Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations of the Hydrogen Cyanide in Comet 46P/Wirtanen at a 3.4 mm Wavelength

We searched for rotational lines of H12C14N in comet 46P/Wirtanen, using the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7 m radio telescope. The J = 1–0 lines of HCN (3.4 mm wavelength) were unambiguously detected in 46P during the 2018 December 14–15 period, with a beam resolution of 62. ″2 and a velocity resolution of ∼0.21 km s−1 per channel. The molecular production rates were computed. The mean HCN(1–0) production rate of 46P was (6.45 ± 1.31) × 1024 molec s−1 in the above two days. We found possible indications of time variation in the outgassing activity. The average HCN abundance relative to water Q[HCN]/ of 46P was (0.09 ± 0.01)%. The HCN line shapes gave primary information on the kinematics of the cometary atmosphere. The HCN linewidths provided a direct determination of the coma expansion velocity, which was about 0.5 ± 0.05 km s−1 at post-perihelion (1.056 au).
Biology and epidemics of Candidatus Liberibacter species, psyllid‐transmitted plant‐pathogenic bacteria

Candidatus Liberibacter species are Gram-negative bacteria that live as phloem-limited obligate parasites in plants, and are associated with several plant diseases. These bacteria are transmitted by insects called psyllids, or jumping plant lice, which feed on plant phloem sap. Citrus huanglongbing (yellow shoot) or citrus greening disease is associated with three different species of Ca. Liberibacter – Ca. L. asiaticus, Ca. L. africanus and Ca. L. americanus – all originally found on different continents. Ca. L. asiaticus is the most severe pathogen, spread by Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri and causing devastating epidemics in several countries. Ca. L. africanus occurs in Africa where it is spread by the African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae. Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum is associated with diseases in several solanaceous plants, and transmitted by potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli. Zebra chip disease is causing large damage in potato crops in North America. In Europe Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum is associated with diseases of the Apiaceae family of plants, carrot and celery, and transmitted by psyllids Trioza apicalis and Bactericera trigonica. When Ca. Liberibacter is suspected as the disease agent, the diagnosis is confirmed by DNA-based detection methods. Ca. Liberibacter-associated plant diseases can be controlled by using healthy plant propagation material, eradicating symptomatic plants, and by controlling the psyllid populations spreading the disease.
Herbarium Specimens as Records of Genetic Research

Some years ago, Dr. M. J. Murray published a study of the genetics of sex determination of the Amaranthaceae, based on a formidable program of experimental crosses between monoecious and dioecious species1. In preparing a taxonomic revision of a section of Amaranthus, I have just had occasion to examine this set of specimens and believe that a few of the species used in Murray's crosses were incorrectly identified. The following changes in identification are indicated:
Morphology and phylogeny of Scrippsiella enormis sp. nov. and S. cf. spinifera (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) from the China Sea

Gu H. , Luo Z. , Liu T. and Lan D. 2013. Morphology and phylogeny of Scrippsiella enormis sp. nov. and S. cf. spinifera (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) from the China Sea. Phycologia 52: 182–190. DOI: 10.2216/12-036.1 The genus Scrippsiella contains approximately 20 species that are widespread in coastal and oceanic areas. Classification of Scrippsiella traditionally relied on cyst morphology because the plate pattern was rather conserved. A new species, S. enormis sp. nov. was obtained by incubating a noncalcified cyst from sediments collected in the East China Sea. The vegetative cells consisted of a conical-convex epitheca and a round hypotheca with the plate formula of po, x, 4′, 3a, 7″, 6c (5c+t), 5s, 5‴, 2″″. It differed from other Scrippsiella species by possessing an asymmetrical 1′ and generating noncalcareous, spherical cysts with paratabulation. Phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S rDNA sequences revealed that S. enormis was nested within the Calciodinellum clade. In addition, two strains of S. cf. spinifera (strains SSFC02, SSFC03) were obtained by incubating calcareous cysts from sediments collected in the South China Sea. They shared identical ITS sequence and formed a sister clade of the S. trochoidea species complex, suggesting little phylogenetic significance of antapical spines in Scrippsiella.
Awareness of Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention among Students of a Tertiary Institution in Southern Nigeria

