Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal patterns in energy partitioning of two freshwater marsh ecosystems in the Florida Everglades

We analyzed energy partitioning in short‐ and long‐hydroperiod freshwater marsh ecosystems in the Florida Everglades by examining energy balance components (eddy covariance derived latent energy (LE) and sensible heat (H) flux). The study period included several wet and dry seasons and variable water levels, allowing us to gain better mechanistic information about the control of and changes in marsh hydroperiods. The annual length of inundation is ~5 months at the short‐hydroperiod site (25°26′16.5″N, 80°35′40.68″W), whereas the long‐hydroperiod site (25°33′6.72″N, 80°46′57.36″W) is inundated for ~12 months annually due to differences in elevation and exposure to surface flow. In the Everglades, surface fluxes feed back to wet season precipitation and affect the magnitude of seasonal change in water levels through water loss as LE (evapotranspiration (ET)). At both sites, annual precipitation was higher than ET (1304 versus 1008 at the short‐hydroperiod site and 1207 versus 1115 mm yr−1 at the long‐hydroperiod site), though there were seasonal differences in the ratio of ET:precipitation. Results also show that energy balance closure was within the range found at other wetland sites (60 to 80%) and was lower when sites were inundated (60 to 70%). Patterns in energy partitioning covaried with hydroperiods and climate, suggesting that shifts in any of these components could disrupt current water and biogeochemical cycles throughout the Everglades region. These results suggest that the complex relationships between hydroperiods, energy exchange, and climate are important for creating conditions sufficient to maintain Everglades ecosystems.
The recent hiatus in global warming of the land surface: Scale‐dependent breakpoint occurrences in space and time

The spatial and temporal variability of the recent land warming hiatus have seldom been explored, despite their importance for understanding the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon. In this study, we applied piecewise linear regression to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of the breakpoint time of warming over 40 years (1974–2013). Our results showed that at the global scale, mean annual temperature (MAT) over the land increased significantly until 2005 and that the warming trend then stalled. However, the breakpoint time of the warming varied greatly among different seasons and continents. We found no statistically significant breakpoint in MAT over the Northern Hemisphere, but MAT over the Southern Hemisphere showed a significant breakpoint (P < 0.001) in 1979. At the seasonal scale, only the winter season (December‐January‐February) showed a statistically significant breakpoint in global land temperature. The other seasons showed continuous increasing temperature during the whole study period. Our study examined the recent global warming hiatus on the land surface using an area‐weighted summary of a scale‐dependent phenomenon with substantial spatiotemporal heterogeneity and revealed the winter cooling in the Northern Hemisphere low‐middle latitudes in 1999–2008 as the major contributor to the global warming hiatus on land surface in 2005. This result highlights the importance of using a statistical method to identify the timing of climate phase change. A better understanding of the processes behind the spatiotemporal patterns of local‐scale breakpoint occurrences in land surface temperature would shed new light on the mechanisms of the recent global warming hiatus.
Reversing climate warming by artificial atmospheric carbon‐dioxide removal: Can a Holocene‐like climate be restored?

Most climate modeling studies of future climate have focused on the effects of carbon emissions in the present century or the long‐term fate of anthropogenically emitted carbon. However, after carbon emissions cease, there may be a desire to return to a “safe” CO2 concentration within this millennium. Realistically, this implies artificially removing CO2 from the atmosphere. In this study, experiments are conducted using the University of Victoria Earth system‐climate model forced with novel future scenarios to explore the reversibility of climate warming as a response to a gradual return to preindustrial radiative forcing. Due to hysteresis in the permafrost carbon pool, the quantity of carbon that must be removed from the atmosphere is larger than the quantity that was originally emitted (115–180% of original emissions). In all the reversibility simulations with a moderate climate sensitivity, a climate resembling that of the Holocene can be restored by 3000 CE.
Europe on fire three thousand years ago: Arson or climate?

The timing of initiation of human impacts on the global climate system is actively debated. Anthropogenic effects on the global climate system are evident since the Industrial Revolution, but humans may have altered biomass burning, and hence the climate system, for millennia. We use the specific biomarker levoglucosan to produce the first high‐temporal resolution hemispheric reconstruction of Holocene fire emissions inferred from ice core analyses. Levoglucosan recorded in the Greenland North Greenland Eemian ice core significantly increases since the last glacial, resulting in a maximum around ~2.5 ka and then decreasing until the present. Here we demonstrate that global climate drivers fail to explain late Holocene biomass burning variations and that the levoglucosan maximum centered on ~2.5 ka may be due to anthropogenic land clearance.
Performance of soil nails in Dublin glacial till

