Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary lysine and feed intake on energy utilization and tissue synthesis by broiler chicks

Abstract An experiment was designed to estimate changes in body composition associated with dietary lysine concentration and independent of energy intake. The hypothesis tested was at a given feed intake, the energy stored as protein (REp) would increase, and the energy stored as fat (REf) would decrease, as the dietary lysine concentration approached the requirement of the broiler chick. A comparative slaughter experiment used an initial slaughter group of 40 10-day-old male chicks, and an additional 120 chicks from the same population were used in the 10-day experiment. The dietary treatments comprised a basal diet supplemented with five levels of lysine; each of the five diets was diluted with six levels of cellulose to ensure a range of intakes under ad libitum feeding. Four individually housed chicks were assigned to each of the 30 diets. Excreta were collected daily from each bird, and at the conclusion of the experiment, the birds were killed. Carcasses were assayed for water, nitrogen, ether extract, ash, and gross energy. The gross energy of carcass fat and protein were found to be 36.19 ± . 51 and 25.15 ± . 30 MJ4/kg, respectively. The true metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen balance (TMEn) values of the undiluted diets were independent of the lysine concentration. The lysine required for maximum weight gain was about 9.6 g/kg of diet, whereas protein accretion continued to increase at greater lysine concentrations; thus, the lysine requirement varied among response criteria. The gain in carcass fat was lowest at the two highest lysine concentrations. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that at a fixed TMEn intake, the gain of energy as protein increased, whereas that of energy as fat tended to decrease as the dietary lysine increased. At a fixed lysine intake, the change in body weight, fat energy, and protein energy all increased with increasing TMEn intake. The data thus support the basic hypothesis. The relationship between energy retained as fat and as protein was linear, but the slopes varied with dietary lysine concentrations.
Optimization of citric acid and malic acid to enhance flavour and shelf life of mango juice

Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the most delicio us seasonal fruit, rich in nutrient with unique fla vour, fragrance, and taste making it as a common ingredie nt in fruit based product. Nowadays many industries have been developing various type of mango flavoured product s ch as soft drink, ice-cream, jams, jellies, fruit cheese etc. In industry to enhance flavour and shelf life of mango fruit various flavouring agent and preservatives a re added. Some common organic acid which naturally occur in f ruit are also used to enhance flavour and shelf lif e o product. Generally citric acid is used but in this investiga tion mixtures of citric acid and malic acid have be en used to enhance sensory attribute and shelf life of mango j uice. Sensory analysis was done by 50 volunteer in wh ch sensory attribute such as flavour, sweetness, sourness, ove rall taste, after taste sweetness and after taste sourness of the juice were evaluated and obtained data was analysed by SPSS software. Result revealed the F4 variant w s mostly preferred by the volunteer. For shelf life analysis microbial load, total soluble solid and pH were an alysed for four weeks. During this study it was observed that as th e concentration of citric acid decreased in formula ted variants microbial load has increased. Variant containing 90 % citric acid and 10% malic acid was found to be be st acidity regulator and variant having 80% citric and 20 % ma lic acid has best effect on maintaining total solub le solid concentration.
Distribution, abundance and movements of the bottlenose dolphin in the Pelagos sanctuary MPA.

1. The Pelagos Sanctuary is the largest marine protected area of the Mediterranean Sea (87 500? km2), and is located in the north-west part of the basin. The presence of the bottlenose dolphin in this area is well documented but its distribution and abundance are not well known. 2. The present study collected and analysed data from 10 different research groups operating in the Pelagos Sanctuary from 1994 to 2007. Photo-identification data were used to analyse the displacement behaviour of the dolphins and to estimate their abundance through mark–recapture modelling. 3. Results show that the distribution of bottlenose dolphin is confined to the continental shelf within the 200? m isobath, with a preference for shallow waters of less than 100? m depth. 4. Bottlenose dolphins seem to be more densely present in the eastern part of the sanctuary and along the north-west coast of Corsica. 5.Bottlenose dolphins show a residential attitude with excursions usually within a distance of 80? km (50? km on average). A few dolphins exhibit more wide-ranging journeys, travelling up to 427? km between sub-areas. 6.The displacement analysis identified two (sub)populations of bottlenose dolphins, one centred on the eastern part of the sanctuary and the other one around the west coast of Corsica. 7. In 2006, the eastern (sub)population was estimated to comprise 510–552 individuals, while 368–429 individuals were estimated in the Corsican (sub)population. It was estimated that in total, 884–1023 bottlenose dolphins were living in the Pelagos Sanctuary MPA in the same year. 8. The designation of a number of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) under the Habitats Directive is discussed as a possible tool to protect the bottlenose dolphin in the Pelagos Sanctuary and in the whole of the Mediterranean Sea.
Herders’ opinions about desirable stocking rates and overstocking in the rangelands of northern China

