Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observation of the associated production of the Higgs boson with a top quark pair with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC : a study in the boosted regime of the H→bb̅ decay channel

Probing the coupling of the Higgs boson to the heaviest known fermion, the top quark, is crucial for testing the Standard Model (SM) and for constraining new physics models. This thesis presents a search for the t t̄ H process which gives direct access to this Yukawa coupling. The analysis is optimised for the Higgs decaying to a pair of bottom quarks and uses 36.1 fb−1 of data taken at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. One of the main challenges of this analysis is the combinatorial ambiguity from the many jets in the final state which makes it difficult to reconstruct the Higgs boson. The boosted analysis specifically targets final states with high transverse momentum in which the decay products of the Higgs boson and/or hadronically decaying top quark are produced collimated into large jets. This gives access to different kinematics and a simplified combinatorial background. To select events rich in t t̄ H , we apply cuts on the number of jets and b-jets (jets tagged as containing b-hadrons). The boosted analysis also requires two large jets in each event which are constructed with the reclustering method. Since the t t̄ background is overwhelmingly large compared to the t t̄ H signal, multivariate techniques are used to discriminate between signal and background events. A Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) is used with eight variables including the Higgs candidate mass. The boosted analysis is combined with the resolved selection to obtain a ratio of the measured cross-section to the SM expectation of μt t̄ H = 0.84+0.64 −0.61. This corresponds to a significance of 1. 4σ, with an expectation of 1. 6σ. A t t̄ H signal strength larger than 2.0 is excluded at the 95% confidence level. The analysis in the bb̄ decay channel is combined with three other t t̄ H searches optimised for the multilepton, γγ, and ZZ decay modes. The combination in which all analyses use 36.1 fb−1 of data leads to a significance of 4. 2σ. This constitutes evidence for t t̄ H production and corresponds to a cross-section of σt t̄ H = 590+160 −150 fb which is compatible with the SM prediction of 507+35 −50 fb. The combination is repeated with the γγ and Z Z decay channels updated to include ATLAS data from 2017 and inclusion of the Run I dataset. This results in an observed (expected) significance of 6. 3σ (5.1σ) which marks the first direct observation of the Higgs coupling to the top quark.
Szegö-type trace asymptotics for operators with translational symmetry

The classical Szegő limit theorem describes the asymptotic behaviour of Toeplitz determinants as the size of the Toeplitz matrix grows. The continuous analogue are trace asymptotics for Wiener–Hopf operators on intervals of growing length. We study two problems related to these scaling asymptotics. The first problem concerns the higher-dimensional version of the trace asymptotics. Namely, consider a translation-invariant bounded linear operator in dimension two whose integral kernel exhibits super-polynomial off-diagonal decay. Then we study the spectral asymptotics of its spatial restriction to the interior of a scaled polygon, as the scaling parameter tends to infinity. To this end, we provide complete trace asymptotics for analytic functions of the truncated operator. These consist of three terms, which reflect the geometry of the polygon. If the polygon is substituted by a domain with smooth boundary, then the corresponding asymptotics are wellknown. However, we show that the constant order term in the expansion for the polygon cannot be recovered from a formal approximation by smooth domains. This fact is reminiscent of the heat trace anomaly for the Dirichlet Laplacian. A prominent application of trace asymptotics for Wiener–Hopf operators lies in quantum information theory: they can be used to compute the bipartite entanglement entropy for the ground state of a free Fermi gas in the absence of an external field. At zero temperature, this requires studying Wiener–Hopf operators with a discontinuous symbol, which causes notable difficulties. In the second part of the thesis, based on joint work with Alexander V. Sobolev, we prove a two-term asymptotic trace formula for the periodic Schrödinger operator in dimension one. This formula can be applied to compute the aforementioned entanglement entropy when the fermions are exposed to a periodic electric field. Moreover, the subleading order of the asymptotics identifies the spectrum of the periodic Schrödinger operator.
Reflectivity and velocity radar data assimilation for two flash flood events in central Italy: A comparison between 3D and 4D variational methods

