Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rapid Publications Colocalization of GLUT2 Glucose Transporter, Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter, and 7-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Rat Kidney With Double-Peroxidase Immunocytochemistry

Glucose is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate in the proximal segment of the renal tubule in two stages. The first stage is uphill transport across the brush border membrane by Na-glucose cotransport and the second stage is downhill transport across the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion. Genes for both a renal Na-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) and a renal facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT2) have been cloned and sequenced. To examine whether SGLT1 and GLUT2 colocalize to the same tubular epithelial cells in rat kidney, double-immunoperoxidase studies with dual chromogens and paraformaldehyde perfusion-fixed frozen sections of rat kidney were performed. Antipeptide antisera were prepared against rat GLUT2 (amino acids 510-522) and rabbit SGLT1 (amino acids 402-420). Proximal tubules were identified immunocytochemically with an antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 21 amino acids at the COOH-terminal of the heavy chain of rat 7-glutamyl transpeptidase, which is a proximal tubule-specific enzyme. The anti-GLUT2 antiserum strongly stained the basolateral membrane of 46% of cortical tubules, whereas the SGLT1 antiserum stained the brush border of 56% of the cortical tubules. The 7-glutamyl transpeptidase antiserum also stained the brush border of 51% of the cortical tubules. GLUT2 and SGLT1 colocalized to 40% of cortical epithelium, but 16% of cortical epithelial cells were immunopositive for brush border SGLT1 and immunonegative for basolateral GLUT2. These 7-glutamyl transpeptidase staining results suggest that at least 50% of the tubules in the cortex are proximal tubules and that SGLT1 and GLUT2 colocalize to most proximal tubules. The fact that SGLT1 antiserum immunoreacted with tubules
Mechanical Strength of Clay Minerals as Influenced by an Adsorbed Polysaccharide

The water-stabilizing action of polysaccharides on soil aggregates has been ascribed to the binding together of soil particles by polymer bridges. This study was conducted to investigate the ability of polysaccharides to increase the strength of interparticle bonds by measuring the mechanical strength of clay-polysaccharide complexes. Kaolinite, montmorillonite, and the polysaccharide scleroglucan were used. Cores were prepared from dilute suspensions of the complexes, air dried, and manufactured either into small briquets or into spherical aggregates to measure respectively the modulus of rupture and the tensile strength. The polysaccharide increased the mechanical strength of both clay minerals. The modulus of rupture of montmorillonite increased from 265 to 580 × 10⁵ Pa at the maximum adsorption of scleroglucan, which was 140 g kg⁻¹ clay. In the case of kaolinite, modulus of rupture measurements indicated that particle-orientation effects were small and could be neglected. The tensile strength of kaolinite increased from 1 to 20.6 × 10⁵ Pa at the maximum adsorption of scleroglucan (29.9 g kg⁻¹ clay). In this case, the mechanical properties were not due to changes in the clay microorganization, since scleroglucan affected neither the fabric nor the porosity of the kaolinite. Increases in strength were thus intercepted as the formation of polymer bridges between the clay particles and were related to the progressive coverage of the surface area of the clay by the polysaccharide. We concluded that the aggregating action of polysaccharides is predominantly due to an increased strength of interparticle bonds.
Understanding the molecular interactions of lipopolysaccharides during E. coli initial adhesion with a surface forces apparatus

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) occupy 75% of the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. This work investigates the role of LPS during bacterial adhesion to solid substrates. Two model lipopolysaccharides, LPS1 and LPS2, were examined. LPS1 from E. coliJM109 has a full LPS chain consisting of lipid A, core polysaccharides, and O-antigen; LPS2 from K12 has a truncated chain without the O-antigen portion. Interactions between an LPS layer prealigned on polystyrene (PS) and three different substrates (mica, PS-coated mica, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized mica) in 0.1 M NaCl were measured using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). The PS-supported LPS showed strong adhesion to APTES, weak adhesion to mica, and strong repulsion to PS substrate. Electrostatic interaction and steric effects contribute significantly to the interactions between the LPS and different substrates. The presence of long O-antigen chains in LPS1 reduces bacterial adhesion to various substrates because of the presence of an energetic barrier during the adsorption process, which is caused by the affinity of hydrophilic neutral O-antigen chains to water and the steric entropic barrier of LPS chains on the cell membrane surface.
Anionic polymerization of isoprene: Effect of ionic character of the growing ion pair on polymer structure

