Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Exchange and Evaporative Water Loss in the Flying Budgerigar

1. Oxygen consumption of 2 budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus ) was measured during level, ascending and descending nights lasting 5-20 min. in a wind-tunnel at speeds between 19 and 48 km. /hr. In level flight oxygen consumption was lowest at 35 km. /hr. with a mean value of 21.9 ml. (g. hr.)-1 or 12.8 times the standard value calculated for these birds (weight = 35 g.). At a given speed oxygen consumption was highest for ascending flight and lowest for descending flight. 2. Carbon dioxide production was measured on one bird flying level at 35 km. /hr.for 20 min. The ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption was 0.780, indicating that the bird was oxidizing primarily fat. 3. The efficiencies of level, ascending and descending flight are discussed. The measurements indicate that for the budgerigar 42 km. /hr. is the most economical speed for covering distance, and below 27 km. /hr. undulating flight is more economical than flight at a constant altitude. 4. Evaporative water loss in level flight was measured in two birds for 20 min. at 35 km. /hr. at temperatures of 18-200 and 29-31° C. At 36-37° C. the birds became overheated and would not fly for as long as 20 min. Evaporative water loss at 18-20° C. was 20.4 mg. (g. hr.)-1. It increased to 63.9 mg. (g. hr.)-1 at 36-37° C. After accounting for metabolic water production and faecal water loss, budgerigars flying at 18-20°C. had a net water loss of 11 mg. (g. hr.)-1. At this temperature 15% of the estimated heat production in flight was lost by evaporation of water, while 47% was lost by evaporation of water at 36-37°C. 5. Lung ventilation, tidal volume and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air were estimated for flying budgerigars from evaporative water-loss data. In level flight at 18-20° C and 35 km. /hr. these quantities had values of 398 ml. (g. hr.)-1, 0.033 ml. (g- breath)-1 and 37 mm. Hg. respectively. 6. Respiratory rate in level flight was measured in 2 birds at speeds between 19 and 48 km. /hr. Respiratory rate depended on speed and was lowest at 35 km. /hr. Since wing-beat frequency was constant at 840 beats/min. at all speeds, respiratory rate and wing-beat frequency were not synchronized. Published data and analysis of dimensional relations of birds suggest that in birds the size of a budgerigar or smaller a respiratory rate equal to the wing-beat frequency would be too high for efficient ventilation of the lungs. Birds the size of a pigeon or larger probably have synchronous wing beats and respirations.
Oxygen transfer into newtonian and non‐newtonian fluids in mechanically agitated vessels

Oxygen transfer into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids was studied in stirred tank vessels of 0.0018, 0.006 and 0.036 m3 operating volumes. Emphasis was given to the rheological effects of the pseudoplastic medium on the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, KLa. Results indicate that KLa is a strong function of gassed power input per unit volume (Pg/V) for the Newtonian fluid, but a weak function of Pg/V for the non-Newtonian fluid, and a strong function of superficial gas velocity (Vs) for both fluids for paddle-type impellers. KLa is found to decrease rapidly with an increase in apparent viscosity for values of μa greater than 2.0 Pa · s. In addition to various correlations, a dimen-sionless correlation including the impeller Reynolds number, impeller Weber number, and the aeration number is presented for the prediction of KLa in a gas-liquid non-Newtonian system. On a etudie le transfert d'oxygene dans des fluides newtoniens et non newtoniens contenus dans des reservoirs agites dont le volume effectif etait de 0,0018, 0,006 et 0,036 m3. Cette etude porte surtout sur les effets rheologiques du fluide pseudo-plastique sur le coefficient volumetrique de transfert d'oxygene, KLa. Les resultats indiquent que le KLa depend fortement de la puissance appliquee par unite de volume aere (PglV) pour les fluides newtoniens mais depend peu de PJ F pour les fluides non newtoniens; pour les deux types de fluides le KLa vane beaucoup selon de la vitesse superficielle du gaz (Vs) dans le cas d'agitateurs a palettes. On a montre que le KLa diminue rapidement lorsque la viscosite apparente augmente, pour des valeurs de μa superieures a 2,0 Pa · s. En plus de quelques correlations, on presente une correlation adimensionnelle faisant intervenir les nombres de Reynolds et de Webert correspondents a l'agitateur ainsi que le nombre d'aeration afin de predire KLa dans un systeme gaz-liquide non newtonien.
Ignition Behavior of α-AlH3

