Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular basis of powdery mildew resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Powdery mildew is one of the most destructive foliar diseases of wheat worldwide. Improving wheat resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) via modern bio-techniques to understand the molecular basis of powdery mildew resistance is very important. Powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3b was has been isolated, and its alleles were have been studied. Some other genes associated with resistance against Bgt were also studied. Wheat TaMLO genes, similar to barley powdery mildew resistance regulating gene MLO, were cloned by the authors. TaEDR1, similar to the EDR1 gene associated with powdery mildew resistance inArabidopsis thaliana, was also cloned. It has been demonstrated that TaLRK, Ta-JA2, TaPR-1, TaPR-2 and TaPR-5 genes play positive roles in powdery mildew resistance. However, no systemic signal pathways of powdery mildew resistance have been reported as yet. Therefore, this review is aimed particularly at the molecular basis of powdery mildew resistance in wheat. Key words: Wheat, powdery mildew, resistance, molecular biology, signal pathway.
Impact of gully incision on hillslope hydrology

The Southern U.S. Piedmont ranging from Virginia to Georgia underwent severe gully erosion over a century of farming mainly for cotton (1800s–1930s). Although tree succession blanketed much of this region by the middle 20th century, gully erosion still occurs, especially during wet seasons. While many studies on gully erosion have focused on soil loss, soil carbon exchange, and stormwater response, the impacts on soil moisture, groundwater, and transpiration remain under‐studied. Using a newly developed 2D hydrologic model, this study analyzes the impacts of gully erosion on hillslope hydrologic states and fluxes. Results indicate that increases in gully incision lead to reduction in groundwater table, root zone soil moisture, and transpiration. These reductions show seasonal variations, but the season when the reduction is maximum differs among the hydrologic variables. Spatially, the impacts are generally the greatest near the toe of the hillslope and reduce further away from it, although the reductions are sometimes non‐monotonic. Overall, the impacts are larger for shallow gully depths and diminish as the incision goes deeper. Lastly, the extent of impacts on a heterogeneous hillslope is found to be very different with respect to a homogeneous surrogate made of dominant soil properties. These results show that through gully erosion, the landscape not only loses soil but also a large amount of water from the subsurface. The magnitude of water loss is, however, dependent on hydrogeologic and topographic configuration of the hillslope. The results will facilitate (a) mapping of relative susceptibility of landscapes to gullying, (b) understanding of the impacts of stream manipulations such as due to dredging on hillslope eco‐hydrology, (c) prioritization of mitigation measures to prevent gullying, and (d) design of observation campaigns to assess the impacts of gullying on hydrologic response.
Report: Authentication Diary Study

Users have developed various coping strategies for minimizing or avoiding the friction and burden associated with managing and using their portfolios of user IDs and passwords or personal identification numbers (PINs). Many try to use the same password (or different versions of the same password) across different systems. Others use memory aids or technological assistants such as password management software. We were interested in these coping strategies and the ,friction pointsS that prompt people to use them. More broadly, we wanted to address a pressing research need by gathering data for user-centered models of how people interact with security as part of their daily life, as empirical research in that area is currently lacking.
Geographic variation in scalation of the lizard Gallotia stehlini within the island of Gran Canaria

The lacertid lizard (Gallotia stehlini), an endemic of Gran Canaria, shows no visually obvious geographic variation, yet all seven scalation characters that were examined exhibit significant geographic variation. The number of collar scales, scales along the ventral trunk and femoral pores are correlated with habitat type, while the number of femoral pores is correlated negatively with altitude. Mantel tests were used to compare simultaneously an observed pattern with three hypothesized patterns (habitat type, altitude and proximity). They indicate that, while several individual characters are significantly associated with the putative causal factors of habitat type and altitude, there is no association between an overall scalation distance matrix and habitat type, or altitude when the effect of proximity is removed. Consequently, one should consider the individual characters as well as the multivariate generalized distances. Some of the observed patterns of geographic variation in scalation are very similar to those of the small scincid lizard Chalcides sexlineatus on Gran Canaria and also parallel the altitudinal and latitudinal variation in the scalation of the Tenerife lacertid (Galotia galloti). The low level of congruence in patterns of geographic variation in individual characters (i.e. some vary with latitude, some with altitude and one varies with longitude) is consistent with the hypothesis that ecogenetically caused geographic variation may result in lower inter-character congruence than phylogenetically caused geographic variation.
IN- VITRO CULTURE OF ARTEMISIA AUCHERI BOISS. ON FOUR DIFFERENT TISSUE CULTURE MEDIA FOR COMPARATIVE CYTOTOXIC EFFRCTS AND GROWTH