Aim: To access the level of awareness of cervical cancer screening tools and preventive measures amongst students of a tertiary institution. Methodology: This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. Pre-tested self-administered Questionnaires were distributed to students who were above the age of 18 years in the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, to obtain information on their socio-demographics and awareness of cervical cancer, its prevention, risk factors and association with Human Papilloma Virus infection. Information acquired from the questionnaires were presented using descriptive statistics. Chi-Square analysis was used to compare differences between knowledge and practice among the respondents. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. All tests were carried out with the Epi Info v7 software. Original Research Article Oboro and Athanasius; JCTI, 10(1): 26-32, 2020; Article no.JCTI. 56083 27 Results: A total of 227 students were interviewed.82. 8% were female and 22.9% indicated being sexually active. About two-thirds of respondents had some knowledge (heard) of cervical cancer and Pap smear, majority of whom indicated they did so from health care personnel followed closely by the media houses and social media. Only 12.1% were aware of sexual intercourse as a risk factor for Human Papilloma virus infection and about one-fifth knew the currently recommended age for vaccination against the virus. Conclusion: The degree of awareness of cervical cancer in a key population such as the undergraduates sampled in this study is unacceptably low. Increased efforts must therefore be put into public enlightenment as primary prevention of cervical cancer
Tilt angle distribution and swimming speed of overwintering Norwegian spring spawning herring

When plankton production in the feeding areas decreases in the fall, adult Norwegian spring-spawning herring migrate into two fjords in northern Norway. In these wintering areas the herring occupy deeper water. Lacking the ability to refill the swimbladder they are constantly negatively buoyant. This leads to different adaptive behaviour during the day and at night, behaviour which is reflected in swimming angle. Split-beam tracking methods and still-frame photography have been used to study the herring behaviour inside the dense wintering schools. Negative buoyancy seems to be controlled through constant swimming at speeds between 0.25-0.42 ms −1 because these are sufficiently high to generate lift when the pectoral fins are used as spoilers. During the day, when the layers aggregate, the average swimming angle is close to horizontal while positive average swimming angles of up to 40° were recorded at night. A bimodal distribution of tilt angles, with one positive and one negative component, indicating a “rise and glide” swimming strategy was also observed at night. Vertically undulating split beam tracks confirmed this particular type of swimming behaviour. As adult herring are directional targets at the echo-sounder frequency used for acoustic assessment of the stock, the possible impact of the observed tilt angles on average acoustic target strength is discussed.
RNA–DNA Ratio in Scales from Juvenile Cod Provides a Nonlethal Measure of Feeding Condition

Abstract We removed scales from juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, extracted RNA and DNA from tissue associated with the scales, and found that the ratio of RNA to DNA (R/D) reflects the feeding condition and growth of the fish. Moreover, R/D was found to be a more sensitive indicator of feeding condition than either weight or length. We performed a series of experiments in which the diets of juvenile cod (mean total lengths, 10.4–18.8 cm) were manipulated. At regular intervals, the fish were weighed and measured, and scales were removed from each individually marked fish. In fish that were either fed or starved for 49 d, R/D was significantly correlated with growth in length for individual fish (r 2 = 0.27, P < 0.0001) and tank means (r 2 = 0.59, P < 0.0001). The ratio of RNA to DNA was also sensitive to changes in feeding condition. Fish that were initially starved had significantly (P < 0.05) higher R/D after 2 d of feeding, and fish that were initially fed had significantly (P < 0.05) lower R/D after.
Biodegradation of Carbazole by Pseudomonas spp. CA06 and CA10

Two bacterial strains, CA06 and CA10, that assimilate carbazole (CAR) as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen were isolated from 202 farm soil samples and 4 activated sludge samples, and identified as Pseudomonas spp. Growth conditions for strains CA06 and CA10 on CAR were examined. Anthranilic acid (AN) and catechol (CAT) were identified as the main metabolites of CAR by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When strains CA06 and CA10 were cultivated in a medium containing 17mM CAR, 1.4mM AN, and 0.1 mM CAT were accumulated in the culture broth, but AN disappeared after 140 h of incubation. An initial oxidation product, 2ʹ -aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol, and a meta-cleavage product, 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2ʹ -aminophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienoic acid, were tentatively identified in the culture broth of CAR by GC-MS. When AN was used for a substrate in culture by these strains, CAT and a small amount of cis, cis-muconate was detected by HPLC. This conversion sugges.
Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Live and Freeze-Killed House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae

ABSTRACT The use of pteromalid parasitoids for muscoid fly control is becoming increasingly common. Two species that are often recommended for releases are Spalangia cameroni Perkins and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders. This study was conducted to determine if the reduced suitability of freeze-killed pupae for Pteromalidae, particularly S. cameroni, is due to freezing, freezing duration, or the type of freezer used. Processing pupae through freezing had a considerably greater negative effect on rearing of S. cameroni than on M. raptor. Although freezing pupae did reduce M. raptor progeny production, there was no effect of length of storage or type of freezer used. Freezing pupae for 5 months resulted in significantly fewer S. cameroni progeny than freezing pupae for 2 weeks. Although not significant, pupae held in a frostfree freezer produced more progeny than those in a non-frostfree freezer. Measurements of weights of parasitized pupae over time indicated that freezing did not result in accelerated desiccation of hosts. These results document that the use of prolonged freezing and type of freezer minimally impacts M. raptor, but that commercial insectaries and researchers should be cautious in the use of frozen pupae when rearing or surveying for S. cameroni.
CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF THE SAFETY OF RESTAURANTS: THE ROLE OF INSPECTION NOTICES AND OTHER INFORMATION CUES

