Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
of Law and Unforeseen Contingencies”

We study a contracting model with unforeseen contingencies in which the court is an active player. Ex ante, the contracting parties cannot include the risky un-foreseen contingencies in the contract they draw up. Ex post, the court observes whether an unforeseen contingency occurred and decides whether to void or uphold the contract. If the contract is voided by the court, the parties can rene-gotiate a new agreement ex post. There are two effects of a court that voids contracts. The parties’ incentives to undertake relationship-speciﬁc investment are reduced, and the parties enjoy greater insurance against the unforeseen contingencies that the ex ante contract cannot account for. In this context, we fully characterize the optimal decision rule for the court. The behavior of the optimal court is determined by the trade-off between the need for incentives and the gains from insurance that voiding in some circumstances offers to the agents.
An Overview Grit Implementation among Psychology Students at Private Universities

In studies, students will face some common problems, such as (a) not being able to complete their studies well, (b) giving up easily when facing learning difficulties, (c) getting a relatively low GPA, and (d) failing to adjust as a new student. This study aims to provide an overview of the implementation of Grit in Psychology students at a Private Universities. Angela Duckworth developed the Grit concept. Duckworth defines Grit as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. This research uses a descriptive quantitative method with a convenience sampling technique. The participants were 336 students, 46 males and 290 females (M: 38.37 and SD: 4.89). Researchers used a Grit scale measuring instrument developed by Angela Duckworth, consisting of 12 items. This measuring instrument is prepared based on two aspects of Grit: perseverance of effort and consistency of interest. Data collection in this study was conducted online using Google Forms. The data processing technique applied is descriptive statistics. The results showed that 243 respondents, or 72%, were classified as Quite Gritty. Meanwhile, 82 respondents, or 25%, have the quality of being classified as Gritty, and the other 3% are classified as not Gritty. Individuals with Quite Gritty refer to individuals who do not easily despair when experiencing difficulties and are persistent in trying to achieve goals. To improve their quality, students need assistance from academic advisors to develop their study plans.
Coronas, reaction rims, symplectites and emplacement depth of the Rymmen gabbro, Transscandinavian Igneous Belt, southern Sweden

Abstract Reactions between olivine and plagioclase form kelyphytic corona textures in the Rymmen gabbro, southern Sweden. The coronas surround olivine and consist of enstatite ± amphibole and phlogopite, combined with an outer rim of symplectic intergrowth of green spinel and amphibole. Corona reactions took place in fractures within olivine prior to the formation of chlorite, serpentine, and magnetite in the fractures at cooler conditions. Disequilibrium between olivine and plagioclase has been put forward as an explanation for the corona formation. However, inclusions of plagioclase in olivine show that there is no reaction between these minerals, since no new minerals formed between them. The conclusion drawn is that the most important factor for development of kelyphytic structures in the Rymmen gabbro is contact with a late deuteric fluid in an environment where olivine and plagioclase are close to each other. Temperature estimates for the formation of the kelyphytic coronas in the Rymmen gabbro yield consistent temperatures of around 800 ± 30°C and pressures 6-8 kbar, which indicate emplacement at a depth of 20-30 km in the crust. Late deuteric fluids caused olivine replacement by intergrown orthopyroxene and magnetite, in Fe-Ti oxide-rich rocks only. In these, plagioclase is replaced by symplectite when in contact with ilmenite and magnetite. It is noted that the symplectite minerals have low Ti contents. This suggests that the Fe-Ti oxide was a catalyst for the reaction between plagioclase and late-stage aqueous fluids rather than being a reactant, alternatively that the magnetite/ilmenite was a reactant and Ti was retained in the oxide.
Fishing Effort Increase and Resource Status of the Deep-Sea Red Shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso 1816) in the Northwest Mediterranean Sea Since the 1950s

