Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extended optima and equilibria for continuous games. I. General results

Absrtact In this, the first of three papers, we examine conditions, derived previously, which specify the equilibrium solutions of an adjustment process for N players engaged in a game with continuous (in fact, continuously differentiable) payoff functions, where each player's strategy is to choose a single real number. It is equivalent to the basic form of quantity-variation competition between N firms. The conditions are related to a new optimum which takes account of the ability of firms, or coalitions of firms, to discipline another firm that tries to increase its own profit. Closely related optima are also introduced and analysed. The new optima occupy N-dimensional regions in the strategy space, and contain the optima of Cournot, Pareto, von-Neumann and Morgenstern, and Nash as special cases.
Adjunctive techniques in endovascular repair of postcarotid endarterectomy pseudoaneurysm: Case report and literature review

Pseudoaneurysm (PA) following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a rare and dangerous complication. In recent years endovascular approach has been preferred to open surgery as it is less invasive and reduces complications in an already operated neck, especially cranial nerve injuries. We report a case of large post‐CEA PA causing dysphagia, successfully treated by deployment of two balloon‐expandable covered stents and coil embolization of the external carotid artery. A literature review dealing with all cases of post‐CEA PAs since 2000 treated by endovascular means is also reported. The research was conducted on Pubmed database using keywords “carotid pseudoaneurysm after carotid endarterectomy,” “false aneurysm after carotid endarterectomy,” “postcarotid endarterectomy pseudoaneurysm,” and “carotid pseudoaneurysm. ”
Comparing Open Versus Rigid Endoscopic and Flexible Endoscopic Techniques for the Treatment of Zenker's Diverticulum.

OBJECTIVE To describe the outcomes of patients undergoing open stapler versus transoral rigid and flexible endoscopic therapies for symptomatic Zenker's diverticulum. STUDY DESIGN Single institution retrospective review. SETTING Tertiary care academic hospital. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 424 consecutive patients who underwent Zenker's diverticulotomy via an open stapler, rigid endoscopic CO2 laser, rigid endoscopic stapler, rigid endoscopic harmonic scalpel, or flexible endoscopic technique from January 2006 to December 2020. RESULTS A total of 424 patients (173 females, mean age 73.1 ± 11.2 years) from a single institution were included. A total of 142 patients (33%) underwent endoscopic laser treatment, 33 (8%) underwent endoscopic harmonic scalpel, 92 (22%) underwent endoscopic stapler, 70 (17%) underwent flexible endoscopic, and 87 (20%) underwent open stapler. All open and rigid endoscopic procedures and most of the flexible endoscopic procedures (65%) were performed under general anesthesia. The flexible endoscopic group had a higher percentage of procedure-related perforation, defined as subcutaneous emphysema or contrast leak on imaging (14.3%). The recurrence rates were higher in the harmonic stapler, flexible endoscopic, and endoscopic stapler groups at 18.2%, 17.1%, and 17.4%, respectively, and lower in the open group (1.1%). Length of hospital stay and return to oral intake were similar among groups. CONCLUSION The flexible endoscopic technique was associated with the highest rate of procedure-related perforation, while the endoscopic stapler had the lowest number of procedural complications. Recurrence rates were higher among the harmonic stapler, flexible endoscopic, and endoscopic stapler groups and lower in the endoscopic laser and open groups. Prospective comparative studies with long-term follow-up are needed.
Lawsonia inermis flower aqueous extract expressed better anti-alpha-glucosidase and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and their molecular dynamics

Abstract Lawsonia inermis (henna) has been used in traditional medicine throughout the world and biological property of its flower has been least explored. In the present study, the phytochemical characterization and biological activity (in vitro radical scavenging activity, anti-alpha glucosidase and anti-acetylcholinesterase) of aqueous extract prepared from henna flower (HFAE) was carried out by both Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the functional group of the phytoconstituents such as phenolics, flavonoids, saponin, tannins and glycosides. The phytochemicals present in HFAE was preliminary identified by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The HFAE showed potent in vitro antioxidant activity and the HFAE inhibited mammalian α-glucosidase (IC50 = 129.1 ± 5.3 µg/ml; Ki = 38.92 µg/ml) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE; IC50 = 137.77 ± 3.5 µg/ml; Ki = 35.71 µg/ml) activity by competitive manner. In silico molecular docking analysis revealed the interaction of active constituents identified in HFAE with human α-glucosidase and AChE. Molecular dynamics simulation for 100 ns showed the stable binding of top two ligand/enzyme complexes with lowest binding energy such as 1,2,3,6-Tetrakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (TGBG)/human α-glucosidase, Kaempferol 3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside (KGR)/α-glucosidase, agrimonolide 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (AMLG)/human AChE and KGR/AChE. Through MM/GBSA analysis, the binding energy for TGBG/human α-glucosidase, KGR/α-glucosidase, AMLG/human AChE and KGR/AChE was found to be −46.3216, −28.5772, −45.0077 and −47.0956 kcal/mol, respectively. Altogether, HFAE showed an excellent antioxidant, anti-alpha glucosidase and anti-AChE activity under in vitro. This study suggest HFAE with remarkable biological activities could be further explored for therapeutics against type 2 diabetes and diabetes-associated cognitive decline. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Haemoglobin drift in patients following Whipple's procedure

