Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Combustion Technology of Sewage Sludge on Mobility of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge Ash/Wpływ Technologii Spalania Komunalnych Osadów Ściekowych Na Mobilność Metali Ciężkich Z Popiołów

Abstract Sewage sludge ashes from grate furnace and fluidized bed furnace were used in this research. This research was carried out to investigate the impact of combustion technology on sewage sludge speciation of heavy metals from sewage sludge ash. This was achieved by conducting a sequential chemical extraction procedure Community Bureau Reference (BCR). This study indicated that heavy metals in sewage sludge ash were dominant in immobile fractions. Moreover, it was stated that the combustion technology of sewage sludge did not have a significant influence on the mobility of heavy metals in ashes Abstrakt Badania przeprowadzono w celu oceny wpływu technologii spalania osadów ściekowych na mobilność metali ciężkich z popiołów. W badaniach wykorzystano popioły z osadów ściekowych pobrane z oczyszczalni ścieków ze spalaniem osadów w piecu rusztowym i złożu fluidalnym. Zastosowano chemiczną procedurę ekstrakcji sekwencyjnej Community Bureau Reference (BCR). Stwierdzono, że metale ciężkie w popiołach z osadów ściekowych dominowały we frakcjach niemobilnych. Ponadto zauważono, że technologia spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych nie miała znaczącego wpływu na mobilność metali ciężkich z popiołów.
Effect of crop residue biochar on soil acidity amelioration in strongly acidic tea garden soils

Strongly acidic soil (e.g. pH < 5.0) is detrimental to tea productivity and quality. Wheat, rice and peanut biochar produced at low temperature (max 300 °C) and differing in alkalinity content were incorporated into Xuan‐cheng (Ultisol; initial pHsoil/water = 1/2.5 4.12) and Ying‐tan soil (Ultisol; initial pH soil/water = 1/2.5 4.75) at 10 and 20 g/kg (w/w) to quantify their liming effect and evaluate their effectiveness for acidity amelioration of tea garden soils. After a 65‐day incubation at 25 °C, biochar application significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil pH and exchangeable cations and reduced Al saturation of both tea soils. Association of H+ ions with biochar and decarboxylation processes was likely to be the main factor neutralizing soil acidity. Further, biochar application reduced acidity production from the N cycle. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in exchangeable cations and reductions in exchangeable acidity and Al saturation were observed as the rate of biochar increased, but there were no further effects on soil pH. The lack of change in soil pH at the higher biochar rate may be due to the displacement of exchangeable acidity and the high buffering capacity of biochar, thereby retarding a further liming effect. Hence, a significant linear correlation between reduced exchangeable acidity and alkalinity balance was found in biochar‐amended soils (P < 0.05). Low‐temperature biochar of crop residues is suggested as a potential amendment to ameliorate acidic tea garden soils.
Lewis base adducts of lead(II) compounds. I: Polymer isomerism in some 1:2 adducts of lead(II) halides with pyridine bases

Recrystallization of lead(II) halides, PbX2 (X = C1, Br, I), from n- methylpyridine, n = 3, 4, yields crystalline 1 : 2 adducts; these have all been shown by single-crystal X-ray structure determination to contain the lead in an essentially octahedral six-coordinate environment, two of the coordination sites being occupied by monodentate pyridine base moieties and four by bridging halogen, yielding infinite polymeric arrays. For X = Cl, Br, n = 3, the nitrogen atoms lie cis in the coordination sphere; for the other complexes, they are trans. In the two cis complexes, distortion from ideal orthogonal geometry is more substantial than in the trans, possibly indicative of the presence of a sterically active 'lone pair'.
High Temperature Recovery of CO2 from Flue Gases Using Hydrotalcite Adsorbent

