Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep learning-based algorithm accurately classifies sleep stages in preadolescent children with sleep-disordered breathing symptoms and age-matched controls

Introduction Visual sleep scoring has several shortcomings, including inter-scorer inconsistency, which may adversely affect diagnostic decision-making. Although automatic sleep staging in adults has been extensively studied, it is uncertain whether such sophisticated algorithms generalize well to different pediatric age groups due to distinctive EEG characteristics. The preadolescent age group (10–13-year-olds) is relatively understudied, and thus, we aimed to develop an automatic deep learning-based sleep stage classifier specifically targeting this cohort. Methods A dataset (n = 115) containing polysomnographic recordings of Icelandic preadolescent children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) symptoms, and age and sex-matched controls was utilized. We developed a combined convolutional and long short-term memory neural network architecture relying on electroencephalography (F4-M1), electrooculography (E1-M2), and chin electromyography signals. Performance relative to human scoring was further evaluated by analyzing intra- and inter-rater agreements in a subset (n = 10) of data with repeat scoring from two manual scorers. Results The deep learning-based model achieved an overall cross-validated accuracy of 84.1% (Cohen’s kappa κ = 0.78). There was no meaningful performance difference between SDB-symptomatic (n = 53) and control subgroups (n = 52) [83.9% (κ = 0.78) vs. 84.2% (κ = 0.78)]. The inter-rater reliability between manual scorers was 84.6% (κ = 0.78), and the automatic method reached similar agreements with scorers, 83.4% (κ = 0.76) and 82.7% (κ = 0.75). Conclusion The developed algorithm achieved high classification accuracy and substantial agreements with two manual scorers; the performance metrics compared favorably with typical inter-rater reliability between manual scorers and performance reported in previous studies. These suggest that our algorithm may facilitate less labor-intensive and reliable automatic sleep scoring in preadolescent children.
Conserved hierarchical gene regulatory networks for drought and cold stress response in Myrica rubra

Stress response in plant is regulated by a large number of genes co-operating in diverse networks that serve multiple adaptive process. To understand how gene regulatory networks (GRNs) modulating abiotic stress responses, we compare the GRNs underlying drought and cold stresses using samples collected at 4 or 6 h intervals within 48 h in Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra). We detected 7,583 and 8,840 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under drought and cold stress respectively, which might be responsive to environmental stresses. Drought- and cold-responsive GRNs, which have been built according to the timing of transcription under both abiotic stresses, have a conserved trans-regulator and a common regulatory network. In both GRNs, basic helix-loop-helix family transcription factor (bHLH) serve as central nodes. MrbHLHp10 transcripts exhibited continuous increase in the two abiotic stresses and acts upstream regulator of ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE (APX) gene. To examine the potential biological functions of MrbHLH10, we generated a transgenic Arabidopsis plant that constitutively overexpresses the MrbHLH10 gene. Compared to wild-type (WT) plants, overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants maintained higher APX activity and biomass accumulation under drought and cold stress. Consistently, RNAi plants had elevated susceptibility to both stresses. Taken together, these results suggested that MrbHLH10 mitigates abiotic stresses through the modulation of ROS scavenging.
Contributions of leaf distribution and leaf functions to photosynthesis and water-use efficiency from leaf to canopy in apple: A comparison of interstocks and cultivars

Grafting has been widely used in horticulture to induce dwarfing and avoid stress-derived limitations on plant growth and yield by affecting plant architecture and leaf functions. However, the respective effects on plant photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) of leaf distribution and functions that depend on both rootstock and scion have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to (i) clarify the scion × interstock impacts on the variability of leaf photosynthetic traits and WUE, and (ii) decipher the respective effects of leaf distribution and functions on canopy photosynthesis and WUE (WUEc). Leaf gas exchange over light gradients and responses to light, CO2, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit were measured in two apple cultivars, ‘Liquan Fuji’ (‘Fuji’) and ‘Regal Gala’ (‘Gala’), grafted onto rootstocks combined with interstocks: a vigorous (VV, ‘Qinguan’), or a dwarf one (VD, M26). The 3D architecture-based RATP model was parameterized to estimate the canopy photosynthesis rate (Ac ), transpiration rate (Ec), and WUEc. Then, virtual scenarios were used to compare the relative contributions of cultivar and interstock to canopy Ac, Ec, and WUEc. These scenarios changed the leaf distribution and functions of either cultivar or interstock. At the leaf scale, VD trees had significantly higher leaf nitrogen per area but a lower maximum carboxylation rate and dark respiration in both cultivars. In parallel with higher leaf stomatal conductance (gs ) and transpiration in VD ‘Fuji’ and similar gs in VD ‘Gala’, VD trees showed significantly lower leaf photosynthesis rate and WUE than VV trees. However, lower leaf photosynthetic capacities in VD trees were compensated at the canopy scale, with Ac and WUEc for ‘Fuji’ significantly improved in VD trees under both sunny and cloudy conditions, and for ‘Gala’ significantly improved in VD trees under cloudy conditions compared with VV trees. Switching scenarios highlighted that ‘Gala’ leaf functions and distribution and VD leaf distributions enhanced Ac and WUEc simultaneously, irrespective of weather conditions. Up-scaling leaf gas exchange to the canopy scale by utilizing 3D architecture-based modeling and reliable measurements of tree architecture and leaf functional traits provides insights to explore the influence of genetic materials and tree management practices.
The natural product, echinatin, protects mice from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia by inhibition of alpha-hemolysin expression