The styrene content of styrene-isoprene copolymers initiated by alkali metals in different solvents is correlated with the total 1,4-adduct content of isoprene homopolymers initiated in the same manner. A very good linear relationship is obtained over the whole range which is dependent on the ionic character of the propagating species highly ionic systems (i.e., Na in ethers) give high styrene and low 1,4-adduct contents, while less ionic systems, i.e., butyllithium in aromatic ethers and in hydrocarbons, give progressively lower styrene and higher 1,4-adduct contents.
Posterolateral Spinal Fusion in Rabbits Using a RP-based PLGA/ TCP/Col/BMSCs-OB Biomimetic Grafting Material

Three-dimensional highly porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/ tricalcium phosphate (PLGA/TCP) scaffolds were fabricated using a rapid prototyping technique (RP). The 3D rhombic lamellar PLGA/TCP carriers (20 mm × 20 mm × 3 mm) subsequently were coated with collagen type I (Col) to produce PLGA/TCP/Col composites. Both the RP-based PLGA/TCP scaffolds and the PLGA/TCP/Col composites were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Forty New Zealand white rabbits were equally randomized into 2 groups (group A and group B) and bilaterally underwent posterolateral intertransverse process arthrodesis at the L4—L5 level using the following graft materials: In group A, PLGA/TCP/Col/BMSCs-OB composites (on the right side, group A1, n = 20) and autogenous iliac bone grafts (on the left side, group A2, n = 20) were used; In group B, PLGA/TCP scaffolds plus fresh autogenous bone marrow (on the right side, group B1, n = 20) and PLGA/TCP scaffolds alone (on the left side, group B2, n = 20) were utilized. In group A1, rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were isolated and cultured under the osteogenic conditions (BMSCs-OB). Structural PLGA/TCP/Col composites then were efficiently loaded with BMSCs-OB and cultured 5 days to make PLGA/TCP/ Col/BMSCs-OB biomaterials. Rabbits were sacrificed after 12-week follow-up and the spinal fusion were evaluated by a general observation, a manual palpation test, histological analyses and radiography. As a result, RP established PLGA/TCP scaffolds with appropriate biomaterial properties including satisfactory microstructure, inter-connectivity and porosity. Modifications to the structural highly porous PLGA/TCP scaffolds with Col (PLGA/TCP/Col) essentially increased the affinity of the carriers to seeding cells. In group A1, radiological evaluation revealed strong ability of new bone formation and bony fusion in the implanted sites and histological analyses showed highly cellular bone marrow between the newly formed trabecular bone was present in the fusion mass. In group A2, there was a reduced amount of newly formed bone. In group B1, only a few bony fusions were obtained. In group B2, PLGA/TCP scaffolds were biocompatible and biodegradable; whereas, no newly formed bone or bony fusion was found. Twelve weeks after surgery, spinal fusion rates in groups of A1, A2, B1, and B2 were 70.0%(14/20), 45.0%(9/20), 15.8%(3/19), and 0%(0/19), respectively. The rates of fusion were significantly higher in groups of A1 and A2 compared with groups of B1 and B2 (p<0.01), and there was no significant difference of fusion rate between group A1 and group A2 (p>0.05). Therefore, RP-based 3D PLGA/TCP/Col/BMSCs-OB biomaterial holds promise as a bone grafting substitute for spinal fusion. Our attempts may provide a novel method for biofabrication of the bionic construct.
Compactness, aggregation, and prionlike behavior of protein: A lattice model study

The solubility and compactness of proteins is investigated within the framework of models amenable to an exact numerical study through exhaustive enumeration. We study how the average inter-amino acid interaction potential affects the properties of both isolated and interacting proteins. In a concentrated solution, depending on the value of the average potential, individual proteins may remain stable in the isolated native structure (soluble case), may aggregate preserving their geometrical shape (nonsoluble case) or aggregate changing their geometrical shape (prionlike behavior). The number of sequences that have compact native states and are soluble is maximal at a fine-tuned average interaction potential and of the same order of the corresponding number of nonsoluble prionlike proteins. The viable protein sequences selected by such a fine-tuned potential are found to have an amino acid composition similar to naturally occurring proteins.
Kristallstrukturen des Sr(OH)2 · H2O, Ba(OH)2 · H2O (o.‐rh. und mon.) und Ba(OH)2 · 3 H2O

