Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biogeography of the Indo-Australian Archipelago

The extraordinary species richness and endemism of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) exists in one of the most geologically dynamic regions of the planet. The provenance of its biota has been debated, particularly in the area known as Wallacea. Application of molecular genetic approaches and a better understanding of the region’s complex geology have stimulated much recent biogeographic work in the IAA. We review molecular phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies in light of current geological evidence. Present distribution patterns of species have been shaped largely by pre-Pleistocene dispersal and vicariance events, whereas more recent changes in the connectivity of islands within the Archipelago have influenced the partitioning of intraspecific variation. Many genetic studies have uncovered cryptic species with restricted distributions. We discuss the conservation significance of the region and highlight the need for cross-taxon comparative studies using newly developed analytical approaches well suited to the challenges of historical inference in this region.
Effects of Ochratoxin A Feeding on Organ Weights an d Gross Pathological Changes in Broiler Chicken and its Amelioration wit h Bantox

Received: 06/10/2017 Accepted: 02/12/2017 Abstract The present study was designed to study the amelior ative efficacy of Bantox, a commercial mycotoxin binder against ochratoxin A (OTA)induced toxic effects on relative organ weights and gross pathological changes in broiler chicks. Day-old broiler chicks w ere randomly divided into four groups and fed with standard toxin free f d (Group-I, control), basal diet containing Bantox at the level of 1 g/kg feed (Group-II), OTA at the dietary level of 0.75 ppm (Group-III); and OTA (0.75 ppm) plus Bantox (1 g/kg feed) (Group-IV) for 45 days. At necropsy, the relative organ weights and gross pathological changes were studied on 15, 30 and 45 day of the experimentation. OTA treated (Group-III) birds showed a significant increase in the relative weights of liv er and kidneys on 15 , 30 and 45 day and relative weights of proventriculus on 45 th day of the study while a significant decrease in the relative weight s of spleen and bursa of Fabricius were seen on 45 th day of the study. Grossly, the paleness and enlargement of liver and kidneys were significant a d consistent in OTA treated (Group-III) birds. However, the magnitude a nd severity of lesions were less pronounced in birds fed with OTA and supp lemented with Bantox (Group-IV) on 15 , 30 and 45 day of the experiment. In conclusion, the dietary addition of Bantox provided protection against OTA-induced adverse effects on relative organ weigh ts and gross pathological changes in broiler chicks.
Probing the Electronic Structure of Bulk Water at the Molecular Lengthscale with Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study of bulk water photoionization. Angular distributions of photoelectrons produced by ionizing the valence bands of neat water using X-ray radiation (250-750 eV) show a limited (<30 %) decrease in the β anisotropy parameter compared to the gas phase, indicating that the electronic structure of the individual water molecules can be probed. We show that, in the high-energy regime, photoionization of bulk can be described using an incoherent superposition of individual molecules, in contrast to a low-energy regime where photoionization probes delocalized entangled states of molecular aggregates. The two regimes-low versus high energy-are limiting cases where the de Broglie wavelength of the photoelectron is larger or smaller than the intermolecular distance between water molecules, respectively. The comparison of measured and computed anisotropies reveals that the reduction in β at high kinetic energies is mostly due to scattering rather than rehybridization due to solvation.
Variable expression of protein kinase Cε in human melanoma cells regulates sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis

Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is believed to protect against apoptosis induced by death receptors. We have found however that the effect of activation of PKC on tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–induced apoptosis of melanoma differs between cell lines. Pretreatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) led to inhibition of apoptosis in the majority of the melanoma cell lines, but those with relatively low PKCε expression were sensitized to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Introduction of PKCε into PKCε-low cell lines reversed sensitization of the cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by PMA. In contrast, a dominant-negative form of PKCε caused an increase in sensitivity. The changes in sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis were reflected in similar changes in conformation of Bax and its relocation from the cytosol to mitochondria. Similarly, there were concordant increases or decreases in mitochondrial release of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/DIABLO, activation of caspase-3, and processing of its substrates. Activation of PKC seemed to mediate its effects upstream of mitochondria but downstream of caspase-8 and Bid in that pretreatment with PMA did not cause significant changes in the expression levels of TRAIL death receptors, alterations in the levels of caspase-8 activation, or cleavage of Bid. PKC activated the antiapoptotic extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway, but inhibitors of this pathway only partially reversed the protective effect of PKC against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results provide further insights into the variable responses of melanoma to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and may help define responsive phenotypes to treatment of melanoma with TRAIL.
Metatarsals and pedal phalanges

