Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The asymptotic number of prime alternating links

The first precise asymptotic result in enumerative knot theory is the determination by Sundberg and Thistlethwaite (\emph{Pac.\ J.\ Math.}, 1998) of the growth rate of the number $A_n$ of prime alternating links with $n$ crossings. They found $\lambda$ and positive constants $c_1$, $c_2$ such that \[ c_1 n^{-7/2}\lambda^n \leq A_n \leq c_2 n^{-5/2}\lambda^n. \] In this extended abstract, we prove that the asymptotic behavior of $A_n$ is in fact \[ A_n\; \mathop{\sim}_{n\rightarrow\infty} \;c_3\; n^{-7/2}\lambda^n, \] where $c_3$ is a constant with an explicit expression.
The combined effect of essential oils on wood physico-chemical properties and their antiadhesive activity against mold fungi: application of mixture design methodology

Abstract In the heritage field, the microbial adhesion on wood, and consequently the formation of biofilm led to inestimable losses of historical and cultural monuments. Thereby, this study aimed to examine the combined effect of Thymus vulgaris, Myrtus communis, and Mentha pulegium essential oils on wood surface physico-chemical properties, and to elaborate the optimal mixture using the mixture design approach coupled to the contact angle method. It was found that both wood hydrophobicity and electron donor character increased significantly after treatment using an optimal mixture containing 57% and 43% of M. pulegium and M. communis essential oils, respectively. The theoretical and experimental fungal adhesion on untreated and treated wood were also investigated. The results showed that the adhesion was favorable on untreated wood and reduced using the optimal mixture. Moreover, the experimental data demonstrated that the same mixture exhibited an antiadhesive efficacy effect with a reduction of 36–75% in adhesion.
Edge Irregular Reflexive Labeling for the Disjoint Union of Gear Graphs and Prism Graphs

In graph theory, a graph is given names—generally a whole number—to edges, vertices, or both in a chart. Formally, given a graph G = ( V , E ) , a vertex naming is a capacity from V to an arrangement of marks. A diagram with such a capacity characterized defined is known as a vertex-marked graph. Similarly, an edge naming is a mapping of an element of E to an arrangement of marks. In this case, the diagram is called an edge-marked graph. We consider an edge irregular reflexive k-labeling for the disjoint association of wheel-related diagrams and deduce the correct estimation of the reflexive edge strength for the disjoint association of m copies of some wheel-related graphs, specifically gear graphs and prism graphs.
Spectral evolution of weakly nonlinear random waves: kinetic description versus direct numerical simulations

Kinetic equations are widely used in many branches of science to describe the evolution of random wave spectra. To examine the validity of these equations, we study numerically the long-term evolution of water wave spectra without wind input using three different models. The first model is the classical kinetic (Hasselmann) equation (KE). The second model is the generalised kinetic equation (gKE), derived employing the same statistical closure as the KE but without the assumption of quasistationarity. The third model, which we refer to as the DNS-ZE, is a direct numerical simulation algorithm based on the Zakharov integrodifferential equation, which plays the role of the primitive equation for a weakly nonlinear wave field. It does not employ any statistical assumptions. We perform a comparison of the spectral evolution of the same initial distributions without forcing, with/without a statistical closure and with/without the quasistationarity assumption. For the initial conditions, we choose two narrow-banded spectra with the same frequency distribution and different degrees of directionality. The short-term evolution ( $O(10^{2})$ wave periods) of both spectra has been previously thoroughly studied experimentally and numerically using a variety of approaches. Our DNS-ZE results are validated both with existing short-term DNS by other methods and with available laboratory observations of higher-order moment (kurtosis) evolution. All three models demonstrate very close evolution of integral characteristics of the spectra, approaching with time the theoretical asymptotes of the self-similar stage of evolution. Both kinetic equations give almost identical spectral evolution, unless the spectrum is initially too narrow in angle. However, there are major differences between the DNS-ZE and gKE/KE predictions. First, the rate of angular broadening of initially narrow angular distributions is much larger for the gKE and KE than for the DNS-ZE, although the angular width does appear to tend to the same universal value at large times. Second, the shapes of the frequency spectra differ substantially (even when the nonlinearity is decreased), the DNS-ZE spectra being wider than the KE/gKE ones and having much lower spectral peaks. Third, the maximal rates of change of the spectra obtained with the DNS-ZE scale as the fourth power of nonlinearity, which corresponds to the dynamical time scale of evolution, rather than the sixth power of nonlinearity typical of the kinetic time scale exhibited by the KE. The gKE predictions fall in between. While the long-term DNS show excellent agreement with the KE predictions for integral characteristics of evolving wave spectra, the striking systematic discrepancies for a number of specific spectral characteristics call for revision of the fundamentals of the wave kinetic description.
Shortest Path Problem by Minimal Spanning Tree Algorithm using Bipolar Neutrosophic Numbers

