Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controlling the Morphology in Electrostatic Self-Assembly via Light

Electrostatic self-assembly of macroions is an emerging area with great potential in the development of nanoscale functional objects, where photo-irradiation responsiveness can either elevate or suppress the self-assembly. The ability to control the size and shape of macroion assemblies would greatly facilitate the fabrication of desired nano-objects that can be harnessed in various applications such as catalysis, drug delivery, bio-sensors, and actuators. Here, we demonstrate that a polyelectrolyte with a size of 5 nm and multivalent counterions with a size of 1 nm can produce well-defined nanostructures ranging in size from 10–1000 nm in an aqueous environment by utilizing the concept of electrostatic self-assembly and other intermolecular non-covalent interactions including dipole–dipole interactions. The pH- and photoresponsiveness of polyelectrolytes and azo dyes provide diverse parameters to tune the nanostructures. Our findings demonstrate a facile approach to fabricating and manipulating self-assembled nanoparticles using light and neutron scattering techniques.
Media Multitasking in Mixed Reality Learning Situations: What Determines Its Effectiveness?

Background Media multitasking (MMT) is common among adolescents, especially with the introduction of digital educational tools in mixed reality environments. However, there has been limited research on MMT in educational settings with electronic learning tools including augmented reality (AR). Objective To study MMT in conjunction with metacognition, technology attitudes, and effectiveness of learning activities for 13–14 year olds in a mixed reality learning situation. Design The experiment involved organizing learning activities in MMT format using digital tools, including AR. The MMT experimental group was given the option of searching the internet for information about a problem; the control group was given only a video, the e-textbook and AR application. Eye tracking measured task switching, while MMT efficiency was assessed by the number of completed tasks and test results. Metacognition was measured using the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI), and attitudes toward digital devices were examined using the Technology Attitudes Questionnaire. Results Most of the adolescents (80%) preferred MMT, and no significant differences in test performance were found between the groups. Multitasking correlated with better cognitive control and metacognition scores and negatively correlated with technophobia. Learning activity effectiveness in mixed reality was assessed by the number and time of fixations on tasks in conjunction with metacognition and cognitive control. Interactive digital tools in education improve learning efficiency. Conclusion Adolescents’ preference for multitasking does not reduce learning productivity, but it does not guarantee success either. This suggests an internalization process of using digital technologies among adolescents. As a result, MMT may be gradually mastered as a new tool that is necessary for adaptation and success in an increasingly complex technological reality. Cognitive control and metacognitive planning significantly contribute to MMT efficiency, highlighting the importance of a conscious MMT strategy for effective learning.
Proteolytic Degradation and In ﬂ ammation Play Critical Roles in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is a common subtype of wet age-related macular degeneration in Asian populations, whereas choroidal neovascularization is the typical subtype in Western populations. The cause of PCV is unknown. By comparing the phenotype of a PCV mouse model expressing protease high temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) in retinal pigment epithelium with transgenic mice expressing the inactive HTRA1 S328A , we showed that HTRA1-mediated degradation of elastin in choroidal vessels is critical for the development of PCV, which exhibited destructive extracellular matrix remodeling and vascular smooth muscle cell loss. Compared with weak PCV, severe PCV exhibited prominent immune complex deposition, complement activation, and in ﬁ ltration of in ﬂ ammatory cells, suggesting in ﬂ ammation plays a key role in PCV progression. More important, we validated these ﬁ ndings in human PCV specimens. Intravitreal delivery of an HTRA1 inhibitor (DPMFKLboroV) was effective (36% lesion reduction; P Z 0.009) in preventing PCV initiation but ineffective in treating existing lesions. Anti-in ﬂ ammatory glucocorticoid was effective in preventing PCV progression but ineffective in preventing PCV initiation. These results suggest that PCV pathogenesis occurs through two stages. The initiation stage is mediated by proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix proteins attributable to increased HTRA1 activity, whereas the progression stage is driven by in ﬂ ammatory cascades. This study provides a basis for understanding the differences be-tween PCV and choroidal neovascularization, and helps guide the design of effective therapies for PCV.
Lived experiences of patients and families with decentralised drug-resistant tuberculosis care in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Background South Africa adopted the decentralised Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) care model in 2011 with a view of improving clinical outcomes. Aim This study explores the experiences and perceptions of patients and family members on the effectiveness of a decentralised community DR-TB care model in the Oliver Reginald Kaizana (OR) Tambo district municipality of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Method In this phenomenological qualitative research design, a semi-structured interview with prompts was conducted on 30 participants (15 patients and 15 family members). Framework approach to thematic content analysis was adopted for qualitative data analysis. Results Four themes emerged from the patients’ interviews: adequate knowledge of DR-TB and its transmission, fear of death and isolation, long travel distances, and exorbitant transportation cost. A ‘ready’ health system influenced the effectiveness of community DR-TB management, while interviews with family members yielded five themes: misconceptions about DR-TB, rapid diagnosis and adherence counselling, long travel distances, activated healthcare workers, and little role of traditional healer. Conclusion A perceived effectiveness of a community DR-TB care model in the OR Tambo district was demonstrated through the quality and comprehensiveness of care rendered by a ‘ready’ health system with activated health care workers (HCWs) who provided robust support and adequate knowledge of DR-TB and its treatment/side effects. However, misconceptions about DR-TB, long travel distances to treatment facilities, high cost of transportation and stigma remained challenging for most patients and family members. Contribution This study provides insight into the lived experiences of a decentralised community DR-TB care model in the OR Tambo district in 2020.
Impacts and Sources of Air Pollution in Tbilisi, Georgia