An experimental investigation on the ignition behavior of α-Aluminum Hydride (α-AlH3) has been conducted. The ignition characteristics were determined through the use of two separate modified T-jump experiments. In each experiment, a small amount of material was placed onto a platinum wire, which was heated rapidly through resistive heating. As a result both ignition and hydrogen release temperatures were studied for heating rates ranging from 104 to 105 K/s. The hydrogen release temperature was determined in vacuum, and ignition was studied at ambient pressure in air, CO2, and mixtures of argon with oxygen. Both the hydrogen release and ignition temperature increased as the heating rate increased. Hydrogen release temperatures ranged from approximately 650 to 1200 K, whereas ignition was observed to range from below the melting temperature of aluminum (933 K) to approximately 1500 K. Activation energies for hydrogen release were ∼27 kJ/mol, and are well below those reported by others at much lower heating rates. This result is consistent with the affects of higher heating rates transitioning the rate-limiting step from one of chemical kinetics to intraparticle hydrogen diffusion. For conditions in which the particles would ignite it was found that the environment did not play a significant role in the ignition temperature, beyond a critical oxygen mole fraction of XO2 > 0.05. Ensemble average burning times were found to decrease by a factor of about 3 when the oxygen mole fraction was increased from 0.1 to 0.5.
Charged membrabe ultrafiltration of inorganic ions in single annd multi‐salt systems

An experimental study of the ultrafiltratin of several ionic inorganic soluted, using a negatively-charged membrane, is detailed. Both single salt and multi-salt systems are investigated in a continuous flow, thin chappel unit, with and average transmembrane pressure difference of 2.76 × 105N/m2 and a channel Reynolds number of 2800, The solute rejection is predictable to some extent in terms of Donnan ion exclusion theory, and the water flux is dictated by the combined effects of osmotic pressure and membrane-cation interaction. In the single salt experiments, the anion rejections can be related to the inlet (feet) concentration by power functions of the form: rejection = 1 − K Cia, in which 0 < a < 1.0. The power a is 0.4 chloride salts 0.25 fo monovalent oxyanion salts, and 0.1 fir divalent oxynion salts, but a is indepedent of the cationn present (Na+, Ca2+, or La3+). The constant K is generally a function of both the anion (except in the case of SO42−, HPO42−, and CrO42−) and the cation, being determined by such factors as sistance to water flux is found to depend on cation charge and cation radius. For systems containing two or more salts, the presence of a divalent anion decreses the rejection of the monovalent anion. For multi-salt systems, a rejection of Ca2+ plus Mg2+ of 0.82 and a water flux of 12.9 × 10−4 cm/s (27.2 gal/ft2-day) are achieved at a transmembrane pressure difference of 4.10 × 105 N/m2 (4.1atm), indicating that the process has considerable potential for industrial water softening.
Nitrogen dissociation in low-pressure microwave plasmas

This work reviews a number of important aspects of the kinetic processes occurring in microwave discharge plasmas in nitrogen containing mixtures. The fundamental problems which are addressed include: (1) the determination of the non-equilibrium electron energy distribution function and its coupling to the vibrational kinetics; (2) the processes determining the vibrational distribution function in N2, N2-H2, and N2-Ar plasmas; and (3) the influence of surface kinetic processes on the whole discharge physics. The mechanisms of dissociation and ionization in N2, N2-Ar and N2-H2 are discussed in detail. The important role of plasmawall interactions is stressed. It is shown that in N2-Ar mixtures there is an increase in the dissociation degree of N2 molecules at high Ar fractional concentrations, which can be ascribed to the contribution of fast Ar + + N2 ! N +
DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS IN ACID AND CALCAREOUS SOILS WITH THE KELOWNA MULTIPLE‐ELEMENT EXTRACTANT

