Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of Islamic education policies in Indonesia

Abstract Since Indonesia’s independence in 1945, policies related to Islamic education have undergone a shift from a domestication approach to an accommodation approach. This paper aims to examine the forms of government policies that have regulated Islamic education during this time period, and to analyze the underlying factors and consequences of these policies on Islamic education. This research employs a qualitative, historical approach, relying on a literature review for data. The findings indicate that the origins of the domestication policy can be traced to differences in views between the government and Muslims concerning the role of religion in state affairs, as well as the slow modernization of madrasas (Islamic schools) and pesantren (Islamic boarding schools), which led to a weak position for Islamic education within the national education system. On the other hand, the accommodative policy was influenced by a variety of factors, including the New Order regime’s efforts to strictly and consistently implement Pancasila as the state ideology; the need to maintain power by appealing to the majority Muslim population; the intellectual transformation of a new generation of Muslim political thinkers and activists towards a more harmonious relationship between Islam and the state, allowing for Islamic ideas to be more easily accepted; and the increased social, educational, economic, and political mobilization of Muslims, which allowed for more educated Muslims to be involved in policymaking.
Angle-resolved photoemission study of the single-domain Si(111)(3×1)/(6×1)-Ag surface

The surface electronic structure of the Si(111)(3×1)/(6×1)-Ag surface has been investigated by the means of angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission using synchrotron radiation. A vicinal sample was used in order to obtain mainly a single-domain surface. At least two dispersive surface-related states were identified in both directions. The upper band has a clear dispersion of 0.25 eV, consistent with a (3 × 1) periodicity in Γ-M direction. The experimentally obtained band maps were compared to the theoretical band-structure calculations for the so-called honeycomb chain-channel model for the metal-induced (3×1) reconstruction, and were seen to be in good agreement.
Determination of Asymptotic Parameters in the Statistical Bootstrap Model

The statistical bootstrap model predicts that the density of hadron states ρ(m) approaches cmaebm asymptotically. We consider the consequences of extending the bootstrap condition in the model from asymptotic down to finite masses. This allows us to determine the parameters a, b, and c for various assignments of the hadron volume and low-mass input spectrum, and for the extreme cases of excluding all exotic particles or including all of them. In all cases, a=-3 for ρtot (summed over all internal quantum numbers). The parameter b varies somewhat from case to case but is always of order mπ^-1; thus we predict the maximum temperature T0=b^-1≈mπ in rough agreement with Hagedorn's empirical determination. The inclusion of exotic states has little effect on ρtot but does redistribute the partial level densities according to a simple rule. The predicted level densities (excluding exotic states) are compared with present data.
The Galactic Oxygen Abundance Gradient

We have previously published medium- to high-resolution spectroscopic observations of early B-type main-sequence objects, lying in 18 young, stellar clusters and associations or the general disk population, over galactocentric distances 6 ≲ Rg ≲ 18 kpc. Using a homogeneous subset of stars with similar atmospheric parameters, we have reanalyzed the O II line spectra using non-LTE line formation calculations. We derive an oxygen abundance gradient of -0.07 ± 0.01 dex kpc-1, which should be representative of the present-day interstellar medium within the Galaxy. This extensive and self-consistent data set represents a considerable advance on previous attempts to measure the Galactic oxygen abundance gradient using early-type stars and produces a significant gradient for the first time. The outer disk is well sampled, which gives the result statistical significance, and the discrepancies with previous similar studies are discussed. We compare this new result to those derived using Galactic H II regions and planetary nebulae and conclude that the different methods now appear to produce consistent agreement.
Determination of effective surface recombination velocity and minority‐carrier lifetime in high‐efficiency Si solar cells

A mathematical analysis for minority‐carrier diffusion in a solar cell base is used to extract bulk lifetime τ and effective back‐surface recombination velocity S from measurements of asymptotic decay times of short‐circuit current and open‐circuit voltage. Since the decay times depend individually on both S and τ, it is necessary to use both current and voltage data for unique results. Experimental measurements of current and voltage transients are presented from variable base resistivity cells, γ‐irradiated cells, and cells with intentionally damaged back‐surface field regions. Lifetimes determined in these experiments are compared with conventional techniques. The results show that these conventional techniques yield lifetimes in serious error for cells whose diffusion lengths approach base thickness.
Evolution of Jovian planets in a self-gravitating planetesimal disk

