Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Screening of Weed Control Options During Juneberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) Establishment1

Few weed management options are available for juneberry, which has limited the potential for this new crop. Field trials were initiated at three locations in North Dakota to evaluate efficacy and crop safety associated with chemical and physical weed control treatments applied just before or immediately after transplanting. All treatments except norflurazon and trifluralin provided at least 85% control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, common purslane, and yellow foxtail for the duration of the trial at Absaraka, ND, during 2001. Stinkgrass weed control 8 wk after treatment (WAT) dropped to unacceptable levels (<85%) with all treatments except azafenidin at 0.5 kg ai/ ha, norflurazon, and oxyfluorfen at 1.1 kg ai/ha at Dawson, ND, during 2001. However, juneberry injury 4 WAT by azafenidin at 0.5 kg/ha, flumioxazin at both locations, or azafenidin at 0.34 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen at 1.1 kg ai/ha at Absaraka, ND, was greater than observed for plants within the physical treatments. Juneberry injury generally decreased with time, yet remained >20% at 8 WAT for azafenidin and flumioxazin at Absaraka, ND, and for all treatments except the mulches at Dawson, ND. Plant injury 8 WAT at Absaraka in 2002 was 10% or less for all treatments and was lower compared with 2001. All physical treatments—azafenidin at 0.34 and 0.5 kg/ha, flumioxazin at 0.29 kg/ha, and oryzalin at 4.5 kg/ha—provided at least 85% control of all weed species at Carrington and Absaraka, ND, during 2002. Nomenclature: Azafenidin, 2-;ob2,4-dichloro-5-(2-propynyloxy)phenyl;cb-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazolo;ob4,3-a;cbpyridin-3(2H)-one; flumioxazin; oryzalin; oxyfluorfen, 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene; trifluralin; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. # POROL; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. # AMARE; stinkgrass, Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) E. Mosher # ERACN; yellow foxtail, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. # SETLU; juneberry, Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. ‘Lee 8’, ‘Martin’, ‘Smoky’. Additional index words: Weed management, mulches, Saskatoon. Abbreviations: MAT, months after treatment; WAT, weeks after treatment.
Effect of substrate and culture conditions on the production of amylase and pullulanase by thermophilic Clostridium thermosulforegenes SVM17 in solid state fermentation

The endo acting enzyme with dual specificity towards α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic linkages are named as amylopullulanase. The production of extracellular thermostable amylopullulanase by Clostridium thermosulfurogenes SVM17 was investigated in solid state fermentation (SSF). Coarse type wheat bran was found to be the best substrate among ten easily available complex organic substrates evaluated. The production of enzyme reached a peak in 72 h. A high level of enzyme was produced in wheat bran moistened with PYE medium with a moisture content of 73 %. The optimum temperature and pH for amylopullulanase production was 60 °C and 7.5, respectively. An inoculum size of 20 % resulted in maximum production of amylopullulanase. Under the optimum conditions the strain showed a maximum of 17,227 and 21,526 U of amylase and pullulanase activity, respectively per kilogram of bacterial bran (BB). The enzyme production was high in SSF than that in SmF. The use of SSF for the production of thermostable amylopullulanase by C. thermosulfurogenes SVM17 could, therefore led to reduction in the overall cost of enzyme production.
Integrated Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth of Maize Original Research Article

