Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ovipositional Biology of the Cattle Tick, Boophilus Annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae), in the Laboratory

In the laboratory the preoviposition period for both disturbed (daily to remove eggs) and undisturbed female cattle ticks, Boophilus annulatus , averaged 3.4 days, but disturbed ticks laid significantly fewer eggs. Both groups showed a significant positive correlation between weight and the number of eggs laid. The Index of Conversion Efficiency [weight of eggs (g) per weight (g) of female] was significantly lower for disturbed females than for undisturbed females. Average daily oviposition peaked on the 4th day of egg-laying (489 eggs/female per day), then declined steadily. The oviposition period averaged 19.2 days, and there was a positive correlation between number of eggs laid and length of oviposition period. Average minimum incubation time for eggs was 28.7 days.
PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE ISLAND OF ARRAN, SCOTLAND

SUMMARY The vegetation of the saltmarshes, raised-beaches, inland mires, dwarf-shrub heaths, mountains, and woodlands of the Isle of Arran are described using conventional European phytosociological methods. The floristic affinities of these communities with previously delimited units elsewhere in Britain and in western Europe are described, and the problems of assigning many of the Arran communities into the existing central European phytosociological hierarchy are discussed.
Thigmomorphogenesis: Changes in Cell Division and Elongation in the Internodes of Mechanically-perturbed or Ethrel-treated Bean Plants

Examination of first internodes of young Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants which have been subjected to mechanical perturbation shows decreased elongation and increased radial growth. The decreased elongation can be attributed to both reduced cell elongation of epidermal and cortical cells and a reduced number of cells in the vascular and pith tissues. The increased radial enlargement is due to increased cortical cell expansion and increased secondary xylem production resulting from increased cambial activity. All of these responses are observable within a few hours of a single mechanical perturbation. Treatment of plants with ethrel mimics all of these effects of mechanical perturbation.
Hormonal factors controlling the initiation and development of lateral roots

The decapitated primary root of 3-day-old Alaska pea seedlings has been used as a test system to determine the activities on lateral root formation of six auxins, six cytokinins and several other naturally-occurring compounds. Their effects were assessed on (1) the initiation of lateral root primordia, (2) the emergence of visible lateral roots, and (3) the elongation of these laterals. All the auxins, at the optimum concentration of 10-4M, promoted the initiation of lateral root primordia, and all except 3-indolylpropionic acid inhibited the elongation of the resulting lateral roots. Their effects on the emergence of laterals were small and varied. All the cytokinins, at 10-6M and above, inhibited both the initiation and the emergence of lateral roots, zeatin being the most powerful inhibitor. The emergence process was about twice as sensitive as the initiation of primordia to the presence of cytokinins. The cytokinin ribosides were generally less active than the free bases. Abscisic acid and xanthoxin inhibited both emergence and elongation, the concentration for 50% decrease of emergence being about 10-4M. Gibberellic acid had little clear effect on any of the three criteria. Nicotinic acid and thiamine at 10-3M promoted both the initiation of primordia and their emergence: pyridoxal phosphate stimulated both emergence and elongation but did not influence the initiation of primordia. Adenine and guanine had little effect but decreased root elongation some 25%. The strong inhibiting effect of the cytokinins may well be the basis for the marked inhibition exerted by the root-tip on lateral root formation, while the promoting effects of auxins may explain the previously observed promotion of lateral root formation by the young shoot and cotyledons.
A mapping technique to evaluate age‐0 salmon habitat response from restoration

To combat decades of anthropogenic degradation, restoration programs seek to improve ecological conditions through habitat enhancement. Rapid assessments of condition are needed to support adaptive management programs and improve the understanding of restoration effects at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Previous attempts to evaluate restoration practices on large river systems have been hampered by assessment tools that are irreproducible or metrics without clear connections to population responses. We modified a demonstration flow assessment approach to assess the realized changes in habitat quantity and quality attributable to restoration effects. We evaluated the technique's ability to predict anadromous salmonid habitat and survey reproducibility on the Trinity River in northern California. Fish preference clearly aligned with a priori designations of habitat quality: the odds of observing rearing Chinook or coho salmon within high‐quality habitats ranged between 10 and 16 times greater than low qualities, and in all cases the highest counts were associated with highest quality habitat. In addition, the technique proved to be reproducible with “substantial” to “almost perfect” agreement of results from independent crews, a considerable improvement over a previous demonstration flow assessment. These results support the use of the technique for assessing changes in habitat from restoration efforts and for informing adaptive management decisions.
Population Dynamics of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh in the Rocky Intertidal of Southern Chile

