Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
β-Ga₂O₃ Lateral High-Permittivity Dielectric Superjunction Schottky Barrier Diode With 1.34 GW/cm² Power Figure of Merit

In this work, we demonstrate lateral <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with a high permittivity (high-k) dielectric superjunction (SJ) structure. Trenches are patterned on the doped <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga2O3 epilayer from anode to cathode and high permittivity BaTiO3 dielectric is deposited on the trenches to uniformly distribute the electric field in the epilayer, which circumvents the extreme difficulties in achieving charge balance using conventional p-n superjunction structures in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga2O3 due to the lack of shallow acceptors. The proposed structure also enables the use of heavily doped epilayer to reduce on-resistance and also can achieve high breakdown voltage due to charge balance effect arising out of dielectric polarization. SBD on an epilayer with a sheet charge of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${1.5}\times {10}^{{13}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm−2 demonstrates a specific on resistance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{R}_{\text {on-sp}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 1.65 m <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\Omega }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cm2 and a breakdown voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{V}_{\text {BR}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 1487 V for an anode to cathode length of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5 ~{\mu }\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> rendering a Power figure of Merit (PFOM) of 1.34 GW/cm2 when normalized to the entire device footprint. Normalizing to the active current conducting area yields a PFOM of 2.7 GW/cm2 which crosses the SiC unipolar PFOM. These results using the proposed device structure demonstrates great promise for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol {\beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga2O3 in multi-kilovolt class applications.
Reutilization of Green Waste as Compost for Soil Improvement in the Afforested Land of the Beijing Plain

Resource utilization of urban green waste compost for soil improvement in afforested land is an important way of digesting urban green waste. In this study, artificial Sophora japonica Linn. Woodland in the Beijing plain, where the million mu (66,700 ha) afforestation project was carried out, was taken as an experimental area to investigate the influences of urban green waste composting on soil improvement and soil microorganisms. Application amounts of green waste composts for each tree were as follows: CK treatment: no application of fertilizer; T1 treatment: 5 kg/each tree; T2 treatment: 10 kg/each tree; T3 treatment: 15 kg/each tree. Results showed that the application of green waste had a significant effect on soil improvement, such as improving of organic matter, available phosphorus, and available potassium content (p < 0.05). The high-level application amount (T3 treatment) had a greater effect on soil improvement. Compared with the control treatment (CK), soil pH in T3 treatment decreased to 7.28–7.45, Soil organic matter contents reached more than 35 g·kg−1, and soil total nitrogen, soil available phosphorus, and soil available potassium increased by 25–28%, 200–400%, and 80–177%, respectively. Soil carbon–nitrogen ratio has increasing to 15.61–24.38 in the three treatments, which would not obviously slow down the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in the soil. After the application of green waste compost, the soil microbial structure was changed. From the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, bacterial abundance increased by 12–13%, but the change in bacterial diversity was not significant. The influences of pH and contents of organic matter content, available phosphorus, and rapidly available potassium on the bacterial community were greater. This study will provide the necessary scientific basis for the application of green waste compost in the improvement of soil on afforested land in the Beijing plain.
The Mass Function of Cosmic Structures with Nonspherical Collapse

Non-spherical dynamical approximations and models for the gravitational collapse are used to extend the well-known Press \& Schechter (PS) approach, in order to determine analytical expressions for the mass function of cosmic structures. The problem is rigorously set up by considering the intrinsic Lagrangian nature of the mass function. The Lagrangian equations of motion of a cold and irrotational fluid in single-stream regime show that the shear, which is non-locally determined by all the matter field, is the quantity which characterizes non-spherical perturbations. The Zel'dovich approximation, being a self-consistent first-order Lagrangian and local one, is used as a suitable guide to develop realistic estimates of the collapse time of a mass clump, starting from the local initial values of density and shear. Both Zel'dovich-based \an\ and models and the homogeneous ellipsoidal model predict that more large-mass objects are expected to form than the usual PS relation. In particular, the homogeneous ellipsoid model is consistent at large masses with a Press \& Schechter mass function with a lower value of the \dc\ parameter, in the range 1.4$\div$1.6. This gives a dynamical explanation of why lower \dc\ values have been found to fit the results of several N-body simulations. When more small-scale structure is present, highly non-linear dynamical effects can effectively slow down the collapse rate of a perturbation, increasing the effective value of \dc. This may have interesting consequences on the abundance of large-mass high-redshift objects.
Motor Imagery as a Key Factor for Healthy Ageing: A Review of New Insights and Techniques

