Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Insights about Cloud Vertical Structure from CloudSat and 1 CALIPSO observations 2 3 By 4 5

31 Active cloud observations from A-Train’s CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites offer new 32 opportunities to examine the vertical structure of hydrometeor layers. We use the 2B33 CLDCLASS-LIDAR merged CloudSat-CALIPSO product to examine global aspects of hydrometeor 34 vertical stratification. We group the data into major Cloud Vertical Structure (CVS) classes based 35 on our interpretation of how clouds in three standard atmospheric layers overlap, and provide 36 their global frequency of occurrence. The two most frequent CVS classes are single-layer (per 37 our definition) low and high clouds which represent ~53% of cloudy skies, followed by high 38 clouds overlying low clouds, and vertically extensive clouds that occupy near-contiguously a 39 large portion of the troposphere. The prevalence of these configurations changes seasonally 40 and geographically, between daytime and nighttime, and between continents and oceans. The 41 radiative effects of the CVS classes reveal the major radiative warmers and coolers from the 42 perspective of the planet as a whole, the surface, and the atmosphere. Single-layer low clouds 43 dominate planetary and atmospheric cooling, and thermal infrared surface warming. We also 44 investigate the consistency between passive and active views of clouds by providing the CVS 45 breakdowns of MODIS cloud regimes for spatiotemporally coincident MODIS-Aqua (also on the 46 A-Train) and CloudSat-CALIPSO daytime observations. When the analysis is expanded for a 47 more in-depth look at the most heterogeneous of the MODIS cloud regimes, it ultimately 48 confirms previous interpretations of their makeup that did not have the benefit of collocated 49 active observations. 50
Hilbert's Tenth Problem in Coq (Extended Version)

We formalise the undecidability of solvability of Diophantine equations, i.e. polynomial equations over natural numbers, in Coq's constructive type theory. To do so, we give the first full mechanisation of the Davis-Putnam-Robinson-Matiyasevich theorem, stating that every recursively enumerable problem -- in our case by a Minsky machine -- is Diophantine. We obtain an elegant and comprehensible proof by using a synthetic approach to computability and by introducing Conway's FRACTRAN language as intermediate layer. Additionally, we prove the reverse direction and show that every Diophantine relation is recognisable by $\mu$-recursive functions and give a certified compiler from $\mu$-recursive functions to Minsky machines.
RHEED Study of the Texture in Polycrystalline Films of Magnetite Grown on Oxidized Silicon Surface

Polycrystalline films of magnetite (Fe3O4) with thickness of 75 nm were grown on SiO2/Si (001) surface by reactive deposition of Fe in O2 atmosphere. The growth of Fe3O4 films was conducted with the different oxygen pressures. The structure of films was monitored by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) during the film growth. It was found that there is a range of oxygen pressure in which the growth of only textured Fe3O4 film takes place. Reactive deposition of Fe at lower oxygen pressure results in a growth of Fe3O4 film without a texture. In contrast at the deposition with higher oxygen pressure the texture in the Fe3O4 film remains but the appearance of hematite (α-Fe2O3) is observed.
Complete modeling of hydrodynamic bearings with a new approach to limit parameterization

The present work aims to revisit the simplifications made in the NavierStokes equations for the flow between two cylinders with a small thickness of lubricating oil film. Through a dimensionless analysis, the terms of these equations are mapped and ordered by importance for the hydrodynamic bearing application. An effective parameterization of the geometry is proposed, enabling a more detailed description of the problem and its adaptation to other contexts. At the end, an elliptical partial differential equation is reached and solved by the centered finite difference method, whose solution is the pressure field between the cylinders. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the model is applied to hydrodynamic bearings, where the pressure field and some parameters resulting from it, such as stiffness and damping coefficients, are computed. Based on the facilities offered by the parameterization of the geometry, two different configurations are presented: (1) elliptical and (2) worn bearings. Their responses are evaluated and a comparative analysis is performed. The modeling exposed in this text, as well as all its simulations were developed to integrate Ross-Rotordynamics, an open library in Python, available on the GitHub platform.
Distilling Knowledge via Intermediate Classifiers

The crux of knowledge distillation is to effectively train a resource-limited student model with the guide of a pre-trained larger teacher model. However, when there is a large difference between the model complexities of teacher and student (i.e., capacity gap), knowledge distillation loses its strength in transferring knowledge from the teacher to the student, thus training a weaker student. To mitigate the impact of the capacity gap, we introduce knowledge distillation via intermediate heads. By extending the intermediate layers of the teacher (at various depths) with classifier heads, we cheaply acquire a cohort of heterogeneous pre-trained teachers. The intermediate classifier heads can all together be efficiently learned while freezing the backbone of the pre-trained teacher. The cohort of teachers (including the original teacher) co-teach the student simultaneously. Our experiments on various teacher-student pairs and datasets have demonstrated that the proposed approach outperforms the canonical knowledge distillation approach and its extensions.
An Efficient Style Virtual Try on Network

