Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Firms and Farms: The Impact of Agricultural Productivity on the Local Indian Economy

How do agricultural productivity shocks propagate through the local economy and affect firms? I combine firm, household and district-level data from India, and exploit weather-induced agricultural volatility, to estimate the response of manufac­ turing firms to changes in agricultural productivity. I show that negative agricultural productivity shocks reduce firm production and employment. This holds true even though the local wage decreases. The effect is driven by firms that produce locallytraded goods, suggesting that the decrease in local demand induced by lower incomes plays a key role. I then examine whether the introduction of a large-scale rural work­ fare program affects the response of the local economy to agricultural volatility. I show that the program acts as a stabilization policy and attenuates the pro-cyclical response of local wage, consumption, and firms’ outcomes to agricultural productiv­ ity shocks. The results highlight the importance of local rural demand for a large share of manufacturers and underscore how rural development policies that target households can strongly affect the industrial sector because of general equilibrium effects. ⇤Yale University, Department of Economics, 28 Hillhouse Avenue, 06511 New Haven, CT. Email: gabriella.santangelo@yale.edu. I am extremely grateful to my advisors, Mark Rosenzweig, Chris Udry and Nancy Qian, for their guidance and support. I would also like to thank Shameel Amhad, Muneeza Alam, David Atkin, Alex Cohen, Sabysachi Das, Gabriele Foa’, Tim Guinnane, Dean Karlan, Daniel Keniston, Tommaso Porzio, Camilla Roncoroni, Nick Ryan, Meredith Startz, Paul Schultz, Russell Toth, Jeff Weaver, Eric Weese and participants at the Yale Development Lunch for helpful comments and discussions at various stages of this project. This research was supported by grants from the Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund (SYLFF). All errors are mine.
The Effect of “ Bile ” Banana ( Musa Paradisiaca ) Maturity Level on Microbiological, Chemical and Sensory Quality of Goat’s Milk Kefir

Goat’s milk is processed into kefir with the hope of eliminating the smell of “strong, goaty odour” and extending the shelf life of goat’s milk. Kefir is a probiotic drink whose growth can be optimized with the addition of prebiotics in the form of “ Bile ” bananas. This study aimed to determine the effect of the maturity level of “ Bile '' bananas on the microbiological, chemical, and sensory quality of goat's milk kefir. This study used a completely randomized design with one factor (difference in the maturity level of “Bile '' bananas : green, yellowish green, yellow, speckled yellow and brown) which repeated 4 times to obtain 20 experimental units. The parameters tested were the degree of acidity (pH), total titrated acid, viscosity, total Lactic Acid Bacteria, viability of Lactic Acid Bacteria and sensory quality including aroma, taste, color and viscosity. The results showed that the maturity level of “ Bile ” bananas had a significant influenced for all parameters tested. The yellow “ Bile ” banana maturity level treatment was the best treatment based on pH value 4.37; total acid number 4.68%; viscosity 65,750 cP; Lactic Acid Bacteria growth was 8.48 log CFU / ml and decreased Lactic Acid Bacteria viability 0.47 log CFU / ml as well as sensory properties by scoring and hedonic that can be accepted by the panelists.
U and Th content in magnetite and Al spinel obtained by wet chemistry and laser ablation methods: implication for (U–Th) ∕ He thermochronometer

Abstract. Magnetite and spinel thermochronological (U–Th) / He dates often display significantly dispersed values. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of analytical (and standardization) errors to this dispersion. U and Th content of magnetite (natural and synthetic) and natural Al spinel samples with U and Th concentrations between 0.02 and 116 µg g−1 were analyzed using both wet chemistry and in situ laser ablation sampling methods. New magnetite reference samples (NMA and NMB) were synthesized, consisting of U- and Th-doped nano-magnetite powders, whose U and Th concentrations were determined using a wet chemistry method (U and Th of NMA and NMB are ∼40 µg g−1 and ∼0.1 µg g−1, respectively). We show that, for both U and Th analyses, the reproducibility obtained with the wet chemistry protocol depends on the U and Th concentration. It is below 11 % for U–Th values higher than 0.4 µg g−1 and reaches 22 % for U–Th content lower than 0.1 µg g−1. This result implies that (U–Th) / He thermochronological ages cannot be more reproducible than 24 % for magnetite containing less than 0.1 µg g−1 of U and Th, thus explaining part of the natural ages variability. U and Th data obtained by laser ablation ICP-MS on natural magnetite and Al spinel samples were calibrated using both silicate glass standards and synthetic magnetite samples. The U and Th contents determined using NMA are consistent with those obtained by means of the wet chemistry method, but they are overestimated by 30 % when using the glass standard samples only. These results highlight the impact of the matrix effect on the determination of the U–Th content in magnetite. We thus recommend the use of a well-characterized magnetite reference for the calibration of the U–Th signals obtained by laser ablation. The scatter in the (U–Th) / He magnetite ages can be expected to be ∼20 % if the U and Th contents are determined by laser ablation. This level of precision is actually not significantly different from that obtained using the wet chemistry method, which paves the way for the use of laser ablation for determining (U–Th) / He ages. In the absence of a spinel reference for U and Th calibration using LA-ICP-MS, silicate glass references, along with NMA, were used. U and Th contents were found to be ∼30 % lower than the values obtained using wet chemistry. This discrepancy underlines the importance of using a standard with a composition close to that of the mineral of interest. Although magnetite and Al spinel have related crystal structures, the magnetite standard is not appropriate for U and Th analysis in Al spinel using LA-ICP-MS.
Exact Interpretation of Dummy Variables in Semilogarithmic Equations

