Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survival and Growth of Lake Whitefish from Two Stocking Strategies in Lake Simcoe, Ontario

Abstract To determine the more efficient stocking strategy for lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, we compared growth and survival of fish stocked as fall fingerlings and as spring yearlings. Paired lots were stocked in April and October from the 1986 to 1991 year-classes. Survival and growth of fish from the two rearing practices were indexed as the relative abundance and length of 6-year-old lake whitefish captured with trap nets during fall spawning runs from 1992 to 1997. No difference in relative abundance or length between lake whitefish stocked at 6 months of age and those stocked at 12 months of age was detected. This contradicts results reported for many other fish species, which have exhibited greater survival rates when stocked as yearlings rather than fingerlings. As a result of these findings, all lake whitefish stocked into Lake Simcoe are stocked in the fall when the fish are 6 months of age, thus freeing up limited hatchery space for other purposes.
Critical and Chronic Thermal Maxima of Northern and Florida Largemouth Bass and Their Reciprocal F1 and F2 Hybrids

Abstract Thermal responses varied among four genetic stocks of juvenile largemouth bass: northern largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides salmoides (NLMB), Florida largemouth bass M. s. floridanus (FLMB), and both reciprocal F1 hybrids, NLMB ♀ x FLMB ♂ (N x F) and FLMB ♀ x NLMB ♂ (F x N). Thermal responses for each stock were measured as the critical thermal maximum, the temperature at which death occurred during a temperature increase of 0.2°C/min, for fish at various acclimation temperatures (8, 16, 24, 32°C); and chronic thermal maximum, the temperature at which death occurred during a temperature increase of 1°C/d, for fish acclimated to 32°C. The rank order of values for both response measurements was identical for the four stocks: F x N > FLMB > N x F > NLMB. Increased acclimation temperature resulted in significant, proportional increases in the critical thermal maxima for all stocks. In addition, second-generation hybrid stocks (N x F F2 and F x N F2) that were acclimated at 24°C produced similar cr.
Franchising Sistemi Uygulanan Fast Food İşletmelerinde Örgütsel Bağlılık: Denizli Örneği

The sector of food and beverage growing in paralel with the rapid change of food habits on a global scale has witnessed the raising of the fast food businesses that franchising system has been implemented. As the development mentioned has increased the employment needs of fast food businesses, it has brought the necessity of giving importance to the activities related to improving the organizational commitment of personnel. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to reveal compatatively the organizational commitments of the personnel working in fast food businesses that national or international franchising system has been implemented. The level of organizational commitment of 144 personnel working in the fast food businesses in Denizli where franchising system has been implemented has been measured by survey method. According to the study findings, it has been found out that affective, continuance and normative commitments regarding organizational commitment have O. Görkem 7/1 (2015) 267-279 İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal of Business Research-Türk 268 showed significant differences and that the general organizational commitment level hasn’t showed differences in terms of implementations of national and international franchising system of the bussiness
Outcome evaluation of a specialized treatment home for adults with dual diagnosis and challenging behaviour.

There is increasing recognition of the need for specialized services for persons with intellectual disabilities who have mental health and behavioural challenges (dual diagnosis). Using prepost and multiple baseline (across participants) designs, we evaluated a publicly-funded specialized community treatment home program for individuals with dual diagnosis and challenging behaviour, based on the first seven admissions. All participants were admitted with high intensity, but low frequency aggression, self-injury and property destruction, along with less serious challenging behaviours such as yelling and threatening. Target behaviours decreased for all participants while in the treatment home. All were discharged successfully to family homes, group homes or supported apartments. Available data indicated that target behaviours and several social validity measures (e.g., police calls, hospital admissions) maintained at low levels up to one year in the follow-up location. Quality of life ratings improved, and consumer satisfaction was high. The findings from this program evaluation suggest that specialized community treatment homes may be an effective supplemental treatment model for individuals with dual diagnosis when other community resources are unable to support challenging behaviour.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Cultivated on Dark-red Soil, Gray Soil and Red Soil in Okinawa, Japan

