Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Turning Ocean Mixing Upside Down

AbstractIt is generally understood that small-scale mixing, such as is caused by breaking internal waves, drives upwelling of the densest ocean waters that sink to the ocean bottom at high latitudes. However, the observational evidence that the strong turbulent fluxes generated by small-scale mixing in the stratified ocean interior are more vigorous close to the ocean bottom boundary than above implies that small-scale mixing converts light waters into denser ones, thus driving a net sinking of abyssal waters. Using a combination of theoretical ideas and numerical models, it is argued that abyssal waters upwell along weakly stratified boundary layers, where small-scale mixing of density decreases to zero to satisfy the no density flux condition at the ocean bottom. The abyssal ocean meridional overturning circulation is the small residual of a large net sinking of waters, driven by small-scale mixing in the stratified interior above the bottom boundary layers, and a slightly larger net upwelling, driven b.
The effect of exercise training on adipose tissue insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

This systematic review and meta‐analysis determined the impact of exercise training on adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in adults. Its scope extended to studies measuring whole‐body and localized subcutaneous adipose tissue insulin sensitivity using validated techniques. Consensus from four studies demonstrates that exercise training improved whole‐body adipose tissue insulin sensitivity when measured via stable‐isotope lipid tracers (rate of appearance suppression in response to hyperinsulinemia). Meta‐analysis of 20 studies (26 intervention arms) employing the adipose tissue insulin resistance index (ADIPO‐IR) supported these findings (−10.63 [−14.12 to −7.15] pmol·L−1 × mmol·L−1). With ADIPO‐IR, this response was greater in studies documenting weight loss and shorter sampling time (≤48 h) post‐training. Overall, exercise training did not affect whole‐body adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in seven studies (11 intervention arms) measuring the suppression of circulating non‐esterified fatty acids in response to insulin infusion (1.51 [−0.12 to 3.14]%); however, subgroup analysis identified an enhanced suppression post‐training in trials reporting weight loss. From four microdialysis studies, consensus indicates no effect of exercise training on localized (abdominal/femoral) adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, potentially suggesting that enhanced whole‐body responses are related to improvements in central adipose depots. However, heterogeneity within microdialysis protocols dictates that findings must be viewed with caution.
Studies on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Buckwheat and Its Exploration in Bread as Functional Food

Aim of this work is to study the physic-chemical characteristics of buckwheat and its exploration in bread as functional food. Buckwheat flour addition into bread formulation had considerable effects on physico chemical and sensory properties of bread. It can be finally concluded that the addition of buckwheat flour in refined wheat flour up to a level of 10 per cent in bread yielded a good quality product improving their physical characteristics, nutritional and mineral composition as compared to control bread with slight reduction in sensory attributes but found to be overall acceptable. Hence, development and utilization of such functional foods will not only improve the nutritional status of the population but also helps those suffering from degenerative diseases. More studies should be conducted to investigate the possibility of using BWF as an ingredient in other food products in order to increase applications of such value-added food ingredient.
Iron deficiency linked to altered bile acid metabolism promotes Helicobacter pylori–induced inflammation–driven gastric carcinogenesis

Gastric carcinogenesis is mediated by complex interactions among Helicobacter pylori, host, and environmental factors. Here, we demonstrate that H. pylori augmented gastric injury in INS-GAS mice under iron-deficient conditions. Mechanistically, these phenotypes were not driven by alterations in the gastric microbiota; however, discovery-based and targeted metabolomics revealed that bile acids were significantly altered in H. pylori–infected mice with iron deficiency, with significant upregulation of deoxycholic acid (DCA), a carcinogenic bile acid. The severity of gastric injury was further augmented when H. pylori–infected mice were treated with DCA, and, in vitro, DCA increased translocation of the H. pylori oncoprotein CagA into host cells. Conversely, bile acid sequestration attenuated H. pylori–induced injury under conditions of iron deficiency. To translate these findings to human populations, we evaluated the association between bile acid sequestrant use and gastric cancer risk in a large human cohort. Among 416,885 individuals, a significant dose-dependent reduction in risk was associated with cumulative bile acid sequestrant use. Further, expression of the bile acid receptor transmembrane G protein–coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) paralleled the severity of carcinogenic lesions in humans. These data demonstrate that increased H. pylori–induced injury within the context of iron deficiency is tightly linked to altered bile acid metabolism, which may promote gastric carcinogenesis.
The Ca2+-gated channel TMEM16A amplifies capillary pericyte contraction and reduces cerebral blood flow after ischemia

