Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deteriorative Changes During Frozen Storage in Fillets and Minced Flesh of Silver Hake (Merluccius bilinearis) Processed from Round Fish Held in Ice and Refrigerated Sea Water

During frozen storage at −10 C, deterioration in muscle of silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) was marked by rapid and extensive production of dimethylamine, concomitant decrease in extractable protein, and by lipid hydrolysis. Evidence of lipid oxidation in this gadoid species of relatively high fat content (2–4%) was also obtained. In minced flesh the rates of deterioration were about twice as fast as in fillets. Holding round fish for up to 6 days in refrigerated sea water (RSW) at 0–1 C before processing extended the frozen storage life of fillets at −10 C by 2–3 wk and of minced flesh by 1 wk over that for comparable materials prepared from round fish held in ice. Materials prepared from winter (March) and summer (August) fish showed little or no difference in rates of deterioration. The susceptibility of silver hake to deterioration at −10 C is similar to cusk; deterioration is faster than in cod or haddock, but not as fast as in red hake (Urophycis chuss). In all silver hake materials negligible de.
Pathogenic variation among isolates of Pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of barley net blotch.

Isolates of Pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of net blotch of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been collected from France and Syria. Their virulence spectra were evaluated using 11 barley genotypes as differential hosts. The genotypes exhibited a continuous range of response from highly susceptible to moderately resistant. A mean disease rating of 3.7 is considered as the separation point between avirulent and virulent reactions. The frequency of virulence was highest for isolates S5, R5 and S6-2 and lowest for R-ICA31 and R-HAS-6. A cluster analysis indicated that the isolates exhibited distinct differential virulence patterns and they were identified into five groups. The French isolates S5, R5 and S6-2 had a higher mean virulence and a low variance across all genotypes. None of the tested genotypes was highly resistant to all investigated isolates.
British Bryological Society Expedition to Mulanje Mountain, Malawi. 12. A revision of the genus Rhacopilopsis Renauld & Cardot (Hypnaceae, Bryopsida)

Abstract Based on studies of 487 specimens, the pleurocarpous moss genus Rhacopilopsis is reviewed world-wide, and two taxa are recognised: R. trinitensis (Müll.Hal.) E.Britt. & Dixon (new synonyms: Acanthocladiella kilimandscharica Broth. & P.de la Varde, A. transvaaliensis Thér. & Dixon ex Sim, Dimorphella brasiliensis Broth. & Herzog, D. pechuelii var. acuminata Cardot, D. pechuelii var. gracilis Cardot and Rhacopilopsis trinitensis vars. pendula P.de la Varde and perserrata J.Taylor & P.de la Varde and fo. densa Tosco & Piovano) and R. variegatum (Welw. & Duby) M.C. Watling & O'Shea, comb. nov. (basionym: Hypnum variegatum Welw. & Duby; new synonyms: Microthamnium flexile Renauld & Cardot, Pylaisaea guineensis Broth. & Paris and Stereodon albo-alare Broth.). Both taxa are fully illustrated and a key is presented. Rhacopilopsis trinitensis is characterised by complanate shoots and up to four rows of supra-alar cells and is known from Central America and the northern part of South America, tropical Africa, South Africa and Madagascar. Rhacopilopsis variegatum differs from R. trinitensis in having non-complanate shoots and four or more rows of supra-alar cells and is endemic to Africa, occurring over a similar range to R. trintenisis, but less frequently and usually at greater elevations.
Population introgression and differentiation in the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in Europe

