Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crustal structure and local seismicity in western Anatolia

SUMMARY Western Anatolia is one of the most seismically active continental regions in the world and much of it has been undergoing NS-directed extensional deformation since Early Miocene time. In a cooperative study, seismologists from Saint Louis University, USA and Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey, deployed five broad-band and 45 short-period seismic stations in western Anatolia between 2002 November and 2003 October. The present paper uses data collected by this network and the data from five permanent stations operated by the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute to map the hypocentral distribution of local earthquakes and to determine crustal structure of western Anatolia. We obtained a 1-D P-wave crustal velocity model using a generalized scheme for simultaneously obtaining earthquake locations and a crustal velocity model. Our velocity model is characterized by crustal velocities that are significantly lower than average continental values. The low velocities may be associated with high crustal temperatures, a high degree of fracture, or the presence of fluids at high pore pressure in the crust. We located 725 local earthquakes and classified them in three categories. We found that the level of seismic activity in western Anatolia is higher than previously reported. Station delays resulting from the inversion process correlate with near-surface geology and the thickness of sediments throughout the region. The hypocentral distribution of the events indicates that peak seismicity for the region occurs at depths of about 10 km.
Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic Ocean

Abstract A 110-yr simulation is conducted using a specially designed coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model that only allows air–sea interaction over the Atlantic Ocean within 30°S–60°N. Since the influence from the Pacific El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over the Atlantic is removed in this run, it provides a better view of the extratropical influences on the tropical air–sea interaction within the Atlantic sector. The model results are compared with the observations that also have their ENSO components subtracted. The model reproduces the two major anomalous patterns of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the southern subtropical Atlantic (SSA) and the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) Ocean. The SSA pattern is phase locked to the annual cycle. Its enhancement in austral summer is associated with atmospheric disturbances from the South Atlantic during late austral spring. The extratropical atmospheric disturbances induce anomalous trade winds and surface heat fluxes in its northern flank.
A late Holocene climate record in stalagmites from Modrič Cave (Croatia)

Few terrestrial Holocene climate records exist from south‐eastern Europe despite its important geographical position as a transitional climatic zone between the Mediterranean and mainland continental Europe. Here we present new petrographic and stable isotope data for two Holocene speleothems from Modrič Cave, Croatia (44°15′N, 15°32′E), a coastal Adriatic site (120 m inland). Modern meteorological and cave conditions have been monitored for 2 years to understand the links between climate variability and stable isotope time‐series records in speleothems. Typical of a Mediterranean‐type climate, a negative water balance exists between April and September, so that recharge of the aquifer is restricted to the winter months. The weighted mean δ18O of the rainfall is −5.96‰ (2σ = 2.83), and the weighted mean D/H rainfall value is −36.83‰ (2σ = 19.95), slightly above the Global Meteoric Water Line, but well below the Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line. Modern calcite from the tops of each stalagmite exhibits δ18O values that are close to isotopic equilibrium with their respective drip water values. Unfortunately, the relatively young ages and low uranium contents (ca. 50 p.p.b.) of both stalagmites hamper the use of U‐series dating. Radiocarbon dates have been used instead to constrain their chronology using a dead carbon correction. Apart from some Isotope Stage 3 material (ca. 55 ka), both stalagmites were deposited during the late Holocene. Climatic conditions during the late Holocene are inferred to have been sufficiently wet to maintain stalagmite growth and any hiatuses appear to be relatively short lived. Inferred changes in the stalagmite diameters during deposition are linked to δ13C and δ18O variations, indicating alternating periods of drier and wetter conditions. Drier conditions are inferred for the late Roman Ages warm period and the mid‐Medieval Warm Period. Wetter conditions are associated with the Little Ice Age. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing Methods to Determine Hydraulic Conductivities on Stony Soils

Determination of the field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) can result in very high variability due to soil heterogeneity, the measurement method, the number of replications, and the Kfs calculation method used. Especially for dryland soils, stoniness can influence infiltration rates significantly. To identify this variability as well as its source, six widely used measurement methods were compared: single-ring (SR) and double-ring (DR) infiltrometers, the constant head well infiltrometer (CH), the inverse auger hole method (IA), the tension infiltrometer (TI), and the rainfall simulator (RFS). The six methods were applied at three locations in a semiarid part of Chile that showed moderate (15%) to high (55%) stoniness. Additionally, Kfs variations due to different calculation techniques for the same measurement method were thoroughly investigated. Results showed that different calculation techniques sometimes gave significantly different estimates of Kfs when using the same data set, and those relative differences were conserved among measurement locations. The borehole methods (IA and CH) showed high discard rates due to stoniness, making these methods less appropriate. The SR and DR methods gave considerably higher Kfs estimates, while the RFS and TI proved good candidates as reference methods for stony soils, with low failure rates and coefficients of variation.
Antibiogram Profile and Detection of Resistance Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Recovered from Hospital Wastewater Effluent

The nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is characterized by increased prevalence in hospital wastewater and is a public health concern. Untreated wastewater severely challenges human health when discharged into nearby aquatic ecosystems. The antibiogram profiles and resistance genes of P. aeruginosa were evaluated in this study. Wastewater effluents were obtained from a hospital within a six-month sampling period. After the samples were processed and analysed, P. aeruginosa was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplifying OprI and OprL genes. The Kirby–Bauer diffusion technique was employed to check the susceptibility profiles of P. aeruginosa which were further interpreted using CLSI guidelines. A total of 21 resistance genes were investigated among the isolates. The sum of 81 positive P. aeruginosa were isolated in this study. This study’s mean count of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranged from 2.4 × 105 to 6.5 × 105 CFU/mL. A significant proportion of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem (93%), tobramycin (85%), norfloxacin (85%), aztreonam (70%), ciprofloxacin (51%), meropenem (47%), levofloxacin (43%), and gentamicin (40%). Meanwhile, a low susceptibility was recorded for amikacin and ceftazidime. The overall multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) ranged from 0.3 to 0.9, with 75% of the multidrug-resistant isolates. The assessment of β-lactam-resistant genes revealed blaOXA-1 (3.7%) and blaSHV (2.4%). The frequency of carbapenem genes was 6.6% for blaIMP, 6.6% for blaKPC, 6.6% for blaoxa-48, 2.2% for blaNDM-1, 2.2% for blaGES, and 2.2% for blaVIM. Of the aminoglycoside genes screened, 8.6% harboured strA, 11.5% harboured aadA, and 1.5% harboured aph(3)-Ia(aphA1). Only one non-β-lactamase gene (qnrA) was detected, with a prevalence of 4.9%. The findings of this study revealed a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and resistance determinants potentially posing environmental health risks.
Ulysses observations of the radial magnetic field

The radial component of the magnetic field in the southern hemisphere has been measured at Ulysses as it traveled from the equator to −80.2° latitude and returned. The radial component multiplied by the square of the radial distance, i.e., BRr², averaged over 77 day intervals (three solar rotations) is approximately constant at −3.5 nT and shows no evidence of a dependence on heliographic latitude. To discriminate against possible time variations, the measurements have been compared with simultaneous observations in the ecliptic by IMP-8. The two sets of observations agree very well confirming the absence of a significant latitude gradient. Since the sun's dipolar magnetic field component is strong at this phase of the sunspot cycle, it is inferred that magnetic flux from the polar cap is transported to lower latitudes in the solar wind source region to produce a uniform radial field. Such a configuration would be expected if magnetic stresses are influencing the solar wind flow near the sun and are contributing to a non-radial deflection. Estimates of the flux of open field lines (3 × 1014 webers), of the non-radial solar wind expansion (∼3) and the polar cap magnetic field strength (∼5 Gauss) are derived.
Dendroclimatic interpretation of tree‐rings in Agathis australis (kauri): 2. Evidence of a significant relationship with ENSO

Part 1 of this investigation (Buckley et al 2000) found consistent significant correlations between tree growth and climate for nine New Zealand kauri tree‐ring chronology sites The nature of these correlations suggests that Agathis australis (kauri) may carry a useful signal of the El Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon We have explored the potential of kauri tor ENSO reconstruction through statistical analysis of the relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the tree ring indices previously derived Results showed a consistent SOI‐kaun growth relationship for eight of the nine sites A significant negative correlation was found between kauri growth and concurrent seasonal mean SOI, and a positive correlation with the seasonal mean SOI recorded over the preceding two years The former is consistent with a hypothesised ENSO‐kaun growth model, but the two‐year lag suggests an additional relationship, perhaps associated with kauri phenology Decadal‐scale variability was evident in the strength of the SOI‐kaun growth relationships, particularly in autumn (March‐May) and winter (June‐August) Comparison of SOI and extreme kauri growth years indicated general consistency in the growth response to ENSO, but also identified some anomalies, suggesting that kauri ring‐width is an imperfect ENSO proxy However, combined with the spatial scale at which ENSO operates, and the known variability of links with regional climates, we conclude that kauri growth‐rings could provide a useful ENSO proxy, particularly within the context of multi‐proxy spatially distributed studies
Non-steady radial flow in an infinite leaky aquifer

