Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sampling-Induced Increases in Net Nitrification in the Brush Brook (Vermont) Watershed

Accurate measurement of nitrification rates in disturbance-sensitive soils can be problematic. A series of experiments illustrated the extent of net nitrification increases and explored possible causes. In highly disturbed soils, weekly leachates of columns containing homogenized Oi/Oe material had NO - 3 concentrations over 5 mmol L -1 after 20 wk and over 1 mmol L -1 after 2 yr. Small-scale impact disturbance in the field (footprints) resulted in a tripling of NO - 3 concentrations after a 2-wk incubation. After disturbance by sampling, bulked Oa horizons showed rapid increases in NO - 3 concentration, with change detectable within 1 h. Initial net nitrification rates were as high as 74 μmol kg -1 h -1 (300 mg N m -2 d -1 ). Ammonium concentrations increased over the first 10 h but decreased afterwards. Incubation with acetylene stopped nitrate accumulation but NH + 4 continued to increase. Intact cores also showed increases in NO3 after 1 to 3 d but at a much lower rate than bulked samples. Gross rates of nitrification in intact cores were much lower than net rates in bulk samples. The addition of NH + 4 to intact cores caused an increase in net nitrate after 20 h. These results suggest that sampling stimulates nitrification rapidly through an increase in NH + 4 availability. The NH + 4 increase may be because of a stimulation of ammonification caused by mixing, a decrease in spatial heterogeneity, or a disturbance in other types of NH + 4 consumption. In soils that exhibit these disturbance effects, nitrification rate measurements will not be accurate but still may represent the potential for nitrification with increased NH + 4 supply.
NIR Measurement of Moisture Content in Wood under Unstable Temperature Conditions. Part 2. Handling Temperature Fluctuations

Fluctuations in sample temperature cause peak shifts in near infrared (NIR) spectra of moist, solid wood samples, especially when the temperature varies around 0°C (the freezing point of water). These thermal effects cannot be ignored when NIR and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression is used for determination of the moisture content of wood outside the laboratory. In this paper, a number of different approaches to the problem are investigated. The approaches may be divided into two different classes according to their basic strategy. One strategy, the soft model strategy, is to represent all relevant temperatures in the calibration set and then produce a global model or a set of local models based on raw or pretreated spectra. This strategy does not require knowledge of the structure of the thermal effects, but a large calibration set representing all relevant temperatures is needed. Three approaches based on this strategy were tested. The other strategy, the transformation strategy, is to develop the moisture content model at one temperature and transform spectra recorded at other temperatures to this temperature. If an effective transformation algorithm can be found, this strategy should require less calibration data. Four new approaches based on the transformation strategy were developed and tested. The three soft model approaches gave similar prediction errors (RMSEP) for unknown samples (8–9%, expressed as moisture ratio, i.e. the moisture content in percent of the dry weight). None of the approaches based on the transformation strategy gave smaller prediction errors than the soft model approaches, but two of them gave only slightly larger prediction errors (RMSEP) than the soft model approaches (9–10% moisture).
KINETIC PARAMETERS OF PHOSPHATASES IN SOILS AND ORGANIC WASTE MATERIALS

Phosphatases catalyze reactions important in P cycling in soils and for plant nutrition. We carried out this study to compare the type, pH optima, kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax), and activation energies (Ea) of phosphatases in soils and organic waste materials. Results showed that plant materials (oat, alfalfa, corn, and soybean leaves) and sewage sludges do not contain alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase, respectively, and evidently they are not sources of these enzymes in soils. The optimum pH value of acid and alkaline phosphatases in soils was 1.5 units higher than those of these enzymes in the organic waste materials. The optimum pH value of phosphodies; terase in soils and animal manures was at pH = 8, but that of the same enzyme in plant materials was at pH = 5.5. The optimum pH of pyrophosphatase was 2.5 units higher than that of the activity of this enzyme in animal manures and plant materials. The average Km values of acid and alkaline phosphatases in soils and in plant materials, animal manures, and sewage sludges were similar. The average Km value of pyrophosphatase in soils (37.8 m M), however, was much higher than the Km values of this enzyme in plant materials (10.1 m M) and in animal manures (6.3 m M). Comparison of the relative concentration of the phosphatases in soils and various organic waste materials showed that, expressed on 1 g of oven-dried materials, the average Vmax values of the various phosphatases were much greater in plant materials than those in soils, animal manures, and sewage sludges. The Vmax values, however, varied considerably among the materials studied, indicating the degree of enrichment of the various materials with the phosphatases studied. Expressed in kilojoules/mole, the average Ea of acid phosphatase in four soils (42.3) was higher than those of alkaline phosphatase (32.3), phosphodiesterase (37.0), and pyrophosphatase (37.6). In general, the Ea values of phosphatases in soils were in the same order of magnitude as those of phosphatases in the waste materials studied.
Rotational spectrum of propylene oxide-neon

