Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CloudMon : A Resource-Efficient IaaS Cloud Monitoring System Based on NIDS Virtual Appliances

The Networked Intrusion Detection System Virtual Appliance (NIDS-VA), also known as virtualized NIDS, plays an important role in the protection and safeguard of IaaS cloud environments. However, it is non-trivial to guarantee both of the performance of NIDS-VA and the resource efficiency of cloud applications since both are sharing computing resources in the same cloud environment. To overcome this challenge and trade-off, we propose a novel system, named CloudMon, which enables dynamic resource provision and live placement for NIDS-VAs in IaaS cloud environments. CloudMon provides two techniques to maintain high resource efficiency of IaaS cloud environments without degrading the performance of NIDS virtual appliances and other virtual machines. The first technique is a VMM-based resource provision mechanism which can minimize the resource usage of a NIDS-VA with given performance guarantee. It uses a fuzzy model to characterize the complex relationship between performance and resource demands of a NIDS-VA, and develops an online fuzzy controller to adaptively control the resource allocation for NIDS-VAs under varying network traffic. The second one is a global resource scheduling approach for optimizing the resource efficiency of the entire cloud environments. It leverages virtual machine migration to dynamically place NIDS-VAs and virtual machines (VM). An online VM mapping algorithm is designed to maximize the resource utilization of the entire cloud environment. Our VMM-based resource provision mechanism has been evaluated by conducting comprehensive experiments based on Xen hypervisor and Snort NIDS in a real cloud environment. The results show that the proposed mechanism can allocate resources for a NIDS-VA on demand, while still satisfying its performance requirements. We also verify the effectiveness of our global resource scheduling approach by comparing it with two classic vector packing algorithms and the results show that our approach improved the resource utilization of cloud environments and reduced the number of in-use NIDS-VAs and physical hosts.
A tectonic window in south-western Iran

Summary The paper presents evidence of large-scale overthrusting during Upper Cretaceous times in part of the Zagros Mountains in south-western Iran. Thrust-sheets made up mainly of radiolarian cherts and serpentinous igneous rocks, and including fossiliferous rocks of Triassic age, are shown to have been extensively overthrust upon Cretaceous rocks, including Cenomanian limestones and marlstones probably of Senonian age. Marine Maestrichtian and younger rocks were deposited upon the thrust-sheets and were later folded, together with the sheets themselves and the underlying autochthonous rocks. Subsequent erosion of the cover has exposed the thrust-sheets over wide areas and in places has exposed the underlying autochthonous rocks in tectonic windows of which a striking example, the Dalnashin Window, is described in the paper.
Interbank Liquidity Crunch and the Firm Credit Crunch : Evidence from the 2007-2009 Crisis

1 We thank two referees, the Editor and Victoria Ivashina for helpful comments and suggestions. We would also like to thank Abstract We study the credit supply effects of the unexpected freeze of the European interbank market, using exhaustive Portuguese loan-level data. We find that banks that rely more on interbank borrowing before the crisis decrease their credit supply more during the crisis. The credit supply reduction is stronger for firms that are smaller, with weaker banking relationships. Small firms cannot compensate the credit crunch with other sources of debt. Furthermore, the impact of illiquidity on the credit crunch is stronger for less solvent banks. Finally, there are no overall positive effects of central bank liquidity, but higher hoarding of liquidity. The developed world has experienced the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression which was at its core a banking crisis. The main channel through which a banking crisis may affect the real economy relates to the ability of the private sector to access the credit needed to fund investment and consumption. Hence, a key question at the heart of the current financial crisis is whether and how the sudden dry up in bank liquidity impacted the availability of credit. A drop in liquidity for some banks may have a direct transmission effect on the supply of credit for firms if firms are unable to substitute with other sources of finance such as loans from other banks, trade credit or other forms of debt. Furthermore, this channel could be especially relevant in the context of smaller younger (entrepreneurial) firms which usually find it difficult to access funds from other sources since they are more opaque and thus mainly rely on existing banking relationships. In this paper we study whether and how banks cut back on lending supply when faced with a negative liquidity shock. What are the margins along which banks adjust their loan portfolios in response to the crisis, e.g. do we observe credit supply contractions across all types of borrowers, or do they disproportionally cut back credit for entrepreneurial (smaller) firms? Could firms substitute funds from alternative sources? In addition, is there a differential effect across different types of banks depending on their solvency? How does public provision of liquidity by the central bank affect the evolution of the shock? One of the main problems in empirically addressing the questions raised above is the difficulty of identifying …
Macrofossil studies of Holocene lake sediments from Jameson Land, East Greenland

