Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On non-computable functions

The construction of non-computable functions used in this paper is based on the principle that a finite, non-empty set of non-negative integers has a largest element. Also, this principle is used only for sets which are exceptionally well-defined by current standards. No enumeration of computable functions is used, and in this sense the diagonal process is not employed. Thus, it appears that an apparently self-evident principle, of constant use in every area of mathematics, yields non-constructive entities.
Implementing the Design of Experiments (DoE) Concept into the Development Phase of Orodispersible Minitablets (ODMTs) Containing Melatonin

Development of orodispersible minitablets (ODMTs) requires consideration of aspects related to small dimensions, while ensuring short disintegration time with sufficient mechanical stability. In order to meet these and other critical quality attributes (CQAs), quality by design is encouraged. According to this approach, formulation and compression process factors were systematically studied using design of experiments (Plackett-Burman for screening purposes, full and fractional factorial design for in-depth characterization) to understand their influence on CQAs of orodispersible minitablets containing melatonin. Mathematical models describing the relationships between processing variables and attributes such as resistance to crushing and disintegration time were successfully developed, characterized by high coefficients of determination (R2adj = 0.90–0.97) and prediction errors in the range (+2.4 to −10.8%). In conclusion, based on these models, the design space was created for melatonin ODMTs, ensuring the product’s quality and process robustness. Moreover, the study demonstrated the suitability of texture analysis as an alternative to compendial measurement methods of resistance to crushing and disintegration time. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract
The recording process in longitudinal particulate media

The magnetic recording process has been simulated for normal particulate longitudinal media. The mechanism of record optimization as well as the effects of demagnetization fields, record spacing, and record gap have been investigated. Results are presented in terms of recording spectra and vector plots of the magnetization of an isolated transition. A method of examining magnetization patterns is presented that gives physical insight into the phenomena. Interference effects that lead to high- and low-current spectral nulls are explained. >
Numerical simulation based optimization of the absorption efficiency in double-clad fibres

A computationally inexpensive method for the numerical calculation of the absorption efficiency in double-clad fibres (DCFs) for high power fibre lasers is presented. A three-dimensional (3D) ray tracing technique is used to record the network of ray spatial paths occurring inside the core finite volume elements. Each ray represents a beam of parallel photons that conveys a fraction of the launched pump power. The corresponding energy is space–time propagated along the established spatial path network inside the absorbing regions. Absorption spectra as well as illustrative 3D images of the beam’s transverse overlapping strength are generated to help with the assessment and design of a practical optical fibre. As proven by a comparison with reported results, the method correctly describes the absorption trends inside DCFs of general geometry. Furthermore, it serves as a numerical simulation based tool for the optimization of the cross-sectional geometry and the corresponding refractive index profile. To demonstrate this, an all-solid-state holey DCF with superior absorption characteristics is designed and numerically evaluated.
Blue Luminous Stars in Nearby Galaxies: Quantitative Spectral Analysis of M33 B-Type Supergiant Stars

We present the detailed spectral analysis of a sample of M33 B-type supergiant stars, aimed at the determination of their fundamental parameters and chemical composition. The analysis is based on a grid of non-LTE metal line-blanketed model atmospheres including the effects of stellar winds and spherical extension computed with the code FASTWIND. Surface abundance ratios of C, N, and O are used to discuss the chemical evolutionary status of each individual star. The comparison of observed stellar properties with theoretical predictions of massive star evolutionary models shows good agreement within the uncertainties of the analysis. The spatial distribution of the sample allows us to investigate the existence of radial abundance gradients in the disk of M33. The comparison of stellar and H II region O abundances (based on direct determinations of the electron temperature of the nebulae) shows good agreement. Using a simple linear radial representation, the stellar oxygen abundances result in a gradient of -0.0145 ± 0.005 dex arcmin-1 (or -0.06 ± 0.02 dex kpc-1) up to a distance equal to ~1.1 times the isophotal radius of the galaxy. A more complex representation cannot be completely discarded by our stellar sample. The stellar Mg and Si abundances follow the trend displayed by O abundances, although with shallower gradients. These differences in gradient slope cannot be explained at this point. The derived abundances of the three α-elements yield solar metallicity in the central regions of the disk of M33. A comparison with recent planetary nebula data from Magrini and coworkers indicates that the disk of M33 has not suffered from a significant O enrichment in the last 3 Gyr.
Direct singular integral equation methods in scattering from strip-loaded dielectric cylinders

Two powerful direct singular integral equation techniques (DSIET) are applied to the analytical solution of TM/TE scattering by dielectric cylinders loaded with flat or curved strips. In all cases characteristic-currents-theory is also applied as an alternative method of solution. The emphasis here is on demonstrating the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithms by detailed numerical examples and by comparisons with available results.
Additional measurements of pre-main-sequence stellar rotation

