Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disinfection effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) light for heterotrophic bacteria leaving biologically active filters

Biologically operated filters are known to reduce elevated levels of biodegradable organic matter produced by the ozonation process, but they also consistently release high-levels of heterotrophic bacteria. An acceptable disinfection strategy for biofilter effluent bacteria is necessary to maintain distributed water quality. The efficiencies of various strategies for disinfecting naturally occurring heterotrophic bacteria in the effluent from an ozone/biofiltration plant treating California surface waters were compared. Bench-scale tests were conducted in the laboratory, using ultraviolet (UV) light (low-pressure and medium-pressure lamps), and the results were compared with those for the disinfection efficiency of free chlorine and chloramines. Inactivation efficiencies provided by the low- and medium-pressure UV lamps were similar (k≃0.47 cm 2 mJ -1 ). To consistently reduce biofilter effluent bacteria levels to <10 colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU ml -1 ) prior to distribution, this study showed that contact with either 1 min of free chlorine or 60 min of monochloramine (both at 2.5 mg I -1 , pH=8, 20°C) would be necessary, compared with a UV dose of 15 mJ cm -2 from either lamp. To evaluate bacterial regrowth potential following UV treatment, samples were incubated at 20°C in a dark environment to mimic transport/storage in the distribution system. Without residual disinfection, bacteria treated by 60 and 140 mJ cm -2 of UV were able to regrow to untreated biofilter effluent levels within 3 and 7 days, respectively. Samples treated with 20 mJ cm -2 of UV and 2.5 mg I -1 of chloramines maintained bacteria at levels of <10 CFU ml -1 for up to 7 days. To investigate the plausibility of bench-scale results, a full-scale UV reactor (treating 3 million gallons per day (0.13 m 3 s -1 ) was operated to treat the biofilter effluent at the large-scale treatment plant for a period of 8 months. Continuous UV treatment was observed to provide long-term control of the biofilter effluent bacteria to levels similar to those afforded by bench-scale treatment. However, towards the end of the study, the number of bacteria leaving the Uv reactor increased to levels exceeding 10 2 CFU ml -1 . It was observed that 2.5 mg I -1 monochloramine residual (no free-chlorine contact) applied at the inlet of a 60-min clearwell downstream from the Uv reactor kept bacteria at a level of <10 CFUmI -1 at the clearwell effluent. Based on these results, it is recommended that utilities using Uv to control biofilter effluent bacteria apply a residual disinfectant (such as chloramines) to maintain low bacteria levels during distribution.
Design and economics of plants to convert eastern bituminous coal to methane using KRW gasifiers with and without in-bed desulfurization. Topical report, March 1986-January 1987

First-pass designs and cost estimates indicate that an eastern bituminous coal-to-methane plant utilizing in-bed desulfurization with KRW gasification provides an economic advantage of $0.39/MMBtu over KRW gasification without in-bed desulfurization. The economic benefits depend directly on the value of export power. When the zinc ferrite desulfurization unit is not used in conjunction with in-bed desulfurization ($5.85/MMBtu), half of the benefits of in-bed desulfurization ($5.63/MMBtu) over the conventional KRW plant ($6.02/MMBtu) is lost. Use of combined shift/methanation ($5.09/MMBtu) or direct methanation ($5.30/MMBtu) in conjunction with in-bed desulfurization further reduces the cost of gas.
Examining the Implementation of a Flipped Chinese Classroom in a University in Brunei Darussalam: A Mixed Method Research

ABSTRACT: Despite the promising potentials of using the flipped learning model, there are challenges lie in the practical aspects of implementing it. This study aims to provide implications to this problem, by investigating students’ engagements in self-study materials and to explore the causal conditions of an adequate engagement. Adopting a qualitative driven mixed method research approach, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected concurrently. Qualitative data were collected using three instruments during and after a 14-weeks flipped classroom conducted from early January to end of April 2018 with a total enrolment of 65 university students in the required course, Mandarin I. Quantitative data were extracted from a LMS (Learning Management System) applied to support the flipped classroom. Both kinds of data were analyzed separately followed by meta-inference being made. In which, interpretations stemming from both qualitative and quantitative findings were integrated into a coherent whole. Findings revealed that the core phenomenon in this flipped classroom was students’ diminishing access to self-study materials prior to face-to-face interactions in classes. Major causal conditions for this phenomenon were in Bruneian students’ beliefs in learning, teachers play a dominant role in the learning process, and this belief tends to persevere. On the other hand, students’ perceptions toward foreign language learning had changed through the study course, and their motivation in foreign language learning had changed consequently. When watching videos and other online activities transformed from fun activities into work or obligations, they felt less-motivated. Based on the findings , it is reasonable to suggest that establishing a positive rapport with students as an immediate and effective approach to motivate students’ self-learning, hence to improve the effectiveness of a flipped design. KEY WORDS: Flipped Learning; Foreign Language Chinese; Motivation to Learn. About the Author: Min Shen is a Lecturer, and currently also as Ph.D. Student, at the UBD (University of Brunei Darussalam), P.O. Box 414, Gadong BE3978, Negara Brunei Darussalam. For academic interests, the author is able to be contacted via e-mail address at: min.shen@ubd.edu. bn Suggested Citation: Shen, Min. (2019). “Examining the Implementation of a Flipped Chinese Classroom in a University in Brunei Darussalam: A Mixed Method Research” in EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies , Volume 11(2), February, pp.139-156. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI with ISSN 1979-7877 (print) and ISSN 2621-587X (online). A rticle Timeline : Accepted (December 25, 2018); Revised (January 30, 2019); and Published (February 28, 2019).
A study of urban heat island of Banda Aceh City, Indonesia based on land use/cover changes and land surface temperature

