Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is the inverse method more effective than the balance method on learning linear equations? A cross-cultural experimental study between Australia and Malaysia

We conducted a cross-cultural experimental study, consisting of Australian students (N = 57) and Malaysian students (N = 75) on learning to solve one-step and two-step linear equations. Central to our research inquiry is the perceived difference between two instructional methods: the balance method of learning vs. the inverse method of learning. The balance method and the inverse method differ in their use of mathematical operations to solve linear equations (e.g., +4 on both sides, balance operation, vs. –4 becomes +4, inverse operation). According to cognitive load theory, the balance operation imposes twice the level of element interactivity (i.e., interaction between elements) than that of the inverse operation. Our findings, ascertained from univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing, show that for the Australian students, the balance group outperformed the inverse group. Such results do not support our hypothesis and contradict with previous findings, where the inverse group outperformed the balance group in a Malaysian context. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups of Malaysian students. In line with our hypothesis, the Malaysian students outperformed the Australian students with respect to the inverse method. We attributed the results, in part, to the impact of prior knowledge of the balance method (Australian students) and the inverse method (Malaysian students) upon subsequent learning of linear equations. Nonetheless, given that the differential level of element interactivity favors the inverse method, we advocate the exploration of the potentiality of the inverse method for enhancing the learning of linear equations.
Impact of Innovation Leadership on Supply Chain Efficiency: The Role of Process Improvement

Research aims: This research aims to determine the influence of innovation leadership on supply chain efficiency mediated by process improvement.Design/Methodology/Approach: The objects of this research were micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) players in the creative economy sector in the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Measurements of the outer model, inner model, and hypothesis testing (directly and indirectly) were carried out on the data sample of MSME actors in the creative economy sector in Yogyakarta Special Region utilizing the SmartPLS statistical tool. The sampling employed purposive sampling with a total sample size of 267 creative economy MSMEs.Research Findings: The results uncovered that innovation leadership positively affected supply chain efficiency, implying that innovation leadership could significantly improve supply chain efficiency. Innovation leadership also positively influences process improvement, showing that if the innovation leadership is good, process improvement will increase significantly. In addition, process improvement positively impacted supply chain efficiency, indicating that process improvement could significantly improve supply chain efficiency. Lastly, process improvement could mediate the effect of innovation leadership on supply chain efficiency significantly, denoting that process improvement has a highly important role in improving supply chain efficiency. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study indicates that innovative leaders are highly important in improving their supply chain efficiency, and process improvement as a mediating variable, a novelty in this study, has a very significant role for innovative leaders in improving supply chain efficiency.Practitioners/Policy Implications: Creative economy MSMEs must become innovative leaders in their businesses to increase efficiency in the supply chain. In addition, MSMEs need to continuously improve their business processes, especially in the supply chain.Research Limitations/Implications: The independent variable in this research was only one, i.e., innovation leadership, so it is less comprehensive. To be more comprehensive, other independent variables, such as intellectual capital or moderating variables of government policies, can be added.
Terminus recession, proglacial lake expansion and 21st century calving retreat of Tasman Glacier, New Zealand

The Tasman Glacier is the largest glacier in New Zealand. Although 20th century warming caused down-wastage, it remained at its Little Ice Age terminus until the late 20th century. Since then, rapid calving retreat (Ur) has occurred, allowing a large (5.96 × 106 m2) proglacial lake to form (maximum depth ∼240 m). From sequential satellite image analysis and echo sounding of Tasman Lake, we document (Ur) from 2000 to 2008. Ur varies temporally, with mean Ur of 54 m/a from 2000 to 2006 and a mean Ur of 144 m/a from 2007 to 2008. Consistent with global data sets, calving rate appears closely associated with lake depth at the calving terminus.
Active continental rifting in southern Baja California, Mexico: Implications for plate motion partitioning and the transition to seafloor spreading in the Gulf of California

Three major earthquake series have occurred during the past 30 years on fault systems that are spatially and kinematically distinct from oceanic spreading centers and transform faults in the southern Gulf of California. Focal mechanism solutions for earthquakes of the April 1969 and June 1995 series indicate nearly pure normal displacement across NNW striking planes. This seismicity falls along different strands of a major system of normal faults that extends at least 300 km along strike and defines the western limit of the Gulf Extensional Province. The dominant normal faults control distribution of Neogene basins and have been active since middle to late Miocene time. Epicenters of the August 1969 earthquake series lie south of the Baja California peninsula and focal mechanism solutions indicate strike‐slip displacement. This seismic activity is likely related to active WNW striking faults in the continental borderland, which isolate Baja California as a microplate within the Pacific‐North American plate boundary. Therefore, modern Pacific‐North America plate motion is partitioned into at least three distinct fault systems: oceanic spreading centers and transforms in the Gulf of California, normal faults along the western margin of the Gulf of California, and faults along the Pacific margin of the Baja California peninsula. Kinematic partitioning of plate motion is required to accommodate the strongly three dimensional strain of transtensional rifting. Continental rifting and seafloor spreading have overlapped in time for the past 3.6 Myr. , which also is likely attributed to the highly oblique kinematics of rifting.
Simulating ground-based polarimetric responses using AirMSPI observations from the FIREX-AQ campaign

