Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geostrophic adjustment in highly dispersive media: An application to the marginal ice zone

Abstract The geostrophic equilibrium of a highly dispersive medium, i.e. a medium in which the propagation speed of disturbances is highly dependent on the local value of mass, is considered. Initially there exists a discontinuity or leading edge at which the mass jumps from zero to a finite value. The study is motivated by consideration of ice dynamics in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). It is shown in general that a geostrophic equilibrium exists in which the leading edge is displaced a finite distance from its initial position. The theory is applied to the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of the Arctic ice pack. Depicted spatial scales are in reasonable agreement with existing observational data. The theory predicts the existence of an along ice edge jet in the MIZ. The jet transports ice along the edge with the ice to the right (Northern Hemisphere).
High-speed high-resolution optical coherence tomography at 800 and 1060 nm

Two high speed systems for spectrometer based frequency domain optical coherence tomography are presented. A device operating at 800 nm, based on the Basler Sprint CMOS camera with linerates of up to 312,000 lps and a device based on the Goodrich SUI LHD 1024 px camera at 1060 nm with 47,000 lps are applied in a clinical environment to normal subjects. The feasibility of clinical high and ultra high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices for retinal imaging at different wavelengths, capable of isotropic sampling with 70 to 600 frames per second at 512 depth scans/frame for widefield imaging and high density sampling at 1 Gvoxel are demostrated.
The Context of Context Effects

The principal purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual framework and heuristic model for considering the existence, magnitude, and consequences of context effects. This purpose is addressed through an extension of some concepts in generalizability theory. In particular, distinctions are drawn between different types of facets and different types of universes. For example, sets of items are distinguished from conditions of measurement typically associated with context effects (e.g., item sequence). In addition, a validity-defining universe of generalization is distinguished from a universe of allowable observations associated with a standardized measurement proce- dure and certain fixed conditions of measurement. Other fixed conditions of measurement are also considered in order to examine context effects involved in applications such as the use of so-called "scrambled" test forms and item or section preequating. It is concluded that context effects are often misunder- stood or masked, that curre.
Shape Identification by Inverse Heat Transfer Method

The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of the inverse heat transfer methodin application to the shape identiﬁcation problem. The approach is constructed by com-bining the curvilinear grid generation scheme, the direct problem solver, the conjugategradient optimization method, and the redistribution method. A number of practical casesare considered, in which shape identiﬁcation for an inner void within a solid body basedon the data of the outer surface temperature of the solid body is performed. These casesare divided into ﬁve kinds of geometrical conﬁgurations. Results show that the proﬁle ofthe inner void can be identiﬁed by using the inverse heat transfer approach, and theaccuracy of the shape identiﬁcation is dependent on the uncertainty of the outer surfacetemperature data, the Biot number, size of the inner void, and the geometrical conﬁgura-tion as well. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1560152#Keywords: Heat Transfer, Image Processing, Inverse, Numerical Methods, Optimization
The continuum of type 1 Seyfert galaxies. I - A single form modified by the effects of dust

Broad-band measurements from 1 to 20 microns of 26 emission-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs), mainly Seyfert 1 galaxies, have been made. These data have been combined with previous optical and infrared photometry and IRAS 12, 25, 60 and 100 micron fluxes, giving a total sample of 37 AGNs, all of which have hard X-ray measurements. The sample includes all the emission-line AGNs identified in the Piccinotti et al. (1982) survey. When corrected for stellar contributions in the near-infrared, the continuum energy distributions can be classified observationally into three types: (1) bare, minimally reddened AGNs; (2) reddened AGNs; and (3) AGNs for which the far-infrared emission is contaminated by the host galaxy. These classifications reflect a range of luminosities and different environments rather than intrinsic differences in the primary continuum of the AGNs. The data are consistent with a single underlying form of active galaxy continuum modified by the presence of dust and of the host galaxy. 77 references.
Quantum electrodynamics in the presence of dielectrics and conductors. IV. General theory for spontaneous emission in finite geometries

