Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physico-chemical properties of Chakiya variety of Amla (Emblica officinalis) and effect of different dehydration methods on quality of powder

In present study a comparative study of wild variety and cultivated variety of Amlawere carried out; simultaneously effect of different drying techniques on physicochemical properties of Amla powder were also studied. The fruits of wild variety were found smaller than the cultivated variety. In case of wild variety, the total phenolic contents were found to be 32.32 g/100 g of gallic acid equivalent (dwb), whereas Chakiya variety had 24.50 g/100 g of gallic acid equivalent (dwb). The fruits of Chakiya variety were used to prepare the powder by different techniques like freeze drying, sun drying, spray drying, hot air drying and vacuum drying. Powder yield varied with type of drying method as sun drying (10.11%), tunnel drying (8.78%) and vacuum drying (12.48%), spray drying (4.90%) and freeze drying (2.23%). Significant differences (p<0.05) in chemical composition ofAmla powder were observed when prepared by different techniques. The freeze dried powder had the highest ascorbic acid content followed by spray dried powder. The lowest concentration of ascorbic acid was found in sun dried powder. Freeze dried samples showed maximum mineral contents in terms of calcium (79.6 mg/100 g), phosphorus (12.38 mg/100 g) and iron (88.03 mg/100 g). Key words: Amla, dehydration methods, quality, polyphenols.
Subsurface Mobilization of Phosphorus in an Agricultural Riparian Zone in Response to Flooding from an Upstream Reservoir

Riparian wetlands can act as both phosphorus (P) sources and sinks depending upon a range of factors that affect hydrological and biogeochemical processes that govern P mobilization. Stream flow, groundwater levels and water chemistry (total P (TP), soluble reactive P (SRP)) were measured in a series of nested piezometers along three transects located in a riparian zone prior to and throughout a flood event resulting from the release of water from an upstream reservoir. Results of the study show that the stream was influent on all sampling dates, and groundwater flow through the riparian zone was longitudinal to the channel, rather than transverse to the stream. This drainage pattern affected riparian zone biogeochemistry. The riparian zone was a source of TP and SRP to the shallow groundwater system under both pre-flood and flood conditions, as P levels were higher in piezometers at the downstream end of the riparian zone (p <0.001). Flooding induced a brief increase in TP concentrations in shallow groundwater due to mixing with surface runoff following overbank flooding; however, these concentrations quickly returned to pre-event levels. In contrast, SRP concentrations in shallow groundwater decreased during flooding, likely resulting from mixing with oxygen-rich stream water. A large pulse of TP (12,000 g L1) was observed in the creek on the peak flood date. This P did not originate from the reservoir and was more likely due to the mobilization of P from the riparian zone surface when overbank flooding occurred. The results indicate that autumn flooding of riparian zones downstream from impoundments may mobilize phosphorus if overbank flooding occurs, thereby reducing the nutrient retention potential of riparian zones in some settings.
Char Structural Evolution during Pyrolysis and Its Influence on Combustion Reactivity in Air and Oxy-Fuel Conditions

Three kinds of Chinese coal and a biomass were pyrolyzed by N2 and CO2 in a bench scale fluidized bed reactor. Fourier transform (FT)-Raman/infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to identify microstructure and to evaluate the structural evolution of chars generated in N2 and CO2 environments, which are the main diluting gases of air and oxy-fuel environments. The Raman spectra were fitted with five Lorentzian bands. The reactivities of the char were measured by a thermogravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 1373 K in air and oxy-fuel conditions with O2 concentration of 21%. The derived activation energy for different samples was correlated with the Raman structural parameters. Results showed that more disordered char was formed with the pyrolysis in CO2 than that in N2, and new O-containing functional structures would be introduced into the char structure in CO2 atmosphere. The char structures became less ordered as the sample rank decreased. The reactivity of CO2 char was higher than that of N2 char,.
Recent research data on the removal of pharmaceuticals from sewage treatment plants (STP)

Pharmaceutical compounds have been detected in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents, surface waters and, less frequently, in groundwater and drinking water, all over the world. Different sources are responsible for their appearance in the aquatic environment, however, it is widely accepted that the main sources of this type of pollutant are STP effluents. The adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment include aquatic toxicity, development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, genotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Thus, the discharge of these compounds to the environment in STP effluents should be minimized.
Structural determination of molten NaNO3, NaNO2 and their eutectic mixture by molecular dynamics simulation and X-ray diffraction

