Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Present distribution and possible vectors of introductions of the alga Heterosiphonia japonica (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) in Europe.

In order to trace the introduction history of the western Pacific species Heterosiphonia japonica to and within Europe, information on distribution pattern of the species in Europe, oyster import and shipping activity has been compiled and analyzed. Additionally survival of fragments of H. japonica during a simulated journey in ballast water from Asia (Korea) to Europe (France) has been observed. The species was first recorded in Europe near an oyster culture area in Brittany (France) in 1984. Since then, it has spread quickly in Europe. The first introduction into Europe and secondary dispersal in southern Europe has most likely been trough movement of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. However, survival of H. japonica in temperatures varying from 14 to 28 degrees during a simulated 28-days journey in ballast water was demonstrated, and an introduction by ships from the Pacific Ocean may thus be considered as possible. Spreading of the species in the North Sea area and Scandinavia is most likely due to transport by ships, e.g. as attached to ships hulls, as fragments in ballast water or entangled e.g. in fishing gear.
Differential Susceptibility of Prunus Germplasm (Subgenus Amygdalus) to a California Isolate of Xylella fastidiosa

Seedling peach (Prunus persica Batsch) and clonal peach-almond hybrids are popular rootstock choices for commercial almond growers in California. In this study, clonal replicates of peach and almond (P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) rootstock germplasm and a first-generation peach-almond hybrid created from them were challenged with Xylella fastidiosa isolate M23. Clonal replicates were needle-inoculated with M23 and maintained in a greenhouse environment for a growing season. Typical almond leaf scorch disease symptoms began to develop on M23-inoculated almonds 11 weeks after in- oculation. No leaf scorch symptoms were observed on M23-inoculated peach or peach- almond hybrids. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed consistent levels ofX.fastidiosa DNA among inoculated almond replicates, whereasX.fastidiosa DNA was undetectable in replicates of peach-almond hybrids. A trace level ofX.fastidiosa DNA was detected in a single peach replicate, and statistical analysis demonstrated that this level differed significantly (P < 0.001) from that detected in almond replicates. Selected almonds were further sampled sequentially along their meristematic axes to examine bacterial titer throughout the trees. Selected almond trees differed significantly (P = 0.036) in bacterial titer, but no significant differences were noted in levels of X. fastidiosa from different vertical sections of the main growth axes. The results suggest that peach and peach-almond hybrid rootstock germplasm used by commercial almond tree nurseries in California are not primary inoculum sources for X. fastidiosa-induced diseases.
Automated Deduction in the B Set Theory using Typed Proof Search and Deduction Modulo

We introduce an encoding of the set theory of the B method using polymorphic types and deduction modulo, which is used for the automated verication of proof obligations in the framework of theBWare project. Deduction modulo is an extension of predicate calculus with rewriting both on terms and propositions. It is well suited for proof search in theories because it turns many axioms into rewrite rules. We also present the associated automated theorem prover Zenon Modulo, an extension of Zenon to polymorphic types and deduction modulo, along with its backend to the Dedukti universal proof checker, which also relies on types and deduction modulo, and which allows us to verify the proofs produced by Zenon Modulo. Finally, we assess our approach over the proof obligation benchmark of BWare.
Condensed tannin concentrations found in vegetative and mature forage legumes grown in western Canada

