Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Content Addressable Storage Provider in Linux

Permission to make digital/hard copy of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title of the work, and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the author. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on a server, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission of the author and/or fee. (Opinions expressed by the author do not necessarily reflect the official policy of Denison University.) An operating system is a computer program that acts as intermediary between a user of the computer and the computer hardware. The computer hardware provides the primitive computing resources such as memory and input/ output (via keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse, etc.). Computer users run application programs such as word processor, computer games, web browsers and many others on top of the operating system. All of these application programs compete for the computer's resources (refer to Figure 1). The operating system manages the use of these various resources by the running user application programs. For example saving a file results in system call, which invokes the operating system. Special operating system routines called exception handlers are executed in order the file to be saved before control is returned to the user application. There are many different operating systems in use today, such as Windows, Mac OS, UNIX and Linux. They differ in structure and implementation, but they all perform the same function – to provide a convenient environment for user applications. 2 Figure 1. Abstract view of the components of a computer system Computer programs are written in a high-level language. The high-level language program is then compiled into low-level machine language code that the computer can execute. Modern operating systems are also written in high-level languages. Linux is an example of an open source operating system. Open source means that the high-level source is freely available to everyone to view and modify. This paper is concerned with kernel development for the Linux operating system. By kernel development we mean the addition of new features to the operating system by writing new source code and incorporating it within the already existing code of the operating system. Specifically we develop a new file system for Linux. A file system is a key ingredient of …
Investigating the Usability and Acute Effects of a Bedside Video Console to Prefrontal Cortical Activity Alterations: A Preclinical Study in Healthy Elderly

Elderly people at risk of developing cognitive decline; e.g., following surgery, may benefit from structured, challenging, and repetitive cognitive video training. This study assessed usability and acute effects of a newly developed bedside console (COPHYCON). Fifteen healthy elderly individuals performed a one-time 80-min intervention, including cognitive video games aimed at improving awareness and selective attention. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (Technology Acceptance Model) were assessed together with measures of the achieved game level, reaction times, (in-) correct responses during ALERT and SELECT game play. Further, prefrontal cortical involvement of the regional cerebral hemoglobin saturation (rS02%) assessed with functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) (n = 5) and EEG power (n = 10) was analyzed. All participants completed the study without any adverse events. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (TAM scores range 1–7) of the system varied between 3.9 and 6.3. The game levels reached for awareness varied between 9 and 11 (initial score 8–10), for reaction speed between 439 and 469 ms, and for correct responses between 74.1 and 78.8%. The highest level for the selective attention games was 2 (initial score 1), where reaction speed varied between 439 and 469 ms, correct responses between 96.2 and 98.5%, respectively. The decrease of rS02% in the right prefrontal cortex during gameplay was significantly (p < 0.001) lower, compared to the left prefrontal cortex. Four participants yielded significant lower rS02% measures after exergaming with the ALERT games (p < 0.000), but not with the SELECT games. EEG recordings of theta power significantly decreased in the averaged ~0.25–0.75 time interval for the left prefrontal cortex sensor across the cognitive game levels between the ALERT 1 and SELECT 1, as well as between SELECT 1 and 2 games. Participants rated the usability of the COPHYCON training positively. Further results indicate that video gaming may be an effective measure to affect prefrontal cortical functioning in elderly. The results warrant a clinical explorative study investigating the feasibility of the COPHYCON in a clinical setting.
Role of CCR8 and Other Chemokine Pathways in the Migration of Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells to Lymph Nodes

