Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial environmental changes around the Gulf of Aden over the last 210 kyr deduced from the sediment n‐alkane record: Implications for the dispersal of Homo sapiens

We analyzed long‐chain (C25–C36) n‐alkanes and pollen grains in sediments from the Gulf of Aden covering the last 212 kyr to reconstruct the surrounding terrestrial environment, a critical region for the dispersal of Homo sapiens. Substantial increases in the flux of n‐alkanes during 200–185, 120–95, and 70–50 ka were interpreted to indicate enhanced vegetation biomass in the Arabian Peninsula and the northern part of the Horn of Africa or increase in lithogenic material inputs. Periods of enhanced n‐alkane flux occurred during or immediately after pluvial episodes, indicating that the increased precipitation may have induced substantially enhanced vegetation biomass, creating favorable conditions for Homo sapiens. Additionally, vegetation may have increased due to moderate precipitation unrecorded by speleothems or in accordance with the lowering of sea level, indicating that the dispersal might have been possible even after the shift to an arid environment indicated by the speleothems.
On the Parameterization of Geostrophic Eddies in the Ocean

Abstract An attempt is made to incorporate into a two-layer, zonally averaged, channel ocean model the important transfers achieved by a geostrophic eddy field, using gross parameterizations rather than resolving individual eddy events. It is shown that a representation of the eddy field as an explicit diffuser of potential vorticity can give a reasonable description of the interaction between the eddies and mean flow, provided care is taken to satisfy the attendant constraints that the zonally invariant channel geometry imposes on the eddy fields.
Influence of focus variation on linewidth measurements

The influence of spatial resolution on linewidth measurements in the critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) was investigated experimentally. Measurement bias variation and measurement repeatabilities of four edge detection algorithms were evaluated with a series of images at varying focus in order to determine the effect of resolution variation. Three of these algorithms, maximum derivative, regression to baseline, and sigmoidal fit, are commonly used on commercial CD-SEMs, and the other is a model-based library (MBL) approach that detects the line edge by comparing CD-SEM line scans to a library of simulated line scans. MBL is able to take into account beam size and other parameters (including sidewall angle of the line structure). These algorithms were applied to images of polycrystalline silicon lines with various sidewall angles taken under different focus conditions. In general, it was observed that repeatability is degraded by defocus, and bias varied with focus and target shape. These results indicate that if two or more tools had different resolutions, measurement results would have different biases depending on target shape. The amounts of errors depend on the algorithms, with MBL the most stable against focus variation. However, it still has some systematic errors and outliers far from best focus. Investigations of electron distributions and the effect of electron incident angle were performed for a better model.
Petrography and geochemistry of ejecta from the Sudbury impact event

Ejecta from the Connors Creek site in Michigan (500 km from the Sudbury Igneous Complex [SIC]), the Pine River site in western Ontario (650 km from the SIC), and the Coleraine site in Minnesota (980 km from the SIC) were petrographically and geochemically analyzed. Connors Creek was found to have approximately 2 m of ejecta, including shocked quartz, melt droplets, and accretionary lapilli; Pine River has similar deposits about 1 m in thickness, although with smaller lapilli; Coleraine contains only impact spherules in a 20 cm‐thick layer (impact spherules being similar to microkrystites or microtektites). The ejecta transition from chaotic deposits of massively bedded impactoclastic material with locally derived detritus at Connors Creek to a deposit with apparently very little detrital material that is primarily composed of melt droplets at Pine River to a deposit that is almost entirely composed of melt spherules at Coleraine. The major and trace element compositions of the ejecta confirm the previously observed similarity of the ejecta deposits to the Onaping Formation in the SIC. Platinum‐group element (PGE) concentrations from each of the sites were also measured, revealing significantly elevated PGE contents in the spherule samples compared with background values. PGE abundances in samples from the Pine River site can be reproduced by addition of approximately 0.2 wt% CI chondrite to the background composition of the underlying sediments in the core. PGE interelement ratios indicate that the Sudbury impact event was probably caused by a chondritic impactor.
Occurrence of elves and lightning during El Niño and La Niña

We analyzed the ISUAL‐FORMOSAT2 elves, the LIS‐TRMM lightning, the sea surface temperature (SST), and the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) indices (the Niño 3.4 Index and the Southern Oscillation Index ‐ SOI) in the period between June 2005 and May 2010 to explore the impacts of ENSO on the occurrences of the mesospheric elves and the troposphere lightning. The standardized anomalies of the elve and the lightning occurrence densities are used to quantify the deviation of the elve and lightning occurrences during an ENSO event. The areas in the ENSO‐sensitive western Pacific, central Pacific and Tahiti regions with a significant event anomaly are taken to be the impact indicators of ENSO. Also the SOI is used to examine the correlation of the temporal intensity variation between ENSO, elve and lightning. The results indicate that elve shows clear responses to ENSO with a correlation over 0.6 in the coastal and the oceanic regions. The lightning occurrence is responsive to ENSO in the oceanic regions, but shows a low correlation in the coastal regions, due the overwhelming influence of the landmass. Therefore, between elve and lightning as proximity indices of ENSO, elve has a broader applicable geographic range. However, elve is known to be the mesospheric luminous manifestations of the high‐peak‐current lightning, and the response of the intense lightning to ENSO would be similar to that of the elve. Hence, alternatively, the intense lightning can also be used as an indicator of ENSO.
Larval fishes off Western Australia: Influence of the Leeuwin Current