Berard, N. C. , Wang, Y. , Wittenberg, K. M. , Krause, D. O. , Coulman, B. E. , McAllister, T. A. and Ominski, K. H. 2011. Condensed tannin concentrations found in vegetative and mature forage legumes grown in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 669-675. There has been limited effort to examine condensed tannin (CT) concentrations of forage legume species grown in western Canada. Using the butanol-HCl technique, extractable CT concentrations were measured in Trifolium hybridum L. , T. ambiguum M. Bieb, T. pratense L. , T. repens L. , Dalea purpurea Vent. , Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. , Lotus corniculatus L. , Medicago sativa L. , and Astragalus cicer L. collected from research and variety trial plots across the Canadian prairies. Above ground plant biomass was harvested at the vegetative and mature physiological stages for two growing seasons. Dalea purpurea, a native legume, had the highest mean CT concentration of 68.6±22.6 g kg-1 DM, with minimum and maximum values ranging from 37.9 to 92.9 g kg-1 DM. Onobrychis viciifolia had the second highest mean CT concentration (46.0 g kg-1 DM) with a range of 16.3 to 94.4 g kg-1 DM. The third highest mean CT concentration of 15.1 g kg-1 DM was found in L. corniculatus with a range of 0.0 to 25.7 g kg-1 DM. Forage biomass had higher CT concentrations (P<0.05) when harvested at the mature stage for all species except O. viciifolia, which had higher CT concentrations in the vegetative state. The potential benefit of inclusion of these species in ruminant diets at the observed concentrations requires further exploration.
Vertical distribution and temporal variation of marine planktonic archaea in the Gerlache Strait, Antarctica, during early spring

A station located in the Gerlache Strait (Antarctic Peninsula) was sampled during early spring to determine the vertical distribution of marine planktonic archaea and to further describe the dynamic environment where they live. Chlorophyll concentration indicated that sampling occurred during the early stages of austral spring algal development. As expected, prokaryote abundance was higher at surface than at depth, and prokaryotic activity estimated by leucine incorporation was low at the surface and extremely low at 500 m. The relative abundance of planktonic archaeal, eucaryal, and bacterial ribosomal RNA was determined by quantitative rRNA hybridization, and the performance of two different universal probes used to normalize group‐specific probe hybridization response was compared. Archaeal rRNA was detected in all samples analyzed, and was more abundant at depth (up to 25% of total rRNA) than at the surface. In both years, the archaeal signal decreased during the sampling period, particularly at surface. Most of the archaeal signal was attributable to group I archaea, affiliated with the kingdom Crenarchaeota. Planktonic euryarchaeotes (group II archaea) showed a larger contribution to the archaeal assemblage in surface waters than at depth. In total, our results verify that planktonic archaea are dynamic and abundant components in marine picoplankton assemblages of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Human Skin Models for Research Applications in Pharmacology and Toxicology: Introducing NativeSkin®, the “Missing Link” Bridging Cell Culture and/or Reconstructed Skin Models and Human Clinical Testing

Abstract The use of human skin models in pharmacology and toxicology has become a widely accepted approach for the evaluation of dermato-cosmetic products, both finished formulations and active ingredients. In particular, in vitro–reconstructed human skin models consisting on human keratinocytes and/or fibroblasts are used globally in both industrial and academic research laboratories, and regulatory bodies endorse the use of several of them as valid alternatives to animal testing requirements. Despite the recent progress that has been made in the reconstruction of more complex skin models containing other cell types, such models still have inherent limitations, as they are not an exact copy of human skin in vivo, and hence the predictability of the human in vivo response remains limited. Here we describe a new testing approach based on the use of NativeSkin®, a standardized ex vivo model of human skin, maintaining physiological skin biology, skin barrier function, and metabolism during 7 days of culture .
Control of codling moth in small plots by mating disruption: alone and with limited insecticide

Mating disruption alone and mating disruption supplemented with limited applications of either azinphos‐methyl or fenoxycarb was evaluated in 0.11–0.30 ha plots for the control of codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) populations.
Spatial and temporal associations between recovering populations of common raven Corvus corax and British upland wader populations

