Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The combined bromine and chlorine release from large explosive volcanic eruptions: a threat to stratospheric ozone

Large explosive volcanic eruptions inject gases, aerosols, and fi ne ashes into the stratosphere, potentially infl uencing climate. Emissions of chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br) from such large eruptions play an important role for catalytic destruction of ozone in the stratosphere, but hitherto the global effects of simultaneous catastrophic release of volcanic Br and Cl into the stratosphere have not been investigated. The Br release from 14 large explosive eruptions throughout Nicaragua covering an entire subduction zone segment in the past 70 ka was determined with petrologic methods. Melt inclusions in volcanic phenocrysts were analyzed using a new optimized synchrotron‐X-ray fl uorescence microprobe set-up. Single eruptions produced Br outputs of 4‐600 kt, giving an average Br emission of 27 kt per eruption. Using the assumption that 10% of the emitted halogens reach the stratosphere, the average Br and Cl loading to the stratosphere would be 3 ppt and 1500 ppt, respectively, which together would account for 185% of the preindustrial equivalent effective stratospheric Cl loading. We thus conclude that many large tropical volcanic eruptions had and have the potential to substantially deplete ozone on a global scale, eventually forming future ozone holes.
The link between coronavirus, anxiety, and religious beliefs in the United States and United Kingdom

Research has shown that stress impacts on people’s religious beliefs. However, several aspects of this effect remain poorly understood, for example regarding the role of prior religiosity and stress-induced anxiety. This paper explores these aspects in the context of the recent coronavirus emergency. The latter has impacted dramatically on many people’s well-being; hence it can be considered a highly stressful event. Through online questionnaires administered to UK and USA citizens professing either Christian faith or no religion, this paper examines the impact of the coronavirus crisis upon common people’s religious beliefs. We found that, following the coronavirus emergency, strong believers reported higher confidence in their religious beliefs while non-believers reported increased scepticism towards religion. Moreover, for strong believers, higher anxiety elicited by the coronavirus threat was associated with increased strengthening of religious beliefs. Conversely, for non-believers, higher anxiety elicited by the coronavirus thereat was associated with increased scepticism towards religious beliefs. These observations are consistent with the notion that stress-induced anxiety enhances support for the ideology already embraced before a stressful event occurs. This study sheds light on the psychological and cultural implications of the coronavirus crisis, which represents one of the most serious health emergencies in recent times.
Monitoring of pesticide residues in apples from Slovakia for baby food production

There is a basic lack of information about the presence of pesticide residues in apples obtained from farms in Slovakia collaborating with baby food producer. Residues of several pesticides (widely used for the protection on apple trees) have been determined in apples (a common raw material for the baby food production and baby food) from Slovakia (agricultural area in the South of Slovakia). The analysis of the pesticides was performed by gas chromatography on CP-Sil 5 CB (15 m long, 0.15 mm I.D., film thickness 0.15 μm) with normal bore retention gap (1 m long, 0.32 mm I.D.) using the subsequent determination with MS detector in SIM mode, after the acetonitrile extraction of the pesticide residues from apples, the clean-up and preconcentration steps of samples with SPE-NH 2 . For the study pesticides belonging to various groups were selected, such as organophosporus pesticides, oximinoacetates, anilinopyrimidines, triazoles, and triazines pyrethroids. The GC-MS analysis of pesticide residues in all samples searched showed that most of the detected and quantified residues were below 10 μg/kg which corresponds to the maximum residual limit for pesticide residues in baby food.
Worker Commitment and Establishment Performance

Using a cross section of matched data from the employee and management questionnaires of the European Company Survey, this paper investigates the determinants of worker commitment and the potential contribution of commitment to establishment performance. An index of worker commitment is constructed from employer perceptions of the motivation of workers and their retention and absenteeism propensities, while the determinants of commitment are fashioned from observations taken from the worker representation side ordered along dimensions such as perceived organizational trust and involvement. The commitment index is then linked to establishment performance outcomes. Key findings from the commitment equation are the positive role of trust in management, the quality of information exchanged, and the degree of worker representation influence in respect of major decisions taken by management. In turn, commitment emerges as a key correlate of establishment financial performance and labor productivity growth. Our supplemental sensitivity analysis is supportive of the interpretation of commitment as a driver of performance.
The Lignin of Populus nigra L. cv. ‘Italica’ and Some Other Salicaceae

