Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Athabasca oil sands: Megatrap restoration and charge timing

The petroleum trap for the Athabasca oil sands has remained elusive because it was destroyed by flexural loading of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene. The original trap extent is preserved because the oil was biodegraded to immobile bitumen as the trap was being charged during the Late Cretaceous. Using well and outcrop data, it is possible to reconstruct the Cretaceous overburden horizons beyond the limit of present-day erosion. Sequential restoration of the reconstructed horizons reveals a megatrap at the top of the Wabiskaw-McMurray reservoir in the Athabasca area at 84 Ma (late Santonian). The megatrap is a four-way anticline with dimensions 285 125 km (177 78 mi) and maximum amplitude of 60 m (197 ft). The southeastern margin of the anticline shows good conformance to the bitumen edge for 140 km (87 mi). To the northeast of the anticline, bitumen is present in a shallower trap domain in what is interpreted to be an onlap trap onto the Canadian Shield; leakage along the onlap edge is indicated by tarry bitumen outliers preserved in basement rocks farther to the northeast. Peripheral trap domains that lie below the paleospillpoint, in northern, southern, and southwestern Athabasca, and Wabasca, are interpreted to represent a late charge of oil that was trapped by bitumen already emplaced in the anticline and the northeastern onlap trap. This is consistent with kimberlite intrusions containing live bitumen, which indicate that the northern trap domain was charged not before 78 Ma. The trap restoration has been tested using bitumen-water contact well picks. The restored picks fall into groups that are consistent both with the trap domains determined from the top reservoir restoration and the conceptual charge model in which the four-way anticline was filled first, followed by the northeastern onlap trap, and then the peripheral trap domains.
Relationship between soil moisture of near surface and multiple depths of the root zone under heterogeneous land uses and varying hydroclimatic conditions

This paper presents an assessment of the relationship between near‐surface soil moisture (SM) and SM at other depths in the root zone under three different land uses: irrigated corn, rainfed corn and grass. This research addresses the question whether or not near‐surface SM can be used reliably to predict plant available root zone SM and SM at other depths. For this study, a realistic soil‐water energy balance process model is applied to three locations in Nebraska representing an east‐to‐west hydroclimatic gradient in the Great Plains. The applications were completed from 1982 through to 1999 at a daily time scale. The simulated SM climatologies are developed for the root zone as a whole and for the five layers of the soil profile to a depth of 1·2 m.
How and why climate variability differs between the tropical Atlantic and Pacific

The tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans share many common climatological features such as easterly trade winds, eastward shoaling thermocline, an eastern cold tongue and a northerly intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). However, a comparison of climate variability between the two oceans reveals more differences than similarities. The Pacific is dominated by the equatorially symmetric El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) while the Atlantic ITCZ is controlled by changes in interhemispheric sea surface temperature (SST) gradient. To understand the causes of these differences in variability, a dynamic ocean‐atmosphere coupling model is developed that includes both the Bjerknes and wind‐evaporation‐SST feedbacks. Equatorially symmetric and anti‐symmetric modes emerge from the model, displaying distinct growth rate dependence on zonal wavenumber. Consistent with observations, an equatorially trapped ENSO mode dominates an ocean with a longitudinal size of the Pacific while in a smaller Atlantic‐size one, a monopole mode with a broad meridional scale coexists with an equatorially anti‐symmetric dipole mode.
Microstructural characterization of firn

In this paper, we use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with X‐ray spectroscopy and electron back‐scattered diffraction patterns to examine firn in cores retrieved by the United States International Trans‐Antarctic Scientific Expedition. From grain boundary grooves we were able to see where the previously existing snow crystals were joined, and can determine grain sizes. From the SEM images, the porosity and the surface area per unit volume of the pores were measured. Finally, we have shown that we can determine the microchemistry of impurities in firn and demonstrated that we can determine the orientations of the firn crystals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of water level fluctuations on detritus accumulation in Lake Baiyangdian, China

Decreases in water level could stimulate emergent plant growth and accelerate lake terrestrialization. To explore the impacts of hydrological variability on detritus accumulation in Lake Baiyangdian, a process‐based ecosystem model was applied to investigate how emergent plants affect lake terrestrialization under changing water levels. Results of this study suggested that the accumulation of Phragmites australis (P. australis) detritus is one of the main factors that promote terrestrialization, accounting for 1.8 mm yr−1 of sediment increase in the lake from 2001 to 2010. Water level and temperature were the primary drivers of detritus accumulation. The impacts of water level variability on detritus accumulation in Lake Baiyangdian were further investigated through scenario analysis. Results demonstrated that both annual and inter‐annual water level fluctuations could affect plant detritus accumulation. The scenario with low water level supported relatively high plant productivity and fast plant detritus accumulation, whereas the high water level scenario induced the lowest plant biomass production and slowest detritus accumulation. Enlarged inter‐annual water level fluctuations also caused an increase in both plant productivity and detritus accumulation. This study suggests that the terrestrialization processes of lakes can be mitigated through regulating lake water levels to reduce detritus accumulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An apparent age for a member of the Scourie dyke suite in Lewis, Outer Hebrides

Synopsis The Cleitichean Beag intrusion of central Lewis, assigned by Dearnley to the suite of pre-Laxfordian minor basic intrusions in the Lewisian of the Outer Hebrides, has yielded whole-rock K–Ar ages giving an average value of 2440±60 m.y. This body has not suffered obvious deformation or metamorphism and lies in an area where effects of Laxfordian regeneration are relatively slight; there is no evidence to suggest that excess argon is present. The date obtained is taken to be close to the original time of intrusion.
Autologous Blood-Derived Growth Factors as a Treatment for Wound Healing and Other Miscellaneous Conditions

PLEASE NOTE: Contracts exclude from coverage, among other things, services or procedures that are considered investigational or cosmetic. Providers may bill members for services or procedures that are considered investigational or cosmetic. Providers are encouraged to inform members before rendering such services that the members are likely to be financially responsible for the cost of these services.
(cid:2) -Lactamase-Producing Nontypeable Haemophilus inﬂuenzae Fails To Protect Streptococcus pneumoniae from Amoxicillin during Experimental Acute Otitis Media

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common reason for outpatient antimicrobial therapy. Mixed infections pose a potential problem, since the ﬁrst-line drug used for the treatment of AOM, amoxicillin, can be neutralized by (cid:1) -lactamase-producing pathogens of the upper respiratory tract. To study the effects of a 5-day course of amoxicillin on a mixed middle ear infection, rats were challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae alone or in combination with (cid:1) -lactamase-producing nontypeable Haemophilus inﬂuenzae . Amoxicillin was introduced at the clinical peak of the infection. Local and systemic changes were monitored by otomicroscopy, bacterial culture, and analysis of histological changes and the expression of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF- (cid:1) ) gene. (cid:1) -Lactamase-producing H. inﬂuenzae did not demonstrate an ability to protect S. pneumoniae . Amoxicillin eradicated the pneumococci in all treated animals but increased to some degree the ability of H. inﬂuenzae to persist
The Genesis of Lake Agassiz: A Confirmation

INTRODUCTION 625 UPHAM'S CONCEPTION OF THE LIFE-HISTORY OF LAKE AGASSIZ . 626 DIFFICULTIES IN ACCEPTING UPHAM'S INTERPRETATION 627 RECORDS OF LAKE AGASSIZ IN RAINY RIVER-LAKE OF THE WOODS DisTRICT 629 GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF THE DISTRICT 629 TILL SHEETS 630 LAMINATED STONY CLAYS 630 DEPOSITS OF LAKE AGASSIZ 631 UNCONFORMITY AT THE BASE OF LAKE AGASSIZ SEDIMENTS . 632 BEARING OF THE LIFE-HISTORY OF LAKE AGASSIZ ON THE QUESTION OF THE CHARACTER AND CAUSE OF THE DIFFERENTIAL UPLIFT . 636 SUMMARY 638
Advective and atmospheric forced changes in heat and fresh water content in the Norwegian Sea, 1951–2010