Normally, Minimal Spanning Tree algorithm is used to nd the shortest route in a network. Neutrosophic set theory is used when incomplete, inconsistancy and indeterminacy occurs. In this paper, Bipolar Neutrosophic Numbers are used in Minimal Spanning Tree algorithm for finding the shortest path on a network when the distances are inconsistant and indeterminate and it is illustrated by a numerical example.
The inverse transformation of the explicit fourth-moment standardization for structural reliability

In practical engineering, the probability distributions of some random variables are often unknown, and the only available information about these may be their statistical moments. To conduct structural reliability assessment without the exclusion of random variables with unknown probability distributions, an explicit fourth-moment standardization function has been proposed, and a single expression of its inverse transformation, that is, normal transformation, with limitations of inputting sets of the third and fourth moments (skewness and kurtosis) of random variables was derived. However, the clear definition of the complete expressions of the inverse transformation of fourth-moment standardization function under different combinations of skewness and kurtosis of random variables has not been provided yet. It is in this regard that four criteria are proposed to derive the complete inverse transformation of fourth-moment standardization function, and then the complete expressions of the inverse transformation are formulated. Through the numerical examples presented, the proposed complete expressions are found to be quite efficient for normal transformations and to be sufficiently accurate to include random variables with unknown probability distributions in structural reliability assessment.
Wave scattering by a fixed submerged platform over a step bottom

This study deals with oblique and normal water wave scattering by a fixed submerged body of rectangular cross section which is infinite in length and finite in width. The fluid domain is considered as infinite as well as semi-infinite in nature. The study is carried out under the assumption of small amplitude linear water wave theory. It is considered that the bottom has a step and the submerged body is considered in shallower water depth region. The velocity potential is derived using the eigenfunction expansion method. The unknown constants, which appear in the expansion formulae, are obtained using orthogonal relation along with the boundary conditions at the interfaces. The wave-induced hydrodynamic forces acting on the submerged body and vertical wall are computed for different geometrical parameters. The wave reflection coefficient and the free surface motion are also calculated to see the wave phenomena around the submerged body.
Comparison of methods for correcting QT interval in athletes and young people: A systematic review

Screening elite athletes for conditions associated with sudden cardiac death is recommended by numerous international guidelines. Current athlete electrocardiogram interpretation criteria recommend the Bazett formula (QTcB) for correcting QT interval. However, other formulae may perform better at lower and higher heart rates (HR). This review aimed to examine the literature on various QT correction methods in athletes and young people aged 14−35 years and determine the most accurate method of calculating QTc in this population. A systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and SportDiscus was performed. Papers comparing at least two different methods of QT interval correction in athletes or young people were included. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using a standardized tool. The search strategy identified 545 papers, of which 10 met the criteria and were included. Nine of these studies concluded that QTcB was least reliable for removing the effect of HR and was inaccurate at both high (>90 beats per min [BPM]) and low (<60 BPM) HRs. No studies supported the use of QTcB in athletes and young people. Alternative QT correction algorithms such as Fridericia (QTcF) produce more accurate correction of QT interval at HRs seen in athletes and young people. QTcB is less accurate at lower and higher HRs. QTcF has been shown to be more accurate in these HR ranges and may be preferred to QTcB for QTc calculation in athletes and young people. However, accurate QTc reference values for discrete HRs using alternative algorithms are not well established and require further research.
The complex life cycles of two long‐lived potential vorticity cut‐offs over Europe

Potential vorticity (PV) cut‐offs are stratospheric air masses separated from the circumpolar stratospheric reservoir on an isentropic surface. They typically form via Rossby wave breaking and can strongly influence midlatitude weather; however, the processes governing their evolution are not fully understood. A detailed analysis of two exceptionally long‐lived PV cut‐offs over Europe is presented to identify the main dynamical and physical processes during their life cycle. To this end, operational analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are used together with the cloud‐top height product from EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites). A combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics reveals a complex temporal evolution of the intensity and vertical structure of the two PV cut‐offs. They diabatically decay or reappear on lower isentropes and, at the same time, intensify or become reabsorbed by the stratospheric reservoir on higher isentropes. This complex three‐dimensional evolution is influenced by a combination of direct and indirect diabatic effects. Convective latent heating, long‐wave radiative cooling, and turbulent entrainment of overshooting clouds can all directly modify PV of the cut‐off air parcels (direct diabatic effects). In addition, if the cut‐off is located in a region with sufficient baroclinicity and low‐level moisture, it can contribute to large‐scale diabatic ascent, similar to warm conveyor belts in classical extratropical cyclones. The divergent wind and the anticyclonic circulation associated with the low‐PV outflow in the upper troposphere can lead to deformation and filamentation of the PV cut‐off (indirect diabatic effects). This study extends our understanding of PV cut‐offs by (a) emphasizing their intricate vertical structure and temporal evolution, (b) revealing the complex interplay of diabatic processes and how they contribute to the decay and intensification of cut‐offs, and (c) indicating the challenge in correctly forecasting these dynamically important flow features.
Comparison of Error Correction Models and First-Difference Models in CCAR Deposits Modeling

