Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HENRICOSBORNIIDAE) DE LA FORMACION MEALLA (GRUPO SALTA, SUBGRUPO SANTA BARBARA). SUS IMPLICANCIAS FILOGENETICAS, TAXONOMICAS y CRONOLOGICAS

Simpsonotus praecursor gen. et sp. nov. and Simpsonotus major sp. nov. (Notoungulata, Henricosborniidae) represent the first fossil mamrnals found in the lower part (Mealla Formation) of the Santa Barbara Subgroup (Salta Group). The occurrence of these particular fossils confirm a Tertiary age for the entire Santa, Barbara Subgroup. Based on these taxa the Mealla Formation is correlated, at least in part, with the Riochican Land-mammal age (conventionally Late Paleocene) of Patagonia. Simpsonotus remains are the most complete Henricosborniidae thus far known and, based on its auditory region, are now recognized as the most primitive South American Notoungulata yet discovered. The primitive auditory structure of Simpsonotus suggests a distant relationship with other South American Notioprogonia (i.e. family Notostylopidae). If the characters in Simpsonotus are shared by other Henricosborniidae, then the family would deserve recognition as a distinct Suborder of the Notoungulata.
Is the climate response to CO2 emissions path dependent?

Recent studies with coupled climate‐carbon cycle models suggest that global mean temperature change is proportional to cumulative CO2 emissions, independent of the timing of those emissions. This finding has prompted the suggestion that climate stabilization targets, such as the 2°C target adopted by the Copenhagen Accord, can be expressed in terms of cumulative CO2 emissions. Here we examine the simulated response of a range of global and regional climate variables to the same cumulative CO2 emissions (2500 PgC) released along different pathways using a complex Earth system model. We find that the response of most surface climate variables is largely independent of the emissions pathway once emissions cease, with the exception of variables with response timescales of centuries, such as ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level rise. Peak responses of many climate variables, such as global mean temperature, precipitation and sea ice, are also largely independent of the emissions pathway, except for scenarios with cumulative emissions overshoot which require net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. By contrast, peak responses of atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean pH are found to be dependent on the emissions pathway. We conclude that a CO2mitigation framework based on cumulative emissions is well suited for limiting changes in many impact‐relevant climate variables, but is less effective in avoiding impacts directly associated with atmospheric CO2, whose peak response is dependent on the rate of emissions.
Blue Spur Conglomerate: Auriferous Late Cretaceous fluvial channel deposits adjacent to normal fault scarps, southeast Otago, New Zealand

Abstract Latest Cretaceous Blue Spur Conglomerate at Gabriels Gully was deposited in a northeast‐southwest‐trending valley incised >200 m into metamorphic basement within the Tuapeka Fault Zone. Clast imbrication unequivocally indicates paleoflow towards the southwest, across the Tuapeka Fault Zone from the uplifted block. Early schist‐and quartz‐rich fluvial sediments in the valley and transverse mass flow deposits derived from the valley sides are preserved on a strath terrace on the southeast side of the valley. These sediments were incised by the paleoriver and partially reworked into the base of a deeper channel cut into the underlying schist before deposition of greywacke‐rich fluvial conglomerates. There is a strong enrichment of gold on and just above schist at the base of the incised channel, and subordinate enrichment at and above the basal scours of the overlying fluvial conglomerate packets. Imbricated clasts at less well exposed Blue Spur Conglomerate at Wetherstons, Forsyth, and Waitahuna Gully suggest that southwest‐flowing rivers in incised paleovalleys crossing the Tuapeka Fault Zone also deposited those outliers. The four incised paleovalleys were probably fed by a single river that successively abandoned the valleys in favour of a new course around the propagating tip of the Tuapeka Fault Zone. Structural and geomorphic relationships along the Tuapeka Fault Zone suggest that it is multi‐stranded and segmented on the scale of a few kilometres, rather than being a single continuous structure. Independent and concomitant extension on collinear and overlapping strands, respectively, was the primary control on fluvial incision into intrafault zone blocks and on gold concentration within the valleys. Transverse topographic highs across the fault zone, between sediment sinks on the downthrown side, are probably the result of distributed deformation amongst and between strands. These relative highs controlled the location, size, and orientation of the depositional systems, and prevented the development of axial drainage along the Tuapeka Fault Zone itself. Valley incision and associated gold‐concentrating processes will not have extended significantly downstream from the Tuapeka Fault Zone. The best gold concentrations will lie on intrazone blocks that have undergone the most favourable combination of sediment accumulation, fluvial incision, and re‐concentration cycles, and not necessarily close to the absolute footwall.
Long‐term analysis of heat waves in Ukraine

