Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The evolution of kicked stellar-mass black holes in star cluster environments

We consider how dynamical friction acts on black holes that receive a velocity kick while located at the center of a gravitational potential, analogous to a star cluster, due to either a natal kick or the anisotropic emission of gravitational waves during a black hole-black hole merger. Our investigation specifically focuses on how well various Chandrasekhar-based dynamical friction models can predict the orbital decay of kicked black holes with $m_{bh} \lesssim 100 M_\odot$ due to an inhomogeneous background stellar field. In general, the orbital evolution of a kicked black hole follows that of a damped oscillator where two-body encounters and dynamical friction serve as sources of damping. However, we find models for approximating the effects of dynamical friction do not accurately predict the amount of energy lost by the black hole if the initial kick velocity $v_{k}$ is greater than the stellar velocity dispersion $\sigma$. For all kick velocities, we also find that two-body encounters with nearby stars can cause the energy evolution of a kicked BH to stray significantly from standard dynamical friction theory as encounters can sometimes lead to an energy gain. For larger kick velocities, we find the orbital decay of a black hole departs from classical theory completely as the black hole's orbital amplitude decays linearly with time as opposed to exponentially. Therefore, we have developed a linear decay formalism which scales linearly with black hole mass and $\frac{v_{k}}{\sigma}$ in order to account for the variations in the local gravitational potential.
Aggregation-based growth and magnetic properties of inhomogeneous Cu-doped ZnO nanocrystals

The authors report on the ferromagnetic ordering in 1.86at. % Cu-doped ZnO nanocrystals synthesized by a solvothermal route. The distribution of Cu in ZnO lattice was inhomogeneous. In the Cu-poor cores, a spin-split acceptor impurity band model was proposed to explain the ferromagnetism. While in the Cu-rich surface layers, the shallow donorlike defects generated by imperfect oriented attachment could not only compensate a few holes but also readily occupy the Cu 3d states to destroy CuO4 tetrahedra, hence resulting in the short-range antiferromagnetic clusters. As a result, an interesting exchange biasing phenomenon took place at the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic interface.
RELICS: Strong Lensing Analysis of MACS J0417.5–1154 and Predictions for Observing the Magnified High-redshift Universe with JWST

Strong gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies probes the mass distribution at the core of each cluster and magnifies the universe behind it. MACS J0417.5−1154 at z = 0.443 is one of the most massive clusters known based on weak lensing, X-ray, and Sunyaev–Zel’dovich analyses. Here we compute a strong lens model of MACS J0417 based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging observations collected, in part, by the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS), and recently reported spectroscopic redshifts from the MUSE instrument on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We measure an Einstein radius of at z = 9 and a mass projected within 200 kpc of M . Using this model, we measure a ratio between the mass attributed to cluster-member galaxy halos and the main cluster halo of order 1:100. We assess the probability to detect magnified high-redshift galaxies in the field of this cluster, both for comparison with RELICS HST results and as a prediction for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Guaranteed Time Observations upcoming for this cluster. Our lensing analysis indicates that this cluster has similar lensing strength to other clusters in the RELICS program. Our lensing analysis predicts a detection of at least a few z ∼ 6–8 galaxies behind this cluster, at odds with a recent analysis that yielded no such candidates in this field. Reliable strong lensing models are crucial for accurately predicting the intrinsic properties of lensed galaxies. As part of the RELICS program, our strong lensing model produced with the Lenstool parametric method is publicly available through the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes.
Of NBOs and kHz QPOs: a Low-Frequency Modulation in Resonant Oscillations of Relativistic Accretion Disks

The origin of quasi periodic modulations of flux in the kilohertz range (kHz QPOs), observed in low-mass X-ray binaries, is usually assumed to be physically distinct from that of the “normal branch oscillations” (NBOs) in the Z-sources. We show that a low-frequency modulation of the kHz QPOs is a natural consequence of the nonlinear relativistic resonance suggested previously to explain the properties of the high-frequency twin peaks. The theoretical results discussed here are reminiscent of the 6Hz variations of frequency and amplitude of the kHz QPOs reported by Yu, van der Klis, and Jonker (2001, ApJ, 559, L29).
Surface plasmon optical vortices and their influence on atoms

