Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Meaney & Smith 20 THE MECHANICAL ORIGINS OF CONCUSSION — HOW DOES THE HEAD MOVE ?

The recent public awareness of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) (concussion) and the possible long-term consequences on brain function has raised the profile of the disorder and also highlighted the lack of knowledge on how to effectively treat this disease. For decades, much of the research community concentrated on the most devastating forms of TBI, with the hopes of significantly improving outcome in this patient population. On a relative basis, the incidence of mild TBI far exceeds the number of TBI-related fatalities and moderate/severe TBIs, with some estimates suggesting its frequency is at least 10 times more common than moderate and severe TBI. Perhaps equally important, comparing the prevalence of patients showing long-term impairment from mild TBI to other diseases is startling: approximately 225,000 new patients each year show long-term deficits from mild TBI, approximately equal to the number of patients diagnosed annually with breast cancer, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic spinal cord injury combined. The emergence of blast-induced TBI from the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts only heightens the need for a long-term treatment and prevention solution for mild TBI. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the past work directed at understanding the biomechanical etiology of concussions. The broad scale of knowledge on this topic is presented, ranging from the measurable mechanical parameters associated with concussion to the underlying mechanisms responsible for tissue damage and the molecular substrates that could form the basis of the immediate, transient impairment observed during a typical concussion episode. Possible future directions are reviewed briefly.
Estimating the hydraulic functions of dual‐permeability models from bulk soil data

Predictions of nonequilibrium preferential flow and transport are limited as long as the fracture and the matrix pore system cannot be represented by separate hydraulic functions. Previous approaches to describe hydraulic properties of soils with bimodal or multimodal pore size distributions are still restricted to soils with a single porous continuum. The objective of this study was to develop and test a fitting procedure for estimating retention and conductivity functions for dual‐permeability models using bulk soil data. The estimation is based on a set of van Genuchten‐Mualem functions for the two pore systems. A stepwise procedure is carried out that (1) assumes 3 out of 11 parameters to be known, (2) determines initial values for the remaining eight parameters to be fitted, and (3) fits the set of hydraulic functions simultaneously to θ(h) and K(h) data to obtain the parameter estimates. This procedure was evaluated using a synthetic data set, and it was applied to laboratory‐measured θ(h) and K(h) data from a loamy Dystric Gleysol soil. The results show that the effect of a fracture pore system on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function might be underestimated if only observations of water retention are considered. The fitted dual‐continuum hydraulic conductivity functions match the unsaturated soil's conductivity data better than a bimodal single‐domain approach that predicts hydraulic conductivity based on fitted water retention functions. Moreover, the dual‐continuum functions provide hydraulic parameters for dual‐permeability preferential flow models.
Superluminal and Slow Light Propagation in a Room-Temperature Solid

We have observed both superluminal and ultraslow light propagation in an alexandrite crystal at room temperature. Group velocities as slow as 91 meters per second to as fast as –800 meters per second were measured and attributed to the influence of coherent population oscillations involving chromium ions in either mirror or inversion sites within the crystal lattice. Namely, ions in mirror sites are inversely saturable and cause superluminal light propagation, whereas ions in inversion sites experience conventional saturable absorption and produce slow light. This technique for producing large group indices is considerably easier than the existing methods to implement and is therefore suitable for diverse applications.
Lithology‐controlled evolution of stream bed sediment and basin‐scale sediment yields in adjacent mountain watersheds, Idaho, USA

