Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOWS UP TO RE=590

Numerical simulations of fully developed turbulent channel flow at three Reynolds numbers up to Reτ=590 are reported. It is noted that the higher Reynolds number simulations exhibit fewer low Reynolds number effects than previous simulations at Reτ=180. A comprehensive set of statistics gathered from the simulations is available on the web at http://www.tam. uiuc.edu/Faculty/Moser/channel.
Association of subjective cognitive complaints with poor sleep quality: A cross‐sectional study among Chinese elderly

Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) are the earliest symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Increasing evidence shows an association between poor sleep quality and SCC, but the current conclusions regarding the association between poor sleep quality and SCC in older adults are contradictory. Here, we aimed to explore the correlation of SCC with poor sleep quality among older adults without dementia living in nursing home and community in China.
The Early Careers of Social Science Graduates and the Value of a PhD

To look at the relevance of a PhD to the careers of graduates in the social sciences, the Economic and Social Research Council commissioned a survey of a sample of graduates in certain social science subjects who gained firstor upper second-class honours degrees at British universities between 1972 and 1977. A substantial proportion of respondents with PhDs, and especially of those who also held first-class honours, had become university teachers. The rest were scattered over a wide range of jobs, but few of them had needed a PhD to gain their first job after completing their studies, and there was no job group where the majority of respondents said that they had needed a PhD to do their first job well. In all job groups there were some respondents who regarded skills in research as relevant to their jobs, but other qualities imparted by a university, such as a training of the mind, were generally regarded as more relevant. Graduates with no university level post-graduate qualifications were generally paid more than those with a PhD, implying that employers put a higher value on experience in employment than on post-graduate research.
Prevalence and correlates of adolescent self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: A population-based study in Burkina Faso

Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) are a growing concern among youth in sub-Saharan Africa, but their prevalence and correlates in this region are poorly understood. We therefore examined self-reported SITBs in a population-representative sample of youth in rural Burkina Faso. We used interviews from 1,538 adolescents aged 12 to 20 years living in 10 villages and 1 town in northwestern Burkina Faso. Adolescents were asked about their experiences with suicidal and nonsuicidal SITBs, adverse environmental factors, psychiatric symptoms, and interpersonal-social experiences. SITBs included lifetime prevalence of life is not worth living, passive suicide ideation, active suicide ideation, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). After describing SITB prevalence, we ran logistic and negative binomial regression models to predict SITBs. Weighted lifetime SITB prevalence estimates were: 15.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.7–18.0) for NSSI; 15.1% (95% CI: [13.2, 17.0]) for life is not worth living; 5.0% (95% CI [3.9, 6.0]) for passive suicide ideation; and 2.3% (95% CI [1.6, 3.0]) for active suicide ideation. Prevalence of life is not worth living increased with age. All four SITBs were significantly positively associated with mental health symptoms (depression symptoms, probable posttraumatic stress disorder) and interpersonal-social experiences (peer and social connectedness, physical assault, sexual assault and unwanted sexual experiences). Females were significantly more likely to report that their life was not worth living compared to males (aOR = 0.68; 95% CI [0.48, 0.96]). There is a high prevalence of SITBs among youth in rural Burkina Faso, most notably NSSI and life is not worth living, with interpersonal-social factors being the strongest predictors. Our results highlight the need for longitudinal SITB assessment to understand how risk for SITBs operates in resource-constrained settings, and to design interventions to mitigate risk. Given low school enrollment in rural Burkina Faso, it will be important to consider youth suicide prevention and mental health initiatives that are not school-based.
Skeletal muscle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the major adult-onset motor neuron disease, has been viewed almost exclusively as a disease of upper and lower motor neurons, with muscle changes interpreted as a consequence of the progressive loss of motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions. This has led to the prevailing view that the involvement of muscle in ALS is only secondary to motor neuron loss. Skeletal muscle and motor neurons reciprocally influence their respective development and constitute a single functional unit. In ALS, multiple studies indicate that skeletal muscle dysfunction might contribute to progressive muscle weakness, as well as to the final demise of neuromuscular junctions and motor neurons. Furthermore, skeletal muscle has been shown to participate in disease pathogenesis of several monogenic diseases closely related to ALS. Here, we move the narrative towards a better appreciation of muscle as a contributor of disease in ALS. We review the various potential roles of skeletal muscle cells in ALS, from passive bystanders to active players in ALS pathophysiology. We also compare ALS to other motor neuron diseases and draw perspectives for future research and treatment.
The SSS revolution in fungal diagnostics: speed, simplicity and sensitivity

