Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of methanol and cyclopropenylidene around starless cores

Context. The spatial distribution of molecules around starless cores is a powerful tool for studying the physics and chemistry governing the earliest stages of star formation. Aims. Our aim is to study the chemical differentiation in starless cores to determine the influence of large-scale effects on the spatial distribution of molecules within the cores. Furthermore, we want to put observational constraints on the mechanisms responsible in starless cores for the desorption of methanol from the surface of dust grains where it is efficiently produced. Methods. We mapped methanol, CH3OH, and cyclopropenylidene, c-C3H2, with the IRAM 30 m telescope in the 3 mm band towards six starless cores embedded in different environments, and in different evolutionary stages. Furthermore, we searched for correlations among physical properties of the cores and the methanol distribution. Results. From our maps we can infer that the chemical segregation between CH3OH and c-C3H2 is driven by uneven illumination from the interstellar radiation field (ISRF). The side of the core that is more illuminated has more C atoms in the gas-phase and the formation of carbon-chain molecules like c-C3H2 is enhanced. Instead, on the side that is less exposed to the ISRF the C atoms are mostly locked in carbon monoxide, CO, the precursor of methanol. Conclusions. We conclude that large-scale effects have a direct impact on the chemical segregation that we can observe at core scale. However, the non-thermal mechanisms responsible for the desorption of methanol in starless cores do not show any dependency on the H2 column density at the methanol peak.
Self-Adaptive Physics-Informed Neural Networks using a Soft Attention Mechanism

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have emerged recently as a promising application of deep neural networks to the numerical solution of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). However, the original PINN algorithm is known to suffer from stability and accuracy problems in cases where the solution has sharp spatio-temporal transitions. These stiff PDEs require an unreasonably large number of collocation points to be solved accurately. It has been recognized that adaptive procedures are needed to force the neural network to fit accurately the stubborn spots in the solution of stiff PDEs. To accomplish this, previous approaches have used fixed weights hard-coded over regions of the solution deemed to be important. In this paper, we propose a fundamentally new method to train PINNs adaptively, where the adaptation weights are fully trainable, so the neural network learns by itself which regions of the solution are difficult and is forced to focus on them, which is reminiscent of soft multiplicative-mask attention mechanism used in computer vision. The basic idea behind these Self-Adaptive PINNs is to make the weights increase where the corresponding loss is higher, which is accomplished by training the network to simultaneously minimize the losses and maximize the weights, i.e., to find a saddle point in the cost surface. We show that this is formally equivalent to solving a PDE-constrained optimization problem using a penalty-based method, though in a way where the monotonically-nondecreasing penalty coefficients are trainable. Numerical experiments with an Allen-Cahn stiff PDE, the Self-Adaptive PINN outperformed other state-of-the-art PINN algorithms in L2 error by a wide margin, while using a smaller number of training epochs. An Appendix contains additional results with Burger's and Helmholtz PDEs, which confirmed the trends observed in the Allen-Cahn experiments.
Development of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids in Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pupae exposed to entomopathogenic fungi

Abstract Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle, Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff), and Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian and Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are promising candidates for the control of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Clavicipitaceae) also can be used to control sugarcane borers plus leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in sugarcane. This observation motivated us to investigate whether entomopathogenic fungi can affect biological aspects of these parasitoids. Diatraea saccharalis pupae (24 hours in age) were exposed to parasitism by three females of each eulophid species for 72 hours and then placed in small tubes. A contact surface treated with 1 mL of fungal suspension was placed inside each tube with the parasitised pupae at concentrations of 1×109, 5×109, or 10×109 conidia mL−1 of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. Exposure to fungi reduced emergence of adult P. elaeisis, but not of T. howardi and T. diatraeae. Life cycle duration, progeny, and sex ratio of P. elaeisis were not affected by exposure. Exposure was associated with decreased longevity for both sexes of T. howardi and in males of P. elaeisis, but not at levels expected to affect their performance as biocontrol agents. In general, the exposure of eulophid species developing in pupae of D. saccharalis exposed to entomopathogenic fungi, did not compromise the biological aspects of these parasitoids.
Modern epidemiology of anxiety: results of the Zurich cohort study

