Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polarized Raman Scattering Studies of Orientational Order in Uniaxial Liquid Crystalline Phases

The measurement of vibrational Raman depolarization ratios has been used to study molecular orientational order in uniaxial single domain nematic and smectic liquid crystal samples. This technique is demonstrated to obtain the same microscopic order parameter 〈P2〉=1/2 〈3 cos2ϑ−1〉, where ϑ is the angle between a molecular long axis and the uniaxial direction, as other existing methods. In addition, the next higher moment of the orientational distribution function 〈P4〉=1/8 〈35 cos4 ϑ−30 cos2ϑ+3〉 has been measured for the first time. The physical basis, theoretical apparatus, and experimental methods necessary for the application of this technique are thoroughly detailed in this paper. Measurements are presented of the temperature dependence of 〈P2〉 and 〈P4〉 of N‐ (p′‐butoxybenzylidene) ‐p‐cyanoaniline (BBCA) dissolved in N‐ (p′‐methoxybenzylidene) ‐p‐cyanoaniline (MBBA) and of pure MBBA in the isotropic and nematic phases, and in the isotropic, nematic, smectic A, and smectic B phases of N‐ (p′‐butoxybenzyl.
Level 3 assets: Booking profits and concealing losses

Fair value accounting forces institutions to revalue inventory whenever a transaction occurs. An institution that faces a balance sheet constraint may have incentives to suspend trading in Level 3 assets (traded on opaque over-the-counter markets) in order to avoid such marking-to-market. This keeps the book valuation artificially high, relaxing the balance sheet constraint. But, the institution loses direct control of the risk of its position. Solving this "real options" problem, the institution will report profits as they occur but delay reporting losses. A regulator trying to control risk imposes fines for balance sheet manipulation and capital requirements. Both these tools can increase risk-taking and balance sheet manipulation. Audits in comparision generally decrease risk-taking but may be costly to the regulator. The model provides predictions on the distribution of a bank's trading gains in illiquid markets. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. , Oxford University Press.
In-sewer Treatment System of Enhancing Self-Purification: Performance and Oxygen Balance in Pilot Tests

A novel sewer pipe with a double-deck structure was developed for in-sewer treatment. The upper deck is designed for the smooth transportation of wastewater, while the treatment is conducted by sponge media in the lower deck, which is intermittently exposed to wastewater and oxygen as with a trickling filter. The performance of the novel pipe was examined in the pilot-scale demonstration fed with domestic wastewater for 9 months. The indices of organic matter (BOD, COD, and SS) decreased for several hours of batch-mode recirculating tests. The removal rates ranged between 12 and 39 g-COD/(m·d) and were not significantly affected by temperature (18 – 29°C) and flow rate (6 – 15 m/h). The estimated oxygen requirement was balanced with the intermittent oxygen supply, i.e., sum of reaeration with water flow and direct exposure without water flow. Furthermore, the performance of the novel pipe coupled with simple post-treatments was also examined. The coagulation was the most efficient: BOD was successfully decreased to below 20 mg/L by the in-sewer treatment for 3.5 h followed by the addition of 100 mg/L of polyaluminum chloride. The novel pipe, therefore, may be promising technology for both COD reduction (independent usage) and alternative secondary treatment (coupled with coagulation).
Observation of a transition between dynamical phases in a quantum degenerate Fermi gas

Ultracold fermions provide a new testbed for dynamical phases of quantum matter forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics. A proposed paradigm for out-of-equilibrium quantum systems is that an analog of quantum phase transitions exists between parameter regimes of qualitatively distinct time-dependent behavior. Here, we present evidence of such a transition between dynamical phases in a cold-atom quantum simulator of the collective Heisenberg model. Our simulator encodes spin in the hyperfine states of ultracold fermionic potassium. Atoms are pinned in a network of single-particle modes, whose spatial extent emulates the long-range interactions of traditional quantum magnets. We find that below a critical interaction strength, magnetization of an initially polarized fermionic gas decays quickly, while above the transition point, the magnetization becomes long-lived because of an energy gap that protects against dephasing by the inhomogeneous axial field. Our quantum simulation reveals a nonequilibrium transition predicted to exist but not yet directly observed in quenched s-wave superconductors.
Effect of Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) leaves and seeds extract on the growth of six of the plant disease causing fungi

