Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-step and anomalous reproducible behaviour of the electrical resistivity near the first-order magnetostructural transition of Gd5(Si0.1Ge0.9)4

Very detailed measurements of the electrical resistivity of Gd5(Si0.1Ge0.9)4 are here reported, with special emphasis on the vicinity of the first-order (magnetostructural) martensitic transition which occurs at K. The data cover more than fifty thermal cycles spanning the temperature ranges of 300–10 K (long cycles) and 105–10 K (short cycles). In the initial 10–300 K cycles the martensitic transition takes place in three closely-spaced steps, with associated resistance (R) discontinuities and large thermal hysteresis. In a subsequent series of short cycles (10–105 K) a unique transition occurs, exhibiting a common and quite reproducible R(T) behaviour within a small temperature range ( K) below TS, either in heating or cooling runs. Remarkably, this ‘local reproducibility’ (within ΔT) remains in spite of the significant resistance changes which occur outside the ΔT-range under thermal cycling. In particular the residual resistance systematically increases under thermal cycling, but the corresponding effect is absent in the ΔT temperature range. This excludes microcracking as a dominant resistive mechanism in our results, pointing to an intrinsic character of the reproducible behaviour just below TS. We also analyse the R(T) behaviour when changing from long to short thermal cycles, and the R(T) evolution towards a reversible final behaviour, after extended thermal cycling.
Treatment of acid and sulphate-rich effluents in an integrated biological/chemical process

A novel chemical/biological process is described in which sulphate and sulphide are removed simultaneously during biological treatment. Partial sulphate removal is achieved during chemical pre-treatment. In the biological stage sulphate is reduced to sulphide in a complete-mixed reactor through addition of sucrose or ethanol as a carbon and energy source. Sulphide is oxidised by allowing oxygen to enter the system in a controlled way. The experimental investigation of the process showed that sulphate and sulphide could be removed simultaneously due to co-existence of sulphate-reducing bacteria and sulphur oxidising bacteria. The volumetric sulphate reduction rate in a complete-mixed reactor, with sucrose as an organic carbon and energy source, amounts to 12.4 g SO 4 /(l.d). The rate of biological sulphate removal was found to be directly related to the square root of sulphate, COD and VSS concentrations respectively, and inversely proportional to sulphide concentration. The practical value of simultaneous sulphate and sulphide removal is that only one stage is required for removal of both sulphate and sulphide; a conventional completemixed reactor can be used; and sulphate can be removed in a consistent way to below 200 mg/l (as SO4) due to the stability of the process. By combining the biological stage with CaCO 3 -neutralisation and/or lime pre-treatment, the chemical cost can be reduced. Sulphate, associated with the over-saturated fraction after treatment with CaCO3 or lime, can be removed through gypsum crystallisation. In the integrated sulphate removal process (CaCO 3 -neutralisation, lime treatment and biological stages), sulphate can be removed from 9 200 mg/l (typical sulphate concentration of coal discard leachate) to 2410 mg/l, 1 230 mg/l and 205 mg/l (as SO 4 ) in the various stages respectively. The chemical cost with the integrated process amounts to R2.94/m3, versus R12.44/m 3 when all the sulphate is removed using the biological stage only. Similarly, the cost for treating magnesium sulphaterich mine water amounts to R1.92/m 3 for the integrated process, versus R3.11/m 3 for biological treatment only.
Periodic operation of a bioreactor with input multiplicities

