Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION OF PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF Puccinia triticina AND POSTULATED GENES OF RESISTANCE IN CERTAIN EGYPTIAN COMMERCIAL WHEAT CULTIVARS

The annual survey of 2006/2007 wheat growing season revealed the presence of thrity two physiologic races of wheat leaf rust fungus (Puccinia triticina Eriks.). The more frequent race was PTTS (23.07%) followed by race PTTT (12.30%), race TTTS (9.23%), race TTTT (6.15%), race PTTP (4.61%) and the two races PSTN and PTKS which were represented by (3.07%) each. The rest of races were represented by (1.53%) each. However, the more effective leaf rust resistance genes were i.e. Lr2a (73.84%), Lr2b (61.53%) and Lr36 (50.76%). On the other hand , the highest virulence were observed with Lr's i.e., 10; 11, 14b, 17; 16, 21, 30; and 2c, 3, 24 which were represented by 100% susceptibility; 98.46%; 96.92% and 95.38%, respectively. Leaf rust resistance gene(s) probably present in four Egyptian commercial wheat cultivars in comparison with nineteen leaf rust near-isogenic lines against 65 isolates, the cultivars Gemmiza 10, Giza 168 and Sakha 94 probably have Lr's i.e. 9, 16, 24, 11, 17, 30 and 14b. On the other hand, the tested Egyptian wheat cultivars were postulated to the lack of Lr2a, Lr2b and Lr36 which were proved to be the more effective genes in the present study. These results will remain an integral part of resistance breeding program and studies relevant to the epidemology and evaluation of virulence to leaf rust pathogen populations.
Chromate Conversion Coatings on 2024 Al Alloy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and potentiodynamic measurements have been made on chromate conversion-coated Al 2024-T3 alloy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicated that the conversion coating had a surface of CrOOH and Cr(VI), enriched in ferricyanide. The bulk of the coating was an equal mixture of CrOOH and Cr2O3 with significant levels of F− and Fe, the latter implying the presence of ferricyanide throughout the coating. Copper(II) ion was present at the interface between the conversion coating and the alloy, as well as Al3+. During ageing experiments, potentiodynamic measurements indicated that the corrosion current (icorr) decreased from ∽0.4 to ∽0.04 μA cm-2 during the first 40 h after preparation but thereafter slowly increased. No significant changes were observed in the chemistry of the coating by XPS for ageing times longer than 40 h, although morphological changes were observed with SEM. As the coating aged, a network of microcracks developed across the surface. It is believed that Cr6+ is consumed in the process in which plugs of hydrated chromium oxide form at the base of these cracks. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase transitions and energy storage properties of some compositions in the (1−x)Li2SO4–xNa2SO4 system

In the binary system (1−x)Li2SO4–xNa2SO4, the solid–solid phase transitions and energy storage properties of Li2SO4, Na2SO4, the binary compound LiNaSO4 and two eutectoids (E1: 0.726Li2SO4–0.274Na2SO4; E2: 0.03Li2SO4–0.97Na2SO4) were investigated by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Li2SO4 has a solid–solid phase transition at 578 °C with the transition enthalpy 252 J g−1. The binary compound LiNaSO4 gives a slightly lower enthalpy value, 214 J g−1 and its transition temperature is clearly reduced to 514 °C. The transition enthalpy of the eutectoid E1 is maintained to 177 J g−1 and its transition temperature is further reduced to 474 °C. Li2SO4, LiNaSO4 and the eutectoid E1 are applicable phase transition materials because of their large transition enthalpies. The enthalpies of Na2SO4 and the eutectoid E2 are not very high (∼45 J g−1), but their transition temperatures are quite low (∼250 °C); thus their transition properties may be applied at such low temperatures.
Dose de nitrogênio associada à produtividade de batata e índices do estado de nitrogênio na folha

