Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carrier-Based PWM Overmodulation Strategies for Five-Phase Inverters

In three-phase electric drives, overmodulation is commonly used to fully exploit the dc-bus voltage, increase the dynamic performance of the motor, and reduce the inverter switching frequency. The same advantages can be found in multiphase converters, where a higher number of degrees of freedom allows defining new operating modes. In this article, the extension of the overmodulation strategies of three-phase inverters to five-phase systems is investigated. Experimental tests on a five-phase induction motor drive are carried out to verify the feasibility of the developed techniques, the quality of the current waveforms, and the improvement in the dynamic performance of the drive.
Photoreduction of Hg (II) in the Presence of SO42- under Artificial Solar Radiation

Photoreduction of Hg (II) is of great importance but remains not fully understood especially in the presence of SO42-. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the reduction of Hg (Cl)2 with various SO42- concentrations under artificial solar radiation. The whole process was tracked by changing Hg (0) concentrations in argon; the rate constants were calculated by trial method and were compared with other experiment. The results show the reaction rate decreased with increasing SO42- concentrations (0-20 mg L-1) and the cause of inhibitory effect is assumed with two explanations. The concentration of Hg (0) in argon increased firstly and decreased later in each treatment, since the main reactions in rising and dropping period are different. The comparison indicates that reduction rate is influenced by combined factors such as the form of mercury, the quantity of DOM and TSSs, depth of water and quality of light source.
On the Ramsey numbers of non-star trees versus connected graphs of order six

This paper completes our studies on the Ramsey number r(Tn, G) for trees Tn of order n and connected graphs G of order six. If χ(G) ≥ 4, then the values of r(Tn, G) are already known for any tree Tn. Moreover, r(Sn, G), where Sn denotes the star of order n, has been investigated in case of χ(G) ≤ 3. If χ(G) = 3 and G 6= K2,2,2, then r(Sn, G) has been determined except for some G and some small n. Partial results have been obtained for r(Sn,K2,2,2) and for r(Sn, G) with χ(G) = 2. In the present paper we investigate r(Tn, G) for non-star trees Tn and χ(G) ≤ 3. Especially, r(Tn, G) is completely evaluated for any non-star tree Tn if χ(G) = 3 where G 6= K2,2,2, and r(Tn,K2,2,2) is determined for a class of trees Tn with small maximum degree. In case of χ(G) = 2, r(Tn, G) is investigated for Tn = Pn, the path of order n, and for Tn = B2,n−2, the special broom of order n obtained by identifying the centre of a star S3 with an end-vertex of a path Pn−2. Furthermore, the values of r(B2,n−2, Sm) are determined for all n and m with n ≥ m− 1. As a consequence of this paper, r(F,G) is known for all trees F of order at most five and all connected graphs G of order at most six.
electron beam additive manufacturing of Ni-Ti alloy

Shape memory alloys (such as Ni-Ti) are a unique class of active materials, which can recover to their original shape after applying stimuli, such as deformation due to stress, heat or magnetic field. These alloys possess attractive characteristics such as ability to provide large recoverable strain during mechanical loading (pseudoelasticity), shape recovery upon heating (shape memory effect), and potent biocompatibility, which make alloys one of the suitable actuators for biomedical applications. In the present paper the results of microstructure, martensitic transformation behaviour and superelastic properties of Ni-Ti alloys fabricated using a EBAM technique, which applies wire as the additive material were presented. It was revealed that the microstructure of the deposit exhibited typical solidification features of columnar grains of austenite, due to epitaxial growth mechanism. Moreover, EBSD investigations revealed that the preferential grain orientation in [001] is a result of the adopted material layer deposition. TEM studies have shown presence of martensitic needles partially twinned within austenitic matrix, and a low dislocation density within austenite confirming ability of the EBAM manufactured sample to pseudoelastic deformation at room temperature.
DESIGN OF A TRANSMITARRAY ANTENNA USING 4 LAYERS OF DOUBLE SQUARE RING ELEMENTS

Conventional dielectric lenses rely on the accumulation of phase delay during wave propagation to produce a desired wavefront. By considering the required phase delay at each lens position, an ‘equivalent’ transmitarray antenna can be obtained. Despite a lack of curvature as in conventional lenses, the phase delay in the transmitarray antenna is achieved via a periodic arrangement of unit cell elements to bend the incident waves in the desired directions. This paper presents the design and characterization of a 4-layer transmitarray antenna consisting of double square ring elements. The gap between the double square rings is varied as a fixed proportion of their dimensions, while keeping the widths constant. The transmitarray element can achieve a transmission phase range of 235◦ with a loss of less than 3 dB. The performance of the transmitarray antenna is explicitly compared to that of a convex dielectric lens, both of which are operating at 8 GHz.
What Drives Customer Engagement Behavior? the Impact of User Participation from a Sociotechnical Perspective

Recent studies have shown that using social media is a new way of promoting user participation and understanding potential user needs for a service firm. However, user participation via social media might produce synergistic and interactive effects, including issues of social interaction with members and technical interaction with social media. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of user participation via social media on continuance intention and customer engagement behavior from a sociotechnical theory perspective. In total, 381 respondents were selected in the context of the social network brand community. The hypothesized associations were examined by using partial least squares-structured equation modeling. This study found that interaction with social members (social issues) mediates the association from social media (technical issues) to continuance intention. Additionally, continuance intention is positively associated with customer engagement behavior. These findings not only complement the theoretical arguments of sociotechnical theory but also enrich the understanding of the existing literature on relational marketing.
Removal of Silver in Photographic Processing Waste by TiO2-Based Photocatalysis

Treatability data on actual waste show that titania-based photocatalysis can be used to remove silver ions from black and white photoprocessing waste. The silver ion is reduced to its metallic form producing particles comparable in size to the TiO2 catalyst particles. The mass of silver recovered approaches three times that of the titania. Thiosulfate (the predominant chemical in spent fixer) plays a complicated role in the process of silver ion reduction: (1) as a hole scavenger, it can increase the silver reduction rate; (2) as the chemical that stabilizes silver ion in solution, thiosulfate hinders photocatalysis when present at high concentration. Metallic silver can be separated from titania by the physical process of sonication. We also show that sunlight can be used directly to power the photo-electrochemical silver removal process.
Transient Stability of Single-Loop Voltage-Magnitude Controlled Grid-Forming Converters

This letter presents a design-oriented analysis on the transient stability of grid-forming (GFM) converters using single-loop voltage-magnitude control scheme. It is revealed that the used voltage-magnitude controller has a critical impact on the transient stability. This differs from the GFM converters using the vector-voltage control, whose transient stability is dominated by the outer power control loops. The theoretical findings are verified by experimental tests.
Online Learning Based Computation Offloading in MEC Systems With Communication and Computation Dynamics

By offloading tasks from the mobile device (MD) to its nearby deployed access points (APs), each of which is connected to one server for task processing, computation offloading can strike a balance between MD’s task execution delay and energy consumption in mobile edge computing (MEC) systems. Considering communication and computation dynamics in MEC systems, we aim to design online computation offloading mechanisms in this paper to minimize the time average expected task execution delay under the constraint of average energy consumption. Firstly, with known current channel gains between the MD and APs as well as available computing capability at MEC servers, we leverage the Lyapunov optimization framework to make an optimal one-slot decision on MD’s transmit power allocation and MEC server selection. On this basis, we then consider a more realistic scenario, where it is difficult to capture current available computing capability at MEC servers, and combine the multi-armed bandit framework for an online learning based MEC server selection algorithm. Finally, through theoretical analyses and extensive simulations, we demonstrate the near-optimality and feasibility of our proposed algorithms, and present that our proposed algorithms fully explore the interplay between communication and computation with enriched user experience and reduced energy consumption.
SOLUBILITY AND SORPTION OF CADMIUM IN SOILS AMENDED WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE

Summary The mechanisms governing the retention and release of Cd in two soils, a loam and a loamy sand, pretreated with anaerobically digested sewage sludges or with chemical fertilizers, were studied using batch equilibration in 0.05 m Ca(NO3)2 solution containing up to 6 μg Cd/ml. Adsorption rather than precipitation as Cd3(PO4)2 limited solution Cd2+ concentration. With the addition of 50 μg Cd/g, however, precipitation as CdCO3 was likely at pH 7.6. Cadmium adsorption increased with increasing soil pH. The differences in Cd adsorption between different soil treatments were attributed mainly to the soil pH (6.9 to 7.9) induced by sludge application. About 82 to 92 per cent of adsorbed Cd was retained by cation exchange and complexing sites. Soils treated with sludge increased the amount of exchangeable Cd but reduced the amount of complexed Cd compared with the fertilized soil. Cadmium retention by cation exchange became more dominant as the amount of Cd in the soil was increased.
Optimization of oil extraction from locust bean using response surface methodology

Optimization of oil extraction from locust beans (Parkia biglobosa) using central composite rotatable design of RSM was carried out. Independent variables were roasting temperature (90, 100, 110, 120, 130°C) and roasting duration (5, 10 15, 20, 25 min), while the responses were oil yield (OY), free fatty acid (FFA), color (CO), stability, anisidine value (AV), and specific gravity (SG). Data obtained from this study were analyzed using ANOVA and regression analysis. OY, FFA, CO, oil stability, AV, and SG of the oil ranged between (19.0-22.5%), (0.65-3.1%), (37.9-199.9 mg/L), (3.6-6.4%), (11.4-59.9 mg/L), (0.7-0.9), respectively. Roasting conditions significantly influenced all dependent variables at p<0.05. Coefficients of determination (R 2 ) of the generated models ranged from 0.49 to 0.98. Optimum roasting condition was 108°C for 10 min. This gave 22.3% OY, 1.7% FFA, 54.9 mg/L CO, 4.1 % stability, 16.5 mg/L AV, and 0.9 SG. Desirability of 0.8 was obtained for optimum conditions. Practical applications: Generally, African locust bean is fermented to give condiment. It has not been used for commercial oil production despite its richness in oil, but soybean with a similar oil content of about 18-20% has been used both for condiment and commercial oil production. Research into the potential of locust bean as a source of edible oil is desirable. Roasting is among pre-treatment methods employed in vegetable oil industry. Information on degree of influence of these parameters on quantity and quality of oil recovered oil from African locust benefits both entrepreneur and researchers. Also, the developed mathematical expression for OY, FFA, CO, oil stability, AV, and SG, as influenced by roasting temperature and duration is an effective tool in predicting these parameters. The research output has both immediate and potential application.
Resource Allocation for NOMA-MEC Systems in Ultra-Dense Networks: A Learning Aided Mean-Field Game Approach

Attracted by the advantages of multi-access edge computing (MEC) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), this article studies the resource allocation problem of a NOMA-MEC system in an ultra-dense network (UDN), where each user may opt for offloading tasks to the MEC server when it is computationally intensive. Our optimization goal is to minimize the system computation cost, concerning the energy consumption and task delay of users. In order to tackle the non-convexity issue of the objective function, we decouple this problem into two sub-problems: user clustering as well as jointly power and computation resource allocation. Firstly, we propose a user clustering matching (UCM) algorithm exploiting the differences in channel gains of users. Then, relying on the mean-field game (MFG) framework, we solve the resource allocation problem for intensive user deployment, using the novel deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) method, which is termed by a mean-field-deep deterministic policy gradient (MF-DDPG) algorithm. Finally, a jointly iterative optimization algorithm (JIOA) of UCM and MF-DDPG is proposed to minimize the computation cost of users. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits rapid convergence, and is capable of efficiently reducing both the energy consumption and task delay of users.
Two-dimensional Fourier transform electronic spectroscopy

