Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic retrieval of volcanic SO2 layer height and partial column density using the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)

Abstract. During most volcanic eruptions and many periods of volcanic unrest, detectable quantities of sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) are injected into the atmosphere at a wide range of altitudes, from ground level to the lower stratosphere. Because the fine ash fraction of a volcanic plume is, at times, colocated with SO2 emissions, global tracking of volcanic SO2 is useful in tracking the hazard long after ash detection becomes dominated by noise. Typically, retrievals of SO2 vertical column density (VCD) have relied heavily on hyperspectral ultraviolet measurements. More recently, infrared sounders have provided additional VCD measurements and estimates of the SO2 layer altitude, adding significant value to real-time monitoring of volcanic emissions and climatological analyses. These methods can provide fast and accurate physics-based retrievals of VCD and altitude without regard to solar irradiance, meaning that they are effective day and night and can observe high-latitude SO2 even in the winter. In this study, we detail a probabilistic enhancement of an infrared SO2 retrieval method, based on a modified trace gas retrieval, to estimate SO2 VCD and altitude probabilistically using the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) on the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) series of satellites. The methodology requires the characterization of real SO2 -free spectra aggregated seasonally and spatially. The probabilistic approach replaces altitude and VCD estimates with probability density functions for the layer height and the partial VCD at multiple heights, fully quantifying the retrieval uncertainty and allowing the estimation of SO2 partitioning by layer. This framework adds significant value over basic VCD and altitude retrieval because it can be used to assign probabilities of SO2 occurrence to different atmospheric intervals. We highlight analyses of several recent significant eruptions, including the 22 June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano, in the Kuril Islands; the mid-December 2016 eruption of Bogoslof volcano, in the Aleutian Islands; and the 26 June 2018 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, in the Galapagos Islands. This retrieval method is currently being implemented in the VOLcanic Cloud Analysis Toolkit (VOLCAT), where it will be used to generate additional cloud object properties for real-time detection, probabilistic characterization, and tracking of volcanic clouds in support of aviation safety.
Prevention of Hepatitis B among Homeless People: Challenges for Vaccination in Brazil

ABSTRACT Brazil was one of the first countries in Latin America to introduce free and universal vaccination against hepatitis B, but reaching vulnerable groups is a challenge. This study investigates the immunization situation against hepatitis B and associated factors in 353 homeless individuals from Central Brazil, between August 2014 and June 2015. Although the Brazilian public health provides universal vaccination against hepatitis B, and a low immunization rate (19.4%) was observed in homeless people. Only age was associated with seroprotection against hepatitis B (p = .03). Vaccination strategies should be strengthened, whether in shelters or on the streets directly.
The validity of Wagner’s law in Egypt from 1960–2018

One of the main theories regarding the relationship between government expenditure and gross domestic product (GDP) is Wagner’s law. This law was developed in the late-19th century by Adolph Wagner (1835–1917), a prominent German economist, and depicts that an increase in government expenditure is a feature often associated with progressive states. This paper aims to examine the validity of Wagner’s law in Egypt for 1960–2018. The relationship between real government expenditure and real GDP is tested using three versions of Wagner’s law. ,To test the validity of Wagner in Egypt, law time-series analysis is used. The methodology used in this paper is: unit-root tests for stationarity, Johansen cointegration approach, error-correction model and Granger causality. ,The results provide strong evidence of long-term relationship between GDP and government expenditure. Moreover, the causal relationship is found to be bi-directional. Hence, this study provides support for Wagner’s law in the examined context. ,It should be noted, however, that there are some limitations to this study. For instance, in this paper, the government’s size was measured through government consumption expenditure rather than government expenditure due to data availability, which does not fully capture the government size. Moreover, the data available was limited and does not fully cover the earliest stages of industrialization and urbanization for Egypt. Furthermore, although time-series analysis provides a more contextualized results and conclusions, the obtained conclusions suffer from their limited generalizability. ,This paper aims to specifically make a contribution to the empirical literature for Wagner’s law, by testing the Egyptian data using time-series econometric techniques for the longest time period examined so far, which is 1960–2018.
How collaboration impacts in the market orientation-performance relationship of SMEs? A perspective from belt and road initiative