spricht dem bei Koniferen am häufigsten gefundenen Wert. Die Arabinosekonzentration der Hydrolysate erreichte gerade die Nachweisgrenze der Analysenmethode. Die Werte sind daher ungenau. So können die errechneten Xylose-Arabinose-Verhältnisse von 35: i bzw. 51:1 nicht als charakteristische Unterschiede der Altersstufen gewertet werden. An der genannten Differenz des Zellwandpolysaccharidgehaltes beider Altersstufen beteiligen sich sowohl das Galaktoglukomannan als auch das Xylan. Das Galaktoglukomannan wird nach Meier (1959) überwiegend in der Sekundärwand abgelagert. Die Frühholztracheiden bilden zwar eine dünnere Sekundärwand aus als die Spätholztracheiden, die Galaktoglukomannandifferenz von 20% zwischen beiden Altersstufen weist aber auf eine noch unvollständige Sekundärwandausbildung im 2 Monate alten TaxodiumHolz hin. Der niedrigere Xylangehalt im 2 Monate alten Holz ist um so bemerkenswerter, als es sich um ein reines Frühholzmaterial handelt und der Xylangehalt nach Untersuchungen von Cöte u. Mitarb. (1968) in den Frühholztracheiden höher sein sollte als in den Spätholztracheiden. Untersuchungen an 2 Monate altem Astholz (nur Frühholz) von Abies dahlemensis ergaben auch einen höheren Xylangehalt gegenüber ojährigem Astholz. Auch das Hydrolysat von 14 Monate altem Astholz von Thuja occidentalis enthielt gegenüber dem eines 7jährigen Astholzes noch einen höheren Xylosegehalt (Hans 1970). Berücksichtigt man die heißwasserlöslichen Xylananteile, so nähern sich die Xylosegehalte der Gesamthydrolysate beider Altersstufen von Taxodium distichum einander an. Außerdem ist der Anteil eines säureresistenten Xylans im 2 Monate alten Astholz noch sehr gering. Die Unterschiede beider Altersstufen lassen sich teilweise aus der Summenanalyse ablesen, mehr noch aus den unterschiedlichen Löslichkeitseigenschaften der Komponenten, die durch den Polymerisationsgrad weitgehend mitbestimmt werden.
Germanene on Al(111): Interface Electronic States and Charge Transfer

The electronic structure of germanene is investigated by high resolution photoemission and density functional theory calculations. The core level Al 2p and Ge 3d lines are measured on germanene grown on Al(111) by using synchrotron radiation. The Ge 3d line is shifted toward the low binding energies with respect to bulk Ge, and shows three components, reflecting the sites multiplicity of the germanene atomic structure. The calculations reveal a sizable charge localization at the germanene/Al(111) interface, a charge transfer from the Al surface atoms to the germanene, and the existence of three nonequivalent Ge sites with three different atomic Bader charges, in agreement with the photoemission measurements.
Is investigating discipline-specific academic lecture introductions a goal worth pursuing? A corpus-based study of the rhetorical organization of mathematics lecture introductions

Abstract : This study investigates the rhetorical move structure and linguistic signals of academic lecture introductions in the discipline of mathematics. The goal of the present study is twofold: 1) to determine the rhetorical model of lecture introductions in the field of mathematics so as to help non-native students of English to overcome difficulties in understanding lectures in this discipline, and 2) to find out whether our discipline-specific model differs or not from the general models determined in the literature. Applying a genre-based approach, we explore the largest corpus used in this type of research to date - a corpus of 100 maths lecture introductions delivered at the MIT University (the USA). The similarity between our and previous models exists in the presence of two obligatory moves setting up the lecture framework and putting the topic into context , which confirms the value of the previous research and suggests that discipline does not affect the rhetorical structure at the level of moves . However, another result referring to a more elaborate structure of the move putting topic in context in maths lecture introductions leads to a conclusion that discipline-specificity can play a role at the level of steps. The use of these obligatory moves allows students to create a general mental framework for the lecture, which should facilitate the comprehension of the lecture contents to be presented after the lecture introduction.
Low-Energy Electron-Induced Decomposition and Reactions of Adsorbed Tetrakis(trifluorophosphine)platinum [Pt(PF3)4]