Abstract We evaluated growth, yield and quality of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivated in pots with dark-red soil (pH 5.2), gray soil (pH 7.4) and red soil (pH 4.4) in Okinawa, Japan. The soils were collected from the 50-cm deep layer of the fields. We did not use any chemicals or organic fertilizers. Turmeric cultivated on dark-red soil had the highest plant height, root biomass and shoot biomass as compared with that cultivated on other soil types. Turmeric on dark-red soil had the highest yield with favorable color of the deep yellow and high curcumin content (0.20%). Protein content of turmeric in dark-red soil was 5.2%, which was around 40% higher than that in other soil types. Turmeric cultivated on dark-red and gray soils had a fat content 71% higher than that in red soil. The content of Ca, K and Mg was the highest when turmeric was cultivated on gray soil, and Fe was the highest when cultivated on dark-red soil. To gain a high yield and high contents of curcumin, fat, protein and Fe, we should cultivate turmeric in dark-red soil in Okinawa. We could not recognize the specific soil factor(s) required for high yielding and high quality of turmeric; however, it seems that a proper combination of soil factors, nutrients and/or pH level may be necessary to gain a high yield and high quality.
Formation of oospores of Phytophthora infestans in cultivars of potato with different levels of race‐nonspecific resistance

Leaf discs in vitro, whole plants growing in a walk-in plastic tunnel, and field plots of up to 10 cultivars of potato were inoculated with an A1 and an A2 isolate of Phytophthora infestans of recent UK origin. Numbers of oospores produced varied between repeated experiments involving leaf discs of four cultivars but ranking was unchanged 20 days after inoculation. Maximum mean numbers of oospores (approximately 20 000 per cm2 of leaf) were formed in the highly susceptible cv. Home Guard, with progressively fewer in Maris Piper, Cara, and the fewest in leaf discs of the highly resistant cv. Stirling. In Stirling, the number of oospores increased from approximately 1000–16 000 per cm2 of leaf between 11 and 30 days post-inoculation. When leaf discs of 10 cultivars were inoculated, numbers of oospores were highest in cultivars with medium levels of race-nonspecific resistance such as Desiree and Record. On Maris Piper and Cara, but not Home Guard and Stirling, asexual sporulation was significantly (P < 0.05) lower following dual inoculation with A1 and A2 isolates than following inoculation with either isolate alone. The highly susceptible cultivars Home Guard and Bintje were rapidly destroyed after inoculation of field and tunnel-grown whole plants, and oospores were not observed. Oospores occurred in leaflets of various cultivars with medium levels of resistance to late-blight, and in stems of all cultivars except Stirling. Twenty-five isolates from single blight lesions from leaflets, and 16 from blighted tubers from the plastic tunnel-grown plants, were characterized for mitochondrial and nuclear DNA polymorphisms. All but one were identical to parental isolates or confirmed as contaminants from an adjacent late-blight-affected tuber dump. One isolate, however, obtained from cv. Pimpernel 20 days after inoculation, may have been a recombinant between the A1 and A2 parental isolates, or alternatively a product of selfing or somatic recombination of the A1 parent.
Oxidative stress during phosphate deficiency in roots of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary The oxidative stress symptoms were studied during phosphate deficiency. Prolonged phosphate starvation of bean plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and severe decrease of inorganic phosphate concentration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide concentration in root tissues. The ratio of reduced to total ubiquinone was also higher in whole roots and isolated mitochondria from the roots of phosphate-deficient plants. No effect of phosphate deficiency on ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities was detected. However, the activities of catalase and total peroxidase were higher in extracts of phosphate-deficient roots compared to control roots. These results indicate that phosphate starvation is an abiotic stress that imposes an oxidative stress in bean root cells. The role of alternative oxidase in stabilizing the reduction level of ubiquinone, and thus preventing active oxygen species formation, is discussed.
Canopy characteristics and growth rates of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir at long-established forest edges

Trees respond to edge-to-interior microclimate differences in fragmented forests. To better understand tree physiological responses to fragmentation, we measured ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) leaf area, crown ratios, sapwood area, basal area (BA) growth rates, and BA growth efficiency at 23 long-established (>50 year) forest edges in northern Idaho. Trees located at forest edges had more leaf area, deeper crowns, higher BA growth rates, and more sapwood area at breast height than interior trees. Ponderosa pine had significantly higher BA growth efficiency at forest edges than interiors, but Douglas-fir BA growth efficiency did not differ, which may relate to differences in photosynthetic capacity and drought and shade tolerance. Edge orientation affected BA growth efficiency, with higher values at northeast-facing edges for both species. Edge effects were significant even after accounting for variation in stand density, whic.
Effects of ambient temperature on nest construction in four species of laboratory rodents

Abstract This study concerns the effects of three different ambient temperatures (10, 15 and 20–22°C) on the nest‐building activities of non‐reproductive female laboratory house mice; rats; Mongolian gerbils and golden hamsters. Nest‐building behaviour was assessed in terms of the quantity of shredded paper utilized and the type of construction (plate, bowl or covered) on a daily basis over 14 consecutive days. Mice and rats used more material and tended to build more complex nests at lower ambient temperatures. Female gerbils used more nesting material at the highest temperature and least at 15°C. However, female gerbils built the most elaborate structures at the lowest temperature. The use of more material at 20–22°C was not reflected in a better nest. Female hamsters used considerably more material at the two lower temperatures, and at the lowest temperature built nests that were superior in quality to those generated by controls (20–22°C). Measurement with a digital probe confirmed that temperatures w.
Triacylglycerol and Fatty Acid Synthesis in Hepatocytes in Suspension Isolated from Rats Fed Soybean Phospholipid

The rates of triacylglycerol and fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes in suspension isolated from rats fed dietary soybean phospholipid were compared with those from the animals fed soybean oil. The rats were fed the experimental diets containing either soybean phospholipid or soybean oil (the dietary levels correspond to 3% fatty acids, 5.1 and 3.2% on weight bases for the phospholipid and the oil, respectively) for 10 days. Dietary soybean phospholipid compared to the oil decreased the rate of incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol into triacylglycerol in isolated hepatocytes. However, the difference disappeared when the incubation mixture was fortified with oleate substrate (1 mm). The dietary phospholipid compared to the oil greatly decreased the rate of incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into fatty acids while it increased that of the tracer into cholesterol. The rate of ketone body production from oleate substrate was decreased in rats fed soybean phospholipid compared to those fed the oil. Thus, dietary soybe.
Size-mass relationships of Melanoides tuberculatus (Thiaridae: Gastropoda) in a eutrophic reservoir

This study evaluated the relationships of certain allometric measurements in Melanoides tuberculatus Muller, 1774, in order to develop a statistical model to estimate the biomass of this mollusc species. We measured the total length and aperture of 70 shells. These measurements were correlated with the biomass values to construct exponential and power-function models, and both models showed high coefficients of determination. The exponential model was the better biomass predictor, with a coefficient of determination over 93%. These proposed models may be an effective tool to determine the biomass of M. tuberculatus in eutrophic Brazilian reservoirs.
Hard and soft allopatry: physically and ecologically mediated modes of geographic speciation

Aim Three common patterns have emerged in comparative phylogeographic analyses at many barriers: (1) a potential geographic pseudocongruence of lineage divergences; (2) a disconnect between the inference of temporally clustered, relatively recent timing for observed speciation events, and dates spanning a broader, apparently random time‐scale; and (3) an apparent prevalence of speciation with recent or continuing gene flow. It is unclear if there is a unifying explanation for these phenomena. We argue that the interaction between geographic barriers to dispersal and ecological limits on the distribution of species can explain these patterns. We suggest that these patterns can be explained by the presence of a continuum between two underlying processes, here termed ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ allopatric divergence, which result from the interplay between organismal ecology and the physioecological nature of geographic barriers.
Changes in Biogenic Amines in Herring Stored under Modified Atmosphere and Vacuum Pack

