Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rice Crop Response to Simulated Drift of Imazamox

Field studies were conducted near Crowley, LA, to evaluate the effects of simulated herbicide drift on ‘Cocodrie' rice. Each treatment was made with the spray volume varying proportionally to herbicide dosage based on a spray volume of 234 L ha−1 and an imazamox rate of 44 g ai ha−1. The 6.3%, 2.7-g ha−1, herbicide rate was applied at a spray volume of 15 L ha−1 and the 12.5%, 5.5-g ha−1, herbicide rate was applied at a spray volume of 29 L ha−1. Rice was treated at the one-tiller, panicle differentiation, boot, and physiological maturity growth stages. Injury was observed with imazamox applied at the one-tiller timing. Injury was not observed until 21 and 28 d after treatment (DAT) when imazamox was applied at the panicle differentiation and boot timings. The greatest reduction in plant height resulted from applications at the one-tiller timing at 7 and 14 DAT; however, when evaluated at harvest, plant height was reduced no more than 10%. Imazamox, averaged over rate, applied to rice at the boot timing reduced primary crop yield 66% compared with the nontreated. Applications at the boot timing resulted in an increased ratoon crop yield; however, the yield increase did not compensate for the loss in the primary crop yield. Nomenclature: Imazamox; rice, Oryza sativa L. ‘Cocodrie'. Estudios de campo fueron realizados cerca de Crowley, Louisiana, para evaluar los efectos de la deriva simulada de herbicidas en el arroz 'Cocodrie'. Cada tratamiento fue hecho con un volumen de aspersión que se varió proporcionalmente a la dosis del herbicida con base en un volumen de aspersión de 234 L ha−1 y una dosis de imazamox de 44 g ai ha−1. La dosis de herbicida de 6.3%, 2.7 g ha−1, fue aplicada con un volumen de aspersión de 15 L ha−1. y la dosis de 12.5%, 5.5 g ha−1, fue aplicada con un volumen de aspersión de 29 L ha−1. El arroz fue tratado en los estadios de crecimiento de un hijuelo, diferenciación de panícula, emergencia de tallo floral, y madurez fisiológica. Se observó daño con imazamox aplicado en el estadio de un hijuelo. No se observo daño hasta 21 y 28 d después del tratamiento (DAT) cuando imazamox fue aplicado en los estadios de diferenciación de panícula y de emergencia de tallo floral. La mayor reducción en la altura de las plantas se debió a aplicaciones en el estadio de un hijuelo a 7 y 14 DAT. Sin embargo, cuando se evaluó en el momento de la cosecha, la altura de planta se redujo en no más de 10%. Imazamox, promediando las dosis, aplicado al arroz en el momento de la emergencia del tallo floral, redujo el rendimiento del cultivo primario 66% comparado con el testigo sin tratamiento. Las aplicaciones al momento de la emergencia del tallo floral resultaron en un incremento en el rendimiento de la soca. Sin embargo, el aumento del rendimiento no compensó la pérdida de rendimiento del cultivo primario.
BEHAVIOR OF BIPOLARIS ORYZAE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES, CULTURE MEDIA, FUNGICIDES AND RICE GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE

Brown leaf spot of rice, caused by Bipolaris oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice. This study aimed to characterize the B. oryzae with respect to its pathogenicity, best growth media, temperature sensitivity and its management through resistant variety and fungicides. The best culture medium and the optimum temperature were determined in vitro. Among five culture media, maximum growth of B. oryzae was observed on Malt Extract and Potato Dextrose Agar after 96 hours of incubation with optimum temperature at 28 o C. Development of resistant lines is the best way to overcome the disease. Among 28 entries/varieties evaluated for two years, RSP- 4 was found resistant and PS-2 moderately resistant against B. oryza . Ridomil and Dithane M-45 were found more effective at 50ppm when compared to eight fungicides for the reduction in colony growth of B. oryzae. In view of present investigation, it may be suggested that RSP- 4 and PS-2 could be used for development of resistant variety against brown spot disease. Ridomil and Dithane M-45 although effective in vitro, need to be evaluated also under field condition.
Leaf number as a criterion for determining defoliation time for Lolium perenne: 2. Effect of defoliation frequency and height

