Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical analysis and in- vitro Antimicrobial activity of Aqueous and Solvent extracts of Carica papaya against clinical Pathogens

The plant materials such as leaves, stem and root of disease free Carica papaya were collected from Kaveripakkam, Vellore district, Tamilnadu. The dried powdered plant material is subjected to solvent extraction using the solvents cold water, hot water and ethanol. Antimicrobial assay of plant extract against clinical isolates by AWD assay. Only the leaf extracts showed inhibitory effect against Candida albicans, whereas stem and root extracts were ineffective. Among the leaf, stem and root extracts, the leaf extract is found to exhibit more antimicrobial activity than the stem and root.
Signatures of cell stress and altered bioenergetics in skin fibroblasts from patients with multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease and the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Despite progress in the treatment of the active relapsing disease, therapeutic options targeting irreversible progressive decline remain limited. Studies using skin fibroblasts derived from patients with neurodegenerative disorders demonstrate that cell stress pathways and bioenergetics are altered when compared to healthy individuals. However, findings in MS skin fibroblasts are limited. Here, we collected skin fibroblasts from 24 healthy control individuals, 30 patients with MS, and ten with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to investigate altered cell stress profiles. We observed endoplasmic reticulum swelling in MS skin fibroblasts, and increased gene expression of cell stress markers including BIP, ATF4, CHOP, GRP94, P53, and P21. When challenged against hydrogen peroxide, MS skin fibroblasts had reduced resiliency compared to ALS and controls. Mitochondrial and glycolytic functions were perturbed in MS skin fibroblasts while exhibiting a significant increase in lactate production over ALS and controls. Our results suggest that MS skin fibroblasts have an underlying stress phenotype, which may be disease specific. Interrogating MS skin fibroblasts may provide patient specific molecular insights and aid in prognosis, diagnosis, and therapeutic testing enhancing individualized medicine.
Convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID‐19

There are currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for COVID‐19. Anti‐SARS CoV‐2 antibody‐containing plasmas, obtained from the recovered individuals who had confirmed COVID‐19, have been started to be collected using apheresis devices and stored in blood banks in some countries in order to administer to the patients with COVID‐19 for reducing the need of intensive care and the mortality rates. Therefore, in this review, we aim to point out some important issues related to convalescent plasma (CP) and its use in COVID‐19. CP may be an adjunctive treatment option to the anti‐viral therapy. The protective effect of CP may continue for weeks and months. After the assessment of the donor, 200‐600 mL plasma can be collected with apheresis devices. The donation interval may vary between countries. Even though limited published studies are not prospective or randomized, until the development of vaccines or therapeutics, CP seems to be a safe and probably effective treatment for critically ill patients with COVID‐19. It could also be used for prophylactic purposes but the safety and effectiveness of this approach should be tested in randomized prospective clinical trials.
Mechanistic insights into antiretroviral drug‐induced liver injury

All classes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been implicated to induce adverse drug reactions such drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) and immune‐mediated adverse reactions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected individuals. Patients that develop adverse drug reactions tend to have prolonged stays in hospital and may require to change to alternative regimens if reactions persist upon rechallenge or if rechallenge is contraindicated due to severity of the adverse reaction. Diagnosis of DILI remains a huge obstacle that delays timely interventions, since it is still based largely on exclusion of other causes. There is an urgent need to develop robust diagnostic and predictive biomarkers that could be used alongside the available tools (biopsy, imaging, and serological tests for liver enzymes) to give a specific diagnosis of DILI. Crucial to this is also achieving consensus in the definition of DILI so that robust studies can be undertaken. Importantly, it is crucial that we gain deeper insights into the mechanism of DILI so that patients can receive appropriate management. In general, it has been demonstrated that the mechanism of ART‐induced liver injury is driven by four main mechanisms: mitochondrial toxicity, metabolic host‐mediated injury, immune reconstitution, and hypersensitivity reactions. The focus of this review is to discuss the type and phenotypes of DILI that are caused by the first line ART regimens. Furthermore, we will summarize recent studies that have elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DILI both in vivo and in vitro.
Marginality and Needs of Dietary Valine for Broilers Fed Certain All-Vegetable Diets

