Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbiological methods for assessing soil quality

This book provides a selection of microbiological methods that are already applied in regional or national soil quality monitoring programs. It is split into two parts: part one gives an overview of approaches to monitoring, evaluating and managing soil quality. Part two provides a selection of methods, which are described in sufficient detail to use the book as a practical handbook in the laboratory. The methods are described in chapters on soil microbial biomass and numbers, soil microbial activity, soil microbial diversity and community composition, and plant-microbe interactions and soil quality.
East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle‐supported, north‐south shortened domal structure

The East Anatolian High Plateau is a region of average ∼2 km elevation a.s. l. exhibiting active diffuse N‐S shortening and widespread Pliocene to recent volcanicity. Its elevation was hitherto thought to result from a presumed crustal thickness of ±55 km. Seismic data collected by a new network of 29 seismograph stations have shown, however, that its crustal thickness is only some 45 km. Combined with observations on Pn and Sn phases, this shows that most of the East Anatolian High Plateau is devoid of mantle lithosphere. Areas of no mantle lithosphere are inferred to coincide broadly with the extent of the East Anatolian Accretionary Complex, a subduction‐accretion prism of late Cretaceous to earliest Oligocene age. The absence of mantle lithosphere is ascribed to breakoff of northward subducted slab beneath the prism and the widespread vulcanicity to melting its lower levels because of direct contact with hot astenosphere. The East Anatolian High Plateau is thus supported not by thick crust, but by hot mantle.
The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea

Kristen Ghodsee. The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea. New Directions in Women's Studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. xii, 226 pp. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. Notes. Appendices. $74.95, cloth. $21.95, paper.In The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea, Kristen Ghodsee offers a compelling and beautifully-crafted ethnographic study of women and the Bulgarian tourism industry. In a refreshing intervention to the existing literature on post-Soviet women, which stresses the mostly negative effects of socialist collapse on East and Central European women's lives, Ghodsee convincingly argues that women employed in the tourism sector have successfully navigated post-socialist economic and social transformations. This success, she shows, is in large part thanks to the education and experience that women were offered under the socialist system, which has translated into valuable cultural and economic capital in contemporary Bulgaria. Ghodsee thus challenges the assumption that economic transition has been more detrimental for all women than for men in Bulgaria, although she does acknowledge that, "while a small group of women experiences an increase in their standard of living, the majority of Bulgarian women slide into poverty" (p. 5). Ghodsee's inspiring work should encourage scholars to ponder whether women employed in tourism in Bulgaria represent an interesting exception, or if there are other economic niches across the post-socialist region where women are regrouping and successfully forging careers.Ghodsee takes her major theoretical inspiration from Bourdieu's ideas about social and cultural capital and from the trajectory adjustment theory of Gil Eyal, Ivan Szelenyi, and Kleanor Townsley. Throughout the book, she draws on ethnographic examples to illustrate how women in the socialist-era tourism industry in Bulgaria developed unique and valuable "portfolios" of different forms of capital (especially cultural capital consisting of general education, work experience with foreigners, and fluency in foreign languages) that have allowed women to thrive-or at least survive-in the tourism industry. Although some readers may wonder whether the women profiled in The Red Riviera truly represent post-socialist success stories-job security seems perilous, and some women are supporting their nuclear and extended families single-handedly-Ghodsee helps the reader see the situation through the women's eyes, and convincingly shows that these women are faring much better than many in post-socialist Bulgaria. Her analysis includes a valuable combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including several surveys the author conducted among tourism workers on the Black Sea coast. Ghodsee gracefully moves between the historical and macro- (Bulgarian, post-socialist) contexts and the specific cases she describes; general trends and statistics are humanized as Ghodsee connects them to the experiences and narratives of everyday Bulgarians. …
Flow Characteristics of Condensate on a Vertical Column of Horizontal Low Finned Tubes

Experiments were performed to study the flow characteristics of condensate on a simulated bank of horizontal low finned tubes. Two or three tubes arranged in a vertical column were set in a stationary vapor. The top tube had a longitudinal slit at the upper end through which the test liquid was fed uniformly on the tube surface. Cooling water was passed through the lower tubes. The test fluids used were R-113, methanol and normal propanol. Four major flow modes: droplet, column, column-sheet and sheet, were observed as the liquid flow rate was increased. Experimental data on the number of instantaneous falling sites, the proportion of surface area covered with the falling liquid and the flooding angle below which the inter-fin sp. ace was flooded with condensate were obtained for a range of liquid flow rates. Theoretical considerations were given to the effect of liquid flow rate on the flow mode transition and on the measured quantities.
Recharge estimates for various land uses in the Guarani Aquifer System outcrop area

