Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
X-ray radiography measurements of diesel spray structure at engine-like ambient density.

X-ray radiography has been used to examine the dependence of the near-nozzle fuel distribution of diesel sprays on injection pressure and ambient density. Measurements of sprays from two nozzles with different geometries, one extensively hydroground and the other largely non-hydroground, have been obtained to show how nozzles of different geometries respond to changes in ambient density and rail pressure. The spray penetration near the nozzle demonstrates little dependence on ambient density but a strong dependence on rail pressure. Comparison of these results with standard correlations in the literature show that, in the near-nozzle region examined in this study, the penetration is expected to show little dependence on ambient density. The spray width becomes much larger for both nozzles as the ambient density increases. Rescaling the axial position by the square root of the density ratio between the fuel and the ambient gas accounts for the trends in spray width with ambient density for both nozzles. The radiography data can also be examined to determine the relative trends in the steady-state, mass-averaged axial velocity of the spray. The velocity decays more rapidly with axial distance as the ambient density increases. Rescaling the axial position also accounts for the trend of velocitymore » decay with ambient pressure. « less
Impact of adverse childhood experiences on educational achievements in young people at clinical high risk of developing psychosis

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can affect educational attainments, but little is known about their impact on educational achievements in people at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR). Methods In total, 344 CHR individuals and 67 healthy controls (HC) were recruited as part of the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme-funded multicenter study the European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene–Environment Interactions (EU-GEI). The brief version of the Child Trauma Questionnaire was used to measure ACE, while educational attainments were assessed using a semi-structured interview. Results At baseline, compared with HC, the CHR group spent less time in education and had higher rates of ACE, lower rates of employment, and lower estimated intelligence quotient (IQ). Across both groups, the total number of ACE was associated with fewer days in education and lower level of education. Emotional abuse was associated with fewer days in education in HC. Emotional neglect was associated with a lower level of education in CHR, while sexual abuse was associated with a lower level of education in HC. In the CHR group, the total number of ACE, physical abuse, and neglect was significantly associated with unemployment, while emotional neglect was associated with employment. Conclusions ACE are strongly associated with developmental outcomes such as educational achievement. Early intervention for psychosis programs should aim at integrating specific interventions to support young CHR people in their educational and vocational recovery. More generally, public health and social interventions focused on the prevention of ACE (or reduce their impact if ACE occur) are recommended.
The Association Between Child Maltreatment and Pathological Narcissism: A Three-Level Meta-Analytic Review

Emerging evidence has documented the positive association between child maltreatment and both phenotypes of pathological narcissism (i.e., vulnerable and grandiose narcissism). However, results across these studies are inconsistent. Therefore, the present meta-analysis aimed to examine the extent to which child maltreatment is associated with vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, and whether these associations differed by study or sample characteristics. A systematic literature review was conducted in Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Three-level meta-analyses were performed in R to synthesize the effect sizes. A total of 15 studies (N = 9,141 participants) producing 129 effect sizes were included. Results showed that child maltreatment was positively related to both vulnerable narcissism (mean r = .198; p < .001) and grandiose narcissism (mean r = .087; p < .001), but only to a small extent. Further, the association between child maltreatment and vulnerable narcissism was stronger for neglect (r = .278) than for physical abuse (r = .130). The strength of the association between child maltreatment and grandiose narcissism was larger for samples that were on average younger than 18 years (r = .187) than for samples that were on average older than 18 years (r = .068). Also, the strength of the association was stronger for females than for males. Child maltreatment is a risk factor for developing both vulnerable and grandiose narcissism. Interventions targeting pathological narcissism should be aware of potential trauma resulting from victimization of child maltreatment.
Measuring the Dark Matter Scale of Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals

We reanalyze published Draco and Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal (dSph) stellar velocity data. Previous studies of dSph stellar distributions have concentrated principally on the spatial distribution of stars or on computation of a global velocity dispersion. A detailed understanding of the spatial behavior of the velocity distribution, however, is necessary to distinguish among competing theories of dSph dynamics. Here we apply a maximum-likelihood technique to fit the set of individual velocity measurements to a global distribution. Rather than calculating mean local velocity dispersions in regions where the data are sparse, this technique has the advantage of using the velocity measurements individually. We confirm earlier findings of a radial falloff in the velocity distribution of UMi, which is consistent with a mass-follows-light (MFL) King model. We also confirm an apparent radial rise in the velocity dispersion of Draco. However, these data do not suffice to distinguish among extended halo and MFL models. Finally, we perform simulations to determine the number of additional observations required to clearly differentiate between different dynamical models. Only ∼10–20 additional observations at 0.75 times the tidal radius would be required to distinguish clearly between an MFL distribution and an extended halo or disrupted remnant model with a flat or radially rising velocity dispersion. We describe a method for treating the effect of binary stars, which may be a source of contamination.
Initial symptoms and three months follow-up after acute COVID-19 in outpatients: An international prospective cohort study