Climate variability in the Norwegian Sea was investigated in terms of ocean heat and fresh water contents of Atlantic water above a reference surface, using hydrographic data during spring 1951–2010. The main processes acting on this variability were examined and then quantified. The area‐averaged water mass cooled and freshened, but a deepening of the reference surface resulted in a positive trend in the heat content of 0.3 W m−2. Air‐sea heat fluxes explained about half of the interannual variability in heat content. The effect of the advection of Atlantic and Arctic waters on the variability varied with time, apparently due to large‐scale changes in the ocean circulation. The data are consistent with the explanation that changing wind patterns caused buffering and then release of Arctic water in the Iceland Sea during the late 1960s to early 1970s, and this caused large hydrographic changes in the Norwegian Sea.
Parafoveal Processing in Reading: On the Interplay between Verbal and Visual Factors

Proefschrift ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Doctor in de Psychologische Wetenschappen 2005 " I've seen things you people wouldn't believe… " Roy Batty in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner Is word processing in reading serial or parallel? 21 Low-level oculomotor factors versus higher-level cognitive processes 22 How much information is extracted from the right of the fixation? 24
Barium Cycling in the North Pacific: Implications for the Utility of Ba as a Paleoproductivity and Paleoalkalinity Proxy

Benthic incubation chambers have been deployed in a variety of geochemical environments that provide a comprehensive geochemical framework from which to address issues related to Ba geochemistry and the use of Ba as a paleoproxy. First order budgets for barium show that in the equatorial Pacific, present rates of Ba rain and benthic remobilization are nearly in balance, indicating that the rate of net accumulation is negligible and is clearly much less than the average for the Holocene; thus any paleoproxy algorithms built on the assumption of steady state are questionable. In contrast, budgets for sediments in the southern California Borderland indicate much higher burial efficiencies, in the range of 50–80%. The Ba:alkalinity (Alk) flux ratio is found to be remarkably constant throughout the environments studied and is indistinguishable from the deep water ratio used for paleoceanographic reconstructions. However, the Ba:organic carbon remobilization ratio is not constant. Combined, these results do not indicate a simple, first-order direct link between Ba and alkalinity remobilization via organic carbon oxidation; however, the similarities in the Ba and alkalinity source functions conspire to maintain the Ba:Alk ratio near the global water column average. This latter observation provides promise for the use of the Ba:Ca ratio in benthic foraminifera as a paleocirculation tracer.
Dynamics and facies model of a macrotidal sand‐bar complex, Cobequid Bay—Salmon River Estuary (Bay of Fundy)

The 40-km-long, Cobequid Bay—Salmon River estuary has a maximum tidal range of 16·3 m and experiences limited wave action. Sediment, which is derived primarily from areas seaward of the estuary, is accumulating faster than the high-tide elevation is rising, and the system is progradational. The deposits consist of an axial belt of sands, which is flanked by mudflats and salt marshes in the inner half of the estuary where a funnel-shaped geometry is developed, and by erosional or non-depositional foreshores in the outer half where the system is confined by the valley walls. The axial sands are divisible into three facies zones: zone 1—elongate, tidal sand bars at the seaward end; zone 2—sand flats with a braided channel pattern; zone 3—the inner, single-channel, tidal—fluvial transition. Tidal current speeds reach a maximum in zone 2, but grain sizes decrease headward (from medium and coarse sand in zone 1, to fine and very fine sand in zones 2 and 3) because the headward termination of the major flood channels prevents the coarse, traction population from entering the inner part of the estuary. Longitudinal progradation will produce a 20-m-thick, upward-fining succession, the lower 1/2–2/3 of which will consist of cross-bedded, medium to coarse sand deposited on the zone 1 sand bars. The ebb-dominated portion of this unit will be finer grained than the flood-dominated part, and will contain trough crossbedding produced by 3-D megaripples; the flood-dominated areas, by contrast, will consist mainly of compound cross-bedding created by sandwaves with superimposed megaripples. Headward migration of swatchways (oblique channels that link the ebb- and flood-dominated areas) will create packages of ebb cross-bedding that is orientated at a high angle to the long axis of the estuary and that contains headwardinclined, lateral-accretion surfaces. The overlying fine and very fine sands of zones 2 and 3 will be composed mainly of upper-flow-regime parallel lamination. The succession will be capped by a 4-m-thick unit of mixed flat, mudflat and salt marsh sediments. A review of other macrotidal estuaries with tidal ranges greater than 10 m suggests that the major elements of the model have general applicability.
PETROGRAPHIC TEXTURE AND VITRINITE REFLECTANCE VARIATION ON THE ALSTON BLOCK, NORTH-EAST ENGLAND

