Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating Time: Comparing the Accuracy of Estimation Methods for Interval Timing

In interval timing experiments, motor reproduction is the predominant method used when participants are asked to estimate an interval. However, it is unknown how its accuracy, precision and efficiency compare to alternative methods, such as indicating the duration by spatial estimation on a timeline. In two experiments, we compared different interval estimation methods. In the first experiment, participants were asked to reproduce an interval by means of motor reproduction, timeline estimation, or verbal estimation. We found that, on average, verbal estimates were more accurate and precise than line estimates and motor reproductions. However, we found a bias towards familiar whole second units when giving verbal estimates. Motor reproductions were more precise, but not more accurate than timeline estimates. In the second experiment, we used a more complex task: Participants were presented a stream of digits and one target letter and were subsequently asked to reproduce both the interval to target onset and the duration of the total stream by means of motor reproduction and timeline estimation. We found that motor reproductions were more accurate, but not more precise than timeline estimates. In both experiments, timeline estimates had the lowest reaction times. Overall, our results suggest that the transformation of time into space has only a relatively minor cost. In addition, they show that each estimation method comes with its own advantages, and that the choice of estimation method depends on choices in the experimental design: for example, when using durations with integer durations verbal estimates are superior, yet when testing long durations, motor reproductions are time intensive making timeline estimates a more sensible choice.
Se Alleviated Oxidative Stress-Mediated Complex Poisoning Mechanism in Pb-Treated Chicken Kidneys: Inflammation, Heat Shock Response, and Autophagy

Background: Lead (Pb) is a toxic environmental pollutant and can exerts toxicity in kidneys. It is known that selenium (Se) has an antagonistic effect on Pb poisoning. However, biological events during the process were not well understood in chicken kidneys.Methods: One hundred and eighty male Hyline chickens (7-day-old) were randomly divided into the control group (offering standard diet and potable water), the Se group (offering Na2SeO3-added standard diet and potable water), the Pb group (offering standard diet and (CH3OO)2Pb-added potable water), and the Pb+Se group (offering Na2SeO3-added standard diet and (CH3OO)2Pb-added potable water). On 30th, 60th, and 90th days, kidneys were removed to perform the studies of histological structure, oxidative stress indicators, cytokines, heat shock proteins, and autophagy in the chicken kidneys.Results: The experimental results indicated that Pb poisoning changed renal histological structure; decreased catalase, glutathione-s-transferase, and total antioxidative capacity activities; increased hydrogen peroxide content; induced mRNA and protein expression of heat shock proteins; inhibited interleukin (IL)-2 mRNA expression, and induced IL-4 and IL-12β mRNA expression; inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin mRNA and protein expression, and induced autophagy-related gene mRNA and protein expression in the chicken kidneys. Supplement of Se mitigated the above changes caused by Pb.Conclusion: Our research strengthens the evidence that Pb induced oxidative stress, inflammation, heat shock response, and autophagy and Se administration alleviated Pb poisoning through mitigating oxidative stress in the chicken kidneys.
Testing for Grammatical Category Abstraction in Neural Language Models

The notion of grammatical categories is fundamental to human language. Humans abstract over individual lexical items to form grammatical categories, such as nouns and verbs in English, and this category membership (rather than lexical identity) governs the applicability of linguistic rules (e.g., nouns can be heads of subjects of a verb). Category membership of new words are rapidly inferred from their linguistic environment: if a speaker of English hears I saw a blick, it is immediately clear that blick is a noun. This knowledge about the novel word’s grammatical category enables speakers to furthermore produce sentences such as We like the blick and The blick jumped, even though these new contexts have no lexical overlap with the context that blick was first observed in. Hence, the identification of a grammatical category allows application of rules that operate over that category, allowing for generalization outside of the context that the novel word has been observed in (Gómez and Gerken, 2000). Can we find evidence of abstract grammatical categories and category-based generalization resembling humans in pretrained neural language models? From the perspective of Cognitive Science, category abstraction in pretrained neural models can provide an argument against the need for an innate bias towards categorization (and prespecification of the set of lexical categories) for learners of language. From the perspective of Natural Language Processing, it is known that contemporary neural models perform well (near 98% accuracy) on benchmarks for part-of-speech (POS) tagging (Bohnet et al., 2018; He and Choi, 2019), and that diagnostic classifiers for probing pretrained models also achieve similarly high performance on POS (Tenney et al., 2019). However, it still remains an open question whether pretrained models can perform category-based generalization using novel words learned from limited contexts, and without being explicitly trained to perform categorization. This is also in line with the problem of out-of-distribution generalization in neural models of language and efforts to develop benchmarks for linguistic generalization that humans are capable of (Kim and Linzen, 2020; Linzen, 2020, i.a.). To this end, we propose a new method inspired by human developmental studies to probe pretrained neural language models, and present experimental results on BERT-large (Devlin et al., 2019). Our method does not require training a separate classifier on top, which lets us bypass the methodological questions raised in the recent literature on the validity of using diagnostic classifiers as probes (Hewitt and Liang, 2019; Voita and Titov, 2020, i.a.).
Effect of Feeding Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal as Feed Additive on the Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicks

The global population is steadily increasing and is projected to include approximately 9.6 billion peoples by 2050. In addition, poultry production has increased during the last few years and in 2020 the OECD (FAO) was predicted to produce around 130 million tons of chicken meat to match the demand of a growing world population. Nowadays, the poultry industry is recognized as a fast growing component of the agricultural sector, which provides protein-rich food at affordable rates. However, this sector has drawn more attention towards environmental and food safety since animals including poultry gut microbes can be the source of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter which can disseminate to humans or act as a pool for antibiotic resistance and transmission and therefore may pose a serious threat to public health (Kumar International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 01 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
EVALUATION IN DIFFERENT GLADIOLUS (GLADIOLUS GRANDIFLORUS L.) VARIETIES FOR SPIKE AND CORM YIELD ENHANCEMENT IN COASTAL TAMIL NADU

Gladiolus is one of the prime cut flower which occupies eight position in global trade among the cut flowers. To bring the gladiolus cultivation under commercial scale in coastal Tamilnadu condition it is imperative to identify suitable varieties. Hence, a field experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with two replications in Department of Horticulture, Annamalai University, during 2017-2018 to find out the suitability of twenty five gladiolus varieties for their growth, flowering, spike yield and corm yield characters under coastal region of Tamil Nadu. The results revealed that there were significant difference among the varieties with respect to vegetative parameters, flower and corm yield. Among all varieties, Sarala and White friendship were found performing better with highest growth, flowering and yield parameters. The maximum dry matter production was recorded in Sarala (37.61g plant) followed by White friendship(36.48g plant) and guvari (36.12g plant) and the minimum dry matter production was recorded in Hunting Song (11.60 g plant). Significantly highest spike length (95.41cm) and rachis length (54.94cm) were recorded in cultivar ‘Sarala’ followed by White friendship and Guvari. However, the maximum of one marketable spike yield per plant was observed in the cultivars Sarala, White Prosperity, Guvari and White friendship. The maximum number of (1.50) corms per plant was recorded in ‘Sarala’ and Guvari while many cultivars viz., Hunting Song, Green Star, Nova Zembla, Purple Flora, Adagio, Karma, Apollo, Morallo and Yellow star have produced only one corm. It could be concluded that the gladiolus varieties Sarala, White friendship and Guvari were found suitable for the coastal region of Tamil Nadu.
Entrepreneurial Survival Values on Tanggui Craftsmen Within the Creative Economy Context

This research is intended to describe the values of entrepreneurship survival on the tanggui craftsmen in Alalak Selatan district located on Banjarmasin city. This research uses descriptive qualitative approach and primary data source obtained through observations and in-depth interviews using analysis technique of Miles and Huberman. The key informants in this research are tanggui craftsmen. The results show that the values of entrepreneurship survival are still developed and adopted among the tanggui craftsmen. Those values are manifested within strategy forms which are: 1) customer selection as the strategy for winning the market; 2) product heterogeneity in shape, size and price as the product expansion; 3) selling price strategy to increase customer demand; and 4) product quality strategy based on raw material quality and tidiness of the product. Those developing values are being affected by some factors such as: 1) environmental conditions such as accessible raw material, tradition, culture and kinship value embraced by the society; 2) the personal characteristic of the founder; 3) using ‘bekawanan’ strategy as the industry structure; and 4) having related work experience before starting the profession as a tanggui craftsmen.
An Assessment of Saudi Hospitals’ Disaster Preparedness

