Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peek Oligomers - a Model for the Polymer Physical Behavior .2. Structure and Thermal-behavior of Linear Monodisperse Oligomers

The thermal and structural properties of monodisperse linear poly(oxy-1,4-phenyloxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) (PEEK) oligomers have been investigated by differential calorimetry, optical microscopy, and wide-angle and small-angle X-ray wattering. The complex melting, observed for the longest oligomers, is related to variations in the relative placement of the ether and ketone bridges of the chains in the lamellae (eclipsed and staggered lamellae). Chain packing is discussed in terms of chain staggering, and appropriate conclusions are drawn concerning the variations of the polymer unit cell dimensions with crystallization temperature. Two different types of spherulites have been detected for the longest oligomer; these are shown to result from differences in the preferred main orientation of the (100) planes of the lamellae.
Plant-compositional effects on surface runoff and sediment yield in subalpine grassland

Soil erosion such as sheet erosion is frequently encountered in subalpine grassland in the Urseren Valley (Swiss Central Alps). Erosion damages have increased enormously in this region during the last 50 y, most likely due to changes in land-use practices and due to the impact of climatic changes. In order to estimate the effect of vegetation characteristics on surface runoff and sediment loss, we irrigated 22 pasture plots of 1 m2 during 1 h at an intense rain rate of 50 mm h-1 in two field campaigns using a portable rain simulator. The rain-simulation plots differed in plant composition (herb versus grass dominance) and land-use intensity but not in plant cover (<90%) nor in soil conditions. Prior to the second rain-simulation campaign, aboveground vegetation was clipped in order to simulate intense grazing. The generated surface runoffs, sediment loss, relative water retention in the aboveground vegetation, and changes in soil moisture were quantified. Runoff coefficient varied between 0.1% and 25%, and sediment loss ranged between 0 and 0.053 g m-2. Thus, high infiltration rates and full vegetation cover resulted in very low erosion rates even under such extreme rain events. Surface runoff did not differ significantly between herb- and grass-dominated plots. However, clipping had a notable effect on surface runoff in the test plots under different land-use intensity. In plots without or with intensive use, surface runoff decreased after clipping whereas in extensively used plots, surface runoff increased after the clipping. This opposite effect was mainly explained by higher necromass and litter presence at the extensively used plots after the clipping treatment. The results obtained here contribute to a better understanding of the importance of vegetation characteristics on surface-runoff formation, thus, on soil-erosion control. Overall, we delineate vegetation parameters to be crucial in soil-erosion control which are directly modified by the land-use
Sequential reductive dehalogenation of chloroanilines by microorganisms from a methanogenic aquifer

Chloroaniline-based compounds are widely used chemicals and important contaminants of aquatic and terrestrial environments. The authors have found that chloroanilines can be biologically dehalogenated in polluted aquifers when methanogenic, but not sulfate-reducing conditions prevail. The halogens are replaced by protons in a series of reductive steps catalyzed by microorganisms. The sequential release of halogens from the para and ortho position of 2,3,4,5-tetrachloroaniline (2,3,4,5-tetraCA) resulted in the formation of 2,3,5-trichloroaniline (2,3,5-triCA) and eventually 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-diCA). Similarly, when 3,4-diCA was used as a parent substrate, it was transformed to 3-chloro-aniline (3-CA). Metabolites and end products were identified by their chromatographic mobility and their mass spectral fragmentation pattern. The reaction helps suggest novel bioremediation approaches for aquifers and other environments contaminated with these chemicals.
The Essential Oil Composition of Marrubium vulgare L. from Iran

Abstract The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare L. (Labiatae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty components have been identified in the essential oil of M. vulgare. The major constituents of the essential oil were β-bisabolene (20.4%), δ-cadinene (19.1%) and isocaryophyllene (14.1%).
Hungary: a European hotspot of non-native crayfish biodiversity

