Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AN ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS INDUCES TOLERANCE AGAINST THE CLUBROOT PATHOGEN PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA AND BRASSICA RAPA ROOTS

The control of the clubroot disease, one of the most damaging within the family of Brassicaceae, is difficult due to the obligate life style of the pathogen. Consequently, it is of high interest to understand the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis. In addition, the search for alternative methods to control this devastating plant disease is desirable. In this study we have therefore investigated the ability of an endophytic fungus of the genus Acremonium to influence clubroot formation in Brassica rapa (Chinese cabbage) and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, both good hosts to the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. When host plants were infected with P. brassicae alone, they formed the typical root galls accompanied by stunted growth of the aerial parts of the plant. After co-inoculation with A. alternatum we found smaller root galls and the phenotype of the shoots was comparable to that of uninfected plants for both A. thaliana and B. rapa. Smaller root galls were accompanied by lesser fungal structures in the galls and especially a reduction in resting spore formation was found. This led to the hypothesis that development of P. brassicae was delayed. These results are promising to be further developed in the context of a complex disease management to reduce clubroot symptoms.
A STUDY OF ALKYLTHIOANTIMONITES Sb(SR)3

Alkylthio derivatives of antimony(111) Sb(SR)3 (R = Et, Pr, Pr1, Bu, Bu1, Bus, But, and Pentt) have been synthesized in high yields by reaction of SbCl3 with thiol in the presence of ammonia. An attempt has been made to throw some light on the mode of their decomposition.
Performance of Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) Reared in Earthen Ponds Beneath Plastic Film Shelters

This study investigated the effects of using plastic film shelters on the survival, growth and production cost of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Three ponds were covered with plastic shelters, whilst three other were left unsheltered as controls. The surface area of all ponds was 100 square meters (6x16.7),with a water depth of 1.0 meter. Post larvae (0.012 g. mean initial weight) were raised with a stocking density of 100 individuals/ m 2 . They were grown for 75 days in both treatments. The average temperature of the pond water beneath the film was 3.4 o C higher than that of unsheltered ponds. In sheltered ponds, the lowest temperature recorded was 23 o C, where as in non-sheltered ponds the lowest recorded temperature was 18 o C. The minimum and maximum temperatures (on average) in the non-sheltered ponds and sheltered ponds were 23.8-27.4 o C and 27.7-30.3 o C, respectively. Although there was no significant difference in the prawn’s survival rate, the growth rate and food conversion ratio between treatments were significantly different (P<0.05). Weight gain of post larvae reared in non-sheltered ponds was 0.037±0.002 gram per day, compared with 0.062±0.002 gram per day for larvae in sheltered ponds. The mean final weight of the prawns raised in sheltered ponds was higher (5.42+0.18g) than that of prawns raised in nonsheltered ponds (2.70±0.16 g). The production cost of using sheltered ponds was lower compared to the cost using non-sheltered ponds. Variation in size of the prawns among ponds with plastic covering was lower than the non-sheltered ponds. Therefore, using plastic film covering over nursing ponds resulted in higher growth performance and lower production cost. It is therefore a promising method for farmers to rear post larvae during the cold season.
Proprioception In Insects: II. The Action Of The Campaniform Sensilla On The Legs

1. The campaniform sensilla on the legs of Periplaneta are similar in action to those on the palps, and respond to strains in the cuticle. 2. They are arranged in groups at the joints, with parallel orientation of the sensilla of a group. 3. Tests with various chemical substances show a complete absence of sensitivity to olfactory stimuli. 4. A theory is given of the mode of action of the sensilla in terms of a mechanical model based on their observed structure. Each group of parallel sensilla should act as a unit, responding to those forces which have a compression component of shear in the direction of their long diameters. 5. This theory makes it possible to predict the behaviour of the sensilla from their anatomical arrangement. Most if not all the groups on the legs are so arranged as to be sensitive to the forces present when the insect is standing on the ground. 6. The sensilla probably provide the basis for the sense of contact pressure postulated by Holst (1935), Hoffmann (1933), Crozier & Stier (1928-9), Fraenkel (1932) and others. 7. Comparison of this proprioceptive mechanism with that of the vertebrate limb reveals an absence of qualitative sensitivity that may have an important bearing on the question of the evolution of behaviour.
Effects of Habitat Utilization on the Life Histories of Two Imperiled, Sympatric Dionda (Cyprinidae) in the Rio Grande Basin, Texas

