Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treeline Fluctuations Recorded for 12,500 Years by Soil Profiles, Pollen, and Plant Macrofossils in the Central Swiss Alps

Past treelines can rarely be recorded by pollen percentages alone, but pollen concentration, pollen influx, and plant macrofossils (including stomata of conifers) are more reliable indicators. In addition, ancient forest soils above today's treeline may trace the maximum upper expansion of the forest since the last glaciation. Charcoal in such soil profiles may be radiocarbon dated. Our example from the Central Swiss Alps at the Alpe d'Essertse consists of a plant-macrofossil diagram and pollen diagrams of the pond Gouille Rion at 2343 m a.s. l. and a sequence of soil profiles from 1780 m to 2600 m a.s. l. The area around the pond was forested with LariJc decidua and Pinus cembra between 9500 and 3600 BP. After 4700 BP the forest became more open and Juniperus nana and Alnus viridis expanded (together with Picea abies in the subalpine forest). Between 1700 and 900 BP the Juniperus nana and Alnus viridis scrubs declined while meadows and pastures took over, so that the pond Gouille Rion was definitively above timber­ line. The highest Holocene treeline was at 2400 to 2450 m a.s. l. (i.e. 50 to 100 m higher than the uppermost single specimen of Pinus cembra today) between 9000 and 4700 BP, but it is not yet dated in more detail. The highest charcoal of Pinus cembra at 2380 m a.s. l. has a radiocarbon date of 6010 ± 70 BP. Around 6900 BP a strong climatic deterioration caused an opening of timberline forest. First indicators of anthropogenic influence occurred at 4700 BP, when the forest limit started to move down. The lowering of timberline after 4700 BP was probably due to combined effects of human and climatic impact.
Expansion of denitrification and anoxia in the eastern tropical North Pacific from 1972 to 2012

The eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) is a large region of anoxic water that hosts widespread water column N loss (denitrification). There is some disagreement about the long‐term trends of denitrification and anoxia and long‐term studies of water column denitrification within the anoxic zone are lacking. In this study, we compared ETNP water column nitrite, N*, and O2 data along the same transect for four studies ranging from 1972 to 2012. Anoxic water volume increased, and low‐oxygen conditions expanded into shallower isopycnals from 1972 to 2012. A geochemical marker for cumulative N loss indicates that denitrification was highest in 2012 and the upper oxygen‐deficient zone (ODZ) experienced the most change. Oxygen and N loss changes in the world's largest ODZ for 2012 could not be explained by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and decreased O2 in supply currents and increased wind‐driven upwelling are likely mechanisms contributing to increased N loss and anoxia.
Geochemistry of Telychian metabentonites from Vik, Ringe rik e District, Oslo Region

Thirteen metabentonites from the Gamtangen Member, a succession of mudstones and nodular limestones within the Silurian Vik Formation, were analysed for major and trace elements. Bulk-rock chemical compositions indicate two parent volcanic ash sources, one rich in incompatible elements (Zr, Nb, Th) called the 'evolved' set, the other higher in compatible elements (Ni, Ti, V) and named the 'primitive' set. Microcrystals of apatite, which represent former phenocrysts, were analysed for their rare earth element con tent and these data confirmed the· existence of two populations. These two volcanic sources were contemporaneous and are thought to have lain to the south or south west of Oslo. Similar 'evolved' and 'primitive' compositions are found in bentonites from the Lower Visby Formation of Gotland, Sweden, and a tentative correlation is made between the Gamtangen Member of the Oslo Region and the Lower Visby Formation of Gotland, with the consequent convergence of ! hese two horizons into the M. spira/is Biozone.
Strathprints Institutional Repository a Comprehensive Investigation of Memory Impairment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A comprehensive investigation of memory impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Background: We conducted a comprehensive and systematic assessment of memory functioning in drug-naı¨ve boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Methods: Boys performed verbal and spatial working memory (WM) component (storage and central executive) and verbal and spatial storage load tasks, and the spatial span, spatial executive WM, spatial recognition memory and verbal recognition memory tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsycho-logical Test Automated Battery. Groups comprised: (a) ADHD only (N = 21); (b) ADHD+ODD (N = 27); (c) ODD only (N = 21); and (d) typically developing (TYP) boys (N = 26). Groups were matched for age (M = 9.7 years) and sex (all boys). Results: Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the presence of five factors: verbal functioning, spatial functioning, WM storage, WM central executive and long-term memory (LTM). All three clinical groups demonstrated impaired memory performance. Boys with ODD and ODD+ADHD but not ADHD alone performed poorly on verbal memory tasks, whilst all three clinical groups showed impaired performance on spatial memory tasks. All three clinical groups performed poorly on the storage and central executive WM factors and the LTM factor. Conclusions: ADHD and ODD are characterised by impaired performance storage and central executive WM tasks and LTM tasks. This is, we believe, the first report of impaired WM and LTM performance in ODD. This study suggests that verbal memory difficulties are more closely associated with ODD than ADHD symptoms and that combined ADHD+ODD represents a true comorbidity. The data also support a small but growing number of suggestions in the literature of impaired LTM in ADHD.
Strathprints Institutional Repository the Impact of Resources on Decision Making. Ai Edam -artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 26 (specia). Pp. 407-423. Issn 0890-0604

Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.
Strathprints Institutional Repository the Influence of Central Neuropathic Pain in Paraplegic Patients on Performance of a Motor Imagery Based Brain Computer Interface

(2015) The influence of central neuropathic pain in paraplegic patients on performance of a motor imagery based brain computer interface. Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. highlights Motor imagery based BCI-classifier built on EEG data of paraplegic patients, gives higher classification accuracy in patients with central neuropathic pain compared to patients with no chronic pain. Higher BCI classification accuracy in paraplegic patients with central neuropathic pain is accompanied with stronger event related desynchronisation during motor imagery. BCI classification accuracy between feet and a hand was comparable with classification accuracy between hands, in all three groups of participants. abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to test how the presence of central neuropathic pain (CNP) influences the performance of a motor imagery based Brain Computer Interface (BCI). Methods: In this electroencephalography (EEG) based study, we tested BCI classification accuracy and analysed event related desynchronisation (ERD) in 3 groups of volunteers during imagined movements of their arms and legs. The groups comprised of nine able-bodied people, ten paraplegic patients with CNP (lower abdomen and legs) and nine paraplegic patients without CNP. We tested two types of classi-fiers: a 3 channel bipolar montage and classifiers based on common spatial patterns (CSPs), with varying number of channels and CSPs. Results: Paraplegic patients with CNP achieved higher classification accuracy and had stronger ERD than paraplegic patients with no pain for all classifier configurations. Highest 2-class classification accuracy was achieved for CSP classifier covering wider cortical area: 82 ± 7% for patients with CNP, 82 ± 4% for able-bodied and 78 ± 5% for patients with no pain. Conclusion: Presence of CNP improves BCI classification accuracy due to stronger and more distinct ERD. Significance: Results of the study show that CNP is an important confounding factor influencing the performance of motor imagery based BCI based on …
INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT ON MAIZE PRODUCTION IN SHIFT OF CROPPING SYSTEM - A CASE STUDY OF HAU GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM

The demonstration plots were conducted at Chauthanh A district, Haugiang Province, Vietnam in 2010 early wet season on 6 ha of 7 farmer fields as followed by rice-maize-rice cropping system in comparison with the triple rice cropping system to recommend farmers expanding areas and increasing farmers’ productivity and profit. The two management practices of maize were included: (1) Farmer Practices (FP) with 67,000 plants/ha (75x20 cm) and farmer’s fertilizer practices and farmer‘s pest management; and (2) ICM with high plant density of 76,000 plants/ha with spacing of 60x22 cm and NPK application as SSNM. N was adjusted by LCC. Pest management was followed by IPM and combined to bioinsecticides. Between the two cropping systems R-R-R and R-M-R, the grain yield of DS Rice, EWS rice, LWS rice were also collected; The incidence of insect pest and diseases and the change of soil property were evaluated. In such a condition of Haugiang, ICM in maize production the grain yield got higher than those of the FP at 0.46 t ha -1 and the net benefit was higher than VND 1,561 ha -1 . Rotation with maize in rice - based cropping system showed the priorities in increasing the grain yield of rice in LWS (0.13-0.24 t ha -1 ); improving the contents of N, P, K and organic matter of the soil and reducing the incidence of BPH and small leaf folder in LWS rice. Consequently, farmers got higher grain yield from 2.88 to 3.45 t ha -1 and higher profit of VND 15.3-17.6 million /ha as compared to the triple rice crop’s benefit. With these efficiencies, it should be expanded area of maize production in accompany by application of ICM.
EUI Working Papers