There is a long history of crayfish introductions in Europe and numbers keep increasing. In Hungary, spiny-cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus, signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, marbled crayfish P. virginalis and Mexican dwarf crayfish Cambarellus patzcuarensis have become established. Here we report on monitoring at two localities with novel crayfish assemblages closely linked to releases associated with the pet trade. Florida crayfish Procambarus alleni were recorded from the Gombás brook near Vác living in syntopy with the established spiny-cheek crayfish. Dozens of Florida crayfish individuals including egg-carrying females have been detected. The short lifespan of this species and its documented presence including two overwintering in at least two years suggests possible establishment. However, the lack of juvenile records calls for further monitoring as long-term propagule pressure cannot be ruled out. We also identified a single marbled crayfish in the Danube floodplain at the end of the monitoring campaign. The second locality (Városliget thermal pond in Budapest) harbours an even more diverse crayfish assemblage. Here, we identified numerous red swamp and marbled crayfish in syntopy with dozens of monitored redclaws Cherax quadricarinatus and seven individuals of New Guinean Cherax species − C. holthuisi, C. snowden, as well as two scientifically undescribed species. These findings clearly indicate the attractiveness of urban and, especially, thermal waters for the release of even expensive aquatic pets and highlight the hitherto poorly known biodiversity of New Guinean crayfish species.
An Efficient and Secure Multidimensional Data Aggregation for Fog-Computing-Based Smart Grid

The secure multidimensional data aggregation (MDA) has been widely investigated in smart grid for smart cities. However, previous proposals use heavy computation operations either to encrypt or to decrypt the multidimensional data. Moreover, previous fault-tolerant mechanisms lead to an important computation cost, and also a high communication cost when considering a separate identification phase. In this article, we propose an efficient and secure MDA scheme, named ESMA. Unlike existing schemes, the multidimensional data in ESMA are structured and encrypted into a single Paillier ciphertext and thereafter, the data are efficiently decrypted. For privacy preserving, the Paillier cryptosystem is adopted in a fog computing-based architecture, and to achieve efficient authentication, the batch verification technique is applied. Besides, ESMA is fault tolerant, i.e., even if some of the smart meters fail to send their data, the final aggregation result will not be affected. Furthermore, ESMA can be adapted to respond to other queries than the summation of data. The performance analysis demonstrates the cost efficiency of ESMA both in computation and communication and the scalability as well. For instance, with a 16-bits size for each data type and 500 reporting smart meters, 40 data types can be supported in a single Paillier ciphertext. ESMA also resists various security attacks and preserves the user’s privacy.
Polarization mechanisms of morphotropic phase boundary lead barium niobate (PBN) compositions

Investigations of the polarization mechanisms in tungsten bronze relaxor ferroelectrics, Pb1–xBaxNb2O6 (PBN[(1−x) %]), in particular, of the morphotropic phase boundary compositions have been carried out for both ceramics and bulk crystals by means of electrical, thermal, optical, and electron‐microscopic methods. Relations of phase‐transition behavior with compositional and polarizational fluctuations have been carefully studied. Instead of a sharp boundary composition, it is found that a rather wide composition range, 1−x≊0.63±0.03 in Pb1−xBaxNb2O6, corresponds to the orthorhombic and tetragonal morphotropic phase boundary. It is demonstrated with the help of optical conoscopic interference figures that for the near‐morphotropic phase boundary single crystal PBN of tetragonal symmetry, the polarization vector can be switched orthogonally to an orthorhombic phase simply by the application of an electric field, which authenticates optically the 90° polarization rotation. A transmission electron microscope.
The Hidden Curriculum in Ethics and its Relationship to Professional Identity Formation: A Qualitative Study of Two Canadian Psychiatry Residency Programs

