Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
State-led agricultural subsidies drive monoculture cultivar cashew expansion in northern Western Ghats, India

Agricultural commodity production constitutes an important livelihood source for farmers but significantly contributes to tropical deforestation and biodiversity loss. While the socioecological effects of agricultural commodities such as palm oil, cocoa and coffee are well studied, the effects for commodities such as cashew (Anacardium occidentale) have received less attention. Global cultivated area for cashew increased rapidly from 526,250 ha in 1980 to ~5.9 million ha in 2018. India is the world’s second largest cashew producer, with cashew farms often occurring adjacent to remnant forests. To mitigate deforestation for cashew expansion, it is necessary to understand present-day land use policies and management practices that drive this expansion. Through semi-structured interviews (n = 65) and a literature review on agricultural policies in India, we evaluated the role of state-led land use policies in cashew expansion and characterised present-day cashew farming systems in the Sawantwadi-Dodamarg landscape in India. Agricultural subsidies introduced from 1980s to 1990s encouraged cultivar cashew expansion and influenced land use conversion from rice and privately owned forest to cashew. Farmers preferred cultivar cashew as they produced higher yields faster, although they required more agrochemical inputs and were susceptible to pests and wildlife depredation. About 80% of farmers had planted cashew farms by clearing forests in the past 30 years and expressed interest to continue the same. Farmers avoided applying for government-sponsored compensation for crop losses due to wildlife depredation and chose instead to expand cultivar cashew into forested areas. Our study deepens the understanding of how government-led agricultural subsidies drive farmers’ uptake of cashew cultivars, farmers’ cashew management practices, and how these factors drive deforestation in this landscape at the state and farm level. We recommend further research with equitable stakeholder participation in cashew farming systems to devise sound planning for forest conservation and sustainability standards for the cashew industry.
Understanding Gun Ownership in the Twenty-First Century: Why Some Americans Own Guns, but Most Do Not

Abstract The gun ownership literature is vast, with dozens of studies seeking to explain who owns guns and why. We build on this literature in two key ways. First, we introduce a new variable into the fold: sensitivity to harm. We theorize that this concern actively inhibits gun ownership. Second, we direct theoretical and empirical attention to a predictor that has frequently been overlooked in the contemporary gun literature even though its timing makes it the proverbial confounder: childhood gun socialization. Using data from a national sample of 1,100 adults and controlling for other known predictors, we find that sensitivity to harm is negatively related to gun ownership, whereas childhood socialization is positively related to it. Furthermore, we find that childhood socialization is not only the strongest predictor of owning guns, but also confounds the relationship between racial resentment and gun ownership, and fully mediates the effect of gender.
SCENE: A novel model for engaging underserved and under-represented audiences in informal science learning activities

Inequitable access to science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM) has been explored by multiple studies which have shown that some publics are underserved by existing informal educational and cultural provision, and under-represented in related study choices and careers. Informal science learning (ISL) and public engagement with research activities (such as science festivals) tend to attract audiences which are largely white, middle class and already engaged with STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). This article describes the development of an engagement approach and model through a story-based festival (SMASHfestUK) which was specifically designed to attract new and diverse audiences, including Black and mixed-heritage families, and families living with socio-economic disadvantage. The festival was delivered on five annual occasions, each co-designed with a wide selection of stakeholders, including audiences, researchers, performers, institutions and organizations, and considered as an iterative prototype.
Optimal Determination Method of the Transposition Steps of An Extra-High Voltage Power Transmission Line

During the design of extra-high-voltage transmission lines, studies of the influence of asymmetry due to the phase difference of the parameters on its processes and the electrical network were performed. To compensate for this source of asymmetry for transmission lines longer than 100 km, a relatively simple technical means was proposed and implemented—phase transposition (change of the mutual location of phase wires in space). However, at the same time transposition causes additional capital costs in construction and reduces reliability during operation, so when designing a specific transmission line, extra-high-voltage is desirable to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of this measure in the real electricity network. Thus, under certain conditions, even for a transmission line 600 km in length, it was possible to perform either an incomplete transposition cycle, or abandon this measure altogether.
A Picture May Be Worth a Thousand Lives: An Interpretable Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Predictions of Suicide Risk from Social Media Images