1. Recovering populations of predators and scavengers have often given rise to concerns about the impact they may have on prey species. Particularly, this is the case when the prey species are of economic or conservation importance. 2. Recovery of common raven Corvus corax populations in the UK and Europe has given rise to a conflict with some stakeholders over their concerns for both the protection of livestock and the possible detrimental impact on some upland bird species, particularly ground nesting waders. This has led to demands by some land managers for licences to lethally control ravens to protect upland breeding birds. 3. We used data from broad scale surveys of distribution and abundance of upland breeding birds in the UK carried out in 1980-1993 and 2000-2002 to test whether variation in raven abundance or change in raven abundance was negatively associated with changes in abundance of five species of waders. 4. We found no significant negative spatial or temporal relationships between ravens and any of the five species of waders. However, weak (0·05 < P < 0·1) negative relationships between raven abundance and trends of curlew Numenius arquata and lapwing Vanellus vanellus may warrant further investigation. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our study found no significant negative associations between raven abundance and population changes in upland waders, and so does not provide support to justify granting of licences for the lethal control of ravens in the interest of population-level conservation of these upland wader species. However, the near significant negative associations with lapwing and curlew merit further investigation. This study emphasizes the importance of making a thorough evaluation of the evidence base before making decisions regarding predator control.
Spat production of the great scallop (Pecten maximus): a roller coaster11This review is part of a virtual symposium on current topics in aquaculture of marine fish and shellfish.

The great scallop (Pecten maximus (L., 1758)) has been of interest for aquaculture in Europe since the early 1970s. Since then, a large part of the research and development has focussed on reproduction and early life stages to support hatchery production of spat. Results from the last two decades show that production stability is lacking and have followed a roller-coaster trend. Production strategy varies, but in general, broodstock are collected from the wild and conditioned to gonad maturity sufficient for successful spawning. Natural reproduction cycle varies between populations, which is a challenge to hatcheries aiming at stable year-round production. Larval survival was for many years dependent on addition of antibiotics until a flow-through culture was established, and seasonal variation may be caused by variation in gamete or seawater quality. Settlement, metamorphosis, and spat growth depend on healthy larvae and appropriate culture environment. For efficient spat production, the use of land-base.
Efeito de fatores ambientais sobre escores de avaliação visual à desmama e estimativa de parâmetros genéticos, para bezerros da raça charolês

To evaluate the influence of environmental factors on visual scores at weaning on Charolais breed animals, and to estimate genetic parameters, it were used records collected by PROMEBO from 1994 to 2002. The traits evaluated were the visual scores for conformation (C), precocity (P), muscling (M) and size (T) at weaning. First of all, it was performed an analyse of variance to verify wich environmental effects were significant on the studied characteristics. The model used considered, as fixed, the effect of contemporaneous group (GC), as covariables, the effects of age of the dam at parturition (IV), age at weaning (ID) and Julian date of birth (DJ) and the residual effect. All the variables included in the model affected significantly visual scores (P<0,05), except DJ, for M, P and C. From the adjusted averages for C, P, M and T it were adjusted regression equations for IV, ID and DJ. It was observed that cows freshening between 7 and 8 years produced calves with larger scores. In relation to the weaning age, it was observed that the animals weaned later presented more elevated visual scores. In relation to the Julian date of born, it was verified that calves born in June were favored in their scores, when compared with animal that born in December and January. The genetic parameters were estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood Method, using an animal model considering as fixed the effect of GC and, as covariables, IV, ID and DJ and, as random, the additive genetic direct and maternal and the residual effects. The heritability estimated for genetic direct effect and standard errors were . 37 (.09), . 35 (.09), . 33 (.09) and . 27 (.09), respectively, for C, M, P and T. These results suggest that the evaluation for visual scores, must to considerate the studied fixed effects, and that it is possible to include these characteristics in breeding programs.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULLED MAGELANG DUCK MEAT AFFECTED BY AGING AND MARINATION IN GINGER EXTRACT

The study was aimed to improve the physical characteristics of culled duck meat using marinationin ginger extract and aging. The material used were Magelang culled ducks (2.5 years old). Gingerextract was derived from the rhizome of fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). The experimentalused was a factorial design (3x3), with two main factors, namely the concentration of ginger extract andaging time in completely randomized design. Level of ginger extract concentrations were 0, 5, 10% andlong times of aging were 24, 48, 72 hours as combination treatments, and replication for each treatmentwere 3 times. There was a significant interaction between the factors of aging time with ginger extractconcentration in influencing moisture, pH , hardness and the water holding capacity of culled Magelangduck meat. The best treatment to improve the physical characteristics of culled duck meat weremarination in 5% ginger extract and aging for 48 hours.
Growth and photosynthetic response of first-year garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) to varied irradiance.