Although the poleward flow of the Leeuwin Current off Western Australia is unique among eastern boundary currents in the southern hemisphere, the biological oceanography of this system is comparatively poorly known. In this short review, the findings of the various studies on larval fishes completed off Western Australia are collated, synthesized and related to the influence of the Leeuwin Current. The studies range from light-trap experiments focusing on tropical fish larvae off the north-western coast to studies on larvae of commercially significant temperate clupeiod species in the Great Australian Bight. Larval fish assemblages within the Leeuwin Current appear to be composed of a mixture of oceanic, slope, tropical and temperate coastal species, with strong seasonal variation in species composition. Ichthyoplankton studies in progress off Western Australia are reported on and aim to address gaps in the knowledge about the influence of the Leeuwin Current and its meso-scale features upon larval fishes.
Morphological analysis and chlorophyll index of bell pepper cultivars under protected cultivation

Bell pepper is one of the vegetables that most contributes to the horticultural economy of the state of Para, Brazil, although the state has a low production of this vegetable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adaptability of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars grown in protected cultivation under the edaphoclimatic conditions of southeastern state of Para. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. A randomized block experimental design was used, with four replications. The treatments consisted of 9 bell pepper cultivars: Itapua 501, Yolo Wonder, Chapeu de Bispo Cambuci, Proveito, Amarelo SF 134, Rubi Gigante, Amarelo Alegria, All Big, and Amarelo Satrapo Sais. The parameters analyzed were: plant height (cm); number of fruits per plant; fruit weight (g); transversal (mm) and longitudinal diameters of fruits (mm); leaf area (cm²), width (cm), length (cm), perimeter (cm), and ratio (cm); and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. The cultivar Amarelo Satrapo showed greater adaptability to cultivation in the studied region, presenting higher fruit weight, yield, and transversal diameter, leaf area and length, and good morphophysiological development. The cultivars Itapua 501, Amarelo SF 134, and Rubi Gigante showed good performances for morphophysiological parameters. The cultivars that presented the highest chlorophyll indices were Proveito, Itapua 501, All Big, and Amarelo Satrapo. The cultivar Amarelo Satrapo presented the highest adaptation to the climate conditions of southeastern Para.
Associations between Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

: Background: Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious inflammation of the bowel which mostly affects preterm infants. Two to five percent of all admissions to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are because of NEC. In 85% cases, NEC affects very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1500 g) and is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates. This study aimed to analyze the association between NEC & red blood cell transfusion in very low birth weight in the Neonatal intensive care of Benha University Hospital &Benha Children Hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study that was conducted on Very Low Birth Weight Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Benha University Hospital and Benha Children Hospital from November 2018 to November 2020 to identify all infants diagnosed with second stage of NEC or more according to modified Bell„s criteria who were hospitalized to Benha University Hospital& Benha Children Hospital. The number of transfused patients, the frequency of transfusions per patient and the amount of transfused PRBC (ml) were compared in NEC and control groups. Results: The results showed that the frequency of blood transfusion during NICU admission was significantly higher in the NEC group compared to the control group, with a mean of 3.32 ± 0.84 in cases and 1.40 ± 0.55 in controls (P<0.001). regarding logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of blood transfusion during NICU admission was significant predictors for NEC patients (P<0.001). In our study, the volume of blood for each transfusion was significantly lower in NEC group compared to controls, with a mean of 17.69 ± 1.37 ml/kg in cases and 19.29 ± 1.23 ml/kg in controls (P<0.001). The total volume of red blood cells (RBC) transfused was also significantly higher in NEC group compared to controls, with a mean of 58.73 ± 15.43 ml/kg in cases and 26.78 ± 10.35 ml/kg in controls (P<0.001). regarding univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that volume of blood for each transfusion in ml/kg, Total volume of RBC in ml/kg was significant predictors for NEC cases (P<0.001), while in Multivariate logistic regression analysis none of these factors was significant predictors for it. Regarding outcome of studied groups, in NEC groups the survivors were 21 (44.7 %), non survivors were 26 (55.3%) while in control group the Survivors were 70 (72.9%) & non survivors were 21 cases (27.1%). Conclusion: Our study revealed that transfusion of red blood cells was significantly associated with the development of NEC in very low birth weight infants. The frequency of blood transfusion during NICU admission was significantly higher in the NEC group compared to the control group, and the total volume of RBC transfusion was also significantly higher in NEC group compared to controls.
The ecology of soil decomposition

