Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 Production and Evaluation of Lentil Soup and Bissarah

The modern lifestyle for some people today, such as those living in large cities, needs a fast pace including food preparation and processing. It creates a community that loves instant food products ready to eat. Among the most instant foods, to meet the social requirements of consumers, dried soups play a vital role (Krejov, et al., 2007). Dried foods, such as the mixes of dry soup, are characterized by protection from enzymatic spoilage, oxidative spoilage, and have consistent flavor at the room temperature for long time (El Wakeel, 2007). Solegumes and vegetables added in dried soups to support them with full nutritional value, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fiber and amino acids (Pandey et al., 2006). Legumes are rich sources of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, fiber, antioxidants and vitamins. Legume seeds have protein contents about of 17% 40%, which is typically twice the amount found in cereals and equal protein contents found in meat (18-25%). Also, They are a good source of lysine but they are poor in sulfur amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine (Swaminathan, 1988).
Proterozoic plutonism and regional deformation--New constraints from the southern Manzano Mountains, central New Mexico

The relative importance of Early Proterozoic versus Middle ProF erozoic deformation and metamorphism in the southwestern U.S. is currently a topic of debate. The Manzano Mountains of central New Mexico are an ideal testing ground for evaluating the principal opposing models of Proterozoic orogenesis. The range contains well-exposed granitoids of Early and Middle Proterozoic age and diverse deformational character, porphyroblast microstructures, and mator structures such as refolded folds, regional mylonitic foliations, and ductile shear zones. The dominant, northeast-striking, subvertical foliation (S) and associated upright folds (F) represent regional shortening (Dr) after crystallization of the 1656 Ma Monte Largo pluton. Greenschistgrade 52 is particularly well developed along the pluton margins. In contrast, the 7427 Ma Priest pluton crosscuts F, folds and is largely nonfoliated. Regional noithwest-southeast shortening is therefore bracketed between 1656 Ma and 1427 Ma, consistent with the chronology of deformation established from other plutonic rocks in New Mexico and southern Colorado. In general, 1690-1650 Ma plutons are moderately to highly deformed, whereas 1450-1350 Ma plutons are weakly deformed to undeformed. The distribution and kinematic significance of 1.4 Ga and post-l.4 Ga deformations remain controversial, but regional data suggest that Middle Proterozoic events were superposed on Early Proterozoic metamorphic terranes that record the northwest-southeast convergent assembly of the southwestern U.S.
Study of electroactive shape memory polyurethane–carbon nanotube hybrids

A low temperature electroactive shape-memory material, PU–SWCNT hybrid, was prepared by blending the low molecular weight soft segment polyurethane (PU) with the high conductivity single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The melting points of PU–SWCNT hybrids were changed clearly with the amount of SWCNTs, which were evidently observed by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The influence of the SWCNT contents on the crystal structure of the PU–SWCNTs was detected by X-ray diffraction spectrometer and a hydrogen-bond reconstructed model was proposed in this study. The properties of the PU–SWCNT hybrids are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), four-point probe and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extent of electroactive shape memory effect for the PU–SWCNT hybrids is strongly affected by the added content of SWCNTs. A good shape recovery of 88% could be obtained using PU–SWCNT hybrids containing 4% SWCNTs. That is, when 30 V was applied to the sample at 5 °C, the shape recovery time would only be 90 seconds.
Productive performance and quality of commercial laying eggs supplemented with organic minerals

This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance and egg quality of laying hens supplemented with organic minerals. Used in 2400 Dekalb hens with 42 weeks of age. Throughout the period of the experiment was given the supplement. The animals were divided, at random into 2 groups, each consisting of 1200 poultry, namely Group I Control, poultry without administration of the supplement, Group II – poultry submitted to the administration of the supplement. In the analysis of the 20 eggs used for egg collection, 10 for each group, evaluating the internal and external quality of each egg. We evaluated a total of 80 eggs during the 04 samples taken. We evaluated the internal quality (% of yolk, the color of the yolk,% of clear and Haugh unit) and external (specific gravity, percentage of shell and skin thickness) of eggs produced, and the zootechnical performance (average consumption of feed, percentage of production, feed conversion, egg mass, weight and weight of bird eggs), all these tests were performed during 52 to 82 weeks. Brazilian Journal of Development Braz. J. of Develop. , Curitiba, v. 6, n. 8, p. 59664-59673 aug. 2020. ISSN 2525-8761 59666 Our results showed that no significant effect was observed (P> 0.05) in groups on the variables of performance analysis, but with respect to the internal quality of eggs, there was change in the intensity of the color of the yolk and the values of the Haugh unit group II which were higher than group I. We conclude that the supplementation of organic minerals not affect hens performance, but was significant in the internal quality of eggs.
Starting potentials of high-frequency gas discharges at low pressure

