Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Female and male visually based mate preferences are consistent with reproductive isolation between populations of the Lake Malawi endemic Labeotropheus fuelleborni

Sexual selection via female mate choice is thought to have played a key role in the speciation of haplochromine cichlids, but a dominant role for visual signals in such processes has lately been called into question. In addition, the possible role of male mating preferences in haplochromine speciation has been little studied. We studied patterns of both female and male mate choice, based exclusively on visual signals, in order to evaluate potential reproductive isolation between two populations of the Lake Malawi haplochromine Labeotropheus fuelleborni. In the first experiment, females were allowed to choose between two males, one from the same population and the other allopatric with respect to the female. Females in this experiment responded more frequently to males from their own population. Similarly, the males in these trials displayed more frequently when presented with females of their own population. In the second experiment, a female was allowed to choose between two males, either both from her own population or both allopatric. In these trials, both males and females from the Katale population interacted significantly more frequently in settings in which all three individuals were from the same population ("same-population trios"), and those from the Chipoka population showed a similar trend. Thus, patterns in both male and female courtship behavior suggest that visual signals contribute to at least incipient reproductive isolation between populations of L. fuelleborni
Novel Formula for Calculation of the Optimal Insertion Depth for Cuffed Endotracheal Tubes in Pediatric Major Surgery

Background: Accurate determination of the optimal insertion depth of a pediatric endotracheal tube (ETT) is quite important. The aim of this study was to create an easily available formula that can be used to determine the optimal insertion depth for a cuffed ETT even without depth marking with clear definitions of the upper and lower limits for the tip of ETT in the trachea in clinical practice. Methods: Eighty children under 12 years of age were enrolled. The depth marking of the cuffed ETT was placed at the vocal cords and both lungs were then auscultated using a stethoscope. The upper limit was radiographically defined as the position of the tip of the cuffed ETT being between the clavicles. The lower limit was defined as a distance of 5 mm above the carina. The relationship between the insertion depth and patient characteristics was analyzed to create a formula for optimal ETT insertion depth. Results: Sixty-nine ETTs were optimally placed in the trachea. There were good correlations between the optimal insertion depth of ETTs and patients characteristics (height (R = 0.92); BSA (R = 0.92); weight (R = 0.91); age (R = 0.88)). Using these patient characteristics, we created the following three formulas for calculation of the optimal insertion depth for pediatric cuffed ETTs: insertion depth (cm) = height (cm)/11 + 5.5, weight (kg)/3 + 9.5 or 11 + 3/4 × age (years). The rates of appropriate tube placement of both pediatric cuffed ETTs were 87.5% (Hi-Contour) and 85.0% (Microcuff). Conclusions: Our formula and graphs may be easy to determine the optimal insertion depth of cuffed ETT even without depth marking in clinical practice.
Isolation and identification of endophytic Brevibacillus brevis and its biocontrol effect against tobacco bacterial wilt

Endophytic bacterial strains 009 and 011 isolated from the stems of the health tobacco growing at infected fields strongly inhibited growth of Ralstonia solanacarum, the pathogen of tobacco bacterial wilt. Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis, strains 009 and 011 were identified as Brevibacillus brevis. High similarities of 16S rDNA sequence between strains 009 and 011with B. brevis (AY591911) were 99.5% and 99.0% respectively. The GenBank accession numbers of are DQ444284 for strain 009 and DQ444285 for strain 011.The optimal pH and temperature for the growth of 009 and 011 were 6.5 and 7.5,25 and 30℃ respectively. Greenhouse tests showed that 87.25%and 52.30% of control effects on tobacco bacterial wilt were obtained when strains 009, 011 were respectively watered tobacco roots in advance of inoculating R.solanacarum. However, if strain 009 and strain 011 were watered tobacco roots simultaneously with R.solanacarum, the treatments of strains 009 and 011 were lower effective than the former. The control effect of strain 011 against the disease was superior to strain 009 and Streptomycini in the field.
The spectral analysis of time series