Decomposition is an ecological process that recycles dead tissues, mainly from primary production, into nutrients in the soil. The Ecology of Soil Decomposition describes trophic interactions between species that carry out the decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Key topics addressed feature functional groups, spatial stratification and succession patterns over time, involving bacteria, protists, fungi and micro-invertebrates. Emphasis is placed on the role of species diversity in functional groups.
The dimensions and aggregation of ice crystals in natural clouds

From ice particles collected in clouds and at ground stations in the Cascade Mountains during two winter seasons, measurements have been obtained of the lengths and widths of needles and columnar crystals and the thicknesses and diameters of hexagonal plates. Best-fit empirical relationships between these dimensions are presented. The particles have also been examined to obtain detailed information on the properties of aggregates of ice particles. The maximum dimensions of aggregates and the probability of the occurrence of aggregates decrease with decreasing temperature, but both exhibit a local maximum near the dendritic growth region. Below −15°C and for particle concentrations less than 0.1 cm−3, aggregates are unlikely to form; above −5°C and for particle concentrations in excess of 1 cm−3 there is more than a 50% chance of the formation of aggregates. The size spectra of aggregates depend mainly on the sizes of their component crystals. The number of component crystals in aggregates of various sizes is given.
Daisen Kurayoshi Pumice : Stratigraphy, Chronology, Distribution and Implication to Late Pleistocene Events in Central Japan

The eruptions of the Daisen Valcano (35°22'N, 133°33'E) were mainly rhyodacitic and of the paroxysmal type, producing several extensive sheets of tephra. The Kurayoshi pumice (DKP, for short), one of the excellent Late Pleistocene markers arising from the Daisen valcano, is rhyodacitic in composition with abundant hornblende and orthopyroxene crystals and relatively small amount of biotite. Its identification can be made from the above mentioned mineral assemblages as well as from the characteristic refractive index of orthopyroxene (γ=1.703-1.708) and of hornblende (n2 = 1.673-1.682) and the specific crystal habit of orthopyroxene. This pumice-fall deposit occurs on marine and fluvial terraces in the San'in and Hokuriku districts facing the Japan sea and extends eastward beyond the Northern Japan Alps to north Kanto plain as a thinner discontinuous layer. Stratigraphic relation with the dated tephra layers in north Kanto indicates that the pumice was probably deposited between about 47, 000 and 45, 000 years ago. That is, this pumiceous deposit is found at the intermediate horizon between Yunokuchi Pumice (UP, slightly younger than 49, 000 YBP) and Hassaki Pumice (HP, 40, 000-44, 000 YBP) in north Kanto, about 500 km far from the Daisen.Daisen Kurayoshi Pumice wonld be particularly valuable for establshing chronological framwork as a fundmental time-marker in arears where no suitable markers have yet been documented. Moranic deposit of the Murodo glacial advance at Mt. Tateyama, Northern Japan Alps, is mantled by this marker and overlies the Raicho-dai pumice-fall deposit, products of the earliest stage of volcanic activity of Tateyama III, which is correlated with the Omachi EPm deposit approximately 60, 000 years old. Distribution of these two unreworked tephras indicates that major valley glaciers had nearly disappeared by the times of these initial tephra falls. The glacial advance at Mt. Tateyama, the most extensive of the advances during Last Glacial age, therefore, apparently culminated between about 55, 000 and 50, 000 years ago. On the other hand, a filltop terrace repesented by Uwadan terrace along the River Joganji flowing from Mt. Tateyama, is covered by DKP and is nearly younger than the pyroclastic flow deposit of Tateyama III. Accumulation of the river of Uwadan stage is, therefore, simultaneous and probably associated with the Murodo glacial advance.
Primary Pulmonary Leiomyosarcoma : an Extremely Rare, Difficult-to-Manage Case of Lung Cancer