This paper considers the percentage impact of a dummy variable regressor on the level of the dependent variable in a semilogarithmic regression equation with normal disturbances. We derive an exact unbiased estimator, its variance, and an exact unbiased estimator of the variance. The main practical contribution lies in a convenient approximation for the unbiased estimator of the variance, which can be reported together with Kennedy's approximate unbiased estimator of the percentage change. The two approximations are very simple, yet highly reliable. The results are applied to teacher earnings and further illustrated by examples from the literature.
Partial identification of power plant productivity

Traditionally, productivity, the part of output that is not a result of observed input use, is modeled as a controlled or uncontrolled Markov process. I allow it to be a function of unobserved choices; plants differ in their productivity because they do different things, not only because they receive different shocks. If we think giving incentives to plants to be more productive will cause them to be so—if we think policy can affect productivity— then we must have a model in mind where productivity is a choice or else plants can not respond to the incentive. When we allow it to be a choice, the problem of identifying pro­ ductivity becomes more difficult because productivity and inputs are now chosen on the basis of the same underlying state variables. No instrument can shift input choice without shifting productivity choice. But a broad class of economic models predict productivity and inputs are positively related in a certain statistical sense even when productivity is a func­ tion of unobserved inputs or other choices. I show this economic theory can meaningfully partially identify the effect of policy on productivity. I use the theory to bound the effect of restructuring in the electricity industry on power plant productivity, finding the policy lowered power plant productivity and arguing that an approach that allows productivity to be chosen by the power plant is necessary to estimate the effect of restructuring on power plant productivity.
Circle-Valued Morse Theory

In 1927, M. Morse discovered that the number of critical points of a smooth function on a manifold is closely related to the topology of the manifold. This became a starting point of the Morse theory which is now one of the basic parts of differential topology. It is a large and actively developing domain of differential topology, with applications and connections to many geometrical problems. The aim of the present book is to give a systematic treatment of the geometric foundations of a subfield of that topic, the circle-valued Morse functions, a subfield of Morse theory.
Generic Operations on Nested Datatypes

Nested datatypes are a generalisation of the class of regular datatypes, which includes familiar datatypes like trees and lists. They typically represent constraints on the values of regular datatypes and are therefore used to minimise the scope for programmer error. An operation is said to be generic if it is parameterised by a datatype. This thesis explains how to define and reason with generic operations for nested datatypes. The operations we choose to illustrate the method include the zip and membership operations of Hoogendijk’s thesis. These operations are thereby generalised from regular datatypes to nested datatypes. We use fold operators to define and reason with these generic operations. It is therefore sufficient for us to define these fold operators generically and to express neatly generic theorems for these folds, such as universal properties and fusion laws. This we do for the three types of folds on nested datatypes. We demonstrate the theorems by proving the fold-equality law, which connects two varieties of fold representing two different modes of evaluation. Much of our reasoning is with relations rather than functions so we have to adapt our semantics for nested datatypes to incorporate the operators of relational calculus. For this reason, we extend our fold operators and associated theorems to apply to relations. Okasaki has argued informally that every nested datatype represents a constraint on some regular datatype. We prove this formally by defining an injective embedding function for each nested datatype. Since this operation connects programs that use nested datatypes with programs that use only regular datatypes, we can use it to remove nested datatypes from programs. There is some hope that we can also use it as a means of constructing programs for nested datatypes.
Measurement of the underlying event in pp collisions using the ATLAS detector and development of a software suite for Bayesian unfolding