The metatarsals and tarsals from most of the foot bones found at Sterkfontein by the time of this monograph have been described in an elegant and thorough publication by Deloison (2003). Our descriptions of the metatarsals are, in large part, in accordance with hers, and we point out only where we deviate from her interpretations. Due to the fragmentary nature of most of the Sterkfontein metatarsals, description and interpretation are limited. Appendix I presents member, locus with grid reference, and date of discovery where known of each specimen.
Effect of Implementing Oxygen Administration Guidelines on Nurses'Performance Caring for Patients with Chest Disorders

Oxygen therapy is widely available and commonly used in treatment of hospitalized patients with chest disorders. So, the nursing staff should have oxygen therapy related knowledge and practice based on educational guidelines. Methodology: Quasiexperimental research design was utilized in this study andconducted at the chest department of Mansoura University Hospital (MUH). Tools: ISocio-demographic Data & Nurses knowledge about oxygen administration questionnaire sheet. Tools: IIPerformance checklist related to oxygen therapy administration. Sample: all available nurses (70) who provide direct care for patients with chest disorders in chest department with various age, qualifications, years of experience, different level of education, and agree to participatein the study. Result: There was a statistically significant increase in total mean score of knowledge and practice after application of oxygen therapy related educational guidelines(p=<0.0005). Conclusion: This study represents highly statistically significance increaseinnurses knowledge and practices scores after application of oxygen therapy relatededucational guidelines. Recommendation: This study recommended continuous educational programs on regular basis to nurses regarding oxygen therapy based on updated guidelines to improving their knowledge and practice and achieve high quality of care. Key Wards: Chest Disorders, Guidelines, Nurses performance, Oxygen Administration. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 13-05-2020 Date of Acceptance: 26-05-2020 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Innovative Activities of a Logistics Company in the Global Value Chain

Business model innovation brings new value and revenue to enterprises. For industries with competitive advantages, strengthening the value chain is an important matter. This study explores the workings of the logistics service providers in the bicycle industry in Taiwan who provide an innovative and integrated value chain to customers with new value propositions to create a win-win situation. The study found that logistics company understand the needs and problems of customers. They integrate upstream and downstream customers in the value chain and provide processing services for bicycle manufacturers. The logistics company play an extended machining service provider of upstream suppliers. The innovative business model shortens the lead time of key components from suppliers to bicycle manufacturers. Innovation has changed the old value chain model and has improved the service capabilities of the logistics company.
Effect of N2 management on different growth attributes and yields contributing characters of BRRIdhan28 comparing to conventional and leaf colour chart urea management

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during October/10 to February/11 to assess the efficiency of nitrogen application for Boro rice and appropriate amount of nitrogen to be top dressed on the basis of Leaf colour chart (LCC) compare to conventional system. The experiment contained 17 treatments including control, recommended N management and 15 LCC based N management treatments that were LCC 2.5, 3 and 3.5 and each of these contained 5 doses of N fertilizer (urea) that is 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg N ha top dressing. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. LCC reading were taken on every 7 days from 14 days after transplanting up to flowering. Whenever LCC value dropped below the set critical level, nitrogen was top dressed. The result show that the highest grain yield was produced when the land was fertilized with LCC 3.5 based nitrogen top dressing at the rate of 30 kg ha -1 followed by LCC 3.5 kg N ha top dressing and recommended nitrogen management. The LCC 3.5 based top dressing at the rate of 30 kg N ha -1 can be adopted in Boro rice for maximum nitrogen use efficiency and higher grain profit.
Environmental controls on the distribution of salt‐marsh foraminifera from the southern coastline of South Africa

Salt‐marsh foraminifera are widely used as robust sea‐level indicators. High‐resolution Holocene sea‐level reconstructions depend on the accurate characterization of modern foraminifera‐environment relationships representative of a study site. We investigate the relationship between modern foraminiferal assemblage distribution and key environmental variables, viz. elevation above land levelling datum (LLD), sediment grain size, organic content, pH and salinity. We hypothesize that the distribution of modern salt‐marsh foraminifera is primarily controlled by elevation above LLD.
The Effects of Financial and Non-Financial Incentives on the Demand for a Sustainable DRT System

