Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bees and Beekeeping: Science Practice and World Resources

Part 1 The basis of beekeeping and background information: the basis of beekeeping honeybees as individual insects honeybees as members of the colony. Part 2 Beekeeping with movable-frame hives: movable-frame hives, their frames and accessories other bee-keeping equipment beekeeping management, especially in temperate zones special features of beekeeping in the subtropics and tropics special types of bee management. Part 3 Beekeeping with simpler and cheaper hives: traditional and modern fixed-comb hives and their management movable-comb frameless hives and their management, especially top-bar hives. Part 4 Maintaining honeybee health: health, sickness and injury. Part 5 Honeybees' plant resources, and products from the hive: honeybees' plant resources the traditional hive products - honey and beeswax the newer hive products - pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee venom, bee brood. Part 6 Beekeepers in relation to their bees: law in relation to bees and beekeeping resources for beekeeper.
Genetic Diversity in Early Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Var. botrytis L.) Germplasm

An experiment was conducted to study genetic divergence in 51 genotypes of cauliflower. Data was recorded for 16 quantitative characters. The genotypes were grouped into 14 clusters. A majority of the genotypes grouped together in Cluster 14 (with 14 genotypes), followed by Cluster 12 (with 8 genotypes). Intra-cluster value was maximum in Cluster 8 and minimum in Cluster 2. Maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between Clusters 8 and 10, followed by that between Clusters 10 and 13 and between Clusters 8 and 12. Hence, genotypes IIHR-323-13, IIHR-214- 5 and IIHR-277-14 of Cluster 8, and genotypes IIHR-263 and IIHR-272 of cluster 10 present the best choice for hybridization. Highest mean value for plant weight, leaf number, curd diameter, curd size, net curd-weight , net plot yield, yield per hectare and marketable curd-weight was also observed in Cluster 10, which indicates that genotypes included in this cluster are potential parents for hybridization programmes aimed at increasing cauliflower yields.
The Impact of Exports on Innovation: Theory and Evidence

This paper investigates the effect of export shocks on innovation. On the one hand a positive shock increases market size and therefore innovation incentives for all firms. On the other hand it increases competition as more firms enter the export market. This in turn reduces profits and therefore innovation incentives particularly for firms with low productivity. Overall the positive impact of the export shock on innovation is magnified for high productivity firms, whereas it may negatively affect innovation in low productivity firms. We test this prediction with patent, customs and production data covering all French manufacturing firms. To address potential endogeneity issues, we construct firm-level export proxies which respond to aggregate conditions in a firm's export destinations but are exogenous to firm-level decisions. We show that patenting robustly increases more with export demand for initially more productive firms. This effect is reversed for the least productive firms as the negative competition effect dominates.
INDUÇÃO DE RESISTÊNCIA A DOENÇAS FOLIARES E DE FLORES EM MORANGUEIRO POR QUITOSANA E ACIBENZOLAR-S-METIL

A inducao de resistencia em plantas a patogenos com a utilizacao de indutores esta sendo amplamente estudada considerando a demanda por frutos mais saudaveis aos consumidores. Assim sendo, foi desenvolvido na Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana – Campus Dois Vizinhos – PR, um experimento com objetivo de avaliar os indutores de resistencia quitosana e Acibenzolar-S-Metil (ASM) sobre o desenvolvimento das doencas do morangueiro mancha-de-micosferela (Mycosphaerella fragariae), mancha-de- dendrofoma (Dendrophoma obscurans) e a flor preta (Colletotrichum acutatum), relacionando com a acao bioquimica e a resposta de defesa vegetal. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repeticoes, contendo 16 plantas por parcela. Foram avaliadas tres doses de quitosana (0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%) e uma dose de ASM (0,25 g L-1) em relacao a testemunha (agua destilada) e o tratamento controle com aplicacao de fungicidas. O intervalo de aplicacoes dos produtos foi de sete dias, totalizando 15 aplicacoes no ciclo da cultura. O uso dos indutores nao interferiu na produtividade e na massa media dos frutos. Quitosana nas concentracoes de 1% e 2,0% e ASM reduziram a mancha-de- icosferela e a mancha-de-dendrofoma com eficiencia comparavel ao tratamento com fungicidas. O uso dos indutores interferiu nos parâmetros bioquimicos foliares de aminoacidos, acucares totais e redutores e fenois totais mantendo os valores superiores a testemunha.
Geometric method for global stability of discrete population models