A quantum-electrodynamic theory of spontaneous emission in presence of dielectrics and conductors is developed. The theory makes use of the master-equation techniques and the response-function formalism of part I of this series of papers. Various observable entities such as damping coefficients (lifetimes), Lamb shifts, and frequency shifts are related to the appropriate surface-dependent response functions. The results are valid for arbitrary geometries (involving linear dielectrics) and naturally contain, as a special case, the usual results of spontaneous emission in free space. As explicit examples we consider a two-level atom (also the multilevel atom) in presence of a plane dielectric interface and between two conducting plates. Formulas for the shifts and widths are given and their asymptotic behavior for large and short distances is discussed. The behavior when the atom is embedded inside the dielectric is different than when the atom is outside the dielectric. The origin of coherence in the present model is discussed and the coherence effects in this model are contrasted with those in Dicke's model. The results are also compared with those obtained by the image method. Exact expressions for the operator radiation-reaction fields are obtained in terms of the atomic polarization operators and response functions. Approximate results for such fields are also given. The far-zone behavior of the radiation fields is obtained in terms of response functions and the polarization operators. Some of the normally ordered correlation functions are also calculated. The connection of some of the theoretical results with a recent experimental work of Carniglia, Mandel, and Drexhage is discussed. The effect of anisotropy of the dielectric function on the lifetimes as well as on the far-field correlation functions is also considered. Finally the contribution to the shifts and widths due to the excitation of surface polariton modes is computed and the results are compared with those obtained by the quantization of surface polariton field. It is found that such surface modes contribute significantly to widths.
Size dependence of the Curie temperature of L1o-FePt nanoparticles

Monte Carlo simulations using the single histogram method are performed to study the effects of finite size and Cu doping on the Curie temperature of a single FePt nanoparticle. An atomistic model is used with an effective classical spin Hamiltonian constructed on the basis of first-principles calculations for L1o FePt. The Curie temperature, evaluated from the peak in the temperature variation of the magnetic susceptibility, is consistent with the finite-size scaling relation Tc(L)=Tc(∞)(1−xoL−1/ν), where L is the in-plane grain size, xo is found to depend on the grain aspect ratio, and the critical exponent of the correlation length is ν=1.06±0.06. A theoretical relation is obtained for the Tc dispersion arising from a lognormal grain size distribution. Addition of Cu results in reduction of the Curie temperature proportional to the dopant content.
Crystalline to amorphous transformation in ion‐implanted silicon: a composite model

The transformation of silicon to the amorphous state by implanted ions was studied both experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, the amount of transformed silicon and the critical ion dose necessary to amorphize the entire implanted layer were determined by ESR. How the critical dose varies with ion mass (Li, N, Ne, Ar, and Kr), ion energy (20–180 keV), and implant temperature (77–475 K) was determined. Theoretically, several phenomenological models were used to analyze these data. The overlap‐damage model was used to determine the critical dose from the data, the size of the amorphous region around the ion track, and the degree of overlap damage required for amorphization. For all implants, the first ion created only predamage, while the second or third ion into the same region caused the amorphous transformation. The critical‐energy‐density model was in good agreement with the measured critical doses. This model assumed that a region would become amorphous if the energy density deposited into a.
The effect of viscosity and anisotropy in the pressure on the azimuthal motion of the solar wind

A steady state axially symmetrical model for the flow of the solar wind near the equatorial plane is developed. The radial motion is regarded as known, and the azimuthal motion is investigated, allowing for magnetic forces, viscosity (as modified by the magnetic field), and anisotropic pressure. We show that to obtain a smooth continuous solution the constant of integration has to be determined, not from a boundary condition at the sun, but by the behavior of the solution near the critical radius rA, where the radial Mach number is unity. The viscosity considerably increases the tendency toward corotation in the region between five solar radii and 1 AU. The azimuthal velocity predicted near the earth is of the order of 6 km/sec for what may be regarded as typical conditions (temperature of 2× 05 °K and a radial wind velocity of 400 km/sec), whereas the velocity is 1 km/sec for a nonviscous isotropic model.
A Paley-Wiener theorem for frames

We prove a stability theorem for frames. Our result is a generalization of a classical result of Paley and Wiener about Riesz bases; it is also related to the Perturbation Theorem of Kato. The classical Paley-Wiener Theorem states the following: Let {fil}ol be a basis for the Banach space B, and let {gi} =1 be a family of vectors in B. If there exists a constant A E [O; 1 [ such that
Effects of Continentally Polluted Air Mass on Aerosol Optical Properties over the East China Sea

Aerosol physical and chemical properties and relative humidity (RH) in the marine atmosphere undergo their modifications under the influence of continentally polluted air mass. Effects of continentally polluted air mass on aerosol optical properties over the East China Sea were studied by using data of aerosol size and number, aerosol composition, and RH. These data were obtained under Atmospheric Particulate Environmental Change Experiment 2/Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (APEX-E2/ACE-Asia). Data collected on 18, 21, 23, and 26 April 2001 were used in this study. In order to evaluate contributions of such modifications to aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and single scattering albedo (SSA), AOT and SSA of the continentally polluted marine atmospheres were compared with values calculated by replacing each parameter (aerosol composition, aerosol size and number, and RH) of the continentally polluted marine atmospheres with that of the marine atmosphere. Further, by not separating aerosol composition and aerosol size and number parameters, investigations were performed by replacing these parameters of the continentally polluted marine atmospheres with those of the marine atmosphere. Modification of aerosol size and number was found to have a tendency to increase AOT significantly, whereas modification of aerosol composition by only a few percentages. Since continental air had relatively low RHs, modification of RH was found to have a tendency to decrease the value. The result also suggested that the decrease of aerosol hygroscopicity by continentally polluted air mass tended to decrease AOT. On the other hand, not only aerosol composition and RH modifications, but also aerosol size and number modification had a tendency to decrease SSA The study pointed out an important role ofcontinentally polluted air mass on aerosol radiative forcing, due to the increase of AOT and the decrease of SSA over the East China Sea.
Photonic-crystal ultrashort bends with improved transmission and low reflection at 1.55 μm

