Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Public Opinion Regarding COVID-19 Vaccinations in Pakistan: Knowledge, and Perceptions of General Public

The COVID-19 infodemic can be counteracted by clear and consistent communication of scientific evidence and improved health literacy between the public and informants. For complete eradication of COVID-19, several vaccines are approved in various countries for public use by regulatory authorities. Assessing public perception regarding COVID-19 vaccination is an important area of research. In the current study, we aim to evaluate the opinions of individuals from multiple localities about COVID-19 and its vaccination through an online survey. Participants of the study were divided into different groups based on age, profession, demography, and income, and their opinions were calculated in percentage. In age group analysis we reported the highest willingness, 62.8 % (n=22) in age group 30-40, followed by 60 % (n=3) in age group >50, 58.6 % (n=244) in age group 20-30, 57.95 % (n=51) was in age group 15-20 and the least willingness, 33.33 % (n=4) in age group 40-50. The highest disagreement regarding vaccination of 60 % was found in age group >50, followed by 33.3 % in the age group 40-50, 14.7 % in the age group 20-30, 11.4 % in the age group 15-20 and 30-40. Similarly based on profession, maximum acceptability, 59.1 % (n=262) was reported in students, followed by a businessman (68.7 %, n=11), professional workers (3.5 %, n=20). Likewise, in demographic analysis, individuals from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) (61.3 %, n=200) were found more enthusiastic for vaccination, followed by AJK (58.33 %, n=7) and Islamabad (58.1 %, n=32). In the same way, people with income range $435 - $621/month showed the highest willingness (65.7 %, n=69) regarding vaccination, followed by income group ($621 or more $s/month). Surprisingly, individuals from the low-income group were found more interested in vaccination as compared to the higher-income group. Comparatively low interest of high-income group individuals may be due to more exposure to conspiracy theories shared on social media.
Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Soil Organic Carbon Decomposition along a Vegetation Restoration Gradient of Subtropical China

Vegetation restoration can affect the process of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition, but how this effect is related to soil moisture and temperature remains uncertain. Thus, we performed an incubation of 120 days using soils of degraded land, plantation forest, and secondary natural forest, at two levels of temperature under two moisture levels. We found that the amount of cumulative SOC decomposition in the plantation and secondary natural forest soil was ca. 11.7 times higher than that in the soil from degraded land. Higher soil moisture and temperature treatment increased SOC decomposition in the plantation and secondary natural forest soils. However, in the soil from degraded land, higher soil moisture did not increase SOC decomposition, and higher temperature only increased SOC decomposition in the 60%WHC treatment. The amount of cumulative SOC decomposition was positively correlated with soil MBC and DOC content. The responses of SOC decomposition and the decomposability of DOC to moisture and temperature along the vegetation restoration gradient were highly consistent. Furthermore, in the 60%WHC treatment group, the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of SOC decomposition declined with vegetation restoration age increase. Higher soil moisture did not affect Q10 in the plantation and secondary natural forest soil, but increased Q10 in the soil from degraded land. Our results indicate that higher soil temperature and moisture would stimulate SOC decomposition, but it is highly dependent on labile carbon supply and microbial metabolic activity along the vegetation restoration gradient.
Cleaning Efficiency of XP Finisher, XP Finisher R and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation Following Retreatment of Teeth Obturated with TotalFill HiFlow Bioceramic Sealer

Objective The aim of the study was to compare the cleaning efficiency of XP Finisher (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), XP Finisher R (FKG Dentaire), and passive ultrasonic irrigation after root canal retreatment. Methods A total of 75 single-rooted human teeth were decoronated, instrumented using HyFlex EDM rotary files (Coltène/Whaledent Inc., Altstätten, Switzerland), and filled with gutta-percha and the TotalFill HiFlow bioceramic sealer (FKG Dentaire) using the warm vertical compaction technique. Retreatment was performed with D-Race rotary files (FKG Dentaire). Samples were randomly divided into five groups according to the activation protocol used. Samples were sectioned longitudinally and prepared for the scanning electron microscope. The percentages of cleaned canal walls in each third of the canal were determined using the ImageJ software. The one-way ANOVA test was used to make comparisons among all of the tested groups, with a pairwise comparison made with the Bonferroni correction. The significance level was set at P≤0.05. Results Results showed that none of the activation techniques used resulted in complete canal cleanliness. However, XP Finisher R and XP Finisher had better cleaning ability compared with passive ultrasonic irrigation in all thirds of each root canal (P<0.001). Conclusion The cleaning efficiency of XP Finisher R and XP Finisher was superior to that of passive ultrasonic irrigation after the retreatment of the hydraulic calcium silicate sealer.
Sustainability orientation, CSR implementation and new venture growth

