Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protective Effects of H2S Donor Treatment in Experimental Colitis: A Focus on Antioxidants

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, which have become a global disease over the past few decades. It has become increasingly clear that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Even though several effective therapies exist against IBD, these might have serious side effects. It has been proposed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a novel gasotransmitter, has several physiological and pathological effects on the body. Our present study aimed to investigate the effects of H2S administration on antioxidant molecules in experimental rat colitis. As a model of IBD, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) was used intracolonically (i.c.) to induce colitis in male Wistar–Hannover rats. Animals were orally treated (2 times/day) with H2S donor Lawesson’s reagent (LR). Our results showed that H2S administration significantly decreased the severity of inflammation in the colons. Furthermore, LR significantly suppressed the level of oxidative stress marker 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and caused a significant elevation in the levels of antioxidant GSH, Prdx1, Prdx6, and the activity of SOD compared to TNBS. In conclusion, our results suggest that these antioxidants may offer potential therapeutic targets and H2S treatment through the activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and may provide a promising strategy against IBD.
Universal length bounds for non‐simple closed geodesics on hyperbolic surfaces

We investigate the relationship, in various contexts, between a closed geodesic with self‐intersection number k (for brevity, called a k‐geodesic) and its length. We show that for a fixed compact hyperbolic surface, the short k‐geodesics have length comparable with the square root of k. On the other hand, if the fixed hyperbolic surface has a cusp and is not the punctured disc, then the short k‐geodesics have length comparable with log k.
Thinking Skills: Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

Unit 1. Thinking and Reasoning: 1. Thinking as a skill 2. An introduction to critical thinking 3. Solutions not problems Unit 2. Critical Thinking: the Basics: 1. Claims, assertions, statements 2. Judging claims 3. Argument 4. Identifying arguments 5. Analysing arguments 6. Complex arguments 7. Conclusions 8. Reasons 9. Assumptions 10. Flaws and fallacies Unit 3. Problem-solving: Basic Skills: 1. What do we mean by a 'problem'? 2. How do we solve problems? 3. Selecting and using information 4. Processing data 5. Finding methods of solution 6. Solving problems by searching 7. Recognising patterns 8. Hypotheses, reasons, explanations and inference 9. Spatial reasoning 10. Necessity and sufficiency 11. Choosing and using models 12. Making choices and decisions Unit 4. Applied Critical Thinking: 1. Inference 2. Explanation 3. Evidence 4. Credibility 5. Two case studies 6. Critical thinking and science 7. Introducing longer arguments 8. Applying analysis skills 9. Critical evaluation 10. Responding with further argument 11. A live text Unit 5. Advanced Problem-solving: 1. Combining skills - using imagination 2. Developing models 3. Carrying out investigations 4. Data analysis and inference Unit 6. Problem-solving: Further Techniques: 1. Using other mathematical methods 2. Graphical methods of solution 3. Probability, tree diagrams and decision trees 4. Have you solved it? Unit 7. Critical Reasoning: Advanced Level: 1. Conditions and conditionals 2. Soundness and validity: a taste of logic 3. Non-deductive reasoning 4. Reasoning with statistics 5. Decision-making 6. Principles 7. An argument under the microscope 8. Critical writing End-of-chapter assignments: answers and comments Appendix Index Acknowledgements.
Fluctuating forces acting on rectangular cylinders in uniform flow. (On rectangular cylinders with fully separated flow).

