Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frog body size responses to precipitation shift from resource‐driven to desiccation‐resistant as temperatures warm

Abstract Climate change threatens biodiversity in a range of ways, including changing animal body sizes. Despite numerous examples of size declines related to increasing temperatures, patterns of size change are not universal, suggesting that one or more primary mechanisms impacting size change are unknown. Precipitation is likely to influence the size different from and in conjunction with changes in temperature, yet tests of the interaction between these variables are rare. In this study, we show that a crossover interaction between temperature and precipitation impacts the body size of frogs as the climate warms. Using more than 3000 museum frog specimens from Borneo and climate records spanning more than 100 years, we found that frogs are larger in wet conditions than in dry conditions at cool temperatures, suggesting that resource availability determines body size at colder temperature. Conversely, frogs are larger in dry conditions than in wet conditions at warm temperatures, resulting in a crossover to desiccation resistance as the main determinant of body size as climates warm. Our results demonstrate that global warming can alter the impact of precipitation on life‐history traits. We suggest that increased attention be paid to such interactive effects of climate variables, to identify complex mechanisms driving climate‐induced size changes.
Late Pleistocene paleoenvironment at a Middle Stone Age archaeological site in Equatorial Guinea: a paleopedological approach

Key evidence of human occupation in Africa during the Middle Palaeolithic (Middle Stone Age [MSA]) is available from the south and east of the continent, where semi-arid climate prevails. Rare evidence of MSA human occupation in the humid tropical region was recently reported from Equatorial Guinea. To identify if paleolithic human occupation occurred in the tropical forest, the stratigraphy of the recently discovered archaeological site “Mabewele I” was analyzed using a paleopedological approach. The properties evaluated along a vertical profile are: granulometry, magnetic susceptibility (K), free iron extractable with sodium dithionite (Fed), total organic carbon (TOC), chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction mineralogy (XRD), ternary plot of the three main oxides (SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3), phytoliths and micromorphology. The predominant fraction is sand, with a significant clay content (> 30 %). The K and the Fed presented low values, as well as the TOC. XRF showed few variations along the sequence and XRD showed that the clays are mainly kaolinites, with a very low component of vermiculites. The phytoliths correspond to tropical vegetation with few changes in the vegetal composition between the deep and superficial zones. A charcoal from the lower part of the profile was dated between 12.57-12.24 ka cal BP, while the main artifact horizon was located at the bottom. The analytical results appear contradictory: on the one hand, there is evidence of intense chemical weathering under a humid tropical climate, but the clay cutans in the pores are very scarce and incipient and the iron nodules are mostly anorthic. This indicates that the sequence is composed of pedosediments associated with a high environmental dynamism, with short periods of erosion-sedimentation-pedogenesis. The results allow us to propose that humans inhabited the tropical forest during the MSA and that erosion-sedimentation processes could be related to anthropization processes.
Rising seawater temperatures affect the fitness of Rhopilema nomadica polyps and podocysts and the expansion of this medusa into the western Mediterranean

: Since first reported in the eastern Mediterranean in the 1970s, the swarm-forming scyphomedusa, Rhopilema nomadica , has been continuously expanding westward. We examined the effect of temperature on the benthic stages of this jellyfish (polyps, podocysts, and strobilae) to assess whether it can survive and reproduce in the western Mediterranean temperature regime (12.2−26.2°C). In the first experiment, polyps and podocysts were maintained at 4 constant temperatures (12, 18, 24, and 30°C) for 55 d. In the second experiment, temperatures were gradually reduced over 14 d, kept constant for 18 d, and then gradually brought back to 25°C. High temperatures proved beneficial to polyp survival and asexual re production, yet in some cases, polyps were able to survive temperatures as low as 12°C. Strobilation occurred at temperatures be tween 22 and 30°C. Podocyst production, excystment, and strobilation all take place following a temperature increase, and excystment of podocysts occurs mainly during the first 2 wk following podocyst production. We propose that the role of podocysts in R. nomadica is mainly to increase the current season’s polyp population, contributing to swarm formation rather than as a means to maintain polyp populations during harsh environmental conditions. Since polyps are able to survive winter temperatures in the western basin (12°C) and reproduce by podocysts and strobilation during summer temperatures (24°C), thermal constraints will probably not restrict the expansion of R. nomadica into the western Mediterranean. Expected future climate change conditions will in - crease the performance and range expansion of this species.
Time in Range in Children with Type 1 Diabetes before and during a Diabetes Camp—A Ceiling Effect?

