Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPRESS: Testing the effects of gaze distractors with invariant spatial direction on attention cueing.

In four experiments, we tested the boundary conditions of gaze cueing with reference to the resistance to suppression criterion of automaticity. Participants were asked to respond to peripheral targets preceded by a central gaze stimulus. In one condition, gaze direction was random and uninformative with respect to target location (intermixed condition), as in the typical paradigm. In another condition, gaze direction was uninformative and, crucially, it was also kept constant throughout the sequence of trials (blocked condition). In so doing, we aimed at maximally reducing the informative value of the gaze stimulus since gaze would not only be task-irrelevant, but it would also provide no sudden and unpredictable information. Across the four experiments, the results showed a strong gaze-cueing effect. More specifically, a comparable gaze cueing emerged in the blocked condition and in the intermixed condition. These findings are consistent with the idea that gaze cueing is resistant to suppression and are discussed in relation to current views of the automaticity of gaze cueing.
Measurement of the multiple-muon charge ratio in the MINOS Far Detector

Measurement of the multiple-muon charge ratio in the MINOS Far Detector I. Anghel Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA; M. C. Goodman Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA; J. Paley Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA; A. V. Devan College of William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA M. Kordosky College of William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA See next page for additional authors
Strategic Actions and Credit Spreads: An Empirical Investigation

Do strategic actions of borrowers and lenders affect corporate debt values? We find higher bond spreads for firms that can renegotiate debt contracts relatively easily. Consistent with theories of strategic debt service, the threat of strategic default depresses bond values ex ante, even though there may be efficiency gains from renegotiation ex post. However, the economic significance of the net effect is small, suggesting that bondholders have considerable bargaining power. The effect of strategic actions is higher when creditors are particularly vulnerable to strategic threats, including risky firms with high managerial shareholding, simple debt structures, and high liquidation costs.
Mandatory IFRS Adoption and Financial Statement Comparability

This study examines whether mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) leads to capital market benefits through enhanced financial statement comparability. UK domestic standards are considered very similar to IFRS (Bae et al. 2008), suggesting any capital market benefits observed for UK-domiciled firms are more likely attributable to improvements in comparability (i.e., better precision of across-firm information) than to changes in information quality specific to the firm (i.e., core information quality). If IFRS adoption improves financial statement comparability, we predict this should reduce insiders’ ability to benefit from private information. Consistent with these expectations, we find that abnormal returns to insider purchases ― used to proxy for private information ― are reduced following IFRS adoption. Similar results obtain across numerous subsamples and proxies used to isolate IFRS effects attributable to comparability. Together, the findings are consistent with mandatory IFRS adoption improving comparability and thus leading to capital market benefits by reducing insiders’ ability to exploit private information.
The Economics of Green Building

Abstract We analyze the economics of green building, finding that recent increases in the supply of green buildings and the volatility in property markets have not affected the returns to green buildings. We then analyze a large cross-section of office buildings, demonstrating that economic returns to energy-efficient buildings are substantial. Finally, we relate the economic premiums for green buildings to their relative efficiency in energy use—the attributes rated for thermal efficiency, as well as sustainability, contribute to premiums in rents and asset values. Among green buildings, increased energy efficiency is fully capitalized into rents and asset values.
A paired kidney analysis on the impact of pre-transplant anti-HLA antibodies on graft survival.

BACKGROUND Pre-transplant donor-specific anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (DSAs) are associated with impaired kidney graft survival while the clinical relevance of non-donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (nDSAs) is more controversial. The aim of the present paired kidney graft study was to compare the clinical relevance of DSAs and nDSAs. METHODS To eliminate donor and era-dependent factors, a post hoc paired kidney graft analysis was performed as part of a Dutch multicentre study evaluating all transplantations between 1995 and 2005 with available pre-transplant serum samples. Anti-HLA antibodies were detected with a Luminex single-antigen bead assay. RESULTS Among 3237 deceased donor transplantations, we identified 115 recipient pairs receiving a kidney from the same donor with one recipient being DSA positive and the other without anti-HLA antibodies. Patients with pre-transplant DSAs had a significantly lower 10-year death-censored graft survival (55% versus 82%, P=0.0001). We identified 192 pairs with one recipient as nDSA positive (against Class I and/or II) and the other without anti-HLA antibodies. For the patients with nDSAs against either Class I or II, graft survival did not significantly differ compared with patients without anti-HLA antibodies (74% versus 77%, P = 0.79). Only in patients with both nDSAs Class I and II was there a trend towards a lower graft survival (58%, P = 0.06). Lastly, in a small group of 42 recipient pairs, 10-year graft survival in recipients with DSAs was 49% compared with 68% in recipients with nDSAs (P=0.11). CONCLUSION This paired kidney analysis confirms that the presence of pre-transplant DSAs in deceased donor transplantations is a risk marker for graft loss, whereas nDSAs in general are not associated with a lower graft survival. Subgroup analysis indicated that only in broadly sensitized patients with nDSAs against Class I and II, nDSAs may be a risk marker for graft loss in the long term.
Approximating the constellation constrained capacity of the MIMO channel with discrete input

