Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL KINETICS OF WEATHERING IN YOUNG ANDISOLS FROM NORTHEASTERN JAPAN USING SOIL AGE NORMALIZED TO 10°C

We studied chemical kinetics of weathering in the humus horizons of young Andisols from northeastern Japan. Since there is no idealized chronosequence of Andisols, we selected eight pedons that have many similarities in the properties of parent material, soil moisture regime, vegetation, drainage, etc., but show significant differences in soil age and soil temperature. We introduced “soil age normalized to 10°C,” which was defined as the number of years a soil has been subjected to pedogenesis under mean monthly soil temperature (MMST) of 10°C throughout the year. For this calculation, temperature dependency coefficient (Q10) of Al release from volcanic glass was determined to be 1.5 by the laboratory dissolution experiment using separated glass samples. Mean monthly air temperature (MMAT) plus 1°C was employed as MMST based both on the comparison between MMST and MMAT and the determination of diurnal variations of soil temperature. Of the various elements contained in volcanic ash, Al was found to be most reliable for evaluating chemical weathering of the bulk soils, and released Al was determined by the acid oxalate method. The correlation between the soil age normalized to 10°C and acid oxalate extractable Al (Alo) showed that the chemical weathering is expressed as zero-order kinetics.
Long‐term trend of precipitation in China and its association with the El Niño–southern oscillation

The plausible long‐term trend of precipitation in China and its association with El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) are investigated by using non‐parametric techniques. It is concluded that a greater number of decreasing trends are observed than are expected to occur by chance. Geographically, the decreasing trend was concentrated in most parts of China, including the Songliao River, Hai River, Huai River, Yellow River, Zhujiang River, and southern part of the Yangtze River basins, whereas an increasing trend appeared primarily in the western and middle parts of China, mainly including the Inland River basin, and the northern part of the Yangtze River basins. Monthly mean precipitation for the summer and early autumn months generally decreased, with the greatest decrease occurring in August. The precipitation in spring from January to April and later autumn, including September and October, tended to increase. The teleconnection between precipitation and ENSO has been investigated by using the non‐parametric Kendall's τ. The correlation coefficients between the southern oscillation index (SOI) and precipitation show the areas with positive or negative associations. Approximately 20% of the stations exhibit statistically significant correlations between SOI and precipitation, of which 70% show a negative correlation, with most of them appearing in southeast China and several appearing in northwest and northeast China. Similar regional patterns are also observed when the precipitation records are further subdivided into El Niño, La Niña, and neutral periods. Statistical tests for the three kinds of time series were carried out using the non‐parametric Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, and it is noted that the stations with significant differences in precipitation averages are mainly marked in the Yellow River basin and south China. The frequencies of below‐ and above‐average precipitation that occurred during the El Niño, La Niña, and neutral periods are estimated as well. The result shows that greater precipitation may be associated with El Niño episodes in south China, but drought may easily occur during El Niño episodes in the Yellow River basin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Historic and Prehistoric Fluctuations of Alpine Glaciers in the Mount Garibaldi Map-Area, Southwestern British Columbia

Historical, botanical, and geological studies in a part of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia show that all the existing glaciers of that area are retreating from climaxes attained in the early part of the eighteenth century and in the middle of the nineteenth century. A rapid rate of shrinkage, amounting to a loss in depth of as much as 12 1/2 feet of ice annually, has prevailed, however, only since the second and third decades of this century and has coincided approximately with a relatively warm period indicated by meteorological records. In three of four glaciers studied, the maximum advance of the last three centuries exceeded any other since the latter part of the Pleistocene epoch, and one of these three glaciers has been as extensive as it was in 1947 for only about four centuries since the deglaciation of its basin by the Cordilleran ice sheet in late Wisconsin time. For a fourth glacier, however, the advances of the past few centuries failed by far to reach the limits of a much earlier, probably late Pleistocene, advance. Reduction in its potential accumulation area as a result of unusually rapid lowering of its cirque head wall by erosion may account for the anomalous behavior of this glacier. Many low-level cirques, formed by early or pre-Wisconsin alpine glaciation, have not been reoccupied by local bodies of ice during or since the disappearance of the Cordilleran ice sheet.
Effects of fracture aperture and roughness on hydraulic and mechanical properties of rocks: implication of seismic characterization of fractured reservoirs

