Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural, thermal, and geomorphic evolution of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau adjacent to and north of the Sichuan Basin poses a fundamental geodynamic problem; the topography of eastern Tibet apparently developed in the absence of significant shortening of the upper crust. This study investigates the development and subsequent evolution of the topographic margin of the plateau in an effort to ascertain the controls on and geodynamic significance of presentday topography. The primary results from this study are threefold, and include: 1) an estimate of the inception of high relief along the plateau margin in the Late Miocene; 2) documentation of active deformation in the Min Shan range and estimates of the rates and pattern of Pleistocene-Recent rock uplift; 3) an assessment of the controls on the spatial distribution of bedrock channel gradients in this landscape. Thermal histories of rocks along the margin inferred from *Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He thermochronology provide constraints on the long-term rates and distribution of denudation across this margin of the plateau. Results indicate that 1) prior to the Late Miocene (ca. 11 Ma) regional denudation rates were low (< 0.1 mm/yr), and 2) rocks adjacent to the plateau margin were exhumed from depths of 8-10 km since that time. Active deformation and rock uplift in the Min Shan is documented by tilted Pleistocene basins along the western range flank. Geologic mapping and chronology demonstrate that rates of tilting are rapid (~108 rad/yr), and that rock uplift is highest near the range crest. However, mapped faults adjacent to the range do not appear to exert a direct control on the distribution of rock uplift. Analysis of bedrock river longitudinal profiles reveals a region of steep channels (normalized for drainage area) adjacent to the topographic front of the plateau margin. The spatial distribution of channel steepness appears to reflect active rock uplift focused along the plateau margin. Thus, the high topography along the plateau margin is argued to be a dynamic response to rock uplift in the absence of significant horizontal shortening and may reflect thickening in the lower crust. Thesis co-supervisor: B. Clark Burchfiel Thesis co-supervisor: Kelin X. Whipple
Momentum Transport in Sharp Open-Channel Bends

Flow in open-channel bends is characterized by cross-stream circulation, which redistributes the velocity and the boundary shear stress and thereby shapes the characteristic bed topography. Besides a center-region cell, classical helical motion, a weaker counterrotating outer-bank cell often exists. In spite of its engineering importance, the mechanisms underlying distributions of the velocity and the boundary shear stress in open-channel bends, and especially the role of both circulation cells, are not yet fully understood. In order to investigate these mechanisms, an evaluation is made of the various terms in the momentum equations based on the data measured, which gave the following results. The outer-bank cell forms a buffer layer that protects the outer bank from any influence of the center-region cell and keeps the core of maximum velocity a distance from the bank. Advective momentum transport by the center-region cell is a dominant mechanism; it significantly contributes to the observed outward shift of the downstream velocity and the bed shear stress and to flattening of the vertical profiles of the velocity. This important advective momentum redistribution has to be included in the depth-integrated flow models often used in engineering practice. Commonly used linear models overpredict the effects of the center-region cell. Based on results of the analysis of experimental data, these models are extended by accounting for the feedback between the center-region cell and the downstream velocity. The nonlinear model obtained clearly reveals the mechanisms of the center-region cell and its advective momentum transport. An analysis of nonlinear model results confirms and complements the analysis of experimental data. A true quasithree-dimensional flow model is obtained by coupling this nonlinear model to depth-integrated flow models, thus providing an engineering tool for morphodynamical investigations.
Glaucoma Relationship Between 24-Hour Mean Ocular Perfusion Pressure Fluctuation and Rate of Paracentral Visual Field Progression in Normal-Tension Glaucoma

Citation: Choi J, Lee JR, Lee Y, et al. Relationship between 24-hour mean ocular perfusion pressure fluctuation and rate of paracentral visual field progression in normal-tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:6150–6157. DOI:10.1167/ iovs.13-12093 PURPOSE. To investigate the relationship between unstable mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP) and the rate of paracentral visual field (PVF) progression in patients with medically treated normal-tension glaucoma (NTG).
Depleted and Fertile Mantle Xenoliths from Southern African Kimberlites

It has been demonstrated for many years (Wagner 1928) that the rounded inclusions found in kimberlite volcanoes provide a sampling of continental portions of the earth's upper mantle and crust. The most widespread types of inclusions are garnet lherzolites, of simple primary mineralogy, with usually few hydrous phases. Although in the past these have been con­ sidered to be cognate with kimberlite magma (e.g. Williams 1932), they are now generally regarded as fragments of mantle existing at the time of kimberlite intrusion. This conclusion derives from their widespread occurrence and the fact that shallower-derived spinel-bearing varieties are found in many ultrabasic-basic alkali igneous intrusions. Certain varieties including relatively ferriferous pyroxenites and griquaites (= mantle eclogites) are, however, considered to represent mantle cumulates or fractionation products within the mantle (e.g. Cox et al1973, Barrett 1975).
atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands

Remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared wave bands were collected from a low-flying aircraft during the Monsoon '90 field experiment. Monsoon '90 was a multidisciplinar y experiment conducted in a semiarid were used with atmospheric data for evaluating net radiation (/? "), soil heat flux (G), and sensible (H) and latent {LE) heat fluxes at these same length scales. The model employs a single-layer resistance approach for estimatingH that requires wind speed and air temperature in the ABL and a remotely sensed surface temperature. The values of/? " and G are estimated from remote sensing information together with near-surface observations of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Finally, LE is solved as the residual term in the surface energy balance equation. Model calculations were compared to measurements from the METFLUX network for three days having different environmental conditions. Average percent differences for the three days between model and the METFLUX estimates of the local fluxes were about 5% for Rn, 20% for G and H, and 15% for LE. Larger differences occurred during partly cloudy conditions because of errors in interpreting the remote sensing data and the higher spatial and temporal variation in the energy fluxes. Minor variations in modeled energy fluxes were observed when the pixel size representing the remote sensing inputs changed from 0.2 to 2 km. Regional scale estimates of the surface energy balance using bulk ABL properties for the model parameters and input variables and the 10-km pixel data differed from the METFLUX network averages by about 4% for Rn, 10% for G and H, and 15% for LE. Model sensitivity in calculating the turbulent fluxesH and LE to possible variations in key model parameters (i.e., the roughness lengths for heat and momentum) was found to be fairly significant. Therefore the reliability of the methods for estimating key model parameters and potential errors needs further testing over different ecosystems and environmental conditions.
Response of buried steel pipelines subjected to longitudinal and transverse ground movement

The performance of buried pipeline systems in areas subjected to ground deformations is an important engineering consideration, and there is a need for further research to advance the current fundamental understanding of this problem. A new full-scale physical modeling facility was developed to investigate soil-pipe interaction of relatively large diameter steel pipelines. The facility comprises a large soil box with the capacity to impose axial and lateral displacements on buried pipelines while simulating desired backfill and native soil configurations. Methods were developed to measure normal soil stresses on the pipe surface and observe movement of sand particles during testing. Numerical models, with parameters derived from geotechnical element testing and validated by physical modeling results, were used to conduct parametric studies of pipeline pullout response. The measured axial soil loads on pipes in loose sand were comparable with those from the commonly used ASCE-equation. Pipes in dense sand exhibited axial soil loads several-fold higher than those estimated from the same equation. The increase in normal soil stress on the pipe surface due to constrained dilation of sand in the shear zone was found to be the key reason for these high soil loads. For dilative soils, the equivalent lateral earth pressure coefficient (K) representing average normal stress distribution on the pipe is a more appropriate parameter for use in the ASCE-equation than the "at rest" lateral earth pressure coefficient (Ko). Based on numerical modeling, a series of charts and formulae were developed to obtain the value of K. The commonly used methods of wrapping pipelines with geosynthetic-layers were found to be generally effective in reducing axial soil loads.
Drainage basin weathering and major element transport of two large Chinese rivers (Huanghe and Changjiang)

Long-term records show high concentrations of dissolved major elements in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) and the Huanghe (Yellow River). The Huanghe drainage basin is characterized by intense weathering and erosion of carbonates and evaporites, while weathering and erosion of carbonates and silicates over the drainage basin is the main source of major elements in the Changjiang. The rock/soil composition and tectonics of the drainage basin are more important than atmospheric precipitation in affecting major element composition of these two rivers. Compared with other large rivers of the world, the high suspended sediment and major element loads of the Changjiang and Huanghe reveal intense physical and chemical erosion over the Chinese continent.
The Yule-Frisch-Waugh-Lovell Theorem for Linear Instrumental Variables Estimation