ABSTRACT The Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) is a subsurface reservoir that contains the largest volume of fresh groundwater in South America. Despite the relevance of the GAS, a lack of attention has been paid to land use effects on its recharge. We present the most detailed long-term (2004–2011) results of land-use effects on recharge in an outcrop area of the GAS. Water table fluctuations (WTFs) were measured at 11 monitoring wells, which are distributed between different land uses (i.e. eucalyptus, sugarcane, citrus and grassland). Recharge was estimated using a point-scale method (WTF) for each monitored well. The annual recharge estimates for different land uses are eucalyptus forest (135 mm year-1), sugarcane (248 mm year-1), citrus areas (296 mm year-1) and grassland (401 mm year-1). The results indicate that the evapotranspiration seems to be a key parameter in the assessment of recharge in the study area.
Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and Models

A new AGU book, Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and Models, edited by Wilton Sturges III and Alexis Lugo-Fernandez, compiles the current state of knowledge about physical oceanography in this region. Through 22 papers authored by more than 50 scientists, the book highlights the technologies and methodologies that have revolutionized the field since the last such publication more than 30 years ago, and stresses the importance of fundamental science in understanding and mitigating environmental problems. In this interview, Eos talks with Sturges, a physical oceanographer who has studied circulation in the Gulf of Mexico for more than 30 years. Sturges is a professor emeritus at Florida State University, Tallahassee. He received his Ph.D. in physical oceanography from John Hopkins University in 1966. Though retired, Sturges continues to do research, focusing on deep flows in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea and their connection to the open Atlantic, as well as on the strange mechanism of ring shedding from the Loop Current, a gyre that drives surface currents in that area.
P300 and long-term memory: latency predicts recognition performance.

The study-test paradigm was used to investigate memory acquisition processes and the effects of repetition on long-term recognition memory. In this procedure, subjects are presented with a list of words (“targets”) to be memorized (Study series). They are later tested for recognition on a word list comprised of the target words mixed randomly with an equal number of new, distractor words (Test series). Both reaction time and the P300 component of the event-related brain potential were used as measures of processing time. During the Study series, large P300s were elicited despite a word category probability of 1.0. When the words from the Study series were divided on the basis of recognition performance, words that were subsequently recognized elicited P300s with shorter latencies than unrecognized words. P300 amplitude to words in the Study series increased with repetition while maintaining a constant latency. During the Test series, P300 latency and reaction time decreased with repetition for both target and distractor words. P300 amplitude to all words increased substantially over Test repetitions with target words eliciting larger P300s than distractor words. Words that were recognized more consistently during the Test series elicited larger and earlier P300s than words that were recognized less consistently. The P300 amplitude and latency results from both the Study and Test series are interpreted as reflecting the increased discriminability of the target words as the memory trace increases in strength.
Fast Propagation of Firing Rates through Layered Networks of Noisy Neurons

We model the propagation of neural activity through a feedforward network consisting of layers of integrate-and-fire neurons. In the presence of a noisy background current and spontaneous background firing, firing rate modulations are transmitted linearly through many layers, with a delay proportional to the synaptic time constant and with little distortion. Single neuron properties and firing statistics are in agreement with physiological data. The proposed mode of propagation allows for fast computation with population coding based on firing rates, as is demonstrated with a local motion detector.
A REVIEW OF THE MACROBENTHIC FAUNA OF THE MHLATHUZE ESTUARY: SETTING THE ECOLOGICAL RESERVE

Summary This paper reviews historical and current ecological information on macrobenthos from the Mhlathuze Estuary before and after development of the Richards Bay Harbour. The fauna is described in terms of the potential influence of a change in freshwater inflow to the system and the requirements for the setting of an Ecological Reserve. Over 95% of the species recorded were primarily marine and to a lesser extent estuarine in origin. Fauna typical of sheltered, soft-bottomed marine environments inhabited the estuary, whereas estuarine fauna was limited to the canalised sections of the Mhlathuze River. Certain areas were characterised by opportunistic species indicative of disturbed or organically enriched sediments while others sustained a high diversity of more sensitive climax species, several of which are endemic to southern Africa. The majority of species belonged to the Class Polychaeta but the estuarine mudcrab Paratylodiplax blephariskios dominated the benthic biomass. The pre-feasibility stage.
Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd systematics of granitic and metamorphic rocks in the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, South Africa:Implications for evolution of marginal part of Kaapvaal craton

We analyzed Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of granitic and metamorphic rocks from the Namaqualand area, South Africa. The Concordia Granite, a member of the Spektakel Suite, near Garies, has a Rb-Sr whole rock isochron age of 1017±30 Ma with an initial Sr isotopic ratio of 0.7110±0.0029. This age coincides with the SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age reported from the Okiep Copper District (OCD) within an error. Sm­ Nd model ages of this granite (TcHuR : 1030-1195 Ma, T0M : 1579-1710 Ma) are younger than those in the OCD. The Nababeep Granite Gneiss can be divided into two groups, High and Low Ndl Groups, in the Sm-Nd system. The former gives a Rb-Sr whole rock isochron age of 1131 ±62 Ma, and the latter indicates a Rb-Sr isochron age of 1246±62 Ma. The gneisses of the High Ndl Group are distributed in the southern part of the study area. On the other hand, the Low Ndl Group are mainly distributed in the northern area. The boundary between the two parts accords closely with the boundary between lower and upper granulite-facies, which suggests that the Nd isotopic compositions of source rocks of these gneisses were not uniform, and that there is a gap between northern and southern areas. This affects the Nd isotopic composition of the latter granitic rocks such as the Concordia Granite. key words: South Africa, Namaqualand, Concordia Granite, Nababeep Granite Gneiss, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd whole rock isochron ages
Timing of the North-South China collision from new middle to late Mesozoic paleomagnetic data from the

We collected paleomagnetic samples from 43 sites of Middle and Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks along a 250 km wide east-west trending belt located north of the suture between the North and South China Blocks. In each case, laboratory treatment isolates dual polarity, antipodal magnetizations that are demonstrably pre-folding. The paleomagnetic poles show very good coherence with coeval poles fi'om other localities from the North China Block (NCB), suggesting the apparent polar wander path (APWP) from the NCB is not distorted by post-Middle Jurassic local vertical axis block rotations. A comparison of the NCB APWP with that from the South China Block suggests that collision continued after the Early Jurassic and ended no later than the Late Jurassic. A cusp in the NCB APWP coincides with a marked angular unconformity that separates Middle Jurassic fi'om Upper Jurassic and younger sediments. Together, these observations indicate that the scissor-like collision and associated deformation ceased at the Middle to Late Jurassic boundary (- 159 Ma). The time of rapid (1 o/Ma) relative angular velocity between the two plates (225 to 190 Ma) coincides with a peak in U-Pb and Ar-Ar dates obtained from metamorphic rocks in the suture. The combined Late Jurassic and Cretaceous paleomagnetic data from both blocks suggest that the united China plate traveled 2000 km north relative to Eurasia during the Late Jurassic before docking in the Cretaceous. This younger collision event is also marked by a cusp on the Cretaceous part of the Eurasian APWP.
Policy Responses to Sudden Stops in Capital Flows: The Case of Chile in 1998

This chapter revisits the sudden stop in capital flows episode experienced by Chile in 1998. It documents the macroeconomic environment, the macro framework in place, and the shocks that hit it. The chapter examines the policy reaction to the shocks, evaluating its most likely consequences and analyzing key policy constraints faced at the time. Finally, it describes how the economy adjusted and compares the Chilean episode with a few other recent sudden stop cases.
Perceptions of climate change worldwide

We begin this review with a brief overview of the first published comparative national studies on public attitudes and climate change. We continue by exploring key findings from more recent surveys from three major studies conducted in late 2009. These results are organized into two major sections—the first in reviewing established ground or questions commonly asked of the general public regarding climate change. These questions include willingness to pay to protect the environment, global warming as a serious problem, and willingness to pay to address climate change. The second section continues the review by exploring questions that have been seldom asked or new ground. We look at such topics as—the perceived effects of climate change; when respondents think climate change will be felt; their view of what climate scientists think, and whether they feel their government is doing enough to address the issue. We end this section by reviewing two questions that focus on international relations and the global climate change negotiations—the public's perception of their government's efforts at international cooperation, and which country is most trusted by the public to lead the climate change negotiations. The review concludes with discussions on data limitations and some summary thoughts and future research needs. WIREs Clim Change 2011, 2:871–885. doi: 10.1002/wcc.146
Mapping groundwater vulnerability in Scotland: a new approach for the Water Framework Directive

Synopsis A new methodology for groundwater vulnerability assessment has been devised for Scotland to meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Using the methodology, a new GIS-based map of groundwater vulnerability has been produced, at a working scale of 1:100 000. The map is being used by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) to help characterize and assess risk to groundwater bodies. The methodology assesses the vulnerability of groundwater in the uppermost aquifer to the vertical downward movement of a non-specific contaminant from the ground surface. It considers the intrinsic properties of the pathway between the ground surface and the water table. The key difference from previous vulnerability maps in Scotland and the rest of the UK is that the new method assesses vulnerability in all aquifers regardless of resource potential. This reflects the diverse environmental objectives for groundwater bodies under the Water Framework Directive. This approach provides the flexibility to combine the groundwater vulnerability map with maps of pressures, groundwater resources or other groundwater-related receptors, as required.
Regional–residual Gravity Field Separation in the Central Andes using Global Geopotential Models

