Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction Pathways, Differential Survival of Adult and Larval Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), and Possible Management Strategies, in an Adirondack Lake, Lake George, NY

Abstract The introduction pathway and source of zebra mussel larvae into Lake George, NY were determined and a general bioassay was developed to assess the zebra mussel colonization risk of a water body. The presence of zebra mussel larvae (veligers), recruitment, and adults were monitored in Lake George from 1995–2003. All observations of zebra mussel veligers were at marinas, boat ramps, or areas heavily used by fishing boats. Models and observation suggest that human activity is the primary mechanism by which zebra mussels are transported overland. Although one small colony of zebra mussels was discovered during this period, no evidence was found of recruitment or permanent colonization by zebra mussels in Lake George. A series of bioassays to assess both larval and adult growth and survival was developed and indicated that Lake George water limited the survival of zebra mussel larvae but not of adults. These bioassays confirmed model predictions that zebra mussel recruitment is limited by the moderate water alkalinity in Lake George, but that adults were able to survive and grow. The unique water chemistry that limits zebra mussel colonization, and the close proximity of Lake George to other mussel-populated waters, make Lake George an ideal natural laboratory to study the introduction process of zebra mussel adults and/or larvae into a landlocked lake. Although zebra mussels have colonized the major waterways of Eastern North America, the establishment of zebra mussel populations in landlocked lakes is occurring much more slowly. Public outreach and education efforts that appear to aid in limiting the introduction of zebra mussels are also discussed.
Phylogeny and generic delimitation of Asian Marantaceae

Eight genera and approximately 55 species of Marantaceae occur in Asia. Until recently these were the most poorly understood members of the family, but over the last few years much progress have been made in understanding their alpha taxonomy and distribution. Generic delimitation and phylogenetic relationships between genera, however, remain unclear. We analysed phylogenetic relationships in Asian Marantaceae using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis of plastid (rps16 intron) and nuclear [internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and 5S-non-transcribed spacer (NTS)] DNA sequence data. The results show that two Asian genera, Halopegia and Stachyphrynium, are well-defined monophyletic entities that should be maintained in their current form. Schumannianthus virgatus is sister to Halopegia and should be transferred to a genus of its own. Phacelophrynium, Monophrynium and Cominsia are nested within a paraphyletic Phrynium. Within this large clade, a number of geographically focused monophyletic species groups can be identified, in some cases corroborated by flower and fruit characters not previously emphasized in taxonomic studies, but these do not provide a useful framework for a revised generic classification. A revised generic classification of Asian Marantaceae is supplied, including the description of a new genus Indianthus Suksathan & Borchs. to which S. virgatus is transferred. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159, 381–395.
Características químicas e digestibilidade in vitro de silagens de girassol

Silages of thirteen cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were evaluated for chemical characteristics and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The silages were produced when the plants presented above 90% of ripe grains. The experimental procedure followed a entirely randomized design and the mean values were compared by SNK test (P<.05). The smallest content of dry matter, 19.8%, was obtained for the hybrid M737, and the highest were observed for Contiflor 7, with 31.2%, and Cargill 11, with 32.2%. The pH values varied from 4.1 up to 5.5, and the contents of ammonia-nitrogen as percentage of total nitrogen varied from 5.9% up to 14.6%. The general averages obtained for lactic, acetic and butyric acids were of 7.1%, 1.9% and 0.06%, respectively. The hybrid Rumbosol 91 presented the smallest percentage of crude protein, with 7.2%, while contents above 9.0% were observed for five cultivars. The general average of ether extract (EE), 14.7%, was quite high when compared to others contents usually obtained for roughage. The contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin presented general averages of 45.8%, 35.7% and 6.4%, and were negatively correlated to IVDMD (general average of 49.8%). The silages presented low concentrations of residual soluble carbohydrates. The high contents of ADF and lignin, and the average of IVDMD (49.8%) can restrict the application of the silages of those cultivars of sunflower for more the exigent categories of animals, and the high medium content of EE can limit the level of inclusion of those silages in bovine rations.
Thematic analysis

