Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE FIELD STRUCTURE OF VACUUM, MAXWELL EQUATIONS AND RELATIVITY THEORY ASPECTS. Part 1

The nature of space-time and surrounding matter objects was and persists to be a one of the most intriguing and challenging problems facing the mankind and natural scientists especially. As we know one of the most brilliant inventions in physics of XIX-th century was combining of electricity and magnetism within the Faraday-Maxwell electromagnetism theory. This theory explained the main physical laws of light propagation in space-time and posed new questions concerning the nature of vacuum. Nonetheless, almost all attempts aiming to unveil the real state of art of the vacuum problem appeared to be unsuccessful in spite of new ideas suggested by Mach, Lorentz, Poincare, Einstein and some others physicists. Moreover, the non-usual way of treating the space-time devised by Einstein, in reality, favored to eclipsing both its nature and the related physical vacuum origin problems \cite{Fe,Ga,Ma,TW,Ba,BP}, reducing them to some physically unmotivated formal mathematical principles and recipes, combined in the well known special relativity theory (SRT). The SRT appeared to be adapted to the only inertial reference systems and faced with hard problems of the electromagnetic Lorentz forces explanation and relationships between inertial and gravity forces. The latter was artificially "dissolved" by means of the well known "equivalence" principle owing to which the "inertial" mass of a material object was postulated to coincide with its "gravity" mass. In work we try to unveil some nontrivial aspects of the real space-time and vacuum origin problems to derive from the natural field theory principles all of the well known Maxwell electromagnetism and relativity theories results, to show their relative or only visible coincidence with real physical phenomena and to feature new perspectives facing the modern fundamental physics.
Timing of the Components of the HIV Life Cycle in Productively Infected CD4 (cid:1) T Cells in a Population of HIV-Infected Individuals (cid:1)

We estimate the time required for HIV to complete separate stages of its infection cycle in productively infected CD4 (cid:1) T cells in vivo by comparing initial delays after administration of single antiretroviral drugs until HIV RNA reduction in peripheral blood. Data were obtained from monotherapy studies of eight antiret- roviral drugs from all currently licensed HIV drug classes: CCR5 blockers (maraviroc), fusion inhibitors (enfuvirtide), nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (abacavir, tenofovir, and rilpi- virine), integrase inhibitors (raltegravir), and protease inhibitors (ritonavir and nelﬁnavir). We ﬁnd that HIV requires an average of 52 h between export of virions in one generation to export in the next, with most of this (33 h) taken up by reverse transcription. Reverse transcription in vivo was three times longer than in vitro and began soon after virion fusion, as we determined no difference in mean times for commencement of reverse transcription and virion fusion as calculated by timing of the effects for tenofovir and maraviroc. Approxi-matel y 7 h isrequired between HIV integration and virion production. First-phase HIV RNA decay (half-life of 17 h over all drugs) seemed to slow as the stage being inhibited by
Abnormal Neural Synchrony in Schizophrenia The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters

Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a failure of cognitive integration, and abnormalities in neural circuitry (particularly inhibitory interneurons) have been proposed as a basis for this disorder. We used measures of phase locking and phase coherence in the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram to examine the synchronization of neural circuits in schizophrenia. Compared with matched control subjects, schizophrenia patients demonstrated: (1) absence of the posterior component of the early visual gamma band response to Gestalt stimuli; (2) abnormalities in the topography, latency, and frequency of the anterior component of this response; (3) delayed onset of phase coherence changes; and (4) the pattern of anterior–posterior coherence increases in response to Gestalt stimuli found in controls was replaced by a pattern of interhemispheric coherence decreases in patients. These findings support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with impaired neural circuitry demonstrated as a failure of gamma band synchronization, especially in the 40 Hz range.
THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL

Ahangardarabi, Mohsen PhD, Purdue University, December 2019. New Approaches to Voice Conversion Using Statistical Mapping Functions. Major Professor: Mark J.T. Smith. VOICE conversion (VC) is the process whereby the speech signal of one speaker (source) is transformed into the the voice of another speaker (target). Voice conversion can be used in many applications, example of which includes text to speech; speaker recognition; noise reduction in speech; neutral speech to emotional speech conversion; movie, animation, and music industry applications. The features transformed in VC systems are typically the parameters characterizing the speech and speaker individuality, including the fundamental frequency, spectral envelope, aperiodicity, and phoneme duration. Among these, the spectral envelope is one of the most significant characteristics of the speaker identity. In this thesis, we propose four new approaches for spectral conversion: Mixture Density Network (MDN); Dynamic Multi-band Random Forest (DMRF); State Space Model (SSM) employing the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) for state-vector sequence conversion (SSM-GMM); and Sub-band Deep Gaussian Processes (SDGP). These new conversion methods were developed for both speech and singing applications. Experimental results show that the new methods have performance advantages over the conventional methods both subjectively and objectively.
Burden of late-preterm infant at a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit - A prospective observational study

