Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Large woody debris volumes and accumulation rates in cleaned streams in redwood forest in southern Humboldt County, California

Large woody debris (LWD) was inventoried in 1999 in five streams where LWD was removed in the early 1980s, and no LWD has been artificially introduced since. All study sites are second order channels near the confluence of the South Fork and main-stem Eel River, California. Watershed contributing areas range from 4.7 to 17.4 km2, and mean active channel widths within study reaches range from 5.6 to 8.4 m. Vegetation is dominated by redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl . ) ; three streams have oldand second-growth study reaches and two streams are entirely second growth. LWD volumes in old-growth reaches averaged 589 m3/ha compared to 251 m3/ha for second-growth Introduction
Storage performance of clementines treated with hot water, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate dips

Summary The potential of using hot water (2.5 min at 45°C), 2% sodium carbonate or 2% sodium bicarbonate solutions alone or combined with hot water, for control of Penicillium digitatum (green mould) was investigated on commecially ripe clementines. The effect of such treatments on the post-harvest storage life of clementines was determined during two months analysing weight loss, increase in rind deformation and internal maturity. Carbonate and bicarbonate solutions effectively control green mould during storage but hot water does not. Compared with the control and hot-water treated fruits, clementines treated with carbonate and, to a lesser extend with bicarbonate, showed higher weight loss and lower firmness during storage. In contrast, lower increase in ripening index was found when the fruits were treated with carbonate or bicarbonate. Fruits treated with hot water alone or combined with carbonate exhibited no change in ripening during the first month of storage. Rinsing the fruit significantly reduces weight and firmness loss in the fruits treated with carbonate and bicarbonate, but did not change the ripening index. The primary finding of this work was that carbonate and bicarbonate treatments might significantly increase the loss in weight and firmness during storage. Rinsing the fruit immediately after treatment appeared to be a simple solution to avoid these losses in quality.
Growth parameters, nutrient uptake and soil fertility under wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by levels of phosphorus and phosphate solubilizing micro organisms

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1998 99 and 1999 2000, to study the effect of phosphorus levels and phosphate solubilizing micro organisms on growth parameters, nutrient uptake and soil fer tility under wheat (Trticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori Paol.) crop. The treatments consisted of 4 levels of phospho rhs (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P,O,/ha) and of phosphate solubilizing micro organisms (no inoculation, Pseudomonas striata, Aspergillus awamori and Pseudomonas striata Aspergillus awamori). The growth parameters like dry matter production, root dry weight yield and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were significantly improved with ap plication of 60 kg P,O ha. Similarly, all these parameters were significantly increased owing to combined inocula tion with Pseudomonas striata Aspergillus awamori over individual and no inoculation. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of wheat crop increased significantly only up to 60 kg P,O ha. Though increasing levels of phosphorus (up to 90 kglha) left the soil rich significantly in respect of post harvest status of phosphorus. However, successive higher levels of phosphorus declined the available soil nitrogen status, though significant depletion was observed only up to 60 kg P,O,/ha. Inoculation with phosphate solubilizing micro organisms also reduced the post harvest status of available soil nitrogen and phosphorus pool. Highest deciine was observed due to combined inoculation with Pseudomonas striata Aspergillus awamori. Key words :Wheat, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Growth parameters
New Types of Inventories at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

231 Bioinventory (the enumeration and identification of species in an area) has long been a function of museum-based researchers, and in some ways there’s nothing new about sampling an area to determine what kinds of insects live there. At the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM), however, we are trying to push the boundaries of inventory in unusual ways. Through our two programs discussed below, we hope not only to obtain interesting results, but also to set precedents that can be followed for other inventories.
DEFOLIATION OF THE SCOTS PINE AND PERFORMANCE OF DIPRIONID SAWFLIES

SUMMARY (1) We tested for the presence of delayed inducible resistance of the Scots pine against diprionid sawflies by rearing larvae of Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. (early season species) and Diprion pini L. (late season species) on mature foliage of undefoliated and previously defoliated trees. (2) No reduction in larval growth or pupal masses was found, whether the experimental trees were defoliated 1, 2 or 3 times or whether defoliation occurred in early or late season, Instead, there was a weak tendency for improved larval growth, especially after several successive late-season defoliations. (3) The nitrogen content of current-year needles was increased and their dry matter content reduced after 3 years' successive defoliations. (4) These observations are consistent with the hypotheses that (a) the mature foliage of the Scots pine lacks an effective delayed inducible defence against diprionid sawflies, and (b) the defoliation of Scots pine leads to a relative carbon deficiency which may constrain the accumulation of carbon-based substances in the foliage.
Why are similar workers paid differently? The role of social networks