ABSTRACT The deep-sea red shrimp Aristeus antennatus is one of the most valuable demersal resources for bottom trawl fishery in the Mediterranean Sea. Nevertheless, this fishery lacks specific management at Mediterranean level, data availability is sparse and official records are often unreliable. In particular, misreporting of trawlers engine power is a widespread issue, complicating the process of fish stock assessments. In Catalonia (Northeast Spain), the red shrimp is particularly important and the stock has been traditionally exploited. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of intense fishing activities on this resource. For this purpose, we built a reliable series of fishing effort and catch per unit of effort (CPUE), integrating official data with information obtained by interviews to fishermen. Stock assessment at two different time periods, 1984–1989 and 2008–2010, was performed. In this study, we provide the first evidence of the remarkable increase of fishing effort in the Northwest Mediterranean Sea in the last decades. Overfishing of the red shrimp was detected at all years studied. A decrease in the yield per recruit and mean individual length over the two time periods considered was also detected. In addition, the CPUE presented a marked decreasing trend, indicating a possible reduction in the resource abundance. Our results show that an appropriate fishery management for this resource is needed, and should aim at reducing fishing mortality and increasing yield per recruit. These objectives could be achieved by reducing fishing effort and increasing size at first capture.
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Its Correlation With Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Function and Geometry in Hypertensive Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background It is important to consider left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in assessing hypertensive patients’ global cardiovascular risk profile, as LVH and arterial wall changes occur concurrently. This study aimed to assess the relationship between CIMT and left ventricular geometry and function in hypertensive patients. Methodology This cross-sectional study included 200 hypertensive individuals and sought to correlate their CIMT with left ventricular geometry and function in Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or on treatment for hypertension presenting at the outpatient clinics. Patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were recruited. Abnormal CIMT was defined as >0.9 mm. Patients’ demographic data were obtained in addition to general characteristics, physical examination, transthoracic echocardiography, and CIMT. The statistical relationship between CIMT and left ventricular geometry and function was obtained and analyzed. Results Normal geometry and LVH were observed in 50.5% and 15.5%, respectively. Left ventricular geometry was associated with abnormal CIMT (χ2 = 31.688, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean left ventricular mass index was statistically different between abnormal and normal CIMT (97.84 ± 30.5 vs. 80.75 ± 15.6; p < 0.001). Regarding left ventricular function, there was no significant difference in E-point septal separation, left ventricular fractional shortening, and left ventricular ejection fraction in abnormal versus normal CIMT groups. However, there was a significant association of CIMT with grades of diastolic dysfunction (χ2 = 7.069, p = 0.029). Additionally, individual parameters of diastolic dysfunction such as left atrial volume index and septal mitral were significantly different (p < 0.001). Conclusions There was an association between age, left ventricular geometry, diastolic function, and CIMT in hypertensive individuals. Therefore, it is beneficial to evaluate CIMT and for these patients to receive more targeted blood pressure control which may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
An intercomparison of oceanic precipitation frequencies from 10 special sensor microwave/imager rain rate algorithms and shipboard present weather reports

Oceanic precipitation frequencies produced by 10 satellite microwave algorithms submitted to the first Precipitation Intercomparison Project are compared with frequencies derived from ship reports. It is found that most algorithms yield distributions in reasonable agreement with the ship-derived climatology at low latitudes, but the majority fail to register more than very infrequent (∼1%) precipitation at latitudes poleward of about 45°, in contrast to the much larger (∼10%) frequencies indicated by surface reports. Only two algorithms, both of which were based on the brightness temperature transformations of Petty [1994a, b], appear to approximately reproduce ship-observed precipitation frequency patterns at both tropical and high latitudes. All 10 algorithms, however, appear to have difficulty producing realistic precipitation frequencies in the “dry” subtropical trade belts. This problem is tentatively attributed to the unique physical characteristics of precipitation in those regions.
A Coupled Coastal Polynya–Atmospheric Boundary Layer Model

This paper formulates and presents opening solutions of a one-dimensional coastal polynya flux model in which frazil ice is characterized by its depth and concentration. In comparison with polynya flux models in which variable frazil ice concentration is absent, this model is found to predict a smaller heat flux to the atmosphere. Consequently the model in this paper exhibits a wider steady-state polynya and longer opening times when compared with models in which ice concentration is neglected. The aforementioned polynya flux model is then coupled to a lower-atmosphere boundary layer model, and it is demonstrated that the polynya opening time and the steady-state width are significantly altered in the coupled, as compared with the decoupled, system. In essence, the heating of the lower atmosphere above the evolving polynya in the coupled system reduces the sensible heat flux between the ocean and atmosphere, thereby reducing the frazil ice production rate and hence leading to longer polynya opening time and wider steady-state width. This phenomenon is particularly noticeable when the potential temperature of the atmosphere at the coast is only slightly below the freezing point. In addition, a cutoff atmospheric wind speed is shown to exist, above which a steady-state polynya can never be obtained. Solutions calculated by the two models, using parameters representative of the St. Lawrence Island polynya, show that the new models contain substantial predictive capability.
A D-Band Transmitter Achieving 57.6-Gb/s and 30-dBm EIRP Based on Channel-Aggregation 45-Nm ICs and a Low-Profile Flat Lens Antenna

We present two high-efficiency baseband (BB)-to- ${D}$ -Band transmitting systems based on a novel channel-aggregation architecture. They comprise a first integrated circuit (IC) for channel aggregation at intermediate frequency (IF) and a two-channel 45-nm CMOS transmitter (TX) flip-chipped on antenna-in-package (AiP), which illuminates a high-gain flat lens antenna in standard printed circuit board technology. The two signals emitted by the active antenna module, in adjacent bands, are aggregated over the air and collimated by the flat lens. Two TXs using a standard and a folded transmitarray antenna (TA), three times thinner than the former one, are realized and compared. They achieve similar performance in the operating band (139.3–156.6 GHz), with a measured peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 30 dBm. A wireless point-to-point link is demonstrated with the proposed transmitting system and a commercial receiver. A data rate (DR) of 57.6 Gb/s is measured at 1 m using eight channels and a 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme, with an energy efficiency of 27.4 pJ/b.
Worker Flows and Job Flows: a Quantitative Investigation

This paper studies the quantitative properties of a multiple-worker firm matching model with on-the-job search where heterogeneous firms operate decreasing-returns-to-scale production technology. We focus on the model's ability to replicate the business cycle features of job flows, worker flows between employment and unemployment, and job-to-job transitions. The calibrated model successfully replicates (i) countercycli-cal worker flows between employment and unemployment, (ii) procyclical job-to-job transitions, and (iii) opposite movements of job creation and destruction rates over the business cycle. The cyclical properties of worker flows between employment and unemployment differ from those of job flows, partly because of the presence of job-to-job transitions. We also show, however, that job flows measured by net employment changes differ significantly from total worker separation and accession rates, because separations also occur at firms with positive net employment changes, and similarly firms that are shrinking on net may hire workers to partially offset attritions. The presence of job-to-job transitions is the key to producing these differences. and ZEW conference on Recent Development in Macroeconomics. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia or the Federal Reserve System.
The Impact of Bamboo Consumption on the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Giant Pandas

Simple Summary The focus of this study was to explore the impact of the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from a bamboo diet to the gut microbiota of giant pandas and further dissemination through fecal matter. Metagenomic analysis and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) were used to investigate the presence of ARGs in the gut microbiota of captive giant pandas during the consumption of different parts of bamboo. The results showed that the number of ARGs was highest in gut microbiota of the giant panda during the consumption of bamboo leaves, while the variety of ARGs was highest during the consumption of shoots. Specific bacteria associated with ARG dissemination were also identified. This study emphasizes the need for the proper handling of panda feces and regular monitoring of antimicrobial-resistant genes to mitigate the threat of antibiotic resistance. Overall, this research provides insights into the complex relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and health in giant pandas, contributing to their conservation and management. Abstract The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment exacerbates the contamination of these genes; therefore, the role plants play in the transmission of resistance genes in the food chain requires further research. Giant pandas consume different bamboo parts at different times, which provides the possibility of investigating how a single food source can affect the variation in the spread of ARGs. In this study, metagenomic analysis and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) database were used to annotate ARGs and the differences in gut microbiota ARGs during the consumption of bamboo shoots, leaves, and culms by captive giant pandas. These ARGs were then compared to investigate the impact of bamboo part consumption on the spread of ARGs. The results showed that the number of ARGs in the gut microbiota of the subjects was highest during the consumption of bamboo leaves, while the variety of ARGs was highest during the consumption of shoots. Escherichia coli, which poses a higher risk of ARG dissemination, was significantly higher in the leaf group, while Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Raoultella were significantly higher in the shoot group. The ARG risk brought by bamboo shoots and leaves may originate from soil and environmental pollution. It is recommended to handle the feces of giant pandas properly and regularly monitor the antimicrobial and virulence genes in their gut microbiota to mitigate the threat of antibiotic resistance.
Association of Asthma With Patients Diagnosed With Metabolic Syndrome: A Cohort Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disease. The prevalence of both asthma and obesity has been rising simultaneously, demonstrating a parallel trend. Obesity is a significant factor in metabolic syndrome, and numerous studies have indicated a connection between metabolic syndrome and bronchial asthma. Aims and objectives The aim of this paper is to evaluate the association of asthma with patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. The main objectives were to analyze the clinical profile and spirometric indices in patients with metabolic syndrome and to assess asthmatic patients among them with spirometry and clinical parameters at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. Materials and methods This hospital-based cohort study was conducted on 73 patients attending the outpatient department who had a known case of metabolic syndrome and were evaluated for asthma through history, physical examination, and a pulmonary function test. A history of cough, expectoration, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, allergy, seasonal variation, and smoking habits was asked, and a thorough physical examination was performed. Bronchial asthma was confirmed with airflow reversibility by spirometry as per the Global Initiative for Asthma Guidelines. Metabolic and spirometry parameters were examined, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), serum insulin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC pre- and post-reversibility (baseline vs. six months). Results and discussion The average BMI of all participants was 29.6511 ±2.64564. The waist-hip ratio was 0.5512 ±0.43855, which decreased during the follow-ups, demonstrating a decline in the risk of obesity in study participants. The level of HbA1C showed a drop from 6.1% to 5.9% at the first follow-up. This exhibited a further reduction at the six-month follow-up in addition to a positive reflection in insulin sensitivity, indicating successful control of diabetes among study participants. It was discovered that this was statistically significant (p<0.001). At the third and sixth months of follow-up, the FEV1/FVC ratio increased by 38% and 37%, respectively, when metabolic syndrome was under control. The results show that controlling diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and triglyceride values improved asthmatic symptoms, and this was determined to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion The results of the current study demonstrated that the regulation and maintenance of metabolic parameters such as BMI, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension aid in improving asthma control.
Case report: tularaemia in a white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), Germany

