Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecologia da comunidade de metazoários parasitos da anchova Pomatomus saltator (Linnaeus) (Osteichthyes, Pomatomidae) do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Fifty-five specimens of bluefish, Pomatomus saltator (Linnaeus, 1766), collected at Cabo Frio (23oS, 42oW), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between March 1995 and November 1995, were necropsied to study their infracommunities of metazoan parasites. Sixteen species of metazoan parasites were collected. All fish were parasitized by one or more metazoan. The digeneans were the majority of the parasite specimens collected, with 44.2%, followed by the helminth larval stages (cestodes, acanthocephalans, and nematodes) with 40.6%. The Simpson index for all parasite species was 0.097, indicating lack of dominance by any species in the parasite community. Microcotyle pomatomi Goto, 1899 showed the higher frequency of dominance and mean relative dominance. The parasite species of P. saltator showed the typical overdispersed pattern of distribution. The majority of parasite species showed positive correlation between the host's total body length and prevalence or parasite abundance. Two species, Brachyphallus parvus (Manter, 1947) and Phocanema sp. have differences in their prevalences and abundances in relation to sex of the hosts. The mean diversity in the infracommunities of P. saltator was H'=1.243±0.521, with correlation with the host's total length and without difference between male and female fish. The components of the parasite community of P. saltator showed overall positive association. All pairs confonned by ectoparasites and adult endoparasites species showed signiticant positive association or covariation between their abundances. Five pairs of endoparasites larval species showed positive association or covariation, and two pairs, showed negative association and covariation. The parasite community of P. saltator was dominated by species with high prevalence values, that composed a high number of associations, thus, is considered closer to the interactive type.
A novel method for the determination of acid value of vegetable oils

The voltammetric behavior of naphthoquinone in the presence of free fatty acids (FFA) at the polypyrrole (PPy)-modified electrode was investigated in an ethanol/1,2-dichloroethane (3 : 1) solution containing 0.1 M LiClO4. A well-defined new reduction peak appeared at a more positive potential and was higher than that obtained at the bare Pt electrode. Based on the fact that the new reduction peak current showed a good correlation with the concentration of fatty acids, an electroanalytical method for the acid value (AV) of vegetable oils was developed using the PPy-modified electrode in linear potential sweep voltammetry. The experimental parameters were optimized to obtain a sensitive voltammetric response in this work. A linear calibration graph was obtained in the concentration range of 5.0×10–6–6×10–3 M for FFA (R = 0.993), with a sensitivity of 2.41×10–2 A L/mol and a detection limit of 1.2×10–6 M (S/N = 3). Each assay of vegetable oil sample took about 80 s. The developed method is applied to the AV determination of six commercial vegetable oils. The results well agreed with those obtained by the titration method. Compared to the conventional titration method, the proposed method is superior in sensitivity and accuracy and requires a small amount of vegetable oil sample, with no pretreatment.
Effects of Nitrogen-Fertilization on several Woody and Nonwoody Boreal Forest Species

The effects of three levels of fertilizer were tested on the growth of several woody and nonwoody plants from a boreal forest community in southwestern Yukon. The effects of fertilization were assessed by clipping ground layer vegetation and measuring twig growth at the end of the second summer. Over the 2 years of fertilization there were significant increases in growth over control levels for perennial grasses (Festuca altaica and Calamagrostis lapponica), two herbs (Epilobium angustifolium and Achillea millefolium), and two deciduous shrubs (Salix glauca and Betula glandulosa). However, the growth of white spruce trees (Picea glauca) increased only slightly in response to increasing nitrogen levels, and the evergreen dwarf shrub Arctostaphylos uva-ursi showed no response. Key words: fertilization, boreal forest, shrubs, grasses, herbs, nitrogen.
Big Soda Lake (Nevada). 1. Pelagic bacterial heterotrophy and biomass

