Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Challenges of Pakistani Pharmaceutical Industry: Pakistan Case

The population of Pakistan is fast growing and the need for supply of medicine will continue to increase. The local pharmaceutical market is growing at a faster pace as compared with the international market. Until 1990, the reliance on the supply of medicine to cater to the national demand was on multinational companies holding major market share. Thereafter, the national pharmaceutical companies started investing to improve the quality of their product lines, employing qualif ied professionals, and ensuring compliance with the global standard of quality and good manufacturing practices. Consequently, national com- panies' market share drastically increased and the national demand for medicine is locally produced. The study results based on interviews of key stakeholders and available literature revealed that the local pharmaceutical sector is facing critical challenges of counterfeit medicine, pricing controversies, affordability of the medicine, lack of Research and Development (R&D) initiatives, and unethical marketing (bribing/cash incentives to the doctors). The Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) seems ineffective to overcome these challenges, eliminate counterfeit medicines, and take measures to curb the unethical marketing practices that are risking patient life, health, and treatment cost. The study further explored that unethical marketing practices, and prescribing expensive brands by doctors, creates a serious conflict of interests and fast a decline in patient trust and affordability of medicine cost. Thus strong regulatory controls,transparency, moral and ethical values are needed to enforce drug acts and make the stakeholder's groups accountable. There is a need to punish both the companies bribing the doctors on the pretext of product promotion and doctors accepting such benef its to protect the patient's interest and limit treatment cost. Strict regulations and incentive plans for the pharmaceutical sector are needed to promote Research and Development (R&D).
Conservation status of the order Rodentia of Brazil: taxonomic and biogeographical patterns

A Avaliacao Global de Mamiferos (GMA) e uma iniciativa da IUCN que gera informacoes sobre o risco de extincao para todas as especies de mamiferos, fornecendo dados importantes as agencias e convencoes nacionais e globais de conservacao. A partir da recente GMA, o Grupo de Especialistas em Pequenos Mamiferos da IUCN SSC (Species Survival Comission) avaliou todas as 234 especies de roedores brasileiros em relacao aos criterios da lista vermelha da IUCN, colocando-as em uma das oito categorias. Embora a ordem Rodentia nao apresente risco elevado de extincao em comparacao com os mamiferos como um todo, varias familias de caviomorfos demonstram altos niveis de ameaca e/ou deficiencia de dados. Para a familia Echimyidae, que possui elevado numero de especies, um terco delas sao preocupantes quanto a conservacao ou com dados insuficientes. Ctenomyidae tambem e motivo de preocupacao a esse respeito. Ademais, existem padroes geograficos consistentes de ameacas e pouco conhecimento. As areas focais para os esforcos de conservacao sao a Mata Atlântica e o Cerrado, e para as especies com deficiencia de dados, a Mata Atlântica, o Cerrado e a Amazonia, em particular o leste da Amazonia. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de pesquisas de campo direcionadas e a aplicacao de dados ecologicos e espaciais no desenvolvimento de acoes de conservacao.
Rotating solid foam reactors : mass transfer and reaction rate : Rotating foam reactors

• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Busy Boards, Firm Performance and Operating Risk

Using a sample of listed firms in Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, this article examines the association between busy board of directors and firm performance. We offer three results. First, we find that firm performance (measured by operating profitability and market-to-book equity) is negatively associated with busy boards. Second, we find that firms with busy boards have higher operating risk (measured by volatility of return on assets, volatility of stock returns and volatility of operating cash flow). Third, we find that the association between firm performance and busy boards is conditional on the firm’s life cycle stage. For firms in the growth stage, busy boards are beneficial to firm performance suggesting that the experience knowledge and reputation accumulated with multiple directorships help busy directors to more effectively advise these firms. In contrast, for firms in the maturity stage of their life cycle, busy boards are detrimental to firm performance suggesting the monitoring role of board is weakened by multiple directorships.
Consistency of electrical analogy approach in the prediction of through thickness thermal conductivity of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites with orientation of the square unit cell

From the literature, it is found that two different criteria were followed for the prediction of transverse thermal conductivity (K2) of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites. In the first criterion, the internal anisotropy of the lamina is assumed negligible and K2 is estimated using simple Fourier’s law of 1-D heat conduction applied to representative volume element (RVE). Whereas in the second approach, an electrical analogy method is followed. To estimate the effect of internal anisotropy, through thickness thermal conductivity (K3) of an FRP lamina is determined by both the approaches through finite element method for an RVE in the auxiliary plane. The problem is modeled in ANSYS 15 software. In the present paper studies are made for various volume fractions (0.1-0.75) and for various angles (20°-90°) made by the section plane with the fiber axis. It is observed that the through thickness thermal conductivity is consistent in the second approach, whereas in the first approach there is considerable variation (max 8.7%) with the orientation of the unit cell. Key words: Through thickness thermal conductivity, finite element method (FEM), unit cell orientation.
The Significance of Family-of-Origin Dynamics for Adults’ Health and Psychological Wellbeing: The Perspective of Bowen Family System Theory

