Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of thermal accretion disk spectra on the emission lines from active galactic nuclei

Although most ratios of AGN emission lines depend primarily on global averages over the ionizing spectrum of the thermal accretion disk, there are some which behave quite differently for different spectra. Using these, it may be possible to infer the shape of the spectrum in the unobservable ultraviolet. Two classes of methods for making this inference are discussed, one based upon as many line ratios as can be observed, the other singling out those best at distinguishing different spectral shapes. Because of a variety of technical difficulties, only the first class, which uses global measures of goodness-of-fit, is practical. Application of this method to a compilation of quasar line ratios yields a weak conclusion, however, with the best fit favoring the presence of a thermal accretion disk with T(b) of roughly 20 eV. 32 references.
Development of a Method for Classifying Convective and Stratiform Rains from Micro Rain Radar (MRR) Observation Data Using Artificial Neural Network

This study examined the performance of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-backpropagation to classify rain types from observations of Micro Rain Radar (MRR) in Serpong (6.359oSL; 106.673oEL). The inputs of ANN are radar reflectivity, Doppler velocity, and Liquid Water Content (LWC). Rain events on January 5, 2017; at 16.28 – 21.21 local time were used as training data. The ANN results were validated with rain classified by the Bright Band (BB) and Countour Frequency by Altitude Diagram (CFAD) methods. The most appropriate ANN-backpropagation architecture is the 3-6-1 architecture (input layer-hidden layer-output layer), with an activation-transfer function being competitive and a learning rate of 0.9. The Mean Square Error (MSE) of the training step was 0.0098735, and the average percentage of accuracy for the test step was 94%. A rain event with a single type of rain can be classified accurately by ANN and gives the same results as the CFAD method. Thus, the ANN can be a solution to the shortcomings of the BB method, which sometimes classification results of a single type of rain events is interspersed with another type, which is physically impossible.
Plumes with time-varying buoyancy in a confined region

Abstract This paper considers the effects of turbulent plumes with time-varying buoyancy released from a point source in a confined region. Attention is concentrated on the case of cyclically varying buoyancy sources. After many cycles, an asymptotic regime is created in which the fluid away from the plume is stably stratified. During the statically unstable phase of the cycle, the plume extends farther and farther into the fluid, spreading out horizontally at a level determined predominantly by the density in the plume at that depth. For about one half of this phase the plume extends almost the full depth of the container and then retreats back toward the source.
Access to Nature for Persons with Disabilities: Perspectives and Practices of Swedish Tourism Providers

ABSTRACT Despite the growing popularity of outdoor recreation, nature is not equally accessible to everyone. In the case of persons with disabilities, access to nature remains a largely under-researched area, especially in terms of the role of private and public providers of products and facilities for a diverse range of visitors. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities for developing inclusive forms of accessible nature-based tourism in three different natural settings in Sweden. By focusing on the supply side of nature-based tourism, we examine views and practices in providing inclusive activities and environments. Despite growing stakeholder interest in accessible nature-based tourism, our findings reveal several challenges, including limited knowledge about the consumers, lack of financial resources and long-term planning, and the absence of a holistic accessibility perspective. We discuss these challenges and propose that they can be collectively met through increased stakeholder collaboration for creating accessible nature-based tourism.
Physiology of nose-to-brain pathways and current approaches to intranasal treatment

There are many factors that affect the passage of drugs through the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Generally, drugs used in the conventional treatments of many psychiatric disorders and central nervous system diseases are used to produce systemic effects. However, an increased dose or extended treatment time is required to achieve effective drug concentrations at the desired site. This significantly increases the risk of systemic toxicity. For this reason, methods of the direct delivery of drugs to the central nervous system without increasing their systemic concentration are being investigated intensively. Drug delivery methods to the central nervous system are divided into three groups non-invasive, invasive and alternative methods. Intranasal drug administration, which is one of the non-invasive methods that increase the solubility and permeability of the drug, prolongs the drug effects, minimizes enzymatic degradation, and increases the bioavailability of the drug, has become the focus of attention of researchers in recent years. However, the researchers' use of animal models to identify routes of nasal drug administration and potential brain targets limits the applicability of results to humans. In this review, the routes of intranasal drugs to the brain, the properties of drugs that can reach the central nervous system, and drug examples used in clinical trials are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Emotional Solidarity Between Homestay Hosts and Tourists

