Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Previously Undiagnosed Anaemia in Diabetic Adult Patients Admitted at Emergency Department

Commonly, anaemia is defined as a medical condition with an insufficient mass of red blood cells (RBCs) moving in blood circulation; anaemia is also defined as a blood disorder with haemoglobin (Hb) concentration below the thresholds given by world health organization (WHO). Several diseases and pathologic disorders found to be associated with anaemia incidence. Anaemia might presented with several health complications according to its severity. However, most patients with anaemia do not show severe symptoms, and therefore they cannot know if they have the disease to look for medical attention. Thus, this study aimed to assess the incidence of undiagnosed anaemia in diabetic adult patients who aged between 22- 90 years and admitted at emergency department (ER) in Al-Huda hospital. The results of this study showed that 36% of patients who admitted to the ER during the study period were diabetic and have not been diagnosed with anaemia previously. All patients were Saudi's, the majority were female, and non-school completed. Many of these patients did not present with clinical findings of anaemia. The admission causes were different including: shortness of breath, abdominal pain, chest pain, drowsiness, flank pain, nausea and vomiting. Out of the diabetic patients there were five cases noted with low mean Hb and low RBCs level. According to the WHO criteria, those patients had anaemia. However, further laboratory investigations were needed to determine the specific type of anaemia. This study suggested an integrated strategy for anaemia control and prevention including education to encourage community to improve their dietary nutrition, reducing inhibitors of iron absorption (such as tea) and taking iron supplementation pills specially among high risk and diabetic individuals.
PARP inhibitors for small cell lung cancer and their potential for integration into current treatment approaches

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a very aggressive, highly lethal, neuroendocrine tumor that constitutes 15% of all lung cancer cases. It is characterized by its rapid disease progression and high relapse rate leading to poor survival for diagnosed patients. Recently, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for SCLC. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that PARPi possesses cytotoxic activity as a single-agent and in combination with other anti-cancer agents. Predictive biomarkers of response to PARPi, such as SLFN11, have also been described in SCLC. This review aims to summarize the recent preclinical investigations and the relevant clinical trials that evaluate PARPi in SCLC. Here, we highlight the potential role of PARPi in a biomarker-selected manner and in combination with chemotherapy, targeted agents, radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
An Investigation of the Role of Expectations in Trade: the case of the Gravity Model

The existence of sunk costs in bilateral trade ows has been theoretically used to introduce the lagged variable of trade (hysteresis) in the gravity model. However, based on some microeconomic foundations, Abedini (2005) showed the determining role of expectations when there are some sunk costs related to trade. Following this approach, the present paper seeks particularly to investigate this idea through an empirical study using the gravity model. Indeed, two proxy variables, Degree of Economic Integration and Rule of Law stand for the e¤ects of expectations on the bilateral trade model. The model is estimated Javad ABEDINI, Laboratoire dEconomie de Nantes, Chemin de la Censive du Tertre B.P. 52231 44322 Nantes cedex 3; Tel. : +332 40 14 17 31; Fax: +332 40 14 17 32; E-mail address : abedini@sc-eco.univ-nantes.fr. yI would like to thank professor Nicolas Péridy, especially for his comments concerning this paper.
Intra-industry Affiliate Trade of Foreign Owned Companies in Poland 1993-2002

The concept of intra-industry international exchange of goods and assets has attracted a lot of interests within the last 30 years. Concepts like intra-industry trade, intra-industry foreign direct investments, intra-industry affiliate sale, and intra-industry supply have been used in theoretical and empirical research with most emphasis laid on intra-industry trade. What has not been investigated until now is a subgroup within intra-industry trade, namely intra-industry affiliate trade which is two-way trade from foreign owned affiliates in a country. By use of a unique database containing trade (exports and imports) and industry variables (wages, employment, foreign capital share, investments, sales, etc.) of foreign owned companies in the Polish manufacturing industry for the years 1993-2002, this paper, investigates for the first time intra-industry affiliate trade (IIAT), including its industry determinants. Labour intensive industries and specialised supplier intensive industries are shown to operate at the highest level of IIAT, and generally IIAT is shown to be increasing over time. Wage level, labour intensity and scale economies are in panel estimations shown to be significant and positively associated to IIAT, while the degree of foreign control over affiliates (measured by the foreign capital share in total equity) is insignificant. Our results are shown partly to be in accordance with the knowledge capital model of Markusen (2002). By assuming that industry variables like scale economies and wage levels are proxies for technology flows and IIAT is a measure for its efficient transfer, our results do also indicate (in accordance with international business research (Kogut and Zander, 1993)) that complex technology is transferred to larger affiliates giving higher wages to their employees as an incentive to absorb new technology. 1 Thanks to Herbert Brücker, DIW; Mark C. Casson University of Reading, Peter J. Buckley, University of Leeds and Ivo Zander, Stockholm School of Economics for many helpful comments.
Vehicle Fuel Consumption Prediction Method Based on Driving Behavior Data Collected from Smartphones

