Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hot carbon corona in Mars' upper thermosphere and exosphere: 2. Solar cycle and seasonal variability

This work presents the variability over seasons (i.e., orbital position) and solar cycle of the Martian upper atmosphere and hot carbon corona. We investigate the production and distribution of energetic carbon atoms and the impacts on the total global hot carbon loss from dominant photochemical processes at five different cases: AL (aphelion and low solar activity), EL (equinox and low solar activity), EH (equinox and high solar activity), PL (perihelion and low solar activity), and PH (perihelion and high solar activity). We compare our results with previously published results but only on the limited cases due to the dearth of studies on solar EUV flux and seasonal variabilities. Photodissociation of CO and dissociative recombination of CO+ are generally regarded as the two most important source reactions for the production of hot atomic carbon. Of these two, photodissociation of CO is found to be the dominant source in all cases considered. To describe self‐consistently the exosphere and the upper thermosphere, a 3‐D kinetic particle simulator, the Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator, and the 3‐D Mars Thermosphere General Circulation Model are one‐way coupled. The basic description of this hot carbon calculation can be found in the companion paper to this one. The spatial distributions and profiles of density and temperature and atmospheric loss rates are discussed for the cases considered. Finally, our computed global escape rate of hot carbon ranges from 5.28 × 1023 s−1 (AL) to 55.1 × 1023 s−1 (PL).
Evolving the Project Management Office: A Competency Continuum

Abstract Many organizations today have recognized the need for a project management office (PMO) to achieve project management oversight, control, and support. the PMO's role is to help both the project manager and the relevant organization to not only understand and apply modern project management practices, but also to adapt and integrate business interests into the organization's project management efforts. This article describes a five-stage competency model for the PMO.
Errors in transfusion: causes and measures to avoid them

Abstract Adverse events related to medical errors are common worldwide and largely unreported. However, they represent a serious problem within the health care community, resulting in avoidable loss of life and/or extremely high costs. Likewise, errors in transfusion medicine, which most frequently involve misidentification of the patient, not rarely may have life-threatening consequences. In this review, the errors related to blood transfusion are briefly summarized along with new technologies developed for improving blood safety. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1075–7.
Protected area management and environmental decision-making : the case of Dlinza Forest Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal.

Colonial conservation emerged as colonial conservationists perceived the threat of deforestation, climatic change and famine. The sense that there were limits to nature's capacity to meet human demands, led to colonial conservationism which portrayed nature as separated from human life. Protected areas (PA's), both forest and game reserves, were created that excluded local people in terms of both access and management. In South Africa the National Forests Act 84 of 1998 has created new conditions in which there is a greater opportunity for communities to benefit from indigenous forests, which apart from their other uses are a valuable resource from the point of view of ecotourism. This study thus seeks to assess moves from exclusivist to community based forms of environmental decision-making (EDM) at Dlinza Forest Nature Reserve. This study provides an example of an ecotourism project started during the democratic period in South Africa and at the height of the global move to community conservation. First however it traces the management history of the forest in order to assess change in the management style over time. The study investigates rural people's attitudes towards the forest and it was found that although the forest was preserved for many years, the rural people still feel much attached to it as a result of the beliefs they have about it. The study contrasts different visions of the forest in terms of competing use and non-use values, and demonstrates that each group exercised its will and attempted to display "ownership" of the forest through a number of activities undertaken at the forest. An analysis ofthe public participation followed in terms ofthe ecotourism project was undertaken to determine the extent to which the rural community was involved. Theoretical models of environmental decision-making were applied in order to identify the mode of decisionmaking used historically and in the present. The results of the study show that poor rural people are still marginalized in EDM despite the new philosophies of PA management and the democratising shifts taking place in the country. Resistance to the policies and regulations of the reserve has been observed and this may lead to severe degradation of the resources that the reserve is meant to protect. The study thus recommends strengthening locally based EDM via partnerships as partnerships do not only provide relief for the consequences of conflict, they also strive for a win-win situation. The study concluded that greater involvement of the rural community requires a change in the mindset of conservation authorities, in particular with regard to the issue of representivity in EDM.
A 5600-yr history of changing vegetation, sea levels and human impacts from the Black Sea coast of Georgia

