Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rearing in Enriched Hatchery Tanks Improves Dorsal Fin Quality of Juvenile Steelhead

Abstract The present study compared the dorsal fin condition of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in conventional hatchery tanks, enriched hatchery tanks (i.e., with the addition of submerged structure, overhead cover, and underwater feeders), and a natural stream to determine whether structural enrichment would reduce dorsal fin erosion in hatchery-reared fish. Dorsal fin height at 27 d postemergence did not differ significantly between the two hatchery rearing treatments. Steelhead reared in the conventional tanks had dorsal fins 78% as long as steelhead reared in enriched tanks and in the natural stream at 50 d postemergence (P < 0.05) and 45–55% as long at 64 d postemergence (P < 0.05). Variation in fin length did not substantially affect the ability to achieve dominance in agonistic contests for feeding territories; fish with longer dorsal fins won approximately 57% of contests against fish with fins that were 25% shorter on average. Rearing methods (such as structural enrichment), that s.
Inventaire des espèces de mouches des fruits sur goyave dans la région de Yaoundé au Cameroun

Introduction . Cette etude a eu pour objectif d’identifier les principales especes de mouches des fruits (Diptera, Tephritidae) d’importance economique, infeodees au goyavier dans les vergers fruitiers de la province du Centre, au Cameroun. Materiel et methode . Ce travail a ete realise dans trois localites (Yaounde, Bikok et Esse) de la zone humide du pays. Un total de 270 fruits infestes a ete collecte, puis mis en observation jusqu’a emergence des adultes. Resultats . Les fruits collectes ont permis de recolter 1260 puparia a partir desquelles trois especes de mouches des fruits ont ete identifiees : Ceratitis anonae qui represente 64 % des adultes obtenus, Bactrocera invadens (35 %) et B. mesomelas (1 %). Les deux premieres especes, presentes dans les trois localites, sont d’importance economique. B. invadens est une nouvelle espece invasive pour le Cameroun, tandis que B. mesomelas , non observee a la peripherie de Yaounde, est nouvellement citee pour ce pays. Conclusion . Ce premier travail d’inventaire devra etre suivi d’une etude sur la distribution des especes identifiees, la gamme de leurs plantes-hotes, l’evolution de leurs populations et leurs ennemis naturels. Des etudes complementaires plus specifiques devraient permettre d’ameliorer les connaissances sur les especes de mouches de fruits du Cameroun en vue de la mise en place d’une lutte integree contre ces importants ravageurs.
Acoustic-Based Emergency Vehicle Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks

This work investigates how to detect emergency vehicles such as ambulances, fire engines, and police cars based on their siren sounds. Recognizing that car drivers may sometimes be unaware of the siren warnings from the emergency vehicles, especially when in-vehicle audio systems are used, we propose to develop an automatic detection system that determines whether there are siren sounds from emergency vehicles nearby to alert other vehicles’ drivers to pay attention. A convolutional neural network (CNN)-based ensemble model (SirenNet) with two network streams is designed to classify sounds of traffic soundscape to siren sounds, vehicle horns, and noise, in which the first stream (WaveNet) directly processes raw waveform, and the second one (MLNet) works with a combined feature formed by MFCC (Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients) and log-mel spectrogram. Our experiments conducted on a diverse dataset show that the raw data can complement the MFCC and log-mel features to achieve a promising accuracy of 98.24% in the siren sound detection. In addition, the proposed system can work very well with variable input length. Even for short samples of 0.25 seconds, the system still achieves a high accuracy of 96.89%. The proposed system could be helpful for not only drivers but also autopilot systems.
Outcrossing and paternity in Glycine argyrea by paired fruit analysis

