Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Projected changes in water availability in the United Kingdom

There is evidence for a change in the seasonality of UK rainfall consistent with projections from climate models, which could have a significant impact on water availability. This paper describes an analysis of seasonal mean runoff in the UK calculated directly within an ensemble of regional climate models. Both surface and subsurface runoff have been analyzed, and the times at which a climate change signal in the runoff could be detected have also been calculated. Runoff is projected to increase in winter in all regions of the UK, by 5–25% by the 2080s, but remain the same or decrease in the other seasons. We find that a climate change signal could be detected in runoff in winter in western parts of the UK as early as the 2020s, but much later in eastern areas of England. In summer, detection times (2040–2060 s) are generally later than those in winter (2020–2040 s). Our results imply water resources in the southeast of the UK could be reduced during the twenty‐first century, and adaptation may be needed long before a formal detection of a climate change signal is made.
Late glacial to Holocene planktic foraminifera bioevents and climatic record in the South Adriatic Sea

Quantitative analyses of planktic foraminifera, sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs), oxygen isotope and radiocarbon dating from a deep‐sea core recovered in the South Adriatic Sea have been used to reconstruct a subcentennial climatic and biochronological record since the late glacial (the last 24 cal. ka BP). The identification and relative abundance of 25 species of planktic foraminifera along the core have provided a continuous record of the faunal changes over this time interval. These results have permitted the establishment of 10 biozones in the South Adriatic Sea based on the appearance and/or disappearance of the main specific taxa, from peaks of abundance and/or by modification in marine conditions. The robust chronology of the South Adriatic core allowed correlation of SST estimates to the GISP2 ice core record, indicating that the main climate changes recorded in Greenland ice cores over the last 24 ka are recorded and globally synchronous with those observed in the South Adriatic Sea. This finding further allows comparison of the planktic foraminifera record with the event stratigraphic scheme proposed by the INTIMATE group in order to better identify the relationship between past climatic changes and the response of microfaunal assemblages in the South Adriatic. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constriction during exhumation: Evidence from eclogite microstructures

The Eclogite zone (Tauern Window, Eastern Alps, Austria) represents one of only a few examples of high-pressure units providing both the prograde and the retrograde metamorphic evolution. The eclogites are associated with rocks originating from continental and transitional crust that also have been affected by high-pressure metamorphism. Eclogites that formed along the prograde path indicate metamorphic conditions of 17-20 kbar (1700-2000 MPa) at 550-580 °C; the peak assemblages formed at 21-25 kbar (2100-2500 MPa) at 600-620 °C. Omphacite microstructures, in particular shape fabrics and crystallographic preferred orientations, indicate that the final phases of the prograde evolution were characterized by flattening strain. The evolution at the pressure peak and along the exhumation path shows a constrictional strain geometry. This change is interpreted to have been controlled by the force balance between slab pull (related to an oceanic slab) and the buoyancy of subducted adjacent continental crustal material, including the eclogites. At a certain lithospheric level, where the subducted continental rocks were entirely surrounded by high-density lower-crustal and upper-mantle material, the buoyancy forces exceeded the slab-pull forces. This force change resulted in the buoyancy-driven extrusion of continental material between two lithospheric plates. The part of the subducted slab that remained in buoyant equilibrium was therefore affected by constriction. Moreover, this process may have resulted in breakoff of the subducted oceanic slab. If so, the cessation of slab pull resulted in accelerated buoyancy-driven extrusion of the continental material. Extrusion of these high-pressure sheets would have been accompanied by constriction subparallel to the subduction channel as well.
Concerted action of kinesin-1 KIF5B and kinesin-3 KIF13B promotes efficient transport of exocytotic vesicles to microtubule plus ends

1Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands 2 Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 3Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, the August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark 4Current address: Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. 5 Current address: Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium. 6 Current address: Faculty of Engineering, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Flooding and inundation collaborative mapping – use of the Crowdmap/Ushahidi platform in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil

The trend of using volunteered and collaborative data in the context of natural disasters has been increasing. This fact, together with floods and inundations, which occur in the city of Sao Paulo, makes it possible to explore the volunteered and collaborative way of generating and transmitting geographic data dynamically. This can be done by using technologies affordable to the population, such as the Internet, the global positioning system and other monitoring systems embedded in mobiles. This article aims to present the proposal of a conceptual scheme for a dynamic and collaborative mapping system of flooding points, whose data source comes from people equipped with mobile devices that allow identify their locations. The results correspond to the conceptual scheme of the system as well as the prototype ‘Flooding Points’ – a map available on the web showing the flooding points in the city, which were provided at the time of the event by ordinary people. The prototype was developed by using the free and open source Crowdmap/Ushahidi platform. The system was assessed by a questionnaire answered by the users, who gave their opinion about its feasibility, as well as the adjustments which must be made for the population's effective use. It was found that the application of system for subjects of inundation and flooding is complex in relation for other types of events due to its temporal dynamics characteristics. The results of the questionnaire, applied to evaluate the system, demonstrated the public utility of the application and the interest of the population for a dynamic system that enables the exchange of information on the problem of inundation and flooding in near real time in the city of Sao Paulo.
In-canopy gradients, composition, sources, and optical properties of aerosol over the Amazon forest

