Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plate tectonic model for the Carboniferous evolution of the New England Fold Belt

The New England Fold Belt forms the easternmost, youngest part of the Tasman Fold Belt System. For much of Late Palaeozoic time, it was a convergent plate margin at the edge of the Australian continent. At present, the New England Fold Belt is separated into the Yarrol Province in the north and the New England Province in the south by Mesozoic sediments of the Moreton‐Clarence Basin near the Queensland‐New South Wales border. In both provinces, parallel belts can be equated with volcanic arc, forearc basin and subduction complex assemblages, and clearly were originally continuous over the entire length of the fold belt. Formulation of a viable tectonic model for the Carboniferous history of the New England Fold Belt has been hampered by the following complicating factors: (1) all pre‐Permian tectonic elements of the Yarrol Province are displaced at least 200 km eastwards relative to their equivalents in the New England Province; (2) forearc basin and subduction complex assemblages are repeated across the .
The Mechanics of Frost Heaving

The old theory that frost heaving is due to change in volume of water frozen was based on experiments with closed systems. Field observations and recent experiments indicate that soils, when subjected to freezing under normal conditions, usually behave as open systems. When the freezing of saturated soils results in little or no heaving, part of the water is forced through the soil voids below the zone of freezing, compressing or expelling air. Excessive heaving results when water is pulled through the soil to build up layers of segregated ice. These ice layers grow in thickness because water molecules are pulled into the thin film that separates the growing ice crystals from underlying soil particles. Since heavy surface loads may be heaved and much force is required to pull water through impervious clay, the water is put under high tension. Heaving is limited by the tensile stress that may be developed in the water and by downward growth of ice crystals in soil voids. These two factors also probably explain the rhythmic banding due to alternating layers of ice and clay. In well-consolidated clays the surface uplift equals the total thickness of the ice layers, the water content of the clay between the ice layers remaining approximately constant; but heaving is continuous and regular instead of intermittent. Clay is soft near the lowest ice layer because much of the water is unfrozen, the hardness increasing higher up where the temperature is lower and freezing has gone on for a longer time. Additional evidence has been obtained by freezing in open systems other liquids than water.
The late Miocene climate of northeastern Africa: unravelling the signals in the sedimentary succession

Examination of the depositional profile of the Miocene/Plio-Pleistocene succession at two locations in the Gulf of Suez and seven locations in the Red Sea leads to the conclusion that the Messinian (Zeit Formation and equivalent) sedimentary rocks were deposited at a rate greater than other units of the Miocene/Plio-Pleistocene in these areas. The Zeit Formation contains a significantly higher clastic content than the underlying South Gharib Formation. These two aspects of the stratigraphy are taken to indicate that the Messinian was a time of high rainfall and high sediment yield rates. This period, named the Zeit Wet Phase, stands in marked contrast to the arid conditions of the preceding Tortonian Stage. The latter stage is represented in the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea area by the halite-bearing South Gharib Formation and its equivalents. Physical evidence for a humid Messinian is provided by five lines of evidence involving four sites around the Red Sea and two sites offshore. It is suggested that the Zeit Wet Phase was marked by high monsoonal activity as demonstrated by drilling sites of the Ocean Drilling Program. It is probable that the wet phase peaked in the late Messinian at the time of the low-stand of the Mediterranean during the Messinian Salinity Crisis.
Tropical Rain Forest and Climate Dynamics of the Atlantic Lowland, Southern Brazil, during the Late Quaternary