This study was conducted in the Department of Arid Land Agriculture of the Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, to study the growth of plant pathogenic fungi under the influence of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and seeds of Azadirachta indica . The aqueous and ethanolic extracts were used in the concentrations , 1:1 , 1:10 , 1:100 , 1:1000 (v:v ) . Six of the pathogenic fungi were used , Pythium aphanidermatum, Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium oxysporium, Helminthosporium sp. and Thilaeviobsis sp. The results showed that the growth of the fungi P. aphanidermatum, A. alternaria and H. sp. was mostly inhibited by the ethanolic extract of the Neem seeds compared to the other extracts , while no inhibitory effect was noticed for the tree seed water extract on the growth of P. aphanidermatum , Alternaria alternaria and H. sp. The least affected fungus by these seeds and leaves extract was Thialeviopsis sp. The seeds and leaves extracts were mostly affective in growth retardation of the fungi when applied at the highest concentration ( 1:1 , v:v ) , P. aphanedermatum was retarded by 21.74% , A. alternaria by 33.2%, B. sorokinianae by 40.27%, F. oxysporum by 57.26%, H. sp. by 38.56%, T. sp. by 23.40%. And the ethanolic seed extract is considered most effective e growth retarding of pathological fungi than the seed water and leaf ethanolic extracts . It can be said that the water and ethanolic seeds and leaves extracts of A. indica inhibited the growth of the studied fungi at different percentages.
Deposition of Photocatalytic TiO2 Coating by Modifying the Solidification Pathway in Plasma Spraying

The deposition of photocatalytic TiO2 coatings with plasma spraying is attractive for large-scale applications due to its low cost and simplicity, but it is still a challenge to obtain a TiO2 coating with high anatase content. The solidification pathway of inflight melted particles was investigated in the present paper, and TiO2 coatings with enhanced photocatalytic activity were obtained without a significant loss of the microhardness. The coating microstructure, phase composition, and crystallite size were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Photocatalytic performance was evaluated by decomposing an aqueous solution of methylene blue. Results showed that the anatase content in TiO2 coating was augmented to 19.9% from 4%, and the time constant of the activity was increased to 0.0046 h−1 from 0.0017 h−1.
Detecting and Modeling Text Reuse in Nineteenth-Century Newspapers

Texts propagate through many social networks and provide evidence for their structure. We have developed efficient algorithms for detecting clusters of reused passages embedded within longer documents in large collections. We apply these techniques to analyzing the culture of reprinting in the United States before the Civil War. Without substantial copyright enforcement, stories, poems, news, and anecdotes circulated freely among newspapers, magazines, and books. From the Chronicling America collection of OCR’d newspapers, we extract a new corpus of reprinted texts, explore the geographic spread and network connections of different publications, and analyze the time dynamics of different genres. 1 A Note on this Whitepaper Note: this paper focuses largely on the technical developments of the Viral Texts project. In August 2015, a pair of papers will appear in American Literary History, one a methods paper and the other an argument about how this work opens new knowledge about nineteenth-century newspaper genres and authorship. Much of the humanities content we expected to publish in this white paper will instead appear there and, hopefully, reach a wider audience of literary historians.
Structure / function analysis of yeast ribosomal protein L 2

