Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE NUCLEAR X-RAY EMISSION OF NEARBY EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES

Nuclear hard X-ray luminosities (LX,nuc) for a sample of 112 early-type galaxies within a distance of 67 Mpc are used to investigate their relationship with the central galactic black hole mass MBH (coming from direct dynamical studies or the MBH–σ relation), the inner galactic structure (using the parameters describing its cuspiness), the hot gas content, and the core radio luminosity. For this sample, LX,nuc ranges from 1038 to 1042 erg s−1, and the Eddington ratio LX,nuc/LEdd from 10−9 to 10−4, with the largest values belonging to four Seyfert galaxies. Together with a trend for LX,nuc to increase on average with the galactic luminosity LB and MBH, there is a wide variation of LX,nuc (and LX,nuc/LEdd), by up to 4 orders of magnitude, at any fixed LB > 6 × 109LB,☉ or MBH > 107 M☉. This large observed range should reflect a large variation of the mass accretion rate , and possible reasons for this difference are searched for. On the circumnuclear scale, in a scenario where accretion is (quasi) steady, at fixed LB (or MBH) could vary due to differences in the fuel production rate from stellar mass return linked to the inner galactic structure; a trend of LX,nuc with cuspiness is not observed, though, while a tendency for LX,nuc/LEdd to be larger in cuspier galaxies is present. In fact, is predicted to vary with cuspiness by a factor exceeding a few only in hot gas-poor galaxies and for large differences in the core radius; for a subsample with these characteristics the expected effect seems to be present in the observed LX,nuc values. LX,nuc does not show a dependence on the age of the stellar population in the central galactic region, for ages >3 Gyr; less luminous nuclei, though, are found among the youngest galaxies or galaxies with a younger stellar component. On the global galactic scale, LX,nuc shows a trend with the total galactic hot gas cooling rate (LX,ISM): it is detected both in gas-poor and gas-rich galaxies, and on average increases with LX,ISM, but again with a large scatter. The observed lack of a tight relationship between LX,nuc and the circumnuclear and total gas content can be explained if accretion is regulated by factors overcoming the importance of fuel availability, as (1) the gas is heated by black hole feedback and varies due to an activity cycle, and (2) the mass effectively accreted by the black hole can be largely reduced with respect to that entering the circumnuclear region, as in radiatively inefficient accretion with winds/outflows. Finally, differently from LX,nuc, the central 5 GHz VLA luminosity shows a clear trend with the inner galactic structure that is similar to that shown by the total soft X-ray emission; therefore, it is suggested that they could both be produced by the hot gas.
Joint measurability through Naimark's theorem

We use Naimark's dilation theorem in order to characterize the joint measurability of two POVMs. Then, we analyze the joint measurability of two commutative POVMs $F_1$ and $F_2$ which are the smearing of two self-adjoint operators $A_1$ and $A_2$ respectively. We prove that the compatibility of $F_1$ and $F_2$ is connected to the existence of two compatible self-adjoint dilations $A_1^+$ and $A_2^+$ of $A_1$ and $A_2$ respectively. As a corollary we prove that each couple of self-adjoint operators can be dilated to a couple of compatible self-adjoint operators. Next, we analyze the joint measurability of the unsharp position and momentum observables and show that it provides a master example of the scheme we propose. Finally, we give a sufficient condition for the compatibility of two effects.
BYU ScholarsArchive BYU ScholarsArchive Bounds on Heat Transfer in the Presence of Ekman Pumping Bounds on Heat Transfer in the Presence of Ekman Pumping

Rigorous bounds on heat transfer in rapidly rotating convection have existed for several years in the case of free-slip or stress-free boundary conditions. No-slip boundary conditions result in a phenomenon known as Ekman pumping, which signiﬁcantly impacts the heat transport. A recent collaborative effort in which the author was involved signiﬁcantly sharpened the bound on heat transfer in the presence of Ekman pumping. The resulting publication was targeted for an audience consisting primarily of physicists and other non-mathematicians. This work stems from the same effort, but is intended for a mathematical audience. Two additional, new results are presented that provide a more solid mathematical footing. These are ﬁrstly, a rigorous justiﬁcation of the inﬁnite Prandtl limit relied on in the referenced work, and secondly, a maximum principle for the temperature ﬁeld, which provides the needed justiﬁcation for the application of the background method.
X-RAY EMISSION FROM PROTOSTELLAR JET HH 154: THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF A DIAMOND SHOCK?

