Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Virulence races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in 2006 and 2007 and development of wheat stripe rust and distributions, dynamics, and evolutionary relationships of races from 2000 to 2007 in the United States

Abstract Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST), has historically been the most frequently destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the western United States and has become a more frequent problem in the central and southeastern states since 2000. The race composition of PST has been determined every year from rust-infected leaf samples of wheat and grasses collected in the United States on a set of 20 differential wheat genotypes. In 2006, a total of 18 races were detected, of which five were detected for the first time. In 2007, a total of 30 races were detected, of which 11 were newly detected. Among the 16 new races detected in 2006 and 2007, PST-127 was the most important as it has the broadest virulence spectrum identified so far (virulent to all 20 differential genotypes except for ‘Moro’, AVS/6*Yr5 (Yr5), and ‘Tres’) and combined virulence factors to ‘Tyee’ (YrTye) and ‘Hyak’ (Yr17 and YrTye) and those common in the race group detected since 2000. The distribution, frequency changes, and evolutionary relationships for races detected from 2000 to 2007 were analyzed. Three major waves of race changes were identified during the eight-year period. From 2000 to 2002, the predominant races were PST-78 and PST-80, which were virulent on wheat genotypes ‘Lemhi’, ‘Heines VII’, ‘Lee’, ‘Fielder’, ‘Express’, AVS/6*Yr8, AVS/6*Yr9, ‘Clement’ and ‘Compair’. Race PST-80 is also virulent on ‘Produra’. From 2003 to 2006, the predominant race was PST-100, with the same virulence formula as PST-80 plus virulence on ‘Yamhill’ and ‘Stephens’. Starting in 2006, races with the same virulence formula of PST-100 plus virulence to Yr1 became predominant in California and races with the virulence of PST-100 plus virulence on Yr10 became predominant in the Pacific Northwest. During 2000 to 2007, races with more virulence factors became more predominant in the United States, indicating that races with increased virulence factors are at an advantage in the pathogen population over those with fewer virulence factors because they are able to infect more wheat cultivars.
Nutrient Element Limitation of Zooplankton Production

Freshwater crustacean zooplankton species show pronounced interspecific variability but approach intraspecific homeostasis in their stoichiometry. It is especially interesting that members of the dominating herbivores in freshwater systems, such as Daphnia species, show consistently high P:C ratios. Sestonic P:C ratios in epilimnetic waters are usually far below that encountered in the zooplankton, which suggests that grazers may approach a direct phosphorus limitation in many localities. This view was supported by a regional study of 47 lakes, in which most independent variables including phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll were scarcely correlated with zooplankton biomass but particulate P (>0.45 μm) could explain a major part of the variance of zooplankton biomass. Of the various taxa, daphnids gave the best correlation with particulate P, cyclopids and rotifers the worst. These observations suggest that phytoplankton biomass per se may not be the major determinant of zooplankton biomass but that the nutritional status of phytoplankton (P cell quotas) rather than biomass in terms of carbon is most important, or that zooplankton suffer a direct P limitation in many lakes. The latter view is supported by model predictions given in this article. Also, both freshwater and marine copepod grazers could correspondingly be growth limited by an N:C ratio of ingested food that is too low The possibility of direct nutrient element limitation has wide implications for the regulation of herbivore production, competition, and overall cycling of nutrients in epilimnetic waters.
Effect of Mixing Period and Additives on the Rheological Characteristics of Dough and Quality of Biscuits

The influence of physical and chemical modification on rheological characteristics of biscuit doughs and biscuit quality was studied. Mixing time influenced rheological characteristics by increasing compliance, elastic recovery, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and stickiness and reducing extrusion time, apparent biaxial extensional viscosity, consistency and hardness. Dough mixed for 180 s gave biscuits having superior quality as compared with those made from a dough either mixed for 90 s or 300 s. Amongst additives known to modify dough proteins, only the disulphide cleaving agents, cysteine and dithioerythritol, influenced rheological characteristics. Either of these additives in a dough mixed for 180 s reduced extrusion time, elastic recovery, apparent biaxial extensional viscosity, consistency and hardness and increased compliance, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and stickiness. Incorporation of cysteine or dithioerythritol, particularly in doughs from medium strong wheat flour, resulted in biscuits with greater spread and crispness.
Modelling the diffusion component of dispersal during recovery of a population of linyphiid spiders from exposure to an insecticide.

This study was designed to describe the spatial and temporal dynamics of an assemblage of linyphiid spiders during recovery from local depletion by an insecticide. A field of winter wheat was partly sprayed with log a.i. ha-' of deltamethrin. Of the linyphiid spiders, Erigone atra (Blackwall) was reduced by 89% and Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) females by 82%. Recovery of the populations is described in space and time by comparisons of relative densities of spiders at different distances from an adjacent unsprayed area using multiple-range tests, regression models and a diffusion model. Median estimated recovery times (ERT50) are calculated for species at different distances from the unsprayed area. For 0. apicatus females ERT50 ranged from 1.1 to 15*3 weeks and for E. atra from 3-7 to 6*5 weeks at 15 and 75m from the unsprayed area. Differences in recovery patterns for three spider categories are explained in terms of susceptibility to the pesticide and modes of dispersal. The consequences are discussed with reference to interplot interference in field ecotoxicity trials and commercial practice. Key-words: Deltamethrin, diffusion, dispersal, interplot interference, linyphiid spiders, modelling, spatial dynamics
Paraboea hekouensis and P. manhaoensis, Two New Species of Gesneriaceae from China

Two new species of Gesneriaceae, Paraboea hekouensis Y.M. Shui & W.H. Chen and P. manhaoensis Y.M. Shui & W.H. Chen, are described and illustrated. The former species is similar to P. nutans in possessing a basal leaf rosette, centrally positioned styles and slightly twisted fruits, but differs from it by having a dense golden-brown and long pubescence on the abaxial surface of the leaves, smaller white flowers and two basal staminodes. The latter is similar to P. crassifolia in possessing basal obovate leaves, centrally positioned styles, and a thick matted indumentum on the lower surface of the leaves, but differs by its smaller white flowers, shorter corolla tubes and only slightly twisted fruits. The leaf surface characters and various types of indumentum of the above four species are also observed in detail and discussed. An identification key to the Chinese and Vietnamese species with a rosulate habit in Paraboea is provided.
A unified mathematical framework for the measurement of richness and evenness within and among multiple communities

Biodiversity can be divided into two aspects: richness (the number of species or other taxa in a community or sample) and evenness (a measure of the distribution of relative abundances of different taxa in a community or sample). Sample richness is typically evaluated using rarefaction, which normalizes for sample size. Evenness is typically summarized in a single value. It is shown here that Hurlbert's probability of interspecific encounter (Δ 1 ), a commonly used sample-size independent measure of evenness, equals the slope of the steepest part of the rising limb of a rarefaction curve. This means that rarefaction curves provide information on both aspects of diversity. In addition, regional diversity (gamma) can be broken down into the diversity within local communities (alpha) and differences in taxonomic composition among local communities (beta). Beta richness is expressed by the difference between the composite rarefaction curve of all samples in a region with the collector's curve for the same samples. The differences of the initial slopes of these two curves reflect the beta evenness thanks to the relationship between rarefaction and Δ 1 . This relationship can be further extended to help interpret species-area curves (SAC's). As previous authors have described, rarefaction provides the null hypothesis of passive sampling for SAC's, which can be interpreted as regional collector's curves. This allows evaluation of richness and evenness at local and regional scales using a single family of well-established, mathematically related techniques.
New data on the occurrence of two invasive harvestmen species - Odiellus spinosus (Bosc) and Lacinius dentiger (C. L. Koch) in Poland.