Preliminaries: Time Series and Spectra, Summary of Vector Space Geometry, Some Probability Notations and Properties. Models for Spectral Analysis - The Univariate Case: The Wiener Theory of Spectral Analysis, Stationary and Weakly Stationary Stochastic Processes, The Spectral Representation for Weakly Stationary Stochastic Processes - A Special Case, The General Spectral Representation for Weakly Stationary Processes, The Discrete and Continuous Components of the Process, Physical Realizations of the Different Kinds of Spectra, The Real Spectral Representation, Ergodicity and the Connection between the Wiener and Stationary Process Theories, Statistical Estimation of the Autocovariance and the Mean Ergodic Theorem. Sampling, Aliasing, and Discrete-Time Models: Sampling and the Aliasing Problem, The Spectral Model for Discrete-Time Series Linear Filters - General Properties with Applications to Continuous-Time Processes: Linear Filters, Combining Linear Filters, Inverting Linear Filters, Nonstationary Processes Generated by Time Varying Linear Filters. Multivariate Spectral Models and Their Applications: The Spectrum of a Multivariate Time Series-Wiener Theory, Multivariate Weakly Stationary Stochastic Processes, Linear Filters for Multivariate Time Series, The Bivariate Spectral Parameters, Their Interpretations and Uses. The Multivariate Spectral Parameters, Their Interpretations and Uses Digital Filters: General Properties of Digital Filters, The Effect of Finite Data Length, Digital Filters with Finitely Many Nonzero Weights, Digital Filters Obtained by Combining Simple Filters, Filters with Gapped Weights and Results Concerning the Filtering of Series with Polynomial Trends. Finite Parameter Models, Linear Prediction and Real-Time Filtering: Moving Averages, Autoregressive Processes, The Linear Prediction Problem, Mixed Autoregressive-Moving Average Processes and Recursive Prediction, Linear Filtering in Real Time. The Distribution Theory of Spectral Estimates with Applications to Statistical Inference: Distribution of the Finite Fourier Transform and the Periodogram. Distribution Theory for Univariate Spectral Estimators, Distribution Theory for Multivariate Spectral Estimators with Applications to Statistical Inference. Sampling Properties of Spectral Estimates, Experimental Design and Spectral Computations, Properties of Spectral Estimators and the Selection of Spectral Windows, Experimental Design, Methods for Computing Spectral Estimators, Data Processing Problems and Techniques.
Characterization of breed additive and heterosis effects in beef cattle using experimental results

• To characterize and quantify crossbreeding heterosis in South African beef cattle using experimental results. • To estimate input values based on South African information to simulate breeding objectives in crossbreeding systems for South African conditions. • To calculate heterosis values based on South African information that can be used in the estimation of multibreed EBV’s. Executive summary
Diagnosing Potential Noncompliance: Physicians' Ability in a Behavioral Dimension of Medical Care

Predictions by housestaff physicians of whether or not patients would return for follow-up visits and of the amount of prescribed medication they would take were compared to measured compliance for 187 patients discharged from the medical service. Although physicians were able to predict visit compliance better than by chance alone, at best they could accurately predict only 35% of the noncompliers and one half of their predictions of noncompliance were incorrect. In predicting medication compliance, less than one half of physician predictions correctly discriminated between compliant and noncompliant patients and three fourths of their predictions of noncompliance were inaccurate. Because of physician limitations in this important clinical area, medical education should expand efforts to develop physician skills in diagnosing and managing sociobehavioral aspects of illness, and efforts to improve quality of care cannot ignore these "nontechnical" factors. ( Arch Intern Med 137:318-321, 1977)
Functional and numerical responses of the predacious plant bug on the rice brown planthopper egg

The rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stl(Hemiptera:Delphacidae) is an important pest of rice in China.Chemicals application for controlling the planthopper in practice has caused serious problems,such as resistance and resurgence of the pest,and environmental pollution as well.The predacious plant bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter(Hemiptera:Miridae) is a common and important natural enemy in paddy fields,feeding on eggs and nymphs of planthoppers、leafhoppers and other insects.In order to evaluate the potential control capability,functional and numerical responses of C.lividipennis(nymph and adult) on N.lugens(egg) were respectively carried out in laboratory.The results showed that the functional response belonged to Holling Type II equation,but nymph of the bug had stronger predation ability than adult when both were feeding on eggs of the planthopper.The strongest predation ability was demonstrated by the 4th instar nymph,with estimated maximum predation as more as 104.2 eggs of the prey in a day.Result of the numerical response test showed that the predator's growth,development and reproduction were significantly influenced by the prey's densities.The nymphal developmental rate,female fecundity,hatching rate and female ratio of the predator increased with an increase of the prey's density,while adult longevity decreased.The minimum prey densities for nymphal survival,adult emergence and population maintenance with low fecundity of C.lividipennis were 1,3 and 5 egg(s) per day,respectively.It would be concluded from the above results that the plant bug has a potential value to be considered as a biocontrol agent of the brown planthopper.Both functional response and functional response are using as necessary study methods to evaluate the capability of natural enemies,but the functional response emphasis the predation of predator,while numerical response emphasis the dependence of prey density to the natural enemies population,and what impact that will happen to the predator population when prey density changes.As a research method,the combination study of functional response and numerical response can more detailed evaluate the predation of predator and the continuous ability to control pest.That is more meaningful than an unilateral study in the natural enemies use.
Anaerobic digestion of piggery waste : The influence of detention time and manure concentration

The influence of the manure concentration in the range of 50 to 112.5 g total solids (TS)/litre and the detention time in the range of 40 to 10 days upon the anaerobic digestion of piggery waste was investigated in laboratory experiments (1.5 6 litres) and in pilot plant experiments (240 litres). In spite of high ammonia nitrogen concentrations a stable digestion could be achieved and maintained at all manure concentrations and all detention times applied, except when 112.5 g TS/ litre manure was added at a 10-day detention time (space load 8.1 kg volatile solids (VS) per m:' per day. Although a stable digestion could be maintained up to a space load of 5.4 kg VS m~3 day—1, the maximum space load at which a satisfactory reduction of ob­ jectionable manure odour was attained appeared to be about 3.6 kg VS m—3 day—1.
Subtype characteristics of the surface antigen of hepatitis B in different regions of the USSR

: A method of preparation of subtypical antisera to two determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs Ag/ay and anti-HBs Ag/ad) is described. The test system obtained was approbated on 1400 antigen-positive sera collected from blood donors and patients suffering from acute and chronic virus hepatitis in various geographical zones of the USSR. HBs Ag/ay proved to prevail (84--100%), HBs Ag/ad was distributed irregularly--from 16% in the European part of the USSR to 0--4% in the republics of the Middle Asia and Siberian regions. HBs Ag/ad was mostly determined in the population of Western regions of the European part of the USSR (the Baltic republics, 43.4%, Moldavia 24.3%).
Movement Studies on a Hanging Glacier in Relation with an Ice Avalanche

Abstract In 1972 the state of a hanging glacier on the Weisshorn gave cause for alarm, as part of it seemed to be accelerating and a repetition of an earlier avalanche of ice seemed possible (see Röthlisberger, previous abstract). For this reason movement surveys were undertaken. The various surveying methods applied on the Weisshorn are outlined and the accuracy of the measurements is given. By least-square analysis different types of curves have been fitted to the data for velocity versus time. The best fit obtained so-far has been with hyperbolae. The confidence of extrapolations from such curves is discussed in relation to forecasts. By evaluating repeated photographs taken by an automatic camera from a single position, using a stereo plotter, the flow pattern has been established at the surface, part of the front, and one of the lateral faces of the ice mass. Changes with time caused by the deformation of the ice mass, the formation of crevasses and the crumbling away of the ice at the edge have been observed.
Sound absorption in sea water