Background: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the time in range (TIR) of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) before and during a diabetes summer camp using different therapy modalities. Methods: A retrospective analysis of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data collected from 26 children with T1D (mean age: 11.0 ± 1.4 years; 62% female; 62% on insulin pump; Hb1Ac 7.3 ± 0.8% (56.3 ± 8.7 mmol/mol) before and during a 14-day summer camp. CGM methods: 50% intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM) and 50% real-time CGM (rtCGM). No child was using a hybrid closed loop system. Results: Mean TIR during camp was significantly higher than before camp ((67.0 ± 10.7%) vs. 58.2% ± 17.4%, p = 0.004). There was a significant reduction in time above range (TAR) (p = 0.001) and increase in time below range (TBR) (p < 0.001), Children using isCGM showed a more pronounced improvement in TIR during camp compared to rtCGM-users (p = 0.025). The increase in TIR strongly correlated with numbers of scans per day in isCGM-users (r = 0.751, p = 0.003). Compared to isCGM-users, rtCGM-users showed significantly less TBR. The TIR target was met by 30.8% of participants during camp. Conclusion: Glycemic control improved significantly during the camp. However, on average, the therapy goal (TIR > 70%) could not be achieved despite great professional effort.
Evaluation of consent to link Twitter data to survey data

This study presents an initial framework describing factors that could affect respondents' decisions to link their survey data with their public Twitter data. It also investigates two types of factors, those related to the individual and to the design of the consent request. Individual‐level factors include respondents' attitudes towards helpful behaviours, privacy concerns and social media engagement patterns. The design factor focuses on the position of the consent request within the interview. These investigations were conducted using data that was collected from a web survey on a sample of Twitter users selected from an adult online probability panel in the United States. The sample was randomly divided into two groups, those who received the consent to link request at the beginning of the survey, and others who received the request towards the end of the survey. Privacy concerns, measures of social media engagement and consent request placement were all found to be related to consent to link. The findings have important implications for designing future studies that aim at linking social media data with survey data.
Galaxy Luminosities in 2dF Percolation-Inferred Galaxy (2PIGG) Groups

We derive composite luminosity functions (LF) for galaxies in groups and examine the behavior of the LF as a function of group luminosity (used as an indicator of group or halo mass). We consider both the entire galaxy population and galaxies split into red and blue (quiescent and star-forming) samples, in order to examine possible mechanisms behind observed variations of galaxy properties with environment. We find evidence that M* brightens and α steepens with group luminosity, until a threshold value where the LF parameters stabilize at those found in rich clusters. The effect is seen in the total LF and for the blue and red galaxies separately. The behavior of the quiescent and star-forming samples is qualitatively consistent with variations resulting from interactions and mergers, where mergers build the bright end of the luminosity function at the same time as dwarf irregulars have their star formation quenched and evolve into dwarf ellipticals. These processes appear to take place preferentially in low-luminosity groups and to be complete at a group luminosity of -22.5 in B, corresponding to a halo mass of order 1013.5 ℳ☉.
A Novel Approach to Characterize State-level Food Environment and Predict Obesity Rate Using Social Media Data: Correlational Study

Background Community obesity outcomes can reflect the food environment to which the community belongs. Recent studies have suggested that the local food environment can be measured by the degree of food accessibility, and survey data are normally used to calculate food accessibility. However, compared with survey data, social media data are organic, continuously updated, and cheaper to collect. Objective The objective of our study was to use publicly available social media data to learn the relationship between food environment and obesity rates at the state level. Methods To characterize the caloric information of the local food environment, we used food categories from Yelp and collected caloric information from MyFitnessPal for each category based on their popular dishes. We then calculated the average calories for each category and created a weighted score for each state. We also calculated 2 other dimensions from the concept of access, acceptability and affordability, to build obesity prediction models. Results The local food environment characterized using only publicly available social media data had a statistically significant correlation with the state obesity rate. We achieved a Pearson correlation of 0.796 between the predicted obesity rate and the reported obesity rate from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System across US states and the District of Columbia. The model with 3 generated feature sets achieved the best performance. Conclusions Our study proposed a method for characterizing state-level food environments only using continuously updated social media data. State-level food environments were accurately described using social media data, and the model also showed a disparity in the available food between states with different obesity rates. The proposed method should elastically apply to local food environments of different sizes and predict obesity rates effectively.
A theoretical approach to the morphology and the dynamics of diffuse auroral zones

