Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy, distribution and geochemistry of widespread felsic volcanic units in the Mesoproterozoic Gawler Range Volcanics, South Australia

Three widespread felsic volcanic units, the Eucarro Rhyolite, Pondanna Dacite Member and Moonaree Dacite Member, have been distinguished in the Mesoproterozoic Gawler Range Volcanics. These three units are the largest in the Gawler Range Volcanics, each in excess of 500 km3. Each unit is ∼300 m thick and includes a black, formerly glassy base, a granophyric columnar‐jointed interior, and an amygdaloidal outer margin. The units are very gently dipping and locally separated by thin (<20 m) lenses of either ignimbrite (Mt Double Ignimbrite), tuffaceous sandstone or faults. The youngest unit, the Moonaree Dacite Member, covers a central area with a diameter greater than 80 km. The southern two units have east‐west extents in the order of 180 km, but are much less extensive from south to north (5–60 km). All three units are dominated by euhedral phenocrysts and are relatively crystal rich. Both the Eucarro Rhyolite and Moonaree Dacite Member contain clasts of basement granitoid and other lithologies and are locally heterogeneous in texture and composition. Some granitoid clasts have disintegrated, liberating feldspar and quartz crystals into the surrounding host. These liberated crystals cause textural variations, but can be identified on the basis of shape (amoeboid or skeletal) and/or size (megacrysts). Textural and lithofacies characteristics are consistent with the interpretation that these units are lavas; the strongly elongate distribution and wide extent of the Eucarro Rhyolite and Pondanna Dacite Member could indicate that vents were aligned along an extensive east‐west‐trending fissure system. Stratigraphic nomenclature has been revised to better reflect the presence of the three emplacement units. The oldest unit, the Eucarro Rhyolite, is dominated by plagioclase‐phyric rhyolite that locally includes granitoid clasts and megacrysts. Along the northern margin, the rhyolite is amygdaloidal and has mingled with a quartz‐rich rhyolite (Paney Rhyolite Member). The Eucarro Rhyolite and Paney Rhyolite Member replace the formerly defined ‘Eucarro Dacite’, ‘Nonning Rhyodacite’, ‘Yannabie Rhyodacite’ and ‘Paney Rhyolite’. The two younger units, Pondanna Dacite Member and Moonaree Dacite Member, are compositionally and spatially distinct, newly defined members of the Yardea Dacite.
Classification and reporting of mineral resources for high-nugget effect gold vein deposits

The often complex, erratic, and localized nature of gold is a common feature of many vein-style gold deposits. This style of mineralization is often referred to as being nuggety or possessing a high-nugget effect. As a result of these complexities resource estimation is difficult and in general, only Exploration Results can be provided or an Inferred Mineral Resource estimated from surface drilling data alone. Underground development, further drilling, and probably bulk sampling will be required to delineate Indicated and Measured Resources. Tonnages can generally be estimated from diamond drill and development information with a reasonable degree of confidence. Grade is much more difficult to define with confidence because it is commonly highly erratic and discontinuous in nature. The dependency of higher confidence Resource categories on development information may create a Catch 22 situation, with funding for such development often depending on the prior definition of at least Indicated Resources. There are no easy solutions to these challenges posed by high-nugget effect deposits, and it is important when classifying and reporting not to downplay the uncertainties often associated with Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimates for such deposits. However, in common with all deposit types, if the principles that underpin the estimation, classification, and reporting procedures are borne in mind and common sense applied, most issues can be satisfactorily resolved. This paper discusses the classification and reporting of Mineral Resources for high-nugget effect gold vein deposits within the framework of the JORC Code (JORC, 1999).
Disturbances During Minirhizotron Installation Can Affect Root Observation Data

Use of minirhizotrons in forested ecosystems has produced considerable information on production, mortality, distribution, and the phenology of root growth. But installation of minirhizotrons severs roots and disturbs soil, which can cause root proliferation in perennial plants. The authors compared the magnitude and vertical distribution of root growth observations in a mature hardwood forest during the growing season immediately after minirhizotron installation with observations more than two years later. They also compared the vertical root growth distribution during these two different years with the preinstallation distribution of fine root biomass. Before minirhizotron installation and again two years later, about 74% of fine root biomass was in the upper 30 cm of soil, but immediately after installation, 98% of the root elongation was in the upper 30 cm. Large differences in the quantity of root elongation were observed across different slope positions in the minirhizotron data from the first growing season (approximately four times greater on the upper slope as the lower slope). Such differences with slope position were not sen in the later minirhizotron data, nor in the preinstallation fine root biomass data. The evidence suggests that the minirhizotron data collected immediately after installation can be biased by disturbance ofmore » roots and soil during installation, which result in excessive root proliferation, particularly near the soil surface. Root proliferation appears to be the result of a response to both root pruning and to nutrient release in microsites near the newly installed minirhizotron. « less
Mineralogy and fluid inclusion study of the southern Amethyst vein system, Creede mining district, Colorado