In this paper, I discuss three aspects of the Frisch-Waugh-Lovell theorem. First, I show that the theorem holds for linear instrumental variables estimation of a multiple regression model that is either exactly or overidentified. I show that with linear instrumental variables estimation: (a) coefficients on endogenous variables are identical in full and partial (or residualized) regressions; (b) residual vectors are identical for full and partial regressions; and (c) estimated covariance matrices of the coefficient vectors from full and partial regressions are equal (up to a degree of freedom correction) if the estimator of the error vector is a function only of the residual vectors and does not use any information about the covariate matrix other than its dimensions. While estimation of the full model uses the full set of instrumental variables, estimation of the partial model uses the residualized version of the same set of instrumental variables, with residualization carried out with respect to the set of exogenous variables. Second, I show that: (a) the theorem applies in large samples to the K-class of estimators, including the limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) estimator, and (b) the theorem does not apply in general to linear GMM estimators, but it does apply to the two step optimal linear GMM estimator. Third, I trace the historical and analytical development of the theorem and suggest that it be renamed as the Yule-Frisch-Waugh-Lovell (YFWL) theorem to recognize the pioneering contribution of the statistician G. Udny Yule in its development.
Free association in a neural network.

Free association among words is a fundamental and ubiquitous memory task. Although distributed semantics (DS) models can predict the association between pairs of words, and semantic network (SN) models can describe transition probabilities in free association data, there have been few attempts to apply established cognitive process models of memory search to free association data. Thus, researchers are currently unable to explain the dynamics of free association using memory mechanisms known to be at play in other retrieval tasks, such as free recall from lists. We address this issue using a popular neural network model of free recall, the context maintenance and retrieval (CMR) model, which we fit using stochastic gradient descent on a large data set of free association norms. Special cases of CMR mimic existing DS and SN models of free association, and we find that CMR outperforms these models on out-of-sample free association data. We also show that training CMR on free association data generates improved predictions for free recall from lists, demonstrating the value of free association for the study of many different types of memory phenomena. Overall, our analysis provides a new account of the dynamics of free association, predicts free association with increased accuracy, integrates theories of free association with established models of memory, and shows how large data sets and neural network training methods can be used to model complex cognitive processes that operate over thousands of representations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Behaviour of a group of energy piles

A full-scale experimental site with four energy test piles was built on the campus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland. This site was used to investigate interaction effects within a group of energy piles. First, the ground constraints were evaluated by testing the piles without any structure on top. Next, each pile was individually tested once the overlying structure was built, which provided information on the structural constraints and allowed the quantification of the pile–structure–pile interactions. Finally, the four test piles were simultaneously heated to quantify the group effects. A thermal response test was performed on one pile and the thermohydraulic response of the soil between the piles was monitored with piezometers and thermistors. Load redistributions may occur in mixed foundations, i.e., with conventional and energy piles, because of differential displacements. Conversely, heating an entire foundation increases the individual pile displacements, but red.
Population density and ecology of dogs in Nigeria : a pilot study.

Summary: The population dynamics of dogs is an important factor in the epidemiology of endemic canine rabies. Lack of reliable estimates of dog populations hampers rabies control campaigns in developing countries, as costbenefit analysis of control strategies cannot be made accurately. The WHO "Guidelines for dog rabies control" has stressed the need for research on dog populations and ecology in urban and rural areas. Determination of dog population density (dogs/km2) from established indicators of dog abundance (dog to human ratio and dogs per household) is one recommended procedure. Using a questionnaire, we carried out a pilot study in selected urban and rural areas of Nigeria, in order to establish the population density and structure of owned dogs, differences in frequency distribution and population densities of dogs in households in urban and rural areas, and factors which promote straying of owned dogs. More dogs were owned by urban households than in the rural areas. The association between the number of dog-owning households and locality (urban or rural) was highly significant. There was also a significant association between the number of dogs in a household and locality. The dog to man ratios for urban and rural areas were also calculated. By both indicators, the abundance of dogs in the urban area was twice that of the rural areas. Calculated from the dog to human ratios and projected human population densities, the population density of owned dogs in the urban (131/km2) was 8.8 times that in the rural areas (15/km2). The male:female ratios and age distribution of dogs for urban and rural areas were also calculated. The epidemiological and public health implications of large urban dog populations, partial confinement and free range of owned dogs in urban and rural communities include promotion of straying, gathering of dogs in packs, easy contact with strays and wildlife, and increased risk of human exposure to dog bites and to rabies.
Expressions

: This text presents a discussion on the impacts of the precarization of the teaching work taking as a starting point the regulation of the working day of teachers of basic education. The objective is to reflect on how precarious work affects the organization of working day through the intensification of teaching work. It develops from bibliographical discussion based on historical-dialectical materialism and uses the analysis of the national legislation that involves the theme. Based on the regulation of working hours in the state of Paraná, it is discussed how the fragility of this career regulation affects teachers. In the context of the bureaucratic and managerialist State, the instability of the organization of the working day results in the intensification and precarization of the work.
Soil microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus as affected by frequent drying-rewetting

