Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of copper fertiliser in maintaining the copper status of deer at moderate to high pasture molybdenum contents

Abstract Copper (Cu) deficiencies are an important concern of the New Zealand livestock industry, particularly for deer. Cu fertiliser application to pastures has been proven to be effective, providing the particle size is suitable and the pasture has low molybdenum (Mo) concentrations (<1 ppm). Afield study was set up to determine the effect of Cu fertiliser application on deer grazing pastures of moderate to high Mo concentrations (2–8 ppm). Mobs of deer (red × elk and red × wapiti weaners) grazed both Cu fertilised and non‐fertilised paddocks on farms near Rotorua (pasture Mo 6–8 ppm) and in Southland (pasture Mo 1–2 ppm) over the winter of 2003. An initial application of solid CuSO4 (12–15 kg ha–1) applied in April 2003 failed to elevate pasture Cu above an effective level of 11 ppm due to large particle size (97.8% > 2.0 mm) and slow dissolution. Liquid CuSO4 at 5–6.7 kg ha–1 was sprayed on pasture in June/July, and grazed by the trial animals. This application resulted in a significant increase in serum Cu (P < 0.05) when compared to untreated controls (16.8 versus 9.1 μmol litre–1 after 14 days at Rotorua and 11.6 versus 7.8 μmol litre–1 after 1 day in Southland). At the Rotorua site, deer serum Cu levels in the mobs grazing Cu fertilised pasture were maintained in excess of 15 μmol litre–1 up to the trial completion in October 2003. In contrast at the Southland site, deer serum levels in the Cu fertilised treatment started to decrease by October 2003. The animal liver Cu levels at both sites were increased by grazing the Cu fertiliser amended pasture for both the August (656 versus 158 μmol kg–1 fresh tissue, P < 0.001) and October (362 versus 83 μmol kg–1 fresh tissue, P < 0.01) samplings. The Cu spray application increased pasture Cu concentration for more than 3 months at Rotorua but only 2 months in Southland. Despite the extremely high initial pasture Cu concentrations achieved (>1000 ppm), there were no visible signs of animal health problems with the animals grazing at the time of spraying. However, further research is required to determine the effect of such high pasture Cu concentrations on deer before a suitable level of Cu application to pasture and animal withholding period can be recommended. The results of this study showed that even at herbage Mo levels ranging from 1–3 ppm in Southland and 2–8 ppm near Rotorua, copper sulphate (5–6.7 kg CuSO4 ha–1) sprayed onto pastures in mid winter resulted in the herbage Cu concentration being increased to in excess of 100 ppm for 90 days. With this increase in herbage Cu, the animal Cu intake from grazing these pastures was sufficient to lift or maintain both serum and liver Cu levels in deer for up to 4 months.
Degree of Pollen Dispersal by Insects from a Field Test of Genetically Engineered Cotton

This investigation was carried out to determine the movement of pollen from a field test site of genetically engineered cotton grown in 1989 at the Plant Science Research Farm of Mississippi State University. The objective was to evaluate the biosafety procedures used to reduce pollen movement. A field test of transgenic cotton measuring 136 by 30 m was bordered on all sides by 25 m of commercial cotton. All border rows were sampled from the lower, middle, and top fruiting positions of the plants. Seeds were analyzed for expression of the dominant selectable marker, neomycin phosphotransferase (npt II) . Reliability of the assay was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results showed a consistent and significant reduction in pollen dissemination as distance from the test plot increased. Outcrossing went from 5 to <1% by 7 m away from the test plot. A low level of pollen dispersal of <1% continued to occur sporadically in the remaining border rows out to a distance of 25 m. No significant differences were noted for flower position on the plants, indicating there were no consistent seasonal effects on pollen dissemination. The border rows fulfilled their purpose of serving as a pollen sink to significantly reduce the amount of pollen dissemination from the test plot. At this location in Mississippi, the distance surrounding a transgenic cotton field test could be reduced and still provide reasonable pollen containment.
Cladoceran body length and Secchi disk transparency in northeastern U.S. lakes

