Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Broadening the View of Live Programmers

Live programming provides feedback on run-time behavior by visualizing concrete values of expressions close to the source code. When using such a local perspective on run-time behavior, programmers have to mentally reconstruct the control flow if they want to understand the relation between observed values. As this requires complete and correct knowledge of all relevant code, this reconstruction is impractical for larger programs as well as in the case of unexpected program behavior. In turn, cross-cutting perspectives on run-time behavior can visualize the actual control flow directly. At the same time, cross-cutting perspectives are often difficult to navigate due to the large number of run-time events. We propose to integrate cross-cutting perspectives into live programming environments based on local perspectives so that the two complement each other: the cross-cutting perspective provides an overview of the run-time behavior; the local perspective provides detailed feedback as well as points of interest to navigate the cross-cutting perspective. We present a cross-cutting perspective prototype in the form of a call tree browser integrated into the Babylonian/S live programming environment. In an exploratory user study, we observed that programmers found the tool useful for debugging, code comprehension, and navigation. Finally, we discuss how our prototype illustrates how the features of live programming environments may serve as the basis for other powerful dynamic development tools.
Crop Simulation Modeling: A Strategic Tool in Crop Management

Recent advancements in agricultural technology and the increasing challenges posed by food scarcity have prompted growers to seek enhanced control over environmental conditions to optimize plant growth. In this context, crop simulation models have emerged as a valuable tool for developing innovative crop management systems, garnering significant interest from researchers over the years. This article explores the opportunities and applications of various crop models in addressing critical agricultural and environmental concerns. The key highlights include Climate Change Impact Assessment: Crop models play a pivotal role in assessing the potential impacts of climate change on agricultural systems, allowing for proactive adaptation and mitigation strategies. Fertilizer Management: Crop models enable precise fertilizer management, ensuring optimal nutrient application and minimizing environmental impacts, such as nutrient runoff. Yield Prediction: Accurate yield predictions facilitated by crop models empower farmers to make informed decisions regarding planting, harvesting, and marketing their crops. Irrigation and Phenological Studies: Crop models aid in the efficient management of irrigation resources, contribute to water conservation, and offer insights into plant phenology, enabling better timing for various agricultural practices. Disease and Pest Forecasting: Crop models are instrumental in predicting disease and pest outbreaks, allowing timely intervention strategies and reducing crop losses. The upsurge in technological advancements in agriculture and growing concerns related to food scarcity have elevated the need for advanced environmental control for optimal crop growth. Crop simulation models have emerged as a powerful tool, with applications spanning climate change impact assessment, fertilizer management, yield prediction, irrigation and phenological studies, as well as disease and pest forecasting. The research outlined in this article underscores the multifaceted opportunities and applications of crop models in addressing critical agricultural and environmental challenges, emphasizing their significance in fostering sustainable and resilient farming practices.
Comments on: A review of the evolution, biostratigraphy, provincialism and diversity of Middle and early Late Triassic conodonts

COMMENTS ON: A REVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, PROVINCIALISM AND DIVERSITY OF MIDDLE AND EARLY LATE TRIASSIC CONODONTS by PABLO PLASENCIA, ANA M ARQUEZ-ALIAGA, JUAN ALBERTO P EREZ-VALERA, AYMON BAUD, MILAN SUDAR, ALI-MURAT KILIC 5 and FRANCIS HIRSCH Departamento de Geolog ıa e ICBiBE, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Valencia, Spain; pablo.plasencia@uv.es, ana.marquez@uv.es Departamento de Paleontologia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; jalbertoperez@geo.ucm. es Parc de la Rouvraie, CH-1018, Lausanne, Switzerland; aymon.baud@unil.ch Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia; milan.sudar1946@gmail.com Department of Geology, Balıkesir University, 10145, Balıkesir, Turkey; alimurat@balikesir.edu. tr Laboratory of Geology, Naruto University of Education, Naruto, 772-8502, Japan; francishirsch@gmail.com
Nitrogen and harvest impact on warm-season grass biomass yield and feedstock quality