Abstract The genus Dionda consists of at least 12 species, of which most inhabit spring-dominated streams within the western Gulf slope drainages of North America and demonstrate some differences in habitat selection within these systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of stenothermal spring or eurythermal stream habitat selection on the life history strategies of the stream-associated Dionda argentosa, a population of Dionda diaboli restricted to the spring influenced portions of Pinto Creek (Kinney County, Texas), and a population of D. diaboli utilizing stream habitats in the Devils River (Val Verde County, Texas). While differences in spawning seasons between the two species were noted, all three populations displayed life histories characteristic of opportunistic strategists including early maturation, long spawning seasons, production of multiple batches of oocytes, and short lifespans (<3 y). Differences in reproductive season between the spring- and stream-associated Dionda were consistent with the hypothesis stenothermal waters of springs lack terminating cues to induce gonadal quiescence in fishes.
FLORISTIC INVENTORY OF PAI FOREST, NAWAB SHAH, SINDH, PAKISTAN

The main objective of this study was to record the existing floral diversity of Pai forest, Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose, field surveys were conducted in September, 2006 and March, 2009. A total of 93 plant species belonging to 67 genera and 30 families were identified. Poaceae was the largest family that contributed 14 species (15.05%), followed by Amaranthaceae with 7 species (7.53%), Capparidaceae and Tiliaceae with 5 spp. , (5.38% each); while 7 families contributed 4 species (4.30%). The most common life form class of the existing flora was Phanerophyte with the large number of species (37), followed by Therophyte (33), Chaemophytes (12), Hemicryptophyte (6) and Cryptophyte (3). The anthropogenic activities coupled with irrigation water deficit and allelopathic behavior of alien species (Prosopis juliflora) led to decline the natural ecosystem of this plantation.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PICOPLANKTON AND BACTERIOPLANKTON IN THE CENTRAL BASIN OF LAKE ERIE DURING SEASONAL HYPOXIA

George S. Bullerjahn, Advisor In Lake Erie’s central basin, a hypoxic region commonly termed the dead zone forms during late summer. Previous work has demonstrated an abundance of photosynthetic picocyanobacteria despite this lack of oxygen. High-throughput sequencing of over 400 cyanobacterial and eubacterial 16S rDNA amplicons has characterized some of the major members of the microbial community both during and prior to the dead zone formation. In July, the bacterial communities mainly consisted of two unique clusters of Gram-positive Actinobacteria, with a smaller percentage of Flexibacter-Cytophaga-Bacteroides, α, β, and γ Proteobacteria. Cyanobacteria in the form of photosynthetic picoplankton was found at 16.5 m in July, but was absent from the 20 m library. During hypoxia in August, a community shift was demonstrated with a decrease in the Flexibacter-Cytophaga-Bacteroides, an increase in number and diversity of cyanobacteria, and an increase in an α-Proteobacterial cluster. Diurnal oxygen production in the hypolimnion of Lake Erie was exhibited by in situ probes and showed actively photosynthetic picoplankton producing oxygen. Cyanobacterial 16S libraries showed an increase in diversity of photosynthetic picoplankton in August compared to July. The vast majority of clones similar to Synechococcus sp. MH301 were found in July with only a small percentage of clones from other groups. Conversely, during hypoxia, an increase of diversity was shown to exist. These differences in bacterial community members indicate the cycling of oxygen may influence the community structure in Lake
Perioperative assessment of the acute coronary ischemic syndiome

