Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Currency Risk

This article reviews the literature on currency and country risk with a focus on their macroeconomic origins and implications. A growing body of evidence shows that countries with safer currencies enjoy persistently lower interest rates and a lower required return to capital. As a result, they accumulate relatively more capital than countries with currencies that international investors perceive as risky. Whereas earlier research focused mainly on the role of currency risk in generating violations of uncovered interest parity and other financial anomalies, more recent evidence points to important implications for the allocation of capital across countries, the efficacy of exchange rate stabilization policies, the sustainability of trade deficits, and the spillovers of shocks across international borders.
Enhanced Flower Yield and Quality Attributes of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) Inoculated with Phosphorus Solubilizing and Mobilizing Bioinoculants at Different Levels of Phosphorus

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) commonly known as Gul-e-Daudi or „Glory of the East‟ belongs to the family Compositae (Asteraceae) and it is commonly called as “Queen of east”. Chrysanthemum is mainly grown for its cut flower for making bouquets, garlands, veni and for decoration during religious and social functions. Nutrition plays an important role for growth, yield and higher quality of chrysanthemum flowers. The increasing costs of fertilizers prevent their use by poor farmers (Adhikary and Gantayet, 2012). Therefore, nowadays attention is shifted towards the alternate sources i.e., use of bioinoculants. The role of bioinoculants to make the soil healthy as well as make unavailable form of soil nutrients to available form by enhancing mineralization and solubilization process, decomposition of plant residues, stimulating plant growth and development. In soil by adding and microbial agents make easy uptake of nutrients when International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 04 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Cyst‐motile stage relationship and molecular phylogeny of a new freshwater dinoflagellate Gymnodinium plasticum from Plastic Lake, Canada

The dinophyceaen genus Gymnodinium was established with the freshwater species G. fuscum as type. According to Thessen et al. (2012), there are 268 species, with the majority marine species. In recently published molecular phylogenies based on ribosomal DNA sequences, Gymnodinium is polyphyletic. Here, a new freshwater Gymnodinium species, G. plasticum, is described from Plastic Lake, Ontario, Canada. Two strains were established by incubating single cysts, and their morphology was examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cyst had a rounded epicyst and hypocyst with a wide cingulum and smooth surface. Vegetative cells were characterized by an elongated nucleus running vertically and a deep sulcal intrusion. The apical structure complex was horseshoe‐shaped and consisted of two pronounced ridges with a deep internal groove, encircling 80% of the apex. Small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA), large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained from cultured strains. Molecular phylogeny based on concatenated SSU, LSU and ITS sequences supports the monophyly of the Gymnodiniales sensu stricto clade but our results suggest that many Gymnodinium species might need reclassification. Gymnodinium plasticum is closest to Dissodinium pseudolunula in our phylogeny but distant from the type species G. fuscum, as are the other gymnodiniacean taxa.
PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN KEUANGAN DAN KEPRIBADIAN TERHADAP PERILAKU MA NAJEMEN KEUANGAN (STUDI PADA RUMAH TANGGA DI NAGARI PERSIAPAN ANAM KOTO UTARA KECAMATAN KINALI KABUPATEN PASAMAN BARAT)