The Zurich cohort study investigated a general population sample of 591 males and females, enriched by risk cases, through five interviews carried out between the ages of 20 and 35. The total prevalence rate for the anxiety spectrum (consisting of panic, general anxiety disorders (GAD) and recurrent brief anxiety states (RBA)) was 22 per cent. Panic and RBA were highly associated (odds ratio 12·3). Complex panic syndromes (panic+GAD, panic+RBA) were shown to be much more severe than pure panic in terms of impairment, treatment and suicide attempt rates. Pure panic, DSM‐III GAD and RBA showed comparable validity. For the definition of GAD, a duration of two or four weeks is probably preferable to the 6‐months currently required by DSM‐IV and ICD‐10. The marked longitudinal associations and diagnostic changes between the three anxiety states support the hypothesis of an anxiety spectrum. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yolk Color and Lipid Oxidation of the Eggs of Commercial White Layers Fed Diets Supplemented with Vegetable Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the supplementation of vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids to the diet of Leghorn layers on yolk color and on yolk lipid oxidation of eggs stored at room temperature for 10 days. Sixty eggs laid by commercial white layers (Lohmann LSL) fed diets supplemented with different vegetable oils were used. Hens were fed one of the following treatment diets: conventional diet with no oil inclusion (T1); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil inclusion (T2); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil (T3); T1 diet with 2.5% soybean oil (T4); T1 with 5.0% linseed oil (T5); T1 diet with 5.0% canola oil (T6); T1 diet with 5.0% soybean oil (T7); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T8); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T9); and T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% canola oil (T10). Eggs were evaluated as to yolk lipid peroxidation (TBARS values) and yolk color, as determined by colorimetry and subjective sensorial analysis. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% significance level. It was concluded that the inclusion of vegetable oils in commercial white layer diets does not significantly change egg yolk pigmentation, as colorimetrically evaluated. However, when subjectively assessed, the yolks of the eggs laid by hens fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils tend to be paler. The yolks of the eggs laid by layers fed diets containing sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids presented high lipid oxidation, particularly when compared with those derived from layers fed the diet with no oil supplementation.
A cognitive approach to understanding and treating anxiety

Cognitive therapy is a short‐term, problem‐solving, educative psychotherapy originally developed in the 1960s by Aaron T. Beck, M.D. for the treatment of depression. Beck and colleagues later adapted the therapy for anxiety. Over the past decade, the efficacy of cognitive therapy has been established empirically for several anxiety disorders and new applications continue to be developed and tested. This paper has three objectives. The first is to provide a brief overview of treatment outcome research on cognitive therapy for several anxiety disorders including panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and obsessive‐compulsive disorder. The second objective is to present Beck's cognitive theory of anxiety and the cognitive models used to explain various anxiety disorders. The third and final objective is to outline the treatment strategies that are commonly used in cognitive therapy for anxiety. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An X-ray Spectral Survey of Radio-Loud AGN with ASCA

We present a uniform and systematic analysis of the 0.6–10 keV X-ray spectra of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) observed by ASCA. The sample, which is not statistically complete, includes 10 Broad Line Radio Galaxies (BLRGs), 5 radio-loud Quasars (QSRs), 9 Narrow Line Radio Galaxies (NLRGs), and 10 Radio Galaxies (RGs) of mixed FR I and FR II types. For several sources the ASCA data are presented here for the first time. The exposure times of the observations and the fluxes of the objects vary over a wide range; as a result, so does the signal-to-noise ratio of the individual X-ray spectra. At soft X-rays, about 50% of NLRGs and 100% of RGs exhibit a thermal plasma emission component, with a bimodal distribution of temperatures and luminosities. This indicates that the emission arises in hot gas either in a surrounding cluster or loose group or in a hot corona, consistent with previous ROSAT and optical results. At energies above 2 keV, a hard power-law component (photon index, Γ ∼ 1.7 − 1.8) is detected in 90% of cases. The power-law photon indices and luminosities in BLRGs, QSRs, and NLRGs are similar. This is consistent with simple orientation-based unification schemes for lobe-dominated radio-loud sources in which BLRGs, QSRs, and NLRGs harbor the same type of central engine. Moreover, excess cold absorption in the range 1021–1024 cm−2 is detected in most (but not all) NLRGs, consistent with absorption by an obscuring torus, as postulated by unification scenarios. The ASCA data provide initial evidence that the immediate gaseous environment of the X-ray source of BLRGs may be different than in Seyfert 1s: absorption edges of ionized oxygen, common in the latter, are detected in only one BLRG. Instead we detect large columns of cold gas in Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab, State College, PA 16802, e-mail: rms@astro.psu. edu, mce@astro.psu. edu. NASA/GSFC, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, e-mail: mushotzky@lheavx.gsfc. nasa.gov.
Cytotaxonomy of the genus Aspidistra from China

Chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 11 species of the genus Aspidistra from china are reported, among which six are found to have the chromosome number 2n=36 and five 2n=38. Their karyotype formulas are listted as follows:(1) A. fungilliformis : 2n=36=20m+6sm(2sat)+10st, belongs to 2C type;(2) A. subrotata : 2n=38=22m+6sm(2sat)+10st, 2C type;(3) A. claviformis : 2n=36=18m+8sm(2sat)+10st, 2C type; The chromosome number and karyotype are reported for the first time;(4) A. patentiloba : 2n=38=20m+6sm(2sat)+12st, 2C type; The chromosome number and karyotype are reported for the first time;(5) A. minutiflora : 2n=38=16m+4sm+8st(2sat)+10t, 3C type;(6) A. linearifolia : 2n=36=20m(2sat)+16st, 2C type; The chromosome number and karyotype are reported for the first time;(7) A. luodianensis : 2n=38=16m+6sm(2sat)+16st, 2C type;(8) A. sichuanensis : 2n=38=24m+4sm+10st(2sat);(9) A. lurida : 2n=36=18m+2sm(2sat)+16st, 2C type;(10) A. cavicola : 2n=36=18m+2sm(2sat)+14st+2t, 2C type; The chromosome number and karyotype are reported for the first time;(11) A. tonkinensis : 2n=36=16m+6sm(2sat)+14st, 3C type.
La famille idéale : combien d'enfants, à quel âge ?

L’idée que chacun se fait de la famille idéale n’est pas sans influence sur les comportements de fécondité. Le modèle de famille à deux ou trois enfants est très largement dominant. En pratique, les comportements sont beaucoup plus variés mais, en moyenne, les tailles de la famille idéale et des familles réelles sont proches. L’âge idéal à la naissance du premier enfant pour les plus jeunes est inférieur à celui observé, il lui est supérieur pour les plus âgés. Rendu possible par l’accès des jeunes femmes à la contraception dans les années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt, le décalage de l’âge à la première maternité se prolonge aujourd’hui au-delà de l’âge idéal déclaré par les jeunes. Les femmes sont plus restrictives que les hommes quant à l’âge limite pour le dernier enfant, mais les réponses sont dans l’ensemble proches des contraintes biologiques de la maternité.
In vitro probiotic potential of lactobacilli isolated from indigenous fermented milk products.

In present study, Lactobacilli were isolated and characterized from various milk products, where out of 25 isolates, 5 lactobacilli strains were screened for probiotic properties viz. tolerance to low pH, high bile salt concentration, cholesterol assimilation, cell aggregation and heat tolerance etc. All the 5 isolates showed comparable cell-surface hydrophobicity, and inhibitory activity against B. cereus, E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella spp. However, the values for L. plantarum M5 were significantly higher than that of other isolates. Besides these attributes, it could also withstand pH 2.5, and 50°C up to 20 min. The results of storage studies showed that storage at -20°C and 5-7°C had no effect on viable count, and it had good viability after 6 weeks of storage. The results suggest that L. plantarum M5 and L. helveticus L3 could be exploited for potential probiotic foods for better nutrition and health.
Exosomes derived from human amniotic epithelial cells accelerate diabetic wound healing via PI3K-AKT-mTOR-mediated promotion in angiogenesis and fibroblast function

Abstract Background Diabetic wounds are one of the most common and serious complications of diabetes mellitus, characterized by the dysfunction of wound-healing-related cells in quantity and quality. Our previous studies revealed that human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) could promote diabetic wound healing by paracrine action. Interestingly, numerous studies demonstrated that exosomes derived from stem cells are the critical paracrine vehicles for stem cell therapy. However, whether exosomes derived from hAECs (hAECs-Exos) mediate the effects of hAECs on diabetic wound healing remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the biological effects of hAECs-Exos on diabetic wound healing and preliminarily elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods hAECs-Exos were isolated by ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and flow cytometry. A series of in vitro functional analyses were performed to assess the regulatory effects of hAECs-Exos on human fibroblasts (HFBs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a high-glycemic microenvironment. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were conducted to speculate the related mechanisms of actions of hAECs-Exos on HFBs and HUVECs. Subsequently, the role of the candidate signaling pathway of hAECs-Exos in regulating the function of HUVECs and HFBs, as well as in diabetic wound healing, was assessed. Results hAECs-Exos presented a cup- or sphere-shaped morphology with a mean diameter of 105.89 ± 10.36 nm, were positive for CD63 and TSG101 and could be internalized by HFBs and HUVECs. After that, hAECs-Exos not only significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of HFBs, but also facilitated the angiogenic activity of HUVECs in vitro. High-throughput sequencing revealed enriched miRNAs of hAECs-Exos involved in wound healing. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses have shown that the target genes of the top 15 miRNAs were highly enriched in the PI3K-AKT pathway. Further functional studies demonstrated that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway was necessary for the induced biological effects of hAECs-Exos on HFBs and HUVECs, as well as on wound healing, in diabetic mice. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that hAECs-Exos represent a promising, novel strategy for diabetic wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and fibroblast function via activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.
Effect of salinity stress on the activities of phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase of the serum、tissue and organ of mud crab,Scylla serrata