Studying the influence of chemokine receptors (CCRs) on monocyte fate may reveal information about which subpopulations of monocytes convert to dendritic cells (DCs) and the migration pathways that they use. First, we examined whether prominent CCRs on different monocyte subsets, CCR2 or CX3CR1, mediated migration events upstream of the accumulation of monocyte-derived DCs in lymph nodes (LNs). Monocytes were labeled and traced by uptake of latex microspheres in skin. Unexpectedly, neither CCR2 nor CX3CR1 were required. However, absence of CCR2 led to an increased labeling of the minor Gr-1int monocyte population, and the number of latex+ DCs that emigrated to LNs was correspondingly increased. Characterization of Gr-1int monocytes revealed that they selectively expressed CCR7 and CCR8 mRNA in blood. CCR7 and CCR8 pathways were used by monocyte-derived DCs during mobilization from skin to LNs. The role of CCR8 in emigration from tissues also applied to human monocyte-derived cells in a model of transendothelial trafficking. Collectively, the data suggest that Gr-1int monocytes may be most disposed to become a lymphatic-migrating DCs. When these monocyte-derived DCs exit skin to emigrate to LNs, they use not only CCR7 but also CCR8, which was not previously recognized to participate in migration to LNs.
Increased bioavailability of nitric oxide after lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation is an early sign of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic patients. We hypothesized that lipid-lowering therapy can improve endothelial function and that this effect is mainly mediated by increased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). METHODS AND RESULTS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we studied 29 patients (age, 50+/-12 years) with hypercholesterolemia (LDL cholesterol > or = 160 mg/dL) randomly assigned to receive either fluvastatin (40 mg twice daily; 17 patients) or placebo (12 patients). Forearm blood flow was measured by plethysmography before and after 24 weeks of treatment. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed by intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh; 3, 12, 24, and 48 microg/min) and basal NO synthesis rate by intra-arterial infusion of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 1, 2, and 4 micromol/min). Simultaneous intra-arterial infusion of L-NMMA (4 micromol/min) and ACh (12, 24, and 48 microg/min) was used to test whether any increase in endothelium-dependent vasodilation after lipid-lowering therapy could be blocked by this NO synthase inhibitor. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation improved significantly after 24 weeks of lipid-lowering therapy compared with before therapy (ACh 24 microg/min: 240+/-34% before versus 347+/-50% after therapy; P< or =0.01) and placebo (changes between after and before therapy with ACh 24 microg/min: 108+/-39% for fluvastatin versus -26+/-32% for placebo; P< or =0.05). This improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation could be blocked by simultaneous administration of L-NMMA (ACh 24 microg/min plus L-NMMA 4 micromol/min: 170+/-69% before versus 219+/-47% after treatment; P=NS). CONCLUSIONS Lipid-lowering therapy with fluvastatin can improve disturbed endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic patients compared with placebo. This improvement is mediated by increased bioavailability of NO.
Population analyses of kinetic partitioning in protein folding

A simple lattice model of protein folding is studied in order to analyze the kinetic partitioning phenomena in the energy landscape perspective. By restricting the area of conformational space, it becomes possible to follow many Monte Carlo trajectories until they reach equilibrium. Alteration of population of trajectories is monitored and the relations between the energy landscape and kinetics are examined. Kinetic partitioning phenomena are categorized into different types in terms of characteristic time constants and partitioning ratio. In a specific partitioning process, refolding proceeds along the parallel pathways; the time constants have a temperature dependence similar to that observed in hen lysozyme. High‐energy conformations are classified into groups according to the probability that the trajectories starting from those conformations will reach each energy valley. The partitioning ratio is determined by the way in which the conformational space is organized into these groups. Proteins 2001;43:280–291. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of linear programming SVM-ARMA2K for dynamic engine modeling

As a critical tool that facilitates control strategy design, performance analysis and overall systems integration, dynamical engine models play important roles in developing advanced powertrain and vehicle technologies. Methodologies for effective engine modeling and strategy calibration are in high demand to meet stringent performance specifications under time/cost constraints. Recently, we explored the use of support vector machine (SVM) for engine modeling and identified several challenging issues in capitalizing this powerful tool for powertrain applications. In this paper, we exploited the regressor structure of the SVM to separate the auto-regression (AR) from the moving average (MA) in an attempt to build a concise engine model with reduced computational effort. The new structure allows us to use different kernel functions for the AR and MA to characterize their roles, thereby providing more flexibility in the model structure. The linear programming SVM-ARMA2K is developed and then successfully applied to identify a representative dynamical engine model. A simulation study demonstrates the potential and practicability of the proposed approach.
New Suppressors of THO Mutations Identify Thp3 (Ypr045c)-Csn12 as a Protein Complex Involved in Transcription Elongation

ABSTRACT Formation of a ribonucleoprotein particle (mRNP) competent for export requires the coupling of transcription with mRNA processing and RNA export. A key link between these processes is provided by the THO complex. To progress in our understanding of this coupling, we have performed a search for suppressors of the transcription defect caused by the hpr1Δ mutation. This has permitted us to identify mutations in the genes for the RNA polymerase II mediator component Med10, the Sch9 protein kinase, and the Ypr045c protein. We report a role in transcription elongation for Ypr045c (Thp3) and the Csn12 component of the COP9 signalosome. Thp3 and Csn12 form a complex that is recruited to transcribed genes. Their mutations suppress the gene expression defects of THO complex mutants involved in mRNP biogenesis and export and show defects in mRNA accumulation. Transcription elongation impairment of thp3Δ mutants is shown by in vivo transcript run-on analysis performed in G-less systems. Thp3-Csn12 establishes a novel link between transcription and mRNA processing that opens new perspectives on our understanding of gene expression and reveals novel functions for a component of the COP9 signalosome. Thp3-Csn12 also copurifies with ribosomal proteins, which opens the possibility that it has other functions in addition to transcription.
Corneal nerve damage and regeneration after excimer laser photokeratectomy in rabbit eyes.

