Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decision Making Under Chronic Stress and Anxiety: State and Trait Anxiety Impact Updating Working Memory but not Feedback Learning

Stress may alter executive functioning by causing structural and functional changes to the brain. Sub-optimal decisions made under high levels of stress and anxiety may act as a mediator for stress-related health effects. We examined the effect of three personality traits–chronic stress, state anxiety, and trait anxiety–on updating working memory and feedback learning across 330 participants, using electroencephalography (EEG). We hypothesized a decrease in P300 (updating working memory) and reward positivity (feedback learning) amplitudes with increasing chronic stress and anxiety scores. The three personality traits were not correlated with reward positivity amplitudes. Additionally, chronic stress had no effect on P300 amplitudes. However, state and trait anxiety were negatively correlated with P300 amplitudes. Anxiety appears to impact working memory processes, and this effect was amplified with decreasing anxiety score quantiles to reflect the tails of the distribution. Our results are evidence of the beginnings of a correlation between anxiety and the neural correlates of decision-making, offering insight into anxiety-related adverse health outcomes.
Sexual Violence against Dalit Women: An Analytical Study of Intersectionality of Gender, Caste, and Class in India

Dalits belong to the lowest caste in India; they are excluded from the four-fold Varna system of Hinduism, treated as fifth Varna “panchama”, and characterized as “untouchables”, and, consequently, they have historically and culturally suffered caste-based social exclusion from their civil and political rights. There are more than 200 million Dalits in India, and Dalit women constitute half of this population, which is about 16.3% of the total female population of India, and of this population, about three-fourths of women live in rural areas2. Dalit women’s problems are not only related to gender and economic deprivation but also discrimination related to caste, religion, and untouchability, which in turn leads to the denial of their social, economic, cultural, and political rights. Many scholars believe that Dalit women's problems are unique and distinct in many ways as they suffer gender bias, caste discrimination, and class deprivation simultaneously. They are considered vulnerable to sexual violence and exploitation due to their gender and caste. They face a higher degree of violence most prominently in rural areas by the upper caste Hindus. This paper analyzes Dalit women's lives and tries to explore the real factors and situations in which Dalit women become objects of sexual exploitation and violence. A sample of 210 respondents from Delhi and outside Delhi was selected for this study. Factor loading has been used to explore the factors that determine sexual violence against Dalit women. The research employs the Pearson correlation method to explore the relationships between the variables and the regression method to investigate the intersectionality of caste, class, and gender in terms of sexual violence. The data reveals a correlation between caste, class, and gender as factors regarding sexual violence against Dalit women, and it shows that caste’s influence is much greater than class on gender.
Gradient dissimilation in Mongolian:Implications for diachrony

This paper explores the implications of ‘gradient dissimilation’ (Jatteau & Hejná 2016) for the diachronic implementation of long-distance dissimilation (e.g. C VC > CVC ). Since dissimilation is usually considered lexically sporadic, cases where it applies regularly throughout the lexicon should result from lexical diffusion. Against this assumption, we explore the hypothesis that gradient dissimilationmay represent the phonetic precursor of completed, regular dissimilatory processes. Such cases might then be reanalysed asNeogrammarian types of change. To assess this question, we gather and analyse new data fromHalh Mongolian, a language reported to show gradient dissimilation of the aspiration feature, and compare it to two completed patterns of aspiration dissimilation reconstructed within the Mongolic family: Chahar Mongolian and Monguor. The results suggest that the gradient dissimilation in Halh may represent the phonetic precursor of Chahar, but also that gradient dissimilation may be bidirectional for some speakers. An interesting difference between our HalhMongolian results and the other patterns of the Mongolic family resides in the behaviour of /s/, which in our data does not pattern as expected with the aspirated stops. Or take Grassmann’s law, so-called. (.) There is absolutely no reason why the champions of graduality could not have this deaspiration occur in a perfectly gradual manner. (Hoenigswald 1964, 209) 1 What type of change is dissimilation? 1.1 Dissimilation in the typology of sound changes Dissimilation is a processwhereby two similar segments become less similar in a given domain. A famous example is Grassmann’s Law in Ancient Greek: in roots containing two aspirated segments, the irst one lost its aspiration feature.
How is the Leadership Behavior of Undergraduate Nursing Students in Aceh? A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: Leadership is the process of influencing and directing others to be motivated to achieve a goal. Developing leadership in students is part of the authority of higher education institutions and this development program has taken place in almost all universities around the world. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the development of student leadership behavior at the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala (FONUSK). Methods: This type of research is descriptive with a cross sectional study design. Data was collected in May 2018, with the sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The number of samples is 382 respondents. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire developed by the researcher. Data were analyzed by calculating frequency, percentage. the mean (mean), and standard deviation. Results: The results showed that the student leadership behavior was in the good category as many as 360 respondents (94.2%). With a value of x = 39.68% and SD = 45.21. Conclusion: This means that the leadership behavior of FON-USK students is at the upper middle level ( /total skor: 39.6/52= 76.5%) and the data are heterogeneous. This leadership behavior is inseparable from the implementation of various learning methods that have been developed by universities that help students to be able to develop self-skills and have a good leadership spirit.
Genetic correlations between gestation length and litter traits of sows

