Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stability assessment of organic sulfur and organosulfate compounds in filter samples for quantification by Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract. Organic sulfur and sulfate compounds, which are tracers for sources and atmospheric processes, are not currently measured in national monitoring networks such as the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). The goal of this paper is to begin to assess the stability of organic sulfur and sulfate-containing compounds on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters and the suitability of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to measure these compounds. Stability assessment is needed because PTFE samples collected by IMPROVE are typically stored 6–9 months prior to analysis. For this study, two organosulfur compounds, methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydroxymethanesulfonate ion (HMS), and two organosulfate compounds, methyl sulfate (MS) and 2-methyltetrol sulfate (2-MTS), are collected individually on PTFE filters. Gravimetric mass measurements are used to assess mass stability over time. FT-IR spectra are evaluated to assess the capability of measuring the compound from PTFE filters by assessing the compound stability or chemical changes over time. Ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) are used as additional tools to assess stability or chemical changes over time. MS has the highest potential to be measured by FT-IR in IMPROVE samples. For MS, a simple organosulfate, the mass changes are within measurement uncertainty and FT-IR spectra indicate no compositional change over a 4-month period, suggesting that MS can be measured using FT-IR. IC and ICP-OES support the conclusion that MS is stable on the filter. However, for 2-MTS, the other organosulfate measured in this study, spectral changes after a month on the filter suggest that it decomposes into other organosulfates or an inorganic sulfate. MSA in IMPROVE samples can be measured, but only as a lower bound, due to volatility off the filter as indicated by FT-IR and gravimetry. FT-IR and IC both show that MSA does not chemically change over the course of the study. Measurements by all methods indicate that HMS is unstable on the PTFE filter, and IC and FT-IR indicate that it likely converts to inorganic sulfate. Future work includes the evaluation of these compounds in an ambient aerosol sample matrix to determine any differences in stability, identifying interference that could limit quantification, and developing calibrations to measure the compounds or functional groups in ambient samples.
Temperature Dependence of Raman Spectra of Silicon Nanocrystals in Oxide Matrix

The temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of silicon nanocrystals (nc-Si) in a SiO x matrix has been studied. The temperature evolution of the phonon spectra is considered as a result of the combined influence of the phonon-confinement effect, anharmonic phonon cou-pling, thermal expansion, and thermoelastic strains. The gradual relaxation of thermoelastic tensile strains in nc-Si with increase in the temperature is demonstrated. The effect of the laser heating on the Raman spectrum is studied, and the linear dependence of a local temperature in nc-Si on the power density of the exciting laser radiation is determined. The differences between the temperature dependences of the Raman spectra obtained at the thermal and local laser heatings of the nc-Si specimens are analyzed.
Solutions to twisted word equations and equations in virtually free groups

It is well known that the problem solving equations in virtually free groups can be reduced to the problem of solving twisted word equations with regular constraints over free monoids with involution. In this paper, we prove that the set of all solutions of a twisted word equation is an EDT0L language whose specification can be computed in PSPACE . Within the same complexity bound we can decide whether the solution set is empty, finite, or infinite. In the second part of the paper we apply the results for twisted equations to obtain in PSPACE an EDT0L description of the solution set of equations with rational constraints for finitely generated virtually free groups in standard normal forms with respect to a natural set of generators. If the rational constraints are given by a homomorphism into a fixed (or “small enough”) finite monoid, then our algorithms can be implemented in [Formula: see text], that is, in quasi-quadratic nondeterministic space. Our results generalize the work by Lohrey and Sénizergues (ICALP 2006) and Dahmani and Guirardel (J. of Topology 2010) with respect to both complexity and expressive power. Neither paper gave any concrete complexity bound and the results in these papers are stated for subsets of solutions only, whereas our results concern all solutions.
Influence of leader to strategy formation process in enterprise

The dynamic change in the external environment of Ukrainian enterprises in recent years is characterized by the deterioration of the conditions for the functioning of organizations. Quarantine measures caused by the COVID-19 epidemic have changed the usual conditions of business activity. The military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine destroys the best strategies and development projects of enterprises. Unpredictable conditions of business functioning in modern conditions require managers to adapt the existing strategy of enterprise development or create a new actual strategy of enterprise functioning in conditions of economic crisis. The personal characteristics of the leader, which directly affect the process of developing the company's development strategy, were chosen as the object of the study. Positive and negative characteristics aimed at understanding the leader's actions, the leader's making of impulsive or measured decisions and their consequences were studied. The work reveals the influence of the leader on the process of forming the company's strategy. In the course of the study, the interpretation of the concepts of «strategic thinking» and «strategic planning», «leadership» and «management» by scientists is given. Common and different between them are established. A number of features that can be used to determine a manager's effectiveness are identified, namely: the manager's personal characteristics, the main organizational factors of managerial effectiveness, and a number of limitations that prevent the full realization of all the manager's personal capabilities. The key elements of the manager's high efficiency pyramid are analyzed. Two principles of maintaining the state of ideal work productivity of the leader are given. Four types of personal shortcomings of the leader and their impact on the process of strategy formation are presented. Mitigating actions to overcome personal shortcomings of leaders are identified. The obtained results can be used in the process of forming an enterprise development strategy based on the leader's personal characteristics and the leader's behavior model.
Fine structure constant model showing the electron charge of having an intrinsic geometry

