Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Minimum Risk Training in improving domain robustness of Neural Machine Translation

Although Neural Machine Translation (NMT) improves state-of-the-art Machine Translation significantly, it still underperforms on some conditions than Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). One of the conditions is out-of-domain translations. Previous works mainly focus on improving the out-of-domain translation of NMT systems by leveraging out-of-domain monolingual data. However, we believe that improving model generalisation ability to unseen domains, namely domain robustness is also important since monolingual corpus would be unavailable or the domain that NMT systems would encounter in actual use would be unpredictable. Therefore, this study mainly aims to explore the approach to improving domain robustness of NMT systems. A previous study showed that ‘hallucination translation’ (translations that are fluent but unrelated to source) is common in out-of-domain translation. According to theoretical analysis, we claim that exposure bias derived by token-level training objective would be one of the reasons that result in hallucinations. Therefore, we propose to use Minimum Risk Training (MRT), a sentence-level training objective, to alleviate exposure bias and reduce the hallucinations, and thereby, improve domain robustness. The experiments on the domain-specific dataset from OPUS repository demonstrated the effectiveness of MRT and our best model also exceeds SMT and achieves the state-ofthe-art. Our hypotheses about the correlation between exposure bias and hallucination and the relation between hallucinations and domain robustness are also supported in a series of analysis experiments. Moreover, inspired by the results of the analysis experiments, we speculate and by experiments provide the evidence for the correlation between exposure bias and the phenomenon that increasing beam size does not improve translation quality. MRT fine-tuning would mitigate this phenomenon and extended the optimal beam size of NMT systems.
Psychological health and its associates among migrants and non-migrants in a rural area of Northern India

Introduction Methodology Results Conclusion References Citation Tables / Figures Corresponding Author Address for Correspondence: Dr Bhavna Langer, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Community Medicine Government Medical College, Bakshinagar, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir State 180001 E Mail ID: dr.bhavnalanger@yahoo.in
Silver Nanoparticles as Low-Emissivity Coating Materials for Window Glazing Applications

The potential of silver (Ag) nanoparticles as lowemissivity (low-e) coating materials for window glazing applications has been discussed. Ag nanoparticles were prepared via a wet chemical method and applied on the surface of flat glass through spin coating. A mild heat treatment at 200°C was employed to achieve the low-e effect, which results in a total surface emissivity of about 0.015, compared to about 0.837 of the plain glass substrate. By applying such low-e coatings, the heat loss through a single-glazed window pane could be reduced by about 45% (U-value from 5.75 to 3.18 W/(mK)).
Total factor productivity and technical efficiency among smallholder groundnut farmers in Northern Mozambique

This study examines the productivity of smallholder groundnut farmers in North-eastern Mozambique using data for 2016 from two provinces with high total production of said crop. The model used is a Cobb-Douglas True Fixed Effects stochastic production frontier, controlling for geographical heterogeneity, and standard errors clustered at the village level. Our analysis reveals a mean total factor productivity index and technical efficiency score of 0.34 and 0.68 respectively. Seeding rates are found to have major potential for increasing output. This work provides new information to support ongoing efforts to generate greater resilience and robustness in domestic food systems.
Shell structure: Analysis of hyperbolic paraboloid in paper

In contrast to the opinion of many people, who think that technology will eliminate paper, tons of paper are used daily worldwide. The annual average paper consumption is 48 kg per person, which is equivalent to approximately 347, 035, 970.30 tons. In the last few years the architect Shigeru Ban has motivated research in the field of paper as building material. In this paper, we evaluate the implementation of paper as building material in shell structures. At first, paper does not seem to be strong enough to be used as structural material, however we propose shaping it, in order to improve its structural behavior. We have simulated a hyperbolic paraboloid (HYPAR) of paper in Abaqus software based on the finite element method (FEM), and analyzed its structural behavior. The analysis results demonstrate the feasibility of using paper as building material.
Evaluation of the impact of paddy fields on stream water nitrogen concentration in Central Hokkaido

