Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Finitely Additive Probability: Uniform Distributions on the Natural Numbers

Abstract In the usual, countably additive definition of probability, it is not possible to have a distribution giving equal probabilities to every one of the natural numbers. Yet such a distribution would be interesting and potentially useful. This article considers an approach to this problem based on finitely additive probability. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for when specifications of the probabilities of an arbitrary collection of subsets of a space Ω can be extended to define a finitely additive probability on all the subsets of Ω. This is applied to probability statements modeling the uniform distribution on the natural numbers, using relative frequencies and residue classes to make precise notions of uniformity. Tight bounds are given on the possible values of the probability of an arbitrary set under both interpretations. These bounds are applied to several sets of interest.
Analyzing Empowerment Processes Among Cancer Patients in an Online Community: A Text Mining Approach

Background Peer-to-peer online support groups and the discussion forums in these groups can help patients by providing opportunities for increasing their empowerment. Most previous research on online empowerment and online social support uses qualitative methods or questionnaires to gain insight into the dynamics of online empowerment processes. Objective The overall goal of this study was to analyze the presence of the empowerment processes in the online peer-to-peer communication of people affected by cancer, using text mining techniques. Use of these relatively new methods enables us to study social processes such as empowerment on a large scale and with unsolicited data. Methods The sample consisted of 5534 messages in 1708 threads, written by 2071 users of a forum for cancer patients and their relatives. We labeled the posts in our sample with 2 types of labels: labels referring to empowerment processes and labels denoting psychological processes. The latter were identified using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) method. Both groups of labels were automatically assigned to posts. Automatic labeling of the empowerment processes was done by text classifiers trained on a manually labeled subsample. For the automatic labeling of the LIWC categories, we used the Dutch version of the LIWC consisting of a total of 66 word categories that are assigned to text based on occurrences of words in the text. After the automatic labeling with both types of labels, we investigated (1) the relationship between empowerment processes and the intensity of online participation, (2) the relationship between empowerment processes and the LIWC categories, and (3) the differences between patients with different types of cancer. Results The precision of the automatic labeling was 85.6%, which we considered to be sufficient for automatically labeling the complete corpus and doing further analyses on the labeled data. Overall, 62.94% (3482/5532) of the messages contained a narrative, 23.83% (1318/5532) a question, and 27.49% (1521/5532) informational support. Emotional support and references to external sources were less frequent. Users with more posts more often referred to an external source and more often provided informational support and emotional support (Kendall τ>0.2; P<.001) and less often shared narratives (Kendall τ=−0.297; P<.001). A number of LIWC categories are significant predictors for the empowerment processes: words expressing assent (ok and yes) and emotional processes (expressions of feelings) are significant positive predictors for emotional support (P=.002). The differences between patients with different types of cancer are small. Conclusions Empowerment processes are associated with the intensity of online use. The relationship between linguistic analyses and empowerment processes indicates that empowerment processes can be identified from the occurrences of specific linguistic cues denoting psychological processes.
Response characteristic analysis of climate change of vegetation activity in Huang-Huai-Hai area based on NOAA NDVI data set

Based on 1982-2003 GIMMS NDVI soundings and climate data by use of techniques for the trend, correlation and SVD analysis, this work is devoted to the space/time patterns of the response to climate change of the vegetation activity in the Huan-Huai-Hai area (HHHA). Results suggest that the area shows a more significant warming trend and less distinct aridization, on the whole, with annual mean NDVI displaying a marginally increasing trend. On a yearly basis, NDVI is the most sensitive to climate factors, and annual temperature, rainfall and relative humidity (evaporation) exert positive (negative) effect on the dynamic variation in vegetation NDVI. On a seasonal scale, temperature and rainfall are the most strongly influencing factors, with autumnal climate having heavier impact on yearly mean NDVI. Natural vegetation is predominantly sensitive to rainfall and, to a less degree, to temperature; agricultural vegetation is sensitive dominantly to temperature and, to less extent, to rainfall. April - September vegetation response to climate has the space patterns as follows. The anomaly field of NDVI has 1) the same structure as that of temperature, 2) an anti-correlation structure with anomalies of evaporation, 3) a see-saw distribution with positive (negative) correlation in the north (south) with that of rainfall anomalies, and 4) an opposite distribution with positive (negative) correlations in the south (north) to that of relative humidity.
An exponential matrix method for solving systems of linear differential equations

