Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences in properties of the triceps surea muscle tendon unit in professional dancers and active controls: a cross-sectional s[t]udy with emphasis on stretching exercise

7 1.0 Introduction . 8 2.0 Purpose and hypothesis . 9 3.0 Theory . 10 3.1 Definitions and Terminology . 10 3.1. 1 Morphological properties . 10 3.2 Range of Motion: Definitions and limiting factors . 10 3.2. 1 Neural mechanisms: Implications for ROM . 11 3.3 Tendon properties . 12 3.3.1 Tendon: Definitions . 12 3.3.2 Tendon morphology and adaption in morphological properties to different loading conditions . 13 3.3.3 Tendon structural properties . 15 3.3.4 Tendon mechanical properties and adaption to different loading conditions . 17 3.3.5 Investigating tendon properties . 21 3.3.6 Metabolic response in tendons to different types of loading conditions . 22 3.4 Biomechanical, morphological and structural properties of skeletal muscle . 25 3.4.1 Biomechanical properties of muscle . 25 3.4.2 Muscle morphology and adaptation in morphological properties to different loading conditions . 25 3.4.3 Tendon: Muscle architecture . 27 3.5 The anatomy and function of the triceps surae and free Achilles tendon . 29 3.6 Stretching exercise: Methodological clarifications . 30 3.7 Possible effects of stretching . 31 3.7. 1 Evidence for MTU adaptation in animal models . 31 3.8 Human MTU Adaptations to Stretching Exercise . 32 3.8. 1 Acute Effects of Stretching Exercise . 32 3.8. 2 Long-Term Effects of Stretching Exercise on the MTU . 34 3.9 Functional consequences of long term stretching exercise in the MTU . 36 3.9. 1 The role of series elastic elements . 36 4.0 Design and Methods . 38 4.1 Study design . 38 4.2 Ethical considerations . 38 4.3 Recruitment and subject inclusion/exclusion criteria . 39 4.4 Procedures . 40 4.4.1 Familiarization . 40
Binary mixtures of rod-like colloids

In this work we investigate the shear induced instabilities occurring in colloidal binary mixtures of rigid anisotropic particles. To this end, we derive a theoretical framework including equilibrium and non–equilibrium methods. The equilibrium description is derived on the basis of microscopic density functionals in the Parsons–Lee and Ramakrishnan–Youssuf approximations. The result is a mesoscopic free energy given in terms of a set of orientational order parameter tensors (one for each component of the mixture) and their gradients. In this regard, our theory may be seen as an extension of the Landau–de Gennes theory to mixtures. However, our theory incorporates microscopic information, particularly the aspect ratios and number densities characterizing the components of the mixture. Specializing to binary mixtures of rod–like particles, these functionals are then used to explore the stability of isotropic and nematic equilibrium phases in terms of composition and rod lengths. We extend the description to consider non-equilibrium phenomena by combining our equilibrium theory with the theory of irreversible processes. Thus, extending the Doi– Hess approach to the study of binary mixtures under shear. As a result, we obtain a set of hydrodynamic equations which take into account the competition between flow–induced effects on the alignment and the relaxation of the entire system towards equilibrium. Based on these hydrodynamic equations we turn to the study of shear induced phenomena under planar Couette flow geometry. These investigations are divided in two parts. First, we focus on a one–component system and study the underlying relation existing between shear and stress. We observed that disregarding the equilibrium (un– sheared) state of the system (close to the isotropic–nematic transition or deep in its nematic phase), we find several new types of shear banded states characterized by regions with regular oscillatory orientational dynamics. Finally we concentrate on binary mixtures. Here, after exploring a vast range of parameters, we observe several dynamical states appearing in the system. These dynamical states include the synchronization of of in– and out–of–the shear plane oscillatory states of the two components. Interestingly, for a specific set of parameters, we observe the appearance of symmetry breaking behavior where both components of the mixture display different in–phase oscillatory states.
The impact on health-related quality of life of mixed mental and physical multimorbidity in adults aged 60 years and older: secondary analysis of primary care data