Aims. We explore the orbital evolution of the four Jovian planets embedded in a self-gravitating planetesimal disk, along with the simultaneous accretion of small bodies by proto-Uranus and proto-Neptune. Methods. We adopt the code NBODY4 running on the GRAPE-type special-purpose computer for numerically simulating the primordial evolution of the outer Solar System, where the total gravitational forces due to the Sun, the four Jovian planets, and the massive planetesimals are all taken into account. Results. There is no significant accretion of proto-Uranus and proto-Neptune during their migration stage, only on the order of 0.1 Earth mass. The self-gravitating disk can provide a new replenishment of planetesimals outside a few AU beyond Neptune into the scattering zone, resulting in larger radial displacement of Neptune than in the non-self-gravitating disk. The present location of Neptune requires an original planetesimal disk outer edge at ∼35 AU. The distribution of the surviving planetesimals is very similar to the observed Kuiper belt.
Classical and advanced multilayered plate elements based upon PVD and RMVT. Part 1: Derivation of finite element matrices

This paper deals with the formulation of finite plate elements for an accurate description of stress and strain fields in multilayered, thick plates subjected to static loadings in the linear, elastic cases. The so‐called zig‐zag form and interlaminar continuity are addressed in the considered formulations. Two variational statements, the principle of virtual displacements (PVD) and the Reissner mixed variational theorem (RMVT) are employed to derive finite element matrices. Transverse stress assumptions are made in the framework of RMVT and the resulting finite elements describe a priori interlaminar continuous transverse shear and normal stresses. Both modellings which preserve the number of variables independent of the number of layers (equivalent single‐layer models, ESLM) and layer‐wise models (LWM) in which the same variables are independent in each layer, have been treated. The order N of the expansions assumed for both displacement and transverse stress fields in the plate thickness direction z as well as the number of element nodes Nn have been taken as free parameters of the considered formulations. By varying N, Nn, variable treatment (LW or ESL) as well as variational statements (PVD and RMVT), a large number of newly finite elements have been presented. Finite elements that are based on PVD and RMVT have been called classical and advanced, respectively.
Niobium doped TiO2: Intrinsic transparent metallic anatase versus highly resistive rutile phase

We report on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of 5% niobium doped TiO2 thin films grown on various substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The epitaxial anatase Nb:TiO2 film on LaAlO3 is shown to be an intrinsic transparent metal and its metallic property arises from Nb substitution into Ti site as evidenced by the Rutherford backscattering channeling result. In contrast, the rutile Nb:TiO2 thin films show insulating behaviors with 2–3 orders higher room temperature electrical resistivity and ∼30 times lower mobility. A blueshift in the optical absorption edge is observed in both phases, though of differing magnitude.
Effect of growth temperature and postmetallization annealing on the interface and dielectric quality of atomic layer deposited HfO2 on p and n silicon

The effect of growth temperature and postmetallization annealing on the electrical characteristics of atomic layer deposited HfO2 films has been studied. Trap distributions at the interface have been obtained by means of deep level transient spectroscopy, whereas conductance transient technique provided the energy and geometrical profiles of electrically active defects at the insulator bulk. Differences in the interface quality have been observed between films on n- and p-type substrates. The most suitable growth temperatures seem to be 300°C for p-type and 500°C for n-type substrates. In all cases, postmetallization annealing in forming gas causes displacements of defects from the insulator bulk to the interface.
The nilpotency of elements of the stable homotopy groups of spheres

$WS_{n}x_{s_{n}}X^{(n)}/WS_{n}\times_{s_{n}}(basepoint)^{(n)}$ , where $WS_{n}$ is an acyclic $S_{n}$-free complex as $S_{n}$ being the n-th symmetric group (for details of the definition, see \S 1). The study of constructions of this kind was initiated by N. E. Steenrod [18]. For $n=a$ prime, various applications of extended powers to homotopy theory have been done by J. F. Adams, M. G. Barratt, D. S. Kahn, M. Mahowald and H. Toda. Also R. J. Milgram treated the $D_{4}$ construction to apply it to the Arf invariant problem. The basic idea of the proof of the conjecture is given by H. Toda in [19]. That is, roughly speaking, the study of the stable homotopy type of
Small‐scale, dispersive field line resonances in the hot magnetospheric plasma

The formation, temporal behavior, and spatial structure of field line resonance (FLR) layers formed by shear Alfven waves standing along auroral magnetic field lines between the ionospheres are investigated when the layer develops transverse structure on the scale of the ion Larmour radius. Using a new numerical model including full ion Larmour radius correction in dipole magnetic geometry with realistic distributions of background plasma temperature and density, the following is shown: (1) Hot magnetospheric ions significantly retard the development of a parallel electric field in ion gyroscale dispersive Alfven waves. (2) A fundamental FLR forming near L = 7.5 can contract to a transverse scale size of several hundred of meters in the direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic field at ionospheric altitudes, with a parallel electric field sufficient to produce a k V potential drop along the resonance field line from the ionosphere up to ∼ 4 RE altitude, in the region where the wave dispersion is due to the finite electron inertia. (3) A plasma density depletion in the lower auroral magnetosphere (≈ 2–5 RE geocentric distance) enables the formation of a nonradiative fundamental FLR. (4) Dispersive FLRs for the higher harmonics are more radiative at the equatorial magnetosphere than the fundamental mode.
Faraday instability in floating liquid lenses: the spontaneous mutual adaptation due to radiation pressure

