Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding the computational difficulty of a binary-weight perceptron and the advantage of input sparseness

Limited precision of synaptic weights is a key aspect of both biological and hardware implementation of neural networks. To assign low-precise weights during learning is a non-trivial task, but may benefit from representing to-be-learned items using sparse code. However, the computational difficulty resulting from low weight precision and the advantage of sparse coding remain not fully understood. Here, we study a perceptron model, which associates binary (0 or 1) input patterns with desired outputs using binary (0 or 1) weights, modeling a single neuron receiving excitatory inputs. Two efficient perceptron solvers (SBPI and rBP) usually find solutions in the dense solution region. We studied this dense-region-approaching process through a decimation algorithm, where at every time step, marginal probabilities of unfixed weights were evaluated, then the most polarized weight was fixed at its preferred value. We compared the decimation-fixing order of weights with the dynamics of SBPI and rBP, and studied the structure of solution subspace where early-decimation-fixed weights take their fixed values. We found that in SBPI and rBP, most time steps are spent on determining values of late-decimation-fixed weights. This algorithmic difficult point may result from strong cross-correlation between late-decimation-fixed weights in , and is related to solution condensation in during decimation. Input sparseness reduces time steps that SBPI and rBP need to find solutions, due to reduction of cross-correlation between late-decimation-fixed weights. When contraint density increases across a transition point, the portion of weights whose values are difficult to determine sharply increases, signaling difficult accessibility of the dense solution region. We propose that computational difficulty of a binary-weight perceptron is related to a solution condensation process during approaching the dense solution region. Our work highlights the heterogeneity of learning dynamics of weights, which may help understand axonal pruning in brain development, and inspire more efficient algorithms to train neural networks.
Amino Acids Fortification of Low-protein Diet for Broilers Under Tropical Climate. 2. Nonessential Amino Acids and Increasing Essential Amino Acids

A three-week trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of nonessential amino acids (NEAA) supplementation to a low-crude protein (CP) diet with adequate essential amino acids (EAA) level on growth performance, blood metabolites, and relative weights of abdominal fat, breast yield, and internal organs in broiler chickens raised under tropical hot and humid environment. Five isocaloric (3000 metabolisable energy/kg) corn-soybean diets were administered (1 to 21 days) to 5 groups of broilers (60 birds/group) as follows: i) 22.2% CP (positive control; PC); ii) 16.2% CP+all EAA to meet or exceed the National Research Council (1994) recommendations (negative control; NC); iii) NC+further EAA to equal the levels in the PC diet; iv) NC+NEAA to equal the levels in the PC; v) NC+EAA and NEAA to equal the amino acids levels in the PC diet. The results showed that the fortification of EAA alone, only improved feed intake (FI), whereas, addition of NEAA or EAA+NEAA significantly enhanced body weight, daily weight gain, and FI and decreased the feed conversion ratio to the same levels as in PC. Serum uric acid was significantly reduced and serum triglyceride increased in NC group. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on relative weights of heart, liver, abdominal fat, breast meat yield, serum albumin, and serum total protein. In conclusion, these results suggest that NEAA fortification may improve the growth performance of broilers fed an excessive low-CP diet under tropical hot and humid condition.
Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum e anti-Toxoplasma gondii em cães com leishmaniose visceral

Uninfected dogs and those naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi exhibiting different clinical forms of disease were evaluated for the presence of anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Blood samples were collected from 110 mongrel dogs. Sera were tested using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), and the animals with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (n=60) were classified clinically. Out of the 110 sera investigated, 5 (4.5%) were positive for N. caninum (IFAT>50) and 36 (32.7%) for T. gondii (IFAT>16). Anti-L. chagasi antibody titers in asymptomatic dogs (n=10) were found to be significantly lower (P<0.05) than those in oligosymptomatic ones (n=22), which were in turn significantly lower (P<0.05) than those in symptomatic ones (n=28). No association between Leishmania and N. caninum infections was observed. Among dogs infected with L. chagasi, a tendency (P=0.053) towards an association between the infection with T. gondii and the appearance of VL symptoms was observed, suggesting that the clinical manifestation of VL in dogs may enhance their susceptibility to T. gondii. The possible influence of the immunosuppressive status of canine leishmaniasis in the different clinical forms of the disease is discussed.
Internet of Things(IOT) based Irrigation System With and Without Internet and Pump Set Control