Ribosomal protein L2 is a core element of the large subunit that is highly conserved among all three kingdoms. L2 contacts almost every domain of the large subunit rRNA and participates in an intersubunit bridge with the small subunit rRNA. It contains a solvent-accessible globular domain that interfaces with the solvent accessible side of the large subunit that is linked through a bridge to an extension domain that approaches the peptidyltransferase center. Here, screening of randomly generated library of yeast RPL2A alleles identified three translationally defective mutants, which could be grouped into two classes. The V48D and L125Q mutants map to the globular domain. They strongly affect ribosomal A-site associated functions, peptidyltransferase activity and subunit joining. H215Y, located at the tip of the extended domain interacts with Helix 93. This mutant specifically affects peptidyl–tRNA binding and peptidyltransferase activity. Both classes affect rRNA structure far away from the protein in the A-site of the peptidyltransferase center. These findings suggest that defective interactions with Helix 55 and with the Helix 65–66 structure may indicate a certain degree of flexibility in L2 in the neck region between the two other domains, and that this might help to coordinate tRNA–ribosome interactions.
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SOME THEOREMS IN KLEINIAN GROUPS AND COMPLEX DYNAMICS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

This thesis is an amalgam of the two manuscripts [16] and [17] that the author completed during her graduate studies at the University of Chicago. Article [16] was published in Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems and is reprinted with permission here. The first part of the thesis contains results obtained in [16], where we study Basmajiantype series identities on holomorphic families of Cantor sets associated to one-dimensional complex dynamical systems. We show that the series is absolutely summable if and only if the Hausdorff dimension of the Cantor set is strictly less than one. Throughout the domain of convergence, these identities can be analytically continued and they exhibit nontrivial monodromy. The second part of the thesis follows mainly from [17]. In particular, we prove an inequality that must be satisfied by displacement of generators of free Fuchsian groups, which is the two-dimensional version of the log(2k − 1) Theorem for Kleinian groups due to AndersonCanary-Culler-Shalen [1]. As applications, we obtain quantitative results on the geometry of hyperbolic surfaces such as the two-dimensional Margulis constant and lengths of a pair of based loops, which improves a result of Buser’s.
A Model of an Optimum Currency Area

Abstract This paper develops a model of the circumstances under which it is beneficial to participate in a currency area. The proposed two-country monetary model of trade with nominal rigidities encompasses the real and monetary arguments suggested by the optimum currency area literature: correlation of real and monetary shocks, international factor mobility, fiscal adjustment, openness, difference in national inflationary biases, and transactions costs. The effect of openness on the net benefits is ambiguous, contrary to the usual argument that more open economies are better candidates for a currency area. Also, prospective member countries do not necessarily agree on whether a given currency union should be created.
Structure-function relationships of family GH 70 glucansucrase and 4 , 6-α-glucanotransferase enzymes , and their evolutionary relationships with family GH 13 enzymes

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known to produce large amounts of a-glucan exopolysaccharides. Family GH70 glucansucrase (GS) enzymes catalyze the synthesis of these a-glucans from sucrose. The elucidation of the crystal structures of representative GS enzymes has advanced our understanding of their reaction mechanism, especially structural features determining their linkage specificity. In addition, with the increase of genome sequencing, more and more GS enzymes are identified and characterized. Together, such knowledge may promote the synthesis of a-glucans with desired structures and properties from sucrose. In the meantime, two new GH70 subfamilies (GTFBand GTFC-like) have been identified as 4,6-a-glucanotransferases (4,6-a-GTs) that represent novel evolutionary intermediates between the family GH13 and ‘‘classical GH70 enzymes’’. These enzymes are not active on sucrose; instead, they use (a1 ? 4) glucans (i.e. malto-oligosaccharides and starch) as substrates to synthesize novel a-glucans by introducing linear chains of (a1 ? 6) linkages. All these GH70 enzymes are very interesting biocatalysts and hold strong potential for applications in the food, medicine and cosmetic industries. In this review, we summarize the microbiological distribution and the structure–function relationships of family GH70 enzymes, introduce the two newly identified GH70 subfamilies, and discuss evolutionary relationships between family GH70 and GH13 enzymes.
INTE 2014 Development of non-formal adult education in the Czech Republic