The expansion of the homestay industry is shadowed by ethical concerns and perceived risks. In this context, the emotional relationship between hosts and tourists in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic needs to be re-examined. Focusing on the togetherness of “we” rather than the demarcation of “you versus me,” we integrate homestay hosts and guests into a conceptual model to examine and compare their emotional solidarity with each other, as well as the relevance of emotional solidarity to perceived risk, MES (Multidimensional Ethics Scale), and support for homestays. Our results show that despite the assumption of perceived risk, tourists feel welcomed by hosts during the pandemic, while hosts feel emotionally close to tourists. In addition to the findings that emotional solidarity mediates perceived risk, MES, and support for homestays in both samples, we find that hosts’ perceived risk is more likely to influence their emotional solidarity and support for homestays.
Symmetric amenability and the nonexistence of Lie and Jordan derivations

A. M. Sinclair has proved that if is a semisimple Banach algebra then every continuous Jordan derivation from into is a derivation ([12, theorem 3·3]; ‘Jordan derivation’ is denned in Section 6 below). If is a Banach -bimodule one can consider Jordan derivations from into and ask whether Sinclair's theorem is still true. More recent work in this area appears in [1]. Simple examples show that it cannot hold for all modules and all semisimple algebras. However, for more restricted classes of algebras, including C*-algebras one does get a positive result and we develop two approaches. The first depends on symmetric amenability, a development of the theory of amenable Banach algebras which we present here for the first time in Sections 2, 3 and 4. A Banach algebra is symmetrically amenable if it has an approximate diagonal consisting of symmetric tensors. Most, but not all, amenable Banach algebras are symmetrically amenable and one can prove results for symmetric amenability similar to those in [8] for amenability. However, unlike amenability, symmetric amenability does not seem to have a concise homological characterisation. One of our results [Theorem 6·2] is that if is symmetrically amenable then every continuous Jordan derivation into an -bimodule is a derivation. Special techniques enable this result to be extended to other algebras, for example all C*-algebras. This approach to Jordan derivations appears in Section 6.
Size Effects in BaTiO3 Nanopowders Studied by EPR and NMR

Abstract To study the effect of the particle size on the material properties, Mn 2 + EPR and 137 Ba NMR measurements were performed on BaTiO 3 particles with average diameters between 15 nm and 255 nm. Typical changes in the fine structure tensor and the quadrupole coupling tensor, respectively, are observed which allow us to make conclusions about the structure model for the nanograins in the ferroelectric tetragonal phase.
Hall effect, magnetization and conductivity of Fe3O4 epitaxial thin films

Magnetite epitaxial thin films have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition on MgO and Si substrates. The magnetic and electrical properties of these epitaxial films are close to those of single crystals. For 40-50 nm thick films, the saturation magnetization and electrical conductivity are ∼450emu∕cm3 and 225Ω−1cm−1 at room temperature, respectively. The Verwey transition temperature is 117K. The Hall effect data yield an electron concentration corresponding to 0.22 electrons per formula unit at room temperature. Both normal and anomalous Hall effect have been found to have negative sign.
External Influences on Hurricane Intensity. Part I: Outflow Layer Eddy Angular Momentum Fluxes.

Abstract Outflow layer winds were objectively analyzed every 12 h for 6 days during the life cycle of Hurricane Elena (1985). A high correlation was found between angular momentum fluxes by azimuthal eddies at large radii and central pressure changes in the storm 27–33 h later. Momentum flux by eddies exceeded that by the azimuthal mean outside the 800 km radius, while vortex spinup by the eddies reached instantaneous magnitudes as large as 25 m s−1/day. Outflow maxima and minima repeatedly appeared more than 1000 km from the hurricane center and tracked inward with time. The results provide evidence of significant environmental control on the behavior of the storm. After reaching hurricane strength, Elena experienced a major secondary intensification associated with a large inward cyclonic eddy momentum flux produced by the passage of a middle latitude trough north of the hurricane. An outflow maximum appeared radially inside of the eddy momentum source, consistent with balanced vortex theory, and tracke.
Patient Satisfaction: Evaluating Nursing Care for Patients Hospitalized with Cancer

Patient’s satisfaction is an indicator of quality care and it encompasses the different aspects of nursing care leading to cancer patient’s satisfaction like information given by nurses. Aim: To assess the level of satisfaction with nursing care among hospitalized cancer patients. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Methodology: A sample of 158 patients in two hospitals was selected from Jinnah hospital Lahore and INMOL by using method of non-probability convenient sampling. Data was collected by adopted questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 20. Chi square was used for qualitative variables like satisfaction, educational status. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The results of this study indicated that a majority of the cancer patients were satisfied with different aspects of nursing care such as information given by nurses, 60.28% of patients were satisfied but interpersonal relations between nurses and patients were found to have mixed response as only 60.61% patients were satisfied. Regarding the technical quality of nurse 68.07% of patients were satisfied. Practical Implication: This study identified the lacking among health care providers regarding nursing care that make a barrier for patient’s satisfaction and helped in Program planning for monitoring and improving the nursing care services at health care setups. Conclusion: We concluded that majority of the patients were satisfied by the nursing care but there is a need to improve the information given by nurses and interpersonal relationship in the nursing care provided by the selected hospitals to improve patients’ overall satisfaction. Keywords: Patient Satisfaction, Nursing Care and Cancer.
The role of polydispersity in the mechanism of drag reduction

The effects of polydispersity in drag reduction were studied by testing two narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene samples individually and in mixtures. The results indicate that the largest molecules in the distribution determine the value of the onset point and that this value decreases with increasing molecular weight. Above the onset point the magnitude of the drag reduction effect is shown to be a complex function of both molecular weight and polydispersity.
Reprogramming of ovarian aging epigenome by resveratrol

Abstract Resveratrol is an antiaging, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory natural polyphenolic compound. Growing evidence indicates that resveratrol has potential therapeutic effects for improving aging ovarian function. However, the mechanisms underlying prolonged reproductive longevity remain elusive. We found that resveratrol ameliorates ovarian aging transcriptome, some of which are associated with specific changes in methylome. In addition to known aging transcriptome of oocytes and granulosa cells such as decline in oxidoreductase activity, metabolism and mitochondria function, and elevated DNA damage and apoptosis, actin cytoskeleton are notably downregulated with age, and these defects are mostly rescued by resveratrol. Moreover, the aging-associated hypermethylation of actin cytoskeleton is decreased by resveratrol. In contrast, deletion of Tet2, involved in DNA demethylation, abrogates resveratrol-reprogrammed ovarian aging transcriptome. Consistently, Tet2 deficiency results in additional altered pathways as shown by increased mTOR and Wnt signaling, as well as reduced DNA repair and actin cytoskeleton with mouse age. Moreover, genes associated with oxidoreductase activity and oxidation–reduction process were hypermethylated in Tet2-deficient oocytes from middle-age mice treated with resveratrol, indicating that loss of Tet2 abolishes the antioxidant effect of resveratrol. Taking together, our finding provides a comprehensive landscape of transcriptome and epigenetic changes associated with ovarian aging that can be reprogrammed by resveratrol administration, and suggests that aberrantly increased DNA methylation by Tet2 deficiency promotes additional aging epigenome that cannot be effectively restored to younger state by resveratrol.
Infrared and optical masers

The extension of maser techniques to the infrared and optical region is considered. It is shown that by using a resonant cavity of centimeter dimensions, having many resonant modes, maser oscillation at these wavelengths can be achieved by pumping with reasonable amounts of incoherent light. For wavelengths much shorter than those of the ultraviolet region, maser-type amplification appears to be quite impractical. Although use of a multimode cavity is suggested, a single mode may be selected by making only the end walls highly reflecting, and defining a suitably small angular aperture. Then extremely monochromatic and coherent light is produced. The design principles are illustrated by reference to a system using potassium vapor.
Neutraligands of C5a can potentially occlude the interaction of C5a with the complement receptors C5aR1 and C5aR2

The complement system is central to the rapid immune response witnessed in vertebrates and invertebrates, which plays a crucial role in physiology and pathophysiology. Complement activation fuels the proteolytic cascade, which produces several complement fragments that interacts with a distinct set of complement receptors. Among all the complement fragments, C5a is one of the most potent anaphylatoxins, which exerts solid pro‐inflammatory responses in a myriad of tissues by binding to the complement receptors such as C5aR1 (CD88, C5aR) and C5aR2 (GPR77, C5L2), which are part of the rhodopsin subfamily of G‐protein coupled receptors. In terms of signaling cascade, recruitment of C5aR1 or C5aR2 by C5a triggers the association of either G‐proteins or β‐arrestins, providing a protective response under normal physiological conditions and a destructive response under pathophysiological conditions. As a result, both deficiency and unregulated activation of the complement lead to clinical conditions that require therapeutic intervention. Indeed, complement therapeutics targeting either the complement fragments or the complement receptors are being actively pursued by both industry and academia. In this context, the model structural complex of C5a–C5aR1 interactions, followed by a biophysical evaluation of the model complex, has been elaborated on earlier. In addition, through the drug repurposing strategy, we have shown that small molecule drugs such as raloxifene and prednisone may act as neutraligands of C5a by effectively binding to C5a and altering its biologically active molecular conformation. Very recently, structural models illustrating the intermolecular interaction of C5a with C5aR2 have also been elaborated by our group. In the current study, we provide the biophysical validation of the C5a‐C5aR2 model complex by recruiting major synthetic peptide fragments of C5aR2 against C5a. In addition, the ability of the selected neutraligands to hinder the interaction of C5a with the peptide fragments derived from both C5aR1 and C5aR2 has also been explored. Overall, the computational and experimental data provided in the current study supports the idea that small molecule drugs targeting C5a can potentially neutralize C5a's ability to interact effectively with its cognate complement receptors, which can be beneficial in modulating the destructive signaling response of C5a under pathological conditions.
Fractal, recurrent, and dense U-Net architectures with EfficientNet encoder for medical image segmentation

Abstract. Purpose U-Net is a deep learning technique that has made significant contributions to medical image segmentation. Although the accomplishments of deep learning algorithms in terms of image processing are evident, many challenges still need to be overcome to achieve human-like performance. One of the main challenges in building deeper U-Nets is black-box problems, such as vanishing gradients. Overcoming this problem allows us to develop neural networks with advanced network designs. Approach We propose three U-Net variants, namely efficient R2U-Net, efficient dense U-Net, and efficient fractal U-Net, that can create highly accurate segmentation maps. The first part of our contribution makes use of EfficientNet to distribute resources in the network efficiently. The second part of our work applies the following layer connections to design the U-Net decoders: residual connections, dense connections, and fractal expansion. We apply EfficientNet as the encoder to our three decoders to design three conceivable models. Results The aforementioned three proposed deep learning models were tested on four benchmark datasets, including the CHASE DB1 and digital retinal images for vessel extraction (DRIVE) retinal image databases and the ISIC 2018 and HAM10000 dermoscopy image databases. We obtained the highest Dice coefficient of 0.8013, 0.8808, 0.8019, and 0.9295 for CHASE DB1, ISIC 2018, DRIVE, and HAM10000, respectively, and a Jaccard (JAC) score of 0.6686, 0.7870, 0.6694, and 0.8683 for CHASE DB1, ISIC 2018, DRIVE, and HAM10000, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that the proposed deep learning models achieved better segmentation results compared with the state-of-the-art models. Conclusions U-Net is quite an adaptable deep learning framework and can be integrated with other deep learning techniques. The use of recurrent feedback connections, dense convolution, residual skip connections, and fractal convolutional expansions allow for the design of improved deeper U-Net models. With the addition of EfficientNet, we can now leverage the performance of an optimally scaled classifier for U-Net encoders.
Association between Helicobacter Pylori infection and autoimmune thyroid disease

Introduction: Helicobacter Pylori (HP) is the most common bacteria that causes chronic bacterial infections in humans. We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between HP infection and autoimmune thyroid diseases, as well as the possible relationship between HP density and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Methods: A total of 3380 patients who underwent upper gastro intestinal system endoscopy in our tertiary hospital endoscopy unit between 2010 and 2018 were scanned, and 250 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in our retrospective study. Results: The study was examined under 2 groups: 104 (41.6%) were HP negative and 146 (58.4%) were positive. While TPOAb was positive in 63 (25.2%) patients, 61 (24.4%) patients were found to be TgAb positive. Atrophy was detected in 11 (4.4%) patients and metaplasia in 20 (8%). There was no statistically significant difference between HP-positive and HP-negative patients in terms of age, gender, Wbc, Hg, Neu, Lymp, Plt, PLR, and NLR (P > 0.05). There was no significant concordance between HP positivity and TPOAb and TgAb positivity. There was no statistically significant relationship between HP density and PLR and NLR (Spearman’s rho correlation analysis, P > 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: In conclusion, no relationship was found between HP infection and autoimmune thyroid disease in our study. Similarly, there was no significant relationship between HP density and PLR and NLR.
Environmental fluid mechanics

Environmental fluid mechanics has emerged as a strongly interdisciplinary re- search discipline over the last three decades. It is concerned with the understanding of the fluid motion and associated mass and heat transport processes that occur in the earth’s hydrosphere and atmosphere on local and regional scales. In this article three examples drawn from the author’s own research on environmental fluid mechanics are presented. The examples are: (i) gas transfer at the air-water interface of water bodies, (ii) turbulence structure and pollutant transport processes in shallow flows, and (iii) development of engineering expert systems for planning and prediction of pollutant releases into diverse water bodies.
Unfolding homoclinic tangencies inside horseshoes: hyperbolicity, fractal dimensions and persistent tangencies

We study the destruction of hyperbolic sets (horseshoes) in parametrized families of diffeomorphisms through homoclinic tangencies taking place inside the limit set. If the limit set at the tangency parameter has small dimension (limit capacity) then hyperbolicity prevails after the bifurcation (full Lebesgue density). We also prove that, if that limit set is thick then the system exhibits homoclinic tangencies for a whole parameter interval across the bifurcation. These results are based on a geometric analysis of the limit set at the tangency, including a statement of bounded distortion.