Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A critical analysis of regulated river ecosystem responses to managed environmental flows from reservoirs

Summary 1.The flow regime of a river is fundamental in determining its ecological characteristics. Impoundment of rivers has been documented to severely impact the natural flow regime, resulting in abiotic and biotic changes in downstream ecosystems. Contemporary water legislation is driving increasing concern among environmentalists and water resource managers with respect to how these impacts can be mitigated. This has stimulated research aimed at assessing the relationship between reservoir outflow modification (i.e. managed environmental flows) and downstream ecosystem responses. 2.We carried out a critical review and synthesis of the global literature concerning post-impoundment reservoir outflow modification and associated downstream biotic and abiotic responses. Seventy-six studies published between 1981 and 2012 were analysed. In contrast to previous studies of this subject, we systematically assessed the methodological quality of research to identify strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. We also undertook a novel quantification of ecosystem responses to flow modification, thus enabling identification of priorities for future research. 3.We identified that: (i) there was a research bias towards North American and Western European studies; (ii) the majority of studies reported changes in flow magnitude (e.g. artificial floods) and primarily focused on traditionally monitored ecological groups (e.g. fish); (iii) relationships between flow, biota (e.g. macroinvertebrates) and water quality (e.g. electrical conductivity and suspended solids concentration) were evident, demonstrating the potential for managed environmental flows to manipulate river ecosystems; (iv) site-specific factors (e.g. location, climate) are likely to be important as some ecosystem responses were inconsistent between studies (e.g. fish movement in response to increases in flow magnitude); and (v) quality of study design, methodological and analytical techniques varied, and these factors may have contributed to the reported variability of ecosystem response. 4.To advance scientific understanding and guide future management of regulated flow regimes, we highlight a pressing need for: (i) diversification of study locations as well as flow modification and ecosystem response types assessed; (ii) a focus on understanding flow–ecosystem response relationships at regional scales; (iii) further quantitative studies to enable robust statistical analyses in future meta-analyses; and (iv) robust monitoring of flow experiments and the use of contemporary statistical techniques to extract maximum knowledge from ecological response data.
Effect of the sowing date on the growth of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) as a cover crop influenced the weed biomass and soil chemical properties in a subtropical region

Weeds emerge throughout the year in agricultural fields in subtropical regions. The weed suppression and improved soil fertility resulting from a living mulch of hairy vetch were investigated. Hairy vetch was sown in October and in December 2006. The fallow condition was without the sowing of hairy vetch, with the weeds allowed to grow naturally. The biomass of the top parts (BOT) of hairy vetch increased from February to April and then decreased in May on both sowing dates. The BOT of hairy vetch sown in October was significantly higher in February, March, and April than that sown in December. Hairy vetch sown in October and harvested from February to April varied from 372–403 × 10−3 kg m−2, with weed suppression percentages of 62.8% in comparison with the fallow plots. The fixed C, N, P, and mineral uptake of hairy vetch showed similar patterns to its biomass. The nitrate (NO3-N) content increased from February to May for the soils in the October and December plots, in contrast to the fallow plots. Moreover, the NO3-N and available N of the October and December soils sampled from February to May were higher than that of the fallow soils. In subtropical agriculture, hairy vetch should be sown in October in order to achieve a higher biomass for suppressing weeds effectively and improving the soil fertility, mainly N.
Control of papaya fruits anthracnose by essential oils of medicinal plants associated to different coatings