Transportation is an important factor that affects energy consumption, and driving behavior is one of the main factors affecting vehicle fuel consumption. The purpose of this paper is to improve fuel consumption monitoring databases based on mobile phone data. Based on the mobile phone terminals and on-board diagnostic system (OBD) installed in taxis, driving behavior data and fuel consumption data are extracted, respectively. By matching the driving behavior data collected by a mobile phone with the fuel consumption data collected by OBD, the correlation between driving behavior and fuel consumption is explored, so that vehicle fuel consumption could be predicted based on mobile phone data. The fuel consumption prediction models are built using back propagation (BP) neural network, support vector regression (SVR), and random forests. The results show that the average speed, average speed except for idle (ASEI), average acceleration, average deceleration, acceleration time percentage, deceleration time percentage, and cruising time percentage are important indicators for fuel consumption evaluation. All three models could predict fuel consumption accurately, with an absolute relative error less than 10%. The random forest model is proved to have the highest accuracy and runs faster, making it suitable for wide application. This method lays a foundation for monitoring database improvement and fine management of urban transportation fuel consumption.
The Working Conditions Among Early Childhood Educators Who Have Worked in Both For-Profit and Non-Profit Childcare Centres

The working conditions of members from a professional association are required to adhere to high quality standards. Being members of the college of Early Childhood Educators (ECE), the question remains: what do the working conditions of ECEs exemplify about the professionalism of the early childhood education and care (ECEC) field? In an effort to build the professional state of the Canadian ECEC sector one must begin to critically examine the working conditions of ECEs. Efforts towards achieving professional status for all ECEs are evident in the working conditions they are provided, which may vary depending upon whose auspices they are under. This study examined ECEs’ perceptions of the differences in working conditions between for profit and non-profit childcare centres in the Greater Toronto Area. Four ECEs who have worked in both for-profit and non-profit childcare centres were interviewed. In these interviews, the ECEs reported that non-profit childcare centres provide higher quality working conditions than for-profit childcare centres, demonstrating the value and support which an auspice has towards professionalism.
Role of pre-operative measures in Cataract surgery outcome: Observational study

Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in worldwide. Most common form of cataract is senile cataract. Now days, the cataract surgery mainly depends on size of incision and technique. Apart from this, post operative outcomes are also depends upon preoperative measures. Total 237 patients (one patient, one eye) were included in this study which was conducted in department of ophthalmology MLB medical college Jhansi, India over a period of 3 months and patients were divided into 2 groups. Group AThose patients who were closely taken part in pre-operative measures according to special Guideline. Group BAll patients were taken part into only routine or highly necessary pre-operative measures and taken direct from the camp. Patients below 40 years of the age and Patients those had Vitreous or retinal detachment, corneal ulcer, and Iris neovascularization were excluded from the study. The main aim of this study was, to assess the role of preoperative factors in cataract surgery, and various complications in cataract surgery. After assessment patients were taken for surgery (mostly by Phacoemulsification and few complicated cases by MSICS). Then close intra and post-operative follow-up done up to 1 month. The male female ratio was 1.3:1. Maximum complications were found in age group above 60 years (16.03%), irrespective of Study groups. Patients of Group B had higher post operative complications (30.93%) as compare to Group A (17.85 %) because of pre-operative measures (which was better in Group A patients). The female patients of both Groups had higher post operative complications (32.04%) as compare to male patients (16.42%) of both Groups. The visual improvement in Group A patients exceptionally better as compare to Group B patients (Group A, 57.14% patients had 6/12 to 6/6 unaided vision while 32.99% in Group B patients). In this study the incidence of intra-operative complications was 5.09%, which was slightly more in Group B. Corneal edema was most common early postoperative complication in both Group (15.46% in Group B and 10% in Group A) followed by post operative keratitis (6.43% in Group A and 9.28% in group B, overall 7.59%) and post-operative pain and inflammation. The late post operative complications were also high in Group B (15.46%) patients as compare to Group A (4.29%). Overall incidence was 8.86% in both groups. Incidence of Endophthalmitis was 0.42% in this study. In current Indian scenario, the outcome of cataract surgery also improved in past few decades, but not significantly as compare to developed countries. This is mainly due to either lack of awareness, low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, and overpopulation, less infrastructure as well as poor attention to preoperative factors.
Why do Employees Exercise Stock Options Early?