Abstract Palynological analysis of a core from the Atlantic rain forest region in Brazil provides unprecedented insight into late Quaternary vegetational and climate dynamics within this southern tropical lowland. The 576-cm-long sediment core is from a former beach-ridge “valley,” located 3 km inland from the Atlantic Ocean. Radio-carbon dates suggest that sediment deposition began prior to 35,000 14C yr B.P. Between ca. 37,500 and ca. 27,500 14C yr B.P. and during the last glacial maximum (LGM; ca. 27,500 to ca. 14,500 14C yr B.P.), the coastal rain forest was replaced by grassland and patches of cold-adapted forest. Tropical trees, such as Alchornea, Moraceae/Urticaceae, and Arecaceae, were almost completely absent during the LGM. Furthermore, their distributions were shifted at least 750 km further north, suggesting a cooling between 3°C and 7°C and a strengthening of Antarctic cold fronts during full-glacial times. A depauperate tropical rain forest developed as part of a successional sequence after ca. 12,300 14C yr B.P. There is no evidence that Araucaria trees occurred in the Atlantic lowland during glacial times. The rain forest was disturbed by marine incursions during the early Holocene period until ca. 6100 14C yr B.P., as indicated by the presence of microforaminifera. A closed Atlantic rain forest then developed at the study site.
Si O No, Que Penses? Catalonian Independence and Linguistic Identity on Social Media

Political identity is often manifested in language variation, but the relationship between the two is still relatively unexplored from a quantitative perspective. This study examines the use of Catalan, a language local to the semi-autonomous region of Catalonia in Spain, on Twitter in discourse related to the 2017 independence referendum. We corroborate prior findings that pro-independence tweets are more likely to include the local language than anti-independence tweets. We also find that Catalan is used more often in referendum-related discourse than in other contexts, contrary to prior findings on language variation. This suggests a strong role for the Catalan language in the expression of Catalonian political identity.
AMMONOID SHELL STRUCTURES OF PRIMARY ORGANIC COMPOSITION

Abstract: Palaeozoic and Mesozoic cephalopod conchs occasionally reveal dark organic coatings at the aperture. A number of these coatings, including still unrecorded examples, are described, figured and interpreted herein. On the basis of elemental analysis, actualistic comparison and a comparison with Triassic bivalves, some of these coatings are shown to consist of apatite and primarily probably of conchiolin (and also probably melanin). In several Mesozoic ammonoid genera such as Paranannites, Psiloceras, Lytoceras, Phylloceras, Harpoceras and Chondroceras, some of these coatings (recorded herein for most of these taxa for the first time) are interpreted as a structure similar to the black band, which was previously known only from Recent Allonautilus and Nautilus. In contrast to these nautilid genera, however, the organic material of some Mesozoic ammonoids was not deposited on the inside of the shell but externally, albeit positioned at the terminal aperture as in Recent nautilids. Some ammonoids of Carboniferous and Triassic age show several such bands at more or less regular angular distances on the ultimate whorls and at the aperture, e.g. Nomismoceras, Gatherites, Owenites, Paranannites, Juvenites and Melagathiceratidae gen. et sp. nov. Triassic material from Oman shows that the black coating was probably secreted from the inside, because the position of this organic deposit changes from interior to exterior in an anterior direction (i.e. adaperturally). This structure has previously been referred to as a ‘false colour pattern’ and is here interpreted as having been formed at an interim aperture or megastria (‘alter Mundrand’). All structures discussed in the paper are considered to have been secreted by a single organ and to have been initiated by some form of stress or adverse conditions. Thus, certain environmental parameters and growth anomalies appear to have influenced their formation.
Cyclic axial loads on piles: Analysis of existing data

A data base is collected to study the behavior of piles in clay under cyclic axial loads generated by ocean waves. The data base includes 9 studies on the cyclic behavior of clay samples in laboratory tests, 10 studies on cyclic model pile load tests in clay, and 16 studies on cyclic full-scale pile load tests in clay of which 4 studies are proprietary. First, general conclusions are drawn from inspection of these studies. Then a power law model is used to quantify the soil stiffness degradation as the number of cycles increases. The parameter for the model is back-figured for each case of the data base and general trends are observed.
ConceptEvo: Interpreting Concept Evolution in Deep Learning Training

