Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SEASON AND WEATHER ON CALLING IN THE AUSTRALIAN MICROHYLID FROGS AUSTROCHAPERINA ROBUSTA AND COPHIXALUS ORNATUS

It is sometimes perceived that the cues affecting chorusing behavior in frogs are simple combinations of weather variables, and that closely related or sympatric species should respond to these cues in similar ways. We investigated these ideas by examining chorusing behavior in two species of tropical Australian microhylid frogs, Austrochaperina robusta and Cophixalus ornatus. Both species have small adult body sizes, are terrestrial breeding, direct-developers, and extensively co-occur in the Australian Wet Tropics. We used timed tape recorders to monitor calling activity over two breeding seasons (October to March) during 1995–96 and 2001–02. Calling activity was recorded at three times each night at seven locations along a 550 m transect. In the 2001–2002 seasons, dataloggers recorded temperature, humidity, and rainfall, and we calculated moon phase each night. Individuals of C. ornatus called more times per minute than individuals of A. robusta, and called at much more consistent levels across nights, in a seasonal pattern that closely followed a quadratic curve in both seasons. Calling activity by A. robusta males could occur at any level on any night of the breeding season, and varied greatly among nights. Principal components analyses for the 2001–02 data showed that 78.1% of variation in A. robusta calling activity could be due to factors common to the entire transect, while such factors could account for 62.8% of the variation in calling by C. ornatus. This result suggests that weather influences calling activity of A. robusta males more than of C. ornatus males. Canonical discriminant function analyses and partial rank correlations of the relationships between environmental variables and calling activity over the season indicated that initiation of calling in A. robusta males was strongly affected by rainfall, and continuation of calling by rainfall and humidity. Calling initiation in C. ornatus males was less correlated with weather variables, and appeared most strongly affected by humidity. Calling levels within species were correlated across the three recording times each night, but much less strongly than would be expected if caused by responses to weather. Calling activity also was correlated between species at each time of night, and a substantial proportion of this correlation did not appear to be caused by common responses to the weather variables we measured. We suggest that in both species weather conditions affect the probability of initiation of calling activity, and that initiation and continuation of calling are probably also affected by intraspecific and perhaps interspecific social facilitation.
Size segregated particle number and mass emissions in urban Beijing

Abstract. Although secondary particulate matter is reported to be the main contributor of PM2.5 during haze in Chinese megacities, primary particle emissions also affect particle concentrations. In order to improve estimates of the contribution of primary sources to the particle number and mass concentrations, we performed source apportionment analyses using both chemical fingerprints and particle size distributions measured at the same site in urban Beijing from April to July 2018. Both methods resolved factors related to primary emissions, including vehicular emissions and cooking emissions, which together make up 76 % and 24 % of total particle number and organic aerosol (OA) mass, respectively. Similar source-types, including particles related to vehicular emissions (1.6 ± 1.1 μg m−3; 2.4 ± 1.8 × 103 cm−3 and 5.5 ± 2.8 × 103 cm−3 for two traffic-related components), cooking emissions (2.6 ± 1.9 μg m−3 and 5.5 ± 3.3 × 103 cm−3) and secondary aerosols (51 ± 41 μg m−3 and 4.2 ± 3.0 × 103 cm−3) were resolved by both methods. Converted mass concentrations from particle size distributions components were comparable with those from chemical fingerprints. Size distribution source apportionment separated vehicular emissions into a component with a mode diameter of 20 nm (Traffic-ultrafine) and a component with a mode diameter of 100 nm (Traffic-fine). Consistent with similar day and night-time diesel vehicle PM2.5 emissions estimated for the Beijing area, Traffic-fine, hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA, traffic-related factor resulting from source apportionment using chemical fingerprints), and black carbon (BC) showed similar diurnal patterns, with higher concentrations during the night and morning than during the afternoon when the boundary layer is higher. Traffic-ultrafine particles showed the highest concentrations during the rush-hour period, suggesting a prominent role of local gasoline vehicle emissions. In the absence of new-particle formation, our results show that vehicular (14 % and 30 % for ultrafine and fine particles, respectively) and cooking (32 %) emissions dominate the particle number concentration while secondary particulate matter (over 80 %) governs PM2.5 mass during the non-heating season in Beijing.
Social and personal values in advertising: evidence from food advertising in South Korea