The promising research on Artificial Intelligence usages in suicide prevention has principal gaps, including black box methodologies, inadequate outcome measures, and scarce research on non-verbal inputs, such as social media images (despite their popularity today, in our digital era). This study addresses these gaps and combines theory-driven and bottom-up strategies to construct a hybrid and interpretable prediction model of valid suicide risk from images. The lead hypothesis was that images contain valuable information about emotions and interpersonal relationships, two central concepts in suicide-related treatments and theories. The dataset included 177,220 images by 841 Facebook users who completed a gold-standard suicide scale. The images were represented with CLIP, a state-of-the-art algorithm, which was utilized, unconventionally, to extract predefined features that served as inputs to a simple logistic-regression prediction model (in contrast to complex neural networks). The features addressed basic and theory-driven visual elements using everyday language (e.g., bright photo, photo of sad people). The results of the hybrid model (that integrated theory-driven and bottom-up methods) indicated high prediction performance that surpassed common bottom-up algorithms, thus providing a first proof that images (alone) can be leveraged to predict validated suicide risk. Corresponding with the lead hypothesis, at-risk users had images with increased negative emotions and decreased belonginess. The results are discussed in the context of non-verbal warning signs of suicide. Notably, the study illustrates the advantages of hybrid models in such complicated tasks and provides simple and flexible prediction strategies that could be utilized to develop real-life monitoring tools of suicide.
Continuous‐surface geographic assignment of migratory animals using strontium isotopes: A case study with monarch butterflies

Strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) have shown promise for tracing the geographic origin of animal tissues because they have high‐resolution and show discrete spatial patterns independent and complementary to those of light isotopes. In this study, we provide a complete quantitative framework to apply ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr for tracking migratory animals using the eastern North American population of monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus as a case study. To enable continuous‐surface geographic assignment using ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, we recommend following five key steps: (a) assessing feasibility, (b) sample collection, (c) laboratory analysis, (d) modelling the isoscape and (e) geographic assignment. We provide a detailed outline of these steps and then focus on steps 3–5 for the case study. For monarchs, using an extensive plant ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr dataset (n = 400), geospatial data and a machine learning approach, we first calibrate a regional, high‐resolution ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isoscape (i.e. a baseline for ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr assignment) over their eastern North American summer breeding range. We then use the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isoscape to estimate the posterior probability surface of natal origin for 100 monarchs of unknown origin. Our results demonstrate that ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr can greatly improve the precision of isotope‐based geographic assignment. Furthermore, combining δ2H and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr into a dual assignment provides the most constrained area of natal origin. We provide a framework for ecologists and palaeoecologists to apply ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr‐based geographic assignments for animal movement studies using contemporary or archived samples. The addition of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr assignment tool will enhance our ability to study migration and dispersal in a wide variety of animals.
Terrestrial and Atmospheric Controls on Surface Energy Partitioning and Evaporative Fraction Regimes Over the Tibetan Plateau in the Growing Season

Land‐atmosphere interactions are an essential component of the climate system. However, no detailed description of the underlying effects of the surface forcing of the atmosphere has been established. In this study, GLEAM, MODIS, and ERA5 were the input set of multiple analysis algorithms, "segmentation" was the core idea of the analysis method. The study area is segmented into six surface response functional groups, and the multidimensional evaporation regime function was segmented into piecewise functions controlled by segment authoritative variables. Inspired by the surface heat balance equation and moisture‐limited, energy‐limited evaporation regimes, we chose soil moisture content and the net radiation flux to represent the moisture and energy status, respectively, and chose the leaf area index (LAI) to characterize the vegetation cover to investigate the primary effects of surface parameters on the energy partitioning of the land surface and evaporative regime. The results show that though a coupling strength 1.8 times greater was obtained when the LAI was used as the response variable instead of soil moisture, soil moisture was still the highest response variable in the regression tree analysis. This is consistent with the essence of the evaporative fraction and indicates that water should be the most fundamental response variable. The evaporative regime was subdivided from two phases into five phases according to the effects such as water extraction by vegetation, photosynthesis, soil shading, and roughness changes, each with an authoritative response variable.
Association between serum lipids and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective Associations between serum lipids and their individual components with premenopausal breast cancer risk are unclear. This meta-analysis summarized the literature on serum lipids and premenopausal breast cancer risk to elucidate their relationship. Methods Eligible studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases until 31 December 2020. Standardized mean difference (SMD) scores with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were used to assess the impact of serum lipids on premenopausal breast cancer risk. The I2 statistic was calculated to measure the percentage of heterogeneity, and Egger’s test was performed to measure publication bias. Results Thirteen studies were included. The SMD scores of triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were 12.90 (95%CI: 7.19–18.61) and 31.43 (95%CI: 8.72–54.15), respectively. The SMD scores of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were not significantly different between the groups. The included studies were highly heterogeneous. There were no publication biases found in TC, LDL-C, or HDL-C analyses, whereas publication bias was present in the TG analysis. Conclusions TG and LDL-C were higher in premenopausal breast cancer patients than in women without breast cancer. However, no significant differences were found in TC or HDL-C levels.
Video Lectures: An Analysis of Their Useful Life Span and Sustainable Production