The free jet millimetre-wave absorption spectrum of the propylene oxide-Ne complex is reported for both the 20Ne and 22Ne isotopomers. The Ne atom lies on the same side as the methyl group (syn conformer) with respect to the plane of the COC ring. From the DJ centrifugal distortion constant the dissociation energy has been estimated to be about 1.1 kJ mol−1.
Reaction of di‐tert‐butylnitroxide radicals

Di-tert-butylnitroxide (DTBN) is the simplest of the stable nitroxide radicals and is only consumed at temperatures higher than 90°C or in the presence of very reactive substrates. The pyrolysis of DTBN in solution gives, at least at low conversion, 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane and di-tert-butylnitroxide-tert-butyl ether. The reaction involves, as the rate-limiting step, the cleavage of the CN bond. This reaction takes place with an activation energy of 33 kcal/mol. DTBN is stable in the presence of styrene, aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, α-methyl-N-ethyl nitrone, phenol, and triphenylmethane. On the other hand, it reacts readily with diethylhydroxylamine, ascorbid acid, ethanethiol, and hexanethiol. For the two former compounds the reaction involves a hydrogen transfer as the rate-determining step, and the reaction proceeds, a low conversion, with simple second-order kinetics. The reaction with the thiols is complex and shows a clear inductiontime.
The de haas-van alphen effect in copper, silver and gold

Abstract Measurements of the de Haas—van Alphen effect in copper, silver and gold suggest strongly that the Fermi surfaces of these metals make contact with the hexagonal faces of the Brillouin zone. The areas of cross section of the main part of the Fermi surface and of the contact have been determined. Some provisional values of effective masses have also been obtained.
Investigation of the Kinetics of Pyrolysis of PVC by TG-MS-Analysis

ABSTRACT Pyrolysis or combustion of plastics are of interest from different points of view: on the one hand polymers from which harmful substances may arise are involved in fires or are fed to incinerators; on the other hand plastic refuses are an alternative resource of energy or chemical raw materials. For designing recycling procedures the behaviour of the decomposition of polymers with regard to the decomposition products and the kinetics of decomposition must be known. Plastic refuses encompass chlorine- and/or nitrogen-containing polymers which may form toxic or corrosive products under pyrolytic conditions or in combustion. These components must be separated before processing or the troublesome elements have to be eliminated by pretreatment. The aim of this work was to investigate the kinetics of pyrolysis of polyfvinyl chloride) and mixtures of poly(vinyl chloride) with polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyamide 6. By means of simultaneous thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry the kinetic.
Effect of adsorbed water on perfluoropolyether-lubricated magnetic recording disks

The impact of water on the hydroxyl-terminated perfluoropolyether, Zdol, and the amorphous carbon overcoats commonly used on magnetic recording disks was investigated via computer modeling, kinetic experiments, and surface energy measurements. Water is shown to interact via hydrogen bonding with the hydroxyl end groups of Zdol and the polar, carbon–oxygen functionalities on the carbon overcoat. The interaction between water and the hydrophobic perfluorinated backbone is, however, repulsive. The corrosion susceptibility of Zdol lubricated magnetic recording disks was also studied. Reduced levels of corrosion were observed when the total Zdol thickness, and/or the bonded thickness, were increased. The results are consistent with a heterogeneous corrosion mechanism in which electron transfer from the polar functionalities on the carbon overcoat to the surface adsorbed water is the rate limiting step. The disk lubricant inhibits the electrochemical conductivity of the disk surface by; (a) a screening of the e.
Calorimetric investigation of polymerization reactions. III. Curing reaction of epoxides with amines

The curing reactions of epoxy resin with aliphatic diamines and the reaction of phenyl glycidyl ether with butylamine as a model for the curing reactions were investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) operated isothermally. The heat of reaction of phenyl glycidyl ether with butylamine is equal to 24.5 ± 0.6 kcal/mole. The rate of reaction was followed over the whole range of conversion for both model and curing reactions. The reactions are accelerated by the hydrogen-bond donor produced in the system. The rate constants based on the third-order kinetics were determined and discussed for the model reaction and for the chemically controlled region of curing reactions. The activation energies for these rate constants are 13-14 kcal/mole. At a later stage of conversion, the curing reactions become controlled by diffusion of functional groups. The final extent of conversion is short of completion for most isothermally cured and even for postcured samples because of crosslinking. It was quantitatively indicated that the final conversion of isothermal cure corresponds to the transition of the system from a viscous liquid to a glass on the basis of the theory of glass transition temperature of crosslinked polymer systems.
A Survey of Bromate Ion in European Drinking Water

