Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Risk‐Taking Behavior and their Relationship to SAT‐Mathematics Performance

This study focused on the relationship of an individual's risk-taking behavior and his/her performance on the mathematics section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT-M). Previous research in this area has found that on multiple choice tests, calculated guessing (risk-taking) plays a role in the score one obtains. Risk-taking behavior was defined by the number of items omitted by the student on the instrument designed for the purpose of assessing this behavior. The data were obtained from 89 students who were attending two colleges in upstate New York. The data consisted of SAT-M scores and performance scores on a mathematics test designed to assess risk-taking. A t-test performed on the number of omissions revealed that females omit more items and thus manifest less risk-taking behavior. A significant difference in favor of females omitting more items was found at the p < . 01 level. A multiple regression design was employed, and gender and risk-taking behavior were found to be significantly related at the p<. 01 level to a student's performance on the SAT-M.
Calc-Alkaline Magmatism at the Archean^Proterozoic Transition: the Caico¤ Complex Basement (NE Brazil)

The Paleoproterozoic metaplutonic rocks of the Caico* Complex Basement (Serido* region, NE Brazil) provide important and crucial insights into the petrogenetic processes governing crustal growth and may potentially be a proxy for understanding the Archean^ Proterozoic transition. These rocks consist of high-K calc-alkaline diorite to granite, with Rb^Sr, U^Pb, Pb^Pb and Sm^Nd ages of c. 225^215 Ga. They are metaluminous, with high YbN, K2O/Na2Oand Rb/Sr, low ISr ratios, and are large ion lithophile elements (LILE) enriched. Petrographic and geochemical data demonstrate that they belong to differentiated series that evolved by low-pressure fractionation, thus resulting in granodioritic liquids.We propose a model in which the petrogenesis of the Caico* Complex orthogneisses begins with partial melting of a metasomatically enriched spinel- to garnet-bearing lherzolite (with high-silica adakite melt as the metasomatic agent), generating a basic magma that subsequently evolved at depth through fractional crystallization of olivine, followed by low-pressure intracrustal fractionation. A subduction zone setting is proposed for this magmatism, to account for both negative anomalies in high field strength elements (HFSE) and LILE enrichment. Mantle-derived juvenile magmatism with the same age is also known in the SaÐ o Francisco andWest Africa cratons, as well as in French Guyana, and thus the Archean^Proterozoic transition marks a very important continental accretion event. It also represents a transition from slab-dominated (in the Archean) to wedge-dominated post-Archean magmatism.
Wavelet‐based regularization of the extracted topographic index from high‐resolution topography for hydro‐geomorphic applications

High‐resolution topography, e.g. 1‐m digital elevation model (DEM) from light detection and ranging (LiDAR), offers opportunity for accurate identification of topographic features of relevance for hydrologic and geomorphologic modelling. Yet, the computation of some derived topographic properties, such as the topographic index (TI), is characterized by daunting challenges that hamper the full exploration of topography‐based models. Particular problems, for example, arise when a distributed (or semi‐distributed) rainfall–runoff model is applied to high‐resolution DEMs. Indeed, the characteristic dependency between landscape resolution and the computed TI distribution results in the formation of un‐physical, unconnected saturated zones, which in turn cause unrealistic representations of rainfall–runoff dynamics. In this study, we present a methodology based on a multi‐resolution wavelet transformation that, by means of a soft‐thresholding scheme on the wavelet coefficients, filters the noise of high‐resolution topography to construct regularized sets of locally smoother topography on which the TI is computed. While the methodology needs a somewhat arbitrary definition of the wavelet coefficients threshold, our study shows that when the information content (entropy) of the TI distribution is used as a filtering efficiency metric, a critical threshold automatically emerges in the landscape reconstruction. The methodology is demonstrated using 1‐m LiDAR data for the Elder Creek River basin in California. While the proposed case study uses a TOPMODEL approach, the methodology can be extended to different topography‐based models and is not limited to hydrological applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation

1. Introduction to Earth 2. Portraying Earth 3. Introduction to the Atmosphere 4. Insolation and Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure and Wind 6. Atmospheric Moisture 7. Transient Atmospheric Flows and Disturbances 8. Climatic Zones and Types 9. The Hydrosphere 10. Cycles and Patterns in the Biosphere 11. Terrestrial Flora and Fauna 12. Soils 13. Introduction to Landform Study 14. The Internal Processes 15. Weathering and Mass Wasting 16. The Fluvial Processes 17. Solution Processes and Karst Topography 18. The Topography of Arid Lands 19. Glacial Modification of Terrain 20. Coastal Processes and Terrain Appendix 1. The International System of Units (SI) Appendix 2. U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps Appendix 3. Meteorological Tables Appendix 4- The Weather Station Model
Influence of Osmotic Suction on the Soil-Water Characteristic Curves of Compacted Expansive Clay