Glycine argyrea (Fabaceae), a perennial wild relative of soybean, has a dual flowering strategy of both self-fertilized cleistogamous flowers and chasmogamous flowers on the same plant. Using allozyme polymorphisms the frequency and pattern of outcrossing was determined. The genotypes of seeds from each of several fruit (legumes) per plant were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis, and the maternal genotype inferred. The maximum likelihood estimates of outcrossing rate for the chasmogamous flowers averaged 0.38. The observed level of heterozygosity in the adult population (h = 0.25) compared with the level expected under random mating (h = 0.32) indicated that partial outcrossing was typical of this population. To analyse the mating pattern further, the pollen genotypes of several seeds per legume for pairs of legumes from the same plant were determined. About 35% of fruit from chasmogamous flowers had no genetically detectable outcross progeny, presumably because they were not cross-pollinated effectively. The majority of the remaining fruit had seed which were of mixed origin (both self-fertilized and outcrossed), suggesting that insect pollination does not preclude self-fertilization. As might be expected from this entomophilous pollination system, the pollen of outcrossed seed within one fruit usually (85% of cross-pollinated legumes) came from one male source. Evidence of pollen carry-over was found in the other legumes. The joint distribution of male sources among the pairs of legumes (paired fruit analysis) showed that non-self sources were shared in 30% of pairs. The probability that two outcrossed seeds from the same fruit would be half-sibs was estimated as 0.15, and for two seeds from different fruit on the same plant as 0.42. There is a hierarchy of genetic identity within and among legumes on the same plant, and on different plants, providing scope for the operation of selection at different levels.
The marine algae of British Columbia, northern Washington, and southeast Alaska: division Rhodophyta (red algae), class Rhodophyceae, order Gigartinales, family Dumontiaceae, with an introduction to the order Gigartinales

The benthic marine algal order Gigartinales (Rhodophyta) is introduced, and a key to the families found between Cross Sound, Alaska, and northern Washington is provided. The family Dumontiaceae is monographed. Ten of 16 currently recognized genera and 14 of some 48 recognized species are described and illustrated: Constantinea rosa-marina (Gmelin) Postels et Ruprecht, C. simplex Setchell, C. subulifera Setchell, Cryptosiphonia woodii (J. G. Agardh) J. G. Agardh, Dilsea California (J. G. Agardh) Kuntze, Dumontia contorta (Gmelin) Ruprecht, D. simplex Cotton, Farlowia mollis (Harvey et Bailey) Farlow et Setchell in Collins, Holden, et Setchell, Neodilsea borealis (Abbott) Lindstrom, N. natashae Lindstrom, Orculifilum denticulatum Lindstrom, Pikea californica Harvey, Thuretellopsis peggiana Kylin, and Weeksia coccinea (Harvey) Lindstrom. Farlowia compressa J. G. Agardh is recognized as a taxonomic synonym of F. mollis, and Pikea robusta Abbott as a taxonomic synonym of Pikea californica. Vegetative keys to t.
Karyotypic polymorphism and evolution within and between the Liolaemus monticola (Iguanidae) "northern 2n = 38-40" chromosome race populations in central Chile

Se cuantificaron los "genotipos" cromosomicos para 359 lagartijas de 21 muestras poblacionales de la raza "Norte, 2n = 38-40" comprendida entre los rios: rio Maipo y uno de sus afluentes el rio Yeso y rio Aconcagua (y uno de sus afluentes el rio Juncal). Con fines comparativos agregamos una muestra de la zona de hibridacion interracial, algunas muestras representativas de la raza "Sur 2n = 34" y una de la raza "multiples fisiones 2n = 42-44". Los siete primeros pares cromosomicos variables fueron codificados como genotipos mendelianos y resumidos en varios algoritmos de agrupaciones y de genetica de poblaciones. La diferenciacion espacial y temporal fue pesquisada por las frecuencias cromosomicas, la diversidad cromosomica y la heterocigocidad. Si bien en la raza "Norte 2n = 38-40" no encontramos diferenciacion para la diversidad cromosomica, las frecuencias y la heterocigosidad cromosomicas muestran una significativa diferenciacion espacial, permite distinguir las poblaciones procedentes de la cordillera de La Costa, cordillera de Los Andes y cordon transversal. La muestra Cuesta de Chacabuco (Transversal) podria corresponder a una zona de hibridacion entre los restantes rangos. La comparacion entre las razas cromosomicas en relacion al origen de los rearreglos cromosomicos, a la citogenetica poblacional y a los patrones de recombinacion genetica resultantes de la heterocigosidad, permiten expandir el area de estudio y discutir la evolucion de este complejo en Chile, destacando la importancia de algunas barreras biogeograficas como los rios de Chile Central
DNA barcoding and species delimitation: the Stylodrilus heringianus case (Annelida : Clitellata : Lumbriculidae)

