The linguascape of urban youth culture in Mongolia

9 Chapter 1: The Linguascape of Urban Youth Culture in Mongolia . 11 1.1 ‘Ülemjiin Chanar’: Linguistic Dystopia? 11 1.2 Language Ideologies in Mongolia . 16 1.3 The Emergence of ‘Urban Youth Language’ in Mongolia . 22 1.4 Research Problem . 29 1.5 Introducing ‘Linguascape’ . 31 1.6 Introducing ‘Urban Youth Culture’. 37 1.7 Research Questions . 39 1.8 Thesis Overview 41 Chapter 2: Locating ‘Linguascape’ . 44 2.1 ‘Linguascape’ as an Alternative Concept. 44 2.2 Beyond Linguistic Dystopia . 44 2.3 Beyond Linguistic Diversity . 50 2.4 Towards Linguascape. 53 Chapter 3: Locating ‘Urban Youth Culture’ . 60 3.1 Beyond Multiculturalism . 60 3.2 Beyond Subculture and Post-Subculture . 61 3.3 Towards Urban Youth Culture . 65 3.4 The Actors of Urban Youth Culture . 71 3.5 Reframing Urban Youth Culture . 77 Chapter 4: Locating ‘Linguistic (N)ethnography’. 79 4.1 Inquiry Through Linguistic (N)ethnography. 79 4.2 Linguistic (N)ethnography as Macro and Micro Inquiry . 83 4.3 The Macro Level of Linguistic (N)ethnography . 85 4.4 The Micro Level of Linguistic (N)ethnography. 89 4.4.1 The Producers’ Sphere . 89 4.4.2 The Consumers’ Sphere . 94 4.4.2.1 Conducting Linguistic Ethnography. 95 4.4.2.2 Conducting Netnography. 102 4.5 Combining Macro and Micro . 105 4.5.1 Transliteration/Transcription. 105 4.5.2 Translation. 107 4.5.3 The Textual Analytic Procedure. 109 4.5.3.1 The Producers’ Sphere: Transmodality . 110 4.5.3.2 The Consumers’ Sphere: Transtextuality. 111 4.6 From Ethnography to Linguistic (N)ethnography. 113 Chapter 5: Linguascape in Relation to Financescape and Ethnoscape 115 5.1 Understanding Linguascape in Relation to Financescape and Ethnoscape . 115 5.2 The Linguascape of Affluent Youth. 120 5.2.1 Creating A Hip Hop Identity. 120 5.2.2 Creating ‘The Rock Preacher’. 123 5.2.3 Creating An Urban Talk . 128 5.3 The Linguascape of Underprivileged Youth. 137 5.3.1 Creating An Imaginary Middle Class Talk. 137 5.3.2 Creating A ‘G-Khoroolol’ Talk . 146 5.4 Creating Linguascape Through Uneven Resources. 150 Chapter 6: Linguascape in Relation to Mediascape and Technoscape.154 6.1 Understanding Linguascape in Relation to Mediascape and Technoscape. 154 6.2 Linguascape in Relation to Technoscape. 159 6.2.1 Meaning Making Across YouTube Texts. 159 6.2.2 Meaning Making Across Facebook Texts . 169 6.3 Linguascape in Relation to Mediascape. 173 6.3.1 Meaning Making Across Western Media Texts . 173 6.3.2 Meaning Making Across Mixed Media Texts. 177 6.4 Transtextual Practices as Norm. 181 Chapter 7: Linguascape in Relation to Ideoscape: The Producers’ Sphere . 187 7.1 The Linguascape of The Producers’ Sphere in Relation to Ideoscape . 187 7.2 Lumino: Creating ‘A Real Mongolian Hip Hop’ . 194 7.3 Gennie: Hip Hop Has Always Been Mongolian . 202 7.4 B.A.T: Being ‘Different’ is Authentic . 211 7.5 A-Sound: British English Is Authentic . 217 7.6 Creating Authenticity Through Transmodality. 221 Chapter 8: Linguascape in Relation to Ideoscape: The Consumers’ Sphere . 226 8.1 The Linguascape of The Consumers’ Sphere in Relation to Ideoscape . 226 8.2 Being ‘Honest’ Is Authentic . 229 8.3 Being ‘Natural’ Is Authentic. 233 8.4 Being Isolated Is Authentic . 239 8.5 Being Real Is Authentic. 245 8.6 The Multiple Facets of Authenticity Through Transtextuality. 250 Chapter 9: ‘Linguascaping’ and Its Implications . 254 9.1 Nominjin vs Enigma . 254 9.2 Beyond Linguistic Dystopia and Linguistic Diversity . 262 9.3 The Linguascape of Urban Youth Culture in Mongolia. 265 9.4 From Linguascape To ‘Linguascaping’ . 268 9.5 Linguascaping in the Language Classroom . 272 Appendices . 279 Appendix 1: Transcript Convention. 279 Appendix 2: Language Guide . 279 Appendix 3: Transliteration Guide. 280 Appendix 4: The Producers’ Sphere: The List of Interview Research Participants. 281 Appendix 5: The Producers’ Sphere: The List of Semi-Structured Interview Question Sample. 282 Appendix 6: The Consumers’ Sphere: The List of Research Participants . 283 Appendix 7: Self-Reporting Questionnaire Sample . 285 Appendix 8: The Consumers’ Sphere: The Focused Group Discussion Questions and Dates . 286 Appendix 9: The Focused Group Discussion Questions . 286 Appendix 10: The List of Casual Group Discussion. 288 Appendix 11: The List of Extended Research Participants . 289 Appendix 12: Post-Group Discussion Interview Question Sample . 289 Appendix 13: Post-Group Discussion Interview Details . 290 Appendix 14: Facebook Extracts . 291