Unsaturated clays are subject to osmotic suction gradients in geoenvironmental engineering applications and it therefore becomes important to understand the effect of these chemical concentration gradients on soil-water characteristic curves (SWCCs). This paper brings out the influence of induced osmotic suction gradient on the wetting SWCCs of compacted clay specimens inundated with sodium chloride solutions/distilled water at vertical stress of 6.25 kPa in oedometer cells. The experimental results illustrate that variations in initial osmotic suction difference induce different magnitudes of osmotic induced consolidation and osmotic consolidation strains thereby impacting the wetting SWCCs and equilibrium water contents of identically compacted clay specimens. Osmotic suction induced by chemical concentration gradients between reservoir salt solution and soil-water can be treated as an equivalent net stress component, ( pπ ) that decreases the swelling strains of unsaturated specimens from reduction in .
Surface water–groundwater exchange in transitional coastal environments by airborne electromagnetics: The Venice Lagoon example

A comprehensive investigation of the mixing between salt/fresh surficial water and groundwater in transitional environments is an issue of paramount importance considering the ecological, cultural, and socio‐economic relevance of coastal zones. Acquiring information, which can improve the process understanding, is often logistically challenging, and generally expensive and slow in these areas. Here we investigate the capability of airborne electromagnetics (AEM) at the margin of the Venice Lagoon, Italy. The quasi‐3D interpretation of the AEM outcome by the spatially constrained inversion (SCI) methodology allows us to accurately distinguish several hydrogeological features down to a depth of about 200 m. For example, the extent of the saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers and the transition between the upper salt saturated and the underlying fresher sediments below the lagoon bottom are detected. The research highlights the AEM capability to improve the hydrogeological characterization of subsurface processes in worldwide lagoons, wetlands, deltas.
Trails and rocks observed on a playa in Death Valley National Monument, California

ABSTRACT Widespread over the surface of a playa located in Inyo County, California are numerous trails each customarily terminating at a rock and/or a mound of dried sediment. These trails, furrow-like in appearance and varying greatly in width and length and in compass direction, give evidence of having been caused by their terminal material having slid over the playa's surface. An explanation proposed by previous writers is that strong gusty winds such as are common in the area are responsible, having caused the rocks and mud curls to move about at a time when the plays was muddy following heavy precipitation.
Accuracy of estimating the leaf area index from vegetation indices derived from crop reflectance characteristics, a simulation study

Abstract The canopy radiation model EXTRAD was used to quantify the accuracy of leaf area index (LAI) estimations from vegetation indices (Vis), derived from green and infra-red crop reflectance. The Vis were the infra-red/ green (IR/GR) ratio, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) and the weighted difference vegetation index (WDVI). The accuracy of LAI estimation was calculated in relation to variation in leaf green and infra-red colour, leaf angle distribution, soil background and illumination conditions. The theoretical calculations were supported with a field experiment on sugar-beet. Variation in illumination conditions and soil background gave relatively small estimation errors with all four Vis. The largest estimation errors resulted from variation in leaf colour and leaf angle distribution. With variation in green leaf colour, the estimation errors were lowest with the WDVI. With variation in leaf angle distribution, the errors were lowest with.
Multinational investment and return migration in Ireland in the 1990s- a county-level analysis

The mobility transition from emigration to immigration in Ireland in the 1990s resulted in significant return migration, whose relationship to new multinational jobs at the micro-scale has not been investigated. Spatial analyses of county data (Census and IDA) reveal that return migration was high in areas with high MNC and other job growth such as greater Dublin and the central west, and low in areas with poor job growth such as the border zone and parts of the southeast. However, some areas with low return migration had substantial job growth (e.g., county Limerick), and some areas with high return migration had a scarcity of new jobs (e.g. county Mayo) suggesting non-economic reasons for return. A household survey in Mayo County in 2002 revealed the predominance of family and quality of life reasons over economic reasons in the decision to return to Ireland. However, the improving Irish economy very likely enabled returnees to meet their career aspirations in Ireland, regardless of the primary reasons they stated for return.
GaussianDreamer: Fast Generation from Text to 3D Gaussians by Bridging 2D and 3D Diffusion Models

In recent times, the generation of 3D assets from text prompts has shown impressive results. Both 2D and 3D diffusion models can help generate decent 3D objects based on prompts. 3D diffusion models have good 3D consistency, but their quality and generalization are limited as trainable 3D data is expensive and hard to obtain. 2D diffusion models enjoy strong abilities of generalization and fine generation, but 3D consistency is hard to guarantee. This paper attempts to bridge the power from the two types of diffusion models via the recent explicit and efficient 3D Gaussian splatting representation. A fast 3D object generation framework, named as GaussianDreamer, is proposed, where the 3D diffusion model provides priors for initialization and the 2D diffusion model enriches the geometry and appearance. Operations of noisy point growing and color perturbation are introduced to enhance the initialized Gaussians. Our GaussianDreamer can generate a high-quality 3D instance or 3D avatar within 15 minutes on one GPU, much faster than previous methods, while the generated instances can be directly rendered in real time. Demos and code are available at https://taoranyi.com/gaussiandreamer/.
Pharmacogenomic studies of hypertension: paving the way for personalized antihypertensive treatment