Wildland fire smoke is one of the major sources of biomass-burning aerosols in the Earth’s atmosphere. As the smoke plume evolves, the biomass-burning aerosols undergo aging processes that change their physical and chemical composition. Capturing rapid temporal changes is not suitable for satellites due to the time lapse between observations. Airborne remote sensing offers the ability to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of smoke plume observations compared to satellite observations. However, this increase in spatial and temporal resolution from airborne observations amplifies the need for better spatial coverage from ground-based instruments for validation. In the summer of 2019, the Airborne Multiangle Spectropolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) was deployed during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) field campaign on the NASA ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft. This aircraft performed multiple overpasses of the Williams Flats fire near the town of Spokane, Washington, USA, in August 2019, sampling smoke plumes at a georectifed spatial resolution of 10 m2. This work performs aerosol retrievals along the smoke plume observed during one flight on 7 August 2019. The retrieval methods used here follow those established by DeLeon et al. (in review) using the Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties (GRASP). Two points along the plume were selected: one at 1.35km and the other at 3.78km from the fire source. The fraction of fine mode aerosols and single scattering albedo increased at the greater distance from this wildfire source. These retrieved aerosol properties were used to simulate ground-based polarimetry in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavebands. For all wavebands, the maximum degree of linear polarization (DoLP) decreased farther from the source. Notably, the ultraviolet wavebands retained a higher polarimetric signal farther from the source, compared to the visible and infrared. At 865 nm the DoLP decreased from 48.5% to 14.6%. At 355 nm the DoLP decreased from 33.6% to 22.5%. These polarimetric simulations are intended to inform instrument development for ground-based detection of wildfire smoke.
Analyses of FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC humidity retrievals and comparisons with AIRS retrievals and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses

[1] The specific humidity retrieved from the FORMOSAT-3/Constellation Observation System for the Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) (FC) occultation observations of the GPS radiowaves were analyzed and compared with radiosonde observations, aircraft dropsonde observations, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) retrievals, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalyses. For the limited number of radio soundings at the sites of small islands near Taiwan coincident in space and time with FC observations, the difference of humidity in individual cases is 30% over most of oceanic regions.
Employment in a post-colonial society – The case of Greenland

In the fields of labour market research and industrial relations research, there is increasing interest in post-colonial societies and the labour market outcomes of indigenous peoples. However, existing research has generally underexplored the Greenlandic labour market. This is particularly true for factors associated with the Greenlandic Inuit population's employment outcomes. In this article, we investigate barriers and potentials for labour market participation in Greenland, focusing on individual-level factors that promote or inhibit the likelihood of being employed. We use a unique, nationally representative survey of the working-age population and explore these factors through a series of logistic regression analyses. We find that educational attainment, positive self-assessed health, and the number of people in the household were positively related to employment. Our most important findings and contributions are that respondents who answered the survey in Greenlandic were less likely to be employed compared to those who answered it in Danish. Furthermore, if a respondent was born in Greenland, compared to being born in Denmark, it lowers the likelihood of being employed. We interpret this disparity as evidence of an ethnically segregated labour market with indications of discrimination.
A Teleconnection between Forced Great Plains Snow Cover and European Winter Climate

Abstract Anomalies in Siberian snow cover have been shown to affect Eurasian winter climate through the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The existence of a teleconnection between North American snow cover and the NAO is far less certain, particularly for limited, regional snow cover anomalies. Using three ensembles of the Community Atmosphere Model, version 2 (CAM2), the authors examined teleconnections between persistent, forced snow cover in the northern Great Plains of the United States and western Eurasian winters. One ensemble allowed the model to freely determine global snow cover, while the other two forced a 72-cm snowpack centered over Nebraska. Of the forced ensembles, the “early-season” (“late season”) simulations initiated the snowpack on 1 November (1 January). The additional snow cover generated lower (higher) sea level pressures and geopotential heights over Iceland (the Azores) and warmer (cooler) temperatures over northern and western (eastern and southeastern) Europe, which suggests the.
Response of Some Promising Maize Varieties to Nitrogen Levels under Irrigated Condition