The detection of myocardial ischemia remains a diagnostic challenge for the physician despite the growing armament of diagnostic tools applied in this clinical setting, because all available methods have limitations and the ischemic syndromes appear with variable clinical symptoms. Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may present with nondiagnostic ECGs (1). Myocardial infarction in the postoperative period is associated with chest pain only in the minority of cases and (in contrast to MI in nonsurgical patients presenting to the emergency room) is predominantly non-Q-wave in nature (2). The appearance of new segmental wall motion abnormalities (SWMA) is regarded as a sensitive and specific means to diagnose myocardial ischemia. However, real time qualitative evaluation of echocardiograms requires experience and therefore is subject to error. Furthermore, SMWAs are even more difficult to interpret when nonischemic causes of abnormal motion are present (3-8). Yet another approach is the sampling of cellular constituents that are released to the bloodstream following an ischemic insult of the myocardium (Table 1). Among these, the cardiac regulatory proteins Troponin T and Troponin I have proven to be very sensitive and specific markers of ischemic myocardial damage. Furthermore, the heart-type fatty acid binding proteins, that are involved in the intracellular lipid transport seem to be released very early in the course of an ischemic insult. This article is designed to report on these so-called “new markers” of ischemic myocardial injury.
Micropropagation studies on pomegranate var. Bhagwa

In ‘Bhagawa’ pomegranate, micropropagation study was undertaken using different explants from fruiting mother plants. Shoot tip was found the best explant for culture establishment and microbial contamination (14.28%). Surface sterilization with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 10 min. showed the maximum survival (90.58%) and minimum microbial contamination (9.52%). Maximum number of shoots per explant (1.73) was recorded in treatment MS + BAP 2.0 mg/l, while maximum shoot length and number of leaves were observed on medium containing MS + BAP 2.5 mg/l. Half-strength MS medium along with NAA 8 mg/l gave the best rooting with maximum number of roots per shoot (4.00) and root length (3.72 cm). Hardening of rooted plantlets was ideal with maximum survival of plantlets (71.72%) on medium containing soil + sand (1:1; v/v).
Identification of typical class 1 and class 2 integron gene cassettes in clinical isolates of MDR Shigella flexneri in south Indian population.

Aims: Shigellosis is an acute intestinal infection caused by Shigella spp. Treatment with most widely used antimicrobial drugs became limited due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR). In Shigella spp. , antimicrobial resistance is often associated with the presence of transferable genetic elements (integrons and plasmids). Therefore, the study was aimed to identify the pattern of integron distribution in clinical isolates of Shigella spp. in south Indian population. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore, between January 2014 and December 2014. Methodology: A total of 20 out of 67 MDR Shigella isolates were included in the study. All 20 isolates were characterized for the presence of integrons, gene cassettes and other resistant genes by PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing. The integron sequences were deposited in NCBI. Results: The presence of typical class 1 integron gene cassette dfrA12‐orfF‐aadA2 (KT037078) and class 2 integron gene cassette dfr1-sat2-aadA1 (KT037079) from S. flexneri were first to be reported among Indian population in this study. Also, dfrA1‐sat1‐aadA1 gene cassette of class 2 Short Communication Prabaa et al.; BMRJ, 10(1): 1-6, 2015; Article no.BMRJ. 19498 2 integron along with dhfr1a, sul2, blaOXA, blaTEM, AmpC, blaCTX-M-15 and qnr genes were identified in Shigella spp. in this study. Conclusion: Association of ESBL, AmpC, blaCTX-M and qnr genes justified the observed phenotypic resistance of the isolates which is of major concern due to the ability of integrons to acquire resistance genes against different antibiotics, since gene cassettes exist to nearly all classes of antibiotics.
An efficient p‐multigrid spectral element model for fully nonlinear water waves and fixed bodies

