Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fungal Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Insecticides and their Impact on Soil Microbial Population

Impact of organophosphrus insecticides Malathion Profenofos and Diazinon were assessed on soil microbial populations. The degradation characteristics of these organophosphrus insecticides at different concentrations, incubation periods and temperature by an isolated fungal strains Trichoderma harzianum and Metarhizium anisopliae were investigated. Fungal population was reduced by 56.37, 51.07 and 26.65 % at 10 day of application by profenofos, diazinon and malathion respectively, compared to the control. Fungal degradion of profenofos , diazinon and malathion increased with increasing incubation peroid but at the same time decreased with increasing initial concentrations of insecticides. Using M. anisopliae, almost 85.60, 77.20 and 68.15 % of initial diazinon was decomposed within 20 days at 10, 20 and 40 mg of diazinon , while profenofos was degraded with 54.70, 62.45 and 63.68 at 20 days at 10, 20 and 40 mg. At 20 mg of initial malathion, more than 90% of the initial concentration was degraded by M. anisopliae. After 10 days of incubation, the degradation % of diazinon at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C was examined to be 17.85, 35.38, 43.45, 33.85, and 7.80 %, while degradation % of Profenofos was examined to be 13.60, 30.35, 35.43, 30.10 and 7.56% respectively, similar results of malathion degradation % were obtained to be 44.78, 50.65, 60.58, 57.73 and 10.28% at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C respectively with using M. anisopliae. Degradation % at 35 °C was 1.90, 2.21 and 1.29 time fasters for diazinon, profenofos and malathion resppectively than those at 20 °C with using M. anisopliae. While degradation % at 35 °C was 2.07, 1.72 and 1.83 times fasters for diazinon , profenofos and malathion resppectively than those at 20 °C with using T. harizianum. On the basis of present findings, these fungal strains can be recommended as potentially effective to protect the environment from the organophosphorus insecticides residues.
Spermatophores and spermatozoa of Oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida). Part II. Functional and systematic considerations

Dans cette deuxieme partie de notre travail seront discutes, en tenant compte des aspects fonctionnels et systematiques, les resultats des observations faites sur la structure fine des spermatophores et/ou des spermatozoides chez dix especes presentees dans la premiere partie. Comme il decoule d autres travaux realises dans le passe, cinq types de spermatophores peuvent etre retenus jusqu alors: le type de Phthiracarus, le type de Hermannia, le type de Damaeus, le type d Achipteria, et le type de Punctoribates/Eupelops. Pour le type d Achipteria differents sous-types peuvent etre deceles. Dans un premier temps, nous allons considerer le spermatophore de Scutovertex sculptus comme appartenant au type d Achipteria, malgre le fait qu il presente une legere difference par rapport aux autres types presents dans cette espece.
Transcriptional profiling of gallinacins antimicrobial peptides in the chicken reproductive tract and embryos.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a significant role in the innate immune system of many species, providing the first line of defence against potential pathogens (Lehrer & Ganz, 2002; Sugiarto & Yu, 2004; Higgs et al., 2005). During the last years, hundreds of AMPs have been identified in vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and fungi (Lehrer & Ganz, 2002; Schutte & McCray, 2002; Thomma et al., 2002; Froy & Guverevitz, 2003; Ganz, 2003). One of the most important peptides and the prime targets for boosting of innate immunity is the family of antimicrobial peptides, defensins (Zasloff, 2002). Defensins constitute a large family of small cationic antimicrobial peptides, characterized by the presence of a conserved 6 cysteine defensin motif. These peptides are capable of killing a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and specific enveloped viruses (Harmon, 1998; Lehrer & Ganz, 2002; Thomma et al., 2002; Ganz, 2003) and thus play a critical role in defence and disease resistance by protecting the hosts against infections. These peptides have been identified in various species including plants, insects, animals and humans and are divided into five groups, namely plant, invertebrate, ·-, ‚-, and ıdefensins (Lehrer & Ganz, 2002; Thomma et al., 2002; Ganz, 2003). In the chicken genome only the family of ‚-befensin exists, where it is known as avian ‚-defensins or gallinacins (Gals) (Zhao et al., 2001; Xiao et al., 2004). Gallinacins attack a wide range of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeast (Evans et al., 1995; Harmon, 1998; Sugiarto & Yu, 2004). A total of 14 avian ‚-defensin genes (Gals-1 to -14) have been recently identified through in silico studies (Lynn et al., 2004; Xiao et al., 2004; van Dijk et al., 2008). It is well known that salmonellosis is a major cause of food-poisoning worldwide with outbreaks usually associated with Salmonella enteriditis and connected to the consumption of either contaminated poultry meat and/or derived products including eggs Transcriptional profiling of gallinacins antimicrobial peptides in the chicken reproductive tract and embryos
Chronic effects of hydro-alcoholic artemisia absinthium extract on the liver enzymes and tissue changes of adult mal rat