Roughness and aperture are two important characteristic parameters controlling fluid flow in natural joints and fractures. It has been demonstrated by many authors that knowledge of roughness does not directly lead to that of aperture, and aperture should be handled as a separate geometrical descriptor. To determine the normal deformability and flow response of a fracture, the aperture distribution and the mechanical properties of the rock matrix are required. When shearing of joints and fractures is considered, roughness comes into play and affects the evolution of the aperture distribution. The aperture distribution can be evaluated by knowing the correlation between the asperity profiles of the rock walls of a rock fracture. Thus, the distributions of contact area and void space determine the fracture dilation and hydraulic properties during shearing. In the seismic characterization of fractured reservoirs, various equivalent medium theories describing the effective elastic properties of fractured media have been proposed. One relatively simple theory is based on the assumption of the linear slip interface or displacement discontinuity model of fractures. Two parameters are usually used in the linear slip interface model: the normal and shear fracture compliances defined as the ratio of normal (shear) displacement discontinuity and normal (shear) stress. Fracture compliances are by definition functions of mechanical aperture and are also influenced by the roughness (surface asperity distribution) of fracture surfaces. In this study, I investigate the effects of fracture roughness and apertures on the hydraulic and mechanical properties of fractured rock. Specifically, I focus on two kinds of fracture models which are commonly used in describing the effective hydraulic and mechanical (elastic) response of natural fractures. The first is the rough-walled fracture model and the second is an interface with distributions of contacts and voids (called the asperity fracture model).
The income of the Chinese gentry

Un bref article de R. Konetzke (Zur Geschichte des spanischen Hidalgo, p. 147160) montre quels elements divers sont venus se fondre dans ce qui apparaitra, a Pepoque de Cervantes, comme le type le plus caractSristique de la soci6t6 espagnole : V hidalgo. Sous le titre Raimundiana Hispalensia (p. 171-186), Fr. Stegmuller fait Pinventaire critique des manuscrits de Raymond Lull conserves a la Bibliotheque colombine de Seville.
Modeling biogeochemical processes in subterranean estuaries: Effect of flow dynamics and redox conditions on submarine groundwater discharge of nutrients

A two‐dimensional density‐dependent reactive transport model, which couples groundwater flow and biogeochemical reactions, is used to investigate the fate of nutrients (NO3−, NH4+, and PO4) in idealized subterranean estuaries representing four end‐members of oxic/anoxic aquifer and seawater redox conditions. Results from the simplified model representations show that the prevalent flow characteristics and redox conditions in the freshwater‐seawater mixing zone determine the extent of nutrient removal and the input of nitrogen and phosphorus to coastal waters. At low to moderate groundwater velocities, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification can lead to a reversal in the depth of freshwater NO3− and NH4+‐PO4 plumes, compared to their original positions at the landward source. Model results suggest that autotrophic denitrification pathways with Fe2+ or FeS2 may provide an important, often overlooked link between nitrogen and phosphorus biogeochemistry through the precipitation of iron oxides and subsequent binding of phosphorus. Simulations also highlight that deviations of nutrient data from conservative mixing curves do not necessarily indicate nutrient removal.
Changes in tidal characteristics as a result of the construction of sea-dike/sea-walls in the Mokpo coastal zone in Korea

Abstract It is shown by numerical analysis via the adoption of a fully implicit scheme that the ‘ tidal choking ’ is much less significant after the construction of sea-dike/sea-walls in the Mokpo coastal zone. Tidal records show an amplification of tidal range: extreme high tide is 60 cm higher and extreme low tide is 43 cm lower. This amplification may cause serious inundation in the event of a typhoon. Another problem is the reduction in tidal velocity which may cause deterioration of the coastal environment. In order to determine the ‘ ebb dominance ’ near the Mokpo coastal zone, the extent of ebb dominance of each region was quantified by analyzing the M 2 and M 4 tidal constituents, and, in addition, the variation of ebb dominance in Mokpo Harbor was observed after the construction of the sea-dike/sea-walls. Ebb dominance appears to be more serious with each successive construction. This is probably caused by the elimination of tidal choking at Mokpogu. The transport mechanism of sediment and pollutants has been altered because of increased ebb dominance. However, ebb dominance will be somewhat lessened after the construction of the fourth sea-wall.
Measurements of electric potential variation by piezoelectricity of granite

From laboratory experiments, we observed that unloading stress on a piece of granite induced a pulsed electric potential variation, which decays exponentially with a time constant ranging from 1.5 to 4.0 s. The electric potential variation depends on the magnitude and the sustaining time of applied stress, indicating that the variation is due to piezoelectricity and migration of bound charges that compensate the piezoelectric polarization. An apparent piezoelectric coefficient of granite was obtained to be about 1.4 × 10−15 C/N, three orders of the magnitude smaller than that of a single crystal of quartz.
Topographic Correction of Optical Remote Sensing Images in Mountainous Areas: A systematic review