Using our recently published electron’s charge electromagnetic flux manifold fiber model of the electron, described by analytical method and numerical simulations, we show the physical origin of the fine structure constant dimensionless value and how it is embedded as a geometrical proportionality constant in three dimen-sional space of the electron charge manifold and how this dictates the first QED term one-loop contribution of its anomalous magnetic moment making for the first time a connection of the electron intrinsic characteristics with physical geometrical dimensions and therefore demonstrating that the physical electron charge cannot be dimensionless but has finite dimensions at rest. We show that the fine structure constant (FSC) α , and anomalous magnetic moment α μ of the electron is related to the sphericity of its charge distribution which is not perfectly spherical all around and has a complex shape, thus an electric oblate quadrupole moment and therefore its self-confined charge possesses measurable physical dimensions. We also explain why these are not yet able to be measured by past and current experiments and evaded detection by our instruments and how possible we could succeed. Lastly, we show how the electron charge can be translated to a twisted spin Compton wavelength physically relativistically spinning photon.
Towards robust seasonal streamflow forecasts in mountainous catchments: impact of calibration metric selection in hydrological modeling

Abstract. Dynamical (i.e., model-based) methods are widely used by forecasting centers to generate seasonal streamflow forecasts, building upon process-based hydrological models that require parameter specification (i.e., calibration). Here, we investigate the extent to which the choice of calibration objective function affects the quality of seasonal (spring–summer) streamflow hindcasts produced with the traditional ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) method and explore connections between hindcast skill and hydrological consistency – measured in terms of biases in hydrological signatures – obtained from the model parameter sets. To this end, we calibrate three popular conceptual rainfall-runoff models (GR4J, TUW, and Sacramento) using 12 different objective functions, including seasonal metrics that emphasize errors during the snowmelt period, and produce hindcasts for five initialization times over a 33-year period (April 1987–March 2020) in 22 mountain catchments that span diverse hydroclimatic conditions along the semiarid Andes Cordillera (28–37∘ S). The results show that the choice of calibration metric becomes relevant as the winter (snow accumulation) season begins (i.e., 1 July), enhancing inter-basin differences in hindcast skill as initializations approach the beginning of the snowmelt season (i.e., 1 September). The comparison of seasonal hindcasts shows that the hydrological consistency – quantified here through biases in streamflow signatures – obtained with some calibration metrics (e.g., Split KGE (Kling–Gupta efficiency), which gives equal weight to each water year in the calibration time series) does not ensure satisfactory seasonal ESP forecasts and that the metrics that provide skillful ESP forecasts (e.g., VE-Sep, which quantifies seasonal volume errors) do not necessarily yield hydrologically consistent model simulations. Among the options explored here, an objective function that combines the Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) with flows in log space provides the best compromise between hydrologically consistent simulations and hindcast performance. Finally, the choice of calibration metric generally affects the magnitude, rather than the sign, of correlations between hindcast quality attributes and catchment descriptors, the baseflow index and interannual runoff variability being the best predictors of forecast skill. Overall, this study highlights the need for careful parameter estimation strategies in the forecasting production chain to generate skillful forecasts from hydrologically consistent simulations and draw robust conclusions on streamflow predictability.
The Southern Ocean Freshwater release model experiments Initiative (SOFIA): Scientific objectives and experimental design

As the climate warms, the grounded ice sheet and floating ice shelves surrounding Antarctica are losing mass at an increasing rate and injecting the resulting meltwater (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58) melting (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58) and (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)
Parameters controlling large landslide propagation