Integrated effect of PGPR and PSB along with chemical fertilizers has great significance for the improvement of soil fertility as well as to increase the plant growth and its biomass. The present study was conducted in order to test the effect of PGPR and PSB along with recommended doses of chemical fertilizer to evaluate the performance of different plant parameters under various chemical and biological treatments. The bacterial strains were isolated from root rhizosphere of maize, II, SF and WC and characterized on the basis of their morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. The shape, size and structure of isolates were determined through microscopic analysis. The selected PGPR isolates produced reasonable quantity of IAA (ranging 0.11-0.83 µg/ml). The PSB strain showed highest solubilization index (0.88%). The co-inoculation of PGPR and PSB with 25% less N and recommended P and K fertilizers showed maximum plant height (88.7 cm) at vegetative stage, chlorophyll contents (50.1 mg/g), leaves/plant (12.7) and root dry biomass (19.93g). While the maximum plant heights at maturity (114.5 cm), shoot dry biomass (31.2g), root length (8.8 cm) were recorded on PGPR, PSB and Recommended NPK. The highest plant phosphorous contents (0.29) was observed in treatment having the combination of Iple Iple (II ) + PSB + Recommended K + ¾ N + ¾ P. The PGPR, PSB and chemical fertilizer have showed very promising results on different parameters and vigorous growth of maize plants.
Herbivores inhibit climate‐driven shrub expansion on the tundra

Recent Pan‐Arctic shrub expansion has been interpreted as a response to a warmer climate. However, herbivores can also influence the abundance of shrubs in arctic ecosystems. We addressed these alternative explanations by following the changes in plant community composition during the last 10 years in permanent plots inside and outside exclosures with different mesh sizes that exclude either only reindeer or all mammalian herbivores including voles and lemmings. The exclosures were replicated at three forest and tundra sites at four different locations along a climatic gradient (oceanic to continental) in northern Fennoscandia. Since the last 10 years have been exceptionally warm, we could study how warming has influenced the vegetation in different grazing treatments. Our results show that the abundance of the dominant shrub, Betula nana, has increased during the last decade, but that the increase was more pronounced when herbivores were excluded. Reindeer have the largest effect on shrubs in tundra, while voles and lemmings have a larger effect in the forest. The positive relationship between annual mean temperature and shrub growth in the absence of herbivores and the lack of relationships in grazed controls is another indication that shrub abundance is controlled by an interaction between herbivores and climate. In addition to their effects on taller shrubs (>0.3 m), reindeer reduced the abundance of lichens, whereas microtine rodents reduced the abundance of dwarf shrubs (<0.3 m) and mosses. In contrast to short‐term responses, competitive interactions between dwarf shrubs and lichens were evident in the long term. These results show that herbivores have to be considered in order to understand how a changing climate will influence tundra ecosystems.
Characteristics and Fatty Acid Composition of Yeast Isolated from the Intestines of Rainbow Trout

A species of yeast was isolated from the intestines of rainbow trout Onco rhynchus mykiss fed with pelleted diets in two different aquaculture stations. The yeast isolates were found to multiply by budding, not to form spore and any pigment and identified as Candida sp. The yeast isolates fermented glucose, galactose, sucrose, fructose, inulin and trehalose but not lactose, mannitol, malt ose, inositol, melibiose, cellobiose and starch. The isolates grew poorly on Z-AII agar without glucose, whereas they grew very well on Z-AII agar with glucose (ZAG agar). The representative strain Y91-01 grew in a temperature range of 13 to 34X3, in a pH range of 2 to 9, and in a NaCl concentration range of 0 to 7%. Strain Y91-01 required biotin as incubated in glucose-(NH4)2S04 medium. The total lipids extracted from strain Y91-01 cells contained Ci6:i, Ci6:o, Cw:i and Ci8:o as major fatty acids.
Morfologia polínica de espécies de Euphorbiaceae s.l. arbóreas ocorrentes no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

The pollen morphology of seven species of Euphorbiaceae occurring in the State of Santa Catarina, were examined: Actinostemon concolor, Hieronima alchorneoides, Maprounea brasiliensis, Pachystroma longifolium, Pausandra morisiana, Sapium glandulosum and Sebastiania argutidens. Except for Pausandra morisiana, all species have pollen grains in monads, isopolar, small to medium, radial symmetry, 3-colporate, oblate-spheroidal to prolate, and with a microreticulate ornamentation. Pollen grains of Pausandra morisiana follow the Croton-pattern. The morphometric data showed that Hieronima alchorneiodes pollen grains present the equatorial axis shorter than the other specimens studied. Pachystroma longifolium is the only species that shows a nexine thicker than the sexine, which characterizes pollen grains more resistant to the fossilization processes.
Insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests in steers with increasing Wagyu genetic influence

Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were conducted in 18 steers with 0, 50 and 75% Wagyu genetic influence. Glucose clearances were similar for all steers. Plasma insulin concentrations (basal, 5 and 10 min post-infusion) were higher (P < 0.05) in 0% Wagyu steers (2.57, 7.36, 9.68 ng mL−1) relative to 50% Wagyu (1.17, 2.59, 5.34 ng mL−1) or 75% Wagyu (0.99, 2.78, 5.00 ng mL−1). A correlation coefficient of 0.71 (P = 0.005; n = 15) between marbling score of carcasses and plasma glucose concentration 90 min after glucose infusion suggests, possible associations among the propensity of cattle with Wagyu genetic influence to marble, mechanisms of glucose utilization and nature of the insulin response to circulating glucose. Key words: Plasma glucose, insulin, marbling, Wagyu
Self-select feeding of commercial pullets using a complete layer diet and a separate protein concentrate at cool and hot temperatures

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of self-select feeding to 40 weeks of age on food, protein and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes and egg mass output of pullets previously trained to this feeding system between 15 and 19 weeks of age and kept at cool (10"-20°C) and hot (25"-35°C) temperatures. In two experiments different lighting patterns were also compared without noticeable effect. Except for ME intake on the low-ME diet in Experiment 2, protein and ME intakes were significantly improved when pullets fed a low-ME (10.2 MJIkg) or high-ME (12.0 MJIkg) complete layer diet at both temperatures were offered a separate protein concentrate on a self-select basis. Increases in egg mass output were most pronounced when the high-ME complete diet was fed with the protein concentrate at the hot temperatures. The resulting egg mass output was similar to that obtained when the low-ME complete diet was fed with the protein concentrate or when a highly concentrated, complete diet, based on the intakes of the high-ME diet and the separate protein concentrate selected by pullets of similar age in an earlier study, was fed. Providing a separate granular source of calcium had no significant effect on the responses to self-select feeding.
A Strengths-Based Parenting Intervention with Low-Income African American Families

With the propensity of African American children at higher risk for academic success due to their disproportionate rate of school discipline problems compared to their peers, school counselors are challenged to provide culturally and developmentally responsive services for this population. This article provides a brief rationale for the use of a family-oriented, strengths-based approach when working with African Americans and explores the effect of “child parent relationship training” on children's behavior and parent-child relationship stress.
Biocontrol of Tomato Fruit Borer, Heliothis Armigera (Hb.) In Karnataka

Heliothis armigera (Hb.) is a common polyphagous pest in India, causing maximum damage to several economic crops. Mass-release of three species of egg parasites, one of egg-larval and three of larval parasites during 1977–83 seems to help in control of the pest in Kamataka. Three species of exotic parasites released have been recovered and so show signs of establishment.
Insensitivity of soil biological communities to phosphorus fertilization in intensively managed grassland systems