Motor imagery (MI) describes a dynamic cognitive process where a movement is mentally simulated without taking place and holds potential as a means of stimulating motor learning and regaining motor skills. There is growing evidence that imagined and executed actions have common neural circuitry. Since MI counteracts cognitive and motor decline, a growing interest in MI-based mental exercise for older individuals has emerged. Here we review the last decade’s scientific literature on age-related changes in MI skills. Heterogeneity in the experimental protocols, as well as the use of populations with unrepresentative age, is making it challenging to draw unambiguous conclusions about MI skills preservation. Self-report and behavioural tasks have shown that some MI components are preserved, while others are impaired. Evidence from neuroimaging studies revealed that, during MI tasks, older individuals hyperactivate their sensorimotor and attentional networks. Some studies have argued that this represents a compensatory mechanism, others claim that this is a sign of cognitive decline. However, further studies are needed to establish whether MI could be used as a promotion factor to improve cognitive functioning and well-being in older people.
CONSTRAINING THE OUTBURST PROPERTIES OF THE SMBH IN FORNAX A THROUGH X-RAY, INFRARED, AND RADIO OBSERVATIONS

Combined Spitzer, Chandra, XMM-Newton, and VLA observations of the giant radio galaxy NGC 1316 (Fornax A) show a radio jet and X-ray cavities from active galactic nucleus (AGN) outbursts most likely triggered by a merger with a late-type galaxy at least 0.4 Gyr ago. We detect a weak nucleus with a spectral energy distribution typical of a low-luminosity AGN with a bolometric luminosity of 2.4 × 1042 erg s−1. We examine the Spitzer IRAC and MIPS images of NGC 1316. We find that the dust emission is strongest in regions with little or no radio emission and that the particularly large infrared luminosity relative to the galaxy's K-band luminosity implies an external origin for the dust. The inferred dust mass implies that the merger spiral galaxy had a stellar mass of (1–6) ×1010 M☉ and a gas mass of (2–4) ×109 M☉. X-ray cavities in the Chandra and XMM-Newton images likely result from the expansion of relativistic plasma ejected by the AGN. The soft (0.5–2.0 keV) Chandra images show a small ∼15″ (1.6 kpc) cavity coincident with the radio jet, while the XMM-Newton image shows two large X-ray cavities lying 320″ (34.8 kpc) east and west of the nucleus, each approximately 230″ (25 kpc) in radius. Current radio observations do not show emission within these cavities. The radio lobes lie at radii of 14. ′3 (93.3 kpc) and 15. ′6 (101 kpc), more distant from the nucleus than the detected X-ray cavities. The relative morphology of the large scale 1.4 GHz and X-ray emission suggests they were products of two distinct outbursts, an earlier one creating the radio lobes and a later one producing the X-ray cavities. Alternatively, if a single outburst created both the X-ray cavities and the radio lobes, this would require that the radio morphology is not fully defined by the 1.4 GHz emission. For the more likely two outbursts scenarios, we use the buoyancy rise times to estimate an age for the more recent outburst that created the X-ray cavities of 0.1 Gyr and the PV work done by the expanding plasma that created the X-ray cavities to estimate the outburst's energy to be 1058 erg. The present size and location of the radio lobes imply that the outburst that created them happened ∼0.4 Gyr ago and released ∼5 × 1058 erg.
Generalized Parton Distributions of Pions. Spin Structure of Hadrons