In this paper the capacity of a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channel is considered, subject to average power constraint, for multi-dimensional discrete input, in the case when no channel state information is available at the transmitter. We prove that when the constellation size grows, the QAM constrained capacity converges to Gaussian capacity, directly extending the AWGN result from [1]. Simulations show that for a given constellation size, a rate close to the Gaussian capacity can be achieved up to a certain SNR point, which can be found efficiently by optimizing the constellation for the equivalent orthogonal channel, obtained by the singular value decomposition. Furthermore, lower bounds on the constrained capacity are derived for the cases of square and tall MIMO matrix, by optimizing the constellation for the equivalent channel, obtained by QR decomposition.
Forecasting Convective Initiation by Monitoring the Evolution of Moving Cumulus in Daytime GOES Imagery

Abstract This study identifies the precursor signals of convective initiation within sequences of 1-km-resolution visible (VIS) and 4–8-km infrared (IR) imagery from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) instrument. Convective initiation (CI) is defined for this study as the first detection of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) reflectivities ≥35 dBZ produced by convective clouds. Results indicate that CI may be forecasted ∼30–45 min in advance through the monitoring of key IR fields for convective clouds. This is made possible by the coincident use of three components of GOES data: 1) a cumulus cloud “mask” at 1-km resolution using VIS and IR data, 2) satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) for tracking individual cumulus clouds, and 3) IR brightness temperature (TB) and multispectral band-differencing time trends. In effect, these techniques isolate only the cumulus convection in satellite imagery, track moving cumulus convection, and evaluate various IR.
Prevalence of spinous process impingement in thoracic vertebrae on radiographs of clinically-unaffected dogs. Journal Small Animal Practice (12),

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of impinged spinous processes in asymptomatic dogs. These lesions 26 are characterized by a narrowing of the interspinous space, associated with sclerosis and bone remodelling. 27 Such findings have only been reported in three dogs and one cat presenting with back pain. Impinged spinous 28 processes are also occasionally noted on radiographs of healthy dogs with unknown clinical significance. 29 30 METHODS: 190 lateral thoracic radiographs of asymptomatic dogs radiographed for reasons other than 31 spinal pain, were retrospectively reviewed by two boarded radiologists. Images were assessed for the presence 32 of impinged spinous processes and graded for the presence of narrowing, sclerosis, or remodelling of the 33 spinous processes. RESULTS: The prevalence of impinged spinous processes in unaffected dogs was 33.2%. 95% (75/79) of 36 lesions were located between the spinous processes T8 and T11. Impingement of the spinous processes was 37 seen more frequently in older dogs. Size of dog was also related to the lesions, as larger breed dogs displayed 38 more frequent and more severe impingement of the spinous processes compared to smaller breeds. 39 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: process appears prevalent animals no history indicates that this finding should interpreted caution.
Cognitive Profile and Mental Health in Adult Phenylketonuria: A PKU-COBESO Study