We present C ONCEPT E VO , a uniﬁed interpretation framework for deep neural networks (DNNs) that reveals the inception and evolution of learned concepts during training. Our work ﬁlls a critical gap in DNN interpretation research, as existing methods focus on post-hoc interpretation after training. C ONCEPT E VO presents two novel technical contributions: (1) an algorithm that generates a uniﬁed semantic space that enables side-by-side comparison of different models during training; and (2) an algorithm that discovers and quantiﬁes important concept evolutions for class predictions. Through a large-scale human evaluation with 260 participants and quantitative experiments, we show that C ONCEPT E VO discovers evolutions across different models that are meaningful to humans and important for predictions. C ON - CEPT E VO works for both modern (ConvNeXt) and classic DNNs (e.g., VGGs, InceptionV3).
Provenance, diagenesis, tectonic setting, and geochemistry of Hawkesbury Sandstone (Middle Triassic), southern Sydney Basin, Australia

The Hawkesbury Sandstone is an important groundwater reservoir in the southern part of the Sydney Basin, Australia. However, its diagenesis and provenance and its impact in reservoir quality are virtually unknown. The present study aims to reconstruct the parent rock assemblages of the Hawkesbury Sandstone, their tectonic provenance, and the physiographic conditions under which these sediments were deposited. Samples from the EAW 18a and EDEN 115 field representing the Middle Triassic Hawkesbury Sandstone were studied using a combination of petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical techniques. The Hawkesbury Sandstone is yellowish brown in color, siliceous, and partly calcareous; it originated as sands were deposited in fluvial channels. Texturally, Hawkesbury Sandstone is medium- to coarse-grained, mature, and moderately well sorted. Scarcity of feldspars indicates that the rock is extensively recycled from a distant source. Hawkesbury Sandstone has an average framework composition of Q92.07F0. 31R7.62, and 95.9% of the quartz grains are monocrystalline. The Hawkesbury Sandstone is mostly quartz arenites with subordinate sublithic arenites, and bulk-rock geochemistry supports the petrographic results. Petrographic and geochemical data of the sandstones indicate that they were derived from craton interior to quartzose recycled sedimentary rocks and deposited in a passive continental margin of a syn-rift basin. The cratonic Lachlan Orogen is the main source of Hawkesbury Sandstone. The chemical index of alteration, plagioclase index of alteration, and chemical index of weathering values (3.41-87.03) of the Hawkesbury Sandstone indicate low-moderate to high weathering, either of the original source or during transport before deposition, and may reflect low-relief and humid climatic conditions in the source area. Diagenetic features include compaction: kaolinite, silica, mixed-layer clays, siderite, illite, and ankerite cementation with minor iron-oxide, dolomite, chlorite, and calcite cements. Silica dissolution, grain replacement, and carbonate dissolution greatly enhance the petrophysical properties of many sandstone samples.
Inferring Infection Transmission Parameters That Influence Water Treatment Decisions

One charge of the United States Environmental Protection Agency is to study the risk of infection for microbial agents that can be disseminated through drinking water systems, and to recommend water treatment policy to counter that risk. Recently proposed dynamical system models quantify indirect risks due to secondary transmission, in addition to primary infection risk from the water supply considered by standard assessments. Unfortunately, key parameters that influence water treatment policy are unknown, in part because of lack of data and effective inference methods. This paper develops inference methods for those parameters by using stochastic process models to better incorporate infection dynamics into the inference process. Our use of endemic data provides an alternative to waiting for, identifying, and measuring an outbreak. Data both from simulations and from New York City illustrate the approach.
Traditional uses of medicinal plants of Nandiar Khuwarr catchment (District Battagram), Pakistan