Abstract Fluid dynamics instabilities are usually investigated in two types of situations, either confined in cells with fixed boundaries, or free to grow in open space. In this article we study the Faraday instability triggered in a floating liquid lens. This is an intermediate situation in which a hydrodynamical instability develops in a domain with flexible boundaries. The instability is observed to be initially disordered with fluctuations of both the wave field and the lens boundaries. However, a slow dynamics takes place, leading to a mutual adaptation so that a steady regime is reached with a stable wave field in a stable lens contour. The most recurrent equilibrium lens shape is elongated with the Faraday wave vector along the main axis. In this self-organized situation an equilibrium is reached between the radiation pressure exerted by Faraday waves on the borders and their capillary response. The elongated shape is obtained theoretically as the exact solution of a Riccati equation with a unique control parameter and compared with the experiment.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth â€“ An Empirical Analysis of Different Effects in Less and More Developed Countries

This paper studies the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on national economic growth with the help of GMM panel regressions. Effects on productivity growth, capital and labor inputs as well as innovation activities are distinguished. Furthermore, less and more developed countries as well as the time periods 1974-1991 and 1992-2009 are studied separately. Effects of FDI on production capacities are found for more developed countries in the first time period, while effects on innovation activities are found for the medium developed countries in the latter time period. Effects in less developed countries are rather negative.
Ionizing nightglow - Sources, intensity, and spatial distribution

Photometers carried aboard an Aerobee rocket mapped the ultraviolet night sky at White Sands, New Mexico. Maps for five 300 A passbands in the wavelength range 170 to 1400 A reveal spatial radiation patterns unique to each spectral subregion. The major ultraviolet features seen in these maps are ascribed to a variety of sources: 1) solar Lyman $alpha$ (1216 A) and Lyman $beta$ (1026 A), resonantly scattered by geocoronal hydrogen; 2) solar HeII (304 A) resonantly scattered by ionized helium in the Earth's plasmasphere; 3) solar HeI (584 A) resonantly scattered by neutral helium in the interstellar wind and Doppler shifted so that it penetrates the Earth's helium blanket; and 4) starlight in the 912 to 1400 A band, primarily from early-type stars in the Orion region. Not explained are the presence of small, but measurable, albedo signals observed near the peak of flight. Intensities vary from several kilorayleighs for Lyman $alpha$ to a few rayleighs for HeII. (auth)
An application of p-factorization methods to symmetric graphs

Let Γ be an undirected graph and G a subgroup of aut (Γ) acting transitively on the vertex set V(Γ) of Γ. Let x be an arbitrary vertex of Γ. We denote by T(x) the set of vertices adjacent to x and by G(x)Γ(x) the permutation group induced by the stabilizer G(x) of x in G on Γ(x); G(x)Γ(x) is called the subconstituent of G (with respect to Γ). Let G1(x) = {a ∈ G(x)|a ∈ G(y) for each y ∈ Γ(x)}. For each y ∈ Γ(x), let G(x, y) = G(x) ∩ G(y) and G1(x, y) = G1(x) ∩ G1(y). An s-path is an (s+ l)-tuple (x0, x1, …, xs) of vertices such that xi−1 ∈ Γ(xi) if 1 ≤ i ≤ s and xi−2 ≠ xi if 2 ≤ i ≤ s. Γ is called (G, s)-transitive if G acts transitively on the set of all s-paths but intransitively on the set of all (S+1)-paths in Γ.
Spatial instability of a viscous liquid sheet

In the present study, the spatial instability for a two‐dimensional viscous liquid sheet, which is thinning with time, has been analysed. The study includes the derivation of a spatial dispersion equation, numerical solutions for the growth rate of sinuous disturbances, and parameter sensitivity studies. For a given wave number, the growth rate of the disturbance is essentially a function of Weber number, Reynolds number, and gas/liquid density ratio. The analysis indicates that the cut‐off wave number of the disturbance becomes larger with an increase in Weber number or gas/liquid density ratio. Thus, the liquid sheet should produce finer drops. When the Reynolds number decreases, the higher viscosity has a greater damping effect on shorter waves than longer waves. This could explain that only large drops and ligaments were observed in past measurements for the disintegration of a very viscous sheet. The spatial instability results of the present study were also compared with the temporal theory. The importance of spatial analysis was found and demonstrated for the cases of low Weber numbers. The temporal theory underestimates growth rates when the Weber number is less than 100. The discrepancy between the two theories increases as the Weber number further decreases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyberbullying among adolescents: frequency and characteristics