Drying and rewetting (DRW) events are very common in arable land. However, it is not clear how the frequency of DRW stress history influences soil carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) dynamics under field conditions. In this study, an arable loam calcareous soil was treated with simulated farming practices that included wheat straw and nitrogen incorporation and three DRW cycles at intervals of 14 days during a 90-day experimental period of incubation at 25°C. The DRW events significantly increased cumulative CO2-C evolution, but the increase rate of cumulative CO2-C evolution declined with increasing DRW cycles. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and P (MBP) decreased by 9–55% and 9–29%, respectively, following each DRW event, but recovered to the level before DRW treatment within 7 days. Frequent drying and rewetting caused significant increases in both extractable organic C and NaHCO3-extractable P, by 10–112% and 10–18%, respectively. The fluctuation of the tested parameters became less with increasing frequency of DRW cycles. Changes in microbial biomass, either MBC or MBP, were poorly correlated with those of extractable organic C and NaHCO3-extractable P. Overall, frequent DRW cycles had much stronger and longer lasting impact on soil biomass P dynamics than biomass C. These findings may imply certain links among soil moisture, microbial activity and nutrient bioavailability that are important in water and nutrient management.
Morphometric analysis of graphoglyptid trace fossils in two dimensions: implications for behavioral evolution in the deep sea

Abstract. Graphoglyptids are deep-marine trace fossils, often found preserved as casts in positive relief on the base of turbidites. Previous analyses of the behavioral evolution of graphoglyptids suggested they were slowly diversifying, becoming optimized, and getting smaller over time until the Late Cretaceous, when a sudden increase in diversification occurred. This current study quantifies the morphology of approximately 400 different graphoglyptid specimens, ranging in age from the Cambrian to the present, in order to evaluate the behavioral evolutionary interpretations made previously. Results from this study indicate that although some general evolutionary patterns can be discerned, they are not as straightforward as previously reported. Different topological categories of trace fossils represent organisms' responses to evolutionary pressures in unique ways. While burrow widths of meandering traces were becoming smaller over time, as predicted by previous workers, the burrow widths of the network traces were becoming smaller only until the Late Cretaceous, when they started to get larger again. The times of significant evolutionary changes in behavior were not consistent among various topological categories, with some morphological features being affected in the Late Cretaceous and others during the beginning of the Eocene. It is likely that the behavioral evolution of graphoglyptids was influenced by deep-marine global influences linked to climate change, glaciation, and deep-ocean warming. These influences affected each topological group uniquely, suggesting that different species or genera of trace makers were creating each of the topological categories. This is contrary to the hypothesis that all graphoglyptids were created by closely related species.
Regional Geographic Factors Mediate the Climate-war Relationship in Europe

It has been demonstrated in recent studies by that wars occurred with greater frequency in Europe in periods of cold climate over the past millennium, and food scarcity is the explanation. However, the issue of whether the climate-war relationship holds consistently across the European continent has been insufficiently explored. In the present study, we seek to advance the macroscopic understanding of the climate-war association in Europe via the statistical analysis of fine-grained paleo-climate and historical warfare data covering the period 1400–1999, with a specific focus on how regional geographic factors mediate the association. Our statistical results show that the climate-war correlation varied across Europe. At multi-centennial time-scale, temperature-war correlation was stronger in Eastern Europe, in part because of the region’s greater dependence on agriculture and in part due to the region’s prevailing continental climate. At multi-decadal to centennial time-scale, the temperature-war correlation in Europe was periodically distorted when population pressure was unleashed via a significant decline in the rate of population growth or through industrialization. Furthermore, the regional disparity in terms of population growth rate and pace of industrialization might be responsible for the diverse trends and trajectories of the temperature-war correlation in Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Our results may help to resolve some major controversies about the climate-conflict link.
A Literature Review of Learning and Optimization Methods Applied to Quadrotor Control

Various methods of applying learning and optimization methods to quadrotor control have been explored in the past years. The challenges faced in quadrotor control systems represent those faced in other scenarios: high dimensional input data, complex feedback control systems, and sensitive dynamic trajectories. Control approaches vary depending on the constraints and goals of individual scenarios, so understanding the current state of research requires an overview of a wide spectrum of literature. This literature review surveys existing work in this field at a broad level, and then examines two specific approaches in real-time control scenarios: learning-based model predictive control (LBMPC) and reachability-based safe learning.