Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-fatal injuries of interpersonal violence at the Leratong Provincial Hospital, South Africa

Background: Interpersonal violence is a global health issue. More than 1.6 million people die annually as a result of violence. Injured survivors suffer from a range of physical, sexual, reproductive and mental health problems. The aim of this study is to describe the trends and profile of violence-related injuries from hospital records of an urban emergency department and crisis centre in South Africa. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted by reviewing patient files at Leratong Hospital. Relevant clinical information such as victim’s age and gender; time, day of hospital attendance; nature of injury; presence/absence of alcohol; and nature of weapon was extracted. Results: Leratong Hospital manages many patients with injuries due to interpersonal violence throughout the year, with an increase in May, November and December. Higher numbers of patients present in the last week of the month, and on Saturdays and Sundays. Victims were predominantly male (64%), except for sexual assault where the victims were females. Females also suffered more blunt injuries than penetrating injuries. Blunt injuries were the most frequent type of injury although over the weekend males sustained more penetrating injuries than blunt injuries. Young males were the main victims of interpersonal violence. Conclusion: This study highlights a trend where young adults, especially males, are noted to be significantly affected by interpersonal violence.
13.13 TCAD Modeling and Simulation of a Field Plated GaN MOSFET for High Voltage Applications

We have modelled a normally-off GaN MOSFET that has enhanced device characteristics over leading GaN HFET devices used in power electronics. The structures and dimensions of the GaN-based device were all achieved through simulation optimization. Our modeled device shows a maximum current density of 1.2 A/mm with an on-resistance of 6.15 Ω*mm. Including field plate structures sustained the MOSFET to a breakdown field of 400 V/um.
Dynamic copula based multivariate discrete choice models with applications

We propose a dynamic model for multivariate binary outcomes, which allows the latent variables driving these observed outcomes to follow a vector autoregressive process. Furthermore the model is constructed using a copula representation for the joint distribution of the resulting innovations. This has several advantages over the standard multivariate probit model. First, it allows for nonlinear dependence between the error terms. Second, the univariate link function can be chosen freely. Third, the computational burden is greatly reduced, making estimation feasible in higher dimensions and for large samples. Finally, the model can easily be extended to allow for ordered outcomes and one may even model ordered and binary outcomes jointly. Conditions, needed for the estimated dependence parameter to lie inside the permissible parameter space are given, and the construction of confidence intervals for (small sample) cases in which these conditions are not fullfilled is discussed. Furthermore, the computation of marginal effects and the choice of the copula function for dimensions larger than two are treated. Two applications are presented. First, we treat the problem of forecasting the probability of extreme price (co-) occurrences, so called (co-) spikes, in Australian high frequency electricity markets, and second, we jointly model recession probabilities for four major economies. The supplementary material to this paper contains Monte Carlo simulations and some details concerning the computation of the likelihood function.
The Role of Neuromuscular Blockers in Early ARDS

The use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI) remains controversial. However, NMBAs are used in 25% to 45% of ALI/ARDS patients for a mean period of 1±2 days, especially in severe ARDS. Hypoxemia and facilitation of mechanical ventilation are the main indications of NMBAs. Three randomized, controlled trials showed that the systematic early use of NMBAs is associated with a sustained improvement in oxygenation in ARDS patients. The most recent trial reported a decrease in 90-day in-hospital mortality rate when severe ARDS patients received a short course of muscle relaxants. The use of NMBAs in the early phase of ARDS could reinforce the beneficial effects of a lung-protective ventilation strategy. However, the role of prolonged NMBA administration in intensive care unit–acquired paresis in ARDS patients remains largely questioned. This review analyzes the recent findings in the literature concerning the effects of NMBAs on gas exchange and patient outcomes, and their potential adverse effects in ARDS.
Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra

Under cleansing, productivity-enhancing reallocation is expected to be accelerated in recessions. In this paper we contribute to the analysis of one component of the National Systems of Entrepreneurship (namely capital market frictions) by showing that in the extreme scenario of deep recession efficiency in resource reallocation can actually be reduced. Using data from the pronounced Portuguese economic crisis, we do find a spike in firm exit in 2008–2012 vis-à-vis the 2004–2007 pre-crisis period, and a substantial increase in job destruction as well. But we did not find any strong evidence that job reallocation is countercyclical, while a non-negligible fraction of high-productivity firms actually shut down. In turn, our selected proxies for strictness in credit markets reveal that in deep recessions they are seemingly associated with increased firm exit and lower employment creation. Taken in round, our results show that credit market stringency in conjunction with an unfavourable economic cycle is likely to generate a long-lasting destructive process. JEL Codes: D24, L11, L25, L26, L60
PII: S0165-7836(02)00144-3

The autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Autosub-2was deployed on eight missions ahead of RRS James Clark Ross in the northern Weddell Sea and in the Bransfield Strait, Southern Ocean, to assess avoidance of the research vessel by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba . The AUV was equipped with the same type of scientific echosounder as the research vessel (Simrad EK500 operating at 38 and 120 kHz) and measured the density of krill along transect acoustically (g m −2 wet mass) prior to the ship’s arrival. We hypothesised that if krill avoided the ship, perhaps in response to radiated noise, then the ship should detect less krill than the AUV which is known to have much lower noise levels than the ship. We were unable to detect any significant difference between the density of krill detected by the ship or the AUV, either at the transect level or at finer scales within transects. We conclude, therefore, that avoidance by krill of RRS James Clark Ross will not significantly bias acoustic estimates of krill abundance by this vessel. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Etiology and evaluation of female infertility

DEFINITIONS — Infertility is a unique medical condition because it involves a couple, rather than a single individual. It is classically defined as the failure of a couple to conceive after 12 months of frequent intercourse without contraception. Fecundability, the probability of achieving a pregnancy in one menstrual cycle, is a more accurate descriptor because it recognizes varying degrees of infertility.
Housing and Macroprudential Policy

This paper constructs a New Keynesian model with fully developed non-durable housing and financial sectors and a rich array of frictions. When shocked, house prices and production react violently, reflecting a notable characteristic of the recent Global Financial Crisis. A key aspect of the model is that non-durable consumption and housing both fall in response to an adverse monetary shock, demonstrating that the model overcomes the co-movement puzzle that hinders numerous other multisector models. Where collateral constraints amplify the initial effects of these shocks, it becomes important to find a policy rule that aids macroeconomic stability. This paper finds that a combination of monetary and macroprudential policy, focused on limiting the deviation of inflation, the output gap, house prices and loan extension from their steady state values can perform admirably in this regard in response to monetary shocks, but simpler Taylor Rules outperform when productivity shocks are the norm. While each of the rules considered are improvements over an inflation targeting regime, they come with a tradeoff. Households reliant on borrowing suffer negative changes in their welfare, even as those that save gain.
American Journal of Epidemiology Original Contribution Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers

which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A role for vitamin D in ovarian cancer etiology is supported by ecologic studies of sunlight exposure, experimental mechanism studies, and some studies of dietary vitamin D intake and genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor. However, few studies have examined the association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), an integrated measure of vitamin D status, with ovarian cancer risk. A nested case-control study was conducted among 7 prospective studies to evaluate the circulating 25(OH)D concentration in relation to epithelial ovarian cancer risk. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals among 516 cases and 770 matched controls. Compared with 25(OH)D concentrations of 50–<75 nmol/L, no statistically significant associations were observed for <37.55) nmol/L. Analyses stratified by tumor subtype, age, body mass index, and other variables were generally null but suggested an inverse association between 25(OH)D and ovarian cancer risk among women with a body mass index of 25 kg/m 2 (P interaction < 0.01). In conclusion, this large pooled analysis did not support an overall association between circulating 25(OH)D and ovarian cancer risk, except possibly among overweight women. The pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, one of the most common gynecologic malignancies, is poorly understood, although hormonal factors, inflammation, and wound healing are thought to play an important role in its etiology (1). Tubal ligation, parity, and oral contraceptive use are associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer, while post-menopausal hormone use and a family history of breast and/ or ovarian cancer are associated with an increased risk (2). Experimental studies suggest that vitamin D may influence ovarian carcinogenesis (3–9) through growth inhibition or induction of apoptosis (3, 7, 10–18). Evidence from eco-logic studies of ultraviolet B, which initiates vitamin D production in the skin, and ovarian cancer mortality also supports a role of vitamin D in ovarian carcinogenesis (19–23). Results from studies of dietary vitamin D intake and ovarian cancer risk have been inconsistent but provide some support for an association (24–28). These studies, however, were limited as sunlight exposure, the principal source of vitamin D in humans, often was not considered. Because blood vitamin D concentrations are influenced by both dietary and nondietary factors, they provide an integrated measure of internal vitamin D exposure.
Oxidative stress compromises vasomotor function of the thoracic aorta in Marfan Syndrome

