Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delineating Anomalous Mantle in the Western Superior Province

Introduction North America contains two crustal provinces which have been stable since Archean time: the Slave and Superior provinces (Hoffman, 1988). The Superior craton is the largest stable Archean region in the world. Its internal structure is complex, consisting of a series of subprovinces believed to represent accreted terranes Card and Poulsen, 1998); in the western portion of the Superior, these subprovinces form narrow east-west belts that young southwards, the craton having stabilized ca. 2.6 Ga. The western Superior province is bounded to the northwest by the Trans-Hudson Orogen (stable ca. 1.6 Ga) and to the south by the MidContinent Rift, active ca. 1.1 Ga. The mantle lithosphere beneath stable Archean regions is widely believed to be of comparable age to the crust (see e.g. Jordan, 1978). We would therefore expect the Superior lithosphere to be of great antiquity, and to record a history of orogenic and rifting events.
Third Phase Formation in the Extraction of Zirconium(IV) by TRPO in Kerosene

The third phase formation in the extraction of zirconium(IV) from nitric acid media by TRPO(trialkyl phosphine oxide)/kerosene was studied. The limiting organic concentrations (LOC) of Zr(IV) under various experimental conditions were determined. Low temperature and high nitric acid concentrations (> 3 M) were found to facilitate the third phase formation, while increasing the concentration of TRPO or adding phase modifier (TBP) into the organic phase resulted in increased LOC of Zr(IV). When the third phase appeared, the conductivity in the organic phase changed sharply, indicating the change of aggregating behavior in the organic phase. FT-IR spectra were used to illustrate the interaction of TRPO with HNO3 or Zr(IV), and the composition of the two organic phases indicated by FT-IR spectra was consistent with a diluent-enriched light phase and a zirconium/TRPO-concentrated heavy phase.
Factors Controlling the Growth of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

The dependence of polyelectrolyte multilayer thickness on salt concentration, salt type, solvent quality, deposition time, and polymer concentration is evaluated. Polymers are deposited on spinning silicon wafers. For the strong polycation/polyanion pair studied, film thickness is approximately proportional to the number of layers and the salt concentration. The irreversibility of overall molecule adsorption is indicated by the lack of exchange of surface (radiolabeled) for solution polymer. The hydrophobic nature of the driving force for polymer sorption is illustrated by the choice of salt counterion or solvent. Analyzed within the framework of ion exchange, the net energy of ion pair formation is not high, at most a few kT. Salt, competing with polymer segments for the surface, permits localized rearrangements. In the mechanism proposed, excess polymer is accommodated within several layers, rather than in one layer of loops and tails. Steric barriers coupled with slow conformational changes are respons.
Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Seed, Skin and Pulp Parts of 22 Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivars (4 Common and 18 Registered or Candidate for Registration)

Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of pulp, seed and skin of 22 grape varieties (7 white and 15 red) grown in the Marmara region of Turkey were determined (common, registered or candidate cultivars). The total phenolic contents of grape pulp, seed and skin parts ranged from 9.26 to 62.29, from 162.29 to 326.18 and from 96.61 to 167.42 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Seasonal changes were noticeable in the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of different grape parts. The antioxidant activity of grape seeds of registered or candidate cultivars was the highest, followed by skins and pulps. The antioxidant activities of grape skins were higher in red varieties than in white varieties. The results indicated that registered and candidate red or white grape cultivars may have high amounts of phenolics and possess a superior antioxidant activity in comparison to popular cultivars, such as Bilecik Irikarasi, Hamburg Misketi, Alfons and Isabella. Practical Applications Grapes are an important commercial commodity because they can be consumed fresh or processed into many food products such as juice, jams, raisins and wine. Chemical properties of grapevines are one of the most important factors that determine the industrial use of grape berries. A great deal of diverse phenolic compounds is located in the skins, pulp and seeds of grapes. The antioxidant activity of different parts of grapes has been studied in popular and hybrid varieties; however, studies should also be continued on hybrid varieties to determine better grape berries with high antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Berries with better quality in terms of antioxidant activity may present great potential for the food industry as well as health-conscious consumers.
Analysis of a natural gas fuelled homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation using a stochastic reactor model

