Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Short-Term Synaptic Depression at Thalamocortical Synapses on Orientation Tuning in Cat V 1

We examine the effects of short-term synaptic depression on the orientation tuning of the LGN input to simple cells in cat primary visual cortex (V1). The total LGN input has an untuned component as well as a tuned component, both of which grow with stimulus contrast. The untuned component is not visible in the firing rate responses of the simple cells. The suppression of the contribution of the untuned input component to firing rate responses is key to establishing orientation selectivity and its invariance with stimulus contrast. It has been argued that synaptic depression of LGN inputs could contribute to the selective suppression of the untuned component and thus contribute to the tuning observed in simple cells. We examine this using a model fit to the depression observed at thalamocortical synapses in-vivo, and compare this to an earlier model fit based on in-vitro observations. We examine the tuning of both the conductance and the firing rate induced in simple cells by the net LGN input. We find that depression causes minimal suppression of the untuned component. The primary effect of depression is to cause the contrast response curve to saturate at lower contrasts without differentially affecting the tuned vs. untuned components. This effect is slightly weaker for in-vivo vs. in-vitro parameters. Thus, synaptic depression of LGN inputs does not appreciably contribute to the orientation tuning of V1 simple cells. Citation: Cimenser A, Miller KD (2014) The Effects of Short-Term Synaptic Depression at Thalamocortical Synapses on Orientation Tuning in Cat V1. PLoS ONE 9(8): e106046. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0106046 Editor: Li I. Zhang, University of Southern California, United States of America Received March 24, 2014; Accepted July 30, 2014; Published August 26, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Cimenser, Miller. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. Data is available as a Supporting Information file: Dataset S1. Funding: This study was supported by R01-EY11001 (http://report.nih.gov) to KM and by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation through the Gatsby Initiative in Brain Circuitry at Columbia University (http://www.gatsby.org.uk/en/Neuroscience.aspx). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * Email: aylin@nmr.mgh. harvard.edu
Evaluation of Biocontrol agents against Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing Inflorescence blight of Cashew in Nigeria

Biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger hitherto neglected in the control of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing inflorescence blight disease of cashew were evaluated in-vitro in the mycology laboratory, Plant Pathology Section, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria by dual culture technique; pathogen and the bio-agent at equal-distance, pathogen at periphery and pathogen at the centre respectively to determine their antagonistic effects and find out suitable management strategies. The results revealed that the selected bio-agents were able to inhibit the growth of the pathogen's mycelial significantly (P = 0.05) A. niger (31.87, 74.74, 80.12% respectively) and T. viride (25.38, 60.36, 90.48%respectively) and also reduce the mycelial extension of the pathogen significantly at the adopted dual culture techniques. Keyword: antagonistic potential, bioagents, cashew, culture technique, Inflorescence blight
Multiplex Structure of Social Media and Financial Networks

We take advantage of an extensive data set composed of social media messages related to DJIA index components to investigate the relation between social media and financial markets network structure. Results suggest that social media attention persistence might lead stock market stability. Moreover, the social media structure has a considerable similarity with the stock market yet having higher persistence. In future work, we plan to use correlation-based graphs and network filtering tools to analyse the multiplex structure of social media and financial networks.
Decomposing the Exporter Wage Gap: Selection or Differential Returns?

There is a large literature documenting that workers in exporting firms receive higher wages on average than workers in non-exporting firms. This is also the case for Denmark, where the unconditional exporter wage gap is 3 percent. However, little is known about the sources behind the gap: Is it because more productive (and/or higher paying) firms export, because more productive workers select into the export sector, or is it because matches in the export sector are more productive? In this paper we decompose the gap in wages into these different sources and assess their relative importance. We are the first to show that the presence of exporter-specific worker traits, that are unobservable to the econometrician, is the primary driver of the gap. To reach this finding, we employ a novel econometric strategy and exploit two state-of-art estimators. We start out with an AKM-style wage equation with worker, firm, and match fixed effects. We then use the model in a series of classical decompositions of the exporter wage gap. We show that allowing workers to have time-invariant traits specific to the exporting sector is very important for correctly assessing which factors drive the exporter wage gap. Our results suggest that workers in exporting firms have e.g. skills that are particularly valuable in the exporting sector, therefore generating higher wages in that sector. We also show that workers make job transitions based on these differential returns and thereby the exporter wage gap becomes a result of workers selecting into the export or non-export sector based on their comparative advantage. Finally, we show that our findings are not changed substantially if we instead perform the analysis in a non-linear framework instead of the linear AKM-style framework.
The Peculiar Atmospheric Chemistry of KELT-9b