We present an extensive study on generalized parton distributions of pions. In particular, we present the results for the pion-photon transition distribution amplitudes in the Nambu - Jona-Lasinio model. We discuss the phenomenology of such objects and give explicit estimates for cross sections. The spin structure of the proton is also studied: we discuss the results for the T-odd transverse momentum distributions in quark models.
NS2NS: Self-Learning for Seismic Image Denoising

Attenuation of incoherent noise is an effective way to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of seismic data. Recently, supervised deep learning (DL)-based methods have been widely used for seismic image denoising, which often need plenty of noise-free data as training labels. However, noise-free seismic data are often unavailable in field applications. We propose an unsupervised learning method [noise-sample to noise-sample (NS2NS)] to train a denoising network using single noisy seismic data. The proposed model is based on two basic truths of seismic data: 1) high self-similarity of seismic data and 2) spatially independence of incoherent noise in seismic data. To implement the proposed method, we first build a sampling workflow to generate paired noisy images based on single noisy seismic image. Moreover, we create similar noisy images that are similar but different with the original noisy image using the proposed self-similar sampler. The original noisy images and generated similar noisy images are then fused using a suggested Bernoulli sampler to create new paired noisy images. These new paired noisy images are used as the input and target of the denoising model, respectively. Next, an end-to-end convolutional neural network (CNN) is built for seismic image denoising, which aims to learn features of valid signals and suppress unpredictable random noise. Finally, we apply the proposed NS2NS method to both synthetic and field data. The results show that our proposed method can effectively suppress incoherent noise while preserving valid signals.
The emergent properties of the connected brain

There is more to brain connections than the mere transfer of signals between brain regions. Behavior and cognition emerge through cortical area interaction. This requires integration between local and distant areas orchestrated by densely connected networks. Brain connections determine the brain’s functional organization. The imaging of connections in the living brain has provided an opportunity to identify the driving factors behind the neurobiology of cognition. Connectivity differences between species and among humans have furthered the understanding of brain evolution and of diverging cognitive profiles. Brain pathologies amplify this variability through disconnections and, consequently, the disintegration of cognitive functions. The prediction of long-term symptoms is now preferentially based on brain disconnections. This paradigm shift will reshape our brain maps and challenge current brain models. Description
Planck2018 results

We report on the implications for cosmic inflation of the 2018 release of thePlanckcosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy measurements. The results are fully consistent with those reported using the data from the two previousPlanckcosmological releases, but have smaller uncertainties thanks to improvements in the characterization of polarization at low and high multipoles.Plancktemperature, polarization, and lensing data determine the spectral index of scalar perturbations to bens = 0.9649 ± 0.0042 at 68% CL. We find no evidence for a scale dependence ofns, either as a running or as a running of the running. The Universe is found to be consistent with spatial flatness with a precision of 0.4% at 95% CL by combiningPlanckwith a compilation of baryon acoustic oscillation data. ThePlanck95% CL upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio,r0.002 < 0.10, is further tightened by combining with the BICEP2/Keck Array BK15 data to obtainr0.002 < 0.056. In the framework of standard single-field inflationary models with Einstein gravity, these results imply that: (a) the predictions of slow-roll models with a concave potential,V″(ϕ) < 0, are increasingly favoured by the data; and (b) based on two different methods for reconstructing the inflaton potential, we find no evidence for dynamics beyond slow roll. Three different methods for the non-parametric reconstruction of the primordial power spectrum consistently confirm a pure power law in the range of comoving scales 0.005 Mpc−1 ≲ k ≲ 0.2 Mpc−1. A complementary analysis also finds no evidence for theoretically motivated parameterized features in thePlanckpower spectra. For the case of oscillatory features that are logarithmic or linear ink, this result is further strengthened by a new combined analysis including thePlanckbispectrum data. The newPlanckpolarization data provide a stringent test of the adiabaticity of the initial conditions for the cosmological fluctuations. In correlated, mixed adiabatic and isocurvature models, the non-adiabatic contribution to the observed CMB temperature variance is constrained to 1.3%, 1.7%, and 1.7% at 95% CL for cold dark matter, neutrino density, and neutrino velocity, respectively.Planckpower spectra plus lensing set constraints on the amplitude of compensated cold dark matter-baryon isocurvature perturbations that are consistent with current complementary measurements. The polarization data also provide improved constraints on inflationary models that predict a small statistically anisotropic quadupolar modulation of the primordial fluctuations. However, the polarization data do not support physical models for a scale-dependent dipolar modulation. All these findings support the key predictions of the standard single-field inflationary models, which will be further tested by future cosmological observations.
Light curves and H$\alpha$ luminosities as indicators of $\mathsf{^{56}}$Ni mass in type IIP supernovae