Perennial warm-season grasses including switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon geradii Vitman), and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.) have drawn interest as bioenergy feedstocks due to their high yielding capacity with minimal amounts of inputs under a wide range of environments, and their capability to produce multiple environmental benefits. Nitrogen (N) fertility and harvest timing are considered as critical management practices when optimizing biomass yield and the feedstock quality of these grasses. The objective of this investigation was to quantify the impact of N fertilizer rate, N timing and harvest date on warm season biomass dry matter yield. Research was conducted in 2014 and 2015 on a total of four field-plot locations situated in central and west-central Missouri. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied using dry ammonium nitrate at the rates of 0, 34, 67, and 101 kg ha -1 at two application times, all N early spring and split N (early spring and following 1 st harvest). Harvest treatments were as follows: 1) one cut in September; 2) one cut in November; 3) one cut in June and a second in September; and 4) one cut in June and a second in November. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with N rate as the main plot and harvest as the sub-plot in a randomized complete block design. Both N and harvest date and their interactions impacted biomass yield at all four locations. Delaying harvesting until late fall or killing frost increased yield. November harvest in combination with N rates ≥ 67 kg ha -1 year -1 produced higher yields compared to the control and 34 kg ha -1 N treatments and other harvest timing strategies. Although N was needed to optimize yield, partial factor 24 productivity (PFP) of applied N was flat when N applied was > 34 kg ha -1 . Nitrogen fertilization at 67 kg ha -1 per growing season provided an opportunity to maintain a balance between both yield and efficiency of N inputs. Results of this research highlight the interactions of N fertilization and harvest management have when optimizing yield of warm-season grasses grown as bioenergy feedstocks. List of acronyms: N, Nitrogen; PFP, partial factor productivity
Effects of physical and chemical disturbance on stream ecosystem structure and function

A variety of natural and anthropogenic disturbances influence the structure and function of stream ecosystems. While past investigations have focused on the response of community indicators to stream disturbances, functional indicators may also be helpful for assessing stream ecosystem health. To date, few studies have compared the response of structural and functional indicators to ecosystem-level disturbances. I separately measured the effects of long-term acidification, a large-scale avulsion, and the individual and combined effects of physical streambed disturbance and altered refugia availability on stream structural and functional metrics. I found that acidification was associated with changes in macroinvertebrate communities including reduced diversity and reduced Ephemeroptera abundance. 13C and 15N isotopic signatures of three macroinvertebrate families shifted away from periphyton isotopic signatures and towards isotopic signatures of allochthonous food sources at acidified sites. Whole-stream metabolism was not significantly associated with stream pH and may be less sensitive to acidification than macroinvertebrate community metrics.
Report of Maruca vitrata (F) Nucleopolyhedrovirus

This study explores the potential of nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) as a sustainable solution for managing legume pod borer Maruca vitrata (F). Distinctive signs of viral infection, such as suspended deceased larvae on cowpea leaves, and virus spread have been observed. Microscopic examination reveals characteristic polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs), confirming MaviNPV as the causative agent. Symptoms, including decreased activity and mortality in younger larvae, larval-pupal intermediates and deformed pupae have been observed. Reproductive disruption is evident through the absence of an egg mass and discharge of fluid from emerged adults. Bioassay results highlight age-dependent susceptibility, with higher mortality in early instars.
Enhancing Low-Flow Forecasts: A Multi-Model Approach for Rainfall–Runoff Models

The expected change in rainfall patterns and the increase in evapotranspiration due to climate change leads to earlier droughts, which aggravate water shortages. To ensure the sustainable management of water resources in these conditions, it is necessary to forecast their evolution. The use of hydrological models is essential for monitoring the water crisis. The conceptual hydrological models used in this study are MEDOR, GR4J, and HBV. They are applied in the Nahr Ibrahim watershed, which is a typical Lebanese Mediterranean basin. While these models simplify complex natural systems, concerns persist about their reliability in addressing drought challenges. In order to reduce the uncertainties, this study develops new robust methods that can improve model simulations. First, a particular series concerning low flows is constructed with the use of hydrological low-flow indices. The multi-model approach is utilized to reach a more accurate unique series while combining the low-flow series generated from the models. This combination is accomplished by using the simple average method, weighted average, artificial neural networks, and genetic algorithms. Better results are generated with the use of these methods. Accordingly, this study led to an improvement in model performances while increasing the reliability of low-flow forecasts.
Constraining Sedimentary Structure Using Frequency‐Dependent P Wave Particle Motion: A Case Study of the Songliao Basin in NE China