The atmospheric temperatures of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b straddle the transition between gas giants and stars, and therefore between two traditionally distinct regimes of atmospheric chemistry. Previous theoretical studies assume the atmosphere of KELT-9b to be in chemical equilibrium. Despite the high ultraviolet flux from KELT-9, we show using photochemical kinetic calculations that the observable atmosphere of KELT-9b is predicted to be close to chemical equilibrium, which greatly simplifies any theoretical interpretation of its spectra. It also makes the atmosphere of KELT-9b, which is expected to be cloud-free, a tightly constrained chemical system that lends itself to a clean set of theoretical predictions. Due to the lower pressures probed in transmission (compared to emission) spectroscopy, we predict the abundance of water to vary by several orders of magnitude across the atmospheric limb depending on temperature, which makes water a sensitive thermometer. Carbon monoxide is predicted to be the dominant molecule under a wide range of scenarios, rendering it a robust diagnostic of the metallicity when analyzed in tandem with water. All of the other usual suspects (acetylene, ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, methane) are predicted to be subdominant at solar metallicity, while atomic oxygen, iron, and magnesium are predicted to have relative abundances as high as 1 part in 10,000. Neutral atomic iron is predicted to be seen through a forest of optical and near-infrared lines, which makes KELT-9b suitable for high-resolution ground-based spectroscopy with HARPS-N or CARMENES. We summarize future observational prospects of characterizing the atmosphere of KELT-9b.
An Improved Quantum Algorithm for Ridge Regression

Ridge regression (RR) is an important machine learning technique which introduces a regularization hyperparameter <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="gao-ieq1-2937491.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> to ordinary multiple linear regression for analyzing data suffering from multicollinearity. In this paper, we present a quantum algorithm for RR, where the technique of parallel Hamiltonian simulation to simulate a number of Hermitian matrices in parallel is proposed and used to develop a quantum version of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="gao-ieq2-2937491.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-fold cross-validation approach, which can efficiently estimate the predictive performance of RR. Our algorithm consists of two phases: (1) using quantum <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="gao-ieq3-2937491.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-fold cross-validation to efficiently determine a good <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="gao-ieq4-2937491.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> with which RR can achieve good predictive performance, and then (2) generating a quantum state encoding the optimal fitting parameters of RR with such <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="gao-ieq5-2937491.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, which can be further utilized to predict new data. Since indefinite dense Hamiltonian simulation has been adopted as a key subroutine, our algorithm can efficiently handle non-sparse data matrices. It is shown that our algorithm can achieve exponential speedup over the classical counterpart for (low-rank) data matrices with low condition numbers. But when the condition numbers of data matrices are large to be amenable to full or approximately full ranks of data matrices, only polynomial speedup can be achieved.
Occurrence of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Red Meat Samples

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is becoming a worldwide concern for the public health. They can adversely affect the treatment based on modern beta-lactam antibiotics against bacterial infections as well as possibly becoming a source for the spread of ESBL-encoding genes among different and/or the same bacterial species. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae from a total of 110 red meat samples sold in İstanbul. The samples were initially homogenized in Enterobacteriaceae broth. Subsequently, the homogenized suspensions were exposed to pre-enrichment at 37°C for 18-24 h. After that, Chromogenic ESBL agar was used for selective enrichment at 37°C for 18-24 h again. The presumptive ESBL-producers were sub-cultured on Trypton Soy agar, followed by an overnight incubation at 37°C. The isolates were identified by Vitek®MS (bioMérieux). Finally, the identified isolates were subjected to agar disc diffusion testing, disc diffusion confirmation testing and MIC determination testing using a combination of cefotaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), and cefpodoxime (CPD) discs ± clavulanic acid (CV) according to the guidelines by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The results revealed that a total of 23 isolates were confirmed to be positive for ESBL-production. Of 23 isolates, the most common species was determined as E. coli (30%), followed by C. brakii (22%), E. cloacae (17%), K. pneumoniae (9%), C. freundii (9%), S. fonticola (4%), K. intermedia (4%), and M. wisconsensis (4%). In conclusion, the results of this study provided that the red meat samples harbored ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and they may, therefore, hold a potential risk for the colonization of the consumers with ESBL-producers.
Classification and Characterization 64 of Planetary Landforms