The composition, grain‐size, and flux of stream sediment evolve downstream in response to variations in basin‐scale sediment delivery, channel network structure, and diminution during transport. Here, we document downstream changes in lithology and grain size within two adjacent ~300 km2 catchments in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA, which drain differing mixtures of soft and resistant rock types, and where measured sediment yields differ two‐fold. We use a simple erosion–abrasion mass balance model to predict the downstream evolution of sediment flux and composition using a Monte Carlo approach constrained by measured sediment flux. Results show that the downstream evolution of the bed sediment composition is predictably related to changes in underlying geology, influencing the proportion of sediment carried as bedload or suspended load. In the Big Wood basin, particle abrasion reduces the proportion of fine‐grained sedimentary and volcanic rocks, depressing bedload in favor of suspended load. Reduced bedload transport leads to stronger bed armoring, and coarse granitic rocks are concentrated in the stream bed. By contrast, in the North Fork Big Lost basin, bedload yields are three times higher, the stream bed is less armored, and bed sediment becomes dominated by durable quartzitic sandstones. For both basins, the geology‐based mass balance model can reproduce within ~5% root‐mean‐square error the composition of the bed substrate using realistic erosion and abrasion parameters. As bed sediment evolves downstream, bedload fluxes increase and decrease as a function of the abrasion parameter and the frequency and size of tributary junctions, while suspended load increases steadily. Variable erosion and abrasion rates produce conditions of variable bed‐material transport rates that are sensitive to the distribution of lithologies and channel network structure, and, provided sufficient diversity in bedrock geology, measurements of bed sediment composition allow for an assessment of sediment source areas and yield using a simple modeling approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of the WZ production cross section in pp collisions at √ s = 7 and 8 TeV and search for anomalous triple gauge couplings at √ s = 8 TeV

The WZ production cross section is measured by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in proton– proton collision data samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of 4.9 fb − 1 collected at √ s = 7 TeV, and 19.6 fb − 1 at √ s = 8 TeV. The measurements are performed using the fully-leptonic WZ decay modes with electrons and muons in the ﬁnal state. The measured cross sections for 71 < m Z < 111 GeV are σ( pp → WZ ; √ s = 7 TeV ) = 20 . 14 ± 1 . 32 (stat) ± 0 . 38 (theo) ± 1 . 06 (exp) ± 0 . 44 (lumi)pb and σ( pp → WZ ; √ s = 8 TeV ) = 24 . 09 ± 0 . 87 (stat) ± 0 . 80 (theo) ± 1 . 40 (exp) ± 0 . 63 (lumi)pb. Differential cross sections with respect to the Z boson p T , the leading jet p T , and the number of jets are obtained using the √ s = 8 TeV data. The results are consistent with standard model predictions and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings are obtained.
Epidemiological and Risk Factor Evaluation of Epileptic Patients : A Clinical Study

Introduction: Epileptic seizures are one of the most emerging neurologic disorders worldwide. A number of etiologic factors are responsible for this. The major risk factors are cerebrovascular accidents and strokes followed by infections and tuberculosis. The goal of this study is to assess the prevalence of different etiologic agents in causation of epilepsy. Material and methods: The present prospective study was conducted with a sample size of 200 patients. A written consent was taken from all the patients and complete information was provided about the study. The data was collected from patients and analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: In the prospective study, the major cases of seizure patients were of cerebrovascular accident (45%), followed by Idiopathic (27%), Neuroinfection (15%), and alcohol withdrawal (4%). Whereas the stroke cases in elder age group was 62.5%. Conclusion: From the study we concluded that cerebrovascular accidents are the major etiologic factor responsible for seizure.
Conductively driven, high‐thermal gradient metamorphism in the Anmatjira Range, Arunta region, central Australia

LA–ICP–MS in situ U–Pb monazite geochronology and P–T pseudosections are combined to evaluate the timing and physical conditions of metamorphism in the SE Anmatjira Range in the Aileron Province, central Australia. All samples show age peaks at c. 1580–1555 Ma, with three of five samples showing additional discrete age peaks between c. 1700 and 1630 Ma. P–T phase diagrams calculated for garnet–sillimanite–cordierite–K‐feldspar–ilmenite–melt bearing metapelitic rocks have overlapping peak mineral assemblage stability fields at ~870–920 °C and ~6.5–7.2 kbar. P–T modelling of a fine‐grained spinel–cordierite–garnet–biotite reaction microstructure suggests retrograde P–T conditions evolved down pressure and temperature to ~3–5.5 kbar and ~610–850 °C. The combined geochronological and P–T results indicate the SE Anmatjira Range underwent high‐temperature, low‐pressure metamorphism at c. 1580–1555 Ma, and followed an apparently clockwise retrograde path. The high apparent thermal gradient necessary to produce the estimated P–T conditions does not appear to reflect decompression of high‐P assemblages, nor is there syn‐metamorphic magmatism or structural evidence for extension. Similar to previous workers, we suggest the high‐thermal gradient P–T conditions could have been achieved by heating, largely driven by high heat production from older granites in the region.
Evolution of mixing state of black carbon in polluted air from Tokyo