Objective: Despite early dietary treatment phenylketonuria patients have lower IQ and poorer executive functions compared to healthy controls. Cognitive problems in phenylketonuria have often been associated with phenylalanine levels. The present study examined the cognitive profile and mental health in adult phenylketonuria, in relation to phenylalanine levels and tetrahydrobiopterin treatment. Method: Fifty-seven early treated adult patients with phenylketonuria and 57 healthy matched controls (18–40 years) performed IQ subtests and executive function tests from the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks. They also completed the Adult Self-Report on mental health problems. Analyses of variance were performed to examine group differences. Results: Patients with phenylketonuria had normal IQs although lower than controls. They performed poorer on working memory, inhibitory control, and sustained attention tasks. Patients reported Depressive and Avoidant Personality problems more frequently. Specifically, patients with childhood and lifetime phenylalanine ≥360 &mgr;mol/L had poorer cognitive and mental health outcomes than controls. In a subset of patients, comparisons between patients on and off tetrahydrobiopterin showed that nontetrahydrobiopterin users (matched for childhood, pretreatment phenylalanine) were slower (on number of tasks) and reported more mental health problems. Conclusions: Adult patients had lower IQ and poorer executive functions than controls, resembling problems observed in younger patients with phenylketonuria, as well as more internalizing problems. Group differences and phenylalanine-outcome associations were smaller than those observed in younger populations. A subset of nontetrahydrobiopterin users, matched for childhood phenylalanine level, had a poorer outcome on some tests than tetrahydrobiopterin users, which might indicate an impact of tetrahydrobiopterin treatment beyond lowering phenylalanine. However, clinical relevance needs further investigation.
Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Background and Objectives: Mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) create a dramatic health situation worldwide. There is a need to improve the understanding of factors to be addressed in intervention programmes. This study explored community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding MBVD in Kinshasa. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out between January and April 2019. The socio-demographic and KAP data collected through a questionnaire were analysed using Epi Info 7. Results: The study included 1464 male and female respondents aged from 18 to 70 years old. Open garbage cans and outdoor water storage units were found in 61.2% and 33.4% of respondent residences, respectively. Polluted water bodies (80.3%) were the most mentioned as mosquito breeding places. Among 86.6% of the respondents that had heard about yellow fever, 12% knew that it is an MBVD. The majority of respondents (72.5%) were perceived to be at risk of contracting MBVD. Environment sanitation (58%) and insecticide use (25%) were among the measures implemented to control mosquitoes. The greater overall knowledge score and attitude were not associated with good practice. Conclusion: The residents of Kinshasa had limited knowledge of MBVD. Raising awareness and educational sessions are essential in empowering the community regarding the correct attitudes and practices to effectively manage the risk posed by MBVD.
The Role of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases and Aerosols in Climate Mitigation

Forcing agents other than carbon dioxide, such as methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and perhaps aerosol particles, may play a major role in mitigating climate change. Of these agents, methane is the most important greenhouse gas and has substantial mitigation potential. The role of black and organic carbon aerosols has attracted increasing interest and we explicitly include these carbonaceous aerosols in our calculations. This paper analyzes the potential role of different forcing agents in reducing future climate forcing in a multi-gas, integrated assessment model in which mitigation options compete and interact. Our framework includes all of the important atmospheric forcing agents: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, sulfur dioxide, and carbonaceous aerosols along with an array of potential mitigation options. Through an integrated analysis of all available options we present a realistic portrait of the potential role of these forcing agents in limiting future climate change.
Modelling the Evolution of Arctic Melt Ponds

During winter the ocean surface at the poles freezes over to form sea ice. Sea ice floats on the ocean surface and has a matrix structure caused by the rejection of salts during freezing. In the summer sea ice melts at its surface creating melt ponds. An accurate estimate of the fraction of the upper sea ice surface covered in melt ponds during the summer melt season is essential for a realistic estimate of the albedo for global climate models. I will present a melt-pond{sea-ice model that simulates the twodimensional (areal) evolution of melt ponds on an Arctic sea-ice surface. This advancements of this model compared to previous models are the inclusion of snow topography, a realistic hydraulic balance and calculation of drainage rates and the incorporation of a detailed one-dimensional thermodynamic model. Water transport across and through the sea-ice surface is described by the major hydraulic processes believed to be present. Thermodynamic processes are modelled using the mushy-layer equations in sea ice, heat diff�usion equations in snow and using assumptions of turbulent heat flux in melt ponds, along with a three-layer two-stream radiation model. The model simulates a section of a sea ice floe considered to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, where edge eff�ects such as the presence of leads are neglected and consists of a grid of cells, each of which can be in one of four possible con�figurations: snow covered ice; bare ice; melt pond covered ice or open water. Eventually, a cluster of adjacent cells each containing melt water may be considered to have formed a melt pond. Lateral and vertical melt water transport is described by Darcy's Law. The model is initialised with ice topographies that represent either �first-year or multiyear sea ice, which are reconstructed from SHEBA ice thickness data using standard statistical methods. The roughness and thickness of the ice and snow surfaces were altered and the sensitivity of the model to the initial data was tested. First-year ice and multiyear ice simulations con�firmed observed diff�erences in individual pond size and depth. Sensitivity studies showed that pond fraction is most sensitive to mean initial snow depth in fi�rst-year ice simulations and reduction of ice permeability in all cases.
Age-dependent immune response to the 1 Biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 2 vaccination 3