An optical mode is generated in vacuum by the total internal reflection of a beam, at the planar surface of a dielectric on which a metallic film is deposited. When the beam impinging on the surface is a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) mode, the resulting surface mode with field components in the vacuum region possesses vortex properties, in addition to surface plasmon features. Such surface plasmon optical vortex (SPOV) modes have well-defined orbital angular momentum, residing in an azimuthal phase relative to the propagation direction of the internally reflected light. Significantly, as SPOVs are characterized by a small mode volume, they can strongly couple to atomic or molecular systems in the vicinity of the surface. In particular, SPOVs generated by single or counter-propagating, symmetrically incident laser fields give rise to optical forces that can restrict the lateral in-plane motion of such atoms, thus acting as a trap. Typical atom trajectories, evaluated for sodium atoms initially localized in the vicinity of the metallized surface, exhibit a variety of rotational, vibrational and translational effects, as well as trapping.
A Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model for Latent Variables

The nonlinear mixed effects model for continuous repeated measures data has become an increasingly popular and versatile tool for investigating nonlinear longitudinal change in observed variables. In practice, for each individual subject, multiple measurements are obtained on a single response variable over time or condition. This structure can be adapted to examine the change in latent variables rather than modeling change in manifest variables. This article considers a nonlinear mixed effects model for describing nonlinear change of a latent construct over time, where the latent construct of interest is measured by multiple indicators gathered at each measurement occasion. To accomplish this, the nonlinear mixed effects model is modified to include a measurement model that explicitly expresses the relationship of the observed variables to the latent constructs. A method for marginal maximum likelihood estimation of this model is presented and discussed. An example using education data is provided to illustrate the utility of the model.
High Order Necessary Conditions for Optimality

This is a survey paper. First, we review various methods of evaluating singular controls. An original proof of Kelley’s second order necessary conditions for optimality is given. High order optimality conditions are obtained by the method of Kopp and Moyer. The latter method is generalized to multidimensional singular controls (Goh’s result). A method of transformations in state space is presented (Kelley, Gurman). A method for investigating singular controls with the aid of a bundle of variations is described. A survey is made of the results which were obtained with the aid of a bundle of variations and matrix impulses in problems with closed control regions. The problem of joining extremals is singled out. The junction of singular and nonsingular extremals is considered. A survey of necessary conditions for optimality of nonsingular controls is presented. The cases of open and closed control regions are considered separately.
Modeling the Disruption of the Globular Cluster Palomar 5 by Galactic Tides

The globular cluster Palomar 5 is remarkable not only because of its extended massive tidal tails, but also for its very low mass and velocity dispersion, and its size, which is much larger than its theoretical tidal radius. In order to understand these extreme properties, we performed more than 1000 N-body simulations of clusters traversing the Milky Way on the orbit of Pal 5. Tidal shocks at disk crossings near perigalacticon dominate the evolution of extended low-concentration clusters, resulting in massive tidal tails and often in a quick destruction of the cluster. The very large size of Pal 5 can be explained as the result of an expansion following the heating induced by the last strong disk shock ∼150 Myr ago. Some of the models can reproduce the low observed velocity dispersion and the relative fractions of stars in the tails and between the inner and outer parts of the tails. Our simulations illustrate to what extent the observable tidal tails trace out the orbit of the parent object. The tidal tails of Pal 5 show substantial structure not seen in our simulations. We argue that this structure is probably caused by Galactic substructure, such as giant molecular clouds, spiral arms, and dark matter clumps, which was ignored in our modeling. Clusters initially larger than their theoretical tidal limit remain so, because after being shocked, they settle into a new equilibrium near apogalacticon where they are unaffected by the perigalactic tidal field. This implies that, contrary to previous wisdom, globular clusters on eccentric orbits may well remain supertidally limited and hence vulnerable to strong disk shocks, which dominate their evolution until destruction. Our simulations unambiguously predict the destruction of Pal 5 at its next disk crossing in ∼110 Myr. This corresponds to only 1% of the cluster lifetime, suggesting that many more similar systems could once have populated the inner parts of the Milky Way but have been transformed into debris streams by the Galactic tidal field.
Effects of Topography and Potential Vorticity Forcing on Solitary Rossby Waves in Zonally Varying Flow