PURPOSE To investigate corneal nerve damage and its subsequent regeneration after excimer laser photokeratectomy in rabbit eyes. METHODS Corneal photokeratectomy was performed on the right eyes of 34 pigmented rabbits, while the left eyes were used as a control. A Summit UV 200 excimer laser (Summit Technology, Waltham, MA) was used to produce a 100 microns depth phototherapeutic keratectomy (4.5 mm diameter). The rabbits were killed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, and 20 days and 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after treatment. Corneal nerve regeneration was investigated using a monoclonal antibody directed against a 150 kD subunit of neurofilaments, in combination with acetylcholinesterase staining. RESULTS At time 0, the subepithelial plexus had disappeared completely from the photoablated area. One day after treatment, some regenerating nerves sprouting within the treated area were visualized by a monoclonal antibody directed against a 150 kD subunit of neurofilaments. Acetylcholinesterase staining was detectable 7 days later. One month after surgery the subepithelial plexus had already reappeared, but was morphologically disorganized. Four months after treatment, the newly formed subepithelial plexus had considerably thickened in comparison with that of the control eye. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that corneal nerve regeneration after excimer laser photoablation in rabbit eyes, although more intense, is similar to that produced after other surgical procedures involving the epithelium and the anterior stroma or one of the two.
OSU-2: Generating Referring Expressions with a Maximum Entropy Classifier

Selection of natural-sounding referring expressions is useful in text generation and information summarization (Kan et al., 2001). We use discourse-level feature predicates in a maximum entropy classifier (Berger et al., 1996) with binary and n-class classification to select referring expressions from a list. We find that while mention-type n-class classification produces higher accuracy of type, binary classification of individual referring expressions helps to avoid use of awkward referring expressions.
U/Pb dating of geodic calcite: new insights on Western Europe major tectonic events and associated diagenetic fluids

This study presents the first application of the U/Pb dating method to highly Pb-depleted diagenetic geodic calcites of the Jurassic formations of the Paris Basin that leads to a reappraisal of the palaeohydrological history of this region. Composite U/Pb ages from multiple geodes, combined with δ18O analyses, reveal two main phases of diagenetic fluid circulations linked with major regional tectonic events. Dogger formations recorded a first diagenetic fluid episode at 147.8 ± 3.8 Ma, i.e. at the very beginning of the emersion of the basin during the Tithonian period and 30 Ma earlier than previously assumed. δ18O results confirmed that most of the calcitic cement phases that closed the porosity of these formations precipitated at the beginning of the Cretaceous period. Oxfordian formations recorded another major meteoric fluid circulation at 33.5 ± 2.8 Ma related to the initial stage of the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS). Consequently, the porosity of the Mesozoic formations of the studied area may have been closed sooner than previously thought, before the main ECRIS rifting phase of Oligocene age. This study shows that U/Pb dating of secondary geodic calcite offers a new powerful way for reconstructing the coupled palaeohydrological and diagenetic history of sedimentary basins. Supplementary material: Pb/Pb diagrams, 238U and 235U series isochron diagrams and effect of blank correction on U and Pb isotopic compositions and on ages calculation are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. c.3886885
Extracting all the randomness and reducing the error in Trevisan's extractors

We give explicit constructions of extractors which work for a source of any min-entropy on strings of length n. These extractors can extract any constant fraction of the min-entropy using O(log2 n) additional random bits, and can extract all the min-entropy using O(log3 n) additional random bits. Both of these constructions use fewer truly random bits than any previous construction which works for all min-entropies and extracts a constant fraction of the min-entropy. We then improve our second construction and show that we can reduce the entropy loss to 2log(1/e)+O(1) bits, while still using O(log3n) truly random bits (where entropy loss is defined as [(source min-entropy)+(# truly random bits used)-(# output bits)], and e is the statistical difference from uniform achieved). This entropy loss is optimal up to a constant additive term. Our extractors are obtained by observing that a weaker notion of "combinatorial design" suffices for the Nisan-Wigderson pseudorandom generator, which underlies the recent extractor of Trevisan. We give near-optimal constructions of such "weak designs" which achieve much better parameters than possible with the notion of designs used by Nisan-Wigderson and Trevisan. We also show how to improve our constructions (and Trevisan's construction) when the required statistical difference e from the uniform distribution is relatively small. This improvement is obtained by using multilinear error-correcting codes over finite fields, rather than the arbitrary error-correcting codes used by Trevisan.
Dynamics and Variability of Foehn Winds in the McMurdo Dry Valleys Antarctica

