Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supertagging with CCG primitives

In CCG and other highly lexicalized grammars, supertagging a sentence’s words with their lexical categories is a critical step for efficient parsing. Because of the high degree of lexicalization in these grammars, the lexical categories can be very complex. Existing approaches to supervised CCG supertagging treat the categories as atomic units, even when the categories are not simple; when they encounter words with categories unseen during training, their guesses are accordingly unsophisticated. In this paper, we make use of the primitives and operators that constitute the lexical categories of categorial grammars. Instead of opaque labels, we treat lexical categories themselves as linear sequences. We present an LSTM-based model that replaces standard word-level classification with prediction of a sequence of primitives, similarly to LSTM decoders. Our model obtains state-of-the-art word accuracy for single-task English CCG supertagging, increases parser coverage and F1, and is able to produce novel categories. Analysis shows a synergistic effect between this decomposed view and incorporation of prediction history.
Review of the specific measures for support of the autochthonous breeds in Bulgaria.

The measures for support of 22 autochthonous breeds in Bulgaria are reviewed. It isconcluded, that as a whole the support is more effective in the mountainous andsemi-mountainous regions, where the opportunities for alternative agriculture aresmaller. The numerous funding prerequisites and administrative formalities are someof the main obstacles to the inclusion of more farmers in the support programmes,and a hurdle to the change of the population trends in positive direction. A seriousrestriction is the requirement for pastures for herbivorous animals in the planeregions with intensive agriculture. In conclusion it is mentioned that the support forpreservation of the local autochthonous breeds should be bound only withrequirements for retaining the number of the animals and their rearing in traditionalfor the breed conditions.
Change in Biochemical Composition During Development of Snow Crab, Chionoecetes opilio, Embryos

Abstract Adult oveigerous female snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, were obtained approximately bimonthly from the eastern Bering Sea for embryonic sampling and biometric information. Biochemical analysis of embryo samples included determination of moisture, ash, total lipid, protein content, fatty acid profile, and lipid profile. Moisture increased as the embryos matured. Protein content remained unchanged, ash content increased, and lipid content decreased on a dry weight basis coincident with embryonic development indicating that lipids were the main energy source of developing embryos. The utilization of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid categories during development was similar but individual fatty acids within each category varied considerably. Over 75% of the C14:0, C18:4(n-3), and C20:1(n-11) fatty acids were consumed during the embryonic development from nauplius to pre-hatch while C22:5(n-3), C20:5(n-3), and C18:1(n-9)cis fatty acids were utilized at 49%, 57%, and 48% respectively. Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, C22:6(n-3), was among the least utilized fatty acid at 36%. Forward stepwise general discriminant analysis of fatty acid profiles indicated that determination of fatty acid profiles could be used to distinguish between embryos at the nauplius stage and the prehatching stage of development but not among embryos at intermediate stages. Triacylglycerides provided the energy source during development. This research highlights the potential nutrient requirements critical to early life-history development of Bering Sea snow crabs.
Evaluating Compositionality of Sentence Representation Models

We evaluate the compositionality of general-purpose sentence encoders by proposing two different metrics to quantify compositional understanding capability of sentence encoders. We introduce a novel metric, Polarity Sensitivity Scoring (PSS), which utilizes sentiment perturbations as a proxy for measuring compositionality. We then compare results from PSS with those obtained via our proposed extension of a metric called Tree Reconstruction Error (TRE) (CITATION) where compositionality is evaluated by measuring how well a true representation producing model can be approximated by a model that explicitly combines representations of its primitives.
Factors Affecting Seed Germination of Cadillo (Urena lobata)

