The Role of SlyA-dependent Genes in Salmonella Pathogenesis

Halsey, Thomas Allen. The Role of SlyA-dependent Genes in Salmonella Pathogenesis. (Under the direction of Dr. Stephen J. Libby) The purpose of this research has been to examine the contribution of the transcriptional regulator, SlyA, to the expression of virulence genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. SlyA is a small molecular weight transcriptional regulatory protein that is required for oxidative stress resistance, intramacrophage survival, and for virulence in the murine model of salmonellosis. This work demonstrated that SlyA is required for survival in aerobic environments. A mutation in slyA caused profound loss of viability during prolonged stationary phase and slyA mutant Salmonella grow more slowly as compared to wild type under aerobic conditions. Conversely, under anaerobic conditions, a slyA mutant showed a similar phenotype to that of wild type suggesting that a mutation in slyA renders it more susceptible to oxidative damage. The transcription of slyA was also found to not be significantly affected by other known oxidative stress loci. A transposon insertion into STM2359, however, completely abolished slyA expression and this mutant demonstrated many of the phenotypic characteristics of a slyA mutant. This work also demonstrates that slyA expression can be induced under conditions of low pH and low magnesium ion concentration. The contribution of the PhoP/Q two-component regulatory system was also examined. As a result of these studies, the pagC locus, which was previously thought to be PhoP-dependent, was found to be directly activated by SlyA. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis and DNase I protection assays showed that SlyA physically interacts with the pagC promoter. Microarray analysis of a slyA mutant showed reduced pagC expression as compared to wild type. Further analysis by quantitative real time PCR also demonstrated that pagC expression is profoundly reduced in a slyA mutant Salmonella. The greatest reduction in pagC expression, however, was illustrated by a mutation in both slyA and phoP. A pagC::lacZ promoter fusion combined with a mutation in slyA, phoP, or both also confirmed these observations. These studies also demonstrated that PhoP contributes to pagC expression indirectly by possibly influencing the specificity of SlyA. The work presented here also illustrated a role of SlyA in the activation of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 gene expression. These studies demonstrated that SlyA binds to the ssrB promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis and DNase I protection assays. Furthermore, these studies showed that SlyA directly induces ssrB expression as determined by microarray analysis, quantitative real time PCR, and promoter fusions. The competitive infection data also suggests that SPI2 gene expression and SlyA are part of the same pathway. Collectively, these data show a direct connection between SPI2 and SlyA. The Role of SlyA-dependent Genes in Salmonella Pathogenesis by Thomas Allen Halsey A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Caroline State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy