Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electronic structure of the 
Si(111)3×3R30∘−B
 surface from theory and photoemission spectroscopy

The $\mathrm{Si}(111)\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}R{30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{B}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}[\mathrm{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{B}]$ surface has evolved into a particularly interesting surface in the context of on-surface molecular self-assembly. Photoemission spectroscopy is a powerful tool to understand the interaction between the surface and the adsorbates. Previous studies of $\mathrm{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{B}$ contain many inconsistencies with regard to the Si $2p$ core level and valence-band dispersion. Here we employ synchrotron-based core-level and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to address these issues. DFT calculations of the Si $2p$ core-level spectra accurately identify contributions from one bulk and five surface components, which allows us to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the spectra recorded at different photon energies. As an archetypal example, this refined decomposition is employed to understand the changes in Si $2p$ spectra upon the adsorption of cobalt phthalocyanine molecules. Regarding the valence-band dispersion of the clean $\mathrm{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{B}$ surface, our comprehensive DFT and photoemission investigations are able to reconcile the inconsistencies appearing in previous studies and reveal several yet unreported surface states. Furthermore, we are able to theoretically and experimentally resolve the distribution of these surface states in constant energy plots.
Long-term evaluation of temperature profiles derived from space-based GPS meteorology with radiosonde measurements over Iran

In recent years, space-based GPS Radio occultation (RO) data have been recognized as a valuable resource in the advancement of various fields such as meteorology, numerical weather forecasting, climate studies, and ionospheric research. Although the atmospheric temperature profiles derived from this space-based technique have been used in a few national studies, long-term evaluation of these data and their widespread use has not been performed, especially by Iranian meteorologists. In this paper, RO temperature profiles obtained from COSMIC, SACC, GRACE, TerraSAR-X, KOMPSAT5, METOP-A, and METOP-B satellite missions were compared with their corresponding radiosonde measurements in five different geographic regions of Iran. Based on the data collected from 2006 to 2018, statistical assessments were carried out at 4km height intervals between the altitudes 0–36 km. The RO temperature data that occur 300 km away and 2 hours from radiosonde measurements were selected for comparison. The results in all stations show that, compared to radiosonde, GPS RO is acceptable for measuring the atmospheric temperature over the study area. Agreement of space-based GPS RO derived temperature below 28 km with respective values obtained from radiosonde in terms of mean bias and standard deviation were 1. 0.24 K and 1.5 K, respectively. Overall, seasonal comparisons indicated that there is no significant relationship between the behavior of mean bias and seasonal changes. S KEYWORDS
Laboratory evaluation of fungi toxic chemicals, botanicals and bioagents against Leveillula taurica causing cluster bean powdery mildew

Powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica is an important disease of cluster bean causing the yield loss upto 50-55 per cent. In the present study various systemic, contact, combi product fungicides, bioagents and botanicals have been evaluated in lab condition against Leveillula taurica. Results reveal that among the different fungicides tested, cent per cent conidial germination inhibition was observed with hexaconazole @ 0.1% and 95.78 per cent inhibition with wettable sulphur @ 0.3% and 94.72 per cent inhibition with tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% @ 0.2%. Among the different botanicals and bioagents tested, maximum conidial germination inhibition (80.13%) was observed with nimbecidine @ 10% and 56.72 per cent inhibition with Bacillus subtilis @ 1% concentration.
SAS code to analyze a complete dialelic and heterosis. An environment

The development of statistical analysis system (SAS) programs and their validation with freely available software is essential when there are no financial resources to acquire the license of an appropriate statistical package. In this study a code for SAS is presented and its validation is performed with the program proposed by Zhang and Kang (1997), modified by Saavedra (2019). The code generates an analysis of variance with partition of the effects of treatments on parents (P), direct crosses (CD), reciprocal crosses (CR), P vs crosses, and CD vs CR. In addition to generating the comparison of treatment means with the Tukey test, the genetic effects for parents or for their crosses are estimated (Gi, Sij, Rij, Mi); as well as, those of heterosis with the average of both parents or with the best of them. Since both codes only coincide in the calculation of the previously indicated genetic effects, their simultaneous application is suggested to carry out a complete analysis of Griffing’s method 1 (1956a, b). The code that has been proposed will be especially useful for plant breeders and geneticists and especially for undergraduate and graduate level biological and agricultural science students with little training in the programming language at SAS.
Impact of Fixed Cameras on Traffic Crashes