With the increasing development of garment manufacturing industry, the method of combining neural network with industry to reduce product redundancy has been paid more and more attention.In order to reduce garment redundancy and achieve personalized customization, more researchers have appeared in the field of virtual trying on.They try to transfer the target clothing to the reference figure, and then stylize the clothes to meet user's requirements for fashion.But the biggest problem of virtual try on is that the shape and motion blocking distort the clothes, causing the patterns and texture on the clothes to be impossible to restore. This paper proposed a new stylized virtual try on network, which can not only retain the authenticity of clothing texture and pattern, but also obtain the undifferentiated stylized try on. The network is divided into three sub-networks, the first is the user image, the front of the target clothing image, the semantic segmentation image and the posture heat map to generate a more detailed human parsing map. Second, UV position map and dense correspondence are used to map patterns and textures to the deformed silhouettes in real time, so that they can be retained in real time, and the rationality of spatial structure can be guaranteed on the basis of improving the authenticity of images. Third,Stylize and adjust the generated virtual try on image. Through the most subtle changes, users can choose the texture, color and style of clothing to improve the user's experience.
Principal Components Bias in Deep Neural Networks

Recent work suggests that convolutional neural networks of diﬀerent architectures learn to classify images in the same order. To understand this phenomenon, we revisit the over-parametrized deep linear network model. Our asymptotic analysis, assuming that the hidden layers are wide enough, reveals that the convergence rate of this model’s parameters is exponentially faster along directions corresponding to the larger principal components of the data, at a rate governed by the singular values. We term this convergence pattern the Principal Components bias (PC-bias) . We show how the PC-bias streamlines the order of learning of both linear and non-linear networks, more prominently at earlier stages of learning. We then compare our results to the simplicity bias, showing that both biases can be seen independently, and aﬀect the order of learning in diﬀerent ways. Finally, we discuss how the PC-bias may explain some beneﬁts of early stopping and its connection to PCA, and why deep networks converge more slowly when given random labels.
Survival of the densest accounts for the expansion of mitochondrial mutations in ageing

The expansion of deleted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules has been linked to ageing, particularly in skeletal muscle fibres; its mechanism has remained unclear for three decades. Previous accounts assigned a replicative advantage to the deletions, but there is evidence that cells can, instead, selectively remove defective mtDNA. We present a spatial model that, without a replicative advantage, but instead through a combination of enhanced density for mutants and noise, produces a wave of expanding mutations with wave speed consistent with experimental data, unlike a standard model based on replicative advantage. We provide a formula that predicts that the wave speed drops with copy number, in agreement with experimental data. Crucially, our model yields travelling waves of mutants even if mutants are preferentially eliminated. Justified by this exemplar of how noise, density and spatial structure affect muscle ageing, we introduce the mechanism of stochastic survival of the densest, an alternative to replicative advantage, that may underpin other phenomena, like the evolution of altruism.
Special Section—Sixth Princeton Integrated Pathology Symposium: Gastrointestinal Pathology

Context. —Cancer staging provides critical information for patients and treating physicians to battle against cancer, predict prognosis, and guide treatment decisions. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system uses a tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) scoring algorithm and is the foremost classification system for adult cancers. This system is updated every 6 to 8 years to allow sufficient time for implementation of changes and for relevant examination and discussion of data validating those changes in staging. Objective. —To review the updates in the 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system on hepato-pancreato-biliary cancer. Data Sources. —Literature review. Conclusions. —The 8th edition, published in 2016 and implemented on January 1, 2018, has been in use for approximately 3 years. Compared with the 7th edition, some of the changes are quite radical. This review aims to provide a summary of the changes/updates of the 8th edition with focus on hepato-pancreato-biliary cancers, and evaluate its performance through literature review. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2021;145:543–553; doi: 10.5858/ arpa.2020-0032-RA)
The Relationship between Market Orientation , Marketing Capabilities and Thai OTOP Performance

This research explores the firm performance predictors of Thai OTOP enterprises, examining the relationships among market orientation (MO) and firm performance (FP) through a sample of 706 OTOP enterprises operating in the variety industries. Specifically, this paper tests the mediation impact on the relationships between MO and FP by marketing capabilities. Results show that MO has both direct and indirect effects on FP, through the mediation of marketing capabilities. Marketing capabilities can predict financial performance through marketing outcomes and product performance through marketing and financial outcomes. This study does provide suggestion for best practice for OTOP enterprises in that MO as a construct may not contribute to superior performance, organizations may require organizational competency and resources, such as marketing capabilities, to achieve higher business results.
Interactive comment on “NOy production, ozone loss and changes in net radiative heating due to energetic particle precipitation in 2002–2010” by