X-ray emission from about 10 protostellar jets has been discovered and it appears as a feature common to the most energetic jets. Although X-ray emission seems to originate from shocks internal to jets, the mechanism forming these shocks remains controversial. One of the best-studied X-ray jets is HH 154, which has been observed by Chandra over a time base of about 10 years. We analyze the Chandra observations of HH 154 by investigating the evolution of its X-ray source. We show that the X-ray emission consists of a bright stationary component and a faint elongated component. We interpret the observations by developing a hydrodynamic model describing a protostellar jet originating from a nozzle and compare the X-ray emission synthesized from the model with the X-ray observations. The model takes into account the thermal conduction and radiative losses and shows that the jet/nozzle leads to the formation of a diamond shock at the nozzle exit. The shock is stationary over the period covered by our simulations and generates an X-ray source with luminosity and spectral characteristics in excellent agreement with the observations. We conclude that the X-ray emission from HH 154 is consistent with a diamond shock originating from a nozzle through which the jet is launched into the ambient medium. We suggest that the physical origin of the nozzle could be related to the dense gas in which the HH 154 driving source is embedded and/or to the magnetic field at the jet launching/collimation region.
“Made in Heaven, Matched by Parents”: Does Arranged Marriage Restrict Labour Market Autonomy and Participation of Women? Theory and Evidence from India

Female labour force participation in India has stagnated despite gains in other aspects. Do Indian women prefer to stay out of labour market voluntarily or do social norms prevent their participation? We identify parental involvement in partner choice during marriage as an important bottleneck. We first find that women who had some degree of involvement in partner choice enjoy significantly more autonomy in post-marriage labour market choices than those whose marriages were arranged solely by parents. We use a marriage tradition instrument to estimate causal effects. Since autonomy and participation affect each other, next, we estimate simultaneous equations for autonomy and participation for only rural women. We use parental involvement in marriage and district-level share of drought-affected villages as two exogenous variables the former for autonomy and the latter for participation. We find that autonomy significantly increases participation. We further explain the mechanism through a theoretical model. To distinguish between autonomy and participation; we introduce a new household delegation game. The main message of the theoretical model is that parental involvement in partner choice reduces women’s ability to screen partners leading to relatively more mismatches, i.e., women who are inclined to work mismatched with men who prefer
I don’t get it, but I like it: Detailed pricing information increases conﬁdence, but decreases quality of decision making

In collaboration with an energy regulator, we tested ﬁve versions of a potential Basic Plan Information Documents (BPID) for energy plans in an incentivized online framed ﬁeld experiment. Respondents were asked to view four hypothetical energy plans, and asked to select the cheapest plan for their family. We ﬁnd that having detailed pricing information at the top of the document (instead of a price estimate) leads to fewer respondents selecting the cheapest plan for them. We also ﬁnd that documents that do not include the detailed pricing information see lower conﬁdence in decision making, even though almost 90% of respondents are unable to correctly interpret the detailed pricing information. In addition, 8-11% of respondents chose the plan with the highest discount, despite the plan being one of the most expensive plans overall. The results suggest there is signiﬁcant scope for regulators to test the format of standardized disclosure documents to ensure they are effective.
Effect of randomness in logistic maps