The evolution of the mixing state of black carbon aerosol (BC) was investigated using a single‐particle soot photometer (SP2) in polluted air transported from Tokyo. Ground‐based measurements of aerosols and trace gases were conducted at a suburban site (Kisai) 50 km north of Tokyo during July–August 2004. The ratio of 2‐pentyl nitrate (2‐PeONO2) to n‐pentane (n‐C5H12) was used to derive the photochemical age. According to the SP2 measurement, the number fraction of thickly coated BC (Shell/Corel Ratio > ca. 2) with a core diameter of 180 nm increased at the rate of 1.9% h−1, as the photochemical clock proceeded under land‐sea breeze circulation. Positive matrix factorization was applied to investigate the time‐dependent contributions of different coating materials using the mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and organics measured using an aerosol mass spectrometer. The main coating materials found in this study were sulfate and organics.
Current kinematics and dynamics of Africa and the East African Rift System

Although the East African Rift System (EARS) is an archetype continental rift, the forces driving its evolution remain debated. Some contend buoyancy forces arising from gravitational potential energy (GPE) gradients within the lithosphere drive rifting. Others argue for a major role of the diverging mantle flow associated with the African Superplume. Here we quantify the forces driving present‐day continental rifting in East Africa by (1) solving the depth averaged 3‐D force balance equations for 3‐D deviatoric stress associated with GPE, (2) inverting for a stress field boundary condition that we interpret as originating from large‐scale mantle tractions, (3) calculating dynamic velocities due to lithospheric buoyancy forces, lateral viscosity variations, and velocity boundary conditions, and (4) calculating dynamic velocities that result from the stress response of horizontal mantle tractions acting on a viscous lithosphere in Africa and surroundings. We find deviatoric stress associated with lithospheric GPE gradients are ∼8–20 MPa in EARS, and the minimum deviatoric stress resulting from basal shear is ∼1.6 MPa along the EARS. Our dynamic velocity calculations confirm that a force contribution from GPE gradients alone is sufficient to drive Nubia‐Somalia divergence and that additional forcing from horizontal mantle tractions overestimates surface kinematics. Stresses from GPE gradients appear sufficient to sustain present‐day rifting in East Africa; however, they are lower than the vertically integrated strength of the lithosphere along most of the EARS. This indicates additional processes are required to initiate rupture of continental lithosphere, but once it is initiated, lithospheric buoyancy forces are enough to maintain rifting.
The 401–409 Ma Xiaodonggou granitic intrusion: implications for understanding the Devonian Tectonics of the Northwest China Altai orogen

Abstract Palaeozoic granitoids in the Chinese Altai are important for understanding the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The Xiaodonggou granitic intrusion, situated in the Chinese Altai (southern CAOB), is composed of two intrusive phases, medium-grained granite intruded by porphyritic granite. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analyses of medium-grained granite and porphyritic granite yield ages of 409 ± 2 Ma and 400 ± 1 Ma, respectively, indicating that these formed in Early Devonian time. Medium-grained granite and porphyritic granite have similar geochemical features and Nd–Hf isotopic compositions. Arc-like geochemical characteristics (e.g. enrichment of LILEs and negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, Ti, and P) show that both phases are volcanic arc granites (VAGs). Geochemical and isotopic characteristics suggest that these magmas originated from melting older crust. Based on their near-zero or negative εNd(t) values (−1.4to 0) and positive εHf(t) values (+1.4 to +7.8), together with Nd model ages of 1.15–1.26 Ga and zircon Hf model ages of 0.90–1.30 Ga, we suggest that the Xiaodonggou granites were derived from a mixture of juvenile and old crustal components. Some other Devonian granitic intrusions were recently identiﬁed in the Chinese Altai with ages between 416 and 375 Ma. These Devonian granites have similar geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis as Xiaodonggou granites. The formation of these Devonian granites was in response to subduction processes, suggesting that Chinese Altai was an active continental margin in Early Devonian time.
Nutrient concentrations are high in the turbid waters of the Colorado River Delta