The occurrence o f Odiellus spinosus and Lacinius dentiger in Poland - two expansive harvestmen species is considered. O. spinosus was known in Poland from only one location near Poznan. New information presented in this work on the next seven locations indicate that this expansive species has already colonized large part o f Greater Poland. Previously, L. dentiger was listed in Poland with 18 sites, mostly along the latitudinal belt encompassing Torun - Eberswalde glacial valley, Bug and Narew valleys. Further 49 locations are reported here, what shows that this species is currently widespread also along the Nysa Łuzycka (Neisse), Oder and the Vistula valleys.
Evolutionary consequences of habitat fragmentation in a localized butterfly

1. Theoretical studies of the costs and benefits of migration predict that evolutionary changes in dispersal traits may take place in response to habitat fragmentation. 2. For the butterfly Plebejus argus, we investigated five morphological characters potentially associated with flight ability, in locations that varied in level of habitat fragmentation. The traits were: total mass, relative thorax mass (containing flight muscle), relative abdomen mass (containing reproductive organs), relative wing area and wing aspect ratio. All characters were measured on individuals reared in a common environment. 3. Morphology was related to the level of habitat fragmentation in both limestone and heathland habitats. Total mass increased with decreasing heathland habitat area (over the range 13 000–10 ha). Relative allocation to the thorax increased, while allocation to the abdomen decreased, with declining limestone habitat area (over the range 3·5–0·2 ha). Morphological characters were not significantly correlated with habitat isolation. 4. Significant family effects for total mass, relative thorax mass, relative abdomen mass and (for females only) relative wing area indicate that these traits may have a heritable component, and therefore have the potential to respond to selection acting on flight ability. 5. We suggest that evolutionary changes in life history traits are taking place in response to changes in landscape structure: in P. argus, these traits may be influenced by the effects of mate-location strategy on emigration rates. Specific changes in traits can be complex, and may vary among species and populations. 6. P. argus had a 50% chance of occurring in heathland fragments of 33 ha, and was present on all heathlands above 50 ha, but population systems may not yet have achieved equilibrium. P. argus is unlikely to undertake major evolutionary changes in response to reduced habitat area in heathlands > 50 ha. Extinctions from smaller heathlands can be explained most plausibly by population/vegetation dynamics. Therefore, evolutionary changes in morphology may be more likely to be symptomatic of populations with altered costs and benefits of migration, rather than to be a direct cause of extinction.
Alterations of di( n -butyl)phthalate-induced oxidative stress in the testis of hypothyroid rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of di(n-butyl)phthalate (DBP) on oxidative damage in the testes of hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroidism was induced by administering 0.1% 6-N-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) in drinking water for 30 days. DBP was dissolved in corn oil and administered daily for 30 days by oral gavage. Significant decreases in testes weight were observed both in normal (DBP) and hypothyroid (PTU + DBP) groups. Serum testosterone concentrations were significantly reduced in the DBP groups, but no significant change occurred in hypothyroid rats. Di(n-butyl)phthalate significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level in the testes, whereas the DBP-induced oxidative lipid (MDA) and DNA (8-OHdG) damage were less in hypothyroid rats. PTU-induced hypothyroid rats decreased testicular catalase activity, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities did not show any significant changes. However, the DBP and PTU + DBP groups significantly increased catalase and SOD activities in testis. The testicular expression of thyroid hormone receptor α-1 (TRα-1) was significantly increased in the DBP and PTU + DBP groups. In contrast, androgen receptor (AR) protein levels were not detected in the DBP and PTU + DBP groups. Di(n-butyl)phthalate significantly increased the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-r (PPAR-r) and retinoid X receptor-α (RXR-α) levels. Peroxisome proliferators activated-receptors-α and RXR-r protein levels were markedly decreased in the DBP groups, but these protein levels increased in the PTU + DBP group, as compared to DBP alone. These results suggest that PTU-induced hypothyroidism may protect against oxidative damage in the testis, probably due to the regulation of the PPAR and RXR expression, which is associated with decreased metabolic activation of DBP.
Impact of Bythotrephes longimanus on zooplankton assemblages of Harp Lake, Canada : an assessment based on predator consumption and prey production