This article described the spatial and temporal of land surface temperature (LST) patterns in Banda Aceh City, Indonesia, in the context of urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Landsat imaginary in 1998 and 2018 was used in this study, which represents the conditions before and after the tsunami. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technique were used for data analysis. The 1998 and 2018 LUC maps were derived from remote sensing satellite images using a supervised classification method (maximum likelihood). Both LUC maps contained five categories, namely built-up area, vegetation, water body, vacant land, and wet land. The 1998 LUC map had a kappa coefficient 0.91, while the 2018 LUC map had 0.84. It was found that the built-up area increased by 100%, while the vegetation category fell 50%. The overall mean LST in the study area increased 5.90C between 1998 and 2018, with the highest mean increase in the built-up area category. The study recommends that LST should be taken into consideration in urban planning process to realize sustainable urban development. It also emphasizes the importance of optimizing the availability of green open space to reduce UHI effects and helps in improving the quality of the urban environment.
FRAMEWORK FOR MODELLING MOBILE NETWORK QUALITY OF EXPERIENCE THROUGH BIG DATA ANALYTICS APPROACH

The increase in the usage of different mobile internet applications can cause deterioration in the mobile network performance. Such deterioration often declines the performance of the mobile network services that can influence the mobile Internet user’s experience, which can make the internet users switch between different mobile network operators to get good user experience. In this case, the success of mobile network operators primarily depends on the ability to ensure good quality of experience (QoE), which is a measure of users’ perceived quality of mobile Internet service. Traditionally, QoE is usually examined in laboratory experiments to enable a fixed contextual factor among the participants even though the results derived from these laboratory experiments presented an estimated mean opinion score representing perceived QoE. The use of user experience dataset involving time and location gathered from the mobile network traffic for modelling perceived QoE is still limited in the literature. The mobile Internet user experience dataset involving the time and location constituted in the mobile network can be used by the mobile network operators to make data-driven decisions to deal with disruptions observed in the network performance and provide an optimal solution based on the insights derived from the user experience data. Therefore, this paper proposed a framework for modelling mobile network QoE using the big data analytics approach. The proposed framework describes the process of estimating or predicting perceived QoE based on the datasets obtained or gathered from the mobile network to enable the mobile network operators effectively to manage the network performance and provide the users a satisfactory mobile Internet QoE.
Rate constants for the reactions of hydrogen atom with water and hydroxyl with hydrogen by the flash photolysis-shock tube technique over the temperature range 1246-2297 K

Rate constants for the reaction of atomic hydrogen with water, reaction 1, were measured by the flash photolysis-shock tube technique utilizing atomic resonance absorption to monitor the change in H atom concentrations with time. Experiments were carried out over the temperature range 1246-2297 K, and the results can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation k/sub 1/(T) = (4.58 +/- 0.61) x 10/sup -10/ exp((-22966 +/- 482 cal mol/sup -1/)/RT) cm/sup 3/ molecule/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. The errors are given at the one standard deviation level. By use of the known values of the equilibrium constant, K/sub 1/(T), for reaction 1, each experimental k/sub 1/(T) measurement was converted to its corresponding value of the rate constant of the reverse reaction, k/sub -1/(T). Over the temperature range 1246-2297 K, the k/sub -1/(T) results can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation k/sub -1/(T) = (1.05 +/- 0.17) x 10/sup -10/ exp((-8037 +/- 482 cal mol/sup -1/)/RT) cm/sup 3/ molecule/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. A composite data base for k/sub -1/(T) was constructed for the temperature range 250-2581 K from the present results and selected previously published data. The resulting Arrhenius plot is nonlinear and may be fitted by the three-parameter expression k/sub -1/(T) =more » 3.59 x 10/sup -16/T/sup 1.51/ exp(-1726 K/T) cm/sup 3/ molecule/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. These results are compared to earlier experimental measurements and to recently reported theoretical calculations. « less
Stochastic Dependencies Between Critical Infrastructures