Manjemen keuangan keluarga perlu dilakukan sebab orang pada dasarnya memiliki ketidak pastian yaitu ketakutan akan masa depan kehidupan finansial, karena pada hakekatnya hidup adalah ketidakpastian dan tidak ada seorangpun yang mampu untuk mencegah kecelakaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) pengaruh Pengetahuan Keuangan terhadap Perilaku Manajemen Keuangan pada Rumah Tangga masyarakat dinagari anam koto utara kecamatan kinali kabupaten pasaman Barat,(2) pengaruh Kepribadian terhadap Perilaku Manajemen Keuangan pada Rumah Tangga masyarakat dinagari anam koto utara kecamatan kinali kabupaten pasaman Barat. (3) pengaruh Pengetahuan Keuangan dan Kepribadian secara simultan terhadap Perilaku Manajemen Keuangan pada Rumah Tangga masyarakat dinagari anam koto utara kecamatan kinali kabupaten pasaman Barat. Penelitian ini termasuk kedalam penelitian kausal asosiatif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah seluruh Rumah Tangga masyarakat dinagari anam koto utara kecamatan kinali kabupaten pasaman Barat sebanyak 73 KK.Teknik penentuan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat pengaruh signifikan antara Pengetahuan Keuangan terhadap Perilaku Manajemen Keuangan pada Rumah Tangga masyarakat dinagari anam koto utara kecamatan kinali kabupaten pasaman Barat. (2) Tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan antara kepribadian terhadap Perilaku Manajemen Keuangan pada Rumah Tangga masyarakat dinagari anam koto utara kecamatan kinali kabupaten pasaman Barat. (3) terdapat pengaruh signifikan antara Pengetahuan Keuangan dan kepribadian terhadap Perilaku Manajemen Keuangan pada Rumah Tangga masyarakat dinagari anam koto utara kecamatan kinali kabupaten pasaman Barat. Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan Keuangan, Kepribadian, Perilaku Manajemen Keuangan
Coastally-adapted: A developing model for coastal Paleoindian sites on the North American eastern continental shelf

Abstract Earth has experienced several phases of glacial and interglacial climates over the past 200,000 years. A majority of that time has been under colder than current conditions. During these periods, large amounts of water were frozen at the poles, which lowered sea-levels by as much as 130 m. The climate has been so weighted toward colder conditions, that 90% of human history has taken place during lower than modern sea-levels. The reintroduction of freshwater into the oceans after the last glacial maximum radically changed global sea-levels, inland water tables, and littoral landscapes. Over the last 20,000 years, approximately 20 million km2 of coastal landscape has been submerged worldwide, an area roughly the size of South America. The inundation of these landscapes has created gaps in our understanding of the history of humans directly interacting with the coasts. Here, I briefly review key global Middle and Upper Pleistocene era (162,000–11,500 years ago) archaeological sites and present a model for eastern coastally-adapted Paleoindian sites on the North American Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (GOM) submerged continental shelf. It is clear from this review that coastally-adapted Paleoindian sites will not likely reflect the quintessential hallmarks of upland Paleoindian sites, with carefully-crafted bifacial projectile points constructed from exotic lithic material, megafaunal remains, ephemeral campsites signifying high mobility. Instead, coastal Paleoindian sites will likely contain micro-blade and utilized flakes technology constructed from locally sourced lithic material in place of projectile points, with few terrestrial fauna, replaced by shellfish middens at longer-term residential sites, within 10 to 12 km of the coast.
Balancing standards and flexibility – Preconditions for a recovery-based tool in a Swedish alcohol and drug treatment context

ABSTRACT This article presents the outcome of the first phase in the development of a recovery capital-based assessment tool in a Swedish alcohol and drug treatment context. In the process of studying the potential usefulness of such a tool, other aspects besides psychometric properties and validity have been examined. The experience and knowledge of professionals in the Swedish alcohol and drug treatment context represent the empirical data. Five group interviews have been conducted with staff from different alcohol and drug treatment facilities in Sweden. The respondents were asked to discuss an outlined idea of a recovery capital-based assessment tool. The transcribed interviews were thematically analysed and divided into three themes: the impact and need for assessment and evaluation, the need for flexibility and simplicity, and the role of the professional. The findings indicate that there is a demand for a strength-based tool in the Swedish alcohol and drug treatment context. There was a divergence between the professionalism of the social work practitioners and the use of assessment tools. To meet this divergence, the professionals emphasized aspects such as simplicity and flexibility. The findings indicate that the conditions are favourable for the implementation of a recovery capital tool in a Swedish alcohol and drug treatment context, but certain questions remain unanswered. This requires further cooperation with professionals, and in particular provides them with the possibility to reflect on its usefulness and applicability, while applying it to their daily work and procedures.
Induction de l'endoderme pré-hépatique par le mésoderme de l'aire cardiaque chez l'embryon de poulet

Dans des travaux anterieurs (Le Douarin, 1961, 1962) j9ai localise les territoires presomptifs du foie chez l9embryon de Poulet de 9 a 15 somites. Ces territoires s9etendent de part et d9autre de l9axe somitique jusqu9au niveau du 15eme somite environ et se reunissent sur la ligne medioventrale dans le repli cardiaque. L9etude des potentialites histogenetiques des differentes regions de ces aires hepatiques a montre que seules les parties contenant le repli cardiaque peuvent fournir du foie lorsqu9elles sont isolees et transplantees en greffes coelomiques (Le Douarin, 1964). Il est apparu ainsi que le territoire presomptif endodermique du foie n9est pas aussi etendu que le territoire mesodermique. Il est localise des un stade precoce dans la levre anterieure de l9ombilic intestinal (Text-fig. 1). Au stade de 20 a 22 somites, la premiere ebauche hepatique apparait dans la levre anterieure de l9ombilic intestinal sous la forme d9une evagination de l9endoderme (Keibel et Abraham, 1900; Brouha, 1898; Choronshitzky, 1900; Hildebrandt, 1902; Kingsbury, Alexanderson et Kornstein, 1956).
Cross-talk between two-component systems in Escherichia coli

Microorganisms are faced with a huge variety of environmental conditions. They use two-component signaling systems to sense and adjust their metabolism accordingly. Such two-component systems are highly abundant in genomes of bacteria, archaea and lower eukaryotes. They are comprised of a sensor histidine kinase and a response regulator which serves as a transcription factor regulating gene expression. Induction of two-component system signaling leads to autophosphorylation of the histidine kinase and the subsequent transfer of the phosphoryl-group to the response regulator. Both modularity and protein sequence similarities can give rise to signal integration between two-component systems at different levels of their signaling pathways. While cross-talk between non-cognate components of two-component systems has been assessed in vitro, not much is yet known about cross-talk in vivo. In this work, we identified in vivo interactions of two-component systems in the enterobacterium Escherichia coli using FRET microscopy. We have also characterized physiological relevant interactions of non-cognate components of the CusS/ CusR and YedV/ YedW two-component systems. In addition, our studies with promoter reporters and transcriptomic analysis showed two interconnection mechanisms, one between the histidine kinases and the non-cognate response regulators, the other on the level of induction of gene expression. Our data provide a detailed understanding of this cooperative regulation of target genes and cross-talk between the CusS/ CusR and YedV/ YedW two-component systems.
MİLLİ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞINA BAĞLI OKULLARDA GÖREV YAPAN ÖĞRETMENLERİN UZAKTAN EĞİTİME YÖNELİK TUTUMLARI (BURDUR İLİ ÖRNEĞİ)

Bu arastirmanin amaci, Milli Egitim Bakanligi’na bagli okullarda gorev yapan ogretmenlerin uzaktan egitime yonelik tutum duzeylerini belirlemektir. Bu arastirma, tarama modelinde bir arastirmadir. Arastirmanin calisma grubunu 2018–2019 egitim ogretim yilinda Burdur ilinin Altinyayla ve Golhisar ilce merkezlerinde bulunan Milli Egitim Bakanligi’na bagli 23 okul ve bu okullarda gorev yapan 204 ogretmen olusturmaktadir. Arastirmanin verileri Agir (2007) tarafindan gelistirilen “Uzaktan Egitim Tutum Olcegi” ile toplanmistir. Orneklemde yer alan ogretmenlerin kisisel ozelliklerini betimlemeye yonelik tanimlayici istatistikler kullanilmis, ogretmenlerin uzaktan egitime iliskin tutumlari ve alt boyutlari incelenmistir. Veriler normal dagilima sahip oldugundan parametrik testler ile analiz edilmistir. Arastirmaya katilan ogretmenlerin %42,2’sinin uzaktan egitim hakkinda cok az bilgiye sahip oldugu; %36,7’sinin uzaktan egitim hakkinda yeterince bilgisi oldugu ve %21,1’inin de daha once degisik kurumlardan uzaktan egitim aldigi sonucuna ulasilmistir. Arastirmada, uzaktan egitimin ozelliklerinin onem bakimindan degerlendirilmesinde “cesitli nedenlerden dolayi mevcut egitimin disinda kalan bireylere de egitim-ogretim olanagi saglamasi” maddesi 4,33 ortalama puanla en onemli ozellik olarak cikmistir. Ayrica uzaktan egitim uygulamalarinda kullanilan iletisim yontemlerinin onem bakimindan degerlendirilmesinde ise en onemli iletisim 4,51 ortalama puanla “internet” olarak belirlenmistir. Arastirmada, ogretmenlerin uzaktan egitime iliskin tutumlari 3,41 ortalama puan ile “yuksek” duzeyde cikmistir. Arastirmada, ogretmenlerin uzaktan egitime karsi tutumlari arasinda; cinsiyet, ogrenim durumu ve brans degiskenlerine gore farklilasma olmadigi fakat mesleki kidem degiskenine gore ise anlamli bir fark oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir.
Pest risk assessment of Diaporthe vaccinii for the EU territory

