Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bounded rational decision-making models suggest capacity-limited concurrent motor planning in human posterior parietal and frontal cortex

While traditional theories of sensorimotor processing have often assumed a serial decision-making pipeline, more recent approaches have suggested that multiple actions may be planned concurrently and vie for execution. Evidence for the latter almost exclusively stems from electrophysiological studies in posterior parietal and premotor cortex of monkeys. Here we study concurrent prospective motor planning in humans by recording functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a delayed response task engaging movement sequences towards multiple potential targets. We find that also in human posterior parietal and premotor cortex delay activity modulates both with sequence complexity and the number of potential targets. We tested the hypothesis that this modulation is best explained by concurrent prospective planning as opposed to the mere maintenance of potential targets in memory. We devise a bounded rationality model with information constraints that optimally assigns information resources for planning and memory for this task and determine predicted information profiles according to the two hypotheses. When regressing delay activity on these model predictions, we find that the concurrent prospective planning strategy provides a significantly better explanation of the fMRI-signal modulations. Moreover, we find that concurrent prospective planning is more costly and thus limited for most subjects, as expressed by the best fitting information capacities. We conclude that bounded rational decision-making models allow relating both behavior and neural representations to utilitarian task descriptions based on bounded optimal information-processing assumptions.
Signal denoising through topographic modularity of neural circuits

Information from the sensory periphery is conveyed to the cortex via structured projection pathways that spatially segregate stimulus features, providing a robust and efficient encoding strategy. Beyond sensory encoding, this prominent anatomical feature extends throughout the neocortex. However, the extent to which it influences cortical processing is unclear. In this study, we combine cortical circuit modeling with network theory to demonstrate that the sharpness of topographic projections acts as a bifurcation parameter, controlling the macroscopic dynamics and representational precision across a modular network. By shifting the balance of excitation and inhibition, topographic modularity gradually increases task performance and improves the signal-to-noise ratio across the system. We demonstrate that in biologically constrained networks, such a denoising behavior is contingent on recurrent inhibition. We show that this is a robust and generic structural feature that enables a broad range of behaviorally-relevant operating regimes, and provide an in-depth theoretical analysis unravelling the dynamical principles underlying the mechanism.
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE: WHEN ANGER CAN LEAD TO SUPPLIER DISCONTINUITY

This study analyzed the direct and indirect effects of controllability and responsibility on supplier discontinuity following environmental damage. Data were collected through a scenario-based experiment from 267 individuals with management experience. The results indicated that controllability has an influence on supplier discontinuity, as does anger (a negative emotion), when the supplier, rather than nature, has control over the environmental damage caused. The indirect effect of controllability was partially explained by anger. The direct and indirect effects of responsibility, on the other hand, were not significant, and were partially explained in a moderating role in the relationship between controllability and the non-retention of suppliers following environmental damage. The study contributes by identifying the behavioral role of the negative emotion that is experienced during management crises, thus having an influence on the decision making of individuals that is related to the discontinuity of suppliers following environmental damage.
Managing Relational Sales: The Role of Behavior-Based and Outcome-Based Controls

This study provides a dynamic structural analysis of an agent’s behavior in response to behaviorbased and outcome-based sales force control measures. The model accommodates both observable, quantifiable sales effort (e.g., number of sales calls) and unobservable, qualitative sales effort (e.g., attitude), as well as the dynamics in demand induced by customer goodwill. By understanding how multiple management levers—including incentives, route call planning and price promotions— jointly affect behavior, the study offers insights on optimal sales management policies. A series of counterfactual experiments demonstrate a trade-off between increasing the number of sales calls (behavior-based control) and offering additional incentives (outcome-based control); heterogeneous responses to reducing the level of price promotions in which some salespeople exert extra effort to mitigate the disadvantage; and how a firm can minimize the negative impact of reducing price promotions by utilizing different sales force control measures.
FAREWELL TO THE JACK- OF-ALL-TRADES ACTIVISTS? CLUSTERING PARTY ACTIVISM IN SPAIN

This article aims to identify different modes of participation among the more active members within political parties and explore the reasons behind this variation. Previous research has focused on the hierarchical position of members according to their attachment to the organization to explain different types of activism. However, less attention has been paid to the horizontal variation among party activists. Our study employs survey data from delegates attending party conferences between 2008 and 2017 in Spain and applies cluster analysis to identify the presence of different types of activists within parties. We further perform multinomial logistic regression to identify the drivers of the four types of activists (mass party activists, committed activists, canvasser activists, and cheering activists) resulting from the cluster analysis. Our findings show that both individual factors (socioeconomic status and incentives for joining) and party factors (party age, access to institutions, territorial coverage) are relevant for explaining variation in party activism.
Sub-Band Assignment and Power Control for IoT Cellular Networks via Deep Learning