We study a random logistic map $x_{t+1} = a_{t} x_{t}[1-x_{t}]$ where $a_t$ are bounded ($q_1 \leq a_t \leq q_2$), random variables independently drawn from a distribution. $x_t$ does not show any regular behaviour in time. We find that $x_t$ shows fully ergodic behaviour when the maximum allowed value of $a_t$ is $4$. However $ $, averaged over different realisations reaches a fixed point. For $1\leq a_t \leq 4$ the system shows nonchaotic behaviour and the Lyapunov exponent is strongly dependent on the asymmetry of the distribution from which $a_t$ is drawn. Chaotic behaviour is seen to occur beyond a threshold value of $q_1$ ($q_2$) when $q_2$ ($q_1$) is varied. The most striking result is that the random map is chaotic even when $q_2$ is less than the threshold value $3.5699. $ at which chaos occurs in the non random map. We also employ a different method in which a different set of random variables are used for the evolution of two initially identical $x$ values, here the chaotic regime exists for all $q_1 \neq q_2 $ values.
On the equivariant blow-Nash classification of simple invariant Nash germs

We make progress towards the classification of simple Nash germs invariant under the involution changing the sign of the first coordinate, with respect to equivariant blow-Nash equivalence, which is an equivariant Nash version of blow-analytic equivalence, taking advantage of invariants for this relation, the equivariant zeta functions.
Continuum observations of M 51 and M 83 at 1.1 mm with AzTEC

We observed the spiral galaxies M51 and M83 at 20" spatial resolution with the bolometer array AzTEC on the JCMT in the 1.1$\,$mm continuum, recovering the extended emission out to galactocentric radii of more than 12 kpc in both galaxies. The 1.1 mm-continuum fluxes are 5.6+/-0.7 and 9.9+/-1.4 Jy, with associated gas masses estimated at 9.4 X 10^9 Mo and 7.2 X 10^9 Mo for M51 and M83, respectively. In the interarm regions of both galaxies the N(H2)/I(CO) (or X-factor) ratios exceed those in the arms by factors of ~1.5-2. In the inner disks of both galaxies, the X-factor is about 1 X 10^20 cm^-2 / (K km s^-1). In the outer parts, the CO-dark molecular gas becomes more important. While the spiral density wave in M51 appears to influence the interstellar medium and stars in a similar way, the bar potential in M83 influences the interstellar medium and the stars differently. We confirm the result of Foyle et al. (2010) that the arms merely heighten the star formation rate and the gas surface density in the same proportion. Our maps reveal a threshold gas surface density for an SFR increase by two or more orders of magnitude. In both galaxy centers, the molecular gas depletion time is about 1 Gyr climbing to 10-20 Gyr at radii of 6-8 kpc. This is consistent with an inside-out depletion of the molecular gas in the disks of spiral galaxies.
Sorting in the Marriage Market: The Role of Inequality and its Impact on Intergenerational Mobility

I study the long-run impacts of a trade-induced increase in marital sorting. First, I exploit heterogeneous effects by gender and education of a trade-induced labor demand shock to test how changes in inequality affect assortative mating. I find that increased men’s skill premium leads to increased sorting in the marriage market, as it deters marriages between college-educated women and high-school-educated men. Second, I study the potential long-term consequences of increased sorting on intergenerational mobility. I present suggestive evidence that marriages in which both spouses have a college degree invest more time and resources in their children, and their children outperform others from an early age. Increased sorting can then lead to higher inequality in children’s initial human capital development, lowering intergenerational mobility. I develop an Aiyagari-style overlapping-generations life-cycle model with an explicit marriage market to estimate the long-run effect of the trade shock on intergenerational mobility. The model, estimated to the US in the 2000s, implies that the trade-induced increase in assortative mating can reduce intergenerational mobility by 0.9%. ∗I am indebted to Raquel Fernández and Martin Rotemberg for their continuous advice on this project. I especially thank Sharon Traiberman, Elena Manresa, David Cesarini, Matias Covarrubias, and Josué Cox for valuable comments and insightful conversations. I also thank participants of the NYU Applied Micro lunch and the weekly Martin Rotemberg advisees’ discussion group for helpful comments. Comments are welcome. E-mail: victoria.raskin@nyu.edu
Systematic investigation of chemical abundances derived using IR spectra obtained with GIANO

