Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Connectivity

Abstract The concept ‘connectivity’ is most widely used in communication technology, referring to the linkage between electronics, computers, computer systems and the people who use them, but it is also a heuristic concept with great utility in the broader discipline of Communication and beyond. This article traces the concept from its theoretical origins in information science to the core position that it holds in all traditions of the Communication discipline. It assesses the physiological, psychological and sociological dimensions of connectivity and considers the application of the concept as an instrument for understanding and resolving the problems, issues and opportunities of the world around us. The article ends with some insights into the practical utility of the concept in the spheres of social and institutional development, productivity, performance and the generation of competitive advantage.
CYBERSOCIETY

34:448 THE RIGHT TO TELL: THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT edited by Alisa Clapp-Itnyre, Caralee McLiesh, Simeon Djankov, Roumeen Islam (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2002—$35.00 paper, ISBN 0-8213-5203-2, 336 pp, index) is a multifaceted study of the role of mass media in economic development. More than 1.2 billion people worldwide live on less than a dollar a day. A key ingredient of any effective development strategy is knowledge transmission and enhanced transparency. “To reduce poverty,” argue the authors, “we must liberate access to information and improve the quality of information. ” The World Development Report 2002 Building Institutions for Markets devoted a chapter to the role of the media in development. This book is an extension of that work. While Roumeen Islam provides an introduction to “what the media tell and why,” other writers—including Joseph Stiglitz, Robert J. Schiller, Bruce M. Owen, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, and Adam Michnik—tackle specific issues on how the media supports markets, what enables the media, and what the media say about the media. This is a ‘must’ on the role of mass media in economic development. (Dan Steinbock)
Inbreeding in the field: an experiment on root vole populations

Nous avons procede a des experiences paralleles en nature sur des Campagnols nordiques (Microtus oeconomus) d'une race geographique particuliere qui comporte divers degres de consanguinite, dans le but de verifier si les effets de la consanguinite se refletent dans les parametres demographiques. Cette race geographique est reconnue pour son taux de reproduction reduit en laboratoire cause par la depression de consanguinite. La consanguinite est sans effet sur le taux de croissance de la population ou sur tout autre parametre demographique. Les animaux consanguins subissent une croissance moins importante en debut d'ete que les animaux non consanguins, mais cela n'a aucune consequence demographique. Cette recherche est l'une des rares etudes a comparer la performance d'une espece en laboratoire et en nature en relation avec la depression de consanguinite. D'autres comparaisons de ce type s'imposent avant qu'il ne soit possible de determiner si la consanguinite a plus souvent des effets negatifs en nature qu'en laboratoire.
Carbohydrates Accumulation and Remobilization in Wheat Plants as Influenced by Combined Waterlogging and Shading Stress During Grain Filling

Wheat plants were subjected to combined waterlogging and shading stress (WS) at 0–7, 8–15, 16–23 and 24–31 days after anthesis (DAA), respectively. Compared to the non-stressed plants, WS significantly decreased the final grain yield. Grain number was dramatically lowered by WS imposed at 0–7 DAA but hardly affected by other WS treatments; while the thousand-kernel-weight was unaffected by WS imposed at 0–7 DAA and lowered by other WS treatments. Photosynthate accumulation in the stem was decreased by WS imposed at 0–7 and 8–15 DAA, but was unaffected by WS imposed at later stages. Grain-filling rate was decreased, although the apparent remobilization of carbohydrate reserves from stem to grain was stimulated under WS. The carbohydrate reserves stored in the lower stem internodes were activated earlier and remobilized much more than those in the upper internodes; however, the proportion of the apparent remobilized reserves among the different stem internodes was consistent for all treatments. WS decreased contents of fructans, fructose and sucrose in the stem, which coincided with increased activity of fructan exohydrolase and decreased activities of sucrose-1-fructosyltransferase and fructan-1-fructosyltransferse. The results indicate that post-anthesis WS stimulated carbohydrate reserves remobilization by modifying the activities of the fructans-catalysing enzymes in the stem.
Data assimilation experiments of precipitable water vapour using the LETKF system: intense rainfall event over Japan 28 July 2008

We performed data assimilation experiments using data from an intense rainfall event in western Japan on 28 July 2008 with the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) and analysed fields of the mesoscale four-dimensional variational assimilation (4DVAR) system of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). We supplemented conventional observation data with precipitable water vapour (PWV) data derived from the Global Positioning System (GPS) Earth Observation Network of the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Because the LETKF system assimilates fewer data than the 4DVAR system, ensemble mean fields of the LETKF cycle experiment were replaced with analysed fields from the 4DVAR system each day at 12 UTC. PWV values were converted to relative humidity profiles for assimilation by the LETKF. The addition of PWV data tended to increase low-level water vapour and improve the precipitation forecast. We attempted to reproduce the intense rainfall band using downscale forecast experiments with the JMA non-hydrostatic model (JMANHM) with grid spacings of 5 and 1.6 km. The experiment with 5-km resolution generated a rainfall band in western Japan that was not reproduced using conventional data, although the rainfall was smaller than observations. The experiment with 1.6-km resolution faithfully reproduced the observed band of intense rainfall.
A study of the foraging ecology of the White-throated Treecreeper (Cormobates leucophaeus)

