Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermal equation of state of Fe 3 O 4 magnetite up to 16 GPa and 1100 K 3

18 Fe 3 O 4 magnetite is an important mineral commonly found in various geological settings, 19 including the planet Mars, whose thermo-elastic properties at high pressure and temperature 20 are still poorly constrained. We performed X-ray diffraction measurements on natural 21 magnetite using resistive-heated diamond anvil cells up to 16 GPa and 1100 K. We fitted a 22 thermal equation of state (EoS) to the collected data resulting in K 0 = 182(1) GPa, K’ 0 = 4, 𝜃 D 23 = 660 K, 𝛾 = 1.8(1), and q = 2.7. Moreover, it was possible to explore the structural evolution 24 of magnetite in detail using single-crystal measurements. Over the studied pressure and 25 temperature range, we found no evidence of a transformation from an inverse to a normal 26 spinel structure. The EoS parameters obtained in this study will allow to be implemented into 27 currently available databases for self-consistent thermodynamic modeling. In particular, the 28 obtained results are used to model and compare the sound wave velocities of a magnetite- 29 bearing and magnetite-free Martian upper mantle assemblage. We observe that the 30 incorporation of magnetite reduces the sound wave velocities, however, the magnitude of the 31 effect is below the current seismic detection limit of the InSight mission on Mars at the low 32 abundance of magnetite expected in the Martian mantle.
Social Zooarchaeology of a Northwest Coast House

ABSTRACT Data from the Dionisio Point site on Galiano Island in the southern Strait of Georgia, Canada is used not only to document aspects of life at the site but also to consider how people made use of the coastal landscape. Central to this endeavor is the goal of tackling social questions, particularly those with implications for group interaction within the region. I examine the history of Dionisio Point using the results of recent zooarchaeological work and integrating our knowledge of social life at the site with seasonal land use patterns. I suggest that we can best explain the zooarchaeological results from House 2 by interpreting Dionisio Point as an aggregate village not dissimilar to known ethnographic aggregate villages in the Strait of Georgia. The implications of this analysis are that we can begin to see the constitution of social relationships and group identities in zooarchaeological and material culture evidence. The richness of the fauna identified from Dionisio Point together with a broad range of habitats that people residing at the site utilized during subsistence activities permits a reconstruction of the kinds of social engagement associated with these quotidian practices and their articulation with ceremonial life.
Influence of Surface Waves on Outfall Dilution

The influence of surface waves on the dilution of buoyant discharges is investigated. The relevant dimensionless variables are derived. In the case of stagnant unstratified environments, it is shown that the dilution depends on six dimensionless variables. An experimental program is conducted to determine the relationship between surface wave parameters and the dilution relative to the no‐wave case. The dimensionless variables kept constant in the study are assigned values that are characteristic of operating ocean outfalls and are not wave‐related. The results indicate that in shallow outfalls, in a typical persistent wave environment, the surface dilution is significantly higher than for the no‐wave case. In particular, it is verified that, for an outfall in a depth of 7.7 m with persistent waves whose amplitude is 30 cm and whose period is 5 s, the surface dilution is twice that for the nowave case. This difference is quite important to the economics of shallow outfalls, especially with the gentle offs.
Interpretation and visualization of thrust sheets in a triangle zone in eastern Potwar, Pakistan

Triangle zone plays are common in the Potwar area of Pakistan. The Potwar Basin (Figure 1) is one of the oldest oil provinces. It is located in the western foothills of the Himalayas in northern Pakistan. It includes the Potwar Plateau, the Salt Range, and the Jhelum Plain. The Khairi Murat thrust-Dhurnal backthrust triangle zone in the northern Potwar deformed zone (NPDZ) and the Joya Mair triangle zone in the southern Potwar platform zone (SPPZ) are also well documented today. These tectonic settings hold several billion barrels of reserves, and significant amounts of hydrocarbons are being produced. We interpreted the Domeli-Dil Jabba triangle zone geometry which is the result of Tertiary Himalayan collision between Indian and Eurasian plates. The thrust and backthrust phases in the eastern Potwar are the result of a northwest-southeast Himalayan compression. This is the regional triangle zone in the eastern edge of Potwar which is the result of large, regionally extensive convergent thrust sheets.
You know what land cover is but does anyone else?…an investigation into semantic and ontological confusion