Bacterial activities and abundance were measured seasonally in the water column of meromictic Big Soda Lake which is divided into three chemically distinct zones: aerobic mixolimnion, anaerobic mixolimnion, and anaerobic monimolimnion. Bacterial abundance ranged between 5 and 52 x 10h cells ml-‘, with highest biomass at the interfaces between these zones: 2-4 mg C liter’ in the photosynthetic bacterial layer (oxycline) and 0.8-2.0 mg C liter’ in the chemocline. Bacterial cell size and morphology also varied with depth: small coccoid cells were dominant in the aerobic mixolimnion, whereas the monimolimnion had a more diverse population that included cocci, rods, and large filaments. Heterotrophic activity was measured by [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation and [14C]glutamate uptake. Highest uptake rates were at or just below the photosynthetic bacterial layer and were attributable to small (< 1 pm) heterotrophs rather than the larger photosynthetic bacteria. These high rates of heterotrophic uptake were apparently linked with fermentation; rates of other mineralization processes (e.g. sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, denitrification) in the anoxic mixolimnion were insignificant. Heterotrophic activity in the highly reduced monimolimnion was generally much lower than elsewhere in the water column. Therefore, although the monimolimnion contained most of the bacterial abundance and biomass (- 60%), most of the cells there were inactive.
SOFT X–RAY INSPECTION OF WHEAT KERNELS INFESTED BY SITOPHILUS ORYZAE

The potential of a soft X–ray method (15 kV and 65 .A) to detect internal seed infestations by the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) in Canada Western Red Spring wheat was determined in this study. The infested kernels were identified by the presence of egg plugs and were scanned with a real–time fluoroscope every 5 to 7 d until the adults emerged from the kernels. A total of 57 features using histogram groups, textural features, and histogram and shape moments were extracted from the X–ray images of the wheat kernels. Parametric and non–parametric classifiers, and a 4–layer back propagation neural network classifier were used to identify uninfested and infested wheat kernels using histogram and textural features independently, and using all 57 features together. There was no significant difference between the classifiers for the identification of uninfested and infested wheat kernels. More than 95% of uninfested kernels and kernels infested by larval stages were correctly identified by all the classifiers. Wheat kernels infested by pupae–adults and insect–damaged kernels were identified with more than 99% accuracy by the classifiers.
The work of exemplary practitioners in neighborhood governance

In order to understand how exemplary work is done in the complex urban environment of disadvantaged neighborhoods, we studied a group of 43 individuals – civil servants, professionals and active citizens – who make a difference. Various so-called ‘exemplary practitioners’ were found in the literature and in the neighborhoods of five cities. The working methods of exemplary practitioners show a mix and a dose of entrepreneurialism, strategic networking and empathic engagement that differ from standard bureaucracy but fit very well with what is needed in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Two striking examples illustrate these working methods.
Applied Nutrition in Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Culture

ABSTRACT The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, commonly called ‘scampi,’ is the most important culturable freshwater species of prawn with a fairly high growth rate, wide range of temperature (15-35°C) and salinity tolerance. The nutrients required by this species for growth and associated physiological functions are similar to those required by other crustaceans. Current data suggest that a digestible protein level of above 30 is required for maximum growth and protein efficiency. Ingredients such as mussel meat meal, squid meal, and shrimp meal serve as potential sources of protein in formulated diets. The complete quantitative requirements for all the essential amino acids for this prawn species have not yet been worked out. With respect to non-protein energy supply in the form of carbohydrate, studies indicated that scampi is capable of utilizing various carbohydrate sources efficiently. Dietary carbohydrate in the form of complex polysaccharides appears to be more effective as an energy source. Like other crustaceans, scampi also has limited ability to synthesize sterol from acetate and mevalonic acid. Quantitative estimates of the essential fatty acid requirements have been made in post-larval scampi. Data on vitamin and mineral requirements are scarce. Recent developments in diet formulation, practical feeding practices and the aquaculture potential in India have been indicated with emphasis on sustainable production.
Response of two Cultivars of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) to Different Irrigation Levels

