Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arguments for a mammalian and reptilian dispersal from Asia to Europe during the Paleocene-Eocene boundary interval

The Paleocene-Eocene mammalian faunal turnover included the first appearance in northern regions of Eurasia and America of artiodactyls, perissodactyls, primates and hyaenodontids. An origin of these groups in Asia seems very probable (with the exception of hyaenodontids, of possible African origin). Dispersal of these groups is highly contentious, with recent assessments suggesting a dispersal from North America to Europe. The fossil evidence concerning these groups, including recent discoveries in eastern Asia, is reviewed. It confirms the presence in Europe of primitive sister-species or sister-genera of most of these North American newcomers, and emphasizes the absence of most of these genera in eastern Asia. More convincing evidence is found for turtles, with Geoemydinae and Carettochelyinae arriving in Europe from Asiatic origins, but not found in North America. On the whole, another scenario appears more likely: equoid perissodactyls, notharctid primates, the stem-artiodactyl Diacodexis, and hyaenodontids probably dispersed from western Asia to Europe first, at the same time as geoemydines, carettochelyines and several lizards. These mammals then dispersed to North America from Europe, whereas some of their relatives dispersed from their unknown province of origin to east Asia (and Isectolophidae probably from Asia to North America). Such a direct Asia to Europe dispersal was long dismissed because the Turgai Strait was believed to have acted as a barrier. However, new geological evidence suggests that the Turgai region allowed the dispersal of land vertebrates, possibly controlled by sea level falls and environmental changes.
Incidence and survival of gynecologic cancer including cervical, uterine, ovarian, vaginal, vulvar cancer and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in Korea, 1999–2019: Korea Central Cancer Registry

Objective To investigate the incidence, trends, and survival rates of all gynecologic cancers using the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) database from 1999–2019. Methods Gynecologic cancer data were obtained from the KCCR database between 1999 and 2019. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs), annual percentage changes, and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were calculated. The relative survival rate (RSR) was reported by age group, stage, and 6-year period (I: 1999–2005, II: 2006–2012, III: 2013–2019). Results The gynecologic cancer ASRs were 26.2 and 24.9 per 100,000 individuals in 1999 and 2019, respectively. Trends of incidence in gynecologic cancer revealed a decrease in cervical cancer and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) with AAPCs of −3.4 and −4.3, respectively. Conversely, the incidence of uterine, ovarian, and vulvar cancers increased with AAPCs of 4.7, 2.3, and 2.1, respectively. AAPC for vaginal cancer showed no change. The 5-year survival rate was highest for GTN (90.5%) and lowest for vaginal cancer (56.6%). An increase in age was correlated with poorer survival rates across all gynecologic cancers, excluding vaginal cancer. For all gynecologic cancer types, the prognosis deteriorates with advancing cancer stages. The RSR of uterine cancer improved consistently across all periods. The ovarian cancer RSR improved more in period III than in periods I or II. Additionally, the vulvar cancer RSR improved more in periods II and III than in period I. Conclusion In Korea, the incidence of cervical cancer and GTN decreased, whereas the incidence of uterine, ovarian, and vulvar cancer increased from 1999 to 2019. The RSR for uterine, ovarian, and vulvar cancers showed consistent improvements over different periods. Effective screening programs and the adoption of advanced treatments may be necessary to further reduce the burden of gynecologic cancer.
AI Hyperrealism: Why AI Faces Are Perceived as More Real Than Human Ones

Recent evidence shows that AI-generated faces are now indistinguishable from human faces. However, algorithms are trained disproportionately on White faces, and thus White AI faces may appear especially realistic. In Experiment 1 (N = 124 adults), alongside our reanalysis of previously published data, we showed that White AI faces are judged as human more often than actual human faces—a phenomenon we term AI hyperrealism. Paradoxically, people who made the most errors in this task were the most confident (a Dunning-Kruger effect). In Experiment 2 (N = 610 adults), we used face-space theory and participant qualitative reports to identify key facial attributes that distinguish AI from human faces but were misinterpreted by participants, leading to AI hyperrealism. However, the attributes permitted high accuracy using machine learning. These findings illustrate how psychological theory can inform understanding of AI outputs and provide direction for debiasing AI algorithms, thereby promoting the ethical use of AI.
Correlation analysis between cytokines’ profile, autoimmune antibodies and the duration of type 1 diabetes: A case control study in a specialized children’s centre in Riyadh