Information derived from remotely sensed data is increasingly being used to describe land cover and landscape structure for a range of applications. Users in different disciplines may use this information, although they may have different perceptions of land cover from those who created the information. They may be unaware of the origin of the information or its meaning and they may treat it as if it were data. Current paradigms for reporting meta‐data and data quality do not adequately communicate the producer's knowledge, and should be extended to describe the conceptual, semantic and ontological meanings of land cover.
Two-loop QCD helicity amplitudes for massless quark-quark scattering

We present the two-loop helicity amplitudes for the scattering of massless quarks in QCD. We use projector techniques to compute the coefficients of the general four-quark amplitude at up to two-loops in conventional dimensional regularisation and use these coefficients to derive the helicity amplitudes in the 't Hooft-Veltman scheme. The structure of the infrared divergences agrees with that predicted by Catani while expressions for the finite remainders for q→Q and the processes related by crossing symmetry are given in terms of logarithms and polylogarithms that are real in the physical region. We have checked that the interference of tree and two-loop helicity amplitudes, summed over helicities and colours, reproduces the previous results for the finite remainders for interference of tree and two-loop amplitudes given in ref. [1,2].
A numerical analysis of the effects of coatings and gaps upon relative dielectric permittivity measurement with time domain reflectometry

Fluid‐filled gaps or dielectric coatings around parallel‐wire transmission lines affect the ability of time domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure the water content of soils and other porous materials. We use a steady state, two‐dimensional, finite element numerical solution of Laplace's equation to analyze these effects. We prove that the numerically determined electrostatic potential distribution and boundary fluxes can be used to calculate the equivalent relative dielectric permittivity measured by TDR by comparing the results of the numerical model with those obtained using existing analytical solutions for special cases. We then analyze the effects of fluid‐filled concentric gaps that completely or partially surround TDR rods. The results show that an analytical solution due to Annan [1977b] for nonconcentric gaps can be used as a good approximation to predict the effect of concentric gaps or coatings that completely surround the rods. Coatings or gaps filled with low relative dielectric permittivity materials have a greater impact on the measured relative dielectric permittivity than those filled with high dielectric media. An increase in the thickness of the gap or coating for given rod diameters and separations increases the impact of the coating. To a lesser degree, the impact of a coating of a given thickness decreases with an increase in the ratio of the rod diameter to the rod separation. A gap or coating of a given thickness and relative dielectric permittivity will have a greater impact on the response of a three‐rod probe than on that of a two‐rod probe with the same rod diameter and separation of the outermost rods. Partial air gaps surrounding less than 30° of the rod circumference are not likely to affect the probe response significantly.
Polar region Birkeland current, convection, and aurora for northward interplanetary magnetic field

Viking magnetic field, electric field, and image data have been used to assess polar region phenomena for steady state northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. Regions of polar Birkeland current (NBZ currents) and convection and their extent from the vicinity of the magnetic pole are determined. Also discussed are mechanisms that could produce polar aurora in general; two suggestions are (1) converging electric fields from convection patterns alone and (2) the bifurcation of the magnetotail with its associated plasma transport and convection patterns. Macroscopic (> 1° latitude) systems of Birkeland currents and convection in the polar regions have been established for a case on April 9,1986, from Viking spacecraft data. The current systems were confined to the highest latitudes of the polar regions and occurred during strongly northward IMF with a significantly negative Bx. An arc extends across the polar region within the dawn cell of Birkeland current. The arc is located at a sunward to antisunward convection reversal that corresponds to a converging electric field. A converging electric field (▽ · E < 0) alone is suggested as the cause of this polar arc. The signature of both transverse disturbance vectors indicates that the polar region dawn NBZ Birkeland current does not connect to the dayside auroral region. It is inferred that the dawn polar region convection cell associated with this Birkeland current is also limited in the sunward direction and does not connect to the dayside auroral region convection.
Revisiting the shallow Mw 5.1 Lorca earthquake (southeastern Spain) using C-band InSAR and elastic dislocation modelling