New rotational-velocity measurements for pre-main-sequence stars in the Taurus-Auriga molecular cloud are reported. Rotational velocities or upper limits of 10 km/s are now available for 90 percent of the T Tauri stars with V less than 14.7 in the catalog of Cohen and Kuhi. Measurements of 'continuum emission' stars, thought to be accreting high-angular-momentum material from a circumstellar disk, show that these objects are not especially rapid rotators. The results confirm earlier findings that angular-momentum loss proceeds very efficiently in the earliest stages of star formation, and suggest that stars older than about one million yr contract to the main sequence at nearly constant angular momentum. The slow rotation of T Tauri stars probably requires substantial angular-momentum loss via a magnetically coupled wind. 35 references.
Multiple Precipitation Mechanisms over Mountains Observed by Airborne Doppler Radar during MAP IOP5

Abstract This study uses airborne Doppler radar measurements from the Special Observing Period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) to document the detailed airflow and precipitation structure over the mountainous regions near the border of northeastern Italy and Slovenia as a cold frontal system moved eastward and encountered the eastern Alps on 4 October 1999, during MAP IOP5. In contrast to previously documented MAP cases, the environmental conditions associated with this case are characterized by a deep layer of strong convective instability in the lower troposphere and by a cold, northeasterly continental flow coming down from the mountains (the so-called bora wind) along the southeastern Alps. Over the study region, there are two primary mountain barriers: the Julian Alps, oriented roughly west–east with a peak mountain height of ∼2500 m and a significant variation in terrain height along its length, and the other, the Dinaric Alps, a relatively lower mountain range oriented northwest–southeast, .
Critical Behavior of Spin-1/2 One-Dimensional Heisenberg Ferromagnet at Low Temperatures

A linear chain of S =1/2 spins with the isotropic Hamiltonian H = J Σ( S i x S i +1 x + S i y S i +1 y + S i z S i +1 z -1/4), ( J <0) , at low temperatures is studied numerically by solving a set .
Flow Through Screens

Control of the velocity distribution of a fluid flow is a fundamental problem In engineering fluid mechanics. The possible consequences for the operation and efficiency of downstream components need no emphasis here. Ability to control the flow is also necessary in component testing where, for results to be meaningful, test conditions must reproduce the composite flow situation. A screen may be used in both these operational modes to remove or create time-mean velocity nonuniformities, change the flow direction, and reduce or increase the scale and intensity of turbulence in a controlled manner. A screen may be thought of as any distributed resistance that effects a change in flow direction and a reduction in pressure. Common examples of screens for aerodynamic applications are arrays of parallel rods, honeycombs, perforated plates, and wire-gauze screens. This review focusses on the wire-gauze screen, with brief consideration of other types of screen. A survey of the available literature on the topic of flow through screens divides roughly into three categories:
On the use of high‐order finite‐difference discretization for LES with double decomposition of the subgrid‐scale stresses

Large eddy simulation (LES) with additional filtering of the non‐linear term, also coined LES with double decomposition of the subgrid‐scale stress, is considered. In the literature, this approach is mainly encountered in combination with pseudo‐spectral discretization methods. In this case, the additional filter is a sharp cut‐off filter, which appears in the eventual computational algorithm as the 2/3‐dealiasing procedure. In the present paper, the LES approach with additional filtering of the non‐linear term is evaluated in a spatial, finite‐difference discretization approach. The sharp cut‐off filter used in pseudo‐spectral methods is then replaced by a ‘spectral‐like’ filter, which is formulated and discretized in physical space. As suggested in the literature, the filter width Δ of this spectral‐like filter corresponds at least to 3/2 times the grid spacing h to avoid aliasing. Furthermore, spectral‐like discretization of the derivatives are constructed such that derivative‐discretization errors are low in the wavenumber range resolved by the filter, i.e. 0⩽kh⩽2π/3. The resulting method in combination with a Smagorinsky model is tested for decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence and compared to standard lower‐order discretization methods. Further, an analysis is elaborated of the Galilean‐invariance problem, which arises when LES in double decomposition approach is combined with filters, which do not correspond to an orthogonal projection. The effects of a Galilean coordinate transformation on LES results, are identified in simulations, and we demonstrate that a Galilean transformation leads to wavenumber‐dependent shifts of the energy spectra. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soliton interactions in the vector NLS equation

Collisions of solitons for two coupled and N-coupled NLS equation are investigated from various viewpoints. By suitably employing Manakov's well-known formulae for the polarization shift of interacting vector solitons, it is shown that the multisoliton interaction process is pairwise and the net result of the interaction is independent of the order in which such collisions occur. Further, this is shown to be related to the fact that the map determining the interaction of two solitons with nontrivial internal degrees of freedom (e.g. vector solitons) satisfies the Yang–Baxter relation. The associated matrix factorization problem is discussed in detail. Soliton interactions are also described in terms of linear fractional transformations, and the problem of existence of a solution for a basic three-collision gate, which has recently been introduced, is analysed.
Lidar Determinations of Atmospheric Ice Crystal Layers at South Pole during Clear-Sky Precipitation

