Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Economic Perspective On Self-reported Happiness In Taiwan An Economic Perspective On Self-reported Happiness In Taiwan

Happiness research has become a topic of interest in recent years. The OECD's "Better Life Index," the U.N.'s "World Happiness Report," and Taiwan's "National Happiness Indicator" are examples of initiatives to understand better and evaluate the well-being of people. After the well-known "Easterlin Paradox" was proposed, more and more economists started researching the economics of happiness. Economists studied the relationship between reported happiness and income and the relationship between reported happiness and socioeconomic factors and demographic factors. In this study, I use data from the Taiwan Social Change Survey of 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 to analyze potential factors affecting or at least correlated with people's reported happiness. To analyze these factors, I estimate an ordered logit model with data on reported happiness. Being female, having a higher educational level, believing in Western Religion, having a higher income, and being a student are statistically significant and positively correlated with a higher likelihood of reporting being very happy. This result is consistent with the Easterlin paradox. At a point in time, individuals with higher incomes in Taiwan are more likely to report being very happy. Also, while the Taiwanese GDP doubled from 1995 to 2015, there was no noticeable increase in the likelihood of reporting being fairly happy or very happy.
Recalibration of a three-dimensional water quality model with a newly developed autocalibration toolkit (EFDC-ACT v1.0.0): does the model calibrated with a wider hydrological variability become more robust?

Over recent years, the dramatic hydrological variability has challenged the robustness of process-based hydrodynamic and water quality models to long-term continuous biogeochemical processes. In this study, we developed a new R-based autocalibration toolkit for the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) and implemented it into the 10 recalibration of the Yuqiao Reservoir Water Quality Model (YRWQM) with long-term observations from 2006 to 2015, including dry, normal, and wet years. The autocalibration toolkit facilitated recalibration and contributed to exploring how the model recalibrated with long-term observations performs more accurately and robustly. Previously, the original YRWQM was calibrated and validated with observations of dry years in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Compared to the original YRWQM, the recalibrated YRWQM performed as well in water surface elevation with a Kling-Gupta Efficiency 15 (KGE) of 0.99 and water temperature with a KGE of 0.91, while better in modeling total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (Chl a ), and dissolved oxygen (DO) with KGEs of 0.10, 0.30, and 0.74 respectively. Furthermore, to analyze the impact of different hydrological years as calibration periods on the model accuracy and robustness, we also calibrated the model in dry, normal, and wet years. The model calibrated in dry years overestimated DO concentrations, probably explained by the parameter of algal growth rate increased by 84%. The model calibrated in wet years performed poorly for Chl a due to a 50% 20 reduction in the carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio probably triggered by changes in the composition of the algal population. Our study suggests that calibrating process-based hydrodynamic and water quality models with long-term observations may be an important measure to improve the robustness of models under severe hydrological variability. The newly developed general automatic calibration toolkit and a possible hierarchical autocalibration strategy will also be a powerful tool for future complex model calibration
The Calderón problem for connections

In this paper we consider the problem of identifying a connection $\nabla$ on a vector bundle up to gauge equivalence from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map of the connection Laplacian $\nabla^*\nabla$ over conformally transversally anisotropic (CTA) manifolds. This was proved in \cite{LCW} for line bundles in the case of the transversal manifold being simple -- we generalise this result to the case where the transversal manifold only has an injective ray transform. Moreover, the construction of suitable Gaussian beam solutions on vector bundles is given for the case of the connection Laplacian and a potential, following the works of \cite{CTA}. Consequently, this enables us to construct the Complex Geometrical Optics (CGO) solutions and prove our main uniqueness result. Finally, we prove the recovery of a flat connection in general from the DN map, up to gauge equivalence, using an argument relating the Cauchy data of the connection Laplacian and the holonomy.
Rifting a crustal mosaic – The influence of basement rheology and lithology on rift physiography in the Great South Basin, New Zealand

