Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Nanoporous Nickel by Electrochemical Dealloying

The etching of the more active component from a homogeneous alloy is important in corrosion reactions and has been exploited in the synthesis of high surface area nanoporous materials. In this paper we show that nanoporous films can be obtained by selective electrochemical etching of the more noble component in a system where the more active component is passivated. We demonstrate that nanoporous nickel films can be obtained by a two-step process involving electrodeposition of a homogeneous NixCu1-x alloy followed by electrochemical etching of the copper from the alloy. The composition, lattice parameter, saturation magnetization, and Curie temperature of the electrodeposited NixCu1-x alloys can be precisely controlled by varying the deposition conditions. Nanoporous nickel can be formed by electrochemically etching the copper from the alloy. The nanoporous structures are characterized by a three-dimensional network of interconnected pores and exhibit enhanced coercivity and reduced magnetic anisotropy. T.
Engine Performance of a Gardener Compression Ignition Engine using Rapeseed Methyl Esther

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the influence of engine speed on the combustion characteristics of a Gardener compression ignition engine fueled with rapeseed methyl esther (RME). The engine has a maximum power of 14.4 kW and maximum speed of 1500 rpm. The experiment was carried out at speeds of 750 and 1250 rpm under loads of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 18 kg. Variations of cylinder pressure with crank angle degrees and cylinder volume have been examined. It was found that RME demonstrated short ignition delay primarily due to its high cetane number and leaner fuel properties (equivalence ratio (φ) = 0.22 at 4kg). An increase in thermal efficiency but decrease in volumetric efficiency was recorded due to increased brake loads. Variations in fuel mass flow rate, air mass flow rate, exhaust gas temperatures and equivalence ratio with respect to brake mean effective pressure at engine speeds of 750 and 1250 rpm were also demonstrated in this paper. Higher engine speed of 1250 rpm resulted in higher fuel and air mass flow rates, exhaust temperature, brake power and equivalent ratio but lower volumetric efficiency. Keywords— combustion characteristics, engine performance, engine speed, rapeseed methyl Esther
Generation of Ultrafine Particles by Spark Discharging

Ultrafine carbon, metal, and metal oxide particles were generated with a commercially available spark generator designed for the production of carbon particles. Aerosols with number concentrations up to 107 cm−3 were produced at flow rates up to 150 lpm. Lognormal size distributions with modal diameters in the range of 18–150 nm and geometric standard deviations of about 1.5 were obtained. The chemical composition, size, number concentration, morphology, and surface area of the particles were varied, and the generation of particles with fixed characteristics could be maintained over many hours. The particle characteristics, however, could not be varied independently. For a certain chemical composition only size and number concentration were variable; morphology and surface area were fixed regardless of particle size. The particles grow by coagulation of primary particles formed by nucleation. The coagulated particles can either stick together and maintain their identity or fuse together and lose their identity. Each material used for the generation of ultrafine particles is thus associated with a certain morphology and surface area: silver with a low mass-related BET surface area (20 m2 g−1), metal oxides and iridium with a low-to-intermediate BET surface area (50 m2 g−1 for cadmium oxide, 120 m2 g−1 for iridium, and 300 m2 g− 1 for ferric oxide), and carbon with a large BET surface area (750 m2 g−1). Iridium, on the other hand, has a huge volume-related BET surface area (2800 m2 cm−3). It was not possible to generate ultrafine carbon particles without contaminations with the generator. However, these contaminations could be decreased in this study from 25% to 6% by replacing organic components of the generator by pure inorganic components.
Characterization of Emissions from Kerosene Heaters in an Unvented Tent