The object of this study was to determine the importance of frequency and height of defoliation on regrowth potential of Lolium perenne. Defoliation interval was based on stage of the regrowth cycle, as indicated by leaves per tiller. Simulated swards of Lolium perenne cv Yatsyn were grown as individual plants in a glasshouse kept at a day/night temperature of 25°C/15°C. Treatments imposed were defoliation at 2, 5 or 12 cm residual height, and low and high water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) level obtained by varying defoliation interval, i.e. defoliating at the 1-leaf or 3-leaf stage of the regrowth cycle. Regrowth after frequent short defoliations was only 65% of the less frequently defoliated plants taken over the full regrowth cycle. This was associated with a lower stubble WSC content (2·15 vs 17·5% in stubble) and a twenty-seven-fold difference in the amount of WSC in the stubble per plant. This difference in total WSC was a combined effect of more and heavier tillers and higher WSC content in stubble of plants defoliated less frequently at the end of the regrowth cycle. The regrowth of plants with WSC levels depleted by frequent defoliation when defoliated at 2 cm was significantly below that of those defoliated at 5 and 12 cm. The results indicate the desirability of defoliating plants at the 3-leaf stage of the regrowth cycle. This not only allows the full regrowth potential to be expressed in that growth cycle, but also in the next cycle, by allowing the replenishment of WSC reserves and optimizing tiller status. The potential to regrow appears then to be based more on the total amount of WSC than the proportion of WSC in stubble.
Evolution / Évolution The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes

More than 80% of the approximately 3000 living species of snakes are placed in the taxon Caenophidia (advanced snakes), a group that includes the families Acrochordidae, Viperidae, Elapidae, Atractaspididae, and the paraphyletic ‘Colubridae’. Previous studies using DNA sequences have involved few nuclear genes (one or two). Several nodes have therefore proven difficult to resolve with statistical significance. Here, we investigated the higher-level relationships of caenophidian snakes with seven nuclear proteincoding genes and obtained a well-supported topology. Accordingly, some adjustments to the current classification of Caenophidia are made to better reflect the relationships of the groups. The phylogeny also indicates that, ancestrally, caenophidian snakes are Asian and nocturnal in origin, although living species occur on nearly all continents and are ecologically diverse. To cite this
Selectivity of diamond and square mesh cod ends for horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), European hake (Merluccius merluccius) and axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) in the shallow groundfish assemblage off the south-west coast of Portugal*

The effects of an increase in cod end mesh size from 65 to 70 and 80 mm and a change of mesh configuration from 65 mm diamond to 65 mm square mesh on the size selectivity of horse mackerel ( Trachurus trachurus ), hake ( Merluccius merluccius ) and axillary seabream ( Pagellus acarne ) of the shallow groundfish assemblage off the Portuguese southwest coast were evaluated. The increase in mesh size had a small but significant effect on size selectivity for the three species, while the change in mesh configuration led to a much more pronounced increase in the selectivity parameters. For horse mackerel, the L 50 estimates ranged from 14.4 to 16.0 cm in the diamond mesh cod ends-values that are close to the minimum landing size of 15 cm. For hake, L 50 of 17.0 and 18.3 cm were estimated for the 70 and 80 mm diamond cod ends respectively, while for the axillary seabream the L 50 estimated was 13.9 cm for the 80 mm diamond mesh cod end. These values are well below the minimum landing sizes of 27 and 18 cm for these species. The corresponding estimates in the square mesh cod end were 21.9, 32.4 and 19.6 cm, with the loss of a high percentage (76%) of horse mackerel above the minimum landing size. For all the cod ends tested, the observed retention was presented as a function of maximum girth/mesh perimeter, which allowed a better understanding of the selection process for the species in study. Selectivity estimates for horse mackerel and hake were also compared to those obtained by Campos et al. (2003) for the same species in 1993 off the south coast, where they are captured as a by-catch in the crustacean fishery.
Evaluation of extruded or unextruded double-low rapeseed meal and multienzymes preparation in pigs nutrition during the finishing phase of production

