Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TiO2‐epoxy nanocomposites coated steel: Surface morphology, spectroscopic, and photocatalytic characteristics

Nanocomposite coatings on metal surfaces provide unique material characteristics that play a strategic role in improving overall product/process quality. Thus, nanocomposite finds applications in different sectors such as petroleum, automobile, electrical and electronics, chemical, medical, metallurgy, food packaging, and air purification. This study focused on the fabrication of TiO2‐epoxy nanocomposites for coating on steel sheet and analyzing their properties. The nanocomposites were prepared at 2%, 4%, and 8% (w/w) TiO2 particle loading content. Different coated sheets were analyzed for surface morphology, spectroscopic, and photocatalytic characteristics. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images showed uniform particle distribution of TiO2 in the epoxy matrix at a lower concentration. Besides, TiO2 nanoparticle cluster sizes ranged from 79.6 to 172 nm, 79.5 to 237 nm, and 122 to 164 nm for the samples of 2%, 4%, and 8% TiO2 content, respectively. The Ti weight percent significantly increased from 1.69% to 7.34% with the rise in the level of TiO2 filler in the TiO2‐epoxy matrix, whereas O content varies from 22.07% to 26.02%. A characteristic absorption peak of TiO2 at nearly 700 cm−1 in all the Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of samples was detected. Degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the photocatalytic (UV‐C + TiO2) process was significantly higher than photolysis (UV‐C) in a photoreactor. The degradation rate of MB increased with treatment time and TiO2 loading content in the samples. Besides, after 1 h of treatment, maximal degradation of MB was 1.58% for photolysis whereas 1.96%, 2.63%, and 3.51% for the coated sheet of 2%, 4%, and 8% TiO2, respectively. Overall, the superior quality of steel sheets was obtained when coated with TiO2‐epoxy nanocomposites.
Temperature dependence of single twin boundary motion in Ni–Mn–Ga martensite

Magnetic-field-induced reorientation in Ni–Mn–Ga five-layered martensite (10 M) mediated by the motion of single twin boundary was evaluated from magnetization measurements between 20 and 300 K. At 300 K, the single twin boundary moved in an exceptionally small field of 25 kA/m. Twinning stress, as a measure of the twin boundary mobility, was determined from the magnetization curves using a magnetic-energy-based model; it increased from ≈0.1 MPa at 300 K to ≈0.8 MPa at 20 K. The dependence is discussed in terms of thermal activation and the effect of intermartensitic transformation is considered.
Parallel Diffusion of Charged Particles in Strong Two-dimensional Turbulence

Computation of charged-particle orbits shows that large-amplitude two-dimensional magnetic turbulence supports diffusive transport of charged test particles parallel to the mean magnetic field. This stands in sharp contrast to scattering in the quasi-linear approximation, for which we show quite generally that the two-dimensional scattering rate vanishes. We also demonstrate that at large amplitude, two-dimensional turbulence makes important contributions to the parallel mean free path of particles in mixtures of two-dimensional and slab turbulence. This raises important questions regarding cosmic-ray mean free paths that had been thought to be settled based on quasi-linear theory.
Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive Escherichia Coli Disease in Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospitals

Abstract Background Invasive Escherichia coli disease (IED), including bloodstream infection, sepsis, and septic shock, can lead to high hospitalization and mortality rates. This multinational study describes the clinical profile of patients with IED in tertiary care hospitals. Methods We applied clinical criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, or septic shock to patients hospitalized with culture-confirmed E coli from urine or a presumed sterile site. We assessed a proposed clinical case definition against physician diagnoses. Results Most patients with IED (N = 902) were adults aged ≥60 years (76.5%); 51.9%, 25.1%, and 23.0% of cases were community-acquired (CA), hospital-acquired (HA), and healthcare-associated (HCA), respectively. The urinary tract was the most common source of infection (52.3%). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock were identified in 77.4%, 65.3%, and 14.1% of patients, respectively. Patients >60 years were more likely to exhibit organ dysfunction than those ≤60 years; this trend was not observed for SIRS. The case-fatality rate (CFR) was 20.0% (60–75 years, 21.5%; ≥75 years, 22.2%), with an increase across IED acquisition settings (HA, 28.3%; HCA, 21.7%; CA, 15.2%). Noticeably, 77.8% of patients initiated antibiotic use on the day of culture sample collection. A total of 65.6% and 40.8% of E coli isolates were resistant to ≥1 agent in ≥1 or ≥2 drug class(es). A 96.1% agreement was seen between the proposed clinical case definition and physician's diagnoses of IED. Conclusions This study contributes valuable, real-world data about IED severity. An accepted case definition could promote timely and accurate diagnosis of IED and inform the development of novel preventative strategies.
A GENERAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE VARIANCES OF X‐11 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED ESTIMATORS