Soil nailing is being used in many projects in glacial tills in Ireland, particularly to provide temporary support to steep slopes. Little design guidance is available for such materials, and it is known that the application of design procedures developed for other material is conservative. Detailed nail instrumentation and field monitoring has been undertaken during large-scale soil nailing works for the Dublin Port Tunnel project. It was found that the short-term behaviour of nails was the reverse of that assumed in current design methods. Most of the load was induced as a results of drilling and nailing the lift immediately below the nail being monitored rather than due to excavation-induced stress relief. The highest forces were developed in the upper nails where the largest ground movements occurred. This is the reverse of most current design methods where the highest soil–nail bond is assigned to the deepest nails. It seems that the observed short-term, prefailure behaviour of nailed slopes is gover.
Total scattering studies of silica polymorphs: similarities in glass and disordered crystalline local structure

Abstract The structure of amorphous silica has frequently been compared with its crystalline counterparts in an attempt to understand the glass structure beyond short-range correlations. This paper presents results from neutron total scattering measurements of several polymorphs of silica and shows how these can be used to make a direct, quantitative comparison of amorphous and crystalline forms. It is found that the glass is similar to HP-tridymite and β-cristobalite, both dynamically-disordered crystalline phases of silica, but only out to distances ~7.5 Å, beyond which the structures diverge. This is too small to validate a microcrystallite theory of glass structure. It is the average 180° Si−O−Si linkage in these two crystalline phases which gives them the flexibility for their instantaneous disordered structure to resemble the quenched (static) glass structure.
Potential positive feedback between Greenland Ice Sheet melt and Baffin Bay heat content on the west Greenland shelf

Greenland ice sheet meltwater runoff has been increasing in recent decades, especially in the southwest and the northeast. To determine the impact of this accelerating meltwater flux on Baffin Bay, we examine eight numerical experiments using an ocean‐sea ice model: Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean. Enhanced runoff causes shoreward increasing sea surface height and strengthens the stratification in Baffin Bay. The changes in sea surface height reduces the southward transport through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and strengthens the gyre circulation within Baffin Bay. The latter leads to further freshening of surface waters as it produces a larger northward surface freshwater transport across Davis Strait. Increasing the meltwater runoff leads to a warming and shallowing of the west Greenland Irminger water on the northwest Greenland shelf. These warmer waters can now more easily enter fjords on the Greenland coast and thus provide additional heat to accelerate the melting of marine‐terminating glaciers.
The ecology of tropical forest tree seedlings

Review of Some Aspects of Tropical Rain Forest Seedling Ecology with Suggestions for Further Enquiry. Photosynthetic Responses to Light in Tropical Rain Forest Tree Seedlings. Functional Morphology of Tropical Tree Seedlings. Demography of Tropical Tree Seedlings. Seedling Ecology and Tropical Forestry. Persistence in a Tropical Understory: Clonal Growth in Psychotria Horizontalis. Seedlings, Saplings, and Tree Temperaments: Potential for Agroforestry in the African Rain Forest. Cotyledon Functional Morphology, Patterns of Seed Reserve Utilization, and Regeneration Niches of Tropical Tree Seedlings. Differential Responses to Nutrients, Shade, and Drought Among Tree Seedlings of Lowland Tropical Forest in Singapore. Seedling Growth of Shorea Section Doona (Dipterocarpaceae) in Soils from Topographically Different Sites of Sinharaja Rain Forest in Sri Lanka. The Significance of Seedling Size and Growth Rate of Tropical Rain Forest Tree Seedlings for Regeneration in Canopy Openings. Seedling Demography in Undisturbed Tropical Wet Forest in Costa Rica. Rates of Mortality and Growth in Three Groups of Dipterocarp Seedlings in Sabah, Malaysia. Index.
Real Freshwater Flux as a Natural Boundary Condition for the Salinity Balance and Thermohaline Circulation Forced by Evaporation and Precipitation

Abstract Freshwater flux used as a natural boundary condition for the salinity balance is applied to a primitive equation model of the oceanic general circulation. Instead of the relaxation condition or the virtual salt flux boundary conditions used in many existing models, the real freshwater flux across the upper surface is specified as the vertical velocity boundary condition for the continuity equation, and the salinity flux is set to identically zero at the sea surface. Numerical experiments show that a model with the natural boundary conditions runs smoothly. Much important physics involving the freshwater flux emerge from the new model. The barotropic Goldsbrough–Stommel gyres driven by the precipitation and evaporation, which were excluded in the previous numerical models, are reproduced. In addition, the model's results reveal extremely complex structure of the three-dimensional circulation driven by the freshwater flux. In fact, a relatively small amount of freshwater flux drives very strong mer.
Environmental controls on evapotranspiration from sparse grassland in Mongolia