Landslides are an ever-present natural hazard and understanding factors such as propagation are vital for the management of such events. This natural hazard has increased in frequency in recent history which further highlights the importance of the research. This study aims to determine which parameters contribute to large rock avalanche propagation using an experimental approach within a laboratory environment. The experiment was designed to simulate a granular flow event using equipment formed of an inclined slope and a flat horizontal plane with a confined zone. A range of material flow combinations and two different slope inclinations were used throughout. The experiment enabled the collection of data such as runout distance; maximum height and length of a flow deposit and further calculated data including the Fahrboschung angle and the velocity of different flows in order to determine the relationship between the runout and a host of parameters. By conducting this investigation, it was determined that certain parameters such as angle of slope inclination and bidisperse material all heavily contributed to a further runout of a flow. It was also concluded that having a material combination of 15% fine material and 85% coarser material provided the furthest runout distance of all the material combinations.
Model-based analysis of erosion-induced microplastic delivery from arable land to the stream network of a mesoscale catchment

Abstract. Soils are generally accepted as sinks for microplastics (MPs) but at the same time might be an MP source for inland waters. However, little is known regarding the potential MP delivery from soils to aquatic systems via surface runoff and erosion. This study provides, for the first time, an estimate of the extent of soil-erosion-induced MP delivery from an arable-dominated mesoscale catchment (390 km2) to its river network within a typical arable region of southern Germany. To do this, a soil erosion model was used and combined with the potential particular MP load of arable land from different sources (sewage sludge, compost, atmospheric deposition, and tyre wear) from 1950 onwards. The modelling resulted in an annual mean MP flux into the stream network of 6.33 kg MP a−1 in 2020, which was dominated by tyre wear (80 %). Overall, 0.11 %–0.17 % of the MPs applied to arable soils between 1950 and 2020 were transported into the stream network. In terms of mass, this small proportion was in the same range as the MP inputs from wastewater treatment plants within the test catchment. More MP (0.5 %–1 % of input between 1950 and 2020) was deposited in the grassland areas along the stream network, and this could be an additional source of MP during flood events. Most (5 % of the MP applied between 1950 and 2020) of the MP translocated by tillage and water erosion was buried under the plough layer. Thus, the main part of the MP added to arable land remained in the topsoil and is available for long-term soil erosion. This can be illustrated based on a “stop MP input in 2020” scenario, indicating that MP delivery to the stream network until 2100 would only be reduced by 14 %. Overall, arable land at risk of soil erosion represents a long-term MP sink but also a long-term MP source for inland waters.
Thermal infrared observations of a western United States biomass burning aerosol plume

Abstract. Biomass burning smoke particles, due to their submicron particle size in relation to the average thermal infrared (TIR) wavelength, theoretically have negligible signals at the TIR channels. However, nearly instantaneous longwave (LW) signatures of thick smoke plumes can be frequently observed at the TIR channels from remotely sensed data, including at 10.6 µm (IR window), as well as in water-vapor-sensitive wavelengths at 7.3, 6.8, and 6.3 µm (e.g., lower, middle, and upper troposphere). We systematically evaluated multiple hypotheses as to causal factors of these IR signatures of biomass burning smoke using a combination of data from the Aqua MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Aqua Cloud and the Earth Radiant Energy System (CERES), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 16/17 (GOES-16/17) Advanced Baseline Imager, and Suomi-NPP Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS). The largely clear transmission of light through wildfire smoke in the near infrared indicates that coarse or giant ash particles are unlikely to be the dominant cause. Rather, clear signals in water vapor and TIR channels suggest that both co-transported water vapor injected to the middle to upper troposphere and surface cooling by the reduction of surface radiation by the plume are more significant, with the surface cooling effect of smoke aloft being the most dominant. Giving consideration of the smoke impacts on TIR and longwave, CERES indicates that large wildfire aerosol plumes are more radiatively neutral. Further, this smoke-induced TIR signal may be used to map very optically thick smoke plumes, where traditional aerosol retrieval methods have difficulties.
Thinking Like a Director

This article introduces Film Editing Patterns (FEP), a language to formalize film editing practices and stylistic choices found in movies. FEP constructs are constraints, expressed over one or more shots from a movie sequence, that characterize changes in cinematographic visual properties, such as shot sizes, camera angles, or layout of actors on the screen. We present the vocabulary of the FEP language, introduce its usage in analyzing styles from annotated film data, and describe how it can support users in the creative design of film sequences in 3D. More specifically, (i) we define the FEP language, (ii) we present an application to craft filmic sequences from 3D animated scenes that uses FEPs as a high level mean to select cameras and perform cuts between cameras that follow best practices in cinema, and (iii) we evaluate the benefits of FEPs by performing user experiments in which professional filmmakers and amateurs had to create cinematographic sequences. The evaluation suggests that users generally appreciate the idea of FEPs, and that it can effectively help novice and medium experienced users in crafting film sequences with little training.
Examining cloud vertical structure and radiative effects from satellite retrievals and evaluation of CMIP6 scenarios

