Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross-Validation in Principal Component Analysis

SUMMARY This paper describes a form of cross-validation, in the context of principal component analysis, which has a number of useful aspects as regards multivariate data inspection and description. Topics covered include choice of dimensionality, identification of influential observations, and selection of important variables. The methods are motivated by and illustrated on a well-known data set. 1. Data Set and Objectives Jeffers (1967) described two detailed multivariate case studies, one of which concerned 19 variables measured on each of 40 winged aphids alatee adelges) that had been caught in a light trap. The 19 variables are listed in Table 1. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine the structure in the data, and if possible to answer the following questions: (i) How many dimensions of the individuals are being measured? (ii) How many distinct taxa are present in the habitat? (iii) Which variables among the 19 are redundant for distinguishing between taxa, and which must be retained in future work? Of the 19 variables, 14 are length or width measurements, four are counts, and one (anal fold) is a presence/absence variable scored 0 or 1. In view of this disparity in variable type, Jeffers elected to standardise the data and thus effect the PCA by finding the latent roots and vectors of the correlation (rather than covariance) matrix of the data. The elements of each latent vector provide the coefficients of one of 19 linear combinations of the standardised original variables that successively maximise sample variance subject to being orthogonal with each other, and the corresponding latent root is the sample variance of that linear combination. The 19 observations for each aphid were subjected to each of these 19 linear transformations to form the 19 principal component scores for that aphid. The above questions were then answered as follows: (i) The latent roots of the correlation matrix were as given in Table 1. The four largest comprise 73.0%, 12.5%, 3.9%, and 2.6%, respectively, of the total variance (19.0) of the standardised variables; the dimensionality of the data was therefore taken to be 2. (ii) When the scores of the first two principal components for the 40 aphids were plotted against orthogonal axes, the resulting 40 points divided into four groups as shown in Figure 1. Hence, four distinct species were identified for the aphids. (iii) From consideration of the size of coefficients in the first three principal components, it was concluded that only the four variables length of tibia, number of ovipositor
Beyond Empathy for Pain

Here we address four objections raised by Julien Deonna, John Michael, and Francesca Fardo against a recent account of empathy for pain (by Frédérique de Vignemont and Tania Singer and Vignemont and Pierre Jacob). First, to what extent must the empathizer share her target’s affective state? Second, how can one interpret neuroscientific findings on vicarious pain in light of recent results challenging the notion of a pain matrix? Third, can one offer a simpler account of how empathy makes one aware of another’s emotion? Finally, to what extent can this account of empathy for pain be generalized to empathy for emotions?
Game and analogy: A bi-model for effective instruction in the Nigerian mathematics classroom

The effectiveness of teaching secondary school mathematics with game and analogy was investigated. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study was a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design which employed a sample of 246 Junior Secondary two (JS2) mathematics students from six public schools in Awka and Ogidi Education Zones of Anambra State, Nigeria. The Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) questionnaire was used for data collection which was validated and the coefficient of internal consistency was 0.91. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses at p< 0.05. The findings from the result showed that: the bi-model was found to be significantly more effective in facilitating students’ achievement in mathematics than modified lecture method; and a non-significant difference existed between the achievement of male and female students taught with game and analogy It was recommended that teachers should be encouraged to adopt the bi-mode lin teaching Number and numeration and Algebraic processes. Keyword: Game and analogy , A bi-model , Mathematics , Classroom and Nigeria
The Effect of Financial Performance, Bi Rate, and the Impact of the Covid 19 Pandemic on Stock Returns (Empirical study on corporate Properties & Real Estate and Infrastructure in the IDX period 2017-2021)

: Stock return is the return or profit obtained by investors from investing in a company. This study aims to analyze the effect of liquidity, leverage, profitability, market ratio, BI rate, and covid-19 on the return on shares of Properties & Real Estate and infrastructure companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017-2021. The sampling method used in this study is purposive sampling. The sample for this study consisted of 32 companies that met the criteria as units of analysis. The method of analysis used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study provide empirical evidence that profitability, market ratio, BI rate, and covid-19 affect stock returns. Meanwhile liquidity and leverage do not affect stock returns
Detection of creatinine using surface-driven ordering transitions of liquid crystals