Artemisia absinthium has many pharmacological effects, but toxic effects of it, were seen on nervous system and liver. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chronic effects of different doses of Artemisia absinthium extract on the enzymes and histopathological changes of the liver tissue of adult normal male rat. Method and materials: In this experimental study, forty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 as follows: Control, sham (recipient of distilled water) and 4 experimental groups that received Artemisia absinthium hydro- alcoholic extract at doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg intraperitoneally. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan post hoc tests. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: After 8 weeks, doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg could significantly reduce amount of ALT, AST and ALP. Dose of 1000 mg/kg increased ALT, AST and ALP. From the standpoint of histopathological study, doses of 125, 250 and 500 Artemisia absinthium had no significant side effect on liver tissue, but 1000 mg/kg caused destruction of liver cell membranes, enlargement of sinusoidal space, sporadic leukocyte infiltration, Kupffer cells hypertrophy, and vascular congestion. Conclusion: Maximum dose of Artemisia absinthium extract (1000 mg/kg) increased liver enzymes and destroy liver tissues of normal male rats. Keywords: Artemisia Absinthium, Enzymes, Histopathology, Liver, Rat
Effect of Desert Camel's Milk and/or Urine on Experimentally Induced Thioacetamide Liver Cirrhosis in Rats -

The effects of desert camel milk (CM) and desert camel urine (CU) on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis were studied in rats. Therefore one hundred and thirty male rats were allocated into ten groups. The non-cirrhotic control animals were allocated into five groups each consisted of ten rats. The cirrhotic animals were allocated into five groups. Cirrhotic groups were received CM and CU alone or mixed for 12 weeks with an intraperitoneal (IP) thioacetamide (200 mg/kg) injection. Liver damage was assessed by estimation of tissue oxidant malondialdhyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Moreover serum levels of total proteins, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio in addition to alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities besides serum bilirubin, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, creatinine and urea were determined. Treatment with CM alone or mixed with CU significantly reduced thioacetamide-induced elevation in tissue MDA as well as serum enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT and ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TAG), creatinine and urea. This study gives an evidence that the thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats can be ameliorated by administration of CM and CU especially in a dose of 2CM: 1CU.
Phylogeography of the marbled crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Decapoda, Grapsidae) along part of the African Mediterranean coast reveals genetic homogeneity across the Siculo-Tunisian Strait versus heterogeneity across the Gibraltar Strait

ABSTRACT We investigate the influence of previously postulated biogeographic barriers in the Mediterranean Sea on the population genetic structure of a highly dispersive and continuously distributed coastal species. In particular, we examine nuclear and mitochondrial genetic variation in the marbled crab, Pachygrapsus marmoratus, across part of the African Mediterranean coast in order to assess the influence of the Siculo-Tunisian Strait on its population genetic structure. Four polymorphic microsatellite loci were genotyped for 110 individuals, collected from eight locations covering parts of the Algerian, Tunisian and Libyan coasts. In addition, mtDNA corresponding to the Cox1 gene was sequenced for 80 samples. The corresponding results show contrasting patterns of genetic differentiation. While mtDNA results revealed a homogeneous haplotype composition in our study area, microsatellite data depicted genetic differentiation among populations, but not associated with any geographic barrier. This pattern, already recorded for this species from different geographic regions, may hint at the involvement of a complex series of abiotic and biotic factors in determining genetic structure. Demographic history reconstruction, inferred from mtDNA data, supports demographic and spatial expansion for the North African metapopulation dating back to the Mid-Pleistocene and following an historical bottleneck. Comparison of these African mitochondrial sequences with new sequences from a Turkish population and previously published sequences revealed a weak but significant separation of Atlantic and Mediterranean populations across the Gibraltar Strait, which was not recorded in previous studies of this grapsid species.
Estudo da diversidade e das relações filogenéticas do gênero Astyanax (Characiformes. Characidae) baseado em sequências de DNA