In a study twelve maize tyons (4 hybrids, 7 compesites, and one local) with four nitrogen levels (0,60.120 180 kg N/hat were tried in two sessons at Satpure plateau of M. P. Deccan-101. LH-400175 and B-6 gave the high yields of 27.2, 25.3 and 24.2 g/ha with net-profit of Rs. 1432 Rs. 1223 and Rs. 1102/he respectively. Nitrogen upto 150 kg/ha produced 283 g/ha more grain yield with Rs. 2342/ho more net profit over no nitrogen. These types in combination with 180 kg N/ha vialdad 44.8, 40.6 and 43.1 q/ha with net-profit of Rs. 3048, Rs. 2586 and 2861/ha respectively.
Effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in a semi-arid tropical climate

Field experiments were conducted at Bangalore (semi-arid tropical climate) to study the influence of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers (NPK and sulphur) on growth, seed and oil yield and oil quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). The results of the study showed that application of vermicompost (7.5 t ha-1) + 25% recommended NPK (25 : 12.5 : 12.5 kg ha-1) produced maximum biomass (28.2 q ha-1), seed (10.82 q ha-1) and oil yield (6.53 kg ha-1) of coriander which was at par with other treatments except full organic manure and control which indicated that 75% NPK requirement can be supplemented through vermicompost without loss of yield. The oil content and quality were not influenced by the treatments tested.
Formulation of MIT-E3 constitutive model for overconsolidated clays

This paper presents a generalized effective stress model for describing the rate-independent behavior of normally to moderately overconsolidated clays (with OCRs less than 8) that exhibit noramlized behavior. The model formulation comprises three components: (1) an elastoplastic model for normally consolidated clay including anisotropic and strain-softening behavior; (2) equations to describe the small strain nonlinearity and hysteretic response in unloading and reloading; and (3) bounding surface plasticity for irrecoverable, anisotropic, and path-dependent behavior of overconsolidated clays. Model complexity is controlled through the use of input parameters that can be obtained from a small number of standard soil tests. A complete procedure is described to select the input parameters for a given clay. A detailed assessment of the predictive capabilities and limitations of the proposed model is presented in a companion paper.
What determines drying rates at the onset of diffusion controlled stage‐2 evaporation from porous media?

Early stages of evaporation from porous media are marked by relatively high evaporation rates supplied by capillary liquid flow from a receding drying front to vaporization surface. At a characteristic drying front depth, hydraulic continuity to the surface is disrupted marking the onset of stage‐2 evaporation where a lower evaporative flux is supported by vapor diffusion. Observations suggest that in some cases the transition is accompanied by a jump in the vaporization plane from the surface to a certain depth below. The resulting range of evaporation rates at the onset of stage‐2 is relatively narrow (0.5–2.5 mm d−1). The objective is to estimate the depth of the vaporization plane that defines vapor diffusion length at the onset of stage‐2. The working hypothesis is that the jump length is determined by a characteristic length of connected clusters at the secondary drying front that obeys a power law with the system's Bond number. We conducted evaporation experiments using sands and glass beads of different particle size distributions and extracted experimental data from the literature for model comparison. Results indicate the jump length at the end of stage‐1 was affected primarily by porous media properties and less so by boundary conditions. Results show power law relationships between the length of the vaporization plane jump and Bond number with an exponent of −0.48 in good agreement with the percolation theory theoretical exponent of −0.47. The results explain the origins of a relatively narrow range of evaporation rates at the onset of stage‐2, and provide a means for estimating these rates.
The UTAUT Implementation Model in Defining the Behavioral Intention of Mobile Banking Users

Research aims: This goal is to comprehend how the UTAUT model was used to influence mobile banking behavior intentions and act as a mediator variable along with attitude.Design/Methodology/Approach: A quantitative approach and a sample size of 110 respondents using mobile banking were used. The deployment questionnaire for the retrieval technique sample was completed using Google Forms, and the sampling strategy was a snowball. In this study, both data analysis and hypothesis evaluation were performed utilizing PLS-SEM.Research findings: The study uncovered that out of ten hypotheses, seven were accepted, and three were rejected. In this study, performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and social influence variables could all have an impact on attitude. With regard to behavioral intention, attitude served as a mediator between performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. Aside from serving as a mediator, the attitude directly affected behavioral intentions. The results indicate that attitude was not significantly affected by effort expectations, and behavioral intentions were not significantly impacted by trust.Theoretical Contribution/Originality: The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was employed in this study to understand better how the UTAUT model was applied in influencing mobile banking behavior intentions, as well as how attitude functions as a variable mediator.Practitioners/Policy Implications: Results from the study have implications for how mobile banking users' behavioral intentions may change depending on their performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and attitudes.Research Limitations/Implications: Further research is required to observe other aspects, such as the desire to keep utilizing mobile banking, as it is the focus of this study, which was restricted to behavioral intention based on the considerations of UTAUT-based mobile banking users.
How Do Children Play with Toy Trains and for What Benefits? A Scoping Review