Nitrogen has strong impact on potato yield and its effects on plants can be evaluated by specific nutritional diagnostic techniques. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum economical N rate for tuber yield and to estimate the critical value of plant N indices in leaf of two potatoes cultivars. The experiment had a 4x2 factorial in a completely randomized block design with four replications, with four N levels (0, 100, 200 e 400 kg ha-1 of N, pre-planting applied as urea) and two potato cultivars (Agata e Asterix), from April to June 2008. SPAD reading values, nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were determined in the fourth leaf from the apex 21 days after plant emergence. Marketable tuber yield of Agata and Asterix increased up to 45,065 e 46,500 kg ha-1 as N rates increased up to 297 and 250 kg ha-1 for Agata and Asterix, respectively. The maximum economic efficiency rate of these cultivars was 290 and 245 kg ha-1 of N, respectively. For both cultivars, the N effect on SPAD values, nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were positive and significant. Critical values were 40.5 and 43.7 for SPAD readings, 66.7 and 75.2 g kg-1 for leaf N concentration, and 6.13 and 6.96 mg g-1 for total leaf chlorophyll contents, respectively, for Agata and Asterix. The SPAD reading values correlated with the values of extractable total chlorophyll in the fourth leaf and potato tuber yields at the final harvest, indicating the possibility of using SPAD measurement at 21 days after plant emergence to prognostic final potato tuber yield.
Anion Exchange of Methyl Orange into Zn−Al Synthetic Hydrotalcite and Photophysical Characterization of the Intercalates Obtained

The intercalation via ion exchange of the azoic dye methyl orange (MO-) into the hydrotalcite-like compound Zn0.67Al0. 33(OH)2Cl0.33·0.6H2O has been investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns of samples with increasing dye loading showed that Cl-/MO- exchange occurs with a first-order phase transition from the Cl- phase (interlayer distance 7.74 A) to the MO phase with an interlayer distance of 24.2 A. A sample of composition [Zn0.67Al0. 33(OH)2][MO0.31Cl0. 02]·0.85H2O has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis and by X-ray powder diffraction at different temperatures. The loss of hydration water between 80 and 120 °C causes a decrease of the interlayer distance from 24.2 to 21.5 A. Computer models and calculations based on the structure of the host showed that MO anions are arranged in the interlayer space as a monolayer of species with the main axis perpendicular to the layer plane. Emission fluorescence spectra of the dye only exchanged on the external surface of the host or intercalated, at different l.
Thermodynamics of sulfur chemisorption on metals. III. Iron and cobalt

Isosteric heats of chemisorption of sulfur on iron and cobalt have been evaluated from measurements of the equilibrium ratio of H2S/H2 gas mixtures in contact with the powdered metals over a temperature range from 677 to 855 K. At low surface coverage of sulfur on cobalt, the heat of chemisorption with respect to 1/2 S2(g) is −236±15 kJ mol−1. With increasing coverage it decreases to −200±10 kJ mol−1. The heat of sulfur chemisorption on iron is −197±15 kJ mol−1. For equivalent coverage, the thermodynamic activity of sulfur chemisorbed on cobalt exceeds that of iron by approximately one order of magnitude. At low surface coverage (<0.5 saturation coverage), the bond strength of sulfur on the various metals is found to vary in the order: Ni≳Co≳Ru≳Fe.
Social Competence in Urban Alternative Schools.

This exploratory grounded theory study examined teacher perspectives of social competence in urban alternative high schools. Research questions elicited teachers’ conceptualizations of social competence and descriptions of how their views on students’ social-emotional behaviors influence pedagogy. The specific school context was behavior-focused alternative schools, which serve a disproportionate number of Black students and students with disabilities. Findings indicated urban alternative high school teachers highly value and prioritize within their classrooms the learning and application of specific social competencies perceived to influence post-high school employability. Implications are discussed.
Rotational and translational diffusion of short rodlike molecules in solution: Oligonucleotides

Rotational and translational diffusion coefficients in aqueous solution of a series of three B duplex oligonucleotides 8, 12, and 20 base pairs in length are measured by depolarized and polarized dynamic light scattering, respectively. Theoretical relations for the diffusion coefficients of short rods by Tirado and Garcia de la Torre are used in combination with the experimental data to obtain the dimensions of the molecules. The theoretical relations are self‐consistent through the series and give a hydrodynamic diameter for DNA of 20±1.5 A. The results, furthermore, show that the combination of depolarized and polarized dynamic light scattering provides a powerful method for obtaining hydrodynamic dimensions of short rodlike particles and may therefore be used in applications which follow molecular sizes and size changes.
Rates of decomposition and phosphorus release from organic residues related to residue composition