The non-steady drawdown distribution near a well discharging from an infinite leaky aquifer is presented. Variation of drawdown with time and distance caused by a well of constant discharge in confined sand of uniform thickness and uniform permeability is obtained. The discharge is supplied by the reduction of storage through expansion of the water and the concomitant compression of the sand, and also by leakage through the confining bed. The leakage is assumed to be at a rate proportional to the drawdown at any point. Storage of water in the confining bed is neglected. Two forms of the solution are developed. One is suitable for computation for large values of time and the other suitable for small values of time. This solution is compared with earlier solutions for slightly different boundary conditions.
Joint modes of climate variability across the inter‐Americas

Surface temperature (Ts), sea‐level pressure (SLP), and zonal wind (U) fields from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis spanning the period 1949–2006 have been jointly analysed by means of principal component analysis to assess the dominant modes of climate variability in the inter‐American region, including the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Two aspects of these time‐series were analysed: the annual cycle and its residual. Seasonal modes 1 and 2 take the form of north‐south dipoles of Ts over oceanic and terrestrial environments. Seasonal mode 3 derives from SLP changes over the Amazon with a Caribbean wind response. Temporal fluctuations in the residual (ANOM) fields are resolved by six modes. ANOM1–3 is dominated by SLP and Ts changes across the equator in the Atlantic and east Pacific. The ANOM4 pattern is an isolated wind mode in the NE Atlantic. ANOM5 and 6 are dominated by sea temperature patterns in the South Atlantic and in the path of African easterly waves crossing the tropical Atlantic. The residual time scores are marked by significant warming (Ts) trends and co‐located lower pressure. Cycles in the anomaly time scores tend to occur at 2‐ to 5‐year periods. Modes dominated by atmospheric variables exhibit greater high‐frequency ‘noise’ than oceanic modes. Predictability is assessed through development of multivariate regression models trained on Caribbean rainfall and related target time‐series. The seasonal dipole between North and South America is found to modulate Pacific El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and tropical Atlantic influence on Caribbean rainfall. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Neural Correlates of Successful Encoding Identified Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Neural activity that occurs during the creation of a new memory trace can be observed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Event-related designs have been used to demonstrate that activity in prefrontal and medial temporal lobe areas is associated with successful memory storage. Here we contrasted activity associated with encoding success and encoding effort. Participants viewed a series of 150 words but attempted to remember only half of them. Encoding effort was manipulated using a cue in the form of a letter (R or F) presented after each word to instruct participants either to remember or to forget that word. Increased activity in left inferior prefrontal cortex was observed when words were followed by the cue to remember. In contrast, increased left medial temporal lobe activity was observed for words that were successfully recalled later. These results show that fMRI correlates of the intention to encode a word are different from fMRI correlates of whether that encoding is successful. Prefrontal activation was strongly associated with intentional verbal encoding, whereas left medial temporal activation was crucial for the encoding that actually led to successful memory on the subsequent test. Neuropsychological evidence indicates that memory for recently experienced episodes depends critically on a number of interconnected brain regions, including the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and prefrontal cortex (Squire and Knowlton, 2000; Squire and Schacter, 2002). Although lesion evidence has been useful for implicating brain regions that are necessary for the expression of episodic memories, it is more difficult to ascertain whether these regions make their contributions to the formation, storage, and retrieval of memories. Functional imaging allows examination of the contributions of various brain regions to memory and of how coordination between multiple processes supports memory performance. In the present study, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the neural correlates of memory encoding. Neural events responsible for the formation of episodic memories have been investigated previously (for review, see Paller and Wagner, 2002). Wagner et al. (1998) acquired fMRI data while participants made concrete/abstract judgments about words. Words subsequently recognized with high confidence, compared with forgotten words, were associated with encoding-related activity in left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPFC) (BA 44, 45, and 47) and left parahippocampal gyrus (BA 35/36). Brewer et al. (1998) devised a similar experiment in which participants performed indoor/outdoor discriminations on visual scenes. Subsequent recognition was associated with increased activation of right prefrontal cortex and …
Ocean wave spectrum and dissipation rate derived from CMOD4 model function

