Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Micromachined infrared detectors based on pyroelectric thin films

The state of the art of thin-film pyroelectric infrared (IR) detectors is reviewed covering device physics, material performance, micro-fabrication and device examples. Emphasis is given to special issues related to thin films, such as small heat capacities and the substrate influence on the pyroelectric properties. For the latter, an overview of the hitherto reported values is given. Examples of micromachined IR detectors based on pyroelectric thin films are described. The ultimate limit of micromachined thermal IR detectors is estimated for uncooled operation. It is concluded that the best pyroelectric thin films achieved to date are in principle sufficiently good to approach this limit, meaning that the present performance of pyroelectric thin-film focal plane arrays can still be improved by more than a factor of 10. A comparison of the different principles for IR detection shows that pyroelectricity is indeed one of the most competitive principles for uncooled IR detection. The major obstacle hindering quick industrialization is the fabrication complexity.
CFD analysis of environmentally friendly wave mitigation measures in river waterways

The impacts of navigation on the hydromorphological and ecological conditions of rivers are manifold. Most of the relevant effects can be linked to ship‐induced waves, which temporarily alter the prevailing flow conditions. The impacts of waves are usually the highest in the shallower (littoral) zones, where the whole water column is affected by the increased flow velocities. The mitigation of these effects is desired to improve ecological conditions as well as prevent bank erosion processes. In this study, a numerical modeling‐based methodology is presented for the quantitative evaluation of environmentally friendly wave mitigation measures (inspired by already existing examples). The hydrodynamic effects of a timber piling‐type and gravel bar‐type breakwater is analyzed via the modeling framework through a case study in a Hungarian section of the Danube River. In addition, an ecohydraulic case study is presented for the predictive drift risk evaluation of juvenile fish (common nase). The prevailing flow velocities in the near‐bank area were in the limits of the swimming capabilities of the nase, showing the relevance of the impact and the need for its mitigation. The statistical evaluation of the hydrodynamic and ecohydraulic results showed the beneficial effects of the measures in a well‐comparable manner. Additional effects and the current limitations of the methodology are discussed.
Knowledge of Agricultural Extension Agents with Climate Changes Phenomenon, And Their Implementation Level for Extensional Activities Which Related with It in Ninavah Governorate

objectives of this study were to: identify the knowledge of agricultural extension agents in climate changes phenomenon, Identify the relationship between the knowledge of agricultural extension agents and some factor, and Identify the implementation level of agricultural extension agents for extensional activities which related in climate changes phenomenon. Randomly sampling procedure was used in this study, The population consisted of 50% (106 Agricultural extension agents) of the total respondents (212 Agricultural extension agents) in Ninavah governorate. The data collected through questionnaire were analyzed through different statistical techniques. data set included 19 items and were measured for validity and quality by specialist at the Agricultural Extension Department, based on the evaluation process, three of the items were removed, 20 questionnaires were excluded after determining the data consistency (reliability coefficient was 0.82). In this research descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean values and frequency tables was applying to organize and analyze the data. The results show that Majority of them were had agricultural institute. Majority of the respondents were male. level knowledge of agricultural extension agents in climate changes phenomenon is medium with a tendency to low. result show that Educational level and Gender were the factors which significant effective on climate change knowledge of respondents. Also The results showed that the most extension activities carried out by the respondents are (The awareness of negative effects of the use excessive to irrigation water) and (The awareness of Planting drought-tolerant crops). according to previous results recommended It was The agricultural extension must prepare for the new challenges Resulting of climate change through training its staff and raising awareness programs, especially for categories which were their knowledge (middle and low) in field climate change to meet their knowledge needs revealed by the results of the study.
A Third Pond on the Mauna Kea Summit Plateau

Abstract: Few ponds are found in the permeable volcanic landscape of Hawaii. After Hurricane Lane passed close to Hawaii Island in August 2018, causing record rainfalls, a pond temporarily emerged on the Mauna Kea summit plateau that had never been reported before. We characterize the pond using satellite observations and electrical resistivity tomography. The shallow pond is located on glacial till 3,594 m a.s. l. , and was visible for less than 1 week. The geophysical survey, carried out 10 months after the pond's appearance and disappearance, revealed a layer of low electrical resistivity at depths of about 1–3 m below the surface, which, based on laboratory analysis, likely represents a perennial body of water well protected from evaporation. The existence of a third pond, in addition to Lake Waiau and Pu‘upōhaku Pond, in the previously glaciated area suggests perching layers are not uncommon. Montmorillonite, a 3-layer shrink-swell clay that can help to perch water, was identified in the Lake Waiau area. Mineral analysis on surface samples of the third pond did not reveal such a clay mineral.
THE PROPOSED GIANT PLANET ORBITING VB 10 DOES NOT EXIST

We present high-precision relative radial velocities of the very low mass star VB 10 that were obtained over a time span of 0.61 years as part of an ongoing search for planets around stars at the end of the main sequence. The radial velocities were measured from high-resolution near-infrared spectra obtained using the CRIRES instrument on the Very Large Telescope with an ammonia gas cell. The typical internal precision of the measurements is 10 m s−1. These data do not exhibit significant variability and are essentially constant at a level consistent with the measurement uncertainties. Therefore, we do not detect the radial velocity variations of VB 10 expected due to the presence of an orbiting giant planet similar to that recently proposed by Pravdo & Shaklan based on apparent astrometric perturbations. In addition, we do not confirm the ∼1 km s−1 radial velocity variability of the star tentatively detected by Zapatero Osorio and colleagues with lower precision measurements. Our measurements rule out planets with Mp > 3 MJup and the orbital period and inclination suggested by Pravdo & Shaklan at better than 5σ confidence. We conclude that the planet detection claimed by Pravdo & Shaklan is spurious on the basis of this result. Although the outcome of this work is a non-detection, it illustrates the potential of using ammonia cell radial velocities to detect planets around very low mass stars.
Mind the framing when studying social preferences in the domain of losses

There has been an increasing interest in altruistic behaviour in the domain of losses recently. Nevertheless, there is no consensus in whether the monetary losses make individuals more generous or more selfish. Although almost all relevant studies rely on a dictator game to study altruistic behaviour, the experimental designs of these studies differ in how the losses are framed, which may explain the diverging findings. Utilizing a dictator game, this paper studies the impact of loss framing on altruism. The main methodological result is that the dictators’ prosocial behaviour is sensitive to the loss frame they are embedded in. More specifically, in a dictator game in which the dictators have to share a loss between themselves and a recipient, the monetary allocations of the dictators are more benevolent than in a standard setting without a loss and in a dictator game in which the dictators have to share what remains of their endowments after a loss. These differences are explained by the different social norms that the respective loss frames invoke.
Differential rotation of cool active stars: the case of intermediate rotators

In this paper, we present a new method for measuring the surface differential rotation of cool stars with rotation periods of a few days, for which the sparse phase coverage achievable from single-site observations generally prevents the use of more conventional techniques. The basic idea underlying this new analysis is to obtain the surface differential rotation pattern that minimizes the information content of the reconstructed Doppler image through a simultaneous fit of all available data. Simulations demonstrate that the performance of this new method in the case of cool stars is satisfactory for a variety of observing strategies. Differential rotation parameters can be recovered reliably as long as the total data set spans at least 4 per cent of the time for the equator to lap the pole by approximately one complete cycle. We find in particular that these results hold for potentially complex spot distributions (as long as they include a mixture of low- and high-latitude features), and for various stellar inclination angles and rotation velocities. Such measurements can be obtained from either unpolarized or polarized data sets, provided their signal-to-noise ratio is larger than approximately 500 and 5000 per 2 km s−1 spectral bin, respectively. This method should therefore be very useful for investigating differential rotation in a much larger sample of objects than what has been possible up to now, and should hence give us the opportunity of studying how differential rotation reacts to various phenomena operating in stellar convective zones, such as tidal effects or dynamo magnetic field generation.
Association between the Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Vitamin D Status in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which might be related to insulin resistance (IR). We aimed to explore the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a reliable indicator of IR, and VDD in patients with T2DM. Methods: There were 1034 participants with T2DM enrolled in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting triglyceride (TG, mg/dL) × fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)/2). VDD was defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level <50 nmol/L. Results: Correlation analysis showed a negative association between the TyG index and 25(OH)D level. After adjustments for clinical and laboratory parameters, it was revealed that when taking the Q1 quartile of TyG index as a reference, an increasing trend of VDD prevalence was presented in the other three groups divided by TyG index quartiles, where the OR (95% CI) was 1.708 (1.132–2.576) for Q2, 2.041 (1.315–3.169) for Q3, and 2.543 (1.520–4.253) for Q4 (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients with higher TyG index were more likely to have an increased risk of VDD in T2DM population, which may be related to IR.
Numerical Investigation of Hydrothermal Performance of Pinned Plate-Fin Microchannel Heat Sink