This paper explores the ways in which consumers assess the safety of food in restaurants and other eating-out establishments, and the resulting impact on restaurant choice. The analysis builds on the existing literature on restaurant choice more generally and a growing body of studies on the impact of official inspection information on the perceived safety of restaurants. Based on a two-stage consumer study in the City of Hamilton in Ontario, Canada, involv- ing focus groups and a postal survey, the research highlights how consumers base their assessment of food safety in restaurants using a range of visible 7
Rheological Properties of Gels Made from High- and Low-Quality Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) Mince with Added Nonmuscle Proteins

The effect of added nonmuscle proteins on minced sardine gels is highly dependent on mince quality. In high functional quality mince, any protein addition interfered with gelation of muscle proteins. In low-quality mince, however, egg white or soy protein considerably improved gel strength. Casein reduced all of the rheological parameters studied. Regarding salt concentration, high-quality mince did not gel with low salt (1.5%), whereas low-quality mince gelled with both 1.5% and 2.5% salt concentrations. Gels made with 1.5% NaCl exhibited lower gel strength, elasticity, and cohesiveness than gels with the higher salt concentration. Keywords: Sardine mince; gelation; rheological properties; expressible moisture
The formerly incarcerated, advocacy, activism, and community reintegration

ABSTRACT Restorative, or strength-based, reentry has been advanced as an alternative to the far more common risk-based or needs-based approaches to assisting in the reintegration of prisoners back into society. Drawing from restorative justice principles of repair, including key stakeholders, and transformation, this perspective illustrates how formerly incarcerated people work toward destigmatization and redemption by helping others (going the ‘second mile’ in the transformation process). Further, the formerly incarcerated lead and participate in social and political activism (the ‘third mile’) which provides them space to ‘make good’ and practice sharing their narratives as public testimonials. Using in-depth interviews with nine formerly incarcerated advocates and activists in Michigan, this study describes forms of (1) helping others and (2) participation in activism among the formerly incarcerated, and (3) blends theoretical analysis about how these actions affect the formerly incarcerated themselves.
Expression and Development of Wheat Proteins during Maturation of Wheat Kernel and the Rheological Properties of Dough Prepared from the Flour of Mature and Immature Wheat

Changes in expression and accumulation of gluten proteins were investigated in developing kernels of 2 wheat cultivars, Norin 61 and Fukusayaka. Expression of 7 gluten subunit genes was detectable 7 days after anthesis (DAA) in both cultivars, while changes in expression patterns of these subunits over time were found to be specific to each cultivar. The accumulation of total proteins and ethanol-soluble proteins was analysed by SDS-PAGE and acidic-PAGE, respectively. The band patterns of total proteins in both cultivars changed markedly between 14 and 21 DAA. Ethanol-soluble proteins, which are mainly gliadin proteins, were detected at 21 DAA in Norin 61 and at 14 DAA in Fukusayaka. We investigated the textural properties of dough prepared from the flour of mature and immature Norin 61. The tension test revealed that dough prepared from immature wheat had higher tensile strength and lower extensibility than that prepared from mature wheat.
Field studies on colour preferences of Ctenarytaina thysanura in Tasmanian boronia farms

Field tests on attraction of Ctenarytaina thysanura (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) adults to different coloured 30 × 30 cm sticky traps revealed a preference for yellow. Among the enamel colours tested, more psyllids were captured on yellow traps followed by green, then blue and least on red, cyan and magenta. Dilution of yellow enamel with 50% white (1Y:1W) and 75% white (1Y:3W) to produce yellow‐white hues resulted in a significant decrease in psyllid capture indicating that the psyllids response to yellow was one of positive attraction and could suggest true colour discrimination. Reflectance spectra of painted surfaces of the enamel colours and also yellow to white hues indicated that psyllid capture rates were directly related to the proportion of light reflected in the 500–560 nm region. The biological basis of the observed C. thysanura response may be that yellow is the most intensely reflective colour in the general part of the spectrum for leaves which reflect most light in the 500–600 nm (peak 550 nm) range.
Probing the dynamic structural changes of
 DNA
 using ultrafast laser pulse in graphene‐based optofluidic device

Institute of Advanced Cross-field Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China College of Electronic Science and Technology and College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering (IAPME), University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China Institute of Material Science and Devices, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
THE EFFECT OF AN ALTERNATIVE FOOD SUPPLY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO TYPHLODROMUS SPECIES AND PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH) (ACARINA)