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of extruded or non-extruded double-low rapeseed meal (DL-RSM) and multienzyme preparation on performance, nutrient digestibility, immune function and antioxidant status of the finishing pigs. Forty-eight pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average weight of 62 kg were randomly divided into four groups with three replicates according to gender. Four diets were formulated to meet NRC (1998) nutrient requirements. Diet 1, based on the corn and soybean meal (SBM), was used as control. Diet 2 used 13% DL-RSM instead of the 11% SBM used in the Diet 1. Diet 3 used 13% extruded double-low rapeseed meal (E-DL-RSM) instead of 11% SBM, and Diet 4 0.03% multienzyme preparation was supplemented in Diet 3. The results showed that replacement of 11% SBM by 13% DL-RSM had no negative effects on performance and nutrient digestibility for finishing pigs. Extrusion and multienzyme preparation also had no beneficial effects on pig performance. However, the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum of DL-RSM treatment was lower (P<0.05) than that of the control, but it increased to the level of control in the treatment of extrusion combined with multienzyme preparation. The diet containing E-DL-RSM combined with multienzyme preparation significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.05) in serum. It was concluded that DL-RSM was an acceptable alternative to SBM as part of a protein supplement for finishing pig diets. In addition, extrusion and multienzymes preparation were not economically applied in the current study because of their extra cost.
On the Cranial Osteology of Chiroptera. I. Pteropus (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Abstract Although detailed anatomical descriptions of skull morphology are available for representatives of many mammalian orders, no such descriptive work exists for bats, a group that comprises over 20% of extant mammalian species. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the skull of Pteropus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) and establish a system of cranial nomenclature following the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Based on a series of specimens of Pteropus lylei, we describe the skull as a whole and the morphology of external surfaces of 24 bones (7 rostral, 16 cranial, plus the mandible) and 17 teeth. We describe internal surfaces and additional bones of disarticulated skulls of Pteropus livingstonii and use material from the same species to describe the middle ear ossicles and the petrosal bone. We include a description of the hyoid apparatus and larynx based on Pteropus tonganus and a description of the deciduous dentition based on Pteropus hypomelanus. Using a sectioned fetus, we determine the content and homology of all cranial foramina present in the skull of Pteropus. We outline the ontogenetic changes from newborn pups to adults, considering changes in skull shape and the sequence of bone fusion and tooth eruption. Based on selected comparisons to other megabats, we discuss broad patterns of variation in general cranial shape, and interspecific variation in sutures, foramina, processes, and dentition. Overall, this work establishes a descriptive and nomenclatorial benchmark for chiropteran skull anatomy in line with similar works in other mammalian orders, with the aim of creating common ground for comparative, phylogenetic, and functional studies of the bat skull, including comparisons with other mammals.
Characteristics of Paddlefish in a Southwestern U.S. Reservoir, with Comparisons of Lentic and Lotic Populations

Abstract We evaluated the population characteristics of a self-sustaining population of paddlefish Polyodon spathula on the southwestern edge of its range to determine how its mortality, condition, and growth compare with those of other lentic populations and how they may differ from those of lotic populations. Paddlefish density estimates in Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma, were similar to those in other southern self-sustaining reservoir populations. Paddlefish catch rates varied annually; higher catches occurred in the lower reservoir reaches and in the Arkansas River arm in 1997 and 1998 but in other locations in the reservoir in 1996. Annual mortality of 27–34% was primarily from natural causes. Condition (relative weight) was high, particularly for a population near the edge of its range. Annual growth increments based on back-calculation were not related to mean monthly air temperature or mean monthly minutes of daylight. The maximum age of paddlefish (14 years) was similar to that in other southern r.
Antisense Oligonucleotide Blockade of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Two Murine Models of Colitis