Abstract Cadillo is an invasive species commonly found in pastures, rangelands, and disturbed areas. It is becoming a significant problem weed in Florida pastures and natural areas. The objectives of this research were to determine effective techniques to break seed dormancy and the effect of light, temperature, pH, water stress, and depth of seed burial on Cadillo germination. Cadillo seeds had significant levels of innate dormancy imposed by a hard seed coat; chemical scarification was the most effective technique for removing dormancy. Seeds germinated from 15 to 40 C, with an optimal temperature of 28 C. Germination was unaffected by pH levels. Water stress below −0.2 MPa reduced seed germination. Cadillo germination was not light-dependent and seeds emerged from depths up to 9 cm, with the greatest occurring emergence near the soil surface. Considering that Cadillo seed can germinate under a wide range of environmental conditions, it is not surprising that it has become a serious invasive weed in Florida. Nomenclature: Cadillo, Urena lobata L. URLO
Contrasting demographic histories of two species in the lichen-forming fungal genus Xanthomendoza (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota)

Abstract While the distribution and ranges of arctic plants were greatly affected by the advance and retreat of ice sheets, the impact of glacial and interglacial cycles on lichenized fungi remains largely unexplored. In this study we examine the impact of Pleistocene climatic changes on two closely related Xanthomendoza (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) species with distinct distribution patterns and reproductive strategies. We selected X. borealis, which occurs in polar regions of both hemispheres, and the corticolous X. montana, which is restricted to montane shrublands in western North America. We analyzed the complete nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) to confirm the monophyly and relative ages of X. borealis and X. montana. We estimated molecular diversity and population demographics statistics, mismatch distributions, and Bayesian skyline plots for both species. Our data indicate that X. montana experienced a Late Pleistocene population expansion. We suggest that major shifts in vegetation types as a result of Pleistocene climate change had a substantial impact on distribution patterns and the demographic history of X. montana. In contrast, results from this study indicate that the demographic history of X. borealis is consistent with long-term stability, although low genetic variability in the ITS marker for X. borealis limits overall confidence in this inference. We propose that X. borealis has been able to maintain a stable population size across climatic shifts, likely through effective dispersal to suitable habitats and suggests that climatic conditions during Pleistocene glacial cycles were not inherently unfavorable or restrictive for some high altitude/latitude lichen-forming fungal species. Investigating mating systems for these two Xanthomendoza species may provide important insights about the factors affecting population demographics and reproduction in lichen-forming fungi in general.
The relevance of preserving temporary ponds during drought: hydrological and vegetation changes over a 16‐year period in the Doñana National Park (south‐west Spain)

1.Although the Donana National Park is given the highest degree of environmental protection in Spain, it is likely that groundwater discharge to several ponds within the Biological Reserve has been damaged by abstraction to a tourist resort located less than 1 km away. 2.Hydrological changes were monitored over 16 years (1 October 1989 to 30 September 2005) by recording the shallow water table of six temporary ponds at 1–8-week intervals, and the duration of pond wet phase (or hydroperiod) during each hydrological cycle. 3.The average rainfall for the study period was 563.2 mm, and included 6 wet, 5 moderate, and 5 dry years in a seemingly random sequence. The average rainy season extended from October until the end of March, while the dry season occupied the rest of the year. 4.The water table generally oscillated following this alternation of rainy and dry seasons, but this fluctuation was minimal during dry years, and even failed to occur at some ponds. 5.Since 1998/99, the average hydroperiod has shortened by 3 months at Charco del Toro pond, and by almost 2 months at Brezo pond, while the rest of the ponds exhibited a reduction of less than 1 month. 6.Vegetation changed in the ponds between May 1990 and 2005. Total plant cover increased (range of increase: 16–65%), and species richness decreased in all ponds (range of species loss: 4–18). 7.The reduction in the hydroperiod probably enhanced the growth of a few woody plants to the detriment of flooding-dependent species as the cover of Pinus pinea increased nearly fourfold at Brezo pond, while that of Scirpus lacustris was halved at Charco del Toro pond. 8.The pumping area for the nearby tourist resort should be relocated, and a specific management strategy should be developed in order to prevent further damage to the ponds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing and feeding characteristics of the greenhouse whitefly in association with host‐plant acceptance and whitefly strains

