Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An efficient multi‐layer planar 3D fracture growth algorithm using a fixed mesh approach

We present a planar three‐dimensional (3D) fracture growth simulator, based on a displacement discontinuity (DD) method for multi‐layer elasticity problems. The method uses a fixed mesh approach, with rectangular panel elements to represent the planar fracture surface. Special fracture tip logic is included that allows a tip element to be partially fractured in the tip region. The fracture perimeter is modelled in a piece‐wise linear manner. The algorithm can model any number of interacting fractures that are restricted to lie on a single planar surface, located orthogonal to any number of parallel layers. The multiple layers are treated using a Fourier transform (FT) approach that provides a numerical Green's function for the DD scheme. The layers are assumed to be fully bonded together. Any fracture growth rule can be postulated for the algorithm. We demonstrate this approach on a number of test problems to verify its accuracy and efficiency, before showing some more general results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous dependence on parameters of solutions to Volterra's equations

The definition of a Volterra operator on a system of equivalence relations is presented. For an appropriately selected system of relations this yields the well-known definitions treating the evolution property, the causality of operators, including Tychonoff's classical definition. The existence, the uniqueness, the extendability of local solutions to non-linear equations with Volterra operators are considered, estimates of the domains of definition of solutions are obtained, and theorems on the continuous dependence of solutions on the parameters are proved. The results so obtained are applied to the analysis of the well-posedness and to the approximate solution of the Cauchy problem for functional differential equations.
Hypersonic turbulent transpiration cooling including downstream effects.

Turbulent lieat-transfer measurements were made on a transpiring flat plate model in a Mach 8 tunnel using nitrogen, helium, and argon as injection gases. The model consisted of an impermeable leading edge, a transpiration section, and a downstream section instrumented with asymptotic calorimeters. Tests were made at a. of 0°, —5° , and —10° and thus local freestream Mach numbers of 8.02, 6.88, and 5.77, respectively, with the leading edge and porous section at various surface temperatures. The reduction in the heat flux for the transpiring section was obtained at higher blowing rates and Mach numbers than previously reported, whereas the downstream heat flux results may be the first quantitative measurements of their kind. The reduction in the turbulent heat flux to the transpiring and downstream surfaces is found to be insensitive to Mach number, Reynolds number, and transpiration gas. Comparison of the reduction in heat flux with existing information is made and satisfactory agreement is obtained. The heat flux downstream of the transpiring surface is found to increase sharply immediately behind the porous region and then to remain essentially independent of distance for the remainder of the downstream section. A simple relation is derived for correlating the downstream results for laminar and turbulent flow with the upstream injection of air.
Numerical study of pressure and velocity fluctuations in nearly isotropic turbulence

The spectral method of Orszag & Patterson has been extended to calculate the static pressure fluctuations in incompressible homogeneous decaying turbulence at Reynolds numbers Reλ [lsim ] 35. In real space 323 points are treated. Several cases starting from different isotropic initial conditions have been studied. Some departure from isotropy exists owing to the small number of modes at small wavenumbers. Root-mean-square pressure fluctuations, pressure gradients and integral length scales have been evaluated. The results agree rather well with predictions based on velocity statistics and on the assumption of normality. The normality assumption has been tested extensively for the simulated fields and found to be approximately valid as far as fourth-order velocity correlations are concerned. In addition, a model for the dissipation tensor has been proposed. The application of the present method to the study of the return of axisymmetric turbulence to isotropy is described in the companion paper.
Effect of two barrier devices on the time taken and ease of intubation of a paediatric intubation manikin - A randomised cross-over simulation study

Background and Aims: During the present COVID-19 pandemic, several inventions have been employed to protect personnel involved in intubation from inhalational exposure to the virus. In this study, we compared the effect of two barrier devices, Intubation Box versus Plastic Drape, on the time taken and difficulty in intubating a pediatric manikin. Material and Methods: Nineteen experienced anesthesiologists performed six different intubations: without barrier, with intubation box, with plastic drape; with and without a bougie, using the Latin Square Design for randomizing order of intubations. The time taken for intubation (TTI) was compared using Student's t test, and nonparametric values were analyzed using Chi-square test with Yates correction. Results: Both barrier devices increased the TTI from 14.8 (3.5) s to 19.8 (6.8) s with intubation box (P = 0.068) and 19.3 (8.9) s with plastic drape (P = 0.099). Use of bougie significantly prolonged TTI to 25.8 (6.7) s without barrier (P = 0.000), 32.5 (13.3) with intubation box (P = 0.000), and 29.8 (7.3) s with plastic drape (P = 0.000). The number of attempts was not different (P = 0.411), and the visibility was slightly impaired with both barriers (P = 0.047). The ease of intubation, even without the bougie, was significantly different compared to default, with P values of 0.009 and 0.042 for intubation box and plastic drape, respectively. The highest significance was with intubation box with bougie with a P value of 0.00017. Conclusion: Both the intubation box and plastic drape increased the time taken as well as difficulty in intubation. The extra protection afforded should be balanced against risks of hypoxia in the patient.
Optimizing The Machining Process of IS 2062 E250 Steel Plates with The Boring Operation Using a Hybrid Taguchi-Pareto Box Behnken-teaching Learning-based Algorithm

