Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solving 1D non‐linear magneto quasi‐static Maxwell's equations using neural networks

Electromagnetics (EM) can be described, together with the constitutive laws, by four PDEs, called Maxwell’s equations. “Quasi-static” approximations emerge from neglecting particular couplings of electric and magnetic ﬁeld related quantities. In case of slowly time varying ﬁelds, if inductive and resistive effects have to be considered, whereas capacitive effects can be neglected, the magneto quasi-static (MQS) approximation applies. The solution of the MQS Maxwell’s equations, traditionally obtained with ﬁnite differences and elements methods, is crucial in modelling EM devices. In this paper, the applicability of an unsupervised deep learning model is studied in order to solve MQS Maxwell’s equations, in both frequency and time domain. In this framework, a straightforward way to model hysteretic and anhysteretic non-linearity is shown. The introduced technique is used for the ﬁeld analysis in the place of the classical ﬁnite elements in two applications: on the one hand, the B – H curve inverse determination of AISI 4140, on the other, the simulation of an induction heating process. Finally, since many of the commercial FEM packages do not allow modelling hysteresis, it is shown how the present approach could be further adopted for the inverse magnetic properties identiﬁcation of new magnetic ﬂux concentrators for induction applications.
Safety Bubbles: A Review of the Proposed Functions of Froth Nesting among Anuran Amphibians

The adults of several anuran amphibian species deposit their eggs externally in mucus secretions that are purposely aerated to produce a froth nest. This type of clutch structure has evolved independently several times in this group and has been proposed to serve a variety and often simultaneous adaptive functions associated with protecting offspring from sub-optimal conditions during embryogenesis and later stages after hatching has occurred. These functions range from buffering offspring from sub-optimal temperatures and desiccation, to defending against predation and improving oxygenation. This versatility has likely helped facilitate the reduced reliance of egg development on water and thus the penetration of anurans into environments where permanent aquatic systems are not always available. In this paper, I review the hypothesised functions of the anuran froth nest as a mucus-based solution to the environmental challenges offspring face during development, with consideration of the functions of froth nest breakdown and communal froth nesting, as well.
Validity and Practicality Level of Acid-Base Electronic Module Based on Structured Inquiry Containing Three Levels of Chemical Representation for Senior High School Student

Acid-base is prerequisite material for studying the hydrolysis of salts and buffer solutions. This material is still difficult to understand for students. This study aims to reveal the level of validity and practicality of electronic module based on structured inquiry containing three levels of chemical representation. This research was Research and Development (R&D) using Plomp’s development model. The research instrument was a validaty and practicality questioannair. The e-module was validated by 4 chemistry lectures and 2 chemistry teachers. The practicality test was carried out on 2 chemistry teachers and 65 students grade XI of Senior High School. The data were analyzed using the Kappa Cohen formula. The result of the study showed the developed e-modul had a very high level of validation ( k = 0.86). The results of practicalities also showed a very high level, k=0.90 response of teachers, and k= 0.88 response of students. The e-module was valid and practically for in acid-base learning in Senior High School.
Determination of thermal diffusivity of bulk corn kernel and bulk milled corn kernel using numerical method

Drying and storage of agricultural products are often related to heat transfer processes, both within the material and between the material and its environment. Thermal diffusivity is one of the thermo-physical properties related to the heat transfer processes in the material. This study aims to measure the thermal diffusivity of shelled corn, milled corn passed mesh 6, milled corn passed mesh 8, and milled corn passed mesh 16 (corn flour) fed by an axial heat source of 50 °C and 70 °C. The temperature sensors LM35 were used to gauge temperature history and were placed at 9 points in the test cylinder. The thermal diffusivity is then estimated from the temperature distribution data using numerical method. We found that the thermal diffusivity of shelled corn, milled corn passed mesh 6, milled corn passed mesh 8, and milled corn passed mesh 16 (corn flour) are (1.35, 1.38, 1, 69, and 2.30) x10−7 m2/s, respectively, at axial heat source of 50 °C and (1.39, 1.42, 1.72, and 2.36) x10−7 m2/s, respectively, at axial heat source of 70 °C. The smaller the bulk density and the larger the heat source provided, the higher the thermal diffusivity.
Analysis and Controller Design for Positive Output Boost Converter With Low Current Stress on Output Capacitor

