Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Possibility of Obtaining Nearby 3D Resistivity Structure from Magnetotelluric 2D Profile Data Using 3D Inversion

Currently, most of MT (magnetotelluric) data are still collected on 2D profiles. The issue that most MT researchers concern is how to invert these 2D profile data to get better results, which are more close to the real structure. Based on the analysis of 3D tensor impedance response generated from the test models and on the study of the inversion results of synthetic data and field data, we discuss the possibility of obtaining nearby 3D resistivity structure from magnetotelluric 2D profile data using 3D inversion. The results show that it is possible to interpret 2D profile data using 3D inversion method. Not only a reasonable image beneath the profile but also reasonable pictures of nearby 3D structure which can not be got by 2D inversion can be obtained using all tensor elements of the 2D profile data in the 3D inversion. The synthetic examples show that the on-diagonal elements have special effect on recovering the distribution of 3D abnormity near the profile. Therefore, all the tensor elements are suggested to be used in 3D inversion to interpret the profile data.
Domain wall displacement induced by subnanosecond pulsed current

We show that a single current pulse as short as 0.4 ns can trigger domain wall (DW) displacement in spin-valve stripes of 0.3 μm width inserted into a coplanar waveguide. The experiments were carried out with varying current pulse amplitude, duration, polarity, and applied static magnetic field. In zero field, DW displacement occurs in the same direction as the conduction electron current. In finite applied field, the direction of DW displacement is that favored by the field orientation. In both cases, the DW displacement occurs only above a critical current density jc of the order of 106 A/cm2. The distance traveled by the DW along the stripe increases with the current pulse amplitude and applied field strength, but it does not depend on the pulse duration between 0.4 and 2 ns.
The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors

Event structure in argument linking Deconstructing the lexicon Building verb meanings Delimiting events in syntax Strong and weak projection: Lexical reflexives and reciprocals Voice and transitivity as functional projections in Yaqui Noun incorporating verbs in West Greenlandic Partitive case and aspect Scrambling and the PF interface.
Dielectric breakdown in (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 ferroelectric thin films with Pt and oxide electrodes

Dielectric breakdown of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O-3(PLZT) film capacitors with Pt and SrRuO3 electrodes, in its initial or virgin state and after voltage cycling that causes polarization fatigue, is studied by constant-current measurements. It is shown that for different types of PLZT capacitors, the breakdown onset is controlled by the critical charge flown through the film (charge to breakdown) rather than the voltage applied to the capacitor. The charge to breakdown for the asymmetrical Pt/SrRuO3/PLZT/Pt capacitors is found to be much higher that that for the Pt/PLZT/Pt system. Polarization fatigue caused by bipolar voltage cycling provokes a substantial decrease of charge to breakdown. These results can be interpreted in terms of percolation model used for breakdown in SiO2, where the charge to breakdown is associated with injected-carrier-assisted creation of the critical concentration of defects required for formation of the breakdown paths. In this article we propose two possible mechanisms for interpretation of the observed variation of the PLZT capacitor breakdown performance. One mechanism is based on different contributions of PLZT film grains and grain boundaries to the total current flowing through the system. The second mechanism is related to the different kinetics of generation and relaxation of defects in the band gap of the PLZT film. The decrease of the charge to breakdown induced by polarization fatigue is explained by generation of defects during the fatigue bipolar polarization reversals. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(00)08904-0].
A list of new nearby dwarf galaxy candidates

To increase completeness of the distance limited sample of nearby galaxies from the the Kraan-Korteweg & Tammann (1979) catalogue we undertook a search for small companions of larger known galaxies which have corrected radial velocities within 500 km/s. Based primarely on the POSS-II and ESO/SERC films we found 260 nearby dwarf galaxy candidates with angular diameters arcmin. More than 50% of the objects were revealed for the first time. As we suppose, a significant part of them (about 30%) may really belong to the Local Volume sample.
Simultaneous ultraviolet and infrared emission in a sliding-discharge excited laser