As various Internet of things (IoT) communication services have recently received great attention, the development of resource allocation scheme that can support the connection of a number of IoT devices becomes an important task for next-generation communication systems. Motivated this challenge, we propose deep learning-based optimization algorithms for a joint resource allocation problem in uplink IoT cellular networks, in which the base station uses multiple sub-bands to serve IoT users and inter sub-band interference exists due to spectral leakage. Specifically, to maximize the achievable sum rate of IoT users with low complexity, we develop a two-stage optimization method built on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that sequentially optimizes sub-band assignment and transmit power control. Moreover, in order to examine the performance according to the neural network structure, the proposed scheme is also implemented through fully-connected neural networks (FNNs) and compared with the CNN-based scheme. Simulation results show that our proposed CNN-based algorithm significantly improves the sum rate and reduces the required computation time compared to previous schemes without deep learning.
Barriers to innovation: experience of Ecuadorian small and medium entreprises

The innovation barriers to small and medium-sized enterprises affect their innovative process and influence their company development. In this empirical work, we analyze the cost, market, and knowledge barriers that impede or delay the development of innovative activities and projects in Ecuadorian SMEs. A logit estimation model uses fixed-effects panel data on a sample of 5,205 SMEs during the period from 2009–2014. The results show that small and young companies are more vulnerable to the perceived barriers of cost and knowledge. This is mainly due to high innovation costs and a lack of skilled staff that restricts organizational growth and market competitiveness.
Phylogeny and divergence time estimation of the genus Didymodon (Pottiaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast markers

Didymodon Hedw. , with approximately 140 species in the family Pottiaceae, is distributed nearly throughout the world, with the greatest diversity and important ecological functions in drought lands and alpine ecosystems. Several studies involving morphology, molecular systematics, and macro‐systematic analysis have addressed the infrageneric classification of Didymodon, but controversy over the position of the infrageneric and species classification remains due to its high degree of morphological variation in micro‐habitats and strong sensitivity to climate change at regional and global scale. To date, only a few phylogenetic studies have been conducted with an incomplete number of Didymodon species; further, there is no study published regarding the divergence time of Didymodon. Consequently, we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Didymodon species, sampling a total of 107 species, based on one nuclear (ITS) and five chloroplast DNA. Moreover, divergence time analysis was conducted to infer the age of origin and divergence of Didymodon species. Our results presented the largest scale phylogenetic relationship of Didymodon to date and resolved the phylogenetic status of some controversial taxa and the new species. The divergence time estimation showed that Didymodon species originated around the early Cretaceous, and the diversification was concentrated in the Cretaceous and Eocene. Paleoclimate and environmental change have a direct impact on the origin and divergence of Didymodon species by shaping their morphology, resource availability and ecological niche. Our study will help understand species origin and speciation of Didymodon as well as reflecting species adaptability and experience to historical events.
Impact of Arterial Hypertension on the Eye: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Methods, and Treatment of Hypertensive Retinopathy

The number of patients with arterial hypertension is continually increasing. Hypertension can cause organ complications, called hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). One example is hypertensive retinopathy, in which high blood pressure (BP) damages both the retinal microcirculation and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). This can result in progressive and painless vision deterioration in some groups of patients. Unlike anywhere else in the human body, the microvasculature of the retina can be observed in vivo, and the progression of changes can be closely monitored. The harmful effect of increased BP on the eye is not only limited to hypertensive retinopathy, but can also lead to an exacerbation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), and it can also trigger the formation of thromboembolic lesions. This review presents an update on the pathogenesis of hypertensive retinopathy and the use of adaptive optics (AO) combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate the retinal microvasculature. The latest progress and directions of research in the field of hypertensive retinopathy are also discussed.
Feasibility of Implementation of Public Entity Corporate Governance Act's Best Practices to Enhance Good Performance in a State-Owned Enterprise