Changes in 10 biogenic amines during the storage of herring in ice, in boxes without ice, in a modified atmosphere, and in vacuum packaging were investigated. The highest level of histamine was obtained from herring stored in boxes without ice, followed by herring stored in VP, ice, and MAP. Putrescine and cadaverine contents increased during the storage of herring held in ice, reaching levels of 4.0 mg and 23.7 mg/100g muscles at 16 d of storage, respectively. No significant differences were found in histamine concentrations within the treatments during the early stages of the storage period. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) towards the end of the storage period in all treatments except between VP and ice.
Variation in the number of nymphal instars in Nysius huttoni White (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Abstract The number of nymphal instars of Nysius huttoni White was investigated at five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35±0.5°C), one fluctuating (laboratory room conditions) temperature and three photoperiods (16-h, 12-h, and 8-h photophases) in the laboratory. Nymphs passed through four to six instars before they emerged as adults, individuals with five instars formed over 90% of the population, whereas those with four or six instars formed 4.2–5.8 and 1.6–2.9% respectively. Two nymphs were each recorded to pass through three and seven instars before emergence as adults. Both temperature and photoperiod affect the number of nymphal instars. Insects with four instars were more frequent at lower temperatures and those with six instars tended to be most frequent at higher temperatures. An 8-h short-day photoperiod resulted in more 4- and 6-instar types than other photoperiods. There was no obvious difference in the duration of nymphal stages of individuals with a maximum four, five, or six instars (P>0.05, t-test). This is the first report to show variation in the number of instars in a species of Lygaeidae. The results indicate a potential increase in survival of this adult-overwintering species, as more autumn generation nymphs in the field could reach the adult stage.
Studies on the tropical marine fungi of Brunei

Driftwood, mangrove roots and branches, and seaweeds were examined for marine fungi from beaches, rocky shorelines, an artificial lake and mangrove stands. Ninety-five species, some new to science were recorded. This is the largest number of marine fungi reported from a single study. Our knowledge of the geographic distributions of these fungi has been extended. New and rare species are illustrated at the light microscope and SEM levels.
Exploration of resistance/resilience against gastrointestinal nematode infection in Garole sheep

Possible existence of resistance and/ resilience against gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in 160 Garole sheep was explored under field condition. Monthly qualitative and quantitative faecal examinations and coprocultural examination of all the Garole sheep were performed for 1 year. Based on the monthly faecal egg count (EPG), after 1 year the sheep were divided into group (Gr) 1 showing consistently lowest EPG, Gr 2 with consistently moderate EPG and Gr 3 with consistently highest EPG. Thereafter blood sample was collected from representative number (6) of sheep in each group on 4 occasions at 1-month-interval for estimation of haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). The overall prevalence of GIN in the sheep under study was 75.41%. Strongyle nematodes constituted 72.92% to which the highest contribution was of Haemonchus contortus (70.17%) followed by Oesophagostomum (15.08%), Trichostrongylus (9.75%), Strongyloides (2.75%) and hookworms (2.17%). The overall intensity of infection in terms of mean EPG was 422.37 with the highest in September (950.26) and the lowest (231.02) in March. The mean overall EPG of Gr1 (128.00) was significantly (P>0.05) lower than Gr 2 (434.38) and Gr 3 (704.73). The Hb and PCV values did not differ significantly due to the difference in intensity of infection (EPG) in the 3 groups of sheep.
Seasonal morphometric variation in sexual and asexual, North American and Australian, populations of the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