Background: Infants born at 34 0⁄7 through 36 6⁄7 weeks’ gestation are called as “late-preterm” infants. Even though physically resembling infants born at term gestation (37 0⁄7 –41 6⁄7 weeks) they are developmentally immature and are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the etiology and burden of late-preterm infant (34 0/7 –36 6/7 weeks) birth. Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over 11 months in a tertiary care Level III neonatal intensive care unit in an urban city of India to elucidate the burden and etiology of late-preterm infant birth. Results: In our study, 17.5% (160, n=916) of total admissions were late-preterm infants. The most common underlying cause of late-preterm infant birth in this cohort was a previous lower segment caesarian section (LSCS) 27.5% (44, n=160) and pregnancy-induced hypertension 25% (40, n=160) followed by preterm labor 15.6% (25, n=160). Median gestation was 35 weeks with IQR (34– 36 weeks). The median birth weight was 2100 grams with IQR (1900–2400 g). Conclusion: Late-preterm infants account for a significant proportion of preterm births and major burden on the neonatal intensive care workload. The most common reason of late-preterm births was an elective LSCS, done due to an earlier LSCS delivery.
An analysis of base pressure at supersonic velocities and comparison with experiment

In the first part of the investigation an analysis is made of the base pressure in an inviscid fluid, both for two-dimensional and axially-symmetric flow. It is shown that for two-dimensional flow, and also for the flow over a body of revolution with a cylindrical sting attached to the base, there are an infinite number of possible solutions satisfying all necessary boundary conditions at any given free-stream Mach number. For the particular case of a body having no sting attached only one solution is possible in an inviscid flow, but it corresponds to zero base drag. Accordingly, it is concluded that a strictly inviscid-fluid theory cannot be satisfactory for practical applications. Since the exact inviscid-fluid does not adequately describe the conditions of a real fluid flow, an approximate semi-empirical theory for base pressure in a viscous fluid is developed in a second part of the investigation. The semi-empirical theory is based partly on inviscid-flow calculations, and is restricted to airfoils and bodies without boattailing. In this theory an attempt is made to allow for the effects of Mach number, Reynolds number, profile shape, and type of boundary-layer flow. The results of some recent experimental measurements of base pressure in two-dimensional and axially-symmetric flow are presented for purposes of comparison. Some experimental results also are presented concerning the support interference effect of a cylindrical sting, and the interference effect of a reflected bow wave on measurements of base pressure in a supersonic wind tunnel.
NephrologyDialysis Transplantation High-normal calcium (1.35 mmol/1) dialysate in patients on CAPD: efficient and safe long-term control of plasma calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone

Aim. The aim of the present study was to examine the long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with a high-normal calcium dialysate with a calcium concentration of 1.35 mmol/1 in patients on CAPD. This dialysate calcium concentration is close to the high-normal plasma ionized calcium level aimed at in dialysis patients in order to suppress the parathyroid hormone secretion. The end-points of the study were (1) plasma ionized calcium (iCa) and phosphate (P) levels, (2) plasma intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, (3) doses of calcium carbonate and alfacalcidol, (4) requirements of Al-containing phosphate binders, and (5) bone mineral density (BMD). Results. Thirty-seven non-selected patients on CAPD treatment were followed for an average of 10 months after switching from a dialysate Ca of 1.75 to 1.35 mmol/1. After 1 week, a significant decrease of mean iCa from 1.26 + 0.01 to 1.23 + 0.01 mmol/1 (/><0.05) and an increase of median PTH from 80 to 135pg/ml (/ > <0.01) were seen. From the 2nd week and onwards, however, basal levels of iCa and PTH were restored and remained stable. Mean plasma iCa was kept within 1.23-1.31 mmol/1; mean plasma P below 1.65 mmol/1 and median PTH within 52-135 pg/ml. Episodes of hypercalcaemia were few (1.2 cases of plasma iCa > 1.45 mmol/1 per 100 treatment weeks), and the need for Al-containing P binders low with only five patients requring this treatment for isolated and four patients for repeated episodes of hyperphosphataemia or hypercalcaemia. After switching from a dialysate Ca of 1.75 to 1.35 mmol/1, the doses of calcium carbonate and alfacalcidol could be significantly increased. Furthermore, using the dialysate Ca of 1.35 mmol/1 made it possible to induce a controlled increase of PTH levels to 80-100 pg/ml by a temporarily discontinuation of alfacalcidol and/or a reduction of calcium carbonate dosage in the patients where PTH had become suppressed to levels below the upper normal limit. The intention of the treatment was to maintain PTH levels within 1.5-2.5 times the upper normal limit for non-uraemic patients. Pre-study BMD of the vertebral bodies L2-L4 and of the femoral neck were normal and not significantly different from post-study measurements. Conclusion. The present study demonstrated that when using a high-normal dialysate Ca concentration of 1.35 mmol/1 in non-selected patients on CAPD treatment, high-normal plasma iCa and near-normal plasma P levels could be readily achieved with a minimal risk of incidental hypercalcaemia despite use of calcium carbonate as the main P binder. As a consequnce of the tight Ca and P regulation, minimal doses of alfacalcidol were required to keep PTH within acceptable limits. We recommend this dialysate Ca concentration as a first-choice therapy for the majority of patients starting on CAPD treatment.
Hepatoprotective effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Balanite aegyptiaca on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in albino rats