Critical infrastructures (CIs) are characterized by their high importance for the welfare of a society and failure of such an infrastructure has a significant impact on our everyday life. However, a problem in one critical infrastructure also affects other infrastructures, e.g., if electricity is only partly available this also affects hospitals. The effects of even a partial failure of a provider on a critical infrastructures are hard to predict unless strict assumptions are made. The damage depends, among other things, on the availability of substitutes, but also on external influences such as weather, temporary demand or load peaks, etc., which is why we propose a stochastic model where the state of an infrastructure is a random variable. Each infrastructure changes its state depending on what the other CIs do, based on a probabilistic change transition regime. This allows to model complex interdependencies, whose underlying dynamics may be stochastic or deterministic yet partly unknown. The model of the entire CI thus consists of several Markov chains, which retains simplicity for implementation in a software such as R, and flexibility to capture various forms of mutual influence between CIs. We illustrate this by giving a small example. The main contribution of this work is a model that partly unifies three different models of risk propagation (Bayesian networks, percolation and system dynamics) under a single simulation/percolation framework.
Analysis of heavy metals in water, sediments and fish samples of Madivala lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka.

Heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni ) concentration in water sediments and fish was analysed from Madivala lake in the month of June 2008. There was an appreciable increase in metal concentrations in going from the water to the sediment samples.The Heavy metal concentration, in water was in the order Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni , in sediments Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni . Ten fish species[Catla,Silver carp , Common carp, Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) Mrigal Etroplus suratensis, Murrels (Channa marulius), Nandus nandus Amblypharyngodon mola Catfishes (Heteropneustes fossilis) ] were collected from this lake and analyzed for Heavy metal content of muscle , liver, gills and kidney tissues. The maximum concentration of heavy metals was found in Kidney and liver, the order of heavy metal level in various argons is Muscle >Gills >liver >kidney. The Order of heavy metal concentration in Muscle Pb >Cd>Ni>Cr, in Gills Pb =Cd>Ni>Cr, in kidney Pb >>Cd>Ni>Cr and in liver Pb >Cd>Ni>Cr The presence of elevated levels of Pb and Cd in almost argons is a serious matter of concern and the potential for human exposure to heavy metals from eating fish caught in the lake.
Development of a Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Method to Visualize the Gasoline Distribution in a Sl Engine,

Abstract : Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) is used for planar imaging in a Sl engine. The gasoline was seeded with three different dopants: biacetyl, benzaldehyd, and tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine (TMPD). Specific problems related to the application of LIF measurements in automative engines are discussed. The non-toxic biacetyl has important advantages. In contrast to TMPD and benzaldehyd it has good vaporization properties and its fluorescence is nearly insensitive to oxygen quenching. Therefore it can also be used in fire SI engines. The linearity investigations indicate the quantitative concentration measurements can be obtained. (Author)
The net pressure driving force due to boiling in calandria tubes

Vapour formation due to boiling in calandria tubes provides the driving force for natural circulation in vacuum pans. The net pressure difference generated across a calandria tube is determined by the average density deficit in the tube relative to the downcomer (i.e. the aount of vapour in the tube) and the pressure loss due to friction and acceleration. This paper presents a mathematical model of the two-phase flow of molasses and vapour in a calandria tube assuming equilibrium thermodynamics and steady state conditions. The model can predict the net pressure driving force and the evaporation rate produced by a tube as a function of parameters such as the heat input, mass flow rate, liquid height above the calandria and boiling point elevation. Additionally, the model yields detailed profiles of temperature, absolute pressure, volume fraction and other variables as a function of distance along the calandria tube. Results are presented in the form of characteristic curves representing the net pressure difference available to drive natural circulation as a function of applied heat and mass flow rate. The circulation rate and evaporation rate in a natural circulation loop may be determined by matching the appropriate characteristic curve to the system resistance curve for the loop. An example is presented to illustrate the application of the method.
Correlates of Contraceptive Use and Desire for less Children in Nigeria