Simultaneous laser action in the UV (337.1 nm and 357.7 nm) and the IR (2.6-3.1 /spl mu/m) spectral ranges is observed in SF/sub 6/-N/sub 2/-propane-butane mixtures directly excited by a sliding discharge. Output energies of 1.1 mJ in the ultraviolet and 12 mJ in the infrared are obtained simultaneously. Some performance parameters of the laser are presented.
Fractal approximation of image blocks

A method for block coding of images based on a least squares fractal approximation by a self-affine system (SAS) is presented. The computational cost of the approximation is linear in the number of pixels in the image. The approximation to a rectangularly tiled block involves evaluating various low-order moments over the block, and solving a system of four linear equations for each tile. The method is applied to a standard test image and the effects of various optimizations are shown. A quantitative comparison with the adaptive discrete cosine transform at 8:1 compression is made. The fidelity of the fractal method shows promise and its greater speed and simplicity compared to other fractal transforms suggest immediate applications such as interactive browsing of remote image archives or image representation in multimedia systems. <<ETX>>
MHD simulations of Earth's bow shock at low Mach numbers: Standoff distances

Global, three-dimensional, ideal MHD simulations of Earth`s bow shock are reported for low Alfven Mach numbers M{sub A} and quasi-perpendicular magnetic field orientations. The simulations use a hard, infinitely conducting magnetopause obstacle, with axisymmetric three-dimensional location given be a scaled standard model, to directly address previous gasdynamic (GD) and field-aligned MHD (FA-MHD) work. Tests of the simulated shocks` density jumps X for 1.4 {approx_lt} M{sub A} {approx_lt} 10 and the high M{sub A} shock location, and reproduction of the GD relation between magnetosheath thickness and X for quasi-gasdynamic MHD runs with M{sub A} {much_gt} M{sub S}, confirm that the MHD code is working correctly. The MHD simulations show the standoff distance {alpha}{sub s} increasing monotonically with decreasing M{sub A}. Significantly larger {alpha}{sub s} are found at low M{sub A} than predicted by GD and phenomenological MHD models and FA-MHD simulations, as required qualitatively by observations. The GD and FA-MHD predictions err qualitatively, predicting either constant or decreasing {alpha}{sub s} with decreasing M{sub A}. This qualitative difference between quasi-perpendicular MHD and FA-MHD simulations is direct evidence for {alpha}{sub s} depending on the magnetic field orientation {theta}. The enhancement factor over the phenomenological MHD predictions at M{sub A} {approximately} 2.4 agrees quantitativelymore » with one observational estimate. A linear relationship is found between the magnetosheath thickness and X, modified both quantitatively and intrinsically by MHD effects from the GD result. The MHD and GD results agree in the high M{sub A} limit. An MHD theory is developed for {alpha}{sub s}, restricted to sufficiently perpendicular {theta} and high sonic Mach numbers M{sub S}. Observational and further simulation testing of this MHD theory, and of its predicted M{sub A}, {theta}, and M{sub S} effects, is desirable. 10 refs., 6 figs.« less
An Upgraded Estimate of the Radiative Forcing of Cryoplane Contrails

The radiative forcing of contrails is quantified for a hypothetical fleet of cryoplanes in comparison with a conventional aircraft fleet. The differences in bulk optical properties between conventional and cryoplane contrails are determined by numerical simulations of the microphysical evolution of conventional and cryoplane contrails, under several ambient conditions. Both types of contrails contain about the same ice mass, but the mean effective particle radius is found to be smaller by about a factor of 0.3 in conventional contrails than in cryoplane ones. Hence, in case of cryoplanes the contrail optical depth is lower, which counteracts (with respect to radiative forcing) the effect of increased contrail cover due to the higher specific emission of water vapour. If the information gained from the microphysical simulations is translated to the framework of a global climate model, the global mean radiative forcing of cryoplane contrails is simulated to be between about 30% lower and 30% higher compared to the radiative forcing of conventional contrails, depending on the quantitative assumptions made for the mean particle properties and also depending on the time slice considered. Our results indicate that the effect of decreased optical depth is about the same magnitude as the effect of increased contrail cover. Current state of knowledge does not allow a conclusive assessment whether the net radiative impact of cryoplane contrails will be smaller or larger than that of conventional contrails. Uncertainty with respect to radiative forcing arises mainly from insufficient knowledge regarding the mean effective ice crystal radius for both conventional and, especially, cryoplane contrails.
High-resolution spectra of distant compact narrow emission line galaxies: Progrenitors of spheroidal galaxies

