Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gifted Irish students’ perception of academic experiences during the pandemic

ABSTRACT Covid-19 had direct impact on education systems worldwide with school closures affecting learning for many students, including gifted adolescents. This study explored students’ perceptions of emergency online learning at school and how these differed to in-person classes and online classes they attended in the Centre for Talented Youth, Ireland (CTYI). Data analyses identified four factors of student responses (N = 322): Teacher Support, Self-Regulated Learning, Motivation Support, and Resource Access. Overall, CTYI received the highest mean scores across all categories and students favored in-person learning to online learning. Results highlighted a significant difference in scores between students in junior cycle of secondary school and senior cycle. Senior cycle students consistently reported less positive perceptions of their online learning than did junior cycle students. Using cluster analysis, patterns of online learning responses were identified. Despite differences in group comparisons, both senior and junior cycle students were found in clusters with positive attitudes and in clusters with negative attitudes. The findings have implications for future research, which should explore motivational and support changes that may be occurring in the transition from junior to senior cycle, as well as differences in self-regulation abilities.
Three-dimensional dynamical model of continental rift propagation and margin plateau formation

We investigate the dynamics of rift propagation through continental lithosphere and the resulting differential extension along passive margins using a full three-dimensional finite element implementation of the yield stress envelope model. In its initial configuration the three-dimensional model represents a 1000 km by 1000 km area of continental lithosphere. An initial weak trend representing a suture zone or other preexisting weakness within the continental lithosphere extends 500 km from one model edge to the center of the model and terminates. The model region beyond the weak trend is uniform. Model conditions are varied by changing the thickness and composition of the crust, the geotherm and extension rate, the strength of the initial weakness and the dimensions of the preweakened and uniform regions. For each model, breakup nucleates at a point on the weak trend in response to an applied constant extension rate. The break propagates rapidly along the weak trend and then slows as it crosses the uniform region. This produces a locked zone in which breakup is delayed, resulting in an increase in the width of the model margin analogous to offsets associated with margin plateaus. The total extension required to tear across the 1000-km length of the model is 210 km for 40-km-thick crust, 400 km for 45-km-thick crust, and 710 km for 50-km-thick crust. Smaller increases in total extension occur for elevated geotherms and reduced extension rates. This indicates that prior extension estimates based on subsidence, which exceed 600 km for margin plateaus, can be explained by rift propagation in three dimensions. Differential extension along the model margin is linearly related to the length of the locked zone. The slope of the line, which we call δ, is a function of the rheological properties of the locked zone and reflects the extent to which continental lithosphere within the locked zone resists rift propagation. Model calculations for crustal thickness from 35 km to 50 km and compositions from quartz diorite to granite predict a range in δ from 0.2 to 1.3. We compare δ values computed from our model to those estimated from the subsidence of Bonavista Platform and Rockall Plateau conjugate margins in the north Atlantic basin and Georges Bank and Blake Plateau and their conjugate margins in the central Atlantic basin. These results indicate that the differential extension associated with these locked zones, which ranges from 170 km to 550 km, can be predicted in terms of their initial crustal thickness and their length along the margins.
Marker Events in the Early Evolution of the Solar System: Evidence from Rims on Calcium-Aluminium-Rich Inclusions in Carbonaceous Chondrites

Type A and B calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (CAI) in the Allende and other C3 carbonaceous chondrites (e.g. Lance, Vigarano) commonly show thin (z50pm), more-or-less complete rims made up of a number of layers each with a distinctive mineral assemblage. The best developed rims occur on the mm-size, medium-grained Type A melilite-spinel-perovskite CAI's with 5 distinct mineralogical layers being recognized (Table 1). A smaller number of cm-size, coarse-grained Type B Ti-pyroxene-melilite-anorthite-spinel inclusions have been examined and show rims which are very similar to those on the Type A inclusions. The only differences lie in the absence of the Ti-pyroxene (layer 3) and the presence of forsterite ( ? ) rather than andradite (? ) in the hedenbergitic layer 5 of the Type B CAI's.
Wave equation based seismic processing: in which domain?

