Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ambocœlia Hall and certain Similar British Spiriferidæ

Several small Spirifers of the Upper Palæozoic rocks of this country have been referred to Ambocœlia Hall. This genus was proposed to include certain American Devonian and Carboniferous forms with a peculiar internal structure; the genotype, designated by Hall, is Orthis umbonata Conrad, a species from the Hamilton Group (Lower Devonian) of North America. In the paper in which he established the genus, Hall (1860, p. 71) suggested that Spirifer unguiculus Sowerby sp. (a British Devonian form) might also be included in the genus. The opinion generally held, for example by King (1850, p. 135) and Davidson (1858, vol. ii, pt. 4, p. 59), that Spirifer unguiculus is closely allied to, if not identical with, Spirifer urei Fleming and Martinia clannyana King, led observers to place these species also in the genus Ambocœlia. It naturally followed that, so far as the British species were concerned, the genus was described in terms of the external form of these species. In particular, emphasis was laid upon the presence of a dorsal valve considerably flatter than the ventral, and upon the development of a more or less narrowly defined median sulcus in the former. Such a procedure resulted in a neglect of the internal features that Hall so clearly distinguished. Further, the discovery of spines in Martinia clannyana, and later in Spirifer urei, led to a belief that a spinose surface is also characteristic of the genus. In no instance, so far as I am aware, has any reference been made to the
Flow, bed topography, grain size and sedimentary structure in open channel bends: A three‐dimensional model: A discussion

A recent paper by Bridge (1977) repeats an error which is becoming ingrained in the literature (Engelund (1974), Bridge (1976, 1977)) and which should be corrected. Bridge (1977, p. 402) suggests that the bed topography in a river bend reflects a balance between forces tending to move sediment toward the inside of a bend and those tending to inhibit this movement. The former forces are a result of secondary circulation or helical flow, with velocity vectors near the bed deflected toward the inside of the bend. The latter forces are said to be provided by gravitational forces acting on the transverse slope of the point bar. Bridge says that when these forces are in balance, sediment moves parallel to the mean flow direction, and that when this is not the case, the bed topography must be changing because there is net transport of sediment in a transverse direction. Actually there is net sediment transport transverse to the axis of a channel in a bend (Hooke, 1975, Figure 9) so this is not a requirement for a stable bed geometry. The permissibility of such transverse transport can be seen by referring to the equation for conservation of mass:
Diversité phénotypique de Coffea arabica observée en collection au Cameroun

148 varietes d'une collection de C.arabica ont ete evaluees pour 31 criteres botaniques, architecturaux, technologiques, phytopathologique s (resistance aux maladies) et de productivite. Ce travail a permis pour la 1ere fois l'identification de 2 groupes principaux. Le 1er ne contient presque que des genotypes ethiopiens provenant de l'ouest du Rift, alors que le second contient la plupart des varietes cultivees a travers le monde et des genotypes ethiopiens de l'est du Rift. Le groupe 1 ne semble pas avoir participe a la domestication de C. arabica. Les resultats confirment l'interet pour l'enrichissement de la base genetique de l'espece des prospections en Ethiopie a l'ouest de la Rift valley. Une telle prospection, realisee en 1966 par l'IRCC et l'ORSTOM, est a l'origine de 50 des varietes etudiees, parmi lesquelles une structuration phenotypique forte a ete decelee
Architectural Elements and Growth Patterns of Submarine Channels: Application to Hydrocarbon Exploration

Modern and ancient submarine channels show a wide range of architectural styles. Architectural element analysis is a useful descriptive means to characterize the type of channel fill, show the interconnectivity and lateral continuity of sand bodies, and interpret the causal sedimentary processes. This paper combines a review of the literature on submarine channels with new observations and analysis, and proposes architectural element models for submarine channels, in particular, demonstrating how these models can be applied to interpreting the sequential fill of ancient submarine channels. Data for the dimensions and degrees of lateral continuity and vertical connectivity of channel elements, such as those giving rise to reservoir heterogeneities in hydrocarbon exploratio , are presented for a variety of examples of architectural elements, providing quantitative information for reservoir analog models.
Effects of Dye Surface Concentration on the Molecular Aggregation of Xanthene Dye in Colloidal Dispersions of Montmorillonite

