Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theory and Modeling of Liquid Explosive Detonation

The current understanding of the detonation reaction zones of liquid explosives is discussed in this article. The physical and chemical processes that precede and follow exothermic chemical reaction within the detonation reaction zone are discussed within the framework of the nonequilibrium Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (NEZND) theory of self-sustaining detonation. Nonequilibrium chemical and physical processes cause finite time duration induction zones before exothermic chemical energy release occurs. This separation between the leading shock wave front and the chemical energy release needed to sustain it results in shock wave amplification and the subsequent formation of complex three-dimensional cellular structures in all liquid detonation waves. To develop a practical Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (ZND) reactive flow model for liquid detonation, experimental data on reaction zone structure, confined failure diameter, unconfined failure diameter, and failure wave velocity in the Dremin-Trofimov test for detonating nitromethane are calculated using the ignition and growth reactive flow model.
Using Tobacco By‐products as a Nitrogen Source for Container‐Grown Houseplants

Abstract There is continuing interest in using various agricultural by‐products as organic nutrient sources for plants. This experiment was designed to evaluate the use of a by‐product from the tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) processing industry as a nutrient source for commonly grown houseplants. A 8‐week laboratory experiment was conducted to measure nitrogen (N) mineralization from pelletized and powder mixtures of tobacco by‐product combined with dried blood and bone meal. The mixtures were added to a fresh field soil, a peat‐based medium, or the peat‐based medium that had been sterilized in an autoclave. The N mineralization rate was in the order of soil > peat medium > sterilized peat medium. Mineralization was more rapid from the powdered formulation of the by‐product than from the pelletized form. In a 14‐week greenhouse experiment, ten common houseplants were fertilized with 0, 150, 300, or 900 mg N/pot from pelletized by‐product, Osmocote (14% N, 6% P, and 12% K), a resin‐coated controlled‐release (3 months) fertilizer, or NH4NO3. The species examined were Aglonema commutatum, Chlorophytum comosum, Diffenbachia amoena, Dracena deremensis, Ficus benjamina, Nephrolepsis exaltata, Philodendron scandens oxycardium, Saintpaulia ionantha, Schefflera actinophylla, Tradescantia fluminensis. At a given N application rate, Osmocote and NH4NO3 more effectively increased tissue N concentrations than did the tobacco by‐product. Therefore, more by‐product is required than inorganic fertilizer to achieve a given N concentration in the plant. At high rates of by‐product application, excessive salinity may become a concern for salt‐sensitive plants.
China clay as an adsorbent for dye house wastewaters

Abstract The ability of china clay to remove a popular chrome dye, Omega Chrome Red ME, from aqueous solutions has been studied. Maximum removal (i.e., 81.08%) was noted at 10 mg l−1 initial dye concentration, 53μm adsorbent particle size, 2.0 pH and 303 K. The process follows a first order rate kinetics. Intraparticle diffusion and mass transfer coefficients have been determined at different temperatures. The adsorption data fits well in the Langmuir adsorption model. The effect of temperature has been examined on the basis of boundary layer thickness and enthalpy change studies. Heat of adsorption has been found to be a function of surface coverage. The maximum removal of the dye in acidic range has been explained on the basis of surface hydroxylation, acid‐base dissociation and surface complexation probabilities. A 100% desorption of the dye from the adsorbent surface was noted at pH 12.0.
Atmospheric Chemistry of Tropospheric Ozone Formation: Scientific and Regulatory Implications

Tropospheric ozone continues to be of significant concern worldwide due to its effect on human health, forest ecosystems and agricultural crops. Its levels have also increased globally over the last century. Photolysis of ozone (O3) is the major source of the hydroxyl (OH) radical in the remote troposphere, so that an increase in O3 will produce more OH, resulting in decreased lifetimes of many trace species, such as methane and the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HGFG), which are of stratospheric importance. A brief overview of the chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) which lead to ozone formation is included. The question of whether controlling VOC or NOX or both is most effective in urban/suburban and downwind/rural regions is discussed. The impact of uncertainties in emissions inventories is briefly discussed. Finally, the relative contributions of individual VOC to ozone formation and how this information forms the technical basis for California’s new regulations for V.
Syntheses and structures of three unprecedented metal-ciprofloxacin complexes with helical character