Experimental investigations on the characteristics of the fluctuating forces acting on rectangular cylinders with fully separated flow were carried out at a Reynolds number of 5.5×104. The widty-to-height ratio B/H of the section was varied from 0.3 to 2.5. Phase-averaged lift and drag forces were obtained in terms of phase-averaged surface pressure. The phase-averaged fluctuating lift and drag coefficients take the respective maximum values in the same tendency as that of the time-mean drag coefficients for the critical geometry of B/H=0.7. In addition, the torsional moment forces associated with the phenomenon of the vortex-induced flutter were discussed in detail based on the characteristic of the fluctuating pressure, whose frequency equals to the vortex shedding frequency, acting on the surfaces of the rectangular cylinders.
A Normal form for a Matrix under the Unitary Congruence Group

Let C be a square matrix with complex elements. If C = C' (C' denotes the transpose of C) there exists a unitary matrix U such that (1) where the μ's are the non-negative square roots of the eigenvalues μ1 2, μ2 2, … , μn 2 of C*C (C* is the adjoint of C) (2). If C is skew-symmetric, that is, C= — C”, there exists a unitary matrix U such that (2) where (3) and the α's are the positive square roots of the non-zero eigenvalues α1 2, α2 2, … , αk 2 of C*C (1). Clearly rank C = 2k and the number of zeros appearing in (2) is n — 2k. Both (1) and (2) are classical. In a recent paper (3) Stander and Wiegman, apparently unaware of (1), give an alternative derivation of (2) with its appropriate generalization to quaternions.
A 1 km Global Carbon Flux Dataset Using In Situ Measurements and Deep Learning

Global carbon fluxes describe the carbon exchange between land and atmosphere. However, already available global carbon fluxes datasets have not been adjusted by the available site data and deep learning tools. In this work, a global carbon fluxes dataset (named as GCFD) of gross primary productivity (GPP), terrestrial ecosystem respiration (RECO), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) has been developed via a deep learning based convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The dataset has a spatial resolution of 1 km at three time steps per month from January 1999 to June 2020. Flux measurements were used as a training target while remote sensing of vegetation conditions and meteorological data were used as predictors. The results showed that CNN could outperform other commonly used machine learning methods such as random forest (RF) and artificial neural network (ANN) by leading to satisfactory performance with R2 values of the validation stage as 0.82, 0.72 and 0.62 for GPP, RECO, and NEE modelling, respectively. Thus, CNN trained using reanalysis meteorological data and remote sensing data was chosen to produce the global dataset. GCFD showed higher accuracy and more spatial details than some other global carbon flux datasets with reasonable spatial pattern and temporal variation. GCFD is also in accordance with vegetation conditions detected by remote sensing. Owing to the obtained results, GCFD can be a useful reference for various meteorological and ecological analyses and modelling, especially when high resolution carbon flux maps are required.
Cellular covers for R$R$-modules and varieties of groups

Abstract. Recall the well-known notion of a cellular cover e:HG$e: H \longrightarrow G$ from algebraic topology (here for groups and R$R$-modules). The map e$e$ is a homomorphism such that any homomorphism :HG$\phi : H \longrightarrow G$ factors uniquely through e$e$. The existence of cellular covers of groups and R$R$-modules was shown in [14, 31] and a more explicit construction was given in [8, Section 6.3]. We want to base the existence and uniqueness of cellular covers on classical results in group and module theory; see Baer's [2, 3, 4] and Dickson's [13]. With the help of an argument from [8] (partly from [14]) we shift the result from R$R$-modules to the existence of cellular covers over any variety ${\mathcal {V}}$ of groups and get the following result. If G$G$ belongs to some variety ${\mathcal {V}}$, then any cellular cover 1KCG$1\longrightarrow K\longrightarrow C\longrightarrow G$ is a short exact sequence with C c $C\in {\mathcal {V}}^c$ (and hence K,C,G c $K,C,G\in {\mathcal {V}}^c$). Here c ${\mathcal {V}}^c$ is the variety generated by all central extensions of groups V/V$V/{\mathfrak {z}}V$ with V$V\in {\mathcal {V}}$. This unifies older arguments (from [14, 8]) and adds 2 0 $2^{{\aleph _0}}$ new group varieties. Moreover, the following interesting problem arrives naturally. Can we find group varieties which are not closed under taking cellular covers? The positive answer to this question needs work and application of deep results from combinatorial group theory and on the Schur multiplier; see [29, 34]. We will show that for each prime p>10 75 $p > 10^{75}$ the Burnside-variety p ${\mathcal {B}}_p$ satisfying x p =1$x^p =1$ has cellular covers with free abelian subgroups of infinite rank, thus surely these cellular covers of groups from p ${\mathcal {B}}_p$ are outside p ${\mathcal {B}}_p$.
Frequency spectrum of radiation transfer in high voltage circuit breaker arcs for polymer nozzle ablation in C4F7N and CO2 gas mixture