The use of organic residues might be appropriate in maintaining long-term P requirement of crops. Eight plant residues and two manures in a wide range of C : N ratios were incubated for 12 weeks at 25°C, during which the processes of decomposition and formation of acid-extractable P (P release) were assessed. Residues were incubated moist in bags and inoculated with a soil suspension. The exponential model was found to be suitable to describe decomposition and P-release rates from residues. There were two distinct parts of P release in each time curve, which gave two rate constants and were calculated as the slope of each part. The rates of P release of the residues were considerably higher during the first 4 weeks of incubation than during the second phase of incubation (weeks 5–12). Phosphorus release by residues was similar to the decomposition pattern. The residue P content was correlated with P release, but not with decomposition rate. Mass loss and release of P were greater from sunflower and wheat residues than from sheep manure, suggesting that a high C : N ratio does not necessarily retard decomposition. The model parameters of P release were derived which are suitable to estimate the P-fertilizer effect of organic residues. Our results suggest that the use of organic residues as a source for short- and long-term P supply for crops should be encouraged.
Thermosetting resin based on epoxidised linseed oil and bio-derived crosslinker

Thermosetting resins were synthesised from epoxidised linseed oil (ELO) in combination with a bio-derived diacid cross linker (Pripol 1009) in the presence of amine catalysts (triethylamine (TEA), 1-methylimidazole (1-MeIm), 2-methylimidazole (2-MeIm), 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4. 0] undec-7-ene (DBU) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), yielding a 99.5% bio-derived, highly flexible transparent film, with significant water resistance. It was demonstrated that the mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting films were significantly influenced by the type of amine catalyst selected. The use of catalysts significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the films; tensile strength improved by up to 545% (DMAP), Young's modulus improved by up to 422% (2-MeIm) and elongation at break improved by 14–84%. An infrared spectroscopic study coupled with simultaneous thermal analysis and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) was undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the curing mechanism. Epoxide ring opening is clearly evidenced by infrared spectroscopy and the studies suggest that DMAP probably aids crosslinking between ELO and Pripol 1009 via epoxide ring opening, followed by etherification, due to its good nucleophilicity. The optimum DMAP catalyst loading giving the highest value of Young's modulus was determined at 1% with respect to the total resin weight. Higher concentrations of DMAP (5% wt) decreased the Young's modulus.
COLOR, CHLOROPHYLL, CAFFEINE, AND WATER CONTENT VARIATION DURING YERBA MATÉ PROCESSING

The objective of this research was the determination of color (L, a and b values, hue, chroma and Δ E), chlorophylls, caffeine and water content variation during industrial processing of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis Saint Hillarie). For leaves, the greatest variation in color, total chlorophyll concentration (>80%) and water content (approximately 70%) was found during blanching, operation performed with hot gases at temperatures above 500°C. On the contrary, caffeine loss (about 20%) in leaves mainly occurred during hot air drying, carried out in two stages, with inlet air temperatures about 110°C. Moisture content variation in twigs were more important in the drying steps, the values being strongly dependent on twig diameter.
WINTER HULLESS BARLEY RESPONSE TO NITROGEN RATE AND TIMING AND FOLIAR PHOSPHORUS

Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is higher in energy density and protein than hulled barley but management recommendations for this new crop are lacking. Intensively managed hulled barley receives two spring nitrogen (N) applications. How this will affect winter hulless barley yield and protein is unknown. ‘Doyce’ hulless barley was planted following corn (Zea mays L.) at seven site-years in the Coastal Plain of Virginia from 2005 to 2007. Spring N was applied as urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 30% N) in an incomplete factorial of treatments at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 25 and 30 broadcast at rates of 0, 45, 67, and 89 kg N ha−1. Six kg ha−1 of phosphorus (P) was foliar applied at GS 30 to treatments receiving 45:45 (45 kg N ha−1 at GS 25 and 45 kg N ha−1 at GS 30) and 45:67 N splits. Additionally, 34 kg N ha−1 as UAN was applied at GS 45 to treatments previously receiving either 45:45 or 45:67. Grain test weight increased with increasing N rate verifying that high spring N rates can be applied without negatively impacting grain test weight in this environment. Grain protein responded positively to increasing N rates as additional N at GS 45 increased protein by 0.7%. To maximize yields, 112 kg N ha−1 applied as 45 kg N ha−1 at GS 25 and 67 kg N ha−1 at GS 30 was necessary. Supplying the majority of spring N need at GS 30 proved important to matching barley N demand and achieving high yields.
Examination of Proteins from Wool Cuticle by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

