Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abundance of field galaxies

We present new measurements of the abundance of galaxies with a given circular velocity in the Local Volume: a region centered on the Milky Way Galaxy and extending to distance 10Mpc. The sample of 750 mostly dwarf galaxies provides a unique opportunity to study the abundance and properties of galaxies down to absolute magnitudes MB= -10, and virial masses Mvir= 1e9Msun. We find that the standard LCDM model gives remarkably accurate estimates for the velocity function of galaxies with circular velocities V>60kms and corresponding virial masses Mvir> 3e10Msun, but it badly fails by over-predicting 5 times the abundance of large dwarfs with velocities V= 30-50kms. The Warm Dark Matter models cannot explain the data either, regardless of mass of the WDM particle. Just as in previous observational studies, we find a shallow asymptotic slope dN/dlog V = V**alpha, alpha =-1 of the velocity function, which is inconsistent with the standard LCDM model that predicts the slope alpha =-3. Though reminiscent to the known overabundance of satellites problem, the overabundance of field galaxies is a much more difficult problem. For the LCDM model to survive, in the 10Mpc radius of the Milky Way there should be 1000 dark galaxies with virial mass Mvir= 1e10Msun, extremely low surface brightness and no detectable HI gas. So far none of this type of galaxies have been discovered.
Near-infrared light curves of type Ia supernovae

Aims. With our time-dependent model atmosphere code PHOENIX, our goal is to simulate light curves and spectra of hydrodynamical models of all types of supernovae. In this work, we simulate near-infrared light curves of SNe Ia and confirm the cause of the secondary maximum. Methods. We apply a simple energy solver to compute the evolution of an SN Ia envelope during the free expansion phase. Included in the solver are energy changes due to expansion, the energy deposition of {\gamma}-rays and interaction of radiation with the material. Results. We computed theoretical light curves of several SN Ia hydrodynamical models in the I, J, H, and K bands and compared them to the observed SN Ia light curves of SN 1999ee and SN 2002bo. By changing a line scattering parameter in time, we obtained quite reasonable fits to the observed near-infrared light curves. This is a strong hint that detailed NLTE effects in IR lines have to be modeled, which will be a future focus of our work. Conclusions. We found that IR line scattering is very important for the near-infrared SN Ia light curve modeling. In addition, the recombination of Fe III to Fe II and of Co III to Co II is responsible for the secondary maximum in the near-infrared bands. For future work the consideration of NLTE for all lines (including the IR subordinate lines) will be crucial.
A new formulation of the atmospheric spectral energy budget, with application to two high-resolution general circulation models

A new formulation of the spectral energy budget of kinetic and available potential energies of the atmosphere is derived, with spherical harmonics as base functions. Compared to previous formulations, there are three main improvements: (i) the topography is taken into account, (ii) the exact three-dimensional advection terms are considered and (iii) the vertical flux is separated from the energy transfer between different spherical harmonics. Using this formulation, results from two different high resolution GCMs are analyzed: the AFES T639L24 and the ECMWF IFS T1279L91. The spectral fluxes show that the AFES, which reproduces quite realistic horizontal spectra with a k inertial range at the mesoscales, simulates a strong downscale energy cascade. In contrast, neither the k vertically integrated spectra nor the downscale energy cascade are produced by the ECMWF IFS.
UV SPECTROSCOPY OF STAR-GRAZING COMETS WITHIN THE 49 CETI DEBRIS DISK