understories and displace the native understory flora. We examined the influence of varied irradiance on growth and photosynthetic rates of first-year garlic mustard plants. We measured the photosynthetic rates at different levels of irradiance for plants grown at ambient irradiances in a forest or garden, and in a growth chamber under one of four irradiance treatments (constant 125, 243, 469, or 1,140 Lmol m-2 s-' of PPFD). For growth chamber plants, log normal transformed shoot biomass was positively correlated with the irradiance under which the plants were grown (r2 = 0.9188, P<0.05). For all plants, maximum photosynthetic rates (AMa,) and stomatal conduction tended to be higher for plants grown under high irradiances than those grown under low irradiances. These maximum rates are similar to those of other shade-adapted species, but lower than those reported for sunadapted ruderals. This may in part explain why garlic mustard tends to be restricted to shaded or partially shaded habitats.
Temporal gait parameters in the alpaca and the evolution of pacing and trotting locomotion in the Camelidae

Alpacas are increasingly popular as domesticated companion and commercial animals. Their footfall patterns, however, are not well documented. It would be fascinating to know if artificial selection has changed alpacas' locomotor patterns from the ancestral condition in the vicuna. Some members of the Camelidae pace rather than trot, but the gaits of most species have not been studied quantitatively. Thus, investigating alpacas' gaits might contribute to understanding the factors influencing gait choice and evolution. We aimed to quantify the temporal footfall patterns of alpacas to determine observed gaits and to describe gait parameters as a function of speed. Kinematic data (3D motion capture) of locomotor patterns over a range of speeds were collected from four alpacas. We quantified the influence of speed on stance time, swing time, stride time (and frequency), duty factor and stride length, and created gait diagrams for symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits. Alpacas moved using lateral sequence walks, mainly lateral couplets walks and runs with some lateral sequence, singlefoot footfall patterns. Remarkably, the alpacas never truly paced or trotted. At faster speeds, they switched to asymmetrical gaits, predominantly transverse gallops. With increasing speed, stance and stride times decreased, and stride frequencies and stride length increased. Swing times decreased slightly with speed for symmetrical gaits, and a tendency towards an increasing swing time was evident in asymmetrical gaits. It is still uncertain why quadrupeds choose particular gaits and intriguingly, extant camelids (alpacas, dromedary camels) do not trot. The apparent absence of pacing in alpacas deserves further investigation in an experimental and comparative framework. Yet, this absence seems inherited from their vicuna ancestors, indicating that pacing gaits may not be ancestral or common for Camelidae. Future studies should include kinetic and anatomical data to provide insight into whole-body mechanics, and include other unstudied species such as guanacos and vicunas.
Improving acoustic estimates of krill: experience from repeat sampling of northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) in Gullmarsfjord, Sweden

A series of eight replicated acoustic surveys, four by day and four by night, was undertaken in Gullmarsfjord on the Swedish west coast during two 24-h periods on 8 and 10 September 2003, using a calibrated echosounder operating at 120 and 38 kHz. The difference in signal strength (Sv) was used to distinguish northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) from other acoustic scatterers. The approach is concluded to be very effective, but it can be improved greatly by applying the following series of simple extensions to current protocols: first, set a very low threshold on both frequencies to minimize sampling bias; second, undertake tests to confirm that the data extracted from each acoustic frequency apply to the same scatterers; third, ensure that the range of Sv is not greater than the TSrange at either frequency; and finally, when abundance estimation is the primary aim, arrange for sampling at the time of day and using the acoustic frequency that together provide the least variance.
Threadfin Shad Use as Supplemental Prey in Reservoir White Crappie Fisheries in Kentucky

