Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Getting to Work: Experimental Evidence on Job Search And Transportation Costs

Do transportation costs constrain job search in urban low wage labor markets? I test this question by providing transit subsidies to randomly selected clients of a non-profit employment agency. The subsidies generate a large, short-run increase in search intensity for a transit subsidy group relative to a control group receiving standard job search services but no transit subsidy. In the first two weeks, individuals assigned to the transit subsidy group apply and interview for 19% more jobs than those not receiving subsidies. The subsidies generate the greatest increase in search intensity for individuals living far from employment opportunities. Some suggestive evidence indicates that greater search intensity translates into shorter unemployment durations. These results provide experimental evidence in support of the theory that search costs over space can depress job search intensity, contributing to persistent urban poverty in neighborhoods far from job opportunities.
EVALUATION OF THE FLOOD HYDROLOGY IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE USING PRECIPITATION, STREAMFLOW, AND PALEOFLOOD DATA FOR THE BIG THOMPSON RIVER BASIN

A multidisciplinary study of precipitation and streamflow data and paleoflood studies of channel features was made to analyze the flood hydrology of foothill and mountain streams in the Front Range of Colorado (with emphasis on the Big Thompson River basin) because conventional flood-frequency analyses do not adequately characterize the flood hydrology. In the foothills of Colorado, annual floodflows are derived from snowmelt at higher elevations in the mountain regions, from rainfall at lower elevations in the plains or plateau regions, or from a combination of rain falling on snow. Above approximately 7,500 feet snowmelt dominates; rain does not contribute to the flood potential. Regression analyses were done to determine flood characteristics at ungaged sites. These study results helped identify a relatively homogeneous hydrologic foothill region in the South Platte River basin. When the . m4r^ina£e_,are^a below_ 8,000_feet w? s Ubed in the regional flood-prediction equations rather than"the total drainage area, the standard error of estimate improved from 142 to 44 percent for the regional flood-prediction equations. These regression relationsNand study results indicate that methods of computing flood characteristics ,~^4>ased on rainfall-runoff modeling, overestimate flood magnitude in the foothills and mountains of Colorado. Regional flood-frequency relations were ecwnpared with rainfallrunoff flood-estimating technique results, which included an evaluation of the magnitude and frequency of the probable maximum flood. The study demonstrated that the concept of storm transposition from lower elevations to higher elevations, that is the basis of the rainfall-runoff method, is not supported by meteorological, hydrological, and paleoflood data. Regional-regression relations were used to compute the recurrence interval of selected large floods in the study area. Regional flood-frequency equations, combined with paleoflood investigations, provide more reliable estimates of both common and rare floods. This technique improved flood estimates beyond the 100-year recurrence interval. These regional analyses, supported by radiocarbon dating, indicate that the 1976 Big Thompson flood, in the area of most intense rainfall, had a recurrence interval of about 10,000 years. Evaluation of streamflow data and paleoflood investigations provide an alternative for evaluating flood hydrology and the safety of dams. The study indicates the need for additional data collection and research to understand the complexities of the flood hydrology in mountainous regions, especially its effects on flood-plain management and design of structures in the flood plain.
Licensed control does not reduce local Cormorant Phalacrocorax 18 carbo population size in winter 19 20

Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo have increased on European freshwaters, creating 28 conflicts with fishing interests. As a result, control measures have been implemented in several 29 countries, although their effect on the English population has yet to be determined. Wetland Bird 30 Survey data was used to derive population growth rates (PGR) of non-coastal Cormorant populations 31 in England. PGR was analysed in relation to control intensity at different scales (5km to 30km radius) 32 from 2001 to 2009 in order to determine (i) the extent to which control intensity (proportion of the 33 local population shot per winter) was associated with site-level population change, and (ii) whether 34 potential effects of control intensity were evident on Special Protection Areas (SPAs). There were no 35 clear differences in PGR when comparing sites which had experienced control versus sites where 36 control had never been carried out. The few significant relationships between control intensity and 37 Cormorant PGR detected were mostly positive, i.e. population growth was associated with higher 38 control intensity. Control intensity was not related to Cormorant numbers in SPAs. Positive 39 associations with control may arise because control is reactive, or because non-lethal effects cause 40 greater dispersal of Cormorants. These results provide no evidence that Cormorant removal at local 41 scales is having an effect on longer term (i.e. year-to-year) population size at a site level. They also 42 suggest that control measures have not affected national population trends, although a better 43 understanding of site use and movements of individual Cormorants needs to be developed at 44 smaller scales (including those due to disturbance caused by control measures) to more fully 45 understand processes at larger scales. Further research is also needed into the extent to which lethal 46 and non-lethal effects of control on Cormorants are having the desired impact on predation rates of 47 fish, and so help resolve the conflict between Cormorants and fisheries. 48 49
Structure of the Papuan Fold Belt, Papua New Guinea (1)