Ag mineralization occurs as vein fillings and disseminations confined to areas of high fracture density and brecciation in the hanging wall of the Amethyst fault and vein. Paragenesis is divided into two main stages: 1 is a sulfide-poor assemblage characterized by rhodochrosite, quartz, barite, and an absence of silver; 2 represents a complex event made up of three substages. Disseminated mineralization in the study area appears to be related to stage 2. Analysis of fluid inclusions in stage 2 vein quartz showed that average homogenization temperatures and salinities decrease in a regular manner from lower to upper levels of the mine. Inclusions in stage 2 quartz from the lower mine levels had an average T h = 238 degrees C and an average salinity of 9.8 equivalent weight percent NaCl. Those in the uppermost level had an average T h = 170 degrees C and an average salinity of 6.5 equivalent weight percent NaCl. The rapid drop in temperature and dilution of hydrothermal solutions which was a result of mixing with near-surface waters caused the deposition of the high-grade Ag ores in the southern Amethyst vein system. --Modified journal abstract.
Os fatores espaciais e materiais da produção e os mercados globais

Many authors have attempted to incorporate the local into the global.However, understanding the expansion and intensification of the social and material relations of capitalism that have created and sustain the dynamic growth of the world-system from the local to the global requires analysis of material processes of natural and social production in space as differentiated by topography, hydrology, climate, and absolute distance between places. In this article, I consider some of the spatio-material configurations that have structured local effects on global formations within a single region, the Amazon Basin. The Amazon is but one of the specific environments that have supplied raw materials to changing global markets, but close consideration of how its material and spatial attributes shaped the global economy provides insights into the ways other local systems affect the world-system.
Grenville‐Age versus Pan‐African Magnetic Anomaly Imprints in Western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica

In this article, we examine aeromagnetic data from a part of the western margin of the Pan‐African East Antarctic Orogen. The East Antarctic Orogen represents the southern continuation of the East African Orogen that together formed during the collision of East and West Gondwana during late Neoproterozoic/Early Paleozoic times (at ca. 580–515 Ma). The western margin of the East Antarctic Orogen is exposed in Heimefrontfjella, western Dronning Maud Land, where the western front of this orogen crops out as the Heimefront Shear Zone. Crust west of the Heimefront Shear Zone has typical Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic (Grenville‐age) K‐Ar and Ar‐Ar mineral cooling ages, and magnetic anomalies are broad, of high amplitude, elongate, and craton parallel with long wavelengths. East of the Heimefront Shear Zone, K‐Ar and Ar‐Ar mineral cooling ages range at between ca. 570 and 470 Ma, and the magnetic anomaly pattern is entirely different. Here, a large magnetic low persists, which is overprinted by small‐scale anomalies that are oriented parallel to the regional Pan‐African structural trends at a high angle to the Mesoproterozoic anomalies. Thus, the Pan‐African tectono‐thermal overprint has caused a fundamental redistribution of magnetic minerals. The data show that the combination of aeromagnetic mapping along with detailed fieldwork is a powerful method to delineate the extent of the East Antarctic Orogen in poorly exposed Antarctica.
On the effects of 3‐D mechanical heterogeneities at Campi Flegrei caldera, southern Italy

[1] Campi Flegrei caldera, located near the highly populated city of Naples, southern Italy, is characterized by long-term subsidence punctuated by fast uplift phases. Most of the interpretations of the ground deformation are still based on standard models that assume the lithosphere to behave as a homogeneous half-space. However, several geophysical investigations show the presence of vertical and lateral heterogeneities, especially in the shallow subsurface, which might have an effect on the interpretation of the surface displacements. Our 3-D finite element models, constrained by seismic tomography to take into account the realistic distribution of mechanical heterogeneities, demonstrate that at Campi Flegrei the assessment of the source location is independent of the consideration of 3-D heterogeneities, while the evaluation of its strength is overestimated. Thus, we propose an approach that still allows use of standard homogeneous half-space models but accounts for 3-D heterogeneity effects. This procedure, applied to the deformation field revealed by Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) over the past 16 years, provides new insights for the understanding of the ground displacements observed at Campi Flegrei caldera. This work provides an approach for a quantitative evaluation of the effects of mechanical heterogeneities on surface deformation. Analogous procedures can be also applied in other volcanic areas where, similar to Campi Flegrei caldera, a priori information on the mechanical heterogeneities distribution is available.
REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN GREECE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF CRETE, PELOPONNESE AND THESSALY