The molecular aggregation of organic dyes onto clay mineral particles is a very complex phenomenon including dye adsorption, the migration of dye molecules, rearrangement of initially formed aggregates, etc. Some details of this complex process are not yet fully understood. The objective of the present study was to understand the influence of dye surface concentration on the dynamic processes in dye molecular aggregation. A stopped-flow rapid mixing device was used for accurate measurements of the molecular aggregation of the cationic dye rhodamine 123 (R123) in montmorillonite (MntK) colloidal dispersions. The influence of dye surface concentration, which was changed by altering the ratio of the amount of R123 to the mass of MntK (nR123/mMntK), was examined in detail. Chemometric analysis was used to reconstruct the spectral matrix to obtain linearly uncorrelated spectral profiles of the major components and their concentrations at the respective reaction times. The conversion of isolated R123 cations into oblique J-aggregates (head-to-tail molecular assemblies) was observed over time and the existence of a J-dimers intermediate was hypothesized. The reaction kinetics followed a biphasic exponential function. An unexpected effect of dye surface concentration on R123 aggregation was observed: the initial formation of the molecular aggregates increased significantly with dye surface concentration, but an inverse trend was observed after longer reaction times. While dye aggregates were formed slowly at low dye loadings, systems with high R123/MntK ratios (nR123/mMntK) reached spectral stability after the first few seconds of the reaction. After longer reaction times, the greatest degree of dye aggregation was achieved in the dispersion of the lowest dye loading. Such a phenomenon is described for the first time. The results presented here are important for understanding the complex processes occurring in systems based on organic cations and clay minerals, and should be considered in the development of functional hybrid materials of dyes and nanoparticles with a layered structure.
Hypnum sauteri and Lescuraea patens, two additions to the moss flora of the Czech Republic

Hypnum sauteri and Lescuraea patens are reported new and Hypnum recurvatum confirmed for the bryoflora of the Czech Republic. The two Hypnum species have been discovered in the valley of Rudný potok brook, Lescuraea patens has so far been recorded at several microsites in the glacial cirques of Mt Kotel, Labský důl valley and Upska jama cirque (all localities in the Krkonose Mts). Full details of the localities are described, the plants are illustrated, and their ecology, distribution and diagnostic characters are briefly discussed. K e y w o r d s : Krkonose Mts, the Sudetes, Hypnum, Lescuraea, bryoflora, threatened
The Ecosystem Management Understanding (EMU) pilot project: building landscape literacy using local knowledge to improve rangeland health in the Neales River Catchment of South Australia

Despite their vast size and a declining workforce it is possible to manage pastoral leases effectively by focusing on landscape function to identify key critical areas. Natural and human-induced processes drive changes to landscapes, vegetation structure and composition, due in part to changes in soil moisture balance. Identifying these processes and their impacts (e.g. the fate and impact of raindrops) assists with the development of ‘best practice’ ecological and cost-effective pastoral management. The Ecosystem Management Understanding (EMU) Project™ is a holistic land management approach, which is being trialled by the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board (SAALNRMB). Community support for an EMU pilot project in the district was articulated through the Marla-Oodnadatta Natural Resources Management District Group. The Group liked the EMU approach as it incorporates pastoralist experience and knowledge with scientific expertise; it nurtures pastoralists’ skills to read landscape processes, condition and trend so they can easily apply this information to daily management practices. It is a way of working with natural processes rather than against them (“fitting in with”, rather than “fighting” them). It was these attributes which attracted four pastoralists to be involved in the EMU pilot project in the Neales River catchment of South Australia. Through an enhanced understanding of landscape processes and function, these pastoralists are working
Targeting Performance and Poverty Effects of Proxy Means-Tested Transfers: Trade-offs and Challenges