Space geodetic techniques such as interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and global positioning systems (GPS) have demonstrated to be useful in mapping the displacement fields of large earthquakes (moment magnitude (Mw) ∼6 or higher). However, the displacement fields of smaller earthquakes (Mw < 5.5), such as those that typically result from the collision of the European and African plates, are less often analysed by space geodetic techniques, and their characterization, in terms of slip along the fault plane at depth and focal depth location, often challenges current seismological techniques. This letter presents the results of InSAR analysis of the 11 May 2011, Mw 5.1, Lorca earthquake. The Lorca earthquake occurred close to an area undergoing rapid subsidence due to sediment compaction related to water pumping. Therefore, it is challenging to separate the InSAR signals due to the earthquake from those due to human activity. We used four sets of SAR data acquired from the European C-band Advanced SAR (ASAR) sensor on board the Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) to map the surface-displacement field in the Lorca region. Then, we use a simple elastic dislocation model to characterize the fault plane geometry and the fault slip at depth. We find that the InSAR signals can be explained by ∼21 cm reverse slip with a ∼6 cm left-lateral component on a 3 km × 3 km segment centred at 4.2 km depth dipping 45° NW and striking N65° E, consistent with the rupture of a segment of the Alhama de Murcia fault and consistent with recent published analyses. Interestingly, the InSAR signal can also be explained by ∼21 cm reverse slip with a ∼6 cm left-lateral component on a 3 km × 3 km segment centred at ∼4.2 km depth dipping 50° SE and striking N230° E, consistent with preliminary focal plane solutions indicating a rupture on a previously unmapped blind structure. We conclude that the second model cannot be rejected on the base of the InSAR results, the complex surface-displacement pattern (containing both seismic and non-seismic displacement), the different preliminary moment tensor solutions and the published locations of aftershocks at depth.
The 1-Centimeter Orbit: Jason-1 Precision Orbit Determination Using GPS, SLR, DORIS, and Altimeter Data Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

The Jason-1 radar altimeter satellite, launched on December 7, 2001 is the follow on to the highly successful TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) mission and will continue the time series of centimeter level ocean topography measurements. Orbit error is a major component in the overall error budget of all altimeter satellite missions. Jason-1 is no exception and has set a 1-cm radial orbit accuracy goal, which represents a factor of two improvement over what is currently being achieved for T/P. The challenge to precision orbit determination (POD) is both achieving the 1-cm radial orbit accuracy and evaluating the performance of the 1-cm orbit. There is reason to hope such an improvement is possible. The early years of T/P showed that GPS tracking data collected by an on-board receiver holds great promise for precise orbit determination. In the years following the T/P launch there have been several enhancements to GPS, improving its POD capability. In addition, Jason-1 carries aboard an enhanced GPS receiver and significantly improved SLR and DORIS tracking systems along with the altimeter itself. In this article we demonstrate the 1-cm radial orbit accuracy goal has been achieved using GPS data alone in a reduced dynamic solution. It is also shown that adding SLR data to the GPS-based solutions improves the orbits even further. In order to assess the performance of these orbits it is necessary to process all of the available tracking data (GPS, SLR, DORIS, and altimeter crossover differences) as either dependent or independent of the orbit solutions. It was also necessary to compute orbit solutions using various combinations of the four available tracking data in order to independently assess the orbit performance. Towards this end, we have greatly improved orbits determined solely from SLR+DORIS data by applying the reduced dynamic solution strategy. In addition, we have computed reduced dynamic orbits based on SLR, DORIS, and crossover data that are a significant improvement over the SLR- and DORIS-based dynamic solutions. These solutions provide the best performing orbits for independent validation of the GPS-based reduced dynamic orbits. The application of the 1-cm orbit will significantly improve the resolution of the altimeter measurement, making possible further strides in radar altimeter remote sensing.
Natural surface rebound of the Bangkok plain and aquifer characterization by persistent scatterer interferometry

We estimated recent surface displacements around Bangkok by means of persistent scatterer interferometry with ALOS/PALSAR images acquired from November 2007 to December 2010. Land subsidence due to excessive groundwater pumping has been reported in this region. However, we detected ground surface uplift around the mega‐city, along with seasonal surface displacement, with high spatial resolution. We then discriminated long‐term natural rebound and seasonal displacement by fitting exponential and sinusoidal functions to displacement time‐series, and mapped their spatial distributions. This mapping allowed us to infer that the second and third shallowest aquifers are laterally continuous, whereas the shallowest aquifer has lateral discontinuities. The temporal decay rate of the long‐term rebound might reflect spatial changes of the Chao Phraya River watershed or the magnitude of the preceding groundwater extraction. We demonstrated that our method of decomposing the displacement time series into different spatial and temporal patterns is useful for understanding aquifer connectivity and the elastic response pattern in an aquifer system.
Simplified desertification monitoring approach based on K-TTCT: a case study on Guyuan County, Heibei Province, China