Seven hypervariable microsatellite markers were used to genotype individuals from 21 European populations of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) with the aim of: (i) evaluating levels of pan-European population structuring; and (ii) determining the genetic provenance of birds present in newly formed colonies in southeast England. Significant population differentiation was detected overall, with populations of the ‘North Atlantic’ cormorant subspecies (P.c. carbo) showing greater levels of divergence than populations of the ‘Eurasian’ subspecies (P.c. sinensis). The populations from southeast England, which are of unknown racial origin but within the geographical distribution of the P.c. carbo subspecies, clustered with P.c. sinensis populations in phylogenetic topologies, highlighting the fact that P.c. sinensis individuals were present at these sites. Multivariate analyses (principal component analysis, principal coordinate analysis and discriminant function analysis) indicated that these inland colonies were not comprised solely of P.c. sinensis, but that both subspecies were living sympatrically and were probably hybridizing. The implications for cormorant management and conservation of P.c. sinensis breeding in the UK and of population introgression with P.c. carbo are considerable, and are discussed.
The origin and dispersal of the genus Clintonia Raf. (Liliaceae): evidence from its cytogeography and morphology

SUMMARYClintonia Raf. comprising five species is disjunctively distributed in eastern Asia, western North America and eastern North America. Referring to its cytogeography and the morphological evolution, we suppose the genus might have originated from eastern Asia before Miocene era of the Tertiary Period, and then dispersed to North America through the Beringia Bridge. Although four of the five species of the genus concentrated in the area, North America is only the secondary diversification centre of the genus. With regarding to the geographical distribution pattern and karyotypic characteristics of the diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in eastern Asia, the tetraploid cytotype might have arisen polytopically, and at least three independent arising and two dispersal routes can be recognised: 1). raised from the Hengduan mountains of NW Yunnan and SW Sichuan of China and dispersed westward to the Himalayas; 2). raised from the plateau in north-eastern part of eastern Asia and dispersed eastward to the isl.
Reproductive biology of the Iberian hare, Lepus granatensis, in Portugal

The Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) is endemic to Iberia. Its distribution range covers most of the Iberian Peninsula and it is one of the most important local game species. However, information on several aspects of its biology, e. g. , reproductive patterns, is scarce, limiting our ability to establish a sound management. Therefore, study of Iberian hare reproduction was carried out to: a) determine basic reproductive parameters; b) evaluate seasonal variation of breeding activity; and c) estimate annual productivity. Hares were captured every two months, from mid 1997 through 1999, in southern Portugal. In males, testes position, testes and epididymides weight, daily sperm production, extra-gonadal sperm reserves and serum concentration of testosterone were recorded. In females, weight of ovary, pregnancy rate, litter size, number of corpora lutea and placental scars, intra-uterine mortality, and potential production of young were assessed. Pregnant females and sexually active males were observed in all samples, indicating reproductive activity throughout the year. Mean testis weight was higher than 5 g in all sampled periods. The average numbers of daily sperm production and extra-gonadal sperm reserves were 356 × 106 and 1769 × 106 sperm cells, respectively. Testicular activity in males with intra-abdominal testes was established. Mean litter size, based on the number of embryos, was 1.56 ± 0.10 (range between 1 and 4). A significantly higher number of corpora lutea than embryos was observed in pregnant females. Pre-natal mortality (due to loss of ova and resorption of embryos) in pregnant females with at least one embryo was 21%. The proportion of pregnant females with pre-natal mortality was 26%. The estimated annual potential production of young (9.8) was similar to values observed in other hare species.
A 'protein bank' of Lotus uliginosus cv. Maku as an alternative to conventional protein supplements for weaned lambs grazing on natural pastures during summer and autumn

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of restricted grazing of an improved natural pasture as an alternative to conventional protein supplements for weaned lambs grazing natural pastures during summer–autumn. Two natural pastures that differed in dry matter allowances were used as basal diets. Sixty Corriedale lambs, 3 months old, were divided into 10 homogeneous groups. For each natural pasture, one group of lambs was randomly assigned to one of the following treatments (at 10 lambs/ha): continuous grazing (control); control + protein block (150 g/lamb. day); control + soybean meal (100 g/lamb. day); control + supplemental protein obtained from grazing for 3 h/day a natural pasture improved with Lotus uliginosus cv. Maku; or same as previous, except that grazing was allowed 1 in 3 days. Performance results (final bodyweight, average daily gain, and difference between initial and final body scores) were analysed as a completely randomised block design with subsampling. Lambs grazing 3 h/day or 1 in 3 days on improved pasture or supplemented with soybean meal showed better (P 0.05) to control lambs. The experiment demonstrated that feeding strategies using controlled grazing of natural pastures improved with lotus Maku or soybean meal supplementation are effective to achieve target growth rates of weaned lambs grazing natural pastures in summer–autumn.
Agronomic Performance of Peach Trees Grown in Subtropical Region