This paper studied the effect of salinity(5,15,25 and 35) stress on the biochemical response of Scylla serrata by enzyme analysising.Scylla serrata were acclimated in close-cycle system before transferred to different groups.Each treatment was run in triplicate.The activities of phenoloxidase(PO) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were determined after 24~96h.The results showed that the phenoloxidase activity was increased significantly with salinity decreasing in salinty(p0.05). The serum PO activities of S5 and S15 were significantly higher than those of S25 and S35(p0.05). Each experiment group displayed certain changes except that the S15 group showed the trend of incessantly descending.Meanwhile,the SOD activity of muscle in mud crab increased significantly when transferred to 5,15 and 35(p0.05). The effect of the muscle SOD activity of Scylla serrata in the experimental group decreased with the time over 72h stress.Whereas the SOD activity in hepatopancreas of mud crabs that transferred from salinity 25 to salinity 5,15 and 35 increased.The influence of salinity stress on the SOD activity of mud crab was significant(p0.05),relative to the elapsed time.In conclusion,the effects of salinity stress on the non-specific immunity of mud crab would affect activities of PO in serum and SOD in muscle and the hepatopancreas.
Local newspapers and coronavirus: conceptualising connections, comparisons and cures

Within weeks of the nation-wide COVID-19 shutdown, more than 200 regional and community newspapers across Australia announced they could no longer keep their presses running due to the unprecedented crisis. A drain in advertising spend, a broken business model and the refusal of digital behemoths to pay for content were blamed for their collapse, ironically as audiences’ demand for credible news and information soared across the globe. There is no doubt the COVID-19 crisis has widened existing, deep cracks in the news media industry. In response this article sets out to explore possible solutions and strategies for local newspapers in the post-pandemic media landscape. We take an analogical approach to argue some of the issues that emerged during COVID-19 and strategies used to fight the global health pandemic also present valuable lessons for the preservation of public interest journalism and news at the local level. We conceptualise five coronavirus-related themes that resonate with a much-needed innovations agenda for local newspapers in Australia: (1) support for essential services, (2) warnings of complacency against an evolving biological threat, (3) appreciating the power of the social (4) coordinated government/policy responses and (5) ‘we are all in this together’.
Mechanistic Insight into the Framework Methylation of H-ZSM-5 for Varying Methanol Loadings and Si/Al Ratios Using First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The methanol-to-hydrocarbon process is known to proceed autocatalytically in H-ZSM-5 after an induction period where framework methoxy species are formed. In this work, we provide mechanistic insight into the framework methylation within H-ZSM-5 at high methanol loadings and varying acid site densities by means of first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. The molecular dynamics simulations show that stable methanol clusters form in the zeolite pores, and these clusters commonly deprotonate the active site; however, the cluster size is dependent on the temperature and acid site density. Enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations give evidence that the barrier for methanol conversion is significantly affected by the neighborhood of an additional acid site, suggesting that cooperative effects influence methanol clustering and reactivity. The insights obtained are important steps in optimizing the catalyst and engineering the induction period of the methanol-to-hydrocarbon process.
Changes in Digital Communication During the COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Implications for Digital Inequality and Future Research

Governments and public health institutions across the globe have set social distancing and stay-at-home guidelines to battle the COVID-19 pandemic. With reduced opportunities to spend time together in person come new challenges to remain socially connected. This essay addresses how the pandemic has changed people’s use of digital communication methods, and how inequalities in the use of these methods may arise. We draw on data collected from 1,374 American adults between 4 and 8 April 2020, about two weeks after lockdown measures were introduced in various parts of the United States. We first address whether people changed their digital media use to reach out to friends and family, looking into voice calls, video calls, text messaging, social media, and online games. Then, we show how age, gender, living alone, concerns about Internet access, and Internet skills relate to changes in social contact during the pandemic. We discuss how the use of digital media for social connection during a global public health crisis may be unequally distributed among citizens and may continue to shape inequalities even after the pandemic is over. Such insights are important considering the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s social wellbeing. We also discuss how changes in digital media use might outlast the pandemic, and what this means for future communication and media research.
Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing

A connectionist model of human short-term memory is presented that extends the "phonological loop" (A. D. Baddeley, 1986) to encompass serial order and learning. Psychological and neuropsychological data motivate separate layers of lexical, timing, and input and output phonemic information. Connection weights between layers show Hebbian learning and decay over short and long time scales. At recall, the timing signal is rerun, phonemic information feeds back from output to input, and lexical nodes compete to be selected. The selected node then receives decaying inhibition. The model provides an explanatory mechanism for the phonological loop and for the effects of serial position, presentation modality, lexicality, grouping, and Hebb repetition. It makes new psychological and neuropsychological predictions and is a starting point for understanding the role of the phonological loop in vocabulary acquisition and for interpreting data from functional neuroimaging.