Abstract Extant research has shown that advertising is more effective when the advertised message is congruent with the cultural values of the targeted population. However, this research has not explored which values are activated when consumers view the advertising and, in particular, if there is a match between values conveyed by advertising and values activated by consumers. Moreover, little research has examined the effects of culturally-relevant (e.g., socially-oriented values) versus globally-relevant (e.g., personally-oriented values) advertising messaging in emerging global markets with deeply-held cultural traditions (e.g., Confucian values in South Korea). Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, this research compares advertising-conveyed values with consumer-activated values and explores the effects of socially-oriented and personally-oriented values on perceptions of advertising and product effectiveness. Results suggest that the often singular values conveyed in South Korean food advertisements do not precisely match the multiplicity of values that are activated by South Korean consumers. Furthermore, South Korean consumers are more responsive to advertisements that emphasize social values than they are to those that emphasize personal values. Results provide theoretical and managerial insights into the design of effective global and local advertisements.
Rodents and their predators in the eastern Bay of Islands

Abstract Traps were set for rodents and mustelids on five islands (Motukiekie, Moturua, Okahu, Urupukapuka, and Waewaetorea) in the eastern Bay of Islands in March 1984. Kiore (Rattus exulans) were caught on Moturua Island and Norway rats (R. norvegicus) on all five islands, but no mustelids were caught or seen. Kiore on Moturua Island were very scarce compared with other northern offshore islands, perhaps because of competition from Norway rats and the presence of stoats and cats. Kiore were breeding and young matured in the season of their birth. Norway rats were scarce and found mainly near the shoreline on four of the islands. On Waewaetorea Island they were plentiful and widespread despite the possible presence of stoats. About a third of the mature females were visibly pregnant. Average litter size was 6.9 embryos, and 44% of the parous females had borne two or three litters. Females first ovulated at 180 ± 5 g weight and 356 ± 5 mm total length on average. Males first produced sperm at 189 ± 7 g we.
Drought resistance at the seedling stage in the promising fodder plant tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa var. albomarginata)

Abstract. The perennial legume Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt. var. albomarginata (tedera) has been identified as a promising fodder plant for the southern Australian wheatbelt, but little is known about its drought resistance as a seedling. This study was conducted to (i) examine physiological and morphological responses to water stress of seedlings of tedera, in comparison with lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) and Afghan melon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), and (ii) investigate drought adaptation mechanisms of tedera seedlings. Seedlings were grown in a reconstructed field soil profile in pots in a glasshouse. By 25 days after sowing (DAS), plants of all species in the drought-stressed (DS) treatment had experienced water stress, with an average leaf relative water content (RWC) of 66% in DS compared with 79% in well-watered (WW) plants. Tedera, biserrula and Afghan melon maintained a higher RWC than lucerne. At 25 DAS, reductions in shoot dry matter in the DS treatment differed between species: 52% for Afghan melon, 36% for biserrula, 27% for lucerne, and no significant reduction for tedera. Paraheliotropic leaf angles of biserrula, lucerne and tedera were all higher in the DS treatment than in the WW treatment at 25, 32 and 52 DAS. This study revealed significant differences in rooting depth and stomatal conductance between the three legume species when under water stress, with tedera being the most drought-resistant. Traits that may allow tedera to survive a dry period following opening rains include vigorous seedling growth, early taproot elongation, effective stomatal control and paraheliotropic leaf movements.
Admixture of ancient mitochondrial lineages in three‐spined stickleback populations from the North Pacific

We test the hypothesis that the North Pacific coastline from British Columbia to the Kuril Islands forms a broad region of admixture between two divergent mitochondrial‐genome (mtDNA) lineages in three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): the Euro‐North American (ENA) and Trans‐North‐Pacific (TNP or Japanese) clades. We test whether distance is the primary determinant of geographical patterns of haplotype distributions and whether deep‐water trenches in the Aleutian and Kuril archipelagos impede gene flow.
Retinyl Palmitate Isomers in Skim Milk During Light Storage as Affected by Ascorbic Acid

Effects of ascorbic acid addition on the contents of retinyl palmitate isomers in skim milk treated with or without 3 mg/ mL added riboflavin were studied during storage for 30 h under fluorescent light. Light illumination induced the reduction of all-trans-retinyl palmitate and 13-cis isomer, but promoted the production of 9-cis isomer in the skim milk. Riboflavin increased the reduction of all-trans-retinyl palmitate, but decreased the formation of 9-cis isomer in light-stored skim milk. The addition of ascorbic acid greatly inhibited the light-induced reduction of all-trans-retinyl palmitate and 13-cis isomer in skim milks. Ascorbic acid also greatly increased the formation of 9-cis-retinyl palmitate in skim milks during light storage.
Changes in microtubule organization and wall microfibril orientation during in vitro cotton fiber development: an immunofluorescent study

