Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of clays in the diagenetic history of nitrogen and boron in the Carboniferous of Donbas (Ukraine)

Abstract The evolution of the nitrogen and boron content of shales during diagenesis and anchimetamorphism was studied in the Carboniferous rocks of Donbas by means of the bulk rock chemical analysis and the XRD quantification of mineral composition, aided by CEC and EGME sorption measurements. The contributions of the organic-bound N and B were taken into account, based on the literature data (B) and on the relationship established in the course of this study (N). 28–98% of the total N and 80–100% of the total B are contained in the mineral fraction of the investigated shales. The mineral nitrogen is located mostly in illite and accounts for 3 to 64% of the sites available for its fixation in 1Md illite. The fixation of N by illite seems to diminish in the course of diagenesis, but additional fixation occurs in newly formed 2M1 illite during the anchimetamorphic stage. The volume of N contained in illite in most samples greatly surpasses the N available locally from the organic matter contained in shale. Modelling indicates that the measured level of N for K substitution in illite corresponds to the capture in 30 vol.% of shale of all N released in a basin containing 5 vol.% of coal. Boron is held predominantly by the 1Md fraction (illite + smectite). During diagenesis boron is redistributed into the 1Md illite, and during anchimetamorphism it is released from the 1Md illite and incorporated into new 2M1 illite. No indication of the net enrichment of pore water in B due to the clay alteration process was found.
Geographic Inequalities in All-Cause Mortality in Japan: Compositional or Contextual?

Background A recent study from Japan suggested that geographic inequalities in all-cause premature adult mortality have increased since 1995 in both sexes even after adjusting for individual age and occupation in 47 prefectures. Such variations can arise from compositional effects as well as contextual effects. In this study, we sought to further examine the emerging geographic inequalities in all-cause mortality, by exploring the relative contribution of composition and context in each prefecture. Methods We used the 2005 vital statistics and census data among those aged 25 or older. The total number of decedents was 524,785 men and 455,863 women. We estimated gender-specific two-level logistic regression to model mortality risk as a function of age, occupation, and residence in 47 prefectures. Prefecture-level variance was used as an estimate of geographic inequalities in mortality, and prefectures were ranked by odds ratios (ORs), with the reference being the grand mean of all prefectures (value = 1). Results Overall, the degree of geographic inequalities was more pronounced when we did not account for the composition (i.e., age and occupation) in each prefecture. Even after adjusting for the composition, however, substantial differences remained in mortality risk across prefectures with ORs ranging from 0.870 (Okinawa) to 1.190 (Aomori) for men and from 0.864 (Shimane) to 1.132 (Aichi) for women. In some prefectures (e.g., Aomori), adjustment for composition showed little change in ORs, while we observed substantial attenuation in ORs in other prefectures (e.g., Akita). We also observed qualitative changes in some prefectures (e.g., Tokyo). No clear associations were observed between prefecture-level socioeconomic status variables and the risk of mortality in either sex. Conclusions Geographic disparities in mortality across prefectures are quite substantial and cannot be fully explained by differences in population composition. The relative contribution of composition and context to health inequalities considerably vary across prefectures.
Antarctic Bottom Water from the Adélie and George V Land coast, East Antarctica (140–149°E)

[1] We report on observations of dense shelf water overflows and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation along the continental margin of the Adelie and George V Land coast between 140°E and 149°E. Vertical sections and bottom layer water mass properties sampled during two RVIB Nathaniel B Palmer hydrographic surveys (NBP00–08, December 2000/January 2001 and NBP04–08, October 2004) describe the spreading of cold, dense shelf water on the continental slope and rise from two independent source regions. The primary source region is the Adelie Depression, exporting high-salinity dense shelf water through the Adelie Sill at 143°E. An additional eastern source region of lower-salinity dense shelf water from the Mertz Depression is identified for the first time from bottom layer properties northwest of the Mertz Sill and Mertz Bank (146°E–148°E) that extend as far as the Buffon Channel (144.75°E) in summer. Regional analysis of satellite-derived ice production estimates over the entire region from 1992 to 2005 suggests that up to 40% of the total ice production for the region occurs over the Mertz Depression and therefore this area is likely to make a significant contribution to the total dense shelf water export. Concurrent time series from bottom-mounted Microcats and ADCP instruments from the Mertz Polynya Experiment (April 1998 to May 1999) near the Adelie Sill and on the upper continental slope (1150 m) and lower continental rise (3250 m) to the north describe the seasonal variability in downslope events and their interaction with the ambient water masses. The critical density for shelf water to produce AABW is examined and found to be 27.85 kg m−3 from the Adelie Depression and as low as 27.80 kg m−3 from the Mertz Depression. This study suggests previous dense shelf water export estimates based on the flow through the Adelie Sill alone are conservative and that other regions around East Antarctica with similar ice production to the Mertz Depression could be contributing to the total AABW in the Australian-Antarctic Basin.
The low-latitude boundary layer at mid-altitudes: Identification based on Viking hot plasma data