The molecular identification through DNA barcoding has been extensively used in an attempt to solve taxonomic problems and help in the discovery of new species. The Neotropical fishes exhibits a wide variety of shapes and sizes, with many species yet to be cataloged and many species very difficult to identify. Characidae is the most species rich family of Characiformes, with many genera with taxonomic uncertainties. One of such species rich genus widely distributed and with many taxonomic conflicts is Astyanax. Here we present an extensive analysis of the genus in its almost entirely area of occurrence, based on DNA barcoding. The use of different approaches to clustering sequences (ABGD, GMYC and BIN) showed consistency in the results obtained by the initial cutoff value of 2%, but GMYC shows a tendency to identify a larger number of clusters than others. The results point to the existence of four large groups in the genus. However, whereas some groups, as that composed by the transAndean species, are composed of well-defined species in others there is a grouping of several species in a single cluster, making the species delimitation very difficult and in many cases impossible. The final results suggest a very complex scenario in the taxonomy of Astyanax.
Does the toxic effect of Microcystis aeruginosa on Daphnia galeata depend on microcystin ingestion rate

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa to Daphnia galeata can be explained by microcystins. For that purpose, the relationship between the strength of toxic effect and microcystin ingestion rate (amount of microcystins ingested per time with the respective food) by the animals was analysed. Of the tested Microcystis strains, only those containing microcystins, were poisonous to daphnids. It was, furthermore, shown that toxicity was closely related to the microcystin ingestion rate. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that microcystins are the most likely cause of daphnid poisoning, and they also emphasise that the toxicity of a Microcystis strain depends on both, the cellular microcystin content and the rate with which it is ingested by the animals. The data also demonstrate that the feeding activity of D. galeata is not correlated to the microcystin content of the Microcystis culture fed. This may indicate that the strain-specific differences in feeding on M. aeruginosa are not due to the microcystins. As toxicity was also observed when colony-forming strains with a mucilage sheath were offered, it seems likely that microcystin release in the gut is not actually hindered by mucilage and that toxicity can occur even under natural conditions.
Efficacy of traps to capture Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) in oil palm plantations

Rhynchophorus palmarum is a very important pest of oil palm, due to its association with the red ring and bud rot diseases. The use of traps to capture adults seeks to reduce their populations, the incidence of red ring and the colonization of wounded palms or infected by bud rot. To test the efficacy capturing R. palmarum using different trap types, with the aggregation pheromone Rhynchophorol and a kairomone composed of a fermented bait of water-molasses and sugar cane, two experiments were conducted in plantations of Tumaco, Narino, Colombia. In a first experiment, five type of traps were tested all of them baited with Rhynchophorol and the kairomone using 1,500 ml of fermented water - molasses in a ratio 2:1, and 500 g of sugar cane. Results indicated that traps with canvas, pheromone and kairomone were statistically (P = 0.05) more effective in capturing R. palmarum (471 adults/trap/biweekly), than other traps tested. The second experiment was conducted using the best trap from the previous experiment, and testing five proportions of kairomone, varying from 200 to 1,500 cc of bait and 200 to 500 g of sugar cane. Results showed that higher proportions of kairomone were statistically (P = 0.05) more effective (614 individuals/trap/week), compared with the other proportions evaluated, which did not exceed 460 individuals/trap/week. The canvas-trap with pheromone, 1,000 cc of bait and 300 g of sugar cane was selected, because of its efficacy capturing R. palmarum adults at an annual cost of US $ 85/trap.
Co-phenology of plants and anthophilous insects: a historical area-geographical interpretation

