Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LOW-VELOCITY COLLISIONS OF CENTIMETER-SIZED DUST AGGREGATES

Collisions between centimeter- and decimeter-sized dusty bodies are important in understanding the mechanisms leading to the formation of planetesimals. We performed laboratory experiments to study the collisional behavior of dust aggregates in this size range at velocities below and around the fragmentation threshold. We developed two independent experimental setups with the same goal: to study the effects of bouncing, fragmentation, and mass transfer in free particle–particle collisions. The first setup is an evacuated drop tower with a free-fall height of 1.5 m, providing us with 0.56 s of microgravity time, so that we observed collisions with velocities between 8 mm s−1 and 2 m s−1. The second setup is designed to study the effect of partial fragmentation (when only one of the two aggregates is destroyed) and mass transfer in more detail. It allows for the measurement of the accretion efficiency because the samples are safely recovered after the encounter. At very low velocities, we found that bouncing was as expected, while the fragmentation velocity of 20 cm s−1 was significantly lower than expected. We present the critical energy for disruptive collisions Q⋆, which were at least two orders of magnitude lower than previous experiments in the literature. In the wide range between bouncing and disruptive collisions, only one of the samples fragmented in the encounter, while the other gained mass. The accretion efficiency on the order of a few percentage points of the particle's mass depends on the impact velocity and the sample porosity. Our results will have consequences for dust evolution models in protoplanetary disks as well as for the strength of large, porous planetesimal bodies.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF CORONAL JETS TO THE SOLAR WIND

Transient collimated plasma eruptions in the solar corona, commonly known as coronal (or X-ray) jets, are among the most interesting manifestations of solar activity. It has been suggested that these events contribute to the mass and energy content of the corona and solar wind, but the extent of these contributions remains uncertain. We have recently modeled the formation and evolution of coronal jets using a three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code with thermodynamics in a large spherical domain that includes the solar wind. Our model is coupled to 3D MHD flux-emergence simulations, i.e., we use boundary conditions provided by such simulations to drive a time-dependent coronal evolution. The model includes parametric coronal heating, radiative losses, and thermal conduction, which enables us to simulate the dynamics and plasma properties of coronal jets in a more realistic manner than done so far. Here, we employ these simulations to calculate the amount of mass and energy transported by coronal jets into the outer corona and inner heliosphere. Based on observed jet-occurrence rates, we then estimate the total contribution of coronal jets to the mass and energy content of the solar wind to (0.4–3.0)% and (0.3–1.0)%, respectively. Our results are largely consistent with the few previous rough estimates obtained from observations, supporting the conjecture that coronal jets provide only a small amount of mass and energy to the solar wind. We emphasize, however, that more advanced observations and simulations (including parametric studies) are needed to substantiate this conjecture.
An Empirical Analysis of the Factors Associated with Mushroom Cultivation: A Case of Dhaka

The analysis aimed to identify mushroom production and marketing problems by different stakeholders in Bangladesh, specifically in the Dhaka district. It also seeks to improve the mushroom marketing system for domestic markets. The research was carried out in the Savar Upazila, located in the Dhaka district. One hundred twenty-one farmers were randomly picked and asked questions using an interview schedule to collect data. Pearson's chi-squared test was utilized to investigate the degree to which socio-demographic factors and the response variable are related. In the end, a multivariate method known as logistic regression analysis is used to study the relationships between each predictor variable and the result variable that pertains to the respondents. The result revealed significant effects of gender, farmer's education, and information sources for intermediate and experienced mushroom cultivators. However, land size, scientific cultivation, sources of capital, packaging, and sale were stronger among expert mushroom farmers than the new and mediocre mushroom farmers. This research provides valuable insights to improve the mushroom marketing system for domestic markets.
Phase-Mixing and Dissipation of Standing Shear Alfvén Waves