ABSTRACT Determining creatinine levels in blood is of great importance in the detection of high risk for renal failure. Here, we report a simple methodology for real-time monitoring of creatinine employing surface-driven ordering transitions in liquid crystals (LCs) by changing pH in presence of creatinine deiminase enzyme. It is found that when 5CB (4-Cyano-4ʹ-pentylbiphenyl) LC doped with 4ʹ-hexyl-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid, a bright optical appearance was observed (at aqueous–LC interface) which is not disturbed in presence of creatinine, consistent with a planar/tilted orientation of the LC molecules at those interface. Interestingly, in presence of creatinine deiminase, an ordering transition was observed resulting from enzymatic reactions (giving rise to NH4+ ions) that can change the local pH values and lead to dark optical appearance of the LC. Presence of different amounts of creatinine would lead varied ordering transition that can be monitored in real time in presence of creatinine deiminase. Our approach could detect the creatinine levels as low as that of the healthy adult (~50 µM) and can be successfully applied to measure higher concentration of creatinine in real time using dynamic optical response of the LC. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
The Effect Of Application Of Government Accounting Standards, Implementation Of Internal Control Systems, And Completion Of Audit Findings On The Quality Of Financial Reports With Human Resources Competency As A Moderating Variable

— This study aims to determine the effect of the application of Government Accounting Standards, the application of Internal Control Systems and Completion of audit findings on the Quality of Financial Statements with Competence of Human Resources as a moderating variable. The research design method uses a survey method with data collection methods using a questionnaire. The population in this study were employees of 32 financial administration employees in the Regional Work Unit (SKPD) of Lahat Regency, using a purposive sampling technique, so that 90 employees were selected as the research sample. The analysis technique used is SmartPLS software version 4.0. 8.5. The results of the analysis show that simultaneous and partial testing, the application of Government Accounting Standards, the application of the Internal Control System and the completion of audit findings have a significant effect on the quality of financial reports. Meanwhile, the competence of human resources is not able to moderate the influence between the application of Government Accounting Standards, Internal Control Systems and completion of audit findings on the Quality of Financial Statements. The coefficient of determination is 92.5 percent, while the remaining 7.5 percent is explained by other variables.
PREDICTION OF ICE ACCRETION SHAPES ON AIRCRAFT WINGS USING OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE

Ice accretion on aircraft components starts when an aircraft flies through atmospheric clouds containing supercooled liquid droplets, which have a temperature below freezing point but are still in a liquid state. Ice accretion occurs when water droplets impinge and freeze on the unprotected frontal regions of aircraft surfaces. The accumulated ice on aircraft components degrades the aircraft performance and causes serious flight problems. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics package is developed using open-source software. The created package is used to predict rime and glaze ice shapes on a wing airfoil for different icing condition cases. The results show a satisfactory agreement in ice shape prediction obtained using the OpenFOAM and Octave software with the corresponding data in the literature.
Observing Gestures During L2 Word Learning Facilitates Differentiation Between Unfamiliar Speech Sounds and Word Meanings

This study investigated how observing pitch gestures conveying lexical tones and representational gestures conveying word meanings when learning L2 Mandarin words differing in lexical tone affects their subsequent semantic and phonological processing in L1 English speakers using the N400 event-related potential (ERP). Larger N400s for English target words mismatching vs. matching Mandarin prime words in meaning were observed for words learned with pitch and representational gesture, but not no gesture. Additionally, larger N400s for Mandarin target words mismatching vs. matching Mandarin prime words in lexical tone were observed for words learned with pitch gesture, but not representational or no gesture. These findings provide the first ERP evidence that observing gestures conveying phonological and semantic information during L2 word learning enhances subsequent phonological and semantic processing of learned L2 words.
Lift Augmentation for Two Pitching and Plunging Airfoils in Tandem Formation

The aerodynamic interaction between two tandem pitching and plunging airfoils has been investigated numerically using unsteady-RANS modeling. Lift augmentation for a single moving airfoil as well as for the tandem case, in comparison to the static-airfoil case, is uncovered. Parameters investigated include the reduced frequency, the airfoil phasing as well as the mean and amplitude of the angle of attack. It is found that for a large parameter space and airfoil phasing, the leading airfoil’s lift is enhanced when compared to the single airfoil case. This additional performance has been shown to be caused by the strengthening of the leading-edge vortex which convects over the suction surface of the airfoil during its downstroke. For out-of-phase movements, examination of the time-resolved lift variation reveals distinct peaks and troughs over the cycle associated with the creation and shedding of the leading-edge vortices over both airfoils.
The interaction of two pairs of solitary waves in a two-fluid system

This paper deals with the interaction of solitary waves in a two-fluid system which consistsof two superimposed incompressible inviscid fluids with a free surface and a horizontal rigidbottom. Under the assumption of shallow water wave, we first derive the basic equationssuitable for the model considered, a generalized form of the Boussinesq equations, then usingthe PLK method and the reductive perturbation method, obtain the second-order approximatesolution for the head-on collision between two pairs of interface and surface solitary waves,and give their maximum amplitudes during the collision and the nonuniform phase shiftsafter the collision which lead to the distortion of the wave profiles.
Prescribing endomorphism algebras. The cotorsion-free case