Traditional methods of regional-residual gravity field separation typically involve high-pass filtering, low-order polynomial fitting or computations using isostatic models. All of these methods are susceptible to ambiguity and subjectivity in the selection of filter parameters, polynomial degree and isostatic model. Global Geopotential Models (GGMs), on the other hand, provide long-wavelength gravity data that are based on observations. Therefore, they have the potential to be used to more objectively define the regional gravity field and to give residual anomalies with reduced ambiguity. We have examined residual gravity anomalies in the Central Andes computed using a regional field defined by the recent EIGEN-GRACEO1S satellite-only GGM. The resulting residual anomalies show significant correlations with the active volcanic arc and the geometry of the subducting Nazca plate. These results suggest that GGMs have a place in regional gravity interpretation, but the advantages over existing techniques remain to be thoroughly tested.
Three‐dimensional equatorial spread F modeling

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed a new three‐dimensional code to study equatorial spread F (ESF). The code is based on the comprehensive NRL 3D ionosphere model SAMI3 and includes a potential equation to self‐consistently solve for the electric field. The model assumes equipotential field lines so a 2D electrodynamic problem is considered. In this study a narrow wedge of the post‐sunset ionosphere is simulated. It is found that (1) bubbles can rise to ∼1600 km, (2) extremely steep ion density gradients can develop in both longitude and latitude, (3) upward plasma velocities approach 1 km/s, and (4) the growth time of the instability is ≃15 min. These results are shown to be consistent with radar and satellite observations.
New Study For Climate Modeling, Analyses, and Scenarios

The European Commission is funding the ENSEMBLES project, which aims to provide policy makers with information from the latest climate modeling, analyses, and scenarios. Currently, the most comprehensive estimates of climate change are made using general circulation models (GCMs) and Earth system models, but these have been used mostly to simulate futures that do not factor in climate mitigation policy. The results of these simulations typically show global average warming greatly exceeding the European Union (EU) climate policy target of 2°C above preindustrial levels, with associated large impacts on human and natural systems. To date, simple climate models typically have been used to assess the emissions trajectories that are required for meeting this target. The ENSEMBLES project is the first international multiclimate model intercomparison using a politically relevant aggressive mitigation scenario, referred to as E1 (Figures 1a and 1b). This scenario leads to a peak in the carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent concentration in the atmosphere at around 535 parts per million (ppm) in 2045 before eventually stabilizing at around 450 ppm during the 22nd century. The climate models used are generally improved or extended versions of models contributing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report.
Mine soil suitability for native forests in the USA.

Northern red oak is a valuable, native commercial species in large areas of the eastern USA. Little is known about preferred site and soil conditions for this species on mined land. The purpose of our field study was to test red oak survival and growth rates on a variety of topsoil substitutes. The site was mined in 1979 and reclaimed in 1980. In 1981, field plots were constructed with different topsoil substitutes spoil mixes and pitch x loblolly pines were planted in 1983. In 2001 the pines were removed and replaced with red oaks in the winter of 2001-2002. Four replicate plots of five different mine spoil mixes were planted with nine red oak seedlings each. Tree survival, height and diameter were measured each year for five years. Survival and growth was best on topsoil substitutes consisting of a mix of sandstone and siltstone. Trees survived and grew poorly on plots constructed from either pure sandstone or siltstone. Reasons for the poor oak performance on the high sandstone plots were related to lower pH and available Ca levels. Poor oak performance on the pure siltstone plots was likely related to higher rock fragment and lower bulk water holding content.
Anticlockwise and clockwise rotations of the Eastern Variscides accommodated by dextral lithospheric wrenching: palaeomagnetic and structural evidence

New palaeomagnetic data from Lower Carboniferous granitoids of the orogenic root of the eastern Variscan belt (Moldanubian domain) show a polyphase palaeomagnetic record. Comparison of the data with existing palaeomagnetic measurements from Lower Palaeozoic sequences of the Bohemian Massif demonstrates a Carboniferous remagnetization of these latter units. All the data presented suggest that the Saxothuringian basement, the Moldanubian orogenic root system as well as the eastern Neoproterozoic Brunovistulian basement were already assembled during the Early Carboniferous. The whole Variscan belt subsequently rotated in a clockwise direction during Mid–Late Carboniferous times. Structural and geochronological data indicate that this rotation was accompanied by large-scale dextral wrenching along NW–SE-trending lithospheric faults. In a first stage, the blocks limited by wrench-faults rotated anticlockwise in bookshelf manner. The data presented rule out the existing model of oroclinal bending of the Rhenohercynian zone at the eastern termination of the Variscan belt.