Background: Primary Pulmonary Leiomyosarcoma (PPL) known as <0.5% of total lung cancer. Histopathological examinations are the pillars of PPL diagnosis as clinical manifestations and radiological features are usually not specific. Treatments of PPL include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Case Illustration: A 51-year-old male, smoker, with a productive cough for 2 weeks, accompanied by chest pain, weight loss, and loss of appetite. Imaging studies showed a solid mass in the right lung, which was confirmed through bronchoscopy, cytology, histology, and immunohistochemistry evaluations. Bronchoscopy showed an intraluminal mass in the right main bronchus suggesting malignancy. Immunohistochemistry of Desmin and Smooth Muscle Actin, which were positive, confirmed the diagnosis of PPL of the right lung stage T4N1M1a IVA. Discussion: Surgical resection is the gold standard treatment for PPL whose clinical conditions and tumor spread still allowed for safe operation. Surgical resection did not undergo because already in stage IVA. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be added for patients who are unable to have surgery. There are no guidelines regarding chemotherapeutic regimens that are recommended for PPL. Cisplatin/carboplatin and etoposide are two chemotherapeutic agents that are commonly used in other variants of lung cancer. Cisplatin is successful in 5-23% of patients and etoposide is successful in 8%. Doxorubicin and ifosfamide are usually used for soft tissue sarcoma too. After administration of 4 cycles of carboplatin/etoposide, a chest CT scan with contrast recist shows the progression of PPL. Conclusion: Carboplatin and etoposide have been long used as therapy for lung cancer. Currently, available literature shows that their effectiveness in PPL is still considered low. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to further explore the possibilities of using carboplatin and etoposide in PPL patients. Keywords: chemotherapy, lung cancer, primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma
Effects of forest stand age on the characteristics of logjams in mountainous forest streams

We measured longitudinal spacing and wood volume of channel‐spanning logjams along 30 1‐km reaches of forest streams in the Colorado Front Range, USA. Study streams flow through old‐growth (> 200 year stand age) or younger subalpine conifer forest. Evaluating correlations between the volume and longitudinal spacing of logjams in relation to channel and forest characteristics, we find that old‐growth forest streams have greater in‐stream wood loads and more jams per kilometer than streams in younger forest. Old‐growth forests have a larger basal area close to the stream and correlate with larger piece diameters of in‐stream wood. Jam volume correlates inversely with the downstream spacing for ramp and bridge pieces that can act as key pieces in jams. Most importantly, old‐growth streams have shorter downstream spacing for ramp and bridge pieces (< 20 m). Our results suggest that management of in‐stream wood and associated stream characteristics can be focused most effectively at the reach scale, with an emphasis on preserving old‐growth riparian stands along lower gradient stream reaches or mimicking the effects of old growth by manipulating the spacing of ramp and bridge pieces. Our finding that average downstream spacing between jams declines as wood load increases suggests that the most effective way to create and retain jams is to ensure abundant sources of wood recruitment, with a particular emphasis on larger pieces that are less mobile because they have at least one anchor point outside the active channel. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Field Effects and Siderophile Element Partitioning: Implications for Mars HSE Geochemistry

Analyses of martian (SNC) meteorites indicate that Pt abundances do not vary much compared to other highly siderophile elements (HSE). Therefore, Jones et al. [1] inferred that D(Pt) during basalt petrogenesis was of order unity. This inference was at odds with previously published experiments that gave a D(sub ol/liq) for Pt of approx. 0.01 [2]. Because olivine is likely to be an important constituent of any reasonable martian mantle, the implication of these findings is that minor minerals must have D(Pt) much greater than 1, which seemed improbable. However, not only did the SNC evidence point to a D(sub ol/liq) approx. equal to 1, but so did plots of D(sub ol/liq) vs. ionic radius (Onuma diagram). The ionic radius of Pt(2+) suggested that D(sub ol/liq) for Pt was of order unity, in agreement with the inferences from SNC meteorites. New experiments have failed to detect measurable Pt in olivine, even at high oxygen fugacities [3]. Therefore, some other parameter, other than ionic charge and radius, must hold sway during olivine liquid partitioning of Pt.
Bias‐adjusted satellite‐based rainfall estimates for predicting floods: Narayani Basin

In Nepal, as the spatial distribution of rain gauges is not sufficient to provide detailed perspective on the highly varied spatial nature of rainfall, satellite‐based rainfall estimates provides the opportunity for timely estimation. This paper presents the flood prediction of Narayani Basin at the Devghat hydrometric station (32 000 km2) using bias‐adjusted satellite rainfall estimates and the Geospatial Stream Flow Model (GeoSFM), a spatially distributed, physically based hydrologic model. The GeoSFM with gridded gauge observed rainfall inputs using kriging interpolation from 2003 was used for calibration and 2004 for validation to simulate stream flow with both having a Nash Sutcliff Efficiency of above 0.7. With the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Centre's rainfall estimates (CPC_RFE2.0), using the same calibrated parameters, for 2003 the model performance deteriorated but improved after recalibration with CPC_RFE2. 0 indicating the need to recalibrate the model with satellite‐based rainfall estimates. Adjusting the CPC_RFE2. 0 by a seasonal, monthly and 7‐day moving average ratio, improvement in model performance was achieved. Furthermore, a new gauge‐satellite merged rainfall estimates obtained from ingestion of local rain gauge data resulted in significant improvement in flood predictability. The results indicate the applicability of satellite‐based rainfall estimates in flood prediction with appropriate bias correction.