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
Neutralizing Antibody Response following a Third Dose of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine among Cancer Patients

Cancer patients are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection and have a decreased immune response to vaccination. We conducted a study measuring both the neutralizing and total antibodies in cancer patients following a third dose of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine. Immune responses were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization assays. Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to evaluate the association between patient characteristics and neutralization geometric mean titers (GMTs), and paired t-tests were used to compare the GMTs between different timepoints. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the correlation between total antibody and neutralization GMTs. Among 238 adults diagnosed with cancer, a third dose of mRNA-1273 resulted in a 37-fold increase in neutralization GMT 28 days post-vaccination and maintained a 14.6-fold increase at 6 months. Patients with solid tumors or lymphoid cancer had the highest and lowest neutralization GMTs, respectively, at both 28 days and 6 months post-dose 3. While total antibody GMTs in lymphoid patients continued to increase, other cancer types showed decreases in titers between 28 days and 6 months post-dose 3. A strong correlation (p < 0.001) was found between total antibody and neutralization GMTs. The third dose of mRNA-1273 was able to elicit a robust neutralizing antibody response in cancer patients, which remained for 6 months after administration. Lymphoid cancer patients can benefit most from this third dose, as it was shown to continue to increase total antibody GMTs 6 months after vaccination.
A statistical study of near-earth magnetotail variations during substorm based on THEMIS data

The energy imparted from the solar wind is stored as a form of magnetic energy in the magnetotail. When this process has progressed excessively, the energy release in which the magnetic energy is transferred to the kinetic energy of the particles begins. A part of physical mechanisms of this phenomenon called a substorm, is still not known. In this study, we investigate the temporal and spatial development of the near-Earth magnetotail during substorms based on a superposed-epoch analysis of THEMIS data in the interval from November 2007 to April 2010, using a substorm onset as a time reference. To investigate the transport of the magnetic flux, we evaluated the ion flow velocity vector perpendicular to the magnetic field and perform the superposed epoch analysis for its three components. In addition, we carry out similar analysis by collecting data of positive and negative values of three velocity components separately to investigate relative timings of the flows with respect to the substorm onset. The result shows that earthward flows increase just before the substorm onset, and tailward flows increase just after the onset in the region of -10 > X(GSM) > -12 Re (Earth radii). Furthermore, the fraction of the earthward flow events to the total events (earthward and tailward flow events) increases just before the onset, followed by increase of the fraction of tailward flow events. These results supports the validity of the NENL (Near-Earth Neutral Line) model and CCSR (Catapult Current Sheet Relaxation) model in which the earthward flows start earlier than the substorm onset. As for the increase of the tailward flows, it can be interpreted by reflection model proposed by Ohtani et al. (2009). Concerning the flows in Y-direction, they increase in the dawnward direction just before the onset, and duskward flows increase just after the onset in -10 > X(GSM)
Lignin Nanoparticles Produced from Wheat Straw Black Liquor Using γ-Valerolactone