Environmental controls on evapotranspiration were investigated at a sparse grassland in Mongolia during 2003 and 2004. The study site was located on the southern periphery of the Eurasian cryosphere. Data from Eddy covariance, aerodynamic, and manual measurements were used in the analysis. A decoupling factor (Ω) was calculated to determine the relative importance of surface conductance and radiation to change in evapotranspiration rates. Higher evapotranspiration rates associated with a higher frequency of large Ω values revealed the importance of radiation forcing on evapotranspiration at this study site. As Ω increases', the aerodynamic conductance (ga) increased correspondingly but vegetation conductance (gC) decreased. Aerodynamic conductance (ga) was well fitted to an exponential function of the wind stress; gC clearly decreased as the vapour pressure deficit (d) increased; gC related to air temperature through d. Although grass cover was sparse at the study site, the anticipated effect of soil moisture on E and gS was only slightly suggested and thus not deducible. On the 10‐day‐interval time scale, the effect of vegetation cover on evapotranspiration was insignificant compared to that of surface soil moisture. Changes in soil evaporation, related to precipitation, mainly caused the very large inter‐annual differences in evapotranspiration. The relationship between evapotranspiration and surface bulk resistance at the study site could therefore be fit to an exponential function. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spanish secondary students' willingness to undertake specific actions to combat global warming: Can environmental education help?

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated a ‘gap’ between overall environmental knowledge and general pro-environmental behaviour. Here, we explore the relationships between school students’ intention to take specific pro-environmental actions (their Degree of Willingness to Act) and their belief in the usefulness of those particular actions in combating global warming (their Believed Usefulness of Action). For each action there is a Natural Willingness to Act—an intention to undertake the action even if it is not believed to be particularly effective—and a Natural Reluctance to Act—a disinclination to undertake that action even if it is believed to be highly effective. For those actions with a low Natural Willingness to Act combined with a low Natural Reluctance to Act, there is a strong relationship between belief in the usefulness of the action and an intention to act. Here, environmental education is likely to be effective in terms of modifying behaviour.
Long-Term Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gel in Single-Crown Implant Rehabilitation: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study

Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) has shown the ability to significantly reduce inflammation and marginal bone loss (MBL) at the 1-year follow-up but limited data exist regarding its long-term efficacy in peri-implant stability. The objective was to compare the long-term effects (5 years of follow-up) of a placebo gel (16 patients in Group A) or a 0.20% CHX gel (15 patients in Group B) used at each previous surgical and prosthetic stage. Control visits were conducted in 2022, investigating the long-term effects by biological, radiological, and clinical evaluation. The data were statistically analyzed. The research achieved a 96.7% implant success rate over five years, but 41.9% of patients did not attend annual oral hygiene check-ups. The average MBL was 1.04 ± 0.39 mm, with no significant differences between the two groups. Notably, patients who attended regular periodontal check-ups experienced significantly less MBL than those who did not (p < 0.05). At five years, direct effects of CHX were absent, with both groups showing moderate bone loss. However, the results suggest that early disinfection could enhance both short- and long-term outcomes. In fact, patients with initial minor MBL due to use of CHX, preserve this advantage also after 5 years of follow-up. Additionally, the data underscore the importance of annual check-ups in early detection and management of biological complications.
Can Reflected Extra-equatorial Rossby Waves Drive ENSO?

Abstract The possibility that the evolution of the ENSO phenomenon is determined by the reflection of extra-equatorial Rossby waves from the western boundary into the equatorial waveguide has been a subject of recent debate. Observations and some wind-driven models suggest an apparent continuity of off-equatorial signals and subsequent waveguide anomalies. On the other hand, coupled model results show that ENSO-like behavior can be simulated with no involvement of the extra-equatorial regions. Linear equatorial wave theory shows that significant reflection can only occur within about 8° of the equator, with a sharp fall-off in the reflectivity poleward of this latitude. Although the amplitude of the thermocline anomalies associated with observed ENSO-forced extra-equatorial Rossby waves can be large, it is the net zonal transport of these waves that is crucial to the reflectivity, and this net transport decreases rapidly as Rossby waves occur farther from the equator. The zonal geostrophic flows associate.
Social Health Insurance - the Major Driver of Unsustainable Fiscal Policy?

