Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward Understanding Massive Star Formation

AbstractAlthough fundamental for astrophysics, the processes that produce massive stars are not well understood. Large distances, high extinction, and short timescales of critical evolutionary phases make observations of these processes challenging. Lacking good observational guidance, theoretical models have remained controversial. This review offers a basic description of the collapse of a massive molecular core and a critical discussion of the three competing concepts of massive star formation: ▪ monolithic collapse in isolated cores ▪ competitive accretion in a protocluster environment ▪ stellar collisions and mergers in very dense systems We also review the observed outflows, multiplicity, and clustering properties of massive stars, the upper initial mass function and the upper mass limit. We conclude that high-mass star formation is not merely a scaled-up version of low-mass star formation with higher accretion rates, but partly a mechanism of its own, primarily owing to the role of stellar mass .
Stopping the CCR flow and its isometric cocycles

It is shown how to use non-commutative stopping times in order to stop the CCR flow of arbitrary index and also its isometric cocycles, i.e., left operator Markovian cocycles on Boson Fock space. Stopping the CCR flow yields a homomorphism from the semigroup of stopping times, equipped with the convolution product, into the semigroup of unital endomorphisms of the von Neumann algebra of bounded operators on the ambient Fock space. The operators produced by stopping cocycles themselves satisfy a cocycle relation.
Coinvasion–coexistence travelling wave solutions of an integro-difference competition system

This paper is concerned with the travelling wave solutions of an integro-difference competition system, of which the purpose is to model the coinvasion–coexistence process of two competitors with age structure. The existence of non-trivial travelling wave solutions is obtained by constructing generalized upper and lower solutions. The asymptotic and non-existence of travelling wave solutions are proved by combining the theory of asymptotic spreading with the idea of contracting rectangle.
Derived subalgebras of centralisers and finite -algebras

Let g = Lie(G) be the Lie algebra of a simple algebraic group G over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. Let e be a nilpotent element of g and let g_e = Lie(G_e) where G_e stands for the stabiliser of e in G. For g classical, we give an explicit combinatorial formula for the codimension of [g_e, g_e] in g_e and use it to determine those e in g for which the largest commutative quotient U(g,e)^{ab} of the finite W-algebra U(g,e) is isomorphic to a polynomial algebra. It turns out that this happens if and only if e lies in a unique sheet of g. The nilpotent elements with this property are called non-singular in the paper. Confirming a recent conjecture of Izosimov we prove that a nilpotent element e in g is non-singular if and only if the maximal dimension of the geometric quotients S/G, where S is a sheet of g containing e, coincides with the codimension of [g_e,g_e] in g_e and describe all non-singular nilpotent elements in terms of partitions. We also show that for any nilpotent element e in a classical Lie algebra g the closed subset of Specm U(g,e)^{ab} consisting of all points fixed by the natural action of the component group of G_e is isomorphic to an affine space. Analogues of these results for exceptional Lie algebras are also obtained and applications to the theory of primitive ideals are given.
On motivic Joyce-Song formula for the Behrend function identities

We prove the version of Joyce-Song formula for the Behrend function identities in the motivic setting. The main method we use is the proof of Kontsevich-Soibelman conjecture about the motivic Milnor fibers by Q. T. Le, who uses the method of motivic integration for formal schemes and Cluckers-Loeser's motivic constructible functions. In the Appendix the motivic formula can be used to provide a different proof that there is an algebra homomorphism of Kontsevich-Soibelman from the motivic Hall algebra of the abelian category of coherent sheaves on a Calabi-Yau threefold $Y$ to the motivic quantum torus of $Y$.
Convergence of Petviashvili's Method near Periodic Waves in the Fractional Korteweg-de Vries Equation