Introduction Given the number of patients with mental conditions who receive treatment within the primary care (PC) context, and the high prevalence of multimorbidity (especially in older people), there is a need to study mental-physical multimorbidity (MPM) in this population and context. This study sought to identify the impact on health-related quality of life (QoL) of MPM in adults aged 60 years and older. Material and methods Secondary analysis of data derived from 251 primary health individuals. Data were collected via a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire. Health-related QoL was assessed using the SF-12 instrument. Multiple linear regressions were performed for physical and mental health in MPM patients and in patients with physical-only multimorbidity. Results Mean age of participants was 70.6 years; 57.8% were female. Quality of life was lower in MPM patients than in those with physical-only multimorbidity. Regarding MPM patients, female sex, 75 years and over, and low income were associated with worse physical health. Female sex was also associated with worse mental health. Conclusions This study contributes to the global knowledge of MPM in older people, illuminates health-related QoL differences among MPM and physical-only multimorbidity patients, and highlights the importance of non-modifiable characteristics associated with deterioration of health-related QoL. Team collaboration between primary care physicians, psychiatrists (and other mental health providers), and social workers may be necessary to assess psychiatric and physical symptoms and provide for the care needs of older people with MPM.
The experiences of transgender and non-binary children and young people and their parents in healthcare settings in England, UK: Interviews with members of a family support group.

Background: Transgender and non-binary children and young people and their parents in England, UK are poorly served across a range of healthcare settings. Whilst UK equalities legislation and international guidance on transgender healthcare pathways protects this group from discrimination and mandates an affirmative approach, services in England are not keeping pace. Aims: This study aims to draw on the experiences of transgender and non-binary children, young people and their parents in a support group in England in order to investigate their experiences of healthcare provision, and to develop some ideas for improvement. Method: Data was collected with participants in a family support group which offers a parent helpline service, social groups for children and parents, and training for schools and other organizations. 65 parents and children from 27 families from the family support group attended participatory workshops where they were given a range of briefs: "health," "family," "friends," and "education. " Their participation involved being asked to define their own interview questions and collect data by interviewing each other. Their interview notes constituted the raw data. Data was coded inductively by the author with respondent checking as a second stage. Results: Results constitute the views of a small group of people, so cannot be generalized. However, they do illustrate some of the issues which may arise. Participants' experiences elicited five key themes: professionals' perceived lack of clinical and therapeutic knowledge; mental distress caused by excessive waiting lists; professionals' stereotyped gender assumptions; direct discrimination within healthcare settings; and a lack of attention to parent and child voice, especially in terms of school-based experiences and where a patient had a diagnosis of autism.
Assessment of Factors Affecting Clinical Practice Competency of Undergraduate Health Science Students in Hawassa University, South, Ethiopia

Background: Clinical practice experiences are critically important to determine that graduate students are expected to achieve the maximum level of clinical competence after receiving necessary and adequate theoretical and practical instructions. However graduates have problems in doing some easy duties. Thus, this study is designed to assess factors affecting clinical practice competence of undergraduate health science student, Hawassa University, South, Ethiopia, 2015. Methods: Institutional based Cross-sectional study was conducted in health science students of Hawassa university referral hospital from April to May 2015 by using structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion. Simple random sampling was applied to select study subject among 345 students. Data were entered using Epi Info version 3.5. 1 was exported and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify independent predictors and for qualitative data, ideas were summarized and analyzed in the form of themes. Result: The prevalence of clinical practice competency from the study participant was 87 (25.2%). Students with adequate clinical case in practical placement were 4 times clinically competent than those students with inadequate clinical case in practical placement with (AOR=3.958, 95% CI 1.238, 12.65). Students with clinical instructor support were clinically competent by 2 times with (AOR=2.064, 95% CI 1.042, 3.694) than students with no clinical instructor support. Conclusion and Recommendation: Clinical instructor support, adequate clinical case in practical placement, use continuous assessment checklist and integration of three learning domain were factors affect clinical practice competency of the students. So improving supervision of clinical instructors, appropriate selection of clinical site and design appropriate clinical practice protocol has important to enhance clinical practice competency of students.
Efficacy and Safety of an Acute Pain Service among 10,760 Postoperative Patients