Previous records of Holocene terrestrial and limnic environmental changes in East Greenland, mostly based on pollen analysis, have failed to extend beyond c. 9000 years BP (9 ka BP) because the lakes sampled were situated below the marine limit. The record obtained thus only goes back to the time when the lake basins became isolated from the sea (Funder, 1978; Bjorck et al., 1994; Funder & Hansen, 1996). In 1994, a lake near the coast of Jameson Land (Fig. 1) was cored with the aim of extending this record. This work was part of the ‘Arctic Terminations Project’, dealing with the timing and character of the last glacial maximum, the Flakkerhuk Stade, in the extensive Scoresby Sund fjord system (e.g. Hansen & Funder, 1995). By selecting a lake basin situated above the local marine limit and by applying macrofossil analysis instead of pollen analysis, the hope was that the sedimentary record could be extended further back in time and that far transported or reworked interglacial material could be avoided. Unfortunately, however, the minerogenic sediments were devoid of in situ organic remains, and thus could not be dated by radiometric methods; furthermore, the onset of organic sedimentation in this lake basin occurred later than in previously investigated lake basins at lower altitudes. In spite of these disappointing aspects, the results merit publication because they provide new evidence of post-glacial climate, environment and biogeography in the area and support the conclusions reached by pollen analysis.
Rift-initiation development of normal fault blocks: insights from the Hammam Faraun fault block, Suez Rift, Egypt

An integrated structural and stratigraphic study of the Hammam Faraun fault block, Suez Rift, Egypt, provides insights into the rift-initiation tectonostratigraphic evolution of the crustal-scale normal fault blocks. The shallow marine to offshore Tayiba Formation (Lower Oligocene) represents the youngest preserved pre-rift unit, and key stratal surface development indicates that relative sea-level variations exerted a marked control on its stratigraphic evolution. A major sea-level fall, which may have been a regional (i.e. eustatic) event, occurred during the mid-Oligocene and was synchronous with the onset of rifting. A major erosional unconformity (the base synrift unconformity) formed in response to the sea-level fall and defines a series of NNE–SSW- to NE–SW-trending palaeovalleys up to 40 m deep by 500 m wide, which are infilled by continental deposits and volcanic rocks of the Abu Zenima Formation (Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene). During the rift initiation, palaeovalleys controlled depositional patterns and the evolving fault-controlled topography was insufficient to modify drainage patterns. Through time, however, surface-breaking faults began to exert a marked control on deposition. This study indicates the complexity that can occur during the rift-initiation phase caused by extrabasinal factors such as eustatic sea-level variations and antecedent drainage.
Molecular characterization of suspended and sedimentary organic matter in an Arctic delta

Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography (CuPy-GC) and Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CuPy-GC-MS) were used to characterize the macromolecular organic content of suspended particles in surface waters, at intermediate water depths, and in the surface sediments of the Lena delta and the adjacent Laptev Sea, eastern Siberia. The chromatograms of the pyrolysates of the Lena River particles revealed several compound classes of biogenic significance: polysaccharides, phenolic substances, and lipid constituents of higher plants. The pyrolysates of the surface-suspended particles of the Laptev Sea suggested mixed inputs. Some fatty acids, phytadienes, and n-alkylnitriles were assigned to planktonic organisms. Pyrolysis products from terrigenous material encountered in the river were also present. At intermediate water depths, major differences with respect to the surface particles were evident. In all cases we observed a substantial decrease of the precursors of phytadienes and the fatty acids that undergo biotransformation processes. A peculiar pattern of three series of C14, C16, and Cl8 alkanes and alkenes [normal alkane, the alkI-ene, the (E)-alk-2-ene, and the (Z)-alk-2-ene] was the prominent feature of these pyrolysates. Further investigations of the particle solvent extract and the corresponding residue suggested that these alkenes, as well as the fatty acids, derived from wax esters. The composition of the sedimentary material in the Laptev Sea indicated preservation of the refractory terrigenous constituents. However, the presence of some algal constituents suggested that a fraction of marine-derived macromolecules9 is resistant to degradation. The Arctic Ocean is unique because of its ice cover and limited water exchange with surrounding oceans. The marginal seas occupy -70% of this area and their physiography is such that broad, shallow continental shelves coincide with the outflow of major rivers. Arctic environments have been poorly investigated. In this respect, the role of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent marginal seas in the global carbon budget has been neglected. Among other high-latitude ecosystems, the Siberian aquatorium is of interest because of considerable discharge of major world rivers such as the Lena, Yana, Ob, and Yenisei. The Lena River, ranked the eighth largest world river discharging to the ocean, has an annual water discharge entering the Laptev Sea of -525 km3 and a sediment discharge of 17.6 x 1 O6 t yr-l , which corresponds to an
Please Scroll down for Article Ergonomics Cardiovascular and Eye Activity Measures as Indices for Momentary Changes in Mental Effort during Simulated Flight Cardiovascular and Eye Activity Measures as Indices for Momentary Changes in Mental Effort during Simulated Flight