The possibility is investigated that the Hit luminosity at the nebular epoch may be an additional indicator of 5 6 Ni mass in type II supernovae with plateau (SNe IIP), on the basis of available photometry and spectra. Wefirst derive the 5 6 Ni mass from the M V magnitude on the radioactive tail using a standard approach. A confirmation of the correlation between 5 6 Ni mass and plateau M V magnitude found recently by Hamuy (2003) is evident. There is strong evidence of a correlation between steepness of the V light curve slope at the inflection time and the 5 6 Ni mass. If confirmed, this relation may provide distance and extinction independent estimates of the amount of 5 6 Ni in SNe IIP. We then apply upgraded radioactive models of Hα luminosity at the nebular epoch and claim that it may he a good indicator of 5 6 Ni, if mass, energy and mixing properties vary moderately (within factor ∼ 1.4) among SNe IIP. This method of the 5 6 Ni mass determination from Hα luminosities yields results which are consistent with the photometric mass of 5 6 Ni mass to within 20%. This result also implies that the parameters of SNe IIP events (mass, energy and mixing properties) are rather similar among the majority of SNe IIP, except for rare cases of SN II intermediate between IIP and IIL (linear), of which SN 1970G is an example.
Temperature and voltage driven tunable metal-insulator transition in individual W x V 1 − x O 2 nanowires

Results from transport measurements in individual ${\mathrm{W}}_{x}$V${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$O${}_{2}$ nanowires with varying extents of $W$ doping are presented. An abrupt thermally driven metal-insulator transition (MIT) is observed in these wires and the transition temperature decreases with increasing W content at a pronounced rate of $\ensuremath{-}$(48\char21{}56) K/at. % W, suggesting a significant alteration of the phase diagram from the bulk. These nanowires can also be driven through a voltage-driven MIT and the temperature dependence of the insulator-to-metal and metal-to-insulator switchings are studied. While driving from an insulator to metal, the threshold voltage at which the MIT occurs follows an exponential temperature dependence [${V}_{\mathrm{TH}\ensuremath{\uparrow}}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}T/{T}_{0})]$, whereas driving from a metal to insulator, the threshold voltage follows ${V}_{\mathrm{TH}\ensuremath{\downarrow}}\ensuremath{\propto}\sqrt{{T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T}$ and the implications of these results are discussed.
Screening Food Insecure during Pregnancy: Pilot Testing an Effective Brief Tool for Use in an Australian Antenatal Care Setting

The purpose of this research is: (1) to determine the prevalence of food insecurity among pregnant people using the 10-, 6-, and 2-item iterations of the USA Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) and the single item measure, and (2) identify an appropriate combination of questions that could be used to identify food insecurity in a clinical setting for a population of people who are pregnant in Australia. Cross-sectional survey collecting self-reported data from pregnant people in Australia (open May 2021 to March 2022). Survey included demographic characteristics, including income/welfare use, education, age, pregnancy information, household size and composition, and two measures of food insecurity. In total, 303 participants were included in the analysis. Sensitivity and specificity of the various combinations of questions were conducted. Food insecurity was estimated using the single item, and the 2-item, 6-item, and 10-item versions of the HFSSM, food insecurity was 6.2%, 11.4%, 11.7%, and 14.3% respectively. Respondents who were living in households that were food insecure answered affirmatively to question one, two, or three of the HFSSM, with the combination of questions one and three showing the best sensitivity and specificity for the whole sample, as well as for those who have characteristics likely to lead to food insecurity. Further testing of the 2-items, comprised of items one and three from the HFSSM, need to be conducted with a larger and more diverse sample to determine if this is an appropriate screening tool in an antenatal clinical setting to determine food insecurity during pregnancy.
Searching for turbulence models by artificial neural network