Experimental and theoretical studies on the high temperature recovery of CO2 from flue gases are presented. The work employs a potassium promoted hydrotalcite adsorbent, for which CO2 capacities in excess 0.8 mol kg−1 were measured at temperatures of 481 K and 575 K and in the presence of high concentrations (∼30% (v/v)) of water. Elution profiles from a bench-scale adsorption unit also enabled analysis of adsorption and desorption kinetics. A cyclic and multibed process for the continuous and energy efficient recovery of CO2 is proposed. The process involves an integrated energy recovery step for the generation of steam, which is then used for the recovery of CO2 from the adsorbed phase. A mathematical model for the CO2-hydrotalcite system, based on measured equilibria and kinetic data, is used for the preliminary assessment of the process, e.g. in terms of CO2 product purity and steam consumption. Particular attention is given to CO2 recovery from the stack gas of a typical 10 MW coal-fired power plant. The work has application to existing industrial processes in which recovered CO2 (at elevated temperatures) can be used as a feedstock for further catalytic processing, such as dry methane reforming and carbon gasification.
Vision system and electronic tongue application to detect coffee adulteration with barley

Time consuming and expensive methods have been applied for detection of coffee adulteration based on the literature. In the present work, an optical method (vision system) and the application of an electronic tongue is proposed to reveal the addition of barley in different proportion to coffee in ground and brewed forms. In a range of 1 to 80% (w/w) Robusta coffee was blended with roasted barley. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) accomplished on vision system image data showed a good discrimination of the adulterated samples. The results of Polar Qualification System (PQS) data reduction method revealed even small differences in the right barley content order by point method approach. With Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression the amount of barley in Robusta was predicted with high R2 (0.996) and relatively low RMSEP (∼2%) values in case of vision system data processing. Considering electronic tongue measurements, PCA results showed a good discrimination of samples with higher barley concentration. Misc.
A modified pseudo-equilibrium model competing with kinetic models to determine the composition of a two-temperature SF6 atmosphere plasma

This paper is devoted to calculation of the non-equilibrium composition in a SF6 thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure. Non-equilibrium thermal plasmas are characterized by heavy species temperatures Th below 9000 K with electron temperatures at the maximum three times higher than Th when the latter is below 4000 K. Different theories have been used based on either multi-temperature plasmas, Saha-Potapov modified by Andre et al, van de Sanden et al, Cliteur et al, or kinetic calculations or the pseudo-equilibrium model, recently developed. This model gives results similar to those of kinetic calculations for N2 and H2 plasmas but with calculation times two orders magnitude faster. Pseudo-equilibrium calculation takes into account the reactions with low activation energies instead of ionization reactions, while keeping all the species present in the kinetic calculation. First, the theories are compared in a case already studied in the literature by Cliteur: a heavy species temperature Th at 6000 K, with the electron temperature Te varying between 6000 and 15 000 K. Comparison of the results shows that the multi-temperature calculations, except those of Cliteur, are far from kinetic especially for ne and nF-. In addition, the pseudo-equilibrium model fits rather well with the kinetic calculations as long as molecular species are present in the plasma. Second, to calculate the composition of non-equilibrium thermal plasmas the ratio Te/Th is assumed to vary as the logarithm of the electron densities ratio ne/ncmax, nemax being the electron density over which equilibrium prevails, i.e. 1023 m-3. For kinetic reactions where electrons are involved (in the direct reaction while heavy species intervene in the reverse reaction), a temperature T* between Te and Th is defined. T* is calculated as a function of the electron flux to that of heavy species. The variation of T* with Th is smoother than that of Te. In such conditions again, there is an excellent agreement between kinetic and pseudo-equilibrium calculations performed at T*, which is not the case for multi-temperature calculations. These results demonstrate that the pseudo-equilibrium calculation developed for thermal plasma simple forming gases such as N2 and H2 can also be applied to more complex gases such as SF6.
In Situ ESEM Examination of Microstructural Changes of an Apple Tissue Sample Undergoing Low-Pressure Air-Drying Followed by Wetting

Low-pressure drying of apple tissue has been visualized in situ using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Both freshly cut and pre-boiled sample tissues were tested for drying and followed by wetting processes and the differences between the two types of samples noted. Bubble formation was observed when drying the freshly cut sample and were found to form only around the intact cells (intracellular spaces or channels). Boiling produced a more uniform surface and no bubble formation could be observed. Air-drying of the two tissue samples was conducted as a complementary investigation so that the effect of boiling can be better ascertained.
Electrical discharges in the vapour phase in liquid-filled capillaries

