Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forage canola (Brassica napus): spring-sown winter canola for biennial dual-purpose use in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia

Abstract. European winter canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties adapted to the long, cool seasons in high-rainfall areas of southern Australia have recently been adopted as autumn-sown, grain-only and dual-purpose crops. A spring-sown winter canola could be used as a biennial dual-purpose crop, to provide additional forage for summer and autumn grazing before recovery to produce an oilseed crop. We report a series of field experiments demonstrating that European winter canola types have suitable phenological characteristics to allow for their use as biennial, spring-sown crops, providing significant forage (2.5–4 t ha–1) for grazing while remaining vegetative through summer and autumn, and recovering following vernalisation in winter to produce high seed yield (2.5–5.0 t ha–1). Sowing too early (September) in colder inland areas risked exposure of the crop to vernalising temperatures, causing the crop to bolt to flower in summer, whereas all crops sown from mid-October remained vegetative through summer. Crop stands thinned by 20–30% during summer, and this was exacerbated by grazing, but surviving stands of ∼30 plants m–2 were sufficient to support high yields. Grazing had no effect on grain yield at one site, but reduced yield by 0.5 t ha–1 at a second site, although this was more than offset by the value of the grazed forage. The spring-sowing approach has potential to replace the existing forage rape–spring cereal sequence, or to add a further option to the existing autumn-sown winter canola in areas such as southern Victoria, where early autumn establishment can be problematic and spring-sown crops can better withstand pests and winter waterlogging, which limit yield of autumn-sown crops. Because these are the first known studies in Australia to investigate the use of spring-sown winter canola, further work is warranted to refine further the crop and grazing strategies to maximise productivity and profitability from this option.
Cysts of Alexandrium catenella on the west coast of South Africa: distribution and characteristics of germination

Cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech were found in the sediments of the southern Namaqua shelf, on the west coast of South Africa, with a maximum recorded abundance of 238 cysts ml−1 wet sediment. Experimental results indicate a short dormancy period of 15–18 days, suggesting that the cyst population does not necessarily serve as an overwintering strategy, but may rather permit rapid cycling between benthic and planktonic stages. Cysts were isolated monthly from sediments and incubated in the laboratory. Cyst germination ranged between 20% and 88% and did not show a clear seasonal pattern. The rate of germination was examined as a function of temperature and light. Cysts germinated within the temperature range 4°–22°C, but germination was highest at 10°C under both light and dark conditions. Although cysts germinated in the dark, germination in the light was higher and required a shorter period of incubation.
Classifying sex and strain from mouse ultrasonic vocalizations using deep learning

Vocalizations are widely used for communication between animals. Mice use a large repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in different social contexts. During social interaction recognizing the partner's sex is important, however, previous research remained inconclusive whether individual USVs contain this information. Using deep neural networks (DNNs) to classify the sex of the emitting mouse from the spectrogram we obtain unprecedented performance (77%, vs. SVM: 56%, Regression: 51%). Performance was even higher (85%) if the DNN could also use each mouse's individual properties during training, which may, however, be of limited practical value. Splitting estimation into two DNNs and using 24 extracted features per USV, spectrogram-to-features and features-to-sex (60%) failed to reach single-step performance. Extending the features by each USVs spectral line, frequency and time marginal in a semi-convolutional DNN resulted in a performance mid-way (64%). Analyzing the network structure suggests an increase in sparsity of activation and correlation with sex, specifically in the fully-connected layers. A detailed analysis of the USV structure, reveals a subset of male vocalizations characterized by a few acoustic features, while the majority of sex differences appear to rely on a complex combination of many features. The same network architecture was also able to achieve above-chance classification for cortexless mice, which were considered indistinguishable before. In summary, spectrotemporal differences between male and female USVs allow at least their partial classification, which enables sexual recognition between mice and automated attribution of USVs during analysis of social interactions.
How Impulsivity influences the Post-purchase Consumer Regret?