In the past few decades, severe heat waves were representative of the weather conditions in various parts of the world. They had distinctly negative impacts on humans, plants, animals and different economic sectors. Particularly in cities, where most humans are living, their well‐being, efficiency and health were affected, which even caused a relatively high mortality rate. This is why a large interest still exists to analyse heat waves in the past by use of statistical methods.
The structure of the crust in TESZ area by kriging interpolation

A precise 3D model of the crust is necessary to start any tectonic or geodynamic interpretation. It is also essential for seismic interpretations of structures lying below as well as for correct analysis of shallow structures using reflection seismics. During the last decades, a number of wide-angle refraction experiments were performed on the territory of central and eastern Europe (POLONAISE’97, CELEBRATION 2000, SUDETES 2003), resulting in many high quality 2D models. It is an interesting and complicated transition zone between Precambrian and Palaeozoic Platforms. This paper presents 3D model of the velocity distribution in the crust and upper mantle interpolated from 2D models of the structure along 33 profiles. The obtained model extends to a depth of 50 km and accurately describes the main features of the crustal structures of Poland and surrounding areas. Different interpolation techniques (Kriging, linear) are compared to assure maximum precision. The final model with estimated uncertainty is an interesting reference of the area for other studies.
Distinguishing wetland vegetation and channel features with object-based image segmentation

Mapping landscape features within wetlands using remote-sensing imagery is a persistent challenge due to the fine scale of wetland pattern variation and the low spectral contrast among plant species. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) is a promising approach for distinguishing wetland features, but systematic guidance for this use of OBIA is not presently available. A sensitivity analysis was tested using OBIA to distinguish vegetation zones, vegetation patches, and surface water channels in two intertidal salt marshes in southern San Francisco Bay. Optimal imagery sources and OBIA segmentation settings were determined from 348 sensitivity tests using the eCognition multiresolution segmentation algorithm. The optimal high-resolution (≤1 m) imagery choices were colour infrared (CIR) imagery to distinguish vegetation zones, CIR or red, green, blue (RGB) imagery to distinguish vegetation patches depending on species and season, and RGB imagery to distinguish surface water channels. High-resolution (1 m) lidar data did not help distinguish small surface water channels or other features. Optimal segmentation varied according to segmentation setting choices. Small vegetation patches and narrow channels were more recognizable using small scale parameter settings and coarse vegetation zones using larger scale parameter settings. The scale parameter served as a de facto lower bound to median segmented object size. Object smoothness/compactness weight settings had little effect. Wetland features were more recognizable using high colour/low shape weight settings. However, an experiment on a synthetic non-wetland image demonstrated that, colour information notwithstanding, segmentation results are still strongly affected by the selected image resolution, OBIA settings, and shape of the analysis region. Future wetland OBIA studies may benefit from strategically making imagery and segmentation setting choices based on these results; such systemization of future wetland OBIA approaches may also enhance study comparability.
Effect of amount and time of potassium application on herbage yield, oil yield, oil content and quality of lemongrass ( Cymbopogon flexuosus ) under semi arid tropical conditions

A field experiment on lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) comprising 12 treatments of four levels of K2O (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha 1 year-1) and three time of applications (Full basal at the time of planting, ½ basal + ½ after six months and 1/3rd basal +1/3rd after six months and 1/3rd after first harvest) were tested during 2006–2008. Results showed that application of 40 kg K2O ha 1 year-1 in three splits i.e. 1/3rd basal +1/3rd after six months and 1/3rd after first harvest produced maximum herbage and oil yield which was at par with 80 kg K2O ha 1 year-1 applied as a basal.
Dependence of Strain-Rate Effects on Deformation Mechanism and Rock Type

