Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence trends and individual patterns of antiepileptic drug use in pregnancy 2006-2016: A study in the five Nordic countries, United States, and Australia.

PURPOSE To describe recent international trends in antiepileptic drug (AED) use during pregnancy and individual patterns of use including discontinuation and switching. METHODS We studied pregnancies from 2006 to 2016 within linked population-based registers for births and dispensed prescription drugs from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and New South Wales, Australia and claims data for public and private insurance enrollees in the United States. We examined the prevalence of AED use: the proportion of pregnancies with ≥1 prescription filled from 3 months before pregnancy until birth, and individual patterns of use by trimester. RESULTS Prevalence of AED use in almost five million pregnancies was 15.3 per 1000 (n = 75 249) and varied from 6.4 in Sweden to 34.5 per 1000 in the publicly-insured US population. AED use increased in all countries in 2006-2012 ranging from an increase of 22% in Australia to 104% in Sweden, and continued to rise or stabilized in the countries in which more recent data were available. Lamotrigine, clonazepam, and valproate were the most commonly used AEDs in the Nordic countries, United States, and Australia, respectively. Among AED users, 31% only filled a prescription in the 3 months before pregnancy. Most filled a prescription in the first trimester (59%) but few filled prescriptions in every trimester (22%). CONCLUSIONS Use of AEDs in pregnancy rose from 2006 to 2016. Trends and patterns of use of valproate and lamotrigine reflected the safety data available during this period. Many women discontinued AEDs during pregnancy while some switched to another AED.
Circulating vaspin levels and nutritional status and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the associations between circulating vaspin levels and nutritional status (assessed on tha basis of BMI) as well as insulin resistance in PCOS. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty-seven PCOS women, 48 obese and 39 normal weight, were enrolled in the cross-sectional study. Seventy-two Non-PCOS women, 41 obese and 31 normal weight, constituted a control group. Body mass, height and waist circumference as well as body composition by bioimpedance were measured. In the morning (16h after the last meal) we determined: serum glucose, insulin, androgens, gonadotropin (LH, FSH) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) as well as plasma vaspin levels. Standard HOMA-IR formula was used to assess insulin resistance (IR). RESULTS Plasma vaspin levels were significantly lower in PCOS, both normal weight and obese, than in Non-PCOS groups. Vaspin levels were similar in normal weight and obese PCOS subgroups. There was no association between plasma vaspin levels and anthropometric parameters in PCOS group. While in Non-PCOS group a negative correlation between plasma vaspin levels and body mass (r = -0.26; p < 0.05) was found. We did not observe correlations between plasma vaspin levels and serum glucose and insulin concentrations as well as HOMA-IR values, however, in multivariable, stepwise backward regression waist circumference and HOMA-IR values explained 18.0% of plasma vaspin levels variability in the study subjects. CONCLUSIONS PCOS occurrence is associated with decreased vaspin levels. The influence of nutritional status on vaspin level observed in Non-PCOS is abolished in PCOS women, possibly by more severe insulin resistance.
Genetic and environmental effects on a temperament score in beef cattle

Temperament scores were taken on 8-month-old calves from five calf drops (1976-80) and over three sections of a large crossbreeding trial on the North Coast of New South Wales. A 0-5 scale was used, with lower values for quieter cattle. The heritability ¦s.e. of temperament score of Bos taurus calves (sired by Hereford, Simmental and Friesian bulls) was 0.03¦0.28, and for B. indicus-sired calves (Brahman, Braford and Africander bulls) 0.46¦0.37, and for all data combined 0.44¦0.25. There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the mean score of Brahman-sired halfbred calves (1.96) and B. taurus-sired calves (1.05). The difference was halved to 0.45 points for quarterbred Brahman calves versus B. taurus calves, i.e. as expected for an additive trait. There were significant differences in temperament among calves sired by B. indicus bulls, but there were no significant differences amongst the B. taurus sire breeds. The repeatability (mean ¦ s.e.) of operators' score of 701 weaner calves was 0.67¦0.08. From temperament scores of 315 cows at weaning in 1981, an operator repeatability of 0.82¦0.08 was obtained. Correlations of cow and calf score were not consistent, but averaged 0.18¦0.04 from 547 records. The repeatability of scores taken at two separate times on 132 calves, was 0.43¦0.09. The group given a medium level of nutrition had significantly higher temperament scores than those given high or low levels. Sex effects were not significant on scores at weaning. A log transformation of the data equalized the variance of scores of different breeds, but did not affect the conclusions.
Riqueza e densidade de vocalizações de anuros (Amphibia) em uma área urbana de Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

