Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Biogenic Amines in Oregon Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon Wines

The content of biogenic amines was determined in 59 samples of Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon wines produced in Oregon, USA from the 1991 and 1992 vintages. Amines were separated by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography and quantified fluorimetrically after post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde. Overall, putrescine was the most prevalent amine, being present in samples in both varietals. It was followed by histamine (97% in Pinot noir and 79% in Cabernet Sauvignon) and cadaverine (93%) in Cabernet Sauvignon. Tryptamine was not detected in Cabernet Sauvignon wines. There was no significant difference between amine concentrations from the 1991 and 1992 vintages. Pinot noir contained significantly more putrescine, histamine, 2-phenylethylamine, serotonin, spermine and total amine; however, Cabernet Sauvignon contained more cadaverine and spermidine (p ≤ 0.05, Tukey test). The variability of the type and concentration of amines in the wines suggests that the amount of some amines in wines could be reduced. Due to the health concerns of amines in wine, efforts should be made to understand their formation in wine to optimize processing technology in order to secure low amine content.
Research observation: desert bighorn sheep diets in northwestern Sonora, Mexico.

We used microhistological analyses of fresh fecal pellets to determine seasonal diets of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana Merriam 1901) in northwestern Sonora, Mexico from April 1997 to December 1998. We identified 41 plant species (22 browse, 10 forbs, 5 grasses, and 4 succulents) in diets of bighorn sheep. We found no differences between diets of males and females, and diet diversity between sexes was similar (P > 0.05). Diet included: browse (45.7%), forbs (32.0%), succulents (17.8%), and grasses (4.5%). The consumption of succulents was higher during spring, decreased during summer, increased in autumn, and decreased in winter. Consumption of forbs was higher during winter and summer. Globemallow (Sphaeralceae spp.), desert agaves (Agave spp.), range ratany (Krameria parvifolia Benth.), buck-wheatbrush (Eriogonum spp.), foothill palo verde (Cercidium microphyllum [Torrey] Rose &Johnst.), Engelmann prickly pear (Opuntia engelmanii Salm-Dyck), desert ironwood (Olneya tesota A. Gray), and elephant tree (Bursera microphylla A. Gray) were consumed throughout the study. As biologists identify potential release sites for restoration of bighorn sheep in Mexico, studies of diet composition will provide managers with information for successful translocations. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i6_tarango
Defoliation patterns and their implications for the management of vegetative tropical pastures to control intake and diet quality by cattle

This study assessed the use of pasture attributes to control daily intake and diet quality during progressive defoliation on pastures of Axonopus catarinensis. Three consecutive 12-day grazing treatments of progressive defoliation were conducted with Brahman cross-steers. Daily forage intake and defoliation dynamics were assessed using a pasture-based method. The treatments differed in initial sward height (33, 44 and 61 cm) and herbage mass (1030, 1740 and 2240 kg ha−1). The post-grazing residual sward height, at which forage intake decreased, appeared to increase with the initial sward height (12·3, 14·6 and 15·5 cm). Steers grazed up to four distinctive grazing strata in all treatments. The depth and herbage mass content of the top grazing stratum were at least five times higher than the lower grazing strata in all treatments. This explains why forage intake decreased when the top grazing stratum was removed in approximately 93% of the pasture area in all treatments, equivalent to approximately 7% of the pasture area remaining ungrazed. We conclude that the residual ungrazed area of the pasture, rather than residual sward height, can be used to develop grazing management strategies to control forage intake and diet quality in a wide range of pasture conditions.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Cell Walls of Some Green Algae

Stress relaxation and constant rate of strain measurements were made on the cell walls of the green algae Nitella, Acetabularia, and Penicillus. These plants have, as their main structural polysaccharide, cellulose, mannan, and xylan respectively. The stress relaxation measurements were made in the temperature range o to 50 °C for the interval 0 02 to io3 s. A limited number of constant rate of strain curves were also obtained for comparison with theoretical curves deduced from the relaxation data. All three algae exhibit typical fibrous behaviour but Acetabularia could not be mechanically conditioned to give reproducible results. The time-temperature correspondence of the data and its relevance to the molecular organization of the cell wall are discussed. Structural changes with temperature, deduced in previous work from rigorous matching of the relaxation curves at different temperatures, are now thought not to occur. The matching procedure only appears to work because the curves lack distinctive features on which to base the superposition. Comparison of stress relaxation and constant rate of strain data show that the cell walls of these algae exhibit non-linear viscoelastic behaviour and apparent changes in the quasi-static modulus with temperature can be explained satis factorily in terms of reaction rate theories for viscoelastic processes.
Evaluating different artificial ageing techniques and variability in tolerance to ageing of seeds of Brassica spp. and Eruca sativa