Self-assemblies of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin (cfH) and zinc salt in the presence of V-shaped polycarboxylate ligands yielded three unprecedented helical metal−cfH complexes, namely, [Zn(cfH)(Hbtc)]·H2O (1), [Zn2(cfH)2(odpa)] (2), and [Zn2(cfH)2(bptc)]·4H2O (3) (btc = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, odpa = 4,4‘-oxydiphthalate, bptc = 3,3‘,4,4‘-benzophenonetetracarboxylate). Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, and thermogravimetric analyses. Compound 1 is a unique helical metal−cfH complex containing three types of helices. This case is still rare in metal−organic complexes. Compound 2 exhibits a novel two-dimensional (2D) chiral layer structure featuring two distinct helices, in which the hydrogen-bonded double-stranded helix is quite uncommon. The chiral layer structure of 3 is similar to that of 2. However, due to the existence of guest water molecules, the pitch of the helices in 3 is longer than .
Physical Interventions to Manipulate Texture and Tenderness of Fresh Meat: A Review

Meat tenderness is a major eating quality attribute that ensures consumer satisfaction and repeat purchase of red meat. The variability in meat tenderness is related to several factors that are spread across the production chain (biological, on farm, processing, and consumer factors), which can lead to inconsistent tenderness in fresh red meat products. The tenderization process is dictated by physical and biochemical factors, which appear to affect the proteases involved in protein degradation and, consequently, they regulate the rate and extend of tenderization in meat. Several physical, chemical, and biochemical interventions have been investigated to improve the tenderness of meat. The present review discusses the physical interventions used to manipulate the texture of meat and their mechanism of action, optimal tenderizing conditions, and their effects on other meat quality attributes (colour stability, lipid oxidation, and water holding capacity). Attention should be paid to other quality attributes for full evaluation of the differing interventions.
Spectroscopic Studies on Threonine Doped Polyaniline Composites

ABSTRACT The structural and magnetic properties of polyaniline (PANI)- and threonine (T)-doped polyaniline composites were characterized by using FTIR, UV-Vis, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic techniques. The FTIR, UV-Vis, and X-band EPR spectra were recorded for PANI- and threonine-doped polyaniline (PANI-T) composites. The increased intensity of the IR bands in PANI-T composites is due to the increasing dopant concentration. The observed red shift corresponding to the N-H ··· N mode indicates the hydrogen bond formation in between the PANI and threonine molecule. The observed decrease in spectral intensity of the UV-Vis spectrum of the PANI-T composite confirms the occurrence of the protonation at the imine nitrogen sites. The EPR parameters such as line width, g factor, line asymmetry parameter, signal intensity, and spin concentration values were estimated. The EPR spectrum of PANI clearly indicates the presence of unpaired polaron. The EPR signal intensity and spin concentration values decrease with increasing dopant concentration, which reveals the polaron to bipolaron formation in PANI-T composites. EPR lineshape analysis showed that the absorption profile was Gaussian shape. The Gaussian-shaped line is generally due to the dipole–dipole interactions in the PANI and PANI-T composites. The line asymmetry parameter and g values indicated the isotropic nature of PANI and PANI-T composites.
Kinetic isotope effects in the gas-phase reaction of hydroxyl radicals with ethylene in the temperature range 343-1173 K and at 1-atm pressure

The rates of the reaction of ethylene and ethylene-d/sub 4/ with OH and OD were determined. The following reactions were examined: OH + C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ . -->. products (HH); OD + C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ . -->. products (DH); OH + C/sub 2/D/sub 4/ . -->. products (HD); OD + C/sub 2/D/sub 4/ . -->. products (DD). These reactions show different reaction pathways at different temperatures. Below 560 K there is a weak negative activation energy which is characteristic of the OH addition to the double bond. k/sub HH/ and K/sub HD/ were the same at 1.65 x 10/sup -12/ exp(480/T) cm/sup 3//(molecule s) while k/sub DD/ and k/sub DH/ were the same at 1.35 x 10/sup 12/ exp(480/T) cm/sup 3//(molecule s). Above 720 K, all rate constants show a positive activation energy of 4-5 kcal/mol and both primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects were observed. The high-temperature pathway was attributed to the H abstraction from ethylene by the OH. A conventional transition-state-theory calculation (TST) successfully reproduced the temperature and isotope dependence of the H abstraction rate constants.
Interactive comment on “Spatial-temporal variations of surface ozone and ozone control strategy for Northern China”

