Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Knowledge Creation, Sharing and Utilization to the Resource-Based View of Competitive Advantage

Almost every organization strives to make profit by offering to the market à single value that cannot be provided by competitors. This uniqueness is what gives an organization a competitive advantage over rival organizations, and helps it to reach its objectives. Henceforth, to build such singularity over time supposes the possession of a knowledge that others have not. This paper discusses the extent to which knowledge creation, sharing and utilization is crucial in creating competitive advantage. Therefore, this article is going to be developed around key factors that create and maintain competitive advantage; among them, we note mechanisms through which knowledge is acquired and developed, the role of management styles in knowledge management settings, the organization status, the innovation process and the strategic management process.
Smoke on the Market: Inattentive Investors and the War in Ukraine

This paper confronts predictions of rational choice, gain-loss, and inattention theories in the context of financial markets during war in Ukraine. Using various measures of conflict intensity as an explanatory variable, the paper finds that the Ukrainian stock market a) did not use all available information, b) reacted non-linearly in parameters with where regime 1 being characterized by a negative reaction and regime 2 characterized by ignorance. The paper also finds heterogeneous effects with respect to geographical location of the enterprises: a negative effect for enterprises with located in close proximity to the conflict events and a positive effect for the ones located elsewhere. <br><br>The author argues that the first finding is only compatible with the inattention framework, and suggests that the second one is driven by the portfolio re-balancing effect.
A Matter of Perspective: Mapping Linear Rational Expectations Models into Finite-Order VAR Form

This paper considers the characterization of the reduced-form solution of a large class of linear rational expectations models. I show that under certain conditions, if a solution exists and is unique, it can be cast in finite-order VAR form. I also investigate the conditions for the VAR form to be stationary with a well-defined residual variance-covariance matrix in equilibrium, for the shocks to be recoverable, and for local identification of the structural parameters for estimation from the sample likelihood. An application to the workhorse New Keynesian model with accompanying Matlab codes illustrates the practical use of the finite-order VAR representation. In particular, I argue that the identification of monetary policy shocks based on structural VARs can be more closely aligned with theory using the finite-order VAR form of the model solution characterized in this paper.
Financial Risk in the Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle

The ABCT is a description of the boom and bust of an economy following a reduction in the banks’ interest rate to a level below the equilibrium or natural rate. While descriptions of the theory emphasize the imbalance between consumption and investment that ensues the artificial decrease in the interest rate, often the driving force that impels firms to embark in new investment projects that will subsequently reveal themselves unsustainable is obfuscated. This initial decrease in the interest rate makes the present value of investments and assets rise, thus inducing an upsurge in investment, but also causes both the debt/equity ratio and the number of risky projects to increase, causing an intensification in the financial risk of the overall economy. At the same time, as some prices are less flexible, like wages and depreciation costs, this, added to the reduced interest rate, accentuates a rise in nominal profits that seems to validate an increase in investment and consumption. But as the real demand of the economy starts to reveal the unsustainability of those investments, the great exposure of the economy to financial risk creates an increase of defaults in payments and a subsequent reduction in credit bank which, in turn, increases banks’ market interest rate, reduces money supply, increasing the real value of debts which, added to the fact that profits lose steam due to the catching-up of costs with revenue prices, leads the economy into a recession.
Comparison of Biometric Characters of Aorta Branches in Farm and Wild Fox (Vulpes vulpes L.)

The study involved 147 fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) individuals; 74 individuals of red fox (wild form) and 73 individuals of silver fox (farm fox). In which, in most cases, descend in a direct line from Vulpes vulpes L. of the East Canadian subspecies (Vulpes vulpes fulva Dessm.) Synthetic latex was introduced via left ventricle into the specimens. The material was fixed for 8-10 weeks with a 5% formalin solution, which was followed by the preparation of arteries of the aortic arch and descending aorta and then measurement-taking. Comparative studies showed differences in the aorta morphometric arrangement between wild fox and farm silver fox.
Dollar Spot Severity, Tissue Nitrogen, and Soil Microbial Activity in Bentgrass as Influenced by Nitrogen Source