In the absence of reliable and exhaustive income data, Proxy Means Tests (PMTs) are frequently employed as a cost-e ective way to identify income-poor bene ciaries of targeted anti-poverty programs. However, their usefulness depends on whether proxies accurately identify the income poor. Based on Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC)-analysis, we nd that PMTs perform poorly in terms of identifying poor households in Bolivian data when transfers are targeted narrowly to the poor but that the true positive rate is highly responsive to increases in the proportion of bene ciaries. Using non-parametric regression- techniques, we show that the resulting leakage can largely be con ned to the non-poor close to the poverty line. However, simulating the e ect on poverty measures of a uniform transfer to bene ciaries across inclusion rates suggests that the largest poverty e ect is attained with very narrow targeting. Hence, we nd a trade-o between targeting accuracy and poverty e ect.
Fieldwork Education and Technology: A GEES Perspective

Abstract This report summarises an LTSN-GEES funded and supported “Fieldwork Education and Technology” workshop held at the University of Leicester in May 2002. Reviews of the presentations outline a variety of ways that C&IT is currently used in fieldcourses. The WWW features in 11 of the 12 presentations. Salient points from expert group discussions at the event provide insights into the driving forces, hindrances and future directions of C&IT with fieldcourses. The article will hopefully be of interest to all those involved in fieldwork teaching in the GEES disciplines.
Deciding to Change: Enhancing Client Motivation to Change Behaviour

Abstract Cognitive behaviour therapy concentrates on strategies to assist clients in changing their thoughts and/or their behaviour. The aim of this paper is to discuss research findings from the addictions field indicating that an effective approach to therapy is to enhance motivation for change. Research into stages and processes of change, decision making, and motivational interviewing is reviewed. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which this research can be used by therapists to increase the likelihood that clients will engage in change and maintain change over time.
Cluster Analysis of North Atlantic-European Circulation Types and Links with Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures

Abstract Observed atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic–European (NAE) region is examined using cluster analysis. A clustering algorithm incorporating a “simulated annealing” methodology is employed to improve on solutions found by the conventional k-means technique. Clustering is applied to daily mean sea level pressure (MSLP) fields to derive a set of circulation types for six 2-month seasons. A measure of the quality of this clustering is defined to reflect the average similarity of the fields in a cluster to each other. It is shown that a range of classifications can be produced for which this measure is almost identical but which partition the days quite differently. This lack of a unique set of circulation types suggests that distinct weather regimes in NAE circulation do not exist or are very weak. It is also shown that the stability of the clustering solution to removal of data is not maximized by a suitable choice of the number of clusters. Indeed, there does not appear to be any robust.
On two new families of iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations with optimal order

In this paper, two new families of eighth-order iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations is presented. These methods are developed by combining a class of optimal two-point methods and a modified Newton’s method in the third step. Per iteration the presented methods require three evaluations of the function and one evaluation of its first derivative and therefore have the efficiency index equal to 1:682. Kung and Traub conjectured that a multipoint iteration without memory based on n evaluations could achieve optimal convergence order 2n−1. Thus the new families of eighth-order methods agrees with the conjecture of Kung-Traub for the case n = 4. Numerical comparisons are made with several other existing methods to show the performance of the presented methods.
(E)-2-[4-(Dimethylamino)styryl]-1-methylquinolinium iodide sesquihydrate

In the title compound, C20H21N2 +. I−·1.5H2O, the cation exists in the E configuration and is not planar. The dihedral angle between the quinolinium and dimethylaminophenyl rings is 9.26 (6)°. The O atom of one of the solvent water molecules lies on a twofold rotation axis. In the crystal structure, the cations form one-dimensional zigzag chains along the [001] direction. The cations are linked to water molecules and iodide ions through weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯I interactions, respectively. Water molecules and iodide ions form O—H⋯O and O—H⋯I hydrogen bonds, which stabilize the crystal structure. A C—H⋯π interaction is also present.
Online Supporting Material