In this work electrical discharges in the vapour phase in liquid-filled capillaries are investigated. The vapour phase is generated due to Joule heating of the NaCl solution in a narrow dielectric capillary in which plasma is generated. A repetitive bubble formation regime, a chaotic plasma regime and a periodic intense plasma regime are observed with increasing voltage. The plasma is produced in the bubble and the liquid columns on both sides of the bubble serve as electrodes for the discharges. In the emission spectra contributions of OH, H, Na and O are identified. The OH rotational distribution can be characterized by a superposition of two Boltzmann distributions with temperature parameters of 2800 and 8800 K.
Anti-tubercular Activity of Ruthenium (II) Complexes with Polypyridines

A series of nine polypyridyl-ruthenium (II) complexes (N-ligands = 2,2′-bipyridines; 2,2′-6′,2′-terpyridines, di-alkyloxy-2,2′-6,2-bipyridine-3,3′-di-carboxylates), were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT). The complex (11) showed remarkable activity against MBT as compared to other complexes, (1–10). The aquo ligand of complex (11), as opposed to other chloro and acetonitrile derivatives, appears to play a key role in the antitubercular potency of this new class of metal-based compounds.
Negative capacitance at metal-semiconductor interfaces

A negative capacitance effect has been observed in metal‐semiconductor contacts. This phenomenon is explained by considering the loss of interface charge at occupied states below Fermi level due to impact ionization. A modified Shockley–Read treatment is proposed to interpret the experimental observations. In particular, a two‐energy‐level simplified model is presented to simulate the capacitance spectrum. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Effects of Moisture on Pyrolysis of Polypropylene

The thermal degradation kinetics of polypropylene (PP) in steam was investigated with a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) reaction system. The experiments were carried out in the 500–800 K temperature range at various constant heating rates of 1, 2, and 5 K/min. The partial pressure of steam in the system was adjusted to 0.24 atm, which is seen in most municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators in Taiwan. The results indicated that the water molecule significantly enhanced the thermal degradation rate of PP. The corresponding activation energy, preexponential factor, and reaction order were determined. It was found that thermal degradation of PP in steam can be adequately described by an overall rate equation.
Molecular escape of H2 from Titan's atmosphere: kinetic Monte Carlo simulations

A molecular model of H2 diffusion through a static background gas of N2 and CH4 in Titan’s upper atmosphere and subsequent escape is compared to Cassini density measurements and continuum model results. Normalizing the densities and temperatures at the lower boundary of the simulation region (ro = 3685 km, To ~ 132 K & To ~161 K) to recent INMS data [3] we found that the increase in the N2 densities measured when Titan is in Saturn’s plasma sheet results in a decrease in the H2 densities above the exobase and a 10% decrease in the escape rate compared to simulations using N2 densities measured when Titan is outside the plasma sheet.
Characterization of Fine Particle Material in Ambient Air and Personal Samples from an Underground Mine

Personal samplers representing 4 job classifications and stationary samplers at 2 locations in an underground mine were deployed to measure fine particle carbon (organic/elemental), ions (sulfate plus nitrate), elements (metals and others), and speciated organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), oxygenated PAH, and hopanes/steranes. Chemically segregated size distribution was investigated after collection with a multistage impactor placed at 1 sampling site. All samples exceeded the currently proposed mine air standard of 160 w g/m 3 total carbon, and most exceeded the interim standard of 400 w g/m 3 . Carbon accounted for about 70% of the fine particle mass (described as a reconstructed mass of all measured chemical species); sulfate and ore/waste rock-derived metals constituted most of the remainder. Most of the personal samples were more concentrated than the ambient samples; 1 sample exceeded 2.5 mg/m 3 total mass. The PAH consisted mostly of gas-phase/semivolatile compounds and minor amounts of the particle-phase species, which is consistent with the composition of diesel exhaust, the major source of fine particle material in the mine. Size-segregated chemistry showed that the majority of the material below 1 w m of aerodynamic diameter was carbon, with the largest amount at approximately 0.2 w m. Metals, derived primarily from resuspended ore/waste rock, comprised the majority of the material above 1 w m. Results are placed in context of current mine-monitoring techniques that aim to regulate diesel particulate material.
Effect of pressure on membranes

Besides temperature, hydrostatic pressure has been used as a physical-chemical parameter for studying the energetics and phase behavior of membrane systems. First we review some theoretical aspects of lipid self-assembly. Then, the temperature and pressure dependent structure and phase behavior of lipid bilayers, differing in chain configuration, headgroup structure and composition as revealed by using thermodynamic, spectroscopic and scattering experiments is discussed. We also report on the lateral organization of phase-separated lipid membranes and model raft mixtures as well as the influence of peptide and protein incorporation on membrane structure and dynamics upon pressurization. Also the effect of other additives, such as ions, cholesterol, and anaesthetics is discussed. Furthermore, we introduce pressure as a kinetic variable. Applying the pressure-jump relaxation technique in combination with time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the kinetics of various lipid phase transformations was investigated. Finally, also new data on pressure effects on membrane mimetics, such as surfactants and microemulsions, are presented.
A study on the temporally and spatially resolved OH radical distribution of a room-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma jet by laser-induced fluorescence imaging

In this paper, the time and spatially resolved OH distribution of a room-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma jet is investigated using a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method. The plasma jet is generated in room air by applying a nanosecond pulsed high voltage onto a ceramic tube with helium gas flow. It is found that, before the plasma ‘bullet’ propagates through the region detected by the laser, there are low OH LIF signals, which are from the OH left from previous discharge pulses. After the propagation of the primary plasma ‘bullet’ (generated by the primary discharge at the rising edge of the voltage pulse) through the detected region, the OH LIF signals are more than doubled. Furthermore, after the propagation of the secondary plasma ‘bullet’ (generated by the secondary discharge at the falling edge of the voltage pulse) through the detected region, the OH LIF signals are doubled again. Then, after the voltage pulse, the OH LIF signals decay slowly until about 120 µs. Starting from about 120 µs after the voltage pulse, the OH LIF signals have a third increase; its peak value is more than doubled. Detailed investigations find that this is due to the gas flow, which blows the OH generated inside the discharge tube to the detected region. In addition, spatially resolved OH LIF signals show that the signal intensity is stronger on both edges, which gives rise to the donut shape of the OH distribution. Further studies reveal that this might be due to the interaction of the plasma plume with the surrounding water vapor in the air.
Electron and exciton states in solid rare gases

Energy band calculations of the solid rare gases Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe and calculations of the conduction band density of states of Kr and Xe are presented. Except for Ne the calculations are based on the relativistic formulation of the Green's function method. Exciton states of the valence Γ-excitons in Ar, Kr, and Xe have been computed using the pseudopotential formalism of the exciton problem proposed by Hermanson and Phillips and on the basis of the calculated energy bands. The dependence of the exciton binding energies on certain band parameters has been studied. The results are discussed in connection with the optical spectra of the solid rare gases measured by Baldini and the DESY group.
Development of Methodology and Technology for Identifying and Quantifying Emission Products from Open Burning and Open Detonation Thermal Treatment Methods. Field Test Series A, B, and C. Volume 2, Part A. Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Abstract : The report describes the quality assurance/quality control program conducted during 1990 field testing which supported the OB/OD Thermal Treatment Methods Study. The QA/QC program encompassed sample collection, preparation, storage, extraction, analytical instrument operation, data reduction, statistical data analyses and interpretation. Samples included atmosphere collected In evacuated stainless steel canisters, soil, and Teflon coated-glass- fiber media. The supercritical fluid chromatograph and gas chromatograph with mass spectrometers were the principal laboratory analytical Instruments used during these field tests. Real-time instruments detected and quantified Col C02, NO, NO2, and NOx. Near-real-time analyses were accomplished by use of a Teflon bag in which samples of the plume were collected for analyses during testing operations. Sample-tracking was conducted using a system which permitted precise identification of individual specimens from collection through analyses or archiving. Analysis of atmosphere and soil samples spiked by the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) reflected a degree of accuracy well within acceptable limits. Open burning; open detonation; OB/OD; TNT; double base propellant; manufacturers residue propellant; air emissions; thermal treatment; carbon balance; emission factor.
Comparação da matéria orgânica e de outros atributos do solo entre plantações de Acacia mangium e Eucalyptus grandis