Using seedling plants in an insectary, populations were recorded of two species of Typhlodromus (Phytoseiidae) when provided with known numbers of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) and/or large numbers of Aculus fockeui (Nal.) (Eriophyidae). T. pyri Scheut. and T. finlandicus (Oudms.) both maintained P. ulmi at a low level compared with populations where Typhlodromus was not present, and whether or not A. fockeui was also available. Both species of Typhlodromus increased more rapidly when provided with A. fockeui as well as P. ulmi, and under these conditions T. pyri reduced P. ulmi to a lower level than where A. fockeui was not provided.
Leaf, floret and seed infection of wheat by Pyrenophora semeniperda

Infection processes of Pyrenophora semeniperda on seedling and adult wheat leaves and wheat ears were investigated. Almost 100% germination of conidia occurred on seedling leaves, compared with 20–30% on adult leaves. Appressoria formed over the anticlinal epidermal cell walls and haloes always accompanied infection. Sometimes papillae formed within the leaves as a resistance mechanism. Infection hyphae ramified through the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll resulting in cellular disruption. The infection processes on floral tissues were similar to those observed on leaves; however, no infection occurred on anther, stigmatic or stylar tissues. Infection of ovarian tissue occurred both with and without appressoria formation. Hyphae grew mainly in the epidermal layers and appeared unable to breach the integumental layer as no growth was observed in endosperm or embryo tissues. The optimum dew period temperature for conidial germination was 23·6°C, compared with 19·9°C for lesion development, 20·4°C for the production of infection structures on seedling leaves and 23·7°C for floret infection. Leaf disease development occurred in a logistic manner in response to dew period, with maximum infection observed after 21 h compared with > 48 h in seeds. An initial dark phase during the dew period was necessary for infection and temperature after the dew period had an effect, with significantly more numerous and larger lesions being formed at 15°C compared with 30°C. Seedling leaves were found to be more susceptible than older leaves, under both field and controlled environment conditions. Infection of wheat seeds following inoculation of ears, or after harvest burial of inoculated disease-free seeds, was demonstrated. In the latter, 3-week-old seedlings were slightly stunted, whereas older plants were unaffected. The apparent unimportance of this plant pathogen as a cause of leaf disease in relation to its poor adaptation to dew periods and dew period temperature is discussed, along with the importance of its seed borne characteristics.
Effect of Long-Term Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Practices on Soil Nutrients Availability and Enzymatic Activity under Acidic Inceptisol of North-Eastern Region of India

ABSTRACT Soil acidity is one of the main limitations for optimal use of land resources for better crop production. And, long-term fertilization experiments found to be helpful in increasing the nutrient supply in these acidic soils. Keeping this in view, a field experiment on rice was carried out by applying biofertilizers and enriched compost in an acidic Inceptisol of Assam over 10 successive years (2006–15) to examine its effects on nutrient availability and soil enzymatic activity. This experiment had five treatments viz. absolute control (T1), 100% recommended doses (RD) of inorganic NPK (T2), 50% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +biofertilizers (T3), 50% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +1 tonne enriched compost ha−1 (T4) and 25% RD of inorganic NP + 100% K +2 tonnes enriched compost ha−1 (T5) under randomized block design with four replications. After completing 10 years of experiment, it was observed that integrated use of enriched compost and biofertilizers with reduced doses of inorganic fertilizers enhanced the soil enzymatic activity as well as nutrient availability in rice grown in acidic clay loam soils of Assam. Application of biofertilizers and enriched compost had positive impact on plant accessible nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil as compared to inorganic fertilizers. Also soil organic matter content increased considerably by these treatment. Integrated nutrient management practice in rice had also significantly enhanced the dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate and phospho-monoesterase activity in soil.
The importance of occasional droughts for afroalpine landscape ecology

The paper presents climatic and plant ecological data for unusually severe dry-season conditions on Mt. Elgon (Uganda/Kenya) and the Bale Mountains (Ethiopia). There is clear evidence that plants are exposed to desiccation stress during high-altitude droughts, which occur on average every 7-10 y in the study sites. Although high vapour-pressure deficits and consequently high potential evapotranspiration led to conspicuous wilting of several plant species, no lethal damage was observed and plant communities maintained increased flowering activity under drought conditions. Moreover, highest outposts of ericaceous vegetation were regularly found on thin soil covering rocky outcrops, where water stress apparently is high. Probably more important than direct water stress are the extensive fires occurring under drought conditions, which cause large-scale replacement of woody vegetation by grasslands. Additional consequences of drought include adverse conditions for seedling stablishment.