Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells prepared by reactive magnetron co‐sputtering from metallic targets in an Ar:H2Se atmosphere

In this paper, we show that a reactive co‐sputtering process using metallic CuGa and In targets; an Ar:H2Se atmosphere is well suited for the deposition of photoactive Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) absorber layers for thin‐film solar cells in a single process step. The achievement of single‐phase and well‐crystallized layers is thereby no major problem if a sufficiently high H2Se content and substrate temperatures in the range of 400–500 °C are used. However, in order to achieve the desired Cu‐poor film stoichiometry, which is crucial for the device performance, it has to be considered already that, at moderate substrate temperatures in the range of 400–500 °C, indium has a strong tendency to re‐evaporate from the film surface if the film composition is Cu‐poor. If excess indium is supplied, this effect can lead to a self‐adjustment of the film composition. This allows a very wide process window in a one‐stage process concerning the supply ratio from the two targets of [Cu]/([In] + [Ga])supply ≈ 0.35–0.8. However, the maximum efficiencies achievable with such a process are limited to 11.7% because an adequate Cu‐poor composition can only be achieved with significant Cu‐poor conditions, which allow only a low material quality. By using an improved process with an intermediate Cu‐rich composition and a final Cu‐poor stage, the absorber quality could be significantly improved; efficiencies of up to 14.3% have been achieved with CIGSe films prepared on Na‐doped Mo back contacts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of infrared spectroscopy techniques for environmental monitoring

Infrared spectroscopy techniques have long been utilized in identifying and quantifying species of interest to us. Many of the elementary molecules in the atmosphere interact with infrared radiation through their ability to absorb and emit energy in vibrational and rotational transitions. A large variety of methods for monitoring of molecules and aerosol particles by collecting samples or by using remote sensing methods are available. The objective of this thesis work was to develop infrared spectroscopic techniques to further enhance the amount of useful information obtained from gathering spectral data. A new method for visualization and quantification of gas flows based on gas-correlation techniques was developed. Real-time imaging of gas leaks and incomplete or erratic flare combustion of ethene was demonstrated. The method relies on the thermal background as a radiation source and the gas can be visualized in absorption or in emission depending on the temperature difference. Diode laser spectroscopy was utilized to monitor three molecular species at the same time and over the same path. Two near-infrared diode lasers beams were combined in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal and by difference-frequency generation a third beam was created, enabling simultaneous monitoring of oxygen, water vapor and methane. Models of aerosol particle cross sections were used to simulate the diffraction pattern of light scattered by fibers, spherical particles and real particles, such as pollen, through a new aerosol particle sensing prototype. The instrument, using a coupled cavity diode laser, has been designed with a ray-tracing program and the final prototype was employed for single aerosol particle sizing and identification. (Less)
Coordination geometries and crystal structures of cadmium(II) complexes with a new amino alcohol (NN′O) ligand

The new ligand 2-(2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethylamino)cyclohexanol, (HEAC), was prepared under microwave conditions through ring opening of cyclohexene oxide with 2-(2-amino-ethylamino)ethanol. Its cadmium(II) complexes [Cd2(HEAC)2(μ-Cl)2Cl2] (1) and [Cd(HEAC)2][CdI4] (2) were identified by elemental analysis, FT-IR, Raman, 1H NMR spectroscopies, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. HEAC formed 1 : 1 M : L complexes with cadmium chloride and cadmium iodide. Complex 1 crystallized as a dimer with two asymmetrically bound bridging Cl− and a terminally coordinated Cl− on each metal. The geometry around the cadmiums in 1 with four five-membered chelate rings and four Cl− ligands is distorted octahedral for each Cd(II). The cyclohexanol OH of each ligand forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In 2, the coordination numbers for cadmium in [Cd(HEAC)2]2+ and [CdI4]2− moieties are six and four, respectively. In [Cd(HEAC)2]2+ each ligand coordinates through two N- and one O-donors, leading to a distorted octahedral geometry. The geometry of [CdI4]2− in 2 is slightly distorted tetrahedral. The protonation equilibrium constants of the two secondary amino groups in HEAC, determined by pH-potentiometry, were 6.26 and 9.26, respectively, at 25°C. Stability constants for this ligand with Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) (1 : 1 M : L), determined by glass-electrode potentiometry, were 7.13, 10.50, and 5.42, respectively.
INFLUNCE OF SALINITY AND OSMOLYTES ON GROWTH, LIPID PEROXIDATION AND ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE OF PRIMMED GERMINATING SALT-SENSITIVE AND SALT-TOLERANT BROAD BEAN SEEDS.