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out for the molten NaNO3, NaNO2 and their eutectic mixture systems to compare their simulated structures with those determined experimentally by X-ray diffraction. As for the pure NaNO3 and NaNO2, parameters for repulsion potential were adjusted so that the structure factors of their simulated systems coincide reasonably with the corresponding experimental ones. The MD simulation of the mixture was carried out with the parameters determined for the component salts. The structure factor of the simulated mixture system successfully reproduced the experimental one, which shows validity of the proposed pair potential. The assignment of most of the peaks in the experimental correlation function was performed with the aid of simulated results. The simulated data has been used to determine the diffusion coefficients of the component ions.
FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL HAND SANITIZER DENGAN BAHAN AKTIF TRIKLOSAN 0,5% DAN 1%

Telah dilakukan formulasi gel hand sanitizer menggunakan triklosan sebagai bahan aktif untuk mengetahui daya antiseptik pada sediaan gel dengan basis carbomer 940. Sediaan dibuat dua formula dengan dua macam konsentrasi yaitu triklosan 0,5% dan 1%. Metode pengujian yang digunakan yaitu metode replica dengan modifikasi. Bakteri yang masih hidup dihitung setelah pemberian basis gel dan gel hand sanitizer yang mengandung triklosan 0,5% dan 1%. Hasil uji daya antiseptik pada basis carbomer 940 yang mengandung alkohol 42% dapat mengurangi jumlah bakteri pada ibu jari kiri 35,5% dan ibu jari kanan 36,3%. Pada sediaan yang mengandung triklosan 0,5% dapat mengurangi jumlah bakteri pada ibu jari kiri sebesar 81,72% dan pada ibu jari kanan 81,33%. Daya antiseptik pada sediaaan dengan triklosan 1% dapat mengurangi jumlah bakteri pada ibu jari kiri 93,07% dan ibu jari kanan 92,28%. Dapat disimpulkan sediaan gel hand sanitizer dengan basis carbomer 940 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (CMC-g-cl-PAam/Zeolite) Superabsorbent Composites for Controlled Delivery of Zinc Micronutrient: Swelling and Release Behavior

A series of novel superabsorbent hydrogel composites, poly(CMC-g-cl-PAam/Zeolite) (ZSAPC) were prepared by in situ graft polymerization using a cellulosic backbone, acrylamide and natural zeolite. The swelling and deswelling behavior of the prepared composites was evaluated and analyzed by different empirical models. The composite with optimum water absorption capacity were impregnated with ZnSO4 in situ during polymerization reaction. Zincated composites showed less water absorption capacity as compared to non-zincated ones. Zinc release behavior of zincated test hydrogel composites was studied in water and soil. All the test compositions exhibited non-Fickian or anomalous transport (0.43 < n < 0.84) and behaved as slow release products. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Quantitative Analysis of Single-Electrode Plots to Understand In-Situ Behavior of Individual Electrodes

Fuel cells are gaining increasing attention as portable power sources due to their inherent efficiency advantages. Many aspects of electrode and catalyst behavior within an operating fuel cell, however, are still not well-understood. The major divide between catalyst-based rotating disk electrode experiments and full-cell experiments can lead to disappointing results when a promising catalyst is tested in a fuel cell. Here, using a flowing electrolyte-based microfluidic H2/O2 fuel cell with a reference electrode, we demonstrate the ability to analyze single-electrode performance in-situ using a novel analysis protocol that provides kinetic parameters Rohmic and ηkinetic to quantify individual electrode data. Using this protocol, we determine the mass transport and ohmic effects on these kinetic parameters and correlate them with actual fuel cell performance. We also compare the performance of identical electrodes in alkaline and acidic media using both our analytical method and electrochemical impedance. The quantitative parameters are show to predict power density within 5% for measured data and were then used to predict performance for a newly assembled fuel cell, which was accurate within 10% of actual power density inside the measured range. In summary, the analytical
A Model “Rebound” Mechanism of Hydroxylation by Cytochrome P450: Stepwise and Effectively Concerted Pathways, and Their Reactivity Patterns

A two-state rebound mechanism of alkane hydroxylation by a model active species of the enzyme cytochrome P450 is studied using density functional theoretic calculations. Theory corroborates Groves's rebound mechanism (Groves, J. T. J. Chem. Educ. 1985, 62, 928), with a key difference, namely that in the two-state rebound the reactivity and product distribution result from the interplay of two reactive states of the active ferryl-oxene (Por+•FeO) species of the enzyme: one state is low-spin (doublet) and the other high-spin (quartet). Transition-state structures, intermediates, and product complexes are identified for the two states. The bond activation in either one of the two states involves a hydrogen abstraction-like transition structure. However, while in the high-spin state there forms a radical that has a significant barrier for rebound, in the low-spin state the rebound is virtually barrierless. Even though one cannot ignore incursion of a small amount of radicals in the low-spin state, it is clea.
3D boron doped carbon nanorods/carbon-microfiber hybrid composites: synthesis and applications in a highly stable proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Boron-doped carbon nanorods (BCNRs) were directly grown on carbon-microfiber by the spray pyrolysis chemical vapour deposition method. The stability of the deposited Pt nanoparticles was found to be increased by more than three times with substitutional boron dopants in 3D carbon nanomaterials. Our work will be of great technological significance for developing highly stable electrode materials in fuel cells.
Cultivo in vitro de clones de Ananas comosus (L.) Merril cultivar 'Smooth Cayenne' em diferentes concentrações de macronutrientes