Models of early exercise of employee stock options invariably assume that exercise decisions are driven by risk-averse employees seeking to rebalance their undiversified portfolios. Using the entire history of stock option grants and a 10-year panel of over 10,500 option exercises from over 3,800 employees in five companies with a plausible proxy for outside wealth (home prices measured at the employee Zip Code level), we find scant evidence that actual exercise decisions are driven by diversification concerns. While we find some evidence consistent with variations of the disposition effect (early exercise driven by employees seeking to lock in a realized gain), our evidence primarily supports the hypothesis that liquidity-constrained employees exercise early to satisfy consumption rather than diversification objectives. Our key test shows that employees are more likely to exercise following increases in home prices, a result that is consistent with liquidity motives for exercising, but inconsistent with diversification or disposition. In addition, we analyze how exercise behavior is impacted by recent grants of options and restricted stock, and consider the plausibility of risk-aversion parameters implied by diversification, the fact that employees often exercise all exercisable options (from the same or different grants) at the same time. * This paper has benefited from helpful comments by Tom Chang, Cary Frydman, Rodney Ramcharan, David Yermack, and participants at the Third BI Corporate Governance Conference, the accounting symposium at Brigham Young University, and the USC FBE “Brown-Bag” Seminar. The usual disclaimer applies. Why do Employees Exercise Stock Options Early?
Knowledge and Cultural Perceptions of Malaysian Women and Delay in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 14 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012 (Bray et al., 2013; Ferlay et al., 2013). After lung cancer, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world (Yip et al., 2006; World Health Organization, 2014), and is the most frequently occurring cancer in women globally, comprising 25% of all cancer cases diagnosed in 2012 (World Health Organization, 2012). Breast cancer affects women both in more and less developed regions, although
The internal migration choices of Ghanaian youths

Though international migration has garnered much attention over the past few years, internal migration has typically not. Yet, internal migration is the most common type of migration in developing countries. For many in Sub-Saharan Africa, international migration is not feasible. However, educated youth often migrate within their home country in search of employment opportunities. This article presents the internal migration patterns of educated youth in Ghana and analyses the relationship between migration decisions and wage differentials between Ghanaian regions. We use individual survey data of former students from 136 randomly selected secondary schools in Ghana collected by the authors in both 2011 and 2012. These surveys include information on education outcomes, migration histories, employment expectations and outcomes, as well as other socio-demographic characteristics. In our sample, 37% of respondents are living in a region other than their region of birth. Moreover, 56% are living in a region other than the region where they completed secondary school. In addition, we use the two most recent rounds (2006 and 2013) of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS), a large nationally representative household survey. We use the GLSS data to calculate mean income and employment statistics by region and by population sub-samples including young educated youth. We posit that when choosing whether to migrate within Ghana, and if so, where, individuals searching for employment base this decision, at least in part, on their expected probability of employment and expected salary. We use the statistics from the GLSS data and our respondants’ migration outcomes to test whether this is the case.
Are injuries only skin deep? The quandary of the ‘Found Down’ patient

Introduction The ‘found down’ patient presents a unique circumstance for the clinician in that the patients are often unable to provide history of the events preceding their presentation to the emergency department. Studies on this population are limited. Methods The trauma and emergency department registries from January 2013 through December 2014 at an urban level one trauma center were queried for patients described as ‘found down’ and related descriptions. Basic demographic data included patient disposition, Glasgow coma score and injury severity score (ISS), patient requiring intubation, imaging performed, and injuries sustained. Patients were stratified into those managed by the trauma service versus the emergency department. Results A total of 298 patients met criteria to be included in this study, nine of whom died; the average age was 50 years old and 9% of this population was found to have an intracranial hematoma. The subset of patients who had a rapid return to Glasgow coma score 15 had a 6% incidence of having an intracranial hematoma. Four cervical fractures were identified. There was only one intra-abdominal injury. Conclusion Computerized tomography scans of the brain and cervical spine should be performed for all patients who are found down. Intra-abdominal injuries are exceedingly rare and selective use of computerized tomography should be made. Superficial injury does not indicate more significant injury in this population; however, lack of superficial injury does not preclude more significant injuries.
Modulation Classification of MPSK for Space Applications

