom as food resources for juvenile red sea breams was investigated around the nursery ground of Shijiki Bay. Juveniles of 12.7 to 43.7mm FL were found to predate upon a large number of pelagic copepods composed exclusively of Acartia omorii and A. steueri. The maximum number of copepods detected in a stomach increased markedly with juvenile length, reaching about 100 at 13mm FL, 200 at 15mm FL and exceeding 300at 20mm FL. However, few copepods were found in the stomachs of juveniles larger than 35mm FL. The large quantities of ingested copepods observed were inferred to be caused by effective predation on highly aggregated copepods near the bottom. The estimation for the daily ration of the red sea bream demonstrated that early juveniles can obtain enough energy for maintenance and growth soley through feeding on copepods. Within the bay, densities of copepods swarming near the bottom showed a landward increase. The density gradient induces the early juveniles to migrate into the innermost part of the bay, i. e. the nursery ground. Together, these quantitative estimates and with qualitative evidence confirm that copepods swarming near the bottom are of great importance for the survival and growth of the early juveniles of the red sea bream, particularly as emergent food resources under deficient conditions of benthic prey organisms.
Dialogue Coherence Assessment Without Explicit Dialogue Act Labels

Recent dialogue coherence models use the coherence features designed for monologue texts, e.g. nominal entities, to represent utterances and then explicitly augment them with dialogue-relevant features, e.g., dialogue act labels. It indicates two drawbacks, (a) semantics of utterances are limited to entity mentions, and (b) the performance of coherence models strongly relies on the quality of the input dialogue act labels. We address these issues by introducing a novel approach to dialogue coherence assessment. We use dialogue act prediction as an auxiliary task in a multi-task learning scenario to obtain informative utterance representations for coherence assessment. Our approach alleviates the need for explicit dialogue act labels during evaluation. The results of our experiments show that our model substantially (more than 20 accuracy points) outperforms its strong competitors on the DailyDialogue corpus, and performs on par with them on the SwitchBoard corpus for ranking dialogues concerning their coherence. We release our source code.
Eliashberg Theory of a Multiband Non-Phononic Spin Glass Superconductor

I solved the Eliashberg equations for a multiband non-phononic s± wave spin-glass superconductor, calculating the temperature dependence of the gaps and of superfluid density. Their behaviors were revealed to be unusual: showing non-monotonic temperature dependence and reentrant superconductivity. By considering particular input parameters values that could describe the iron pnictide EuFe2(As1−xPx)2, a rich and complex phase diagram arises, with two different ranges of temperature in which superconductivity appears.