The principal objective of this investigation was to evaluate 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 N HOAc with and without 0.015 N NH4F at 1:10 and 1:5 vol/vol soil-extractant ratios and 5-, 15-, or 30-min extraction times for determining available P in acid and calcareous soils. To that end, P concentrations (ranging from about 5 to 150 μg ml-1, NaHCO3) were extracted from 78 soils (40 had pH values between 4.2 and 6.9; the remainder from 7 to 9.2) and contrasted with reference values by means of graphing, correlation, and regression techniques. Reference P values were obtained with the Bray-1 P solution for soils with pH values < 7.0 (H2O), and NaHCO3 (Olsen et al.) solution for all soils. Results established that NH4F, 5-min extraction times, and 1:10 soil-solution ratios were necessary for optimizing the relationships between P concentrations for acid and, to a lesser extent, calcareous soils. Substituting from 0.025 to 1.0 N HOAc for the 0.025 N HCl in the Bray solution resulted in a P extractant that compared well with the Bray solution on acid soils, and with the NaHCO3 solution on both acid and calcareous soils. As higher acid concentrations were unnecessary, the 0.25 N HOAc + 0.015 N NH4F solution with a 1:10 soil-solution ratio and 5-min extraction time was selected as the Kelowna extractant. It removed similar amounts of P as the Bray −1 P but 2.5 times more than the 0.5 N NaHCO3 solution (r values ⩾ 0.98**). Extractant pH was maintained as effectively with 0.25 N HOAc at 1:10 ratio and 5-min extraction time, as with more concentrated acids, even on a soil containing 38% CaCO3 equivalent. The Kelowna extractant has been used since 1984 to simultaneously extract NO3-N and P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and S from acid and calcareous soils.
The spinning rotor gauge: Measurements of viscosity, velocity slip coefficients, and tangential momentum accommodation coefficients

A set of experimental measurements with a spinning rotor gauge (SRG) with 3.85, 4.00, and 4.50 mm nominal diameter steel spheres in He, Ar, and Kr is reported. The experiments covered the continuum and the slip regimes for all three gases. Theoretical results from a companion paper on the SRG, together with a calibration based on known viscosity for helium, are used to extract values of the viscosity, the velocity slip coefficient, and the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient for each of the gases. The measured viscosities are in good agreement with existing literature values.
Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoids Contents in Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Achillea Millefolium

Total phenolic and flavonoid content of the Achillea millefolium L. extracts was determined by using the FolinCiocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) method, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activity was tested by the DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method. Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed using SPSS. The extract of Achillea millefolium L showed scavenging effects against DPPH radical. The antioxidant and total phenolic content levels are also positively and significantly correlated.
Adsorption Equilibria of C8 Aromatic Liquid Mixtures on Y Zeolites Using Headspace Chromatography

Abstract Liquid phase adsorptive separations are found in several industrial applications such as the recovery of p‐xylene from its isomers. In this study, the headspace experimental technique was used to measure pure and multicomponent adsorption equilibria of liquid xylenes in Y zeolite. Data for pure‐component equilibrium were determined at temperatures between 80 and 120°C and correlated using the Extended Langmuir model. The parameters for pure components estimated from the correlated data showed good agreement with data reported in previous studies and relatively low deviations when compared to the experimental data dispersion. Using the pure‐component data, two models were tested for multicomponent (binary and quaternary) equilibrium correlation: Ideal Adsorbed Solution (IAS) model and Extended Langmuir Multicomponent model. The results from the IAS model did not conform well to the experimental results, indicating the existence of significant nonidealities in the system. The Extended Langmuir model predicted values generally in good agreement with the binary and quaternary experimental data measured using the Headspace technique.
Capillary Bridges between Two Spherical Bodies

A method was developed for measuring the capillary forces arising from microscopic pendular liquid bridges. Results are described for perfectly wetting bridges between spheres of equal and unequal radii. A comparison with the theoretical values calculated from a numerical integration of the Laplace−Young equation demonstrated the accuracy of the method. It also showed that existing criteria for gravitational distortion are too restrictive and that the influence of the disjoining pressure is negligible. The Derjaguin approximation for spheres of unequal size was shown to be relatively accurate for small bridge volumes and for separation distances excluding those at close-contact and near-rupture, which correspond to maxima in the filling angle. Closed-form approximations were developed in order to conveniently calculate the capillary forces between equal and unequal spheres as a function of the separation distance and for a given bridge volume and contact angle. A closed-form approximation was also develop.
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLY(2,5-DI-N-DODECYL-1,4-PHENYLENE) DEPENDING ON CHAIN-LENGTH