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between gestation length (GL) total number of piglets born (TB), number of piglets born alive (BA) and number of stillborn piglets (SB). Data of Landrace (LR), Large White (LW) and Duroc (DR) sows from one nucleus farm were analyzed. Data used in this study were 28,809 records of sows farrowing during 2006 to 2019. The factors effecting traits were examined by using GLM procedure in SAS program. Variance and covariance components were estimated using AIREMLF90 program. The model was applied with fixed effects for contemporary group, breed and parity, and random effects for animal, permanent environmental effect and residual effect. Heritabilities ranged from 0.26 to 0.32, 0.05 to 0.13, 0.07 to 0.12 and 0.01 to 0.03 for GL, TB, BA and SB, respectively. Genetic correlations between TB and BA were high (0.99) in all breeds. Genetic correlations of GL with TB and BA were negative. Genetic correlations between TB, BA and SB were positive. All the results suggest that selection for larger TB will increase BA and SB in LR and DR as well as decrease GL in DR. However, in LR and LW, selection for larger TB would probably result in a correlated decrease in GL. In regards to the positive genetic correlation between TB and SB, piglet mortality should be considered as a selection criterion to improve piglet survival. This study presents breed-specific estimates of genetic parameters for GL and litter traits in Thailand. It provides information to apply in breeding program for specific breed.
Leadership & Gender Composition in Managerial Positions: Evidence from the Brazilian Public Sector

Despite major progress in fighting gender inequality over the past sixty years, women remain heavily underrepresented at the top of the job status distribution in both the public and private sectors. Limited evidence exists about how female leaders may curb the underrepresentation problem at top positions. Only a few studies have evaluated this relation, presenting mixed results on general effects and scarce evidence on mechanisms. Using a Regression Discontinuity Design on close elections in Brazil, I analyze how the election of a female mayor affects the gender composition gap of top municipal executives. I show that electing a female mayor on a close race increases the share of female managers by 17 %. This increase doesn’t come at the cost of observed quality of employees. I also present evidence that public sector-specific and supply-side channels are unlikely to explain my findings; instead, an increase in gender-inclusive policies within female-led governments suggests that demand-side preferences are the driver of the results. JEL Classification: P16, J16, J71, J78 ∗Assistant Professor, SDSU. I would like to thank Diana Moreira, Scott Carrel, Giovanni Peri, Arman Rezaee and Konstantin Kunze for the valuable suggestions. I would like to personally thank Diana Moreira for the remarkable efforts in advising me over the past few years. I also thank participants at the UC Davis Public and Labor Seminar, UC Davis Development Workshop and Workshop de Economia Política for their comments
DCF Please! Evidence from a Content Analysis of Analyst Reports

Using textual analysis for a large sample of analyst reports, we find that analysts are more likely to use DCF model than PE model and engage in more cash flow and discount rate discussions when investors have a stronger demand for value-relevant information. The market reactions to analyst investment opinions based on DCF model are stronger than those based on PE model, especially when the DCF model is accompanied by more cash flow and discount rate discussions. These results indicate that analysts’ valuation process reflects investor demand for value-relevant information and has a bearing on the quality of their research.
Tracer and observationally-derived constraints on diapycnal diffusivities in an ocean state estimate