We present the analysis of time-variable Doppler-shifted absorption features in far-UV spectra of the unusual 49 Ceti debris disk. This nearly edge-on disk is one of the brightest known and is one of the very few containing detectable amounts of circumstellar (CS) gas as well as dust. In our two visits of Hubble Space Telescope STIS spectra, variable absorption features are seen on the wings of lines arising from Cii and Civ but not for any of the other CS absorption lines. Similar variable features have long been seen in spectra of the well-studied Pictoris debris disk and attributed to the transits of star-grazing comets. We calculated the velocity ranges and apparent column densities of the 49 Cet variable gas, which appears to have been moving at velocities of tens to hundreds of km s−1 relative to the central star. The velocities in the redshifted variable event seen in the second visit show that the maximum distances of the infalling gas at the time of transit were about 0.05–0.2 au from the central star. A preliminary attempt at a composition analysis of the redshifted event suggests that the C/O ratio in the infalling gas is super-solar, as it is in the bulk of the stable disk gas.
Exploration of Facilitators and Barriers Components in the Process Development and Implementation of the Integrated Clinical Pahtway

This study aims to explore the facilitating and constraining components in the process of developing and implementing ICP. The method used an integrative review using the PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, Wiley and EBSCO databases and a secondary search for journals limited to the last 10 years and other publication sources related to the topic of writing. 11 studies that were included and based on the results of the analysis of 3 main components that became facilitators and at the same time as obstacles in the process of developing and implementing ICP, namely the managerial component which included the role of hospital leaders managing hospitals and their clinical champions influencing the successful process of implementing ICP, both cultural organizations include an overview an organization that shows the work pattern of officers in the application of ICP as well as functional and technical elements that cover the stages or processes of the implementation of the ICP. The ability to identify the facilitator and obstacle components can determine the implementation strategy.
Thermodynamic Properties of Three-Dimensional Orthogonal Dimer Model for SrCu$_2$(BO$_3$)$_2$

Effects of the inter-layer couplings for the orthogonal dimer system SrCu$_2$(BO$_3$)$_2$ are discussed. The spin-gap $\Delta$ of the three-dimensional model is independent of the inter-layer couplings when they are small. Therefore at low temperatures ($T < \Delta$) thermodynamic properties are described well by the two-dimensional model. On the other hand at high temperatures the mean-field type scaling ansatz is useful to discuss the magnetic susceptibility for week inter-layer couplings. From fit of the magnetic susceptibility, the estimated coupling constants are J = 85 K for the nearest-neighbor couplings, $J^{'} = 54$ K for the next-nearest-neighbor couplings, and $J^{''} = 8$ K for the inter-layer couplings. These parameters are consistent with the temperature dependence of the specific heat at low temperatures.
Perceptions and experiences of exercise participation among persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A qualitative study

ABSTRACT Our work sought to understand perceptions and experiences of exercise participation from the perspectives of persons living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with seven participants with ALS. Using an interpretivist approach, we engaged in reflexive thematic analysis. Two overarching themes were identified: 1) negotiating exercise participation is complex and 2) the environmental conditions influencing access to exercise. Within the first overarching theme, three key subthemes were found: i) the psycho-emotional experience of ALS, ii) reconceptualising exercise as medicine, and iii) antecedents to exercise participation. Further, three additional subthemes arose within the overarching theme of environmental conditions influencing access to exercise: i) location and access matter, ii) the multifaceted nature of care, and iii) aspects of quality exercise delivery. Findings offer novel insights on the complexity of navigating exercise participation for persons with ALS. Although exercise may be beneficial for individuals with ALS, healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers need to consider adopting a cautious and individualised approach when contemplating exercise participation for persons with ALS.
Spatial variation of >106 Mev proton fluxes observed during the Ulysses rapid latitude scan: Ulysses

The basic physical processes that lead to the long-term modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere have been known for many years. However, our knowledge of the relative importance of the various processes is still incomplete. Observations of cosmic rays at high latitudes can be used to improve our understanding of modulation processes. In this paper we present measurements of galactic proton fluxes with energies above 106 MeV made by the Kiel Electron Telescope on board the Ulysses spacecraft during the fast scan from the South polar passage in September 1994 to the North pole in August 1995, under solar minimum conditions. Comparison of proton fluxes at high latitudes and in the ecliptic shows a 20% higher flux in polar regions. The flux increase is not symmetric with respect to the heliographic equator but rather with respect to a surface shifted by 7° South. In such a coordinate system the latitudinal gradient in both hemispheres has a value of (0.33±0.02)%/deg.
Parties’ group appeals across time, countries, and communication channels—examining appeals to social groups via the Parties’ Group Appeals Dataset