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global, multifaceted crisis that poses significant challenges to the successful eradication of devastating pathogens, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a persistent superbug that causes devastating infections. The scarcity of new antibacterial drugs is obvious, and antivirulence strategies that reduce the pathogenicity of bacteria by weakening their virulence have become the subject of intense investigation. Alpha-hemolysin (Hla), a cytolytic pore-forming toxin, has a pivotal role in S. aureus pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrated that echinatin, a natural compound isolated from licorice, effectively inhibited the hemolytic activity of MRSA at 32 μg/mL. In addition, echinatin did not interfere with bacterial growth and had no significant cytotoxicity at the inhibitory concentration of S. aureus hemolysis. Heptamer formation tightly correlated with Hla-mediated cell invasion, whereas echinatin did not affect deoxycholic acid-induced oligomerization of Hla. Echinatin affected hemolytic activity through indirect binding to Hla as confirmed by the neutralization assay and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Furthermore, qRT–PCR and western blot analyses revealed that echinatin suppressed Hla expression at both the mRNA and protein levels as well as the transcript levels of Agr quorum-sensing system-related genes. Additionally, when echinatin was added to a coculture system of A549 cells and S. aureus, it significantly reduced cell damage. Importantly, echinatin exhibited a significant therapeutic effect in an MRSA-induced mouse pneumonia model. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrated that echinatin significantly inhibits the hemolysin effect and may be a potential candidate compound for combating drug-resistant MRSA infections.
An Observational Study of the “Interstate 5” Dust Storm Case

On 29 November 1991 a series of collisions involving 164 vehicles occurred on Interstate 5 in the San Joaquin Valley in California in a dust storm that reduced the visibility to near zero. The accompanying high surface winds are hypothesized to result from intense upper-tropospheric downward motion that led to the formation of a strong upper front and tropopause fold and that transported high momentum air downward to midlevels where boundary layer processes could then mix it to the surface. The objectives of the research presented in this paper are to document the event, to provide support for the hypothesis that both upper-level and boundary layer processes were important, and to determine the structure of the mesoscale circulations in this case for future use in evaluating the navy's mesoscale data assimilation system. The strong upper-level descent present in this case is consistent with what one would expect for jet streak and frontal circulations in combination with quasigeostrophic processes. During.
WedgeBlock: An Off-Chain Secure Logging Platform for Blockchain Applications

Over the recent years, there has been a growing interest in building blockchain-based decentralized applications (DApps). Developing DApps faces many challenges due to the cost and high-latency of writing to a blockchain smart contract. We pro-pose WedgeBlock , a secure data logging infrastructure for DApps. WedgeBlock ’s design reduces the performance and monetary cost of DApps with its main technical innovation called lazy-minimum trust (LMT). LMT combines the following features: (1) off-chain storage component, (2) it lazily writes digests of data—rather than all data—on-chain to minimize costs, and (3) it integrates a trust mechanism to ensure the detection and punishment of malicious acts by the Offchain Node . Our experiments show that WedgeBlock is up to 1470× faster and 310× cheaper than a baseline solution of writing directly on chain.
Sur les algèbres de Lie associées à une connexion

Abstract Let $\Gamma$ be a connection on a smooth manifold $M$ . In this paper we give some properties of $\Gamma$ by studying the corresponding Lie algebras. In particular, we compute the first Chevalley–Eilenberg cohomology space of the horizontal vector fields Lie algebra on the tangent bundle of $M$ , whose the corresponding Lie derivative of $\Gamma$ is null, and of the horizontal nullity curvature space.
Random Field Modeling of Elastic Properties Using Homogenization