On passes through the pre-dawn to pre-noon auroral oval the Viking spacecraft (apogee at 13,400 km) encounters often a generally well-defined precipitation region of ions with characteristic energies of several hundred eV, with neither cusp nor plasma mantle characteristics. Furthermore, these ions are clearly separable from ions originating from the plasma sheet. Partial ion number densities in this plasma precipitation region strongly correlate with solar wind densities, supporting the view that it constitutes the mid-altitude projection of the magnetospheric low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL). The LLBL projection thus identified is observed with high probability in the MLT range from near-noon to at least 6 MLT but occasionally extends toward 4 to 3 MLT. In the dawn to pre-noon local time sector auroral ion precipitation pattern can be divided into precipitation originating from the plasma sheet and LLBL, i.e. generally no region was encountered with properties suggesting that it projects to the magnetospheric plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL).
Temporal Transcriptomic Analysis of the Listeria Monocytogenes Egd-e Sigmab Regulon Bmc Microbiology Bmc Microbiology Temporal Transcriptomic Analysis of the Listeria Monocytogenes Egd-e B Regulon

Like all articles in BMC journals, this peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: The opportunistic food-borne gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
Validation of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiments I and II satellite aerosol optical depth measurements using surface radiometer data

The stratospheric aerosol measurement II, stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment (SAGE) I, and SAGE II series of solar occultation satellite instruments were designed for the study of stratospheric aerosols and gases and have been extensively validated in the stratosphere. They are also capable, under cloud-free conditions, of measuring the extinction due to aerosols in the troposphere. Such tropospheric extinction measurements have yet to be validated by appropriate lidar and in situ techniques. In this paper published atmospheric aerosol optical depth measurements, made from high-altitude observatories during volcanically quiet periods, have been compared with optical depths calculated from local SAGE I and SAGE II extinction profiles. Surface measurements from three such observatories have been used, one located in Hawaii and two within the continental United States. Data have been intercompared on a seasonal basis at wavelengths between 0.5 and 1.0 μm and found to agree within the range of measurement errors and expected atmospheric variation. The mean rms difference between the optical depths for corresponding satellite and surface measured data sets is 29%, and the mean ratio of the optical depths is 1.09.
LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF OXYGEN TRANSFER TO ORGANIC SEDIMENT BEDS

[1] We have developed a model for dissolved oxygen (DO) transfer from water to underlying organic sediment beds. The model couples large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent transport in the water column, a biogeochemical model for DO transport and consumption in the sediment, and Darcy's Law for the pore water-driven transport. The model highlights the spatial and temporal relationship between the turbulent bursting events, the near-wall transport of DO, and the response of the sediment layer. The numerical results—compared to data from laboratory experiments—stress the importance of analyzing instantaneous transport events (not reproducible in a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model) to better characterize and model the processes that lead to oxygen depletion in the sediment layer. The model's results are compared against experimental data and the sensitivity to the governing parameters has been tested. As the current velocity increases, the sediment-oxygen demand (SOD) increases more slowly than the friction velocity at the wall, in accordance with classic heat-and-mass transfer laws. The overall SOD is approximately proportional to the bacterial content of the sediment layer. The predicted mean advective flux in the porous medium and across the sediment-water interface is negligible compared to the total dispersive flux, for permeabilities typical of the sediments used in the experiments (10−7 and 10−6 cm2). Higher permeabilities (10−5 cm2) appear to yield results not consistent with experimental data. This computational tool will contribute toward the design of a process-oriented parametrization for the SOD, currently missing in oceanographic applications, that can be easily extended to the transport of other bio-limiting substances.
The Benefits of Achieving the Chesapeake Bay TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads): A Scoping Study