Interactive effects of (proline, ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and salicylic acid) either alone or in combination with 50 and 300 mM NaCl on seedling growth, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage of two phenotypes {salt-sensitive (cv. Giza 716) and salt-tolerant (cv. Giza 843)} of broad bean after priming were investigated. Treatment of the germinating broad bean seeds of both cultivars with 50 and 300 mM NaCl induced progressive significant decrease in fresh mass, dry mass, water content, relative growth index (RGI), relative growth rate (RGR), length of radicle and length of plumule but induced significant increase in lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage after priming, 7 and 14 days of germination . On the other hand, addition of the optimum concentrations of proline (Pr), ascorbic acid (ASA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and salicylic acid (SA) either alone or in combination with 50 and 300 mM NaCl, induced significant increase in all growth parameters and showed a progressive significant decrease in electrolyte leakage determined in both cultivars after priming, 7 and 14 days of germination. Maximum significant improvement being operative with the optimum concentration of SA than the other used osmolytes. The present results are discussed in relation to applicability of the optimum concentrations of four osmolytes to two salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant broad bean seedlings.
Effect of seed hardening on morpho-physiological characters in Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of seed hardening on morpho-physiological characters in mung bean. The mung bean var. GAM-5 was imposed with seed hardening treatments viz., 2% CaCl2, 500 ppm Cycocel, 1000 ppm Cycocel, 25 ppm NAA, 50 ppm NAA, water soaked control and absolute control. The treated seeds along with control were evaluated for their seed morpho-physiological characters under laboratory condition. The study revealed that seeds hardened with CaCl2 @ 2% recorded higher germination per cent, root, shoot and seedling length, root, shoot and seedling dry weight and seed vigour index I. Seed hardened with 50 ppm NAA reported higher root dry weight and root to shoot ratio on dry weight basis while Cycocel 1000 ppm treatment recorded higher root to shoot ratio on length basis. The treatments CaCl2 2% followed by Cycocel 1000 ppm were found to be superior as compared to other treatments and control on the basis of lab studies.
Chemical composition and energetic values of wheat and its sub-products for broiler chicken.

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected by nitrogen retention (AMEn) and metabolization coefficients (MC and MCn) of different feeds for broilers from the western region of Parana State. The experiment was conducted at the Physiology of Birds Laboratory at UNIOESTE. Two hundred and sixty male chicks of the Cobb 500 strain, at 21 days old, were distributed in a randomized design with 12 treatments and four replicates of five birds per experimental unit. The feed ingredients studied were ten different wheat middlings, one triticale, one wheat grain and a reference diet. Values for dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, mineral matter, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium composition were determined as well as the geometric mean diameter of the feed particles. To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) the total excreta collection method was used with growing birds. The chemical composition of the feeds was variable. The values for AME and AMEn ranged from 1. 819-2. 958 and 1. 734-2. 882 kcal. kg-1, respectively. Based on these energetic values and the values for gross energy, the coefficients of metabolizability were calculated. The values ranged from 43. 26-75. 24% for MC and from 42. 28- 73. 31% for MCn.
The Effect of Chelating Agents on Soil Sodicity