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Antibaryon photoproduction using CLAS at Jefferson Lab

There is little known about baryon-antibaryon photoproduction mechanisms. Three reactions, γp→ppp¯, γp→ppn¯π−, and γp→pnp¯π+ have been investigated for the photon energy range of 3.95-5.45 GeV. The data were from the g12 run period taken with the CLAS detector using a liquid hydrogen target in Hall B at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. This experiment had high statistics, with an integrated luminosity of 68 pb−1. General features of the data and preliminary cross sections are presented.
THE CONCEPT OF A PROCONSUMER HYDRO POWER PLANT WITH A SPECIAL BEARING FOR THE MAIN SHAFT

Summary : This paper presents the idea of economical, proconsumer hydro power unit. The described hydro power unit allows the generating of electric energy for own needs. However, the overproduction of power can be supplied to the state energy system. The hydropower units of small output that use the local rivers and creeks should additionally support the operation of wind power units. The design of such units should consider such restriction as, among others, cyclic operation that is characterized by often starts and stops. Proconsumer hydropower units have to assure a fast start, respective energy efficiency and a very high durability. These features can be obtained by means of proper design of the journal bearing of turbine main shaft. Hybrid bearing system connecting the journal bearing with the rolling bearing assures the decrease in the start power losses, good durability and reliability of proposed system of hydropower unit. Very important feature of this system is the application of the rolling bearing during the operation. Such bearing allows the decrease in the start time and protects against an insufficient load capacity of lubricating oil film. It is possible to apply the emulsions oil-water as well as clean water as lubricant, too.
Enhanced Pre/Post Compensation of Fiber Link Nonlinear Distortion by a Stepwise Parameter Profiled Fiber and Phase Conjugation Module

Compensation of nonlinear distortion in long distance communication links from the power induced Kerr effect is demonstrated by inserting at the transmitter or receiver a module combining optical phase conjugation (OPC) and propagation in a stepwise parameter profiled fiber (SPF). The SPF tailored with an increasing nonlinearity and decreasing dispersion parameter on average with distance as well as Raman gain induces a distortion more closely matching that of the link to improve propagation symmetry for enhancing overall distortion cancellation by OPC. Measurements show inserting the module at the transmitter or receiver with a 60 km long SPF comprising of three different fibers enables increasing the Q2-factor by 2.3 and 1.7 dB, respectively, compared to without for transmitting 5 channel WDM dual polarization 12 Gbaud 16-QAM signals in 2 × 160 km fiber spans that include dispersion compensation. Similarly, recirculating loop transmission of the same signal over 18 × 80 km (1440 km) shows improved Q2-factors of 1.9 and 1.3 dB, respectively. This corresponds to extending the transmission reach by 125 and 80%, respectively, for matched performance at equal launch power, highlighting the greater nonlinear distortion tolerance achievable with advanced OPC designs.
Visual outcomes of early enhancement following small incision lenticule extraction versus laser in situ keratomileusis

Purpose: To compare visual outcomes of early enhancement following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) versus laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods: Retrospective analysis of eyes (patients operated in the setting of a tertiary eye care hospital between 2014 and 2020) requiring early enhancement (within one year of primary surgery) was conducted. Stability of refractive error, corneal tomography, and anterior segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT) for epithelial thickness was performed. The correction post regression was done using photorefractive keratectomy and flap lift in eyes, wherein the primary procedure was SMILE and LASIK, respectively. Pre- and post enhancement corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuity (CDVA and UDVA), mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE), and cylinder were analyzed. IBM SPSS statistical software. Results: In total, 6350 and 8176 eyes post SMILE and LASIK, respectively, were analyzed. Of these, 32 eyes of 26 patients (0.5%) post SMILE and 36 eyes of 32 patients (0.44%) post-LASIK required enhancement. Post enhancement (flap lift in LASIK, and PRK in SMILE group) UDVA was logMAR 0.02 ± 0.05 and 0.09 ± 0.16 (P = 0.009), respectively. There was no significant difference between the refractive sphere (P = 0.33) and MRSE (P = 0.09). In total, 62.5% of the eyes in the SMILE group and 80.5% in the LASIK group had a UDVA of 20/20 or better (P = 0.04). Conclusion: PRK post SMILE demonstrated comparable results to flap lift post LASIK and is a safe and effective approach for early enhancement post SMILE.
Social Support Expectations of Managers and Employees from Croatia, Thailand, and the United States Amid COVID-19: An Organizational Support Theory Perspective