66 Revealing Earth’s history is like trying to solve a 4D jigsaw puzzle whose 67 three-dimensional pieces are in continual motion that mixes and destroys the 68 records of the past. Although the methods of terrestrial geology are more 69 diverse and allow more detailed investigations than planetary geology, its 70 subject is also more complex. Most of the planets and moons appear to have a 71 simpler history, with most of the known solid-surface bodies shaped princi72 pally by impacts. Even the most complex known extraterrestrial worlds lack 73 plate tectonics and, consequently, all landforms and climatic changes related 74 to the supercontinent cycle. The majority of planetary bodies show very old 75 surfaces with apparent ages on the scale of billions of years. Deciphering their 76 history from only what the surface displays seems to be a realistic task. There 77 are only a few worlds whose surfaces are young or very young (Venus, Io, 78 Europa), where no record of previous times is preserved on the surface. 79 The classical approach in earth science was to move from local to global 80 scale, whereas in planetary sciences, on the contrary, global-scale features are 81 identified first, and investigation progresses toward local scales. 82 In the following, we present an outline of the basic methods that were 83 developed in the planetary geological community to best describe and inter84 pret surface features. We present several theoretical models and practical 85 methodologies on how to work with visual information, particularly with 86 photogeological data and with types and tokens. These models are not just 87 theoretical but practical methodologies also, based on terrestrial practice. 88 An additional aim of this book is to explore the philosophical foundations 89 of the methods commonly used in planetary geology. 90 Our knowledge of the geology of solid-surface solar system bodies is 91 derived from several sources: different types of spaceborne and in situ remote 92 sensing data with varying 2D or 3D spatial and temporal resolution; models 93 based on these data (some combined with terrestrial observations); lunar rock 94 and regolith samples; and lunar, martian, and asteroidal meteorites ejected 95 from unknown geographical locations. The remote sensing data rarely reveal 96 active processes or recent surface changes: Such rare examples are the 97 volcanoes of Io; geyser-like eruptions of Europa, Enceladus, and Triton; or 98 several phenomena on Mars: recently formed small impact craters, gullies,
Genetic variation among Japanese populations of Platypus quercivorus ( Coleoptera : Platypodidae ) , an insect vector of Japanese oak wilt disease , based on partial sequence of nuclear 28 S rDNA

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus, is an insect vector of the Ascomycete fungus, Raffaelea quercivora, the causal agent of Japanese oak wilt disease. In this study, we compared the nucleotide sequences (937–955 bp) of the nuclear 28S rDNA fragment, including the D1 and D2 expansion segment, among local populations of the beetle in Japan. Sequence analysis of 81 beetles from 32 collection sites ranging from the Ryukyu Islands to northern Honshu Island showed seven types of sequences, many of which were separated among different geographic areas. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequence types were separated between two deeply divergent genetic groups, suggesting the necessity for taxonomic reexamination of this species. DNA typing of beetles and oak wilt status at the collection sites indicated that several genetically divergent beetle populations are associated with the incidence of the disease. This is the first investigation of genetic variation in the ambrosia beetle across Japan.
Some Inequalities for g-Frames in Hilbert C*-Modules

In this paper, we obtain new inequalities for g-frames in Hilbert C * -modules by using operator theory methods, which are related to a scalar λ ∈ R and an adjointable operator with respect to two g-Bessel sequences. It is demonstrated that our results can lead to several known results on this topic when suitable scalars and g-Bessel sequences are chosen.
Mass Accommodation Coefficient of Water: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Revised Analysis of Droplet Train/Flow Reactor Experiment

The mass accommodation (condensation) coefficient α of water vapor into liquid water was theoretically studied via two complementary approaches: by molecular dynamics (MD) scattering simulation and by computational fluid dynamics simulation of the droplet train/flow reactor experiment. The MD scattering simulation predicts α ∼ 1 at 273 K. The fluid dynamics simulation quantitatively interprets the gaseous resistance in the droplet train flow tube, which demonstrated that the results of the droplet train/flow reactor experiment [Li et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 10627] are consistent with a value for the water α in the range between 0.2 and 1. Both methods are thus seen to be consistent and provide values for the mass accommodation coefficient of water in the ideal situation free from surface impurities and nonequilibrium latent heat production.
Integrability and conformal data of the dimer model