Knowledge on sedimentary structure within a basin is of great importance for exploring petroleum resources and predicting strong ground motions caused by earthquakes. Although 3‐D seismic data acquisition is common nowadays in petroleum industry, it is still impossible to conduct dense 3‐D seismic surveys at a whole‐basin scale. Passive seismic imaging thus can play a significant role in obtaining large‐scale sedimentary structure of basins with a reasonably good resolution. Here we present a new method to estimate the sedimentary structure beneath a seismic station using frequency‐dependent nonlinear particle motion of the teleseismic P wave, that is, a delay in the P wave arrival time on the horizontal component. Forward modeling suggests that the delay time and its variations over frequency are caused by interference of the direct P wave with the P‐to‐S conversions at the base of the sediments as well as sediment reverberations, and hence can be used to constrain the thickness and seismic velocity of the sediments beneath the station. We further develop a 2‐D grid search technique to estimate the optimum sediment thickness (Z) and surface S wave velocity (β0) by minimizing the residuals between the observed and calculated apparent P wave splitting times. The grid search yields reasonably robust estimates of Z and β0, although it has some trade‐off between the two parameters in the case of thin and unconsolidated sediments. We apply the method to 30+ broadband stations inside the Songliao basin, and the estimated sedimentary structures beneath these stations agree well with previous results.
Examining entrepreneurial intentions through the lens of university students' attitudes

The labour markets of the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe relied on stronger growth of the corporate sector as a mechanism for integrating the growing number of laid-off workers. The Serbian labour market has had a similar experience. Decades after the start of economic reforms, however, the role of entrepreneurship as an integrative employment mechanism has not increased in importance, which is best evidenced by statistical data. This paper focuses on students' intention to start their own business after graduation, and specifically examines the relationship between intention and personal attitudes. The experiment was conducted with two groups of students. The results indicate differences in students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship that deepen according to faculty group, gender, and year of study. From the students' responses, it can be concluded that electrical engineering students, female economics students and students in higher years of study are more inclined towards entrepreneurship. This may have implications for measures to support the development of youth entrepreneurship.
Age-Specific Fertility Rate Projections in West Africa

Fertility has become the most important biological factor in predicting population growth due to significant improvements in reducing mortality. Fertility projections are important in predicting the demand for water, food, medical services and other basic social amenities. There are two main objectives in this study: 1) to examine past trends in age-specific fertility rate for West African countries; and 2) to predict future fertility rates there. Age-specific fertility data were retrieved from the United States Census Bureau; then simple linear regression models were fitted to forecast the fertility rates for seven age groups from 2016 to 2100. Results confirm that fertility rates in West Africa have been reducing very slowly as has been reported in other studies, but this examination reveals that few West African countries are likely to reach long-term fertility limits across all age groups due to the slow pace of reduction. This suggests that, current population control programs in most countries are not sufficient in achieving Sustainable Development Goals and policymakers need to consider additional measures to increase the pace of fertility reduction
Transient Ground Deformation in Tectonically Active Regions and Implications for the Mechanical Behavior of the Crust and Upper Mantle

x CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Types of transient tectonic deformation . 3 1.1.1 Postseismic deformation . 3 1.1.2 Interseismic deformation . 4 1.1.3 Slow slip events . 5 1.2 Outline . 6 1.3 Publications from this dissertation . 7 CHAPTER 2: Bias in estimates of lithosphere viscosity from interseismic deformation 9 2.1 Abstract . 9 2.2 Introduction . 9 2.3 Interseismic models . 11 2.3. 1 Depth-dependence of τ . 11 2.4 Determination of apparent strength . 12 2.5 Biases in apparent strength . 15 2.6 Lower crustal shear zones . 16 2.7 Discussion . 16 2.8 Conclusions . 18 2.9 Acknowledgments . 19
Paleolithic artifact deposits at Wadi Dabsa, Saudi Arabia: A multiscalar geoarchaeological approach to building an interpretative framework

Surface artifacts dominate the archaeological record of arid landscapes, particularly the Saharo‐Arabian belt, a pivotal region in dispersals out of Africa. Discarded by hominins, these artifacts are key to understanding past landscape use and dispersals, yet behavioral interpretation of present‐day artifact distributions cannot be carried out without understanding how geomorphological processes have controlled, and continue to control, artifact preservation, exposure and visibility at multiple scales. We employ a geoarchaeological approach to unraveling the formation of a surface assemblage of 2,970 Palaeolithic and later lithic artifacts at Wadi Dabsa, Saudi Arabia, the richest locality recorded to date in the southwestern Red Sea coastal region. Wadi Dabsa basin, within the volcanic Harrat Al Birk, contains extensive tufa deposits formed during wetter conditions. We employ regional landscape mapping and automatic classification of surface conditions using satellite imagery, field observations, local landform mapping, archaeological survey, excavation, and sedimentological analyses to develop a multiscalar model of landscape evolution and geomorphological controls acting on artifact distributions in the basin. The main artifact assemblage is identified as a palimpsest of activity, actively forming on a deflating surface, a model with significant implications for future study and interpretation of this, and other, surface artifact assemblages.
Quest on Determinants of Stock Price in Nepal: Evidence of Microfinance Sector Share Listed in NEPSE