Objective: The study aims to assess the level of Saudi Hospital Disaster Preparedness (HDP). Methods: This study has utilized exploratory quantitative design with a structured self-administered questionnaire. It has adopted a convenient sampling technique, which has included nine hospitals within three Saudi Cities (Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam). The questionnaire contains 48 indicators in six HDP domains: planning, structural, non-structural, management, functional, and human resource competency capacities. Results: The level of Saudi HDP was 69.8%. The domain of management capacity had the highest level of preparedness, at 83.6%, while human resources competency capacity was the least prepared, at 63%. The Spearman correlation revealed a positive significant relationship between preparing to respond to a disaster when occur and all HDP capacity indicators, r (46) = 0.424, p = < . 001. A one-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference in HDP between the three cities; Riyadh hospitals were the most prepared, F (2, 313) = 4.343, p < . 05. It also showed that there were significant differences in preparedness between the MOH, other governmental, and university hospitals; university hospitals were the most prepared, F (2, 313) = 5.087, p < . 05. Conclusion: Overall, Saudi hospitals have a high level of HDP, which indicates that they are likely to function well in the eventuality of disasters. There is a great opportunity to strengthen HDP capacities to improve hospital readiness in the medium-long term. The implemented HDP assessment tool should be built into hospitals’ systems and coordinated among involved governmental sectors.
Molecular Breeding in Maize Improvement Performance of Foliage Filler Crops under Rubber Plantation

Plantation refers to the monoculture crops, which are cultivated on an extensive scale over a large area. Among the plantation crops, rubber is one of the important crops which play an important role in income generation for small-scale farmers in the humid and subhumid tropics. Though rubber is a remunerative plantation crop, the initial seven year period remains unproductive and the land efficiency in these plantations is low. The wider alley space available between the rubber trees offers a scope for intercropping. Intercropping with short duration annuals and semi perennials enhance both land use efficiency and income generation. Fillers and foliage form the backbone of cut-flower arrangements. Most of the foliage plants are shade loving. By introducing these plants under the shade of rubber will solve the purpose of improving the land use efficiency of rubber plantations as well as to generate additional income. These foliages if grown as mono crop, requires shade for their growth and construction of artificial shade structure increases the cost of cultivation of these cut foliages. But, if the natural rubber shade is utilized to grow, these shade loving foliages become economically important.
Effect of Ginger-Naproxen on Knee Osteoarthritis: A Clinical Study

Objective: To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of ginger with naproxen, in treating knee osteoarthritis.Study design and setting: Randomized clinical trial conducted in medicine department OPD of National Medical Center,Karachi from 21st September 2018 till 31st March 2019.Methodology: This study was conducted on 60 patients of knee osteoarthritis. After written informed consent, the patientswere randomized to two groups. Group A received tablet naproxen 500mg and capsule ginger 550mg, twice daily and groupB was given tablet naproxen 500mg twice daily. Total 53 patients finished the study (group A: n=27 and group B: n=26). Baseline pain (Visual Analogue Scale) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC)scores were noted at the beginning of study and reassessed after 6 weeks of the intervention. Safety profile of the drugswas assessed by observing adverse effects. Independent t-test was applied to check difference between the two groups.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: Before the intervention no significant difference was observed in two groups. However significant difference wasobserved between the groups in pain (p=0.019) and WOMAC (p=0.020) scores after 6 weeks of intervention. Moreoverthere was no significant difference (p=0.914) in occurrence of adverse effects between the two groups at the end of 6 weeksof study.
Analysis of Ethernet Control Network

Building a reliable communication network is a challenging task using the standard Ethernet as the medium for control and data acquisition networks. Such sensor-actuator networks could be distributed across multiple locations across a building. Packet retransmissions and losses could be critical when Ethernet is used for closed-loop controls and measurements. There could be multiple design challenges to build such networks such as total-traffic, compact node design, bandwidth limitations, packet retransmissions, delays, drops etc. In this paper, we report how we implemented a reliable http-based automation network of large interconnected microcontroller-based nodes with a careful design of hardware, firmware components and a new application-layer faulty-node-filter-algorithm. It analysed some of the top causes of poor network performance within such control networks using a popular network protocol-analyser “Wireshark”. Though Ethernet seemed the most future promising, it has the single drawback of nondeterministic packet transfers. Additional research is carried out to prove that IEEE 802.3 standard Ethernet could be used in applications like our slow-cryogenics-control systems of linear Accelerators to build an error-free, near deterministic control-application. This approach allowed the continued use of conventional Ethernet networking components. even for the control networks and the same communication medium. The tested system is distributed within a private LAN of more than 50 embedded servers each of which is built out of on-chip TCP/IP stacks implemented on ARM processors as nodes, for a successfully implemented Cryogenic control network of Superconducting linear Accelerator at Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, India.
The Effects of Job Autonomy, Organizational Learning, and Work Environment on Organizational Commitment of Public Sector Employees in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