Objective : Artemisia genus is an important medicinal plant in Iran. The effect of four different culture media was investigated on growth and cytotoxic production of Artemisia aucheri in callus culture after 20th subculture. Methods : Callus induction was initiated from seedling on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing different concentrations of vitamins and combinations of growth regulators. Cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of callus culture grown on different culture media was assessed using the brine shrimp assay. Result : Different concentrations and combinations of phytohormones had no significant influence on callus fresh weight, callus dry weight and percentage of callus dry matter. However, cytotoxic production seems depend on the lowest level of growth index (1.94 ± 0.12) because from among the four methanolic extracts of the four isolated cultures of A. aucheri tested on MS medium supplemented with high level of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and thiamine-HCl was found to have the cytotoxicity (LC 50 < 1000µg/ml) using brine shrimp lethality assay. Methanolic extracts of callus culture on MS medium containing kinetin (Kin), indole-3-acetic (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,D) had the highest level of growth index (4.31 ± 0.56) and no cytotoxic effect was observed. Conclusion : In the establishment of cell culture, high level of BAP, NAA and thiamine-HCl were the best plant growth regulators in supporting the cytotoxic production. This is the first report on the use of phytohormones on the establishment of cell cultures in cytotoxic production of A. aucheri . KEYWORDS: Artemisia aucheri , Artemia franciscana , cytotoxic, tissue culture, methanol extract, growth index
Comparison of two different resistance training intensities on metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese women

The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome has been increasing worldwide. An effective solution to manage and prevent these syndromes is essential. Evidence shows that one of the single most important lifestyle changes for the prevention of many chronic diseases is exercise training. Previous studies have compared different aerobic training intensities in people with metabolic syndrome, but little is known about the effect of different resistance training intensities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks resistance training with two different intensities (50% and 75% of 1RM) on metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese women. Thirty middle-aged obese women were randomly divided into three groups: control group, low intensity group (50% of 1RM) and moderate intensity group (75% of 1RM). Exercise groups followed a supervised training program consisting of training 3 times/wk for 8 wk. The low intensity group performed 3 sets of 20 repetitions at an intensity corresponding to 50% of 1RM, with a 60-second rest period between sets, and the moderate intensity group performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity corresponding to 75% of 1RM, with a 90-second rest period between sets. The following variables were evaluated before and after the intervention: body mass; waist circumference; blood pressure; fasting blood glucose; HDL-C and triglycerides. Eight weeks resistance training with 50% or 75% of 1RM significantly reduced body mass (-2.96%; -3.6%), waist circumference (-2.04%; -2.86%) and serum triglyceride (-4.95%; -5.93%). There were no significant differences between low and moderate intensity group. However, the results indicated that eight weeks resistance training with 50% or 75% of 1RM had no significant alteration in HDL-C, systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose. It seems that, resistance training program reduce some of the metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese women and there is no difference between mild and moderate intensity.
Autumnal emergence of Anagrus wasps, egg parasitoids of Empoasca vitis, from grapevine leaves and their migration towards brambles

1 The Anagrus‘atomus’ parasitoid group (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), associated with Empoasca vitis (Göthe) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), overwinters on vegetation surrounding vineyards. The emergence of parasitoid adults from grapevine leaves in autumn was studied in north‐eastern Italy, both in relation to the E. vitis egg‐laying period and to the presence of leafhoppers overwintering as eggs on Rubus bushes. 2 Autumnal peaks of Anagrus captured using yellow sticky traps were observed first on grapevines and then on brambles. Parasitoid captures in vineyards were observed for more than 1 month after the last first‐instar nymphs of the grape leafhoppers were noticed. Two species belonging to the A. ‘atomus’ group, Anagrus atomus and Anagrus ustulatus, were captured both on grapevines and brambles. 3 Parasitoids of the A. ‘atomus’ group can emerge from third‐generation grape leafhopper eggs in accordance with two different development time patterns (i.e. normal or delayed). Individuals with delayed emergence required up to 2.2‐fold more time to develop from an egg to adult than individuals with normal emergence. This meant that some parasitoid adults emerged in autumn from eggs of grape leafhopper laid in August. 4 A delayed emergence as a result of a slower development ensures that the A. ‘atomus’ parasitoid group is synchronized with the egg‐laying of leafhoppers that overwinter as eggs on Rubus spp. 5 Consequently, leafhoppers overwintering as eggs on brambles play a key role in the ecology of the relationship between grape leafhoppers and the A. ‘atomus’ parasitoid group.
Numerical modeling of fault rupture propagation through two-layered sands

