Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Features of the Calcium Metabolism of the Shore Crab (Carcinus maenas Pennant)

One of the features of the Arthropoda is the possession of a stiff outer covering of chitin secreted by the epidermis. This outer covering is cast periodically, and it is a characteristic of the group that increase in size takes place immediately after ecdysis or moulting of the old skin. During this period the new skin is soft and extensible. In many of the higher Crustacea, this chitinous covering is hardened by the deposition in it of calcium salts, chiefly the carbonate and phosphate, thus forming a protective exoskeleton. Under this term are included the endophragmal skeleton and the partially calcified foregut.
Tenoumer impact crater, Mauritania: Impact melt genesis from a lithologically diverse target

Impact melt rocks from the 1.9 km diameter, simple bowl‐shaped Tenoumer impact crater in Mauritania have been analyzed chemically and petrologically. They are heterogeneous and can be subdivided into three types based on melt matrix color, occurrence of lithic clast components, amount of vesiculation (melt degassing), different proportions of carbonate melt mingled into silicate melt, and bulk rock chemical composition. These heterogeneities have two main causes (1) due to the small size of the impact crater, there was probably no coherent melt pool where a homogeneous mixture of melts, derived from different target lithologies, could be created; and (2) melt rock heterogeneity occurring at the thin section scale is due to fast cooling during and after the dynamic ejection and emplacement process. The overall period of crystal growth from these diverse melts was extremely short, which provides a further indication that complete chemical equilibration of the phases could not be achieved in such short time. Melt mixing processes involved in the generation of impact melts are, thus, recorded in nonequilibrium growth features. Variable mixing processes between chemically different melt phases and the formation of hybrid melts can be observed even at millimeter scales. Due to extreme cooling rates, different mixing and mingling stages are preserved in the varied parageneses of matrix minerals and in the mineral chemistry of microlites. 40Ar39Ar step‐heating chronology on specimens from three melt rock samples yielded five concordant inverse isochron ages. The inverse isochron plots show that minute amounts of inherited 40Ar* are present in the system. We calculated a weighted mean age of 1.57 ± 0.14 Ma for these new results. This preferred age represents a refinement from the previous range of 21 ka to 2.5 Ma ages based on K/Ar and fission track dating.
The influence of teachers' teaching strategies and students' learning environment on civic learning motivation

This article examines the effect of teacher-teaching strategies and student learning environments on Civic learning motivation. This study used a correlational design with a quantitative approach. Data was collected using a questionnaire and then analyzed using SPSS 26 For Windows with multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The results showed that the significance value was 0.000<0.05 with the Fcount value greater than Ftable, namely 27.534>3.07. These findings show that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the teacher's teaching strategy and environment positively and significantly affect the motivation to learn Civic. This amount is 31.6%. Thus, teachers must optimize teaching strategies and a conducive learning environment to foster motivation to learn Civic. This research can become the basis for further research to improve Civic learning outcomes in schools.
Hydrostatic compression of the synthetic garnets pyrope and almandine

Accurate measurements of the volume change of the synthetic garnets pyrope and almandine were performed under hydrostatic compression up to about 100 kbar by means of the X ray diffraction technique using a cubic anvil type of high-pressure apparatus. A least squares calculation using the Birch-Murnaghan equation gives the isothermal bulk modulus KT = 1.71 ± 0.03 Mbar for pyrope and KT = 1.75 ± 0.07 Mbar for almandine.
Rethinking IL-1 Antagonism in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Role for IL-1 Signaling in the Development of Antiviral T Cell Immunity

IL-1R integrates signals from IL-1α and IL-1β, and it is widely expressed across tissues and immune cell types. While the expression pattern and function of IL-1R within the innate immune system is well studied, its role in adaptive immunity, particularly within the CD8 T cell compartment, remains underexplored. Here, we show that CD8 T cells dynamically upregulate IL-1R1 levels during priming by APCs, which correlates with their proliferation status and the acquisition of an effector phenotype. Notably, this IL-1 sensitivity persists in memory CD8 T cells of both mice and humans, influencing effector cytokine production upon TCR reactivation. Furthermore, our study highlights that antiviral effector and tissue-resident CD8 T cell responses against influenza A virus infection become impaired in the absence of IL-1 signaling. Altogether, these data support the exploitation of IL-1 activity in the context of T cell vaccination strategies and warrant consideration of the impact of clinical IL-1 inhibition on the rollout of T cell immunity.
Quantifying synoptic eddy feedback onto the low‐frequency flow associated with anomalous temperature events in January over China