[1] As part of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia-European Studies on Trace Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry (LBA-EUSTACH), size-fractionated aerosol samples were collected at a primary rain forest in the Brazilian Amazon during two field campaigns in April–May and September–October 1999. These two periods encompassed parts of the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Daytime-nighttime-segregated sampling was carried out at three different heights (above, within, and below canopy level) on a 54-m meteorological tower at the forest site in order to better characterize the aerosol sources. The samples were analyzed for up to 19 trace elements by particle-induced X-ray emission analysis and for carbonaceous components by thermal-optical analysis. Equivalent black carbon (BCe) and gravimetric analyses were also performed. The average mass concentrations for particles <2 μm diameter were 2.2 and 33.5 μg m−3 for the wet and the dry seasons, respectively. The elements related to biomass burning and soil dust generally exhibited highest concentrations above the canopy and during daytime, while forest-derived aerosol was more concentrated underneath the canopy and during nighttime. These variations can be largely attributed to daytime convective mixing and the formation of a shallow nocturnal boundary layer, along with the possibility of enhanced nighttime release of biogenic aerosol particles. Mass scattering (αs) and mass absorption efficiency (αa) data indicate that scattering was dominated by fine aerosol, while fine and coarse aerosol both contributed significantly to absorption during both seasons. The data also suggest that components other than elemental carbon were responsible for a substantial fraction of the absorption.
Climatology of gravity waves-induced electric fields in the equatorial E region

[1] Equatorial electrojet (EEJ) observations using VHF radars show backscattered echoes from two types of electron density irregularities explained by the modified two-stream (Type I) and the gradient drift (Type II) instabilities. From the Type II irregularity velocities obtained by a radar installed at Sao Luiz Space Observatory (2.58°S, 44.23°W, magnetic latitude 0.23°S) we have inferred the vertical electric fields (Ez). The Ez inference was based on geomagnetic field and atmospheric models. A harmonic analysis of these electric fields shows the presence of gravity waves (GW) induced oscillations in the EEJ. We calculated the ratio between GW-related electric fields and the total Ez, which is an indicator of the efficiency in the production of an additional electric field due to a gravity wave neutral wind. In the present paper we describe the methodology of analysis and discuss some characteristics of the gravity waves that could modify the equatorial ionospheric electric fields.
On the limits of Antarctic and marine climate records synchronization: Lag estimates during marine isotopic stages 5d and 5c

[1] North Atlantic sediment records (MD95-2042), Greenland (Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP)) and Antarctica (Byrd and Vostok) ice core climate records have been synchronized over marine isotopic stage 3 (MIS 3) (64 to 24 kyr B.P.) (Shackleton et al., 2000). The resulting common timescale suggested that MD95-2042 δ18Obenthic fluctuations were synchronous with temperature changes in Antarctica (δDice or δ18Oice records). In order to assess the persistency of this result we have used here the recent Greenland NorthGRIP ice core covering the last glacial inception. We transfer the Antarctic Vostok GT4 timescale to NorthGRIP δ18Oice and MD95-2042 δ18Oplanktonic records and precisely quantify all the relative timing uncertainties. During the rapid warming of Dansgaard-Oeschger 24, MD95-2042 δ18Obenthic decrease is in phase with δ18Oplanktonic decrease and therefore with NorthGRIP temperature increase, but it takes place 1700 ± 1100 years after the Antarctic warming. Thus the present study reveals that the results obtained previously for MIS 3 cannot be generalized and demonstrates the need to improve common chronologies for marine and polar archives.
Implementation of Novel Molecular Biomarkers for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in the Netherlands: How to Deal With Increasing Complexity

