Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reassortment with Dominant Chicken H9N2 Influenza Virus Contributed to the Fifth H7N9 Virus Human Epidemic

Avian H9N2 influenza virus, although primarily restricted to chicken populations, is a major threat to human public health by acting as a donor of variant viral genes through reassortment to cocirculating influenza viruses. We established that the high prevalence of evolving H9N2 virus in vaccinated flocks played a key role as a donor of new subclade PB2 and PA genes in the generation of a dominant H7N9 virus genotype (genotype 72 [G72]) with enhanced infectivity in humans during the 2016–2017 N7N9 virus epidemic. ABSTRACT H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to cocirculating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. Whether H9N2 virus can maintain a sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. Since 2013, avian H7N9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in China; the fifth wave in 2016 to 2017 was by far the largest, but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. Here, we found that just prior to the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic, H9N2 viruses had phylogenetically mutated into new subclades, changed antigenicity, and increased their prevalence in chickens vaccinated with existing H9N2 vaccines. In turn, the new H9N2 virus subclades of PB2 and PA genes, housing mammalian adaptive mutations, were reassorted into cocirculating H7N9 virus to create a novel dominant H7N9 virus genotype that was responsible for the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic. H9N2-derived PB2 and PA genes in H7N9 virus conferred enhanced polymerase activity in human cells at 33°C and 37°C and increased viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of infected mice, which could account for the sharp increase in human cases of H7N9 virus infection in the 2016–2017 epidemic. The role of H9N2 virus in the continual mutation of H7N9 virus highlights the public health significance of H9N2 virus in the generation of variant reassortants of increasing zoonotic potential. IMPORTANCE Avian H9N2 influenza virus, although primarily restricted to chicken populations, is a major threat to human public health by acting as a donor of variant viral genes through reassortment to cocirculating influenza viruses. We established that the high prevalence of evolving H9N2 virus in vaccinated flocks played a key role as a donor of new subclade PB2 and PA genes in the generation of a dominant H7N9 virus genotype (genotype 72 [G72]) with enhanced infectivity in humans during the 2016–2017 H7N9 virus epidemic. Our findings emphasize that the ongoing evolution of prevalent H9N2 virus in chickens is an important source, via reassortment, of mammalian adaptive genes for other influenza virus subtypes. Thus, close monitoring of the prevalence and variants of H9N2 virus in chicken flocks is necessary for the detection of zoonotic mutations.
Silencing of circular RNA_0000326 inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by boosting microRNA-338-3p-dependent down-regulation of CDK4

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women, which is attributed partly by limited treatment options. Recent studies have provided in-depth explanations regarding the role of circular RNA in cancers. We aimed to investigate the role of circular RNA_0000326 in cervical cancer. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a high circ_0000326 expression in cervical cancer. Cervical cancer cells and tissues were also observed to have elevated levels of circ_0000326 and the upregulation of circ_0000326 depended on the stage of cancer. Transfection with siRNA of circ_0000326 resulted in the inhibition of proliferation, migration and cell cycle of cancer cells. Interestingly, we confirmed that circ_0000326 served as a sponge for microRNA-338-3p and that the miRNA bound to Cyclin-dependent kinase 4. In the presence of microRNA-338-3p mimic or silencing of circ_0000326, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression was decreased. Transfection with microRNA-338-3p mimic inhibited cell clone formation and proliferation. Moreover, in vivo experiment revealed that the injection of shRNA-circ_0000326 lentivirus suppressed tumor growth and decreased Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression. Taken altogether, our results showed that circ_0000326 exerted oncogenic effects on cervical cancer by upregulating Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 via sponging microRNA-338-3p. This systematic investigation on circ_0000326 could provide further insight into cervical cancer.
Microdischarge propagation and expansion in a surface dielectric barrier discharge

We have recorded light emission from a surface dielectric barrier discharge with one exposed and one insulated electrode using an intensified digital camera. The discharge was operated in atmospheric pressure air. When the voltage to the exposed electrode is increasing, streamers form and propagate away from the exposed electrode in tens of nanoseconds. When the voltage is decreasing, more diffuse microdischarges form in a few nanoseconds. The qualitative behaviors of the plasma agree well with two-dimensional fluid simulations. Expansion in the average length of microdischarges as the applied voltage changes in both half-cycles of the waveform is also observed.
Spontaneous verbal repetition in toddler-adult conversations: a longitudinal study with Spanish-speaking two- year-olds

