Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple metastable network states in urban traffic

Significance Different traffic states experienced by commuters may be due to localized random jams or overall network states, which is decided by system response to perturbations. While for natural systems, the existence of multiple states is common, the evidence for multiple states in transportation has so far been unclear, which hinders our ability to predict and prevent the spread of traffic jams. Based on percolation theory and high-resolution GPS datasets, we find strong evidence for the existence of multiple metastable network states corresponding to distinct system performance regimes. Our results may provide deep insight for a city traffic manager seeking to design early warning signals to prevent the system from shifting to a state of severe congestion. While abrupt regime shifts between different metastable states have occurred in natural systems from many areas including ecology, biology, and climate, evidence for this phenomenon in transportation systems has been rarely observed so far. This limitation might be rooted in the fact that we lack methods to identify and analyze possible multiple states that could emerge at scales of the entire traffic network. Here, using percolation approaches, we observe such a metastable regime in traffic systems. In particular, we find multiple metastable network states, corresponding to varying levels of traffic performance, which recur over different days. Based on high-resolution global positioning system (GPS) datasets of urban traffic in the megacities of Beijing and Shanghai (each with over 50,000 road segments), we find evidence supporting the existence of tipping points separating three regimes: a global functional regime and a metastable hysteresis-like regime, followed by a global collapsed regime. We can determine the intrinsic critical points where the metastable hysteresis-like regime begins and ends and show that these critical points are very similar across different days. Our findings provide a better understanding of traffic resilience patterns and could be useful for designing early warning signals for traffic resilience management and, potentially, other complex systems.
Observations on the Breeding Biology of the Silky-Tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus sericocaudatus mengeli)

Abstract I found 15 nests of the Silky-tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus sericocaudatus mengeli) from 1994 to 2004 at Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Perú. Females and males shared incubation and brooding duties with females on the nest during the day and males on at night. Nest relief occurred between 0300–0600 and 1800–2100 hrs. Two-egg clutches were placed on bare ground or on leaf-litter in more mature strands of forest. The semi-precocial young were mobile within 24 hrs of hatching and remained in the area with an adult through the fledgling stage. Both males and females feigned injury during incubation and brooding if disturbed. Three nesting sites were used for 5 years and another for 10 years, suggesting strong site fidelity and possibly a strong pair bond among long-lived individuals.
The Metabolizable Energy of Materials Fed to Growing Chicks

Abstract Although metabolizable energy (M.E.) values are not necessarily additive (Sibbald and Slinger, 1962) they appear to be more useful than productive energy data (Potter et al., 1960). Several reports indicate that actual dietary M.E. values are similar to those calculated (Begin, 1961; McIntosh et al., 1962; Slinger et al., 1962). In view of these observations the publication of M.E. values for feed ingredients would appear to be justified. The M.E. data presented in Table 1 were corrected to nitrogen equilibrium and are expressed as Calories per lb. of dry matter. Expression of the data on the basis of 90% of dry matter was deemed inadvisable since feed moisture content is readily determined and it is well known that the dry matter content of a feeding stuff varies greatly between samples. The availability of the energy of certain feeds may be influenced by the form in which they are fed and …
Surface-Bound and Volatile Mo Oxides Produced During Oxidation of Single MoS2 Crystals in Air and High Relative Humidity

We report on the MoO3 oxides and their derivatives on microscopic 2H MoS2 flakes oxidized in air and high relative humidity at a moderate temperature range below 410 °C. We combine XPS and AFM measurements such as topography, friction, creation of nanoscale ripples and scratches on the MoS2 flakes deposited on Si substrates. We detect MoO3 oxides mostly by measuring selected nanomechanical properties of the MoO3 layer, such as its compressive mechanical stress at the plastic yield. We discuss basal surface coverage of the single MoS2 flakes by the MoO3 oxides. We discuss conditions for appearance of all possible MoO3 oxide derivatives, such as molybdenum(VI) hydroxyoxides and MoO3 hydrates. Our findings agree with an expected mechanistic switch in thermal oxidation in water vapors vs. air.
A New Pest Species of Copitarsia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from the Neotropical Region Feeding on Asparagus and Cut Flowers