This paper uses three models nudged to reanalysis data to simulate electron and SPE propton effects on chemical composition of the middle atmosphere and the associated radiative impact. In particular, there is comparison of modeled and observed NOy as well as the impact of EPP on ozone. The authors show that the EPP indirect effect can account for some of the warming and cooling signal previously attributed to dynamics. I recommend that the article be published subject to additional discussion of the issues raised below.
Response to CDFA AMMP concerns on using acidification on California Dairy

Expertise on the application of ammonia abatement techniques through "acidification of liquid manure" and its effects on soil and environment. In the UNECE Ammonia Guidance Document, all techniques for reducing ammonia emissions from animal husbandry are compiled and evaluated with regard to their reduction potential and costs. This also applies to the "Acidification of liquid manure". However, there is no comprehensive consideration of the environmental impacts of this method. The aim of the report is therefore to analyse the "Acidification of liquid manure" scientifically and technically more profoundly than before. The focus of the evaluation is on the effectiveness and environmental compatibility of this procedure. However, application technology and legal aspects will also be considered. The results should flow directly into the process of the evaluation in the context of the UNECE CLRTAP. Information provided in advance was already presented to the UNECE TFRN in October 2018. In addition, the results of the project on the implementation of the European NEC Directive in Germany are to be incorporated into the development of the National Programme for Air Pollution Control. New findings from the report should also support the TA-Luft adaptation process. TEXTS Reduction of ammonia by acidification of liquid manure
Comment on wcd-2021-9 Anonymous Referee # 2 Referee comment on " Drivers of uncertainty in future projections of MJO teleconnections

This study examines the uncertainty in MJO teleconnection amplitude changes in North Pacific and North America in January based on results from the linear baroclinic model (LBM). The model is forced with the CMIP6 mean state and an idealized MJO heating with multiple sensitivity runs to test the relative contributions of different MJO and mean state characteristics to the uncertainty in MJO teleconnection amplitude changes. The results indicate that future changes in the mean state wind largely lead to uncertainty in the teleconnection amplitude over both the North Pacific and North America regions. Changes in the MJO propagation speed also contributes to the teleconnection uncertainty. Although some comprehensive simulations are run, the analysis approach in this study may need justification/improvement. Some results are not convincing as they are based only on the LBM and lack other scientific support. I, therefore, recommend this manuscript go through a major revision based on comments below.
Ethical Risk Management in Co-operative Education Programs

Work-integrated learning (WIL) practitioners and higher education institutions (HEIs) regularly encounter ethical issues, dilemmas, or conflicts (‘risks’) in delivering WIL programs. Ethical risks that are not properly identified and managed can result in negative financial, legal and reputational consequences for the HEI. A case study of 10 Canadian WIL practitioners reported in this article identifies practices that reduce, transfer, control or eliminate ethical risk in co-operative education, a popular type of WIL program in Canadian HEIs. The findings are presented as a framework of risk management practices involving education and training, institutional support, policies and processes, collaboration with the WIL community, and student communication. A key theme underpinning the ethical risk management practices is the complexity of maintaining productive, quality relationships between three categories of WIL stakeholders— students, employers and the HEI. This study builds on earlier research revealing characteristics of ethical risk in WIL, with the subsequent findings intended to educate WIL stakeholders and assist them with evaluating and improving ethical risk management.
Mechanism of the Catalytic Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons

The discovery of the dual aromatic- and olefin-based catalytic cycles in methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) catalysis on acid zeolites has given a new context for rationalizing structure–function relationships for this complex chemistry. This perspective examines six major chemistries involved in the hydrocarbon pool mechanism for MTH—olefin methylation, olefin cracking, hydrogen transfer, cyclization, aromatic methylation, and aromatic dealkylation—with a focus on what is known about the rate and mechanism of these chemistries. The current mechanistic understanding of MTH limits structure–function relationships to the effect of the zeolite framework on the identity of the hydrocarbon pool and the resulting product selectivity. We emphasize the need for assessing the consequences of zeolite structure in MTH in terms of experimentally measured rates and activation barriers for individual reaction steps and in terms of speciation preferences within the dual olefin- and aromatic-catalytic cycles to alter their r.
The Impact of the Corporate Diversification on the Option Value of Equity