An investigation of the morphologies of solution-cast/melt-pressed films of poly(2,5-di-n-dodecyl-1,4-phenylene) by X-ray diffraction revealed a sandwich type structure, with layers of aliphatic side chains perpendicular to the substrate surface separating layers of main chains extended parallel to the substrate surface. The physical properties were highly influenced by the local conformational mobility of the side chains. With increasing temperature, the concentration of gauche conformations in the side chains increases strongly over a temperature range from -50 to 190 °C and was reflected in a large negative coefficient of thermal expansion for the direction normal to the main chain layers, α a = -9.72 x 10 -4 /K. The linear decrease in the layer spacing of the side chains can be correlated to the linear temperature dependence of the tensile properties of solution cast films (E, σ b T -1 ). The M w dependence of LC phase formation was investigated by DSC, polarizing microscopy, and rheological measurements. In the molten phase, polymers of M w < 30 000 showed only an isotropic phase, polymers of 44 000 ≤ M w ≤ 73 000 gave coexisting isotropic/anisotropic phases, and polymers having M w ≤ 94 000 showed only a single anisotropic phase. Polymers that formed anisotropic melts behaved as shear thinning non-Newtonian fluids, and the zero-shear viscosity scaled as η 0 ∼ M w 3.2 . The viscosity of polymers that formed isotropic melts was independent of deformation frequency, and a scaling law η 0 ∼ M w 2.9 seems to hold.
Rubidium–xenon spin exchange and relaxation rates measured at high pressure and high magnetic field

The production of hyperpolarized Xe via spin exchange with optically pumped Rb atoms was studied at 47 000 G under high-pressure conditions. From variable pressure and temperature studies, the spin exchange efficiency was found to be pressure dependent and lower than comparable low-field measurements. Spin exchange due to short binary collisions is expected to be pressure independent, and the cross section was measured to be 〈σν〉SE=6.0 (±0.1)×10−17 cm3 s−1. The pressure dependent component was attributed to the formation of Rb–Xe van der Waals (vdW) complexes. The rate constant for spin exchange in Rb–Xe vdW complexes was measured to be κ=1400 (±100) s−1 in He buffer gas. This value is comparable, though somewhat smaller than vdW rates measured previously for other buffer gases. While it is well known that spin exchange occurs readily in vdW complexes when B0 10 000 G is not accounted for in current theories. Modulation of the hyperfine interaction during the vdW comple.
Formation of intermediate compound Li2B12H 12 during the dehydrogenation process of the LiBH4- MgH2 system

Intermediate compound comprising [B12H12]2– anion formed in the dehydrogenation is regarded to be responsible for the degradation of reversibility of metal borohydrides, whereas little is known about the formation of Li2B12H12 in the LiBH4–MgH2 combined system. In this study, we investigated the dehydrogenation process of the LiBH4–MgH2 system in a heating run under different hydrogen pressures. Our experimental results demonstrated, for the first time, that Li2B12H12 was formed under hydrogen pressure ≤1.0 MPa, but not formed under 2.0 MPa. Moreover, the formation of Li2B12H12 was found to negatively depending on the hydrogen pressure, and also influence subsequent formation of MgB2: the more Li2B12H12 that formed, the less MgB2 obtained. These findings indicate that suppression of the formation of intermediate compound Li2B12H12, such as by using adequate hydrogen pressures (e.g., 2.0 MPa), is of great importance for further improvement of hydrogen storage properties of the LiBH4–MgH2 system.
Ultraviolet irradiation combined with manganese ore catalyzed ozonation of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous solution.

We have investigated ultraviolet (UV) irradiation combined with manganese ore (MO) catalyzed ozonation of 4-cholorophenol (4-CP) in aqueous solution. The preliminary results showed UV irradiation and MO had a strong synergetic catalytic effect on ozonation. We also studied the effect of UV lamp power, MO dosage, O 3 dosage, initial 4-CP concentration, pH value and temperature. The results showed that high pressure mercury lamp (HPML) was more favorable for the degradation of 4-CP than low pressure mercury lamp (LPML). The optimal MO and O 3 dosages were 2 g/L and 2 g/h respectively. When the 4-CP concentration was over 15 mg/L, the decrease of degradation efficiency accelerated. The acid condition was favorable for the degradation of 4-CP by UV/MO/O 3 . The reaction temperature could not be over 50°C. Through the mechanism discussion, we found that Mn 2 + was the most important species to catalyze the ozonation. In addition, UV irradiation could also accelerate the degradation by promoting the production of ∙OH.
Angle and space diversity comparisons in different mobile radio environments