Abstract The egg, first and last instars, and adult of Copitarsia corruda, n. sp. from Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru are described and illustrated. Larval host plant genera include Asparagus (Liliaceae) (Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador), Iris (Iridaceae) (Ecuador), Ammi (Apiaceae) (Ecuador), Lysimachia (Primulaceae) (Colombia), Callistephus (Asteraceae) (Colombia), and Aster (Asteraceae) (Colombia). The larva of Copitarsia decolora (Guenée) is described and illustrated. In addition to genitalic and larval characters, mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was analyzed to differentiate C. corruda from Copitarsia decolora (Guenée), and to examine geographic and host plant differences between the two species.
Seasonal Changes in Voluntary Intake and Digestibility by Sheep Grazing Introduced Leymus chinensis Pasture

A study was conducted to investigate the seasonal changes in nutrient composition of pasture, voluntary intake and digestibility of sheep grazing an introduced Leymus chinensis pasture located in western Jilin Province, China. The whole-plant of L. chinensis and the samples simulating ingestion by sheep (simulating sample) were collected in spring (May, 2004), summer (July, 2004), autumn (September, 2004) and the end of winter (April, 2005). The contents of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and alkanes were determined. Voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of the nutrients in each season were also examined using 6 mature Chinese Northeast Merino ewes (differed among the seasons) grazing on a paddock of 1 ha size. The apparent digestibilities of GE, dry matter (DM), OM, CP, NDF and ADF of L. chinensis were significantly greater (p<0.05) in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Metabolizable energy (ME) content was 12.13, 11.62, 8.66 and 10.40 MJ/kg DM for L. chinensis in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively, and the corresponding voluntary feed intakes were 91, 119, 59 and 58 g/d per kg metabolic weight (LW 0.75 ). The ME contents and DM intakes in autumn and winter were significantly lower than in spring and summer (p<0.05). The intake of L. chinensis pasture was sufficient to provide ME requirements
The Combination of Soy Isoflavones and Resveratrol Preserve Bone Mineral Density in Hindlimb-Unloaded Mice

It is well known that physical inactivity during space flight or prolonged bed rest causes rapid bone loss. Soy isoflavones (ISOs) and resveratrol (RES) have been reported to be useful to maintain a positive balance for bone turnover. Therefore, we examined the combined effects of ISO and RES on bone loss that was induced by hindlimb-unloading in mice. Female eight-week-old ddY mice were divided into the following six groups (n = 6–8 each): normally housed mice, loading mice, hindlimb-unloading (UL) mice fed a control diet, UL mice fed a 0.16% ISO conjugates, UL mice fed a 0.15% RES diet, and UL mice fed a 0.16% ISO and 0.15% RES diet. After three weeks, femoral bone mineral density was markedly decreased in unloading mice. The combination of ISO and RES prevented bone loss and especially maintained the trabecular bone mineral density more effectively compared with cortical bones. ISO and/or RES inhibited the increase in the RANKL/OPG expression ratio in bone marrow cells in UL mice. These results suggest that the combination of ISO and RES had a preventive effect against bone loss induced by hindlimb-unloading in mice. These osteoprotective effects of ISO and RES may result from the inhibition of bone resorption.
Nitrogen Fixation in Seagrass Communities during Summer in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

