Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Heterocapsa circularisquama (Dinophyceae) and its viruses in Ago Bay, Japan

To examine the relationship between the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama and its infectious viruses, a field survey was conducted in Ago Bay, Japan, in 2001. A H. circularisquama bloom occurred in July. The bloom peaked in mid July and disintegrated within a few days at the end of July. The abundance of viruses infectious to H. circularisquama was high from the peak of the bloom and throughout the post-bloom period, but ceased by the end of August. At the peak of the bloom, 88% of the H. circularisquama cells in the population harbored small virus- like particles (VLPs). Based on transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observation, morphological resemblance between these VLPs and the single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus infecting H. circularis- quama (HcRNAV: H. circularisquama RNA virus) isolated from the bloom was noticeable. The fluc- tuation patterns of the viruses indicated that at least 2 distinct types of virus with different host speci- ficity spectra coexisted. A specific increase in viral abundance in the sediments was observed in the middle of the bloom, and these viruses were likely able to maintain their infectivity for at least 3 mo. The present study provides further evidence of the possible viral impacts on the biomass and clonal composition of algal populations in the natural environment, and offers support for the hypothesis that sediments are a reservoir of algal viruses.
Growth of 27 herbs and grasses in relation to ozone exposure and plant strategy

SUMMARY Potted specimens of 27 Swedish native herbs and grasses were exposed to three different ozone concentrations, CF (charcoal filtered air), NF (non-filtered air) and NF+ (1-5 x non-filtered air) in open-top chambers from 2 July to 5 August 1994. The species represented a wide range of different plant strategies according to the C-S-R model. The results show that the stress-tolerators, S, had a smaller mean relative growth rate, R, during the exposure period and also a smaller accumulation of biomass compared with other strategies. The species with the intermediate strategy, CSR, had a R similar to that of the species with a large component of C, the competitor strategy, and/or R, the ruderal strategy, whereas the net accumulation of biomass was smaller in the CSR group. This difference between R and net growth for the CSR species compared to the species of other strategies, can be explained by a slower growth for the CSR group during the establishment phase. In the present investigation the response to ozone was very small regardless of plant strategy, although there was a weak trend towards slower growth with higher ozone concentration, 18 out of 27 species having a greater growth in CF than in NF-I-. The growth of one typical stress-tolerant species, Festuea ovina L. , was stimulated significantly by ozone. Visible injury, most likely caused by ozone, was noticed in three species, Daetylis glomerata L. , Dactylis aschersoniana Graebn. and Phleum alpinum L. Although there were no major restrictions to plant growth in terms of water, nutrients or space in the present open-top chamber experiment, the variability in all climatic factors was as large as in the ambient air. This might harden the plants and make them less sensitive to ozone compared to plants grown in the laboratory under controlled and optimal conditions with low variability.
Demographic parameters of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on six Iranian genotypes of barley

Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is one of the injurious aphids of cereals in various regions of the world. This study has measured the life table parameters of the greenbug on six barley genotypes at 25 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 10% RH and 16:8 L:D in greenhouse. According to the results, significant differences were not observed for aphids’ developmental times among the genotypes. Also, the nymphs underwent no mortality on any of the tested genotypes. The longevity of the aphids was obtained from 23.7 to 35.9 days. The least mean number of offsprings was on Raihan cultivar and the highest on line13 (Legia/CWB117-5-9-5). R0 value was significantly higher on line 20 (Mall-4-3094-2//Alpha/Cum/3/Victoria/ICB01-1368-0AP) and line 13 than on the Raihan cultivar. However, the rm and λ values were significantly higher on line 44 (Sls/Bda//Sararood-1) than on Raihan cultivar. T (mean generation time) and DT (doubling time) values of the Raihan cultivar were longer than the other genotypes. Results of this research indicated that among the tested genotypes, the Raihan cultivar is the most unsuitable host for greenbug aphid and lead to the decrease of greenbug population growth.
The determination of the methionine requirement of laying pullets by a diet dilution technique.

Synopsis A method for the determination of amino acid requirements of laying hens is described. This involves the dilution of a high protein “ summit” diet with an isocaloric nitrogen‐free mixture. By ensuring that the amino acid to be assayed is first‐limiting in the summit diet, the response to dilution can be interpreted as a response to a single amino acid. The method is applied to the determination of methionine requirement and it is shown that the response to methionine obtained is virtually independent of the protein level of the diet and is not influenced by direct effects of the dilution mixture. From the results of the present and other published experiments, the “ available “ methionine required for maximum egg yield of pullets in the early stages of lay is estimated to be 275 mg per bird per day.
Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry), a second new leafhopper pest of mango in Australia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Idiocerinae).