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We have developed a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS 25302) specific for murine TNF-α and have evaluated this oligonucleotide in two models of gut inflammation of distinct etiology. ISIS 25302 decreased TNF-α mRNA in a dose- and sequence-dependent manner in vitro in the mouse macrophage cell line P388D1. It also reduced TNF-α mRNA in vivo, in whole adipose tissue and in macrophages isolated from the adipose tissue of db/db mice, a strain with constitutively high expression of TNF-α. ISIS 25302 significantly reduced disease activity index scores in mice with both an acute and a chronic form of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. It also significantly improved histopathological scores in interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice. This was accompanied by reductions in both the basal and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of TNF-α and interferon-γ in colonic organ cultures from IL-10 −/− mice. In this model, efficacy was obtained with both a prophylactic treatment regimen or a therapeutic dosing protocol begun after colitis was already present. In both the DSS and IL-10 −/− models, scrambled and mismatch control oligonucleotides were largely without effect, suggesting that ISIS 25302 was exerting its effects through a sequence-dependent antisense mechanism.
A Nucleotide Substitution in the tRNALys Primer Binding Site Dramatically Increases Replication of Recombinant Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Containing a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase

ABSTRACT A recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) derived from strain 239 (SIVmac239) with reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain HXB2 was severely impaired for replication. Detectable p27Gag levels were not observed until day 65 and peak p27Gag levels were not reached until day 75 after transfection of CEMx174 cells with the recombinant DNA. Sequences from the latter time point did not contain amino acid substitutions in HIV-1 RT; however, a single nucleotide substitution (thymine to cytosine) was found at position eight of the SIV primer binding site. We engineered an RT/SHIV genome with the thymine-to-cytosine substitution, called RT/SHIV/TC, and observed dramatically faster replication kinetics than were observed with the parental RT/SHIV from which this variant was derived. RT/SHIV/TC provides an improved system for study of the impact of drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 RT in a relevant animal model.
Effet de la teneur en NaCl sur la fermentation du lactate par Propionibacterium freudenreichii dans des minifromages à pâte cuite

Effect of NaCI content on lactate fermentation by Propionibacterium freuden- reichii in small scale Swiss-type cheeses. The effect of salt content on the propionic acid fer- mentation from 23 strains of Propionibacteriumfreudenreichii was studied in small-scale Swiss- c type cheeses. Two-hundred-and-thirty-four chee ses were made with low bacterial count microfiltered milk. Salt in moisture (SIM) of the cheeses (w/w) was 1% (i), 2% (ii) or 3% (iii). During hot room ripening, these values were found respectively in the center of the loaf of Emmental-cheese (i), in an area between 2-8 cm depth (ii), and in the vicinity of the rind (iii). The propionic acid fermentation was followed weekly by measuring cheese volume, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactate content during hot room ripening, The increase of SIM reduced dramatically the propionic acid fermentation. In 3% SIM cheeses, VFA contents were 4 to 5 times lower than in the 1% SIM cheeses. Residuallactate content increased in the same extent. Cheese opening was about 12 times lower in 3% SIM cheeses. The effeet of increasing SIM was very strain dependent, from low stimulation for sorne strains to a total inhibition of the propionic acid fermentation for the other ones. The sensitivity to salt was independent from the technological abilities in usual conditions (1% SIM). CO2 production was the most affected by SIM increase. Sorne salt-sensi- tive strains showed a molar propionate/acetate ratio close to one. This value corresponds to the third metabolic pathway described for propionibacteria: three lactates -> 1 succinate + 1 propionate + 1 acetate. A good discrimination of the 21 strains from our own collection was obtained by fac- torial correspondence analysis (FCA). © InralElsevier, Paris. propionibacteria 1NaCII Swiss-type cheese
Effects of Nettle Water on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Plants. I. Composition and Properties of Nettle Water