SUMMARY Valine is likely the fourth limiting amino acid in most diets based on corn and soybean meal (C/SBM). However, the exact needs for Val are not well known, and information regarding it is sparse. A series of studies was conducted to validate the limitation of Val in all-vegetable diets fed to broilers, and subsequently to quantify an adequate ratio to Lys in high-yield late-developing broilers (Ross × Ross 708) from 21 to 42 d. A preliminary study was designed to evaluate the supplementation of different amino acids likely to be fourth limiting on a C/SBM-based diet, where Lys, TSAA, and Thr were supplemented but no other critical amino acids were given minimums in the formulation. Results obtained for BW gain, abdominal fat weight, and abdominal fat percentage showed that birds were more responsive (P < 0.05) to L-Val supplementation. A followup study using a corn-peanut meal (C/PM)-based diet formulated to be deficient in Val validated (P < 0.05) a Val deficiency based on poor growth performance and resulted in an immediate return to good performance when this amino acid was supplemented. Furthermore, the C/PM diet was compared with a nutritionally similar C/SBM diet, and no difference was observed in the performance of broilers fed these diets, thus validating the ability of the C/PM-based diet to support adequate growth of these broilers. This C/PM-based diet was used to feed gradual concentrations of Val, from levels that would be considered deficient (0.59% digestible) up to adequate (0.84% digestible Val). Results indicate that a ratio of Val to Lys of 78, or a minimum dietary value of 0.74% digestible Val (0.82% total Val), should be adequate for this high-yield broiler grown from 21 to 42 d of age.
The differences and overlaps in the seed‐resident microbiome of four Leguminous and three Gramineous forages

Given the important roles that seed‐borne endophytes can play on their plant hosts, comprehensive studies of the bacterial and fungal communities of seeds are of great importance. In this study, we assessed the seed endophytes of three gramineous (Avena sativa, Elymus sibiricus and Elymus dahuricus) and four leguminous (Vicia villosa, Trifolium repens, Trifolium pretense and Medicago sativa) forages using high‐throughput sequencing. In total, 1013 distinct bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 922 fungal OTUs were detected, with bacteria and fungi per sample ranging from 240 to 425 and 261 to 463 respectively. These seven forages shared a high number of potentially beneficial taxa, including Bacillus, Pantoea, Candida and Helotiales, but the relative proportion of these taxa was different in each seed. Fungal communities were clustered more distinctively by host genotypes than bacterial. Some bacterial taxa may be involved in the recruitment of genera from the same phylum. Three Pantoea sp. and five Bacillus sp. were isolated from seeds, and all showed positive effects on Medicago sativa germination rate under salt stress, and of these, Bacillus subtilis Es‐1 and Pantoea agglomerans Ed‐3 performed best, but their influence was affected by the seed’s microbiome. Rather than simply promoting host plant growth directly, some taxa may also participate in organizing the assembly of plant microbiomes which will influence seed response to biological factors. This study uses a new, high‐throughput sequencing based strategy to identify beneficial strains and analyse the interactions between microorganisms and plants to maximize microbial functions in long‐term agricultural practices.
Adjunctive treatment with psychostimulants and stimulant-like drugs for resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Depression is considered to be the most difficult to treat phase of bipolar disorder as patients experience residual symptoms causing long-term disability. This work aims to explore the role of add-on stimulant and stimulant-like medication in resistant bipolar depression patients. Methods Systematic review of add-on stimulants and stimulant-like drugs in resistant bipolar depression by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Analysis was performed using the random-effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics. Results Six randomized controlled trials of add-on modafinil, armodafinil, and lisdexamphetamine (LDX) (n = 813) vs placebo (n = 815) in the treatment of resistant bipolar depression were included. These drugs were more likely to induce remission from an episode of resistant bipolar depression (relative risk [RR] = 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.77; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome = 16). Moreover, they did not induce more dropouts than placebo (RR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.91-1.18), nor did they increase the risk of adverse effects (53/772 vs 41/771) at the end of treatment (RR = 1.30; 95% CI: 0.81-2.10; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome = 62). Suicidality and manic switch were not affected by active treatment. Heterogeneity was low (Cochran’s Q: P > .05), but sometimes with a large CI. Conclusions LDX, modafinil, and armodafinil seem to offer a reasonably well-tolerated and safe treatment in resistant bipolar depression. Treatment guidelines should, therefore, be revised to include these medications earlier in the therapeutic algorithm for resistant acute bipolar depression. Further research is, however, necessary for the elucidation of the clinical usefulness of these and other similar compounds.
Underreporting of drug use among electronic dance music party attendees