Abstract We quantified the foraging ecology of the White-throated Treecreeper (Cormobates leucophaeus) in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), south-eastern Australia, where it is the sole species of treecreeper present, and where a rough-barked eucalypt (Red Stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha)) and a smooth-barked eucalypt (Inland Scribbly Gum (Eucalyptus rossii)) are the dominant tree species. We examined relationships among foraging observations and variables including tree species, tree size, part of tree (substrate), time of day and month. We also quantified the kinds of foraging techniques used by the White-throated Treecreeper on different type and sizes of trees and at different times of the year. The White-throated Treecreeper more commonly foraged on Red Stringybark than on Inland Scribbly Gum. On Red Stringybark, the birds foraged more frequently on the trunk (above 4 m) and large branches than on other substrates. This trend was less marked on Inland Scribbly Gum, where dead branches were most often used for foraging. Foraging techniques that allowed rapid searching of each tree were those employed most commonly. Of these techniques, gleaning was most common (>50% of foraging time), but peering also was common. Drilling was most commonly performed on dead substrates. Foraging techniques employed by the White-throated Treecreeper changed significantly from morning to afternoon, with an increase in peering in afternoons. An increase in peering was observed for both sexes in April, but the magnitude of the increase was greater for females. White-throated Treecreepers in the ACT foraged more commonly on rough-barked eucalypts and exhibited less intraspecific resource partitioning between sexes than reported from other regions. Some of these differences may be related to contrasts in bird assemblages, particularly the absence of other bark-foraging species which may, in turn, reduce levels of intraspecific (gender-based) competition and resource partitioning. They also may be associated with differences in habitat attributes and resource availability between study areas.
Evidence for inertial droplet clustering in weakly turbulent clouds

Simultaneous observations of cloud droplet spatial statistics, cloud droplet size distribution and cloud turbulence were made during several cloud passages, including cumulus clouds and a stratus cloud. They provide evidence that inertial droplet clustering occurs even in weakly turbulent clouds. The measurements were made from the Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System suspended from a tethered balloon. For a profile through a stratus cloud with gradually changing droplet Stokes number, droplet clustering, quantified by the pair correlation function, is observed to be positively correlated with the droplet Stokes number. This implies that the droplet collision rate, which is relevant to drizzle formation via droplet coalescence, depends not only on the droplet size distribution, but also on the cloud turbulence. For cumulus clouds, the relation between droplet clustering and Stokes number seems more complicated. Stokes number is determined by measuring droplet size and local energy dissipation rate, the latter requiring highresolution air velocity measurements not possible on fast-flying aircraft.
Impact assessment of prospective spaceborne Doppler wind lidar observation scenarios

Anticipating on the success of ADM-Aeolus there is a need to specify the wind observation requirements for the definition of an operational network of spaceborne Doppler wind lidars (DWL) in the post-ADM era, beyond 2012. As a first step, Sensitivity Observing System Experiments (SOSE) have been conducted to investigate the added value of various DWL scenarios in real events with bad forecasts. A database of cases covering the worst 2-d forecasts over Europe and North America for each season over the 1998–2004 period was used for this purpose. Considered DWL scenarios include (i) trains of the Aeolus-type instrument to increase the coverage of single wind components, (ii) a scenario having the same coverage as Aeolus but measuring the complete wind vector and (iii) a targeting scenario giving maximum coverage over the storm track regions. For the Northern Hemisphere extratropics it was found that a DWL network providing a geographically uniform sampling is more beneficial for numerical weather prediction (NWP) than a network providing larger but more localized improvements. A network of Aeolus-type satellites fulfils this goal. The added benefits of a second and third Aeolus in orbit are, respectively, 70 and 110% of the benefit of a single Aeolus DWL.
Influence of cropping practices on corn rootworm in Canada as a basis for assessment of the potential impact of Diabrotica virgifera in Germany

Monitoring of populations of adult corn rootworms (Diabrotica virgifera and D. barberi) in Ontario (CA), and surveys of insecticide use against rootworms, showed that populations declined in the last 10 years and that the proportion of the maize area treated with rootworm insecticide has fallen to <7%. This proportion was directly correlated with the percentage of cropping with continuous maize. The area of insecticide-treated maize could be further reduced by educating livestock producers about the merits of crop rotation and the possibilities of alternative high-energy crops, such as winter barley. Populations of rootworm adults and area of continuous maize are currently so low in Ontario that there is a good probability of success for an adult monitoring and insurance programme to replace the use of corn rootworm insecticides. In Germany (where D. virgifera is now absent but may potentially be introduced from the outbreak in the lower Danube basin), the four Federal Lander of Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bayern and Baden-Wurttemberg maintain a high frequency of continuous maize. If areas with more than 50% of arable land with maize are considered to be at high risk of rootworm infestation, about 348 000 ha of maize fall into this category. This is a third of the maize production area of the above-mentioned Federal Lander and more than a fifth of the entire maize production area of Germany in 1995. On the basis of long-term experience of insecticide use in Ontario, there is a potential for treatment of up to 111 000 ha with rootworm insecticide (terbufos) annually in Germany, at an added insecticide cost of 13 million EUR per annum. Without crop rotation or treatment, rootworm infestations could cost German maize producers 25 million EUR in crop losses each year. The experience in Ontario suggests that Germany should follow a strategy of changing crop rotation away from continuous maize, so as to reduce the potential for establishment of D. virgifera, the potential for economic loss and the potential for increased reliance on insecticides.
The general/specific breakdown of semantic memory and the nature of superordinate knowledge: Insights from superordinate and basic-level feature norms

The deterioration of semantic memory usually proceeds from more specific to more general superordinate categories, although rarer cases of superordinate knowledge impairment have also been reported. The nature of superordinate knowledge and the explanation of these two semantic impairments were evaluated from the analysis of superordinate and basic-level feature norms. The results show that, in comparison to basic-level concepts, superordinate concepts are not generally less informative and have similar feature distinctiveness and proportion of individual sensory features, but their features are less shared by their members. Results are in accord with explanations based on feature connection weights and/or concept confusability for the superordinate advantage cases. Results especially support an explanation for superordinate impairments in terms of higher semantic control requirements as related to features being less shared between concept members. Implications for patients with semantic impairments are also discussed.
Gliding Mammals: Taxonomy of Living and Extinct Species

There are 64 species of extant gliding mammals that are currently recognized, which are divided into six different families. These comprise eight species of gliding marsupials that live within Australasia and include six species of lesser gliding possums of Petaurus (family Petauridae), one species of greater glider of Petauroides (family Pseudocheiridae), and one species of feathertail glider of Acrobates (family Acrobatidae). The flying squirrels of the tribe Pteromyini within the rodent family Sciuridae represent the greatest diversity of gliding mammals, with a total of 48 species in 15 genera currently recognized, and occur throughout Asia, Europe, and North America. A second group of gliding rodents, known as the scaly-tailed flying squirrels, comprises six species from the family Anomaluridae that live in central and western Africa. The most specialized and unique of the extant gliding mammals are the enigmatic colugos, or flying lemurs, of the order Dermoptera that comprise two species and occur throughout Southeast Asia and the Philippines. In addition to the extant species there are various fossils of extinct species that are thought to have had an ability to glide, although there has been a lot of debate over most of these taxa. These fossil taxa include 3 marsupials, 18 dermopterans, 51 flying squirrels, 7 species of scaly-tailed flying squirrels, and 1 extinct species in each of the families Myoxidae, Eomyidae, and Volaticotheriidae. The taxonomic status of many living and extinct gliding mammals is still in a state of flux, and significant further revision of the taxonomic status of many groups still needs to be resolved.
Short and long term photosynthetic adjustments in sun and shade leaves of Fagus sylvatica L., investigated by fluorescence transient (FT) analysis

Abstract Fluorescence transient (FT) analysis (fast kinetics) was carried out on sun and shade leaves of beech seedlings in an experimental field at Curno (North Italy), during the 2008 growing season (June–August). The aim of the research was to determine: (1) morphology in sun leaves as long term acclimation to high light; (2) short term responses to high light, i.e. during the course of the day; (3) evolution of responses during the growing season and the ageing process. Sun leaves differ from shade leaves by their lower trapping capacity (expressed by the ratio FV/FM) and higher capacity to reduce end acceptors beyond PSI (expressed by phase I–P of the FT). These features were assessed at pre-dawn, when the entire plant is fully dark-adapted. Short term responses (differences between midday and pre-dawn assessments) occur especially in sun leaves, indicating that the photosynthetic machinery reacts to the high excitation pressure by increasing photochemical and non-photochemical de-excitation processes. Other responses concern the inactivation of the oxygen evolving system and a stability loss of the tripartite system reaction centre (RC) – harvesting light complex – core antenna, expressed by the onset of K and L-bands at midday. Sun leaves are well acclimated to high light from a structural and functional point of view, however, the irradiance at midday provokes conditions of instability in the photosynthetic machinery, possibly through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at both PSII and PSI sides. The temporal patterns across the growing season indicate the progression of senescence processes, that are more pronounced in sun leaves which present a permanent (chronic) condition of photoinhibition. Differences between sun and shade leaves decrease over time.
A deterministic formulation of the ensemble Kalman filter: an alternative to ensemble square root filters