A well-known issue associated with linear time-series models is the so-called spurious regression problem when the variables are non-stationary. To cure this issue, one usually differences the data first, tests the stationarity of the first differences, and then runs regressions on the revised data. Alternatively, error correction models (ECMs) can be used if the dependent and independent variables are co-integrated. In this paper, we investigate forecasting performance between first-difference models and ECMs through four different simulation designs: (i) non-correlated I(1) processes; (ii) correlated near-stationary I(0) processes; (iii) correlated but un-cointegrated I(1) processes; and (iv) cointegrated I(1) processes. Our results show that ECMs have more robust performance than first-difference models in terms of coefficients estimation and out-of-sample forecasting under the CCAR framework. A simple application for models constructed for banks’ Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) exercises is exhibited.
The interaction of macrophages and CD8 T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is associated with latent tuberculosis infection

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, including active tuberculosis (TB) and latent Mtb infection (LTBI), leads to diverse outcomes owing to different host immune responses. However, the immune mechanisms that govern the progression from LTBI to TB remain poorly defined in humans. Here, we profiled the lung immune cell populations within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with LTBI or TB using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We found that Mtb infection substantially changed the immune cell compartments in the BALF, especially for the three subsets of macrophages, monocyte macrophage (MM)-CCL23, MM-FCN1, and MM-SPP1, which were found to be associated with the disease status of TB infection. Notably, MM-CCL23 cells derived from monocytes after stimulation with Mtb were characterized by high levels of chemokine (CCL23 and CXCL5) production and might serve as a marker for Mtb infection. The MM-CCL23 population mainly recruited CD8-CCR6 T cells through CCL20/CCR6, which was a prominent feature associated with protection immunity in LTBI. This study improves our understanding of the lung immune landscape during Mtb infection, which may inform future vaccine design for protective immunity.
The dynamics of intensification in a Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting simulation of Hurricane Earl (2010)

We use a high‐resolution numerical simulation of Atlantic Hurricane Earl (2010) to increase our understanding of Earl's intensification in relatively strong vertical shear in the context of a recent paradigm for tropical cyclone intensification. The integrity of the simulation is judged by comparing analyses thereof with those of the unprecedented observational data gathered in Earl. Consistent with the classical view of spin‐up, the amplification of the tangential wind field above the boundary layer is found to occur as the absolute angular momentum surfaces are drawn inwards by the aggregate heating of the rotating convective clouds in the interior of the vortex. In addition to this classical pathway, spin‐up occurs within the inner‐core boundary layer, where the maximum tangential winds occur. The latter is another element of the new paradigm.
The non‐invasive assessment of muscle fibre size: has the future arrived?

The analysis of skeletal muscle fibres via surgical biopsies has been of interest to physiologists for over 60 years. In addition to being an important clinical tool for diagnosing and monitoring disease progression, research studies utilizing muscle biopsies have been paramount for understanding the adaptations to exercise, rehabilitation, ageing, and athletic performance (Ekblom et al., 2017). However, muscle biopsies have several drawbacks, including apprehension from research participants with aversion to needles, extensive training required for investigators, the need for medical oversight, and risks of infection, bruising and prolonged bleeding. While the advantages associated with skeletal muscle biopsies far outweigh the disadvantages, alternative approaches that would allow physiologists to estimate muscle fibre characteristics without a surgical biopsy would be of great interest to the field. As such, we read the recent study published by Casolo et al. (2023) in The Journal of Physiology with great interest. The underlying premise of their work was that the previously established relationship between muscle fibre size and action potential conduction velocity presents an opportunity to use high-density surface electromyography (sEMG) to non-invasively estimate muscle fibre size in vivo. Below we describe the methodological approach, novelty, limitations and significance of these findings. Casolo et al. implemented a cross-sectional design to compare motor unit conduction velocity and muscle fibre size values obtained from the biceps brachii muscle in 29 healthy, young males (mean age = 22 years). The authors included both resistance trained and untrained males. After a familiarization visit, study participants were required to visit the laboratory on two separate occasions to complete multiple submaximal and maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVCs) of their non-dominant elbow flexors, and undergo muscle biopsies of their biceps brachii. During the first visit, high-density sEMG was used to record activity of the biceps brachii muscle during voluntary, submaximal ramp contractions. sEMG decomposition techniques were utilized to extract a variety of motor unit variables (Del Vecchio et al., 2018). Motor unit conduction velocity was estimated for the individual motor units identified during target isometric forces corresponding to 15%, 35%, 50% and 70% of the MVC. During the second visit, a muscle biopsy of the non-dominant biceps brachii muscle was performed at the same site where the sEMG recordings were made. Muscle fibre cross-sectional area for ∼200 fibres per participant was quantified using standard techniques. Themuscle fibre cross-sectional area values were subsequently converted into muscle fibre diameter values via the following equation: (√ Fibre cross sectional area/π ) × 2,
Exploring the role of a facilitator in supporting family carers when embedding the iSupport for Dementia programme in care services: A qualitative study