A theory is developed that describes the effects of topography and potential vorticity (PV) forcing on the dynamics of solitary Rossby waves (SRWs) in zonally varying background flow. The cornerstone of the theory is the background flow, which is systematically derived rather than simply being specified as in previous theories. The evolution of the disturbance field is governed by a forced, variable coefficient Korteweg-deVries equation, which possesses SRW, low-frequency wave packet, and multiple equilibrium solutions. Although we refer to the zonally varying portion of the background flow as the stationary wave, it could just as easily be referred to as the zonally varying jet or some other feature indicating zonal variations in the background flow. The phrase “stationary” does not mean that the wave is independent of time, only that it is nonpropagating. The topography and PV forcing structures affect the evolution of the disturbance in fundamentally different ways. For example, if the topography is meridionally symmetric, it does not affect the translation speed of a meridionally antisymmetric disturbance. If the PV forcing is sufficiently weak or meridionally symmetric, it does not affect the local growth/decay of the disturbance. Conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy are derived. For locally parallel background flow, the mass and momentum equations show that the background meridional wind and local topographic slope enter as source/sink terms. In the mass equation these terms can be combined and written solely in terms of the PV forcing. Additionally, weak or meridionally symmetric PV forcing allows the evolution equation to be written in terms of a Hamiltonian, which conserves both mass and energy. Numerical solutions of the amplitude equation reveal a richness of behaviors not found in previous studies of SRWs. These behaviors include transmission, reflection, and trapping, which may combine to produce regional confinement and local spawning of new disturbances. The regional confinement and spawning behavior only occurs when the zonally varying background flow and topography are considered in combination and displaced with respect to each other, a configuration reminiscent of observed flows in the atmosphere.
Large photocurrent generation in multiwall carbon nanotubes

The authors demonstrate the ability of multiwall carbon nanotubes to generate photocurrents in the near ultraviolet and visible spectral ranges using electrochemical photocurrent measurements. The photogenerated current depends on the excitation wavelength similar to that for single wall carbon nanotubes. Its intensity and modulation can be related to the carbon nanotubes morphology. The maximum photon-to-current conversion efficiency is approximately 7%, about 50 times higher than that reported for single wall carbon nanotubes. This result is of particular relevance for photovoltaic nanodevices and solar energy conversion applications.
The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog

The Washington Double Star Catalog (WDS), maintained by the US Naval Observatory, is the world's principal database of astrometric double and multiple star information. The WDS contains positions (J2000), discoverer designations, epochs, position angles, separations, magnitudes, spectral types, proper motions, and, when available, Durchmusterung numbers and notes for the components of 84,486 systems based on 563,326 means. The current version, available on-line, is updated nightly. This catalog is one of four USNO double star catalogs to be included on a new CD-ROM. A brief summary and statistical analysis of the contents of the catalog are presented.
ANTIFUNGAL Trycophyton rubrum AND Trycophyton mentagrophytes IN LIQUID BATH SOAP FERMENTED PROBIOTIC KOMBUCHA TELANG FLOWER ( Clitoria ternatea L) AS A PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCT

Telang flower kombucha (Clitoria ternatea L) is a functional probiotic drink that has antifungal properties. This study aimed to examine the antifungal activity of the probiotic bath soap formulation fermented kombucha telang flower against Trycophyton rubrum and Trycophyton mentagrophytes. This research method was carried out experimentally in an in vitro laboratory. The formulation of the fermented kombucha bath soap for the flower of telang was made with varying concentrations of 20%, 30%, and 40%. The preparation of probiotic bath soap for kombucha telang flower was tested for its antifungal activity against the bacteria T. rubrum and T. megantrophytes using the disc diffusion method. The working procedure includes the manufacture of bath soap preparations, and antifungal activity tests on the probiotic kombucha bath soap preparations of telang flower. The results of the study were positively correlated based on the one-way ANOVA test with f count greater than f table and showed that telang flower kombucha in the form of probiotic bath soap had antifungal activity against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes as a whole. The concentration of 40% was the highest concentration in the probiotic soap preparations fermented kombucha telang flower with an average inhibition zone diameter of 17.70 mm in T. rubrum species and 17.30 mm in T. mentagrophytes species. The average value of the diameter of the inhibition zone is included in the strong category.
An active particle in a complex fluid

In this work, we study active particles with prescribed surface velocities in non-Newtonian fluids. We employ the reciprocal theorem to obtain the velocity of an active spherical particle with an arbitrary axisymmetric slip velocity in an otherwise quiescent second-order fluid. We then determine how the motion of a diffusiophoretic Janus particle is affected by complex fluid rheology, namely viscoelasticity and shear-thinning viscosity, compared to a Newtonian fluid, assuming a fixed slip velocity. We find that a Janus particle may go faster or slower in a viscoelastic fluid, but is always slower in a shear-thinning fluid as compared to a Newtonian fluid.
Absolute calibration for a broad range single shot electron spectrometer

This article gives a detailed description of a single shot electron spectrometer which was used to characterize electron beams produced by laser-plasma interaction. Contrary to conventional electron sources, electron beams from laser-plasma accelerators can produce a broad range of energies. Therefore, diagnosing these electron spectra requires specific attention and experimental development. Here, we provide an absolute calibration of the Lanex Kodak Fine screen on a laser-triggered radio frequency picosecond electron accelerator. The efficiency of scintillating screens irradiated by electron beams has never been investigated so far. This absolute calibration is then compared to charge measurements from an integrating current transformer for quasimonoenergetic electron spectra from laser-plasma interaction.
Asymptotic behaviour of transfer function synthesis methods

This paper presents an analysis of the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions to various iterative linear least-squares methods that synthesize transfer functions from frequency-response data. The methods of Sanathanan and Koerner and Lawrence and Rogers are shown to possess asymptotic solutions that do not coincide with the solution to a fundamental non-linear least-squares criterion. Several methods with more appropriate asymptotic behaviour are then suggested. The analytical tools presented should allow analysis of conditions for the convergence of iterative linear least-squares methods.
Temporal Behavior of the Evershed Effect

We study the Evershed flow in the photosphere and the reverse Evershed flow in the chromosphere from simultaneous observations, giving emphasis to the temporal evolution of the phenomena. We compute the components of the velocity vector as a function of distance from the center of the sunspot, assuming an axial symmetry of both the spot and the flow. A five-minute oscillatory pattern is obvious in the penumbra at photospheric level. Our results verify that the velocity of the Evershed flow has a maximum above the penumbra in the photosphere and well outside the penumbra in the chromosphere. We find evidence of temporal variations prominent in the radial component of the average photospheric velocity with a characteristic timescale of 25 minutes. We consider a transient siphon flow or a wave superimposed on a steady flow as possible explanations for the temporal behavior of the photospheric Evershed flow. The radial component of the chromospheric reverse Evershed flow shows a repetitive temporal variation with a typical timescale of 15 minutes. The variation consists of enhanced velocity amplitudes that propagate to an opposite direction from the flow with a velocity of about 5-6 km s-1. This behavior cannot be easily explained in the frame of a transient flow and strongly suggests that it is related to the propagation of a wave. We examine the possibility of its being associated with the propagation of running penumbral waves in the superpenumbra. The temporal evolution of the line-of-sight velocity across superpenumbral fibrils presents alterations that can be associated with a time-dependent flow. However, we also observe propagating velocity packets that can be associated with a wave.
The velocity dispersion in the disk of the S0 galaxy NGC 1553

