Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRIDENT: Towards Detecting and Mitigating Web-based Social Engineering Attacks

As the weakest link in cybersecurity, humans have become the main target of attackers who take advantage of sophisticated web-based social engineering techniques. These attackers leverage low-tier ad networks to inject social engineering components onto web pages to lure users into websites that the attackers control for further exploitation. Most of these exploitations are Web-based Social Engineering Attacks (WSEAs), such as reward and lottery scams. Although researchers have proposed systems and tools to detect some WSEAs, these approaches are very tailored to specific scam techniques (i.e., tech support scams, survey scams) only. They were not designed to be effective against a broad set of attack techniques. With the ever-increasing diversity and sophistication of WSEAs that any user can encounter, there is an urgent need for new and more effective in-browser systems that can accurately detect generic WSEAs. To address this need, we propose T RIDENT , a novel defense system that aims to detect and block generic WSEAs in real-time. T RIDENT stops WSEAs by detecting Social Engineering Ads (SE-ads), the entry point of general web social engineering attacks distributed by low-tier ad networks at scale. Our extensive evaluation shows that T RIDENT can detect SE-ads with an accuracy of 92.63% and a false positive rate of 2.57% and is robust against evasion attempts. We also evaluated T RIDENT against the state-of-the-art ad-blocking tools. The results show that T RIDENT outperforms these tools with a 10% increase in accuracy. Additionally, T RIDENT only incurs 2.13% runtime overhead as a median rate, which is small enough to deploy in production.
Impaired Skeletal Muscle in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Compared with Non-COPD Patients

Purpose This study was designed to investigate the differences in skeletal-muscle atrophy between patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy controls; associated factors were also considered. The study comprised selected residents of communities near the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University in Suzhou City, East China. Patients and Methods Included in this study were 123 COPD patients and 60 controls. All patients completed spirometry as well as examinations to determine their functional exercise capacity, body composition, and handgrip strength (HGS). Results COPD patients had less fat-free mass (FFM), a lower FFM index (FFMI), and a lower 6-min walking distance (6MWD) compared with controls (P = 0.007, P = 0.020, and P < 0.001, respectively) (FFMI: 17.59 ± 1.83 vs 18.34 ± 1.64). The HGS of these patients was also lower compared with that of controls (32.88 ± 7.84 vs 35.48 ± 7.42), and HGS tended toward statistical significance (P = 0.064, respectively). In multivariate analysis, age (β = −0.107, P < 0.001), gender (β = 0.212, P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.462, P < 0.001), FEV1% (β = 0.108, P = 0.009), and calf circumference (CC) (β = 0.457, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with FFMI. Conclusion Impaired skeletal muscle mass was more common in COPD patients than in controls. Multiple regression analysis showed that CC may be used to detect the degree of impairment, particularly by health-care providers working outside of the hospital.
What happens to the vortex structures when the rising bubble transits from zigzag to spiral?

It has been demonstrated by many experiments carried out over the last 60 years that in certain liquids a single millimetre-sized bubble will rise within an unstable path, which is sometimes observed to transit from zigzag to spiral. After performing several groups of direct numerical simulations, the present work gives a theoretical explanation to reveal the physical mechanism causing the transition, and the results are presented in two parts. In the first part, in which a freely rising bubble is simulated, equal-strength vortex pairs are observed to shed twice during a period of the pure zigzag path, and this type of motion is triggered by the amounts of streamwise vorticities accumulated on the bubble interface, when a critical value is reached. However, when the balance between the counter-rotating vortices is broken, an angular velocity is induced between the asymmetric vortex pairs, driving the bubble to rise in an opposite spiral path. Therefore, although there is no preference of the spiral direction as observed in experiments, it is actually determined by the sign of the stronger vortex thread. In the second part, external vertical magnetic fields are imposed onto the spirally rising bubble in order to further confirm the relations between the vortex structures and the unstable path patterns. As shown in our previous studies (Zhang & Ni, Phys. Fluids, vol. 26 (10), 2014, 102102), the strength of the double-threaded vortex pairs, as well as the imbalance between them, will be weakened under magnetic fields. Therefore, as the vortex pairs become more symmetric, the rotating radius of the spirally rising bubble is observed to decrease. We try to answer the question, put forward by Shew et al. (2005, Preprint, ENS, Lyon), ‘what caused the bubble to transit from zigzag to spiral naturally? ’
Parameter and state estimation with ensemble Kalman filter based algorithms for convective‐scale applications