Abstract Combustion and emissions formation in a Volvo TD 100 series diesel engine running in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode and fuelled with natural gas is simulated and compared with measurements for both with and without external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). A new stochastic approach is introduced to model the convective heat transfer, which accounts for fluctuations and fluid-wall interaction effects. This model is included in a partially stirred plug flow reactor (PaSPFR) approach, a stochastic reactor model (SRM), and is applied to study the effect of EGR on pressure, autoignition timing and emissions of CO and unburned hydrocarbons (HCs). The model accounts for temperature inhomogeneities and includes a detailed chemical mechanism to simulate the chemical reactions within the combustion chamber. Turbulent mixing is described by the interaction by exchange with the mean (IEM) model. A Monte Carlo method with a second-order time-splitting technique is employed to obtain the numerical solution. The model is validated by comparing the simulated in-cylinder pressure history and emissions with measurements taken from Christensen and Johansson (SAE Paper 982454). Excellent agreement is obtained between the peak pressure, ignition timing and CO and HC emissions predicted by the model and those obtained from the measurements for the non-EGR, 38 per cent EGR and 47 per cent EGR cases. A comparison between the pressure profiles for the cases studied reveals that the ignition timing and the peak pressure are dependent on the EGR. With EGR, the peak pressure reduces and the autoignition is delayed. The trend observed in the measured emissions with varying EGR is also predicted correctly by the model.
Ecuador’s fiscal policies in the context of the citizens’ revolution: a ‘virtuous cycle’ and its limits

Resource-dependent countries are considered to have major difficulties in developing strong taxation systems and sound fiscal policies. Both theoretical assumptions and empirical studies hint at a negative relation between resource revenues and the ability to tax. However, Ecuador has increased tax revenues in times of relatively high resource revenues. Contrary to what is expected based on rentier state theory, I argue that in Ecuador, increasing resource revenues have played a positive role in facilitating higher and more progressive taxes. This is because the state has become more autonomous of business elites. The research I have conducted shows that while oil-revenues have not been the initial cause for the Correa government’s motivation to increase taxes ? not least on economic elites ? these revenues have indeed been an important factor in the government’s medium-term success. The increased fiscal space has strengthened the its ability to invest while increased public investments have had a positive impact on the perception of state capacity (Wolff, 2016). A key question is whose perception of state capacities has become more positive? In a standard fiscal contract model, the focus must be on high-income earners who pay most of the direct taxes. Taxpayers accept higher taxes as government activities are perceived as beneficial to them. In this regard, the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Executive Opinion Survey shows better results. However, these results cannot be considered as enabling factors for fiscal policy changes, but rather as resulting from them. The main point is an improved perception of state capacities among the general population, which has politically legitimated the more decisive role for the public sector in the country’s development strategy. In this paper, I analyse a number of different phases in fiscal policy-making in the context of Ecuador’s Citizens’ Revolution. In doing so, I examine overlapping phases of what I have denominated the ‘virtuous cycle’ from Correa’s first election in 2006 to his second re-election in 2013. In short, the appropriation of an increasing share of oil revenues has facilitated the improvement of state-society relations and thus the government’s ability to enforce tax payments. A promising result of my analysis is that mobilising oil-rents for investments can be politically rewarding and help to sustain increasing tax collection levels. Overall, the analysis shows that a negative impact of resource-revenues on taxation is not an automatism. Finally, I also consider the current difficulties in continuing down the path towards the improvement of Ecuador’s taxation system in times of a much lower oil price.
Kinetic studies of N2 and N2–SF6 following proton excitation