The first Australian record of Idioscopus clypealis, a serious pest of mango in south-east Asia, is reported following the discovery of the species in northern Queensland in October 1999. This follows the discovery of I. nitidulus (Walker) on mainland Australia in 1997. Descriptions and illustrations of both species are provided to enable the two species to be distinguished. Notes on the economic importance of the species are provided.
EFFECT OF DEFERRED GRAZING DURING SUMMER ON WHITE CLOVER CONTENT OF WAIKATO DAIRY PASTURES, NEW ZEALAND

Abstract New Zealand dairy pastures rotationally grazed at intervals of 25 to 30 days to low residual herbage masses (<1400 kg DM ha−1) over summer often suffer white clover death. An experiment was conducted over 1994–1997 in mixed perennial ryegrass/white clover dairy pastures to examine the effects of deferred grazing, the practice of holding over pasture in situ for 50, 75, or 100 days over summer, on white clover growth compared with a more common 25‐day grazing interval. Additional pasture cover built up in 100‐day deferred (100D) plots resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture levels than in the 25D treatment. Clover stolon survival was up to 63% higher in deferred pastures than the 25D treatment. This, combined with higher clover seedling density, resulted in significantly (P< 0.05) higher clover contents in pastures following deferral compared with the 25D grazed pasture. These differences did not persist through to the following spring. Deferred grazin.
Confirmation and Resistance Mechanisms in Glyphosate-Resistant Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Arkansas

Abstract Greenhouse studies were established in Fayetteville, AR, to investigate glyphosate resistance in Arkansas common ragweed populations. Common ragweed seed were collected from plants in Pope and Jackson counties in Arkansas. Plants grown from seed were sprayed with one of seven glyphosate rates. Populations in Pope and Jackson counties were 21-fold and 10-fold more tolerant to glyphosate, respectively, than a known susceptible population. Based on 14C-glyphosate absorption and translocation studies, reduced glyphosate absorption or translocation was not the resistance mechanism in Arkansas glyphosate-resistant common ragweed. Shikimate accumulation did not differ among the known susceptible and the two resistant populations at 3 d after treatment (DAT). However, by 5 DAT, shikimate accumulation in the two resistant populations was lower than the known susceptible population. Data indicate that glyphosate-resistant common ragweed is present in at least two locations in Arkansas, and the resistance mechanism is not an insensitive target site or reduced glyphosate absorption or translocation. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL.
Fagaceous Flowers, Fruits, and Cupules from the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of Central Georgia, USA

A new genus of fossil angiosperms (Protofagacea allonensis gen. et sp. nov.) is established for staminate flowers with associated fruits and cupules from the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Buffalo Creek Member of the Gaillard Formation in central Georgia, U.S.A. Staminate flowers are typically borne in sevenflowered dichasia (more rarely three- or five-flowered) subtended by three series of bracts. Flowers have six small imbricate tepals in two cycles of three, 12 stamens in two cycles of six, and a vestigial gynoecium with three styles surrounded by a mass of simple trichomes. Pollen is very small, prolate, tricolporate, and reticulate to microfoveolate. Associated fruits are triangular or lenticular in cross section and the triangular fruits bear six short tepals at the apex. Fossil pollen identical to that produced by the staminate flowers is attached to the apex of the fruits. Associated cupules are pedunculate and four-lobed and bear three or more fruits. The cupule lobes bear three series of bracts similar to those subtending the staminate dichasia. Scars on the internal surface indicate that each cupule contained a central fruit that was elliptical in cross section and two lateral fruits that were triangular in cross section. Comparisons of P. allonensis with extant taxa clearly indicate a relationship to extant Fagaceae sensu lato, based particularly on the presence of the cupule, the form of the fruits, and the morphology of staminate inflorescences and flowers. However, pollen morphology (probably plesiomorphic) differs from that of extant taxa, and detailed resolution of the affinities of Protofagacea will require a clearer understanding of relationships among extant Fagaceae sensu stricto and Nothofagaceae.
The Development of the Citrus Nematode On Some of Its Hosts 1)

In studies on the host range of the citrus nematode in Israel, four new hosts - Calodendrium capensis, Citrus volkameriana, Ruta bracteosa and R. graveolens - were recorded. Severinia buxifolia, when reared in an agar medium, was found to support egg-laying females of the nematode, but failed to do so when grown in soil. In inoculation trials, the minimum time required (at 24° C) for completion of the nematode life-cycle on Poncirus trifoliata was 14 weeks; on R. bracteosa, 10 weeks; on S. buxifolia, grown in vitro, 9.5 weeks; and on C. aurantium and C. limettioides, 7 weeks. More nematodes completed their life cycle during a given period of time on C. limettioides than on C. aurantium. The differences in the host status of the various plant species are discussed.
Changes in acid contents of tomato fruits during development