Introduction: Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder that causes life-threatening cardiovascular complications such as thoracic aortic dilatation and aneurysm. We have demonstrated that Marfan syndrome compromises contractile function of the aorta and impairs nitric oxide-mediated relaxation. We hypothesize that oxidative stress impairs contractility and endothelium-dependent relaxation in the thoracic aorta of Marfan mice. Methods: Adrenergic contractions and cholinergic relaxations of thoracic aorta from mice heterozygous for FBN1 allele (Fbn1° 390 ,n=40; age=3, 6, 9 months), a well-defined model of Marfan syndrome, were compared with those from control littermates (n=40). Results: At 3 and 6 months, oxidative stress, as indicated by the plasma 8-isoprostane level, was 50% greater in the Marfan group than in the control. In 9 months old Marfan mice, the depressed phenylephrine-induced contraction was normalized by the preincubation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) which increased the maximal contractile response (Emax) and pEC 50 for phenylephrine-stimulated contraction by 91% and 2.75-fold. The compromised endothelial function was also restored by SOD which increased the sensitivity to acetylcholine by 10.7 and 12.3-fold at 3 and 6 months, respectively. Such improvement was absent in the controls. In 9
Background Controversyremains as towhether cannabis acts as a causalrisk factor for schizophrenia orother

Results On anindividuallevel, cannabis use confers an overall twofold increase in therelative risk for later schizophrenia.At the population level, elimination of cannabisusewouldreducetheincidenceof schizophrenia by approximately 8%, assuminga causalrelationship.Cannabis use appears tobeneither a sufficientnor a necessarycause for psychosis.It is a componentcause, partof a complex constellation of factors leading to psychosis.
From Trust Among Agents to Reputation of Abstract Arguments by Using Subjective Logic

Subjective Logic provides a standard set of logical operators intended for use in domains containing uncertainty. At the same time, the motivations behind the adoption of Argumentation in AI are rooted into reasoning and explanation in presence of incomplete and uncertain information. This work uses Subjective Logic as a means to represent the beliefs of different agents towards arguments and attacks, and to aggregate them with the purpose to have an overall reputation from all the considered agents in the considered community. Agents are also allowed to form their opinion from others’ opinions by exploiting trust paths. Finally, the obtained beliefs can be used to compute the community-biased expectation that a set of (abstract) arguments satisﬁes a given semantics.
N-acetylcysteine in addiction management: current knowledge and future perspectives

Drug abuse disorders and addictive behaviors are serious public health problems and major contributors to the global burden of disease. Previous studies show that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may be involved in neurodevelopment adult brain. The potential neuroprotective effect of NACis associated with modulate several neurological pathways, including prevention of oxidative stress or inflammation damage to nervous tissue and glutamate dysregulation, NAC is being explored as an adjunctive therapy for drug addiction and addiction management.We here review the role of NAC in the addiction, such as cannabis abuse, methamphetamine abuse, cocaine addiction, nicotine dependency, and gambling.Adequate administrate of NAC seems to be crucial in terms of addiction management. NAC is safe and well tolerated when administered orally but has documented risks with intravenous administration. An evidence study supports its use as an adjunctive therapy clinically for drug addiction, administered concomitantly with existing medications. The aim of this review is to assess the current knowledge related to the role of NAC administration on drug addiction and addiction management.
The determinants of households' ood mitigation decisions in France-on the possibility of feedback e ects from past investments

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of private ood mitigation in France. We conducted a survey among 331 inhabitants of two ood-prone areas and collected data on several topics, including individual ood mitigation, risk perception, risk experience, and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimate discrete choice models to explain either the precautionary measures taken by the household, or the intention to undertake such measures in the future. Our results con rm that the Protection Motivation Theory is a relevant framework to describe the mechanisms of private ood mitigation in France, highlighting in particular the importance of threat appraisal and previous experience of oods. Some sociodemographic features also play a signi cant role in explaining private ood mitigation. We also observed that respondents who had already taken precautionary measures have a lower perception of the risk of ooding than respondents who planned to implement such measures at the time of the survey. This result can be explained by the existence of a feedback e ect of having taken precautionary measures on risk perception. If subsequent studies support this assumption, it would imply that intended measures, rather than implemented ones, should be examined to explore further the determinants of private ood mitigation. JEL Classi cation: Q54; D81; R22
The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 41(1):60-65

