Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Malware Detection Based on Graph Attention Networks for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) aim to make transportation smarter, safer, reliable, and environmentally friendly without detrimentally affecting the service quality. ITS can face security issues due to their complex, dynamic, and non-linear properties. One of the most critical security problems is attacks that damage the infrastructure of the entire ITS. Attackers can inject malware code that triggers dangerous actions such as information theft and unwanted system moves. The main objective of this study is to improve the performance of malware detection models using Graph Attention Networks. To detect malware attacks addressing ITS, a Graph Attention Network (GAN)-based framework is proposed in this study. The inputs to this framework are the Application Programming Interface (API)-call graphs obtained from malware and benign Android apk files. During the graph creation, network metrics and the Node2Vec model are utilized to generate the node features. A GAN-based model is combined with different types of node features during the experiments and the performance is compared against Graph Convolutional Network (GCN). Experimental results demonstrated that the integration of the GAN and Node2Vec models provides the best performance in terms of F-measure and accuracy parameters and, also, the use of an attention mechanism in GAN improves the performance. Furthermore, node features generated with Node2Vec resulted in a 3% increase in classification accuracy compared to the features generated with network metrics.
Rainwater Savings Potential of Prototypical Modular Extensive Green Roofs at UC Berkeley

Green roofs are vegetated roof installations comprised of various tiers that provide plant support, drainage, and waterproofing. Extensive green roofs may provide environmental and economic benefits for UC Berkeley and help achieve UC system-wide and campus-specific environmental standards and goals, particularly through water conservation. To assess their potential, this study compares the rainwater savings of prototypical modular extensive green roofs with that of a regular gravel roof. The measures used for comparison are water detention and retention. Simulated precipitation patterns modeled after a local 25-year rainfall event were applied to roof treatments, and runoff rates and volumes were collected and analyzed. The results indicate that for the certain rain event, the extensive green roof modules are more effective than the regular gravel roof model at detaining and retaining water—for detention, 1) runoff from the green roof modules was delayed an average of nine minutes from the start of the rainfall events or more than three times longer than the gravel roof model, 2) the peak runoff rate from the green roof modules averaged 3.3 mL/ sec (about 60% of the rainfall intensity) or 35% less than gravel roof model; for retention, 3) the green roofs were able to withhold an average of 2708 mL (about 80% of the total rainfall) or two times more than the gravel roof model. However, this project only validated the practicality of using this green building technology at the university for water conservation; its relevant economic feasibility is crucial but uncertain.
Radiation Environment at the Surface and Subsurface of the Moon: Model Development and Validation

A comprehensive understanding of the lunar radiation environment is essential in preparing for future human exploration of the Moon. The radiation environment on the Moon includes primary space radiation and secondary radiation, which is induced in the lunar soil. Both primary and secondary radiation may pose severe health issues to future crews on the Moon. In this work, we build a detailed radiation environment model “Radiation Environment and Dose at the Moon (REDMoon)” for the lunar surface and subsurface. We use the GEANT4 (GEometry ANd Tracking) Monte‐Carlo code and “response function” approach to calculate type‐, energy‐, angular‐, depth‐, and time‐dependent particle spectra induced by galactic cosmic rays at the surface and subsurface of the Moon. Calculated radiation particle fluxes on and beneath the surface are in good agreement with previous experimental and numerical results while offering more details on the lunar radiation fields, such as angular and depth information. The depth profile of secondary particle spectra in the lunar soil has a maximum between 0.5 and 1 m below the surface, depending on particle type and energy. The angular distribution of secondary particles (in particular neutron, γ ‐rays, electrons) with energy ≲ 1 MeV is mostly isotropic, while higher energy particles preferentially propagate downward. Our model provides full coverage of the spatial, directional, and energy information of the radiation field at the surface and subsurface of the Moon, which can serve for designing future human bases on the Moon.
The Influence of Independent Commissioners, Audit Committee and Company Size on the Integrity of Financial Statements

The aim of this study would be to see how independence commissioners, internal auditors, and size of the company affect the financial statement reputation of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange that produce basic industrial and chemical products (IDX). The findings revealed that having an impartial board of commissioners had a substantial positive impact on financial statement transparency, while having an audit committee and a large corporation had no significant impact. Based on the findings of data analysis research, the audit committee cannot boost the accuracy of the company's financial statements, according to this report. Meanwhile, one of the audit committee's responsibilities is to enhance the accuracy of the company's financial reports such that the details in the financial statements remains current and trustworthy. The internal auditors cannot improve the integrity of the company's financial statements based on the results of data analysis testing. In the meantime, one of the internal auditors tasks is to improve the accuracy of the company's financial reports so that the financial statements' details remain current and reliable. The audit committee cannot enhance the credibility of the company's financial statements based on the findings of data analysis research.
Algal‐Induced Biogeomorphic Feedbacks Lay the Groundwork for Coastal Wetland Development