Context. Detailed chemical abundances of Galactic stars are needed in order to improve our knowledge of the formation and evolution of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Aims. We took advantage of the GIANO archive spectra to select a sample of Galactic disc stars in order to derive their chemical inventory and to compare the abundances we derived from these infrared spectra to the chemical pattern derived from optical spectra. Methods. We analysed high-quality spectra of 40 stars observed with GIANO. We derived the stellar parameters from the photometry and the Gaia data-release 2 (DR2) parallax; the chemical abundances were derived with the code MyGIsFOS. For a subsample of stars we compared the chemical pattern derived from the GIANO spectra with the abundances derived from optical spectra. We derived P abundances for all 40 stars, increasing the number of Galactic stars for which phosphorus abundance is known. Results. We could derive abundances of 14 elements, 8 of which are also derived from optical spectra. The comparison of the abundances derived from infrared and optical spectra is very good. The chemical pattern of these stars is the one expected for Galactic disc stars and is in agreement with the results from the literature. Conclusions. GIANO is providing the astronomical community with an extremely useful instrument, able to produce spectra with high resolution and a wide wavelength range in the infrared.
An application of Galactic parallax: the distance to the tidal stream GD‐1

We assess the practicality of computing the distance to stellar streams in our Galaxy, using the method of Galactic parallax suggested by Eyre & Binney. We find that the uncertainty in Galactic parallax is dependent upon the specific geometry of the problem in question. In the case of the tidal stream GD-1, the problem geometry indicates that available proper-motion data, with individual accuracy ∼4 mas yr -1 , should allow estimation of its distance with about 50 per cent uncertainty. Proper motions accurate to ∼1 mas yr -1 ,which are expected from the forthcoming Pan-STARRS PS-1 survey, will allow estimation of its distance to about 10 per cent uncertainty. Proper motions from the future Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and Gaia projects will be more accurate still, and will allow the parallax for a stream 30 kpc distant to be measured with ∼14 per cent uncertainty. We demonstrate the feasibility of the method and show that our uncertainty estimates are accurate by computing Galactic parallax using simulated data for the GD-1 stream. We also apply the method to actual data for the GD-1 stream, published by Koposov, Rix & Hogg. With the exception of one datum, the distances estimated using Galactic parallax match photometric estimates with less than 1 kpc discrepancy. The scatter in the distances recovered using Galactic parallax is very low, suggesting that the proper-motion uncertainty reported by Koposov et al. is in fact overestimated. We conclude that the GD-1 stream is (8 ± 1) kpc distant, on a retrograde orbit inclined 37° to the plane, and that the visible portion of the stream is likely to be near pericentre.
BIROn - Birkbeck Institutional Research Online

Framework analysis is an approach to qualitative research which is being increasingly used across multiple disciplines, including psychology, social policy and nursing research. The stages of framework analysis have been described in published work, but the literature is lacking in articles describing how to conduct it in practice, particularly in the field of psychology, where researchers may be working as part of a team. Having used framework analysis on a study exploring adolescents' experiences of depression, we faced various challenges along the way and learned from experience how to use this approach to qualitative analysis. In this reflective article, we describe a worked example of using framework, which we hope will assist other researchers in deciding if this approach is suitable for their own research, and will provide guidance on how one might go about conducting framework analysis when working as part of a research team. We conclude that framework is a valuable contribution to qualitative methods in psychology, offering a pragmatic, flexible and rigorous approach to data analysis.
O, Na, Ba and Eu abundance patterns in open clusters