Summary A detailed study of the petrography and vitrinite reflectance of coals has been used to elucidate patterns of heat flow on the Alston Block. Four petrographic/rank vitrinite groups have been distinguished: I. Non-thermally metamorphosed with a vitrinite reflectance below 1.80% (approximately). II. Thermally metamorphosed and showing a granular mosaic. III. Thermally metamorphosed with no granular mosaic. IV. Non-thermally metamorphosed with reflectances in excess of 1.80%. Transitional vitrinites are also described. Certain features of the Group II vitrinites suggest a coking coal rank prior to Whin Sill intrusion and the Group II – Group III transition has been interpreted as a pre-Whin 1.60% isoreflectance contour. This isoreflectance surface has been traced laterally across the block and is shown to dome across the cupolas of the Weardale Granite, indicating that the pre-Whin Sill basement heat flow was channelled through the basement granite stock. Temperatures, calculated by the method of Karweil (1973), for this coalification interval were probably in excess of 185°C at the Great Limestone horizon around the cupola margins. This indicates that some form of rejuvenation of the Weardale Granite occurred at depth, probably in response to the Hercynian orogeny. The intrusion of the Whin Sill (295 ± 6 Ma) produced the Group II and Group III vitrinites and caused an exponential increase in vitrinite reflectance towards its contacts. Graphitisation has occurred immediately adjacent to the Whin Sill in certain localities where pre-Whin Sill rank and intrusion temperatures were favourable. The abnormally wide zone of natural coke above the Whin Sill is attributed to the high background temperatures present in the Alston Block during intrusion. A detailed lateral survey of vitrinite reflectance at the horizon between the Great and Little Limestones has revealed both the dependence of this parameter upon the Whin Sill thickness and stratigraphic horizon in the central part of the block, and a spatial relationship between vitrinite reflectance and the Weardale Granite subcrop around the block margins. The post-Whin Sill mineralisation has had no discernable effect on vitrinite reflectance.
Structure of the Canadian Cordillera from Seismic Refraction and Other Data

A synthesis of Canadian Cordilleran refraction data recorded prior to 1971 with other geophysical data shows major features which correlate well with the regional geological structure. The wavelength of M topography decreases from about 200 km at 54"N to about 110 km at 52"N and culminates in a major lithospheric discontinuity east of Vancouver Island. The seismic data indicate the region of the Fraser River at Quesnel, the region immediately east of and parallel to the Coast Plutonic Complex and possibly the western edge of the Hazelton Mountains are sites of significant changes in lithospheric structure. Lateral variations in the average crustal density are necessary to reconcile both gravity and seismic data. The crust beneath the central, intermontane region is characterized by a mass deficiency, whereas the density of the crust beneath Vancouver Island appears greater than average. Calculation of synthetic record sections shows that the Pn phase may propagate considerably beyond crossover in a layer a few wavelengths thick. A model for the Canadian Cordillera which includes a low velocity layer as little as 8 km below the M appears plausible. Model calculations suggest that the M approximates a discontinuity beneath the Coast Plutonic Complex, but is better modelled as a transition zone beneath the Omineca Crystalline belt.
Improved electrodynamic modeling of an omega band and analysis of its current system

We improve a previous electrodynamic model of an omega band by applying a nonuniform spatial distribution of the Hall to Pedersen conductance ratio instead of using a constant value. The analysis of the current system due to our model reveals that after separating the background westward electrojet off, the omega band currents mainly consist of Hall currents circulating around concentrated upward field-aligned currents in the auroral tongue. However, the upward field-aligned currents exhibit a nearly circular configuration around the center of the tongue and almost vanish directly in the center. Equally strong downward field-aligned currents are missing. Additionally, at the western flank of the tongue we notice an about northwest–southeast aligned Cowling channel. Its currents are mainly responsible for the spike-like D peak in magnetograms and for the general asymmetry in D and Z longitudinal profiles on the ground. An additional enhancement of the Hall conductance in this channel further improves the agreement between calculated and measured ground magnetic disturbance profiles.
The Central Italy Electromagnetic Network and the 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake: Observed Electric Activity