Thematic analysis (TA) is a method for identifying, analyzing, and interpreting patterns of meaning (‘themes’) within qualitative data. TA is unusual in the canon of qualitative analytic approaches, because it offers a method – a tool or technique, unbounded by theoretical commitments – rather than a methodology (a theoretically informed, and confined, framework for research). This does not mean that TA is atheoretical, or, as is often assumed, realist, or essentialist. Rather, TA can be applied across a range of theoretical frameworks and indeed research paradigms. There are versions of TA developed for use within (post)positivist frameworks that foreground the importance of coding reliability (e.g. Boyatzis, 1998; Guest, MacQueen, & Namey, 2012), and given the emphasis on positivism in positive psychology (Friedman, 2008), it is unsurprising that such approaches are often favored by qualitative researchers in this area (e.g. Selvam & Collicutt, 2013). However, there are also versions of TA – like ours – developed (primarily) for use within a qualitative paradigm (Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2013). These versions emphasize an organic approach to coding and theme development and the active role of the researcher in these processes, and some positive psychologists are embracing the greater flexibility that they offer to the qualitative researcher (e.g. Holmqvist & Frisén, 2012). Since we published our original paper on TA (Braun & Clarke, 2006), our approach has become the most widely cited of the many (many! ) different version of TA available to the qualitative researcher, and it is this version that we focus on in the rest of this brief commentary.
THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHWESTERN QUEEN ELIZABETH ISLANDS

Ellef Ringnes Island has a confirmed flora of 49 vascular plants and five parasitic fungi. The adjacent islands have less diversity of habitat and probably have even poorer floras. There are no endemics and the plants are extremely depauperate. The summer climate at Isachsen is colder than at any other station in the Canadian arctic. Although there are no convincing indications that Ellef Ringnes I. was overrun by a Wisconsin continental ice sheet, it cannot have escaped being snow-covered. The light cover of snow and ice on the outer islands was quickly lost in the postglacial xerothermic, which enabled plants to spread along the periphery of the archipelago. The numerous plants that occur south-west and northeast of these islands but not in them indicate that postglacial cold periods, probably accompanied by at least partial snow cover of the outermost islands, have driven out many species. Nearctic refugia are discussed and it is indicated, by analysis of distribution patterns, that no refugia occurred.
The role of infectious agents and parasites in the health of honey bee colonies in France

Summary A field survey was conducted between 2002 and 2005 to study honey bee colony health under beekeeping conditions. Five colonies were randomly selected in each of 24 apiaries (i.e. 120 colonies). Four thorough clinical visits were carried out each year. Results are presented on pathogen occurrence and on beekeeping conditions, with a special focus on the relationship with colony size and colony mortality. All winter and summer mortality rates remained below 10% over the three year period. The following diseases were regularly found in apiaries (classified in descending order of mean prevalence): chalkbrood, bald brood, presence of Nosema spp. spores, Varroa destructor, American and European foulbrood. Foulbrood and V. destructor infestation were the most severe conditions significantly positively related to mortality. Attention to disease prevention and early detection were critical points for colony survival in many apiaries.
Measuring Oil Price Shocks

The role of oil price shocks in US economic activity and inflation is controversial but a key input to current economic policy. To clarify these relations, we employ a more refined measure of oil shocks based on decomposing highly accurate realized volatility estimated using intraday oil futures data. In reconciling prior results, we find that shocks driven by price increases (decreases) are associated with rising (falling) inflation while only a symmetric volatility channel affects economic activity.
Patterns of Beaver Colonization and Wetland Change in Acadia National Park