Chemical pesticides have been commonly used for the control of various plant diseases. Although pathogens can be controlled with the application of these products, there are hazardous impacts in human health and environment. In parallel, essential oils have been shown to be effective in plant diseases management and can be safely incorporated as suitable alternatives for synthetic fungicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the control of papaya fruits anthracnose by different essential oils associated with different coatings. In vitro evaluation of essential oils was carried out to conidial germination and mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Quantification of anthracnose and fruits fresh mass loss was also performed for all treatments. Rosemary pepper and Noni essential oils were the most effective in reducing conidia germination and mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. The application of essential oils associated with different coatings was as effective as the chemical control, in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen in 100%. Moreover, papaya fruits treated with the mixture of paraffin and essential oils reduced in 7% the fruits fresh mass loss infected with the fungus. These combinations are a promising alternative to chemicals to control anthracnose, a major postharvest disease on papaya during storage. Key words: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, alternative control, post-harvest, weight loss.
Species Packing and Niche Complementarity in Three Sunfishes

This study develops a method to relate foraging theory to species-packing theory. Cost curves, which rank prey by their cost-benefit ratio to the predator, are quantitatively determined for three species of sunfishes (Centrarchidae) that differ systematically in their morphology. The cost curves are used to estimate extremes in the range of food sizes in the diet of a fish given its size and morphology (species). The distribution of available resources is found to be lognormal and, with the above diet ranges, permits the calculation of the niche width and location on the food size axis for individual fish. The extremes in niche width and location for size-distributed populations of these species are then determined by combining and weighing the contribution of each size class. Overlap on the food size coordinate for populations of Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides is shown to be very close to that predicted by current species-packing theory. It is predicted that these species occupy similar habitats and segregate on the food size axis while the third species, which is intermediate in morphology (L. cyanellus), should be excluded from these habitats and show complementarity on niche dimensions. Data on habitat utilization of these species from natural communities confirm these predictions. Species packing on the food size coordinate is discussed in relation to species populations which are size distributed.
Modification of the diel vertical migration of Bythotrephes longimanus by the cold‐water planktivore, Coregonus artedi

Summary 1. The weak diel vertical migration observed in the large cladoceran Bythotrephes longimanus seems contradictory to the predator-avoidance hypothesis that predicts large zooplankton should have long migration amplitudes. However, cold-water planktivores, especially Coregonus spp. , are a main source of mortality for Bythotrephes and hence a deeper migration would result in a greater overlap with these hypolimnetic planktivores. We hypothesized that Coregonus artedi (cisco) modifies the normal vertical migration pattern of Bythotrephes, such that the latter stays higher in the water column during the day and thus migrates less extremely at night. 2. The vertical distribution of Bythotrephes during the day was determined from single visits to six lakes in Ontario, Canada, all of which contain warm-water, epilimnetic planktivores but differing in whether they contain cisco. One lake of each fish type was sampled day and night every 2–3 weeks over the ice-free season to examine daytime depths and migration amplitude. 3. The vertical migration of Bythotrephes differed in the presence and absence of cisco. In the lakes with cisco, there were significantly fewer Bythotrephes in the hypolimnion and they were higher in the water column during the day. Migration amplitude was smaller in the cisco than in the non-cisco lake. These observations were not attributable to differences in physical factors, and, although not conclusively attributable to cisco, are consistent with an effect of cisco. 4. We suggest that diurnal depth selection by Bythotrephes in lakes containing cisco is a trade-off between the risk of predation by warm- versus cold-water predators, balanced by the benefits of increased temperature and feeding rates near the surface. Even in lakes without cisco, however, the vertical migration of Bythotrephes was less than expected, suggesting that diurnal depth selection is a balance between the risk from warm-water planktivores and access to sufficient light to feed effectively.
Crossing Limit Cycles of Planar Piecewise Linear Hamiltonian Systems without Equilibrium Points

In this paper, we study the existence of limit cycles of planar piecewise linear Hamiltonian systems without equilibrium points. Firstly, we prove that if these systems are separated by a parabola, they can have at most two crossing limit cycles, and if they are separated by a hyperbola or an ellipse, they can have at most three crossing limit cycles. Additionally, we prove that these upper bounds are reached. Secondly, we show that there is an example of two crossing limit cycles when these systems have four zones separated by three straight lines.
Working memory and psychological resilience in South African emerging adults