Feasibility of Implementation of Entity Governance Best Enhance Good Performance Enterprise. Abstract This study examined the feasibility of implementing the Public Entity Corporate Governance Act's (PECGA) best practices to enhance good performance at a State Owned Entity (SOE). Boards of State enterprises and parastatals (SEPs) had encountered impediments in promoting corporate governance best practices in Africa. Identified factors hindering the implementation of PECGA of 2018 were examined to proffer recommendation for its adoption. Zimbabwe came up with the PECGA of 2018. The feasibility of implementing PECGA's best practices to enhance good performance at the SOE is not well known when this study was conducted. Mixture research methods were adopted where questionnaires were used to collect data. Purposive sampling methods were used to examine the populations of 38 head office managerial staff. Chi-square and regression analysis were used for analysis. It is found that job title and education level are related and the execution of sound PECGA best practices and the SOE's operational performance are related. The results confirmed that there were hindrances on the execution of sound PECGA best practices on the SOE's operational performance. The study concluded that it is not feasible to fully implement the PECGA best practices in SEPs to enhance performance in Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwean's PECGA must be moved from the "apply or explain" model (that is relying on the disclosures requirement doctrine as a method of promoting the execution of definite corporate governance practices devoid of mandating real practices) to "comply or else" model of corporate governance to achieve sustainable corporate governance success in the near future.
Influence of Haptoglobin Polymorphism on Stroke in Sickle Cell Disease Patients

This review outlines the current clinical research investigating how the haptoglobin (Hp) genetic polymorphism and stroke occurrence are implicated in sickle cell disease (SCD) pathophysiology. Hp is a blood serum glycoprotein responsible for binding and removing toxic free hemoglobin from the vasculature. The role of Hp in patients with SCD is critical in combating blood toxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and even stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when a blocked vessel decreases oxygen delivery in the blood to cerebral tissue and is commonly associated with SCD. Due to the malformed red blood cells of sickle hemoglobin S, blockage of blood flow is much more prevalent in patients with SCD. This review is the first to evaluate the role of the Hp polymorphism in the incidence of stroke in patients with SCD. Overall, the data compiled in this review suggest that further studies should be conducted to reveal and evaluate potential clinical advancements for gene therapy and Hp infusions.
The Relationship Between Social Support And Social Withdrawal Of Left-Behind Adolescents: A Chain Mediating Model

Background: Nowadays, as more and more Chinese farmers in rural area went to city for work, they left their kids at home. These kids were left-behind adolescents and they developed without their parental accompany. The family function of left-behind adolescents was deficient, which may result in their social withdrawal in social situations. Therefore, in this study, in order to improve left-behind adolescents’ psychological and behavior problems, we aimed to investigate their level of social withdrawal and its impact factors. Method: There were 339 left-behind adolescents and 289 non-left-behind adolescents recruited from a Chinese junior high school. Their social withdrawal, social support, relative deprivation, and resilience were measured through questionnaires. Results: The results showed that compared with non-left-behind adolescents, left-behind adolescents had lower social support and resilience, but their social withdrawal and relative deprivation were higher; besides, left-behind adolescents’ social support negatively predicted social withdrawal, while relative deprivation and resilience played a chain mediating role between them. Conclusion: This study found that compared with none-left-behind adolescents, left-behind adolescents had difficulty in social adaptation. However, there was a “context-process-outcome” model in which social support negatively predicted social withdrawal, while relative deprivation and resilience played a chain mediating role between them. In sum, this study provided suggestions to promote the mental health and social behavioral development of left-behind adolescents.
Etiopatogenia e Tratamento da Contractura Capsular Mamária

Introduction: Capsular contracture is a chronic and the most frequent complication of augmentation mammoplasty with breast implants and the main cause of patient’s and surgeon’s dissatisfaction. The mammary capsule consists of a fibrous tissue that surrounds the implant that may contract, changing the shape and consistency of the breast. In its advanced stage is accompanied by pronounced deformity, hardness and pain, being indicated for surgical treatment.Material and Methods: All the articles indexed on PubMed through the search ‘capsular contracture’ (2000 – January 2012) were reviewed and were included the articles of greater interest in terms of etiology, prophylaxis and treatment. Articles referred in relevant publications were also examined.Results: Everything indicates that its etiology is multifactorial; the etiopathology of breast capsular contracture continues being subject of multiple pre-clinical investigations. There are many studies performed in order to prevent the onset of capsular contracture but, although promising results, little is set for its application on clinical practice. The capsulectomy/capsulotomy continues being the goldstandard treatment although the future may undergo non invasive techniques, at least in mild stages of disease.Conclusion: Although the surgical techniques and the quality of breast implants have been improving drastically in recent years, capsular contracture remains a real complication with great incidence and that continues affecting thousands of women all over the world.
Physical Activity Behaviors and Physical Work Capacity in University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective. The COVID-19 pandemic led to restricted access to sports and recreation facilities, resulting in a general decrease in physical activity. Many studies present the results of on-line questionnaires conducted during the pandemic, but there are few reports of objectively measured indicators of physical condition. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the changes in physical work capacity, body composition, and physical activity behaviors in university students during 14 weeks of lockdown. Material and Methods. Twenty students of Tourism and Recreation (13 female and 7 male) participated in the study. The first examination was conducted in November 2020, and the second in March 2021. Body composition was assessed with a Tanita 418 MA device. The students performed the PWC 170 cycling test and completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version) on-line. Results. Neither physical work capacity nor body composition parameters changed substantially during the analyzed period. In the female students, vigorous physical activity decreased significantly, but no substantial changes occurred in weekly metabolic equivalent of task. In male students, walking days and metabolic equivalent of task decreased, but the changes were not significant. Conclusions. Fourteen weeks of COVID-19 lockdown had little effect on the body composition, physical work capacity level, and physical activity habits of Tourism and Recreation students. Studies with larger groups of participants should verify the current conclusions, and care should be taken when extrapolating to other populations.
Atoh8 in Development and Disease