Abstract Background and Objectives Electronic dance music (EDM) party attendees are at high risk for drug use. However, little is known regarding the extent of underreporting of drug use in this population, in part, because use of synthetic drugs is often associated with unknown exposure to adulterant drugs. We estimated the extent of underreported drug use in this population by comparing self-reported use to hair toxicology results. Methods Time-space sampling was used to survey adults entering EDM events at nightclubs and dance festivals in New York City from January through August of 2019. Seven hundred ninety-four adults were surveyed and 141 provided analyzable hair samples. We queried past-year use of >90 drugs and tested hair samples using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. We compared hair test results to past-year self-reported use and adjusted prevalence estimates by defining use as reporting use or testing positive. Correlates of discordant reporting, defined as testing positive after not reporting use, were estimated. Results Prevalence of drug use increased when considering positive hair tests in estimates, with 43.8% of participants testing positive for at least one drug after not reporting use. For example, based on self-report, cocaine use prevalence was 51.1%, and increased by a factor of 1.6 to a prevalence of 80.0% when adding hair test results to self-report. Younger adults (ages 18–25), black and other/mixed race participants, those reporting “other” sexuality, and those with a college degree were at significantly higher risk for testing positive for drugs not reportedly used. Those who self-reported using more types of drugs were less likely to test positive after not reporting use (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.41-0.68). Conclusions We detected underreporting of drug use, particularly cocaine and ketamine. More research is needed to determine whether this is driven by intentional underreporting or unknown exposure through adulterants.
Refractive Predictability Using the IOLMaster 700 and Artificial Intelligence-Based IOL Power Formulas Compared to Standard Formulas.

PURPOSE To investigate the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). METHODS Eyes with biometry measurement by IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG), uncomplicated phacoemulsification, and IOL implantation were enrolled in this retrospective study. Newly released artificial intelligence-based formulas including Hill-Radial Basis Function (RBF) 2.0, Kane, and PEARL-DGS were compared with Gaussian optics-based standard formulas. The refraction predicted by each formula was compared with the actual refractive outcome in spherical equivalent. RESULTS A total of 410 eyes of 410 patients were included in this study. Using optimized constants for SS-OCT biometry led to a significant decrease in median absolute error (MedAE) for Barrett, Haigis, and Hoffer Q formulas compared with using User Group for Laser Interference Biometry constants (P < .05). Overall, Olsen (0.283 diopters [D]) and Kane (0.286 D) formulas had significantly lower MedAEs than RBF 2.0 (0.314 D), Haigis (0.322 D), SRK/T (0.371 D), Holladay 1 (0.376 D), and Hoffer Q (0.379 D) formulas under constant optimization (P < .05). The first four formulas with the lowest standard deviations of prediction error were Kane (0.451 D), Olsen (0.456 D), EVO 2.0 (0.460 D), and Barrett (0.470 D). Olsen (47.1%), Barrett (45.9%), Kane (45.4%), and EVO 2.0 (45.1%) formulas had greater proportions of eyes within ±0.25 D of the predicted refraction than Hoffer Q (35.9%), SRK/T (35.9%), and Holladay 1 (33.4%) formulas (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Constant optimization for SS-OCT biometry further improves the performance of formulas. The most accurate prediction of postoperative refraction can be achieved with Barrett, EVO 2.0, Kane, and Olsen formulas. [J Refract Surg. 2020;36(7):466-472. ].
Redescription of Androctonus bicolor Ehrenberg, 1828, and description of Androctonus turieli sp. n. from Tunisia (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