Die Kristallstrukturen des Ba(OH)2 · 3 H2O (Pnma, Z = 4), γ-Ba(OH)2 · H2O (P21/m, Z = 2) und der isotypen Sr(OH)2 · H2O (Barnighausen und Weidlein (1967)) und β-Ba(OH)2 · H2O) (Pmc21, Z = 2) wurden anhand von Rontgeneinkristalldaten bestimmt. Ba(OH)2 · 3 H2O und Ba(OH)2 · H2O mcn. kristallisieren in bisher nicht bekannten Strukturtypen. Die Struktur des Ba(OH)2 · H2O mon. ist eine verzerrte Variante der Struktur der Seltenerdhydroxide SE(OH)3 der Raumgruppe P63/m (Obergruppe von P21/m). Die Metall-Sauerstoffabstande der Barium- und Strontiumhydroxidhydrate sind zu Hydroxidionen signifikant kurzer (mittlerer Ba—O-Abstand 278,1 pm) als bei Kristallwassermolekulen (289,9 pm). Wie bei anderen Hydraten ionischer Hydroxide bilden die Wassermolekule starke Wasserstoffbrucken zu benachbarten Hydroxidionen, wahrend die Hydroxidionen nicht wasserstoffbruckengebunden sind. Crystal Structures of Sr(OH)2 · H2O, Ba(OH)2 · H2O (o.-rh. and mon.), and Ba(OH)2 · 3 H2O The crystal structures of Ba(OH)2 · 3 H2O (Pnma, Z = 4), γ-Ba(OH)2 · H2O (P21/m, Z = 2) and the isotypic Sr(OH)2 · H2O and β-Ba(OH)2 · H2O (Pmc21, Z = 2) were determined using X-ray single crystal data. Ba(OH)2 · 3 H2O and Ba(OH)2 · H2O mon. crystallize in hitherto unknown structure types. The structure of Ba(OH)2 · H2O mon. is strongly related to that of rare earth hydroxides M(OH)3 with space group P63/m (super group of P21/m). The metal-oxygen distances are significantly shorter for OH− ions (mean Ba—O bond lengths of all hydroxides under investigation 278.1 pm) than for H2O molecules (289.9 pm). Corresponding to other hydrates of ionic hydroxides, the water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds to adjacent OH− ions whereas the hydroxide are not H-bonded.
On reproducibility of Rietveld analysis of reference Portland cement clinkers

Weight fractions of four dominant phases (C3S, C2S, C4AF and C3A) present in the NIST Reference Portland clinkers 8486, 8487 and 8488 were estimated by a series of Rietveld refinements. Calculated powder patterns were derived from the structural data for monoclinic C3S and C2S, orthorhombic C4AF and cubic C3A. X-ray diffraction data were collected in two laboratories with two diffractometers, a reflection and a transmission one. There were no significant differences between the results of the refinements based on the data sets collected on the machines with different experimental arrangements. Estimated phase compositions were compared to the reference values found by optical microscopy (MPC). Median agreement between refined and reference values within ±5% (absolute) was found only for 8488 clinker; for 8486 and C3A-rich 8487 it was within ±10% (absolute). In the majority of the refinements numerical instabilities were detected, leading to large correlations between FWHM and temperature parameters of some phases. The results obtained for C4AF were probably influenced by the presence of possible solid solutions with the structures close to that of C4AF. Weight fractions of low abundant C3A were estimated with the largest relative errors reaching in several cases ∼100%.
The growth of thin Titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) film and nano size TiO 2 powder

The growth of thin films of TiO2 directly on Si surfaces is studied with Auger Electron Spectroscopy. The information from these studies about the titanium oxide properties and the changes of the electronic structure is enhanced by the use of sol-gel method for synthesizing nano-size TiO2 powder. The obtained results show that titanium oxide with higher dielectric constant and amorphous structure can be as a good gate dielectric for the future of CMOS (ComplementaryMetalOxideSemiconductor) devices.
Surface oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotube paper with oxygen atoms

Single-walled carbon nanotube paper was surface oxidized with gaseous oxygen atoms produced by low-pressure: (1) vacuum UV (λ = 104.8 and 106.7 nm) photo-oxidation and (2) downstream microwave plasma discharge of an Ar–O2 mixture. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to detect the carbon- and oxygen-containing functional groups in the top 2–5 nm of the sample’s surface. Both methods produced a saturation level of ca. 12 at. % oxygen with the predominant formation of the epoxide/ether groups.
Deactivation Pathways of the Catalytic Activity of Metal–Organic Frameworks in Condensation Reactions