Simple Summary bHLH transcription factors control a variety of functions during development and disease. Atoh8 is one such bHLH factor with unique characteristics in the ‘atonal’ family. Consistent with the other homologs of its family, Atoh8 was identified to regulate cell fate and differentiation during development. Furthermore, it was also found to regulate other mechanisms in adult and mature organisms such as cancer, iron homeostasis and stress response. This review systematically outlines the role of Atoh8 in development and pathologies. At the same time, this review also anticipates its potential involvement in basic cellular mechanisms such as proliferation, metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy. Abstract Atoh8 belongs to a large superfamily of transcriptional regulators called basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. bHLH proteins have been identified in a wide range of organisms from yeast to humans. The members of this special group of transcription factors were found to be involved not only in embryonic development but also in disease initiation and its progression. Given their importance in several fundamental processes, the translation, subcellular location and turnover of bHLH proteins is tightly regulated. Alterations in the expression of bHLH proteins have been associated with multiple diseases also in context with Atoh8 which seems to unfold its functions as both transcriptional activator and repressor. Like many other bHLH transcription factors, so far, Atoh8 has also been observed to be involved in both embryonic development and carcinogenesis where it mainly acts as tumor suppressor. This review summarizes our current understanding of Atoh8 structure, function and regulation and its complex and partially controversial involvement in development and disease.
Petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Late Jurassic Queshan adakitic granite, Jiaodong Peninsula, southeastern North China Craton: Zircon U–Pb geochronological, geochemical, and Lu–Hf isotopic evidence

Late Mesozoic granites are present throughout the Jiaodong Peninsula in eastern China, but the petrogenesis of these granites, the magma sources, and the geodynamic setting of the magmatism remain unclear. This paper presents new zircon U–Pb geochronological and Lu–Hf isotopic and whole‐rock geochemical data for the Late Jurassic Queshan pluton in the Shandong Peninsula, an area that represents the boundary between the Jiaobei and Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terranes. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb dating yields Late Jurassic ages from 158 ± 1 to 153 ± 1 Ma for the pluton in addition to a small number of inherited zircons that yield ages that cluster at 2410, 1831–1776, 750, and 209–202 Ma. Zircons from different samples have similar 176Hf/177Hf values (0.281926–0.282255) and variably negative εHf (t) values that range from −26.5 to −15.1 (weighted mean of −22.9 ± 0.9). The corresponding two‐stage Hf model ages range from 2,869 to 2,154 Ma, with a weighted mean value of 2,645 ± 54 Ma. These data indicate that the magmas that formed the Queshan pluton were derived from multiple sources, including the lower crust of the North China (NCC) and Yangtze (YC) cratons, as well as collision‐related alkaline rocks. The whole‐rock geochemical compositions of the samples indicate that the granites are weakly peraluminous, are high‐K and calc‐alkaline with I‐type affinities, and have high contents of Sr, low contents of Y and Yb, high (La/Yb)N and Sr/Y values, and positive Eu anomalies (δEu = 1.20–1.65), indicating an adakitic affinity. This indicates that the Queshan granites formed from magmas generated by partial melting of a thickened region of the crust (>50 km) associated with eclogite, garnet amphibolite, or amphibolite residual material. The genesis of the Late Jurassic granites are also likely to have been influenced by the collisional orogeny between the NCC and YC and continued subduction of the Izanagi Plate. Thickening of the lower crust associated with this continental collisional event occurred before the magmatism, with further compression and thickening of the lower crust caused by the low‐angle subduction of the Izanagi Plate beneath northeastern China being the main geodynamic driver of the formation of the granites in this region.