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to the development of various vaccines. Real-life 19 data on immune responses elicited in the most vulnerable group of vaccinees over 80 20 years old is still underrepresented despite the prioritization of the elderly in vaccination 21 campaigns. We conducted a cohort study with two age groups, young vaccinees below the age of 24 60 and elderly vaccinees over the age of 80, to compare their antibody responses to 25 the first and second dose of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination. Results: While the majority of participants in both groups produced specific IgG antibody titers 28 against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, titers were significantly lower in elderly 29 participants. Although the increment of antibody levels after the second immunization 30 was higher in elderly participants, the absolute mean titer of this group remained lower 31 than the <60 group. After the second vaccination, 31.3 % of the elderly had no 32 detectable neutralizing antibodies in contrast to the younger group, in which only 2.2% 33 had no detectable neutralizing antibodies. Our data suggests that lower frequencies of neutralizing antibodies after BNT162b2 vaccination in the elderly population may require earlier revaccination to ensure strong immunity and protection against infection. Samples were tested for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using two commercially available test systems: Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2-QuantiVac-ELISA measuring 127 IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit and Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 128 IgG recognizing SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) antibodies. Euroimmun ELISA was performed on the Euroimmun Analyzer I-2P according to the 130 manufacturer's instructions. Results < 25.6 BAU/ml were considered as negative, ≥ 131 25.6 BAU/ml ≤ 35.2 BAU/ml as indeterminate, and > 35.2 BAU/ml as positive (BAU = 132 Binding Antibody Units). The upper detection limit for undiluted samples was > 384 133 BAU/ml, the lower detection limit was < 3.2 BAU/ml. For samples over the detection 134 limit, 1:10 or 1:100 dilutions were performed in IgG sample buffer according to the 135 manufacturer’s instruction. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) from Abbott was performed on an ARCHITECT i2000 SR. The relation of chemiluminescent RLU and the calibrator is given as the calculated index (S/C). An index (S/C) <1.4 as was considered negative, ≥1.4 was considered positive.
Magnetars

Magnetars are young and highly magnetized neutron stars which display a wide array of X-ray activity including short bursts, large outbursts, giant flares and quasi-periodic oscillations, often coupled with interesting timing behavior including enhanced spin-down, glitches and anti-glitches. The bulk of this activity is explained by the evolution and decay of an ultrastrong magnetic field, stressing and breaking the neutron star crust, which in turn drives twists of the external magnetosphere and powerful magnetospheric currents. The population of detected magnetars has grown to about 30 objects and shows unambiguous phenomenological connection with very highly magnetized radio pulsars. Recent progress in magnetar theory includes explanation of the hard X-ray component in the magnetar spectrum and development of surface heating models, explaining the sources' remarkable radiative output.
Projected Changes in Köppen Climate Types in the 21st Century over China

Abstract Future changes in the climate regimes over China as measured by the Köppen climate classification are reported in this paper. The analysis is based on a high-resolution climate change simulation conducted by a regional climate model (the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) RegCM3) driven by the global model of Center for Climate System Re-search (CCSR)/National Institute for Environment Studies (NIES)/Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC) MIROC3. 2_hires (the Model for Interdiscipli-nary Research on Climate) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. Validation of the model performances is presented first. The results show that RegCM3 reproduces the present-day distribution of the Köppen climate types well. Significant changes of the types are found in the future over China, following the simulated warming and precipitation changes. In southern China, the change is characterized by the replacement of subtropical humid (Cr) by subtropical winterdry (Cw). A pronounced decrease of the cold climate types is found over China, e.g., tundra (Ft) over the Tibetan Plateau and sub-arctic continental (Ec) over northeast China. The changes are usually greater in the end compared with the middle of the 21st century.