Beer Beer Börek and pogaca 3 Börek, pogaca Brassica vegetables Cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts white cabbage, greencabbage Breakfast drink Breakfast drink Butter Butter, herb or garlic butter, low fat butter, butter in cooking Cakes and cookies Gingerbread, nutritional cookies, muesli/granola bars, cakes and cookies, South Asian sweets (such as barfi, gullab jamun etc), baklava 3 Cheese All types of cheese, including cheese added to hot meals and as a snack Chicken Chicken Coffee Coffee Couscous 4 Couscous Eggs Eggs Fat, oil (not olive oil) and full-fat margarine Margarine, frying fats/oils, vegetable oils, butter
MAPPING LINEAR EROSION FEATURES USING HIGH AND VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY

Mapping and monitoring linear erosion features (LEFs) over large areas is fundamental for a better understanding of the main erosion processes and for planning suitable protection measures. The advent of very high‐resolution satellite imagery has expanded the range of satellite LEF identification to moderate‐size elements. After determining the relationship between satellite imagery resolution and the ability to detect LEFs, we discuss a highly automated method for extracting such LEFs from a very high spatial resolution image (0.61 m resolution). The method is based on a two‐stage strategy: (1) extraction of all linear features visible on the satellite image using filters and photo‐interpretation; (2) filtering these linear features according to geometric criteria (e.g. orientation relative to slope, sinuosity, position in landscape, etc.) so as to retain only those relative to linear erosion. A series of three images with increasing spatial resolution (10.5 and 0.61 m) was prepared for an area on the Cap Bon peninsula (Tunisia). This predominantly agricultural area has a high density of LEFs with very varied geometric characteristics. The area's problems are both onsite for the agriculture itself, and offsite with the silting up of hillside reservoirs. Respectively 22 per cent, 37 per cent and 73 per cent of the site's LEFs, with respective average widths of 2.8, 3.0 and 2.2 m, are visible on the 10, 5 and 0.61 m resolution images. Gully identification should help to identify the most threatened areas to help land use planning and management or to validate erosion models whether at regional or local (drainage basin) scale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whole-Grain Intake , Reflected by Dietary Records and Biomarkers , Is Inversely Associated with Circulating Insulin and Other Cardiometabolic Markers in 8-to 11-Year-Old Children 1 , 2

Background: Whole-grain consumption seems to be cardioprotective in adults, but evidence in children is limited. Objective: We investigated whether intakes of total whole grain and dietary fiber as well as specific whole grains were associated with fat mass and cardiometabolic risk profile in children. Methods: We collected cross-sectional data on parental education, puberty, diet by 7-d records, and physical activity by accelerometry and measured anthropometry, fat mass index by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood pressure in 713 Danish children aged 8–11 y. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for alkylresorcinols, biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols, insulin, and glucose. Linear mixed models included puberty, parental education, physical activity, and intakes of energy, fruit and vegetables, saturated fat, and n–3 (v-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results: Median (IQR) whole-grain and dietary fiber intakes were 52 g/d (35–72 g/d) and 17 g/d (14–22 g/d), respectively. Fourteen percent of children were overweight or obese andmost had low-risk cardiometabolic profiles. Dietary whole-grain and fiber intakeswere not associatedwith fat mass index but were inversely associatedwith serum insulin [both P< 0.01; e.g., with 0.68 pmol/L (95%CI: 0.26, 1.10 pmol/L) lower insulin gwhole grain MJ]. Whole-grain oat intakewas inversely associated with fatmass index, systolic blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol (allP<0.05) aswell as insulin (P= 0.003), which also tended to be inversely associated with whole-grain rye intake (P = 0.11). Adjustment for fat mass index did not change the associations. The C17-to-C21 alkylresorcinol ratio, reflectingwhole-grain rye towheat intake,was inversely associatedwith insulin (P< 0.001). Conclusions: Higher whole-grain intake was associated with lower serum insulin independently of fat mass in 8to 11-y-old Danish children.Whole-grain oat intakewas linked to an overall protective cardiometabolic profile, andwhole-grain rye intake wasmarginally associated with lower serum insulin. This supports whole grains as healthy dietary components in childhood. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01577277. J Nutr doi: 10.3945/jn.116. 244624.
Petrology, chemistry, and isotopic composition of submarine volcanoes in the southern Mariana arc