Abstract Background The role of impulsivity in post-purchase consumer regret is unclear and intriguing because of the negative emotions that underlie both constructs. It is particularly important to examine the impact of impulsivity on the relationship between regret and the Emotionality dimension of the HEXACO model of personality. Objectives The purpose of this paper was to investigate the associations between consumer regret components: outcome regret and process regret, attention, motor and non-planning dimensions of impulsivity and Fearfulness, Anxiety, Dependence and Sentimentality domains of Emotionality. Methods/Approach The sample consisted of undergraduates from Zagreb, Croatia (Mage = 25.93, 56% females). The correlation and the regression analysis were performed. We used the Baratt impulsivity scale (BIS-11), the HEXACO-PI-R Emotionality scale and the Post Purchase Regret Scale (PPRS). Results The PPCR total score was associated with the BIS-11 total score, attention and non-planning impulsivity. Regret due to foregone alternatives was related to attention and non-planning impulsivity, while regret due to a change in significance was related only to attention impulsivity. Regret due to under-consideration positively correlated with non-planning impulsivity. Conclusions The results indicate that relations between impulsivity and consumer regret have an important role in understanding consumer behavior and that impulsivity has a moderate association between consumer regret and Emotionality.
NADPH Oxidases Act as Key Enzyme on Germination and Seedling Growth in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in seed germination. Although hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a type of ROS, enhances the germination rate of various plant seeds, little is known about the mechanism. NADPH oxidases catalyze the production of superoxide anion (O2-) that is one of the ROS and the enzymes regulate plant development. We, therefore, investigated the role of NADPH oxidases in seed germination and seedling growth in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The production of O2- was observed both in embryo and aleurone layers in barley seeds treated with distilled water (DW). However, it was suppressed in seeds treated with diphenylene iodonium (DPI) chloride, NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Moreover, DPI markedly delayed germination and remarkably suppressed α-amylase activity in barley seeds, indicating the importance of NADPH oxidases in germination of barley seeds. The gene expression and the enzyme activity of NADPH oxidases gradually increased after imbibition, and the enzyme activities were closely correlated with seedling growth after imbibition. Besides, DPI markedly suppressed the seedling growth. These results indicated that NADPH oxidases perform a crucial function in germination and seedling growth in barley. These facts clearly reveal that O2- produced by NADPH oxidases after imbibition regulates seed germination and seedling growth in barley.
MOONA SOFTWARE FOR SURVEY CLASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF CRITERIA TO SUPPORT DECISION-MAKING FOR PROPERTIES PORTFOLIO

The MOORA for Neural Networks Analysis (MONNA) software was created to classify variables and evaluate the degree of correlation between them, helping to choose a property portfolio and facilitating decision making involving multiple criteria. The MONNA software presents the classification of the alternatives calculated automatically by the MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization on the Basis of Ratio Analysis) and provides a Global Average Rate (GAR). Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) analysis provides the degree of correlation between variables and uses GAR as the output parameter. The degree of correlation between the variables allows us to assess whether these variables are dependent on each other and can capture customer preferences. For the application we used a survey that sought to know the preferences of customers, which will serve to make the decision of which properties should be part of the company’s portfolio. The contribution and originality of the MONNA software is that through the integration of the MOORA and ANN methods, the classification and criterion evaluation calculations are faster and standardized. The use of software by decision makers helps to have more accurately find and classify available options, preventing simulations from being done by iterative processes and providing validated numerical data for management evaluation.
Cypermethrin induced: In vivo inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity in functionally different tissues of the freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Effects of cypermethrin at different concentrations and exposure periods were investigated on the freshwater fish, Labeo rohita, to establish inhibitory effect of pesticide on acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity and associated behavioral changes. Fish were exposed to 1/7th (0.57 µg L−1) and 1/12th (0.33 µg L−1) of the lethal concentration (4 µg L−1) of cypermethrin for a period of 1, 7, or 14 days and allowed to recover for a further 7 days. Maximal inhibition in AChE activity in exposed fish was found in brain followed by muscle, gill, and liver on day 14 at both sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin. Recovery showed a rise in AChE activity but significantly decreased compared to controls. Depression of AChE activity suggests decreased cholinergic transmission and consequent accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in tissues leading to cessation of nerve impulses. This led to behavioral and morphological changes due to impaired neurophysiology in fish. Fish in toxic media exhibited erratic, and darting swimming movements, hyperexcitability, and loss of equilibrium and these symptoms persisted even during recovery.
Stand age‐structure influence in a low population peak of Epirrita autumnata in a mountain birch forest

Population densities of Epirrita autumnata caterpillars were recorded from 1984 to 1990 in four mountain birch stands of two age categories, young and old. Caterpillar populations peaked in 1986-87, and peak densities were higher in the old than in the young stands. Recorded peak densities were low compared with synchronous populations with outbreak densities in neighbouring areas. Differences in caterpillar densities between young and old stands could not be explained by differences in survival of early instar caterpillars or in parasitoid-caused larval mortality. Instead, tree-age related differences in amounts of suitable oviposition sites and possible changes in food quality due to ageing and lower vigour of mature trees are suggested to explain why E. autumnata populations tend to be higher in old stands.
Late-Quaternary History of High-Elevation Vegetation in the White Mountains of New Hampshire