Purpose This article extends knowledge of market orientation (MO) and strategic collaboration by analyzing MO-collaborations in the context of firm performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach A proposed framework built on the Knowledge and resource-based theory was tested using Structural Equation Modelling with data collected from 171 SMEs. Findings This research study supported the direct impact of market orientation on performance as well as the mediating role of collaboration in this focal relationship and assumed it would have a significant role in SME’s performance. Practical implications These findings have noteworthy implications for managers. Managers can focus on potential collaboration in order to acquire the needed assets. Owners-mangers should closely evaluate the FTAs, economic corridors, and regional cooperation agreements like BRI as these sources can lead them to collaboration with international partners. Additionally, it provides insight for entrepreneurs, business practitioners, and stakeholders of SMEs that are already operating or plan to increase their market share. Originality/value The study findings give interesting bits of knowledge to academia, entrepreneurs, and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Given that market orientation and collaboration must proceed in parallel to improve firm performance, Assets like MO provide valuable knowledge and information about partners, which will lead to further valuable information to help the SME succeed. This study further extend the KBV theory recommendation that information and knowledge on collaboration works better and integration will be more successful in ‘resource rich’ firms.
Effects of CaCO3 liming on water quality and growth performance of fingerlings of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The present study was carried out for 6 week with Nile tilapia, Oreochomis niloticus , fingerlings (0.77 ± 0.04 g) to assess the effects of moderate CaCO 3 liming on water pH, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, free CO 2 and total ammonia, as well as on fish final body weight, final body length, survival and FCR. Eighteen 25-L polyethylene aquaria were used to hold the experimental fish (15 fish per aquarium). Nine aquaria were set in the lab’s indoor room and nine aquaria in its outdoor area. Two types of water (clear or green) and three different water quality managements (none, HCl acidification and CaCO 3 liming) were evaluated simultaneously in a 3 x 2 factorial design. The application of analytical calcium carbonate at 1 g 10 L -1 in the clear or green waters has produced superior Nile tilapia fingerlings’ final body weight and length. The best set of limnological conditions that improved Nile tilapia fingerlings growth was the following: pH: 7.4-8.2; total alkalinity > 50 mg L -1 ; calcium hardness > 140 mg L -1 ; free CO 2 -1 . The total ammonia concentration in fish aquaria was not affected by CaCO 3 liming (p > 0.05).
Large contribution of pulsed subsidies to a predatory fish inhabiting large stream channels

Resource subsidies exert critical influences on recipient habitats with relatively higher perimeter-to-area ratios, such as headwaters in watersheds. However, little is known about how those subsidies contribute to the energy sources in recipient habitats where the perimeter-to-area ratio is low, such as large stream channels. Here, we show that the diet of small Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) <500 mm in total length inhabiting natural shoreline areas in large stream channels consists largely of terrestrial earthworms (Metaphire spp.). Stable isotopic analyses showed that the earthworms were the prey animal that contributed most to the eels’ diet (45%–47%). Earthworms constituted the largest portion of the eels’ stomach contents (7%–93%). Eels ingested earthworms within 2 days after rainfall during spring, summer, and autumn, and their consumption increased as the precipitation increased. These findings indicate that the pulsed earthworm subsidy that is driven by rainfall could temporarily bias the eels’ diet toward this allochthonous resource, which may explain the large contribution of the subsidy for consumers inhabiting large stream channels. Furthermore, diverse earthworm species could drive multiple pulsed subsidies across seasons and provide the predators with a prolonged subsidy, enhancing the long-term contribution of the subsidy to the predators’ diet.
Characteristics of Rain and Sea Spray Droplet Size Distribution at a Marine Tower

The effects of sea spray on open-ocean rainfall measurements-the drop size distribution (DSD) and rainfall intensities-were studied using a state-of-the-art optical disdrometer. The number of rain droplets less than 1 mm in diameter is affected by several factors, including the type of rainfall and seasonality. Over the ocean, small rain and large sea spray droplets co-exist in the same diameter size class (0.072 to 1000 mm); hence, sea spray creates uncertainty when seeking to characterize the drop size distribution (DSD) of rain droplets over the ocean. We measured droplet sizes at a marine tower using a state-of-the-art optical disdrometer, a tipping-bucket rain gauge, a wind anemometer, and a time-lapse camera, over a period that included typhoon Krosa of 2019. The number of rain droplets of diameter less than 1 mm increased monotonically as the horizontal wind speed became stronger. Thus, the shape parameter μ of the Ulbrich distribution decreased. This decreasing trend can be recognized as an increase in sea spray. During no-rainfall hours (indicated by rain gauges on the ocean tower and nearby land), sea spray DSDs were obtained at various horizontal wind speeds. Furthermore, the proportions of sea spray to rainfall at different rainfall intensities and horizontal wind speeds were determined; at a horizontal wind speed of 16 to 20 m s−1, the average sea spray proportions were 82.7%, 19.1%, and 5.3% during total rainfall periods of 2.1 mm h−1, 8.9 mm h−1, and 32.1 mm h−1, respectively. Representation of sea spray DSDs, as well as rainfall DSDs, is a key element of calculating real rainfall intensities over the open ocean.
The Synergistic Effects of Solutions Journalism and Corporate Social Responsibility Advertising