Agriculture is assumed to be a fundamental job in the improvement of a farming nation. In India about 70% of population rely on cultivation and 33% of the country's capital mainly originates from cultivation. Problems concerning agricultural business have been neutralizing the improvement of the nation. The main solution for this issue is by rationalizing the current conventional techniques for agribusiness. Thus, the propound goes for making agriculture ingenious by utilizing computerization and IOT advances. For agricultural purposes, it is important that the information about field requirements, for instance, air and soil conditions, amount of underground water, wind speed and other appropriate conditions, rapid and powerfully available for use by agribusiness management systems, by experts, or the farmer itself in deciding processes. This system aims at making irrigation advanced using IOT and automation technologies.
ANÁLISIS FLORÍSTICO DE DOS ÁREAS CON BOSQUE MESÓFILO DE MONTAÑA EN EL ESTADO DE HIDALGO, MÉXICO: ELOXOCHITLÁN Y TLAHUELOMPA

The cloud forests of Eloxochitlan and Tlahuelompa represent two fragments with different floristic composition of the Hidalgo State, Mexico, in the Huasteca region of the Sierra Madre Oriental. In the arboreal vegetation three vertical strata can be distinguished: high (20-30 or even 40 m), medium (820 m), and lower (2-8 m). A floristic list of vascular plants of both areas constituted by 394 species, 266 genera, and 110 families is presented. An analysis of the current distribution of the genera reveals that many of the genera are distributed exclusively in America, usually those of the understory (93 genera, 35%); most genera of the canopy trees are distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere (25 genera, 9.4%). The areas with Fagus grandifolia ssp. mexicana in the state of Hidalgo are suggested as reserve areas due to the relictual and endemic character of this taxon.
Consumption of flea beetles (Phyllotreta, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by spiders in field habitats detected by molecular analysis

Abstract Flea beetles, Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) species, are often found in oilseed rape (OSR), Brassica napus Linnaeus (Brassicaceae). Among predators in the generalist predator complex present in agricultural fields, wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) are found on the ground and cobweb spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) build webs in the foliage. We present group-specific primers developed for five flea beetle species within the genus Phyllotreta and study the incidence of predation of flea beetles by these spider groups using DNA-based gut-content analysis. Wolf spiders of the genus Pardosa Koch and the cobweb spider, Phylloneta impressa (Koch), were collected in three winter OSR fields. Flea beetle densities as well as the occurrence of predators and alternative prey were monitored. In total 19.4% of the collected Pardosa tested positive for flea beetle DNA in the polymerase chain reaction analyses, whereas 10% P. impressa were positive. Pardosa were more likely to be positive for flea beetle DNA when Pardosa activity density was low. Phylloneta impressa were more likely to be positive for flea beetle DNA if they were positive for pollen beetle DNA. Implications of these results for conservation biological control and future studies of food webs in OSR are discussed. Résumé Les altises, Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), sont des insectes ravageurs souvent présents sur le colza, Brassica napus Linnaeus (Brassicaceae). Parmi l'ensemble des prédateurs généralistes que l'on rencontre dans les milieux agricoles, les araignées-loups (Araneae: Lycosidae) évoluent au niveau du sol alors que les araignées tisseuses (Araneae: Theridiidae) construisent leur toile au niveau du feuillage. Nous présentons ici des amorces spécifiques développées pour cinq espèces d'altises du genre Phyllotreta. Ces amorces ont été utilisées pour étudier l'incidence de la prédation des altises par ces groupes d'araignées sur la base d'analyses ADN de leurs contenus stomacaux. Des araignées-loups du genre Pardosa et des araignées tisseuses, Phylloneta impressa (Koch) ont été collectées dans trois parcelles de colza d'hiver. La densité des altises, ainsi que la présence des araignées et de leurs proies alternatives ont été mesurées. Au total, 19.4% des araignées du genre Pardosa Koch collectées ont répondu positivement à l'ADN d'altises lors des analyses par PCR, alors que 10% des P. impressa ont répondu positivement. Les araignées du genre Pardosa étaient plus susceptibles de répondre positivement à l'ADN d'altises lorsque la compétition intraspécifique était faible. En revanche, les araignées de l'espèce Phylloneta impressa étaient plus susceptibles de répondre positivement à l'ADN d'altises si elles répondaient également positivement à l'ADN de méligèthes, un autre ravageur du colza d'hiver. Nous discutons ensuite des implications des résultats de notre étude pour le développement de stratégies de lutte biologique par conservation et pour les études futures sur les réseaux trophiques en colza.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF WIND ON PLANT GROWTH AND ANATOMY