Abstract. Use of an ocean parameter and state estimation framework–such as the Estimating the Circulation & Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) framework–could provide an opportunity to learn about the spatial distribution of the diapycnal diffusivity parameter (κρ) that observations alone cannot due to gaps in coverage. However, we show that the assimilation of existing in situ temperature, salinity, and pressure observations is not sufficient to constrain κρ estimated with ECCO, as κρ from ECCO does not agree closely with observations–specifically, κρ inferred from microstructure measurements. We investigate whether there are observations with more global coverage and well-understood measurement uncertainties that can be assimilated by ECCO to improve its representation of κρ. Argo-derived κρ using a strain-based parameterization of finescale hydrographic structure is one potential source of information. Argo-derived κρ agrees well with microstructure. However, because Argo- derived κρ has both measurement and structural uncertainties, we propose dissolved oxygen concentrations as a candidate for future data assimilation with ECCO. We perform sensitivity analyses with ECCO to test whether oxygen concentrations provide information about κρ. We compare two adjoint sensitivity calculations: one that uses misfits to Argo-derived κρ and the other uses misfits to dissolved oxygen concentrations. We show that adjoint sensitivities of dissolved oxygen concentration misfits to the state estimate's control space typically direct κρ to improve relative to the Argo-derived and microstructure-inferred values. However, assimilation of dissolved oxygen concentrations would likely not serve as a substitute for assimilating accurately measured κρ.
Lessons from the 2018–2019 European droughts: A collective need for unifying drought risk management

Abstract. Drought events and their impacts vary spatially and temporally due to diverse pedo-climatic and hydrologic conditions, as well as variations in exposure and vulnerability, such as demographics and response actions. While hazardous severity and frequency of past drought events have been studied in detail, little is known about the effect of drought management strategies on the actual impacts, and how the hazard is perceived by relevant stakeholders for inducing action. In a continental study, we characterised and assessed the impacts and the perceptions of two recent drought events (2018 and 2019) in Europe and examined the relationship between management strategies and drought perception, hazard and impacts. The study was based on a pan-European survey involving national representatives from 28 countries and relevant stakeholders responding to a standard questionnaire. The survey focused on collecting information on stakeholders’ perceptions of drought, impacts on water resources and beyond, water availability and current drought management strategies at national and regional scales. The survey results were compared with the actual drought hazard information registered by the European Drought Observatory (EDO) for 2018 and 2019. The results highlighted high diversity in drought perceptions across different countries and in values of implemented drought management strategies to alleviate impacts by increasing national and sub-national awareness and resilience. The study concludes with an urgent need to further reduce drought impacts by constructing and implementing a European macro-level drought governance approach, such as a directive, which would strengthen national drought management and lessen harm to human and natural potentials.
ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING PUBLIC BEEF CONSUMPTION IN PANDAN SUB-DISTRICT, CENTRAL TAPANULI DISTRICT

Demands of animal foods from livestock (meat, eggs and milk) over time tends to increase in line with population growth, income, nutrition awareness, and improvement in education levels. But even though it has increased, the level of meat consumption of the Indonesian people is still categorized as very low. This study aims to determine the social and economic characteristics of households and analyze the factors that influence consumption of household beef in Pandan District. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis, namely by observing directly the social and economic conditions of the household, then using a questionnaire to obtain data on the socio-economic conditions of the household. The method of multiple linear regression analysis is used to analyze the factors that influence the consumption pattern of the household beef. The results of the study show that consumers of beef in Pandan Subdistrict have different socio-economic characteristics, both in terms of education, age, number of family members and income. The socio-economic characteristics of beef consumers, namely education, age, number of family members and income significantly influence the amount of consumption simultaneously. Age, number of family members and income have a partial effect on the amount of beef consumption, while the education variable does not have a partial effect on the amount of beef consumption.
Assessment of Reproductive Health in HIV Positive Women That Referred to High Risk Behavior Consultation Center

Objective: With the increase in HIV positive women and the increased life expectancy associated with the use of antiretroviral drugs, there is a need for more knowledge about the health of reproductive health and decision making in the lives of affected women. Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 HIV-infected women referring to the Risky Behavioral consultant Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in 1394. Sampling was convenience and questionnaire that applied in this study was designed by Behboodi and et al. Result: this study showed that 36.5 % of women had one children and 18.5% had infected child,72 % had infected partner,32.5% had unwanted pregnancy and 10% had dual protection contraception use. Mean of disease concern dimension was 40/53%, life instability and sexual relationship was 54.6; coping with HIV 51/37, HIV disclosure and social issue 42.12, responsibility behavior 72.94 and mean dimension of need support for self-care 37.5 Discussion: The results of this study showed that the mean score of HIV-positive women's reproductive health questionnaire in most dimensions and the overall score was about fifty percent and less, and there is a need for social support and counseling in this regard.
Times Are Changing: Projective Misperceptions and Misinferred Time Preferences∗

Intertemporal tradeoffs exist in most economic decisions and are usually understood as being guided by time preferences. Using an experiment and surveys, this paper shows that projective misperceptions – the tendency to project one’s current valuation or informational state onto the future – generate behavior that can be systematically misattributed to time preferences. The experiment randomizes the state in which individuals make intertemporal choice, while holding constant the time horizons in a real-effort setting. Results show that the decision state, rather than time discounting, is the primary driver of individuals’ choices, and that the time preference parameter inferred from experimental choices over the same time horizon can differ by up to 44 percent, depending on the state. The observed state dependence is largely driven by the projection of informational states and can be mitigated by experience-based learning. I also develop a survey-based measure of projective misperceptions and find that it can meaningfully predict choices in the experiment and self-reported daily behavior, sometimes even better than measures of time preferences, suggesting that projective misperceptions can be seen as a trait beyond the experiment.
Effect of Leadership on Employee Satisfaction, Employee Motivation and Employee Performance

This study aims to explain the influence of leadership on job satisfaction, motivation and performance of employees. This research method used survey approach. The sampling technique is a census with the unit of analysis are the employees of AMIK Yapennas. The analytical tool used to test the hypothesis is PLS. The results showed that leadership has a significant effect on job satisfaction, motivation and employee performance. Furthermore, job satisfaction and work motivation affect the performance of employees. However, job satisfaction has no significant effect on work motivation. Finally research can prove that work motivation job satisfaction acts as mediation relationship between leadership with employee performance
A newly reconciled data set for identifying sea level rise and variability in Dublin Bay

Abstract. We provide an updated sea level dataset for Dublin for the period 1938 to 2016 at yearly resolution. Using a newly collated sea level record for Dublin Port, as well as two nearby tide gauges at Arklow and Howth Harbour, we perform data quality checks and calibration of the Dublin Port record by adjusting the biased high water level measurements that affect the overall calculation of mean sea level (MSL). To correct these MSL values, we use a novel Bayesian linear regression that includes the Mean Low Water values as a predictor in the model. We validate the re-created MSL dataset and show its consistency with other nearby tide gauge datasets. Using our new corrected dataset, we estimate a rate of 1.08 mm/yr sea level rise at Dublin Port between 1953–2016 (95 % CI from 0.62 to 1.55 mm/yr), and a rate of 6.48 mm/yr between 1997–2016 (95 % CI 4.22 to 8.80 mm/yr). Overall sea level rise is in line with expected trends but large multidecadal varaibility has led to higher rates of rise in recent years.
Multi-Task Dense Retrieval via Model Uncertainty Fusion for Open-Domain Question Answering

Multi-task dense retrieval models can be used to retrieve documents from a common corpus (e.g., Wikipedia) for different open-domain question-answering (QA) tasks. However, Karpukhin et al. (2020) shows that jointly learning different QA tasks with one dense model is not always beneﬁcial due to corpus inconsistency. For example, SQuAD only focuses on a small set of Wikipedia articles while datasets like NQ and Trivia cover more entries, and joint training on their union can cause performance degradation. To solve this problem, we propose to train individual dense passage retrievers (DPR) for different tasks and aggregate their predictions during test time, where we use uncertainty estimation as weights to indicate how probable a speciﬁc query belongs to each expert’s expertise. Our method reaches state-of-the-art performance on 5 benchmark QA datasets, with up to 10% improvement in top-100 accuracy compared to a joint-training multi-task DPR on SQuAD. We also show that our method handles corpus inconsistency better than the joint-training DPR on a mixed subset of different QA datasets. Code and data are available at https://github.com/ alexlimh/DPR_MUF .
Responding to the COVID-19 crisis: the rapid turn toward digital business models

Purpose The effects of the spread of COVID-19 across the world are devastating, both from a health and an economic perspective. However, we also see encouraging examples of collaborative and innovative initiatives, in society and in organizations. The purpose of this paper is to focus on initiatives related to digital business model innovation. The authors explore how organizational characteristics provide a variety of opportunities for digital responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss the potential consequences for the speed of digital transformation in organizations and society. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors analyze how organizations attempt to mitigate the negative effects of fighting COVID-19 using digital business model responses. The authors draw on a qualitative study where they have collected data from the retail and service industries. They have analyzed the data in relation to theory to better understand this ongoing phenomenon. Findings The authors have identified four categories of organizations (crisispreneurs, accelerators, endurers and thrivers). Each category faces different challenges and shows a different intensity in their digital transformation. The authors propose that the rapid turn toward digital business models will have enduring effects, as organizations have gained transformational capabilities that will remain, and that the digital trajectory has, as a result, changed forever. Originality/value The findings in this paper point toward new challenges for leaders and policymakers in terms of how to support initiatives and meet the needs of different categories of organizations while simultaneously being conscious of the potential societal effects of this rapid digital shift. The authors hope that this paper can be of value for managing this shock and learning how to adapt for the future taking certain aspects of current business models as the departure point.