Using a linear dynamic operator and the daily National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, the linearized part of the synoptic eddy feedback onto the low‐frequency flow (SELF) associated with cold/warm events in January over China is investigated. Composite stream function differences between the cold and warming events show that the anomalous temperature events are linked closely to the teleconnection pattern which is related to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and accompanied with remarkable anomalies over Ural Mountain and the areas south to Lake Baikal. The significant eddy feedback exists as the episodes occur, which tends to induce a similar circulation pattern to the anomalous low‐frequency flow associated with the temperature episodes. Further, a linear SELF operator is used to estimate quantitatively the linearized part of the eddy feedback on the low‐frequency flow for the temperature events. Results show that the magnitude of the stream function anomalies (SFAs) induced by eddy forcing is bigger at higher latitudes than lower latitudes. The positive (negative) SFA can be induced where eddy‐vorticity fluxes converge (diverge) into the anomalous cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation. Further analysis of differences in eddy feedback strength suggests that synoptic eddy feedback is more effective for the cold events than that for the warm events over North Atlantic, Ural Mountain, and the areas south to Lake Baikal. The SFA anomaly pattern over Ural Mountain and Lake Baikal associated with the anomalous temperature events in China will disappear without considering the eddy feedback. It suggests that the eddy feedback plays a very important role in maintaining the low‐frequency flow during the January anomalous temperature events.
Late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from Lakes Ohrid and Prespa (Macedonia/Albania border) using stable isotopes

Abstract. Here we present stable isotope data from three sediment records from lakes that lie along the Macedonian-Albanian border (Lake Prespa: 1 core, and Lake Ohrid: 2 cores). The records only overlap for the last 40 kyr, although the longest record contains the MIS 5/6 transition (Lake Ohrid). The sedimentary characteristics of both lakes differ significantly between the glacial and interglacial phases. At the end of MIS 6 Lake Ohrid's water level was low (high δ18Ocalcite) and, although productivity was increasing (high calcite content), the carbon supply was mainly from inorganic catchment rock sources (high δ13Ccarb). During the last interglacial, calcite and TOC production and preservation increased, progressively lower δ18Ocalcite suggest increase in humidity and lake levels until around 115 ka. During ca. 80 ka to 11 ka the lake records suggest cold conditions as indicated by negligible calcite precipitation and low organic matter content. In Lake Ohrid, δ13Corg are complacent; in contrast, Lake Prespa shows consistently higher δ13Corg suggesting a low oxidation of 13C-depleted organic matter in agreement with a general deterioration of climate conditions during the glacial. From 15 ka to the onset of the Holocene, calcite and TOC begin to increase, suggesting lake levels were probably low (high δ18Ocalcite). In the Holocene (11 ka to present) enhanced productivity is manifested by high calcite and organic matter content. All three cores show an early Holocene characterised by low δ18Ocalcite, apart from the very early Holocene phase in Prespa where the lowest δ18Ocalcite occurs at ca. 7.5 ka, suggesting a phase of higher lake level only in (the more sensitive) Lake Prespa. From 6 ka, δ18Ocalcite suggest progressive aridification, in agreement with many other records in the Mediterranean, although the uppermost sediments in one core records low δ18Ocalcite which we interpret as a result of human activity. Overall, the isotope data present here confirm that these two big lakes have captured the large scale, low frequency palaeoclimate variation that is seen in Mediterranean lakes, although in detail there is much palaeoclimate information that could be gained, especially small scale, high frequency differences between this region and the Mediterranean.
HbA1c control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with coronary artery disease: a retrospective study in a tertiary hospital in South Africa

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have an increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. These patients require optimal glucose control to prevent the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Contemporary guidelines recommend an HbA1c ≤7% to mitigate this risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate HbA1c control in T2DM patients with angiographically proven ASCVD. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective study on consecutive T2DM patients with acute and chronic coronary syndromes managed in a tertiary academic hospital in South Africa. Glycaemic control was assessed by evaluating the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level measured at index presentation with acute and chronic coronary syndromes and during the most recent follow-up visit. Results The study population comprised 262 T2DM patients with a mean age of 61.3 ± 10.4 years. At index presentation, 110 (42.0%) T2DM patients presented with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, 69 (26.3%) had non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, 43 (16.4%) had unstable angina, and 40 (15.3%) had stable angina. After a median duration of 16.5 months (IQR: 7-29), 28.7% of the study participants had an HbA1c ≤7%. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, females were less likely to have poor glycaemic control (HbA1c above 7%) [odds ratio (OR): 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.19-0.95, p=0.038]. Also, T2DM patients prescribed metformin monotherapy (OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14-0.82, p=0.017) and patients with ST-segment depression on the electrocardiogram (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16-0.96, p=0.041) were less likely to have poor glycaemic control. Conclusion After a median duration of 16.5 months, only 28.7% of T2DM patients with CAD had an HbA1c ≤7%. This finding underscores the substantial unmet need for optimal diabetes control in this very high-risk group.
Dimensionless Thermal Efficiency Analysis for Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

