Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Long and Short Run Relationship Amongst Macroeconomic Variables and Economic Growth of Nepal

This paper examines the long and short run relationship among selected macroeconomic variables and economic growth of Nepal. The objective of the research is to examine empirically the long and short run relationship among macroeconomic variables; gross fixed capital formation, human capital, government expenditure, foreign aid, and trade openness on economic growth of Nepal. The study period spanned from 1975 to 2016. The data has the annual frequency. The time series properties of the data were, first, analyzed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and then Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration is employed to assess the direction of impact and long-run relationships between the variables. Besides these, other diagnostic tests are also conducted. The ARDL bound test analysis depicts the presence of cointegration relationship between real GDP and employed macroeconomic determinants. The negative and significant error correction coefficient further provides substantial evidence that there is long-run association among real gross domestic product and selected macroeconomic variables. The ARDL model shows that Gross fixed capital formation and government expenditure have a significant positive relationship on economic growth in the long run while trade openness has a significant negative relationship on economic growth in the long run. Thus, the findings suggest that GFCF and GE are the major macro determinants to robust the economic growth of Nepal. In order to achieve the desired rate of economic growth it is suggested that there should be a continuous investment in gross fixed capital formation including plants, machinery, raw materials, industrial buildings and technology (research and development). It is also suggested that structural changes should be made in school institutions with the provision of providing quality education with cognitive skills and added resources through quality and skilled teachers. Nepal must have more effective trade openness, particularly by productively controlling import of consumption goods, and by introducing import substitution policies, in boosting their economic growth through international trade.
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of mixed ligand complexes of Co (II) and Cu (II) with N, O/S donor ligands and amino acids

A series of new mixed ligand complexes of Co(II) and Cu(II) with thiosemicarbazones/semicarbazone {(±)-5-isopropenyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enthiosemicarbazone (IPMCHTSC, L 1H), 1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2,2,1]heptanethiosemicarbazone (TBHTSC, L 2H) and 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2,2,1]heptanesemicarbazone (TBHSC, L3H)} and amino acids {glycine (A 1H) or DL-alanine (A 2H)} have been synthesized by the reaction of metal dichloride with ligands IPMCHTSC, TBHSC or TBHTSC and A1H or A 2H in a 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing ethanol. The newly synthesized complexes (1-12) have been characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, electronic, IR, FAB mass spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. On the basis of these spectral data, a square pyramidal geometry was proposed for all of these complexes. FAB mass spectroscopic studies of (1), (3) and (4) suggest their monomeric nature. The ligands and their complexes have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against bacterial strains E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris and fungal strains A. niger and C. albicans . The results of these studies show the metal (II) complexes to be more antibacterial/ antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands.
Human-ike Sketch Object Recognition L v ia Analogical Learning

Deep learning systems can perform well on some image recognition tasks. However, they have serious limitations, including requiring far more training data than humans do and being fooled by adversarial examples. By contrast, analogical learning over relational representations tends to be far more data-efficient, requiring only human-like amounts of training data. This paper introduces an approach that combines automatically constructed qualitative visual representations with analogical learning to tackle a hard computer vision problem, object recognition from sketches. Results from the MNIST dataset and a novel dataset, the Coloring Book Objects dataset, are provided. Comparison to existing approaches indicates that analogical generalization can be used to identify sketched objects from these datasets with several orders of magnitude fewer examples than deep learning systems require.
2 0 A pr 2 02 0 Imperial-TP-AT-2020-02 Defect CFT in the 6 d ( 2 , 0 ) theory from M 2 brane dynamics in AdS 7 × S 4