This study aims to identify the objective findings of haemoglobin (Hb) drift in patients that had a Whipple's procedure in the last 10 years, their transfusion status intraoperatively and post‐operatively, the potential factors affecting Hb drift, and the outcomes following Hb drift.
Drop fall-off from pendent rivulets

Drops fall off a viscous pendent rivulet on the underside of a plane when the inclination angle θ, measured with respect to the horizontal, is below a critical value θc. We estimate this θc by studying the existence of finite-amplitude drop solutions to a long-wave lubrication equation. Through a partial matched asymptotic analysis, we establish that fall-off occurs by two distinct mechanisms. For θ>ϕ, where ϕ is the static contact angle, a jet mechanism results when a mean-flow steepening effect cannot provide sufficient axial curvature to counter gravity. This fall-off mechanism occurs if the rivulet width B, which is normalized with respect to the capillary length H=(σ/ρg cosθ)1/2, exceeds a critical value defined by β=−cosB>1/4. For θ<ϕ, the normal azimuthal curvature is the dominant force against fall-off and the azimuthal capillary force. The corresponding critical condition is found to be 1. 5β1/6>tanθ/tanϕ. Both criteria are in good agreement with our experimental data.
13C-NMR Spin Lattice Relaxation Time Observation on the Smectic A and Smectic C* Phases of a Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystal, (S)-4-(1-methylhexyloxycarbonyl)phenyl 4'-octyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate

In order to study molecular rotation around the long axis in chiral smectic phases, the temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 is investigated in a ferroelectric liquid crystal, (S)-4-(1-methylhexyloxycarbonyl)phenyl 4'-octyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate (S-MH(6)POBC) by means of solid-state 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The spin-lattice relaxation time T1 of the aromatic core increases with increasing temperature in the smectic A (SmA) and chiral smectic C (SmC*) phases, because the frequency of the molecular rotation dominating the spin-lattice relaxation process is higher than the Larmor frequency ω0 of 100 MHz in the present measurement. In addition, the temperature dependence of T1 reveals that the activation energy of the molecular rotation in the SmC* phase is lower than that in the SmA phase.
Correlation functions for atmospheric data analysis

Atmospheric data assimilation techniques rely on parametric models for spatial correlation functions. This article proposes and discusses various families of homogeneous and isotropic correlation models on Euclidean spaces and on the sphere. In particular, three simply parametrized classes of compactly supported, smooth, and analytically simple correlation functions are proposed. the first two classes approximate standard second‐ and third‐order autoregressive functions, and a member of the third family approximates the Gaussian function within a maximal error of 0.0056. Furthermore, correlation models suggested previously for meteorological applications are checked for permissibility, with both positive and negative results.
Sequential limits in Markov set-chains

Let T be a non-empty subset of η X n stochastic matrices. Define The sequence T 1, T 2, · ·· is called a Markov set-chain. An important problem in this area is to determine when such a set-chain converges. This paper gives a notion of a sequential limiting set and shows how it can be used to obtain a result on set-chain convergence.
In-Flight Spectral Characterization and Calibration Stability Estimates for the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES)

Abstract It is essential to maintain global measurements of the earth radiation budget (ERB) from space, the scattered solar and emitted thermal radiative fluxes leaving the planet. These are required for the purpose of validating current climate model predictions of the planet’s future response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. The measurement accuracy and calibration stability required to resolve the magnitude of model-suggested cloud–climate feedbacks on the ERB have recently been estimated. The suggestion is for ERB data to strive for a calibration stability of ±0.3% decade−1 for scattered solar, ±0.5% decade−1 for emitted thermal, and an overall absolute accuracy of 1 W m−2. The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) is currently the only satellite program to make global ERB measurements, beginning in January 1998. However, the new climate calibration standards are beyond those originally specified by the NASA CERES program for its edition 2 data release. Furthermore, the CERES i.
Connectedness and solarity in problems of best and near-best approximation

This survey is concerned with structural characteristics of `suns' in normed linear spaces, with special emphasis on connectedness and monotone path-connectedness. Consideration is given to both direct theorems in geometric approximation theory in which approximative properties of sets are derived from their structural characteristics, and converse theorems in which structural properties of sets are derived from their approximative characteristics. Geometric methods of approximation theory are employed in solving the eikonal equation. Bibliography: 231 titles.
On the embedding of the attractor generated by Navier-Stokes equations into finite dimensional spaces