Abstract The return of Castor canadensis (beaver) to areas of their former range has restored a natural disturbance regime to wetland landscapes in North America. We used aerial photographs to study wetland creation and modification by beaver in Acadia National Park, ME, during a period of beaver population expansion (1944–1997). We quantified the change in the number of available ponded wetlands in the landscape during the study period and documented an 89% increase in ponded wetlands between 1944 and 1997. Spatial and temporal patterns of beaver colonization and changes in wetland vegetation and hydrology were recorded at six time periods (1944, 1953, 1970, 1979, 1985, and 1997) for 33 beaver-created wetlands for which we had current amphibian assemblage data. Beaver colonization generally converted forested wetlands and riparian areas to open water and emergent wetlands, resulting in significant increases in the percentage of open water and emergent wetland habitat and a decrease in the percentage of forested wetland area at the study sites. Temporal colonization of beaver wetlands initially favored large sites occurring lower in the watersheds; sites that were impounded later were generally smaller, higher in the watershed, and more likely to be abandoned by the end of our study. Our results suggest that beaver have not only increased the number of available breeding sites in the landscape for pond-breeding amphibians, but also the resulting mosaic of active and abandoned beaver wetlands is likely to provide suitable breeding habitat for a diversity of species.
Effect of nitrogen levels and size of tuber on growth, yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Var. Kufri Badshah

The treatments comprised four nitrogen levels (0, 80, 100 and 120 kg/ha) and three size of tuber (25, 35 and 45 g). The significantly tallest plants were recorded with the application of N120 at all the growth stages. The height was up to 77.93 cm at harvest stage, where as it was only 53.94 cm under N0 nitrogen. The highest plant height was recorded by largest 45 g tuber size at all the stages of observations. The lowest height was noted from smallest 25 g tuber size. At harvest stage, 45 g tuber size recorded 67.47 cm height as against only 63.30 cm under 25 g tuber sizes. The varying levels of nitrogen showed significant effect upon number of branches/plant at all the stage of observations. At harvest stage, the maximum branches were 4.73/plant due to N120, where as minimum 3.11/plant under without nitrogen. The tuber size of 45 g recorded significantly more branches/plant over 25 g tuber sizes only at every stage. At harvest stage, maximum branches from 45 g tuber size were 4.09/plant which were decreased to 3.73/plant under 25 g tuber size. The significantly highest leaves/plant was recorded due to N120 over the preceding N-levels at every stage. The maximum leaves count at N120 was 58.29/plant at against only 43.18/plant under N0 nitrogen. The largest tuber size (45 g) recorded non-significantly highest leaves count at 30 and 60 DAS, but significantly highest (51.31/plant) at harvest stage. The smallest tuber size (25 g) recorded minimum leaves count at every stage (50.60 cm at harvest). The stem diameter was influenced significantly due to N-levels at every stage. At harvest stage, N120 resulted in significantly highest stem diameter (6.24 cm) over all the preceding N-levels.
Site fidelity and survival of Purple Sandpipers Calidris maritima at Helgoland (SE North Sea)

The minimum annual survival of Purple Sandpipers as derived from resighting rates in a colour‐ringed population at Helgoland (SE North Sea) was higher in adults (80%) than in first‐year birds (36%). In both first‐year and adult birds, the minimum survival during four winter months (60% and 84%, respectively) was slightly lower than during the eight months from spring to autumn arrival (63% and 85%, respectively). The high winter survival (100%) and low summer survival (64%) of second‐year birds is discussed in relation to different levels of experience in the wintering and first breeding, respectively. Although dispersal to other wintering sites cannot be totally excluded, the disappearance of individuals can generally be attributed to predation (by Sparrowhaioks Accipiter nisus, feral cats). Within Helgoland, a high fidelity to feeding sites and night roosts was recorded.
Supplementary Materials for: VecRoad: Point-based Iterative Graph Exploration for Road Graphs Extraction

In all the three road metrics, the pixel metric measures the alignment with ground-truth road pixels, the APLS metric measures the connectivity of the road graph, and the junction metric measures the accuracy of junctions and the connectivity with neighbouring vertices of junctions. We argue that the road alignment (both road centerline and junctions) should be firstly guaranteed, then the connectivity will make sense. In another word, the connectivity without precise alignment is of non-sense.
Succession and phylogenetic profile of eukaryotic communities in rice straw incorporated into a rice field: Estimation by PCR-DGGE and sequence analyses