A class of autonomous discrete dynamical systems as population models for competing species are considered when each nullcline surface is a hyperplane. Criteria are established for global attraction of an interior or a boundary fixed point by a geometric method utilising the relative position of these nullcline planes only, independent of the growth rate function. These criteria are universal for a broad class of systems, so they can be applied directly to some known models appearing in the literature including Ricker competition models, Leslie-Gower models, Atkinson-Allen models, and generalised Atkinson-Allen models. Then global asymptotic stability is obtained by finding the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix at the fixed point. An intriguing question is proposed: Can a globally attracting fixed point induce a homoclinic cycle?
Performance of production traits in Nili-Ravi buffaloes

The data on production performance of 1479 Nili Ravi buffaloes, born out of 86 sires, spread over from 1990 to 2006, were analyzed to estimate the effects of sire, parity, season, period and sex of calf using mixed model. Effects of sire, parity, season and period were significantly contributing to the variation in most of the production traits. The estimates of heritability and repeatability of production traits were low. The phenotypic and genetic trends ranged from -4.92 days (LL) to 17.19 kg (305 MY) and -46.39 kg (TLMY) to 4.24 days (LL), respectively. The phenotypic and genetic correlations ranged from –0.152 to 1.0 and –0.061 to 0.909, respectively. The endeavour to conserve this breed and to produce Nili Ravi bulls to inseminate female Nili Ravi population in their home tract is in right direction. These findings will help to plan better breeding programme for Nili Ravi buffaloes in India.
Properties of Highly Rotationally Excited H2 in Photodissociation Regions

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is the dominant molecular species in the vast majority of interstellar environments and it plays a crucial role as a radiative coolant. In photodissociation regions (PDRs), it is one of the primary emitters in the near- to mid-infrared, which is due to lines originating from highly excited levels. The sparseness of H2 collisional data for rotational levels J ≥ 9, particularly for H2–H2 collisions, has limited nonlocal thermal equilibrium (NLTE) studies in ultraviolet-irradiated regions. Utilizing new calculations for para- and ortho-H2 high rotational collisional rate coefficients colliding with H2 (up to the maximum value for v = 0: J = 31), existing data for H2–H and H2–He collisions, and approximate scaling relations for missing collisional data, we investigate the excitation properties of H2 in a range of astrophysical environments, with the focus on PDRs (including benchmark PDR models and the Orion Bar). In these NLTE models, H2 emission is illustrated and shown as a diagnostic for physical conditions, such as temperature and density. Furthermore, we demonstrated the effect of updates in the collisional rates on the modeling results of H2 excitation. The resulting data sets of H2 collisional data should find wide application to other molecular environments.
Species assignment and hybrid identification among Scandinavian hares Lepus europaeus and L. timidus

Abstract In Scandinavia, suspected hybrids between the native mountain hare Lepus timidus and the introduced brown hare L. europaeus have been observed by hunters since the first introductions of brown hares in the late 19th century. Several attempts to verify the status of these suspected hybrids have been unsuccessful. Recently, however, the transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from mountain hares to brown hares was documented and interpreted as a consequence of hybridisation and subsequent introgression. However, mtDNA markers alone will not allow identification of first-generation hybrids because of the strictly maternal inheritance of mitochondria. Here, we combine mtDNA data with analyses of variation in seven microsatellite loci among brown hares, mountain hares and putative hybrids. Our purpose was to determine species differentiation in nuclear DNA markers, elucidate the extent of interspecific gene flow, identify true hybrids within our sample and evaluate the ability of hunters to identify hybrids. The estimated genetic difference between species was low (FST = 0.18 – 0.24, RhoST = 0.09 – 0.16). We believe these low estimates result from a reticulated mode of evolution among hares, with repeated gene flow over the species barrier. Population assignment tests and randomly assembled, artificial, hybrid genotypes were used to classify individuals independently from the morphologically assessed species identity. More than half (57%) of the putative hybrid specimens were assigned unambiguously to either species and first-generation hybrids seem to be rare. Morphological plasticity and backcrossing, which confound species identification within the genus Lepus, might explain invalid classifications by hunters.
Molecular characterization of Bantam, Bantamised White Leghorn and White Leghorn chicken using microsatellite markers