Abstract. Individuals of the aquatic oligochaete species Stylodrilus heringianus Claparède, 1862 were collected across a part of this species’ distribution range in Sweden, Estonia, Great Britain and Spain to test whether they represent a single metapopulation or several separately evolving lineages. Using sequences of the barcoding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and two nuclear genes (internal transcribed spacer region and histone 3), three different approaches were conducted: pairwise distance-method, Bayesian inference and network analysis. Both the COI phylogeny and network analyses were concordant in recovering six haplotype clusters, which showed a maximum genetic distance of 7.7% (K2P) among each other. Nevertheless, nuclear genes failed to confirm any lineage separation, and we conclude that the sampled specimens all belong to the same species. A phylogeographic history with allopatric divergence and secondary contact is suggested to explain this intraspecific pattern of mitochondrial divergence and nuclear non-divergence. The study shows that a mitochondrial single-locus approach can be problematic for the accurate delimitation of species, and we emphasise the need for nuclear genes as supplementary markers, when taxonomic resolution is assessed with COI barcodes.
Carbohydrate composition during seed development and germination in two sub-tropical rainforest tree species (Erythrina caffra and Guilfoylia monostylis)

Summary The low temperature limits to germination (T b ) and carbohydrate composition have been investigated in seeds of two sub-tropical rainforest tree species, Erythrina caffra (with orthodox viability characteristics) and Guilfoylia monostylis (with recalcitrant viability characteristics). Sub-populations of E. caffra seeds demonstrated a requirement for a common base temperature (8.5 °C), contrasting those of G. monostylis that required different base temperatures (6-10 °C). Chilling (at 6-7 °C) of rehydrated dry seeds of E. caffra induced chilling stress (loss of germinability) within 8 hours, unlike seeds of G. monostylis and physiologically mature (but without maturation drying) seeds of E. caffra which tolerated chilling for several weeks. At physiological maturity, seeds of G. monostylis displayed more constituent sugars than those of E. caffra. Maturation drying in seeds of E. caffra was associated with a sharp increase (about 200 % or higher) in starch, disaccharide and oligosaccharide contents. This increase was coincident with a marked decline (over 90 %) or loss of monosaccharides. There was a reduction (generally less than 50 %) in the content of all sugars at maturity in seeds of G. monostylis . In seeds of both species, the time of highest inositol concentration was at physiological maturity when moisture content was about 60-65 % (fresh weight basis). Alpha-amylolytic activity was extremely low or absent during seed development in E. caffra , unlike G. monostylis that had relatively high α-amylolytic activity and monosaccharides content. Seeds of both species exhibited similar sucrose and monosaccharide patterns during germination sensu stricto (when levels decreased) and following radicle emergence (when levels increased). The nature and content of sugars in seeds of these species at physiological maturity might be associated with protection against the effects of chilling. Also, different di-/oligosaccharide accumulation patterns shown by seeds of both species with desiccation appeared consistent with the need for specific protective sugars within seed tissues to ensure desiccation tolerance.
Verification and Generalization of a Degree-Day Model Predicting Pecan Nut Casebearer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Activity

A prediction model for pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella Nuenzig, developed at College Station, Tex. , was tested by using data from Shreveport, La. , and Brownwood, Tex. The procedures used in the original model produced similar results indicating a base temperature of 3.3°C was acceptable at all locations. The best start day was 21 March at Shreveport and Brownwood, compared with 12 March at College Station. This difference in start days may be used to generalize the model to other locations based on the differential in frost-free days among locations and the 9-day differential in the start day between College Station and the other two locations
Resistência mecânica do solo à penetração na bacia hidrográfica do Riacho Fundo, Felixlândia-MG

