Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Oral Health among Primary School Teachers of Bhopal City Central India

Introduction: Restricted-activity days and missing school due to poor oral health is found more in school children who have poor oral health than those who do not. Annually, more than 50 million hours are lost worldwide from schools due to oral diseases. The important and significant period of a child’s life is school life and it is here that their lifetime beliefs and habits develop. School teachers can play a very important role in imparting knowledge about the causes and prevention of common oral diseases to school children. Methodology: Five geographical zones were distinguished on Bhopal city map, and six schools were randomly selected from each zone. In total 30 schools were chosen. A self-administered close-ended questionnaire consisting of 10 items was framed in English. Questionnaires were prepared both in English and the local language, Hindi. Results: 232 teachers were from government schools and 160 teachers were from the private schools. 266 teachers had good knowledge and good practice toward oral health, the results were statistically significant ( P = 0.000). Of 392 school teachers, teachers who had 0-5 years of teaching experience showed good practices regarding oral health, the results were statistically significant ( P = 0.038). The total percentage of teachers having adequate knowledge regarding oral health was found to be 78.6%. Conclusion: The study showed that the education professionals, had an affirmative practice and attitude regarding the children’s oral health care, and they recognize their role in fostering healthy habits and are keen toward the idea of developing integrated pedagogic oral health programs in their school curriculum.
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral stress management on depression and anxiety symptoms of patients with epilepsy and migraine

Background and Aim: Patients with chronic diseases are markedly at the risk of psychiatric disorders; particularly depression and anxiety. Results of various research have shown the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral stress management on depression and anxiety. The aim of the current study was a comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral stress management on “depression” and “anxiety” of patients with epilepsy and migraine. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental clinical trial study 21patients with epilepsy and 19 patients with migraine were selected based on clinical interview and Beck’s depression and anxiety questionnaires. Mild to moderate depression and generalized anxiety were diagnosed in the patients.Then, the cases were divided into two treatment groups Patients in both groups received cognitive behavioral stress management. Beck depression and anxiety pre-post test was used to compare the recovery rate of depression and anxiety. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS (V: 15), using paired and independent T- statistical . tests at the significant level of P<0.05. Results: Cognitive behavioral stress management was significantly effective on the depression and anxiety symptoms of epileptic and migraine patients (P<0.001) and there was a significant difference between pre-and post-test scores, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of efficacy. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, cognitive behavioral stress management was effective on the depression and anxiety of epileptic and migraine patients, and chronic disease has no effect on this effectiveness. This method can be used in combination with drug therapy.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME EGYPTIAN LEGUME VARIETIES TO THE INFESTATION WITH THE COWPEA BEETLE, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE).

The present investigation is carried out to evaluate the relative susceptibility of eight legume varieties to the infestation with the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The loss in grain weight and the percentage of infested grains were determined in choice and force infestation tests. The obtained results, either in the choice or non-choice infestation tests, indicated that, none of the tested varieties were completely resistant against the attack by the pest but their susceptibility to the infestation varied considerably. Regardless of legume variety, cowpea varieties showed high susceptibility to the infestation by C. maculatus. While, faba bean and lentil varieties were the least ones and chickpea varieties were found to be inbetween. Cowpea variety (Dokki 331) was the most susceptible variety resulted in an average infestation level of 90.33%, and a maximum weight loss of 15.29 g/100 g seeds. However, lentil variety (Giza 370) was the least susceptible one with an average infestation level of 2.33%, and a minimum weight loss of 2.99 g/100 g. seeds. A significant positive correlation was found between the infestation of grains and weight loss (r= 0.94** 0.98**).
A study of the regulation of qualifications in England

This thesis considers whether there is a case for the regulation of qualifications in England. It draws on regulatory theory to develop an original conceptual model for regulation incorporating five important public interest objectives: control of systemic risk; quality; information asymmetry; value for money; and planning deficit. The model is used to evaluate the case for regulation. Interviews with officials responsible for regulatory policy, and representatives of those organisations subject to regulation, provide evidence that allows an assessment of whether they understand and support the regulatory functions appropriate to qualifications, the value of such regulation and possible alternatives. The study reviews how other regulatory arrangements in education and training inform the evaluation of the case for regulation. The thesis also surveys the basis for the regulation of financial services to see if lessons can be learnt for the regulation of qualifications from a non-educational context. The thesis concludes that a case can be made for the regulation of qualifications but that such a case needs to go back to first principles rather than depend on the current inadequate legislative basis. There is a clear case for regulation to address the issues of systemic risk and quality and standards and these were identified in my empirical findings as the two most important objectives. As far as the issues of information asymmetry and value for money are concerned there is justification for regulation in principle although in practice the case does not appear to be very strong. However, the case for central planning of the qualifications system is not clear and further justification would need to be made for before regulation could be justified to achieve this objective. Finally, the key issues of regulatory balance and the impact of economic globalisation are discussed in relation to the future direction of regulatory policy.
Impact of body mass index on insulin sensitivity/resistance in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus

Address for correspondence: Mariana P. Genova, MD, PhD; Department of Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Immunology; Medical University; University Hospital “Alexandrovska”; 1 G. Sofiiski St.; 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria; e-mail: mariana8sofia@yahoo.com
Site-Specific Phosphorylation of Histone H1.4 Is Associated with Transcription Activation

Core histone variants like H2A.X and H3.3 and their modified forms serve specialized roles in chromatin processes that depend on their genomic distributions and their interaction with chromatin components. Similarly, previous evidence from our lab and others suggest that amino acid sequence variant forms of the linker histone family and specific posttranslational modifications on these variants also result in distinct functions. These inferences are contrary to the notion that the H1 family function as redundant repressors. Here, we provide the first genome-wide evidence that when phosphorylated at a specific C-terminal domain site i.e serine 187, the linker histone H1.4 is enriched at active promoters. This is in direct contrast to previous reports that suggest that phosphorylation of H1 leads to their dissociation from chromatin. Using a highly specific pS187H1.4 antibody earlier developed in the lab, we studied the distribution patterns of pS187H1.4 in estradiol-responsive MCF7 cells where we demonstrated the inducible nature of this modification. We also used public MCF7 data to confirm the association of pS187H1.4 with well-known active transcription marks. These data suggest that linker histones and their modified forms have a more nuanced role than previously understood and may even play a role in transcription regulation.
Population parameters of the pontic shad, Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835 in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea

The aim of this study is to estimate population parameters of pontic shad, Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835 in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea. A total of 314 pontic shad specimens were collected from study area using artisanal fishing gears from March 2013 to February 2014. In the study, parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation were found as L ∞ =43.05 cm; k=0.430 per year and t 0 =-0.451 year. The growth performance index (Φ') was estimated as 2.90. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), fishing mortality rates (F) were calculated as 1.33 year-1, 0.75 year -1 and 0.58 year -1 , respectively. The annual instantaneous fishing mortality rate was greater than both the target (F opt =0.375 year-1) and limit (F limit =0.50 year -1 ) biological reference points. Similarly, the present level of exploitation rate (E=0.43) was higher than the exploitation ratio for maximum yield per recruit (E max =0.375) suggesting that overexploitation occurred. These results showed that this species has been over-exploited in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea. Measures should be taken to reduce the current exploitation rate for sustainable fishing of pontic shad in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea.
State anxiety biases estimates of uncertainty during reward learning in volatile environments

Previous research established that clinical anxiety impairs decision making and that high trait anxiety interferes with learning rates. Less understood are the effects of temporary anxious states on learning and decision making in healthy populations. Here we follow proposals that anxious states in healthy individuals elicit a pattern of aberrant behavioural, neural, and physiological responses comparable with those found in anxiety disorders, particularly when processing uncertainty in unstable environments. In our study, both a state anxious and a control group learned probabilistic stimulus-outcome mappings in a volatile task environment while we recorded their electrophysiological (EEG) signals. By using a hierarchical Bayesian model, we assessed the effect of state anxiety on Bayesian belief updating with a focus on uncertainty estimates. State anxiety was associated with an underestimation of environmental and informational uncertainty, and an increase in uncertainty about volatility estimates. Anxious individuals deemed their beliefs about reward contingencies to be more precise and to require less updating, ultimately leading to impaired reward-based learning. We interpret this pattern as evidence that state anxious individuals are less tolerant to informational uncertainty about the contingencies governing their environment and more uncertain about the level of stability of the world itself. Further, we tracked the neural representation of belief update signals in the trial-by-trial EEG amplitudes. In control participants, both lower-level precision-weighted prediction errors (pwPEs) about the reward outcomes and higher-level volatility-pwPEs were represented in the ERP signals with an anterior distribution. A different pattern emerged under state anxiety, where a neural representation of pwPEs was only found for updates about volatility. Expanding previous computational work on trait anxiety, our findings establish that temporary anxious states in healthy individuals impair reward-based learning in volatile environments, primarily through changes in uncertainty estimates and potentially a degradation of the neuronal representation of hierarchically-related pwPEs, considered to play a central role in current Bayesian accounts of perceptual inference and learning.
Morphology of the male reproductive system and seasonality in reproduction in the freshwater crab Arcithelphusa cochleariformis (Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae)