This paper analyzes in a large-scale field experiment (N = 2,980) the incentive effects of monetary vs. non-monetary incentives on the usage of a sustainable Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) system. Financial incentives were implemented by offering customers vouchers, which were received when they reached a certain threshold of rides with the DRT service (EcoBus). In the non-financial incentive treatment, we applied the same thresholds. In this case, we exploited the sustainable character of the EcoBus and offered environmental certificates which documented the saved level of carbon dioxide because of the bus usage. The data show strong support that financial incentives excellently work to increase the demand for a sustainable transport service. EcoBus rides nearly doubled during the intervention phase. Interestingly, non-financial incentives also have a positive effect on the demand for the bus service. However, the effect is attenuated at the end of the treatment phase. Thus, financial incentives outperform non-financial incentives.
The KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS): kinematics and clumpiness of low-mass galaxies at cosmic noon

We present results from the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS), an ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) large program using gravitational lensing to study the spatially resolved kinematics of 44 star-forming galaxies at 0.6 1), we find a weak increase or flat trend. We investigate the relation between the rest-frame UV clumpiness of galaxies and their global kinematic properties. We find no clear trend between the clumpiness and the velocity dispersion and $\upsilon_{rot}/\sigma_0$. This could suggest that the kinematic properties of galaxies evolve after the clumps formed in the galaxy disk or that the clumps can form in different physical conditions.
Building powerful and equivariant graph neural networks with message-passing

Message-passing has proved to be an effective way to design graph neural networks, as it is able to leverage both permutation equivariance and an inductive bias towards learning local structures to achieve good generalization. However, current message-passing architectures have a limited representation power and fail to learn basic topological properties of graphs. We address this problem and propose a new message-passing framework that is powerful while preserving permutation equivariance. Speciﬁcally, we propagate unique node identiﬁers in the form of a one-hot encoding in order to learn a local context around each node. We show that our model is computationally universal in the limit, while also being equivariant. Experimentally, we ﬁnd our model to be superior at predicting various graph topological properties, opening the way to novel powerful architectures that are both equivariant and computationally efﬁcient.
Average-case Complexity of Teaching Convex Polytopes via Halfspace Queries

We examine the task of locating a target region among those induced by intersections of n halfspaces in R^d. This generic task connects to fundamental machine learning problems, such as training a perceptron and learning a ϕ-separable dichotomy. We investigate the average teaching complexity of the task, i.e., the minimal number of samples (halfspace queries) required by a teacher to help a version-space learner in locating a randomly selected target. As our main result, we show that the average-case teaching complexity is Θ(d), which is in sharp contrast to the worst-case teaching complexity of Θ(n). If instead, we consider the average-case learning complexity, the bounds have a dependency on n as Θ(n) for i.i. d. queries and Θ(dlog(n)) for actively chosen queries by the learner. Our proof techniques are based on novel insights from computational geometry, which allow us to count the number of convex polytopes and faces in a Euclidean space depending on the arrangement of halfspaces. Our insights allow us to establish a tight bound on the average-case complexity for ϕ-separable dichotomies, which generalizes the known O(d) bound on the average number of "extreme patterns" in the classical computational geometry literature (Cover, 1965).
Deepfake Detection using Spatiotemporal Convolutional Networks

Better generative models and larger datasets have led to more realistic fake videos that can fool the human eye but produce temporal and spatial artifacts that deep learning approaches can detect. Most current Deepfake detection methods only use individual video frames and therefore fail to learn from temporal information. We created a benchmark of the performance of spatiotemporal convolutional methods using the Celeb-DF dataset. Our methods outperformed state-of-the-art frame-based detection methods. Code for our paper is publicly available at this https URL.
Influence Functions in Deep Learning Are Fragile