Open clusters are historically regarded as single-aged stellar populations representative of star formation within the Galactic disk. Recent literature has questioned this view, based on discrepant Na abundances relative to the field, and concerns about the longevity of bound clusters contributing to a selection bias: perhaps long-lived open clusters are chemically different to the star formation events that contributed to the Galactic disk. We explore a large sample of high resolution Na, O, Ba & Eu abundances from the literature, homogenized as much as reasonable including accounting for NLTE effects, variations in analysis and choice of spectral lines. Compared to a template globular cluster and representative field stars, we find no significant abundance trends, confirming that the process producing the Na-O anti-correlation in globular clusters is not present in open clusters. Furthermore, previously reported Na-enhancement of open clusters is found to be an artefact of NLTE effects, with the open clusters matching a subset of chemically tagged field stars.
and Political Endogenous growth model and the human capital development: Evidence from the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)

This study examined the effect of human capital development on economic growth in the context of West Africa Monetary Zone (WAMZ) countries for the period 2001 – 2019. The data for the study were sourced from World Development Indicators of the World Bank for the six (6) ECOWAS countries. The panel least squares (random effects and fixed effects modeling) were embraced as the estimation techniques. The empirical result of the study reveals a positive coefficient and statistically significant at 1% significance level in the fixed – effects model of the following macro economic variables government expenditure on education, Labour force and Population growth rate suggesting that they significantly stimulate economic growth in WAMZ countries. On the other hand government expenditure on health and investment income ratio had negative co-efficient with only investment income ratio statistically significant at 1% significance level. This indicates that urgent government action is required to reverse these negative trends in order to encourage health and investment contribution to economic growths in WAMZ countries. The study recommended among others that government of WAMZ countries should increase budget allocation to the education and health sectors for infrastructure and personnel development to foster a healthy work force that will promote economic growth.
Attachment insecurity and infidelity in marriage Attachment and in marriage: do studies of

: Attachment theory provides a useful framework for predicting marital infidelity. However, most research has examined the association between attachment and infidelity in unmarried individuals, and we are aware of no research that has examined the role of partner attachment in predicting infidelity. In contrast to research showing that attachment anxiety is unrelated to infidelity among dating couples, 2 longitudinal studies of 207 newlywed marriages demonstrated that own and partner attachment anxiety interacted to predict marital infidelity, such that spouses were more likely to perpetrate infidelity when either they or their partner was high (vs. low) in attachment anxiety. Further, and also in contrast to research on dating couples, own attachment avoidance was unrelated to infidelity, whereas partner attachment avoidance was negatively associated with infidelity, indicating that spouses were less likely to perpetrate infidelity when their partner was high (vs. low) in attachment avoidance. These effects emerged controlling for marital satisfaction, sexual frequency, and personality; did not differ across husbands and wives; and did not differ across the two studies, with the exception that the negative association between partner attachment avoidance and own infidelity only emerged in 1 of the 2 studies. These findings offer a more complete understanding of the implications of attachment insecurity for marital infidelity and suggest that studies of unmarried individuals may not provide complete insights into the implications of various psychological traits and processes for marriage.
Educational intervention in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease: risk factors and associated complications

Objective: to assess the knowledge of patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease regarding the risk factors and associated complications before and after an educational intervention. Method: an intervention and randomized study conducted with 101 participants divided into two groups of a hemodialysis sector from 2019 to July 2020. The analyses were performed using the McNemar, paired Student's t, Pearson's Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests, with a 5% significance level. Results: after the intervention, there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the number of complications such as hypotension, hypoglycemia, cramps, nausea, tremors, chills and fever. The nursing and medical team verified the participants' active stance regarding the care measures for the arteriovenous fistula and the central venous catheter. The increase in knowledge about the hemodialysis process made it possible to understand the cause of the complications associated with the treatment. Conclusion: the educational action was effective and generated positive evaluation indicators, allowing the participants to become protagonists of self-care.