Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the coverage of non-communicable disease research reported in British and Irish newspapers, 2002-13

Abstract Background: The reporting of medical research in the mass media is often the only way for the general public to learn about it, as most people do not read, nor have access to, scientific papers. Aims: We wished to map non-communicable disease (NCDs) research stories in two UK newspapers, the Daily Mail and The Guardian, and an Irish newspaper, the Irish Times, in 2002–13. Methodology: We identified relevant stories by means of the Factiva database, and obtained details of the cited research papers from the Web of Science. We compared coverage of research on five NCDs with the disease burden, and with the amount of research, in the two countries. We also analysed the sex distribution of the journalists, the researchers whose work was cited and any commentators mentioned in the stories. Results: There were 3921 stories in total (1990 in the Daily Mail, 1127 in the Irish Times, and 804 in The Guardian). Cancer and mental health disorders research attracted most attention. The other NCDs were cardiovascular disease & stroke, diabetes, and respiratory diseases. The stories tended to focus on epidemiological research, and means to reduce the risk of disease, rather than treatment. Both countries over-cited their own research, particularly Ireland. Conclusions: Coverage of the five NCDs tended to mirror the amounts and changes in the disease burden, both in time and between the two countries, notably for dementia and depression. Male researchers and commentators received more attention than females, and so reinforced existing gender stereotypes.
Diet of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Iceland

Arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, live in low productivity arctic and northern tundra habitats, where they generally prey heavily on lemmings. In Iceland, however, no lemmings are present, and the foxes have a very varied diet, including plants such as seaweed and black crowberries, a wide range of birds and invertebrates, and carcasses of large mammals such as seals, reindeer, and sheep. Marked seasonal, geographical and inter-annual differences confirm arctic foxes in Iceland as opportunistic feeders. There are coastal and inland foxes: coastal foxes feed mainly on prey derived directly or indirectly from the ocean, particularly various seabirds and seals, while inland foxes feed largely on migrant birds, such as geese, waders and passerines in summer, and ptarmigan in winter. Despite their reputation for killing lambs, in this study, lamb carcasses were found at only 19.4% of 1125 fox dens, 44% of which had only one carcass. The distance to the nearest farm and the physical condition of lambs were major determinants of the number of carcasses found at a den. We discuss the implications of arctic foxes' diet for population dynamics and group formation, and for management practices.
Microphytobenthic communities of subtidal locations in New Zealand: Taxonomy, biomass, production, and food‐web implications

Abstract Diatom mats dominated by large sig‐moid, raphid species of the genus Gyrosigma (Naviculaceae) and, in some instances, the tube‐former, Berkeleya rutilans (Naviculaceae) were observed in the semi‐enclosed coastal waters (depths 6–20 m) of Tory Channel, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. The latter species, not previously observed in New Zealand, is generally associated with intertidal environments where light intensities are relatively higher than subtidal locations. Its presence imparted a filamentous nature to the mat that may play a role in maintaining the integrity of the sediment/water interface. Sediment chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from c. 20 to 200 mg m‐2. Microphytobenthic (MPB) contributions to the total (benthic + planktonic) chlorophyll a equated to 92, 89, and 84% at depths of 8, 16, and 20 m, respectively. Oxygen production in intact cores often exceeded consumption (e.g., by up to 2.5 mmol m‐2h‐1) under near‐m situ conditions of light (8–30 μmol m‐2 s‐1). The feeding strategies of major components of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna were used to identify possible pathways for utilisation of MPB production. MPB communities of more exposed subtidal locations in Tasman Bay were generally less dense and comprised of different species dominated by Pleurosigma amara and/or Paralia marina. We conclude that microalgal communities inhabiting the soft sediments in these regions can provide an important contribution to the benthic food web.
Seed–seedling conflict in conifers as a result of plant–plant interactions at the forest-tundra ecotone