Abstract As requested by the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) Panel assessed the risk of Diaporthe vaccinii in the EU, focusing on entry, establishment, spread and impacts on cultivated and wild Vaccinium species, the principal hosts being American and European cranberry and blueberry. Several outbreaks occurred in the EU since 1956, but most were eradicated except in Latvia. The Panel considered entry via fruits and plants for planting. The risk of establishment from discarded infected berries is much lower than from infected plants for planting, of which, potted plants and cuttings pose the greatest risk, while plug plants, derived from tissue culture and grown in pest free structures, pose a low risk. Nine per cent of the EU is highly suitable for establishment of the pathogen, mostly in the SE and NE. Following establishment, the pathogen could spread naturally over short range, and by human assistance over long range. Calculations with an integrated model for entry, establishment and spread, indicate that with current regulations, over a period of 5 years, a few hundred cultivated Vaccinium plants and several thousand Vaccinium plants in natural ecosystems would contract the disease. The associated loss of commercial production is small, less than one tonne of berries per year. On natural vegetation, the median impact after 5 years was estimated to be negligible affecting a negligible proportion of the natural Vaccinium population (2 × 10−8). However, the uncertainty of this estimate was high, due to uncertainty about the rate of spread; in a worst‐case scenario (99th percentile), almost 1% of plants in natural areas would become infected. Complete deregulation (scenario A1) was predicted to increase the impact substantially, especially in natural areas, while additional measures (scenario A2) would effectively eliminate the entry of infected plants for planting, further reducing the impacts below the current situation.
Tests of AGN Feedback Kernels in Simulated Galaxy Clusters

In cool-core galaxy clusters with central cooling times much shorter than a Hubble time, condensation of the ambient central gas is regulated by a heating mechanism, probably an active galactic nucleus. Previous analytical work has suggested that certain radial distributions of heat input may result in convergence to a quasi-steady global state that does not substantively change on the timescale for radiative cooling, even if the heating and cooling are not locally in balance. To test this hypothesis, we simulate idealized galaxy cluster halos using the ENZO code with an idealized, spherically symmetric heat input kernel intended to emulate. Thermal energy is distributed with radius according to a range of kernels, in which total heating is updated to match total cooling every 10 Myr. Some heating kernels can maintain quasi-steady global configurations, but no kernel we tested produces a quasi-steady state with central entropy as low as those observed in cool-core clusters. The general behavior of the simulations depends on the proportion of heating in the inner 10 kpc, with low central heating leading to central cooling catastrophes, high central heating creating a central convective zone with an inverted entropy gradient, and intermediate central heating resulting in a flat central entropy profile that exceeds observations. The timescale on which our simulated halos fall into an unsteady multiphase state is proportional to the square of the cooling time of the lowest-entropy gas, allowing more centrally concentrated heating to maintain a longer-lasting steady state.
Kinetics of hydrogen reduction of magnetite concentrate particles at 1623–1873 K relevant to flash ironmaking