Rates of acetylene reduction in seagrass communities in the Gulf of Carpentaria were determined in intact cores of sediment and seagrass and in slurries. Short-term incubations and three different methods were used to ensure that results could be reliably converted to rates of nitrogen fixation. At Groote Eylandt, values ranged from 16 to 47 rng N m-2 day-' in a Syringodium isoetifolium community and from 13 to 19 mg N rn-2 day-' on a reef flat with Thalassia hernprichii. At Weipa, mean rates of nitrogen fixation were 25 rng N m-2 day-' in an Enhalus acoroides community and 20 mg N m-2 day-' on a mud bank below mangroves. About 5% of fixation was due to epiphytes on the seagrass leaves, and 8% of fixation associated with the Syringodium isoetifolium community occurred in washed roots and rhizomes; the remainder was due mostly to bacteria in the sediment. Nitrogen fixation supplied 8 to 16% of the nitrogen requirements of the plants.
Unravelling the mysteries of a mesopelagic diet: a large apex predator specializes on small prey

Summary To gain insight into the foraging behaviour of deep diving seals, we developed a long-term jaw-motion recorder, which successfully measured the feeding attempts of four post-breeding female northern elephant seals for 55–68 days during migration in the north-east Pacific Ocean. Using the jaw-motion recorders in conjunction with satellite tracking data, we first reveal the three-dimensional fine-scale distribution of deep foraging activity in the north-east Pacific Ocean. A large number of jaw-motion events (23 817–58 766 during 2925–4178 dives, per seal) were observed with diel patterns suggesting their dependency on small mesopelagic prey. Calculations using at-sea field metabolic-rate and the photographs concurrently obtained by the head-mounted camera indicated feeding on small mesopelagic prey (10–20 g) including lantern fish (F. Myctophidae). The foraging behaviour of the northern elephant seal contrasts with echolocating toothed whales, which make fewer feeding attempts, suggesting the whales forage more selectively. We hypothesize that the continuous diving mode exhibited by this seal could be attributed to their reliance on small prey and their less efficient ‘passive sensors’ for prey search, that is, their vision or whiskers to detect prey.
Effect of Facial Skin Temperature on the Perception of Anxiety: A Pilot Study

The extent of anxiety and psychological stress can impact upon the optimal performance of simulation-based practices. The current study investigates the association between differences in skin temperature and perceived anxiety by under- (n = 21) and post-graduate (n = 19) nursing students undertaking a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Thermal facial gradients from selected facial regions were correlated with the scores assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the chest compression quality parameters measured using mannequin-integrated accelerometer sensors. A specific temperature profile was obtained depending on thermal facial variations before and after the simulation event. Statistically significant correlations were found between STAI scale scores and the temperature facial recordings in the forehead (r = 0.579; p < 0.000), periorbital (r = 0.394; p < 0.006), maxillary (r = 0.328; p < 0.019) and neck areas (r = 0.284; p < 0.038). Significant associations were also observed by correlating CPR performance parameters with the facial temperature values in the forehead (r = 0.447; p < 0.002), periorbital (r = 0.446; p < 0.002) and maxillary areas (r = 0.422; p < 0.003). These preliminary findings suggest that higher anxiety levels result in poorer clinical performance and can be correlated to temperature variations in certain facial regions.
Developing and testing high-efficacy patient subgroups within a clinical trial using risk scores

There is the potential for high‐dimensional information about patients collected in clinical trials (such as genomic, imaging, and data from wearable technologies) to be informative for the efficacy of a new treatment in situations where only a subset of patients benefits from the treatment. The adaptive signature design (ASD) method has been proposed for developing and testing the efficacy of a treatment in a high‐efficacy patient group (the sensitive group) using genetic data. The method requires selection of three tuning parameters which may be highly computationally expensive. We propose a variation to the ASD method, the cross‐validated risk scores (CVRS) design method, that does not require selection of any tuning parameters. The method is based on computing a risk score for each patient and dividing them into clusters using a nonparametric clustering procedure. We assess the properties of CVRS against the originally proposed cross‐validated ASD using simulation data and a real psychiatry trial. CVRS, as assessed for various sample sizes and response rates, has a substantial reduction in the computational time required. In many simulation scenarios, there is a substantial improvement in the ability to correctly identify the sensitive group and the power of the design to detect a treatment effect in the sensitive group. We illustrate the application of the CVRS method on the psychiatry trial.
Abstracts and Reviews : WHY IS SHAME ON THE SKIN? by ANDREW STRATHERN, Ethnology 14 (1975): 347-56