The seeds of B. juncea, B. napus, B. rapa and Eruca sativa, a related genus of Brassica sp. , were subjected to different ageing treatments including rapid ageing through immersion into hot water at 58±2oC, controlled deterioration by raising the seed moisture content to 15% at 40±2oC, and subjecting the seeds to higher relative humidity of 95% using saturated solution of Potassium nitrate at 40±2oC. Each of the accession was studied for physiological factors like germination percentage, mean germination time, and vigour index which declined with all the ageing treatments. Maximum decline was shown by accessions of B. napus and E. sativa. The accessions of B. juncea and B. rapa were found to be better performers as compared to the accessions of B. napus and E. sativa. The biochemical assays like electrical conductivity and lipid peroxidation, increased with the progress of deterioration. Decline in enzyme activity of peroxidase and catalases were observed, and these enzymes become non-functional when the seeds were dead. All the accessions showed a coherent response to ageing treatments irrespective of the species under study. Hot water ageing was a rapid method of ageing but controlled deterioration by equilibrating the seed moisture to a higher level (15%) and subjecting to elevated temperature of 40±2oC (controlled deterioration) was more reliable method of accelerated ageing technique for predicting the storability of seeds of Brassica and related genera.
Genotypic diversity and genetic structure of populations of the distylous aquatic plant Nymphoides peltata (Menyanthaceae) in China

Nymphoides peltata is a distylous aquatic plant. In order to explore the relative importance of clonal growth and sexual reproduction within populations and also to reveal the origin of the commonly occurring one style morph populations in China, we studied the clonal diversity and population genetic structure of this species. By using seven single sequence repeat primer pairs, a total of 192 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified among the 472 samples from the 21 populations analyzed; each population had two or more MLGs. The number of MLGs was lower for the one style morph populations than distylous populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed that a smaller proportion of genetic variation resided among populations (36.8%). A neighbor‐joining tree indicated that there was no significant geographical structure of the genetic variation among populations of N. peltata. The Bottleneck tests indicated that there had been significant bottlenecks in most of the studied populations. The successful sexual recruitment from seeds may have contributed to the high clonal diversity in distylous populations of N. peltata in China. Demographic stochasticity or bottleneck should account for the one style morph population with several MLGs. And also the bottleneck effects or demographic changes caused by human activities occurring randomly in populations should account for the finding of no significant geographical structure of the genetic variation among the investigated populations of N. peltata.
Determination of optimal timing of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid foliar applications for common scab control in potato

Application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been shown to be an effective control method for common scab of potato. Prior research targeted applications at or shortly after tuber initiation during the period of known susceptibility, with later treatment providing little or no control. This study examined the effect of a range of application dates and the influence of multiple applications at low and high rates on common scab control in both Russet Burbank and Desiree cultivars. We show that applications as early as 5 days after average plant emergence gave the greater disease control for both cultivars. These early treatments provide sufficient material to the tuber to induce resistance that lasts throughout the tuber susceptibility period with no requirement for, or benefit of repeated applications. Agronomic assessments suggested minor effects on total tuber mass produced with 2,4-D treatment but these were not consistent. Effective treatments result in levels of 2,4-D at harvest below the Australian maximum residue limit.
Xanthophyll cycle, light energy dissipation and photosystem II down-regulation in senescent leaves of wheat plants grown in the field

Photosynthesis, the xanthophyll cycle, light energy dissipation and down-regulation of photosystem II (PSII) in senescent leaves of wheat plants grown in the field were investigated. With the progress of senescence, maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry decreased only slightly early in the morning but substantially at midday. Actual PSII efficiency, photochemical quenching, efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII centres, and the I–P phase of fluorescence induction curves decreased significantly and such decreases were much more evident at midday than in the morning. At the same time, non-photochemical quenching, thermal dissipation and de-epoxidation status of the xanthophyll cycle increased, with much greater increases at midday than in the morning. These results suggest that the xanthophyll cycle played a role in photoprotection of PSII in senescent leaves by dissipating excess excitation energy. Taking into account the substantial decrease in photosynthetic capacity in senescent leaves, our data seem to support the view that the decrease in actual PSII efficiency in senescent leaves may represent a mechanism to down-regulate photosynthetic electron transport to match the decreased CO2 assimilation capacity and avoid photodamage of PSII from excess excitation energy.
Soil and plant factors relating to the poor growth of Lupinus species on fine-textured, alkaline soils - a review.

Soil type is an important factor affecting the growth of lupins. Successful lupin cultivation is generally restricted to deep, acid to neutral, coarse-textured soils. Very little is known about the factors affecting the performance of lupins on other soil types. This review attempts to define the major factors controlling the growth of lupins of fine-textured, alkaline soils, with a view to providing a focus for future research. Wild populations of the genus, as a whole, occupy soils of a wide pH and textural range (pH 4-8.5, texture ranging from coarse sands to fine clays), although the majority of populations are found on light soils of sandy loam or loamy sand texture with pH values between 5.5 and 7. Species within the genus have distinct preferences for soils of a narrower range than the genus as a whole. Commercially cultivated species appear to be adapted to a narrower range of soil types than the wild species. Iron nutrition, seedling emergence, and rooting pattern and phenology are the major factors influencing the performance of lupins on fine-textured, alkaline soils. Lupins appear to possess some mechanisms thought to enhance the availability of Fe, nevertheless they suffer severely from Fe deficiency. Conditions prevailing on fine-textured, alkaline soils (poor drainage and aeration, CaCO3) are frequently conducive to Fe deficiency. The epigeal pattern of emergence of lupins is unsuitable to fine-textured soils, particularly if crust formation occurs. The rooting pattern and phenology of lupins is better suited to deep sandy soils than shallow, fine-textured soils, and this exacerbates late-season water stress. A better understanding of these factors may allow breeding and management strategies to be developed which will extend lupin cultivation to a wider range of soils.
Stem mortality of Acacia nigrescens induced by the synergistic effects of elephants and fire in Kruger National Park, South Africa

Abstract: One manner in which elephants utilize trees is by removing their bark. This type of utilization is concentrated on the largest trees in the landscape. The role of bark removal in increasing the vulnerability of large trees to fire and the mechanism through which fire damage is mediated were investigated in Kruger National Park, South Africa, by experimentally removing bark and burning Acacia nigrescens stems with diameters ranging between 30 and 68 mm. Also, field surveys were conducted subsequent to natural fires in order to investigate mortality patterns of large trees with dbh greater than 15 cm with bark removed by elephants. An increasing probability of mortality was associated with increasing amounts of bark removal but only if trees were burned. When trees had bark removed but were not burnt, simulating damage only to cambium and phloem, none of the 12 treated stems died in the 4-mo period over which the experiment ran. Moreover, low levels of cambium damage were detected in large burned stems. This suggests that bark removal increases fire-induced xylem damage and that this damage contributes towards stem mortality. In a survey of 437 large trees, bark removal by elephants was frequent on large stems (44%) and larger trees have greater amounts of bark removed. Post-fire mortality of large trees was significantly associated with increasing bark removal and stem diameter. These results indicate that bark removal by elephants increases the vulnerability of stems to fire, resulting in mortality of large stems otherwise protected from fire.
The Effect of Benzyl Adenine, Nano Silver, 8-hydroxyquinolin Sulfate, and Sucrose on Longevity Improvement and some other Quality Characteristics of Dianthus CV. Cream Viana Cut Flower

Dianthus is an important decorative plant cultivated from long time ago. This plant is used in vase and stem-cut forms, and is economically valuable due to its production simplicity and reasonable price. The effect of benzyl adenine with concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/L on Dianthus CV. " Cream Viana " cut flower was investigated in short-term treatment (48 hours) in this study. In addition, the effects of nano silver with concentrations of 2 and 4 ppm and 8- hydroxyquinol sulfate with concentration of 300 ppm plus 3% sucrose, as the continuous treatment (preservative solution) studied. The flowers were placed at the temperature of 20°C, relative humidity of 80%, and photo-period of 14 hours provided by fluorescent light with light intensity of 15 micromole/m2×s in the upper part of the room. Life information following picking the flower were all analyzed during the measurement procedures; these parameters included relative wet weight of flower, flower diameter, soluble solids, degree of stem bending, percentage of stability index of cellular membrane, amount of Anthocyanin, and solution uptake. The results indicated short-term treatment by Benzyl adenine of 100 mg/liter concentration together with nano silver preservative solution of 4 ppm concentration plus 3% sucrose has the greatest impact on the longevity and qualitative characteristics of Dianthus flower.
Effects of morphometric descriptor changes on statistical classification and morphospaces