Petviashvili's method has been successfully used for approximating of solitary waves in nonlinear evolution equations. It was discovered empirically that the method may fail for approximating of periodic waves. We consider the case study of the fractional Korteweg-de Vries equation and explain divergence of Petviashvili's method from unstable eigenvalues of the generalized eigenvalue problem. We also show that a simple modification of the iterative method after the mean value shift results in the unconditional convergence of Petviashvili's method. The results are illustrated numerically for the classical Korteweg-de Vries and Benjamin-Ono equations.
Analytic Function Theory for Operator-Valued Free Probability

It is a classical result in complex analysis that the class of functions that arise as the Cauchy transform of probability measures may be characterized entirely in terms of their analytic and asymptotic properties. Such transforms are a main object of study in non-commutative probability theory as the function theory encodes information on the probability measures and the various convolution operations. In extending this theory to operator-valued free probability theory, the analogue of the Cauchy transform is a non-commutative function with domain equal to the non-commutative upper-half plane. In this paper, we prove an analogous characterization of the Cauchy transforms, again, entirely in terms of their analytic and asymptotic behavior. We further characterize those functions which arise as the Voiculescu transform of $\boxplus$-infinitely divisible $\mathcal{B}$-valued distributions. As consequences of these results, we provide a characterization of infinite divisibility in terms of the domain of the relevant Voiculescu transform, provide a purely analytic definition of the semigroups of completely positive maps associated to infinitely divisible distributions and provide a Nevanlinna representation for non-commutative functions with the appropriate asymptotic behavior.
Homotopy theory in additive categories with suspensions

Abstract We develop a homotopy theory in additive categories endowed with additive endofunctors, analogous to Quillen’s model categories theory. As applications, we show that Iyama–Yoshino triangulated subfactor categories can be modeled; we prove that Verdier quotients can be realized as triangulated subfactors in some cases; we construct the homotopy theory of Hovey triples in arbitrary exact categories.
On Permutiples Having a Fixed Set of Digits

A permutiple is the product of a digit preserving multiplication, that is, a number which is an integer multiple of some permutation of its digits. Certain permutiple problems, particularly transposable, cyclic, and, more recently, palintiple numbers, have been well-studied. In this paper we study the problem of general digit preserving multiplication. We show how the digits and carries of a permutiple are related and utilize these relationships to develop methods for finding new permutiple examples from old. In particular, we shall focus on the problem of finding new permutiples from a known example having the same set of digits.
The skeleton of the UIPT, seen from infinity

We prove that geodesic rays in the Uniform Infinite Planar Triangulation (UIPT) coalesce in a strong sense using the skeleton decomposition of random triangulations discovered by Krikun. This implies the existence of a unique horofunction measuring distances from infinity in the UIPT. We then use this horofunction to define the skeleton "seen from infinity" of the UIPT and relate it to a simple Galton--Watson tree conditioned to survive, giving a new and particularly simple construction of the UIPT. Scaling limits of perimeters and volumes of horohulls within this new decomposition are also derived, as well as a new proof of the $2$-point function formula for random triangulations in the scaling limit due to Ambj{\o}rn and Watabiki.
Constructing local integrals of motion in the many-body localized phase

Many-body localization provides a generic mechanism of ergodicity breaking in quantum systems. In contrast to conventional ergodic systems, many-body localized (MBL) systems are characterized by extensively many local integrals of motion (LIOM), which underlie the absence of transport and thermalization in these systems. Here we report a physically motivated construction of local integrals of motion in the MBL phase. We show that any local operator (e.g., a local particle number or a spin flip operator), evolved with the system's Hamiltonian and averaged over time, becomes a LIOM in the MBL phase. Such operators have a clear physical meaning, describing the response of the MBL system to a local perturbation. In particular, when a local operator represents a density of some globally conserved quantity, the corresponding LIOM describes how this conserved quantity propagates through the MBL phase. Being uniquely defined and experimentally measurable, these LIOMs provide a natural tool for characterizing the properties of the MBL phase, both in experiments and numerical simulations. We demonstrate the latter by numerically constructing an extensive set of LIOMs in the MBL phase of a disordered spin chain model. We show that the resulting LIOMs are quasi-local, and use their decay to extract the localization length and establish the location of the transition between the MBL and ergodic phases.
A General Test for Functional Inequalities