6. Salaun, Harold L. , Jr., and Louis, Gain L. , The SRRC No-Twist Yarn System, J. Coated Fabr. 10, 98-105 (1980). 7. Salaun, Harold L. , and Louis, Gain L. , An Improved SRRC No-Twist Yarn System, Textile Res. J. 53, 103108(1983). 8. Simpson, J., and Patureau, M. A. , A Method and Instrument for Measuring Fiber Hooks and Parallelization, Textile Res. J. 40, 956-957 (1970). 9. Simpson, J., and Fiori, L. A. , How Yarn Twists Affect Yarn Uniformity and Imperfections, Textile Res. J. 45, 136-137(1975).
Photoelectrochemical water splitting using visible-light-responsive BiVO4 fine particles prepared in an aqueous acetic acid solution

Fine BiVO4 particles with a tetragonal scheelite structure (s-t) were synthesized from Bi2O3 and V2O5 in an aqueous acetic acid solution. The crystal phase of BiVO4 changed from s-t to monoclinic scheelite structure (s-m) by calcination at 673 K. The fine BiVO4 photocatalysts showed O2 evolution from an aqueous silver nitrate solution and methylene blue decoloration under visible light irradiation. BiVO4(s-m) electrodes were readily prepared by pasting the obtained fine BiVO4(s-t) particles on FTO plates and subsequently calcining at 673 K. The BiVO4 electrode gave an excellent anodic photocurrent with 12% of an IPCE at 440 nm at 1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl. A wet photovoltaic cell consisting of the BiVO4 photoelectrode and a Pt counter electrode was constructed for water splitting. H2 and O2 evolved from water with an externally applied bias smaller than 1.23 V vs. the Pt counter electrode under visible light and simulated sunlight irradiation.
O2 Reduction Mechanism on Non-Noble Metal Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells. Part II: A Porous-Electrode Model To Predict the Quantity of H2O2 Detected by Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode

During O2 electroreduction, some O2 molecules are only reduced by two electrons to form H2O2 while the rest is reduced by four electrons to form water. The relative H2O2 production is quantified with the % H2O2.The latter number means that if the reduction of 100 O2 molecules yields, e.g., 20 H2O2 and 160 H2O molecules, then the % H2O2 is 20%. Here, O2 electroreduction in a porous electrode is modeled to calculate the polarization (I−V curve) and % H2O2−voltage curves (%−V curve) for non-noble metal catalysts that are assumed to reduce O2 following either (i) 2e reduction + H2O2 disproportionation or (ii) 2e + 2e electroreduction. Using a set of base-case parameters, a series of I−V and %−V curves has been calculated for case i upon variation of (a) porous electrode thickness, (b) electrode rotation rate, (c) rate constant of H2O2 disproportionation, and (d) rate constant of O2-to-H2O2 electroreduction. For case ii typical I−V and %−V curves have also been modeled for one electrode thickness, one rotation.
Mars atmosphere loss and isotopic fractionation by solar-wind-induced sputtering and photochemical escape

The effects of loss of Mars atmospheric constituents by solar-wind-induced sputtering and by photochemical escape during the last 3.8 b.y. were examined. Sputtering is capable of efficiently removing all species from the upper atmosphere, including the light noble gases; N also is removed by photochemical processes. Due to the diffusive separation by mass above the homopause, removal from the top of the atmosphere will fractionate the isotopes of each species, with the lighter mass being preferentially lost. For C and O, this allows us to determine the size of nonatmospheric reservoirs that mix with the atmosphere; these reserviors can be accounted for by exchange with CO2 adsorbed in the regolith and with H2O in the polar ice deposits. Both simple analytical models and time-dependent models of the loss of volatiles from and supply to the Martian atmosphere were constructed. Both Ar and Ne require continued replenishment from outgassing over geologic time.
Die Kristallstruktur von Kaliumdioxalatoplatinat (II), K2Pt(C2O4)22 ·2H2O

Die Kristallstruktur der gelben Modifikation von Kaliumdioxalatoplatinat (II) wurde rontgenographisch mit Hilfe von Weissenberg-Goniometer-Aufnahmen untersucht. Aus den photographisch gemessenen Intensitaten wurden mit Patterson- und Differenz-Fourier-Synthesen die Atomlagen gefunden und durch dreidimensionale „Kleinste-Quadrate”-Verfeinerung bis zu einem R-Wert von 7,9% bestimmt. Die Kristalle gehoren zur monoklinen Raumgruppe P 21/n = C and enthalten 2 Formeleinheiten in der Elementarzelle mit den Abmessungen a = 7,086 A, b = 14,085 A, c = 6,630 A, β = 127°. Die Struktur besitzt ebene, isolierte Platindioxalatokomplexe. Platin hat die Koordinationszahl 4. Das Kristallwasser ist dem Kalium zugeordnet. Der PtO-Abstand betragt 2,00 A. The crystal structure of potassium dioxalatoplatinate (II), K2Pt(C2O4)2. 2 H2O, has been determined using Weissenberg photographs. Patterson and difference Fourier synthese yielded the atomic positions which have been refined by the three-dimensional “least squares” method to a final value of R = 7.9%. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P 21/n = C and include two formula units in the unit cell with a = 7.086 A, b = 14.085 A, c = 6.630 A, β = 127°. The structure shows isolated planar oxalato-complexes. The coordination number of platinum is 4. The water molecules are coordinated to potassium. The PtO distance is 2.00 A.
The Extension of the Shelf Life of Ready-to-Serve Pizza by a Combination of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Refrigeration