ABSTRACT In 2021, a white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) succumbed to illness shortly after transfer from one zoo to another in Germany, due to Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica infection. To determine the source of infection, whole genome sequencing of the gibbon-derived isolate was performed and wild pest rodents (and captive squirrels) from both zoos were screened for F. tularensis. The F. tularensis whole genome sequence obtained from the gibbon was closely related to previous subclade B.281 sequences obtained from hares from Baden-Wuerttemberg, the same region where the gibbon was first housed. However, F. tularensis DNA was detected in one Norway rat from the receiving zoo. Therefore, neither zoo can be excluded as the source of infection.
Performance of Marsh Seedless Grapefruit on Six Rootstocks in Cyprus

SummaryYield, fruit quality, growth and the levels of 12 elements in the leaves were measured for 12-year-old Marsh Seedless grapefruit trees on six rootstocks. Trees on rough lemon and Cleopatra mandarin were larger than those on sour orange and consistently produced 67 and 23 per cent more fruit respectively than on sour orange. Trees on Palestine sweet lime, Troyer and Morton citranges were the least productive. Three-year means of total soluble solids ranged from 9·4 per cent for fruit from trees on Palestine sweet lime to 11–2 per cent on Cleopatra mandarin. Fruit size was good on all rootstocks but effects of rootstock on levels of Mg, Na, Cl and B in the leaves were statistically significant.
Improving the Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting of CO{sub 2} Sequestered in Geologic Systems with Multicomponent Seismic Technology and Rock Physics Modeling

Research done in this study showed that P-SV seismic data provide better spatial resolution of geologic targets at our Appalachian Basin study area than do P-P data. This finding is important because the latter data (P-P) are the principal seismic data used to evaluate rock systems considered for CO{sub 2} sequestration. The increase in P-SV{sub 1} resolution over P-P resolution was particularly significant, with P-SV{sub 1} wavelengths being approximately 40-percent shorter than P-P wavelengths. CO{sub 2} sequestration projects across the Appalachian Basin should take advantage of the increased resolution provided by converted-shear seismic modes relative to P-wave seismic data. In addition to S-wave data providing better resolution of geologic targets, we found S-wave images described reservoir heterogeneities that P-P data could not see. Specifically, a channel-like anomaly was imaged in a key porous sandstone interval by P-SV{sub 1} data, and no indication of the feature existed in P-P data. If any stratigraphic unit is considered for CO{sub 2} storage purposes, it is important to know all heterogeneities internal to the unit to understand reservoir compartmentalization. We conclude it is essential that multicomponent seismic data be used to evaluate all potential reservoir targets whenever a CO{sub 2} storage effort is considered,more » particularly when sequestration efforts are initiated in the Appalachian Basin. Significant differences were observed between P-wave sequences and S- wave sequences in data windows corresponding to the Oriskany Sandstone, a popular unit considered for CO{sub 2} sequestration. This example demonstrates that S-wave sequences and facies often differ from P-wave sequences and facies and is a principle we have observed in every multicomponent seismic interpretation our research laboratory has done. As a result, we now emphasis elastic wavefield seismic stratigraphy in our reservoir characterization studies, which is a science based on the concept that the same weight must be given to S-wave sequences and facies as is given to P-wave sequences and facies. This philosophy differs from the standard practice of depending on only conventional P-wave seismic stratigraphy to characterize reservoir units. The fundamental physics of elastic wavefield seismic stratigraphy is that S- wave modes sense different sequences and facies across some intervals than does a P-wave mode because S-wave displacement vectors are orthogonal to P- wave displacement vectors and thus react to a different rock fabric than do P waves. Although P and S images are different, both images can still be correct in terms of the rock fabric information they reveal. « less