In marine offshore engineering, cost‐efficient simulation of unsteady water waves and their nonlinear interaction with bodies are important to address a broad range of engineering applications at increasing fidelity and scale. We consider a fully nonlinear potential flow (FNPF) model discretized using a Galerkin spectral element method to serve as a basis for handling both wave propagation and wave‐body interaction with high computational efficiency within a single modeling approach. We design and propose an efficient 𝒪(n) ‐scalable computational procedure based on geometric p‐multigrid for solving the Laplace problem in the numerical scheme. The fluid volume and the geometric features of complex bodies is represented accurately using high‐order polynomial basis functions and unstructured meshes with curvilinear prism elements. The new p‐multigrid spectral element model can take advantage of the high‐order polynomial basis and thereby avoid generating a hierarchy of geometric meshes with changing number of elements as required in geometric h‐multigrid approaches. We provide numerical benchmarks for the algorithmic and numerical efficiency of the iterative geometric p‐multigrid solver. Results of numerical experiments are presented for wave propagation and for wave‐body interaction in an advanced case for focusing design waves interacting with a floating production storage and offloading. Our study shows, that the use of iterative geometric p‐multigrid methods for the Laplace problem can significantly improve run‐time efficiency of FNPF simulators.
Effects of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 on the expressions of vitamin D receptor, STAT5 and cytoskeletal rearrangement in human monocytes incubated with sera from type 2 diabetes patients and diabetic nephropathy patients with uremia

Objective To explore the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus human recombinant interleukin-15 (IL-15) on expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and STAT5, and cytoskeletal rearrangement in human monocytes incubated with sera from type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients and diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients with uremia. Materials and methods Peripheral sera were isolated from healthy volunteers (control group, T2DM patients and DN uremic non-dialysis patients). After incubation with or without 1,25(OH)2D3, THP-1 monocytes were treated with LPS plus IL-15 prior to the collection of cells and supernatants. VDR mRNA transcription was examined by RT-PCR, whilst THP-1 monocytic VDR, STAT5 and p-STAT5 expressions were investigated by Western blotting. Concentrations of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in supernatants were assessed by ELISA. Immunofluorescence and a laser confocal microscopy was used to examine the expression of VDR and cytoskeletal proteins. Results Compared to the normal control, LPS and IL-15 down-regulate monocytic VDR expression in T2DM patients and DN uremic patients, whilst with cytoskeletal rearrangement, they up-regulate p-STAT5 expression as well as IL-6 and MCP-1 activity. Such effects could be in part blocked by 1,25-(OH)2D3. Conclusion The above results suggest that the antiinflammatory mechanism of 1,25-(OH)2D3 may be related to cytoskeletal proteins, VDR and STAT5 signaling pathway.
POPULATION PATTERNS OF DOMINANT SPECIES IN ELAEAGNUS MOLLIS COMMUNITIES, SHANXI

The patterns of dominant species in Elaeagnus mollis communities in Shanxi were studied using the following measures: dispersal index, clump intensity, mean crowding, patchiness index, Green's index, intensity index, the test for fit to the Poisson and negative binomial distribution. The relationships among the first six methods were analyzed by correlation coefficient. The results indicated that E. mollis showed random distribution while the other species in the community were all clumped. Moreover, the patterns not only were closely related to the ecological and biological characteristics of each species, but also relationships of competitive exclusion among them. Among 8 methods used to measure pattern, the application of variance/mean ratio together with the X2 test for fit to the Poisson and negative binomial distributions were deemed the best as their ecological meaning is explicit. Furthermore, their results have more obvious statistical significance.
Temporal Expectations Prepare Visual Working Memory for Behavior

