Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Phosphate Content of Sea Water in relation to the Growth of the Algal Plankton. Part III.

A comparison of the years 1923, 1924 and 1925 as regards the phosphate content of the water at Station El in the English Channel has shown that the vernal diminution was earliest in the year 1924, and latest in 1923, the extreme difference being approximately two months. These differences stand in direct relation to the spring sunshine, that of 1924 for the daily average of the 9th to 12th weeks inclusive being 2-3 hours in excess of the normal, 1923 being 0-1 hr. in deficit and 1925 being 0-6 hr. in excess. Since the phosphate diminution is proportional to the increase in phytoplankton the year 1924 must have been exceptionally early in this respect. The year 1925 was in general similar to the other two in having a summer phosphate minimum and a winter maximum; but it was noticeable for marked periods of regeneration of phosphate, followed by utilization, within the main cycle. The maximum value at El was 40 mg. per m3 of phosphate as P2O5, the minimum 5-1 mg. for thewhole water column, 0-70 metres. Much additional evidence has been found to show that the deep water of the ocean is a reservoir of phosphate, containing 50-80 mg. per m3, or more. The water of the North Sea was markedly richer in phosphate in the spring of 1925 than in that of 1924, as was also the water around the Faroe-Shetland Channel in July, 1925, as compared with the previous July. A causal connection may be sought. In tropical waters the intense light normally results in the utilization of all phosphate down to at least 50 metres, and the winter cooling never suffices to effect mixing with the deeper water. At about 38N. latitude the water may be expected to be isothermal in winter to a depth of 350-400 metres, and further north the isothermal column has its base deeper down; accordingly the seasonal phosphate cycle must become more pronounced.
LOW, CONTROLLED NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY PROVIDED BY ORGANIC WASTE MATERIALS FOR CHRYSANTHEMUM

Seven organic materials including 1) the bacterium Brevibacterium lactofermentum (Okumura et al.) in a nonviable state, 2) a mixture of two bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann) and Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg), plus the fungus Aspergillus niger (van Tieghem) in a nonviable state, 3) an activated microbial sludge from wastewater treatment, 4) sludge from a poultry manure methane generator, 5) unsteamed bonemeal, 6) aged pine needles, and 7) poultry feathers were evaluated to determine their pattern and term of N release and the possibility of using them as an integral part of root media releasing N at a steady, loW rate over 10 to 12 weeks for production of Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura ‘Sunny Mandalay’. These were compared to the inorganic slowrelease fertilizer micro Osmocote (17N-3.9P-10.8K) and a weekly liquid fertilizer control. All organic sources released N most rapidly during the first 2 weeks, followed by a decline, which ended at 6 to 7 weeks. Brevibacterium lactofermentum, bonemeal, and micro Osmocote treatments resulted in about equal growth, which was similar to growth of a weekly liquid fertilizer control for 9 weeks in the first and for 12 weeks in the second experiment. The period of N release could not be extended through increased application rate of source due to the high initial release rate. It was not possible to lower source application rates to achieve an effective, low soil solution concentration due to the large variation in release rate over time. Efficiency of N use varied among plants grown in media treated with various microorganismal sources and was highest in those treated with B. lactofermentum. Nitrogen release from ground poultry feathers was inadequate, and additions of the viable hydrolyzing bacterium B. licheniformis to feathers failed to increase soil solution N levels. Attempts to retard mineralization of B. lactofermentum by cross-linking proteins contained within the bacterium by means of heat treatment at 116C vs. 82C failed. While anaerobic poultry manure sludge proved to be an inefficient source of N, it provided large amounts of P. Organic sources released primarily ammoniacal N, which raised the medium pH by as much as one unit, necessitating the use of less limestone in the
Sexual disparity in activity patterns and time budgets of angulate tortoises (Chersina angulata) on Dassen Island, South Africa