Representation of clouds in convection‐permitting models is sensitive to numerical weather prediction (NWP) model parameters that are often very crudely known (for example roughness length). Our goal is to allow for uncertainty in these parameters and estimate them from data using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach. However, to deal with difficulties associated with convective‐scale applications, such as non‐Gaussianity and constraints on state and parameter values, modifications to classical EnKF are necessary. In this article, we evaluate and extend several recently developed EnKF‐based algorithms that either incorporate constraints such as mass conservation and positivity of precipitation explicitly or introduce higher order moments on the joint state and parameter estimation problem. We compare their results with the localized EnKF for a common idealized test case. The test case uses perfect model experiments with the one‐dimensional modified shallow‐water model, which was designed to mimic important properties of convection. We use a stochastic dynamical model for parameters, in order to prevent underdispersion in parameter space. To deal with localization for estimation of parameters, we introduce a method called global updating, which is a computationally cheap modification of spatial updating and was proven successful in this context. The sensitivity of the results to the number of ensemble members and localization, as well as observation coverage and frequency, is shown. Although all algorithms are capable of reducing the initial state and parameter errors, it is concluded that mass conservation is important when the localization radius is small and/or the observations are sparse. In addition, accounting for higher order moments in the joint space and parameter estimation problem is beneficial when the ensemble size is large enough or when applied to parameter estimation only.
Effects of resonant scattering of the Si IV doublet near 140 nm in a solar active region

Aims. In a previous study we analysed the C IV 1548.189 Å and 1550.775 Å lines observed with the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER), showing cases where the 1548.189 Å spectral profile was noticeably different from the 1550.775 Å one, profiles that we dubbed differentially shaped profiles. We explained this differential behaviour by an important radiative contribution, affecting multiple plasma motions happening at the instrument sub-resolution scale. In the present study we examine more general cases where radiative effects may contribute to the emission from the transition region of an active region. Here we analyse the lines Si IV 1393.757 Å and 1402.772 Å observed with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). Methods. We study active region NOAA 12529, observed with IRIS on 18 April 2016. Using sorting techniques we selected individual profiles for which the intensity line ratio 1393.757 Å/1402.772 Å is significantly higher or lower than 2 and we also tracked differentially shaped profiles. We analyse the physical conditions that create these profiles and in some cases we estimate electron densities. Results. We found more than 4000 individual profiles with line ratios higher than 2, about 500 profiles for which the line ratio is in the range 1.3–1.6, and 15 differentially shaped profiles. Line ratios higher than 2, are found along loops, and mostly at the y = 250 to 300″ part of the plage. There, we estimated the incident radiation and derived electron densities that can vary from 109 to a few times 1011 cm−3, depending on the plasma temperature. For the low line ratios, the sources are concentrated at the periphery of the active region plage, mostly along fibrils and present optical depths, τ, between 1.5 and 3. in most cases. The electron densities calculated from these Si IV profiles are comparable with electron densities derived using the O IV 1399.766 Å-1401.163 Å ratios. Conclusions. We found that about 2.4% of the individual profiles for which we can perform a Gaussian fit present a line ratio higher than 2. In profiles with a high line ratio, the resonant scattering appears to be due to the combination of an average incident radiation field with a relatively low local electron density and not due to the vicinity of an ephemeral strong light source. As far as low intensity ratios are concerned, non-negligible optical depths are found at the edge of the plage, near the footpoints of fibrils that are oriented towards quiet Sun areas, where the electron density can be as high as (7 − 9) × 1011 cm−3 if we assume a plasma in ionization equilibrium.
GENERAL PURPOSE SEARCH IN LARGE-SCALE UNSTRUCTRED OVERLAY NETWORKS

The centralized solutions provided by cloud computing require one to fully place trust in cloud providers that also act as a single point of failure for applications and users. Decentralized alternatives, where trust and responsibility are shared among those who participate in them, are presented as a solution to the limitations imposed by cloud infrastructures. However, decentralized alternatives require solutions and e ﬃ cient services that enable users and application to fully take advantage of a decentralized network. Searching enables one to know the location of one or more desired resources in a network, and is often needed as a primary service or as a building block in decentralized systems. Unfortunately, how search is used in such systems varies from system to system, and search performance is heavily inﬂuenced by several factors, such as the topological organization of the network and resource popularity. In this work, we propose a search mechanism that can be leveraged by a wide range of systems and applications, while maintaining its performance. To accomplish this, our search mechanism will enable arbitrary queries that are ﬂexible enough to express the di ﬀ erent resources existing in a network; by employing dynamically selected forwarding strategies that can be deﬁned with ﬁne-grained detail and take into consideration past activity information.
Review Nutrient requirements of ornamental ﬁsh