ABSTRACT Introduction: Increasing clinical evidence supports the implementation of genotyping for anti-hypertensive drug dosing and selection. Despite robust evidence gleaned from clinical trials, the translation of genotype guided therapy into clinical practice faces significant challenges. Challenges to implementation include the small effect size of individual variants and the polygenetic nature of antihypertensive drug response, a lack of expert consensus on dosing guidelines even without genetic information, and proper definition of major antihypertensive drug toxicities. Balancing clinical benefit with cost, while overcoming these challenges, remains crucial. Areas covered: This review presents the most impactful clinical trials and cohorts which continue to inform and guide future investigation. Variants were selected from among those identified in the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR), the Genetic Epidemiology of Responses to Antihypertensives study (GERA), the Genetics of Drug Responsiveness in Essential Hypertension (GENRES) study, the SOPHIA study, the Milan Hypertension Pharmacogenomics of hydrochlorothiazide (MIHYPHCTZ), the Campania Salute Network, the International Verapamil SR Trandolapril Study (INVEST), the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) Study, GenHAT, and others. Expert Commentary: The polygenic nature of antihypertensive drug response is a major barrier to clinical implementation. Further studies examining clinical effectiveness are required to support broad-based implementation of genotype-based prescribing in medical practice.
Shear‐wave splitting to test mantle deformation models around Hawaii

Seismic anisotropy allows us to study mantle deformation, and it can thus help to constrain mantle flow in the vicinity of hotspots. Hypotheses for the cause of seismic anisotropy in this environment include the “parabolic asthenospheric flow” (PAF) model: radial flow from a mantle plume impinging on a moving lithosphere is dragged by the plate in the direction of absolute plate motion. In map view, this gives a parabolic pattern of flow, opening in the direction of plate motion. We present new shear‐wave splitting observations from land and ocean stations around the Hawaiian Islands that can be explained by the parabolic flow model. The observations suggest asthenospheric anisotropy under the Hawaiian islands, which may be explained if dislocation‐creep persists to deeper depths there than in other regions, perhaps due to the higher temperatures near hotspots.
The Cyclone Winifred Storm Bed, Central Great Barrier Reef Shelf, Australia

ABSTRACT Shelf sediments were collected immediately before (8-20 January 1986), immediatly after (9-10 February 1986), and one year after (27 February 1987) Cyclone Winifred crossed the central Great Barrier Reef shelf on 1 February 1986. The storm produced a normally graded, mixed terrigenous-carbonate storm bed more than 11 cm thick, covering an area at least 1,200 km2, and extending more than 30 km offshore to water depths greater than 40 m. The storm layer encompasses two lithologically distinct, shelf-parallel facies belts. The nearshore (0-25 m depth) storm bed is 311 cm thick, thins offshore, and grades upward from medium sand to silty clay. Offshore (25-43 m depth) the storm bed thickens to more than 11 cm and consists of normally graded, well sorted, relict quartz and skeletal, gravelly sands capped by a thin mud veneer. The cross-shelf distributions of grain size, mineralogy, carbonate content, and carbon isotope ratios were very similar before and after Winifred, suggesting the storm bed did not result from offshore-directed storm currents but, rather, in situ resuspension and settling of the shelf sand with shoreward transport of mud. In contrast to storm sedimentation models which predict thinning and fining offshore, Winifred created a layer that becomes thicker and coarser grained in deeper water in response to cross-shelf substrate changes. After one year the Winifred storm layer was well preserved nearshore ( 30 m water depth) below fairweather wave base. Preservation may not be a matter of insulating the layer from physical reworking below fairweather wave base but of burying it where rates of sediment accumulation outpace bioturbation. The effects of storms similar in size to Winifred may be well concealed in ancient shelf sequences subject to rapid biological remixing of storm layers.
Model Experiments on Mobile, Paved Gravel Bed Streams