Abstract We study the phase mixing and dissipation of a packet of standing shear Alfvén waves localized in a region with non-uniform Alfvén background velocity. We investigate the validity of the exponential damping law in time, exp (–At 3), presented by Heyvaerts & Priest (1983) for different ranges of Lundquist, S, and Reynolds, R, numbers. Our numerical results shows that it is valid for (R,S) ≥ 107.
Vet-OncoNet: Malignancy Analysis of Neoplasms in Dogs and Cats

Simple Summary An overview analysis of tumors in dogs and cats, dividing them into malignant and benign, may provide previously unknown information about the biological behavior of tumors in these species and may serve many veterinarians as a support for clinical decision making. Based on a sample of 16,272 cancer records, including 3266 cats and 13,006 dogs, the analysis found that cats have a fourfold risk of malignant tumors, as in some topographies. Sex appears to play a role in the malignancy only in dogs. Some dog breeds (Pit bull and Boxer) have a higher risk of malignant tumors as opposed to Shih tzu and Yorkshire terrier. District of residence was not relevant in predicting malignancy risk. Most importantly, the risk of malignant tumors increases by 20% every three years. Abstract Analysis of canine and feline tumor malignancy data can help clinicians identify high-risk patients and make more accurate decisions. Based on a sample of 16,272 cancer records, including 3266 cats and 13,006 dogs, collected from January 2019 to December 2021 in the Vet-OncoNet Network database, this study aimed to compare the tumor malignancy profile between cats and dogs, considering animal-related factors (sex, age, and breed), topography, and geographic location using a mixed-effects logistic regression model. Cats had a higher proportion of malignant tumors (78.7%) than dogs (46.2%), and the malignancy profile was very different regarding tumors’ topographies. The mean age of malignant tumors occurred eight months later than benign ones (9.1, SD = 3.4; 9.8, SD = 3.2), in general. Species (OR = 3.96, 95%CI 3.57: 4.39) and topography (MOR = 4.10) were the two most important determinants of malignancy risk. Female dogs had a higher risk than male dogs (OR = 1.19, 95%CI 1.08: 1.31), which does not appear to be the case in cats (OR = 0.98, 95%CI 0.77: 1.23). Breed contributed significantly to differences in malignancy risk in dogs (MOR = 1.56), particularly in pit bulls and boxers. District of residence was not so relevant in predicting malignancy risk (MOR = 1.14). In both species, the risk of malignancy increased by approximately 20% every three years. It could be hypothesized that species differences in genetic structure may contribute to tumor malignancy.
Quantum Groups in Two-Dimensional Physics

Preface 1. S-matrices, spin chains and vertex models 2. The Yang-Baxter equation - a first look 3. Bethe ansatz - some examples 4. The eight-vertex model 5. Face models 6. Quantum groups - mathematical review 7. Integrable models at roots of unit 8. Two-dimensional conformal field theories 9. Duality in conformal field theories 10. Coulomb gas representation 11. Quantum groups in conformal field theory.
Spin-density wave and asymmetry of coherence peaks in iron pnictide superconductors from a two-orbital model

We study theoretically the coexistence of the spin-density-wave (SDW) and superconductivity in electron-doped iron-pnictide superconductors based on the two orbital model and Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. The phase diagram is mapped out and the evolution of the Fermi surface as the doping varies is presented. The local density of states (LDOS) has also been calculated from low to high doping. We show that the strength of the superconducting coherent peak at the positive energy gets enhanced and the one at the negative energy is suppressed by the SDW order in the underdoped region. Several features of our results are in good agreement with the experiments.
Nitric Oxide Production and Effects in Group B Streptococcus Chorioamnionitis