Two-dimensional Fourier transform electronic spectra of the cyanine dye IR144 in methanol are used to explore new aspects of optical 2D spectroscopy on a femtosecond timescale. The experiments reported here are pulse sequence and coherence pathway analogs of the two-dimensional magnetic resonance techniques known as COSY (correlated spectroscopy) and NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy). Noncollinear three pulse scattering allows selection of electronic coherence pathways by choice of phase matching geometry, temporal pulse order, and Fourier transform variables. Signal fields and delays between excitation pulses are measured by spectral interferometry. Separate real (absorptive) and imaginary (dispersive) 2D spectra are generated by measuring the signal field at the sample exit, performing a 2D scan that equally weights rephasing and nonrephasing coherence pathways, and phasing the 2D spectra against spectrally resolved pump–probe signals. A 3D signal propagation function is used to correct the.
Nanoparticle reactivity toward dithiothreitol

Hazard determination of nanoparticles (NP) is challenging and should be based on a predictive and pragmatic tier approach. The biological effects of NP appear to be related not only to surface/size but also to their ability to generate free radicals/oxidants. We propose that the measurement of this property by acellular assays could be helpful for NP toxicity screening. This study investigated the effect of dispersing conditions on the oxidative capacity of a small selection of carbonaceous NP toward dithiothreitol (DTT). Increasing surfactant concentration decreased the DTT reactivity on these studied particles. Afterward, a panel of NP were studied under constant conditions. Classification of the NP panel based on their DTT reactivity was found to be dependent on the metric used (mass or surface) but not on the surfactant type. The DTT assay may be useful for an initial evaluation of the hazardousness of manufactured or unintentionally produced NP. However, the predictive potential of such a test towards biological effects still needs to be evaluated.
Renewable Integration in Hybrid AC/DC Systems Using a Multi-Port Autonomous Reconfigurable Solar Power Plant (MARS)

As the penetration of utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants increases, the inertia in the system is reduced and there will be increased primary frequency response requirements. To increase inertia and improve the primary frequency response, grid-forming inverters connecting PV to grid and energy storage systems (ESSs) may play an important role. Moreover, high-voltage direct current (HVdc) links can also be an enabler to transfer remote PV power generation and to improve grid stability. That is, with increased penetration of PV, discrete development of PV and ESS connecting to transmission ac grid and HVdc links is one of the solutions for stable operation of the grid. In this paper, an integrated concept for integration of PV and ESS to transmission ac grid and HVdc links is proposed that is named as multi-port autonomous reconfigurable solar power plant (MARS). The integrated development incorporates advanced control methods to provide inertial and primary frequency response, reactive power support, and transient stability to manage PV and ESS resources. In this paper, high-fidelity switched system model of the integrated system and grids are developed and detailed simulation results are provided to showcase the stable operation of the integrated system and provision of grid support functions.
THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF blaCTX AND blaTEM GENES OF E. coli ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT HOSTS BASED ON THE RATE OF ANTIBIOTIC CONSUMPTION IN SULAYMANIYAH/IRAQ

Inappropriate use of antibiotics causes the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria. Therefore, this study investigated the rate of betalactamase resistance genes and drug resistance pattern of 87 E. coli isolated from feces of different hosts. The rate of resistance to amoxicillin, cefotaxim, ceftriaxone, and meropenem were the highest in E. coli of humans compared to other hosts. 18 (20.6%) isolates were positive with blaCTX-M and blaTEM and 17 (19.5%) of them were found in heavy antibiotic users, but only one blaCTX-M gene (1.1%) was discovered in the low antibiotic user group of pigeons. The rate of blaCTX-M gene was the highest in E. coli isolated from the feces of humans, 13.7%, whereas the highest rate of blaTEM was found in E. coli of poultry, 3.4%. The highest rate of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were recorded in phylogenetic groups B2 and D at the rate of 61.5% and 60%, respectively. There were sequence similarities between local and foreign beta-lactamase genes, but single nucleotide polymorphism was found in comparison to CTX-M3 isolated in Poland. We conclude that E. coli isolated from humans were more resistant to antibiotics compared to other hosts and the rate of CTXM gene was more common in human hosts.
Studies on Ozone Bleaching. I. The Effect of PH, Temperature, Buffer Systems and Heavy Metal-Ions on Stability of Ozone in Aqueous Solution