Many employers and researchers across the globe have, over the years, adopted different approaches that can ensure employees' commitment to an organization. In this study, we seek to find a linkage between Job Autonomy, Organizational Learning, and Work Environment towards Organizational Commitment of public sector employees in Ghana. Data were obtained from three hundred and thirty (330) employees of five (5) Metropolitan, Municipal and Districts Assemblies (MMDAs) in the Ashanti Region of Ghana through the use of simple random probability sampling. However, three hundred and fifteen (315) accurate responses were used in the analysis due to incomplete and missing figures. Data were analyzed using partial least squared based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings revealed that organizational learning has the greatest outcome on organizational commitment and was statistically significant at p< 0.05. This finding provides useful suggestions for institutions, employers, and policymakers to promote organizational learning among employees through in-service trainings, knowledge distribution, and group behavior. The result can serve as a practical tool to boost organizational commitment towards achieving organizational goals.
Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Refugee and Migrant Patients in a Primary Healthcare Setting in Greece: A Pilot Intervention

Over the past years there is a substantial wave of migrants and refugees all over the world. Europe accepts approximately one-third of the international migrant population with Greece, in particular, having received large numbers of refugees and migrants by land and sea since the beginning of the civil war in Syria. Diabetes, a non-communicable disease, is a global health problem, affecting people in developing countries, refugees and migrants, and its basic treatment tool includes self-management and education. In this pilot study, we organized educational, interactive group sessions for diabetic refugees, based on culture, health, and nutritional needs according to a questionnaire developed for the study. The sessions were weekly, for two months, in the context of primary healthcare, organized by a dietitian. Nine individuals completed the sessions, five of nine were diagnosed in Greece and seven of nine needed diabetes education. Their waist circumference was above normal and they were all cooking at home. Their nutritional habits improved by attending the sessions and the interaction helped their social integration. They all found the sessions useful, and felt more self-confident regarding diabetes control and healthier.
Measurement of Laminar Flame Speed and Chemical Kinetic Model of 1-Pentene/Air Mixtures

ABSTRACT 1-Pentene is the main composition of alkene in practical gasolines. Laminar flame speeds of 1-pentene/air were measured in a constant volume combustion bomb at initial pressures of 0.1 MPa and 0.3 MPa, initial temperatures of 350 K and 450 K, and equivalence ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.6. A new chemical model including 83 species and 560 reactions was developed by reaction pathway analysis for mechanism reduction and core mechanism combination based on the available detail models, which can be better predicted laminar flame speed and ignition delay time in all tested conditions. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the laminar flame speed of 1-pentene/air mixtures mainly results from the thermal effect at different initial temperature, and the chemical effect at various equivalence ratios. The analyses also show that the initial pressure affects the relative contribution of the H and OH radicals to the laminar flame propagation of 1-pentene and the effect becomes smaller between H and OH radicals with the increase of equivalence ratio.
Grouped variable selection with prior information via the prior group bridge method

In a multiple regression with grouped predictors, it is usually desired to select important groups as well as to select important variables within a group simultaneously. To achieve this so-called “bi-level selection,” group bridge has been developed as a combination of group-level bridge and variable-level lasso penalties. However, in many scientiﬁc areas, prior knowledge is available about the importance of certain groups of predictors, leading to the necessity of methodological development to incorporate such valuable information. For a prior-informative group, we propose a new penalty called “group ridge” as a combination of group-level ridge and variable-level lasso penalties, which always preserves this group while selects important variables in it. Then, we propose a composite group penalization named “prior group bridge” by applying group ridge and group bridge to prior-informative groups and groups with no prior information, respectively. We prove that prior group bridge achieves estimation and group selection consistencies given that the prior information is correct. In addition, we demonstrate the empirical advantage of prior group bridge over group bridge in terms of estimation, group and variable selection, and prediction through simulation studies. Finally, we apply prior group bridge to a genetic association study of bipolar disorder to illustrate its applicability and eﬃcacy in real applications.
Agronomic evaluation of different banana cultivars in tarai regions of Uttarakhand

Field experiment was undertaken during the year 2019-2020 to assess the agronomic performance of different banana cultivars and to select the cultivar ideally suited to tarai regions of Uttarakhand. The study was performed with seven different banana cultivars namely Basrai Dwarf, Grande Naine (G-9), Poovan, Ney Poovan, Monthan, Red Banana and Nendran. Among these, Grande Naine (G-9) proved significantly superior, with regard to yield characters and agronomic attributes closely followed by Basrai Dwarf. This result is also supported by correlation study among the different attributes which showed that the bunch weight decreases if vegetative growth is more and crop duration is longer.