Ten morphometric descriptors (five pairs of form and shape parameters) are used to describe the complex morphology of the first lower molar of two morphologically similar species, Microtus arvalis and M. agrestis. These descriptors are derived either from linear measurements or from outline analysis. The effects of these different descriptors on classical analysis as used in biology or palaeobiology are explored. First, the reliability of results in statistical classification is assessed. All of the descriptors discriminate well between the two species. The initial morphometric scheme (linear or outline) does not induce marked differences in statistical classification and the major discrepancies are between standardized and non-standardized versions of descriptors, and between amplitude- and coefficient-based or linear-based descriptors. Subsequently, the similarity of morphospaces based on partial least squares analysis and of intraspecific variance (estimated from the morphospace analysis) are observed. This is done within a morphospace-disparity framework and procedures used here for testing are directed at this research area. Similarities between morphospaces are relatively high. In this case, the initial morphometric scheme is a major factor inducing dissimilarity. However, the patterns of intraspecific dispersion inferred from morphospaces are roughly similar. Major differences in results correspond to the two classes of form or shape descriptors. Similarity of intraspecific variance is obtained when standardized descriptors are used (except for amplitude-based descriptors); conversely, dissimilarity is obtained when non-standardized descriptors are used. In many cases, the results of the various analyses are robust despite changes in descriptor. Moreover, the developmental pathway of vole teeth can frequently explain major dissimilarity or even similarity. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 83, 243–260.
Aspergillus niger exo‐inulinase purification by three phase partitioning

Inulinase (2, 1‐β‐D‐fructan fructanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.7) hydrolyses inulin into nearly pure fructose, which is an excellent alternative for the production of fructose syrup. Growing inulinase utilization in different industries encourages the search for high benefit/cost ratio purification techniques for such enzymes. Here, we adapted the three‐phase partitioning (TPP) technique for the downstream process of inulinase obtained from Aspergillus niger. TPP is a simple non‐chromatographic process used for purification and concentration of protein. The various conditions required for attaining efficient purification of inulinase were optimized. The optimum conditions for TPP were found to be 30% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation with 1.0 : 0.5 v/v ratio of t‐butanol to crude extract at pH 4.0 and temperature 25°C. The enzyme was purified by 10.2‐fold using two‐step TPP with an overall recovery of 88%. The enzyme's molecular mass was found to be 63.8 kDa by SDS‐PAGE analysis. Terminal hydrolysis fructose units from the inulin show that enzymes are exo‐inulinase. The recovery of purified exo‐inulinase achieved in this work shows the technical viability of enzyme purification by TPP.
Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer–Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance

Thirty-six forest gaps were monitored for 12 years in an old-growth forest dominated by Acersaccharum Marsh. and Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh. Most gaps were formed by single tree falls, although some larger ones were created by the deaths of two to four canopy trees. Gap closure rates suggest that most saplings need the occurrence of more than one gap to reach the canopy. Newer, small-scale disturbances, because of their geometry, occur near older disturbances at high rates. After gaps form, woody vegetation increases in density for 5–10 years and then decreases in density. The four main species of this study show different patterns of response, with optima as follows: small gaps of all ages for Acer, old gaps of all sizes for Fagus, large young gaps for Fraxinusamericana L. , and large gaps of all ages for Liriodendrontulipifera L. The presence, size distribution, and species composition of saplings immediately preceding gap formation help determine which species will dominate the gap. In general, the processes.
Larval recruitment of the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Ariake Sound, southern Japan

: The mechanisms by which catch yields of the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum have decreased drastically in Kumamoto Prefecture, southern Japan, and the larval recruitment by which benthic populations of the clam are maintained were studied. Samples at different growth stages (planktonic larvae, new settlers, and small to large bivalves of the species) were collected from February 1997 to December 1998 on two tidal flats (Kawaguchi and Nameishi, 20 km distance from each other) along the eastern coast of Ariake Sound. Densities of planktonic larvae, new settlers and small bivalves were generally higher at Kawaguchi than Nameishi. The higher density of large bivalves at Kawaguchi depends on a high larval density. Larval retention mechanisms coupled with water movement at Kawaguchi, such as tidal residual currents, may be related intimately with the higher larval density at Kawaguchi. Predation by shore birds at and after recruitment may be related to the lower density of large bivalves recorded at Kawaguchi in 1998, despite larval densities being higher there.