In the present study we have selected three different condensation reactions as model reactions, namely the hydroxylalkylation of anisole by paraformaldehyde to bis(methoxyphenyl)methane, the Pechmann condensation of phenols with ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) to coumarins and the Knoevenagel condensation of two aldehydes with three active methylene compounds to form α,β‐unsaturated esters and nitriles, using two related Fe‐containing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely commercial Fe(BTC) (BTC: 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate) and synthetic MIL‐100(Fe) as the catalysts. The main aim of this study was to determine the nature of the poisons, the MOF structural stability in connection with the substrate, and the variations in the product selectivity. We have found that undesired intermediates (bisarylmethyl cation in the case of hydroxyalkylation) or byproducts (benzoic acid in the case of Knoevenagel condensation) can poison the MOF by being strongly adsorbed within the MOFs and blocking the pores. In the Pechmann condensation, besides pore blocking, a low structural stability of Fe(BTC) was reflected in the collapse of the crystal structure, while using polyhydroxy aromatic compounds because of their ability to act as ligands for Fe3+, replacing trimesate ligand. MIL‐100(Fe) was considerably more robust for this reaction.
Spectrophotometric determination of dissolved organic phosphorus in natural waters using in-line photo-oxidation and flow injection

A rapid in-line photochemical digestion for use with flow injection (Fl) to determine the dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) in natural waters is described. The Fl system includes a simple ultraviolet (UV) photoreactor and uses the tin(II) chloride reduction of phosphomolybdate for the spectrophotometric determination of the dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) produced by the photo-oxidation. Samples in the range 0.1–4 and < 0.1 mg l–1 of P can be analysed at rates of 72 and 50 samples h–1, respectively. The effective detection limit of the technique was 0.01 mg l–1. Comparison of the results for DOP obtained using the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained using standard methods. The DRP could also be determined using the same Fl manifold but without UV irradiation.
Are there Cultural Determinants of Entrepreneurship

This paper explores the importance of culture in determining contractual outcomes. We set up a field experiment in India where we send shoppers from different communities to contract with wholesalers (who also belong to different communities) in the pen industry. We find that entrepreneurs from different communities vary in how they conduct business and negotiate contracts. Wholesalers from the Marwari community, who are considered the most entrepreneurial community in India, offer lower prices and smaller upfront payment than wholesalers from other communities. We also find that prices are lower when there is a community match between the shopper and wholesaler. But there is no difference on the level of upfront payment. Our results suggest that culture is an important factor in explaining differences in contract negotiations.
Phase Distribution of Resin and Fatty Acids in Colloidal Wood Pitch Emulsions at Different pH-Levels

The distribution of resin and fatty acids (RFAs) between the water phase and the lipophilic phase in colloidal pitch emulsions was determined as a function of pH. Model pitch emulsions were prepared and agitated at different pH, temperature, and NaCl concentration. After filtration, the concentration of dissolved RFAs in the water phase was determined. The experimental data were used for calculation of pKlw, that is, the pH at which 50% of the acids are dissolved in the water phase. At pH 3, all of the RFAs were associated with the colloidal droplets. The resin acids were dissolved at lower pH than the fatty acids. Among the resin acids, dehydroabietic acid had the lowest pKlw. The pKlw of fatty acids depended greatly on the chain length and degree of unsaturation. Fatty acids with more than 20 carbon atoms had a low water solubility even above pH 10. Increasing the NaCl concentration increased the pKlw. The kinetics of the phase distribution was very rapid.
Microwave attenuation of hydrogen plasma in carbon nanotubes

The attenuation (ATT) of hydrogen plasma in carbon nanotubes, grown by iron-catalyzed high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionate process, is investigated. The effects of the incident wave, the electron density, the collision frequency, the thermal frequency, and the cyclotron frequency on the ATT of the microwave are discussed. Moreover, the impacts of thermal frequency and cyclotron frequency on the ATT are investigated separately. Numerical results indicate that position of the ATT peak and the ATT level depend on the incident frequency, the electron density, the collision frequency, the thermal frequency, and the cyclotron frequency. The results show that the cyclotron frequency highly influences the ATT level. In contrast, the shift frequency is more affected by the thermal frequency. The ATT is more sensitive at the middle band of incident frequency.
Crosslinking of Cotton Fabrics Premercerized with Different Alkalis

