Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing long‐term impacts of cover crops on soil organic carbon in the central US Midwestern agroecosystems

Cover crops have been reported as one of the most effective practices to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) for agroecosystems. Impacts of cover crops on SOC change vary depending on soil properties, climate, and management practices, but it remains unclear how these control factors affect SOC benefits from cover crops, as well as which management practices can maximize SOC benefits. To address these questions, we used an advanced process‐based agroecosystem model, ecosys, to assess the impacts of winter cover cropping on SOC accumulation under different environmental and management conditions. We aimed to answer the following questions: (1) To what extent do cover crops benefit SOC accumulation, and how do SOC benefits from cover crops vary with different factors (i.e., initial soil properties, cover crop types, climate during the cover crop growth period, and cover crop planting and terminating time)? (2) How can we enhance SOC benefits from cover crops under different cover crop management options? Specifically, we first calibrated and validated the ecosys model at two long‐term field experiment sites with SOC measurements in Illinois. We then applied the ecosys model to six cover crop field experiment sites spanning across Illinois to assess the impacts of different factors on SOC accumulation. Our modeling results revealed the following findings: (1) Growing cover crops can bring SOC benefits by 0.33 ± 0.06 MgC ha−1 year−1 in six cover crop field experiment sites across Illinois, and the SOC benefits are species specific to legume and non‐legume cover crops. (2) Initial SOC stocks and clay contents had overall small influences on SOC benefits from cover crops. During the cover crop growth period (i.e., winter and spring in the US Midwest), high temperature increased SOC benefits from cover crops, while the impacts from larger precipitation on SOC benefits varied field by field. (3) The SOC benefits from cover crops can be maximized by optimizing cover crop management practices (e.g., selecting cover crop types and controlling cover crop growth period) for the US Midwestern maize–soybean rotation system. Finally, we discussed the economic and policy implications of adopting cover crops in the US Midwest, including that current economic incentives to grow cover crops may not be sufficient to cover costs. This study systematically assessed cover crop impacts for SOC change in the US Midwest context, while also demonstrating that the ecosys model, with rigorous validation using field experiment data, can be an effective tool to guide the adaptive management of cover crops and quantify SOC benefits from cover crops. The study thus provides practical tools and insights for practitioners and policy‐makers to design cover crop related government agricultural policies and incentive programs for farmers and agri‐food related industries.
The influence of facemasks on communication in healthcare settings: a systematic review.

PURPOSE Although a well-established aspect of healthcare practice, the impact of facemasks on verbal communication is surprisingly ambiguous. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search was conducted in APA PSYCHinfo, CINAHL, NHS Knowledge Network, Medline and SPORTDiscus databases from inception to November 2022 according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting an objective measure of speech understanding in adults, where information was transmitted or received whilst wearing a facemask were included. Risk of bias of included studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa score. RESULTS Four hundred and thirty-three studies were identified, of which fifteen were suitable for inclusion, incorporating 350 participants with a median age of 49 (range 19 to 74) years. Wide heterogeneity of test parameters and outcome measurement prohibited pooling of data. 93% (14 of 15) studies reported a deleterious effect of facemasks on speech understanding, and 100% (5 of 5) of the included studies reported attenuation of sound with facemask usage. Background noise added further deleterious effects on speech understanding which was particularly problematic within hearing-impaired populations. Risk of bias in included studies varied but overall was modest. CONCLUSIONS Despite considerable complexity and heterogeneity in outcome measure, 93% (14 of 15) articles suggest respiratory protective equipment negatively affects speech understanding in normal hearing and hearing-impaired adults.
Autonomic correlates of lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents with a history of depression.

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) have been associated with emotion dysregulation and atypical responses to affective and stressful stimuli. To investigate the psychophysiology involved, we measured changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP; indexing parasympathetic and sympathetic functioning, respectively) in response to stressful- and sadness-eliciting laboratory probes. Our sample included adolescents with a history of depression and STBs (n = 177), adolescents with a history of depression but no history of STBs (n = 47), and healthy controls (n = 175). The outcome of interest was the most severe form of clinician-rated STBs across the subject's lifetime. In partial support of our hypotheses, during the stressful task, adolescents with a history of depression and STBs did not evidence the RSA decrease that was exhibited by controls and displayed greater PEP shortening compared to ever-depressed adolescents with no lifetime STBs. No group differences were found in either RSA or PEP reactivity to the sadness-eliciting stimulus. As expected, severity of STBs was positively correlated with the extent of PEP shortening during the stressful task. The results suggest that adolescents with a history of depression and STBs experience blunted parasympathetic responses to stress along with compensatory efforts. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of STBs among youths and underscore that future studies should examine physiological risk factors for these psychopathological outcomes.
Amygdala‐frontoparietal effective connectivity in creativity and humor processing