The reduction of magnetite concentrate particles by H2 has been investigated in drop-tube reactor (DTR) to obtain a rate equation that can be applied to the design and analysis of an ironmaking flash reactor. The temperature range in this work is 1623 to 1873 K, where the magnetite concentrate particles become molten droplets. Full reduction of the magnetite concentrate is achieved at a residence time greater than 4 s and H2 partial pressure of 0.15 atm within the temperature range investigated. Computational fluid dynamics analysis is used to improve the accuracy of the obtained rate expressions where the variation of particle temperature is taken into consideration. The reduction of magnetite concentrate particles in this temperature range is best described by the nucleation and growth model with an Avrami parameter n = 1 and a first-order dependence on the partial pressure of H2. The activation energy of reaction is 180 kJ mol−1.
Media Personalization during European Elections: the 2019 Election Campaigns in Context
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A discussion on disease severity index values. Part I: warning on inherent errors and suggestions to maximise accuracy

A special type of ordinal scale comprising a number of intervals of known numeric ranges can be used when estimating severity of a plant disease. The interval ranges are most often based on the percent area with symptoms [e.g. the Horsfall–Barratt (H–B) scale]. Studies in plant pathology and plant breeding often use this type of ordinal scale. The disease severity is estimated by a rater as a value on the scale and has been used to determine a disease severity index (DSI) on a percentage basis, where DSI (%) = [sum (class frequency × score of rating class)]/[(total number of plants) × (maximal disease index)] × 100. However, very few studies have investigated the effects of different scales on accuracy of the DSI. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the process of calculating a DSI on a percentage basis from ordinal scale data, and to use simulation approaches to explore the effect of using different methods for calculation of the interval range and the nature of the ordinal scales used on the DSI estimates (%). We found that the DSI is particularly prone to overestimation when using the above formula if the midpoint values of the rating class are not considered. Moreover, the results of the simulation studies show that, if rater estimates are unbiased, compared with other methods tested in this study, the most accurate method for estimation of a DSI is to use the midpoint of the severity range for each class with an amended 10% ordinal scale (an ordinal scale based on a 10% linear scale emphasising severities ≤50% disease, with additional grades at low severities). As for biased conditions, the accuracy for calculating DSI estimates (%) will depend mainly on the degree and direction of the rater bias relative to the actual mean value.
Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica): A Review

Abstract In 1994, the National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program was initiated with funding from a special USDA grant. The 15-yr program provided $4.1 million to support jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host.) research and technology transfer projects in 10 western states. These projects resulted in approximately 80 refereed manuscripts, including journal articles and extension publications. The research covered various topics related to the biology and ecology of jointed goatgrass as well as its management and control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems. This review summarizes the research on jointed goatgrass published after Donald and Ogg's 1991 review, most of which was conducted as part of the USDA-funded National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program. Specific topics that were studied and reviewed here include A. cylindrica genetics, especially as it relates to gene flow and hybridization rates with wheat and fertility of the resulting hybrids; vernalization requirements; seed dormancy, longevity, and germination requirements; competitiveness with wheat; and herbicide resistance acquired through evolution or gene flow from wheat. With respect to management, a wide variety of practices were evaluated, including various tillage types and frequencies; crop rotations, especially diversified wheat production systems that include spring-seeded annual crops; competitive wheat cultivars, seeding dates, seeding density, and row spacing; fertility management, including nitrogen application timing and placement; and field burning. Finally, many studies evaluated the use of herbicides, especially the introduction of imazamox in imidazolinone-resistant wheat cultivars, as well as comparison of adjuvant systems and application timings. In addition to the many management practices that were studied individually, several integrated management systems were evaluated that combined crop rotations, tillage, and herbicide programs. Between 1993 and 2013, weed scientists in 14 western states estimated that jointed goatgrass infestations decreased by 45% to 55% and attributed the reduction to the implementation of more diverse crop rotations, improved cultural practices, and use of imazamox-resistant wheat technology. This is evidence that the practical implications of the National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program have been successfully implemented by growers throughout the western United States.