Children play with different toys in different ways which may be associated with different developmental outcomes. While existing work has investigated different categories of toys, differences may also be present within specific toy categories. Therefore, understanding how specific toys promote play behaviours and their associated developmental outcomes has important implications for teachers, parents, caregivers, and researchers. To better understand how children play with toy trains, whether groups of children show a particular preference for toy trains and what (if any) associated benefits there are for playing with toy trains, 36 studies published in psychology and educational databases up to December 2022 were reviewed. A key finding emerged regarding the importance of the structured, realistic, and familiar nature of toy trains being important for facilitating pretend play as well as social collaboration behaviours during social play. Whilst findings in relation to gender-stereotyped preferences for playing with toy trains were mixed and no gender differences were found in research investigating play styles, neurodivergent children were found to have a preference for toy trains. These findings are important given that certain play styles, pretend play in particular, have been associated with benefits in children’s executive function, language, creativity, and social understanding.
Assessing student learning in Africa

This paper reviews what has happened in the field of assessment since then. It deals with public examinations, but differs from the 1992 report in that, other than in regard to a few minor details, no new data were specifically collected for it. The paper revisits many of the issues that were raised in the earlier report, particularly in relation to the role that assessment can play in improving the quality of students' learning. It also differs from the earlier report in that its consideration of assessment is not limited to public examinations. The World Declaration on Education for All in Jomtien in 1990 not only gave fresh impetus to issues relating to assessment, but also necessitated the introduction of a new form of assessment-system assessment, or national assessment-to determine if children were acquiring the useful knowledge, reasoning ability, skills, and values that schools promised to deliver. National assessment is the second major area of assessment addressed in this paper. International assessments, which share many procedural features with national assessment, are also considered. The fourth type of assessment addressed in the paper is classroom assessment.
Poleward decrease in the isotope effect of nitrate assimilation across the Southern Ocean

Recent studies provide seasonally and spatially resolved information on the isotopic characteristics of nitrate supply and N cycling in Southern Ocean surface waters. The new data improve our understanding of the nitrate supply to the Antarctic surface and its isotopic characteristics, especially with regard to the summertime subsurface minimum temperature (Tmin) layer in the Antarctic. We use these findings to update and compile estimates of the N isotope effect of nitrate assimilation, ɛ, in the Southern Ocean near Australia. A poleward decrease in ɛ emerges, from 8–9‰ in the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ, 40–52°S) to ∼5‰ in the Polar Antarctic Zone (PAZ, ∼66°S). ɛ is strongly correlated with mixed layer depth at the time of sampling. We hypothesize that the correlation is driven by the physiological response of diatoms to light availability, with light limitation leading to higher cellular efflux of nitrate and thus higher ɛ.
Slip distribution beneath the Central and Western Himalaya inferred from GPS observations

SUMMARY Underthrusting of the Indian Plate beneath the Himalaya has been the cause of many hazardous thrust-faulting earthquakes along the arc. Moderate earthquakes with magnitudes of ≤5 occur frequently in this region, releasing the elastic strain accumulated over many years around the plate boundary. These events can be attributed to slip deficits where the Indian and Eurasian Plates are locked during interseismic periods. Geodetic measurements can help discriminate the distribution of the interlocking areas and the steadily slipping areas beneath the Himalaya. To understand the deformation across the Central and Western Himalaya and the associated slip on thrust faults, campaign-mode GPS data were collected in the Garhwal–Kumaun region of the Western Himalaya. GPS sites velocities show that the deformation is currently concentrated between the Lesser and Higher Himalaya. Horizontal velocities are used to estimate the slip distribution. For the estimation, a model of the interseismic surface deformation caused by buried non-uniform creep dislocation (NUC) on a curved fault surface is used. The slip distribution shows that there might be structural discontinuity on the fault between the Kumaun and Garhwal regions of the Himalaya. The estimated slip rate at the depth around 20–40 km in the Central Himalaya and at the depth of ∼15 km in the Western Himalaya is 10 mm yr–1. The NUC model indicates that the shallow part (<20 km) of the thrust fault system along the plate boundary is almost locked. The locking depth appears to be deep in the Central Himalaya and shallower in the Western Himalaya. Further, most of the historical large seismic events are observed to have occurred in an area with a slip velocity less than 10 mm yr–1 (i.e. in a locked zone) at the plate interface.