This paper develops a nonparametric test for general functional inequalities that include conditional moment inequalities as a special case. It is shown that the test controls size uniformly over a large class of distributions for observed data, importantly allowing for general forms of time series dependence. New results on uniform growing dimensional Gaussian coupling for general mixingale processes are developed for this purpose, which readily accommodate most applications in economics and ﬁnance. The proposed method is applied in a portfolio evaluation context to test for “all-weather” portfolios with uniformly superior conditional Sharpe ratio functions.
Calculated magnetic exchange interactions in high-temperature superconductors

Using a first-principles linear-response approach, we study the magnetic exchange interactions $J$ for a series of superconducting cuprates. We reproduce the observed spin-wave dispersions together with other experimental trends, and show that different cuprates have similar ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}$s regardless of their ${T}_{c}$. The nearest-neighbor $J$ is not sensitive to the hole doping, which agrees with recent experiments. For the undoped cuprates, the second-nearest-neighbor $J$ is ferromagnetic, but changes its sign with hole doping. We also find that, in contrast to the hopping integral, the exchange interaction is not sensitive to the position of apical oxygen. To see the effect of the long-range nature of the exchange on the superconducting ${T}_{c}$, we study the dynamical spin susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ within the $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model using a dynamical cluster approximation.
A fixed point theorem on noncompact manifolds

We generalise the Atiyah-Segal-Singer fixed point theorem to noncompact manifolds. Using $KK$-theory, we extend the equivariant index to the noncompact setting, and obtain a fixed point formula for it. The fixed point formula is the explicit cohomological expression from Atiyah-Segal-Singer's result. In the noncompact case, however, we show in examples that this expression yields characters of infinite-dimensional representations. In one example, we realise characters of discrete series representations on the regular elements of a maximal torus, in terms of the index we define. Further results are a fixed point formula for the index pairing between equivariant $K$-theory and $K$-homology, and a non-localised expression for the index we use, in terms of deformations of principal symbols. The latter result is one of several links we find to indices of deformed symbols and operators studied by various authors.
Identification of HPr kinase/phosphorylase inhibitors

Enterococcus faecalis , a gram-positive bacterium, is among the most common nosocomial pathogens due to its limited susceptibility to antibiotics and its reservoir of the genes coding for virulence factors. Bacterial enzymes such as kinases and phosphorylases play important roles in diverse functions of a bacterial cell and, thus, are potential antibacterial drug targets. In Gram-positive bacteria, HPr Kinase/Phosphorylase (HPrK/P), a bifunctional enzyme is involved in the regulation of carbon catabolite repression by phosphorylating/dephosphorylating the histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr) at Ser46 residue. Deficiencies in HPrK/P function leads to severe defects in bacterial growth. This study aimed at identifying novel inhibitors of E. faecalis HPrK/P from a commercial compound library using structure-based virtual screening. The hit molecules were purchased and their effect on enzyme activity and growth of resistant E. faecalis was evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the interactions of the hit compounds with HPrK/P. Among the identified hit molecules, two compounds inhibited the phosphorylation of HPr as well as significantly reduced the growth of resistant E. faecalis in vitro. These identified potential HPrK/P inhibitors open new research avenues towards the development of novel antimicrobials against resistant Gram-positive bacteria. · HPr · Molecular docking · Molecular dynamics simulation · Structure-based drug design · Virtual screening
Asymptotic Behaviour of Tame Harmonic Bundles and an Application to Pure Twistor D-Modules