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cytokines in children with T1D living in Saudi Arabia and their correlation with disease duration and autoimmune antibody markers. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the endocrine clinic of King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital in Riyadh. A total of 274 T1D and healthy control children were enrolled in the study. 5 mL of venous blood samples were collected in the morning after 9 to 12 h of fasting in BD Vacutainer® EDTA tubes and centrifuged at 250g for 15 min at. Plasma was then stored at −20°C for detection of anti-islet, anti-GAD antibodies (Abs), and C-peptide using commercial ELISA kits from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The levels of cytokines were measured using commercial sandwich ELISA kits from Abcam. Results: Median differences in cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, IL-21, IL-35, and IL-37) were significantly higher in T1D patients compared with healthy controls (p-value < .001). Spearman’s Rho correlation indicated that TNFα, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-21 correlated significantly with T1D Abs (p-value = .01). HbA1C correlated negatively with IL-35 and IL-37, and positively with IL-18 (p-value = .01). Linear regression analysis showed a significant increase in anti-glutamic acid antibodies (GAD) in patients with >3 years of T1D duration. Conclusion: Autoantibodies remained positive at high levels in our patients over a 3-year duration of the disease and correlated with specific cytokines. The clear correlations with disease duration and profile of specific cytokines could be targets for future therapeutic interventions.
A model‐informed approach to accelerate the clinical development of cofrogliptin (HSK7653), a novel ultralong‐acting dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor

To employ a model‐informed drug development approach in facilitating decision making and expediting the clinical progress of cofrogliptin (HSK7653), a novel ultralong‐acting dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) via a biweekly dosing regimen.
Antibody drug conjugates for glioblastoma: current progress towards clinical use

ABSTRACT Introduction Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are now a proven therapeutic class for many cancers, combining highly specific targeting with the potency of high effective payloads. This review summarizes the experience with ADCs in brain tumors and examines future paths for their use in these tumors. Areas covered This review will cover all the key classes of ADCs which have been tested in primary brain tumors, including commentary on the major trials to date. The efficacy of these trials, as well as their limitations, will put in context of the overall landscape of drug development in brain tumors. Importantly, this review will summarize key learnings and insights from these trials that help provide the basis for rational ways in which these drugs can be effectively and appropriate developed for patients with primary brain tumors. Expert opinion ADC development in brain tumors has occurred in two major phases to date. Key learnings from previous trials provide a strong rationale for the continued development of these drugs for primary brain tumors. However, the unique biology of these tumors requires development strategies specifically tailored to maximize their optimal development.
Gut microbiota and immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma

ABSTRACT The gut microbiome has recently been proposed as a key player in cancer development and progression. Several studies have reported that the composition of the gut microbiome plays a role in the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The gut microbiome modulation has been investigated as a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer, mainly in patients undergoing therapy with ICIs. In particular, modulation through probiotics, FMT or other microbiome-related approaches have proven effective to improve the response to ICIs. In this review, we examine the role of the gut microbiome in enhancing clinical responses to ICIs in the treatment of renal cancer.
MEASUREMENTS OF CIRRUS BACKSCATTER PHASE FUNCTIONS USING A HIGH SPECTRAL RESOLUTION LIDAR

2002 ii Acknowledgments To begin, I would like to thank my mentor, Dr. Edwin Eloranta. His guidance, perseverance and willingness to teach has made a profound impact on my graduate education and made this thesis possible. I would also like to thank Professor Steve Ackerman for his excellent feedback, guidance, and moral support. His enthusiasm towards science and great sense of humor continue to amaze me. I would like to thank Päivi Piironen for the hundreds of hours she spent running the HSRL during 1994. This thesis would not be possible without this data. I would also like to thank Ralph Kuehn for spending many hours explaining the intricacies of how to run the HSRL. Thanks to Joe Garcia for implementing the SQL data base to hold the HSRL data which allowed for quick and efficient access. I would like to thank Jim Hedrick for keeping the mechanical components of the HSRL in great shape. I would also like to thank my parents for their support during my masters education. It is their guidance that has brought me to this point in my life. The final hero of my Masters education is Christy, my girl friend. Her friendship and support during my masters made it all possible. ABSTRACT A climatology of cirrus backscatter phase functions measured using the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) in Madison, WI is presented. In this thesis, a total of 74 data sessions are included. The study includes rigorous quantitative estimates of measurement uncertainties that demonstrate the reliability of the results. An important conclusion from this study is that the probability distribution of the measured backscatter phase functions of cirrus clouds has a discrete peak at 04. 0 4 180 ≈ π P. However, the results demonstrate that there can be significant variability, values as large as 0.14 and as small as 0.005 are observed. At large depolarization the results show a positive correlation with depolarization. This result has important implications for single channel lidar measurements which require estimates of the backscatter phase function to make measurement of cloud optical depth. The peak suggests that using a single value for the backscatter phase function is reasonable in the majority of retrievals. If depolarization information is available, varying the backscatter phase function as a function of depolarization may improve the estimate.
Genomic evolution of island birds from the view of the Swinhoe's pheasant (Lophura swinhoii)