Clones de Ananas comosus cultivar Smooth Cayenne foram obtidos a partir do estiolamento caulinar. Os nos foram cultivados por 90 dias em diluicoes dos macronutrientes de Murashige & Skoog (1962) (MS): 1/2, 1/5, 1/10, 1/ 60 e 1/100, alem do MS completo. Apos esse periodo observou-se que a partir da diluicao 1/10, as massas fresca e seca diminuiram na parte aerea e nas raizes, essa reducao ocorreu a partir da diluicao 1/60. O maior conteudo de nitrato endogeno foi encontrado nas plantas cultivadas em MS. Contudo, a concentracao dos pigmentos manteve-se constante ate a diluicao 1/5, diminuindo nas diluicoes maiores. Os resultados mostram que plantas de Ananas comosus, cultivar Smooth Cayenne, podem ser cultivadas in vitro na diluicao MS/5, sem apresentar diferencas significativas em relacao ao desenvolvimento daquelas cultivadas no meio MS completo.
Evidence for Cu Ion Formation by Dissolution and Dealloying the Al2CuMg Intermetallic Compound in Rotating Ring‐Disk Collection Experiments

Rotating ring-disk collection experiments and stripping voltammetry have been used to detect Cu ions generated by dissolution of the Al{sub 2}CuMg intermetallic compound in aqueous chloride solutions. Cu ions are generated under open-circuit conditions (open-circuit potential {minus}0.930 V{sub SCE}), or by slight anodic or cathodic polarization ({+-}0.050 V from the open-circuit potential). In all cases, Cu ion generation occurs even though the electrode potential is hundreds of millivolts negative of the equilibrium potential, E{sub Cu}. Results show that Cu ion generation is strongly dependent on the degree of solution aeration, indicating a role for Cu oxidants in the liberation process. Copper chloride-complex formation and local surface curvature effects can shift the Cu equilibrium potential in the active direction, but neither phenomenon appears to play a primary role in oxidation of Cu from the intermetallic compound. Rather, the results of this study support the notion that Cu ion generation involves (1) dealloying of the intermetallic compound, (2) nonfaradaic liberation of mechanically and electrically isolated metallic Cu clusters by physical coarsening of the dealloyed particle, and (3) oxidation of the electrically isolated Cu clusters. This Cu ion generation mechanism is believed to be a significant factor contributing to the poor corrosion resistancemore » and poor conversion coating characteristics of Al{sub 2}CuMg-bearing alloys. « less
Tritium-Diffusionsmessungen an protonenbestrahlten Proben des Eisenmeteoriten Sikhote-Alin

Samples of the iron meteorite Sikhote Alin were irradiated in the synchrocyclotron at CERN by 600 MeV protons. A concentration of the radioactive isotopes Ar37 and tritium was produced by spallation from iron and nickel nuclei. Diffusion and extraction experiments showed a lack of the produced tritium which may either have been dissolved in the iron at higher temperatures or escaped by diffusion during the irradiation. Also some grains were completely dissolved chemically. The results were that most of the tritium diffused out of the samples during the irradiation, while only a neglectible amount of argon was lost by diffusion during the irradiation. Based on this result we could determine the diffusion parameter D/a2 at room temperature to be in the order of 10-9 sec-1. The activation energy is in the vicinity of 10 kcal/mol. From these values for the diffusion parameters it can be concluded that the meteorite lost most of the tritium within a few weeks after its fall.
Quantity–quality trade-off in the acquisition of token preference by capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.)

Money represents a cornerstone of human modern economies and how money emerged as a medium of exchange is a crucial question for social sciences. Although non-human primates have not developed monetary systems, they can estimate, combine and exchange tokens. Here, we evaluated quantity–quality trade-offs in token choices in tufted capuchin monkeys as a first step in the investigation of the generalizability of tokens as reinforcers, which is a potentially relevant factor underlying the emergence of money in humans. We measured capuchins' exchange preferences when they were repeatedly provided with 10 units of three token types yielding food combinations varying in quantity and quality. Overall, capuchins maximized their quantitative payoff, preferring tokens associated with a higher food amount, rather than showing violations of rationality. However, some individuals did not maximize their qualitative payoff, possibly because of conditional valuation effects or owing to the choice overload phenomenon, according to which too many options reduce the accuracy of choice. Our study supports the importance of comparative research to finely analyse the multiple components shaping the economic behaviours of other species, possibly to achieve a more comprehensive, evolutionary- and ecologically based understanding of human economic behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
Continuous decisions

