Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of salinity and sodicity on soil organic carbon stocks and fluxes

Salinity, sodicity and soil carbon vi as salinity and sodicity increase in the field, soil C is likely to be rapidly lost as a result of increased mineralisation. Gypsum is the most commonly-used ameliorant in the rehabilitation of sodic and saline-sodic soils affected by adverse soil environmental conditions. When soils were sampled from two sodic profiles in salt-scalded areas at Bevendale and Young, SMB levels and soil respiration rates measured in the laboratory were found to be low in the sodic soil compared to normal nondegraded soils. When the sodic soils were treated with gypsum, there was no change in the SMB and respiration rates. The low levels of SMB and respiration rates were due to low SOC levels as a result of little or no C input into the soils of these highly degraded landscapes, as the high salinity and high sodicity levels have resulted in vegetation death. However, following the addition of organic material to the scalded soils, in the form of coarsely-ground kangaroo grass, SMB levels and respiration rates increased to levels greater than those found in the nondegraded soil. The addition of gypsum (with organic material) gave no additional increases in the SMB. The level of SOC stocks in salt-scalded, vegetated and revegetated profiles was also determined, so that the amount of SOC lost due to salinisation and sodication, and the increase in SOC following revegetation relative to the amount of SOC in a vegetated profile could be ascertained. Results showed up to three times less SOC in salt-scalded profiles compared to vegetated profiles under native pasture, while revegetation of formerly scalded areas with introduced pasture displayed SOC levels comparable to those under native pasture to a depth of 30 cm. However, SOC stocks can be underestimated in saline and sodic landscapes by setting the lower boundary at 30 cm due to the presence of waterlogging, which commonly occurs at a depth greater than 30 cm in saline and sodic landscapes as a result of the presence of high or perched watertables. These results indicate that successful revegetation of scalded areas has the potential to accumulate SOC stocks similar to those found prior to degradation. The experimental results from this project indicate that in salt-affected landscapes, initial increases in salinity and sodicity result in rapid C mineralisation. Biomass inputs also decrease due to declining vegetation health, followed by further losses as a result of leaching and erosion. The remaining native SOM is then mineralised, until very low SOC stocks remain. However, the C sequestration potential in these degraded areas is high, particularly if rehabilitation efforts are successful in reducing salinity and sodicity. Soil ecosystem functions can then be restored if organic material is available as C stock and for decomposition in the form of either added organic material or inputs from vegetation when these salt-affected landscapes are revegetated.
author-version of: Biogeography a key influence on distal forelimb variation in horses through the Cenozoic

29 Locomotion in terrestrial tetrapods is reliant on interactions between distal limb bones (e.g. metapodials 30 and phalanges). The metapodial-phalangeal joint in horse (Equidae) limbs is highly specialised, 31 facilitating vital functions (shock absorption; elastic recoil). While joint shape has changed throughout 32 horse evolution, potential drivers of these modifications have not been quantitatively assessed. Here, I 33 examine the morphology of the forelimb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of horses and their extinct 34 kin (palaeotheres) using geometric morphometrics and disparity analyses, within a phylogenetic 35 context. I also develop a novel alignment protocol that explores magnitude of shape change through 36 time, correlated against body mass and diet. MCP shape was poorly correlated with mass or diet proxies, 37 although significant temporal correlations were detected at 0–1 Ma intervals. A clear division was 38 recovered between New and Old World hipparionin MCP morphologies. Significant changes in MCP 39 disparity and high rates of shape divergence were observed during the Great American Biotic 40 Interchange, with the MCP joint becoming broad and robust in two separate monodactyl lineages, 41 possibly exhibiting novel locomotor behaviour. This large scale study of MCP joint shape demonstrates 42 the apparent capacity for horses to rapidly change their distal limb morphology to overcome discrete 43 locomotor challenges in new habitats. † 44 45
Core Decompression for Avascular Necrosis

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The Effect Of The Charge-separating Interface On Exciton The Effect Of The Charge-separating Interface On Exciton Dynamics In Photocatalytic Colloidal Heteronanocrystals Dynamics In Photocatalytic Colloidal Heteronanocrystals

Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the nature of photo-induced charge transfer processes taking place in ZnSe/CdS/Pt colloidal heteronanocrystals. These nanoparticles consist of a dot-in-a-rod semiconductor domain (ZnSe/CdS) coupled to a Pt tip. Together the three components are designed to dissociate an electron (cid:1) hole pair by pinning the hole in the ZnSe domain while allowing the electron to transfer into the Pt tip. Separated charges can then induce a catalytic reaction, such as the light-driven hydrogen production. Present measurements demonstrate that the internal electron (cid:1) hole separation is fast and results in the localization of both charges in nonadjacent parts of the nanoparticle. In particular, we show that photoinduced holes become con ﬁ ned within the ZnSe domain in less than 2 ps, while electrons take approximately 15 ps to transition into a Pt tip. More importantly, we demonstrate that the presence of the ZnSe dot within the CdS nanorods plays a key role both in enabling photoinduced separation of charges and in suppressing their backward recombination. The implications of the observed exciton dynamics to photocatalytic function of ZnSe/CdS/Pt heteronanocrystals are discussed.
A process-based model for fluvial valley width