In this article, a new method termed the Taguchi-Pareto-Box Behnken design teaching learning-based optimization (TPBBD–TLBO) was developed to optimize the boring process, which promotes surface roughness as the output. At the same time, the speed, feed, and depth of cut are taken as the inputs. The case examines experimental data from the literature on the boring of IS 2062 E250 steel plates. The proposed method draws from a recent idea on the Taguchi-Pareto-Box Behnken design method that argues for a possible relationship between the Taguchi-Pareto method and the Box Behnken design method. This idea was used as a basis for the further argument that teaching learning-based optimization has a role in the further optimization of the established TPBBD method. The optimal solutions were investigated when the objective function was generated using the Box Behnken design in a case. It was replaced with the regression method in the other case, and the python programming codes were used to execute the computations. Then the optimal solutions concerning the parameters of speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and nose radius were evaluated. With the Box Behnken as the objective function for the TLBO method, convergence was reached at 50 iterations with a class population of 5. The optimal parametric solutions are 800 rpm of speed, 0.06 min/min of feed rate, 1 min for depth of cut, and 0 min for nose radius. On the use of the regression method for the objective function, while the TLBO method was deployed, convergence was experienced after 50 iterations with a class population of 200 students. The optimal parametric solution is 1135rpm of speed, 0.06 min/min of feed rate, 1024 min of the depth of cut, and 0.61 min of nose radius. The speed, depth of cut, and nose radius showed higher values, indicating the use of more energy resources to accomplish the optimal goals using the regression method-based objective function. Therefore, the proposed method constitutes a promising route to optimize further the results of the Taguchi-Pareto-Box Behnken design for boring operation improvement.
Nanospheres with Patches Arranged in Polyhedrons from Self-Assembly of Solution-State Diblock Copolymers under Spherical Confinement

Self-assembly of sphere-forming solution-state amphiphilic diblock copolymers under spherical nanopore confinement is investigated using a simulated annealing technique. For two types of cases of different pore-surface/copolymer interactions, sequences of self-assembled patchy nanospheres are obtained, and phase diagrams are constructed. Self-assembled patchy nanospheres with 1-21 solvophobic domains are observed. The outermost solvophobic domains (patches) are packed into various polyhedrons when their number is larger than 3, where three Platonic solids of a regular tetrahedron, an octahedron, and an icosahedron and seven Johnson solids of J12, J13, J17, J50, J51, J86, and J87 are identified. In addition, another Johnson solid of J84 is identified in a structure with two categories of B-domains. These polyhedrons have all or most of their faces in a triangular shape, and hence, they are closer to spherical in shape, which may relieve the chain stretching. Nanospheres with 1, 4, 6, 9, and 12 numbers of patches occur in relatively large windows in the phase diagrams of both types of cases. In one of the two types of cases, all nanospheres with any number of 1-14 patches occur in the phase diagram, whereas in the other type of cases, nanospheres with 2, 3, 5, 11, and 13 numbers of patches are absent in the phase diagram. Furthermore, at a given pore size, the number of patches changes nonmonotonically or is unchanged with an increase in the strength of the pore-surface/copolymer interactions for one type or the other type of case, respectively. Quantitative calculations are performed to elucidate mechanisms of the window size in the phase diagrams of nanospheres with different numbers of patches and structure details.
Improving a sequence-to-sequence nlp model using a reinforcement learning policy algorithm

Nowadays, the current neural network models of dialogue generation(chatbots) show great promise for generating answers for chatty agents. But they are short-sighted in that they predict utterances one at a time while disregarding their impact on future outcomes. Modelling a dialogue’s future direction is critical for generating coherent, interesting dialogues, a need that has led traditional NLP dialogue models that rely on reinforcement learning. In this article, we explain how to combine these objectives by using deep reinforcement learning to predict future rewards in chatbot dialogue. The model simulates conversations between two virtual agents, with policy gradient methods used to reward sequences that exhibit three useful conversational characteristics: the flow of informality, coherence, and simplicity of response (related to forward-looking function). We assess our model based on its diversity, length, and complexity with regard to humans. In dialogue simulation, evaluations demonstrated that the proposed model generates more interactive responses and encourages a more sustained successful conversation. This work commemorates a preliminary step toward developing a neural conversational model based on the long-term success of dialogues.
Dietary Supplementation of Capsaicin Enhances Productive and Reproductive Efficiency of Chinese Crossbred Buffaloes in Low Breeding Season