Space missions are being developed with increasing levels of autonomy, as a means to increase their science return, fault-tolerance, and longevity. In this paper, we present NASA's low-complexity techniques to autonomously identify the modula- tion order of an M -ary phase-shift-keying signal in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. This is part of a larger program to develop an autonomous radio that receives a signal without a priori knowledge of its modulation type, modulation index, data rate, and pulse shape. For classification between binary and quaternary phase-shift keying, these techniques represent a lopsided trade-off in which a factor of 100 reduction in complexity results in less than a 0.2 dB loss in performance relative to the maximum likelihood modulation classifier. I. INTRODUCTION NASA's Mars Exploration Program Advanced Technologies element is undertaking a highly ambitious task to develop and demonstrate an autonomous radio capable of receiving a signal without a priori knowledge of its modulation type, modulation index, data rate, and pulse shape. This contrasts with a con- ventional radio, which must be explicitly configured with these parameters. The space application, particularly the deep space application, makes frequent reconfiguration inconvenient. For example, NASA's software-defined Electra Proximity Radio requires about 8 Mbytes to reconfigure (1). If a Mars orbiter using Electra was in a typical two-hour orbit and needed to relay from two landed Mars assets, it would need an 8 Mbyte uplink from Earth every hour. The goal of the autonomous radio is to supply an Electra-type software-defined radio with enough onboard intelligence to automatically recognize the signal characteristics and configure the radio to receive it. In this paper, we analyze one important component of the autonomous radio, that of modulation classification. We ana- lyze the performance of optimal and sub-optimal modulation classifiers to discriminate M -PSK from M � -PSK.
A study of instance-based algorithms for supervised learning tasks: mathematical, empirical, and psychological evaluations

Author(s): Aha, David W. | Abstract: This dissertation introduces a framework for specifying instance-based algorithms that can solve supervised learning tasks. These algorithms input a sequence of instances and yield a partial concept description, which is represented by a set of stored instances and associated information. This description can be used to predict values for subsequently presented instances. The thesis of this framework is that extensional concept descriptions and lazy generalization strategies can support efficient supervised learning behavior.The instance-based learning framework consists of three components. The pre-processor component transforms an instance into a more palatable form for the performance component, which computes the instance's similarity with a set of stored instances and yields a prediction for its target value(s). Therefore, the similarity and prediction functions impose generalizations on the stored instances to inductively derive predictions. The learning component assesses the accuracy of these prediction(s) and updates partial concept descriptions to improve their predictive accuracy.This framework is evaluated in four ways. First, its generality is evaluated by mathematically determining the classes of symbolic concepts and numeric functions that can be closely approximated by IB_1, a simple algorithm specified by this framework. Second, this framework is empirically evaluated for its ability to specify algorithms that improve IB_1's learning efficiency. Significant efficiency improvements are obtained by instance-based algorithms that reduce storage requirements, tolerate noisy data, and learn domain-specific similarity functions respectively. Alternative component definitions for these algorithms are empirically analyzed in a set of five high-level parameter studies. Third, this framework is evaluated for its ability to specify psychologically plausible process models for categorization tasks. Results from subject experiments indicate a positive correlation between a models' ability to utilize attribute correlation information and its ability to explain psychological phenomena. Finally, this framework is evaluated for its ability to explain and relate a dozen prominent instance-based learning systems. The survey shows that this framework requires only slight modifications to fit these highly diverse systems. Relationships with edited nearest neighbor algorithms, case-based reasoners, and artificial neural networks are also described.
Who Benefits from Tax Expenditures on Capital? Evidence on Capital Income and Wealth Concentration∗

Tax preferences on capital income and wealth accumulation are a very large component (about half) of all tax expenditures in the US tax system. Tax expenditures on capital include preferential tax rates on realized capital gains and dividends, tax free accumulation of pension and life insurance funds, exclusion of interest from local government bonds, exclusion from income of imputed rent of homeowners combined with the deduction of mortgage interest payments. In this paper, we use tax data from 1979 to 2012 created by the Statistics of Income (SOI) division of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). We provide systematic evidence on the distribution of wealth and capital income as a first step to improve our understanding of the distributional impact of US tax expenditures on capital. This analysis supplements the evidence provided in Saez and Zucman (2014) using public use tax data. We connect our analysis with the SOI Personal Wealth estimates that are built using estate tax data. Using the estate multiplier technique, we extend the top wealth share estimates of Kopczuk and Saez (2004) up to 2012. We show that, conditional on age and gender, mortality declines with wealth. Furthermore, this gradient has increased sharply since 1979. We discuss how this information could be used to refine Personal Wealth estimates. ∗Emmanuel Saez: saez@econ.berkeley. edu; Gabriel Zucman: g.zucman@lse.ac. uk. The tax data were accessed through contract TIRNO-12-P-00374 with the Statistics of Income (SOI) Division at the US Internal Revenue Service. We are very grateful to Victoria Bryant, Barry W. Johnson, and Brian Raub for facilitating the use of the tax data and for their patience in helping us navigate the data. We thank Victoria Bryant, Barry W. Johnson, Janet McCubbin, Brian Raub and Michael Weber for helpful comments.