Ecosystem establishment under adverse geophysical conditions is often studied within the “windows of opportunity” framework, identifying disturbance‐free periods (e.g., calm wave climate) where species can overcome establishment thresholds. However, the role of biogeophysical interactions in this framework is less well understood. The establishment of saltmarsh vegetation on tidal flats, for example, is limited by abiotic factors such as hydrodynamics, sediment stability and drainage. On tidal flats, raised sediment ridges colonized by algal mats (Vaucheria sp.) appear to accomodate high densities of plant seedlings. Such ridges were previously found to have higher sediment strength than substratum without algae. Here, we investigate whether these measurements can be explained by geophysical factors only, or that biological (Vaucheria‐induced) processes influence tidal marsh establishment by forming stabilized bedforms. We performed two experiments under controlled mesocosm conditions, to test the hypotheses that (a) Vaucheria grows better on elevated topographic relief, that (b) the binding force of their algal filaments increases sediment strength, and that (c) Vaucheria consequently creates elevated topographic relief that further facilitates algal growth. Our experimental results confirm the existence of this algal‐induced biogeomorphic feedback cycle. These findings imply that benthic algae like Vaucheria may contribute significantly to tidal marsh formation by creating elevated and stabilized substratum. This suggests biogeophysical feedbacks can “widen” the windows of opportunity for further ecosystem establishment. Our results could be useful for the design of managed realignment projects aimed at restoring the unique ecosystem services of coastal wetlands, such as habitat biodiversity, carbon sequestration potential and nature‐based flood defense.
Climate signals in stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of lignin methoxy groups from southern German beech trees

Abstract. Stable hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of wood lignin methoxy groups (δ13CLM and δ2HLM values) have been shown to be reliable proxies of past temperature variations. Previous studies showed that δ2HLM values even work in temperate environments where classical tree-ring width and maximum latewood density measurements are less successful for climate reconstructions. Here, we analyse the annually resolved δ13CLM values from 1916–2015 of four beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) from a temperate site near Hohenpeißenberg in southern Germany and compare these data with regional- to continental-scale climate observations. Initial δ13CLM values were corrected for the Suess effect (a decrease of δ13C in atmospheric CO2) and physiological tree responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations considering a range of published discrimination factors. The calibration of δ13CLM chronologies against instrumental data reveals the highest correlations with regional summer (r=0.68) and mean annual temperatures (r=0.66), as well as previous-year September to current-year August temperatures (r=0.61), all calculated from 1916–2015 and reaching p<0.001. Additional calibration trials using detrended δ13CLM values and climate data (to constrain effects of autocorrelation on significance levels) returned rsummer=0.46 (p<0.001), rannual=0.25 (p<0.05) and rprev.September-August=0.18 (p>0.05). The new δ13CLM chronologies were finally compared with the previously produced δ2HLM values of the same trees in order to evaluate the additional gain of assessing past climate variability using a dual-isotope approach. Compared to δ13CLM, δ2HLM values correlate substantially more strongly with large-scale temperatures averaged over western Europe (rprev.September-August=0.69), whereas only weak and mainly insignificant correlations are obtained between precipitation and both isotope chronologies (δ13CLM and δ2HLM values). Our results indicate the great potential of using δ13CLM values from temperate environments as a proxy for local temperatures and, in combination with δ2HLM values, to assess regional- to sub-continental scale temperature patterns.
The Effects of Virtual Keyboard Key Sizes on Typing Productivity and Physical Exposures

With mobile devices including tablet PCs, gravitating towards smaller sizes, the keyboard key sizes on these devices often have to be smaller than recommended key sizes and spacing (18 to 20 mm) for notebook and desktop keyboards. Currently, there is limited research into how key sizes can affect typing proficiency and physical exposures during virtual keyboard use. Therefore, the present study investigated how different virtual keyboard key sizes affected muscle activity, wrist posture, and typing productivity. A total of 21 subjects (12 males and 9 females) participated in a repeated-measures laboratory experiment where typing speed, accuracy, muscle activity, wrist posture, and subjective discomfort were compared between four different virtual keyboards with key sizes (width x height) of 13x13, 16x16, 19x19, and 22x22 mm with a 2-mm gutter surrounding each key. The results showed that the keyboard with the 13x13 mm keys (15 mm center-to-center key spacing) had a 15% slower typing speed (p < 0.0001), higher static (10th %tile) shoulder muscle activity (2% MVC, p = 0.01), and greater wrist extension in both hands (2° - 3°, p’s < 0.01). The study findings indicate that 13x13 mm key size may not be optimal for touch typing on a virtual keyboard.
Evaluating the nitrification inhibition potential of selected botanicals and their non-target effects