Cotton fibers provide an excellent system to study how cortical microtubule arrays are established and the relationship between microtubule organization and wall microfibril deposition. Throughout development, cotton fibers maintain highly organized arrays of microtubules. For the first 15–18 days postanthesis microtubules are oriented transverse to the cell long axis. Older fibers contain microtubule arrays that are organized in a spiral pattern. The switch from transverse to spiral appears to be coordinated along the entire cell length since cells do not simultaneously contain both arrays. Older fibers also exhibit abrupt reversals in microtubule orientation. Reversals occur in two different forms that may represent a developmental sequence in the establishment of reversal regions. Throughout development, the cotton fiber walls exhibit increasing amounts of birefringence. In all cases, the most recently deposited wall microfibrils parallel the cortical microtubules.
Examining the role of perceived risk and benefit, shared concern for nuclear stigmatization, and trust in governments in shaping citizen risk acceptability of a nuclear power plant

ABSTRACT This study aims to present a more balanced perspective of risk acceptability through integrating economic individualism and social constructivism and examining the impact of trust in the national and local government on citizens’ attitudes toward risk and nuclear power plants, respectively. The data were gathered from surveys of local residents engaged in fierce debates on whether they agreed to accept a nuclear power plant in their local area, the city of Samcheok in South Korea. To capture the causal links among the determinants of risk acceptability of a nuclear power plant and their relationships, the authors utilized a structural equation model. Demonstrating that a shared worry about nuclear stigmatization has both a positive impact on risk perception but also a negative impact on trust in local government, our findings emphasize that risk studies of nuclear energy should pay attention to the social, cultural, and historical contexts of nuclear energy as well as its economic aspects when examining the determinants of risk acceptability. This study also enriches our understanding that national and local governments can play different roles in promoting citizens’ risk acceptability of a nuclear power plant. Thus, this study contributes towards presenting a better specified causal model of risk acceptability and offers practical implications of how to promote the public’s risk acceptability of nuclear power facilities.
TUMOR CELL SURFACES: SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOPLASTIC CELLS THAT DETERMINE STATES OF TRANSFORMATION AND MALIGNANCY

Both normal and neoplastic cells are surrounded by fluid, dynamic plasma membranes which are involved in a variety of important physiological processes. Although several modifications in composition, organization, dynamics, enzymology and immunology have been found in transformed and tumor cell membranes when compared to their untransformed and normal cell counterparts, few of these changes may be important in the actual survival, growth and spread of tumor cells in vivo. One of the most important characteristics of malignant cells in vivo-the ability to metastasize to distant host sites-provides an important approach for studying in vivo tumor cell properties. We have been using several types of selection procedures to obtain variants of animal tumor cell lines that show enhanced metastatic potential and abilities to spread to specific host sites by blood-borne routes. Using these selected variants we hope to learn more about the cell surface properties that determine the location and fate of metastatic tumor cells in vivo.
Pharmacological, bioactive screening of medicinal plant Nigella sativa and the derived compound thymoquinone : An invitro study

The richest biosource of drugs are from the medicinal plants which are the traditional medicine. The nutraceuticals, food supplements, Siddha, Ayurveda, pharamceutical medicines, synthetic drugs are from the plant sources. Inspite of large number of studies with herbal plants which have given good correlation in the phytochemical, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory content, Nigella sativa- a spice plant of Ranunculacea family showed significant properties than their counterparts. The seeds of Nigella sativa and the essential oil were found to exhibit various pharmacological activities like antianalgesic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-diabetic. Since there are no toxic effects or serious side effects observed using animal model and in the clinical trials, the study was carried out using Nigella sativa and Thymoquinone to find out the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, invitro - anti diabetic activity, anti inflammatory activity of Nigella sativa ethanolic extract and Thymoquinone effect on diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of the study is to prove that the Nigella sativa could be used as therapeutic agent and the compound Thymoquinone a potential cholienesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Rain-water management for tree planting in the Indian Desert

A field experiment was conducted at the Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur to study the influence of different systems of water harvesting and moisture conservation on soil moisture storage, growth, biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake byAzadirachta indica(neem),Tecomella undulata(rohida) andProsopis cineraria(kherjri). The ridge and furrow method of water harvesting was found to be the best treatment and significantly improved their growth of three species (height by 58%, 35% and 40%, collar circumference by 73%, 56% and 63%, and crown diameter by 111%, 51%, and 131%, respectively). Biomass accumulation byA. indicaandT. undulataincreased 3·8-fold and 4·6-fold and root mass 4·5-fold and 3·8-fold, respectively. The mulching treatment was beneficial toA. indicaand weeding treatment to all the three species. Trees roots in water harvesting plots were deeper and had several times larger spread than the control. Nutrient uptake by these tree species increased several-folds as a result of the different water harvesting and moisture conservation treatments. The increase in cost of plantation due to T8treatment was 50%.
Political alignment between firms and employees in the United States: evidence from a new dataset