The width of fluvial valley-floors is a key parameter to quantifying the morphology of mountain regions. Valley-floor width is relevant to diverse fields including sedimentology, fluvial geomorphology, and archaeology. The width of valleys has been argued to depend on climatic and tectonic conditions, on the hydraulics and hydrology of the river channel 10 that forms the valley, and on sediment supply from valley walls. Here, we derive a physically-based model that can be used to predict valley width and test it against three different datasets. The model applies to valleys that are carved by a river migrating laterally across the valley floor. We conceptualize river migration as a Poisson process, in which the river changes its direction stochastically, at a mean rate determined by hydraulic boundary conditions. This approach yields a characteristic timescale for the river to once cross the valley floor from one wall to the other. The valley width can then be determined by integrating the 15 speed of migration over this timescale. For a laterally unconfined river that is not uplifting, the model predicts that the channel-belt width scales with river-flow depth. Channel-belt width corresponds to the maximum width of a fluvial valley. We expand the model to include the effects of uplift and lateral sediment supply from valley walls. Both of these effects lead to a decrease in valley width in comparison to the maximum width. We identify a dimensionless number, termed the mobility-uplift number, which is the ratio between the lateral mobility of the river channel and uplift rate. The model predicts two limits: At high values 20 of the mobility-uplift number, the valley evolves to the channel-belt width, whereas it corresponds to the channel width at low values. Between these limits, valley width is linked to the mobility-uplift number by a logarithmic function. As a consequence of the model, valley width increases with increasing drainage area, with a scaling exponent that typically has a value between 0.4 and 0.5, but can also be lower or higher. We compare the model to three independent data sets of valleys in experimental and natural uplifting landscapes and show that it closely predicts the first-order relationship between valley width and the 25 mobility-uplift number
Multi-polarization C-band SAR signatures of arctic sea ice

The Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) is scheduled to be launched on the ENVISAT satellite in summer 2001. For Arctic-sea ice mapping using future ASAR data, we carry out a study of multiple polarization C-band SAR signatures of various sea ice types. We present polarimetric SAR data acquired over sea ice acquired by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory polarimetric AIRSAR system on the NASA DC-8 aircraft over sea ice regions in the Beaufort Sea and the Bering Sea. We use a physical sea ice model to study polarimetric scattering signatures of sea ice. The results also provides useful information to the future RADARSAT-2 multi-polarization SAR for sea ice mapping.
Adaptations in the wall proteome of the clinical fungus Candida albicans in response to infection-related environmental conditions

Proteins that are covalently linked to the skeletal polysaccharides of the cell wall of Candida albicans play a major role in the colonization of the vaginal mucosal surface, which may result in vaginitis. Here we report on the variability of the cell wall proteome of C. albicans as a function of the ambient oxygen concentration and iron availability. For these studies, cells were cultured at 37°C in vagina simulative medium (VSM) and aerated with a gas mixture consisting of 6% (v/v) CO 2 , 0.01-7% (v/v) O 2 , and N 2 , reflecting the gas composition in the vaginal environment. Under these conditions, the cells grew exclusively in the non-hyphal form, with the relative growth rate being halved at ∼ 0.02 % (v/v) O 2 . Using tandem mass spectrometry and immunoblot analysis, we identified 15 covalently linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) proteins in isolated walls (Als1, Als3, Cht2, Crh11, Ecm33, Hwp1, Pga4, Pga10, Phr2, Rbt5, Rhd3, Sod4, Ssr1, Ywp1, Utr2) and 4 covalently linked non-GPI proteins (MP65, Pir1, Sim1/Sun42, Tos1). Five of them (Als3, Hwp1, Sim1, Tos1, and Utr2) were absent in cells grown in rich medium. Immunoblot analysis revealed that restricted O 2 availability resulted in higher levels of the non-GPI protein Pir1, a putative β -1,3-glucan cross-linking protein, , and of the GPI-proteins Hwp1, an adhesion protein, and Pga10 and Rbt5, which are involved in iron acquisition. Addition of the iron chelator ferrozine at saturating levels of oxygen resulted in higher cell wall levels of Hwp1 and Rbt5, suggesting that the responses to hypoxic conditions and iron restriction are related.
A comparative study on communication structures of Chinese journals in the social sciences