The performance of a continuous bioreactor under periodic inlet substrate concentration is theoretically analyzed for productivity improvement which under conventional steady-state operation shows input multiplicities in the feed substrate concentration. Two values of feed substrate concentration give identical productivity under conventional steady-state operation. A periodic rectangular pulse is assumed for the feed substrate concentration. It is shown by simulation that under concentration forcing the average productivity is significantly different for these two substrate concentrations. The larger value of feed substrate concentration gives improved average productivity and shows a resonance with the period of oscillation. The effect of periodic operation on the average productivity under the input multiplicities in dilution rate is also analysed. La performance d'un bioreacteur continu pour des concentrations d'alimentation en substrat periodique a ete analysee de facon theorique afin d'ameliorer la productivite qui en regirne permanent classique montre des multiplicites dans l'alimentation par rapport a la concentration en substrat d'alimentation. Deux valeurs de concentration en substrat d'alimentation donnent une productivite identique en regime permanent classique. On suppose une pulsation rectangulaire periodique pour la concentration en substrat d'alimentation. La simulation permet de montrer que si on force la concentration, la productivite moyenne est tres differente pour ces deux concentrations. La plus grande de ces deux valeurs donne une meilleure productivite moyenne et montre une resonance avec la periode d'oscillation. L'effet du fonctionnement periodique sur la productivite moyenne dans des conditions de multiplicites du taux de dilution dans l'alimentation est egalement analyse.
In-situ AFM study of smectite dissolution under alkaline conditions at room temperature

Abstract An experimental study on smectite dissolution was carried out using in-situ TMAFM and CMAFM (tapping mode and contact mode atomic force microscopy, respectively) analyses at 25 °C under alkaline conditions. Smectite particles dissolved via the retreat of the edge surfaces without scratching by the AFM tip, except in a series of the dissolution experiment in CMAFM. The retreat of each straightened edge surface appeared to occur with a constant rate. In contrast, the basal surface was unreactive within the experimental duration. The dissolution rates normalized to the edge surface area (ESA) of smectite at a certain pH and temperature condition, therefore, had a constant value independent of the particle size, whereas the dissolution rates normalized to the total surface area (TSA) varied with the particle size. These dissolution rates were consistent with those derived from wet-chemical data in previous studies. The anisotropic dissolution behavior was also observed along the ESA, that is, the retreat of dissolution fronts along the {110} faces was much faster than that along {010} faces. This difference can be explained by smectite dissolution under alkaline conditions being controlled by OH- attack, which is catalyzed by protonated Al-OH groups, on the bridging O atoms of both Al-O-Si sites, which locate only on the {110} surfaces, and Al2-O-Si sites on the {010} and {110} surfaces. The bridging O atoms of Al2-O-Si sites on the {010} surfaces are buried more deeply in the structure than those of Al-O-Si sites on the {110} surfaces, which would be more difficult to attack on the {010} surfaces.
Viscosity coefficients for anisotropic, nematic fluids based on structural theories of suspensions

The relation between the governing equations for low Reynolds number flow of suspensions of rigid, axisymmetric particles and director theories of anisotropic fluids is examined in detail. The role of directors for modeling suspensions is illustrated and it is shown in what sense and how the equations for three common models of suspensions may be related to a director theory with a variable degree of alignment. The viscosity coefficients and molecular fields of the director theory are then expressed in terms of the parameters characterizing the suspension. Some implications of these results are discussed for tumbling/nontumbling of the director in shear flow, for Parodi’s relations, and for thermodynamic restrictions of the viscosity coefficients. Additionally, several previous calculations of the Leslie viscosities are compared to the results obtained.
Effect of nutrient solution and temperature on capsaicin content and yield contributing characteristics in six sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars.