Abstract Introduction Fungal disease has historically presented a diagnostic challenge due to its often non-specific clinical presentations, relative infrequency and reliance on insensitive and time-intensive fungal culture. Sources of data We present the recent developments in fungal diagnostics in the fields of serological and molecular diagnosis for the most clinically relevant pathogens; developments that have the potential to revolutionize fungal diagnosis through improvements in speed, simplicity and sensitivity. We have drawn on a body of evidence including recent studies and reviews demonstrating the effectiveness of antigen and antibody detection and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients with and without concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection. Areas of agreement This includes recently developed fungal lateral flow assays, which have a low cost and operator skill requirement that give them great applicability to low-resource settings. Antigen detection for Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Aspergillus spp. are much more sensitive than culture. PCR for Candida spp. , Aspergillus spp. , Mucorales and Pneumocystis jirovecii is more sensitive than culture and usually faster. Areas of controversy Effort must be made to utilize recent developments in fungal diagnostics in clinical settings outside of specialist centres and integrate their use into standard medical practice. Given the clinical similarities of the conditions and frequent co-infection, further study is required into the use of serological and molecular fungal tests, particularly in patients being treated for tuberculosis. Growing points Further study is needed to clarify the utility of these tests in low-resource settings confounded by a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Areas timely for developing research The diagnostic utility of these tests may require revision of laboratory work flows, care pathways and clinical and lab coordination, especially for any facility caring for the immunosuppressed, critically ill or those with chronic chest conditions, in whom fungal disease is common and underappreciated.
A Reusable Model-agnostic Framework for Faithfully Explainable Recommendation and System Scrutability

State-of-the-art industrial-level recommender system applications mostly adopt complicated model structures such as deep neural networks. While this helps with the model performance, the lack of system explainability caused by these nearly blackbox models also raises concerns and potentially weakens the users’ trust in the system. Existing work on explainable recommendation mostly focuses on designing interpretable model structures to generate model-intrinsic explanations. However, most of them have complex structures, and it is difficult to directly apply these designs onto existing recommendation applications due to the effectiveness and efficiency concerns. However, while there have been some studies on explaining recommendation models without knowing their internal structures (i.e., model-agnostic explanations), these methods have been criticized for not reflecting the actual reasoning process of the recommendation model or, in other words, faithfulness. How to develop model-agnostic explanation methods and evaluate them in terms of faithfulness is mostly unknown. In this work, we propose a reusable evaluation pipeline for model-agnostic explainable recommendation. Our pipeline evaluates the quality of model-agnostic explanation from the perspectives of faithfulness and scrutability. We further propose a model-agnostic explanation framework for recommendation and verify it with the proposed evaluation pipeline. Extensive experiments on public datasets demonstrate that our model-agnostic framework is able to generate explanations that are faithful to the recommendation model. We additionally provide quantitative and qualitative study to show that our explanation framework could enhance the scrutability of blackbox recommendation model. With proper modification, our evaluation pipeline and model-agnostic explanation framework could be easily migrated to existing applications. Through this work, we hope to encourage the community to focus more on faithfulness evaluation of explainable recommender systems.
A SMOOTH POPULATION RESPONSE CURVE BASED ON AN ABRUPT THRESHOLD AND PLATEAU MODEL FOR INDIVIDUALS

SUMMARY An individual animal or plant may start to respond to a stimulus only when that stimulus exceeds a certain level, Xo. The response may then be linear until the response reaches a certain value Yj when a plateau is reached and the response stays constant. The values of Xo and Y, may be different for different individuals. Making certain assumptions about the distribution of Xo and Y1 over the population of individuals, it is shown how a smooth response curve for a population can be obtained. Problems of estimating the parameters in the model are discussed and the method applied to the estimation of the egg production response curve for a flock of chickens fed varying amounts of methionine. The relevance of the results for deciding on an optimum level of methionine intake are discussed.
Temperature Dependence of Two- and Three-Gluon Condensates in the Instanton Vacuum

The two-gluon and three-gluon condensates at finite temperature are calculated in the framework of the grand partition function for a weak-interacting instanton medium of a disordered phase. The interference parts of both chromomagnetic and chromoelectric two-gluon condensates are found to be small but still significant for a quantitative determination of the value of the condensates at very low temperature, and negligible at the temperature above , with respect to their non-interference ones. The interference parts of the three-gluon condensates are found to be quite small even at very low temperature. With the QCD scale parameter fixed by the value of the Lorentz invariant two-gluon condensate at zero temperature, the value of the three-gluon condensate at zero temperature is found to be coincident with the phenomenological estimate. The values of the gluon condensates decrease when temperature increases, and are negligible when the temperature goes beyond in the case of the pure gauge theory.
The end-Cretaceous plant extinction: Heterogeneity, ecosystem transformation, and insights for the future

