Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coding Opportunity Aware Backbone Metrics for Broadcast in Wireless Networks

Reducing transmission redundancy is key to efficient broadcast in wireless networks. A standard approach to achieving this goal is to create a network backbone consisting of a subset of nodes that are responsible for data forwarding, while other nodes act as passive receivers. On top of this, network coding (NC) is often used to further reduce unnecessary transmissions. The main problem with existing backbone and NC combinations is that the backbone construction process is blind of what is needed by NC, thus may produce a structure that limits the power of NC algorithms. To address this problem, we propose Coding Opportunity Aware Backbone (COAB) metrics, which seek to maximize coding opportunities when selecting backbone forwarders. We show that the backbone construction process guided by our metrics leads to significantly increased coding frequency, at the cost of minimal localized information exchange. The highlight of our work is COAB's broad applicability and effectiveness. We integrate the COAB metrics with ten state-of-the-art broadcast algorithms specified in eight publications [1]-[8], and evaluate COAB with a running testbed of 30 MICAz nodes and extensively simulations. The experimental results show that our design outperforms the existing schemes substantially.
Evaluation of N-grams conflation approach in text-based information retrieval

This paper examines a conflation method based on the N-grams approach and evaluates its performance relative to the results achieved by other techniques such as Porter algorithm and successor variety stemming. In addition to that, an alternative way of enhancing the N-grams method, derived from the concept of inverse frequency weighing, is introduced and evaluated. The experimental results generated using standard collections ADI, CISI and Medlars show a consistent improvement over the traditional conflation methods, as well as demonstrate the viability of the introduced inverse fvequency multiplier technique.
Sentiment search: an emerging trend on social media monitoring systems

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss sentiment search, which not only retrieves data related to submitted keywords but also identifies sentiment opinion implied in the retrieved data and the subject targeted by this opinion. Design/methodology/approach – The authors propose a retrieval framework known as Cross-Domain Sentiment Search (CSS), which combines the usage of domain ontologies with specific linguistic rules to handle sentiment terms in textual data. The CSS framework also supports incrementally enriching domain ontologies when applied in new domains. Findings – The authors found that domain ontologies are extremely helpful when CSS is applied in specific domains. In the meantime, the embedded linguistic rules make CSS achieve better performance as compared to data mining techniques. Research limitations/implications – The approach has been initially applied in a real social monitoring system of a professional IT company. Thus, it is proved to be able to handle real data acquired from.
Diel variation in methane emission from a midlatitude prairie wetland: Significance of convective throughflow in Phragmites australis

Methane flux was measured at a Phragmites-dominated marsh in the Sandhills of north-central Nebraska from late July to September 1993. The eddy covariance technique employing a tunable diode laser spectrometer was used to measure spatially integrated fluxes of methane. Rates of methane emission increased rapidly after sunrise and peaked (at up to 50 mg CH4 m−2 h−1) between midmorning and noon. The emission rates during midday hours were 2 to 5 times higher than the relatively constant rates observed at night. This marked diel variation was attributed to plant-mediated transport of methane by convective throughflow which typically accounted for about 60% of the total methane emission during the daylight hours. Our analysis suggests that the enhanced rate of plant-mediated methane emission during daytime is significantly correlated with changes in photosynthetically active radiation and the temperature difference between the canopy and the ambient air. Data on windy nights showed enhanced methane emission with increasing wind speeds, perhaps indicating an occurrence of Venturi-induced convection and/or enhanced ebullition. When averaged over the study period of 65 days, the methane flux was 25 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 during daytime and 8 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 during nighttime. Changes in the daily averaged methane flux were strongly correlated with sediment temperatures at 0–0.25 m depth.
A strontium isotopic traverse across the granitic rocks of southeastern Australia: Petrogenetic and tectonic implications

Three regional granite associations are resolved by a Sr isotopic traverse across the orogenic structures of southeastern Australia. The associations identified by geochronology and the distribution of maximum initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are (1) western — ∼500 Ma granites of southeastern South Australia with initial ratios up to ∼0.718; (2) central — 400 and 370 Ma granites of central Victoria with maximum initial ratios of ∼0.712; and (3) eastern — 415 Ma granites of the batholiths which parallel the eastern seaboard and have highest initial ratios of ∼0.720. Strontium isotopic compositions preclude granite magma formation by simple melting of a concealed Proterozoic basement comparable with that exposed in the interior of the continent; the latter would be far too radiogenic at the time of magmatism (87Sr/86Sr> 0.73). However, the maximum initial ratios of the western and eastern granite associations correspond to mean values for their respective enclosing Palaeozoic (meta)sedimentary terrains. This link e.
How well established is isobaric cooling in Proterozoic orogenic belts? An example from the Arunta inlier, central Australia

