Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities of hippocampal-cortical connectivity in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with hippocampal sclerosis

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common damage seen in the patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In the present study, the hippocampal-cortical connectivity was defined as the correlation between the hippocampal volume and cortical thickness at each vertex throughout the whole brain. We aimed to investigate the differences of ipsilateral hippocampal-cortical connectivity between the unilateral TLE-HS patients and the normal controls. In our study, the bilateral hippocampal volumes were first measured in each subject, and we found that the ipsilateral hippocampal volume significantly decreased in the left TLE-HS patients. Then, group analysis showed significant thinner average cortical thickness of the whole brain in the left TLE-HS patients compared with the normal controls. We found significantly increased ipsilateral hippocampal-cortical connectivity in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, the right cingulate gyrus and the left parahippocampal gyrus of the left TLE-HS patients, which indicated structural vulnerability related to the hippocampus atrophy in the patient group. However, for the right TLE-HS patients, no significant differences were found between the patients and the normal controls, regardless of the ipsilateral hippocampal volume, the average cortical thickness or the patterns of hippocampal-cortical connectivity, which might be related to less atrophies observed in the MRI scans. Our study provided more evidence for the structural abnormalities in the unilateral TLE-HS patients.
The Indo-US Library of Coudé Feed Stellar Spectra

We have obtained spectra for 1273 stars using the 0.9 m coudé feed telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. This telescope feeds the coudé spectrograph of the 2.1 m telescope. The spectra have been obtained with the no. 5 camera of the coudé spectrograph and a Loral 3K × 1K CCD. Two gratings have been used to provide spectral coverage from 3460 to 9464 Å, at a resolution of ~1 Å FWHM and at an original dispersion of 0.44 Å pixel-1. For 885 stars we have complete spectra over the entire 3460 to 9464 Å wavelength region (neglecting small gaps of less than 50 Å), and partial spectral coverage for the remaining stars. The 1273 stars have been selected to provide broad coverage of the atmospheric parameters Teff, log g, and [Fe/H], as well as spectral type. The goal of the project is to provide a comprehensive library of stellar spectra for use in the automated classification of stellar and galaxy spectra and in galaxy population synthesis. In this paper we discuss the characteristics of the spectral library, viz., details of the observations, data reduction procedures, and selection of stars. We also present a few illustrations of the quality and information available in the spectra. The first version of the complete spectral library is now publicly available from the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) via ftp and http.
Extension of Bogoliubov theory to quasicondensates

We present an extension of the well-known Bogoliubov theory to treat low-dimensional degenerate Bose gases in the limit of weak interactions and low density fluctuations. We use a density-phase representation and show that a precise definition of the phase operator requires a space discretization in cells of size l. We perform a systematic expansion of the Hamiltonian in terms of two small parameters, the relative density fluctuations inside a cell and the phase change over a cell. The resulting macroscopic observables can be computed in one, two, and three dimensions with no ultraviolet or infrared divergence. Furthermore, this approach exactly matches Bogoliubov's approach when there is a true condensate. We give the resulting expressions for the equation of state of the gas, the ground state energy, and the first order and second order correlation functions of the field. Explicit calculations are done for homogeneous systems.
Equation of State for Nineteen Metallic Elements from Shock‐Wave Measurements to Two Megabars

Plane‐wave explosive systems were used to accelerate thin metal plates to high velocities. Shock pressures resulting from the collision of these driver plates with a stationary target plate are approximately three times greater than the original shock pressure in the driver plate. The photographic flash‐gap technique was used to record velocities associated with the shock waves. The new experimental data extend the Hugoniot loci into the one‐to two‐megabar region for 19 metallic elements: Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Th, Ti, Tl, V, W, Zn, Bi, Fe, Sb.The Hugoniot P, V, E data have been extended to a more complete P, V, E, T equation of state by use of the Mie‐Gruneisen theory. The thermodynamic variable, γ=V(∂P/∂E)v, necessary for this extension, was obtained by solving the Dugdale‐MacDonald relation.
Effect of Methionine Analogues on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Serum Free Amino Acids and Rumen Fermentation of Yaks

Simple Summary Yaks (Bos grunniens) are one of the most remarkable domestic animals; however, they generally suffer from malnutrition for almost 8 months of the year, which results in yaks displaying a circannual rhythm with seasonal changes. Yaks are ruminant animals whose utilization of dietary nitrogen efficiency is only about 15.9–19.0%; a large amount of N is excreted in feces and urine. A nutritional method could be taken to improve the utilization rate of dietary nutrients and regulate the synthesis of protein. Methionine makes up the first two limiting amino acids in a corn–soybean-meal-based diet for ruminants; therefore, we added the methionine analogues to the diet to investigate its role in yaks, eventually to find an efficient way to feed yaks. Abstract This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of methionine analogues 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid isopropyl ester (HBMi) on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum metabolite, serum free amino acids, and rumen fermentation parameters of yaks. Twenty-four male Maiwa yaks (252.79 ± 15.95 kg) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments: basic diet (CON), or three HBMi (MetaSmart (MS); Adisseo Inc., Antony, France) supplementation treatments: MS1 (5 g), MS2 (10 g), and MS3 (15 g). The results showed that the increase in the supplemented MS levels linearly increased the average daily gain (p < 0.05), while the serum alkaline phosphatase activity and malondialdehyde content were increased when yaks were fed with 15 g/d MS (p < 0.05). The diet supplemented with MS linearly increased the percentages of glutamic acid and proline, and linearly or quadratically decreased the percentages of isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine (p < 0.05). Furthermore, supplementation of 10 g/d and 15 g/d MS increased ruminal microbial crude protein (p < 0.05). The ratio of acetate to propionate in the MS2 group was lower than those in CON and MS1 groups (p < 0.05). In summary, a diet supplemented with 10 g/d MS could be an effective way to improve the growth performance of fattening yaks without negative effects.
Evaluation of Nonhydrostatic Simulations of Northeast Pacific Atmospheric Rivers and Comparison to in Situ Observations

AbstractAtmospheric rivers are long, narrow bands of concentrated atmospheric water vapor transport that provide an important atmospheric linkage between the subtropics and the midlatitudes, facilitating over 90% of meridional water vapor flux and often resulting in extreme precipitation events in regions of enhanced coastal orography. In this investigation, the authors conduct continuous (3 month), large-domain (3600 km × 3200 km), high-resolution (4 km), nonhydrostatic simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and compare the observations to previously reported dropsonde observations from the California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) and the Pacific Land-Falling Jets Experiment (PACJET) in order to address an existing gap in knowledge regarding the ability of atmospheric models to simulate the finescale vertical and horizontal structure of atmospheric rivers. The WRF simulations reproduce key structural and thermodynamic characteristics of atmospheric rivers—including wel.
Polarization eclipse model of the Wolf-Rayet binary V444 Cygni with constraints on the stellar radii and an estimate of the Wolf-Rayet mass-loss rate

We present an improved analytical model as well as a new set of multiwavelength observations of the polarization eclipse of the Wolf-Rayet binary V444 Cygni (WN5+O6). Comparing the model with the observations yields an estimate of the O and Wolf-Rayet star radii as well as of the Wolf-Rayet mass-loss rate. For the 0 star we find R O* =8.5±1 R ○. and for the Wolf-Rayet star R WR* <4 R ○. These values are in agreement with those derived by Cherepashchuk et al. from the detailed analysis of multiwavelength light curves
Between reduced powers and ultrapowers, II

We prove that, consistently with ZFC, no ultraproduct of countably infinite (or separable metric, non-compact) structures is isomorphic to a reduced product of countable (or separable metric) structures associated to the Frechet filter. Since such structures are countably saturated, the Continuum Hypothesis implies that they are isomorphic when elementarily equivalent.
Chemical fractionation of deuterium in the protosolar nebula