Low intensity proton pulses have been used to excite pure N2 and N2–SF6 mixtures. By accumulating time and wavelength resolved information on the fluorescence that arises from a very large number of pulses, we have obtained data that are free from effects due to superelastic collisions with electrons or other nonlinear effects such as the interactions between ions or excited neutral species. For N2 the natural lifetimes of N2(C 3Πu) and N2+(B 2Σu+) were determined by monitoring N2(C 3Πu→B 3Πg) and N2+ (B 2Σu+→X 2Σg+) states, respectively. The quenching rates of N2(C 3Πu) and N2+(B 2Σu+) in different vibrational states by pure N2 and by SF6 were obtained. The addition of small concentrations of SF6 altered the late time behavior of the N2(C 3Πu→B 3Πg) transitions, and the addition of much higher concentrations of SF6 caused a large increase in the intensity of the 3371 A (C→B) transition.
FTIR Spectroscopic Investigation of the Mechanism and Kinetics of the Heterogeneous Reactions of NO2 and HNO3 with Soot

Soot samples from a spark generator, a flame, and a diesel passenger car were either collected on a Teflon filter and transferred to an IR-transparent window or deposited directly from a flame onto the window and investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The soot-covered windows were mounted in a 10 cm vacuum cell connected to a standard flow system with He as carrier gas. Reactive gases, such as NO2 and HNO3, were added to the carrier gas flow at a concentration of (0.016 to 2.5) × 1014 molecule cm-3. FTIR spectra of soot samples before and after exposure to HNO3, NO2, and O3 are presented. Formation of IR absorption bands was analyzed as a function of exposure time. IR bands attributable to soot surface oxidation products and nitrogen containing species, e.g. −CO, R−NO2, R−ONO2, and R−ONO were observed. The observed time dependence of the absorption bands of the spark generator soot can be fitted by two parallel reactions, a slow and a fast process. Both processes have a reaction o.
Effects of Thermophilic Heat Pretreatment of Mixed Inoculum on Biohydrogen Production from Synthetic and Sugarcane Mill Wastewaters

Various pretreatment methods have been conducted on the mixed inoculums to enrich hydrogen producing bacteria (HPB). This study investigates the use of heat as a pretreatment method for the anaerobic sludge at 105oC, ranging from 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes to determine the optimum time to suppress methanogenic activity and enhance hydrogen production using artificial wastewater in batch experiments. Experiments are also conducted with sugarcane mill wastewater with and without dilution and the results compared with synthetic wastewater. Optimum time of heating the seed inoculum obtained from the experiment with sucrose solution was applied to the sugar mill wastewater as substrate. Results of batch experiments showed that heat treatment at 105oC of the seed sludge, regardless of time duration of heating, showed no activity for methanogenic bacteria when using sucrose solution as substrate. There is an increasing trend of hydrogen production with an increase in heating time at 105oC regardless of sucrose loading (10 g/L and 20 g/L) with the highest value recorded at 120 minutes (3.24 mol H2/g COD on 10g/L and 4.26 mol H2/g COD on 20g/L). Results for sugarcane mill wastewater revealed an increasing trend of hydrogen production with the highest value of 2.38 mol H2/gCOD observed for 100% substrate loading (without dilution) and 1.75 mol H2/gCOD on 50% dilution, indicating a suitable source for clean energy production. Keywords: Anaerobic Sludge; Heat Pretreatment; Hydrogen Production; Wastewater; Sucrose.
Association of Napthalene-Labeled Poly(acrylic acid) and Interaction with Cationic Surfactants. Fluorescence Studies

Water-soluble poly(acrylic acid) has been covalently labeled with a fluorescent hydrophobic chromophore, naphthalene (Np), randomly attached onto the polymer backbone with an amount of 3 mol %. The polymer, which is a new type of hydrophobically modified polymer denoted PAAMeNp-34, was investigated using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy in aqueous solutions of different pH and in methanol. The fluorescence emission spectra of PAAMeNp-34 in water exhibit both Np monomer emission (with intensity IM) and Np excimer emission (with intensity IE). The excimer emission is mainly due to the association of Np groups, preformed in their ground electronic state as a result of the hydrophobic interaction. For a PAAMeNp-34 aqueous solution, the intensity ratio, IE/IM, decreases in the pH range where the electrostatic repulsive forces overcome the hydrophobic interactions between the Np groups and the polymer chain expands because of the intrapolymer repulsion between the negatively charged carboxylate groups. In.
Dynamics of polybutadienes with different microstructures. 2. Dielectric response and comparisons with rheological behavior