Intrauterine infection, or chorioamnionitis, due to group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a common cause of miscarriage and preterm birth. To cause chorioamnionitis, GBS must bypass maternal-fetal innate immune defenses including nitric oxide (NO), a microbicidal gas produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). This study examined placental NO production and its role in host-pathogen interactions in GBS chorioamnionitis. In a murine model of ascending GBS chorioamnionitis, placental NOS isoform expression quantified by RT-qPCR revealed a four-fold expression increase in inducible NOS, no significant change in expression of endothelial NOS, and decreased expression of neuronal NOS. These NOS expression results were recapitulated ex vivo in freshly collected human placental samples that were co-incubated with GBS. Immunohistochemistry of wild type C57BL/6 murine placentas with GBS chorioamnionitis demonstrated diffuse inducible NOS expression with high-expression foci in the junctional zone and areas of abscess. Pregnancy outcomes between wild type and inducible NOS-deficient mice did not differ significantly although wild type dams had a trend toward more frequent preterm delivery. We also identified possible molecular mechanisms that GBS uses to survive in a NO-rich environment. In vitro exposure of GBS to NO resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition that varied by serovar. RNA-seq on two GBS strains with distinct NO resistance phenotypes revealed that both GBS strains shared several detoxification pathways that were differentially expressed during NO exposure. These results demonstrate that the placental immune response to GBS chorioamnionitis includes induced NO production and indicate that GBS activates conserved stress pathways in response to NO exposure.
Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Vitamin E is essential for health, and although vitamin E deficiency seems rare in humans, studies on estimates of dietary intake are lacking. This study aimed to estimate dietary vitamin E intake, evaluate dietary adequacy of vitamin E, and detail major food sources of vitamin E in the Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016–2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year that participated in a nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall and individual dietary vitamin E intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin E database. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS For all study subjects, mean daily total vitamin E intake was 7.00 mg α-tocopherol equivalents, which was 61.6% of AI. The proportion of individuals that consumed vitamin E at above the AI was 12.9%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, older individuals, rural residents, and those with a low income. Mean daily intakes of tocopherol (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-forms) and tocotrienol were 6.02, 0.30, 6.19, 1.63, and 1.61 mg, respectively. The major food groups that contributed to total dietary vitamin E intake were grains (22.3%), seasonings (17.0%), vegetables (15.3%), and fish, and shellfish (7.4%). The top 5 individual food items that contributed to total vitamin E intake were baechu kimchi, red pepper powder, eggs, soybean oil, and rice. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that mean dietary vitamin E intake by Koreans did not meet the reference adequate intake value. To better understand the status of vitamin E intake, further research is needed that considers intake from dietary supplements.
THE DETECTION OF ULTRA-FAINT LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS DWARF GALAXIES IN THE VIRGO CLUSTER: A PROBE OF DARK MATTER AND BARYONIC PHYSICS

We have discovered 11 ultra-faint (r ≲ 22.1) low surface brightness (LSB, central surface brightness 23 ≲ μr ≲ 26) dwarf galaxy candidates in one deep Virgo field of just 576 arcmin2 obtained by the Large Binocular Camera at the Large Binocular Telescope. Their association with the Virgo cluster is supported by their distinct position in the central surface brightness—total magnitude plane with respect to the background galaxies of similar total magnitude. They have typical absolute magnitudes and scale sizes, if at the distance of Virgo, in the range −13 ≲ Mr ≲ −9 and 250 ≲ rs ≲ 850 pc, respectively. Their colors are consistent with a gradually declining star formation history with a specific star formation rate of the order of 10−11 yr−1, i.e., 10 times lower than that of main sequence star-forming galaxies. They are older than the cluster formation age and appear to be regular in morphology. They represent the faintest extremes of the population of low luminosity LSB dwarfs that has recently been detected in wider surveys of the Virgo cluster. Thanks to the depth of our observations, we are able to extend the Virgo luminosity function down to Mr ∼ −9.3 (corresponding to total masses M ∼ 107 M⊙), finding an average faint-end slope α ≃ −1.4. This relatively steep slope puts interesting constraints on the nature of the dark matter and, in particular, on warm dark matter (WDM) often invoked to solve the overprediction of the dwarf number density by the standard cold dark matter scenario. We derive a lower limit on the WDM particle mass >1.5 keV.
Conception of quantum cosmology

