Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oil biogenesis and antioxidant compounds from “Arauco” olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar during fruit development and ripening

“Arauco” is the only olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar recognized from Argentina in the World Catalogue of Olive Varieties. Drupes from this cultivar were handpicked at different stages of fruit development and ripening—referred to as days after full flowering (DAFF)—and analyzed to assess the oil accumulation pattern, and the dynamic of the changes in fatty acid, tocopherol, squalene, and phenolic compositions. The most intense oil accumulation period occurred approximately between 80 DAFF (pit hardening) and 150 DAFF (beginning of fruit maturation). Oleic acid content increased rapidly until reaching the maximum concentration (71.4%) approximately 80 DAFF, thus indicating that the most active biosynthesis period occurred at early fruit growth stages. Later, oleic acid content decreased gradually, almost linearly, to 62% at the final sampling point (215 DAFF). The dynamic of tocopherol accumulation showed a trend characterized by high amounts of the α- and γ-isoforms in very young drupes, a pronounced decrease during fruit development, and little or no change during the fruit maturation period. The developing drupes were found to accumulate significant amounts of squalene (up to 12 500 mg/kg of dry weight at 96 DAFF), but squalene dropped strongly after the beginning of fruit ripening. Whatever the stage of fruit development, secoiridoids were the major phenolic components. On the basis of the evolution of the analytical parameters studied, the best stage for processing “Arauco” fruits for oil production seems to be that where maturity index is higher than 1 and lower than 2. Practical applications: The study focuses on biochemical aspects of oil biogenesis and minor antioxidant compounds from the cv. “Arauco” during fruit ontogeny. The results show that this cultivar has profitable characteristics for commercial production of VOO. From a practical standpoint, results also contribute to better assessment of harvest time. Findings remark on the convenience of harvesting early (at a low fruit maturity index) to get the best combination of oil quantity and quality. Mesocarp cells from cv. “Arauco” drupes (about 160 days after full flowering, DAFF) showing a single, spherical, large oil droplet per cell. Oil biogenesis is complete at very early stages of fruit maturity. Findings remark on the convenience of early harvest (at a low fruit maturity index) to get the best combination of oil quantity and quality.
Comparative Studies of Sublethal Effects of Ammonia on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) at Different Stages of its Development

Sublethal effects of ammonia on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated at stages of its development (embryos, larvae, and adult fish) using morphological and physiological parameters. Exposure to 0.006–0.18 mg/l NH3 caused a deceleration of larvae growth: after a 20-day exposure, the total body mass of rainbow trout larvae significantly decreased, and so did the relative body mass at the end of the tests (p < 0.05). Long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations (0.024–0.09 mg/l) of ammonia induced a significant decrease in parameters of red (erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, and haematocrit level) and white (leukocyte count and lymphocyte percentage) blood cells. Those data demonstrated adverse effects of ammonia in sublethal concentrations (similar to those found in ambient waters) on fish at different stages of their development.
Compensação tamanho/densidade populacional de perfilhos em pastos de capim-marandu

Este trabalho foi realizado para verificar a existencia de relacao entre tamanho e numero de perfilhos em pastos de capim-marandu e testar se ajustes relacionados a variacoes em indice de area foliar (IAF), relacao area foliar:volume por perfilho (R) e densidade aparente de perfilhos na equacao de predicao da resposta permitiriam explicar eventuais desvios da inclinacao teorica predita. Foram avaliadas quatro condicoes da pastos (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm de altura), mantidas constantes por bovinos em regime de lotacao continua e taxa de lotacao variavel. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repeticoes. Avaliaram-se a densidade populacional de perfilhos, a massa por perfilho, a area foliar por perfilho, o indice de area foliar, a relacao folha/colmo e a razao area foliar:volume do perfilho (R). Alem disso, regressoes lineares simples foram realizadas para a avaliacao dos parâmetros da relacao funcional entre densidade populacional e massa por perfilho. As medicoes foram realizadas de janeiro a dezembro de 2002. Pastos de capim-marandu possuem um mecanismo de compensacao tamanho/densidade populacional de perfilhos pelo qual maiores densidades populacionais estao associadas a perfilhos pequenos e vice-versa. Os valores de R apresentaram variacoes sazonais, indicando que perfilhos desta especie podem reduzir area foliar em relacao ao seu volume como mecanismo de sobrevivencia em condicoes de deficit hidrico. As analises de regressao revelaram coeficientes lineares menores que -3/2, de modo que os desvios desta expectativa foram explicados pelas variacoes registradas em IAF, R e na densidade aparente de perfilhos.
The Habitat Volumes of Scarce and Ubiquitous Plants: A Test of the Model of Environmental Control