The diagnostic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is changing rapidly with the availability of novel treatments. Despite high-level healthcare in the Netherlands, not all patients with NSCLC are tested with the currently relevant predictive tumor markers that are necessary for optimal decision-making for today's available targeted or immunotherapy. An expert workshop on the molecular diagnosis of NSCLC involving pulmonary oncologists, clinical chemists, pathologists, and clinical scientists in molecular pathology was held in the Netherlands on December 10, 2018. The aims of the workshop were to facilitate cross-disciplinary discussions regarding standards of practice, and address recent developments and associated challenges that impact future practice. This paper presents a summary of the discussions and consensus opinions of the workshop participants on the initial challenges of harmonization of the detection and clinical use of predictive markers of NSCLC. A key theme identified was the need for broader and active participation of all stakeholders involved in molecular diagnostic services for NSCLC, including healthcare professionals across all disciplines, the hospitals and clinics involved in service delivery, healthcare insurers, and industry groups involved in diagnostic and treatment innovations. Such collaboration is essential to integrate different technologies into molecular diagnostics practice, to increase nationwide patient access to novel technologies, and to ensure consensus-preferred biomarkers are tested.
SAHARAN DUST OUTBREAKS TOWARDS EUROPE: 3 YEARS OF SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS BY THE EUROPEAN LIDAR NETWORK IN THE FRAME OF THE EARLINET PROJECT (2000-2003)

ABSTRACT During a three-year period (2000-2003) 90 Saharan dust outbreaks over Europe were monitored by a coordinated aerosol lidar Network in the frame of the EARLINET project. Multiple aerosol layers of variable thickness (200-2500 m) were systematically observed in the altitude region 1.5-8 km height asl. , while traces of dust particles reached heights of 8-10 km, after a 2-5 days transport from the source region. Aerosol optical depths, depolarization ratios and extinction-to-backscatter ratios (lidar ratios) of aerosols ranged from 0.3-0.8 (at 355 nm or 351 nm), 10 to 25 % and 35 to 80 sr, respectively, within the lofted dust plumes. Air mass back-trajectory analysis and model calculations from the DREAM model, in conjunction with satellite data analysis (MODIS, TOMS, SeaWiFS), related the measurements during these dust events to the Saharan region. The vertical and horizontal extent of these outbreaks is discussed and their seasonal distribution is given. 1. INTRODUCTION Atmospheric particles and mainly the mineral dust particles, play an important role in the earth’s radiation balance and climate, by scattering and absorbing, both incoming and outgoing radiation [1,2]. Every year very large (million of tons) quantities of desert dust from the Sahara and surrounding regions are exported to the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea [3-5]. Up to 2000 the Saharan dust events had been more systematically studied over the Mediterranean region using satellite data [6], thus up to that year, only a few publications existed on the vertical distribution of desert dust particles over Europe [7-8]. Since 2000, the EARLINET project provided the first systematic aerosol lidar observations of Saharan dust aerosols over the European continent [9-13], on a coherent network basis. Dust model simulations were found to be consistent with the lidar network observations [11,14].
An assessment of ocean margin anaerobic processes on oceanic alkalinity budget

Recent interest in the ocean's capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2 and buffer the accompanying “ocean acidification” has prompted discussions on the magnitude of ocean margin alkalinity production via anaerobic processes. However, available estimates are largely based on gross reaction rates or misconceptions regarding reaction stoichiometry. In this paper, we argue that net alkalinity gain does not result from the internal cycling of nitrogen and sulfur species or from the reduction of metal oxides. Instead, only the processes that involve permanent loss of anaerobic remineralization products, i.e., nitrogen gas from net denitrification and reduced sulfur (i.e., pyrite burial) from net sulfate reduction, could contribute to this anaerobic alkalinity production. Our revised estimate of net alkalinity production from anaerobic processes is on the order of 4–5 Tmol yr−1 in global ocean margins that include both continental shelves and oxygen minimum zones, significantly smaller than the previously estimated rate of 16–31 Tmol yr−1. In addition, pyrite burial in coastal habitats (salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrass meadows) may contribute another 0.1–1.1 Tmol yr−1, although their long‐term effect is not yet clear under current changing climate conditions and rising sea levels. Finally, we propose that these alkalinity production reactions can be viewed as “charge transfer” processes, in which negative charges of nitrate and sulfate ions are converted to those of bicarbonate along with a net loss of these oxidative anions.
Insights from very Large Ensemble Data Assimilation Experiments with a High Resolution General circulation model of the Red Sea