Although ﬁsh have been kept for more than three centuries as ornamentals, and the development of manufactured feed since 50 years ago has contributed to the tremendous growth of this hobby, nutrition of ornamental ﬁsh is based on extrapolation of results derived from food ﬁshes under intensive farming conditions. Some research on nutrient (protein, minerals) requirements of growing freshwater ornamental species (live-bearers) in a production environment has been conducted, mainly in Singapore, with emphasis on the provision of live feed during the early stages of the life cycle. Protein requirements varied from around 30% dietary protein for growing omnivorous goldﬁsh ( Carassius auratus ) to 50% for the carnivorous discus ( Symphysodon aequifasciata ). Whereas mineral (phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc) requirements have received some attention in the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ), few researches have concentrated on vitamin requirements of ornamental species. Requirements for fatty acids have been conducted mainly on marine ornamentals (damselﬁsh, seahorses), and accentuated the need for dietary supplementation of n -3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Fish kept in public and home aquaria presents the problem of diversity of species in the same enclosure, each with its own speciﬁc requirements and needs. Maintenance energy levels of ornamental ﬁsh varied from 0.068 kJ per day for small neon tetras ( Paracheirodon innesi ) to 0.51 kJ per day for moonlight gouramis ( Trichogaster microlepsis ) kept at a water temperature of 26 °C. Research on nutrient requirements of ornamental ﬁsh urges for suitable measurements other than only growth rate in order to determine optimal dietary inclusion levels.
An Intergroup Perspective on Antecedents of Negative Attitudes Towards Covid-19 Vaccine: The Role of Conspiratorial Beliefs, Perceived Assumptive International Collaboration, and Vaccine National Glorification

Although the COVID-19 vaccine has been recommended as the safer and more effective prevention for COVID-19 disease relative to other alternative medications, yet across the globe, many people are resistant to receiving it. Setting out to explain such a paradox, we conducted an online survey among a sample of Indonesians (N = 4758) when the World Health Organisation (WHO) granted authorisations for the clinical trial of various vaccines against COVID-19. The results revealed that participants' support for theories that the COVID-19 vaccine is invented to harm their nation (i.e., COVID-19 vaccine conspiratorial beliefs) positively corresponded with the perceptions that international collaboration in the COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial is not aligned with their nation's actual needs (i.e., the perceived assumptive international collaboration) and negative attitudes towards the vaccine. In turn, the perceived assumptive international collaboration was positively related to negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine. We also showed that the positive relationship between COVID-19 vaccine conspiratorial beliefs and the perceived assumptive international collaboration in the vaccine clinical trial was more prominent among participants who were strongly resistant to take vaccines supplied by other countries due to national pride (i.e., vaccine national glorification). © 2022 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
A new seismicity catalogue of the eastern Alps using the temporary Swath-D network

Abstract. We present a new, consistently processed seismicity catalogue for the eastern and southern Alps based on the temporary dense Swath-D monitoring network. The final catalogue contains 6053 earthquakes for the time period 2017–2019 and has a magnitude of completeness of −1.0 ML. The smallest detected and located events have a magnitude of −1.7 ML. Aimed at the low to moderate seismicity in the study region, we have developed a multi-stage, mostly automatic workflow that combines a priori information from local catalogues and waveform-based event detection, subsequent efficient GPU-based (GPU: graphics processing unit) event search by template matching, P and S arrival time pick refinement, and location in a regional 3-D velocity model. The resulting seismicity distribution generally confirms the previously identified main seismically active domains but provides increased resolution of the fault activity at depth. In particular, the high number of small events additionally detected by the template search contributes to a denser catalogue and provides an important basis for future geological and tectonic studies in this complex part of the Alpine orogen.
Impact of Work Value Perceived by Chinese Post-90s Employees on Their Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention

Owing to COVID-19 pandemic and global recession, enterprises are facing more and more fierce competition. Under this situation, retaining as much as recruiting good employees has become a top priority for organization. However, post 90s, with very different characteristics from traditional workers, entered the labor market, and both employers and employees suffered from post-90’s high turnover rate. Therefore, this study focuses on Chinese post-90s and examined the effects of work values they pursue (utilitarian orientation, interest congruence, long-term development, and innovativeness) on job satisfaction and turnover intention. In addition, the groups with less than or more than one year of service were compared and analyzed. A total of 267 Chinese workers born in the 90s participated in the survey. Our research findings show that utilitarian orientation affects both job satisfaction and turnover intention, but interest congruence only affects job satisfaction while innovation only affects turnover intention. And the moderating effect of tenure of service was partially verified. Various implications based on the result were discussed.
SURFER v2.0: A ﬂexible and simple model linking emissions to ocean acidiﬁcation and sea level rise