Surface operators in the 6d (2,0) theory at large N have a holographic description in terms of M2 branes probing the AdS7 × S M-theory background. The most symmetric, 1/2-BPS, operator is defined over a planar or spherical surface, and it preserves a 2d superconformal group. This includes, in particular, an SO(2, 2) subgroup of 2d conformal transformations, so that the surface operator may be viewed as a conformal defect in the 6d theory. The dual M2 brane has an AdS3 induced geometry, reflecting the 2d conformal symmetry. Here we use the holographic description to extract the defect CFT data associated to the surface operator. The spectrum of transverse fluctuations of the M2 brane is found to be in oneto-one correspondence with a protected multiplet of operator insertions on the surface, which includes the displacement operator. We compute the one-loop determinants of fluctuations of the M2 brane, and extract the conformal anomaly coefficient of the spherical surface to order N. We also briefly discuss the RG flow from the non-supersymmetric to the 1/2-BPS defect operator, and its consistency with a “b-theorem” for the defect CFT. Starting with the M2 brane action, we then use AdS3 Witten diagrams to compute the 4-point functions of the elementary bosonic insertions on the surface operator, and extract some of the defect CFT data from the OPE. The 4-point function is shown to satisfy superconformal Ward identities, and we discuss a related subsector of “twisted” scalar insertions, whose correlation functions are constrained by the residual superconformal symmetry. Also at Lebedev Institute and ITMP, Moscow State University.
Effective Renal Plasma Flow Determination Using Technetium·

Previous studies have suggested that by slight modification of the cu"entformulosfor iodine-131 (1) orthoiodohippurate (OIH) effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) quantitation, technetium99m ('mTc) mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG~ can be substituted for 1-0IH in the quantitative renal function protocol. This study was undertaken to compare two different camera techniques that do not require blood samples. The Schlegel camera method, modified by the introduction of 0.67 as a co"ection factor, comprised one technique. In the other technique, the renal clearance (RC) was determined and then converted to ERPF. The results were then compared with the Tauxe (TX) method. Fifty patients with varying degrees of renal impairment were studied. Our comparative results support the concept that a camera technique can be applied to 9mTc-MAG3 to determine ERPF, with results similar to those obtained by the Tauxe method (p < 0.01).
Preparation and properties of nanocomposites based on acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber, styrene–butadiene rubber, and polybutadiene rubber

Nanocomposites were prepared with different grades of nitrile rubber with acrylonitrile contents of 19, 34, and 50%, with styrene–butadiene rubber (23% styrene content), and with polybutadiene rubber with Na-montmorillonite clay. The clay was modified with stearyl amine and was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD studies showed an increase in the gallery gap upon the modification of the filler by stearyl amine. The intercalation of the amine chains into the clay gallery gap was confirmed by the presence of some extra peaks (2928, 2846, and 1553 cm−1) in the FTIR spectra. The clay–rubber nanocomposites were characterized by TEM and XRD. The mechanical properties were studied for all the compositions. An improvement in the mechanical properties with the degree of filler loading up to a certain level was observed. The changes in the mechanical properties, with changes in the nature and polarity of the rubbers, were explained with the help of XRD and TEM results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1573–1585, 2004
The Simplified Model for Predicting Shaped Charge Jet Parameters

Le modele est fonde sur d'anciens travaux de Hirsch et les travaux analytiques initiaux de Pugh, Eichelberger et Rostoker. Pour ce faire, on combine l'equation de Gurney derivee et simplifiee par Hirsch pour cylindres implosants a la theorie PER en formant un code informatique unidimensionnel, puis on l'utilise pour prevoir les parametres d'un jet de charge creuse de 80 mm de diametre. On a obtenu une bonne concordance avec les donnees experimentales.
Structural relationships in blends of isotactic polypropylene and polymers with aliphatic sequences