The structure of the Papuan fold belt differs substantially from the classical thin-skinned structures of the Canadian Rockies, mainly due to the weak and broken Papuan lithosphere and incompetent clastic section, compared to the strong cratonic lithosphere in Canada overlain by limestones and quartzites. The Papuan margin was dissected by Mesozoic extensional faults, in part reactivated during Neogene compression, which created basement-involved anticlines or elevated plateaus in the Papuan fold belt. The sedimentary section in the fold belt is deformed into large ramp anticlines in the southwest, smaller Miocene and Mesozoic duplexes in the center, and fault-propagation folds in the northeast. Hydrocarbon discoveries to date have occurred in the southwestern anticlines, which are interpreted as reactivated extensional structures. The precursor rollover anticlines trapped oil generated in the Late Cretaceous such that present accumulations probably result from preservation of that oil during Neogene thrusting. Mesozoic duplex structures are likely to be prospective but difficult to define, and fault propagation folds rely upon unproven Upper Cretaceous sandstones as a reservoir.
Ice Velocity Mapping Using TOPS SAR Data and Offset Tracking

Feature tracking and speckle tracking, are robust techniques to measure the velocity of glaciers and ice sheets. Displacement maps based on TOPS data may have small gaps if the bursts are not handled properly. Ice moving from one burst to a consecutive burst between two observations is not observed under the same squint angle, and hence speckle tracking is supposed to fail when cross-correlating consecutive bursts, whereas feature tracking provides the same result as when cross-correlating corresponding bursts. The size of the potential gaps depends on the ice displacement and the choice of Sentinel-1 product, as consecutive bursts overlap in the SLC product but not in the GRD product. An analysis of Sentinel-1 data from Greenland confirms the results expected from theory.
Streaming flow of an Antarctic Peninsula palaeo-ice stream, both by basal sliding and deformation of substrate

Abstract Acoustic sub-bottom profiler surveys on the northeast Antarctic Peninsula shelf indicate that parts of the seabed are underlain by an acoustically transparent layer that is thin on the inner shelf and becomes thicker and more extensive towards the outer shelf. Sedimentological and geophysical data are combined to construct a bed model where streaming ice flow, by both deformation and basal sliding, took place within cross-shelf troughs. The model suggests only limited deformation contributed to fast flow on the inner shelf, i.e. in the onset zone of ice streaming, where the bed was predominantly underlain by a stiff till. Thus, fast ice flow in this area might have been by basal sliding, with deformation confined to discontinuous patches of soft till <40 cm thick. Towards the middle and outer shelf, extensive, thick sequences of soft till suggest a change in the dominant subglacial process towards widespread deformation. This downstream change from basal sliding to subglacial deformation is manifest in the transition from stiff-till dominance to soft-till dominance, while a downstream increase in ice flow velocity is evident from the complex geomorphic imprint on the inner shelf evolving to the more restricted set of bedforms on the outer shelf.
Oxygen dynamics in permeable sediments with wave‐driven pore water exchange

The effects of advective pore water exchange driven by shallow water waves on the oxygen distribution in a permeable (k = 3.3 x 10−12 to 4.9 x 10−11 m2) natural sediment were studied with a planar oxygen optode in a wave tank. Our experiments demonstrate that pore water flow driven by the interaction of sediment topography and oscillating boundary flow changes the spatial and temporal oxygen distribution in the upper sediment layer. Oxygenated water intruding in the ripple troughs and deep anoxic pore water drawn to the surface under the ripple crests create an undulating oxic‐anoxic boundary within the upper sediment layer, mirroring the topographical features of the sediment bed. Anoxic upwelling zones under ripple crests can separate the oxic sediment areas of neighboring ripple troughs with steep horizontal oxygen concentration gradients. The optode showed that migrating wave ripples are trailed by their pore water flow field, alternately exposing sediment volumes to oxic and anoxic pore water, which can be a mechanism for remobilizing particulate oxidized metal precipitates and for promoting coupled nitrification‐denitrification. More rapid ripple migration (experimental threshold ~20 cm h−1) produces a continuous oxic surface layer that inhibits the release of reduced substances from the bed, which under slowly moving ripples is possible through the anoxic vertical upwelling zones. Swift, dramatic changes in oxygen concentration in the upper layers of permeable seabeds because of surface gravity waves require that sediment‐dwelling organisms are tolerant to anoxia or highly mobile and enhance organic matter mineralization.
Nickel Deposits of the Yilgarn Craton