A network of low frequency electromagnetic detectors has been operating in Central Italy for more than three years, consisting of identical instruments that continuously record the electrical components of the electromagnetic field, ranging from a few Hz to tens of kHz. These signals are analyzed in real time and their power spectrum contents and time/frequency data are available online. To date, specific interest has been devoted to searching for any possible electromagnetic features which correlate with seismic activity in the same region. In this study, spectral analysis has evidenced very distinct power spectrum signatures that increased in intensity when strong seismic activity occurred near the stations of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. These signatures have revealed horizontally oriented electric fields, between 20 Hz to 400 Hz, lasting from several minutes to up to two hours. Their power intensities have been found to be about 1 μV/m. Moreover, a large number of man-made signals and meteorologic electric perturbations were recorded. Anthropogenic signatures have come from power line disturbances at 50 Hz and higher harmonics up to several kHz, while radio transmissions have influenced the higher kHz spectrum. Reception from low frequency transmitters is also provided in relation to seismic activity. Meteorologic signatures cover the lower frequency band through phenomena such as spherics, Schumann resonances and rain electrical perturbations. All of these phenomena are useful teaching tools for introducing students to this invisible electromagnetic world.
Magnetostratigraphic constraints on two‐stage eruptions of the Emeishan continental flood basalts

Temporal and spatial variations of high and low contents of Ti basalts in the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) of southwest China and Vietnam are crucial for modeling of continental basalt formation and the nature of mantle‐lithosphere interaction. A combined geochemical and magnetostratigraphic study was carried out at Yanyuan in the inner zone of the ELIP. Geochemical results indicate that the basalts are low‐Ti (LT) basalts (Ti/Y ∼ 484.2–511.4) in the Luomapu section and high‐Ti (HT) basalts (Ti/Y ∼ 558.2–658.9) in the Gongmushan section. Systematic paleomagnetic sampling and stepwise thermal demagnetization demonstrate that the higher temperature component shows two distinct characteristic remanent magnetizations with northeasterly upward and SWW downward directions. These results indicate a simple magnetostratigraphic normal and reversed polarity pattern from the lower and upper parts of the section, respectively. By comparing with available magnetostratigraphic and paleomagnetic data carried out in the ELIP, these results imply that the eruption of the Emeishan basalts can be divided into early (normal polarity subchron) and late (reversal subchron) stages. The early stage included LT basalts in the inner zone and most of the HT basalts in the intermediate and outer zones, and the late stage contained a part of LT and HT basalts in the upper parts of the sections in the inner zone and a few in the intermediate zone of the ELIP. Correlating with available Middle‐Late Permian magnetostratigraphy and the Permian magnetic time scale, the new magnetic polarity sequence result suggests that the ELIP formed over a very short time interval (<1 Myr).
Multidisciplinary investigation on a lava fountain preceding a flank eruption: The 10 May 2008 Etna case

A multidisciplinary approach integrating a wide data set ranging from bulk rock compositions of the erupted products to volcanic tremor, long‐period events, and tilt and gravity signals is used to investigate the source depth and magma dynamics of the 10 May 2008 lava fountain at Southeast crater (SEC) of Mount Etna. The investigation was undertaken in the framework of the previous 2007 explosive activity as well as the subsequent effusive eruption beginning 13 May 2008 and lasting up to July 2009. All the data concur in indicating that the 10 May lava fountain was generated by the fragmentation of a foam layer trapped at the top of a shallow reservoir, about 1500–1700 m below the summit of SEC. The shift from the episodic strombolian/lava fountain activity occurring in 2007 at SEC to the more powerful 10 May 2008 lava fountain is explained by the intrusion of a new more primitive magma into the shallow reservoir. Data also indicate that an attempted magma intrusion east of the summit area occurred during the 10 May fire fountain. This event caused the fracturing and weakening of the surrounding rocks and created a preferential pathway for the penetration of the magma that, only 3 days later, started to feed the 2008–2009 effusive eruption.