The starting field strength of an electrodeless discharge in a uniform high-frequency electric field at pressures of order 10-3 mm. Hg in helium, mercury, hydrogen, and air, is found to be independent of the gas and only slightly dependent on its pressure. By increasing the wavelength (> 4 m.) the starting field varies first inversely with the wave-length, then becomes constant, and at a critical value rises discontinuously probably to infinity. This cut-off wavelength is proportional to the diameter of spherical and the length of cylindrical vessels respectively, the axis of the cylinder being parallel to the field. The facts that the results are independent of the gas and that at these pressures the electrons collide very rarely with gas molecules both indicate that directionization by collision with the gas cannot account for the multiplication of the few electrons originally present. A theory is worked out on the basis that secondary emission from the walls is the operative factor. The initial electrons assumed to move singly in vacuum come to life at various phase angles of the alternating field. However, only those contribute effectively to the multiplication process whose transit time between the walls corresponds to one or an odd number of half-cycles, and whose velocity is large enough to liberate from the wall more than one secondary electron. For each phase angle an appropriate transit time, that is, an appropriate wave-length, can be found to give this requisite final velocity so that discharges are possible over a limited range of wave-lengths corresponding to the allowable phase angles. From similarity follows the proportionality between cut-off wave-length and the size of the vessel. This theory agrees well with the experimental results. The dependence on secondary emission was confirmed because by coating the inner glass wall with a poor secondary emitter the starting field is increased, while the cut-off wave-length decreases; the reverse is observed when clear Pyrex glass is exchanged for soda glass, which agrees with the larger value of the coefficient of secondary emission of the latter.
Elongation and Branching of Roots on Soybean Plants in a Carbon Dioxide‐Enriched Aerial Environment

(…) Root weight at the end of the season (93 d after emergence) was 26 to 31% higher in [CO 2 ]-enriched chambers compared with the 330 μL L −1 treatment, and cumulative root length was approximately proportional to [CO 2 ]. However, CO 2 treatment did not affect the rate of elongation of individual root axes. Instead, there was a significant linear increase in the number of actively growing roots with increased [CO 2 ] (…)
Monitoring of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds at Two Urban Sites in Hong Kong from 1997 to 1998

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air were measured at two urban sites (Central & Western and Tsuen Wan) in Hong Kong. Twenty-four-hour whole air samples were collected into Summa passivated stainless steel canisters approximately every 7 days at the two sites from July 1997 to June 1998. A gas chromatogra phy mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was em ployed for the analysis of 42 targeted VOCs as listed in the USEPA Method TO-14. At the method sensitivity of 0.10-0.20 ppbv, 16 and 18 listed compounds were de tected at Central & Western and Tsuen Wan, respective ly. BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and some halohydrocarbons including trichlorofluoro methane (Freon 11), dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12), methylene chloride and trichloroethene were the predominant VOCs found in over 75% of the ambient samples collected at the two sites. Styrene and 1,3,5- trimethylbenzene were intermittently found in a few samples at the Tsuen Wan site only. Four other com pounds (chloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetra chloroethene, and 4-ethyltoluene) were quantified in less than half of the total samples. The annual average con centration of the measurable VOCs was well within the range of 0.20-5.0 ppbv and was comparable to other major American and European cities. However, individu al measurements of toluene concentration occasionally exceeded 20 ppbv. Good correlations (r = 0.65-0.98) were found to exist between individual members of BTEX; correlation between BTEX and the halohydrocar bons could not be established. This indicates that am bient BTEX in the two sites should come from the same origin. In addition, the ambient concentrations of BTEX found at the two Hong Kong sites were comparable to other urban cities and showed significant seasonal varia tion, while the halohydrocarbons did not. The ambient concentrations of BTEX tended to peak in the relatively dry winter months in Hong Kong. The ratio of toluene/ benzene was relatively higher than the range of values reported in the literature for some American and Euro pean cities, but was in line with the findings reported for two South East Asian cities. The present work is the first of its kind describing the systematic setting up of a moni toring network for measuring ambient VOCs distribution and will act as a foundation for the establishment of a database of ambient VOCs in the region for future envi ronmental management and planning activities.
Wetting and Protein Adsorption on Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiolates Supported on Transparent Films of Gold