The aqueous leaf extract of Balanite aegyptica (BA) was evaluated for its hepatoprotective effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in albino rats using liver enzymes activities. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and sterols. Evaluation of the serum marker enzymes indicated significant increase in the serum activity of the marker enzymes - AST, ALT, ALP in rats administered with the hepatotoxin when compared to the treatment groups ( P <0.05). There was a substantial decline in the levels of these enzymes and bilirubin after treatment with BA extract thus indicating its hepatoprotective activity. Silymarin (standard drug) exhibited significant hepatoprotective effect in the study animals. These findings suggest that BA extract possess hepatoprotective activity judging by the reduced levels of the serum markers even more than silymarin. Thus, the enhanced hepatoprotective activity of BA extract might be attributed to the synergistic effect of the phytochemicals present in the plant.
Texture of extruded aluminum alloys

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JPET #102616 HEPATOBILIARY DISPOSITION OF A DRUG/METABOLITE PAIR: COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING IN SANDWICH- CULTURED RAT HEPATOCYTES

The hepatobiliary disposition of xenobiotics may involve passive and/or active uptake, metabolism by cytochromes P450, and excretion of the parent compound and/or metabolite(s) into bile. While in vitro systems have been used to evaluate these individual processes discretely, mechanistic in vitro studies of the sequential processes of uptake, metabolism, and biliary or basolateral excretion are limited. The current studies utilized sandwich-cultured (SC) rat hepatocytes combined with a comprehensive pharmacokinetic modeling approach to investigate the hepatobiliary disposition of terfenadine and fexofenadine, a model drug/metabolite pair. The metabolism of terfenadine and the biliary excretion of terfenadine and fexofenadine were determined in control and dexamethasone-treated SC rat hepatocytes. Dexamethasone (DEX) treatment increased the formation rates of the terfenadine metabolites azacyclonol and fexofenadine ~20-fold and 2-fold, respectively. The biliary excretion index (BEI) of fexofenadine generated by terfenadine metabolism was not significantly different from the BEI of preformed fexofenadine (15±2% vs. 19±2%, respectively). Pharmacokinetic modeling revealed that the rate constant for hepatocyte uptake was faster for terfenadine compared to preformed fexofenadine [2.5 hrvs. 0.08 hr, respectively], while the biliary excretion rate constant for preformed fexofenadine exceeded that of terfenadine [0.44 hr vs. 0.039 hr, respectively]. Interestingly, the rate constant for basolateral excretion of terfenadine and fexofenadine were comparable [3.2 hr vs. 1.9 hr, respectively], and increased only slightly with DEX treatment. These studies demonstrate the utility of the SC hepatocyte model, coupled with pharmacokinetic modeling, to evaluate the hepatobiliary disposition of generated metabolites.
Air Pollution Dispersion Mapping by Remote Sensing: Case Study from the Federal District