On etudie en fonction du rayon les effets de la dispersion des vitesses sur la structure et la stabilite du disque de la galaxie SBO NGC 936. Les resultats obtenus sont compares a ceux des trois galaxies non barrees ou faiblement barrees etudiees jusqu'ici: la Galaxie (SABbc), NGC488(SAb) et NGC 1553(SAO)
Use of clinical algorithms and rapid influenza testing to manage influenza-like illness: a cost-effectiveness analysis in Sri Lanka

Background Acute respiratory infections are a common reason for antibiotic overuse. We previously showed that providing Sri Lankan clinicians with positive rapid influenza test results was associated with a reduction in antibiotic prescriptions. The economic impact of influenza diagnostic strategies is unknown. Methods We estimated the incremental cost per antibiotic prescription avoided with three diagnostic strategies versus standard care when managing Sri Lankan outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI): (1) influenza clinical prediction tool, (2) targeted rapid influenza testing and (3) universal rapid influenza testing. We compared findings with literature-based estimates of the cost of antimicrobial resistance attributable to each antibiotic prescription. Results Standard care was less expensive than other strategies across all parameter values in one-way sensitivity analyses. The incremental cost per antibiotic prescription avoided with clinical prediction versus standard care was US$3.0, which was lower than the base-case estimate of the cost of antimicrobial resistance per ILI antibiotic prescription (US$12.5). The incremental cost per antibiotic prescription avoided with targeted testing and universal testing versus standard care were both higher than the base-case cost of antimicrobial resistance per ILI antibiotic prescription: US$49.1 and US$138.3, respectively. To obtain a cost-effectiveness ratio lower than US$12.5 with targeted testing versus standard care, the test price must be <US$2.6. At a higher threshold of US$28.7, the test price must be <US$7.7. Conclusion Clinical prediction tools and targeted rapid influenza testing may be cost-saving strategies in Sri Lanka when accounting for the societal cost of antimicrobial resistance.
The Friction and Lubrication of Solids

Originally published in 1950, this classic book was a landmark in the development of the subject of tribology. For this edition, David Tabor has written a new preface, reviewing the many advances made in this field during the past 36 years and outlining the achievements of Frank Philip Bowden. The book covers the behavior of non-metals, especially elastomers; elastohydrodynamic lubrication; and the wear of sliding surfaces, which has gradually replaced the earlier concentration on the mechanism of friction. It remains one of the most interesting and comprehensive works available on a single branch of physics.
Detection of X-ray spectral state transitions in mini-outbursts of black hole transient GRS 1739−278

We report the detection of the state transitions and hysteresis effect in the two mini-outbursts of the black hole (BH) transient GRS 1739$-$278 following its 2014 major outburst. The X-ray spectral evolutions in these two mini-outbursts are similar to the major outburst, in spite of their peak luminosities and the outburst durations are one order of magnitude lower. We found the $L_\mathrm{hard-to-soft}$ and the $L_\mathrm{peak,soft}$ of the mini-outbursts also follow the correlation previous found in other X-ray binaries. The $L_\mathrm{hard-to-soft}$ of the mini-outbursts is still higher than that of the persistent BH binary Cyg X-1, which supports that there is a link between the maximum luminosity a source can reach in the hard state and the corresponding non-stationary accretion represented by substantial rate-of-change in the mass accretion rate during flares/outbursts. The detected luminosity range of these two mini-outbursts is roughly in 3.5$\times 10^{-5}$-- 0.015 ($D/7.5$ kpc)$^{2}$($M/8M_{\odot}$) $L_\mathrm{Edd}$. The X-ray spectra of other BH transients at such low luminosities are usually dominated by a power-law component, and an anti-correlation is observed between the photon index and the X-ray luminosity below 1\% $L_\mathrm{Edd}$. So the detection of X-ray spectral state transitions indicates that the accretion flow evolution in these two mini-outbursts of GRS 1739$-$278 are different from other BH systems at such low-luminosity regime.