We report here on a study of the population biology of intertidal Macrocystis pyrifera carried out to test the hypothesis that the intertidal populations are different from the subtidal populations reported in the literature. A population of M. pyrifera from an intertidal platform in southern Chile was investigated with repect to density, growth, morphology, phenology and the effect of harvesting
Microbes, meiofauna, and bacterial productivity on tubes constructed by the polychaete Capitella capitata

Microbial and meiofaunal abundances and bacterial production on sediment tubes produced by the polychaete Capitella cap~tata (Type I ) were examined in laboratory microcosms. Protozoa densities and bacterial production were significantly higher on tubes than in equivalent volumes of sediment taken adjacent to the tubes. Bacterial densities on tubes and in control sediments were not significantly different. Total meiofauna densities were significantly higher in controls due to the absence of nematodes on the tubes. The epibenthic copepod Tisbe holothuriae was the only meiofauna species found on the tubes, but their densities were not significantly greater than control populations. This work suggests that sediment tubes constructed by C. capitata are sites of enhanced bacterial activity caused, in part, by protozoans grazing on bacteria. Most research on tube-dwellings of macrobenthos has focused on structures constructed by deep-dwelling equilibrium species, rather than on tubes produced by pioneer, surface deposit-feeders (Aller & Yingst 1978, Reise 1981). Biogenic structures of equilibrium species have received much more attention than structures produced by pioneering species due, in part, to the greater ability of bioturbating organisms to influence sediment biogeochemistry, and to alter the distribution and abundances of microbes and meiofauna. However, few investigators have considered the effects of pioneering benthos and their tubes on the dynamics of microbial and meiofaunal populations (Rhoads et al. 1978, Reise 1981). In flume studies (Rhoads et al. 1978), dense tube aggregations of the capitellid polychaete Heteromastus filiformis led to increased stability of sediments. Stimulation of bacterial growth, Rhoads et al. (1978) proposed, may have been one explanation for this result. This report describes microbial and meiofaunal abundances and bacterial production, on tubes constructed by the 'Present address: Australian Institute of Marine Science, D. M. B. No. 3, Townsville M. C. , Queensland 4810, Australia O Inter-Research/Printed in F. R. Germany capitellid polychaete Capitella capitata (Type I ) in laboratory microcosms. Sediment tubes of Capitella capitata were examined in 0.25 m2, 14 cm deep, plastic tanks that received 200 m1 min-l of flow-through, 1 pm filtered, temperature-regulated (20 "C ? 1 C") seawater (24 + 2 %o). Mixed cereal was used as detritus source and was added at a rate of 100 mgN m-2 d' ( = 4 g dry weight m-2 d-l). The seawater was continually aerated. Each tank was layered to a depth of 5 cm with autoclaved, fine-grain ( 0.05) different. Total meiofauna densities were significantly higher in control samples due to the absence of nematodes on tubes. Table 1. Microbial and meiofaunal abundances, and bacterial activity, on and adjacent to tubes of Capitella capitata. Values are given as mean f l SE of 5 replicates. Protozoa and meiofauna densities are expressed as number of individuals 18 mm-3 sediment
Resistance to thermal stress in adult Drosophila buzzatii: acclimation and variation among populations

Survival after heat stress was examined in adult Drosophila buzzatii from seven localities. Males and females were conditioned by a non-lethal high temperature before exposure to a severe thermal stress. Variable times elapsed between conditioning, either as adults or pupae, and exposure to the stress were used, and experimental times to the stress ranged from 2 to 96 hours. Survival after stress varied among populations, and differences generally were consistent across conditioning treatments and across experiments. Resistance to thermal stress was much higher following one conditioning bout 2–4 hours before exposure to a severe stress than when the time elapsed between conditioning and exposure was increased to 24 or more hours. Significantly more adults survived the stress if conditioned 4 days before exposure to the thermal stress, either as adults or as pupae, than if not conditioned. The rank order of resistance roughly followed that predicted from the climatic conditions of the localities of origin.
Seed dispersal by birds on artificial perches in reclaimed areas after surface coal mining in Siderópolis municipality, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

The Coal Basin of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, has approximately six thousand hectares of degraded areas due to the exploitation of mineral coal. Nowadays, several areas are under reclaim process, which includes soil recovery and reintroduction of vegetation. In the study area, located in Sideropolis municipality, Santa Catarina state, vegetation reintroduction was carried out with several grass and arboreal pioneer species. In an area of one hectare, 12 artificial perches with collectors were placed. For one year period, seeds were recovered in the collectors and visual observation of the birds that rested on the perches was carried out. A total of 23 species of seeds were recovered. More seeds of pioneer and early secondary species were significantly dispersed when compared to late successional categories. Four pioneer and early secondary species produced seeds during long periods, mainly in the months were food resources are scarce. No statistically significant difference was found between the distance from the seed source and the number of species or the number of seeds recorded. Fourteen bird species used the artificial perches, with four being considered potential dispersers due to their food habits and to their frequency of visits to the perches. Results indicate a high efficiency of the artificial perches on the arrival of seeds of the initial successional species and highlighted the importance of seed sources close to degraded areas, as well as the presence of generalist birds to assure the seed dispersal for long distances.
Temporal Dioecism: Systematic Breadth, Associated Traits, and Temporal Patterns