Enhancing the hydrothermal performance of plate-fin microchannels heat sink ( PFMCHS ) promises smaller size and lighter weight, and then improve the heat removal in consequently increase the speed of electronic devices. In this numerical study, an innovative hydrothermal design of PFMCHS is suggested by inserting elliptic pins inside microchannels in different; aspect ratio ( AR ) of pin, pin number ratio ( ψ ) in order to optimize the hydrothermal design of this kind of heat sinks. The main objectives of this study are; investigating the effect of pins on the performance of PFMCHS by investigating the best geometry in the pinned-fin MCHS and which is higher, thermal or hydraulic performance of this kind of heat sinks and what is the optimal number of pins numerically and what about the pressure drop penalty in the proposed design, little, modest or high increase. It is seen that the thermal resistance of the pinned fin MCHS is about 50% lower, and pressure drop of it is much higher than that of the ( PFMCHS ) under the condition of equal wind velocity. Maximum mechanical fan power reduction obtained is about 57% for the pinned fin MCHS with ψ = 1 and D h = 1 × 10 -3 m compared to the corresponding original channel heat sink. To show the overall performance of the two parameters; aspect ratio ( AR ), pin number ratio ( ψ ), the overall JF factor is estimated and the concrete findings shows that the best hydrothermal performance is obtained at the greater aspect ratio which is around overall JF = 1.2. In addition, the trend of overall JF is going down with the pin number ratio, starting from 1.2 to 1.15. And the concrete findings show that pinned fin MCHS provides thermal performance of 1.42 times greater than the smooth one under the corresponding conditions when one pin
Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Agricultural Soil, Irrigation Water, and Vegetables in and Nearby the Cupriferous City of Lubumbashi, (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Lubumbashi (DR Congo)—the capital of copper mining—has been considered as one of the richest mining regions of the world for more than a decade. These riches have brought along multiple mining companies responsible for soil, river water and vegetable pollution, as in many African cities. The aim of the present study was to quantify and evaluate the pollution levels and the potential sources of soil, irrigation water and vegetable contamination by the metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Co and Zn in the urban gardens of Lubumbashi (DR Congo). The contamination, pollution and enrichment levels of the gardens were determined based on different indices in order to rank the soils. The results show that soils, waters and vegetables present contamination levels that represent a serious concern for human health. All soils presented contamination indices ranging from low (72% of the soils) to very high (3.4% of the soils) metal (copper, lead, zinc) contamination. The Cu and Cd contents varied between 1355 mg/kg et 236 mg/kg, much higher than the World Health Organisation (WHO) thresholds (100 mg/kg for Cu and 2 mg/kg for Cd). Moreover, the water used for crop and garden irrigation presented high Pb (57% of the waters), Fe (52%), Cu (19%) and Cd (10%) contamination levels, above the Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR) U4441 toxicity thresholds (2 mg/kg for Cu; 0.1 mg/kg for Fe and 0.01 mg/kg for Pb) for crop irrigation. Finally, the vegetables produced in these gardens and sold in the local markets had very high metal content (47% contained Cu; 100% contained copper and cobalt) above the WHO standard (10 mg/kg for Cu, 2 mg/kg for Cd and 1 mg/kg for Co) for human consumption. In the face of these issues, it would be preferable to consider cheaper, more sustainable techniques that reduce soil-to-plant metal transfer.
Diophantine analysis and torsion on elliptic curves

In a recent paper of Bennett and the author, it was shown that the elliptic curve defined by y2 = x3 + Ax + B, where A and B are integers, has no rational points of finite order if A is sufficiently large relative to B (at least if one assumes the abc Conjecture of Masser and Oesterlé). In the present article we show, perhaps surprisingly, that the rational torsion on the above curve is also quite restricted if B is sufficiently large relative to A. In particular, we demonstrate that for any ε > 0 there is a constant cε such that if A and B are integers satisfying |B| > cε |A|6+ε, then the elliptic curve defined above has no rational torsion points, other than a possible point of order 2 (again making use of the abc Conjecture in some cases). We then extend this by proving similar results for elliptic curves admitting non‐trivial ℚ‐isogenies, elliptic curves written in other forms, and elliptic curves over certain number fields. Curiously, the results on isogenies lead to two unexpected irrationality measures for certain algebraic numbers.
Buried wood effects on macronutrient supply and microbial activity and metabolic potential in different oil sands reclamation soils in northern Alberta

Abstract Buried wood is an important yet understudied component of natural and anthropogenic soils. Nutrient immobilization as a response to wood addition during oil sands' reclamation may be a concern since surface wood is salvaged with the soil, thereby becoming buried wood in reclamation cover soils. This project investigated the impact of buried wood on macronutrient supply and microbial communities in different reclamation soils. A 60-day incubation was performed with different rates and types of wood (0%–50%, aspen and pine) and four different soils: fine and coarse forest floor-mineral mix (fFFMM and cFFMM), peat-mineral mix (PMM), and peat. Analysis of macronutrient supply rates using Plant Root Simulator (PRS™) probes and a community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) to assess metabolic potential was performed at the end of the incubation period; microbial activity was measured through soil respiration during the incubation. Responses varied by soil type; however, buried wood caused nitrogen immobilization in three soils due to an increase in the C:N ratio. Soils with lower C:N ratios like fFFMM and PMM were more susceptible to immobilization with a decrease in available nitrogen by up to 95% at a 10% of wood addition. Phosphorus immobilization was observed in cFFMM, and potassium supply increased at 20% of wood and above. Soil microbial activity and metabolic potential increased but no significant changes in the soil profiles were observed. The findings of this study demonstrate that buried wood increases the soil C:N ratio and can potentially cause nitrogen immobilization when added by 10% of volume or more.
Dialect evidence for the loss of genitive inflection in English