Background: As the climate warms, plant interactions between shrubs and conifer seedlings may affect migration of boreal trees into alpine areas; however these interactions have not been widely tested across conifer life stages. Aims: Determine the role of shading by Betula glandulosa shrubs on early Picea mariana recruitment in the forest-tundra ecotone of the Mealy Mountains, Labrador (Canada). Methods: Four shrub treatments were established with varying degrees of shade (unaltered, trimmed, cleared, shaded). Emergence and growth of P. mariana in treatment plots were compared to control plots without shrubs. Results: Seedling emergence was facilitated; seedlings beneath shrubs emerged at greater levels (16% ± 5.1%) than in the control (0.5% ± 0.3%); however, evidence of facilitation post-emergence was weak, likely due to stronger interactions with seedbed species at this stage. Vertical growth of young seedlings was greatest in control and shaded plots, but needle production significantly decreased with increased shade suggesting that seedlings may compete with shrubs for light early in life. Conclusions: Although facilitation has been previously implicated as an important mechanism in stressful environments, our study indicates that the early life stages of some conifers at the tree line are not strongly facilitated by shrubs as has been previously suggested for adults.
Prevalence of Cancer in District Banu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Present study was designed to check prevalence of cancer in residents of District Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Patients data were collected from three consulted Institutes during year 2005-09. The data was analyzed for different parameters; year wise, age wise prevalence, gender wise, occupation wise and marital status wise prevalence, addiction status, type of cancer, site affected, diagnostic tests performed and treatment of cancer. Results revealed that during 2005, a high number of cancer patients were present. A total of 172 patients were in the age group of 51-60 years, while only 11 patients were in age group of 80 plus year. Female patients were more as compared to male. Married people were highly affected than unmarried. Patients addicted to smoking were highly affected than non-addicted patients. Malignancy was high in patients as compared to benign cancer. The most affected site was blood system. The most affected people occupation wise were house wives followed by farmer. Biopsy was mostly conducted for diagnosis of cancer. Most of the patients were treated with chemotherapeutic agents. It has been revealed that the number of cancer patients decreased per annum. Moreover, the study should be conducted on general population of Bannu as well as of the Khyber PakhtunKhwa to sort out the total number of patients. Government should launch preventive, diagnostic programs so that prevalence may be minimized.
Five colour morphs and three new species of Gyptis (Hesionidae, Annelida) under a jetty in Edithburgh, South Australia

We report five different colour morphs of the hesionid polychaete genus Gyptis co‐occurring in a small area in shallow water under Edithburgh jetty, South Australia. The five morphs cannot be separated using standard morphological features, but phylogenetic analyses of sequence data (COI and ITS1) unequivocally show that three species are present, introduced as Gyptis simpsonorum, new species, G. paucilineata, new species and G. polymorpha, new species. Gyptis simpsonorum has a speckled pigmentation pattern and G. paucilineata a few transverse lines on specific segments. Gyptis polymorpha is polymorphic with three different, distinct pigmentation patterns, either as dense transverse lines, as a thin longitudinal, mid‐dorsal line, or as an uniformly dark dorsum. The speckled pigmentation likely represents the plesiomorphic condition, and G. propinqua is the closest known relative to these new species.
Métodos de remoção da mucilagem e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.)

Different methods of mucilage remotion and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds were studied, in a complete randomized design experiment with four replications. After manual extraction, seeds and slimes were submitted to the following remotion treatments: immediate washing, three-day fermentation, hydrochloric acid at 2,5% (25 mg/kg for 2 hrs.), acetic acid at 10% (25 ml/kg of material), and ammonia hydroxide at 2,5% (25 ml/kg, for 2 hrs.). A physiological quality evaluation of seeds was carried out through the percentage of germination and vigor, percentage of in-sand emergence, electrical conductivity, and weight of fresh and dry matters of seedlings. The results showed that the methods of immediate washing, fermentation, commercial hydrochloric and acetic acids do not affect the physiological quality of tomato seeds; the germination percentage was not affected by the different remotion methods, and the ammonia hydroxide method affects seed vigor.
Functional necrophilia: a profitable anuran reproductive strategy?

Explosive breeding is a common reproductive strategy, especially in anurans. In some cases of explosive breeding in anurans, intense aggressive interactions occur among males attempting to gain access to females, and for terrestrial species that mate in water, females may die by drowning during long mating struggles. Such occurrences are obviously detrimental to females, and may also cause a decrease in the reproductive success of males through depletion of energy without obtaining access to a live female. However, the males of the small Amazonian frog Rhinella proboscidea can promote the ejection of oocytes from the abdominal cavities of dead females and fertilize them. This behaviour can minimize losses to both partners during explosive reproduction events. The existence of such a “functional necrophile strategy” shows that there may be possible selection in favour of stronger and more persistent males in explosive breeders.
European green crabs (Carcinus maenas) in the northeastern Pacific: genetic evidence for high population connectivity and current‐mediated expansion from a single introduced source population

Aim The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) expanded dramatically after its introduction to the west coast of North America, spreading over 1000 km in < 10 years. We use samples of Carcinus maenas collected over time and space to investigate the genetic patterns underlying the species’ initial establishment and spread, and discuss our findings in the context of the species’ life history characteristics and demography.
Large-scale [C II] 158 μm emission from the Orion-Eridanus superbubble