The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) mass extinction was geologically instantaneous, causing the most drastic extinction rates in Earth’s History. The rapid species losses and environmental destruction from the Chicxulub impact at 66.02 Ma made the K–Pg the most comparable past event to today’s projected “sixth” mass extinction. The extinction famously eliminated major clades of animals and plankton. However, for land plants, losses primarily occurred among species observed in regional studies but left no global trace at the family or major-clade level, leading to questions about whether there was a significant K–Pg plant extinction. We review emerging paleobotanical data from the Americas and argue that the evidence strongly favors profound (generally >50%), geographically heterogeneous species losses and recovery consistent with mass extinction. The heterogeneity appears to reflect several factors, including distance from the impact site and marine and latitudinal buffering of the impact winter. The ensuing transformations have affected all land life, including true angiosperm dominance in the world’s forests, the birth of the hyperdiverse Neotropical rainforest biome, and evolutionary radiations leading to many crown angiosperm clades. Although the worst outcomes are still preventable, the sixth mass extinction could mirror the K–Pg event by eliminating comparable numbers of plant species in a geologic instant, impoverishing and eventually transforming terrestrial ecosystems while having little effect on global plant-family diversity.
Immunoregulation and Resistance to Aquatic Pathogens with Dietary Nucleotides in Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Using vegetable protein sources as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (PWS) has a negative impact on their health. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, affects PWS and causes financial losses. Nucleotides modulate the immune response and could contribute to counteracting these issues. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of nucleotide supplementation on performance, immune response, and survival when challenged with V. parahaemolyticus, in PWS receiving a diet with FM partially replaced with vegetable protein sources. A feeding trial (1000 PWS; 56 days) and a challenge trial (600 PWS; 10 days) were performed using diets with different FM inclusion levels (26%, 23.4%, 22.1%, and 20.8%), with or without 0.1% nucleotides. A non-challenged, non-supplemented group was also used in the challenge trial. Adding nucleotides to diets with reduced FM allowed significantly better results in growth performance parameters and total hemocyte count (THC). In the challenge trial, compared to control, nucleotide supplementation led to significantly higher THC and survival rate 15 h post-challenge. In conclusion, adding nucleotides to PWS diets improves their immune response and resistance to aquatic pathogens, allowing FM to be replaced by vegetable protein sources without negatively affecting performance.
Carrier-Free Inhalable Dry Microparticles of Celecoxib: Use of the Electrospraying Technique

Upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) plays an important role in lung cancer pathogenesis. Celecoxib (CLX), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, may have beneficial effects in COVID-19-induced inflammatory storms. The current study aimed to develop carrier-free inhalable CLX microparticles by electrospraying as a dry powder formulation for inhalation (DPI). CLX microparticles were prepared through an electrospraying method using a suitable solvent mixture at two different drug concentrations. The obtained powders were characterized in terms of their morphology, solid state, dissolution behavior, and aerosolization performance. Electrosprayed particles obtained from the ethanol–acetone solvent mixture with a drug concentration of 3 % w/v exhibited the best in vitro aerosolization properties. The value of the fine particle fraction obtained for the engineered drug particles was 12-fold higher than that of the untreated CLX. When the concentration of CLX was increased, a remarkable reduction in FPF was obtained. The smallest median mass aerodynamic diameter was obtained from the electrosprayed CLX at a 3% concentration (2.82 µm) compared to 5% (3.25 µm) and untreated CLX (4.18 µm). DSC and FTIR experiments showed no change in drug crystallinity or structure of the prepared powders during the electrospraying process. The findings of this study suggest that electrospraying has potential applications in the preparation of DPI formulations.
Factors contributing to Truancy in Madrasas in Msambweni Sub-County

- The study was directed by the following objective: to investigate the factors contributing to truancy in Madrasa, to establish the effects of truancy in Madrasa on the religious development of children in Msambweni Sub-County. By using survey design the study was guided by Social Control Theory (SCT) which explains why individuals choose to obey conventional norms. For the purpose of this study, the researcher included160 respondents, representing 10% of the entire population. From the total of 50 madrasas 5 were selected using stratified sampling technique leading to 10% of the target population. Using simple random technique 10 madrasa teachers represented the 50 teachers. 20 children were selected using simple random sampling from each madrasa translating to a total of 100 children. 50 parents were selected using snow balling technique from a population of 500 parents. This translates to 10 madrasas 10 teachers, 100 children and 50 parents. Data collected was analyzed using Microsoft excel. Quantitative statistics such as frequencies and percentages was used to analyze the responses from the participants. Qualitative data from the questionnaires were analyzed according to patterns of their views
strength of synaptic connections between nerve cells and inducing morphological changes in neurons