Abstract Working memory enables us to retain past sensations in service of anticipated task demands. How we prepare for anticipated task demands during working memory retention remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of time—asking how temporal expectations help prepare for ensuing memory-guided behavior. We manipulated the expected probe time in a delayed change-detection task and report that temporal expectation can have a profound influence on memory-guided behavioral performance. EEG measurements corroborated the utilization of temporal expectations: demonstrating the involvement of a classic EEG signature of temporal expectation—the contingent negative variation—in the context of working memory. We also report the influence of temporal expectations on 2 EEG signatures associated with visual working memory—the lateralization of 8- to 12-Hz alpha activity, and the contralateral delay activity. We observed a dissociation between these signatures, whereby alpha lateralization (but not the contralateral delay activity) adapted to the time of expected memory utilization. These data show how temporal expectations prepare visual working memory for behavior and shed new light on the electrophysiological markers of both temporal expectation and working memory.
Frequency and accuracy of proactive testing for COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has proven difficult to control not only because of its high transmissibility, but because those who are infected readily spread the virus before symptoms appear, and because some infected individuals, though contagious, never exhibit symptoms. Proactive testing of asymptomatic individuals is therefore a powerful, and probably necessary, tool for preventing widespread infection in many settings. This paper explores the effectiveness of alternative testing regimes, in which the frequency, the accuracy, and the delay between testing and results determine the time path of infection. For a simple model of disease transmission, we present analytic formulas that determine the effect of testing on the expected number of days of during which an infectious individual is exposed to the population at large. This allows us to estimate the frequency of testing that would be required to prevent uncontrolled outbreaks, and to explore the trade-offs between frequency, accuracy, and delay in achieving this objective. We conclude by discussing applications to outbreak control on college and university campuses.
Beau lines associated with COVID-19

A 45-year-old man presented with a horizontal groove over all his fingernails and toenails. The grooves were most noticeable over his great toenails bilaterally, with a horizontal groove 5 mm from the proximal nailfold ([Figure 1][1]). Three and a half months previously, he had been given a
Relationships of total COVID-19 cases and deaths with ten demographic, economic and social indicators

We have used data for 45 countries with a population of over 30 millions in which 85.8% of the world's population lives. The statistical relationships of total COVID-19 Cases and Deaths per million populations in these countries with 10 demographic, economic and social indicators (indices) were studied. These indicators are Life Expectancy, Median Age, Growth Rate, Population Density, GDP PPP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), Gini index of income equality, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and Democracy Index. Statistically significant relationships were found with all indicators excluding Gini index and Population Density. We have found that the closest is the relationship of Deaths per million population and total Cases per million population with correlation coefficient R = 0.926. Therefore, it is clear statistically that the more are Cases per million in a country the more are Deaths per million. This confirms the correctness of the timely and effective introduction of the necessary pandemic restrictions in the countries. It is interesting that the close correlations were found of Cases and Deaths per 1 million with a purely economic index like GDP PPP per capita, where R = 0.687 and R = 0.660, respectively. Even more close correlations were found of Cases and Deaths per 1 million with a composite index HDI, where the correlation coefficients reach 0.724 and 0.680, respectively. This paradoxical results show that the richest and well-being countries are most seriously affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The most probable reason for this is the large percentage of aging population, comorbidity of population with severe chronic diseases and obesity in countries with high GDP and HDI. No less important reason appears the delayed and/or insufficiently effective pandemic restrictions in these countries, which have underestimated the danger of a pandemic in early stage. Other indicators (excluding Gini index and Population Density) also show statistically significant correlations with Cases and Deaths per 1 million with correlation coefficients from 0.432 to 0.634. The countries that deviates the most from the regression lines were shown. Surprisingly, there was no statistically significant correlation between Cases and Deaths with Population Density. The statistical significance of the found correlations determined using Student's t-test was p <0.0001. The countries that deviate the most from both sides of the regression line were shown. It has been shown that the correlations of COVID-19 cases and Deaths with the studied indicators decrease with time. Key words: COVID-19 pandemic; statistics; cases and deaths per million; demographic, economic and social indicators