Part 4. An Application to the theory of Pure Twistor $D$-modules: Pure twistor $D$-module Prolongation of $\mathcal R$-module $\mathcal E$ The filtrations of $\mathfrak{E} [\eth_t]$ The weight filtration on $\psi_{t,u}\mathfrak{E}$ and the induced $\mathcal{R}$-triple The sesqui-linear pairings Polarized pure twistor $D$-module and tame harmonic bundles The pure twistor $D$-modules on a smooth curve (Appendix) Part 5. Characterization of Semisimplicity by Tame Pure Imaginary Pluri-harmonic Metric: Preliminary Tame pure imaginary harmonic bundle The Dirichlet problem in the punctured disc case Control of the energy of twisted maps on a Kahler surface The existence of tame pure imaginary pluri-harmonic metric Bibliography Index.
Effect of adding cinnamon and using spray drying method on antioxidant properties of instant green tea

Over the past few years, anti-cancer properties, pharmaceutical and specific health effects of instant green tea attracted consumers’ attention. This paper seeks to assess the antioxidant properties of cinnamon instant green tea dried using the spray drying method. Firstly, we prepared a liquid extract (1:10) from green tea and then, the obtained extract was dried using a spray dryer apparatus to produce instant tea. In the next stage, three different percentages of dried cinnamon extract powder were added to the manufactured instant tea in separate containers. In continuous, sensory properties, acidity, pH, total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of obtained cinnamon instant tea were evaluated. Eventually, the results exhibited that adding cinnamon to instant tea powder significantly increased the amount of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Also, the acidity and pH of the tea extract and instant tea powder treatments had a significant difference, statistically (p< 0.05). However, the instant tea treatments containing 3 and 5% of cinnamon had no significant difference. Although when the cinnamon extract was added there was no significant difference, the sensory properties of flavored instant tea improved considerably .
The Usefulness of Financial Reporting Quality in The Access to Bank Debt For Private Firms

With this paper we provided further evidence on the relationship between financial reporting quality (FRQ) and access to bank debt for private firms. Due to data requirements, most of the archival studies to date on FRQ, in the private firm setting, are based on data of the larger private firms. Smaller firms are often neglected. Differences in data availability between small and large private firms, stem from different regulatory treatment, and are often disregarded by previous research. Accordingly, private firms are typically beheld as a homogeneous group. Employing an extensive proprietary private dataset of 1,435,729 firm-year observations corresponding to 311,985 unique private firms between 2010 and 2020, we expand on previous empirical research by showing that the association between FRQ and bank debt is not the same for all private firms. Our results suggest that the proposed benefits of FRQ in the access to bank debt are weaker for small and micro firms. Our study is the first to show that the association between FRQ and bank debt is moderated by different disclosure requirements, which are based on firm size. Furthermore, we show that the lower the financial health of a firm, the stronger the effect of FRQ on bank debt. Our study therefore complements the literature on the importance of financial reporting for private firms. Our results suggest that
3.1 AI-Powered Collision Avoidance Safety System for Industrial Woodworking Machinery

Applying Artiﬁcial Intelligence technology to safety-critical industrial equipment requires preliminarily studies on the efﬁcacy and limitations of such technology, to enable the deﬁnition of normative certiﬁcation frameworks. In this chapter, we present the prototype of an ultrasound-based collision avoidance system for industrial woodworking machinery. Using a single ultrasound sensor, the prototype can identify the presence of an operator in less than 13 milliseconds, with high sensitivity (97.3%) and speciﬁcity (98.6%) also in the presence of noise. The solution presented is able to leverage increasing amount of data over time to increase accuracy, improving the model while always keeping the inference adequate for the memory, power and latency constraints of real-time execution on an embedded microcontroller unit.
Contributions of cognitive neuroscience for learning fractions 1

Investigating the relationship between Neurocognition and interlearning of fractions has reached greater depth and importance, due to the findings obtained in the educational field by Cognitive Neuroscience, which investigates the evolution of the mind, the brain and its plasticity. This research is based on 78 articles, from the last 34 years, recovered from the WoS, Scopus and Scielo databases. The research serves as the basis for understanding the contributions of neurocognition to interlearning of fractional numbers.
Effects of non-uniform temperature distribution on degradation of lithium-ion batteries