An equation for sound absorption in Lyman and Fleming sea water (S= 35‰, pH=8) is presented as a function of frequency. temperature, and pressure. It represents the contributions to absorption due to boric acid, magnesium sulfate, and water. The pressure effect on sound absorption by magnesium sulfate is treated in more detail than Schulkia and March did. The equation is based on the laboratory work at atmospheric pressure by Simmons for MgSo4 and boric acid, on the pressure work by Fisher in 0.5m MgSO4 solutions, and on pressure work by Litovitz and Carnevale in pure water. For frequencies from 10 to 400 kHz up to pressures of 500 atm the absorption is substantially lower than that calculated from the Schulkin and Marsh equation. The pressure results are in good agreement with field data obtained by Bezdek. [Work supported by Office of Naval Research. ]
Organic Farming in Spain—Two Case Studies

Abstract This article's starting point is the definition of the organic farming concept. Basic data on the development of the Spanish organic sector in recent years are presented. In addition, the specific characteristics defining the two reference regions, Catalonia and Galicia, are detailed. These characteristics are drawn from the conclusions of field work carried out through interviews with a sample of producers. The objective of this field work was to increase knowledge about the organic production sector in the two study regions. The result is an outline of the defining characteristics in each of these regional areas.
Use of alternative feed ingredients and the effects on growth and flesh quality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria).

Aquaculture feeds, traditionally composed mainly of fishmeal and fish oil, currently represent the largest cost to fish farmers. With aquaculture growing at an average of 8.8% per year and limited supply of fishmeal and fish oil, suitable alternatives must be found. In addition to increasing sustainability and lowering production costs, the use of plant and/or animal ingredients has the potential to lower flesh levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls. Fish oil and to a lesser extent fishmeal, are considered to be the largest source POPs in farmed fish. Using alternative feed ingredients however, can compromise fish growth and the flesh quality of the final product. Lipid sources including flaxseed oil, canola oil, poultry fat and the protein sources canola protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate and poultry by-product meal were examined as alternatives to fish oil and fishmeal in one on-farm field study and one laboratory feeding trial with Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) and two laboratory feeding trials conducted on sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), a relatively new marine aquaculture species. The nutritive value of the alternative ingredients was assessed on the basis of fish growth performance, proximate composition, fatty acid composition and apparent digestibility coefficients. Sensory attributes were evaluated in the sablefish studies while flesh POP levels were determined in both species. The use of alternative dietary lipids showed no negative effects on fish performance. However replacement of fishmeal with plant proteins in some cases, negatively affected fish growth. Flesh levels of persistent organic pollutants were significantly decreased (p<0.05) with the use of alternative dietary lipids, and flesh levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also depressed. Activated carbon treated anchovy oil and finishing diets were examined in the Atlantic salmon laboratory feeding trial and were effective at lowering flesh POP levels while providing high levels of EPA and DHA. The use of alternative feed ingredients will soon be inevitable in aquaculture feeds. The current research shows alternative lipids and proteins can be incorporated successfully in sablefish and Atlantic salmon feeds with minimal effects on fish growth and quality.
Potential Roles of Cancerous Immunoglobulins in the Immunology of Cancer Cells

Expressions of immunoglobulins among various cancer cells have been known for decades. However, their potential roles and mechanisms of action are not fully understood and need further investigations. A monoclonal antibody designated as RP215 was found to react mainly with the carbohydrate-associated epitope of antigen receptors including immunoglobulins and T cell receptors on the surface of cancer cells, but not in normal immune cells. Therefore, RP215 was used as a probe to replace antibodies against cancerous immunoglobulins to study their roles in the immunology of cancer cells, through extensive biochemical and immunological studies. Both antigen ligands were found to have high correlations in terms of regulations of a number of genes involved in growth/proliferation of cancer cells (e.g. NFκB-1, IgG, P21, Cyclin D1, ribosomal P1 and c-fos) as well as toll-like receptors. These observations are consistent with the roles of cancerous immunoglobulins in growth/proliferation of cancer cells. Attempts were made to employ cancerous immunoglobulins isolated as CA215 from RP215 immunoaffinity column to detect any specific antigen or autoantibodies in pooled human serum samples. We believe that these anti-CA215 components may be present in human circulation for immune surveillance. From these studies, we believe that both normal and cancer immune systems may co-exist in our body and operate independently and simultaneously, for respective immune surveillance and protection. The balance of these two immune factors in our human body environment may be relevant to the outcome of cancer immunotherapy in humans.
An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Viscous Sublayer for Turbulent Tube Flow