The McMurdo Dry Valleys (“MDVs”) are the largest ice-free region in Antarctica, featuring perennially ice-covered lakes that are fed by ephemeral melt streams in the summer. The MDVs have been an NSF-funded Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site since 1993, and LTER research has shown that the hydrology and biology of the MDVs are extremely sensitive to small climatic fluctuations, especially during summer when temperatures episodically rise above freezing. However, the atmospheric processes that control MDVs summer climate, namely the westerly foehn and easterly sea-breeze regimes, are not well understood. The goals of this study are to (i) produce a coherent physical mechanism for the development and spatial extent of foehn winds in the MDVs, and (ii) determine aspects of large-scale climate variability responsible for intraseasonal and interannual differences in MDVs temperature. Polar WRF simulations are run for a prominent foehn case study at 500 m horizontal grid spacing to study the mesoscale components of foehn events, and 15 summers at 2 km horizontal grid spacing to analyze event and temporal variability. The Polar WRF simulations have been tailored for use in the MDVs through modifications to the input soil conditions, snow cover, land use, and sea ice. An objective foehn identification method is used to identify and categorize events, as well as validate the model against LTER AWS observations.
Signal Transduction Genetic Ablation of the Tetraspanin CD 151 Reduces Spontaneous Metastatic Spread of Prostate Cancer in the TRAMP Model

Tetraspanins are integral membrane proteins that associate with motility-related molecules such as integrins. Experimental studies have indicated that they may be important regulators of tumor invasion and metastasis, and high expression of the tetraspanin CD151 has been linked to poor prognosis in a number of cancers. Here, we show for the first time that genetic ablation of CD151 inhibits spontaneous metastasis in a transgenic mouse model of de novo tumorigenesis. To evaluate the effects of CD151 on de novo prostate cancer initiation and metastasis, a Cd151 / (KO) murine model was crossed with the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model. Mice were analyzed for initiation of prostate tumor by palpation and primary tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Liver and lungs were examined for incidence and size of spontaneous metastatic lesions by histopathology. Knocking-out Cd151 had no significant effect on prostate cancer initiation or on expression of markers of proliferation, apoptosis, or angiogenesis in primary tumors. However, it did significantly decrease metastasis in a site-specific fashion, notably to the lungs but not the liver. Thus, CD151 acts principally as promoter of metastasis in this model. Prostate cancer is the second highest cause of cancerrelated deaths in men in most Western countries, with the majority of deaths attributed to late-stage metastatic disease. CD151 may prove to be a valuable prognostic marker for treatment stratification and is a possible antimetastatic target. Mol Cancer Res; 11(1); 95–105. 2012 AACR.
Improved Non-Local Means Algorithm for Image Denoising

Image denoising technology is one of the forelands in the field of computer graphic and computer vision. Non-local means method is one of the great performing methods which arouse tremendous research. In this paper, an improved weighted non-local means algorithm for image denoising is proposed. The non-local means denoising method replaces each pixel by the weighted average of pixels with the surrounding neighborhoods. The proposed method evaluates on testing images with various levels noise. Experimental results show that the algorithm improves the denoising performance.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK-BASED FAULT LOCATION IN EHV TRANSMISSION LINES

This paper deals with the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to the fault detection and location in extra high voltage (EHV) transmission lines for high speed protection using one terminal line. The neural fault detector and locators have been trained with different sets of data available from a selected power network model and simulating different fault scenarios (fault types, fault locations, fault resistances and fault inception angles). A comparative study of the proposed fault locators has been carried out in order to determine which ANN fault locator structure leads to the best performance. The results show that the fault locator using current and voltage values is more accurate.
Anarchy Is Free in Network Creation

The Internet has emerged as perhaps the most important network in modern computing, but rather miraculously, it was created through the individual actions of a multitude of agents rather than by a central planning authority. This motivates the game-theoretic study of network formation, and our article considers one of the most well-studied models, originally proposed by Fabrikant et al. In the model, each of n agents corresponds to a vertex, which can create edges to other vertices at a cost of α each, for some parameter α. Every edge can be freely used by every vertex, regardless of who paid the creation cost. To reflect the desire to be close to other vertices, each agent’s cost function is further augmented by the sum total of all (graph-theoretic) distances to all other vertices. Previous research proved that for many regimes of the (α, n) parameter space, the total social cost (sum of all agents’ costs) of every Nash equilibrium is bounded by at most a constant multiple of the optimal social cost. In algorithmic game-theoretic nomenclature, this approximation ratio is called the price of anarchy. In our article, we significantly sharpen some of those results, proving that for all constant nonintegral α > 2, the price of anarchy is in fact 1 + o(1); that is, not only is it bounded by a constant, but also it tends to 1 as n → ∞. For constant integral α ⩾ 2, we show that the price of anarchy is bounded away from 1. We provide quantitative estimates on the rates of convergence for both results.