An ethno medicinal survey was carried out to collect information regarding the various traditional uses, especially the medicinal plant uses in Nandiar Khuwarr catchment.Floristically the area is placed in Western Himalayan Province. It is located on the western edge of Himalayas, dominated by Sino-Japanese type of vegetation. Aims of the study were to document the medicinal plant resources and their use patterns. A total of 156 taxa were reported as locally used for various medicinal purposes. Majority of the recipes are prepared in the form of decoction from freshly collected plant parts. Mostly a single species were used and mainly taken orally. All of these plants are collected from the wild, 12 of which are reported as scarce locally. They used medicinal plants for asthma, cough, tonic, abdominal pain, expectorant, anthalmintic, carminative, on boils, snakebites, jaundice, diarrhea and dysentery etc. Among 156 medicinal plants 22 were used for curing livestock. Field observation showed that vegetation of the area was generally threatened with the unwise of local communities. The trends like urbanization, deforestation, over grazing, habitat fragmentation, unscientific extraction of natural vegetation, introduction of the exotic taxa and habitat loss were the visible threats. Measures for the conservation of plant resources especially medicinal plants of Nandiar Khuwarr catchment are urgently needed. Key words: Medicinal plant, Nandiar Khuwarr, Himalayas, conservation.
An Integrative Approach to Infer Regulation Programs in a Transcription Regulatory Module Network

The module network method, a special type of Bayesian network algorithms, has been proposed to infer transcription regulatory networks from gene expression data. In this method, a module represents a set of genes, which have similar expression profiles and are regulated by same transcription factors. Compared to standard Bayesian network algorithms, this design significantly reduces the number of parameters to be learned, and consequently leads to more accurate inferences. The process of learning module networks consists of two steps: first clustering genes into modules and then inferring the regulation program (transcription factors) of each module. Many algorithms have been designed to infer the regulation program of a given gene module (i.e., the second step in learning module networks), and these algorithms show very different biases in detecting regulatory relationships. In this work, we explore the possibility of integrating results from different algorithms. The integration methods we select are union, intersection, and weighted rank aggregation. The experiments in a yeast dataset shows that the union and weighted rank aggregation methods produce more accurate predictions than those given by individual algorithms, whereas the intersection method does not yield any improvement in the accuracy of predictions. In addition, somewhat surprisingly, the union method, which has a lower computational cost than rank aggregation, archives comparable results as given by rank aggregation.
Hydrogeological characterization of the onshore Quaternary sediments at Sellafield using the concept of domains

As part of an assessment of the performance of a potential deep repository for intermediate- and some low-level radioactive wastes at Sellafield, numerical models of the regional scale groundwater flow were built. Quaternary sediments play an important role in the flow because they control recharge to the deeper groundwater system. This paper outlines research carried out under the Nirex Quaternary Characterization programme at Sellafield and shows how lithological and structural characterization of the sediments has enabled the development of Quaternary Hydrogeological Domains which have been used in the regional groundwater models. The Quaternary sediments in the Sellafield area are very varied and result from more than one ice advance. Sediments include glaciogenic diamictons, coarse glaciofluvial gravels probably deposited as sandar and silts of probable glaciolacustrine origin. These sediments are locally glacitectonically deformed. Recent alluvial, marine and lacustrine sediments are also present. The lateral extent of many of the sediment bodies is expected to be small, and therefore their complete characterization by the traditional approach of interpolating between measurements in boreholes and at outcrop is likely to be difficult, without an impracticably large number of boreholes. Thus the hydrogeology was characterized on the basis of the geology, supported by a relatively small number of boreholes and hydraulic measurements. Quaternary Geological Domains defined by distinctive landform-sediment associations and structural characteristics were mapped. Distinctive vertical profiles of sediments were identified from subsurface data (e.g. borehole data). This enabled the Geological Domains to be refined to Hydrogeological Domains. The overall performance of the system can be confirmed by reference to detailed field scale measurements in specific areas. The behaviour varies between providing little impediment to recharge to, or discharge from, the underlying strata of the Sherwood Sandstone Group over most of the area, but with local areas where recharge or discharge is considerably impeded. Locally, the Quaternary deposits contribute a significant part of the transmissivity of the regional aquifer. The hydraulic characteristics of individual sediment types are known from laboratory data and limited field data. These data have been integrated and upscaled using analytic calculations based on the lithological profiles recognized in the Hydrogeological Domains. This has enabled the derivation of effective properties, which were used in the regional-scale flow models. The resulting parameter values are consistent with those independently derived from regional aquifer modelling.
Why do People Retweet? Anti-Homophily Wins the Day!