We redescribe Androctonus bicolor Ehrenberg, 1828, a scorpion species widely distributed across northeast Africa and the Middle East, on the basis of the study of nine original syntypes and supplementary material from its entire distribution area. In order to stabilize nomenclature, we also designate a lectotype, update its diagnosis according to modern standards, and provide a full illustrated complement to facilitate the recognition of this species as compared to all of its congeners. Also, a new, closely related species from eastern Tunisia is described.
HABITAT DISTRIBUTION OF WATER MITES (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDIA) IN KOZŁOWIECKI LANDSCAPE PARK

Summary. Forty-one species of water mites were noted in Kozlowiecki Landscape Park. The dominant species in the material collected were Thyas barbigera (44.3%), Arrenurus sinuator (10.7%), Arrenurus crassicaudatus (7.3%) and Piona nodata (6.8%). Considerably more individuals and species were collected in standing water bodies (781 ind., 33 sp.) than in running water bodies (39 ind., 13 sp.). Of the greatest significance for water mites were astatic pools in forested areas and in open areas, as well as fish ponds. The fauna in the rivers and streams was poor, and no water mites at all were found in springs. Human activity in this area leads both to impoverishment of fauna (through habitat degradation) and to its enrichment (by creating new habitats, i.e. fish ponds). Measures to improve water conditions, at least in some parts of the park, could enhance the natural values of this area and increase its importance for water mites.
Productive Performance, Milk Composition and Milk Fatty Acids of Goats Supplemented with Sunflower and Linseed Whole Seeds in Grass Silage-Based Diets

Simple Summary Feeding is the most practical way to induce changes in the milk fatty acid profile of ruminants. The use of whole oilseeds is an available resource that farmers can use for improving animal´s performance and milk quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine productive performance, milk composition and milk fatty acids of goats supplemented with sunflower and linseed whole seeds in grass silage-based diets. Compared to the typical use of Megalac-R®, sunflower and linseed whole seeds did not affect nutrients digestibility and milk composition but reduced palmitic acid and increased oleic acid in milk. Overall, sunflower and linseed whole seeds resulted an effective strategy for altering the fatty acid composition of goat´s milk towards a healthier profile for humans without negative effects on animal performance. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine productive performance, milk composition and milk fatty acids (FA) of goats supplemented with sunflower and linseed whole seeds in grass silage-based diets. Nine Alpine goats were grouped in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design (n = 3), that included three 21-d periods. Treatments were based on grass silage offered ad libitum and a concentrate mixture supplemented with either 40 g/d of Megalac-R® (control), 80 g/d of sunflower seed (SF), or 80 g/d of linseed (LS). Dry matter intake (1292 ± 14.0 g/d) and digestibility (g/kg) of dry matter (640 ± 32.1), organic matter (668 ± 32.4), neutral detergent fiber (628 ± 41.4) and acid detergent fiber (567 ± 60.9) was not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). Treatment did not affect milk fat yield (39.9 ± 1.24 g/d), protein content (4.5 ± 0.03 %) and protein yield (34.7 ± 1.22 g/d). Compared to control, SF and LS, decreased C16:0 (28.2 vs. 23.1 and 22.4 g/100 g), and increased total C18:1 (24.1 vs. 27.6 and 28.4 g/100 g) respectively. Overall, SF and LS resulted an effective strategy for altering the FA composition of goat´s milk towards a healthier profile for humans without deleterious effects on animal performance.
Evaluation of Omics-Based Strategies for the Management of Advanced Lung Cancer.