The learning effectiveness of video lectures has been extensively studied by the scientific community, but research on their cost-effectiveness and sustainable production is still very scarce. To shed light on these aspects, this study has measured the useful life span and cost-effectiveness of a large catalog of video lectures produced for undergraduate courses at a Spanish university. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis has been performed to identify factors linked to video longevity. The analysis accounted for variables such as the video production style (screencast, slideshow, chalk and talk, talking head, and on-location film) and others such as the instructional purpose and field of knowledge. The teachers involved in video production and integration have been surveyed to discover causes of video obsolescence. In addition, using life span and production cost data, the cost-effectiveness of each production style over time was estimated. The results suggest that production style affects video longevity, and in particular, dynamic visuals are more related to longer life spans compared with static contents. Screencast stands out as the most cost-effective production style, having the best ratio of life span to production effort. Some practical suggestions are provided for producing video lectures with higher longevity expectations.
Cereal straw incorporation and ryegrass cover crops: The path to equilibrium in soil carbon storage is short

Reduced use of fossil energy by removing cereal straw for bioenergy potentially threatens soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Straw incorporation plays a key role for SOC storage in cereal‐based cropping systems, but the use of cover crops (CCs) may compensate for straw removal. However, assessing the SOC sequestration potential of management changes requires field experiments with long continued treatments and frequent soil sampling. Based on a field experiment initiated in 1981 on a sandy loam soil at Askov Experimental Station (Denmark), we examined the effect of annual additions of spring barley straw (0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg ha−1) and undersown ryegrass CC on SOC storage in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. The effect of straw incorporation and CC on SOC was additive. At steady‐state conditions, the SOC stock based on equivalent soil mass (SOC stockFM) increased 3.9, 6.7 and 9.3 Mg C ha−1 after annual incorporation of 4, 8 and 12 Mg straw ha−1, respectively. The ryegrass CC increased SOC stockFM by 3.3 Mg C ha−1 and thus almost compensated for removal of 4 Mg straw ha−1. An asymptotic regression model best described the temporal changes in SOC and showed that the effect of straw incorporation and ryegrass CC on SOC sequestration peaks after 10–15 years when a new equilibrium between input and output of C is reached. Clearly, reliable assessments of SOC sequestration potentials following changes in management require field experiments with frequent soil sampling until reaching steady‐state conditions.
Comparison of Anesthesia Beginning at On-hours Versus Off-hours on Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Hip Surgery: A Retrospective, Propensity Score–matched Cohort Study

Objective: To explore the impact of the begin time of anesthesia on in-hospital mortality and early prognosis of patients undergoing hip surgery.Methods: All patients who had hip surgery between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020, were evaluated in this retrospective cohort study. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were: (1) postoperative hospital length of stay (postoperative LOS) and total LOS; (2) ICU admission; (3) the ratio of postoperative complications, including renal dysfunction, anemia, hypotension, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), arrhythmia, coronary artery disease (CAD) or heart failure, pulmonary infection, electrolyte disturbance, hyoxemia and delirium; (4) intraoperative outcomes, including blood loss, urine volume, concentrated red blood cells (CRBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), equilibrium liquid, colloidal solution, intraoperative sufentanil, and using vasoactive drugs. A propensity score–matched analysis was used to adjust for confounders to make baseline characteristics more similar within the cohort. Results: We identified 1,843 patients, of whom 1,727 had anesthesia begun at on-hours and 116 had anesthesia begun at off-hours. Before propensity score matching (PSM), in-hospital mortality (risk ratio, 19.85; 95% CI, 4.39-89.78; P <0.001), postoperative LOS (11 days [8-16] vs. 9 days [7-14]; P =0.001) and total LOS (16 days [12-25.3] vs. 14 days [12-19]; P =0.020), the proportion of ICU admission (risk ratio, 4.70; 95% CI, 1.84-12.01; P <0.001), hypotension (risk ratio, 5.96; 95% CI, 1.84-19.29; P =0.004), pulmonary infection (risk ratio, 4.74; 95% CI, 1.98-11.33; P <0.001) and hyoxemia (risk ratio, 5.32; 95% CI, 1.88-15.03; P <0.001) was higher in the off-hours group. Intraoperative CRBC (0 U [0-2] vs. 0 U [0-0]; P <0.001), FFP (0 mL [0-37.5] vs. 0 mL [0-0]; P <0.001) and the intraoperative dosage of sufentanil (24.5 vs. 19.3 μg; P =0.003) was higher in the off-hours group. After PSM, 110 patients in the on-hours group were matched to similar patients in the off-hours group. Intraoperative CRBC (0 U [0-2] vs. 0 U [0-0]; P =0.040) and FFP (0 mL [0-0] vs. 0 mL [0-0]; P =0.015) was higher in the off-hours group. And postoperative renal dysfunction (risk ratio, 1.67; 95% CI, 0.86-3.21; P =0.050) and hyoxemia (4.5% vs. 0%; P =0.060) had a tendency to be different.Conclusion: Off-hours anesthesia for hip surgery is associated with statistically significant increases in intraoperative CRBC, FFP, and possibly associated with higher ratio of postoperative renal dysfunction and hyoxemia. These findings suggest that off-hours anesthesia, possibly by affecting the anesthetist’s judgment and decision making, could cause potential risks for hip surgery patients, which requires further exploration.
Estimation of soil copper content in mining area using ZY1-02D satellite hyperspectral data

