Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHAPlER 2 Singular Solutions of Semi-Linear Elliptic Problems 1

We are concerned in this survey with singular solutions to semi-linear elliptic problems. An example of the type of equations we are interested in is the Gelfand-Liouville problem -/'"u = 'Ae" on a smooth bounded domain Q of ffi.N with zero Dirichlet boundary condition. We explore up to what degree known results for this problem are valid in other situations with a similar structure, with emphasis on the extremal solution and its properties. Of interest is the question of identifying conditions such that the extremal solution is singular. We find that in the problems studied, there is a strong link between these conditions and Hardy-type inequalities.
Eddy-Mean Flow Interaction in the Gulf Stream at 68°W. Part II: Eddy Forcing on the Time-Mean Flow

Abstract Data front the SYNOP 68°W current meter array show a trough pattern in the 26-month mean Gulf Stream path at 68°W and a cyclone in the mean deep flow. In order to determine whether eddies are controlling the speed and direction of the time-mean Gulf Sream flow at 68°W a theory is developed that extends the Eliassen-Palm theory for zonal-mean flows to time-mean flows. The eddy force is evaluated as the three-dimensional divergence of an eddy stress tensor and is equivalent to the eddy advection of momentum Fmom and the rotated divergent eddy stretching potential vorticity flux Ftherm. The study region at 68°W is characterized by large amplitude trough formation events. It is shown that Ftherm is associated with the growth stage of the eddy trough formation events and tends to turn the upper-level time-mean flow southward into the trough pattern and accelerate and “spin up” the deep-layer cyclone; Fmom has a vertically coherent pattern associated with the decay stage of the trough formation events .
Discovery of a remarkable subpulse drift pattern in PSR B0818–41

We report the discovery of a remarkable subpulse drift pattern in the relatively less-studied wide profile pulsar B0818−41 using high-sensitivity Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) observations. We find simultaneous occurrences of three drift regions with two different drift rates: an inner region with steeper apparent drift rate flanked on each side by a region of slower apparent drift rate. Furthermore, these closely spaced drift bands always maintain a constant phase relationship. Though these drift regions have significantly different values for the measured P2, the measured P3 value is the same and equal to 18.3P1. We interpret the unique drift pattern of this pulsar as being created by the intersection of our line of sight (LOS) with two conal rings on the polar cap of a fairly aligned rotator (inclination angle α ∼ 11 ◦ ), with an ‘inner’ LOS geometry (impact angle β ∼− 5. ◦ 4). We argue that both rings have the same values for the carousel rotation periodicity P4 and the number of sparks Nsp. We find that Nsp is 19‐21 and show that it is very likely that P4 is the same as the measured P3, making it a truly unique pulsar. We present results from simulations of the radiation pattern using the inferred parameters, which support our interpretations and reproduce the average profile as well as the observed features in the drift pattern quite well.
Element and Sr-Nb-Pb isotope geochemistry of ganite-porphyry dykes in the Yangshan gold belt,western Qinling orogen.