Direct observations of the high-latitude ionosphere have established the continuous presence of large-scale emissions, referred to as diffuse auroras. Neglecting localized structures, such as discrete arcs, we focus upon a quantitative description of the effects of large-scale convection on diffuse precipitation. The transport of 100 eV-10 keV electrons from the geomagnetic tail earthward by the convection electric field, and their pitch angle diffusion into the loss cone by wave-particle interactions are believed to be the main cause of diffuse auroral electron precipitation. A self-consistent treatment balancing wave generation and particle diffusion appears to be still beyond the present state of the art. For the main purpose of diffuse precipitation modeling, we propose a simplified approach to this problem and test its validity against direct observations of the location and dynamics of diffuse auroral emissions. Using basically the strong pitch angle diffusion limit in the way proposed by Kennel [1969], we derive a set of fluid equations describing the three-dimensional transport of plasma-sheet electrons. Their integration provides the latitude and local time distribution of precipitation fluxes and characteristic energies at the top of the ionosphere as a function of the large-scale dawn to dusk electrostatic potential drop. The calculated expansion of the auroral oval with magnetic activity, deduced from our model, approaches the experimental results. So this simplified theoretical study permits us to reproduce and explain the main characteristics of the diffuse auroral zone. However, for high values of magnetic activity, the theoretical results are found to be shifted poleward relative to the observations. This suggests that the assumption of strong pitch angle diffusion overestimates the efficiency of wave-particle interactions.
Analysis and prediction of the effect of Nanosilica on the compressive strength of concrete with different mix proportions and specimen sizes using various numerical approaches

Introducing nanotechnology in concrete is one of the most significant successes in enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete. It affects the quality of the microstructure of the concrete due to its extremely small nanoparticles leading to a faster reaction due to its large surface area. The nanoparticles fill the concrete's pores, resulting in considerably improved strengths in the early ages of the concrete. This research used six models; linear regression (LR), multilinear regression (MLR), nonlinear regression (NLR), pure quadratic (PQ), interaction (IA), and full quadratic (FQ), to predict the compressive strength of the concrete modified with different Nanosilica contents for various mix proportions. The models were applied to three datasets, with 420 collected from several research studies. The ranges of the concrete mix proportions used in this study were as follows, water/cement ratio (w/c) ranged between 0.1 and 1, cement content (C) ranged between 153.81 and 1200 kg/m3, fine aggregate content (FA) ranged between 492 and 2270 kg/m3, coarse aggregate content (CA) ranged between 617 and 2900 kg/m3, superplasticizer (SP) ranged between 0% and 6.7%, coarse aggregate size (CAS) ranged between 6 and 50.8 mm, fine aggregate size (FAS) ranged between 0.025 and 10 mm, Nanosilica content (NS%) ranged between 0% and 15%, w/c of 0.4–0.6 and the curing time (days) ranged between 3 and 180. The compressive strength of the collected datasets ranged from 3 to 120 MPa. The parameters that have improved the analyzed datasets of the compressive strength were the content of Nanosilica and the SP. The models were assessed for their accuracy using multiple assessment criteria; the most evident ones are; the objective function (OBJ), root mean square error (RMSE), Scatter Index (SI), and the maximum absolute error (MAE). The analytical models and the model comparison operations will be shown in detail in this research, indicating that the most effective and accurate model is the FQ model; where coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96, RMSE of 3.49 MPa, MAE of 2.96 MPa, and SI of 0.08 were conducted from the analytical studies. From the developed models, the compressive strength of the concrete up to a high compressive strength level with high accurately can be predicted. Also, the compressive strength of the concrete can be accurately predicted for various sizes of aggregate and specimens.
Interferometric analysis of ultrashort pulse laser-induced pressure waves in water

Pressure waves generated by the surface ablation of water with ultrashort laser pulses in the 140 fs–10 ps duration range were studied with a Mach–Zehnder interferometry. Formation and propagation of spherical and, in ablation with longer pulses, combination of spherical and cylindrical pressure waves were observed. Measurements of the amplitude and dynamics of the pressure waves show that the conversion efficiency of laser energy to mechanical energy of the pressure waves is less than 1%, thus justifying the claim that ultrashort laser pulse ablation induces low-collateral damage and has a large potential in biomedical applications.
Impairment, Disability, and Substance Use Disorder

Abstract According to the social model of disability, it is not individuals’ impairments, but societal barriers that cause these impairments to be disabling. Impairment refers to the “loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function,” whereas disability is socially constructed and refers to the inability to independently complete one or more everyday tasks at a “normal” level of functioning. Existing research finds that disability serves as a chronic stressor, and those with disabilities report higher rates of substance use than their able-bodied counterparts. Therefore, this research will be among the first to combine the social model of disability with the stress process framework. It will examine the relationship between impairment and substance use and how disability, as a measure of chronic stress, may affect this relationship. More specifically, using data from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 42,739), this article examines the following two research questions: (1) What is the relationship between impairment and substance use disorder? and (2) Does disability, as a measure of chronic stress, mediate the relationship between impairment and substance use disorder? Findings reveal that those with an impairment have significantly greater odds of having a substance use disorder. However, the relationship between impairment and substance use disorder is fully mediated by disability. These findings indicate that disability or the chronic stress one faces living in an inaccessible society, not one’s impairments, are what accounts for the increased likelihood of substance use disorder among individuals with disabilities.
Opportunities and Challenges of Human IPSC Technology in Kidney Disease Research