There is increasing interest in the use of bio-organic nitrogen (N) sources to suppress turfgrass diseases. The objectives of this field study were to evaluate nine N-sources for their effects on dollar spot (caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett) severity; to elucidate the relationship among N-sources, tissue N, soil microbial activity, and the severity of dollar spot; and to evaluate N-source effects on thatch and soil organic matter levels, and plant parasitic nematodes. Nitrogen sources included urea, sulfur-coated urea (SCU), Milorganite (Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, Milwaukee, WI), Sustane Medium (Sustane Corporation, Chaska, MN), Earthgro 1881 Select (Earthgro Inc., Lebanon, CT), Earthgro Dehydrated Manure, Ringer Lawn Restore (Ringer LR, Ringer Corporation, Minneapolis, MN), Com-Pro (Blue Plains Sanitation Commission, Silver Spring, MD), and Scotts All Natural Turf Builder (Scotts ANTB, Scotts Company, Marysville, OH). The N was applied annually at a rate of 200 kg N ha -1 yr -1 between 1994 and 2000 to a stand of fairway height Southshore' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Data were collected between 1998 and 2000. Ringer Lawn Restore (all 3 yr) and urea (1999 and 2000) delayed dollar spot to within an acceptable threshold from May to early or mid-June, when disease pressure was low to moderately severe. Com-Pro (all 3 yr), however, enhanced dollar spot. No N-source reduced dollar spot when data were averaged over-the-season. No N-source was consistently associated with higher levels of soil microbial activity. There was a weak negative correlation between soil microbial activity and dollar spot on one date in 2000, when disease pressure was low. When disease pressure was moderately severe, there was a strong negative correlation between the amount of foliar N and dollar spot severity in June 1999, but no correlation was found in 2000. Only Sustane Medium-treated plots had higher organic matter levels in the upper 2.5 cm of soil on all rating dates, but there was no increase in soil organic matter in the 2.6 to 5.0 cm soil zone with any N-source.
Conservation of European environments: The Spheciformes wasps as biodiversity indicators (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae and Crabronidae)

The aim of this work is to propose the use of the Spheciformes wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae and Crabronidae) as indicators of European biodiversity. One advantage of studying this group of insects lies in the regulating effects that such wasps have on other insect populations. We discuss the applicability of seven criteria, taken from the literature, to use the Spheciformes wasps as an indicator group, with respect to which parameters this group offers guarantees of being good indicators of biodiversity, both for predicting the diversity of other groups of animals and for all the species of a given area.
Does Capital Market Distrust CSR Reporting?: Economic Benefits in Presence of Complementary Monitoring Mechanism

From a theoretical point of view, corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure actions have associated a large list of benefits as a result of the lower information asymmetry problems that provoke firms to enjoy better financial conditions and higher market value. However, empirically there is no unanimity in the academy about these positive impacts. In this paper, we consider that the possible discretionary decision that managers could have in the elaboration of CSR reporting implies distrust about the credibility and utility of sustainability information. In this regard, the presence of independence in boards and directors that ensure better control of management decision could moderate the relationship between the quality of CSR reports and their benefits. Independent directors, in their decision-making process, associate their personal image, reputation, and career with CSR disclosures. For an international sample of analysis, our empirical evidence supports the premise that the market only positively assesses the utility and comparability of corporate social responsibility information, giving firms a superior value when there is a complementary mechanism that guarantees information credibility.
Evaluation of pathogenicity and of cultural and biochemical tests for identification of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars syringae, morsprunorum and persicae from fruit trees.

Comparative studies were based on 216 isolates of the Pseudomonas syringae pathovars syringae, morsprunorum and persicae, mainly originating from fruit trees in several European countries, but also from USA, USSR, South Africa, New Zealand and Turkey. All the identified morsprunorum isolates were obtained from stonefruit trees, which were also a source of some syringae isolates. Fluorescent strains HR negative on tobacco leaves were regarded as saprophytic pseudomonads. Nearly all the HR positive but none of the HR negative isolates caused lesions on sweet cherry shoots and fruitlets. The largest lesions on sweet cherry shoots were caused by the morsprunorum isolates. Syringae strains always caused lesions on pear fruitlets, whereas the morsprunorum strains never did so. Some degree of specialization within the pathovar syringae seemed to exist. Cultural and biochemical tests well suited to differentiate the three pathovars were as follows: colour after growth in sucrose nutrient broth, liquefaction of gelatin, activity of β-glucosidase (arbutin) and tyrosinase, use of L-leucine, L(+)tartrate and DL-lactate as sole carbon source, fluorescent pigment production, crystaline inclusions in the nutrient agar medium, and growth rate in 0.2% yeast extract nutrient broth. Tests for longevity on nutrient agar with 5% sucrose turned out to be fairly unreliable. A tube assay gave the most consistent results when studying utilization of organic substrates. The capability for gelatin liquefaction correlated with virulence, and mucoid isolates showed a tendency for higher aggressiveness than rough colony variants. Page of protein extracts obtained from freeze-pressed bacterial cells revealed that the pathovars syringae and morsprunorum could be differentiated due to specific isoenzyme patterns for esterases and acid phosphatases. It was concluded that several pathogenicity, cultural and biochemical tests allowed an unequivocal differentiation of the Pseudomonas syringae pvs. syringae and morsprunorum. Some of the discriminating biochemical characters may, play a role during pathogenesis.
Production, characterization and anticancer activity of Candida bombicola sophorolipids by means of solid state fermentation of sunflower oil cake and soybean oil

The production of sophorolipids by Candida bombicola NRRL Y- 17069 grown in a mixture of sunflower oil cake and crude soybean oil as economic substrates with different fermentation techniques was studied. The highest yield (49.5 g·100 g −1 substrates) was obtained from solid state fermentation after employing a new concept for extraction by methanol (E I) followed by ethyl acetate (E II), then partially purified with hexane (E III). The course of time of fermentation was also studied, and E I extracted of the 12 th day showed the minimum surface tension (45 mN·m −1 ) at a critical micelle dilution (CMD) of 10% concentration. The produced sophorolipids were characterized and confirmed by FTIR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The anticancer activity of the produced compounds was assessed against MCF-7, HepG2, A549, HCT116 cancer cell lines and the results revealed that E III and E IV (a mixture of E I & E III) act as promising anticancer agents in HepG2 and A549 by inhibiting urokinase and histone deacetylase activities.
Quick or Broad Patents? Evidence from U.S. Startups

We study the effects of patent scope and review times on startups and externalities on their rivals. We leverage the quasi-random assignment of U.S. patent applications to examiners and find that grant delays reduce a startup’s employment and sales growth, chances of survival, access to external capital, and future innovation. Delays also harm the growth, access to external capital, and follow-on innovation of the patentee’s rivals, suggesting that quick patents enhance both inventor rewards and generate positive externalities. Broader scope increases a startup’s future growth (conditional on survival) and innovation but imposes negative externalities on its rivals’ growth and innovation.
Oil Wealth and Property Rights

We empirically examine the impact of oil wealth on property rights protection for a sample of 156 countries between 1960 and 2014. We find that higher levels of oil wealth result in weaker private property rights. This result is robust to different instrumental-variable approaches and operationalizations of oil wealth and economic institutions. We argue that oil wealth creates an oil elite that wields disproportionate economic and political power over society. The elite uses this power to buy support for weak property rights from their supporters (the selectorate), while also punishing the opposition (i.e., the non-selectorate). Indeed, we also provide evidence that oil wealth leads to more clientelistic policies (benefitting the selectorate) but also more punitive measures (e.g., in the form of exclusion from state jobs) likely administered to the non-selectorate. We argue that the elite favors weak property rights because this blocks potential economic challengers, allowing for the consolidation and perpetuation of the economic and political status quo.
Effects of Short-term Treatment with Pimobendan in Dogs with Myxomatous Valve Disease

Abstract Caro, A. , Ynaraja, E. and Montoya, J.A. 2009. Effects of short-term treatment with pimobendan in dogs with myxomatous valve disease. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 35: 113–117. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term effects of pimobendan, a novel drug, in dogs with naturally occurring mitral valve myxomatous disease. The study involved twenty dogs with no previous treatment. The results show that pimobendan is well tolerated and can be administered effectively and safely in the treatment of congestive heart failure myxomatous mitral valve disease of the dog.
Social capital and capital structure

ABSTRACT The nature of how capital structure can affect firm value is often investigated in the discipline of financial economics. Less investigated is how the nature of the type of assets can affect the choice of capital structure! I demonstrate that in the context of a Modigliani-Miller-type model that a firm financing social capital and physical capital will favor equity financing over debt financing without bankruptcy. With bankruptcy, debt financing will be used, but equity financing will be favored by firms that use large amounts of social capital, as it will increase their value. This demonstrates that social capital alters the financing relationship and helps to explain the preference of firms for equity financing.
News or Noise: Mobile Internet Technology and Stock Market Activity

Mobile internet devices reduce trading frictions and information search costs for investors, but also introduce attention-competing activities, such as social networking. We use exogenous nationwide and city-level outages of the Blackberry Internet Service (BIS) to investigate the effect of mobile internet technology on investors’ information-gathering vs. attention-diverting activities. We find that trading volume and trading frequency surge by about 5% on days when mobile internet systems go dark, consistent with a greater role for devices (when not dark) in diverting the limited attention of investors away from information-gathering and trading — even when they are used by presumably more sophisticated investors.
Ambient Temperature, Social Perception and Social Behavior

The literature suggests that human perception and behavior vary with physical temperature. We provide an experimental test of how different ambient temperature conditions impact social behavior and social perception: Subjects went through a series of tasks measuring various aspects of social behavior and perception under three temperature conditions (cold vs. optimal vs. warm). Despite well-established findings on temperature effects, our data suggest that physical temperature has no relevant influence on social behavior and social perception. We corroborate our finding of a null effect by the use of equivalence testing and provide a discussion in the light of recent failed replication attempts in this field of research.
Do Environmental Markets Cause Environmental Injustice? Evidence from California&Apos;S Carbon Market

Market-based environmental policies are widely adopted on the basis of allocative efficiency. However, there is a growing distributional concern that market forces could increase the pollution exposure gap between disadvantaged and other communities by spatially reallocating pollution. We estimate how this “environmental justice gap” changed following the 2013 introduction of California’s carbon market, the world’s second largest and the one most subjected to environmental justice critiques. Embedding a pollution transport model within a program evaluation framework, we find that while the EJ gap was widening prior to 2013, it has since fallen by 21-30% across pollutants due to the policy.
Dividend Policy and the Lintner Model: Why Do Firms Pay Dividends?

For many years, firms payout policies have been discussed widely by economist and finance experts but there is no agreement on why firms payout cash. Firms chose to pay cash dividend to their shareholder and believed to have a payout policy but what determines it remains is a question. Despite the presence of low cost methods of maximizing shareholders wealth firms have maintained high dividend payments regardless of their earnings. <br>Two economists, Miller and Modigliani have contributed a significant amount of research in explaining relevancy of firm’s dividend polices to the shareholders’ wealth. An early study by John Lintner was able to explain the payout policy of a firm but it failed to show what motivates firms to pay dividends. <br>Several economists consider the role of taxes and shareholder preference in determining firm’s policy but evidences suggest that decision makes do pay too much consideration to these factors. Many studies have discussed the changing trends in dividends payouts while advocating the changing preference of manager’s with the rising popularity of share repurchases, our findings suggest the opposite - as we show that companies have actually increased the dividend payouts.
Biosynthesis of makisterone A and 20‐hydroxyecdysone from labeled sterols by the honey bee, Apis mellifera

In an effort to determine the sterol precursor(s) of the 28-carbon ecdysteroid, makisterone A, honey bee pupae (13 days post-oviposition) were injected with radiolabeled sterols and subsequently examined for labeled ecdysteroids. High performance liquid chromatography of the pupal extracts revealed that [3H]campesterol was converted to a compound that behaved chromatographically identical to authentic makisterone A, and [14C]cholesterol was incorporated into a compound chromatographically like 20-hydroxyecdysone. No incorporation of either 24-[3H]methylenecholesterol or [14C]sitosterol into an ecdysteroid was observed. The neutral sterols of uninjected honey bee pupae contained 49.8% 24-methylenecholesterol on a relative percent basis and, with three other C28 and C29 sterols, accounted for over 99% of the total sterols present.
A Machine Learning Approach to Analyze and Support Anti-Corruption Policy

Can machine learning support better governance? In the context of Brazilian municipalities, 2001-2012, we have access to detailed accounts of local budgets and audit data on the associated fiscal corruption. Using the budget variables as predictors, we train a tree-based gradient-boosted classifier to predict the presence of corruption in held-out test data. The trained model, when applied to new data, provides a prediction-based measure of corruption which can be used for new empirical analysis or to support policy responses. We validate the empirical usefulness of this measure by replicating, and extending, some previous empirical evidence on corruption issues in Brazil. We then explore how the predictions can be used to support policies toward corruption. Our policy simulations show that, relative to the status quo policy of random audits, a targeted policy guided by the machine predictions could detect more than twice as many corrupt municipalities for the same audit rate.
Correlação entre o fósforo extraído de solos por diversos extratores químicos e o absorvido pelo milho

Phosphorus uptake by maize from 18 soils in a pot trial, was correlated with P extracted by chemical solutions. The coefficients of determination were 0.740 for 0.05N H2SO4 0.752 for 0.5N NaHCO3 at pH 8.5, 0.772 for 0.03N NH1F in 0.025N HCl and 0.773 for extraction with anion exchange resin. It was concluded that for the conditions of this work the different methods for P were equally efficient.
Public Debt and Crowding-out: The Role of Housing Wealth

We investigate the role of housing wealth concentration for the transmission of macroeconomic shocks in high-debt economies. We build a general equilibrium model with housing and heterogeneous agents who differ in their saving and investment opportunities. Banks optimizing their portfolio between mortgages and sovereign securities are characterized by financial frictions operating as a transmission mechanism, as households' collateralized debt links sovereign debt with the real economy, through interest rates and housing prices. We find that the more concentrated wealth is the worse the recession is, however associated with less consumption inequality due to a smaller crowding out of households' lending. We also show that a similar positive effect across agents can be obtained at different levels of inequality through financial repression and that a relevant distributional trade-off between macroprudential policy and households collateral requirements is present.