The aim of this study is to provide an evaluation of the impact of two largely used data assimilation techniques, namely three‐ and four‐dimensional variational data assimilation systems (3D‐Var and 4D‐Var), on the forecasting of heavy precipitation events using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. For this purpose, two flash flood events in central Italy are analysed. The first occurred on September 14, 2012 during an Intensive Observation Period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX) campaign, while the other occurred on May 3, 2018. Radial velocity and reflectivity acquired by C‐band weather radars at Mt. Midia (central Italy) and San Pietro Capofiume (northern Italy), as well as conventional observations (SYNOP and TEMP), are assimilated into the WRF model to simulate these damaging flash flood events. In order to evaluate the impact of the 3D‐Var and 4D‐Var assimilation systems on the estimation of short‐term quantitative precipitation forecasts, several experiments are carried out using conventional observations with and without radar data. Rainfall evaluation is performed by means of point‐by‐point and filtering methodologies. The results point to a positive impact of the 4D‐Var technique compared to results without assimilation and with 3D‐Var experiments. More specifically, the 4D‐Var system produces an increase of up to 22% in terms of the Fractions Skill Score compared to 3D‐Var for the first flash flood event, while an increase of about 5% is achieved for the second event. The use of a warm start initialization results in a considerable reduction in the spin‐up time and a significant improvement in the rainfall forecast, suggesting that the initial precipitation spin‐up problem still occurs when using 4D‐Var.
Height determination of single-layer graphene on mica at controlled humidity using atomic force microscopy

Identifying the thickness of the first graphene layer on a substrate is important in graphene-based nanoelectromechanical systems because of the dependence of graphene layers on physical and chemical properties. Identifying the thickness of the first layer is important for determining the number of graphene layers. Herein, we report that the height of single-layer graphene on mica is influenced by the relative humidity in the observation environment and by the scanning modes of in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found that the graphene height is quite dependent on the scan direction of the AFM probe when in the contact mode, while this hysteresis is absent in tapping and noncontact modes. In addition, at low humidity (<10%), the height of the graphene on mica corresponds to the van der Waals distance (∼0.34 nm) of graphite layers, while an increased height (0.67 nm) is observed at higher humidity (≥20%). We associate the variation of the graphene height in the contact mode with different levels of tilting of the cantilever that are clearly dependent on the scanning direction. These results suggest a standard for determining graphene thickness in humid air that is a critical factor for graphene-based electronic devices.
Notes on a few quasilocal properties of Yang-Mills theory

Gauge theories possess non-local features that, in the presence of boundaries, inevitably lead to subtleties. In this article, we continue our study of a unified solution based on a geometric tool operating on field-space: a connection form. We specialize to the $D+1$ formulation of Yang-Mills theories on configuration space, and we precisely characterize the gluing of the Yang-Mills field across regions. In the $D+1$ formalism, the connection-form splits the electric degrees of freedom into their pure-radiative and Coulombic components, rendering the latter as conjugate to the pure-gauge part of the gauge potential. Regarding gluing, we obtain a characterization for topologically simple regions through closed formulas. These formulas exploit the properties of a generalized Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator defined at the gluing surface; through them, we find only the radiative components and the local charges are relevant for gluing. Finally, we study the gluing into topologically non-trivial regions in 1+1 dimensions. We find that in this case, the regional radiative modes do not fully determine the global radiative mode (Aharonov-Bohm phases). For the global mode takes a new contribution from the kernel of the gluing formula, a kernel which is associated to non-trivial cohomological cycles. In no circumstances do we find a need for postulating new local degrees of freedom at boundaries. $\text{The partial results of these notes have been completed and substantially clarified in a more recent, comprehensive article from October 2019. (titled: "The quasilocal degrees of freedom of Yang-Mills theory"). }$
Arithmetic of affine del Pezzo surfaces

In this thesis integral points on affine del Pezzo surfaces are studied. The first two chapters offer a review of arithmetic techniques and del Pezzo surfaces, but also a novel approach to del Pezzo surfaces using a new type of surface, namely the peculiar del Pezzo surface. This allows one to study del Pezzo surfaces by considering linear subsystems of cubic plane curves.In Chapter 3 a uniform bound is given for the Brauer group of certain affine del Pezzo surfaces over number fields. This answers an open question for the geometrically related K3 surfaces. While determining this bound techniques are described for (partially) computing these groups.Chapter 4 begins with constructing models of del Pezzo surfaces; not by geometrically manipulating the projective plane over the rationals and taking the flat closure over the integers, but by manipulating schemes over the integers. The advantage of this approach is that one can control the reduction of the surface over all primes. Using these techniques and the computations from Chapter 3 we describe families of surfaces with an order 5 Brauer-Manin obstruction to the integral Hasse principle. These stand out against previously published examples, since these were all of lower order.
Monsters on the Move: Gravitational Recoil of Supermassive Black Holes in Nearby Elliptical Galaxies

It has long been assumed that Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) reside at the centers of their host galaxies, but is this really true? A galaxy merger is expected to lead to the formation of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) binary, which can shrink through dynamical processes until it eventually coalesces through the emission of gravitational waves. Numerical relativity simulations show that, depending on the initial spin-orbit configuration of the binary, the merged SMBH receives a gravitational recoil kick that may reach several 1000 km s−1. The kick causes the merged SMBH to oscillate for up to ∼ 1 Gyr in the gravitational potential well of the galaxy, during which, the recoiling SMBH may be observed as a ‘displaced’ AGN. Displacements ∼ 10-100pc may be expected even in nearby elliptical galaxies and can be measured as spatial offsets in high resolution optical/infrared images. In this dissertation, I present the results of a study of ∼100 nearby elliptical galaxies, that host AGN, using Hubble Space Telescope archival and new optical/infrared images, to analyze spatial offsets between the photocenter and AGN position. Evidence for significant spatial offsets has been found in about 20% of the sample of which six are considered to be robust displacements (∼5 40pc). Three other galaxies display a dual nucleus structure. These results are discussed in the context of the gravitational recoil hypothesis and alternative displacement mechanisms, including acceleration by radio jets, are considered. A second study described in this dissertation focusses on the luminous quasar E1821+643 which has previously been identified as an SMBH recoil candidate based on the large Doppler shifts of emission lines attributed to the retained gas. Follow-up spectroastrometry revealed a spatial displacement between the nucleus and the gas emitting the [OIII] lines. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images were used to map the
Comparing ground‐based observations and a large‐eddy simulation of shallow cumuli by isolating the main controlling factors of the mass flux distribution

The distribution of mass flux at the cloud base has long been thought to be independent of large‐scale forcing. However, recent idealized modelling studies have revealed its dependence on some large‐scale conditions. Such dependence makes it possible to isolate the observed large‐scale conditions, which are similar to those in large‐eddy simulations (LES), in order to compare the observed and modelled mass flux distributions. In this study, we derive for the first time the distribution of the cloud‐base mass flux among individual shallow cumuli from ground‐based observations at the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and compare it with the Rain In Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) LES case study. The procedure of cloud sampling in LES mimics the pointwise measurement procedure at the BCO to provide a mass flux metric that is directly comparable with observations. We find a difference between the mass flux distribution observed during the year 2017 at the BCO and the distribution modelled by LES that is comparable to the seasonal changes in the observed distribution. This difference between the observed and modelled distributions is diminished and an extremely good match is found by subsampling the measurements under a similar horizontal wind distribution and area‐averaged surface Bowen ratio to those modelled in LES. This provides confidence in our observational method and shows that LES produces realistic clouds that are comparable to those observed in nature under the same large‐scale conditions. We also confirm that the stronger horizontal winds and higher Bowen ratios in our case study shift the distributions to higher mass flux values, which is coincident with clouds of larger horizontal areas and not with stronger updrafts.
THREE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF STRICT COHERENCE ON INFINITE-VALUED EVENTS

Abstract This article builds on a recent paper coauthored by the present author, H. Hosni and F. Montagna. It is meant to contribute to the logical foundations of probability theory on many-valued events and, specifically, to a deeper understanding of the notion of strict coherence. In particular, we will make use of geometrical, measure-theoretical and logical methods to provide three characterizations of strict coherence on formulas of infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic.
Concise Explanations of Neural Networks using Adversarial Training

We show new connections between adversarial learning and explainability for deep neural networks (DNNs). One form of explanation of the output of a neural network model in terms of its input features, is a vector of feature-attributions. Two desirable characteristics of an attribution-based explanation are: (1) $\textit{sparseness}$: the attributions of irrelevant or weakly relevant features should be negligible, thus resulting in $\textit{concise}$ explanations in terms of the significant features, and (2) $\textit{stability}$: it should not vary significantly within a small local neighborhood of the input. Our first contribution is a theoretical exploration of how these two properties (when using attributions based on Integrated Gradients, or IG) are related to adversarial training, for a class of 1-layer networks (which includes logistic regression models for binary and multi-class classification); for these networks we show that (a) adversarial training using an $\ell_\infty$-bounded adversary produces models with sparse attribution vectors, and (b) natural model-training while encouraging stable explanations (via an extra term in the loss function), is equivalent to adversarial training. Our second contribution is an empirical verification of phenomenon (a), which we show, somewhat surprisingly, occurs $\textit{not only}$ $\textit{in 1-layer networks}$, $\textit{but also DNNs}$ $\textit{trained on }$ $\textit{standard image datasets}$, and extends beyond IG-based attributions, to those based on DeepSHAP: adversarial training with $\ell_\infty$-bounded perturbations yields significantly sparser attribution vectors, with little degradation in performance on natural test data, compared to natural training. Moreover, the sparseness of the attribution vectors is significantly better than that achievable via $\ell_1$-regularized natural training.
Improving the Accuracy of Binarized Neural Networks and Application on Remote Sensing Data

Deep neural networks are well known to achieve outstanding results in many domains. Recently, many researchers have introduced deep neural networks into remote sensing (RS) data processing. However, typical RS data usually possesses enormous scale. Processing RS data with deep neural networks requires a rather demanding computing hardware. Most high-performance deep neural networks are associated with highly complex network structures with many parameters. This restricts their deployment for real-time processing in satellites. Many researchers have attempted overcoming this obstacle by reducing network complexity. One of the promising approaches able to reduce network computational complexity and memory usage dramatically is network binarization. In this letter, through analyzing the learning behavior of binarized neural networks (BNNs), we propose several novel strategies for improving the performance of BNNs. Empirical experiments prove these strategies to be effective in improving BNN performance for image classification tasks on both small- and large-scale data sets. We also test BNN on a remote sense data set with positive results. A detailed discussion and preliminary analysis of the strategies used in the training are provided.
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO TREAT PEPTIC ULCER

Peptic ulcer is considered as one of the most common disord er among gastrointestinal ailments all over the world which is mainly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, abundant use of NSAIDs, excessive alcohol intake and stress etc. Treatment of peptic ulcer with synthetic drugs such as proton pump inhibitors, H 2 receptor antagonists and other non - steroidal a nti - inflammatory drugs reported to have adverse effects, relapses and drug interactions. Medicinal plants containing active phyto - constituents have been proven as useful source in the prevention and treatment of various diseases including gastrointestinal problems . Demands of h erbal medicines are increasing in both developed and developing countries due to growing recognition of natural plants having lesser or no side effects, relatively less toxic, economical and easily available in surrounding place . Therefore , medicinal plants stand out as being exceptional for its ethnic, eth no botanical and ethno pharmaceuti cal use s . In this review an attempt ha s been made to compile some plants which may be used in treatm ent or prevention of peptic ulcers. Thi s article summarizes the antacid , anti - ulcer and gastro protective properties of the mo st commonly available medicinal plants .
Aproveitamento de resíduo agroindustrial de jabuticaba no desenvolvimento de formulação de cookie para a alimentação escolar

A jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) e um fruto muito apreciado e de importância nutricional encontrado principalmente no centro-sul do Brasil. Sua casca e um subproduto descartado nas agroindustrias brasileiras. A grande preocupacao com os impactos ambientais e o elevado indice de perdas e desperdicios leva a necessidade de se criarem meios para o aproveitamento desses residuos. Este estudo teve como objetivo produzir farinha com casca de jabuticaba, desenvolver biscoito tipo cookie - enriquecido com a farinha de casca de jabuticaba em substituicao da farinha de trigo e farinha de aveia, analisar os aspectos tecnologicos tanto da farinha quanto dos cookies elaborados a partir de modelos matematicos e analisar os aspectos quimicos e funcionais tanto da farinha quanto dos cookies elaborados. Foram realizadas analises fisicas, quimicas, microbiologicas e tecnologicas na farinha de casca de jabuticaba e nos cookies, conforme metodologias oficiais. Todos os modelos de regressao dos cookies com casca de jabuticaba foram significativos. A atividade de agua de todas as formulacoes encontrou-se abaixo do limite recomendado para o desenvolvimento de microrganismos. Cookies com maiores proporcoes de farinha de casca de jabuticaba possuiram espessuras menores que formulacoes com maiores proporcoes de farinha de aveia e farinha de trigo. Alem disso, absorveram mais agua, apresentaram menores valores de forca de ruptura e possuiam diminuicao nos parâmetros de cor (L*, a* e b*). Cookies produzidos com fracoes de farinha de aveia maiores apresentaram menores valores de volume especifico. Formulacoes com maiores percentuais de farinha de casca de jabuticaba e farinha de trigo foram mais soluveis em agua. Tanto o cookie padrao e o cookie com farinha de casca de jabuticaba, selecionado a partir do teste de desejabilidade, foram aceitos entre criancas de 9 a 14 anos. Incorporar farinha de casca de jabuticaba em cookie, aumenta os beneficios a saude, visto que, esta possui atividade antioxidante e fibras alimentars. Faz-se necessario mais estudos de aplicacao de farinha de casca de jabuticaba em produtos alimenticios, uma vez que foram verificadas fibras alimentares e compostos bioativos na farinha de casca de jabuticaba e nos cookies que foram desenvolvidos neste estudo.
ROLE OF SHATAVARI IN MANAGEMENT OF EARLY OSTEOARTHRITIS.

Heidari et al (21) and Goula et al (22) found that a significant percentage of men and women who were vitamin D deficient had an increased prevalence of hip and knee arthritis based on radiologic assessment. It has been shown that patients with OA have decreased vitamin D serum levels . In our study, calcium levels are significantly decreased in Osteoarthritis, whereas alkaline phosphatase levels are significantly increased as compared to control subjects. findings with Van Staa et al Manrique F et al studies which has reported that the concentrations of serum calcium and phosphorus are usually reduced, and serum ALP activity was elevated in Osteoarthritis. (23), (24) Singla et (25) studied importance of Asparagus racemosus, having numerous activities such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, angina, dysmenorrhea, anxiety disorders, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), leucorrhoea and urinary tract infections. This plant possesses a wide range of secondary metabolites inclusive of steroids, alkaloids, dihydrophenanthrene derivatives, flavonoids, furan derivatives and essential oils. Information from the literature suggests that, the major constituents of A. racemosus are steroidal saponins which are mainly responsible for different biological activities of A. racemosus. They found the vitamin C, A ,E, K along with high Calcium levels in Root (mg/kg) (961.0±0.6 to 2115.0±3.2) & in Leaves (mg/mg) (1346.0±0.3 to 6153.0±1.6).