Humans and other animals evolved to make decisions that extend over time with continuous and ever-changing options. Nonetheless, the academic study of decision-making is mostly limited to the simple case of choice between two options. Here, we advocate that the study of choice should expand to include continuous decisions. Continuous decisions, by our definition, involve a continuum of possible responses and take place over an extended period of time during which the response is continuously subject to modification. In most continuous decisions, the range of options can fluctuate and is affected by recent responses, making consideration of reciprocal feedback between choices and the environment essential. The study of continuous decisions raises new questions, such as how abstract processes of valuation and comparison are co-implemented with action planning and execution, how we simulate the large number of possible futures our choices lead to, and how our brains employ hierarchical structure to make choices more efficiently. While microeconomic theory has proven invaluable for discrete decisions, we propose that engineering control theory may serve as a better foundation for continuous ones. And while the concept of value has proven foundational for discrete decisions, goal states and policies may prove more useful for continuous ones. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
The description–experience gap: a challenge for the neuroeconomics of decision-making under uncertainty

The experimental investigation of decision-making in humans relies on two distinct types of paradigms, involving either description- or experience-based choices. In description-based paradigms, decision variables (i.e. payoffs and probabilities) are explicitly communicated by means of symbols. In experience-based paradigms decision variables are learnt from trial-by-trial feedback. In the decision-making literature, ‘description–experience gap’ refers to the fact that different biases are observed in the two experimental paradigms. Remarkably, well-documented biases of description-based choices, such as under-weighting of rare events and loss aversion, do not apply to experience-based decisions. Here, we argue that the description–experience gap represents a major challenge, not only to current decision theories, but also to the neuroeconomics research framework, which relies heavily on the translation of neurophysiological findings between human and non-human primate research. In fact, most non-human primate neurophysiological research relies on behavioural designs that share features of both description- and experience-based choices. As a consequence, it is unclear whether the neural mechanisms built from non-human primate electrophysiology should be linked to description-based or experience-based decision-making processes. The picture is further complicated by additional methodological gaps between human and non-human primate neuroscience research. After analysing these methodological challenges, we conclude proposing new lines of research to address them. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
Developmental outcomes of early adverse care on amygdala functional connectivity in nonhuman primates

Abstract Despite the strong link between childhood maltreatment and psychopathology, the underlying neurodevelopmental mechanisms are poorly understood and difficult to disentangle from heritable and prenatal factors. This study used a translational macaque model of infant maltreatment in which the adverse experience occurs in the first months of life, during intense maturation of amygdala circuits important for stress and emotional regulation. Thus, we examined the developmental impact of maltreatment on amygdala functional connectivity (FC) longitudinally, from infancy through the juvenile period. Using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) we performed amygdala–prefrontal cortex (PFC) region-of-interest and exploratory whole-brain amygdala FC analyses. The latter showed (a) developmental increases in amygdala FC with many regions, likely supporting increased processing of socioemotional-relevant stimuli with age; and (b) maltreatment effects on amygdala coupling with arousal and stress brain regions (locus coeruleus, laterodorsal tegmental area) that emerged with age. Maltreated juveniles showed weaker FC than controls, which was negatively associated with infant hair cortisol concentrations. Findings from the region-of-interest analysis also showed weaker amygdala FC with PFC regions in maltreated animals than controls since infancy, whereas bilateral amygdala FC was stronger in maltreated animals. These effects on amygdala FC development may underlie the poor behavioral outcomes associated with this adverse experience.
Evaluation of an acceleration-based assistive strategy to control a back-support exoskeleton for manual material handling

Abstract To reduce the incidence of occupational musculoskeletal disorders, back-support exoskeletons are being introduced to assist manual material handling activities. Using a device of this type, this study investigates the effects of a new control strategy that uses the angular acceleration of the user’s trunk to assist during lifting tasks. To validate this new strategy, its effectiveness was experimentally evaluated relative to the condition without the exoskeleton as well as against existing strategies for comparison. Using the exoskeleton during lifting tasks reduced the peak compression force on the L5S1 disc by up to 16%, with all the control strategies. Substantial differences between the control strategies in the reductions of compression force, lumbar moment and back muscle activation were not observed. However, the new control strategy reduced the movement speed less with respect to the existing strategies. Thanks to improved timing in the assistance in relation to the typical dynamics of the target task, the hindrance to typical movements appeared reduced, thereby promoting intuitiveness and comfort.