We argue that the communication structures in the Chinese social sciences have not yet been sufficiently reformed. Citation patterns among Chinese domestic journals in three subject areas -- political science and marxism, library and information science, and economics -- are compared with their counterparts internationally. Like their colleagues in the natural and life sciences, Chinese scholars in the social sciences provide fewer references to journal publications than their international counterparts; like their international colleagues, social scientists provide fewer references than natural sciences. The resulting citation networks, therefore, are sparse. Nevertheless, the citation structures clearly suggest that the Chinese social sciences are far less specialized in terms of disciplinary delineations than their international counterparts. Marxism studies are more established than political science in China. In terms of the impact of the Chinese political system on academic fields, disciplines closely related to the political system are less specialized than those weakly related. In the discussion section, we explore reasons that may cause the current stagnation and provide policy recommendations.
Explorer Exploring the development of judgement and decision making in competent outdoor instructors

Over the last ten years there has been growing interest in the judgement and decision making (JDM) of outdoor professionals, though research to date has focused on the JDM processes of experts. In contrast, this study examined the JDM of less experienced, competent, but fully qualified outdoor instructors (N = 9) and the development of their JDM skills. Using semi-structured inter-views and thematic analysis, we identified two overarching themes: Firstly, managing the cognitive load (relating to instructor JDM), and secondly social experiential learning (relating to instructor JDM development). We found these outdoor instructors needed to manage complex situational demands and high cognitive loads, while balancing the safety of their group with the development of their own JDM. We propose that a combination of challenging formative experiences, community of practice interactions, and explicit development of metacognition are essential to outdoor instructors JDM development. Implications for training, and future research are discussed.
The Riddle of How Fisheries Inﬂuence Genetic Diversity

: Overﬁshing drives population decline, which in turn drives loss of genetic diversity. Many studies provide evidence of declines in genetic diversity; however, controversy exists within the literature, as some studies show evidence of no change in genetic diversity despite decades of overharvesting. The apparent discrepancy in the literature should therefore be examined to understand what biological and ecological processes are driving the differences in results. Here, we assess how different factors contribute to ﬁsheries-induced susceptibility to declines in genetic diversity by ﬁrst focusing on the different roles of genetic markers. Second, we assess how habitat type and conditions contribute to loss of genetic diversity. Third, we assess how life history and physiology affects catchability and loss of genetic diversity. Finally, we discuss how coinciding abiotic and biotic factors inﬂuence the intensity of genetic loss. We ﬁnd a multitude of these factors could be interacting to inﬂuence how results are perceived and how intense the loss of genetic diversity can be. Future studies should carefully consider the methodology of genetic analysis used, as well as considerations of life history and ecology of the target species.
Transit Advertising and Impulse Purchase of Selected Fast Moving Consumer Goods Companies in Lagos State, Nigeria

A b s t r a c t onsumers are the central point in every Fast Moving Consumer Goods C business. Hence the importance of advertising is necessitated. Attracting and satisfying customers are more difficult than producing goods. This study examined the effect of transit advertising on impulse purchase of selected fast moving consumer goods manufacturing companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. Survey research design was employed for this study. Set of structured questionnaire on transit advertising and impulse purchase of FMCGs were self-administered for the collection of the primary data. In order to get a valid sample, a group of 520 respondents were analyzed. A pilot study was carried out to test the validity and reliability of the research instrument using Cronbach Alpha reliability test. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of this study revealed that transit advertising has positive significant effect on impulse purchase of FMCGs. ( β = 0.845; R2= 0.698; t(520) = 33.409; p>0.05). This study concluded that transit advertising affected impulse purchase of FMCGs in Lagos State, Nigeria, and recommended that fast moving consumer goods manufacturing company's management should be involved in deciding on the areas and locations where the billboard that carry their products will be placed for the attraction of consumers; which mode of communication and information dispensation is preferred by consumers in awareness of their product creation.
The effect of deep, tropical convection on the tropical tropopause layer

[1] There is evidence that most detrainment from tropical convection occurs below ∼14 km, about 2 km below the tropopause. On the other hand, it is also generally accepted that convection does occasionally reach the altitude of the tropopause. The question is whether the relatively infrequent penetrations above 14 km are sufficient to influence the composition of the atmosphere above 14 km. Using O3 and CO data as tracers of convective activity, I quantify the height distribution of mass detraining from convection near the tropopause using data obtained in February 1996. The calculation suggests significant detrainment is occurring as high as ∼380 K potential temperature (∼17 km), with as much as 60% of the mass crossing the 380 K surface detraining above 370 K (∼15 km). These findings contrast with the previously published suggestion that convective transport of mass does not significantly influence the composition of the atmosphere above 14 km.
Removal of Cr, Cu and Zn from liquid eﬄuents using the ﬁne component of granitic residual soils