ABSTRACT Social support can help buffer against stressors and build employees’ resilience. However, workers of different cultures may vary in their expectation of support. Drawing on organizational support theory (OST), this qualitative study explored the types of support managers and employees (n = 668) from Croatia, Thailand, and the United States expected from each other amid COVID-19. A cluster analysis showed US workers expected more understanding and transparent communication from their supervisors while Thai workers desired stronger leadership and more protective gear. US supervisors expected employees to proactively ask for help while Thai supervisors encouraged their employees to adapt to change. Both Croatian supervisors and employees expected each other to maintain business as usual. Overall, the results resonate with previous OST research that expectations of support vary by cultures and highlight how leaders across countries can enhance the efficacy of social support and promote both supervisors’ and subordinates’ well-being during future crises.
Free Structures in Division Rings

Makar–Limanov's conjecture states that, if a division ring D is finitely generated and infinite dimensional over its center k, then D contains a free k-subalgebra of rank 2. In this work, we will investigate the existence of such structures in D, the division ring of fractions of the skew polynomial ring L[t; σ], where t is a variable and σ is a k-automorphism of L. For instance, we prove Makar-Limanov's conjecture when either L is the function field of an abelian variety or the function field of the n-dimensional projective space.
Mapping observations of sulfur-containing carbon-chain molecules in Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC-1)

High-resolution mapping observations were carried out toward Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC-1) with sulfur-containing carbon-chain molecules, CCS and C 3 S, and other molecules, CS, C 34 S, HCS + , HC 3 N, HC 5 N, C 4 H, and NH 3 , to investigate detailed molecular distribution and physical structure of the cold dark cloud.
Label Propagation and Contrastive Regularization for Semisupervised Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images

Remarkable progress based on deep neural networks has been achieved in the semantic segmentation of remote sensing images (RSIs). However, pixel-level labeling is expensive for RSIs. Semisupervised semantic segmentation becomes an alternative approach to reduce the cost of annotation, and it is crucial to utilize efficiently a large number of unlabeled data. Nevertheless, inevitably, there is an unbalanced class distribution between labeled and unlabeled data in a remote sensing scene. Existing semisupervised methods train unlabeled images in isolation from labeled images and only learn reliable pixel pseudo-labels, leading to underutilization of unlabeled images. This article proposes a novel semisupervised semantic segmentation approach based on label propagation and contrastive regularization for RSIs. Specifically, the unlabeled images are augmented by randomly copy-pasting the class regions from labeled images. A prototype feature constraint module is used to enforce the constraint on the pixel features of unlabeled images relying on the prototype features from labeled images, achieving feature alignment on the entire dataset. Furthermore, we present the region contrastive learning (RCL) module that guides the model to learn feature consistency under different perturbations and compact feature representations over class regions on unlabeled images. Extensive experimental results on multiple remote sensing datasets demonstrate that our proposed approach achieves superior performance compared with state-of-the-art semisupervised semantic segmentation methods.
Dynamics of Entanglement between Linearly Polarized Photons and π -Electrons in Graphene

In the present article we report the dynamical behavior of entanglement between π-electrons and photons in Graphene. It is shown that the degree of such entanglements depend on the orientation of πelectron momenta relative to the photonic polarization. Moreover, we show that as the detuning between the π-electron transition frequencies and that of the photons is increased, the degree of entanglement decreases.
Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate and Meloxicam in Experimental Acute Spinal Cord Injury

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) has limited repair capacity, and any spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause persistent disability in motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. The harmful reactions around the lesion must be stopped to prevent this consequence. Objectives: The present study compares the clinical effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) and meloxicam in acute spinal cord injury in an animal model of rats. Methods: We randomly divided 24 male Wistar rats into 4 groups: 1) sham, 2) placebo, 3) SCI+MPSS (30 mg/kg, IV), and 4) SCI+meloxicam (1 mg/kg, SC). We used a Fogarty embolectomy catheter to induce a compression injury to the rats’ T8-T9 spinal cord segment. The drugs were injected one hour after surgery. Neurological evaluation was performed using BBB (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan) test immediately after recovery and then once a week for up to 6 weeks. Results: According to the BBB test results, single-dose administration of MPSS one hour after injury improved motor function significantly compared to placebo. But, there was no significant difference between MPSS and meloxicam groups and between meloxicam and placebo groups (P>0.01). Conclusion: In clinical evaluation, single-dose administration of MPSS one hour after injury improved motor function compared to meloxicam.