The valorization of the black liquor produced during the chemical pulping of wheat straw is the key to the sustainable use of this abundant agricultural waste. However, the silica problem has hampered the recovery process. Herein, nanoprecipitation technology was used to produce lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) from wheat straw black liquor using γ-valerolactone (GVL) as a solvent and water as an anti-solvent. The results showed that a uniform, well-dispersed, and stable LNP was produced. The particle size and Zeta potential of 161 nm and −24 mV of the LNP suspension were obtained at a GVL concentration of 87%. The chemical structure and bonding of the lignin were adequately preserved after nanoprecipitation based on two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-HSQC NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and thermal stability was improved based on thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups of LNP quantified by 31P-NMR analysis are beneficial for chemical cross-linking and modification. This work not only achieved the valorization of wheat straw black liquor but also opened up a new avenue for advanced nanomaterials.
Bibliometric Evaluation of the 100 Top-Cited Articles on Anesthesiology

This review is a bibliometric analysis based on anesthesiology, which is a medical specialty that deals with a patient's complete preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care. The objective of the review attempts to analyze the bibliometric characteristics of the 100 most top-cited articles on anesthesiology. The meta-data of the study were collected from the Core Collection of Web of Science database. A title search option was employed, and “Anesthesia” and “Anesthesiology” were typed in two different search boxes separated with the Boolean operator ''OR''. Further, the data were sorted by highest citation order; later, “article” was selected from the filter of document type, and all other types of documents were excluded. Finally, downloaded the bibliographic details of the 100 top-cited articles. VOSviewer Software (version 1.6.10 by van Eck and Waltman) was used for bibliometric network analysis for co-authors and keywords. Pearson chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. The 100 top-cited articles were published between the years of 1971 and 2018. These articles gained a maximum of 1006 to a minimum of 276 citations with an average of 384.57 cites/article. Open accessed articles gained a slightly higher ratio of citations, while more than half of the articles were published in the two leading journals of “Anesthesiology” and “Anesthesia and Analgesia”. There was no statistically significant difference in both citation analysis among open and closed access journals and Anesthesia vs Non-Anesthesia journals. Thirty-six articles were published in journals not specifically related to Anesthesia. Most of the top-cited articles were contributed by the United States, whereas Surgery and General Anesthesia were the two most occurred keywords. We conclude that all the top-cited articles in anesthesiology were contributed by authors who belonged to the developed nations and the United States outclassed the rest of the world. This bibliometric analysis would be valuable to practitioners, academics, researchers, and students to understand the dynamics of progress in the field of anesthesiology.
A cross-linguistic study of the discourse functions of antonymy in Albanian and English

Antonymy is considered a binary lexical-semantic opposition of words, a lexical-sematic relation among other relations such as synonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy. Several authors have categorized the binary opposition of antonyms when considering the typology of antonyms. Issues such as the use of antonyms in discourse, how different languages use antonyms, patterns of distribution, etc., will be dealt with in this paper. This study aims to provide a comparative perspective of the Albanian and English patterns of co-occurrence of antonymous pairs in sentences. The co-occurrence of antonyms in sentences and the roles of antonymous pairs have been the object of cross-linguistic study in different languages, including French, Swedish, Chinese, Serbian, Rumanian, etc. This article adds to the list of cross-linguist studies, providing a broader database for further comparative studies and opening the way to other comparative studies between similar and different languages other than English. This article aims to identify examples of antonym pairs co-occurring in the same syntactic frame using an empirical, quantitative method. The Albanian National Corpus is used as a “clinical setting” for the investigation. A detailed analysis of the distribution of such pairs in the English and Albanian corpora, with examples illustrating similarities and differences. Both languages show a predominance of ancillary and coordinated antonymy. Also, coordinated antonyms are more significant in number in both languages and are followed by the second major group of ancillary antonyms. Regarding differences, far more examples were classified as residual in Albanian than in English. Key Words: antonymy, co-occurrence, pairs, corpus-based research, discourse functions
The Influence of Profitability, Liquidity, Solvency on Share Banking Sector Stock Price

The capital market is a place to trade financial instruments. This research was conducted with the aim of testing and analyzing the effect of the profitability, Liquidity, and solvency on the share price of the banking sector listed on the IDX for the 2018-2021 period. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling which resulted in 47 companies with a total of 173 research data. Data analysis in this research used multiple linear regression models. This research resulted in the conclusions that profitability has a positive and significant effect on stock prices, while liquidity has a negative and significant effect on stock prices. The solvency variable has no effect on stock prices. For investors who want to invest in a company, they should pay attention to the profitability value in assessing a stock because profitability has the strongest influence on stock prices.
Increase in Mutual Information During Interaction with the Environment Contributes to Perception