one must begin again as if a child. If this is so, then one of the authors’ observations may be particularly germane to the anthropologist’s predicament, although unintentionally so. &dquo;A child can only assimilate to pre-existing schemata, and if no schema appropriate to the new experience exists, he either fails to perceive or ignores, but if the new experience cannot be neglected he can only assimilate it to inappropriate schemata which then lead to non-functional, confused, or delusional efforts at adaptation. &dquo; This suggests that anthropologists face an urgent obligation to translate their hard-won ethnoscientific knowledge of native cognitive categories into a schema appropriate to those from their own culture who may have practical use of it, and thereby head off further delusions.
Food Habits of the Magellanic Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus magellanicus) at Southernmost Patagonia, Argentina

HABITOS DE ALIMENTACION DE BUBO VIRGINIANUS MAGELLANICUS EN EL EXTREMO SUR DE LA PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA Bubo virginianus magellanicus, actualmente clasificado como una subespecie de B. virginianus, a pesar de que algunos autores lo reconocen como especie, es el representante de mayor tamano de la familia Strigidae en el sur de America del Sur. Distintos estudios se han realizado sobre su dieta a lo largo de su rango de distribucion, aunque la mayoria se realizo al norte de los 48°S. En este trabajo caracterizamos la dieta de B. virginianus magellanicus en nueve areas de estudio localizadas en la Patagonia austral (entre los 46°S y los 52°S, Argentina), y la comparamos con trabajos de otras regiones realizados previamente. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la dieta esta compuesta principalmente por pequenos mamiferos (52.1% por frecuencia) y artropodos (46.4%). Las especies de pequenos mamiferos mas consumidas fueron los roedores Abrothrix olivaceus, Eligmodontia morgani, y Reithrodon auritus. Con respecto a.
Affinity, life cycle, and intracellular complexity of organic-walled microfossils from the Mesoproterozoic of Shanxi, China

Abstract. Light microscope and scanning electron microscope observations on new material of unicellular microfossils Dictyosphaera macroreticulata and Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum, from the Mesoproterozoic Ruyang Group in China, provide insights into the microorganisms' biological affinity, life cycle and cellular complexity. Gigantosphaeridium fibratum n. gen. et sp. , is described and is one of the largest Mesoproterozoic microfossils recorded. Phenotypic characters of vesicle ornamentation and excystment structures, properties of resistance and cell wall structure in Dictyosphaera and Shuiyousphaeridium are all diagnostic of microalgal cysts. The wide size ranges of the various morphotypes indicate growth phases compatible with the development of reproductive cysts. Conspecific biologically, each morphotype represents an asexual (resting cyst) or sexual (zygotic cyst) stage in the life cycle, respectively. We reconstruct this hypothetical life cycle and infer that the organism demonstrates a reproductive strategy of alternation of heteromorphic generations. Similarly in Gigantosphaeridium, a metabolically expensive vesicle with processes suggests its protective role as a zygotic cyst. In combination with all these characters and from the resemblance to extant green algae, we propose the placement of these ancient microorganisms in the stem group of Chloroplastida (Viridiplantae). A cell wall composed of primary and secondary layers in Dictyosphaera and Shuiyouisphaeridium required a high cellular complexity for their synthesis and the presence of an endomembrane system and the Golgi apparatus. The plastid was also present, accepting the organism was photosynthetic. The biota reveals a high degree of morphological and cell structural complexity, and provides an insight into ongoing eukaryotic evolution and the development of complex life cycles with sexual reproduction by 1200 Ma.
Quantitative Description of the Germination of Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in Response to Temperature

