Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of in situ iron fertilisation during contrast-ing seasons comparison between EisenEx and EIFEX

Iron fertilisation experiments offer a unique tool to investigate biological systems in situ and the scope of reaction by manipulating one parameter. During two in situ iron fertilisation experiments, carried out in contrasting seasons (EisenEx early austral spring 2000 and EIFEX late austral summer to early fall 2004) in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, no clear seasonal impact on the phytoplankton built up and main group distribution could be observed. In both experiments chlorophyll biomass increased threefold and maximum concentrations were around 3 \mug/l. Diatoms, identified by marker pigment were the main beneficiary of the iron fertilisation; however, microscopic observations showed a different diatom species succession in both experiments. Small differences were observed in the other phytoplankton groups including phototrophic dinoflagellates, pelagophytes, cryptophytes and chlorophytes. These groups increased in the spring EisenEx experiment immediately after iron fertilisation, while in the fall EIFEX experiment most other phytoplankton, except for phototrophic dinoflagellates, constantly decreased during the experiment.A significant difference between experiments was observed in the phaeopigment concentration which was threefold higher during EIFEX than in EisenEx, suggesting a large role for zooplankton in the fate of the phytoplankton bloom. Additionally during EIFEX, a strong shift of chlorophyll degradation products indicated a change in the zooplankton community over the course of the experiment. Another pronounced difference between the two fertilisations was the high phytoplankton biomass below 100 m towards the end of EIFEX. The diatom marker fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a could be followed in the water column to a depth of 4000 m and a low ratio of phaeopigments to chl a indicated that the export of fresh material most likely originated from the iron fertilised patch. This was corroborated by a similar diatom composition at both the surface and deep water column, as well as in fluff layers above the sediments. The longer observation period during EIFEX (37 days) as compared to EisenEx (21 days) could explain why a clear export signal was detected during the former and not during the latter experiment. Further explanations for the decline in the EIFEX bloom could include iron limitation towards the end of the experiment due to a different fertilisation strategy or the end of the growth season. Possible causes and implications of export from iron-induced phytoplankton blooms will be discussed.
The Risk Factors for Treatment of Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Patients in Labuang Baji General Hospital Makassar in 2017

Multidrug-Resistance (MDR) is a stage or condition in which Micobacterium tuberculosis becomes minimally resistant to rifampicin administration and also INH (insonicotinylhydrazine) with or without other OAT (Anti-TB drugs). The study is aimed at determining the description of risk factors for treatment of Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patientsin Labuang BajiGeneral Hospital Makassarin2017.The studyis quantitative research using observational approach with descriptive method, with more than 50 peopleas population and using totalsampling technique.Univariate analysis is used in analyzing the collected data. The results of this study are the highest sex is male as 28 respondents (56%). The highest age group is 45-53 years as many as 10 respondents (20%). The highestlevel ofeducation is high school graduation as much as 16 respondents (32%). The highest job status is not working as many as 40 respondents (80%). Based on the origin of referral,60% is from Public Health Center, 20% from Hospital, 45% referenced from Hospital ccme from BBKPM. 100% of the drug needs are always met, 100% get information about MDR-TB, 100% feel the side effects, 49 respondents (98%) feel the side effects since the beginning of treatment,and 1 respondent (2%) just feel the side effects at 6 months treatment , 49 respondents (98%) felt side effects of nausea and dizziness,and 1 respondent (2%) hashearing loss, 100% hasPMO. For the next research, itshould conductresearch by looking at the relationship between variables, in order to observethe variables that become MDR-TB risk factors. Keywords : MDR-TB, Side Effects, PMO
Contraceptive Knowledge, Substance Abuse and Unintended Pregnancy among First-Year Medical Students Attending a Public University in Mexico City

Study background: Mexico is currently undergoing an adolescent pregnancy epidemic, holding the first place in teen fertility rates among countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. The country has made significant strides with national health surveys; however there is a dearth of evidence documenting the risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy among specific groups. Objectives: This study aims to document: knowledge, current contraceptive use and sexual practices among first-year medical students attending the largest public university in Latin America. We also measured the prevalence of unintended pregnancy and substance abuse and correlated these variables. Methods: A convenience sample of 1,388 medical students (17-19 years) responded a survey on risk factors for unintended pregnancy. We carried out a survey’s internal reliability analysis. Multivariate analysis identified variables associated with unsafe sex practices and unintended pregnancy. Results: From the 1,388 students, 26.3% were men, 365/1,388 reported current sexual activity (in the last 3 months). Of 365, 100% had heard of condoms, 71% about oral contraceptives and 76.4% considered emergency contraception an abortifacient. During their first sexual encounter, 88.2% used condoms, 3.6% used emergency contraception, 1.9% coitus interrupts, 5.8% did not use any method, 0.5% “other”. 17/230 women (7.4%) became pregnant after starting their sexual life at 15 years (SD: 1.3, 3.3 mean partners, SD: 1.7). 13/17 had an abortion without specifying type and method used. Multivariate analyses showed that being sexually active, reporting current substance abuse increased the odds of unsafe sex practices and unintended pregnancy. Conclusion: Our findings are consistent with the association of unsafe sex practices, inconsistent method use and unintended pregnancy. Our unintended pregnancy prevalence of 7.4% was lower than the national prevalence. First year medical students are primed to obtain evidence based contraceptive knowledge, correlates of unintended pregnancy, unsafe sex practices and substance abuse prevention.
Antibacterial activity of leaf and leaf callus extracts of Anisochilus carnosus (L) Wall.