[1] A simplified version of the energy balance equation is solved to obtain an expression for the ocean wave equilibrium spectrum, which is then used with a two-scale electromagnetic scattering model to calculate the radar cross section of the ocean surface. Two parameters in the energy balance equation are adjusted to minimize the difference between the calculated radar cross-section values and those given by the CMOD4 model function over a range of incidence angles and look directions, and for a series of wind speeds. The RMS difference between the CMOD4 and two-scale radar cross-section values using this model is 0.16 dB for incidence angles from 25° to 45° and wind speeds from 5 to 15 m/s. The slope variances computed from this model also agree fairly well with those measured by Cox and Munk. However, since the largest wave number influencing the C-band backscatter is approximately 200 rad/m, the spectrum is probably not valid beyond this wave number. Finally, since the spectrum is determined by the relative magnitudes of the wave growth and dissipation rates, some inferences about these parameters can be drawn. Assuming the exponential growth rate parameter to be equal to previous measurements, the dissipation rate implied by this model is more than an order of magnitude larger than that due to molecular viscosity for wind speeds greater than 7 m/s. This conclusion is consistent with observations by Jahne and Riemer, which also indicated a dissipation rate much larger than the viscous dissipation rate at high wind speeds.
Brief Communication Impact of hematological and radiation parameters on the clinical prognosis of esophageal cancer patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy

: This study aimed to conduct a survival analysis of thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with radical chemoradiotherapy and identify prognostic variables from among the hematological and radiation parameters. Cases of patients with ESCC receiving definitive chemoradiotherapy at Jiangsu Cancer Hospital between January 2018 and September 2020 were screened. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of hematological and radiation parameters on the overall survival (OS). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) by the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) in the week prior to radical chemoradiotherapy. Variables associated with radiation were gathered based on dose-volume histograms (DVH). X-tile software was used to determine the optimal cutoff values for pretreatment NLR and posttreatment ALC nadir. Associations between lymphopenia and dose-volume parameters were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. The study included 104 ESCC patients. The median follow-up of surviving patients was 45.0 months (interquartile range: 40.2-52.2), with 1-and 3-year OS rates of 88.0% and 62.7%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated a significant survival benefit in patients with low baseline NLR (≤ 2.2), high ALC nadir (> 0.24*10 9 /L), and desirable radiation parameters for the heart and thoracic vertebrae. Increased dose-volume parameters of the heart, lungs, and thoracic vertebrae were correlated with a high probability of radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) risk ( P < 0.05). Baseline NLR and RIL are significantly related to survival outcomes in ESCC patients. Optimization of radiation parameters of cardiopulmonary and thoracic vertebrae can be effective in the prevention of RIL.
Information Visualization and Machine Learning Applied on Static Code Analysis

Software engineers will possibly never see the perfect source code in their lifetime, but they are seeing much better analysis tools for finding defects in software. The approaches used in static code analysis emerged from simple code crawling to usage of statistical and probabilistic frameworks. This work presents a new technique that incorporates machine learning and information visualization into static code analysis. The technique learns patterns in a program’s source code using a normalized compression distance and applies them to classify code fragments into faulty or correct. Since the classification frequently is not perfect, the training process plays an essential role. A visualization element is used in the hope that it lets the user better understand the inner state of the classifier making the learning process transparent. An experimental evaluation is carried out in order to prove the efficacy of an implementation of the technique, the Code Distance Visualizer. The outcome of the evaluation indicates that the proposed technique is reasonably effective in learning to differentiate between faulty and correct code fragments, and the visualization element enables the user to discern when the tool is correct in its output and when it is not, and to take corrective action (further training or retraining) interactively, until the desired level of performance is reached.
Simulations of microphysical, radiative, and dynamical processes in a continental-scale forest fire smoke plume

A numerical model of meteorology, aerosols, and radiative transfer is used to study the impact of a large forest fire smoke plume on atmospheric processes. The simulated smoke optical depths at 0.63 μm. wavelength are in agreement with analyses of satellite data and show values as high as 1.8. The smoke has an albedo of 35%, or more than double the clear-sky value, and cools the surface by as much as 5 K. The best agreement with the analyses of optical depth and surface cooling is obtained when a fuel loading more than 10 times that which has been previously suggested is used to calculate the initial smoke mass load. An imaginary refractive index, nim, of 0.01 yields results which closely match the observed cooling, single scattering albedo, and the Angstrom wavelength exponent. An nim of 0.1, typical of smoke from urban fires, produces 9 K cooling. Coagulation causes the geometric mean radius by number to increase from the initial value of 0.08 μm to a final value of 0.15 μm while the specific extinction and absorption increase by 40% and 25%, respectively. After 42 hours, these changes in the smoke optical properties lead to a 32% increase in optical depth and an 11% increase in surface cooling over that found in a simulation where coagulation is not allowed. In the model, 47% of the smoke is removed by scavenging as it is incorporated into the frontal zone over the Great Lakes. Self-lofting of the smoke in a direct, smoke-induced circulation is observed in the baseline simulation and is much stronger in the urban smoke simulation.