Abstract We investigated the impact of paddy fields on stream water N concentration in the Sorachi and Kamikawa districts in central Hokkaido, Japan. Water sampling was carried out at the post-fertilization (PF), crop growing (CG), and post-harvest (PH) stages of paddy cropping (hereafter referred to as ‘seasons’) in 2001. The proportion of the land use types in drainage basins was obtained from topographic maps. The results of land use analysis showed that the proportion of paddy fields tended to increase when the proportion of arable lands including upland fields and grass lands but excluding paddy fields, hereafter referred to as ‘upland’ increased in Sorachi, but decreased in Kamikawa. Linear regression analysis indicated that the TN and NO3 −-N concentrations in stream water were significantly correlated with the proportion of upland in the drainage basins in all seasons. However, the TN concentration showed a significant correlation with paddy fields only during the paddy growing seasons (PF and CG seasons) but not during the PIE season. The NO3 −-N concentration was no correlated with the proportion of paddy fields in all seasons, while the Org-N concentration showed a highly positive correlation with the proportion of paddy fields during the paddy growing seasons. Multiple regression analysis showed that the average TN concentration was significantly correlated with a combination of proportion of paddy fields, upland, and urban areas in Sorachi (r 2 = 0.84, p < 0.001) and with a combination of proportion of paddy fields and upland in Kamikawa (r 2 = 0.28, p < 0.05). The values of the partial regression coefficients or impact factors were much lower for paddy fields than those for upland in Kamikawa and Sorachi, respectively. It is concluded that although the distribution pattern of paddy fields and upland in the drainage basins was different in the two districts, the impact of paddy fields on N pollution in stream water was much lower than that of upland in both districts.
Indian Journal Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, October-December 2017;3(4):142-147 A Clinico- Epidemiological Study of Geriatric Dermatosis in Tertiary Care Centre, Ujjain

Introduction: Ageing is a biological reality which has its own dynamics which is beyond human control. A person aged 60 years or above is defined as “Elderly”. Geriatric health care has been considered as an emerging issue due to increase in life expectancy. Cutaneous lesions are more common among the elderly due to ageing, which causes a decline in the function of the skin. Objectives: 1) To determine the clinical pattern of Dermatological disorders and their prevalence in Geriatric population. 2) To offer geriatric population timely care and treatment. Materials and Method: The present study was Hospital-based Cross-sectional Observational study, conducted in Dermatology Department at R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain over a period of one and a half year. A total of 110 cases with age 65 years and above who presented in our OPD/IPD were chosen as study group. Results: Out of 110 patients studied 87 (79.1%) were males and 23(20.9%) were females. Generalized pruritus was the single commonest symptom noted in this study (34.5%). Xerosis was the commonest physiological change observed in (87.27%). Among pathological changes Eczema was the commonest (32.73%). Greying of hair (82.73%) was the commonest hair change and vertical ridging of nails (52.3%) was the commonest nail change observed. Conclusion: The present study reveals that skin problems are quite common among elderly. They develop wide variety of physiological and pathological skin changes. A thorough knowledge of physiologic and pathologic skin changes in the geriatric population can strengthen the dermatologists hand in the management of such cases. Infections and infestations, Papulosquamous disorders, Vesicobullous disorders, Benign and Malignant conditions, Drug reaction and Miscellaneous skin changes.
Determinants of Customer Satisfaction and Its Implications on Loyalty at Government-owned Commercial Banks in West Sumatera

The purpose of this study is to know the effect of electronic banking, brand image and Customer Relationship Management variables invidivually or collectively on customer satisfaction and to know the effect of electronic banking, brand image, Customer Relationship Management and customer satisfaction variables invidivually or collectively on customer loyalty. The method of sampling using stratified random sampling was used. The method of data analysis used was descriptive and verification analysis with the population of 4 government-owned banks in West Sumatera and the sample of 200 respondents. The method data analysis used in this study was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Amos 21 program. The study has the following findings: collectively electronic banking, brand image and customer relationship management (CRM) have positive and significant effect on the customer satisfaction in government-owned commercial banks in West Sumatera with R2 value at 66.2% and collectively electronic banking, brand image, Customer Relationship Management and customer satisfaction variables have positive and significant effect on customer loyalty in government-owned commercial banks in West Sumatera with R2 value at 77.1%.
Nanofibrous Membranes Prepared by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composites

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites containing well-dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were prepared via an in-situ bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Electrical conductivities of the synthesized PMMA/MWNT nanocomposite films containing 1−5 wt % of MWNT were between 10-4 and 10-2 S/cm. When PMMA/MWNT nanocomposites with the same MWNT concentrations were electrospun in DMF into nanofibrous membrane, the conductivities were reduced to ∼10-10 S/cm, even though dispersion of the MWNTs in the electrospun nanofibers was superior to the conventional polymer composites with carbon nanotubes. The diameter of the electrospun fibers ranged between 120 ± 30 and 710 ± 20 nm. In addition, MWNTs in the electrospun nanofibers were found to be embedded in the polymer matix and to align along the fiber axis.
Technological Innovation And Performance Of Manufacturing Firms In Nigeria