From results (Whitehead, I957) showing that wind has the effect of reducing water balance in the leaves it was considered that the anatomical and morphological changes described in the previous two papers were probably related to a reduction of relative turgidity in the leaves. This arises because the rate of water lost from the leaves is greater than the rate of water transported from the roots. It would be expected that rather similar conditions of disturbed water balance could be produced under lower transpiration conditions if the uptake of water by the roots were restricted by reducing the moisture content of the soil. Experiments were therefore carried out to see whether, under conditions of increasing soil moisture tensions, morphological and anatomical changes comparable to those arising in response to wind treatment might be produced. Seeds of Helianthus annuus var. Pole Star were planted in beakers as previously described and were selected for uniformity of size at the first leaf stage leaving one plant per beaker. In four lots of five beakers the sand was adjusted to field capacity, half field capacity, one-quarter field capacity and one-eighth field capacity respectively. The surface of the beakers was covered by a polythene disc and the drainage hole plugged to reduce evaporation. The beakers were weighed and were kept at the initial weight throughout the experiment by the twice-daily addition of the appropriate weight of water. The plants were kept in the greenhouse under similar conditions to those described in the previous papers. After 38 days of growth all the soils were brought up to field capacity, sealed to prevent undue evaporation and the beakers placed in the wind tunnel in a wind of 40 miles/hour. This wind speed is beyond the limits of tolerance for this species and the leaves eventually become desiccated despite the roots being in conditions of optimum moisture. The desiccation may be observed by a colour change to a darker green/black shade. Experience has shown that there is no recovery of plants when this colour change has occurred over half the area of the lower leaves (at this point the youngest leaves have completely changed colour). This point is termed the 'death' point in this experiment. The times were taken at which 'death' occurred for all the plants and these are shown graphically in Fig. i. It will be seen that 'death' occurred relatively quickly in the plants grown at field capacity and at one-half of field capacity. The plants grown at one-quarter of field capacity took about three times as long an exposure to the wind to reach the same stage. Whilst for 'death' to occur to the plants grown at one-eighth field capacity it was necessary to give nearly ten times as long an exposure as that fatal to the plants grown at field capacity.
Hours polarization revisited

Hours of work can vary dramatically from job to job. And some research has indicated that the greater inequality of earnings into the mid-1990s was accompanied by increasing polarization of working hours. More recently, attention has focused on a decline in average working hours. This article quantifies changes in average work hours since the 1970s and examines how changes in the distribution of work hours contribute to the overall trend.
Preparation of Sustained Release Phenobarbitone Microspheres Using Natural and Synthetic Polymers

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Changes in haematology during upstream migration in American shad

Heart mass of American shad Alosa sapidissima did not change during migration in the Connecticut River. Spleen mass decreased and there was an increase in available blood haemoglobin (+22%) and haematocrit (+9%). The decreases in spleen somatic index (-29%) and spleen haemoglobin content (-15%) were dependent upon distance travelled upriver and not seasonal migration timing or short-term exercise events such as passage up a fish ladder. There was no effect of migration timing on any of the blood parameters measured, suggesting that any physiological responses during migration were based on distance travelled rather than seasonally variable conditions such as temperature, although blood haemoglobin (+24%) and haematocrit (+21%) increased after passage up a fish ladder. These changes in haematological physiology occurring during upstream migration may increase swimming performance and migratory success in American shad.
An efficient protocol for in vitro clonal propagation of natural sweetener plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)

Leaf segments of Stevia were cultured on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mg/L) of growth regulators (BAP and 2, 4-D). Ninety one percent aseptic cultures were obtained when sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 for 10 min. The highest amount of callus was obtained in MS medium supplemented with1.0 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D, respectively. On the other hand, 2.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5 2,4-D showed lowest performance. Highest shoot was obtained in 2.0 mg/L BAP. These shoots was transfer into different concentration of IBA, NAA and IAA (0.5. 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) used. Highest rooting percentage was recorded on MS medium with 0.5 mg/L IAA. The rooted plantlets were transfer into mist chamber with relative humidity for 2 4 week after these plants were hardened and successfully established in soil.
Seasonal changes in photochemistry, light use efficiency and net photosynthetic rates of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.)

Percival, D. , Kaur, J., Hainstock, L. J. and Privé, J.-P. 2012. Seasonal changes in photochemistry, light use efficiency and net photosynthetic rates of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1135-1143. The seasonal variation of carotenoid concentration, chlorophyll a and b levels, dark- (Fv/Fm) and light-adapted (Fv'/Fm') variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (an indication of the quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry) and net photosynthesis of the wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was examined in the vegetative and cropping phases of production. Chlorophyll levels ranged from 2.0 to 12 µg cm-2 and from 0.042 to 1.4 µg cm-2 for chlorophyll a and b, respectively, were significantly lower in the cropping phase of production, and were also lower in the latter stages of the growing season. Similarly, carotenoid concentrations ranged from 0.67 to 4.1 µg cm-2 and were lower in the cropping phase of production. However, carotenoid concentration and dark- and light-adapted variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and Fv'/Fm') decreased marketably at the mid-point of the growing season, presumably as a result of photoinhibition. Net photosynthetic values of upright stems ranged from 2.1 to 7.6 µmol m-2 s-1, were substantially higher in the vegetative phase of production and also decreased significantly in the latter part of the growing season. Results from this investigation indicate that the wild blueberry has a relatively low photosynthetic rate, which may be prone to photoinhibition and limited carbohydrate supply (i.e., source) when compared with other temperate fruit crops.
Remote Operated Vehicle Geophysical Survey Using Magnetic And Vlf Methods: Proposed Schemes For Data Processing And Interpretation