The practice of reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) is seen as a strategy for water conservation in regions where water scarcity is a natural reality and in those where population growth and/or climate change foresee this scarcity. In situations of lower water scarcity, reuse is practiced by imperatives of environmental protection of the receiving media, reducing the discharge of eﬄuents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The artiﬁcial recharge of aquifers (RAQ) with TWW is a very common practice at the international level, but little considered in Portugal. However, residual waste from TWW (e.g. heavy metals), when deposited in soil or water, can cause signiﬁcant environmental impacts on its uses, and cause serious health problems in several animal species due to their bioaccumulation in food chains. The present study intends to show that the granitic residual soils of the Quinta de Goncalo Martins (Guarda), in the Beira Interior region of Portugal, present physical-chemical and mineralogical characteristics favorable to the inﬁltration of TWW into RAQ. The results of the batch sorption tests indicate that the
Psychosocial Factors and Parent-Infant Bonding

Background: Parent-infant bonding plays a significant role in promoting the psychosocial well-being of the child. This study aimed to examine the relationships between family sense of coherence, marital satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and parent-infant bonding among Chinese parents at 6 weeks postpartum. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted of an intervention study for postnatal depression. The participants were Chinese parents recruited from public hospitals. Family sense of coherence, marital satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and parent-infant bonding were measured using the Family Sense of Coherence Scale, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, respectively. Path analysis was performed on data collected from the control group (n = 211) at 6 weeks postpartum. Results: Less impairment of mother-infant bonding at 6 weeks postpartum was found among mothers who had a stronger family sense of coherence and lower levels of depressive symptoms. Less impairment of father-infant bonding at 6 weeks postpartum was found among fathers who had greater marital satisfaction and family sense of coherence and fewer depressive symptoms. The mothers' levels of family sense of coherence, marital satisfaction, and parent-infant bonding were closely related to those of their partners. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of developing culturally appropriate interventions that focus on strengthening family sense of coherence, enhancing marital satisfaction, and reducing depressive symptoms in both parents to promote the quality of parent-infant bonding at early postpartum.
Idiopathic Ileal Ulceration After Intestinal Transplantation

Background. Idiopathic ileal ulceration after intestinal transplantation (ITx) has been discussed infrequently and has an uncertain natural history and relation to graft rejection. Herein, we review our experience with this pathology. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 225 ITx in 217 patients with minimum 1 y graft survival. Routine graft endoscopy was conducted up to twice weekly within the first 90 d after ITx, gradually decreasing to once yearly. Risks for ulceration over time were evaluated using Cox regression. Results. Of 93 (41%) patients with ulcers, 50 were found within 90 d after ITx mostly via ileoscopy; delayed healing after biopsy appeared causal in the majority. Of the remaining 43 patients with ulcers found >90 d after ITx, 36 were after ileostomy closure. Multivariable modeling demonstrated within 90-d ulcer associations with increasing patient age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.027; P < 0.001) and loop ileostomy (versus Santulli ileostomy; HR, 0.271; P < 0.001). For ulcers appearing after ileostomy closure, their sole association was with absence of graft colon (HR, 7.232; P < 0.001). For ulcers requiring extended anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory therapy, associations included de novo donor-specific antibodies (HR, 3.222; P < 0.007) and nucleotide oligomerization domain mutations (HR, 2.772; P < 0.016). Whole-cohort post-ITx ulceration was not associated with either graft rejection (P = 0.161) or graft failure (P = 0.410). Conclusions. Idiopathic ulceration after ITx is relatively common but has little independent influence on outcome; risks include ileostomy construction, colon-free ITx, immunologic mutation, and donor sensitization.
Can Willingness to Breastfeed Be an Opportunity for Smoking Pregnant Women to Quit Smoking?

Purpose: Smoking during pregnancy and/or not breastfeeding have considerable negative health outcomes for the mother and infant. This descriptive and cross-sectional study determined the relationship between the prediction of smoking cessation success in pregnant women and their breastfeeding attrition prediction during lactation. The other aim of the study was to determine the predictor of smoking cessation success and the factors affecting breastfeeding attrition prediction. Methods: The present study was conducted with 131 smoking pregnant women. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Smoking Cessation Success Prediction Scale, and the Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool. Results: A statistically significant and positive correlation was revealed between the Smoking Cessation Success Prediction Scale and the positive breastfeeding attitude (r = 0.349, P < .01). Of the change in positive breastfeeding attitudes, 14.7% was explained by the prediction of smoking cessation success (adjusted R2 = 0.147). Conclusion: The study revealed that the prediction of smoking cessation success increased with an increase in the positive breastfeeding attitude of smoking pregnant women.