Les années de résidence comprennent la dernière période de formation officielle d’un médecin. C’est à ce stade que les stagiaires consolident les compétences cliniques requises pour une pratique indépendante et atteignent un niveau de développement éthique essentiel à leur travail de médecin, un processus appelé formation d’identité professionnelle (FIP). On pense que l’éducation à l’éthique contribue au développement de l’éthique et à cette fin, le Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada (CRMCC) exige que l’éducation formelle en éthique soit intégrée dans tous les programmes de formation spécialisée postdoctorale. Cependant, un programme d’éthique formel peut fonctionner en parallèle avec des programmes d’éthique informels et cachés, ces derniers étant plus subtils, omniprésents et influents pour façonner les attitudes et le comportement des apprenants. Cet article fait état d’une étude des programmes d’éthique formels, informels et cachés de deux programmes de psychiatrie postdoctorale au Canada. Sur la base de l’analyse des sources de données, nous relions les divergences entre les programmes d’éthique formels, informels et cachés à deux aspects de la formation de l’identité professionnelle (FIP) pendant la formation en résidence en psychiatrie. Le
Formation, characterisation and redox behaviour of water-soluble colloidal manganese dioxide

The water-soluble colloidal MnO2 solutions were prepared by the reduction of permanganate by two sulphur-containing reductants (methionine and thiourea) in aqueous neutral media. The nature of the oxidising species present in solution was characterised by coagulation, spectrophotometric and transmission electron microscopic measurements. Upon mixing aqueous solutions of methionine and , a readily distinguishable yellow colour (spherical-shaped; size ca. 4 nm) appears immediately at 25°C. The oxidation rates of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with colloidal MnO2 were determined as a function of EDTA (2.0 × 10−4 to 10.0 × 10−4 mol dm−3) and Mn(II) at constant temperature (25°C). The rate constants were calculated by using the second-order kinetic conditions. The effects of added salts, such manganese(II) chloride, sodium fluoride, silver nitrate and sodium perchlorate have been investigated. Order of mixing of Mn(II) has a composite effect on both the redox reactions, i.e. a coloured intermediate (λmax = 500 nm) was formed within the time of mixing of Mn(II), EDTA and colloidal MnO2 which is composed of the EDTA and Mn(III). Mechanisms consistent with the observed kinetic data have been proposed and discussed.
Seasonal Dynamics of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Contents of Leaf and Soil in Environmental Friendly Apple Orchards

Nowadays, there is increasing interest in environmentally friendly growing systems, and attention has also been paid to the environmental impacts of natural and artificial fertilizations. However, seasonal dynamics of macronutrient status needs further investigations in environmentally friendly apple orchards. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of leaves in every month during the season and of soil in April and October at Debrecen‐Pallag, Hungary, from 2002 to 2004. The study was performed in integrated and organic apple orchards on three apple cultivars (Mutsu, Elstar, and Reka). All easily soluble (0.01 M CaCl2) and plant‐available nitrogen fractions (nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and total soluble nitrogen) in the soil were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the integrated apple orchard compared to the organic one. The 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) soluble ortho‐phosphate and total phosphate fractions of the soil were significantly higher (P = 0.05), whereas organic phosphate and soil pH showed no significant difference in the integrated apple orchard compared to the organic one. Potassium contents of the integrated soils were significantly higher (P = 0.05) compared to those of the organic one. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of leaves were higher in the integrated orchard compared to the organic one. The dynamics of P uptake corresponded to the phenological phases of apple. Potassium content of apple leaves decreased continuously until July, after that it slightly increased, and then it decreased again. In conclusion, results suggest that better mobility of artificial fertilizers in integrated orchards provided higher macronutrient uptake than in organic orchards, where only natural nutrient sources are allowed.
Combustion Performance of a Coaxial Porous Injector using Ethanol/N 2 O Propellant

The gas jet from a coaxial porous injector for two-phase flows is discharged radially from the porous surface, which encloses the center liquid jet. Several hot-firing test using ethanol/nitrous oxide propellants was conducted to analyze the effect of oxidizer/fuel ratio on the combustion performance, and the uncertainty analysis was performed for the results. The characteristic velocity was affected by oxidizer/fuel ratio similarly with the results of CEA calculation except that the maximum characteristic velocity was appeared in the stoichiometric ratio. The characteristic velocity efficiency was increased as the oxidizer/fuel ratio increases.
Certificateless and Lightweight Authentication Scheme for Vehicular Communication Networks