This study tests Brown's environmental-control model by examining the expected relationship between the ubiquity of species in samples and the realized edaphic habitat volumes of these species. The habitat space of a suite of plants from southern Western Australia was defined by principal-components analysis of soil data. The habitat volumes of 36 scarce and 41 ubiquitous species were not significantly different. An alternative hypothesis is suggested, that scarce plants do not have restricted environmental tolerances but, rather, fill their habitat space more sparsely. Strong correlations between species frequencies in samples and habitat volume were observed in the total data set and in 8 of 10 plant guilds, corroborating the predictions of the model. However, only half the correlations within guilds were significant at the 5% level when the statistical bias from sampling frequency was taken into account. Sampling bias has a clear and important effect, and if it is ignored, measurements of relative environmental tolerance and habitat volume may be misleading.
Genetic isolation between Atlantic and Mediterranean albacore populations inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers

Genetic population structure of Atlantic and Mediterranean albacore Thunnus alalunga was investigated using nucleotide sequence variations of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene intron (G6PD) and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region (Dloop). Restriction analysis using Ase I digestion detected two major restriction types (A and B) at the Dloop locus with strong frequency differences between Atlantic and Mediterranean samples. Thirty-six individuals of 100 Mediterranean albacore were of the B type whereas no B type individuals were found in the Atlantic samples (n ¼ 102). Phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequence data of the Dloop locus indicated that the B type lineage recently arose from the ancestral A lineage in the Mediterranean Sea and has not dispersed into the Atlantic Ocean. The frequencies of two alleles (L and S) at the G6PD locus were significantly different between the samples from the Atlantic (L ¼ 0� 495) and the Mediterranean (L ¼ 0� 725), but no significant heterogeneity was observed between mtDNA-A and -B types of the Mediterranean sample. These molecular data indicate that gene flow between the Atlantic and Mediterranean albacore populations have been considerably restricted and strongly suggest these populations should continue to be treated as two distinct management units. # 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Genetic parameters estimation in groups of Conilon coffee clones

The cultivation of Coffea canephora var. kouilouensis De Wild (Conilon) is of great importance in Espirito Santo andtheir populations often have significant genetic variability. This study was aimed to evaluate three genotype groups of Conilon coffee,distinguished according to their maturation cycles, to estimate genetic parameters of different characteristics in order to betterunderstand their genetic structure. Estimates of genetic parameters were obtained from three experiments arranged according to thestatistical design in random blocks with four repetitions and five plants per plot. Individual and joint variance analyses were made toestimate genetic parameters and infer about the genetic variability of six agronomic traits: maturity cycle, productivity, visualassessment index, vigor, plant size and fruit size. The results indicate that the groups of clones showed high productivity and highgenetic variability for most of the traits, not showing a tendency of superiority of a group of clones relative to each other. The groupsof clones of Conilon coffee evaluated in this study showed great potential to be successfully used in breeding programs aiming forproductivity and other characteristics in the south of Espirito Santo.
Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