Temporal dioecism, the temporal alternation of pistillate and staminate functions within a plant, is a relatively common mating system among flowering plants. It occurs in at least 37 angiosperm families and is common in Apiaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Juglandaceae, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae, and hermaphroditic species in Aceraceae and Lauraceae. It is more common in the primitive subclasses, e.g., Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, and Alismatidae, and less common in the more advanced subclasses, e.g., Asteridae and Liliidae. Because it occurs in more families than does heterostyly (37 vs. 24) and relatively few genera have been studied in those families whose mating systems are characterized by temporal dioecism, I suggest that it is more common than heterostyly. Temporal dioecism is strongly associated with monoecism, self-compatibility, many simultaneously receptive stigmas, and less efficient pollen vectors, e.g., wind, beetles, and flies. In such species, temporal dioecism should increase pollinator efficiency, minimize geitonogamy, and facilitate xenogamy. Because it occurs primarily in self-compatible species and minimizes self-fertilization, it may be an evolutionary alternative to self-incompatibility. There are numerous temporal phenotypes that include many of the possible combinations of protogyny and/or protandry, sequential and/or synchronized flowering, and single or multiple alternations of sexual phases. The simplest phenotype, which results from the sequential opening of the flowers within an inflorescence in monoecious species, is uncommon. The relative lengths of the pistillate and staminate phases result in sex-phase ratios at the population level. Four general associations involving sex-phase ratios, lengths of the two phases, and pollen vectors are evident: (1) wind pollination and relatively long sexual phases with slightly pistillate- or staminate-biased sex-phase ratios; (2) nonspecialized insect vectors and strongly staminate-biased ratios; (3) specialized vectors (beetles, moths, and wasps), short phases, and unbiased ratios; and (4) generalist insect vectors, short and repeated sexual phases, and unbiased ratios. The evolution of facultatively autogamous and facultatively xenogamous species from temporally dioecious relatives is associated with changes in the temporal phenotype that produce an overlap of sexual function, either within and/or between inflorescences.
Forb responses to grazing and rest management in a critically endangered Australian native grassland ecosystem

Worldwide, temperate grasslands have been extensively cleared for agriculture and urban expansion and the ‘Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain’ in south-eastern Australia has recently been listed as critically endangered. Because of land clearing, these grasslands now occupy <1% of their original distribution and much of the remaining grassland continues to be grazed by livestock. Although forbs (wildflowers) constitute most of the floristic richness in natural grasslands, few experimental studies have focused on their responses to strategic livestock grazing and rest. This paper reports on the outcomes of five grazing and rest management regimes imposed for 4 years at three sites on the Victorian Volcanic Plain. Seasonal grazing and rest management regimes resulted in significantly different native and exotic forb frequencies, but not richness. Native perennial and exotic annual forb frequency was higher when management incorporated grazing and rest periods (14 and 16% deviance explained), particularly with spring rest from grazing. However, the most important influence on native perennial and exotic annual and perennial forb frequency (46, 58 and 41% deviance explained) and native perennial and exotic annual species richness (62 and 35% deviance explained) was site. Differences among the three sites included soil, rainfall, size of remnant, presence of small burrowing mammals, management history and consequent species assemblages. Despite differences among sites, the results indicate that native perennial forb frequency may be increased using management regimes that incorporate both grazing and rest. However, targeted management may be necessary to reduce exotic annual forbs, also promoted by grazing with seasonal rest.
Feeding habits of the Lessepsian migrant Siganus luridus in the eastern Mediterranean, its new environment