A nonisolated positive output fifth-order dc–dc boost converter is proposed in this article. This topology is developed from the existing fourth-order boost converter (FOBC) by appropriately inserting a charge-pump cell. Compared to FOBC, the proposed topology offers enhanced voltage gain with reduced switch voltage stress. The proposed converter has an advantage of continuous output-port current over existing boost topologies, which reduces the output capacitor current stress. The voltage conversion ratio and L-C design equations in terms of their ripple quantities are formulated by time-domain analysis. Thereafter, a summary of comparison between the proposed converter and existing boost topologies is presented. The duty-to-output voltage transfer function obtained through the average state-space model shows minimum phase behavior. A PID type voltage-mode controller is designed using the dominant pole placement technique to ensure predefined time-domain specifications along with sufficient dominance factor. Maximum sensitivity (Ms) is adopted as a measure to ensure the required robustness of the closed-loop system. The analysis and voltage-mode controller design are verified through experimental results. The dynamic performance and robustness of the closed-loop system tested experimentally are in agreement with the desired requirements.
A Comparison of the Role of Voluntary Organizations in Disaster Management

This research aimed to compare different voluntary organizations in disaster management in the United States, Japan, and South Korea. Comparative case studies were used to evaluate the following: the specialized expertise and unsolicited goods and services approach of the United States, the collaborative relations and small-scale approach of Japan, and the additional support and unsystematic coordination approach of community-based organizations in Korea. Three variables were considered: volunteers and their organizations, financial independence, and preferred strategies. The key findings are as follows: each country has tried to enhance the role of its own voluntary organizations in disaster management; the nations studied have similarities and differences in their strategies and actions; and the specific developments in each country have been varied and reflective of its respective culture. This work, as a pioneering study, evaluated three national cases in terms of voluntary organizations in disaster management in the Asia–Pacific region.
Process development for mannitol production by lactic acid bacteria

D-Mannitol (here: mannitol) is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol with six carbon atoms. It is only half as sweet as sucrose. However, mannitol and other sugar alcohols exhibit reduced caloric values compared to the respective value of most sugars, which make them applicable as sweeteners in so-called “light” foods. Moreover, sugar alcohols are metabolized independently of insulin and are thus also applicable in diabetic food products. Besides applications in the food industry, mannitol is also used in the pharmaceutical industry. In medicine, mannitol is used to decrease cellular edema (excessive accumulation of fluid) and increases the urinary output. In this doctoral thesis, the development of a new bioprocess for the production of mannitol is described. For this purpose, aspects such as strain selection, choice of process method, optimization of process parameters, scale-up, and metabolic engineering were studied. At present, mannitol is produced commercially by catalytic hydrogenation of fructose-containing syrups. The existing chemical production methods are, however, characterized by several drawbacks. The uppermost being that when fructose is catalytically hydrogenated only about 50% of it is converted into mannitol, whereas the rest is converted into another sugar alcohol, sorbitol. In addition, ultra-pure (expensive) raw materials (fructose and hydrogen gas) are required for efficient conversion. When more cost-effective raw materials, such as glucose-fructose syrups are used as starting material for catalytic hydrogenation, the main product is sorbitol and mannitol is formed as a by-product. Hence, mannitol production becomes very dependent on the market demand of sorbitol. Furthermore, mannitol is relatively difficult to purify from sorbitol. In addition, ion exchange is required for removal of the metal catalyst from the production solution. This results in even higher production costs and decreased yields. The microbial mannitol production process described in this thesis is based on high cell density cultures of slowly growing heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. The bioconversion of fructose to mannitol was performed in a slowly agitated membrane cell-recycle bioreactor equipped with pH and temperature control. Neither aeration nor nitrogen flushing of the bioconversion medium was required, which drastically lowers the investment costs of such a plant. An important detail in the new bioprocess was the re-use of cell biomass in successive bioconversions. In a semicontinuous production experiment, the initial cell biomass provided stable mannitol productivities and yields for at least 14 successive batches. Moreover, using a simple
Rhombohedral symmetry in GaAs1− x N x nanostructures

Nanocrystalline structures of GaAs1−x N x thin films were prepared on 7059 Corning glass substrates by means of an RF magnetron sputtering system using a GaAs target and N2 as ambient-gas, at several values of substrate temperature (T s). The range of T s was chosen from room temperature to 400 °C. The nitrogen concentration into the GaAsN layers is (1.0% ± 0.2%). The average energy band gap of the GaAsN nanostructures, calculated from their optical absorption spectra, is 2.9 ± 0.2 eV. The Raman scattering spectra exhibit vibrational modes associated to the rhombohedral phase due to the crystalline structural transformation from the zincblende (ZB)-GaAs caused by the introduction of N into the lattice. From x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns the ZB structure was identified with two additional pairs of peaks which were associated to two types of cubic to rhombohedral crystalline phase changes of the material. One type has a low deformation to a moderately elongated unit cell, and the second type has a higher deformation to a more elongated unit cell. The rhombohedral symmetry of the crystalline lattice in the GaAsN nanostructures has been calculated from XRD data to confirm experimental evidences. The total average grain size was determined from the Scherrer formula: 3.3 ± 1.2 nm. The photoluminescence spectra are characterized by a very broad emission band which encompasses photon energies from near infrared to UV (775–310 nm, i.e. 1.6–4.0 eV).
Prioritized Solutions for Overcoming Barriers When Implementing Lean in the Healthcare Supply Chain: A Saudi Perspective