Different irrigation levels had significant effect on plant height, number of fruit-bearing branches per plant, number of grains per plant, 1000-grain weight, total plant biomass, grain yield and harvest index. Cultivar NM-92 gave significantly higher grain yield (1059 kg per ha.) and harvest index (21.42%) than NM-54 which gave grain yield and harvest index values of 992.3 kg per ha. And 20.27% respectively. Crop grown with three irrigations (I3) gave significant higher grain yield of 1248.8 kg per ha. Compared to the grain yield of 785.8 kg per ha. Obtained from the crop grown without irrigation (I0) throughout the growing period. NM-92 raised with three irrigations (V2 I3) produced maximum grain yield (1295.1 kg per ha.) while NM-54 gave minimum grain yield of 754.8 kg per ha. When grown without irrigation throughout the growing period (V, I0).
Determinants of sperm precedence in a noctuid moth Heliothis virescens: a role for male age

1. Females of the noctuid moth Heliothis virescens F. mate more than once. Thus, sperm from two or more males normally compete for fertilisations within the female reproductive tract. The eggs are typically fertilised by sperm from only one male, either the female's last mate or an earlier mate. Twice‐mated females store only one ejaculate's worth of fertilising sperm (eupyrene) but nearly two ejaculates' worth of a nonfertilising sperm morph (apyrene), which is thought to play a role in sperm competition.
Comparison of the coat protein of groundnut rosette assistor virus with those of other luteoviruses

Summary The coat protein gene of groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV) was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein and of another protein encoded in a different, overlapping, reading frame resemble those of other luteoviruses. Four monoclonal antibodies against GRAV, prepared using denatured coat protein as immunogen, also reacted with some other luteoviruses in ELISA. Nevertheless, they will be useful as reagents for the identification of GRAV infections in groundnut.
Behaviour and Ecology of Free‐ranging Female Farm Cats (Felis catus L.)

Five female farm cats were observed for more than 360 h at a farm in Cornwall, England, during the winter of 1978–79. The purpose of the study was to gain an overview of the cats' behaviour by direct observation. The cats' activity patterns, space utilisation, scent marking, excretion, movements, hunting behaviour, feeding habits and social behaviour are reported. Zusammenfassung Funf weibliche Farmkatzen wurden mehr als 360 h lang, tagsuber wie auch 24 h lang beobachtet. Die Katzen verbrachten durchschnittlich 40 % des Tages schlafend, 22 % ruhend, 15% auf der Jagd, 15% mit Putzen, 3% mit Umherstreifen, 2% beim Fressen und 1 % mit anderen Aktivitaten. 2 % der Zeit konnten sie nicht beobachtet werden. Sie waren im Grunde Tagtiere: gejagt wurde meist gegen Mittag und in der Abenddammerung, geschlafen wurde meistens nachts. Die Schlafphasen dauerten durchschnittlich 114 ± 88 min. Die Aktivitatsverteilung der Katzen schien zwei Gipfel zu haben. Jedoch schien der erste Gipfel in der Morgendammerung rudimentar — vielleicht durch die morgendliche Milchzuteilung auf den Mittag verschoben. Ohne menschlichen Einflus waren die Katzen wohl Dammerungstiere. Die Streifgebiete der Katzen — 0,7 bis 15,0 ha — uberschnitten sich betrachtlich. Die weiblichen Tiere nutzten dasselbe Kerngebiet wie andere Katzen; von ihm gingen sie nicht weiter als 400 m weg. Kein Ort wurde erkennbar verteidigt. Im Durchschnitt liefen die Tiere pro Tag 1765 ±765 m. Einige weibliche Tiere verspritzten ebenso haufig Urin wie mannliche Tiere anderer Katzenarten. Das Duftmarkieren setzte nach der Paarungszeit ein. Die meisten Duftmarken wurden wahrend der Jagd gesetzt. Urin wurde auch bei feindlichen Begegnungen, an den Schlafplatzen und nach dem Beschnuppern von Orten verspritzt. Die Bewegungsfreiheit der Katzen schien durch die Duftmarken nicht eingeschrankt; das mag auf die regelmasige Futterung und auf die gegenseitige Gewohnung der Katzen zuruckzugehen. Duft-markiert wurde meist ohne oder nach geringfugigem Schnuppern, also wohl als Reaktion auf bekannte Geruche oder ohne Geruchsanregung. Etwa die Halfte aller Kothaufen wurde zugedeckt, die auserhalb des Kerngebietes normalerweise nicht. Nicht alle Katzen waren erfolgreiche Jager. Zwei frasen ausschlieslich auf der Farm. Keine fing mehr als vier Wirbeltiere pro Tag. Nagetiere waren ihre Hauptbeute; audi Vogel waren nicht selten. Grobgeschatzt nahm eine Katze in 24 h durchschnittlich 240 ml Milch und 70 g feste Nahrung auf. Es gab keine erkennbare Rangordnung unter verwandten Weibchen. Eine aggressive zugewanderte Katze, die am haufigsten Urin verspritzte, beherrschte alle bis auf das leichteste, seshafteste Weibchen, das am seltensten Duftmarken setzte. Die Katzen waren nicht ungesellig.
Fred Busch’s response to H. Kächele and D. Widlöcher