Aircraft geophysical investigations are recognized now as a powerful tool for geologicalgeophysical mapping, searching economic minerals, environmental studying, ecological monitoring, etc. Two main reasons limit an effective application of such conventional investigations: (a) essential impediments of performing geophysical surveys at small altitudes, (b) heightened danger for the aircraft crew, especially in the regions with a rugged topography. Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV) are free from the above-mentioned limitations. The new ROV generation – small and maneuvering vehicles – can fly at levels of few (and even one) meters over the earth’s surface (flowing the relief forms) with simultaneous performing geophysical measurements. Besides this, geophysical investigations observed at the vehicles, should have an extremely low exploitation cost (we suggest that the exploitation ratio of ROV / conventional investigations may consist of 1/20). Finally, measurements of geophysical fields at different observation levels could provide new unique geological-geophysical information. It is proposed that the most prospective geophysical integration for ROV should include measurements of magnetic and VLF electromagnetic fields. GPS (with utilization of the improved wide-band Kalman filtering) will assure an exact topogeodetic relation for the proposed observations. The nonconventional interpreting system developed for complicated environments may be successfully applied for analysis of the ROV observed geophysical data. Keywords: airborne, magnetics
Erythropoietin measurement for monitoring of erythropoiesis in patient with erythropoiesis problem; a situation analysis in Thailand due to cost change

The investigation of erythropoietin level has just been introduced for a few years. In the first phase of introduction, it was noted that the test was not cost effective compared to the routine classical test, reticulocyte count. Nevertheless, at present, the test is more widely available. The change of unit cost a present is very interesting.
THE LIFE CYCLE, POPULATION DYNAMICS, GROWTH AND SECONDARY PRODUCTION OF BITHYNIA GRAECA (WESTERLUND, 1879) (GASTROPODA) IN LAKE KERKINI, NORTHERN GREECE

The life cycle, population dynamics, growth and secondary production of the freshwater prosobranch snail Bithynia graeca (Westerlund 1879) were studied in the artificial Lake Kerkini (Serres, Northern Greece) where water volume and depth fluctuate dramatically. B. graeca faces deterministic and stochastic aspects of this environment. Growth and reproduction were studied for two populations, one being covered by the water almost throughout the year and the other not. B. graeca is a semelparous annual freshwater snail whose life expectancy decreased with increasing age. Maturity was attained 4 months earlier for the first population. Reproduction took place in spring. The majority of adults died after egg-laying. Growth rate was rapid during spring, and activity ceased during winter. B. graeca is a prosobranch snail whose short turnover time (77.9 and 84.3 days) was similar to that seen in freshwater pulmonate snails. Productivity was assessed in two ways, by a size frequency method and by using cumulative biomass. Observed values, for the two methods respectively, were for mean biomass 18.53 and 22.8 g dry body weight/m 2 , for annual production (P) 86.81 and 88.38 g dry body weight/m 2 or 9.56 gC/m 2 ·year respectively, and for annual turnover ratio (P/B ‐ ) 4.68 and 3.87/year. Net reproductive rate Ro was 2.99 and per capita rate of increase (rc) was 0.091.
Rice cultivar differences in suppression of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and economics of reduced propanil rates

Abstract Field studies were conducted to compare the barnyardgrass suppression by four U.S. (‘Starbonnet’, ‘Kaybonnet’, ‘Lemont’, and ‘Cypress’) and three highly competitive, high-yielding Asian cultivars (‘PI 312777′, ‘Guichao’, and ‘Teqing’). The economic consequence of applying less than the recommended propanil rates to these cultivars was also evaluated. Grain yields increased, and barnyardgrass biomass decreased with increasing propanil rates. With or without propanil, the Asian rice cultivars consistently suppressed barnyardgrass more and consequently produced higher grain yields than did U.S. cultivars. The economic benefit derived from propanil application was less for Asian than for U.S. cultivars. Asian cultivars produced higher rough rice yields, resulting in higher net returns (not adjusted for milling) than did the commercial cultivars, but this advantage was usually reduced when adjusting for their lower milling yields. These results suggest that growing weed-suppressive Asian rice cultivars in conjunction with reduced herbicide rates could be an effective and economical weed management strategy for rice in the southern United States. However, first, their plant type and grain quality characteristics must be improved. Nomenclature: Propanil; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG; rice, Oryza sativa L.