Emission-line velocity widths have been determined for 17 faint (B approximately 20-23) very blue, compact galaxies whose redshifts range from z = 0.095 to 0.66. The spectra have a resolution of 8 Km/s and were taken with the HIRES echelle spectrograph of the Keck 10 m telescope. The galaxies are luminous with all but two within 1 mag of M(sub B) approximately -21. Yet they exhibit narrow velocity widths between sigma = 28-157 km/s, more consistent with typical values of extreme star-forming galaxies than with those of nearby spiral galaxies of similar luminosity. In particular, objects with sigma is less than or equal to 65 km/s follow the same correlations between sigma and both blue and H beta luminosities as those of nearby H II galaxies. These results strengthen the identification of H II glaxies as thier local counterparts. The blue colors and strong emission lines suggest these compact galaxies are undergoing a recent, strong burst of star formation. Like those which characterize some H II galaxies, this burst could be a nuclear star-forming event within a much larger, older stellar population. If the burst is instead a major episode in the total star-forming history, these distant galaxies could fade enough to match the low luminosities and surface brightnesses typical of nearby spheroidals like NGC 185 or NGC 205. Together with evidence for recent star formation, exponential light profiles, and subsolar metallicities, the postfading correlations between luminosity and velocity width and bewtween luminosity and surface brightness suggest that among the low-sigma galaxies, we may be witnessing, in situ, the progenitors of today's spheroidal galaxies.
Preamble design and acquisition for CPM

Packet-based communication systems, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, often employ a preamble sequence to allow coarse estimation of carrier frequency offset, phase offset, and signal delay at the receiver. Successful acquisition of these parameters is of critical importance in synchronization and data demodulation. In this work, a simple preamble structure consisting of a continuous wave (CW) signal followed by a unique, continuous phase modulated (CPM) start-of-message (SOM) sequence is analyzed. Simulation results for frequency, phase and timing error are shown to compare favourably with their respective lower bounds. The required CW and SOM sequence lengths are established by statistical analysis of the effect of residual frequency error on symbol timing performance. In particular, it is shown that an iterative peak search of the SOM crosscorrelation nearly achieves the modified Cramer-Rao bound (MCRB) on symbol timing, making it an attractive option for timing acquisition with minimal overhead. In addition, the proposed preamble format and processing approach are compared to that of the MIL-188-181B standard.
The distribution of nearby rich clusters of galaxies

Redshifts are acquired for a complete sample of 351 Abell clusters with tenth-ranked galaxy magnitudes (m10) less than or equal to 16.5, including 115 entirely new cluster redshifts. Analysis of the spatial distribution of these clusters reveals no clustering on scales larger than 75/h Mpc. The correlation length is 20.0 (+/-4.3)/h Mpc, consistent with the results from other surveys. The frequency of voids with radii of order 60/h Mpc or less is consistent with the form and amplitude of the observed two-point correlation function. There is no significant difference between the clustering properties of clusters with RC = 0 and RC not less than 1. A percolation analysis yields 23 superclusters, 17 of which are new. The superclusters are not significantly elongated in the radial direction; large-scale peculiar motions are of order 1000 km/s or less.
Flaw tolerance in a viscoelastic strip