In this study, we analyzed the [C II] 158 μm emission from the Orion-Eridanus region measured by the Cosmic Background Explorer. Morphologically, the [C II] emission traces prominent star-forming regions this area. The analysis takes into account five different components of the interstellar medium (ISM) that can contribute to the [C II] emission: compact H II regions, dense Photon-Dominated Region, surfaces of molecular clouds, the Warm Ionized Medium, and the Cold Neutral Medium. We estimate the contribution from each object of interest to the observed [C II] emission based upon the physical properties of the object and validate our results by making a comparison with existing “small” scale maps. Inside the ~400 parsec aperture radius that we investigate, surfaces of molecular clouds exposed to radiation from nearby stellar clusters are the dominant contributor to the observed global [C II] flux. These molecular cloud surfaces are exposed to moderate radiation fields (G0 ~ 100 times the average interstellar radiation field) and are moderately dense (nH ~ 103 cm−3). In addition, extended low-density ionized gas, along with large-scale ionized gas structures (Barnard’s Loop; λ Ori) also make a substantial contribution. The implications of this study for the analysis of extragalactic [C II] observations are assessed.
High-speed stars: Galactic hitchhikers

Context. The search for stars born in the very early stages of the Milky Way star formation history is of paramount importance in the study of the early Universe since their chemistry carries irreplaceable information on the conditions in which early star formation and galaxy buildup took place. The search for these objects has generally taken the form of expensive surveys for faint extremely metal-poor stars, the most obvious but not the only candidates to a very early formation. Aims. Thanks to Gaia DR2 radial velocities and proper motions, we identified 72 bright cool stars displaying heliocentric transverse velocities in excess of 500 km s−1. These objects are most likely members of extreme outer-halo populations, either formed in the early Milky Way build-up or accreted from since-destroyed self-gravitating stellar systems. Methods. We analysed low-resolution FORS spectra of the 72 stars in the sample and derived the abundances of a few elements. Despite the large uncertainties on the radial velocity determination, we derived reliable orbital parameters for these objects. Results. The stars analysed are mainly slightly metal poor, with a few very metal-poor stars. Their chemical composition is much more homogeneous than expected. All the stars have very eccentric halo orbits, some extending well beyond the expected dimension of the Milky Way. Conclusions. These stars can be the result of a disrupted small galaxy or they could have been globular cluster members. Age estimates suggest that some of them are evolved blue stragglers, now on the subgiant or asymptotic giant branches.
The anterior cingulate cortex

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has a role in attention, analysis of sensory information, error recognition, problem solving, detection of novelty, behavior, emotions, social relations, cognitive control, and regulation of visceral functions. This area is active whenever the individual feels some emotions, solves a problem, or analyzes the pros and cons of an action (if it is a right decision). Analogous areas are also found in higher mammals, especially whales, and they contain spindle neurons that enable complex social interactions. Disturbance of ACC activity is found in dementias, schizophrenia, depression, the obsessive-compulsive syndrome, and other neuropsychiatric diseases.
Effects of grazing on above‐ground biomass on a mountain snowbed, NW Finland

The effects of grazing by the Norwegian lemming (Lemmus lemmus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) on biomass and vegetation structure in a mountain snowbed habitat were studied using several grazer-exclosures kept for 5 or 15 yr. During the 5-yr exclusion experiment, the total biomass of mosses in particular, the main winter-food of lemmings, increased within fenced areas as compared to open control areas. In the 15-yr exclosures, Polytrichaceae mosses still dominated, but graminoids (Anthoxanthum odoratum and Carex bigelowii) had also increased. In these longer-term exclosures, dead plant material, consisting of Polytrichaceae moss and graminoid necromass and other plant litter, had increased. By contrast, Kiaeria moss and lichens were absent or had low biomass after 15 yr of grazer exclosure, probably as a result of competitive exclusion. The results suggest that the plant biomass in such low productivity mountain snowbeds can be reduced to a low level by grazing. Grazing also determines the dominance relationships in the plant community and prevents accumulation of plant litter. The observed effects of grazing are inconsistent with hypotheses suggesting that herbivory is of little importance in low productivity environments, but rather support the exploitation ecosystems hypothesis predicting strong grazing impact in such low productivity environments.
The nature of Covalently bound fatty acids in wool fibres

The wool fibre contains a fatty acid component which can only be liberated from the fibre by treatment with alcoholic alkali solutions. The major fatty acid from this component has been isolated in quantity and purified. Using GC/MS and NMR, the fatty acid was identified as 18-methyleicosanoic acid. The results obtained from transesterification experiments suggest that the fatty acid is covalently bound to the fibre protein by an ester linkage.
Physical and chemical characteristics of the Tanzanian inshore and offshore waters of Lake Victoria in 2005–2008