Desertification is severely threatening the agricultural production and social stability in the 21st century. Traditionally, desertification assessment is indicated by Vegetation Coverage (VC), which can be derived from remote sensing data. However, vegetation indices are inefficient when VC is less than 15%. A simplified desertification monitoring approach based on Kauth-Thomas Tasseled Cap Transformation (K-TTCT) is proposed in this paper: First, brightness, greenness and wetness information was produced using landsat5 TM images by K-TTCT. The non density model was used for the reversion of VC. And the brightness, greenness, wetness and VC were plotted in n-visualization. They plotted nearly in a linear shape when the data was rotated to a certain view angle. Then their characteristics in n-D visualization were analyzed and training samples were selected with the help of n-D visualizer. Finally, a case study was carried out in Guyuan county, Heibei province, China using the approach proposed in this paper. It shows that this approach can overcome the deficiency of traditional desertification assessment approaches and produce a better desertification assessment outputs with an overall accuracy higher than 85%.
A hotspot function in a simple bidirectional reflectance model for satellite applications

The model presented here is an improvement over the semiempirical model of Roujean et al. [1992] for estimating the bidirectional reflectance from vegetation. Roujean's model has been considered for global applications because of its simplicity and the underlying physics. However, the model does not adequately describe the hotspot near the Sun's illumination direction. In this paper, a hotspot kernel based on a canopy gap size distribution theory developed by Chen and Leblanc [1997] is used to modify Roujean's model. The modified model requires two additional coefficients for controlling the hotspot magnitude and width, respectively. It is found that the hotspot magnitude coefficient is only weakly dependent on cover type and can be treated as a constant at a given geographical location. The hotspot width parameter is determined by the ratio of the characteristic foliage clump size and canopy height. The ratio varies in a small range across different cover types because the foliage clump size and canopy height are usually correlated. For example, the ratio of leaf size to crop height is similar to the ratio of crown size to tree height. Because of the small variabilities of these parameters, the modified model can be a substantial improvement over the original model by just using best estimates for the parameters. With this hotspot adjustment the simple form of the semiempirical model is preserved for remote sensing applications without additional input requirements. The performance of the modified model is shown using data from the advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRR). The results show that the patterns of reflectance distribution with the view angle are similar among all cover types investigated, suggesting that one simple model may be sufficient for global applications. The modified model based on simplified physics with four adjustable coefficients may be adequate for this purpose. The model can be further improved to consider the noncircular hotspot shape. Formulae for this purpose are suggested.
Weathering of the primary rock-forming minerals: processes, products and rates

Abstract This paper describes the ways in which the major rock-forming primary minerals (olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles, feldspars, micas and chlorites) break down during weathering, the products that develop during this breakdown and the rates at which this breakdown occurs. The perspective chosen to illustrate this vast topic is that of the residual soil weathering profile. Different physical and chemical conditions characterize the various parts of such a profile. Thus, in the slightly weathered rock at the base of the profile, mineral weathering will take place in microfissures and narrow solution channels and the capillary water in such spatially restricted volumes may be expected to be close to equilibrium with the primary mineral. In these circumstances, the weathering product formed may be closely related to the primary mineral both compositionally and structurally. The saprolite higher up in the weathering profile may or may not retain the fabric and structure of the original parent rock, but in either case the close relationship observed between primary mineral and weathering product in the slightly weathered rock may be lost. This part of the profile will usually be affected by freely flowing drainage waters, the composition of which will be far from equilibrium with specific primary minerals. Weathering products which do form are likely to reflect the interaction between bulk water and bulk parent material. In the soil profile, the situation will be further complicated by organic ligands derived from decomposing organic matter or from the direct activities of soil microbes or plant roots. Thus, biological weathering will assume a much greater significance in this part of the profile compared with the mainly inorganic processes dominating in the saprolite and the slightly weathered rock. The general nature of any particular weathering profile will reflect the interactions between climate, topography, parent material, soil biota and time and superimposed upon this complexity, when considering how individual primary minerals break down in detail, will be factors related to the nature of the mineral itself. Particularly important in this respect is the inherent susceptibility of the mineral to weathering, which is related to overall chemical composition and structure, as well as the distribution and density of defects, dislocations and exsolution features, which often control the progress of the weathering reaction.
Equation of state of crude oil through temperature dependent ultrasonic measurements

Ultrasound interferometery has been used to determine the velocity of propagation of compressional waves in two different samples of crude oil over a wide range of temperatures. The corresponding bulk density of the samples at similar conditions has also been measured using an Anton Paar density meter. These experimentally measured quantities form the basis for the thermo-physical characterization of crude oil through thermodynamic relations. This facilitated the evaluation of the acoustic impedance, compressibility and the coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of temperature. Simple analytical relations are suggested to describe the temperature dependence of thermo-physical functions. The equation of state for the crude oil has been set up by using these data. Our study yields a very close agreement to the reservoir conditions of the respective oil fields and to other empirical relations.