Island endemic birds account for the majority of extinct vertebrates in the past few centuries. To date, the evolutionary characteristics of island endemic bird's is poorly known. In this research, we de novo assembled a high‐quality chromosome‐level reference genome for the Swinhoe's pheasant, which is a typical endemic island bird. Results of collinearity tests suggest rapid ancient chromosome rearrangement that may have contributed to the initial species radiation within Phasianidae, and a role for the insertions of CR1 transposable elements in rearranging chromosomes in Phasianidae. During the evolution of the Swinhoe's pheasant, natural selection positively selected genes involved in fecundity and body size functions, at both the species and population levels, which reflect genetic variation associated with island adaptation. We further tested for variation in population genomic traits between the Swinhoe's pheasant and its phylogenetically closely related mainland relative the silver pheasant, and found higher levels of genetic drift and inbreeding in the Swinhoe's pheasant genome. Divergent demographic histories of insular and mainland bird species during the last glacial period may reflect the differing impact of insular and continental climates on the evolution of species. Our research interprets the natural history and population genetic characteristics of the insular endemic bird the Swinhoe's pheasant, at a genome‐wide scale, provides a broader perspective on insular speciation, and adaptive evolution and contributes to the genetic conservation of island endemic birds.
ALPINE MASS MOVEMENT FORMS (NONCATASTROPHIC): CLASSIFICATION, DESCRIPTION, AND SIGNIFICANCE

A variety of noncatastrophic and distinctly slope, with the rare (in the alpine) block field, alpine mass movement forms may be classi- and block stream as subtypes. These mass fled under three basic terms: (1) talus, with movement forms reveal past and present local rockfall talus, alluvial talus, avalanche talus, and microclimates, rates of erosion, postglaavalanche boulder tongue, and protalus ram- cial valley wall, cliff, and ridge crest changes, part as subtypes; (2) rock glacier, subdivided and periglacial events during Neoglaciation. into tongue-shaped and lobate; and (3) block
Integrating evolutionary theory and social–ecological systems research to address the sustainability challenges of the Anthropocene

The rapid, human-induced changes in the Earth system during the Anthropocene present humanity with critical sustainability challenges. Social–ecological systems (SES) research provides multiple approaches for understanding the complex interactions between humans, social systems, and environments and how we might direct them towards healthier and more resilient futures. However, general theories of SES change have yet to be fully developed. Formal evolutionary theory has been applied as a dynamic theory of change of complex phenomena in biology and the social sciences, but rarely in SES research. In this paper, we explore the connections between both fields, hoping to foster collaboration. After sketching out the distinct intellectual traditions of SES research and evolutionary theory, we map some of their terminological and theoretical connections. We then provide examples of how evolutionary theory might be incorporated into SES research through the use of systems mapping to identify evolutionary processes in SES, the application of concepts from evolutionary developmental biology to understand the connections between systems changes and evolutionary changes, and how evolutionary thinking may help design interventions for beneficial change. Integrating evolutionary theory and SES research can lead to a better understanding of SES changes and positive interventions for a more sustainable Anthropocene. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis’.
Intracranial Atherosclerosis Disease Associated With Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Background Intracranial atherosclerosis disease (ICAD) alters cerebrovascular hemodynamics and brain structural integrity. Multiple studies have evaluated the link between ICAD and cognitive impairment, with mixed results. This study aims to systematically review and summarize the current evidence on this link. Methods and Results PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were searched from 2000 to 2023 without language restriction. Cross‐sectional and prospective cohort studies as well as postmortem studies were included. Studies containing data on the link between ICAD, defined as at least 50% stenosis in 1 intracranial vessel, and cognitive impairment and dementia were screened by 2 independent reviewers. A total of 22 (17 observational and 5 postmortem) unique studies, comprising 11 184 individuals (average age range, 59.8–87.6 years; 45.7% women; 36.5% Asian race), were included in the systematic review. Seven of 10 cross‐sectional studies and 5 of 7 prospective studies showed a significant association between ICAD and cognitive impairment. In the pooled analysis, ICAD was associated with greater cognitive impairment (measure of association, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.49–2.35]). Meta‐regression analyses did not show a significant impact of age, sex, and race. All postmortem studies showed that patients with Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia had a higher burden of ICAD compared with controls. Conclusions This study shows that ICAD is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia across age, sex, and race groups. Our findings may underscore the need to develop individualized dementia preventive care plans in patients with ICAD.
Towards understanding human–environment feedback loops: the Atacama Desert case

