Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Essence of Agritourism and Its Profitability during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic

The article aims to present the essence of agritourism in the literature regarding the subject of its profitability during the COVID-19 pandemic. To verify the goal, data from our own research was applied. The research was conducted in 2019 and 2020 with the exploratory survey method and an interview questionnaire. Thirty-two service providers running agritourism activities in randomly selected rural communes of the Podlaskie province (communes of Mielnik, Suchowola, Giby, Płaska, and Hajnówka) participated in the study. The Ward cluster analysis method was used to group the counties of the Podlaskie Province in terms of spatial differentiation in the development of agritourism. For this purpose, data provided by the Central Statistical Authority in Poland reported for 2019 and the primary data (research by M. Roman) was applied. In the first part of the article, the authors describe and explain the basic concepts of rural tourism and agritourism based on the literature. The figures were also quoted, for example, the number of agritourism farms in Poland and other European countries. The last part of the study provides the results of our own research. The study demonstrates that in 2020 agritourism was profitable, as the owners of the farms recorded a profit. The research confirms the massive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agritourism. During a pandemic, many people choose places with few people (e.g., rural areas). The research also considered the importance of innovation on agritourism farms and business profitability. The issues discussed in the study relate to current events—scientific studies examining the impact of COVID-19 on agritourism concern other countries; however, the authors were not able to find studies focusing on agritourism farms in Poland. A new element of methodology in this article was to organize the concepts of agritourism and to present the impact of coronavirus pandemic on the profitability of agritourism. It was also essential to present the classification of rural tourism. According to the authors of the study, the problems covered here are new and point to new trends in the development of agritourism during the pandemic.
Leveraging human agency to improve confidence and acceptability in human-machine interactions

Repeated interactions with automated systems are known to affect how agents experience their own actions and choices. The present study explores the possibility of partially restoring sense of agency in operators interacting with automated systems by providing additional information about the system's decision, i.e. its confidence. To do so, we implemented an obstacle avoidance task with different levels of automation and explicability. Levels of automation were varied by implementing conditions in which the participant was free or not free to choose which direction to take, whereas levels of explicability were varied by providing or not providing the participant with the system's confidence in the direction to take. We first assessed how automation and explicability interacted with participants' sense of agency, and then tested whether increased self-agency was systematically associated with greater confidence in the decision and improved system acceptability. The results showed an overall positive effect of system assistance. Providing additional information about the system's decision (explicability effect) and reducing the cognitive load associated with the decision itself (automation effect) was associated with stronger sense of agency, greater confidence in the decision, and better performance. In addition to the positive effects of system assistance, acceptability scores revealed that participants perceived "explicable" systems more favorably. These results highlight the potential value of studying self-agency in human-machine interaction as a guideline for making automation technologies more acceptable and, ultimately, improving the usefulness of these technologies.
Participation in science in secondary and higher education in Scotland in the second half of the twentieth century

ABSTRACT Scientific and mathematical education has expanded in most education systems in the twentieth century, especially in the second half when there emerged the perception among policy-makers that science and technology were essential to a flourishing economy and to individual opportunity. Scotland provides a useful case study of the expansion, for two reasons. One is that it has included natural science in its emerging secondary-school curriculum at an early period by international standards, well before the middle of the century. That inclusion was carried over into the new curricula at the mid-secondary level, which aimed to cater for all students when the public sector of secondary schooling became non-selective after the 1960s. So Scotland is a test case of whether a gradually democratising system of secondary schooling could widen access to science and mathematics, and of whether and how changes at the school level contributed to the expansion of school-leaver entry to science in higher education. The other reason why the Scottish case is potentially revealing is a unique series of surveys of school students that cover the whole of the second half of the century.
Determination of Hesperidin from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae by Microwave Assisted Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Objective A method of microwave assisted extraction followed by HPLC was established for the determination of hesperidin of pericarpium citri reticulatae. Methods Through optimization of microwave assisted extraction method,the optimum conditions were as follows: extraction solvent of 50% DMSO aqueous solution,solid-liquid ratio of 1:10,microwave power of 400 W,irradiation time of 3 min.A C18 column was used with the mobile phase of methanol-0.2% trifluoroacetic acid solution(69:31,V/V) at the detection wavelength of 283 nm. Results The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.7-14.0 μg·mL-1.The average recovery was 101.75% with RSD of 2.53%. Conclusion This method was simple,fast,accurate,and it is adapted to determine hesperidin of pericarpium citri reticulatae.
Data-Driven Services in Insurance: Potential Evolution and Impact in the Swiss Market

