Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Border Irrigation Field Experiment. II: Salt Transport

This paper presents results from an experiment to measure the salt transport processes within a border-irrigated bay in northern Victoria, Australia, an area with shallow saline ground water and cracking soils. The overland flow and drainage salinity measurements showed that lateral surface washoff of salt from the soil surface was the main process of salt transport into surface water. Soil salinity measurements showed that, although salt was removed from the near-surface soil, there was negligible leaching downward through the profile. This was due to the near saturation of the soil, the presence of cracks that minimize the vertical leaching, as well as the lack of deep drainage of ground water. These findings highlight the importance of lateral washoff in the transfer of salt from irrigation bays, suggesting that reduction in irrigation event volumes is likely to reduce salt export and thus affect the sustainability of irrigation in this area.
Performance of Baffle Blocks in Submerged Hydraulic Jumps

AbstractAn experimental study was conducted investigating submerged hydraulic jumps with baffle blocks. An extensive series of tests were completed that covered a range of Froude numbers, submergence factors, and block arrangements. Dimensional analysis was used to interpret the results and study the effect of each parameter. Two flow regimes, the deflected surface jet (DSJ) and reattaching wall jet (RWJ), were observed. The occurrence of a particular regime depends on the block shape and location as well as the Froude number and submergence factor. The DSJ regime was found to dissipate more energy due to the formation of the deflected jet and its impingement on the water surface. The DSJ regime is almost as efficient in dissipating energy as the free hydraulic jump. This flow regime also had a smaller reverse flow region compared to the RWJ regime. Empirical equations were derived for predicting the critical values of the submergence factor at which each flow regime forms. The efficiency of the submerged.
Contribution of Landsat ETM+ thermal band to land cover classification using SMAP and ML algorithms (case study: Eastern Carpathians)

Landsat Thermal band measures the emitted radiation of the earth surface. In many studies the ETM+ thermal band with 60 meter resolution is excluded from processing and classification despite the valuable information content. Two different methods of Bayesian segmentation algorithm were used with different band combinations. Sequential Maximum a Posteriori (SMAP) is a Bayesian image segmentation algorithm which unlike the traditional Maximum likelihood (ML) classification attempts to improve accuracy by taking contextual information into account, rather than classifying pixels separately. Landsat 7 ETM+ data with Path/Row 186-26, dated 30 September 2000 were used. In order to study the role of thermal band with these methods, two data sets with and without the thermal band were used. Nine band combinations including ETM+ and Principal Component (PC) data were selected based on the highest value of Optimum Index Factor (OIF). Using visual and digital analysis, field observation data and auxiliary map data like CORINE land cover, 14 land cover classes are identified. Spectral signatures were derived for every land cover. Spectral signatures as well as feature space analysis were used for detailed analysis of efficiency of the reflective and thermal bands. The result shows that SMAP as the superior method can improve Kappa values compared with ML algorithm for all band combinations with on average 17%. Using all 7 bands both SMAP and ML classifications algorithm achieved the highest Kappa accuracy of 80.37 % and 64.36 % respectively. Eliminating the thermal band decreased the Kappa values by about 8% for both algorithms. The band combination including PC1, 2, 3, and 4 (PCA calculated for all 7 bands) produced the same Kappa as bands 3, 4, 5 and 6. The Kappa value for band combination 3, 4, 5 and 6 was also about 4% higher than using 6 bands without the thermal band for both algorithms. Contextual classification algorithm like SMAP can significantly improve classification results. The thermal band bears complementary information to other spectral bands and despite the lower spatial resolution improves classification accuracy.
Water quality monitoring: a case study of water pollution in minna, and its environs in Nigeria

This work investigates the level of purity in Minna water and its environs. Water samples were collected from four water sources; Federal University of Technology (FUT), Minna water tank (Treated water), Maikunkele (Borehole), Chanchaga (Water treatment plant) and Tagwai dam (Raw). The following analyses of pH, Total dissolved Solids (TDS), Conductivity, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total hardness, Concentration of carbonate, chloride, nitrate and Bacterial count were carried out on the samples collected. From the analyses, it could be seen that there were difference in the quality of water from the various locations investigated. Apart from the micro bacterial count, the various sources conformed to the standard set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The high nitrate content of 4.6 mg/l in the Maikunkele water shows the danger of inappropriate location of borehole in the community. However, it could be said that majority of the water sources are not fit for human consumption due to the high microbial population. Keywords: water quality, pollution, borehole sites, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Botswana Journal of Technology Vol 14(1) 2005: 31-35
Norway's Paleic Surface