Abstract: Nitrification inhibitors (NI) are aimed at improving N-fertilizer use efficiency in cropping systems. This study aimed to assess the nitrification inhibition potential and non-target effects of dry leaf powders (botanicals) of 10 plant species (neem (Azadirachta indica), lantana (Lantana camara), karanda (Pongamia pinnata), Brachiaria (Brachiaria humidicola), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), wild-sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), mee (Madhuca longifolia), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), and pepper (Piper nigram)). The effect of botanicals on the growth of three ammonia oxidizing bacteria isolates (M4, M5, and M7) and NO3− formation in soil were tested in laboratory experiments. In a pot-experiment, botanicals were applied with urea to assess their effect on vegetative-growth of tomato and capsicum. The non-target effects of botanicals on soil bacteria and fungi, and seed germination were assessed separately. Dicyandiamide (DCD) was used as the positive control in all experiments. Only the growth of M7 was significantly suppressed by all botanicals except neem, Brachiaria, and pepper. The highest shoot-biomass of tomato was obtained when urea was applied with pepper. Nitrate leaching from pots was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) when urea was added with botanicals except for clove and wild-sunflower at basal-dressing. The abundance of culturable fungi and bacteria were not affected significantly by botanicals while seed germination was reduced significantly and consistently by clove only. From the 10 botanicals tested leaf powders of nutmeg, lantana, cinnamon, mee, and pepper were identified as materials with better potential to suppress nitrification with minimum non-target effects.
Assessing Skill Building in Metadata Instruction: Quality Evaluation of Dublin Core Metadata Records Created by Graduate Students

The quality of metadata has a direct effect on the ability to find, identify, select, obtain, and explore information; therefore, training to create high-quality metadata is an important, yet challenging, task for LIS educators. To provide such training effectively, instructors need to develop a vision for where best to focus their efforts, informed by understanding of the common metadata quality problems in student-created records and the way in which observed patterns correlate with the content and methods of instruction. Our exploratory case study addresses this need through empirical data. The article provides an overview of the metadata-creation skill building in instructional design of an online graduate metadata course at a US university and includes results of a comparative content analysis of student-created Dublin Core metadata records in three semesters based on the criteria of accuracy, completeness, and consistency. Findings reveal that accuracy and completeness issues are prevalent and that metadata quality problems revolve mainly around representation of relations and subjects and the application of controlled vocabularies. Results also indicate student confusion regarding the purpose of several metadata elements. The article discusses the findings in relation to content and methods of instruction, considers how the observed quality issues in student-created metadata might be addressed in improving skill building through curriculum development, and proposes directions for further research.
Do Interactions among Microbial Symbionts Cause Selection for Greater Pathogen Virulence?

The ecological and evolutionary consequences of microbiome treatments aimed at protecting plants and animals against infectious disease are not well understood, even as such biological control measures become more common in agriculture and medicine. Notably, we lack information on the impacts of symbionts on pathogen fitness with which to project the consequences of competition for the evolution of virulence. To address this gap, we estimated fitness consequences for a common plant pathogen, Ustilago maydis, over differing virulence levels and when the host plant (Zea mays) is coinfected with a defensive symbiont (Fusarium verticillioides) and compared these fitness estimates to those obtained when the symbiont is absent. Here, virulence is measured as the reduction in the growth of the host caused by pathogen infection. Results of aster statistical models demonstrate that the defensive symbiont most negatively affects pathogen infection and that these effects propagate through subsequent stages of disease development to cause lower pathogen fitness across all virulence levels. Moreover, the virulence level at which pathogen fitness is maximal is higher in the presence of the defensive symbiont than in its absence. Thus, as expected from theory for multiple parasites, competition from the defensive symbiont may cause selection for increased pathogen virulence. More broadly, we consider that the evolutionary impacts of interactions between pathogens and microbial symbionts will depend critically on biological context and environment and that interactions among diverse microbial symbionts in spatially heterogeneous communities contribute to the maintenance of the highly diverse symbiotic functions observed in these communities.
Mission-Oriented Policies and Technological Sovereignty: The Case of Climate Mitigation Technologies