Stock markets are crucial for economic prosperity, capital formation, and sustainable economic growth. It facilitates resource flow, investment opportunities, pooling funds, sharing risk, and wealth transfer between savers and users. This paper investigates the determinants of stock price traded in Nepal's secondary market through NEPSE, focusing on the microfinance sector. The study uses descriptive, analytical, and inferential research to analyze the determinants of microfinance companies' market prices. The econometric model's coefficient of variation value is 0.90, indicating that 90 per cent change in the market price of the microfinance company is defined by the explanatory variables included in the model. Market price per share is positively correlated with earnings per share, return on equity, price-earnings ratio, and book value, while inversely correlated with floating share size. Independent variables like earnings per share, price-to-earnings ratio, and floating shares are statistically significant. However, other fundamental aspects of equity, such as book value per share and return on equity, are not statistically significant. This highlights the importance of considering company-specific factors in investment decisions in Nepalese capital markets. In conclusion, there is serious gap of financial literacy from the part of vast majority of market participant lacking investment optimization.
Understanding social vulnerability to climate change usinga ‘riskscapes’ lens: case studies from Ethiopia and Tanzania

This paper uses the concept of riskscapes to understand the way climate risks manifest themselves and interact with other risks to create vulnerable local communities in Ethiopia and Tanzania. The main research question we addressed is: what are the different sources of risks facing farmers’ livelihoods in the selected case study areas of both countries and where does climate risk fit? The study uses qualitative research methodology with thick description of our case studies to identify variables which are common in both countries. Accordingly, we identified six major risk settings which are important in determining the vulnerability of communities, namely ‘climate hazard risk setting’, ‘subsistence risk setting’, ‘population increase risk setting’, ‘state policy failure risk setting’, ‘market volatility risk setting’, and ‘supernatural risk setting’. Our findings highlight two important points. First, the interaction between risk settings and climate risks differs from one place to another, depending on the ecological endowment and social fabric of the area of interest. Second, local communities and experts attach different importance to the six risk settings identified and the interaction between them, making up local community and expert riskscapes. Hence, we argue that effective climate risk management in the context of sub-Saharan Africa requires proper understanding of the way various risk settings interact with climate risk, and of the different weight that relevant actors attribute to these risks and their interaction.
Welfare Euroscepticism and socioeconomic status

While the European Union (EU) increasingly strengthens its social integration, opposition towards this process can also be observed, here defined as ‘welfare Euroscepticism’. To better understand this newly defined policy paradigm, this article aims to explain longstanding cleavages in both social policy and EU research: socioeconomic status (SES) divides. Contrary to the literature on public support for European integration, this article argues that higher SES groups are more likely to be welfare Eurosceptics than lower SES groups. This argument and its underlying explanations are examined through a multilevel approach using European Social Survey data from 18 EU member states, using the example of a potential EU-wide minimum income scheme. First, the results demonstrate that welfare Euroscepticism is indeed more prevalent among higher SES groups than lower SES groups (measured through occupation, education, income, and employment). The results indicate robust self-interest patterns among higher SES groups that do not want to carry (perceived) financial burdens of EU social policies. The opinion patterns also emphasize the multidimensionality of attitudes towards EU policies since the SES cleavages can reverse, depending on the policy in focus. Overall, the results indicate much potential to mobilize the larger proportion of the public to support EU social policies, that is, lower SES groups. However, potential conflicts may arise when the EU expands on policies that their traditional supporters – higher SES groups – are more likely to oppose. The article also shows that welfare solidarity on the individual and the country level can mitigate such conflicts. This is because higher levels of welfare generosity and lower levels of welfare chauvinism on the individual and the country level are related to smaller SES cleavages.
The Effect of Convenience and Security on Users’ Trust and Satisfactionof E-commerce in Indonesia (Study on Customers of TOKOPEDIA in Jabodetabek Region)

Nowadays, online transaction is a common economic activity. The vulnerability of e-commerce system is one of the users’ consideration for deciding whether or not they use the service. The aim of this research was to analyzethe influence of convenience and security on users’ trust and satisfaction of e-commerce in Indonesia. Research data were obtained by studying the customers of tokopedia in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) region by using questionnaire as research instrument. The design of this research was explanatory research and the data analysis was Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The result showed that convenience of using e-commerce had non-significant effect on the trust of using e-commerce. The variable of security had significant positive effect on the trust of using e-commerce.Meanwhile, the convenience of using e-commerce had significant effect on user satisfaction. The security of e-commerce transaction had non-significant effect on user satisfaction. Finally, the trust of using e-commerce had significant effect on user satisfaction. Keywords: E-commerce, Convenience and security, User trust, Satisfaction