The paper reviews geographical, structural and institutional aspects of spatial development in Greece in the second half of the twentieth century by considering performance at the level of NUTS II and by comparing with other Objective 1 regions of the European Union in terms of income per capita, unemployment and their regional dispersion. It focuses on why Crete has done better than Thessaly, and on why Peloponnese is lagging behind. It examines the possible role of European economic integration in recent patterns of divergence of Greece and her regions from EU averages. The paper also considers institutions and policies of regional development since 1981 and reviews the performance of major European Union-supported efforts, such as Integrated Mediterranean Projects and Community Support Frameworks I and II.
Using Convolutional Neural Network to Emulate Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity

It has been widely recognized that tropical cyclone (TC) genesis requires favorable large‐scale environmental conditions. Based on these linkages, numerous efforts have been made to establish an empirical relationship between seasonal TC activities and large‐scale environmental favorability in a quantitative way, which lead to conceptual functions such as the TC genesis index. However, due to the limited amount of reliable TC observations and complexity of the climate system, a simple analytic function may not be an accurate portrait of the empirical relationship between TCs and their ambiences. In this research, we use convolution neural networks (CNNs) to disentangle this complex relationship. To circumvent the limited amount of seasonal TC observation records, we implement transfer‐learning technique to train ensemble of CNNs first on suites of high‐resolution climate model simulations with realistic seasonal TC activities and large‐scale environmental conditions, and then on a state‐of‐the‐art reanalysis from 1950 to 2019. The trained CNNs can well reproduce the historical TC records and yields significant seasonal prediction skills when the large‐scale environmental inputs are provided by operational climate forecasts. Furthermore, by inputting the ensemble CNNs with 20th century reanalysis products and Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulations, we investigated TC variability and its changes in the past and future climates. Specifically, our ensemble CNNs project a decreasing trend of global mean TC activity in the future warming scenario, which is consistent with our future projections using high‐resolution climate model.
Excitation of quantum oscillator by electromagnetic wavelet pulses

The excitation of a quantum oscillator at transitions between stationary states by wavelet pulses with zero and nonzero area as a function of their duration and amplitude is studied. The excitation from the ground state is examined in detail, together with the specific features of this process during excitation from excited states. Analytical expressions for the main characteristics of excitation probability under weak and strong perturbation of quantum oscillator were obtained within limits of strict consideration. Particularly, it was found that, on a qualitative and quantitative level, there is no difference between excitation by pulses with zero and non-zero area.
Super‐silicic garnet microstructures from an orogenic garnet peridotite, evidence for an ultra‐deep (>6 GPa) origin

We report the field, petrographic and mineral chemical characteristics of relict super‐silicic (=majoritic) garnet microstructures from the Otrøy peridotites in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway. The evidence for the former existence of super‐silicic garnet consists of two‐pyroxene exsolution microstructures from garnet. Estimates of the initial composition of the super‐silicic garnet imply pressures of 6–6.5 GPa, indicating that the Otrøy garnet peridotites were derived from depths >185 km. The garnet peridotites consist of inter‐banded variable compositions with c. 50% garnet peridotite and 50% garnet‐free peridotite. Two distinct garnet types were identified: (a) normal matrix garnet, grain‐size ≤4 mm, and (b) large isolated single garnet crystals and/or (polycrystalline) garnet nodules up to 10 cm in size. Large garnet nodules occur only within limited bands within the garnet peridotites. The relicts of super‐silicic garnet were exclusively found in some (not all) of the larger garnet nodules. Petrographic observations revealed that the microstructure of nodular garnet consists of the following four characteristic elements. (1) Individual garnet nodules are polycrystalline, with grain sizes of 2–8 mm. Garnet grain boundaries are straight with well‐defined triple junctions. (2) Some garnet triple junctions and garnet grain boundaries are decorated by interstitial orthopyroxene. (3) Cores of larger polycrystalline garnet contain two‐pyroxene exsolution microstructures. (4) Precipitation‐free rims (2 mm thick) surround garnet cores containing the exsolved pyroxene microstructure. Pyroxene exsolution from super‐silicic garnet was subsequently followed by brittle–ductile deformation of garnet. Both exsolved pyroxene needles and laths become undulous or truncated by fractures. Simultaneous garnet plasticity is indicated by the occurrence of high densities of naturally decorated dislocations. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicate that decoration is due to Ti‐oxide precipitation. Estimates of the P–T conditions for mineral chemical equilibration were obtained from geothermobarometry. The mineral compositions equilibrated at mantle conditions around 805±40 °C and 3.2±0.2 GPa. These P–T estimates correspond to cold continental lithosphere conditions at depths of around 105 km. From a combination of both depth estimates it can be concluded that the microstructural memory of the rock extends backwards to twice as great a depth range as obtained by thermobarometric methods. Available geochronological and geochemical data of Norwegian garnet peridotites suggest a multi‐stage, multi‐orogenic exhumation history.
First evaluation of SMOS L2 soil moisture products using in situ observation data of MAVEX on the Mongolian Plateau in 2010 and 2011