Pericyte-mediated capillary constriction decreases cerebral blood flow in stroke after an occluded artery is unblocked. The determinants of pericyte tone are poorly understood. We show that a small rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in pericytes activated chloride efflux through the Ca2+-gated anion channel TMEM16A, thus depolarizing the cell and opening voltage-gated calcium channels. This mechanism strongly amplified the pericyte [Ca2+]i rise and capillary constriction evoked by contractile agonists and ischemia. In a rodent stroke model, TMEM16A inhibition slowed the ischemia-evoked pericyte [Ca2+]i rise, capillary constriction, and pericyte death; reduced neutrophil stalling; and improved cerebrovascular reperfusion. Genetic analysis implicated altered TMEM16A expression in poor patient recovery from ischemic stroke. Thus, pericyte TMEM16A is a crucial regulator of cerebral capillary function and a potential therapeutic target for stroke and possibly other disorders of impaired microvascular flow, such as Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.
[Effect of electroacupuncture on gut microbiota and serum IL-1β and IL-18 in rats with vascular dementia based on principle of "curing brain disorders by treating intestines"].

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of "Baihui"(GV20), "Dazhui"(GV14), "Shenshu" (BL23)and "Zusanli"(ST36) on the intestinal flora and serum interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 contents in vascular dementia (VD) rats. METHODS SD rats were randomized into sham operation, VD model, GV20+GV14+BL23 (EA-basic acupoints), and EA-basic acupoints+ST36 and EA-basic acupoints+probiotics groups (n=10 in each group). EA (10 Hz/50 Hz) was conducted for 30 min, once daily for 4 consecutive weeks. Rats of the EA-basic acupoints+probiotics received gavage of probiotics (2 mL/d containing 2.0×109 CFU of live bifidobacterium), once a day for 4 weeks, and those of the EA-basic acupoints and EA-basic acupoints+ST36 groups received gavage of the same dose of normal saline. The Morris water maze test was used to evalua-te the rats' lear-ning and memory ability before and after the treatment. The serum IL-1β and IL-18 levels were determined by ELISA, and the histopathological changes of the intestinal mucosa were observed by H.E. staining. The ultrastructural changes of hippocampal neurons were observed by using transmission electron microscopy and 16S rDNA sequencing technique was used to analyze the composition of intestinal microbiome. RESULTS Compared with the sham operation group, the escape latency, serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18, as well as the relative abundance of harmful bacteria (including Catabacter, obinsoniella and Desulfovibrio) in the intestine were significantly increased (P<0.01). In comparison with the model group, the escape latency, serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the three treatment groups, and the relative abundance of harmful bacteria (such as the Catabacter, Robinsoniella and Desulfovibrio) in the EA-basic acupoints+ST36 group were down-regulated obviously(P<0.05,P<0.01), and the relative abundance of Clostridiales-unclassified in both EA-basic acupoints+probiotics and EA-basic acupoints+ST36 groups was significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). The effects of EA-basic acupoints+ST36 and EA-ba-sic acupoints+probiotics were significantly superior to that of EA-basic acupoints in down-regulating IL-18 content (P<0.05). H.E. staining showed atrophy of the whole mucosal layer, loss of goblet cells, destruction of glands, infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells, and transmission microscope displayed fuzziness of the nucleus membrane boundary, cystic dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with unclear structure swelling of the mitochondria, and disordered arrangement or dissolution of the inner cristae in the model group, which was relatively milder in the EA-basic acupoints+ST36 and EA-basic acupoints+probiotics groups. CONCLUSION EA of GV20+GV14+BL23+ ST36 can improve the cognitive dysfunction of VD model rats, which may be related to its function in regulating the imbalance of intestinal microbiota, thereby inhibiting the peripheral inflammatory factor.
Targeted policies can compensate most of the increased sustainability risks in 1.5 °C mitigation scenarios