1. Following the 1993 invasion of Harp Lake by Bythotrephes longimanus a number of small-bodied zooplankton declined dramatically compared to pre-invasion densities, and some larger species increased. 2. To test whether these changes were caused by Bythotrephes, we measured its consumption of zooplankton in 1995 and compared this to production by the prey species with which it overlapped spatially and temporally. 3. On a seasonal basis Bythotrephes consumption was 199 mg dry mass (DM) m -2 , or 25% of zooplankton production which was 783 mg DW m - 2 . However, for some species, such as the small copepod Tropocyclops extensus, consumption greatly exceeded production-this was one of the species noted to decline in Harp Lake following the appearance of Bythotrephes. By contrast, for the larger cladocerans Daphnia galeata mendotae and Holopedium gibberum, consumption was much less than production-these species were observed to increase following the invasion. 4. Our results thus support the hypothesis that zooplankton changes in Harp Lake were caused by Bythotrephes. We speculate that lower quality prey remaining in Harp Lake may lead to reduced densities of Bythotrephes, or impose strong selective forces that lead to new adaptations by this predator.
Neuropathological Study of the Amygdaloid Subnuclei in Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type, with Special Reference to the Basolateral Subnuclei

This systematic study concerns the comparison of amygdaloid changes in 16 patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and 16 control subjects. While previous studies have dealt mainly with the distribution of senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), we focused on the degree and distribution of both, neuronal loss and astrocytosis in the amygdala. Our results indicate that brain atrophy was restricted to the medial temporal gyri of most cases, with the anterior portion of the temporal lobes being preferentially involved. With respect to the amygdala, the most pronounced degeneration was in the basolateral subnuclei, i.e., accessory basal, basal, and lateral nuclei. We found that the degree of astrocytosis exceeded that of neuronal loss by far, and that the accessory basal nucleus exhibited the most severe alterations. There was marked neuronal loss with astrocytosis in the cerebral cortex, entorhinal cortex and prosubiculum, and there appears to exist a correlation of the degree of neuronal loss in the amygdala with that in the entorhinal cortex and prosubiculum. By contrast, the presence of SPs and NFTs in the amygdala did not correlate with the extent of neuronal loss, but numerous SPs and NFTs were seen in the corticomedial subnuclei of the SDAT patients. However, the striking loss of neurons and the pronounced astrocytosis in the basolateral subnuclei merit emphasis, since these abnormalities could be responsible for the atrophy of the amygdala.
Características físico-químicas de méis da Chapada do Araripe/Santana do Cariri-Ceará - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v27i1.1264

This paper was carried out to verify how honey samples, collected from November to December 2001, from the region of Chapada do Araripe, in Santana do Cariri, State of Ceara, Brazil, could be grouped. Twenty-one samples of Apis mellifera honey were studied concerning their total sugars, reducing sugar, sucrose, humidity, Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), protein, ashes, pH, acidity, formal index, electric conductivity, color and viscosity. The pollen types occurring in each honey sample were identified as well. Although the samples were fairly uniform regarding the floral origin, the latitude and longitude of the collecting sites, results showed there 12 different groups
C/EBPβ enhances IL‐4 but impairs IL‐2 and IFN‐γ induction in T cells