: This study tried to make a first evaluation of SMOS L2 soil moisture data (ver. 4.00) obtained during ascending orbits using in situ hydrological observation data of a 120 km by 120 km study area on the Mongolian Plateau from April to August in 2010 and from May to September in 2011. Unfortunately, as we could hardly obtain any available data of SMOS L2 soil moisture from descending orbits for evaluation because of Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI), the evaluation results of SMOS L2 soil moisture products only from ascending orbits (5:30–7:00 in local time) were actually analyzed. Although SMOS slightly underestimated the soil moisture contents at a depth of 3 cm, good matching was observed in the response patterns of SMOS and in situ soil moisture data and the differences between these factors were not large. Accordingly, small values of RMSE and bias were obtained between SMOS soil moisture and in situ measured soil moisture at a depth of 3 cm. SMOS was able to estimate surface soil moisture contents with an accuracy of about 0.045 (m 3 m − 3 ) in steppe areas of the Mongolian Plateau.
Land Surface Heterogeneity Signature in Tornado Climatology? An Illustrative Analysis over Indiana, 1950–2012*

AbstractLand surface heterogeneity affects mesoscale interactions, including the evolution of severe convection. However, its contribution to tornadogenesis is not well known. Indiana is selected as an example to present an assessment of documented tornadoes and land surface heterogeneity to better understand the spatial distribution of tornadoes. This assessment is developed using a GIS framework taking data from 1950 to 2012 and investigates the following topics: temporal analysis, effect of ENSO, antecedent rainfall linkages, population density, land use/land cover, and topography, placing them in the context of land surface heterogeneity.Spatial analysis of tornado touchdown locations reveals several spatial relationships with regard to cities, population density, land-use classification, and topography. A total of 61% of F0–F5 tornadoes and 43% of F0–F5 tornadoes in Indiana have touched down within 1 km of urban land use and land area classified as forest, respectively, suggesting the possible role o.
Determinants of Firm Sustainable Growth Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Consumer Goods Industry Sector Companies

This research was conducted to analyze the determining factors for sustainable growth and firm nominal value. Cash holding, capital gearing, asset turnover, current ratio, economic value added and intellectual capital are expected to be determinants of sustainable growth and firm nominal value with the moderating variables sustainable growth and financial distress risk as determinants of firm nominal value. Using purposive sampling, a sample of 26 companies was obtained that met the criteria, resulting in a sample of 182. The regression results showed that for 2015-2021, cash holding, asset turnover, EVA and intellectual capital had an influence on the sustainable growth rate. Cash holding and asset turnover influence nominal firm value. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the regression results show that cash holding, capital gearing, asset turnover and intellectual capital influence the sustainable growth rate. Capital gearing, asset turnover and EVA influence Firm Nominal value. The results of the paired sample test for all research variables before and after the COVID-19 pandemic were significant, meaning that the research variables experienced significant changes.
Autogenic response of alluvial-bedrock transition to base-level variation: Experiment and theory

[1] Short-term autogenic processes are thought to be averaged out by long-term allogenic forcing and have often been ruled out in stratigraphic interpretation. It is generally difficult to resolve the scale of autogenic effects on landscape evolution and even more so on sedimentary records. Here we analyze short-term variation in migration rate of the alluvial-bedrock transition in a series of experiments. The experiments developed a fan delta over a stationary, sloped, nonerodible basement with constant water and sediment discharges. The rate of base-level change varies between experiments but was constant for a given experiment. The location of the alluvial-bedrock transition varied autogenically in all experiments. The instantaneous migration rate of the alluvial-bedrock transition varied by as much as an order of magnitude more than that induced by allogenic forcing. The strong autogenic pulses can be explained by sediment storage and release due to intrinsic variation in the transport efficiency of the fluvial system. Data from experiments with base-level change indicate that the autogenic signal in the migrating alluvial-bedrock transition is weakest during landward migration (onlap), when base-level rises, and strongest during basinward migration (valley incision), when base-level falls. We use a one-dimensional geometric model to explain the variations in the autogenic response of the alluvial-bedrock transition as a function of direction of base-level change. The model periodically changes fluvial slope to represent the effects of sediment storage and release with base-level rise and fall. The modeling result reproduces the observed pattern of autogenic variation in alluvial-bedrock transition.