Concerns about nutrient pollution in the Chesapeake Bay have led to the establishment of pollution limits—total maximum daily loads (TMDLs)—which, by 2025, are expected to reduce nitrogen loadings to the Bay by 25 percent and phosphorous loadings by 24 percent from current levels. This paper outlines how the benefits associated with achieving the Chesapeake Bay TMDLs could be measured and monetized. We summarize studies that measure the benefits of improved water quality in the Bay and evaluate whether these studies could be used to value the water quality benefits associated with the TMDLs.In cases where studies conducted in the Bay watershed either do not exist or are out of date, we discuss whether results from studies conducted elsewhere could be transferred to the Chesapeake Bay. We also discuss original studies that would be useful to conduct in the future.
Numerical modeling of surface deformation and mechanical stability of Vesuvius volcano, Italy

This study was undertaken with the aim of contributing to the risk evaluation of Vesuvius. We calculate the surface displacements due to an increase in pressure in a shallow reservoir and assess the mechanical instability of the volcanic edifice and of the feeding system caused by pressure on the reservoir's walls and by regional stresses. We consider axisymmetric models that take into account topography, gravity, homogeneous and heterogeneous country rocks, spheroidal magma chambers with different aspect ratios and variable depths, and subvertical intrusions from the top of the chamber to various depths. We impose both symmetric and asymmetric regional stresses increasing with depth as boundary conditions. The models are static. The ground deformation and the stress distribution are calculated, in the framework of linear elasticity, by a numerical finite element method. The surface displacements refer to an overpressure of 10 MPa. This value is considered an upper limit for the fracture of surrounding rocks. We find the maximum vertical displacements to be of a few centimeters in the most favorable case and the displacement gradients to be at the lower limit of measurability. To evaluate the mechanical stability, we calculate the stress distributions of a prolate ellipsoidal reservoir within a heterogeneous medium. We consider a total hydrostatic magmatic pressure starting from the value of 50 MPa at the reservoir's top and three regional stress regimes from symmetric tensile to asymmetric tensile to strike-slip. In the last two cases we use three-dimensional models. The criteria adopted for instability are (1) the development of tensile tangential stress and (2) the Navier-Coulomb criterion, in compression. In no case have we found instability near or on the wall of the reservoir, whereas the slope of the volcanic edifice exhibits a shear failure instability, which increases with greater regional stress anisotropy.
The Propagation of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices

Abstract A combined analytical and numerical examination of submesoscale coherent vortex (SCV) dynamics and propagation is conducted. This study is prompted by observations of the movement relative to their surroundings of one class of SCVs, that is, Meddies. An asymptotic analysis is performed to study the mechanics governing SCV propagation. It is found that the large-scale flow plays a dominant role in determining the trajectory of SCVs and that the β effect and form drag of neighboring layers are weaker effects. As a result, SCVs propagate at a speed that is a density-weighted average of the flow in the surrounding layers. Meddies may thus move relative to the surrounding water, which is in accordance with observations. This theory extends previous studies on eddy propagation by considering more general situations. For example, a lenslike eddy embedded in a nonzonal, vertically and horizontally sheared flow is studied. A significant difference between this study and most previous related work is that .
e-Health in Bangladesh: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Direction

e-Health has enormous potential to ensure healthcare quality, accessibility, and affordability in developing countries. The application of information and communication technology to healthcare, especially e-Health, is rapidly advancing in Bangladesh. Both the public and private sectors have contributed to the development of the eHealth infrastructure throughout the country. The current status of e-Health in Bangladesh, however, has not been assessed. In the present study, we explored the current status of e-Health in the public and private sectors, as well as the technical and managerial challenges facing e-Health projects in Bangladesh. Our findings revealed that although e-Health in Bangladesh remains somewhat problematic, the difficulties could be overcome. Based on the current scenario and challenges of e-Health, the scope of some fields requires further improvement. The finding of this study will help policymakers to make effective decisions regarding e-Health services.
The Personal City: The Experiential, Cognitive Nature of Travel and Activity and Implications for Accessibility