Abstract. The division of Norwegian land forms into two groups of different character—paleic (= old) and young—was introduced by REUSCH (1901). Earlier papers—shortly reviewed—dealing with the paleic surface are mainly concerned with tracing and reconstruction of old land surfaces, regarded partly to be mature, but mostly to be peneplains formed in one, two, or more cycles of base levelling. The present paper calls attention to the fact that common forms of Norway's paleic surface are hills, basins connected by passes, and forms which may be regarded as modifications of these, like single hills and isolated hill groups, upland plains, valley-like depressions, etc. Deep weathering may have contributed to the development of hills and depressions (as suggested by REUSCH 1903b), but characteristic features of the hill-basin slope profiles indicate that also subaerial slope processes, like surface weathering and areal transport, have been of importance. Certain ‘levels’ or a step-like arrangement of the paleic.
Geophysical exploration for epithermal gold deposits at Pajingo, North Queensland, Australia

The Pajingo Epithermal System is an area of low-sulphidation epithermal veining and alteration, covering about 150 square km at the northern margin of the Drummond Basin. Tertiary and younger conductive sediments cover about 80% of the area. Gold mineralization occurs in thin quartz veins (generally 0.5–3 m wide), and most of the ore bodies discovered to date are along the north-west trending Vera-Nancy structure The host intermediate volcanics are magnetic, but the epithermal alteration that extends up to 50 m from the veins along the Vera- Nancy structure is magnetite destructive. Results of a high-resolution magnetic survey clearly delineate the major structures, including the Vera-Nancy structure. The quartz veins occur within broader zones of silicification, and gradient-array resistivity surveying has been successfully used to map these zones. Generally, the high resistivity zones due to silicification are coincident with the structures identified in the magnetics. Gravity and seismic surveys have aided the interpretation of regional structure. These techniques along with stratigraphic data indicate that the Vera-Nancy structure is a major north-west striking extensional fault. High resolution magnetics and resistivity continue to be the most useful geophysical tools in the ongoing exploration for additional mineralised structures within the Pajingo Epithermal System.
Multiphase flow and transport in porous media

Multiphase flow and transport of compositionally complex fluids in geologic media is of importance in a number of applied problems which have major social and economic effects. In petroleum reservoir engineering, efficient recovery of energy reserves is the principal goal. Unfortunately, some of these hydrocarbons and other organic chemicals often find their way unwanted into the soils and groundwater supplies. Removal in the latter case is predicated on ensuring the public health and safety. In this paper, principles of modeling fluid flow in systems containing up to three fluid phases (namely, water, air, and organic liquid) are described. Solution of the governing equations for multiphase flow requires knowledge of functional relationships between fluid pressures, saturations, and permeabilities which may be formulated on the basis of conceptual models of fluid-porous media interactions. Mechanisms of transport in multicomponent multiphase systems in which species may partition between phases are also described, and the governing equations are presented for the case in which local phase equilibrium may be assumed. A number of hypothetical numerical problems are presented to illustrate the physical behavior of systems in which multiphase flow and transport arise.
A Global Root-Zone Soil Moisture Analysis Using Simulated L-band Brightness Temperature in Preparation for the Hydros Satellite Mission

Abstract The aim of this study is to test a land data assimilation prototype for the production of a global daily root-zone soil moisture analysis. This system can assimilate microwave L-band satellite observations such as those from the future Hydros NASA mission. The experiments are considered in the framework of the Interaction Soil Biosphere Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface scheme used operationally at the Meteorological Service of Canada for regional and global weather forecasting. A land surface reference state is obtained after a 1-yr global land surface simulation, forced by near-surface atmospheric fields provided by the Global Soil Wetness Project, second initiative (GSWP-2). A radiative transfer model is applied to simulate the microwave L-band passive emission from the surface. The generated brightness temperature observations are distributed in space and time according to the satellite trajectory specified by the Hydros mission. The impact of uncertainties related to the satellite observations,.
DELIMITATION OF BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AREAS IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA ON THE BASIS OF HELICOIDEA SPECIES (PULMONATA: STYLOMMATOPHORA)