Meeting the 1.5 °C goal will require a rapid scale-up of zero-carbon energy supply, fuel switching to electricity, efficiency and demand-reduction in all sectors, and the replenishment of natural carbon sinks. These transformations will have immediate impacts on various of the sustainable development goals. As goals such as affordable and clean energy and zero hunger are more immediate to great parts of global population, these impacts are central for societal acceptability of climate policies. Yet, little is known about how the achievement of other social and environmental sustainability objectives can be directly managed through emission reduction policies. In addition, the integrated assessment literature has so far emphasized a single, global (cost-minimizing) carbon price as the optimal mechanism to achieve emissions reductions. In this paper we introduce a broader suite of policies—including direct sector-level regulation, early mitigation action, and lifestyle changes—into the integrated energy-economy-land-use modeling system REMIND-MAgPIE. We examine their impact on non-climate sustainability issues when mean warming is to be kept well below 2 °C or 1.5 °C. We find that a combination of these policies can alleviate air pollution, water extraction, uranium extraction, food and energy price hikes, and dependence on negative emissions technologies, thus resulting in substantially reduced sustainability risks associated with mitigating climate change. Importantly, we find that these targeted policies can more than compensate for most sustainability risks of increasing climate ambition from 2 °C to 1.5 °C.
Precise stellarator quasi-symmetry can be achieved with electromagnetic coils

Magnetic fields with quasi-symmetry are known to provide good confinement of charged particles and plasmas, but the extent to which quasi-symmetry can be achieved in practice has remained an open question. Recent work [M. Landreman and E. Paul, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 035001, 2022] reports the discovery of toroidal magnetic fields that are quasi-symmetric to orders-of-magnitude higher precision than previously known fields. We show that these fields can be accurately produced using electromagnetic coils of only moderate engineering complexity, that is, coils that have low curvature and that are sufficiently separated from each other. Our results demonstrate that these new quasi-symmetric fields are relevant for applications requiring the confinement of energetic charged particles for long time scales, such as nuclear fusion. The coils’ length plays an important role for how well the quasi-symmetric fields can be approximated. For the longest coil set considered and a mean field strength of 1 T, the departure from quasi-symmetry is of the order of Earth’s magnetic field. Additionally, we find that magnetic surfaces extend far outside the plasma boundary used by Landreman and Paul, providing confinement far from the core. Simulations confirm that the magnetic fields generated by the new coils confine particles with high kinetic energy substantially longer than previously known coil configurations. In particular, when scaled to a reactor, the best found configuration loses only 0.04% of energetic particles born at midradius when following guiding center trajectories for 200 ms.
The pancreatic cancer immune tumor microenvironment is negatively remodeled by gemcitabine while TGF‐β receptor plus dual checkpoint inhibition maintains antitumor immune cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) tumors have a highly immunosuppressive desmoplastic tumor microenvironment (TME) where immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy has been exceptionally ineffective. Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) receptor activation leads to cancer and immune cell proliferation and phenotype, and cytokine production leading to tumor progression and worse overall survival in PDA patients. We hypothesized that TGF‐β receptor inhibition may alter PDA progression and antitumor immunity in the TME. Here, we used a syngeneic preclinical murine model of PDA to explore the impact of TGF‐β pathway inhibitor galunisertib (GAL), dual checkpoint immunotherapy (anti‐PD‐L1 and CTLA‐4), the chemotherapy gemcitabine (GEM), and their combinations on antitumor immune responses. Blockade of TGF‐β and ICI in immune‐competent mice bearing orthotopically injected murine PDA cells significantly inhibited tumor growth and was accompanied by antitumor M1 macrophage infiltration. In contrast, GEM treatment resulted in increased PDA tumor growth, decreased antitumor M1 macrophages, and decreased cytotoxic CD8+ T cell subpopulation compared to control mice. Together, these findings demonstrate the ability of TGF‐β inhibition with GAL to prime antitumor immunity in the TME and the curative potential of combining GAL with dual ICI. These preclinical results indicate that targeted inhibition of TGF‐β may enhance the efficacy of dual immunotherapy in PDA. Optimal manipulation of the immune TME with non‐ICI therapy may enhance therapeutic efficacy.
The Pathophysiology of The Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Perspective From The Blood Coagulation System