RESUMO – A compactacao do solo devido ao trafego de maquinas utilizadas no setor florestal causa modificacoes estruturais deste, podendo assim interferir na densidade do solo, velocidade e capacidade de infiltracao de agua e no desenvolvimento radicular das culturas. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho avaliar a resistencia mecânica do solo a penetracao na Bacia Hidrografica do Riacho Fundo, Felixlândia-MG em area de uma empresa do setor florestal localizada no cerrado mineiro. Os testes de resistencia a penetracao foram realizados em fevereiro de 2011, em seis parcelas com plantios de eucalipto localizadas nos talhoes 35, 36, 39, 40, 42 e 44, utilizando-se um penetrometro de impacto. Os talhoes apresentaram valores medios da resistencia mecânica do solo acima de 4 MPa e esses altos valores podem estar associados ao uso do solo que antes dos plantios de eucalipto era pastagem e tambem devido a condicao de baixo teor de umidade do solo no periodo em que foi realizada a determinacao da resistencia mecânica do solo.
Streptococcins of Indigenous Hemolytic Streptococci

Abstract Human hemolytic streptococci were monitored for bacteriocinogenic activity against intra- and inter- generic bacteria. 20% of the isolates showed broad range bioactivity, but non of the producers was antagonistic against closely related streptococci. The bioctivity was resistant to lysozyme and lipase but sensitive to trypsin. The streptococcin preparation remained stable at 2–8 pH range, 100°C (for 10 min) and 80°C (for 120 min). Different preparations retained their bioactivity at -20°C for variable time (2 to 30 days). Streptococein titre was 28 arbitrary units (AU); whereas, lacuna percentage was 14.6. Temperature (40°C) mediated plasmid curing revealed the chromosomal location of the bacteriocinogenic determinants. The bacteriocin protein was found to be 16.6 Kd (by SDS-PAGE).
Genetic and environmental variation among Qatari date palm cultivars assessed by DNA markers

Abstract Date palms are generally propagated by separating the offshoots produced by individual trees. This method maintains the genetic integrity of date palm cultivars. However, well known date palm cultivars that are grown in different environments show little differences in fruit morphology and quality such as color and sweetness. The objective of the present research project is to analyze the genetic diversity among most common cultivars of Qatari date palms as well as the genetic variation within each cultivar grown in different environments in Qatar. Samples of the five most common date palm cultivars in Qatar; Khalas, Sheshy, Rezezy, Barhee and Khanezy were collected at three locations with different environments Al-Shamal, Al-Khour and Al-Rayan, Qatar. For each cultivar, samples were collected from three trees that showed little variation in their fruit morphology and quality. Genetic similarity or diversity among and within these cultivars was then analyzed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 18 ISSR single primers were used to amplify DNA bands using genomic DNA from the date palm samples. All of the primers used have amplified polymorphic bands in the studied cultivars either among the cultivars or within each cultivar in different cultivated environments. The results indicate the existence of genetic variations among the studied cultivars. Moreover, trees of the same cultivar that are grown in different environments show different DNA banding patterns explaining the variation in morphological and quality characters within each cultivar.
On thick and thin enamel in hominoids