During the next decades the populations of most developed countries will grow older as a result of the low level of birth rates since the 1970s and/or the continuously increasing life expectancy. We show within a Generational Accounting framework how unsustainable the public finances of France, Germany, Switzerland and the U.S. are, given their demographic developments. Thereby our focus lies on social health insurance systems that are in addition affected by medical-technical progress. Due to the cost-increasing effect of medical-technical progress one can justifiably say that social health insurance schemes are the major drivers behind unsustainable fiscal policies.
Towards a conceptualisation of intensive parenting norms: Testing exact and approximate measurement invariance across social and country contexts

Objective: We examine the measurement invariance (MI) of intensive parenting norms across three European countries as well as across gender, education, and parental status. Background: The social norms of intensive parenting have become increasingly dominant in recent decades. However, there is no measurement model of intensive parenting norms in large-scale social surveys and it is unknown whether these norms convey the same meanings across different social and cultural contexts. Method: This study draws on data from the European Social Survey Cross-national Online Survey panel (2017) administered in Estonia, Slovenia, and Great Britain. We conducted a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis and alignment optimization to assess the exact and approximate MI of intensive parenting norms across three countries and social contexts. Results: Due to a poor fit of the previously suggested four-factor model of intensive parenting norms, a revised two-factor model with stimulation and child-centred dimensions - excluding items that measure expert guidance and parental responsibility - was proposed. The two-factor model attained scalar invariance between educational groups and between parents of children aged under 12 years and others; however, only metric invariance was achieved among countries, gender, and parental status. The alignment optimization results suggest that the reduced scale is approximately invariant across all examined groups. Conclusion: This study highlights that the MI of parenting norms should not just be assumed but tested. This study provides insights into the conceptualisation of intensive parenting norms and recommendations for future research and development on measurement.
Effects of body waves and soil amplification on seismic earth pressures

To design a retaining wall, conventional Mononobe–Okabe method, which is based on the pseudo-static approach and gives the linear distribution of seismic earth pressures in an approximate way, is used to compute the seismic earth pressures. In this paper, pseudo-dynamic approach is used to compute the seismic earth pressures on a rigid retaining wall by considering the effects of time, phase difference in shear and primary waves and soil amplification along with the horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations and other soil properties. Design value of the seismic active earth pressure coefficient is found to increase with increase in the seismic accelerations, phase difference in body waves and soil amplification, whereas the reverse trend is observed for the passive case. Influence of various soil parameters on seismic passive earth pressure is more significant than that for the active case under harmonic seismic loading. Results are provided in the combined tabular and graphical non-dimensional form for both the seismic active and passive earth pressures. Present results are compared with the available results in literature to validate the proposed non-linearity of seismic earth pressure distribution.
Deepening of the nutricline and chlorophyll maximum in the Canada Basin interior, 2003–2009

Physical and chemical data collected in the Canada Basin interior from 2003–2009 show that recent increases in both Ekman convergence and freshwater input, associated with sea ice retreat and melt, have affected the structure and dynamics of the upper ocean, and such changes accelerated from 2007–2009 when salt‐stratification below the seasonal mixed layer increased about 25%. This increased stratification further constrains vertical heat flux and the winter renewal of nutrients into the euphotic zone. One consequence of increased convergence is that both the depth of the nitracline (i.e. the depth where nitrate concentrations begin to increase from zero) and the depth of the chlorophyll maximum (which occurs slightly below the depth of the nitracline as here both nitrate and light are sufficient to allow primary production) have increased. Nitrate concentrations at the chlorophyll maximum depth have also recently decreased which suggests that the availability of light may play a progressively greater role in determining the depth at which primary production occurs. If these trends continue, assuming that the depth of the winter mixed layer does not deepen, such changes will negatively affect primary productivity as long as the Arctic Oscillation remains anticyclonic and freshwater continues to be stored in the Beaufort Gyre. These findings show that, under such conditions, the response of sea ice retreat in the basin interior is distinct and opposite to the response on adjacent continental shelves where shelf‐break upwelling will increase, bringing nitrate into the euphotic zone and enhancing production.
Large winds and wind shears caused by the nonlinear interactions between gravity waves and tidal backgrounds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

A two‐dimensional nonlinear numerical model was used to simulate large winds (≥ 100 m s−1) and wind shears (≥ 40 m s−1 km−1) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) that are caused by the interaction between gravity waves (GWs) and migrating tidal background. By varying the wavelengths of GWs and the phases of diurnal and semidiurnal tides, 64 numerical experiments were performed. Our numerical experiments indicate that both migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tides strongly modulate the occurrence of GW breaking, and the resulted large winds and wind shears. The simulated large winds and wind shears are in good agreement with those from the rocket‐sounding chemical release measurements. Moreover, the occurrence of large wind shears highly depends on the phases of migrating tides in local time, which is in agreement with the reported lidar observations. The local time dependence of large wind shears is mainly attributed to the filtering and/or hindering effects of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal winds on GWs. Our simulation reveals that the nonlinear interactions between GWs breaking and the migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tides may play an important role in driving the large winds and wind shears in the MLT region and their local time dependence.