The Yilgarn craton is one of the world's major nickel provinces, containing 31.5 million tonnes (Mt) of Nimetal with an in situ value of about $350 billion on a pre-mining basis, amounting to 13.6 percent of the world'scurrently known Ni resources. This entire resource inventory has been discovered since 1966. This chapterpresents an analysis of the 40-year discovery history, which isideal as a province-scale case study in mineralexploration. The province experienced a major peak in exploration activity between 1966 and 1971, the "nickel boom," which accounted for more than half of all NiS deposits, and all of the giant (>1 Mt Ni) NiS deposits so far discovered. Almost 70 percent of those discoveries were related to direct surface prospecting methods, commonly based on recognition of magnetic ultramafic rocks as favorable hosts. Since the end of the nickel boom, the dominant discovery method has been follow-up exploration around significant known mineralization. From about the mid-1990s, electromagnetic (EM) surveying, which had been considered ineffective during the nickel boom phase, became a demonstrably successful technique for the detection of sulfide deposits. An improved understanding of geologic processes and controls has played an important role in sustaining exploration success since the end of the early, surface-prospecting phase of the nickel boom. Most nickel laterite deposits were first found during the nickel boom but not considered at that time to be economically significant. A large surge in exploration activity, much of it focused on resource delineation rather than true green-fields exploration, occurred between 1996 and 2001, triggered by the advent of the Pressure Acid Leach (PAL) technology in the mid-1990s. The discovery record of the Yilgarn province exhibits many patterns typical of an exploration province: early discovery of both the largest deposits and most of the metal and generally increasing discovery costs as the province matures. The average discovery costs for nickel in the Yilgarn have been 5.2 c/lb for sulfide nickel and 0.6 c/lb for laterite nickel. The Yilgarn province offers two examples of exploration expenditure booms arising from the coincidence of an upturn in commodity price with the opening up of new exploration parameter spaces. These are the initial discovery of komatiite-hosted nickel sulfide at Kambalda in 1966, and the mid-1990s recognition of the potential of PAL technology to treat laterite ore deposits.
Metamorphic Belts of Japanese Islands

In 1961 Miyashiro presented the concept of paired metamorphic belts based on the mode of occurrences of high-pressure metamorphic belts along the Circum-Pacific orogenic belts, particularly in Japan. According to him the Japanese islands are composed essentially of three paired metamorphic belts: the late Paleozoic Hida-Sangun and late Mesozoic Ryoke-Sanbagawa pairs in Honshu, and the late Mesozoic Kamuikotan­ Hidaka in Hokkaido. At that time he could use only 11 K-Ar mica ages. Detailed petrographic work has continued since that time, and many radiometric ages are now available in the literature. From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, two major breakthroughs were made in Japanese basement geology; the first was in conodont-biostratigraphy followed by radiolaria-biostratigraphy, and the second was due to the increased pro­ ductivity ofK-Ar dating. Finally, the geosyncline concept was abandoned, and has been replaced by plate-tectonics approaches for explaining why particular metamorphic belts are located where they are today. Uyeda & Miyashiro (1974), Saito & Hashimoto (1982), and Maruyama & Seno (1986) pioneered this research. These and later works revealed that many metamorphic areas actually consist of several units.
Media Streams : An Iconic Visual Language for Video Annotation

In order to enable the search and retrieval of video from large archives, we need a representation of video content. Although some aspects of video can be automatically parsed, a detailed representation requires that video be annotated. We discuss the design criteria for a video annotation language with special attention to the issue of creating a global, reusable video archive. We outline in detail the iconic visual language we have developed and a stream-based representation of video data. Our prototype system, Media Streams, enables users to create multi-layered, iconic annotations of video content. Within Media Streams, the organization and categories of the Director’s Workshop allow users to browse and compound over 2500 iconic primitives by means of a cascading hierarchical structure which supports compounding icons across branches of the hierarchy. Icon Palettes enable users to group related sets of iconic descriptors, use these descriptors to annotate video content, and reuse descriptive effort. Media Time Lines enable users to visualize and browse the structure of video content and its annotations. The problems of creating a representation of action for video are given special attention, as well as describing transitions in video.
Production and interaction of pastures and shelterbelts in the central North Island

Many New Zealand farms contain shelterbelts which have generally been unmanaged, resulting in dubious shelter benefits and poor log values at harvest. The effect of a 6- and 7-row Pinus radiata shelterbelt on adjacent pasture production was monitored at Matea, Taupo during 1992193. Pasture production was measured at a range of distances parallel’to the shelterbelts on both sides and on open pasture. A 15% increase in pasture production was recorded at 0.7 tree height distance on both sides of the shelterbelts. There was also a gradual trend of increasing dry matter production as distance from the shelterbelts increased. However,
Reduced Tillage and Living Mulches for Organic Vegetable Production

OF THESIS REDUCED TILLAGE AND LIVING MULCHES FOR ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION Reduced tillage and living mulches are alternative management strategies that can improve soil quality by minimizing disturbance and building soil organic matter. Weed suppression by these two practices alone is often insufficient to avoid crop yield losses, but their performance in an integrated system is not well understood. This project investigated the production of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in conventional tillage and strip tillage with a living mulch of teff (Eragrostis tef Zucc.) and Korean lespedeza (Kummerowia stipulacea Maxim.). Yields of pepper and bean were generally higher under conventional tillage without living mulch. Weed biomass was not influenced by tillage, and was adequately suppressed by teff in a year when conditions for teff growth were favorable. Mowing appeared to suppress weed growth but not living mulch growth. Soil nitrate and ammonium concentration was generally higher under conventional tillage without living mulch. Delaying living mulch seeding by 15 days after crop establishment generally did not affect weed suppression or crop yield. Soil aggregate stability was not consistently affected by tillage or living mulch. Increased mowing frequency, living mulch planting delay, or distance between the crop row and the living mulch may be necessary to achieve acceptable yields with living mulches.
Numerical Study on the Variability of Mixed Layer Temperature in the North Pacific

Abstract Physical processes important for the interannual variability in mixed layer temperature (MLT) in the North Pacific have been examined by using a three-dimensional bulk mixed layer model. This model was forced by the momentum, heat, and freshwater flux data derived from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and geostrophic flow data included in Japanese Ocean Flux datasets with Use of Remote Sensing Observations. The interannual variation in MLT was hindcasted over the course of 11 years from January 1993 to December 2003. The interannual variation in the modeled MLT favorably agreed with that of the available in situ and satellite sea surface temperature (SST) observational data. This agreement depended crucially on whether horizontal heat advection was considered a part of the model dynamics. Although both atmospheric and oceanic processes were required to explain the observed interannual MLT variability, the physical process most important for determining this variability was likely to differ year by year.
Crustal structure of the central Sunda margin at the onset of oblique subduction

Summary The convergent margin of the central Sunda Arc in Indonesia was the target of a reflection and refraction seismic survey conducted in 1998 and 1999. Along two seismic lines across the subduction complex off southern Sumatra and off Sunda Strait, coincident multichannel and wide-angle data were collected, complemented by two refraction strike-lines in the forearc basin off Sumatra. The combined analysis of the acquired data allows us to present a detailed model of the subduction zone where initiation of strain partitioning occurs due to the onset of oblique subduction. The dip of the subducted plate is well defined along both dip-lines and a lateral increase from 5° to 7° from beneath the outer high off Sumatra to Sunda Strait is supported by complementary gravity modelling. The downgoing slab is traced to a depth of more than 30 km. On both reflection dip-lines, a clearly developed backstop structure underlying a trench slope break defines the landward termination of the active accretionary prism and separates it from the outer high. Active subduction accretion is supported by laterally increasing velocities between the deformation front and the active backstop structure. Seismic velocities of the outer high are moderate along both lines (< 5.8 km s−1 at 20 km depth), suggesting a sedimentary composition. Reduced reflectivity beneath a rugged top basement traced along the outer high of both dip-lines supports a high degree of deformation and material compaction. Several kilometres of sediment has accumulated in the forearc domain, although a distinct morphological basin is only recognized off southern Sumatra and is not developed off Sunda Strait. The bathymetric elevation of the Java shelf that is encountered in the southern Sunda Strait corresponds to increased velocities of a basement high there and is connected to extensional structures of the Sunda Strait transtensional basin. Differences observed in the morphology of the forearc domain are also reflected in the lower crustal structure. Off southern Sumatra, the velocity–depth model clearly indicates a continental-type crust underlying the forearc basin, whereas lower velocities are found beneath the Sunda Strait forearc domain. Off Sumatra, some 3-D constraint on the upper plate structure is gained from the refraction strike-lines, which in addition is supported by synthetic data modelling.
BIOECONOMIC MODELING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA FISHERY

The paper reviews the management and bioeconomic modeling of the Southern Bluefin Tuna stock. It describes two studies using simultaneous, non-cooperative, three player games to predict revenue and stock outcomes generated by a deterministic, discrete, age-structured model of the SBT population. Two versions of the model, corresponding to biological and harvesting conditions prevailing around 2000 and 2007 respectively are considered. Because of a significant downward revision of estimates of the productivity of the SBT stock between these two dates, the later model suggests that conservation and optimal utilization of the SBT stock will require a substantial cut in catch quotas as compared with the results of the earlier model.