ABSTRACT Behavioural frequencies and time budgets for male and female Chersina angulata were recorded in spring, September 2004. The daily activity of the population was 10.51 ± 0.42 h (mean ± CI), but individual males and females were in the open for 2.57 ± 1.12 h and 1.58 ± 1.44 h, respectively. Both sexes spent nearly 3.5 h per day basking with 90% of the basking time in the cover of sparse vegetation. Feeding and walking were the most frequent active behaviours. The activity pattern of the sexes differed between 10:00 and 12:00 in the morning when males spent more time out of cover on active behaviours, particularly feeding, than females did. The daily activity pattern of the population peaked between 10:00 and 12:00, reflecting the activity pattern of the more active sex, males. Females were out of cover, active, and feeding at higher temperatures than were males. The high temperatures probably allowed females to complete activities more efficiently, reducing their exposure time and predation risk. Although fighting and mating represented small fractions of male time budgets, the extended physical presence through walking and feeding may help males to establish dominance hierarchies and enhance mating success.
Races of Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum, the causal organism of bacterial blight of cotton in northern Nigeria

Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (Xcm) causes severe qualitative and quantitative losses to farmers in cotton-growing areas of the world. Isolates of Xcm were extracted from cotton seeds obtained from five ginneries located in Funtua, Malumfashi, Gusau and Zaria and standardised to 10−5 cfu/ml. One isolate per location was used to inoculate three sets of 10 cotton differential lines known to differentiate races of Xcm through possession of B-genes for resistance to bacterial blight. Each cotton differential line was inoculated with the isolates at the six-leaf stage and SDW was inoculated as control. One hundred and sixty pots used were arranged in completely randomised design on the screen house bench. Four different pathogenic races were identified namely race 1, race 12, race 13 and race 16. This confirms the existence of an evolution of the species across northern Nigeria.
Standardizing hybrid rice seed production practices

Seed yield in hybrid rice seed production plots depends, among other things, on the area under the female parent and the extent of seed set. Factors influencing seed set percentage on the female parent include row ratio, row direction, height of the pollen parent, weather conditions, particularly at the time of flowering such as wind velocity, pollen load, nature of the hybrid combination, and the adoption of practices that promote out-pollination such as proper application of GA 3 and supplementary pollination.
Host plants influence susceptibility of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)

ABSTRACT We quantified the tritrophic effect of host plant on the susceptibility of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) to a fungal pathogen in the laboratory. Second-instar whiteflies reared on cucumber, eggplant, tomato and bean plants for six generations were exposed to conidial suspensions of Isaria fumosorosea isolate IF-1106. Our results did not detect differences in response (proportional survival or median lethal time, LT50 days) among insect populations derived from different plants that were treated with 107 conidia/ml. However, at concentrations ≤ 5×106 conidia/ml, whiteflies reared on bean and tomato died significantly more quickly (i.e. LT50 of 4–5 days) compared with cucumber and eggplant reared populations (5–7 days). Bean and tomato-reared populations were also more susceptible to mycosis (LC50 ≈ 6 × 105 conidia/ml) compared with those reared on cucumber (1.9 × 106 conidia/ml) and eggplant (1.5 × 106 conidia/ml). A separate study confirmed that this differential response of whitefly populations to I. fumosorosea was not explained by differences in deposition rate of conidia on leaf surfaces (i.e. a dosage effect). Our findings show that host plants affect the pathogenicity and virulence of a herbivore pathogen, but depend on the rate of exposure (inoculum) applied.
Chromosomal aberrancy in white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) collected on abandoned coal strip mines, Oklahoma, USA

This study was undertaken to determine the genetic consequences to small mammals of long‐term exposure to heavy metal pollution. A secondary goal was to continue the process of validation of chromosomal aberration analysis as an in situ biological monitoring tool. During the spring, summer, and fall of 1992, white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were collected from four metal‐polluted, abandoned coal strip mines and three uncontaminated reference sites in eastern Oklahoma, USA. Chromosomal aberrations were scored from standard bone marrow metaphase chromosome spreads. Seasonal differences were detected for aberrant cells (cells containing one or more chromosomal lesions) per individual (p = 0.0004), but there were no differences among sites or between sexes. Males and females were tested separately for lesions per individual, and neither sex showed a significant difference among sites but both showed seasonal differences across sites. Finally, a chi‐square analysis showed that the difference between total lesions and aberrant cells was not significantly different among sites (p = 0.635), indicating that lesions were distributed among cells in approximately the same way among all sites.
Species composition and habitat selection of Ground beetles Carabidae Coleoptera collected by pitfall traps in Bozdağlar Mt Western Turkey