Mid-late Holocene pollen evidence from the Ispani-II Sphagnum bog in lowland Western Georgia shows that 4500 years ago Castanea (chestnut)-dominated woods rapidly declined to be replaced by alder swamps and, later, during the first millennium bc, by open, marshy landscapes in which fire played a prominent part. Around 1900 years ago, Sphagnum blanket bog encroached on the marshes and dense Fagus-Carpinus (beech-hornbeam) forest enveloped the surrounding land. This vegetation remained until the mid-twentieth century, when forests were clear-felled and marshes were drained for large-scale, mechanized agriculture. Previous studies have emphasized climate’s governing role in setting the course of Holocene vegetation development in lowland Western Georgia, but our results provide little support for this hypothesis. To a much greater degree, episodes of coastal subsidence, sea-level rise and human impact have shaped the vegetation history of coastal Western Caucasus.
Extreme cold winter events in southern China during AD 1650–2000

Zheng, J., Ding, L. , Hao, Z. & Ge, Q. 2012 (January): Extreme cold winter events in southern China during AD 1650–2000. Boreas, Vol. 41, pp. 1–12. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011. 00225.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.
MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC PULL-OUT RESISTANCE OF GEOGRIDS

The objectives of the work are to describe the manner in which geosynthetic materials take up increments of cyclic load and to examine the influence of confining stress, specimen characteristics and loading frequency on mobilized pull-out resistance. A servo-controlled electro-hydraulic system was used to test three geogrid specimens in displacement- or load-controlled modes of pull-out. Results of load-controlled pull-out tests, with several series of repeated load cycles of increasing amplitude have been compared with displacement-controlled tests performed under similar conditions. (A)
Why Cities Matter : Policy Research Perspectives for Canada

Foreword Canada has often presented itself as a land of " wide open spaces " in which cities were important, to be sure, but as supports for the " real action " on farms, in the fishery, mines and so on. In the last decades, however, three things have changed and have altered this self-perception dramatically. First, there is growing recognition of the national and local importance of urban spaces as the site of innovation, economic development and social and political interaction. Second, our smaller cities, just as our major ones, are showing signs of serious strain and problems. Third, there is growing concern that existing policy, planning, and financial arrangements cannot address current challenges to urban success or the tasks devolved to the cities by senior governments. Indeed, while Canadian cities were for many years proudly held up as positive examples in the face of the myriad difficulties of American cities, this image is tarnished, as ours flounder and authorities in the United States invest in revitalizing their city-regions. The growing interest and concern about city-regions has provoked a wave of research papers and policy conferences in and about Canada's largest cities. CPRN has chosen to contribute to this lively policy discourse by playing an integrative role – linking together the research and policy communities across Canada, across jurisdictions, and across disciplines. Ontario to prepare this paper. Its primary goal is to clarify the major issues, the different perspectives, and the central debates now engaging policy actors in the public, private and voluntary sectors. The paper outlines the reasons why cities matter so much at this time in our history. It reviews the previous periods in the 20th century when urban issues rose to the top of the policy agenda, and it explores the similarities and differences among four distinct streams of research thought – economic clusters, social inclusion, community development, and environmental sustainability. While each of these research streams stresses the importance of urban spaces, they do not produce a consensus about the future direction of policy or about the most appropriate governance arrangements. Dr. Bradford emphasizes that the policy and government challenges are both vertical and horizontal. They are vertical because city-regions are strongly influenced by municipal, provincial, and federal governments as well as international institutions. They are horizontal because it is of key importance to link city-region networks from inner city to suburbs to rural hinterland, …
Methods of determining permeability, transmissibility and drawdown

If the Theis graphical method is used for determining the hydraulic constants of an aquifer under water-table conditions, the observed drawdowns should be corrected for the decrease in saturated thickness. This is especially true if the drawdown is a large fraction of the original saturated thickness, for then the computed coefficient of permeability is highly inaccurate if based on observed, rather than corrected, water levels. Wenzel's limiting formula, a modification of the Theis graphical method, is useful where u=r*8/4Tt is less than about 0.01. However, a shorter procedure for determination of the coeflacient of transmissibility, as well as the coeflacient of storage, consists of plotting the values of the corrected drawdowns against the values of the logarithm of r. Wenzel (1942) suggested that observation wells be situated on lines that extend upgradient and downgradient from the pumped well. However, a detailed analysis of aquifer-test results indicates that such a restriction is unnecessary. The gradient method for determining permeability should yield the same results as the Thiem method. The former, when applied for a distance within the range of applicability of the latter, is merely a duplication of effort or, at best, a crude check. Because of the limitations of accuracy in plotting, the gradient method is much less satisfactory. That Wenzel (1942) obtained identical results from the two methods is regarded as a coincidence. Failure to take into consideration the fact that the pumped well does not tap the full thickness of the aquifer leads to an apparent coeflacient of permeability that is much too low, especially if the aquifer consists of stratified sediments. The average coeflacient of permeability computed from uncorrected drawdowns may be only a little more than half of the true value. THE THEORY OF PERMEABILITY Formulas for the steady radial flow of water toward a well that taps the full thickness of an unconfined sand are based upon the premise, originally ^et forth by Dupuit (1863), that for low water-table gradients the average of the horizontal, or radial, velocity in a vertical section is proportional to the slope of the water table (6h/6r) that is v=-k(dh/6r). The horizontal component of velocity at the water table actually is equal to &(dA/dr)/[l + (dA/dr) 2 ] but, for slopes that are very small in comparison to unity, the (dh/6r) 2 in the denominator becomes insignificant. If the small vertical components are neglected, all flow lines in a given vertical plane through the well can be assumed to be
Observations and Modeling of Stream Plunging in an Urban Lake 1