This paper presents an exponential matrix method for the solutions of systems of high‐order linear differential equations with variable coefficients. The problem is considered with the mixed conditions. On the basis of the method, the matrix forms of exponential functions and their derivatives are constructed, and then by substituting the collocation points into the matrix forms, the fundamental matrix equation is formed. This matrix equation corresponds to a system of linear algebraic equations. By solving this system, the unknown coefficients are determined and thus the approximate solutions are obtained. Also, an error estimation based on the residual functions is presented for the method. The approximate solutions are improved by using this error estimation. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, some numerical examples are given and the comparisons are made with the results of other methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a molecular understanding of endosomal trafficking by Retromer and Retriever

Endosomes are dynamic intracellular compartments that control the sorting of a constant stream of different transmembrane cargos either for ESCRT‐mediated degradation or for egress and recycling to compartments such as the Golgi and the plasma membrane. The recycling of cargos occurs within tubulovesicular membrane domains and is facilitated by peripheral membrane protein machineries that control both membrane remodelling and selection of specific transmembrane cargos. One of the primary sorting machineries is the Retromer complex, which controls the recycling of a large array of different cargo molecules in cooperation with various sorting nexin (SNX) adaptor proteins. Recently a Retromer‐like complex was also identified that controls plasma membrane recycling of cargos including integrins and lipoprotein receptors. Termed “Retriever,” this complex uses a different SNX family member SNX17 for cargo recognition, and cooperates with the COMMD/CCDC93/CCDC22 (CCC) complex to form a larger assembly called “Commander” to mediate endosomal trafficking. In this review we focus on recent advances that have begun to provide a molecular understanding of these two distantly related transport machineries.
Submillimeter waveguiding on periodic metal structure

Electromagnetic radiation of 337‐μm wavelength has been guided in the form of TM surface waves along thin copper sheets perforated in a regular pattern (metal mesh). Polyethylene prism couplers served for launching and output coupling. The frequency dispersion of the metal mesh guide is similar to that of a transmission line loaded periodically with shunt capacitances. Strong directional dispersion is observed.
A Framework Proposal to Follow‐Up on Preclinical Convulsive Signals of a New Molecular Entity in First‐in‐Human Studies Using Electroencephalographic Monitoring

Traditionally, in dose‐escalating first‐in‐human (FiH) studies, a dose cap with a 10‐fold safety margin to the no observed effect level in animals is implemented if convulsive events are observed in animals. However, the convulsive risk seen in animals does not generally translate to humans. Several lines of evidence are summarized indicating that in a dose‐escalating setting, electroencephalographic epileptiform abnormalities occur at lower doses than clinical convulsive events. Therefore, we propose to consider the occurrence of epileptiform abnormalities in toxicology studies as premonitory signals for convulsions in dose‐escalating FiH studies. Compared with the traditional dose‐cap approach, this may allow the exploration of higher doses in FiH and, subsequently, phase II studies without compromising human safety. Similarly, the presence or absence of electroencephalographic epileptiform abnormalities may also aid the assessment of proconvulsive risk in situations of increased perpetrator burden as potentially present in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions.
Ion drifts in a snowflake divertor

Prompt losses of ions having turning points in the vicinity of the poloidal field null of a snowflake divertor are analyzed. Classification of the ion trajectories is presented. It is concluded that prompt losses in a snowflake affect a broader zone than in the standard X-point divertor. The size of the phase-space “hole” produced by prompt losses is evaluated.
Performance evaluation of coherent 2-μm differential absorption and wind lidar for wind measurement

A coherent 2-μm differential absorption and wind lidar (Co2DiaWiL) has been built with a high power Q-switched Tm,Hm:YLF laser to measure CO2 concentration and radial wind velocity. Our experiment was conducted to test the ability of the Co2DiaWiL to make wind measurement in the atmospheric boundary layer and lower free troposphere. The bias in the velocity measurement was estimated as –0.0069 m/s using measurements from a stationary hard target. The magnitude of the random error of radial velocity measurements was determined from data in the vertical pointing mode and the Co2DiaWiL achieved a velocity precision of 0.12 m/s. The radial velocity measurements to ranges up to 20-25 km by the horizontally fixed beam mode for average times of 1 min have been demonstrated with the high laser output power. The Co2DiaWiL-measured radial velocities were directly compared with the wind speeds measured by a closelylocated sonic anemometer. The correlation coefficient was as large as 0.99 for comparison of radial velocities averaged for 1 min from the Co2DiaWiL and sonic anemometer.
Giant deformations and topological hysteresis of an ordered foam