Question 1: Section 3.4. 2, pg 26075, lines 5-14: The WRF-simulated dry deposition velocity shows a 22% increase from June to July over North China. The authors argue this reduction contributes to the observed ozone decrease from Jun to July. To make the argument more convincing and scientific interesting, the authors need to (1) quantify the change in dry deposition flux (rather than dry deposition velocity) between the two months and (2) discuss the factors that drive the increase in dry deposition.
Use of gas chromatograms of the essential leaf oils of the genus Eucalyptus for taxonomic purposes: E. subser. Euglobulares (Blakely)

Leaves were harvested from 37 trees of Eucalyptus subser. Euglobulares Blakely, E. globulus Labill. , E. bicostata Maiden, Blakely and Simmonds, E. maidenii F. Muell. and E. pseudoglobulus Naudin ex Maiden, selected from six sites around Australia: both native-growing and cultivated taxa were chosen. Volatile leaf oils were isolated by vacuum distillation and analysed by GC (one tree was previously analysed by GC–MS). The conditions of distillation and analysis were maintained throughout this study. Many of the taxa contained α-pinene (1.5–19.6%), limonene (1.0–5.1%), 1,8-cineole (39.3–71.7%), p-cymene (0.2–2.0%), pinocarvone (0.1–4.2%), β-caryophyllene (0–5.5%), aromadendrene (0.9–20.3%), allo-aromadendrene (0.1–4.0%), α-terpineol (0.1–6.4%), globulol (0.1–5.5%), γ-eudesmol (0–1.8%), α-eudesmol (0.1–5.6%) and β-eudesmol (0.1–10.8%) as the main leaf oil components. The principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) performed on the gas chromatograms of the 37 single trees studied revealed groupings of the taxa in approximate agreement with the results obtained from comparative morphological studies; LDA yielded four distinct groups, while PCA was not as discriminating. Nevertheless, in both cases the ﬁve pseudoglobulus trees formed distinct groups of their own. In addition, the loading factors of the PCA analysis indicated that the pseudoglobulus group was due to the presence in this taxon of large amounts of the three eudesmol oil components. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical and Electrical Properties of RF-Sputtered Indium-Tin Oxide Films

The electrical and optical properties of two series of RF-sputtered In2O3/SnO2 films are investigated. One series is sputtered onto substrates which are held at room temperature and the second series onto substrates heated to 300°C. The oxygen partial pressure of the sputter gas is varied from 1 × 10−3 to 0.1 Pa in both the cases. The analysis of the optical measurements shows that the films are optically inhomogeneous and that this inhomogeneity depends on both, the substrate temperature and the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition. The behaviour of the absorption coefficient near the fundamental absorption edge suggests that there are three different transition energies for electrons, which depend on the oxygen pressure during the preparation. As a result of the optical measurements some information about the band structure of In2O3 is obtained. Die elektrischen und optischen Eigenschaften von zwei In2O3-Schichtserien werden untersucht. Eine Serie wird auf unbeheizte Substrate gesputtert, die andere auf 300°C heise Substrate. In beiden Fallen wird der Sauerstoffpartialdruck des Sputtergases im Bereich von 1 × 10−3 bis 0,1 Pa variiert. Eine Analyse der optischen Messungen zeigt, das die Schichten optisch inhomogen sind und das diese Inhomogenitat sowohl von der Substrattemperatur, als auch vom Sauerstoffpartialdruck bei der Praparation abhangt. Die Absorptionskante zeigt drei verschiedene Ubergangsenergien fur Elektronen, die vom Sauerstoffdruck bei der Herstellung abhangen. Die Ergebnisse der optischen Messungen lassen Ruckschlusse auf die Bandstruktur von In2O3 zu.
Phantom exposures of chemically amplified resists caused by acids generated in environmental air in synchrotron radiation lithography