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), since their discovery in 2007, open a broad array of opportunities for research and potential therapeutic uses. The substantial progress in iPSC reprogramming, maintenance, differentiation, and characterization technologies since then has supported their applications from disease modeling and preclinical experimental platforms to the initiation of cell therapies. In this review, we started with a background introduction about stem cells and the discovery of iPSCs, examined the developing technologies in reprogramming and characterization, and provided the updated list of stem cell biobanks. We highlighted several important iPSC-based research including that on autosomal dominant kidney disease and SARS-CoV-2 kidney involvement and discussed challenges and future perspectives.
Parental Psychological Control and Addiction Behaviors in Smartphone and Internet: The Mediating Role of Shyness among Adolescents

Parental psychological control has been found to be a vital familial factor that is closely related to adolescents’ addiction behaviors with regard to smartphones and the internet. However, the underlying mechanisms of these associations are less clear. The aim of the present study was to examine whether shyness mediated the relationships between parental psychological control and these two addiction behaviors. A positivist paradigm was used in the present study. The questionnaires (parental psychological control, shyness, and smartphone and internet addiction questionnaires) were used to collect data from a sample of 1857 Chinese adolescents (961 female, 896 male) in junior and senior middle schools. Descriptive statistics as well as correlation and mediation tests were employed to analyze the data. We observed that adolescents with siblings showed a higher level of internet addiction than those with no siblings. Moreover, three dimensions of parental psychological control were positively associated with addiction behaviors. The following analyses displayed that the correlation between authority assertion and smartphone addiction was greater than that between authority assertion and internet addiction. Subsequently, shyness was significantly positively related to parental psychological control and addiction behaviors. Importantly, we found that the relations between the three dimensions of parental psychological control and the addiction behaviors concerning smartphones and the internet were partially mediated by shyness. This study contributes to our understanding of how parental psychological control predicts high levels of adolescents’ addiction behaviors surrounding smartphones and the internet.
Weather‐Climate Anomalies and Regional Transport Contribute to Air Pollution in Northern China During the COVID‐19 Lockdown

Two persistent and heavy haze episodes during the COVID‐19 lockdown (from 20 Jan to 22 Feb 2020) still occur in northern China, when anthropogenic emissions, particularly from transportation sources, are greatly reduced. To investigate the underlying cause, this study comprehensively uses in‐situ measurements for ambient surface pollutants, reanalysis meteorological data and the WRF‐Chem model to calculate the contribution of NOx emission change and weather‐climate change to the “unexpectedly heavy” haze. Results show that a substantial NOx reduction has slightly decreased PM2.5 concentration. By contrast, the weakest East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) in the 2019–2020 winter relative to the past decade is particularly important for haze occurrence. A warmer and moister climate is also favorable. Model results suggest that climate anomalies lead to a 25–50 μg m−3 increase of PM2.5 concentration, and atmospheric transport is also an important contributor to two haze episodes. The first haze is closely related to the atmospheric transport of pollutants from NEC to the south, and fireworks emissions in NEC are a possible amplifying factor that warrants future studies. The second one is caused by the convergence of a southerly wind and a mountain wind, resulting in an intra‐regional transport within BTH, with a maximal PM2.5 increment of 50–100 μg m−3. These results suggest that climate change and regional transport are of great importance to haze occurrence in China, even with significant emission reductions of pollutants.
Magnetic field-induced stress in the Ni–Mn–Ga magnetic shape memory alloy

Magnetic Shape Memory (MSM) materials generate stress in a magnetic field, which can change the shape of the material. Up to now, little work has been carried out in modeling and measuring the magnetic field-induced (MFI) stress in MSM materials. In the present study, direct MFI stress measurements in a Ni–Mn–Ga MSM material, giving full 6% MFI strain, were performed at different field strengths. The MFI stress was also calculated from the magnetic anisotropy of the material, based on the magnetization curves along the easy and the hard magnetization directions. Both measurement methods are described in detail. The measurement results demonstrated good agreement with the calculated ones. The dependence of the MFI stress on the MFI strain and the magnetic field strength was also revealed. Potential errors during MFI stress measurements in MSM materials are discussed, and avoided by properly selecting the measurement conditions during the study.