Bowen family system theory describes family interactional processes that are carried across the generations and determine an individual’s level of autonomy and emotional reactivity as well as the global functioning of the family. According to the theory, any personal, health-related, or relational issues can be explained as a result of diffused anxiety produced by destructive interactional patterns among family members. Although many studies are revealing the relationship between early family life experiences and functioning in adulthood, there is still a lack of studies exploring the complex mediational models based on Bowen theory that would reveal associations between different family-of-origin variables and adults’ health as well as psychological well-being. The chapter defines the main assumptions of Bowen theory as well as summarizes the main results of three studies demonstrating how family and personal factors defined by Bowen theory, such as family emotional system, triangulation, differentiation of self, relate to adults’ health and psychological well-being.
Plasma Metabolomic Signatures of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and the Impact of Genetic Variants on Phenotype-Driven Modules

Background: Small studies have recently suggested that there are specific plasma metabolic signatures in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but there have been no large comprehensive study of metabolomic signatures in COPD that also integrate genetic variants. Materials and Methods: Fresh frozen plasma from 957 non-Hispanic white subjects in COPDGene was used to quantify 995 metabolites with Metabolon's global metabolomics platform. Metabolite associations with five COPD phenotypes (chronic bronchitis, exacerbation frequency, percent emphysema, post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume at one second [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC], and FEV1 percent predicted) were assessed. A metabolome-wide association study was performed to find genetic associations with metabolite levels. Significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms were tested for replication with independent metabolomic platforms and independent cohorts. COPD phenotype-driven modules were identified in network analysis integrated with genetic associations to assess gene-metabolite-phenotype interactions. Results: Of metabolites tested, 147 (14.8%) were significantly associated with at least 1 COPD phenotype. Associations with airflow obstruction were enriched for diacylglycerols and branched chain amino acids. Genetic associations were observed with 109 (11%) metabolites, 72 (66%) of which replicated in an independent cohort. For 20 metabolites, more than 20% of variance was explained by genetics. A sparse network of COPD phenotype-driven modules was identified, often containing metabolites missed in previous testing. Of the 26 COPD phenotype-driven modules, 6 contained metabolites with significant met-QTLs, although little module variance was explained by genetics. Conclusion: A dysregulation of systemic metabolism was predominantly found in COPD phenotypes characterized by airflow obstruction, where we identified robust heritable effects on individual metabolite abundances. However, network analysis, which increased the statistical power to detect associations missed previously in classic regression analyses, revealed that the genetic influence on COPD phenotype-driven metabolomic modules was modest when compared with clinical and environmental factors.
Characterization of Milli- and Microflow Reactors: Mixing Efficiency and Residence Time Distribution

The increasing academic and industrial interest in flow chemistry resulted in the development of various micro- and milliflow reactors for a wide range of reactions. Owing to this variety in flow reactors, it is vital to select the correct type benefiting the considered chemical reaction. This decision can be based on two fundamental reactor characterization techniques, namely, the residence time distribution (RTD) and the Villermaux–Dushman protocol. The first technique highlights deviations from ideal plug flow, while the latter is a reaction based characterization technique to quantify the efficiency of micromixing. This paper compares the performance of classical tube reactors with internal diameters ranging from 0.4 to 4.8 mm and commercial chip reactors from Little Things Factory and Chemtrix (KiloFlow and Labtrix). The reactor characterization serves as an aid for the reaction selection, dependent on the kinetics of the studied reaction. The suitability of a reactor for very fast reactions (reactio.
Strategic Investment in an International Infrastructure Capital: Nonlinear Equilibrium Paths in a Dynamic Game between Two Symmetric Countries

This paper develops a two-country model of intra-industry trade with trade costs that can be reduced by public investment in an international infrastructure capital, the stock of which accumulates over time. Depending on the trade costs and international distribution of manufacturing firms, equilibrium patterns of trade are determined, and national welfare in each country is affected by these trade patterns. Taking into account the relationship between trade costs and national welfare, the governments carry out a dynamic game of public investment. We show that the dynamic equilibrium of the policy game may exhibit history dependency; if the initial stock of international infrastructure is smaller (larger) than a threshold level, the infrastructure stock decreases (increases) over time, and the world economy will end up in autarky (two way free trade) in the long run. We also show that international cooperation is beneficial in the sense that it may enable the world economy to escape from a “low development trap”.
Control of distillation column under perturbations: a case study

The control law of distillation column under unknown parameters and external disturbances in feed is obtained. The control law design is based on the robust suboptimal auxiliary loop algorithm for rejecting perturbations and ensuring the track of column output to reference signal.The simulations illustrate an efficiency of proposed scheme and comparison with some existing ones.
To tip off or not? Predicting gatekeepers’ reporting intentions of a deviant close-other through desirability and feasibility

ABSTRACT Gatekeepers’ tipping-off serves as a crucial first line of defense in safeguarding individuals and society from emerging, severe deviant behaviors. The present research provides a theoretically driven, quantitative approach in examining a gatekeeper’s decision to tip-off a deviant close-other to the authorities. We draw inspiration from motivation science and propose a dual-factor model with desirability and feasibility forming two distinct mediating pathways through which a range of personal and situational factors predict gatekeepers’ reporting intentions. In four studies (N = 1142), we demonstrate the robustness and generalizability of the model across diverse deviant behaviors (racial prejudice, addictive gambling and violent extremism) and populations (Asians vs. Americans). We also provide evidence of the theoretical utility of the model in (1) differentiating complex motives underlying gatekeepers’ reporting, (2) arbitrating competing theoretical accounts of reporting and (3) demonstrating a synergistic interaction between desirability and feasibility. The present research underscores the value of applying a motivation science perspective to enhance understanding of gatekeepers’ decision-making process and offers empirically based suggestions for designing relevant crime-reporting interventions.
Liquid-phase Adsorption of Bulk Ethanol–Water Mixtures by Alumina

Separation of ethanol–water liquid mixtures can be carried out by selective adsorption of water on activated alumina. The moderate selectivity and heat of adsorption of water on the alumina permits easier and less energy intensive desorption of the adsorbed water. Experimental binary surface excess isotherms, liquid-phase adsorption kinetics and column dynamics for the adsorption of bulk water–ethanol mixtures on Alcoa H152 alumina are reported. Model analyses of the data are carried out to quantify the selectivity of adsorption, adsorptive mass-transfer coefficients and the properties of the mass-transfer zones in adsorption columns.
Risk factors of suicide among Chinese college students: a literature review

ABSTRACT Suicide is a serious public health issue worldwide. In China, suicide is the fifth leading cause of death and the second leading cause of death among 15- to 34-year-olds. Research has shown that the suicide rate among college students is higher than their non-college peers. This study aims to review the literature on the risk factors of Chinese college students’ suicide and suicidal behaviours (i.e. suicidal ideation, attempt and plan). Existing literature identifies four kinds of factors that are related to suicide among Chinese college students, namely, psychological factors (e.g. hopelessness and depression), family factors (e.g. low-income family environment and unsuccessful family education), negative life events (e.g. frustrated interpersonal communication, and pressure from academics and employment) and social factors (e.g. neglect of the psychological curriculum and status of psychological counselling in China). Moreover, there are complicated relationships among these factors. Finally, the implications for future studies are discussed.
Peculiarities of Functional and Motor Fitness of 1St–5Th Year Students of Special Medical Department

The objective of the study was to determine the age-related peculiarities of functional and motor fitness of students of a special medical department of higher education institutions. Material and methods. The study participants were 1st year (n = 34); 2nd year (n = 14); 3rd year (n = 58); 4th year (n = 21); 5th year (n = 16) male students. One group was organized in each year of study, which added up to five experimental groups. All the students participated in physical education classes twice a week. To solve the tasks set, the following research methods were used: analysis of scientific literature, pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, formative experiment, index method, biomedical methods, and methods of mathematical statistics. During classes, the study used the method of strictly regulated exercise (motor density of the class was 50-70%), for developing general endurance – the continuous method with covering a distance of 1,000-2,000 m (heart rate: 120-150 beats per minute), circuit and repetition methods. Results. The study results show positive changes in the functional state of the respiratory system and speed and strength abilities in the 1st-5th year students of the special medical department (p < 0.05). Conclusions. A successful development of the basic functional body systems and motor abilities in 1st-5th year students can be achieved under the influence of pedagogical conditions, namely: the method of strictly regulated exercise using exercise equipment (motor density of the class was 50-70%); the continuous method with covering a distance of 1,000-2,000 m at a slow pace (heart rate: 120-150 beats per minute); circuit and repetition methods. By the results of comparative analysis of the functional and motor fitness, the 1st-5th year male students of the special medical department show better results in tests for assessing the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, speed and strength abilities. In the 18-22 age range, according to the Ruffier index, there is an increase in the number of male students of the special medical department with a “good” and “satisfactory” cardiovascular system state and a decrease in the number of students with a “bad” result.
Stay or switch? Investigating lock-in effect in multi-channel apparel retailing

The emergence of new sales channels, the irruption of new technologies and changes in per-sonal and professional lifestyles have transformed purchasing behaviors throughout the shopping process. Prior research has addressed the effect of these changes in each channel separately, neglecting the study of such effects in multi-channel environments. This research investigates the relation between channel preference and spillover effect—and more particularly, lock-in effect—in apparel multi-channel retailing, with data collected from a survey of 432 Spanish shoppers. The results of the study facilitate further understanding of spillover effect and help companies improve their omnichannel strategies.
Effects of Dam Gate Geometry on Pressure Variation Aided by Map Presentation

The dam vertical lift gate is one of the most important operational parts that regulate the high head water flow to power plants as well as satisfying the water needs for projects and areas downstream of the dam. Due to the high water levels in the dam reservoir, the gates are subjected to many hydrostatic and dynamic pressures that affect their performance and stability. Hence, it became necessary to study all parameters that may cause excessive pressures which may lead to reduce the gate performance efficiency or even cause failure. In the current study, the pressure distribution along the bottom surface of various gate lip shapes has been measured and presented as contour maps using Surfer software. The pressure fluctuation was observed to indicate the intensity of flow separation and reattachment which, in turn, causes a vibration that may threaten the stability of the gate or impede its proper functioning. The pressures in this study are expressed as a dimensional coefficient through the integration of pressure measurements at 8 points distributed over the bottom gate surface. The high intensity of pressure attachment indicates the critical condition for hydraulic design.
TSCH Multiple Slotframe Scheduling for Ensuring Timeliness in TS-SWIPT-Enabled IoT Networks

This paper presents a time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) multiple slotframe scheduling (TMSS) protocol to ensure the timeliness of energy harvesting and data transmission for sensor devices with different transmission periods in Internet of Things (IoT) networks enabled with time-switching simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (TS-SWIPT). The TMSS uses a modified three-step 6P transaction to allocate power and data cells within the slotframe. The sensor device sets the slotframe length equal to the transmission period and estimates the number of power and data cells for allocation in the configured slotframe and requests cell allocation to the hybrid access point (HAP). Upon request from a sensor device, the HAP executes a cell-overlapping prevention (COP) algorithm to resolve the cell-overlapping problem and responds to the sensor device with a candidate cell list. Upon receiving the response from HAP, the sensor device determines its power and data cells by referring to the cell list. We conducted experimental simulations and compared the TMSS performance to that of the legacy TSCH medium access control (MAC) with a single slotframe and the harvest-then-transmit-based modified enhanced distributed coordination function (EDCF) MAC protocol (HE-MAC). The results showed that TMSS outperforms legacy TSCH MAC and HE-MAC in terms of delay, effective throughput and energy utilization.
Expert Group Consensus Opinion on Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Management in India: Part 1 of 2

Received July 24, 2020, Revised August 10, 2020, Accepted September 11, 2020 Corresponding Author: Naveen Magendra Parmar Medical Affairs and Clinical Research, Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Ipca Laboratories, 142-B, Charkop Rd, Charkop Industrial Estate, Charkop, Kandivali West, Mumbai 400067, Maharashtra, India E-mail: naveenparmar95@gmail.com Tel: +91-9867423441 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5452-7006
Prevalence of Gastroduodenal Polyps in Children With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of upper gastrointestinal adenomatous polyps in a cohort of pediatric familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients to determine if early screening is warranted. Study Design All 11 pediatric FAP patients diagnosed in Manitoba between January 2012 and December 2019 were recruited. Patient records were examined and data on age of diagnosis, gene mutation, age of first screening endoscopy, number of endoscopies, number of gastric and colonic polyps, associated pathology, medications, symptoms and FAP-related surgeries were extracted and descriptive statistics reported. Results A total of 11 children were diagnosed with FAP over the study period with a mean age at diagnosis of 6.3 ± 3.2 years with 72.3% males and median follow-up of 4.8 years. The mean age at first gastroscopy was 10.9 ± 2.9 years and 10.8 ± 3.0 years at colonoscopy. Eight patients (72%) had upper gastrointestinal polyps, with adenomatous changes seen in seven of them on pathology. No patients had invasive carcinoma or high-grade dysplasia. All patients developed tubular adenomas on colorectal polyp pathology. Four (36%) patients underwent surgical colectomy. Conclusions Early-onset upper gastrointestinal adenomatous polyps in a pediatric FAP are common. Our study provides further data to support consideration of further, large-scale research into the benefit of early endoscopic screening for upper gastrointestinal malignancy in FAP patients.