Carabidae specimens collected by pitfall traps in Bozdaglar Mountain, Western Turkey during the years of 2003-2006 have been evaluated. It has been recorded a total of 1.462 specimens of 45 species belonging to nine subfamilies of Carabidae. Calathus (s. str.) libanensis Putzeys, 1873 and Carabus (Procrustes) coriaceus cerisyi Dejean, 1826 were the most abundant species in the study with percentages of 22.91 % and 11.49 %, respectively. Seasonal dynamics of Calathus libanensis was presented. The majority of the specimens were collected from oaks biotope (384) and meadow biotope (302).
Effect of Glycine max canopy characteristics, G. max interference, and weed-free period on Solanum ptycanthum growth

Abstract Additive and replacement series studies were conducted to investigate the effect of Glycine max cultivar canopy characteristics, interference, and weed-free period on the vegetative and reproductive growth of Solanum ptycanthum. Solanum ptycanthum established 0, 2, and 4 wk after planting (WAP) did not reduce seed yield of either Group II (Pioneer 9273) or Group IV (Asgrow 4715) varieties. The Group IV variety intercepted a greater percentage of light throughout the season. However, both varieties reduced growth of S. ptycanthum established 2 and 4 WAP, suggesting no disadvantage of Group II in suppressing S ptycanthum growth. The greenhouse and field replacement series experiments indicated that S. ptycanthum plants experienced greater intraspecific than interspecific competition; that is, S. ptycanthum grew more in mixed species competition than in monoculture. Under field conditions, G. max grew equally well in competition with S. ptycanthum or in monoculture. However, in the greenhouse G. max accumulated more biomass and fruit weight in monoculture vs. competition with S. ptycanthum. Relative yield total values (RYT) in the field supported greater productivity per unit area for mixed species competition when compared to G. max or S. ptycanthum grown in monoculture. Data from both studies suggested that S. ptycanthum did not reduce G. max yield when grown in the field. Regardless of maturity group, a fully developed G. max canopy reduced S. ptycanthum growth. Nomenclature: Solanum ptycanthum Dun. SOLPT, eastern black nightshade; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Pioneer’ 9273, ‘Asgrow’ 4715, soybean.
Predicting Variation in Microhabitat Utilization of Terrestrial Salamanders

Abstract: Understanding patterns of microhabitat use among terrestrial salamanders is important for predicting their responses to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The dependence of terrestrial salamanders on cutaneous respiration limits their spatial distribution to moist, humid areas. Although many studies have shown negative effects of canopy removal on terrestrial salamander abundance, some have shown potential ameliorating effects of retaining coarse woody debris (CWD) as moist refugia (critical resources in the landscape). Because cover objects like CWD retain moisture longer than fine debris, terrestrial salamanders are often more locally abundant in areas of dense cover. Temporally variable environmental conditions could affect microhabitat quality and influence the fine-scale spatial distributions of salamanders. Spatial and temporal variability in microhabitat use greatly influence individual detectability, which is always a challenge for terrestrial salamanders. We conducted repeated area-constrained surveys to examine variation in salamander microhabitat use of terrestrial salamanders in relation to season, year, and weather conditions. We found that time since rain (TSR) was the best predictor of relative salamander microhabitat use, but the strength of this relationship varied among years. In addition, TSR was also the best predictor of salamander surface activity. We captured most salamanders within leaf litter, but the proportion of leaf litter captures varied with TSR. Our results illustrate the importance of accounting for variable detectability when sampling for terrestrial salamanders. Disturbances which affect leaf litter depth and decomposition rates could influence the availability and quality of microhabitats and potentially increase competition among individuals for natural cover objects.
The effect of two different methods of feeding cod-liver oil on fat test in milk.