Flush-mounted anemometer probes have been used to further study characteristics of the viscous sublayer for both Newtonian and drag reducing solutions, with particular emphasis given to low Reynolds number turbulent tube flow. Experimental measurements for the mean frequency of bursting or renewal within the wall region are compared with theoretical predictions obtained on the basis of the surface renewal and penetration model. Both theory and experiment taken together suggest that the effect of the mean axial pressure gradient on the viscous sublayer becomes important for the deeper molecular penetration associated with low Reynolds number flow. Also, a pronounced lessening of the frequency of bursting within the wall region has been predicted and measured for the addition of a drag reducing agent.
Pembrolizumab (pembro) and cabozantinib (cabo) in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): Phase I results.

600 Background: PD-L1- and VEGF-targeted therapies have improved survival for mRCC pts and mechanisms of synergy have been reported. We conducted a phase I/II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pembro and cabo in mRCC pts. Phase I data are presented here. Methods: mRCC pts received pembro and cabo in a standard 3+3 dose escalation to determine the dose limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and objective response rate (ORR). Cabo was dosed at 40mg QD and 60mg QD in the first and second cohorts, respectively. Pembro was dosed at 200mg IV Q3W in all cohorts. The DLT window was 21 days. Scans were obtained every 9 weeks. Treatment beyond progression was allowed. Results: Eight pts (6M, 2F) were enrolled in the dose escalation cohort with cabo 40mg (5 pts) or 60mg (3 pts) and pembro 200mg. Two pts were not evaluable for DLT due to missing ≥25% of the planned cabo doses in C1, not related to DLT. Median age was 52.5 yrs (range 40-68). Seven pts had clear cell RCC and 1 pt had non-clear cell RCC. Seven pts had MSKCC intermediate risk and 1 pt had MSKCC poor risk. All pts had prior nephrectomy. Median number of prior therapies was one (range 1-3). No DLTs were observed. Drug-related G1 and G2 adverse effects included fatigue (87.5%), weight loss (75%), anorexia (50%), diarrhea (50%), dysgeusia (50%), and abnormal LFTs (50%). One pt had SAE of G3 reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome during C4, attributed to cabo. One pt each developed G3 hypertension, G3 anorexia, and G3 confusion, all occurring outside the DLT window. No dose reductions were needed at the 40mg cohort. One pt in the 60mg cohort required dose reduction to 40mg after C5. All patients were evaluable for response: 2 PR (at 60 mg cohort), 5 SD [median duration SD 18 wks (range 9-36+)], 1 PD; ORR 25%; clinical benefit rate 87.5%. No correlation was seen between PD-L1 status (archival tissue) and response. Conclusions: The MTD was determined to be pembro 200 mg Q3W and cabo 60 QD. Enrollment in the phase II dose expansion is ongoing and the MTD may be adjusted based on additional pt experience and long-term tolerability. There was encouraging early efficacy. This is an investigator-initiated study sponsored by Merck. Clinical trial information: NCT03149822.
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY IN TREEFALL GAPS OF A LOWLAND TROPICAL RAINFOREST

SUMMARY (1) Nitrogen availability (net nitrogen mineralization) was extremely high in a lowland rainforest on volcanic soil at La Selva, Costa Rica, averaging 50-80 ug g-1 month-' (822 kg ha-' year-'). Available phosphorus concentrations were relatively low (25 ugg-1). (2) Nitrogen mineralization did not increase in the crown-fall zone of treefall gaps, although the possibility of a short-lived increase immediately after treefall could not be ruled out. Phosphorus concentrations increased slightly but not significantly (to 3.3 ,ug g-1). (3) The root-throw zone of treefall gaps had significantly lower nitrogen mineralization and phosphorus concentrations than the crown-fall zone or the zone along the fallen trunk. Low nutrient availability in the root-throw zone could select for colonizing species distinct from those establishing in other zones of treefall gaps.