Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Maximum Force–Velocity Exertion and Swimming Performances among Four Strokes over Medium and Short Distances: The Stronger on Dry Land, the Faster in Water?

Evaluating force–velocity characteristics on dry-land is of the utmost importance in swimming, because higher levels of these bio-motor abilities positively affect in-water performance. However, the wide range of possible technical specializations presents an opportunity for a more categorized approach that has yet to be seized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify feasible differences in maximum force–velocity exertion based on swimmers’ stroke and distance specialization. To this scope, 96 young male swimmers competing at the regional level were divided into 12 groups, one for each stroke (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and front crawl) and distance (50 m, 100 m, and 200 m). They performed two single pull-up tests, 5-min before and after competing in a federal swimming race. We assessed force (N) and velocity (m/s) exertion via linear encoder. There were no significant differences between pre-post maximum force–velocity exertions, despite the decreasing trend. Force-parameters highly correlated with each other and with the swimming performance time. Moreover, both force (t = −3.60, p < 0.001) and velocity (t = −3.90, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of swimming race time. Sprinters (both 50 m and 100 m) of all strokes could exert significantly higher force–velocity compared to 200 m swimmers (e.g., 0.96 ± 0.06 m/s performed by sprinters vs. 0.66 ± 0.03 m/s performed by 200 m swimmers). Moreover, breaststroke sprinters presented significantly lower force–velocity compared to sprinters specialized in the other strokes (e.g., 1047.83 ± 61.33 N performed by breaststroke sprinters vs. 1263.62 ± 161.23 N performed by butterfly sprinters). This study could provide the foundation for future research regarding the role of stroke and distance specializations in modeling swimmers’ force–velocity abilities, thus influencing paramount elements for specific training and improvement towards competitions.
The Raman spectrum of copper formate tetrahydrate

The Raman spectrum of copper formate tetrahydrate Cu(COOH)2.4H2O, has been determined in the range 3500 to 79 cm-1 from 90 to 250 K. Several lines are found to disappear rather abruptly as the antiferroelectric transition temperature 235.5 K is crossed. By comparison with the spectrum of the deuterate, Cu(COOH)2.4D2O, at 90 K, some of these lines are identified as translatory and rotatory water modes. This agrees with crystallographic and other evidence that ordering of the water molecules occurs at the phase transition. Although most internal modes do not change significantly from 90 to 250 K, the symmetric stretching mode of water at 3092 cm-1 broadens slightly and decreases appreciably in peak intensity.
Simulation of the inherent turbulence and wake interaction inside an infinitely long row of wind turbines

The turbulence in the interior of a wind farm is simulated using large eddy simulation and the actuator line technique implemented in the Navier–Stokes equations. The simulations are carried out for an infinitely long row of turbines simulated by applying cyclic boundary conditions at the inlet and outlet. The simulations investigate the turbulence inherent to the wind turbines as no ambient turbulence or shear is added to this idealised case. The simulated data give insight into the performance of the wind turbines operating in the wake of others as well as details on key turbulent quantities. One of the key features of wakes behind wind turbines is the dynamic wake meandering, which is shown to be related to the wind turbine spacing and the vortex shedding from the turbine as a bluff body. The flow is analysed and reconstructed by applying proper orthogonal decomposition.
Proof of the charge superselection rule in local relativistic quantum field theory