Ensemble Kalman Filters (EnKFs), which assimilate observations based on statistics derived from samples of ocean states called ensemble, have become the norm for ocean data assimilation (DA) and forecasting. These schemes are commonly implemented with inflation and localization techniques to increase their ensemble spread and to filter out spurious long-range correlations resulting from the limited-size ensembles imposed by computational burden constraints. Such ad hoc methods were found not necessary in ensemble DA experiments with simplified ocean/atmospheric models and large ensembles. Here, we conduct a series of 1-year-long ensemble experiments with a fully realistic EnKF-DA system in the Red Sea using tens-to-thousands of ensemble members. The system assimilates satellite and in-situ observations and accounts for model uncertainties by integrating a 4km-resolution ocean model with ECMWF atmospheric ensemble fields, perturbed internal physics and initial conditions for forecasting. Our results indicate that accounting for model uncertainties is more beneficial than simply increasing the ensemble size, with the improvements due to large ensemble leveling off at about 250 members. Besides, and in contrast to what is commonly observed with simplified models, the investigated ensemble DA system still required localization even when implemented with thousands of members. These findings are explained by (i) amplified spurious long-range correlations produced by the low-rank nature of the ECMWF atmospheric forcing ensemble, and (ii) non-Gaussianity generated by the perturbed internal physical parameterization schemes. Large ensemble forcing fields and non-Gaussian DA methods might be needed to take full benefits from large ensembles in ocean DA.
Immunomodulators and risk for breakthrough infection after third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A cohort study

Objectives: To investigate COVID-19 breakthrough infection after third mRNA vaccine dose among patients with RA by immunomodulator drug class, and we hypothesized that CD20 inhibitors (CD20i) would have higher risk for breakthrough COVID-19 vs. TNF inhibitors (TNFi). Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study investigating breakthrough COVID-19 among RA patients at Mass General Brigham in Boston, MA, USA. Patients were followed from the date of 3rd vaccine dose until breakthrough COVID-19, death, or end of follow-up (18/Jan/2023). Covariates included demographics, lifestyle, comorbidities, and prior COVID-19. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate breakthrough COVID-19 risk by immunomodulator drug class. We used propensity score (PS) overlap-weighting to compare users of CD20i vs. TNFi. Results: We analyzed 5781 patients with RA that received 3 mRNA vaccine doses (78.8% female, mean age 64.2 years). During mean follow-up of 12.8 months, 1173 (20.2%) had breakthrough COVID_19. Use of CD20i (adjusted HR 1.74, 95%CI 1.30-2.33) and glucocorticoid monotherapy (adjusted HR 1.47, 95%CI 1.09-1.98) were each associated with breakthrough COVID-19 compared to TNFi use. In the PS overlap-weighted analysis, CD20i users also had higher breakthrough COVID-19 risk than TNFi users (HR 1.62, 95%CI 1.02-2.56). A sensitivity analysis excluding patients with cancer or interstitial lung disease yielded similar findings. Conclusions: We identified CD20i and glucocorticoid monotherapy as risk factors for breakthrough COVID-19 among patients with RA after a 3rd vaccine dose. This contemporary study highlights the real-world impact of blunted immune responses in these subgroups and the need for effective risk mitigation strategies.
The impact of Radial and Quasi-Radial IMF on the Earth’s Magnetopause Size and Shape, and Dawn-Dusk 2 Asymmetry from Global 3D Kinetic Simulations

The boundary between the solar wind (SW) and the Earth’s magnetosphere, named the magnetopause (MP), is highly dynamic. Its location and shape can vary as a function of different SW parameters such as density, velocity, and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientations. In the present paper an event of July 26, 2017, captured by THEMIS spacecraft is simulated by a 3D kinetic Particle-In-Cell (IAPIC) code. We investigate the impact of radial (B = Bx) and quasi-radial (Bz < Bx,By) IMF on the shape and size of Earth’s MP for a dipole tilt of 31* using both maximum density steepening and pressure system balance methods for identifying the boundary. We found that, compared with northward or southward-dominant IMF conditions, the MP position expands asymmetrically by 8 to 22\% under radial IMF. In addition, we construct the MP shape along the tilted magnetic equator and the OX axes showing that the expansion is asymmetric, not global, stronger on the MP flanks, and is sensitive to the ambient IMF. Finally, we investigate the contribution of SW ions back-scattered by the bow shock to the MP expansion, the temperature anisotropy in the magnetosheath, and a strong dawn-dusk asymmetry in MP location. These simulations can substantially contribute in a complementary manner with the available MHD and Hybrid models to both future space mission measurements and exoplanet magnetosphere investigations.
Depth dependence of rupture velocity in deep earthquakes

Explaining deep seismicity is a long‐standing challenge in earth science. Between 300 and 700 km depth, earthquakes are scarce except between ∼530 and ∼600 km, where the majority of events occur. By imaging the seismic rupture process for a set of recent deep earthquakes using the back projection of teleseismic P‐waves, we found that the rupture velocities are less than 60% of the shear wave velocity except in the depth range of 530 to 610 km. We propose that large fracture surface energy (Gc) values for deep earthquakes generally prevent the acceleration of dynamic rupture propagation and generation of earthquakes between 300 and 700 km depth, whereas small Gc value in the exceptional depth range promote dynamic rupture propagation and explain the seismicity peak near 600 km.