Summary 1.When milking cows are fed 5 to 8oz. of cod-liver oil in one feeding each day, a marked depression of test and a large increase in iodine numbers occurred. 2.When the same amount of oil was fed in 12 feedings each day, generally no such marked depression of test or increase in iodine number occurred. 3.When the oil was fed in 12 feedings each day and a depression of test occurred, there was likewise a concomitant increase in iodine number. 4.These results indicate the possibility that some saturation takes place during digestion and absorption of highly unsaturated fats.
Immobilization of Vigna Mungo β-amylase onto NaCl and NaNO Treated Woven Bombyx Mori Silk Fabrics

3 having 72-84% of retention of enzyme activity . The immobilization optimum conditions such as pH, reaction time, substrate concentration, CaCl 2 concentration and temperature were studied. Thermal stability of the enzyme was improved after immobilization which was 72∞C as compared to free enzyme (40∞C). The optimum substrate concentration and ef fect of CaCl concentration was also carried out. In addition, the immobilized 2 enzymes had good storage stability and reusability by maintaining 60-70% of its activity after 90-120 days Abstract Asian Journal of Biological and Life Sciences Original Research
Bio-preservative activities of Lactobacillus plantarum strains in fermenting Casssava ‘fufu’

The growth of three pathogens, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhii were investigated in fermenting and non-fermenting cassava. The pH of the steeped cassava was also examined during fermentation. Antimicrobial effects of the Lactobacillus plantarum on the pathogens were also determined by agar diffusion method. All the pathogens were inhibited by L. plantarum strains with Staph. aureus having the highest inhibitory zone followed by E. coli and S. thyphii. However, in the fermenting cassava, the pathogens increased in population within the first 36 h of the process and decreased to complete extinction after the 96 h of fermentation. The L. plantarum exhibited high but varying degree of inhibition on the pathogens. The findings justify the bio-preservative roles of lactic acid bacteria in traditional cassava products.
Rootstock Selection, Preplant Soil Treatments, and Tree Planting Positions as Factors in Managing Apple Replant Disease

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a common problem typifi ed by stunted growth and reduced yields in successive plantings of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) in old orchard sites. ARD is attributed to biotic and abiotic factors; it is highly variable by sites, making it diffi cult to diagnose and overcome. In this experiment, we tested several methods of control- ling ARD in a site previously planted to apple for >80 years. Our objective was to evaluate practical methods for ARD management. We compared three different experimental factors: four preplant soil treatments (PPSTs) (compost amendments, fumigation with Telone C-17, compost plus fumigation, and untreated soil); two replanting positions (in the old tree rows vs. old grass lanes); and fi ve clonal rootstocks ('M.26', 'M.7', 'G.16', 'CG.6210', and 'G.30') during 4 years after replanting. The PPSTs had little effect on tree growth or yields during 4 years. Tree growth was affected by planting position, with trees planted in old grass lanes performing better than those in the old tree rows. Rootstocks were the most important fac- tor in overcoming ARD; trees on 'CG.6210' and 'CG.30' grew better and yielded more than those on other rootstocks. Rootstock selection and row repositioning were more benefi cial than soil fumigation or compost amendments in controlling ARD at this orchard. A disease complex or syndrome known as apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) replant dis- ease (ARD) has been reported in fruit growing regions worldwide for more than a century (Mai and Abawi, 1981). Replant disease becomes problematic as growers renovate old orchards and replace them with similar crop species. It is usually attributed not to unfavorable soil and root conditions per se, but to pathogens or other biotic factors in the root zone in conjunction with abiotic soil conditions (McKenry, 1999). The symptoms of ARD are diverse, and its causes are often complex and nonspecifi c (Mai et al., 1994). New orchards in affected sites do not establish well, and usually show diagnostic symptoms such as stunted growth above and below-ground, nutrient defi ciencies, drought stress, reduced yields and increased tree mortal- ity (Mai and Abawi, 1981; Mazzola, 1998). ARD may be less of a hindrance when growers can rotate crop species; but in many areas climate, economics, or other factors limit the fruit crops that can be grown, and replant problems become a serious threat to the tree-fruit industry. Replant problems impede efforts to replace obsolete or unproductive orchards with new fruit varieties and planting systems (Merwin et al., 2001). Biotic factors have been the focus of most ARD research, because soil fumigation or
Evaluation of Core Vocabulary intervention for treatment of inconsistent phonological disorder: Three treatment case studies