Capsaicin is a unique pungent ingredient in Capsicum spp. and mechanism responsible for the increase in capsaicin content in non-pungent Capsicum spp. is an important task. Capsaicin biosynthesis is regulated by developmental and environmental factors. In this study, capsaicin content in green and ripe fruits in six cultivars of sweet pepper and yield contributing characters by applying temperature and nutrient solution formulations were investigated. Six cultivars of sweet pepper (e.g., V 1 Wonder bell, V 2 Furupi-red, V 3 Papri-E-red, V 4 Papri new-E-red, V 5 AVRDC PP 0436-6055, and V 6 AVRDC PP 0436-6006) were grown under two growing conditions of high temperature (T 1 ) and low temperature (T 2 ) applying three nutrient formulations (e.g., S 1 Hoagland and Arnon No. 2, S 2 double strength of S 1 , and S 3 customized nutrient formulation) using solid soilless culture technique. The capsaicin content differed among six cultivars, two different temperature conditions and three nutrient solution formulations. The highest capsaicin content of fruits was found from V 6 cultivar and S 3 treatment grown under high temperature treatment (T 1 ) over low temperature (T 2 ). The capsaicin content was higher in ripe fruits than in green fruits of sweet pepper at both of the temperature treatments applying S 3 nutrient formulation. The capsaicin biosynthesis involved the activity of capsaicin synthase in the placental tissue, and capsaicin synthesis might be increased in high temperature, nutrient solution formulation and advancement of fruit maturity. Therefore, high temperature and nutrient solution formulation had important effects on capsaicin contents at both of the fruit maturity stages in sweet pepper cultivars. The improving tendency in yield and yield contributing characters was found in high temperature treatment and customized nutrient formulation in V 6 and V 4 cultivars. In our study nutrient formulation and high temperature had positive effects on yield and yield contributing characters in sweet pepper.
Flexible Aluminum Coordination in Alumino−Silicates. Structure of Zeolite H−USY and Amorphous Silica−Alumina

The aluminum coordination in amorphous silica−alumina with different aluminum concentrations as well as in pure γ-Al2O3 has been studied by means of 27Al (MQ) MAS NMR spectroscopy. The effect of ammonia adsorption at 120 °C has been studied and compared with that on zeolite H−USY, as well as with zeolites with different topologies. As for protonic zeolites, part of the octahedral aluminum reversibly changed to tetrahedrally coordinated upon ammonia adsorption on amorphous silica−alumina. The distinction between flexible aluminum coordination in zeolites and silica−alumina was possibly based on the quadrupolar parameters. Ammonia adsorption on pure γ-Al2O3 did not influence the aluminum coordination. A parallel between the structure of zeolite USY and that of amorphous silica−alumina was made on the basis of the results of 27Al MQ MAS NMR spectroscopy. A partial conversion from octahedral to tetrahedral coordination upon ammonia adsorption was observed for zeolite H−USY. Most of the flexible aluminum speci.
Synthesis of symmetric diallyl disulfides from baylis-hillman acetates

During the past decade, the Baylis-Hillman (BH) reaction has been extensively studied and is now one of the most efficient carbon-carbon bond forming reaction. Much attention has recently been focused on the SN2' nucleophilic substitution of the BH adducts with a variety of nucleophiles and many heterocycles have been synthesizied including quinolines, dihydroquinolines, quinolones, pyrrolidines, coumarins and indoles. It was reported that 2,2'-dithiodibenzaldehyde could be used as a masked thiosalicyl aldehyde in the BH reaction with suitably activated alkenes in the presence of DBU to give thiochromenes. However, the most obvious drawback is that the starting dithiodibenzaldehyde is not available commercially. As part of our continuing studies towards development of the BH chemistry, we desired to have the thiol group at the allylic position of 3-aryl-2-propenoates. To the best of our knowledge, there are only limited number of reports in the literature for the conversion of the BH adducts into the corresponding 2-acetylthiomethyl-2-propenoates in acidic conditions using thiolacetic acid, but the thiolacetylation of the BH acetates is not known. In principle, such acetylthiomethyl compounds after hydrolysis of thiolester group might be extended further toward the building of thiochromene derivatives via an intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction as shown in Scheme 1. The readily available BH acetates 1a-h provided a convenient starting point for the synthesis of 2-acetylthiomethyl-2-propenoates 2a-h. Treatment of the BH acetates 1a-h with thiolacetic acid in the presence of triethylamine at room temperature gave the 2-acetylthiomethyl-2-propenoates 2a-h in good to excellent yields as shown in Table 1 (Scheme 2). The stereochemistry of the products was established by compairing H NMR values of olefinic proton with literature values of similar compounds. In all cases, the stereoselectivity was found to be 100% (E)-selectivity. In order to prepare the unknown thiol derivative 3, we carried out the hydrolysis of thioacetyl derivative 2a with weakly basic NaN3 in aqueous acetone 13 at reflux temperature. The desired allyl thiol 3a was not obtained. Instead, symmetric diallyl disufides 4a produced in 71% yield. This result led us to transform the representative acetylthiomethyl derivatives 2b-h into diallyl disufides 4b-h under the similar reaction conditions. We then examined the effect of the base. In the case of using NaOMe in methanol the same reaction occurred rapidly, but the yields of disulfides are generally low. The results and reaction conditions were summarized in Table 2. The interconversion of thiols and disulfides is a fundamental transformation in organosulfur chemistry and such switching plays important role in biological system. The easy oxidation of thiols on exposure to air is well known. It is also known that autooxidation of thiols is accelerated by bases. Literatures reveal the availability of a Scheme 1 Scheme 2
On the effect of pressure on the phase transition of polymer blends and polymer solutions: Oligostyrene–n-alkane systems