Abstract Littleseed canarygrass is a troublesome grass weed in wheat fields in Iran. Predicting weed emergence dynamics can help farmers more effectively control weeds. In this work, four nonlinear regression models (beta, three-piece segmented, two-piece segmented, and modified Malo's exponential sine) were compared to describe the cardinal temperatures for the germination of littleseed canarygrass. Two replicated experiments were performed with the same temperatures. An iterative optimization method was used to calibrate the models and different statistical indices (mean absolute error [MAE], coefficient of determination [R2], intercept and slope of the regression equation of predicted vs. observed hours to germination) were applied to compare their performance. The three-piece segmented model was the best model to predict the germination rate (R2 = 0.99, MAE = 0.20 d, and coefficient of variation 1.01 to 4.06%). Based on the model outputs, the base, the lower optimum, the upper optimum, and the maximum temperatures for the germination of littleseed canarygrass were estimated to be 4.69, 22.60, 29.62, and 38.13 C, respectively. The thermal time required to reach 10, 50, and 90% germination was 31.98, 39.26 and 45.55 degree-days, respectively. The cardinal temperatures depended on the model used for their estimation. Overall, the three-piece segmented model was better suited than the other models to estimate the cardinal temperatures for the germination of littleseed canarygrass. Nomenclature: Littleseed canarygrass, Phalaris minor Retz.
Relationships between Body Measurements, Body Weight, and Productivity in Holstein Dairy Cows

Abstract Body measurements, milk production, and body weight data were collected on 1898 lactations of 771 Holstein dairy cows from 1968 to 1986. Body weight and the body measurements of heart girth, paunch girth, wither height, chest depth, pelvic length, pelvic width, and body length were used. Milk production variables were milk yield, fat yield, 4% FCM, fat percentage, and SNF percentage. Estimated feed efficiency was expressed as ratio of milk energy content to net energy feed intake. Phenotypic correlations indicated a high positive relation between estimated feed efficiency and milk (.61), fat (.62), and 4% FCM (.63) yields. Uniformly negative correlations were found between estimated feed efficiency and all seven body measurements and body weight; range was from −. 18 for wither height to −. 33 for body weight. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on a first, second, and overall parity basis, showing that cows with smaller heart girth and larger paunch girth had significantly higher yields. Taller cows produced more milk than shorter cows. Cows lighter in body weight yielded greater FCM as first-calf heifers and through all lactations.
Well-Being, Burnout, and Depression Among North American Psychiatrists: The State of Our Profession.

OBJECTIVE The authors examined the prevalence of burnout and depressive symptoms among North American psychiatrists, determined demographic and practice characteristics that increase the risk for these symptoms, and assessed the correlation between burnout and depression. METHODS A total of 2,084 North American psychiatrists participated in an online survey, completed the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and provided demographic data and practice information. Linear regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with higher burnout and depression scores. RESULTS Participants' mean OLBI score was 40.4 (SD=7.9) and mean PHQ-9 score was 5.1 (SD=4.9). A total of 78% (N=1,625) of participants had an OLBI score ≥35, suggestive of high levels of burnout, and 16.1% (N=336) of participants had PHQ-9 scores ≥10, suggesting a diagnosis of major depression. Presence of depressive symptoms, female gender, inability to control one's schedule, and work setting were significantly associated with higher OLBI scores. Burnout, female gender, resident or early-career stage, and nonacademic setting practice were significantly associated with higher PHQ-9 scores. A total of 98% of psychiatrists who had PHQ-9 scores ≥10 also had OLBI scores >35. Suicidal ideation was not significantly associated with burnout in a partially adjusted linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatrists experience burnout and depression at a substantial rate. This study advances the understanding of factors that increase the risk for burnout and depression among psychiatrists and has implications for the development of targeted interventions to reduce the high rates of burnout and depression among psychiatrists. These findings have significance for future work aimed at workforce retention and improving quality of care for psychiatric patients.