For 2-D Navier-Stokes equations on a C 2 bounded domain Ω, a class of nonlinear homeomorphisms is constructed from the attractor of Navier-Stokes to curves in R N for suﬃciently large N . The construction uses an ε -net on Ω (so does not use the information “near” the boundary) and is more physically perceivable compared to abstract common embeddings.
On the concept of available potential energy

The available potential energy of the atmosphere is defined as the property of the atmosphere for which the source is energy generated by the distribution of the heat sources and sinks, i.e. their deviations from the mean heating rate, and the sink its conversion to kinetic energy; the unavailable potential energy is defined as having as its source the mean (uniform) heating rate and its sink the energy made available for conversion by the heating distribution, i.e. the APE source. These definitions lead to an expression for the APE which, to a good approximation, is proportional to the global mean temperature variance. This partitions into zonal and eddy components and, in addition, a component involving the mean temperature distribution in the vertical. Associated with the latter is a source term determined by the mean heating distribution in the vertical and sink terms corresponding to its conversion to the other two components, these terms being proportional to the conversions to KE. This additional component is referred to as the static stability component of available potential energy (SAPE). The zonal and eddy components, which depend on the temperature variance on isobaric surfaces, are together referred to as the baroclinicity component of the APE. The relationship between this form of the APE and that proposed by Lorenz is discussed in detail. The physical interpretation of the conversion between zonal and eddy APE, associated mainly with poleward heat (enthalpy) transport down the mean meridional temperature gradient is found to have its analogue in the conversion from the static stability component to the other two components which is associated with upward heat transport down the vertical temperature gradient. The concepts are illustrated for a numerical simulation of the life cycle of an idealized baroclinic wave. It is further shown that this definition of APE extends quite naturally to the description of the energetics of dry and moist convection and its conversions can be calculated without difficulty even if there exist regions in which the lapse rate is dry adiabatic. The roles of frictional and non-frictional heating in the general atmospheric circulation are discussed and, finally, comments are made on the concept of adiabatic mass redistribution and the definition of a reference state for APE in the light of the approach adopted here.
The final period of decay of non-homogeneous turbulence

ABSTRACT In this paper, a study is made of the properties of the motion due to a general localized disturbance in an infinite fluid initially at rest. Two invariants of the motion are found, which are identified with the net linear momentum, or effective dipole strength, and the net angular momentum imparted to the fluid, and an equation is derived expressing the rate of change of the effective quadrupole strength of the motion. Solutions are obtained for the final period of decay of such a motion, and it is shown that, when the net linear momentum of the fluid is non-zero, the motion corresponds to a type of viscous vortex ring. The length scale increases with time t as [ν(t – t0)]½, and the total energy decays as [v(t–t0)]-1, where ν is the kinematic viscosity and t0 is a virtual time origin. If the net momentum is zero, the total energy decays as , and expressions are given for the velocity field in this case also. It is shown that, if it is attained, the final period of any turbulent motion can be found from the vortex ring type of solution described above. The final period of homogeneous turbulence is clearly one particular example of such a motion. The final period of an axially symmetrical turbulent wake is treated in this way and is shown to consist generally of the superposition of two types of motion: (i) a mean streaming motion whose energy per unit length of the wake decreases as [ν(t – t0)]-1, and (ii) a superimposed fluctuating motion whose energy per unit length decays as [v(t–t0)]-1. Expressions are given for the distribution of mean-square vorticity and the energy spectrum tensor in the wake.
BUOYANT CONVECTION OF A POWER-LAW FLUID IN AN ENCLOSURE FILLED WITH HEAT-GENERATING POROUS MEDIA

A numerical study is performed of the buoyant convection in a rectangular enclosure. A heat-generating porous medium, saturated with a non-Newtonian fluid, fills the enclosure. The non-Newtonian fluid is assumed to follow the power-law rheological model. The flow is described by the Darcy equation for a porous medium. The vertical side walls of the enclosure are cooled at constant temperature T 0, and the horizontal walls are thermally insulated. The modified internal Rayleigh number Ra I* is large to render a boundary-layer-type flow. Comprehensive numerical solutions are acquired for the governing equations. Details of flow and thermal characteristics are portrayed for ranges of RaI* and the power-law index n. The behavior of the Nusselt number, based on the maximum temperature θmax in the enclosure, is delineated. By combining the numerical results, a correlation for the average Nusselt number is proposed. The validity of the assumption of local thermal equilibrium in the present configuration is discussed.
Semimetals and narrow gap semiconductors