This paper deals with the development of adult education in the Czech Republic after 1989. In this regard it analyses the development of participation in adult education and its influencing factors. For this purpose the paper uses primary and secondary data from five research surveys. The paper shows that there has been a slight increase in the number of adult participants in education in the last 25 years but it also shows that there are still certain groups of people that are excluded from education. The paper also outlines the main phases of development in adult education in relation to government politics; namely the liberal politics of the 1990s and the partially-regulated politics after 2000. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Sakarya University.
Non-Markovian transient Casimir-Polder force and population dynamics on excited- and ground-state atoms: Weak- and strong-coupling regimes in generally nonreciprocal environments

The transient Casimir-Polder force on a two-level atom introduced into a three-dimensional, inhomogeneous, generally nonreciprocal environment is evaluated using non-Markovian Weisskopf-Wigner theory in the strong- and weak-coupling regimes. Ground-state and excited atoms are shown to decouple into two separate initial-value problems, and both the short-time and long-time atomic population and force are evaluated. The results are compared with various Markov approximations of the Weisskopf-Wigner theory and with previous Markov results from the Heisenberg picture.
EEG Volume Control Using Optimized SVM & RBFN Deep

Human computer interfacing technology using Biopotentials has paved a new way in providing services to people with special needs. A lot of research has been done to develop applications based on biosignals with machines. This paper proposes a method to adjust the volume of a computer automatically depending upon the comfort level of the brain by using EEG signals. Band powers were used as features from the EEG raw data. Classification was done using support vector machine (SVM), one-versus-rest and a radial basis function network (RBFN). These techniques were optimized to different data sets using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Experimental results displays that both methods provide high classification accuracy. KeywordsBiopotentials, EEG signals, Feature Selection, Machine Learning, Particle Swarm Optimization, Support Vector Machine, Radial Basis Function Network
Age at menarche and adult BMI in the Aberdeen Children of the 1950 s Cohort Study 1 – 3

Background: Few studies have examined whether the inverse association of age at menarche with adult body mass index (BMI) is due to the tendency of BMI to track between childhood and adult life, with childhood BMI playing a causal role in determining age at menarche. Objective: The objective was to investigate whether the association of younger age at menarche with a high BMI and increased likelihood of obesity in middle age is due to confounding with early childhood BMI. Design: In a historical cohort of 3743 Scottish females born between 1950 and 1955, height and weight were measured in early childhood, and age at menarche and height and weight in middle age were obtained by questionnaire. Results: The age-adjusted change in mean adult BMI per additional year of age at menarche was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.50). Adjustment for childhood BMI measured between 4 and 6 y reduced this value to 0.57 ( 0.71, 0.43). Adjustment for childhood and adult social class, parity, smoking, and alcohol intake had little effect. The odds ratio for being obese compared with not being obese in adulthood was 0.82 (0.76, 0.86) per 1-y increase in age at menarche and was unchanged by adjustment for childhood BMI and other covariates. Conclusions: The inverse association of age at menarche with BMI and obesity in middle age is not explained by confounding by early childhood BMI. Instead, age at menarche may simply be a proxy marker for the pace of sexual maturation, which itself leads to differences in adiposity (and BMI) in the peripubertal period that track into adult life. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:733–9.
Nonvanishing effect of detuning errors in dynamical-decoupling-based quantum sensing experiments

Characteristic dips appear in the coherence traces of a probe qubit when dynamical decoupling (DD) is applied in synchrony with the precession of target nuclear spins, forming the basis for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The frequency of the microwave control pulses is chosen to match the qubit transition but this can be detuned from resonance by experimental errors, hyperfine coupling intrinsic to the qubit, or inhomogeneous broadening. The detuning acts as an additional static field which is generally assumed to be completely removed in Hahn echo and DD experiments. Here we demonstrate that this is not the case in the presence of finite pulse-durations, where a detuning can drastically alter the coherence response of the probe qubit, with important implications for sensing applications. Using the electronic spin associated with a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond as a test qubit system, we analytically and experimentally study the qubit coherence response under CPMG and XY8 dynamical decoupling control schemes in the presence of finite pulse-durations and static detunings. Most striking is the splitting of the NMR resonance under CPMG, whereas under XY8 the amplitude of the NMR signal is modulated. Our work shows that the detuning error must not be neglected when extracting data from quantum sensor coherence traces.
Pharmacokinetic Studies of the Recombinant Bovine Interferon-alpha in Cattle