This paper addresses the random field characterization of elastic properties. Consistent random field properties of a continuum are derived from a simple stochastic micromechanical model of the continuum. Existing displacement-based techniques to homogenize the discrete microstructure are discussed and a new force-based technique is introduced. The stochastic features of a micromechanically consistent continuum can be considerably different from those based on a straightforward randomization of deterministic constitutive laws. Examples indicate the relevance for structural reliability. The impact of uncertainties associated with selecting micromechanical models is assessed.
Morphological Characteristics of the Duodenal Papilla and its Association with Complications Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in a Peruvian Hospital

Introduction: several risk factors exist for complications post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and the morphology of the duodenal papilla is among those recently studied. Objectives: to evaluate the association between the morphological characteristics of the duodenal papilla and post-ERCP complications in patients seen in the gastroenterology unit of a Peruvian referral hospital. Methods: a prospective and analytical study including 138 patients who underwent ERCP, establishing a relationship between the type of duodenal papilla according to the endoscopic classification proposed by Haraldsson et al . and post-ERCP complications for up to 1 month of follow-up. Results: one hundred thirty-eight patients were included, 93 were females (68.42%), and 45 were males (31.58%), with 51.46 years of mean age. Type 1 was associated with less difficulty in cannulation, with an odds ratio (OR): 0.42 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.20–0.88). Type 4 had a significantly longer can - nulation time (6.83 minutes). The post-ERCP ratio for pancreatitis was 2.9%; bleeding, 1.45%, and perforation, 0.72%. The perforation showed a statistically significant association with papilla type ( p = 0.009). Type 2 showed higher rates of pancreatitis (9.09%) and post-ERCP perforation (9.09%). Conclusion: the duodenal papilla type is significantly associated with post-ERCP perforation. Type 2 showed higher complication rates.
Integral Equation Methods In Scattering Theory

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Tunneling time in attosecond experiments, intrinsic-type of time. Keldysh, and Mandelstam–Tamm time

Tunneling time in attosecond and strong-field experiments is one of the most controversial issues in current research, because of its importance to the theory of time, the time operator and the time–energy uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics. In Kullie (2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 052118) we derived an estimation of the (real) tunneling time, which shows an excellent agreement with the time measured in attosecond experiments, our derivation is found by utilizing the time–energy uncertainty relation, and it represents a quantum clock. In this work, we show different aspects of the tunneling time in attosecond experiments, we discuss and compare the different views and approaches, which are used to calculate the tunneling time, i.e. Keldysh time (as a real or imaginary quantity), Mandelstam–Tamm time, the classical view of the time measurement and our tunneling time relation(s). We draw some conclusions concerning the validity and the relation between the different types of the tunneling time with the hope that they will help to answer the question put forward by Orlando et al (2014 J. Phys. B 47 204002, 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 014102): tunneling time, what does it mean? However, as we will see, the important question is a more general one: how to understand the time and the measurement of the time of a quantum system? In respect to our result, the time in quantum mechanics can be, in more general fashion, classified in two types, intrinsic dynamically connected, and external dynamically not connected to the system, and consequently (perhaps only) classical Newtonian time remains as a parametric type of time.
Effect of type of definitive treatment on race‐based differences in prostate cancer‐specific survival

Racial and ethnic disparities in prostate cancer (PCa) mortality are partially mediated by inequities in quality of care. Intermediate‐ and high‐risk PCa can be treated with either surgery or radiation, therefore we designed a study to assess the magnitude of race‐based differences in cancer‐specific survival between these two treatment modalities.
Consensus for constrained multi‐agent systems with input saturation

The consensus problem for multi‐agent systems with input saturation is addressed in this paper. For agents with double‐integrator dynamics, we first propose two consensus algorithms, respectively, for the cases with and without velocity measurements. Based on graph theory, homogeneous method and the Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that the proposed algorithms can guarantee not only the state agreement in finite time for all the agents but also the input saturation requirement. Then, the obtained results and techniques are extended to the finite‐time consensus problem for multiple mechanical systems. Numerical simulations are finally provided to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aging Population and Automated Mobility: Exploring the Impacts of Land Use Patterns and Attitudes

This study explores the aging population’s behavior toward the adoption of and willingness to pay (WTP) for autonomous vehicles (AVs), with a focus on the roles of attitudes and land use variables. A structural equation model with interaction effects was developed to explore the impacts of socioeconomic and demographic attributes, mobility profiles, attitudes collected through a user behavior survey, and land use variables extracted from the Smart Location database. Among different structures tested, a direct causal effect from adoption to WTP shows the best model fit, implying that any parameter affecting the adoption will indirectly affect WTP in the same direction. Focusing on the older population, the model results show that they were positively affected by their interest in driving assistance and safety features. Older adults also seemed to be more sensitive to mobility costs compared with younger travelers. We further explored the impact of land use characteristics. In general, it appears that living in areas associated with higher population density and higher centrality index (based on auto accessibility) tends to lower AV adoption rates. Comparing the older population with younger people, no significant difference was observed in view of land use impacts on AV adoption. However, the older population’s WTP tends to increase in urban areas with higher roadway network densities (e.g., urban areas) and is likely to decrease in neighborhoods with higher employment density and higher percentage of single-vehicle households. We suggest that the latter effect might be associated with other micro-level attributes such as their income and lifestyle patterns.
Empirical Polarization Distribution Models for CLARREO-Imager Intercalibration