The five microsatellite markers i.e. ADL 102, ADL 123, ADL 158, ADL 171 and ADL 172 were used to evaluate genetic polymorphism in Bantam, Bantamised white leghorn and white leghorn chicken. Number of alleles at these microsatellite loci ranged from 2 to 6. The heterozygosity ranged from 0.48 (for ADL-102) to 0.78 (for ADL-171). The polymorphic information content values ranged from 0.463 (for ADL-102) to 0.683 (for ADL-171). The microsatellite marker ADL-171 was found to be most polymorphic and informative in comparison to other four microsatellite markers. A consensus tree, based on polymorphism at all the 5 microsatellite loci was obtained by bootstrapping multiple data set analysis. The tree revealed that white leghorn and bantamised white leghorn were forming one cluster with 100 percent bootstrap strength, where as Bantam branched out separately from the cluster.
Telomere Maintenance in Organisms without Telomerase

Telomeres serve two vital functions to eukaryotes. They act as a protective chromosome cap to distinguish natural chromosome ends from double stranded DNA breaks and to avoid inappropriate fusions of telomeric sequences, and they maintain chromosome length by adding DNA to the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres thus balance the loss of terminal DNA due to the inability of the replication machinery to completely replicate linear DNA molecules (Olovnikov, 1973; Watson, 1972). In many cases the newly replicated chromosome ends are resected to allow for the formation of a t-loop that helps to hide the tip (Griffith et al., 1999; Wellinger et al., 1996). Most eukaryotes elongate chromosome ends with a special reverse transcriptase, telomerase, that carries a specific RNA template with telomeric sequence (Greider, 1996). The telomerase enzyme repeatedly adds copies of the short telomeric DNA sequence to the chromosome end. While there is strict conservation of telomeric sequence repeat in most species, the repeat unit has changed over evolutionary time. Holotrichous ciliates, e. g. Tetrahymena, use the sequence (TTGGGG)n (Blackburn & Gall, 1978), while hypotrichous ciliates, e. g. Oxytricha, use (TTTTGGGG)n (Klobutcher et al., 1981; Oka et al., 1980). The primary telomeric sequence in plants is (TTTAGGG)n (Richards & Ausubel, 1988; Zellinger & Riha, 2007), although the alga Chlamydomonas uses (TTTTAGGG)n. In the yeasts the telomeric sequence has the same general motif, but is not as tightly controlled. Saccharomyces for example uses (TG1-3)n (Shampay et al., 1984; Wang & Zakian, 1990), while Schizosaccharomyces has (TTACAG1-8)n (Matsumoto et al., 1987). The sequence found at the telomeres of most metazoans is (TTAGGG)n (Meyne et al., 1989; Traut et al., 2007), although arthropods use (TTAGG)n (Okazaki et al., 1993). Lack of the predominant telomeric sequence in a species does not, however, signify that telomerase-generated terminal sequences are missing. For example, the metazoan-type telomeric sequence is found in place of the plant sequence in Aloe species (Weiss & Scherthan, 2002). In order to establish that a telomeraseindependent, chromosome maintenance system exists it is also necessary to show a lack of a telomerase gene and telomerase activity, and to identify the nature of the DNA sequence at the chromosome termini. Establishing the negative is always difficult, and confirming that a specific sequence is at, not merely near, the chromosome tip is not trivial. Conversely, the presence of a
Performance of maize/soybean intercrop under different tillage systems at Badeggi, central Nigeria.