Mean cladoceran body length of 59 northeastern U.S. lakes was estimated from functional groups that broadly define taxonomic, body size, and grazing potential. Multiple regression of body length, color, and chlorophyll a or total phosphorus against Secchi disk transparency explained 72% and 83% of the variation across lakes, respectively. Analysis that included body length, color, and particulate carbon, a proxy for light backscattering and absorption by suspended organic particles, explained 85% of the variance in transparency. Body length was as important a predictor of water clarity as chemical factors. Furthermore, body length was significantly correlated to temporal variation in transparency within lakes. Because cladocerans primarily filter organic particles in size ranges having high light attenuation efficiencies, body length was consistently more strongly correlated to transparency than to chlorophyll a. Monitoring cladoceran body length should help to distinguish changes in lake transparency due.
Analysing and mapping species range dynamics using occupancy models

Our aims are: (1) to highlight the power of dynamic occupancy models for analysing species range dynamics while accounting for imperfect detection; (2) to emphasize the flexibility to model effects of environmental covariates in the dynamics parameters (extinction and colonization probability); and (3) to illustrate the development of predictive maps of range dynamics by projecting estimated probabilities of occupancy, local extinction and colonization.
Review of the phytophagous mites collected on citrus in the world

A review of the phytophagous mites collected on citrus in the world is presented. The economic importance of citriculture and the economic effects of this important group of Arthropods on citrus are discussed. One hundred and four phytophagous species are treated, belonging to the families Phytoptidae Murray, Eriophyidae Nalepa, Diptilomiopidae Keifer, Tarsonemidae Canestrini and Fanzago, Tenuipalpidae Berlese, Tuckerellidae Baker and Pritchard and Tetranychidae Donnadieu. The information is summarized in tables, where the known species, their pest status and the geographic distribution are listed for each single family. For species with major, medium and minor pest status the fundamental aspects of bio-ecology, damage, natural enemies (mainly insects, mites, pathogens), and control are briefly presented. Also, are discussed the harmfulness of the more important species, and the aspects (systematic, bio-ecology, pest status, natural enemies, means of control, horticultural practices, prevention, and Integrated Pest Control) requiring solutions and appropriate lines of research.
The dorsal raphe nucleus shows phospho‐tau neurofibrillary changes before the transentorhinal region in Alzheimer's disease. A precocious onset?

Aims: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible disease. There is strong evidence that the progression of the phospho‐tau neurofibrillary cytoskeletal changes, rather than the β‐amyloid burden, is crucial in determining the severity of the dementia in AD. The Braak and Braak staging system (BB) focuses mainly on the cortical cytoskeletal pathology and classifies this progressive pathology into six stages, spreading from the transentorhinal region to primary cortices. Although it is reported elsewhere that the midbrain's dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), which is connected with those areas of the cerebral cortex undergoing early changes during BB I and II, exhibits AD‐related cytoskeletal pathology, this nucleus has not been considered by the BB. Methods: To determine during which BB stage and how frequently the DR is affected by AD‐related neurofibrillary changes, we studied the DR of 118 well‐characterized individuals of the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group categorized according to the BB. Thirty‐eight of these individuals were staged as BB = 0, and 80 as BB ≥ 1. Results: In all of the BB ≥ 1 individuals (cortical neurofibrillary changes were present at least in the transentorhinal region) and in more than 1/5 of the BB = 0 individuals neurofibrillary changes were detected in the supratrochlear subnucleus of the DR. Conclusions: These observations: (i) support the hypothesis of transneuronal spread of neurofibrillary changes from the DR to its interconnected cortical brain areas; and (ii) indicate that the supratrochlear subnucleus of the DR is affected by neurofibrillary changes before the transentorhinal cortex during the disease process underlying AD.
Response of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.), sweet corn (Zea mays L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae

This greenhouse study investigated the effects of the addition of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculum (Glomus mosseae [Nicol. & Gerd.] Geredmann & Trappe and Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann) on capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Target), sweet corn (Zea may. L. cv. Snosweet), and tomato (Lycopersion esculantum Mill. cv. Floradade) gown in a low P sandy loam (6 mg NaHCO-extractable P/kg) with 5 rates of P (0, 10.3, 30.9, 92.7, or 278 mg P/kg oven-dry soil; P, P, P, P, or P, respectively) and 2 rates of N (50 or 200 mg N/L in Irrigation solution; N or N, respectively). The growth period (from sowing to harvest) for the 3 crops were as follows: 27 August-22 November 1993 for capsicum, 26 August-29 October 1993 for sweet corn, 31 August-22 October 1993 for tomato. For VAM inoculated capsicum at P, the dry weight (10.03 g/plant) and mean P concentration in the 5 youngest mature leaves 0.14%) were greater (P < 0.05) than those uncolinised plants, despite inoculated plants having higher P concentrations in index tissue. At intermediate P rates, dry weights of inoculated plants were lower (P < 0.05) than those of uninoculated plants of sweet corn at P (81.1 and 102.2 g/plant respectively) and of tomato at both P (11.7 and 34.5 g/plant, respectively) and P (39.6 and 52.1 g/plant, respectively). For all 3 crops, a lack of VAM response at high P (≥P) was related to a lower (P < 0.05) VAM colonisation. The percentage root length colonised by VAM at P was only 6.8, 19.6, and 2.4% of that measured at P in the case of capsicum sweet corn and tomato roots, respectively. Increasing N concentration in the irrigation solution from 50 to 200mg/L increased (P < 0.05) VAM colonisation of sweet corn (from 28.8 to 36.2%), but had no effect on capsicum and tomato.
Evaluating Wheat Microsatellite Markers for the Use in Genetic Analysis of Thinopyrum, Dasypyrum, and Pseudoroegneria Species

A set of 42 SSRs of wheat were evaluated for their cross-amplification on the DNA of Thinopyrum ponticum, Thinopyrum intermedium, Thinopyrum elongatum, Thinopyrum bessarabicum, Pseudoroegneria stipifolia, and Dasypyrum villosum. The number of the wheat SSR markers that amplified DNA fragments with determined size for Th. ponticum was 33 (78.6%); for Th. intermedium, 28 (66.7%); for Th. elongatum, 24 (57.1%); for Th. bessarabicum, 24 (57.1%); for P. stipifolia, 26 (69.1%); and for D. villosum, 29 (69.0%). Twenty-four primer pairs of wheat SSR markers were successfully amplified from all investigated species. The dataset can be used for phylogenetic studies of wild relatives of wheat, for the estimation of their diversity, and for the introgression of agronomically valuable genes into wheat genome.
Cyanobacteria species identified in the Weija and Kpong reservoirs, Ghana, and their implications for drinking water quality with respect to microcystin

The Kpong and Weija reservoirs supply drinking water to Accra, Ghana. This study was conducted to identify the cyanobacteria present in these reservoirs and to ascertain whether current treatment processes remove whole cyanobacteria cells from the drinking water produced. Cyanotoxins are mostly cell bound and could easily be removed during water treatment. However, certain water treatment practices, such as pre-chlorination and the use of algicides, lead to lyses of cyanobacteria cells and the release of toxins into the water. The study shows that the water treatment process in the two reservoirs is not effective in the removal of all cyanobacterial cells. Out of the six cyanobacteria species identified in the reservoirs, four produce toxins: Anabaena flos-aquae, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii. These four species constituted about 70–90% of the total algal biomass at all the water treatment stages, including the final product supplied to consumers. Preliminary toxicological analysis of intracellular toxin of samples from the raw water intakes of the two reservoirs indicated the presence of microcystin, with the highest concentration (3.21μg l−1) found in the Weija Reservoir. This study provides the first report of microcystins in drinking water supplies in Ghana.
Tackling the challenges of university campus management processes