Host‐plant and whitefly strain effects and their interactions on the probing and sap feeding of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have been investigated in this study using the DC‐EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) technique. Whiteflies generally displayed fewer but longer probes on highly acceptable cucumber than on less acceptable tomato. Both whitefly strains, the T(omato)‐strain and the C(ucumber)‐strain, showed a significantly lower number of phloem phases on cucumber than on tomato. However, the duration of total phloem phases achieved by either of the whitefly strains on these two host plants was not significantly different. These data indicate that a more continuous phloem feeding has occurred on cucumber plants. Indeed, the percentage of phloem feeding time after the first sustained phloem phase (longer than 15 min) was higher on cucumber for the C‐strain whiteflies. When comparing these two whitefly strains, the T‐strain whiteflies probed less frequently but longer than the C‐strain whiteflies did on both host plants. Also, the T‐strain whiteflies displayed a longer duration of total phloem phases on tomato. An interaction between the whitefly strain and plant effects was detected on a parameter, which showed that whiteflies probed significantly longer before reaching the first phloem phase on the host plants that had been previously experienced. In conclusion, both plant species and whitefly strains affect whitefly's probing and feeding behaviour, though plant effects are much stronger.
A NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF OCYtHOe tuBerCulata (CEPHALOPODA: OCYTHOIDAE) IN THE ADRIATIC SEA

Recently, three females of the rare pelagic species Ocythoe tuberculata (Rafinesque, 1814) were recorded in the Eastern Adriatic Sea. One specimen was collected near the northern shore of the island Kolocep in May 2006, while another was collected near the northern shore of the island Hvar in June 2006. The third individual was found near the northern shore of island Korcula in March 2007. Morphometric measurements, including beak dimensions, were recorded from all specimen after preservation. The smallest female (ML: 77 mm) was immature while the other two, with mantle lengths 178 and 202 mm, were mature females, for which potential fecundity estimates were 180.000 and 220.000 respectively. Oocyte size ranged from 0.1 to 3.9 mm, with oocytes smaller than 0.2 mm predominating in the ovary of both mature females. Remains of fish and gelatinous plankton organisms were found in the two non-empty stomachs examined. Occasional findings of O. tuberculata in the eastern Adriatic Sea are discussed in relation to the water masses circulation (ingressions from the eastern Mediterranean) and the species biological characteristics.
Migratory connectivity and conservation of the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis : a stable isotope perspective

Stable isotopes (δD, δ 13 C, δ 15 N) were measured in adult and juvenile Amur Falcon Falco amurensis feathers to understand the migratory connectivity of this species. Using the OIPC (Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator) and a calibration curve for American Kestrels Falco sparverius we predicted the breeding range of South African Amur Falcons in the Palaearctic. δD values for juvenile feathers (mean ± SE = -58.1 ± 2.5‰, range -83.9 to -25.7‰) and predicted Palaearctic annual precipitation values indicated that juvenile Amur Falcons in South Africa originated from across their entire Palaearctic range. This rejects the leapfrog migration hypothesis and suggests the widespread movement of birds south, with a funnelling effect into the subregion where they become concentrated over a narrower distribution range. Adult δD f values were more depleted (-37.4 ± 1.8‰, range = -71.3 to -9.3‰) than predicted annual precipitation values for sites where feathers moulted in South Africa (-20.2 ± 0.9‰) but there was no correlation between δD p and δD f . This, together with significant variation of δ 13 C among sites and annual fluctuations in roost sizes, suggests that roost site fidelity is low in the overwintering range. Populations not confined to breeding sites in South Africa are able to move widely across the subregion, feeding on a broad range of arthropods that become seasonally abundant during the austral summer. Total population estimates for South Africa are significantly lower than global estimates so a significant proportion of the population may not overwinter in South Africa or global populations are significantly lower than estimated. In South Africa, roosts that number hundreds to thousands of individuals are often in large exotic trees, e.g. Eucalyptus sp. They are often tolerant of disturbance at roosts which may be of little concern for their conservation. Habitat changes in the overwintering range in South Africa though, particularly due to agriculture, afforestation and strip mining, may affect global population numbers. There is also concern over the persecution of birds along their migratory route.
Biological Activities of Freshwater Algae, Spirogyra singularis Nordstedt

