Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Charity campaigns with promotion-framed goals are more effective than those with prevention-framed goals

Proper communication with the public is crucial for encouraging private donors to make financial and non-financial donations to charities. This study compared the effectiveness of an advertising campaign that used a prevention framing for the charity’s purpose and one that used a promotional framing. This experimental study was conducted online with 547 participants. The results showed that the advertising message highlighting the promotional goals of the campaign was more effective than the one based on prevention goals. This result was observed not only for the evaluation of the campaign and organization as well as behavioral intentions, but, crucially, also on the level of actual behavior.
Factors associated with late presentation of suspected tuberculosis cases to tuberculosis management facilities: The case in Dagoretti district, Nairobi, Kenya

Background Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease accounting for a high number of deaths in the developing countries; its control can be effectively achieved if individuals with the disease receive adequate and timely treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with late presentation of suspects to tuberculosis management facilities in Dagoretti district in Nairobi, Kenya. Method A cross sectional study was conducted on patients aged 18 years and above attending TB clinics in Dagoretti District, Nairobi Kenya. A total of 426 TB suspects were interviewed. The study covered 8 clinics in Dagoretti district. Analysis was done using SPSS version 16.0 and Epi info version 6, this included Chi Square for Bivariate analysis and Binary Logistic Regression for Multivariate Analysis. Results Out of the 426 tuberculosis suspects, 248 (58.2%) suspects had delayed in seeking medical care. In Bivariate analysis male gender (P = 0.039, O.R = 1.51; 95% Confidence Interval; 1.00- 2.27), level of education (Primary class 5-8) (P = 0.001, O.R= 2.06; 95% C.I 1.34-3.19) and place of first medical care (drug store) (P= 0.013, O.R = 1.63; 95% C.I 1.09-2.46) were all significantly associated with late presentation. After multivariate logistic regression, gender (P = 0,019, OR = 1.6), level of education (p = 0.029, OR = 1.26) and place of first medical care (P= 0.01 OR = 1.27), were found to be significantly associated with late presentation. Conclusion This study shows that age, level of education and place of first medical care are the factors associated with late presentation of suspects to tuberculosis management facilities.
Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in general population in a northern Mexican city

Background: The seroepidemiology of ＂Helicobacter pylori＂ infection in general population in Durango City, Mexico has not been previously studied. Aims: To determine the seroprevalence of anti-＂H. pylori＂ antibodies in the general population in Durango City, Mexico; and to determine socio-demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of the general population associated with ＂H. pylori＂ seropositivity. Methods: The prevalence of anti-＂H. pylori＂ IgG antibodies was examined in 345 individuals in Durango City, Mexico, using enzyme-linked immunoassays. Sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of the general population associated with ＂H. pylori＂ seroprevalence were also investigated. Results: In total, 231 (67%) of the 345 participants (mean age, 45.3. ± 17.5 years) had ＂H. pylori＂ IgG antibodies, 146 (63.2%) of whom had ＂H. pylori＂ IgG antibody levels higher than 100 U/mL. Both ＂H. pylori＂ seroprevalence and antibody levels increased significantly with age, and were similar in males and females. An increased ＂H. pylori＂ seroprevalence was found in subjects with low education and employed. In contrast, a low seroprevalence was found in subjects living in suburban areas. One of four subjects with gastritis symptoms had anti-＂H. pylori＂ antibodies. The seroprevalence of ＂H. pylori＂ was significantly higher among women with abortion history than among those without such history. Multivariate analysis of behavioral variables showed that H. pylori seropositivity was negatively associated with raising farm animals (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.25 - 0.91; P = 0.02). Conclusions: In the general population studied, ＂H. pylori＂ seroreactivity increased significantly with age, not only in frequency but also in intensity. Residence, education, and occupation of the study population influenced the seropositivity rate of ＂H. pylori＂.
Hardware Trust and Assurance through Reverse Engineering: A Tutorial and Outlook from Image Analysis and Machine Learning Perspectives