Simple Summary Heat stress affects the productivity of exposed animals by lowering fertility-related aspects. This phenomenon is more pronounced in buffaloes, particularly during the low breeding season, as it is coupled with thermal assaults. Under such conditions, altered metabolic activity is markedly noticed, affecting the production and reproduction of buffaloes. The obtained results revealed that the use of capsaicin is beneficial to improve milk yield and composition without altering the other metabolic process. Moreover, improved reproductive performance is achieved in buffaloes when capsaicin is supplemented prior to synchronization. Abstract The present study investigated the role of dietary capsaicin (CPS) supplementation on milk yield (liters/head) and milk composition (total solids, lactose, albumin, protein, fat, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), somatic cell count (SCC) and somatic cell score (SCS), serum metabolites (lipoprotein esterase (LPL) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), and reproductive physiology (follicular development, estrus response, ovulation and pregnancy) following synchronization during the low breeding season. One hundred (n = 100) crossbred buffaloes were randomly assigned to four dietary groups consisting of CPS supplementation dosages (0, 2, 4 or 6 mg/kg of total mixed ration; TMR) as CPS-0 (n = 26), CPS-2 (n = 22), CPS-4 (n = 25) and CPS-6 (n = 27), respectively, in a 30-day feed trial. The results revealed that the CPS-4 group of buffaloes had a better estrus rate (72%) along with improved (p < 0.05) ovulatory follicle diameter (13.8 mm), ovulation rate (68%) and pregnancy rate (48%) compared to other treatment groups. Milk yield improved (p < 0.05) in CPS-4 supplemented buffaloes after day 20 of the trial, comparatively. There was a significant effect (p < 0.05) of milk sampling day (day 30) on total milk solids, lactose, milk protein and MUN levels, whereas lactose, MUN, SCC and SCS were influenced by supplementation dosage (CPS-4). Glucose levels were affected in buffaloes by sampling time (artificial insemination (AI) and 50-day post-AI) and CPS-dose (CPS-4 and CPS-6), respectively. LPL level changed in CPS-2 and CPS-4 groups at AI time and 50 days after AI. In addition, the AST level was different in CPS-4 at AI time and 50 days after AI. Therefore, our data suggest that a medium dose (~4 mg/kg of TMR) of CPS provided a better response in the form of milk yield, milk composition, serum metabolites and reproductive performance in crossbred buffaloes during the low breeding season.
Relative abundances in metal-poor stars. III. Sodium through copper

Patterns of the relative abundances of 15 elements from sodium through the iron peak are identified from self-consistent analyses of more than 30 metal-poor field dwarfs and subgiants. The iron-peak elements are always found in the same proportion as in the Sun, while the lighter even-Z elements: magnesium, silicon, calcium, and titanium: appear slightly enhanced. Only aluminum shows instances of large deviations from the solar proportion; for all other elements, except perhaps sodium and magnesium, there is no intrinsic scatter to within about +- 0.1 dex. Although exceptions do occur, sodium and aluminum both tend to become less and less abundant with respect to iron as the overall level of stellar metallicity diminishes. Explosive nucleosynthesis, which alone has predicted such a trend, is strongly supported by that trend as the mechanism which has produced the heavy elements in these stars. This interpretation demands a connection between the metallicity of the explosive object and that of the subsequent stellar generation. Implications are also noted for the interpretation of extragalactic spectra.
The Benefits and Challenges of Conducting Primate Research in Different Settings

Simple Summary Primates have been used in research for the past hundred years as a window into our shared evolutionary history, to learn more about their unique behavioral and psychological processes, and as models for human behavior and diseases. Today, primate research takes place in laboratories, zoos, sanctuaries, and the wild. Research settings that most closely resemble primates’ natural habitats provide the best insights into their lives, produce more valid results, and reduce potential negative impacts on their well-being. This paper provides a novel overview of current non-invasive psychological research, and explores the benefits and challenges of conducting research with primates in different settings. It also suggests ways to help improve primate research to mitigate some scientific and ethical concerns. Abstract Internationally, primate research takes place in laboratories, zoos, sanctuaries, and the wild. All of these settings present unique advantages and challenges in terms of methodology, translatability, animal welfare, and ethics. In this novel commentary, we explore the scientific and ethical benefits and drawbacks of conducting non-invasive psychological research with primates in each setting. We also suggest ways to overcome some of the barriers. We argue that while there may be greater experimental control in laboratory-based research, settings that more closely mirror primates’ natural habitats are generally better suited to meet their specialized needs. More naturalistic research settings, including field studies, may also circumvent some ethical concerns associated with research in captivity, and yield more ecologically valid data.
Geomagnetic activity associated with earth passage of interplanetary shock disturbances and coronal mass ejections