Abstract I present a novel measure of partisan alignment between firms and employees. This measure is constructed using data matching 1,691,790 US federal campaign contribution filings of 85,109 individuals to the donations of 874 Political Action Committees (PACs) of publicly listed US companies between 2003 and 2016. The alignment measure shows that employee and employer contributions are highly correlated. Furthermore, firm- and occupation-level factors are significantly associated with firm–employee alignment. Uniquely, these new data can be easily linked to external data on industries, firms, and occupations and consequently allow for in-depth analysis of precisely how companies can influence employees’ politics.
Resource Quality, Mutualism, and Energy Partitioning in Food Chains

Energy of net primary production (NPP) flows to heterotrophs in the form of living tissue, the grazing food chain, or as nonliving organic matter, the detritus food chain. When resource quality and the nature of control of transfer at the autotroph-heterotroph interface are considered, it is evident that both grazing and detritus flow routes involve pathways that are sufficiently different to justify recognition as distinct food chains. Accordingly, we propose a multichannel food chain model with six major pathways as follows (fig. 1): (1) direct grazing; (2) granivorous; (3) detrital POM (particulate organic matter); (4) detrital DOM (dissolved organic matter extruded); (5) active extraction (of photosynthate); and (6) nectarivorous. The active extraction pathway (5) can be subdivided into mutualistic and parasitic. Over the short term, paths 3 or 4 are donor controlled, and 1 and 5 are recipient controlled, while 2, 5A, and 6 involve both. Over evolutionary time, most, if not all, autotroph-heterotroph transfers appear to be mutualistic since numerous positive feedbacks have been documented that enhance the welfare of primary producers and contribute to homeostasis at the ecosystem level. A picture that seems to be emerging is that homeostasis at the ecosystem level can be mediated through autotroph-heterotroph mutualism that involves a few highly specialized, coevolved species (the "keystone mutualists" of Gilbert [1980]). Accordingly, the food web network may be an important part of the diffuse subsystem cybernetics that distinguishes ecosystems from organisms and man-made servomechanisms (as recently pointed out by Patten and Odum [1981]). The granivorous and nectarivorous food chains are absent in aquatic ecosystems that lack flowering plants, but in shallow water ecosystems (wetlands, estuaries, etc.) a secondary detritus-based carbon and energy recovery anaerobic route involving reduced inorganic compounds and chemolithotrophic bacteria may be important. Conventional methods of measuring NPP often fail to include, or grossly under-estimate, the high resource quality flows such as those involving DOM exudates from roots and algal cells, and active extraction of photosynthate by mutualistic microorganisms. Data from Biever's study of sporocarp production in pine plantations are presented to show that more than 15% of NPP may flow along this mycorrhizal path. Since feedback response is rapid, that is, nutrients flow back to the plant very soon after the outflow of photosynthate, mycorrhizal networks could very well be a major cybernetic control subsystem, especially in terrestrial communities on nutrient-poor substrate.
Nutrient and chlorophyll a variability at six stations associated with mussel farming in Pelorus Sound, 1984–85

Abstract The large nutrient and chlorophyll a concentration variability in Pelorus Sound resulted from the complex hydrodynamic regime operating on the three major nutrient sources—sediment remineralisation, advection from Cook Strait, and the river inflows. Concentrations changed over time periods which ranged from short (minutes to hours), associated with the passage of tidal fronts and isolated patches of water, to long (days to months) associated with floodwater, retention times, and oceanic exchange. Spatial variability indicated that high nitrogen (N) concentrations and phytoplankton biomass in the inner sounds were associated with rainfall whereas the highest levels in the outer sounds were associated with sediment remineralisation, oceanic exchange, and the seasonal pattern in Cook Strait. Exceptions occurred when high phytoplankton biomass produced in the inner sounds was flushed out of the sounds following a storm event. Low N concentrations and phytoplankton biomass in summer throughout Pelorou.
Habitat use and diet of bush dogs, Speothos venaticus, in the Northern Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Abstract From April 2001 to November 2003, direct (sightings) and indirect (feces, tracks, prey carcass/scent) evidence of bush dog (Speothos venaticus) presence were recorded in a private reserve in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Most observations were recorded either through direct sightings or tracks (36.67% each; total sample size=30). Although bush dogs are difficult to see, they seem to be frequent in the area, contradicting the reports in the available literature. Assuming a home-range size of 150 km2 for a group of six bush dogs, we estimated that the northern and eastern regions of the Reserve contain 5.74 groups of bush dogs, each group with an average of 2.75 individuals (SD±1.07, variation 1–5 individuals, n=24). The distribution of records did not vary between the different habitats of the studied area (G=0.093, p=0.954), suggesting that bush dogs do not select preferential habitats in the Pantanal. The principal food item was Dasypus novemcinctus (94.1%; total sample size=17), indicating that nine-banded armadillos are the principal prey of bush dogs in the Pantanal. There were no records of fruit items in the collected feces, suggesting that bush dogs are hypercarnivorous or exclusively carnivorous.