Owens, Emmet M. , Steven W. Effler, Anthony R. Prestigiacomo, David A. Matthews, and Susan M. O’Donnell, 2012. Observations and Modeling of Stream Plunging in an Urban Lake. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 707‐721. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012. 00646.x
Temporal Variability in the Expression of the Arctic Oscillation in the North Pacific

Abstract Although the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) have been identified as important modes of climate variability during the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter, whether the AO or the NAO is more fundamental to the description of this variability, especially in the North Pacific, is still an open question. An important contributor to this uncertainty is the lack of knowledge of the low-frequency linkages between the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. This paper explores the linkage between the two oceanic basins on interdecadal time scales using the sea level pressure (SLP) field during the twentieth century. In particular, it is shown that the winter mean SLP in the North Pacific was positively correlated with the sign of the NAO during the periods of 1925–50 and 1980–98, which resulted in the classical AO pattern being the dominant mode in the NH. In contrast, during the period of 1951–79, the winter mean SLP in the two basins was decoupled, resulting in a dominant mode.
Olmiite, CaMn[SiO3(OH)](OH), the Mn-dominant analogue of poldervaartite, a new mineral species from Kalahari manganese fields (Republic of South Africa)

Abstract Olmiite, ideally CaMn[SiO3(OH)](OH), is a newly identified mineral from the N’Chwaning II mine of the Kalahari manganese fields (Republic of South Africa), which occurs as a product of hydrothermal alteration associated with poldervaartite, celestine, sturmanite, bultfonteinite and hematite. The mineral occurs as wheat-sheaf aggregates consisting of pale to intense reddish pink minute crystals. Olmiite is transparent with vitreous lustre, and exhibits deep-red fluorescence under short-wave UV-light. The mineral is brittle, with irregular fracture. Streak is white and Mohs hardness is 5-5½ No cleavage was observed. The measured density (pycnometer method) is 3.05(3) g/cm3. The calculated density is 3.102 g/cm3 or 3.109 g/cm3 using the unit-cell volume from single-crystal or powder data, respectively. Olmiite is biaxial positive, with refractive indices α = 1.663(1), β = 1.672(1), γ = 1.694(1) (589 nm), 2Vmeas= 71.8(1)°, 2Vcalc = 66(8)°. The optical orientation is X - a, Y - c, Z = b and dispersion: r > v, distinct. Pleochroism is not observed. Chemical analysis by electron microprobe yielded the chemical formula (Ca2-xMnxFey)[SiO3(OH)](OH), with 0.84 ≤ x ≤ 0.86, and y ≤ 0.01. Olmiite is orthorhombic, space group Pbca, with a - 9.249(3), b = 9.076(9), c = 10.342(9) Å, V = 868(1) Å3 and Z = 8. The strongest five powder-diffraction lines [d in Å, (I/Io), hkl] are: 4.14, (45), 021; 3.19, (100), 122; 2.807, (35), 311; 2.545 (35), 312; 2.361, (40), 223. Single-crystal structure refinement (R1 = 2.74% for 1012 observed reflections) showed that the atomic arrangement of olmiite is similar to that of poldervaartite, with all Mn ordered on the Ml site. Significant variations in bond distances and angles are related to the pronounced difference in the Mn content. Olmiite, therefore, is the Mn-dominant analogue of poldervaartite. The name poldervaartite should be reserved for samples having Ca dominant at the M2 site.
SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY TO EVALUATE IN-SITU STATE OF OTTAWA SAND