Load-bearing biological materials such as bone, teeth, and nacre have acquired some interesting mechanical properties through evolution, one of which is the tolerance of cracklike flaws incurred during tissue function, growth, repair, and remodeling. While numerous studies in the literature have addressed flaw tolerance in elastic structures, so far there has been little investigation of this issue in time-dependent, viscoelastic systems, in spite of its importance to biological materials. In this paper, we investigate flaw tolerance in a visco-elastic strip under tension and derive the conditions under which a pre-existing center crack, irrespective of its size, will not grow before the material fails under uniform rupture. The analysis is based on the Griffith and cohesive zone models of crack growth in a visco-elastic material, taking into account the effects of the loading rate along with the fracture energy, Young's modulus, and theoretical strength of material.
Recombination at laser-processed local base contacts by dynamic infrared lifetime mapping

Laser-processed local metal contacts to Si solar cells are a promising approach, to combine high efficiency and low production cost. Understanding carrier transport and recombination in locally contacted solar cells requires numerical simulations with experimentally verified input parameters. One of these input parameters is the reverse saturation current density J0,cont at the local base contact. We determine J0,cont by means of area averaged charge carrier lifetime measurements and an analytical model, which distinguishes between recombination at the metal contacts and at the passivated interface in between the contacts. The calibration-free dynamic infrared lifetime mapping technique is used. We measure local reverse saturation current densities J0,cont=2×103 to 2×107 fA/cm2 at metal contacts to p-type float-zone material with resistivities ρ=0.5 to 200 Ω cm. Laser contact openings (LCOs) formed by laser ablation of an amorphous Si/SiNx passivation stack and subsequent physical vapor deposition of alum.
Convergents to turbulence functions

A method is described for constructing approximations, to statistical functions, that are uniformly convergent in time, starting with the expansion of the functions as Taylor series in time. The principal tool is a technique for expanding the Fourier transform of the unknown function by use of a set of orthonormal functions. Application to the Lagrangian velocity correlation and the eddy diffusivity for marked particles in a three-dimensional random velocity field yields results that agree excellently with computer simulations. The approximation procedure is extended to expansions in strength parameters (e.g. Reynolds number expansion) and to an expansion about the direct-interaction approximation. The latter is based on a new model representation of the direct-interaction approximation. An implication of the work is that the usual diagram expansions, obtained through term-by-term averaging over a Gaussian distribution, may not uniquely determine the functions they represent; it may be that truly meaningful expansions are possible, in general, only for distributions which bound the amplitudes in the individual realizations.
Low-frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter: geographical distribution, structure and time-scale dependence

Abstract Low-frequency variability in wintertime 500 mb height is examined, with emphasis on its structure, geographical distribution, and frequency dependence. A 39-year record of 500 mb geopotential height fields from the NMC analyses is time filtered to partition the fluctuations into frequency bands corresponding to periods of 10–60 days, 60–180 days and > 180 days. Winter is defined as the six month period November through April. Variance, teleconnectivity, and anisotropy fields, and selected loading vectors derived from orthogonal and oblique rotations of the eigenvectors of the temporal correlation matrix for each band are shown and discussed. The variability in all frequency bands exhibits substantial anistropy, with meridionally elongated features arranged as zonally oriented wave trains prevailing over the continents and zonally elongated features organized in the form of north–south oriented dipole patterns prevailing over the oceanic sectors of the hemisphere. The wave trains are most pronounc.
Lattice Dynamics of Transition-Metal Carbides

The phonon dispersion relations of ZrC, NbC, HfC, TaC, and UC are investigated using a phenomenological-model theory. For the transition-metal carbides, a shell model with a free-electron screening is used to describe the over-all shape of the phonon curves. The results strongly support the "covalent model," where the extreme physical properties of these compounds are attributed mainly to strong covalent metal-nonmetal bonding. In contrast, for UC the "interstitial-alloy" picture seems to be more appropriate. The pronounced anomalies in the acoustic branches of TaC and NbC occur at certain $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$ values which are directly related to definite lattice vectors. We interprete the anomalies as originating from a resonancelike increase of the electronic polarizability due to strong short-range correlations of the $d$ conduction electrons. In a model theory, we represent this $d$ charge density by a further electronic degree of freedom at the metal-ion sites, i.e., a second shell. Calculations with this "double-shell model" show very good agreement with experimental data. It is strongly indicated that the anomalies are caused by $d$ electrons of ${T}_{2g}$ symmetry. The connections to structural phase transitions are discussed.
EIT Waves and Fast-Mode Propagation in the Solar Corona