Efficient soil P cycling is essential for promoting optimal and sustainable grassland growth. The soil biological community is regarded as an important source of available P to the plant community. However, the effects of P fertilization on the soil biota are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of P fertilization on plant and soil biological communities in two intensively managed grassland sites that had been receiving mineral-based P fertilization over a 14-year period. Both pastures had been frequently cut and harvested for plant material and had received only inorganic fertilizers from the establishment of the trial. Both sites were sampled four times from October 2009 to April 2011 and plant and a range of soil biological parameters were determined at each sampling period. The main findings of this study showed that soil chemical measures, such as labile inorganic P and total P concentrations, and plant yield and P contents responded as expected to P fertilization. However, all soil biological parameters either showed no response or inconsistent responses to P fertilization over the experimental period. This study indicates that intensive management regimes, for example intensive plant harvesting and fertilizer regimes, appear to override the relationship between plant and soil biological communities with respect to their response to P fertilization, and thus their productivity is apparently not predicated upon biotic activity.
Combined effect of NPK levels and foliar nutritional compounds on growth and yield parameters of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of NPK levels and foliar nutritional compounds on growth yield, chemical constituents and nutrients content of potato plants grown in newly reclaimed soil. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Increasing the NPK levels significantly increased all the growth, and yield parameters (except for number of aerial stem, plant), photosynthetic pigments, chemical constituents of potato tuber at harvest, and macro and micronutrients in potato shoots and tubers. The highest values of the mentioned parameters were obtained by using the highest NPK (120:80:100) as compared with the other two NPK levels (Medium: 102:68:85 and low: 90: 60: 75). Foliar application with folifertile, Byfolane and fetrilon combi significantly increased growth and yield parameters, photosynthetic pigments, chemical constituents and nutrients content of shoots and tubers as compared with the control treatment. The highest effective treatment in this respect was folifertile followed by Byfolane and fetrilon combi in decreasing order. The interaction between NPK levels and foliar nutritional compounds significantly affected leaves number (LN)/plant, chl. b and chl. a + b, tuber yield, mono sugars, carbohydrate and L-ascorbic acid as well as p, Mn and Cu concentration in shoots, and N and Fe in tubers. The interaction did not significantly affect the other studied parameters. Key words: Foliar compounds, nutrients content, potato NPK chemical constituents, interactions.
Seasonal and Daily Movement of Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Abstract Seasonal and daily flight patterns of Scaphoideus titanus Ball were investigated in northern Italy, throughout a 3-yr period, using yellow sticky traps placed in an experimental vineyard. Capture data were also analyzed in relation to temperature and relative humidity values. The leafhopper was found to be more active from 1800 to 0800 hours, whereas little movement occurred during high light intensity hours. Although the sex ratio was always male biased, no difference in flight periodicity was found between genders. The seasonal flight peak occurred each year in different periods, ranging from the end of June to the beginning of July, depending on mean temperature values. Daily capture increases were correlated with daily minimum and maximum temperatures and were negatively correlated with maximum values of relative humidity. As a result, this species could be crepuscular or nocturnal, and a bimodal flight periodicity is likely.
Creating Positive School Experiences for Students with Disabilities

The school experiences of students with disabilities can be positively or negatively influenced by the attitudes and behaviors of students and school personnel and by general school policies. School counselors can take the lead in assessing school climate in relation to students with disabilities and initiating interventions or advocating for change when appropriate. This article provides an overview of factors to consider in creating positive school experiences for students with disabilities and suggestions for intervention efforts.
Reproductive patterns of Cynopterus brachyotis (dog-faced fruit bat) in Bintulu, Sarawak

Reproductive period is a critical phase for most living organism. However, the influence of environmental condition on the reproductive pattern of Chiroptera in Malaysia is not well studied. A study on the reproductive patterns of dog-faced fruit bat, Cynopterus brachyotis, was conducted at Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Campus, Sarawak. Bats were captured in a planted forest and mixed dipterocarp forest using mist-nets for a period of 14 months from January 2009 to February 2010. The reproductive status was determined based on morphology of the bats. Five (I-Minor testes enlargement, no epididymal distention, II-Testes at or near maximal enlargement, no epididymal distention, III-Testes regressed, cauda epididymal distented, IV-Testes not regressed, cauda epididymal distented and V-No testiscular or epididymal enlargement) and four (I-Possibility pregnant, II-Lactating, III-Post-lactating and IV-Not reproductively active) categories of the reproductive status were categorized for the male and female C. brachyotis, respectively. Bats reproduce at all time of the year and the peak periods are associated with the rainy seasons. The first peak of reproduction (pregnancy and lactation) occurred in January to April 2009 and second peak in June to November 2009. The highest frequency of pregnancy and lactation female coincided with the fruit abundance. The results indicated that C. brachyotis performed a non-seasonal reproductive pattern. The findings are important in understanding the reproductive biology of bats and in protecting this ecologically important and diverse group of mammals.
Spinal cord blood flow in dogs 1