The paper interprets and proves the charge superselection rule within the framework of local relativistic field theory as the statement that the charge operator commutes with all quasilocal observables. Once the basic formalism expressing the property of locality of the observables has been accepted, the proof is an elementary application of Gauss law relating the electric charge in a region to the flux of electric field through the boundary of the region. Most of the paper is devoted to the evidence that the indefinite metric formalism and its accompanying definitions of gauge, gauge transformation, and gauge invariance are internally coherent and consistent with the evidence from free field theory and the renormalized perturbation theory of coupled fields. The paper closes with speculations on analogous explanations of the baryon and lepton superselection rules within the framework of gauge models of strong and weak interactions.
Altered MANF Expression in Pancreatic Acinar and Ductal Cells in Chronic Alcoholic Pancreatitis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response protein that plays an important role in pancreatic functions. As both alcohol and ER stress response proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, we sought to investigate the expression of MANF in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (CAP) and chronic non-alcoholic pancreatitis (CNP). Methods: A cohort of chronic pancreatitis tissues was gathered from routine surgical pathology (n = 77) and autopsy (n = 10) cases and tissue microarrays were created. Sampled tissues were reviewed and designated as representing CAP (n = 15), CNP (n = 58), or normal pancreatic tissue (NPT) (n = 27). MANF immunohistochemistry (IHC) and digital image analysis were performed to obtain an estimation of tissue fibrosis and an optical density (OD) of MANF IHC in ducts and acini for each case. The averaged values for these variables among histologic designations were compared. Results: The amount of fibrous tissue of the combined CAP and CNP group (chronic alcoholic and non-alcoholic pancreatitis, CANP) exceeded that of the NPT group (70% vs. 34%, p < 0.0001). The MANF OD in ducts of CANP was significantly higher than that of NPT (0.19 vs. 0.10, p < 0.05). The MANF OD in ducts of CAP was significantly higher than that of CNP (0.27 vs. 0.17, p < 0.05). The MANF OD in acini of CAP was significantly lower than that in CNP (0.81 vs. 1.05, p < 0.05). Finally, there was a statistically significant positive relationship between the amount of fibrosis and MANF OD in ducts (p < 0.001). Conclusions: MANF expression was higher in ducts of CAP than CNP. In contrast, MANF expression in acini was lower in CAP than CNP and NPT. There was a positive correlation between fibrosis and MANF levels in the ducts.
Fuzzy control system design via LMIs

This paper presents new stability conditions satisfying decay rate for both continuous and discrete fuzzy control systems. Linear matrix inequality (LMI) based designs for decay rate are also considered using the concept of parallel distributed compensation (PDC). To design fuzzy control systems, nonlinear systems are represented by Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models. The PDC is employed to design fuzzy controllers from the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models. The stability analysis discussed here is reduced to a problem of finding a common Lyapunov function for a set of LMIs. Convex optimization techniques involving LMIs are utilized to find a common Lyapunov function and stable feedback gains satisfying decay rate. A simple example demonstrates the utility of the LMI-based designs proposed in this paper.
A Fast Method for Determination of Seven Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples with the Use of HPLC-FLD

Plastic pollution, where bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in its production, has gained popularity. BPA omnipresence and toxicity, especially for infants, has led food safety authorities to place restrictions on BPA usage. It has led to the introduction of the marked ‘BPA-free’-labelled products, where BPA is often replaced by other bisphenols (BPs) which are suspected of being similar or even more toxic than BPA. Moreover, the free forms of BPs are more dangerous than their conjugated forms and the conjugation of BPs is less effective in infants than in adults. Considering that human breast milk is the main source of nutrition for infants, the constant biomonitoring not only of BPA, but the wider group of BPs in such crucial matrices seems to be vital. In this study, a fast, simple, ‘green’ and cost-effective DLLME-based extraction technique combined with HPLC-FLD was optimized for the determination of seven selected bisphenols simultaneously. The procedure has satisfactory recovery values of 67–110% with the most RSD% at 17%. The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.5 ng/mL to 2.1 ng/mL and 1.4 ng/mL to 6.3 ng/mL, respectively. The procedure was successfully applied to the biomonitoring of free forms of BPs in 10 real human breast milk samples.
Two Severe Freezes in Brazil: Precursors and Synoptic Evolution