Influence functions approximate the effect of training samples in test-time predictions and have a wide variety of applications in machine learning interpretability and uncertainty estimation. A commonly-used (first-order) influence function can be implemented efficiently as a post-hoc method requiring access only to the gradients and Hessian of the model. For linear models, influence functions are well-defined due to the convexity of the underlying loss function and are generally accurate even across difficult settings where model changes are fairly large such as estimating group influences. Influence functions, however, are not well-understood in the context of deep learning with non-convex loss functions. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and large-scale empirical study of successes and failures of influence functions in neural network models trained on datasets such as Iris, MNIST, CIFAR-10 and ImageNet. Through our extensive experiments, we show that the network architecture, its depth and width, as well as the extent of model parameterization and regularization techniques have strong effects in the accuracy of influence functions. In particular, we find that (i) influence estimates are fairly accurate for shallow networks, while for deeper networks the estimates are often erroneous; (ii) for certain network architectures and datasets, training with weight-decay regularization is important to get high-quality influence estimates; and (iii) the accuracy of influence estimates can vary significantly depending on the examined test points. These results suggest that in general influence functions in deep learning are fragile and call for developing improved influence estimation methods to mitigate these issues in non-convex setups.
Winds in Star Clusters Drive Kolmogorov Turbulence

Intermediate and massive stars drive fast and powerful isotropic winds that interact with the winds of nearby stars in star clusters and the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). Wind–ISM collisions generate astrospheres around these stars that contain hot T ∼ 107 K gas that adiabatically expands. As individual bubbles expand and collide they become unstable, potentially driving turbulence in star clusters. In this Letter we use hydrodynamic simulations to model a densely populated young star cluster within a homogeneous cloud to study stellar wind collisions with the surrounding ISM. We model a mass-segregated cluster of 20 B-type young main-sequence stars with masses ranging from 3 to 17 M⊙. We evolve the winds for ∼11 kyr and show that wind–ISM collisions and overlapping wind-blown bubbles around B-stars mix the hot gas and ISM material, generating Kolmogorov-like turbulence on small scales early in its evolution. We discuss how turbulence driven by stellar winds may impact the subsequent generation of star formation in the cluster.
Cultivar and environmental effects on quality characters in wheat. I. Starch

The composition of starch in wheat is an important determinant of grain quality, especially for white-salted noodles. Starch consists of 2 types of polymer, amylose and amylopectin, and occurs in predominantly larger A-type and smaller B-type granules. High starch pasting peak viscosity is desirable for white-salted noodles, and is influenced by the waxy genes coding for granule-bound-starch synthase (GBSS), which are involved in the synthesis of amylose. To study cultivar and environmental effects on the proportion of A-type granules, the proportion of amylose in starch, starch pasting peak viscosity, and grain hardness, 7 cultivars were grown in 15 environments which differed for temperature during grain filling. These cultivars varied in grain hardness classification and for the presence of GBSS coded by the Wx-B1 locus. Cultivars null for Wx-B1 GBSS had higher pasting viscosity than those with Wx-B1 GBSS, verifying the null requirement for cultivars suitable for white-salted noodles. However, the relationship between amylose concentration and pasting viscosity was complex, indicating that Wx-B1 influences pasting viscosity beyond its influence on the proportion of amylose and amylopectin. Environments with a high level of accumulated temperatures above 30oC during the first 14 days after anthesis produced grain with a high proportion of A-type granules, even when irrigated. The proportion of amylose also increased with increasing accumulation of temperatures above 30oC during the first 14 days, but was not influenced by temperature to the same extent as granule type. Environmental variation in pasting peak viscosity was large, but not related to high temperature. The hardness of grain was related to accumulated temperatures above 30oC during the second 14 days after anthesis, with the increase in hardness much greater in soft-grained than hard-grained cultivars.
In situ synthesis of polyynes in a polymer matrix via pulsed laser ablation in a liquid

Polyynes are finite chains formed by sp-hybridized carbon atoms with alternating single and triple bonds and display intriguing electronic and optical properties. Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) is a well assessed technique for the physical synthesis of hydrogen-capped polyynes in solution; however, their limited stability prevents further exploitation in materials for different applications. In this work, polyynes in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were produced in a single-step PLAL process by ablating graphite directly in an aqueous solution of PVA which, as a participating medium for PLAL, is shown to favour the formation of polyynes. The addition of Ag colloids to the aqueous PVA/polyynes solution allowed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements, carried out both on liquid samples and on free-standing nanocomposites, obtained after solvent evaporation. A non-trivial behaviour of the polymer matrix structure as a function of the PVA concentration is revealed showing that an intimate blend of polyynes and Ag nanoparticles with the polymer can be achieved. We demonstrate that polyynes in the nanocomposite remain stable for at least 11 months, whereas the corresponding Ag/PVA/polyynes solution displayed a strong polyyne decomposition already after 3 weeks. These results pave the way to further characterization of the properties of polyyne-based films and materials.