(2008)'Cardiovascular and eye activity measures as indices for momentary changes in mental effort during This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. This study examines effects of momentary changes in mental effort on cardiovascular and eye activity measures. A total of 19 male pilots performed an instrument flight task. Task load was manipulated by having the pilots perform flight manoeuvres of varying complexity. Multilevel analyses demonstrated clear effects of momentary changes in mental effort on both the cardiovascular and the eye activity measures. An increase in task load resulted in an increase of heart rate and a decrease in heart rate variability, mean dwell time and fixation duration. Heart rate differentiated between resting period and task execution. Heart rate variability from short data segments provided more insight in intermediate levels of mental effort. The eye activity measures were sensitive to intermediate levels of mental effort as well. Attitude changes resulted in an increase of mean dwell time and mean fixation duration. Task analysis is required to use eye measures as valid indices of mental effort. Having indications of the effects of changing mental demands during daily work of operators is of great importance nowadays. This paper presents an approach to estimate such effects on the basis of heart rate and eye activity measures. In particular, the use of averaged short-term heart rate variability measures is a relatively new aspect. 1. Introduction 1.1. Mental workload and mental effort Operating an airplane is characterised by large fluctuations in task demands. During approach and landing, task demands are high because a large number of critical decisions have to be taken in a short period of time. During the crossing of the Atlantic, however, task demands are low because the pilot only has to monitor the flight …
' s personal copy Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety

The high rate of comorbidity among mental disorders has driven a search for factors associated with the development of multiple types of psychopathology, referred to as transdiagnostic factors. Rumination is involved in the etiology and maintenance of major depression, and recent evidence implicates rumination in the development of anxiety. The extent to which rumination is a transdiagnostic factor that accounts for the co-occurrence of symptoms of depression and anxiety, however, has not previously been examined. We investigated whether rumination explained the concurrent and prospective associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety in two longitudinal studies: one of adolescents (N 1⁄4 1065) and one of adults (N 1⁄4 1317). Rumination was a full mediator of the concurrent association between symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents (z 1⁄4 6.7, p < .001) and was a partial mediator of this association in adults (z 1⁄4 5.6, p < .001). In prospective analyses in the adolescent sample, baseline depressive symptoms predicted increases in anxiety, and rumination fully mediated this association (z 1⁄4 5.26, p < .001). In adults, baseline depression predicted increases in anxiety and baseline anxiety predicted increases in depression; rumination fully mediated both of these associations (z 1⁄4 2.35, p 1⁄4 .019 and z 1⁄4 5.10, p < .001, respectively). These findings highlight the importance of targeting rumination in transdiagnostic treatment approaches for emotional disorders. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chloride transport in undisturbed soil columns of the loess Plateau

In soils containing preferential flow paths, both water and solute can move preferentially, bypassing much of the soil matrix. The object of this study was to examine the effect of preferential solute transport in Changwu (loamy soil) soil and Ansai soil (sandy soil) containing macroporosity. Miscible displacement experiments were conducted with 5 undisturbed soil columns (19.45 cm diameter, 43.5 cm long). Breakthrough curves (BTC’s) of Chloride were measured under water-saturated steady flow conditions. The data were simulated using three conceptual models. The results show that two-flow region model described the preferential solute transport much better than the two-region model and the convection dispersion equation (CDE), especially there were humps in the tailing side. Moreover, distinct double peaks were apparent with the increase of pore water velocity in a loamy soil column. In addition, high pore water velocity and small mass transfer coefficient between the two-flow regions enhanced the development of double BTC peaks. Key words: Breakthrough curves, convection dispersion equation, two-region model, two-flow region model.
Hydraulic Conductivity and Compressibility of Soil-Bentonite Backfill Amended with Activated Carbon