We examine theoretically and empirically the relationship between access regulation, financial structure and investment decisions in network industries, analyzing if financial variables can be used as a strategic device to influence the regulator’s price setting decisions. Using a panel of 15 EU Public Telecommunication Operators (PTOs) over the period 1994-2005, we first investigate the determinants of regulated prices (both wholesale and retail), firm financial structure and investment, and then test the relationship between leverage, regulated charges and firm’s investment. However, our model suggests that if leverage influences the regulated access charges, then it will also impact competition in the downstream segment. Therefore, we also investigate the impact of the PTO’s leverage on market competition. Our results show that leverage positively affects regulated rates, as well as the PTOs’ investment rate, as predicted by Spiegel and Spulber (1994). Moreover, higher leverage also leads to higher access charges and an increase in leverage is followed by a decrease in the number of competitors and by an increase of the incumbent’s market share. This suggests that the strategic use of debt to discipline the regulator’s lack of commitment within a vertically integrated network industry may somewhat impair or delay competition in the retail segment, but has a favorable counterpart in mitigating the underinvestment problem. This draft: December 2, 2009 JEL Classification: L51, G31, G32, L96
EUI Working Papers

When firms borrow from multiple concentrated creditors such as banks they appear to di erentiate their allocation of borrowing. In this paper, we put forward hypotheses for this borrowing pattern based on incomplete contract theories and test them using a sample of small U.S. firms. We find that firms with more valuable, more redeployable, and more homogeneous assets di erentiate borrowing more sharply across their concentrated creditors. We also find that borrowing di erentiation is inversely related to restructuring costs and positively related to firms’ informational transparency. This evidence supports the predictions of incomplete contract theories: the structure of credit relationships appears to be used as a device to discipline creditors and entrepreneurs, especially during corporate reorganizations. JEL Classification: G21, G33, G34.
European Journal of Education Studies-ISSN 2501-1111

Class discussions can lead to learning of new knowledge acquisition among team members. The social development theory argues that in a group interaction, social interaction precedes development. The process of learning is a result of social interaction-both positive and negative. Learners learn assimilation and accommodation during the interaction. They learn these through agreeing and disagreeing with ideas put forward by the team members. Past studies have shown how learners respond in class discussions may depend on gender. This quantitative study explores how gender influence assimilation, accommodation, agreement as well as disagreement influence the dynamics of class discussions. 164 students were chosen to respond to a 32 -item questionnaire. Findings of this study reveal interesting pedagogical implications in the use of class discussions as part of teaching-learning activities.
European Journal of Education Studies-ISSN 2501-1111

Reading is the best way to give knowledge. Reading is an essential part of learning. No one can neglect its importance. There are many strategies for reading. Among them, one is silent reading strategy while another one is reading aloud strategy. Pakistan is a developing country where the English language is used as a second language because the national language is Urdu. Students’ base for English conversation and writing is poor in such condition reading aloud strategy is important especially for poor readers. No one can neglect its importance, and that is why the importance of read-aloud strategy is increasing as compared to silent reading strategy. The present study was conducted at a Pakistani university. A comparative analysis of read-aloud strategies versus silent reading strategies was done. Data was collected from M.Phil. Masters, and BS program students through questionnaires. The study is based on an experimental and questionnaires were used, the targeted sample was from English department in which 20 students and teachers of BS program were selected while 170 respondents including 100 male and 70 female were selected for the questionnaire. Findings show that read aloud strategies are better than silent reading because in Pakistan English language used as a second language. Students had shown a better response for reading aloud strategies for reading proficiency and literal reading skills. Muhammad Khalid Mehmood Sajid, Hafizoah Kassim COMPARISON OF READING ALOUD STRATEGIES VERSUS SILENT READING STRATEGIES USED ON PAKISTANI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ READING COMPARISON FOR READING PROFICIENCY & LITERAL READING SKILLS European Journal of Education Studies Volume 5 │ Issue 9 │ 2019 113
THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL CULTURAL BELIEFS CEREMONIES ON GIRL’S ACCESS TO SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION PROVISION IN TANZANIA: A CASE OF BENA TRIBAL IN NJOMBE, TANZANIA