Blends of isotactic polypropylene and polyethylene or polyamides often display highly unusual crystalline morphologies in which the chain axes of the helical and linear polymers are at large angles to each other. These crystalline morphologies are explained on the basis of a specific epitaxial relationship that rests on the existence, in the (010) plane of iPP, of rows of methyl groups nearly 5-A apart. The structural basis of all the observed morphologies is the parallel alignment of the aliphatic segments of the PE or polyamides and of the iPP methyl rows (or vice versa) and matching of the near 5-A distances between PE or PA chains and iPP methyl rows. The implications of this unusual epitaxial relationship with respect to the apparent “universality” of polymer nucleating agents are examined.
Correlating lignin structural features to phase partitioning behavior in a novel aqueous fractionation of softwood Kraft black liquor

In this work, a set of softwood lignins were recovered from a Kraft black liquor using a novel pH-based fractionation process involving sequential CO2 acidification and separation of the solvated aqueous lignin fraction. These recovered lignin fractions were characterized with respect to properties that may be responsible for their phase partitioning behavior as well as properties that may render the lignins more suitable for materials applications. Lignin fractions were recovered between a pH range of 12.8 and 9.5 with the bulk of the lignin (90%) recovered between a pH of 11.1 and 10.0. While all the fractions were found to consist primarily of lignin as validated by sample methoxyl content, the first fractions to phase separated were found to be especially enriched in aliphatic extractives and polysaccharides. From the bulk of the lignin that was recovered between a pH of 11.1 and 10.0 a number of noteworthy trends were discernible from the data. Specifically, the phenolic hydroxyl content was found to exhibit a strong negative correlation to the fractionation pH and exhibited a nearly 50% increase with recovery at decreasing pH, while the GPC-estimated molecular weights and 13C NMR-estimated β-O-4 content showed strong positive correlations to the pH at recovery. The aliphatic hydroxyl content exhibited minimal differences between recovery conditions. Overall, these results suggest that this fractionation approach can generate lignin fractions enriched in select physical or structural properties that may be important for their application as feedstocks for renewable chemicals or materials.
Modelling the climate sensitivity of Storbreen and Engabreen, Norway

In this report we have modelled the mass balance of two Norwegian glaciers using two different approaches. At Storbreen, a continental glacier in southern Norway, a simplified energy balance model was used. At Engabreen, a maritime glacier in northern Norway, a degree day model was used. Both glaciers have long term mass balance series, detailed topographic maps, micro-meteorological data and nearby meteorological stations outside the glacier. The models have been calibrated with micro-meteorological data from the glacier (Storbreen only), and by traditional mass balance measurements. Downscaled climate scenarios were used to predict the future climate for the two glaciers. Results from the atmosphere-ocean general circulation models ECHAM4/OPYC3 developed at the Max Planck Institute and the HadAm3H developed at the Hadley Centre were used. Assumptions about future greenhouse gas emissions were based on the IPCC SRES B2 scenario. The period 1961-1990 was used as control climate and for the future climate the time slice 2071-2100 was used. The downscaled climate scenarios show a mean temperature increase between the two periods of between 2.2 and 3.3 K for Storbreen and between 2.3 and 2.7 K for Engabreen. The precipitation is predicted to increase by 3-23 % for Storbreen and between 7 and 48 % for Engabreen. The climate sensitivity was calculated by combining calculated Seasonal Sensitivity Characteristics and normalised and smoothed seasonal scenario values. This resulted in a mean temperature sensitivity of Storbreen and Engabreen of -0.50 and -0.90 m w.e. respectively for a 1K warming. A 10 % increase in precipitation represents a climate sensitivity of +0.17 m w.e. for Storbreen. For Engabreen the sensitivity varies between +0.51 and +0.38 m w.e. using the Max Planck and the Hadley scenario respectively. Based on the climate change scenarios and the calculated static climate sensitivities, we estimate that Storbreen will have lost about 30 % of its volume by around 2050. The volume estimates of Engabreen range from a 4 % increase by 2100 (using the MaxPlanck scenario) to a 30 % decrease within 2056 (using the Hadley scenario). The extra annual run-off will be larger from Engabreen than Storbreen due to its much bigger size, by 2050 it will be in the order of 4 mill. m3 water from Storbreen and 50 mill. m3 water from Engabreen.
Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped graphene hydrogels by hydrothermal route with urea as reducing-doping agents