A potential contribution to the Gulf War Syndrome is presented in this paper. The human exposure to aerosols from unvented heaters in tents was simulated so that the contribution of this exposure to the Gulf War Syndrome can be estimated. Exposures to particulate matter and combustion gases (CO, NO, and SO2) were estimated with 3 types of portable kerosene heaters and 3 fuels. The airborne concentration was also monitored continuously with a real-time monitor. The aerodynamic particle size distribution measured by a cascade impactor indicated a uni- or bi-modal size distribution with the major peak between 0.1-1 θm. The air exchange rate ranged from 1-3.5 hr-1 when the tent doors were open and closed. The air exchange rate and the type of fuel and heater were very important factors in determining the pollutant concentrations inside the tent. The CO and particulate concentrations reached the maximum soon after the combustion started; however, NO and SO2 concentrations rose slowly. The particle concentration and distribution results were used in the NCRP model to calculate the particle generation rate from heaters and the dose deposited in human lungs. The results showed that the particles deposited in the lung ranged from 0.31 to 0.97 mg for a 10h (8h for sleeping and 2h for rest) stay in the tent with various heaters and fuels.
Particle Formation in Vinyl Chloride Emulsion Polymerization: Reaction Modeling

A mathematical model is developed to help quantify and improve our understanding of the formation of particles and the evolution of the particle size distribution (PSD) in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). A special feature of the model is the computation of the coupled radical number and particle size distributions by means of the zero−one−two population balance equations. This approach is shown to be necessary when modeling processes that involve particle nucleation. Preliminary results are presented to illustrate the ability of the model in interpreting experimental data.
Treatment of sewage sludge using hydrothermal oxidation - technology application challenges

The objective of this paper is to examine the technical feasibility of hydrothermal oxidation as a sewage sludge treatment option. Hydrothermal oxidation involves treatment at temperatures and pressures below and above the critical point for water, 374.2°C and 22.1 MPa. Subcritical water oxidation (SubCWO) achieves incomplete sludge oxidation ( 99.9% COD reduction), produce high quality effluents and disposable ashes and air emissions. The major engineering challenges associated with developing hydrothermal treatment systems, especiallySCWO systems, are solids management, corrosion and safety. Thesolids management challenge relates to scale formation, including deposition of inorganic salts and transport of suspended particles. The corrosion challenge relates to handling highly halogenated and extreme-pH waste streams. Nevertheless, the available body of technical knowledge supports the design of efficient SCWO sludge treatment systems.
Children's Savings Accounts: Increasing the Postsecondary Payoff for Low-Income Children. MHEC Policy Brief.

A fter decades of making minor tweaks to the U.S. financial aid system, there is a need to develop truly novel approaches to paying for college. Until now, the goal of financial aid has been narrowly framed as providing young adults with enough money to pay for college while minimizing the short-term burden to taxpayers. Because of this narrow framing, student loans have emerged as the dominant form of financial aid in America (Elliott & Lewis, 2017). However, research has increasingly demonstrated that a strong debt-based approach to financial aid fails to equalize college opportunity and has exacerbated post-college inequities over the past thirty years. These failures raise questions about whether financial aid dollars could be better spent.
Polystyrene-block-Poly(ethylene oxide) Micelles in Aqueous Solution

The formation of micelles, micellar clusters, and aggregates in aqueous solutions of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) macromolecules (PS-b-PEO) in the presence of various additives is studied. Behavior of the PS-b-PEO micellar solutions is examined with static light scattering and sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge. Sedimentograms of the solution of PS-b-PEO in water exhibit two peaks which correspond to the formation of single micelles (Rg = 12.8 nm) and secondary micellar clusters (Rg = 42.1 nm). Experimental data show that the weight fraction of micelles and micellar clusters in the solution strongly depends on the chemical composition of the dispersing media. The addition of 1.5 vol % toluene, which is a good solvent for the glassy polystyrene cores, decomposes the micellar clusters due to an increase of mobility of macromolecules forming micelles. Addition of inorganic salts interacting with poly(ethylene oxide) tails also results in the disappearance of micellar clusters. Alcohols introduced.
Complex Formation of Soil Minerals with Nitroaromatic Explosives and other π-Acceptors