Quantum cosmology describes universe as a relativistic object with an evolution defined by an equation for the energy density corresponding to the least action principle: (Taganov, 2008). In quantum cosmology this equation plays the same role as the Planck equation does in quantum physics. Universe evolution consists of not only the space expansion but also a deceleration of the course of physical time. Durations of all processes, measured by decelerating physical time, are always longer, than corresponding durations, measured by a scale of the invariable uniform Newtonian time. Quantum interpretation of the redshift phenomenon enables to estimate the Hubble parameter by means of fundamental physical constants. In the course of evolution, the universe retains the self-similarity defined by the constancy of the characteristic scale relations for micro- and mega worlds with an average fractal dimension of the typical cosmic large-scale structures D=2. Quantum cosmology advances new relations for the microwave background parameters, apparent stellar magnitudes and redshifts; formulae for the cosmological increase of the macroscopic space- and time- characteristics and evaluation of quasar redshifts and luminosities.
Validating the Chinese Version of the Academic Grit Scale in Selected Adolescents

This study evaluated the factor structure, measurement invariance, criterion-related and incremental validity of the Chinese version of the Academic Grit Scale (AGS) among 723 adolescents from mainland China. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the single-factor model, exhibiting scalar invariance across gender and partial scalar invariance across groups (i.e., middle and high school students). The AGS total score showed internal consistency and temporal stability when used one month later. Moreover, academic grit was shown to be positively correlated with academic achievement, general grit, and dimensional student engagement. Academic grit also predicted academic achievement after isolating the effects of the related variables (i.e., general grit and student engagement) and overlapping components of academic grit and the related variables. Overall, the Chinese version of the AGS demonstrated adequate reliability and validity and was shown to be a useful tool for examining academic grit in Chinese adolescents.
Violating the string winding number maximally in Anti-de Sitter space

We study n-string scattering amplitudes in three-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space (AdS3). We focus our attention on the processes in which the winding number conservation is violated maximally; that is, those processes in which it is violated in n-2 units. A worldsheet conformal field theory calculation leads us to confirm a previous conjecture about the functional form of these observables.
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE MASS ACCRETION RATES OF PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS. I. METHOD AND APPLICATION TO THE SN 1987A FIELD

We have developed and successfully tested a new self-consistent method to reliably identify pre-main-sequence (PMS) objects actively undergoing mass accretion in a resolved stellar population, regardless of their age. The method does not require spectroscopy and combines broadband V and I photometry with narrowband Hα imaging to (1) identify all stars with excess Hα emission, (2) convert the excess Hα magnitude into Hα luminosity L(Hα), (3) estimate the Hα emission equivalent width, (4) derive the accretion luminosity Lacc from L(Hα), and finally (5) obtain the mass accretion rate from Lacc and the stellar parameters (mass and radius). By selecting stars with an accuracy of 15% or better in the Hα photometry, the statistical uncertainty on the derived is typically ≲17% and is dictated by the precision of the Hα photometry. Systematic uncertainties, of up to a factor of 3 on the value of , are caused by our incomplete understanding of the physics of the accretion process and affect all determinations of the mass accretion rate, including those based on a spectroscopic Hα line analysis. As an application of our method, we study the accretion process in a field of 9.16 arcmin2 around SN 1987A, using existing Hubble Space Telescope photometry. We identify as bona fide PMS stars a total of 133 objects with a Hα excess above the 4σ level and a median age of 13.5 Myr. Their median mass accretion rate of 2.6 × 10−8 M☉ yr−1 is in excellent agreement with previous determinations based on the U-band excess of the stars in the same field, as well as with the value measured for G-type PMS stars in the Milky Way. The accretion luminosity of these PMS objects shows a strong dependence on their distance from a group of hot massive stars in the field and suggests that the ultraviolet radiation of the latter is rapidly eroding the circumstellar disks around PMS stars.
Asymmetric dark matter may alter the evolution of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs

We study energy transport by asymmetric dark matter in the interiors of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. Our motivation is to explore astrophysical signatures of asymmetric dark matter, which otherwise may not be amenable to conventional indirect dark matter searches. In viable models, the additional cooling of very-low mass stellar cores can alter stellar properties. Asymmetric dark matter with mass 4 < Mx/GeV < 10 and a spin-dependent (spin-independent) cross sections of sigma \sim 10^{-37} cm^2 (sigma \sim 10^{-40} cm^2) can increase the minimum mass of main sequence hydrogen burning, partly determining whether or not the object is a star at all. Similar dark matter candidates reduce the luminosities of low-mass stars and accelerate the cooling of brown dwarfs. Such light dark matter is of particular interest given results from the DAMA, CoGeNT, and CRESST dark matter searches. We discuss possibilities for observing dark matter effects in stars in the solar neighborhood, globular clusters, and, of particular promise, local dwarf galaxies, among other environments, as well as exploiting these effects to constrain dark matter properties.
Dispersion and Aggregation Fate of Individual and Co-Existing Metal Nanoparticles under Environmental Aqueous Suspension Conditions

The use of diverse metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in a wide range of commercial products has led to their co-existence in the aqueous environment. The current study explores the dispersion and aggregation fate of five prominent MNPs (silver, copper, iron, nickel, and titanium), in both their individual and co-existing forms. We address a knowledge gap regarding their environmental fate under turbulent condition akin to flowing rivers. We present tandem analytical techniques based on dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy for discerning their dispersion behavior under residence times of turbulence, ranging from 0.25 to 4 h. The MNPs displayed a multimodal trend for dispersion and aggregation behavior with suspension time in aqueous samples. The extent of dispersion was variable and depended upon intrinsic properties of MNPs. However, the co-existing MNPs displayed a dominant hetero-aggregation effect, independent of the residence times. Further research with use of real-world environmental samples can provide additional insights on the effects of sample chemistry on MNPs fate.
Convexity properties of entropy functions and analysis of diversity

Some natural conditions which a diversity measure (variability) of a probability distribution should satisfy imply that it must have certain convexity properties, considered as a functional on the space of probability distributions. It is shown that some of the well known entropy functions, which are used as diversity measures do not have all the desirable properties and are, therefore, of limited use. A new measure called the quadratic entropy has been introduced, which seems to be well suited for studying diversity. Methods for apportioning diversity (APDIV) at various levels of a hierarchically classified set of populations are described. The concept of analysis of diversity (ANODIV), as a generalization of ANOVA, applicable to observations of any type, is developed and its use in the analysis of cross classified data is demonstrated. The choice of a suitable measure of diversity for the above purpose is discussed.
ALMA-SZ DETECTION OF A GALAXY CLUSTER MERGER SHOCK AT HALF THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE

We present ALMA measurements of a merger shock using the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect signal, at the location of a radio relic in the famous El Gordo galaxy cluster at . Multi-wavelength analysis in combination with the archival Chandra data and a high-resolution radio image provides a consistent picture of the thermal and non-thermal signal variation across the shock front and helps to put robust constraints on the shock Mach number as well as the relic magnetic field. We employ a Bayesian analysis technique for modeling the SZ and X-ray data self-consistently, illustrating respective parameter degeneracies. Combined results indicate a shock with Mach number , which in turn suggests a high value of the magnetic field (of the order of 4–10 ) to account for the observed relic width at 2 GHz. At roughly half the current age of the universe, this is the highest-redshift direct detection of a cluster shock to date, and one of the first instances of an ALMA-SZ observation in a galaxy cluster. It shows the tremendous potential for future ALMA-SZ observations to detect merger shocks and other cluster substructures out to the highest redshifts.