Although both creativity and humor elicit experiences of surprise followed by appreciation, it remains unknown whether shared or distinct patterns of effective connectivity are involved in their processing. The present fMRI study used dynamic causal modeling and parametrical empirical Bayes analysis to examine the effective connectivity between the amygdala and frontoparietal network during two‐stage creativity and humor processing. We examined processing during the setup and punch line stages for creativity and humor, including typical forms (alternate uses for creativity and incongruity‐resolution humor), atypical forms (aesthetic uses for creativity and nonsense humor), and baseline forms. Our focus was on the mesolimbic pathway during the punch line stage. We found that the amygdala plays a key role in expectation violation and appreciation. Broadly, amygdala‐to‐IFG connectivity was important for evaluating typical and atypical forms of both creativity and humor, while amygdala‐to‐precuneus connectivity was involved in evaluating typical forms. Amygdala‐to‐IFG connectivity was involved in the expectation violation to resolution stage of processing for typical and atypical forms of creativity and humor. Amygdala‐to‐precuneus connectivity was involved in processing the novelty and usefulness of typical forms of creativity (alternate uses) and understanding others' intentions in typical forms of humor (incongruity‐resolution). Interestingly, VTA‐to‐amygdala connectivity was involved in processing the appreciation of both typical (incongruity‐resolution humor) and atypical (nonsense humor) forms of humor while amygdala‐to‐VTA connectivity was involved in processing the appreciation of atypical (aesthetic uses) forms of creativity. Altogether, these findings suggest that the amygdala and frontoparietal circuitry are critical for creativity and humor processing.
The prognostic value of histopathology in invasive lung adenocarcinoma: a comparative review of the main proposed grading systems

ABSTRACT Introduction An accurate histological evaluation of invasive lung adenocarcinoma is essential for a correct clinical and pathological definition of the tumour. Different grading systems have been proposed to predict the prognosis of invasive lung adenocarcinoma. Areas covered Invasive non mucinous lung adenocarcinoma is often morphologically heterogeneous, consisting of complex combinations of architectural patterns with different proportions. Several grading systems for non-mucinous lung adenocarcinoma have been proposed, being the main based on architectural differentiation and the predominant growth pattern. Herein we perform a thorough review of the literature using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science and we highlight the peculiarities and the differences between the main grading systems and compare the data about their prognostic value. In addition, we carried out an evaluation of the proposed grading systems for less common histological variants of lung adenocarcinoma, such as fetal adenocarcinoma and invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. Expert opinion The current IASLC grading system, based on the combined score of predominant growth pattern plus high-grade histological pattern, shows the stronger prognostic significance than the previous grading systems in invasive non mucinous lung adenocarcinoma.
The response tensor for a highly relativistic magnetized thermal plasma

The transverse part of the linear response tensor is evaluated for a highly relativistic thermal electron gas, starting from Trubnikov's response tensor for an arbitrary temperature. Three contributions to the response tensor are important. The diagonal components are dominated by an unmagnetized term, which gives the familiar dispersion k2=w2p0, where wp0 is the proper plasma frequency. The difference between the diagonal components is larger in magnitude than the off-diagonal components, implying that the natural modes are nearly linearly polarized. This leads to a generalized form of Faraday rotation in which linear polarization is partially converted into circular polarization at a rate per unit path length ∝λ3 (λ=wavelength).
Effect of attribution on the emotions and behavioral intentions of third-party observers toward intergroup discriminators during the COVID-19 pandemic

The global outbreak of novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 has caused intergroup discrimination associated with the disease to become increasingly prominent. Research demonstrates that the attitudes and behaviors of third-party observers significantly impact the progression of discrimination incidents. This study tested a parallel mediating model in which the attribution tendencies of observers influence their behavioral intentions through the mediating effect of the emotions of anger and contempt. The first two studies confirmed the proposed model with discrimination incidents reported against “returnees from Wuhan” and “returning workers from Hubei. ” Study 3 further manipulated the attribution tendencies of observers, providing empirical evidence for the causality from attribution tendencies to emotions, confirming the validity of the model. These findings enrich the cognitive (attribution)–emotion–action model, further enhancing our understanding of the role of third parties in intergroup conflicts, with implications for the management of people’s emotions and behaviors in social crises.
Personalizing antipsychotic treatment: evidence and thoughts on individualized tailoring of antipsychotic dosage in the treatment of psychotic disorders