Abstract Results of lidar measurements of atmospheric ice crystal layers during 36 clear-sky precipitation events at South Pole (2850 m MSL) during the winter over the period March-November 1975 are presented and correlated with ice crystal replicator, radiosonde and visual data. Low-lying “precipitation” and higher “formation” layers were frequently discerned in the lidar returns. In 25% of the events a single surface layer was observed with intermittent or no higher layers present. It was determined from the backscatter profiles that the crystals were growing in the precipitation layer in more than 50% of the events. The average altitudes of the precipitation layer tops during austral night and day were 420 ± 130 m and 650 ± 170 m, respectively, while the average altitudes of the temperature inversion tops for the same two periods were 580 ± 200 m and 500 ± 150 m, respectively. The lidar returns for a few days before and a few days after sunrise (21 September) were unique; high, geometrically thick laye.
Room temperature photocurrent response of PbS/InP heterojunction

We report on the observation of photocurrent response of a PbS/InP heterojunction. The PbS/InP heterostructure is synthesized via aqueous solution-based heteroepitaxial growth, and is fabricated into a photodetector. At zero bias, two photoresponse bands between 0.75 and 3.1 μm are measured at room temperature, which correspond to interband photocarrier generations in PbS and InP, respectively. An anomalous polarity of the photocurrent is observed and its possible origins are analyzed.
Distributional chaos for strongly continuous semigroups of operators

Distributional chaos for strongly continuous semigroups is studied and characterized. It is shown to be equivalent to the existence of a distributionally irregular vector. Finally, a sufficient condition for distributional chaos on the point spectrum of the generator of the semigroup is presented. An application to the semigroup generated in $L^2(R)$ by a translation of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operator is also given.
Synoptic Behavior of Baroclinic Eddies during the Blocking Onset

Abstract Synoptic behavior of individual baroclinic eddies in the course of their interactions with amplifying blocking anticyclones is examined, based upon a 30-year record of the tropospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere winter. High-pass-filtered as well as unfiltered fields of geopotential height and potential vorticity were composited relative to the onset of the five different types of blocking patterns. Before the compositing, the entire sequence of the fields was slightly shifted in time and space in such a way that the strongest baroclinic eddy, during the onset of each blocking event, occupies a prescribed position in the upstream storm track when it reaches its maximum intensity. Since this shifting considerably reduces the cancellation between the individual high-frequency migratory eddies, this type of compositing can present a more synoptically oriented view of those interactions than conventional compositing. In our composite results, one or two pairs of cyclonic and anticyclonic .
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION GRADIENT IN NGC 2403 AND THE STELLAR MASS LIMIT.

Photoelectric spectrophotometry in the 3400 A-7400 A range is presented for five H II regions in the spiral galalxy NGC 2403. Steep gradients in the electron temperature, N/H, and O/H were found. By adopting the Y versus O/H relation the observations also imply gradients in neutral He/H(+). The maximum temperature of the most massive stars in giant H II regions across the disk of NGC 2403 is 35,000 K; this result implies that the mass of the most massive stars is very similar in each H II regioon and that it is independent of the gradient in heavy element abundances. By comparing the derived chemical abundances with models of galactic chemical evolution it is found that infall into the galactic disk is not important for NGC 2403.
Smoke Observation on Boundary Layer Transition Caused by a Spherical Roughness Element

Observations were made in the boundary layer along a flat plate in a wind tunnel. A sphere of various diameters was placed on the plate as an isolated roughness element and the resulting flow patterns were examined by the smoke emitted from various heights and positions relative to the sphere. The patterns were stereographically photographed from upper and lateral sides, in order to make clear the mechanism of the change of patterns with varying velocities, namely Reynolds numbers. At low velocities, peculiar vortex filaments are formed. With increasing velocity, they begin to be deformed periodically and a characteristic row of arch-shaped vortices is formed. As the velocity is further increased, the wedge-shaped turbulent region appears downstream and gradually approaches the sphere, encroaching upon the laminer part. Vortex filaments parallel to the direction of the main stream appear with a constant spacing with their heads along the sides of the wedge. These observations were compared with measuremen.
The Impact of Misspecifying the Within-Subject Covariance Structure in Multiwave Longitudinal Multilevel Models: A Monte Carlo Study