Abstract Two freezes with repercussions on world coffee markets struck Brazil in recent years, one during FGGE in 1979, the other in 1981. Data from multiple sources including satellites and drifting buoys were analyzed for early warning signs and synoptic evolution of the freeze events. Two important precursors were found: 1) A slowly moving long-wave pattern in the central South Pacific Ocean amplified greatly one to two days before frontogenesis in South America and four to five days before the freezes in Brazil; 2) the long-wave ridge, when at maximum amplitude, was located near the southern Andes, and the next long-wave trough downstream was located in the South Atlantic at the longitude of Brazil. This configuration channeled subantarctic air northward entirely over land into subtropical latitudes. Frontogenesis in low latitudes in the mid-Pacific was the first sign of wave amplification in the 1979 case. Subsequent frontogenesis in northern Argentina was accelerated by the opportune approach of a s.
Evidence for scale similarity of internal intermittency in turbulent flows at large Reynolds numbers

Some new measurements and a reassessment of previous data on statistical properties of the breakdown coefficients qr,l in high Reynolds number turbulence show the existence of a range of scale similarity for scales larger than those in the viscous range (l [ges ] 36η). The rate of variation of the probability density p(qr,l) with changing outer scale l/η decreases as l/η increases, becoming fairly insignificant for the largest values of l/η. Measurements of characteristic functions of the probability densities show a substantial degree of statistical independence for sequential adjoint values of qr,l, consistent with the small values of the correlation coefficients for these variables. The data for the moments of qr,l exhibit a behaviour very close to that predicted by the scale-similarity theory when only data for r [ges ] 36η are considered, i.e. data for smaller inner length scales are excluded. The moments and corresponding values of the parameters μp are in good agreement with our previous results and with some earlier data of Kholmyansky, but some rather large unresolved differences in the probability densities of qr,l are found on comparing the present data with those of Kholmyansky. The present measurements of breakdown coefficients for ζ1 = [uscr ]− 1∂u/∂t = ∂(In [uscr ])/∂tand ζ2 = U−1∂u/∂t the time derivatives of the streamwise velocity and its logarithm measured in the atmospheric boundary layer, resolve some previous questions concerning the sensitivity of the results obtained to the choice of positive variable, varying sampling rates and the values of external parameters. For low sampling rates, a systematic change in the shape of the probability densities p(qr,l) with varying digital sampling rate is found using either ζ1 or ζ2. For sufficiently high sampling rates, the probability densities are independent of the sampling rate; and invariant results are obtained when the sampling rate is at least one-quarter of the Kolmogorov frequency associated with the viscous length scale based on the turbulent dissipation rate. The probability densities p(qr,l) measured using either ζ1 or ζ2 are very similar to the corresponding spectra of ζ1 or ζ2 respectively. Comparison of the mean-square values of ζ1 and ζ2 with an extended form of Taylor's hypothesis shows that the variable ζ1 is not a good approximation to the true spatial derivative ∂u/∂x, and the use of such an approximation can lead to results that are both qualitatively and quantitatively incorrect.
APPROXIMATION PROPERTIES OF SUMMABLE FUNCTIONS ON SETS OF FULL MEASURE

Estimates are obtained of the rate of approximation almost everywhere as a function of the modulus of continuity of the approximated functions in , and of the set from which the approximating functions are chosen. From this point of view the author studies the approximation of functions by Steklov means, partial sums of Fourier-Haar series, arbitrary sequences of polynomials in the Haar and Faber-Schauder systems, and piecewise monotone functions with variable intervals of monotonicity. The estimates of the rate of approximation almost everywhere that are obtained are distinguished from approximation estimates in an integral metric (i.e. from estimates of the type of Jackson's theorem in ) by unbounded factors depending on the modulus of continuity and the approximating functions. Estimates of the growth of these factors are obtained, and it is established that in a number of cases these estimates are best possible, or almost so.Bibliography: 17 titles.
Expression of RBMS3 in Breast Cancer Progression

The aim of the study was to evaluate the localization and intensity of RNA-binding motif single-stranded-interacting protein 3 (RBMS3) expression in clinical material using immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions in cases of ductal breast cancer (in vivo), and to determine the level of RBMS3 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels in breast cancer cell lines (in vitro). Moreover, the data obtained in the in vivo and in vitro studies were correlated with the clinicopathological profiles of the patients. Material for the IHC studies comprised 490 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) cases and 26 mastopathy tissues. Western blot and RT-qPCR were performed on four breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, BT-474, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231) and the HME1-hTERT (Me16C) normal immortalized breast epithelial cell line (control). The Kaplan–Meier plotter tool was employed to analyze the predictive value of overall survival of RBMS3 expression at the mRNA level. Cytoplasmatic RBMS3 IHC expression was observed in breast cancer cells and stromal cells. The statistical analysis revealed a significantly decreased RBMS3 expression in the cancer specimens when compared with the mastopathy tissues (p < 0.001). An increased expression of RBMS3 was corelated with HER2(+) cancer specimens (p < 0.05) and ER(−) cancer specimens (p < 0.05). In addition, a statistically significant higher expression of RBMS3 was observed in cancer stromal cells in comparison to the control and cancer cells (p < 0.0001). The statistical analysis demonstrated a significantly higher expression of RBMS3 mRNA in the SK-BR-3 cell line compared with all other cell lines (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was revealed between the expression of RBMS3, at both the mRNA and protein levels, and longer overall survival. The differences in the expression of RBMS3 in cancer cells (both in vivo and in vitro) and the stroma of breast cancer with regard to the molecular status of the tumor may indicate that RBMS3 could be a potential novel target for the development of personalized methods of treatment. RBMS3 can be an indicator of longer overall survival for potential use in breast cancer diagnostic process.
Anomalous fluctuations in homogeneous fluid phase of active Brownian particles

Giant number fluctuations (GNF) are an anomaly universally observed in active fluids with polar or nematic order. In this paper, we show that GNF arise in the fluid phase of active Brownian particles (ABP), where the polar order is absent. GNF in ABP extends over a large but finite length which characterizes the growing velocity correlations. To suppress unwanted phase separation and allow ones to explore the disordered fluid phase at large activities, we impart the inertia, or the mass, to the ABP. A linearized hydrodynamic theory captures our findings, but only qualitatively. We find numerically a nontrivial scaling relation for the density correlation function, which the linearized theory cannot explain. The results suggest ubiquitousness of the anomalous fluctuations even in the disordered homogeneous fluid phase in the absence of the directional order.
Equilibrium, Potential and Actual Evaporation from Cropped Surfaces in Southern Ontario

Abstract Micrometeorological data collected over cropped surfaces at Simcoe in southern Ontario are used to evaluate various evaporation rates. Data collected in 1971 from two plots of perennial ryegrass, one of which was irrigated, show that daily potential evaporation (λPE), taken as the evaporation rate from the irrigated plot, is related to an “equilibrium” rate (λPES) by λPE = αλPES, where α = 1.27. This value of α is very similar to that reported by Priestley and Taylor. Previous data for other crops support this value. Data from elsewhere are included to show why the value should be a best estimate of α for air temperatures between 15 and 30C. It follows that at temperatures over 25C the surface net radiation should be a good estimate of λPE. Actual and equilibrium evaporation values for the dry grass plot in 1971 compared closely on moderately dry days, confirming previous results. An approach to calculating daily evaporation is presented which utilizes λPES and surface soil moisture.
On the Choice of Functional Forms: Summary of a Monte Carlo Experiment

The use of flexible functional forms is a standard practice in applied econometrics. Many flexible forms have been proposed. In this study, we investigate the behavior of three of them—the translog, the symmetric McFadden, and the symmetric generalized Barnett. Based on Monte Carlo experiments, we assess the ability of these forms to test theoretical properties and to measure technological characteristics.
Fully exclusive measurements of quasi-free single-nucleon knockout reactions in inverse kinematics.

This thesis will present a novel experimental method for investigating proton-induced single-nucleon knockout reactions at relativistic energies. For the first time this type of reactions is studied in complete and inverse kinematics, using a 12C beam at an energy of 400 MeV/u impinged on a plastic CH2 target, where the reactions on hydrogen take place. It is shown that the reaction mechanism is dominated by quasi-free proton-nucleon scattering process of a type (p,2p) or (p,pn) within the nucleus, that is reflected in a strong spatial correlation between the two outgoing nucleons. The reactions are foreseen as an ideal way to explore single-particle and cluster structure of nuclei and will become an important part of the physics program at the future R3B (Reactions with Relativistic Radioactive Beams) experiment at FAIR, which will be based on kinematically complete measurements of the reactions with neutron-proton asymmetric nuclei. The benchmark experiment, which is discussed in this work, was performed at a prototype LAND-R3B setup at GSI, Germany. The total cross section of 30.5±2.3 mb has been measured for the 12C(p,2p)11B reaction in inverse kinematics, and the cross section of 18.1±2 mb has been extracted for the removal of a proton from the p-shell in 12C. Employing the in-flight γ-ray spectroscopy, the following exclusive (p,2p) cross sections are determined for individual low-lying p-hole states in the residual 11 B nucleus: 12.7±1.5 mb for the ground state, 3.1±0.4 mb for the first excited state 2.125 MeV (1/2− ) and 2.2±0.3 mb for the excited state 5.02 MeV (3/2− ). The excitation energy of deep-hole particle-unstable states is reconstructed via invariant-mass measurements of mainly two-body decays of the 11B residue. A broad peak at around 15 MeV in the excitation spectrum of 11B is observed and interpreted as a proton knockout from strongly bound s-shell in 12C. The internal momentum distribution of protons, which are removed from the p-shell in 12C, is measured redundantly using two methods: the detection of residual 11B fragments and the angular and energy measurements of scattered proton pairs. The momentum width of 105 MeV/c is extracted using both methods. A similar value of 106 MeV/c is obtained for the internal momentum width of p-state neutrons probed through the 12C(p,pn)11C reaction. The momentum width of 132 MeV/c is determined for deeply bound s-shell protons via the measurements of scattered protons. Detailed simulations of the experimental response have been developed as a part of the analysis.
Systematic Search for Stabilizing Dopants in ZrO2 and HfO2 Using First-Principles Calculations

In this study, we performed systematic search for dopants to stabilize the tetragonal structure of HfO2 and ZrO2 by using first-principles calculations. Whole impurity configurations within the supercell, more than 12,000 systems, are examined and the most stable configurations are assumed to be realized. We reveal the contributions of the dopants to the structural stability of tetragonal phase, and that Si or Ge significantly stabilize the tetragonal phase.
Relativistic electron acceleration by compressional-mode ULF waves: Evidence from correlated Cluster, Los Alamos National Laboratory spacecraft, and ground-based magnetometer measurements

[1] Simultaneous observations by Cluster and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) spacecraft and Canadian Array for Real-Time Investigations of Magnetic Activity and International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects magnetometer arrays during a sudden storm commencement on 25 September 2001 show evidence of relativistic electron acceleration by compressional-mode ULF waves. The waves are driven by the quasiperiodic solar wind dynamical pressure fluctuations that continuously buffet the magnetosphere for ∼3 h. The compressional-mode ULF waves are identified by comparing the power of magnetic field magnitude fluctuations with the total magnetic field power. The radial distribution and azimuthal propagation of both toroidal and poloidal-mode ULF waves are derived from ground-based magnetometer data. The energetic electron fluxes measured by LANL show modulation of low-energy electrons and acceleration of high-energy electrons by the compressional poloidal-mode electric field oscillations. The energy threshold of accelerated electrons at the geosynchronous orbit is ∼0.4 MeV, which is roughly consistent with drift-resonant interaction of magnetospheric electrons with compressional-mode ULF waves.