We provide a matching model where identical workers are embedded in ex- ante identical social networks. Job arrival rate is endogeneous and wages are bargained. We study the evolution of networks with time and characterize the equilibrium distribution of unemployment rates across networks. We emphasize that wage dispersion arises endogenously as the consequence of the dynamics of networks, firms' strategies and wage bargaining. Contrary to a generally accepted idea, social networks do not necessary induce stickiness in unemployment dynamics. Our endogenous matching technology shows that the effects of networks on the dynamics mostly hinge on search externalities and not on the correlation between statuses. Our endogenous framework allow us to quantify these effects.
Biology of rice sheath mite, Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley

Biology of the rice tarsonemid mite Steneotarsonemus spinki was studied under laboratory at 28 ± 2.1°C temperature and 88 ± 5.9 per cent relative humidity during September 2003. Both the sexes passed through three stages viz. egg, larva, and adult and a short resting period known as quiescent stage. The egg stage lasted on an average 3.32 ± 0.55 days. Average larval period for male was 1.23 ± 0.44 and for female 1.52 ± 0.52 days and quiescent period was 0.53 ± 0.22 day for male and 0.66 0.24 day for female. Adult period was
Seasonal Occurrence of Diapause in the Boll Weevil in Mississippi

Initial entry into diapause by segments of populations of the boll weevil ( Anthonomus grandis Boheman) were studied in one field in 1958 and in seven fields in 1959. In the 1958 field diapause occurred by August 26. In the 1959 fields it was observed as early as August 11 and as late as September 8. Weevil populations generally entered diapause in two distinct periods. Gross observations indicated that entry into diapause in the first period was related to the maturity of the plants in the different fields, An adequate food supply appeared to be necessary. Diapausing weevils were first recovered from ground trash on September 10 in 1958 and September 9 in 1959, which indicated movement by diapausing segments of the weevil populations to overwintering quarters well in advance of the first killing frost.
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FLORA OF GADOON RANGELAND, DISTRICT SWABI, KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

This study was conducted to examine plant diversity and its ecological characteristics in Gadoon Hills, District Swabi, Pakistan during 2009 and 2010. The area is under heavy biotic pressure due to deforestation and over grazing. The vegetation presents a wide physiognomic range, from grasses to tall trees. There were 260 plant species belonging to 211 genera and 90 families. Of them 77 families were Dicots, 7 Monocots, 4 Pteridophytes and 2 Gymnosperms. Asteraceae was the dominant family followed by Poaceae. Forty five tree species associated with 30 taxa of shrubs and 185 herb species were recorded during the study. Viscum album and Korthalsella opuntia were the mistletoes and Cuscuta reflexa was the only parasite. Only twenty eight species were spiny. The biological spectrum showed that therophytes and megaphanerophytes were the most abundant life forms, followed by nanophanerophytes. Microphylls dominated the investigated area which was followed by leptophylls.
Musical Participation By Boys: The Role of Gender in the Choice of Musical Activities By Males in Australian Schools

This thesis seeks to examine the relationship between gender and musical participation by boys. The problem of males' non-participation in certain musical activities has been the subject of research for many years. This thesis considers some of the issues in relation to this phenomenon. The notion of gender is discussed. Historical and contemporary perspectives in stereotyping are investigated to determine the extent of the problem, with a view to enhancing the experience of boys in musical endeavours. There are no studies of this nature in existence in Australia and the existing research from other western cultures, while providing some basis, cannot be directly applied to this setting. Furthermore, existing studies have not brought about significant change in the gender order in music education. This project seeks to address these shortcomings. Masculinity in Australia is examined, with particular emphasis on the effects of hegemonic masculinity on those who do not fit this stereotype. Issues of bullying, depression and suicide are addressed. Empirical and sociological studies are re-examined in the light of more recent thought on the subject, particularly with regard to the possible causes of non-participation in singing and playing of certain instruments. The extent to which stereotyping of musical activities exists in Australian schools is reviewed through a series of studies of participation and literature. A number of subjects are interviewed to discover some of the reasons behind the choice of particular instruments. The thesis concludes with some perspectives arising from recent case studies of schools that have, to some extent, overcome some of the gender issues raised in earlier discussion. Constructs of masculinity and femininity effect musical participation in Australian schools and the extent of this effect is examined in this thesis.
Hormone Levels in the Outer Layer of Domestic Goose (Anser Anser Domesticus) Eggs Change Over the Laying Season

In general, avian species produce clutches of more than one egg. Differential investment in egg weight and hormone levels is possible and their effects on development and behaviour can be measured. Here we investigated changes in three hormones (testosterone, T; androstenedione, A4 and progesterone, P4) in the outer layer of yolks of infertile domestic goose eggs over the course of a laying season. There was a significant change in the concentration of all three hormones: T and P4 increased in a linear manner across the season whilst A4 increased until mid season and then steadily decreased. The correlation between T and P4 (r =0.613, P < 0.001), and between T and A4 (r = 0.746, P < 0.001) were both positive, but the relationship between A4 and P4, while positive was not strong (r = 0.379, P < 0.001), although still significant. The increase in P4 over the laying season is consistent with the transition from a laying to a broody state. The increase in T is consistent with a trade-off for the seasonal decline in egg weight.
UK Export Behaviour at the Firm Level