Orogenic pressure-temperature paths can only be deduced from metamorphic textures if they formed during a single metamorphic event, rather than recording the effects of two or more separate events. Erroneous tectonic models are likely to result if textures formed in several events are ascribed to one event. We illustrate this problem for the Arunta inlier in central Australia, which has been considered to be a good example of an isobarically cooled terrain. Rocks of the Anmatjira Range in the central Arunta inlier, which has been described in terms of isobaric cooling, actually record the effects of two low-pressure, granulite facies, metamorphic events of similar peak metamorphic grade, M 1 and M 2 , that are separated in time by a period of basin development and deposition of a succession of sedimentary rocks. Correlations of stratigraphic, structural fabric, and metamorphic texture data allow the effects of M 1 and M 2 to be distinguished. Without this fine control, the textures formed by superposition of M 1 upon M 2 , considered as a manifestation of one event, could easily be interpreted as indicating isobaric cooling, because the overprinting assemblages are of similar pressure but slightly lower temperature than the original assemblages. We call this apparent isobaric cooling; in fact, we now recognize textures reflecting decompression that formed immediately following the peaks of both M 1 and M 2 . It is now a matter for conjecture whether isobaric cooling is more apparent than real in other terrains for which it has been recorded.
Validation studies using multiwavelength Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) observations of stratospheric aerosol

Validation studies of multiwavelength Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) observations of stratospheric aerosol are discussed. An error analysis of the CLAES aerosol extinction data is presented. Aerosol extinction precision values are estimated at latitudes and times at which consecutive Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) orbits overlap. Comparisons of CLAES aerosol data with theoretical Mie calculations, based upon in situ particle size measurements at Laramie, Wyoming, are presented. CLAES aerosol data are also compared to scaled aerosol extinction measured by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) and Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiments. Observed and calculated extinction spectra, from CLAES, Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS), and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) data, are compared. CLAES extinction data have precisions between 10 and 25%, instrumental biases near 30%, and accuracies between 33 and 43%.
The ImageCLEF 2013 Plant Identification Task

The ImageCLEF's plant identification task provides a testbed for a system-oriented evaluation of plant identification about 250 species trees and herbaceous plants based on detailed views of leaves, flowers, fruits, stems and bark or some entire views of the plants. Two types of image content are considered: SheetAsBackgroud which contains only leaves in a front of a generally white uniform background, and NaturalBackground which contains the 5 kinds of detailed views with unconstrained conditions, directly photographed on the plant. The main originality of this data is that it was specifically built through a citizen sciences initiative conducted by Tela Botanica, a French social network of amateur and expert botanists. This makes the task closer to the conditions of a real-world application. This overview presents more precisely the resources and assessments of task, summarizes the retrieval approaches employed by the participating groups, and provides an analysis of the main evaluation results. With a total of twelve groups from nine countries and with a total of thirty three runs submitted, involving distinct and original methods, this third year task confirms Image Retrieval community interest for biodiversity and botany, and highlights further challenging studies in plant identification.
Non-Lambertian Surface Shape and Reflectance Reconstruction Using Concentric Multi-Spectral Light Field

Recovering the shape and reflectance of non-Lambertian surfaces remains a challenging problem in computer vision since the view-dependent appearance invalidates traditional photo-consistency constraint. In this paper, we introduce a novel concentric multi-spectral light field (CMSLF) design that is able to recover the shape and reflectance of surfaces with arbitrary material in one shot. Our CMSLF system consists of an array of cameras arranged on concentric circles where each ring captures a specific spectrum. Coupled with a multi-spectral ring light, we are able to sample viewpoint and lighting variations in a single shot via spectral multiplexing. We further show that such concentric camera/light setting results in a unique pattern of specular changes across views that enables robust depth estimation. We formulate a physical-based reflectance model on CMSLF to estimate depth and multi-spectral reflectance map without imposing any surface prior. Extensive synthetic and real experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art light field-based techniques, especially in non-Lambertian scenes.
Bird Life of Woodland and Forest

Preface Introduction 1. Britain's woodland environment 2. Historical and European perspectives 3. How birds use woodland 4. Abundance and distribution of woodland birds 5. Scrub 6. Broadleaved high forest and coppice 7. Upland woods and wood-pasture 8. Coniferous woodland 9. Woodland in a changing countryside Appendix 1. Species of birds using woodland, forest and scrub habitats in Britain: their habitats, nest sites, food and feeding sites Appendix 2. Woodland and scrub bird species breeding in mainland Europe, but not in Britain: a summary of their distribution, breeding habitats and nest sites Appendix 3. Glossary Appendix 4. Latin names of birds, other animals and plants of woodland References.
Continuous vs. discontinuous melt segregation in migmatites: insights from a cellular automaton model

