Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DNA base composition and DNA-DNA homologies of methanol-utilizing bacteria.

DNA base composition was determined in 73 strains of aerobic, gram negative, methanol-utilizing bacteria, which are divided into nine groups on the basis of chemotaxonomic characteristics and utilization of carbon compounds. Guanine plus cytosine (G+C) contents in their DNAs ranged from 50.0 to 68.8mol% G+C. Group 1 bacteria (obligate methanol -utilizing bacteria) and group 4 bacteria (Hyphomicrobium strains) showed rather wide distributions in DNA base composition, 50.0 to 56.0 mol% G+C and 59.3 to 65.6mol% G+C, respectively. In contrast, bacteria of group 2 (Protomonas strains), group 3 (Microcyclus strains), group 5 (Xanthobacter strains), group 6, group 7, and group 8 (Paracoccus denitrificans strains) had narrow ranges in DNA base composition. Group 9 (Thiobacillus novellus) had 67.7mol% G+C. DNA-DNA homologies among the strains selected from the above-mentioned groups indicated a clear separation of the group 1 from the other groups. Further, group 1 was divided into six subgroups but not enough phenotypic characteristics were found to separate them from each other. Therefore, despite the heterogeneity of group 1 suggested by DNA base composition, DNA-DNA homology relatedness, and other chemotaxonomic characteristics, this group of bacteria are considered to be a single species from the practical point of view.
Foraging Cyanobacteria by Copepods: Responses to Chemical Defense and Resource Abundance

We used laboratory feeding trials to examine the responses of copepods to a variety of cyanobacteria of differing size, morphology, and toxicity. Diaptomus birgei exhibited behaviors ranging from strong preferences for some taxa of cyanobacteria to almost complete rejection of other taxa when allowed to feed in low-concentration mixtures of a high-quality green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, and each of 16 taxa of cyanobac- teria. Our results demonstrate the overriding importance of chemical factors. Copepods exhibited very high clearance rates for some filaments and colonies but rejected morpho- logically similar strains shown to contain potentially toxic compounds. Responses to resource abundance exhibited three patterns, each consistent with the assumptions and predictions of an optimal diet model. First, selectivity for high-ranking cyanobacteria declined in high-concentration mixtures with Chlamydomonas relative to selectivity in low-concentration mixtures. Second, a test of the effects of time without food showed that hunger, rather than food concentration per se, was responsible for these shifts in selectivity. Finally, each toxic strain was consistently ingested at very low rates, even when offered as the sole food resource. Experiments with complex mixtures of natural seston revealed similar patterns of consistently strong discrimination against a presumably toxic cyanobacterium and concentration-dependent selectivity for presumably nontoxic taxa. Our results show how the behavioral flexibility of copepods can be adaptive in lakes with significant populations of cyanobacteria. The ability ofcopepods to feed size-selectively on filaments and colonies and to discriminate against toxic forms suggests that these grazers may be important in the evolution and continued success of toxic strains.
In situ localization of β‐glucans in the cell wall of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The chemical composition of the cell wall of Sz. pombe is known as β‐1,3‐glucan, β‐1,6‐glucan, α‐1,3‐glucan and α‐galactomannan; however, the three‐dimensional interactions of those macromolecules have not yet been clarified. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a three‐layered structure: the outer layer is electron‐dense, the adjacent layer is less dense, and the third layer bordering the cell membrane is dense. In intact cells of Sz. pombe, the high‐resolution scanning electron microscope reveals a surface completely filled with α‐galactomannan particles. To better understand the organization of the cell wall and to complement our previous studies, we set out to locate the three different types of β‐glucan by immuno‐electron microscopy. Our results suggest that the less dense layer of the cell wall contains mainly β‐1,6‐branched β‐1,3‐glucan. Occasionally a line of gold particles can be seen, labelling fine filaments radiating from the cell membrane to the α‐galactomannan layer, suggesting that some of the radial filaments contain β‐1,6‐branched β‐1,3‐glucan. β‐1,6‐glucan is preferentially located underneath the α‐galactomannan layer. Linear β‐1,3‐glucan is exclusively located in the primary septum of dividing cells. β‐1,6‐glucan only labels the secondary septum and does not co‐localize with linear β‐1,3‐glucan, while β‐1,6‐branched β‐1,3‐glucan is present in both septa. Linear β‐1,3‐glucan is present from early stages of septum formation and persists until the septum is completely formed; then just before cell division the label disappears. From these results we suggest that linear β‐1,3‐glucan is involved in septum formation and perhaps the separation of the two daughter cells. In addition, we frequently found β‐1,6‐glucan label on the Golgi apparatus, on small vesicles and underneath the cell membrane. These results give fresh evidence for the hypothesis that β‐1,6‐glucan is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi system and exported to the cell membrane. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variety development for multiple cropping systems