Artificial neural network (ANN) is tested as a tool for finding a new subgrid model of the subgrid-scale (SGS) stress in large-eddy simulation. ANN is used to establish a functional relation between the grid-scale (GS) flow field and the SGS stress without any assumption of the form of function. Data required for training and test of ANN are provided by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a turbulent channel flow. It is shown that ANN can establish a model similar to the gradient model. The correlation coefficients between the real SGS stress and the output of ANN are comparable to or larger than similarity models, but smaller than a two-parameter dynamic mixed model.
Very High-Energy Emission from the Direct Vicinity of Rapidly Rotating Black Holes

When a black hole accretes plasmas at very low accretion rate, an advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) is formed. In an ADAF, relativistic electrons emit soft gamma-rays via Bremsstrahlung. Some MeV photons collide with each other to materialize as electron-positron pairs in the magnetosphere. Such pairs efficiently screen the electric field along the magnetic field lines, when the accretion rate is typically greater than 0.03–0.3% of the Eddington rate. However, when the accretion rate becomes smaller than this value, the number density of the created pairs becomes less than the rotationally induced Goldreich–Julian density. In such a charge-starved magnetosphere, an electric field arises along the magnetic field lines to accelerate charged leptons into ultra-relativistic energies, leading to an efficient TeV emission via an inverse-Compton (IC) process, spending a portion of the extracted hole’s rotational energy. In this review, we summarize the stationary lepton accelerator models in black hole magnetospheres. We apply the model to super-massive black holes and demonstrate that nearby low-luminosity active galactic nuclei are capable of emitting detectable gamma-rays between 0.1 and 30 TeV with the Cherenkov Telescope Array.
Biological Control of Tomato Verticillium Wilt by Using Indigenous Trichoderma spp .

Three endogenous Trichoderma species were tested in vitro, in vivo and in situ for their antagonistic activity against Verticillium spp. causing tomato vascular wilt in Tunisia. Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and T. virens isolates reduced the radial growth of V. dahliae, V. albo-atrum and V. tricorpus in comparison to the untreated controls. Antagonistic potential of Trichoderma spp. against tested wilt agents showed intraand inter-specific variations. Additionally to the sclerotinization inhibitory activity and to the reduced abundance of resting structures of Verticillium spp. observed, comparatively to untreated controls, Trichoderma spp. isolates caused profound alterations of Verticillium spp. mycelium at the confrontation zone. The germination of V. dahliae microsclerotia, exposed for 30 min to liquid cultures of antagonists tested and incubated at 20°C, was completely suppressed compared to the control microsclerotia treated with sterile distilled water. Furthermore, germinating microsclerotia dual cultured with Trichoderma spp. became unable to germinate and mature microsclerotia progressively lost their typical dark colour. All tomato cv. ‘Ventura’ plants, when treated at planting with a Trichoderma spp. spore suspension and inoculated with V. dahliae, showed after 60 days of culture under growth chamber conditions, a reduced severity of Verticillium wilt in comparison to inoculated and untreated control plants. In addition, plants treated with Trichoderma spp. showed increased height and root and stem fresh weights in comparison to the inoculated and untreated control. The discoloration index, noted on tomato plants treated at planting by T. harzianum, T. viride and T. virens and grown under greenhouse conditions, was significantly reduced compared to the untreated control. Plants treated with Trichoderma spp. showed, after 90 days of culture, an increase of more than 50% of their roots and stem fresh weights in comparison to the untreated control. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________