Abstract Succession and the phylogenetic profile of eukaryotic communities associated with rice straw decomposition in a rice field were studied using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis followed by 18S rDNA sequencing. Nylon mesh bags containing leaf sheaths or blades were buried in the plow layer of a rice field under flooded conditions after transplanting (Experiment 1) and under drained conditions during the off-crop season (Experiment 2). In addition, rice straw samples in Experiment 2 were taken out before plowing in spring and re-placed in the rice field under flooded conditions at transplanting. Statistical analyses based on DGGE patterns showed that eukaryotic communities were divided into two groups, namely group A before the placement in soil, after the mid-season drainage in Experiment 1 and under the drained conditions in Experiment 2 and group B before the mid-season drainage in Experiment 1 and under the flooded conditions in Experiment 2. Based on the sequence analysis of DGGE bands, which characterized the eukaryotic communities, succession of the communities was revealed, that is, most of the bands in group A were closely related to fungi, whereas the bands in group B were closely related to protozoa. These results indicated that eukaryotic communities associated with rice straw decomposition in the rice field are mainly affected by soil conditions, such as oxic or reduced conditions, irrespective of rice straw parts (leaf sheaths and blades).
Multiscale geomorphic drivers of groundwater flow paths: subsurface hydrologic dynamics and hyporheic habitat diversity

Abstract Application of a hydrogeologic computer model underscored the importance of geomorphic controls on groundwater and surface-water flow dynamics in the Nyack Floodplain, a montane alluvial floodplain in Montana, USA. The model represented the floodplain as a hierarchy of geomorphic patches, which facilitated analysis of model results using independent (predictor) variables at multiple scales. The analyses revealed that geomorphic structures at various spatial scales interact with the flow regime to influence the direction, magnitude, and stability of hyporheic flow within individual floodplain patches. Specifically: 1) the hydrologic flow network within the hyporheic zone is more responsive to seasonal changes in river discharge if floodplain topography is complex and aquifer properties are heterogeneous, 2) simplification of internal patch structure across the floodplain eliminates the influence of fine-scale geomorphic structures on the stability of groundwater flow paths, although the influence of patch context remains, and 3) incremental changes in river discharge can abruptly and substantially restructure the relationship between river discharge and groundwater flow patterns when events such as inundation of previously dry flood channels occur on the floodplain. We believe that ecological theories of biodiversity can be used to understand interactions among geomorphic variation, hydrologic dynamics, and the maintenance of biodiversity in the hyporheic zone if abrupt reorganization and other variations in groundwater flow paths act as disturbances to hyporheic communities. From this perspective, we used model results to develop 4 hypotheses describing the potential for causal linkages among floodplain geomorphology, hyporheic flow-path variation, hyporheic habitat diversity/stability, and hyporheic community diversity.
The optimum feeding levels for growing of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in intensive culture

Zusammenfassung Die optimale Futterungsintensitat von Spiegelkarpfen in Intensivhaltung Wachsende Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.) mit einem Anfangsgewicht von 18,9 ± 0,96 g wurden in einer Kreislauf-Intensiv-Anlage 21 Wochen lang mit acht verschiedenen Futterungsintensitaten gehalten. Die Futterungsintensitaten variierten zwischen 0,5% und 4% bezogen auf kg0,8 der Fische auf Trockensubstanzbasis. Die Korpergewichtszunahmen, die Fischkorperzusammensetzung und die Verwertungsparameter fur Futter, Protein und fur Energie wurden ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse belegen, das die Steigerung der Futterungsintensitat die Korpergewichtszunahmen erhoht, das aber oberhalb von 3% kg0,8 kein gesicherter Einflus mehr nachzuweisen ist. Die gesteigerte Futterungsintensitat fuhrte zu einer linearen Abnahme der Verwertungsparameter fur Energie und Protein sowie fur das Futter. Eine Futterungsintensitat von 2% kg0,8 auf Trockensubstanz-Basis erwies sich als optimal fur eine gute Futterverwertung (0,90:1) bei gunstigen Wachstumsverhaltnissen (5,2 g Zunahme/Tag/Fisch) unter den angewandten Versuchsbedingungen. Hohe Futterungsintensitaten von mehr als 2,5% kg0,8 fuhrten zu einer Verfettung der Fischkorper, so das das Verhaltnis von angesetzter Fettenergie zu eingesetzter Proteinenergie deutlich ausgeweitet wurde. In der Kreislauf-Intensiv-Anlage erwies sich eine Futterungsintensitat von 2% je kg0,8 metabolische Korpergrose auf Trockensubstanz-Basis als besonders geeignet fur wachsende Karpfen im Korpergewichtsbereich zwischen 18 g und 1000 g. Bei dieser Futterungsintensitat konnen jahrlich 213 kg Fischmasse je m3 Wasser bei einer Futterverwertung von 1:1 erzeugt werden.
On Ciliary Mechanisms in Brachiopods and some Polychætes, with a Comparison of the Ciliary Mechanisms on the Gills of Molluscs, Protochordata, Brachiopods, and Cryptocephalous Polychætes, and an Account of the Endostyle of Crepidula and its Allies.