Effectiveness of relapse prevention with antipsychotic drugs has been robustly demonstrated. However, the drawbacks of antipsychotic maintenance treatment have prompted alternative strategies to reduce antipsychotic load. A prominent drawback of antipsychotics is their negative impact on subjective well-being, initiative, and drive related to dopamine D2 blockade. This might compromise functional capacity. First-episode studies from 1980 to 2018, including relevant reviews and meta-analyses, are evaluated, showing a lack of functional outcome data. In addition to relapse rates, which is the primary outcome in the great majority of studies, long-term functional outcome is pivotal, because these two outcome domains may point in opposite directions. The trade-off between relapse rates and functional outcome is discussed by our 2013 dose-reduction study. We conclude that divergent outcomes and various individual risk-profiles preclude the construction of a generic outcome measure. The relationship of relapse and functional outcome is considered, as well as the conceivable role of negative symptoms and some related issues. Future profiling of individual risk/benefit characteristics combined with personal preferences may offer better guidance in antipsychotic pharmacotherapy. More studies are needed to elucidate individual risk profiles, predictive of functional capacity and relapse rates, to draw differential conclusions on long-term risks and benefits of antipsychotics across the spectrum of psychosis.
Day-level sedentary pattern estimates derived from hip-worn accelerometer cut-points in 8–12-year-olds: Do they reflect postural transitions?

ABSTRACT Improving sedentary measurement is critical to understanding sedentary-health associations in youth. This study assessed agreement between the thigh-worn activPAL and commonly used hip-worn ActiGraph accelerometer methods for assessing sedentary patterns in children. Both devices were worn by 8–12-year-olds (N = 195) for 4.6 ± 1.9 days. Two ActiGraph cut-points were applied to two epoch durations: ≤25 counts (c)/15 s, ≤75c/15s, ≤100c/60s, and ≤300c/60s. Bias, mean absolute deviation (MAD), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) tested agreement between devices for total sedentary time and 11 sedentary pattern variables (usual bout duration, sedentary time accumulated in various bout durations, breaks/day, break rate, and alpha). For most sedentary pattern variables, ActiGraph 25c/15s, 75c/15s, and 100c/60s had poor ICCs, with bias and MAD >20%. ActiGraph 300c/60s had a better agreement than the other cut-points, but all ICCs were <0.587. ActiGraph underestimated sedentary time in longer bouts and usual bout duration, and overestimated sedentary time in shorter bouts, breaks/day, and alpha. For total sedentary time, ActiGraph 25c/15s, 300c/60s, and 75c/15s had good/fair ICCs, with bias and MAD <20%. Sedentary patterns derived from two commonly used ActiGraph cut-points did not appear to reflect postural changes. These differences between measurement devices should be considered when interpreting findings from sedentary pattern studies.
Genericity of observability of control-affine systems

For smooth or real-analytic single-input, control-affine, non-linear systems, with at least two ouputs, observability for any input of a given class is generic. This class can be either the class of inputs bounded with their derivatives up to a certain order, or the class of polynomial inputs with bounded degree.
Inferring patterns of recombination and divergence with ancient and modern treponemal genomes

The treponemal diseases yaws, bejel and syphilis, all caused by subspecies of the bacterium Treponema pallidum, are re-emerging worldwide, yet their origins and spread remain largely unresolved. Albeit still rare, reconstructed ancient genomes of various T. pallidum strains now exist, to complement the analyses on the modern-day diversity of treponemes. Here, we report a new high-coverage (35X) ancient genome of a historical T. pallidum subsp. pallidum strain from the 17th century. This novel addition, combined with a selection of 76 modern and historical strains, enables a new level of in-depth investigation of treponemal evolution across all humaninfecting strains, with detailed analyses on recombination, positive selection, and divergence history of T. pallidum subspecies. Altogether 18 recombinant genes with strong evidence for effects of positive selection are identified, potentially responsible for virulence and immune evasion. The profound impact of recombination is in particular demonstrated in the diversification of the yaws- and bejel-causing clades, as excluding these recombinant genes from phylogenetic analysis causes these well-separated subspecies to cluster into a single clade. Both the involvement of ancient genomes in several recombination events, and the molecular clock dating of the subspecies’ divergence history emphasize the importance of recombination in the early adaptations of all T. pallidum strains. These findings are crucial in resolving the evolutionary history of T. pallidum, and in understanding the functionalities of treponemes beyond what could be achieved with modern genomic data alone.
Reinforcement-Based Processes Actively Regulate Motor Exploration Along Redundant Solution Manifolds

From a baby’s babbling to a songbird practicing a new tune, exploration is critical to motor learning. A hallmark of exploration is the emergence of random walk behaviour along solution manifolds, where successive motor actions are not independent but rather become serially dependent. Such exploratory random walk behaviour is ubiquitous across species, neural firing, gait patterns, and reaching behaviour. Past work has suggested that exploratory random walk behaviour arises from an accumulation of movement variability and a lack of error-based corrections. Here we test a fundamentally different idea—that reinforcement-based processes regulate random walk behaviour to promote continual motor exploration to maximize success. Across three human reaching experiments we manipulated the size of both the visually displayed target and an unseen reward zone, as well as the probability of reinforcement feedback. Our empirical and modelling results parsimoniously support the notion that exploratory random walk behaviour emerges by utilizing knowledge of movement variability to update intended reach aim towards recently reinforced motor actions. This mechanism leads to active and continuous exploration of the solution manifold, currently thought by prominent theories to arise passively. The ability to continually explore muscle, joint, and task redundant solution manifolds is beneficial while acting in uncertain environments, during motor development, or when recovering from a neurological disorder to discover and learn new motor actions.
PRINCIPAL IDEAL DOMAINS AND EUCLIDEAN DOMAINS HAVING 1 AS THE ONLY UNIT