Results are reported for sixty-nine triaxial compression tests run on a marble, a lithographic limestone, a very fine-grained sandstone, and a siltstone at room temperature, dry, confining pressures of 1,000 and 2,000 bars, and at strain rates of $$10^{-3}$$, $$10^{-4}$$, $$10^{-5}$$, $$10^{-6}$$, and $$10^{-7}$$/second. A decrease in strain rate from $$10^{-3}$$ to $$10^{-7}$$/second at 2,000 bars confining pressure caused a decrease in strength at 2 percent strain of about 33 percent for the marble and 8.4 percent for the limestone, but had no significant effect on either the sandstone or siltstone. Similar results were obtained for the tests run at 1,000 bars. Over the same range of strain rates, the strength at 10 percent strain decreased by about 10 percent for the marble at 2,000 bars, but increased slightly more than 11 percent at 1,000 bars. The limestone showed a small increase at 2,000 bars. Again, there was no significant change for the sandstone and siltstone at either confining pressure. The observed increases in strength at 10 percent strain reflect the increase in strain hardening in both marble and limestone that results with decreasing strain rate. The results for sandstone and siltstone, and for limestone or marble at lower pressures, indicate that cataclastic flow is independent of time. The strength after several percent strain of the cataclastically deformed rocks was not affected at rates slower than $$10^{-3}$$/second. Rocks deforming by cataclastic flow in natural environments therefore may be able to sustain, over indefinite periods, high differential stress determined solely by the existing temperatures and effective pressures. Moreover, strength decreases with decreasing strain rate in rock deforming by intracrystalline gliding may be sufficiently small at low temperatures that these rocks could also sustain significant differential stress at extremely slow strain rates. As a consequence, it is possible that appreciable shear stress exists for long periods of time in rocks in the upper parts of the earth's crust, and that the mean pressure in these rocks is significantly higher than that calculated from the weight of the overlying rocks.
Dendrochronological evidence for a lower water-table on peatland around 3200-3000 BC from subfossil pine in northern Scotland

Tree-ring analysis of subfossil Pinus sylvestris L. , from nine new peatland sites located beyond the species’ current northern limit in Scotland, established a regional chronology called WRATH-9. The chronology has been provisionally dated against Irish pine chronologies and provides the first annual resolution picture of Scots pine expansion from c. 3200 BC and subsequent demise from c. 3000 BC. Pine germination and growth is suggested to be associated with a widespread fall in bog water-tables that indicates a regional climatic control. Bog pines progressively declined in number, rather than died out in a single event, reflecting their growth in a marginal habitat, close to a critical ecological threshold. The use of tree-ring sequences from in situ bog pine macrofossils provides a higher resolution insight into past conditions than possible with existing radiocarbon and pollen-based chronologies.
Morphometrics of moa eggshell fragments (Aves: Dinornithiformes) from Late Holocene dune‐sands of the Karikari Peninsula, New Zealand

Moa eggshell fragments were examined from Late Holocene coastal dunes at Tokerau Beach and Matai Bay, Kankan Peninsula, Northland The Tokerau eggshell fragments, 0 56–1 69 mm thick, were produced by up to six species of moas recorded from the area A sample of 1042 fragments was bimodally distributed by thickness, with 19% of fragments classed as “thick” (≥1 12 mm thick) and 81% as “thin” (≤1 10 mm) The thin eggshells were probably produced mainly by the small moa Euryapteryx curtus, which dominates local bone assemblages The small Pachyorms mappim, rare in local bone assemblages, may have produced some of the thin eggshells Thick eggshell could have been produced by E geranoides or one or more of the three species of Dinornis In a sample of 51 eggshell fragments from Matai Bay, all except one fragment were thin Thickness distributions of thin shell from Matai Bay and Tokerau Beach differed, but the Matai Bay sample may have been too small for reliability Measurements of the curvature of 237 larger fragments from Tokerau Beach suggested that thick eggshell belonged to eggs 161–216 mm long by 116–155 mm wide, while thin eggshell was associated with eggs 138–1 79 mm × 99–129 mm, all within the size range of known whole moa eggs
Approximation of 1/x by exponential sums in [1, ∞)