Seasonal warm and cold water storage in groundwater aquifers is a cost‐effective renewable energy technology for indoor heating and cooling. Simple dimensionless analytical solutions for the thermal recovery efficiency of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems are derived, subject to heat losses caused by thermal diffusion and mechanical dispersion. The analytical solutions pertain to transient pumping rates and storage durations, and multiple cycles of operation, and are applicable to various well configurations and thermal plume geometries. Heat losses to confining layers, its implications for optimizing plume geometries and aspect ratios, and heat spreading due to free convection are also discussed. This provides a general tool for broad and rapid assessment of aquifers and ATES systems. We show that if heat exchange with the confining layers is negligible, the thermal recovery efficiency of thermal plumes with cylindrical geometry is independent of the aquifer porosity and heat capacity C0. Therefore, if mechanical dispersion is negligible as is often the case, the only aquifer property that affects the recovery efficiency is the aquifer thermal conductivity. The field‐scale aquifer thermal conductivity λ can therefore be inferred from the recovery efficiency of a push‐pull heat recovery test. Remarkably, an increase in C0 could either increase, decrease, or not affect the recovery efficiency, depending on the thermal plume geometry. Hence, the analytical solutions reveal that the recovery efficiency is affected by complex interactions between the thermal plume geometry and aquifer properties. Approximate analytical solutions for subsurface temperature profiles over an entire ATES cycle are also derived.
Measuring Behavior Change with Observational Studies: a Review

Exploring behavioral change in the digital age is imperative for societal progress in the context of 21st-century challenges. We analyzed 148 articles (2000-2023) and built a map that categorizes behaviors and change detection methodologies, platforms of reference, and theoretical frameworks that characterize online behavior change. Our findings uncover a focus on sentiment shifts, an emphasis on API-restricted platforms, and limited theory integration. We call for methodologies able to capture a wider range of behavioral types, diverse data sources, and stronger theory-practice alignment in the study of online behavioral change.
Model-Based Reparameterization Policy Gradient Methods: Theory and Practical Algorithms

ReParameterization (RP) Policy Gradient Methods (PGMs) have been widely adopted for continuous control tasks in robotics and computer graphics. However, recent studies have revealed that, when applied to long-term reinforcement learning problems, model-based RP PGMs may experience chaotic and non-smooth optimization landscapes with exploding gradient variance, which leads to slow convergence. This is in contrast to the conventional belief that reparameterization methods have low gradient estimation variance in problems such as training deep generative models. To comprehend this phenomenon, we conduct a theoretical examination of model-based RP PGMs and search for solutions to the optimization difficulties. Specifically, we analyze the convergence of the model-based RP PGMs and pinpoint the smoothness of function approximators as a major factor that affects the quality of gradient estimation. Based on our analysis, we propose a spectral normalization method to mitigate the exploding variance issue caused by long model unrolls. Our experimental results demonstrate that proper normalization significantly reduces the gradient variance of model-based RP PGMs. As a result, the performance of the proposed method is comparable or superior to other gradient estimators, such as the Likelihood Ratio (LR) gradient estimator. Our code is available at https://github.com/agentification/RP_PGM.
Mode Changing in PSR B0844-35 and PSR B1758-29 with Enhanced Emission at the Profile Centers

We have studied the single pulse emission from two pulsars, PSR B0844-35 and PSR B1758-29, over a wide frequency range of 300–750 MHz using the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. The two pulsars have relatively wide profiles with multiple components, which are a result of the line of sight traversing near the center of the emission beam. In both pulsars, the single pulse sequences show the presence of two distinct emission states, where the profiles become much brighter at the center, with prominent core components during one of the modes, while in the other mode the single pulses show odd–even subpulse drifting with a periodicity of around 2P, P being the rotation period of the pulsar. The centrally bright mode was seen for 10% of the observing duration in PSR B0844-35, which usually lasted for short durations of around 10 pulses, but had two longer sequences of around 100 pulses. On the contrary, the centrally bright mode was dominant in PSR B1758-29 and was seen for around 60% of the observing duration. PSR B1758-29 also showed period amplitude modulations of 60P–70P in both modes. The mode changing in these two pulsars facilitates investigation of the sparking process in the inner acceleration region, dominated by nondipolar magnetic fields. The change in the surface magnetic field configurations likely results in the emission mode change.
Quantum-Acoustic Drude Peak Shift