The make-up of continental crust reflects its past tectonic history, containing a multitude of different lithological units and pre-existing structures that vary in strength with crustal properties typically varying across short distances. These variations exist across a range of scales and exert a great control over multiple aspects of rift physiography, including rift structural style, fault spacing and density, and the geometry of individual faults. We examine rift physiography across the Great South Basin, New Zealand, and show how variations in upper crustal lithology between basement terranes and the abundance and nature of pre-existing structures within these distinct areas influences the rift structural style from the rift to individual fault scale. We first characterise basement terranes beneath the Great South Basin, such as the sedimentary Murihiku Terrane or the dominantly granitic Median Batholith, and assess the pre-existing structures present within each. Secondly, we quantitatively analyse how extension was accommodated within each of these terranes by examining the structural style and calculating the fault density and beta-factor across a series of transects. In addition, we also examine fault behaviour at the boundaries between terranes, and the role of homogeneous granitic bodies in resisting extension and ‘anchoring’ sections of the rift. We compare the results of our study to examples from recently-published numerical modelling. However, we also highlight how local, small-scale complexities within rift systems can influence rift geometry at a scale below that typically analysed in modelling studies, emphasising the need for multi-scale analysis.
The Indonesian Throughflow circulation under solar geoengineering

Abstract. The Indonesia Throughflow (ITF) is the only low-latitude channel between the Pacific and Indian oceans, and its variability has important effects on global climate and biogeochemical cycles. Climate models consistently predict a decline in ITF transport under global warming, but it has not yet been examined under solar geoengineering scenarios. We use standard parameterized methods for estimating the ITF – the Amended Island Rule and buoyancy forcing – to investigate the ITF under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 greenhouse gas scenarios and the geoengineering experiments G6solar and G6sulfur, which reduce net global mean radiative forcing from SSP5-8.5 levels to SSP2-4.5 levels using solar dimming and sulfate aerosol injection strategies, respectively. Six-model ensemble-mean projections for 2080–2100 show reductions of 19 % under the G6solar scenario and 28 % under the G6sulfur scenario relative to the historical (1980–2014) ITF, which should be compared with reductions of 23 % and 27 % under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5. Despite standard deviations amounting to 5 %–8 % for each scenario, all scenarios are significantly different from each other (p<0.05) when the whole 2020–2100 simulation period is considered. Thus, significant weakening of the ITF occurs under all scenarios, but G6solar more closely approximates SSP2-4.5 than G6sulfur does. In contrast with the other three scenarios, which show only reductions in forcing due to ocean upwelling, the G6sulfur experiment shows a large reduction in ocean surface wind stress forcing accounting for 47 % (38 %–65 % across the model range) of the decline in wind + upwelling-driven ITF transport. There are also reductions in deep-sea upwelling in extratropical western boundary currents.
SELECTION OF CUTTING FLUID FOR GREEN MANUFACTURING USING ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP): A CASE STUDY

With the growing concerns of environmental contamination around the globe, various steps are being taken now-a-days to prevent it. Along with other sources, manufacturing processes also play a vital role in contaminating the environment. So green or eco friendly cutting, is the need of the hour. Cutting fluid is one of the greatest contributors of environmental pollution. Apart from contaminating the land and water sources, it poses a direct threat to the operator’s health. Prolonged use of cutting fluid results in a number of lethal diseases ranging from skin disease to respiratory diseases. Here in this paper, with the help of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a decision support system is developed in the unstructured environment to select the optimum cutting fluid which will result in least environmental impacts. Three cutting fluids are considered for the purpose and the one with most favourable qualities is considered as the optimum cutting fluid which will favour green manufacturing. The proposed model considers the most important objective factors such as: Environmental impact (E), Cost (C) and Qualities (Q). The aim is to reduce E and C while increasing Q.
Exploiting the Natural Exploration In Contextual Bandits

The contextual bandit literature has traditionally focused on algorithms that address the exploration-exploitation trade-off. In particular, greedy policies that exploit current estimates without any exploration may be sub-optimal in general. However, exploration-free greedy policies are desirable in many practical settings where exploration may be prohibitively costly or unethical (e.g. clinical trials). We prove that, for a general class of context distributions, the greedy policy benefits from a natural exploration obtained from the varying contexts and becomes asymptotically rate-optimal for the two-armed contextual bandit. Through simulations, we also demonstrate that these results generalize to more than two arms if the dimension of contexts is large enough. Motivated by these results, we introduce Greedy-First, a new algorithm that uses only observed contexts and rewards to determine whether to follow a greedy policy or to explore. We prove that this algorithm is asymptotically optimal without any additional assumptions on the distribution of contexts or the number of arms. Extensive simulations demonstrate that Greedy-First successfully reduces experimentation and outperforms existing (exploration-based) contextual bandit algorithms such as Thompson sampling, UCB, or $\epsilon$-greedy.
Observing atmospheric convection with dual-scanning lidars

Abstract. While convection is a key process in the development of the atmospheric boundary layer, conventional meteorological measurement approaches fall short in capturing the evolution of the complex dynamics of convection. To obtain deeper observational insight into convection, we assess the potential of a dual-lidar approach. We present the capability of two pre-processing procedures, an advanced clustering filter instead of a simple threshold filter and a temporal interpolation, to increase data availability and reduce errors in the individual lidar observations that would be amplified in the dual-lidar retrieval. To evaluate the optimal balance between spatial and temporal resolution to sufficiently resolve convective properties, we test a set of scan configurations. We deployed the dual-lidar setup at two Norwegian airfields in a different geographic setting and demonstrate its capabilities as a proof of concept. We present a retrieval of the convective flow field in a vertical plane above the airfield for each of these setups. The advanced data filtering and temporal interpolation approaches show an improving effect on the data availability and quality and are applied to the observations used in the dual-lidar retrieval. All tested angular resolutions captured the relevant spatial features of the convective flow field, and balance between resolutions can be shifted towards a higher temporal resolution. Based on the evaluated cases, we show that the dual-lidar approach sufficiently resolves and provides valuable insight into the dynamic properties of atmospheric convection.
Huntingtin recruits KIF1A to transport synaptic vesicle precursors along the mouse axon to support synaptic transmission and motor skill learning

Neurotransmitters are released at synapses by synaptic vesicles (SVs), which originate from SV precursors (SVPs) that have traveled along the axon. Because each synapse maintains a pool of SVs, only a small fraction of which are released, it has been thought that axonal transport of SVPs does not affect synaptic function. Here, studying the corticostriatal network both in microfluidic devices and in mice, we find that phosphorylation of the Huntingtin protein (HTT) increases axonal transport of SVPs and synaptic glutamate release by recruiting the kinesin motor KIF1A. In mice, constitutive HTT phosphorylation causes SV over-accumulation at synapses, increases the probability of SV release, and impairs motor skill learning on the rotating rod. Silencing KIF1A in these mice restored SV transport and motor skill learning to wild-type levels. Axonal SVP transport within the corticostriatal network thus influences synaptic plasticity and motor skill learning.
Supplementary: Keys to Better Image Inpainting: Structure and Texture Go Hand in Hand

Ablation on Resolution for FFC Residual Blocks. We experiment with application of our FaF-Syn block at lower resolutions with the setting {L32 : 1, , L64 : 1, L128 : 1, L256 : 1}. For each experiment we set Lres = 1 for res ∈ {8, 16}. We observe that adding FFC to lower resolutions harms the performance as shown in Tab. I. We reason that the lower resolution features contain insufficient spatial information required for modeling the global context. The coarse-level features input to the FFC are magnified with noise, thus leading to a drop in performance and even instability during training (4× 4).
Inﬂuence of gender on drug-acquired long QT syndrome