Approximations of 1/x by sums of exponentials are well studied for finite intervals. Here the error decreases like O(exp(-ck)) with the order k of the exponential sum. In this paper we investigate approximations of 1/x in the interval [1, ∞). We prove estimates of the error by O(exp(-c√k)) and confirm this asymptotic estimate by numerical results. Numerical results lead to the conjecture that the constant in the exponent equals c =π √2.
Regional magma plumbing and emplacement mechanisms of the Faroe‐Shetland Sill Complex: implications for magma transport and petroleum systems within sedimentary basins

The movement of magma through the shallow crust and the impact of subsurface sill complexes on the hydrocarbon systems of prospective sedimentary basins has long been an area of interest and debate. Based on 3D seismic reflection and well data, we present a regional analysis of the emplacement and magmatic plumbing system of the Palaeogene Faroe‐Shetland Sill Complex (FSSC), which is intruded into the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequences of the Faroe‐Shetland Basin (FSB). Identification of magma flow directions through detailed seismic interpretation of approximately 100 sills indicates that the main magma input zones into the FSB were controlled primarily by the NE–SW basin structure that compartmentalise the FSB into its constituent sub‐basins. An analysis of well data shows that potentially up to 88% of sills in the FSSC are <40 m in thickness, and thus below the vertical resolution limit of seismic data at depths at which most sills occur. This resolution limitation suggests that caution needs to be exercised when interpreting magmatic systems from seismic data alone, as a large amount of intrusive material could potentially be missed. The interaction of the FSSC with the petroleum systems of the FSB is not well understood. Given the close association between the FSSC and potential petroleum migration routes into some of the oil/gas fields (e.g. Tormore), the role the intrusions may have played in compartmentalisation of basin fill needs to be taken fully into account to further unlock the future petroleum potential of the FSB.
Using soil mineral signatures to confirm sources of industrial contaminant trespass

Abstract An accompanying consequence of new industrial operations, or the expansion and enlargement of existing facilities, is contaminant encroachment from these operations onto adjacent residential properties. This often results in a favourable jury decision for the plaintiffs, providing the case can be proven. While smokestack emissions or wind-blown debris from some manufacturing operations can be readily identified in samples obtained from nearby properties (e.g. coal fly ash and mine wastes), obtaining proof that a site, or individuals, have been impacted by emissions from other processes may pose a challenge for the expert witness. As an example of the former, a mineral phase universally present in electric arc furnace smokestack discharges by mini steel mills (now widespread throughout the United States) is magnetite (FeO · Fe2O3). When this mineral is present as non-detrital anthropogenic grains in dust and soil samples (and further identified by a manganese content three or more orders of magnitude greater than in detrital magnetite) its presence is conclusive evidence that airborne contamination from an anthropogenic source has taken place. A problem arises, however, when contaminants are emitted as a mixed gas–particulate phase whose particles are <2.5 µm in size. Emissions from paper mills may fall into this category, and invariably will contain hydrogen sulphide (H2S), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3) as gas phases. These rapidly combine with water vapour to form sulphuric acid. Dispersal can occur over a wide area as a toxic plume, and can cause a variety of acutely or chronically harmful medical problems, especially in young children and the elderly. Although acknowledged as present in stack emissions by the paper companies, evidence of the vapour phase is often difficult to find on surrounding residential properties (although its corrosive effects are invariably present). An associated particulate phase (calcite), which is used as a whitener in paper production, however, is emitted from a facility’s lime kiln and can often be used to show that contamination from a paper-manufacturing source has taken place.
Fluid-mediated alteration of eclogite lenses in subduction complexes: a case from the Leaota Massif (South Carpathians)