While policy appeals receive the bulk of scholars’ attention, recent studies show that group appeals are prevalent in parties' election campaign materials to voters over time. Yet, few studies to date focus on group appeals as a distinct concept, and little data is available to support longitudinal and cross-national examinations. Aiming to better understand group-based appeals’ role in political processes, this article introduces new and unique data using a concise definition of group appeals, contributing to this growing literature. The Parties’ Group Appeals Dataset (PGAD) provides text-as-data from manual analyses of 69 parties' names, 249 manifestos, and 2772 print campaign advertisements in Israel and the Netherlands between 1977 and 2015, offering one of the first opportunities to compare parties' group appeals over time, between countries, and across communication channels.
Understanding the J/psi Production Mechanism at PHENIX

The large mass of the charm quark, along with the abundance of J/psi mesons observed from proton-proton collisions at PHENIX, allow for new measurements which are sensitive to basic properties of QCD. Two measurements are presented in this document: a transverse single-spin asymmetry (SSA) of J/psi production and the angular distribution for decay leptons in various reference frames. The decay distribution is directly sensitive to the J/psi production mechanism, while the transverse SSA is also sensitive to the distribution of gluons in a transversely polarized proton. Taken together, the two measurements provide a wealth of information about the formation of a J/psi meson.
Modelling reionization in a bursty universe

We present semi-analytic models of the epoch of reionization focusing on the differences between continuous and bursty star formation (SF). Our model utilizes physically motivated analytic fits to 1D radiative transfer simulations of HII regions around dark matter halos in a representative cosmic volume. Constraining our simulations with observed and extrapolated UV luminosity functions of high redshift galaxies, we find that for a fixed halo mass, stellar populations forming in bursty models produce larger HII regions which leave behind long-lived relic HII regions which are able to maintain partial ionization in the intergalactic medium (IGM) in a manner similar to an early X-ray background. The overall effect is a significant increase in the optical depth of the IGM, $\tau_e$, and a milder increase of the redshift of reionization. To produce $\tau_e =0.066$ observed by Planck and complete reionization by redshift $z_{\rm re}\sim 6$, models with bursty SF require an escape fraction $f_{\rm esc}\sim 2\%-10\%$ that is 2-10 times lower than $f_{\rm esc}\sim 17\%$ found assuming continuous SF and is consistent with upper limits on $f_{\rm esc}$ from observations at $z=0$ and $z\sim 1.3-6$. The ionizing photon budget needed to reproduce the observed $\tau_e$ and $z_{\rm re}$ depends on the period and duty cycle of the bursts of SF and the temperature of the neutral IGM. These results suggest that the tension between observed and predicted ionizing photon budget for reionization can be alleviated if reionization is driven by short bursts of SF, perhaps relating to the formation of Population~III stars and compact star clusters such as proto-globular clusters.
FORWARD MODELING OF REDUCED POWER SPECTRA FROM THREE-DIMENSIONAL K-SPACE