AbstractPolarization effects bias the performance of various existing passive spaceborne instruments, such as MODIS and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), as well as geostationary imagers. It is essential to evaluate and correct for these effects in order to achieve the required accuracy of the total reflectance at the top of the atmosphere.In addition to performing highly accurate decadal climate change observations, one of the objectives of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission recommended by the National Research Council for launch by NASA is to provide the on-orbit intercalibration with the imagers over a range of parameters, including polarization. Whenever the on-orbit coincident measurements are not possible, CLARREO will provide the polarization distributions constructed using the adding–doubling radiative transfer model (ADRTM), which will cover the entire reflected solar spectrum. These ADRTM results need to be validated using real data.
A Global Women’s Rugby Union Web-Based Survey

Rugby Union (rugby) is a full-contact team sport characterised by frequent collision events. Over one third (2.7 million) of global rugby participants are women and girls. Yet, most rugby research, laws, and regulations are derived from the men’s game with limited transferability to the women’s game. This includes research focused on injury and concussion management. Greater insights are urgently required to enable appropriate adaptations and support for all rugby participants. Therefore, this paper presents the protocol for a project that sought to gather insights into the understanding, experiences, and attitudes of players and coaches in women’s rugby regarding key issues of concussion, injury, and training for injury prevention, as well as the implications of the menstrual cycle for training and performance. From August 2020 to November 2020, online, open, cross-sectional surveys for players and coaches were distributed globally through rugby governing bodies and women’s rugby social media platforms using snowball sampling. Survey responses were recorded anonymously via a GDPR-compliant online survey platform, JISC (jisc.ac.uk, Bristol, England). Participant eligibility included being ≥18 years and either actively playing or coaching women’s rugby 15s and/or sevens, or having done so in the past decade, at any level, in any country. To enhance the number and accuracy of responses, the survey was professionally translated into eight additional languages. A total of 1596 participants from 62 countries (27 ± 6 years; 7.5 ± 5.1 years of playing experience) and 296 participants from 37 countries (mean age = 36.64, SD = 9.09, mean experience = 6.53 years, SD = 3.31) completed the players’ and coaches’ surveys, respectively. Understanding women’s participation in and experiences of rugby is important to enable lifelong engagement and enjoyment of the sport and health during and following participation.
Investigation of Martian Regional Crustal Structure Near the Dichotomy Using S1222a Surface‐Wave Group Velocities

Knowledge of Martian crust and uppermost mantle aid us studying the planet's evolution. NASA's InSight mission provides seismic data being used to reveal the interior structure. Most studies have focused on the crustal structure beneath InSight lander, but the seismic structure of other regions has remained poorly known. We use surface‐wave data to investigate the crustal structure of a large region along the Medusa Fossae Formation and the dichotomy. We adopt the largest‐magnitude marsquake (S1222a) that has been recorded, which provides both Rayleigh‐ and Love‐wave signals. We measure and jointly invert these surface‐wave fundamental‐mode group velocities from ∼15 to 40 s to estimate the average 1D isotropic velocity models. These models includes a high‐velocity layer at ∼7‐km depth, which could be due to a regional basaltic activity or regional stress. Our models also indicate that a common intra‐crustal structure (∼12–40 km depth) may exist in this region along the dichotomy.
Fault-Tolerant Design of Barrier Coverage for Periodically Repairable Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are sometimes deployed in circumstances where failed sensors may not be able to be repaired or replaced immediately after failure, e.g., a remote, harsh environment. By deploying redundant sensors, such networks will be more likely to tolerate individual sensor failures without experiencing an intolerable degradation in performance. This article analyzes the redundancy required in a barrier-covering WSN where repairs to broken sensors can occur at periodic intervals, called “epochs. ” Exact, tractable methods are derived for computing the total gap in coverage, the number of gaps in coverage, and the largest gap in coverage in an epoch. Together, the distributions of these metrics allow network designers to select how much redundancy is required to maintain their desired performance with a specified probability. Numerical simulations then demonstrate the accuracy of the methods, and show how network designers can explore the tradeoff between deploying larger numbers of cheap, poor-quality sensors and deploying smaller numbers of expensive, robust sensors.