The richness and intensity of vocalization of anurans in urban areas of Corumba, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, were studied from February 2002 to January 2003 in a secondary forest and surroundings of a temporary pond. We used a transect with four stop sites on which the presence of species and the intensity of vocalization were recorded according to North American Amphibian Monitoring Population index. The turn when vocalization happened was also recorded. We registered 16 species of four families: Bufonidae (2), Hylidae (7), Microhylidae (1), and Leptodactylidae (6). The reproduction of these species was correlated to the rainy season, from December to March (r2 = 0,806, F(1,10) = 41,530 p = 0,002, n = 12). The species that presented greater intensity of vocalization were Scinax nasicus (Cope, 1862) and Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864), with peaks during January. The species that presented the greater period of vocalization was Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799), from September to February. The majority of species and individuals vocalized from 7:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.
Number of Seeds per Unit Area in Sunflower Correlates Well with a Photothermal Quotient

Potential yield in several crop species is affected by radiation and temperature when they are grown under unstressed conditions. This issue has been not explored for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and the objectives of our experiments were (i) to analyze the dependence of seed number (SN, seeds m -2 ) on the thermal and light conditions during the period from floret initiation to the end of seed-setting and (ii) to determine whether sensitivity of SN to radiation differs between pre- and post-anthesis. Inter and intra-annual variations in sowing dates and artificial shading were used to expose irrigated crops to different conditions of radiation (range 14-24 MJ m -2 d -1 ) and temperature (20-24°C) (temperature/radiation combinations = 18). Significant positive (P < 0.00001) relationships between SN (range 3499-11547 seeds m -2 ) and intercepted (r 2 = 0.65) and incident (r 2 = 0.56) short-wave radiation during the floret initiation to seed-setting period were found. A weaker negative association with temperature (r 2 = 0.29; P < 0.05) was also found. The relationship between SN and a photothermal quotient [PQ = mean radiation/ (mean temperature-base temperature), MJ m -2 d -1 °C -1 ], calculated with intercepted radiation was better than that achieved by either variable alone (SN = -436 + 9214 PQ; r 2 = 0.74; P < 0.000001). We conclude that PQ would be a better tool to predict SN in sunflower than the use of radiation or temperature alone. Crops subjected to shading after anthesis suffered significantly greater (P < 0.05) reductions in SN, at equivalent PQ, than those exposed to shading before anthesis.
Naturally acid freshwater ecosystems are diverse and functional: evidence from boreal streams

Acidification has strongly affected natural ecosystems due to the deposition of acidifying pollutants in geographical areas with low buffering capacity. Here we show both that taxonomic richness of benthic invertebrates (as a measure of stream health) and breakdown rate of leaf litter (a major process in stream ecosystems) in three naturally acid streams were not significantly different from richness and breakdown rates of three circumneutral control streams in the same area in northern Sweden. In contrast, a comparative data-set representing a gradient from circumneutral to acidified streams in France showed decreasing richness and litter breakdown rates (by 60% and 70% between pH 6.5 and 4.5, respectively) typical of acidified streams. The strong negative effects found in many freshwater systems may be a consequence of low capacity to adjust to rapidly changed conditions. In contrast, organisms in naturally acidic systems, such as streams of the boreal region in catchments with accumulating organic material and a geology poor in buffering substances, seem better adapted as a consequence of protracted exposure to low pH over evolutionary time. These results have implications for the management of streams and rivers in northern Sweden, where considerable efforts are spent on remediation without consideration of the fact that the natural state of many of these systems is acidic.
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase 2 Plays a Crucial Role in the Induction and Maintenance of Long-Term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a molecular basis of memory formation. Here, we demonstrate that LTP critically depends on fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 2 (Fbp2)—a glyconeogenic enzyme and moonlighting protein protecting mitochondria against stress. We show that LTP induction regulates Fbp2 association with neuronal mitochondria and Camk2 and that the Fbp2–Camk2 interaction correlates with Camk2 autophosphorylation. Silencing of Fbp2 expression or simultaneous inhibition and tetramerization of the enzyme with a synthetic effector mimicking the action of physiological inhibitors (NAD+ and AMP) abolishes Camk2 autoactivation and blocks formation of the early phase of LTP and expression of the late phase LTP markers. Astrocyte-derived lactate reduces NAD+/NADH ratio in neurons and thus diminishes the pool of tetrameric and increases the fraction of dimeric Fbp2. We therefore hypothesize that this NAD+-level-dependent increase of the Fbp2 dimer/tetramer ratio might be a crucial mechanism in which astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle stimulates LTP formation.
Self-medication among the attendants to a family health center in Al Sadat city, Menoufia Governorate

Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of self-medication among attendants to a family health center and identify the determinants of participants practising self-medication. Background Self-medication is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms. It includes the use of nonprescription drugs and a range of different alternative medicines such as herbal remedies and traditional products. In most illness episodes, self-medication is the first option, making it a common practice worldwide. Materials and methods In this cross-sectional study, a validated self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data among attendants in the studied area. The study was conducted in a family health center in Al Sadat city, Menoufia governorate, Egypt, from April 2014 to March 2015. The sample size of the study was 368 participants. Results Of the 368 participants, 47.8% were males and the remaining 52.2% were females –71.5% were in the age group of 12–65 years. Overall, 32.6% participants were students, whereas 35.3% were unemployed; 66.8% of the participants consumed over the counter (OTC) medications. The most common source of information about self-medication was pharmacist (37%). Minor illness (39.8%) and previous good experience (17.9%) were the most frequent reasons for self-medication. Conclusion Easy availability of OTC drugs is a major factor responsible for the consequences such as antimicrobial resistance and increased load of morbidity. There is a need for concerned authorities to make existing laws regarding the purchase of OTC drugs more stringent for their rational use.
Phase Relationship of the Body Temperature and Locomotor Activity Rhythms in Free-Running and Entrained Rats

The phase relationship between the body temperature and activity rhythms of rats was studied in animals maintained under a 24-h light-dark cycle (12L:12D) and in constant darkness. To ensure that any difference between the two environmental conditions would not be due to the masking effects of light, the animals were also studied under a T cycle (1L:23D). Body temperature and locomotor activity were recorded by telemetry for several weeks under the three environmental conditions. In agreement with previous observations in animals (but in contrast to previous studies in humans), the phase relationship between the temperature and activity rhythms was found to be unaffected by the environmental lighting regime. In all three conditions, body temperature and activity ascended above their mean levels at almost exactly the same circadian or clock time.
NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansions are associated with sporadic essential tremor: Variable disease expressivity on long-term follow-up.

We screened 662 subjects comprising 462 essential tremor, ET (285 sporadic, 125 with family history and 52 probands from well-characterized ET pedigrees and 200 controls and identified pathogenic NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansions in four sporadic ET patients. Two patients were followed up for over a decade: one with 90 repeats remained an ET phenotype that did not evolve after forty years, while another patient with 107 repeats developed motor symptoms and cognitive impairment after 8 to 10years. Neuroimaging in this patient revealed severe leukoencephalopathy; diffusion-weighted imaging hyperintensity in the corticomedullary junction and skin biopsy revealed intranuclear inclusions suggestive of intranuclear inclusion body disease (NIID). No GGC repeats above 60units were detected in familial ET cases and controls, though four ET patients carried 47-53 "intermediate" repeats. NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansions can be associated with sporadic ET. Carriers presenting with a pure ET phenotype may or may not convert to NIID up to four decades after initial tremor onset. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Clinical effect of Rougan Tongdu combined with point-pressing massage therapy on children at high risk of delayed motor development.

BACKGROUND Delayed motor development (DMD) is an extremely common development disorder in children. Multiple factors, including mother's influence, diseases, physical or chemical factors and trauma, are strongly associated with DMD. Infancy is a key period in the development of neuromotor function. For children who are at high risk of DMD, early clinical intervention can, to a certain extent, reverse and repair the damaged function of the brain, improving the child's prognosis and their quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Rougan Tongdu combined with point-pressing massage therapy (RT-PMT) in children at high risk of DMD. METHODS Between March 2017 and March 2019, a total of 63 children at high risk of DMD were admitted and treated with RT-PMT in our hospital. These children were divided into three intervention groups (IGs) based on their age in months: IG I (22, 0-3 months), IG II (25, 4-6 months), and IG III (16, 7-12 months). An additional 63 healthy age-matched children were enrolled as a control group (CG) and split into the CG I (0-3 months), CG II (4-6 months), and CG III (7-12 months). All of the children underwent Gesell Infant Development Scale (GESELL) examination both before and three months after intervention and the motor function was scored. RESULTS After 3 months of RT-PMT, the gross motor function scores in the three IGs were 88.55±8.56, 81.83±7.95, and 78.89±7.52, respectively. Fine motor function scores in the three IGs were 89.12±6.45, 82.32±6.78, and 78.18±6.69, respectively. Total motor function scores in the three IGs were 89.85±7.20, 82.65±7.05, and 79.52±7.16, respectively. The differences between the scores before and after intervention were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The improvements in the gross, fine, and total motor function scores in IG I were better than those in the other two IGs (P<0.05), and the clinical curative effect in IG I, II, and III was 95.5%, 80.0% and 62.6%, respectively. The clinical curative effect in IG I was better than those in the other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS RT-PMT is beneficial for children at high risk of DMD.
Strength of niche processes for species interactions is lower for generalists and exotic species.

Niche and neutral processes jointly influence species interactions. Predictions of interactions based on these processes assume that they operate similarly across all species. However, species characteristics could systematically create differences in the strength of niche or neutral processes for each interspecific interaction. We used national-level records of plant-frugivore interactions, species traits, biogeographic status (native vs. exotic), phylogenies and species range sizes to test the hypothesis that the strength of niche processes in species interactions changes in predictable ways depending on trophic generalism and biogeographic status of the interacting species. The strength of niche processes (measured as trait matching) decreased when the generalism of the interacting partners increased. Furthermore, the slope of this negative relationship between trait matching and generalism of the interacting partners was steeper (more negative) for interactions between exotic species than those between native species. These results remained significant after accounting for the potential effects of neutral processes (estimated by species range size). These observed changes in the strength of niche processes in generating species interactions, after accounting for effects of neutral processes, could improve predictions of ecological networks from species trait data. Specifically, due to their shorter coevolutionary history, exotic species tend to interact with native species even when lower trait matching occurs than in interactions among native species. Likewise, interactions between generalist bird species and generalist plant species should be expected to occur despite low trait matching between species, whereas interactions between specialist species involve higher trait matching.
Dynamic Analysis for IoT Malware Detection With Convolution Neural Network Model

Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides the basic infrastructure for a hyper connected society where all things are connected and exchange information through the Internet. IoT technology is fused with 5G and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for use various fields such as the smart city and smart factory. As the demand for IoT technology increases, security threats against IoT infrastructure, applications, and devices have also increased. A variety of studies have been conducted on the detection of IoT malware to avoid the threats posed by malicious code. While existing models may accurately detect malicious IoT code identified through static analysis, detecting the new and variant IoT malware quickly being generated may become challenging. This paper proposes a dynamic analysis for IoT malware detection (DAIMD) to reduce damage to IoT devices by detecting both well-known IoT malware and new and variant IoT malware evolved intelligently. The DAIMD scheme learns IoT malware using the convolution neural network (CNN) model and analyzes IoT malware dynamically in nested cloud environment. DAIMD performs dynamic analysis on IoT malware in a nested cloud environment to extract behaviors related to memory, network, virtual file system, process, and system call. By converting the extracted and analyzed behavior data into images, the behavior images of IoT malware are classified and trained in the Convolution Neural Network (CNN). DAIMD can minimize the infection damage of IoT devices from malware by visualizing and learning the vast amount of behavior data generated through dynamic analysis.
The effect of a short burst of exercise during the night on subsequent sleep

When on‐call workers wake during the night to perform work duties, they may experience reduced alertness and impaired performance as a result of sleep inertia. After performing their duties, on‐call workers may have the opportunity to return to sleep. Thus, it is important that sleep inertia countermeasures do not affect subsequent sleep. Exercise may be a suitable countermeasure; however, the impact on subsequent sleep is untested. Healthy participants (n = 15) completed three conditions in a counterbalanced order: sedentary, low‐intensity exercise or high‐intensity exercise, performed for 2 min upon awakening. Sleep was recorded 2 hr later using polysomnography, the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was administered to measure subjective sleepiness, and core body temperature was measured continuously. Results indicate there was no effect of condition on most sleep variables; however, three variables had small differences, with longer total sleep time (p = .006), higher sleep efficiency (p = .006) and shorter N3 latency (p < .001) in the low‐intensity exercise condition. There was no difference in subjective sleepiness (p = .124) or core body temperature (p = .216) 90 min after the exercise intervention. These results indicate that using a short burst of exercise to counteract sleep inertia when woken during the night may be a suitable countermeasure for on‐call workers who not only need to be alert upon waking but also need quality sleep when returning to bed. Future research could include participants of other ages and health statuses to investigate whether the results are generalizable.
Distribution and growth rate of COVID-19 outbreak in Tamil Nadu: A log-linear regression approach

Background: Most of the countries are affected with the pandemic outbreak of the coronavirus infection. Understanding the severity and distribution in various regions will help in planning the controlling measures. Objectives: The objective was to assess the distribution and growth rate of COVID-19 infection in Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: The data on the number of infections of COVID-19 have been obtained from the media reports released by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The data contain information on the incidence of the disease for the first 41 days of the outbreak started on March 7, 2020. Log-linear model has been used to estimate the progression of the COVID-19 infection in Tamil Nadu. Separate models were employed to model the growth rate and decay rate of the disease. Spatial Poisson regression was used to identify the high-risk areas in the state. Results: The models estimated the doubling time for the number of cases in growth phase as 3.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.70, 9.42) days and halving time in the decay phase as 12.08 (95% CI: 6.79, 54.78) days. The estimated median reproduction numbers were 1.88 (min = 1.09, max = 2.51) and 0.76 (min = 0.56, max = 0.99) in the growth and decay phases, respectively. The spatial Poisson regression identified 11 districts as high risk. Conclusion: The results indicate that the outbreak is showing decay in the number of infections of the disease which highlights the effectiveness of controlling measures.