Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The optical/infrared counterpart(s) of IRAS 18333-2357

Observations of the potential optical counterparts of the unusual source IRAS 18333-2357 show that this source is associated with an extraordinary planetary nebula system in the galactic globular cluster M22. Three distinct optical objects were found within 2" of the IRAS 18333-2357 position as determined by precisely locating the 20 μm infrared source. One object is a red star with m_v ≈ 14.7 mag, which appears to be an unrelated background field star that is possibly significantly reddened beyond the line-of-sight reddening to M22. The second stellar object is a very blue star with m_v ≈ 14.3 mag located about 1~3 south of the red star. Absorption lines of He 11 and possibly H are present in 4000-5000 A spectra of the stellar pair, similar to spectra of planetary nebula nuclei. The third member of this optical triple is an extended emission line nebulosity approximately 10" x 7" in size, centered about 1" east and south of the red star. The ionized gas in this nebulosity is extraordinarily oxygen-rich and neon-rich relative to both hydrogen and helium compared to the atmospheres of M22 red giants and is substantially oxygen-rich and neon-rich relative to hydrogen in comparison with typical planetary nebulae. This nebulosity is almost certainly in M22. The blue star is also very likely to be a member of M22, the source of ionizing photons for the nebulosity and probably the luminosity source for IRAS 18333-2357. We suggest that the dust responsible for the strong infrared emission of IRAS 18333-2357 is physically associated with the M22 nebulosity. In this case the total nebular mass, comprised of 3-10 x 10^(-4) M_☉ of ionized gas plus > 6 x 10^(-4) M_☉ of silicate or carbon-based grains, is possibly dominated by the dust component. The 0, Mg, Si abundances in the case of silicate grains, or carbon in the case of carbon-based grains, may be enhanced relative to hydrogen by at least a factor of 1000 compared to solar abundances. The relative abundances and mass of the M22 nebula are very unusual among known planetary nebulae. It is speculated that this system in M22 may be the result of the interaction within a close binary system containing at least one 0-Ne white dwarf component, or perhaps related to planetary nebulae like A30 and A78.
Cloud motions on Venus - Global structure and organization

Abstract We present results on cloud motions on Venus obtained over a period of 3.5 days from Mariner 10 television images. The implied atmosphere flow is almost zonal everywhere on the visible disk, and is in the same retrograde sense as the solid planet. Objective analysis of motions suggests presence of jet cores (−130 m s−1) and organized atmospheric waves. The longitudinal mean meridional profile of the zonal component of motion of the ultraviolet features shows presence of a midlatitude jet stream (−110 m s−1). The mean zonal component is −97 m s−1 at the equator. The mean meridional motion at most latitudes is directed toward the pole in either hemisphere and is at least an order of magnitude smaller so that the flow is nearly zonal. A tentative conclusion from the limited coverage available from Mariner 10 is that at the level of ultraviolet features mean meridional circulation is the dominant mode of poleward angular momentum transfer as opposed to the eddy circulation.
Aluminium-stabilized magnesium diboride—a new light-weight superconductor

As a stabilizer for low-temperature superconductors, Al has found limited use due to the metallurgical difficulty and low melting point of Al. However, now that the processing of MgB2 wires at 600 °C has been demonstrated, all of the advantages of Al stabilization can be realized. With Al stabilization in mind, we describe in situ powder-in-tube ‘low temperature processing’ of mixed Mg+B powders in an Al tube lined with a protective Fe barrier. Reaction heat treatment at 600 °C, for up to 3 h, led to complete MgB2 formation; furthermore, no reaction between the Fe barrier and the Al sheath took place at 620 °C. The Fe/Al clad wires showed the same magnetic and electrical properties as those with an all-Fe sheath. The MgB2/Fe/Al conductor, mainly made up of low-density components, will be advantageous for airborne, aerospace, and other applications where weight is important.
Kinetic exchange interaction in a narrow S-band

A new canonical transformation is applied to the Hubbard Hamiltonian under strong correlation with arbitrary n to obtain an effective Hamiltonian which consists of both the itinerant property of electrons in split sub-bands and the Heisenberg-type spin-spin coupling. It reduces to that for a Heisenberg antiferromagnet as t/U to 0, but the intrasub-band electron hopping becomes important as t/U increases. This effective Hamiltonian is suitable for investigating the antiferro-paramagnetic transition.
An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer of a Porous Channel Subjected to Oscillating Flow