Results of laboratory and field tests suggest that chelating agents could be used to alleviate adverse soil properties caused by excess sodium, such as low permeability. Adding multi-dentate carboxylic acid chelating agents to sodic soil, or to mixtures of soil with sodium-contaminated waste, significantly reduced sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values. Judging from cation concentrations in saturated paste (sat. paste) filtrates, chelating agents act to ameliorate soil sodicity by releasing Ca and to a lesser extent Mg from undissolved compounds. After adding chelating agents to moist soils that contained free lime, measured weight losses were consistent with CO 2 evolution due to CaCO 3 decomposition. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the sat. paste filtrate of materials treated with chelating agents increased less than when equivalent Ca or Mg was supplied in conventional, soluble form. Bigger sat. paste vacuum filtration volumes, improved soil permeability and faster field infiltration rates were observed after treatment with chelating agents. The Ca- and Mg-complexes of agents such as citric and malic acid degrade in moist soil; such agents could perhaps be used in a series of applications to improve ease of cultivation and permeability of cropped land. The agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) forms stable complexes, and could therefore be used as a one-time treatment for sodic materials that are to be disposed of by burial, following guidelines for soil SAR and EC.
Audit team equality and audit quality threatening behaviour

Purpose This paper aims to examine the association between audit quality threatening behaviour (AQTB) and three team equality dimensions: deindividuation, social identity and gender equality. Discrimination among auditors has been experienced in accounting firms across the world, which can lead to behaviour that risks the quality of work. The negative influence of this behaviour can have consequences for clients, audit firms, regulators and the wider society due to the threat on audit quality. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was conducted at a Big 4 audit firm in Sweden. Members of audit teams that worked together on one specific engagement were asked to give their perceptions of their experience of equality and behaviours within the team. Hypotheses were tested using ordered logistic regression and partial least squares structural equation model. Findings Audit teams that experience deindividuation conduct more AQTBs and audit teams with higher social identity conduct less AQTBs. However, the audit team’s social identity can moderate the audit teams’ experience with deindividuation and reduce AQTB. Originality/value With a unique data set of practising audit teams, this study is the first to investigate how audit team equality is related to AQTB. Contributions are made to practitioners about audit team dynamics since the AQTB occurs as part of the audit decision-making process that influences audit quality. Inequality also has recruitment and reputation consequences. Thus, contributions are made to the audit market that is interested in audit quality. The study also contributes empirical evidence from an audit team context about behavioural outcomes and the social identity and deindividuation model theory (Klein et al., 2007; Reicher et al., 1995).
Electrochemistry of Sulfur Adlayers on the Low-Index Faces of Silver

The formation and reactivity of sulfur adlayers on single-crystal Ag electrodes ((111), (110), and (100) orientations) in aqueous solutions (pH = 13) containing HS- are reported. Oxidative adsorption of HS- (Ag + HS- → AgSH + e-) occurs on all three low-index surfaces at potentials ranging between −0.5 and −0.7 V of the thermodynamic value for bulk Ag2S formation. Voltammetric and electrochemical quartz crystal measurements demonstrate that the resulting AgSH adlayer undergoes a second one-electron oxidation (AgSH + Ag + OH- → Ag2S + H2O + e-) at the (111) and (110) surfaces prior to bulk Ag2S formation, yielding an underpotential deposited Ag2S adlayer (surface coverages (S/Ag): θAg(111) = 0.46 ± 0.02 and θAg(110) = 0.54 ± 0.03). In contrast, the AgSH adlayer on Ag(100) is chemically inert prior to bulk Ag2S formation. Structural models indicate that the formation of a nearly stoichiometric Ag2S adlayer (i.e., θ ∼ 0.5) is feasible on the (111) and (110) surfaces without significant reconstruction of the.
Highly active and durable non-precious-metal catalysts encapsulated in carbon nanotubes for hydrogen evolution reaction