The overall trajectory for the human–environment interaction has been punctuated by demographic boom-and-bust cycles, phases of growth/overshooting as well as of expansion/contraction in productivity. Although this pattern has been explained in terms of an interplay between population growth, social upscaling, ecosystem engineering and climate variability, the evoked demographic–resource-complexity mechanisms have not been empirically tested. By integrating proxy data for population sizes, palaeoclimate and internal societal factors into empirical modelling approaches from the population dynamic theory, we evaluated how endogenous (population sizes, warfare and social upscaling) and exogenous (climate) variables module the dynamic in past agrarian societies. We focused on the inland Atacama Desert, where populations developed agriculture activities by engineering arid and semi-arid landscapes during the last 2000 years. Our modelling approach indicates that these populations experienced a boom-and-bust dynamic over the last millennia, which was coupled to structure feedback between population sizes, hydroclimate, social upscaling, warfare and ecosystem engineering. Thus, the human–environment loop appears closely linked with cooperation, competition, limiting resources and the ability of problem-solving. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis’.
standR: spatial transcriptomic analysis for GeoMx DSP data

Abstract To gain a better understanding of the complexity of gene expression in normal and diseased tissues it is important to account for the spatial context and identity of cells in situ. State-of-the-art spatial profiling technologies, such as the Nanostring GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP), now allow quantitative spatially resolved measurement of the transcriptome in tissues. However, the bioinformatics pipelines currently used to analyse GeoMx data often fail to successfully account for the technical variability within the data and the complexity of experimental designs, thus limiting the accuracy and reliability of the subsequent analysis. Carefully designed quality control workflows, that include in-depth experiment-specific investigations into technical variation and appropriate adjustment for such variation can address this issue. Here, we present standR, an R/Bioconductor package that enables an end-to-end analysis of GeoMx DSP data. With four case studies from previously published experiments, we demonstrate how the standR workflow can enhance the statistical power of GeoMx DSP data analysis and how the application of standR enables scientists to develop in-depth insights into the biology of interest.
Association Between Hearing Level and Mental Health and Quality of Life in Adults Aged >40 Years

Background and Objectives In this study, we investigated the effects of hearing loss on mental health and quality of life (QoL) using survey data in adults aged >40 years. Subjects and Methods We obtained data from 10,921 individuals who responded to the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Primary outcomes were measured using questionnaires that recorded stress perception, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation to evaluate mental health and motor ability, self-management, activities of daily living, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression to evaluate QoL. Results On multivariate analysis, suicidal ideation was more prevalent among older adults with hearing loss than in older adults without hearing loss. Motor ability was lower in individuals with hearing loss of >20 dB than in older adults with normal hearing. Categorization of the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) health state into upper and lower groups showed that the EQ-5D values were lower in the moderate-to-severe hearing loss group than in the mild hearing loss group. Conclusions Among adults aged >40 years, those with hearing loss experienced more suicidal ideation, had lower motor ability, and lower overall QoL compared with these variables in older adults with normal hearing. Additionally, QoL scores were low in individuals with poor hearing.
Abstract: Regional bedrock geology of the Baffin Island Shelf

During the last decade geophysical and geological cruises in Davis Strait and Baffin-Bay have outlined the regional bedrock geology of the Baffin Island continental shelf. On the southeastern Baffin shelf Precambrian metamorphic rocks form the bedrock adjacent to the coast. Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks underlie much of the shelf between Frobisher Bay and Cumberland Sound and extend northward toward Cape Dyer. These rocks also occur in Hudson Strait and Frobisher Bay and may be present in Cumberland Sound. Sedimentary and volcanic rocks mainly of Tertiary age occur over much of the central and outer parts of the southeastern shelf. The stratigraphic section off Cumberland Sound has been disturbed by the emplacement of northeastsouthwest trending subsurface ridge-like structures. · Mesozoic ··strata on the southeastern Baffin shelf appear to be confined to the subsurface except where locally involved in structures such as N.S. B3J 2Xl
Responder rates with eptinezumab over 24 weeks in patients with prior preventive migraine treatment failures: post hoc analysis of the DELIVER randomized clinical trial

Eptinezumab reduced monthly migraine days more than placebo in the DELIVER study, a clinical trial with patients with difficult‐to‐treat migraine and prior preventive treatment failures. This post hoc analysis assesses the sustained response to eptinezumab at the population and patient level and evaluates the potential for response in initial non‐responders.