Abstract. The content of soil heavy metal elements such as copper (Cu) is a crucial indicator for soil environmental monitoring and evaluation. However, traditional field sampling and laboratory chemical analysis methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The newly launched ZY1-02D satellite has a large imaging width, nanometer-level spectral resolution, and almost continuous spectral curve, providing a promising means for large-scale rapid estimation of soil heavy metal content. For the first time, our study explores the application potential of ZY1-02D satellite hyperspectral data in estimating soil Cu content in mining areas. A comprehensive approach combining correlation analysis, feature selection, and a regression model is proposed to predict the soil Cu content. First, the correlations between sampling soil Cu content and spectral features (including dozens of spectral indices and different transformed spectra calculated based on the pixel spectrum) were analyzed. Then the random frog algorithm was chosen to reduce the spectral features’ dimensionality and select the proper predictors. Several regression models of soil Cu content, including Gaussian process regression (GPR), boosted trees, bagged trees, and support vector machine, were established using these predictors. The model comparison shows that the GPR model has the best agreement with the sampling data. Furthermore, the accuracy of the GPR model with different numbers of predictors was also analyzed. The results show that the proposed estimation approach based on correlation analysis, random frog algorithm, and GPR model has a good performance compared to sampling data (R2 = 0.83, adjusted R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 364.61 mg / kg, and RPD = 1.83). And the results further indicate the great potential of AHSI/ZY1-02D hyperspectral data in predicting soil Cu content in mining areas.
Effects of online incivility and emotions toward in-groups on cross-cutting attention and political participation

ABSTRACT Incivility has been a primary concern of healthy debate in the online environment. Realising the individual and societal impacts of incivility, much research has investigated the role of incivility; however, a consensus has not yet been reached on how it plays a beneficial role in politics. In the current two-wave survey study (N = 933) of Americans in the context of the 2016 presidential election, we revisit the role of online incivility in cross-cutting attention and online/offline political participation with a focus on anxiety, outrage, and pride toward the candidate respondents’ support (i.e. emotions toward the in-group). Our results reveal that in general, online incivility directly increases cross-cutting attention. In addition, when encountering online incivility, people who are anxious about the in-group pay more attention to cross-cutting opinions. Inversely, however, those who feel pride over the in-group do not pay much attention to cross-cutting opinions when facing online incivility. Such cross-cutting attention ultimately leads to online/offline political participation. This study advances the current understanding of inter-group emotions theory by suggesting the intervening roles of distinct emotions toward the in-group.
The Effects of Ultrasound-guided and Anatomic landmark-based Superficial Cervical Plexus Block on Post-operative Pain Intensity in Thyroidectomy Patients: A Clinical Trial

1. Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2. Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 3. Dept. of Anesthesiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 4. Medical Surgical Nursing Dept, Nursing and Midwifery faculty, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
When Civilians are Targets: The Fatal Effects of State Sponsored Religiously Motivated Terrorism

ABSTRACT This research investigates the link between ideology and state sponsorship of terrorist and militant groups on the propensity to attack civilian targets. I argue that religiously motivated terrorist and militant groups have a predisposition toward civilian attacks and that states will intentionally sponsor these groups because of their willingness to target civilians. The results find that religiously motivated groups attack civilian targets at higher rates when they have the resources of state sponsorship. As a result, counterterrorism and counterinsurgency measures require multilateral cooperation in hardening targets, eradicating state financing of terrorist groups, and reducing conspicuous Western presence.