Kratochwil, A. [Inst. Biol. IllGeobot. , Univ.; D-7800 Freiburg]: Co-phenology of Plants and Anthophilous Insects: a Historicd Area-geographical Interpr€tation. Entomol. Gener. l3(l/2)z 067-080; Stuttgart 1988. --[Article]. M-y dry grasslands (Mesobrometum) in S\ü' Germany are characterized by a high 7o of submediterranean and subcontinental plant and animal species. A phenological analysis ({lovrering times of entomophilous plants, flight activities of Hymenoptera: Apoidea and Lrpidoptera) yields 4 seasonal periods named by the area-geographical centre of their species: eurosiberian period (II[, [V); submediterranean period (V VI)t e"rosibirian period (Vtr); eurosiberian period with subcontinental and submediterranean elements (VItr, D0. Vegetation, Apidoand kpidofauna of the same area tyPe correspond in their phenology (co-phenology). The flower-visiting insects o{ the studied area prgfer
Into the functional ecology of ectomycorrhizal communities: environmental filtering of enzymatic activities

Characterizing the ecological processes driving the assembly and functional composition of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities is an area of active research. Here, we applied a trait‐based framework to address whether and how environmental filtering and niche differentiation influence the diversity of ECM fungal enzymatic activities in two oak‐dominated forest ecosystems. We hypothesized that fungal enzymatic activities and ECM community assembly are influenced by the availability of targeted resources in the surrounding soil. We pinpointed a major influence of environmental filtering on ECM fungal taxonomic and functional composition. Contrasted taxonomic composition among forest ecosystems was linked to broad interspecific trait variation and entailed contrasted functional responses at community level. However, intraspecific trait variation contributed to community response within ecosystems. We characterized a strong relationship between enzymatic activities and targeted resource availability in surrounding soil, suggesting a functional role of the enzymes for the acquisition of these resources. Conversely, we did not find a significant influence of niche differentiation in ECM community assembly. Synthesis. Heterogeneous distribution of soil resources drives a community‐level functional response and determines the functional and taxonomic mosaic of ECM communities in forest ecosystems.
Chemical composition and properties of milk from five goat breeds

Chemical composition, rennet coagulation and physical properties of milk collected from 5 goat breeds (Alpine, LMan-cha, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg) in Canada, were recorded during one year. In general, all milk constituents were higher in autumn. Buffering capacity, casein hydration and coagulation properties were also higher, while casein micelle size was lower in autumn. Milk constituents and buffering capacity were higher, whereas casein micelle size was lower for the Nubian breed. The casein profile was also different for the Nubian goat milk. Casein hydration for every goat breed was similar. There were relationships between physical properties, coagulation and chemical composition. However, although this relationship was evident between milks containing high (Nubian) and low (Toggenburg) milk components, the relationship was not so evident for milks containing intermediate components (Saanen, Alpine and LaMancha).
Though She Be But Little: Resource Resilience, Amerindian Foraging, and Long-Term Adaptive Strategies in the Grenadines, West Indies

ABSTRACT Because small islands are frequently associated with spatially heterogeneous, biodiverse marine environments that readily exceed the productive capacity of their associated terrestrial habitat, it has been argued that these were attractive settlement locations for people due to the rich aquatic resource base they provided. I examine this proposition for the small West Indian island of Carriacou (32 km2), situated in the Grenadines micro-archipelago, in light of recent zooarchaeological findings for two of its major archaeological sites, Sabazan and Grand Bay, where a millennium of sustainable marine foraging is evidenced. While reliance on abundant marine resources clearly contributed to the long-term occupation of Sabazan and Grand Bay, fine-grained analysis of the fish and invertebrate remains suggests that abundance alone does not explain settlement persistence. I argue that the key to understanding the lengthy prehistoric occupation of Grand Bay and Sabazan lies in the structure of its marine environments, especially the functional and response diversity of targeted prey, and the flexibility of Amerindian foraging strategies. Settlement viability on Carriacou did not rest solely on the importance of marine resource extraction, but more specifically on the resilience of the marine environments exploited and the behavior of foragers in relation to this.
Effect of Natural Ageing on Seed Quality of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.)