First measurements are made of the underlying event in calorimeter jet events at the LHC, using 37 pb−1 of pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV, recorded during 2010 by the ATLAS detector. Results are compared for an assumed di-jet topology based on a single identified jet, and an exclusive di-jet requirement. The number of charged particles in the azimuthal region transverse to the jet axis is recorded, as well as their total and average transverse momentum. The total energy carried by all particles — charged and neutral — is also calculated, using the full calorimeter acceptance |η| < 4.8. Distributions are constructed to show the variation of these quantities versus the transverse momentum of the selected jet, over the range 20 − 800 GeV. Additional jets in the transverse region are shown to dramatically influence the measured activity. Software is developed to perform Bayesian iterative unfolding, testing closure of the process and stability with respect to the number of iterations performed. Pseudo-experiments are used to propagate systematic errors, and the intrinsic error due to unfolding is estimated. Although the correction relies on a prior probablitity distribution, model-dependence is reduced to an uncertainty comparable to or smaller than experimental systematic errors. The software is used to correct underlying event measurements for effects introduced by the ATLAS detector. Unfolded results are compared to predictions from different Monte Carlo event generators used in LHC analyses, showing general agreement in the range |η| < 2.5, but discrepancies in the forward region. Comparison with other ATLAS results shows compatible behaviour in events defined by any high-momentum charged particle, or by leptonic Z-boson decays.
Group-Based Modeling of Development

Find the secret to improve the quality of life by reading this group based modeling of development. This is a kind of book that you need now. Besides, it can be your favorite book to read after having this book. Do you ask why? Well, this is a book that has different characteristic with others. You may not need to know who the author is, how well-known the work is. As wise word, never judge the words from who speaks, but make the words as your good value to your life.
A Robust Test of the Existence of Primordial Black Holes in Galactic Dark Matter Halos

If very low mass primordial black holes (PBH) within the asteroid/moon-mass range indeed reside in galactic dark matter halos, they must necessarily collide with galactic neutron stars (NSs). These collisions must, again necessarily, form light black holes (LBHs) with masses of typical NSs, M LBH ≈ 1–2 M ⊙. LBHs may be behind events already detected by ground-based gravitational-wave detectors (GW170817, GW190425, and others such as a mixed stellar black hole–NS-mass event GW191219_163120), and most recently by microlensing (OGLE-BLG-2011-0462). Although the status of these observations as containing LBHs is not confirmed, there is no question that gravitational-wave detectors and microlensing are in principle and in practice capable of detecting LBHs. We have calculated the creation rate of LBHs resulting from these light primordial black hole (PBH) collisions with NSs. On this basis, we claim that if improved gravitational-wave detectors and microlensing statistics of the LBH events would indicate that the number of LBHs is significantly lower that what follows from the calculated creation rate, then this would be an unambiguous proof that there is no significant light PBH contribution to the galactic dark matter halos. Otherwise, if observed and calculated numbers of LBHs roughly agree, then the hypothesis of primordial black hole existence gets strong observational support, and in addition their collisions with NSs may be considered a natural creation channel for the LBHs, solving the problem of their origin, as it is known that they cannot be a product of standard stellar evolution.
Comparison of treatment outcome definitions in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients with high incidence of acquired second-line drug resistance

Background Simplified drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) treatment outcome definitions, mostly centred around receipt of treatment and sputum culture status at 6 months after treatment initiation, have been proposed, but have not been widely evaluated in resource-limited settings. Objectives To compare DR-TB treatment outcomes, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) at the time of treatment, with simplified definitions. Methods We performed retrospective folder reviews of a cohort of 246 South African DR-TB patients, most of whom developed second-line drug resistance. Sequential treatment outcomes were assigned retrospectively using both simplified Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBNET)-based and 2013 WHO-based definitions. Results Of 246 patients, 40% were HIV-positive, and 88% developed second-line drug resistance. Patients were observed for a median of 38 (interquartile range 24 - 63) months from DR-TB treatment initiation. Using WHO-based definitions, 93% of patients had >1 sequential outcome, whereas with simplified definitions, 25% of patients had >1 outcome. Fewer outcomes of cure (3% v. 9%) and more outcomes of treatment failure (42% v. 22%) were assigned using simplified definitions. Conclusion Simplified outcome definitions applied to real-world patients with long, often complex treatment histories resulted in underestimating cures and overestimating treatment failures compared with WHO-based definitions. Simplified definitions may identify more individuals at higher risk for treatment failure than WHO-based definitions, but without consistent programmatic follow-up it may be difficult to distinguish cure, failure and loss to follow-up.
Experimental examination of tunneling paths in SiGe/Si gate-normal tunneling field-effect transistors