Quantum acoustics -- that is a recently developed close cousin of quantum optics -- has established a nonperturbative and coherent treatment of the electron-phonon interaction in real space. Here, by means of the the quantum-acoustical picture, we unveil the buildup of a displaced Drude peak hiding at plain sight within the venerable Fr\"ohlich model: the optical conductivity exhibits a finite frequency maximum in the far infra-red range and the d.c. conductivity is suppressed. In particular, our results shed light upon the obscure observations of the high-temperature electronic absorption peaks in strange and metals where the dynamical lattice disorder steers the system towards non- Drude behavior.
Bipartite Graph Pre-training for Unsupervised Extractive Summarization with Graph Convolutional Auto-Encoders

Pre-trained sentence representations are crucial for identifying significant sentences in unsupervised document extractive summarization. However, the traditional two-step paradigm of pre-training and sentence-ranking, creates a gap due to differing optimization objectives. To address this issue, we argue that utilizing pre-trained embeddings derived from a process specifically designed to optimize cohensive and distinctive sentence representations helps rank significant sentences. To do so, we propose a novel graph pre-training auto-encoder to obtain sentence embeddings by explicitly modelling intra-sentential distinctive features and inter-sentential cohesive features through sentence-word bipartite graphs. These pre-trained sentence representations are then utilized in a graph-based ranking algorithm for unsupervised summarization. Our method produces predominant performance for unsupervised summarization frameworks by providing summary-worthy sentence representations. It surpasses heavy BERT- or RoBERTa-based sentence representations in downstream tasks.
The Effect of Localized Mixing on the Ocean Circulation and Time-Dependent Climate Change

Observations indicate that intense mixing in the ocean is localized above complex topography and near the boundaries. Model experiments presented here illustrate that accounting for this fact can be important. In particular, it is found that in the case of localized mixing, the rate of overturning circulation is proportional to the net rate of generation of potential energy by the vertical mixing, linked to the net downward heat diffusion, rather than to the value of the mean vertical diffusivity coefficient. Furthermore, it is shown that two climate models, having the same vertical profile of diffusivity but differing in their distribution (horizontally uniform versus topography/boundary intensified) can simulate significantly different meridional oceanic circulations, vertical heat transfers, and responses of simulated climate to atmospheric CO2 increase. This is found for relatively large [O(1.0 cm 2 s 1 )] horizontal-mean values of vertical diffusivity in the pycnocline. However, in cases of relatively small [O(0.1 cm 2 s 1 )] mean diffusivity in the pycnocline, the simulated integral quantities such as meridional mass and heat transports do not depend much on the details of the mixing distribution. Even so, it is found that the deep western boundary currents are more localized near the boundaries in the case of topography/boundary-intensified mixing; also, the stratification in the deep ocean is set through the localized regions of intense vertical mixing. In addition, it is shown that reconciling the observed basin-mean values of diffusivity in the abyssal ocean of O(10 cm 2 s 1 ) with realistic stratification can be problematic, unless the regions of enhanced vertical mixing are localized.
Simple Constructions of Unique Neighbor Expanders from Error-correcting Codes

In this note, we give very simple constructions of unique neighbor expander graphs starting from spectral or combinatorial expander graphs of mild expansion. These constructions and their analysis are simple variants of the constructions of LDPC error-correcting codes from expanders, given by Sipser-Spielman [SS96] (and Tanner [Tan81]), and their analysis. We also show how to obtain expanders with many unique neighbors using similar ideas. There were many exciting results on this topic recently, starting with Asherov-Dinur [AD23] and Hsieh-McKenzie-Mohanty-Paredes [HMMP23], who gave a similar construction of unique neighbor expander graphs, but using more sophisticated ingredients (such as almost-Ramanujan graphs) and a more involved analysis. Subsequent beautiful works of Cohen-Roth-TaShma [CRT23] and Golowich [Gol23] gave even stronger objects (lossless expanders), but also using sophisticated ingredients. The main contribution of this work is that we get much more elementary constructions of unique neighbor expanders and with a simpler analysis.
CHAMMI: A benchmark for channel-adaptive models in microscopy imaging

Most neural networks assume that input images have a fixed number of channels (three for RGB images). However, there are many settings where the number of channels may vary, such as microscopy images where the number of channels changes depending on instruments and experimental goals. Yet, there has not been a systemic attempt to create and evaluate neural networks that are invariant to the number and type of channels. As a result, trained models remain specific to individual studies and are hardly reusable for other microscopy settings. In this paper, we present a benchmark for investigating channel-adaptive models in microscopy imaging, which consists of 1) a dataset of varied-channel single-cell images, and 2) a biologically relevant evaluation framework. In addition, we adapted several existing techniques to create channel-adaptive models and compared their performance on this benchmark to fixed-channel, baseline models. We find that channel-adaptive models can generalize better to out-of-domain tasks and can be computationally efficient. We contribute a curated dataset (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7988357) and an evaluation API (https://github.com/broadinstitute/MorphEm.git) to facilitate objective comparisons in future research and applications.