Employing a low-cost and highly efficient electrocatalyst to replace Pt-based catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has attracted increasing interest in renewable energy research. Earth-abundant transition metals such as Fe, Co and Ni have been investigated as promising alternatives in alkaline electrolytes. However, these non-precious-metal catalysts are not stable in acids, excluding their application in the acidic solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Herein, we report a strategy to encapsulate 3d transition metals Fe, Co and the FeCo alloy into nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and investigated their HER activity in acidic electrolytes. The optimized catalysts exhibited long-term durability and high activity with only an ∼70 mV onset overpotential vs. RHE which is quite close to that of the commercial 40% Pt/C catalyst, demonstrating the potential for the replacement of Pt-based catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the introduction of metal and nitrogen dopants can synergistically optimize the electronic structure of the CNTs and the adsorption free energy of H atoms on CNTs, and therefore promote the HER with a Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism.
Effect of Mèthode Champenoise Process on Aroma of Four V. vinifera Varieties

To characterize the changes in aroma resulting from the Methode Champenoise process, 28 base wines and their corresponding sparkling wines were profiled by descriptive analysis. The base wines were made from Chardonnay, Pinot blanc, Pinot Meunier, and Pinot noir grapes grown in Anderson Valley, Carneros District, Napa Valley, and Russian River Valley. Intensities of seven aroma attributes were rated in base wines and sparkling wines separately. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) of the base wine data separated the white from red varietal wines, whereas the PCA of the sparkling wines did not cluster wines by region or variety. When differences in intensity ratings between each sparkling wine and its corresponding base wine were analyzed by PCA, the first dimension separated the white from red varietal wines. This pattern resulted primarily from the larger increase in citrus and apple intensity in red varietals and in vanilla/butter aroma in whites during the 18 months on yeast following the secondary fermentation.
A New Approach of Synthesis of Micro/Nanoscale HgS Spheres

Micro/nanoscale spherical HgS has been prepared by reaction of Na 2 [Hg(HL) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]; 1:2 (M:L) chelate complex with alkaline solution of thiourea in aqueous solution phase. The metal chelate complex was prepared by reaction of Hg(II) ions with 2-hydroxy-1-(1-hydroxy-2-naphthylazo)-6-nitronaphthalene-4-sulphonic acid sodium salt; eriochrome black T (EBT, NaH2L) in alkaline medium. The chelate complex precursor thus prepared was characterized by various physico-chemical and spectral techniques for structure determination. The spherical HgS material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis to determine morphology and chemical composition. The optical property was determined by UV-Vis spectrum. A possible formation mechanism has also been discussed in this article.
Combined Pre-Precipitation, Biological Sludge Hydrolysis and Nitrogen Reduction - A Pilot Demonstration of Integrated Nutrient Removal

A pilot study was performed to investigate advanced wastewater treatment by preprecipitation in combination with biological nitrogen removal supported by biological sludge hydrolysis. The influent wastewater was pretreated by addition of a pre-polymerized aluminium salt, followed by flocculation and sedimentation. Chemical pretreatment resulted in 60% COD-reduction and 75% phosphorus reduction. The chemically precipitated primary sludge was exposed to anaerobic sludge hydrolysis at retention times of 1 and 2 days at temperatures in the range of 15-30°C. At a retention time of two days at 20°C, resulting solubilization was 10-13% of the suspended COD. The liquid phase of the hydrolyzed sludge, the hydrolysate, was separated from the suspended fraction by centrifugation and added to the biological nitrogen removal stage to support denitrification. The hydrolysate COD consisted mainly of volatile fatty acids, resulting in high denitrification rates. Nitrogen reduction was performed based on the Bio-Denitro principle in an activated sludge system. Nitrogen was reduced from 45 mg/l to 9 mg/l and phosphorus was reduced from 11 mg/l to 0.5 mg/l. The sludge yield was low, approx. 0.3-0.4 gCOD/gCOD removed. This in combination with the efficient pretreatment emphasizes the concept as well suited for compact advanced treatment including nutrient removal.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASEOUS AMMONIA IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE 358-925 K.