Using real-time customer data holds great potential for the insurance industry. The frequency and relevance of interactions can be improved to provide assistance in real time. Better prevention and risk management can significantly improve pricing and reduce losses. These changes, however, hold the potential for structural changes in the industry. This research aims at understanding the potential path of the development of services in insurance and the challenges faced by insurers. A panel of industry experts provided the industry’s view, which was then compared with the responses of 1542 Swiss retail customers. We find that customers have high trust in insurance companies and are open to purchasing additional services, particularly for prevention and assistance. Insurance companies, however, are currently focusing on cost improvement measures. Customers are open to sourcing services from other providers, suggesting that insurance companies need to evolve their approach to take advantage of the current market window.
Emotion Sharing in Preadolescent Children: Divergence From Friendships and Relation to Prosocial Behavior in the Peer Group

We examined the extent to which children’s emotion-sharing relationships were unique from friendships. We also examined the association between emotional experience and emotion sharing as well as the association between emotion sharing and prosocial behavior. Participants were 456 children (Mage = 10.6 years) from the Midwestern United States. Peer nominations and self-report were used to assess study constructs. Despite considerable convergence between friendships and emotion-sharing relationships, children did not share emotions with 31% of close friends and 20% of emotion-sharing partners were not close friends, indicating divergence of the two relationships. Experience of happiness was positively associated with emotion sharing; emotion sharing was positively associated with prosocial behavior. Compared with boys, girls identified more partners and more same-gender peers for emotion-sharing relationships and they shared feelings with friends to a greater extent. We discussed emotion sharing as a compelling means for the development of children’s affective and social competence.
The June–September maximum mean temperature reconstruction from Masson pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb.) tree rings in Macheng,southeast China since 1879 AD

High-resolution and accurately dated tree-ring material is one of the major tools for studying past climate change during the last millennia. However,to date,dendroclimatological studies in southeast China are scarce because of the complicated relationship between tree rings and climatic factors,as well as the paucity of old trees and difficulties in dating. In the present paper,two Masson pine tree-ring chronologies(HTG0 and HTG2) were developed in Macheng,a junction area of three provinces(Hubei,Anhui and Henan) in southeast China. Strongly negative relationships were detected between the ring width and the seasonal mean and maximum temperatures from September to October,current March to April and June to September. The strongest correlation was identified between HTG0 and the maximum mean temperature from June to September(Tmax6–9,r=-0.61,P0.001). A simple regression model was designed to reconstruct Tmax6–9 from 1879 to 2011. The reconstruction accounts for 37.2% of the explained variance of instrumentally observed Tmax6–9 over the period 1959–2008. The reconstructed temperature displayed an asymmetric "W" type. A long,gradually decreasing trend from 1879 to 1951,and an increasing trend since 1983 were observed. Moreover,two cold(1940–1957; 1971–1998) and two warm(1959–1970; 1999–2011) intervals were identified during the past 133 years. In addition,spatial correlation analysis revealed that the Tmax6–9 reconstruction was regionally representative for a large area of southeast China,especially extending to the west of the sample site. This was also verified by other tree-ring based temperature series around this region. This study is expected to clarify the climatic conditions in southeast China beyond the instrumental record,as well as the possible response of Masson pine to future global warming for forest management purposes.
A Linearized Approach for the Electric Light Commercial Vehicle Routing Problem Combined with Charging Station Siting and Power Distribution Network Assessment

Transportation electrification has demonstrated a significant position on power utilities and logistic companies, in terms of assets operation and management. Under this context, this paper presents the problem of seeking feasible and good quality routes for electric light commercial vehicles considering battery capacity and charging station siting on the power distribution system. Different transportation patterns for goods delivery are included, such as the capacitated vehicle routing problem and the shortest path problem for the last mile delivery. To solve the problem framed within a mixed integer linear mathematical model, the GAMS software is used and validated on a test instance conformed by a 19-customer transportation network, spatially combined with the IEEE 34 nodes power distribution system. The sensitivity analysis, performed during the computational experiments, show the behavior of the variables involved in the logistics operation, i.e., routing cost for each transport pattern. The trade-off between the battery capacity, the cost of the charging station installation, and energy losses on the power distribution system is also shown, including the energy consumption cost created by the charging operation.
The Effect of Locomotion Mode on Body Shape Evolution in Teleost Fishes