Experiments have been conducted to study the heat transfer of a porous channel subjected to oscillating flow. The surface temperature distributions for both steady and oscillating flows were measured. The local and length-averaged Nusselt numbers were analyzed. The experimental results revealed that the surface temperature distribution for oscillating flow is more uniform than that for steady flow. Due to the reversing flow direction, there are two thermal entrance regions for oscillating flow. The length-averaged Nusselt number for oscillating flow is higher than that for steady flow. The length-averaged Nusselt number for both steady and oscillating flows increase linearly with a dimensionless grouping parameter k * /k f (D e /L) 1/2 Pe *1/2 . The porous channel heat sink subjected to oscillating flow can be considered as an effective method for cooling high-speed electronic devices
On the High- and Low- Altitude Limits of the Auroral Electric Field Region

Using measurements from the High Altitude Plasma Instrument (HAPI) on the Dynamics-Explorer 1 (DE-1) spacecraft and the Low Altitude Plasma Instrument (LAPI) on Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE 2), we investigate both die high altitude and low altitude extents of the auroral acceleration region. To infer the high altitude limit, we searched the HAPI data base for evidence of upward-directed auroral electric fields located above the spacecraft when the HAPI spacecraft is above 9000 km altitude. We find that such acceleration is common when DE-1 flies through die auroral oval at an altitude of 9,000-11,000 km. At altitudes above 11,000 km, the fraction of the orbits with evidence of at least a 1000 V potential drop above the spacecraft falls, becoming essentially zero above an altitude of 15,000 km. Above that altitude, small (100 V) potential drops are frequently observed, but only rarely are approx. 1 kV potentials observed, typically associated with polar cap or 'theta' arcs or westward traveling surges. To investigate the low-altitude limit of the auroral acceleration region, we use conjunctions of DE 1 and DE 2 along auroral field lines and match the upgoing fluxes of ionospheric ions observed by DE 2 with the flux of accelerated upgoing ions observed at DE 1. Calculating the ionospheric scale height from the ion and electron temperatures and assuming that the parallel flow velocity is independent of height above 800 km, we calculate the altitude at which the upwelling ionospheric ions are effectively completely lost to upward acceleration. The initial lowest-altitude acceleration process could be either a perpendicular acceleration or a parallel electric field, but it must be sufficient to give the entire distribution escape energy. We find that in the two cases studied, near the region of peak auroral potential drop the altitude of this acceleration was around 1700 km (near the O/H neutral crossover altitude), but was significantly higher (approx. 2000 km) near the edges of the arc, where the potential was lower. The composition of the upgoing ion beam was consistent with these heights, being predominately H(+) near the edges and O(+) near the peak.
Classification of the mapping class groups up to measure equivalence

We study the mapping class groups of compact orientable surfaces from the viewpoint of measure equivalence. In this paper, we announce some classification result of the mapping class groups in terms of measure equivalence and the result that there exist various kinds of discrete groups which are not measure equivalent to the mapping class groups. As a byproduct of the proof, it turns out that the mapping class group is exact.
Nonlinear interaction of outer zone electrons with VLF waves

Analytical expressions have been obtained for three different types of cyclotron‐resonant interaction of a test particle with a monochromatic electromagnetic wave: diffusion, phase bunching, and phase trapping. All three lead to changes in particle energy and pitch angle. They are evaluated for VLF waves and electrons at L = 5.5, to try to account for observed electron acceleration following magnetic storms. The results are that diffusion may be too slow, while phase bunching leads to deceleration. A maximal estimate of phase trapping, considered in isolation, leads to the acceleration of at least some 0.1 MeV electrons to ∼1 MeV in about 1 minute.
Possibilities of LGS application

In report we review aspects related to the implementation of laser guide star (LGS) in an adaptive optics (AO) system. As soon as lasers were proposed to create guide star for adaptive optics, it was realized that the LGS could not be used to measure tilt. In report the analysis of the possibility of tilt-measurement in the framework of using a LGS are discussed. Results of analytical calculations where assumptions made earlier remove are presented. We suggested the use the algorithm of 'optimal' correction for determination correction the wavefront aberration of the science object by means of the measured wavefront LGS. The analytical and numerical calculations are presented. For numerical calculation we used set the various model of turbulence profile. The significant increases in efficiency of phase correction based on this algorithm are achieved.
The Promising Therapeutic Approaches for Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis: Targeting Radiation-Induced Mesenchymal Transition of Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells

Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a common consequence of radiation for thoracic tumors, and is accompanied by gradual and irreversible organ failure. This severely reduces the survival rate of cancer patients, due to the serious side effects and lack of clinically effective drugs and methods. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is a dynamic process involving many complicated and varied mechanisms, of which alveolar type II epithelial (AT2) cells are one of the primary target cells, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of AT2 cells is very relevant in the clinical search for effective targets. Therefore, this review summarizes several important signaling pathways that can induce EMT in AT2 cells, and searches for molecular targets with potential effects on RIPF among them, in order to provide effective therapeutic tools for the clinical prevention and treatment of RIPF.
An Adaptive Vertical Coordinate Formulation for a Nonhydrostatic Model with Flux-Form Equations