- The city densification and, consequently, the potential polluting activities have increased significantly in the last decades, compromising the air quality. Thus, it is necessary to know this scenery to model the pollution behavior and its respective pattern in each region of the Federal District. So, the main goal of this study was to analyze the Aerosol product available by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor (TERRA). With these preexisting data, it was possible to analyze the aerosol (AOD) distribution from 2010 and the optical depth. These data were integrated to the processed values of Total Particles in Suspension (PTS) of the eight air quality monitoring stations variably distributed in the Federal District, with two of them (714 south and HUB) kept and managed by the Interdisciplinary Center of Transport Studies (Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Transportes - Ceftru/UnB), correlating the month of October 2010. The study showed that the region of Brasília downtown and the surroundings of the Fercal region, overall, were the ones that kept most of the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and the highest values of the Angström Exponent (AE), which can be attributed to the types of activities performed in these regions.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF Metarhizium anisopliae VAR acridum INFECTION IN THE DESERT

Fifth instar nymphs of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria Forskal were topically treated with 5µl of an oil-based spore suspension of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum. Haemolymph samples were collected from both control and treated insects every 24 hours starting from day 2 after the treatment. Estimation of total protein, total carbohydrate, total lipids and cholesterol were carried out. The results showed that the haemolymph content of the treated insects was highly affected and all the studied parameters were lower than in the control insects the decrease in the haemolymph content increased by increasing the post-inoculation period.
Environmentalism as an archipelago. The structure and potential of mobilization in defence of the nature in Europe

Environmentalism is a highly fragmented movement consisting of a vast archipelago of groups and coalitions committed to defence of the environment. Some of them embrace values in conflict with those of the larger organizations. This aspect, however, has been little examined by empirical research. This study addresses the issue of surveying the propensity to undertake action to protect the environment. It highlights the need to bear in mind the plurality of meanings and motivations that induce citizens to mobilize in defence of the planet. In this regard, the environmental concern index developed enables the isolation, within large-scale sample surveys (WVS and ISSP), of an often elusive phenomenon: the presence of individuals with a pronounced degree of activism but who do not share the attitudes of the majority of environmentalists. These individuals may belong to environmental justice, NIMBY, animal rights or deep ecology groups
A unifying ecological theory of microbial biodiversity

An ecological theory of microbial biodiversity has yet to be developed. This shortcoming leaves patterns of abundance, distribution, and diversity for the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth without a predictive framework. However, because of their high abundance and complex dynamics, microbial communities may be underpinned by lognormal dynamics, i.e., synergistic interactions among complex stochastic variables. Using a global-scale compilation of 20,456 sites from a diverse set of natural and host-related environments, we test whether a lognormal model predicts microbial distributions of abundance and diversity-abundance scaling laws better than other well-known models, including the most successful macroecological theory of biodiversity, i.e., maximum entropy theory of ecology. We found that the lognormal explains the greatest percent variation in abundance, that the success of the lognormal increased with abundance while other models decreased, and that the lognormal was the only model to reproduce recently documented diversity-abundance scaling laws. Our unifying ecological theory of microbial biodiversity explains and predicts macroecological patterns based on dynamics that capture the complex large number dynamics of microbial life.
University of Birmingham Reconsolidation and extinction of conditioned fear

NMDA receptors are important for the acquisition, reconsolidation, and extinction of memories. NMDA receptor antagonists impair thesememoryprocesses,whereasthepartialagonist D -cycloserine(DCS)potentiatesbothlearningandextinction.Here,weusedDCSand the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist ( (cid:1) )-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-S H -dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) to investigate the effects of enhancing and blocking NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission on the reconsolidation and extinction of a conditioned fear memory. Either long extinction training or short memory reactivation sessions were used to preferentially engage extinction and reconsolidation processes, respectively. MK-801 blocked extinction to maintain high levels of conditioned freezing, and DCS potentiated extinction to reduce freezing, when they were administered before a long extinction training session. However, the opposite behavioral outcome was observed when the brief memory reactivation session was used: MK-801 administration impaired, whereas DCS increased, freezing, likely reflecting impairment and enhancement of reconsolidation, respectively. Finally, by using localized intracerebral infusions, we showed that the basolateral amygdala is a primary locus of action of systemically administered DCS. Thus, intrabasolateral amygdala DCS potentiated both the extinction and the reconsolidation of fear conditioning, depending on the length of the extinction/memory reactivation session. Therefore, memory reconsolidation can be both disrupted and enhanced, and extinction can be both potentiated and impaired, either to reduce or increase conditioned fear. These results have important implications for the use of reconsolidation blockade and potentiation of extinction as treatment strategies for maladaptive memory disorders. in the systemic drug administration study, because chronic cannulation of the BLA tends to attenuate the expression of conditioned freezing rats infused DCS or PBS 20 exposure to the brief memory reactivation or extinction for conditioned freezing systemic