Two types of high-gain multibeam antennas: (1) 24, 15/spl deg/ vertically polarized (Vpol) beams, and (2) 12, 30/spl deg/ Vpol beams were tested and compared to traditional sector antenna configurations. The antennas were tested in dense urban and rural mobile radio environments. A vehicle equipped with a mobile transmitter was driven in the coverage area while the received signal strength (RSS) was recorded on multiple receiver channels attached to multibeam and sector antennas at the base site. The RSS data recorded included fast (Rayleigh) fading and was averaged into local means based on the mobile's position/speed. The fast fading was extracted from the recorded RSS, and the fading distributions of the two multibeam antennas tested were studied in two distinctly different mobile environments. Fading cumulative distributions for the angular diverse antennas were compared to those of spatially diverse antennas. Angular diversity gain was calculated and compared to traditional space diversity in these mobile environments. Results indicate that angular diversity performance is comparable to space diversity in urban environments (/spl sim/8 dB). Rural tests typically suggest that both space diversity and angular diversity provide little or no (<2 dB) improvement in fading reduction. A description of the experiment, data reduction and analyses, and calculation of diversity gain are presented.
Transferred Hyperfine Interactions and Spin Deviations in Magnetic Salts

Magnetic resonance measurements on transition metal salts show that there is an appreciable hyperfine interaction between the electronic spin of one metal ion and the nuclei of neighboring metal ions. Recently reported measurements of this effect are described, particularly ENDOR studies of the 27Al hyperfine interaction in the structures Fe3+–O2−–Al3+ and Cr3+–O2−–Al3+. Mechanisms which have been proposed for explaining these metal‐to‐metal hyperfine interactions are also discussed with particular reference to the structures just mentioned and to the work of Huang et al. (1967) on KMnF3 and MnO. The most important process is thought to be the transfer of unpaired spin from d orbitals on the magnetic ion to s orbitals on the neighboring metal ion, usually via covalent and overlap effects with an intervening ligand. One result of such transfers, as emphasised by previous authors, is that the hyperfine interaction for a magnetic ion in a dilute salt is expected to be different from that in a concentrated sa.
Year-round poultry litter decomposition and N, P, K and Ca release

Poultry litter is an important nutrient source in agriculture, although little information is available regarding its decomposition rate and nutrient release. To evaluate these processes, poultry litter (PL) was applied to the soil to supply 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 N contained in 4,953, 9,907 and 14,860 kg ha-1 PL, respectively. The litter bag technique was used to monitor the process of decomposition and nutrient release from the litter. These bags were left on the soil surface and collected periodically (after 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, and 365 days). The dry matter (DM) loss was highest (35 %) after the first 30 days of field incubation. The highest nutrient release occurred in the first 60 days on the field, when 40, 34, 91, and 39 %, respectively, of N, P, K, and Ca of the initial PL dry matter (4,860 kg ha-1) was already released to the soil. In absolute terms, these percentages represent 40, 23, 134, and 69 kg ha-1 of N, P, K, and Ca and these values doubled and tripled as the PL fertilization rates increased to 9,907 and 14,860 kg ha-1, respectively. After one year of field incubation, the residual contents in the litter were 27, 15, 18 and 30 % of the initial DM , and N, P and Ca, respectively. The release rate of K was the fastest and 91 % of the K had been released from the PL after 30 days of field incubation.
Mechanistic investigations in diastereoselective Diels–Alder additions of chiral 9-anthrylethanol derivatives

The preparation and subsequent Diels–Alder addition reactions of chiral 9-functionalised anthracene derivatives have been investigated. 9-(1-Methoxyethyl)anthracene undergoes highly diastereoselective (>95 ∶ 5) thermal and photoinduced Diels–Alder additions with maleic anhydride and N-methylmaleimide. The corresponding reactions of 1-anthracen-9-ylethanol occur with the reverse sense of selectivity for additions with maleic anhydride with a corresponding increase in the reaction rate. The origins of this selectivity have been proposed to lie in hydrogen-bonding effects. The stereochemical outcome of the Diels–Alder additions has been determined from single X-ray crystallography of adducts 5 and 7. Solvent effects on the diastereoselectivity of these reactions have also been observed.