In the context of hardware trust and assurance, reverse engineering has been often considered as an illegal action. Generally speaking, reverse engineering aims to retrieve information from a product, i.e., integrated circuits (ICs) and printed circuit boards (PCBs) in hardware security-related scenarios, in the hope of understanding the functionality of the device and determining its constituent components. Hence, it can raise serious issues concerning Intellectual Property (IP) infringement, the (in)effectiveness of security-related measures, and even new opportunities for injecting hardware Trojans. Ironically, reverse engineering can enable IP owners to verify and validate the design. Nevertheless, this cannot be achieved without overcoming numerous obstacles that limit successful outcomes of the reverse engineering process. This article surveys these challenges from two complementary perspectives: image processing and machine learning. These two fields of study form a firm basis for the enhancement of efficiency and accuracy of reverse engineering processes for both PCBs and ICs. In summary, therefore, this article presents a roadmap indicating clearly the actions to be taken to fulfill hardware trust and assurance objectives.
Correlation between B type natriuretic peptide and metabolic risk factors

Introduction It has been shown that B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level can indicate cardiovascular disease. However, the association between BNP and metabolic risk factors is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and metabolic risk factors. Material and methods A total of 11,508 subjects were selected from those who underwent health examinations in our hospital. NT-proBNP, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and lipid profile were measured. The level of NT-proBNP was measured and classified into four stratifications (BNP ≥ 20 pg/ml, ≥ 40 pg/ml, ≥ 60 pg/ml, and ≥ 80 pg/ml) to analyze the relationship between BNP and metabolic risk factors. Results B type natriuretic peptide increased gradually with increasing age (p < 0.001). The BNP levels were significantly higher in women than in men (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed a positive association between NT-proBNP levels and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (p < 0.05), and total cholesterol (p < 0.001 in women). The NT-proBNP levels were inversely associated with diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and LDL cholesterol. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a close relationship between NT-proBNP and systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol. In the BNP ≥ 60 pg/ml group, odds ratio (OR) values were 1.80, 1.56 and 1.54 (female) and 3.74, 1.59 and 1.51 (male), respectively. In the BNP ≥ 80 pg/ml group, OR values were 2.45, 1.65 and 1.84 (female) and 4.61, 1.66 and 1.75 (male), respectively. Conclusions NT-proBNP was independently associated with the main metabolic risk factors (systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol). These findings suggest that the combined determination of NT-proBNP and the main metabolic risk factors could be important in assessing cardiovascular morbidity.
Results of UFO dynamics studies with beam in the LHC

Micrometer sized particles entering the LHC beam (the so called Unidentified Falling Objects or UFOs) are a known cause of localized beam losses since the beginning of high intensity beam operation, however the origin of these particles is not fully known. Their effect limits LHC availability by causing premature dumps due to excessive beam losses and occasionally even magnet quenches. This could become an important limitation for future accelerators such as the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The dynamics of these UFOs was investigated in two dedicated experiments. In the first experiment, it was shown that the transverse movements of these particles can be studied by observing bunch-by-bunch losses from bunches with different horizontal and vertical emittances. In the second experiment, UFO-like events around the 16L2 interconnect in the LHC, which has seen intense UFO activity in 2017, were studied with the above method. This paper summarizes the results of both experiments.
Wireless MIMO switching: Sum rate optimization

This paper addresses relay design for a wireless multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) switching scheme that enables data exchange among multiple users. Here, a multi-antenna relay linearly precodes the received (uplink) signals from multiple users before forwarding the signal in the downlink, where the purpose of precoding is to let each user receive its desired signal with interference from other users suppressed. The problem of optimizing the precoder based on sum-rate maximization criteria is typically non-convex and difficult to solve. The main contribution of this paper is that we show the sum-rate maximization problem can be converted to an equivalent weighted sum-MSE minimization problem and can therefore be solved using an iterative algorithm proposed in our previous work. Asymptotic analysis reveals that, with properly chosen initial values, the proposed iterative algorithms are asymptotically optimal in both high and low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regimes for MIMO switching, either with or without self-interference cancellation (a.k.a., physical-layer network coding). Numerical results show that the optimized MIMO switching scheme based on the proposed algorithms significantly outperforms existing approaches in the literature.
UNIVERSAL ADVERSARIAL PERTURBATIONS

We study the problem of learning classifiers robust to universal adversarial perturbations. While prior work approaches this problem via robust optimization, adversarial training, or input transformation, we instead phrase it as a two-player zero-sum game. In this new formulation, both players simultaneously play the same game, where one player chooses a classifier that minimizes a classification loss whilst the other player creates an adversarial perturbation that increases the same loss when applied to every sample in the training set. By observing that performing a classification (respectively creating adversarial samples) is the best response to the other player, we propose a novel extension of a game-theoretic algorithm, namely fictitious play, to the domain of training robust classifiers. Finally, we empirically show the robustness and versatility of our approach in two defence scenarios where universal attacks are performed on several image classification datasets – CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and ImageNet.
Game of GANs: Game Theoretical Models for Generative Adversarial Networks