Abstract Large ion lithophile element enrichment is a feature of the lithologies affected by mass transfer owing to fluids from the subduction zones (Sorensen et al. 1997), well documented, for example, in mélanges of two subduction complexes: the Franciscan Complex (California) and Samana Metamorphic Complex (Dominican Republic). Here we illustrate a similar style of K–Ba–Rb alteration of various types of eclogites and their host rocks acquired during subduction zone metamorphism and subsequent inclusion in a metamorphosed subduction–accretion mélange complex in the Leaota Massif (South Carpathians). Textural evidence at different scales (knockers-with-rinds structures, phengite and atoll garnet overprints, open cavities) and thermobaric calculations document protracted fluid–rock interaction from near-peak conditions to the retrograde stages during detachment and ascension along the subduction channel. Fluids reverting to the surface along the subduction channel play an important part in the fluid budget of subduction zones.
Estratigrafía de la Formación El Morro del Paleoceno-Eoceno en Zimapán, Hidalgo

Resumen En la cuenca cretacica de Zimapan la orogenia Laramide genero una fase compresiva que propicio la emersion y levantamiento del area. A medida que las rocas de la region ascendieron, se inicio la erosion y quedaron conformadas algunas cuencas continentales intermontanas con una orientacion que corresponde con las alineaciones de las estructuras plegadas mayores del area. Los episodios de sedimentacion continental de tipo aluvial y fluvial en estas cuencas estan representados por la Formacion El Morro, que en su localidad tipo mide 64 metros y se divide en cuatro litofacies de acuerdo con sus diferentes componentes clasticos. Segun estudios estratigraficos en la region, el espesor de la columna de sedimentos de la Formacion El Morro varia desde algunos metros hasta cerca de 400 metros, con variaciones laterales drasticas. La sedimentacion de la Formacion El Morro fue seguida por la acumulacion de una sucesion de brecha andesitica de la Formacion Las Espinas. Estas dos unidades se interdigitan localmente por unos cuantos metros y se observan clastos de andesita en la cima de la Formacion El Morro los cuales fueron fechados por K/Ar obteniendose una edad de 38.1±1.4 Ma. La edad de actividad de la cobijadura Jiliapan-El Volantin ubicada a 25 Km al norte de Zimapan es de 62 Ma, y fue determinada en la ilita diagenetica, lo que restringe la deformacion activa compresiva al Paleoceno inferior e indica el final de la orogenia. En consecuencia la edad de la Formacion El Morro es limitada al menos al Paleoceno medio-Eoceno medio mediante la edad isotopica por K-Ar de las rocas volcanicas suprayacentes y la ilita formada en el movimiento de la cobijadura Jiliapan-El Volantin. El estudio palinologico indica un ambiente calido-humedo, que propicio la formacion de un ambiente fluvial.Palabras clave: Rocas sedimentarias, Paleoceno medio-Eoceno medio, palinologia, Zimapan.
Core Flow Modelling From Satellite-Derived 'Virtual Observatories'

The last decade has seen a significant improvement in the capability to observe the global field at high spatial resolution using data from satellite missions including CHAMP, Oersted and SAC-C. These data complement the existing record of ground-based observatories, which have continuous temporal coverage at a single point. We wish to exploit these new data to model the secular variation (SV) globally and improve the flow models that have been constructed to date. Using the approach developed by Mandea and Olsen (2006) we create a set of 648 evenly distributed ‘Virtual Observatories’ (VO), at 400km above the Earth’s surface, encompassing satellite measurements from the CHAMP satellite over five years (2001-2005). We invert the SV calculated at each VO to infer flow along the core-mantle boundary. Direct comparison of the SV generated by the flow model to the SV at individual VO can be made.
Soil saturation patterns in steep, convergent hill-slopes under forest and pasture vegetation

The relationships between hillslope form and the development of zones of hillslope saturation are central to studies of process hydrology. These relationships are examined in two small, steep (30°) first-order basins under forest and pasture vegetation. Hillslope saturation patterns are described using a probability analysis of observations of peak water table elevations made at individual sites in each basin. In both first-order basins, the effects of topographic convergence on the spatial variability of hillslope saturation zones are most pronounced on shallow slopes and in steeper areas where hillslope form is strongly concave. The implications of vegetation type on the formation and variation of hillslope saturation are also examined. The differences in hillslope saturation patterns in each vegetation type are attributed primarily to differences in net rainfall and not soil physical properties or other features of topography.