The rapid decarbonization of the global economy represents the main challenge for the next decades to combat climate change. The European Union (EU) is leading the negotiation process under the Paris Agreement and recently approved an ambitious unilateral mitigation strategy known as the European Green Deal (EGD). In this paper, we present a novel approach based on the analysis of patent data related to climate change and mitigation technologies (CCMTs) with the aim of describing the evolutionary pattern of the EU in green technology. Based on our analysis, two of our main results deserve attention. First, at the global level, the pace of generation of new green technologies as measured by patent data is slowing down in recent years. This trend, if not inverted, casts some doubts on the economic sustainability of the ambitious environmental targets set by the EC. Second, the current EU technological positioning with respect to green areas appears to be problematic in terms of technological sovereignty, with serious risks of potential technological dependences from other countries. Given the radical technological shift required for the implementation of a full decarbonization pattern, the EU must realize a mission-oriented technology policy with additional and directed investments to ensure technological independence, together with a low-carbon and energy secure economy.
Predictors of tax compliance intentions among self-employed individuals: the role of trust, perceived tax complexity and antecedent-based intervention strategies

ABSTRACT This study examines the tax compliance intentions of self-employed individuals in the informal sector and evaluates the effect of antecedent-based intervention strategies, trust and perceived tax complexity on tax compliance intention. Using the extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour as the theoretical base, the study additionally investigates whether attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and moral obligation may be good predictors of tax compliance intention. Data were gathered from 725 self-employed individuals in Ghana using a structured questionnaire, and analysed using the structural equation modelling technique. We find from our empirical analysis that although our respondents exhibit greater intention to comply with tax payment duties, most respondents consider non-compliance to be justifiable if the tax rates are too burdensome. Our results further suggest that trust in the tax system, perceived tax complexity, antecedent-based intervention strategies, attitude, subjective norms, and moral obligation are relevant predictors of tax compliance intention.
Two-Level Integrated Optimization System for Planning of Emergency Evacuation

This paper presents a two-level integrated optimization system for use in generating the candidate set of optimal evacuation plans that serve as the input for simulation-based evacuation systems. In the proposed system, the high-level optimization aims to maximize the throughput during the specified evacuation duration, and the low-level optimization is intended to minimize the total travel time as well as the waiting time for the entire operation if the specified duration is sufficient for meeting all evacuation demands. To effectively represent traffic flow relations with mathematical formulations, this paper employs the cell transmission concept, but with a revised formulation for large-scale network applications. The performance of the proposed models and their applicability has been tested with a microscopic simulation program that replicates the Ocean City evacuation network. Evaluation results from these numerical studies have demonstrated the promising properties of the proposed integrated optimization system.
Implications of Culture in the Performance of International Construction Joint Ventures

Joint ventures have become popular because of their importance as a strategic alternative in global competition. One of the reasons why international joint ventures (IJVs) are difficult to manage is because the cultural distance between IJV partners has significant impact on alliance performance. Since construction projects are highly sensitive to external risks, the effect of the culture in the location in which the IJV operates is also significant. In this study, the effect of cultural similarity/difference relative to the national and organizational characteristics of partner companies on IJV performance is examined through a questionnaire survey. The impact of the cultural similarity/difference between an IJV partner and the host country is also assessed. The results of the study suggest that differences in organizational culture have a greater impact on IJV performance than differences in national and host country culture. The findings also reveal that similarity between the national cultures of IJV partners has a negative effect on IJV performance. The analysis of the data failed to provide evidence that IJV performance is affected by differences between the culture of the host country and the culture of an IJV partner.
Managing MSME Innovation Performance: Analysis of Knowledge-Oriented Leadership and Knowledge Management Capability

The purpose of this study was to investigate the practice and effect of knowledge-oriented leadership on innovation performance in the MSME industry, by mediating knowledge management capabilities. The Partial Least Square (PLS) approach was used to analyze the data obtained from 170 employees of several MSMEs in Banten. The results obtained indicate that knowledge-oriented leadership has a positive and significant effect on knowledge management capabilities, but has no significant effect on organizational innovation performance. However, knowledge-oriented leadership has a positive and significant impact on organizational innovation performance through knowledge management capabilities. So knowledge management capability functions as a full mediator variable. From a theoretical perspective, the results of this study provide empirical evidence about the positive role of knowledge management capability as an influential factor to improve MSME innovation performance. Meanwhile, from a managerial perspective, the results of this study provide an overview of decision-makers in MSMEs with a better understanding of how to improve knowledge management capabilities and apply appropriate leadership styles in the current knowledge era.