The fault rupture propagation phenomenon, spreading from the base rock through different layers of soil, is a matter of concern in many natural and man-made soil structures. The focus of this paper is to investigate reverse fault rupture propagation through two layers of sand deposits by means of numerical modeling. For this purpose, analyses are carried out for different permutations of the three typical materials: dense sand, medium dense sand and loose sand, considering five fault dip angles, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 degrees. The validity of numerical model was verified by simulating an experimental model of homogeneous soil layer subjected to reverse faulting. Further to the general trends found in fault rupture propagation in a single layer of soil, special attentions are devoted to the refraction of fault path in the interface of two materials as well as its concavity in the continuation. Moreover, four patterns of fault rapture propagation in two-layered sands, depending on their arrangements and fault dip angles, were concluded from the results.
Global patterns in phytoplankton community size structure—evidence for a direct temperature effect

In this study, a global data set on size-fractionated chlorophyll distributions collected in the open ocean (depth >400 m) is used to investigate phytoplankton community size structure in relation to temperature and inorganic nutrient availability in an attempt to identify the individ- ual and shared effects of these 2 factors. The macroecological patterns show an increase in the fraction of large phytoplankton with increasing nutrient availability and a decrease with increas- ing temperature. We empirically demonstrate that temperature has both a nutrient-independent effect and a nutrient-shared effect on phytoplankton community size structure. We argue that the nutrient-independent effect is likely a direct effect of temperature, whereas the nutrient-shared effect may be an indirect effect of temperature (where thermal stratification influences the intro- duction of nutrients to surface waters). When regional differences in the average contribution of large cells were accounted for, the nutrient-independent effect of temperature explained 8% of the variation in phytoplankton community size structure compared with the 23% explained by the nutrient-shared effect. The results suggest that the relationship between phytoplankton commu- nity size structure and temperature change is the same in all ocean regions and leads to a decrease in the relative contribution of large cells in the community as temperature increases regardless of ambient nutrient availability. As phytoplankton size is an important factor influenc- ing carbon transport to the deep ocean, it is important to incorporate any possible direct tempera- ture effect on phytoplankton community size composition in models addressing carbon flow and metabolism in a warming ocean.
Heat transfer from fuel rod surface under reactivity-initiated accident conditions; NSRR experiments under varied cooling conditions

In order to study the effects of cooling conditions on the boiling heat transfer from the fuel rod surface to the coolant water, RIA-simulating experiments with fresh fuels had been conducted in the nuclear safety research reactor (NSRR) under cooling conditions with subcoolings of sim 10 to 80 K, flow velocities of 0 to sim 3 m/s, pressures of 0.1 to sim 16 MPa. In addition, pre-irradiated fuels had been subjected to the NSRR experiments under cooling conditions with subcoolings of sim 80 K, stagnant water, and atmospheric pressure. Out of the NSRR experiments, this report presents the fuel specifications, the test conditions, and the transient records during the pulse operations for the cases that the cladding temperature had been successfully measured. Characteristic parameters such as cladding peak temperatures were extracted from the transient records for summarizing the effects of cooling conditions and pre-irradiation on the heat transfer from the cladding surface.
Phylogeographic Patterns Among the Subspecies of Notophthalmus viridescens (Eastern Newt) in South Carolina

Abstract Relatively little work has been done on the population genetics and phylogenetic patterns in Notophthalmus viridescens (Eastern Newt). The most recent study by Gabor and Nice (2004) divided the sampled populations into northern and southern groups rather than along taxonomic lines, and patterns of genetic variation indicated the southern populations were isolated and undergoing genetic drift. To re-evaluate these patterns, we collected sequence data on the mitochondrial ND2 and the flanking tRNAMet genes in fifteen South Carolina populations in the piedmont, sandhills, and lower coastal plain where three of the four subspecies were located (we found no Eastern Newts in the upper coastal plain). Haplotypes did not group by taxonomic designation in phylogenetic analyses, suggesting introgressive hybridization has occurred. Statistical parsimony analysis resolved the haplotype groups into two geographic groups, and partitioning of genetic variation between these groups was significant. We suggest these groups represent populations established during the last glacial maximum, a pattern that has been observed in other pond-breeding salamanders.
In Vitro Phagocytosis by Hemocytes of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)

A system for holding lobster hemocytes in a viable state was developed and utilized to study the in vitro phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by lobster hemocytes.Using SRBC sensitized with the opsonin present in lobster serum, 2% of the hemocytes demonstrated phagocytosis detectable as early as 20 min after the hemocytes and erythrocytes were mixed and held at 15 C. Lower phagocytosis levels were observed with untreated erythrocytes. As with other poiklothermic animals, the temperature affected the rate of phagocytosis, which was first observed at the 60-min sampling in cells held at 4 C.
On Routing-Optimal Network for Multiple Unicasts