Assuming that the inshore and offshore waters of Lake Victoria are impacted differently by human activities in its catchment, this study investigated the water quality dynamics of the lake. A total of 29 stations were sampled in 2005–2008 for dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, Secchi transparencies, temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll a, NO3, SRSi, TN and TP. There was a decreasing trend of the measured parameters towards offshore sites, except for Secchi transparency and NO3, which increased towards the offshore waters. DO concentrations (mean ± SD) varied between 6.97 ± 0.57 mg O2 l–1 and 5.80 ± 0.72 mg O2 l–1 in the inshore and offshore waters, respectively. Turbidity values were comparatively higher in the inshore (3.73 ± 2.21 NTU) than the offshore waters (2.19 ± 1.81 NTU). Chlorophyll a concentrations varied between 17.36 ± 6.13 µg l–1 and 8.09 ± 4.38 µg l–1 in the inshore and offshore waters, respectively. Increases of unsustainable human activities in the lake and its catchments, plus increased degradation of wetlands, are among the causes of the observed water quality changes. In order to be fruitful and sustainable, the management of Lake Victoria and its catchment needs to take an ecosystem approach, and to involve all key stakeholders.
Impact of secondary parasitism on Aphidius colemani in the banker plant system on aphid control in commercial greenhouses in Kochi, Japan

In order to elucidate the impact of secondary parasitism on a banker plant system, aphid parasitoids on banker plants were surveyed for four years in commercial greenhouses producing eggplant and sweet pepper in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. A banker plant system using Aphidius colemani was introduced into the greenhouses in November or December for the control of pest aphids from February through May. The mean rate of secondary parasitoids to total parasitoids on the alternative host aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) on banker plants was less than 35% in the early season. In March or April, the mean rate exceeded 40%, and was more than 70% by May or June. Three main species of secondary parasitoids, Alloxysta sp. nr victrix, Dendrocerus laticeps and Syrphophagus sp. , occurred throughout the season. In addition, Asaphes suspensus and Pachynouron aphidis occurred later in the season. In greenhouses where the banker plant system of aphid control failed, the increase of secondary parasitism on banker plants was sharper than in greenhouses with successful aphid control. In March and April, the higher rates of secondary parasitism on banker plants had a significant influence on the failure of aphid control.
Pulsed arc light monitoring and temperature reconstruction with arc welding

A transient pulsed arc was studied with narrow band 696.5 nm filters. The arc energy distribution was considered by a ratio: a certain region energy (intensity × region area)/sum. The results indicated a large intensity region appeared with a pulsed arc, which were considered as high-energy regions. They increased while the low-energy regions were compressed. The distribution ratio was changed by the ‘waves rush’ pattern with a large current or pulsed arc. Spurious energy concentration was found at the bottom of the arc. The pulsed arc with 10 kHz at 100 A had optimal characteristics in geometry and energy distribution. The essence of the pulsed arc was considered as constricting energy regions and creating high-energy density. ‘Onion-Kasuga’ algorithm was proposed to reconstruct the arc intensity.
EFFECT OF TIME OFF FEED ON BLOOD ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS IN PIGS DIFFERING IN THEIR REACTION TO HALOTHANE

In an effort to elucidate physiological factors involved in the development of pale-soft-exudative pork, blood acid base status was assessed in swine from two genetic lines of pigs and their F1 cross. The lines consisted of: (1) pigs that reacted positively (skeletal muscle rigidity) to the respiratory administration of halothane (halothane positive (H+)) based on Pietrain × Lacombe breed crosses, (2) Purebred Lacombe pigs that did not react positively to halothane anesthesia (Lac) and (3) pigs which were the progeny of crossbreeding (C) between halothane positive and negative animals. In addition, time off feed prior to slaughter (0, 24 or 48 h) was imposed as a stressor in order to test response differences among the three lines. The venous blood PCO2, total CO2, bicarbonate ion levels, standard bicarbonate and base excess levels were found to be higher in the H + pigs compared to either Lac or C pigs. All pig lines displayed higher blood pH, total CO2, bicarbonate ion, standard bicarbonate and base exc.
Failing with proof: Considerations of queerly failing in visual research

It is natural that the use of visual methods in education be concerned with the consent of adults, as the many students are under the age of majority, and as such require the consent of their adult caregivers. What does this consent and integration of consent look like when considering visual methods with young adults? By opening up ownership of a research project from its germination, this alters issues of consent from a traditional formation of an informed consent document, to one of an on-going conversation about the ownership and direction of a project. However, by ceding ownership of a research project, this opens up avenues for failure within research. This essay considers both of these in the context of one research project undertaken with college students exploring issues related to “strong emotions. ” This project engaged with feminine experienced young adults to document their relationship with “strong emotions” through photography. We defined feminine experienced as a way to open up possibilities for all those who have or currently identified as femme during their lives. Using a participatory framework, the engagement of the photographers was central to both the direction of the project as well as the outcomes. This project serves educators and researchers in three ways. First, it centers on the experiences of a group of students to better understand the ways they move through systems of post-secondary education. Second, it helps us to reconsider how to engage ethically in visual methods when the positionality of the researcher and the co-researchers, in this case, the photographers, are often potentially and historically at odds. Finally, this essay considers notions of purposeful failure in research as a means to achieving a “moment when the here and now is transcended by a then and a there that could be and indeed should be” (Mu~ noz, 2009, p. 97).