Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Localization of the Neurokinin 1 Receptor with AMPA‐type Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Spinal Cord

With the cloning of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isaxole propionic acid (AMPA)‐type receptor subunits, it is now possible to localize these receptor subunits in the spinal cord. Comparison of the neurokinin 1 receptor distribution with that of non‐N‐methyl‐ d‐aspartate glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1–4), considered to be AMPA‐type, was investigated in rat spinal cord by immunocytochemical methods. Different patterns of immunolabelling were observed with the antibodies to the GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits in the lumbar spinal cord. Immunolabelling with antibodies to both GluR1 and GluR2/3 revealed intensive staining in the dorsal horn, while staining for GluR2/3 and GluR4 was dense in the motor neurons of the ventral horn. These results suggest that in the rat spinal cord AMPA‐type receptors vary their composition according to the region where they are expressed. Neurokinin‐1‐receptor‐expressing neurons in the dorsal horn do not appear to express the GluR4 subunit, however, whether they express the GluR1, GluR2/3 receptors subunits could not be determined.
MicroRNA-Gene Association As a Prognostic Biomarker in Cancer Exposes Disease Mechanisms

The transcriptional networks that regulate gene expression and modifications to this network are at the core of the cancer phenotype. MicroRNAs, a well-studied species of small non-coding RNA molecules, have been shown to have a central role in regulating gene expression as part of this transcriptional network. Further, microRNA deregulation is associated with cancer development and with tumor progression. Glioblastoma Multiform (GBM) is the most common, aggressive and malignant primary tumor of the brain and is associated with one of the worst 5-year survival rates among all human cancers. To study the transcriptional network and its modifications in GBM, we utilized gene expression, microRNA sequencing, whole genome sequencing and clinical data from hundreds of patients from different datasets. Using these data and a novel microRNA-gene association approach we introduce, we have identified unique microRNAs and their associated genes. This unique behavior is composed of the ability of the quantifiable association of the microRNA and the gene expression levels, which we show stratify patients into clinical subgroups of high statistical significance. Importantly, this stratification goes unobserved by other methods and is not affiliated by other subsets or phenotypes within the data. To investigate the robustness of the introduced approach, we demonstrate, in unrelated datasets, robustness of findings. Among the set of identified microRNA-gene associations, we closely study the example of MAF and hsa-miR-330-3p, and show how their co-behavior stratifies patients into prognosis clinical groups and how whole genome sequences tells us more about a specific genomic variation as a possible basis for patient variances. We argue that these identified associations may indicate previously unexplored specific disease control mechanisms and may be used as basis for further study and for possible therapeutic intervention.
Shedding light on brain function : the event-related optical signal

In a standard reasoning task, performance is compared with the inferences people should make according to logic, so a judgement can be made on the rationality of people's reasoning. It has been found that people make large and systematic (i.e. non-random) errors 1,2 , which suggests that humans might be irrational 3,4. However, the probabilistic approach argues against this interpretation. Rather than view this behaviour as error prone it is argued that performance has been compared with the wrong normative standard. When the comparison is with probability theory rather than logic, participants' reasoning is seen in a more positive light. This approach was first applied to Wason's selection task 5 , where many models have been proposed 6–11 and investigated 12–17. More recently the probabilistic approach has been extended to the other core areas of the psychology of reasoning: syllogisms 18–20 and conditional inference 21–24 , where the need for a probabilistic approach has been most apparent 25–29. We first contrast the probabilistic approach with other approaches to human rationality. We then discuss the inadequacy of logic as an account of everyday reasoning, and show why a probabilistic approach looks more promising. We then review its application to explaining the core tasks in reasoning research (see above). Both mental-logic approaches 30 and mental-model approaches 31 argue that systematic deviations from logic represent unavoidable performance errors. In both approaches limitations in working memory restrict people's reasoning abilities. In mental logic, the length of a formal derivation is the limiting factor. In mental models the number of models (quasi-pictorial mental representations of the meaning of a logical statement) that must be retained sets the limit. According to both approaches people are rational in principle but err in practice; that is, people's logical reasoning algorithms are sound but constrained by cognitive limitations. These approaches are hard to reconcile with two facts. First, error rates can be as high as 96% (in Wason's selection task). Second, everyday rationality in guiding thought and action seems to be highly successful. How can this success be understood if peoples' reasoning system is prone to so much error? Other theorists distinguish two types of rationality to resolve this apparent conflict 32. Everyday rationality does not depend on formal systems like logic and only formal rationality is constrained and error prone. But how then is the success of everyday inference to be explained? There would appear to be no …
Back reaction in spinor QED and decoherence functional