1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2 Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq. E-mail: ahmadsalih1977@yahoo.com Received: 24/4/2016 Accepted: 13/7/2016 Summary This study was conducted for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using olive leaves aqueous extract and evaluating its antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. The synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by Ultra Violet Visible – spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Well diffusion method was used to show the antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro in comparison with standard antibacterial silver sulfadiazine by using different concentrations of each agent ranged from 12.5-200 μg/ml. The results of this study showed it possible to produce silver nanoparticles in eco-friendly and easy process and UV-Visible absorption spectra of the silver nanoparticles revealed maximum absorbance at 420 and 430 nm. The Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis demonstrated that the mean of the silver particles diameter was 26 nm. The antibacterial findings of the synthesized silver nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro showed that the silver nanoparticles were more effective than silver sulfadiazine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It could be concluded that olive leaves extract can be used effectively in the production of silver nanoparticles and these synthesized nanoparticles had considerable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro.
LRP1: A Tumor and Metastasis Promoter or Suppressor?

The low density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP1) is a multifunctional cell surface receptor, which belongs to the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) family. LRP1 is composed of a large 515kDa N-terminal subunit linked to a smaller C-terminal 85-kDa subunit. The 515-kDa subunit contains most of the LRP1 extracellular portion with all the putative ligand-binding domains, while the smaller 85-kDa subunit contains the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail. The LRP1 cytoplasmic tail contains critical elements for receptor functions, and interacts with a set of cytoplasmic adaptor and scaffold proteins [1,2]. While Receptor-Associated Protein (RAP) functions intracellularly as a molecular chaperone for LRP and facilitates LRP folding and trafficking within the secretory pathway, the recombinant form of RAP has been used extensively in the study of ligand-receptor interactions [3]. At present, a remarkable spectrum of structurally unrelated ligands has been identified for LRP1, and several signal transduction pathways can be modulated by LRP1 [1,2]. Evidence is accumulating to indicate that LRP1 plays an important role in cancer progression.
Parameterized Complexity Dichotomy for Steiner Multicut (Full Version)

We consider the Steiner Multicut problem, which asks, given an undirected graph G, a collectionT =fT1;:::;Ttg, Ti V (G), of terminal sets of size at most p, and an integer k, whether there is a set S of at most k edges or nodes such that of each set Ti at least one pair of terminals is in dierent connected components of GnS. This problem generalizes several well-studied graph cut problems, in particular the Multicut problem, which corresponds to the case p = 2. The Multicut problem was recently shown to be xed-parameter tractable for the parameter k [Marx and Razgon, Bousquet et al., STOC 2011]. The question whether this result generalizes to Steiner Multicut motivates the present work. We answer the question that motivated this work, and in fact provide a dichotomy of the parameterized complexity of Steiner Multicut on general graphs. That is, for any combination of k, t, p, and the treewidth tw(G) as constant, parameter, or unbounded, and for all versions of the problem (edge deletion and node deletion with and without deletable terminals), we prove either that the problem is xed-parameter tractable or that the prob
CONSUMER CHOICE OF DEFAULT OPTIONS UNDER ACCOUNTABILITY AND DISCLOSURE

Default options are an extremely powerful tool used by marketers and public policy administrators to influence the choices of consumers in areas such as healthcare, environment and finance. Although the default option is chosen to Previous research on defaults has neglected to consider the influence of an individual’s social context on choice. Accountability is one element of an individual’s social context that can both amplify and attenuate decisionmaking biases. We investigate whether the likelihood of choosing the default option is influenced by a consumer’s level of accountability and the presence of a disclosure about the default. Further, accountability and disclosure will be examined for their effect on two mechanisms that drive the default effect (effort and endorsement). 458 undergraduate students participated in a web-based experiment where participants were asked to adopt a default superannuation investment strategy or shift to an alternative with a different risk profile. We found that the choice of investment strategy was not influenced by the default under high accountability, irrespective of the amount of disclosure provided. Participants were more likely to choose an investment strategy in alignment with their risk preference when participants were accountable. The evidence was mixed on how accountability and disclosure impacted the effort and endorsement drivers of the default effect. There was partial support suggesting that high accountability increased effort. When participants received disclosure, they perceived greater implied endorsement from the choice architect for the default. Overall, the results suggest that accountability can reduce bias towards the default option and can help consumers move away from a default that does not best reflect their preferences. Finally, disclosures can be usefully employed without making defaults less effective