The lengths of the body and appendages of the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae) vary seasonally in sexual North American and asexual Australian populations. The first generation of spring aphids in North America and winter aphids in Australia have short appendages in relation to body length. Excluding this phenotype, North American and Australian aphids cannot be discriminated morphometrically. The short appendages in North America are associated with a specialized morph called a fundatrix; the short appendages of Australian aphids are caused by exposure to low temperatures during prenatal development. The same temperature‐sensitive mechanism operates in sexual and asexual North American aphids, but does not explain the short appendages of the fundatrix, which appear to arise through a separate mechanism. The short appendages are caused neither by a maternal effect from winged mothers, although such an effect exists, nor by seasonal changes in body length and allometry, nor by microevolutionary changes. The temperature‐induced shortening of appendages is a seasonal polymorphism, which mimics the short appendages seen in fundatrices. The two types of phenotypic plasticity have the same consequence in sexual and asexual populations of the same species and may be an example of convergent evolution.
Sipuncula from Hainan Island (China)

Sipunculans from shallow depths ranging from 0 to 44 m, collected by two Chinese-German expeditions to Hainan Island (China) during the years 1990 and 1992, are recorded. Seventeen species in eight genera and five families are recognized from the total 271 individuals collected. An analysis of the sipunculan literature has shown that 10 of these species are new records for Hainan. Among them, Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) meteori (Hérubel, 1904) also represents the first record for the Pacific Ocean.
Compensatory immigration challenges predator control: An experimental evidence‐based approach improves management

Attempts to control predator numbers through spatially restricted culling typically faces a compensation process via immigration from surrounding source populations. To extend control effort to avoid this issue is in most instances impractical, both logistically and financially. Evidence-based strategy is therefore required to improve management practices. In close collaboration with local managers and hunters, we manipulated culling effort on red fox (Vulpes vulpes) over 5-6 years in 5 areas measuring 246 +/- 53km(2). We estimated fox density in late February each year by spotlight counts with distance sampling and estimated reproductive performance by post-mortem examination of culled foxes. We then used mixed modeling to assess how culling rate (defined as foxes killed/foxes available) affected fox population growth from year to year, accounting for compensatory feedbacks. We found a strong compensatory density feedback acting through immigration, allowing red fox populations to resist high culling rates. Culling appeared ineffective at reducing late winter densities to below 25-32% of the estimated carrying capacity. On average, an annual culling rate equivalent to about 45% of the pre-breeding population was required to maintain density at 1fox/km(2), given a carrying capacity of 1.5foxes/km(2), although there was considerable variation among sites. The required culling rate dropped to 25% if the culling could be performed during winter, after the fox dispersal period. In contrast, culling during the pre-dispersal breeding period was totally compensated for through immigration by the following February. Concentrating culling during the winter could improve the ability of practitioners to control year-to-year trends in fox numbers, taking into account site-specific carrying capacity. A winter strategy would also reduce the number of animals killed and hence the ethical and logistical costs of fox control, given limited financial and human resources. Our study illustrates how collaboration between local practitioners and scientists can make large-scale replicated management experiments achievable, leading to mutually approved guidelines. (c) 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Validation of Corbicula fluminea growth reductions induced by copper in artificial streams and river systems

Studies designed to evaluate impacts of copper (Cu) on Asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea, in artificial stream and field environments were conducted. Adult and juvenile responses (survival and growth) to Cu, relevance to Cu bioaccumulation, site-specific comparisons, and the relation to observed densities of resident clams at an impacted site were assessed. Juveniles were more sensitive than adults; however, clam tissue and shell growth were significantly impaired (p < 0.001) for both juveniles and adults at 8.4–26.7 μg Cu/L in artificial streams. Tissue levels of Cu were 2.5–6 times greater at 8.4–26.7 μg/L exposure concentrations compared with background body burdens in unexposed clams. In studies conducted at the Clinch River, Virginia power plant, clam growth was reduced at 22.5–104.8 μg/L at a water hardness (180 mg/L) that was more than two times the hardness in artificial streams. Clam population densities in the river were well correlated with outcomes of field growth studies. Corbicula fluminea g.