ABSTRACT This study detailed the histomorphology of the male reproductive system and seasonality in the reproduction of a recently described genus and species of freshwater crab Arcithelphusa cochleariformis. Results indicated that the testis and vas deferens underwent correlative changes in accord with the active, inactive and revival phases of spermatogenesis. The spermatogenic activity was at its peak during June evinced from large fully extended acini with full package of mature spermatozoa and low during September–February with decreased acinar dimensions, pycnotic germ cells and residual sperms. Seasonal cyclicity was also observed in the thickness of epithelium, muscle layer, diameter of lumen and the amount of luminal contents of the vas deferens. In June, the anterior and middle vas deferenswere filled with secretions and spermatophores.By September, ruptured spermatophores with freely dispersed pycnotic spermatozoa were perceptible in the anterior and middle vas deferens and lysed spermatophoric debris in posterior vas deferens.
Presence of Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species Isolated from Meat Turkeys in Germany Does Not Correlate with Chicken Embryo Lethality

Virulence-associated traits have frequently been studied in enterococci and are considered to contribute towards the pathogenicity of infections. In the present study, Enterococcus isolates were collected during diagnostic investigations from meat turkeys in Germany. Twenty-eight isolates of three different Enterococcus species were analyzed for five selected putative virulence traits to understand their potential role in the pathogenicity using the chicken embryo lethality assay. Ten E. faecalis, ten E. faecium, and eight E. gallinarum isolates were examined for the presence of common virulence genes and their phenotypic expression, namely, the cytolysin operon, five individual cyl genes (cylLL, cylLS, cylM, cylB, and cylA), gelatinase (gelE), hyaluronidase (hylEfm), aggregation substance (asa1), and enterococcal surface protein (esp). The Enterococcus isolates showed significant species-dependent differences in the presence of genotypic traits (p < 0.001 by Fisher's exact test; Cramer's V = 0.68). At least one gene and up to three virulence traits were found in E. faecalis, while six E. faecium isolates and one E. gallinarum isolate did not display any virulence-associated pheno- or genotype. More than half of the Enterococcus isolates (n = 15) harbored the gelE gene, but only E. faecalis (n = 10) expressed the gelatinase activity in vitro. The hylEfm gene was found in five E. gallinarum isolates only, while seven isolates showed the hyaluronidase activity in the phenotypic assay. In Cramer's V statistic, a moderate association was indicated for species (V ≤ 0.35) or genotype (V < 0.43) and the results from the embryo lethality assay, but the differences were not significant. All E. gallinarum isolates were less virulent with mortality rates ranging between 0 and 30%. Two E. faecalis isolates were highly virulent, harboring the whole cyl-operon as well as gelE and asa1 genes. Likewise, one E. faecium isolate caused high embryo mortality but did not harbor any of the investigated virulence genes. For the first time, Enterococcus isolates of three different species collected from diseased turkeys were investigated for their virulence properties in comparison. The results differed markedly between the Enterococcus species, with E. faecalis harboring the majority of investigated genes and virulence traits. However, the genotype did not entirely correlate with the phenotype or the isolates' virulence potential and pathogenicity for chicken embryos.
Tolérance au déficit hydrique de cinq espèces prioritaires pour le reboisement au Burkina Faso

Description du sujet. Dans les régions arides et semi-arides, la disponibilité en eau est l’un des facteurs limitant de la croissance et du développement des arbres. L’étude de la réponse au déficit hydrique des espèces végétales permettrait de sélectionner du matériel végétal résistant pouvant se développer dans les zones sujettes à des déficits hydriques périodiques. Objectifs. L’objectif est d’évaluer la tolérance au stress hydrique de cinq espèces prioritaires pour le reboisement que sont Faidherbia albida, Acacia senegal, Jatropha curcas, Combretum micranthum et Pterocarpus lucens. Méthode. L’induction du stress a consisté à soumettre des jeunes plants d’un mois à divers régimes d’arrosage combinant deux facteurs : la quantité d’eau apportée (100 %, 50 % et 25 % de la réserve utile du substrat de sol utilisé) et la fréquence d’arrosage (3 jours, 7 jours et 10 jours), à travers un dispositif complètement randomisé avec 10 traitements hydriques, dans un essai sous serre. Les performances de croissance et les indices de tolérance des plants soumis au stress ont été mesurés pour chaque traitement. Résultats. Les résultats montrent qu’à l’exception de Pterocarpus lucens, caractérisée par de très faibles indices de tolérance en condition de stress sévère, les quatre autres essences sont performantes du fait de leur faible sensibilité au déficit hydrique et de leur taux de survie élevé. L’espèce Acacia senegal s'est révélée plus tolérante au déficit hydrique, suivie respectivement de Jatropha curcas, Combretum micranthum et Faidherbia albida. Conclusions. Les plants de ces quatre espèces constituent donc un matériel prometteur pour les reboisements des milieux soumis fréquemment à des déficits hydriques, comme les zippela.
Preparation and quality evaluation of ready to serve beverage (RTS) from orange juice and Aloe vera gel during storage