Arc radiation-induced polymer nozzle ablation plays a crucial role in the operation of self-blast circuit breakers. Up to now, there is no study specifically on the spectral distribution of radiated power from a switching arc towards the nozzle surface and its implication to nozzle ablation. Three-dimensional radiation transfer calculation has been performed in this study for arcs burning in the mixture of C4F7N+CO2+PTFE , a gaseous environment that is under significant focus in the development of SF6 free switching technology to aim net-zero by the middle of this century. Results show that photons from infrared to extreme ultraviolet (UV, up to 5 × 1015 Hz) are emitted from the core of high current arcs. However, the high-frequency photons are mostly absorbed within the arc column, especially at the arc edge, and only photons up to 1.7×1015 Hz (far UV, 7 eV) can penetrate the arc edge and cold gas and reach the nozzle surface. The spectral distribution of the radiative energy at different instantaneous currents (15 kA, 28 kA and 60 kA peak) and different locations of the nozzle is presented and compared in detail. The location of the radiation absorption zone at the arc edge and the radiative power reaching the nozzle wall as a function of the instantaneous current is, in particular, purposely considered.
First Insights into the Occurrence of Circular Single-Stranded DNA Genomes in Asian and African Cattle

Simple Summary Since 2014, a special class of meat and milk-derived circular DNA agents—termed bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF)—has been linked to the process of indirect carcinogenesis in humans. These BMMF include members of the virus family Genomoviridae, as well as unclassified DNA elements exhibiting both viral and plasmid attributes. Initial detection of BMMF in European cattle samples led to the assumption that BMMF are exclusively present in aurochs-derived cattle and consequently in food produced thereof. In the meantime, a more widespread occurrence including water buffalo, sheep and goat milk has been shown. The aim of the present study was to broaden our knowledge concerning the BMMF occurrence in different and less domesticated ruminants like yaks, zebus and watusi cattle that serve for food production in various countries. The predominant detection of BMMF in fecal matter compared to blood provides novel clues regarding the origin and transmission routes of these entities finally reaching the food chain. Abstract Circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses and other circular DNA agents are increasingly found in various samples and animals. A specific class of these agents—termed bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF)—has been supposed to act as a factor in indirect carcinogenesis in humans. Initial observations attributed the BMMF to European cattle breeds and foodstuffs produced thereof. In the present study, blood and fecal samples from African and Asian cattle were examined. BMMF molecules and genomoviruses were detected in all bovids under study. The majority (79%) of the 29 circular elements could be assigned to BMMF groups 1 and 2, whereas CRESS viruses of the family Genomoviridae accounted for the smaller part (21%). Two genomoviruses belong to the genus Gemykibivirus and one to the genus Gemykrogvirus. The remaining three might be considered as novel species within the genus Gemycircularvirus. The majority of all isolated molecules originated from fecal samples, whereas only three derived from blood. The results from this study expand our knowledge on the diversity and presence of circular DNA in different ruminants that serve for food production in many countries over the world.
Host-Associated Bacteroides 16S rDNA-Based Markers for Source Tracking of Fecal Pollution in Laguna Lake, Philippines