Abstract. The X-11 procedure with its various variants is the commonly used procedure for seasonal adjustment throughout the world. A well-known problem with the use of this procedure, however, is the estimation of the variances of its output such as, for example, the variances of the seasonally adjusted data or the month to month changes in these data. In this paper we propose a simple general procedure for estimating the variances of the X-11 estimators. The variances account for the sampling distribution of the survey estimators around the corresponding population values and for the distribution of the component series included in the decomposition of the population values. The procedure is applicable to general sampling designs, including partially overlapping surveys. Empirical results illustrating the performance of the procedure when applied to simulated and real series are presented.
The Structure of the Reduced Product of Preinjective Modules Over a Hereditary Right Pure Semisimple Ring

ABSTRACT Let G be a division ring and F ⊂ G a fixed subdivision ring of G such that dim F G = ∞, dim G F = 2 and the F-G-bimodule F G G has the infinite dimension type d−∞( F G G ) = (…, 2, 2…,2, 2, 1, ∞) in the sense of Simson (1996 2000), see Section 2. In particular, the hereditary ring is a counter-example to the pure semisimplicity conjecture. Let be a complete set of representatives of pairwise non-isomorphic preinjective right R G -modules. We prove that the reduced product is a direct sum , where , , s 0 = s 1 = (card G)ℵ0 , and means the direct sum of s j copies of the right ideal P j of R G . We also show that is isomorphic to ∏ℵ0 P 1. Communicated by J. Gomaz Pardo.
Black Holes and Thermodynamics

A black hole of given mass, angular momentum, and charge can have a large number of different unobservable internal configurations which reflect the possible different initial configurations of the matter which collapsed to produce the hole. The logarithm of this number can be regarded as the entropy of the black hole and is a measure of the amount of information about the initial state which was lost in the formation of the black hole. If one makes the hypothesis that the entropy is finite, one can deduce that the black holes must emit thermal radiation at some nonzero temperature. Conversely, the recently derived quantum-mechanical result that black holes do emit thermal radiation at temperature kappah/2$pi$kc, where kappa is the surface gravity, enables one to prove that the entropy is finite and is equal to c$sup 3$A/4Gh, where A is the surface area of the event horizon or boundary of the black hole. Because black holes have negative specific heat, they cannot be in stable thermal equilibrium except when the additional energy available is less than 1/4 the mass of the black hole. This means that the standard statistical-mechanical canonical ensemble cannot be applied when gravitational interactions are important. Black holesmore » behave in a completely random and time-symmetric way and are indistinguishable, for an external observer, from white holes. The irreversibility that appears in the classical limit is merely a statistical effect. (AIP)« less
SOLIDIFICATION OF MOLTEN METAL DROPLETS IMPINGING ON A COLD SURFACE

Two experiments are conducted to study flow and heat transfer behavior in a molten metal droplet on a cold surface following impingement. Laser holographic interferometry is employed to visualize molten metal-solid contact state in real time over the entire solidification process by means of a high-speed video camera. The formation of two distinct solidified layers is disclosed. One, formed in the early stage of solidification, adheres to the cooling surface and is latent heat controlled. The other, formed in the later stage, is nonadhesive and radial-shaped, and is dominated by a slip flow of the molten phase accompanied by phase change. The latter is verified by a separate experiment using thermocouple measurements and inverse conduction theory. These two different heat transfer mechanisms may cause transient thermal and residual stress problems, which would affect the quality of solidified metal products. Results for solidification of a single molten metal drop on quartz and copper surfaces, representi.
Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Indian Riverine Thermal Regimes Using Hybrid Deep Learning Methods