Abstract A one-year programme of research on the formation of bromate ion and organobrominated compounds by water ozonation was initiated recently between four French water treatment companies (C.G. Eaux, Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez, SAUR and SAGEP), one Spanish company (SGAB), the IARC, the KIWA, the WRc and the University of Poitiers. The programme comprises five aspects. The objective of this paper is to present the entirety of data from the following aspects: (I) inventory of the bromate ion content in distributed drinking water, and (ii) study of the evolution of bromate ion during the water treatment process.
Humus composition of soils under forest, coffee and arable cultivation in hilly areas of south Sumatra, Indonesia

To understand the effect of land use changes on the composition of humus in tropical soils, samples from land under primary forest, secondary forest, coffee plantation, and arable crops were investigated at three sites in south Sumatra, Indonesia. Total carbon and total nitrogen contents were 1.7 to 4.3 times and 1.1 to 2.8 times greater in the topsoil under primary forest than under the other types of land use. Following change from primary forest to other uses, the proportion of humic acids in the organic matter of the topsoils decreased while that of the fulvic acid fraction increased. Within the range of land uses, differences in the yields of humic acids and fulvic acid fractions were, respectively, larger and smaller than those in total carbon content. The humic acids were classified into the low and middle classes in the degree of humification. Absorption due to the green fraction of humic acids, Pg, was detected in the UV‐visible spectra of almost all the humic acids. No relation was observed between the degree of humification of humic acids or the strength of Pg absorption in their spectra and land use change. The fulvic acid fractions were fractionated on insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) into the adsorbed fractions consisting of humic substances and the non‐adsorbed fractions consisting of non‐humic substances. A positive correlation between the amount of the fulvic acid fraction and the percentage of the PVP‐adsorbed fraction within it indicated that the variation in the amount of the fulvic acid fraction was attributable to acid‐soluble humic substances. The ionization difference spectra of solutions between pH 12 and pH 7 suggested that the chemical structures of the PVP‐adsorbed fulvic acids have been altered by land use change.
Rietveld refinement of energy-dispersive synchrotron measurements

Abstract In the past two decades the energy-dispersive diffraction (EDD) method has become a powerful tool in many fields of materials research such as residual stress, texture, and crystal structure analysis, because of its favorable ratio of a comparatively low experimental effort in form of a simple and fixed instrumental setup to a high information content included in the measured diffraction patterns. However, mainly due to the rather poor instrumental resolution only little work has been done so far to apply the well-established methods of diffraction line profile analysis to the EDD data. In the paper, a Rietveld program is introduced that allows for particle size and strain broadening analysis by refining the whole EDD äpattern. With the examples of synchrotron measurements performed on the materials science beamline EDDI at BESSY II on instrumental standard as well as samples exhibiting size and/or strain broadened diffraction lines, it is demonstrated that the generalized Thompson, Cox & Hastings approach (TCH) using pseudo-Voigt functions for describing the diffraction line profiles yields sound and reliable results on the materials microstructure. For a first proof of the theoretical assumptions this Rietveld program is based on, the Pawley approach was used to extract the peak intensities obtained from powder samples affected by microstructural broadening. An excellent agreement with the results of the size-strain round robin was obtained. Future enhancements of the program code which aim at its application to full residual stress and microstructure analysis in the near surface zone and also in the material voläume of polycrystalline materials are discussed.
Changes in amino acid and organic acid composition in tomato and cucumber plants in relation to salinity and nitrogen nutrition

Abstract Under conditions of salt stress, plants show qualitative and quantitative alterations in various organic compounds, such as nitrogen (N) compounds and organic acids. In this work, the effect of different saline levels as well as various N levels, supplied as nitrate (NO3) or as ammonium (NH4)+NO3 on the concentration of amino acids and organic acids in the leaves of tomato and cucumber plants has been studied. The effect of the source of N on individual amino acid contents varied with plant species. Most of the amino acids increased when the concentration of N in the nutrient solution was increased, except when N was added as NH4+NO3 for tomato. The effect of salt stress depended on which amino acid was considered. The data also indicate that the effect of salinity on each particular amino acid was greatly dependent on the plant species and N source. Organic acids were differently affected by salinity and by the N source, depending on the plant species. In tomato, the concentrations of short‐chai.
Application of Wastewater Irrigation on Growth and Yield of Chilli Under Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization

In the present study a pot experiment was carried out in 2009 where different nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) combinations with soil (N0P0, N20P30, N20P60, N40P30, and N40P60) were taken into pots. Nutritional growth and yield such as length, fresh and dry weight, leaf area, leaf number, pedicle length, fruit length, fruit number, and seed content were significant at P ≤ 0.05. Evaluation of data reveals that plant growth parameters and yield of chilli significantly increased in wastewater treatment with 20 kg ha−1 N and 30 kg ha−1 P in comparison to groundwater treatments. It was also found that higher dose of fertilizers with wastewater decreases plant growth and development of Capsicum annuum L. Thus it was concluded that wastewater reuse as a source of nutrient may not only solves the problems of the more use of chemical fertilizers but also decreases the fresh water scarcity in agriculture land.
Modulation of Mössbauer radiation by coherent ultrasonic excitation in crystals

For the first time experimental observations are made of the oscillation in the intensity of the unshifted line and in the intensities of the US satellites when the γ-resonance radiation is modulated by the coherent US excitation. It is stated that the coherent US can be excited in the investigated sample if the US amplitude is transmitted homogeneously from the generator to the sample. A special sample-unit is described which provides a homogeneous transmission, and it is shown hat the lifetime of the US phonons is not substantial and does not affect the oscillation of the absorption line intensities. Es werden erstmalig Orzillationen der Intensitat der nichtverschobenen Linie und der Intensitaten der US-Satelliten beobachtet, wenn die γ-Resonanzstrahlung durch koharente US-Anregung moduliert wird. Es wird festgestellt, das koharenter US in der untersuchten Probe angeregt werden kann, wenn die US-Amplitude homogen vom Generator zur Probe transmittiert wird. Eine spezielle Probeneinheit wird beschrieben, die eine homogene Transmission ermoglicht, und es wird gezeigt, das die Lebensdauer der US-Phononen nicht wesentlich ist und nicht die Intensitats-Oszillation der Absorptionslinie beeinflust.
Airborne measurements of tropospheric formaldehyde by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

A ground based tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) developed at NCAR for the measurement of formaldehyde (HCHO) has been modified for use aboard tropospheric aircraft. Measurements of HCHO are essential to comprehensive investigations of atmospheric oxidation processes, and aircraft platforms provide the advantage of vertically and spatially resolved measured. Initial deployment of the aircraft system occurred during the spring and summer of 1996 as part of the NARE and STERAO campaigns. Data coverage exceeded 95 percent out of a sum total of 175 flight hours. Sensitivities achieved during STERAO were approximately 40-60 pptv for 4.5 min of measurement and 80- 120 pptv for 55s; NARE sensitivities were slightly worse. For both campaigns, post-flight fitting of background spectra indicated periodic outgassing and contamination of the background matrix air. Analysis of data collected during the May 1995 SOS intercomparison suggests that background subtraction largely nullifies any outgassing effect. Background matrix gas HCHO concentrations were determined by fitting background spectra and were then used to correct the associated ambient data sets. Finally, fits of the difference of successive backgrounds appear to approximate measurement replicate precisions and are more informative than calculated fit precisions.
Evaluation of the effects of selected agricultural materials on an ELISA for s‐triazines

Immunoassay technology offers many advantages over conventional analytical methods for pesticide analysis in the field, and in this study enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to the analysis of s‐triazine herbicides in pesticide waste and rinsate mixtures. This sample type usually contains a mixture of pesticide active ingredients, formulating agents, fertilizers and debris. Therefore it was necessary to study the effects of these potential matrix components on the ELISA. This was done by evaluating ELISA standard curve parameters in the presence of matrix components. The assay tolerated fertilizer concentrations up to 1% (w/v) in the sample and had a wide pH range (2–9). MgCl2 produced effects at 0.009% (w/v) which could result in a false negative result, but all other matrix effects implied false positive results and overestimates of analyte concentration. Ionic surfactants affected the assay above 0.156% (v/v). Non‐ionic surfactants had little effect on the assay, but commercial agricu.
Environmental Application of Catalytic Processes: Heterogeneous Liquid Phase Oxidation of Phenol With Hydrogen Peroxide

The authors review the status of heterogeneous catalytic oxidation processes with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in a liquid phase. They focus on the priority organic pollutant–phenol as one of the most common persistent organic water contaminants, toxic even at low concentrations. A wide range of heterogeneous catalysts is covered, with a special emphasis on rapidly developing new catalytic systems. Generally accepted mechanisms of the catalytic oxidation via the formation of the most abundant reaction intermediates and terminal products followed by the conceptual kinetic models developed especially for the oxidation of phenol with hydrogen peroxide are also discussed. Theoretical methods, widely used to gain a profound process understanding, such as factorial design and life-cycle assessment, are summarized with popularization of their main principles, based on the most recent studies. The main idea is to identify and resume the main points of interest and problems encountered, estimate the attribution of operation parameters for catalyst selectivity and activity, elucidate the role of reactive oxidizing species in the process, and evaluate process potential for the future applications.