Reducing the number of road accidents is a key agenda item for governments across the world. This has led to an increase in the amount of attention given to Vehicular Communication Systems (VCS), which are seen as an important technology that can offer significant improvements in road safety. Using VCS, vehicles can form a dynamic self-configuring network that enables a vehicle to communicate with other vehicles (V2V) and roadside infrastructure (V2I). However, such wireless communication channels are vulnerable to attacks, and therefore an authentication scheme for communications should be designed before the deployment. Prior work has focused on utilising digital signature approaches to achieve the security requirements, but due to the special characteristics of VCS, such approaches are not well suited for safety related applications of VCS, since they incur high communication and computation overheads. To combat this issue, we propose a certificateless and lightweight authentication scheme to provide means of secure communications for VCS. In this work we introduce authentication tokens, which replace digital certificates to reduce the burden of certificate management on a Trusted Authority (TA). In addition, the utilisation of tokens ensures that mutual authentication is achieved for V2I communication. Moreover, we employ TESLA as the underlying broadcast authentication protocol to achieve the required security goals for safety message broadcasting. According to the security analysis and extensive simulation of our scheme, the results show that it can withstands various types of attacks. Also it has better performance in term of verification delay, scalability and communication overhead compared to lightweight authentication schemes that are based on similar techniques. Therefore, the scheme is well suited for VCS
Anthropogenic Impacts on Fish Populations in Lake Cayo (Republic of Congo, Central Africa)

Ichthyofaunal diversity and the impact of anthropogenic activities on fish population assemblages were studied in Lake Cayo, a small lake located in the coastal region of the Republic of Congo. Twelve stations were sampled twice over a two-year period. Fishing techniques following standardized methods utilizing monofilament gill nets, and nine environment variables were measured at each station. A total of 11,361 specimens comprising 30 species in 28 genera and 18 families were collected with the Cichlidae being the most diversified. Redundancy Analysis with forward selection coupled with Monte Carlo permutation tests identified depth, pH and substrate as accounting for 57.7% of the total variance among the nine variables sampled (p < 0.05). The low Shannon’s diversity (1.16 ± 0.33) and Equitability (0.43 ± 0.12) indices at all sites, suggest that the Lake Cayo system is in poor ecological health.
Enhancing Students' Motivation and Problem Solving Skills in Mathematics Using Guided Discovery Learning

Guided discovery learning is one of the learning models that focus on students. This model is one of the recommended models for implementing the 2013 Curriculum as a foundation for education reform in Indonesia. It's just that the internalization of teachers in the learning models that focus on students still needs to be improved. This study aims to see the impact of guided discovery learning on motivation and problem-solving abilities. This research is a descriptive quantitative study conducted on exponential mathematics subject topics and logarithms in class 10 in Maumere, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. The student motivation data was collected using a questionnaire consisting of 40 items and measured using a Likert scale of 1 to 5. The problem-solving ability was measured using 5 test items. Assessment of the answer questions with a score of 0 to 4 for each aspect of problem-solving ability (understanding, planning, completing, rechecking). Descriptive statistics were used to prose the data. The results of this paper indicate that the motivation of students who get learning with this strategy is high. Although students, in general, have done other problem-solving activities well on the aspects of Understanding the problem, compiling a plan of the resolution, implementing a method of recommendation, but in the aspect of Rechecking at the suitability of the results tends not to be done well. The impact of this finding is the possibility of thinking habits that still need to be improved in the problem-solving process.
Synthesis and Characterization of Maillard Compounds Formed under Sterile Conditions on Sand‐ and Silt‐Sized Mineral Substrates