Purpose Building on the upper echelons theory and sustainability orientation (SO) literature, this paper aims to examine the possibility that the relationship between chief executive officers’ (CEOs’) SO and venture growth might be mediated by levels of corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation. Design/methodology/approach The authors used data obtained from 211 new ventures operating in Ghana. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings The authors found that CSR implementation mediates the relationship between SO and venture growth. In addition, the authors found that, at higher levels of financial slack, the effect of SO on CSR implementation is attenuated. However, the results show that, at higher levels of CEO power, the influence of SO on CSR implementation is amplified. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first to examine the mediating role of CSR implementation in the relationship between SO and venture growth and also examines two internal contingency factors (i.e. CEO power and financial slack) on this association.
Operation of Inductive Charging Systems Under Misalignment Conditions: A Review for Electric Vehicles

Inductive power transfer (IPT) for electric vehicles (EVs) is an emerging technology that can transfer power wirelessly over certain distances, thus offering some remarkable characteristics in terms of flexibility, position, and movability. The output power of an IPT system depends on the coupling factor of the magnetic couplers, which can deviate from the nominal operating conditions due to the occurrence of misalignment. Nevertheless, misalignment of the magnetic couplers in inductive charging is inevitable, and it usually results in the variation of the mutual inductance and output power of the system with a corresponding decrease in the system’s overall efficiency. So far, the literature has reported various techniques for achieving designs with higher misalignment tolerance. The reported techniques can be mainly classified into three categories, as viewed from the following aspects: magnetic couplers layouts, compensation networks, and control strategy. Each of these techniques has its pros and cons in terms of implementation cost, system layout, efficiency, power density, and reliability depending on the application. With the increased investigation of more applications of IPT, new modified techniques for improving the misalignment tolerance in the IPT system are continuously being proposed based on permutations and combinations of the existing ones; thus causing some confusion and difficulties for researchers and system vendors to follow. This article, therefore, aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing methods for IPT systems that address the misalignment issue in EVs’ wireless charging. The background of the inductive charging systems for EVs is presented and an investigation of the numerous factors affecting the output power and other performances is conducted. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each technique on the IPT system’s performance are analyzed in detail.
Irradiation Effects in Polymer Composites for Their Conversion into Hybrids

In this paper several aspects of profound modifications caused by high energy exposures are presented as possible candidates for the efficient adjusting processing of polymer materials. The class of hybrid composites receives special attention due to the large spectrum of formulations, where the interphase interaction decisively influences the material properties. They represent potential start points for the intimate uniformity of hybrid morphologies. Their radiation processing turns composites onto hybrid morphology with expected features, because the transferred energy is spent for the modification of components and for their compatibility. The essential changes achieved in radiation processed composites explain the new material behavior and durability based on the peculiar restructuring of polymer molecules that occurred in the polymer phase. During high energy irradiation, the interaction between intermediates born in the constitutive phases may convert the primary composites into hybrids, integrating them into large applicability spheres. During the radiation exposure, the resulting hybrids gain a continuous dispersion by means of new chemical bonds. This type of compounds achieves some specific structural modifications in the polymer phase, becoming stable hybrid composites. The functional properties of hybrids definitely influence the material behavior due to the molecular changes based on the structural reasons. The radiolysis of the vulnerable component becomes an appropriate opportunity for the creation of new material with improved stability. The radiation treatment is a proper conversion procedure by which common mixtures may become continuously reorganized. This review presents several examples for the radiation modifications induced by radiation exposure that allow the compatibilization and binding of components as well as the creation of new structures with improved properties. This approach provides the reference patterns for the extension of radiation processing over the well-conducted adjustments of polymer composites, when certain material features are compulsorily required. From this review, several solutions for the adjustment of regular polymer composites into hybrid systems may become conceivable by the extended radiation processing.
Occupation and Pay in Great Britain, 1906-60.