We estimate Probit and truncated regression models that incorporate the key theoretical explanations of firm-level export activity for a panel of UK firms over the period 1988 to 2001. Results support the resource-based, human capital and technological innovation explanations of firm-level export activity. In addition, we find that the level of the Sterling-Dollar exchange rate has a significant impact on both the decision to export and the level of export intensity, although the volatility of the exchange rate is found to vary between industries.
Ecotypic differentiation in salinity responses of Ceramium strictum (Rhodophyta) from Scandinavian waters

Abstract Isolates of Ceramium strictum from the Baltic (subsp. tenuicome) and from the Oresund and Skagerrak coasts were grown in unialgal culture at a range of salinities from 5 to 30 %. Interfertility between the isolates was demonstrated and comparative growth experiments showed tolerances and growth responses corresponding to the salinity regimes of their original habitats. The hybrids derived from crosses between the Baltic and Oresund isolates and between the Skagerrak and Oresund isolates demonstrated responses intermediate between those of their respective parents. It is concluded that the differences demonstrated reflect a long-term adaptation that is best described in terms of ecotypic differentiation.
Spatial distribution of lepidopterous stem borers on indigenous host plants in West Africa and its implications for sampling schemes

A catalogue of the major indigenous host plants in West Africa of maize stem borers, the noctuids Sesamia calamistis Hampson and Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), and the pyralid Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae), was established during surveys in Benin, Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Thirteen hosts were identified for S. calamistis, ten for E. saccharina and two for B. fusca. The non-gramineous hosts were the two sedge species, Cyperus papyrus and Rhynchospora corymbosa (Linn.) Britt. C. papyrus was infested by S. calamistis and E. saccharina, and R. corymbosa was infested by S. calamistis only. In general, borer densities were much lower than those reported from maize. For the development of sampling plans, dispersion was described for all species using Taylor's power law and a non-linear model which gives the relationship between the proportion of infested plants [P(I)] and the mean density (m). The majority of host-plant species yielded an aggregated distribution of stem borers, corroborating results of various authors. Mean dispersion was similar among insect species, thus common optimal sample size / mean density curves were developed for all borer species. Enumerative sampling procedures are proposed as binomial sampling plans were shown to be less efficient.
Revision of Oligocene Mediterranean meandroid corals in the scleractinian families Mussidae, Merulinidae and Lobophylliidae

Traditional morphology-based systematics indicates close evolutionary relationships between Caribbean and Indo-Pacific ‘faviid’ and ‘mussid’ reef corals. However, molecular phylogenies reveal three distinct family-level clades, which diverged by middle Eocene time: (1) Caribbean faviids + mussids; (2) Indo-Pacific faviids; and (3) Indo-Pacific mussids. During the early Cenozoic, members of these clades also occurred in a third geographical region, the Mediterranean, but became extinct in that region during the Miocene, as the Tethys broke up. We perform morphological phylogenetic analyses including Caribbean, Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean Oligocene and Recent taxa to reconstruct the pattern of divergence between the three regions, and examine how it was related to biogeography. First, fossil specimens were selected from museum collections, and a total of 13 species (three of which are new) were distinguished using nine morphological features. These 13 species were then added to a dataset with taxa consisting of 62 Recent plus one additional extinct species, and with 50 characters. In addition to traditional macromorphology, the characters include new micromorphological and microstructural features observed using electron microscopy and transverse thin sections. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the dataset using parsimony. The results show that, contrary to traditional systematics, 11 of the 13 Mediterranean extinct coral species group more closely with Indo-Pacific taxa than they do with Caribbean taxa. Recent Caribbean taxa and Indo-Pacific ‘mussids’ form distinct clades; but Indo-Pacific ‘faviids’ form four poorly resolved subclades basal to the Caribbean clade. These results suggest that Mediterranean meandroid corals belong to a cosmopolitan pantropical fauna, from which modern Caribbean meandroid corals diverged as the Caribbean became isolated. Phylogenetic analyses including fossils have higher resolution than analyses including only modern corals. The systematics of the 13 extinct species are formally revised. Two new species – Variabilifavia ausuganensis sp. nov. and Echinophyllia sassellensis sp. nov. – and one new genus – Paraleptoria gen. nov. – are named, and one undescribed species is left in open nomenclature. Two previously synonymized genera are resurrected. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A5731291-9792-464D-87CF-E1DED0C9057E
Micropropagation of Granny Smith apple: factors affecting root formation in vitro