The main objective of this research is to determine the effect of tillage types and intercropping systems on productivity of maize and soybean. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of National Cereals Research Institute Badeggi during the 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons. Three treatments (ridge, flat and broad bed) and three cropping systems (sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop) were applied. Maize plant height was higher when intercropped with soybean on flat while the highest grain yield was obtained in sole maize planted on broad bed. Soybean height was not affected by both tillage types and intercrop while the highest and least grain yield of soybean was obtained when planted solely on flat and ridge respectively. This result showed that sole maize on broad bed gave higher maize grain yield while maximum soybean grain was produced on sole planting.
Obstacles to the use of e learning from the perspective of secondary school students in the directorate of education for the first Amman Region.

Recommended Citation Issa Al-Yousef, Muhammad Bader; Al-khrisha, Saud Fahed; Khawaldeh, Saleh Salem; and Al-Zoubi, Abdallah Salem () "Obstacles to the use of e learning from the perspective of secondary school students in the directorate of education for the first Amman Region. ," Al-Balqa Journal for Research and Studies ءاقلبلا ثوحبلل تاساردلاو : Vol. 20 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://digitalcommons.aaru. edu.jo/albalqa/vol20/iss1/6
STUDIES ON CITRUS PSYLLA, DIAPHORINA CITRI KUWAYAMA : A REVIEW

Citrus Psylla (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) is one of the serious insect pests of citrus in North India especially in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and also in Maharashtra but is of minor importance in South India. The nymphs and adults suck cell sap causing curling of leaves, defoliation, flower drop and death of branches from tip to downwards which is known as die back. To contain citrus psylla a host of researchers have tried various management tactics. Psylla management aspects like plant tolerance, biological control, microbial, chemical control, spray oils and IGR's have been discussed in this review article. Among the various citrus species evaluated against psylla sour orange, sangtra mandarin, rough lemon, citrange, citrus cvs fagan beauty, waterkloof sweet orange and valencia sweet orange are reported to be showing resistance to psylla. The parasitoid, Tainarixia radiata (Waterston) is one of the promising parasite among the host of natural enemies for regulating the psylla population throughout the world. Control measures like insecticides, botanicals, spray oils and insect growth regulators have been tried against citrus psylla with encouraging results based on which recommendations have been made. Two to three sprays of monocrotophos/dimethoate/thiodemeton at 10–15 day interval or soil application with aldicarb/dimethoate @ 16 ml a.i. per tree or trunk treatment with azodrin were found to be effective against citrus psylla.
Response to ‘The European nitrogen cycle: response to Schulze et al, Global Change Biology (2010) 16, pp. 1451–1469’

Winniwarter and colleagues present alternative estimates for several of the nitrogen (N) fluxes provided by Schulze and colleagues. They reason that numeric discrepancies between largely dependent estimates and lack of detail in Schulze's estimates urges caution in interpreting these numbers. In this reply we provide methodological details enhancing the transparency of Schulze's estimates and argue that convergence between land‐ and atmosphere‐based estimates should be reached before individual estimates can be rejected. Only for the nitrous oxide and NOx fluxes a balance between atmosphere and land‐based estimates has been reached. Convergence between independent estimates has not been reached yet for NO‐, NH3‐ and N‐deposition estimates. As stated by Schulze and colleagues these N‐fluxes remain potentially biased and therefore come with a large uncertainty, irrespective of the reported precision.
Molecular phylogeny of Magnoliaceae based on plastid DNA sequences with special emphasis on some species from continental Southeast Asia