The central charge of the dimer model on the square lattice is still being debated in the literature. In this paper, we provide evidence supporting the consistency of a c = − 2 ? > description. Using Lieb’s transfer matrix and its description in terms of the Temperley–Lieb algebra TL n ? > at β = 0 ? > , we provide a new solution of the dimer model in terms of the model of critical dense polymers on a tilted lattice and offer an understanding of the lattice integrability of the dimer model. The dimer transfer matrix is analyzed in the scaling limit, and the result for L 0 − c 24 ? > is expressed in terms of fermions. Higher Virasoro modes are likewise constructed as limits of elements of TL n ? > and are found to yield a c = − 2 ? > realization of the Virasoro algebra, familiar from fermionic bc ghost systems. In this realization, the dimer Fock spaces are shown to decompose, as Virasoro modules, into direct sums of Feigin–Fuchs modules, themselves exhibiting reducible yet indecomposable structures. In the scaling limit, the eigenvalues of the lattice integrals of motion are found to agree exactly with those of the c = − 2 ? > conformal integrals of motion. Consistent with the expression for L 0 − c 24 ? > obtained from the transfer matrix, we also construct higher Virasoro modes with c = 1 and find that the dimer Fock space is completely reducible under their action. However, the transfer matrix is found not to be a generating function for the c = 1 integrals of motion. Although this indicates that Lieb’s transfer matrix description is incompatible with the c = 1 interpretation, it does not rule out the existence of an alternative, c = 1 compatible, transfer matrix description of the dimer model.
How Do Hours Worked Vary with Income? Cross-Country Evidence and Implications

This paper builds a new internationally comparable database of hours worked to measure how hours vary with income across and within countries. We document that average hours worked per adult are substantially higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries. The pattern of decreasing hours with income holds for both men and women, for adults of all ages and education levels, and along both the extensive and intensive margin. Within countries, hours worked per employed are also decreasing in the individual wage for most countries, though in the richest countries, hours worked are flat or increasing in the wage. Our findings imply that aggregate productivity and welfare differences across countries are larger than currently thought.
Etnia mapuche y condiciones socioeconómicas en la estatura del adulto

Background: Studies in Chilean adults of low socioeconomic level suggest that their low height is likely to be due to their indigenous background. However this group also has been marginalized from socioeconomic development. Aim: To determine the influence of Mapuche ethnic origin and socioeconomic factors on the height of adults. Subjects and methods: In a cross sectional design, the height of 1,293 adults (528 males and 765 females) of Mapuche and non Mapuche origin were studied in the Araucania Region (Southern Chile) and in the Metropolitan Region (Central Chile). Subjects with Mapuche surnames were considered as pertaining to this ethnic community and those with Spanish surnames were considered as non Mapuche. Linear regression models were done, stratifying by sex, considering ethnic origin, to live in counties of different social vulnerability, and the level of family poverty. Results: Among males, the mean height was 166.6±7.3 cm and among females, the figure was 153.6±5.9 cm. Mapuche subjects were significantly shorter: ‐3.2 cm (95% Confidence Interval (CI) ‐4.0 to ‐2.3) among females and ‐4.8 cm (CI ‐6.0 to ‐3.6) among males (non adjusted models). This deficit increased to ‐4.5 and ‐7.6 cm among females and males, respectively when they lived in poverty and in areas with highest social vulnerability. These differences decreased significantly if Mapuche subjects lived in communities with low social vulnerability and less poverty (‐0.59 and ‐1.14 cm among females and males respectively). Conclusions: The studied population had low height, being lower in Mapuche subjects. The differences decreased among subjects living in counties of less vulnerability and less family poverty (Rev Med Chile 2005; 133: 461-8).
Ovos de Toxocara sp. e larvas de Ancylostoma sp. em praça pública de Lavras, MG

Larva migrans visceral e cutânea sao zoonoses parasitarias causadas pela infeccao da larva de Toxocara sp. e Ancylostoma sp. , respectivamente. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a contaminacao por ovos de Toxocara sp. e ovos e larvas de Ancylostoma sp. em amostras de solos coletadas de pracas publicas e de areas de recreacao infantil de Lavras, Estado de Minas Gerais, por meio da tecnica de centrifugo-flutuacao e do metodo de Baermann. A ocorrencia de ovos de Toxocara sp. e, ovos e larvas de Ancylostoma sp. foi observada em 69,6% (16/23) das amostras de solo coletadas de pracas publicas. A contaminacao somente por ovos de Ancylostoma sp. em amostras de solo coletadas em escolas/creches foi de 22,2% (4/18). A percentagem de amostras de areia coletadas de escolas/creches contaminadas somente com larvas de Ancylostoma sp. foi de 11,1% (2/18). Pracas publicas sao as areas com maior risco potencial de infeccao por Toxocara sp. e Ancylostoma sp. Exame coproparasitologico realizado em 174 amostras de fezes de caes observou 58% e 23%, respectivamente, com ovos de Ancylostoma sp. e Toxocara sp.