Nitrogen-doped graphene hydrogels (NGHs) were synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal route with graphene oxide (GO) as raw material and urea as reducing-doping agents. The morphology, structure, and components of the NGHs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, methylene blue adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis and electrical conductivity measurements. The results demonstrated that nitrogen was doped into the graphene plane at the same time as the GO sheets were reduced, and the nitrogen content incorporated into the graphene lattice was in the range of 3.95 to 6.61 at. % with pyrrolic N as the main component. The NGHs contained about 97.6 wt% water and have a large specific surface area (SSA) of >1300 m2 g−1 in the wet state. In addition, the electrochemical performance of the NGHs was investigated. The sample NGHs-4 with a nitrogen content of 5.86 at. % and SSA of 1521 ± 60 m2 g−1 in the wet state showed excellent capacitive behavior (308 F g−1 at 3 A g−1) and superior cycling stability (92% retention after 1200 cycles) in 6 mol L−1 KOH. The experimental results indicated that not only the N-content but also the N-type have very significant impact on the capacitive behavior. Furthermore, NGHs strongly influenced the electrochemical properties because of their high SSAs and mesoporous structure.
Microstructure and electrical properties of LaNiO3 thin films by RF sputtering for the growth of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 films on silicon and nickel substrates

Conductive LaNiO3 (LNO) thin films were deposited on Si substrates by RF sputtering at room temperature to 600 °C. X-ray diffraction of the LNO films showed that preferred orientation varied from (100) below 500 °C to (110) at 600 °C at deposition temperature of 200–600 °C. The room temperature resistivity was 2250–3400 μΩ-cm at the range of 200 °C ∼500 °C. The LNO films, deposited at room temperature, were postannealed in air from 500 to 800 °C, and the resistivity value was 280 μΩ-cm at a postannealing temperature of 600 °C. Subsequently, sol–gel derived (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films were deposited on LNO-buffered nickel substrates and characterized, the results were compared to those of the same films on silicon substrates. The comparison demonstrated that the performance characteristics of the LNO-buffered nickel foils are similar to those of LNO-buffered silicon substrates. Thus, LNO films prepared by the sputtering method can act as an effective barrier layer on nickel substrates for embedded microele.
Variable Star Classification with Help of Machine Learning Algorithms (short paper)

With the appearance of modern technologies such as CCD-matrices, large telescopes and computer networks the precision of our observations increased immensely. On the other hand, such accurate and complex data formed TBs large data bases which are very fragile and unattainable for the treatment by classical methods. The scales of this problem can be seen especially in variable star sky surveys. For many terabytes of data one has to classify all the stars in catalog to ﬁnd stars of particular type of variability. This problem is known as very important since almost every part of modern astrophysics is interested in new objects to study. In some ﬁelds like cosmology, this question is very vital due to high demand for new data of model-anchors like Cepheids or supernova stars. To facilitate this task many machine learning based algorithms were proposed (Richards et al., 2011 [2]). In this study we perform a way to classify the Zwicky Transient Facility Public Data Release 1 catalog onto variable stars of diﬀerent types. As the priority classes we set Cepheids, RR Lyrae and δScuti . “One vs all” classiﬁcation technique revealed highly accurate results on validation data, concretely 0.90–0.95 with ROC-AUC metrics.
The role of cool-flame chemistry in quasi-steady combustion and extinction of n-heptane droplets