Multiple cropping systems are the mainstay of agricultural production for limited‐resource farmers in most developing countries. Little attention has been given to the introduction of modern technology into these traditional cropping patterns. One key element of “green revolution technology” is the high yielding crop variety or hybrid. The only varieties available for multiple cropping patterns are those which have been developed for monoculture. Through studies of genotype by system interaction and empirical testing of existing varieties in complex cropping patterns, some conclusions are emerging about breeding varieties for these systems. Intensive patterns are characterized by competition for one or more limiting growth factors, and this may impose on one or more component species a stress for that factor at some point in the growing season. A combined approach is needed with monoculture scrrening for disease and insect resistance, general adaptation to temperature, photoperiod, soil, and related facto.
Embryonic keratinization in vertebrates in relation to land colonization

The embryogenesis and cytology of the epidermis in different vertebrates is variable in relation to the formation of a stratum corneum of different complexity. The latter process was essential for land colonization during vertebrate evolution and produced an efficient barrier in amniotes. Keratinocytes are made of cross-linked keratins associated with specific proteins and lipids that are produced at advanced stages of embryogenesis when the epidermis becomes stratified. In these stages the epidermis changes from an aquatic to a terrestrial type, preadapted in preparation for the impact with the dry terrestrial environment that occurs at hatching or parturition. The epidermal barrier against water-loss, mechanical and chemical stress, and microbe penetration is completely formed shortly before birth. Beneath the outer periderm, variably stratified embryonic layers containing glycine-rich alpha-keratins are formed in preparation for adult life. The following layers of the epidermis produce proteins for the formation of the cornified cell membrane and of the cornified material present in keratinocytes of the adult epidermis in reptiles, birds and mammals. The general features of the process of soft cornification in the embryonic epidermis of vertebrates are presented. Cornification in developing scales in reptiles, avian feathers and mammalian hairs is mainly related to the evolution of keratin-associated proteins. The latter proteins form the resistant matrix of hard skin derivatives such as claws, beaks, nails and horns.
Terrestrial invertebrates inhabiting lowland river floodplains of Central Amazonia and Central Europe: a review

1. Amazonian terrestrial invertebrates produce high population densities during favourable periods and may suffer a drastic decrease during occasional floods and droughts. However, the monomodal, predictable flood pulse of the larger Amazonian rivers favours the development of morphological (respiratory organs, wing-dimorphism), phenological (synchronization of life cycles, univoltine mode of life), physiological (flooding ability, gonad dormancy, alternating number of developmental stages), and behavioural adaptations (migration, temporal diving) with numerous interactions. 2. In lowlands of Central Europe, the flood pulse of large rivers is less predictable than in Central Amazonia and is superimposed by the seasonal light/temperature pulse (summer/winter regime). Some terrestrial invertebrates show physiological resistance against inundation or drought, phenologies fitting the normal annual rhythm of water level fluctuation (quiescence or diapause of eggs or adult invertebrates), high dispersal ability and migration. However, most species survive simply using a `risk strategy', combining high reproduction rates, dispersal and reimmigration following catastrophic events. 3. The diversity of species in terrestrial invertebrates is lower in lowland riverine ecosystems of Central Amazonia and Central Europe compared with the respective uplands because of flood stress in these systems. However, floodplains in Central Amazonia possess a greater number of endemic species in comparison with Central European floodplains because of long periods of fairly stable climatic conditions in comparison with large palaeoclimatic changes in Central Europe.
Seasonal cycle of shoot development in selected Actinidia species

Abstract Seasonal cycles of shoot development for 10 Actinidia species are described. A female and a male vine were studied for six species. Shoots were sampled at monthly intervals during the growing season and timing of budbreak, shoot lengths, numbers of nodes, areas of leaves, numbers and node positions of flowers or fruit, and fruit size were measured. Budbreak, shoot growth, and leaf growth patterns were not clearly related to taxonomic affinities although vines of A. deliciosa behaved very similarly to vines of the closely related species, A. chinensis and A. eriantha. Male and female vines differed in flowering behaviour with male vines having higher percentages of flowering shoots, more flowering nodes on a shoot, and often, more flowers in an inflorescence. The growth habits of the A. chinensis and A. eriantha vines appear to be suited to pruning and training in the same manner as A. deliciosa ’Hayward’. The selected A arguta vines have very unfavourable growth characteristics for commercial pro.
Signal Redundancy and Receiver Permissiveness in Acoustic Mate Recognition by the Tungara Frog, Physalaemus pustulosus

The tungara frog has an advertisement call with two structurally and functionally distinct components: the whine is both necessary and sufficient for species recognition, and addition of chucks further enhances call attractiveness. Only the fundamental frequency of the whine contributes to phonotaxis; the upper harmonics play no role. Furthermore, only a small portion of the whine, within the first 0–100 msec, is necessary to elicit phonotaxis; there is some redundancy since either the 0–50 msec or the 50–100 msec portion elicits a response. Most of the remainder of the whine's fundamental further enhances call attractiveness. Only the amphibian papilla in the peripheral auditory system is involved in decoding the whine. In stark contrast, several chuck variants, which stimulate either the amphibian papilla or the basilar papilla, and white noise are as effective in enhancing call attractiveness as is the normal chuck, showing that either peripheral end organ can be involved in the perception of a more attractive call. Thus there is greater receiver specificity for decoding stimuli in interspecific mate choice, and greater receiver permissiveness for decoding stimuli in intraspecific mate choice; it appears that intraspecific mate choice can take advantage of a greater array of neural pathways for call decoding than can interspecific mate choice.
Assessment of Visual Evaluation Techniques1

Visual evaluation parameters are routinely used to assess performance characteristics of turfgrass cultivars in field plantings. Rating systems are commonly employed to evaluate phenotypic variations in color, density, and uniformity of turfgrass stands during the year. In the present study, visual assessment data for quality and density ratings of cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) from 10 turfgrass researchers were statistically analyzed to determine data conformity, consistency, and uniformity. Analysis of simultaneous data gathering by 10 investigators indicated the following: 1) Visual assessment scales were significantly different among evaluators, 2) Visual criteria used for data collection allowed a wide latitude of perception in quality and density characteristics, 3) Relative rank performance of cultivars differed among evaluators, and 4) Presently accepted techniques for visually assessing turfgrass quality and density are inadequate. Results of national and regional turfgrass cultivar evaluation trials should be considered with caution as most performance variables are based on the use of conventional evaluation schemes. This study emphasizes the need for a coordinated development of qualitative evaluation techniques based on substantiated, biologically definable, growth responses rather than visual perception.
Postharvest Biological Control of Potato Sprouting by Fusarium Dry Rot Suppressive Bacteria

Chemical sprout inhibitors are applied to over 50% of the potato harvest to extend storage time. In the U.S.A. , CIPC (1-methylethyl-3-chlorophenylcarbamate) is the only synthetic chemical registered for postharvest sprout control of stored potatoes, and it is the most widely used sprout inhibitor world-wide. Due to environmental and health safety concerns, the use of CIPC has become more restricted, and alternative sprout control methods are sought. Six bacteria strains, exhibiting superior dry rot suppressiveness in previous research, were grown in two different liquid culture media and sprayed on Russet Burbank potatoes. In growth chamber and pilot experiments repeated at two storage sites in two successive years, all six isolates demonstrated significant sprout control capabilities when applied after growth on at least one of the culture media supplied. Of the six strains tested, Pseudomonas fluorescens bv.V S11:P:12 and two strains of Enterobacter sp. , S11:T:07 and S11:P:08, exhibited highest relative performance levels with sprout control being statistically similar to that of 16.6 ppm CIPC thermal fog after 4-5 months storage.
Effect of Aging Time on Volatile Compounds, Odor, and Flavor of Cooked Beef from Pirenaica and Friesian Bulls and Heifers

ABSTRACT: Volatile compounds, odor, and flavor produced by beef from bulls and heifers of the Pirenaica and Friesian breeds were studied during 7 d of aging. The Friesian breed beef had stronger fatty flavor and aftertaste than the Pirenaica, as well as differences in the content of several volatile compounds. Bull beef had stronger liver-like odor and flavor, and bloody flavor that were related to a higher 2-propanone content, while beef from heifers had stronger characteristic flavor. Aging of meat increased characteristic flavor and aftertaste. Ethanal showed a positive correlation with livery flavor and a negative correlation with the characteristic odor. The hexane seems to contribute to fatty flavor, 2-propanone was related to livery and bloody notes, and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane to characteristic flavor.
Reduced Rates of Water Loss and Chemical Properties of Skin Secretions of the Frogs Litoria caerulea and Cyclorana australis

We measured the rates of water loss in two Australian hylid frogs: the arboreal Litoria caerulea and the terrestrial burrowing frog Cyclorana australis. We measured the latter species with and without cocoons. Both species showed reduced rates of water loss compared with ‘typical’ amphibians that lose water as if from a free surface. Cocooned C. australis had very low rates of water loss. We examined the chemical composition of skin secretions rinsed (using only high-pure water) from both species and the cocoon material from C. australis. The chemical composition of the material from these three sources was generally similar and consisted of 5–10% neutral lipids and 78–85% proteinaceous material. The fact that the terrestrial species has a high resistance to water loss is unusual given that almost all other known species of non-cocooned frogs with reduced rates of water loss are arboreal. The chemical similarity of the skin secretions and cocoons from this species suggest that the reduced rate of water loss in this species is linked to its ability to form a cocoon. Amino acid composition of the material indicated that a sclerotisation process may occur upon oxidation of the secretions. This would result in a physical barrier to water loss in the cocoons and possibly a thin physical proteinaceous barrier on the skin of both species in the absence of cocoons. We suggest that the high proportion of proteins in the skin secretions cannot be ignored, and that it may, in conjunction with the lipids, produce an effective waterproofing barrier in both species. We suggest that chemical components other than lipids also may be important in frogs from other continents, and complete compositional analyses of frog ‘mucus’ are required before we can fully understand the nature of the mechanisms involved in reduced rates of water loss in amphibians with and without cocoons.
Reconstruction of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Cohorts from Examination of Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) Stomachs

Number of young perch (Perca flavescens) consumed by walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in Oneida Lake was determined from analysis of feeding chronology and digestion rates. Young perch were ingested between sunset and sunrise and digestion rates were estimated from the decrease in weight of perch in stomachs during the day. Walleye predation began in late June and by October the number of young consumed ranged from 17,940 to 242,900 ∙ha−1 in 1971–73. Concurrent studies indicated an additional 590 to 56,130 young were eaten by adult perch.Minimum population of young perch in June was calculated by adding to the number of young that survived to fall, the number consumed by walleye and adult perch. Populations reconstructed in this manner approximated independent estimates of the pelagic population in June. Mortality of young perch was apparently attributable to predation by percids and reconstructed populations accurately portrayed seasonal trends in abundance of young perch. Key words: predation, wal.
T cell suppression of contact sensitivity in the mouse. III. The role of macrophages and the specific triggering of nonspecific suppression

Passive transfer of contact sensitivity and suppression of contact sensitivity by lymph node cells is abolished by treatment with anti‐Θ serum and complement. In contrast, both these forms of passive transfer by peritoneal exudate cells resist treatment with anti‐Θ serum but are abolished by trypsin. This suggests that the cell responsible in the peritoneal exudate is a macrophage or other Θ‐negative cell.
Ray Structure in Root- and Stem-Wood of Larix Decidua: Implications for Root Identification and Function

Differences in ray structure between root- and stem-wood of softwoods can cause confusion in identifying roots using keys based on stem-wood anatomy. Comparison of root- and stem-wood rays of Larix decidua showed root-wood had fewer ray tracheids, taller, wider but shorter ray parenchyma cells, and larger cross-field pits than stem-wood. The implications of these differences are considered in relation to the identification and function of roots.
Autumn Stopover Near The Gulf Of Honduras By Nearctic-Neotropic Migrants

Abstract The southeastern Yucatan Peninsula hosts high numbers of transient Nearctic-Neotropic migrants during autumn migration, but the importance of this region during migratory stopover has not been addressed. We studied autumn stopover body mass gains among passerine migrants in tropical lowland forest 20 km inland from the Gulf of Honduras. Most individuals captured had some subcutaneous fat. Ten of 15 taxa with sufficient sample sizes had significant positive diel (24 hr) gains in a body condition index. Estimates of net mass gains in these 10 taxa suggested they all were depositing fat; average individuals in four of these taxa were depositing sufficient fuel to undertake an entire night of migration after only 1 day of fattening: Empidonax spp. , Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), and Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis). Two (Wood Thrush [Hylocichla mustelina] and Common Yellowthroat [Geothlypis trichas]) of the four species apparently not gaining mass at the study site migrate late in the season and occurred only after Hurricane Iris severely altered the habitat. Four other species (Gray Catbird, Magnolia Warbler [Dendroica magnolia], American Redstart [Setophaga ruticilla], and Indigo Bunting [Passerina cyanea]) had significant gains in mass after the hurricane. These data demonstrate the importance of the region as an autumn stopover site for some species and suggest that stopover areas farther north are also important to migrants passing through the southeastern part of the Yucatan Peninsula.
Confirmation of Escherichia coli and its distinction from Klebsiella species by gas and indole formation at 44 and 44.5°C

Aims: In the enumeration of coliform bacteria, confirmation of Escherichia coli has been based upon gas and indole production at the elevated incubation temperature. The test for gas production has recently been questioned. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gas production test on the reliability of confirmation of E. coli.
A New Approach to the Stereospecific Synthesis of Phospholipids. The Use of l-Glyceric Acid for the Preparation of Diacylglycerols, Phosphatidylcholines, and Related Derivatives

A new stereospecific synthesis of phospholipid derivatives of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols is reported. The synthesis is based on (1) the use of l-glyceric acid as the stereocenter for construction of the optically active phospholipid molecule, (2) preparation of 3-triphenylmethyl-sn-glycerol as the key intermediate for sequential introduction of the primary and secondary acyl functions leading to the chiral diglycerides, and (3) elaboration of the sn-3-phosphodiester headgroup via phosphorylation using 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane, followed by ring opening of the five-membered phosphorus heterocycle with trimethylamine, ammonia, as well as oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles. The sequence has been shown to be suitable for the preparation of both symmetric and mixed-chain diacylglycerols with saturated and unsaturated acyl substituents. Phospholipid headgroups including phosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine, phosphoethanol, and phosphoethylthioacetate functions have been prepared. Application of the method t.
Myocardial fibrosis in transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) transgenic mice is associated with inhibition of interstitial collagenase

Background TGF‐β1 mediates effects on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in the myocardium. The extracellular matrix remodeling depends on the fibrillar collagen degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs). The in vivo effects of TGF‐β1 on the MMP/TIMP system in TGF‐β1 overexpressing transgenic mice were studied.