Abstract The role of children’s verbal repetition of parents’ utterances on vocabulary growth has been well documented (Masur, 1999). Nevertheless, few studies have analyzed adults’ and children’s spontaneous verbal repetition around the second birthday distinguishing between the types of repetition. We analyzed longitudinally Spanish-speaking parent-child dyads during spontaneous interaction at 21, 24 and 30 months. Linguistic level was measured using the Spanish version of the MacArthur CDI (López-Ornat et al., 2005). Children’s and adults’ repetitions are about 17% of the speech. Children repeated adults’ utterances in a reduced manner whereas adults produced more extended repetitions. Adults’ rate of repetition predicted children’s linguistic level at 30 months. Children’s rate of repetition did not predict linguistic level. These results suggest that parents adapt their speech to children’s communicative abilities. Since children’s rate of repetition did not predict linguistic level, we suggest that verbal imitation plays an indirect and complex role in communicative development.
HrpB4 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria acts similarly to SctK proteins and promotes the docking of the predicted sorting platform to the type III secretion system

The Gram‐negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease on pepper and tomato plants. Pathogenicity of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria depends on a type III secretion (T3S) system which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. At least nine membrane‐associated and cytoplasmic components of the secretion apparatus are homologous to corresponding Sct (secretion and cellular translocation) proteins from animal pathogens, suggesting a similar structural organisation of T3S systems in different bacterial species. T3S in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria also depends on non‐conserved proteins with yet unknown function including the essential pathogenicity factor HrpB4. Here, we show that HrpB4 localises to the cytoplasm and the bacterial membranes and interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of the inner membrane (IM) ring component HrcD and the cytoplasmic HrcQ protein. The analysis of HrpB4 deletion derivatives revealed that deletion of the N‐ or C‐terminal protein region affects the interaction of HrpB4 with HrcQ and HrcD as well as its contribution to pathogenicity. HrcQ is a component of the predicted sorting platform, which was identified in animal pathogens as a dynamic heterooligomeric protein complex and associates with the IM ring via SctK proteins. HrcQ complex formation was previously shown by fluorescent microscopy analysis and depends on the presence of the T3S system. In the present study, we provide experimental evidence that the absence of HrpB4 severely affects the docking of HrcQ complexes to the T3S system but does not significantly interfere with HrcQ complex formation in the bacterial cytoplasm. Taken together, our data suggest that HrpB4 links the predicted cytoplasmic sorting platform to the IM rings of the T3S system.
Thermal activation of magnetization reversal in spin-valve systems

Magnetization reversal in the pinned layer of exchange biased spin valves is a complex process due to the exchange interaction between the ferromagnetic layer and the antiferromagnetic layer. This interaction results in progressive reversal of the antiferromagnetic layer as the magnetization of the ferromagnetic layer changes direction. This reversal of the antiferromagnet will effect the subsequent reversal of the ferromagnet. It is known that this process is thermally activated but time dependence measurements are difficult to interpret, as the exchange field is nonconstant at many positions along the hysteresis curve. Measurements have been made of the time dependence of the reversal of the antiferromagnetic layer by measuring the recoil loops, following different times spent with the ferromagnetic layer saturated in the negative direction. In this manner, the exchange field can be assumed to be constant during the reversal of the antiferromagnet. These measurements show a shift of the loop of the pinn.
Optimizing Oral Medication Schedules for Inpatient Sleep: A Quality Improvement Intervention.

OBJECTIVES Hospitalized children experience frequent nighttime awakenings. Oral medications are commonly administered around the clock despite the comparable efficacy of daytime administration schedules, which promote sleep. With this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a quality improvement initiative to increase the proportion of sleep-friendly antibiotic administration schedules. METHODS Interprofessional stakeholders modified computerized provider order entry defaults for 4 oral antibiotic medications, from around the clock to administration occurring exclusively during waking hours. Additionally, care-team members received targeted education. Outcome measures included the proportion of sleep-friendly administration schedules and patient caregiver-reported disruptions to sleep. Pre- and posteducation surveys were used to evaluate education effectiveness. Balancing measures were missed antibiotic doses and related escalations of care. RESULTS Interrupted time series analysis revealed a 72% increase (interceptpre: 18%; interceptpost: 90%; 95% confidence interval: 65%-79%; P < .001) in intercept for percentage of orders with sleep-friendly administration schedules (orders: n pre = 1014 and n post = 649). Compared with preeducation surveys, care-team members posteducation were more likely to agree that oral medications scheduled around the clock cause sleep disruption (resident: 71% pre, 90% post [P = .01]; nurse: 63% pre, 79% post [P = .03]). Although sleep-friendly orders increased, patient caregivers reported an increase in sleep disruption due to medications (pre 28%, post 46%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A simple, low-cost intervention of computerized provider order entry default modifications and education can increase the proportion of sleep-friendly oral antibiotic administration schedules for hospitalized children. Patient perception of sleep is impacted by multiple factors and often does not align with objective data. An increased focus on improving sleep during hospitalization may result in heightened awareness of disruptions.
Social outcome and psychiatric comorbidity of generalized epilepsies – A case‐control study