The present study was carried out to determine the antibacterial efficacy of chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of leaf and leaf derived callus of Anisochilus carnosus against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtiltis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio parahaemolytics, Enterobater aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebseilla pneumoniae. The leaf segments were cut into small pieces of size 1 sq.cm and were cultured on Murashige and Skoog solid medium supplemented with different auxins alone and in combination. Antibacterial efficacy was performed by disc diffusion method followed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination by two fold serial dilution method. Leaf and leaf callus extracts were subjected to the qualitative phytochemical analysis. Maximum callus formation percentage was obtained from the leaf segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (3 mg/l). Methanolic leaf extract showed maximum antibacterial activity with 26 mm zone of inhibition against K. pneumonia with MIC value of 0.64 mg/ml. Out of the callus extracts, ethanolic callus extract showed the maximum bioefficacy against K. pneumonia with 20 mm zone of inhibition and MIC value of 1.25 mg/ml. Results revealed that both leaf and leaf derived callus are effective against K. pneumoniae. The bioefficacy study confirms the antibacterial potential of leaf and leaf derived callus of A. carnosus. The study paves a way for the production of secondary metabolites by establishing high potential cell lines of callus tissues.
Enduring phenotype of episodic status migrainosus in a prospectively identified patient

Episodic status migrainosus is a previously described migraine variant where the exclusive phenotype is that of relapsing status migrainosus. The majority of cases have been reported based on retrospective chart review. A prospectively identified case fulfilling previously published criteria for episodic status migrainosus is reported, with an enduring pattern of attacks meeting criteria for status migrainosus over a 35-year period. A family history in a maternal aunt of a similar phenotype was noted. This prospectively identified case further validates the existence of episodic status migrainosus as a novel nosologic entity. The family history in our case suggests the possibility of genetic susceptibility. Perspective regarding a potential temporal continuum between acute migraine, status migrainosus, and new daily persistent headache is described. Status migrainosus may occur both as a complication of migraine and in the pure form of episodic status migrainosus.
Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies and Cystatin C as a Predictive Markers of Renal Dysfunction in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Patients

Background and study aim: There is an increasing recognition of association between hepatitis virus infection and glomerular diseases, renal complication may be the presenting manifestation of HCV infection. One of the most important recent laboratory parameters as diagnostic marker for autoimmune renal disease is the Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane (Anit-GBM) antibodies. In recent years, serum cystatin C has been proposed as a marker of early kidney dysfunction. The main aim of this study is to detect the role of Anti-GBM antibodies and cystatin C as a predictive markers of early renal impairment in HCV infected patients. Patients and methods: This study was conducted on 75 patients (30-60 years old) and 20 completely healthy persons at the same age. The studied subjects were divided into the following groups: Group I: 20 Control group of completely healthy persons. Group II: 25 Positive HCV with normal renal functions. Group III: 25 Negative HCV with renal failure on hemodialysis. Group IV: 25 Positive HCV with renal failure on hemodialysis. All patients and control groups were selected by ELISA test for diagnosis of HCV infection, HCV positive groups are confirmed by PCR test, complete renal and liver functions were performed. Anti-GBM (Anti Glomerular Basement Membrane antibodies) and cystatin C were assayed by ELISA technique. Results: There is a high significant increase in Anti-GBM antibodies in group II and group IV patients compared with control group G I (P < 0.001). Also there is a high significant increase in AGBM antibodies in group II and group IV patients more than group III (P < 0.001). There is no significant difference in Anti-GBM antibodies between group III and group I, which means that the source of Anti-GBM is HCV infection. There is a high significant increase of cystatin C in group III and group IV patients compared with group I or group II (P < 0.001), but there is no significant difference between Group II and Group I which means that the elevated cystatin C level is related to renal disease such as renal failure in this study and not affected by HCV infection. There are positive significant correlations between cystatin C and creatinine in all studied groups where (r = 47 and p = 0 .031), (r = 0.49 and p = 0.021), (r = 0.55 and p = 0.001), (r = 0.62 and p = 0.001) in groups I, II, III, IV, respectively. Conclusions:It is concluded that the serum anti glomerular basement membrane antibodies are a marker of HCV infection and they are increased in those with HCV infection and renal failure requiring hemodialysis while serum cystatin C level could be used as a predictive marker of renal dysfunction whether associated with HCV infection or not.
Inhibition of protein kinase C activity inhibits osteosarcoma metastasis