In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of recombinant bovine interferon-alpha (rBoIFN-α) in cattle, which has potential for its antiviral and immunomodulatory activities, 12 animals of 6-month age were classified into 4 groups (n=3) to receive rBoIFN-α through IV, IM or SC routes at a dose of 5.0×103 IU/kg. Serum rBoIFN-α titer was evaluated using cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition bioassay. Then, the standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the DAS (Drug and statistics) software. The concentrationtime profiles of serum rBoIFN-α following IM administration, SC administration and IV administration were characteristics of the 1-, 1-, and 2-compartment open models, respectively. After a single dose of IV administration, the drug rapidly dispersed and was rapidly eliminated from the body (T1/2α=0.15±0.02 h, T1/2=6.48±0.49 h). After IM and SC administrations, the drug is rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated from the body (For IM administration, Tmax=6.12±0.32 h, T1/2=8.19±0.74 h) (For SC administration, Tmax=4.06±0.56 h, T1/2=7.29±0.55 h). The bioavailability of rBoIFN-α after IM administration is 53.74%, which is higher than the bioavailability of SC administration (27.96%). Therefore, the results showed that the drug administration effect can be preferably obtained following a single dose IM injection using the rBoIFN-α aqueous preparation. We hope that this study will provide valuable information for the clinical application of rBoIFN-α as an potential antiviral agent.
Epidemiologic and pathologic indices of gastric cancer in Kermanshah province , Iran

Gastric cancer is the second prevalent cancer and the second reason of death caused by cancer in the world. The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of gastric cancer in patients hospitalized in Taleqani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, that can be a model for the West of the Iran. In a descriptive research, the medical records of 184 patients were presented with gastric cancer at Taleqani Hospital, during 1997-2005 in Kermanshah province, Iran, were studied. The method of collecting data was extracting them from the files and the recording them in a “Collecting Data Form”. Frequency and percent related to each variable was checked by SPSS software and tables were drawn accordingly. The mean age for the patients at diagnosis was 59.7±12 years (range, 25-85 years) that 132 patients (71.7%) were male. Percentage of gastric cancer was the lowest in 25-34 years and the most in 65-74 years. Adenocarcinoma was the most type of pathology for the patients (83.1%) and also body and cardia were the first and second site of involvement of stomach. Out of 184 patients, 25 patients (13.7%), 3(1.6%), 3 (1.6%) and 153 (83.1%) had stage І, ІІ, ІІІ and ІV, respectively. In conclusion, considering the fact that the symptoms of gastric cancer are non-specific and vague and also early diagnosis and proper surgery are the most important factors in prolonging the life of patients.
A superfamily of transcriptional activators regulates bacteriophage packaging and lysis in Gram-positive bacteria

The propagation of bacteriophages and other mobile genetic elements requires exploitation of the phage mechanisms involved in virion assembly and DNA packaging. Here, we identified and characterized four different families of phageencoded proteins that function as activators required for transcription of the late operons (morphogenetic and lysis genes) in a large group of phages infecting Gram-positive bacteria. These regulators constitute a super-family of proteins, here named late transcriptional regulators (Ltr), which share common structural, biochemical and functional characteristics and are unique to this group of phages. They are all small basic proteins, encoded by genes present at the end of the early gene cluster in their respective phage genomes and expressed under cI repressor control. To control expression of the late operon, the Ltr proteins bind to a DNA repeat region situated upstream of the terS gene, activating its transcription. This involves the C-terminal part of the Ltr proteins, which control specificity for the DNA repeat region. Finally, we show that the Ltr proteins are the only phage-encoded proteins required for the activation of the packaging and lysis modules. In summary, we provide evidence that phage packaging and lysis is a conserved mechanism in Siphoviridae infecting a wide variety of Gram-positive bacteria.