The effect of ∼500 eV electrons on nanometer-thick films of the platinum precursor tetrakis(trifluorophosphine)platinum [Pt(PF3)4] has been studied in situ under ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), mass spectrometry (MS), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Electron irradiation of adsorbed Pt(PF3)4 molecules initially proceeds through a single Pt—P bond-cleavage event and the ejection of one PF3 ligand, analogous to the electron-stimulated reactions of Pt(PF3)4 in the gas phase. The electron-stimulated deposition cross section of Pt(PF3)4, σPt(PF3)4, is governed by the rate of this initial Pt—PF3 cleavage event, which is calculated to be ∼2.5 × 10–15 cm2 at an incident electron energy of 500 eV. In contrast to the initial deposition step, subsequent electron-stimulated reactions of the surface-bound Pt(PF3)3 intermediate occur exclusively through P—F bond cleavage and the release of fluorine into the gas phase. In th.
Millennials: Shifting Values and Influences for Civic Engagement

Civic engagement is a complex field of study covering a spectrum of activities and is well-documented, especially among the millennial generation. Individuals of Generation Y, also referred to as millennials, are quickly approaching the point of becoming members of the largest living adult generation. Past research has indicated what motivates an individual to initiate civic engagement, but motivators that cause one to get involved civically often are not the same reasons that sustain civic engagement. However, getting on the pathway to civic engagement is a critical step to becoming an active and engaged citizen. To gain a better understanding of factors that initiate engagement, this study was conducted with a sample of millennials (n = 159) participating in 13 service-learning classes at a public land grant university. This report shares results from that study examining the values and influences of several possible “initiating factors” for civic engagement using Pancer’s (2015) Integrative Theory of Civic Engagement.
Consumer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention from Cross-border e-Commerce: A Trust-Risk-based Study

E-commerce is a fast-growing economy today. The waves of cross-border e-commerce has also been accelerated resulting in big opportunities as well as threats to firms. Understanding consumer perception towards cross-border e-commerce is crucial especially perception of trust and risk towards cross-border e-commerce for the consumers need to transact with the system that may lead to various vulnerabilities. Moreover, the consumer loyalty is also critical for business in the central of highly competitive market to ensure sustainable profit and stable market position. In this study, Trusting Belief and Perceived Risk are major constructs incorporated with Expectation-disconfirmation Theory to extend the knowledge of e-commerce study by focusing on cross-border e-commerce amongst the consumers in Thailand. Trusting Belief and Perceived Risk are formed into expectation and performance constructs in accordance to Expectation-disconfirmation Theory to evaluate the pre-to-post purchase perception. The Structural Equation Model suggests that the post-purchase trust and perceived risk are highly influence to the expectation disconfirmation of which results in satisfaction and repurchase intention from the e-seller. In term of cross-border e-commerce, consumer expectation towards risk and trust on e-sellers is vary and not significant. They tend to expose themselves to risk at first; however, the post-purchase trust and risk are highly influential and shape a firm perception of trust and risk towards the e-sellers.
Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Grain Yield of Wheat

A pot experiment was carried out in green house to study the effect of nitrogen and potassium on nutrient content, uptake and grain yield of wheat. The increase in nitrogen level increased the straw and wheat yield of wheat. The protein content also increased with the increase in level of nitrogen level. The nutrient content and uptake also increased with the increased in level of nitrogen level. The increase in potassium level increased the straw and wheat yield of wheat. The protein content also increased with the increase in level of potassium level. The nutrient content and uptake also increased with the increased in level of nitrogen level.
Water Movement in a Solid-State Alkaline Fuel Cell Affected by the Anion-Exchange Pore-Filling Membrane Properties