ABSTRACT Nettle water (aqueous extract of Urtica dioica) was analyzed for mineral constituents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo) and various chemical and physical parameters (pH, conductivity, buffer capacity, redox potential, dry matter, bacteria, auxin). Nettles were collected for extraction from three habitats (deciduous forest, meadow, dunghill) in May, June and August. A comparison was made between nettle water made from fresh and dry nettles, and effects of six month's storage of extracts were determined. Nettle water has a high nitrogen content (30 to 40 mM), mostly as ammonium. Storage of nettle water increased the available nitrogen through mineralization of the organic fraction. Mineralization was maximal in the light at 20°C. Nettle water made from nettles gathered in spring had the highest NH4, P and K content, while late-summer nettles gave nettle water with highest Ca, Mg and S content. No appreciable differences were found between nettle water from different habitats. In contrast,.
P2Y2 receptors regulate multiple signal transduction pathways in monocytic cells

Activation of P2Y2 receptors by extracellular nucleotides induces cellular responses required for differentiation of human promonocytic U937 cells. Multiple signal transduction pathways are independently coupled to P2Y2 receptors in U937 cells, including stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC)‐dependent calcium mobilization and phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases. In U937 cells, P2Y2 receptors couple to the MAP kinases MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 via phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) and c‐Src. ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by UTP was inhibited by the PI3‐K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002, the c‐Src inhibitors radicicol and PP2, and the inhibitor of actin polymerization, cytochalasin D, but not by inhibitors of calcium‐dependent protein kinase C isoforms. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 induced by UTP was independent of calcium mobilization, since chelation of intracellular calcium with BAPTA had no effect. The importance of multiprotein complexes in mediating G‐protein‐coupled receptor signaling has recently been recognized. Studies with an epitope‐tagged P2Y2 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells indicated that activation of the P2Y2 receptor with UTP causes it to colocalize with the EGF receptor. The P2Y2 receptor also contains the consensus integrin‐binding motif arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) in its first extracellular loop that was hypothesized to promote interactions with integrins. Results of immunofluorescence and peptide binding experiments suggest that wild‐type, RGD‐containing receptors, but not RGE mutant receptors, can form complexes with αVβ3/β5 integrins and the integrin‐associated thrombospondin receptor (CD47). Compared to wild‐type P2Y2 receptors, RGE mutant receptors required 1,000‐fold higher concentrations of ATP or UTP to activate PLC‐dependent calcium mobilization and the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK1/2. Competition studies indicated that an RGDS peptide inhibited the P2Y2 receptor‐mediated phosphorylation of FAK and ERK1/2. These findings suggest that the RGD domain of the P2Y2 receptor is required to promote efficient coupling to intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, P2Y2 receptors regulate divergent signal transduction pathways that are dependent on the formation of multiprotein complexes including EGF receptors and integrins. Our studies encourage further attempts to develop strategies to independently regulate these pathways at steps proximal to P2Y2 receptors. Drug Dev. Res. 53:186–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary intake and time budget in two desert rodents: a diurnal herbivore, Psammomys obesus, and a nocturnal granivore, Meriones crassus

We studied dietary intakes and time budgets in two desert gerbillids, Psammomys obesus, a diurnal herbivore, and Meriones crassus, a nocturnal granivore. P. obesus was offered fresh leaves of Atriplex halimus while M. crassus was offered millet seeds and Atriplex halimus, mainly as a source of water. We predicted that the (1) nocturnal rodent will feed mainly at night and the diurnal rodent mainly during the day; and (2) the herbivore consuming a relatively low energy diet will spend more time feeding than the granivore consuming a relatively high energy diet. The latter prediction was confirmed in that P. obesus spent more time feeding than M. crassus. Number of feeding sessions in M. crassus was the same as in P. obesus but each feeding session was shorter. However, the former prediction was only partially confirmed. Feeding during the dark phase was significantly longer than the light phase in the nocturnal M. crassus, as predicted; but feeding did not differ between diel phases in the diurnal P. obesus. The large amount of forage required by P. obesus necessitated consumption throughout the light and dark phases at the same rates of intake.