The Characinae is a subunit of the Characidae of special significance in including Charax, the type genus of the family and the order Characiformes. Twelve genera and 79 species have been traditionally assigned to the Characinae, but the subfamily still lacks a phylogenetic diagnosis. Herein, a data matrix including 150 morphological characters and 64 taxa (35 species representing all genera of the Characinae and 29 included in other lineages within the Characiformes) was submitted to two cladistic analyses that differ in the inclusion/exclusion of Priocharax due to the difficulty of coding most of the character states in the miniature species of this genus. Both analyses resulted in a non-monophyletic Characinae and this subfamily is herein restricted to only seven of the original 12 genera forming the clade (Phenacogaster((Charax Roeboides)(Acanthocharax(Cynopotamus(Acestrocephalus Galeocharax))))), which is supported by ten non-ambiguous synapomorphies and is more closely related to other genera of the Characidae than those traditionally placed in the subfamily. A second clade includes the members of the tribe Heterocharacini (Lonchogenys(Heterocharax Hoplocharax)) as the sister-group of Gnathocharax, supported by seven non-ambiguous synapomorphies. This clade is more closely related to a taxon formed by Roestes and Gilbertolus based on seven non-ambiguous synapomorphies. Results do not corroborate a close relationship between Roestes–Gilbertolus and the Cynodontinae. Inclusion of the genus Priocharax suggests that it is related more closely to the Heterocharacini, but the profound modifications in its anatomy possibly related to ontogenetic truncations obscure a better understanding of its relationships. A new classification of the Characinae and the Heterocharacinae is proposed. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165, 809–915.
Selective predation on cladocerans by common pond insects

A variety of common pond insects was presented with a mixture of different size classes of Daphnia magna or different sizes of Daphia pulex, Moina affinis, and Ceriodaphnia sp. in predation trials. Juvenile Belostoma flumineum and most instars of Notonecta undulata and Anax Junius fed at the highest rates on the largest available cladoceran prey, and late-instar Buenoa corfusa fed at the highest rates on prey between 0.8 and 2.0 mm in length. Predation rates of instar IV Chaoborus americanus larvae were highest on Daphnia 2 mm in length. First-instar Chaoborus larvae did not eat cladocerans in these trials. The size-selective feeding patterns exhibited by Notonecta adults and late-instar Anax were similar in the light and dark, although overall feeding rates were depressed in the dark. Buenoa, on the other hand, only exhibited size-selective feeding in the light. The results indicate, however, that all of these insect predators can feed in the dark. Predation rate.
A Retrospective Study on The Prevalence of Fasciola Infection in Sheep and Goats at Slaughter and Associated Economic Losses from Condemnation of Infected Liver in Maiduguri Abattoir, Nigeria

A retrospective study on the prevalence of fasciolosis among small ruminants (sheep and goats) slaughtered at Maiduguri, metropolitan abattoir and the associated economic losses from condemnation of infected liver were estimated between January 2004 – December 2009. Out of the 15, 113 sheep and 9, 617 goats examined during the period, 123(0.49%) and 70(0.28%) were infected with fasciolosis respectively. There was no statistical variation (P>0.05) on the prevalence of infection between the two species of ruminants. However, according to age, out of the 3, 959 young sheep and 4, 417 young goats ( respectively. Similarly, out of the 11, 154 and 5, 200 adult sheep (>12 months) and goats examined, 103(0.68%) and 63(0.66%) were infected respectively. Among the sheep, the adults were found to be more infected than the young. Statistically, the difference was significant (p 0.05) existed between age groups. According to sex, out of the 7, 097 male sheep and 4, 839 male goats examined, 56(0.37%) and 25(0.26%) were infected with fasciolosis respectively. Similarly, out of the 8, 016 female sheep and 4, 778 female goats examined, 67(0.44%) and 45(0.47%) were infected respectively. Among sheep, both male and female were equally infected (p>0.05). The difference was not significant. According to season, both sheep and goats were more infected during the rainy than the dry season. The difference was statistically significant (p liver condemnation for the period (2004-2009) was estimated at N 23, 616. 00 while that of goats was N 8, 960.00. In conclusion, the results show that fasciolosis affects both sheep and goats in Maiduguri, Nigeria and is a major source of liver condemnation in small ruminants in the area.
Temperature and concentration dependent effect of partial glycerides on milk fat crystallization