Abstract Prey bases in two Kentucky reservoirs were supplemented with stocked prespawn adult threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense during 1991–1993 to improve fisheries for white crappies Pomoxis annularis by increasing their growth and shifting population size structure toward larger fish. Abundance of age-0 threadfin shad produced was lower than native age-0 gizzard shad D. cepedianum, but threadfin shad provided late-season prey by spawning later than gizzard shad in both reservoirs. In Rough River Lake, threadfin shad stocking rates of 15–28 fish/ha produced peak densities of 0.04 ± 0.01 to 0.46 ± 0.10 fish/m3 (mean ± SE) that represented 3. 5, and 0.3% of the annual peak gizzard shad densities from 1991 through 1993, respectively, but neither white crappie growth nor population size structure were improved. In Dewey Lake, threadfin shad stocking rates of 121–285 fish/ha produced peak threadfin shad densities of 0.40 ± 0.15 to 0.66 ± 0.08 fish/m3 that represented 89, 23, and 20% of peak gizzard shad densi.
Viability and Conservation of an Exploited Sage Grouse Population

We analyzed the viability of the Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) population of North Park, Colorado, to evaluate its supposed decline due to hunting pressure and habitat degradation. Demographic data from 23 years of surveys were used to parameterize a post‐breeding, female‐based projection matrix with three life stages: juveniles, yearlings, and adults. The population was found to be approximately stable or in decline only if immigration and apparent surveying errors were factored from the data set. Adult and juvenile survival and adult and juvenile reproduction, respectively, were identified as the most limiting demographic factors. Empirical evidence from designed experiments with Sage Grouse has shown that these demographic factors respond markedly to habitat manipulations, especially brush manipulation. Several plausible management scenarios were evaluated with 100‐year population projections generated through Monte Carlo simulation (1000 iterations), sampling from a normal probability distribution entraining the observed variability in each demographic parameter (95% confidence limits). Habitat manipulations to achieve moderate levels (~15% canopy cover) of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) are recommended. Regression analyses with power tests showed correspondence between hunting mortality and total mortality for juveniles and adults. Provided that habitat manipulations improve the survival of juveniles and adults, population viability may be conserved without reducing harvest by hunters.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Iranian Improved Rice Cultivars through RAPD Markers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of Iranian improved rice varieties. Sixteen rice varieties of particular interest to breeding programs were evaluated by means of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The number of amplification products generated by each primer varied from 4 (OPB-04) to 11 (OPD-11) with an average of 8.2 bands per primer. Out of 49 bands, 33 (67.35%) were found to be polymorphic for one or more cultivars ranging from 4 to 9 fragments per primer. The size of amplified fragments ranged between 350 to 1800 bp. Pair-wise Nei and Li’s (1979) similarity estimated the range of 0.59 to 0.98 between rice cultivars. Results illustrate the potential of RAPD markers to distinguish improved cultivars at DNA level. The information will facilitate selection of genotypes to serve as parents for effective rice breeding programs in Iran.
SINTOMAS DE DEFICIÊNCIAS DE MACRONUTRIENTES EM MELANCIA

Improper handling of lime and fertilizer can trigger nutritional disorders. This study aimed at describing and depicting the evolution of the symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in watermelon when induced in the fruiting stage, and determining the leaf content in the organ and at the time the symptom was visualized. The experiment was in hydroponics. The symptoms of N and Ca deficiencies were the first to be observed. Nitrogen deficiency caused cessation of growth, inhibition of lateral rods, general chlorosis and necrosis in older leaves. Symptoms of P deficiency first appeared in old leaves with chlorotic and wrinkled areas, which later progressed to necrosis. K deficiency caused marginal chlorosis in older leaves, progressing to the entire limb and evolving to necrosis. With calcium deficiency, the new leaves were deformed, with marginal chlorosis and necrosis, curved edges down, thick leaf blade, wrinkled and necrosis in meristems. The Mg omission initially caused symptoms of internerval chlorosis in old leaves, progressing to off-white and necrotic tissues. The levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the leaf and on the occasion of deficiency were 9.7; 1.4; 7.1; 1.8 to 1.8 g kg-1, respectively.