A majority of universities occupy expensive campuses that incorporate outdated designs and low utilization rates while campus users can conduct working and learning activities from a distance. For instance, Massive Open Online Courses and totally virtual universities allow self-education virtually free of charge. In this complex environment, campus managers face a strategic alignment problem between supporting research, education and societal impact. Strategic alignment in corporate real estate is an act of aligning the services with the core business. To outline the dynamic conditions of campus management processes, this paper explores two cases in the University of Melbourne main campus. It aims to answer: 1) What kinds of challenges does campus management encounter in strategic alignment? and 2) How do the explored cases aim to tackle the challenges? The literature overview discusses strategic alignment. Thereafter, ten campus management organization interviews are reported based on analysis in a qualitative research analysis software Atlas.ti. Conceptual guidelines of strategic alignment are drawn. University campus process challenges can be tackled by, for example: real time Big data of built environment for future foresight; Integrated services for economical paucity; Cross-pollination for institutional sharing; and Open access to information services for functional flexibility.
Characterization of a megalocytivirus from cultured rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlege), in China

Megalocytivirus belongs to the Iridoviridae family and is known to affect finfish. Megalocytivirus epizootics have been reported to occur in several cultured fish species in China; however, no megalocytivirus associated with rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlege), has been documented. In this study, we characterized for the first time a megalocytivirus, rock bream iridovirus (RBIV)-C1, detected in cultured rock bream in a fish farm in China that had been inflicted with a high-mortality disease outbreak. Sequence analysis of three conserved genes showed that RBIV-C1 shares over 90% overall identities with a number of known megalocytiviruses. Electron microscopic examination revealed RBIV-C1 as hexagonal particles similar to those reported for megalocytiviruses. In vivo infection study indicated that, following inoculation into rock bream, RBIV-C1 induced 100% mortality and upregulated the expression of Mx, IL-1 beta and IL-8. The infected fish exhibited pathological signs similar to those observed in naturally diseased fish. Furthermore, studies in a turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) model indicated that RBIV-C1 induced acute infection in turbot that led to 100% mortality. These results indicate that RBIV-C1 is highly virulent to rock bream as well as turbot and that RBIV-C1 is closely related to a number of previously reported megalocytivirus and likely a genetic variant of the latter.
Subspeciation in the White-tailed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus baudinii, in Western Australia

The nomenclatural history of the two forms of white-tailed black cockatoo is discussed. Their correct names are Calyptorhynchus baudinii baudinii Lear for the long-billed form, and C. b. latirostris Carnaby for the short-billed form. C. b. latirostris differs from baudinii in having a slightly shorter wing and shorter culmen, there being virtually no overlap in the range of culmen lengths between adults of the two subspecies. The adult skull of baudinii is wider and higher, with a longer culmen, lower mandible and gonys than latirostris. C. b. baudinii is found in areas with an annual average rainfall of 750 mm or more, whereas lativostris occurs where it is 300–750 mm. C. b. baudinii appears to be resident throughout the year whereas latirostris moves to the higher-rainfall areas during the non-breeding season, returning to the drier areas during the breeding season. For food baudinii depends on the seeds of the marri, Eucalyptus calophylla, whereas latirostris depends on seeds from the small hard fruits of species of Hakea and Dryandra. A mechanism for the separation of the two forms during the breeding season is suggested.
Seasonal mortality trends in tree‐feeding insects: a field experiment

Abstract 1. The majority of general life‐history models treat the environment as being invariable through time, even though temporal variation in selective agents could dramatically change the outcomes, e.g. in terms of optimal size and time at maturity. For herbivorous insects, seasonal differences in food quality are reasonably well described, but seasonal dynamics of top‐down selective forces are poorly documented.
Seneciose crônica em ovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul

Two outbreaks of Senecio spp. poisoning in grazing sheep in southern Rio Grande do Sul are described. The disease occurred in 2006 on two farms that were heavily infested with Senecio spp. and had shortage of forage. The morbidity in both outbreaks was 10% and 9.5%, respectively. In one case the sheep were born and had grown up on the farm. On the other, the sheep flock was introduced into the farm some months before the outbreak. Clinical signs included progressive emaciation, apathy, weakness, jaundice and photodermatitis. At necropsy, the sheep had an augmented yellowish and firm liver with irregular capsular surface, and an extended and edematous gallbladder. There was distension and edema of the gallbladder. The cut surface the liver showed well-circumscribed whitish nodules measuring 1-3mm in diameter, which were randomly scattered throughout the hepatic parenchyma. There was also edema of mesentery and ascitis. Histopathological findings of the liver included hepatomegalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia and periportal fibrosis. There were also swollen hepatocytes, randomly scattered necrotic hepatocytes and nuclear pseudo inclusions. Hepatic encephalopathy (status spongiosus) was observed in the brain in all necropsied sheep. The diagnosis of Senecio poisoning was based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, necropsy findings and histological lesions. It was concluded that despite infrequent, Senecio spp. poisoning in sheep may occur when animals are placed in areas heavily invaded by the plants. Although sheep can efficiently control Senecio spp. in paddocks, this apparently depends on the stocking rate, and outbreaks may occur when stocking rate is less than 0.2 sheep per hectare and when there is severe shortage of forage.
Effect of Fasting on c-Fos Expression in the Hypothalamic Nuclei and Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Male Rats: Time Course Study and the Role of Testosterone

We have shown that 48-h fasting suppresses luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in female rats which is enhanced by an estrogenic milieu and mediated by noradrenergic neurons. A similar fasting protocol yielded a suppression of LH secretion in male rats in a testosterone-dependent manner. In this experiment, we intended to identify specific nuclei in the hypothalamus and caudal brainstem that are activated during fasting for 6, 24, 30 or 48 h in castrated male rats with or without chronic testosterone treatment. Fasting started at 1300 h (lights-off at 1900 h). In testosterone-treated castrates, Fos-like-immunoreactive (FL-ir) cells were significantly increased in the paraventricular nucleus, A2 region of the nucleus of the solitary tract, supraoptic nucleus and amygdala 6 h after the onset of fasting but not 24, 30 or 48 h after the onset. On the other hand, FL-ir cells were not significantly different in those areas among fasted castrates compared with unfasted controls. In the A2 region of testosterone-treated castrates, tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir, DBH-ir) cells did not exhibit Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI). Our results suggest that the absence of food may activate neurons in discrete hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei in male rats at the beginning of fasting and this activation requires an androgenic milieu. The absence of FLI in TH- or DBH-ir cells in the A2 region would indicate that transmitter systems other than catecholaminergic neurons may be involved during the very early stage of 48-h fasting-induced suppression of LH secretion.
The Structures of the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Honeyeaters and Other Small Birds in Relation to Their Diets

Honeyeaters, with a diet of nectar and small, soft-bodied insects, had smaller, less muscular gizzards and shorter intestines than insect-eating birds of comparable body size from the same area of Western Australia. Stomach width was correlated with body weight in insectivores but not in the more nectarivorous honeyeaters. Intestine length increased with increase in body weight in both insectivores and nectarivores.
Effects of Additives and Packaging Method on Quality and Microbiological Characteristics in Mild Thermal Processed Fish Mince

The effect of adding 2% sodium lactate (NaL) premix to mild thermal processed fish mince, and the effect of packaging the product in vacuum, modified atmosphere (MA), or pretreated with soluble gas stabilization (SGS) prior to MA packaging were investigated. Adding 2% NaL premix significantly affected the color, and the bacterial load was significantly decreased compared to the control product, together with significant differences in the sensory score. Breaking force, firmness, stiffness, and gel strength were significantly increased by adding NaL, while no effect was found on head space gas composition, top web deflation, and pH. SGS significantly decreased the microbial load, but had no interaction effect with NaL. SGS significantly increased the amount of CO2 in the head space gas, together with decreased top web deflation compared to modified packaging. Vacuum packaging significantly increased the breaking point, firmness, and stiffness and increased pH compared to MA and SGS. Addition of a NaL premix to minced fish products can be used successfully to increase shelf life without compromising other quality characteristics. SGS treatment before packaging in MA can successfully be used as an alternative to adding NaL with respect to microbiological product quality and without compromising other quality characteristics.