A series of 1,2-1,4-polybutadienes with varying 1,2 vinyl content was investigated using time-domain dielectric spectroscopy. The time range was 10 Ϫ5-300 s, which can be converted by Laplace transform to a frequency range of 10 Ϫ3-6000 Hz. The samples were the same as those used in a previous rheological study from these laboratories. Therefore, a direct comparison of dielectric and mechanical responses was possible. Within experimental uncertainty, the ␣ relaxation observed by both methods shows the same temperature dependence but there is an offset between the characteristic times of both methods, which increases with increasing vinyl content. This result can be qualitatively understood from the difference of the size of the dipolar groups, viz. cis and vinyl monomeric units, in the context of the DiMarzio-Bishop model. In addition, the question of time-temperature superposition was studied using the dielectric data. In the cases of a vinyl content у0. 53 no deviations from time-temperature superposition were detected. Only for the sample with the lowest vinyl content 0.07 does the attempt to construct a master curve from the dielectric loss data fail. In this case a fit with a combination of a Havriliak-Negami and a Cole-Cole functions suggests that this deviation from time-temperature superposition is an intrinsic feature of the ␣ relaxation rather than an effect of its merging with the ␤ relaxation. The absence of indications for such a deviation in the rheological study can be explained by the smaller frequency range of the latter. This stresses the necessity of a large dynamic range in experiments aimed at the examination of the time-temperature superposition principle.
Diffuse hydrothermal methane output and evidence of methanotrophic activity within the soils at Sousaki (Greece)

Methane soil flux measurements have been made in 38 sites at the geothermal system of Sousaki (Greece) with the closed chamber method. Fluxes range from −47.6 to 29 150 mg m−2 day−1, and the diffuse CH4 output of the system has been estimated at 19 t a−1. Contemporaneous CO2 flux measurements showed a moderate positive correlation between CO2 and CH4 fluxes. Comparison of the CO2/CH4 soil flux ratios with the CO2/CH4 ratio of the gases of the main gas manifestations provided evidence for methanotrophic activity within the soil. Laboratory CH4 consumption experiments confirmed the presence of methanotrophic microorganisms in soil samples collected at Sousaki. Consumption was generally in the range from −4.9 to −38.9 pmolCH4 h−1 g−1 but could sometimes reach extremely high values (−33 000 pmolCH4 h−1 g−1). These results are consistent with recent studies on other geothermal systems that revealed the existence of thermoacidophilic bacteria exerting methanotrophic activity in hot, acid soils, thereby reducing methane emissions to the atmosphere.
Decoration of carbon nanotubes with CoO and Co nanoparticles

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) decorated with CoO nanocrystals were synthesized by in-situ thermal decomposition of Co(acac)2 in oleyl amine under reflux conditions open in the air. The CoO/MWNTs composite material can be easily converted to metallic Co/MWNTs through annealing under reducing atmosphere (4% H2) at 500°C without any significant sintering effect. The composite materials characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structural and morphological characterization shows that the CoO has cubic face (fcc) and the particles deposited uniformly on the external surface of the carbon nanotubes. In the annealed materials, the NMR shows that the fcc and hcp metallic Co phases coexist with a significant percentage of stacking faults. The magnetic measurements indicated that the CoO/MWNTs composite is largely composed of CoO nanoparticles with uncompensated surface spins. The fluctuations of spins persist in partially reduced CoO grains as shown by nuclear spin-lattice relaxation measurements.
Alleyway Cover Crops Have Little Influence on Pinot noir Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in Two Western Oregon Vineyards