Using the Schwinger-Keldysh (closed time path or CTP) and Feynman-Vernon influence functional formalisms we obtain an expression for the influence functional in terms of Bogoliubov coefficients for the case of spinor quantum electrodynamics. Then we derive a CTP effective action in semiclassical approximation and its cumulant expansion. Using it we obtain a equation for the description of the charged particle creation in electric field and of backreaction of charged quantum fields and their fluctuations on time evolution of this electric field. Also an intimate connection between CTP effective action and decoherence functional will allow us to analyze how macroscopic electromagnetic fields are ``measured'' through interaction with charges and thereby rendered classical.
A critical evaluation of commercial immunoassays for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies directed against proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase in Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of 11 commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for the detection of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). METHODS Serum samples were taken from 92 patients with a histological and clinical diagnosis of WG (n=50) or MPA (n=42) and from 30 disease controls (systemic lupus erythematosus, n=15; rheumatoid arthritis, n=15) and 30 healthy controls. Each of the sera was tested for the presence of ANCA directed against PR3 and MPO using 11 commercially available direct ELISA kits, our in-house PR3- and MPO-ANCA capture ELISAs, and the indirect immunofluorescence technique (IFT). RESULTS In tests for WG using PR3-ANCA, the commercial direct ELISA kits differed widely in their sensitivity (from 22 to 70%) and negative predictive value (NPV) (from 43 to 70%), but only moderately in their specificity (from 93 to 100%) and positive predictive value (PPV) (from 93 to 100%). The highest sensitivity (74%) and specificity (100%) for PR3-ANCA were obtained with the in-house capture ELISA. Similar differences and trends were noted for MPO-ANCA assays. Diagnostic sensitivity was more than 60% for four and at least 50% for six of the 11 ELISA kits. The PPV varied from 84 to 100% and the NPV from 58 to 70%. In tests for MPA, the MPO-ANCA ELISA kit designated F and the in-house capture ELISA were best (both had sensitivity 62% and specificity 100%). For both WG and MPA, maximum sensitivity for ANCA was obtained with IFT (80 and 70% respectively). CONCLUSION Determination of PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA with the commercial direct ELISA kits achieved poor sensitivity for both WG and MPA. The in-house PR3 and MPO-ANCA capture ELISAs performed better than the commercial ELISAs, combining higher specificity with similar sensitivity. IFT remains the best method for ANCA detection in both diseases.
Resilient network coding in the presence of Byzantine adversaries

Network coding substantially increases network throughput. But since it involves mixing of information inside the network, a single corrupted packet generated by a malicious node can end up contaminating all the information reaching a destination, preventing decoding. This paper introduces the first distributed polynomial-time rate-optimal network codes that work in the presence of Byzantine nodes. We present algorithms that target adversaries with different attacking capabilities. When the adversary can eavesdrop on all links and jam zO links , our first algorithm achieves a rate of C - 2zO, where C is the network capacity. In contrast, when the adversary has limited snooping capabilities, we provide algorithms that achieve the higher rate of C - zO. Our algorithms attain the optimal rate given the strength of the adversary. They are information-theoretically secure. They operate in a distributed manner, assume no knowledge of the topology, and can be designed and implemented in polynomial-time. Furthermore, only the source and destination need to be modified; non-malicious nodes inside the network are oblivious to the presence of adversaries and implement a classical distributed network code. Finally, our algorithms work over wired and wireless networks.
Self-report measures and scoring protocols affect prevalence estimates of meeting physical activity guidelines.