Laboratory experiments which model streams with poorly sorted gravel beds at reduced scale reveal that pavement is a mobile bed phenomenon. It acts to decrease the inherent difference in mobility between large and small grains by overrepresenting the percentage of large grains exposed to the flow. Pavement can coexist with the motion of all available grain sizes because motion is sporadic, so that at any given time only a small percentage of surface grains are actually in motion. Particles in the immediate subpavement are only occasionally moved, and deeper particles are hardly ever moved. The experiments were conducted at constant discharges. They provide accurate quantitative models of two field streams in that they obey the same bedload law as field data. Both sediment feed and recirculating configurations were utilized. The only systematic difference between the two is in the behavior of the finer grains.
Climatological Characteristics of Daily Precipitation over Japan in the Kakushin Regional Climate Experiments Using a Non-Hydrostatic 5-km-Mesh Model: Comparison with an Outer Global 20-km-Mesh Atmospheric Climate Model

The climatological characteristics of daily precipitation over Japan in the Kakushin regional climate change experiments using a non-hydrostatic model with a horizontal resolution of 5 km (NHM5km) are investigated from June to October between 1990 and 1999. Comparisons with the results of a global 20-km-mesh atmospheric climate model (AGCM20km), which provides the boundary conditions for NHM5km, show that NHM5km can improve the reproducibility of precipitation characteristics, including the frequencies of intense precipitation and wet days, from those in AGCM20km. Compared with observations, AGCM20km shows -30% and +33% biases in terms of the 10-year mean values of regional maximum precipitation and wet days, respectively, in the region 31°N-38°N and 129.8°E-142.0°E over Japan from June to October; these biases are reduced to +9% and +12% in the case of NHM5km. The largest biases in AGCM20km, overestimation of wet days in July and August, are successfully reduced in NHM5km. Probability density distributions of daily precipitation amount are superior in NHM5km than in AGCM20km for all analysis months, being in strong agreement with a raingauge-based daily precipitation dataset for June-August. These features indicate that NHM5km also provides improved seasonal variations in precipitation characteristics, which are crucial for reliable climate change experiments.
An experimental study of skin friction around piles in clay

Load tests on a model pile installed in Speswhite kaolin are described. The soil surrounding the pile was consolidated under a range of stress ratios K, and the pile was loaded under drained conditions in such a way that only shaft friction was generated. Pile installation techniques minimized soil disturbance so that the failure criterion for pile shaft friction could be investigated. The results, based on tests on nine normally consolidated and one overconsolidated sample, show that the angle of shaft friction is independent of the stress ratio in the soil before loading (0·7 <K <1·5), and is only justless than φ′triaxial for normally and overconsolidated kaolin. When loaded axially the lateral stresses on the pile shaft decrease with increasing shaft load for normally consolidated soil, and increase on loading in overconsolidated soil. Differences between adhesion factors α; back-calculated from the model tests and those normally encountered in practice highlight the effects of disturbance caused by mo.
The nonlinear equation of state of sea water and the global water mass distribution

The role of nonlinearities of the equation of state (EOS) of seawater for the distribution of water masses in the global ocean is examined through simulations with an ocean general circulation model with various manipulated versions of the EOS. A simulation with a strongly simplified EOS, which contains only two nonlinear terms, still produces a realistic water mass distribution, demonstrating that these two nonlinearities are indeed the essential ones. Further simulations show that each of these two nonlinear terms affects a specific aspect of the water mass distribution: the cabbeling term is crucial for the formation of Antarctic Intermediate Water and the thermobaric term for the layering of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water.
Information technology architects: approaching the longer view

All Information Technology (IT) systems have architecture and these architectures are developed by people, frequently called IT architects. These people vary in their capabilities and this directly affects the systems they work with. This research investigates whether some previously identified capabilities, (intuitive cognitive style, problem solving, visualisation, and future vision) differ between IT architects of different skill levels. We found that while all IT architects reported as very skilled problem solvers, the more highly skilled IT architects approached problems in a different manner than the others. We also found that the higher skilled IT architects had a significantly longer view of their actions. These results are important for the education of aspiring IT architects and also the selection and development of existing ones.
Evaluation of static pressure drops and PM10 and TSP emissions for modified 1D-3D cyclones

Five modifications of a standard 1D3D cyclone were tested and compared against the standard 1D3D design in the areas of particulate emissions and static pressure drop across the cyclone. The modifications to the 1D3D design included a 2D2D inlet, a 2D2D air outlet, a D/3 trash exit, an expansion chamber with a D/3 trash exit, and a tapered air outlet duct. The 1D3D modifications that exhibited a significant improvement in reducing both PM10 and total suspended particulate (TSP) emissions were the designs with the 2D2D inlet and air exhaust combined with either the conical D/3 tail cone or the expansion chamber. In reference to the standard 1D3D cyclone, the average reduction in PM10 emissions was 24 to 29% with a 29 to 35% reduction observed in TSP emissions. The modifications with the tapered air outlets did not show any significant improvements in controlling PM10 emissions. However, the modification with the tapered air outlet/expansion chamber combination exhibited statistical significance in reducing TSP emissions by 18% compared to the 1D3D cyclone. All modifications tested exhibited lower static pressure drops than the standard 1D3D.