It is a pleasure to discuss the papers of my esteemed colleagues. While we may have disagreements, I applaud their clarity and the forcefulness of their arguments. I will start with the work of Professor K chele, and the extensive research he cites for his conclusions that there is a continuum between psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. As someone trained in research before my training in psychoanalysis, I have respect for and skepticism about research. I learned early about the differences between research conclusions and ‘Truth’, and to appreciate that research is designed by researchers who interpret the numbers. The numbers do not always tell the story; rather it is the researcher who tells the story of the numbers. For example, let us look at the Menninger Psychotherapy Research Project as described by K chele as showing ‘‘no overwhelming differences in outcomes after supportive–expressive treatment, analytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis,’’ while also noting the mixed use of techniques in different treatments (e.g. support). He goes on to mention that some have criticized the Menninger study as ‘‘ecologically invalid’’, a term he seems to dismissively equate with not being the type of patients one sees in private practice. However, the full critique of the Menninger study’s ‘ecology’ might have included what Bachrach et al. (1991) stated:
Still a burning issue: trends in the volume, content and population reach of newspaper coverage about tobacco issues

Tobacco control advocates expend considerable effort in generating news stories on tobacco issues to assist progress in tobacco control, and the news coverage itself may have important policy and behavioral influences. Yet, studies of trends in such news coverage are uncommon. Between 2001 and 2006, we conducted a content analysis of tobacco-related newspaper articles in the 12 major daily Australian newspapers and coded them for type of article, topic, and tone. Overall, 6483 tobacco-focused articles were published, representing an average of one article every 4 days for each newspaper. There was variability in volume between years but no decline over time. Overall, 67% of articles reported on events that represented progress for tobacco control, 21% on setbacks, and 7% on events that were of mixed impact. Newspaper coverage of tobacco issues was dominated by articles on smoke-free issues (32% of articles), health effects of smoking (12%), education, prevention and cessation programs and services (12%), and the tobacco industry (9%). During the 6-year period, on average, Australian adults were potentially exposed to around one article on tobacco issues every week, or using a more stringent prominence-adjusted measure, one article every 2 to 3 weeks, a level comparable to paid media campaigns in some jurisdictions. Temporal variation in population exposure to news coverage about tobacco issues may reflect variability in newsworthiness of tobacco control issues, media advocacy resources and success, and/or preparedness of editors and journalists to entertain news stories on tobacco.
Functional aspects of the postcranial anatomy of the Permian dicynodont Diictodon and their ecological implications