Peach trees are temperate climate fruit trees most planted in subtropical and tropical regions. This advance of the peach crop is mainly due to the introduction of less cold-demanding new cultivar varieties and which require using less specific techniques, such as plant growth regulators and pruning. Within this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate phenological aspects and the yield potential of the cultivars Granada, Aurora-1, Dourado-2, Douradao, Big-Aurora, Marli and Chiripa, grafted onto the “Okinawa” rootstock, planted in the region of Sao Manuel-SP, during two cultivation cycles. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 5 replicates, with the experimental unit represented by two plants. ”Granada” had early harvest in mid-September, and “Chiripa” in late November and early December, in which the former was the early-ripening cultivar and the latter was the late-ripening one. “Aurora-1” and “Dourado-2”, had the highest yield values, 18.95 and 16.57 t·ha-1 respectively, followed by “Big-Aurora” with yield values of 12.13 t·ha-1. For subtropical regions, such as S&atildeo Manuel-SP, less cold-demanding cultivars are recommended, such as Aurora-1, Dourado-2 and Big-Aurora. The planting of early- and late-ripening varieties, such as Granada and Chiripa, respectively, is an interesting alternative for producers wanting to scale their production.
Anti-obesity Effects of Sparassis crispa on High-fat Diet-induced Obese Mice

The present study investigated the anti-obesity effects of Sparassis crispa (SC) on mice fed a high-fat (HF, 45 kcal% fat) diet. Mice were fed either a normal control diet and an HF diet or an HF diet supplemented with SC (1%, 3%, and 5%) for 12 weeks. The consumption of an HF diet compared to the NC group resulted in increases in body weight, the food efficiency ratio (FER), retroperitoneal and subcutaneous fat weights, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, fecal fat, and liver lipids. However, the administration of SC significantly decreased body weight gain, food intake, FER, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and liver lipids in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, treatment with 5% SC significantly reduced the occurrence of fatty liver deposits and steatosis, which are associated with the increased adipocyte size in mice fed an HF diet. Therefore, these results suggested that dietary supplementation with SC exerts anti-obesity effects and could be used as a functional food to control obesity.
Enzyme activities and pH variations in the digestive tract of gilthead sea bream

Two investigations were carried out with 150 gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata to determine the relative activity of six digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase B and amylase) and the pH variation in the lumen of different parts of the gut of fish fed one or two meals per day. Pepsin activity was found exclusively in the stomach, whereas activities of the other enzymes studied were found in all regions of the gut, including the stomach. The lack of localization of enzyme production in the digestive tract of S. aurata is similar to many other species as reported in the literature. The pH variations found in the different regions of the gut could be explained by general digestive physiology following the flow of digest along the digestive tract. The range of pHs recorded in the various regions of the gut were generally outside the cited optima for many digestive proteases in this species.
Some Interactions in Plants Among Cadmium, Other Heavy Metals, and Chelating Agents1