Rugged terrain distorts optical remote sensing observations and subsequently impacts land cover classification and biophysical and biochemical parameter retrieval over mountainous areas. Therefore, topographic correction (TC) is a prerequisite for many remote sensing applications. Although various TC methods have been explored over the past four decades to mitigate topographic effects, a systematic and global review of these studies is still lacking. Using a multicomponent bibliometric approach, we extracted bibliometric metadata from 426 publications identified by searching titles, keywords, and abstracts for research on “topographic correction” and “topographic effects” in Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) from 1980 to 2022. This systematic review revealed a rapid growth in the number of TC studies since the 1980s, primarily driven by the availability of decametric-resolution remote sensing observations and digital elevation models (DEMs). Most of the research has focused on relatively low-elevation regions, with increasing attention beyond American and European regions, particularly in China. The seasonal distribution of satellite acquisition for TC showed considerable imbalance, mainly concentrated in months with favorable solar illumination conditions (e.g., May to October). Important themes emerged from the keyword analysis, including satellite sensors, DEMs, TC methods, evaluation criteria, and applications.
Comparison of tunable diode laser and long-path ultraviolet/visible spectroscopic measurements of ambient formaldehyde concentrations during the 1993 OH Photochemistry Experiment

Two different spectroscopic techniques for measuring atmospheric concentrations of formaldehyde were compared during a 6-week field study in the mountains 17 km west of Boulder, Colorado, in August and September 1993. A long-path ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) absorption spectrometer and an IR tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) were the two instruments employed. The former measured ambient formaldehyde levels over a 10.3 km open path (20.6 km total path) extending between Fritz Peak Observatory and Idaho Hill, while the latter measured in situ levels at the Idaho Hill site. In addition to utilizing different spectral regions, both instruments employed different sampling and calibration approaches. Because of the closer proximity to anthropogenic sources the long-path UV/Vis instrument generally detected higher formaldehyde concentrations than the TDLAS system at all times during the day. Averaged over the entire study for all wind regimes, the former resulted in formaldehyde concentrations 15% higher than the latter. The mean and median formaldehyde concentration measured by both instruments was around 1.5 ppbv and individual 5-min averages varied from a maximum of about 5 ppbv down to levels 0.6 ppbv. However, during periods of strong westerly low where anthropogenic and meteorological influences are minimized, both techniques were in agreement to within 5%. This regime, which constitutes 19% of the total mutual data set, resulted in a continental background formaldehyde concentration of 0.92 ± 0.16 ppbv. The present instrument comparison thus bridges the gap in formaldehyde instrument comparison studies between those in the background free troposphere and those in polluted urban regimes. In addition to providing further confidence in both measurement techniques, the present comparison study also provided a valuable data set necessary for advancing our understanding of tropospheric oxidation mechanisms. A set of guidelines for future comparisons of long-path and in situ measurements of formaldehyde at this site are also discussed.
Measurements of the internal wave wake of a ship in a highly stratified sea loch

An internal wave experiment was conducted in Loch Linnhe, Scotland, in which three ships were used to generate internal wave wakes. Synthetic aperture radar images of the wakes confirmed the applicability of the kinematic theory of Keller and Munk for the geometry of the wave pattern. The waves were measured in situ using three-axis current meters and other instrumentation. The waves were quite well represented by linear propagation theory, although the dependence of amplitude on depth did not agree precisely. The time-varying frequency of the waves was determined from the data in two different ways, including a Hubert transform method, and agreed well with that predicted by the theory. The subsurface data were used to estimate the surface current and its gradient (the strain rate). Any dependence of wave amplitude on ship speed was weak enough to be obscured by variations due to changes in the stratification. Amplitude estimates of waves from the 1400- and 5300-tonne ships were similar. Those from the 29,000-tonne ship were 2–3 times greater.
Mechanisms of Systemic Osmoregulation in Insects.

Water is essential to life. Terrestrial insects lose water by evaporation from the body surface and respiratory surfaces, as well as in the excretory products, posing a challenge made more acute by their high surface-to-volume ratio. These losses must be kept to a minimum and be offset by water gained from other sources. By contrast, insects such as the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus consume up to 10 times their body weight in a single blood meal, necessitating rapid expulsion of excess water and ions. How do insects manage their ion and water budgets? A century of study has revealed a great deal about the organ systems that insects use to maintain their ion and water balance and their regulation. Traditionally, a taxonomically wide range of species were studied, whereas more recent research has focused on model organisms to leverage the power of the molecular genetic approach. Key advances in new technologies have become available for a wider range of species in the past decade. We document how these approaches have already begun to inform our understanding of the diversity and conservation of insect systemic osmoregulation. We advocate that these technologies be combined with traditional approaches to study a broader range of nonmodel species to gain a comprehensive overview of the mechanism underpinning systemic osmoregulation in the most species-rich group of animals on earth, the insects. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 69 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Global coastal segmentation and its river catchment contributors: A new look at land‐ocean linkage