The initial state of a sand, defined by the void ratio and effective mean normal stress, can be used to predict its large-strain response. Laboratory studies have shown that the shear-wave velocity of a sand is controlled primarily by the effective confining stresses and void ratio. Since shear-wave velocity can be measured both in the field and in the laboratory, there is an increasing interest in using shear-wave velocity to define the state of a sand. This paper presents an experimental study of shear-wave velocity interpretation for clean Ottawa sand based on steady/critical state concepts. The results show that the large-strain behavior of Ottawa sand can be estimated using shear-wave velocity measurements combined with a knowledge of the in-situ effective stress. Knowledge of the state of a sand makes, it is possible to estimate the boundary between either a contractant or dilatant sand at large strains. Based on these findings, a preliminary method to evaluate the potential for flow liquefaction using shear-wave velocity measurements is presented.
Greenland surface melt trends 1973–2007: Evidence of a large increase in 2007

A time series of surface melt extent, frequency and onset has been updated to include data from Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) (1973, 1974 and 1976), Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) (1979–1987) and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) (1987–2007). The seasonal melt departure (SMD), the sum from 1 June to 31 August of the departure from average of each day's melt extent, is a new metric used to describe the amount of melt. Results show a large increase in melt in summer 2007, 60% more than the previous high in 1998. During summer 2007, some locations south of 70°N had as many as 50 more days of melt than average. Melt occurred as much as 30 days earlier than average. The SMD is shown to be significantly related to temperatures at coastal meteorological stations, although 2007 had more melt than might be expected based on the summer temperature record.
Construction of a quartz OSL standardised growth curve (SGC) for aeolian samples from the Horqin dunefield in northeastern China

It has been suggested that the standardised growth curve (SGC) method can be used to de-terminate De accurately and reduce the measurement time. However, different opinions regarding the applicability of the SGC method exist. In this paper, we report the construction of quartz OSL SGC for 35 aeolian samples from different parts of the Horqin dunefield in northeastern China, and then test their applicability for De determination. Our results suggest that: 1) up to a regeneration dose of 80 Gy, the SGC of the Horqin dunefield can be fitted using the exponential plus linear equation, with the r2 value of 0.97, and all the regeneration dose points closely stick to the fitting line, implying that all samples share a very similar dose-response curve; 2) for samples with Des ranging from 1 to 50 Gy, the ratios of SAR De to SGC De fall within the range of 0.9–1.1, and the average ratio of SAR De to SGC De is 1.01±0.01, close to unity. Therefore, the construction of SGC is correct, and the SGC is an effective procedure for accurate De determination for samples from the study area.
Effects of chemical environment on dislocation creep of quartzite

The water-related chemical parameter that affects dislocation creep in quartzite has been determined from variations in sample strength and microstructure with chemical environment in buffered deformation and hydrostatic annealing experiments. Samples were weld-sealed in double capsules;, , and were buffered using solid oxygen buffers, AgCl or CO2. Black Hills quartzite was deformed at 900°C and 1.5 × 10−5s−1. Two samples were deformed at ∼1700 MPa confining pressure at constant and , with and varying over 8 and 15 orders of magnitude, respectively. Both samples deformed by climb-accommodated dislocation creep with flow stresses of 300 MPa. Two additional samples were deformed at ∼700 MPa at constant lower than for the 1700-MPa samples, with varying over 2 orders of magnitude. Both samples faulted with a peak strength of ∼800 MPa. These four experiments suggest no dependence of dislocation creep strength on , or ; instead, a strong dependence of strength on is inferred. Previously deformed samples of Heavitree quartzite were hydrostatically annealed for 4 days at 800°C and 1200 or 500 MPa confining pressure, varying and over 2.5 and 1 order of magnitude, respectively. The microstructures of these samples show increased rates of dislocation climb and grain boundary migration with increasing but no dependence on . These buffered experiments indicate that dislocation creep is affected by alone and suggest that the exponent for the term in the power law creep flow law is >2.
The management of arable land from prehistory to the present: Case studies from the Northern Isles of Scotland

The arable soils from two multiperiod settlements were analyzed to identify changes in agricultural methods over time. The settlement middens were also analyzed to determine whether potential fertilizers were discarded unused. Results suggest that in the Neolithic period (˜4000–2000 B.C. in the UK) the arable soils at Tofts Ness, Orkney, and Old Scatness, Shetland, were created by flattening and cultivating the settlements' midden heaps in situ. The arable area at Tofts Ness was expanded in the Bronze Age (˜2000–700 B.C. in the UK), and the new land was improved by the addition of ash, nightsoil, and domestic waste. Cultivation continued briefly after the fields were buried in windblown sand in the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age, but by the Early Iron Age cultivation ceased and organic‐rich material was allowed to accumulate within the settlement. By contrast, at Old Scatness, arable production was increased in the Iron Age (˜700 B.C.–A.D. 550 in Scotland) by the intensive use of animal manures. The results indicate that during the lifespan of the two settlements the arable soils were fertilized to increase production, which was intensified over time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.