C/EBP transcription factors have been described to control the activity of the human IL‐4 promoter. The C/EBP binding sites within the IL‐4 promoter overlap with composite NF‐AT and AP‐1 binding motifs. We show here that similar binding sites are part of the murine IL‐4 promoter. Retroviral overexpression of C/EBPβ in murine EL‐4 thymoma cells led to a strong induction of endogenous IL‐4 and a reduction in IL‐2 and IFN‐γ expression. Similarily, in primary murine T cells C/EBPβ induction resulted in an increase in IL‐4 levels, whereas in human Jurkat T cells a decrease in IL‐2 RNA was detected. Like AP‐1, C/EBP factors belong to the large class of basic leucine zipper proteins. However, unlike AP‐1, C/EBPβ does not act in synergy with NF‐AT in the induction of the murine IL‐4 promoter. Instead, both factors compete in their binding to the P4/Pu‐bD site, one of the most important sequence elements of the IL‐4 promoter. Whereas NF‐AT factors require high levels of free Ca2+ and calcineurin activity for induction, C/EBP induction in T cells is Ca2+/calcineurin independent. These observations suggest that various induction conditions lead to the activation of transcription factors, inducing IL‐4 promoter activity at specific developmental stages of T cells.
Development of length-bimodality and smolting in wild stocks of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., under different growth conditions

Growth dynamics of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. , from two sections of the Narcea River and one of the Esva River (Northern Spain) were examined in relation to the development of bimodality in their size–frequency distributions. Size–bimodality was clearer under intermediate growth (section A) than under relatively fast or slow growth. The proportion of fish entering the upper modal group increase with growth intensity. Composition of upper and lower modal groups became fixed prior to December, and at this time both groups separated on the 90–95 mm interval. Fish exhibiting smolt appearance in late March (larger than 130 mm) had already been upper group fish in December, while parr-like fish and those that remained in the river by May (potential 2-year-old smolts) had formed the lower modal group. Anadromous salmon catch in the Narcea River was mostly of previously 1-year-old smolts (97.6%), of which 94% were larger than 100 mm by their first winter. In the Esva River, slow growth of juveniles is consistent with a large proportion of 2-year-old smolts (47.9%) among anadromous salmon. Both juvenile samples and scale analysis of anadromous salmon indicate that 2-year-old smolts were larger than 1-year-olds. Early disappearance of the former (before March) is, at least, partially related to earlier migration of large fish, since sexual maturity of parr does not provide a complete explanation. The Narcea stock have a minimum length at smolting of about 130 mm and an optimum smolt size in the 155–175 mm interval. Mean smolt length did not vary although the winter length changed between years.
Potato Stolon and Tuber Growth Influenced by Nitrogen Form

Abstract Potato tuber initiation and its growth are key processes determining tuber yield, which are closely related to stolon growth, and are influenced by many factors including N nutrition. We investigated the influences of different forms of nitrogen (N) on stolon and tuber growth in sand culture with a nitrification inhibitor during 2010 – 2011, and using two potato cultivars. Plants supplied with NO3-N (N as nitrate, NO3-) produced more and thicker stolons than those supplied with NH4-N (N as ammonium, NH4+) at tuber initiation stage. In the plants fed NO3-N, the stolon tips swelled or formed tubers earlier and produced more tubers than in those fed with NH4-N. However, no significant difference was observed among N forms in terms of tuber yield at harvest, this may have been because of the shoot growth rate at tuber initiation stage was lower in the plants fed NO3-N. During the tuber bulking stage, the difference in shoot DWs among N forms began to decrease, and the shoot DW of plants fed NO3-N was even heavier than those fed NH4-N in some cases. The influence of N form on potato plant growth may therefore vary with the potato growth stage.
Intrinsic Prostaglandin Release

Isolated coronary artery strips of the bovine heart in vitro relax in response to decreased bath oxygen tensions (from 515 mm Hg to 112, 53, and 38 mm Hg). In addition, the rate of intrinsic formation and release of prostaglandin is considerably increased under conditions of decreased PO2. The vascular relaxations under reduced PO2 are attenuated and the elevations in prostaglandin output blocked by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. It appears that alterations in the output of a PGE with vasodilator activity, probably E1, is a significant factor regulating the compensatory changes in tone of the coronary arteries in response to anoxic conditions.