Background: Cyberbullying is commonly present as affecting in adolescent population. Current research suggests that cyberbullying occurs mostly in secondary education. There was a total of 186 students who participated in this study. It was found that there was a significant association between cyberbullying and cyber victimization which suggest that cyber victims have the tendency to be cyberbullies and vice versa. Moreover, more than half of the victims do not report cyberbullying phenomena to adults. It was also found out that schools were the least medium for adolescent to learn safety strategies online.
An efficient fourth order system identification (FOSI) algorithm utilizing the joint diagonalization procedure

This paper introduces a new linear algebraic method for blind identification of a non-minimum phase FIR system. The proposed approach relies only on stationary fourth order statistics and is based on the "joint diagonalization" of a set of fourth-order cumulant matrices. Its performance is illustrated via some numerical examples. Further this method turns out to overcome the problem of having some zero taps in the system impulse response.
A radiation-damped R -matrix approach to the electron-impact excitation of helium-like ions for diagnostic application to fusion and astrophysical plasmas

Electron-impact excitation collision strengths for transitions between all singly excited levels up to the n = 4 shell of helium-like argon and the n = 4 and 5 shells of helium-like iron have been calculated using a radiation-damped R-matrix approach. The theoretical collision strengths have been examined and associated with their infinite-energy limit values to allow the preparation of Maxwell-averaged effective collision strengths. These are conservatively considered to be accurate to within 20% at all temperatures, 3×105-3×108 K for Ar16+ and 106-109 K for Fe24+. They have been compared with the results of previous studies, where possible, and we find a broad accord. The corresponding rate coefficients are required for use in the calculation of derived, collisional-radiative, effective emission coefficients for helium-like lines for diagnostic application to fusion and astrophysical plasmas. The uncertainties in the fundamental collision data have been used to provide a critical assessment of the expected resultant uncertainties in such derived data, including redistributive and cascade collisional-radiative effects. The consequential uncertainties in the parts of the effective emission coefficients driven by excitation from the ground levels for the key w, x, y and z lines vary between 5% and 10%. Our results remove an uncertainty in the reaction rates of a key class of atomic processes governing the spectral emission of helium-like ions in plasmas.
Improvement of Chronic Neck Pain After Posterior Atlantoaxial Surgical Fusion via Multimodal Chiropractic Care: A Case Report

There is a lack of research regarding the effectiveness and safety of manual therapies, including spinal manipulative therapy (SMT), for patients with previous cervical spine surgery. A 66-year-old, otherwise healthy, woman who underwent C1/2 posterior surgical fusion for rotatory instability during adolescence presented to a chiropractor with a six-month history of progressive worsening of chronic neck pain and headaches despite acetaminophen, tramadol, and physical therapy. Upon examination, the chiropractor noted postural changes, limited cervical range of motion, and muscle hypertonicity. Computed tomography revealed a successful C1/2 fusion, and degenerative findings at C0/1, C2/3, C3/4, and C5/6, without cord compression. As the patient had no neurologic deficits or myelopathy and tolerated spinal mobilization well, the chiropractor applied cervical SMT, along with soft tissue manipulation, ultrasound therapy, mechanical traction, and thoracic SMT. The patient’s pain was reduced to a mild level and the range of motion improved over three weeks of treatment. Benefits were maintained over a three-month follow-up as treatments were spaced apart. Despite the apparent success in the current case, evidence for manual therapies and SMT in patients with cervical spine surgery remains limited, and these therapies should be used with caution on an individual patient basis. Further research is needed to examine the safety of manual therapies and SMT in patients following cervical spine surgery and determine predictors of treatment response.
A High Signal-to-Noise Ratio Composite Quasar Spectrum

A very high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N of about 400) composite spectrum of the rest-frame ultraviolet and optical region of high luminosity quasars is presented. The spectrum is derived from 718 individual spectra obtained as part of the Large Bright Quasar Survey. The moderate resolution, 4A or less, and high signal-to-noise ratio allow numerous weak emission features to be identified. Of particular note is the large equivalent-width of the Fe II emission in the rest-frame ultraviolet and the blue continuum slope of the composite. The primary aim of this paper is to provide a reference spectrum for use in line identifications, and a series of large-scale representations of the composite spectrum are shown. A measure of the standard deviation of the individual quasar spectra from the composite spectrum is also presented. 12 refs.
Femtosecond-laser induced ablation of silicate glasses and the intrinsic dissociation energy

The relation between ablation threshold fluence upon femtosecond laser pulse irradiation and the average dissociation energy density of silicate based multicomponent glass is studied. A simple model based on multiphoton absorption quantifies the absorbed energy density at the ablation threshold fluence. This energy density is compared to a calculated energy density which is necessary to decompose the glass compound into its atomic constituents. The results confirm that this energy density is a crucial intrinsic material parameter for the description of the femtosecond laser ablation threshold fluence of dielectrics.