Abstract This study explores the synergistic effects of solutions journalism and corporate social responsibility (CSR) advertising. More specifically, it experimentally investigates how news story orientation (i.e., Problem-Oriented, Solution-Oriented) interacts with the relevance of the advertisement (i.e., Irrelevant Non-CSR, Low-Relevance CSR, High-Relevance CSR) displayed alongside the news story to direct people’s affective and cognitive responses to the news story and advertisement in the digital sphere. The findings demonstrated that the solution-oriented story elicited more positive affect, issue interest, self-efficacy, intentions of sharing the story on social media or researching the issue, favourable attitudes towards the advertisement and the brand, purchase intention, and recommendation intention. Irrelevant advertising elicited significantly less favourable attitudes towards the advertisement and the brand, purchase intention, and recommendation intention. However, pairing the solution-oriented story with the irrelevant advertisement elicited significantly more brand recall. Theoretical and practical implications for journalism and advertising are discussed.
Comparative Stability of vit E isomers Extracted fromUnsaponifiable Fractions of Rice Bran Oil underVarious Temperature and Oxygen Conditions

Due to the fact that tocopherols and tocotrienols have antioxidant and anticancer properties, the commercial utilization of unsaponifiable fractions in rice bran is increasing. These nutraceutical compounds, however, are fairly unstable and readily break down when exposed to oxygen or lighting conditions. To compare the relative sensitivity of vit E isomers to heat and oxygen, concentrated unsaponifiable fractions extracted from crude rice bran oil were exposed to various temperature, oxygen (nitrogen-balanced), and bathing solvent conditions and resultant concentration changes in α- and γ-tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) were evaluated. Each isomer exhibited different heat stability. Among them, α-T3 degraded more rapidly compared to other vit E isomers while γ-T was the most stable isomer. Oxygen level also showed significant impact on each isomer’s stability where severe reductions of γ-T (by 20%) and γ-T3 (by 29%) were observed under 2% oxygen conditions, while under 0% oxygen conditions no degradation could be observed even after exposure to 95℃ for 4 hours.When various blending solvents were mixed with concentrated unsaponifiable fractions, organic solvents such as isooctane and hexane were more effective in maintaining the stability of γ-T3 compared to edible oils, among which corn oil was more efficient than soybean and rice bran oils.
High-power, spectrally stabilized, near-diffraction-limited 970 nm laser light source based on truncated-tapered semiconductor optical amplifiers with low confinement factors

High-power spectrally single-moded coherent emission with high beam quality is demonstrated using a master-oscillator (MO) power-amplifier (PA) system. The MO is a single-moded distributed Bragg reflector ridge-waveguide (DBR-RW) laser and the PA is a semiconductor amplifier with a truncated-tapered gain region. The spectrum of the DBR-RW is found to be preserved, with >40 dB of noise suppression. Peak output powers from the PA of >50 W (250 µs, 100 Hz) are demonstrated for laser designs with conventional confinement factors in the active region, Γ = 1%, but only with substantial degradation in the beam quality (M2 at 1/e2 level of >30). The use of alternative designs with low confinement (Γ = 0.4%) reduces the gain and hence peak power, but dramatically improves the beam quality (M2 at 1/e2 level of ∼3), enabling ∼11 W emission into a diffraction-limited central lobe, with temperature and current invariant central wavelength and a spectral width of ∼40 pm.
Disclosing to Informed Traders

We develop a model in which a firm's manager can voluntarily disclose to privately informed investors. In equilibrium, the manager only discloses sufficiently favorable news. If the manager is known to be informed but disclosure is costly, the probability of disclosure increases with market liquidity and the stock trades at a discount relative to expected cash flows. However, when investors are uncertain about whether the manager is informed, disclosure can decrease with market liquidity and the stock can trade at a premium relative to expected cash flows. Moreover, contrary to common intuition, public information can crowd in more voluntary disclosure.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Emissão de gases do efeito estufa em diferentes usos da terra no bioma Cerrado