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a hypercoagulability associated to vascular thrombosis and/or obstetric morbidity, is caused by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies such as lupus anticoagulant, anti-β-2-glycoprotein 1, and/or anticardiolipin antibodies. In the obstetrical APS, antiphospholipid antibodies induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and tissue factor by placental tissues and recruited neutrophils. Moreover, antiphospholipid antibodies activate the complement system which, in turn, induces a positive feedback leading to recruitment of neutrophils as well as activation of the placenta. Activation of these cells triggers myometrial contractions and cervical ripening provoking the induction of labor. In thrombotic and obstetrical APS, antiphospholipid antibodies activate endothelial cells, platelets, and neutrophils and they may alter the multimeric pattern and concentration of von Willebrand factor, increase the concentration of thrombospondin 1, reduce the inactivation of factor XI by antithrombin, increase the activation of factor XII, and reduce the activity of tissue plasminogen activator with the subsequent production of plasmin. All these effects result in less permeable clots, denser, thinner, and with more branched fibrin fibers which are more difficult to lysate. As a consequence, thrombosis, the defining clinical criterion of APS, complicates the clinical course of the patient.
Plan pursuit in the context of daily fruit and vegetable consumption: The importance of cue detection and the execution of the planned behaviour for overall behaviour change.

OBJECTIVES In action planning interventions, individuals specify and link cues with behavioural responses to implement behaviour change. To date, not much is known about how and how much the detection of the planned cue (entering and identifying the planned situation) and the execution of the planned behaviour (behavioural response exactly as planned) contribute to overall behavioural changes (changes in target behaviour) achieved by individuals. Using data from an intervention on daily fruit and vegetable (FV) action planning, this study aimed to test whether individuals' cue detection and execution of the planned behaviour are positively related to overall FV intake. DESIGN Secondary data analyses examined diary data of the intervention condition of a randomized controlled trial. Ninety participants (80% female, aged 19-63 years) formed one FV plan and completed a 13-days post-intervention self-report diary assessing daily FV consumption and situational characteristics of each consumed FV serving. Based on these self-reports and participants' FV plan, day-to-day cue detection and the execution of the planned behaviour were coded. METHODS With two-level models, cue detection and the execution of the planned behaviour were examined as between- and within-person predictors of daily FV intake. RESULTS Higher between-person execution of the planned behaviour (+1.68 daily servings), higher-than-usual within-person cue detection (+0.46 daily servings), and higher-than-usual within-person execution of the planned behaviour (+0.29 daily servings) were associated with more overall FV intake. CONCLUSIONS Detecting planned cues (within-person) and executing the planned behaviour (between- and within-person) are important for overall FV intake.
Constructing a bivariate distribution function with given marginals and correlation: application to the galaxy luminosity function