Experiments on the combustion of large n-heptane droplets, performed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the International Space Station, revealed a second stage of continued quasi-steady burning, supported by low-temperature chemistry, that follows radiative extinction of the first stage of burning, which is supported by normal hot-flame chemistry. The second stage of combustion experienced diffusive extinction, after which a large vapour cloud was observed to form around the droplet. In the present work, a 770-step reduced chemical-kinetic mechanism and a new 62-step skeletal chemical-kinetic mechanism, developed as an extension of an earlier 56-step mechanism, are employed to calculate the droplet burning rates, flame structures, and extinction diameters for this cool-flame regime. The calculations are performed for quasi-steady burning with the mixture fraction as the independent variable, which is then related to the physical variables of droplet combustion. The predictions with the new mechanism, which agree well with measured autoignition times, reveal that, in decreasing order of abundance, H2O, CO, H2O2, CH2O, and C2H4 are the principal reaction products during the low-temperature stage and that, during this stage, there is substantial leakage of n-heptane and O2 through the flame, and very little production of CO2 with no soot in the mechanism. The fuel leakage has been suggested to be the source of the observed vapour cloud that forms after flame extinction. While the new skeletal chemical-kinetic mechanism facilitates understanding of the chemical kinetics and predicts ignition times well, its predicted droplet diameters at extinction are appreciably larger than observed experimentally, but predictions with the 770-step reduced chemical-kinetic mechanism are in reasonably good agreement with experiment. The computations show how the key ketohydroperoxide compounds control the diffusion-flame structure and its extinction.
Explicit-Solvent Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the β(1→3)- and β(1→6)-Linked Disaccharides β-Laminarabiose and β-Gentiobiose in Water

The conformational preferences about the glycosidic linkages present in β-laminarabiose and β-gentiobiose in water are investigated by comparing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with results from NMR spectroscopy (coupling constants, NOE-derived distances), X-ray crystallography (structures), and molecular mechanics (adiabatic energy maps). The simulations are performed using the OPLS−AA−SEI force field recently developed for hexopyranoses and extended to account for the properties of the linkages present in the two disaccharides. The experimental and theoretical results for β-laminarabiose are very consistent and reveal a clear correlation between the conformation around the dihedral angle ψ and the presence of an interresidue hydrogen bond (from the 4-hydroxyl group of the reducing residue to the ring oxygen of the nonreducing residue). The solvent (water) plays an essential role in determining the preferential orientation about ψ, by dramatically reducing the strength of this intramolecular hydrogen.
Introduction to Parallel Computing

Increasingly, parallel processing is being seen as the only cost-effective method for the fast solution of computationally large and data-intensive problems. The emergence of inexpensive parallel computers such as commodity desktop multiprocessors and clusters of workstations or PCs has made such parallel methods generally applicable, as have software standards for portable parallel programming. This sets the stage for substantial growth in parallel software.Data-intensive applications such as transaction processing and information retrieval, data mining and analysis and multimedia services have provided a new challenge for the modern generation of parallel platforms. Emerging areas such as computational biology and nanotechnology have implications for algorithms and systems development, while changes in architectures, programming models and applications have implications for how parallel platforms are made available to users in the form of grid-based services.This book takes into account these new developments as well as covering the more traditional problems addressed by parallel computers.Where possible it employs an architecture-independent view of the underlying platforms and designs algorithms for an abstract model. Message Passing Interface (MPI), POSIX threads and OpenMP have been selected as programming models and the evolving application mix of parallel computing is reflected in various examples throughout the book.
Quality Characteristics of Crude and Refined Atili Oils

2 Abstract: Two varieties of "atili" fruit were extracted separately for oil by warm pressing extraction method using screw press expeller. The crude "atili" oils were refined and a bright greenish yellow colour was obtained from both varieties. The proximate analysis for long and short varieties were fat; 22.82%; 19.28%; protein 21.71%; 20.83%, ash; 3.39%; 3.06%, moisture; 30.10%; 29.00%, carbohydrate 21.98%; 27.86% respectively. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the ash and moisture content of the two varieties. There was no significant different in the specific gravity and refractive index of both refined (long and short) varieties "atili" oil and crude (long and short) varieties "atili" oil whereas significant differences existed in all the chemical properties of the various "atili" oils.