Abstract Teleost fishes vary in their reliance on median and paired fins (MPF) or undulation of the body (BCF) to generate thrust during straight-line, steady swimming. Previous work indicates that swimming mode is associated with different body shapes, though this has never been empirically demonstrated across the diversity of fishes. As the body does not play as active a mechanical role in steady swimming by MPF swimmers, this may relax constraints and spur higher rates of body shape diversification. We test these predictions by measuring the impact of the dominant steady swimming mode on the evolution of body shape across 2295 marine teleost fishes. Aligning with historical expectations, BCF swimmers exhibit a more elongate, slender body shape, while MPF propulsion is associated with deeper and wider body shapes. However, in contrast to expectations, we find that BCF propulsion is associated with higher morphological diversity and greater variance around trait optima. This surprising result is consistent with the interpretation that stronger functional trade-offs stimulate phenotypic evolution, rather than constrain it.
Comparing Mitigation Strategies for Supply Chain under Operational Disruptions Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Although supply chain disruptions have been under study since the 1990’s, they attracted more attention last year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Not only researchers, but all people realized how disruptions can negatively affect the performance of business, and supply chains. Mitigation strategies are the way to “be better prepared” for such disruptions. This paper aims at evaluating the performance of five different mitigation strategies for a multi-period supply chain under operational disruptions. The disruptions under consideration are capacity, and demand disruptions, whether separate or simultaneous. Integer linear programming is used to design the supply chain network. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed mitigation strategies under different disruption scenarios. Results reveal that the mitigation strategies that perform better regarding financial performance measures, perform worse regarding customer satisfaction performance measures. The model helps decision makers to decide the most suitable mitigation strategy according to their priorities.
The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Oral Health Care Workers and its Impact on Their Willingness to Work During this Pandemic

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between the psychological status of oral health care workers (OHCWs) and the willingness to treat a patient during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was carried out on oral health care workers at ten different dental hospitals in Pakistan from March to July 2020. Information on the socio-demographic status, and willingness to report for duty and treat patients during the COVID-19 pandemic were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was assessed using the Urdu version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and Impact of Events Scale. Simple and multiple linear regression tests were used for analysis. A total of 392 OHCWs participated in this study and 25% of them had moderate to severe anxiety levels and only 14% had post-traumatic stress disorder. About 26% of the OHCWs were willing to work and treat patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and they had lower anxiety and stress scores. Greater anxiety and stress were associated with participants who were older, female, single, married, living with family and friends. The adjusted coefficients of GAD and IES scores were greater in participants who were not willing and unsure to work compared to their colleagues who were willing. The OHCWs are anxious and stressed because of the COVID-19 outbreak and that affects the perception of whether they should work and treat patients during the pandemic.
Structural and functional characteristics of Japonica rice starches with different amylose contents

ABSTRACT Fully understanding the structures and properties of starches with different amylose contents is important to agriculture and food industries. Structural and functional characteristics of three Japonica rice starches differing in amylose content (<0.5%, 18.8%, and 33.3% for waxy, normal, and high-amylose varieties, respectively) were investigated using a range of characterization methods. As amylose content increased, the weight-average molecular weight, short-range order, relative crystallinity, and lamellar peak intensity of starch decreased. High-amylose starch contained a lower proportion of A chains than waxy and normal starches. High-amylose starch displayed a C-type crystalline structure, different from the A-type crystalline structure of waxy and normal starches. Compared with waxy and normal starches, high-amylose starch exhibited higher granule size (volume-average diameter), pasting temperature and higher resistant starch content, but lower peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, swelling power, and rapidly digestible starch content. These results can provide reference for the exploitation of Japonica rice starches.
Bacterial Succession Pattern during the Fermentation Process in Whole-Plant Corn Silage Processed in Different Geographical Areas of Northern China