SummaryShoots produced by axillary bud cultures of apple cv Granny Smith, which is difficult to root by standard propagation procedures, were induced to form adventitious roots in vitro. No roots were formed in stationary liquid culture and rooting in agar-based media or with filter paper bridges was low (up to 4%). Up to 80% of cuttings formed roots when grown in continuously agitated liquid culture (half-strength MS) with continuous illumination (10 μE m−2 s−1) and constant temperatures (26° ± 2°C). Exogenous auxin was essential for rooting: IBA at 10 μM and NOA at 10 μM both promoted root formation but 2, 4-D was inhibitory. The optimum sucrose concentration was 1% (w/v). Wounding the cuttings increased root formation. The origin of adventitious roots differed with the auxin applied: with NOA rooting was from cut surfaces and with IBA roots grew both through the epidermis and from cut surfaces.
Determinants of product innovation in small firms: A Comparison Across Industries

A plethora of studies has investigated the determinants of product innovation in small firms, suggesting product, firm, market and innovation process factors as its key drivers of success. Variations across industries relating to the determinants of product innovation are often suspected, but due to a lack of data this area is underresearched. In case of major differences much previous work will be flawed. Drawing upon of database of 1250 small firms across seven industries, this paper explores if any differences are found in the presence and impact of various firm-level determinants. Controlling for size and age differences, the analysis reveals some major differences to the extent small firms use innovative practices, and their connection with new product introductions.
House Fly and Lesser Fly Control Utilizing the Black Soldier Fly in Manure Management Systems for Caged Laying Hens

Four manure treatments were utilized in an experimental caged layer house. One excluded soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (L.), and other dipterous larvae chemically; one was a check; one initially favored the soldier fly with a single addition of 2.5 cm water; and one allowed periodic development of house fly, Musca domestica L. , and lesser house fly, Fannia canicularis (L.), larvae by monthly removal of all manure and soldier fly larvae. Soldier fly larvae were demonstrated to cause significant reductions in house fly and lesser house fly populations and manure moisture. Manure accumulation was also reduced.
Body size and the evolution of mammalian life histories

Body size is of fundamental importance to all considerations of physiology, ontogeny and longevity (Bonner, 1965; Peters, 1983; Calder, 1984; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984). This fact is not ignored by mammalian life historians; body size has become a central issue in studies of mammalian life histories. Low reproductive rates and long lives are associated with large size while high reproductive rates and short lives are associated with small size (e.g. Millar, 1977,1981; Blueweiss et al., 1979; Western, 1979; Millar & Zammuto, 1983; Stearns, 1983; Harvey & Clutton-Brock, 1985; Gittleman, 1986; Wootton, 1987; Read & Harvey, 1989; and references therein). Variation in body size is associated with considerable variation in life-history traits when many species are compared. One approach to explain such coevolved sets of traits has been to examine different patterns of body size, reproduction and survival, and to attempt to interpret the differences in view of the ecology of the species. Many components of reproduction and development scale with body size, which has lead to numerous studies of allometry of reproductive, developmental, longevity and metabolic patterns with body weight (Millar, 1977, 1981; Western, 1979; Millar & Zammuto, 1983; Stearns, 1983; Harvey & Clutton-Brock, 1985; Wootton, 1987). The simplicity of 'life-history trait vs weight' graphs has led some authors to overlook the fact that body weight relationships are descriptive. They do little to help explain the adaptive significance of these traits. Many studies rely heavily on the most readily available data, such as adult mass, neonate weights, and rates of develop-
Trust and gender in patient-practitioner relationships

This research investigates the phenomenon of patient trust in primary health care providers. Using the qualitative methodology of Memory Work, this research draws largely on social constructionism to understand gendered 'lived' experiences of trust within the patient-practitioner relationship. The central question of this research, then, was: How do male and female patients describe and perceive their experience, both positive and negative, of trust in primary health care practitioners (PHCPs)? Following the Memory Work method, two groups of participants, one comprising four men, the other five women, independently wrote detailed narratives of their lived experiences of trust. These experiences were evoked by agreed 'trigger' topics that each group felt explored and represented trust within the patient-practitioner relationship. The participants then came together as a group to discuss and analyse the individual narratives for the 'common' sense or the social aspects of the experiences common to the group, and the processes used to make sense of them. Both the women's research group and the men's research group met for five sessions, each session lasting at least three hours. Between them the research participants wrote 43 individual narratives (two absences) and generated more than 30 hours of recorded group work. From their written descriptions and verbal discussions of their individual narratives, this research describes and explains the trust that these participants experienced, and explores the meaning that these men and women themselves ascribe to trust in various health care service contexts. Specifically, Memory Work facilitated the participants' own understanding of how their individual experiences of trust have been constructed by the self, and the social processes of gender on self.