Four experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions with either soil or solution culture to evaluate interactions of Cd among other mineral elements in plants when yields are decreased by Cd as can happen under conditions of contamination. Chelating agents were included in the study because of their uses in plant nutrition and because they are known to increase uptake and translocation differentially of trace metals. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. ‘Improved Tendergreen’) were grown with 10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁴M Cd in solution culture. Vegetative yields were depressed in the presence of Cd; 10⁻⁴M produced the greatest reduction (61%). The Cd concentration in plants was roots > stems < leaves. All levels of applied Cd significantly depressed the Mn concentration in leaves, stems, and roots. ThL, was the most prominent interaction. In a test with Yolo loam soil (Typic Xerorthents, fine-loamy, mixed, slightly acid, thermic) with bush beans, Cd was applied at 0, 50, aud 100 μg Cd/g soil as CdS0₄. Each level was interacted with either NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) (100 μ/g soil) as Na salts. Yields were depressed substantially by 50 μ Cd/g soil only when chelating agents were also applied (36% for NTA and 48% for EDTA). The 100 μ Cd/g soil decreased yields only slightly without chelating agents (28%). Cadmium significantly decreased and Cu concentrations in leaves and overcame much of the tendency of the chelating agents to increase concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Fe in plants. Zinc was decreased only on the per plant basis with the highest applied level of (M with chelating agents. The Cd decreased the Ca and Mn concentrations in leaves of bush beans. Cadmium levels in the plants were increased by EDTA from 6 to 423 μ/g dry weight at the high Cd level. In another experiment with the same soil, diethylenetriamine pentaacetate acid (DTPA) (100 μ/g soil) increased take of Cd to 35 μ/g dry weight in bush beans. The interactions were similar to those with the other chelating agents. A leaf concentration of 15 μ Cd/g (dry weight basis) decreased yields of bush beans. With corn (Zea mays L. var. ‘Golden Bantam’) grown also in the same soil, the addition of 5% CaCO₃ decreased yield reduction due tn Cd by decreasing its uptake (by 64% for 200 μ Cd/g soll and 76% for 400 μ). A concentration of 219 μ Cd/g in corn shoots decreased yields. Caution in the use of metal chelates is indicated when soils contain significant levels of available Cd.
Composition and Properties of Seeds of the Tree Legume Tamarindus indica

Seeds of the tree legume Tamarindus indica were evaluated as a potential source of food or food ingredients. Crude protein and nitrogen-free extract comprised 15.5% and 59% of the seed, respectively. Pentose sugars constituted approximately 20% of the soluble sugars. The lipid contained a relatively large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic acid as the predominant fatty acid. The macronutrients Ca, Mg, K, and P were low in comparison to cultivated legumes. Alkaline extraction of the seeds showed that about 70% of the proteins were extractible. The protein isolated was relatively high in lysine (406 mg/g N), phenylalanine and tyrosine (520 mg/g N) and leucine (496 mg/g N).
Mortality of Five Apple Insects Induced by the Nematode DD136

In laboratory tests moderate dosages of the nematode DD136 caused high mortality of larvae of 5 leaf-eating insect pests of apple: winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) ; fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harris); fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury); eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.); and pale apple leaf roller, Pseudexentera mali Freeman. Most of the nematodes applied to foliage were killed by desiccation within 1hour after application in the laboratory. The high mortality of the nematode by desiccation was believed to be the cause of its ineffectiveness against larvae of O. brumata in an orchard test.
Plane of nutrition and folic acid supplementation between birth and four months of age on mammary development of dairy heifers

Forty-seven dairy heifers of approximately 10 d of age were assigned randomly to a 2 × 2 factorial design to study the effects of folic acid supplementation (0 vs. 40 mg) administered weekly i.m. and levels of feed intake after weaning on mammary development. Folic acid treatment started immediately and all heifers were weaned 5 wk later. Heifers were then either fed ad libitum grass hay and concentrates or restricted to a body weight gain of approximately 700 g d−1 until slaughter at 4 mo of age. Average daily gain was affected by feed intake level after weaning (615 vs. 954 g d−1P 0.05). There was no effect of treatments on serum prolactin and growth hormone concentrations (P > 0.05); overall, prolactin increased and growth hormone decreased over the .
Reply to Matthaei et al.: The p150 isoform of the RNA editing enzyme Adenosine Deaminase 1 is required for embryogenesis