Abstract Maillard compounds were synthesized from D‐glucose and glycine to mimic the separation of particles during a volcanic eruption so that the role of quartz and volcanic ash, fractionated into silt‐ and sand‐size particles, could be tested under sterile conditions. The obtained polymers were separated into two fractions of 1000–8000 and >8000 Daltons. The results evidence the formation of humus‐like polymers from simple compounds and show the importance of substrate mineralogy. Specifically, a) humic‐like polymers can form in the absence of microbial life, b) the role of particle size is important, c) mineral substrates enhance their yields, d) the polymers on volcanic ash and quartz show differences, e) their structure changes with time, f) at the end of the experiments there is an increase of unsaturation while the aliphaticity decreases, and g) the yields of the compounds of 1000–8000 Daltons decrease with time unlike those >8000.
Brand Equity in Frito Lay Chips: An Exploratory Research on Turkish Young Consumers in Covid-19 Days

The added value of brand to product and its importance have been mentioned since late 80’s(Farquhar, 1989;Leuthesser, 1988). Early research brought forth the issue more than thirty years ago and it is still the core indicator for the marketing of a brand while customers are key stakeholders. In 1990’s Aaker (1991) andKeller (1993, 1998) made valid contributions to the concept and the other academic researchers supported the competitive advantage of creating strong brand and successful brand management (Srivastava and Shocker, 1991; Kapferer, 1997; Lassar et al.1995). Aaker (1991) defines consumer based brand equity concept as “a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand, its name, and symbol that add to or sub-tract from the value provided by a product or service to a firmand/or to that firm’s customers” (Aaker, 1991:15). Keller (1993) explained customer-based brand equity as "the differential effect of brand knowledge on consumer response to the marketing of the brand" (Keller, 1993:2)
Gender wage gap and firm market power: evidence from Chile

ABSTRACT The main aim of this work is to explain the Chilean gender wage gap using a dynamic monopsony model to estimate the labour supply elasticities at the firm level. Our results suggest that the elasticities of labour supply to firms are small, which implies that firms have labour market power. We also found that Chilean men would earn approximately 22% more than women as a result of the difference in labour supply elasticities by gender, ceteris paribus. Furthermore, we find that in the long run, the magnitude of between-firm differences in elasticities are higher than within-firm differences, which suggests that the gender wage gap is driven by structural factors that generate gender sorting to firms. Finally, since we use the same methodology and restrictions used in previous literatur for the US, we are able to empirically compare the elasticities for a high-income country (the US) are higher than those obtained for a middle-income country (Chile) for both men and women, which suggests higher labour market frictions in middle-income countries. The main difference between the US and Chile comes from the low labour supply elasticity of Chilean women, which appears to be explained from their low recruitment elasticity from non-employment.
Electrochemical studies of some dithiadiazolylium cations; evidence for the dithiadiazolide anion, [PhCNSSN]–

A series of para-substituted aryldithiadiazolylium salts [p-XC6H4[graphic omitted]][Y](X = H, Me, CF3, MeO, MeS, NO2, F, Cl, Br, CN or [graphic omitted]+; Y = Cl or AsF6) and [p-XC6H4[graphic omitted]][AsF6](X = H, Me, CF3, MeO, MeS, NO2, F, Cl, Br or [graphic omitted]+) has been prepared. An electrochemical study of both 1,2,3,5- and 1,3,2,4-dithiadiazolylium derivatives, as the hexafluoroarsenate(V) salts, showed reversible redox behaviour, forming the corresponding dithiadiazolyl radicals. The half-wave reduction potentials, E½(red), for the two isomeric dithiadiazolylium cations showed linear free-energy relationships between E½(red) and the Hammett value, σp, for the substituent group X; the σp values for [graphic omitted]+ and [graphic omitted]+ rings have been calculated at +0.537 ± 0.005 and +0.57 ± 0.02 respectively. A second reduction process was also observed for both 1,2,3,5- and 1,3,2,4-dithiadiazolylium cations, indicative of the formation of the dithiadiazolide anion, [p-XC6H4[graphic omitted]]–; a preparative-scale reduction of (Ph[graphic omitted])2 using sodium amalgam and 18-crown-6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) provided a yellow air-sensitive solid, [Na(18-crown-6)][Ph[graphic omitted]].