Abstract. Clouds exhibit a wide range of vertical morphologies that are regulated by distinct atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics and are related to a diversity of microphysical properties and radiative effects. In this study, the new CERES-CloudSat-CALIPSO-MODIS (CCCM) RelD1 dataset is used to investigate the morphology and spatial distribution of different cloud vertical structure (CVS) types during 2007–2010. The combined active and passive satellites provide a more precise CVS than those only based on passive imagers or microwave radiometers. We group the clouds into 12 CVS classes based on how they are located or overlapping in three standard atmospheric layers with pressure thresholds of 440 and 680 hPa. For each of the 12 CVS types, the global average cloud radiative effects (CREs) at the top of the atmosphere, within the atmosphere and at the surface, as well as the cloud heating rate (CHR) profiles are examined. The observations are subsequently used to evaluate the variations in total, high-, middle- and low-level cloud fractions in CMIP6 models. The “historical” experiment during 1850–2014 and two scenarios (ssp245 and ssp585) during 2015–2100 are analyzed. The observational results show a substantial difference in the spatial pattern among different CVS types, with the greatest contrast between high and low clouds. Single-layer cloud fraction is almost 4 times larger on average than multi-layer cloud fraction, with significant geographic differences associated with clearly distinguishable regimes, showing that overlapping clouds are regionally confined. The global average CREs reveal that four types of CVSs warm the planet, while eight of them cool it. The longwave component drives the net CHR profile, and the CHR profiles of multi-layer clouds are more curved and intricate than those of single-layer clouds, resulting in complex thermal stratifications. According to the long-term analysis from CMIP6, the projected total cloud fraction decreases faster over land than over the ocean. The high clouds over the ocean increase significantly, but other types of clouds over land and the ocean continue to decrease, helping to offset the decrease in oceanic total cloud fraction. Moreover, it is concluded that the spatial pattern of CVS types may not be significantly altered by climate change, and only the cloud fraction is influenced. Our findings suggest that long-term observed CVS should be emphasized in the future to better understand CVS responses to anthropogenic forcing and climate change.
Eliminating imaginaries and adding structure: how does the geometric completion fit in?

Overview. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of completions of doctrines considered in the literature. There are those completions which add structure to the fibres, such as Trotta’s existential completion [9] or Coumans’ canonical completion [5]. And then there are those which add structure to the indexing category, exemplified in the work [6]. In this talk we will present the geometric completion of a doctrine - a completion that adds geometric structure to the fibres of a doctrine, and study its interaction with the exact completions of doctrines. The geometric completion. Geometric doctrines are those doctrines whose internal language is geometric, i.e. it interprets the symbols { ∧ , ∃ , = , ∨ } . They possess a strong link with (pointfree) topology since they are precisely the internal locales of Grothendieck toposes. The geometric completion, an application of the fibred ideal completion established in [1] and described in [10], consti-tutes the universal completion of a doctrine to a geometric one. Importantly, the geometric completion takes a Grothendieck topology as a second argument, and because of this it can be made into an idempotent completion. Eliminating
Mass changes of the northern Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet derived from repeat bi-static SAR acquisitions for the period 2013-2017

Some of the highest specific mass change rates in Antarctica are reported for the Antarctic Peninsula. However, the existing estimates for the northern Antarctic Peninsula (<70°S) are either spatially limited or are affected by considerable uncertainties. The complex topography, frequent cloud cover, limitations in ice thickness information, boundary effects, and uncertain glacial-isostatic adjustment estimates affect the ice sheet mass change estimates using altimetry, gravimetry, or the input-output method. Within this study, the first assessment of the geodetic mass balance throughout the ice sheet of the northern Antarctic Peninsula is carried out employing bi-static SAR data from the TanDEM-X satellite mission. Repeat coverages from austral-winters 2013 and 2017 are employed. An overall coverage of 96.4% of the study area by surface elevation change measurements and a total mass budget of -24.1±2.8 Gt/a is revealed. The spatial distribution of the surface elevation and mass changes points out, that the former ice shelf tributary glaciers of the Prince-Gustav-Channel, Larsen-A&B, and Wordie ice shelves are the hotpots of ice loss in the study area, and highlights the long-lasting dynamic glacier adjustments after the ice shelf break-up events. The highest mass change rate is revealed for the Airy-Seller-Fleming glacier system of -4.9±0.6 Gt/a and the highest average surface elevation change rate of -2.30±0.03 m/a is observed at Drygalski Glacier. The comparison of the ice mass budget with anomalies in the climatic mass balance indicates, that for wide parts of the southern section of the study area the mass changes can be partly attributed to changes in the climatic mass balance. However, imbalanced high ice