The ability of soil minerals to interact with organic solutes exhibiting π-acceptor properties was studied using batch adsorption experiments. Among the major groups of naturally occurring minerals, only phyllosilicates were capable of forming strong electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes with such solutes, including nitroaromatic explosives (e.g., trinitrotoluene [TNT]) and other priority pollutants. Depending on the minerals and the solutes involved, adsorption constants due to such EDA interactions may exceed those caused by nonspecific interactions by several orders of magnitude. Two major factors controlled the ability of phyllosilicates to form EDA complexes: the n-donor properties of their siloxane oxygens and the accessibility of such sites for π-acceptors. The donor properties of siloxane oxygens are enhanced by isomorphic substitution, but their accessibility for π-acceptors is restricted by the steric effects of hydrated exchangeable cations. Relative adsorption constants (K ad values) for a given set of π-acceptors were independent of the mineral structure, indicating that similar sites are involved in EDA complex formation on phyllosilicates. Thus, K ad values measured on any type of model phyllosilicate may be used to estimate the relative extent of adsorption of π-acceptors to natural subsurface matrices, irrespective of the types and abundance of phyllosilicates present. Cation exchange on phyllosilicates is a crucial geochemical process that controls the accessibility of their siloxane sites to π-acceptors due to the different sizes of the hydrated cations. Injection of electrolytes may be a promising but so far unexplored way to control the adsorption and thus the bioavailability and transport of TNT and other contaminants with significant π-acceptor properties in the subsurface.
Socio – Economic Factors Affecting Retention of the Boy-Child in Secondary Schools of Mathioya, Kenya

The Government of Kenya (GoK) has continuously provided grants to secondary schools to retain all children in school. However, there have been challenges in internal efficiency in form of boy child retention in schools. The main objective was to determine the socio-economic factors influencing retention of boy child in secondary schools in Mathioya Sub - County between 2005 and 2011. A descriptive survey design was used in this study. The researchers used stratified, simple random and purposive sampling to get a sample of 9 schools, 9 principals, 180 students, 54 teachers and 36 parents, Sub-County Education Officer (D.E.O) and Sub-County Quality and Assurance Officer. The study used questionnaires for principals and teachers, interviews were conducted for parents /guardians while Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was used to collect information from students. Quantitative data was analysed descriptively using frequency counts, percentages, frequency tables and bar graphs. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. Despite Free Day Secondary Education (FDSE), boys continued to drop out of schools. The study recommends that the government should unite with other stakeholders to conduct aggressive campaigns to sensitize community on importance of educating all children. Most important the GoK should unsparingly deal with the militia groups like Mungiki. Keywords : Boy child, Retention, Education for All, Militia group, Social and Economic activities DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-29-10 Publication date :October 31 st 2019
Separation of Enantiomers and Racemate Formation in Two-Dimensional Crystals at the Water Surface from Racemic α-Amino Acid Amphiphiles: Design and Structure

Studies are presented on the two-dimensional (2-D) crystalline packing arrangements of enantiomerically pure and racemic α-amino acid RHC(NH3+)CO2- monolayers on water and on glycine aqueous solutions, as determined by synchrotron grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The amphiphiles have been designed such that their racemic mixtures form 2-D crystals which are either heterochiral (for R = CnH2n+1−, n = 10, 12, 16) due to the tendency for herringbone chain arrangements via glide symmetry or homochiral (for R = CnH2n+1CONH(CH2)4−, n = 11, 17, 21) by virtue of hydrogen bonding by translation of the amide group in the chains leading to a spontaneous separation into islands of opposite chirality. The two different crystalline motifs led to a correlation between their packing arrangements and induced oriented nucleation of 3-D crystals of α-glycine by these monolayers. The relevance of the present results to the possibility of ordering and spontaneous segregation of racemates of the natural hydrophobic α-amino.
The Jurassic–Cretaceous lithostratigraphy of Kilen, Kronprins Christian Land, eastern North Greenland