The role of cognitive factors, such as working memory, in psychological resilience has not been widely investigated, although a few studies tentatively suggest a positive association. Given the contextually embedded nature of resilience, sociocultural factors may also influence any relationship between working memory and resilience, and so a concurrent triangulation, mixed method design, located in a socioecological model, was employed to explore this relationship in South African emerging adults from disadvantaged circumstances. A total of 38 participants completed biographical, working memory, and resilience measures. Around 14 of these participants were also interviewed about the perceived role of working memory processes in resilient behaviours. The results suggest that working memory processes indirectly promote resilience-enabling behaviours, while the sociocultural environment also facilitates behaviours which engage working memory and foster resilience. These findings have implications for the development of cognitive-based, resilience-promoting interventions for young adults.
Market Orientation, Social Entrepreneurial Orientation and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Learning Orientation

One of the emerging research areas in the strategic orientation is how to transfer different orientations from the commercial sector to the non-profit sector. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the mediating effect of Learning Orientation among the Market Orientation, Social Entrepreneurial Orientation and Organizational Performance in the non-profit sector. The data from more than 300 employees of the non-profit organizations through snowball sampling method was collected from different parts of Pakistan and analyzed by using Smart PLS software to perform Structural Equation Modeling. The findings indicate that acquiring strategic resources is also relevant for non-profit sector but these resources are useless if can be easily imitated. Therefore, an organization should develop such capabilities to make resources imperfectly imitable. Research also shows that Market Orientation and Social Entrepreneurial Orientation are key strategic resources but in the presence of Learning Orientation, an organization can exploit these resources more effectively. The study also discussed practical implications, limitations and future directions.
Role of the H-2 complex in induction of T helper cells in vivo. III. Contribution of the I-E subregion to restriction sites recognized by I- A/E-restricted T cells

Previous studies on negative selection of T cells to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated mice showed that CBA (I-Ak,I-Ek) (kk) T cells comprise two subgroups of cells restricted by I-A (A alpha-A beta) and I-A/E (E alpha-E beta) molecules. Selection of the I-A/E-restricted by I-A (A alpha-A beta) and I-A/E (E alpha-E beta) molecules. Selection of the I- A/E-restricted subset requires that the donor T cells and the selection host share both I-A (E beta) and I-E (E alpha) gene products; only the I-A-restricted cells undergo selection in B10.A(4R) (kb) mice. This paper demonstrates that negative selection of the I-A/E-restricted subgroup of CBA T cells can occur in F1 hybrids between B10.A(4R) and various Ia.7+ (E alpha+) I-E-incompatible strains; selection does not occur in hybrids between B10.A(4R) and Ia.7- (E alpha-) strains. These data suggest that, despite the fact that E alpha chains display detectable structural allelic variations, these chains are functionally nonpolymorphic. This conclusion applies to E alpha k,d,p,r,j chains. With F1 hybrids between B10.A(4R) and another Ia.7+ strain, B10.PL (H- 2u), in contrast, only intermediate selection is observed. This finding is consistent with recent evidence that cell surface expression of E alpha-u-E beta dimers displays strong cis preference. In contrast to E alpha+ CBA T cells, E alpha- B10.A(4R) (kb) T cells undergo complete negative selection in hosts matched only in the I-A (and H-2K) subregion, i.e., B10.BR (kk) mice; no selection occurs in B10 (bb) mice. These data imply that Ia-restricted T cells in E alpha- strains are probably restricted solely by I-A molecules.
In situ studies of water relations and CO2 exchange of the tropical macrolichen, Sticta tomentosa

