Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suspended sediment dynamics at high and low storm flows in two small watersheds

A record spanning almost 20 years of suspended sediment and discharge measurements on two reaches of an agricultural watershed is used to assess the influence of in‐channel sediment supplies and bed composition on suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). We analyse discharge‐SSC relationships from two small streams of similar hydrology, climate and land use but widely different bed compositions (one dominated by sand, the other by gravel). Given that sand‐dominated systems have more fine sediment available for transport, we use bed composition and the relative proportion of surface sand and gravel to be representative of in‐channel sediment supply. Both high flow events and lower flows associated with onset and late recessional storm flow (‘low flows’) are analysed in order to distinguish external from in‐channel sources of sediment and to assess the relationship between low flows and sediment supply. We find that SSC during low flows is affected by changes to sediment supply, not just discharge capacity, indicated by the variation in the discharge‐SSC relationship both within and between low flows. Results also demonstrate that suspended sediment and discharge dynamics differ between reaches; high bed sand fractions provide a steady supply of sediment that is quickly replenished, resulting in more frequent sediment‐mobilizing low flow and relatively constant SSC between floods. In contrast, SSC of a gravel‐dominated reach vary widely between events, with high SSC generally associated with only one or two high‐flow events. Results lend support to the idea that fine sediment is both more available and more easily transported from sand‐dominated streambeds, especially during low flows, providing evidence that bed composition and in‐channel sediment supplies may play important roles in the mobilization and transport of fine sediment. In addition, the analysis of low‐flow conditions, an approach unique to this study, provides insight into alternative and potentially significant factors that control fine sediment dynamics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tidal Variability of Swash-Zone Sediment Suspension and Transport

Abstract Ensemble-averaged suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) and transport from the swash zone of a high-energy beach are investigated with respect to the time-averaged setup level obtained from calibrated video records. Ensemble-averaged data indicate variability in SSC between both uprush and backwash during rising and falling tides. Mean ebb-tide SSC exceeds mean flood-tide SSC during both the uprush (by 28–34%) and backwash (by up to 25%). Suspended sediment concentration also varies between swash phases over a tidal cycle with mean uprush SSC exceeding mean backwash SSC by 46% to 108% depending on tidal level, with a general percentage decrease during the falling tide. The net ensemble-averaged transport (velocity-SSC product) magnitude displays a decreasing trend from roughly 30 to 20 kg m−1 during the rising tide and from roughly 45 to 15 kg m−1 during the falling tide that cannot be explained based on the percentage of foreshore immersion (water depth) alone. Thus, relative tidal level (cross-shore instrument position within the swash zone) and the phase of tide (rising or falling) within the swash zone play an important role in determining the magnitude of sediment suspension and transport.
Melting of a complete section of recycled oceanic crust: Trace element and Pb isotopic evidence from Iceland

We present new trace element and isotopic data on a selection of least evolved lavas in Iceland. Pb isotopic compositions are variable: 206Pb/204Pb ranges from 18.05 in picrites to 19.15 in alkali basalts. Large excesses of Sr and Pb and a deficiency of Hf and Zr relative to rare earth elements are characteristic of the picritic lavas (Ce/Pb ≈ 10, Sr/Nd ≈ 35, and Sm/Hf ≈ 1.75), whereas more normal ratios are observed in the alkali basalts (Ce/Pb ≈ 40, Sr/Nd ≈ 10, and Sm/Hf ≈ 1.4). These variations are correlated to systematic changes in Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions. Using these new data, the relationship between the Iceland plume and the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge can be reexamined. The 87Sr/86Sr versus 206Pb/204Pb relationship demonstrates clearly that all isotopic variations in Iceland have their origin in the plume source. In addition, the composition of both Reykjanes and Kolbeinsey Ridges results from contamination of the depleted mantle by the Iceland plume. Trace element and isotopic heterogeneities within Iceland are related to rock type and not to location in the island. This is contrary to what would be expected if a uniform plume mixed with surrounding mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB), in which case the geochemical values would be more MORB‐like at the perimeter. Instead, it suggests that the Iceland plume itself was highly heterogeneous. We propose that the source of the Iceland plume was old recycled oceanic crust that was stored in the mantle for a long time (potentially since the end of the Archean). Melting of the basaltic portion of this crust led to the formation of the alkali basalts, and melting of the clinopyroxene‐plagioclase gabbroic portion of the same oceanic crust yielded the picritic basalts. In both cases, melting of the harzburgitic portion of the recycled lithosphere provided the necessary Mg and Ni. The tholeiites represent mixtures from the two sources. Iceland is therefore, together with Hawaii, a clear example of melting of a complete section of recycled oceanic lithosphere.
Intolerance in Islamic textbooks: The quest for an Islamic teaching model for Indonesian schools

Abstract The study highlights the presence of intolerance within the textbooks used for Islamic education, which has negative implications for peace and harmony. However, the understanding of this intolerance construction in the textbooks is currently limited. Therefore, this research aims to identify and analyze the intolerant values embedded within these textbooks’ language, content, and scenarios. The ultimate goal is to develop an action plan to prevent the dissemination of intolerance through the education system. To achieve this objective, qualitative methods such as content analysis, interviews, and focus group discussions were employed to collect and analyze data. The study’s findings indicate the following: a) The textbooks used for Islamic education can foster and promote intolerant beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors among students, who may mistakenly associate these with the teachings of Islam. b) The narratives promoting intolerance found within the textbooks result from negligence during the writing, reviewing, and editing processes. C) The development of new textbooks is necessary, and it should be a collaborative effort involving intellectuals, religious and cultural leaders, with a focus on promoting values of peace and social harmony. In conclusion, the study recommends a comprehensive mapping of the textbooks used in Islamic education at different education levels to identify and address any potential threats to peace. If strategically approached, Islamic education can serve as a platform for nurturing students’ moral foundations and fostering peaceful coexistence within society.
Phase 3, Randomized Study Comparing Intracameral Bimatoprost Implant 15 µg and Selective Laser Trabeculectomy in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension

Purpose We evaluate the safety and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect of 15-µg bimatoprost implant (higher dose than the currently approved product) compared with selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Methods Randomized, phase 3, 12-month, multicenter, paired-eye, patient- and efficacy evaluator–masked noninferiority study. Patients with inadequate IOP control were randomized to receive 360° SLT (day 1) or up to 3 administrations of 15-µg bimatoprost implant (day 4, weeks 16 and 32) in the primary eye and the alternative treatment in the contralateral eye. The primary endpoint was IOP change from baseline at weeks 4, 12, and 24. Results At weeks 4, 12, and 24, mean IOP change from baseline ranged from −7.01 to −6.65 mm Hg in implant-treated eyes (N=138) and −6.45 to −6.26 mm Hg in SLT-treated eyes (N=138). Differences in IOP change from baseline ranged from −0.70 to −0.25 mm Hg favoring implant; the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the difference (implant minus SLT) was <1.0 mm Hg at all 3 visits. The probability of requiring no additional (rescue) IOP-lowering treatment in implant-treated versus SLT-treated eyes was 93.6% versus 86.5% at day 180 and 74.6% versus 77.1% at day 360. Corneal endothelial cell loss was more common in implant-treated eyes and typically occurred after repeated implant administration. Conclusion Bimatoprost implant 15 µg met prespecified criteria for statistical and clinical noninferiority to SLT in lowering IOP, and after 1, 2, or 3 administrations, demonstrated a duration of IOP lowering similar to SLT. Bimatoprost implant 15 µg was associated with corneal adverse events in some patients, especially after repeated administrations at a fixed interval, and has been discontinued from development. A lower dose strength of implant (bimatoprost implant 10 µg, Durysta) is US Food and Drug Administration–approved for single administration.
East-west mantle geochemical hemispheres constrained from Independent Component Analysis of basalt isotopic compositions

In order to decipher the mantle geochemical heterogeneity that reflects material differentiation and circulation within the Earth, we examined mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), ocean island basalts (OIB) and arc basalts (AB), in terms of the radiogenic isotopic variability and its geographical distribution. It has been found that the Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic ratios of MORB, OIB and AB exhibit a two-dimensional structure, and are mostly distributed on the same compositional plane that is spanned by two independent components (IC1 and IC2). One of the two components (IC2) divides geochemically the mantle broadly into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Inspection of the geochemical nature of IC2 suggests that it may represent a fluid mobile component recycled through subduction zones. The mantle geochemical domain beneath the Eastern Hemisphere is enriched in the fluid mobile component, possibly by focused subduction towards the supercontinent Pangea which was surrounded by subduction zones. Although the present-day continents have been dispersed since then, the geochemical domain has seemingly been anchored to the asthenosphere without moving with the continents.
Impact of Drought Stress on Net CO2 Exchange Above an Alpine Grassland Ecosystem in the Central Tibetan Plateau

Abstract: Drought may impact the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) between grassland ecosystems and the atmosphere during growth seasons. Here, carbon dioxide exchange and controlling factors in alpine grassland under drought stress in the hinterland of Tibetan Plateau (Damxung, Tibet, China) were investigated. Data were obtained using the covariance eddy technique in 2009. Severe drought stress appeared in the early growing season (May to early July) and September. Drought conditions during the early growing season limited grass production and the green leaf area index (GLAI) increased slowly, with an obvious decline in June. When encountering severe water stress, diurnal patterns of NEE in the growth season altered with a peak carbon release around 16:00 h or a second carbon uptake period before sunset. NEE variations in daytime related most closely with &thgr; other than PAR when daily averaged &thgr;<0.1 m3 m-3 . Seasonal patterns of gross primary production (GPP) and NEE were also influenced by drought: the maximum and minimum of daily-integrated NEE were 0.9 g C m-2 d-1 on 3 July 2009, and -1.3 g C m-2 d-1 on 12 August 2009 with a GPP peak (-2.3 g C m-2 d-1) on the same day, respectively. Monthly NEE from May to July remained as carbon release and increased gradually; peak values of monthly NEE and GPP both appeared in August, but that of ecosystem respiration (Reco) was reached in July. Annual NEE, GPP and Reco of the alpine grassland ecosystem were 52.4, -158.1 and 210.5 g C m-2, respectively. Therefore, the grassland was a moderate source of CO2 to the atmosphere in this dry year. Interannual variation in NEE was likely related to different water conditions in the growing season. The three greatest contributors to seasonal variation in NEE, GPP and Reco respectively were GLAI>Ta>&thgr;, GLAI>&thgr;>PPT, and Ta>GLAI>PAR. Seasonality of GLAI explained 60.7% and 76.1% of seasonal variation in NEE and GPP, respectively. GPP or NEE was more sensitive than Reco to variation in GLAI, and ecosystem water conditions.
Core damage from crude asphaltene deposition

In order to study the flow properties of asphaltenic crudes, corefloods with an oil asphaltene content in the range 0.1% to 6.0 % weight, were systematically performed in various rock material. These laboratory tests carried out at reservoir temperature, have shown evidence of core damage ocurring under dynamic flowing conditions. Plugging effects due to asphaltene deposition were evaluated in each case through comparison with the reference oil permeability measured with a selected hydrocarbon, prior to and after crude flow. Chemical nature and amount of organic deposits found in-situ at the end of tests, were determined by means of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis technique. This method allowed both to characterize the asphaltene fraction in deposits and to determine their distribution along the core. Core impairment resulting from in-situ asphalt accumulation, was found to cause a 20% to 90% loss of initial oil permeability, depending on rock morphology, mineralogy and crude asphaltene content. It turns out that trends in permeability reduction related to asphaltene deposition exhibit clear similarities with formation damage caused by solid fines migration. So pore blocking mechanisms models which have been proposed to describe fines migration effects have been successfully applied to the results obtained with asphaltenic crudes. Such an approach leads to an interpretation of the more or less fast permeability reductions observed with the different couples (crude oil/rock material) considered in this work.
The relationship between ABO blood group and blood transfusion in upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Introduction: ABO blood group (BG) antigens found in many cells and tissues, especially in erythrocytes, have been associated with many diseases including cardiovascular diseases, infections, and malignancies. The association of ABO BG with duodenal and gastric ulcers and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) has been investigated in few studies and the information on this subject is limited. The primary objective of our study is to examine whether there is an association between ABO BG and UGB, and the secondary objective is to examine whether there is an association between ABO BG and UGB in patients who received blood transfusions after bleeding. Methods: The prevalence values of A, B, AB, 0 BG and Rh antigens, endoscopic procedure, and blood transfusion information of patients who were diagnosed with UGB by endoscopic examination and hospitalized were recorded. Healthy individuals without UGB in the same period were included as the control group (CG). Those who had UGB by endoscopic examination constituted the study group (SG) while those who received at least 2 units of blood transfusion formed the transfusion group (TG). Results: SG consisted of 423 patients, TG included 383 patients, and CG had 1650 individuals. While the risk of bleeding was higher in SG patients with BG 0 (OR 1.33 1.07-1.66 P=0.009), the bleeding risk was lower in SG patients with BG B (OR 0.77 0.63-0.95 P=0.014). In addition, while the risk of bleeding was higher in TG patients with BG 0 (OR 1.35 1.08-1.70 P=0.009), the bleeding risk was lower in TG patients with BG B (OR 0.55 0.38-0.79 P=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in SG, and TG in other BG A and AB and no significant difference in Rh. Conclusion: While UGB is more common in individuals with BG 0, it is less common in individuals with BG B. The risk of need for blood transfusion during the follow-up period of these patients in the ward is higher in patients with BG 0 but lower in patients with BG B. Keywords: Blood group, bleeding, transfusion
On the Skull and greater Portion of the Skeleton of Goniopholis crassidens from the Wealden Shales of Atherfield (Isle of Wight)

I. History of The Descovery of The Specimen. In the late autumn of 1904, at a place locally called ‘Tie Pits,’ near Atherfield Point (Isle of Wight), a large mass of the cliff, comprising many thousand tons of the Wealden Shales, subsided, pushing its foot across the beach, until below low-water line. As the sea washed away the base, the mass continued sinking, and fresh horizons were denuded. In 1905 a series of heavy ‘ground-seas’ cast up blocks of limestone and ironstone, containing crocodilebones, which were discovered on the sand, between high and low water marks. The skull came ashore in six pieces, and on as many different occasions. Scutes and fragments of bones were constantly picked up. One block found by a local fisherman was ibrwarded to the Sedgwick Museum, at Cambridge. After correspondence with Mr. Henry Keeping, the well-known Curator, I was put in communication with Prof. T. McK. Hughes, F.R. S. , who, with great liberality and courtesy, wrote that in ' the interest of scientific progress' he thought that their block should be handed over to me, and this was accordingly done. The collection of the skull, etc. would have been impossible, but for the aid of Mr. Walter White, the coxswain of the Atherfield lifeboat, who obtained the separate portions by visiting the beach at every tide. The horizon whence the specimen was derived is 80 to 90 feet below the top of the Wealden Shales. II. History of The British GoniopholidÆ. The genus.
Preparation of Biomass Carbon Composites MgO@ZnO@BC and Its Adsorption and Removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) in Wastewater

The ternary composite MgO@ZnO@BC was synthesized and characterized for the adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+ heavy metal ions from wastewater. The results show that the addition of the MgO@ZnO@BC composite results in higher adsorption properties for Cu2+ and Pb2+, with a molar ratio of 5% 0.1 g, and maximum adsorption capacity (50.63 mg/g for Cu2+ and 61.46 mg/g for Pb2+). The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of the adsorption complex and the kinetics of adsorption are secondary kinetics. The adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ was mainly chemisorption, accompanied by physical adsorption. This adsorption method fully conforms to the concepts of clean production and efficient waste utilization, providing a reference for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater and waste recycling using ternary composite materials.
Are there spurious precipitation trends in the United States Climate Division database?

The United States Climate Division datasets (CDD) may contain spurious precipitation trends, induced by the method in which climate divisional data are created. This study investigated how the redistribution of stations within a climate division has affected purported annual trends in precipitation. CDD were compared to USHCN data for the 15 climate divisions of New England. Results showed that trends in the datasets are not always the same. We conclude that changing mean latitude, longitude, and elevation of stations within a division through time can affect, and even induce, trends in the time series. Trends found here were mostly increasing through time, but rates of change differed dramatically in some cases. Two climate divisions did have opposing trends between datasets. It appears that other factors, such as distance from the coast and changing slope direction (aspect) of stations, may also influence these trends.
Caracterização e classificação de solos em uma topossequência sobre calcário na serra da Bodoquena, MS

The soils in the Serra da Bodoquena, a mountain chain in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, have peculiar features that differ from other regions of the Cerrado-Pantanal biome. This study aims to characterize soils formed on limestone, based on the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties and organic matter. A toposequence on limestone was selected and profile pits were opened on the summit (P1), backslope (P2), footslope (P3) and toeslope (P4 and P5). The profiles were morphologically described and physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out in all horizons. According to the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS), the studied soils were classified as: (P1) Organossolo Folico Saprico litico - OOs (Litic Ustifolist); (P2) Chernossolo Haplico Ortico tipico - MXo (Typic Haplustoll); (P3) Chernossolo Argiluvico Ortico tipico - MTo (Typic Haplustoll); (P4) Gleissolo Melânico Carbonatico chernossolico - GMk1 (Typic Epiaquoll); and (P5) Gleissolo Melânico Carbonatico organossolico - GMk2 (Terric Haplosaprist). The color of all studied profiles was dark in the surface horizons, and reddish or grayish in deeper layers, according to the drainage conditions. Base saturation was high in all layers, with calcium as dominant cation in the exchangeable complex. Humin was the dominant organic carbon fraction of the studied soils. A mineralogical analysis showed the presence of calcite in the sand fraction in the soil profiles GMK1 and GMk2 and kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite in the clay fraction of all soils. The occurrence of Ustifolist in non-mountainous environments, different from the characterization by the SiBCS, suggests a greater range of possible environmental conditions for the occurrence of this suborder.
Separating in situ and terrigenous sources of absorption by dissolved materials in coastal waters

It is presently unclear to what extent coastal and oceanic chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is remnant of diluted inputs from the terrestrial biosphere, is the product of in situ biological processes, or is a derivative of both sources. The development of a persistent phytoplankton thin layer (2–4 m thick) in East Sound, Washington, provided an opportunity to study the link between CDOM formation and in situ phytoplankton production. Spectral CDOM absorption ag(λ), spectral particulate absorption ap(λ), and hydrographic parameters were simultaneously recorded in high-resolution vertical profiles. Significant fine-scale variability was observed in ag(412). The majority of this fine structure covaried with salinity, consistent with mixing between an oceanic end member water type (low CDOM, high salinity) and a riverine one (high CDOM, low salinity). During the development of the thin layer, deviations from this ag(412)-salinity relationship were observed. To isolate only the changes in ag(412) resulting from in situ processes, the initial state, represented by the ag(412)-salinity relationship, was subtracted from the measured ag(412). The remaining “in situ change” or residual ag(412) fraction was linearly correlated with oxygen supersaturation and ap(440). Above the phytoplankton layer centered at 3–6 m the ag residual was negative, suggesting removal by photodegradation. A positive ag residual within the thin layer is the first direct evidence for rapid in situ CDOM production associated with phytoplankton primary production. Although the in situ fraction was 10% or less of the total CDOM absorption in East Sound during this period, in the open ocean this fraction may comprise nearly all of the absorption by dissolved materials.