In contrast with proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), in a solid-state alkaline fuel cell (SAFC) water reacts at the cathode and is generated at the anode. This systematic difference leads to the new challenge of water management for SAFCs. To explore the relationship between water movement in the cell and cell performance we used 3-methacryloylamino propyl trimethylammonium chloride and styrene as the electrolyte monomers to synthesize different hydrophilic/hydrophobic anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) using a pore-filling technique. We discovered that the cell performance changed remarkably by changing the AEM properties. The cell performance was affected significantly by the water movement in the cell, which also depends on the AEM properties. In a highly hydrophilic membrane, the water movement direction is from the anode to the cathode, which can increase the cathode relative humidity (RH) to improve the ion conductivity and suppress flooding at the anode. In contrast, the result is the opposi.
Viscosities and their correlations with structures of Cu–Ag melts

The viscosities of a series of Cu–Ag melts in a temperature range from 1473 K to nearly liquid temperatures are measured by using an oscillating viscometer. At the same temperature, the value of viscosity increases first with silver content increasing, and reaches a maximum value at the eutectic component Cu40Ag60, then decreases. All the temperature dependences of the viscosities of Cu–Ag melts conform with the Arrhenius equation. The parameters of correlation length D of the studied Cu–Ag melts are calculated according to the experimental results of x-ray diffraction. The temperature dependence of correlation length D shows an exponential decay function, which is similar to the Arrhenius equation. Based on the values of viscosities and correlation length D, a direct correlation between viscosity and liquid structure is found for the investigated Cu–Ag melts through comparative analysis.
Testing the Dutch disease: the impact of natural resources extraction on the manufacturing sector

According to the Dutch disease theory, natural resource extractions can have an adverse effect on the manufacturing sector. However, the empirical evidence for the total effect of natural resources extraction on manufacturing has been inconclusive. Other factors such as backward and forward linkages and productivity spillover can also affect the manufacturing sector. This topic is important because many developing countries are still reliant on natural resources extraction while unable to develop their manufacturing sector. This study measures the total impact of natural resource rents on manufacturing value added in a cross-country setting. This is done using an instrumental variable method that utilises fluctuations in world resource prices, weighted by each country’s resource exports. The estimates use data from 149 countries over the period 1970-2014, covering the last two global resource booms (1970s oil boom and 2000s China-driven commodity boom). The study finds that increases in natural resource rent have a mild positive impact on manufacturing value added. The findings are then compared with the experience of resource-dependent Asia-Pacific countries such as Indonesia and Australia.
Comparative study of quality changes in tomato cv. 'Malike' (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) whilst stored at different temperatures

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of storage conditions on theindeterminate tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. 'Malike'. Fruits were stored at 5oC and 10 oC for up to 28 days; to extend their post-harvest life and maintain fruit qualityparameters. The weight loss, soluble solids, titrable acidity and skin colour components of thefruits were recorded weekly. The weight loss of tomatoes was almost linear at both storagetemperatures. Fruits stored at 10 oC lost weight faster than those stored at 5 oC. Storage atlower temperature tended to increase tomato longevity. At the end of the storage period thefruits stored at 5 oC experienced a weight loss of 13.6 % (after 28 days), while those stored at10 oC showed values of 14.2 % (after 21 days). Soluble solids increased slightly from 5.06 %to 6.92 % at 5 oC (during 28 days period) and from 5.06 % to 6.26 % at 10 oC (during 21 daysperiod). There were only slight changes in soluble solids content during the stored periodstudied, as well as non-significant differences between the two temperatures. Changes oftitrable acidity during storage were relatively small. After seven days the content of titrableacid started to decrease at both temperatures. There was no significant skin colour differencebetween the tomatoes maintained at different temperatures.
The Effect of Storage Period and Temperature on Egg Quality in Commercial Eggs