Sources of fecal contamination in Laguna Lake, Philippines, were identified using a library-independent microbial source tracking method targeting host-associated Bacteroides 16S rDNA-based markers. Water samples from nine lake stations were assessed for the presence of the fecal markers HF183 (human), BoBac (cattle), Pig-2-Bac (swine), and DuckBac (duck) from August 2019 to January 2020. HF183 (average concentration = 1.91 log10 copies/mL) was the most frequently detected, while Pig-2-Bac (average concentration = 2.47 log10 copies/mL) was the most abundant. The detected marker concentrations in different stations corresponded to the land use patterns around the lake. Generally, all marker concentrations were higher during the wet season (August–October), suggesting the effect of rainfall-associated factors on the movement and retention of markers from sources. There was a significant association (ρ = 0.45; p < 0.001) between phosphate and the concentration of HF183, suggesting domestic sewage-derived pollution. The markers had acceptable sensitivity and specificity, i.e., HF183 (S = 0.88; R = 0.99), Pig-2-Bac (S = 1.00; R = 1.00), and DuckBac (S = 0.94; R = 1.00), and therefore may be used for the continuous monitoring of fecal pollution in the lake and in designing interventions to improve the quality of the lake water.
State-of-art in Conception of Mathematics Research

How students perceive "What is mathematics? " directly affected how they learn mathematics and how they solve mathematics problems. And how teachers perceive "What is mathematics? " and "How mathematics is learned? " also affected how the "lived space of mathematics" was shaped in the classroom. Literature around the world on the subject was reviewed in this paper and some related research in Mainland China, Hongkong and Taiwan province was reported.
Crime and Punishment: How Historical Narratives Affect the Evaluation of Restorative and Retributive Justice

This article explores how historical narratives affect the evaluation of political decisions regarding justice during peace negotiations. Specifically, this study evaluates how different narratives of the Colombian armed conflict relate to the preference for either restorative or retributive justice. Results revealed that a historically accurate narrative that included structural elements correlated with the preference for restorative justice, whereas a schematic narrative that focused on individual greed favoured the preference for retributive justice. These results are explained in terms of the characteristics of expert historical narratives, which include structural elements, such as economic and institutional factors. The presence of these elements in the explanation of conflicts decreases the weight of individual decisions and, in this way, prevent ingroup attributional biases.
Influences of Glyphosate Contaminations and Concentrate Feed on Performance, Blood Parameters, Blood Cell Functionality and DNA Damage Properties in Fattening Bulls

Simple Summary Residues of herbicidal active substances such as glyphosate in ruminant feed lead to oral exposure in animals. Consequently, the possible toxic influences of glyphosate on the health of ruminants are of concern. While some studies have analyzed the effects of glyphosate residues on dairy cows, studies with fattening bulls are scarce. Therefore, the present feeding study on German Holstein bulls was conducted within a real-life in vivo scenario that could occur in Germany before restrictions on glyphosate usage are enacted and might still be realistic in other countries. As well as feeding diets with or without glyphosate residues for several weeks, different concentrate proportions were employed to analyze the putative influences of varying energy and nutrient supplies and consequently different ruminal milieus on potential glyphosate effects. Glyphosate exposure did not adversely affect animals’ performances or other health-related characteristics upon the tested conditions. The observed putative effects of glyphosate on selected blood parameters were rather weak and not consistent. In contrast, concentrate feed and time markedly influenced most of the experimental parameters. In summary, upon the formerly realistic exposure conditions in Germany, all animals remained clinically inconspicuous throughout the trial. Abstract Glyphosate (GLY), the active substance in non-selective herbicides, is often found in ruminant feed. The present feeding study aimed to investigate the effects of GLY-contaminated rations and different concentrate feed proportions (CFP) on the health of fattening German Holstein bulls. Bulls were grouped by low (LC) or high (HC) CFP with (GLYLC, GLYHC) or without GLY-contaminations (CONLC, CONHC) in their rations. Intakes (dry matter, water) and body weight were documented continuously lasting over an average range from 392.2 ± 60.4 kg to 541.2 ± 67.4 kg (mean ± SD). Blood samples collected at the trial’s beginning, and after 7 and 15 weeks, were analyzed for hematological and clinical-chemical traits, functional properties of leukocytes, redox parameters and DNA damage. The average GLY exposures of 128.6 (GLYHC), 213.7 (GLYLC), 1.3 (CONHC) and 2.0 µg/kg body weight/d (CONLC) did not lead to GLY effects for most of the assessed parameters relating to animal health and performance. CFP and time displayed marked influences on most of the experimental parameters such as higher dry matter intake and average daily gain in HC compared with the LC groups. GLY effects were rather weak. However, the observed interactive effects between GLY and CFP and/or time occurring in an inconsistent manner are likely not reproducible. Finally, all animals remained clinically inconspicuous, which brings into question the physiological relevance of putative GLY effects.
Biliary and Vascular Complications after Liver Transplantation–From Diagnosis to Treatment