Abstract Ozone was found to be reasonably stable at moderately low pH (∼pH 3) and ambient temperature in acetic, sulfuric and nitric acid solutions. In these cases, the exact kinetic order of ozone decomposition could not be established. However, second order with respect to ozone was preferred on the basis of statistical analysis of the data. At pH 3, the ozone decomposition rate was found to be slightly higher at 15°C and moderately higher at 35°C than at 25°C for all three buffer systems. At lower concentration level (∼ 0.5 ppm), only Co(II) ion enhanced decomposition of ozone in sulfuric acid solution at pH 3 and 25°C. In contrast, at the higher concentration level (∼ 3.0 ppm), Ca(II), Cr(III), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were found to contribute the decomposition of ozone; the effect of Co(II) and Fe(II) ions was very pronounced as compared to the other ions. Using acetic acid instead of sulfuric acid as buffer reagent resulted in drastic and moderate reductions of the ozone decom.
Dissociations of the ethyne dication C2H2+2

Dissociations of the ethyne dication following its production by photoionization in the photon energy range of 35–65 eV have been investigated by the photoelectron–ion–ion coincidence technique using both synchrotron radiation and laboratory light sources. New quantum mechanical calculations identify and locate the electronic states of the molecular dication in this energy range and show that the dissociation products are formed in their ground states by heterogeneous processes. Five reaction channels leading to three molecular fragments have been identified and are interpreted as sequential processes, several faster than fragment rotation and one possibly involving dissociation of CH+ to H+ with a lifetime of the order of 25 fs.
Carbon atom insertion: an efficient synthesis of ishwarane1

A short total synthesis of the sesquiterpene ishwarane has been achieved using, as the key step, carbon atom insertion with carbon tetrabromide and methyl-lithium to form the tricyclo[3.2. 1.02,7]octane ring system of the natural product.
location and dimension of mandibular canal on cone beam computed tomography: A cross sectional study

Motahare Baghestani, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University, Yazd, Iran. baghestani.motahare@yah oo.com Abstract Background and objective: Accurate understanding of the anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and its relation with anatomical landmarks of mandibular molar teeth can reduce the risk of unwanted injuries to the IAN during implant placement. Methods: 44 CBCTs of patients,who have been reffered to the private oral and maxillofacial radiology center, were examined by a radiologist on the axial, sagittal and coronal planes. Then, the distances between mandibular canal and buccal cortex (BN) and lingual cortex (LN), buccolingual width of the mandibular canal (BL), and the distances between the canal and apex of the first molar (M1N) and second molar of mandible (M2N) were obtained from cross-sectional images. Data were analyzed using SPSS17 software and Kolmogorov-smirnov and Mann-whitney test. Results: 21 males and 23 females aged 20 to 50 years old (mean age: 37.8±7.52) were examined. The mean intervals in the regions of first molar in the right and left sides were BN: 4.03,4.06 mm, LN: 2.10,2.58 mm, BL: 2.20,2.20 mm, and M1N: 5.77,5.78 mm and in the second molar region, on the right and left sides were BN: 5.21,5.20 mm, LN: 1.95,1.80 mm and BL: 2.30,2.20 mm and M2N: 3.85,3.55 mm, respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean buccolingual width of mandibular canal in both sides in the region of first molar and left side in the region of second molar between two genders. (P=0.009, P=0.019, P=0.045). Other measurements were not significantly different between two genders (P>0.05). The age range of patients had no effect on any of the distances and measurements (P>0.05). Conclusion: buccolingual width of mandibular canal in both sides in the region of first molar and left side in the region of second molar was associated with gender.