The acid contents of tomato fruits (Fukuju No. 2) were determined at weekly intervals from flowering to one week after the turning colour stage.Three stages were recognized in the changes of free, total, and combined acidities of the fruits during development. In the first stage (from the flowering to one or two weeks after the flowering) total and combined acidities were very high, while titratable acidity remained low. In the second stage (from two or three weeks after the flowering to the turning colour stage) total and combined acidities fell suddenly to the minima at the beginning. Thereafter total acidity progressively increased to the peak value at the turning stage, while combined acidity remained low or continued to decrease, So the titratable acidity increased. During the third stage (after the turning stage) total and titratable acidities tended to decrease, while the combined acidity showed no change.The titratable acidity expressed as percentage of the total acidity rose almost linearly from 17-19% at the first week after flowering to 56-59% at the turning stage and then became constant.About 90% of the total cations was occupied by potassium, the change of which was similar to that of combined acidity during fruit development.In both the gelatinous pulp and the outer wall, the acidities followed the similar pattern to that of the whole fruits, except that the gelatinous pulp had higher acidities than the outer wall.Changes in the contents of citric and malic acids had the similar pattern to that of the total acidity, while acetic, formic, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acids continued to decrease throughout the fruit development. The sum of citric and malic acid contents occupied about 60% in the total acidity. The ratio of malic to citric acid content remained about 1:5 before the turning stage, and later became to about 1:10 due to the comparatively rapid decrease in malic acid content.
The utilization of spear grass (Heteropogon contortus). I. Factors limiting intake and utilization by cattle and sheep

The addition of 13.6% lucerne to a diet of spear grass increased the total intake of digestible organic matter of cattle by nearly 30%. Further additions (24.5 and 44.9%) increased the total organic matter intake, but decreased the spear grass intake. In cattle, the digestibility of the spear grass portion of the diet appeared to decrease as lucerne was added to the diet. Sheep consumed and digested spear grass poorly, although an addition of 14.4% legume increased both digestibility and intake. Further additions of legume slightly decreased the digestibility of the spear grass. The addition of urea alone did not influence digestion or feed intake by either cattle or sheep. When cattle were fed on spear grass, urea, and minerals, the quantity of organic matter digested was not significantly different from that with a diet of spear grass and 20% lucerne. The digestibility of the spear grass was not influenced by urea and minerals, whereas it decreased with the addition of lucerne. Increased feed consumption was maintained when various components of the mineral supplement were withdrawn, excepting nitrogen and sulphur. The energy derived from diets of spear grass and lucerne or spear grass and minerals appears to be above the maintenance requirements of cattle, but below those of sheep.
Effective Population Size and Lifetime Reproductive Success.

The mean and variance of lifetime reproductive success, ELRS and VLRS , influence the ratio of effective to census population size, Ne /Nc . Because the complete data needed to calculate ELRS and VLRS are seldom available, we provide alternatives for estimating Ne /Nc from incomplete data. These estimates should be useful to conservation biologists trying to compute the effective size of a censused population. An analytical approach makes assumptions regarding the process influencing offspring survival. We provide a method for examining the validity of those assumptions and show that particular violations can result in either over- or underestimates. When the assumptions are violated or when more data are available, we suggest estimating Ne /Nc using computer simulations of models based on individuals. We examine how such simulations can be used to estimate Ne /Nc using an individual-based model for Lesser Snow Geese (Anser caerulescens). We demonstrate that such estimates can be biased unless the simulations are based on complete cohorts and samples of known age. We show that because the estimate of Ne /Nc depends on the stage of the reproductive cycle used as a point of reference in the model, the census population size Nc must be based on the same stage to provide unbiased estimates of Ne . Tamaño poblacional efectivo y el éxito reproductivo vitalicio.
Screening for efficient AM (arbuscular mycorrhizal) fungal bioinoculants for two commercially important ornamental flowering plant species of Asteraceae

The objective of this study was to screen for the most efficient arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal bioinoculant and to evaluate possible effects of inoculation of different species of AM fungi on growth, yield, and flower fresh weight loss in two ornamental plant species of commercial importance, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and Tagetes erecta L. The research work was carried out in 2010–2011. The treatments included uninoculated control and plants inoculated with pure cultures of AM species (Acaulospora laevis, A. scrobiculata, Glomus coremioides, G. intraradices G. fasciculatum, G. mannihotis and Gigaspora albida). A complete randomized block design in factorial arrangement with five replicates was employed. Root and shoot length and dry weight, number of lateral branches, number of days required for flowering, and number, diameter, fresh weight of flower and fresh weight loss of flower/day were recorded. Results showed that inoculation of AM species had a significant effect on plant growth and flower quantity and quality. Increased flower number in C. morifolium (11–22%) and T. erecta (13–66%) was observed upon AM inoculation compared with the uninoculated control. Glomus intraradices proved to be the most efficient AM fungal bioinoculant, increasing flower number in both the plant species. This is attributed to its ability to colonize and multiply at a faster rate than the other AM fungal species used in the study.
The effect of ocean acidification and temperature on the fertilization and embryonic development of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata (Gould 1850)