Coronal mass ejection events (CMEs) are important occasional sources of plasma and magnetic field in the solar wind at 1 AU, accounting for approximately 10% of all solar wind measurements in the ecliptic plane during the last solar activity maximum. Previous work indicates that virtually all transient shock wave disturbances in the solar wind are driven by fast CMEs. Using a recently appreciated capability for distinguishing CMEs in solar wind data in the form of counterstreaming solar wind electron events, this paper explores the overall effectiveness of shock wave disturbances and CMEs in general in stimulating geomagnetic activity. The study is confined to the interval from mid-August 1978 through mid-October 1982, spanning the last solar activity maximum, when ISEE 3 was in orbit about the L1 Lagrange point 220 Re upstream from Earth. We find that all but one of the 37 largest geomagnetic storms in that era were associated with Earth passage of CMEs and/or shock disturbances, with the large majority of these storms (27 out of 37) being associated with interplanetary events where Earth encountered both a shock and the CME driving the shock (shock/CME events). Although CMEs and/or shock disturbances were increasingly the cause of geomagnetic activity as the level of geomagnetic activity increased, many smaller geomagnetic disturbances were unrelated to these events. Further, approximately half of all CMEs and half of all shock disturbances encountered by Earth did not produce any substantial geomagnetic activity as measured by the planetary geomagnetic index Kp. The geomagnetic effectiveness of Earth directed CMEs and shock wave disturbances was directly related to the flow speed, the magnetic field magnitude, and the strength of the southward (GSM) field component associated with the events. The initial speed of a CME close to the Sun appears to be the most crucial factor in determining if an earthward directed event will be effective in exciting a large geomagnetic disturbance.
Reports of the Death of Regression-Discontinuity Analysis are Greatly Exaggerated

Stanley (1991) argues that both random measurement error in the pretest and treatment-effect interactions bias the estimate of the treatment effect when multiple regression is used to analyze the data from a regression-discontinuity design (RDD). Stanley also argues that these biases are so severe that they should cause researchers to consider using statistical procedures other than regression analysis. The authors of the present article disagree. Curvilinearity in the regression of the posttest on pretest scores can be difficult to model, can bias the regression analysis of data from the RDD if not modeled correctly, and therefore should cause researchers to consider alternatives to regression analysis. If the regression surfaces are linear, however, unbiased estimates can be obtained easily via regression analysis, whether or not either random measurement error in the pretest or treatment-effect interactions are present. Improving upon regression analysis is a worthy goal but requires understanding just what are and are not the weaknesses of the method. In addressing these issues, this article elucidates some of the general principles that underlie the use of multiple regression to analyze data from the RDD quasi-experiment.
An Instrument for the Measurement of the Index of Refraction of Liquids in the Wave-Length Range 200 m μ to 1000 m μ

An instrument which can be used from 200 mμ to 1000 mμ with transparent liquids for the determination of the refractive index, relative to air with an error of ±. 0002 is described. A cell consisting of two quartz plates and an air space is rotated in the liquid through which is passing a parallel monochromatic beam of light, and the critical angle at the quartz air interface is determined. The instrument in its present form is particularly adapted for use with a Beckman Model DU quartz spectrophotometer. Results for water and n-hexane are given as examples.
Methods for prediction of refractive index in glasses for the infrared

It is often useful to obtain custom glasses that meet particular requirements of refractive index and dispersion for highend optical design and applications. In the case of infrared glasses, limited experimental data are available due to difficulties in processing of these glasses and also measuring refractive indices accurately. This paper proposes methods to estimate refractive index and dispersion as a function of composition for selected infrared-transmitting glasses. Methods for refractive index determination are reviewed and evaluated, including Gladstone-Dale, Wemple- DiDomenico single oscillator, Optical basicity, and Lorentz-Lorenz total polarizability. Various estimates for a set of PbO-Bi2O3-Ga2O3 (heavy metal oxide) and As-S (chalcogenide) glasses will be compared with measured values of index and dispersion.