The postcranial skeleton of the Permian dicynodont Diictodon is described, major skeletal muscles restored and functional aspects of the skeleton analyzed. The humerus was caudolaterally oriented and articulated in a near sagittal plane. This reduced the transverse component of thrust during locomotion. Throughout the stride, the femur, which is relatively longer than the humerus, was held in a parasagittal position. Diictodon probably had a hindlimb gait similar to the high walk of crocodilians. Comparisons between several dicynodont genera, including Diictodon, reveal considerable variation in the limb orientations, articulations, posture and gait among these taxa. Expansion of the preacetabular iliac process and the overall iliac length with respect to its height among these dicynodonts may be correlated with the increase in the number of the sacral vertebrae. Diictodon does not show the cranial and forelimb modifications suitable for digging as seen in Cistecephalus, Kawingasaurus and extant burrowers such as a broad skull, rounded occiput for considerable neck musculature, a robust humerus and a prominent olecranon process. However, a cylindrical body, short limbs with well–developed limb elevators and depressors and a long wide manus with long, blunt claws probably helped in digging. In addition, the hindlimb with well–developed retractors and short, blunt claws participated in soil removal. The caudolaterally oriented humerus and a laterally flexible vertebral column facilitated movement in the narrow confines of the burrows. Forelimb articulation and morphology indicate that its method of digging was probably rotation–thrust, where humeral excursion and not forearm extension played a dominant role. The close associations of articulated paired skeletons of adult individuals suggest that Diictodon was gregarious. A large number of unconnected burrow–casts in a small area of about 500 m2, indicates that although the animals lived close together, they did not share a single large communal structure.
Immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae tannase and properties of the immobilized enzyme

Tannase enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae was immobilized on various carriers by different methods. The immobilized enzyme on chitosan with a bifunctional agent (glutaraldehyde) had the highest activity. The catalytic properties and stability of the immobilized tannase were compared with the corresponding free enzyme. The bound enzyme retained 20·3% of the original specific activity exhibited by the free enzyme. The optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme was shifted to a more acidic range compared with the free enzyme. The optimum temperature of the reaction was determined to be 40 °C for the free enzyme and 55 °C for the immobilized form. The stability at low pH, as well as thermal stability, were significantly improved by the immobilization process. The immobilized enzyme exhibited mass transfer limitation as reflected by a higher apparent Km value and a lower energy of activation. The immobilized enzyme retained about 85% of the initial catalytic activity, even after being used 17 times.
Propagation Methods and Leaf Yield in Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita L.)

ABSTRACT The effect of two propagation methods (use of stolons in winter and shoots in spring) on the yield of fresh and dried leaves of peppermint (Mentha Xpiperita L.) was studied in a field experiment in the La Plata zone of Argentina. Fresh and dry weights were greater for plants propagated from stolons in winter and harvested in summer (in full bloom and post-bloom) and from shoots planted in spring if plants were harvested post-bloom.
Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data

Relative to its diversity (34 genera, 700 species), Scolopendromorpha has been undersampled in molecular phylogenetic analyses compared with the other chilopod orders. Previous analyses based on morphology have not resolved several key controversies in systematics and evolutionary morphology unambiguously. Here we apply new molecular and morphological data to scolopendromorph phylogenetics, with a focus on the evolution of blindness. The taxonomic sample includes 19 genera, many lacking previous molecular data, and diverse, cosmopolitan genera of Scolopendridae are sampled by multiple species. Phylogenetic analysis with Direct Optimization used 94 morphological characters and ca. 4.5 kb of sequence data from two nuclear (18S and 28S rRNA) and two mitochondrial (16S rRNA and COI) loci. A single most‐parsimonious cladogram selected after sensitivity analyses resolves Scolopendromorpha as monophyletic, and divides it into a blind clade of three families (Plutoniumidae, Cryptopidae, Scolopocryptopidae) and its ocellate sister group, Scolopendridae. Some species‐rich, cosmopolitan genera (Cormocephalus, Otostigmus, Scolopendra) in Scolopendridae are non‐monophyletic, and in several instances (e.g. New and Old World Scolopendra) relationships are more congruent with geographical distributions than with traditional classifications. The tribe Asanadini is particularly subject to parameter‐sensitivity, nesting in the combined analysis within Scolopendrini but as sister to all other Scolopendrinae for molecular data alone. The total‐evidence tree unambiguously optimizes trunk segmentation: a 23‐segmented trunk has a single origin in the blind clade.