Introduction. Post-operative pain control improves surgical outcome and many hospitals created multidisciplinary teams, called “Acute Pain Services” (APS). We collected APS data on 10,760 adult patients over a five year period, including complications, side effects and patient satisfaction. Methods. Data on patients managed by APS in a high surgical-volume university hospital over a 5-year period were collected and analyzed. Data included demographic characteristics, primary analgesic modality, adjuvant analgesic treatment, type of surgical procedure, Visual Analogue Scale, and analgesia-related sideeffects and complications. Results. Patient controlled analgesia with morphine was used in 4,992 surgical patients while epidural analgesia was used in 3,687 surgical patients and 1,670 pregnant women for delivery analgesia. A total of 411 patients received other forms of analgesia. No epidural haematoma was observed. A single case of respiratory depression occurred in an elderly patient using the patient controlled analgesia system. Acetaminophen was the most frequently adjuvant drug prescribed. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was the most frequent analgesiarelated side effect. Visual Analogue Scale at rest and on movement was low on day one (0.84±1.15 and 2.05±1.67) and decreased thereafter with epidural analgesia associated with better pain control following hip and liver surgery, and with less postoperative nausea and vomiting (5.0%) when compared to morphine patient controlled analgesia (7.2%). Conclusions. An APS, with daily postoperative visits, permits adequate post-operative pain control without serious adverse events. Epidural analgesia was associated with less postoperative nausea and vomiting and had at least similar pain control than morphine patient controlled analgesia.
High rates of elevated diabetes distress in research populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Diabetes distress has implications for diabetes end-points, hence targeted interventions are indicated; yet, preliminary work quantifying and characterising the problem is required. We sought to identify the potential magnitude and determinants of elevated diabetes distress across study populations. Databases such as Medline, PsycINFO and Embase were searched for studies (n ≥50) administering the problem areas in Diabetes scale or Diabetes Distress scale, in adults with Type 1 or 2 diabetes. Random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression estimated the average rate of elevated diabetes distress and prognostic contribution of age, gender, HbA1c, and health-care context. Of the 16,627 citations identified, adequate data were available for 58 studies. On average, 22% of participants reported elevated diabetes distress. Only female gender and secondary care predicted a higher rate of elevated diabetes distress. A quarter of people with diabetes have a level of distress likely to impact outcomes. Secondary-care practitioners should be vigilant of women with diabetes.
A A transição da fecundidade no Brasil ao longo do século XX – uma perspectiva regional

The essence of fertility transition is the shift from intensive reproduction, when many children are born but few survive, to a new pattern where births are fewer and planned. Some articles discussing fertility transition in Brazil indicate that this process began in the second half of the 1960s, characterizing the Brazilian transition as late and fast. Despite this consensus, the objective of this paper was to identify “when” and “where” fertility transition started in Brazil, reassessing regional fertility transition. We used the method proposed by Frias and Oliveira (1991) applied to Brazilian census data (1940, 1950 and 1970 to 2010) Results indicate that fertility transition had been underway since, at least the 1930s in some of Brazil’s most important regions like Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and the far South. Because of this complex scenario, we argue that Brazil experienced two phases of fertility transition. The first one would have been long and slow, like the European fertility transition, pioneered by Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and the far South, whereas the second one was short and fast, in line with the fertility transition observed in countries where the process began later.
Can Highlighting a Pedestrian’s Biological Motion at Night Mitigate the Negative Effect of Driver Distraction?

Pedestrians can make themselves more visible to nighttime drivers by strategically placing retroreflective material on the major joints of the body to highlight their biological motion (biomotion). However, past research on pedestrian conspicuity has largely focused on drivers who are not distracted. Distracted driving is the one of most common causal factor of vehicle crashes and is increasing with advancements in technology. The purpose of this project was to assess the effect of driver distraction on the effectiveness of biomotion to enhance the conspicuity of pedestrians at night. Participants were driven along a predetermined route and asked to respond to all pedestrians they encountered. A test pedestrian, placed along the route, was either walking or standing in place while wearing retroreflective biomotion markings. Approximately half of the participants were distracted by a secondary task while also searching for pedestrians. Although highlighting the pedestrian’s biomotion maximized their conspicuity, there was no evidence that biomotion mitigated the detrimental effects of distraction.
Measuring health-related quality of life in adults with chronic conditions in primary care settings Critical review of concepts and 3 tools

Abstract Objective To describe health-related quality of life (HRQOL) conceptual frameworks, critically review 3 commonly used HRQOL scales relevant to adults with chronic conditions in primary care settings, and make recommendations for using HRQOL scales in primary care practice. Data sources Information was accessed regarding HRQOL conceptual and theoretical approaches. A comprehensive search strategy identified 3 commonly used scales that met the review criteria and evidence regarding use of the scales in adults with chronic conditions in community settings. Scale selection Scales were selected if they were designed for clinical use; were easy to administer; were generic and broad in content areas; and contained some individualized items. Scales were critiqued according to content development, theoretical basis, psychometric properties, scoring, feasibility, the concepts being measured, and the number of items that measured an individualized concept. Synthesis Early HRQOL approaches focused on health and functional status while recent approaches incorporate individualized concepts such as the person’s own values and the environment. The abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF), the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Duke Health Profile were critiqued. All address physical, mental, and social domains, while the WHOQOL-BREF also addresses environment. Psychometric evidence supports use of the SF-36 and WHOQOL-BREF with this population. The SF-36 has the most evidence of responsiveness but has some floor and ceiling effects, while the WHOQOL-BREF does not appear to have floor or ceiling effects but has limited evidence of responsiveness. The WHOQOL-BREF has the highest proportion of individualized items. Conclusion Measurement of HRQOL in adults with chronic conditions can support patient management and contribute to primary care service evaluation. Scales that are based on a broad definition of health and that address the individualized nature of HRQOL are appropriate for these purposes, such as the WHOQOL-BREF. Psychometric evidence supports using this scale for adults with chronic conditions; more information about its responsiveness is needed.
How do traditionally successful pupils experience inquiry-oriented science instruction?: Lessons from a teacher-developed unit