The results of the writer's investigations on the ciliary mechanisms on the gills of Mollusca and Amphioxus (1 and 2) gave rise to the suggestion that similar mechanisms might probably also occur in Brachiopods, for it is a well-known fact that Brachiopods—like some Molluscs and Amphioxus—feed on the smaller organisms which are to be found floating in the sea. Owing to the kindness of Dr. H. C. Williamson, of Aberdeen, I have been able to examine living Crania which were obtained by dredging in Loch Fyne, and living Terebratula have also been obtained from Naples. An investigation of the living gill-filaments—or lophophoral cirri, as they are frequently termed in this group—showed that the ciliary mechanisms on these filaments are essentially the same as those occurring on the gill-filaments of Amphioxus, Lamellibranchs, some Gastropods, and most Ascidians. As it was found that existing accounts of the mode of feeding in Brachiopods are vague and incomplete the following description of the process has been written.
A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TENDRILS OF PARTHENOCISSUS TRICUSPIDATA SIEB. & ZUCC.

Summary This report describes a scanning electron microscopic study on the surface of developing tendrils of Parthenocissus tricuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. Epidermal cells of mature branchlets are densely covered with minute corrugations which we shall call microplicae, while the epidermis of immature branchlets is smooth. Epidermal cell surfaces of pads first appear very folded, but develop into a densely packed pattern of hemispheres. When stimulated, heavy exudation of a sticky fluid enables the pad to adhere to a support. Subsequently, epidermal cells nearest the point of contact elongate extensively and divide periclinically, whereas the remaining epidermal cells swell and undergo anticlinal divisions. The adhesive fluid passes through the wall o epidermal cells, accumulates under the cuticle causing the latter to bleb, and is finally exuded from a hole in the cuticular blebs.
A multinational analysis of competitive strategies of softwood sawmills

The primary objectives of this study were to describe and compare the competitive strategies of softwood sawmills in five major softwood producing regions of the world, and to discuss the limitations of the well‐known Porter model. Data was collected via personal interviews from 102 companies in Finland; coastal and inland western USA; coastal and inland British Columbia, Canada. Results suggest that “pure”; focus and differentiation strategies are the competitive strategies most commonly followed by sawmills in Finland and inland British Columbia. In the coastal and inland western USA regions “pure”; differentiation and “pure”; cost leadership strategies are dominant in these two geographical regions, respectively. In coastal British Columbia a “pure”; cost leadership strategy and the combination of all strategy types were the two strategies most frequently followed. The competitive strategy followed was found to be related to company size. Large companies more often applied cost leadership strategies an.
Faunal assemblages of some saline lakes near Marchagee, Western Australia

Five saline lakes near Marchagee. with salinities ranging from 10-71‰, were sampled every two months between March and September 1979. The lakes contained faunal assemblages of 6-13 invertebrate species; only two species were common to all lakes. Fish (Pseudogobius olorum) were found in one salt lake. Austrochiltonia subtenuis was recorded at a salinity of 71‰ twice the salinity it was previously thought to tolerate. Pseudogobius olorum was collected at a salinity of 55‰ and is the second species of fish to be collected from highly saline Australian lakes. Mytilocypris mytiloides was collected at a total dissolved solids concentration of 45‰ a much higher level of salinity than it tolerates in eastern Australia. Necterosoma pensillatus was found at a salinity of 10.5‰ the lowest yet recorded for the species.