Matthaei et al. (1) raise the possibility that specific targeting of the p150 isoform of the RNA editing enzyme Adenosine Deaminase 1 (ADAR1) may have resulted in the generation of a hypomorph of the p110 isoform, thereby generating a functional double deletion similar to previous Adar1 gene disruptions (2, 3). On this basis, they question our conclusion that the p150 isoform of ADAR1 is required for embryogenesis. Specifically, Matthaei et al. call into question the results reported in figure 1E of our article (4), which supported the conclusion that expression of the exon 1B-containing transcript …
MULTIPLE CHOLINOCEPTIVE AND RELATED SITES AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

It is an axiom of pharmacology that a drug does not have only one action; nevertheless, the observed response is generally associated with the action of the drug at a single receptor surface. In the course of our investigations using bisquaternary oxamides at the cat neuromuscular junction, it has become evident that more than one mechanism of action is in operation, and that these mechanisms of action are associated with multiple cholinoceptive sites. The observable response following administration of the oxamides and related drugs will depend upon the potency and the kinetics of the drug-receptor interaction at the various cholinoceptive sites. The experiments to be described here are concerned with the responses obtained following the administration of bis-quaternary oxamides and depolarizing drugs alone and in combination. Cats (2.3 3.5 Kg) anesthetized with 80mg/Kg achloralose intravenously (i.v.) were used throughout the experiments. Shielded platinum electrodes were placed on the tibial nerve and the sciatic nerve ligated in the popliteal space, except in those experiments where ventral root potentials were recorded. The limb was set up in a horizontal position and fixed rigidly. Twitches of the tibialis anterior muscle were recorded either on smoked paper with the tendon of the muscle attached to a flat steel spring myograph or on an Offner Dynograph with the tendon attached to a Statham force transducer. The tibial nerve was stimulated by rectangular pulses of SOpsec. duration and twice the strength required to evoke a maximal twitch at a frequency of one every 10 sec. The blood pressure and muscle temperature were monitored; the latter was maintained at 37°C by means of heat lamps. Drugs were injected i.v. or close-arterially (c.a.). For close arterial injections, the technique of Brown (1938) as modified by Blaber (1960) was used: at the time of close-arterial injections, the popliteal artery was occluded peripherally to the posterior tibialis and the sural artery. The method employed for recording ventral root potentials has been described previously (Blaber & Bowman, 1 9 6 3 ~ ) ; the muscle twitch was recorded simultaneously with ventral root and muscle potentials. The drugs used were the bis-quaternary oxamides methoxyambenonium-IN,”bis (2-diethylamino ethyl) oxamide bis-2-methoxybenzyl chloride, WIN 80781, ambenonium [N,N’-bis (2-diethylamino ethyl) oxamide bis-2-chlorobenzylchloride, WIN 80771, WIN 3286 [N, N’-bis (2-diethylamino ethyl) oxamide bis-2 benzyl chloride], WIN 8626 IN, N’-bis (3-diethylamino propyl) oxamide bis-2chlorobenzylchloride], WIN 12,305 [N, N’-bis (2-diethylamino ethyl) suberamide bis-2-chlorobenzylchloride], WIN 8627 (N, N’-bis (2-diethylamino ethyl) succinamide bis-2-chlorobenzylchloride], and WIN 12423 [N, N-bis (diethylamino ethyl) oxamide 2-chlorobenzylchloride sulfate]. Neostigmine bromide, Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), 3-hydroxyphenyl-triethylammonium iodine (3-
The use of buccal cells for rapid diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy type 1

Type 1 myotonic dystrophy (DM1) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a CTG repeat expansion. RNA containing expanded CUG repeats does not leave the nucleus, but accumulates in discrete nuclear foci which sequester the human muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins. We have examined buccal cells from 15 adult DM1 patients and 7 control non-DM patients to determine whether nuclear foci can be detected by either immunostaining for MBNL1 protein or fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) for the CUG repeat RNA. Both methods detected nuclear foci in all three early-onset patients, but only in a minority of 12 less severe DM1 patients. There were no false-positive results in the 7 controls. Although the method does not reliably identify all DM1 patients, it may prove useful as a rapid test for severe congenital DM1 in floppy babies.