We have formed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on5-nmand l0-nm-thick films of gold supported on titanium-primed glass. These electrically-conductive films transmit visible light,s upport SAMs that have wetting properties superior to those of SAMs supported on opaque 200-nm-thick films commonly used in this area of surface chemistr),6 and have surfaces that are smoother than those of thicker films. We present two examples demonstrating the combination of flexibility in control of surface chemistry offered by SAMs of alkanethiols and optical transparency provided by these thin films: measurements of the adsorption of RNase A [EC 3.L27. 51labeled with eosin-5-isothiocyanate (EITC) on methyland hexaethylene glycol-terminated SAMs using transmission spectroscopy, and observations of the differential attachment and growth of living MG63 osteosarcoma cells on patterned SAMs of hydroxyland methyl-terminated alkanethiolates using conventional phasecontrast microscopy. To prepare 5-nmand 10-nm-thick films of gold on titaniumprimed glass, we sequentially deposited I nm of titanium at 0.I nm/s and gold at 0.1 nm/s; thick fi lms of gold (200 nm) were deposited at 0.5 nm/s on glass primed with 5 nm of titanium at 0.2 nm/s.7'E For studies of protein adsorption,0.5 nm of t itanium and 5 nm of gold were deposited on each side of glass substrates. The continuity of these films of gold was verified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). e They also were electrically conductive, with the resistivit ies (7.1 + 0.3) x lO{ O-cm (5nm-thick Au), (4.8 + 0.4) x l0-6 O-cm (10-nm-thick Au), and (3.7 + 1.5) x l0{O-cm (200-nm-thickAu). r0 SAMswere formed by chemisorption from I mM ethanolic solutions of co-functionalized alkanethiols for 2 h at room temperature. The transparency of SAMs on thin films of gold increased withdecreasing thicknessof gold (Figure l). Films became more blue and gray as the thickness of gold decreased (200-nm-thick gold had the same color as bulk gold). Formation of SAMs on these films did not affect their transparency or color.rr Transparency could be increased using a (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysiloxy layer rather than titanium as an adhesion promoter between gold and glass, but evaporation of titanium was a more
Exploring the Role of BERT Token Representations to Explain Sentence Probing Results

Several studies have been carried out on revealing linguistic features captured by BERT. This is usually achieved by training a diagnostic classifier on the representations obtained from different layers of BERT. The subsequent classification accuracy is then interpreted as the ability of the model in encoding the corresponding linguistic property. Despite providing insights, these studies have left out the potential role of token representations. In this paper, we provide a more in-depth analysis on the representation space of BERT in search for distinct and meaningful subspaces that can explain the reasons behind these probing results. Based on a set of probing tasks and with the help of attribution methods we show that BERT tends to encode meaningful knowledge in specific token representations (which are often ignored in standard classification setups), allowing the model to detect syntactic and semantic abnormalities, and to distinctively separate grammatical number and tense subspaces.
Hessian Estimation via Stein's Identity in Black-Box Problems

When the available information is noisy zeroth-order (ZO) oracle, stochastic approximation methods are popular for estimating the root of the multivariate gradient equation. Inspired by the Stein's identity, this work establishes a novel Hessian approximation scheme. We compare it alongside with second-order simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (2SPSA). On the basis of the almost sure convergence and the same convergence rate, 2SPSA requires four ZO queries, while ours requires three ZO queries. Moreover, 2SPSA requires two statistically independent perturbations and two differencing stepsizes, while ours requires generating one perturbation vector only and tuning one differencing stepsize only. Besides, the weighting mechanism for the Hessian estimate is generalized and the smoothness restriction on the loss function is relaxed compared to 2SPSA. Finally, we present numerical support for the reduced per-iteration ZO query complexity.
Optimal multiple testing and design in clinical trials

A central goal in designing clinical trials is to find the test that maximizes power (or equivalently minimizes required sample size) for finding a false null hypothesis subject to the constraint of type I error. When there is more than one test, such as in clinical trials with multiple endpoints, the issues of optimal design and optimal procedures become more complex. In this paper, we address the question of how such optimal tests should be defined and how they can be found. We review different notions of power and how they relate to study goals, and also consider the requirements of type I error control and the nature of the procedures. This leads us to an explicit optimization problem with objective and constraints that describe its specific desiderata. We present a complete solution for deriving optimal procedures for two hypotheses, which have desired monotonicity properties, and are computationally simple. For some of the optimization formulations this yields optimal procedures that are identical to existing procedures, such as Hommel's procedure or the procedure of Bittman et al. (2009), while for other cases it yields completely novel and more powerful procedures than existing ones. We demonstrate the nature of our novel procedures and their improved power extensively in a simulation and on the APEX study (Cohen et al., 2016).
Speedster: A TEE-assisted State Channel System

State channel network is the most popular layer-2 solution to theissues of scalability, high transaction fees, and low transaction throughput of public Blockchain networks. However, the existing works have limitations that curb the wide adoption of the technology, such as the expensive creation and closure of channels, strict synchronization between the main chain and off-chain channels, frozen deposits, and inability to execute multi-party smart contracts. In this work, we present Speedster, an account-based state-channel system that aims to address the above issues. To this end, Speedster leverages the latest development of secure hardware to create dispute-free certified channels that can be operated efficiently off the Blockchain. Speedster is fully decentralized and provides better privacy protection. It supports fast native multi-party contract execution, which is missing in prior TEE-enabled channel networks. Compared to the Lightning Network, Speedster improves the throughput by about 10,000X and generates 97% less on-chain data with a comparable network scale.
Constraining the Origin of the Puzzling Source HESS J1640−465 and the PeVatron Candidate HESS J1641−463 Using Fermi-Large Area Telescope Observations