Abstract Aims To explore stakeholders' perceptions of a facilitator's role in supporting carers when embedding iSupport for Dementia psychoeducation program, in care services. Methods A qualitative descriptive study design was applied. Data were collected from workshops and interviews with carers of people living with dementia (PLWD)and with health and social care professionals from two tertiary hospitals and two community aged care organisations across three Australian states between October 2021 and March 2022. A thematic analysis was used to analyse data. The COREQ guideline was followed to report our findings. Results A total of 30 family carers and 45 health and social care professionals participated in the study. Three main themes and seven subthemes were identified from the data. We described the main themes as (1) the facilitator's role at the time of dementia diagnosis, (2) the facilitator's role throughout the everyday dementia care journey and (3) the facilitator's role during transition moments. Conclusions Caring for family members with dementia is demanding and stressful for carers. Embedding a facilitator‐enabled iSupport for Dementia program in hospital and community aged care settings has the potential to mitigate sources of stress associated with care recipient factors, carer factors and care service factors, and improve the health and well‐being of carers and those for whom they care. Relevance to Clinical Practice Our findings will inform the establishment of iSupport facilitators appointed by dementia care providers in hospital and community care settings and help determine their roles and responsibilities in delivering the iSupport program. Our findings relate to nurse‐led and coordinated dementia care in hospital and community aged care settings. Patient or Public Contribution This study was co‐designed with stakeholders from two aged care organisations and two tertiary hospitals. The study participants were staff employed by these organisations and carers of PLWD who were service users.
Mind and skin: Exploring the links between inflammation, sleep disturbance and neurocognitive function in patients with atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic and inflammatory, dry skin condition with many known comorbidities. These include airway disease, food allergies, atopic eye disease and autoimmune conditions. Furthermore, there is often significant sleep disturbance as well as increased psychological distress and mental health problems. Severe AD therefore often has a significant impact on the quality of life of both patients and their families. In this review we discuss recent findings on the putative links between AD, its association with itch, sleep disturbance and neuropsychiatric morbidity, including the role of inflammation in these conditions. Itch was thought to predominantly drive sleep disruption in AD. We now understand changes in sleep influence immune cell distribution and the associated inflammatory cytokines, which suggests a bidirectional relationship between AD and sleep. We also increasingly recognize inflammation as a key driver in psychological symptoms and disorders. The link between cutaneous, systemic and possible brain inflammation could at least in part be driven by the sleep deprivation and itch‐driven neuronal proliferation seen in AD.
Mechanism and application of β‐adrenoceptor blockers in soft tissue wound healing

Soft tissue damage stimulates sympathetic nerves to release large amounts of catecholamine hormones which bind to β‐adrenergic receptors (β‐ARs) on the cell membrane surface. It activates the downstream effector molecules and impairs soft tissue wound healing. β‐blockers specifically inhibit β‐ARs activation in acute/chronic skin lesions and ulcerative hemangiomas. They also accelerate soft tissue wound healing by shortening the duration of inflammation, speeding keratinocyte migration and reepithelialization, promoting wound contraction and angiogenesis, and inhibiting bacterial virulence effects. In addition, β‐blockers shorten wound healing periods in patients with severe thermal damage by reducing the hypermetabolic response. While β‐blockers promote/inhibit corneal epithelial cell regeneration and restores limbal stem/progenitor cells function, it could well accelerate/delay corneal wound healing. Given these meaningful effects, a growing number of studies are focused on examining the efficacy and safety of β‐blockers in soft tissue wound repair, including acute and chronic wounds, severe thermal damage, ulcerated infantile hemangioma, corneal wounds, and other soft tissue disorders. However, an intensive investigation on their acting mechanisms is imperatively needed. The purpose of this article is to summerize the roles of β‐blockers in soft tissue wound healing and explore their clinical applications.