The feeding habits of the Lessepsian migrant Siganus luridus in the eastern Mediterranean (Kastellorhizo Isle, Dodecanese, Greece) are examined. The stomach contents of 209 specimens, 131–250 mm total length, collected by bottom trammel nets, April 1985 July 1986, were analysed. Feeding intensity was high, although it significantly declined during the spawning period in summer. Siganus luridus feeds on a diverse assemblage of benthonic algae including 24 genera (seven green, eight brown and nine red algae) contributing 84.4% by weight (green algae 3%, brown 70.3%, red 11 %). Posidonia oceanica, diatoms, hydrozoa and sand were also found in the stomachs examined. On an annual basis, Dictyota sp. , Cysloseira sp. , Sphacelaria sp. , Gelidium sp. , Dictyopteris membranacea, Kuckuckia spinosa and Padina pavonica predominated in the diet. Diet overlap, on a weight basis, indicated a similar food spectrum during spring and summer which was different from that in autumn. The high feeding intensity of S. luridus during the year (except for the spawning period), its nonselective euryphagous nature, its high competitive potential, and its position in the food web of the eastern Mediterranean ecosystem are important characteristics that, along with suitable oceanographic and ecological conditions for the development and survival of young stages, have enabled the successful establishment and build-up of the population of this Lessepsian migrant in its new environment. Possible competitive implications in the eastern Mediterranean ecosystem are also discussed.
Estimation of the Absorption Coefficient of Stearic Acid in SALATRIM Fats

SALATRIM is the name given to a family of triacylglycerols that contain saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The major LCFA component is stearic acid, and the SCFA components are acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. The component acids are positioned statistically with respect to the glycerol backbone. SALATRIM compositions contain up to five triacylglycerol structure types (i.e., LSS, SLS, LLS, LSL, and LLL, where S and L refer to the relative positions of SCFA and LCFA substituents on glycerol). It has bean shown that SALATRIM fats deliver only about half the calories of common fats and oils. A predictable portion of this caloric reduction is due to the SCFA components
Determination of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cashew Kernel (Anarcardium occidentale L.)

Adequate knowledge of engineering properties is an essential prerequisite for the scientiuc design and development of equipment for proper handling of cashew kernel. Some engineering properties of cashew kernel were investigated. The properties investigated include kernel length, width, volume, angle of repose, density, and static coeucient of friction on plywood and stainless steel, force–deformation behaviour during quasi-static radial compression, stiuness moduli and kernel toughness. Cashew kernel was found to have an average length of 21.83+18.58 mm, average width of 13.64+11.09 mm, and average thickness of 11.48+8.80 mm. Using the oven drying method, the kernel was found to have an average moisture content of 4.6% wet basis. The average mass, volume and density of cashew kernel were 1.60 g, 1.48 cm3 and 1.17 g/cm3 respectively. The mean values of coefficient of static friction were 0.5065 on wood and 0.6275 on stainless steel. The average values of angle of repose were 26.85 on wood and 32.1 on stainless steel. It was observed that in the axial position, the compressive force was about 51.26 N. Similarly, in the lateral position, the force required to rupture the cashew kernel was 24.49 N Experimental results showed value of Young Modulus as 91.26 N/mm2 in the axial position. In the lateral position value of 90.13 N/mm was obtained. The kernel showed deformation of 6.675 mm and 6.430 mm at axial and lateral positions respectively. The data obtained from this experiment is useful in the design of machines required for various processing operations of cashew kernel. Keywords: Cashew kernel; physical properties; mechanical properties, axial; lateral.
Influence of dormancy induction treatments on western hemlock seedlings. II. Physiological and morphological response during the first growing season on a reforestation site

Western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. ) seedlings from four dormancy induction treatments (DIT) (i.e., long-day dry, long-day wet, short-day dry, short-day wet) were planted on a coastal reforestation site in British Columbia and monitored for physiological response and morphological development over the first growing season. Seedlings in all DIT showed a similar net photosynthetic, needle conductance, and shoot water potential response to seasonal low temperature, non droughty, and late summer drought conditions. Pressure–volume analysis at the beginning of the growing season (late February) showed short-day wet seedlings to have lower saturated and turgor loss point osmotic potentials than other DIT, while at the end of the growing season (October) there was no osmotic potential difference between DIT. At the end of the growing season, short-day wet seedlings had a much lower maximum modulus of elasticity than other DIT, indicating their shoots were still elongating. Morphological assessment 1 .
Description of Oncholaimus moanae sp. nov. (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with notes on feeding ecology based on isotopic and fatty acid composition

A new free-living marine nematode species, Oncholaimus moanae sp. nov., is described from intertidal fine sand in southern New Zealand. Oncholaimus moanae sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the presence of a pre-cloacal papilla bearing four pairs of short, stout spines, a post-cloacal papilla, long (>70 μm) spicules, and a demanian system with two openings situated laterally at level of uvette. The δ13C signature of O. moanae sp. nov. suggests that benthic microalgae are the main carbon source for this species, but an elevated δ15N signature suggests predatory feeding habits. The fatty acid composition of O. moanae sp. nov. is rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids, which are likely to originate from heterotrophic protists (e.g. ciliates). The data obtained in this study suggest, for the first time, that marine nematodes can be a high quality food source (i.e. rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids) to predators. Large nematodes living near or at the sediment surface, in particular, may represent an important trophic link between heterotrophic protists and higher trophic levels in marine sediments.