Speeding is one of the main causes of traffic crash fatalities. Different effective strategies have been applied to prevent this critical issue; for example, humps, setting speed limit, and speed cameras. This study evaluates the effectiveness of speed cameras that are implemented on midblock of urban, suburban and on segments of rural arterials in Jordan in January 2018. Interrupted time series analysis (ARIMA model) was used for examining the effects of the speed cameras on the number of crashes. Various functions; including linear, quadratic, logarithmic, exponential, and power, were applied in order to evaluate the effect of speed cameras on traffic crashes. Results of analyses indicated that speed cameras implemented on suburban and urban arterials with speed limit less than 80 km/h had a crash reduction of 10 to 19%. On the contrary, it was found that the number of crashes on a limited number of rural arterials‟ segments was increased by about 36%, this result should be further investigated since the sample size of rural segments was relatively small.
Survival of the strictest: Stable and unstable equilibria under regularized learning with partial information

In this paper, we examine the Nash equilibrium convergence properties of no-regret learning in general N-player games. For concreteness, we focus on the archetypal follow the regularized leader (FTRL) family of algorithms, and we consider the full spectrum of uncertainty that the players may encounter - from noisy, oracle-based feedback, to bandit, payoff-based information. In this general context, we establish a comprehensive equivalence between the stability of a Nash equilibrium and its support: a Nash equilibrium is stable and attracting with arbitrarily high probability if and only if it is strict (i.e., each equilibrium strategy has a unique best response). This equivalence extends existing continuous-time versions of the folk theorem of evolutionary game theory to a bona fide algorithmic learning setting, and it provides a clear refinement criterion for the prediction of the day-to-day behavior of no-regret learning in games
Elastic weight consolidation for better bias inoculation

The biases present in training datasets have been shown to affect models for sentence pair classification tasks such as natural language inference (NLI) and fact verification. While fine-tuning models on additional data has been used to mitigate them, a common issue is that of catastrophic forgetting of the original training dataset. In this paper, we show that elastic weight consolidation (EWC) allows fine-tuning of models to mitigate biases while being less susceptible to catastrophic forgetting. In our evaluation on fact verification and NLI stress tests, we show that fine-tuning with EWC dominates standard fine-tuning, yielding models with lower levels of forgetting on the original (biased) dataset for equivalent gains in accuracy on the fine-tuning (unbiased) dataset.
Multipath wave-particle duality with a path detector in a quantum superposition

According to Bohr's principle of complementarity, a quanton can behave either as a wave or a particle, depending on the choice of the experimental setup. Some recent two-path interference experiments have devised methods where one can have a quantum superposition of the two choices, thus indicating that a quanton may be in a superposition of wave and particle natures. These experiments have been of interest from the point of view of Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment. However, it has also been claimed that this experiment can violate complementarity. Here we theoretically analyze a multipath interference experiment that has a which-path detector in a quantum superposition of being present and absent. We show that a tight multipath wave-particle duality relation is respected in all such situations, and complementarity holds well. The apparent violation of complementarity may be due to incorrect evaluation of path distinguishability in such scenarios.
A Comparison of Methylprednisolone and Dexamethasone in Intensive Care Patients With COVID-19

Objectives: This study retrospectively compares the effectiveness of methylprednisolone to dexamethasone in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) requiring intensive care. Design: This is an institutional review board approved cohort study in patients with COVID-19 requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Patients admitted and requiring oxygen supplementation were treated with no steroids, methylprednisolone, or dexamethasone. Setting: This study takes place in the ICU’s at a large, tertiary, public teaching hospital serving a primarily low-income community in urban Los Angeles. Patients: All eligible patients admitted to the ICU for COVID-19 respiratory failure from March 1 to July 31, 2020 were included in this study. Interventions: A total of 262 patients were grouped as receiving usual care (n = 75), methylprednisolone dosed at least at 1mg/kg/day for ≥ 3 days (n = 104), or dexamethasone dosed at least at 6 mg for ≥7 days (n = 83). Measurements and Main Results: All-cause mortality within 50 days of initial corticosteroid treatment as compared to usual care was calculated. The mortality effect was then stratified based on levels of respiratory support received by the patient. In this cohort of 262 patients with severe COVID-19, all-cause mortalities in the usual care, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone groups were 41.3%, 16.4% and 26.5% at 50 days (P < 0.01) respectively. In patients requiring mechanical ventilation, mortality was 42% lower in the methylprednisolone group than in the dexamethasone group (hazard ratio 0.48, 95% CI: 0.235-0.956, P = 0.0385). Conclusions: In COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation, sufficiently dosed methylprednisolone can lead to a further decreased mortality as compared to dexamethasone.
SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are lower in children and increase with age and time after infection

SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults remains unclear. We quantified the SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in adults and children (<13 years of age) with RT-PCR confirmed asymptomatic and symptomatic infection for long-term memory, phenotype and polyfunctional cytokines. Acute and memory CD4+ T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins significantly increased with age, whilst CD8+ T cell responses increased with time post infection. Infected children had significantly lower CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins compared to infected adults. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses were comparable in magnitude to uninfected negative adult controls. In infected adults CD4+ T cell specificity was skewed towards structural peptides, whilst children had increased contribution of ORF1ab responses. This may reflect differing T cell compartmentalisation for antigen processing during antigen exposure or lower recruitment of memory populations. T cell polyfunctional cytokine production was comparable between children and adults, but children had a lower proportion of SARS-CoV-2 CD4+ T cell effector memory. Compared to adults, children had significantly lower levels of antibodies to b-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses was increased in children during acute infection indicating rapid co-ordination of the T and B cell responses. However total monocyte responses were reduced in children which may be reflective of differing levels of inflammation between children and adults. Therefore, reduced prior b-coronavirus immunity and reduced activation and recruitment of de novo responses in children may drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis.
Convalescent Plasma and Improved Survival in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and COVID-19

Convalescent plasma may benefit immunocompromised individuals with COVID-19, including those with hematologic malignancy. We evaluated the association of convalescent plasma treatment with 30-day mortality in hospitalized adults with hematologic malignancy and COVID-19 from a multi-institutional cohort. 143 treated patients were compared to 823 untreated controls. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, convalescent plasma treatment was associated with improved 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37-0.97). This association remained significant after propensity-score matching (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29-0.92). These findings suggest a potential survival benefit in the administration of convalescent plasma to patients with hematologic malignancy and COVID-19.
Rates of oxidative weathering on the surface of Mars

The presence of sulfates and ferric-bearing assemblages in the Martian regolith implies that oxidative weathering of iron- and sulfur-bearing minerals has occurred through time on the surface of Mars. A model of acid weathering has been proposed for the iron-rich basalts on Mars. In this model, aqueous oxidation of iron sulfides released SO42− and H+ ions that initiated the dissolution of basaltic ferromagnesian silicates and released Fe2+ ions. The Fe2+ ions eventually underwent ferrolysis reactions and produced insoluble hydrous ferric oxide phases. Measurements of the time-dependence of acid weathering reactions have shown that pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) is rapidly converted to pyrite (FeS2) plus dissolved ferrous iron, the rate of pyrite formation decreasing with rising pH and lower temperatures. The rate of oxidation of aqueous Fe2+ ions derived from weathering of iron sulfides by dissolved atmospheric oxygen is known to be pH-dependent; rates are fast above pH 4.5 at ambient temperatures on the Earth's surface and much slower in acidic groundwater. On Mars, oxidation rates of dissolved Fe2+ ions in equatorial melt-waters in contact with the atmosphere (PO2 = 10−5 atm) are estimated to lie in the range 0.3–3.0 ppb Fe yr−1 over the pH range 2 to 6. These oxidation rates are more than 105 times slower than corresponding reactions near the freezing point of water on Earth. Oxidation of Fe2+ ions is estimated to be extremely slow in brine eutectic solutions that might be present on Mars and to be negligible in the frozen regolith. Such slow oxidation rates of aqueous Fe2+ ions in acidic groundwater (now permafrost) during the evolution of the Martian regolith would aid the stability, solubility and transport of iron in solution and other dissolved species over the surface of Mars.
Experience of clinical services shapes attitudes to data sharing

Background Routinely-collected mental health data could deliver novel insights for mental health research. However, patients' willingness to share their mental health data remains largely unknown. We investigated factors influencing likelihood of sharing these data for research purposes amongst people with experience of mental illness. Methods We collected responses from a population-representative UK sample of National Health Service (NHS) users (n = 2187) of which about half (n = 1087) had lifetime experience of mental illness. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the influence of demographic factors, clinical service experience, and primary mental illness on willingness to share mental health data, contrasted against physical health data. Results There was a high level of willingness to share mental (89.7%) and physical (92.8%) health data for research purposes. Higher levels of satisfaction with the NHS were associated with greater willingness to share mental health data. Furthermore, people with personal experience of mental illness were more willing than those without to share mental health data, once the effect of NHS satisfaction had been controlled for. Of the mental illnesses recorded, people with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), personality disorder or bipolar disorder were significantly more likely to share their mental health data than people without mental illness. Conclusions These findings suggest that positive experiences of health services and personal experience of mental illness are associated with greater willingness to share mental health data. NHS satisfaction is a potentially modifiable factor that could foster public support for increased use of NHS mental health data in research.
Characteristics of wastewater treatment using a multi-soil-layering system in relation to wastewater contamination levels and hydraulic loading rates