The aim of the study was to examine the role of traditional cultural beliefs ceremonies on girls’ access to secondary school education provision in Tanzania. The study was done in urban Njombe region. Specifically at Luhororo, Uwemba and Mpechi secondary, and also at Luponde Madobole and Mkela primary school. The targeted population was students and parents. The study employed qualitative approach. Randomly and purposive sampling were used. Data were collected through structured and semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that, most of the traditional cultural beliefs ceremonies does not fervor the equal chance for boys and girls in provision of education specifically secondary education in Tanzania. Also the girls’ access to formal education been hampered by traditional convictions that girls do not need education, because their main responsibility is limited within the household. The study recommended that the society needs powerful traditional culturally beliefs based campaigns to enable it eliminate all traditional practices, beliefs and attitudes that discriminate against girls’ access to secondary education in Tanzania. Article visualizations:
Human welfare organisational behaviour: A perspective for the early childhood education services

Early childhood care and education (ECCE) have received increased attention in recent years, as this formative period has a significant impact on children’s development (Kim, 2021). Effective human welfare organisational behaviour can improve the organisation’s reputation, and contribute to the community’s overall social and economic development (Veltmeyer & Rushton, 2011). This study explains human welfare organisational behaviour in the early childhood education service. A qualitative approach was employed, and a documentary method was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten early childhood development experts and academics in Thailand. The data were analysed using content analysis. The findings indicate that human welfare organisational behaviour in early childhood education services in Asia encompasses the attitudes and practices of organisations involved in providing education and care to children. This perspective focuses on fostering supportive environments that promote the well-being of children, families, and educators, while also ensuring the quality of educational services. Key elements of this viewpoint include prioritising the child’s needs, promoting positive relationships, creating a safe and inclusive environment, and valuing the contributions of all stakeholders. Effective human welfare organisational behaviour in the early childhood education sector has the potential to enhance children’s outcomes and contribute to the long-term development of Asia.
Evaluating taxonomic turnover: Pennsylvanian–Permian brachiopods and bivalves of the North American Midcontinent

Abstract Using museum and literature data, we characterize faunal turnover in bivalves and brachiopods of the North American Midcontinent over approximately 12.5 Myr spanning the Pennsylvanian/Permian boundary. The two groups experienced indistinguishable rates of background faunal turnover but differed in the type and timing of elevated turnover episodes. Bivalves underwent an episode of elevated first appearance in the Missourian Series whereas brachiopods underwent an episode of elevated disappearance in the Wolfcampian Series. In neither group does turnover history strongly correlate to long-term changes in basinal lithofacies, which reflect evolution of regional climate. Comparison with other time intervals and basins suggests that magnitude and frequency of turnover episodes during the late Paleozoic was intermediate between the more episodic early Paleozoic and less episodic Mesozoic.
A new species of Crenicichla from the upper Rio das Antas basin, dos Patos lagoon system, southern Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

Crenicichla lucenai sp. n. from the upper Rio das Antas basin, dos Patos lagoon system, southern Brazil is here described. The new species is similar to C. punctata and C. maculata. It is distinguished from both these species by the conspicuous pattern of dark brown irregular lines extending from longitudinal stripe to ventral profile (versus irregular lines absent). In addition, C. lucenai can be distinguished from C. punctata by the absence of dots on the sides of its head.
One for All: Towards Training One Graph Model for All Classification Tasks

Designing a single model to address multiple tasks has been a long-standing objective in artificial intelligence. Recently, large language models have demonstrated exceptional capability in solving different tasks within the language domain. However, a unified model for various graph tasks remains underexplored, primarily due to the challenges unique to the graph learning domain. First, graph data from different areas carry distinct attributes and follow different distributions. Such discrepancy makes it hard to represent graphs in a single representation space. Second, tasks on graphs diversify into node, link, and graph tasks, requiring distinct embedding strategies. Finally, an appropriate graph prompting paradigm for in-context learning is unclear. We propose \textbf{One for All (OFA)}, the first general framework that can use a single graph model to address the above challenges. Specifically, OFA proposes text-attributed graphs to unify different graph data by describing nodes and edges with natural language and uses language models to encode the diverse and possibly cross-domain text attributes to feature vectors in the same embedding space. Furthermore, OFA introduces the concept of nodes-of-interest to standardize different tasks with a single task representation. For in-context learning on graphs, OFA introduces a novel graph prompting paradigm that appends prompting substructures to the input graph, which enables it to address varied tasks without fine-tuning. We train the OFA model using graph data from multiple domains (including citation networks, molecular graphs, knowledge graphs, etc.) simultaneously and evaluate its ability in supervised, few-shot, and zero-shot learning scenarios. OFA performs well across different tasks, making it the first general-purpose across-domains classification model on graphs.