In this article, we discuss the phantom exposure of chemically amplified resists in x-ray lithography, which is attributable to acids in environmental air induced by x-ray irradiation. Since the acids generated in the air diffuse into the resist film from the top to the bottom like so many catalytic acids, they cause cross linking in a negative resist and decomposition in a positive resist. The phantom exposure in flood exposures of a 20 mm square increases as the exposure dose increases, and expands more than 10 mm outside the exposure field when the exposure dose is ten times greater than the optimum exposure dose for patterning. Dependence of the phantom exposure on the exposure dose and resist material are evaluated.
Chemical and Thermal Stability of Potassium Nickel Hexacyanoferrate(II)

The chemical and thermal stability of a nonstoichiometric compound K2-xNix/2[NiFe(CN)6]·nH2O (KNiFC) were examined in connection with distribution behavior for Cs+. The face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of KNiFC was stable even in the presence of 8M HCl or 8M HNO3, and the samples treated with acids had high K d values for Cs+ above 104 cm3/g. This suggests high resistance of KNiFC to acids. For the KNiFC treated with HNO3, the lattice parameter (α) increased with increasing the concentration of HNO3 above 1M. The FCC structure decomposed with NaOH concentrations above 1M, probably due to the hydrolysis of constitutional elements. The thermal decomposition began above 250°C and several steps of weight loss, due to evolution of gases, were observed up to 1,000°C.
Carbothermal synthesis of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) whiskers

In the present investigation, carbothermal synthesis technique is used for the production of ZrB2 whiskers. The synthesis is carried out by heating the mixture of ZrB2, H3BO3 and carbon black over the temperature range of 1300 to 1700°C in argon atmosphere. Different elements such as Ni, Co and Fe are tested for their role as catalysts. The synthesised powder contains ZrB2 as the major phase with minor phases of ZrC and B4C. Whisker yield is found to be low at lower temperatures (<1500°C) and then increases with the pyrolysis temperature. The Ni addition seems more effective as a catalyst than Co or Fe. Shorter length whiskers are found in the case of Co catalyst, whereas use of Fe catalyst shows whisker with rod shape and a special bird's nest type whiskers. The electron microscope study of whisker reveals the presence of various defects.
Stable colloidal boron nitride nanosheet dispersion and its potential application in catalysis

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets, a promising layered material, have drawn more and more attention in recent years. In this study, a simple method has been developed to prepare stable colloidal h-BN nanosheet dispersion with high concentration in ethylene glycol based on the matching of the surface energies of h-BN and the surface tension of the solvent. It is found that bulk h-BN can be directly exfoliated and dispersed in ethylene glycol solvent with the assistance of sonication to form stable h-BN nanosheets with a few layers. Furthermore, the stable colloidal h-BN nanosheets have been demonstrated to be good carriers to support and disperse noble metal nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, and Pt with high catalytic activity for the reduction of p-nitrophenol. Our results suggest that stable colloidal h-BN dispersion with high concentration in ethylene glycol could open the way to a range of important applications of h-BN based materials.
Analysis of Pinus radiata D. Don Bark by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Summary The estimation of a range of Pinus radiata D. Don bark properties by calibrated near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is reported. A series of P. radiata samples were characterised in terms of hot water extractives, NaOH extractives and Stiasny value. NIR spectra were obtained from the milled bark of each sample and used to develop calibrations for each parameter. Coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.84 (NaOH extractives) to 0.94 (Stiasny value). Standard errors of calibration ranged from 0.96 (NaOH extractives) to 2.47 (Stiasny value). When applied to a separate test set, the hot water extractives and Stiasny value calibrations performed well, while the NaOH calibration was disappointing. The calibration developed for Stiasny value could be of considerable practical importance as the method used to determine Stiasny value is particularly time consuming.
A laboratory study of the heterogeneous reaction of nitric acid on calcium carbonate particles