Abstract The characteristic feature of semimetals is that the conduction band edge is slightly lower than that of the valence band; this small band overlap leads to a small, equal concentration of electrons and holes. The Fermi surfaces are small, carrier effective masses low and mobilities high. In the closely related narrow gap semioonductors the band edges are close but do not overlap. The electronic properties of both types of material are determined by carriers in states which lie close to the band edges. Often it is necessary to tailor the energy gap for a particular device application; one way of doing this is by alloying: the effects of alloying on the energy gap are discussed.
Islam, Blasphemy, and Realpolitik in Mauritania: The Mkhaitir Affair

Abstract:The court case of Mohamed Mkhaitir, imprisoned in January 2014 and released in July 2019, caused considerable controversy in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania and abroad. After a Facebook post critiquing the stratified social order among Mauritania's Hassaniyya Arabic speakers that used examples from Islamic history, Mkhaitir was accused of apostasy and sentenced to death. This article focuses on the Mauritanian state's efforts to reconcile its commitment to democratic values (central to its relations with key Western partners) and a complex sociopolitical hermeneutics based on the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence. It also shows how a new antiblasphemy law, directly related to Mkhaitir's case, reflects the state's attempt to silence its critics and quash the potentially revolutionary ambitions of certain segments of the population.
Comments on ''An Improved Model for the Turbulent PBL''

In their recent papers, Cheng et al. (2002, hereafter CCH) and Canuto et al. (2001, hereafter CHCD), the authors advance a new turbulence closure model, which is claimed to be superior to the closure models of the Mellor–Yamada (MY) family. Indeed, these works present some interesting and useful results. However, it will be argued that the advantages of the new model are not unqualified. 1) The authors take credit for obtaining a critical Richardson number Ric equal to 0.96. They interpret the value of Ric as a sufficient condition for the nonexistence of turbulence. In CHCD, due to the slightly different values of the constants, it was found that Ric 5 0.85. These results are mainly stipulated by the choice of the closure expression for the ‘‘rapid’’ pressure redistribution terms, which is more general in CCH and CHCD than in the Mellor and Yamada (1974) family of models. For the case of the 2and 21⁄2-level models, this new formulation yields a weaker dependence of the eddy viscosity and thermal diffusivity coefficients on buoyancy. The critical value of the Richardson number is obtained from the turbulent energy equation under conditions of homogeneity and equilibrium [(22) in CCH]:
Broken SU(3) symmetry at low spin in 178-186Os

The test of the SU(3) symmetry near the neutron number N = 104 is extended to the osmium isotopes. It is shown that the available experimental data point towards a slightly broken SU(3) symmetry. This result is analysed theoretically using three mechanisms of symmetry breaking: the effect of SO(6), the consistent Q-formalism and the parameter symmetry of the interacting boson model.
Comparing the stability and reproducibility of brain-behaviour relationships found using Canonical Correlation Analysis and Partial Least Squares within the ABCD Sample

Introduction Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and Partial Least Squares Correlation (PLS) detect associations between two data matrices based on computing a linear combination between the two matrices (called latent variables; LVs). These LVs maximize correlation (CCA) and covariance (PLS). These different maximization criteria may render one approach more stable and reproducible than the other when working with brain and behavioural data at the population-level. This study compared the LVs which emerged from CCA and PLS analyses of brain-behaviour relationships from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset and examined their stability and reproducibility. Methods Structural T1-weighted imaging and behavioural data were accessed from the baseline Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset (N > 9000, ages = 9-11 years). The brain matrix consisted of cortical thickness estimates in different cortical regions. The behavioural matrix consisted of 11 subscale scores from the parent-reported Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) or 7 cognitive performance measures from the NIH Toolbox. CCA and PLS models were separately applied to the brain-CBCL analysis and brain-cognition analysis. A permutation test was used to assess whether identified LVs were statistically significant. A series of resampling statistical methods were used to assess stability and reproducibility of the LVs. Results When examining the relationship between cortical thickness and CBCL scores, the first LV was found to be significant across both CCA and PLS models (singular value: CCA = .13, PLS = .39, p < .001). LV1 from the CCA model found that covariation of CBCL scores was linked to covariation of cortical thickness. LV1 from the PLS model identified decreased cortical thickness linked to lower CBCL scores. There was limited evidence of stability or reproducibility of LV1 for both CCA and PLS. When examining the relationship between cortical thickness and cognitive performance, there were 6 significant LVs for both CCA and PLS (p < .01). The first LV showed similar relationships between CCA and PLS and was found to be stable and reproducible (singular value: CCA = .21, PLS = .43, p < .001). Conclusion CCA and PLS identify different brain-behaviour relationships with limited stability and reproducibility when examining the relationship between cortical thickness and parent-reported behavioural measures. However, both methods identified relatively similar brain-behaviour relationships that were stable and reproducible when examining the relationship between cortical thickness and cognitive performance. The results of the current study suggest that stability and reproducibility of brain-behaviour relationships identified by CCA and PLS are influenced by characteristics of the analyzed sample and the included behavioural measurements when applied to a large pediatric dataset.