This Monte Carlo study examined the impact of misspecifying the 𝚺 matrix in longitudinal data analysis under both the multilevel model and mixed model frameworks. Under the multilevel model approach, under-specification and general-misspecification of the 𝚺 matrix usually resulted in overestimation of the variances of the random effects (e.g., τ00, ττ11 ) and standard errors of the corresponding growth parameter estimates (e.g., SEβ 0, SEβ 1). Overestimates of the standard errors led to lower statistical power in tests of the growth parameters. An unstructured 𝚺 matrix under the mixed model framework generally led to underestimates of standard errors of the growth parameter estimates. Underestimates of the standard errors led to inflation of the type I error rate in tests of the growth parameters. Implications of the compensatory relationship between the random effects of the growth parameters and the longitudinal error structure for model specification were discussed.
Structural determination of the hydrophobic hydration shell of Kr

We report the first direct measurement by extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of the hydrophobic hydration shell of the noble gas krypton. Measurements were made in aqueous solution at gas pressures in the range 20 to 100 bars and at a temperature of 320 K. Data of excellent quality were collected taking advantage of the high brilliance of a third generation synchrotron radiation source. An advanced data analysis procedure has been applied to determine the Kr-O partial radial distribution function in the short range.
SIMPLICIAL MEASURES AND SETS OF UNIQUENESS IN THE MARGINAL PROBLEM

Let X be a Polish space. We shall denote by M ( X ) (Λίι(Χ)) the set of bounded Borel signed (probability) measures defined on X. Having a pair of Polish spaces Χ, Y and a measure m £ M(X x Y) we denote by mx and my the projections of τη to X and Y, respectively (the marginal measures). Putt ing MARG(m) = ( m „ m y ) we define a map M(X χ Υ) -» M{X) X M(Y). We shall say that Ρ £ M^X χ Y) is a simplicial measure if it is an extremal point in
Preliminary results from an investigation into nanostructured nuclear radiation detectors for non-proliferation applications

In recent years, the concept of embedding composite scintillators consisting of nanosized inorganic crystals in an organic matrix has been actively pursued. Nanocomposite detectors have the potential to meet many of the homeland security, non-proliferation, and border and cargo-screening needs of the nation and, by virtue of their superior nuclear identification capability over plastic, at roughly the same cost as plastic, have the potential to replace all plastic detectors. Nanocomposites clearly have the potential of being a gamma ray detection material that would be sensitive yet less expensive and easier to produce on a large scale than growing large, whole crystals of similar sensitivity. These detectors would have a broad energy range and a sufficient energy resolution to perform isotopic identification. The material can also be fabricated on an industrial scale, further reducing cost. This investigation focused on designing and fabricating prototype core/shell and quantum dot (QD) detectors. Fourteen core/shell and four QD detectors, all with the basic consistency of a mixture of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix with different densities of nanoparticles, were prepared. Nanoparticles with sizes <10 nm were fabricated, embedded in a polystyrene matrix, and the resultant scintillators’ radiation detector properties were characterized. This work also attempted to extend the gamma energy response on both low- and high-energy regimes by demonstrating the ability to detect low-energy and high-energy gamma rays. Preliminary results of this investigation are consistent with a significant response of these materials to nuclear radiation.
Stress-smoothing holes in an elastic plate: The triangular checkerboard lattice of low symmetry

The shape optimization problem for a linearly elastic perforated plate with the triangular checkerboard of identical holes is considered with respect to the recently advanced criterion of minimizing the hoop stress variation. The paper continues the author’s previous research on optimizing the square-symmetric checkerboard and extends the results obtained to the non-symmetric lattice of the holes which are varied not only in their shapes, but also in their location. This novelty is resolved by enhancing the same three-component algorithm as before. It combines a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization with an efficient direct solver and with an economic shape parametrization, both formulated in the complex variable terms. The averaging nature of the stress variation criterion permits its effective numerical implementation for a wide range of the holes volume fraction at reasonable computational efforts. For an engineering audience, the elastic behaviour of the optimal structures is detailed in a graphics set.
Ionosphere‐magnetosphere simulation of small‐scale structure and dynamics

This work presents first results and the numerical methods of a highly improved two-dimensional three-fluid simulation model of the ionosphere-magnetosphere system. The model considers ionization and recombination, ion-neutral friction, the Hall term in Ohm's law, and various heat sources in the energy equations. The electrodynamic response and the evolution of the collision frequencies are treated self-consistently in the height-resolved ionosphere. This model is the first and to our knowledge the only simulation model that can resolve the dynamic and nonlinear electromagnetic interaction between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere. The simulation is aimed at modeling fast temporal and small spatial scale ionospheric structures associated, for instance, with filamentary aurora and ionospheric heating experiments. The results presented in this paper focus on ion and electron heating by different sources, i.e., ion heating due to plasma-neutral friction, electron heating resulting from energetic particle precipitation and by ohmic dissipation in strong field-aligned currents. This work is motivated by a specific auroral event that was observed simultaneously with optical and radar instruments. A consistent explanation of this event is possible in the presence of ohmic heating of electrons in a strong field-aligned electric current layer.