Seven cover-crop treatments were compared in two north Willamette Valley Pinot noir vineyards over two years to test if alleyway cover crops that are mowed in spring and summer compete with grapevines for water or nutrients. Five different cover-crop mixtures were compared to a clean-cultivated control and resident vegetation treatments in 2004 and 2005. Treatments were evaluated for biomass production, quantity of nitrogen (N) contributed to the vineyard floor, weed suppression, and effect on soil water content. Vine responses to the different floor-management strategies included measures of shoot growth, water and nutrient status, yield, and juice quality. Three treatments were evaluated for their effect on fine roots and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Cover crops influenced soil moisture in a different manner at each site, although the lowest soil moisture was consistently found in the perennial grass and clover mixture. Cover-crop treatments had an impact on grapevine N status at one vineyard, altering leaf blade N concentrations at bloom and juice N concentrations at harvest, although different treatments did not alter N status consistently over time. Cover crops did not alter shoot growth, pruning mass, leaf water potential, fine root density, or colonization of roots by AMF and did not affect yield, cluster weights, juice soluble solids, pH, or titratable acidity. Results showed that alleyway cover crops managed by spring and summer mowing do not have consistent effects on grapevines in western Oregon vineyards and suggest that little competition occurs between cover crops and vines in the mixtures evaluated. Further examination of cover crops composed primarily of clovers or of perennial grasses is warranted.
ACTIVIDADES BIOLÓGICAS Y ESTABILIDAD DE AGREGADOS EN UN SUELO DEL BOSQUE TEMPLADO CHILENO BAJO DOS ETAPAS SUCESIONALES Y CAMBIOS ESTACIONALES

La actividad microbiana es afectada por variables ecologicas primarias, tales como la densidad y composicion de la flora, etapa sucesional y variables secundarias, como las estaciones del ano. Dentro de las actividades biologicas del suelo las mas importantes estan relacionadas con la materia organica (MO) y el ciclado de nutrientes, las que nos permiten detectar, junto a otros parametros fisicos del suelo, cambios tempranos en su bioquimica, grado de compactacion de suelos y actividades biologicas producidas por el impacto antropico. En este estudio cuantificamos y comparamos un numero de actividades biologicas y el porcentaje de agregados estables al agua bajo dos etapas sucesionales y dos estaciones de crecimiento en un bosque templado del centro-sur de Chile. Las actividades biologicas evaluadas fueron la hidrolisis de la fluoresceina diacetato (FDA), carbono (CBM) y nitrogeno (NBM) en la biomasa microbiana y la actividad de tres enzimas: carboximetilcelulasa y s-glucosidasa, (ambas involucradas en el ciclo del carbono), y la fosfatasa acida (involucrada en el ciclo del fosforo). En general, las actividades biologicas evaluadas presentaron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre los dos estados sucesionales. En la estacion de otono se registraron los valores mas altos para todas las actividades evaluadas, excepto para el CBM. En primavera el porcentaje de agregados estables fue mayor en ambas etapas sucesionales, no existiendo diferencias significativas entre ellas. Nuestros resultados indican que las actividades biologicas del suelo se vieron influenciadas por el contenido de humedad, nutrientes y niveles de MO. De manera de promover la conservacion del medioambiente del suelo, algunos indicadores biologicos y fisicos son muy importantes para monitorear la perturbacion del suelo en ecosistemas forestales
Yellowing and crinkling disease and its impact on the yield and composition of the essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.)

A field experiment conducted for 2 consecutive years in a semi-arid tropical region of South India investi- gated the influence of yellowing and crinkling disease, caused by leaf-sucking insects, on the yield and composition of the essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (citronella cv. Java 2). Infected leaves exhibited yellow specks or blotches which in later stages developed into yellow streaks running along the length of the leaves. Emerging young leaves were pale green or yellow coloured, twisted, crinkled and developed into whip-like structures. Severely diseased plants died. The yellowing and crinkling disease decreased biomass yield in the first and second years of harvesting by 62.8% and 82.7%, respectively. The corresponding decreases in essential oil yield per plant were 62.8% and 79.0%. The essential oil exam- ined by GC and GC-MS from cultivated healthy plants contained citronellal (28.4%), geraniol (24.8%), citronellol (11.8%) and elemol (10.2%). The major components from diseased plants were geraniol (19.0-25.5%), elemol (15.3-20.4%), citronellal (13.4-19.1%) and citronellol (12.9-15.1%). Caryophyllene oxide (3.5-6.0%) was an important minor com- ponent. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. fore, in the present study, the variations in biomass yield, essential oil yield and essential oil composition of citronella affected by yellowing and crinkling disease caused by leaf-sucking insects were investigated.