The School of Graduate Studies The University of Alabama in Huntsville Degree Master of Science in Engineering College/Dept. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Name of Candidate Gabriel Marcilio Cavalheiro Title Effects of Non-Uniform Temperature Distribution on Degradation of Lithium-ion Batteries The effects of non-uniform temperature distribution on degradation of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are investigated in this study. A Li-ion battery stack consisting of five 3 Ampere hour (Ah) pouch cells connected in parallel was tested for 2215 cycles and compared with a single baseline cell. The behaviors of temperature distribution, degradation, and current distribution of the stack were characterized and discussed. Results supported the hypothesis that non-uniform temperature distribution causes non-uniform and accelerated degradation. All cells in the stack experienced higher temperature rise and degraded faster than the baseline cell. In particular, capacity retention of the middle cell in the stack decreased to 50.7% after 2215 cycles while the baseline cell capacity retention was still 87.8%. Resistance of cells in the stack experienced non-uniform but similar pattern of variation with cycling. The resistances remained stable in early cycles, then experienced a rapid increase, and then became stable again. The middle cell resistance increased abruptly in the last 20 cycles before failure. Current distribution behaviors of the stack also changed significantly during cycling, which was consistent with cell resistance behaviors. The middle cell experienced much higher discharge current (C rate) than average, suggesting its accelerated degradation can be attributed to the synergized effects of higher local temperature and higher local current. Differential voltage analysis suggested
Understanding the C3H2 cyclic-to-linear ratio in L1544

Aims. We aim to understand the high cyclic-to-linear C 3 H 2 ratio (32 ± 4) that has been observed toward L1544. Methods. We combined a gas-grain chemical model with a physical model for L1544 to simulate the column densities of cyclic and linear C 3 H 2 observed toward L1544. The most important reactions for the formation and destruction of both forms of C 3 H 2 were identified, and their relative rate coefficients were varied to find the best match to the observations. Results. We find that the ratio of the rate coefficients of C 3 H 3 + + e − ➝ C 3 H 2 + H for cyclic and linear C 3 H 2 must be ~ 20 to reproduce the observations, depending on the branching ratios assumed for the C 3 H 3 + + e − ➝ C 3 H + H 2 reaction. In current astrochemical networks it is assumed that cyclic and linear C 3 H 2 are formed in a 1:1 ratio in the aforementioned reactions. Laboratory studies and/or theoretical calculations are needed to confirm the results of our chemical modeling, which is based on observational constraints.
Conformal invariance, dark energy, and CMB non-gaussianity

In addition to simple scale invariance, a universe dominated by dark energy naturally gives rise to correlation functions possessing full conformal invariance. This is due to the mathematical isomorphism between the conformal group of certain three dimensional slices of de Sitter space and the de Sitter isometry group SO(4,1). In the standard homogeneous, isotropic cosmological model in which primordial density perturbations are generated during a long vacuum energy dominated de Sitter phase, the embedding of flat spatial 3 sections in de Sitter space induces a conformal invariant perturbation spectrum and definite prediction for the shape of the non-Gaussian CMB bispectrum. In the case in which the density fluctuations are generated instead on the de Sitter horizon, conformal invariance of the 2 horizon embedding implies a different but also quite definite prediction for the angular correlations of CMB non-Gaussianity on the sky. Each of these forms for the bispectrum is intrinsic to the symmetries of de Sitter space, and in that sense, independent of specific model assumptions. Each is different from the predictions of single field slow roll inflation models, which rely on the breaking of de Sitter invariance. We propose a quantum origin for the CMB fluctuations in the scalar gravitational sector from the conformal anomaly that could give rise to these non-Gaussianities without a slow roll inflaton field, and argue that conformal invariance also leads to the expectation for the relation nS−1 = nT between the spectral indices of the scalar and tensor power spectrum. Confirmation of this prediction or detection of non-Gaussian correlations in the CMB of one of the bispectral shape functions predicted by conformal invariance can be used both to establish the physical origins of primordial density fluctuations, and distinguish between different dynamical models of cosmological vacuum dark energy.