—Generative Adversarial Network, as a promising research direction in the AI community, recently attracts considerable attention due to its ability to generating high-quality realistic data. GANs are a competing game between two neural networks trained in an adversarial manner to reach a Nash equilibrium. Despite the improvement accomplished in GANs in the last years, there remain several issues to solve. In this way, how to tackle these issues and make advances leads to rising research interests. This paper reviews literature that leverages the game theory in GANs and addresses how game models can relieve speciﬁc generative models’ challenges and improve the GAN’s performance. In particular, we ﬁrstly review some preliminaries, including the basic GAN model and some game theory backgrounds. After that, we present our taxonomy to summarize the state-of-the-art solutions into three signiﬁcant categories: modiﬁed game model, modiﬁed architecture, and modiﬁed learning method. The classiﬁcation is based on the modiﬁcations made in the basic model by the proposed approaches from the game-theoretic perspective. We further classify each category into several subcategories. Following the proposed taxonomy, we explore the main objective of each class and review the recent work in each group. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges in this ﬁeld and present the potential future research topics.
Convergence of the Newton's Method for generalized equations under the majorant condition

In this paper we consider Newton's method for solving the generalized equation in Hilbert spaces of the type $F(x)+T(x)\ni 0$, where $F$ is a Fr\'echet differentiable function and $T$ is a set-valued and maximal monotone. We show that this method is local quadratically convergent to a solution. The analysis presented based on Banach Perturbation Lemma for generalized equation and the majorant condition relaxing Lipschitz continuity of the derivative $F'$, allow to obtain the optimal convergence radius, uniqueness of solution and also unify some result pertaining the Newton's method theory.
Nonlinear pairwise alignment of seismic traces

Seismic trace alignment is a recurring need in seismic processing and interpretation. For global alignment via static shift, there are robust tools available, including crosscorrelation. However, another kind of alignment problem arises in applications as diverse as associating synthetic seismograms to field data, harmonizing P‐ and S‐wave data, residual NMO, and final multilevel flattening of common image gathers. These cases require combinations of trace compression, extension, and shift—all of which are time variant. The difficulty is to find a mapping between the traces that is in some senseoptimum.This problem is solved here using a modified form of the Needleman‐Wunsch algorithm, a global optimization method originally developed for aligning amino acid sequences in proteins. Applied to seismic traces, this algorithm provides a nonlinear mapping of one seismic trace onto another. The method extends to multitrace alignment since that problem can be broken down into a cascade of pairwise alignments. Se.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Dephosphorylating the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a large and structurally diverse family of enzymes that are found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, viruses, and plants. PTPs catalyse the dephosphorylation of tyrosyl phosphorylated proteins and can either antagonise or potentiate protein tyrosine kinase signalling. PTPs regulate fundamental cellular processes and have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of various human diseases. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a widely distributed protein tyrosine kinase that regulates both normal development and plays a role in pathological conditions such as cancer. This review discusses the structure and function of PTPs and focuses on the PTPs that have been implicated in the dephosphorylation of the EGFR and the consequent suppression of EGFR signalling.
Mechanical Design of Antichiral-Reentrant Hybrid Intravascular Stent

Chiral and reentrant metastructures with auxetic deformation abilities can serve as the building blocks in many industrial applications because of their light weight, high specific strength, energy absorption properties. In this paper, we report an innovative tubular-like structure by a combined mechanical effect of antichiral and reentrant. 2D antichiral-reentrant hybrid structures consisting of circular nodes and tangentially-connected ligaments are predesigned and fabricated using laser cutting technology with high-resolution. The elastic properties and auxeticity of the plane structure are analyzed and compared based on finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental results. For the first time, the antichiral-reentrant hybrid intravascular stents with the auxetic feature are proposed and parametric models are devised with good geometrical structure demonstrated. A series of large-scale stents are manufactured with stereolithography apparatus (SLA) additive manufacturing technique, and their mechanical behaviors are investigated in both experimental tests and FEA. As the selected antichiral-reentrant hybrid stents with tailored expansion ability are subjected to radial loading by the dilation of the balloon, stents undergo identifiable deformation mechanism due to the beam-like ligaments and circular node elements in the varied geometrical design, resulting in the distinct stress outcomes in plaque. It is also demonstrated that the antichiral-reentrant hybrid stents with tunable auxeticity possess robust mechanical properties through implantation inside the obstructed lesion.
Computational Paremiology: Charting the temporal, ecological dynamics of proverb use in books, news articles, and tweets