Herders’ desirable stocking rates and their opinions of overstocking were studied using survey and multi-regression methods in the meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe regions of northern China. It was found that individual herders had their own perception of their particular ‘desirable stocking rate’, which referred to the number of livestock that the herders thought they could keep or maintain on an area of rangeland over a specified period of time. These perceptions were not in line with the ‘balancing animals and grass’ policy of the Chinese government, and herders used them as a guide to adjust stock-breeding practices. Most herders admitted that they bred more livestock now than 10 years ago, but insisted that there was no overstocking and many even thought that their rangelands could still carry more livestock. They also held the view that they took into account the carrying capacity of rangelands when making decisions about livestock-breeding practices. Individual herders thought that the reasonable stocking rate range should be 0.75–1.50 sheep units ha–1 (meadow steppe), 0.60–1.50 sheep units ha–1 (typical steppe), and 0.50–0.75 sheep units ha–1 (desert steppe), respectively. The herders from the desert steppe regions were most concerned about the overstocking of rangelands, and the concern of herders was in the order desert steppe > typical steppe > meadow steppe. The herders with more formal education and those who worked in a village council and had smaller areas of rangelands, were more concerned about the overstocking of rangelands. It is argued that such herders should be given more access to policy and market information, including extensive grazing and modern stall-feeding technologies, and encouraged to reduce their desirable stocking rates, leading to more sustainable rangeland management in northern China.
Board remuneration, directors’ ownership and corporate performance: the South African evidence

ABSTRACT Excessive directors’ remuneration is usually cited as one of the drivers of the massive income inequality prevalent in South Africa. We draw insights from agency and board power theories to establish whether board remuneration, directors’ shareholding and the interaction between the two factors influences an entity's financial performance. Based on the examination of 1,736 company-year observations obtained from entities traded on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, for the period 2005–2018, we find direct (no) relationship between remuneration of directors (directors’ shareholding) and an entity's financial performance. Our findings suggest that firms that provide higher, or even excessive, incentives to their directors tend to post superior financial performance; firms can employ directors’ remuneration as a governance tool to induce board effectiveness.
A History of Humanity: The Evolution of the Human System. By Patrick Manning (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2020) 363 pp. $79.99 cloth $24.99 paper

In A History of Humanity, Manning argues that human energies and activities created our world, and that the influence of nature is receding. Our achievements have created a “human system” that reproduces and transforms itself both locally and globally. The natural world is becoming marginalized, but it is not yet tamed, as greenhouse gasses rise, presaging disaster for humanity. Manning traces four agencies of change in human history—biological, cultural, and social evolution (the three most commonly discussed) and Gaia, the system of life on earth as part of the natural environment. The human system started as an insignificant factor in Gaia but has grown to become the greatest influence of all. Manning calls human history an exercise in the exploitation of Gaia’s natural resources by individuals and groups grappling with ways to cooperate. This study is history on a grand scale, “big history” if you like, which has become a mildly fashionable genre in recent years. The narrative that forms of the core of Manning’s synthesis comes in three parts to pose a fundamental question: What governs human behavior and how do we know? After a brief introductory essay that lays out the human system, three chapters synthesize the Pleistocene from about 3million to 12,000 years ago. Chapter 2 focuses on biological and cultural evolution, summarizing human origins in five rapid-fire pages, followed by a survey of advances in hominin capabilities. Chapter 3 surveys speech and social evolution; speaking humans spread across the globally 70,000 years ago. In the three fast-moving chapters to follow—a huge bite of time from 65,000 to 1,000 years ago—Manning relies on a combination of imaginatively employed archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and climatological data to trace human migrations from a population of “founders” in arid Northeast Africa. He makes numerous bold statements, especially about linguistic data, that come dangerously close to being gross generalizations. Manning also espouses the putative “kelp highway” as an avenue for first settlement of the Americas, a much-criticized hypothesis. Three chapters cover the development of the increasingly complex human institutions of the Holocene evolution. The discussion ranges widely from the origins of agriculture to the roles of warfare and humanly caused climate change, relying on Ruddiman’s controversial, and by no means widely accepted, theories. The origins of cities, empires, and larger-scale social institutions follow, when Gaia and the human system collided, as human societies looked increasingly outward. Between 900 and 1250 C.E. ,
Spectrum of relaxation times of polarization in thin film ferroelectrics near the phase transition point

Abstract The temperature dependences of the spectrum of polarization relaxation times above the temperature of the second-order phase transition of order-disorder type with relaxation Debye mode in a thin ferroelectric film are determined depending on its thickness and the degree of polarization fixation on the film surface. It has been established that the longest of the relaxation times τ1 behaves abnormally, which is unlimitedly increased τ1∼(T−Tf)−1 as the phase transition temperature Tf approaches, causing a critical deceleration of the relaxation processes. Taking into account intrinsic electric fields decreases the relaxation time at other identical film parameters.
Effects of Salinity Stress on Germination and Early Growth of Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus)

The Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus) is a plant from Caryophyllaceae family. The germination and growth of plant is an important phonological stages, that plant survival is depends to it, especially in the saline conditions. Salinity tolerance in the arid and semiarid regions is one of the most important factors that effect on the agricultural production. This study was performed in the completely randomized design with three replicates in order to investigation of the role of salts of NaCl, NaHCO3, NaCO3, CaCl2 with different osmotic potentials including of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ds/m on the germination and early growth of Dianthus barbatus. In the present study, indices such as percent germination, germination rate, Reduction of germination percentage (RGP), radicle and plumule length, average of fresh and dry weight seedling were measured. Statistical results revealed that the effects of salinity on germination, radicle and plumule length were significant (p<5%), so that both the highest and lowest percent germination and germination rate were obtained in the control and treatment with concentration 8 ds/m of NaHCO3, respectively. The radicle length, plumule length, average fresh and dry weight seedling were reduced with increasing salinity.
Muon simulations for Super-Kamiokande, KamLAND, and CHOOZ

Muon backgrounds at Super-Kamiokande, KamLAND, and CHOOZ are calculated using MUSIC. A modified version of the Gaisser sea-level muon distribution and a well-tested Monte Carlo integration method are introduced. Average muon energy, flux, and rate are tabulated. Plots of average energy and angular distributions are given. Implications for muon tracker design in future experiments are discussed.
Demografía del caracol Plicopurpura pansa (Neotaenioglossa: Muricidae) y constitución de la comunidad malacológica asociada en Guerrero, México

Estudiamos la demografia de Plicopurpura pansa en Playa Ventura, Guerrero, Mexico, con base en muestreos trimestrales. Su densidad fue de 5.19 caracoles/m2. La proporcion sexual fue cercana al 1:1. La talla promedio fue de 20.10 mm. Las tallas mejor representadas en hembras fueron de 10.5 a 27.0 mm y en machos de 12.0 a 27.0 mm. La poblacion es de alta densidad y mayor frecuencia de tallas pequenas. Hubo diferencias entre las tallas promedio de cada muestreo, formandose dos grupos de medias para cada sexo. El peso promedio fue 1.79 g. Las hembras presentaron mayor variacion en peso, lo cual podria estar relacionado con el ciclo reproductivo. Hubo reclutamiento en cinco fechas de recoleccion. El mayor numero de copulas se observaron en marzo de 2001. Se identificaron 26 especies de gasteropodos, siete de bivalvos y una de poliplacoforos. La especie con mayor dominancia fue Brachidontes semilaevis.
EEG STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VIRTUAL REALITY

This study examines the effect of virtual reality on the human brain in terms of how much virtual reality is capable of replacing real-world experiences and affect the human brain. The focus of the study is on the area of neuromarketing where the purpose of our own investigation is to determine the effect of a 360° advertising spot using a neuromarketing approach. The main objective of our own research is to find out through the EEG brain the effectiveness of advertising spot presented using virtual reality.
Predicting species distributions across the Amazonian and Andean regions using remote sensing data

Aim We explore the utility of newly available optical and microwave remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and QuikSCAT (QSCAT) instruments for species distribution modelling at regional to continental scales. Using eight Neotropical species from three taxonomic groups, we assess the extent to which remote sensing data can improve predictions of their geographic distributions. For two bird species, we investigate the specific contributions of different types of remote sensing variables to the predictions and model accuracy at the regional scale, where the benefits of the MODIS and QSCAT satellite data are expected to be most significant.
Hazards of extreme events in China under different global warming targets

ABSTRACT Changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events affect the risk pattern of risk-bearing bodies and the effectiveness of response measures. Based on future climate scenario data, in this study, we identify global warming periods of 1.5°C and 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and the temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation in China during the same period, propose a methodology for risk assessment and integrated analysis of extreme events, build a database of extreme events and their hazards in China in the context of climate change, and assess the hazards caused by extreme events (i.e., heatwaves, floods, and droughts) in China under different warming periods. Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, global temperatures increase by 1.5°C and 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2029 and 2026 and by 2050 and 2040, respectively. The warming would be fast in the north and slow in the south, the warming of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau would accelerate, and the precipitation would increase in the north and decrease in the south, but the trend of the precipitation reduction in the south would be more significant under the RCP8.5 scenario. For 2°C of warming, the hazard index of severe heatwaves in the North China Plain, parts of South China, and the western part of Inner Mongolia would double that of 1.5°C warming. Regional differences in extreme precipitation would increase, especially under the RCP8.5 scenario, the hazard index of severe floods in parts of East China would be about twice that of 1.5°C warming. Under the joint influence of rising temperature and changing precipitation, the drought situation would be alleviated under the RCP4.5 scenario, but it is intensified under the RCP8.5 scenario. For 2°C of warming, the hazard index of severe droughts in some areas would reach three times that of 1.5°C warming. For the integrated hazard of the three types of extreme events, the areas of high and medium hazards would expand, while the areas of low hazard would decrease. For 2°C of warming, the areas of high and medium hazards would be more than half the total area.
Is it just ‘black’ or ‘white’? Multilingual collaborative research seen through the practices of an international research team