Science education research has widely reported the benefits of inquiry-oriented instruction. Yet, the curricular resources provided by my school were traditional textbooks. I decided to enhance these resources by designing an inquiry-oriented (problem-based) unit for my advanced physics students (16–18 years old). Many of my students, who had been successful in traditional instruction, expressed severe frustration during the unit. I conducted a study to better understand the sources of my students’ frustration as well as their feelings of success. I share the results of this study and discuss implications for the design of teacher-developed inquiry-oriented science instruction.
Gender Differences in Treatment Outcome among Tuberculosis Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis in Pakistan.

Back ground: Gender differences among TB patients are notable; however studies evaluating the impact of the gender on treatment outcomes have reported inconsistent results Aims and objective: The aim of current study is to observe the gender differences among TB patients and to evaluate the relation between TB patient gender and treatment outcome. Method: A retrospective cohort study of all patients suffering from pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB patients, patients co-infected with HIV, hepatitis, and diabetes mellitus were included for current study that were treated at Khyber teaching hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. On the basis of our study objective patients were categorised on gender basis and association with their demographics and clinical characteristics was observed. Treatment outcomes were evaluated on basis of smear testing at the end of treatment and the results were compared with TB patients’ gender Result: A total of 472 TB patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, which included 238 (50.4%) male and 234 (49.6%) female patients. Two hundred and twenty eight (48.3%) male patients and 230 (48.7%) female patients were new TB cases whereas 224 (47.4%) male and 216 (45.6%) female patient TB type was pulmonary. TB patient age group, employment status and smoking status had a statistical significant association with gender (p 0.002, p 0.02, p < 0.001 respectively). The strongest predictor that affected TB patient gender was age group >55 years (OR 0.45, p 0.001). Of 472 TB patients, 152 (32.2%) male patients and 136 (28.8%) female patient treatment outcome was unsuccessful whereas 86 (18.2%) male and 98 (20.7%) female patient treatment outcomes were successful. There was no statistical relation observed among treatment outcome and gender Conclusion: The ratio of male to female TB patients in current study was almost same. Comparatively, the treatment failure rate was high in male as compared to female TB patients.
Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of vitamin D

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies was asked to re-evaluate the safety in use of vitamin D and to provide, if necessary, revised Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) of vitamin D for all relevant population groups. The ULs for adults including pregnant and lactating women, children and adolescents were revised. For adults, hypercalcaemia was selected as the indicator of toxicity. In two studies in men, intakes between 234 and 275 μg/day were not associated with hypercalcaemia, and a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 250 μg/day was established. Taking into account uncertainties associated with these studies, the UL for adults including pregnant and lactating women was set at 100 μg/day. Despite a continuing paucity of data for high vitamin D intakes in children and adolescents, the UL was adapted to 100 μg/day for ages 11-17 years, considering that owing to phases of rapid bone formation and growth this age group is unlikely to have a lower tolerance for vitamin D compared to adults. The same applies also to children aged 1-10 years, but taking into account their smaller body size, a UL of 50 μg/day is proposed. For infants, the UL of 25 μg/day based on previously available data relating high vitamin D intakes to impaired growth and hypercalcaemia was retained as limited additional evidence has emerged since the previous risk assessment. Data on vitamin D intakes from surveys in 14 European countries indicate that intakes in high consumers are below the revised ULs for vitamin D for all population groups. © European Food Safety Authority, 2012
Mexican Journalism Under Siege. The Impact of Anti-press Violence on Reporters, Newsrooms, and Society

ABSTRACT As a consequence of the endemic anti-press violence, Mexican journalists work under dangerous conditions. The constant assaults have eroded the practice of free journalism and thus, the people’s right to know. Drawing on a set of semi-structured interviews with news workers from the most violent states across the country, this study emphasises that this phenomenon has a threefold impact at the individual, organisational, and societal levels. That is, those attacks affect the victims, the newsrooms they work for, and society. The findings also point that journalists throughout the nation share similar perceptions regarding these implications, because there is a generalised risk that they have to constantly face.