The garnet-bearing granite-porphyry dykes in the Yangshan gold belt,Gansu Province,are peraluminum granitoids with A/CNK ratios ranging 1.65～3.65. The granite-porphyries are rich in LILE and LREE,and depleted in Ba,St,Nb,Ta,P and Ti, showing similar trace element pattern to typical syn-collision granites.With ∑REE=54.35～124.01×10~(-6),(La/Yb)_N=9.72 27.80,and δEu=0.70～0.89,the granitic magmas were originated from partial-melting with little of plagioclase as residual phase. The porphyries have I_(Sr) ratios of 0.70806～0.71756 with average of 0.71107,e_(Nd)(t)values of -2.9～-5.0 with average of -3.4, and Nd-model ages(T_(2DM))of 1.24～1.41 Ga with average of 1.34 Ga,which suggests that the magmas must be sourced from lowly- matured Mesoproterozoic basement.The averages of(~(206)pb/~(204)Pb)_(220Ma),(~(207)pb/~(204)Pb)_(220Ma) and(~(208)pb/~(204)Pb)_(220Ma) ratios are 17.875, 15.604 and 38.296,respectively,similar to those of both the Bikou Group of the Bikou terrane and the Mesoproterozoic basement of the Qinling micro-continent.Considering that the Bikou Group has been dated to have developed during 1.235～1.367 Ga in previous studies,and that the Qinling micro-continent,which hosts the Yangshan gold belt at its southern margin,southwardly overthrusted onto the Bikou terrane along the Mian-Lue suture,we suggest that the interested granite-porphyries were generated by metamorphic devolatilization-related partial melting of the underthrust slab mainly consisting of the Bikou Group.Hence the granite-porphyries in the Yangshan gold belt are typical syn-collision granitoids formed during the Mesozoic collision between the Yangtze and North China continents.
Verification of ship emission estimates with monitoring measurements to improve inventory and modeling

This research evaluates accuracy of current marine vessel emissions estimation methods. Pollutants that are addressed in this study include: NOx, SO2, PM, CO2, CO, and HC. This project contributes to research seeking to reconcile apparent differences between inventory estimation methodologies, atmospheric predictions, and field observations. Current emissions inventory methodologies are applied to two different marine vessels, the Sine Maersk, 6600 TEU container vessel built in 1998, and the New Spirit, a 26,562 gross ton (48,183 deadweight ton) bulk carrier built in 2002. Direct monitoring of engine stack emissions was conducted on the Sine Maersk in February 2004, and an aircraft plume study of the New Spirit was conducted as part of a 2002 international atmospheric science experiment. The agreement between emissions calculated using published emissions rates and monitored stack test results is relatively good. The results show that improved emission inventories are consistent with monitoring results; however, emissions rates derived from in-plume observations demonstrated greater disagreement with published emissions rates. Nonetheless, good agreement between monitoring and modeling emissions rates helps confirm that differences between inventory estimates and in-plume observations are likely a result of complex chemical processing within ship plumes.
Mixing across the Pacific

Turbulent mixing rates are inferred from measurements spanning 25-37 N in the Pacific. The observations were made as part of the Internal Waves Across the Pacific experiment, designed to investigate the long-range fate of the low-mode internal tide propagating north from Hawaii. Previous and companion results argue that near a critical latitude of 29 N, the internal tide loses energy to high-mode near-inertial motions through parametric subharmonic instability. Elevated shear at that latitude lead to estimates of significantly elevated turbulent mixing, based on finescale shear parameterizations of mixing. Here we estimate mixing from several variations of the finescale method, as well as Thorpe analysis of overturns. Turbulent diffusivity rates estimated from either Thorpe scale analysis or finescale strain predict only a modest elevation at and south of the critical latitude. Reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.
The Economics of Glyphosate Resistance Management in Corn and Soybean Production

Glyphosate, known by many trade names, including Roundup, is a highly effective herbicide. Widespread glyphosate use for corn and soybean has led to glyphosate resistance, which is now documented in 14 weed species affecting U.S. cropland, and recent surveys suggest that acreage with glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds is expanding. Data from USDA’s Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), along with the Benchmark Study (conducted independently by plant scientists), are used to address several issues raised by the spread of GR weeds. Choices made by growers that could help manage glyphosate resistance include using glyphosate during fewer years, combining it with one or more alternative herbicides, and, most importantly, not applying glyphosate during consecutive growing seasons. As a result, managing glyphosate resistance is more cost effective than ignoring it, and after about 2 years, the cumulative impact of the returns received is higher when managing instead of ignoring resistance.
Air Entrainment Processes and Bubble Size Distributions in the Surf Zone

Abstract A new optical instrument was deployed in the surf zone in a trial experiment to measure bubble size distributions and visualize air entrainment and bubble formation mechanisms within breaking surf. Images of bubbles and the evolving air–water mixture inside and beneath breaking wave crests are presented. The images resolve features of the air–water mixture to length scales of hundreds of microns across a 3.7-cm field of view. Two qualitatively different large-scale air entrainment processes are observed. First, intrusions of air and water, thought to be created by jets penetrating the water’s surface, fragment into plumes of bubbles. Second, an air cavity trapped by the overturning wave crest is observed to disintegrate into bubbles. The timescale for the evolution from a compacted air–water mass to individual bubbles was on the order of 90 ms or less for both of these processes. In addition, small-scale air filaments hundreds of microns wide and millimeters long have been discovered beneath wave.
Bryoflora of Munsyari and Dharchula Tehsil of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, Western Himalayas, India

Uttarakhand state of India comprises unique topographical conditions and hence is rich in bryophytes. In present work two Tehsils-Munsyari and Dharchula of Pithoragarh have been explored extensively to assess the bryophytic wealth of this district. A preliminary checklist has been prepared which revealed the occurrence of 51 taxa of bryophytes from this district.
Fungal Systematics and Evolution

A new genus named Dendrodacrys is proposed for a monophyletic group in Dacrymycetaceae, containing species with pulvinate to depressed basidiocarps, distinctly branched hymenial hyphidia, and up to 3-septate mature basidiospores. Four taxa in this group, occurring in Europe, are proposed as new species, viz. De. ciprense, De. concrescens, De. ellipsosporum, and De. oblongisporum, based both on morphological and DNA data (nrDNA, RPB1, RPB2, TEF-1α, 12S). These new species are all described in detail, illustrated, and compared with other published taxa that with which they can be confounded. The new combination De. paraphysatum is proposed after revising the type material of Dacrymyces paraphysatus, but other combinations or potentially new non-European species descriptions are postponed pending further studies of additional specimens.
The effects of small water bodies on the atmospheric heat and water budgets over the MacKenzie River Basin

The effects of small water bodies or lakes on the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and the transport of heat and water vapour in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB) are studied from two cases, which occurred on 2 and 8 June 1999 during the warm season. The synoptic condition for the cases is representative of about 33% of the synoptic situation over the MRB.
Tropical Pacific ENSO Cold Events, 1946–95: SST, SLP, and Surface Wind Composite Anomalies*

Abstract ENSO cold (La Nina) events are shown to exhibit a distinctive life cycle. The first near-global description of ENSO cold (La Nina)–event anomaly features is described using ocean surface data. It is found that cold-event anomalies are not simply the mirror image of warm (El Nino) events. The Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set marine surface record [SST, sea level pressure (SLP), and wind] is used to identify the statistically significant features of the nine cold-event periods during 1946–95 and to focus on the large-scale elements that are typical of most events. By examining time series, the most robust features of the composite that have occurred during nearly all of the post–World War II cold events are identified. These robust cold-event features are more numerous and cover more of the globe than their warm-event counterparts. Of the 90 composite features examined, 57 (63%) are found to be robust. Most of these are located in the Tropics (70%) and in the Pacific (65%). However, robust e.
King’s Research Portal

Evidence shows that there are individual di ﬀ erences in the extent to which people attend to and integrate information into their decisions about the predictive contingencies between events and outcomes. In particular, information about the absence of events or outcomes, presented outside the current task frame, is often neglected. This trend is particularly evident in depression, as well as other psychopathologies, though reasons for information neglect remain unclear. We investigated this phenomenon across two experiments (Experiment 1: N = 157; Experiment 2: N = 150) in which participants, scoring low and high in the Beck Depression Inventory, were asked to learn a simple predictive relationship between a visual cue and an auditory outcome. We manipulated whether or not participants had prior experience of the visual cue outside of the task frame, whether such experience took place in the same or di ﬀ erent context to the learning task, and the nature of the action required to signal occurrence of the auditory outcome. We found that all participants were capable of including extra-task experience into their assessment of the predictive cue-outcome relationship in whatever context it occurred. However, for mildly depressed participants, adjacent behaviours and similarity between the extra-task experience and the main task, in ﬂ uenced information integration, with patterns of ‘ over-integration ’ evident, rather than neglect as we had expected. Findings are suggestive of over-generalised experience on the part of mildly depressed participants. there was a signi ﬁ cant di ﬀ erence between high and low BDI D ′ values in no pre-exposure conditions, F (1, 142) = 12.99, p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.084, there was no di ﬀ erence between the groups in pre-exposure conditions, F < 1, suggesting that high BDI performance was equally poor irrespective of pre-exposure.
Nature Based Tourism Can Help Conserve Tropical Forests

Although ecotourism and tropical forests present issues and constraints, there are strong contributions and potentialities for socio economic benefits to rural populations as well as to the national economy. At the same time, ecotourism can be a powerful force for protecting and promoting national parks and reserves so that the tropical forest and cultural heritages will remain intact. However, all of this requires cooperation by the publicand private sectors (including local populations) as well as adequate funding, planning and innovative training for the proper recognition of ecotourism.
GLOBALIZATION , TECHNOLOGY , AND THE SKILL PREMIUM : A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

We construct a model of international trade and multinational production (MP) to examine the impact of globalization on the skill premium in skill-abundant and skill-scarce countries. The key mechanisms in our framework arise from the interaction between three elements: cross-country differences in factor endowments and sectoral productivities, technological heterogeneity across producers within sectors, and skill-biased technology. Reductions in trade and/or MP costs induce a reallocation of resources towards a country's comparative advantage sector (increasing the skill premium in skill-abundant countries and reducing it in skill-scarce countries) and within sectors towards more productive and skill-intensive producers (increasing the skill premium in all countries). We parameterize the model to match salient features of the extent and composition of trade and MP between the U.S. and skill-abundant and skill-scarce countries in 2006. We show that a reduction in trade and MP costs, moving from autarky to 2006 levels of trade and MP, increases the skill premium by roughly 5% in skill-abundant and skill-scarce countries. We also show that the growth in US trade and MP between 1966 and 2006 accounts for 1/9th of the 24% rise in the US skill premium over this period. MP is at least as important as international trade in generating this rise in the skill premium. Ariel Burstein Department of Economics Bunche Hall 8365 Box 951477 UCLA Los Angeles, CA 90095-1477 and NBER arielb@econ.ucla. edu Jonathan Vogel Department of Economics Columbia University 420 West 118th Street New York, NY 10027 and NBER jvogel@columbia.edu
Nonlinear one-dimensional seismic waveform inversion using simulated annealing

The seismic inverse problem involves finding a model m that either minimizes the error energy between the data and theoretical seismograms or maximizes the cross-correlation between the synthetics and the observations. We are, however, faced with two problems: (1) the model space is very large, typically of the order of 50 50 ; and, (2) the error energy function is multimodal. Existing calculus-based methods are local in scope and easily get trapped in local minima of the energy function. Other methods such as 'simulated annealing' and 'genetic algorithms' can be applied to such global optimization problems and they do not depend on the starting model. Both of these methods bear analogy to natural systems and are robust in nature. For example, simulated annealing is the analog to a physical process in which a solid in a 'heat bath' is heated by increasing the temperature, followed by slow cooling until it reaches the global minimum energy state where it forms a crystal. To use simulated annealing efficiently for 1-D seismic waveform inversion, we require a modeling method that rapidly performs the forward modeling calculation and a cooling schedule that will enable us to find the global minimum of the energy function rapidly. With the advent of vector computers, the reflectivity method has proved successful and the time of the calculation can be reduced substantially if only plane-wave seismograms are required. Thus, the principal problem with simulated annealing is to find the critical temperature, i.e., the temperature at which crystallization occurs. By initiating the simulated annealing process with different starting temperatures for a fixed number of iterations with a very slow cooling, we noticed that by starting very near but just above the critical temperature, we reach very close to the global minimum energy state very rapidly. We have applied this technique successfully to band-limited synthetic data in the presence of random noise. In most cases we find that we are able to obtain very good solutions using only a few plane wave seismograms.
Pharmacokinetic ⁄ pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation

*Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Hatfield, Herts, UK; Novartis Animal Health Inc., Clinical Development, Basel, Switzerland; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Experimentales, Toulouse, France Pelligand, L. , King, J. N. , Toutain, P. L. , Elliott, J., Lees, P. Pharmacokinetic ⁄ pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 19–32.
Application of modified export coefficient method in polluting load estimation of non-point source pollution

An improved export coefficient method for estimating polluting load of non-point source pollution is proposed. In the model the influences of rainfall and the reduction of pollutant in the process of transport are taken into accout and the methods for determining the rainfall coefficient and transport loss coefficient are given.The model is applied to estimate the toal nitrogen load in Weihe River watershed.It shows that the proposed model is feasible and the predicted result is approximately in accordance with the observated data.
Asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator for nonlinear AR processes with markov-switching

In this note, we propose a new approach for the proof of the consistency and normality of the maximum likelihood estimator for nonlinear AR processes with markov-switching under the assumptions of uniform exponential forgetting of the prediction filter and α-mixing property. We show that in the linear and Gaussian case our assumptions are fully satisfied.
Research Progress on Influence of Mulching Gravel and Sand on Soil Macropore Characteristics and Soil Hydrological Process of Gravel-Sand Mulch Field

Gravel-sand mulch field is a typical case of mulching gravel on land surface to retain water.Gravel-sand mulch field,as a kind of method to prevent drought,can reduce evaporation by artificially laying gravel to form a dry soil layer on soil surface.Soil macropore is the pore offering path for preferential flow.Mulching gravel has important influence on radii,quantity,connectivity and density of soil macropore.The study methods could be divided into two types,direct measurement and indirect description,and the suitability and limitation of the two methods were discussed.Because of the complexity of soil macropore and preferential flow formation cause,the experiments in laboratory should be combined with field trial,and observation techniques should be improved.The final aim of soil macropore research was to reduce groundwater contamination,control the loss of nutrient and water by regulating soil macropore.Mulching gravel can enhance soil macropore and thus facilitate precipitation infiltration and interflow and decrease runoff and evaporation.In that soil hydrological cycle process,its functions were changed respectively.In addition,some existent questions and research field of soil macropore were suggested for the future research.
Study of Parameterization of Surface Albedo of Bare Soil over the Gobi Desert in the Dunhuang Region

The relationships among surface albedo, solar elevation angle, and surface soil moisture over the Gobi desert in the Dunhuang region were analyzed by using the data of field observational surface radiation and soil moisture from May to October during a seven-year period. The results showed that the bare soil surface albedo decreases with an increase in solar elevation angle and tends to be a constant when solar elevation angle is larger than 40°. Surface albedo decreases with an increase in surface soil moisture content and shows a liner dependence on soil moisture. On the basis of the relationship of the bare soil surface albedo with the two factors of solar elevation angle and surface soil moisturecontent, a double factorial parameterization formula of the bare soil surface albedo is put forward over the Gobi desert in the Dunhuang region, which is more suitable for the surface albedo parameterization scheme in this area. The scheme proposed by this paper is able to reproduce the surface albedo "U" type of diurnal variation for accurate simulation of the dynamic trend of the surface albedo, in addition to accurate calculation of the bare soil surface albedo and reflected radiation. The variation characteristics as well as the trend of the bare soil surface albedo and reflected radiation are consistent with the observational data. Moreover, the calculated surface reflective radiation based on the parameterization scheme is also a good representation of the surface reflection and radiation characteristics of diurnal variation.