Numerous drugs from diverse classes, such as antiarrhyth-mics, antihistamines, gastrokinetics, antipsychotics and antibiotics, share the potential to induce a prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram and torsade de pointes ventricular arrhythmias. The underlying mechanism of these side-e ﬀ ects is the blocking of voltage-gated potassium channels, particularly the rapid component I Kr , of the delayed rectiﬁer I K . The risk of such drug-induced arrhythmias is far greater in women than in men. Clinical data as well as experimental studies show that, in compari-son to men, the feminine gender is associated with a longer baseline QT interval, a greater response to drugs that block I Kr and a greater propensity to drug-induced torsade de pointes. This is most likely the result of a speciﬁc regulation of channel expression by — and perhaps a direct non genomic e ﬀ ect of — sex steroids. (
A Novel Exploit Traffic Traceback Method based on Session Relationship

Vulnerability exploitation is the key to obtaining the control authority of the system, posing a significant threat to network security. Therefore, it is necessary to discover exploitation from traffic. The current methods usually only target a single stage with an incomplete causal relationship and depend on the payload content, causing attacker easily avoids detection by encrypting traffic and other means. To solve the above problems, we propose a traffic traceback method of vulnerability exploitation based on session relation. First, we construct the session relationship model using the session correlation of different stages during the exploit. Second, we build a session diagram based on historical traffic. Finally, we traverse the session diagram to find the traffic conforming to the session relationship model. Compared with Blatta, a method detecting early exploit traffic with RNN, the detection rate of our method is increased by 50%, independent of traffic encryption methods.
Emplacement and associated sedimentary record of the Jurassic submarine salt allochthon of the Wurzeralm (Eastern Alps, Austria)

A fossil salt sheet emplaced in the Jurassic in submarine conditions is described in the Eastern Alps of Austria, providing unique insights into the emplacement of similar submarine structures and their potential control on depositional systems. The salt sheet is a plug‐fed extrusion emplaced due to squeezing of a salt diapir under compression. The preserved mylonitic shear fabric in the evaporites indicates radial, south‐directed emplacement of the salt sheet. Tectono‐sedimentary relationships record the evolution of the salt structure, from initial diapiric growth, to salt sheet extrusion and posterior collapse. Syn‐extrusion sediments record the variable bathymetry of the extruding salt sheet, with reefal carbonates building up on the crestal bulge while their deeper water equivalents accumulated on the extruding salt lobe. This is the first description of a salt allochthon still linked to its source diapir in the Eastern Alps.
Finite Element-based Fast Force Recovery for 2.5D Traction Force Microscopy Experiments

The quantification of cellular forces provides insight on the way cells sense and react to the extracellular matrix (ECM) in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Traction Force Microscopy (TFM) is commonly used to estimate these forces from the displacement of fluorescent beads embedded in a gel that mimics the ECM mechanical properties. Recent so-called 2.5D TFM studies have revealed the importance of normal forces exerted by cells lying on 2D gels, emphasizing the 3D nature of cell forces. The Finite Element Method (FEM) can be used to recover 3D traction forces by generating an invertible stiffness matrix. The stiffness matrix can be built from a number of Green functions obtained by applying unit tractions in each Cartesian direction to each facet in the surface of the meshed substrate and solving the forward problem for the stress equilibrium [1]. However, the large volumetric grids (~10,000 elements in the surface) required to get acceptable values of sensitivity resolution affect the computational efficiency, which, ultimately, can limit the applicability of FEM-based solutions to large experimental data sets. Here, we present an alternative FEM-based methodology for 2.5D TFM experiments to generate the stiffness matrix in an efficient and flexible way.
A parallel implementation of the confined–unconfined aquifer system model for subglacial hydrology: design, verification, and performance analysis (CUAS-MPI v0.1.0)

Abstract. The subglacial hydrological system affects (i) the motion of ice sheets through sliding, (ii) the location of lakes at the ice margin, and (iii) the ocean circulation by freshwater discharge directly at the grounding line or (iv) via rivers flowing over land. For modeling this hydrology system, a previously developed porous-media concept called the confined–unconfined aquifer system (CUAS) is used. To allow for realistic simulations at the ice sheet scale, we developed CUAS-MPI, an MPI-parallel C/C++ implementation of CUAS (MPI: Message Passing Interface), which employs the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc) infrastructure for handling grids and equation systems. We validate the accuracy of the numerical results by comparing them with a set of analytical solutions to the model equations, which involve two types of boundary conditions. We then investigate the scaling behavior of CUAS-MPI and show that CUAS-MPI scales up to 3840 MPI processes running a realistic Greenland setup on the Lichtenberg HPC system. Our measurements also show that CUAS-MPI reaches a throughput comparable to that of ice sheet simulations, e.g., the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM). Lastly, we discuss opportunities for ice sheet modeling, explore future coupling possibilities of CUAS-MPI with other simulations, and consider throughput bottlenecks and limits of further scaling.
IceTFT v1.0.0: interpretable long-term prediction of Arctic sea ice extent with deep learning

Abstract. Due to global warming, the Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) is rapidly decreasing each year. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate model projections, the summer Arctic will be nearly sea-ice-free in the 2050s of the 21st century, which will have a great impact on global climate change. As a result, accurate predictions of Arctic sea ice are of significant interest. In most current studies, the majority of deep-learning-based SIE prediction models focus on one-step prediction, and they not only have short lead times but also limited prediction skill. Moreover, these models often lack interpretability. In this study, we construct the Ice temporal fusion transformer (IceTFT) model, which mainly consists of the variable selection network (VSN), the long short-term memory (LSTM) encoder, and a multi-headed attention mechanism. We select 11 predictors for the IceTFT model, including SIE, atmospheric variables, and oceanic variables, according to the physical mechanisms affecting sea ice development. The IceTFT model can provide 12-month SIE directly, according to the inputs of the last 12 months. We evaluate the IceTFT model from the hindcasting experiments for 2019–2021 and prediction for 2022. For the hindcasting of 2019–2021, the average monthly prediction errors are less than 0.21 ×106 km2, and the September prediction errors are less than 0.1 ×106 km2, which is superior to the models from Sea Ice Outlook (SIO). For the prediction of September 2022, we submitted the prediction to the SIO in June 2022, and IceTFT still has higher prediction skill. Furthermore, the VSN in IceTFT can automatically adjust the weights of predictors and filter spuriously correlated variables. Based on this, we analyze the sensitivity of the selected predictors for the prediction of SIE. This confirms that the IceTFT model has a physical interpretability.
Using Icepack to reproduce Ice Mass Balance buoy observations in landfast ice: improvements from the mushy layer thermodynamics

The column thermodynamics package (Icepack v1.1.0) of the Community Ice Code (CICE) version 6 is used to reproduce observations from two Ice Mass Balance (IMB) buoys co-deployed in the landfast ice close to Nain (Labrador) in February 2017. A new automated surface retrieval algorithm is used to determine the ice thickness and snow depths from the measured vertical temperature profiles. The buoys recorded heavy snow precipitation over relatively thin ice, negative ice freeboards 5 and delayed snow flooding. Icepack simulations are produced to evaluate the performance of the Bitz and Lipscomb (1999) thermodynamics used in the Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) ice-ocean systems and to investigate the improvements associated with the use of mushy layer physics. Results show that the Bitz and Lipscomb (1999) scheme produces a smooth thermodynamics growth that fails to capture the observed variability in bottom sea ice congelation rates. The mushy layer physics produces similar temperature profiles but better captures the variability in congelation rates at the ice bottom in- 10 terface, with periods of rapid ice growth that coincide with IMB observations. Large differences are also found associated with the snow-ice parameterization: the volume of snow-ice formed during flooding is largely underestimated when using