Introduction For some cancers bone is the preferred site for metastasis and involves a cascade involving transition of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells and subsequent intravasation to the blood and lymph vessels, and finally hematogenous dissemination to perivascular niches of the bone marrow sinusoids. It has been shown that protein kinase C can aid metastasis to bone. Hence, pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activity is thought of as a potential therapeutic option in bone metastatic lesions. The objective of the current study was to investigate how PKCs exert their effect on bone cancer metastasis and to test the efficacy of pharmacological inhibition of PKC on bone metastasis. Material and methods The effect of the PKC inhibitor Go6983 on epithelial and mesenchymal cell marker expression in the osteosarcoma cell line DAN was determined by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis. The in vivo effect of Go6983 was evaluated with a xenograft model using DAN cells. Results Treatment with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) led to loss of the epithelial cell marker and gain of mesenchymal cell markers in the osteosarcoma cell line, DAN. This transition occurred concomitantly with PKC activation. TGF-β-mediated PKC activation resulted in activation of ribosomal protein 6 (S6), but not S6K1. Pharmacological inhibition of PKC activation attenuated these effects. In a xenograft model of experimental metastasis, pharmacological inhibition of PKC activation over a period of 4 weeks reduced both tumor burden and metastasis to lungs. Conclusions Our results indicate that PKC potentiates tumor metastasis to the bone by potentiating translation increase and can be putatively inhibited by pharmacological inhibition.
Systems Approach in Tobacco Dependence Treatment through Hospitals

This study on systems approach in tobacco dependence treatment was done to (a) Assess the feasibility of tobacco treatment protocol (TTP), (b) Assess quit rate among those treated with TTP vs. no treatment and (c) Compare treatment outcome in Brief Intervention (BI) and Intensive Intervention (II) with or without pharmacotherapy. This one year study (2013), undertaken at a hospital at Jaipur, India identified currently tobacco-using patients. Those willing were assisted to quit through brief intervention (BI) or intensive treatment (II). All were followed-up telephonically for one year. The responders were categorized as successful quit, failed to quit and relapsed. This study enrolled 1264 patients out of 19657 (6.43%). In 43.4 per cent patients (549/1264) who consented for the treatment, the overall quit rate was 26.1 per cent (CI: 23.8 -28.6) whereas in those treated with BI and II were 54.2 per cent (CI: 49.7 -59.0) and 84.9 per cent (CI: 78.4 -92.0) respectively vs. zero quit rate in untreated. The use of pharmacotherapy improved overall quit rate by 14.6 per cent. The quit rates did not differ for the type of tobacco used. Since, this study could achieve its objective of implementing the systems approach in tobacco treatment protocol in a hospital-setting, it merits a replication.
Risk factors in an association with the osteoarthritis of the knee in Mosul city

Background: Osteoarthritis of knee is a common cause of pain and disability. It is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide due to its association with an aging and obesity. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the associations between body mass index, gender, Islamic praying, praying in sitting position, usage of stairs, history of traumas, diabetes, hypertension, and hypothyroidism as risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in population of Mosul city. Patients and methods: This study is a case control design, it was conducted through the period from Jan 2010 Jan 2011 in the orthopedic outpatient clinic of Aljumhoori Teaching Hospital in Mosul. The target population of this study consisted of 213, 71 cases (61 females, 10 males), their ages mean 51.77 years, and 142 as controls. Results: The body mass index was higher in cases and shows highly significant difference between cases and control (p ≤ 0.000). Sex distribution in knee osteoarthritis revealed that there was significant difference between females and males as cases of osteoarthritis, (P ≤ 0.0001). Normal Islamic praying, Praying in sitting position, usage of stairs, appeared to be an associated risk factors, history of trauma was significantly higher in cases, while diabetes, hypertension, and hypothyroidism was not associated with the development of osteoarthritis of the knee. Conclusion: Females as a gender, obesity, Islamic praying in sitting position and history of trauma to the knee are important risk factors of osteoarthritis of the knee, while diabetes, hypertension and hypothyroidism are not associated with knee osteoarthritis.
Progesterone, oestradiol, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone profiles and their relationship with superovulatory response and quality of embryos in crossbred cows treated with folltropin and prostaglandin F2 α