Consumers demand fresh and high-quality eggs. Egg quality may be represented by shell color, shell weight, egg weight, shell thickness, shell density, albumen height, yolk color, albumen pH and viscosity. Various factors such as strain, age of hen, storage temperature, humidity, the presence of CO² and storage time affect egg quality. Therefore, we investigated the effects of storage time and temperature on egg quality to define the freshness of Korean market eggs. A total of 1,800 eggs were used for this experiment and were separated into 45 treatments with 40 eggs in each. The treatments were consisted of 15 storage periods (2 d to 30 d) and 3 storage temperatures (2℃, 12℃, 25℃). Each egg was weighed and broken, and the height of the thick albumen, Haugh units (HU), egg shell color and yolk color were measured by a QCM+system. We also observed the physiochemical properties of eggs such as yolk pH, albumen pH and albumen viscosity. The egg weight, shell weight, albumen height, HU and albumen viscosity significantly decreased with increasing storage time and temperature. However, the albumen and yolk pH significantly increased with increasing storage period and temperature. The interaction effects between the storage period and temperature were significant for shell weight, shell density, egg weight, albumen height, HU, yolk color, yolk pH, albumen pH and albumen viscosity. In the analysis of the correlation with egg quality, the storage temperature exhibited a higher correlation coefficient than the storage period. In conclusion, storage time and temperature are the major factors affecting egg quality, but the storage temperature is a more sensitive determinant of egg quality deterioration compared with the storage period.
Prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae Colonization among Pregnant Women in Gaza city, Palestine

المقدمة: تعتبر بكتيريا ستربتوكوكس أجلاكتيا (العقدية القاطعة للدر) أحد أهم العوامل المسببة للمرض عند الأطفال. حيث أن الاكتشاف المبكر لهذا النوع من البكتيريا عند النساء الحوامل له أهمية في منع الالتهابات لدى الأطفال حديثي الولادة. الهدف: تقدير نسبة مدى انتشار بكتيريا ستربتوكوكس أجلاكتيا بين الحوامل في مدينة غزة. وكذلك معرفة عوامل الخطر المتعلقة بمدى انتشار هذا النوع من البكتيريا. وقد تم فحص استجابة هذه البكتيريا للعديد من المضادات الحيوية. الطرق والأدوات: لقد تم جمع 200 مسحة مهبلية من الحوامل ما بين 35-37 أسبوع من الحمل من النساء الحوامل في مستشفى الشفاء وتشخيص البكتيريا باستخدام مزرعة الكروم وفحص تفاعل البولميريز المتسلسل. كما تم إجراء الفحوصات التأكيدية منها صبغة جرام وفحص إنزيم الكتاليز, وفحص الكامب, وفحص الهبيورييت. كما تم عمل اختبارات الحساسية باستخدام خمسة أنواع مختلفة من المضادات الحيوية وهي الفانكوميسين, البنسلين, التتراسيكلين, الارثروميسين والكلنداميسين. النتائج: كانت نسبة انتشار البكتيريا بين الحوامل باستخدام طريقة الزراعة على الكروم أجار 21%، وقد كانت نسبة الحساسية والتخصصية والقيمة التنبؤية الإيجابية والقيمة التنبؤية السلبية لفحص تفاعل البولميريز المتسلسل هي 54%، 88%, 76%، 72% على التوالي. وكان أفضل المضادات الحيوية فعالية ضد هذا النوع من البكتيريا هو الفانكوميسين حيث كانت حساسيته 76%. ولم نجد أي دلالة إحصائية بين معدل انتشار البكتيريا والعوامل المتعلقة بالنساء الحوامل المصابة بالبكتيريا (إجهاض سابق، ولادة مبكرة، جنين غير كامل النضوج، موت الجنين داخل الرحم، موت الجنين بعد الولادة مباشرة، وجود أمراض مزمنة، وعوامل أخرى). (P>0.05) الاستنتاج: بينت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن نسبة انتشار ستربتوكوكس أجلاكتيا مرتفعة بين النساء الحوامل في مدينة غزة، وأنه على الرغم من أن فحص تفاعل البولميريز المتسلسل معروف بحساسيته العالية، فإنه قد تم الحصول على نسبة منخفضة في هذه الدراسة، وتبين أن أقوى أنواع المضادات الحيوية فعالية هو الفانكوميسين. ومن خلال هذه الدراسة نوصي باستخدام هذا الفحص بشكل روتيني للحوامل في العيادات والمستشفيات في مدينة غزة. الكلمات المفتاحية: ستربتوكوكس أجلاكتيا, تفاعل البولميريز المتسلسل, الحمل, مزرعة البكتيريا, مدينة غزة.