Kilen, Kronprins Christian Land, contains the thickest and stratigraphically most complete Jurassic and Cretaceous sediment succession in North Greenland. This study revises and formalises the lithostratigraphic framework of these deposits. The work is based on recent extensive stratigraphic field work supplemented by photogeological mapping and biostratigraphic studies, and builds on the earlier stratigraphic work conducted mainly in the 1980s and 1990s. According to the new stratigraphic scheme, the more than 500 m thick Jurassic succession is divided into four formations. The poorly dated Gletscherport Formation comprises lagoonal heterolithic sandstones. The Mågensfjeld and Birkelund Fjeld Formations consist of shallow marine fine-grained sandstones of Bajocian–Bathonian and Kimmeridgian age, respectively. The Kuglelejet Formation comprises mainly shallow marine sandy mudstone and sandstone of Volgian age and includes the mudstone-dominated Splitbæk Member. The Lower Cretaceous interval is estimated to be more than 1500 m thick and is divided into three formations. The Dromledome Formation comprises deep shelf to offshore transition, black mudstones of late Ryazanian to Hauterivian age. It is erosively overlain by unfossiliferous, fluvial and estuarine sandstones of the Lichenryg Formation. The overlying, late Aptian to middle Cenomanian Galadriel Fjeld Formation comprises six members, of which the Tågekyst and Kangoq Ryg Members occur in the Gåseslette area, whereas the Pil, Valmue, Stenbræk and Hondal Members occur in the Kilen Fjelde area. The Galadriel Fjeld Formation is characterised by interbedded mudstones and sandstones from offshore–shoreface environments. The 650 m thick Upper Cretaceous succession is assigned to the Sølverbæk Formation, which is undivided in the Gåseslette area and divided into the Skalbæk and Scaphitesnæse Members in the Kilen Fjelde area. The Sølverbæk Formation is dominated by marine mudstones and sandstonemudstone heteroliths of late Cenomanian to Santonian age. The new lithostratigraphic framework and significant biostratigraphic advances allow a closer correlation of the Mesozoic units between North Greenland and other Arctic basins.
Uncovering Buried Structure and Interfaces in Molecular Photovoltaics

The processes that generate current in organic photovoltaics are highly dependent on the micro‐ and nano‐structure in the semiconductor layers, especially at the donor‐acceptor interface. Elucidating film properties throughout the thickness of the devices is therefore key to their further development. Here, a methodology is developed to gain unprecedented insights into the structure and composition of the molecular layers within the depth of device structure using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The technique was applied to three archetypical solar cell configurations consisting of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and C60, which have been cross‐sectioned using a focused ion beam method optimized to minimize sample damage. The HRTEM images exhibit lattice fringes in both CuPc and C60, confirming the crystallinity and texture of both materials, and offering novel insight into the growth of C60 onto molecular materials. The donor‐acceptor interface morphology is further studied using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in combination with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, extending the scope of our methodology to amorphous heterostructures.
Reactive aluminum in the vermont soil test

Abstract Determination of Reactive Al by extracting a soil sample with pH 4.8 NH4 OAc (1.25 N acetate) characterizes for northern acid soils the quantity of soil acidity that must be neutralized to meet lime need and also lower the P adsorbing capacity. Extracted Al is used in conjunction with pH in 10 mM CaCl2 to calculate the lime requirement directly. First, the amount of P fertilizer needed is approximated, based on the P intensity (Available P) determined in the same NH4 OAc extract. Then the recommended amount is increased by a P‐fixation factor obtained from the Reactive Al measured, and decreased by a Reserve P factor derived from fluoride extractable P. Unlike a buffer lime requirement method, which predicts lime needed to reach a target pH, the Reactive Al test estimates the quantity of acidity that must be neutralized to prevent fixation of P fertilizer by soil Al and to release P from Al‐bound sources. Attaining a particular target pH is not the primary goal. The Reserve P test measures the am.
Exploration of Themes from the Apllication of Standard Operational Procedures Control Infection Nosocomial at X General Hospital