Understanding gas-grain chemistry of deuterium in star-forming objects may help to explain their history and present state. We aim to clarify how processes in ices affect the deuterium fractionation. In this regard, we investigate a Solar-mass protostellar envelope using an astrochemical rate-equation model that considers bulk-ice chem- istry. The results show a general agreement with the molecular D/H abundance ratios observed in low-mass protostars. The simultaneous processes of ice accumulation and rapid synthesis of HD on grain surfaces in the prestellar core hampers the deuteration of icy species. The observed very high D/H ratios exceeding 10 per cent, i.e., super- deuteration, are reproduced for formaldehyde and dimethyl ether, but not for other species in the protostellar envelope phase. Chemical transformations in bulk ice lower D/H ratios of icy species and do not help explaining the super-deuteration. In the protostellar phase, the D2O/HDO abundance ratio was calculated to be higher than the HDO/H2O ratio owing to gas-phase chemistry. Species that undergo evaporation from ices have high molecular D/H ratio and a high gas-phase abundance.
The Nature of Turbulence in the LITTLE THINGS Dwarf Irregular Galaxies

We present probability density functions and higher order (skewness and kurtosis) analyses of the galaxy-wide and spatially resolved distributions of H i column density in the LITTLE THINGS sample of dwarf irregular galaxies. This analysis follows that of Burkhart et al. for the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). About 60% of our sample have galaxy-wide values of kurtosis that are similar to that found for the SMC, with a range up to much higher values, and kurtosis increases with integrated star formation rate. Kurtosis and skewness were calculated for radial annuli and for a grid of 32 pixel × 32 pixel kernels across each galaxy. For most galaxies, kurtosis correlates with skewness. For about half of the galaxies, there is a trend of increasing kurtosis with radius. The range of kurtosis and skewness values is modeled by small variations in the Mach number close to the sonic limit and by conversion of H i to molecules at high column density. The maximum H i column densities decrease with increasing radius in a way that suggests molecules are forming in the weak-field limit, where H2 formation balances photodissociation in optically thin gas at the edges of clouds.
A Bright Short Period M-M Eclipsing Binary from the KELT Survey: Magnetic Activity and the Mass–Radius Relationship for M Dwarfs

We report the discovery of KELT J041621-620046, a moderately bright (J ∼ 10.2) M-dwarf eclipsing binary system at a distance of 39 ± 3 pc. KELT J041621-620046 was first identified as an eclipsing binary using observations from the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT) survey. The system has a short orbital period of ∼1.11 days and consists of components with M 1 = 0.447 + 0.052 − 0.047 M ⊙ and M 2 = 0.399 + 0.046 − 0.042 M ⊙ in nearly circular orbits. The radii of the two stars are R 1 = 0.540 + 0.034 − 0.032 R ⊙ and R 2 = 0.453 ± 0.017 R ⊙ . Full system and orbital properties were determined (to ∼10% error) by conducting an EBOP (Eclipsing Binary Orbit Program) global modeling of the high precision photometric and spectroscopic observations obtained by the KELT Follow-up Network. Each star is larger by 17%–28% and cooler by 4%–10% than predicted by standard (non-magnetic) stellar models. Strong Hα emission indicates chromospheric activity in both stars. The observed radii and temperature discrepancies for both components are more consistent with those predicted by empirical relations that account for convective suppression due to magnetic activity.
Non-commutative $AdS_2/CFT_1$ duality: the case of massless scalar fields

We show how to construct correlators for the $CFT_1$ which is dual to non-commutative $AdS_2$ ($ncAdS_2$). We do it explicitly for the example of the massless scalar field on Euclidean $ncAdS_2$. $ncAdS_2$ is the quantization of $AdS_2$ that preserves all the isometries. It is described in terms of the unitary irreducible representations, more specifically discrete series representations, of $so(2,1)$. We write down symmetric differential representations for the discrete series, and then map them to functions on the Moyal-Weyl plane. The Moyal-Weyl plane has a large distance limit which can be identified with the boundary of $ncAdS_2$. Killing vectors can be constructed on $ncAdS_2$ which reduce to the $AdS_2$ Killing vectors near the boundary. We therefore conclude that $ncAdS_2$ is asymptotically $AdS_2$, and so the $AdS/CFT$ correspondence should apply. For the example of the massless scalar field on Euclidean $ncAdS_2$, the on-shell action, and resulting two-point function for the boundary theory, are computed to leading order in the noncommutativity parameter. The results agree with those of the commutative scalar field theory, up to a field redefinition.
Classical and Quantum Dynamics of Higher-Derivative Systems