In an article published in the first issue of English Language and Linguistics, Cynthia Allen (1997) discusses the loss of case-marking distinctions in English, arguing that the process of case loss was much more gradual than has often been assumed and thus presenting evidence against the 'creolization' hypothesis put forward by Domingue (1977), Bailey & Maroldt (1977), Poussa (1982), and Milroy (1984). According to the creolization hypothesis many of the rapid changes that took place in Middle English are typical of language contact situations that lead to creolization. Against the creolization hypothesis, Allen (1997: 64) argues that 'although language contact probably accelerated the reduction of case marking, the changes proceeded in too orderly a fashion to be the result of any sort of creolization process which involved the rapid stripping away of inflections, a characteristic of indisputable Creoles'. The main body of Allen's article consists of a detailed analysis of the reduction in the number of inflectional classes and case syncretism in a number of early Middle English documents, with emphasis on case-marking in the nominative, accusative, and dative. In her conclusion Allen, however, discusses the supposed universal retention of the genitive inflection in English dialects in a manner that deserves a comment. She refers to work in Creole language typology, and argues that 'while genitive pronouns are found in some Creoles, I am not aware that any Creole has a possessive case for nouns' (1997: 86). She argues further that 'there is not a shred of evidence that the genitive inflection was ever endangered in any dialect' (1997: 86-7, my emphasis), and that this 'particularly striking noncreole feature of ME' offers strong evidence against the creolization hypothesis. In the light of Allen's categorical statement about the retention of the genitive inflection in English dialects, it is interesting to look at data from the Survey of English Dialects (SED) (Orton et al., 1962-71). The Linguistic Atlas of England (LAE) offers a good point of entry to the SED data. LAE maps M65 and M66 deal with the loss of the genitive inflection in English dialects. LAE map M65 (figure 1) displays the geographical distribution of the loss of the genitive inflection in the answers to the SED questionnaire item IX.8. 6 (If these boots belong to your father, then you could say: These are my . . . father's boots). The map indicates that the
Hypoxia and Intestinal Inflammation: Common Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways

The gastrointestinal tract (GI) has a unique oxygenation profile. It should be noted that the state of hypoxia can be characteristic of both normal and pathological conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) play a key role in mediating the response to hypoxia, and they are tightly regulated by a group of enzymes called HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHD). In this review, we discuss the involvement of inflammation hypoxia and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and elaborate in detail on the role of HIF in multiple immune reactions during intestinal inflammation. We emphasize the critical influence of tissue microenvironment and highlight the existence of overlapping functions and immune responses mediated by the same molecular mechanisms. Finally, we also provide an update on the development of corresponding therapeutic approaches that would be useful for treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease.
The initial motion of a gas bubble formed in an inviscid liquid Part 1. The two-dimensional bubble

The paper deals with the initial motion of a two-dimensional bubble starting from rest in the form of a cylinder with its axis horizontal. The theory is based on the assumptions of irrotational motion in the liquid round the bubble, constant pressure within the bubble, and small displacements from the cylindrical form. This theory predicts that the bubble should rise with the acceleration of gravity, over a distance of at least the initial bubble radius, and that a tongue of liquid should be projected up from the base of the bubble into its interior. These predictions are confirmed by experiments which also show how the vorticity necessary for steady motion in the spherical-cap form is generated by the detachment of two small bubbles from the back of the main bubble.
The Double-Edged Sword of Foreign Direct Investment on Domestic Terrorism

This paper studies the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic terrorism. Using a cross-national, time-series analysis of 114 countries from 1991–2017, and employing structural equation modeling to test a number of mediating factors, we find that the impact of FDI on domestic terrorism depends on the host state’s level of economic development. For host countries at higher-income levels, FDI boosts economic development and global integration promoting prosperity, increasing counterterrorism resources, and reducing the economic grievances that foster terrorism. Conversely, for lower-income host countries, increased FDI fuels higher domestic terrorism, as it intensifies clashes between traditional and modern elements within society, raises economic discrimination, heightens perceptions of economic insecurity, and subsequently leads to grievances directed against the state. Our results indicate a curvilinear relationship between FDI inflows and domestic terrorism, suggesting that FDI produces a double-edged sword between promoting economic development and increasing domestic terrorism in host states.