Twitter and other microblogs have rapidly become a significant means by which people communicate with the world and each other in near realtime. There has been a large number of studies surrounding these social media, focusing on areas such as information spread, various centrality measures, topic detection and more. However, one area which has not received much attention is trying to better understand what information is being spread and why it is being spread. This work looks to get a better understanding of what makes people spread information in tweets or microblogs through the use of retweeting. Several retweet behavior models are presented and evaluated on a Twitter data set consisting of over 768,000 tweets gathered from monitoring over 30,000 users for a period of one month. We evaluate the proposed models against each user and show how people use different retweet behavior models. For example, we find that although users in the majority of cases do not retweet information on topics that they themselves Tweet about as or from people who are "like them" (hence anti-homophily), we do find that models which do take homophily, or similarity, into account fits the observed retweet behaviors much better than other more general models which do not take this into account. We further find that, not surprisingly, people's retweeting behavior is better explained through multiple different models rather than one model.
Variational stokes

We propose a novel unsteady Stokes solver for coupled viscous and pressure forces in grid-based liquid animation which yields greater accuracy and visual realism than previously achieved. Modern fluid simulators treat viscosity and pressure in separate solver stages, which reduces accuracy and yields incorrect free surface behavior. Our proposed implicit variational formulation of the Stokes problem leads to a symmetric positive definite linear system that gives properly coupled forces, provides unconditional stability, and treats difficult boundary conditions naturally through simple volume weights. Surface tension and moving solid boundaries are also easily incorporated. Qualitatively, we show that our method recovers the characteristic rope coiling instability of viscous liquids and preserves fine surface details, while previous grid-based schemes do not. Quantitatively, we demonstrate that our method is convergent through grid refinement studies on analytical problems in two dimensions. We conclude by offering practical guidelines for choosing an appropriate viscous solver, based on the scenario to be animated and the computational costs of different methods.
Recruitment patterns in a Mediterranean oak forest: a case study showing the importance of the spatial component

The spatial patterns of recruits in a Mediterranean forest in Southwest Portugal were examined. We aimed to investigate how several environmental and canopy variables contribute to the observed patterns, and how relevant the spatial component is in explaining the variance in the density of recruits. We took a census of every recruit of four dominant woody species (Arbutus unedo, Quercus faginea, Q. suber, and Viburnum tinus), mapping their position inside two forest plots. For a total of 309 recruits, we measured the following variables: soil moisture, slope, canopy density, herbaceous and litter ground cover, overlying species and height, and distance to the nearest adult of the same and different species. Spatial pattern analysis, principal coordinate analysis of neighbor matrices, canonical correspondence analysis, and variance partitioning were performed to detect significant deviations from complete spatial randomness and identify conspecific and interspecific patterns, characterize regeneration niches, and evaluate the importance of the spatial component. Results showed the existence of significant community structure at the recruitment stage. The distance between recruits and the nearest conspecific adult was the main explanatory variable. Light availability, soil moisture, litter accumulation, and the overlying species were also significant factors in explaining the variance in the density of recruits. The best model accounted for 37% of the overall variance in the density of recruits, and most (80%) of the explained variance corresponded to spatially structured variance. This case study shows the importance of the spatial component in understanding the forest regeneration patterns under Mediterranean conditions and will contribute to the implementation of ecologically based management actions to preserve the remaining forest fragments. FOR . S CI. 53(6):645- 652.