In this paper, we consider networks with multiple unicast sessions. Generally, non-linear network coding is needed to achieve the whole rate region of network coding. Yet, there exist networks for which routing is sufficient to achieve the whole rate region, and we refer to them as routing-optimal networks. We identify a class of routing-optimal networks, which we refer to as information-distributive networks, defined by three topological features. Due to these features, for each rate vector achieved by network coding, there is always a routing scheme such that it achieves the same rate vector, and the traffic transmitted through the network is exactly the information transmitted over the cut-sets between the sources and the sinks in the corresponding network coding scheme. We present more examples of information-distributive networks, including some examples from index coding and single unicast with hard deadline constraint.
Cross-Age Tutoring: Its Effects on High Performing Students and Students At-risk with Learning Disability in Mathematics

This study aimed to determine the effects of cross-age tutoring on high performing students and students at-risk with learning disabilities in Mathematics. The study reveals that compared to students in the control group, students in the experimental group shows higher increase both in cognitive and non-cognitive factors. The significant differences posted between the control and experimental groups of both high performing students and at-risk students are sufficient evidence to show that cross-age tutoring is an effective intervention to improve the cognitive and non-cognitive aspects of involved students.
Manejo de espécies vegetais de cobertura de solo e produtividade do milho e da soja em semeadura direta

Soybean and corn yield in no tillage system with different intervals among different covering handlings. This experiment aimed to verify the reaction of soybean and corn cultures sowed 38 days near or after chemical or mechanical handling of different soil coverings. The experiment was carried out at the experimental Station of Unesp, Ilha Solteira Campus, in the municipality of Selviria, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, during the agricultural year of 2001/02. The covering cultures used were: rice, sorghum, Brachiaria decumbens and brizantha, millet and Eleusine coracana. It was observed that the covering cultures showed good environment adaptation in dry mass production; the corn productivity was larger when the covering cultures handling was mechanically accomplished; the interval between handling and sowing of soybean and corn culture is important only for rice or Brachiaria decumbens covering cultures; in this case, a 38-day previous handling is recommended. Corn yield was inferior when sowed on sorghum residues.
Effects of a Midwife-Led Psycho-Education Intervention on Birth Fear in Childbearing Women

Childbirth fear has received considerable attention in Scandinavian countries, and the United Kingdom, but not in Australia. For first-time mothers, fear is often linked to a perceived lack of control and disbelief in the body’s ability to give birth safely, whereas multiparous women may be fearful as a result of previous negative and/or traumatic birth experiences. There have been few well-designed intervention studies to address women’s childbirth fear, support normal birth, and diminish the possibility of a negative birth experience. Purpose of Study The program of work aimed to determine the prevalence of childbirth fear in a large population based sample and identify factors associated with, and possible antenatal predictors of, childbirth fear (Study 1). Study 2 aimed to test the efficacy of a midwife-led psycho-education counselling intervention (known as BELIEF – Birth Emotions and Looking to Improve Expectant Fear) in reducing women’s antenatal childbirth fear. Method A total of 2,311 eligible women in their second trimester of pregnancy were approached while attending antenatal clinics at one of three hospitals in South East Queensland. Sixty one percent of women (n = 1,410) agreed to participate and completed the first questionnaire package which included a measure to screen for childbirth fear. Women reporting high childbirth fear (≥66 on the Wijma Delivery Expectancy / Experience Questionnaire - WDEQ) were randomly allocated to study groups. Women who were expected to have returned data by June 2013 within the ongoing BELIEF study were included in Study 2 (intervention n = 118 or control group n = 132).
Does Income Statement Placement Matter to Investors? The Case of Gains/Losses from Early Debt Extinguishment

ABSTRACT: Does the placement of a line item in the income statement matter to investors? The passage of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 145 (Financial Accounting Standards Board [FASB] 2002) affords a quasi-experimental setting to answer this question, because pre-SFAS No. 145, gains/losses from early debt extinguishments were reported below the line, while post-SFAS No. 145, they were reported above the line. After controlling for other identified changes that occur during our sample period, we find that, pre-SFAS No. 145, the market does not respond to these gains/losses, whereas post-SFAS No. 145, it does. This suggests that the market response to gains/losses is associated with their placement in the income statement. Our findings contribute to the literature on the importance of income statement presentation by demonstrating that a line-item position in the income statement has important valuation implications. JEL Classifications: G12; G14; M41.