A sectorization of the Iberian Peninsula has been obtained on the basis of Helicoidea species distributions. The distributions were analysed by multivariate methods with several qualitative indices, applied to the matrix obtained by dividing the study area into 113 squares of 100×100 km. Dendrograms were obtained by the agglomerative procedure UPGMA. The analysis identified five biogeographical provinces subdivided into subprovinces and sectors. They are as follows. (1) Basque-Pyrenean-Catalonian province, with seventy-nine species and divided into the sectors Basque Septentrional, Basque Meridional, Pyrenean and Catalonian-Provenzal. This province seems to be a contact area between the three malacofaunistic groupings of western Europe. (2) Province of Castilla la Vieja, with thirty-six species and divided into Northern and Southern sectors. (3) Mediterranean province, with sixty-seven species and divided into the sectors of Ebro Valley, Levantine and Baleary. This province is characterized by species of Mediterranean affinities but also contains some species of Septentrional affinities because this province includes the north of the Iberian mountain range, which constitutes a very important refuge area for several species of septentrional origin. (4) Province of Extremadura-La Mancha-Andalusia, with forty-six species and divided into the subprovinces of Extremadura-La Mancha-Andalusia and Almeria (represented by only one square). The first subprovince is divided into the sectors of Andalusia-La Mancha and Extremadura-La Mancha. (5) Lusitanian province, with fifty-six species, divided into Galician-Asturian, Portuguese and Duerense sectors, and characterized by species of Lusitanian and Mediterranean affinities.
Quantifying the Shapes of U.S. Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Rain Shields*

Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) produce complex rainfall patterns that are difficult to predict due to atmospheric and land surface forcings. This study utilizes geographic information systems to spatially analyze radar returns and calculate several metrics that quantify the shapes of TC rain shields. Three stepwise discriminant analyses are performed to determine which of the shape metrics distinguish among TCs categorized by: intensity, distance traveled inland, and orientation of terrain encountered. Results confirm that TC rain shields often assume noncircular shapes. Utilizing shape indices to model rain shields could help produce TC rainfall forecasts that are more spatially accurate.
Noble gas isotopic composition of deep underground water in Osaka plain, central Japan: Evidence for mantle He and model for new volcanism

Elemental and isotopic compositions of noble gases extracted from the bore hole water in Osaka plain, central Japan were examined. The water samples were collected from four shallow bore holes (180-450 m) and seven deep bore holes (600-1370 m) which have been used for an urban resort hot spring zone. The water temperatures of the deep bore holes were 22-50°C and that of the shallow bore holes, 13-23°C. The elemental abundance patterns show the progressive enrichment of the heavier noble gases compared with the atmospheric noble gas composition except for He, which is heavily enriched in deep bore hole water samples. 3He/4He ratios from the bore holes reaching the Ryoke granitic basement were higher than the atmospheric value (1.4 × 10−6), indicating a release of mantle He through the basement. The highest value of 8.2 × 10−6 is in the range of arc volcanism. On the other hand, the bore holes in sedimentary rocks overlying the basement release He enriched in radiogenic 4He, resulted in a low 3He/4He ratio of 0.5 × 10−6. 4He/20Ne and 40Ar/36Ar ratios indicate that the air contamination is generally larger in shallow bore holes than in deep ones from each site. The helium enriched in mantle He is compatible with the previous work which suggested up-rising magma in ‘Kinki Spot’, the area of Osaka and western Wakayama, in spite of no volcanic activity in the area. A model to explain an initiation of magma generation beneath this area is presented.
Improving the discrimination of vegetation and landform patterns in sandy rangelands: a synergistic approach

Soil erosion is a key factor in land degradation processes in the sandy rangelands of the Peninsula Valdés of Patagonia, Argentina. Mapping landform and vegetation patterns is important for improving prediction, monitoring and planning of areas threatened by sand and shrub encroachment. This paper investigates the contribution of optical sensors, such as the Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), and textural measures derived from microwave Radarsat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) to their discrimination. An evaluation is undertaken to compare the classification accuracy achieved by specific regions of the spectrum and their synergistic use in an object‐oriented approach. Image segmentation and object‐oriented classifications were applied to the datasets. This required defining appropriate fuzzy membership functions for characterizing active and stabilized lineal dunes and the main vegetation classes. Improvements in the discrimination of active and stabilized dunes (vegetated by either scrub or grass) were achieved by using an object‐oriented classification that integrated microwave and visible near‐infrared (NIR) data. Changes in surface roughness caused by different vegetation types stabilizing the dunes affected the radar backscattering. Whereas Radarsat enabled a clear separation of scrub‐stabilized dunes, Terra‐ASTER showed superior performance in the cartography of grass‐stabilized dunes. The synergistic use of microwave and visible and near‐infrared (VNIR) data yielded a substantial increase in the discrimination and mapping of landform/vegetation patterns.
The transport of fine particulate organic matter in vegetated chalk streams