Understanding the riverine thermal regimes is challenging due to sparse spatiotemporal data of river water temperatures (RWTs). The development of systematic models combined with machine learning models under data‐limited context has not been intensively studied for the prediction of RWT. The present study developed hybrid models using long short‐term memory (LSTM), integrated with (a) k‐nearest neighbor (k‐NN) bootstrap resampling algorithms (kNN‐LSTM) to address the data limitations of RWT prediction and (b) discrete wavelet transform (WT) approach (WT‐LSTM) to address the time–frequency localized features of RWT prediction. The study assessed the climate change impacts on RWT using an ensemble of National Aeronautics Space Administration Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections of air temperature with Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 for seven major polluted river catchments of India. The hybrid kNN‐LSTM has effectively predicted RWT at monthly time scales under data limitations and outperformed the standalone LSTM, WT‐LSTM, and hybrid three‐parameter version air2stream models. The RWT increase for Tunga‐Bhadra, Musi, Ganga, and Narmada basins is predicted as 3.0, 4.0, 4.6, and 4.7°C, respectively, for 2071–2100.
X-ray observations of IRAS selected Seyfert galaxies and obscuration of the broad-line region

The IR, optical emission-line, and X-ray properties of four IRAS selected Seyfert galaxies are compared with those of a hard X-ray sample of AGN. For three of the four galaxies the properties are consistent with the objects in the X-ray sample. The anomalous IRAS Seyfert appears to be about 10 times underluminous in hard X-rays. Using a new method involving correlations between Balmer decrement and L(X)/H-beta it is shown that the average reddening law appropriate to the hard X-ray sample of AGN is similar to that measured in the Galaxy. By deriving an average intrinsic ratio of L(X)/H-beta, the average unreddened H-alpha to H-beta ratio in the broad-line region is measured to be 3.5. 29 references.
On the Sensitivity of the Cepheid Period-Luminosity Relation to Variations of Metallicity

Predictions are made of the effect of variations in the [Fe/H] metallicity on the zero point of the Cepheid period-luminosity relation in bolometric, B, V, and I magnitudes. Theoretical evolutionary tracks in the H-R diagram, computed by three independent groups at Geneva, Padua, and Basel, are combined with the positions of the blue and red edges of the instability strip in the relevant H-R diagrams to give the predicted P-L relations for [Fe/H] metallicities of 0.0, -0.4, -0.7, -1.3, and -1.7. The predictions are based on the pulsation equation, P(ℳ,L,Te,Z,Y), calculated at the points where the tracks of a given mass for each metallicity intersect the instability strip in the H-R diagrams. New model atmospheres and synthetic spectra are computed giving sets of grids of the bolometric corrections and B - V, V - R, R - I, and V - I colors for temperatures between 7500 and 5000 K, gravities between log g = 3.0 and log g = 0.75, and metallicities between [Fe/H] = 0.0 and [Fe/H] = -1.7. Interpolation in the grids at the relevant temperatures, gravities, and metallicities of the Cepheid instability strip give theoretical P-L relations on the Cape Cousins BVI photometric system at the blue and red edges of the strip. The metallicity dependence of the P-L relations, read at P = 10 days, are dM/d[Fe/H] = 0.00 mag dex-1 in M(bol), +0.03 mag dex-1 in B, -0.08 mag dex-1 in V, and -0.10 mag dex-1 in I in the sense that lower metallicities mean brighter magnitudes in B and fainter ones in V and I. Similar dependencies are found at P = 31.6 days. Confirmation that the zero points of the Cepheid P-L relations are not steeper functions of [Fe/H] than the theoretical values derived here is found by comparing the distance moduli of the LMC, the SMC, and IC 1613 based on the P-L relation for Galactic Cepheids (〈[Fe/H]〉 = 0) with the distance moduli determined for these galaxies using RR Lyrae variables with the steep absolute magnitude-metallicity calibration of MV(RR) = 0.30[Fe/H] + 0.94. Applying this bright calibration, based on the Oosterhoff-Arp-Preston (OAP) metallicity effect, to the RR Lyrae variables in the LMC, the SMC, and IC 1613 gives individual distance moduli that agree to within 0.10 mag with the Cepheid distance moduli for [Fe/H] =0 for each galaxy, confirming that no metallicity dependence of the Cepheid P-L relation can be detected at this level with the present observational data if the bright RR Lyrae MV ([Fe/H]) calibration is used. Using the stated calibrations with the Cepheid data from the literature gives the distance modulus of the LMC to be (m - M)0 = 18.57. The modulus for the SMC, corrected for the mild metallicity effect derived here, reconciles the deviant individual B, V, and I moduli to within ±0.01 mag, giving (m - M)0 = 18.94 for the SMC.
Uniqueness of place and process representations in hydrological modelling