Abstract Characterization of wastewater treatment using a multi-soil-layering (MSL) system at two levels of wastewater contamination (a low level [LWW] and a high level [HWW]) with a mean biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 30 and 70 mg L−1, respectively, and at hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) of 500–2,000 L m−2 day−1 was conducted. Despite fluctuations in the wastewater contamination levels, the BOD and total phosphorus (T-P) concentration in the treated waters remained constantly lower than those in the wastewaters. However, the total nitrogen (T-N) concentration in the treated water was influenced by the level in the wastewater and fluctuated. In general, the two different levels of wastewater contamination did not influence the mean concentrations of the contaminants in the treated waters and the mean removal percentages in the MSL system. Mean removal percentages ranged from 90 to 96% for suspended solids (SS), from 88 to 98% for BOD, from 83 to 94% for CODcr, from 44 to 57% for T-N, and from 63 to 89% for T-P. Removal of SS, BOD, chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) and T-N was not appreciably influenced by changes in the HLR. For the removal of nitrogen, a negative correlation was observed with the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) in the treated water, suggesting that the development of reduced conditions in the system was the key factor for the removal of T-N through the enhancement of the denitrification process. The mean removal percentage of phosphorus tended to be higher at lower HLRs. An increase in the HLR probably reduced the contact time of phosphorus and materials in the MSL system, which resulted in the decrease in the removal percentage. Removal rates (g m−2 d−1) of BOD, CODcr, nitrogen and phosphorus were highest at the highest HLR in the HWW treatments. However, higher HLRs, especially in the HWW treatments, caused clogging of the system during the early periods of operation. Clogging was alleviated after an 8-week rest of the system. An operation cycle in which periodical resting time of the system is used to prevent or alleviate clogging could be recommended for the use of the MSL system.
Correlation of Spark Ignition with the Local Instantaneous Mixture Fraction in a Turbulent Nonpremixed Methane Jet

The correlation between spark success in a turbulent nonpremixed methane jet flame and the mixture fraction at the spark location is examined by monitoring spark emission, from which the mixture fraction, integrated over the spark volume and duration, can be determined after calibration. It was found that ignition of the whole jet flame can be achieved even if nominally nonflammable mixture is sparked and that sparking flammable mixture does not always result in ignition.
A mild and recyclable nano-sized nickel catalyst for the Stille reaction in water

We report here the first application of nano-sized nickel catalysts (phosphine dendrimer stabilized nickel nano-particles) for the Stille coupling reaction in water. The nickel nanoparticles were found to be highly active and recyclable in the reactions at ambient temperature in water medium, without co-catalyst, affording the biaryls with good to excellent yields. The catalytic process was proven to be heterogeneous, occurring on the surface of nickel nanoparticles based on parallel experiments with molecular complexes and metal leaching tests in recycling experiments as well as TEM morphology of recovered nanocatalysts.
The Impact of Country Self-Citation Rate Among Medical Specialties in Saudi Arabia

Objectives The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of country self-citation rate (SCR) among medical specialties in Saudi Arabia, and to assess the impact of self-citations on the country’s total cites world ranking in different specialties. Methods SCImago Journal & Country Rank (SJR) was used to collect data related to all medical specialties in Saudi Arabia for the period 1996-2019. The country SCR for the specialties was correlated with several bibliometric parameters and examined statistically. The specialties that showed a drop in Saudi Arabia’s total cites world ranking following the exclusion of self-citations were identified. Results The median country SCR for 46 specialties in Saudi Arabia was 9.5% (range: 4.6-23.1%). The two specialties with the highest country SCR were Public Health (23.1%) and Family Practice (22.9%). Country SCR was significantly higher in the non-clinical specialties compared to clinical specialties (15.3% vs. 9.6%). It did not correlate significantly with any of the examined productivity indices. The exclusion of self-citations resulted in a drop in Saudi Arabia’s total cites world ranking in six (13%) specialties only. There was no significant difference between the country’s total cites and net total cites world rankings in the specialties. Conclusions Self-citation may be appropriate and signify an expansion of the authors' previous work. Country SCR in medical specialties in Saudi Arabia is relatively low and not affected by total documents and total cites. Non-clinical specialties tend to self-cite more. The exclusion of self-citations had minimal effect on Saudi Arabia’s total cites world ranking, indicating that country SCR in the specialties is unlikely to impact its international scientific standing. Our findings do not support the argument for eliminating self-citation from citation-based metrics. We believe that more collaborative and global research practices should be encouraged.