Abstract Background Most studies on long-term follow-up of patients with COVID-19 focused on hospitalised patients. No prospective study with structured follow-up has been performed in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Objectives To assess long-COVID and post-COVID (WHO definition: symptomatic at least 12 weeks), describe lingering symptoms, their impact on daily activities, and general practice visits and explore risk factors for symptom duration in outpatients. Methods A prospective study of adult outpatients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptoms consistent with COVID-19 in 11 European countries, recruited during 2020 and 2021 from primary care and the community. Structured follow-up by phone interviews (symptom rating, symptom impact on daily activities and general practice visits) was performed at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 by study personnel. Data was analysed descriptively by using correlation matrixes and Cox regression. Results Of 270 enrolled patients, 52% developed long-COVID and 32% post-COVID-syndrome. When only considering the presence of moderate or (very) severe symptoms at weeks 8 and 12, these percentages were 28% and 18%, respectively. Fatigue was the most often reported symptom during follow-up. The impact of lingering symptoms was most evident in sports and household activities. About half (53%) had at least one general practice contact during follow-up. Obese patients took twice as long to return to usual health (HR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.3–0.8); no other risk profile could predict lingering symptoms. Conclusion Long-COVID and post-COVID are also common in outpatients. In 32%, it takes more than 12 weeks to return to usual health.
Differential Velocity between Solar Wind Protons and Alpha Particles in Pressure Balance Structures

[1] Pressure balance structures (PBSs) are a common high-plasma beta feature in high-latitude, high-speed solar wind. They have been proposed as remnants of coronal plumes. If true, they should reflect the observation that plumes are rooted in unipolar magnetic flux concentrations in the photosphere and are heated as oppositely directed flux is advected into and reconnects with the flux concentration. A minimum variance analysis (MVA) of magnetic discontinuities in PBSs showed there is a larger proportion of tangential discontinuities than in the surrounding high-speed wind, supporting the hypothesis that plasmoids or extended current sheets are formed during reconnection at the base of plumes. To further evaluate the character of magnetic field discontinuities in PBSs, differential streaming between alpha particles and protons is analyzed here for the same sample of PBSs used in the MVA. Alpha particles in high-speed wind generally have a higher radial flow speed than protons. However, if the magnetic field is folded back on itself, as in a large-amplitude Alfven wave, alpha particles will locally have a radial flow speed less than protons. This characteristic is used here to distinguish between folded back magnetic fields (which would contain rotational discontinuities) and tangential discontinuities using Ulysses high-latitude, high-speed solar wind data. The analysis indicates that almost all reversals in the radial magnetic field in PBSs are folded back field lines. This is found to also be true outside PBSs, supporting existing results for typical high-speed, high-latitude wind. There remains a small number of cases that appear not to be folds in the magnetic field and which may be flux tubes with both ends rooted in the Sun. The distinct difference in MVA results inside and outside PBSs remains unexplained.
Cenozoic migration of a desert plant lineage across the North Atlantic.

Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were isolated at that time. Consequently, molecular studies invoked either parallel adaptation to dry climates from related ancestors, or long-distance dispersal in explaining disjunctions between the two regions, dismissing the contemporaneous migration of dry-adapted lineages via land bridges as unlikely. We report Vauquelinia (Rosaceae), currently endemic to western North America, in Cenozoic strata of western Eurasia. Revision of North American fossils previously assigned to Vauquelinia confirmed a single fossil-species of Vauquelinia and one of its close relative Kageneckia. We established taxonomic relationships of fossil-taxa using diagnostic character combinations shared with modern species and constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny. The fossil record suggests that Vauquelinia, currently endemic to arid and sub desert environments, originated under seasonally arid climates in the Eocene of western North America and subsequently crossed the Paleogene North Atlantic land bridge (NALB) to Europe. This pattern is replicated by other sclerophyllous, dry-adapted and warmth-loving plants, suggesting that several of these taxa potentially crossed the North Atlantic via the NALB during Eocene times.
Comets: Nature, Dynamics, Origin, and their Cosmogonical Relevance

Early Ideas about Comets. - Statistics of Cometary Orbits and Magnitudes. - The Understanding of Their Physical Nature. - Dynamics of LP Comets Entering the Inner Planetary Region. - The Oort Cloud. - The Flux of New Comets: Quiescent and Excited Stages. - The Jupiter Family. - The Trans-Neptunian Belt. - Physical End States of Comets. - Leftovers of the Solar System Formation. - Comets and Life.
The Role of Oral Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria in the Prevention of Caries: A Review Related to Caries and Nitrate Metabolism

Circulating nitrate is actively absorbed by salivary glands and secreted into the oral cavity, where it is reduced to nitrite by oral nitrate-reducing bacteria. This process has previously been considered harmful because nitrate and nitrite can promote the formation of potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. However, recent studies have shown that nitrate may have other physiological functions, and it can serve as a precursor for the systemic production of nitric oxide (NO) and perform NO-like functions, such as promoting vasodilation, regulating metabolic diseases, alleviating senescence, and protecting the digestive system. Inside the oral cavity, NO is likely to inhibit sensitive species as part of the nonspecific oral immune system. Exogenous administration of nitrate can maintain a balance in the pH of saliva. Oral nitrate-reducing bacteria can control the progression of caries by metabolizing lactic acid and reducing its accumulation, which is beneficial to the homeostasis of the oral microecology. In the current manuscript, we reviewed nitrate-reducing bacteria and their nitrate-metabolizing functions during the development of caries. Furthermore, we listed the effects of probiotics and dietary modification, which may be a promising method to prevent the occurrence of caries. We believe that this review provides novel ideas for the prevention of caries and treatment in clinical settings.
KERNEL METHODS IN REMOTE SENSING: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT Kernel-based machine learning algorithms are based on mapping data from the original input feature space to a kernel feature space of higher dimensionality to solve a linear problem in that space. Over the last decade, kernel based classification and regression approaches such as support vector machines have widely been used in remote sensing as well as in various civil engineering applications. In spite of their better performance with different datasets, support vector machines still suffer from shortcomings such as visualization/interpretation of model, choice of kernel and kernel specific parameter as well as the regularization parameter. Relevance vector machines are another kernel based approach being explored for classification and regression with in last few years. The advantages of the relevance vector machines over the support vector machines is the availability of probabilistic predictions, using arbitrary kernel functions and not requiring setting of the regularization parameter. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of SVM and RVM in remote sensing and provides some details of their use in other civil engineering application also.
A Structured Discharge Education Intervention for Parents of Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Oncology Patients

Background: Parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer require specialized knowledge and skills in order to safely care for their children at home. The Children's Oncology Group (COG) developed expert consensus recommendations to guide new diagnosis education; however, these recommendations have not been empirically tested. Methods: We used a sequential two-cohort study design to test a nurse-led Structured Discharge Teaching Intervention (SDTI) that operationalizes the COG expert recommendations in the setting of a tertiary children's hospital. Outcomes included parent Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS); Quality of Discharge Teaching Scale (QDTS); Post-Discharge Coping Difficulty (PDCD); Nurse Satisfaction; and post-discharge unplanned healthcare utilization. Results: The process for discharge education changed significantly before and after implementation of the SDTI, with significantly fewer instances of one-day discharge teaching, and higher involvement of staff nurses in teaching. Overall, parental RHDS, QDTS, and PDCD scores were similar in the unintervened and intervened cohorts. Almost 60% of patients had unplanned healthcare encounters during the first 30 days following their initial hospital discharge. Overall nurse satisfaction with the quality and process of discharge education significantly increased post-intervention. Discussion: Although the structure for and process of delivering discharge education changed significantly with implementation of the SDTI, parent RHDS and QDTS scores remained uniformly high and PDCD scores and non-preventable unplanned healthcare utilization remained similar, while nurse satisfaction with the quality and process of discharge education significantly improved, suggesting that further testing of the SDTI across diverse pediatric oncology settings is warranted.
Time-dependent viscous flow past an impulsively started rotating and translating circular cylinder

A numerical study is made of the development with time of the two-dimensional flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid around a circular cylinder which suddenly starts rotating about its axis with constant angular velocity and translating at right angles to this axis with constant speed. The governing partial differential equations in two space variables and time are reduced to sets of time-dependent equations in one space variable by means of Fourier analysis. By truncating the Fourier series to a finite number of terms, a finite set of differential equations is solved to give an approximation to the theoretical flow. The solutions are obtained by numerical methods. Results are given for the initial development with time of the asymmetrical wake at the rear of the cylinder at Reynolds numbers R [ges ] 200, based on the diameter of cylinder, and at small rotation rates. The detailed results show the formation of a Kármán vortex street. The time development of this separated flow is compared in detail at R = 200 with recent experimental results. The details of the formation and movement of the vortices behind the cylinder and the velocity profiles in several locations are virtually identical in the experimental and theoretical studies. The variations with time of the lift, drag and moment exerted by the fluid on the cylinder are determined both by calculations and by means of approximate analytical expressions. The agreement between these results at small times is excellent.
Measurement of Continuum Breakdown During Disk Spindown in Low-Pressure Air

The deceleration torque during spindown of a disk is measured across a range of air pressures on three aluminum disks. The diameters of the disk are 0.15, 0.17, and 0.21 m; the range of pressures is 0.71 Pa to atmospheric pressure; and the angular velocities range approximately from 400 to 3300 rpm. The results are compared to computational fluid dynamics for the continuum flow regime and analytical results for the free molecular flow regime. The torque is nondimensionalized using dynamic viscosity of air, instantaneous angular velocity, and the disk diameter and is plotted against Reynolds number. Results show that the nondimensional curves from atmospheric pressure through 100 Pa collapse on each other for all disk diameters and agree with computational-fluid-dynamics results. At low pressures, the nondimensional torque does not change with Reynolds number. The analytically obtained free molecular flow torque is compared with the experimental results at the lowest ambient pressures, and the value of mom.
Voting Age, Information Experiments, and Political Engagement: Evidence from a General Election

We exploit new experimental and quasi-experimental data to investigate voters' intrinsic motivation to engage politically. Does having the right to vote increase engagement or, given significant incentives to free ride, do eligible voters remain rationally unengaged? Does knowledge that ones group is pivotal reduce free riding? And are the politically engaged influenced by election-relevant policy information in the run-up to a major election? To address these questions, we fielded an original survey of 5,400 Mexican high school seniors just prior to the historic 2018 general election. Age-based regression discontinuity results show that the just-eligible score higher on measures of low-cost political engagement compared to the just-ineligible. A first survey experiment reveals that information that the youth vote will be pivotal increases the eligible respondents' interest in the presidential debate and in the election result. In the second experiment, information about current policy outcomes affects future policy priorities in ways consistent with the incentives of eligible respondents to collect relevant information on salient policy issues.
Information Leakage in Performance Evaluation of Pressure-Based Gait Biometric Recognition Systems

Gait has been shown to be a highly unique and repeatable behavioural biometric, and integrated pressure-based sensing modalities provide a convenient and robust environment for authentication. Many studies in this emerging field, and biometrics in general, however, have used techniques for model development and validation that can yield optimistically biased and unrealistic performance estimates. In this study, the bias that can result from information leakage during training was demonstrated in two aspects of model evaluation: 1) the order of processing steps in machine learning pipelines, and 2) the use of a posteriori performance measures, which are based on test samples that were used to determine certain model parameters. Additionally, the drawbacks of 3) using single-number metrics for comparing models or for final performance estimates was also demonstrated. Ultimately, methods to avoid these pitfalls are recommended.
Optical properties of copper in silicon: Excitons bound to isoelectronic copper pairs

Copper doping of silicon crystals results in an intense emission at 1.014 eV. The photoluminescence spectrum exhibits a characteristic structure consisting of a narrow nophonon line and equispaced lower-energy resonant-mode phonon replicas. The typical phonon energy is 7.0 meV. We observe isotope shifts of the lines which conclusively show that copper is incorporated in the luminescent defect. Combination with the observed quadratic dependence of the emission intensity on copper concentration leads us to suggest copper pairs as recombination centers. The symmetry of the pair as determined from uniaxial stress and Zeeman data is that of a $〈111〉$ configuration. The no-phonon line structure and the splitting in external fields indicate an exciton localized at an isoelectronic trap. The exciton is discussed in terms of an isoelectronic donor combining the present data with recent deep-level transient-spectroscopy results.