Crossbred cows (8) were selected and their oestrus was synchronized with double injections of PGF 2 α at 12 days apart. The induced oestrus was considered as day 0. The superovulation was induced with folltropin-V on day 9 of the oestrous cycle. The characteristics of oestrus were studied. The embryos were collected non surgically on day 7 post oestrus. The mean number of ovulations, unovulatory follicles, total embryos, transferable embryos, nontransferable embryos and unfertilized oocytes were 10.88 ± 1.02, 0.63 ± 0.03,8.00 ± 0.88,5.88 ± 0.81, 1.63 ± 0.02 and 0.50 ± 0.01 respectively. The onset, duration and intensity of oestrus were positively correlated with the number of ovulations. total embryos and transferable embryos. The number of ovulations. total embryos and transferable embryos were significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with progesterone concentration on the day of initiation of superovulation. during superovulation and on the day of embryo collection; with oestradiol concentration on the day of initiation of superovulation, during superovulation and oestrus; and with follicle stimulating hormone on the day of initiation of superovulation and during superovulation. The onset, duration and peak of FSH and LH surges also significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with number of ovulations, total embryos and transferable embryos. It is inferred from the study that progesterone and luteinizing hormone determined the quality of embryos, while, oestradiol and follicle stimulating hormone determined the quantity as well as quality of the embryos in PGF 2 α and folltropin treated superovulated crossbred cows.
Assessing fitness to drive after stroke

Purpose The assessment of fitness to drive after stroke is an emerging area of occupational therapy practice in Ireland. Despite this, little is known about occupational therapists’ evaluation practices, and there are no internationally agreed clinical guidelines to inform best practice. The purpose of this paper is to investigate occupational therapy evaluation practices for fitness to drive after stroke in Ireland. Design/methodology/approach This is a cross-sectional study design targeting occupational therapists working with people after stroke using an online survey. Summary and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the returned surveys. Findings In total, 47 occupational therapists participated. Off-road driving assessment was completed by 68 per cent of respondents. Functional assessment and non-driving-specific assessments were most widely used and perceived to be the most useful in informing the off-road assessment. A total of 89 per cent referred clients for on-road assessments; however, some referred without first completing an off-road assessment. The therapists who completed formal post graduate education/training in driving assessment reported greater confidence and competence in their skills and ability to assess fitness to drive. A vast majority of participants agreed that clinical guidelines regarding best practice in this area would be beneficial. Research limitations/implications A majority of occupational therapists are assessing fitness to drive after stroke in Ireland with non-driving-specific assessments and functional observations; however, there are many gaps and wide variations between services. Education/training in evaluating fitness to drive after stroke is recommended. The development of clinical guidelines to inform practice would facilitate a consistent approach nationally. Originality/value This is the first study completed in Ireland to investigate occupational therapy evaluation practices for fitness to drive after stroke.
Role of color doppler ultrasonography in evaluation of portal hypertension

INTRODUCTION: Chronic alcoholism, obesity, hepatitis C and hepatitis B, are the reasons behind continued growing prevalence of chronic liver disease. In cirrhotic patients, portal hypertension and its complications account for significant morbidity and mortality. Imaging, ultrasound techniques such as duplex ultrasonography or spectral Doppler imaging and color Doppler imaging or power Doppler imaging are the modalities of choice. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To find out color Doppler is more specific than gray scale ultra sound findings in patients with portal hypertension MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design is cross-sectional study. Radiodiagnosis outpatients and inpatients in Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam. Study Duration: 18 months . Patients clinically suspected for portal vein hypertension undergoing Color Doppler USG were during the study period. Clinical and radiological data from the study was recorded as per the proforma. RESULT: In the present study of the patients were diagnosed to have cirrhosis and of which as high as had alcoholic liver disease. The other etiologies were portal vein obstruction, malignancy and left sided portal hypertension. In our study, alcoholic liver disease as the predominant cause for liver cirrhosis could be attributed to the high prevalence of alcohol consumption in the geographic region where the study was undertaken. DISCUSSION: A total number of 40 patients fulfilled the selection criteria during the study. In the present study males outnumbered females. In this study more than half of the study population presented with age from 51 to 60 years. In the present study 65% of the patients were diagnosed to have cirrhosis and of which as high as 96.15% had alcoholic liver disease. The other etiologies were portal vein obstruction, malignancy and left sided portal hypertension. CONCLUSION: Color Doppler sonography is a valuable non-invasive alternative which not only provides precise information in localizing and characterizing portal vein among the patients with portal hypertension but is also helpful in identifying the presence of various portosystemic collaterals. The hepatic vein damping index (DI) correlates well with the severity of liver dysfunction in terms of Child Pugh score.