: Nosocomial infections are the most common complications in hospitals. One of the important methods to prevent the risk of nosocomial infections in hospitals by controlling nosocomial standard.This study aims to explore of themes from the apllication of standard operational prosedure (SOP) of nosocomial control infectionat X general hospital Medan. The research design used is descriptive phenomenology. Participants in this study were 10 nurses selected by purposive sampling technique. The data collected werein-depth interviews completed with field notes and then made in verbatim and analyzed using Colaizzi's approach. The results of the study found five themes: seek nurse prevention by strictly implementing SOP, safe guarding nursing actions, ensuring satisfaction in nursing service, creating cooperation and effective communication as the key to make patient safe and positive support from related hospital management infection prevention and control. The results show that the nurse adheres to SOP of nosocomial control infection to prevent the risk of nosocomial infections. This study can be used by hospitals, especially to prevent and control infection teams increase support for nurses by conducting regular training about prevent and control infection, so that increases understanding nurses about infection risk identification that can occur every nurses workplace.
Phosphides of the B31 (MnP) Structure Type.

Abstract : The mono-phosphides of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, W, and Ru crystallize in the B 31 (MnP) structure type. The unit cell dimensions of these phosphides were measured, and the structures of MnP, FeP and CoP were determined accurately by single-crystal methods. Some data for unit cell variations accompanying isomorphous substitution are presented and discussed. Among the phosphides, CoP is the only B 31 (K) phase. The author found complete solid solubility of FeP, MnP and CrP in CoP. The compositions for the alloys with c/b = 3 to the 1/2 power were approximately: Co(0.6) Fe(0.4)P, Co(0.8) Mn(0.2)P, and Co(0.87)Cr(0.13)P, which implies that the number of electrons is roughly constant at this c/b ratio. The unit cell dimensions for B 31 phases are dependent on electronic factors. The data from the structure determinations did not indicate any marked structural difference between B 31 (1) and B 31 (k) phases.
Versatile Sensitive Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Core-Shell Gold Nanorods for the Determination of Mercury(II) and Cysteine

A versatile sensitive localized surface plasmon resonance sensor was fabricated for the determination of mercury(II) and cysteine. The determination of mercury(II) was performed by taking advantage of the affinity between core-shell nanostructure and mercury to form a nanocomposite, leading to significant changes of localized surface plasmon resonance properties. The outstanding selectivity and sensitivity of the method provide a unique way to determine mercury(II) to concentrations as low as 5.00 × 10−8 M in aqueous solution. In addition, a strategy of orientation axially (end-to-end) assembly of core-shell gold nanorods at acidic medium was been developed that resulted in coupling of the plasmon band of core-shell gold nanorods, and was the basis of determining cysteine. An ultra-sensitive assay for the determination of cysteine was subsequently developed and levels of cysteine as low as 10−12 M can be determined. Compared with other gold nanorods-based sensors requiring molecular modification, these two approaches are simple in aqueous solution because of the unmodified design.
Nature of Calcium Acetate.

A STUDY of the hydrates of calcium acetate verified earlier work reported in the literature and showed that the anhydrous forms of calcium acetate may be obtained by heating the monoor half-hydrate. The anhydrous forms and the half-hydrate may exist with adsorbed water a t some temperatures without forming mixtures of hydrates. In 1960, three anhydrous forms of calcium acetate had been isolated and characterized (7). At least one earlier report in the literature discussed the synthesis of anhydrous calcium acetate (1). In addition to the anhydrous acetate, both the monohydrate and half-hydrate had been established as distinct crystalline species (2, 8). There is also a report that the dihydrate exists, although it has not been well characterized (5). In no case, however, was there any indication of the behavior of the hydrates on being heated below the decomposition point of calcium acetate or whether the anhydrous forms could be obtained from the hydrates a t sufficiently high temperatures. Calcium acetate monohydrate was heated a t constant temperatures, and the changes in chemical composition and crystalline structure were observed.