The conversion of native forests by cutting and burning into farming areas leads to alterations in the dynamics of soil organic matter, with changes in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs: CO2, CH4 and N2O) from the biosphere to the atmosphere. These cause an average temperature rise and, consequently, global climate change. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O with moisture, microbial biomass and inorganic N forms in soil with different land uses in the Cerrado biome (Rio Verde county, State of Goias - Brazil). The climate (Koppen-Geiger) was classified as Aw and the soil as Latossolo Vermelho distrofico caulinitico / a clayey kaolinitic Oxisol under original Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) vegetation. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (areas): Native vegetation - Cerrado (CE); brachiaria pasture (PA); soybean in conventional tillage (SC) and no-tillage (NT) corn followed by millet. No significant differences in annual CO2 and N2O emissions were observed between treatments. This can be explained by the variability of gas fluxes due to climate seasonality, with lower emissions in the winter due to low soil moisture. Mean emissions of CO2 were 108.9 ± 85.6 mg m-2 h-1 , and of N2O 13.5 ± 7.6 mg m-2 h-1 . For CH4 significant differences in the fluxes were only observed in pasture (32 mg m-2 h-1 ), while in the other areas inflows between 46 and 15 mg m-2 h-1 were observed. The GHG fluxes showed close correlation with soil moisture. The N-NO3- emissions were significantly correlated with CO2-emissions in all areas. Considering all treatments together, the three GHG fluxes were correlated with the microbial C and N contents. However, the Cmicro: Nmicro ratio was not significantly correlated with the GHG flux. Only for pasture the CO2 and N2O fluxes were correlated with the content of soil inorganic-N. Results suggested that the GHG fluxes in the Cerrado are related to rainfall, mainly in farming areas treated with high fertilizer doses to increase productivity.
Strain relaxation in glass by optical correlation and pressure jump relaxation

Strain relaxation functions have been obtained for boron trioxide glass in its transformation region by digital correlation of a scattered optical beam and by pressure jump relaxation measurements utilizing a recently developed acoustic densitometer. The results confirm that the light−scattering correlation data is a measurement of the isothermal constant stress compressibility function. These measurements, together with previous ultrasonic results, cover a temperature region for B2O3 in which the structural relaxation time changes by more than 13 orders of magnitude.
Indexation automatique des diagrammes de poudre par dichotomies successives

The powder indexing method based on successive dichotomies is considered in terms of partition of volume space. With this strategy, the smaller and more probable solutions are found first. Two approaches are described; if density and molecular weight are introduced, the calculations are accelerated. Extension of the method to the monoclinic case is described, and can be useful for unit cells with not too large volumes. A program, DICVOL, has been written in Fortran which allows a search for systems down to monoclinic.
Associations between refined athlete monitoring measures and individual match performance in professional Australian football

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between measures of training load, training response and neuromuscular performance and changes in individual match performance in professional Australian football. Data were collected from 45 professional Australian footballers from one club during the 2019 competition season. External load was measured by GPS technology. Internal load was measured via session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE). Perceptual wellness was measured via pre-training questionnaires (1–5 Likert scale rating of soreness, sleep, fatigue, stress and motivation). Percentage of maximum speed was calculated relative to individual maximum recorded during preseason testing. Rolling derivative training load measures (7-day and 28-day) were calculated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified eight uncorrelated components. PCA factor loadings were used to calculate summed variable covariates and single variables were chosen from components based on practicality and statistical contribution. Associations between covariates and performance were determined via linear Generalised Estimating Equations. Performance was assessed via Player Ratings from a commercial statistics company. Seven-day total distance, IMA event count and sRPE load showed significant positive relationships with performance (18–23% increase in performance z-score). No other covariates displayed significant associations with performance. Individual relative increases in training load within the 7-day period prior to a match may be beneficial for enhancing individual performance.
Vitamin D Status in Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy

Introduction: Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) affects 1.9 4.9% of children worldwide and can be IgE-mediated or non-IgE mediated. Studies have highlighted the increased risk of inadequate vitamin D intake in children with CMPA on elimination diets, with potential effects on bone health, respiratory health and immune function. This study aims to investigate whether children with CMPA are at a higher risk of vitamin D insufficiency than their healthy counterparts. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study carried out at the specialist Paediatric Allergy Clinic, Bon Secours Hospital Cork and the Department of Paediatrics, Bon Secours Hospital Cork. 52 children with CMPA and 26 healthy controls, aged 6 to 24 months, were included. Exclusion criteria included known bone metabolism disorders, chronic renal and gastrointestinal disorders, and chronic infectious diseases. A retrospective chart review of children with CMPA was conducted to collect data on patient demographics, clinical presentation, and management. Serum 25(OH)D levels of children with CMPA (n=18) and healthy controls (n=26) were quantified and compared. Caregivers of children with CMPA were administered an online questionnaire to assess compliance to vitamin D supplementation. Results: The serum 25(OH)D levels of children with CMPA were significantly lower than that of healthy controls (47.5 vs 62.5 nmol/L, p = 0.030). Among children with CMPA, children with IgE-mediated CMPA (p=0.041) and children with multiple concomitant IgE-mediated food allergies (p=0.011) had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D levels than their healthy counterparts. Among children with CMPA, breastfeeding status, reported vitamin D supplement use, age and gender were not significantly associated with serum 25(OH)D levels. The questionnaire revealed only 44.4% of caregivers to be fully adherent to vitamin D supplementation guidelines. Conclusion: Children with CMPA are at higher risk of serum 25(OH)D insufficiency than healthy controls. Closer monitoring is required to ensure that vitamin D supplements are administered from birth to 12 months, at the recommended frequency.