This study evaluated the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on shelf-life extension of ready-to-serve pizza stored at 7±1°C using microbiological and sensory analysis. The gaseous atmospheres (atm) used were: atm 1: air (control); atm 2: 100% CO2, atm 3: 100% N2 and atm 4: 50%CO2/50%N2. Total plate count, yeasts/molds, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria, psychrotrophs and anaerobic spore formers were monitored. Sampling was carried out at predetermined time intervals namely 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. Results of the present work show that the limit of sensory acceptability was only reached for the aerobically stored samples somewhat before days 15 of storage. However, a significant shelf life increase of 45 days (300% increase) was achieved under modified atmospheres for baked pizza samples. From the present study it can be concluded that amongst four atmospheres examined, atm 2 (100% CO2) was best, followed by atm 4 > atm 3 > atm 1 respectively, in descending order.
Solution and Solid-State Preparation of 18-Crown-6 and 15-Crown-5 Adducts of Hydrogen Sulfate Salts and an Investigation of the Reversible Dehydration Processes

A new class of organic−inorganic complexes has been prepared by reaction in solution or by mechanical mixing of 15-Crown-5 or 18-Crown-6 ethers with MSO4 (M = Mn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+) and/or H2SO4 in stoichiometric amount. The complexes (15-Crown-5)[Mn(H2O)2(HSO4)2] (1), (15-Crown-5)[Cd(H2O)2(HSO4)2] (2), (15-Crown-5)[(H7O3)(HSO4)2]·H2O (3), (18-Crown-6)[Pb(HSO4)2] (4), and (18-Crown-6)[(H5O2)(HSO4)] (5) have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 undergo reversible water release−uptake processes, accompanied by a change in coordination at the metal centers; the dehydration and phase-transition processes have been investigated by DSC, TGA, and variable-temperature X-ray powder diffraction.
Phase Equilibrium in Binary Systems AIVBVI. Part 3. Systems Sn—Chalcogenides

The appearance of the gaseous phase for high sulphur concentration makes difficult the explanation of the phase equilibrium in the system Sn-S. In the paper [84] has been used thermal, chemical and X-ray diffraction methods of analysis, for the investigation of the equilibrium between solid, liquid and gaseous phases in the system Sn-S. The T-x projection of the p-T-x phase diagram of Sn-S has been studied in [85, 86] and is shown in Fig. 1.9. In the system Sn-S were revealed two compounds: SnS and SnS2, which melt congruently. During the study of elasticity of SnS vapor, it was established that the melting point of SnS in a neutral atmosphere is 1153 ÷ 5 K, and the boiling point at normal air pressure is 1503 K. The maximum melting point (1154 ± 2 K) for SnS was found for sulphur pressure 3.34 × 10 Pa, and for SnS2 (1143 K) for sulphur pressure of 4 × 10 Pa [84]. In the temperature interval 858 ÷ 875 K for SnS one observes an effect that corresponds to the polymorphous transformation [86, 89]. The studies of the phase transformations of the SnS crystals in the temperature range 295 ÷ 1000 K by XRD and neutron diffraction [87, 105], have shown that these crystals exhibit a structural transitions from low temperature α-phase (B16 spatial group Pbnm) to high temperature β-phase with type II lattice (B33, spatial group Cmcm). The transition α→β is a second order transition of the displacement type. The transition is produced by the continuous shift of the Sn and S atoms along the axis [100]. The transition is related to the soft modes on the boundary of the Brillouin zone of the β-phase. SnS2, known as “plated gold”, are golden-yellow platelets or scaly crystals shiny and very soft. As reported in [92], the dependence of the dissociation pressure of SnS2 on the temperature is expressed by the equation: