Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Application of Sunflower Biochar and Leafy Trees Biochar on Soil Hydrological Properties of Fallow Soils and under Soybean Cultivation

Soils enriched with biochar are recommended as a cultivation grounds, especially in case they contain significant amount of sand. However, the interactions between biochar and plants, as well as the influence of the biochar on water retention, cultivation and air properties of soils, are still not obvious. The present study aimed to determine the impact of various biochar doses on soils used for soya cultivation, in comparison to soils maintained as black fallow soil, on their water retention and productivity, for the period of two years. Sunflower husk biochar (BC1) and biochar of leafy trees (BC2), in doses of 0, 40, 60, 80 t·ha−1, were used for field experiments. The water retention was investigated with porous boards in pressure chambers by a drying method. No differences in the hydrological properties of the soils that were differently managed (black fallow soil, crop) were observed following biochar application. Addition of BC1, in the amounts of 40, 60, and 80 t·ha−1, caused an increase in the plant available water capacity (AWC) by 15.3%, 18.7%, and 13.3%, respectively, whereas the field capacity (FC) increased by 7.4%, 9.4%, and 8.6% for soils without biochar. Application of BC2 analogously resulted in higher AWC, by 8.97, 17.2%, and 33.1%, respectively, and higher FC by 3.75, 7.5%, and 18.3%, respectively. Increasing the doses of BC1 and BC2, both on black fallow soils and soils enriched with soya, caused a rise in total porosity (TP) and drainage porosity (DP), and a decrease in soil bulk density (SBD). Biochar with a higher total area and higher porosity (BC1) applied to soils with soya cultivation resulted in lower reductions in AW and FC than BC2 in the second year of investigation.
Unified fluid–structure interpolation and mesh motion using radial basis functions

A multivariate interpolation scheme, using radial basis functions, is presented, which results in a completely unified formulation for the fluid–structure interpolation and mesh motion problems. The method has several significant advantages. Primarily, all volume mesh, structural mesh, and flow‐solver type dependence is removed, and all operations are performed on totally arbitrary point clouds of any form. Hence, all connectivity and user‐input requirements are removed from the computational fluid dynamics–computational structural dynamics (CFD–CSD) coupling problem, as only point clouds are required to determine the coupling. Also, it may equally well be applied to structured and unstructured grids, or structural and aerodynamic grids that intersect, again because no connectivity information is required. Furthermore, no expensive computations are required during an unsteady simulation, just matrix–vector multiplications, since the required dependence relations are computed only once prior to any simulation and then remain constant. This property means that the method is both perfectly parallel, since only the data relevant to each structured block or unstructured partition are required to move those points, and totally independent from the flow solver. Hence, a completely generic ‘black box’ tool can be developed, which is ideal for use in an optimization approach. Aeroelastic behaviour of the Brite–Euram MDO wing is analysed in terms of both static deflection and dynamic responses, and it is demonstrated that responses are strongly dependent on the exact CFD–CSD interpolation used. Mesh quality is also examined during the motion resulting from a large surface deformation. Global grid quality is shown to be preserved well, with local grid orthogonality also being maintained well, particularly at and near the moving surface, where the original orthogonality is retained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective Potential of Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Roots against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Pulmonary Injury in Rats and Its In Vitro Antiviral Effect

Diseases and infections of the respiratory tract are common global causes of morbidity and mortality. Our study attempts to elucidate a novel remedy for respiratory ailments, in addition to identifying and quantifying the metabolites of Saussurea costus root extract (SCRE) using HPLC. Then, in vitro antiviral and in vivo lung protective effects were elucidated. The in vitro antiviral potential of SCRE was analyzed via plaque assay against the low pathogenic human coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and human influenza virus (H1N1). The value of the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of SCRE against HCoV-229E and H1N1 influenza virus were 23.21 ± 1.1 and 47.6 ± 2.3 µg/mL, respectively. SCRE showed a histological improvement, namely a decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and caspase-3 immunoexpression in in vivo cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Moreover, there was a considerable decline in microRNA-let-7a gene expression and a significant rise in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression, with a marked decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Molecular docking studies revealed that the major constituents of SCRE have a good affinity for caspase-3, HO-1, and iNOS proteins. In conclusion, a traditional plant SCRE could be a promising source of novel therapeutic agents for treating and protecting respiratory tract diseases. More future investigations should be carried out to reveal its efficacy clinically.
FRODO: Free rejection of out-of-distribution samples: application to chest x-ray analysis

In this work, we propose a method to reject out-of-distribution samples which can be adapted to any network architecture and requires no additional training data. Publicly available chest x-ray data (38,353 images) is used to train a standard ResNet-50 model to detect emphysema. Feature activations of intermediate layers are used as descriptors defining the training data distribution. A novel metric, FRODO, is measured by using the Mahalanobis distance of a new test sample to the training data distribution. The method is tested using a held-out test dataset of 21,176 chest x-rays (in-distribution) and a set of 14,821 out-of-distribution x-ray images of incorrect orientation or anatomy. In classifying test samples as in or out-of distribution, our method achieves an AUC score of 0.99.
Kazhdan–Lusztig Cells, q‐Schur Algebras and James' Conjecture

We consider the Dipper–James q‐Schur algebra Sq(n, r)k, defined over a field k and with parameter q ≠ 0. An understanding of the representation theory of this algebra is of considerable interest in the representation theory of finite groups of Lie type and quantum groups; see, for example, [6] and [11]. It is known that Sq(n, r)k is a semisimple algebra if q is not a root of unity. Much more interesting is the case when Sq(n, r)k is not semisimple. Then we have a corresponding decomposition matrix which records the multiplicities of the simple modules in certain ‘standard modules’ (or ‘Weyl modules’). A major unsolved problem is the explicit determination of these decomposition matrices.
Soybean transporter AAT Rhg1 abundance increases along the nematode migration path and impacts vesiculation and ROS

Abstract Rhg1 (Resistance to Heterodera glycines 1) mediates soybean (Glycine max) resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN; H. glycines). Rhg1 is a 4-gene, ∼30-kb block that exhibits copy number variation, and the common PI 88788-type rhg1-b haplotype carries 9 to 10 tandem Rhg1 repeats. Glyma.18G022400 (Rhg1-GmAAT), 1 of 3 resistance-conferring genes at the complex Rhg1 locus, encodes the putative amino acid transporter AATRhg1 whose mode of action is largely unknown. We discovered that AATRhg1 protein abundance increases 7- to 15-fold throughout root cells along the migration path of SCN. These root cells develop an increased abundance of vesicles and large vesicle-like bodies (VLB) as well as multivesicular and paramural bodies. AATRhg1 protein is often present in these structures. AATRhg1 abundance remained low in syncytia (plant cells reprogrammed by SCN for feeding), unlike the Rhg1 α-SNAP protein, whose abundance has previously been shown to increase in syncytia. In Nicotiana benthamiana, if soybean AATRhg1 was present, oxidative stress promoted the formation of large VLB, many of which contained AATRhg1. AATRhg1 interacted with the soybean NADPH oxidase GmRBOHG, the ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana RBOHD previously found to exhibit upregulated expression upon SCN infection. AATRhg1 stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation when AATRhg1 and GmRBOHG were co-expressed. These findings suggest that AATRhg1 contributes to SCN resistance along the migration path as SCN invades the plant and does so, at least in part, by increasing ROS production. In light of previous findings about α-SNAPRhg1, this study also shows that different Rhg1 resistance proteins function via at least 2 spatially and temporally separate modes of action.
The effect of high versus low cognitive load on the development of nociceptive hypersensitivity: The roles of sympathetic arousal, sex and pain‐related fear

According to limited‐capacity theories of attention, less attentional resources remain available when engaging in a high‐ versus a low‐demanding cognitive task. This may reduce the perceived intensity and the evoked cortical responses of concomitant nociceptive stimuli. Whether and how the competition for limited attentional resources between a cognitive task and pain impacts the development of long‐lasting hypersensitivity is unclear.
Barriers, opportunities, and potential costs of expanding HIV support services

ABSTRACT Experiencing housing instability, food insecurity, and financial stress can negatively impact retention in care and treatment adherence for people living with HIV. Expanding services that support socioeconomic needs could help improve HIV outcomes. Our objective was to investigate barriers, opportunities, and costs of expanding socioeconomic support programs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with organizations serving U.S. Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program clients. Costs were estimated from interviews, organization documents, and city-specific wages. Organizations reported complex patient, organization, program, and system challenges as well as several opportunities for expansion. The average one-year per-person cost for engaging new clients was $196 for transportation, $612 for financial aid, $650 for food aid, and $2498 for short-term housing (2020 USD). Understanding potential expansion costs is important for funders and local stakeholders. This study provides a sense of magnitude for costs to scale-up programs to better meet socioeconomic needs of low-income patients living with HIV.
Golden balls: A prisoner's dilemma experiment

We analyze cooperative behavior in a prisoner’s dilemma game with high stakes, face-to-face communication, and two rounds of pre-play in which the two final contestants are endogenously selected via a voting process. Using data from the British television game show “Golden Balls”, we find a unilateral cooperation rate of 55% and a mutual cooperation rate of 33%. The stake size is on average £13,300 and ranges from £3 to £100,150. Our analysis shows that both stake size and communication have a significant impact on the player’s likelihood to cooperate. In particular, we observe a negative correlation between stake size and cooperation. Also certain gestures, as handshakes, decrease the likelihood to cooperate. But, if players mutually promise each other to cooperate and in addition shake hands on it, the cooperation rate increases. We also show that a player’s expectation about the stake size matters. Further, we find a strong link between contestant’s pre-play behavior and the outcome of the prisoner’s dilemma. Players who contribute more to the stake size are less likely to cooperate, even though each player’s contribution is determined by a random process. Apart from that, it matters whether a player has lied in the pre-play and whether she experienced her opponent’s goodwill. Addressing the partner selection process, we find that contestant’s voting decisions are based on objective criteria, i.e., their opponent’s monetary contribution to the stake size, as well as subjective personal characteristics, i.e., the opponents’ trustworthiness. ∗The authors thank Armin Schmutzler, Nick Netzer, Kevin Staub, the seminar participants in Zurich, and the participants of the ESA Meeting 2010 in Copenhagen for helpful comments and suggestions as well as Max Pfister for excellent research assistance. Financial support of the Swiss National Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. The data were provided to the authors by the television show producers, courtesy of Endemol UK plc. †Both authors: Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Blumlisalpstrasse 10, CH-8006 Zurich.
Dynamic modeling of multi-flexible-link planar manipulators using curvature–based finite element method

In conventional displacement-based finite element formulation, the nodal transverse deflections and slopes of a beam element are used to approximate its transverse deflection distribution. In this paper, a curvature-based finite element formulation is presented for dynamic modeling of planar multi-link flexible manipulators. This formulation approximates the curvature distribution of the Euler-Bernoulli beam element by using its nodal curvatures. Therefore, in the curvature-based finite element formulation, fewer numbers of total elastic degrees of freedom for the system are needed. In addition, while the displacement-based finite element formulation yields discontinuous bending stresses at the inter-element nodes, this modeling provides continuous bending stress at those nodes. The proposed modeling will be verified and the dynamic behavior of the flexible planar manipulators will be studied.
Faint Emission Lines and Temperature Fluctuations in M8

We present echelle spectroscopy in the 3500-10300 Å range of the Hourglass Nebula, which is embedded in the Galactic H II region M8. The data were obtained using the 2.1 m telescope at Observatorio Astronómico Nacional in San Pedro Mártir, Baja California. We have measured the intensities of 274 emission lines, in particular 88 permitted lines of C+, N0, N+, O0, O+, Ne0, S0, S+, Si0, Si+, and Si++, some of them produced by recombination only and others mainly by fluorescence. We have determined electron temperatures and densities using different line intensity ratios. We derive the He+, C++, O+, and O++ ionic abundances as well as—for the first time in a nebular object—the total O abundance from recombination lines; these nebular values are independent of the temperature structure of the nebula. We have also derived abundances from collisionally excited lines for a large number of ions and elements; these abundances do depend on the temperature structure. Accurate t2 values have been derived by comparing the C++, O+, and O++ ionic abundances obtained making use of both collisionally excited lines and recombination lines. A comparison of the solar, Orion Nebula, and M8 chemical abundances is made.
Geodesics on 2-surfaces with pseudo-Riemannian metric: singularities of changes of signature

Smooth 2-surfaces with pseudo-Riemannian metric are considered, that is, ones with quadratic form in the tangent bundle that is not positive-definite. Degeneracy points of the form are said to be parabolic. Geodesic lines induced by this pseudo-Riemannian metric in a neighbourhood of typical parabolic points are considered, their phase portraits are obtained and extremal properties are investigated. Bibliography: 23 titles.
SAFFRON-103: a phase 1b study of the safety and efficacy of sitravatinib combined with tislelizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer

Background Some patients with locally advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) respond poorly to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatments. Combination with other agents may improve the outcomes. This open-label, multicenter, phase 1b trial investigated the combination of sitravatinib, a spectrum-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, plus anti-PD-1 antibody tislelizumab. Methods Patients with locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC were enrolled (Cohorts A, B, F, H, and I; N=22–24 per cohort). Cohorts A and F included patients previously treated with systemic therapy, with anti-PD-(L)1-resistant/refractory non-squamous (cohort A) or squamous (cohort F) disease. Cohort B included patients previously treated with systemic therapy, with anti-PD-(L)1-naïve non-squamous disease. Cohorts H and I included patients without prior systemic therapy for metastatic disease, no prior anti-PD-(L)1/immunotherapy, with PD-L1-positive non-squamous (cohort H) or squamous (cohort I) histology. Patients received sitravatinib 120 mg orally one time per day plus tislelizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks, until study withdrawal, disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or death. The primary endpoint was safety/tolerability among all treated patients (N=122). Secondary endpoints included investigator-assessed tumor responses and progression-free survival (PFS). Results Median follow-up was 10.9 months (range: 0.4–30.6). Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 98.4% of the patients, with ≥Grade 3 TRAEs in 51.6%. TRAEs led to discontinuation of either drug in 23.0% of the patients. Overall response rate was 8.7% (n/N: 2/23; 95% CI: 1.1% to 28.0%), 18.2% (4/22; 95% CI: 5.2% to 40.3%), 23.8% (5/21; 95% CI: 8.2% to 47.2%), 57.1% (12/21; 95% CI: 34.0% to 78.2%), and 30.4% (7/23; 95% CI: 13.2% to 52.9%) in cohorts A, F, B, H, and I, respectively. Median duration of response was not reached in cohort A and ranged from 6.9 to 17.9 months across other cohorts. Disease control was achieved in 78.3–90.9% of the patients. Median PFS ranged from 4.2 (cohort A) to 11.1 months (cohort H). Conclusions In patients with locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC, sitravatinib plus tislelizumab was tolerable for most patients, with no new safety signals and overall safety profiles consistent with known profiles of these agents. Objective responses were observed in all cohorts, including in patients naïve to systemic and anti-PD-(L)1 treatments, or with anti-PD-(L)1 resistant/refractory disease. Results support further investigation in selected NSCLC populations. Trial registration number NCT03666143.
Novel Silver Complexes Based on Phosphanes and Ester Derivatives of Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate Ligands Targeting TrxR: New Promising Chemotherapeutic Tools Relevant to SCLC Management

Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (HC(pz)2COOH) and bis(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (HC(pzMe2)2COOH) were converted into the methyl ester derivatives 1 (LOMe) and 2 (L2OMe), respectively, and were used for the preparation of silver(I) complexes 3–5. The Ag(I) complexes were prepared by the reaction of AgNO3 and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) or triphenylphosphine (PPh3) with LOMe and L2OMe in methanol solution. All Ag(I) complexes showed a significant in vitro antitumor activity, proving to be more effective than the reference drug cisplatin in the in-house human cancer cell line panel containing examples of different solid tumors. Compounds were particularly effective against the highly aggressive and intrinsically resistant human small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells, either in 2D and 3D cancer cell models. Mechanistic studies revealed their ability to accumulate into cancer cells and to selectively target Thioredoxin (TrxR), thus leading to redox homeostasis unbalance and ultimately inducing cancer cell death through apoptosis.
New evidence for coiling direction of benthic foraminifera as a temperature proxy

Foraminifera are sensitive to climate change and their species composition, shell chemical element composition and morphological characteristics are useful paleoenvironmental proxies. Coiling direction is a distinctive and easily identifiable morphological feature in trochospiral foraminifera and has been used for paleoceanographic reconstruction. Here, we conducted a field survey in a low intertidal zone in Yellow Sea for 13 months and performed a culture experiment under three temperatures and four salinities for the benthic foraminifera to seek the relationship between coiling direction and environmental factors. Our results showed that the dominant benthic foraminifera Ammonia aomoriensis (Asano, 1951) preferred sinistral direction under high temperature and had no preference with salinity. Statistical analysis showed that the ratio of sinistral/dextral in A. aomoriensis was significantly positively correlated with temperature (r = 0.5017, p = 0.0011 for field survey and r = 0.5117, p = 0.0014 for culture experiment), but had no evident relationship with salinity (p > 0.05). The ratio of sinistral/dextral was significantly negatively related with the abundance of A. aomoriensis (p < 0.05) and the ratio of sinistral/dextral was significantly positively related with the size (p < 0.05). This was the first study on the coiling direction of benthic foraminifera combining the field survey and culture experiment. Our findings suggested that the ratio of sinistral/dextral in A. aomoriensis could be used to indicate the change of temperature. This study offered new evidence for the reliability of the coiling direction as a temperature proxy and made us rethink the significance of the morphological change in biological adaptation and evolution.
'El 'vos' es el dialecto que inventamos nosotros, la forma correcta es el 'tú''

Nicaragua es un pais con un nivel de escolarizacion relativamente bajo y el contexto material y social en las escuelas hace que la ensenanza de la lengua materna este dominada por metodos de memorizacion y ejercicios de gramatica del tipo “rellenar espacios”. Las formas de tratamiento escritas que se utilizan en contextos pedagogicos son unicamente el tu y el usted , a pesar de ser Nicaragua una zona voseante. El presente articulo pretendera mostrar, a traves de referencias a estudios sobre las formas de tratamiento en Nicaragua, analisis del uso de los tratamientos en la escritura, ejemplos de entrevistas de actitudes linguisticas y de analisis de documentos pedagogicos, que hay una discrepancia entre la norma escrita y la norma hablada en cuanto a las formas de tratamiento tu y vos en Nicaragua. Esta discrepancia se puede explicar con las creencias en torno a las diferentes formas de tratamiento, pero tambien al reves: el uso contradictorio de parte de las autoridades educativas influira en las creencias del pueblo en general acerca de las formas de tratamiento y asi crece un clima de inseguridad de la correccion de su propia habla. En ultima instancia tal contradiccion puede ser un obstaculo para la ensenanza de la lengua materna y el prestigio linguistico del habla local.