PURPOSE Prevalence estimates of meeting the guidelines for physical activity based on various self-report measures were compared, and the effects of various scoring protocols on the estimates were evaluated. METHOD A sample of 575 university students aged 24.5 +/- 1.9 yr (56% women, 54% Euro-American) completed the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interview (PAR), Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), and National Health Interview Survey 1991 (NHIS). To determine the prevalence of meeting the ACSM (1990) fitness and the CDC/ACSM (1995) health-related guidelines, various scoring protocols were employed that closely approximated the recommendations. Protocols varied by whether frequency and duration or duration only were considered. For the health-related guidelines, scoring protocols also varied depending on the intensity of activities considered. RESULTS Depending on the scoring protocol and instrument used, the proportion meeting the fitness guidelines ranged from 32 to 59%. The NHIS, YRBS, and PAR resulted in significantly different proportions of those meeting the health-related guideline, ranging from 4 to 70%. CONCLUSION The type of measure as well as the scoring protocol affected prevalence estimates of meeting the physical activity guidelines. This study indicates the difficulty of comparing prevalence rates across studies using different measures.
Regularised Energy Model for Robust Monocular Ego-motion Estimation

For two decades, ego-motion estimation is an actively developing topic in computer vision and robotics. The principle of existing motion estimation techniques relies on the minimisation of an energy function based on re-projection errors. In this paper we augment such an energy function by introducing an epipolar-geometryderived regularisation term. The experiments prove that, by taking soft constraints into account, a more reliable motion estimation is achieved. It also shows that the implementation presented in this paper is able to achieve a remarkable accuracy comparative to the stereo vision approaches, with an overall drift maintained under 2% over hundreds of metres.
Extraction of Frequent Patterns Based on Users' Interests from Semantic Trajectories with Photographs

Along with the popularization of location-based social networking (LBSN), semantic trajectories, which are trajectories with additional information such as photographs and texts, are increasing, and their utilization is required. We consider frequent pattern extraction as applicable to analysis of semantic trajectories and extraction of regions of interest (ROIs). In this research, we propose SimDBSCAN, which considers both spatial density and similarity of points, by extending DBSCAN, which uses density-based clustering, in order to capture users' interests. Since SimDBSCAN identifies points that are interested in the same object in the neighborhood as ROIs, it is possible to detect not only known ROIs such as tourist sites but also unknown ROIs. In this paper, we explain the algorithm of SimDBSCAN and present the experimental results using photographs collected from Flickr. The experiments show that useful ROIs and patterns can be extracted by the proposed method.
Oxygen Depletion Affects Kinematics and Shoaling Cohesion of Cyprinid Fish

Numerous anthropogenic stressors impact rivers worldwide. Hypoxia, resulting from organic waste releases and eutrophication, occurs very commonly in Mediterranean rivers. Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of deoxygenation on the behavior of Mediterranean freshwater fish. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the impact of three different dissolved oxygen levels (normoxia, 48.4%, 16.5% saturation) on kinematics indicators (swimming velocity, acceleration, distance traveled) and shoaling cohesion of adult Iberian barbel, Luciobarbus bocagei, a widespread cyprinid species inhabiting a broad range of lotic and lentic habitats. We conducted flume experiments and video-tracked individual swimming movements of shoals of five fish. Our results reveal significant differences between the treatments regarding kinematics. Swimming velocity, acceleration, and total distance traveled decreased stepwise from the control to each of the two oxygen depletion treatments, whereby the difference between the control and both depletion levels was significant, respectively, but not between the depletion levels themselves. Shoaling cohesion showed dissimilarities between the treatments regarding the maximum distance between fish, as the high depletion treatment differed from each of the other two, indicating that under severe oxygen depletion some individuals move away from the shoal. Overall, our results show how oxygen depletion changes fish behavior, which may entail ecological responses, highlighting the need to maintain an unfragmented river network to ensure movement dispersal among habitats, thus providing conditions for species escapement from hypoxia.
Purification of murine T cell growth factor. A lymphocyte mitogen with helper activity

Mouse T cell growth factor was purified from the serum-free conditioned medium of lectin-stimulated spleen cells. A 3,000-fold purification was achieved with a final yield of 12%. The purified protein, with an apparent Mr of 23,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was active at concentrations of 4 x 10(-11) M, both in the T cell growth factor and T cell replacing factor assays. In addition, purified T cell growth factor alone was mitogenic for spleen cells from both nude and normal mice.
Evidence for the use of vilazodone in the treatment of major depressive disorder