Eucalyptus and acacia species are widely used in agrosilviculture and reforestry practices. In order to evaluate the reconstitution of organic soil layers - i.e. the humic horizons -and establish relationships to the soil properties, the holorganic and hemiorganic horizons were sampled under Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis plantations. These plantations lie in the tertiary tableland region in the North of Espirito Santo State, Brazil, and are part of the Natural reservation Area of the Vale do Rio Doce Company. Samples were collected in seven-year-old plantations in four seasons. Acacia mangium presented a higher litter stock (mean of 10 t ha-1) in both the L (undecomposed leaves) and the F layer (fragmented leaves) than Eucalyptus grandis (mean of 5 t ha-1). The foliar material of Acacia also presented smaller C/N ratios than Eucalyptus, almost half as small, due to higher nitrogen contents. In regard to the chemical analyses of carbon and nutrients, higher quantities of the elements were observed in the soil under Acacia mangium than under Eucalyptus grandis (e.g., carbon: 1.74 vs 1.23 dag kg-1 and calcium: 3.34 vs 2.75 cmolc kg-1). This set of results suggests that the organic contribution of Acacia mangium was responsible for higher organic matter and nutrient inputs in the soil than Eucalyptus grandis. However, when these data were compared to those found in studies of primary forest, carbon and nutrient soil contents in both plantations were smaller than in the forest, indicating that after seven years fertility and organic matter of the A11 horizon had not been reestablished in the plantations.
Variations in Physicochemical Properties of Chinese Fenjiu During Storage and High-Gravity Technology of Liquor Aging

Gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, headspace/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and Dean's switch technology were used to identify the structure and investigate the transformation of aroma components of Chinese Fenjiu under different ages (from 0 to 30 years). Results showed that the variation in physicochemical properties of Fenjiu was due to the synergistic effects of volatilization of low boiling point matters, oxidation of dissolved oxygen, balance between esterification and hydrolysis, weak interaction among molecules, and involvement of metal elements extracted from storage vessels. By simulating the natural storage environment and utilizing high-gravity rotating packed bed technique, a multistage-spraying rotating packed bed was developed locally and successfully applied to liquor aging. The liquor treated by this method had qualities equivalent to the liquors aged naturally for more than two years. The present study reveals the traditional aging process of Chinese liquor and offers a perspective into the utilitization of high-gravity rotating packed bed technique as an alternative tool for liquor aging.
Hydrothermal Gasification of HTL wastewater

The aqueous phase after HTL (hydrothermal liquefaction) of wet biomass still contains significant amounts of organic compounds, which is disadvantageous for re-cultivation of microalgae therein and decreases the process efficiency. HTG (hydrothermal gasification) was investigated for its suitability of removing those compounds. A number of catalytic and non-catalytic batch tests were carried out at 350-600 °C and 220-340 bar with a reaction time of 1 h. The aqueous byproduct from HTL of swine manure served as a feed. AC (activated carbon), α-Al2O3, TiO2 (rutile), diatomaceous earth (DE), MnO2 and Raney-nickel were assessed for their catalytic activity. Raney-nickel and AC showed the highest catalytic activities, whereas Al2O3, TiO2 and DE did not have any catalytic effect. The highest CODr (COD removal efficiency) could be reached at 600 °C and was in the range of 91.3-98.1%. Effective gasification went hand in hand with an increase in pH from 5-6 to about 8-9.