Antibacterial potency of Vernonia amygdalina on antibiotic-resistant non-typhoidal salmonella isolates from human and animal sources in southern Taraba, North-East, Nigeria

Antibiotic discovery was considered a wonder of the world. Shortly after, many microorganisms began to exhibit resistance to prior antimicrobial actions of antibiotics. Notwithstanding, Quinones, Flavonoids, Flavones, Flavonols, Tannins, and Coumarins are major phytochemicals synthesized by plant parts and have shown decisive antimicrobial activities against a panel of microorganisms. In this research hot and cold extracts of fresh and dried Vernonia, amygdalina showed remarkable in vivo antimicrobial activity on antibiotic-resistant Salmonella isolates from various poultry farms and food vendors in Ibi, Donga, Takum, and Wukari. 5 g-10 ml, 10 g-10 ml, 15g-10ml, 20g-10ml, and 25g-10ml are arrays of Vernonia Amygdalina concentrations tested on the inocula. Significant light growth was observed for both menstruum extracts of dried and fresh leaves of Vernonia Amygdalina at higher concentrations levels of 20g-10ml, 25g-10ml, while and moderate growth was seen at lower concentrations levels of 5g-10ml, 10g-10ml. Also, heavy growth of Salmonella was detected in the control plates inoculated with the test microorganism but without the addition of any extracts. Weak political will in implementing regulation policies, funding of research, and perceived antimicrobial resistance to plant extracts as well as acceptability and cultural factors have threatened the extensive use of plant extract in the management of health. Improved universal health coverage and enhanced economic potentials are core benefits of the use of plant extracts for health management. Conclusively, plant extracts possess appreciable antimicrobial activities against Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) microorganisms compared to currently prescribe synthetic drugs. Hence, further studies on clinical efficacy trials and the safety of more plants need to be intensified. dried and fresh leaves of Vernonia Amygdalina at higher concentrations levels of 20 g-10 ml, 25 g-10 ml, and at lower concentrations levels of 5 g-10 ml, 10g-10 ml respectively. Heavy growth of Salmonella was seen in the control plates inoculated with the test microorganism but without the addition of any extracts. This finding is consistent with that of [12] which depicts that the bioactive components of plants which ordinarily should protect plants from severe environmental conditions possesses antimicrobial potentials useful to man in combatting diseases and achieving wellness. According to [13], phytochemical contents of Lipia Adonis have shown decisive inhibitory potentials against critical multidrug-resistant bacterial such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus Pyogene, Escherichia coli , as well as Klebsiella pneumonia . A significant concern from this study is the unprecedented effectiveness of the extraction solvent employed. On the one hand, there was no difference in the growth pattern of the test organism in the separate media containing the cold water extraction of fresh and dried leaves, as moderate and light growths were significant in lower and higher concentrations of the extracts respectively. On the other hand, a different growth pattern was seen in the case of hot water extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina as a significant antimicrobial potency (light growth) was observed for dried leaves at a lower concentration of 10 g-10 ml as opposed to the moderate growth seen in hot aqueous extracts of fresh leaves at same low concentration of 10 g-10 ml. This finding is not unconnected to that of [14] which established that the phytochemical contents of plants are best extracted with water at a higher degree. The efficiency of hot water in extracting concentrates of Vernonia Amygdalina leaves as shown in this current study is contrary to the findings of [1] that gave that the ethanolic solution is more potent than the aqueous solution in extracting components of Vernonia Amygdalina . The peculiarity of this current study is that the aqueous solution used for extraction in this aspect is heated to a high