To investigate social outcome and psychiatric comorbidity of patients with idiopathic/genetic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) and its subtypes (epilepsy with generalized tonic‐clonic seizures alone [EGTCS], juvenile absence epilepsy [JAE], and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy [JME]).
Ongoing efforts to improve the management of patients with diabetes in Bangladesh and the implications

ABSTRACT Background Prevalence rates of patients with diabetes are growing across countries, and Bangladesh is no exception. Associated costs are also increasing, driven by costs associated with the complications of diabetes including hypoglycemia. Long-acting insulin analogues were developed to reduce hypoglycemia as well as improve patient comfort and adherence. However, they have been appreciably more expensive, reducing their affordability and use. Biosimilars offer a way forward. Consequently, there is a need to document current prescribing and dispensing rates for long-acting insulin analogues across Bangladesh, including current prices and differences, as a result of affordability and other issues. Methods Mixed method approach including surveying prescribing practices in hospitals coupled with dispensing practices and prices among community pharmacies and drug stores across Bangladesh. This method was adopted since public hospitals only dispense insulins such as soluble insulins free-of-charge until funds run out and all long-acting insulin analogues have to be purchased from community stores. Results There has been growing prescribing and dispensing of long-acting insulins in Bangladesh in recent years, now accounting for over 80% of all insulins dispensed in a minority of stores. This increase has been helped by growing prescribing and dispensing of biosimilar insulin glargine at lower costs than the originator, with this trend likely to continue with envisaged growth in the number of patients. Consequently, Bangladesh can serve as an exemplar to other low- and middle-income countries struggling to fund long-acting insulin analogues for their patients. Conclusions It was encouraging to see continued growth in the prescribing and dispensing of long-acting insulin analogues in Bangladesh via the increasing availability of biosimilars. This is likely to continue benefitting all key stakeholder groups.
Impact of Web-Based Sharing and Viewing of Self-Harm–Related Videos and Photographs on Young People: Systematic Review

Background Given recent moves to remove or blur self-harm imagery or content on the web, it is important to understand the impact of posting, viewing, and reposting self-harm images on young people. Objective The aim of this study is to systematically review research related to the emotional and behavioral impact on children and young people who view or share web-based self-harm–related videos or images. Methods We searched databases (including Embase, PsychINFO, and MEDLINE) from January 1991 to February 2019. Search terms were categorized into internet use, images nonspecific and specific to the internet, and self-harm and suicide. Stepwise screening against specified criteria and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers. Eligible articles were quality assessed, and a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results A total of 19 independent studies (20 articles) were included. Of these, 4 studies focused on images, 10 (11 articles) on videos, and 5 on both. There were 4 quantitative, 9 qualitative, and 7 mixed methods articles. In total, 11 articles were rated as high quality. There has been an increase in graphic self-harm imagery over time. Potentially harmful content congregated on platforms with little moderation, anonymity, and easy search functions for images. A range of reactions and intentions were reported in relation to posting or viewing images of self-harm: from empathy, a sense of solidarity, and the use of images to give or receive help to potentially harmful ones suggesting new methods, normalization, and exacerbation of self-harm. Viewing images as an alternative to self-harm or a creative outlet were regarded in 2 studies as positive impacts. Reactions of anger, hostility, and ambivalence have been reported. There was some evidence of the role of imitation and reinforcement, driven partly by the number of comments and wound severity, but this was not supported by time series analyses. Conclusions Although the results of this review support concern related to safety and exacerbation of self-harm through viewing images of self-harm, there may be potential for positive impacts in some of those exposed. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness and potential harms of current posting restrictions, incorporate user perspectives, and develop recovery-oriented content. Clinicians assessing distressed young people should ask about internet use, including access to self-harm images, as part of their assessment.
Use of oxygen isotope to study the transport mechanism during high temperature oxide scale growth

Abstract The examination of high temperature (HT) oxide scale growth mechanisms was performed using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS), in conjunction with 16O2/18O2 HT oxidation experiments. Cr2O3, NiO, ZrO2 and Al2O3 were studied because they constitute excellent representative thermally grown oxide scales: they grow by cationic diffusion (Cr2O3, NiO), anionic diffusion (ZrO2) or mixed anionic-cationic diffusion (Al2O3). The oxidation tests were performed first in 16O2 and subsequently in 18O2 at several temperatures (600–1000°C for NiO, 600°C for ZrO2, 1000°C for Cr2O3 and 1100°C for Al2O3). The oxygen isotope distribution observed by SIMS and SNMS profiles are discussed and related with the HT oxidation mechanisms proposed in the literature.
Flame Synthesis of Tin Oxide Nanorods: A Continuous and Scalable Approach