Abstract The concept of adaptive vertical coordinates is used to upgrade conventional terrain-following σ coordinates to arbitrary hybrid coordinates. Compared with previous approaches for implementing adaptive coordinates, the method presented here combines unrestricted applicability to nonhydrostatic models with the capability to integrate the atmospheric equations in flux form. The coordinate is based on a three-dimensional field carrying the vertical position of the coordinate surfaces, which is made time dependent by introducing a prognostic equation. As a specific example, the adaptive coordinate is used to emulate a hybrid isentropic system. Idealized tests in which the coordinate surfaces are artificially moved reveal that the ensuing spurious motions are small enough to be negligible in realistic applications. Mountain wave tests demonstrate that the hybrid coordinate remains numerically stable under strong forcing. However, the model layer distribution established with the hybrid isentropic coor.
Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory Schemes for the Interpolation of Mean Values on Unstructured Grids

In this paper the weighted ENO (essentially non-oscillatory) scheme developed for the one-dimensional case by Liu, Osher, and Chan is applied to the case of unstructured triangular grids in two space dimensions. Ideas from Jiang and Shu, especially their new way of smoothness measuring, are considered. As a starting point for the unstructured case we use an ENO scheme like the one introduced by Abgrall. Beside the application of the weighted ENO ideas the whole reconstruction algorithm is analyzed and described in detail. Here we also concentrate on technical problems and their solution. Finally, some applications are given to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the resulting new method. The whole reconstruction algorithm described here can be applied to any kind of data on triangular unstructured grids, although it is used in the framework of compressible flow computation in this paper only.
Solar magnetic field studies using the 12 micron emission lines. I. Quiet sun time series and sunspot slices

The use of the extremely Zeeman-sensitive IR emission line Mg I, at 12.32 microns, to study solar magnetic fields. Time series observations of the line in the quiet sun were obtained in order to determine the response time of the line to the five-minute oscillations. Based upon the velocity amplitude and average period measured in the line, it is concluded that it is formed in the temperature minimum region. The magnetic structure of sunspots is investigated by stepping a small field of view in linear slices through the spots. The region of penumbral line formation does not show the Evershed outflow common in photospheric lines. The line intensity is a factor of two greater in sunspot penumbrae than in the photosphere, and at the limb the penumbral emission begins to depart from optical thinness, the line source function increasing with height. For a spot near disk center, the radial decrease in absolute magnetic field strength is steeper than the generally accepted dependence. 66 references.
An investigation of cylindrical starting flows

9 "Synthetic sapphire, an optical material," Linde Industrial Crystals Bull. F-917B (October 2,1961). 10 Nerem, R. M. , "Stagnation point heat transfer in high enthalpy gas flows. Part II: Shock layer radiative emission during hypervelocity re-entry," Research and Technology Div. , Air Force Systems Command FDL-TDR-64-41 (May 1964). 11 Nerem, R. M. and Stickford, G. H. , "Radiative and convective heating during hypervelocity re-entry," AIAA J. 2, 11561158(1964).
Fluid instabilities in precessing spheroidal cavities

We study by direct numerical simulation the motion of incompressible fluid contained in an ellipsoid of revolution with ellipticity 0.1 or less which rotates about its axis of symmetry and whose rotation axis is executing precessional motion. A solution to this problem for an inviscid fluid given by Poincaré (1910) predicts motion of uniform vorticity. The simulations show how the orientation of the average vorticity of a real fluid is influenced by both pressure and viscous torques exerted by the boundaries. Axisymmetric shear layers appear which agree well with those observed experimentally by Malkus (1968). Shear caused by deviations from a velocity field with uniform vorticity triggers an instability consisting of waves propagating around the average rotation axis of the fluid. The Ekman layers at the boundaries may also become unstable.
Analysis of repeated measures designs with changing covariates in clinical trials

SUMMARY A multivariate model is proposed for analysing repeated measures designs with chang- ing or within-subject covariates. Under the assumption of multivariate normality the likelihood ratio tests are derived for testing certain linear hypotheses. Some special designs are discussed and a numerical example is given to illustrate the method for analysing a two-period crossover design. During a long-term clinical trial, environmental factors can affect a disease condition in different ways: air pollution is likely to influence the frequency of asthma attacks in patients with chronic bronchial asthma; the effectiveness of a therapeutic drug in the treatment of atherosclerosis is probably influenced by factors such as diet, exercise and smoking. Response measurements obtained periodically during a trial are affected jointly by the treatment being received and by certain environmental factors. If the influencing factors are quantified over the periods between successive clinic visits, a repeated measures model can be constructed to accommodate such information. In a between-patient, i.e. parallel-group, design each patient receives the assigned treatment throughout the trial. In a within-patient design, each patient receives some or all of the treatments in an assigned order. Crossover and incomplete-block designs are examples of a within-patient design. A fixed or between-patient covariate remains unchanged during the trial. A changing or within-patient covariate varies from one visit to the next for the same patient. The covariates associated with environmental factors fall into this category. In a within-patient design, the baseline obtained just before the start of each treatment period also falls into this category. A similar situation occurs in a between-patient design when the responses at successive visits are evaluated relative to the corresponding baseline performances. For example, in a parallel-group study designed to evaluate once a day, short acting, therapies in the treatment of chronic stable angina, treadmill walking time is recorded just before the administration of a dose and then at some post-dose time at each clinic visit; the effectiveness of the visit doses is evaluated relative to the corresponding baseline walking times. However, there must be a strong evidence, prior to study initiation, that the baseline values are independent of the assigned treatments whenever baseline is to be used as a changing covariate. The situations described above are special cases of the multiple design multivariate linear model studied by Roy & Srivastava (1963) and Srivastava (1967). This model in
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Medical Education on the Moodle e-Learning Platform