Here we present the COSCATs global database of 151 catchments in exorheic areas. The catchments connect to oceans through coastal segments according to three sets of criteria: natural limits (continents, oceans, regional seas, major capes, and bays), continental shelf topography (sills, basins, island chains), and geophysical dynamics (climate, ocean currents and tectonics). The COSCATs segmentation scheme is designed to improve Earth System analysis and to harmonize reporting of global riverine transfers from land to oceans. Each COSCAT is characterized by its coastal segment limits and length (median 2 400 km), by its catchment characteristics, including area (median 0.45 M km2), width, latitudinal range, runoff average value and direction, including its related physiographic units (n = 500). We apply the COSCAT segmentation to all 151 basins to estimate water discharge and total nitrogen impacts to oceans and find that the average runoff (mm/yr) and N yields (YN in kg km−2 yr−1) range over more than 3 orders of magnitude at this coarse resolution, and that their average population density ranges over 2 orders of magnitude. Hyperactive regions, defined as segments with 5 to 10 times the world average yield (river transfers per unit area of land), are differentially placed for water runoff and total contemporary nitrogen. COSCATs have been designed to facilitate the budget reporting and the analysis of global scale heterogeneity for riverine fluxes and can be applied to other material, such as suspended solids, carbon species or other nutrients, particularly for areas draining into regional seas.
On the behaviour of quay walls in earthquakes

The failure of quay walls induced by earthquakes has been widely observed in the field. A study of the seismic response of anchored flexible quay walls based on the data of dynamic centrifuge model tests is reported, and the applicability and limitations of the widely used pseudo-static calculations are investigated. It is found that amplification of motion due to resonance may cause a greatly increased earthquake response over that predicted by a pseudo-static analysis. Resonant vibration may be a consequence of the deterioration of soil stiffness in the backfill, which is itself a result of cyclic loading and excess pore pressures induced by base shaking. This analysis is strongly supported by the data of centrifuge model tests. Principles for design are proposed, which by a model test are shown to be effective. La rupture des murs de quai provoquee par des seismes a ete largement observee in-situ. L'article presente une etude de la reponse sismique de murs de quai flexibles et ancres reposant sur les r.
Sediment Physical and Acoustic Properties at ODP Sites 1150 and 1151, Japan Trench

ABSTRACT Two sites (Sites 1150 and 1151) located in the deep-sea terrace on the landward side of the Japan Trench were drilled during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 186. Measurements of sediment physical and acoustic properties were made on whole-round core sections and on the least-disturbed portions of split-core sections. Compressional wave velocity generally increases with depth. But the data below 600 meters below seafloor (mbsf) is more scattered due to velocity variation caused by microstructures than that of the upper section (< 600 mbsf). Physical properties at Sites 1150 and 1151 match well each other, characterized by decreasing water content and porosity and increasing wet bulk density with depth, indicating variations in hydrological and mechanical conditions. The reverse trend below 100 mbsf is probably responsible for sampling disturbance and degassing cracks by gas expansion. In addition, it is most likely due to the underconsolidation caused by the rapid deposition (100 ∼ 200 m/m.y.) and impermedable nature of the sediment (clay and diatomaceous ooze rich) that prohibit dewatering. Correlations between physical and acoustic properties at Sites 1150 and 1151 show a nearly similar pattern, suggesting no evidence of change of sediment properties caused by frequent earthquakes. Therefore, sediment physical and acoustic properties are not likely to be related to sediment deformation caused by seismic activity occurring in the plate boundary.
Recent forest limit changes in south-east Norway: Effects of climate change or regrowth after abandoned utilisation?

The forest limits of south-east Norway have expanded to higher altitudes. Two main processes are believed to cause these changes: regrowth after abandonment of human utilisation and recent climate changes. The article aims at separating the effects of these two processes on the upper forest limits and recent forest expansion. Four datasets representing 161.5 km2 have been used: climate data, downscaled climate change scenario data, forest height growth, and four vegetation maps. The maps represent the years 1959 and 2001, potential natural vegetation (PNV), and a climate change scenario (CCS). The recent upper potential climatic and edaphic forest limit (UPCEFL) was used to define the potential for forest regrowth after the abandonment of human utilisation. Forest height growth and climate data were then used to analyse any supplementary effect of recent climate change. The projected future forest limits were based on the IPCC IS92a scenario for 2020–2049. The results show that raised forest limits and forest range expansion often attributed to recent climate change is rather the product of regrowth, a process that was climatically retarded from 1959 to 1995. For the period 1995–2006, the data indicate a preliminary effect of climate change escalating the regrowth and probably pushing the future forest limits to higher altitudes.