Organization scholars have long been interested in technological innovation as the source of value creation in firms. The subject of technological innovation has risen in prominence to become a global policy issue. Technological Innovation remains the major strategy and driving force for firms‟ growth and survival in any competitive business environment. Most studies refer to product innovation and process innovation as important elements towards development of organizations and nations (Freel, 2000; Oke, 2015). The introduction of novel products and processes has remained the thrust behind the spring-up of new firms and the expansion of the existing ones. The growth and development of developing nations lies in the innovative ability of its citizens and SMEs within the nation. The essential role of SMEs in the growth and the development of nations‟ economy cannot be gainsaid. SMEs have remained the catalysts for economic development both for the developed and developing nations in terms of employment generation, development of Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of technological innovation on the performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The subject of technological innovation and its impact on firms’ performances in developing nations is yet to exhaustively explored. Moreover, only few research efforts have been made to investigate the impact of product and process innovations on manufacturing SMEs performances within a developing country context. In order to enrich the literature, this paper assesses the impact of product and process innovations on the performance of manufacturing SMEs in Nigeria. The sample for this study was drawn from 305 SMEs in the textile/leather/apparel and footwear subsector; wood/furniture and woodworks subsector; and domestic/industrial plastic and rubber subsector in Southwestern Nigeria. Data collected was analyzed using correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The correlation result shows that product innovation and process innovation had significant positive relationship with firm performance. However, the regression result confirmed that product and process innovations have positive impact on the performance of firms. Additionally, process innovation maintained a significant impact on firm performance with the inclusion of control variables whereas product innovation had significant impact on innovation with the exclusion of the control variables from the model. Generally, technological innovation accounts for about 59.3% of variation in the performance of the manufacturing SMEs. The study concludes that product and process innovations are critical elements for enhancing the performance of manufacturing SMEs in Nigeria. Therefore, owners and managers of SMEs are encouraged to introduce more technological innovations in their firms as this has positive impact on firms’ performances.
Private Overborrowing under Sovereign Risk ∗ Link to latest version

is paper argues that excessive international private debt increases the frequency and severity of sovereign debt crises. I develop a quantitative theory of private and public debt that allows me to measure the level of private overborrowing and its eect on the interest rate spread paid on public debt. In an environment where private credit is constrained by the market value of income, individually optimal private borrowing decisions are inecient at the aggregate level. High private debt increases the probability of a nancial crisis, characterized by a large deleveraging in private debt and a contraction in consumption. During such crises, drops in consumption cause a decline in the market value of collateral that in turn further reduces consumption. To counter this reduction, the government responds with large scal bailouts nanced with risky external public debt. is response then causes a sovereign debt crisis, characterized by high interest rate spreads, and in some cases, default. I nd that the theory is quantitatively consistent with the evolution of international private debt, international public debt, and sovereign spreads in Spain from 1999 to 2015. I estimate that private debt was 5% of GDP above the socially optimal level in the lead-up to the crisis. Private overborrowing increased the annual probability of a nancial crisis by 2.4 percentage points. Finally, excessive private debt raised the interest rate spread on public bonds by at least 3.8 percentage points at its peak in 2012.
N ov 2 01 2 HARDY-LITTLEWOOD SERIES AND EVEN CONTINUED FRACTIONS

For any s ∈ (1/2, 1], the series Fs(x) = ∑∞ n=1 e iπn2x/ns converges almost everywhere on [−1, 1] by a result of Hardy-Littlewood concerning the growth of the sums ∑N n=1 e iπn2x, but not everywhere. However, there does not yet exist an intrinsic description of the set of convergence for Fs. In this paper, we define in terms of even continued fractions a subset of points of [−1, 1] of full measure where the series converges. As an intermediate step, we prove that, for s > 0, the sequence of functions N ∑ n=1 e x ns − eπ4 |x| 1 2 ⌊N |x|⌋ ∑ n=1 e /x ns converges when N → ∞ to a function Ωs continuous on [−1, 1] \ {0} with (at most) a singularity at x = 0 of type x s−1 2 (s 6= 1) or a logarithmic singularity (s = 1). We provide an explicit expression for Ωs and the error term. Finally, we study thoroughly the convergence properties of certain series defined in term of the convergents of the even continued fraction of an irrational number.
Interferometric measurement of electron and vapor densities in a high‐current vacuum arc