Martin (1983, 1985) reviewed the significance of enamel thickness in hominoid evolution. He studied cut faces of hominoid teeth using the scanning electron microscope and related enamel prism packing patterns to both enamel formation rates and enamel thickness, although he did not present primary data on formation rates, which he summarised as being either “fast” or “slow. ” Martin concluded that thick enamel formed at a fast rate represented the ancestral condition in the human and great ape clade. Thin enamel in African apes reflected a secondary reduction in secretion rates, with outer enamel being formed at a slow rate. The present study on ground sections of great ape and human teeth, using polarised light microscopy, was designed to measure the spacing between incremental growth lines in enamel, including striae of Retzius and prism cross striations, to determine rates of enamel formation in hominoids. Measurements on stria spacing showed that striae generally diverged as they passed outwards through enamel in all taxa. Cross‐striation spacings also increased from inner to outer enamel. Secretion rates did not fall into two exclusive categories but varied, giving a spectrum of values generally increasing from within outwards at any one crown level and reducing in cervical enamel. There was no evidence for a reduction in enamel formation rates in outer enamel among African apes. These findings cast doubt on the proposition that the common ancestor of great apes and man had thick enamel formed at a fast rate. It is possible that thin enamel was the primitive condition, in which case thick enamel in humans and in Sivapithecus is derived, suggesting that thick enamel on low cusped teeth evolved on more than one occasion. Copyright © 1991 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company
Shoot differentiation in callus cultures of Datura innoxia

Datura innoxia Mill. callus cultures formed shoots in 2–4 weeks on media containing; a) gibberellic acid, b) indoleacetic acid, c) low concentrations of naphthylacetic acid, d) low concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, e) benzylaminopurine, f) no growth substance. Benzylaminopurine promoted shoot differentiation. Gibberellic acid inhibited shoot formation weakly, but inhibited proper leaf blade formation. Root differentiation was rare. The callus cultures of Datura innoxia grew rapidly (100-fold in 4 weeks) on a slightly modified Murashige and Skoog medium (0.5 mg/l thiamin · HCl, pH 5.5, no glycine) in light at 30°C. Callus grew well on any single one of the growth substances NAA (10−5M), 2,4-D (10−6M) or BAP (3 × 10−6M). Growth was less and more erratic on GA or IAA. The callus cultures did not grow significantly better when BAP was combined with one of the auxins or with GA.
Eficiência de óleos essenciais de canela e cravo-da-índia como sanitizantes na indústria de alimentos

The traditional chemical sanitizers used in the food industry have the disadvantage of a possible development of bacterial resistance and adaptation, interfering with their minimum bactericidal efficiency. Essential oils with antimicrobial activity arouse great interest in the food industry for their possible use as active ingredients of sanitizers. This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon and clove essential oils (EOs) against Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus and Listeriamono cytogenes ) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.) bacteria, as well as compare it with the MIC of sodium hypochlorite, and to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EOs for L . monocytogenes . The microdilution method was used and the EOs were chemically characterized by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The main components of the cinnamon and clove EOs were respectively cinnamaldehyde (67.58%) and eugenol (77.58%). The cinnamon EO MIC was 0.04% for Gram-positive bacteria and 0.2%. The MBC for L . monocytogenes of the clove EO was 0.18%, while the cinnamon EO distinguished itself for presenting MBC < 0.02%, demonstrating the possibility of using these EOs, especially the cinnamon one, as active principles of sanitizers.
SPIDERS IN FLORIDA CITRUS GROVES

The author reports observations on spiders collected during 20 years of ecological investigations of citrus pests. Primitive, haplogyne spiders were represented by 5 species. Cribellate spiders were among the most abundant in the citrus grove; 12 species were taken on the trees. They fed mostly on midges, mosquitoes, and vinegar gnats. Five species of Gnaphosidae are known from citrus litter; those of the genus Drassylus were the most common. Vagrant spiders of the closely related families of Anyphaenidae and Clubionidae were at times quite common. The comb-footed spiders, family Theridiidae, are well represented in Florida citrus groves; altogether, 19 species were recorded. The sheet-web weavers and dwarf spiders were poorly represented; of the 18 orb weavers of the family Argiopidae now known to occur in citrus, only 5 are common to abundant. Although wolf spiders occur in commercial citrus groves, only 4 species have been taken in sufficient number to be considered relatively common. Thomisidae, Heteropodidae, Ctenidae, and Oxyopidae are poorly represented. Salticids are not particularly common; 9 species have been recorded.