The main purpose of this paper is to propose solutions for overcoming the obstacles that healthcare organizations might face when implementing lean. An in-depth review of existing barriers for lean implementation in healthcare supply chain is presented and validated by experts. Although there is a widespread use of lean concepts in developed countries, little attention has been paid to implementing a lean approach by healthcare providers in developing countries. The present study’s key novelty and contribution is related to this research gap. The study is thus focused in proposing solutions for healthcare organisations in developing countries, especially in Saudi Arabia. The efficacy of these solutions is assessed through experts’ opinion. The paper enhances the body of knowledge for the successful implementation of lean in a hospital setting.
The Protective Effects of Probiotic Bacteria on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Indomethacin is an anti-inflammatory drug that causes ulcers on the gastric mucosa as a result of its use. For this reason, many experimental studies have been performed to search for new agents in order to treat or prevent gastric ulcers. Probiotic bacteria are live microorganisms, and it has been stated by various studies that these bacteria have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effect of various types of probiotic bacteria against acute gastric mucosal damage caused by indomethacin. Our research used 40 female Wistar albino rats that were divided into four groups, with 10 in each group: Control group - Physiological saline was administered daily for 10 days. Indo group - Physiological saline was administered daily for 10 days. On day 11, a single 100mg/kg dose of indomethacin was given. Ranitidine + Indo group - A ranitidine dose of 5mg/kg was administered daily for 5 days. On day 11, a single dose of 100mg/kg of indomethacin was given to the same group. Probiotic + Indo group - A dose of 1 ml/kg of oral probiotic bacteria was administered daily for 10 days. On day 11, a single 100mg/kg dose of indomethacin was given to the same group. After application, rats were killed in appropriate conditions, and stomach tissues were obtained. The obtained gastric tissues were used in the biochemical and histopathological analyzes discussed below. As a result, the administration of indomethacin caused gastric damage, stimulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, we found that the use of probiotic bacteria reduces oxidative stress (TOC), increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes (TAC), suppresses inflammation (IL-6, IL-1β, Tnf-α, and COX-2) and inhibits apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-2). This suggests that probiotic bacteria inhibit indomethacin-induced apoptosis. Probiotic treatment can mitigate gastric damage and apoptosis caused by indomethacin-induced gastric damage in rats. Probiotic also enhances the restoration of biochemical oxidative enzymes as it has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapaptotic properties.
COVIDSenti: A Large-Scale Benchmark Twitter Data Set for COVID-19 Sentiment Analysis

Social media (and the world at large) have been awash with news of the COVID-19 pandemic. With the passage of time, news and awareness about COVID-19 spread like the pandemic itself, with an explosion of messages, updates, videos, and posts. Mass hysteria manifest as another concern in addition to the health risk that COVID-19 presented. Predictably, public panic soon followed, mostly due to misconceptions, a lack of information, or sometimes outright misinformation about COVID-19 and its impacts. It is thus timely and important to conduct an ex post facto assessment of the early information flows during the pandemic on social media, as well as a case study of evolving public opinion on social media which is of general interest. This study aims to inform policy that can be applied to social media platforms; for example, determining what degree of moderation is necessary to curtail misinformation on social media. This study also analyzes views concerning COVID-19 by focusing on people who interact and share social media on Twitter. As a platform for our experiments, we present a new large-scale sentiment data set COVIDSENTI, which consists of 90 000 COVID-19-related tweets collected in the early stages of the pandemic, from February to March 2020. The tweets have been labeled into positive, negative, and neutral sentiment classes. We analyzed the collected tweets for sentiment classification using different sets of features and classifiers. Negative opinion played an important role in conditioning public sentiment, for instance, we observed that people favored lockdown earlier in the pandemic; however, as expected, sentiment shifted by mid-March. Our study supports the view that there is a need to develop a proactive and agile public health presence to combat the spread of negative sentiment on social media following a pandemic.
Picture perfect? Examining associations between relationship quality, attention to alternatives, and couples’ activities on Instagram

What do couples’ activities and behaviors on Instagram reveal about the quality of their relationships? To answer this question, we surveyed couples (N = 178) about their perceptions of their relationships and analyzed 3,270 of their recent Instagram posts. Actor and partner effects were found between relational quality and engagement with the relationship on Instagram (i.e., the number of couple pictures and partner-initiated likes and comments). There were also actor effects of attention to Instagram alternatives on the perceived quality and actual pursuit of alternative partners, as well as a partner effect on alternative quality. The findings contribute to extending the investment model to the digital age and have methodological implications for understanding relationship dynamics on visual social network sites.
Inverted p-down Design for High-Speed Photodetectors

We discuss the structural consideration of high-speed photodetectors used for optical communications, focusing on vertical illumination photodetectors suitable for device fabrication and optical coupling. We fabricate an avalanche photodiode that can handle 100-Gbit/s four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (50 Gbaud) signals, and pin photodiodes for 100-Gbaud operation; both are fabricated with our unique inverted p-side down (p-down) design.
Deepening or Diminishing Ethnic Divides? The Impact of Urban Migration in Kenya.

The impact of urban migration on ethnic politics is the subject of longstanding debate. "First generation" modernization theories predict that urban migration should reduce ethnic identification and increase trust between groups. "Second generation" modernization perspectives argue the opposite: urban migration may amplify ethnic identification and reduce trust. We test these competing expectations with a three-wave panel survey following more than 8,000 Kenyans over a 15-year period, providing novel evidence on the impact of urban migration. Using individual fixed effects regressions, we show that urban migration leads to reductions in ethnic identification: ethnicity's importance to the individual diminishes after migrating. Yet urban migration also reduces trust between ethnic groups, and trust in people generally. Urban migrants become less attached to their ethnicity but more suspicious. The results advance the literature on urbanization and politics and have implications for the potential consequences of ongoing urbanization processes around the world. Replication Materials The data, code, and any additional materials required to replicate all analyses in this article are available on the American Journal of Political Science Dataverse within the Harvard Dataverse Network, at: http://dx.doi. org/10.7910/DVN/B8TWK2.
Are Online Doctoral Program Graduates Viewed as Hireable for Academic Positions? The Case of Public Affairs Programs

Abstract This article compares the hireability of doctoral graduates of online and traditional public affairs programs in the United States. In this context, “hireability” refers to the measure of how likely it is that someone may be hired. There has been an expansion in the number of awarded doctoral degrees, particularly through online degree programs, yet there has not been a commensurate expansion in the number of academic positions. This is especially true in applied fields such as public administration in which online, for-profit institutions are producing 36.2% of doctoral degrees. Furthermore, COVID distancing measures have forced degree programs to shift to mediated instruction, magnifying the importance of comparing program outcomes. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding perceptions of hireability of doctoral program graduates despite the importance for accountability in the higher education marketplace. For this study, we surveyed faculty search committee chairs, program directors, and others involved in hiring for public affairs faculty positions in the U.S. Results indicate substantial differences between the perceived hireability of candidates from online doctoral programs compared to traditional ones. Furthermore, a review of dissertation data shows a stark contrast by type of institution in the subjects researched within the same degree awarded.
Losing the Discursive Battle but Winning the Ideological War: Who Holds Thatcherite Values Now?

In what ways, if at all, do past ideologies shape the values of subsequent generations of citizens? Are public attitudes in one period shaped by the discourses and constructions of an earlier generation of political leaders? Using Thatcherism – one variant of the political New Right of the 1980s – as the object of our enquiries, this article explores the extent to which an attitudinal legacy is detectable among the citizens of the UK some 40 years after Margaret Thatcher first became Prime Minister. Our article, drawing on survey data collected in early 2019 (n = 5781), finds that younger generations express and seemingly embrace key tenets of her and her governments’ philosophies. Yet at the same time, they are keen to describe her government’s policies as having ‘gone too far’. Our contribution throws further light on the complex and often covert character of attitudinal legacies. One reading of the data suggests that younger generations do not attribute the broadly Thatcherite values that they hold to Thatcher or Thatcherism since they were socialised politically after such values had become normalised.
Gender Inequality and State Security: The Effects of Women’s Social Equality on Domestic Terrorism

Abstract Women’s roles in political violence and terrorism have largely been examined through the agent/victim dichotomy. We suggest that women’s social inequality contributes to both roles of women as victims and as perpetrators of terrorist violence, with both roles ultimately contributing to increases in supplies of domestic terrorism. Particularly, women’s social inequality contributes to terrorism in three ways: it normalizes violence in society, makes women susceptible to coercion from terrorist groups, and results in grievances in the female population that may mobilize them to violence. An in-depth case study of women in Somalia and the quantitative results both suggest that women’s political, economic, and social inequality are associated with higher levels of domestic terrorism. The results show that the impact of women’s social equality through balanced social exchanges in society subsumes the impact of vertical equality measures such as political and economic equality.
Proof Complexity and SAT Solving

This chapter gives an overview of proof complexity and connections to SAT solving, focusing on proof systems such as resolution, Nullstellensatz, polynomial calculus, and cutting planes (corresponding to conflict-driven clause learning, algebraic approaches using linear algebra or Gröbner bases, and pseudo-Boolean solving, respectively). There is also a discussion of extended resolution (which is closely related to DRAT proof logging) and Frege and extended Frege systems more generally. An ample supply of references for further reading is provided, including for some topics omitted in this chapter.