We provide an analytic method to construct a bivariate distribution function (DF) with given marginal distributions and correlation coefficient. We introduce a convenient mathematical tool, called a copula, to connect two DFs with any prescribed dependence structure. If the correlation of two variables is weak (Pearson’s correlation coefficient |ρ| < 1/3), the Farlie– Gumbel–Morgenstern (FGM) copula provides an intuitive and natural way to construct such a bivariate DF. When the linear correlation is stronger, the FGM copula cannot work anymore. In this case, we propose using a Gaussian copula, which connects two given marginals and is directly related to the linear correlation coefficient between two variables. Using the copulas, we construct the bivariate luminosity function (BLF) and discuss its statistical properties. We focus especially on the far-infrared–far-ulatraviolet (FUV–FIR) BLF, since these two wavelength regions are related to star-formation (SF) activity. Though both the FUV and FIR are related to SF activity, the univariate LFs have a very different functional form: the former is well described by the Schechter function whilst the latter has a much more extended powerlaw-like luminous end. We construct the FUV–FIR BLFs using the FGM and Gaussian copulas with different strengths of correlation, and examine their statistical properties. We then discuss some further possible applications of the BLF: the problem of a multiband flux-limited sample selection, the construction of the star-formation rate (SFR) function, and the construction of the stellar mass of galaxies (M∗)–specific SFR (SFR/M∗) relation. The copulas turn out to be a very useful tool to investigate all these issues, especially for including complicated selection effects.
Application of a geographical information system (GIS) based hydrological model for flow prediction in Gorganrood river basin, Iran

In this paper a spatially distributed hydrologic model (WetSpa) is used to estimate daily river water discharge in Gorganrood river basin, Iran. The model combines topography, land use and soil maps, and observed daily meteorological time series to predict discharge hydrographs and the spatial distribution of hydrological parameters in the catchment. WetSpa model uses a modified rational method to calculate runoff and degree-day coefficient method to estimate the snow melt runoff based on temperature data. The runoff is routed through the basin along flow paths using a diffusive wave transfer method that enables to calculate response functions between any start and end point, depending upon slope, flow velocity and dissipation characteristic along the flow lines. The digital maps of topography, land use and soil type are 3 base maps used in the model in geographical information system (GIS) form using 90 × 90 m cell size. Results of the simulations show a good agreement between calculated and measured hydrographs at the outlet of the basin. The model predicts the daily hydrographs with a good accuracy, between 71 to 76% according to the Nash-Sutcliff criteria. Key words: WetSpa model, distributed model, geographical information system, flow prediction.
Information Bundling and Securities Litigation

We exploit the exogenous shock of a 2005 U.S. Supreme Court decision on securities class action loss causation requirements to examine two ways that firms bundle information with restatements: “positive bundling” of good news and “noise bundling” of additional bad news. We find that positive bundling offsets price declines and results in less litigation. In contrast, noise bundling magnifies price declines, but nevertheless deters litigation by confounding which bad news caused a decline. Non-bundled restatements are 5.94 times more likely to result in litigation. Bundled restatements have 8.17 times higher dismissal rates and $21.17 to $23.45 million lower settlement amounts.
Gender-Specific Associations Between Metabolic Disorders and Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study From China.

BACKGROUND Metabolic disorders (MDs) and the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) may be associated with thyroid diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between MDs and various types of thyroid nodules (TNs), according to gender. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Thyroid Disorders, Iodine Status, and Diabetes Epidemiological (TIDE) survey in China. A total of 56,729 subjects aged ≥18 years were included. Thyroid gland morphology was assessed by thyroid standardized ultrasonography. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for any associations between MDs and TNs. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to gender and TN type (solitary, S-TN; multiple, M-TNs). RESULTS The prevalence of TNs was increased in several MDs, and was higher in women than men regardless of whether they suffered from MDs [22.0% 95%CI (21.6%, 22.5%) vs. 15.7% 95%CI (15.3%, 16.7%), p<0.001]. TNs were associated with the presence of MDs [OR=1.189, 95%CI (1.107, 1.278), p<0.001], hypercholesterolemia [OR=1.235, 95%CI (1.177, 1.296), p<0.001], high LDL-C [OR=1.249, 95%CI (1.186, 1.316), p<0.001], and hyperuricemia [OR=1.206, 95%CI (1.126, 1.293), p<0.001]. MDs and MetS were respectively significantly associated with TNs, S-TNs and M-TNs in men, while MDs were significantly associated with the three TN profiles in women. With respect to dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and high LDL-C had the strongest association with TNs, while hypertriglyceridemia had no effect. CONCLUSIONS TNs (especially M-TNs) may be associated with MDs and their various components and there appear to be some gender-specific associations.