An ordered soap froth is created in a cylindrical tube. By dilating (up to 500%) and compressing the froth, we observe sequences of structural transitions. After dilation followed by compression, the froth recovers its initial structure, but the sequences of intermediate structures upon dilation and upon compression are different. This topological hysteresis is explained by creation and motion of a single dislocation as suggested by a recent work of the present authors.
The energy band alignment of Si nanocrystals in SiO2

The determination of the energy band alignment between the 2.6-nm-diameter Si nanocrystals and the SiO2 host is achieved by means of photo-ionization/-neutralization and capacitance spectroscopy. The measured conduction and valence band offsets are 2.6 eV and 4.4 eV. The band gap is evaluated to be 1.7 eV by photoluminescence. These results indicate that the valence band offset at the Si nanocrystals/SiO2 interface is quite close to the one observed at bulk Si/SiO2 interface. On the contrary, we observe a clear upward shift (0.5 eV) of the conduction band in the Si nanocrystals/SiO2 system with respect to the bulk Si/SiO2 hetero-structure.
GeV Detection of HESS J0632+057

HESS J0632+057 is the only gamma-ray binary that has been detected at TeV energies, but not at GeV energies yet. Based on nearly nine years of Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Pass 8 data, we report here on a deep search for the gamma-ray emission from HESS J0632+057 in the 0.1–300 GeV energy range. We find a previously unknown gamma-ray source, Fermi J0632.6+0548, spatially coincident with HESS J0632+057. The measured flux of Fermi J0632.6+0548 is consistent with the previous flux upper limit on HESS J0632+057 and shows variability that can be related to the HESS J0632+057 orbital phase. We propose that Fermi J0632.6+0548 is the GeV counterpart of HESS J0632+057. Considering the Very High Energy spectrum of HESS J0632+057, a possible spectral turnover above 10 GeV may exist in Fermi J0632.6+0548, as appears to be common in other established gamma-ray binaries.
Dynamics of Morse-Smale urn processes

Abstract We consider stochastic processes {xn}n≥0 of the form where F: ℝm → ℝm is C2, {λi}i≥1 is a sequence of positive numbers decreasing to 0 and {Ui}i≥1 is a sequence of uniformly bounded ℝm-valued random variables forming suitable martingale differences. We show that when the vector field F is Morse-Smale, almost surely every sample path approaches an asymptotically stable periodic orbit of the deterministic dynamical system dy/dt = F(y). In the case of certain generalized urn processes we show that for each such orbit Γ, the probability of sample paths approaching Γ is positive. This gives the generic behavior of three-color urn models.
The Courant and Peclet Number criteria for the numerical solution of the Richards Equation

Recent studies indicate that inaccuracies exist in the numerical solutions of the Richards equation. A need exists to examine such inaccuracies and to correlate them, formally, to the soil hydraulic properties and the size of the spatial and temporal mesh. In the absence of criteria for mesh design, mass conservation and the rate of convergence are usually used as bases for acceptance of the solution. It is well documented, however, that neither can guarantee an accurate solution. This paper proposes the Courant and Peclet numbers as criteria for estimating spatial and temporal increments. The study defines upper limits of these numbers for acceptable accuracy of the numerical solutions. For cases that are characterized by decreasing pressure head gradients, although the initial size of the time step may be extremely small, efficient solutions are possible through a careful choice of an expansion factor for such a step.
Local charging effects in nanocrystalline CdSe films

D. Toker,1 I. Balberg,1,* O. Zelaya-Angel,2 E. Savir,1 and O. Millo1,† 1Racah Institute of Physics and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel 2Departamento de Fisica, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados, P.O. Box 14-740, 07360 Mexico, D.F. (Received 31 October 2010; revised manuscript received 14 December 2010; published 15 February 2011)
Recent results on high thermal energy load testing of beryllium for ITER first wall application

In this paper, progress in the high heat flux (HHF) qualification testing of TGP-56FW beryllium grade for ITER first wall applications is presented. Two actively cooled Be/CuCrZr brazing mock-ups were tested under complex thermal loading conditions in the electron beam facility JUDITH-1 (step 1: vertical displacement event test at 40 MJ m−2, 0.3 s, 1 shot; step 2: disruption tests at 3 MJ m−2, 1 shot, Δt=5 ms; step 3: repetitive fatigue test at 80 MW m−2, 1000 shots, Δt=25 ms). After testing, metallographic investigations on the microstructure and crack morphology were carried out. The results of these studies of Be tiles are reported and discussed. The overall results of TGP-56FW grade qualification testing have demonstrated the reliable performance capability of TGP-56FW for application as the armor of the ITER first wall. In addition, the results of first experiments with TGP-56FW and S-65C beryllium grades in the QSPA-Be plasma gun facility are also reported. In these experiments, beryllium tiles (80×80×10 mm3) were tested in a hydrogen plasma stream (5 cm in diameter) with pulse duration 0.5 ms and heat loads of 0.5–2 MJ m−2. Experiments were performed at room temperature. The evolution of the surface microstructure and mass loss of beryllium exposed to up to 100 shots is presented.
SU(2)-monopoles, curves with symmetries and Ramanujan's heritage