The forward model of prestack data that we use in our seismic inversion project DELPHI (Berkhout and Wapenaar, 1990) is based on a number of matrix multiplications. In its simplest form, (i.e. after pre-processing), it is given by P = W RW S Where S contains the downgoing (source) wave fields at the surface, W describes downward propagation into the subsurface. W describes upward propagation to the surface and, finally, P contains the upgoing wave fields at the surface
CHARACTERIZING THE LOCAL FOOD ENVIRONMENT IN ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO: A DUAL PERSPECTIVE OF RETAILER AND CONSUMER

This research used local produce as a way to investigate the construction and meaning of the local food environment by food retailers and consumers in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The research consisted of three components. First, the observed local food environment was defined through store surveys that were conducted in 193 food retail outlets and farmers markets in the Albuquerque study area. These surveys were performed in order to collect information, through signage and other advertising materials, about how retailers defined 'local' produce. The subsequent qualitative text analysis on these materials allowed for several themes to emerge that characterized the observed local food environment. Spatial themes included natural, political, radial and conceptual boundaries, while embedded value themes included environmental, social, economic, cultural and quality values. Second, these resulting themes were combined into a Likert scale questionnaire that collected attitudes from consumers about local food in order to understand how the local food environment was perceived. Through the analysis of survey responses, consumers' attitudes towards themes found in the observed local food environment were evaluated. Consumer questionnaire responses were given an overall score and then categorized based upon the stores at which the consumer bought produce. Third, consumer responses were linked back to their appropriate retailer category to conclude if attitudes about local produce were affected by where the respondent shopped for produce. Results indicate that there are many similarities between the retailer-defined and consumer-perceived definitions of local produce through the use of spatial criteria and embedded values, but these definitions are variable and the motivations for retailers and consumers to define various criteria of 'local' are different. Additionally, although consumers do not appear to receive information regarding meanings and definitions of local produce exclusively through the retailers at which they shop, both retailers and consumers display a need to have some sort of defined space as 'local'. However, despite this need to define a space as local, a stark absence of cartographic visualization was found within retail outlets to communicate the spatial meaning of local. '
Tofacitinib in Combination With Nonbiologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis

BACKGROUND Many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) do not achieve adequate and safe responses with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Tofacitinib is a novel, oral, Janus kinase inhibitor that treats RA. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in combination with nonbiologic DMARDs. DESIGN 1-year, double-blind, randomized trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00856544). SETTING 114 centers in 19 countries. PATIENTS 792 patients with active RA despite nonbiologic DMARD therapy. INTERVENTION Patients were randomly assigned 4:4:1:1 to oral tofacitinib, 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily, or placebo advanced to tofacitinib, 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. MEASUREMENTS Primary end points were 20% improvement in American College of Rheumatology (ACR20) criteria; Disease Activity Score for 28-joint counts based on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-4[ESR]) of less than 2.6; DAS28-4(ESR)-defined remission, change in Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) score, and safety assessments. RESULTS Mean treatment differences for ACR20 response rates (month 6) for the 5-mg and 10-mg tofacitinib groups compared with the combined placebo groups were 21.2% (95% CI, 12.2% to 30.3%; P < 0.001) and 25.8% (CI, 16.8% to 34.8%; P < 0.001), respectively. The HAQ-DI scores (month 3) and DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6 response rates (month 6) were also superior in the tofacitinib groups versus placebo. The incidence rates of serious adverse events for patients receiving 5-mg tofacitinib, 10-mg tofacitinib, or placebo were 6.9, 7.3, or 10.9 events per 100 patient-years of exposure, respectively. In the tofacitinib groups, 2 cases of tuberculosis, 2 cases of other opportunistic infections, 3 cardiovascular events, and 4 deaths occurred. Neutrophil counts decreased, hemoglobin and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased, and serum creatinine levels had small increases in the tofacitinib groups. LIMITATIONS Placebo groups were smaller and of shorter duration. Patients received primarily methotrexate. The ability to assess drug combinations other than tofacitinib plus methotrexate was limited. CONCLUSION Tofacitinib improved disease control in patients with active RA despite treatment with nonbiologic DMARDs, primarily methotrexate. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Pfizer.
Light and picophytoplankton in the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba)

[1] The underwater light field and phytoplankton abundance in the Gulf of Eilat were studied at station A1 during 1996–2000. In summer, a deep chlorophyll maximum developed at about 80 m, characterized by high concentrations of Prochlorococcus, while during the mixing time, Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and eukaryotic algae were found throughout the water column. Chlorophyll concentrations in the euphotic zone were low (0.1–0.6 μg L−1) and as such, the phytoplankton influence on light attenuation was minor. The vertical attenuation coefficient, Kd (PAR) (photosynthetically available radiation), showed seasonal fluctuation, with a summer minimum of ∼0.04 m−1 and a spring maximum of ∼0.065 m−1. The euphotic zone ranged to depths between 80 and 115 m. Phytoplankton absorption spectra were shown to be dependent on depth. During summer stratification, as a response to the exponential decrease of light in the water column, the phytoplankton exhibited photoacclimation, evident as a marked increase in cellular chlorophyll with increasing depth. Light in the Gulf is not a limiting factor even down to more than 100 m, except when combined with stratification, e.g., nutrient limitation, does it affect phytoplankton abundance and composition.
Seismic refraction and reflection studies of crustal structure of the Eastern Sunda and Western Banda Arcs

Two-ship seismic refraction profiles were made across the Sunda Arc south from central Java and Bali; in the Flores, Banda, and Arafura seas; and in the Timor Trough. South of the trench off Java and Bali, the crust is oceanic. Beneath the trench and outer nonvolcanic ridge the mantle and crust are depressed and dip northward, some thickening occurring in the oceanic crustal layer. The outer ridge, along the gravity minimum, consists primarily of material having velocities typical of sedimentary rocks, and a structure of north-dipping imbricate thrust sheets is suggested. Layer 2 jumps upward about 5 km under the crest of the ridge. From this point to the islands the crust is probably oceanic but intermediate in thickness, with mantle arrivals in all stations and oceanic crust arrivals in the stations closest to the islands. We interpret this as thickened old oceanic crust and mantle trapped here by a seaward jump in the subduction zone, probably in early Tertiary time. North and east of Bali, behind the volcanic arc, the crustal structure is intermediate between oceanic and continental. Farther to the east in the Flores Basin the thickness decreases, a finding suggesting that this is the transitional edge of cratonization of the Sunda Shelf, and typical thin oceanic crust is found farther to the east in the southern Banda Sea. The Arafura Sea is underlain by continental crust which continues at least to the deepest part of the Timor Trough.
Late Quaternary river development in the southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment from the Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast Nigeria)

The Komadugu river system is the major Nigerian tributary to Lake Chad. Its large alluvial complex represents an important archive of the late Quaternary environmental history of the Chad Basin. Modern floodplains are incised into an older fluvial terrace that extends over 5000 km2. Evidence from satellite images suggests that the ancient river system was dammed up by the Bama Beach Ridge during high stands of mega Lake Chad. This caused the formation of extensive wetlands with a chaotic network of relic channels. The first set of luminescence ages presented here fits well into the previously established environmental history of the Chad Basin. Both the early and mid‐Holocene pluvial periods as well as a final relatively humid period during the late Holocene are reflected by point bar to overbank deposits or channel fills. The onset of the Holocene was characterised by erosion of older dune fields as indicated by grain‐size distributions of the alluvium. Satellite images and sedimentological observations show that the floodplain was dominated by meandering channels shifted by frequent avulsion, reflecting a high variability in precipitation and discharge patterns at the beginning and end of Holocene humid periods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tropical cyclones in the North American Regional Reanalysis: An assessment of spatial biases in location, intensity, and structure

Long‐term reanalysis data sets, such as the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), are data‐rich resources for weather and climate research. However, investigations into tropical cyclone (TC) structures are lacking. This study examines position, intensity, and structure of U.S. landfalling TCs in these data sets during 1998–2012. TC positions are determined using three dynamic and thermodynamic parameters. In NARR, positions are problematic near the domain boundary but show statistically significant improvements compared with CFSR in regions over the U.S. and near its coastlines. TC intensity is universally underestimated in both data sets, yet the pressure‐wind relationship is reasonably maintained. NARR and CFSR intensities are highly correlated (r = 0.93), suggesting that these data sets are limited in a similar fashion in their generation of intensity and that advanced data assimilation techniques are unable to overcome the shortcomings of low resolutions. To investigate TC structure, a 10‐storm composite is constructed using the most intense model TCs at peak intensity. Both models develop robust warm cores (T′ ~ 6–7 K), but the radius of maximum winds (>100 km) is too broad compared with storms in nature. Secondary circulation features in NARR are more realistic, particularly the shallow inflow layer, vertical motion in the inner core, and confined outflow in the upper troposphere. Results indicate that, over the U.S. and near its coastline, NARR positions and structure are competitive with or slightly improved upon CFSR. Away from the domain boundary, NARR is a suitable resource for evaluating TC positions and certain aspects of the secondary circulation.
Impact of climate and land use change on the hydrology of a large‐scale agricultural catchment

This paper presents a quantitative comparison of plausible climate and land use change impacts on the hydrology of a large‐scale agricultural catchment. An integrated, distributed hydrological model was used to simulate changes in the groundwater system and its discharge to rivers and drains for two climate scenarios (2071–2100). Annual groundwater recharge increased significantly (especially the B2 scenario), giving higher groundwater heads and stream discharges and amplifying the seasonal dynamics significantly. Owing to drier summers, irrigation volumes increased by up to 90% compared to current values. Changing the land use from grass to forest had a minor effect on groundwater recharge, whereas CO2 effects on transpiration resulted in a relatively large increase in recharge. This study has shown that climate change has the most substantial effect on the hydrology in this catchment, whereas other factors such as irrigation, CO2 effects on transpiration, and land use changes affect the water balance to a lesser extent.
Ion microprobe U‐Pb dating of phosphates in lunar basaltic breccia, Elephant Moraine 87521

We report ion microprobe U‐Pb dating of phosphates in lunar meteorite “Elephant Moraine 87521 (EET87521),” which is a fragmental breccia consisting of Very‐Low Ti (VLT) basaltic clasts and a small component of highland‐derived materials. The observed Pb‐Pb age of phosphates in EET87521 is 3503 ± 140 Ma, which is distinct from the results from previous chronological studies on VLT mare basalt of 3.2–3.3 Ga for LUNA‐24. This suggests that the VLT basalt volcanism appears to have been prolonged on the Moon. Moreover, the age is apparently different from those of other VLT meteorites (3.8 Ga for QUE94281 and 4.0 & 4.4 Ga for Yamato793274), which are proposed to have been launched by a single impact event based on the similarity of launching ages, mineralogical and geochemical signatures. This evidence questions the validities of bulk age analyses for the Yamato & QUE meteorites in the literature and/or the hypothesis of a single‐crater origin.
Variability of particulate (SS, POC) and dissolved (DOC, NO3) matter during storm events in the Alegria agricultural watershed

The temporal variability of suspended sediment, nitrates (NO3) and dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon concentrations was analysed in the Alegria agricultural watershed over a 2‐year period. Nine storm events were studied, including an exhaustive analysis of hydrometeorological conditions, quantification of fluxes, and concentration‐discharge hysteresis loop characterization. The overall aim was to study the variability in these components during storm events and determine the mechanisms (flow paths) affecting the trajectories, from the source to the stream. The forms, rotational patterns and trends of hysteretic loops were investigated, and relationships between hysteresis features and hydrological parameters were studied. The results revealed clear differences between particulate (suspended sediment, particulate organic carbon) and dissolved (DOC, NO3) matter transport responses. Movement of the particulate matter was attributed to surface water, as reflected in clockwise hysteresis loops, whereas dissolved matter showed, in general, counterclockwise hysteresis loops, indicating a time delay in the arrival of solutes to the stream. This could be related to subsurface flow paths for DOC and a groundwater source for NO3. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground and satellite observations of an auroral event at the cusp/cleft equatorward boundary

Detailed observations by ground-based and satellite instruments of a transient auroral event in the ∼10–11 MLT sector during negative IMF BZ are reported. The optical phenomenon belongs to a category of dayside auroral event sequences that is considered a candidate signature of impulsive magnetopause reconnection. The present event is characterized by the brightening of a discrete arc (at least 600 km in east-west extent) at the cusp/cleft equatorward boundary, subsequently moving poleward and increasing in latitudinal extent. This was followed 6 min later by enhanced 630.0-nm auroral emission ∼3 degrees (300 km) further north, at the cleft/mantle boundary. The satellite (DMSP F7) passed through the event at ∼1000 MLT, in its early phase, revealing a discrete electron precipitation structure with the spectral peak at ∼1 keV, immediately equatorward of a zone of cleft/low-latitude boundary layer particles. The multiple structures of field-aligned current near the cleft equatorward boundary included an upward directed (out of the ionosphere) component at the latitude of the discrete electron precipitation structure and a downward current and accelerated ions (1–3 keV) further north. A continuously decreasing electron energy flux was observed along the satellite track from the cleft equatorward edge to the polar cap, as well as clear energy versus latitude dispersion of the precipitating ions. These low-altitude observations are found to be consistent with essential features of unsteady Petschek-type reconnection at the magnetopause and modeled mapping of flux transfer events to the ionosphere.
A special circumstance of airborne induced-polarization measurements

Airborne induced-polarization (IP) measurements can be obtained with standard time-domain airborne electromagnetic (EM) equipment, but only in the limited circumstances when the ground is sufficiently resistive that the normal EM response is small and when the polarizability of the ground is sufficiently large that the IP response can dominate the EM response. Further, the dispersion in conductivity must be within the bandwidth of the EM system. One example of what is hypothesized to be IP effects are the negative transients observed on a GEOTEM survey in the high arctic of Canada. The dispersion in conductivity required to explain the data is very large, but is not inconsistent with some laboratory measurements. Whether the dispersion is caused by an electrolytic or dielectric polarization is not clear from the limited ground follow-up, but in either case the polarization can be considered to be induced by eddy currents associated with the EM response of the ground. If IP effects are the cause of the negative transients in the GEOTEM data, then the data can be used to estimate the polarizabilities in the area.
Effect of penetration rate on penetrometer resistance in clay

This paper discusses the effects of penetration rate on the penetration resistance in soft clay for various shaped penetrometers (cone, T-bar, ball, and plate) and for T-bars with different aspect ratios. Constant rate (“normal”) and variable rate (“twitch”) penetration tests, where the penetration rate was successively halved over eight steps with the penetrometer advanced by one or two diameters in each step, were undertaken in the beam centrifuge at the University of Western Australia. The tests were conducted on samples reconstituted from clay collected from the Burswood site in Western Australia. The twitch tests showed higher penetration resistance than the corresponding normal tests after the penetration rate had been reduced by a factor of 16 due to cumulative effects of partial consolidation. The penetration rate at which the resistance started to increase due to partial consolidation was used to estimate the consolidation coefficient, cv , of the reconstituted clay. The interpreted cv values wer.