Whole-plant corn silage is a predominant forage for livestock that is processed in Heilongjiang province (Daqing city and Longjiang county), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Helin county and Tumet Left Banner) and Shanxi province (Taigu and Shanyin counties) of North China; it was sampled at 0, 5, 14, 45 and 90 days after ensiling. Bacterial community and fermentation quality were analysed. During fermentation, the pH was reduced to below 4.0, lactic acid increased to above 73 g/kg DM (p < 0.05) and Lactobacillus dominated the bacterial community and had a reducing abundance after 14 days. In the final silages, butyric acid was not detected, and the contents of acetic acid and ammonia nitrogen were below 35 g/kg DM and 100 g/kg total nitrogen, respectively. Compared with silages from Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, silages from Shanxi contained less Lactobacillus and more Leuconostoc (p < 0.05), and had a separating bacterial community from 14 to 90 days. Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with pH in all the silages (p < 0.05), and positively correlated with lactic and acetic acid in silages from Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia (p < 0.05). The results show that the final silages had satisfactory fermentation quality. During the ensilage process, silages from Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia had similar bacterial-succession patterns; the activity of Lactobacillus formed and maintained good fermentation quality in whole-plant corn silage.
Competing and Interfering Conflict: Insights from Decision-Making Tasks

Cognitive control, the most distinguishing characteristic of human behavior, is typically studied by conflict paradigms, in which conflicts are induced by goal-irrelevant stimuli (interfering conflict). We argue that competing conflict, where all stimuli need to be processed, is more basic and can also be measured using a decision-making task. In the current study, participants completed modified versions of the backward masking majority function task and the Flanker task to compare the two types of conflict in several dimensions, including reaction and resolving time, effects related to cognitive control (conflict adaption and error-related slowing), inter-stimuli distance, and uncertainty of the location. The results of these comparisons illustrate the unity and diversity of these two types of conflict. The potential application of the computational model in competing conflict is also discussed. The results will not only deepen our understanding of cognitive control and decision-making but also contribute to other areas like artificial intelligence.
Influence of servicescape on behavioural intentions through mediation and moderation effects: A study on Malaysia’s full-service restaurants

Abstract Restaurant servicescape domain consists of physical and social aspects. Surprisingly, both aspects have been studied independently. This study aims to investigate the unanimous effects of servicescape on consumer behaviour in a full-service context (Malaysia) through the mediating and moderating effects of customer satisfaction and perceived crowding. Online survey method was used for data collection. 300 respondents completed and returned the questionnaire. Only 200 properly filled responses were subjected to data analysis using the Smart PLS-SEM technique. Based on the results, servicescape (3rd order construct) directly influenced eWOM and repurchase intentions. An indirect effect through partial mediation of customer satisfaction was also found. Furthermore, perceived crowding positively moderated the relationship between servicescape and customer satisfaction. Limited number of studies have investigated the holistic effects of servicescape on consumption evaluation and consumer behaviour. This is the first study on full-service restaurant context, investigating servicescape as a higher-order construct. Full-service restaurants need to be conscious of servicescape elements to maintain an acceptable level of crowding and to positively influence consumer behaviour.
Seasonal Variation of Methane Microseepage in the Dawanqi Oilfield (China): A Possible Climatic Control

Natural gas microseepage in petroleum‐bearing sedimentary basins is an important complement to geophysical methods in oil‐gas exploration and a natural source of methane (CH4) for the atmosphere. Microseepage, typically occurring in correspondence with petroleum fields throughout the world, is generally lower in summer, due to temperature‐driven methanotrophic consumption, and higher in winter. The global estimates of microseepage methane emission have, however, relatively high uncertainties because of limited amounts of flux data, leading to poor knowledge of the spatial distribution and temporal variability of the gas emission factors. We studied the seasonal variation of microseepage flux to the atmosphere from a petroleum field in China (the Dawanqi oilfield), through methane flux measurements performed in summer 2014, winter 2015, and summer 2019. Winter data refer to frozen soil conditions, with snow cover and ice thickness in the soil exceeding 60 cm. Gas concentration (CH4, CO2, C2+ alkanes) and stable C isotopic composition of CH4 and CO2 in shallow (4 m deep) boreholes confirmed the existence of thermogenic gas seepage. Methane microseepage is higher in summer and lower or nil in winter. This seasonal trend is opposite to what was observed in areas where winter soil is not or poorly frozen. Our data suggest that seasonal microseepage variation may not be univocal worldwide, being strongly dependent on the presence of ice and snow cover in winter. The regional increase of temperature due to climate change, already demonstrated for the Tarim Basin over the last 50 years, could, in the future, reduce winter ice and enhance annual methane emission to the atmosphere.