A molecular phylogenetic tree of Magnoliaceae was constructed based on four cpDNA regions (trnK intron including matK, trnH–psbA, atpB–rbcL, and ndhF; total ca 5800 bp) to reveal the phylogenetic positions of some Magnolia species from Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. A total of 100 accessions, including 75 Magnolia, two Liriodendron species, three putative hybrids (including M. x alba), and two outgroups (Degeneria and Galbulimima), were included, of which 20 species plus three putative hybrids (total 34 accessions) were collected in continental Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood) indicated that most of these newly examined species were placed in expected taxonomic groups (e.g., M. villosa in subsection Blumiana; M. garrettii, M. hookeri, and M. utilis in section Manglietia; M. thailandica in section Kmeria; M. mediocris, M. scortechinii, and M. sirindhorniae in subsection Michelia; M. macklottii var. beccariana in subsection Maingola; and M. pahangensis in subsection Aromadendron). Circumscription of the taxonomic groups matched the phylogenetic clades except in subsections Gwillimia and Blumiana. Phylogenetic relationships among major large clades were still unresolved and interspecific relationships within some large clades (e.g., subsection Michelia and section Manglietia) were also not suggested.
Awareness among Students of a Medical College Regarding Management of Animal Bite in Bijapur, Karnataka -

Introduction: Considering its fatality, any animal bite should be dealt with utmost care. So, it becomes imperative that the health care professionals have appropriate knowledge about the animal bites, risk prevention of Rabies, and be better equipped to tackle this menace more efficiently. This study conducted to assess the level of awareness among students of a medical college regarding management of animal bites
Ancestralidade e co-regulação de genes codificadores de proteínas humanas

Para caracterizacao e quantificacao do transcriptoma, varias tecnologias foram desenvolvidas, dentre elas as baseadas em clonagem e sequenciamento, como EST (Expressed Sequence Tags), hibridacao em larga escala como em microarranjo e as provenientes desequenciamento de nova geracao (NGS) como em RNASeq. Portanto, para o estudo da origem dos genes transcritos em diferentes orgaos humanos, foram analisados dados provenientes dessas tres abordagens a partir da criacao de oito bases de dados locais: ESTs doUnigene, microarranjo da base Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) e dados de RNASeq do Human Protein Atlas (HPA). Posteriormente, com uso das ferramentas UEKO, OMA e do programa que calcula o LCA (Lowest Common Ancestor) foi possivel estimar o clado de origem de cada gene e verificar a dinâmica evolutiva tecido-especifica, bem como para o organismo completo. A analise global do organismo com uso da metodologia de filoestratigrafia revelou alguns marcos evolutivos com maior surgimento de genes, os quais foram divididos por nos em oito estagios evolutivos. Essa analise revelou ainda que os geneshousekeeping sao mais antigos que os genes tecido-enriquecidos e, os resultados da analise de enriquecimento funcional apresentaram termos e anotacoes coerentes para cada grupo de genes mapeados em seus estagios evolutivos. Em seguida, para analise de co-expressaogenica foi criada uma rede que inclui 2.298 proteinas e 20.005 interacoes, sendo que, foram utilizados apenas os pares de genes com correlacao de Spearman >= 0.85. Nesta rede, o algoritmo MCODE do Cytoscape demarcou a presenca de 11 sub-redes e evidenciou aexistencia de ligacoes estreitas entre proteinas de mesmo estagio evolutivo. Por fim, para analise de genes tecido-especificos foram utilizadas tres diferentes estrategias: (1) por agrupamento de tecidos; (2) por classificacao em niveis de tecido de acordo com suas categorias fenotipicas e; (3) utilizando os oito tecidos em comum nas quatro bases de dados utilizadas para esta analise: HPA (32 tecidos), IBM (16), Fantom (56) e Gtex (53). Esta ultima analise demonstrou que e necessario a utilizacao de um subgrupo de genes expressos paradiferenciacao da dinâmica evolutiva, porque quando sao utilizados todos os genes expressos, mesmo separadamente por tecido, o resultado final e a dinâmica evolutiva do organismo. Assim, a abordagem que obteve maior concordância de resultados apresenta a seguinte ordemde surgimento dos genes que compoe seus respectivos tecidos em Homo sapiens: primeiro surgiram os genes especificos do cerebro, depois coracao, rim, colon, ovario, prostata, pulmao e testiculo.