There are only a few very-high-energy sources in our Galaxy that might accelerate particles up to the knee of the cosmic-ray spectrum. To understand the mechanisms of particle acceleration in these PeVatron candidates, Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) and High-Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) observations are essential to characterize their γ-ray emission. HESS J1640–465 and the PeVatron candidate HESS J1641–463 are two neighboring (0.25°) γ-ray sources, spatially coincident with the radio supernova remnants (SNRs) G338.3–0.0 and G338.5+0.1. Detected both by H.E. S.S. and the Fermi-LAT, we present here a morphological and spectral analysis of these two sources using 8 yr of Fermi-LAT data between 200 MeV and 1 TeV with multiwavelength observations to assess their nature. The morphology of HESS J1640–465 is described by a 2D Gaussian (σ = 0.053° ± 0.011°stat ± 0.03°syst) and its spectrum is modeled by a power law with a spectral index Γ = 1.8 ± 0.1stat ± 0.2syst. HESS J1641–463 is detected as a point-like source and its GeV emission is described by a logarithmic-parabola spectrum with α = 2.7 ± 0.1stat ± 0.2syst and significant curvature of β = 0.11 ± 0.03stat ± 0.05syst. Radio and X-ray flux upper limits were derived. We investigated scenarios to explain their emission, namely, the emission from accelerated particles within the SNRs spatially coincident with each source, molecular clouds illuminated by cosmic rays from the close-by SNRs, and a pulsar/pulsar wind nebula origin. Our new Fermi-LAT results and the radio and flux X-ray upper limits pose severe constraints on some of these models.
Annotating Columns with Pre-trained Language Models

Inferring meta information about tables, such as column headers or relationships between columns, is an active research topic in data management as we find many tables are missing some of this information. In this paper, we study the problem of annotating table columns (i.e., predicting column types and the relationships between columns) using only information from the table itself. We develop a multi-task learning framework (called Doduo) based on pre-trained language models, which takes the entire table as input and predicts column types/relations using a single model. Experimental results show that Doduo establishes new state-of-the-art performance on two benchmarks for the column type prediction and column relation prediction tasks with up to 4.0% and 11.9% improvements, respectively. We report that Doduo can already outperform the previous state-of-the-art performance with a minimal number of tokens, only 8 tokens per column. We release a toolbox (https://github.com/megagonlabs/doduo) and confirm the effectiveness of Doduo on a real-world data science problem through a case study.
Designing for human-AI complementarity in K-12 education

Recent work has explored how complementary strengths of humans and artificial intelligence (AI) systems might be productively combined. However, successful forms of human-AI partnership have rarely been demonstrated in real-world settings. We present the iterative design and evaluation of Lumilo, smart glasses that help teachers help their students in AI-supported classrooms by presenting real-time analytics about students' learning, metacognition, and behavior. Results from a field study conducted in K-12 classrooms indicate that students learn more when teachers and AI tutors work together during class. We discuss implications of this research for the design of human-AI partnerships. We argue for more participatory approaches to research and design in this area, in which practitioners and other stakeholders are deeply, meaningfully involved throughout the process. Furthermore, we advocate for theory-building and for principled approaches to the study of human-AI decision-making in real-world contexts.
What's the best place for an AI conference, Vancouver or ______: Why completing comparative questions is difficult

Although large neural language models (LMs) like BERT can be finetuned to yield state-of-the-art results on many NLP tasks, it is often unclear what these models actually learn. Here we study using such LMs to fill in entities in human-authored comparative questions, like ``Which country is older, India or _____? ''---i.e., we study the ability of neural LMs to ask (not answer) reasonable questions. We show that accuracy in this fill-in-the-blank task is well-correlated with human judgements of whether a question is reasonable, and that these models can be trained to achieve nearly human-level performance in completing comparative questions in three different subdomains. However, analysis shows that what they learn fails to model any sort of broad notion of which entities are semantically comparable or similar---instead the trained models are very domain-specific, and performance is highly correlated with co-occurrences between specific entities observed in the training set. This is true both for models that are pretrained on general text corpora, as well as models trained on a large corpus of comparison questions. Our study thus reinforces recent results on the difficulty of making claims about a deep model's world knowledge or linguistic competence based on performance on specific benchmark problems. We make our evaluation datasets publicly available to foster future research on complex understanding and reasoning in such models at standards of human interaction.