A crosslinking treatment with dimethyldimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DM- DMDHEU) is reported for cotton fabrics premercerized with different alkalis at normal (constant) length (warp and weft). The number of crosslinks per anhydroglucose unit (CL/AGU) and crosslink lengths (CL) are calculated from formaldehyde and nitrogen contents. Data on formaldehyde and nitrogen contents, physical properties, and num ber and length of crosslinks are discussed. The value of CL length for unmercerized cotton is higher than that for mercerized fabrics at the same pad bath resin concen tration, but CL/AGU for the former is lower than the latter. ΔDCRA and Δ W CRA values of the various premercerized cottons are ranked LiOH mercerized > NaOH mercerized > KOH mercerized > unmercerized fabric; however, the ranking of ΔTSR and ΔER values is in the order of unmercerized > KOH mercerized > NaOH mer cerized > LiOH mercerized fabric at the same nitrogen content and CL/AGU. The swelling of the various mercerized and crosslinked fabrics is ranked LiOH mercerized > NaOH mercerized > KOH mercerized > unmercerized fabric.
Aromaticity and antiaromaticity: what role do ionic configurations play in delocalization and induction of magnetic properties?

CmHm (m= 4, 6, 8) species are analyzed in Dmh and D(1/2)mh geometries by means of valence bond (VB) calculations. The fundamental factors that distinguish aromatic and antiaromatic modes of electron delocalization are elucidated by analysis of the mixing between the covalent-state and ionic structures that distribute the electrons in all possible modes available in the cycle. The major difference found is that, by contrast to the aromatic species where all the ionic structures mix into the covalent state, in the antiaromatic species the set of diagonal-ionic structures is excluded from mixing with the covalent-state, owing to its fundamental symmetry features. This exclusion of covalent–ionic mixing is expressed at the most fundamental building blocks of the wavefunction; the spin-alternant state. The spin-alternant state is a resonance hybrid of the two spin-alternant determinants. This resonance hybrid will support a collective motion of the pπ-electrons around the perimeter of the ring only if ionic structures can mix to mediate the electronic flow. It is shown that in aromatic species all the ionic structures mix and sustain a continuous electronic flow around the ring perimeter. By contrast, owing to the exclusion of the diagonal-ionic structures in antiaromatic compounds, the electronic flow in antiaromatic species is interrupted. Symmetry and angular momentum analyses of the ground state in the presence of an external magnetic field show that the properties of the spin-alternant state can qualitatively describe the magnetic properties of the two classes. The continuous flow of π-electrons mediated by the ionic structures of aromatic species is responsible for the enhanced diamagnetism of these species. By contrast, paramagnetic π-ring current in antiaromatic species becomes possible only in the presence of the magnetic field that allows the mixing of the otherwise excluded ionic structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SWIRLING JET TURBULENT MIXING AND COMBUSTION COMPUTATIONS

SUMMARY Computations are presented describing the mixing and combustion of swirlingjets in a coaxial stream. It is demonstrated that the boundary layer equa-tions represent the flow reasonably well until reversed flow is imminent.An isothermal jet with initial solid body rotation and uniform axial velocityyield near region profiles of axial velocity that exhibit a maximum shiftedfrom the axis for swirls less than that required for the onset of reversedflow. For the range of parameters investigated indications are that the edgevelocity has little effect on the behavior of the flow. Furthermore, con-fining the flow with a constant pressure vail, or impressing a favorablepressure gradient on the coaxial flow, acts to reduce the severity of thecenter! ine adverse pressure gradient created by the swirl decay.A simple scalar eddy viscosity model, including a potential core formulation,is shown to describe the behavior of-weak swirling flow in the far region butis only in fair agreement with observations in the near region. A slightmodification of the model, employing radial uniformity of the eddy viscosity,is found to be sometimes advisable.The effects of swirl on a burning hydrocarbon jet exhausting into a cold co-axial stream are shown to be intensified by the reduction of the jet densitydue to combustion. The enhanced mixing properties of high swirl flow producerapid diffusion of the burning gases into the cold edge flow causing earlycessation of the NO producing reactions. Computations show that doubling theinitial jet swirl could reduce the NO production by 25%.