Spirogyra is commonly found as accessible algae in freshwater areas all over the world. Some medical uses have been reported from this genus. Biological activities of Spirogyra singularis were investigated employing eight in vitro assays. The extract showed different antioxidant activity. IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging was 4.71 ± 0.11 μg mL−1. The extract showed very strong nitric oxide-scavenging activity with IC50 = 77.3 ± 2.07 μg mL−1, but its Fe2+ chelating ability was weak. The extract also exhibited high antioxidant activity in hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid peroxidation tests and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. The extract also showed good antihemolytic activity. The total amount of phenolic content in the extract was determined as gallic acid equivalents, and total flavonoid content was calculated as quercetin equivalents. Biological activities may be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of phenol and flavonoid contents in the extract.
The Complexity of Bounded Context Switching with Dynamic Thread Creation

Dynamic networks of concurrent pushdown systems (DCPS) are a theoretical model for multi-threaded recursive programs with shared global state and dynamical creation of threads. The (global) state reachability problem for DCPS is undecidable in general, but Atig et al. (2009) showed that it becomes decidable, and is in 2EXPSPACE, when each thread is restricted to a fixed number of context switches. The best known lower bound for the problem is EXPSPACE-hard and this lower bound follows already when each thread is a finite-state machine and runs atomically to completion (i.e., does not switch contexts). In this paper, we close the gap by showing that state reachability is 2EXPSPACE-hard already with only one context switch. Interestingly, state reachability analysis is in EXPSPACE both for pushdown threads without context switches as well as for finite-state threads with arbitrary context switches. Thus, recursive threads together with a single context switch provide an exponential advantage. Our proof techniques are of independent interest for 2EXPSPACE-hardness results. We introduce transducer-defined Petri nets, a succinct representation for Petri nets, and show coverability is 2EXPSPACE-hard for this model. To show 2EXPSPACE-hardness, we present a modified version of Lipton's simulation of counter machines by Petri nets, where the net programs can make explicit recursive procedure calls up to a bounded depth.
The Uniqueness of the Trypanosoma cruzi Mitochondrion: Opportunities to Target New Drugs Against Chagas Disease

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, which affects some 8 - 10 million people in the Americas. The only two drugs approved for the etiological treatment of the disease in humans were launched more than 40 years ago and have serious drawbacks. In the present work, we revisit the unique characteristics of T. cruzi mitochondria and mitochondrial metabolism. The possibility of taking advantage of these peculiarities to target new drugs against this parasite is also discussed.
Wildlife–livestock conflict: the risk of pathogen transmission from bison to cattle outside Yellowstone National Park

Summary 1. Interactions between wildlife and domestic livestock have created conflict for centuries because of pathogen transmission, competition for space and food, and predation. However, the transmission of pathogens from wildlife to domestic animals has recently gained prominence, including H5N1 avian influenza from wild ducks to poultry, bovine tuberculosis from badgers to cattle, and brucellosis from elk and bison to cattle. The risk of transmission of Brucella abortus (the causative agent of brucellosis) from bison ( Bison bison ) to cattle around Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is a hotly debated topic and an important conservation issue. 2. Here we use a model to integrate epidemiological and ecological data to assess the spatiotemporal relative risk of transmission of Brucella from bison to cattle outside YNP under different scenarios. 3. Our risk assessment shows that relative risk is spatially and temporally heterogeneous with local hotspots, shows a highly skewed distribution with predominantly low risk, and is strongly dependent on climate and the abundance of bison. We outline two strategies for managing this risk, and highlight the consequences of the current adaptive management plan. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our results provide a detailed quantitative assessment of risk that offers several advantages over projections of numbers of bison leaving Yellowstone National Park. They suggest that risk could be effectively managed with lower costs, but that land use issues and the larger question of bison population management and movement outside the park might hinder the prospect of solutions that will please all stakeholders. More broadly, our work provides a model framework for quantifying the risk of wildlife‐livestock pathogen transmission to guide management actions.
Improvement of Late Blight Management in Organic Potato Production Systems in Europe: Field Tests with More Resistant Potato Varieties and Copper Based Fungicides