The use of perturbed observations in the traditional ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) results in a suboptimal filter behaviour, particularly for small ensembles. In this work, we propose a simple modification to the traditional EnKF that results in matching the analysed error covariance given by Kalman filter in cases when the correction is small; without perturbed observations. The proposed filter is based on the recognition that in the case of small corrections to the forecast the traditional EnKF without perturbed observations reduces the forecast error covariance by an amount that is nearly twice as large as that is needed to match Kalman filter. The analysis scheme works as follows: update the ensemble mean and the ensemble anomalies separately; update the mean using the standard analysis equation; update the anomalies with the same equation but half the Kalman gain. The proposed filter is shown to be a linear approximation to the ensemble square root filter (ESRF). Because of its deterministic character and its similarity to the traditional EnKF we call it the ‘deterministic EnKF’, or the DEnKF. A number of numerical experiments to compare the performance of the DEnKF with both the EnKF and an ESRF using three small models are conducted. We show that the DEnKF performs almost as well as the ESRF and is a significant improvement over the EnKF. Therefore, the DEnKF combines the numerical effectiveness, simplicity and versatility of the EnKF with the performance of the ESRFs. Importantly, the DEnKF readily permits the use of the traditional Schur product-based localization schemes.
Community Participation in Marine Protected Area Management: Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Coral reef areas are threatened worldwide by growing populations, tourism development, and use of poison and dynamite in fishing in areas adjacent to the reefs. The designation of marine protected areas is one strategy for addressing these problems. Wakatobi National Park, established in Eastern Indonesia in 1996, contains approximately 50,000 ha of coral reefs and a resident population of Sama-Bajo people whose traditions and current livelihoods tie them closely to the sea. The present research, using participatory rural appraisal methods, focused upon the impact of the designation of the Marine Park on their lives and investigated the potential for public participation in park planning and management. The Wakatobi Park Management Plan does not address the needs and interests of local people. Priority should be placed on adaptation of park zoning and protection regulations to accommodate the livelihood requirements of indigenous communities.
Strategies for the optimal sequencing of antiretroviral drugs toward overcoming and preventing drug resistance

Drug regimens now offer more potent, less toxic and more durable choices in the treatment of HIV disease than ever before. This has led to a need to consider the convenient, sequential use of active antiretroviral combinations. Ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PIs) can now be potentially sequenced in a manner that uses the least cross-resistance-prone PI at the start of therapy while leaving the most cross-resistance-prone drug for later, if the latter retains activity against commonly observed drug-resistant forms. Similarly, such new drugs as tenofovir, abacavir and emtricitabine, which make up current nucleoside backbone options, can be potentially sequenced, since each of them selects for an individual pattern of resistance mutations that are generally distinct from those selected by previously popular thymidine analogs such as zidovudine and stavudine.
The city in libertarian thought

There are many examples of aversion to the city and city life among classical anarchists, as well as of an exaggerated positive valuation of nature and rural life. This ‘urbanophobia’ is certainly simplistic; but it was or has been by no means the sole or even the most representative position in the course of the history of libertarian thought. In this text, I aim to show the complexity of libertarian approaches to the city in the 19th and 20th centuries, using as examples, respectively, the works of Élisée Reclus and Murray Bookchin. Additionally, and in a brief way, I also try to summarise what seems to be the utility of such a discussion for contemporary purposes, drawing inspiration and examples from the recent Latin American experience in terms of urban movements' spatial practices. All these contributions are examined considering three foci: (1) the opposition between city and countryside; (2) the (anti-)ecological dimension of urbanisation; (3) strategies for socio-spatial change.
Photosynthesis and Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Lines Deficient in Chlorophyll Accumulation

Three virescent mutants and two wild-type lines of upland cotton were evaluated for chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids (Car), carbon exchange ratio (CER), water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll fluorescence, and growth. Lines 30 and 174 were allelic for the virescent locus and had reduced ratios of ChlTot, Chla, Chlb, CER, and WUE compared to DP90ne (in both 1995 and 1996). Line 174 had a higher CER than line 30 in both 1995 and 1996. The CER values of line 174 were similar to those of line 31. The only differences in fluorescent measurements were found in initial fluorescence (F0) values, reflecting the concentrations of Chl. Of the three plant growth indicators, only plant height showed consistent statistical differences during growth. Reduced plant height was associated with lower chlorophyll concentrations. The number of main-stem nodes was slightly affected, with statistical differences occurring on only two dates—41 and 82 days after planting. The data indicate that these virescence alleles negatively influence most measurements of photosynthesis and cotton growth, but not all. Also, as previously reported in other crops, cotton leaf CER is not totally dependent on ChlTot levels.