The pollen and plant—macrofossil records from four small lakes in the subalpine and alpine zone of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, give a 13 000—yr paleoenvironmental history. The White Mountains were deglaciated before 13 000 yr BP. Downwasting of the continental ice sheet was rapid. The summits projected above the ice as nunataks for only a brief period of time. Residual ice may have existed in Franconia Notch until 11 000 yr BP. From 13 000 to 11 750 yr BP a barren periglacial desert covered the highest altitudes in the White Mountains. Tundra vegetation occupied the lower slopes and valleys. The mean annual temperature was roughly 5°—10°C colder than today. Sparse tundra vegetation surrounded all four high—elevation sites from 11 750 to 10 300 yr ago and several taxa, particularly Artemisia and Caryophyllaceae, indicate disturbance. The summits were subjected to intense periglacial activity. The mean annual temperature was 4—6° lower than present. By 10 300 yr BP shrubs such as willow, juniper, an.
Detection of mitochondrial DNA restriction site differences between the subspecies of Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)

A distribuicao geografica da abelha sem ferrao Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier, no Brasil, atinge do Rio Grande do Sul ate a Paraiba, habitando originalmente regioes de Mata Atlântica. A especie compreende duas subespecies, M. q. quadrifasciata e M. q. anthidioides, que sao reconhecidas morfologicamente pelo padrao das bandas tergais (listras amarelas no abdome). O presente trabalho teve por objetivo detectar diferencas no padrao de restricao do DNA mitocondrial entre as duas subespecies. Foram coletadas amostras de quatro colonias de cada subespecie e uma operaria por colonia foi utilizada nas analises moleculares. Nove regioes do genoma mitocondrial foram amplificadas via PCR e posteriormente digeridas com 13 enzimas de restricao (PCR+RFLP). Tres enzimas apresentaram padrao de restricao diferente entre as duas subespecies. Diferencas no padrao de restricao do genoma mitocondrial poderao contribuir na identificacao da origem materna de individuos hibridos de M. q. quadrifasciata e M. q. anthidioides, pois estes ocorrem naturalmente ou por influencia humana.
COLOR: Cycling, Offline Learning, and Online Representation Framework for Airport and Airplane Detection Using GF-2 Satellite Images

Monitoring airports using remote sensing imagery require us to first detect the airports and then perform airplane detection. Detecting airports and airplanes with large-scale remote sensing imagery are significant and challenging tasks in the field of remote sensing. Although many detection algorithms have been developed for detecting airports and airplanes in remote sensing imagery, the efficiency of the processing does not meet the needs of real applications in large-scale remote sensing imagery. In recent years, deep learning techniques, such as deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), have achieved great progress in image recognition. However, training a DCNN needs a large number of training examples to accurately fit the data distribution. Annotating training examples in large-scale remote sensing imagery is time-consuming, which makes the pipeline inefficient. In this article, to overcome the above two weaknesses, we propose a novel cycling data-driven framework for efficient and robust airport localization and airplane detection. The proposed method consists of three modules: cycling by example refinement (C), offline learning (OL), and online representation (OR), namely cycling, offline learning, and online representation (COLOR). The OR module is a coarse-to-fine cascaded convolutional neural network, which is used to detect airports and airplanes. The example refinement (ER) module implements the cycling and makes use of the unlabeled remote sensing images and the corresponding predictions obtained by the OR module, to generate training examples. The OL module aims to use the training examples from the ER module to update the OR module, to further improve the performance. The whole workflow involves COLOR. The COLOR framework was used to detect airplanes and airports in 512 large-scale Gaofen-2 (GF-2) remote sensing images with 29 $200\times27$ 620 pixels. The results showed that the proposed method obtained a mean average precision (mAP) of 88.32% for the airplane detection. In addition due to the proposed coarse-to-fine cascaded OR module the proposed method is much faster than the traditional approaches in real-world applications.
Effects of exogenous neurohormone, gonadotropin (GtH) and dopaminergic drugs on the serum GtH content and ovulatory responsiveness of wild catfish, Silurus asotus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Wild female catfish Silurus asotus (Linnaeus, 1758) were injected with domperidone (DOM) alone, [d-Ala6, Pro9 Net]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH-A) alone once or twice, LHRH-A plus DOM once or twice simultaneously at 6-h intervals, LHRH-A plus carp pituitary extract (CPE) twice simultaneously at 6-h intervals and LHRH-A plus human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) twice simultaneously 6 h apart respectively. The results indicated that injection of LHRH-A at a dosage of 0.01–0.02 μg g−1 body weight (BWt) alone induced a low but significant increase in serum gonadotropin (GtH) (P<0.05) and resulted in a very low ovulation rate, while DOM at a dosage of 5 μg g−1 BWt alone did not induce an increase in the serum GtH levels and ovulation; in contrast, LHRH-A at a dosage of 0.01 μg g−1 BWt plus DOM at a dosage of 5 μg g−1 BWt (termed the Linpe technique) increased the serum GtH (P<0.05) significantly and induced an ovulatory rate of 100%, while LHRH-A plus CPE or HCG resulted in an increase in the serum GtH (P<0.05) and high ovulatory rate, although the latency period was longer when fish were given LHRH-A plus HCG or CPE.
Regression modeling nitrogen fertilization requirement for maize crop by combining spectral reflectance and agronomic efficiency

Abstract This study aimed to develop a novel regression model for prescription of required nitrogen (N) for maize by combining spectral reflectance data from GreenSeeker sensor and agronomic efficiency. For this end, two field trials at two sites were carried out with maize (Zea mays L.) on Oxisols under no-till systems in Southern Brazil. For both experiments, a randomized complete block design, with three replications in a split-plot arrangement, was used. The main plots consisted of four urea-N rates at sowing (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg N ha−1) and subplots included four urea-N rates in top dressing (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg N ha−1). Based on the results, a novel model for prescription of N rate in top dressing for maize was defined. The increases in maize yields with the N rates estimated by the model (16% to 39%) were similar to that obtained with the N rates used for maximum economic yield (15% to 42%). The estimated N rate by the model provided an economic return 36.5% and 7.0% higher than the N rate for maximum yield, and only 6.6% and 2.0% lower than the N rate for maximum economic yield, at sites 1 and 2, respectively. Thus, the economic return obtained using the model was closer to that reached with the N rate for maximum economic yield than that for maximum yield. Therefore, the developed model, combining spectral reflectance and agronomic efficiency, exhibited great potential to improve the maize N fertilization efficiency.
Evolution of heteroneuran Lepidoptera (Insecta) and the utility of dopa decarboxylase for Cretaceous-age phylogenetics

Abstract This study tests the utility of the nuclear gene encoding dopa decarboxylase ( DDC ) for recovering Cretaceous-age divergences within the lepidopteran clade Heteroneura, which contains 98% of lepidopteran species. A 709-bp fragment of DDC has been sequenced in 32 species, including representatives of all major lineages of Heteroneura plus outgroups from more basal lepidopteran groups and the related order Trichoptera. Pairwise divergences across the first and second codon positions and amino acids increase with depth throughout the taxonomic hierarchy, indicating that non-synonymous substitutions are not fully saturated; whereas, divergences across the third codon position level off at the family to superfamily level. Inclusion of non-neolepidopteran outgroups results in phylogeny estimates that contradict well established groups, almost surely due to sparse taxon sampling and high character divergence. When these taxa and an equivalently divergent basal ditrysian are excluded, DDC trees show nearly complete recovery of ten uncontroversial basal heteroneuran «test clades» of family rank and higher, about half with strong bootstrap support. Thus, DDC clearly carries phylogenetic signal at these levels. Bootstrap support for resolution of the controversial relationships among the five main heteroneuran groups (four monotrysian superfamilies plus Ditrysia) is individually low, but two of three previous hypotheses were statistically rejected overall by DDC. DDC trees within the primitive heteroneuran superfamily Incurvarioidea, though modestly supported, closely resemble a previous morphological hypothesis, while removing the requirement for reversal in a possible «key adaptation», the larval case. Taxon overlap with a previous mtDNA study of Prodoxidae (Incurvarioidea), which includes much-studied mutualist pollinators, permits a comparison of substitution rates with the conservative mitochondrial COI + COII region, as well as combined-data re-examination of generic reltionships. Non-synonymous substitution is about 25% slower in DDC than in COI + COII , though synonymous substitution is faster. With additional taxon sampling, and in combination with other genes, DDC promises to be a powerful tool for reconstructing among-superfamily relationships within Lepidoptera and probably other insect groups.
Influence of Habitat Complexity on Predator–Prey Interactions between the Fish (Gambusia holbrooki) and Tadpoles of Hyla squirella and Gastrophryne carolinensis

Abstract We examined the role of habitat complexity in influencing predator–prey interactions between fish and tadpoles. Tadpoles of the Squirrel Treefrog (Hyla squirella) and the Eastern Narrow-Mouth Toad (Gastrophryne carolinensis) were exposed to Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) under different degrees of habitat complexity (no cover, low cover, and high cover) in a randomized block, replicated, controlled experiment using wading pools. This study indicates that Gambusia can quickly and dramatically impact tadpole populations even at low predator densities and can forage effectively in vegetated areas that might normally serve as prey refugia from larger predatory fish (e.g., Lepomis spp.). Moreover, the influence of habitat complexity on predator-prey interactions may be species-specific. The number of H. squirella tadpoles consumed was not affected significantly by the degree of habitat complexity; however, consumption of G. carolinensis by Gambusia decreased with increasing habitat complexity. We attribute this finding to the observation that G. carolinensis are less active than H. squirella and, therefore, more difficult for Gambusia to detect with increasing habitat complexity.