The present research was carried out on four genotypes of fenugreek viz. HM-202, HM-204, HM-205 and HM-214, with four seed lots of each genotype including fresh, one year, two year and three year old seed lot. In this experiment, all the four seed lots of each four genotypes were tested for various physiological and biochemical basis for loss in viability and vigour. It was observed that, test weight (g), seed density (g/cc), standard germination (%), seedling length (cm), dry weight per seedling (mg), vigour index-I & II, viability (%) by tetrazolium test, speed of emergence, seedling establishment (%) decreased whereas, mean emergence time (days) and electrical conductivity (μS/cm/seed) of seed leachates increased with ageing period. The seed of each genotype sustain their germination up to two year thereafter, the germination falls below IMSCS (70 %). Maximum germination was retained by genotype HM-202 followed by, HM-205 and maximum loss of germination was observed in genotype HM-214, hence the genotype HM-202 was found superior in respect of viability, vigour and storability whereas genotype HM-214 was found poor under ambient conditions.
Patogenia experimental y caracterización molecular de hongos oportunistas emergentes y evaluación de la terapia antifúngica

The increase of opportunistic infections due to emerging species of fungi has caused difficulties in the treatment. For this reason, in this thesis we have experimentally evaluated the efficacy of different drugs against systemic infections by Candida guilliermondii, Scopulariopsis spp. , and Curvularia spp. The low incidence of these infections has hampered the adoption of effective therapeutic strategies against these infections which are associated to a high mortality. Ourin vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B against C. guilliermondii and limited activity of posaconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B against infections by the dematiaceous species studied. We have also demonstrated the importance of molecular identification of species of clinical interest, which have led to the proposal of a new species: Candida neorugosa sp. nov
Aspectos da infecção por Anaplasma marginale em bovinos experimentalmente infectados

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar os aspectos clinicos, hematologicos, parasitologicos, bem como a eficacia da oxitetraciclina longa acao, contra Anaplasma marginale , em bovinos experimentalmente infectados. Seis animais soronegativos foram obtidos pela RIFI. No dia -9 do estudo, tres animais foram esplenectomizados, e no dia zero, os seis bovinos foram inoculados com aproximadamente 1x10 6 hemacias parasitadas por Anaplasma marginale. A temperatura retal foi aferida do 1o ao 35o dia pos-inoculacao (DPI). Ja o volume globular (VG - microhematocrito) e o calculo da parasitemia, foram obtidos do 10o ao 35o DPI. Os animais receberam tratamento especifico (oxitetraciclina LA), quando apresentassem, inicialmente, hipertermia (≥39,2oC) e parasitemia ≥2,0%, e receberiam novos tratamentos, ate ocorrer estabilizacao clinica e parasitologica do animal. Analisando os resultados, verifica-se que no 21o DPI a parasitemia foi presente nos seis animais, neste mesmo dia, iniciou o decrescimo no VG dos bovinos. A temperatura retal dos bovinos atingiu picos febris ≥39,2, a partir do 23o DPI, dia este em que a parasitemia dos animais encontravam-se em ascensao. De um modo geral, o tratamento especifico contra A. marginale , precisou ser realizado cerca de tres dias apos este hemoparasita ter sido identificado na corrente sanguinea periferica dos animais. Os animais tiveram de receber de um a quatro tratamentos especificos contra A. marginale para haver a estabilizacao do quadro clinico/parasitologico dos animais. Nao houve eliminacao total dos parasitas apos os tratamentos. Com base no modelo experimental utilizado neste estudo, pode-se concluir-se que, os bovinos necessitaram do primeiro tratamento especifico contra A. marginale , cerca de 72 horas apos a deteccao direta do parasita em lâminas. Foram necessarios, de um a quatro tratamentos para haver a recuperacao clinica e a diminuicao parasitologica desta riquetsia nos animais. Alem disso, o periodo pre-patente e consequentemente o de incubacao para esta enfermidade foi, em media, de 21 dias, entretanto, este periodo pode se estender, um pouco mais, de acordo com a quantidade de inoculo utilizado ou tambem a via de administracao utilizada para infectar os bovinos