Two diglycerides (distearin and diolein) and two monoglycerides (monostearin and monoolein) were added to milk fat in a concentration of 0.5% and 1 %. The isothermal crystallization behavior was evaluated at 22 °C, 23.5 °C, 25 °C and 26.5 °C by DSC and pNMR. The crystallization kinetic was quantified by means of two models. It was noticed that the effect of the minor components on the crystallization behavior depends on temperature and concentration. The type of esterified fatty acids and the polar head of the amphiphilic molecule determine to what extent partial glycerides influence the nucleation and crystal growth of triglycerides. Moreover the degree of insolubility of partial glycerides in the melt determines which effect (on growth or on nucleation) predominates. Stearic acid based partial glycerides enhance nucleation at low temperatures, while at higher temperatures an interaction with the crystal growth predominates. Oleic acid based partial glycerides have an effect on the nucleation process while no interaction with the crystal growth was observed.
Genetic variability among Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates from various geographical and host insect origins based on the rDNA-ITS regions

The entomopathogenic hyphomycete Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is a promising candidate for biocontrol of economically important agricultural pests. Assessment of genetic relatedness of this species appears to be essential to gain insight into the monitoring of such biocontrol products. Intraspecific variation within the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA-ITS) was studied in 48 isolates of P. fumosoroseus. These strains were isolated from different geographical and biological origins, more particularly from the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci-argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), a major insect pest in field and greenhouse crops. PCR amplification of the ITS1–5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region followed by restriction analysis of the PCR products underlined the overall highly variable nature of this region. Digestion with the six endonucleases AluI, HaeIII, Hin6I, HpaII, NdeII, and SmaI allowed the separation of the isolates into three distinct groups. The group 1, representing 25 isolates, is composed of strains isolated only from the host B. tabaci-argentifolii. By contrast, the group 3 is more diffuse as it included strains from various insect host and geographical origins. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS sequence data strongly supported the conclusions of the PCR-RFLP analysis and recognized three monophyletic groups within the P. fumosoroseus complex. The high level of polymorphism within the P. fumosoroseus species is discussed in the light of their biological origin.
Cloning of SCA Gene Related to Pollen Tube Adhesion and Oriented Growth and Analysis of Gene Diversity in Lilium spp.

Stigma/style cysteine-rich adhesin genes ( SCA ) were cloned from ‘Tresor’ ( Lilium Asiatic Hybrids), ‘White heaven’ ( Lilium Longiflorum Hybrids) and ‘Caruso’ ( Lilium Oriental Hybrids) leaves by PCR approaches. In this research we obtained four gene copies in both of ‘Tresor’ and ‘Caruse’ genomes and three gene copies in ‘White heaven’ genome. The identities of the cloned SCA among the copies were in the ranges from 72.97% to 99.68%. There are two exons and one intron in all of cloned SCA sequence, which could be deduced immature protein with 113 or 115 amino acid residues (encoding mature protein with 91 amino acid residues) SCA protein contains an N-terminal signal peptide of typical LTP protein, eight conserved cysteine residues and two consensus pentapeptide motifs. The identities among the amino acid sequences were in range from 87.91% to 98.90% higher than that of the similarities of gene sequences. Alignment analysis of amino acid sequences of cloned SCAs showed there were some distinct differences of amino acid site existing in the tested three species of lily hybrids. The phylogenetic tree revealed the relationship of the cloned 11 amino acid sequences of SCA were all more close to LTP family of monocotyledons than that of dicotyledons, which were consistent with the conclusions of kinship in plant taxonomy.
Seasonal Variation of Phytoplankton and Value of Chlorophyll a in the Sarıyar Dam Reservoir (Ankara, Turkey)

The phytoplanktonic algae were determined in samples taken from 7 different locations at the Sariyar Dam Reservoir (SDR) from March 1996 to June 1997. The seasonal variation of phytoplankton and their chlorophyll a were determined and contents were discussed in relation to the physical and chemical parameters of the water. The divisions Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta were dominant; however, Cyclotella, Navicula, Nitzschia and Synedra of Bacillariophyta, and Chlorella and Scenedesmus of Chlorophyta were abundant. Chlorophyll a reached its maximum levels during June and September 1996 and May 1997, corresponding to the maximum values of orthophosphate, sulphate, calcium and temperature in the lake.
Comportamento da laranjeira 'Valência' sobre seis porta-enxertos no noroeste do Paraná