It has been postulated that the reaction of nitric acid with calcium carbonate, namely, CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(g) → Ca(NO3)2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g), plays an important role in the atmosphere. In this study, transmission FTIR spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and a Knudsen cell reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer have been used to investigate the heterogeneous reactivity of HNO3 on CaCO3 at 295 K as a function of relative humidity. Transmission FTIR spectroscopy was used to probe both gas-phase and adsorbed products and showed that the reaction of HNO3 and CaCO3 is limited to the surface of the CaCO3 particle in the absence of adsorbed water. However, in the presence of water vapor, the reaction is greatly enhanced and is not limited to the surface of the particle producing both solid calcium nitrate and gaseous carbon dioxide. The enhanced reactivity of the particles is attributed to the presence of a layer of adsorbed water on the particle surface. The amount of adsorbed water on the particle surface is strongly dependent on the extent of the reaction. This can be understood in terms of the increased hydrophilicity of calcium nitrate as compared to calcium carbonate. Data from experiments using a mass-calibrated Knudsen cell reactor showed the stoichiometry for the reaction determined from gas-phase species deviated from that expected from the balanced equation. Water adsorption on the particle surface and gases dissolved into the water layer appear to be the cause of this discrepancy. The measured uptake coefficient accounting for the BET area of the sample is determined to be 2.5±0.1×10−4 for HNO3 on CaCO3 under dry conditions and is found to increase in the presence of water vapor. Atmospheric implications of the results presented here are discussed.
Generating conditions of a laser-sustained argon plasma jet

An argon plasma jet is produced from a continuous optical discharge at gas pressures in the range 2<or=P0<or=8 bar and effective laser power in the range 165<or=P<or=360 W. Plasma production is characterized by measurement of the threshold of the stability region (in terms of laser power-gas pressure). Study of the threshold law given by a simple model allows the core temperature of the plasma to be deduced. Temperatures are also measured by time-of-flight analysis of the neutral beam extracted from the plasma jet. They are compared with averaged temperatures deduced from the nozzle flow rate. From this comparison, a temperature profile over the nozzle radius can be calculated as can the heat flux through the nozzle. The kinetic energy yield of the continuous optical discharge can then be estimated. Values as high as 60% of the input laser power are obtained.
A World-wide Stratospheric Aerosol Layer

An aerosol layer has been identified by a stratospheric balloon and aircraft aerosol collection program. Measurements of horizontal extension and vertical distribution indicate that this layer is a world-wide phenomenon, displaying little variation with time and latitude. The particles in this layer range in size between 0.1 and 2 � in radius, are water soluble, and contain sulfur as the predominant constituent. It is most likely that they are formed within the stratosphere.
Measurement of electron energy distribution in low-pressure RF discharges

Electron energy distribution functions (EEDFs) have been measured in low-pressure capacitive RF discharges over a wide range of well defined (geometrically and electrically) discharge conditions. Measurements have been made in argon and helium ranging in gas pressure between 3 mTorr and 3 Torr and in discharge current density between 0.1 mA cm-2 and 10 mA cm-2. The measurements show changes in the EEDF due to the occurrence of physical phenomena such as stochastic electron heating and the effect of discharge transition into the gamma mode. Substantial differences in the EEDF in Ramsauer and nonRamsauer gases are also demonstrated and discussed. To achieve these results a higher level of performance was required from the measurement system than had been attained in previous EEDF measurements in RF discharges. EEDF measurements were made using a probe system specifically designed to remove or reduce the severity of many problems inherent to such measurements in RF discharges. The rationale and considerations in the probe system design, as well as many construction details of the probe system itself, are discussed.
Effect of Different Pre-Cooling Methods on the Quality and Shelf Life of Broccoli

This study aimed to evaluate the production of gas and volatile fatty acids when glycerin was used to replace four forage species through the use of a semi-automated technique in vitro. The experimental design included 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of increasing levels of glycerin (0%, 30%, 50% and 70%), which was used to replace the forage plants elephant grass, sugar cane, corn silage and Brachiaria grass. Replacement of the Brachiaria and elephant grasses with glycerin affected the production of methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia nitrogen and had a positive effect on forage quality (p<0.05). With the addition of glycerin, the values for acetate production decreased (p<0.05); however, in elephant grass, when glycerin was increased to 50%, the acetate production increased from 26.51 to 26.62 and 28.60 (p<0.05). The inclusion of approximately 30% glycerin in the diet of ruminants is recommended because the inclusion of glycerin at this level had a qualitative effect on levels of methane, carbon dioxide, volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen.