Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urinary Retention: Benefit of Gradual Bladder Decompression - Myth or Truth? A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: Urinary retention is a common emergency requiring immediate catheterization. Gradual decompression (GD) of the extended bladder is believed to minimize the risk of complications such as bleeding or circulatory collapse, but to date it has not been compared with rapid decompression (RD) in controlled trials. Materials and Methods: Male patients presenting with urinary retention (n = 294) were randomized to rapid or gradual catheterization. For the latter, the transurethral catheter was clamped for 5 min after every 200-ml outflow until the bladder was completely empty. Patients were monitored for at least 30 min thereafter with regular checks of vital signs and presence of macroscopic hematuria. Results: Of 294 patients, 142 (48.3%) were randomized to the GD and 152 (51.7%) to the RD group. Both groups showed no statistically significant difference with regard to age, anticoagulation treatment, catheter size and material, or volume retained. Hematuria occurred in 16 (11.3%) of the GD and 16 (10.5%) of the RD group; 6 patients in the former and 4 in the latter required further treatment. No circulatory collapse occurred. We noted a decrease in the previously raised blood pressure and heart rate in both groups, although without clinical significance. Conclusion: In this first randomized trial, no statistically significant difference was noted between gradual and rapid emptying of the bladder for urinary retention. Gradual emptying did not reduce the risk of hematuria or circulatory collapse. Therefore, there is no need to prefer gradual over rapid emptying, which is both easy and safe.
Microsoft Word-79792339-file00

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (J.Y., L.D, L.H, W.Q.), National Institution for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, China (S.J.), and Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Lianyungang, China (X.S, Z.W, W.X.) DMD Fast Forward. Published on December 29, 2010 as doi:10.1124/dmd.110. 037044
MODELING SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY WITH DEPENDENCY PARSING

A generative incremental dependency parser enhanced with sequence encodings from a large language model was used to calculate a syntactic surprisal measure in order to analyze the ambiguity present when listening to an audiobook. This metric was correlated with BOLD fMRI signal, confirming the hypothesis that derivations with low predicted probability require greater effort to understand. This surprisal metric was validated at various levels of parallel processing, providing evidence that increasing the level of parallelism creates a significantly better predictor for the data, up to a threshold which includes most viable derivations. The brain regions associated with increased activation for higher levels of parallelism across English and Chinese were identified as bilateral superior temporal gyrus activations.
Rheologic changes of hypothermic preserved red blood cells

To improve the survival of severely bleeding trauma patients, a damage control resuscitation strategy has been recommended. This strategy includes the early infusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), platelets and RBCs in a 1:1:1 unit ratio to control the bleeding and favor survival of these patients. Although lower FFP to RBC ratios have been linked to higher rates of mortality, these high ratios have been associated with adverse outcomes as well. The formation of RBC aggregates in regions with low shear rate could play a key role in these findings. Administration of FFP and thus fibrinogen is essential for coagulation. Yet, fibrinogen also promotes RBC aggregation. Although physiological levels of RBC aggregation support the hemostasis, promotion of aggregation could be disadvantageous in patients in which the RBC rheology is already compromised, as was observed in certain trauma states. Notably, enhanced RBC aggregation may hinder tissue perfusion and contribute to the occlusion of micro-vessels. We consider that RBC aggregation could play an important role in damage control resuscitation of severely injured trauma patients.
Effects of irrigation on precipitation in the arid regions of Xinjiang, China

Soil moisture is an important parameter for the interaction between soil and atmosphere. It is the sec- ond important factor that influences climate change, next to sea surface temperature (SST). Most previous studies focused on the monsoon regions in East China, and only a few laid emphases on arid environments. In Xinjiang, which is located in Northwest China, the climate is typically arid and semi-arid. During the past 20 years, the pre- cipitation in Xinjiang has shown a significant increasing trend, and it is closely related to oasis irrigation. This paper aims at discussing whether abnormal soil moisture in spring can be the signal to forecast summer precipitation. The effects of abnormal soil moisture due to farm irrigation in spring in arid environments on regional climate are inves- tigated by using a regional climate model (RegCM3). The results indicate that positive soil moisture anomaly in irrigated cropland surface in May led to an increase in precipitation in spring as well as across the whole summer. The impact could last for about four months. The effects of soil moisture on the surface air temperature showed a time-lagging trend. The summer air temperature declined by a maximum amplitude of 0.8oC. The increased soil moisture could enhance evaporation and ascending motion in the low troposphere, which brought in more precipi- tation. The soil moisture affected regional weather and climate mainly by altering the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.
summaRy anD GeneRal DIsCussIon

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Education , Economic Growth and Measured Income Inquality ∗

In this paper education simultaneously affects growth and income inequality. More education does not necessarily decrease inequality when the latter is assessed by the Lorenz dominance criterion. Increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality, when measured by the Gini coefficient. There is no clear functional relationship between growth and measured income inequality. The model identifies regimes of this relationship which depend crucially on the production and schooling technology. Conventional growth regressions with human capital and inequality as regressors may miss the richness of the underlying nonlinearities, but viewed as approximations may still provide important information on the nonlinear relationship between growth and education.
Evaluation of trunk injections for control of emerald ash borer

In 2003, we evaluated trunk injections of imidacloprid for control of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (EAB). Results were variable and indicated that efficacy could be affected by injection timing and method and by tree size and vigor. In 2004, we continued studies to assess the optimal timing for imidacloprid trunk injections and the persistence and translocation of imidacloprid in ash trees.
Humans Forgo Reward to Instill Fairness into AI

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of our daily lives, assisting us with decision making. During such interactions, AI algorithms often use human behavior as training input. Therefore, it is important to understand whether people change their behavior when they train AI and if they continue to do so when training does not benefit them. In this work, we conduct behavioral experiments in the context of the ultimatum game to answer these questions. In our version of this game, participants were asked to decide whether to accept or reject proposals of monetary splits made by either other human participants or AI. Some participants were informed that their choices would be used to train AI, while others did not receive this information. In the first experiment, we found that participants were willing to sacrifice personal earnings to train AI to be fair as they became less inclined to accept unfair offers. The second experiment replicated and expanded upon this finding, revealing that participants were motivated to train AI even if they would never encounter it in the future. These findings demonstrate that humans are willing to incur costs to change AI algorithms. Moreover, they suggest that human behavior during AI training does not necessarily align with baseline preferences. This observation poses a challenge for AI development, revealing that it is important for AI algorithms to account for their influence on behavior when recommending choices.
HSVC: T RANSFORMER - BASED H IERARCHICAL D IS - TILLATION FOR S OFTWARE V ULNERABILITY C LASSI - FICATION

Software vulnerabilities have diverse characteristics, attacks, and impacts on software systems, stakeholders, and organizations. Such diverse characteristics of vulnerabilities (i.e., CWE-IDs) often lead to more difficulty in handling the label distributions for a Deep Learning model (e.g., addressing a highly imbalanced multi-class classification problem). However, existing vulnerability detection approaches often treat vulnerabilities equally—which does not reflect reality. In this paper, we present a new approach to solving the highly imbalanced software vulnerability classification (SVC) problem by leveraging the hierarchical structure of CWE-IDs and knowledge distillation. Specifically, we split a complex label distribution into sub-distributions based on CWE abstract types (i.e., categorizations that group similar CWE-IDs), so similar CWE-IDs can be grouped and each group will have a more balanced label distribution. We learn TextCNN teachers on each of the simplified distributions respectively, however, they only perform well in their group. Thus, we build a transformer student model to generalize the performance of TextCNN teachers through our hierarchical knowledge distillation framework. We compare our approach with source code transformer models as well as long-tailed learning approaches proposed in the vision domain. Through an extensive evaluation using the real-world 8,636 vulnerabilities, our approach outperforms all of the baselines by 1.97%-13.89%. Our framework can be applied to any transformer-based SVC such as CodeBERT, GraphCodeBERT, and CodeGPT, with slight modifications. Training code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/HSVC-TEAM/HSVC.
The human language system does not support music processing

Language and music are two human-unique capacities whose relationship remains debated. Some argue for overlap in processing mechanisms, especially for structure processing, but others fail to find overlap. Using fMRI, we examined the responses of language brain regions to diverse music stimuli, and also probed the musical abilities of individuals with severe aphasia. Across four experiments, we obtained a clear answer: music does not recruit nor requires the language system. The language regions’ responses to music are generally low and never exceed responses elicited by non-music auditory conditions, like animal sounds. Further, the language regions are not sensitive to music structure: they show low responses to both intact and scrambled music, and to melodies with vs. without structural violations. Finally, individuals with aphasia who cannot judge sentence grammaticality perform well on melody well-formedness judgments. Thus the mechanisms that process structure in language do not appear to support music processing.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adult Qatari population according to the revised criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), assess which component contributed to the increased risk of the metabolic syndrome, and identify the characteristics of the subjects with metabolic syndrome. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING The survey was carried out in urban and semiurban primary health-care centers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The survey was conducted from January, 2007, to July, 2008, among Qatari nationals above 20 years of age. Of the 1496 subjects who were approached to participate in the study, 1204 (80.5%) gave their consent. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire followed by laboratory tests. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the NCEP ATP III as well as IDF criteria. RESULTS The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in studied subjects was 26.5% and 33.7% according to ATP III and IDF criteria (P < 0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome by ATP III and IDF increased with age and body mass index (BMI), whereas it decreased with higher education and physical activity. Also, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was more common in women. Among the components of metabolic syndrome, central obesity was significantly higher in the studied subjects. The IDF definition of metabolic syndrome gave a higher prevalence in all age groups. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components according to IDF criteria was higher in the studied subjects than the estimates given by the ATP III. Multivariate logistics regression analysis (ATP III and IDF) showed that age and BMI were significant contributors for metabolic syndrome. Both definitions strongly supported age and obesity as associated factors for metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The current study found a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Qataris. There was a steady increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome through the decades, independent of the definition. Age and BMI were important significant predictors for metabolic syndrome.
Splay top trees and 2-edge connectivity

The main goal of this thesis is to consider data structures and algorithms for dynamic graph problems using splay top trees as the central data structure. This is done through the theory of splay trees, splay top trees and a dynamic 2-edge connectivity algorithm, which are considered in detail. An amortized analysis of splay trees is provided to gain insight into concepts reused for splay top trees. The correctness and amortized runtime of splay top trees are then considered, with the addition of user-defined operations skipped in the publication of splay top trees. The user-defined operations are heavily used in the applications of top trees and are mentioned in the original paper on top trees. The 2-edge connectivity algorithm uses top trees as a black box. Thus, no modifications were required directly in the algorithm but relied on reintroducing user-defined operations in splay top trees. The Splay top tree data structure was implemented and verified using an incremental minimum spanning trees algorithm compared to the static Kruskal algorithm. Finally, 2-edge connectivity was implemented and verified against a static algorithm and the theoretical results through experiments. The experiments suggested that the modified analysis of splay top trees is correct. An experimental comparison of two different implementations behaved differently than expected, as the advanced version showed no improvements even though it was conjectured as a significant speed-up.
Organic in Europe - Prospects and Developments

In 2016/2017 the European organic food and farming sector continued to excel both in terms of organic production and market growth as well as the latest developments in European Union (EU) food and farming policy. Data for 2016 shows the European organic food market recording significant growth – increasing by 11.4 percent (EU: 12.0 percent). At the same time, the organic sector faces a number of challenges, notably that the growth rates in organic production continue to lag behind the dynamic growth seen within the organic food market. In the public policy arena at the EU level, there are some opportunities for the organic sector to capitalise on the growing awareness and interest in tackling sustainability concerns in the agri-food sector amongst policymakers, but there are also challenges. These prospects and developments for organic in Europe are explored in this chapter.
Variation in root morphology of epiphytic orchids along small-scale and large-scale moisture gradients

Root morphology is expected to respond to environmental conditions. Two earlier studies reported predictable changes in the structure of the velamen radicum (common in monocotyledons) along rainfall gradients, which was expected from its assumed role in plant-water-relations. The present study expanded on this idea by analysing nine root traits that can be linked to root function, including velamen structure, along two moisture gradients of different spatial scales: 1) along the vertical gradient of a lowland forest in central Panama and 2) along a strong regional rainfall gradient in western Panama. All studied traits ( e.g. velamen width, number of xylem poles, lignification of the exodermis) of the 45 orchid species showed substantial intraspecific and interspecific variation, but none of this (within forest) or very little of this (regional gradient) was related to the gradients. Only the community weighted means of velamen width, stele width and xylem pole number varied significantly with rainfall, with substantial effect sizes only found in the latter two traits. Our results clearly disagree with those of earlier publications, which did not include species abundance and/or rigorous statistics in their analyses. This discrepancy highlights that our understanding of the link between velamen form and function is still rudimentary.
Temporal Variation in Completed Suicide

Abstract : The predictability of self-destructive behavior was investigated by analyzing the dates of occurrence for a sample of 542 completed suicides on four temporal variables: season, month, day-of-the-week, and national holidays. The sample of Navy male enlisted personnel was drawn from computerized medical history files. Chi-square analyses revealed no significant differences for any of the four temporal variables. The present study indicates that temporal factors should be evaluated for their particular significance in each case without assumptions concerning population trends.
Pension reform - issues and prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) schemes

The previous decade has been one of pension reform throughout the world. In high income countries, the driving force has been the threat that current systems will become unaffordable in coming decades, with demographic developments presenting a major risk. In another setting, countries in the process of transition from a command, to a market economy are confronted with the challenge of introducing a public pension system that will provide social security in old age, but that also supports the fundamentals of a market economy. In the latter sense, it is important to examine carefully the experiences of developed market economies. Even in these countries, the driving force behind reform is demographic change and affordability. In a third setting, middle and lower-middle income countries are faced with the question of what system will best serve the interests of their specific country goals for the future. In all of these settings "NDC"-non-financial defined contribution-pension schemes have been on the agenda in discussions of possible options. Sweden is one of the few countries to have implemented an NDC scheme in the 1990s, when NDC came into its own as a concept, implemented in four European Union (EU) countries (Italy, Latvia, and Poland are the other three). NDC has become a reform option considered by many countries, understandably since most of Europe has a pay-as-you-go tradition, and NDC constitutes a new way to "organize" a mandatory, universal pay-as-you-go pension system. With some experience of NDC schemes implemented, it is felt particularly relevant for Sweden to host a conference devoted to discussing both the conceptual and institutional aspects of NDC. The goal was even more ambitious, however: to contribute to creating a synthesis of current knowledge on this new topic. This book is the realization of that goal. It comprises discussion papers on the status of NDC, its concept and the reform strategies that follow. Papers also discuss the conceptual issues of design and implementation , lessons from countries with NDC contribution schemes, and finalizes on the potential of NDC contribution schemes in other countries' reforms.
Supplemental: A Multi-Scale Model for Coupling Strands with Shear-Dependent Liquid

This document presents supplemental material including an introduction to shear-dependent liquid, the derivation of 1D surface flow, the derivation of the derivatives of volume fraction, the relationship between compressible and incompressible mixtures, the connection between our additional inertia term on the strands with the prior work, the drag coefficient, the complementarity formulation of second-order Coulomb cone, the analytic form of Herschel-Bulkley plastic flow, the gradient and Hessian of the discrete curvatures used in discrete elastic rods, and the derivation of the Jacobian of shear force. Finally, we introduce our method for surface reconstruction and present the physical parameters used in this work.
Ambient neighbourhood noise and children's mental health

Objectives: To investigate the relation between typical ambient noise levels (highway, rail, road) and multiple mental health indices of school children considering psychosocial and biological risk factors as potential moderators. Methods: With a two stage design strategy (representative sample and extreme sample) two cross sectional samples (n=1280; n=123) of primary school children (age 8–11) were studied. Individual exposure to noise at home was linked with two indices of mental health (self reporting by the child on a standard scale and rating by the teacher of classroom adjustment on a standard scale). Noise exposure was modelled firstly according to Austrian guidelines with the aid of a geographical information system and then calibrated and corrected against measurements from 31 locations. Information on potential confounders and risk factors was collected by mothers and controlled in regression modelling through a hierarchical forward stepping procedure. Interaction terms were also analysed to examine subgroups of children at risk—for example, low birth weight and preterm birth. Results: Noise exposure was significantly associated in both samples with classroom adjustment ratings. Child self reported mental health was significantly linked to ambient noise only in children with a history of early biological risk (low birth weight and preterm birth). Conclusions: Exposure to ambient noise was associated with small decrements in children's mental health and poorer classroom behaviour. The correlation between mental health and ambient noise is larger in children with early biological risk.