Abstract. This paper addresses the problem of uniqueness of catchment areas in relation to model representations of flow processes. The uniqueness of field measurements as a limitation on model representations is discussed. The treatment of uniqueness as a residual from a modelled relationship may conceal information about the uniqueness of catchments, while the treatment of uniqueness as a set of parameter values within a particular model structure is problematic due to the equifinality of model structures and parameter sets. The analysis suggests that a fully reductionist approach to describe the uniqueness of individual catchment areas by the aggregation of descriptions of small scale behaviour will be impossible given current measurement technologies. A suggested strategy for the representation of uniqueness of place as a fuzzy mapping of the landscape into a model space is suggested. This will lead to a quantification of the uncertainty in predictions of any particular location in a way that allows a conditioning of the mapping on the basis of the available data. This process can incorporate a hypothesis testing approach to model evaluation but the problem of multiple behavioural models may provide an ultimate limitation on the realism of process representations: not on the principle of realism but on the possibility of unambiguous process representations.
How Demographic Factors Impact Attitudes Toward the Recreational Use of Cannabis

While cannabis legalization in the United States has become more commonplace, differences in attitudes toward its use persist. Negative attitudes toward cannabis create barriers to care for those seeking its use for therapeutic purposes. Existing research regarding the attitudes surrounding cannabis is specific to medical cannabis (MC) use or cannabis use in general. To address this gap, the present research sought to explore the demographic factors that influence attitudes toward recreational cannabis, including gender, age, ethnicity, race, level of education, marital status, number of children, the legal status of cannabis in the state of residency, employment status, political party affiliation, political view, and religion. The Recreational Cannabis Attitudes Scale (RCAS) was used to measure participants’ attitudes toward recreational cannabis. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or one-way Welch ANOVA was used to determine variations in RCAS scores between different demographic groups. Data from 645 participants indicated that gender (P = 0.039), employment status (P = 0.016), political party affiliation (P = 0.002), political view (P = 0.0005), the legal status of the state of residence (P = 0.003), religion (P = 0.0005), and experience with cannabis (P = 0.0005) had significant variations between groups regarding attitudes toward recreational cannabis. Understanding the factors that inform attitudes is critical to efforts to destigmatize cannabis use. Education about cannabis is an effective measure in reducing stigma, and paired with demographic information, advocacy efforts can be more accurately targeted.
Rotation of the neutron-drip superfluid in pulsars: The Kelvin phonon contribution to dissipation

Epstein & Baym have shown that excitation of the unperturbed Kelvin mode would produce a large resistive force on superfluid neutron vortices moving relative to the crust nuclei in a neutron star. It is shown here that real Kelvin phonon states are strongly perturbed by the vortex-nucleus interaction. The phonon spectrum, for vortices not parallel with lattice vectors given by small Miller indices, is that of a one-dimensional disordered system. The resistive force produced by one-phonon creation and annihilation is negligible for small vortex velocities (< 10 2 cm/s) but is large in the high-velocity limit
SIMPLIFIED QUANTUM-MECHANICAL THEORY OF PRESSURE BROADENING