We propose and demonstrate improved designs in order to increase the transmission level through double 60°-bend photonic-crystal-based waveguides. These bends are defined in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) patterned into a GaInAsP slab on InP substrate. Transmission spectra calculated using a two-dimensional finite difference time domain method that accounts for radiation losses, as well as measurements, demonstrate enhancement of the transmission when moving holes in the corner. As expected a drop in reflection is obtained. The sensitivity to the PC guide width is also evidenced.
Estimated threshold base current and light power output of a transistor laser with InGaAs quantum well in GaAs base

We have solved the continuity equation for electrons in the base of an InGaP–GaAs–GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor laser (TL) in which the position of an InGaAs quantum well (QW) in GaAs base is variable. The injected minority carrier is related to the two-dimensional carrier in QW via virtual states (VSs). The values for optical gain in the QW are obtained by considering subband energies and envelope functions in presence of strain, polarization dependent momentum matrix element and Lorentzian lineshape. Relating the gain with threshold current and the latter with base current via VS current, the threshold base current and power output from the TL are estimated. Good agreement between the calculated and the experimental threshold base currents is obtained and the match for light output power is satisfactory within experimental uncertainty. Our calculated charge distribution in the base shows similar behaviour as in the charge control analysis of the experimental data.
GaN for x-ray detection

The potential of GaN based materials for x-ray detection is investigated. The absorption coefficient in GaN is measured as a function of photon energy between 6 and 40keV. Metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors are fabricated and characterized. The response dependence on bias, the temporal dynamics, and the response dependence on detector geometry all together point toward a mixing of photovoltaic and photoconductive effects. Thanks to a large photoconductive gain, the detector has a decent responsivity at the expense of a large response time.
Solitons and Heat Conduction

Fundamental problems of the lattice thermal conductivity, including the validity of the Fourier law, are examined assuming simple model lattices; harmonic, isotopically disordered harmonic, non-linear, and isotopically disordered non-linear one-dimensional lattices. In the non-linear lattices energy is mainly transported by solitons, which play important roles in the heat conduction in the disordered non-linear lattices.
Stability of nonlinear stochastic recursions with application to nonlinear AR-GARCH models

We characterize the Lyapunov exponent and ergodicity of nonlinear stochastic recursion models, including nonlinear AR-GARCH models, in terms of an easily defined, uniformly ergodic process. Properties of this latter process, known as the collapsed process, also determine the existence of moments for the stochastic recursion when it is stationary. As a result, both the stability of a given model and the existence of its moments may be evaluated with relative ease. The method of proof involves piggybacking a Foster-Lyapunov drift condition on certain characteristic behavior of the collapsed process.
Interferometric method for chromatic dispersion measurement in a single-mode optical fiber

Chromatic dispersion of a single-mode optical fiber only 1 m long is measured by a newly proposed interferometric method. Interference fringes are produced by two laser beams, one transmitting through the fiber and the other through air. Path length shifts in an interferometer for attaining the visibility maximum are measured by varying optical source wavelengths between 818 and 904 nm. Group delay time differences around 1 ps are measured. The measured results are in good agreement with those measured by the conventional pulse method for the identical 1.3 km long fiber.
Microscale Heat and Mass Transport of Evaporating Thin Film of Binary Mixture

Analytical and computational studies are presented to examine the effect of binary mixture (pentane/decane) on the microscale heat and mass transport of an evaporating meniscus formed inside a two-dimensional slotted pore. Mass conservation in the liquid film is combined with the momentum equations, energy balance, and normal stress balance and then scaled yielding two constitutive equations: 1) a fourth-order, nonlinear, ordinary differential equation for thin-film profile [Eq. (27)] and 2) a first-order, linear, ordinary differential equation for concentration profile [Eq. (30)]. The numerical results showed that the magnitude of distillation-driven capillary stress due to the composition gradient of a binary mixture can be larger than the thermocapillary stress due to temperature gradient while they are acting in opposite direction. Henceforth, the proof-of-concept has been established in that the binary mixture could facilitate improvement of the evaporating thin-film stability. It was also shown that the resulting stress elongated the length of the evaporating thin-film region without degradation of heat transport effectiveness.
Stars within 15 Parsecs: Abundances for a Northern Sample