This study investigated the synergistic effects of ocean acidification (caused by elevations in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide pCO2) and temperature on the fertilization and embryonic development of the economically and ecologically important Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata (Gould 1850). As pCO2 increased, fertilization significantly decreased. The temperature of 26 °C was the optimum temperature for fertilization, as temperature increased and decreased from this optimum, fertilization decreased. There was also an effect of pCO2 and temperature on embryonic development. Generally as pCO2 increased, the percentage and size of D‐veligers decreased and the percentage of D‐veligers that were abnormal increased. The optimum temperature was 26 °C and embryonic development decreased at temperatures that were above and below this temperature. Abnormality of D‐veligers was greatest at 1000 ppm and 18 and 30 °C (≥90%) and least at 375 ppm and 26 °C (≤4%). Finally prolonged exposure of elevated pCO2 and temperature across early developmental stages led to fewer D‐veligers, more abnormality and smaller sizes in elevated CO2 environments and may lead to lethal effects at suboptimal temperatures. Embryos that were exposed to the pCO2 and temperature treatments for fertilization and embryonic development had fewer D‐veligers, greater percentage of abnormality and reduced size than embryos that were exposed to the treatments for embryonic development only. Further at the elevated temperature of 30 °C and 750–1000 ppm, there was no embryonic development. The results of this study suggest that predicted changes in ocean acidification and temperature over the next century may have severe implications for the distribution and abundance of S. glomerata as well as possible implications for the reproduction and development of other marine invertebrates.
Grassland vegetation of the Molinio‐Arrhenatheretea class in the NW Balkan Peninsula

Questions How does the floristic composition of plant species of meadows and mesic pastures vary along a broad geographical gradient in the NW Balkans? How does the current phytosociological classification of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea vegetation differ among the NW Balkan countries? Location NW Balkans (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia). Methods 3635 releves originally assigned to the class Molinio- Arrhenatheretea were classified with a beta flexible method, and the crispness of classification was checked. DCA ordination with Pignatti indicator values and climate data were applied to show the influence of site conditions on species composition. Results The classification was best interpreted at the level of 13 clusters, but could also be interpreted at the level of three groups of clusters. The first division was according to geography and climate: the first and third groups were concentrated in the NW part, while the second was restricted to the eastern part of the study area. The most important variable was site moisture, followed by nutrients and altitude, which corresponded with a west–east direction. The first group was very diverse and included communities on the wettest and most nutrient-rich sites (Potentillion anserinae, Cynosurion cristati, Calthion palustris, Molinion caeruleae, Molinio-Hordeion). The second group comprised mesophilous continental grasslands (Trifolio- Ranunculion pedati, Trifolion pallidi, Trifolion resupinati), while the third group consisted of grasslands from regions with abundant precipitation (Arrhenatherion elatioris, Deschampsion cespitosae, Pancicion serbicae, Triseto flavescentis-Polygonion bistortae). Conclusions Our analysis can be used to unify different phytosociological classifications in different countries, also showing the transitional forms of well-known Central European vegetation types that have a different floristic composition and ecology in the Balkans. This knowledge will enable classification of the same vegetation types in neighbouring Balkan countries that are less studied.
Grape Drying: A Review

The drying of grapes is a more complex process compared to the dehydration of other agricultural materials due to the necessity both of a pretreatment operation prior to drying and further processing operations after drying. To date, most researchers have concentrated on pretreatment and drying where the primary effects of pretreatment on drying have been evaluated. It seems appropriate that a review should now be presented to critically examine all the corresponding published data in the literature and to compare the conditions used in these studies in order to highlight the grape drying process by considering the important aspects of both the pretreatment and post-drying operations. The result of this study will be useful in identifying the future research directions needed for grape drying and also to facilitate the development of an analytical framework for the design of novel drying equipment.
Abundance and Life History of Mysis relicta in the St. Lawrence Great Lakes

In sampling on lakes Ontario, Erie, and Superior during three cruises from spring to fall, and on Lake Huron during eight cruises, Mysis relicta was generally not taken or not abundant in waters less than 25 m in depth. Its abundance appeared to increase with depth at least up to 200 m. Populations appeared to be concentrated in waters 125–200 m deep during summer and more dispersed during spring and fall. Highest numbers were found in Lake Superior, followed by lakes Ontario and Huron. A small localized population was found in the deep eastern part of Lake Erie.Size-frequency distributions from the various cruises on lakes Superior, Huron, and Ontario indicated differences in life cycles of the mysid in the three lakes. In Lake Superior there was one major period of recruitment, from February to July, and the generation time appeared to be 2 yr. In lakes Huron and Ontario recruitment appeared to occur from February to August and to be separated into a winter and a summer period; each of the generations a.