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of learning effectiveness for the courses “Selected issues in visual rehabilitation” and “Ophthalmology and ophthalmic nursing” taught in the years 2009-2011 at the Medical University of Bialystok, Poland. We compared the effectiveness of traditional and distance learning methods; an e-learning platform was implemented experimentally for the purpose of this study. We assessed the usefulness of online learning in terms of organization, knowledge gained and students’ satisfaction with the course. The study was conducted among 75 second year master degree students in the nursing field in the academic years 2009/2010 and 2010/2011. The students were divided into two groups. For the study group of 39 persons (52%), lectures and seminars took place on an e-learning platform, while 36 persons (48%) in the control group attended traditional classes. 80% of students in the e-learning group and 89% of students in the traditional group assessed the organization of both forms of courses positively. The fact that the majority of students in both the e-learning (89%) and traditional classes (86%) gave positive feedback indicates that for both forms there was a high level of content and technical preparedness. The mean scores of the final exam for both courses were 82% in the e-learning group and 79% in the traditional group in the years 2009- 2011. The above results show that both forms of learning are equally effective.
A Comparison of Directional Buoy and Fixed Platform Measurements Of Pacific Swell

Abstract The performance of the Datawell Directional Waverider and the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) 3-m discus buoy, widely used to measure the directional properties of surface gravity waves, are evaluated through comparisons to an array of six pressure transducers mounted 14 m below the sea surface on a platform in 200-m depth. Each buoy was deployed for several months within a few kilometers of the platform. The accuracy of the platform ground-truth array was verified by close agreement of wavenumber estimates with the theoretical linear dispersion relation for surface gravity waves. Buoy and array estimates of wave energy and directional parameters, based on integration of the directional moments across the frequency band of energetic swell (0.06–0.14 Hz), are compared for a wide range of wave conditions. Wave energy and mean propagation direction estimates from both buoys agree well with the platform results. However, the Datawell buoy provides significantly better estimates of directional spread.
Phytochemical Characterization of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) Roots and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential

Matricaria recutita L. , German chamomile, is one of the most widely used medicinal plants, whose efficacy has been proven in numerous studies. However, its roots have attracted only little interest so far, since mainly above-ground plant parts are used for medicinal purposes. To broaden the knowledge of chamomile roots, a profound phytochemical characterization was performed along with a bioactivity screening of corresponding root extracts. While volatile constituents such as chamomillol and polyynes were detected using GC-MS, HPLC-MSn analyses revealed the occurrence of four coumarin glycosides, more than ten phenolic acid esters and five glyceroglycolipids. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated. Polar extracts revealed IC50 values ranging from 13 to 57 µg/mL in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, which is in the same range as reported for chamomile flower extracts. In addition, superoxide radical scavenging potential and mild antibacterial effects against S. aureus und B. subtilis were demonstrated. Moreover, to assess interspecies variation in chamomile roots, extracts of M. recutita were compared to those of M. discoidea DC. Interestingly, the latter revealed stronger antioxidant activity. The presented results aim at the valorization of chamomile roots, previously discarded as by-product of chamomile flower production, as a sustainable source of bioactive phytochemicals.
Development of a Cerebral Autoregulation Model for Use With Clinical Blood Flow Measurements

Cerebral autoregulation is the mechanism which controls blood flow to the brain despite variations in blood pressure. Although important this mechanism is currently not well understood, with autoregulatory failure difficult to diagnose. In this paper we develop a simple model based upon those measurements available in the clinical setting. The model can replicate previous results and is used to investigate a variety of hypothetical autoregulatory responses. Furthermore the model has been extended by including the autoregulatory vessels themselves to explain the observed influence of increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood. A focus on only those measurements which may be realistically obtained in human patients avoids the need for estimating many unknown parameters or the modelling of complex and poorly understood physiological process necessary in previous, more complicated, models.