We studied the seasonal change of the spatial distribution of nitrite (NO-2), nitrate (NO-3), reactive phosphate (PO3-4), and silicate (SiO2) in the Colorado River Delta. We also generated 24-h time series at one location to study their short-period variability. The delta is a negative estuary. During summer, salinity may be as high as 40. Amplitude of spring tides is as large as 9 m, and this causes great water turbidity by sediment resuspension. Nutrient concentrations were high throughout the whole year, with lower values towards the oceanic region. Maximum nutrient values in the river delta were 15, 53, 11·5 and 92 μM, for NO-2, NO-3, PO3-4, and SiO2, respectively. Most values were under 2, 40, 5, and 60 μM, for NO-2, NO-3, PO3-4, and SiO2, respectively. Our nutrient data show no clear seasonal pattern. Possibly, high NO-3 values in the delta are due to groundwater input, mostly at the internal extreme, and high NO-2, PO3-4, and SiO2 values are due to resuspension of sediments and mixing of porewaters with the water column, caused mainly during spring tides. In the case of NO-2, oxidation of NH+4 in the water column would be part of the mechanism. This would explain the high negative correlation between NO-3 and sea-level, and the relatively low correlation between the other nutrients and sea-level, for the time series generated at a single location.
The WISSH Quasars Project I. Powerful ionised outflows in hyper-luminous quasars

Models and observations suggest that both power and effects of AGN feedback should be maximised in hyper-luminous (L_Bol>10^47 erg/s) quasars, i.e. objects at the brightest end of the AGN luminosity function. We present the first results of a multi-wavelength observing program, focusing on a sample of WISE/SDSS selected hyper-luminous (WISSH) broad-line quasars at z~1.5-5. The WISSH quasars project has been designed to reveal the most energetic AGN-driven outflows, estimate their occurrence at the peak of quasar activity and extend the study of correlations between outflows and nuclear properties up to poorly-investigated extreme AGN luminosities (L_Bol~10^47 -10^48 erg/s). We present NIR, long-slit LBT/LUCI1 spectroscopy of five WISSH quasars at z~2.3-3.5 showing prominent [OIII] emission lines with broad (FWHM~1200-2200 km/s) and skewed profiles. The luminosities of the broad [OIII] wings are the highest measured so far (L_[OIII]^broad >~5x10^44 erg/s) and reveal the presence of powerful ionised outflows with mass outflow rates Mdot >~1700 M_Sun/yr and kinetic powers Edot >~10^45 erg/s. Although these estimates are affected by large uncertainties, due to the use of [OIII] as tracer of ionized outflows and the very basic outflow model we assume, these results suggest that the AGN is highly efficient in pushing outwards large amounts of ionised gas in our targets. The mechanical outflow luminosities for WISSH quasars correspond to higher fractions (~1-3%) of L_Bol than those derived for lower L_Bol AGN. Our targets host very massive (M_BH>~2x10^9 M_Sun) black holes which are still accreting at a high rate (i.e. a factor of ~0.4-3 of the Eddington limit). These findings demonstrate that WISSH quasars offer the opportunity of probing the extreme end of both luminosity and SMBH mass functions and revealing powerful ionised outflows able to affect the evolution of their host galaxies.
Sea breezes at Cotonou and their interaction with the West African monsoon

5‐year 3‐hourly wind speed and direction, air temperature over land and sea surface temperature data are analysed in order to characterize sea breezes at Cotonou (Republic of Benin, West Africa). A set of criteria based on the diurnal reversal of wind direction, the thermal gradient and the number of sunshine hours is used to identify sea breeze days. Statistics are presented that describe the occurrence, duration and strength of the sea breezes. It is found that the sea breeze occurs during all seasons in this region.
Fire history of the northern part of the Tasmanian