Perception and motor interaction with physical surroundings can be analyzed by the changes in probability laws governing two possible outcomes of neuronal activity, namely the presence or absence of spikes (binary states). Perception and motor interaction with the physical environment are partly accounted for by a reduction in entropy within the probability distributions of binary states of neurons in distributed neural circuits, given the knowledge about the characteristics of stimuli in physical surroundings. This reduction in the total entropy of multiple pairs of circuits in networks, by an amount equal to the increase of mutual information, occurs as sensory information is processed successively from lower to higher cortical areas or between different areas at the same hierarchical level, but belonging to different networks. The increase in mutual information is partly accounted for by temporal coupling as well as synaptic connections as proposed by Bahmer and Gupta (Front. Neurosci. 2018). We propose that robust increases in mutual information, measuring the association between the characteristics of sensory inputs’ and neural circuits’ connectivity patterns, are partly responsible for perception and successful motor interactions with physical surroundings. The increase in mutual information, given the knowledge about environmental sensory stimuli and the type of motor response produced, is responsible for the coupling between action and perception. In addition, the processing of sensory inputs within neural circuits, with no prior knowledge of the occurrence of a sensory stimulus, increases Shannon information. Consequently, the increase in surprise serves to increase the evidence of the sensory model of physical surroundings
A Literature Review of Selected Bacterial Diseases in Alpacas and Llamas—Epidemiology, Clinical Signs and Diagnostics

Simple Summary Over the last decade or more, New World Camelids, particularly llamas and alpacas have become popular farm animals all over the world. Many owners consider these animals as pets, resulting in closer contact between them and humans. Therefore, in spite of their relatively high resistance to infectious diseases, it is important to improve knowledge of, among other things, bacterial diseases affecting New World Camelids. This review aims to bring together the latest knowledge of diseases caused by Clostridium spp. , Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Streptococcus spp. , Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Manheimia haemolytica and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in llamas and alpacas. Abstract The breeding of South American Camelids (SACs), particularly llamas and alpacas, is becoming increasingly popular in regions that are not their natural habitat, including Europe. These animals are considered to be relatively disease resistant. However, due to their growing popularity, special attention should be given to infections in llamas and alpacas. Knowledge of bacterial infections is very important to veterinarians and breeders. Many of these diseases also have zoonotic potential, so these animals must be considered as sources of potential zoonotic infections. Due to the limited information on many diseases occurring in llamas and alpacas, veterinarians often rely on data collected in other animal species, focusing on cattle, sheep and horses. This work aims to summarise the knowledge of diseases caused by Clostridium spp. , Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Streptococcus spp. , Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Manheimia haemolytica and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in llamas and alpacas, with particular attention to epidemiology, clinical signs and diagnostics.
Evolution of Oceanography of the Central Northwest Pacific Over the Past 10 Million Years With Focus on Late Miocene Global Cooling

Since the middle Miocene climatic transition, the Earth's climate has steadily cooled. The late Miocene global cooling (LMGC) and the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG) were two key cooling events occurring during this time. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these cooling events, changes in radiolarian microfossil assemblages were examined in this study, aiming at the reconstructing of oceanographic changes that have occurred at Ocean Drilling Program site 1208 during the last 10 million years. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were reconstructed based on radiolarian species that were extant 0–10 million years ago. Reconstructed SSTs were then compared with previously published alkenone‐based SSTs at site 1208, and it was found that overall, using SSTs based only on extant radiolarian species yielded a correct record for the last 10 million years. However, large discrepancies were observed between radiolarian‐ and alkenone‐based SSTs during LMGC and the NHG. These discrepancies were attributed to the sustained influence of subsurface water (at depths from ∼50 to 100 m) on assemblages of radiolarians during extreme cooling events. Relative abundances of other radiolarian groups indicated that during LMGC, there was a reorganization of the regional oceanography that probably weakened the Pacific meridional overturning circulation, increased the meridional temperature gradient, and caused a southward migration of the subtropical front. Probably, the North Pacific intermediate water expanded southeastward during NHG.