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by dysfunction in cognition, behavior, and physical functioning, and is associated with a chronic clinical course. There are barriers to successful treatment, which often result in early discontinuation and relapse. Adverse effects (AEs) remain the most commonly cited reason for discontinuation of treatment with conventional antidepressants, particularly early on in therapy. This often translates into relapse of symptoms or recurrence of the depressive episode. The delay to therapeutic response also has a meaningful implication for treatment adherence. Areas covered: This article focuses on the implications of a novel entity for the treatment of depression; the first new molecule developed for this indication in the last 10 years. Vilazodone is a novel dual-acting serotonergic antidepressant, which is a selective and potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, as well as a selective partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor. Expert opinion: The data available in the literature so far indicate clinical efficacy over placebo and a rather benign adverse event profile. Whether the early onset of clinical efficacy observed in one of the two pivotal studies represents a true or only a chance phenomenon, only future studies can tell. Adverse effects are mostly mild–moderate and most GI type AEs disappear in about one week, at a time when all patients are still on a clinically suboptimal daily dosage (10 mg/d during the first week). Sexual AEs did not differ from placebo. Vilazodone represents an interesting addition to the arsenal of available antidepressants.
Fast neutron damage of a pixelated CdZnTe gamma ray spectrometer

This study describes the damage to a pixelated 1cm x 1cm x 1cm CdZnTe detector caused by fast neutrons in the energy range 1–7 MeV. Measurements of electron μτ product were performed before and after irradiation and after thermal annealing. Spectroscopic information was acquired with a 133Ba gamma source. Before irradiation, sharp peaks were observed for the 133Ba lines, with combined pixel energy resolution for the 356 keV line of 1.6 % FWHM. After irradiation, clear deterioration of the spectral response is observed, with energy resolution of the 356 keV line of about 6 % FWHM. After thermal annealing, the spectral response shows significant recovery, with combined energy resolution of 2.1 % FWHM. We successfully simulate these results with a theoretical model. It is concluded that the fast neutrons cause displacement damage in the lattice of the bulk CdZnTe material.
The Scattered Twelve Tribes of HEK293

Their ease of growth and transfection makes HEK293 cells a common cell culture in academic research. In addition, high transfection efficiency of HEK293 cells enable production of exogenous proteins or viruses for pharmaceutical and biomedical research purposes. Recently, HEK293 cells has gained attention due to it is versatility for transfection experiments, particularly the propagation of adenoviral-based and retroviral-based vectors during CART-T bioprocess. Since traceability is critical to pharmaceutical manufacturing process, we provide a mini review to clarify the historical development and intent use of different variants of HEK293 cells. This review should provide a key reference for the HEK293 variants’ historical and developmental background.
SBLOCK - A Closed Sequential Pattern Mining Algorithm

Previous studies said that the closed frequent patterns in comparison to frequent pattern mining leads to not only more compact yet complete result set but also better efficiency. Most of previous algorithm for closed sequential pattern mining is manly concentrated over candidate's generation and maintenance which takes much time and cost. SBLOCK is a an algorithm based on the concepts of memory blocks, This algorithm works on unique occurrences of items in a sequential database, with a notion that a bigger block can grasp the smaller of having same type.
Dark energy and condensate stars: Casimir energy in the large

Vacuum fluctuations and the Casimir effect are considered in a cosmological setting. It is suggested that the dark energy, which recent observations suggest make up 73% of our universe, is vacuum energy due to a causal boundary effect at the cosmological horizon. After a discussion of the similarities and differences between material boundaries in flat spacetime and causal horizons in general relativity, a simple model with a purely vacuum energy de Sitter interior and Schwarzschild exterior, separated by a thin boundary layer is outlined. The boundary layer is a quantum transition region which replaces the event horizons of the classical de Sitter and Schwarzschild solutions, through which the vacuum energy changes.
Semantic Integration through Invariants

A semantics-preserving exchange of information between two software applications requires mappings between logically equivalent concepts in the ontology of each application. The challenge of semantic integration is therefore equivalent to the problem of generating such mappings, determining that they are correct, and providing a vehicle for executing the mappings, thus translating terms from one ontology into another. This article presents an approach toward this goal using techniques that exploit the model-theoretic structures underlying ontologies. With these as inputs, semi-automated and automated components may be used to create mappings between ontologies and perform translations.