Children with unintelligible speech differ in severity, underlying deficit, type of surface error patterns and response to treatment. Detailed treatment case studies, evaluating specific intervention protocols for particular diagnostic groups, can identify best practice for children with speech disorder. Three treatment case studies evaluated the efficacy of Core Vocabulary intervention for three boys with inconsistent speech disorder. The cases examined the effects of previous intervention, use of default preferred word plans and behaviour disorder on intervention outcome. Inconsistent speech disorder was diagnosed after Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology assessment. A Core Vocabulary approach to intervention was selected to focus on planning whole word production rather than surface error patterns or specific sound features. Individual differences between cases led to different amounts of intervention and the number of words taught during intervention. All three boys showed gains in intelligibility, accuracy and consistency of word production. Core Vocabulary intervention was shown to be appropriate for all three children, although their individual differences required clinical adaptation of the approach.
Sensory quality of unheated and heated Mozzarella‐style cheeses with different fat, salt and calcium levels

The current study evaluated the effects of reducing fat from 23w/w to 11w/w and salt from 1.8 to 1.0w/w on the texture profile attributes, volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of unheated and heated (95 °C) mozzarella-style cheese after 15 and 35 days of storage at 4 °C. Reducing fat content significantly impaired sensory acceptability, mainly because of associated increases in firmness, rubberiness and chewiness, and reductions in fat flavour and cheese flavour in the unheated and heated cheeses. Reducing salt content had relatively minor effects. Reducing calcium content counteracted some of the negative sensory attributes associated with reduced-fat cheese.
Plant response to solar ultraviolet‐B radiation in a southern South American Sphagnum peatland

1 Plant growth and pigmentation of the moss Sphagnum magellanicum and the vascular plants Empetrum rubrum, Nothofagus antarctica and Tetroncium magellanicum were measured under near‐ambient (90% of ambient) and reduced (20%) ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation for three growing seasons in a Sphagnum peatland in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (55° S). 2 Reduction of solar UV‐B increased height growth but decreased volumetric density in S. magellanicum so that biomass production was not influenced during the 3 years. The morphology of vascular plants tended not to respond to UV‐B reduction. 3 A 10–20% decrease in UV‐B‐absorbing compounds occurred in T. magellanicum under solar UV‐B reduction. No effects were seen on chlorophyll or carotenoids in S. magellanicum, although, for UV‐B‐absorbing compounds, a significant interaction between UV‐B and year suggests some response to solar UV‐B reduction. 4 The climate‐related growth of the dwarf shrub E. rubrum was assessed retrospectively by correlating an 8‐year record of annual stem elongation with macroclimatic factors including solar UV‐B and visible radiation, precipitation and temperature. 5 No significant negative correlations were found between annual E. rubrum stem elongation and ambient solar UV‐B, the ratio of UV‐B : visible radiation, or the 305‐nm : 340‐nm irradiance ratio for an 8‐year record (1990–91 to 1997–98), nor was stem elongation affected by solar UV‐B reduction in our experimental field plots after 3 years. 6 The role of solar UV‐B radiation on plant growth in Sphagnum peatlands in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, is likely to depend on the severity of stratospheric ozone depletion over the next several decades. The increases in ambient solar UV‐B associated with ozone depletion over the last 20 years are less than the difference between our radiation treatments. Therefore, providing that the ozone layer substantially recovers by the middle of this century, only modest effects of increased solar UV‐B on plant growth may be expected.