The effect of CO2 on the spinal cord blood flow was investigated in nine dogs. The flow was closely correlated with the paCO2 and at about 85 mmHg was double the normocarbic flow. The effect of pO2 was studied in a further nine dogs. Hypoxia markedly increased the flow which was maximal at paO2 30-40 mmHg. The vasoconstrictor effect of hypocarbia was absent or decreased in hypoxia. The response of the cord vessels to the blood gases was very similar to that of the brain.
Respiration and nutrient release from tree leaf litter mixtures

The effect of mixing litters on decomposition rates was investigated by incubating seven tree leaf litter types in all possible two-litter combinations under controlled laboratory conditions for 26 weeks. Inorganic N and CO 2 release were monitored during the course of the incubation and final litter concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and K were determined. Initial Ca content provided the best correlation (r 2 = 0.458, P<0.001) between total respiration of the pure and mixed units and initial litter quality. There was a very poor correlation (r 2 =0.046, P= 0.272) between total respiration and initial N content across all litters, but when alder, and mixtures with alder, were removed from the calculation the remaining litters gave a strong correlation (r 2 = 0.720, P < 0.001). The majority of litter combinations showed interaction effects for CO 2 release at some stage during the incubation, with eight significant positive and only one significant negative interaction for total CO 2 release. All mixtures showed interaction effects for inorganic N, with release from mixtures generally occurring later than expected. Total N loss was significantly lower in four mixtures, and significantly higher in one. It is suggested that the 'mixtures effect' could be a useful management tool for modifying the timing and rate of release of N from decomposing plant residues to improve the synchrony between mineralisation and plant uptake. Increased rates of decomposition appear to have been a result of a 'sharing' of resources between the component litters of a mixture. Elemental translocation by fungal hyphae, along with diffusion, is proposed as a means by which the degradation of one litter was facilitated by the presence of another.
Soil and light effects on the sapling performance of the shade-tolerant species Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) in a Mexican tropical rain forest

Abstract: Many studies conclude that light is the most important resource that determines plant performance of tree saplings in tropical rain forests, and implicitly suggest that soil resources are less important. To provide a quantitative test for soil versus light effects on sapling performance, we studied how saplings of the shade-tolerant tree species Brosimum alicastrum responded to contrasting levels of light availability and soil fertility in a Mexican tropical rain forest. Therefore saplings were selected from ten low-light exposure (crown position index <1.5) and ten high-light exposure (crown position index ≥2.5) sites either on productive alluvial soils, or on poor sandy soils on adjacent hills. Annual growth responses were scored for 58 saplings. The soil–light interaction had a strong positive effect on branching rate and leaf area production, rather than light or soil alone. Height growth only increased at higher light availability. Herbivore damage was higher on the more productive soil and, to a lesser extent, at higher light availability. Our results suggest that saplings (1) responded differently to soil and light availability, (2) expanded in overall size when both soil and light limitations are released, but only increased in height with increasing light intensity (3) and faced a trade-off between expansion and defence along both soil and light gradients. This study emphasizes the role of soil resources, in interaction with light availability, on the plastic responses in saplings living in a tropical forest understorey.
Microclimate and Columnar Apple Tree Performance within Insect-exclusionary Cages

A barrier system for pest control consisting of insect-exclusionary cages covered with three types of mesh material was placed over columnar apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. This system has been shown to provide arthropod control equivalent to insecticides. Light intensity, evaporation, and air and soil temperature were reduced inside the cages. Shoot elongation of columnar apple trees grown inside insect-exclusion- ary cages was significantly greater than that of trees grown outside the cages. However, this increased shoot growth was not due to etiolation. Tree performance was unaffected by insect-exclusionary cages. Fruit set and fruit soluble solids concentration were not reduced by the cages; however, fruit color intensity was reduced as the degree of shading from the mesh increased. These findings, in conjunction with high levels of arthropod control by insect-exclusionary cages, may allow insect-exclusionary cages to be used for evaluating integrated pest management thresholds, predator-prey relationships, and apple produc- tion without insecticides.