PURPOSE Omic-informed therapy is being used more frequently for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being treated on the basis of evidence-based decision-making. However, there is a lack of a standardized framework to evaluate those decisions and understand the association between omics-based management strategies and survival among patients. Therefore, we compared outcomes between patients with lung adenocarcinoma who received omics-driven targeted therapy versus patients who received standard therapeutic options. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study of patients with advanced NSCLC adenocarcinoma (N = 798) at City of Hope who received genomic sequencing at the behest of their treating oncologists. A thoracic oncology registry was used as a clinicogenomic database to track patient outcomes. RESULTS Of 798 individuals with advanced NSCLC (median age, 65 years [range, 22-99 years]; 60% white; 50% with a history of smoking), 662 patients (83%) had molecular testing and 439 (55%) received targeted therapy on the basis of the omic-data. A fast-and-frugal decision tree (FFT) model was developed to evaluate the impact of omics-based strategy on decision-making, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). We calculated that the overall positive predictive value of the entire FFT strategy for predicting decisions regarding the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based targeted therapy was 88% and the negative predictive value was 96%. In an adjusted Cox regression analysis, there was a significant correlation with survival benefit with the FFT omics-driven therapeutic strategy for both PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.74; P < .001) and OS (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.71; P < .001) as compared with standard therapeutic options. CONCLUSION Among patients with advanced NSCLC who received care in the academic oncology setting, omics-driven therapy decisions directly informed treatment in patients and was correlated with better OS and PFS.
Phylogeny and behaviour of the Gollumiellinae, a new subfamily of the ant‐parasitic Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Abstract. Gollumiellinae is proposed as a new subfamily for the Indo‐Pacific genera Gollumiella Hedqvist and Anorasema Bouc̆ek based on analyses of three ribosomal transcript gene regions (28S‐D2 and ‐D3, and 18S‐E23; 1262 aligned base pairs) sequenced for twenty‐eight genera and fifty‐four species of Eucharitidae, and twelve genera and nineteen species of Pteromalidae (Pteromalinae) and Perilampidae (Chrysolampinae and Perilampinae). Gollumiella and Anorasema have been treated as either a monophyletic or paraphyletic group within the Eucharitini (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). The monophyly of the Eucharitidae and a sister‐group relationship between Gollumiellinae and Oraseminae + Eucharitinae are supported strongly in parsimony and Bayesian analyses. The molecular phylogeny contradicts previous morphological hypotheses, in which Gollumiella and Anorasema are within Eucharitini. The strength of the molecular hypothesis is explored through evaluations of data alignments that are eye optimized, clustal‐x aligned, eye optimized but with gaps coded as a fifth base, and eye optimized and combined with morphological data. The oviposition behaviour and host associations of G. longipetiolata on tree ferns (Cyathea latebrosa, Cyatheaceae), and the morphology of the planidium and pupa are newly described. Eggs are deposited vertically, with the base anchored into the leaf or petiolar surface. Unlike other Eucharitidae, the eggs are not stalked, but rather tipped with a secretion that may act as an attractant for their ant host, Paratrechina sp. (Formicidae: Formicinae). Various morphological character state optimizations and their implications for convergent morphology, behaviour and host associations are discussed. All results using gene regions treated separately or combined with the morphological data reach the same conclusion: Anorasema + Gollumiella form the sister group of Oraseminae + Eucharitinae, and thus deserve subfamily status. This suggests that very distinct traits such as the fusion of the pronotum and prepectus in adults and the fusion of the first two tergites of the planidia are convergent apomorphies. Molecular data, when strongly supported, can provide new information to unravel convergent from synapomorphic changes, resulting in more robust hypotheses of relationship.