The negative consequences of non-use of contraceptives on reproductive health are well documented. The role of contraceptive use in attaining the desired number of children in Nigeria is yet to receive adequate academic investigation. The central concern of this paper was to examine how socio-cultural and economic variables influence contraceptive use and desire for less number of children among currently married women of reproductive age (15-49) in Nigeria. The data were derived from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and health Survey (NDHS). The NDHS collected data on current background characteristics, contraceptive methods, desire for more children, and number of living children, among others. The 23,933 currently married women respondents who had provided responses to questions on contraceptive use methods and desire for more children constitute the sample. The study found large disparities among correlated variables as factors determining contraceptive use and desire for more children. The study revealed that while 16% of the sampled population used contraceptive methods, 78% acknowledged desire for more children. The regression analysis showed that current contraceptive use and desire for more children significantly varied by selected background characteristics. Thus, there is an urgent need to reach out to women of reproductive age on the need for contraceptive use in marital union to limit childbearing and the concomitant negative effects in Nigeria.
Selected physical properties of liquid biofuels

Travniek P., Valach M. , Hlavaova Z. , Mareek J., Vitz T. , Junga P., 2013. Selected physical properties of liquid biofuels . Res. Agr. Eng., 59: 121–127. Th e goal of this study was the determination of basic physical properties such as density, calorifi c value and rheological properties of liquid biofuels. Biofuels on the base of bioethanol and rapeseed methyl ester were chosen. Following control samples were selected: diesel oil without admixture of methyl esters and commercially available diesel oils with small amount of methyl ester admixture (6.2 and 6.5%). Dynamic viscosities of individual samples were measured in the range from –10°C to 50°C. Th en dependence of shear rate on shear stress was measured at temperatures –10, 0, 20 and 40°C. Th e most of samples showed the Newtonian behaviour. However, samples with high content of methyl esters or pure methyl esters showed thixotropy behaviour at the low temperature.
Chemisorption of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and oxygen on ordered tin/platinum(111) surface alloys

The chemisorption of CO, H{sub 2}, and O{sub 2} on ordered Pt-Sn surface alloys has been investigated by using thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDMS), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron (AES), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEISS). Alloying with Sn causes only slight decreases in the CO desorption peak temperature compared to Pt(111). A (2{radical}3{times}2{radical}3)R30{degree} LEED pattern is observed for the saturation CO coverage on the p(2{times}2) ordered alloy surface. No ordered CO overlays were observed by LEED from the ({radical}3{times}{radical}3)R30{degree} alloy surface. HREELS indicates the atop-bonded CO is the most strongly adsorbed species on both ordered alloy surfaces, as on Pt(111), and that both atop and bridge sites are populated for saturation CO coverage on both ordered alloy surfaces.
Verbal Cognitive Abilities and Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Secondary School Children

The present study was aimed at examining the role of verbal cognitive abilities in predicting emotional and behavioral problems among secondary school children. Sajjad Urdu Verbal Intelligence Test (Hussain, 2001) and School Children Problems Scale (Saleem & Mehmood, 2011) were administered on a sample of 300 (151 girls & 149 boys) secondary school children; aged 11-16 years (M =14.83, SD = 1.16) taken from model schools of Islamabad. Finding revealed that low level of verbal cognitive abilities showed greater levels of emotional and behavioral problems; particularly anxiousness, academic problems, and aggression were significantly higher among the students. All four types of verbal abilities (i.e., Word-Meaning, Verbal-Reasoning, Numerical-Abilities, and General-Knowledge) jointly accounted for up to 59% of variance in predicting emotional and behavioral problems. Gender differences were also significant indicating that girls demonstrated significantly greater degree of emotional problems (p<.001) than those of boys whereas boys elicited higher level of aggressive tendencies (p<.001) and all four types of verbal cognitive abilities (p<.001, .01) as compared to girls. No significant gender differences emerged on academic problems. Results have been discussed in the light of literature and cultural contexts.
Ecotoxicologie du lindane et de la deltaméthrine en milieu aquatique

La persistance dans l'eau, en presence ou en absence de sediment, la toxicite aigue et les capacites de bioconcentration du lindane et de la deltamethrine ont ete etudiees dans des conditions de laboratoire. Les resultats obtenus, persistance relativement importante dans l'eau, desorption a partir du sediment, toxicite aigue moderee et capacites de bioconcentration non negligeable, laissent supposer que le risque ecotoxicotogique lie au lindane est du domaine de la toxicite chronique et de la bioaccumulation le long des chaines trophiques. En revanche, la tres rapide disparition de la deltamethrine introduite dans l'eau, sa tres intense adsorption sur le sediment et ses faibles capacites de bioconcentration laissent a penser que ce compose ne se bioaccumulera pas le long des chaines alimentaires. Neanmoins, l'extreme toxicite de cette molecule et sa rapidite d'action vis-a-vis des organismes aquatiques, peut causer des dommages importants aux ecosystemes Humiques a la suite de traitements directs de ces biotopes.