We present an abundance analysis for stars within 15 pc of the Sun located north of -30° declination. We have limited our abundance sample to absolute magnitudes brighter than +7.5 and have eliminated several A stars in the local vicinity. Our final analysis list numbers 114 stars. Unlike Allende Prieto et al. in their consideration of a very similar sample, we have enforced strict spectroscopic criteria in the determination of atmospheric parameters. Nevertheless, our results are very similar to theirs. We determine the mean metallicity of the local region to be = -0.07 using all stars and -0.04 when interlopers from the thick disk are eliminated.
Population studies - evidence for accretion of the galactic halo

While there are comparatively few prograde-orbit dwarf stars in advance of the sun's motion of the type of which 510, selected kinematically, are presented, it is noted that there are significant numbers of objects on retrograde orbits that move with a speed greater than the sun's, relative to a nonrotating system, in the opposite direction about the Galactic center. It is suggested that this asymmetry is explainable in terms of the Searle and Zinn (1978) and Rodgers and Paltoglou (1984) models of halo formation by accretion; in these, fragments experience dynamical friction from an already-formed Galactic disk. 21 references.
Low dielectric constant materials for microelectronics

The ever increasing requirements for electrical performance of on-chip wiring has driven three major technological advances in recent years. First, copper has replaced Aluminum as the new interconnect metal of choice, forcing also the introduction of damascene processing. Second, alternatives for SiO2 with a lower dielectric constant are being developed and introduced in main stream processing. The many new resulting materials needs to be classified in terms of their materials characteristics, evaluated in terms of their properties, and tested for process compatibility. Third, in an attempt to lower the dielectric constant even more, porosity is being introduced into these new materials. The study of processes such as plasma interactions and swelling in liquid media now becomes critical. Furthermore, pore sealing and the deposition of a thin continuous copper diffusion barrier on a porous dielectric are of prime importance. This review is an attempt to give an overview of the classification, the character.
Influence of composition and order on the magnetism of Fe–Pt alloys: Neutron powder diffraction and theory

The dependence of the magnetic moments on the compositional order in Fe–Pt alloys was studied by neutron powder diffraction. For alloys with almost perfect L10-type long-range order the experimental value of the Fe magnetic moment was determined to be 2.8±0. 1μB (extrapolated to zero temperature). Combined analysis of experimental and density functional data shows that the Fe moment drops with increasing Fe content, but is less sensitive to the degree of order, in contrast to the well-known behavior of Fe–Al alloys.
Surface structures of clean and oxidized Nb(100) by LEED, AES, and STM

The surface structures of a Nb(100) single crystal during thermal cleaning in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and oxidation in low-pressure oxygen at 300 and 900 K have been studied by combined auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy. The oxygen-induced $(3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O},$ $(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O},$ $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O},$ and clean $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ structures are sequentially observed on the Nb(100) surface at atomic resolution during thermal cleaning in UHV at temperatures from 1970 to 2500 K. At 300 K, the clean Nb(100) surface is sequentially oxidized into the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}$ and $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}$ structures and the amorphous oxides of NbO and ${\mathrm{NbO}}_{2}$ in oxygen. At 900 K, the clean Nb(100) surface is sequentially oxidized into the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O},$ $(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O},$ and $(3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}$ structures in oxygen. The $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}$ and $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}$ structures result from oxygen chemisorption and the $(3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}$ and $(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}$ structures result from the epitaxial growth of NbO nanocrystals on Nb(100). Atomic models for these oxygen-induced structures are proposed and the atomic-scale oxidation processes of the Nb(100) surface at 300 and 900 K are discussed.
Effect of Turbulence Parameters on Numerical Simulation of Complex Automotive External Flow Field

Numerical simulations for the Ahmed model with 25° slant angle are performed under three different turbulent parameters, intensity and length scale, intensity and viscosity ratio, k and epsilon. The external flow field of ahmed model with 25° slant angle is got, and all the velocity vectors, pressure distribution and the drag coefficient of the flow field are obtained as well. The comparison between the numerical simulations and the experimental statistics shows that intensity and viscosity and k and epsilon characterized by higher computation accuracy are more suitable for numerical simulation of automotive external flow field.
Numerical study of cascaded wavelength conversion in quadratic media

The nonlinear equations describing a stationary wavelength conversion process, performed through the cascade of two second-order interactions in a non-centrosymmetric medium, are numerically solved in terms of normalized variables. The behaviour of the conversion efficiency as a function of pump intensity, crystal length, phase mismatch and linear losses is discussed for both bulk and waveguide interactions.