We present results from a numerical forward model to evaluate one-dimensional reduced power spectral densities (PSDs) from arbitrary energy distributions in k ? > -space. In this model, we can separately calculate the diagonal elements of the spectral tensor for incompressible axisymmetric turbulence with vanishing helicity. Given a critically balanced turbulent cascade with k ∥ ∼ k ⊥ &agr; ? > and &agr; < 1 ? > , we explore the implications on the reduced PSD as a function of frequency. The spectra are obtained under the assumption of Taylor’s hypothesis. We further investigate the functional dependence of the spectral index κ on the field-to-flow angle θ between plasma flow and background magnetic field from MHD to electron kinetic scales. We show that critically balanced turbulence asymptotically develops toward θ-independent spectra with a slope corresponding to the perpendicular cascade. This occurs at a transition frequency f 2 D ( L , &agr; , θ ) ? > , which is analytically estimated and depends on outer scale L, critical balance exponent α, and field-to-flow angle θ. We discuss anisotropic damping terms acting on the k ? > -space distribution of energy and their effects on the PSD. Further, we show that the spectral anisotropies κ ( θ ) ? > as found by Horbury et al. and Chen et al. in the solar wind are in accordance with a damped critically balanced cascade of kinetic Alfvén waves. We also model power spectra obtained by Papen et al. in Saturn’s plasma sheet and find that the change of spectral indices inside 9 R s ? > can be explained by damping on electron scales.
Frequency tunable surface magneto elastic waves

We use the transient grating technique to generate narrow-band, widely tunable, in-plane surface magnetoelastic waves in a nickel film. We monitor both the structural deformation of the acoustic wave and the accompanying magnetic precession and witness their intimate coupling in the time domain. Strikingly, when an in plane magnetic field is applied parallel to the acoustic propagation direction, we witness its resonant coupling to the ferromagnetic resonance.
REVISITING THE PARALLAX OF THE ISOLATED NEUTRON STAR RX J185635−3754 USING HST/ACS IMAGING

We have redetermined the parallax and proper motion of the nearby isolated neutron star RX J185635−3754. We used eight observations with the high-resolution camera of the HST/ACS taken from 2002 through 2004. We performed the astrometric fitting using five independent methods, all of which yielded consistent results. The mean estimate of the parallax, 8.16+0.9−0.8 mas (1σ), corresponds to a distance of 123+11−15 pc, in good agreement with our earlier published determination.
Normalized Min-Sum Neural Network for LDPC Decoding

The success of deep learning has encouraged its applications in decoding error-correcting codes, e.g., LDPC decoding. In this paper, we propose a model-driven deep learning method for normalized min-sum (NMS) low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoding, namely neural NMS (NNMS) LDPC decoding network. By unfolding the iterative decoding progress between checking nodes (CNs) and variable nodes (VNs) into a feed-forward propagation network, we can harvest the benefits of both the model-driven deep learning and the conventional normalized min-sum (NMS) LDPC decoding method. In addition, we proposed a shared parameters NNMS with the LeakyReLU and a 12-bit quantizer (SNNMS-LR-Q) which reduces the number of required multipliers and correction factors by sharing parameters, increasing the nonlinear fitting ability by adding LeakyReLU. By utilizing the 12-bit quantizer, we can improve the confrontation ability. Thorough experiments with different code lengths, code rates, channel conditions, and check matrices are implemented to demonstrate the advantages and robustness of our proposed networks. The BER performance of the proposed NNMS is 1.5 dB better than the NMS, using fewer iterations. Meanwhile, The SNNMS-LR-Q outperforms the NNMS regarding the BER performance and efficiency.
Unphysical metastability of the fundamental Raman soliton in the reduced nonlinear Schroedinger equation

We demonstrate theoretically and numerically that the fundamental Raman soliton of the widely used nonlinear Schroedinger equation (NLSE) with a linear approximation of the Raman gain ({\em reduced} NLSE) is metastable. It can propagate for hundreds of dispersion lengths along the optical fibre before eventually disappearing due to a peculiar instability, leading to a collapse. The noise eigenfunction analysis agrees well with the results obtained via direct pulse propagation simulations. This instability is not present when modelling the Raman effect via a full convolution, and thus the reduced NLSE often leads to unphysical results, and should be avoided.
Gravitational quenching by clumpy accretion in cool-core clusters: convective dynamical response to overheating