The serotonin 5-HT1A receptor system is implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) (Stockmeier, 2003) and serotonergic medications are currently widely used in the treatment of MDD. Previous molecular imaging studies in patients with MDD have provided evidence of a widespread decrease in the density of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in the disease (Drevets et al. 1999; Sargent et al. 2000 ; Bhagwagar et al. 2004 ; Meltzer et al. 2004 ; Hirvonen et al. 2008, but see Parsey et al. 2006 for opposite results). Psychotherapy usually results in clinically identical outcomes with medication in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate MDD (Ebmeier et al. 2006). However, nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of psychotherapy. To test and compare the effects of fluoxetine medication and a brief psychotherapy on 5-HT1A receptor density in patients with MDD we conducted a randomized comparative study. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with the 5-HT1A radiotracer [carbonyl-C]WAY-100635 was performed before and after the intervention to measure alterations in 5-HT1A receptor binding.
Differentiation of Spatial Units of Genus Euthynnus from the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Using Otolith Shape Analysis

The shape of sagitta otoliths was used to compare individuals of little tunny (Euthynnus alleteratus) harvested on board commercial fishing vessels from the coastal areas along the Eastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea. Fish sampling and selection was designed to cover possible seasonal changes and tuna size. The research encompassed both morphometric and shape analyses of left sagittal otoliths extracted of 504 fish specimens. Four shape indices (Circularity, Roundness, Rectangularity, and Form-Factor) were significantly different between two groups, showing a statistical differentiation between two clear spatial units. The degree of divergence was even more pronounced along the rostrum, postrostrum, and excisura of the generated otolith outlines between these two groups. One group corresponds to the samples from the coastal areas in the Northeast Temperate Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (NETAM Area) and a second group from the coastal areas off the Eastern Tropical Atlantic coast of Africa (ETA Area). This study is the first to use otolith shape to differentiate tunas from separate spatial units. These results could be used to re-classify previously collected samples and to correct time series of data collected.
Effects of Mott–Schottky Frequency Selection and Other Controlling Factors on Flat-Band Potential and Band-Edge Position Determination of TiO2

The use of titanium dioxide for tackling environmental pollution has attracted great research interest recently. The potential of a photocatalyst in removing contaminants depends mainly on its conduction and valence-band edges relative to the standard potential of reactive oxygen species. One of the methods used in determining these band-edge positions is via the Mott–Schottky analysis. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the Mott–Schottky frequency and different electrochemical conditions on flat-band potential values and band-edge positions of pure anatase or Degussa P25, calcined or uncalcined in a 0.2 M Na2SO4 solution. The results showed that the shift in the flat-band potential was not so frequency-dependent in the Mott–Schottky analysis, however, other reasons, such as immersion duration leading to thenardite Na2SO4 salt deposition on the surface, irradiation of sources and the change in the pH of the solution (in the range of 1.64–12.11) were also responsible for it. In general, both the calcined anatase and P25 had a less negative value of the flat-band potential compared to the uncalcined. On the other hand, the calcined anatase had a tendency to have a less negative value of the flat-band potential than the calcined P25. From this study, the frequency range for obtaining the flat-band potential within one standard deviation in the Mott–Schottky at a single-frequency analysis was found to be between 200 and 2000 Hz. The energy difference between the Fermi level and the conduction band edge for anatase and P25, either calcined or uncalcined, was 0.097–0.186 and 0.084–0.192 eV, respectively. On the other hand, the band-edge position of anatase or P25 tended to shift upwards when it was repeatedly used in the photoelectrochemical analysis.
A Short Review: Comparison of Zinc–Manganese Dioxide Batteries with Different pH Aqueous Electrolytes

As the world moves towards sustainable and renewable energy sources, there is a need for reliable energy storage systems. A good candidate for such an application could be to improve secondary aqueous zinc–manganese dioxide (Zn-MnO2) batteries. For this reason, different aqueous Zn-MnO2 battery technologies are discussed in this short review, focusing on how electrolytes with different pH affect the battery. Improvements and achievements in alkaline aqueous Zn-MnO2 batteries the recent years have been briefly reviewed. Additionally, mild to acidic aqueous electrolyte employment in Zn-MnO2 batteries has been described, acknowledging their potential success, as such a battery design can increase the potential by up to 2 V. However, we have also recognized a novel battery electrolyte type that could increase even more scientific interest in aqueous Zn-MnO2 batteries. Consisting of an alkaline electrolyte in the anode compartment and an acidic electrolyte in the cathode compartment, this dual (amphoteric) electrolyte system permits the extension of the battery cell potential above 2 V without water decomposition. In addition, papers describing pH immobilization in aqueous zinc–manganese compound batteries and the achieved results are reported and discussed.