A brief review of the physics of systems including higher derivatives in the Lagrangian is given. All such systems involve ghosts, i.e. the spectrum of the Hamiltonian is not bounded from below and the vacuum ground state is absent. Usually this leads to collapse and loss of unitarity. In certain special cases, this does not happen, however: ghosts are benign. We speculate that the Theory of Everything is a higher-derivative field theory, characterized by the presence of such benign ghosts and defined in a higher-dimensional bulk. Our Universe represents then a classical solution in this theory, having the form of a 3-brane embedded in the bulk.
DERIVATION, PROPERTIES, AND SIMULATION OF A GAS-KINETIC-BASED, NONLOCAL TRAFFIC MODEL

We derive macroscopic traffic equations from specific gas-kinetic equations, dropping some of the assumptions and approximations made in previous papers. The resulting partial differential equations for the vehicle density and average velocity contain a non-local interaction term which is very favorable for a fast and robust numerical integration, so that several thousand freeway kilometers can be simulated in real-time. The model parameters can be easily calibrated by means of empirical data. They are directly related to the quantities characterizing individual driver-vehicle behavior, and their optimal values have the expected order of magnitude. Therefore, they allow to investigate the influences of varying street and weather conditions or freeway control measures. Simulation results for realistic model parameters are in good agreement with the diverse non-linear dynamical phenomena observed in freeway traffic.
Weak lensing cosmology with convolutional neural networks on noisy data

Weak gravitational lensing is one of the most promising cosmological probes of the late universe. Several large ongoing (DES, KiDS, HSC) and planned (LSST, Euclid, WFIRST) astronomical surveys attempt to collect even deeper and larger scale data on weak lensing. Due to gravitational collapse, the distribution of dark matter is non-Gaussian on small scales. However, observations are typically evaluated through the two-point correlation function of galaxy shear, which does not capture non-Gaussian features of the lensing maps. Previous studies attempted to extract non-Gaussian information from weak lensing observations through several higher order statistics such as the three-point correlation function, peak counts, or Minkowski functionals. Deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) emerged in the field of computer vision with tremendous success, and they offer a new and very promising framework to extract information from 2D or 3D astronomical data sets, confirmed by recent studies on weak lensing. We show that a CNN is able to yield significantly stricter constraints of (σ8, Ωm) cosmological parameters than the power spectrum using convergence maps generated by full N-body simulations and ray-tracing, at angular scales and shape noise levels relevant for future observations. In a scenario mimicking LSST or Euclid, the CNN yields 2.4–2.8 times smaller credible contours than the power spectrum, and 3.5–4.2 times smaller at noise levels corresponding to a deep space survey such as WFIRST. We also show that at shape noise levels achievable in future space surveys the CNN yields 1.4–2.1 times smaller contours than peak counts, a higher order statistic capable of extracting non-Gaussian information from weak lensing maps.
Potential use of treated wastewater from a cattle operation in the fertigation of organic carrots

The use of treated effluents rich in nutrients and organic matter has intensified in agricultural crops, contributing to the demand for water and fertilizers. The goal of this work was to assess the effects of fertigation with treated dairy cattle wastewater, for the cultivation of carrot (Daucus carota) when applied in four different doses, under field conditions, on nutrient accumulation, productivity, and health quality in the carrot (D. carota). Wastewater from treated cattle (WTC) was treated in a pilot treatment unit (PTU). Cultivation was carried out in two beds, and the WTC applied by drippers. Nitrogen (N) was considered the base element for the dose calculation, and a 100% N dose was equivalent to 150 kg ha−1. WTC doses of 0, 100, 200, and 300% N were evaluated. Productivity was evaluated at 70 and 120 days after sowing, in the aerial part (fresh and dry mass and accumulation of nutrients), in the main roots (fresh and dry mass, accumulation of nutrients, diameter, length, and sanitary quality), and as the total productivity of the two organs. As a result, an increase in productivity was observed for all treatments with WTC and accumulation of Ca and Mg. The roots did not present contamination; therefore, the carrots were fit for human consumption. It was concluded that the application of WTC in organic cultivation of carrots is a viable alternative means of plant fertilization, providing higher root productivity than the national average, reaching 72.6 t ha−1 for a dose of 100% N, without compromising on sanitary quality and is suitable for human and animal consumption.
The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XV. The Dynamical Clock: Reading Cluster Dynamical Evolution from the Segregation Level of Blue Straggler Stars

The parameter A+, defined as the area enclosed between the cumulative radial distribution of blue straggler stars (BSSs) and that of a reference population, is a powerful indicator of the level of BSS central segregation. As part of the Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic globular clusters (GCs), here we present the BSS population and the determination of A+ in 27 GCs observed out to about one half-mass radius. In combination with 21 additional clusters discussed in a previous paper, this provides us with a global sample of 48 systems (corresponding to ∼32% of the Milky Way GC population), for which we find a strong correlation between A+ and the ratio of cluster age to the current central relaxation time. Tight relations have also been found with the core radius and the central luminosity density, which are expected to change with the long-term cluster dynamical evolution. An interesting relation is emerging between A+ and the ratio of the BSS velocity dispersion relative to that of main sequence turn-off stars, which measures the degree of energy equipartition experienced by BSSs in the cluster. These results provide further confirmation that BSSs are invaluable probes of GC internal dynamics and that A+ is a powerful dynamical clock.
Do boys and girls understand physics differently

Boys and girls differ significantly in physics instruction: boys achieve higher grades in tests and are more interested in learning physics than girls [1, 2]. With regard to social and linguistic behaviour, we claim that boys and girls hold different notions of what it means to understand physics. Briefly, girls seem to think that they understand a concept only if they can put it into a broader world view. Boys appear to view physics as valuable in itself and are pleased if there is internal coherence within the physics concepts learned.
Invariant imbedding theory of mode conversion in inhomogeneous plasmas. I. Exact calculation of the mode conversion coefficient in cold, unmagnetized plasmas

This is the first of a series of papers devoted to the development of the invariant imbedding theory of mode conversion in inhomogeneous plasmas. A new version of the invariant imbedding theory of wave propagation in inhomogeneous media allows one to solve a wide variety of coupled wave equations exactly and efficiently, even in the cases where the material parameters change discontinuously at the boundaries and inside the inhomogeneous medium. In this paper, the invariant imbedding method is applied to the mode conversion of the simplest kind, that is, the conversion of p-polarized electromagnetic waves into electrostatic modes in cold, unmagnetized plasmas. The mode conversion coefficient and the field distribution are calculated exactly for linear and parabolic plasma density profiles and compared quantitatively with previous results.
Symmetry breaking, and the effect of matter density on neutrino oscillation

A proposal for the neutrino mass, based on neutrino-scalar field interaction, is introduced. The scalar field is also non-minimally coupled to the Ricci scalar, and hence relates the neutrino mass to the matter density. In a dense region, the scalar field obeys the Z2 symmetry, and the neutrino is massless. In a dilute region, the Z2 symmetry breaks and neutrino acquires mass from the non-vanishing expectation value of the scalar field. We consider this scenario in the framework of a spherical dense object whose outside is a dilute region. In this background, we study the neutrino flavors oscillation, along with the consequences of the theory on oscillation length and MSW effect. This preliminary model may shed some lights on the existing anomalies within the neutrino data, concerning the different oscillating behavior of the neutrinos in regions with different densities.