Diel (24-h) time courses of CO 2 exchange, water relations, and microclimate of the foliose lichen, Sticta tomentosa (Swartz) Ach. , and responses to experimentally manipulated conditions were measured at a forest edge in a lower montane rainforest in Panama. Similar to earlier observations on two other rain forest lichens, daily desiccation suppressed net photosynthesis (NP) during the period when irradiation was highest. Not surprisingly, the light response curves of NP showed saturation at rather low light levels. Rehydration was associated with an initial resaturation burst of short duration, which could be demonstrated both under natural conditions and experimentally. This additional loss of CO 2 seems too low to be ecologically relevant. Moreover, high thallus hydration was also detrimental to NP: at maximum water content net CO 2 uptake was depressed by > 50%. Although NP was well adapted to the prevailing high temperatures, the latter also stimulated dark respiration. On average, almost 60 % of the diurnal carbon gain was lost during the night. In spite of these limitations, the integrated 24-h C gain was quite high, on average 0.5 % of the thallus C content. Whilst these figures were determined for horizontally exposed samples, we also assessed the role of different exposures on photosynthetic performance. Diel C gain was highest under conditions of semi-shade (westerly exposure), which allowed long periods of activity, whilst much higher irradiance at other exposures could not be utilized for photosynthetic production: easterly exposed thalli dried out even faster than horizontally exposed samples.
Light quantity and quality on the forest floor of pioneer and climax stages in a birch–beech–sugar maple stand

The quantity and quality of solar radiation (300 to 1100 nm) beneath forest canopies were compared on sunny (sunflecks excluded) and cloudy days between the pioneer and climax stages of a birch–beech–sugar maple stand, and among the main species within these two stages of succession. The climax stage (mature canopies) transmits less energy between 300 and 1100 nm and casts smaller red to far red ratios than the pioneer stage (5-year-old canopies) on both sunny and cloudy days. Moreover, the canopies of the main species within each of these two stages of succession do not transmit the same quantity and quality of solar radiation. All these differences are greater on cloudy than sunny days. Leaf transmittance varies among species but this alone does not explain the differences in canopy transmission among these same species. The results are discussed in relation to the ecological significance for the plants growing under birch–beech–sugar maple stands.
The Genus Pseudanisakis Layman & Borovkova, 1926 (Nematoda: Ascaridida)

Summary A history of the genus Pseudanisakis Layman & Borovkova, 1926, is given. After studies on two species of the genus with both light and scanning electron microscopes, the genus is re-defined. A nomen novum, P. tricupola, is proposed for the type-species, P. rotundata (Rud., 1819) Mosgovoi, 1950, and another, P. baylisi, is proposed for Eustoma rotundatum (Rud., 1819) of Punt (1941). These two species are re-described, and a larval stage of P. tricupola is described for the first time. P. rajae Yamaguti, 1941, sensu nov. is included in the genus. Anacanthocheilus australis of Johnston & Mawson (1945) is placed in the genus Acanthocheilus Molin, 1858. Acanthocheilus and Pseudanisakis are distinguished, and aspects of their life-histories commented upon.
Amplitudes of Protein Backbone Dynamics and Correlated Motions in a Small α/β Protein: Correspondence of Dipolar Coupling and Heteronuclear Relaxation Measurements†

Backbone residual dipolar coupling (N-H, Calpha-Halpha, N-C', and Calpha-C') data collected in five different media on the B3 IgG binding domain of streptococcal protein G (GB3) have been analyzed by simultaneous refinement of the coordinates and optimization of the magnitudes and orientations of the alignment tensors using single and multiple structure representations. We show, using appropriate error analysis, that agreement between observed and calculated dipolar couplings at the level of experimental uncertainty is obtained with a two-structure (N(e) = 2) ensemble representation which represents the simplest equilibrium description of anisotropic motions. The data permit one to determine the magnitude of the anisotropic motions along the four different backbone bond vectors in terms of order parameters. The order parameters, , for the N-H bond vectors are in qualitative agreement with the generalized order parameters, S(2)NH(relaxation), derived from (15)N relaxation measurements, with a correlation coefficient of 0.84. S(2)NH(relaxation) can be regarded as the product of an anisotropic order parameter, corresponding to derived from the residual dipolar couplings, and an axially symmetric order parameter, S(2)NH(axial), corresponding to bond librations which are expected to be essentially uniform along the polypeptide chain. The current data indicate that the average value of S(2)NH(axial) is approximately 0.9. The close correspondence of and S(2)NH(relaxation) indicates that any large-scale displacements from the mean coordinate positions on time scales longer than the rotational correlation time are rare and hence do not perturb the observed dipolar couplings. Analysis of a set of 100 N(e) = 2 ensembles reveals the presence of some long-range correlated motions of N-H and Calpha-Halpha vectors involving residues far apart in the sequence but close together in space. In addition, direct evidence is obtained for ubiquitous crankshaft motions along the entire length of the polypeptide backbone manifested by the anticorrelation of the backbone torsion angles phi(i) and psi(i-1).
Green Building and Policy Innovation in Low-Income Housing Developments (LIHTC)