In order to identify alternatives to the utilization of 'Rangpur' lime, the major rootstock cultivar used in citrus orchards, an experiment was conducted in a field established in 1994 in Nova Esperanca, Parana, Brazil and maintained without irrigation. Six rootstock cultivars were tested in relation to yield and physico-chemical characteristics of 'Valencia" fruits: 'Rangpur'lime (C. limonia), 'Cleopatra' (C. reshni) and 'Sunki' (C. sunki) mandarins, 'Troyer' citrange (P. trifoliata x C. sinensis), 'Orlando' tangelo (C. tangerina x C. paradisi) and 'Caipira' orange (C. sinensis). The complete randomized block design was used with four replications and three useful trees per plot. Fruit quality was evaluated in 2002 and 2005, growth development and yield efficiency in 1999 and 2003, and yield from 1996 until 2005. Compared to 'Rangpur', the 'Sunki' rootstock induced higher yield and canopy volume, and equivalent yield efficiency and fruit quality; the 'Troyer' rootstock induced the production of fruits with higher industrial yield, equivalent yield efficiency and lower average fruit weight; the 'Cleopatra' rootstock induced higher canopy volume, equivalent yield, and lower yield efficiency. The study showed that the rootstock 'Sunki', 'Cleopatra' and 'Troyer' can be valuable alternatives to 'Rangpur' lime rootstock utilization.
Tagging of Pacific herring clupea pallasi from 1936-1992 : a review with comments on homing, geographic fidelity, and straying

Nearly 1.6 million tagged herring (Clupea pallasi) were released in two separate programs (19361967 and 19791992) in British Columbia. Several thousand tags were released in each of 955 release sessions. Over 85% of the release sessions had subsequent recoveries. Almost 43 000 tags were recovered over all years. We re-assembled the tagging data into an electronic database, geo-referenced all tag release and recovery data, analysed spatial movements, and estimated straying and fidelity rates. The analyses do not wholly support the conclusions of previous work indicating high homing rates to local coastal areas. Estimates of fidelity, defined as the proportion of tags recovered in the same area as released, varied with the size of the geographic area used in the analyses. Fidelity rates are high for large areas, such as the Strait of Georgia (~10 000 km2), but lower for small geographical areas, such as inlets or bays (~100 km2). High fidelity is not necessarily evidence for "homing. " Homing and fidelity .
Reproductive biology of the dolphin fish Corphaena hippurus on the east coast of Taiwan

ABSTRACT: The dolphin fish, Corphaena hippurus Linnaeus, is one of the most important migratory fishes on the east coast of Taiwan. Present results are based on an investigation of 1439 specimens caught using long-line and driftnet, and set net collected monthly between September 1996 and September 1997. The sex ratio of female to male and female combined was 65%, demonstrating a female predominance. Oocytes became mature and transparent when they attained 1.0 mm in diameter. The total number of oocytes per ovary was estimated to range from 2.78 × 105 to 23.48 × 10>5, but batch fecundity was noticeably lower than the total number of ovarian eggs, ranging 5.3–32.7% (average 30.1%), and the relative fecundity ranging 10–344/g bodyweight (mean 111/g bodyweight). Minimum body size at sexual maturity was estimated to be 51 cm for both sexes. Dolphin fish spawned throughout the year with reproductive activity peaking in February to March. It is suggested that the dolphin fish has an extended spawning season, during which it lays eggs almost continuously.
Bacteriophage and Phagocytosis I. Effect on Resistant and Dead Bacteria

The role of the bacteriophage in inciting or in accelerating microbic dissociation may, perhaps, be a matter of far greater biological import than is actual bacterial dissolution, and from the standpoint of immunology it may very well be that, under certain circumstances at least, the influence of bacteriophage upon phagocytosis may be far more significant than is the direct action of bacteriophage upon the bacterial cell.
Song Types in the Zebra Finch Poephila guttata castanotis1

A description of the general principles underlying Zebra Finch song is given in standardized terminology. Differences were looked for in songs produced in two different contexts: courtship song and undirected song. In more than 7 males (domesticated and wild ones), clear differences were found with respect to number of introductory elements, number of motifs, speed of performance, and rigidity in sequence, indicating two distinct song types. Motivational problems and the adaptive value are discussed.