ABSTRACT Late blight of potatoes, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is particularly difficult to prevent or control in organic agriculture. In this study, the host resistance of selected varieties to foliar and tuber blight and their yield under organic growing conditions were assessed in trials carried out in four countries (Switzerland, France, England and Norway) in 2001 and 2002. The objective was to identify new, more resistant varieties, which might replace some of the more susceptible varieties which are currently grown in organic agriculture. In each country, five test varieties were compared with two reference varieties, identical for all sites, and with two locally popular varieties. In addition, the effect of copper fungicides was assessed for all varieties in England. Several new potato varieties (Appell, Derby, Innovator and Naturella in Switzerland; Derby, Eden, Escort and Naturella in France; Sarpo Axona, Eve Balfour, Lady Balfour, Sarpo Mira and Sarpo Tominia in England; N89-1756 and N92-15138 in Norway) proved for less susceptible to foliar and tuber blight than most of the varieties currently grown. However, market requirement could restrict their introduction in to practice. The copper fungicide treatment reduced foliar blight severity in all varieties tested in England and in both years, by 27% on average, and increased yield by 20% on average, but did not affect tuber blight. In organic farming, a shift towards the use of blight resistant varieties should thus be strongly encouraged, although this is unlikely to eliminate the need to use copper fungicides.
Influence of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Dynamics and Weed Control Efficiency in Dry Direct Seeded Rice

Field experiment under dry direct seeded rice(O ryza sativa L.) was conducted during rainy season of 2010 and 2011 at Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS), Parwanipur, Bara to develop appropriate weed management practices for dry direct- seeded rice. The trial was laid-out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated thrice. Observations were taken on weed, plant growth and yield attributing, yield, and socio-economic parameters. The weed density, dry weed weight and weed control efficiency resulted significantly different as influenced by integrated weed management practices. Low weed population density, low weed index and highest weed control efficiency resulted by pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding were at par with weed free check. Highest yield resulted from weed free plot followed by pendimethalin followed by two hand weeding and pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding. However, the net return per unit investment resulted highest in pendimethalin followed by 2, 4- D followed by one hand weeding. This proved that amid increasing wage rate and labour scarcity integrated weed management through pendimethalin 30 EC (Stomp) @1 kg a. i. /ha as pre- emergence herbicide application followed by 2, 4- D sodium salt 80 WP @ 0.5 kg a. i. /ha followed by one hand weeding or stale seed bed followed by pendimethalin 30 EC (Stomp) @1 kg a. i. /ha followed by bispyribac (Nominee gold) @25 g a. i. /ha 10% @200 ml/ha at 20 days of seeding resulted best alternative for manual hand weeding practices giving higher net return per unit investment. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/njst.v14i2. 10413 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 33-42
Germinability and seedling vigour of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seeds inoculated with seed-borne fungi

®30WS fungicide. The experiment which involved completely randomised design had eight treatments in three replicates. It was confirmed in the germination chamber that seeds inoculated with A. flavus + R. nigricans for 72 h before sowing had the lowest percentage germination (20%) at 8 DAS while the uninoculated seeds (control) had the highest (87%). In the pot at 20 DAS, seeds applied with combined A. flavus and R. nigricans for 72 h before sowing had the least seedling vigour index (0.38) while the uninoculated control had the highest vigour index (1.89). Though the presence of A. flavus + R. nigricans on physic nut seeds adversely affected germination and seedling vigour, seed-dressing with Seedplus