The present article analyzes the integration of green building policy and practice with the largest low-income housing production program in the US and the innovativeness of its housing agencies. Drawing on policy innovation literature, panel data and regression analysis are employed to quantify associations between state-level characteristics and the adoption of green building criteria into the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program. Results show that, on average, housing agencies have increasingly adopted green building criteria, and most have identified co-benefits from energy-efficient buildings and smart growth. Despite overall progress, the rate of adoption of green building criteria has decreased, few states have comprehensive criteria, and many have dropped important criteria, such as on-site renewable energy generation. Results are consistent with hypotheses derived from the literature and suggest the integration of green building with LIHTC developments is significantly associated with government motivation, financial resources, and exogenous characteristics that affect the demand for green building. Future research should explore organization-level factors that affect environmental policy innovation. It is recommended that LIHTC housing agencies require compliance with green building rating systems and periodically reconfigure green building criteria based on planned evolutionary change, data-driven strategies, and life-cycle analyses towards zero net energy consumption. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 10 May 2020
Detection of five seedborne legume viruses in one sensitive multiplex polymerase chain reaction test.

A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay has been developed that can simultaneously test a sample, in one tube, for the presence of five seedborne legume viruses that are of great concern to legume germ plasm banks: alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus, bean yellow mosaic potyvirus, clover yellow vein potyvirus, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, and subterranean clover mottle sobemovirus. RT-PCR assays were also developed for the detection of subterranean clover redleaf luteovirus and subterranean clover stunt virus, thus providing a detection system for all well-characterized viruses known to infect subterranean clover. Primers were designed so that the size of the RT-PCR product was indicative of the virus amplified and, where sequences of more than one strain of virus were available, conserved regions were given preference as primer targets
Lupinus albus cv. Ultra and Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop as protein concentrates for growing pigs

Lupinus albus cv. Ultra and Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop were evaluated relative to soybean meal as sole protein concentrates in wheat-based diets for growing pigs. To ensure that this comparison was on an equal protein and lysine basis, small amounts of free lysine were added to the lupin diets. The digestible energy contents of the soybean, Ultra and Unicrop meals were 15.2, 15.0 and 15.3 MJ/kg (air-dry basis) respectively. The performances of pigs fed on diets based on the Unicrop and soybean meals were similar in all parameters, except that the Unicrop diet resulted in a significantly lower dressing percentage (P < 0.01) and a slightly higher feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) when calculated on a carcass basis. Pigs fed on Ultra lupins showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) growth rates and significantly higher (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios during the 20–45 kg growth phase; and significantly lower carcass gains (P < 0.01) and higher feed conversion ratios on a carcass basis (P < 0.05) during the 20–80 kg growth phase. The dressing percentage of pigs fed on Ultra lupins was similar to that of those fed on Unicrop lupins and significantly lower than for pigs fed on soybean meal (P < 0.01). The Ultra lupins contained 3750 ppm manganese, and this may have contributed to the depressed performance of pigs on Ultra meal.