This is a study of the changing size of occupational classes, of their concomitant pay structure and the timing and circumstances of changes in this structure, in the period 1906â€“1960. In marshalling the facts about the numbers of people in the various broad occupational classes, Dr Routh has indicated the rise or fall of numbers in the occupations of which each class is composed, and the relation of these changes to the changing industrial structure of the economy. He also shows changes in participation rate by age and sex over the half-century, and makes some comparisons of the broad occupational structure of Britain with that of some other countries.
Automatic Permission Check Analysis for Linux Kernel

Permission checks play an essential role in operating system security by providing access control to privileged functionalities. However, it is challenging for kernel developers to scalably verify the soundness of existing checks due to the large codebase and complexity of the kernel. In fact, Linux kernel contains millions of lines of code with hundreds of permission checks, and even worse, its complexity is fast-growing. This paper presents PeX, a static Permission check error detector for LinuX, which takes as input a kernel source code and reports any missing, inconsistent, and redundant permission checks. PeX uses KIRIN (Kernel InteRface based Indirect call aNalysis), a novel, precise, and scalable indirect call analysis technique. Over the interprocedural control flow graph built by KIRIN, PeX automatically identifies permission checks and infers the mappings between permission checks and privileged functions. For each privileged function, PeX examines all possible paths to the function to check if necessary permission checks are correctly enforced. We evaluated PeX on the latest stable Linux kernel v4.18. 5 for three types of permission checks: Discretionary Access Controls (DAC), Capabilities, and Linux Security Modules (LSM). PeX reported 45 new permission check errors, 17 of which have been confirmed by the kernel developers.
Silencer Design for the Control of Low Frequency Noise in Ventilation Ducts

The control of noise propagating along ventilation system ducts has always been an important issue in the building and vehicle sectors. This problem is generally tackled by selecting noise-reducing components with a suitable transmission loss, possibly verifying their effectiveness at a later time. The aim of this article is to characterize the nature of the problem and propose a design approach focusing directly on the perceived effect, that is, on the sound pressure level downstream of the outlet. Because the nature of the noise emission depends on various generation mechanisms, different methods can be applied. Usually, it is more difficult to realize good attenuations at low frequencies because of the limits of sound absorbing materials in such frequency range. For this reason, the ability of reactive components to attenuate the noise below the cut-on frequency will be investigated. This goal is reached by applying the transfer matrix approach to a duct system, with the implementation of the transfer matrices of each single element, and then assembling a system capable of acoustically describing the source and the duct structure. The coupling between the duct system with source and receiver impedances allows one to predict the sound pressure level at a given distance from the outlet. The proposed methodology is implemented in a user-friendly calculation tool with possible academic and professional application. Predictive capability, usability, and intuitiveness of the proposed design procedure are validated against experimental results by real potential users, who express positive feedback.
Children’s comprehension of NP embedding

How do children learn to interpret structurally complex noun phrases? NPs embedded inside other NPs are not accessible to predication, so that in a sentence with a subject NP containing a PP modifier such as The cup on the table is green or The dog with the bone is blue, the adjectival predicate has scope over the highest but not the embedded nominal referent (Arsenijevic & Hinzen 2012). We used a coloring task to examine children’s comprehension of sentences containing these complex NPs, comparing PP modifiers (locative and comitatives) to coordinated NPs (The cup and the table are green), where both referents are accessible. Three- to five-year-old children were highly accurate with control and coordinate sentences, and performed well with locative PPs, but were not different from chance level for comitative sentences, which many children treated as coordinates. That children differentiate between coordinate and locative sentences provides evidence that children have early access to the syntax-semantics of complex nominals. The contrast between locatives and comitatives suggests that comprehension is not merely guided by subject agreement (since the agreement patterns are the same for both types of PP-modified subjects), and that children still need to learn the lexical semantics of prepositions. Diachronically, languages with comitative modifiers evolve into language with comitative coordination (Haspelmath 2007). Thus, we propose that these error patterns for comitative prepositions can be explained by the assumption that children’s errors align with the direction of systematic language change.
Clinical Features of Anti-Synthetase Syndrome Associated with Prognosis in Patients with Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis

We evaluated whether the clinical features of anti-synthetase syndrome (ASA)—myositis, fever, arthritis, mechanic’s hand, Raynaud’s phenomenon and interstitial lung disease—are relevant to prognosis in patients with dermatomyositis/polymyositis (DM/PM). A retrospective analysis was performed to identify patients diagnosed with DM/PM according to Bohan and Peter criteria. Clinical information, laboratory data and the presence of ASA clinical features at disease diagnosis were searched, and the outcomes of all-cause mortality, intensive care unit admission and disease remission at 1 year were assessed. Among the 86 patients included, fever (36.0%) and interstitial lung disease (26.7%) were the most common ASA clinical features. During the follow-up, 12 patients experienced death, and 7 of the 12 deaths (58.3%) occurred within 3 months of DM/PM diagnosis. Mortality was more frequently observed in those presenting with fever than in those without (25.8% versus 7.3%, p = 0.024). Multivariable Cox proportional analysis revealed that male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65, 18.49, p < 0.01) and fever (HR 4.20, 95% CI 1.26, 14.01, p = 0.02) independently predicted mortality. The clinical impact of fever was consistent in both sexes. Fever could be a warning signal heralding the poor outcome of mortality in patients with DM/PM, especially in early disease phases.
Secrecy Enhancement for SSK-Based Visible Light Communication Systems

Visible light communication (VLC) is a technology that uses unlicensed light spectrum resources and high spatial reuse rates for communication. Because it does not occupy any resource allocation in wireless communication, it has fully alleviated the problem of spectrum scarcity in radio frequency (RF) communication and gradually become a new development direction. However, owing to the inherent broadcasting nature of the VLC channel, the VLC link is vulnerable to eavesdropping by unexpected or unauthorized users in spacious public places. Therefore, enhancing the security of the VLC system has attracted extensive attention. This paper studies the security optimization scheme of the VLC system based on the space shift keying (SSK) technology in the free space optical environment called the SSK-VLC system. The antenna selection (AS) technology and artificial noise (AN) cancellation method are adopted to enhance the confidentiality of the SSK-VLC system. In this paper, we presume that the SSK-VLC system includes three parts: a transmitter containing multiple light-emitting diodes, a legitimate receiver, and an eavesdropper, respectively. By using the designed AS and AN method, the transmitted valid information can be demodulated at the legitimate receiver, and at the same time, the received information by the eavesdropper will be disturbed. The simulation results prove that the proposed optimization scheme can further improve the security performance, including the secrecy rate (SR) and the bit error ratio (BER), compared with the traditional SSK-VLC scheme.
Determination of strain around distal implants as abutments for partial and fixed implant-supported prostheses with posterior cantilever

This study aimed to compare strain around implants used as abutments for removable partial dentures with wrought wires and fixed partial dentures with ball attachments and fixed dentures with posterior cantilever. An edentulous mandibular model was constructed using epoxy resin with four parallel implants in the area between the two mental foramina. Four strain gauges were attached to the buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal aspects of each implant. One fixed prosthesis with cantilever and two removable partial dentures were considered as prosthetic treatments. A vertical 500-N force was applied with 10-N intervals. The maximum strain in the fixed prosthesis was higher than that of the partial removable denture; in the removable denture with a wrought wire arm, it was higher than that in the denture with a ball attachment (P < 0.001). The lowest rate of strain was recorded on the mesial aspect (P < 0.05). However, the highest rate of strain was recorded on the lingual and distal aspects of the removable denture with a wrought wire in the buccal aspect and the removable prosthesis with the ball attachment on the buccal and lingual aspects (P < 0.05). Finally, despite minor differences in the maximum strain rate in each implant position, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Partial removable denture with a ball attachment decreased strain more than that by the removable portal denture with a wrought wire arm. The worst type of prosthesis in terms of the overall strain rate was the fixed prosthesis with cantilever.
Tax-Spend or Spend-Tax? The Case of Southern Africa

Whether to increase taxes or cut spending is an important question with profound policy implications, especially as countries attempt to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between revenues and spending in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), where concerns about rising debt and deficits were raised prior to the pandemic. A panel bootstrap Granger-causality technique was used to analyze annual frequency data covering the 1980–2018 period. To our best knowledge, this was the first study in Africa to simultaneously account for cross-country differences and cross-section dependence. The findings of the study have in-depth implications for fiscal policy and adjustments towards budgetary equilibria. The study found no evidence of causality between revenues and spending in eleven SADC member states, suggesting that to balance their respective budgets, governments in these countries can alter either spending or revenues, or both. However, in Botswana, we found evidence of the tax-spend hypothesis, implying that governments should consider altering revenues to eliminate budget imbalances. Finally, evidence of the spend-tax hypothesis was found in Mauritius and Mozambique, suggesting that past and current expenditures drive revenues in these countries. Accordingly, cutting spending would be an ideal policy recourse to deal with budgetary disequilibrium.