Well-crystalline SnO2 nanorods were first synthesized via a continuous and scalable iron-assisted flame approach with production rate up to 50 g/h in laboratory-scale. The as-prepared SnO2 nanorods with uniform length up to 200 nm and diameter around 20 nm are smooth and single crystal rutile structures, growing along the [001] direction. Iron dopant is incorporated into the SnO2 lattice and selectively effects a specific SnO2 crystal plane, promoting the further crystal oriented growth into nanorods. Meanwhile, the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of such SnO2 nanorods exhibits a broad, stronger orange-emission peak around 620 nm, suggesting potential applications in optoelectronics. It is noteworthy that this dopant-assisted flame approach provides a new strategy for sequentially engineering one-dimensional nanomaterials.
TRENDS IN RED MUD UTILIZATION – A REVIEW

Abstract Red mud is the major waste material produced during alumina production following the Bayers process. Depending on the quality of the raw material processed, 1–2.5 tons of red mud is generated per ton of alumina produced. The treatment and disposal of this residue is a major operation in an alumina plant. A lot of research and developmental activities are going on throughout the world to find effective utilization of red mud, which involves various product developments. This article attempts to review these developments.
Hypertension: Current trends and future perspectives

Hypertension is a significant and increasing global health issue. It is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide due to its effects on end organs, and through its associations with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity. Despite current management strategies, many patients do not achieve adequate blood pressure (BP) control. Hypertension‐related cardiovascular mortality rates are rising in tandem with the increasing global prevalence of chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity. Improving BP control must therefore be urgently prioritised. Strategies include utilising existing antihypertensive agents more effectively, and using treatments developed for co‐existing conditions (such as sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for diabetes mellitus) that offer additional BP‐lowering and cardiovascular benefits. Additionally, novel therapeutic agents that target alternative prohypertensive pathways and that offer broader cardiovascular protection are under development, including dual angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors. Nonpharmacological strategies such as immunotherapy are also being explored. Finally, advancing knowledge of the human genome and molecular modification technology may usher in an exciting new era of personalised medicine, with the potential to revolutionise the management of hypertension.
A trend of dropping anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 plaque reduction neutralization test titers over time in Canadian convalescent plasma donors

Convalescent plasma products are a potential passive immunotherapy for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) disease. Various approaches have been utilized to determine the concentration of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐neutralizing antibodies in plasma products. The Canadian Blood Services used Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test 50 (PRNT50)‐generated values to qualify convalescent plasma donations supporting clinical trials in Canada. This manuscript describes changes in PRNT50 titers of repeat male plasma donations collected approximately 1–4 months after onset of COVID‐19 signs and symptoms in donors.
Increased Levels of Circulating Monocytic- and Early-Stage Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND To investigate the levels of circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in patients with primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to explore the relationship between the number of MDSC and AML. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from 29 patients with primary AML and 30 healthy controls were collected. CD33, CD11b, HLA-DR, CD14, and CD15 were used to label cells, and flow cytometry was used to analyze the numbers of total MDSC and subgroups eMDSC (early-stage MDSC), M-MDSC (monocytic MDSCs), PMN-MDSC (polymorphonuclear-MDSCs) or G-MDSC (granulocytic-MDSC) via two gating strategies. Presence of MDSC in AML was determined after assessment of clinical data. RESULTS Phenotypic analysis of MDSC by the two gating strategies was consistent. Compared with healthy controls, the numbers of total MDSC (CD33+CD11b+ HLA-DR-) and G-MDSC (CD33+CD11b+ HLA-DR-CD14¬-CD15+ or CD14¬-CD15+ CD11b+) in peripheral blood of AML patients were lower (p < 0.05), while numbers of M-MDSC (CD33+CD11b+ HLA-DR-CD14+CD15- or HLA-DR-/LOWCD14+) and eMDSC (CD33+CD11b+ HLA-DR-/LOWCD14-CD15-) were higher (p < 0.05). The levels of G-MDSC in peripheral blood of AML-M2 patients were higher than those in other subtypes, along with total MDSC, while the levels of eMDSC and M-MDSC in AML-M3 patients were higher than those in other subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of HLA-DR-/LOWCD14+M-MDSC and CD33+CD11b+ HLA-DR-/LOWCD14-CD15- eMDSC in peripheral blood of AML patients indicates potential for MDSC as a diagnostic index in AML.