Many galaxy clusters pose a ‘cooling-flow problem’, where the observed X-ray emission from their cores is not accompanied by enough cold gas or star formation. A continuous energy source is required to balance the cooling rate over the whole core volume. We address the feasibility of a gravitational heating mechanism, utilizing the gravitational energy released by the gas that streams into the potential well of the cluster dark matter halo. We focus here on a specific form of gravitational heating in which the energy is transferred to the medium thorough the drag exerted on inflowing gas clumps. Using spherisymmetric hydro simulations with a subgrid representation of these clumps, we confirm our earlier estimates that in haloes
A magnetized torus for modeling Sagittarius A∗ millimeter images and spectra

Context. The supermassive black hole, Sagittarius (Sgr) A*, in the centre of our Galaxy has the largest angular size in the sky among all astrophysical black holes. Its shadow, assuming no rotation, spans 50 as. Resolving such dimensions has long been out of reach for astronomical instruments until a new generation of interferometers being operational during this decade. Of particular interest is the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) with resolution 20 as in the millimeter-wavelength range 0:87 mm{1:3 mm. Aims. We investigate the ability of the fully general relativistic Komissarov (2006) analytical magnetized torus model to account for observable constraints at Sgr A* in the centimeter and millimeter domains. The impact of the magnetic eld geometry on the observables is also studied. Methods. We calculate ray-traced centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength synchrotron spectra and images of a magnetized accretion torus surrounding the central black hole in Sgr A*. We assume stationarity, axial symmetry, constant specic angular momentum and polytropic equation of state. A hybrid population of thermal and non-thermal electrons is considered. Results. We show that the torus model is capable of reproducing spectral constraints in the millimeter domain, and in particular in the observable domain of the EHT. However, the torus model is not yet able to t the centimeter spectrum. 1:3 mm images at high inclinations are in agreement with observable constraints. Conclusions. The ability of the torus model to account for observations of Sgr A* in the millimeter domain is interesting in the perspective of the future EHT. Such an analytical model allows very fast computations. It will thus be a suitable test bed for investigating large domains of physical parameters, as well as non-black-hole compact object candidates and alternative theories of gravity.
Asymptotic evolution of random unitary operations

We analyze the asymptotic dynamics of quantum systems resulting from large numbers of iterations of random unitary operations. Although, in general, these quantum operations cannot be diagonalized it is shown that their resulting asymptotic dynamics is described by a diagonalizable superoperator. We prove that this asymptotic dynamics takes place in a typically low dimensional attractor space which is independent of the probability distribution of the unitary operations applied. This vector space is spanned by all eigenvectors of the unitary operations involved which are associated with eigenvalues of unit modulus. Implications for possible asymptotic dynamics of iterated random unitary operations are presented and exemplified in an example involving random controlled-not operations acting on two qubits.
Determination of Electrons Temperature and Density For Ag, Zn, and Cu metals using Plasma jet System at atmospheric pressure

Under atmospheric pressure, an argon plasma stream was sustained and its plasma characteristics were examined. The emission spectra of plasma created in a plasma jet system using argon gas were observed for three metals (Ag, Zn, and Cu) for the anode and varied flow rates ranging from 1–4 L/min. at constant voltage, and normal atmospheric pressure. The spectral lines of excited Ar, Ag, Zn, and Cu species were identified at a wavelength of (650–900) nm . The Debye length, sphere, and temperature of an electron are all measured. Optical emission spectrometer (OES) equipment was used to capture the spectrum produced by the plasma at various argon gas flow rates.The temperature and density of the electron (Te) and (ne) ranges for Ar-gas, Ag, Zn, and Cu-anode increased as the stream pace of argon gas to the plasma made by the release current (D.C.) expanded. (1.241- 1.473)eV and (1.93 x1018–6.38 x1018 ) cm-3 , (1.187– 1.245) eV and (4.32 x1016–6.23 x1016 ) cm-3 , (1.374 -1.631)eV and (4.01 x1018 – 12.1 x1018 ) cm-3 respectively . The intensity of spectral lines, on the other hand, increased.