Four submarine volcanoes in the southern and central Mariana arc were dredge-sampled. The recovered lavas were analyzed for major- and trace-element abundances, including rare-earth elements (REE), mineral compositions, and Sr and Nd isotopic ratios. The samples exhibit a great range of chemical and mineral compositions relative to subaerial exposures in the central arc. Zealandia Bank produces high magnesium basalts (MgO = 8–9 wt %) enriched in Ni and with forsteritic olivine, as much as Fo 88 . This lava composition is probably parental to more fractionated basalts and basaltic andesites exposed on the adjacent islands of Guguan and Sarigan. The southernmost seamounts in the Mariana arc (south of lat. 15°N) produce dacitic pumice, a composition that is not common in the active arc. REE data preclude their derivation from a basaltic parent by fractional crystallization. They may be derived by direct partial mantle melting under water-saturated conditions at low pressure. Nd and Sr isotopic data ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd = 0.5130–0.5131; 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.7032–0.7035) indicate a mantle source for the Mariana arc lavas similar in isotopic characteristics to sources for ocean islands. Significant contributions to these arc magmas from subducted oceanic crust or sediment are not evident. A spatial distribution in magmatic characteristics coincides with a structural break in the arc near 16°N. South of this, submarine seamounts produce incompatible element–enriched lavas with relatively high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (0.7034–0.7035). These lavas were produced by a relatively low degree of partial melting (5%–15%) of a shallow (spinel-bearing) mantle. To the north, Zealandia Bank and the central arc islands are characterized by lower incompatible element abundances and lower 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (0.7032–0.7033). These lavas were produced by higher degrees of partial melting (15%–25%) of a deeper (garnet-bearing) mantle.
Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on bacteriocin-inhibitory activity of postbiotic metabolites produced by Lactobacillus plantarum I-UL 4 May

Aims: Postbiotic metabolites are metabolic compounds produced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria. These compounds produced by Lactobacillus sp. have been shown to be effective substitutes for in-feed antibiotic in livestock due to their broad inhibitory activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on the bacteriocin-inhibitory activity of postbiotic metabolites produced by Lactobacillus plantarum I-UL4. Methodology and results: The effects of various combinations of carbon and nitrogen sources on the bacteriocininhibitory activity (expressed as modified bacteriocin activity, MAU/mL) of postbiotic metabolites produced by L. plantarum I-UL4 were determined in basal media without micronutrients. The combination of glucose (20 g/L) and yeast extract (22 g/L) gave the best bacteriocin-inhibitory activity as compared to other combinations. Maximum bacteriocininhibitory activity of 1440 MAU/mL was achieved when 36.20 g/L of yeast extract was added as the sole nitrogen source in modified de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium. The glucose concentration was further optimised to enhance the bacteriocin-inhibitory activity of the postbiotic metabolites. Lower bacteriocin-inhibitory activity was observed at 5, 10, 15 and 40 g/L in comparison to 20 g/L of glucose. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Maximum bacteriocin-inhibitory activity of postbiotic metabolites was achieved at 1440 MAU/mL when 20 g/L of glucose and 36.20 g/L of yeast extract were added as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources respectively in the modified MRS medium. Optimisation of other micronutrients present in MRS media is necessary to further enhance the bacteriocin-inhibitory activity of postbiotic metabolites produced by L. plantarum IUL4.
Monetary Policy Independence Under Flexible Exchange Rates: An Illusion?

I analyse whether countries with flexible exchange rates are able to pursue an independent monetary policy, as suggested by traditional theory. I use data for three Latin American countries with flexible exchange rates, inflation targeting and capital mobility – Chile, Colombia and Mexico – to investigate the extent to which Federal Reserve actions are translated into local central banks' policy rates. The results indicate that there is significant ‘policy contagion’ and that these countries tend to ‘import’ Fed policies. The degree of monetary policy independence is lower than what traditional models suggest.