We present SURFER, a novel reduced model for estimating the impact of CO 2 emissions and solar radiation management options on sea level rise and ocean acidiﬁcation over timescales of several thousands of years. SURFER has been designed for the analysis of CO 2 emission and solar radiation management policies, for supporting the computation of optimal (CO 2 emission and solar radiation management) policies and for the study of commitment and responsibility under uncertainty. The model is based on a combination of conservation laws for the masses of atmospheric and oceanic carbon and for the 5 oceanic temperature anomalies, and of ad-hoc parametrisations for the different sea level rise contributors: ice sheets, glaciers and ocean thermal expansion. It consists of 9 loosely coupled ordinary differential equations, is understandable, fast and easy to modify and calibrate. It reproduces the results of more sophisticated, high-dimensional earth system models on time scales up to millennia.
Exploring Entrepreneurial Orientation in First- and Continuing-Generation College Graduates

Numerous studies have explored first-generation college student experiences leading up to and throughout their time seeking a bachelor’s degree. Other research has investigated the relationship between risk perception or self-efficacy traits and entrepreneurial orientation. The purpose of this study is to fill the gap between these two research streams by exploring the relationship of entrepreneurial orientation in, and between, firstand continuing-generation college graduates, specifically evaluating their post-graduation experience. This project explores entrepreneurial orientation, risk-taking, self-efficacy, and familial obligations to explore potential similarities and differences between first-and continuing-generation graduates. Specifically, this study hypothesized that first-generation college graduates would have greater entrepreneurial orientation, compared to continuing-generation graduates. Furthermore, the relationship between graduate type and entrepreneurship orientation was thought to be mediated by risk-taking. Results showed that, as predicted, risk-taking was positively correlated with entrepreneurial orientation but that graduate type predicted neither entrepreneurial orientation nor risk-taking.
Exponentiation of conditional expectations under stochastic volatility

We use the Itô Decomposition Formula (see Alòs [A decomposition formula for option prices in the Heston model and applications to option pricing approximation. Finance Stoch., 2012, 16(3), 403–422]) to express certain conditional expectations as exponentials of iterated integrals. As one application, we compute an exact formal expression for the leverage swap for any stochastic volatility model expressed in forward variance form. As another, we show how to derive a smile expansion analogous to that of Bergomi and Guyon to all orders. Finally, we compute exact expressions under rough volatility, obtaining in particular the fractional Riccati equation for the rough Heston characteristic function. As a corollary, we compute a closed-form expression for the leverage swap in the rough Heston model which can be used for fast calibration.
Ecological niche affects mitochondrial DNA diversity and variation in near-threatened Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis)

Abstract. Ummee C, Sitdhibutr R, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Kasorndorkbua C. 2023. Ecological niche affects mitochondrial DNA diversity and variation in near-threatened Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis). Biodiversitas 24: 3630-3640. The impact from the use of diclofenac on the Indian subcontinent is the main reason why the Himalayan vulture Gyps himalayensis Hume, 1869 has near-threatened conservation status. In particular, it has ecological niches different from those of other vultures in the same genus; however, there has been no systematic study on genetic diversity. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of Himalayan vultures that had migrated to Thailand during the winter in conjunction with samples from a limited GenBank database. The results identified no evidence of Himalayan vulture genetic diversity loss after Gyps vultures were affected by diclofenac since the 1990s and the values were related to raptors with stable population status, which may be the result of ecological niche. Genetic differences or group divided were found in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Control Region (CR) and Cyt b+CR except in Cytochrome b (Cyt b). The group division based on the results of genetic distance between CR and Cyt b+CR shows that the genetic distance between groups of CR was 10-12 times greater than that of Cyt b (0.771±0.055-0.923±0.084 and 0.076±0.068, respectively) and the difference was also present when analyzed with the combined data set of Cyt b+CR (0.448±0.036). This is an important indicator for the possible study of population structure through phylogeography, because the Cyt b from other studies did not indicate any genetic differences between populations of Himalayan vulture and other Gyps vultures, which may update conservation proposals to be more accurate and effective.