The last decades have brought impressive advances in liver transplantation. As a result, there was a notable rise in the number of liver transplants globally. Advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive therapies and radiologically guided treatments have led to an improvement in the prognosis of these patients. However, the risk of complications remains significant, and the management of liver transplant patients requires multidisciplinary teams. The most frequent and severe complications are biliary and vascular complications. Compared to vascular complications, biliary complications have higher incidence rates but a better prognosis. The early diagnosis and selection of the optimal treatment are crucial to avoid the loss of the graft and even the death of the patient. The development of minimally invasive techniques prevents surgical reinterventions with their associated risks. Liver retransplantation remains the last therapeutic solution for graft dysfunction, one of the main problems, in this case, being the low number of donors.
1H-NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling in Muscle and Liver Tissue of Juvenile Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Fed with Plant and Animal Protein Sources

Circular economy driven feed ingredients and emerging protein sources, such as insects and microbial meals, has the potential to partially replace fishmeal in diets of high-trophic fish. Even though growth and feed performance are often unaffected at low inclusion levels, the metabolic effects are unknown. This study examined the metabolic response of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to diets with graded fishmeal replacement with plant, animal, and emerging protein sources (PLANT, PAP, and MIX) in comparison to a commercial-like diet (CTRL). A 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to assess the metabolic profiles of muscle and liver tissue after feeding the fish the experimental diets for 16 weeks. The comparative approach revealed a decrease in metabolites that are associated with energy deficiency in both tissues of fish fed with fishmeal-reduced diets compared to the commercial-like diet (CTRL). Since growth and feeding performance were unaffected, the observed metabolic response suggests that the balanced feed formulations, especially at lower fishmeal replacement levels, have the potential for industry application.
Measurements of the second-order elastic constants of powder-bed fusion 17-4 PH AM steel using ultrasound

Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals has drawn attention by both researchers and industries in recent decades for replacing aspects of conventional steel fabrication due to lessened cost and higher production flexibility. However, the characterization of the properties of AM steel remains scarce. This paper presents the ultrasonic determination of the second-order elastic constants of 17-4 PH steel produced using powder bed fusion AM. Both longitudinal and shear wave phase velocities are used to solve for the elastic constants. The present values of second-order elastic constants are compared with traditionally manufactured 17-4 PH. Porosity effects on second-order elastic constants of additive-manufactured 17-4 PH steel are also analyzed.
Review of Recent Developments in the Numerical Solution of Stochastic Partial Differential Equations (Stochastic Finite Elements)A

The present review discusses recent developments in numerical techniques for the solution of systems with stochastic uncertainties. Such systems are modelled by stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs), and techniques for their discretisation by stochastic finite elements (SFEM) are reviewed. Also, short overviews of related fields are given, e.g. of mathematical properties of random fields and SPDEs and of techniques for high-dimensional integration. After a summary of aspects of stochastic analysis, models and representations of random variables are presented. Then mathematical theories for SPDEs with stochastic operator are reviewed. Discretisation-techniques for random fields and for SPDEs are summarised and solvers for the resulting discretisations are reviewed, where the main focus lies on series expansions in the stochastic dimensions with an emphasis on Galerkin-schemes.