Transportation planning research addresses accessibility from diverse approaches, focusing varyingly on the usability of the transportation system as a whole, a particular mode, the pattern of land uses, or the wherewithal of individuals and communities to make use of those systems. One aspect of accessibility that has received relatively little attention from planners is its cognitive, experiential aspect. Individualsâ€™ activity and travel choices require not just money and time but also information about opportunities in the city. This component of an individualâ€™s accessibility is highly personal but also dependent on the terrain of land uses and transportation options shaped by planners and policymakers. I seek to extend current accessibility research, addressing shortcomings in how the literature deals with individual experience of the city and knowledge. Through a series of empirical analyses of activity patterns and cognitive maps of theLos Angeles region, I explore the factors that shape individual accessibility. The first analysis investigates the spatial nature of personal cities, using the activity spaces of respondents to explore the types of opportunities that different populations within a city can access. The second demonstrates the differences â€“ depending on mode of travel â€“ among individualsâ€™ perceptions of the city, even when location is held constant. The third analysis continues an exploration of the personal city by considering its fundamental components. Overall, the analyses support the relevance of the personal city framework to accessibility research, highlighting in particular that planning interventions are filtered through experiential and cognitive processes. The findings highlight that the accessibility impacts of transportation and land use patterns are felt not just in the instantaneous calculations of a microeconomic choice framework, but also in the long-term, developmental processes of cognition and experience. For urban planners, the implications of this research include evidence of how the built environment can effectively reduce travel while maintaining accessibility and how different transportation modes afford varying levels of functional accessibility. Overall, I find that experience, information, and learning are elements of urban daily life traditionally neglected by planners but with potential to increase opportunity and accessibility for diverse urban populations.
Neutralizing Antibodies to Interferon-α: Relative Frequency in Patients Treated with Different Interferon Preparations

Abstract The frequencies of antibody development so far reported in patients treated with different interferons (IFNs) are not readily comparable because of differences in treatment regimens and assay methods. Thus the frequency of neutralizing antibody development was analyzed in a large sample of sera derived from a relatively homogeneous group of patients treated with different IFN-α preparations. The frequency of developing neutralizing antibody to IFN varied according to the IFN given. Particularly, the seroconversion frequency was significantly higher in patients treated with recombinant IFN-α2a (20.2%) than in patients treated with either recombinant IFN-α2b (69%) or IFN-αN1 (1.2%), a lymphoblastoid IFN-α. Furthermore, sera obtained from patients treated with either recombinant IFN neutralized both types of recombinant IFNs but failed to neutralize IFN-αN1.
Impact of freshwater from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago on Labrador Sea Water formation

The transport of freshwater is analyzed in an eddy‐permitting regional model of the sub‐polar North Atlantic, focusing on the export of freshwater (in liquid form) through Davis Strait. The results show that in the model simulations there is a limited exchange of freshwater between the Labrador shelf and the interior of the Labrador Sea. Very little of the freshwater exported from the Canadian Arctic gets taken up into the model Labrador Sea water (6–8%). Enhancing the freshwater export through Davis Strait by 2/3s has little effect on the freshwater content in the Labrador Sea interior, as well as on Labrador Sea Water formation.
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score for predicting short-term mortality in patients with sepsis in Vietnamese intensive care units: A multicentre, cross-sectional study

Objectives : To compare the accuracy of the SOFA and APACHE II scores in predicting short-term mortality among ICU patients with sepsis in an LMIC. A Conclusions : Both SOFA and APACHE II scores were worthwhile in predicting hospital and ICU mortality among ICU patients with sepsis. However, due to good discrimination for predicting ICU mortality, the SOFA was preferable to the APACHE II score in predicting short-term mortality.
State of Stress in the Earth's Crust

Measurements ofthe stress field within the crust can provide perhaps the most useful information concerning the forces responsible for various tectonic processes, such as earthquakes. Advances in knowledge of the state of stress at mid-crustal depths are essential if further progress is to be made toward solving a broad class of problems in geodynamics. Most stress measurements have been, and will continue to be, motivated by engineering needs rather than the needs of geologists engaged in fundamental research. Knowledge of the state of stress is critical to the design of underground excavations for mining and for nuclear waste disposal (e.g. Jaeger & Cook 1969, pp. 435-64). The massive hydraulic fracturing of formations in oil and gas fields to stimulate production is another application for which knowledge of the stress field at depth is very important and, in fact, many of the deeper stress determinations have been by-products of these "hydrofrac" operations (e.g. Howard & Fast 1970). A recent and exciting application of hydraulic fracturing is the Hot-Dry-Rock Geothermal Energy Program (Aamodt 1977). Heat is extracted from the rock by circulating fluid down a pipe into hot rock and then up through a second pipe. A large fracture connecting the two pipes serves as the heat exchanger. Knowing the state of stress is critical in the solution to the problem of creating and maintaining such a crack. There is little argument about the applicability of information on the state of stress to these and many other engineering problems. The application of stress measurements to the solution of problems in tectonics is not so straightforward as in engineering design. Whereas the engineer is concerned with the stress field affecting the rock, the geologist attempts to deduce the processes that might have caused the stresses. Before the measured stress field can be related