ABSTRACT In this contribution, the self-reported linguistic practices of researchers engaged in an international research project are analysed and discussed. These researchers constitute a community of practice of intercomprehension, using mostly romance languages to communicate and, at the same time, also researching the phenomena. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire intended to perceive the linguistic profile of the team, as well as their choices in terms of publication, communication in scientific contexts and daily academic life. The data points towards complex multilingual practices, dependent on the context and the intentions of researchers, making a case for characterising them as agentive, and displaying investment in practices in different languages, according to perceived advantages, in terms of target audiences, disseminating results, and dialogue with other colleagues. Not only do researchers have “complex social history and multiple desires” (Norton, 2000), but these desires can be, or become contradictory and clash. Some signs of tensions in the management of the linguistic resources, and of “linguistic resentment” were observed related to English, but researchers balance this aspect with the acknowledgment that the language is useful to attain certain academic goals. This contribution thus displays the complexity of researchers’ linguistic practices and aspirations.
Abundance, Population Density and Spatial Ecology of Mound-Building Termites in Moist Tropical Deciduous Forests of Northern India

ABSTRACT Mound-building termites are ecosystem engineers whose abundance and spatial ecology are not adequately addressed in many forest ecosystems. We studied Odontotermes obesus mounds at two moist tropical deciduous forests (pure Sal and Sal-Teak mixed) in the Doon valley, northern India. Mound abundance, spatial pattern and termite population density were determined by direct count, nearest neighbour analyses and destructive sampling, respectively. Relations between mound attributes and stand characteristics such as woody vegetation diversity, density and tree stumps (representing food quality, quantity, open-space availability and disturbance) were tested at fine spatial scale using regression analyses. Active mounds were more abundant in the pure Sal stand (∼8.0 mounds/ha) than in the mixed stand (∼5.0 mounds/ha). Mean population density (both sites combined) was 2.01 × 105 individuals per mound. Population density was strongly correlated with mound volume. Predominance of young colonies was indicated by high occurrence (≥ = 65%) of small mounds (< 1.25 m3). Mounds were predominantly randomly distributed. However, the pure Sal stand showed a partial tendency towards aggregation. Our results revealed that woody species richness is an important, site-specific regulatory factor. Local-scale variations should be cautiously considered while up-scaling the contribution of O. obesus mounds to various ecosystem processes.
Importance of sediment deposition and denitrification for nutrient retention in floodplain wetlands

ABSTRACT Questions: Various floodplain communities may differ in their relative abilities to influence water quality through nutrient retention and denitrification. Our main questions were: (1) what is the importance of sediment deposition and denitrification for plant productivity and nutrient retention in floodplains; (2) will rehabilitation of natural floodplain communities (semi-natural grassland, reedbed, woodland, pond) from agricultural grassland affect nutrient retention? Location: Floodplains of two Rhine distributaries (rivers IJssel and Waal), The Netherlands. Methods: Net sedimentation was measured using mats, denitrification in soil cores by acetylene inhibition and bio-mass production by clipping above-ground vegetation in winter and summer. Results: Sediment deposition was a major source of N and P in all floodplain communities. Highest deposition rates were found where water velocity was reduced by vegetation structure (reedbeds) or by a drop in surface elevation (pond). Sediment deposition was not higher in woodlands than in grassland types. Denitrification rates were low in winter but significantly higher in summer. Highest denitrification rates were found in an agricultural grassland (winter and summer) and in the ponds (summer). Plant productivity and nutrient uptake were high in reedbeds, intermediate in agricultural grasslands, ponds and semi-natural grasslands and very low in woodlands (only understorey). All wetlands were N-limited, which could be explained by low N:P ratios in sediment. Conclusions: Considering Rhine water quality: only substantial P-retention is expected because, relative to the annual nutrient loads in the river, the floodplains are important sinks for P, but much less for N. Rehabilitation of agricultural grasslands into ponds or reedbeds will probably be more beneficial for downstream water quality (lower P-concentrations) than into woodlands or semi-natural grasslands.