Quantum mechanics is used to treat the motion of the Derturbers broadening a line. Several simplifying assumptions are made, such as the Born- Oppenheimer approximation. and the assumption of no degeneracy. These assumptions can be removed. Also made is the ''impact approximation. '' which is essential for the validity of the results and cannot be removed. With it, the line has a Lorentz shape, and its width and shift are expressed in terms of the two scattering amplitudes of the perturbers by the atom in its upper and lower state. The case where the perturbers do not interact appreciably with the lower state is particularly simple. Then, the width and shift are proportional to the imaginary part and the real part of the forward scattering amplitude, respectively. A quantity called the ''collision volume'' is defined. lt is shown that the impact approximation is valid only if the collision volume is much smaller than the volume per perturber. There is a second validity condition, which las no classical analog. (auth)
Effect of Computer Technology Adoption on Sales Volume in Selected Supermarkets in Kampala Central Division, Uganda

The study looked at the relationship between sales volume and the deployment of computer technology at a few specific supermarkets in Kampala's central division. The specific goal was to look at how the use of computer technology affected the amount of sales in supermarkets. The research used a cross-sectional approach. Approaches that combined quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Data was collected from a sample of 80 respondents in 20 supermarkets in the central division of Kampala using questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive, correlational, and regression techniques. The results suggested that adoption of computer technology boosts grocery sales. Conclusion: Adoption of computer technology improves operational efficiency, according to the respondents' responses. However, there were a few areas that needed improvement so that efficiency would actually increase. It was advised that the owners of supermarkets purchase and employ improved accounting software, as well as effective monitoring systems and systems that can identify impending expirations and obsolescence and report them early so that action can be taken to prevent losses from expirations.
Discontinuity of the electromagnetic fields, potentials, and currents at fixed and moving boundaries

Expressions for the discontinuity of the electromagnetic field at a fixed boundary such as the interface between two different media are usually derived through the use of Maxwell’s equations in integral form, i.e., Gauss’ law, Faraday’s law, and Ampere’s law. When the boundary is moving, the derivation of the corresponding jump condition becomes considerably more difficult, requiring the use of generalization of Maxwell’s equations in integral form for moving media. Obtaining the discontinuity for the electromagnetic currents is even more intricate and necessitates the use of a kinematic theorem related to the Helmholtz vector flux theorem. This article presents a new technique that yields all the results directly from Maxwell’s equations in their differential form. The method is very straightforward and essentially the same for both fixed and moving boundaries. Elementary operations of vector analysis are all that is basically required to obtain the discontinuity of any electromagnetic quantity, be it a.
Constraining Bedrock Groundwater Residence Times in a Mountain System With Environmental Tracer Observations and Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification

Groundwater residence time distributions provide fundamental insights on the hydrological processes within watersheds. Yet, observations that can constrain groundwater residence times over broad timescales remain scarce in mountain catchment studies. We use environmental tracers (CFC‐12, SF6, 3H, and 4He) to investigate groundwater residence times along a hillslope in the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. We develop a Bayesian inference framework that applies a Markov‐chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to estimate noble gas recharge temperature, elevation, and excess‐air parameters and the resulting environmental tracer concentrations. MCMC is then used to propagate the environmental tracer uncertainties to estimates of groundwater mean residence times inferred with lumped parameter models. All samples contain 3H, CFC‐12, and SF6 in addition to terrigenic 4He, suggesting a mixture of water characterized by modern and premodern residence times. 4He exponential mean residence times range from hundreds of years at the upslope well to thousands of years at the toe‐slope well assuming average crustal production rates. We find that binary mixing residence time distributions with separate young and old mixing fractions are needed to predict the 4He, CFC‐12, SF6, and 3H observations, supporting the importance of flow path mixing in this bedrock system. Our findings that the fractured bedrock hosts groundwater with a mixture of residence times ranging from decades to millennia suggest variable recharge dynamics and flow path mixing along the hillslope and highlight the importance of characterizing groundwater systems with observations that are sensitive to transport over a broad range of residence times.