The demand of health beverage is growing in the soft drink industry. The functional properties and health benefits of Aloe vera are known worldwide. So, present study aimed to develop orangeAloe vera ready to serve (RTS) beverage by adding 0, 5, 10, 15, 20% Aloe vera gel in orange juice. For all the treatments, physicochemical characteristics, microbiological count, phytochemical content as well as organoleptic attributes were evaluated at an interval of 0, 45 and 90 days of storage at refrigerated temperature. Addition of Aloe vera showed little effect on physicochemical parameters, reduce total plate count, improve total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and reducing power, significantly. In sensory attributes, T1 (Orange juice with 5% Aloe vera gel) was found to be acceptable even after 90 days. It was also found that RTS beverage can be successfully store at refrigerated temperature without significant changes in chemical, microbial and senatorial quality profile and recommended for commercial use and for production on large scale.
DETERMINATION OF NEURON SPECIFIC ENOLASE (NSE) IN SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA (SCLC) AND NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA (NSCLC) PATIENTS

Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is routinely used as tumor marker in Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), and to some extent in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In Pakistan, tumor marker technology is not a new one. It is however mostly directed towards uses in hepatic, breast, ovarian, uterine and colorectal cancers, whereas availability and general practice of its use for diagnosis of respiratory metastasizing disease such as lung cancer is seldom and rare, especially the SCLC/NSCLC specific NSE. The aim of present study is to determine the potential usefulness of NSE in diagnosis and prognosis of SCLC and NSCLC patients in our setting. Fifty-eight patients of lung cancer were identified and selected, between January 2004 to December 2007, and divided into various groups depending upon their clinical stage of disease. NSE level was determined in all patients and clinical history data and related pathophysiolgical components of all selected patients were carefully assessed and compulsorily followed to avoid any bias. Cancer status of patients were evaluated by data available from multiple bronchoscopies, X rays, cytology and histopathology examinations and grouped as SCLC with all five stages (I, II, IIIA, IIIB and IV) and NSCLC with only stage IV. NSE level was also determined in Healthy subjects and patients with non-malignant lung diseases (NMLD) for comparison. We observed significant elevation in levels of NSE for different stages of SCLC and NSCLC in comparison with healthy and NMLD groups. Most significant increase was noted in SCLC stage IV not only in comparison with healthy (P < 0.001) and NMLD groups (P < 0.001) but also with stage I (P < 0.001) within the group. Elevated difference in NSE levels was also correlated with stage II, IIIA and IIIB. However, no significant difference in levels was established among Stage II, III A and IIIB of SCLC group. As regard NSCLC, where patients belonged only to stage IV of disease, significant difference was observed with healthy (P < 0.001) and NMLD (P < 0.001) groups. Comparison among SCLC and NSCLC groups revealed significant difference of NSE levels in stage I (P < 0.01) and stage IV (P < 0.01) when compared with NSCLC, whereas non-significant difference in NSE levels was noted in group-SCLC stage II, IIIA and IIIB. In comparison, all stage IV patients (n = 7) of SCLC exhibited higher levels of NSE with a range of 136.19 ng/ml to 175.01 ng/ml, higher than detected in patents of stage IV in NSCLC. The result of our study suggests that NSE appears to be a useful tumor marker for SCLC and to some extent, NSCLC. Moreover, NSE exhibits higher levels in some stages of SCLC suggesting, its specificity, not only for advanced stage of SCLC but also for SCLC in general as compared to NSCLC. Its
BOWEL INJURIES SECONDARY TO INDUCED ABORTION: A DILEMMA

Objective: To study the pattern of bowel injuries incurred by induced abortion, and the morbidity and mortality associated with them. Design & Duration: Prospective descriptive study from December 2002 to December 2005. Setting: Surgical Unit III, and Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit II, Civil Hospital, Karachi. Patients: All patients with bowel injuries due to induced abortion. Methodology: Detailed data of all the patients was collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 22 patients, mostly young with an average age of 26.86 years, presented with bowel injuries following induced abortion. Severe hemorrhage occurred in 8(36.4%) patients while 11(50%) had ileal perforation; 9(40.9%) underwent primary repair and 2(9.1%) ileostomy formation. Two (9.1%) patients with jejunal perforation had primary repair, whereas two with both jejunal and ileal perforations underwent resections with anastomosis in one and ileostomy in another. Seven (31.8%) with large gut involvement had colostomy formation. Septicemia and wound infection occurred in 7(31.8%) patients each, faecal fistula and abdominal wound dehiscence in 3(13.6%), and pelvic abscess in 1(4.6%) patient. The total mortality in this series was 6(27.3%) patients. Conclusion: Iatrogenic injuries during induced abortion, most commonly caused by quacks, can be minimized substantially if the procedure is performed by qualified medical personnel in proper health care facilities. There is a need for radical overhauling of the mind set in our society together with legislation.