During the onset of coronal mass ejections, a front of enhanced EUV emission is sometimes seen to propagate away from a flaring active region across the solar disk. We present model simulations to test the hypothesis that these transients (called "EIT waves") represent fast-mode MHD waves. The distribution of the magnetosonic velocity vf in the corona is determined using a current-free extrapolation of the measured photospheric field and a density scaling law for coronal loops. In agreement with observations, the waves are deflected away from active regions and coronal holes, where vf is large; they are also refracted upward as they propagate away from their initiation point, since vf falls off rapidly above active regions. The average surface-projected expansion speeds are only of order 200 km s-1, comparable to or somewhat smaller than those of EIT waves observed during 1997-1998. The model is unable to account for the velocities in excess of 600 km s-1 associated with Moreton waves and type II radio bursts unless it is assumed that the initial disturbance has the form of a strong, super-Alfvénic shock.
Oxidative stress, protein metabolism, and physiological potential of soybean seeds under weathering deterioration in the pre-harvest phase

Weathering deterioration affects seed quality, especially in areas with excessive rainfall. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress, physiological quality, and protein metabolism of seeds of different soybean cultivars under weathering deterioration at the pre-harvest phase. Six soybean cultivars (BMX Apolo, DM 6563, NS 5959, NA 5909, BMX Potência, and TMG 1175) were subjected to simulated rainfall at the R8 stage. Each level was divided into two applications at 72-h intervals: 60 mm (30 + 30), 120 mm (60 + 60), and 180 mm (90 + 90). Then, the seeds were harvested and evaluated for physiological potential, antioxidative enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proteins, and protease activity. The simulated rainfall allowed the variation in seed moisture, promoting a significant reduction in germination and seed vigor, especially at 120 and 180 mm levels. There were also reductions in antioxidative enzyme activity with weathering deterioration (mainly for catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase), accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, and reductions in protein content and protease activity. The proposed rainfall system is efficient in inducing weathering deterioration during the pre-harvest phase and its deleterious effects. Weathering deterioration in soybean seeds in the pre-harvest stage is directly influenced by genotype.
Chemical differentiation between star-forming regions : the Orion Hot Core and Compact Ridge

We present a dynamical-chemical model of massive star-forming regions, in which gas and dust grains are included. We consider the last 10 5 . yr of the accretion phase of a protostellar object embedded in a dense and massive cloud with a density and temperature gradient. We follow the gas and grain chemical evolution of two collapsing shells of this cloud, until the end of the protostar accretion phase, at which time the density no longer increases. At this point, the temperature rises, the molecular mantles of the grains evaporate, and we follow the time evolution of the resultant gas chemistry. The scenario is based on earlier models of Millar, Brown, Charnley, and Tielens
A Wireless Multi-Layered EMG/MMG/NIRS Sensor for Muscular Activity Evaluation

A wireless multi-layered sensor that allows electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements to be carried out simultaneously is presented. The multi-layered sensor comprises a thin silver electrode, transparent piezo-film and photosensor. EMG and MMG measurements are performed using the electrode and piezo-film, respectively. NIRS measurements are performed using the photosensor. Muscular activity is then analyzed in detail using the three types of data obtained. In experiments, the EMG, MMG and NIRS signals were measured for isometric ramp contraction at the forearm and cycling exercise of the lateral vastus muscle with stepped increments of the load using the layered sensor. The results showed that it was possible to perform simultaneous EMG, MMG and NIRS measurements at a local position using the proposed sensor. It is suggested that the proposed sensor has the potential to evaluate muscular activity during exercise, although the detection of the anaerobic threshold has not been clearly addressed.