Flexible-wall permeability tests and rigid-wall consolidation/permeability tests were performed to evaluate the hydraulic conductivity and compressibility of a model soil-bentonite (SB) backfill amended with granular activated carbon (GAC) or powdered activated carbon (PAC). The tests were performed as part of an assessment of enhanced SB backfill with improved attenuation capacity for greater longevity of barrier containment performance. Backfill specimens containing fine sand, 5.8% sodium bentonite, and GAC or PAC (0, 2, 5, and 10% by dry weight) were prepared to target slumps of 125±12.5 mm . Hydraulic conductivity (k) and compressibility of backfill test specimens were measured in consolidometers as a function of effective stress, σ′ (24⩽ σ′ ⩽1,532 kPa) , whereas flexible-wall k was measured for backfill specimens consolidated to σ′ =34.5 kPa . The results indicate that addition of GAC has little impact on the hydraulic and consolidation properties of the backfill, whereas addition of PAC causes a dec.
The Effect of Macrofauna on Porewater Profiles and Nutrient Fluxes in the Intertidal Zone of the Humber Estuary

Abstract Macrofauna, nutrient fluxes, porewater chemistry and sediment characteristics were measured at six intertidal mudflat sites in the Humber Estuary, U.K., during the different seasons. Nereis diversicolor , Macoma balthica and Corophium volutator were found to be the dominant macrofauna. Salinity was the baseline control on macrofauna distribution but this was overprinted by periodic impoverishment due to sediment mobilization. High resolution gel probe porewater samplers provided direct evidence for the impact of burrows on porewater chemistry. The macrofauna modified nutrient fluxes during periods of mud flat stability. Nereis caused a decrease in silicate and phosphate effluxes but enhanced ammonia release and nitrate uptake. Macoma enhanced ammonia and nitrite release. The impact of Corophium was not possible to discern. The Humber is a large, highly dynamic macrotidal estuary in which sediment resuspension has a large impact on porewater profiles, nutrient fluxes and macrofaunal communities. Simple patterns and inter-relationships which are seen in small sheltered estuaries are not observed in the Humber.
Endometrium FIFTEEN-YEAR RADIOTHERAPY OUTCOMES OF THE RANDOMIZED PORTEC-1 TRIAL FOR ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA

*Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center; yDepartment of Radiotherapy, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven; zDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht; xDepartment of Radiotherapy, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede; {Departments of Radiation Oncology and kBiostatistics, ErasmusMC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam; **MAASTRO clinic, Maastricht; yyDepartment of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen; and zzComprehensive Cancer Centre South, Eindhoven and Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Relationship between profile length and roughness variables for natural surfaces

Surface roughness variables such as the rms height and the correlation length are commonly used as inputs for electromagnetic models to predict the backscattering coefficient. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the roughness profile length on the estimation of roughness variables. Surface profiles of 25 m long obtained by a laser profiler have been examined. A clear dependence of exponential type was observed between the roughness variables and the profile length.
Configuration of the magnetosphere-ionosphere convection system under northward IMF conditions with nonzero IMF

The configuration of the magnetosphere-ionosphere convection system is investigated by analyzing outputs of a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model for the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere (S-M-I) coupling process. The input interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) to the model is inclined 45° from the due-northward direction with downward IMF. The results clearly show that the round cell and crescent cell are formed in the polar ionosphere and that the lobe cell and merging cell in the magnetosphere are connected to the core of the round cell and to the outer round and crescent cells, respectively. The open field lines that construct the lobe-cell circulation are generated through the open-field-line reconnection on the poleward side of the cusp, together with unconnected field lines. The open magnetic field lines that extend from the outer round cell in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere and construct the merging-cell convection are generated through the closed-field-line reconnection in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, while the open magnetic field lines that extend from the crescent cell in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere are generated in the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere. Convecting through the lobe, the open field lines from the northern outer round cell reconnect with the open field lines from the southern crescent cell in the northeast edge of the twisted plasma sheet. The features of the merging-cell convection can become very complicated in the plasma sheet.
Effects of different allochthonous carbon sources on marine bacterioplankton diversity and function

Memoria de tesi doctoral presentada per Itziar Lekunberri Garcia per optar al grau de Doctora en Ciencies del Mar per la Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), realitzada sota la direccio del Dr. Josep M. Gasol Pique de l'Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC). -- 222 pages