Chalk streams are characterized by the presence of abundant stands of rooted macrophytes. There is typically a steep reduction in current velocity within stands and this promotes the trapping and accumulation of fine sediments. Fine sediments have also been shown to infill the gravel beds and shallow hyporheic zones of chalk streams in the process of colmation. We investigated how in‐channel vegetation and colmation affect the reach‐scale transport of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM, particles <1 mm in diameter) in a chalk stream. Corn pollen was used to model FPOM and a vegetated reach retained 62·5% of the corn pollen, while only 41·8% of the corn pollen was trapped in an unvegetated reach of similar length. In a second release, 51·2% of the corn pollen was retained in a vegetated reach, with 58·7% retained after the removal of the macrophytes to leave a bed coated with fine sediment. Two series of flume releases were used to examine the effect of colmation (infilling with fine sediment). In the first releases, retention of the corn pollen was 2% over the gravel‐only bed, but infilling with sand increased retention to 34%. In the second releases, retention increased from 9% over a gravel‐only bed up to 37% after infilling with sand. Our findings have implications for the residence times of sediment‐bound nutrients and pesticides in chalk streams and for weed cutting, a common practice for flood risk management. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a Microwave Emission Model to Estimate Soil Moisture from ESTAR Observations during SGP99

Abstract The 1999 Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP99) provides comprehensive datasets for evaluating microwave remote sensing of soil moisture algorithms that involve complex physical properties of soils and vegetation. The Land Surface Microwave Emission Model (LSMEM) is presented and used to retrieve soil moisture from brightness temperatures collected by the airborne Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) L-band radiometer. Soil moisture maps for the SGP99 domain are retrieved using LSMEM, surface temperatures computed using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model, standard soil datasets, and vegetation parameters estimated through remote sensing. The retrieved soil moisture is validated using field-scale and area-averaged soil moisture collected as part of the SGP99 experiment, and had a rms range for the area-averaged soil moisture of 1.8%–2.8% volumetric soil moisture.
Impacts of projected climate change on the thermodynamics of a shallow and a deep lake in Finland: model simulations and Bayesian uncertainty analysis.

A lake model (MyLake) has been used to simulate the impacts of the projected future (2071–2100) climate on the thermodynamic properties of a shallow and a deep lake in Finland. The model has been calibrated using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method. The model results show, among others, that the largest change in water temperature in a projected future climate occurs in April–May when a 4.6–7.6°C increase in epilimnion and 2.7–4.4°C increase in whole-lake monthly mean temperature occurs compared to the climate of 1961–1990. This corresponds to a large decrease in the probability of ice cover in March–April. In winter and early spring a negative correlation was obtained between lake water and air temperatures in a projected future climate due to the thermal buffering feature of the lake ice and snow cover. The uncertainties connected to the choice of the general circulation model and the boundary condition forcing for the regional atmospheric climate model were often significantly larger than the uncertainties connected to MyLake model parameter values.
Leaching of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid from an Agricultural Field over a Twelve‐Year Period

The globally used herbicide glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and its most frequently detected metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), were studied in a unique 12‐yr field‐scale monitoring program. The leaching of glyphosate, AMPA, and soil particles was studied in a shallow drainage system beneath a 1.26‐ ha field. Five annual glyphosate applications were applied with different autumn application dates. Solute mass flux from the drain system following the five glyphosate applications were compared to determine how different factors affect the leaching of glyphosate, AMPA, and particles. Glyphosate and AMPA leaching were highly event driven, controlled by the time and intensity of the first rainfall event after glyphosate application. A high similarity in cumulative drainage and leached pesticide masses with time suggests near‐constant drainage and leaching rates. There was no clear relationship between particle‐facilitated transport and the transport of glyphosate or AMPA. However, soil particles, glyphosate, and AMPA all showed distinct, simultaneous concentration curves, indicating common dominant transport mechanisms. Also, soil‐water content at the time of application and the level of the groundwater table relative to the drain depth exerted clear controls on detection of solutes in the drainage water. To summarize our findings, we present a leaching risk chart to illustrate the dependence of glyphosate, AMPA, and soil particle leaching based on rainfall intensity and the timing of rainfall events after glyphosate application.
Large deviation principle for noninteracting boson random point processes

Limit theorems, including the large deviation principle, are established for random point fields (processes), which describe the position distributions of the ideal boson gas in presence of the Bose–Einstein condensation. We compare these results with those for the case of the normal phase, i.e., without the condensate.
Total global lightning inferred from Schumann resonance measurements

Radiation with frequencies of 5–30 Hz is ducted between Earth's surface and ionosphere with little attenuation; at the lowest frequencies, waves travel several times around the Earth before losing most of their energy. Much of this radiation is produced by lightning. Here we assume that all of this radiation is produced by lightning, and attempt to invert the observed electric and magnetic fields to infer the global lightning activity. We show 10 days of inversions. For these 10 days, the inferred average rate of vertical charge transfer squared is only 1.7 105 (C km)2/s. Other studies suggest that the root mean square moment change of a flash is about 166 Coulomb kilometers. If we naively assume that each of these flashes is composed of four equally sized strokes, then we conclude that our entire observed signal could be produced by only 22 flashes per second.