We develop the Ercolani-Sinha construction of SU(2) monopoles for a five-parameter family of centred charge 3 monopoles. In particular we show how to solve the transcendental constraints arising on the spectral curve. For a class of symmetric curves the transcendental constraints become a number-theoretic problem and a recently proven identity of Ramanujan provides a solution. Bibliography: 36 titles.
Test Particle Energization and the Anisotropic Effects of Dynamical MHD Turbulence

In this paper, we analyze the effect of dynamical three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence on test particle acceleration and compare how this evolving system affects particle energization by current sheet interaction, as opposed to frozen-in-time fields. To do this, we analyze the ensemble particle acceleration for static electromagnetic fields extracted from direct numerical simulations of the MHD equations, and compare it with the dynamical fields. We show that a reduction in particle acceleration in the dynamical model results from particle trapping in field lines, which forces the particles to be advected by the flow and suppresses long exposures to the strong electric field gradients that take place between structures and generate (among other effects) an efficient particle acceleration in the static case. In addition, we analyze the effect of anisotropy caused by the mean magnetic field. It is well known that for sufficiently strong external fields, the system experiences a transition toward a two-dimensional flow. This causes an increment in the size of the coherent structures, resulting in a magnetized state of the particles and a reduction in particle energization.
Spatial stability of the slab jet. I - Linearized stability analysis. II - Numerical simulations

Une analyse de stabilite spatiale d'un jet supersonique a geometrie plane est realisee et les expressions pour les frequences de resonance, les longueurs d'onde et les vitesses des ondes sont determinees. Les resultats sont compares a une analyse de stabilite spatiale d'un jet supersonique cylindrique
Restoring Heisenberg scaling in noisy quantum metrology by monitoring the environment

We study quantum frequency estimation for N qubits subjected to independent Markovian noise, via strategies based on time-continuous monitoring of the environment. Both physical intuition and an extended convexity property of the quantum Fisher information (QFI) suggest that these strategies are more effective than the standard ones based on the measurement of the unconditional state after the noisy evolution. Here we focus on initial GHZ states and on parallel or transverse noise. For parallel noise, i.e. dephasing, we show that perfectly efficient time-continuous photo-detection allows to recover the unitary (noiseless) QFI, and thus to obtain a Heisenberg scaling for every value of the monitoring time. For finite detection efficiency, one falls back to the noisy standard quantum limit scaling, but with a constant enhancement due to an effective reduced dephasing. Also in the transverse noise case we obtain that the Heisenberg scaling is recovered for perfectly efficient detectors, and we find that both homodyne and photo-detection based strategies are optimal. For finite detectors efficiency, our numerical simulations show that, as expected, an enhancement can be observed, but we cannot give any conclusive statement regarding the scaling. We finally describe in detail the stable and compact numerical algorithm that we have developed in order to evaluate the precision of such time-continuous estimation strategies, and that may find application in other quantum metrology schemes.
Minimal theory of quasidilaton massive gravity

We introduce a quasidilaton scalar field to the minimal theory of massive gravity with the Minkowski fiducial metric, in such a way that the quasidilaton global symmetry is maintained and that the theory admits a stable self-accelerating de Sitter solution. We start with a precursor theory that contains three propagating gravitational degrees of freedom without a quasidilaton scalar and introduce St\"uckelberg fields to covariantize its action. This makes it possible for us to formulate the quasidilaton global symmetry that mixes the St\"uckelberg fields and the quasidilaton scalar field. By the Hamiltonian analysis we confirm that the precursor theory with the quasidilaton scalar contains four degrees of freedom, three from the precursor massive gravity and one from the quasidilaton scalar. We further remove one propagating degree of freedom to construct the minimal quasidilaton theory with three propagating degrees of freedom, corresponding to two polarizations of gravitational waves from the minimal theory of massive gravity and one scalar from the quasidilaton field, by carefully introducing two additional constraints to the system in the Hamiltonian language. Switching to the Lagrangian language, we find self-accelerating de Sitter solutions in the minimal quasidilaton theory and analyze their stability. It is found that the self-accelerating de Sitter solution is stable in a wide range of parameters.