The benefits of a gate-normal tunneling architecture in enhancing the on-current and average subthreshold swing of tunneling field-effect transistors were scrutinized in experiment through careful physical analysis of a Si0.50Ge0. 50/Si heterostructure. In accordance with theoretical predictions, it is confirmed that the on-current is governed by line tunneling scaling with the source-gate overlap area of our devices. Our analysis identifies the early onset of parasitic diagonal tunneling paths as most detrimental for a low average subthreshold swing. By counter doping the channel, this onset can be shifted favorably, permitting low average subthreshold swings down to 87 mV/dec over four decades of drain current and high on-off current ratios exceeding 106.
Curvature semipositivity of relative pluricanonical systems

We prove semipositivity of the curvature of the Narashimhan-Simha metric on an arbitrary flat projective family of varieties with only canonical singularities. This also implies that the direct image of pluricanonical systems have a natural continuous hermitian strucutre with semipositive curvature curvature current in the sense of Nakano. This is an improvement of the author's preprint ``Refined semipositivity and moduli of canonical models (2005)''.
Cohort monitoring of 29 Adverse Events of Special Interest prior to and after COVID-19 vaccination in four large European electronic healthcare data sources

Objectives This study aimed to monitor use of COVID-19 vaccines and incidence rates of pre-specified adverse events of special interest (AESI) of COVID-19 vaccines prior to and after COVID-19 vaccination. This study was not aimed to test a specific hypothesis. Design A retrospective cohort study including subjects from January 1, 2020 to October 31st, 2021, or latest availability of data. Setting Primary and/or secondary health care data from four European countries: Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Spain Participants Individuals with complete data for the year preceding enrolment or those born at the start of observation time. The cohort comprised 25,720,158 subjects. Interventions First and second dose of Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna, or Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. Main outcome measures 29 adverse events of special interest (AESI): acute aseptic arthritis, acute coronary artery disease, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute kidney injury, acute liver injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, anaphylaxis, anosmia or ageusia, arrhythmia, Bells palsy, chilblain-like lesions death, erythema multiforme, Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS), generalized convulsion, haemorrhagic stroke, heart failure, ischemic stroke, meningoencephalitis, microangiopathy, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, myo/pericarditis, myocarditis, narcolepsy, single organ cutaneous vasculitis (SOCV), stress cardiomyopathy, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) venous thromboembolism (VTE) Results 12,117,458 individuals received at least a first dose of COVID-19 vaccine: 54% with Comirnaty (Pfizer), 6% Spikevax (Moderna), 38% Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and 2% Janssen Covid-19 vaccine. AESI were very rare: less than 10/100,000 PY in 2020, only thrombotic and cardiac events were uncommon. After adjustment for factors associated with severe COVID, 10 statistically significant associations of pooled incidence rate ratios remained based on dose 1 and 2 combined. These comprised anaphylaxis after AstraZeneca vaccine, TTS after both AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccine, erythema multiforme after Moderna, GBS after Janssen vaccine, SOCV after Janssen vaccine, thrombocytopenia after Janssen and Moderna vaccine and VTE after Moderna and Pfizer vaccines. The pooled rate ratio was more than two-fold increased only for TTS, SOCV and thrombocytopenia. Conclusion We showed associations with several AESI, which remained after adjustment for factors that determined vaccine roll out. Hypotheses testing studies are required to establish causality.
In vivo and ex vivo range of motion in the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra

Joint range of motion (RoM) analyses are fundamental to our understanding of how an animal moves throughout its ecosystem. Recent technological advances allow for more detailed quantification of this RoM (e.g. including interaction of degrees of freedom) both in ex vivo joints and in vivo experiments. Both types of data have been used to draw comparisons with fossils to reconstruct locomotion. Salamanders are often used as analogues for early tetrapod locomotion; testing such hypotheses requires an in‐depth analysis of salamander joint RoM. Here, we provide a detailed dataset of the ex vivo ligamentous rotational joint RoM in the hindlimb of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra, using a new method for collecting and visualising joint RoM. We also characterise in vivo joint RoM used during walking, via scientific rotoscoping and compare the in vivo and ex vivo data. In summary, we provide (1) a new method for joint RoM data experiments and (2) a detailed analysis of both in vivo and ex vivo data of salamander hindlimbs, which can be used for comparative studies.