Critical temperatures of some binary solutions of weakly interacting low molecular weight polystyrenes dissolved in linear alkanes (oligoethylenes) were measured over the range 0.1 to 100 MPa. While (dT/dP)crit along the upper critical solution (UCS) locus for a “typical blend” is positive, and for the “ typical solution” can be either positive or negative (but is usually negative), there is no essential difference between blend and solution. Rather, the difference in sign is a consequence of the location of the hypercritical point (that point in (T,P)crit space where (dT/dP)crit changes sign, [(dT/dP)crit = 0 and (d2T/dP2)crit>0], also called the double critical point, DCP), which is normally found at P>0 for solutions but is shifted to P<0 for blends.
Organized monolayers by adsorption. 1. Formation and structure of oleophobic mixed monolayers on solid surfaces

The possibility of producing oleophobic monolayers containing more than one component (mixed monolayers) is investigated. It is shown that homogeneous mixed monolayers containing components which are very different in their properties and molecular shape may be easily formed on various solid polar substrates by adsorption from organic solutions. Irreversible adsorption may also be achieved through covalent bonding of active silane molecules to the surface of the substrate. Details regarding the structure and the formation of mixed monolayers are revealed by means of spectroscopic methods using surfaceactive dyes as monolayer components. By studying the time dependence of formation it is shown that interactions involving both the molecules in the adsorbed state and those in solution lead to large fluctuations in the composition of mixed monolayers containing only reversibly adsorbed components, while irreversible adsorption tends to stabilize certain final compositions which are monotonically approached. It is concluded that adsorption on well-defined solid surfaces might be developed into a suitable method for producing monomolecular films with a controllable molecular organization.
Kinetic roughening of electrodeposited films

Recent work on the kinetic roughening of compact films electrodeposited on two-dimensional substrates is reviewed. We show how characteristic features of the electrodeposition process, in particular mass transport by bulk diffusion in the electrolyte, give rise to morphological instabilities, and present the results of their investigation by linear stability analysis. We then introduce power law descriptions of kinetic roughening and, after a brief discussion of theoretical treatments of electrodeposition incorporating scaling analysis, show that anomalous dynamic scaling describes many experimental results well. Results from Cu films electrodeposited in the absence and presence of organic additives are summarized, and attention is drawn to the possible relationship between the power law exponent βloc (giving the time dependence of the small scale roughness) and the diffusional instability. Further results are presented from other systems including electrodeposited Ni, Ag and alloys, and the major experimental and theoretical challenges that remain are discussed.
The effect of steady flow fields on the isotropic–nematic phase transition of rigid rod‐like polymers

In this paper we study the stability of steady state solutions to Doi’s kinetic equation for rigid rod‐like polymers in an arbitrary flow field. It is found that for a certain range of concentration, the addition of flow to an isotropic phase can induce a transition to the nematic phase, if the flow rate exceeds a certain critical value. This critical flow rate decreases as concentration is increased. For phase transitions occurring in weak flow, exact solutions to this problem are calculated. Unlike the ‘‘free energy’’ approach, these calculations are not restricted to potential flows.
Learn With Us : an evaluation of a film-based training intervention for support workers of people with intellectual disabilities

10 Introduction. 11 Method. 14 Results. 22 Discussion. 42 References. 48 Part Two: Empirical Paper. 55 Abstract. 56. 56 Introduction. 58 Method. 65 Results. 77 Discussion. 91 References. 98
Alterações do solo influenciadas pelo tráfego e carga de um "forwarder" nas entrelinhas de uma floresta de eucalipto

Durante a retirada de madeira de povoamentos florestais as maquinas trafegam numa mesma linha varias vezes, o que pode causar a compactacao do solo. O grau de compactacao, alem do numero de passadas da maquina, pode tambem ser afetado pelo peso de madeira transportado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a compactacao do solo de acordo com a intensidade de trafego e a carga de madeira de um "forwarder". O estudo foi realizado no municipio de Santana do Paraiso, MG, em um Latossolo Amarelo caulinitico. Um povoamento de eucalipto de seis anos de idade com espacamento de 3 x 2 m foi cortado por motosserra, sendo a madeira retirada da area manualmente. Em seguida, demarcaram-se parcelas experimentais compostas por quatro entrelinhas de arvores com 12 m de comprimento, com area de 144 m2 cada. Dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro, testou-se o efeito da intensidade de trafego, no qual um "forwarder" (modelo Valmet 636 S), com tara de 11,9 t, foi carregado com 8 m3 de madeira (densidade de 480 kg m-3) e trafegou sobre a mesma entrelinha por 0, 4, 8 e 12 vezes. No segundo, o "forwarder" recebeu cargas correspondentes a 0, 4, 8 e 12 m3 de madeira e trafegou quatro vezes sobre a mesma entrelinha. Em cada parcela, quatro entrelinhas foram compactadas pelas rodas. O teor de C orgânico era de 2,68 e 2,40 dag kg-1, e a umidade atual do solo, de 15,6 e 17,1 dag kg-1, nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm de profundidade, respectivamente, correspondendo a 78 e 86 % do equivalente de umidade. O teor de argila era de 510 g kg-1 e o de areia, 450 g kg-1. As avaliacoes realizadas apos a aplicacao dos tratamentos, nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm de profundidade, foram: densidade do solo e agregados estaveis em agua. Determinou-se, ainda, a resistencia a penetracao ate a profundidade de 60 cm, com o uso de um penetrometro de impacto, e a percentagem da area superficial coberta com residuos florestais, pelo metodo da corda. Verificou-se que o trafego do "forwarder" aumentou a densidade e a resistencia do solo a penetracao, reduziu a estabilidade de agregados em agua e a cobertura do solo. A maior parte dos efeitos da compactacao foi manifestada por apenas quatro passadas do "forwarder", mesmo quando vazio.
Multi-scale modelling on PM2.5 encapsulation inside doubly-layered graphene

PM2.5 is classified as particles with radii <;2.5 μm. It is evident that the continuous inhalation of such particles results in respiratory diseases such as lung cancer. Therefore, more effective adsorption of PM2.5 becomes crucial to comb the problem and the recent development of nanomaterials could provide a means to absorb and store PM2.5. In this reported work, a multi-scale modelling is used to investigate the storage of PM2.5, in particular carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) inside doubly-layered graphene sheets. While the molecular adsorption is modelled by a modified equation of states in the adsorption regime, the interactions between molecules are captured using a mean field theory. The maximum gravimetric uptake for CO, SO 2 and NO between the graphene of separation 20 A is shown to be 19.45, 26.64 and 24.32 wt%, respectively, where the validity of the current model is confirmed by the case of hydrogen molecules with other experimental and simulations results. For higher temperatures, stronger pressure is needed to reach the same maximum uptakes as given at T = 77 K. The current model possesses the merit of rapid computational speed and is ready to be applied for other nanomaterials without conceptual difficulties. This graphene could be incorporated into an air purification system so as to raise the system's capacity in PM2.5 adsorption.