We consider a question raised by Mowaffaq Hajja about the structure of a principal ideal domain R having the property that 1 is the only unit of R. We also examine this unit condition for the case where R is a Euclidean domain. We prove that a finitely generated Euclidean domain having 1 as its only unit is isomorphic to the field with two elements F 2 or to the polynomial ring F 2[X]. On the other hand, we establish existence of finitely generated principal ideal domains R such that 1 is the only unit of R and R is not isomorphic to F 2 or to F 2[X]. We also construct principal ideal domains R of infinite transcendence degree over F 2 with the property that 1 is the only unit of R. *Part of this work was prepared while M. Roitman enjoyed the hospitality of Purdue University.
Does Music Training Improve Inhibition Control in Children? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Inhibition control is an essential executive function and the cornerstone of important skills during children’s development, like self-regulation and the development of social and language abilities. Better inhibition control is associated with higher academic achievement (e.g., reasoning skills, mathematics, and science). Music training requires inhibition control when learning new motor skills of an instrument, synchronized group training, monitoring performance, and auditory stream prioritization. This meta-analysis examined for the first time whether music-based training improves inhibition control in children. A rigorous search of the literature from 1980 to 2022 yielded 2182 records (N = 1528). Twenty studies had longitudinal designs, of which eight were randomized-clinical trials (RCTs) with an active control condition. Inhibition control measures included the flanker, go/no-go, and Stroop tests or similar preschool adaptations. A random-effects meta-analysis of these studies showed a moderate-to-large effect size for improvement in inhibition control after music training compared to control programs in the eight RCTs (SMD = 0.63, CI= 0.41 to 0.85, p < .0001). The full set of twenty longitudinal studies that included quasi-experimental designs and passive control groups showed a small-to-moderate effect size (SMD = 0.36, CI = 0.21 to 0.50, p < .0001). These findings highlight that music training, probably owing to its time-bound multisensory and multimodal demands fostering brain plasticity, plays a privileged role in improving executive functioning in children, especially inhibition control. We recommend further validation of music training to complement education and as a therapeutic tool for clinical populations with inhibition control difficulties (e.g., Autism, ADHD). Public Significance Statement This meta-analysis is the first to show that music training in children specifically improves inhibition control, a critical executive function for self-regulation. Children generally enjoy music training, a complex multimodal activity that engages cognitive and speech abilities. Our results demonstrate that music training is an effective approach for strengthening cognition and highlight its potential to complement the rehabilitation of certain clinical disorders that involve inhibition control deficits. This review also identifies some limitations of current research and provides recommendations for future work.
A shorter cricket pitch improves decision-making by junior batters

ABSTRACT This study sought to determine whether playing on a shorter cricket pitch would lead batters to make more appropriate decisions about whether to play front foot or back foot shots. Based on an analysis of the shots played by top order batters against seam bowling in county under-10 matches, an age-specific “good length” region between 5.0 yards and 6.5 yards (4.57 to 5.94 m) from the batters’ stumps was derived. This was where batters were uncertain whether to play on the front or back foot. It was then possible to define deliveries as “short” or “full” depending upon whether they bounced further from or nearer to the batter than the good length region. Club under-11 and county under-10 match data revealed that when playing on a 16-yard pitch batters played more back foot shots to short balls, and county batters also played more front foot shots to full balls compared with matches on the currently recommended 20- or 19-yard pitches. For batters, a shorter pitch should strengthen the coupling between the perception of delivery length and appropriate shot selection, and the increased task demand should lead to improved anticipation, both key features of skilled batting.
Spatial evolution of nonlinear acoustic mode instabilities on hypersonic boundary layers

We consider the effects of strong critical-layer nonlinearity on the spatial evolution of an initially linear ‘acoustic mode’ instability wave on a hypersonic flat-plate boundary layer. Our analysis shows that nonlinearity, which is initially confined to a thin critical layer, first becomes important when the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations becomes O(1/M4InM2), where M is the free-stream Mach number. The flow outside the critical layer is still determined by linear dynamics and therefore takes the form of a linear instability wave — but with its amplitude completely determined by the flow within the critical layer. The latter flow is determined by a coupled set of nonlinear equations, which we had to solve numerically.