Proverbs are an essential component of language and culture, and though much attention has been paid to their history and currency, there has been comparatively little quantitative work on changes in the frequency with which they are used over time. With wider availability of large corpora reflecting many diverse genres of documents, it is now possible to take a broad and dynamic view of the importance of the proverb. Here, we measure temporal changes in the relevance of proverbs within four corpora, differing in kind, scale, and time frame: Millions of books over centuries; thousands of books over centuries; millions of news articles over twenty years; and billions of tweets over a decade. While similar methodologies abound lately, they have not yet been performed using comprehensive phraseological lexica (here, The Dictionary of American Proverbs ). We show that beyond simple partitioning of texts into words, searches for culturally significant phrases can yield distinct insights from the same corpora. Comparative analysis between four commonly used corpora show that each reveals its own relationship to the phenomena being studied. We also find that the frequency with which proverbs appear in texts
Phonon-Mediated Long-Range Attractive Interaction in 1D Cuprates

Yao Wang, ∗ Zhuoyu Chen, 3, 4, ∗ Tao Shi, 6 Brian Moritz, Zhi-Xun Shen, 3, 7 and Thomas P. Devereaux 3, 8, † Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, USA Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Departments of Physics and Applied Physics Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (Dated: July 14, 2021)
Low-Precision Training in Logarithmic Number System using Multiplicative Weight Update

Training large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs) currently requires a signiﬁ-cant amount of energy, leading to serious environmental impacts. One promising approach to reduce the energy costs is representing DNNs with low-precision numbers. While it is common to train DNNs with forward and backward propagation in low-precision, training directly over low-precision weights, without keeping a copy of weights in high-precision, still remains to be an unsolved problem. This is due to complex interactions between learning algorithms and low-precision number systems. To address this, we jointly design a low-precision training framework involving a logarithmic number system (LNS) and a multiplicative weight update training method, termed LNS-Madam. LNS has a high dynamic range even in a low-bitwidth setting, leading to high energy efﬁciency and making it relevant for on-board training in energy-constrained edge devices. We design LNS to have the ﬂexibility of choosing different bases for weights and gradients, as they usually require different quantization gaps and dynamic ranges during training. By drawing the connection between LNS and multiplicative update, LNS-Madam ensures low quantization error during weight update, leading to a stable convergence even if the bitwidth is limited. Compared to using a ﬁxed-point or ﬂoating-point number system and training with popular learning algorithms such as SGD and Adam, our joint design with LNS and LNS-Madam optimizer achieves better accuracy while requiring smaller bitwidth.
Development of webcam‐collected and artificial‐intelligence‐derived social and cognitive performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes

This study focused on the development and initial psychometric evaluation of a set of online, webcam‐collected, and artificial intelligence‐derived patient performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes (NDGS). Initial testing and qualitative input was used to develop four stimulus paradigms capturing social and cognitive processes, including social attention, receptive vocabulary, processing speed, and single‐word reading. The paradigms were administered to a sample of 375 participants, including 163 with NDGS, 56 with idiopathic neurodevelopmental disability (NDD), and 156 neurotypical controls. Twelve measures were created from the four stimulus paradigms. Valid completion rates varied from 87 to 100% across measures, with lower but adequate completion rates in participants with intellectual disability. Adequate to excellent internal consistency reliability (α = 0.67 to 0.95) was observed across measures. Test–retest reproducibility at 1‐month follow‐up and stability at 4‐month follow‐up was fair to good (r = 0.40–0.73) for 8 of the 12 measures. All gaze‐based measures showed evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with parent‐report measures of other cognitive and behavioral constructs. Comparisons across NDGS groups revealed distinct patterns of social and cognitive functioning, including people with PTEN mutations showing a less impaired overall pattern and people with SYNGAP1 mutations showing more attentional, processing speed, and social processing difficulties relative to people with NFIX mutations. Webcam‐collected performance measures appear to be a reliable and potentially useful method for objective characterization and monitoring of social and cognitive processes in NDGS and idiopathic NDD. Additional validation work, including more detailed convergent and discriminant validity analyses and examination of sensitivity to change, is needed to replicate and extend these observations.