The article investigates the effect of risk-reducing corporate diversification on the option value of equity. The impact of conglomeration on firm risk is heavily conditioned on firm size. In contrast to small firms, the risk of big firms does not reduce with increasing conglomeration. Accounting for this effect, the expected equity discount is much lower than commonly assumed and - incorporating equity's path dependency - can even turn into a premium. Results stand in direct contrast to those of Mansi and Reeb (2002) and caution against using asset substitution as a qualitative argument for explaining economy-wide value phenomena.
What Is the Driving Force behind Consolidations in the Insurance Market?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether insurers could have a strong motivation for M&A in the future because they need to survive within the industry under oversaturated market conditions. Recently, Japanese non-life insurance markets, mainly the automobile insurance market, have reached the point of saturation due to the oversaturated domestic automobile market. At that time, the industry has also experienced successive large-scale M&A transactions. Design/methodology/approach – Using a theoretical model developed by Salent et al., the authors discuss whether an insurer's motivation for M&A could be affected by a saturation of the market. The authors also clarify whether insurance premium deregulation is a necessary condition for merger incentives. Findings – The authors conclude that, first, necessary requirement for insurers' motivation of consolidations is to loosen the rate regulation; and second, the sufficient condition is saturation of market. Research limitations/implications – This result is intuitive to understand recent circumstances surrounding the Japanese non-life insurance industry. Originality/value – This study is believed to be the first to discuss the relationship between a potential market size and M&A transactions.
Does Auditor Explanatory Language in Unqualified Audit Reports Indicate Increased Financial Misstatement Risk?

According to auditing standards, explanatory language added at the auditor’s discretion to unqualified audit reports should not indicate increased financial misstatement risk. However, an auditor is unlikely to add language that would strain the auditor-client relationship absent concerns about the client’s financial statements. Using a sample of 30,825 financial statements issued with unqualified audit opinions during 2000-2009, we find that financial statements with audit reports containing explanatory language are significantly more likely to be subsequently restated than financial statements without such language. We find that this positive association is driven by language that references the division of responsibility for performance of the audit, adoption of new accounting principles, and previous restatements. In addition, we find that (1) “emphasis of a matter” language that discusses mergers, related party transactions, and management’s use of estimates predicts restatements related to these matters and that (2) the financial statement accounts noted in the explanatory language typically correspond to the accounts subsequently restated. In sum, our results suggest that present-day audit reports communicate some information about financial reporting quality.
Agency Costs of Equity and Debt, and Corporate Incentive Compensation Policy: The French Case

According to the predictions of contract theory, the integration of stock options as well as restricted stocks into the overall executives‟ compensation may reduce the conflicts between the shareholders and the management but may at the same time give rise to other agency problems connected to debt. Such conflicts can as much affect management and the shareholders as the latter and corporate creditors. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationships between incentive compensation (stock options and restricted stocks) and the agency costs of equity and debt. On the basis of data on the executives‟ compensation of 93 listed French companies for the period from 2002 to 2008, our results demonstrate a predominance of agency costs of equity over those related to debt when providing a justification for the use of incentive remuneration within French companies.
What do stock price levels tell us about the firms?

After experiencing significant stock price run-ups, a firm becomes overweight in its shareholders’ portfolios, subjecting them to excessive firm-specific risk and creating portfolio rebalancing needs. If the firm cannot attract sufficient buying interests, selling pressure from rebalancing leads to undervaluation. The firm can resolve the undervaluation problem by splitting its shares to attract new investors to better facilitate shareholders’ portfolio rebalancing. Since undervaluation attracts informed trading and makes listed options more appealing, we analyze stock price behavior and relative trading of options over stock surrounding stock splits and find compelling evidence consistent with our portfolio-rebalancing hypothesis of stock splits.
Understanding Cross-Country Differences in Valuation Ratios: A Variance Decomposition Approach

We use a variance decomposition approach to examine why aggregate valuation ratios differ across countries. In a cross section of 22 developed countries from 1980 to 2009, we find that 50 percent of all cross-country differences in the aggregate price-to-book ratio (P/B) can be explained by cross-country differences in expected future five-year profitability. In the second half of our sample period, this percentage exceeds that of the first half, rising to almost 64 percent. Although international differences in accounting standards and conventions may have made earnings from different countries more difficult to compare relative to dividends, we find that it is still cross-country differences in expected future profitability, rather than dividend growth rates, that are more closely related to international differences in valuation ratios. Even among 25 emerging markets, we find that expected future profitability at the five-year horizon can account for 29 percent of all cross-country P/B variations. Our results show that international investors are able to identify substantial cross-country differences in future-earnings prospects and incorporate them into stock market valuations.