A cellular automaton model is presented that simulates melt extraction from migmatites. The varying parameters are the relative amount of melt, thresholds for melt connection leading to movement and melt escape, and type of deformation (pure and/or simple shear). It is shown that when the melt percentage is about half that of the melt escape threshold, the competition between production and deformation‐assisted extraction results in a discontinuous rate of melt extraction. The process can be compared to stick‐slip motion during frictional experiments. At higher melt fraction, it is continuously extracted. Deformation assists significantly in segregating melt, particularly when a pure shear (compaction) component is added to simple shear.
Optimal Monetary Policy in Closed Versus Open Economies: An Integrated Approach

This paper develops a new open economy macro model of optimal monetary for a small open economy. Our main result is that in this model, the optimal policy problem for the small open economy is isomorphic to the closed economy case studied in Clarida, Gali, Gertler (1999). In particular, the optimal policy can be implemented with a Taylor Rule under which the domestic interest rate adjusts to the equilibrium real interest rate and expected inflation in domestic prices.
Airborne Measurements of Areal Spectral Surface Albedo over Different Sea and Land Surfaces

[1] Airborne measurements of the ratio of spectral upward and downward irradiances (so-called spectral albedo) are used to derive the areal spectral surface albedo in the wavelength range from 330 to 1670 nm. The data were collected over different sea and land surfaces in cloudless atmospheric conditions during three field campaigns. Measurements from the Albedometer (developed at IfT) and the NASA Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) are employed. Spectral radiative transfer calculations show that atmospheric scattering and absorption within the layer beneath the flight level considerably contribute to the airborne albedo measurements reported here, even for low flight altitudes (0.2–0.5 km). To remove this atmospheric masking, a nonlinear extrapolation of the airborne albedo measurements to the ground is performed. The nonlinearity is due to the vertically inhomogeneous distribution of the particle microphysical properties. This fact underlines the importance of aerosol profile measurements for the proper correction of atmospheric masking. Examples of the extrapolated areal spectral surface albedos are discussed in terms of their solar zenith angle dependence, their small-scale, and general variability. Finally, typical areal spectral surface albedos for different sea and land surfaces, as derived from the three measurement campaigns, are supplied in parameterized form for use in radiative transfer applications.
Micro‐scale sulphur isotope evidence for sulphur cycling in the late Archean shallow ocean

We report in situ secondary ion mass spectrometer sulphur isotope data for sedimentary pyrite from the 2.52 Ga Upper Campbellrand Subgroup, Transvaal, South Africa. The analysed sedimentary rocks represent a transition in depositional environment from very shallow to deeper water, with strong sedimentological, facies distribution and geochemical evidence for the presence of a shallow redox chemocline. Data were obtained directly in thin section in order to preserve petrographic context. They reveal a very large extent of isotopic fractionation both in mass‐independent (MIF) and in mass‐dependent fractionation (MDF) on unprecedentedly small scale. In the shallow‐water microbical carbonates, three types of pyrite were identified. The texturally oldest pyrite is found as small, isotopically little fractionated grains in the microbial mats. Large (several mm) spheroidal pyrite concretions, which postdate the mat pyrite, record strong evidence for an origin by bacterial sulphate reduction. Rare pyrite surrounding late fenestral calcite is inferred to have formed from recycled bacterial pyrite on account of the slope of its correlated MIF and MDF array. This latter type of pyrite was also found in an interbedded black shale and a carbonate laminite. In a deeper water chert, pyrite with very heavy sulphur indicates partial to almost complete sulphate reduction across a chemocline whose existence has been inferred independently. The combined picture from all the studied samples is that of a sulphate availability‐limited environment, in which sulphur was cycled between reservoirs according to changing redox conditions established across the chemocline. Cycling apparently reduced the extent of recorded sulphur isotope fractionation relative to what is expected from projection in the correlated MIF and MDF arrays. This is consistent with regionally relatively high free oxygen concentrations in the shallow water, permitting locally strong MDF. Our new observations add to the growing evidence for a complex, fluctuating evolution of free atmospheric oxygen between c. 2.7 Ga and 2.3 Ga.
Relics of spatial curvature in the primordial non-gaussianity

We study signatures in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) induced by the presence of strong spatial curvature prior to the epoch of inflation which generated our present universe. If inflation does not last sufficiently long to drive the large-scale spatial curvature to zero, then presently observable scales may have left the horizon while spatial slices could not be approximated by a flat, Euclidean geometry. We compute corrections to the power spectrum and non-gaussianity of the CMB temperature anisotropy in this scenario. The power spectrum does not receive significant corrections and is a weak diagnostic of the presence of curvature in the initial conditions, unless its running can be determined with high accuracy. However, the bispectral non-gaussianity parameter fNL receives modifications on the largest observable scales. We estimate that the maximum signal would correspond to fNL ∼ 0.3, which is out of reach for present-day microwave background experiments.
A 12.5+12.5 Gb/s Full-Duplex Plastic Waveguide Interconnect