Electron and vapor densities in a 0.4–4.0‐kA copper vapor (vacuum) arc were investigated by means of optical interferometry. Nonsimultaneous measurements were made with a visible wavelength (0.63 μm) and an infrared wavelength (10.6 μm) to separate the electron and vapor contributions. The electron contribution to the index of refraction was found to dominate at both wavelengths. An upper limit to the ratio of copper vapor density to electron density of 2.8 could be set as a result of the 0.63‐μm measurement. The integral of the electron density over the optical pathlength was measured at various lateral positions of the arc by means of the 10.6‐μm interferometer; the Abel transformation was applied to these results to obtain the radial profile of the electron density. A diffuse electron density profile is observed, with the axial densities ranging from 1 × 1014/cm3 at 0.4 kA to 2 × 1015/cm3 at 4 kA. At the transition from the diffuse or quiescent mode to the high‐voltage or constricted mode, which occurr.
A study on morbidity pattern among geriatric population of an urban slum, Dehradun, India

Background: Ageing is a process of deterioration in the individual’s functional capacity that results from structural changes as age advances. India has acquired the label of “an ageing nation” with 7.7% of its population being more than 60 years old. Research on geriatric morbidity and related risk factors are required to improve the delivery of health care to the elderly. This study was an attempt to study the morbidity status of geriatric people that may serve as a baseline data and also help in planning the health services. Aims and Objectives: To ascertain determinants and predictors as potential socio-epidemiological correlates of the prevalent morbidity pattern and recommend appropriate measures / interventions to address felt and unmet needs in geriatric health. Material and Methods: An observational study conducted in field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, HIHT, Dehradun. Study participants aged above 60 years were administered by pre tested, semi structured questionnaire after obtained informed consent. Descriptive statistics were calculated by using SPSS version 17. Results: Among 520 subjects most common morbidity in study subjects was arthritis (49.61%) followed by cataract (46.34%), chronic gastritis (44.23%), COPD (25%), diabetes (21.15%), skin lesions (19.03%), hypertension (11.39%). Conclusion: There is high morbidity rate identified in this present study so there is an urgent need to develop geriatric health care services at primary health centre level
REIT capital structure, real risk-adjusted performance and the management of exposure to inflation

Eva Steiner Eva Steiner is a doctoral researcher at the Department of Land Economy, The University of Cambridge. Her research interests include real estate finance, corporate finance and applied econometrics. She holds degrees from the University of Cambridge and the University of Heilbronn, Germany. REIT capital structure, real risk-adjusted performance and the management of exposure to inflation
Colonization of Streptococcus mutans on Titanium Implant Abutment with Different Hygiene Instruments under Scanning Electron Microscopy

This study was aimed to describe the differences in amounts of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) colonization on the titanium-implant abutment surfaces after treatment with two different hygiene instruments by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Fifteen Dentium Combi titanium-implant abutments were randomly divided equally into three groups. Five abutments were selected for untreated/control (C) group and the other two groups which were treated with rubber cup with pumice powder (RC) and air polishing (AP) respectively. S. mutans was then cultured on untreated and treated specimens. One sample from each group was randomly selected and observed for the bacterial colonization on the surface of abutment using SEM. At x2000 magnification, the machining marks were observed in C and AP groups whereas the surface was smoothened in RC group. Sparse colonies could be observed in both C and RC groups but moderate colonies was noticed in AP group at a magnification of x5000. At x10 000 magnification, multilayers of bacterial chains could be seen in C and AP groups, while a monolayer of bacterial chain was found in RC group. RC instrumentation revealed lesser amounts of S. mutans colonization compared to instrumentation with AP. Experimental article (J Int Dent Med Res 2020; 13(4): 1293-1298)
Multicomponent transport in porous electrodes of proton exchange membrane fuel cells using the interdigitated gas distributors

Hydrodynamics of gases in the cathode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell that is contacted to an interdigitated gas distributor are investigated using a steady‐state multicomponent transport model. The model describes the two‐dimensional flow patterns and the distributions of the gaseous species in the porous electrode and predicts the current density generated at the electrode and membrane interface as a function of various operating conditions and design parameters. Results from the model show that, with the forced flow‐through condition created by the interdigitated gas distributor design, the diffusion layer is greatly reduced. However, even with a much thinner diffusion layer, diffusion still plays a significant role in the transport of oxygen to the reaction surface. The results also show that the average current density generated at an air cathode increases with higher gas flow‐through rates, thinner electrodes, and narrower shoulder widths between the inlet and outlet channels of the interdigitated gas distributor. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.