Thermal conductivity of research grade pure ammonia gas has been measured by the column method at pressures of 12.9, 26.5, and 45.0 kN/m2 over the temperature range 358 to 925 K. The maximum probable error of measurement is 1.5% at 874 K and it increases in magnitude as the temperature decreases. At 405 K, it is about 4.8%. The experimental data are correlated by the following cubic polynomial in temperature: k(T)=5.237× 10-3 + 5.179 × 10-4 T + 8.404 × 10-7 T2 + 1.557 × 10-10 T3. Here k is in mW/cm-K and T is in K. The experimental values are compared with three kinetic theory expressions for thermal conductivity of polyatomic gases in conjunction with the Stockmayer (12-6-3) potential. It is concluded that none of the theories can accurately predict the thermal conductivity of ammonia and probably of polar gases in general. The diffusion coefficient characterizing the transport of vibrational energy is computed as a function of temperature and on the basis of experimental data and the theory due to Ahtye.
Comparison of Genotype and Cultural Practices to Control Iron Deficiency Chlorosis in Soybean

Abstract Iron deficiency chlorosis is a common problem for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] grown on calcareous soils. Iron is essential for chlorophyll biosynthesis and any deficiencies may hinder photosynthetic capabilities of the plant that may result in yield loss. Proper management and/or cultivar selection may reduce this problem. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective treatment efficacy of several common fertilizer treatments and several different cultivars for controlling iron deficiency chlorosis in soybean in Kansas. Field evaluations at three locations were conducted for two seasons. In the first season, treatments consisted of: four rates (11.2, 22.4, 44.8, and 89.6 kg ha−1) of 28% granular iron sulfate fertilizer placed with the seed, or 5 cm away from the seed, at planting; two applications of an iron foliar spray; an iron chelate seed treatment; and an untreated control. The following season, the 44.8 kg ha−1 rate was placed with the seed, the iron chelate seed treatment, and the untreated control were re‐tested, along with 44.8 kg ha−1 of 20% granular iron sulfate fertilizer, increased seeding rates of 40 and 52 seeds m−1, two plant residue treatments of 3.6 and 8.4 kg ha−1 with 44.8 kg ha−1 iron fertilizer incorporated into the soil before planting; a resistant genotype; a moderately resistant genotype; and a moderately resistant genotype with 44.8 kg ha−1 iron fertilizer added. Entries were analyzed in a repeated measures design for chlorosis visual scores and a randomized complete block design for agronomic characteristics. The plants were visually evaluated for chlorosis every two weeks until the plants outgrew the chlorosis or reached maturity. In the second year, plants were also evaluated for maturity date, lodging, height, stand, seed weight, and yield. In 1999, no yield data was taken due to severe stand reduction and overall poor growth in all of the plots. In 1999, no treatment was consistently better at reducing iron chlorosis symptoms than the control; however, placing 44.8 kg ha−1 iron sulfate with the seed significantly reduced chlorosis scores compared to the control at one location. In 2000, the resistant genotype had significantly lower chlorosis scores than all other treatments for the first few weeks of growth. In two of the three locations, the resistant genotype had the lowest yield. The iron fertilizer, seeding rate, plant residue, and iron chelate treatments did not significantly reduce chlorosis scores compared to the control. Increasing the seeding rate did significantly increase seed yield at some sites. Iron deficiency chlorosis was not adequately controlled by any of the evaluated commercial fertilizer products. Using resistant genotypes may be the most effective treatment if yield potential for these cultivars can be improved. Increasing seeding rate may represent a viable option to minimize moderate iron deficiency symptoms.
Genetic variability and heritability studies for seed cotton yield, yield attributing and fibre quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Ninety six cotton germplasm collections were evaluated for genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for fifteen quantitative traits during Kharif 2017 at Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all the quantitative traits under study except Upper Half Mean Length (UHML), micronaire and seed cotton yield per plant. A wide range was observed for plant height, number of sympodia per plant, sympodial length at ground level, number of bolls per plant, ginning outturn and seed cotton yield per plant. High GCV and PCV were recorded for traits viz., number of monopodia, sympodial length at ground level, sympodial length at fifty per cent of plant height and number of bolls per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for all the traits which indicated that selection could be effective for improvement in these traits except for fibre quality characters, ginning outturn and seed cotton yield per plant.