Wilderness World Heritage Area and its associated regions

Fire history (from the 1820s to 2000) in the northern quarter ofthe Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area and its associated regions is discussed in this paper. This area includes Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, Granite Tor Conservation Area, Walls of Jerusalem National Park and the Central Plateau Conservation Area west of Great Lake. In common with fire history in southwest Tasmania, there have been major changes in fire regimes during the last 180 years, with major fires in the 1890s (most probably in 1896­ 97 or 1897-98 or both) and the 1930s (most probably in 1933-34). However, in contrast to southwest Tasmania, there were major fires until the early 1960s: in the early 1950s in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park and Granite Tor Conservation Area, and in 1960-61 in the Walls ofJerusalem National Park and the Central Plateau Conservation Area. Between the 1930s and 1960s over 40% of the study area or about 129 000 ha was burnt. About half of the study area's fire-sensitive vegetation (i.e., alpine, subalpine heath, subalpine rainforest, rainforest and native conifer) was burnt in these fires. The last of these fires - the 1960-61 Central Plateau fire­ was the biggest and most destructive fire in the World Heritage Area since the 1930s. Less than 3% of the study area was burnt between 1970 and 2000. On Wednesday, November 16, had the camp movedto thefoot ofBarn Bluff and on Sunday, the 2(fh, taking three ofthe party with me, 1 went to the summitofthat mountain, hoping to obtain a good view ofthe country to the westward. By aneroid1 made the summitofBarn Bluff 5045feet above sea, butfailed to get a good view ofthe country 1 wantedto see, owingto the dense volume ofsmokearisingft'om numerous bush fires enveloping the country in almost every direction. E. G. Innes, District Surveyor, 1896
Observations of the radiation divergence in the surface layer and its implication for its parameterization in numerical weather prediction models

radiative heating is minimal at the evening transition, with a median value of � 1.8 K h � 1 between 1.3 and 10 m and � 0.5 K h � 1 between 10 and 20 m, respectively. After the transition, its magnitude gradually decreases during the night. For individual clear calm nights, a minimal radiative heating rate of � 3.5 and � 2.0 K h � 1 was found for the two indicated layers. The total radiative heating rate appears dominantly controlled by the upward longwave flux divergence. Surprisingly, at noon a radiative heating rate of � 1Kh � 1 was found between 1.3 and 10 m for clear calm days. The availability of these radiation divergence measurements enables evaluation of the model performance for the temperature tendency caused by radiation divergence. The mesoscale model MM5 performs poorly for the stable boundary layer, because it overestimates the surface temperature and wind speed, while it underestimates the magnitude of radiative cooling. Some computationally efficient methods based on physical modeling, statistical modeling, and dimensional analysis are proposed by examining the gathered data set. The physical modeling approach appears to perform best.
Experimental investigation of the deep mantle melting properties

During the final stage of accretion, terrestrial planets experienced violent and highly energetic giant impacts. As a consequence of impact heating, the early Earth was partially or wholly molten, forming a magma ocean in the outer layer of Earth. Subsequent cooling of the magma ocean has led to fractional crystallization of the primitive mantle. Many unknowns remain about accretion of the early Earth, such as extension depth and life time of the magma ocean(s), role of mantle recrystallization on the chemical segregation between the different Earth reservoirs, and so on. The knowledge of melting properties of the deep mantle is also important to investigate the possibility of partial melting at the present time. The aim of this study was to tackle a few major questions concerning the Earth lower mantle : What is the melting sequence between the main lower mantle phases ? Can we explain the ultra-low-velocity zones (ULVZ) by partial melting of pyrolitic (or chondritic) mantle ? How does iron partition between liquid and solid silicate phases in the deep mantle ? Can we provide new information on the properties of the deep magma ocean based on the melting curve of the primitive mantle ? Melting curves and melting relations have been investigated using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) for pressure between 25 and 135 GPa and temperature up more than 4000 K, i.e. at P-T conditions corresponding to the entire Earth’s lower mantle. Compositions investigated were the join between MgO and MgSiO3 and a model chondritic-composition for the Earth mantle. Two different in situ synchrotron radiation techniques have been used to infer melting properties at high pressures ; X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The new results obtained in this study include : (.)