A new interconnect solution with plastic waveguide is demonstrated. The system consists of a pair of transceivers and a plastic waveguide. Millimeter wave signal is transmitted in a low-cost long piece of solid plastic dielectric acting as a waveguide. The plastic waveguide medium offers a large bandwidth for data communication using mm-wave carrier frequencies. Plastic waveguide interconnects do not require costly electrical-to-optical and optical-to-electrical conversion devices or precise alignment and offer longer transmission distances than wireless solutions due to better field confinement and lower path loss. Multiple plastic waveguides can be used in parallel and the modulated data at different frequencies can be multiplexed to increase the data rate. The demonstrated transceiver chips operate at carrier frequencies of 57 GHz and 80 GHz, and are fabricated in 40 nm low-power logic CMOS. The total area and power consumption of two transceivers are 0.41 mm2 and 140 mW, respectively. The fabricated demonstrator with Yagi-couplers achieves full-duplex transmission of 12.5 Gb/s ASK modulated signal in each direction over the 120 mm polystyrene waveguide with no equalization. The observed bit error rates for both channels are less than 10-12 for a PRBS length of 27-1 at the total data rate of 25 Gb/s. This paper shows the feasibility of the plastic waveguide interconnect as a promising alternative to electrical, optical, and wireless interconnects.
Spatial Information Theory Meets Spatial Thinking: Is Topology the Rosetta Stone of Spatio-temporal Cognition?

Topology is the most commonly used spatial construct to bridge the gap between formal spatial information theory and systems on the one side and (human) spatial cognition and thinking on the other. To this end, we find topological calculi in virtually all research areas pertinent to spatial information science such as ontological modeling, geographic information retrieval, or image analysis and classification. Manifold behavioral experiments have been conducted to assess the cognitive adequacy of topological calculi with varying results. Our contribution here is unique for two reasons: first, we are addressing, behaviorally, the role of topology in the crucial area of spatio-temporal information; second, we are evaluating the role of topology across different semantic domains. We report five experiments that were conducted in the framework we developed (Klippel and Li 2009), which combines critical constructs from spatial information theory and cognitive science. Topologically equivalent movement patterns were specified across five domains using paths through a conceptual neighborhood graph. This approach allows us to disentangle the role of topology from the influence of semantic context. The results show that topology plays an important yet not semantic-independent role in characterizing the cognitive conceptualization of geographic events.
Generating Text with Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are very powerful sequence models that do not enjoy widespread use because it is extremely difficult to train them properly. Fortunately, recent advances in Hessian-free optimization have been able to overcome the difficulties associated with training RNNs, making it possible to apply them successfully to challenging sequence problems. In this paper we demonstrate the power of RNNs trained with the new Hessian-Free optimizer (HF) by applying them to character-level language modeling tasks. The standard RNN architecture, while effective, is not ideally suited for such tasks, so we introduce a new RNN variant that uses multiplicative (or "gated") connections which allow the current input character to determine the transition matrix from one hidden state vector to the next. After training the multiplicative RNN with the HF optimizer for five days on 8 high-end Graphics Processing Units, we were able to surpass the performance of the best previous single method for character-level language modeling – a hierarchical non-parametric sequence model. To our knowledge this represents the largest recurrent neural network application to date.
Evolution of coarse gravel bed forms: Field measurements at flood stage

Field measurements to investigate the origin and growth of mesoscale gravel bed forms in deep flows were made in the North Fork Toutle River, Washington. Sonar observations of the gravel streambed at a stationary point were recorded during two storm flows in December 1989 and January 1990 with concurrent bed load sampling and continuous velocity measurements. Mean diameter of bed load was about 3 cm, flow depths were 1.4–2.4 m, and bed shear stresses were 2–5 times the critical stress of mean bed load diameter, as computed from the depth-slope product. These records document the hydrodynamic conditions under which dunelike coarse gravel bed forms were observed. Coarse gravel dunes (height, 20 cm; length, 6–15 m) evolved more than 24 hours after peak stage, primarily by accretion, as inferred from bed form changes revealed in dual sonar records. Dune heights increased to 40 cm as mean trough elevation rose about 50 cm over several hours. Smaller dunes (wavelength, 1–3 m), transitional from bed load sheets, migrated on the backs of the large dunes. The superposed dunes finally became indistinguishable from the large dunes, which diminished in height by increasing the mean level of troughs. Gravel deposition occurred at the observation point in conjunction with migration of gravel dunes. The direct comparison of known bed form regimes and gravel bar facies provides alternative interpretations of gravelly deposits.